cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during hypoglycemia in newborn dogs.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rates (CMR) were studied in newborn dogs during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Pups were anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated with a mixture of 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen to maintain normoxia and normocarbia. Experimental animals were given regular insulin (0.3 units/gm IV); controls received normal saline. CBF was determined using a modification of the Kety-Schmidt technical employing 133Xe as indicator. Arteriovenous differences for oxygen, glucose, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) were also measured, and CMRO2 and CMRsubstrates calculated. Two groups of hypoglycemic dogs were identified; those in which blood glucose levels were greater than 0.5 mM (group 1), and those in which they were less than 0.5 mM (group 2). CBF did not change significantly from control values of 23 +/- 10 ml/min/100 g (mean +/- S.D.) at both levels of hypoglycemia. Similarly, hypoglycemia did not alter CMRO2 significantly from its initial level of 1.05 +/- 0.37 ml O2/min/100 g. Glucose consumption in brain during normoglycemia accounted for 95% of cerebral energy supply with minimal contributions from lactate (4%) and beta-OHB (0.5%). During hypoglycemia, CMRglucose declined by 29 and 52% in groups 1 and 2, respectively, while CMRlactate increased to the extent that this metabolite became the dominant fuel for oxidative metabolism in brain. The cerebral utilization of beta-OHB was unaltered by hypoglycemia. The findings indicate that insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the newborn dog is associated with an increase in cerebral lactate utilization, supplementing glucose as the primary energy fuel and thereby preserving a normal CMRO2. These metabolic responses may contribute to the tolerance of the immature nervous system to the known deleterious effects of hypoglycemia.
Possible terrestrial effects of a nearby supernova explosion—Atmosphere's response

Abstract We estimated nearby supernova (SN) rate and its associated increase in the intensity of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) by constructing a simple diffusion and density model, and compared with the simulated concentrations of total condensation nuclei (CN) for various ionization rates. GCRs in the energy range of 10–100 GeV control the ionization rate at lower altitudes [Tanaka, H.K.M., 2005. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 67, 1544]. A nearby SN explosion occurring at distance of 12⩽d⩽15 pc increases the GCR in this energy range by a factor of 4–8. On the other hand, concentrations of total CN at lower altitudes reach maximum at 8–16 ion-pairs/cm3 [Yu, F., 2002. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, A78], which is higher than the present ionization rate (∼2 ion pairs/cm3) by a factor of 4–8. Thus, nearby SN occurring at 12⩽d⩽15 pc maximizes the CN formation at lower altitudes. We find that there is a coincidence in time intervals between SNe occurring in this region and ice ages.
The middle Eocene European “ratite” Palaeotis (Aves, Palaeognathae) restudied once more

Palaeotis weigelti is a flightless, “ratite”-like palaeognathous bird, which occurs in the Middle Eocene of the German fossil sites Messel and the Geisel Valley. The species is known from several specimens, most of which are, however, very fragmentary or poorly preserved. Its phylogenetic affinities are controversial, with earlier authors especially considering close affinities to Struthionidae and Rheidae, and some skeletal features were only briefly described. Moreover, recent molecular analyses congruently indicate that a “ratite” morphology evolved multiple times within palaeognathous birds. The skeletal morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Palaeotis are therefore reanalyzed, and the taxon is subjected to a phylogenetic analysis based on one of the most comprehensive published data sets for palaeognathous birds. In addition to the primary analysis, further analyses were run that were constrained to a backbone topology reflecting the results of sequence-based studies. In none of these analyses was a well-supported placement of Palaeotis obtained, and it is concluded that current data do not convincingly resolve the affinities of this taxon. Palatal morphology of Palaeotis most closely resembles that of lithornithids, another group of palaeognathous birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere, and there remains a possibility that the “ratite” features of Palaeotis evolved independently from those of the extant taxa.
Use of a Paramagnetic Core to Affect Longitudinal Nuclear Relaxation in DendrimersA Tool for Probing Dendrimer Conformation

The longitudinal relaxation time constants (T 1 ) of the protons in a series of dendrimers that alternatively had paramagnetic ([Fe 4 S 4 (SR) 4 ] 2- , R = dendron) and diamagnetic (tetraphenylmethane) cores were compared. The T 1 values of the phenyl and benzyl protons in the paramagnetic core dendrimers were attenuated compared to those of analogous protons in the diamagnetic core dendrimers. This observation indicated that protons in each set of topologically different repeat units (generation) of the dendrimer approach the core of the molecule closely in space. This conclusion is consistent with the computed radial density distributions of the different generations calculated from molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, by comparing T 1 values of protons at two slightly different temperatures, the terminal groups in both sets of dendrimers were concluded to be, on average, more mobile than the other generations within the dendrimers. This conclusion is consistent with the computed mean square displacement correlation functions for the different generations also calculated from molecular dynamics simulations.
The diffuse diplotene stage of meiotic prophase in Neurospora.

