cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Factors Limiting the Acceptability of Online Courses and Degrees

This study examines prior research conducted on the acceptability of online degrees in hiring situations. In a national survey, a questionnaire was developed for assessing the importance of objections to accepting job candidates with online degrees and sent to university search committee chairs in institutions advertising open faculty positions (which normally require a doctoral degree). Qualitative statements regarding such objections were drawn from four national surveys and arranged into a paired-comparison questionnaire. Based on the Law of Comparative Judgment, an index was developed from a statistical analysis based on the responses of 123 university and college administrators (chairpersons, department heads, and deans). The findings revealed that objections concerned three issues: (a) face-to-face classroom experience, (b) reputation of institution for rigor, and (c) mentored learning experiences are the stumbling blocks for online degrees to be perceived as being as acceptable as traditional degrees. These findings may provide an important perspective on the difficult issue of how to design new approaches to distance education that will improve the acceptability of course and degree offerings.
On the Expressive Power of the Unary Transformation Model

The Transformation Model (TRM) was recently introduced [10] in the literature by Sandhu and Ganta. TRM is based on the concept of transformation of rights. The propagation of access rights in TRM is authorized entirely by existing rights for the object in question. It has been demonstrated in the earlier work that TRM is useful for expressing various kinds of consistency, confidentiality, and integrity controls.
Reduction of Phenylpyruvic Acids to Phenyllactic Acids in Mammalian Tissues

Abstract Evidence is presented that aromatic α-keto acid reductase accounts for at least 80% of the total activity responsible for the reduction of aromatic α-keto acids to their corresponding phenyllactic acids in mammalian tissues. The remaining activity can be attributed to lactic dehydrogenase, which is in keeping with the known broad substrate specificity of this enzyme. The relative contribution of aromatic α-keto acid reductase and lactic dehydrogenase in a variety of mammalian tissues was determined with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate, a potent inhibitor of lactic dehydrogenase.
Retention Index Expressions

The various ways to calculate the retention index are generalized, permitting its calculation using any two reference compounds (not only n-paraffins). The virtual carbon number concept is investigated.
Localized autocorrelation diagnostic statistic (LADS) for spatial models: Conceptualization, utilization, and computation☆

Abstract This paper proposes a regression diagnostic, the localized autocorrelation diagnostic statistic (LADS), that differs from traditional autocorrelation diagnostics in that: (1) it is concerned with localized occurrences of spatial autocorrelation; (2) each localized occurrence is assumed to result from a potentially distinct problem in model specification; and (3) problems are deduced post hoc from the particular geographic units implicated by the statistic. LADS ( N × N , E , C ) is the probability that in a regression model with N spatial units, a contiguous block of C or more residuals among the E most extreme, same-signed residuals occurred by chance. LADS can help identify omitted independent variables, distinct regimes, and error heteroskedasticity. Two algorithms for the computation of LADS and various LADS( N , E , C )s for state-level models of the United States are provided.
Why EBL produces overly-specific knowledge: a critique of the PRODIGY approaches

Abstract There are many different ways to prove that a training example is subsumed by a target concept. Each proof gives rise to a different sufficient condition for the concept, some of which are considerably more general than others. Since EBL merely computes the weakest precondition of a particular proof, it is by no means guaranteed to find a sufficient condition that is maximally general. In practice, EBL frequently derives overly-specific control knowledge, retaining extraneous features of its training examples. In this paper we formally define the notion of a maximally general sufficient condition. We identify common pitfalls that prevent EBL from deriving such conditions, and critique the array of heuristic mechanisms used to improve EBL's generalizations in the PRODIGY system (including logical simplification, abstraction, and static analysis). Finally, we advocate the design of domain-independent, meta-level theories as a direction for future work.
Escherichia coli exposure inhibits exocytic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion in mast cells

Mast cells orchestrate the allergic response through the release of proinflammatory mediators, which is driven by the fusion of cytoplasmic secretory granules with the plasma membrane. During this process, SNARE proteins including Syntaxin4, SNAP23 and VAMP8 play a key role. Following stimulation, the kinase IKKβ interacts with and phosphorylates the t-SNARE SNAP23. Phosphorylated SNAP23 then associates with Syntaxin4 and the v-SNARE VAMP8 to form a ternary SNARE complex, which drives membrane fusion and mediator release. Interestingly, mast cell degranulation is impaired following exposure to bacteria such as Escherichia coli. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which this occurs is unknown. Here, we show that E. coli exposure rapidly and additively inhibits degranulation in the RBL-2H3 rat mast cell line. Following co-culture with E. coli, the interaction between IKKβ and SNAP23 is disrupted, resulting in the hypophosphorylation of SNAP23. Subsequent formation of the ternary SNARE complex between SNAP23, Syntaxin4 and VAMP8 is strongly reduced. Collectively, these results demonstrate that E. coli exposure inhibits the formation of VAMP8-containing exocytic SNARE complexes and thus the release of VAMP8-dependent granules by interfering with SNAP23 phosphorylation.
Gene finding using multiple related species: a classification approach

