cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLUCONEOGENIC ENZYMES IN FETAL SHEEP LIVER AND KIDNEY

Recent studies of fetal sheep metabolism in unstressed preparations have suggested that amino acids (AA) may furnish up to 25% of the substrate for fetal aerobic metabolism after 125 days gestational age (GA). This investigation was performed to determine throughout gestation the activities in fetal sheep liver and kidney of key enzymes for gluconeogenesis. Tissue specimens from 10 fetuses of well-nourished ewes at 44-145 d. GA were assayed by spectrophotometric methods. Results: (1) After 125 d. GA substantial activities were found in both liver and kidney for glucose-6-p'tase (G6P), fructose-1,6-dipTtase (F1,6DP), pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, aspartate aminotransferase (asp AT), and alanine aminotransferase (ala AT). The activity in kidney for each enzyme except asp AT was comparable to or greater than the activity in liver.(2) Activities of 2 enzymes increased with gestation: Conclusion: Significant activities of these enzymes in late gestation support the theories of fetal utilization of AA (a) as substrate for aerobic metabolism, and (b) for gluconeogenesis. Speculations: (1) Increasing capability for gluconeogenesis may occur as gestation proceeds. (2) The role of the kidney in overall fetal metabolism may be substantial. (* μM Pi produced/min/g. protein; x ± SEM)
Alteration of Rumen Fermentation in Steers by Increasing Rumen Fluid Dilution Rate with Mineral Salts

Abstract Holstein steers were fed either high concentrate or high roughage diets ad libitum, and hypertonic solutions of either sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate were infused intraruminally to increase osmotic pressure of the rumen fluid. Dry matter intake was reduced in steers fed the high roughage diet during the intraruminal infusion of 1kg of sodium chloride. Decreased cellulose degradation as a result of increased osmotic pressure of rumen fluid may have been responsible for the reduced dry matter intake. Dilution rate of rumen fluid was increased by infusion of both sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. An increase in water consumption accounted for, at least in part, the increase in total outflow of fluid from the rumen. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid was reduced during infusion of both sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The increased dilution rate of rumen fluid when hypertonic solutions were infused intraruminally into steers fed a high concentrate diet was associated with an increased molar proportion of acetate and a decreased molar proportion of propionate. In contrast, the molar proportions of acetate and propionate in the rumen fluid of steers fed a high roughage diet were not altered although dilution rate of rumen fluid was increased by infusing the hypertonic solutions.
The Float Nurse: Promoting Safety and Support at Delivery and Beyond

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Perinatal units are challenged with providing the nurse‐to‐patient ratios recommended by the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). For uncomplicated births, one nurse should be assigned to the mother and another to the newborn. Healthy mothers and infants belong together, and separating them can disrupt early mother and infant interactions and affect breastfeeding. Our goals to align with Healthy People 2020 and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding motivated us to develop a program that would allow us to meet these goals. Proposed Change To promote early skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and newborn, eliminate or reduce separation of mothers from healthy stable infants, and promote early initiation of breastfeeding, we proposed to pilot a role for select nurses in our department called the float nurse. The float nurse acts as an advocate and liaison between the family, labor and delivery staff, mother–baby staff, and healthcare providers. The float nurse is present at uncomplicated vaginal deliveries and meets the AWHONN standard of being the nurse assigned to the newborn. She provides initial breastfeeding and newborn education as well as performs the initial physical assessment. The float nurse transitions the mother and infant together from the labor and delivery unit to the mother–baby unit. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A departmental task force consisting of leadership, clinical specialists, healthcare providers, and nurses met to develop the float nurse pilot. They obtained a baseline survey of current patient satisfaction, breastfeeding initiation rates, and quality of breastfeeding assistance. The department task force then determined the skill set required and identified potential float nurse participants. The 2‐week pilot enlisted six registered nurses with 24‐hour nurse coverage. The float nurse carried a cell phone and was contacted by the labor and delivery nurse when a birth was imminent. Despite a much higher than average birth rate during the pilot period, participating nurses were able to survey each participating mother. Preliminary survey results showed improved patient satisfaction, breastfeeding initiation rates, and quality of breastfeeding assistance. We proposed that positions be budgeted for FY 2013 to continue with this model of care. Implications for Nursing Practice This model of practice has the advantage of meeting the AWHONN staffing recommendation as well as promoting early nursing interventions that promote maternal–infant attachment and breastfeeding success. It also has the potential to provide other avenues of practice for the obstetric and neonatal nurse.
Some Recent Developments in Differential Geometry

