cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How accounting for climate and health impacts of emissions could change the US energy system

Abstract This study aims to determine how incorporating damages into energy costs would impact the US energy system. Damages from health impacting pollutants (NOx, SO2, particulate matter -- PM, and volatile organic compounds -- VOCs) as well as greenhouse gases (GHGs) are accounted for by applying emissions fees equal to estimated external damages associated with life-cycle emissions. We determine that in a least-cost framework, fees reduce emissions, including those not targeted by the fees. Emissions reductions are achieved through the use of control technologies, energy efficiency, and shifting of fuels and technologies used in energy conversion. The emissions targeted by fees decrease, and larger fees lead to larger reductions. Compared to the base case with no fees, in 2045, SO2 emissions are reduced up to 70%, NOx emissions up to 30%, PM2.5 up to 45%, and CO2 by as much as 36%. Emissions of some pollutants, particularly VOCs and methane, sometimes increase when fees are applied. The co-benefit of reduction in non-targeted pollutants is not always larger for larger fees. The degree of co-reduced emissions depends on treatment of life-cycle emissions and the technology pathway used to achieve emissions reductions, including the mix of efficiency, fuel switching, and emissions control technologies.
Apolipoprotein E4 and Insulin Resistance Interact to Impair Cognition and Alter the Epigenome and Metabolome.

Apolipoprotein E4 (E4) and type 2 diabetes are major risk factors for cognitive decline and late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). E4-associated phenotypes and insulin resistance (IR) share several features and appear to interact in driving cognitive dysfunction. However, shared mechanisms that could explain their overlapping pathophysiology have yet to be found. We hypothesized that, compared to E3 mice, E4 mice would be more susceptible to the harmful cognitive effects of high fat diet (HFD)-induced IR due to apoE isoform-specific differences in brain metabolism. While both E3 and E4 mice fed HFD displayed impairments in peripheral metabolism and cognition, deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory were exaggerated in E4 mice. Combining genome-wide measures of DNA hydroxymethylation with comprehensive untargeted metabolomics, we identified novel alterations in purine metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Finally, in E4 mice, the metabolic and cognitive deficiencies caused by HFD were rescued by switching to a low fat diet for one month, suggesting a functional role was associated with reversal of the same metabolic pathways described above. These results suggest a susceptibility of E4 carriers to metabolic impairments brought on by IR, and may guide development of novel therapies for cognitive decline and dementia.
Semibatch monomer addition as a general method to tune and enhance the mechanics of polymer networks via loop-defect control

Controlling the molecular structure of amorphous cross-linked polymeric materials is a longstanding challenge. Herein, we disclose a general strategy for precise tuning of loop defects in covalent polymer gel networks. This “loop control” is achieved through a simple semibatch monomer addition protocol that can be applied to a broad range of network-forming reactions. By controlling loop defects, we demonstrate that with the same set of material precursors it is possible to tune and in several cases substantially improve network connectivity and mechanical properties (e.g., ∼600% increase in shear storage modulus). We believe that the concept of loop control via continuous reagent addition could find broad application in the synthesis of academically and industrially important cross-linked polymeric materials, such as resins and gels.
An Out-of-Core GPU based Dimensionality Reduction Algorithm for Big Mass Spectrometry Data and Its Application in Bottom-up Proteomics

Modern high resolution Mass Spectrometry instruments can generate millions of spectra in a single systems biology experiment. Each spectrum consists of thousands of peaks but only a small number of peaks actively contribute to deduction of peptides. Therefore, pre-processing of MS data to detect noisy and non-useful peaks are an active area of research. Most of the sequential noise reducing algorithms are impractical to use as a pre-processing step due to high time-complexity. In this paper, we present a GPU based dimensionality-reduction algorithm, called G-MSR, for MS2 spectra. Our proposed algorithm uses novel data structures which optimize the memory and computational operations inside GPU. These novel data structures include Binary Spectra and Quantized Indexed Spectra (QIS). The former helps in communicating essential information between CPU and GPU using minimum amount of data while latter enables us to store and process complex 3-D data structure into a 1-D array structure while maintaining the integrity of MS data. Our proposed algorithm also takes into account the limited memory of GPUs and switches between in-core and out-of-core modes based upon the size of input data. G-MSR achieves a peak speed-up of 386x over its sequential counterpart and is shown to process over a million spectra in just 32 seconds. The code for this algorithm is available as a GPL open-source at GitHub at the following link: https://github.com/pcdslab/G-MSR.
Quality Uncertainty in Housing Markets

