cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved procedures for the purification of selected vitamin K-dependent proteins.

Abstract Improved methods are described to obtain bovine prothrombin, Factor IX, Protein C, and autoprothrombin III (Factor X, Auto-III) in purified form. The prothrombin had a specific activity of 4, 340 Iowa units/mg. Theoretically, a preparation of clean thrombin should have a specific activity of 8, 200 U/mg, because 47.08% of the protein in prothrombin is lost when thrombin forms. Such thrombin preparations have been obtained (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 121, 372 (1967)). The prothrombin concentration of bovine plasma is near 60 mg/liter. Protein C, first isolated by Stenflo (J. Biol. Chem. 251, 355 (1976)), was found to be the precursor of autoprothrombin II-A (Auto-II-A), discovered earlier (Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 5, 218 (1960)). Protein C (Factor XIV) was converted to Auto-II-A (Factor XlVa) by thrombin. Digesting purified Auto-III with purified thrombin removed a small glycopeptide from the COOH-terminal end of the heavy chain to yield Auto-IIItm. Auto-III throtnbin Auto-IIIm + peptide. Auto-IIIm w...
Electrons and holes as energy-transport agents in catalysis on semiconductors—Part I

Abstract This paper presents a novel model of catalysis at semiconductor surfaces. The central postulate is that energy for catalyzing a surface reaction is provided by means of electron-hole pair production in the semiconductor and annihilation during the surface reaction. The process is analogous to electrolysis taking place at steady states apart from thermal equilibrium. Analytical results deduced from the model satisfactorily explain experimental facts which could not be accounted for by previous models of the electronic theory of catalysis.
Energy Regions: Production Without Representation?

Projections about oil depletion, the surging global demand for power, and the need to manage climate change combine to cultivate imaginaries in the form of energy regions. For governments and corpo...
A theory for the fracture of thin plates subjected to bending and twisting moments

Stress fields near the tip of a through crack in an elastic plate under bending and twisting moments are reviewed assuming both Kirchhoff and Reissner plate theories. The crack tip displacement and rotation fields based on the Reissner theory are calculated here for the first time. These results are used to calculate the J-integral (energy release rate) for both Kirchhoff and Reissner plate theories. Invoking Simmonds and Duva's [16] result that the value of the J-integral based on either theory is the same for thin plates, a universal relationship between the Kirchhoff theory stress intensity factors and the Reissner theory stress intensity factors is obtained for thin plates. Calculation of Kirchhoff theory stress intensity factors from finite elements based on energy release rate is illustrated. A small scale yielding like model of the crack tip fields is discussed, where the Kirchhoff theory fields are considered to be the far field conditions for the Reissner theory fields. It is proposed that, for thin plates, fracture toughness and crack growth rates be correlated with the Kirchhoff theory stress intensity factors.
Semantic analysis of dialogs to detect social engineering attacks

Cyberattackers often attack the weakest point of system, which is increasingly the people who use and interact with a computer-based system. A great deal of research has been dedicated to protection of computer-based assets, but by exploiting human vulnerabilities, an attacker can circumvent many computer-based defenses. Phishing emails are a common form of social engineering attack, but the most effective attacks involve dialog between the attacker and the target. A robust approach to detecting a social engineering attack must be broadly applicable to a range of different attack vectors. We present an approach to detecting a social engineering attack which uses a pre-defined Topic Blacklist (TBL) to verify the discussion topics of each line of text generated by the potential attacker. If a line of text from the attacker involves a topic in the blacklist, an attack is detected and a warning message is generated. Our approach is generally applicable to any attack vector since it relies only on the dialog text. Our approach is robust in the presence of the incorrect grammar often used in casual English dialog. We have applied our approach to analyze the transcripts of several attack dialogs and we have achieved high detection accuracy and low false positive rates in our experiments.
AN APPLICATION OF THE SCHUR‐COHN ALGORITHM TO TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

. Standard least squares analysis of autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) processes with errors-in-variables entails the construction of a new set of parameters which are functions of the original ARMA parameters, and requires that derivatives of these new parameters of order three or less with respect to the ARMA parameters exist and be bounded. The boundedness of these derivatives in turn depends critically on the nonsingularity of a matrix B which is a function of the ARMA parameters via the new parameters in the model. A particular version of the classical Schur–Cohn algorithm enables us to establish this nonsingularity.
Effects of Ca2+ on the sodium pump observed in cardiac myocytes isolated from guinea pigs