Three years after the initial sequencing of the human genome, the actual number of functional human genes remains uncertain. Several expression-based analyses still argue for a hundred thousand transcribed genes, whereas more conservative estimates range between 20 000 and 25 000 genes. The central question in such debates still remains: what constitutes a real gene? In this paper, we address this question and present a comparative genomics approach for systematic gene identification, which observes gene-specific signatures of evolutionary selection across multiple related species. First, we formulate the gene identification problem as a classification problem between genes and noncoding regions, on the basis of their distinct patterns of nucleotide change. We then summarize the results of applying this approach to reannotate the yeast genome, with changes affecting nearly 15% of all genes, and the rejection of more than 500 previously annotated genes. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis on understanding the human genome, and strategies for the systematic reannotation of higher eukaryotes. Keywords: comparative genomics; evolutionary signatures; systematic reannotation; defining real genes; genome analysis
A randomized clinical trial of the effects of parent mentors on early childhood obesity: Study design and baseline data.

Abstract Background Few effective community-based interventions exist for early childhood obesity. Parent mentors have been successful as an intervention for other conditions, but have not been used in childhood obesity. We designed an intervention for early childhood obesity using parent mentors and a positive outlier approach to assess potential efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability. Methods This trial enrolled obese (≥ 95th BMI percentile for age and gender) 2–5-year-old children in a Head Start program and their parents, with allocation to either parent mentors trained in positively deviant behaviors regarding childhood obesity, or community health workers delivering health education on obesity-related behaviors. The primary outcome is body mass index z-score change at the six-month follow-up assessment. Secondary outcomes include feeding behaviors and practices, health-related quality of life, dietary intake, and participation levels. Results We enrolled three parent mentors and 60 parent–child dyads. The population is 100% Hispanic; 44% of parents speak Spanish as their primary language and 45% were not high-school graduates. Children had a reported median vegetable and fruit intake of 0.3 and 1.1 cups per day, respectively, at baseline, and a median daily screen time of three hours. There was no intergroup difference in quality-of-life scores at baseline. Retention has been high, at 90% in three months. Conclusions In this randomized trial of the effects of parent mentors on early childhood obesity, parent–child dyads from an underserved, Hispanic population were successfully enrolled through a partnership with a Head Start organization, with a high retention rate.
Electrochemical investigations of the system LiUO2F2

Uranyl fluoride, UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/, and a lithiated uranyl fluoride, Li/sub 2/UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/, have been studied as the electrochemmically active materials in nonaqueous lithium batteries. Both open circuit and discharge potentials have been measured as a function of utilization. The reversibility of the couple has been demonstrated. It is concluded that the phase Li/sub 2/UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/ is an end member of a nonstoichiometric homogeneity range of generalized composition Li/sub x/UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/ where x varies from 0 to 2.
Alive Inside: Developing mobile apps for the cognitively impaired

Declining numbers of students majoring in computer science coupled with the rapidly growing aging population are both causes for concern in society. Computer science majors have diminished since 1986, but recent thrusts of happenings focus on encouraging students towards a STEM degree. One in every three senior citizens dies with some form of dementia with the percentages on the rise. This population is often forgotten, but research shows the elderly can be stimulated with technology as evidence with music and memory programs. Combining advancement in computer science and technology to design and develop products that can facilitate the lives of many senior citizens was found important. The combination of computer science and real-world situation is a good way to stimulate students in getting their hands on the problems our society is facing. Programming in support of real-world social issues causes the students to relate in various ways, invigorates students not only to learn programming skills, but also acquire knowledge beyond the typical level and pace. Appealing to student interests in helping others, including possible relatives, foster experiential learning outside the classroom that potentially supports life-changing projects and assists with needs in society. In this project, students develop a mobile app for Android and iOS platforms as a team including usability for a documentary called Alive Inside, created to help those with Alzheimer's disease and dementia improve their quality of life. This mobile app will stimulate the memory of those suffering of Alzheimer and dementia through music of their youth. This paper will report on student experiences, techniques, products delivered, and overall outcomes.
Reproductive Potential of Monosporascus cannonballus.

