cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEM study of the effect of growth interruption in MBE of InGaP/GaAs superlattices

The influence of growth interruption during the MBE growth of (100) In0.5Ga0.5P/GaAs superlattices is investigated by cross-sectional TEM. A roughening of the growth front is observed during an interruption after the exchange of the group-V molecular beams. The roughening of growth front occurs due to a spontaneous change in the growth orientation of the superlattice from [100] to 〈311〉 directions. This change in growth orientation is characterized by an initial formation of V-shaped grooves with {311} facets on the GaAs growth front which eventually lead to the formation of regions of {311} superlattice structures. The direction of V-shaped grooves is along the [011] axis, which is parallel to the surface dangling bonds of the group V atoms in the unreconstructed (100) plane. The most critical stage for the spontaneous change of the growth orientation is the interruption after the growth of a GaAs layer with the P2 flux.
Teaching heterosocial conversational skills to male psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Two socially-deficient formerly hospitalized male psychiatric patients received conversational skills training to increase their ability to converse appropriately with females. Training consisted of a behavior rehearsal-modeling-self observation procedure designed to increase specific conversational skills, the skills being introduced sequentially in multiple baseline fashion. Effectiveness of treatment was demonstrated by means of (1) objective ratings of subject behavior during conversations with females following each training session; (2) objective ratings of pre- and post-treatment and follow-up conversations with different females; and (3) blind ratings of each subject's pre- and post-training conversations by naive female judges, who evaluated the more global aspects of conversational reinforcement value. Implications for the clinical use of heterosocial conversational skills training are discussed.
Inertial dynamics of pinned charge-density-wave condensates. II. Orthorhombic TaS3.

Complex conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CDW}(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$,T) measurements in the ranges 10\char21{}110 GHz and 20\char21{}300 K are reported on the charge-density-wave (CDW) material orthorhombic ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{3}$. In the CDW state between approximately 130 and 210 K, the complex conductivity obeys a Drude behavior ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$(\ensuremath{\omega})=(${\mathrm{ne}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\tau}/${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$)(1+i \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}), which we associate with damped inertial response of the CDW. The measurements, together with earlier results in the radio-frequency spectral range, enable us to extract all the phenomenological parameters: damping constant \ensuremath{\tau}, effective mass ${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$, pinning frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, and maximum CDW conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{max}}$. The experimental results for these parameters are compared with available microscopic theories. The full dynamic response of the CDW between ${10}^{7}$ and ${10}^{11}$ Hz is also presented and shows the conductivity resonance well below the single-particle gap, representing both the relaxational and inertial dynamic response of the collective CDW mode. A comparison is made to similar results on the related CDW compound ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$.
Correlation of Gm allotype with the incidence of anti-IgG antibody in coal workers' pneumoconiosis

Abstract Three hundred and fifty-four sera from a population at high risk of developing anti-IgG were examined for the presence of this antibody type and for Gm allotypic markers. Significant differences in the incidence of anti-IgG were noted between Gm phenotypes. The data suggest that the risk of anti-IgG development is related to Gm homozygosity rather that the possession of any single common Gm haplotype.
Recent mine spill adds to contamination of southern Spain

The retaining wall of a tailings reservoir collapsed at a zinc mine in Spain last spring, releasing into the watershed possibly nearly as much zinc as the mine produces annually. The accident happened April 25,1998, at the Los Frailes mine near Aznalcollar in southern Spain, sending ∼5 x 106m3 of acid sludge into the Guadiamar River. Based on a suite of water and river bank sediment samples collected downstream of the spill on May 1–3, 1998, an estimated 40,000 to 120,000 tons of Zn was added to the watershed. This is comparable to the annual production capacity of the mine of 125,000 tons. While the scale of the accident was certainly very large, an equivalent amount of Zn has been reaching the adjacent Tinto-Odiel estuary every 1–2 years as a result of mining since the middle of the 19th century. Emergency dikes were built shortly after the accident to prevent contamination of Donana National Park, an important wildlife reserve 40 km to the south of the mine. The composition of samples collected north of the park suggest this diversion was effective.
Application of PC and PMC in Industry and Industrial Environment

Abstract: Polymer concrete and polymer-modified concrete have been widely used around the world since the 1970s. Polymer concrete has been used for repair of portland cement concrete, for overlays and for precast components. Polymer-modified concrete has been used extensively for overlays for bridges and parking facilities and as a thin spray-on mortar for exterior surfaces.
A note on products of the type (a + b)n