In this paper, I quantify the effect of buyers' uncertainty about a home's quality on its pricing and liquidity. I first develop a parsimonious model of home sale in which buyers learn about the home's quality from a walkthrough and from the home's days-on-market. Quality uncertainty distorts prices and delays trade. As time passes, buyers become pessimistic and sale prices fall. Using transaction-level data from Denver, Charlotte, and Detroit, I structurally estimate counterfactual days-on-market and sale prices for six hundred thousand homes that sold between 2005 and 2015. The costs of quality uncertainty are borne by sellers of high quality homes through mispricing, and by sellers of low quality homes through illiquidity: relative to a market in which home quality were known to buyers, high quality homes take 11 days longer to sell, and sell for 8.0% less, while low quality homes take 47 days longer to sell, and sell for 4.5% more.
Social learning as an adaptive measure to prepare for climate change impacts on water provision in Peru

This article examines the conditions under which social learning occurs and leads to adaptive measures through two empirical examples of Peruvian cities that invested in watershed protection for their urban water supplies. Social learning is an increasingly popular approach aimed at achieving socio-ecological resiliency through multi-stakeholder collaborative governance processes. Social learning is a convergence in knowledge that occurs through dialog and deliberation. Yet, assumptions that social learning will necessarily lead to more environmentally sustainable and resilient practices may be overly optimistic, especially as they rarely consider the political and organizational dimensions of decision making. This study analyzes two seemingly similar case studies of multi-stakeholder water management in Peru that resulted in watershed protection programs—a novelty in Peru that will help ensure future water supplies. Despite similar programs adopted, though, the social interactions were markedly different. Social learning occurred in Moyobamba, where the multi-stakeholder platform was characterized by trust, flexibility, and sustainability. In Cusco, however, stakeholders reached an agreement on projects for watershed protection, but the process exhibited little evidence of social learning, trust, or flexibility. In this article, I use process tracing to analyze if and how social learning occurred in each case. Then, I identify factors that contributed to social learning, including diverse participation, open communication, multiple sources of knowledge, extended engagement, unbiased facilitation, and an opportunity to influence outcomes.
Teaching and Learning in a Storytelling Culture

ABSTRACTIn the classroom, the ability to tell the right story at the right time is an essential pedagogical skill. Storytelling speaks to what makes us human: a search for meaning. In diverse instructional settings, non-stories provide information while resonant narratives teach, inspire, and motivate students by engaging them emotionally and intellectually. Inspirational stories in educational environments provide a compelling challenge, narrate the struggle to overcome that unexpected challenge, and deliver an eye-opening resolution that calls listeners to action. Because our lives and our cultures are composed of a series of overlapping stories, a single story is almost never the definitive story of another individual or culture essentially due to its incompleteness.
Equilibrium radar-target interactions in an ATR scenario: A differential game

In this work, we pose a two-player differential game in which a mobile Radar attempts to gather sufficient information to identify a mobile Target in minimum time. Simultaneously, the Target attempts to maneuver in such a way to maximize the identification time. We introduce a general sensing model inspired by the ATR literature to capture the benefits of both angular and temporal sensing diversity, while providing a suitable framework from which to optimize the trajectories in a game-theoretic sense. This model captures two key features of an engagement: geometric dependence and the value of multiple measurements. We develop the regular optimality conditions for the game and examine two singular surfaces that are a result of symmetry of the cost function and nonlinearities of the dynamics. Using the regular and optimality conditions and singular characteristics, we construct the equilibrium control strategies for both the Radar and Target as well as the resulting equilibrium trajectories.
Automatically finding bugs in commercial cyber-physical system development tool chains

Commercial Cyber-physical System (CPS) development tools (e.g. MathWorks' Simulink) are widely used to design, simulate and automatically generate artifacts which are deployed in safety-critical embedded hardware. CyFuzz, the state-of-the-art CPS tool chain testing scheme is inefficient, cannot generate feature-rich inputs and is ineffective in finding new tool chain bugs. To better understand various properties of publicly available CPS models, we conducted the first large-scale study of 391 publicly-available Simulink models. Next, we proposed an efficient CPS model-generation scheme capable of creating large, feature-rich random inputs. Our tool realization for testing Simulink which found 8 new confirmed bugs, along with the study-artifacts are publicly available.
Nicotinic Regulation of Sympathoadrenal Catecholamine Secretion: Cross-Tolerance to Stress

The effects of nicotine on the regulation of sympathoadrenal secretion have long been recognized (1,2). Recent demonstration of endogenous opioid peptides colocalized with catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and in sympathetic nerve terminals has provided new impetus for the further study of both the physiologic regulation of sympathoadrenal secretion by nicotinic cholinergic receptors and the pharmacologic effects of this alkaloid (3,4). In addition to actions on adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic ganglia (5), it is thought that nicotine may stimulate sympathoadrenal secretion of catecholamines and opioid peptides by acting in brain to increase central sympathetic outflow. However, the latter issue has not been established, and we have initiated a series of studies comparing plasma catecholamine and cardiovascular responses to peripheral (intraarterial; ia) versus central (intraventricular; ivt) administration of nicotine.
FACIAL EXPRESSION AND THE METHODS OF CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH

The 1940s and 1950s saw the emergence of two trends that furthered the study of facial behavior: the first was the investigation of Woodworth and Schlosberg of the dimensionality of emotions through factor-analytical studies of photographed faces and the second was the emphasis of ethologists such as Lorenz and Tinbergen on the innateness and almost comical stereotypy of some nonhuman consumatory and social behavior. Early ethology's documenting of instinctual, reflex-like behavior gave new impetus to evolutionary views of human behavior, and some ethologists ambitiously extended their findings to human societies. The synthetic view of evolution by natural selection was first articulated by Theodosius Dobzhansky in the landmark Genetics and the Origin of Species . In the case of facial displays, many features of facial expressivity could be under genetic control; the control may be either mono- or polygenic. Also, genetic control of a trait implies that its origins are in natural selection and doesn't imply current evolution through natural selection. Thereafter, an array of investigative strategies can be brought into play to help determine the extent of a trait's genetic control or the extent and trend of its evolution. Finally, any learning or mimicry must rely on a genetic complement. Displays may be learned or not learned, to a greater or lesser extent, in one form but not another, depending upon one's innate competences.
Personality Process-Structure Duality: Reply to Two Commentaries

In two commentaries, Kostromina and Grishina (2018) and Mironenko (2018) offered constructive thoughts and questions in response to an article by Giordano (2018, Culture & Psychology, 23, 502–518) on the merits of an approach to understanding individual personality that focuses on the processes rather than structures of personality. In this reply, the authors seek to clarify some of the points made in the original article. The authors also describe a personality process-structure duality, whereby personality is conceptualized in terms of processes or structures based on the methods used to study it. If the goal is to understand the dynamic and emergent properties of individual personality, the authors continue to argue for the merits of a process-centric approach and the avoidance of structural thinking.
A Translational Approach to Novel Medication Development for Protracted Abstinence

Alcohol dependence is a chronic relapsing disorder. Despite significant strides in the development of efficacious behavioral and pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence, relapse rates remain very high. In this chapter, we review validated animal and human laboratory models for assessing risk of relapse in alcohol dependence and neurobiological treatment targets derived from such models. We suggest a translational approach to evaluate potential pharmacological treatments, using existing medications to validate and refine research paradigms across clinical and pre-clinical domains, with the aim of providing an accelerated framework for medications development in alcohol dependence. Lastly, empirical findings from proof-of-concept human laboratory studies are reviewed as we discuss the importance of selecting human laboratory models with predictive validity for the mechanism of action of the drug undergoing evaluation for efficacy in alcohol dependence.
Some examples of the application of the Beecham-Titchener-Simpson (BTS) method to autonomous systems

It is noted that the averaging technique of Beecham and Titchener, for obtaining approximate solutions to nonlinear, ordinary, differential equations, is not widely known or used. In its extended form, as given by Simpson and Ross it appears to offer a unified and useful approach to the solution of many dynamical and other problems. The present paper sets out to describe and discuss, through the medium of a collection of examples, the Beecham-Titchener-Simpson (BTS) method in an effort to encourage its more widespread use.
Gender-Related Differences in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI or replacement (TAVR)) has become the standard of care for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who are at increased risk for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Currently, trials are ongoing looking at those patients who have been deemed low surgical risk. Research has shown there exists a difference in the way male and female hearts remodel when exposed to chronic pressure overload secondary to conditions such as AS. Unlike trials conducted on most other cardiovascular disease states, females represent nearly half of enrolled patients in TAVR studies. While current data demonstrates that female gender is a risk factor for adverse outcomes following SAVR, the impact of gender on outcomes has suggested that this adverse relationship does not exist for TAVR. This chapter will review the data on gender differences in AS and treatment outcomes.
How Nurse Experience Influences the Patterns of Electronic Medical Record Documentation in an Intensive Care Unit

The primary objective of this study is to explore how nurse experience influences the patterns of documenting in electronic medical records (EMR) in an intensive care unit (ICU). To understand the ...
Influence of pumice on mechanical properties and durability of high performance concrete

