cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management Approaches to Reducing or Eliminating Mycoplasma Mastitis in a Dairy Herd

Mycoplasma spp can cause mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and metritis in dairy cattle. Progress in control of Mycoplasma spp mastitis, including any management changes made, was evaluated in Utah dairy herds approximately one year after diagnosis on farms that had participated in a mycoplasma prevalence study. Using a questionnaire developed at Utah State University, dairy producers and key management personnel on 10 previously mycoplasma-positive dairy farms in Utah were interviewed. Three farms had evidence that no mycoplasmal cows remained, four had mycoplasma still present, and three were of unknown mycoplasma status. Farms that cultured milk from all clinical mastitis cases for mycoplasma included all of the farms with no further evidence of mycoplasma in cows, and farms with very low prevalence remaining. Of farms that used only bulk-tank monitoring for mycoplasma at the time of the second follow-up survey, all but one were still positive or had unknown status; the only farm using bulk-tank monitoring that was apparently free of mycoplasma had cultured all clinical mastitis cases for several months after diagnosis in the herd, and sold all mycoplasmal cows found. All herds increased lactating cow numbers, and six had decreased bulk-tank milk somatic cell count (SCC). Decreased or eliminated mycoplasma mastitis was associated with approximately 1% less of the herd per month contracting clinical mastitis, and even further reduced treatment for mastitis. Mycoplasma mastitis persisting in dairy herds was associated with observing clinical mastitis moving from one quarter to another, adult cows with droopy ears and nonresponsive respiratory disease in calves.
Prevalence and predictors of no-shows to physical therapy for musculoskeletal conditions.

Objectives Chronic pain affects 50 million Americans and is often treated with non-pharmacologic approaches like physical therapy. Developing a no-show prediction model for individuals seeking physical therapy care for musculoskeletal conditions has several benefits including enhancement of workforce efficiency without growing the existing provider pool, delivering guideline adherent care, and identifying those that may benefit from telehealth. The objective of this paper was to quantify the national prevalence of no-shows for patients seeking physical therapy care and to identify individual and organizational factors predicting whether a patient will be a no-show when seeking physical therapy care. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Commercial provider of physical therapy within the United States with 828 clinics across 26 states. Participants Adolescent and adult patients (age cutoffs: 14-117 years) seeking non-pharmacological treatment for musculoskeletal conditions from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017 (n = 542,685). Exclusion criteria were a primary complaint not considered an MSK condition or improbable values for height, weight, or body mass index values. The study included 444,995 individuals. Primary and secondary outcome measures Prevalence of no-shows for musculoskeletal conditions and predictors of patient no-show. Results In our population, 73% missed at least 1 appointment for a given physical therapy care episode. Our model had moderate discrimination for no-shows (c-statistic:0.72, all appointments; 0.73, first 7 appointments) and was well calibrated, with predicted and observed no-shows in good agreement. Variables predicting higher no-show rates included insurance type; smoking-status; higher BMI; and more prior cancellations, time between visit and scheduling date, and between current and previous visit. Conclusions The high prevalence of no-shows when seeking care for musculoskeletal conditions from physical therapists highlights an inefficiency that, unaddressed, could limit delivery of guideline-adherent care that advocates for earlier use of non-pharmacological treatments for musculoskeletal conditions and result in missed opportunities for using telehealth to deliver physical therapy.
Selective sweeps in a nutshell; the genomic footprint of rapid insecticide resistance evolution in an insect

Abstract Relatively few genome-wide population studies of field-acquired insecticide resistance have been carried out on agricultural pests. Recently acquired bifenthrin resistance in a population of the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), the main insect pest of almond orchards in California, provided an opportunity to examine the short- and long-term effects of heavy insecticide usage in the population genomic landscape of this species. We re-sequenced the genomes of three contemporary A. transitella natural populations differing in bifenthrin resistance status and characterized their population genetics parameters, in the process we detected an exceptionally large selective sweep in all populations. This sweep has virtually no polymorphisms and extends up to 1.3 Mb (spanning 43 genes) in the resistant population. We analyzed the possible causes of this unusually strong population genetic signature, and found genes in the sweep that are associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance including a cluster of cytochrome P450 coding genes and the gene coding for the small conductance sodium channel “para”. Moreover, we found that the sequence along the sweep is nearly identical in the genome assembled from a strain founded in 1966, suggesting that the underpinning for insecticide resistance may have been laid a half-century ago when the California Central Valley experienced massive area-wide applications of DDT for pest control. Our findings are consistent with a scenario whereby insecticide resistance in this species evolved as a stacking of selective pressures that started decades ago and that effectively reduced variation in a region of the genome containing several genes associated with resistance to insecticides with a shared target site and mechanism of action.
Verification results for a two-scale model of microwave backscatter from the sea surface