Abstract Generalized hypergeometric functions include, as particular cases, many special functions occurring in nuclear sciences (for example Bessel functions and incomplete γ-functions). Owing to their various properties, hypergeometric functions have found a large number of applications in fields such as atmospheric radionuclide releases, heat transfer, statistical distributions and hydrodynamics. Their representations entail parameters that are written in the form ( a ) n , which is known as Pochhammer's symbol. When transforming higher order hypergeometric functions to ones of lower orders and in other operations, one often encounters particular difficulties due to the fact that there may be no trivial relations between compound parameters of the Pochhammer kind. For example, one may be faced with breaking up the product ( a + b ) n . The result presented here helps to overcome this particular problem.
Effects of Heat Source Arrangements on Marangoni Convection in Electrostatically Levitated Droplets

A numerical study is presented of surface deformation, Marangoni convection, and temperature distribution in an electrostatically levitated melt droplet under both terrestrial and microgravity conditions. The numerical model is developed based on the boundary element solution of the electric field distribution outside the droplet, which is then integrated with the weighted residuals method for determining the droplet shapes that are defined by the balance of the electrostatic stresses, surface tension, and hydrostatic pressure when gravity is present. The internal fluid flow and temperature distribution in the electrostatically deformed droplet are computed using the finite element method. Computed results show that the electrostatic normal stresses induced by the applied electric field deform the droplet by pulling at its two poles. Noticeable Marangoni convection results from all laser heat source arrangements studied. Among these arrangements, the ring heat source produces the lowest velocity level and the smallest temperature gradient, whereas the highest velocity and greatest temperature difference occur when heating is applied at only one of the poles
Ligand-Dependent Perturbation of the Conformational Ensemble for the GPCR β2 Adrenergic Receptor Revealed by HDX

Summary Mechanism of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and their modulation by functionally distinct ligands remains elusive. Using the technique of amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry, we examined the ligand-induced changes in conformational states and stability within the beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR). Differential HDX reveals ligand-specific alterations in the energy landscape of the receptor's conformational ensemble. The inverse agonists timolol and carazolol were found to be most stabilizing even compared with the antagonist alprenolol, notably in intracellular regions where G proteins are proposed to bind, while the agonist isoproterenol induced the largest degree of conformational mobility. The partial agonist clenbuterol displayed conformational effects found in both the inverse agonists and the agonist. This study highlights the regional plasticity of the receptor and characterizes unique conformations spanning the entire receptor sequence stabilized by functionally selective ligands, all of which differ from the profile for the apo receptor.
URLs: Uniform Resource Locators or Unreliable Resource Locators

As the use of citing electronic World Wide Web sites grows, the question arises as to whether this practice has scholarly limitations due to the fact that uniform resource locators (URLs) often become inaccessible. This research studies the accessibility of sixty-four URLs cited in thirty-one academic journal articles. Results of this longitudinal study found an increasing decline in the availability of URL citations.
Effect of Post-Mortem Aging and Enzyme Tenderizers on Mucroprotein of Bovine Skeletal Muscle

