cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copan WASPLab automation significantly reduces incubation times and allows earlier culture readings

Abstract Objective The aim was to evaluate whether laboratory automation (inoculation and automated incubation combined with timely defined high-resolution digital imaging) may help reduce the time required to obtain reliable culture analysis results. Methods We compared the results obtained by WASPLab automation against WASP-based automated inoculation coupled to conventional incubation and manual diagnostic on 1294 clinical samples (483 for the derivation set and 811 for the independent validation set) that included urine, genital tract and non-sterile site specimens, as well as ESwabs for screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). We used sequential routine specimens referred to the bacteriology laboratory at Geneva University Hospitals between October 2018 and March 2019. Results The detection sensitivity of MRSA and MSSA at 18 hr on WASPLab was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.48–100.00%). The detection sensitivity of ESBL and CPE at 16 hr on WASPLab was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.87% to 100.00%). For urine specimens, the similarity was 79% (295/375) between 18 hr and 24 hr of incubation on WASPLab. For genital tract and non-sterile site specimens, the similarity between 16 hr and 28 hr of incubation on WASPLab were 26% (72/281) and 77% (123/159) respectively. Thus, 28 hr was defined as the final incubation time on WASPLab for genital tract and non-sterile site specimens. Conclusions The results of this study show that WASPLab automation enables a reduction of the culture reading time for all specimens tested without affecting performances. Implementing the established and duly validated incubation times will allow appropriate laboratory workflows for improved efficiency to be built.
EXIT EAST? The fight against US anti-Muslim racism

Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher and Thea Abu El-Haj explore issues of citizenship particularly as it relates to Muslims in the United States. They explain how hate crimes and discrimination on Muslims have developed and offer examples of how educators and activists are responding to Islamophobia. Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher y Thea Abu El-Haj exploran asuntos acerca de la ciudadania, especialmente aquellos relacionados a los musulmanes en Estados Unidos. Ellas explican como se han desarrollado crimenes de odio y discriminacion en contra de los musulmanes y ofrecen ejemplos de como educadores/as y activistas estan respondiendo a la islamophobia.
Endoscopic Versus Open Laminectomy for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: An International, Multi-Institutional Analysis of Outcomes and Adverse Events.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study and systematic review.Objectives:Endoscopic decompression offers a minimally invasive alternative to traditional, open laminectomy. However, comparison of th...
“Chocolate City, Rest in Peace”: White Space–Claiming and the Exclusion of Black People in Washington, DC:

Urban sociologists and gentrification scholars have long been interested in examining the combination of structural and micro–level forces that result in the displacement and exclusion of low–incom...
Optimal Design of Liquid Cooling System for the Smart Ship System Design (S3D) Early Ship Design Tool

With the objective of evaluating the electrical and thermal systems of an electric ship earlier in the conceptual design phase, the simulation tool Smart Ship System Design (S3D) has been developed. A set-based design approach is implemented, in which the ship is exercised for a set of missions. This paper proposes a methodology to be implemented in S3D to add a level of supervisory control for the thermal discipline, capable of choosing the best plant configuration given the demands of the required cooling for the other disciplines such as the electrical and mechanical systems.
Swagger Like Us: Black Millennials and 1990s Urban Brands

