cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased UV resistance in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells after transformation with a human genomic DNA clone

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disease in which the major clinical manifestation is a 2,000-fold enhanced probability of developing sunlight-induced skin tumors, and the molecular basis for the disease is a defective DNA excision repair system. To clone the gene defective in XP complementation group A (XP-A), cDNA clones were isolated by a competition hybridization strategy in which the corresponding mRNAs were more abundant in cells of the obligately heterozygous parents relative to cells of the homozygous proband affected with the disease. In this report, a human genomic DNA clone that contains this cDNA was transformed into two independent homozygous XP-A cell lines, and these transformants displayed partial restoration of resistance to the killing effects of UV irradiation. The abundance of mRNA corresponding to this cDNA appears to correlate well with the observed UV cell survival. The results of unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV exposure indicate that the transformed cells are repair proficient relative to that of the control XP-A cells. However, using this same genomic DNA, transformation of an XP-F cell line did not confer any enhancement of UV survival or promote unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV exposure.
Personal goals as motivators: Predicting bicycle helmet use in university students

The purpose of this study was to investigate motivation goals predicting bicycle helmet use by university students. Helmets are an important means of preventing or reducing head trauma. If we understand what goals motivate helmet use, we can teach students how helmet wearing can fulfill multiple personal goals. Students from three Midwestern universities (N = 241; response RATE = 78%) completed a 44-item survey comprised of eight goal subscales (safety, positive self evaluations, social responsibility, bodily sensations, self determination, individuality, resource acquisition, and material gain), ranging from two to nine items each, and 13 demographic/background items. One in five (20%; N = 49) students classified themselves as helmet wearers. Helmet wearers reported achieving significantly more personal goals by wearing helmets than nonwearers. Students most likely to wear helmets were significantly more likely to personally know someone who had been in a cycling accident and had significantly more friends who wore helmets. Helmet wearing did not differ by personal accident history, sex, race, year in school, nor riding frequency. Evidence suggests that motivation for a behavior is strongest when the behavior achieves multiple personal goals. This investigation supports this motivational model and suggests that if adolescents are taught how wearing helmets achieves many personal goals, more students may wear helmets.
Optimization of the Pyrolysis of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

Abstract. As the quantity of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in the U.S. continues to expand, so too does the need for value-added applications. This study examined the use of extracting energy from DDGS using pyrolysis. Various pyrolysis parameters were used to produce bio-oil and bio-char from DDGS. Characterization of the bio-oil and bio-char included mass density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, apparent viscosity, and energy content and was used to determine optimal processing parameters. The bio-oil produced from DDGS was found to be comparable to bio-oils produced from other biomass, but also had some more desirable characteristics. Heating values were determined to range from 16.7 to 27.6 MJ/kg (7,200 to 11,800 Btu/lb), while the pH ranged from 4.2 to 5.5. The mass density of the bio-oils produced in this study ranged from 0.839 to 1.007 g/cm3, which is lower than that of other known pyrolysis oils (1.16-1.28 g/cm3). This type of application could expand the portfolio of coproduct uses, and thus improve the sustainability of the industry.
Detecting dichroism in angle-resolved photoemission

Recently, the time-reversal violation predicted for the pseudogap phase of the cuprates, which was observed by dichroism experiments using angle-resolved photoemission, has also been observed by polarized neutron diffraction. The earlier derivation of dichroism in angle-resolved photoemission due to time-reversal violation relied on the existence of mirror planes in the crystal. Here the theory of the effect is generalized to the case that mirror plane symmetry is weakly violated due to perturbing potentials such as a superstructure.
Evoked Hemodynamic Responses to Auditory Stimulation Following Sleep Deprivation in Humans

Evoked hemodynamic responses measured following sleep deprivation were larger compared baseline and recovery sleep nights. Attention differences during sleep deprivation showed larger responses in alert individuals than sleepy individuals, suggesting differences in vascular compliance.
Network Hypervisors: Enhancing SDN Infrastructure

Abstract Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been widely recognized as a promising way to deploy new services and protocols in future networks. The ability to “program” the network enables applications to create innovative new services inside the network itself. However, current SDN programmability comes with downsides that could hinder its adoption and deployment. First, in order to offer complete control, today’s SDN networks provide low-level API’s on which almost any type of service can be written. Because the starting point is a set of low-level API calls, implementing high-level complex services needed by future network applications becomes a challenging task. Second, the set of emerging SDN technologies that are beginning to appear have little in common with one another, making it difficult to set up a flow that traverses multiple SDN technologies/providers. In this paper we propose a new way to set up SDN networks spanning multiple SDN providers. The key to our approach is a Network Hypervisor service. The Network Hypervisor offers high-level abstractions and APIs that greatly simplify the task of creating complex SDN network services. Moreover, the Network Hypervisor is capable of internetworking various SDN providers together under a single interface/abstraction so that applications can establish end-to-end flows without the need to see, or deal with, the differences between SDN providers.
Gold dissolution and activation in cyanide solution: kinetics and mechanism