Until recently differential geometry was the s tudy of fixed curves or surfaces in space and of abstract manifolds with fixed Riemannian metrics. Now geometers have begun to s tudy curves and surfaces that are subjected to various forces and that flow or evolve with time in response to those forces. Perhaps the simplest example (but already a very subtle one) is the curve-shortening flow. Consider a simple closed curve in the plane, and suppose that it moves so that the velocity at each point on the curve is equal to the curvature vector of the curve at that point. Thus on a convex curve, every point moves into the region bounded by the curve, whereas on a general curve, points on the portions that bend inward will move outward. This motion of curves arises naturally from thinking of the space of all smooth embedded curves as an infinite dimensional manifold M: a curve moves so that its velocity is minus the gradient of the length function on M. What happens to a curve as it flows in this way? Some facts are rather straightforward to establish: (1) Disjoint curves remain disjoint. This fact is an example of the maximum principle for parabolic partial differential equations. To see w h y it is true, consider two closed curves, one inside the other, that are initially disjoint. Suppose that at some later time they intersect each other. At the first such time, the curves must be tangent at the point p where they meet, and the curvature of the inner curve at p must be greater than or equal to the curvature of the outer curve at p. If strict inequality holds, then (at p) the inner curve is moving inward faster than the outer curve. But that implies that a moment earlier a portion of the " inner" curve was outside of the "outer" curve, a contradiction. If the curvatures at p are equal, a more subtle argument is required (Cf. [21]).
An empirical study of the use of visually enhanced voip audio conferencing: the case of IEAC

IBM Enhanced Audio Conferencing (IEAC) is a VoIP-based audio conferencing system that, like several other systems, provides a visualization showing who is present and their states (e.g., speaking, muted). This paper presents the first study of the use of such a system. Drawing on log files collected over six weeks of use by over 1300 corporate employees, and interviews with 10 of them, we look at how and why various features of the system are used and what sorts of practices are supported. Our findings shed light on the factors that drive the use of visual enhancements to audio conferencing, and suggest further research topics.
Tire Traction Assessed by Shear Force and Vehicle Performance

TIRE SHEAR FORCE DATA FOR TEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PASSENGER CAR TIRES TESTED ON WET SURFACES ARE STUDIED TO EXAMINE THE INFLUENCE OF TEST SURFACE, VELOCITY, AND LOAD ON THE MAXIMUM LATERAL FORCE, MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE, MAXIMUM RESULTANT FORCE, AND LOCKED WHEEL BRAKING FCORCE. TIRE TRACTION RANKINGS BASED ON THESE FOUR MEASURES ARE COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH RANKINGS OBTAINED FROM J-TURN AND DIAGONAL BRAKING TESTS ON A VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH THE SAME TYPES OF TIRES USING THE RANK DIFFERENCE CORRELATION METHOD. THE FINDINGS SHOW THAT RANKINGS BASED ON A SMALL NUMBER OF MAXIMUM LATERAL FORCE TESTS CORRELATE WELL WITH RANKINGS BASED ON J-TURN TESTS.
Adjunctive Nephrectomy at Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer

Purpose: Patients with metastatic testicular cancer with residual masses encasing the renal hilum or kidney after platin based chemotherapy may require adjunctive nephrectomy to achieve complete resection at post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. We reviewed our experience with adjunctive nephrectomy to assess the impact on cancer control and renal function.Materials and Methods: Of 647 post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection procedures performed at our institution since 1989 adjunctive nephrectomy has been performed in 32 patients (5%). Patient information was obtained from a prospective database. Median followup was 31 months.Results: Of the adjunctive nephrectomy procedures 17 (53%) were performed in high risk settings such as post-salvage chemotherapy, desperation retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, late relapse and reoperative retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Disease was present in the adjunctive nephrectomy specimen in 21 patients (66%). Following post-chem...
Myocardial Necrosis from Direct Current Countershock Effect of Paddle Electrode Size and Time Interval Between Discharges

The effect of varying both paddle electrode size and the time interval between direct current countershock on myocardial necrosis was studied. Forty-two dogs were divided into seven groups of six dogs each. All dogs were given ten consecutive, 240 watt-second countershocks (delivered energy into a 50 ohm load). Three groups were shocked with paddle electrode diameters of 8.0 cm (standard electrodes), two groups with paddle electrode diameters of 12.8 cm (large electrodes), and two groups with paddle electrode diameters of 4.3 cm (small electrodes). The time intervals between discharges in the groups shocked with the standard electrodes were 15 seconds, one minute, and three minutes. The time interval between discharges in the groups shocked with small and large electrodes was 15 seconds and three minutes. Myocardial necrosis was quantitated by precordial electrocardiographic mapping recorded minutes after, and by gross and microscopic examination of the hearts four days after direct current countershock. ...
First wall response to energy deposition in conceptual laser-fusion reactors☆

