cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of Different Types of Inward Rectifier Currents Confers Specificity of Light and Dark Responses in Type A and B Photoreceptors of Hermissenda

Each eye of the mollusc Hermissenda consists of five photoreceptors, two type A and three type B cells. Type A cells are quiescent, whereas B cells are spontaneously active in the dark. Differences in the intrinsic membrane properties of type A and B photoreceptors were studied using voltage- and current-clamp techniques. The current density of a Ni2+-sensitive, low-voltage activated Ca2+ current was similar in the two cell types. However, type B cells express an inward rectifier current (Ih) that has different permeation and pharmacological properties from the inward rectifier current in type A cells. The current in the B cells was time-dependent and was blocked by Cs+. Na+ and K+ were the charge carriers for Ih. The inward rectifier current in A cells (IK1) was time-independent, was selectively permeable to K+, and was blocked by Ba2+. Ni2+ reduced the spontaneous spike activities of type A and B cells, whereas Cs+ produced membrane hyperpolarization and reduced the spike activities of dark-adapted B cells. The application of both Cs+ and Ni2+ completely blocked dark-adapted spontaneous activities of B cells. Moreover, Ba2+ increased the excitability of type A cells but not B cells. Hence, differential expression of the two distinct inward rectifiers found in type A and B cells contributes to differences in their intrinsic membrane properties. Because changes in the excitability of the two cell types are correlates of conditioning in Hermissenda, modulation of these underlying currents may play a major role during conditioning-induced plasticity.
Autologous cell transplantation for the treatment of damaged myocardium

Autologous cell transplantation for the treatment of damaged myocardium after myocardial infarction is becoming an increasingly promising strategy. This form of treatment can be divided into 2 treatment strategies: The first uses differentiated cell types to replace the scarred tissue with living cells, while the second strategy uses stem cells in an attempt to regenerate myocardium. Over the past decade, multiple cell types have been used in animal studies, and clinical trials to determine the safety of injecting and engrafting skeletal myoblasts into damaged myocardium are presently being conducted. Animals studies focused on using stem cells to regenerate damaged myocardium have shown a naturally occurring reparative process that consists of up-regulation of progenitor cell release from the bone marrow after myocardial infarction, homing of these cells to the injured tissue, and differentiation of these progenitor cells into vascular cells and cardiac myocytes within the infarcted tissue. Unfortunately, this process occurs with great infrequency. Strategies to regenerate myocardium with stem cells either extract stem cells from the bone marrow and inject these cells into the damaged area or they attempt to increase the efficiency of the natural reparative process by increasing the mobilization of bone marrow-derived stem cells after myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the field of cell transplantation over the past decade, discusses areas of controversy, and proposes an outline of advancements that need to be made in both the clinical and scientific arenas for autologous cell transplantation to fully reach its clinical potential.
Infrarenal venous anomalies and aortic surgery: avoiding vascular injury.

Abstract Anomalies of the left renal vein (retroaortic left renal vein and left renal vein collar) and the inferior vena cava (left-sided inferior vena cava and caval duplication) occur relatively infrequently but pose potential hazards to the surgeon during aortic repair. We report the cases of three patients in which one or a combination of these anomalies of the renal vein and inferior vena cava was present. The embryologic origins of each of the anomalies are discussed, and suggestions, both surgical and nonsurgical, are proposed that might aid the surgeon in avoiding injury and subsequent bleeding from these anomalous structures during surgical operations on the abdominal aorta. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:590-3.)
An ACTH effect on recovery from conditioned taste aversion.

Recovery from LiCl-induced taste aversion was found to be affected by the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). When injected prior to recovery sessions, ACTH prolonged recovery from the aversion, while presession injections on the day of conditioning had no effect. The results were consistent with previous reports, and were interpreted in terms of the importance of ACTH as a component of the internal stimulus complex created by LiCl-induced illness.
A quantitative analysis of strong-beam α fringes from {110} antiphase boundaries in GaAs

Abstract The reliability of a quantitative comparison of contrast between experimental and simulated strong-beam transmission electron microscope images depends on an accurate determination of a number of parameters. It is shown that, by recording simultaneous bright-field and dark-field images, the main sources of uncertainty in such an analysis, namely the crystal potential and the absorption parameter, can be reduced substantially. This technique has been employed in order to determine the rigid-body translation across {110} antiphase boundaries in GaAs, by analysis of strong-beam α fringes.
Monitoring freshwater fish in Florida lakes using electrofishing: lessons learned.