It is presently unknown whether Ca2+ plays a role in the physiological control of Na+/K+-ATPase or sodium pump activity. Because the enzyme is exposed to markedly different intra- and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, tissue homogenates or purified enzyme preparations may not provide pertinent information regarding this question. Therefore, the effects of Ca2+ on the sodium pump were examined with studies of [3H]ouabain binding and 86Rb+ uptake using viable myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart and apparently maintaining ion gradients. In the presence of K+, a reduction of the extracellular Ca2+ increased specific [3H]ouabain binding observed at apparent binding equilibria: a half-maximal stimulation was observed when extracellular Ca2+ was lowered to about 50 microM. The change in [3H]ouabain binding was caused by a change in the number of binding sites accessible by ouabain instead of a change in their affinity for the glycoside. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake was increased by a reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Benzocaine in concentrations reported to reduce the rate of Na+ influx failed to influence the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on glycoside binding. When [3H]ouabain binding was at equilibrium, the addition of Ca2+ decreased and that of EGTA increased the glycoside binding. Mn2+, which does not penetrate the cell membrane, had effects similar to Ca2+. In the absence of K+, cells lose their tolerance to Ca2+. Reducing Ca2+ concentration prevented the loss of rod-shaped cells but failed to affect specific [3H]ouabain binding observed in the absence of K+. These results indicate that a large change in extracellular Ca2+ directly affects the sodium pump in cardiac myocytes isolated from guinea pigs.
Periodic solutions of hamiltonian systems

Abstract : The existence of periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems of ordinary differential equations is proved in various settings. A case in which energy is prescribed is treated in Section 1. Both free and forced vibration problems, where the period is fixed, are studied in Section 2. The proofs involve finite dimensional approximation arguments, variational methods, and appropriate estimates. (Author)
Microtubule dynamics: taking aim at a moving target

Antitumor drugs of the vinca alkaloid and taxane classes function by suppressing the dynamics of microtubules in spindles, blocking cell division at metaphase. The drugs bind to various sites on the tubulin dimer and at different positions within the microtubule, suggesting that there are many unexplored targets for the design of novel drugs of this type.
Effect of anions on the nucleation and growth mechanism of polyaniline

Abstract In this work we show that the nucleation and growth mechanism (NGM) of polyaniline (PANI) films depends on the anions present in the electrolyte, the solubility of oligomers formed before the nucleation process and the stirring conditions. The NGM of PANI in an unstirred solution can be explained by assuming that this process is preceded by the formation of a high density oligomeric layer which is located near the electrode | solution interface. A thick oligomeric layer obtained with a high concentration of monomers or with anions of the type HSO4− or SO42−, which form more soluble species with the oligomers. Under these conditions, diffusion-controlled progressive nucleation with three-dimensional growth is found. However, when the monomer concentration is low or ClO4− anions are present, the thickness is decreased and the NGM is either instantaneous nucleation with three-dimensional growth or progressive nucleation with two-dimensional growth.
Political animals. The shaping of biomedical research literature in twentieth-century America.

IN THE MIDDLE DECADES of the twentieth century continuing pressure from American antivivisectionists prompted the development of a distinctive editorial policy at the leading biomedical research journal in the United States, the Journal of Experimental Medicine. From the time of his appointment as editor in 1921 through 1946, when the pace of biomedical experimentation necessitated the appointment of associate editors, Francis Peyton Rous exercised a form of scientific "prior restraint," altering the presentation, description, and illustration of laboratory procedures and results involving animal subjects in eforts explicitly undertaken to placate critics of animal experimentation. Rous's rhetorical strategies, including the rejection of some manuscripts on the grounds that they would provoke antivivisectionists and the implementation of textual revisions that involved renumbering animal subjects in order to mislead critics about the total number of animals actually involved in research, suggest the extent to which external sociopolitical considerations may modify the informative content of scientific communications. Although defenders of unrestricted medical research generally accused American antivivisectionists of garbling the scientific information they culled from specialized research journals, the efort to divert antivivisectionist criticism through textual revisions and photographic omissions may itself have "scrambled" the communication of laboratory data, skewing expectations, replications, and results. The construction of scientific literature in a hostile public environment has received little attention.1 The fact that the language of research papers was itself a critical element in the emotional popular debate over animal experimentation served to impose an additional constraint on publication in the biomedical sciences in the first half of the twentieth century. Such contemporary critics of animal experimentation as the Australian philosopher Peter Singer have cited a
Do fish growth rates correlate with PCB body burdens

We evaluated whether growth rates of six fish species correlated with PCB concentrations in a moderately-to-heavily polluted freshwater ecosystem. Using a large dataset (n = 984 individuals), and after accounting for growth effects related to fish age, habitat, sex, and lipids, growth correlated significantly, but positively with lipid-corrected PCB concentrations for 4 of 6 species. Remaining species showed no correlations between growth and PCBs. Comparisons with regional, lentic growth averages for four species confirmed growth was on par and in three of four cases higher than regional averages in the PCB-polluted ecosystem. We conclude that for these species, at the range of concentrations examined, these PCBs do not exert negative impacts on growth. Rather, factors often cited as influential to growth were also driving growth trends in this study. Future studies that evaluate whether pollution affects growth must account for major growth drivers prior to attributing growth differentials to pollution alone.
Sensitivity of face recognition performance to eye location accuracy

