cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture Conflict And Crime In The Korean-American Community:

Like other immigrant groups, Korean-American offenders victimize their own people. These criminals have operated with near impunity since their victims have been afraid to report crimes to the police. Due to the lack of knowledge of American criminal law and the operations of the justice system in general, Korean immigrants attempt to avoid those institutions in their new homeland that they feared in Korea. The purpose of the present paper is to examine various cultural aspects of serious interpersonal violence among Korean immigrants that lead to official police response. Interpersonal violence seems to be a method of conflict resolution relied upon by Koreans in disputes involving honor. A propensity to punish someone physically who has dishonored another in the form of an insult, cheating, disrespect, or failure to keep one's word—seems to b an acceptable method for redeeming or restoring the honor of the wronged parties. Such manifestations of violence are expressions of power, with physical force oft...
An integrative role for the superior colliculus in selecting targets for movements.

A fundamental goal of systems neuroscience is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying decision making. The midbrain superior colliculus (SC) is known to be central to the selection of one am...
A quantitative assessment of the capabilities of 2 1/2D microscopy for analysing crystalline solids

Abstract The technique of 2 1/2D electron microscopy is shown to have a much greater potential than previously thought for determining the orientation changes or difference in lattice plane spacings in crystalline solids. A theoretical model and experimental evidence are presented to determine the limit to which diffraction spots may be closely spaced and yet still be correlated with their microstructural features. Because 2 1/2D imaging depends on an image shift produced by objective lens defocus, it is inherently limited in its usefulness by the loss in image resolution with defocus. However, the present treatment indicates that the depth of field in an electron microscope, under conditions of diffraction contrast and a very low beam divergence, is much greater than commonly believed. The minimum distance between diffraction spots (δ[gbar]) which may be resolved this way is found to be inversely related to the required image resolution. The results indicate that δ[gbar] separations of 0·5 nm−1 can be me...
Clinicopathologic and Genetic Profile of Intracranial Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Primary Low-Grade CNS Lymphoma That Mimics Meningioma

Purpose Although rare overall, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) is the most common primary low-grade CNS lymphoma reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to elucidate the biology and genetic features of this unusual tumor. Patients and Methods Fifteen CNS MZBCLs were studied clinically, pathologically, and genetically, including fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses with commercially available MALT1 and IgH break-apart and centromere 3, 7, 12, and 18 probes. Results CNS MZBCLs preferentially affect middle-aged women (female-to-male ratio, 4:1), with 93% presenting as dural-based masses mimicking meningioma. Ten patients with 1 to 7.6 years of follow-up after diagnosis showed no evidence of disease after radiation and/or chemotherapy. Like MZBCLs outside of the CNS, they consisted of CD20+, CD3− small B lymphocytes with varying degrees of plasmacytic differentiation and predominantly κ light-chain restriction (78%). Lymphoid follicles with follicular colonization were seen in three p...
Fundamental Noise Processes in TES Devices

Microcalorimeters and bolometers are noise-limited devices, therefore, a proper understanding of all noise sources is essential to predict and interpret their performance. In this paper, I review the fundamental noise processes contributing to Transition Edge Sensor (TES) microcalorimeters and bolometers and their effect on device performance. In particular, I will start with a simple, monolithic device model, moving to a more complex one involving discrete components, to finally move to today's more realistic, comprehensive model. In addition to the basic noise contribution (equilibrium Johnson noise and phonon noise), TES are significantly affected by extra noise, which is commonly referred to as “excess noise”. Different fundamental processes have been proposed and investigated to explain the origin of this excess noise, in particular near equilibrium non-linear Johnson noise, flux-flow noise, and internal thermal fluctuation noise. Experimental evidence shows that all three processes are real and contribute, at different levels, to the TES noise, although different processes become important at different regimes. It is therefore time to discard the term “excess noise” and consider these terms part of the “fundamental noise processes” instead.
Experimental confirmation of the dynamics of coupled-oscillator arrays and implications for angle-based modulation

This paper describes a set of experimental measurements designed to test the predictions of the continuum theoretical model concerning the dynamics of a linear array of mutually injection-locked voltage-controlled oscillators. The model indicates that the phase distribution evolves according to a diffusion process, the diffusion rate being determined by the inter-oscillator locking range. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by the experimental results. In addition, a discussion of computational predictions of the characteristics of the signal received in the far zone when such an oscillator array excites a linear array of radiating elements is included.
Developing humanoid robots for real-world environments