Abstract Electrofishing was used in 30 Florida lakes to monitor fish communities over an 8-year period. Six 10-minute electrofishing transects were used annually per lake to estimate the catch per unit effort (CPUE, gm/hr) total fish, sport fish, and each individual fish species. A variance components analysis using CPUE as the dependent variable and lake, year within lake, and transect within year and lake as independent variables showed that in almost every case transect accounted for more than 50% of the variance in CPUE. The estimated variance from this sampling effort showed that the average number of electrofishing transects needed to estimate total fish and sport fish CPUE within 20% of the mean at a confidence of 95% would have to double and triple current effort, respectively. Lake trophic status, estimated with chlorophyll concentrations, was also monitored and showed a direct positive relation with total fish and sport fish, even with low sampling effort, providing a general ability to estimate...
Metalloproteinase-2 expression correlates with aggressiveness of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas

Matrix metalloproteinases compose a family of enzymes involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. Tumor cells must penetrate the basement membrane and traverse the extracellular matrix in order to invade surrounding structures and metastasize to distant sites. Gelatinases, particularly gelatinase A (matrix metalloproteinase-2), demonstrate degradative activity against components of the basement membrane and may be involved in the progression of in situ squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 overexpression has been correlated with tumor invasiveness and metastasis in a wide variety of cancer types, including squamous cell carcinoma arising on mucous membranes. However, correlation between matrix metalloproteinase-2 overexpression and the spread and prognosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has not been characterized in the literature at present. In this study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to examine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in 10 actinic keratosis, 15 in situ, 13 invasive, 13 primary (with documented metastatic disease), 11 metastatic, and 8 recurrent squamous cell carcinoma cases. We found that while the average staining intensity (scale 0-3+, 3+ being strongest) of actinic keratosis and in situ lesions was not statistically significant (0.87-1.3 and 0.75-1.4, respectively), the average staining intensity of invasive squamous cell carcinomas (1.6-2.5) was significantly greater than that of actinic keratosis and in situ lesions. Likewise, while the average staining intensity of primary squamous cell carcinomas and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas was not found to be statistically significant (3.1-3.5 and 3.1-3.8, respectively), the average staining intensity of these lesions was significantly higher than that of invasive lesions. We also found that the intensity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 staining correlates with cellular atypia, inflammation, neovascularization, and the invasive tumor front, as well as tumor aggressiveness, and may play a role in the pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
New multidentate ligands. XXIV. Disodium-N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-sulfobenzyl)-ethylenediaminediacetic acid, a new chelating ligand for trivalent metal ions

Abstract The study of proton and metal ion affinities is described for a new sexadentate ligand, disodium N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-sulfobenzyl)-ethylenediaminediacetic acid (SHBED). The ligand has two phenolate donors to impart specificity for trivalent metal ions such as those of Fe(III), Ga(III), and In(III). Potentiometric and spectrophotometric studies of the protonation constants of the ligand and stability constants of its Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), Ga(III) and In(III) chelates are compared with those of analogous ligands. The binding of the ligand donor groups to metal ions is found to occur in several cases in a stepwise fashion, with the more basic groups requiring higher pH for activation. The order in which each phenolate group becomes coordinated to metal ions, and the structures of the intermediate complexes, are deduced by correlating the electronic absorption spectra with potentiometric data.
Increased coronary arterial release of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and soluble CD40 ligand indicative of inflammation associated with culprit coronary plaques.

Blood taken from the coronary artery ostium reflects biochemical changes indicative of thrombosis in the culprit vessel. We sought to determine whether inflammation is manifested by increased concentrations of selected markers in ostial blood sampled from a culprit coronary artery proximal to an atherosclerotic plaque. The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) were measured in blood drawn from 75 patients before percutaneous coronary intervention from the femoral artery and from a guide catheter after engagement of the culprit coronary artery. Results were compared using Student's t tests. An acute coronary syndrome was present in 88% of patients. The concentrations of CRP and IL-6 were similar in coronary ostial and peripheral blood. Concentrations of IL-1 receptor antagonist were consistently greater in coronary arterial compared with peripheral arterial blood (peripheral 545 ± 378 vs coronary 595 ± 388 pg/ml, p = 0.003). Concentrations of sCD40L were also greater in the coronary compared with peripheral blood (peripheral 0.80 ± 0.46 vs coronary 2.12 ± 2.77 ng/ml, p <0.0001). The increased concentration of IL-1 receptor antagonist and sCD40L in blood drawn from the culprit coronary artery compared with that taken from the peripheral artery suggests that these cytokines contribute directly to inflammation in response to coronary intervention and may potentiate a systemic inflammatory state.
Synthesis and electrochemical characterizations of amorphous manganese oxide and single walled carbon nanotube composites as supercapacitor electrode materials