The backscatter model of Donelan and Pierson (1986) was adjusted to fit Ku-Band at 13.9 GHz. Data from L to Ka-band are used to test the model. In general, there is no power law. When the wind drops below certain threshold speeds there may be no detectable Bragg backscatter. Saturation may occur at high winds. Results from the Seasat-SASS are used to substantiate the predictions of the model. Suggestions for experiments for determining the overall validity of the model are made.
The Feasibility and Effects of a Parent-Facilitated Social Skills Training Program on Social Engagement of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Due to impairments in social interactions and communication, children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a need for effective social skills training programs. However, many programs fail due to a lack of acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of target skills. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of a parent-facilitated social skills training program, designed to overcome the shortcomings of acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of other programs for children with ASD. Participants in the current study included 5 children with ASD and their parents, recruited from a western state. This study expands previous research by training parents in implementation of a social skills training program comprising several evidence-based practices. The results of the parent-facilitated intervention are provided, and implications for practice and future research are discussed.
IP3‐dependent nuclear Ca2+ signalling in the mammalian heart

In cardiac myocytes the type-2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R2) is the predominant isoform expressed. The IP(3)R2 channel is localized to the SR and to the nuclear envelope. We studied IP(3)-dependent nuclear Ca(2+) signals ([Ca(2+)](Nuc)) in permeabilized atrial myocytes and in isolated cardiac nuclei. In permeabilized myocytes IP(3) (20 microm) and the more potent IP(3)R agonist adenophostin (5 microm) caused an elevation of [Ca(2+)](Nuc). An IP(3)-dependent increase of [Ca(2+)](Nuc) was still observed after pretreatment with tetracaine to block Ca(2+) release from ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and the effect of IP(3) was partially reversed or prevented by the IP(3)R blockers heparin and 2-APB. Isolated nuclei were superfused with an internal solution containing the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-4 dextran. Exposure to IP(3) (10 microm) and adenophostin (0.5 microm) increased [Ca(2+)](Nuc) by 25 and 27%, respectively. [Ca(2+)](Nuc) increased to higher levels than [Ca(2+)](Cyt) immediately adjacent to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, suggesting that a significant portion of nuclear IP(3) receptors are facing the nucleoplasm. When nuclei were pretreated with heparin or 2-APB, IP(3) failed to increase [Ca(2+)](Nuc). Isolated nuclei were also loaded with the membrane-permeant low-affinity Ca(2+) probe fluo-5N AM which compartmentalized into the nuclear envelope. Exposure to IP(3) and adenophostin resulted in a decrease of the fluo-5N signal that could be prevented by heparin. Stimulation of IP(3)R caused depletion of the nuclear Ca(2+) stores by approximately 60% relative to the maximum depletion produced by the ionophores ionomycin and A23187. The fluo-5N fluorescence decrease was particularly pronounced in the nuclear periphery, suggesting that the nuclear envelope may represent the predominant nuclear Ca(2+) store. The data indicate that IP(3) can elicit Ca(2+) release from cardiac nuclei resulting in localized nuclear Ca(2+) signals.
Triphenylphosphine–Carbon Tetrabromide–Lithium Azide

(PPh3) [603-53-0] C18H15P (MW 262.30) InChI = 1S/C18H15P/c1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18/h1-15H InChIKey = RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (CBr4) [558-13-4] CBr4 (MW 331.61) InChI = 1S/CBr4/c2-1(3,4)5 InChIKey = HJUGFYREWKUQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (LiN3) [19597-69-4] LiN3 (MW 48.97) InChI = 1S/Li.N3/c;1-3-2/q+1;-1 InChIKey = GUWHRJQTTVADPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent combination for the conversion of alcohols to azides) Physical Data: Ph3P: mp 79–81 °C; bp 377 °C; d 1.0749 g cm−3. CBr4: mp 90–91 °C; bp 190 °C; d 3.273 g cm−3. LiN3: mp 115–298 °C (dec). Solubility: sol DMF. Preparative Method: reactive intermediates are generated in situ by reaction of Ph3P, CBr4, and LiN3. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Ph3P is an irritant; CCl4 is toxic and a cancer suspect agent; use in a fume hood. All solvents used must be carefully dried because the intermediates are all susceptible to hydrolysis. All azides are potentially explosive; workup with halogenated solvents is not recommended.
A scalable and highly available web server