Humanoids are steadily improving in appearance and functionality demonstrated in controlled environments. To address the challenges of operation in the real-world, researchers have proposed the use of brain-inspired architectures for robot control, and the use of robot learning techniques that enable the robot to acquire and tune skills and behaviours. In the first part of the paper we introduce new concepts and results in these two areas. First, we present a cerebellum-inspired model that demonstrated efficiency in the sensory-motor control of anthropomorphic arms, and in gait control of dynamic walkers. Then, we present a set of new ideas related to robot learning, emphasizing the importance of developing teaching techniques that support learning. In the second part of the paper we propose the use in robotics of the iterative and incremental development methodologies, in the context of practical task-oriented applications. These methodologies promise to rapidly reach system-level integration, and to early identify system-level weaknesses to focus on. We apply this methodology in a task targeting the automated assembly of a modular structure using HOAP-2. We confirm this approach led to rapid development of a end-to-end capability, and offered guidance on which technologies to focus on for gradual improvement of a complete functional system. It is believed that providing grand challenge type milestones in practical task-oriented applications accelerates development. As a meaningful target in short-mid term we propose the dasiaIKEA Challengepsila, aimed at the demonstration of autonomous assembly of various pieces of furniture, from the box, following included written/drawn instructions.
Principles of distributed feedback and distributed Bragg-reflector lasers

Wave propagation in periodic waveguides is analyzed by decomposing the eigen Bloch waves into traveling-wave components. It is shown that the principal components consist of a primary forward wave, a primary backward wave, and their Bragg-scattered secondary waves. One important parameter is the coupling constant s due to Bragg scattering, which relates the secondary wave to the respective primary wave. Laser threshold condition is then obtained by applying the continuity of tangential E and H at the two boundaries. The results thus obtained are general and applicable to thin-film lasers with various waveguide structures. The laser threshold condition of thin-film Bragg lasers is expressed in terms of two effective reflection coefficients for easy comparison with conventional lasers. For appreciable reflection, a significant change either in the propagation constant or in the coupling constant is required. Two basic types of thin-film Bragg lasers are distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers in which Bragg scattering is confined to the active medium and distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) lasers in which Bragg scattering is limited to regions beyond the active medium. The threshold gain, frequency control, and mode selectivity for both types are analyzed and the analyses are applied to GaAs and Nd lasers. It is shown that DBR lasers should have a lower threshold gain and a better mode selectivity than DFB lasers. For distributed-feedback effect to play a significant role in thin-film Bragg lasers, the product kL int must be greater than unity where K is the distributed-feedback coefficient and L int is the interaction length. Advantages for having periodic structures outside the active medium so as to relax constraints on k and L int are also discussed.
Split-superpositive GFP reassembly is a fast, efficient, and robust method for detecting protein–protein interactions in vivo

Split-GFP reassembly is an operationally simple in vivo technique used to identify and study interactions involving proteins and/or peptides. However, the instability of split-GFP fragments and their susceptibility to aggregation place limitations on the broader use of split-GFP reassembly. Supercharged proteins, including supercharged GFP, are variants with high theoretical negative or positive charge that are resistant to aggregation. We show that a split-superpositive GFP (split-spGFP) variant reassembles faster and more efficiently than previously reported split-sg100 GFP and split-folding-reporter GFP (split-frGFP) systems. In addition, interaction-dependent split-spGFP reassembly is efficient at physiological temperature. The increased efficiency and robustness of split-spGFP reassembly make this reporter system ideal for identifying and studying interactions involving proteins and/or peptides in vivo, and may be particularly useful for identifying or studying interactions involving proteins or peptides that are themselves susceptible to aggregation.
German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia, 1941–1944

(1998). German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia, 1941–1944. The Historian: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 33-50.
Hydrodynamic chromatography of latex blends

The ability to characterize the size and shape distributions of broadly polydisperse analytes is a driving force in particle size analysis. Multi-detector hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC), which has previously shown promise in its ability to characterize the size and shape of monodisperse, spherical polystyrene latex standards, is applied here to include the characterization of bi-, tri-, and tetramodal latex blends and their constituents varying in size, chemistry, and compactness. The ability of multi-detector HDC to distinguish between similar-sized particles of different chemistry is realized by the coupling of a concentration-sensitive detector and two different types of light scattering detectors. The use of both multi-angle static and quasi-elastic light scattering permits for determination of two different size parameters across the elution profiles of the blends. Combining the size information obtained from both light scattering methods provides a measure of how particle compactness changes as a function of size in a latex blend. Multi-detector HDC was shown to be a rapid and precise method for characterizing particle size, shape, and their distributions of broadly polydisperse analytes.
Stress and strain relaxation in magnesium AZ31 rolled plate: In-situ neutron measurement and elastic viscoplastic polycrystal modeling

