cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vasopressin analog DDAVP in the treatment of diabetes insipidus.

• A synthetic vasopressin analog, 1-desamino-8D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP also known as desmopressin), was found to be highly effective in the treatment of seven children and one adult with vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus. The average duration of action of DDAVP was 10 to 11 hours, and with proper adjustment of dose, the subjects were able to control their symptoms satisfactorily with one or two inhalations daily. The youngest child in whom adequate control was achieved was 2 years of age. All subjects found the use of intranasal DDAVP superior to other forms of therapy, and none experienced any known side-effects after six months of treatment. All subjects in this study are currently using 2.5μg to 10μg of DDAVP once or twice daily. (Am J Dis Child130:166-169, 1976)
Methods for estimation of bone marrow plasma cell involvement in myeloma: predictive value for response and survival in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

In myeloma, the bone marrow plasma cell percentage (BMPC%) is usually estimated independently on the aspirate, core biopsy, and plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) samples. This study was done to determine which of the 3 individual estimates correlates best with complete response (CR) and survival. Seventy-five consecutive patients who underwent SCT for relapsed myeloma were studied. The median BMPC% on the marrow aspirate, core biopsy, and PCLI studies were 20, 25, and 20, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the three methods, rho > 0.65, P < 0.001. However, in 8% of patients the BMPC% was different by an absolute value of 50% between methods. No individual method was predictive for CR. However, the highest estimate of the BMPC% among the three methods was a significant predictor of CR (P = 0.02). Survival following SCT was longer among patients with a low BMPC% (< or =60) by the PCLI method compared to those with higher values, median survival 23 versus 7 months, respectively, P = 0.02. PFS was also different, with survival times of 11 and 5 months, respectively, P = 0.003. Similar results were obtained when the highest estimate of the BMPC% was used in survival analysis (P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). Statistical significance was lower when the BMPC% on the aspirate or biopsy used in survival analysis. Compared to any individual method of estimating BMPC%, the highest estimate of the BMPC% is the best predictor of CR in myeloma. It is also prognostic for poor survival and PFS following SCT for myeloma. We recommend that all three methods of estimating BMPC% be routinely performed and that the highest value be used for prognostic purposes.
The effect of the spatial arrangement of simple diagrams on the interpretation of english and nonsense sentences

In two experiments, subjects received problem sets consisting of a simple diagram accompanied by two sentences and were asked to select the sentence that best expressed the meaning of the diagram. Each diagram showed a relationship between two concepts. The relationships were category membership, possession of a property, and causality. The relative placement of the concepts was varied. In the first experiment, the concepts were given nonsense names. Significant biases in response frequencies were found, suggesting that, in the absence of semantic content, the interpretation of the diagrams was largely determined by syntactic rules of English. In the second experiment, similar biases were found for diagrams whose concepts were given English names. However, the biases were less evident when the diagrams violated the rules of English syntax. This suggested that conflict between the sense of English and a diagram's spatial arrangement makes consistent interpretation unlikely. Conclusions are drawn concerning the relationships between the spatial arrangement of diagrams and the meaning of relationships among concepts stated in sentences. Suggestions for diagram design are offered.
Current Order Coordination in Miltiterminal DC Systems

This paper reviews certain vital control functions central to the practical implementation of parallel multiterminal do (MTDC) systems. Particularly, the requirements for coordination of current orders during different operating conditions of MTDC systems are discussed. Two new techniques of current order coordination are described. The two techniques are referred to in this paper as the Modulation Coordination and the Decentralized Current Reference Balancer (DCRB).
Clinical problems related to surgical repair of intracardiac defects with the aid of an extracorporeal pump-oxygenator.

The medical problems in the selection of patients for direct-vision reconstructive operations utilizing the pump-oxygenator of the Gibbon type are discussed. The evaluation of the pulmonary vascular changes is one of the most important medical tasks in many cases. The operative risk for such lesions as ventricular septal defect with high pulmonary flow, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum, and atrial septal defect of the partial atrioventricular canal type is constantly decreasing and is 15 per cent or less at the present time. Heart block and cardiac arrhythmias are still, on occasion, serious postoperative complications. During 1 period of 3 months, subacute bacterial endocarditis ( Pseudomonas ) occurred in 4 patients but it has not recurred since.
Differentiating inpatient clinically-diagnosed and normal children using the children's depression inventory

