cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pinzones and the coup of the acedares: fishing and colonization in the fifteenth-century Atlantic

In the late fifteenth century, Iberian mariners active between Atlantic Europe, the Mediterranean, and Atlantic Africa routinely engaged in a heady mix of labor and violence at sea. The Andalusian ...
On Dissipation inside Turbulent Convection Zones from Three-dimensional Simulations of Solar Convection

The development of two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of solar convection has lead to a picture of convection quite unlike the usually assumed Kolmogorov spectrum turbulent flow. We investigate the impact of this changed structure on the dissipation properties of the convection zone, parameterized by an effective viscosity coefficient. We use an expansion treatment developed by Goodman & Oh, applied to a numerical model of solar convection, to calculate effective viscosity as a function of frequency and compare this to currently existing prescriptions based on the assumption of Kolmogorov turbulence. The results quite closely match a linear scaling with period, even though this same formalism applied to a Kolmogorov spectrum of eddies gives a scaling with a power-law index of 5/3.
Frequency and phase correction of J-difference edited MR spectra using deep learning.

Purpose To investigate whether a deep learning-based (DL) approach can be used for frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) of MEGA-edited MRS data. Methods Two neural networks (1 for frequency, 1 for phase) consisting of fully connected layers were trained and validated using simulated MEGA-edited MRS data. This DL-FPC was subsequently tested and compared to a conventional approach (spectral registration [SR]) and to a model-based SR implementation (mSR) using in vivo MEGA-edited MRS datasets. Additional artificial offsets were added to these datasets to further investigate performance. Results The validation showed that DL-based FPC was capable of correcting within 0.03 Hz of frequency and 0.4°of phase offset for unseen simulated data. DL-based FPC performed similarly to SR for the unmanipulated in vivo test datasets. When additional offsets were added to these datasets, the networks still performed well. However, although SR accurately corrected for smaller offsets, it often failed for larger offsets. The mSR algorithm performed well for larger offsets, which was because the model was generated from the in vivo datasets. In addition, the computation times were much shorter using DL-based FPC or mSR compared to SR for heavily distorted spectra. Conclusion These results represent a proof of principle for the use of DL for preprocessing MRS data.
A cell atlas of the chick retina based on single-cell transcriptomics.

The evolutionary relationships of organisms and of genes have long been studied in various ways, including genome sequencing. More recently, the evolutionary relationships among the different types of cells that perform distinct roles in an organism, have become a subject of inquiry. High throughput single-cell RNA sequencing is a technique that allows scientists to determine what genes are switched on in single cells. This technique makes it possible to catalogue the cell types that make up a tissue and generate an atlas of the tissue based on what genes are switched on in each cell. The atlases can then be compared among species. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue that animals with a backbone, called vertebrates, use to see. The basic plan of the retina is very similar in vertebrates: five classes of neurons – the cells that make up the nervous system – are arranged into three layers. The chicken is a highly visual animal and it has frequently been used to study the development of the retina, from understanding how unspecialized embryonic cells become neurons to examining how circuits of neurons form. The structure and role of the retina have been studied in many vertebrates, but detailed descriptions of this tissue at the molecular level have been largely limited to mammals. To bridge this gap, Yamagata, Yan and Sanes generated the first cell atlas of the chicken retina. Additionally, they developed a gene editing-based technique based on CRISPR technology called eCHIKIN to label different cell types based on genes each type switched on selectively, providing a means of matching their shape and location to their molecular identity. Using these methods, it was possible to subdivide each of the five classes of neurons in the retina into multiple distinct types for a total of 136. The atlas provided a foundation for evolutionary analysis of how retinas evolve to serve the very different visual needs of different species. The chicken cell types could be compared to types previously identified in similar studies of mouse and primate retinas. Comparing the relationships among retinal cells in chickens, mice and primates revealed strong similarities in the overall cell classes represented. However, the results also showed big differences among species in the specific types within each class, and the genes that were switched on within each cell type. These findings may provide a foundation to study the anatomy, physiology, evolution, and development of the avian visual system. Until now, neural development of the chicken retina was being studied without comprehensive knowledge of its cell types or the developmentally important genes they express. The system developed by Yamagata, Yan and Sanes may be used in the future to learn more about vision and to investigate how neural cell types evolve to match the repertoire of each species to its environment.
Wetland Soil Strength Tester and Core Sampler Using a Drone