In the 1970s in major U.S. cities, the Black community created hip-hop, a significant cultural and artistic phenomenon, which has since spread around the world. Hip-hop culture has a unique and authentic fashion aesthetic, music style, and language, and the relationships between these cultural outlets now have a global appeal. The purpose of this study was to examine Black millennials,’ attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities, knowledge and perceptions of prominent, Black-owned, urban brands that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s during the hip-hop fashion revolution. Based upon analysis of the data, I identified four themes including: (a) awareness of urban brands, (b) ambiguity, (c) 1980s/1990s urban brand influence, and (d) cultural appropriation. These Black voices and exchanges of stories are important because they help to construct the social reality of the significant impact that hip hop and urban fashion has had for Black millennials today.
An Implementation Science Framework to Develop a Clinical Decision Support Tool for Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Electronic health record (EHR)-based clinical decision support (CDS) can address the low awareness and undertreatment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a disorder associated with a markedly increased risk of coronary heart disease. We aimed to incorporate provider perspectives into the development and implementation of a CDS tool for FH. An implementation science framework and a user-centered design process were used to create a CDS tool for FH. Primary care physicians and specialist physicians participated in qualitative interviews, usability testing and an implementation survey. The CDS was configured in two formats—a best practice alert (BPA) and an in-basket message and subsequently deployed in the EHR in silent mode. The key themes that emerged from the analysis of interview transcripts included understanding and awareness of FH, clinical workflow, physician preferences and value of CDS tools, perspectives on patient needs and values and dissemination and implementation. Recommendations related to usability included preferred CDS format and placement, content, timing and frequency, and level of alert urgency/prioritization. In response to the survey, 84.6% of physicians agreed that the CDS would improve early FH diagnosis and 92.3% agreed that it would help them identify and manage FH patients. Physician feedback led to iterative CDS refinement. In summary, we developed a CDS tool for FH using an implementation science framework and physician feedback. Initial deployment revealed a significant burden of FH and the potential for the CDS tool to have a large impact.
Development of Tumor-Targeting IRE-1 Inhibitors for B-cell Cancer Therapy

The IRE-1 kinase/RNase splices the mRNA of the XBP-1 gene, resulting in the spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) mRNA that encodes the functional XBP-1s transcription factor that is critically important for the growth and survival of B-cell leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). Several inhibitors targeting the expression of XBP-1s have been reported; however, the cytotoxicity exerted by each inhibitor against cancer cells is highly variable. To design better therapeutic strategies for B-cell cancer, we systematically compared the ability of these compounds to inhibit the RNase activity of IRE-1 in vitro and to suppress the expression of XBP-1s in mouse and human MM cell lines. Tricyclic chromenone-based inhibitors B-I09 and D-F07, prodrugs harboring an aldehyde-masking group, emerged as the most reliable inhibitors for potent suppression of XBP-1s expression in MM cells. The cytotoxicity of B-I09 and D-F07 against MM as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma could be further enhanced by combination with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Because chemical modifications of the salicylaldehyde hydroxy group could be used to tune 1,3-dioxane prodrug stability, we installed reactive oxygen species-sensitive structural cage groups onto these inhibitors to achieve stimuli-responsive activities and improve tumor-targeting efficiency.
Developing a Badge System for a Community ESL Class Based on the Canadian Language Benchmarks

Teaching multilingual, multilevel language classes presents many challenges including helping students learn level-appropriate language. This learner-centred approach is complicated in a multilevel classroom where the teacher cannot always focus on each student’s needs. As a result, learner motivation and attendance are frequent problems. This article details the adaptation of the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) into a badge system to help learners in a community English as a Second Language (ESL) program set and track personalized language learning goals. The authors explain the purposes of badges, including motivation and assessment, and describe how to create a CLB-based badge system for curriculum and assessment purposes. The authors also share feedback from students and instructors in the community ESL program about the badge-based curriculum.
Generalising the mean spherical approximation as a multiscale, nonlinear boundary condition at the solute–solvent interface

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we extend the familiar continuum electrostatic model to incorporate finite-size effects in the solvation layer, by perturbing the usual macroscopic interface condition. The perturbation is based on the mean spherical approximation (MSA), to derive a multiscale solvation-layer interface condition (SLIC/MSA). We show that SLIC/MSA reproduces MSA predictions for Born ions in a variety of polar solvents, including water as well as other protic and aprotic solvents. Importantly, the SLIC/MSA model predicts not only solvation free energies accurately but also solvation entropies, which standard continuum electrostatic models fail to predict. The SLIC/MSA model depends only on the normal electric field at the dielectric boundary, similar to our recent development of a SLIC model for charge-sign hydration asymmetry, and the reformulation of the MSA as an effective boundary condition enables its straightforward application to complex molecules such as proteins, whereas traditionally it is pr...
Update on adrenal cortical neoplasia