Abstract Long cycle performance at a high charge–discharge current of 2 A/g for the amorphous MnO 2 (a-MnO 2 ) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) composites have been studied for the first time. The a-MnO 2 and SWNT composites have been successfully synthesized via a novel room temperature route starting with KMnO 4 , ethanol and commercial SWNTs. Homogeneity of the synthesized composites was established by electron microscopic studies. Electrochemical properties of the synthesized composites were elucidated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All the composites with different SWNT loads showed excellent cycling capability, even at the high current of 2 A/g, with the MnO 2 :20 wt% SWNT composite showing the best combination of coloumbic efficiency of 75% and specific capacitance of 110 F/g after 750 cycles. However, the composite with 5 wt% SWNTs showed the highest specific capacitance during initial cycles.
Dual-band filter design with new frequency-transformation method having both band-pass and high-pass responses

A new frequency-transformation concept is proposed to design a dual-band filter having both band-pass and high-pass responses. The new frequency-transformation incorporates an extra frequency parameter to achieve the additional high-pass response. To realize the concept, the conventional band-pass filter's resonators are modified based on their frequency responses and formulae for the new resonators are derived. A new dual-band filter is also designed with the modified resonators and design equations, fabricated and measured, demonstrating the desired dual-band band-pass and high-pass characteristics.
Treating Sexually Abused Children With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the efficacy of child and caregiver participation in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Method Thirty-six sexually abused children (aged 5–17 years) were randomly assigned to a child-alone cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, a family cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, or a waiting-list control condition. Results Compared with controls, children who received treatment exhibited significant improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and self-reports of fear and anxiety. Significant improvements also occurred in relation to parent-completed measures and clinician ratings of global functioning. In general, parental involvement did not improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Maintenance of improvement was evident at a 12-week follow-up assessment. Conclusions Cognitive-behavioral treatment was useful, but further research is required on caregiver involvement.
Stability study of CdS/CdTe solar cells made with Ag and Ni back-contacts

Abstract The stability and performance of CdS/CdTe solar cells made using four different back contact structures was studied. Two of these device sets were made with Ag and Ni deposited on a Cu-doped graphite layer. In the remaining sets, the graphite layer was removed before the application of the Ag or Ni. For long-term stability study, all devices were subjected to elevated temperature (100 °C), open-circuit voltage bias, and one-sun (100 mW/cm2) illumination for about 707 h. In general, significantly greater device stability was observed when the graphite was present. These devices exhibited a 10–15% decrease in efficiency primarily due to fill factor loss during stress. In the absence of graphite, the Ag contact degraded faster due to the fast diffusion of Ag and the formation of metastable resistive shunts. Ni metal contacts, in contrast, were plagued by Ni3Te2 phase formation that helped minimize Ni diffusion, but also contributed to a loss in fill factor. Devices without the graphite layer showed larger reductions in efficiency ranging from 25% to 45% for Ag and Ni contacts, respectively.
ε-Optimality of a general class of learning algorithms

Abstract Conditions of e-optimality of a general class of strongly absolutely expedient learning algorithms are derived.
Lipopolysaccharide tolerance and ethanol modulate hepatic nitric oxide production in a gender-dependent manner.

This study was directed at the role of tolerance to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and ethanol (EtOH) intoxication in modulating hepatic nitric oxide (NO) production, and the demonstration of gender differences. Previous studies demonstrated that tolerance to either LPS or EtOH was associated with reduced hepatic production of superoxide anions. We now tested the hypothesis that the reduced hepatic production of superoxide anions during tolerance to LPS and the altered response to EtOH are accompanied by increased sensitivity of hepatic NO release to stimulation. Age-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were made tolerant to LPS by an i.v. injection of LPS (0.5 or 0.45 mg/kg) 2 days prior to an in vivo EtOH infusion for 3 h (LPS-EtOH group). Control groups were saline-pretreated, saline-infused; saline-pretreated, EtOH-infused; and LPS-pretreated, saline-infused. At the end of the infusion, isolated hepatocytes, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells were cultured for 20 h for subsequent measurement of basal (spontaneous) and in vitro-stimulated nitrite release. LPS-tolerance resulted in significantly enhanced stimulated NO production by hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in both male and female rats. EtOH abolished this priming effect in hepatocytes from male, but not from female rats. The priming effect was markedly diminished by EtOH in Kupffer cells of female rats only. LPS-tolerance increased NO production by stimulated endothelial cells of males, and decreased NO production by cells of females. EtOH infusion did not influence NO production by endothelial cells from male rats and it reversed the LPS-tolerance-induced inhibition in females. These data demonstrate that modulation by LPS-tolerance of hepatic NO release in EtOH-treated rats leads to enhanced stimulated NO production, while hepatic superoxide anion release was previously shown to be reduced within the same time frame. Since NO is able to scavenge superoxide, the LPS-tolerance-induced alterations in the EtOH effects on NO production may have a potential significance in modulating - in a time-dependent manner - oxidative injury associated with LPS and acute EtOH intake.
Pathophysiology of the spinal cord studied in vitro