The prophase stages of meiosis in Neurospora crassa are re-examined following McClintock (1945) and Singleton (1953). A diffuse chromosome stage occurring between pachynema and diakinesis is described. It is proposed that the diffuse stage does not necessarily represent a condition of intense gene activity in the sense of directing the metabolic activity of the ascus.
Specific-heat of Na0.35CoO2 · 1.3H2O: Effects of sample age and pair breaking on two-gap superconductivity

Abstract Specific-heat measurements on Na 0.35 CoO 2 · 1.3H 2 O show an evolution of the superconductivity, and its ultimate disappearance, with increasing sample age. An increase in pair breaking action, which occurs preferentially in an electron band with a small energy-gap, produces a shift in the relative contributions of two electron bands to the superconducting condensation. The similarity of the time scale for these changes to that recently reported for structural changes suggests a relation between the two effects and a basis for understanding the sample dependence of the properties of this material in general.
The Trp cage: folding kinetics and unfolded state topology via molecular dynamics simulations.

Using over 75 μs of molecular dynamics simulation, we have generated several thousand folding simulations of the 20-residue Trp cage at experimental temperature and solvent viscosity. A total of 116 independent folding simulations reach RMSDcα values below 3 A RMSDcα, some as close as 1.4 A RMSDcα. We estimate a folding time of 5.5±3.5 μs, a rate that is in reasonable agreement with experimental kinetics. Finally, we characterize both the folded and unfolded ensemble under native conditions and note that the average topology of the unfolded ensemble is very similar to the topology of the native state.
Future developments by book publishers, jobbers and networks; their impact on library collection development

Abstract Several recent developments affecting book publishing in the 1980s are discussed. A forecast of options available to book jobbers in response to new relationships, technology and libraries' future requirements is provided. An update of OCLC's Acquisitions Subsystem and planned future enhancements related to collection development is described.
Unbalances of untransposed overhead lines

Abstract Improvements in equipment and new developments in both the communication and power fields have greatly reduced the need for transpositions at close intervals on overhead high voltage lines. In many systems transpositions are now made only at switchyards and are kept to a minimum. Geometric unbalance of untransposed high voltage lines leads to circulating residual ground currents in systems which are solidly grounded, to neutral voltages to ground in impedance and resonant grounded systems, and to negative sequence currents which flow also in transformers and generators. Experience has been very satisfactory on systems in which line transpositions were eliminated; however, it is desirable to know the magnitudes of the unbalanced currents and voltages. Practical methods for the computation of these residual and negative sequence quantities are summarized in this paper.
A standard multidimensional, easy-access data file structure for Apple II computers

Abstract A random access file structure was designed for Apple II microcomputers that allows data storage of more than 65 500 data values at 170 per Kbyte with a dynamic range of nearly 5 orders of magnitude. All or part of the data are easily accessible from BASIC under ProDOS operating conditions. The file structure accommodates single or multiple data sets in a single data file. Data values within a file with one set of data may interrelate by equal spacing along a second coordinate, such as time or space. Multiple data sets in a file can be independent, parallel or interdependent. Each interdependent data set defines the position of a data point along its coordinate in a two- or multidimensional registration system. The lowest and highest values of each data set are separately recorded to allow easy manipulation of even part of the data, e.g. for graphical presentation. The possibility of storing large numbers of data values in a single file facilitates high-resolution recording of events and simple mathematical manipulation.
The stochastic gravitational wave spectrum resulting from cosmic string evolution

Abstract We evaluate in quantitative detail the spectrum of the stochastic background of gravitational waves resulting from cosmic string scenarios for the formation of large-scale structure. Motivated by recent detailed numerical results our formalism is appropriate to a wide spectrum of possibilities for the exact form of the primordial cosmic string distribution function. In light of our results we are able to re-examine the current constraints on cosmic string scenarios arising from searches for such a string generated gravitational background. Both the millisecond pulsar, and nucleosynthesis bounds are strongly reduced compared to earlier estimates.
Coronary intimal sclerosis in Morquio's syndrome

Mitral valve, coronary arteries, cartilage, and liver were studied by light and electron microscopy in a 15 year old boy with Morquio's syndrome, a genetic mucopolysaccharidosis, in which a deficiency of lysosomal hexosamine sulfatase is associated with accumulations of keratan sulfate in various organs. Coronary artery intimal sclerosis was a prominent feature of this disorder. Ultrastructural examination revealed numerous intimal smooth muscle cells containing storage vacuoles consistent with lysosomes. This was associated with marked interstitial deposition of collagen, elastin, and basement membrane material. Recent studies of human and experimental atherosclerosis have demonstrated the accumulation of cholesterol within vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes. Intralysosomal accumulation of substrates other than cholesterol is also associated with vascular intimal sclerosis in genetic lysosomal disorders such as Fabry's disease and Hurler's syndrome. Lysosomal storage of undegraded substrate may be an important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of sclerotic vascular lesions.
Cloning and functional characterization of a novel c-mpl variant expressed in human CD34 cells and platelets.