SUMMARY— The effect of post-mortem aging on the mucoprotein of bovine skeletal muscle was studied, and compared with the effect of papain. The effects were strikingly similar. After either treatment, the isolated mucoprotein products were observed to have lowered viscosity, various degrees of ultra-filterability, and changes in the character of precipitates formed in the presence of alcohol or phosphotungstic acid. There was a decrease in glucosamine-galactosamine ratio, which was indicative of lessened glucosamine content. Following post-mortem aging, a portion of mucoprotein became extractable by KCI. This product was unfilterable, and exhibited low viscosity, with increased hexosamine content and marked loss of nitrogen. Loss of nitrogen was also observed in the ultrafilterable product which resulted after papain treatment. The mucoprotein solubilized by hot water increased in post-mortem aging. These observations indicated that depolymerization of mucoprotein occurs as a result of either post-mortem aging or enzyme tenderizer treatment. There appears to be a breakdown of the mucoprotein which produces fragments of lower molecular weight. Lessened nitrogen content, together with the decrease in glucosamine-galactosamine ratio observed in the KCI-extractable product isolated after aging as well as in the ultrafilterable product which resulted after papain treatment, indicate a splitting off of protein. Mucoprotein breakdown may be a factor in the increased tenderness as the result of either post-mortem aging or treatment with papain-containing tenderizers. Studies are needed which correlate mucoprotein changes with tenderness in order to establish this relationship. It is conceivable that the changes in the mucoprotein fraction observed in this study contribute significantly to the loss of integrity observed in bovine skeletal muscle after post-mortem aging.
Immunotherapy (APC8015, Provenge) targeting prostatic acid phosphatase can induce durable remission of metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer: a Phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men, yet treatment of its metastatic androgen-independent form remains inadequate. This mandates development of new therapies such as immunotherapy. In this Phase 2 trial, we determined the efficacy of antigen presenting cells (APCs) loaded with PA2024, a recombinant fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and GM-CSF. METHODS We enrolled 21 patients with histologically documented androgen-independent prostate carcinoma that could be evaluated by radionuclide bone scan or computed tomography scan. APC8015 was prepared from a leukapheresis product; it contained autologous CD54-positive PA2024-loaded APCs with admixtures of monocytes, macrophages, B and T cells. APC8015 was infused intravenously twice, 2 weeks apart. Two weeks after the second infusion, patients received three subcutaneous injections of 1.0 mg of PA2024 1 month apart. We monitored patients' physical condition, immune response, and laboratory parameters. RESULTS Nineteen patients could be evaluated for response to treatment. The median time to progression was 118 days. Treatment was tolerated reasonably well; most adverse effects were secondary to APC8015 and were NCI Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 1–2. Four of the 21 patients reported Grade 3–4 adverse events. Two patients exhibited a transient 25–50% decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). For a third patient, PSA dropped from 221 ng/ml at baseline to undetectable levels by week 24 and has remained so for more than 4 years. In addition, this patient's metastatic retroperitoneal and pelvic adenopathy has resolved. PBMC collected from patients for at least 16 weeks proliferated upon in vitro stimulation by PA2024. For the patient with responsive disease, PBMC could be stimulated for 96 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a definite clinical response of androgen-independent prostate cancer to APC immunotherapy. Currently we are studying this mode of therapy in Phase 3 trials. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Circulating Prostacyclin and Thromboxane Levels In Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Prostacyclin (PGI2) is the most potent endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation yet discovered. Thromboxane (TXA2) promotes aggregation and degranulation of platelets. It is hypothesized that an homeostasis exists between these pathways that is protective against vascular damage and is disturbed in several diseases such as diabetes. Circulating levels of PGI2-TXA2 in 35 patients with adult onset diabetes and 15 controls have been assayed. Twenty patients had background retinopathy, and 15 had proliferative retinopathy. Circulating levels of PGI were found to be elevated in 9/15 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 2/20 diabetic patients with background or no retinopathy, and 0/15 controls. PGI levels may correlate, therefore, with the severity of the retinopathy.
Integrating alkaline extraction of proteins with enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from wet distiller’s grains and solubles

Fractionation of distiller’s grains into value added products may serve to improve the economic viability of dry grind corn ethanol facilities in the wake of variable corn and ethanol prices. This research is aimed at creating a high protein, high lysine product from the grain using alkaline protein extractions in conjunction with hydrolysis of the remaining fiber to sugars which are then fermented to ethanol. Alkaline extractions improved the lysine content in protein products, although protein solubility did not exceed 45% of the total protein. In addition, oligomeric carbohydrates, starch, and other water solubles were also extracted, leading to a low purity protein product. Resulting sugar yields following ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment were also lower for extracted distiller’s grains. From these experiments, it does not appear likely that alkaline extraction is a useful tool for fractionation of distiller’s grains. However, pretreatment and hydrolysis can be an effective tool for further fractionation of protein.
Blood-brain barrier tight junction disruption in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in regulating cell trafficking through the central nervous system (CNS) due to several unique anatomical features, including the presence of interendothelial tight junctions that form impermeable seals between the cells. Previous studies have demonstrated BBB perturbations during human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE); however, the basis of these permeability changes and its relationship to infiltration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes, a critical event in the pathogenesis of the disease, remains unclear. In this study, we examined CNS tissue from HIV-1-seronegative patients and HIV-1-infected patients, both with and without encephalitis, for alterations in BBB integrity via immunohistochemical analysis of the tight junction membrane proteins, occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Significant tight junction disruption (P 0.05) were observed in cerebellar tissue from patients with HIVE compared to HIV-seronegative patients or HIV-1-infected patients without encephalitis. Our findings demonstrate that tight junction disruption is a key feature of HIVE that occurs in regions of histopathological alterations in association with perivascular accumulation of activated HIV-1-infected macrophages, serum protein extravasation, and marked astrocytosis. We propose that disruption of this key BBB structure serves as the main route of HIV-1-infected monocyte entry into the CNS.
Reactive oxygen species formation in the transition to hypoxia in skeletal muscle

Many tissues produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during reoxygenation after hypoxia or ischemia; however, whether ROS are formed during hypoxia is controversial. We tested the hypothesis that ROS...
Micro-battery Development for Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System Applications

The Endangered Species Act requires actions that improve the passage and survival rates for migrating salmonoids and other fish species that sustain injury and mortality when passing through hydroelectric dams. To develop a low-cost revolutionary acoustic transmitter that may be injected instead of surgically implanted into the fish, one major challenge that needs to be addressed is the micro-battery power source. This work focuses on the design and fabrication of micro-batteries for injectable fish tags. High pulse current and required service life have both been achieved as well as doubling the gravimetric energy density of the battery. The newly designed micro-batteries have intrinsically low impedance, leading to significantly improved electrochemical performances at low temperatures as compared with commercial SR416 batteries. Successful field trial by using the micro-battery powered transmitters injected into fish has been demonstrated, providing an exemplary model of transferring fundamental research into practical devices with controlled qualities.
Environmental Factors in the Upscale Growth and Longevity of MCSs Derived from Rapid Update Cycle Analyses