Abstract Continuous mechanical tests with strain holds (stress relaxation) and with stress holds (strain relaxation) are performed simultaneously with in-situ neutron measurements to analyze the mechanisms of stress and strain relaxation in Mg AZ31 rolled plate. A dislocation activity based constitutive model, accounting for internal stress statistical distributions, is proposed and implemented into an elastic viscoplastic self-consistent (EVPSC) framework to simultaneously describe both stress and strain relaxation. The model captures the experimental data in terms of macroscopic stress strain curves, evolution of stress and strain during holding, as well as evolution of the internal elastic strains. Model results indicate that the magnitude of the stress relaxed during strain holding is dependent on both, the magnitude of the flow stress and the spread of the resolved shear stress distribution. The magnitude of strain accumulated during stress holding is, on the other hand, dependent on the magnitude of the hardening rate and on the spread of the resolved shear stress distribution. The internal elastic strains are directly correlated with the stress state, and hence the stress relaxation during strain holds has a greater influence on the lattice strains than strain relaxation during stress holds.
A Health Profile of Spousal Alzheimer's Caregivers: Depression and Physical Health Characteristics

1. For caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), each day holds unexpected challenges and losses of personal control. Both physical and emotional health are at risk for caregivers of persons with AD. 2. Depression is a problem for caregivers, whether the spouse with AD remains in the home or has been transferred to a nursing home. 3. It is important for clinicians to advise caregivers that depression is a treatable disorder. When a caregiver complains of sleep problems, a red flag for depression should go up.
Economic Panel Data

The essential benefits and fundamental difficulties of using panel data are discussed. Various approaches of controlling the impact of unobserved individual (and time) specific effects to draw inference about population characteristics are surveyed. The basic methodology for the analysis of linear models, dynamic models, and nonlinear models are reviewed. The implications of sample attrition and sample selection are also discussed. The danger that Panel data may provide a solution for one problem but aggravate another is also illustrated.
Lightweight, Low-Cost, Compliant Grasper for UAV-Based Pick-and-Place Operations

Grasping and manipulating objects remains an area of interest in robotics for a variety of applications. An emerging area is the use of graspers in conjunction with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), e.g., for construction, agriculture, and military operations. This paper presents the design of a compliant grasper, which has a simple, low-cost mechanism to grasp different-sized delicate objects. The grasper was refined through an FEA model to optimize the key compliance features. It was tested on nine different objects of varying dimensions and weights. The grasper grasped and lifted objects up to 10 times its own weight; however, it is most reliable with lighter objects. A preliminary experiment with integration on a UAV demonstrated the grasper’s intended functionality.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Measurement of Near Field Radiation Between a Microsphere and an Infinite Plane With Improved Optical Beam

Classical theory of thermal radiation can be used to describe radiative transfer between two objects when the characteristic length scales, such as linear dimensions of the objects and inter-object separation, are much longer than the characteristic thermal wave length given by Wien’s displacement law. In situations where the separation is comparable or smaller than the characteristic wave length, near field effects need to be taken into account. Near field radiative transfer can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude if the materials of the objects support surface phonon polaritons. Although near field radiation between two parallel surfaces have been well studied theoretically, the difficulties in probing radiative transfer between parallel surfaces with nanoscale gaps have prevented meaningful experimental validation. In recent years several experiments have measured near field radiation beyond blackbody limitation between a microsphere and a substrate. In those experiments employing optical beam deflection technique, the sphere has to be placed near the edge of the substrate in order to prevent unintentional chopping of the laser beam by the edge of the substrate. The actual measurements are performed between a sphere and a semi-infinite plane instead of an infinite plane. We report here an improved optical beam deflection system to measure the near field radiative heat transfer between a sphere and a substrate. With the new setup, the sphere can be placed sufficiently far away from the substrate edge, rendering it a better approximation of a sphere and an infinite plane. The experimental results and the numerical prediction using modified proximity approximation will be discussed.© 2012 ASME
Serial passage of human tumors in chick embryo: growth inhibition by nitrogen mustard.