Soil strength testing and collecting soil cores from wetlands is currently a slow, manual process that runs the risk of disturbing and contaminating soil samples. This paper describes a method using an instrumented dart deployed and retrieved by a drone for performing core sample tests in soft soils. The instrumented dart can simultaneously conduct free- fall penetrometer tests. A drone-mounted mechanism enables deploying and reeling in the dart for sample return or for multiple soil strength tests. Tests examine the effect of dart tip diameter and drop height on soil retrieval, and the requisite pull force to retrieve the samples. Further tests examine the dart’s ability to measure soil strength and penetration depth. Hardware trials demonstrate that the drone can repeatedly drop and retrieve a dart, and that the soil can be discretely sampled.
Call and Put Option Pricing with Discrete Linear Investment Strategy

We study the Option pricing with linear investment strategy based on discrete time trading of the underlying security, which unlike the existing continuous trading models provides a feasible real market implementation. Closed form formulas for Call and Put Option price are established for fixed interest rates and their extensions to stochastic Vasicek and Hull-White interest rates.
A powerful and versatile new fixation protocol for immunohistology and in situ hybridization that preserves delicate tissues in planaria

Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a powerful and widely used technique to visualize the expression pattern of genes in different biological systems. Here we describe a new protocol for ISH and immunostaining in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. The new Nitric Acid/Formic Acid (NAFA) protocol is compatible with both assays and prevents degradation of the epidermis or blastema. Instead of proteinase K digestion, formic acid treatment is used to permeabilize tissues and preserve antigen epitopes. We show that the NAFA protocol successfully permits development of chromogenic and fluorescent signals in situ, while preserving the anatomy of the animal. Further, the immunostaining of different proteins was compatible with the NAFA protocol following fluorescent in situ hybridization. Finally, we demonstrate with high resolution confocal imaging that the regeneration blastema is preserved when using the new method. This new NAFA protocol will be a valuable technique to study the process of wounding response and regeneration.
Relationship between echocardiographic LV mass and ECG based left ventricular voltages in an adolescent population: related or random?

Background In attempts to detect diseases that may place adolescents at risk for sudden death, some have advocated for population-based screening. Controversy exists over electrocardiography (ECG) screening due to the lack of specificity, cost, and detrimental effects of false positive or extraneous outcomes. Objectives Analyze the relationship between precordial lead voltage on ECG and left ventricle (LV) mass by echocardiogram in adolescent athletes. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively obtained population of self-identified adolescent athletes during sports screening with ECG and echocardiogram. Correlation between ECG LV voltages (R wave in V6 [RV6] and S wave in lead V1 [SV1]) was compared to echocardiogram-based measurements of left ventricular mass. Potential effects on ECG voltages by body anthropometrics, including weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area were analyzed, and ECG voltages indexed to BMI were compared to LV mass indices to analyze for improved correlation. Results A total of 659 adolescents enrolled in this study (64% male). The mean age was 15.4 years (14–18). The correlations between LV mass and RV6, SV1, and RV6 + SV1 were all less than 0.20. The false positive rate for abnormal voltages was relatively high (5.5%) but improved if abnormal voltages in both RV6 and SV1 were mandated simultaneously (0%). Indexing ECG voltages to BMI significantly improved correlation to LV mass, though false positive findings were increased (12.9%). Conclusion There is poor correlation between ECG precordial voltages and echocardiographic LV mass. This relationship is modified by BMI. This finding may contribute to the poor ECG screening characteristics.
Construction of a Class of Symmetric TVD Schemes

A one-parameter family of second-order explicit and implicit total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes is reformulated so that a simplier and wider group of limiters is included. The resulting scheme can be viewed as a symmetrical algorithm with a variety of numerical dissipation terms that are designed for weak solutions of hyperbolic problems. This is a generalization of Roe and Davis’s recent works to a wider class of symmetric schemes other than Lax-Wendroff. The main properties of the present class of schemes are that they can be implicit, and, when steady-state calculations are sought, the numerical solution is independent of the time step.
Detection of a Satellite Orbiting The Nucleus of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1)

This paper reports on the detection of a satellite around the principal nucleus of comet Hale-Bopp. As shown elsewhere, a successful morphological model for the comet's dust coma necessitates the postulation of overlapping jet activity from a comet pair. The satellite has been detected digitally on images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in the planetary mode on five days in May–October 1996. An average satellite-to-primary signal ratio is 0.21 ± 0.03, which implies that the satellite is ∼30 km in diameter, assuming the main nucleus is ∼70 km across. To avoid collision, the separation distance must exceed 50–60 km at all times. The satellite's projected distances on the images vary from 160 to 210 km, or 0.06 to 0.10 arcsec. The satellite was not detected in October 1995, presumably because of its subpixel separation from the primary. The radius of the gravitational sphere of action of the principal nucleus 70 km in diameter is 370–540 km at perihelion, increasing linearly with the Sun's distance: the satellite appears to be in a fairly stable orbit. Its orbital period at ∼180 km is expected to be ∼2–3 days, much shorter than the intervals between the HST observations. If the main nucleus should be no more than 42 km across, Weaver et al.'s upper limit, the satellite's orbit could become unstable, with the object drifting away from the main nucleus after perihelion. Potentially relevant ground-based detections of close companions are reported. Efforts to determine the satellite's orbit and the total mass of the system will get under way in the near future.
The Series LLC: Tax Classification Appears in Rear View

The Article analyzes the important September 2010 proposed regulations regarding the federal tax classification of a series of a trust, limited partnership and LLC.
Mathematics Reform and Teacher Quality in Elementary Grades: Assessments, Teacher Licensure, and Certification.