Face recognition systems generally require location of face landmarks (often eyes) as an essential preprocessing step. Eye location estimates can be assessed in absolute terms (e.g., proximity to known eye location) and also in application-specific terms (e.g., performance of a system that employs the location). This paper assesses an automatic commercial eye-finding system in absolute and application-specific terms, using two face recognition systems and a database of thousands of images. Experimental results highlight the sensitivity of both systems to accurate eye location estimation as well as quality face lighting and time lapse.
Combined basal cell carcinoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the scrotum in a patient with occupational exposure to coal tar and dust

The patient was a 77-year-old male former smoker, with history of several basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in sun-protected areas around the waistline, who presented with another small ulceration on the anterior right upper scrotum near the base of the penis. BCC was suspected clinically and the lesion was treated with cryosurgery. The tumor recurred, became raised, and began to bleed. On examination, it was found to be a 3 cm × 4 cm, raised, light and dark gray variegated lesion with fissures, crusted bloody scale, and necrosis. There were no other penile, testicular, or scrotal lesions or masses. There was no regional lymphadenopathy. An excisional biopsy was performed. It showed nodular BCC surrounded by a cellular proliferation of round histiocytic cells with convoluted, lobulated and reniform nuclei and abundant cytoplasm (Fig. 1). The histiocytic proliferation was associated with numerous eosinophils. Histological features and immunohistochemical phenotype, including expression of CD1a and S-100 antigens by histiocytic cells, were all consistent with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. As expected, BCC expressed keratin. Figure 1. (a) Low magnification (×40) view of the scrotal tumor showing nodular basal cell carcinoma surrounded by a cellular zone of Langerhans cell proliferation. (b) Langerhans cells showed typical irregular reiniform nuclei with convoluted outlines and were associated with eosinophilic infiltrate (×400). In immunohistochemical studies, they expressed (c) S-100 and (d) CD1A antigens (both ×400) Download figure to PowerPoint The patient had no history of exposure to ionizing radiation, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, prior lymphoma or other malignancy. However, he spent 4 years on a ship loading coal into the furnace of a steam engine, during which he slept in adjacent quarters that were covered with coal dust. Additionally, he had a several-year history of occupational skin exposure to machine oil, oil refinery waste, sulfur waste, hydraulic fluid, and asbestos. He also reported a history of nude sunbathing. His current medical problems include pleural asbestosis, poorly controlled type II diabetes, and congestive heart failure. His past dermatologic history includes intertrigo, onychomycosis, and an unknown skin lesion removed from the face 40 years ago. Recent clinical follow-up and imaging studies, including chest X-ray and bone scan, showed no evidence of visceral lesions, lytic bone lesions, or other signs of systemic involvement by Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The scrotal lesion was re-excised and the patient remains disease-free more than 1 year after the diagnosis.
Evaluation and significance of associative dinitrogen fixation for arid soil rehabilitation

Abstract There are indications that in soils of arid lands associative dinitrogen fixation may be an important factor in providing plants with nitrogen. The actual values of fixation rates and amounts of nitrogen accessible to vegetation are difficult to determine due to inherent difficulties with the commonly used acetylene reduction methodology. It appears, however, that the arid zone plant species forming rhizo‐sheaths are best suited for rehabilitation purposes. The rhizosheath‐forming plant species show more consistent and higher dinitrogen fixation rates than those without the rhizosheaths. In general, the phenomenon of dinitrogen fixation by root‐associated, nonnodule‐forming organisms is poorly understood. There is a dire need for experimental work with 15N2 in the field to ascertain the actual amounts of fixed dinitrogen delivered to vegetation in various environmental situations.
Neutron Stars And The Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit

Generalized Yukawa-Maxwell Theory combines a generalized Maxwell electromagnetic field theory with a generalized Yukawa interaction (valid for all four fundamental forces), with the fermion-degeneracy energy, and with the size-dependence of mass. Two versions of the theory are considered, where the fermions can be neutrons-protons or u-d-quarks. Mass density, nuclear compressibility and symmetry energy of a neutron star like that associated with the Crab Pulsar show a marked preference for the quark version. The mass stability limit of a quark (neutron) star becoming a black hole is predicted to be 3.6M⊙.
Business model innovation: it's not just about technology anymore

Purpose – To innovate the company business model, executives must first understand what it is, and then examine what paths exist for them to improve on it. This article aims to examine this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The article provides a practical definition of business models and offers a Business Model Framework (BMF) that illuminates the opportunities for business model innovation.Findings – The article finds that BMF sequences possible business models from very basic (and not very valuable) models to far more advanced (and very valuable) models. Using the BMF, companies can assess where their current business model stands in relation to its potential and then define appropriate next steps for the further advancement of it.Practical implications – An organization must give a senior manager the resources and authority to define and launch business‐model experiments.Originality/value – The article provides a cogent model for assessing the potential for new business model innovation, a framewor...
Volunteering and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Does Helping Others Get “Under the Skin?”