Abstract The thrombopoietin receptor, c-mpl, is a crucial element not only in thrombopoietin (TPO)-initiated signaling pathways but also in the regulation of the circulating amount of TPO. We have identified a new c-mpl isoform, called c-mpl-del, that lacks 72 bp (24 amino acids) in the extracellular region of c-mpl and arises as a consequence of alternative RNA splicing between exons 8 and 9. c-mpl-del is expressed along with c-mpl-wt in blood mononuclear cells, CD34+cells, megakaryocytes, and platelets prepared from either normal donors or ET patients, although its relative expression appears to increase with megakaryocyte differentiation. The c-mpl-del-transfected cells expressed greater amounts of c-mpl-del RNA and protein than the comparable c-mpl-wt-transfected cells, however flow cytometry analysis could not detect any c-mpl receptor on the surface of the c-mpl-del-transfected cells. Further evidence for the absence of surface c-mpl-del was that in contrast to cells transfected with c-mpl-wt, those transfected with c-mpl-del did not grow in response to TPO, failed to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation of TPO-specific signal molecules, and did not bind125I-rHuTPO. Taken together, these results demonstrate that c-mpl-del, a naturally occurring variant of c-mpl, fails to be incorporated into the cell membrane but might serve as a mechanism to decrease the overall expression of functional c-mpl late in megakaryocyte differentiation.
Characterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and their inhibitors in equine granulosa cells in vivo and in vitro.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) regulate tissue re- modeling events necessary for ovulation. Thus, changes in MMP and TIMP expression and protein enzyme ac- tivity were examined in vivo and in vitro during fol- licular development and atresia in the horse. Equine granulosa cells and follicular fluid from medium (15 to 29 mm) healthy and atretic follicles and from large (>30 mm) healthy and preovulatory follicles were col- lected by transvaginal aspiration. The cells were either snap-frozen (in vivo study) or cultured for 48 h (in vitro study) to determine gene expression and protein en- zyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were determined by RIA in follicular fluid and condi- tioned media and were used along with follicle dynamics to classify follicles. In vivo, expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was increased (P < 0.05) in large-preovulatory follicles, whereas TIMP-1 was decreased. The ratio of MMP-2:TIMP-2 expression was decreased (P < 0.05) in medium-healthy and large-preovulatory follicles, whereas the MMP-9:TIMP-1 ratio was increased only in large-preovulatory follicles compared with large-healthy follicles. Estradiol was greatest (P < 0.05) in the fluid of large-healthy and large-preovulatory follicles. How- ever, medium-atretic follicles were associated with the least estradiol concentrations, both in vivo and in vitro. Progesterone concentrations were greatest (P < 0.05) in large-preovulatory follicles both in vivo and in vitro. In healthy follicles in vivo, the diameter was correlated with estradiol concentration, the estradiol:progesterone ratio, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein activity. In contrast to in vivo studies, the ratio of MMP-9:TIMP-1 expression was increased (P < 0.05) in medium-healthy follicles; TIMP-2 expres- sion decreased in large-preovulatory follicles in vitro. In addition, MMP-9 protein activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in the media samples of cells from large-healthy follicles compared with those from medium-healthy fol- licles. These results indicate that changes in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities may be essential to the tissue reorganization necessary for ovulation in the equine ovary.
INTEGRATING TRANSPORTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: EXTENDING APPLICABILITY OF CORRIDOR AND SUBAREA STUDIES AND DECISIONS ON DESIGN CONCEPT AND SCOPE

FHWA and FTA have proposed a combined process for integrating transportation and environmental planning. A major feature of the process is conducting corridor and subarea studies to reach a decision on design concept and scope in planning before a project enters a preliminary engineering phase. These corridor and subarea studies facilitate decisions by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and refinement of their long-range plans, analyses of alternatives, and analyses of demand reduction and operations required of congestion management systems. As developed to date, the combined process is seen primarily as applying to major investment studies. As part of its congestion management system, Florida (the Department of Transportation, MPOs, and others) addressed corridor and subarea studies, major investment studies, and the proposed combined process. Furthermore, the Florida congestion management system task team found that the combined process may have many beneficial aspects, addressed state and MPO ...
Probing reactivity of dissolved organic matter for disinfection by-product formation using XAD-8 resin adsorption and ultrafiltration fractionation.