Abstract We describe the use of isolated hemisected mouse spinal cords for pathophysiological investigations and analyze the responses evoked and recorded with suction electrodes in spinal roots. Dorsal root (DR) recordings from preparations in control solution show a directly evoked fiber volley (FV); an early postsynaptic spike generated by neurons in spinal gray matter and picked up by volume conduction (DRR1); and a ‘slow’ dorsal root potential (DRP). The ‘conventional’ dorsal root reflex (here termed DRR2) was absent or very small in control medium but became very prominent in elevated bath [Ca2+]. DRP and DRR2 but not DRR1 are depressed by GABAA antagonists. Recordings from VR contain the electrotonically conducted VRepsp and superimposed monosynaptic reflex discharge (VRR1). Rarely in control medium but regularly in elevated bath [Ca2+]a GABA-dependent late reflex (VRR2) appears (see also Duchen, 1986). The effects of varying bath concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ on evoked responses are briefly summarized. Irregularly timed spontaneous discharges appear in DR and VR recordings when [Ca2+] is elevated above 1.8 or 2.4 mM, and when [Mg2+] is lowered to 0.4 mM. In hypoxic solution synaptically transmitted responses fail in 10 to 20 min, but persist longer when [Ca2+] is elevated. Unexpectedly, spreading depression (SD)-like responses were recorded in some preparations during hypoxia. Following hypoxia, after synaptically transmitted responses recovered, spontaneous activity developed in DR and VR recordings.
Community hospital admission from the emergency department by persons with substance use disorders

Persons with a substance use disorder (SUD) are less likely to be insured and may have limited access to appropriate care, thereby increasing their reliance on emergency departments (EDs). We investigated whether health conditions and insurance status are significant predictors of admission to a community hospital directly from an ED visit with an SUD diagnosis. We analyzed the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Lack of health insurance was disproportionately likely in ED visits that carried an SUD diagnosis, whether alcohol- or drug-related. Using regression analysis, most SUD and non-SUD diagnostic categories and many procedure categories were significantly related to subsequent hospital admission. Controlling for clinical characteristics, SUD-related ED visits covered by public or private insurance had substantially higher odds of leading to hospital admission than did uninsured visits. Policies that broaden insurance coverage may improve access to inpatient care for persons with SUDs.
Duration thresholds for chromatic stimuli

The duration necessary to detect chromatic stimuli was measured for wavelengths between 463 and 620 nm. Stimuli were presented either in hue substitution (replacement of white by a chromatic stimulus of matched luminance) or as increments. Two observers viewed a 1 degrees 45' homogeneous white field. A trial consisted of replacement of the central 40' of the field by a chromatic stimulus. In substitution mode the white field was 2.4 cd/m2., the chromatic replacement was of matched luminance using heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). In increment mode, the white field was decreased to 1.2 cd/m2., the chromatic replacement remained at 2.4 cd/m2. In substitution mode, duration threshold varied from approximately 3--4 ms for the spectral extremes to 45--66 ms at 570 nm. Detected stimuli were always seen as a change in chromaticity. In increment mode, thresholds were in the 2--4 ms range with no dependence upon spectral composition. Detected stimuli were seen either as changes in chromaticity or brightness. A control experiment indicated that HFP did establish equivalent luminance for the hue substitution mode. We conclude that duration thresholds in substitution mode reveal chromatic processing channels; duration thresholds in increment mode are mediated by chromatic and/or achromatic processing channels.
Probing the Natural-Abundance 13C Populations of Insoluble Elastin Using 13C−1H Heteronuclear Correlation (HETCOR) NMR Spectroscopy

The complexities of fibrous proteins in their native states often preclude the use of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy, particularly those utilizing multiple dimensions. In this study, the application of solid-state 13C−1H heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy with frequency-switched Lee−Goldburg decoupling (FSLG-HETCOR) to an unenriched sample of native elastin is reported. These 2D experiments on lyophilized and hydrated elastin illustrate that individual contributions to the overall profile in the aliphatic region of its 13C spectrum may be resolved. As a result, details of side-chain packing in the hydrated and dehydrated elastin are elucidated. Generally, the HETCOR data show that the removal of water produces a compact state in this protein.
Psychothe Rapy and Spirituality: Toward a Theory of the Soul:

This is a theoretical article that emphasizes the importance of the spiritual dimension and focuses on the soul as the central, organizing construct for psychotherapy. The article calls for psychology to return to its roots as "the study of the soul" and provides a beginning map for a theory of psychotherapy from the perspective of soul. The author wishes to acknowledge his debt to the Jungian scholar James Hillman, whose writings helped inspire and inform this article.
The semantics of truth today and tomorrow

more than once, in the course of his paper, to Hume. Hume, I suppose, did not think that induction could be given a general justification. He did not, on this account, think that inductive beliefs were conventional; he pointed out that they were natural. He did not think that our 'basic canons' were arbitrarily chosen; he saw that this was a matter in which, at the fundamental level of belief-formation, we had no choice at all. He would, no doubt, have agreed that our acceptance of the 'basic canons' was not forced upon us by 'cognitive considerations' (by Reason); for it is forced upon us by Nature. Was it inconsistent in Hume, then, to frame some 'rules for judging' of cause and effect? It was not. For Nature does not always force our hand (our mind); and it is a requirement of Reason that our beliefs should form a coherent system. Committed by Nature to the 'basic canons' of induction, we are led by Reason to elaborate our procedures and policies on this basis. Reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions. Suppose I am convinced that there is nothing to choose, as far as Reason goes, between the 'basic canons' of induction, and a consistent counterinductive policy. Is an 'arbitrary choice' then really open to me? Is it? (Just try to make it.) If it is said that there is a problem of induction, and that Hume posed it, it must be added that he solved it.
Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Reactions involving glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids are believed to contribute to atherogenesis. Glycation, the nonenzymatic binding of glucose to protein molecules, can increase the atherogenic potential of certain plasma constituents, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Glycation of LDL is significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with normal subjects, even in the presence of good glycemic control. Metabolic abnormalities associated with glycation of LDL include diminished recognition of LDL by the classic LDL receptor; increased covalent binding of LDL in vessel walls; enhanced uptake of LDL by macrophages, thus stimulating foam cell formation; increased platelet aggregation; formation of LDL-immune complexes; and generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting in oxidative damage to both the lipid and protein components of LDL and to any nearby macromolecules. Oxidized lipoproteins are characterized by cytotoxicity, potent stimulation of foam cell formation by macrophages, and procoagulant effects. Combined glycation and oxidation, "glycoxidation," occurs when oxidative reactions affect the initial products of glycation, and results in irreversible structural alterations of proteins. Glycoxidation is of greatest significance in long-lived proteins such as collagen. In these proteins, glycoxidation products, believed to be atherogenic, accumulate with advancing age: in diabetes, their rate of accumulation is accelerated. Inhibition of glycation, oxidation, and glycoxidation may form the basis of future antiatherogenic strategies in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.
Micromachined antenna-coupled uncooled microbolometers for terahertz imaging arrays

In recent years our group has made significant progress toward the goal of a scalable, inexpensive terahertz imaging system for the detection of weapons concealed under clothing. By actively illuminating the subject under examination with only moderate source power (few milliwatts) the sensitivity constraints on the detector technology are significantly lessened compared to purely passive millimeter-wave detection. Last year, we demonstrated a fully planar, optically lithographed, uncooled terahertz imaging array with 120 pixels on a silicon substrate 75 mm in diameter. In this paper we present the recent progress on improving the responsivity of the individual microbolometers by a simple technique of surface micromachining to reduce the substrate thermal conduction. We describe the microbolometer array fabrication and present results on devices with a measured electrical responsivity of over 85 V/W (electrical NEP ~25 pW/rtHz), an improvement by a factor of two over current substrate-supported bolometers.
Genetic concepts for habitat conservation: the transfer and maintenance of genetic variation

Abstract The urgent need to integrate evolutionary theory into applied habitat management and land-use planning endeavors has become a focus for much conservation and biodiversity related research. Only recently have scientists begun to incorporate a holistic ecosystem approach, focusing on relationships among plant and animal resources rather than on individual species, into their management philosophies. Swept up in these emerging efforts to sustain biological diversity and functional ecosystems, genetic concepts have been incorporated into habitat management with an alarming mixture of excellence, generalization, and unfortunately even misconception. This does not imply that evolutionary theory has no bearing on the applied sciences but rather that more attention must be given to the interface between theoretical and applied research. The need to integrate genetic theory into ongoing conservation and management efforts is clear; however, much controversy remains as to how this integration may be accomplished for individual management situations. For vertebrates, the transfer of genetic information between generations or within and among various breeding components of populations is inextricably linked to the ecosystem in which they exist. Changes in the structure of an ecosystem can and must influence the ecology of its component species to some extent. However, genetic consequences resulting from changes in the ecology of species or species complexes are not clearly understood. Undoubtedly, alterations in the transfer and conservation of genetic information occur concomitantly with large-scale changes in the landscape. It is likely that these small undetected changes at the genetic level impact species to a similar extent as larger more obvious landscape level factors. In this work we will discuss concepts that are integral to the long-term existence of organisms in managed landscapes and to maintenance of gene diversity in general. Specifically, we will focus on the concept of effective population size, confusion associated with this concept, and its applicability to the maintenance of biologically diverse and sustainable landscapes.
Multiple-choice learning of line-drawn facial features: I. Inhibitory effects of observer scoring

