cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Data on Serious Adverse Events and Mortality in ClinicalTrials.gov, Corresponding Journal Articles, and FDA Medical Reviews: Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Inconsistencies in data on serious adverse events (SAEs) and mortality in ClinicalTrials.gov and corresponding journal articles pose a challenge to research transparency. The objective of this study was to compare data on SAEs and mortality from clinical trials reported in ClinicalTrials.gov and corresponding journal articles with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medical reviews. We conducted a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected sample of new molecular entities approved during the study period 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015. We extracted data on SAEs and mortality from 15 pivotal trials from ClinicalTrials.gov and corresponding journal articles (the two index resources), and FDA medical reviews (reference standard). We estimated the magnitude of deviations in rates of SAEs and mortality between the index resources and the reference standard. We found deviations in rates of SAEs (30% in ClinicalTrials.gov and 30% in corresponding journal articles) and mortality (72% in ClinicalTrials.gov and 53% in corresponding journal articles) when compared with the reference standard. The intra-class correlation coefficient between the three resources was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98–0.99) for SAE rates and 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–0.99) for mortality rates. There are differences in data on rates of SAEs and mortality in randomized clinical trials in both ClinicalTrials.gov and journal articles compared with FDA reviews. Further efforts should focus on decreasing existing discrepancies to enhance the transparency and reproducibility of data reporting in clinical trials.
Prime-boost vaccination targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) using Sipuleucel-T and a DNA vaccine

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a prostate tumor antigen, and the target of the only FDA-approved anti-tumor vaccine, sipuleucel-T. We have previously reported in two clinical trials that a DNA vaccine encoding PAP (pTVG-HP) could elicit PAP-specific, Th1-biased T cells in patients with PSA-recurrent prostate cancer. In the current pilot trial we sought to evaluate whether this vaccine could augment PAP-specific immunity when used as a booster to immunization with sipuleucel-T in patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Eigthteen patients with mCRPC were randomized to receive sipuleucel-T alone or followed by intradermal immunization with pTVG-HP DNA vaccine. Patients were followed for time to progression, and immune monitoring was conducted at defined intervals. Overall, patients were followed for a median of 24 months. 11/18 patients completed treatments as per protocol. No treatment-associated events > grade 2 were observed. Th1-biased PAP-specific T-cell responses were detected in 11/18 individuals, and were not statistically different between study arms. Higher titer antibody responses to PAP were detectable in patients who received pTVG-HP booster immunizations. Median time to progression was less than 6 months and not statistically different between study arms. The median overall survival for all patients was 28 months. These findings suggest that prime-boost vaccination can augment and diversify the type of immunity elicited with anti-tumor vaccination in terms of T-cell and humoral immunity. Future studies will explore DNA as priming immunization rather than a booster immunization. NCT01706458 .
Environmental Psychology: Origins and Development

Historical analysis is never a simple matter. This is true whether it involves tracing the origin and development of an individual, a group, or, as in this instance, a new field of scientific inquiry. The intention to be “historical” in the premeditated sense of keeping an ongoing record of people, events, and activities seldom, if ever, occurs. And even if it did, the problems of how much should be recorded, what is relevant and what is not, and how to organize and interpret what is recorded are no less formidable problems. In this chapter, we shall be, of course, looking back at the origins and development of the recently developed field of environmental psychology, and in undertaking this task we were beset with all of these problems and even more. More in a number of ways: the field is interdisciplinary and so the sources of its origins and development range through not just the more established behavioral sciences but the design professions as well; modern communication and media technology have accelerated the accumulation and dissemination of information such that even in a short period of time, “new fields” show a remarkable accumulation of people, scientific papers, conferences, research programs, educational curricula, and other signs of scholarship and scientific inquiry; and finally we ourselves—as the “historians” in this case—have been part of and involved in the development of this fledgling field.
Research note: Climate change and the demand for summer tourism on Minnesota's North Shore

Abstract Very little outdoor recreation and tourism research uses scientifically-grounded climate change projections or weather data to predict future recreation demand using standard contingent behavior methods. The demand studies that have presented visitors with projected changes to climate and weather are limited to predicting visitation demand in a single season at a single destination. This research note reports a replication of a winter tourism demand model for the summer tourism season at the same nature-based tourism destination. A comparison of model findings between the two seasons allows us to determine if, and how, summer and winter tourism demand to a specific destination will be affected by climate change. While winter demand is driven by multiple dimensions of place meanings, summer travel is motivated solely by how the destination shapes individuals’ identities. This replication also considers an additional weather variable – daily high temperature on the day visitors completed the survey – to better understand the relationship between in situ weather conditions and recreationists’ intended travel behaviors. Management implications • North Shore visitors’ future travel behavior, contingent upon warmer temperatures and altered environmental conditions, was not significantly different than past travel behavior. • The projected conditions presented in the scenarios might not have been severe enough that respondents believed they would substantially impact recreational opportunities on the North Shore. • The maximum daily high temperature on the day a respondent was surveyed was not significantly related to contingent travel behaviors. • Recreation resource managers and those in the tourism industry are not likely to see substantial shifts in tourism demand to the region over the next 20 years.
Board Independence Impact on Insider Trading, Before and After SOX