ABSTRACT Vine decline of melons caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is a destructive disease worldwide. Ascospores, the only spore stage produced by this soilborne fungus, serve as the primary inoculum. Ascospore production on roots occurs primarily at the end of the cropping season, and high soil temperatures (25 to 30°C) govern, in part, the rate of reproduction of the pathogen. In vitro studies confirm that the optimal temperature for reproduction ranged from 25 to 30°C. Additionally, the root system of a single mature cantaloupe plant is capable of supporting the production of approximately 400,000 ascospores. The latter population, if incorporated uniformly into 0.03 m3 (1 ft3) of soil, would be equivalent to 10 ascospores per gram of soil. Known problem fields contain as few as 2 ascospores per gram of soil. These results offer a possible explanation for field observations that economically significant disease problems can occur after only two consecutive melon crops if environmental conditions are...
A self-teaching weight-control manual: Method for increasing compliance and reducing obesity

Abstract A self-teaching weight-control manual has been developed, which combines nutrition education and behavior modification approaches to help readers lose weight, learn nutrition principles, and make use of self-control techniques. It contains a package of intervention strategies that the patients can tailor to meet their specific needs. 'Behavioral techniques provide the tools necessary to reduce stress and to cope with individual problems, including both operant and cognitive methods. Strategies that address and prepare the individual for the possibility of relapse are included to promote long-term maintenance. A study was conducted to evaluate the manual's effectiveness when used either independently or as an adjunct to professional classroom teaching. There was no significant difference found between the treatment methods in terms of outcome as measured by the Feinstein Weight Reduction Index. The findings also demonstrated an association between success in weight loss and reduced stress, increased use of self-control skills, and increased nutrition knowledge. These variables were measured through pre-/posttest questionnaire indices designed to assess the participants' use of the approaches advocated in the manual. A significantly greater weight reduction among those whose obesity was of shorter duration and lesser magnitude pointed up the importance of early intervention.
High-pressure deformation of calcite marble and its transformation to aragonite under non-hydrostatic conditions

We conducted deformation experiments on Carrara marble in the aragonite and calcite stability fields to observe the synkinematic transformation of calcite to aragonite, and to identify any relationships between transformation and deformation or sample strength. Deformation-induced microstructures in calcite crystals varied most significantly with temperature, ranging from limited slip and twinning at 400°C, limited recrystallization at 500°C, widespread recrystallization at 600 and 700°C, to grain growth at 800–900°C. Variations in confining pressure from 0.3 to 2.0 GPa have no apparent effect on calcite deformation microstructures. Aragonite grew in 10−6-10−7 s−1strain rate tests conducted for 18–524 h at confining pressures of 1.7–2.0 GPa and temperatures of 500–600°C. As in our previously reported hydrostatic experiments on this same transformation, the aragonite nucleated on calcite grain boundaries. The extent of transformation varied from a few percent conversion near pistons at 400°C, 2.0 GPa and 10−4 s−1 strain rate in a 0.8 h long experiment, to 98% transformation in a 21-day test at a strain rate of 10−7 s−7, a temperature of 600°C and a pressure of 2.0 GPa. At 500°C, porphyroblastic 100–200 μm aragonite crystals grew at a rate faster than 8 × 10−1m s−1. At 600°C, the growth of aragonite neoblasts was slower, ≈6 × 10−1 m s −1, and formed ‘glove-and-finger’ cellularprecipitation-like textures identical to those observed in hydrostatic experiments. The transformation to aragonite is not accompanied by a shear instability or anisotropic aragonite growth, consistent with its relatively small volume change and latent heat in comparison with compounds that do display those features.
Reconsidering Emergency Teaching Certificates and Alternative Certification Programs as Responses to Teacher Shortages

This article examines two recent studies on alternative certification programs and presents findings from a survey of emergency-certificated teachers. These studies reveal vast differences in emergency teacher preparation. Although some alternative certification programs may represent a more responsible approach to teacher shortages than emergency certificates, interns in these programs still assume full teaching responsibility with substandard training and experience. It appears that students of emergency-certificated teachers and alternative certification interns bear a considerable cost in the education of these teachers.
Cerebral gigantism in infancy: Implications for psychological and social development

Cerebral gigantism, which is characterized by excessive skeletal size and unusually advanced progressive growth in the early years, is discussed with respect to an evaluation of a 23 month old toddler with this syndrome. Discussion is focused on the potential psychological and social concerns regarding children with cerebral gigantism as well as other growth disorders and the role of the clinician in the assessment of these areas. It is stressed that such an evaluation should assess cognitive status, the mother-child relationship and the child's development of a sense of self.
Extracting Auger lineshapes from experimental data

Abstract A method is presented for extracting Auger lineshapes from an experimental, derivative Auger electron spectrum. The method involves removing the background after numerically integrating the derivative spectrum. This procedure is contrasted with the “dynamic background subtraction” method and similar methods which remove the background before integration. A treatment of electron energy loss is included. A functional form for the total electron emission for the Li salts of SO 4 3− and PO 4 3− is presented and compared to electron-loss data. Electron escape depth and spectrometer response corrections to the observed Auger signal are also considered. The S and P LVV Auger lineshapes are presented for the third row oxyanions, SO 4 2− PO 4 3− .
A Theory of the Deviation from Close Packing in Hexagonal Metal Crystals

A mechanism is proposed to show how the Fermi surface interacts with the Brillouin zone boundaries. The direction and relative magnitude of the variation of the $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio for hexagonal crystals from the ideal value for close packing are predicted as a function of the electron-atom ratio, and these predictions are compared with values of lattice parameters which are reported in the literature.
Malignant lymphoma in Hawaii-Japanese: a retrospective morphologic survey.