Abstract Discussed are energy depositions in the first wall of various proposed laser-fusion reactors and the effect of pulse time on the stress and temperature in the first wall. Simple models can be used to estimate the temperature and stress rise from X-rays and neutrons. More complex analysis is needed to estimate the response of the first wall to reflected laser light and the pellet debris.
Magnetic structure of an imbalanced Fermi gas in an optical lattice

We analyze the repulsive fermionic Hubbard model on square and cubic lattices with spin imbalance and in the presence of a parabolic confinement. We analyze the magnetic structure as a function of the repulsive interaction strength and polarization. In the first part of the article, we perform unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations for the two-dimensional (2D) case and find that above a critical interaction strength ${U}_{c}$ the system turns ferromagnetic at the edge of the trap, which is in agreement with the ferromagnetic Stoner instability of a homogeneous system away from half-filling. For $Ul{U}_{c}$, we find a canted antiferromagnetic structure in the Mott region in the center and a partially polarized compressible edge. The antiferromagnetic order in the Mott plateau is perpendicular to the direction of the imbalance. In this regime, the same qualitative behavior is expected for 2D and three-dimensional (3D) systems. In the second part of the article, we give a general discussion of magnetic structures above ${U}_{c}$. We argue that spin conservation leads to nontrivial textures, both in the ferromagnetic polarization at the edge and for the N\'eel order in the Mott plateau. We discuss differences in magnetic structures for 2D and 3D cases.
Impurity ionization in MOSFETs at very low temperatures

Abstract The physics of freeze-out in conventionally doped silicon is examined. A dynamic equilibrium theory, similar to that used in deep level transient spectroscopy, is developed to describe the time dependence of thermal ionization. The theory is extended to include field-dependent ionization, which accounts for impurity ionization at very low temperatures. The specific mechanisms (Poole - Frenkel ionization and tunnelling) are discussed, and the temperature and field dependences of the mechanisms are described. It is then shown that MOS capacitors and MOSFETs have very different behaviour at very low temperatures. Experimental results are examined, showing a distinct change in the behaviour of long term current transients at very low temperatures, as predicted by the model. The theoretical model developed here, when used in a simple one-dimensional simulation, agrees with substrate current measurements. Finally, some implications for very low temperature MOSFET operation are considered.
Transactive Memory and Performance in Work Groups: Specificity, Communication, Ability Differences, and Work Allocation

The present study examined the effects of specificity, communication, ability differences, and work allocation, on the utilization of transactive memory in work groups. Clerical staff members (N = 36) worked individually and then with a coworker to complete a quiz covering six domains of work-related knowledge and to allocate domains of knowledge or specific quiz items in a manner that maximized group performance. Allocations were made first individually and then collaboratively. Results indicated that transactive memory facilitated group performance. Specificity (item allocations vs. domain allocations) led to more effective utilization of member knowledge, but communication did not. Group performance was higher when members differed in ability and when the allocated more work to the more proficient member.
The shielding of CEO cash compensation from post‐acquisition earnings' charges

Purpose – This study aims to examine whether CEO compensation is shielded from the negative effects of restructuring charges and asset impairments following the acquisition of the controlling interest in the stock of another corporation.Design/methodology/approach – Regression tests using CEO cash compensation as the dependent variable, and restructuring charges, goodwill impairments, and other asset impairments associated with a target firm as independent test and control variables.Findings – The results indicate that CEO cash compensation is increased when an acquiring firm with respect to the target firm records restructuring charges. Goodwill impairments have no effect on CEO cash compensation.Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the extent that it only considers CEO cash compensation. A future area of research is to examine the association of total CEO compensation and post‐acquisition earnings” charges. Shareholders encourage CEOs to proceed with synergistic restructuring fol...
The determinants of immigration from Mexico to the United States: a state-to-state analysis

The determinants of undocumented immigration flows from Mexican states to US states utilizing data recently released by the Mexican Consulate are analysed. The results generally support that immigrants tend towards states with higher Mexican immigrant populations, shorter distances, higher wages and smaller populations.
Chemical Characterization of Coal Tar−Water Interfacial Films

Semigelatinous interfacial films, which may influence the fluid mechanic and mass transfer properties of coal tar in porous media, have been observed to form in coal tar−water systems when coal tar...
Evaluating the Effective Degrees of Freedom of the Delete-a-Group Jackknife

The delete-a-group jackknife is sometimes used when estimating the variances of statistics based on a large sample. We investigate heavily poststratified estimators for a population mean and a simple regression coefficient, where both full-sample and domain estimates are of interest. The delete-a-group (DAG) jackknife employing 30, 60, and 100 replicates is found to be highly unstable, even for large sample sizes. The empirical degrees of freedom of these DAG jackknives are usually much less than their nominal degrees of freedom. This analysis calls into question whether coverage intervals derived from replication-based variance estimators can be trusted for highly calibrated estimates.
A quantification of lobbying benefits with an application to the common agricultural policy