Abstract Composite environments of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are produced from Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses to explore the differences between rapidly and slowly developing MCSs as well as the differences ahead of long- and short-lived MCSs. The composite analyses capture the synoptic-scale features known to be associated with MCSs and depict the inertial oscillation of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), which remains strong but tends to veer away from decaying MCSs. The composite first storms environment for the rapidly developing MCSs contains a stronger LLJ located closer to the first storms region, much more conditional instability, potential instability, and energy available for downdrafts, smaller 3–10-km vertical wind shear, and smaller geostrophic potential vorticity in the upper troposphere, when compared to the environment for the slowly developing MCSs. The weaker shear above 3 km for the rapidly developing MCSs is consistent with supercell or discrete cell modes being less likel...
Electron-temperature dependence of recombination of electrons with H 3 O + .(H 2 O) n -series ions

A microwave-afterglow mass-spectrometer apparatus has been used to determine the dependence on electron temperature T/sub e/ of the recombination coefficients ..cap alpha.. of the hydronium-series ions H/sub 3/O/sup +/ x (H/sub 2/O)/sub n/. For n = 1--3, we find ..cap alpha.. (37/sup +/) = (2.5 +- 0.5) x 10/sup -6/ (300/T/sub e/ (K))/sup 0.08/, ..cap alpha.. (55/sup +/) = (3.0 +- 0.6) x 10/sup -6/ (300/T/sub e/ (K))/sup 0.08/, and ..cap alpha.. (73/sup +/) = (3.6 +- 0.7) x 10/sup -6/ (300/T/sub e/ (K))/sup 0.00/ cm/sup 3//sec over the range 300--400 K < or = T/sub e/ < or = 6000--8000 K and T/sub gas/ = T/sub +/ = 300--400 K. For n = 4 and 5, ..cap alpha.. (91/sup +/) approx. = ..cap alpha.. (109/sup +/) approx. 5 x 10/sup -6/ cm/sup 3//sec, with no apparent dependence on T/sub e/. These results for the higher hydrates differ somewhat from those obtained by Leu, Biondi, and Johnsen. The very weak dependence of ..cap alpha.. on T/sub e/ is quite similar to the behavior noted for the NH/sub 4//sup ts+/ x (NH/sub 3/)/sub n/ cluster ions.
Comparative value of alfalfa pasture, alfalfa greenchop, or alfalfa hay for lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Thirty Holstein cows, distributed among three groups of 10 each, were assigned randomly to treatments of alfalfa hay, alfalfa pasture, or alfalfa greenchop. A grain ration was offered at 1kg per 3.5kg milk. To prevent bloat, cows pastured on alfalfa or fed alfalfa greenchop received 20g poloxalene daily. The first nine weeks, cows grazing on alfalfa pasture produced significantly more milk (2.5kg per cow per day) than those fed hay but not significantly more (1.4kg) than those fed greenchop. Cows fed greenchop did not produce significantly more milk (1.1kg) than those fed hay. The three groups showed no significant differences in fat and solids-not-fat content of the milk or in body weight. Cows fed poloxalene did not bloat.
Relationship between plasma corticosterone levels and levels of aggressiveness in mice

Abstract The relationship between individual differences in circulating levels of corticosterone and individual differences in aggressiveness was studied in mice. Resting (baseline) levels of plasma corticosterone were inversely correlated with several measures of aggressiveness. On the other hand, no correlations were found between aggressiveness displayed in an encounter and the plasma corticosterone responses to that encounter. These findings are consistent with data from studies using experimental manipulations of hormonal states, such as glandular removal and hormone replacement therapy, and suggest that baseline levels of pituitary-adrenal activity are important in the determination of individual differences in aggressiveness.
Smoothness Implies Determinism: A Method to Detect It in Time Series

Continuity on an embedded phase space is enough to imply determinism in time series. Also, it is possible to define infinitely many arbitrary vector fields over an attractor. We exploit this arbitrariness to generate a detector of smoothness and therefore of determinism in time series. We report results of numerical studies of both flow and map examples and of a chaotic experimental system.
Influence of plasticizers on the stability and release of a prodrug of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol incorporated in poly (ethylene oxide) matrices