The disinfection by-product (DBP) reactivity (yield and speciation upon reaction with chlorine) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from two surface waters was investigated. The source waters, each having significantly different specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254), molecular weight (MW) distribution and polarity, were fractionated using XAD-8 resin adsorption and ultrafiltration (UF), with good DOM mass balance closures (based on dissolved organic carbon). It was found that such fractionation preserved both the SUVA and the reactivity of the source waters, as demonstrated by statistically similar DBP formation and speciation from chlorinated source water and source waters reconstituted from XAD-8 or UF fractions. In addition, there was no evidence of synergistic effects among DOM components when reacting with chlorine. Consistent trends between DBP yields and MW were not found. Hydrophobic fractions of DOM (isolated by XAD-8) were the most reactive DOM components; however, hydrophilic components also showed appreciable DBP yields, contributing up to 50% of total DBP formation. In contrast, strong and unique correlations were observed between the SUVA of individual fractions and their trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA9) yields, confirming that the aromaticity of DOM components is more directly related to reactivity than other physicochemical properties. The finding of a single correlation independent of the fractionation process employed is notable because XAD-8 adsorption and UF fractionate DOM by significantly different mechanisms. These results confirm that SUVA is a distributed parameter that reflects DOM heterogeneity. Therefore, the SUVA distribution within natural water represents an important property that can be used as a reliable predictor of DBP formation. Finally, bromine appears to be more effectively incorporated into low UV-absorbing (i.e., low SUVA), low MW and hydrophilic DOM fractions.
The Fate of Human Rights in the Third World

The new Asian and African states have laid much stress on human rights, but have often not lived up to them. The basic right of self-determination has been limited to colonies only. Democratic institutions have generally given way to authoritarian regimes, often run by the military, with popular participation denied rather than encouraged. The right to life, liberty, and security of person has been grossly violated in the cases of millions of refugees, temporary and permanent, in Africa and the Asian subcontinent. Many hundreds of thousands have been killed in domestic conflicts, as in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Burundi. One of the results is the emergence of a double standard: an all-out African and Asian attack upon the denial of human rights involved in colonialism and racial discrimination, but a refusal to face up to massive violations of human rights in the Third World itself.
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by a bovine thymus protein-tyrosine kinase, p40.

Summary Glycogen synthase from rabbit skeletal muscle was found to be phosphorylated by a protein-tyrosine kinase, p40, purified from bovine thymus. The phosphorylation, to a stoichiometry of 0.4–0.5 mol/mol subunit, was specific for a single tyrosine residue in the sequence EEDGERYDEDEE. This acidic sequence has considerable similarity to the site recognized by p40 in erythrocyte band 3 protein. In the analysis of the phosphorylated peptide, it was noted that the sequence —RY (P)— impeded cleavage by either trypsin or automatic Edman degradation.
Ultrastructural changes in testes of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina in relation to plasma testosterone, Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and cholesterol

Abstract Ultrastructural changes in the testes of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina , were observed throughout the year. Plasma testosterone levels were measured and compared with the occurrence of Δ 5 -3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), cholesterol, and steroidogenic ultrastructural features (smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), mitochondria with tubular cristae) in Sertoli and Leydig cells. The testosterone level is highest in May and October (mating) and relatively low during the rest of the year. Fluctuations in 3β-HSD and cholesterol are consistent with the interpretation that the Leydig cells are potentially active throughout the year. They undergo very little ultrastructural change, (tubular SER to vesiculate and loss of golgi during spermatogenesis and in the winter). Sertoli cells are active only during spermatogenesis from May through October and become inactive until the next cycle; 3β-HSD, cholesterol and ultrastructural features change more drastically in the Sertoli cells than in the Leydig cells. These results are discussed with reference to the hypothesis that testosterone of Leydig origin is concerned mainly with mating behavior and that of Sertoli origin with spermatogenesis and maturation of sperm.
Worker productivity and outpatient service use after the September 11th attacks: results from the New York City terrorism outcome study

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that the terrorist attacks in New York City (NYC) on September 11, 2001 had an impact on the psychological status of area residents. Since a major goal of many terrorist attacks is to also adversely affect local socioeconomic activities, the long-term impact of exposure to terrorist attacks on productivity and outpatient service utilization among workers in NYC is assessed. METHODS: The impact of the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) among 1,167 workers in NYC is examined using a prospective cohort design. The study included measures of WTCD exposures, stressful life events, other traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression, assessed at 1 year and 2 years post-disaster. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses suggest that exposure to WTCD events is associated with high productivity loss at baseline, but not consistently at follow-up. Both PTSD and depression are associated with lower quality workdays at baseline and follow-up, but depression is more consistently associated with high work loss and medical service use. In multivariate analyses, WTCD exposure is associated with productivity loss at baseline, but less consistently at follow-up. At baseline, depression and history of traumatic events are associated with lower quality workdays and negative life events with greater workdays lost. Multivariate analyses at follow-up indicated that experiencing negative life events is associated with higher workdays lost and lower quality workdays and that PTSD is associated with lower quality workdays. Similar regression models suggested that increased outpatient service use is associated with depression and lifetime traumatic events at baseline and with negative life events at follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that while the WTCD had an impact on worker productivity within the first year after the attack, this did not generally persist, especially after controlling for baseline status. Having PTSD or experiencing stressful life events at follow-up, however, is associated with lower quality workdays, even after controlling for baseline status. Language: en
Variation of individual electromorphs in Microtus pennsylvanicus and Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract Blood samples were taken from individual meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) and white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) every three weeks. Two serum proteins, albumin and transferrin, were examined using acrylamide electrophoresis and densitometry. In individuals of both species, electrophoretic mobility and banding pattern changed. Such changes have been documented in other proteins, and may reflect changes in the internal or external environment of the individuals. Individual changes in serum proteins may seriously affect their interpretation, when used as genetic markers in population studies.
Procedures for polynomial and rational function recognition