SummaryHuman Sarcoma #1 (H. S. #1), Human Epidermoid Carcinoma #3 (H. Ep. #3) and Human Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma #1 (H. Emb. Rh. #1) have been grown by serial passage on the chorioallantoic membr...
Max Weber: Ein Leben zwischen den Epochen

tained global financial crisis and affected as well by a significant change of government in the host country. Two-books-in-one and understated in its conclusions, this volume’s strength and contributions are in its thoughtful analytical framework, carefully developed, structured, and laid out; and solid description and documentary evidence. Through his careful comparative, historical study of the most recent summer Olympic Games, Karamichas helps us understand that international environmental policies, institutions, and frameworks are necessary but insufficient ingredients for institutional environmental transformation. Environmental policies and actions must be implemented ‘‘on the ground’’ in various locations. There, local conditions are critical, variable, and subject to a variety of political, economic and social pressures. Karamichas’ story of the ups and downs of the ‘‘greening’’ of the IOC and the Olympic Games is fascinating and told eloquently in this richly detailed and theoretically informed volume.
Reference-Based Pose-Robust Face Recognition

Despite recent advancement in face recognition technology, practical pose-robust face recognition remains a challenge. To meet this challenge, this chapter introduces reference-based similarity where the similarity between a face image and a set of reference individuals (the “reference set”) defines the reference-based descriptor for a face image. Recognition is performed using the reference-based descriptors of probe and gallery images. The dimensionality of the face descriptor generated by the accompanying face recognition algorithm is reduced to the number of individuals in the reference set. The proposed framework is a generalization of previous recognition methods that use indirect similarity and reference-based descriptors. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown by transforming multiple variations of the standard, yet powerful, local binary patterns descriptor into pose-robust face descriptors. Results are shown on several publicly available face databases. The proposed approach achieves good accuracy as compared to popular state-of-the-art algorithms, and it is computationally efficient due to its compatibility with orthogonal transform based indexing algorithms.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The (Re)Discovery of a Sandstone-excavating Bee

This is a story about rediscovering lost science, although I didn’t know that when it began. What I did know was that an extremely rare, undescribed species of Anthophora (Heliophila) had been coll...
Design A Generic Simulation Platform for DRS Experimentation and Development

Abstract The high cost of acquiring and operating a collection of advanced autonomous mobile robots for distributed robotic system (DRS) experiments stimulates the interest of developing a generic, real-time, virtual reality based simulation platform. The specification and design principles for such a system is presented. New concepts introduced in the paper include levels of users for the simulation platform, abstract sensors/actuators; the bandwidth of sensing/actuating devices, the bandwidth of a robot and that for the simulation platform; integrating hard systems with computer simulation; and simulated concurrency. A multiprocessor based DRS simulation platform, currently being developed at the Robotics Laboratory, UC Riverside is used as an example.
Conceiving Human Rights from Local Practices

As Rawls’s and Habermas’s accounts of human rights do not offer a satisfying manner to respond to the challenges raised in Chaps. 2 and 3, this chapter is an attempt to constructing an alternative conception of human rights that can address them more satisfactorily than do the other accounts. Following Beitz ’s insight of a practical conception that looks at human rights in their international function, the conception suggested here goes beyond Beitz by drawing the understanding of human rights from local practices which integrate states in a larger web of actors involved in shaping the practice and meaning of human rights. These actors are the beneficiaries of human rights activities; local non-state actors, state and state-sponsored institutions, regional organizations, international non-states actors and the international community . The interaction among these actors produces a multilayer model of human rights in which the local non-states actors and the beneficiaries are key players. They assume the role of protecting their basic interests in their local context, using the international human rights discourse. Once elaborated, I then confront this multilayer conception to both the theoretical and practical challenges to show how better it deals with them than the other accounts.
Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) represents a major health burden in the United States and around the world. A recent study (RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology) estimated that 6.5 % of American women suffer from the disease [1]. Women who were younger or college-educated had greater symptom persistence [2]. Treatment options are broad, from behavioral modification, to oral pharmacologic agents, to intravesical treatments. Intravesical therapy is popular because it spares patients from the systemic effects of oral agents. In this regard, intravesical Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used for many years by urologists in managing these challenging patients.
Probiotic guidelines and physician practice: a cross-sectional survey and overview of the literature.

Probiotic use by patients and physicians has dramatically increased over the last decade, although definitive evidence is often lacking for their use. We examined probiotic-prescribing practices among health care providers (HCP) at a tertiary medical centre and compared these practices to clinical guidelines. HCP at the Stanford Medical Center received a survey on probiotic prescribing practices including choice of probiotic and primary indications. A broad overview of the literature was performed. Among 2,331 HCP surveyed, 632 responded. Of the 582 of these who routinely prescribed medications, 61% had recommended probiotic foods or supplements to their patients. Women and gastroenterologists were more likely to prescribe probiotics (odds ratio (OR): 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-2.1; OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.5-10.1, respectively). Among probiotic prescribers, 50% prescribed inconsistently or upon patient request, and 40% left probiotic choice to the patient. Common indications for probiotics, particu...
Re)Search Towards Exhibiting Architecture