The objective of this research was to stabilize a heat-labile novel prodrug of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), THC-hemiglutarate (THC-HG), in polyethylene oxide (PEO) [PolyOx WSR N-80 (PEO N-80), MW 200,000 Daltons] polymeric matrix systems produced by hot-melt fabrication for systemic delivery of THC through the oral transmucosal route. For this purpose, the effects of processing conditions (processing temperature and heating duration), plasticizer type and concentration and storage conditions on the stability of the prodrug were investigated. The selected plasticizers studied included vitamin E succinate (VES), acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC), triethyl citrate (TEC), triacetin and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000). Furthermore, the influence of plasticizer concentration on drug release was also studied. The stability of THC-HG in PEO matrices was influenced by all the aforementioned variables. Films processed at 110 degrees C for 7min were found to be favorable for hot-melt processing with a post-processing drug content of 95%, while significant degradation of THC-HG ( approximately 42%) was observed in those processed at 200 degrees C for 15min. The degradation of the prodrug during hot-melt fabrication and also upon storage was considerably reduced in the presence of the plasticizers investigated, VES being the most effective. Modulation of the microenvironmental pH to an acidic range via incorporation of citric acid in PEO-plasticizer matrices significantly improved the stability of the prodrug, with almost 90% of the theoretical drug remaining as opposed to only 15% remaining in PEO-only matrices when stored at 40 degrees C for up to 3 months. The release of drug from PEO matrices was influenced both by the plasticizer type and concentration. A faster release resulted from water-soluble plasticizers, PEG 8000 and triacetin, and with increasing concentration. However, a slower release was observed with an increase in concentration of water-insoluble plasticizers, VES and ATBC.
Copernicus observational searches for OH and H2O in diffuse clouds

An intensive search for OH and H2O in the directions of sigma Sco, alpha Cam, and micron Per was undertaken with the Copernicus satellite. Multiple scans were carried out over the wavelength region for the expected absorption features due to the OH D-X and H2O C-X transitions. The feature due to OH was detected marginally towards sigma Sco, and only an upper limit can be given towards alpha Cam. H2O was not detected in any of the stars at the signal level accumulated. The OH abundance towards sigma Sco and the respective lower limits for the OH/H2O ratios are discussed with regard to the extant models for the steady state abundances of OH and H2O, and shown not to be inconsistent with ion-molecule schemes.
Metal-ion discrimination by phage T7.

Abstract The discovery of new metal-selective complexing agents may be facilitated by applying an in vitro selection strategy. Such a strategy was recently devised to identify and enrich populations of bacteriophage that rely on Mg(II)-, Zn(II)-, or Au(III)-selective stabilization for survival in the presence of denaturing urea [1]. The potential for extension of the strategy to other metal ions is investigated here. The kinetics of phage inactivation in 5 M urea was measured for a spectrum of metals. At a concentration of 1 mM, Mg(II), Ca(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) were found to be the most stabilizing, followed by Cd(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), respectively. K(I) had virtually no effect. In contrast, Al(III) and Au(III) significantly destabilized the phage, even at concentrations of 0.25 mM.
Competition between ethanol-induced reward and aversion in place conditioning.

Previous place conditioning studies in mice have shown that injection of ethanol immediately before a conditioned stimulus (CS+) produces conditioned preference, whereas injection of ethanol immediately after CS+ produces conditioned aversion. In the present experiments, we examined the learning that occurs when ethanol is injected in “ambiguous“ procedures that provide the opportunity for both types of conditioning. When ethanol was given midway through the CS (Experiments 1 and 2) or both before and after the CS (Experiment 3), the direction of place conditioning was the same as when mice were exposed only to whichever contingency occurred first (a primacy effect). That is, injection of ethanol in the middle of the CS conditioned aversion, whereas injection both before and after the CS conditioned preference. Because these results support the idea that ethanol elicits both aversive and rewarding effects, they are most consistent with conditioning theories that conceptualize unconditioned stimuli (USs) as events that can activate multiple representational components.
A REVISION OF THE LEGUMINOUS GENUS «ATELEIA»

SUMMARY In this revision of the woody papilionaceous genus Ateleia, the genus is considered to be comprised of seventeen species. Nine species are described for the first time. These are A. salicifolia, A. tumida, A. revoluta, A. parvifoliola, A. ovata, A. venezuelensis, A. standleyana, A. truncata, and A. albolutescens.
Availability of Cu, Zn and Mn in Soils: III.—Predictability of plant uptake

The influence of various chemical soil fractions Of Cu, Zn and Mn in conjunction with plant uptake of any one or two of the elements on the variability of plant uptake of one of them was evaluated by correlation and regression analyses. Plant and soil data were obtained from divergent Wisconsin soils. Inclusion of Zn uptake and the HCl-or EDTA-extractable soil Cu fraction in the regression equation resulted in very high predictability of Cu uptake by oats. High predictability of Zn uptake was likewise realized by using the Mg(NO3)2 or DTP A soil Zn fraction along with plant Cu uptake as determinants. Manganese uptake was best predicted by using plant Zn uptake and Mg (NO3)2-rextractable soil Mn as predictors. The extractant N ammonium acetate (pH 7)/0·01 M EDTA showed promise as a reliable soil test for predicting the concurrent plant availability of Cu, Zn and Mn in Wisconsin soils.
Verbal framing of statistical evidence drives children's preference inferences.