A retrospective morphologic survey (1973–1983) of 146 cases of malignant lymphoma among the Hawaii-Japanese (migrant Japanese and their offspring) was conducted to determine whether differences in the incidence and cytologic types of malignant lymphoma exist when compared to those of native Japanese (lifetime residents of Japan). The age-adjusted incidence rates for malignant lymphoma among the Hawaii-Japanese were similar to rates for U.S. whites. However, higher rates for follicular centre cell (FCC) lymphoma with a follicular pattern were observed in the Hawaii-Japanese population when compared with rates for native Japanese. On the basis of the cytologic types of the Lukes–Collins classification, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas among the Hawaii-Japanese resembled those of Western countries, rather than those of Japan. B-cell lymphomas predominated (72 per cent), while T-cell types comprised 23 per cent of cases. Follicular centre cell types were encountered most often (59 per cent), and the small cleaved FCC subtype was the most common (30 per cent). The high degree of follicularity (29 per cent) was at variance with the consistently low rates reported in Japan. This may be explained, in part, by higher rates of nodal lymphomas among the Hawaii-Japanese. Of the T-cell lymphomas, diffuse large cell types (T-cell immunoblastic sarcoma, T-IBS), often with cytologic pleomorphism, were relatively frequently encountered (16 per cent), and comprised 15 per cent of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; this observation necessitates special clinical and epidemiologic consideration in view of the large Japanese migration to Hawaii from HTLV-I endemic regions of southern Japan. No registered cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or of Hodgkin's disease were documented in Hawaii-Japanese subjects under the age of 15 years. The age-adjusted incidence rates for Hodgkin's disease among the Hawaii-Japanese were similar with those of native Japanese. Nodular sclerosis was the most frequent histologic subtype. The difficulty in distinguishing between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, particularly when immunologic cell surface markers are not available, is addressed. Low rates for chronic lymphocytic leukemia among the Hawaii-Japanese were confirmed. Not one well-documented case was identified in the 11-year period surveyed.
Effects of pH and Carbonate Concentration on Dissolution Rates of the Lead Corrosion Product PbO2

Lead(IV) oxide is a corrosion product that can develop on lead pipes and affect lead concentrations in drinking water. Continuously stirred flow-though reactors were used to quantify the dissolution rates of plattnerite (beta-PbO(2)) at different pH values and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. Organic pH buffers were not used, because several were found to be reductants for PbO(2) that accelerated its dissolution. Most plattnerite dissolution rates were on the order of 10(-10) mol/min-m(2). The rate of dissolution increased with decreasing pH and with increasing DIC. The effect of DIC is consistent with a reductive dissolution mechanism that involves the reduction of Pb(IV) to Pb(II) at the plattnerite surface followed by the formation of soluble Pb(II)-carbonate complexes that accelerate Pb(II) release from the surface. Under the experimental conditions, dissolved lead concentrations were controlled by the dissolution rate of plattnerite and not by its equilibrium solubility. A dissolution rate model was developed and can be used to predict dissolution rates of plattnerite as a function of pH and DIC.
Unraveling Dopamine D3 Receptor Function in Response to Psychostimulants Using a Genetic Approacha

: The dopamine D3 receptor is expressed mostly in the limbic regions of the brain that influence reward-related behaviors, including responses to psychostimulants. However, the lack of ligands with sufficient D3 receptor specificity has hampered our understanding of its possible involvement in mediating psychostimulant actions. To unravel dopamine D3 receptor function and underlying mechanisms in response to psychostimulants, we used a genetic approach and generated D3 receptor gene mutant mice. Our analysis indicates that the D3 mutant mice exhibit enhanced behavioral sensitivity to cocaine, amphetamine and combined injections of D1- and D2-class receptor agonists. By contrast, the combined electrophysiological effects of the same D1- and D2-class agonists on single neurons within the nucleus accumbens were not changed in the D3 mutant mice. We propose that the D3 receptor modulates responses to psychostimulants by inhibiting the cooperative effects of postsynaptic D1- and other D2-class receptors at systems level. The continuous use of the gene targeting approach will provide essential information regarding the molecular and cellular basis of psychostimulant actions and allow the development of new strategies in the prevention and cure of drug abuse.
Studies on the defect structure of α-Nb2O5