We analyzed the gap in mathematics standards, assessments and accountability, and teacher licensure and certification requirements in mathematics for elementary grades. We found states delineated mathematics academic standards in specific content areas. Licensure and certification requirements were weak indicators since they lacked the specificity of conceptual and procedural knowledge that could strengthen mathematics content knowledge and inform instructional practices. The most recent changes in licensure and certification requirements intended to affect teacher quality are not reaching a large proportion of elementary teachers; thus, their overall impact on teacher quality is likely to be limited. We discuss policy strategies for licensure and certification requirements likely to have a broader reach in addressing teacher quality at the elementary grades.
Conformational analysis of N,N,N‐Trimethyl‐(3,3‐dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide by NMR spectroscopy: a sterically hindered trans‐standard

A predominantly trans-1,2-disubstituted ethane system – N,N,N-trimethyl-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide – is of particular interest for conformational analysis, because it contains both an organic and a highly polar substituent, making it soluble and thus applicable to study in a large variety of solvents. The fraction of the trans conformer of this molecule in a wide range of protic and aprotic solvents was determined by the nuclear magnetic resonance proton couplings to be approximately 90%, in contrast to the previously assumed 100%. The consistently strong preference of the trans conformation should establish N,N,N-trimethyl-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)ammonium iodide as a possibly useful ‘trans-standard’ in conformational analysis, much more so than 1,2-ditert-butylethane, which has a poor solubility in many solvents.
Recombination‐Based Assay (RBA) for Screening Bacteriophage Lambda Libraries

The recombination-based assay represents a convenient way to screen a complex library constructed in bacteriophage lambda for homology to a given sequence cloned into a specially designed plasmid. The technique serves to screen a bacteriophage library rapidly and efficiently with a sequence cloned into a plasmid; counterselection then yields the gene product of interest with its plasmid carrier deleted. Because 10(6) to 10(7) plaque-forming units (pfu) may be screened using several petri dishes, and the homology for crossing-over need only be greater than 25 bp, the RBA represents an efficient way to screen complex lambda libraries rapidly for homology to a given sequence. In this procedure, a lambda library is screened using a specially designed plasmid carrying the desired target sequence. Recombinants arising from cross-over events between the plasmid and a bacteriophage carrying a corresponding region of homology are selected by their ability to grow on strain DM21. Growth of lambda on DM21 requires the presence of an allele encoded on the plasmid to suppress an amber mutation in the host strain that prevents lambda propagation. Recovery of the original phage carrying the target sequence requires a reversal of the homologous recombination event. This reversal occurs spontaneously, and is detected by PCR amplification using primers that flank the cloning site in the lambda vector.
Who is our consumer? Shaping nursing programs to meet emerging needs

Demographic changes are occurring in some states at a faster rate than in others; yet it is projected that these changes will be mirrored throughout the United States in the coming half-century. In California, persons of Hispanic origin now constitute more than 25 per cent of the population, and noncaucasian racial groups total 31 per cent. As a health care discipline, it is critical that nursing recruit individuals into the profession who reflect the population that nurses serve, and the curriculum and clinical learning opportunities should be culturally relevant. Moreover, federally funded research is now required to generate knowledge about all groups, regardless of ethnicity, race, or gender. Current demographic data provide information about the emerging ethnic and racial composition of the population, birthrates, and types of health care services that are likely to be needed. Implications of these trends can guide goal setting for educational programs, research, and clinical practice to ensure that academic nursing addresses the public need.
Surface Plasmon Broadband Continuum

A new method for optically exciting and visualizing surface plasmons in thin metal films is described. The technique relies on the use of a high numerical aperture objective lens to locally launch surface plasmons with an area much smaller than their lateral decay length. We visualize directly the intensity distribution of the surface plasmons by detecting the intrinsic lossy modes associated with plasmon propagation in thin films. Our approach allowed us to excite simultaneously a broad spectral continuum of surface waves and to describe for the first time surface plasmon rainbow jets. We quantified the attenuation of the jet as a function of wavelength and film thickness and compared it to the different propagation damping mechanisms. We demonstrated the influence of the interface on the surface plasmon propagation length and demonstrated surface plasmon spectral filtering using molecular excitonic adsorbates.
Increased expression of F1ATP synthase subunits in yeast strains carrying point mutations which destabilise the β subunit