The aim of this text is to provide a reflection on my experience in exhibiting architecture based on research projects, considering my particular vintage point as scholar/curator, who has spent the past years as senior staff in major research institutes. It is indeed a unique circumstance, having been the Director Research at the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in Montreal, prior to move to become Senior Curator, Head of Architectural Collections at the Getty Research Institute (GRI) in Los Angeles.
Monasteries and the Care of Souls in Late Antique Christianity: Cognition and Discipline

In Monasteries and the Care of Souls in Late Antique Christianity, Paul C. Dilley explores the personal practices and group rituals through which the thoughts of monastic disciples were monitored and trained to purify the mind and help them achieve salvation. Dilley draws widely on the interdisciplinary field of cognitive studies, especially anthropology, in his analysis of key monastic 'cognitive disciplines', such as meditation on scripture, the fear of God, and prayer. In addition, various rituals distinctive to communal monasticism, including entrance procedures, the commemoration of founders, and collective repentance, are given their first extended analysis. Participants engaged in 'heart-work' on their thoughts and emotions, which were understood to reflect the community's spiritual state. This book will be of interest to scholars of early Christianity and the ancient world more generally for its detailed description of communal monastic culture and its innovative methodology.
Design of dimpled engineering surfaces for improving lubrication performance in rolling-sliding contacts

Functional performance depends largely on the surface characteristics of critical components. This paper describes the design of dimpled engineering surfaces and the fabrication of micro-patterns on steel samples. The designed engineering surfaces are analysed and evaluated in terms of their mixed EHL film thicknesses and pressure distributions in the elliptical Hertzian contact zone.
Elevated serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL9 in autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) patients

Abstract Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare immune-mediated retinopathy associated with circulating antiretinal antibodies (ARAs). Other prominent features of AIR include visual field deficits and photoreceptor dysfunction in the setting of progressive unexplained vision loss. The role of inflammation is poorly understood in AIR. Since cytokines play a central role in the initiation and development of inflammation, we evaluated the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in AIR patient sera. We demonstrate that IL-6 and CXCL9 are both elevated in AIR patient sera. Moreover, the presence and concentration of these 2 molecules appear to correlate with AIR patient disease severity. This cytokine profile, IL-6 and CXCL9, has been described to participate in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Our study provides support for an activated inflammatory process in AIR and identifies possible mechanisms that can drive autoimmunity in this disease.
Women Agricultural Landowners—Past Time to Put Them “On the Radar”

While women own 25% of the acres rented out for farming, little has been done in terms of federal policy that focuses on these women. In this policy analysis, we detail how (1) lack of data on thes...
Social Work in Health and Mental Health Services

An examination of some concepts and issues relating to health care shows that the common thread is the responsibility for planning and administration
A Review of “E-publishing and Digital Libraries: Legal and Organizational Issues”

If you are looking for an introduction to digital libraries and copyright with a European perspective, E-publishing and Digital Libraries: Legal and Organizational Issues should be on your short li...
Efficient Poisson Solver for Semiconductor Device Modeling Using the Multi-Grid Preconditioned BiCGSTAB Method

This paper presents the performance results of an efficient algorithm for solving the three dimensional Poisson equation. The multi-grid method exploits the efficient oscillatory error reduction of basic iterative methods by smoothing on a set of progressively coarsened grids. When used as a preconditioner for BiCGSTAB method, a computationally demanding solver can be shown to be effective for large scale simulations. Varying the number of grids used and the level of overrelaxation as well as exploring the benefits of semicoarsening in the multi-grid preconditioner reveals the underlying strengths of this combined scheme. The convergence properties of the developed solver are tested on a 3D split-gate silicon on insulator (SOI) device.
Ivy1 is a negative regulator of Gtr-dependent TORC1 activation

The highly conserved TORC1 complex controls cell growth in response to nutrients, especially amino acids. The EGO complex activates TORC1 in response to glutamine and leucine. Here, we demonstrate that the I-BAR domain-containing protein Ivy1 colocalizes with Gtr1 and Gtr2, a heterodimer of small GTPases that are part of the EGO complex. Ivy1 is a negative regulator of Gtr-induced TORC1 activation, and is contained within puncta associated with the vacuolar membrane in cells grown in nutrient-rich medium or after brief nitrogen starvation. Addition of glutamine to nitrogen-starved cells leads to dissipation of Ivy1 puncta and redistribution of Ivy1 throughout the vacuolar membrane. Continued stimulation with glutamine results in concentration of Ivy1 within vacuolar membrane invaginations and its spatial separation from the EGO complex components Gtr1 and Gtr2. Disruption of vacuolar membrane invagination is associated with persistent mislocalization of Ivy1 across the vacuolar membrane and inhibition of TORC1 activity. Together, our findings illustrate a novel negative-feedback pathway that is exerted by Ivy1 on Gtr-dependent TORC1 signaling and provide insight into a potential molecular mechanism underlying TORC1 activation by vacuolar membrane remodeling.
Faster minimization of linear wirelength for global placement