Abstract It is known that α-Nb2O5 exists as a metal-excess semiconductor. In order to further study the manner in which the excess metal is present in the lattice, the oxygen pressure dependence and the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity have been re-examined using α-Nb2O5 single crystals. An oxygen pressure range of one atm to 10−6 atm and a temperature range of 600°C–1350°C were investigated. The dependence of conductivity on the pressure of oxygen is found to follow σ ∼ p o 2 − 1 n . The coefficient n is equal to four at temperatures above 800°C and is not well defined at the lower temperature. From the temperature dependence of the conductivity at a constant oxygen pressure it is found that, at high temperatures, the apparent activation energy is 1.4 eV, whereas below 800°C it is 0.4 eV. The change in lattice parameter as a function of deviation from stoichiometric composition has also been determined. The results obtained at high temperatures agrees with the previous findings on the sintered specimens that the predominant equilibrium defects in nonstoichiometric α-Nb2O5 are oxygen vacancies. The behavior found at low temperatures is associated with the surface reaction controlled conduction. From quenching experiments, the effective diffusion constant of oxygen vacancies in α-Nb2O5 has been found to obey the empirical relation, D = 4⋯7 × 10 −3 exp − 1⋯2 kT cm 2 /sec.
Comparison of percent free prostate-specific antigen levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with finasteride, terazosin, or watchful waiting

Abstract Objectives Finasteride is known to lower total serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels by approximately 50%. Terazosin is thought to have little or no effect on serum PSA concentration. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of finasteride and terazosin on serum total and serum free PSA levels and the ratio of free to total PSA. Methods We identified 69 men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who had been receiving 5 mg/day (n = 33) of finasteride or 2 to 5 mg/day (n = 14) of terazosin or no therapy (“watchful waiting”) (n = 22). The three groups were compared with respect to pretreatment total serum PSA levels and post-treatment total, free, and percent free serum PSA levels. Results Median (± semi-interquartile range [SIR]) pretreatment total serum PSA levels (ng/mL) were not significantly different in men taking finasteride (2.8 ± 1.9), terazosin (2.2 ± 2.5), or undergoing watchful waiting (5.5 ± 1.4) (p = 0.12). The median (± SIR) post-treatment total serum PSA levels (ng/mL) were significantly lower in the finasteride group (1.1 ± 1) when compared with the terazosin (2.5 ± 1.5) or watchful waiting (4.3 ± 2.8) groups (p = 0.016). Only the finasteride group had significantly lower post-treatment total serum PSA levels compared with pretreatment levels. The median (± SIR) post-treatment free PSA levels were significantly lower in the finasteride group (0.26 ± 0.16) compared with the terazosin (0.54 ± 0.5) and watchful waiting (0.85 ± 0.5) groups (p = 0.0015). However, the median (± SIR) percent free PSA was not significantly different in the finasteride (23 ± 6), terazosin (22 ± 4), and watchful waiting (25 ± 5) groups (p = 0.66). Conclusions Finasteride appears to lower total and free PSA levels equally in men with BPH and does not appear to change the ratio of free to total serum PSA. Terazosin does not appear to alter total or free serum PSA levels in men with BPH. The percent free PSA could potentially be used to screen for prostate cancer in men taking finasteride. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate this issue.
Present and future proton treatment facilities at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory

Abstract The 160 MeV synchrocyclotron, built in 1948 for physics research, is currently the only facility in the United States which provides proton irradiation of malignant and non-malignant tumors. Starting in 1961 we have treated over 2600 patients, nearly 50% of all patients worldwide who have been treated with heavy charged particle beams. Irradiation of melanomas within the eye, for example, begun in July 1975, has been applied to 524 patients as of 30 June 1984. The number of patients treated has shown an exponential growth phase in response to the success of this method, followed by a leveling off as the facilities here have become saturated. This situation has motivated plans for a new proton synchrotron. Ideally such a machine would have a maximum beam energy of 250 MeV and be hospital-based. We estimate that a 70 MeV test model will take 3 years to build and will cost $1 million. Models of some machine components are already being built and tested at the HCL.
An experimental investigation of the significance of zirconium partitioning in lunar ilmenite and ulvöspinel