We investigate the impact of corporate governance mechanisms, particularly board independence, on the incidence and profitability of insider trades before and after the 2002 enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX). Prior studies indicate that regulation or compliance with regulation may be ineffective in controlling information-driven insider trading. We show how corporate governance mechanisms can compensate the shortcomings of existing regulations or their enforcement mechanisms in reducing the incidents of information-driven trades. We also distinguish the era before and after the enactment of SOX due to its impact on transparency of insider trading and intensified penalties for illegal insider trading. We also find that profitability of information-driven insider trades is associated with corporate governance strength and that the relation was affected by the passage of SOX such that the impacts of corporate governance mechanisms declined in post-SOX era.
New health outcomes and novel health assessment methods in the future of environmental epidemiology

Children and middle-aged adults have been the lifeblood of environmental epidemiology. A rapid demographic shift compels the field to turn its attention to older adults. Adults aged 60 and older co...
Examining military population and trauma type as moderators of treatment outcome for first-line psychotherapies for PTSD: A meta-analysis

There is conflicting evidence as to whether military populations (i.e., veteran and active-duty military service members) demonstrate a poorer response to psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to civilians. Existing research may be complicated by the fact that treatment outcomes differences could be due to the type of trauma exposure (e.g., combat) or population differences (e.g., military culture). This meta-analysis evaluated PTSD treatment outcomes as a function of trauma type (combat v. assault v. mixed) and population (military v. civilian). Unlike previous meta-analyses, we focused exclusively on manualized, first-line psychotherapies for PTSD as defined by expert treatment guidelines. Treatment outcomes were large across trauma types and population; yet differences were observed between trauma and population subgroups. Military populations demonstrated poorer treatment outcomes compared to civilians. The combat and assault trauma subgroups had worse treatment outcomes compared to the mixed trauma subgroup, but differences were not observed between assault and combat subgroups. Higher attrition rates predicted poorer treatment outcomes, but did not vary between military populations and civilians. Overall, manualized, first-line psychotherapies for PTSD should continue to be used for civilians and military populations with various trauma types. However, greater emphasis should be placed on enhancing PTSD psychotherapies for military populations and on treatment retention across populations based on findings from this meta-analysis.
Association Of Medicare’s Annual Wellness Visit With Cancer Screening, Referrals, Utilization, And Spending

Medicare’s annual wellness visit was introduced in 2011 to promote evidence-based preventive care and identify risk factors and undiagnosed conditions in aging adults. Use of the visit has risen st...
Biomimetic antimicrobial material strategies for combating antibiotic resistant bacteria

Antibiotic drugs have revolutionized the field of medicine for almost 90 years. However, continued use has led to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria, motivating the need for alternative treatments. Several strategies to combat this phenomenon have been investigated, with biomimetic strategies gaining significant appeal due to inherent compatibility with physiologically relevant environments. In this review, we will discuss current antimicrobial strategies and then present an overview on biomimetic antimicrobial material-based strategies for combating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
A novel multielectrode catheter for high-density ventricular mapping: electrogram characterization and utility for scar mapping.

AIMS Multielectrode mapping catheters can be advantageous for identifying surviving myocardial bundles in scar. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of a new multielectrode catheter with increased number of small and closely spaced electrodes for mapping ventricles with healed infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS In 12 swine (four healthy and eight with infarction), the left ventricle was mapped with investigational (OctarayTM) and standard (PentarayTM) multielectrode mapping catheters. The investigational catheter has more electrodes (48 vs. 20), each with a smaller surface area (0.9 vs. 2.0 mm2) and spacing is fixed at 2 mm (vs. 2-6-2 mm). Electrogram (EGM) characteristics, mapping efficiency and scar description were compared between the catheters and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Electrogram acquisition rate was faster with the investigational catheter (814 ± 126 vs. 148 ± 58 EGM/min, P = 0.02) resulting in higher density maps (38 ± 10.3 vs. 10.1 ± 10.4 EGM/cm2, P = 0.02). Bipolar voltage amplitude was similar between the catheters in normal and infarcted myocardium (P = 0.265 and P = 0.44) and the infarct surface area was similar between the catheters (P = 0.12) and corresponded to subendocardial LGE. The investigational catheter identified a higher proportion of near-field local abnormal ventricular activities within the low-voltage area (53 ± 16% vs. 34 ± 16%, P = 0.03) that were considered far-field EGMs by the standard catheter. The investigational catheter was also advantageous for mapping haemodymically non-tolerated ventricular tachycardias due to its higher acquisition rate (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A novel multielectrode mapping catheter with higher number of small, and closely spaced electrodes increases the mapping speed, EGM density and the ability to recognize low amplitude near-field EGMs in ventricles with healed infarction.
Optoelectronic Characterization of Emerging Solar Absorber Cu 3 AsS 4