Students in four high school psychology classes learned the names attached to line-drawn facial features. After each of three multiple-choice acquisition trials, subjects were also given transfer tests on names for the full faces (all four features together). A final retention test on all acquisition materials (individual features) was then given. In acquisition, subjects worked in pairs, alternately performing (selecting the names) or observing (watching paired performer respond). Correct names were shown by slide after all performers had responded. Observers in two of the classes scored paired performers’ responses as correct or incorrect. The results revealed no reliable main effects for the observer-scoring variable but a number of reliable interactions. A highly generalized inhibitory effect in both acquisition and transfer could be attributed to the observer-scoring variable, with males but not females affected.
STEROID HORMONE LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SMOKING

Context Cigarette tobacco smoke is a potent environmental contaminant known to adversely affect health including fertility and pregnancy.
The transportation of slaves from Virginia, 1801–1865

(1986). The transportation of slaves from Virginia, 1801–1865. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 215-240.
Inhibition of nuclear uptake of glucocorticoid-receptor complex by aurintricarboxylic acid.

The presence of 50-200 microM aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) blocked the uptake of [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TA)-receptor complex from rat liver cytosol by isolated nuclei. The half-maximal inhibition (I.D.50) in the nuclear uptake of [3H]-TA-receptor complex was observed at 70- and 80 microM ATA depending upon whether the inhibitor was added prior to or following receptor activation. In addition, the nuclear-bound [3H]-TA-receptor complex from control samples could be completely extracted by an incubation with 20-100 microM ATA. The amount of [3H]-TA-receptor complex remained unchanged under these conditions. The effects of ATA may result due to its interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor at/near the sites that are involved in its nuclear uptake. ATA, therefore is a potentially useful chemical probe for analysis of glucocorticoid receptor.
Status of the search for the top quark

Abstract The current status of the search for the top quark at CDF is reviewed. The results presented here have already been published in an exhaustive paper. As such, this paper concentrates on the general method used. A brief description of the results is also contained. An excess of events with either two high-transverse momentum leptons, or with one lepton plus jets plus a b tag over the estimated background is observed. The statistical significance of this excess is at the level of 2.8σ. Interpreting this excess as being due to top quark production, a mass of 174 ± 10 −13 +12 GeV/ c 2 is extracted.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux and laryngeal web formation in patients with pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomas.

Objective: To determine whether treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux reduces the laryngeal soft tissue complications encountered in surgery for recurrent respiratory papillomas. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients treated for laryngeal recurrent respiratory papillomas between 1984 and 1999 was performed. Thirty-one such patients were identified. Twenty-four were at high risk for developing complications based on the number of operating suite visits and the presence of disease at the anterior commissure. Twelve patients underwent 24-hour double pH probe testing. Results: Overall, 13 of 31 patients (42%) developed laryngeal webs. No other soft tissue complications were encountered. Of the patients who had pH probe testing, 12 of 12 (100%) had at least one pharyngeal episode of acid exposure. Of the high-risk patients, 10 were treated for reflux and only 2 of 10 (20%) developed webs. Eleven of 14 (79%) of the high-risk patients who were not treated for reflux developed webs. The difference in rate of web formation between patients treated for reflux and those not treated for reflux was statistically significant (P = .011). Conclusions: Antireflux treatments for patients undergoing surgery for laryngeal recurrent respiratory papillomas may reduce the soft tissue complications, especially scarring and web formation. Prophylactic antireflux therapy may be warranted in any patient undergoing surgery during which laryngeal mucosal disruption is anticipated.
Revisiting the polyoxometalate-based late-transition-metal-oxo complexes: the "oxo wall" stands.

Terminal oxo complexes of the late transition metals Pt, Pd, and Au have been reported by us in Science and Journal of the American Chemical Society. Despite thoroughness in characterizing these complexes (multiple independent structural methods and up to 17 analytical methods in one case), we have continued to study these structures. Initial work on these systems was motivated by structural data from X-ray crystallography and neutron diffraction and 17O and 31P NMR signatures which all indicated differences from all previously published compounds. With significant new data, we now revisit these studies. New X-ray crystal structures of previously reported complexes K14[P2W19O69(OH2)] and “K10Na3[PdIV(O)(OH)WO(OH2)(PW9O34)2]” and a closer examination of these structures are provided. Also presented are the 17O NMR spectrum of an 17O-enriched sample of [PW11O39]7– and a careful combined 31P NMR-titration study of the previously reported “K7H2[Au(O)(OH2)P2W20O70(OH2)2].” These and considerable other data col...
Characterizing zoonotic disease detection in the United States: Who detects zoonotic disease outbreaks & how fast are they detected?