Abstract Although research has shown that statistical information can support children’s inferences about specific psychological causes of others’ behavior, previous work leaves open the question of how children interpret statistical information in more ambiguous situations. The current studies investigated the effect of specific verbal framing information on children’s ability to infer mental states from statistical regularities in behavior. We found that preschool children inferred others’ preferences from their statistically non-random choices only when they were provided with verbal information placing the person’s behavior in a specifically preference-related context, not when the behavior was presented in a non-mentalistic action context or an intentional choice context. Furthermore, verbal framing information showed some evidence of supporting children’s mental state inferences even from more ambiguous statistical data. These results highlight the role that specific, relevant framing information can play in supporting children’s ability to derive novel insights from statistical information.
Stability of educational goal orientations held by teachers

Abstract This study assesses the temporal stability of teacher goal orientation and identifies factors associated with change. Seventy-four elementary teachers responded to questionnaires and interviews over a 4-year period. Teacher goal orientation was found to be a relatively stable construct, as few teachers made major and enduring shifts in goal orientation. Subjects identified a variety of factors as contributing to change in goal orientation, with student behavior emerging as a primary impetus for change. Contrary to expectation, shifts in goal orientation were most often exhibited by the more highly experienced teachers in the study. Implications are discussed.
Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory

SUMMARY In correlating chemical constitution with odor character, the matching-standards method of Schutz was modified for use with the seven primary odors of the stereochemical theory. Information is given regarding suitable standard chemicals, threshold concentrations, and matching odor intensities. This method of odor analysis provides, for any unknown odor, a set of seven numerical values representing the similiarities between that odor and each of the seven standards. Odor analyses are reported for the seven standards themselves, for mixtures of two or three standards, and for 21 compounds closely related in odor to one or another of the standards. The analyses by the panel agreed well with literature descriptions of the odors. The method was further applied to analyzing a series of 18 compounds with complex odors involving two or more primes, compounds with odors disputed in the literature, and compounds with no description at all. Examples are mentioned of the similar odors of isosteric compounds, and the divergent odors of isomers. The experimental findings are generally in keeping with the stereochemical theory.
SU-E-J-53: A Self-Calibrating Optical System to Improve Patient Positioning During Breast Radiotherapy

Purpose: Breast radiotherapy, particularly electronic compensation, may involve large dose gradients and difficult patient positioning problems. We have developed a simple self‐calibrating optical image‐guided system, which assists in accurately and reproducibly positioning the patient, by displaying her real‐time optical image from a single camera superimposed on a perspective projection of her 3D CT data. Our method requires only a standard high‐zoom digital camera capable of live‐view mode, set up in the treatment suite at a fixed orientation and position (rotation, R and translation, T). Methods: A 10‐sphere calibration jig was constructed and CT imaged to provide a 3D model. The camera R and T were determined by taking a photograph of the jig and optimizing an objective function, which compares the true image points to points calculated with a given candidate R and T geometry. Using this geometric information, 3D CT patient data, viewed from the camera perspective, is plotted using a Matlab routine. This image data is superimposed onto the real‐time patient image, acquired by the camera, and displayed using standard live‐view software. This enables the therapists to view both the current and desired positions of the patient, and guide her into assuming the correct position. The method was evaluated using an in‐house developed breast phantom, mounted on a supporting platform, which could be tilted at various angles to simulate treatment‐like geometries. Results: Our system allowed us to align the breast phantom, with an accuracy of about 0.5 cm and 5°. Better resolution could be possible with a camera with higher‐zoom capabilities. Conclusion: We have developed a system to superimpose a perspective projection of a CT image on a patient real‐time optical image. Such a system has the potential to improve patient setup accuracy during breast radiotherapy, and could possibly be used for other disease sites as well.
Usability analysis of an automated telephone system

An automated telephone system used for selling tickets was evaluated in this study. Violations of heuristics such as simple and natural dialogue, minimizing workers memory, consistency, feedback, clearly marked exits, help, as well as mental and conceptual models, were found in an initial evaluation of the system. A usability test was then conducted. It was found that violations of the users mental model and conceptual model of the system led to an error that was not easy to recover from. This left the subject spending a large percentage of the total task time (17.68%) recovering from this mistake. It is suggested that such an error could have been avoided by conforming to these heuristics in the design of the system. Recommended changes are suggested.
The ultrastructure of mammalian arterioles and precapillary sphincters.