Enargite Cu 3 AsS 4 is a promising absorber for thin-film solar cells but little is known about its optoelectronic properties. Here, we present photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS), timeresolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of enargite thin films. The results indicate promising defect characteristics with minority carrier lifetimes on the order of ns, and band alignments suggest that buffer layers besides CdS must be developed to achieve high efficiency Cu 3 AsS 4 solar cells.
Does a fully digital workflow improve the accuracy of computer‐assisted implant surgery in partially edentulous patients? A systematic review of clinical trials

Background Accurate implant placement is essential in reducing post-treatment complications and in ensuring a successful treatment outcome. Purpose To compare the accuracy of fully-guided static computer-assisted implant surgery (s-CAIS) using partially- and fully-digital workflows. Materials and methods Electronic and manual literature searches were performed to collect evidence concerning the accuracy of fully-guided s-CAIS procedures utilizing tooth-supported guides. Quantitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of partially- and fully-digital workflows, and survival rates and complications were qualitatively analyzed. Results Thirteen studies, including 6 randomized controlled trials and 7 prospective clinical studies, were selected for quantitative and qualitative synthesis. A total of 669 implants in 325 patients using s-CAIS were available for review. Meta-analysis of the accuracy revealed a total mean angular deviation of 2.68° (95% CI: 2.32°-3.03°); mean global coronal deviation of 1.03 mm (95% CI: 0.88-1.18 mm); mean global apical deviation of 1.33 mm (95% CI: 1.17-1.50 mm); and mean depth deviation of 0.59 mm (95% CI: 0.46-0.70 mm). Minimal differences were found between the two different workflows. Few complications were reported, and survival rates were between 97.8% to 100% (range of follow-up: 12 to 24 months) in the available studies. Conclusion Similar accuracy is obtained when implants are placed in partially edentulous patients using fully-guided s-CAIS, independently of the workflow utilized.
Career and College Readiness for Underserved Youth: Educator and Youth Perspectives:

This study solicited perspectives of underserved youth and educators who serve them regarding college and career readiness. We defined underserved youth as adolescents who experience inequitable ac...
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Universal Cystoscopy at the Time of Benign Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

ABSTRACT Study Objective To estimate the rate of lower urinary tract injury (LUTI) and percentage of LUTI needing to be recognized intraoperatively to make universal cystoscopy cost-effective and cost-saving during laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design A decision tree model was used to estimate the costs and quality-adjusted life years associated with delayed or intraoperative recognition of LUTI at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Probabilities and utilities were estimated from published literature. Costs were estimated from Medicare national reimbursement schedules. Threshold analyses estimated the LUTI rate and cystoscopy sensitivity that would make universal cystoscopy cost-effective or cost-saving. Monte Carlo simulations were performed. Setting US healthcare system. Patients Individuals undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications. Interventions Theoretic implementation of a universal cystoscopy policy. Measurements and Main Results The total direct medical costs of laparoscopic hysterectomy under usual care were $8831 to $9149 and under universal cystoscopy were $8944 to $9068. When low LUTI rates (0.44%; estimated using sample-weighted estimates of retrospective and prospective data) were assumed, universal cystoscopy was only cost-effective in 17.1% of the simulations; the incremental cost was estimated to be $111 to $131. With median LUTI rates (2.3%) or high LUTI rates (4.0%; estimated using only prospective data with universal screening), the universal cystoscopy strategy was cost-effective in 93.9% and 99.6% of the simulations, respectively, and potentially cost-saving if the sensitivity of intraoperative cystoscopy for ureteral injury exceeded 65% or 31%, respectively. The estimated potential savings were $18 to $95 per hysterectomy. In threshold analysis assuming the average cystoscopy sensitivity rate, universal cystoscopy is estimated to be cost-effective when the LUTI rate exceeds 0.80%. Conclusion In our model, universal cystoscopy is the preferred approach for laparoscopic hysterectomy and is estimated to be cost-effective in contemporary clinical settings where the LUTI rate is estimated to be 1.8% and potentially cost-saving among higher-risk populations, including those with endometriosis or pelvic organ prolapse. If the LUTI rates are less than 0.75%, the estimated incremental costs are modest—up to $131 per case. Administrators and providers should consider the local LUTI rates and practice patterns when planning implementation of a universal cystoscopy policy.
Social Capital and Subjective Social Status: Heterogeneity within East Asia