Suppose we are given a class of expressions closed under the rational operations and a set of indeterminates with the property that a procedure (essentially an "oracle") exists to recognize any member of the class that simplifies to zero. Let us call such a class over which such an oracle exists, a ZE class.
Theory of a Two-Dimensional Ising Model with Random Impurities. II. Spin Correlation Functions

We continue our investigation of an Ising model with immobile random impurities by studying the spin-spin correlation functions. These correlations are not probability-1 objects and have a probability distribution. When the random bonds have the particular distribution function studied in the first paper of this series, we demonstrate that the average value and the second moment of the temperature derivatives of these correlations are infinitely differentiable but fail to be analytic at ${T}_{c}$, the temperature at which the observable specific heat fails to be analytic. When $Tl{T}_{c}$, we consider ${S}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(l)=limit of\text{}〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0,0}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l,m}〉\text{as}m\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. This limit is not independent of $l$. In the special case that the random bonds are symmetrically distributed about the $l$th row, the geometric mean of ${S}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(l)$ is computed and shown to vanish exponentially rapidly when $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}$. We contrast this with a lower bound that shows that the spontaneous magnetization can vanish no more rapidly than ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T$, and present a description of how the local magnetization ${S}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}{(l)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ behaves as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}$.
The lead in Beethoven's hair

In the past several years a number of inadequately substantiated reports appeared in the popular media, asserting that lead (Pb) found in Beethoven's hair indicated that he was a victim of Pb poisoning and suggesting that lead played a role in his deafness and illnesses. This article reviews critically a recent report of the longitudinal distribution of Pb along individual hairs belonging to Beethoven by Dr Reiter 1, who interprets the Pb concentration profile of an individual hair in terms of several hypothetical occurrences which might have exposed Beethoven to lead during the last few months of his life and concludes that the resulting Pb poisoning caused his death. This hypothesis is, however, in need of substantiation by additional data since it is at variance with the known kinetics of Pb in blood and because the Pb content of hair is recognized as a problematical and unreliable biomarker of lead absorption, in part, because it is not possible to exclude exogenous Pb contamination in the specimen. I...
Millisecond Kinetics on a Microfluidic Chip Using Nanoliters of Reagents

This paper describes a microfluidic chip for performing kinetic measurements with better than millisecond resolution. Rapid kinetic measurements in microfluidic systems are complicated by two problems: mixing is slow and dispersion is large. These problems also complicate biochemical assays performed in microfluidic chips. We have recently shown (Song, H.; Tice, J. D.; Ismagilov, R. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 768−772) how multiphase fluid flow in microchannels can be used to address both problems by transporting the reagents inside aqueous droplets (plugs) surrounded by an immiscible fluid. Here, this droplet-based microfluidic system was used to extract kinetic parameters of an enzymatic reaction. Rapid single-turnover kinetics of ribonuclease A (RNase A) was measured with better than millisecond resolution using sub-microliter volumes of solutions. To obtain the single-turnover rate constant (k = 1100 ± 250 s-1), four new features for this microfluidics platform were demonstrated: (i) rapid o...
Proliferation predicts failure-free survival in mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab plus hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with rituximab plus high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that the tumor proliferation index has prognostic significance in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Patients in most of studies, however, have been treated with relatively traditional chemotherapy regimens. At the authors' institution, patients with MCL received an aggressive chemotherapy regimen: rituximab plus hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with rituximab plus high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine (R-hyper-CVAD). METHODS: The authors assessed the proliferation rate of MCL using immunohistochemistry and an antibody specific for Ki-67 in 71 untreated patients who subsequently received R-hyper-CVAD. The study group included 59 patients who had classic MCL and 12 patients who had the blastoid variant of MCL. RESULTS: For the entire study group and for the group of patients with classic MCL, a proliferation index of >20% Ki-67-positive cells was correlated significantly with shorter failure-free survival. There was no correlation between the proliferation index and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that the proliferation index in patients with MCL predicted prognosis in those who uniformly received the R-hyper-CVAD chemotherapy regimen. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Atraumatic perforation of bladder: Necessary differential in evaluation of acute condition of abdomen