This study was designed to assess the ability of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) to distinguish three groups of children: hospitalized children diagnosed as affective disordered or conduct-disordered, and normal school children. Results suggest only a marginal degree of criterion-related validity for the CDI and indicate that it be very carefully used, if at all, in diagnostic decisions.
Application of thin-section low-dose chest CT (TSCT) in the management of pediatric AIDS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of thinsection low-dose computed tomography (TSCT) in the management of children with AIDS, as chest radiographs (CXR) often fail to adequately explain the patients' clinical status. We performed 54 noncontrast TSCTs on 32 children. The patients, aged from 3 months to 14.6 years, were diagnosed as having bacterial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP),Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), orMycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI). The scans were correlated with the clinical diagnosis, T-lymphocyte-subset percentages, and p24-antigen levels. Subsegmental consolidations were seen in patients with LIP, PCP, and MAI, and as an isolated finding in those with only bacterial pneumonia. Ground-glass haziness was seen exclusively with acute PCP. Reticulonodular thickening was identified only in patients with LIP. Mosaic perfusion was seen with MAI, LIP, and pneumonia. The presence of adenopathy correlated with CD4+ T-cell-subset percentages. The greatest value of CT in this study was in detecting new disease when chest films failed to correlate with a patient's clinical state, and in demonstrating acute/subacute disease in patients with severe baseline chestfilm changes. Recurrent pneumonias may represent progression of “smoldering” disease, rather than true recurrent disease following complete clearing. Adenopathy with low CD4+ levels should suggest lymphoma or infection with MAI.
Modeling of rates of moisture ingress into photovoltaic modules

Abstract Encapsulant materials are used in photovoltaic devices for mechanical support, electrical isolation, and protection against corrosion. During long-term exposure of photovoltaic modules to environmental stress, the ingress of water into the module is correlated with decreased performance. By using diffusivity measurements for water through ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), we have modeled moisture ingress using finite-element analysis with atmospheric data from various locations such as Miami, Florida. This analysis shows that because of the high diffusivity of EVA, even an impermeable glass back-sheet is incapable of preventing significant moisture ingress from the edges for a 20–30-year lifetime. Once moisture penetrates a module, it can condense and increase corrosion rates. Significantly reducing moisture ingress requires a true hermetic seal, the use of an encapsulant loaded with a desiccant, or the use of an encapsulant with a very low diffusivity.
Improving cooling efficiency of servers by replacing smaller chassis enclosed fans with larger rack-mount fans

As a common practice in the data center industry, chassis fans are used to direct air flow independent from neighboring servers. In general, smaller fans are less efficient compared to geometrically similar larger fans. In this study, a novel approach is proposed whereby chassis enclosed fans are replaced with a smaller number of larger fans installed behind a stacked array of servers which share airflow. As a baseline study, a CPU dominated 1.5U Open Compute server with four 60mm fans installed within its chassis is characterized experimentally for its flow impedance, fan speed dependent flow rate, effect on die temperature and power consumption at various compute utilization levels. Larger fans with a square frame size of 80mm and 120mm are selected and individually characterized for their air moving capacity and power consumption. Primary emphasis is placed on the 80mm fan case, with discussion of the 120mm fans included. CFD is used to simulate a system of stacked servers serviced by larger fans to obtain its flow characteristics and operating points. The fan power consumption of the larger fans is determined experimentally at these operating points replicated in an air flow bench. Comparing with the base line experiments, replacing smaller fans with larger units results in a significant decrease in fan power consumption without conceding flow rate and static pressure requirements.
Increased plasma silicon concentrations and altered bone resorption in response to sodium zeolite a supplementation in yearling horses

Abstract This study examined the effect of supplementation of a bioavailable source of silicon (sodium zeolite A) on altering systemic markers of bone metabolism in horses. Twenty yearlings (ten Quarter Horses and ten Arabians) were randomly grouped as silicon (Si) supplemented (S; n=10), in which yearlings consumed 2% of the total diet as a Si-containing supplement, and a second non-supplemented control group (C; n=10). Blood samples were taken on days 0, 15, 30 and 45. Both plasma and serum were collected; the plasma was analyzed for Si concentrations and serum was analyzed for osteocalcin (OC), carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP), and pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline crosslinks (PYD). Supplemented yearlings had higher plasma Si concentrations than C yearlings by day 15, and remained higher than C yearlings on days 30 and 45 (P .05); however, ICTP concentrations were lower in S yearlings on day 45 when compared to C yearlings (P = .04). Results indicate that sodium zeolite A supplementation (consumed at 2% of the total diet) increases plasma Si concentrations. Furthermore, results indicate that Si-supplemented yearlings may have decreased bone resorption, which may provide for greater net bone formations, as OC concentrations were not different between groups. Unfortunately, systemic markers give no indication as to the quality of the bone that may be formed, and further research in the area of Si supplementation, bone metabolism and bone strength is required to establish conclusive evidence as to the benefits of supplemental Si to the skeletal system.
Chemical composition and origin of fossil resins from Utah Wasatch Plateau coal