Previous studies have documented the associations of objective class with either social capital or subjective social status, yet little attention has been paid to the direct connections between social capital and subjective social status. This study highlights social capital as an essential source of subjective social status, particularly in East Asia, whose member societies have shared similarities but also developed distinctive social and cultural contexts. We investigate how individuals differently perceive their own subjective social status by their social capital and hypothesize that such associations vary across four societies. By analyzing Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, and Japanese samples of the 2012 East Asian Social Survey, we examine bonding, bridging, and cognitive dimensions of social capital and their connections to subjective perceptions of social status, after controlling for objective class measures. As hypothesized, the results underscore the varying patterns of the associations between social capital and subjective social status across four societies. For instance, individuals who develop wider social connections with people occupying high-status occupations tend to rank themselves higher on a subjective social-status scale in Chinese societies only, where social connections particularly play an important role. Having trustworthy relatives and friends is associated with higher subjective social status in Taiwan and Korea, where members are less tolerant of ambiguity than China. None of the social capital measures matters in Japan, the most individualistic society in East Asia. The findings of this study improve our understandings of subjective social status by emphasizing individuals’ embeddedness in social relationships and broader cultural contexts.
Is Femvertising the New Greenwashing? Examining Corporate Commitment to Gender Equality

This study examined the potential for a new area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) washing: gender equality. Companies are increasingly recognized for advertisements promoting gender equality, termed “femvertisements.” However, it is unclear whether companies that win femvertising awards actually support women with an institutionalized approach to gender equality. A quantitative content analysis was performed assessing company leadership team listings, annual reports, CSR reports, and CSR websites of 61 US-based companies (31 award winners and 30 non-winning competitors) to compare the prevalence of internal and external gender-equality CSR activities of companies that have (versus have not) won femvertising awards. When controlling for number of employees and annual revenue, award-winning companies committed to more internal efforts that support women than non-award-winning companies. However, no significant differences were found in the number of external efforts or representation in female leadership between companies with and without award-winning femvertisements. Overall, a majority of award-winning companies (81%) engaged in less than ten of the possible 23 gender-equality CSR activities, suggesting these companies’ female empowerment commercials were often not in line with their broader CSR activities. While more research is needed in this area, we propose the term “fempower-washing” to describe CSR-washing in the context of gender equality.
The Sankofa Project: The Performative Practice of African Diasporan Repatriation to Africa

This paper invites theorists to engage critically with the term / Sankofa beyond its common definition as an invocation, to go back and / fetch the past, but rather as a Pan-Africanist practice that / mobilizes time in creating a transnational imagined community. / This paper emerges out of the oral history narrative of an African / diasporan who repatriated to Ghana from the United States in order to / reunite with her ancestral roots. The interview is used here as a / frame of reference through which I talk about how the diasporan / community in Ghana imagine, fashion, and perform return, focusing / specifically on their invocation of the spirit. This particular / narrative focuses on a night spent sleeping on the floor in the slave / dungeons of Elmina castle, and how her encounter with the ancestral / spirits of the castle informed her decision to repatriate to Ghana. Hers is one of / many accounts of spiritual community making I have come across in my research / that challenges notions of the imagined communities concept, coined by Benedict Anderson by / purposely privileging ancestral and spiritual kinship over a national / community that she understands to be socially constructed so as to / exclude black bodies. As Andersons work reveals, the creation of imagined / national communities has been facilitated by print-capitalism - the / very places where historically, African-Americans have been denied / visibility or access.
Nature-Derived Amphiphilic Polymers Crosslinked by Calcium Ions for Microencapsulation Applications

Microcapsulation with biodegradable polymers has raised great interest in recent years since commercial products containing nonbiodegradable polymers may cause microplastic pollution that has lasti...
Implementing a Stochastic Process Algebra within the Möbius Modeling Framework

Many formalisms and solution methods exist for performance and dependability modeling. However, different formalisms have different advantages and strengths, and no one formalism is universally used. The Mobius tool was built to provide multi-formalism multisolution modeling, and allows the modeler to develop models in any supported formalism. A formalism can be implemented in Mobius if a mapping can be provided to the Mobius Abstract Functional Interface, which includes a notion of state and a notion of how state changes over time. We describe a way to map PEPA, a stochastic process algebra, to the abstract functional interface. This gives Mobius users the opportunity to make use of stochastic process algebra models in their performance and dependability models.
The interaction of the solar wind with Comet Halley - Upwind and downwind