We describe a prototype scalable and highly available web server, built on an IBM SP-2 system, and analyze its scalability. The system architecture consists of a set of logical front-end or network nodes and a set of back-end or data nodes connected by a switch, and a load balancing component. A combination of TCP routing and Domain Name Server (DNS) techniques are used to balance the load across the Front-end nodes that run the Web (httpd) daemons. The scalability achieved is quantified and compared with that of the known DNS technique. The load on the back-end nodes is balanced by striping the data objects across the back-end nodes and disks. High availability is provided by detecting node or daemon failures and reconfiguring the system appropriately. The scalable and highly available web server is combined with parallel databases, and other back-end servers, to provide integrated scalable and highly available solutions.
NPAL Acoustic Noise Field Coherence and Broadband Full Field Processing

Abstract : The long term objective is to understand the characteristics of ambient noise to provide better models i) the distribution of their source mechanisms and ii) to provide better models to support advanced sonar array processing algorithms.
A Methodology for Co-Location Aware Application Performance Modeling in Multicore Computing

As multicore processor architectures are now prevalent in server nodes of parallel and distributed computing systems, it has become important to characterize the performance of applications run on these architectures. This study investigates the performance degradation an application experiences from memory interference due to other applications colocated on cores of the same multicore processor. We propose a methodology for designing models that are capable of utilizing varying amounts of information relating to an application and its co-located applications to predict the application's execution time performance degradation due to co-location. We evaluate the models sing several application co-location scenarios based on real world test data from two scientific benchmark suites on two server class Intel Xeon multicore processors.
Optimization Analysis for Biological Filter Design

The optimization technique of linear programming is used to determine the design variables of radius, depth, and recirculation for biological filters under varying conditions of biological filters, under varying conditions of biochemical oxygen demand loadings and removals. Curves have been plotted showing the relationship between these variables for obtaining minimum construction and operating costs.
Abstract #4456: Interaction between APC and heat-shock proteins: A potential therapeutic target

Mutation of the Adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) is an early step in the progression of about 80% of all colorectal cancers. The product of the APC gene, APC, is a large protein implicated in many cellular functions including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, and chromosome segregation. Most APC mutations result in truncation of the C-terminal half of the APC protein. Heat-shock proteins are multifunctional proteins that assist client protein folding, protect proteins from aggregation, participate in translocation of some proteins to their subcellular locations and are involved in signaling pathways. Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors have been tested as potential cancer therapeutic agents. HSP70 has been shown to interact with the N-terminal portion of APC. We show evidence that HSP90 inhibitor stabilizes both full-length and truncated APC. In addition, we have evidence suggesting that this APC stabilization requires HSP70 induction. Using the HSP90 inhibitor, Geldanamycin, and an inducer of HSP70/90, we have been examining the potential therapeutic implications of APC interaction with heat-shock proteins both in-vitro, using cell cultures and in-vivo, using mouse models with mutant APC. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4456.
Evolution of permeability in heterogeneous granular aggregates during chemical compaction: Granular mechanics models

[1] We develop a granular mechanics model to represent the process of chemical compaction within granular media. This model represents the serial processes of stress-enhanced dissolution, mass diffusion along the fluid film separating grain boundaries, and then mass ejection into the pore space, where it may then be either reprecipitated onto the pore wall or removed by fluid advection in an open system. This process is controlled by the evolution of intergranular effective stress and mass concentrations in the fluid either in the water film or the pore space. The evolution of intergranular stress is followed by a granular mechanics model that rigorously couples the magnitude of the grain-grain contact stress to determine the time history of stress-driven dissolution. Pore fluid concentration provides a feedback to intergranular dissolution, halting intergranular compaction as fluid concentrations approach aqueous saturation. Importantly, chemical feedbacks onto the mechanical system and mechanical feedbacks on the chemical system are rigorously accommodated. Compaction is halted either by the amelioration of the driving stress (through the growth of the contact area) or by the saturation of the fluid in the pore space. This model is used to explore the influence of heterogeneous assemblages of particles on the rate and ultimate magnitude of compaction and the resulting evolution of permeability. Specifically, we explore the influence of heterogeneity in granular packs by using heterogeneous distributions of particles (linear, Gaussian, or bimodal). Results indicate that porosity and permeability decrease with compaction. Small particles dominate this dissolution-mediated process and accelerate compaction; this is true both for homogeneous distributions of small particles and for coarser aggregates containing a fraction of smaller particles. Overall, compaction is also greater for finer aggregates resulting from the larger deformation required, reaching the critical stress that will halt compaction. This feature is due to the necessary redistribution of intergranular stresses that are shed from point contacts in active chemical dissolution onto those not deforming.
Realization of correlated chaotic signals