Abstract The rate of gold dissolution was measured in clear solution using a gold rotating disk electrode. The data, obtained at various cyanide concentrations, are in agreement with literature observations. The dissolution rates were independent of electrode rotation speed for air-saturated solutions and cyanide concentrations above 5 mol m−3 and were well below external mass transfer-limited rates for cyanide and oxygen. An activator molecule, NMI, was shown to increase the rate of dissolution and served to illustrate the importance of surface reactions in the dissolution mechanism. With increasing activator concentration, the dissolution rate first increased to a maximum value and then decreased. The optimum activator concentration at the maximum dissolution rate was found to be a function of the cyanide level. The results suggest competitive adsorption between the activator and cyanide species. A dissolution mechanism in which the active site contains two (or more) gold atoms is proposed. Dissolution kinetics are controlled by reactions on the crystalline gold surface in regions independent of potential and identified by measured potentials when both cyanide and oxygen are present. The data are explained by crystalline surface mass transfer away from the active surface site followed by charge transfer and dissolution. Model predictions are in reasonable agreement with observations. The proposed mechanism is based solely on kinetics measurements and calls attention to the need for further mechanistic research.
Thromboxane Receptor Stimulation Suppresses Guanylate Cyclase-Mediated Relaxation of Radial Arteries

Background The internal mammary artery (IMA) and the radial artery (RA) are routinely used in coronary artery bypass grafting. However, RA grafts have a higher incidence of postoperative vasospasm and comparatively poor patency rates. The present study was undertaken to investigate the signaling pathways mediating contraction and relaxation in the IMA and RA with the aim of better understanding the mechanism underlying the propensity of RA grafts to spasm. Methods We examined the contractile responses of the IMA and RA to KCl (a depolarizing agent), phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist), and U46619 (a thromboxane analogue). Results Contractions induced by KCl or U46619 did not significantly differ in IMA and RA. By contrast, phenylephrine evoked significantly greater contraction of the IMA than the RA. Contractions induced by both phenylephrine and U46619 were dose-dependently inhibited by nifedipine (an L-type calcium channel blocker). Estimation of thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) synthesis revealed that the TxA 2 to PGI 2 ratio in the RA was twice that in the IMA. Moreover, acetylcholine-induced and nitroglycerin-induced relaxation of RA precontracted with U46619 was significantly impaired, as compared with RA precontracted with phenylephrine. These data suggest that inhibition of nitroglycerin-induced soluble guanylate cyclase activity by U46619 was at least partially responsible for the diminished vasodilatory response of RA to nitric oxide. Conclusions Our findings suggest that by reducing nitric oxide-stimulated soluble guanylate cyclase activity, the higher TxA 2 to PGI 2 ratios in RA, and the elevated serum TxA 2 levels seen during coronary artery bypass grafting operations, may underlie the vasospasm and poor patency rates seen with the RA.
Triggering on hadronic tau decays in ATLAS: Semiconductor tracking detectors in action

Abstract Identifying the decay of the hadronic tau leptons plays a crucial role in the search for physics beyond the Standard Model as well as in Standard Model measurements. However, these decays are difficult to identify and trigger on due to their resemblance to QCD jets. Given the large production cross-section of QCD processes, designing and operating a trigger system with the capability to efficiently select hadronic tau decays, while maintaining the rate within the bandwidth limits, is a difficult challenge. This contribution will summarize the status and performance of the ATLAS tau trigger system during the 2011 data taking period, emphasizing the key role of semiconductor tracking detectors for tracking and vertexing. Different methods that have been explored to obtain the trigger efficiency curves from data will be shown. Finally, in light of the vast statistics collected in 2011, future prospects for triggering on hadronic tau decays in this exciting new period of increased instantaneous luminosity will be presented.
Microstructure–electrical conductivity relationships in nanocrystalline ceria thin films

A study of nanocrystalline oxide thin film processing and influence of microstructure on the electrical properties of nanocrystalline Gd3+-doped CeO2 thin films was reported. Nanocrystalline films on sapphire substrate were prepared using a polymeric precursor spin coating technique. The grain size of these films depends upon the annealing temperatures and the dopant content, where higher content of dopant realized smaller grain size. The electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline Gd3+-doped CeO2 thin films was studied as a function of temperature and oxygen activity, and correlated with the grain size. The results show that the electronic conductivity of CeO2 increases, whereas the ionic conductivity increases in doped samples as the grain size decreases. From these results, the enthalpy of oxygen vacancy formation was determined as a function of grain size. For CeO2 sample, an enhancement of electronic conductivity was observed with decreasing grain size below 100 nm. In the case of Gd3+-doped CeO2, the electrical conductivity results show that an increase of the ionic conductivity was observed as the grain size decreased, which is related to a decrease in the activation energy for the ion mobility.
Space-Time Kinetic Energy Spectra in Mid-Latitudes