Summary There have been many calls for improved detection of zoonoses; research has not yet characterized zoonotic disease detection in the United States, in humans or animals. This research reviewed “who detects” zoonotic disease outbreaks and “how fast” they are detected. Definitions were operationalized based on existing literature and current practice. An outbreak database was created from publicly available records: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports and ProMed-Mail. Univariate and bivariate statistics—including chi-square tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Dunn's method were used for analysis. From an n = 101, results showed that laboratories (human health) detected 32.7% ( n = 33) of the outbreaks; physicians/clinicians (human health) detected 18.8% ( n = 19). The median time to was 13 days; mean was 31.7 (range = 0–492). There was a relationship between the type of the entity (laboratory, practitioner, or state agency) and how fast the outbreak was detected; state agencies were slower in detection. There was also a significant relationship between how fast an outbreak was detected and whether the outbreak occurred in multiple regions. This research provides important empirical evidence regarding U.S. zoonotic disease outbreak detection, highlighting the difficulty in rapid detection of multi-state outbreaks and the need for rapid, sensitive diagnostic testing and astute practitioners.
Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function.

Background Several decades of research link childhood parental loss with risk for major depression and other forms of psychopathology. A large body of preclinical work on maternal separation and some recent studies of humans with childhood parental loss have demonstrated alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function that could predispose to the development of psychiatric disorders. Methods Eighty-eight healthy adults with no current Axis I psychiatric disorder participated in this study. Forty-four participants experienced parental loss during childhood, including 19 with a history of parental death and 25 with a history of prolonged parental separation. The loss group was compared with a matched group of individuals who reported no history of childhood parental separation or childhood maltreatment. Participants completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires and the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test. Repeated measures general linear models were used to test the effects of parental loss, parental care, gender, and age on the hormone responses to the Dex/CRH test. Results Parental loss was associated with increased cortisol responses to the test, particularly in men. The effect of loss was moderated by levels of parental care; participants with parental desertion and very low levels of care had attenuated cortisol responses. Adrenocorticotropic hormone responses to the Dex/CRH test did not differ significantly as a function of parental loss. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early parental loss induces enduring changes in neuroendocrine function.
Regional variability of cerebral blood oxygenation response to hypercapnia.

In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensities during task activation are related to multiple physiological parameters such as cerebral blood flow, volume, and oxidative metabolism, as well as to the regional microvascular anatomy. Consequently, the magnitude of activation-induced BOLD signal changes may vary regionally and between subjects. The aim of this study was to use a uniform global stimulus such as hypercapnia to quantitatively investigate the regional BOLD response in the human brain. In 10 healthy volunteers, T2*-weighted gradient echo images were acquired for a total dynamic scanning time of 9 min during alternating periods of breath holding for 30 s after expiration and self-paced normal breathing for 60 s. Hypercapnia-induced BOLD signal changes in the sensorimotor cortex, frontal cortex, basal ganglia, visual cortex, and cerebellum were significantly different (P < 0.001) and varied from 1.8 to 5.1%. The highest BOLD signal changes were found in the cerebellum and visual cortex, whereas the lowest BOLD signal increase was observed in the frontal cortex. These results demonstrate a regional dependence of the BOLD signal changes during breath hold-induced hypercapnia, indirectly supporting the notion of regional different sensitivities of BOLD responses to task activation.
Integrating climate change adaptation and human development: a commentary.

I discuss why integration of global climate change and human development aid pro- grams requires consideration of some understudied uncertainties in making projections of future cli- mate and environmental conditions at local and regional scales, and further, the value-laden policy consequences of dealing with uncertainties for national and international development programs. Additionally, I propose that conflicts between the interests of humans and other species be given greater attention than has been done by those involved in human development aid.
Shear flow of angular grains: Acoustic effects and nonmonotonic rate dependence of volume

Naturally occurring granular materials often consist of angular particles whose shape and frictional characteristics may have important implications on macroscopic flow rheology. In this paper, we provide a theoretical account for the peculiar phenomenon of autoacoustic compaction-nonmonotonic variation of shear band volume with shear rate in angular particles-recently observed in experiments. Our approach is based on the notion that the volume of a granular material is determined by an effective-disorder temperature known as the compactivity. Noise sources in a driven granular material couple its various degrees of freedom and the environment, causing the flow of entropy between them. The grain-scale dynamics is described by the shear-transformation-zone theory of granular flow, which accounts for irreversible plastic deformation in terms of localized flow defects whose density is governed by the state of configurational disorder. To model the effects of grain shape and frictional characteristics, we propose an Ising-like internal variable to account for nearest-neighbor grain interlocking and geometric frustration and interpret the effect of friction as an acoustic noise strength. We show quantitative agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions and propose additional experiments that provide stringent tests on the new theoretical elements.
Error bounds for the aggregated convex programming problem