Abstract We employ an empirical general equilibrium model of the CAP to determine which factors and countries would be expected to be opposed to or support reform of the CAP. The objective is to determine who are the “friends” and “enemies” of the CAP. The analysis studies the extent to which lobbying activity by these interested parties could be expected to encourage or discourage internal EU reform of the CAP. Several alternative policies to reform the CAP are evaluated in this manner in order to determine if one or another set of policies has a greater chance of being accepted. Specifically, we study the Uruguay Round Agreement, as well as a number of stated negotiating positions presented during the Round. The result will be a summary assessment of the relative politico-economic acceptability of these reform proposals within the EU. Our results lead to a very simple policy conclusion. Given the set of policy packages considered here, there is little doubt that the EU was most inclined to adopt a proposal incorporating compensation payments. Without further disaggregation of the analysis to identify the United States or Japan, we can only note that such a proposal is also the best as far as overall welfare goes for the rest of the world. Our results confirm the importance of sidepayments in the implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement.
Applications of the Wei-Lachin Multivariate One-Sided Test for Multiple Outcomes on Possibly Different Scales

Many studies aim to assess whether a therapy has a beneficial effect on multiple outcomes simultaneously relative to a control. Often the joint null hypothesis of no difference for the set of outcomes is tested using separate tests with a correction for multiple tests, or using a multivariate T2-like MANOVA or global test. However, a more powerful test in this case is a multivariate one-sided or one-directional test directed at detecting a simultaneous beneficial treatment effect on each outcome, though not necessarily of the same magnitude. The Wei-Lachin test is a simple 1 df test obtained from a simple sum of the component statistics that was originally described in the context of a multivariate rank analysis. Under mild conditions this test provides a maximin efficient test of the null hypothesis of no difference between treatment groups for all outcomes versus the alternative hypothesis that the experimental treatment is better than control for some or all of the component outcomes, and not worse for any. Herein applications are described to a simultaneous test for multiple differences in means, proportions or life-times, and combinations thereof, all on potentially different scales. The evaluation of sample size and power for such analyses is also described. For a test of means of two outcomes with a common unit variance and correlation 0.5, the sample size needed to provide 90% power for two separate one-sided tests at the 0.025 level is 64% greater than that needed for the single Wei-Lachin multivariate one-directional test at the 0.05 level. Thus, a Wei-Lachin test with these operating characteristics is 39% more efficient than two separate tests. Likewise, compared to a T2-like omnibus test on 2 df, the Wei-Lachin test is 32% more efficient. An example is provided in which the Wei-Lachin test of multiple components has superior power to a test of a composite outcome.
On the trail of the global green bean: methodological considerations in multi‐site ethnography

The need to demystify and ‘ground’ globalization has spurred many calls for multi-site fieldwork. This article discusses how such fieldwork was used to examine the contemporary restructuring of fresh food commodity chains between Africa and Europe, at a time of increasing European concerns about food safety and quality. Drawing on convention theory and actor-network theory for conceptual guidance, qualitative fieldwork was conducted at sites of production, import and export in ‘anglophone’ (Zambia–London) and ‘francophone’ (Burkina Faso–Paris) commodity chains. The article also discusses the challenges posed by multi-site research, especially in realms where secrecy and deception are standard tools of the trade.
An Examination of Terman's Gifted Children from the Theory of Identity.

Employing Erikson's identity theory within Marcia's operational framework, the association between identity formation and adult achievement was examined in a subset of gifted individuals from Termn...
Dictatorial Institutions and their Impact on Economic Growth

Non-democratic regimes vary in the degree to which domestic groups threaten their rule and the extent to which they need the cooperation of these groups. To both neutralize threats to their rule and solicit cooperation, some dictators coopt potential domestic opposition by providing rents and policy concessions within nominally-democratic institutions, such as legislatures and political parties. These institutions, designed as instruments of cooptation, facilitate cooperation between the regime and outside groups which promotes economic growth.
Lung volume reduction after stereotactic ablative radiation therapy of lung tumors: potential application to emphysema.