Abstract The adrenal cortex gives rise to a biologically heterogenous group of neoplasms, each with a distinct morphology, antigen expression and molecular profile. Adrenal cortical adenomas have excellent prognosis and are usually cured by surgical resection alone, while adrenal cortical carcinomas are very aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis regardless of therapy. These tumors are rare and often challenging for a pathologist to diagnose, as significant overlap exists between benign and malignant lesions in some cases. In this review, we attempt to summarize most important histologic and clinical features of adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas, clarify the use of different grading systems, the use of special stains and the differential diagnosis for practicing pathologists. Most relevant hereditary syndromes associated with adrenal cortical tumors are listed. Updates in molecular alterations in adrenal cortical neoplasms and hyperplastic diseases as well as their clinical significance and potential therapeutic implications are also discussed.
Machine Learning Enhanced Grey-Box Modeling for Building Thermal Modeling

In this work, two approaches for grey-box thermal system and time-varying heat disturbance modeling of buildings are proposed. They combine machine-learning-based modeling with grey-box modeling to form a hybrid approach. The first approach simultaneously estimates the system model parameters and estimator gain for a system model augmented with an integrating disturbance model. With the estimator gain and collected input-output data, the disturbance is estimated, and a predictive recurrent neural network disturbance model is fit using the estimates. The second approach simultaneously estimates the system model parameters and the predictive disturbance model parameters. Both approaches are applied to a building zone example to demonstrate and analyze them.
Identification and characterization of an atypical Gαs-biased β2AR agonist that fails to evoke airway smooth muscle cell tachyphylaxis.

G protein–coupled receptors display multifunctional signaling, offering the potential for agonist structures to promote conformational selectivity for biased outputs. For β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR), unbiased agonists stabilize conformation(s) that evoke coupling to Gαs (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] production/human airway smooth muscle [HASM] cell relaxation) and β-arrestin engagement, the latter acting to quench Gαs signaling, contributing to receptor desensitization/tachyphylaxis. We screened a 40-million-compound scaffold ranking library, revealing unanticipated agonists with dihydroimidazolyl-butyl-cyclic urea scaffolds. The S-stereoisomer of compound C1 shows no detectable β-arrestin engagement/signaling by four methods. However, C1-S retained Gαs signaling—a divergence of the outputs favorable for treating asthma. Functional studies with two models confirmed the biasing: β2AR-mediated cAMP signaling underwent desensitization to the unbiased agonist albuterol but not to C1-S, and desensitization of HASM cell relaxation was observed with albuterol but not with C1-S. These HASM results indicate biologically pertinent biasing of C1-S, in the context of the relevant physiologic response, in the human cell type of interest. Thus, C1-S was apparently strongly biased away from β-arrestin, in contrast to albuterol and C5-S. C1-S structural modeling and simulations revealed binding differences compared with unbiased epinephrine at transmembrane (TM) segments 3,5,6,7 and ECL2. C1-S (R2 = cyclohexane) was repositioned in the pocket such that it lost a TM6 interaction and gained a TM7 interaction compared with the analogous unbiased C5-S (R2 = benzene group), which appears to contribute to C1-S biasing away from β-arrestin. Thus, an agnostic large chemical-space library identified agonists with receptor interactions that resulted in relevant signal splitting of β2AR actions favorable for treating obstructive lung disease.
Ligand-stimulated turnover of inositol lipids in the nervous system.

Publisher Summary The stimulated turnover of inositol-related lipids (STI) following ligand interaction with plasma membrane receptor sites is common to numerous hormones, neurotransmitters, and modulators in a variety of tissues. The initial metabolic consequence of receptor–ligand interaction is an increased breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) via a Ca2+-dependent phosphodiesterase, yielding diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3), each of which may affect protein phosphorylation: the DG moiety by direct activation of protein kinase C and the IP3 moiety indirectly through the liberation of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Under conditions in which STI has been observed via 32Pi incorporation into lipids, no increase in de novo lipid synthesis is seen—a finding that supports the concept of a regenerative cycle. The STI is seen in whole brain (in vivo), brain slices, subcellular fractions, and in two central nervous system (CNS)-related tissues—the pineal and anterior pituitary. In the peripheral nervous system, both the superior cervical ganglion and adrenal medulla support a readily demonstrable STI. Recently there has been much interest in the ligands that support STI in transformed cell lines of neural origin—for example, neuroblastoma and astrocytoma.
Extended-life sonobuoy measurements to improve ASW mission planning