A combination of techniques was utilized whereby the monolayer of microcirculatory vessels of the fascia of the rabbit medial thigh muscles was studied in vivo and the same site subsequently was fixed in situ for both light and electron microscopy. The microvessels were sectioned longitudinally and the identical segment was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy as well as by low and high magnification electron microscopy. Dilated arterioles with an inner diameter of less than 100 μ, terminal arterioles, and precapillary sphincters were studied with special reference to the organization of the endothelium, the muscular and connective tissue components, and the nervous supply. A system of myoendothelial junctions was discovered which establishes close membranous contacts between endothelium and the media of the terminal arterioles and the precapillary sphincters. The functional implications of such a system is discussed, and it is proposed that it may be part of a receptor mechanism for humoral transmitter substances.
Solar dynamic systems for spacecraft power applications

Results are presented of a parametric study of the potential for using solar dynamic (SD) power supply systems on deep space probes. The SD systems would consist of a parabolic concentrator to focus solar energy on a thermal receiver for conversion by Brayton, organic Rankine or Stirling engines. The net thermal power and efficiencies available from each of the types of conversion devices were analyzed for a power requirement of 0.5 kWe. Examinations were also carried out of the optical, thermodynamic, materials and size limitations of the devices. The subsystem drivers were found to be the quality of concentrator reflectance and the system temperature level. Lower temperature systems are preferred for farther distances from the sun, mainly due to the required concentrator area. The SD system could be used out to 6 A.U. in optimal conditions. It is concluded that Brayon and Stirling engines have the best chances for further development, and that Rankine systems have already been optimized. Further evaluations are dependent on the definition of specific mission requirements.
A new method for accurate localization of the LV pacing lead from fluoroscopy images to MRI images: application to studies involving lead placement and CRT

Background In Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), studies examining the importance of placing the LV pacing lead in the latest contracting segment have produced conflicting results. Some studies have shown higher response rates when the lead is placed in the latest contracting segment, while others show no relationship between lead placement and response. All of these studies relied on subjective manual methods to retrospectively transfer the LV lead position from the fluoroscopy images to the wall motion data .W e have developed an ew, objective method to map LV lead location onto the pre-implant MRI data using standard intra-procedural fluoroscopic imaging. The method was validated on a cardiac phantom and compared to manual methods. Methods MRI: 3D MR coronary vein (MRCV) scans were performed using slow infusion of Gadolinium contrast agent. The coronary veins were identified manually throughout the imaging volume. Fluoroscopy: During CRT device implantation, dual-plane venograms were acquired (30° LAO and RAO). After LV lead implantation, dual-plane lead location images were acquired with the same orientations as the venograms, and the LV lead tip location was mapped onto the corresponding dualplane venograms. Registration: The 3D MR coronary vein locations were back-projected onto the venograms, and corresponding branch points were used to determine the spatial relationship between each of the venograms and the MR imaging system. Using this relationship, the two lead localizers were used to project the lead position into the MR coordinate system, and subsequently displayed on the AHA 17-segment model. Phantom: The accuracy of the lead mapping was determined using a coronary vein phantom with six potential lead location sites marked with fiducials visible in both MR and fluoroscopy imaging (to determine true position). The accuracy of the lead registration technique was compared to the true lead position and to Mortensen’ so ’clock, a commonly employed manual technique for estimating LV lead position in CRT. Results The true lead position and the lead position determined by our method were within the same AHA segment in all six sites within the phantom. The average circumferential error was 7 ± 4% of an AHA segment (Range: 2-11%) and the average longitudinal error was 13 ± 17% of an AHA segment (Range: 4-27%). Using Mortensen’ so ’clock method, the correct AHA segment was selected in only two of six sites (33%). The average circumferential error was 38 ± 17% of an AHA segment (Range: 7-54%) and the average longitudinal error was 58 ± 30% of an AHA segment (Range: 6-83%). Conclusions LV lead registration using the 3D projection of lead location from dual-plane fluoroscopic images onto 3D coronary vein anatomy allows for more accurate localization of the LV pacing lead compared to manual methods. This method can be used to accurately register LV lead position to MR wall motion data, and enable assessment of the
Efficacy of Organically Acceptable Materials for Control of Mummy Berry Disease on Lowbush Blueberries in Maine

The efficacy of biological controls and application of mulch for control of the blight stage of mummy berry disease was examined in different lowbush blueberry fields in Maine over 5 years. Biologi...
Interpersonal and intrapersonal coordinative modes for joint and single task performance