Purpose Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves dyspnea and other outcomes in selected patients with severe emphysema, but many have excessive surgical risk for LVRS. We analyzed the dose-volume relationship for lobar volume reduction after stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) of lung tumors, hypothesizing that SABR could achieve therapeutic volume reduction if applied in emphysema. Methods and Materials We retrospectively identified patients treated from 2007 to 2011 who had SABR for 1 lung tumor, pre-SABR pulmonary function testing, and ≥6 months computed tomographic (CT) imaging follow-up. We contoured the treated lobe and untreated adjacent lobe(s) on CT before and after SABR and calculated their volume changes relative to the contoured total (bilateral) lung volume (TLV). We correlated lobar volume reduction with the volume receiving high biologically effective doses (BED, α/β = 3). Results 27 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a median CT follow-up time of 14 months. There was no grade ≥3 toxicity. The median volume reduction of the treated lobe was 4.4% of TLV (range, −0.4%-10.8%); the median expansion of the untreated adjacent lobe was 2.6% of TLV (range, −3.9%-11.6%). The volume reduction of the treated lobe was positively correlated with the volume receiving BED ≥60 Gy (r 2 =0.45, P =.0001). This persisted in subgroups determined by high versus low pre-SABR forced expiratory volume in 1 second, treated lobe CT emphysema score, number of fractions, follow-up CT time, central versus peripheral location, and upper versus lower lobe location, with no significant differences in effect size between subgroups. Volume expansion of the untreated adjacent lobe(s) was positively correlated with volume reduction of the treated lobe (r 2 =0.47, P Conclusions We identified a dose-volume response for treated lobe volume reduction and adjacent lobe compensatory expansion after lung tumor SABR, consistent across multiple clinical parameters. These data serve to inform our ongoing prospective trial of stereotactic ablative volume reduction (SAVR) for severe emphysema in poor candidates for LVRS.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF SEED DISPERSAL: AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF GRASSLAND INVASION

We measured spatial and temporal patterns of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment for 58 species in a grassland community to test whether seed dispersal could predict patterns of invasion after disturbance. For the 12 most abundant grasses, recruitment of native species was dependent on the propagule supply of both native and exotic species. Variability in seed rain on small spatial (1-10 m) and temporal (within season) scales led to qualitative differences in the outcome of disturbance colonization such that native species dominated disturbances when exotic seed supply was low but failed to establish when exotic seed supply was high. Local dispersal and spatial heterogeneity in species composition promoted coexistence of native and exotic species by creating refuges from high exotic seed supply within native dominated patches. Despite this, copious exotic seed production strongly limited recruitment of native species in exotic dominated patches. Most grasslands in California are presently dominated by exotic species, suggesting that competition at the seedling stage is a major barrier to native species restoration.
“The Last of the World's Afflicted Race of Humans Who Believe in Freedom”: Race, Colonial Whiteness and Imperialism in John Ford and Dudley Nichols's The Hurricane (1937)

This essay examines the political meanings of John Ford and Dudley Nichols's film The Hurricane (1937). The Hurricane appears at a pivotal moment in American history, a moment when Ford and Nichols set out to make films for a “new kind of public.” This new audience was forged by new political forces, including the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the Popular Front, and Roosevelt's New Deal. Building on previous work that documents Nichols's affiliation with Popular Front organizations, and Ford's own political cinema (including The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), and How Green Was My Valley (1941)), I argue that The Hurricane offers a fundamental critique of European imperialism, and imperial “whiteness.” At the same time, the energies for that critique come from a paradoxically “progressive” orientalism that represents South Seas “natives” as inherently wild and independent. It is this projected hunger for independence that allows Ford and Nichols to argue against colonial “whiteness,” while, almost simultaneously, they portray African Americans as servile and dependent, thus justifying white supremacy and racial oppression in the United States. Finally, by way of conclusion, I suggest that this dyadic representation – natives as independent, blacks as dependent – continues to structure the politics of Ford's post-World War II cinema, allowing him to normalize white supremacy at home, while at the same time justifying American military adventures abroad in the name of freedom for “the world's afflicted races.”
Reflex Vasoconstrictor and Vasodilator Responses in Man

The application of ice to the forehead and the Valsalva maneuver are known to cause reflex vasoconstriction by stimulation of adrenergic pathways of the sympathetic nervous system. In the experiments reported here, the effects of these stimuli on blood flow to the forearm of man were studied after intra-arterial injection of adrenergic blocking drugs. Changes in flow were measured with water plethysmographs applied to both forearms. One forearm served as "control," and the other forearm, into which the drugs were injected, was the "experimental" one. The stimuli caused a consistent reduction of flow to the control forearm, but after the intra-arterial infusion of small doses of guanethidine there was increased flow to the experimental arm simultaneous with decreased flow to the control arm. The increased flow in response to the stimuli was accentuated after phentolamine and reduced after atropine. The results indicate that the application of ice to the forehead and the Valsalva maneuver stimulate adrenergic vasoconstrictor pathways and cholinergic vasodilator pathways simultaneously. The vasoconstrictor response predominates, and the vasodilator effect is unmasked only after adrenergic blockade. It appears, therefore, that mental stresses are not the only stimuli which can cause reflex cholinergic vasodilatation in the forearm of man. Work by others would suggest that leg exercise may also cause cholinergic dilatation after adrenolytic agents. It is possible that cholinergic vasodilatation may play a role in the severe orthostatic fall in blood pressure, as well as in the exercise hypotension, observed in patients treated with guanethidine.
Complex solutions to simple molecular orbital problems

Some general properties of complex coefficient closed-shell molecular orbital calculations (CRHF) are examined. These types of calculations can be useful for describing systems where the restriction of real coefficients requires multideterminant wave functions. Examples of systems where CRHF calculations are useful are presented. These examples include singlet O2, singlet Cr2, and CH.
Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression among College Students: Effects of Gender of Perpetrator, Target, and Perceiver.