In yeast strains (S. cerevisiae) carrying a point mutation of the ATP2 gene, which destabilizes the β subunit of F1, ATP synthase in vitro, the growth rate was reduced significantly, demonstrating that the mutation is also deleterious in vivo. Immunoblots showed that levels of the mutated β, but also of the wild-type α subunit were increased in the mutated strains, together with levels of the corresponding mRNAs (approximately 1.6-fold). Northern analysis showed that this was due to both the appearance of new transcript species as well as upregulation of the cognate transcripts, strongly indicating that the increase was probably due to activation of transcription. Levels of other mitochondrial proteins, e.g. cytochrome c oxidase, were unaffected. We conclude that a specific signal communicates the actual performance of the ATP synthase inside the mitochondria to the nuclear genes encoding its subunits.
Translesion DNA Polymerases

Living cells are continually exposed to DNA-damaging agents that threaten their genomic integrity. Although DNA repair processes rapidly target the damaged DNA for repair, some lesions nevertheless persist and block genome duplication by the cell’s replicase. To avoid the deleterious consequence of a stalled replication fork, cells use specialized polymerases to traverse the damage. This process, termed “translesion DNA synthesis” (TLS), affords the cell additional time to repair the damage before the replicase returns to complete genome duplication. In many cases, this damage-tolerance mechanism is error-prone, and cell survival is often associated with an increased risk of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Despite being tightly regulated by a variety of transcriptional and posttranslational controls, the low-fidelity TLS polymerases also gain access to undamaged DNA where their inaccurate synthesis may actually be beneficial for genetic diversity and evolutionary fitness.
Determination of the observational error of satellite retrievals

Abstract The observational error of satellite temperature retrievals and their horizontal error structure were calculated for April 1980 for TIROS N and NOAA 6 for clear and cloudy retrievals. The results suggest different horizontal error structures for clear and cloudy retrievals and perhaps stratification by atmospheric layer.
Results of radiation treatment of cerebellar medulloblastoma.

Abstract A review of 20 patients with medulloblastoma who were treated with radiation treatment at the University of Kentucky Medical Center is presented. The age range was 1.5 to 31 years; only five patients were older than 16 years of age. A relationship between radiation dose and survival was obtained. A 5-year disease-fret survival of 80 % was obtained with a radiation dose of 5000 rad and more whereas only 15% of patients survived five years with a radiation dose of less than 5000. Treatment failures were mainly a result of local recurrence. This occurred in 78 % of patients who were treated with radiation dosage of loss than 5000 rad. The development of hydrocephalus appeared to be because of advanced disease and no 5-year survivors were noted in five patients who underwent systemic shunting procedure. A review of published data also supports a dose-dependent 5-year survival. Effective radiation treatment methods, along with doses to 5000–5500 rad, appear to lead to long term survival, frequent tumor cure and high performance outcome.
Neurosurgical treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Objectives: To describe the role of neurosurgical techniques in treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A review of the existing world literature searching (using PubMed, August 22, 2005) for key words 'multiple sclerosis' and multiple symptoms associated with MS including trigeminal neuralgia, pain (pump and rhizotomy), spasticity, intrathecal pump, hydrocephalus and stimulation (brain and spinal). Results: In total, 1,404 articles met selection criteria. These were narrowed based upon uniqueness of technique described, nature of information provided and avoidance of redundancy. Further, the methods listed were classified into groups of cranial and spinal techniques. Indications, brief description of technique and outcome/side effects were noted for each technique. Discussion: A vast, growing body of literature exists for various neurosurgical applications for MS treatment. Older techniques such as rhizolysis for neuralgia and rhizotomy for spasticity have been modified using ...
An electrostatic deflector system for identifying evaporation residues following fusion between heavy ions

Abstract A detection system was built to identify evaporation residues formed in fusion reactions between heavy ions. The evaporation residues are separated from the beam by an electrostatic deflector. Two gas detectors operated in the same gas volume identify the evaporation residues be their energy, energy loss and time of flight. Position information is used to deduce the evaporation residue angular distribution. Fusion cross sections were measured in the 58 Ni + 58 Ni system with a sensitivity corresponding to a cross section level of ∼100 μb.
Folk vs. Urban Ideology: Political Culture and Change in an Inner London Borough