The interaction between Comet Halley and solar wind is examined using in situ data collected in 1986, computer modeling, and data from 1910, when the earth passed through the comet's tail. An overview of the nature of comets is given, presenting specific physical processes occurring in comets. The range of scientific tools and data available for studying comets is discussed. Data from observation of the comet are compared to expectations from theory and computer modeling. The data from 1910 show that the cometary tail was well developed 24 million km downstream from the nucleus with a wake about 6 million km wide.
RNA Regulation by Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases

Posttranscriptional regulation of RNA facilitates the fine-tuning of gene expression. It occurs through multiple pathways that include the nuclear processing of mRNA and its precursors, mRNA silencing, regulation of mRNA decay, and regulation of translation. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), enzymes that modify target proteins with ADP-ribose, play important roles in many of the RNA regulatory pathways through multiple mechanisms. For example, RNA-binding PARPs can target specific transcripts for regulation; ADP-ribosylation of RNA-regulatory proteins can alter their localization, activity, or RNA binding; and noncovalent interactions of RNA-binding proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) can affect their function. In addition to regulating RNA during non-stress conditions, PARPs regulate RNA function during cellular stress conditions that are critical for the proper execution of a stress response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding PARP-dependent regulation of RNAs, and describe how by modulating RNA processing, translation, and decay PARPs impact multiple processes in the cell.
Conic Sector Analysis of Hybrid Control Systems

A hybrid control system contains an analog plant and a hybrid (or sampled-data) compensator. In this thesis a new conic sector is determined which is constructive and can be used to: (1) determine closed loop stability, (2) analyze robustness with respect to modelling uncertainties, (3) analyze steady state response to commands, and (4) select the sample rate. The use of conic sectors allows the designer to treat hybrid control systems as though they were analog control systems. The center of the conic sector can be used as a rigorous linear time invariant approximation of the hybrid control system, and the radius places a bound on the errors of this approximation. The hybrid feedback system can be multivariable, and the sampler is assumed to be synchronous. Algorithms to compute the conic sector are presented. Several examples demonstrate how the conic sector analysis techniques are applied. Extensions to single loop multirate hybrid feedback systems are presented. Further extensions are proposed for multiloop multirate hybrid feedback system and for single rate systems with asynchronous sampling.
Using Interactive Web-Based Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment in an Urban, Safety-Net HIV Clinic

Substance use among people living with HIV is high, and screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based approach to addressing the issue. We examined whether patients would participate in a technology-based SBIRT program in an urban HIV clinic. An SBIRT intervention was programmed into the clinic's web-based patient portal linked to their personal health record. We examined: demographic, health, HIV, and substance use characteristics of participants who completed the web-based intervention compared to those who did not. Fewer than half of the 96 participants assigned to the web-based SBIRT completed it (n = 39; 41 %). Participants who completed the web-based intervention had significantly higher amphetamine SSIS scores than those who did not complete the intervention. Participants whose substance use is more harmful may be more motivated to seek help from a variety of sources. In addition, it is important that technology-based approaches to behavioral interventions in clinics take into consideration feasibility, client knowledge, and comfort using technology.
Renal NCC is unchanged in the midpregnant rat and decreased in the late pregnant rat despite avid renal Na+ retention

Pregnancy is characterized by plasma volume expansion due to Na+ retention, driven by aldosterone. The aldosterone-responsive epithelial Na+ channel is activated in the kidney in pregnancy. In the present study, we investigated the aldosterone-responsive Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) in mid- and late pregnant rats compared with virgin rats. We determined the abundance of total NCC, phosphorylated NCC (pNCC; pT53, pS71 and pS89), phosphorylated STE20/SPS-1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (pSPAK; pS373), and phosphorylated oxidative stress-related kinase (pOSR1; pS325) in the kidney cortex. We also measured mRNA expression of NCC and members of the SPAK/NCC regulatory kinase network, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK)1, total with no lysine kinase (WNK)1, WNK3, and WNK4. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry for NCC kidneys from virgin and pregnant rats. Total NCC, pNCC, and pSPAK/OSR1 abundance were unchanged in midpregnant versus virgin rats. In late pregnant versus virgin rats, total NCC and pNCC were decreased; however, pSPAK/OSR1 was unchanged. We detected no differences in mRNA expression of NCC, SGK1, total WNK1, WNK3, and WNK4. By immunohistochemistry, NCC was mainly localized to the apical region in virgin rats, and density in the apical region was reduced in late pregnancy. Therefore, despite high circulating aldosterone levels in pregnancy, the aldosterone-responsive transporter NCC is not increased in total or activated (phosphorylated) abundance or in apical localization in midpregnant rats, and all are reduced in late pregnancy. This contrasts to the mineralocorticoid-mediated activation of the epithelial Na+ channel, which we have previously reported. Why and how NCC escapes aldosterone activation in pregnancy is not clear but may relate to regional differences in aldosterone sensitivity the increased K+ intake or other undefined mechanisms.
Acute Crescentic Glomerulonephritis in a Renal Allograft: An Unusual Complication of Fungal Infection