Abstract High performance concrete (HPC) which combines Portland cement and other natural and artificial pozzolans mainly aims to extend the service life of concrete structures in harsh environments. Recently, volcanic pumice pozzolan (VPP) has been effectively used to enhance the performance of HPC. VPP is a natural environment friendly material of volcanic origin and it is found abundantly in western parts of the USA. This study explored thirty-seven various concrete mixtures, which includes ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and other binary and ternary mixtures integrating the ultrafine VPP as a major supplementary cementitious material (SCM) along with other cementitious materials namely fly ash, slag, silica fume and metakaolin. The research was conducted to evaluate two performance parameters namely the compressive strength and the durability due to chloride-induced corrosion. Two different non-destructive testing instruments, namely 4-point Wenner Probe and Merlin meter were utilized to investigate the surface resistivity (SR), the bulk resistivity (BR) and the charge passed within a very short time. These are important hardened concrete properties related to the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures. The results indicated that the binary and ternary-based VPP mixtures have remarkably higher compressive strength and very low permeability compared to OPC and other SCM based binary mixtures from early ages to long-term period (up to 91 days). Further, the results showed the compressive strength has a strong correlation with SR and BR over long period. Overall, the ternary VPP based mixtures revealed promising outcomes by means of strength and corrosion resistance and possible implementation in future reinforced concrete bridges.
Optical Technologies for Improving Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: introduction to the feature issue

This feature issue of Biomedical Optics Express presents a cross-section of interesting and emerging work of relevance to optical technologies in low-resource settings. In particular, the technologies described here aim to address challenges to meeting healthcare needs in resource-constrained environments, including in rural and underserved areas. This collection of 18 papers includes papers on both optical system design and image analysis, with applications demonstrated for ex vivo and in vivo use. All together, these works portray the importance of global health research to the scientific community and the role that optics can play in addressing some of the world’s most pressing healthcare challenges.
Critical and Sensitive Periods in Development and Nutrition

Critical or sensitive periods in the life of an organism during which certain experiences or conditions may exert disproportionate influence (either for harm or benefit) on long-term developmental outcomes have been the subject of investigation for over a century. This chapter reviews research in the context of the development of social preferences and sensory systems, with a summary of the criteria for defining such a period and the evidence necessary to establish its existence. The notion of nutritional programming, central to the Barker/Developmental Origins hypotheses of health and disease, represents a variant of the critical/sensitive period concept. It is implicit in these hypotheses that the fetal period is a time during which metabolic and physiological systems are malleable and thus susceptible to either insult or enhancement by nutrient intake. Evidence for critical/sensitive periods or nutritional programming requires a systematic manipulation of the age at which nutritional conditions or supplements are implemented. While common in research using animal models, the approach is difficult to establish in epidemiological studies and virtually nonexistent in human clinical trials. Future work seeking to establish definitive evidence for critical/sensitive periods or programming may be advanced by harmonized outcome measures in experimental trials across which the timing, duration, and dose of nutrients is varied.
Implementation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test in clinical practice.

Background The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT) is a questionnaire used for COPD symptom assessment that is validated, reliable, and evidence based; yet, few specialty or primary care practices have formally implemented it in practice. Local problem The University of Colorado's pulmonary division has consistently been rated the best in the country by US News and World Reports; however, the dedicated multidisciplinary COPD clinic at the University had yet to formally implement any COPD Assessment tools for COPD symptom management. This quality improvement project focused on the successful implementation of the CAT for management of COPD and whether its use impacts symptom management. Methods Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were used to implement the CAT questionnaire in the outpatient COPD clinic from April 16 to September 30, 2019. Weekly retrospective chart evaluation was completed to evaluate CAT completion, documentation, and associated medical intervention rates. Weekly patient phone surveys were completed on qualifying COPD patients to garner patient opinion on the utility of the CAT in symptom management. Interventions The CAT was administered to all COPD patients in University of Colorado Hospital's COPD clinic. Cat-themed signs, decorations, and treats were provided to staff on COPD clinic days to increase staff buy-in. Results The CAT was completed on 217 of 245 (89%) patients with COPD. Of patients surveyed, 81% (n = 53) noted that their symptoms were better managed after CAT implementation. Conclusions Implementation and utilization of COPD assessment tools, like the CAT, are practical and sustainable in a specialty practice setting. Moreover, the CAT helps with COPD symptom management.
The Association Between Curvature and Rupture in a Murine Model of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and dissection have proven to be invaluable in the advancement of diagnostics and therapeutics by providing a platform to decipher response variables that are elusive in human populations. One such model involves systemic Angiotensin II (Ang-II) infusion into low density-lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr−/−) mice leading to intramural thrombus formation, inflammation, matrix degradation, dilation, and dissection. Despite its effectiveness, considerable experimental variability has been observed in AAAs taken from our Ang-II infused LDLr−/− mice (n = 12) with obvious dissection occurring in 3 samples, outer bulge radii ranging from 0.73 to 2.12 mm, burst pressures ranging from 155 to 540 mmHg, and rupture location occurring 0.05 to 2.53 mm from the peak bulge location. We hypothesized that surface curvature, a fundamental measure of shape, could serve as a useful predictor of AAA failure at supra-physiological inflation pressures. To test this hypothesis, we fit well-known biquadratic surface patches to 360o micro-mechanical test data and used Spearman’s rank correlation (rho) to identify relationships between failure metrics and curvature indices. We found the strongest associations between burst pressure and the maximum value of the first principal curvature (rho = −0.591, p-val = 0.061), the maximum value of Mean curvature (rho = −0.545, p-val = 0.087), and local values of Mean curvature at the burst location (rho = −0.864, p-val = 0.001) with only the latter significant after Bonferroni correction. Additionally, the surface profile at failure was predominantly convex and hyperbolic (saddle-shaped) as indicated by a negative sign in the Gaussian curvature. Findings reiterate the importance of shape in experimental models of AAA.
De Novo Protein Design for Novel Folds Using Guided Conditional Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks

Although massive data is quickly accumulating on protein sequence and structure, there is a small and limited number of protein architectural types (or structural folds). This study is addressing the following question: how well could one reveal underlying sequence-structure relationships and design protein sequences for an arbitrary, potentially novel, structural fold? In response to the question, we have developed novel deep generative models, namely, semisupervised gcWGAN (guided, conditional, Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks). To overcome training difficulties and improve design qualities, we build our models on conditional Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) that uses Wasserstein distance in the loss function. Our major contributions include (1) constructing a low-dimensional and generalizable representation of the fold space for the conditional input, (2) developing an ultrafast sequence-to-fold predictor (or oracle) and incorporating its feedback into WGAN as a loss to guide model training, and (3) exploiting sequence data with and without paired structures to enable a semisupervised training strategy. Assessed by the oracle over 100 novel folds not in the training set, gcWGAN generates more successful designs and covers 3.5 times more target folds compared to a competing data-driven method (cVAE). Assessed by sequence- and structure-based predictors, gcWGAN designs are physically and biologically sound. Assessed by a structure predictor over representative novel folds, including one not even part of basis folds, gcWGAN designs have comparable or better fold accuracy yet much more sequence diversity and novelty than cVAE. The ultrafast data-driven model is further shown to boost the success of a principle-driven de novo method (RosettaDesign), through generating design seeds and tailoring design space. In conclusion, gcWGAN explores uncharted sequence space to design proteins by learning generalizable principles from current sequence-structure data. Data, source codes, and trained models are available at https://github.com/Shen-Lab/gcWGAN.
Readout rebalancing for near-term quantum computers

Readout errors are a significant source of noise for near-term intermediate-scale quantum computers. Mismeasuring a qubit as $|1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ when it should be $|0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ occurs much less often than mismeasuring a qubit as $|0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ when it should have been $|1\ensuremath{\rangle}$. We make the simple observation that one can improve the readout fidelity of quantum computers by applying targeted $X$ gates prior to performing a measurement. These $X$ gates are placed so that the expected number of qubits in the $|1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state is minimized. Classical postprocessing can undo the effect of the $X$ gates so that the expectation value of any observable is unchanged. This protocol is designed to have no effect when readout errors are symmetric. We show that the statistical uncertainty following readout error corrections is smaller when using readout rebalancing. The statistical advantage is circuit and computer dependent and is demonstrated for the $W$ state, a Grover search, and for a Gaussian state. The benefit in statistical precision is most pronounced (and nearly a factor of 2 in some cases) when states with many qubits in the excited state have high probability.
My Enemy’s Fear Is My Fun: Print Columnists’ Mixed Reactions to the Frights of Religious Dystopia

The Handmaid’s Tale is a novel by Margaret Atwood that has won numerous awards for its frightful dystopian imagery. It was recently adapted for series television, an adaptation that has led some to...
Bark-stripping of Common Buckthorn by Goats During Managed Browsing on Bur Oak Savannas

Goats are being used increasingly to manage woody invasive plants in woodland habitats, but their specific impacts on those plants over a period of time during active, periodic browsing has not been documented. This study investigated bark-stripping by goats browsing on common buckthorn in savanna habitats (75 goats/hectare, 5 to 7 days), focusing on possible size-selective feeding and the cumulative effects of repeated, periodic browsing over a 3-year period. When surveyed after the first browsing period, bark was stripped selectively on buckthorn stems 20 to 60 mm in diameter. Approximately 60% of all stripped stems were completely girdled, but only 14–17% of stems were bark-stripped. After five browsing periods, 66% of standing stems displayed bark stripping and 39% were completely girdled. Buckthorn densities were reduced by 90% compared to the first browsing period, the decline resulting mostly from consumption of foliage and terminal shoots of small ( 60 mm) were largely unimpacted by goats. Relatively few (28%) seedling buckthorn were browsed by goats, although > 90% of 2nd-year plants were browsed. Buckthorn can be managed in part via goat browsing, but repeated, periodic browsing over 3 to 6 years may be necessary to produce a significant reduction in plant abundance, and other techniques will be needed to eliminate large, seed-producing plants.
On the evaluation of mobile target trajectory between four-dimensional computer tomography and four-dimensional cone-beam computer tomography