Applied mathematical programming problems are often approximations of larger, more detailed problems. One criterion to evaluate an approximating program is the magnitude of the difference between the optimal objective values of the original and the approximating program. The approximation we consider is variable aggregation in a convex program. Bounds are derived on the difference between the two optimal objective values. Previous results of Geoffrion and Zipkin are obtained by specializing our results to linear programming. Also, we apply our bounds to a convex transportation problem.
Directional-tip endotracheal tubes for blind nasotracheal intubation.

Objectives: To compare initial success rates of blind nasotracheal intubation using directional-tip endotracheal tubes vs standard endotracheal tubes. Methods: A prospective trial comparing directional-tip and standard endotracheal tubes during initial attempts at blind nasotracheal intubation (BNTI) at a university hospital ED. Using an alternating schedule, the directional-tip or standard tube was used for the first attempt at BNTI. An attempt was defined as beginning when the tube was placed through the nose into the posterior pharynx and ending when the patient was intubated or the tube was removed from the nares. After the intubation, the physician graded the difficulty of the technique (i.e., easy/routine, intermediate, difficult, or unable to intubate nasally). Results: There were 49 patients entered over 5 months. Patient presentations for the intubations were trauma (45.8%), overdose (33.3%), respiratory/cardiac event (12.5%), seizure (2.1%), and other (6.3%). Intubation was successful on the first attempt in 18 of 21 patients (86%; 95% CI, 64% to 97%) for the directional-tip tube vs 16 of 28 patients (57%; 95% CI, 37% to 76%) for the standard tube (p = 0.03). The groups did not differ in age, sex, clinical presentation, or perceived difficulty of intubation. Only 1 patient could not be intubated nasally and was subsequently intubated orally. Conclusion: The use of directional-tip tubes may improve the success rate of the first attempt at BNTI.
Competition and innovation behaviour

Abstract This paper attempts to shed light on the complex relationship between innovation and competition. Traditional measures of product market competition using industry statistics are often challenged and found wanting. Using the Statistics Canada 1999 Survey of Innovation, this paper develops new measures of competition by arguing that firms’ perceptions about their competitive environment are important for innovation and are better measures of firm-specific competition. It shows that the relationship can be positive or negative, depending on specific competition perception and specific innovation activity. In addition, it shows that firms tend to bundle process innovation with product innovation, implying that the economic value of process innovation is likely embodied in product innovation.
On the existence of price equilibria in dynamic economies

Abstract I extend McKenzie's general characterization of the existence of competitive equilibria in static (finite horizon) models to a class of dynamic (infinite horizon) economies that subsumes overlapping-generations as a special case. With a few necessary exceptions, the assumptions employed in my existence proof are natural extensions of McKenzie's. In particular, I strengthen the existing literature by imposing McKenzie-type irreducibility only on the whole economy and not on certain (artificial) sub-economies and by imposing McKenzie's weak continuity and convexity conditions. I also establish the general existence of equilibria with nominal government surplus .
Land fragmentation due to rapid urbanization in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area: Analyzing the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers

Abstract Rapid urbanization of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area exemplifies the dominant US Southwest urban growth pattern of the past six decades. Using a combination of multitemporal land cover data, gradient analysis, and landscape metrics, we quantify and characterize spatiotemporal patterns of land fragmentation observed in Phoenix. We analyze historical, qualitative data to identify five major socio-ecological drivers critical to understanding the urbanization processes and fragmentation patterns: population dynamics, water provisioning, technology and transportation, institutional factors, and topography. A second objective is to assess the applicability and accuracy of National Land cover Database (NLCD)-—a widely used land cover dataset—-to detect and measure urban growth and land fragmentation patterns in the relatively treeless desert biome of the US Southwest. In contrast to studies in the temperate eastern USA where NLCD has proved inaccurate for detection of exurban development, our study demonstrates that NLCD is a reliable data source for measuring land use in the southwest, even in low-density environments. By combining qualitative analyses of social-ecological drivers with fragmentation analyses, we move toward an improved understanding of urbanization and insights on the human modification framework used widely in land change science.
Echolocation in Bats: Signal Processing of Echoes for Target Range

Echolocating bats Eptesicus fuscus and Phyllostomus hastatus can discriminate between the nearer and farther of two targets. Their errors in discrimination are predicted accurately by the autocorrelation functions of their sonar cries. These bats behave as though they have an ideal sonar system which cross correlates the transmitted cry with the returning echo to extract targetrange information.