Abstract Several features of the one-sided space-time spectrum of the zonal and meridional wind components are discussed. The spectra show bands of energy corresponding to eastward moving disturbances, a transition from a red to a nearly white frequency spectrum with increasing wavenumber, and abrupt transitions to a power law dependence on zonal wavenumber for individual frequency components.
Atomic-scale aspects of oriented attachment

Abstract Oriented attachment (OA), or the non-random aggregation of crystallites to form single or twinned crystals, has been observed is a variety of different systems during crystal growth. OA is believed to underlie the growth of anisotropic and potentially useful nanostructures, such as wires and plates, as well as complex hierarchical nanostructures. However, its origins are poorly understood. I review insights into OA that we gained in two sets of molecular-dynamics simulation studies of titanium dioxide (anatase) nanocrystals. In the first set of studies, we focused on the role of intrinsic nanocrystal forces in facilitating nanocrystal alignment and aggregation in vacuum. These studies show that, although nanocrystal aggregation occurs in a predictable way, OA is not a common outcome. In a second set of studies, we used the ReaxFF reactive force field to study anatase nanocrystal aggregation in an aqueous (humid) environment. OA occurs in these studies and is mediated by adsorbed water and surface hydroxyls. The OA mechanisms that we find for anatase may be common to other aqueous metal-oxide systems.
Role differentiation as a dimension in community diagnosis

Role differentiations represent one type o f diagnostic data in designing community interventions. This paper focuses on four aspects o f role differentiations: the ascribed role, the attributed role, the assumed role, and the actual role. The ascribed role speaks to the formal legalistic underpinnings o f a social system; the attributed role speaks to the perceptions o f a variety o f constituencies; the assumed role reflects the values and attitudes o f the personnel o f a social system; and the actual role defines the observable behavior o f the personnel. In an ideal social system one wouM expect an almost total convergenee o f the four roles. Since the ideal social system rarely exists, the dissonance and disequilibrium among the four role dimensions produces valuable diagnostic data in designing community intervention strategies.
Stress-specific activation mechanisms for the cell integrity MAPK pathway

Many environmental stresses trigger cellular responses by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Once activated, these highly conserved protein kinase cascades can elicit cellular responses such as transcriptional activation of response genes, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell cycle arrest. The mechanism of pathway activation by environmental stresses is in most cases unknown. We have analyzed the activation of the budding yeast "cell integrity" MAPK pathway by heat shock, hypoosmotic shock, and actin perturbation, and we report that different stresses regulate this pathway at different steps. In no case can MAPK activation be explained by the prevailing view that stresses simply induce GTP loading of the Rho1p GTPase at the "top" of the pathway. Instead, our findings suggest that the stresses can modulate at least three distinct kinases acting between Rho1p and the MAPK. These findings suggest that stresses provide "lateral" inputs into this regulatory pathway, rather than operating in a linear "top-down" manner.
Turbulence and Internal Waves at the Equator. Part I: Statistics from Towed Thermistors and a Microstructure Profiler

Abstract High correlations between turbulent dissipation rates and high-wavenumber internal waves and the high values of turbulent dissipation associated with internal wave activity suggest that internal waves are the main direct source of mixing in the thermocline above the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent. An extensive dataset obtained using a microstructure profiler and thermistor chain towed along the equator was analyzed to examine the correspondence between turbulent mixing and high-wavenumber internal waves. In the low Richardson number (Ri) thermocline below the mixed layer but above the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent, and when winds were moderate and steadily westward, it was found that: • the spectrum of vertical isotherm displacement was dominated by a narrow wavenumber band (corresponding to 150–250-m zonal wavelength) of internal waves; • both turbulence and internal waves varied diurnally—hourly averaged values of turbulent dissipation rate and wave potential energy were greater by a...
A Review of Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge (3rd ed.)

Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge (3rd ed.). R. Delgado & J. Stefancic (Eds.), Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2013, 839 pages, $49.46 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1439910610.In their boo...
The Effects of Cable News Outlets’ Customer-Based Brand Equity on Audiences’ Evaluation of the Credibility of their Online Brand Extensions

AbstractThis study explores the effects of cable news outlets’ customer-based brand equity (CBBE) on audiences’ evaluation of the credibility of their online brand extensions. A survey was conducted toexplore audiences’ opinions of the brand extensions of CNN and FoxNews Channel to cnn.com and foxnews.com, respectively. The resultshows a significant effect of the traditional outlets’ CBBE on audiences’evaluation of their online extensions. The implication of the study forbrand extension versus brand portfolio strategy in the media industry was also discussed.
MODELING PROTEIN GELATION AND APPLICATION OF ENTROPY ELASTICITY TO UNDERSTAND PROTEIN GEL PROPERTIES

The theory of rubber elasticity is reviewed to study several properties of the three dimensional protein gels, e.g., the number of sulfhydryl binding sites per protein polypeptide. Alternatively, the theory of gelation can be used to explore the protein aggregating reactions, to evaluate the required number of protein aggregates and the rate that the different size proteins aggregate when gelling.
The KLL Auger spectrum of manganese

Abstract The KLL Auger spectrum of manganese ( Z = 25) was measured from the electron capture decay of 55 Fe. The measured energies do not agree with values calculated semi-theoretically. The relative intensities of the groups of lines KL 1 L 2, 3 and KL 2, 3 L 2, 3 agree within error limits with the theoretical values of Asaad and of Mehlhorn and Asaad; however for the individual line intensities the agreement is not good.
Control of HIV-1 replication by RNA interference

Abstract Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to direct sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression in mammalian cells. siRNAs are RNA duplexes of 21–23 nucleotides (nts) with ∼2 nt 3′ overhangs that can induce degradation of their homologous target mRNAs without interferon responses in mammalian cells. The degradation of the target occurs at the post-transcriptional level, meaning a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism called as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi has emerged as an efficient method to inhibit gene expression in mammalian cells with increasingly successful cases of knockdown of many specific genes. Recent works have shown that the use of RNAi could inhibit HIV-1 replication by targeting viral or cellular genes. RNAi can be considered as a gene-specific therapeutic option for controlling HIV-1 replication. However, the control of HIV-1 replication has become complex because of the limited effectiveness of existing anti-HIV-1 agents and the high speed mutation rate of the HIV-1 genome. Careful assessments are required for the potential of RNAi as a gene therapy approach for controlling HIV-1 replication. This review will discuss the status of the science using RNAi for controlling HIV-1 replication and will describe possible problems for therapeutic applications of RNAi-mediated technologies for HIV-1 behind this novel mechanism.
Elaboration of a settlement system: the New England village in the federal period

Abstract Contemporary New England villages arose as nineteenth-century central places. The emergence of these commercial places reflected not the creation of something new out of whole cloth but an elaboration of an existing settlement system, a legacy of the colonial period and a manifestation of long-standing cultural habit. Town centers, more or less equally spaced and comprised of little more than a meetinghouse and a tavern, served as foci for town activities, as auxiliary central places. Most of the considerable localized economic exchange that characterized the colonial period occurred at dispersed places. The emergence of true central places about colonial town centers in the federal period marked a shift in scale or a general and widespread development of extra-local exchange, division of labor, and provision of centrality—the ability of a place to provide goods and services beyond the needs of its residents. Central places became accretions of full-time nonfarmers, of storekeepers, artisans, and professional people. Moreover, these places were interlinked to form a system of central places and, although a sorting process took place, the system was both a material manifestation of contemporary economic experience and an elaboration of the colonial settlement system.
Colorimetric and fluorometric studies on the borntraeger reaction for anthraquinone drugs

The performance of the Borntraeger reaction on the emodin-containing drugs was reinves-tigated. Colorimetric, spectrophotometric, and fluorometric analyses were used as measures to determine the best procedure, reagents, and organi: solvents to be employed. The color of the fluorescence under ultraviolet is specific for each of the drugs containing emodin and can be used in their identity. The fluorescence seems to be due to the anthraquinone derivatives and can be used to trace them during extraction procedures.
The Association Between Self-Reported Major Life Events and the Presence of Uterine Fibroids

Abstract Purpose Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors in reproductive-age women. Factors associated with this condition such as psychosocial stress are still being elucidated. This paper explores the association between major life events (MLE) stress and fibroids. Methods Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine the association between MLE stress (number of events and stress intensity) and fibroids in 556 Black and 373 White women in the Uterine Fibroid Study, 1996–1999. Main Findings Fibroids were prevalent in 74% and 50% of the Black and White women, respectively. The mean number of MLE reported by each race group was two. Among White women, the PR for those who reported at least one event compared with those with no events were significant after adjusting for age and study identified fibroid risk factors (PR [1 and 2 events], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.5), (PR [3 events], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–2.7), and (PR [4 events], 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0–2.1), respectively. At all levels of stress compared with no events, significant associations with fibroids were found among White women. For Black Women, the PR for fibroids was only significant in the high stress group compared with those without an experienced event, after adjusting for fibroid risk factors (PR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4). Conclusion Examining the number and stress intensity of MLE enriched our understanding of this stressor and fibroids. Further research is needed to understand the role of stress on fibroids among women.
The effects of increased UV-B radiation on growth, pollination success, and lifetime female fitness in two Brassica species