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study investigated whether volunteering was related to 5 risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among middle-aged and older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS Data from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 7,803) were examined. Logistic regression was used to describe the relationships among volunteering and central adiposity, hypertension, lipid dysregulation, elevated blood glucose levels, and high inflammation, along with 2 indexes of the MetS. RESULTS Among middle-aged adults, results showed that volunteers were less likely to have high central adiposity, lipid dysregulation, elevated blood glucose levels, and MetS compared with non-volunteers. For older adults, results showed volunteers were less likely to be hypertensive and more likely to have lipid dysregulation than their non-volunteer counterparts. IMPLICATIONS These results supported findings from other studies that formal volunteering is beneficial for middle-aged adults, and to a lesser degree, older adults. Further research is required to determine what factors may mediate the volunteer-CVD risk relationships.
Fiber optic analog and timing monitoring system for the antares laser fusion program

The development and use of two optical fiber systems for the Antares 40 kJ CO2 laser is described. In the Antares power amplifier, electron guns produce a discharge sustaining 8 kA beam of 500 kV electrons. Eight 300 kJ, 3 μs Marx pulsers provide a direct electrical pumping discharge through the laser gas. The electro-optic systems developed allow the measurement of pulsed analog waveforms and trigger timing information within the laser and power systems by a computer based control and data acquisition network.* Each fiber optic system consists of a signal powered transmitter, a fiber optic cable, and an optical receiver that interfaces through a CAMAC module to the data acquisition network. The data channels are capable of operating with 1.2 MV of common mode voltage in the electromagnetic interference environment, 500 kV/m and 50 kA/m, produced by the Marx pulsers. The analog transmitters send 10 MHz bandwidth information to CAMAC waveform digitizers in the data acquisition system. About 200 data channels monitor voltage and current in the pulsers and current density in the laser power amplifiers. The laser transmitters send 2 ns resolution timing information from each stage of the Marx trigger amplification and the Marx output to CAMAC time-to-digital converters. These 120 channels of information are processed to provide prefire diagnostics for the energy storage systems.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlinear analysis of wiggler taper, node competition, and space-charge effects for a 280-GHz free electron laser

The nonlinear characteristics of a 280-GHz free electron laser (FEL) are simulated by numerical computation. The three-dimensional set of coupled nonlinear differential equations is solved for a set of TE and TM modes valid for the high gain Compton regime. The use of a nonlinear taper for efficiency enhancement, the sensitivity of gain to competing mode power levels, space-charge effects, and the effect of electron beam source distributions on gain and efficiency are examined for a 10-MeV, 3-kA beam. It is found that the nonlinear taper greatly enhances the gain and efficiency and makes the saturation power levels relatively insensitive to the competing mode power levels. The efficiency is increased to 48% by means of a nonlinear taper in which the 3-D and wiggler-averaged codes are compared and the effects of space charge are found to reduce the efficiency to a level of 32%. The effect of beam quality in terms of the four volume phase space is examined and found to have an observable effect at this wavelength. >
Culinary Nutrition Education Model Increases Cooking at Home

Text: Chefs are professionally trained to prepare customer friendly meals, they have experience in teaching adults how to cook and are expert at flavor development. During the culinary nutrition community outreach Cooking with a Chef (CWC) program, a chef and nutrition educator team share nutrition tips and culinary techniques, while cooking a meal with parents in a culinary nutrition education series. This type of educational outreach is especially relevant today considering increased incidence of obesity, insufficient consumption of fruit and vegetables, and the trend of often eating foods away from home. Presentation will introduce the planning and present findings from a formative evaluation of a pilot study with four groups of low-income and minority child caregivers. Results of interviews with individuals involved in developing, promoting, and implementing the CWC program and focus groups with program participants are described. Results revealed four critical themes: program logistics, program suggestions, perceived impressions and impacts, and chef involvement. Within the program primary outcomes were survey responses regarding cooking practices at home. Secondary outcome was home environment, measured by parental support of healthy eating behaviors and fruit/vegetable availability. CWC presents supportive evidence for implementation of culinary nutrition education programming by dietetics professionals in promoting healthy food choices by building home cooking skills within the community. Lessons learned will contribute to further development of CWC and administration of more thorough evaluation. Cooking with the Chef increased caregiver’s confidence and cooking skills, suggesting this model program provides an opportunity to modify eating behaviors in families with young children.
Cohabitation Premium in Men’s Earnings: Testing the Joint Human Capital Hypothesis