Abstract In order to arrive at a more detailed chemical description of fossil coal associated resins we need to distinguish between micropetrographic, organic geochemical and process technological definitions, each of which may encompass varying quantities of constituents unrelated to fossil tree resins. New information on composition and origin of Utah Wasatch Plateau coal resins obtained by Curie-point pyrolysis/evaporation in combination with iso-butane chemical ionization mass spectrometry, as presented in this paper, points to the presence of four more or less distinct resin components: (1) a sesquiterpenoid polymer; (2) sesqui- and triterpenoid monomers and dimers; (3) a suite of triterpenoid alcohols, ketones and acids; and (4) a series of increasingly aromatized hydrocarbons with naphthalene and picene type skeletons. Moreover, a strong similarity is found between the composition of recent dammar resin and fossil Wasatch Plateau coal resins indicating a possible Angiosperm (fam. Dipterocarpaceae) origin of these Upper Cretaceous coal resins. Some of the technological implications of these findings and the consequent need for a more precise chemical definition and nomenclature are discussed.
Morbidity and Mortality of Coronary Bypass Surgery in Patients 75 Years of Age or Older

Abstract To determine factors associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications in elderly patients, 60 consecutive patients 75 years of age or older undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were evaluated. Thirty-nine patients (65.0%) had at least one major postoperative complication, including 2 deaths (3.3%). Low body weight was the only univariate predictor ( p > 0.05) of an increased likelihood of complications overall. Prior cardiac operation, low serum cholesterol value, and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time were associated with increased bleeding. Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was associated with prolonged postoperative confusion. Age of 80 years or more and increased cross-clamp time were predictive of pulmonary dysfunction. Low cardiac output occurred more frequently in patients with nonsinus rhythm, prior cardiac operation, recent congestive heart failure, or elevated level of blood urea nitrogen. Identification of risk factors for specific complications should prompt further studies to define ways of reducing morbidity and the resultant high cost associated with CABG in elderly patients.
Viscoelastic Properties of Montmorillonite Clay/Polyimide Composite Membranes and Thin Films

Montmorillonite clay, cloisite 30B (nanoclay), was successfully dispersed in a polyimide (PI) matrix by in situ condensation polymerization followed by solution casting and thermal imidization. Wide angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD, test was used to study the structure of cloisite 30B clay powder and nanoclay/polyimide composites. The WAXD spectra of nanoclay powder and the composites show one major diffraction peak at 4.76° and 6°, respectively, suggesting that the d-spacing of nanoclay was decreased by about 26% after composite film processing. The viscoelastic property of polyimide and nanoclay/polyimide composite was studied by using dynamic mechanical spectrometer. The storage modulus and glass–rubber transition temperature of nanoclay/polyimide composites increases with increasing volume fraction of clay. The storage modulus of the composites in the rubbery plateau region, (T > 400 °C) increased remarkably with increasing volume fraction of clay. A modulus enhancement, (EC/EM) of about three orders of magnitude, (EC/EM ~1,440) was obtained for nanoclay/polyimide composite containing 6.8 vol% of nanoclay. The tangent of the loss angle (tan δ) for the composites, decreased with increasing volume fraction of nanoclay. The observed decrease in tan δ with increasing volume fraction of clay is consistent with the established trend of increasing storage modulus and glass–rubber transition temperature with increasing volume fraction of nanoclay. The phenomenal increase in the rubbery plateau storage modulus and glass–rubber transition temperature with increasing volume fraction of clay is believed to be due to increased restriction of chain motion with increasing nanoclay volume fraction.
Electrochemical windows and impedance characteristics of [Bmim+][BF4-] and [Bdmim+][BF4-] ionic liquids at the surfaces of Au, Pt, Ta and glassy carbon electrodes

Abstract Redox stabilities or electrochemical windows (EWs) of ionic liquids (ILs) commonly are measured through linear sweep voltammetry by using the ILs as electrolytes with solid electrodes. The present report demonstrates how the electrode materials affect these measurements. As model systems, two ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, are examined using Au, Pt, Ta and Glassy Carbon electrodes. The EWs are determined using voltammetry, and the reactive features of the surfaces are probed with impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that these EWs depend on the work function of the electrode, while the interfacial reactions are largely dictated by the IL properties.
Preparing Students for Social Action in a Social Justice Education Course: What Works?