The increasing levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the earth's surface caused by ozone destruction have prompted many studies of UV-B effects on plants. Most of these studies have focused on physiological and growth responses of plants to increased UV-B, but these measures may not be closely related to future survival of plant populations. We examined the effects of two different levels of increased UV-B on total female fitness, including seed number and quality, in rapid-cycling strains of Brassica nigra and B. rapa (Brassicaceae). We also measured the effects of UV-B on fitness components, particularly those related to pollination success. Two separate experiments, examining two different levels of UV-B, were performed. Sixty plants of each species were grown under control and enhanced levels of UV-B for a total of 480 plants (60 plantsx2 speciesx2 UV-B levelsx2 experiments). Increased UV-B was generally detrimental to growth and flowering in both species; however, total seed production was actually greater at higher UV-B doses in three of four dose/plant species combinations examined. UV-B had little effect on pollination success or offspring quality in either species. Therefore, in spite of the detrimental effects of UV-B on growth and flowering that we found, there is little evidence that fitness of these plant species would suffer with increasing UV-B, and we caution against using solely physiological or growth measurements to infer effects of UV-B on plant population fitness.
Synthesis and Hypolipidemic Activity of 4-Substituted 1-Acyl-1,2,4-Triazolidine-3,5-diones in Rodents

Abstract A series of 4-substituted 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-diones demonstrated potent activity in CF, mice when administered intraperi- toneally at 20 mg/kg/day, lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly. The 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-substituted compounds demonstrated better hypolipidemic activity In rodents than 4-methoxy-, 4-nitro-, and 4-f-butylphenyl substitutions. Aryl and alkyl substitutions rather than benzoyl substitutions at position 4 demonstrated good hypocholesterolemic activity. Selected compounds were examined for the mode of action in rats in which serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced after administration of 20 mg/kg/day orally; tissue lipids were reduced after 14 days of administration, and bile and fecal lipids were increased by 44-250%. Serum lipoprotein levels were also modulated by the agents, with cholesterol levels in very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein fractions being reduced by 2-57%. Cholesterol levels in the high density lipoprotein fraction were elevated by 94-341%. Activities of mouse hepatic enzymes were suppressed by the agents in a manner that suggested that the compounds interfere with de novo synthesis of lipids.
The Role of Processing Speed in the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised (BVMT-R) is a commonly used, commercialized, assessment tool to measure visuospatial learning and memory abilities across research and clinical settings. In this study we evaluated the influence of processing speed and executive functioning on BVMT-R learning, memory, and percent retention scores. A total of 141 cognitively healthy older adults completed the BVMT-R along with measures of visuoconstructional abilities (BVMT-R copy), speeded processing (Symbol Digit Modalities Test-oral), and executive function (FAS). After controlling for age and visuoconstructional abilities, hierarchical regression models showed that the processing speed measure was a unique predictor of both BVMT-R learning and memory performances, while the executive function measure was not. The visuoconstructional measure was the only unique predictor of BVMT-R percent retention. The findings suggest that, when interpreting the BVMT-R learning and memory scores of patients who exhibit spee...
Dietary Flaxseed Protects Against Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Via Inhibition of Apoptosis and Inflammation in a Murine Model

Background The hallmark of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resultant oxidant stress has been implicated in apoptotic cell death as well as subsequent development of inflammation. Dietary flaxseed (FS) is a rich source of naturally occurring antioxidants and has been shown to reduce lung IRI in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FS in IRI remain to be determined. Methods We used a mouse model of IRI with 60 min of ischemia followed by 180 min of reperfusion and evaluated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of 10% FS dietary supplementation. Results Mice fed 10% FS undergoing lung IRI had significantly lower levels of caspases and decreased apoptotic activity compared with mice fed 0% FS. Lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis demonstrated significantly reduced inflammatory infiltrate in mice fed with 10% FS diet. Additionally, 10% FS treated mice showed significantly increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreased markers of lung injury. Conclusions We conclude that dietary FS is protective against lung IRI in a clinically relevant murine model, and this protective effect may in part be mediated by the inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation.
Light chain 1 from the Chlamydomonas outer dynein arm is a leucine-rich repeat protein associated with the motor domain of the gamma heavy chain.