p p a CASE REPORT T patient was a 22-year-old white woman with a history of end-stage renal disease of unknown cause. istory, physical examination, and serological testing at the ime of her initial evaluation were unrevealing, and a native idney biopsy performed months earlier showed only advanced lomerular and tubulointerstitial scarring. She started dialysis herapy in 2002 and received a 6-antigen–mismatch cardiaceath donor kidney transplant in June 2003. Preimplantation iopsy showed only minimal scarring. Her course was compliated by several days of delayed graft function, but she eventully was discharged to home on a maintenance regimen of acrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. The patient was followed up in the outpatient clinic and eached a nadir creatinine level of 3.7 mg/dL (327.1 mol/L) y day 30 posttransplantation. On posttransplantation day 38, he underwent renal biopsy for a serum creatinine level of 4.7 g/dL (415.5 mol/L). The biopsy specimen showed diffuse nterstitial edema and patchy mononuclear inflammation. Neurophils were inconspicuous, and tubules showed degenerative pithelial changes, with associated mild tubulitis. No endarteriis was seen. There were 13 glomeruli, of which 3 were globally clerotic. Of the remaining glomeruli, 1 tuft showed focal ecrosis with neutrophils, fibrin, and an associated cellular rescent (Fig 1). The focal crescentic process was understood to e suggestive of an immune complex glomerulonephritis or ystemic vasculitic process, but examination was limited by the ack of material for immunofluorescence and electron microsopy. The borderline tubulointerstitial changes were not beieved to suggest an acute cellular rejection. Hepatitis virus, and uman immunodeficiency virus and BK virus polymerase hain reaction testing (blood and urine) results were negative. creening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for anti– lomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative, and 3 and C4 levels were normal. She subsequently was treated
c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is required for epidermal growth factor receptor exit from the early endosomes.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls cell growth and has a key role in tumorigenic processes. The extent of EGFR signaling is tightly regulated by post-transcriptional modifications leading to down-regulation of the levels of the receptor. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the reactive oxidant hydrogen peroxide activates the EGFR, yet, without down-regulation of the receptor levels, which results in prolonged receptor signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the E3 ligase c-Cbl, as a possible link between oxidative stress, EGFR signaling, and tumorigenic responses. First, we ectopically expressed a mutant EGFR (Tyr-1045 → Phe) in cells lacking endogenous receptor, to determine whether the lack of phosphorylation at this site is the cause for EGFR retention at the membrane under oxidative stress, as we have previously suggested. Our findings suggest that abrogation of tyrosine 1045 phosphorylation alone is not enough to retain the EGFR at the plasma membrane under oxidative stress. Second, through the use of the Src inhibitor PP1, our findings establish EGFR movement out of the early endosomes as the exact location where c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is essential for EGFR trafficking. Finally, our studies substantiate the findings that c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is needed for degradation, but not for internalization of the EGFR in both transfection-dependent Chinese hamster ovary cells and transfection-independent A549 lung epithelial cells. These findings only begin to explain the features seen under oxidative stress, but they yield a greater understanding of the role of c-Cbl in EGFR trafficking.
CHOICE CHARACTERISTICS AND PARENTS' CHILD-CARE DECISIONS:

Choice models are a key tool of empirically oriented rational choice researchers. However, most researchers do not have the information they need to adequately test their hypotheses and rely solely on individual characteristics of the choosers. The lack of information on the options and constraints parents face may lead researchers to conclude that choices are not rational rather than to question whether they have the appropriate data. This issue is particularly important for researchers interested in modeling child-care choice, since the characteristics of care are more amenable to policy intervention than the characteristics of persons. This paper estimates models of choice of child-care arrangement that include measures of price, quality and availability obtained directly from parents in the National Child Care Survey of 1990. This paper compares alternative estimates of the associations of these characteristics with mode choice. Adding care characteristics to models with individual characteristics imp...
The state of radiologic teaching practice in preclinical medical education: Survey of American medical, osteopathic, and podiatric schools