This study examined gendered perceptions of relational and physical aggressive behaviors and personal experiences with both types of aggression. Prior research suggested that physical aggression by males and relational aggression by females would be perceived most negatively. College students (186 female, 128 male) rated the acceptability and harmfulness of aggression in scenarios in which type of aggression and perpetrator and target gender were varied. As predicted, relational aggression by female characters and physical aggression by male characters were rated as less acceptable and more aggressive/harmful than the same behavior by the other gender. Thus, expectations regarding the gender-appropriateness of aggression appear to affect perceptions of such acts. Despite popular conceptions that females use and are harmed by relational aggression more than males, there was no gender difference in experience with relational aggression, nor were female targets viewed as more harmed by such aggression than their male counterparts.
Reservoir Sampling over Memory-Limited Stream Joins

In stream join processing with limited memory, uniform random sampling is useful for approximate query evaluation. In this paper, we address the problem of reservoir sampling over memory-limited stream joins. We present two sampling algorithms, reservoir join-sampling (RJS) and progressive reservoir join-sampling (PRJS). RJS is designed straightforwardly by using a fixed-size reservoir sampling on a join-sample (i.e., random sample of a join output stream). Anytime the sample in the reservoir is used, RJS always gives a uniform random sample of the original join output stream. With limited memory, however, the available memory may not be large enough even for the join buffer, thereby severely limiting the reservoir size. PRJS alleviates this problem by increasing the reservoir size during the join-sampling. This increasing is possible since the memory requirement by the join-sampling algorithm decreases over time. A larger reservoir provides a closer representation of the original join output stream. However, it comes with a negative impact on the probability of the sample being uniform. Through experiments we examine the tradeoffs and compare the two algorithms in terms of the aggregation error on the reservoir sample.
Building and ornamental stones of the Awam (Mahram Bilqis) Temple in Marib, Yemen

One of the most famous monuments of the ancient Kingdom of Saba is the first-millennium BC Awam Temple in Marib, Yemen. Despite its fame, almost nothing has been published about the building and ornamental stones used in its construction, or the quarries that supplied these stones. This paper presents the results of the first geological study of the Awam Temple and its stone quarries.
Validating A Method for Mapping Managers' Mental Models of Competitive Industry Structures

Cognitive mapping techniques refer to methods used to elicit the structure and content of people's mental models. There is a growing interest in applying these techniques to the study of managers' mental models of strategic management issues. This paper reports on a new method for mapping managers' mental models of competitive industry structures, that is based upon recent developments in the cognitive psychology of the categorization of concepts. This method, a simple visual card sorting technique, is quick to administer and interpret. The method is evaluated with respect to its psychometric properties against the well established, but potentially cumbersome, repertory grid technique. The method is demonstrated to have good validity by comparing it with the repertory grid technique.
Computation of channel capacity and rate-distortion functions

By defining mutual information as a maximum over an appropriate space, channel capacities can be defined as double maxima and rate-distortion functions as double minima. This approach yields valuable new insights regarding the computation of channel capacities and rate-distortion functions. In particular, it suggests a simple algorithm for computing channel capacity that consists of a mapping from the set of channel input probability vectors into itself such that the sequence of probability vectors generated by successive applications of the mapping converges to the vector that achieves the capacity of the given channel. Analogous algorithms then are provided for computing rate-distortion functions and constrained channel capacities. The algorithms apply both to discrete and to continuous alphabet channels or sources. In addition, a formalization of the theory of channel capacity in the presence of constraints is included. Among the examples is the calculation of close upper and lower bounds to the rate-distortion function of a binary symmetric Markov source.
Preempting the next disaster : Catastrophe insurance and the financialization of disaster management

The 2007 launch of the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) introduced a new mechanism of state security against the uncertainties of climate change. Proponents argue that increas...
Inverse Methods and Uncertainties in Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis

Quantitative models are often constructed in attempts to uncover the evolution of stratigraphic and basinal systems from present-day data. These models contain parameters related to the imposed boundary and initial conditions, as well as intrinsic parameters connected to the intrinsic evolution of the systems through equations of state taken to describe dynamical, chemical and flow processes. The use of inverse methods to determine these parameters is often undertaken by optimizing the model development in order to minimize the disagreement of the model with observations. We show here that several methods of optimization are possible, and we compare and contrast their intrinsic assumptions and relative numerical speeds. The problems of finite data sampling, with uncertainty of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and sampling frequency and distribution also play a major role in attempting to obtain the parameters required. In addition, different choices of control functions chosen for the minimization are shown to lead to different optimum parameter values, so that there is also a uniqueness problem in any inverse method chosen. The three methods considered here are simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and the fast path tomographic method. Newton line search methods and Simplex solvers are also mentioned, but they are already known to be very much slower than any of the other three methods. The implications of the investigation reported here are that extreme care must be exercised in using data, models, and methods in attempts to uncover the evolution of a system. Failure to be absolutely sharp in what is being done can easily lead to overstating the results of an inverse method beyond its level of ability to resolve the problem. And the manner in which a problem fails to be resolved is also one of the crucial factors to be determined from any inverse method applied to such problems.
Polar substituent effects in the sodium borohydride reduction of 2- and 3- substituted fluorenones

Abstract The kinetics in the sodium borohydride reduction of fluorenone and twelve 2- and 3- substituted fluorenones were determined at three temperatures in isopropyl alcohol and the entropies and enthalpies of activation calculated. A linear Hammett σ ϱ plot was obtained using meta and para σ constants. The positive ϱ value (ϱ = +2·65) confirmed the nucleophilicity of sodium borohydride. Deviations of the 2-methoxy and 2-aminofluorenone from the Hammett correlation were explained by electron delocalization through the unsubstituted ring to the reaction site in the ground state. The reduction reaction to a considerable extent destroys these interactions at the transition state stage.
Processing, Characterization, and Dielectric Studies on K(Ta1−xNbx)O3 for Use at Cryogenic Temperatures

Development of the next generation space telescope, to supplement the Hubble Space Telescope, has heightened the need for cryogenic actuators. High performance electromechanical materials are needed for use from 10 to 77 K. The use of piezoelectric materials to satisfy this need involves major property trade-offs; consequently, alternative materials are of interest—the electrostrictive ceramics. The electrostrictors operate above their “Curie” (transition) temperature, and have electromechanical properties that can be superior to conventional piezoelectric materials. Because work on the electrostrictive materials is limited, the K(Ta,Nb)O3 solid solution system has been chosen as a viable material for use at cryogenic temperatures. These solid solutions have predicted transition temperatures in the range of 4 to 150 K. Two separate KTaO3 powders were synthesized with 10 and 17.5 mol% Nb2O5 doping levels. The powders were synthesized via a conventional mixed oxide route and materials were fabricated using a tape cast and laminating technique. Powders and samples were characterized using laser scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area analysis to determine particle size distribution and morphology, powder X-ray diffractometry for phase composition, and dielectric response as a function of frequency and temperature. Tape casting and lamination produced final samples that were fabricated to ∼88% of theoretical density. Dielectric measurements resulted in Curie temperatures of 248 and 123 K, and weak-field permittivity values of ∼2700 and 4000 for 17.5 and 10 mol% additions of Nb2O5 to KTaO3.
A New Placement-Ideal Layout for Multiway Replication Storage System

Technology trends are making sophisticated replication-based storage architectures become a standard commercial practice in today's computing. Existing solutions successfully developed optimal and near-optimal parallelism layouts such as declustered parity organizations at small-scale storage architectures. There are very few studies on multiway replication-based storage architectures that are significantly different from parity-based storage architectures. It is difficult to scale up to a large size because current placement-ideal solutions have a limited number of configurations. In this paper, we retrofit the desirable properties of optimal parallelism definitions in parity architectures for replication architectures, and propose a novel placement-ideal data layout-shifted declustering. Shifted declustering layout obtains optimal parallelism in a wide range of configurations, and obtains optimal high performance and load balancing in both fault-free and degraded mode. Our theoretical proofs and comprehensive simulation results show that shifted declustering is superior in performance, load balancing, and reliability to traditional layout schemes such as standard mirroring, chained declustering, group-rotational declustering, and existing parity layout schemes PRIME and RELPR.
An Auroral Spectrograph