The LC1 light chain from Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein is tightly bound to the γ heavy chain. Molecular cloning revealed that LC1 is a member of the SDS22+ subclass of the leucine-rich repeat protein family and as such is likely involved in mediating interactions between dynein and the components of a signal transduction pathway. Through the combination of covalent cross-linking and vanadate-mediated photolysis, LC1 was found to associate with that portion of the γ HC that is C-terminal to the P1 loop. This region comprises most of the globular head domain of the heavy chain and includes the stalk-like structure that is involved in microtubule binding. Attachment of LC1 to this region represents the only known example of an accessory polypeptide directly associated with a dynein motor domain. Additional cross-linking experiments revealed that LC1 also interacts directly in situ with an ∼45 kDa axonemal component; this interaction is disrupted by the standard high salt treatment used to remove the outer a...
Deuteranomalous color matching in the deuteranopic eye.

Two observers were classified as deuteranopes by standard tests including two-degree anomaloscope matches. Color matching similar to the Rayleigh type was then carried out for a 10-degree field size at retinal illuminances ranging from 1 to more than 3000 trolands (td). The results show that at the larger field size and higher levels of retinal illuminance, a third independent color-mediating mechanism with the sensitivity of the deuteranomalous cone is participating in the color match. The results also confirm participation of a different third mechanism with rod sensitivity at levels below about 100 td. There is a range of transition between the two as the level increases above 100 td. Therefore large-field color matching in these deuteranopes is trichromatic at the levels tested, not dichromatic, and a third cone system is found to operate at typical photopic light levels under static viewing conditions in a dichromatic eye.
Growth rates of free vapor bubbles in liquids at uniform superheats under normal and zero gravity conditions

Abstract Extensive experimental data is presented for growth rates of vapor bubbles in water, ethanol, and isopropanol at small uniform superheats up to 4.9°C The measured phase growth occurred in the free volume of the liquid away from solid surfaces and at a nominal pressure level of 1 atm. Uniform, essentially constant superheats were obtained by a pressure release technique. Initial observation times for most bubbles occurred at about 1 ms. Final observation times as large as 450 ms were achieved Comparison of growth data taken at normal gravity to data taken at zero gravity, using a small drop tower, clearly show the point at which effects due to bubble translational motion become significant A detailed comparison is made to Scriven's exact solution for spherically symmetric, heat transfer controlled phase growth. Good agreement is obtained for the rnzero-g data over the entire observation time, while the agreement for the normal-g data is satisfactory up to times at which effects of the buoyant force become significant An interpretation that the increased growth rates observed at later times is due to bubble translational effects is supported by a semi-quantitative comparison to an approximate theory due to Aleksandrov et al. Previous experimental results for bubble growth under uniform, essentially constant superheat conditions and their relation to the present work are also discussed.
The crystal structure of the bis-tricarbonylchromium complex of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene: Cr(CO)3 orientation controlled by short C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding

Abstract The structure of the title compound, 1, was determined by X-ray crystallography. One tricarbonylchromium [syn-Cr(CO)3] moiety is bound to the concave side of the dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene ligand while the other metal is bound to the convex side yielding an anti-Cr(CO)3. There are four independent molecules in the crystal with the main difference between them being the orientation of the anti-Cr(CO)3. Analysis of intermolecular interactions in the solid state confirms that the variable tripodal rotations are the result of short C–H···O(carbonyl) hydrogen bonds. In 1, the organic framework has flattened slightly relative to uncoordinated dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene.
Theoretical Analysis Predicts that Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Does Not Accurately Measure Efferent Vagal Activity During Anesthesia

The respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an oscillation of cardiac cycle length (CCL) at the frequency of breathing. RSA is a non-invasive measure of efferent vagal activity, during controlled experimental conditions. Our goal is to assess whether existing theory predicts that RSA amplitude reliably measures efferent vagal activity during and after anesthesia. To do so we combine several existing mathematical models to predict the respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Computer simulation shows that for positive-pressure ventilation without spontaneous breathing efforts, increasing mean arterial pressure causes increase in efferent vagal activity, but not RSA amplitude. Therefore, for positive-pressure ventilation, RSA amplitude does not predict efferent vagal effects on CCL. In contrast, for spontaneous breathing, increasing mean arterial pressure causes increase in both efferent vagal activity and RSA amplitude. Therefore, during spontaneous breathing, RSA amplitude does predict efferent vagal activity. Nevertheless, RSA amplitude also depends on factors that have little effect on efferent vagal activity. For example, RSA amplitude is decreased by increasing respiratory rate or administering acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic antagonists. We conclude that current theory provides little or no justification for using RSA amplitude as a surrogate for efferent vagal activity during anesthesia.
The Green Economy Post Rio+20

The distinguishing theme of the June 2012 United Nations (UN) Rio+20 conference was the “green economy” or, more precisely, how economies can achieve “green growth” ( 1 ). Although many green economy policies were endorsed in Rio, no new international commitments emerged. I outline steps that could be taken in the aftermath of Rio to salvage the momentum in support of green growth.
Movement disorders ii: chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor.