PURPOSE For mobile lung tumors, four-dimensional computer tomography (4D CT) is often used for simulation and treatment planning. Localization accuracy remains a challenge in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatments. An attractive image guidance method to increase localization accuracy is 4D cone-beam CT (CBCT) as it allows for visualization of tumor motion with reduced motion artifacts. However, acquisition and reconstruction of 4D CBCT differ from that of 4D CT. This study evaluates the discrepancies between the reconstructed motion of 4D CBCT and 4D CT imaging over a wide range of sine target motion parameters and patient waveforms. METHODS A thorax motion phantom was used to examine 24 sine motions with varying amplitudes and cycle times and seven patient waveforms. Each programmed motion was imaged using 4D CT and 4D CBCT. The images were processed to auto segment the target. For sine motion, the target centroid at each phase was fitted to a sinusoidal curve to evaluate equivalence in amplitude between the two imaging modalities. The patient waveform motion was evaluated based on the average 4D data sets. RESULTS The mean difference and root-mean-square-error between the two modalities for sine motion were -0.35 ± 0.22 and 0.60 mm, respectively, with 4D CBCT slightly overestimating amplitude compared with 4D CT. The two imaging methods were determined to be significantly equivalent within ±1 mm based on two one-sided t tests (p < 0.001). For patient-specific motion, the mean difference was 1.5 ± 2.1 (0.8 ± 0.6 without outlier), 0.4 ± 0.3, and 0.8 ± 0.6 mm for superior/inferior (SI), anterior/posterior (AP), and left/right (LR), respectively. CONCLUSION In cases where 4D CT is used to image mobile tumors, 4D CBCT is an attractive localization method due to its assessment of motion with respect to 4D CT, particularly for lung SBRT treatments where accuracy is paramount.
The End of an Error: Replacing 'Manifest Disregard' with a New Framework for Reviewing Arbitration Awards

For over fifty years, the Supreme Court has declined to establish a standard of review for errors of law in arbitration awards. Decided in 1953, Wilko v. Swan confused the courts with a cryptic statement suggesting that a court could not vacate an award for errors “in the interpretations of the law by arbitrators” unless the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the law. Despite this statement’s ambiguity, the federal courts recognized the “manifest disregard” standard, which the courts interpreted to permit vacatur when the arbitrator knew the law and deliberately flouted it. Thirty-four years after Wilko, the Supreme Court in McMahon v. Shearson/Lehman suggested a broader scope of review to ensure that the requirements of federal statutory law were enforced. Nevertheless, the federal judiciary continued to apply the manifest disregard standard as if the high Court had never decided McMahon. In 2008, the Hall Street Associates v. Mattel decision heightened the confusion by offering several alternative interpretations of the dicta in Wilko, scrambling words like eggs in a skillet. The confusion intensified in 2010, when the Supreme Court in Stolt-Nielsen v. AnimalFeeds International seemed to apply de novo review to an arbitration award. Then, inexplicably, only one year later, the high Court, in AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, suggested that it viewed the manifest disregard standard with disfavor. This melee of contradictory decisions creates the need and opportunity to reconsider what the scope of judicial review of arbitral awards should be. That discussion should take into account the purposes of the FAA, its legislative history, and the current role of arbitration as a popular method of dispute resolution. Based on these considerations, this article proposes a new framework for the judicial review of arbitration awards. Awards deciding federal statutory rights such as rights prescribed in civil rights law and securities law should be reviewed for any errors of law. As Wilko and McMahon recognize, federal statutory rights require protection, even in arbitration. Similarly, courts should correct awards that violate well-defined federal public policy, particularly those that endanger public health, safety or welfare, or condone unlawful acts. Awards that do not implicate important federal policy may be subject to review by the state courts, but they should not be reviewed for errors of law or even manifest disregard of the law by the federal courts.
Automated Framework to Translate Rebar Spatial Information from GPR into BIM

AbstractAutomated three-dimensional (3D) as-built modeling of built infrastructure with embedded rebar is an ongoing area of research. The current practice for such a process is either highly manua...
Base composition of nonsense codons in Escherichia coli II. The N2 codon UAA.