The purpose of this study was to explore students’ perceptions of how the curriculum and teaching strategies in a social justice education course prepared them for social action engagement. Past studies using a similar approach to teaching about social justice issues did not include student interviews. Students’ perspectives can shed light on how experiences in a social justice education course prepared them to challenge social oppression and work toward equity in their daily lives. Six students were interviewed one semester after they completed a social justice education course. Findings indicated teaching strategies (e.g., experiential activities) that included students’ lived experiences also increased their personal awareness, empathy, confidence, and knowledge about tools for social action. These teaching strategies were identified more often than content as key in preparing students to take action. Classroom implications are discussed.
A spectroscopic and conformational study of pertussis toxin.

The conformation of native pertussis toxin has been investigated by secondary structure prediction and by circular dichroism, fluorescence and second-derivative ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The far-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectrum is characteristic of a protein of high β-sheet and low α-helix content. This is also shown by an analysis of the circular dichroic spectrum with the Contin programme which indicates that the toxin possesses 53%β-sheet, 10%α-helix and 37%β-turn/loop secondary structure. Second-derivative ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy suggests that 34 tyrosine residues are solvent-exposed and quenching of tryptophan fluorescence emission has shown that 4 tryptophan residues are accessible to iodide ions. One of these tryptophans appears to be in close proximity to a positively charged side-chain, since only 3 tryptophans are accessible to caesium ion fluorescence quenching. When excited at 280 nm, the emission spectrum contains a significant contribution from tyrosine fluorescence, which may be a consequence of the high proportion (55%) of surface-exposed tyrosines. No changes in the circular dichroic spectra of the toxin were found in the presence of the substrate NAD. However, NAD did quench both tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence emission but did not change the shape of the emission spectrum, or the accessibility of the tryptophans to either the ionic fluorescence quenchers or the neutral quencher acrylamide.
Poincaré-Invariant Equations of Motion for Classical Particles

Classical particles, and interaction among them governed by second-order equations of motion for the positions of the particles, are considered. Equations of motion, defined for one instant in an arbitrary frame, are derived which are invariant under the Poincar\'e group. The equations of motion are considered invariant if, when the world-line solutions to the equations of motion are transformed, point by point, into a new frame, the new world lines obey the same second-order equation of motion. We illustrate the existence of a wide class of such invariant equations of motion. The further questions of causality and separability are mentioned.
Capacitive monitoring of morpholino-DNA surface hybridization: experimental and theoretical analysis.

Impedance and cyclic voltammetry methods, complemented by Poisson−Boltzmann (PB) modeling, are used to study hybridization of DNA analyte strands to monolayers of morpholino oligomers (MOs) immobilized by one end to mercaptopropanol-passivated gold electrodes. MOs, like peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), are uncharged molecules that recognize nucleic acids following conventional base-pairing rules. The capacitive response to hybridization, determined from real-time impedance measurements, is analyzed with emphasis on understanding the underlying structural changes and on providing a foundation for label-free diagnostics. The capacitive response is correlated with the instantaneous surface molecular populations by labeling DNA and MO strands with ferrocene tags and using cyclic voltammetry to monitor their respective coverages in real-time. This approach allows analysis of hybridization-induced changes in interfacial capacitance as a function of duplex coverage, the DC bias used for readout, buffer molarity, an...
The holonomy expansion: Invariants and approximate supersymmetry