1. Jonathan W. Mink, MD, PhD* 2. Samuel H. Zinner, MD† 1. *Professor of Neurology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics; Chief, Child Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, Rochester, NY. 2. †Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the important distinguishing features of chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor. 2. Recognize important causes of chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor. 3. Describe treatment approaches for chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor. 4. Discuss common drug-induced movement disorders and their treatments. In a previous article, (1) we considered the two most common movement disorders in children: tics and stereotypies. Although less common, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor are not rare in children. Therefore, it is important for the pediatric clinician to be able to recognize and distinguish these movement disorders. The first step in diagnosis and treatment is to identify and classify the disorders. In this article, we review these and drug-induced movement disorders. Drug-induced movement disorders fall into the same phenomenologic categories (chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor) but often are considered as a separate entity because of their specific causes and treatments. ### Definitions Chorea is characterized by frequent, brief, unpredictable, purposeless movements that tend to flow from body part to body part chaotically and unpredictably. The movements are less sustained than those of dystonia but are more sustained and less “shocklike” than myoclonus. Low-amplitude chorea may cause an individual to appear fidgety. Large-amplitude chorea, sometimes termed “ballismus,” can occur as dramatic flinging limb movements. Choreic movements (ie, characterized by chorea) can be sudden and jerky or can be more continuous and flowing. In the latter case, the term choreoathetosis is used. The term “choreiform” often is used to describe the minimal twitching or “piano playing” movements seen in many otherwise healthy young children when their arms are extended during the neurologic examination. The difference …
Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center

The concentrations of a suite of redox reactive chemicals were measured in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field of the Galapagos spreading center. Sulfide, silicate, oxygen and temperature distributions were measured in situ with a submersible chemical analyser. In addition, 15 chemical species were measured in discrete samples. Variability in the slope of the temperature-silicate plots indicates that heat is lost from these relatively low temperatures (<15°C) solutions by conduction to the solid phase. Consumption of oxygen, sulfide and nitrate from the hydrothermal solution as it flows past the vent animals is apparent from the distributions measured in situ and in the discrete samples. The fraction of sulfide and nitrate removed from the solution by consumption appears to have increased between 1979–1985. Sulfide and oxygen appear to be consumed under different conditions: sulfide is removed primarily from the warmest solutions, and oxygen is consumed only from the cold seawater. This separation may be driven primarily by the increased gradients of each chemical under these conditions. There is no evidence for the consumption of significant amounts of manganese(II) by the vent organisms. The analysis of other data sets from this vent field indicate no significant consumption of methane by the vent organisms, as well.
Surface modification of extrasynovial tendon by chemically modified hyaluronic acid coating

We investigated a method for chemically binding hyaluronic acid (HA) to extrasynovial tendon and the effect of chemically modified HA on the gliding resistance of tendon. Canine peroneus longus (PL) tendons were immersed into one of three different solutions (saline, 1% HA, or 1% chemically modified HA) for 2 h. The gliding resistance of treated PL tendons was measured at 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cycles in a saline bath. After treatment with unmodified HA and chemically modified HA, the gliding resistance of the PL tendons decreased significantly compared with the saline-treated tendons (p < 0.05), and this effect of the two HA treatments persisted through 10 cycles. For cycles 20-100, the gliding resistance of PL tendons treated with chemically modified HA remained significantly lower than that of tendons treated either with saline or unmodified HA (p < 0.01). The effect of paratenon removal on gliding resistance was neither statistically significant for repetitions beyond 10 cycles, nor was it an independent predictor of gliding resistance, as the effect (higher resistance after paratenon removal) was mainly seen in the saline-treated tendons. Chemically modified HA-treated extrasynovial tendons may improve gliding of tendon graft and reduce adhesion postoperatively, compared with traditional grafts.
Comparison of DNA polymerase activity and cell division in normal and delayed-implanting mouse embryos.