Earlier oxperiments showed that the triplet UAG was the nonsense condon produced by the N1 class of alkaline phosphatase nonsense mutations. In the present experiments UAA has been identified as a second nonsense codon produced by the N2 class of alkaline phosphatase nonsense mutations. The composition of each nonsense codon was established on the basis of amino acid substitutions occurring in alkaline phosphatase as a result of mutationally induced alterations of the nonsense codons. The substitution data further indicate that UGA is not a codon for tryptophan in Escherichia coli and might act as a third nonsense codon.
GAMMA-RAY ARRAY PHYSICS

The fusion of heavy ions at near-barrier energies offers the prospect of producing and studying a wide variety of exotic nuclear states with unusual angular momentum, isospin, and mass. However, a revolution in experimental technique has been needed to sort out the interesting states from the dross. The most successful path has been the development of large arrays of gamma detectors which are ideal for isolating the states of greatest interest and extracting their properties. I will review the need for large arrays, their history, characteristics and some contemporary problems which are being investigated. Finally, I will briefly visit the prospects for new technologies in the future which will allow us to reach almost all bound states.
School disorder and student achievement: a study of New York City elementary schools

The study develops a school safety and student achievement model, incorporating the concepts of student background, school structure, school culture, school disorder, and student academic achievement, and fits it to 613 elementary schools in New York City, using Structural Equations Modeling technique. The model fits the data well based on both Chi-square test statistic and goodness of fit indexes. The model accounts for 71% of school variance in student achievement. The study confirms that student background is associated with student behavior and student learning. School disorder affects student achievement negatively directly and indirectly mediated by student attendance. The study suggests that policy initiative could be implemented to improve school climate, therefore reduce school disorder and improve student achievement.
Discretization of Three Dimensional Drift-Diffusion Equations by Numerically Stable Finite Elements

Many of the commonly employed discretizations of the drift-diffusion current continuity equations (including the Scharfetter-Gummel perpendicular bisector box-method discretization) can be expressed in terms of the Slotboom variables ν and ω. The exponential upwinding techniques, which are usually included, bring the drift-diffusion current continuity equations in terms of the Slotboom variables in self-adjoint form.
Teaching the Network: a Brief Demonstration of the Internet’s Structure for Information Literacy Instruction

A basic understanding of the Internet's physical and operational structure is one element of information literacy. In this article, “traceroute” and “whois” commands are demonstrated as tools that librarians can use to illustrate how the Internet is geographically distributed, how businesses enable and control information sharing, and how to check a source's credibility by determining website ownership. With these tools, students can gain a better understanding of how online information is created, accessed, and affected in ways that may be otherwise invisible.
Using Instructive Feedback to Increase Response Variability During Intraverbal Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

We evaluated the effects of instructive feedback on the variability of intraverbal responses for two children with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we used an adapted alternating treatments design to compare participants’ novel responses and response combinations during an intraverbal category program across conditions with and without instructive feedback. During instructive feedback, secondary targets were presented during the consequence event of the learning trial and consisted of a therapist’s model of response variability. The results showed that participants engaged in more novel response combinations during instructive feedback conditions. We discussed the clinical implications of these results as well as areas for future research.
Oxygen and carbon isotopes of individual shells of planktonic foraminifera from Ontong-Java plateau, equatorial pacific

Abstract Analyses of single shells of Orbulina universa and two other species show ranges of 2‰ in δ 18 O and δ 13 C at various levels in a box core from the western equatorial Pacific. Seasonal and inter-annual variations can account for only about half of this range; variations in depths of calcification and in metabolic effects must account for the rest. The large range must introduce considerable noise in multi-shell analysis unless the number of shells in the sample is of the order of 50 or more. We did not find a change in the range downcore; nor did we find any evidence for the deglacial “meltwater spike”.
A simple method for the harmonic analysis of an ultrasonic wave

A study was made of the angular dependence of x-ray and bremsstrahlund spectra from thick anticathodes. An 0.184 mm thick square Pt anticathode was placed in the vacuum vessel of the 35-Mev beatron along with a 50 mu Al foil. The Al foil spreads out the electron beam before it reaches the anticathode. Energy distribution curves were obtained for 0 deg and 2.6 deg . The quotient of the activity ratios for the two angles was (Acu/Ac at 2.6 deg )/(Acu/Ac at 0 deg ) = 1.032 plus or minus 0.005. This result is apparently a confirmation of the angular dependence of the spectra and also shows the tonuclear processes. (T.R.H.)
Osteogenic protein-1 regulates insulin-like growth Factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) gene expression in fetal rat calvaria cells by different mechanisms