Abstract In this paper we give a new expansion, based on cyclicity of the trace, to study regularity properties of twisted expectations 〈X(s)〉=Tr H (γU(θ) X(s)). Here X(s)=X0e−s0Q2X1e−s1Q2…Xke−skQ2 is a product of operators Xj, regularized by heat kernels e−sjQ2 with sj>0. The twist groups γ∈ Z 2 and U(θ)∈U(1) are commuting symmetries of Q2. The name “holonomy expansion” arises from picturing 〈X(s)〉 as a circular graph, with vertices in the graph representing the operators Xj, in the order that they appear in the product, and the linesegment following Xj representing the heat kernel e−sjQ2. The trace functional is cyclic, so the graph is circular. We generate our expansion by “transporting” a vertex Xk around the circle, ending in its original position. We choose an Xk that transforms under a one-dimensional representation of Z 2×U(1). For θ in the complement of the discrete set ϒsing (where the group Z 2×U(1) acts trivially on Xk) we obtain an identity between the original expectation and some new expectations. We study an example from supersymmetric quantum mechanics, with a Dirac operator Q(λ) depending on a parameter λ and with a U(1) group of symmetries U(θ). We apply our expansion to invariants Z (λ; θ)= Z (Q(λ); θ) suggested by non-commutative geometry. These invariants are sums of expectations of the form above. We investigate this example as a first step toward developing an expansion to evaluate related invariants arising in supersymmetric quantum field theory. We establish differentiability of Z (λ; , θ) in λ for λ∈(0, 1] and show Z (λ; θ) is independent of λ. We wish to evaluate Z (λ; θ) at the endpoint λ=0, but Z (0; θ) is ill-defined. We regularize the endpoint, while preserving the U(θ)-symmetry, by replacing Q(λ)2 with H(e, λ)=Q(λ)2+e2 |z|2. The regularized function Z (e, λ; θ) depends on all three variables e, λ, θ; for fixed θ, it is differentiable in the unit (e, λ) square, except at the origin. Using the holonomy expansion, we prove for fixed θ∉ϒsing that Z (e, λ; θ) is also jointly continuous in (e, λ), at the origin. As a consequence, if θ∉ϒsing, then we can interchange limits and Z (λ; θ)=lime→0 Z (e, 0; θ). We observe that the joint continuity of Z (e, λ; θ) in (e, λ) is not uniform in θ, and Z (e, λ; θ) is not jointly continuous for θ∈ϒsing. But the limiting function Z (λ; θ) is continuous in θ; so the e-limit also determines Z (λ; θ) for all θ, including for θ∈ϒsing. We use these facts to calculate Z (λ; θ). Our regularization destroys supersymmetry, but the holonomy expansion gives quantitative bounds on the error terms.
Adverse impacts on lifelong learners

Adult learners are an attractive and lucrative market but little has been said about the adverse impact of higher education upon the lifelong learner. Misrepresenting education’s benefits, making continuing professional education obligatory, and co-opting learning are three areas in which adult learning may be adversely affected by the institutionalization of lifelong learning by higher education.
Prevalence of vocal problems: Speech-language pathologists’ evaluation of music and non-music teacher recordings:

The current study, a preliminary examination of whether music teachers are more susceptible to vocal problems than teachers of other subjects, asked for expert evaluation of audio recordings from licensed speech-language pathologists. Participants (N = 41) taught music (n = 23) or another subject (n = 18) in either elementary (n = 21), middle (n = 10), or high school (n = 10), and had a mean of 14 years’ teaching experience. Each teacher read a poem while being audio recorded. Nine licensed speech-language pathologists with a mean of 20 years’ clinical experience served as expert evaluators by listening to the 41 recordings while manipulating the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial. Results showed no significant differences between music and non-music teacher evaluations. The individual variations in scores showed no trends for any particular group, but rather pointed out how personal vocal hygiene (care of the voice) is for individual teachers. Suggestions for future research include ways t...
A robot team for surveillance tasks: Design and architecture

Abstract Reduced cost of robotic hardware enables the use of teams of robots instead of a single device. Multi-robot approaches promise faster results and more robust systems as each individual robot becomes dispensable. Given higher numbers of robots, writing dependable control software becomes more complex and thus more expensive. Consequently, a software architecture that is readily applied to new missions becomes essential. In the following, an architecture for distributed control of a team of heterogeneous mobile robots is introduced. Design as well as implementation details are presented. A distinguishing feature of the architecture is its versatility in handling resources. An example application for a surveillance task is discussed.
Viscosities of Unbleached Alkaline Pulps. III. Wood Species

Abstract A variety of hardwoods and softwoods were cooked under identical conditions (constant alkali charge, temperature and time) and yielded pulps of widely varying Kappa number but essentially constant viscosity. Wood species is therefore not a significant factor in determining the viscosity of unbleached pulp. This observation indicates that the G-factor equation for viscosity prediction (so far examined only for spruce) may have a wide applicability.
Nucleus studies of comet Halley

Early results from, and research initiatives warranted by, the earth-based observations of Halley's near-nucleus and related phenomena are reviewed. Where appropriate, this information is combined with spacecraft data obtained by the various flight projects. The basic objective is to gain a greater insight into the nature of the comet's nucleus and its environment.
Ascorbate increases the synthesis of procollagen hydroxyproline by cultured fibroblasts from chick embryo tendons without activation or prolyl hydroxylase