Oceanographic and acoustic conditions are complex, dynamic, and often unknown in littoral areas, but success of Naval operations in these areas requires a good environmental characterization. Some conceptual designs for new long-life airborne sensors include thermistors to measure ocean temperatures and hydrophones to measure ambient noise. In this work, measured temperature profiles and predictions of ambient noise using ship densities in the Sea of Japan are used to simulate a) data collected with 4 “single-shot” fixed sonobuoys, b) data collected with 4 extended-life sonobuoys drifting over 7 days, and c) “ground-truth” or actual conditions. Those environmental simulations are used to predict acoustic conditions; i.e., transmission loss, detection range, and detection probability at 100 Hz for an anti-submarine warfare application. The simulated environmental fields and predicted acoustic results for fixed and drifting sensors are compared to our best estimate of actual conditions. Results show that 4 drifting buoys yield significantly better representations of the actual temperatures, ambient noise, and derived acoustic fields than 4 discrete measurements. Intelligent algorithms are used to place tactical sonobuoys at optimal locations. The calculated detection probabilities from the drifting buoy environment are 22% more accurate than those from the discretely measured environment.
Fast and Intermediate Energy Neutron Albedos for Fusion Materials

Neutron albedo methods can be used to simplify transport calculations in a wide variety of applications. Their utilization requires a collection of albedo data and a model which makes these results convenient for hand or machine computation. Results are presented from neutron albedo calculations for incident intermediate-energy neutrons. These results can be explained using our knowledge of neutron interaction physics. Total albedos are directly related to the cross sections for elastic scatter and absorption. Angular distributions of reflected neutrons are approximately costheta/sub r/ for all incident neutron conditions. The total albedo results are well modeled by an extension of a previously developed fast-neutron albedo model when ..sigma../sub abs//..sigma../sub t/ (the ratio of absorption to total cross section) is small.
The Discovery of the Enteroviruses and the Classification of Poliovirus Among Them

Abstract Abstract. The history of the enteroviruses is described, and how poliovirus came to be recognized as the prototype species of the genus, a subdivision of the family Picornaviridae. Albert Sabin was one of the main contributors. He isolated several enterovirus types and established them as causative agents of human disease. The enteroviruses were discovered only after new methods were introduced for working with viruses. They are now recognized as constituting one of the genera of the picornavirus family. Pico-rna-virus stands for viruses which are small (pico), and have an RNA genome. The enterovirus genus includes the polioviruses, the coxsackieviruses and the echoviruses of humans, plus a number of enteroviruses of lower animals (e.g., monkeys, cattle, pigs, mice). Over 100 serotypes are now recognized, the first having been the polioviruses.
Auxiliary conversion tables for sensitivity performance tests of atomic-absorption instruments

Abstract Conversion tables have been prepared which give the signal (in absorbance units and percentage of absorption) corresponding to a given sensitivity level, expressed as concentration limit, when measuring the response of a solution of a given analyte concentration. These tables permit the operator a rapid check of the sensitivity performance of an instrument by comparing signals obtained under his conditions with the signal expected for a given concentration from concentration limits already published in the literature or previously obtained by himself in his laboratory with other operating conditions.
Increase in the intensity of postmonsoon Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones

The postmonsoon (October-November) tropical cyclone (TC) season in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has spawned many of the deadliest storms in recorded history. Here it is shown that the intensity of major TCs (wind speed > 49 m s −1 ) in the postmonsoon BoB increased during 1981-2010. It is found that changes in environmental parameters are responsible for the observed increases in TC intensity. Increases in sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made the ocean more conducive to TC intensification, while enhanced convective instability made the atmosphere more favorable for the growth of TCs. The largest changes in the atmosphere and ocean occurred in the eastern BoB, where nearly all major TCs form. These changes are part of positive linear trends, suggesting that the intensity of postmonsoon BoB TCs may continue to increase in the future.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) regulates myogenesis and β1 integrin expression in vitro