In recent years, research in the field of social interactions has focused on the exploration of the coordinative structures that substantiate joint task performance. The current project explores whether interpersonal coordination during joint task performance gives rise to a joint coordinative structure across individuals, and whether such coordinative structures are affected by task demands. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to identify relevant interpersonal and intrapersonal coordinative modes for the single and joint performance of a supra-postural task, which varied along its precision and role demands. In addition, cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) was combined with PCA in order to quantify the degree and stability of interpersonal coordination across intrapersonal coordinative modes. Results indicate that the composition and number of coordinative modes varied for joint compared to single performance, and that interpersonal coordination across the first coordinative mode increased in degree and stability for joint compared to single performance. Overall, these findings indicate that joint coordinative structures are affected by the nature of the task performed and the constraints it places on joint and single performance.
Paper: Optimal contaminant removal in fermentation and waste treatment processes

A bifunctional enzymatic catalyst system may be optimally distributed along a plug flow tubular reactor to reduce trace contamination. For the system considered in this study, there are nine possible optimal catalyst distribution policies, depending on the magnitude of the initial concentrations, the relative oxidizing power of the contaminants, and the residence time in the reactor. The effects of these system parameters on the optimal distribution policies are discussed, as is the possibility of replacing the optimal policies with suboptimal decisions. The relative errors caused by the suboptimal policies are found to be insignificant in many cases, but the approximations may not do as well if the oxidizing contaminants have relatively very different effects.
A Kelvin–Clapeyron Adsorption Model for Spreading on a Heated Plate

A new adsorption model for the spreading dynamics of completely wetting fluids on a heated solid substrate that emphasizes interfacial phenomena is developed and evaluated. The model is based on the premise that both interfacial intermolecular forces and temperature affect the vapor pressure in change-of-phase heat transfer and (therefore) the spreading velocity. Classical change-of-phase kinetics, and interfacial concepts like the Clapeyron, Kelvin, and the augmented Young-Laplace equations are used to evaluate the effects of stress (change in apparent dynamic contact angle), temperature, and superheat on the rewetting velocity. Explicit equations are obtained for the velocity, heat flux, and superheat in the contact line region as a function of the initial plate temperature. Comparisons with experimental data for substrate superheats below a critical value demonstrate that the resulting interfacial model of evaporation/condensation in the contact line region can describe the effect of the saturation temperature and superheat on the rewetting velocity.
Characteristics and applications of multiple beam machines

Abstract Several multiple electron- and ion-beam machines have been developed at SRI in the last decade. These microfabrication tools use multiple focused electron or ion beams that are deflected, blanked in synchrony, and used to lithograph or etch a whole wafer instead of a single chip. Such machines can reduce the processing time for a wafer and thus increase the throughput. This class of machine has several interesting characteristics. The depth of focus is of the order of 1 cm, the beams are focused on the target in first order and the magnification can be changed easily. These characteristics make these machines quite useful for different microfabrication processes such as lithography, mask making, etching, and micromechanics.
Mining Text Patterns for Synonyms Extraction

We propose a method for extracting synonym patterns from text and ranking them. Patterns are the text fragments between pairs of synonyms. In our method we extract a number of synonyms from Wikipedia, build a markup on Wikipedia articles and then extract patterns and measure their confidence. These patterns can be used for extracting synonyms from free text.
Experimental evaluation of the fractal geometry of flamelets

The fractal character of flamelets in premixed turbulent V-flames is evaluated through combined tomographic and time-series light scattering measurements. Fractal dusts and curves generated by the intersection of lines and planes with flamelets surfaces are observed. Algorithms for evaluating fractal character from the experimental data are described and discussed. The results, obtained for several different flame conditions, indicate that flamelets can be represented by fractal surfaces with a fractal dimension and inner and outer cutoffs to fractal behavior. The outer cutoff is several times larger than the integral scale in the reactant flow, while the inner cutoff is an order of magnitude larger than the Kolmogorov scale. The fractal dimension which is implied for the flametet surface from these measurements is approximately 2.1 which is well below the expected value of approximately 2.37. Several reasons for this difference are offered including low absolute turbulent intensity and low turbulence Reynolds number.
ADMOD: An Advertising Decision Model

ADMOD is an advertising decision model designed to address simultaneously the budget decision, the copy decision, and the media-allocation decision. The model focuses upon specific consumer decisions that advertising is attempting to precipitate and is illustrated with data on dishes.
The solubility of LWR core debris in sacrificial floor material

Abstract The solubilities of uranium dioxide and zirconium dioxide were experimentally determined in silicate melts at temperatures ranging from 1473 to 1823 K. The solubility of UO 2 and ZrO 2 in basaltic melts could be expressed as a linear function of temperature and was found to by three times greater than the solubilities determined for granitic or granodioritic melts. Preservation of uranium-rich glasses from melts held at temperatures ⩾ 1673 K was accomplished only by a rapid quenching of the sample (100 K s −1 ). Precipitation of cubic magnesium uranate from these melts at lower cooling rates (2 K s −1 ) places severe limits upon the practical use of natural silicates rocks as sacrificial barrier material in a passive core retention system.