Abstract An improved procedure was developed to extract prolyl hydroxylase from tendon cells of chick embryos with detergent, and improved assays were developed for both the activity of the enzyme and the amount of enzyme protein. Freshly isolated tendon cells were found to contain approx. 100 μg of enzyme protein per 108 cells and 40–50% of the enzyme protein was active. When the cells were cultured, they were found to contain the same amount of enzyme protein by only 15–20% of the enzyme protein was active. Gel filtration of cell extracts indicated that the active form of prolyl hydroxylase in freshly isolated tendon cells and in cultured tendon cells had the same apparent size and the same activity per μg of immunoreactive protein as enzyme which was shown to be a tetramer. The inactive form was found to have about the same apparent size as subunits of the enzyme. When freshly isolated cells were incubated for 2 h in the presence of 40 μg per ml of ascorbate, there was a slight increase in the rate of hydroxyproline synthesis. In cultured cells, ascorbate at a concentration of 40 μg per ml caused a 2-fold increase in the rate of hydroxyproline synthesis within 30 min. However, ascorbate did not increase the activity of prolyl hydroxylase in extracts from either cell system. Therefore it appears that the influence of ascorbate on synthesis of procollagen hydroxyproline by the cells studied here must be ascribed to a cofactor effect on the hydroxylation reaction similar to that observed with purified enzyme, and it does not involve “activation” of inactive enzyme protein to active enzyme as has been observed in cultures of L-929 and 3T6 mouse fibroblasts.
Prediction When Both Variables are Subject to Error, with Application to Earthquake Magnitudes

Abstract The structural relation between the amplitude of earthquake surface waves and the amplitude of earthquake body waves is estimated. The structural relation is used to construct an equation to predict surface waves from recorded body waves in a second population of earthquakes.
In the World or in the Head: External and Internal Implicit Theories of Creativity

This research is an initial step to bringing existing research on cultural differences in attribution and holism to the study of implicit theories of creativity. Two studies examined the tendency to consider creativity to be prototypically expressed internally via reflection and internal states versus expressed externally via interaction and products. Study 1 had Caucasian American, Asian American, and Japanese undergraduates list activities and traits they associated with creative groups and individuals. In Study 2, Japanese, Chinese, Caucasian Americans, and Asian Americans chose specific professions as more creative using a paired forced-choice method. In both studies, East Asians had a greater propensity to choose external traits, activities, and professions as creative, whereas Caucasian Americans and to a lesser degree, Asian Americans showed a preference for internal items. The implications of cross-cultural differences in implicit theories of creativity are discussed.
Impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usage on 7-year outcome of older persons with subjective cognitive impairment

containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol produced effects similar to those of resveratrol administration in WT mice, neither red wine containing 3.1 mg/ L of resveratrol nor white wine exhibited such effects in WT mice. Resveratrol was undetectable in the hippocampus ofWTmice administered resveratrol and red wine containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol. Conclusions: These observations strongly suggest that resveratrol may increase hippocampal IGF-I production via sensory neuron stimulation in the GI tract, thereby improving cognitive function and showing anti-depressant effect in mice. These results may explain at least in part the beneficial effects of moderate consumption of red wine on cognitive function in humans.
In Situ Simulation in Continuing Education for the Health Care Professions: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Education in the health sciences increasingly relies on simulation-based training strategies to provide safe, structured, engaging, and effective practice opportunities. While this frequently occurs within a simulation center, in situ simulations occur within an actual clinical environment. This blending of learning and work environments may provide a powerful method for continuing education. However, as this is a relatively new strategy, best practices for the design and delivery of in situ learning experiences have yet to be established. This article provides a systematic review of the in situ simulation literature and compares the state of the science and practice against principles of effective education and training design, delivery, and evaluation. Methods: A total of 3190 articles were identified using academic databases and screened for descriptive accounts or studies of in situ simulation programs. Of these, 29 full articles were retrieved and coded using a standard data extraction protocol (kappa = 0.90). Results: In situ simulations have been applied to foster individual, team, unit, and organizational learning across several clinical and nonclinical areas. Approaches to design, delivery, and evaluation of the simulations were highly variable across studies. The overall quality of in situ simulation studies is low. A positive impact of in situ simulation on learning and organizational performance has been demonstrated in a small number of studies. Discussion: The evidence surrounding in situ simulation efficacy is still emerging, but the existing research is promising. Practical program planning strategies are evolving to meet the complexity of a novel learning activity that engages providers in their actual work environment.
Potential Outcomes and Consequence of a Proposed Grazing Permit Buyout Program