A linear wirelength objective more effectively cap- tures timing, congestion, and other global placement considera- tions than a squared wirelength objective. The GORDIAN-L cell placement tool (19) minimizes linear wirelength by first approx- imating the linear wirelength objective by a modified squared wirelength objective, then executing the following loop—1) min- imize the current objective to yield some approximate solution and 2) use the resulting solution to construct a more accurate objective—until the solution converges. This paper shows how to apply a generalization (5), (6) of a 1937 algorithm due to Weiszfeld (22) to placement with a linear wirelength objective and that the main GORDIAN-L loop is actually a special case of this algorithm. We then propose applying a regularization parameter to the generalized Weiszfeld algorithm to control the tradeoff between convergence and solution accuracy; the GORDIAN-L iteration is equivalent to setting this regularization parameter to zero. We also apply novel numerical methods, such as the primal- Newton and primal-dual Newton iterations, to optimize the linear wirelength objective. Finally, we show both theoretically and empirically that the primal-dual Newton iteration stably attains quadratic convergence, while the generalized Weiszfeld iteration is linear convergent. Hence, primal-dual Newton is a superior choice for implementing a placer such as GORDIAN-L, or for any linear wirelength optimization.
Do Benefit Corporations Represent a Policy Threat to Nonprofits

In the US and increasingly internationally as well, considerable efforts have been made in recent years to introduce new legal forms, such as the benefit corporation, at the local level as an additional structural option for social entrepreneurs. These efforts have been met with considerable apprehension on the part of nonprofit sector advocates, who perceive these new organizational forms as potential competition. This paper investigates whether the benefit corporation is in fact a likely competitive threat to nonprofits. Presenting the findings of an early uptake study, it reviews the early experience with the state-level introduction of the benefit corporation in Maryland, the first state to adopt the new legal form.
Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care

Traumatic experiences can have life-long effects on a person’s health, well-being, and longevity. Preventing trauma and addressing its harmful sequelae require reorienting patient care, clinical operations, organizations, and community engagement to support resilience and healing. An approach informed by cultural humility that addresses unequal power imbalances and asks the question, “What happened to you?” rather than “What’s wrong with you?”, trauma-informed care promotes health equity in direct patient care, organizations, and communities. This chapter presents the foundational principles and mission of trauma-informed care and a practical framework called the 4 Cs (Calm, Contain, Care, and Cope) to transform theory into practice.
A Hierarchical Approach for Timely Cyberbullying Detection

In this paper, the problem of accurately detecting cyberbullying instances in a timely manner is addressed. In stark contrast to most prior work that attempts to detect aggressive behavior by looking at individual messages, we consider cyberbullying as a repeated aggressive behavior towards an individual and jointly examine multiple messages exchanged between users. Moreover, we are interested in reaching an accurate decision fast. To this end, we propose a novel hierarchical approach that (i) first characterizes an individual message as aggressive or not by evaluating the optimum least number of informative features extracted from this message, and (ii) uses this new knowledge to decide if it should continue reviewing messages or conclude the process and raise a cyberbullying alert. It is shown that the proposed approach is guaranteed to review the least number of messages before reaching a decision, while the optimum decision rule is shown to minimize the average Bayes risk. Evaluation on real–world Instagram data demonstrates that the proposed method is able to accurately detect cyberbullying instances by reviewing up to 59% less messages than the state–of–the–art.
Regulation of phenotypic plasticity from the perspective of evolutionary developmental biology

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to environmental changes. Virtually any trait has the potential to exhibit some phenotypic plasticity, but the degree to which plasticity manifests is shaped by natural selection. Phenotypic plasticity has been shown to play important roles during adaptive evolution. In particular, developmental plasticity, the ability of an organism to switch developmental trajectories under distinct environmental conditions, may play major roles during the evolution of novel phenotypes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate developmental plasticity provides insights into how organisms evolve.
Passive Debt Ownership and Corporate Financial Policy

A recent dramatic rise in the assets managed by passive corporate debt funds has profound implications for firm financing and payout policy. I use fund-specific flows to isolate exogenous increases in firm-level passive debt ownership at a firm. Firms respond to higher levels of passive debt ownership by increasing leverage, consistent with a recapitalization. More passive debt ownership does not lead to risk-shifting, but rather an increase in direct payouts to shareholders. I show that passive debtholders facilitate these effects by reducing aggregate ex-ante and ex-post monitoring. The presence of a bank monitor mitigates the relationship between passive debt ownership and increased payout.
Multi-agent neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in early-stage pancreatic cancer: A National Cancer Database analysis.