Cell division stops in mouse blastocysts during the prolonged, free-living phase associated with delayed implantation. It is not known how the embryos are rendered mitotically dormant and then reactivated to implant at a later time, and the present experiments were undertaken to determine whether or not changes in the level of DNA polymerase in the embryos could play a role in the regulation of cell division. Unattached normal and delayed-implanting blastocycts were recovered from pregnant mice at intervals between the fourth and the fifteenth day of pregnancy, and the number of cells and amount of DNA polymerase in the embryos were determined in order to correlate amount of enzyme with the rate of cell division. The number of cells in both types of embryos increased equally until noon of day 5. However, as expected, the rate of cell division in the delayed implanting blastocysts then slowed and there was no further increase in the number of cells beyond day 7 or 8. Termination of the dormant phase of delayed implantation by the injection of 17 β-estradiol, resulted in a resumption of cell division within 24 hours. The total amount of DNA polymerase activity in normal blastocysts increased 200% between day 4 and day 5. In contrast, there was only a 60% increase in enzyme activity in the delayed implanting embryos during this interval. The level of polymerase activity in the delayed implanting embryos then decreased and remained depressed for the several days of the dormant period. Injecting 17 β-estradiol on day 9 resulted in an increase (120%) in polymerase activity. Although the amount of DNA polymerase per cell in the dormant embryos was low by comparison with that in normal embryos, it was higher than that in adult spleen (a tissue that is active in DNA synthesis) and therefore it appears likely that other mechanisms are involved in regulating cell division in the embryos.
Kinship Care: A Cultural Resource of African American and Latino Families Coping with Parental Substance Abuse

SUMMARY This paper examines kinship care as a cultural resource used by African American and Latino families coping with substance abuse by a family member. Although there is a growing body of literature on kinship care, there are no conceptual or empirical studies that have drawn or built on cultural similarities between these two groups of ethnic minority families. A framework that prioritizes cultural assessment and relevance in using familial and cultural resources is proposed to assist practitioners confronted with the demographic realities of working with social, clinical and ethnocultural complexities when serving ethnic minority families. The framework is based on practice implications raised by recent studies on kinship care and from the perspective of pertinent cross-cultural and anthropological literature.
1.9 A Resolution Refined Structure of TBP Recognizing the Minor Groove of TATAAAAG

The three-dimensional structure of a TATA box-binding protein (TBP) from Arabidopsis thaliana complexed with a fourteen base pair oligonucleotide bearing the Adenovirus major late promoter TATA element has been refined at 1.9 A resolution, giving a final crystallographic R-factor of 19.4%. Binding of the monomeric, saddle-shaped α/β protein induces an unprecedented conformational change in the DNA. A detailed structural and functional analysis of this unusual protein-DNA complex is presented, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of DNA deformation, TATA element recognition, and preinitiation complex assembly.
The organic cation transporter, OCTN1, expressed in the human heart, potentiates antagonism of the HERG potassium channel.

Background Variable function and expression of drug transporters have been proposed as mechanisms contributing to variable response to drug therapy. Block of the HERG channel, encoding IKr, can lead to serious arrhythmias, and a key drug-blocking site in HERG has been identified on the intracellular face of the pore. We begin to advance the hypothesis that active drug uptake enhances IKr block.
Plant Community Assembly

In graduate school in the 1970s, discussions of Hutchinson’s multivariate niche (1957) and the role of competitive exclusion in structuring communities provided exciting new insights into patterns of community assembly. At the same time, however, I was immersed in the literature of plant community ecology and building my own impressions of tropical and temperate forests. For me, as for many others, it was difficult to fit plant communities into a world view of exclusive niches. While predictions of competition and niche models seemed consistent with many observations of animal interactions and patterns of abundance, interspecific interactions among plants were more subtle. The considerable overlap in requirements for a limited number of resources by tropical rain forest understory shrubs or by tall grass prairie forbs appeared to preclude any but rather diffuse competition among species. In the wet tropics, even high productivity and intense competition for resources did not seem to limit species diversity; rather there seemed no limit to the number of tree species that could coexist. New studies on patterns of tropical forest structure (e.g., Poore 1968), the role of cyclones and other disturbances in driving forest structure (e.g., Whitmore 1974) all contributed to a model of forest assembly in which chance and probability played a larger role in determining composition than did degree of niche overlap and strength of interspecific interactions.
Effects of UVB on E Prostanoid Receptor Expression in Murine Skin

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) upregulation in response to UV light exposure is a significant factor in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. It is known that PGE2 signals via the E prostanoid receptors, EP1–4, but the role that each receptor plays in skin carcinogenesis is unclear. Immunohistochemical analysis of EP receptor staining in unirradiated and UVB-exposed SKH-1 mouse skin demonstrated the localization of EP1 and EP2 to the plasma membrane of differentiated epidermal keratinocytes. In contrast, the EP3 receptor localized to the basal layer of the epidermis in unirradiated skin and throughout the epidermis in UVB-exposed skin. In unirradiated skin, cytoplasmic EP4 staining was seen throughout the epidermis, in dermal leukocytes, and in vascular endothelium. However, UVB exposure resulted in relocalization of the EP4 receptor to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes, with no change in the dermal staining pattern. In tumors isolated from UVB-exposed mice, EP1 and EP2 staining was detected in the more differentiated cells surrounding keratin pearls, whereas EP3 and EP4 were detectable throughout the tumors. Differential expression of the EP receptors suggests that each receptor may play a distinct role in skin tumor development.