This paper provides new evidence on the increase in wage earnings for men due to marriage and cohabitation (in the literature, commonly referred to as marital and cohabitation wage premiums for men). Using data for a sample of white men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the paper shows that even after accounting for potential selection bias there is a cohabitation wage premium for men, albeit smaller than the marriage premium. Our analysis shows that a joint human capital hypothesis (a la Benham in J Polit Econ 82(2, Part 2):S57–71, 1974) with intra-household spillover effects of partner’s education can explain the existence of the wage premiums. Our estimates provide some empirical support for the joint human capital hypothesis.
Germ-line sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, the mechanism of sex determination is substantially different in the germ line and in the soma. In the germ line, the process is not completely cell-autonomous, but requires some signals from the soma. Only some of the genes involved in somatic sex determination are also needed for germ cell development. Recent genetic studies have identified loci required for germ-line sex determination.
Darth Vader Made Me Do It! Anakin Skywalker’s Avoidance of Responsibility and the Gray Areas of Hegemonic Masculinity in the Star Wars Universe

In this essay, we examined the interactions of Anakin Skywalker during moral dilemmas in the Star Wars narrative in order to demonstrate the avoidance of responsibility as a characteristic of hegemonic masculinity. Past research on sexual harassment has demonstrated a "gray area" that shields sexual harassers from responsibility. We explored how such a gray area functions as a characteristic of hegemonic masculinity by shielding one male, Anakin Skywalker, from responsibility for his immoral and often violent actions. Through our investigation, we found three themes integral for the construction of a gray area that helped Anakin avoid responsibility: phantom altruism, a clone-like will, and the guise of the Sith.
Fitting the HiRes Data

We fit the recently released monocular spectra of the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiment with broken power laws to identify features in the ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) spectrum. These fits find the previously observed feature known as the Ankle at 1018.5 eV, as well as evidence for a suppression at higher energies, above 1019.8 eV. We use the integral spectrum along with the E½ test to identify this high energy suppression with the GZK suppression. Finally, we use a model of uniformly distributed extragalactic proton sources together with a phenomenological model of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum to compare the HiRes spectra to what should be expected from the GZK suppression, and to measure how the extragalactic sources must evolve and what the input spectral slope must be to fit the HiRes data.
ADENYLATE CYCLASE AND PROTEIN KINASE C MEDIATE OPPOSITE ACTIONS ON ENDOTHELIAL JUNCTIONS

To determine whether the endothelial paracellular pathway is regulated, the effect of intracellular messengers on the transendothelial flux of inert radiolabeled molecules of diverse molecular size was examined in bovine aortic endothelial cells grown on collagen-coated filters. The endothelial monolayers showed a modest electrical resistance (21 +/- 10 delta.cm2; m +/- SD) and restricted the passage to 14C-sucrose, 3H-inulin, 14C-dextran (70 kDa), and 125I-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (125I-PVP, 360 kDa) according to their molecular mass. 8-Bromoadenosine 3'-5' cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) reduced by more than 30% the permeability coefficients of 14C-sucrose and 3H-inulin but had no effect on the permeability of 125I-PVP. The permeabilities of 14C-sucrose and of 14C-inulin were strikingly increased by activating protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate or sn-1,2-dioctanoly-glycerol whereas the latter compound had no effect on the permeability of 125I-PVP. In addition, the permeability of 14C-sucrose was unchanged by a phorbol ester that does not activate PKC. Increasing intracellular calcium with ionomycin had no effect on the permeability of 14C-sucrose. None of these maneuvers significantly affected the protein content of the endothelial monolayers. The results indicate that 8-Br-cAMP and PKC activators modulate a pathway across the endothelial monolayer that excludes 125I-PVP (360 kDa) but readily accepts 14C-sucrose and 3H-inulin, suggesting that this pathway is the paracellular pathway. Hence, low molecular weight molecules such as sucrose and inulin can be used to probe the behavior of the paracellular pathway of endothelial monolayers grown in vitro. The results also indicate that the paracellular pathway in endothelium is regulated and suggest that endothelial junctions can be closed by simulating adenylate cyclase and opened by stimulating protein kinase C.
Peptide YY inhibits the growth of Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma in vitro.

Background: Peptide YY (PYY) is an endogenous gut hormone that inhibits the growth of certain cancers. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus usually arises from Barrett's esophagus. We hypothesized that treatment of Barrett's adenocarcinoma with PYY would result in decreased proliferation. Methods: Barrett's cancer cell lines (BIC and SEG-1) were treated with PYY (3-36) at 500 pmol/mL. Viability was measured by MTT at 24 and 72 hours. Apoptosis and necrosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results: PYY reduced proliferation in SEG-1 cells at 24 hours (21.2% ± 3.4%, P <0.001) and 72 hours (14.2% ± 6.2%, P <0.001). In the BIC cells, growth was inhibited by 7.9% ± 7.0%, P = 0.021 after 72 hours. PYY increased late apoptotic activity in SEG-1 cells by 31%, P = 0.014. Conclusions: This is the first report of antiproliferative effects of PYY against Barrett's carcinoma in vitro. Reductions in cell growth appear to be mediated by proapoptotic mechanisms. Further investigation of PYY in the treatment of Barrett's adenocarcinoma is warranted.
Cytoplasmic inclusions in wheat affected by wheat spindle streak mosaic.