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES the importance of ideology in the political culture of a traditionally Labour-controlled borough in the East End of London. The concepts of folk and elite ideology are used to explain the divergence between voter values and the elite political culture of the Labour Party in local council elections. Local–level ethnography of the political culture of the London borough of Thameside is used to illustrate the divergence between the Labour Party elite and the political community. A call is made for the ethnography of locallevel politics in urban micro–environments to examine issues of ideology and political legitimacy, [political culture, folk values, elite ideology, British Labour Party]
ROLE OF TEAM PERFORMANCE, TEAM IDENTIFICATION, AND SELF-ESTEEM IN SPORT SPECTATORS' GAME PREFERENCES

The current study tested the hypothesis that sport fans would prefer contests in which both teams had been successful over contests in which one or both of the teams had been unsuccessful. Further,...
How close are we to establishing standards of lymphadenectomy for invasive bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy is an accepted standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although the absolute limits of lymphadenectomy have not been standardized a growing body of evidence supports an improvement in nodal staging and survival from an extended lymphadenectomy. The benefit has been reported for both node negative and node positive patients. This review focuses on lymph node mapping, factors that influence total lymph node count and the optimal number of lymph nodes that should be removed at lymphadenectomy.
Determining Community Health Status Priorities in an Online Analytic Processing (OLAP) Environment

Introduction: The determination of priorities is an essential component of community health status assessment. Yet, there is an acknowledged need for a systematic method which will utilize data in standardized comparisons to yield priorities based on objective analyses. Method: We have deployed a web-based system with: a flexible online analytic processing (OLAP) interface; multiple sources of event-level data conformed to common definitions in a data warehouse structure; and, centralized technical infrastructure with distributed analytical capabilities. The PRIORITIZATION TOOL integrated into the system takes full advantage of the granularity of multidimensional sources of data to: apply a series of defined objective criteria; vary the weight of those criteria and detect the reordering of the rankings in real-time; and, apply the prioritization algorithm to different categories of health status outcomes. Results: In our example, mortality outcomes for Miami-Dade County, Florida, were considered with three different weighting combinations of the four primary ranking criteria. The resultant analyses return markedly different mortality priority rankings based upon the selection and weighting of the criteria. Conclusion: Rankings of community health outcomes based on a static set of criteria with fixed weighting factors may not provide sufficient information necessary for priority setting and may, in fact, be misleading.
Stress-based topology optimization for continua

We propose an effective algorithm to resolve the stress-constrained topology optimization problem. Our procedure combines a density filter for length scale control, the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) to generate black-and-white designs, a SIMP-motivated stress definition to resolve the stress singularity phenomenon, and a global/regional stress measure combined with an adaptive normalization scheme to control the local stress level.
The multicovering problem

Abstract The multicovering problem is: Min CX subject to AX ⩾ b, X ϵ {0,}, where A is a matrix whose elements are all zero or one and b is a vector of positive integers: this problem has many applications in scheduling, location and business areas. A variety of industrial, commercial and military contexts give rise to large problems of this kind, frequently at or beyond the limits of current computational tractability. Our research goal is the development of a special-purpose algorithm capable of solving large problems of this kind. Conceptual and computational inputs to the algorithm arise from three sources: from the generalization of computational tools developed for more specific problems (in particular the set covering problem), from the adaptation of general integer programming and combinatorial optimization methods, and from the development within this paper of special techniques designed to take advantage of the structure of the problem studied. Following a description of the algorithm we give some computational results for randomly generated problems.
A Guide to the Literature of Evolution

Evolution is a synthesizing science, in that it draws its primary information from a host of biological fields. Darwin drew his conclusions from studies of anatomy, behavior, biogeography, and physiology. More recently, embryology, molecular biology and genetics have all contributed to the refinement of our understanding of the history of life. Because of this quality of dispersed contribution to the field, navigation aids are invaluable, and this article will help in the access and management of source material.
Disk electrophoretic study of human preceruloplasmin proteins

Abstract Disk acrylamide electrophoresis of plasma from 319 individuals revealed 8–12 protein bands between ceruloplasmin and albumin. Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Gc-globulin, and perhaps alpha-1-lipoprotein were localized in this region with specific antisera. At least nine additional proteins were observed by comparison of the hereditary patterns, differential staining, enzymatic activity, and the alcohol fractionation of these bands. The fractionation data suggest that the protein heterogeneity of this region may be more extensive than that demonstrated by disk acrylamide electrophoresis alone.
The validity of the factor structure of the general social survey environmentalism scales across gender and ethnicity in the United States

Environmental and behavioral researchers have recently called for model-based empirical methods to address the validity of measurement instruments across diverse populations. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) is a powerful and versatile tool for investigating measurement equivalence/invariance (ME/I) for group comparison research. In this study, a MGCFA was performed to examine the ME/I of the General Social Survey environmentalism scale used in attitudinal research by Uyeki and Holland (2000). Measurement equivalence/invariance was found to be absent across gender and ethnicity in the United States, thus making it difficult to interpret between-group differences on the constructs being measured. W. E. B. Du Bois's concept of double consciousness is explored as a theoretical foundation for understanding why varying racial and gender groups might understand latent constructs differently.
Translation and validation of a Spanish-language genetic health literacy screening tool.