Abstract The partitioning of zirconium between FeTiO 3 and Fe 2 TiO 4 , in the presence of ZrO 2 + Fe, was determined experimentally in the Fe-Ti-Zr-O system. The ratio of Zr il /Zr usp is strongly temperature dependent. The zirconium concentrations of coexisting ilmenite and ulvospinel were measured in several Apollo 14 and 15 rocks. These minerals in Apollo 15 rocks contain up to 0.42 and 0.23 wt% Zr, respectively, which are the highest zirconium contents yet reported for these minerals. Although the absolute zirconium concentrations in these phases vary within a given rock, the partitioning ratio is relatively constant. These ratios show that whereas some rocks have ‘quenched in’ the initial zirconium contents of the oxides, other rocks have reequilibrated to subsolidus temperatures as low as 850°C. The zirconium partitioning between coexisting ilmenite and ulvospinel appears to be a sensitive indicator of differences in cooling histories of lunar rocks.
Folding of model heteropolymers by configurational-bias Monte Carlo

Abstract The aim of this Letter is to show that the novel configurational-bias Monte Carlo technique is well suited for the global optimization of polymer structures. For this purpose the folding of two simple model heteropolymers has been studied. First, we report results of calculations of a two-dimensional chain of freely-jointed Lennard-Jones beads of different sizes which folds into a spiral. The second model utilizes chains which are constructed from repeated sequences of ten different monomer beads, thereby favoring a helical structure as its ground state.
Chunking: Associative chaining versus coding

When Ss learn response sequences, they organize them into subunits, or chunks. If all the information within a chunk is stored in the same memory code, then if the code is lost from memory, all the information should be unavailable to the S. During OL, Ss learned responses consisting of three chunks (SBJ FQL ZNG). The IL responses were identical to OL except that one letter in each of two chunks was changed within each paired-associate response, with no changes in the other chunk. The OL recall data indicated a marked loss of both changed and unchanged letters within changed chunks but no loss of unchanged chunks. The results were interpreted as indicating a loss of the OL codes from memory.
Spatial and temporal patterns of gap dominance by low-canopy lianas detected using EO-1 Hyperion and Landsat Thematic Mapper

Abstract Woody lianas are critical to tropical forest dynamics because of their strong influence on forest regeneration, disturbance ecology, and biodiversity. Recent studies synthesizing plot data from the tropics indicate that lianas are increasing in both abundance and importance in tropical forests. Moreover, lianas exhibit competitive advantages over trees in elevated CO2 environments and under strong seasonal droughts, suggesting that lianas may be poised to increase not only in abundance but also in spatial distribution in response to changing climate. We used a combination of high-resolution color-infrared videography and hyperspectral imagery from EO-1 Hyperion to map low-lying lianas in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP) in the Bolivian Amazon. Evergreen liana forests comprise as much as 14% of the NKMNP landscape, and low-stature liana patches occupy 1.5% of these forests. We used change vector analysis (CVA) of dry season Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery from 1986 and 2000 to determine changes in liana-dominated patches over time and to assess whether those patches were regenerating to canopy forest. The spatial distribution of liana patches showed that patches were spatially aggregated and were preferentially located in proximity to waterways. The CVA results showed that most of the dense liana patches increased in brightness and greenness and decreased in wetness over the 14 years of the change analysis, while non-liana forest patches changed less and in more random directions. Persistent liana patches increased in area by an average of 59% over the time period. In comparison, large burned areas appeared to recover completely to canopy forest in the same time period. This suggests that the dense liana patches of NKMNP represent an alternative successional pathway characterized not by tree regeneration but rather by a stalled state of low-canopy liana dominance. This research supports hypotheses that liana forests can be a persistent rather than transitional component of tropical forests, and may remain so due to competitive advantages that lianas enjoy under changing climatic conditions.
Adsorption and precipitation of an aminoalkylphosphonate onto calcite.

Abstract The mechanism of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (H6NTMP)/calcite reaction was studied with a large number of batch experiments where phosphonic acid was neutralized with 0 to 5 equivalents of NaOH per phosphonic acid and the concentration ranged from about 10 nmol/L to 1 mol/L. It is proposed that the phosphonate/calcite reactions are characterized in three steps. At low phosphonate concentration ( 1 μmol / L NTMP concentration), the phosphonate/calcite reaction can be characterized as a Langmuir isotherm. At saturation, only ∼ 7 % of the calcite surface is covered with phosphonate; presumably these are the kinks, step edges, or other imperfect sites. At higher phosphonate concentrations, the attachment is characterized by calcium phosphonate crystal growth to a maximum of four to five surface layer thick, with solid phase stoichiometry of Ca2.5HNTMP and a constant solubility product of 10−24.11. After multiple layers of phosphonate are formed on the calcite surface, the solution is no longer at equilibrium with calcite. Further phosphonate retention is probably due to mixed calcium phosphonate solid phase formation at lower pH and depleted solution phase Ca conditions. The proposed mechanism is consistent with phosphate/calcite reaction and can be used to explain the fate of phosphonate in brines from oil producing wells and the results are compared with two oil wells.
Accessing High Pressure States Relevant to Core Conditions in the Giant Planets

We have designed an experimental technique to use on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser to achieve very high pressure (P max > 10 Mbar = 1000 GPa), dense states of matter at moderate temperatures (T < 0.5 eV = 6000 K), relevant to the core conditions of the giant planets. A discussion of the conditions in the interiors of the giant planets is given, and an experimental design that can approach those conditions is described.
PGC-1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the retinoid X receptors.