Abstract This study investigated the role that a public land grazing permit buyout would have on ranching operations and conserving private land open space in the Rocky Mountain region of the western United States. Loss of grazing permits could serve as a pivotal factor in expediting private land fragmentation if ranching operations are enticed to sell their land due to loss of economic viability. This type of program inadvertently could be detrimental to overall ecosystem health and have unintended economic, ecological, and cultural consequences for the administering agencies and grazing permittees. The goal of this study was to provide sociodemographic profiles of landowners to better understand social motivations for ranching, implications of permit removal, ongoing conservation activities, and possible policy solutions. We assessed likely participation levels, demographic attitudes, and reasons for participation in a proposed grazing permit buyout program. This paper is based on data collected from a ...
Abacavir/lamivudine fixed dose combination in the treatment of patients with HIV infection

HIV infection remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fortunately, patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) have significantly improved survival rates and quality of life. The standard of care for the treatment of ART-naive patients includes three drugs, two of which should be nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) is a fixed dose combination NRTI tablet that has been approved as an NRTI backbone. ABC/3TC is among the NRTI combinations that are recommended as first line in the most recent International AIDS Society–USA guidelines and WHO European Region protocol. However, owing to recently published data raising the possibility of an association between abacavir and heart disease, as well as data regarding efficacy in patients with higher HIV RNA levels, ABC/3TC has now been listed as an alternative NRTI backbone in the latest USA Department of Health and Human Services guidelines. While ABC has been associated with a h...
Hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture of steels

Abstract The phenomenon of hydrogen-induced intergranular brittle fracture of steels is a result of the combination of hydrogen dissolved in the crystal lattice and embrittling impurities that had previously segregated at grain boundaries. This type of brittle cracking is a stress-controlled phenomenon and can be demonstrated in steels that have been embrittled by the elements that are responsible for temper embrittlement and tempered-martensite embrittlement. The presence of mobile hydrogen essentially facilitates the formation of an intergranular microcrack that can initiate brittle fracture. In the absence of sufficient segregated impurity, hydrogen produces enhanced cracking at relatively high stresses by concentrated plastic flow, a displacement-controlled phenomenon. Thus, the two types of hydrogen-induced cracking are fundamentally different.
Visualizing Multiple Program Executions to Assist Behavior Verification

Visualization techniques have been widely used in representing software artifacts. They play a central role in conveying program information to software developers. While numerous tools have been developed to visualize information such as static software architectures, dynamic program behaviors, and debugging processes, little attention has been paid to visualizing correlations and variations among program representations. This paper investigates the visualization of cross-references across multiple program executions based upon different testing inputs so that meaningful and viewable properties can be presented to the viewpoint from different perspectives. Visualizing such a comparison can help feature location and program behavior verification. It also helps programmers better understand and test their software which can have a significant impact on improving its reliability.
Limits to Error Performance: Information Theory

We have seen in Section 5.1 that a continuous signal of bandwidth less than B can be represented exactly by and reconstructed exactly from 2B sample amplitudes per second. We have seen in Section 5.6 that, allowing a certain error in the representation and recovery of the sample amplitudes, these amplitudes can be quantized and represented by a number of discrete amplitudes or levels. Further, if we wish we can designate these amplitudes or levels by binary numbers. We have seen in other parts of Chapters 5, 8, and 10 how signals with a discrete number of levels, including two-level or binary signals, can be transmitted by amplitude or phase modulation, subject to certain errors caused by noise.
Psychological and psychophysiological considerations regarding the maternal-fetal relationship

The earliest relationship does not begin with birth. Pregnant women construct mental representations of the fetus, and feelings of affiliation or "maternal-fetal attachment" generally increase over the course of gestation. While there is a fairly substantial literature on the development and moderation of psychological features of the maternal-fetal relationship, including the role of ultrasound imaging, relatively little is known about the manner in which maternal psychological functioning influences the fetus. Dispositional levels of maternal stress and anxiety are modestly associated with aspects of fetal heart rate and motor activity. Both induced maternal arousal and relaxation generate fairly immediate alterations to fetal neurobehaviors; the most consistently observed fetal response to changes in maternal psychological state involves suppression of motor activity. These effects may be mediated, in part, by an orienting response of the fetus to changes in the intrauterine environment. Conversely, there is evidence that fetal behaviors elicit maternal physiological responses. Integration of this finding into a more dynamic model of the maternal-fetal dyad, and implications for the postnatal relationship are discussed. Research on the period before birth affords tremendous opportunity for developmental scientists to advance understanding of the origins of human attachment.
Sound engineering: Toward a theory of multimodal soundness