Abstract Purpose This study describes the state of preclinical radiology curricula in North American allopathic, osteopathic, and podiatric medical schools. Methods An online survey of teaching methods, radiology topics, and future plans was developed. The Associations of American Medical Colleges, Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and Colleges of Podiatric Medicine listing for all US, Canadian, and Puerto Rican schools was used for contact information for directors of anatomy and/or radiology courses. Letters were sent via e-mail to 198 schools, with a link to the anonymous survey. Results Of 198 schools, 98 completed the survey (48%). Radiology curricula were integrated with other topics (91%), and taught by anatomists (42%) and radiologists (43%). The majority of time was spent on the topic of anatomy correlation (35%). Time spent teaching general radiology topics in the curriculum, such as physics (3%), modality differences (6%), radiation safety (2%), and contrast use (2%) was limited. Most schools had plans to implement an innovative teaching method in the near future (62%). The major challenges included limits on: time in the curriculum (73%); resources (32%); and radiology faculty participation (30%). A total of 82% reported that their curriculum did not model the suggestions made by the Alliance of Medical Student Educators in Radiology. Conclusions This survey describes the current state of preclinical radiology teaching: curricula were nonstandard, integrated into other courses, and predominantly used for anatomy correlation. Other important contextual principles of the practice of radiology were seldom taught.
Effects of a simulated spacecraft environment on the oral microflora of nonhuman primates.

Abstract As part of a program to determine the personal oral hygiene requirements for extended space missions, adult marmosets were maintained in a hypobaric chamber with an atmosphere of 70 per cent O 2 and 30 per cent N 2 at 5 p.s.i. for periods up to 56 days. The marmoset oral microflora was monitored immediately before, during, and after repeated chamber trials. The marmosets adjusted to the space-simulated environment with relatively few problems, except for loss of weight and diarrhea. There were no apparent environment-associated oral tissue changes, qualitative microbial changes, or oral transmission of microorganisms between pairs of chamberhoused animals. There were, however, environment-associated quantitative microbial changes which were animal-related and which were inconsistent with regard to type of microorganism, type of oral specimen, and duration of chamber exposure.
Applying statistical physics to performance analysis of large-scale computing systems (abstract)

We propose to use tools and methods of statistical mechanics to introduce a unified computational approach to analyze the performance of large-scale computing systems. Just as in statistical physics, we desire a small amount of “macroscopic” information about the system (“thermo-dynamic”) averages (e.g. average concurrency, through-put, blocking rates) despite the vast complexity of “microscopic” interactions. It seems natural, therefore, that the complexity existing in large-scale computing systems is the sort of complexity that ought to yield to some sort of treatment analogous to statistical mechanics.We model a computation (the allocation of tasks to processors) as analogous to a physical activity in some structured space and look for equilibrium statistics which are summarized in the corresponding partition function. This partition function, analogous to the partition function of a Gibbs canonical ensemble in statistical physics, reflects the topology of the system, load distribution, queueing and other relevant description of the system.We use analogies from physics to develop fast approximation methods to compute the system performance measures and use analogy to the thermodynamic limit to analyze critical phase transitions in computing systems. These transitions manifest themselves in a global change of state as a result of local interactions and are a direct result of scale.
Study of Low-Frequency Microturbulence in the Microtor Tokamak by Far-Infrared Laser Scattering

The first far-infrared laser scattering measurements from a tokamak plasma are reported. Spatially and temporally resolved power spectra of density fluctuations in the Microtor plasma have been studied with an absolutely calibrated far-infrared scattering system which allowed measurement of the wide range of wave numbers from $k=3 \mathrm{to} 50$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The wave-number dependence of the scattered power of $0.6\ensuremath{\lesssim}{k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{i}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2$ was found to satisfy a ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3.5}$ form.
From tribal consciousness and subjective rationality toward global consciousness and objective rationality

This article argues that in order to achieve global siblinghood for the human species, we have to transcend the tribal consciousness and corresponding rationality that emerged in early human societies but has continued to shape interactions among nations up to the present time. This consciousness has to be transformed into a global consciousness and corresponding objective rationality. Such a transformation seems essential to reversing the suicidal course of the species.
Using ‘omics’ to define pathogenesis and biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease

Although great effort has been put forth to uncover the complex molecular mechanisms exploited in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, a satisfactory explanation remains to be discovered. The emergence of several -omics techniques, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have been integral in confirming previously identified pathways that are associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration and subsequently Parkinson’s disease, including mitochondrial and proteasomal function and synaptic neurotransmission. Additionally, these unbiased techniques, particularly in the brain regions uniquely associated with the disease, have greatly enhanced our ability to identify novel pathways, such as axon-guidance, that are potentially involved in Parkinson’s pathogenesis. A comprehensive appraisal of the results obtained by different -omics has also reconfirmed the increase in oxidative stress as a common pathway likely to be critical in Parkinson’s development/progression. It is hoped that further integration of these techniques will yield a more comprehensive understanding of Parkinson’s disease etiology and the biological pathways that mediate neurodegeneration.
High-power fiber-coupled diode lasers with superior brightness, efficiency, and reliability