We show how to realize one-dimensional chaotic signals with the given first order autoregressive (AR(1)) autocorrelation function (ACF) of the form r[k]=r[0]a/sup k/, where 0<a<1. We consider the class of piecewise linear and "piecewise onto" maps defined from the unit interval [0,1] onto itself. We prove that these maps are chaotic using their topological conjugacy with known chaotic maps. The autocovariance function of sequences generated by these maps can be calculated analytically as an ensemble average. The expression for the autocovariance function leads to a way of designing chaotic signals with the given ACF. ACF estimates (temporal averages) of typical signals are close to the theoretical values (ensemble averages).
Relaxation of Optically Excited Gallium Arsenide Doping Superlattices

Abstract Measurements are reported of the photovoltage decay across a selectively contacted GaAsdoping superlattice as a function of time following cw and picosecond laser excitation. Thephotovoltage decay is measured under conditions where electrons and holes can recombine through an external circuit in parallel with internal recombination mechanisms. Measurements of the intensity dependence of the steady -state photovoltage are also reported. I. Introduction The doping superlattice (DSL) consists of a single host material, in this case GaAs, with a periodic doping profile.' This profile is achieved by alternately n- and p- doping the semiconductor during growth. The thin layers of n- and p -type GaAs are often separated by a thin intrinsic layer (and hence referred to in the literature as n -i -p -i superlattices). The ground state of these structures is characterized by a partial separation of the mobile charges leading to a periodic electrostatic potential along the growth direction, perpendicular to the layers. Potential wells forelectrons are located in the n -type layers, while potential wells for holes are located in the p -typelayers. In addition to the direct band gap, there is an effective indirect band gap associated with
Magnetic Moment Distribution of Nickel Metal

The magnetic form factor of nickel has been determined for the first 27 Bragg reflections by the polarized-neutron-beam technique. Fourier inversion of the form factor shows that the moment density is quite asymmetric about the lattice sites and is negative in the region between the lattice sites. The measured form factor agrees well with a free-atom form factor for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$ provided a uniform negative contribution is included in the moment density. From the comparison of the free-atom and measured form factors it is found that 81 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1% of the $3d$ magnetic electrons occupy ${T}_{2g}$ orbitals, compared with the 60% required for spherical symmetry. The size of the negative contribution needed for agreement between the measured and free-atom form factors agrees well with that given by the Fourier inversion, and the analysis of the data is consistent with the following model for the magnetization of nickel: $3d \mathrm{spin}+0.656{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, $3d \mathrm{orbit}+0.055{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, negative contribution $\ensuremath{-}0.105{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$.
Micro-radiosurgery: a new concept for radiotherapy based upon low energy, ion-induced nuclear reactions☆☆☆

Traditionally, proton radiotherapy has required the use of high energy proton beams (50--200 MeV) which can penetrate into a patients body to the site of a tumor that is to be destroyed through irradiation. However, substantial damage is still done to healthy tissue along the path of the incident proton beam, as 40% of that done at the tumor site. We propose a new concept for the production and delivery of energetic protons for use in medical radiotherapy, based upon the fact that low energy, ion-induced nuclear reactions can produce radiation products suitable for use in radiotherapy applications. By employing specially fabricated conduit needles'' to deliver beams of energetic ions to selected target materials plugging the end of the needle, ion beam-induced nuclear reactions can be generated at the needle tip, emitting reaction-specific radiation products directly at the tumor site In this paper, we show that the 13.6 MeV protons produced by the d([sup 3]He,p)[sup 4]He nuclear reaction can deliver a lethal dose (7 krad) of radiation to a 4.4 millimeter sphere of tissue in only 30 seconds using a 1 microamp, 800 keV [sup 3]He ion beam. If also proven clinically feasible, the use of low energy, ion-induced nuclearmore » reactions would allow the utilization of relatively inexpensive, compact, low-energy ion accelerators for proton radiotherapy and minimize unintended radiation damage to healthy tissue by providing much greater precision in controlling the irradiated volume.« less
Immunological studies of proteins associated with the subcellular fractions of thrombasthenic and afibrinogenaemic platelets.

Immunological studies of proteins associated with subcellular fractions of normal, thrombasthenic, and afibrinogenaemic platelets are reported. Thrombosthenin, the contractile protein of platelets, was present in afibrinogenaemic and thrombasthenic platelets in approximately normal amounts as determined by fluorescent antibody staining. Thrombasthenic and afibrinogenaemic platelets were markedly deficient in cell-bound fibrinogen. One hundred per cent of afibrinogenaemic platelet fibrinogen was present in the intracellular granule fraction compared to 10 per cent in thrombasthenic and 27 per cent in normal platelets. An abnormal protein pattern was observed in the thrombasthenic granule preparation, while proteins derived from thrombasthenic membranes were deficient in one of the normal membrane components. The soluble ‘cell sap’fractions of the afibrinogenaemic and thrombasthenic platelets contained normal amounts of albumin, γ-globulin and Factor XIII. The results suggest that decreased platelet fibrinogen in thrombasthenia may be a secondary phenomenon, perhaps related to an underlying membrane defect. The presence of platelet fibrinogen in the granule fraction of afibrinogenaemic platelets supports the concept of two separate pools of fibrinogen—intracellular and extracellular.
Internalization in Practice: Early Foreign Direct Investments in Malaysian Tin Mining