OBJECTIVE Literacy deficits and underutilization of medical services have been linked to health disparities among minorities, and this appears especially relevant for the Latino population. Given the increasing importance of genetics, assessment of genetic health literacy may direct future efforts to better serve this vulnerable population. The current study was designed to contribute to this area by translating and validating a Spanish-language genetic health literacy measure. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study involving an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Eligible individuals were Latinos between the ages of 18 and 75 residing in Maryland, who self-reported Spanish as their primary language, recruited through convenience sampling. The genetic health literacy measure components were adapted from existing English-language measures [Erby, Roter, Larson, & Cho's (2008) Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Genetics (REAL-G) and Hooker et al.'s (2014) Genetic Literacy and Comprehension]. An existing Spanish-language general health literacy measure was used to establish preliminary concurrent validity [Lee, Bender, Ruiz, & Cho's (2006) SAHLSA]. RESULTS 116 individuals completed the assessment. The Spanish-language REAL-G (REAL-G-Sp) was found to correlate well with the SAHLSA (Pearson's r = .77, p < .01). A cut-off score of 59 (out of 62) distinguished low versus high genetic health literacy with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 71%, identifying 28% of participants as having inadequate genetic health literacy. CONCLUSIONS The REAL-G-Sp was found to have preliminary concurrent validity with an existing health literacy measure in the Latino population residing in Maryland. Significant proportions of this population are predicted to have limitations in genetic health literacy, even when information is provided in Spanish.
Has the Internet changed the wage structure too

Abstract By using recent Current Population Survey (CPS) data sets, this paper investigates whether workers who use the Internet at work earn a higher wage than otherwise similar workers who do not use the Internet at work. Estimates suggest that there was a substantial premium to Internet use in 1997 of about 8%. However, this premium disappeared very quickly thereafter, and there are grounds to believe that it is now negative. This result is in stark contrast with that for computer use.
Isotopic compositions of rare gases in the carbonaceous chondrites Mokoia and Allende

The isotopic compositions have been measured mass spectrometrically for neon, argon, krypton and xenon released from the carbonaceous chondrites Mokoia and Allende in stepwise heating experiments. The isotopic compositions of rare gases released from the meteorites at different temperatures varied quite considerably. A marked enrichment of Xe129 due to the decay of extinct nuclide I129 was observed in both meteorites. The variations of the isotopic ratios are partly caused by the presence of cosmic-ray spallation and neutron-capture products. In addition, however, a marked trend of mass-dependent variation of the isotopic ratios was observed in this work. The rare gas isotopes released from the meteorites appear to be systematically mass-fractionated relative to the relative abundances of the average carbonaceous chondrite. It seems that this phenomenon can be best explained as due to the fact that there exist reservoirs of two isotopically distinct gases in the meteorites and mixtures of these gases are being released at each temperature fraction.
Equilibrium binding studies of the 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-bovine serum albumin interaction

Abstract The binding of 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (DAQ) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence of BSA was quenched following interaction with DAQ and this property was used to generate binding isotherms. Binding studies were conducted at 5 different temperatures: 8.0, 15.4, 25.0, 29.7 and 34.7° C. The thermodynamic parameters at 25° C derived from the van't Hoff plot were as follows: δG = − 8.03 kcal/mol, δH = − 11.8 kcal/mol, and δS = − 12.6 e.u. Based on these results it is postulated that DAQ binds to a tryptophan residue on albumin mainly by hydrogen bonding. A statistical technique employing joint confidence ellipsoids has shown that the parameter vectors for anthralin and DAQ are different at the 90% confidence level thus indicating differences in binding affinities. Competitive binding experiments were also conducted and the results indicated that DAQ competitively inhibits the albumin binding of anthralin.
DONOVANOSIS: A MORPHOLOGIC STUDY