Advances in high performance fiber coupled diode lasers continue to enable new applications as well as strengthen existing uses through progressive improvements in power and brightness [1]. These improvements are most notable in multi-kW direct diode systems and kW fiber laser platforms that effectively transform better beam quality into superior system performance and in DPSS (Diode pumped solid state) application striving to scale TEM00 (fundamental transverse mode) power. We report on our recent single-emitter based fiber-coupled product platform, the elementTM, that addressed these applications at 8xx/9xx nm with optical powers over 200W in a range of fiber core sizes down to 105um and 0.14NA (Numerical Aperture). The product is a culmination of numerous packaging improvements: improving wall plug efficiencies (~50% electrical-to-optical) while improving volume manufacturability, enabling lower costs, improving usable chip brightness by, < 20% over previous generation chips, and increasing the reliable output power to 15W per chip. We additionally report on current developments to extend the power of the product platform to as high as 300W. This will be realized primarily through new chip architectures projected to further increase the useable chip brightness by an additional 20 % and correspondingly scaling reliable output powers. Second order improvements are proposed in packaging enhancements that capitalize on the increased chip power and brightness as well as expand the package’s thermal capabilities. Finally, an extended performance roadmap will translate expected power advances and increasing volumes into a projection of relative $/W decreases over the next several years.
Genetics, genomics and metabolomics: new insights into maternal metabolism during pregnancy

Maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy differs from the non-gravid state to allow the mother to meet her own and the growing fetus's energy needs. New insights into the mechanisms underlying maternal metabolism during pregnancy are being gained through the use of new 'omics' technologies. This review focuses on the application of genetics/genomics and metabolomics to the study of maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Following the identification of susceptibility genes for Type 2 diabetes through genome-wide association studies, association has been demonstrated of some Type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes with gestational diabetes mellitus, suggesting that the genetic architecture of Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are, in part, similar. More recent genome-wide association studies examining maternal metabolism during pregnancy have demonstrated overlap of genes associated with metabolic traits in the gravid and non-gravid population, as well as genes that appear to be relatively unique to pregnancy. Metabolomics has also been used to profile the metabolic state of women during pregnancy through the multiplexed measurement of many low molecular weight metabolites. Measurement of amino acids and conventional metabolites have demonstrated changes in mothers with higher insulin resistance and glucose similar to changes in non-gravid, insulin-resistant populations, suggesting similarities in the metabolic profile characteristic of insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in pregnant and non-pregnant populations. Metabolomics and genomics are but a few of the now available high-throughput 'omics' technologies. Future studies that integrate data from multiple technologies will allow an integrated systems biology approach to maternal metabolism during pregnancy.
Accurately tuning the charge on giant polyoxometalate type Keplerates through stoichiometric interaction with cationic surfactants.

We report an approach of exploring the interaction between cationic surfactants and a type of structurally well-defined, spherical “Keplerate” polyoxometalate (POM) macroanionic molecular clusters,...
Learning taxonomical relations from domain texts using WordNet and word sense disambiguation

Learning taxonomical relations from domain texts is an important task for ontology learning from texts. We observe that rich information on taxonomical relations is available in the lexical knowledge base WordNet. However, in order to exploit the taxonomical relations in WordNet we need to tackle the difficult problem of word sense disambiguation. In this paper, we present a weighted word sense disambiguation method and show its application for learninng taxonomical relations from domain texts. The experimental results indicate that using WordNet and our word sense disambiguation method achieves good accuracy and coverage for the learning task.
Mining Infrastructure Data for System Management Optimization

In this paper, we introduce the DD-STAR project and explain how a data mining service can be offered as an effective way to discover knowledge that is essential to self-healing infrastructure design and optimization. One of the central issues in proactive problem prediction, avoidance, and diagnosis is to model the infrastructure dynamics based on historical monitoring data, and then apply the models to construct self-management self-healing rules.
An Aspect of Family Enterprise in the Industrial Revolution

(1962). An Aspect of Family Enterprise in the Industrial Revolution. Business History: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 120-125.
Evaporation and runoff from large land areas

An incomplete understanding of the processes of regional evaporation and runoff from the continents hinders future developments in our understanding of the global water cycle and of the Earth's climate. At present there is no clear consensus among geophysicists and biophysicists regarding the dynamic interaction of atmospheric, lithospheric, and biospheric processes in the determination of evaporation from large (characteristic length of 100 km and up) areas of continental surfaces. Observational data are scarce and uncertain, and disciplinary boundaries impede fully coupled theoretical analyses of the problem. As for runoff, large-scale measurements are available in the form of river discharges, so operational conceptual models can at least be calibrated and employed with some reliability.