This paper looks at the historical record of early foreign direct investment in Malaysian tin mining and draws its implications for the theory of the MNE.
On fracture of kinked interface cracks – The role of T-stress

Abstract This paper presents a modified maximum tangential stress criterion (MMTS) for prediction of the fracture initiation conditions in kinked bi-material cracks. The criterion takes into account the effect of T -stress as well as the stress intensity factors ( K I and K II ) to predict the mixed mode fracture toughness of interface cracked specimens. First the fracture criterion is developed and the effect of sign and magnitude of T -stress on mixed mode fracture toughness is studied analytically. Then, the suggested criterion is evaluated using the experimental data reported for some epoxy/Aluminum Brazil-nut-sandwich specimens in the literature. The MMTS criterion is also compared with the conventional maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and hence, significantly improved estimates were achieved for mixed mode fracture toughness of the tested specimens.
Supply chain engineering: useful methods and techniques, by Alexandre Dolgui and Jean-Marie Proth

Supply chain engineering: useful methods and techniques, by Alexandre Dolgui and Jean-Marie Proth, New York, Springer-Verlag, 2010, 539 pp., € 169.95, ISBN 978-1-84996-016-8 Production planning and...
The development of MDA-7/IL-24 as a cancer therapeutic

The cytokine melanoma differentiation associated gene 7 (mda-7) was identified by subtractive hybridization as a protein whose expression increased during the induction of terminal differentiation, and that was either not expressed or was present at low levels in tumor cells compared to non-transformed cells. Based on conserved structure, chromosomal location and cytokine-like properties, MDA-7, was classified as a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 gene family and designated as MDA-7/IL-24. Multiple studies have demonstrated that expression of MDA-7/IL-24 in a wide variety of tumor cell types, but not in corresponding equivalent non-transformed cells, causes their growth arrest and rapid cell death. In addition, MDA-7/IL-24 has been noted to radiosensitize tumor cells which in part is due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ceramide that cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppress protein translation. Phase I clinical trial data has shown that a recombinant adenovirus expressing MDA-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7 (INGN-241)) was safe and had measurable tumoricidal effects in over 40% of patients, strongly arguing that MDA-7/IL-24 could have significant therapeutic value. This review describes what is presently known about the impact of MDA-7/IL-24 on tumor cell biology and its potential therapeutic applications.
Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.

Abstract This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 Blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 Whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.
Basic concepts in the analysis of stationary electric circuits

THE NEED FOR and part of the purpose of this paper is demonstrated by the following example: Fig. 1 shows a conducting ring linked by magnetic flux ?. Three identical voltmeters are connected symmetrically around the ring as shown. What will be the readings of the voltmeters in terms of the rate of change of the flux d?/dt and the ring resistance R?
Prediction and decision making using Bayesian hierarchical models

This paper uses Bayesian hierarchical models to analyse multi-centre clinical trial data where the outcome variable of interest is continuous, but not normally distributed, and where censoring has occurred. The goal of such an analysis is the same as for any subgroup analysis, to provide survival estimates for specific subgroups as well as for the population and to provide estimates of the degree of heterogeneity between subgroups. An analysis of the Collaborative Study of Long-Term Maintenance Drug Therapy in Recurrent Affective Illness, a multi-centre clinical trial funded by the National Institute for Mental Health's Pharmacologic Research Branch, serves to illustrate the proposed methodology. A feature of this data set is that one treatment group was withdrawn from medication at the time of randomization. The paper contains comparison of models, one that accounts for the drug washout period through the use of a changepoint model as well as a comparison of results across several choices of prior parameter values. In addition, the paper considers sensitivity to model choice and priors in a decision theory context.
Direct-acting mutagens in automobile exhaust*