Morphologic studies were made of specimens from a case of granuloma inguinale. The microorganism and the abnormalities of the microvasculature were readily identifiable by light microscopy in plastic-embedded material. The bacteria were predominantly found within vacuoles of histiocyte like cells. Wide differences in the morphologic condition of the phagocytized organisms were evident, an observation considered to reflect degrees of degradation. Vesicle formation was commonly seen in association with the bacterial wall. These spheres were extrabacterial and no granulations were tinted within either the vesicles or the bacterial cytoplasm. The absence of "dense cored" structures offered no morphologic support for the presence of "bacteriophage-like" entities. The microvasculature was characterized by distended organelles within the endothelial and pericytic cytoplasm.
Whole Genome Sequences of Two Xylella fastidiosa Strains (M12 and M23) Causing Almond Leaf Scorch Disease in California

Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium causing many economically important diseases, including almond leaf scorch disease (ALSD) in California. Genome information greatly facilitates research on this nutritionally fastidious organism. Here we report the complete genome sequences of two ALSD strains of this bacterium, M12 and M23.
Abstract 2353: Fibulin-3, an extracellular matrix protein, regulates Notch signaling and promotes brain tumor cell invasion and survival

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and have extremely poor prognosis. Glioma cell infiltrate into normal neural tissue, escaping conventional chemo-radiotherapy and making tumor relapse almost unavoidable. We have recently characterized a novel extracellular matrix (ECM) protein named fibulin-3, which is highly expressed in gliomas but is absent in normal brain and rarely expressed in other solid tumors. We demonstrated that fibulin-3 regulates the expression of metalloproteases and promotes glioma cell invasion. In addition, this ECM protein increases the resistance of glioma cells to pro-apoptotic treatments, including starvation, oxidative stress and treatment with temozolomide. To further understand the mechanisms of fibulin-3 in gliomas, we investigated several candidate pathways but found no activation of EGFR, MAPK or Akt signaling. Interestingly, fibulin-3 bears significant homology with the Notch ligands from the Delta-like family, which prompted us to study the possible activation of this pathway, which is a critical anti-apoptotic pathway in cancer cells. Surprisingly, we found that fibulin-3 increased cleavage of endogenous Notch-1 in glioma cells as well as activation of a Notch-dependent reporter. In agreement, fibulin-3 expression regulated the levels of the Notch effector Hes-1 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the pro-invasive effect of fibulin-3 in glioma cells was inhibited by pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling or knockdown of Notch-1. This is potentially a novel mechanism by which tumor-associated ECM molecules can activate Notch signaling and modulate this key pro-tumoral pathway in gliomas. These results underscore the potential of fibulin-3 as a glioma-specific target in the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2353. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2353
Mistaken Identity: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis in Light of Democratic Peace Claims

Cultural identity has become prominent in studies of world politics in the post-Cold War era. First, a growing literature in world politics has emerged that focuses on the impact of social culture, broadly conceived as the shared religious, racial or ethnolinguistic characteristics of a society. The significance of this aspect of culture is epitomized in studies focusing on ‘ethnic conflicts’, ‘ethnic security dilemmas’, and most prominently in Huntington's ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis, which suggests, among other things, that shared civilization membership is the fulcrum upon which post-Cold War era world politics rests. Secondly, the impact of political culture, broadly conceived as the shared norms and institutions guiding political behaviour in a society, has become increasingly salient, as evidenced by the bourgeoning literature on the democratic peace thesis, which posits that the extent to which a state (or pair of states) is democratic is a major determinant of its war-proneness. Adherents of this view argue either that although democracies are just as war-prone as non-democracies they rarely fight other democracies, or that democracies are more peaceful than non-democracies, in general.
Use of the current transductor in the aluminum industry

THE CURRENT transductor is one of the great family of apparatus known variously as magnetic amplifiers, saturable core reactors, or transductors. These devices are a-c inductors, whose effective inductance can be changed by superimposing a d-c magnetomotive force. The current transductor is a transductor specially designed and calibrated so that the alternating current flowing in the a-c circuit is a direct measure of the direct current which is flowing in the d-c circuit. The transductor is meant to be used for the measurement of the direct current.
Improvements to the Kiefer and Lagoudas Model for Prediction of the Magneto-Mechanical Behavior of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a class of materials that exhibit large, recoverable inelastic strain. After cooling from austenite to martensite, MSMAs have a tetragonal crystalline structure with three possible orientations called variants. These variants can rotate as a result of applied stress or applied magnetic field and the resulting inelastic strain can be as high as 10% [1]. To effectively use MSMAs in any potential application, a model that can accurately predict the magneto-mechanical behavior of the MSMA is required. Kiefer and Lagoudas developed a thermodynamic basis for modeling MSMAs and then apply it in the case where two of the three martensitic variants exist [2]. The improvements to the Kiefer and Lagoudas model proposed in this paper include a different analysis of the demagnetizing effect and an inclusion of the resulting axial demagnetizing field.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Electromagnetic simulators in radio frequency power amplifier design