Ligand-dependent gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptors involves the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators to the ligand-binding domain (LBD), which leads to interaction with the basal transcription machinery, and ultimately with RNA polymerase II. Although most of these coactivators are ubiquitously expressed, a tissue-selective coactivator, PGC-1, has recently been characterized. Because PGC-1 and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) possess an overlapping tissue distribution, we investigated whether PGC-1 is a coactivator for the retinoid X receptors. In a transient transfection assay, PGC-1 augments ligand-stimulated RXR transcription. Furthermore, PGC-1 efficiently enhances the RXR element-driven reporter gene transcription by all three RXR isoforms. An immunoprecipitation assay reveals that PGC-1 and RXRα interact in vivo. In addition, a glutathioneS-transferase pull-down assay showed that this interaction requires the presence of the LXXLL motif of PGC-1. We demonstrate further, in a mammalian two-hybrid assay, that this physical interaction also requires the presence of the AF-2 region of RXR to interact with the LXXLL motif of PGC-1, which is consistent with our protein·protein interaction results. A time-resolved fluorescence assay shows that a peptide within the NR box of PGC-1 is efficiently recruited by a ligand-bound RXRα in vitro. Finally, PGC-1 and TIF2 synergistically enhance ligand-activated RXRα transcriptional activity. Taken together, these results indicate that PGC-1 is a bona fide coactivator for RXRα.
Is believing seeing? The role of emotion-related beliefs in selective attention to affective cues

Attentional disengagement from negative affective information and engagement toward positive affective information appears to reflect an avoidant coping mechanism, one that may be associated with the belief that negative emotions are dangerous or undesirable (BNED). To test this hypothesis, we conducted two studies using a dot-probe task measuring attentional preference among college undergraduates. In the first study, BNED was associated with an attentional preference for positive facial cues over negative facial cues, evident after 1000 ms of exposure. In the second study, we included three exposure-time conditions; BNED appeared to be associated with an early disengagement from negative facial cues between 500 and 750 ms post-exposure and a subsequent orientation toward positive facial cues between 750 and 1000 ms post-exposure. We discuss these results in relation to avoidant coping and the relationship between anxiety and attention to affective cues.
Wenckebach periods with repetitive block: evaluation with His bundle recording.

Abstract Two patients are reported in whom repetitive block of two consecutive P waves occurred during Wenckebach beating induced by atrial pacing. His bundle recordings revealed block proximal to H in the first case, suggesting inhomogeneous conduction in the A-V node. In the second case, long cycle lengths were produced in the His-Purkinje system due to A-V nodal Wenckebach periods. The long cycles prolonged refractory periods in the His Purkinje system so that subsequent beats (short cycles) were blocked distal to H. The repetitive block of consecutive multiple atrial impulses could result in unexpected degrees of ventricular asystole during usually benign Type I second-degree A-V block.
Charge imbalance induced by a temperature gradient in superconducting aluminum

The quasiparticle transport current induced in a superconducting aluminum film by a temperature gradient has been measured by means of the spatially decaying charge imbalance generated near the end of the sample where the current is divergent. The magnitude and decay length of the charge imbalance are in good agreement with the predictions of a simple model that takes into account the nonuniformity of the temperature gradient. The inferred value of the thermopower in the superconducting state agrees reasonably well with the value measured in the normal state. Measurements of the decay length of charge imbalance induced by current injection yield a value of the inelastic relaxation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{E}$ of about 2 ns. This value is substantially smaller than that obtained from other measurements for reasons that are not known.
Indicator-dilution techniques in the estimation of renal blood flow

Abstract A method is described for measuring renal blood flow using single injections of indicator into the right side of the heart and thoracic aorta, with measurements of the time-concentration curves which result in the terminal aorta and in the pulmonary artery. Determinations by the indicator method were compared in dogs with renal blood flow measured by the plasma clearance of para-amino hippuric acid. The theoretical and practical technical aspects of the indicator-dilution method are presented and discussed.
Direct Computation of Mach Wave Radiation in an Axisymmetric Supersonic Jet