Abstract Cells of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. variety Genesee, affected by wheat spindle streak mosaic (WSSM) contained a variety of cytoplasmic inclusions. Examination with the electron microscope revealed complex membranous bodies, cylindrical inclusions (pinwheels), viruslike rods, and associated crystalline material in the cytoplasm of all leaf cell types except sieve elements and differentiated xylem cells. Similar inclusions were observed in cortical, endodermal, and vascular parenchyma cells in roots of affected plants. The membranous bodies were the first inclusions to appear and were evident in symptomless leaves of affected plants. All inclusion types were apparent by the time leaves developed visible chlorosis and necrosis. In such tissues considerable degeneration of cellular constituents was observed. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and nuclei were disrupted and cells became filled with debris of these organelles and with remnants of the disease-associated inclusions. The viruslike particles and inclusions in WSSM-affected wheat were readily distinguishable from similar structures formed in wheat affected by wheat streak mosaic virus.
Prinzmetal's Angina with Extensive Spasm of the Right Coronary Artery

A patient with Prinzmetal's angina had extensive spasm of the right coronary artery, demonstrated by coronary arteriography. Additionally, there were less severe narrowings (50 percent) in the diagonal and circumflex arteries probably due to atherosclerosis. Improvement has occurred on long-acting nitrite therapy.
Particle Monte Carlo simulation of quantum phenomena in semiconductor nanostructures

Quantum effects in semiconductor devices are usually described in terms of wave functions obtained from the solution of the Schrodinger equation. However, it is difficult to simulate practical devices where clear semiclassical and quantum features coexist, as is the case for nanoscale devices at normal temperatures. We present here a particle description of quantum phenomena derived starting from Wigner’s transport formalism, where the dynamics of particles are treated semiclassically, but with an effective force added to account for quantum effects. The resulting model is solved by using a particle Monte Carlo approach, which we apply to describe transport across a single tunneling barrier. Results of the numerical calculations indicate that size quantization and tunneling effects can be well resolved by the combined Monte Carlo/quantum force approach, yielding quantitative agreement with Schrodinger equation results.
The inhibitory actions of amiodarone on rested-state contraction in isolated guinea-pig ventricular muscle.

Abstract 1. To assess the mechanism(s) of the negative inotropic effects of amiodarone (AM), an effective anti-arrhythmic agent, the effects of AM on rested-state contraction (RSC) were studied in isolated ventricular papillary muscle from control (untreated) and AM-pretreated guinea-pigs. 2. The RSC was induced by stimulation, following a 30 sec- or 10 min-rest period. 3. The drug's effects were evaluated on an initial response (T i ) and steady-state response (T ss ) of the RSC at the end of 1 min-stimulus train at 3.3 Hz. 4. In normal physiological solution, the magnitude of T i was 2.1 times that of T ss in papillary muscles from untreated animals, but, 1.3. times, in AM-pretreated ones. 5. The effects of superfused AM (4.4 × 10 −5 M) were also evaluated in both muscle types. 6. The drug markedly decreased T i and T ss in both control and AM-pretreated specimens. 7. However, the depression by superfused AM of RSC in control specimens was more likely to be marked than in AM-pretreated ones. 8. Further, verapamil and caffeine, which affect SR function, also depressed the RSC. 9. These results suggest that the negative inotropic actions of AM, at least in part, reflect a decrease in Ca 2+ via Ca 2+ channels and an impairment of Ca 2+ -sequestrating system.
Potential of spent catalysts as a source of critical metals

Abstract Characterization and hydrometallurgical research was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to devise procedures for recovery of metals such as Co, Ni, V. W, Mo, Cr, Fe, Cu, or Zn from waste catalysts. The research effort was concentrated on recovery of metals from spent hydroprocessing, hydrogenation, and high-temperature shift catalysts. Results showed that 73 – 99% of the contained critical metals were extracted by a variety of processing approaches, including anhydrous chlorination, ammoniacal, acid, or caustic leaching, and Na2CO3 roasting followed by water leaching.
THE FLORAL MORPHOLOGY OF ASCLEPIAS SPECIOSA (ASCLEPIADACEAE) IN RELATION TO POLLINATION AND A CLARIFICATION IN TERMINOLOGY FOR THE GENUS

The profusion of terms for floral parts in Asclepias is summarized in tabular form to clarify previous literature. In cases of synonymy, a preferred term is selected. These terms are then used in an illustrated description of the floral morphology and pollination mechanism of a representative species, Asclepias speciosa. THE STUDY of Asclepias has a long history, both because of the plant's diversity of uses (Gaertner, 1979) and the possession of an unusual adaptation to pollinators where the contents of anther sacs form pollinia that become clipped onto pollinator appendages prior to
Activation of the Avian Erythrocyte Na-K-Cl Cotransport Protein by Cell Shrinkage, cAMP, Fluoride, and Calyculin-A Involves Phosphorylation at Common Sites