Abstract Purpose To compare overall survival (OS) in patients who underwent surgery for early-stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma (rPca) based on sequence (NAT, neoadjuvant therapy and/or AT, adjuvant therapy) and type (SA, single-agent or MA, multi-agent) of chemotherapy received. Methods Using the National Cancer Database, patients with clinical stage I/II rPca diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 were identified and five comparison matches (1: NAT vs. upfront resection (UR); 2: multi-agent neoadjuvant (MA NAT) vs. single-agent adjuvant therapy (SA AT), single-agent neoadjuvant therapy (SA NAT), multi-agent adjuvant therapy (MA AT); 3: MA NAT vs. MA AT; 4: NAT + AT vs NAT; 5: NAT + AT vs AT) were constructed using minimum distance matching strategy. Median OS (mOS) was analysed using Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. Results A total of 18,470 patients with stage I/II rPca were eligible for analysis. NAT showed a 5 month (mo.) improved OS compared with UR (3271 patients/group, 28.1 vs 23.2 mo. P Conclusions In patients with stage I/II rPca, MA NAT showed improved mOS compared to UR and all other chemotherapy sequences except both NAT plus AT. These findings support the use of MA NAT in stage I/II rPca patients and warrant prospective trials evaluating MA NAT and post-resection maintenance therapies.
A Machine Learning Strategy for Locomotion Classification and Parameter Estimation Using Fusion of Wearable Sensors

The accurate classification of ambulation modes and estimation of walking parameters is a challenging problem that is key to many applications. Knowledge of the user's state can enable rehabilitative devices to adapt to changing conditions, while in a clinical setting it can provide physicians with more detailed patient activity information. This study describes the development and optimization process of a combined locomotion mode classifier and environmental parameter estimator using machine learning and wearable sensors. A detailed analysis of the best sensor types and placements for each problem is also presented to provide device designers with information on which sensors to prioritize for their application. For this study, 15 able-bodied subjects were unilaterally instrumented with inertial measurement unit, goniometer, and electromyography sensors and data were collected for extensive ranges of level-ground, ramp, and stair walking conditions. The proposed system classifies steady state ambulation modes with 99% accuracy and ambulation mode transitions with 96% accuracy, along with estimating ramp incline within 1.25 degrees, stair height within 1.29 centimeters, and walking speed within 0.04 meters per second. Mechanical sensors (inertial measurement units, goniometers) are found to be most important for classification, while goniometers dominate ramp incline and stair height estimation, and speed estimation is performed largely with a single inertial measurement unit. The feature tables and Matlab code to replicate the study are published as supplemental materials.
Shear Viscosity at Infinite Coupling: A Field Theory Calculation.

I derive an exact integral expression for the ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$ for the massless (critical) $O(N)$ model at large $N$ with quartic interactions. The calculation is set up and performed entirely from the field theory side using a nonperturbative resummation scheme that captures all contributions to leading order in large $N$. In $2+1d$, $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$ is evaluated numerically at all values of the coupling. For infinite coupling, I find $(\ensuremath{\eta}/s)\ensuremath{\simeq}0.42(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N$. I show that this strong coupling result for the viscosity is universal for a large class of interacting bosonic $O(N)$ models.
A demonstration of embedded health management technology for the HEMTT LHS vehicle

This paper describes the development and implementation of a prototype embedded health management system for the U.S. Army HEMTT M1120A2+ vehicle. Diagnostic, advanced diagnostic and prognostic technologies were developed and implemented for four of the vehicles subsystems including the engine, transmission, load handling system and main vehicle batteries. A centralized vehicle health information analyzer and server was developed and resides in a hardened on-board computer. All of the sensors and devices are networked into this computer, which stores and processes the data for display to the graphical user interface. This interface was developed to provide vehicle operational status data and sub-system health information in an actionable format that is simple to understand and intuitive to operators and maintainers. The HEMTT M1120A2+ vehicle served as a platform for showing how the health management technology can be integrated into a vehicle to provide diagnostic and prognostic information to operator and maintainers. It also helps to create the 'vision' for the implementation of health management technology for legacy and future ground vehicles.
Variational Transition State Theory in the Treatment of Hydrogen Transfer Reactions

We review variational transition state theory with optimized multidimensional tunneling as a well validated method for calculating rate constants of reactions with significant quantum mechanical effects, such as proton, hydrogen atom, and hydride transfer reactions.
Is Team Harmony Necessary for Success? Cultural Beliefs about Conflict and Team Performance