Particulate matter in city air contains chemicals which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. In residential urban areas, the principal mutagens in air do not require liver enzymes to be activated. The source of these liver independent (direct-acting) mutagens may be automobile exhaust because (1) the mutagenic activities were correlated to the lead content or air, (2) the mutagens were found exhaust samples from automobiles and from an experimental CFR single-cylinder gasoline engine, and (3) these mutagens were not found in fuel or unused motor oil, but were found in used motor oil. The strain specificity and the fact that liver enzymes were not required for activation indicated that the exhaust and airborne mutagens were not unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aromatic amines, alkylnitrosamines or aliphatic epoxides, peroxides and hydroepoxides. A number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames test, and it is possible that nitration of PAH in exhaust may form the compounds observed here. We synthesized 6-nitrobenzo [a] pyrene and found it to be a potent, direct-acting mutagen with activity comparable to that of benzo-[a] pyrene.
Measuring small solute nonlinearities in solution by dual-arm Z-Scan technique

An ongoing problem in characterizing organic nonlinearities in the presence of large solvent backgrounds can be eradicated by performing identical and simultaneous Z-scans on two samples (solvent and solvent plus solute).
Heidegger’s Map

Richard Rorty listsMartin Heidegger among the three greatest philosophers of the twentieth century, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Dewey. Even those who would propose a very different list would agree that Heidegger has been among the most influential philosophers of the past century. His thought underlies later developments in Continental philosophy, from existentialism to postmodernism, and has influenced analytic philosophers such as Wilfrid Sellars, Rorty, and Robert Brandom. It has had an even more sweeping impact on developments in other parts of the humanities, which have abandoned traditional humanistic pursuits in favor of “theory” and embraced a kind of anti-intellectualism dressed in a garb of elaborate verbiage ultimately inspired by and derived from Heidegger. Finally, it has shaped our political discourse and culture, altering our conceptions of ideologies throughout the political spectrum. I will focus here on some concepts central to Being and Time (1927), Heidegger’s greatest and most influential work. They constitute important Acad. Quest. DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9417-4
Teaching Psychology in Estonia, USSR

We discuss teaching psychology without textbooks, library books, or the other supports on which we have depended throughout our careers. Teaching in a nation with a different social system and language challenged our flexibility, creativity, and cultural empathy.
A Primer for Working in Campus Mental Health: A System of Care.

This article provides a framework for residents and staff psychiatrists new to student mental health, outlining the issues particular to practicing on a college campus. Treating students on campus often entails more case management than standard community treatment, and it demands that the psychiatrist think beyond the individual patient and diagnosis to understand the context in which patients are living and studying. While some students are adequately treated with psychotherapy and medication, many have issues concerning academic progress, interpersonal relationships, housing, and finances that require institution-specific knowledge and active guidance. To know your patient is to understand the student experience and therefore, the best way to know your patient is to understand your institution. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration defines system of care as “a spectrum of effective, community-based services and supports for children and youth with or at risk for mental health or other challenges and their families, that is organized into a coordinated network, builds meaningful partnerships with families and youth, and addresses their cultural and linguistic needs, in order to help them to function better at home, in school, in the community, and throughout life” [1]. First described in 1986 as a way to better meet the needs of children with mental health challenges [2], the widely accepted system of care approach is team-oriented and based on principles of shared ownership, with all players working together in the best interest of the patient. The system of care approach has been useful in ensuring that primary and secondary school students’ needs are adequately met to allow successful school completion [3, 4]. The same approach can also help students in higher education. A campus setting naturally exemplifies a system of care by offering a wide array of services of individualized care, with stakeholders including “policy makers, service providers, agency administrators, technical assistance providers, family members, advocates, leaders in cultural competence, researchers, and others” [1]. While team-based collaboration can be challenging in large institutional settings (such as colleges and universities) containing multiple autonomous divisions with competing interests, this approach provides an effective framework in which to manage the complex mental health of our students. Using the system of care framework, we describe components of post-secondary education along the traditional eight overlapping dimensions: education services, health services, mental health services, substance abuse services, social services, vocational services, recreational services, and conduct and justice services (Fig. 1). This framework provides a way of conceptualizing a student’s education, breaking it down into component parts. We begin each section with a brief psychiatric referral scenario, illustrating why that particular dimension may be important, in addition to psychiatric services.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nonwoven Insulating Materials

The thermal insulating abilities were evaluated using the guarded hot plate technique (ASTM D 1518-77) for the following selected nonwoven insulating materials: air-laid structures of low linear de...
Definition and solution of a stochastic inverse problem for the Manning’s n parameter field in hydrodynamic models

The uncertainty in spatially heterogeneous Manning’s n fields is quantified using a novel formulation and numerical solution of stochastic inverse problems for physics-based models. The uncertainty is quantified in terms of a probability measure and the physics-based model considered here is the state-of-the-art ADCIRC model although the presented methodology applies to other hydrodynamic models. An accessible overview of the formulation and solution of the stochastic inverse problem in a mathematically rigorous framework based on measure theory is presented. Technical details that arise in practice by applying the framework to determine the Manning’s n parameter field in a shallow water equation model used for coastal hydrodynamics are presented and an efficient computational algorithm and open source software package are developed. A new notion of “condition” for the stochastic inverse problem is defined and analyzed as it relates to the computation of probabilities. This notion of condition is investigated to determine effective output quantities of interest of maximum water elevations to use for the inverse problem for the Manning’s n parameter and the effect on model predictions is analyzed.
Subcellular imaging of mechanical and chemical properties using Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopies

Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopies are powerful techniques for noninvasive optical imaging. In particular, Brillouin microscopy is a unique technique, which allows assessing sample’s mechanical properties with optical level spatial resolution. Recent advances in background-free Brillouin microspectroscopy make it possible to image turbid samples without substantial degradation of the data quality. In this report, we applied Brillouin spectroscopy to imaging individual cells. These viscoelastic measurements were supplemented by chemically specific measurements using confocal Raman microspectroscopy.
Effects of an inpatient rehabilitation program after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery and other factors on employment 2 years after epilepsy surgery.

Summary Objective To evaluate the effects of a postsurgical rehabilitation program on employment status 2 years after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in relation to other predictors. Methods Employment outcome 2 years after temporal lobe resection in a group of 232 adult patients with the offer of a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program immediately after surgery (“Reha group”) was compared to a group of 119 patients who had surgery before such a rehabilitation program existed. One hundred thirty-nine (59.9%) of the Reha group patients attended the rehabilitation program. Further predictors for employment outcome were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Preoperatively, the groups did not differ significantly in variables relevant for employment, including employment rate. Two years after surgery, the rate of those not being employed had decreased in the Reha group from 38.4% to 27.6% (p < 0.001, McNemar test), and slightly increased in the control group (37.8–42.0%; n.s.), resulting in a difference of 14.4% in favor of the Reha group (p = 0.008). General unemployment rates during the two observation periods were similar. In addition to the offer of rehabilitation support (“Reha group”) and preoperative employment, the following other variables were shown as significant predictors of employment post surgery in multivariate regression analysis: seizure outcome, diagnosis of a personality disorder preoperatively, and age at surgery (all, p < 0.01; Nagelkerkes R2 = 0.59). Significance Independently from other factors, a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation program after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery seems to improve employment status 2 years after surgery. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
We Are Utopia

THE qualities which will have struck the observer of the German scene during the past two years are vitality, seriousness and a desire to wrest from the ambiguous experience of the present a measure of coherence and faith. These qualities are unmistakable in all areas of life in Germany today, and it is obvious that to detach the literary activities from the total picture is not realistic. If I attempt to single out a few aspects of a complicated design, I should at once confess to a sense of dissatisfaction and arbitrariness: what I may have to say can only provide hints as to some of the conspicuous figures and tendencies.* It is now no longer difficult to obtain full and reliable information on German publications: those who have no access either to the weekly Bdrsenblatt fir den deutschen Buchhandel, or the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie will find a quarterly survey published and distributed by the Frankfurt Buchhandler Vereinigung, and ably edited by H. W. Eppelsheimer and Gerhard Kiintzel, most useful. Wort und Welt, a monthly critical bulletin which contains excerpts from the outstanding new books and brief but reliable reviews, should be in every library. The most satisfactory survey of the second hand market and at the same time the official organ of the Gesellschaft der Bibliophilen is Das Antiquariat with excellent bibliographical information and lively essays on matters related to book-collecting.
TiO 2 nanoparticle-nanofiber composites and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells exhibit promising efficiencies relative to the low cost of materials and fabrication, and improvements in efficiency can be achieved through the introduction of controllable nanostructures which enhance light-harvesting and charge transport characteristics. Electrospun TiO 2 nanofiber networks present a suitable structure for both light scattering and charge transport, though they exhibit insufficient mechanical properties and surface area compared to conventional nanoparticle networks. In this work TiO 2 nanoparticle-nanofiber composite networks were generated, and the formation of unique fiber-pore structures was characterized and elucidated. The results demonstrated that enhancement in light-scattering by formation of the fiber-pore structures increased the efficiency of NP-NF composite DSSCs by 10% relative to conventional electrodes. The excellent control of the structural dimensions encourages promising application of these composites for DSSCs and other areas of electronics and optoelectronics.
Vygotskian theory and mathematics education: Resolving the conceptual-procedural dichotomy