Abstract Na-K-Cl cotransport activity in duck erythrocytes increases ∼10-fold in response to osmotic cell shrinkage, norepinephrine, fluoride, or calyculin-A (an inhibitor of type-1 and -2a phosphatases). To assess whether all four stimuli promote phosphorylation of the cotransport protein and whether this phosphorylation is catalyzed by the same kinase, the cotransporter was isolated from erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation and its pattern of phosphorylation was evaluated. Each stimulus evoked proportionate increases in cotransporter activity and phosphorylation. No two stimuli in combination evoked greater activation and phosphorylation than did the more potent of the two stimuli acting alone. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the cotransport protein indicated that phosphorylation occurs at serine and threonine residues. Phosphopeptide mapping revealed a distinctive pattern of 8 major tryptic phosphopeptides, none of which were significantly phosphorylated in the unstimulated state. Maps of cotransporters activated by the four different stimuli were indistinguishable. Measurements of phosphorylation stoichiometry indicated that each cotransporter acquires ∼5 phosphates on going from an inactive state in swollen cells to an active state in shrunken cells. Staurosporine, a kinase inhibitor with broad selectivity, inhibited each stimulus equipotently (IC50 ∼ 0.7 μm). Staurosporine promptly reversed cotransporter activity and phosphorylation when added to shrinkage-stimulated but not to calyculin-stimulated cells, indicating that it enters the cell rapidly and blocks phosphorylation. These results suggest that cell shrinkage, cAMP, fluoride, and calyculin-A promote the phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl cotransport protein at a similar constellation of serine and threonine residues. It is proposed that all modes of stimulation ultimately involve the same protein kinase.
Disrupted functional connectivity for controlled visual processing as a basis for impaired spatial working memory in schizophrenia

Although regional brain abnormalities underlying spatial working memory (SWM) deficits in schizophrenia have been identified, little is known about which brain circuits are functionally disrupted in the SWM network in schizophrenia. We investigated SWM-related interregional functional connectivity in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected during a memory task that required analysis of spatial information in object structure. Twelve schizophrenia patients and 11 normal control subjects participated. Patients had SWM performance deficits and deficient neural activation in various brain areas, especially in the high SWM load condition. Examination of the covariation of regional brain activations elicited by the SWM task revealed evidence of functional disconnection between prefrontal and posterior visual association areas in schizophrenia. Under low SMW load, we found reduced functional associations between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) in the right hemisphere in patients. Under high SWM load, we found evidence for further functional disconnection in patients, including additional reduced functional associations between left DLPFC and right visual areas, including the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), fusiform gyrus, and V1, as well as between right inferior frontal cortex and right PPC. Greater prefrontal-posterior cortical functional connectivity was associated with better SWM performance in controls, but not in patients. These results suggest that prefrontal-posterior functional connectivity associated with the maintenance and control of visual information is central to SWM, and that disruption of this functional network underlies SWM deficits in schizophrenia.
Desquamation of the corneal epithelium in the immature mouse: a scanning and transmission microscopy study.

Abstract The normal immature mouse corneal epithelium as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is composed of dark, medium and light cells covered with surface microvilli. Microvilli are more numerous on the light and medium than the dark cells. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) light cells of SEM are electron dense. The medium and dark cells of SEM on the other hand, have pale cytoplasm with few microvilli. The process of epithelial desquamation in the above cell population was detailed sequentially. The initial step in desquamation of a surface cell is swelling and reduction in number of surface microvilli. This is followed by the appearance of dehiscences or slits in the plasma membrane of surface cells. In TEM these dehiscences are readily visible as small slits in the apical plasma membrane of cells with pale appearing cytoplasm. Next, the desquamating cell pulls away from its lateral cell borders. Finally, the cell detaches from the intermediate cell layer by rupture of desmosomes. This mechanism of desquamation would not appear to contribute to or to insure stability of the mucin component of the precorneal tear film.
In‐Transit Metastasis From Primary Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Organ Transplant Recipients and Nonimmunosuppressed Patients: Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcome in a Series of 21 Patients

Background. In-transit metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may occur in organ transplant recipients and may indicate aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe in-transit metastases from cutaneous SCC and to identify factors associated with this phenomenon in a series of 21 patients. We also attempted to evaluate outcome with respect to status as an organ transplant recipient or nonorgan transplant recipient. Methods. A multicenter case series of patients was reviewed; factors included clinical presentation, management, and outcome. Results. Twenty-one patients, 15 organ transplant recipients, and 6 nontransplant recipients with in-transit metastases were reviewed. In-transit metastases presented most commonly as discrete, dermal papules distinct from but in the vicinity of the primary tumor site. Histologic differentiation was variable. At a mean follow up of 24 months, 33% the transplant patients had no evidence of disease compared with 80% of nontransplant patients. Thirty-three percent were dead from disease and 33% were alive with nodal or distant metastases. In contrast, 80% of nonimmunosuppressed patients had no evidence of disease and none had died at mean follow-up of 24 months. Conclusion. In-transit metastasis from cutaneous SCC is a unique presentation of metastatic SCC, more commonly described in organ transplant recipients, and is associated with poor prognosis in that group. This description represents the largest experience with in-transit metastases from cutaneous SCC in the literature.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME WITH MULTINODULAR ADRENAL GLANDS