Perforation of the urinary bladder without history of antecedent trauma is a rare clinical occurrence. However, in patients with acute conditions of the abdomen, especially those with previous voiding symptoms, the diagnosis should be considered. Three cases are reported. Patients presented with an atraumatic bladder perforation and peritonitis secondary to chronic inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction, and transitional cell carcinoma. After review of the literature, a classification of atraumatic bladder perforation has been revised to include presently available reports of this entity.
Brainstem Opioidergic System Is Involved in Early Response to Experimental SAH

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a form of stroke with high rates of mortality and permanent disability for patients who survive the initial event. Previous research has focused on delayed cerebral vasospasm of large conduit arteries as the cause of poor long-term outcomes after SAH. New evidence suggests that acute failure to restore cerebral blood flow (CBF) after SAH may be setting the stage for delayed ischemic neurological deficits. Our lab previously demonstrated that the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), an autonomic and sensorimotor integration center, is important for maintaining CBF after experimental SAH. In this study, we have demonstrated that ablation of μ-opioid receptor containing cells with dermorphin conjugates in the RVM results in a high mortality rate after experimental SAH and, in survivors, causes a dramatic decrease in CBF. Further, locally blocking the μ-opioid receptor with the antagonist naltrexone attenuated the reduction in CBF secondary to experimental SAH. Saturating μ-opioid receptors with the agonist [D-Ala(2),NMe-Phe(4),Gly-ol(5)]-encephalin (DAMGO) had no effect. Taken together, these results suggest that SAH activates opioidergic signaling in the RVM with a resultant reduction in CBF. Further, cells in the RVM that contain μ-opioid receptors are important for survival after acute SAH. We propose that failure of the RVM μ-opioid receptor cells to initiate the compensatory CBF response sets the stage for acute and delayed ischemic injury following SAH.
An economical dispenser to improve control of food reinforcement in the rat

A hopper dispenser designed for the study of food reinforcement in rats is described. By using ordinary rat chow, it significantly reduces the cost of reinforcing rats with food. By preventing stockpiling, it also guarantees control of the accessibility, as well as the presentation of food.
MODEL REDUCTION AND FREQUENCY WINDOWING FOR ACOUSTIC FEM ANALYSIS

Model degrees-of-freedom reduction and frequency windowing via interpolation are combined for application to acoustic finite element analysis problems. Projection operators are employed for the model reduction or condensation process. Interpolation is then introduced over a user defined frequency window, which can have real and imaginary boundaries and be quite large. Hermitian interpolation functions (which require derivative information) as well as standard Lagrangian functions, which can be linear, quadratic or cubic, have been used to construct the windows. For one-dimensional windows, the location of interior evaluation points can be varied to increase accuracy. Results are excellent for example problems, even for large d.o.f. reduction and large frequency windows containing numerous resonances (eigenvalues). The reduced models within the windows appear to indicate accurately the location of the resonances.
Fine structure of the magnocellular subdivision of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus (VAmc) of Macaca mulatta. II, Organization of nigrothalamic afferents as revealed with EM autoradiography

An EM-autoradiographic technique was used to identify the ultrastructural features and synaptic sites of nigral afferents to the ventral anterior nucleus pars magnocellularis (V Amc) of the rhesus monkey thalamus. The findings demonstrate that the nigral boutons are of medium-sized to large, with the majority being of the en passant type. These boutons form symmetric synaptic contacts, and contain pleomorphic or entirely flat vesicles and numerous mitochondria. The nigral input is heavily biased towards thalamocortical projection neurons (PN), whose somata and dendrites represent about 82% of the postsynaptic sites of labeled boutons. The distal dendrites of local circuit neurons (LCN) comprise 13% of the postsynaptic sites. Nigral terminals appear to represent a single extrinsic afferent input to the somata and primary dendrites of thalamocortical projection neurons. A nigral input to LCN somata was not demonstrated but the possibility could not be excluded. Although the basic ultrastructural features of nigral boutons in the monkey are similar to those described earlier in the cat (Kultas-Ilinsky et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 216:390-405,'83), essential species differences exist in the intensity of the nigral input and its distribution on thalamic neurons.
Anomalies of the inferior vena cava

The inferior vena cava is formed by a complex process of embryogenesis during the sixth to tenth week of gestation. Improper completion of the process may result in four anatomic anomalies: duplication of the inferior vena cava, transposition or left-sided inferior vena cava, retroaortic left renal vein, and circumaortic left renal vein. The first two anomalies can be diagnosed by sonography and all four anomalies can be seen on CT scan of the abdomen. Duplication and transposition of the inferior vena cava should be further delineated by preoperative phlebography. Preoperative diagnosis of the anomalies should reduce the complication rate of abdominal aortic operations.
Access to primary care for homeless veterans with serious mental illness or substance abuse: a follow-up evaluation of co-located primary care and homeless social services.