High sensitivity to auroral Hα, resolution in elevation angle along a narrow band from horizon to horizon, and simplicity of components are principal features of a new automatic auroral spectrograph. Sky light reaches an all-sky convex mirror by way of an external curved slot in the vertical plane, whose calculated shape gives a flat image of uniform width. This slit image of adjustable width is photographed from above by a standard 16-mm camera with f/0.95 lens, the light having passed through a blazed grating at minimum deviation. In this arrangement distortions in the noncollimated beam and losses by reflection are kept low, and slit adjustment to 25-A resolution enhances detection of the broadened Hα emission line. Satisfactory sensitivity to major airglow lines, hydrogen, and auroral features is obtained in successive 15-min exposures, representing an approximately fivefold improvement in time resolution over that of the IGY patrol spectrograph, with a consequent loss in spectral resolution.
Transcription Factor Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogen Homolog-1 Is a Novel Mediator of Renal Injury in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Transcription factor E26 transformation-specific sequence-1 (ETS-1) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of genes, including growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. We recently demonstrated that angiotensin II increases the glomerular expression of ETS-1 and that blockade of ETS-1 ameliorates the profibrotic and proinflammatory effects of angiotensin II. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat is a paradigm of salt-sensitive hypertension associated with local activation of the renin-angiotensin system. In these studies, we determined whether: (1) salt-sensitive hypertension is associated with renal expression of ETS-1 and (2) ETS-1 participates in the development of end-organ injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a normal-salt diet (0.5% NaCl diet) or a high-salt diet (4% NaCl) for 4 weeks. Separate groups on high-salt diet received an ETS-1 dominant-negative peptide (10 mg/kg/d), an inactive ETS-1 mutant peptide (10 mg/kg/d), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan (10 mg/kg/d), or the combination high-salt diet/dominant-negative peptide/angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker for 4 weeks. High-salt diet rats had a significant increase in the glomerular expression of the phosphorylated ETS-1 that was prevented by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. ETS-1 blockade reduced proteinuria, glomerular injury score, fibronectin expression, urinary transforming growth factor-β excretion, and macrophage infiltration. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker reduced proteinuria, glomerular injury score, and macrophage infiltration, whereas concomitant ETS-1 blockade and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker had additive effects and reduced interstitial fibrosis. Our studies demonstrated that salt-sensitive hypertension results in increased glomerular expression of phosphorylated ETS-1 and suggested that ETS-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of end-organ injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
Effects of Equatorial Undercurrent Shear on Upper-Ocean Mixing and Internal Waves

Abstract The effect of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) shear on equatorial upper-ocean mixing is studied using a large eddy simulation (LES) model. This study consists of five numerical experiments of convection with various initial shear profiles: 1) full background shear (EUC shear), 2) same as 1 but with a surface cooling rate reduced by a factor of 10, 3) no shear, 4) stable part the background shear only (velocity constant above 30 m where Ri < 1/4 in experiment 1), and 5) unstable part of the background shear only (velocity constant below 30 m). It is found that flow evolution crucially depends on the background shear. Removal of all or part of the shear profile dramatically degrades the realism of the results. Convection in the mixed layer triggers shear instability, which in turn radiates gravity waves downward into the upper thermocline. Local shear instability can be triggered by downward-propagating internal waves in a marginally stable environment. This local shear instability is the cause of mi...
Is glycogen the source of acids developed in autolysis

In the following communication, an attempt is made to answer the question whether glycogen contributes to the rise in acidity in an autolyzing digest.Method.—Beef liver from the butcher was ground in sand, diluted with Ringer's Solution to make a 20 per cent. digest by weight and divided into two portions, I (control) and II, to which one gram of glycogen obtained from liver was added for every 250 c.c. digest. In order to follow the rate and extent of digestion, the following procedure was used: Fifty c.c. of the well-mixed digest were transferred to a 100 c.c. volumetric flask and made up to the mark with 5 per cent. trichloracetic acid. The mixture was left until precipitation was completed (4 to 12 hrs.) and then filtered. The nitrogen in 20 c.c. of the filtrate was then determined by Sorensen formol-titration. The reaction of medium was studied by the following method: Fifty c.c. of the digest were placed in fish-bladder dialyzing sacs and dialysis was made against Ringer's Solution for 10 hrs. Hydro...
The antiretroviral drug pipeline: prospects and implications for future treatment research.

Purpose of reviewA number of investigational antiretroviral drugs in clinical development could alter the future treatment landscape for resource-limited settings and contribute to optimized therapy for HIV infection.Recent findingsSeveral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are in d
Confidence Intervals from Groups

(1992). Confidence Intervals from Groups. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 118-122.
The Influence Analysis of Wenchuan Earthquake on Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall

The structure and mechanism of reinforced earth retaining wall are described in this paper.Then the deformation state of reinforced earth retaining wall is analyzed using finite element software PLAXIS combined with the survey data of highways in the affected area.The results show that the lower part of the reinforced earth retaining wall has the maximum stress and the upper part of the reinforced earth retaining wall has the maximum replacement under Wenchuan Earthquake.Therefore,in the future design and construction,the strength of the top and bottom of reinforced earth retaining wall can be improved properly,or the vertical gradient of the reinforced earth wall can be reduced in a reasonable way to reduce the impact of earthquakes on the wall.
The anatomic basis of vascular compression of the duodenum.

Fluctuation in reported prevalence of this entity and the frequent association with neurosis have produced occasional skepticism as to its objective existence. The authors believe it to be a real disease entity with an anatomic basis best described by the name vascular compression of the duodenum.