The intense Mach waves radiated by the growth and decay of linear instability waves in the shear layer of a perfectly expanded, axisymmetric jet with an initial centerline Mach number of Mj = 2.0 are directly computed by solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on a computational domain that includes both the near and far fields. The directly computed far-field sound is compared to predictions obtained using an analysis based on linear stability theory, Lighthill's equation, and the Kirchhoff surface method. All of the predictions are in good agreement with the direct computations. Using Lighthill's equation, we demonstrate that it is essential to properly address the acoustical noncompactness of the sources. It is also shown that linear stability theory can be used to specify the source terms in Lighthill's equation; the resulting predictions are also in good agreement with the computations.
Neuropsychiatric problems after traumatic brain injury: unraveling the silent epidemic.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1.4 million people in the United States sustain a TBI annually. Objective This review places particular emphasis on the current knowledge of effective treatment of TBI symptoms, and proposes directions for future research. Results Neuropsychiatric problems are more prevalent and longer-lasting in TBI patients than in the general population. About 40% of TBI victims suffer from two or more psychiatric disorders, and a similar percentage experience at least one unmet need for cognitive, emotional, or job assistance 1 year after injury. The entire spectrum of TBI severity, from mild to severe, is associated with an increase in psychiatric conditions. Conclusion Despite the high incidence of severe consequences of TBI, there are scarce empirical data to guide psychiatric treatment. Some approaches that have been helpful include cognitive and behavioral therapy and pharmacologic treatment. The authors list specific research recommendations that could further identify useful therapeutic interventions.
A control algorithm for systems with dead time

Abstract A least squares control algorithm for single-input single-output (SISO) systems is developed. The algorithm allows for a delay with large dead time and uses proportional- integral-derivative actions in their parallel form to achieve steady-state without error. Optimization of the controller parameters is achieved and the parameters of the controller are determined from the solution of a set of linear simultaneous equations. The control strategy is to optimize the controller parameters such that a desired well-behaved trajectory is obtained. The controller is shown to be robust and the algorithm is shown to function as well without or with large dead time, to have low sensitivity to changes in the dead time, and to allow an adaptive estimation of changing system parameters. The application of the developed algorithm to control the glucoregulatory system, based on a 4th-order digital model, is presented in two cases: free time delay and with large dead time.
PLD-assisted VLS growth of aligned ferrite nanorods, nanowires, and nanobelts-synthesis, and properties.

We report here a systematic synthesis and characterization of aligned alpha-Fe2O3 (hematite), epsilon-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanorods, nanobelts, and nanowires on alumina substrates using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The presence of spherical gold catalyst particles at the tips of the nanostructures indicates selective growth via the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. Through a series of experiments, we have produced a primitive "phase diagram" for growing these structures based on several designed pressure and temperature parameters. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has shown that the rods, wires, and belts are single-crystalline and grow along m or h directions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirm phase and structural analysis. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements show that the iron oxide structures exhibit interesting magnetic behavior, particularly at room temperature. This work is the first known report of magnetite 1D nanostructure growth via the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism without using a template, as well as the first known synthesis of long epsilon-Fe2O3 nanobelts and nanowires.
Defining coverage of an operational domain using a modified nearest-neighbor metric

Abstract Validation experiments are conducted at discrete settings within an operational domain to assess the predictive maturity of a model that is ultimately used to predict over the entire operational domain. Unless this domain is sufficiently explored with validation experiments, satisfactory model performance at these discrete, tested settings would be insufficient to ensure satisfactory model performance throughout the entire operational domain. The goal of coverage metrics is then to reveal how well a set of validation experiments represents an operational domain. The authors identify the criteria of an exemplary coverage metric, evaluate the ability of existing coverage metrics to fulfill these criteria, and propose a new, improved coverage metric. The proposed metric favors interpolation over extrapolation through a penalty function, causing the metric to prefer a design of validation experiments near the boundaries of the domain, while simultaneously exploring inside the domain. Furthermore, the proposed metric allows the coverage to account for the relative influence of each dimension of the domain on the model output. Application of the proposed coverage metric on a practical, non-trivial two-dimensional problem is demonstrated on the Viscoplastic Self-Consistent material plasticity code for 5182 aluminum alloy. Furthermore, the proposed metric is compared to existing coverage metrics considering a high dimensional problem with application to the Rosenbrock function.
Tips for Software Authors

If you're thinking of writing for IEEE Software, you'll increase the odds of a favorable outcome by following a few simple tips. The current issue marks the fifth anniversary of the publication of former editor in chief Steve McConnell's essay "How to Write a Good Technical Article" (September/October 2002), and Steve's advice is as valid today as it was then. So, this is an opportune time to review his advice and point out what makes or breaks a candidate article.
On the application of coding theory to hashing

Quick proofs are given for the characterization (due to Schay, Raver, Hanan, and Palermo) of the collision distance of a linear hashing function and for a dual notion (called the restriction distance), which relates to the accessibility of addresses by sets of keys and the uniform distribution of sets of keys over addresses.