Despite empirical evidence that relationship conflict hampers team performance, recent cultural psychology theories have posited that European Americans underestimate the negative influence of relationship conflict. Consistent with research on Protestant Relational Ideology, a crosscultural experiment showed that compared with Koreans, European Americans were less likely to believe that relationship conflict - but not task conflict - limits a team's ability to succeed. European Americans were also more likely to join a talented team despite its likelihood of experiencing relationship conflict. Furthermore, secondary analyses showed that the cultural effect observed in participants' decisions to join the potentially conflict-ridden team was related to participants' beliefs about whether relationship conflict is detrimental to team performance.
Statin use and the prevention of venous thromboembolism: a meta‐analysis

Summary Aims: Statins are thought to have antithrombotic properties and may attenuate patients’ odds of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), but clinical studies have yielded variable estimates of this effect. The aim was to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of statin use on development of VTE. Methods: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies evaluating the effects of statins on the incidence of VTE were selected from MEDLINE (1996 to August 2009), Cochrane CENTRAL (second quarter, 2009), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (second quarter, 2009) and a manual review of references. While no further restrictions were placed on RCTs, observational studies were only included if they reported adjusted effect sizes using appropriate methods. Development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and any VTE from RCTs and observational studies were pooled using traditional meta analytic techniques with a random-effects model. Results: Ten studies were identified and eligible for meta-analysis. Upon meta-analysis, statin use was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the odds of developing VTE (AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.54–0.86), DVT (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43–0.82) and PE (AOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.53–0.94). Discussion: Statin use is associated with significantly reduced odds of developing VTE, DVT or PE by 32%, 41% and 30% respectively. Our meta-analysis included one RCT, JUPITER, which alone provided statistically significant reduction in the odds of developing VTE and DVT (43% and 55% respectively), and a nonsignificant reduction on PE. Conclusion: Currently available evidence suggests that statins can reduce patients’ odds of developing VTE.
Expression of a yeast metallothionein gene family is activated by a single metalloregulatory transcription factor.

Abstract The opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata elicits at least two major responses in the presence of high environmental metal levels: transcriptional induction of the metallothionein gene family by copper and the appearance of small (gamma-Glu-Cys)nGly peptides in the presence of cadmium. On the basis of a trans-activation selection scheme in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we previously isolated a C. glabrata gene which encodes a copper-activated DNA-binding protein designated AMT1. AMT1 forms multiple specific DNA-protein complexes with both C. glabrata MT-I and MT-IIa promoter DNA fragments. In this report, we localize and define the AMT1-binding sites in the MT-I and MT-IIa promoters and characterize the mode of AMT1 binding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the AMT1 protein trans activates both the MT-I and MT-IIa genes in vivo in response to copper and that this activation is essential for high-level copper resistance in C. glabrata. Although AMT1-mediated trans activation of the C. glabrata metallothionein genes is essential for copper resistance, AMT1 is completely dispensable for cadmium tolerance. The distinct function that metallothionein genes have in copper but not cadmium detoxification in C. glabrata is in contrast to the role that metallothionein genes play in tolerance to multiple metals in higher organisms.
Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high-risk of psychosis: impact on postural sway and symptom severity.

Despite known deficits in postural control in patients with schizophrenia, this domain has not been investigated in youth at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis. This is particularly relevant as postural control implicates dysfunction in the cerebellum-a region implicated in cognitive dysmetria conceptions of schizophrenia but poorly understood in the prodrome. Here, we extended our understanding of movement abnormalities in UHR individuals to include postural control, and have linked these deficits to both symptom severity and cerebello-cortical network connectivity. UHR and healthy control participants completed an instrumentally based balance task to quantify postural control along with a resting state brain imaging scan to investigate cerebellar networks. We also quantified positive and negative symptom severity with structured clinical interviews. The UHR group showed overall increased postural sway and decreased cerebello-cortical resting state connectivity, relative to controls. The decreased cerebello-cortical connectivity was seen across multiple networks. Postural sway was also correlated with cerebellar connectivity in this population and uniquely positively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. Finally, symptom severity was also associated with cerebellar connectivity. Together, our results point to a potential deficit in sensory integration as an underlying contributor to the increased postural sway, and provide evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in UHR individuals. These results extend our understanding of the motor abnormalities of UHR individuals beyond striatum-based dyskinesias to include postural control and sensory integration deficits, and implicate the cerebellum as a distinct neural substrate preceding the onset of psychosis. Taken together, our results extend the cognitive dysmetria framework to UHR populations. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4064–4078, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.