Computer aided design tools such as electromagnetic and circuit simulators have been commonly used in engineering applications to expedite the design process, increase system performance, and reduce the associated cost by eliminating the needs for several prototypes before their implementation. RF power amplifiers are most of the time simulated by non-linear circuit simulators. In the simulation of RF amplifiers, it is common practice to assume the components such as inductors, capacitors and all other passive components to be ideal. This assumption drastically reduces the accuracy of the simulation results and ignores electromagnetic effects such as coupling, radiation, etc.
Community-based natural resources management in Eritrea and Ethiopia: toward a comparative institutional analysis

Abstract Community-based natural resources management (CNRM), which emphasizes community empowerment, participation and enhanced use of indigenous knowledge in resources and environmental management, is an increasingly popular discourse for sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its popularity, CNRM faces various discursive and institutional challenges in countries with a recent history of top-down development. This paper provides a comparative examination of the specific historical, ideological and political contexts behind discourses, policies and institutions for and against community-based resources and environmental management in Ethiopia and Eritrea. There is a need for greater emphasis on communal rights to pastoral, agricultural and forest resources, in contrast to the continued support for a neo-Malthusian dispensation of environmental rehabilitation or reclamation which still reigns supreme in both Eritrea and Ethiopia.
Sumatra as seen by a Botanist

I would like to point out that the flora of Sumatra is in many respects as spectacular as Rafflesia and the giant Amorphophallus make one suspect (Meijer, unpublished). People should learn to attac...
Visual robot guidance in time-varying environment

This paper describes a collision detection and path planning algorithm in 3D time-varying environment using octree data structure. The problem is decomposed into two operation steps. First, all the moving obstacles are removed from the environment so that a collision- free path is planned in the 3D stationary environment. Second, all the moving obstacles are returned to the workspace and the 3D volume swept by their motion is represented in the form of an octree. In case of a collision, the colliding obstacle is placed at the collision point as a new stationary pseudo-obstacle and a new path is planned from the last to the final position of the robot.
The effect of GTP on benzodiazepine receptors

Abstract GTP decreases the specific binding of [ 3 H]flunitrazapam to cerebral cortical membrane sites. Scatchard analysis data show that GTP does not alter the maximum binding sites (B max ), but increases the dissociation constant (K D ) for [ 3 H]flunitrazapam. GTP also inhibits the specific binding of the benzodiazepine antagonist [ 3 H]CGS-8216. The specific binding of [ 3 H]CGS-8216 displaceable by clonazepam is inhibited to a greater extent by GTP than that displaceable by the benzodiazepine antagonists, CGS-8216 or β-CCE.
Predictors of cardiovascular risk in women

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, contributing to one in three female deaths. Despite improvements in overall cardiovascular outcomes, substantial gender and ethnic disparities remain. In order to improve outcomes among women, we recommend the following: every woman should undergo risk stratification for short-term and lifetime cardiovascular risk given the substantial long-term risk of cardiovascular disease; modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in women should be modified to the greatest extent possible; and these factors include lipid abnormalities, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity and, possibly, inflammatory markers. The rate of decline in heart disease is slower for women than men, highlighting the need for gender-specific interventions to address the outcomes gap.
Social status and cultural consumption: The case of reading in Chile☆

Abstract This paper examines the association between status and cultural consumption in the domain of reading in Chile. After empirically obtaining a status hierarchy based on the marriage patterns of occupational incumbents, I examine the influence of individual status position on book reading, frequency of reading, and diversity of book genre preferences. The findings indicate that position in the status hierarchy has a significant influence on book reading, and that this influence is net of educational attainment, income, and social class. Furthermore, status, but not education or economic resources, affects the preference for a more diverse book genre portfolio. In contrast, status is not an important determinant of magazine and newspaper reading, while education and income are. A historical account of these contrasting effects suggest that while newspapers and magazines have lost their elite character, diversifying in order to cater to popular taste throughout the 20th century, books remain a marker of ‘elite culture’ in contemporary Chilean society.
Molecular oxygen-mediated vacancy diffusion on TiO2(110)-new studies of the proposed mechanism

Abstract The recent report [Science 299 (2003) 377], in which the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) shows that adsorbed molecular oxygen locally induces anisotropic surface vacancy diffusion by dissociation near the vacancy, is inconsistent with negative observations of isotopic mixing between adsorbed 18 O 2 and the 16 O atoms in the TiO 2 lattice. Using adsorbed 18 O 2 on TiO 2 (1 1 0), prepared identically to the surface studied by STM, both the photodesorption and thermal desorption of adsorbed O 2 fail to detect any isotopic exchange with lattice O. These results suggest that the mechanism proposed for the O 2 -mediated vacancy diffusion must be modified.