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that in spite of some superficial similarities the current mathematics reform in the US based on constructivist principles differs substantially from mathematical education based on Vygotskian cultural-historical theory (V.V. Davydov’s mathematics program), and to illustrate the manner in which Davydov’s program virtually obliterates the conceptual-procedural division that has fueled the current “math wars”. Both constructivism and Davydov’s approach emphasize the active character of students’ acquisition of mathematical concepts. Constructivists, however, begin the instructional process from the children’s preexistent concepts while Vygotskians reorient it toward acquisition of what Vygotsky defined as “scientific” rather than “spontaneous, everyday” concepts. A three-year study of the implementation of Davydov’s elementary mathematics program in a school setting in the US found that the American children overcame the initial challenges of the program, consistently resolved computational errors conceptually, and finally demonstrated the ability to solve high school level mathematics problems. The curriculum appeared to foster the development of theoretical thinking, an explicit goal of Davydov’s program, which constitutes its major value and educational significance.
The Asymmetrical Contributions of Pleasure and Pain to Animal Welfare

Recent results from the neurosciences demonstrate that pleasure and pain are not two symmetrical poles of a single scale of experience but in fact two different types of experiences altogether, with dramatically different contributions to well-being. These differences between pleasure and pain and the general finding that “the bad is stronger than the good” have important implications for our treatment of nonhuman animals. In particular, whereas animal experimentation that causes suffering might be justified if it leads to the prevention of more suffering, it can never by justified merely by leading to increased levels of happiness.
The Role of Zooplankton Grazing and Nutrient Loading in the Occurrence of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms in Florida Bay, USA

Florida Bay is Florida’s (USA) largest estuary and has experienced harmful picocyanobacteria blooms for nearly two decades. While nutrient loading is the most commonly cited cause of algal blooms in Florida Bay, the role of zooplankton grazing pressure in bloom occurrence has not been considered. For this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria blooms, the microbial food web, microzooplankton and mesozooplankton grazing rates of picoplankton, and the effects of nutrients on plankton groups in Florida Bay were quantified. During the study, cyanobacteria blooms (>3 × 105 cells mL−1) persisted in the eastern and central regions of Florida Bay for more than a year. Locations with elevated abundance of cyanobacteria hosted microzooplankton grazing rates on cyanobacteria that were significantly lower (p < 0.001) and less frequently detectable compared to sites without blooms. Consistent with this observation, cyanobacteria abundances were significantly correlated with ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates at low cyanobacteria densities (p < 0.001) but were not correlated during bloom events. The experimental enrichment of mesozooplankton abundance during blooms yielded a significant decrease in the net growth rate of picoplankton but had the opposite effect when blooms were absent, suggesting that the cascading effect of mesozooplankton grazing on the microbial food web was also altered during blooms. While inorganic nutrient enrichment significantly increased the net growth rates of eukaryotic phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria, such nutrient loading had no effect on the net growth rates of cyanobacteria. Hence, this study demonstrates that low rates of zooplankton grazing and low rates of inorganic nutrient loading contribute to the persistence of cyanobacteria blooms in Florida Bay.
Explaining Fruit and Vegetable Intake Using a Consumer Marketing Tool

In response to calls to reinvent the 5 A Day fruit and vegetable campaign, this study assesses the utility of VALS™, a consumer-based audience segmentation tool that divides the U.S. population into groups leading similar lifestyles. The study examines whether the impact of theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs varies across VALS groups in a cross-sectional sample of 1,588 U.S. adults. In a multigroup structural equation model, the VALS audience group variable moderated latent TPB relationships. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control explained 57% to 70% of the variation in intention to eat fruit and vegetables across 5 different VALS groups. Perceived behavioral control and intention also predicted self-reported consumption behavior (R 2 = 20% to 71% across VALS groups). Bivariate z tests were calculated to determine statistical differences in parameter estimates across groups. Nine of the bivariate z tests were statistically significant (p ≤ .04), with standardized coefficie...
Deep freedom: Why the left should abandon equality

The left will only renew itself, argues Roberto Mangabeira Unger, if it gives up on equality and champions instead the cause of ‘deep freedom’ and permanent institutional innovation.
Rigorous separation design. 2. Network design solutions for mixtures with various volatility differences and feed compositions

This article presents progress in the computer-aided synthesis of energy-efficient complex column networks based on the automatic temperature collocation algorithm. Three prefractionating complex networks are employed to split several quaternary mixtures into four almost-pure end products. Network solutions for two different mixtures with different difficulties of separation as well as various feed compositions are presented. Twelve network designs, all satisfying stringent product quality requirements, but with different energy demands and capital costs, are laid out in detail. The design computations with the temperature collocation methodology are demonstrated to agree closely with rigorous mass, equilibrium, summation, and heat computations verified with the industrial-standard flow sheet simulator AspenPlus. In fact, detailed design specifications were so accurate that their use to initialize AspenPlus flow sheet simulations leads to convergence in a few iterations to essentially the same end product...