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1 or BMP-7) stimulates new bone formation in vivo and induces cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that OP-1 led to a two- to threefold increase in steady-state insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II mRNA levels and a fivefold decrease in IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) mRNA levels in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells. In the present study, we determined whether the effects of OP-1 were at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level. OP-1 increased the half-life of the IGF-I mRNA from 6 to 17 h without changing the level of IGF-I nuclear pre-mRNA. In transiently transfected FRC cells, the luciferase activity driven by the -1122/+362 or the -133/+362 IGF-I exon 1 promoter fragment was not changed by OP-1. Similar results were observed using the -1500/+44 or -362/+44 IGF-I exon 2 promoter constructs. Effects of OP-1 on IGF-I mRNA were independent of cell division, as they remained elevated in the presence of hydroxyurea. Cycloheximide inhibited moderately the OP-1-induced increase in IGF-I mRNA, suggesting partial dependency on protein synthesis. On the other hand, the IGF-II nuclear pre-mRNA levels were increased by OP-1 but the half-life of the mature IGF-II mRNA was not affected. Effects of OP-1 on IGF-II mRNA were also independent of cell division, but were dependent on protein synthesis. OP-1 caused a 43-50% reduction in the level of IGFBP-5 nuclear pre-mRNA transcripts and a 40% decrease in the IGFBP-5 promoter activity in FRC cells transfected with the -1278/+1 IGFBP-5 promoter fragment. The half-life of the mature IGFBP-5 mRNA was not affected by OP-1. Hydroxyurea did not prevent the OP-1-induced reduction in IGFBP-5 mRNA. The level of IGFBP-5 mRNA was barely detectable in the presence of cycloheximide, and further suppressive effect of OP-1 on IGFBP-5 mRNA could not be determined. In conclusion, OP-1 regulates IGF-I gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, but regulates IGF-II and IGFBP-5 gene expression at the transcriptional level.
Bagging Device for One Handed Users

Accommodations for disabilities in the workplace have improved significantly in recent years. Despite these improvements, an analysis [1] found that only “15.6% of workers with disabilities report needing accommodations, and 12.2% report receiving them.” Cottonwood Industries was founded in 1972 and is located in Lawrence, KS. A variety of jobs such as labeling, textiles, medical, and packaging are completed by employees. A large portion of the 140 person workforce at Cottonwood Industries is limited by physical and/or mental disabilities. Of these disabilities, 10 workers have full use of only one hand and struggle daily with simple tasks such as packaging. Manager, Steve Steinbach, identified a strong need for a device which would assist these workers by reducing frustration and speeding up the packaging process for them.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Biology-based combined-modality radiotherapy: workshop report

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this workshop summary is to provide an overview of preclinical and clinical data on combined-modality radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: The 8th Annual Radiation Workshop at Round Top was held April 13–16, 2000 at the International Festival Institute (Round Top, TX). Results: Presentations by 30 speakers (from Germany, Netherlands, Australia, England, and France along with U.S. participants and M. D. Anderson Cancer Center faculty) formed the framework for discussions on the current status and future perspectives of biology-based combined-modality radiotherapy. Conclusion: Cellular and molecular pathways available for radiation modification by chemical and biologic agents are numerous, providing new opportunities for translational research in radiation oncology and for more effective combined-modality treatment of cancer.
Fatty acid synthesis in the perfused rat lung

Abstract 1. 1. De novo fatty acid synthesis was measured from 3 H 2 O in the perfused lung from fed, starved, and diabetic rats. 2. 2. The total rate of fatty acid synthesis approached 13 μmol C 2 · h −1 · g −1 dry wt. and the majority (86%) of the newly synthesized fatty acids were incorporated into lung phospholipids 3. 3. De novo synthesized fatty acids were esterified predominantely to form phosphatidylcholine and over 90% of the 3 H-labeled fatty acids in this phospholipid class formed the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine species. 4. 4. Lactate (5–20 mM) in the perfusion mediun contributed significantly to the carbon skeleton of the newly synthesized fatty acids and total de nov fatty acid synthesis was not stimulated by an elevated glucose or lactate concentration (20 mM). 5. 5. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and starvation (72 h) depressed de novo fatty acid synthesis; the diabetic state resulted in a greater diminution of pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. 6. 6. Decreasing the effectiveness of the pentose phosphate shunt with 6-aminonicotinamide (50 mg/k; intraperitoneally) resulted in a marked diminution (50%) of the de novo fatty acid synthesis. 7. 7. These data show fatty acid synthesis in the perfused rat lung for the subsequent esterification to form phospholipids is not affected by circulating glucose and lactate concentrations, whereas the effectiveness of fatty acid synthesis is reduced by starvation, diabetes, and a decreased availability of reducing equivalents from the pentose phosphate shunt.