To examine the hypothesis that a demonstration clinic integrating homeless, primary care, and mental health services for homeless veterans with serious mental illness or substance abuse would improve medical health care access and physical health status. A quasi-experimental design comparing a ‘usual VA care’ group before the demonstration clinic opened (N = 130) and the ‘integrated care’ group (N = 130). Regression models indicated that the integrated care group was more rapidly enrolled in primary care, received more prevention services and primary care visits, and fewer emergency department visits, and was not different in inpatient utilization or in physical health status over 18 months. The demonstration clinic improved access to primary care services and reduced emergency services but did not improve perceived physical health status over 18 months. Further research is needed to determine generalizability and longer term effects.
Battle of the Sexes in Zambia: A Reply to Karla Poewe

Ethnologist 4:643-662. Poewe, Karla O. 1978a Matriliny in the Throes of Change: Kinship, Descent and Marriage in Luapula, Zambia. Africa. Africa 48(3):205-218; Africa 48(4):353-367. 1978b Religion, Matriliny, and Change: Jehovah's Witnesses and Seventh-Day Adventists in Luapula, Zambia. American Ethnologist 5:303-321. Richards, Audrey I. 1950 Some Types of Family Structure amongst the Central Bantu. In African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and C. Daryll Forde, eds. Pp. 207-251. London: Oxford University Press. Schneider, David M. 1962 The Distinctive Features of Matri-
CREATINE STUDIES IN THYROID DISORDERS

The classical findings which Askanazy (1) reported in 1898 continue to stimulate the study of disorders of muscle metabolism associated with Graves’ disease. Askanazy described the widespread degenerative atrophy of muscle cells with fatty infiltration, loss of striation, vacuolization and degeneration of the nuclei confined to striated muscle which included the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball. Confirmation of the disturbance in muscle metabolism associated with the thyrotoxic state was obtained by Shaffer (2), Hunter (3) and Palmer (4, 5) who observed a spontaneous creatinuria in this disease. This was similar to the creatinuria produced by thyroid feeding which was reported as early as 1912 by Krause, and later by Gross and Steenbock (7) and Carson (8). Iodine administration seemed to have little effect upon this artificially produced creatinuria (Carson, 8), although in Graves’ disease iodine treatment reduced the creatinuria (Palmer et al, 5). Asthenia, symptoms of muscular weakness and occasionally ...
A high-order numerical method for solving ocean acoustic problems

Abstract Excessive computation time can be expected in the solution of large-scale ocean acoustic propagation problems. However, a number of methods can be employed to reduce computation time. In seeking an improvement in the computation speed while maintaining the same accuracy, one should not rely solely on the advances of computer hardware. High-order numerical methods, indeed, can be used to accelerate the computation speed by reducing the number of mathematical operations required to solve a given problem. A typical ocean acoustic propagation problem is presented for discussion of its computation speed. Extending this problem to a greater dimension and a larger domain, one can excessive memory requirement and intolerable computation time. The aim of this paper is to introduce a high-order numerical scheme which can be used not only for the accurate solution for a class of three-dimensional ocean acoustic propagation problems, but also for the improvement of computational efficiency. Advantages and costs of using high-order schemes will be discussed. A demonstration of the improved computation speed will be shown. Moreover, the computational efficiency can be improved further if a combination of a faster computer and a high-order numerical scheme are used.
Granular cell tumor in a male breast: Mammographic, sonographic, and pathologic features

Granular cell tumor (myoblastoma) is a rare soft tissue tumor that can present in the breast, producing mammographic and physical exam findings that may be indistinguishable from breast carcinoma. Multifocal lesions in male patients are very unusual. We present a case of a male patient with a granular cell tumor of the breast that was imaged on mammography and sonography. Definitive diagnosis was made with ultrasound-guided core biopsy followed by surgical excision. On clinical examination, the patient demonstrated multiple subcutaneous lesions that were also found to represent granular cell tumor.
Dehalogenation of 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane over α-Cr2O3 (101̄2)

The reaction of CFCl 2 CH 2 Cl over the stoichiometric Cr 2 O 3 (1012) surface yields CFCl=CH 2 , HC≡CH, and surface halogen. The 1,2-dihalo-elimination reaction to CFCl=CH 2 is initiated via C-Cl bond cleavage at the CFCl 2 -end of the molecule to give a -CFClCH 2 Cl haloalkyl surface intermediate. A rate-limiting β-chlorine elimination from the surface alkyl gives rise to the CFCl=CH 2 product. Acetylene is formed by the subsequent reaction of CFCl=CH 2 in series. The chlorine liberated from CFCl 2 CH 2 Cl binds at the five-coordinate surface Cr 3 + sites on the stoichiometric surface and shuts down the dehalogenation chemistry by site blocking. No carbon buildup is observed on deactivated surfaces, and no evidence is seen for the replacement of surface lattice oxygen by halogen under the conditions of this study. At elevated temperatures, the thermal removal of surface chlorine is observed, and it is attributed to migration into the sample bulk.
Wittgenstein's Rule-Following Paradox and the Objectivity of Meaning