The activity-based multimodal theory of composing presented here offers us a way to better understand how, when, and why students might choose to explore the affordances of sound (oral, aural) in their work. Importantly, however, insofar as it resists attempts to bracket off individual senses and the uptake of select semiotic resources, it presents a more robust, integrated approach to theorizing, researching, and teaching multimodal production, one that facilitates the move toward multimodal soundness. An activity-based multimodal approach to composing provides us, but perhaps more importantly still provides students, with strategies for attending to the complex ways that a greater variety of senses, semiotic resources, and rhetorical positionings might be taken up and brought together, if only briefly, and if only in sound-for-now ways, to help them accomplish specific kinds of work in specific contexts. To illustrate how an activity-based multimodal theory of composing achieves these ends, I present two accounts of first-year composition students who explored sound’s potential in their work after determining that the uptake of sound could help them, at least in part, accomplish the work they hoped to do.
The Role of Hope in Preventive Interventions

Preventive interventions have historically focused on reducing risk factors for psychological difficulties. Recent research has found that prevention programs are more effective when they enhance strengths, rather than merely reduce risk factors. An increased focus on strengths is consistent with a positive psychology perspective. In fact, hope has been found to be a central human strength in the positive psychology literature. Hope is associated with better adjustment, lower anxiety, lower depression, greater academic performance, and greater athletic achievement. In addition, individuals with high hope are able to respond more adaptively after traumatic events and physical illnesses. Intervention studies have shown that hope can be increased in individuals, and hope has been shown to predict more positive outcomes in psychotherapy. Future directions for research are outlined, including investigating hope as a preventive intervention for members of stigmatized groups, including ethnic minorities and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.
Use of the Iced Cystogram to Differentiate Bladder Neck and External Sphincter Obstruction

AbstractAn iced cystogram was done on 31 patients with neurogenic bladder and voiding dysfunction. We observed 5 distinguishable patterns upon which therapeutic measures to improve balance could be based. We found the iced cystogram to be a simple, inexpensive yet reliable technique to assess detrusor sphincter imbalance. With the information obtained from this study the therapeutic options were delineated more clearly and the results of the treatment were made more predictable.
Stromal CCR6 drives tumor growth in a murine transplantable colon cancer through recruitment of tumor-promoting macrophages

ABSTRACTInteractions between the inflammatory chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 have been implicated in promoting colon cancer; however, the mechanisms behind this effect are poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that deficiency of CCR6 is associated with decreased tumor macrophage accumulation in a model of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of stromal CCR6 expression in a murine syngeneic transplantable colon cancer model. We show that deficiency of host CCR6 is associated with decreased growth of syngeneic CCR6-expressing colon cancers. Colon cancers adoptively transplanted into CCR6-deficient mice have decreased tumor-associated macrophages without alterations in the number of monocytes in blood or bone marrow. CCL20, the unique ligand for CCR6, promotes migration of monocytes in vitro and promotes accumulation of macrophages in vivo. Depletion of tumor-associated macrophages decreases the growth of tumors in the transplantable tumor model...
Does a Case-Based Online Group Project Increase Students' Satisfaction with Interaction in Online Courses?.

Due to the realistic, complex natures of authentic cases involved in case-based learning, the use of group work has been encouraged and expected to enhance the quality of interaction among particip...
Assessing the Effect of Potential Reductions in Non-Hepatic Mortality on the Estimated Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Treatment in Early Stages of Liver Disease

Most cost-effectiveness analyses of hepatitis C (HCV) therapy focus on the benefits of reducing liver-related morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to assess how cost-effectiveness estimates of HCV therapy can vary depending on assumptions regarding the potential impact of HCV therapy on non-hepatic mortality. We adapted a state-transition model to include potential effects of HCV therapy on non-hepatic mortality. We assumed successful treatment could reduce non-hepatic mortality by as little as 0 % to as much as 100 %. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were computed comparing immediate treatment versus delayed treatment and comparing immediate treatment versus non-treatment. Comparing immediate treatment versus delayed treatment, when we included a 44 % reduction in non-hepatic mortality following successful HCV treatment, the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained by HCV treatment fell by 76 % (from US$314,100 to US$76,900) for patients with no fibrosis and by 43 % (from US$62,500 to US$35,800) for patients with moderate fibrosis. Comparing immediate treatment versus non-treatment, assuming a 44 % reduction in non-hepatic mortality following successful HCV treatment, the incremental cost per QALY gained by HCV treatment fell by 64 % (from US$186,700 to US$67,300) for patients with no fibrosis and by 27 % (from US$35,000 to US$25,500) for patients with moderate fibrosis. Including reductions in non-hepatic mortality from HCV treatment can have substantial effects on the estimated cost-effectiveness of treatment.