ABSTRACT A case of Cushing's syndrome in a 15-year-old girl with symptoms of one year's duration, is described. The levels of plasma and urinary 17-hydroxycorticostcroids and urinary 17-ketogenic steroids were elevated but the levels of urinary 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol were normal. Stimulation with ACTH produced a low, sluggish response in the concentration of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and only minimal changes in urinary steroids. Administration of 9α-fluorohydrocortisone produced no change in urinary steroid excretion. Following bilateral adrenalectomy the manifestations of Cushing's syndrome disappeared. The adrenals showed diffuse multinodularity of the inner cortex. The relation of this lesion to other adrenal lesions producing Cushing's syndrome is discussed. MELLINGER and Smith in 1956 reported an unusual case of Cushing's syndrome of about thirty years' duration in a patient who had multiple small nodules throughout the cortex of one adrenal. Biopsy of the same gland earlier in the ...
Reducing the trauma of hospitalization.

US health policy analysts and payers are currently focused on the high rate of hospital readmission for patients who have been recently discharged. This issue is a particular concern for people older than 65 years and thus has become a focus of Medicare, which has implemented incentives to reduce 30-day readmission rates. Hospitals that fail to meet targets will be financially penalized.1 Acting on common sense, rather than evidence and a firm understanding of the causes of readmission, many suggest that rates could be reduced if hospitals only increased efforts to improve transitional care. Work began with greater attention to the cause of hospitalization and also on improved communication at the time of discharge and shortly thereafter.
A Framework for Automatically Generating Interactive Instructional Scaffolding

Interactive learning environments such as intelligent tutoring systems and software tutorials often teach procedures with step-by-step demonstrations. This instructional scaffolding is typically authored by hand, and little can be reused across problem domains. In this work, we present a framework for generating interactive tutorials from an algorithmic representation of the problem-solving thought process. Given a set of mappings between programming language constructs and user interface elements, we step through this algorithm line-by-line to trigger visual explanations of each step. This approach allows us to automatically generate tutorials for any example problem that can be solved with this algorithm. We describe two prototype implementations in the domains of K-12 mathematics and educational games, and present results from two user studies showing that educational technologists can author thought-process procedures and that generated tutorials can effectively teach a new procedure to students.
Using 4-color flow cytometry to identify abnormal myeloid populations.

c Context.—The diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) has historically relied on combining clinical information with the morphologic features of the peripheral blood and bone marrow to reach a final diagnosis. Objective evidence of a myeloid stem cell neoplasm in the form of a clonal cytogenetic abnormality is provided in only 30% to 40% of the non-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) chronic MPDs (non-CML MPDs) and in a similar percentage of the MDSs. Objective.—To identify normal patterns of antigen expression during myeloid maturation and to determine whether flow cytometric evaluation of myeloid maturation represents an additional objective way to assess the likelihood of a stem cell neoplasm. Design.—We retrospectively evaluated 4-color flow cytometry data from more than 400 bone marrow aspirates obtained since 1998 from patients suspected of having a non-CML MPD or an MDS. Results.—Reproducible patterns of antigen expression were seen in normal myeloid maturation as well as in benign reactive settings such as marrow regeneration. In addition, we summarize data, presented in detail elsewhere, from a retrospective comparison of the sensitivity of flow cytometry with conventional cytogenetics for a large number of bone marrow aspirates on which both types of studies were performed. These data indicate that more than 90% of non-CML MPD and MDS cases with a clonal cytogenetic abnormality will be identified as abnormal by 4color flow cytometry, and they therefore validate the use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of these disorders. Conclusions.—In experienced laboratories, 4-color flow cytometry represents a valuable addition to the workup of non-CML MPDs and MDSs. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:1140‐1147)
A discrete vortex method for the non-steady separated flow over an airfoil

A discrete vortex method was used to analyze the separated non-steady flow about a cambered airfoil. The foil flow modelling is based on the thin lifting-surface approach, where the chordwise location of the separation point is assumed to be known from experiments or flow-visualization data. Calculated results provided good agreement when compared with the post-stall aerodynamic data of two airfoils. Those airfoil sections differed in the extent of travel of the separation point with increasing angle of attack. Furthermore, the periodic wake shedding was analyzed and its time-dependent influence on the airfoil was investigated.