1. The past few years have seen a revival of interest in Kripke’s controversial reading of Wittgenstein’s remarks about rule-following. Thus, on the one hand, George Wilson has tried to defend Kripke’s claim that Wittgenstein can be understood as providing a sceptical solution to a sceptical problem about meaning – a solution which, though sceptical, can nonetheless, according to Wilson, yield a kind of semantic realism. On the other hand, John McDowell and other ‘new Wittgensteinians’ have attempted to show that Wittgenstein intended to dissolve, rather than solve, all philosophical problems about meaning and so intended to leave no room for any philosophical account of meaning whatsoever. It seems to me, however, that Wilson’s sceptical solution is more scepticism than solution and that McDowell’s quietism also leaves untouched a problem that really needs to be addressed. Moreover, I believe that Wittgenstein himself recognized this need. The problem I have in mind concerns the normativity and objectivity of meaning; it is different from the rule-following paradox, though we are led into the paradox by certain ways of trying to solve it. Contra McDowell, I shall argue that dissolving the paradox leaves the problem, and hence the need for constructive philosophy, still standing. But I shall also argue, contra Wilson, that it is only by
A quantitative in vitro assessment of fit and screw fixation on the stability of a cementless hemispherical acetabular component

This investigation quantifies in vitro the effect of component fit, as well as the effect of adjuvant screw fixation, on the initial stability of cementless hemispherical titanium acetabular total hip arthroplasty components and assesses apposition of the acetabular components to bone. Six, fresh human hemipelvi (3 matched pairs) were harvested at autopsy. Titanium alloy acetabular components with a porous surface of commercially pure titanium fiber mesh (Harris Galante Porous acetabular components, Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) were used for implantation. Initially, each acetabulum was underreamed to achieve a 2 mm press-fit with the acetabular component. Pressure-sensitive film had been placed along the dome and medial wall at the bone-implant interface to assess the completeness of seating. After the implant was impacted into the acetabular cavity, relative motion between the implant and bone was measured during simulated single leg stance. Adjuvant fixation of the implant was then obtained with the insertion of four 6.5 mm cancellous screws. High-contrast roentgenograms of the specimens in multiple views were obtained after initial cup insertion and again after screw insertion. The stability of each implant under load was measured with four, three, two, one, and no screws in place. Further reaming of the bone was done to create a 1 mm press-fit. The sequence was then repeated. Further reaming was done to create an exact-fit and the sequence was repeated again. Under these conditions, 1 mm press-fit with or without screws provided the optimum combination of fit stability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kallikrein-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cell Implantation Provides Enhanced Protection Against Acute Ischemic Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammation

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate to sites of tissue injury and serve as an ideal vehicle for cellular gene transfer. As tissue kallikrein has pleiotropic effects in protection against oxidative organ damage, we investigated the potential of kallikrein-modified MSCs (TK-MSCs) in healing injured kidney after acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). TK-MSCs secreted recombinant human kallikrein with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor levels in culture medium, and were more resistant to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis than control MSCs. Expression of human kallikrein was identified in rat glomeruli after I/R injury and systemic TK-MSC injection. Engrafted TK-MSCs exhibited advanced protection against renal injury by reducing blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels, and tubular injury. Six hours after I/R, TK-MSC implantation significantly reduced renal cell apoptosis in association with decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide levels. Forty-eight hours afte...
Effect of Estrogen Depletion on Pain Sensitivity in Aromatase Inhibitor–Treated Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs), which are used to treat breast cancer, inhibit estrogen produc- tion in postmenopausal women. AI-associated musculoskeletal symptoms occur in approximately half of treated women and lead to treatment discontinuation in 20 to 30%. The etiology may be due in part to estrogen deprivation. In premenopausal women, lower estrogen levels have been associated with increased pain aswell as with impairment of descending pain inhibitory pathways, which may be a risk factor for developing chronic pain. We prospectively tested whether AI-induced estrogen deprivation alters pain sensitivity, thereby increasing the risk of developing AI-associated musculoskeletal symp- toms. Fifty postmenopausal breast cancer patients underwent pressure pain testing and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) assessment prior to AI initiation and after 3 and 6 months. At baseline, 26 of 40 (65%) assessed patients demonstrated impaired CPM, which was greater in those who had previously received chemotherapy (P = .006). No statistically significant change in pressure pain threshold or CPM was identified following estrogen deprivation. In addition, there was no association with either measure of pain sensitivity and change in patient-reported pain with AI therapy. AI-associated muscu- loskeletal symptoms are not likely due to decreased pain threshold or impaired CPM prior to treatment initiation, or to effects of estrogen depletion on pain sensitivity. Perspective: This article presents our findings of the effect of estrogen deprivation on objective measures of pain sensitivity. In postmenopausal women, medication-induced estrogen depletion did not result in an identifiable change in pressure pain threshold or CPM. Impaired CPM may be associated with chemotherapy.