Myogenesis in vitro involves myoblast cell cycle arrest, migration, and fusion to form multinucleated myotubes. Extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity during these processes is maintained by the opposing actions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteases and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Here, we report that TIMP-2, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP are differentially expressed during mouse myoblast differentiation in vitro. A specific role for TIMP-2 in myogenesis is demonstrated by altered TIMP-2−/− myotube formation. When differentiated in horse serum-containing medium, TIMP-2−/− myotubes are larger than wild-type myotubes. In contrast, when serum-free medium is used, TIMP-2−/− myotubes are smaller than wild-type myotubes. Regardless of culture condition, myotube size is directly correlated with MMP activity and inversely correlated with β1 integrin expression. Treatment with recombinant TIMP-2 rescues reduced TIMP-2−/− myotube size and induces increased MMP-9 activation and decreased β1 integrin expression. Treatment with either MMP-2 or MMP-9 similarly rescues reduced myotube size, but has no effect on β1 integrin expression. These data suggest a specific regulatory relationship between TIMP-2 and β1 integrin during myogenesis. Elucidating the role of TIMP-2 in myogenesis in vitro may lead to new therapeutic options for the use of TIMP-2 in myopathies and muscular dystrophies in vivo.
Effective health risk communication about pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations.

The consequences of pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations will depend partly on the effectiveness of health risk communications. Strategic planning should fully consider how life circumstances, cultural values, and perspectives on risk influence behavior during a pandemic.We summarize recent scientific evidence on communication challenges and examine how sociocultural, economic, psychological, and health factors can jeopardize or facilitate public health interventions that require a cooperative public. If ignored, current communication gaps for vulnerable populations could result in unequal protection across society during an influenza pandemic.We offer insights on communication preparedness gleaned from scientific studies and the deliberations of public health experts at a meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 1 and 2, 2008.
The preparation and Toxicity of Antimonyl 2-Aminothiazole Tartrate

A method for the preparation of a new organic antimony compound is described. Toxicity data on this compound are reported.
Commentary on Gregory Tassey's ''Rationales and mechanisms for revitalizing US manufacturing R&D strategies''

Greg Tassey’s paper sounds an alarm for a national wake-up call. He documents why no nation can be a technological or economic leader without a vibrant manufacturing base. Tassey’s paper makes three critical contributions to our understanding about the importance of revitalizing manufacturing: (1) a redefinition of twenty-first century manufacturing, (2) evidence that change is structural, not cyclical and (3) the need for new approaches to assure manufacturing competitiveness.
A theory of pressure sensor performance in snow

A theory of pressure sensor response in snow is derived and used to examine the sources of measurement errors in snow water equivalent (SWE) pressure sensors. Measurement errors in SWE are caused by differences in the compressibility of the pressure sensor and the adjacent snow layer, which produces a shear stress along the perimeter of the sensor. When the temperature at the base of the snow cover equals 0 °C, differences in the snowmelt rate between the snow–SWE sensor interface and the adjacent snow–soil interface may also produce a shear stress along the sensor's perimeter. This shear stress perturbs the pressure field over the sensor, producing SWE measurement errors. Snow creep acts to reduce shear stresses along the SWE sensor's perimeter at a rate that is inversely proportional to the snow viscosity. For sustained periods of differential snowmelt, a difference in the mass of snow over the sensor compared with the surrounding soil will develop, producing additional permanent errors in SWE measurements. The theory indicates that SWE pressure sensor performance can be improved by designing a sensor with a high Young's modulus (low compressibility), low aspect ratio, large diameter and thermal properties that match those of the surrounding soil. Simulations of SWE pressure sensor errors using the theory are in close agreement with observed errors and may provide a means to correct historical SWE measurements for use in hydrological hindcast or climate studies. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Henning Schneider, M.D.

Abstract This is a short biography of Henning Schneider, M.D., Professor and Chair Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Bern, Switzerland. From 1987–2005, he was also Director of the Women's Hospital in Bern. Dr. Schneider was a founding member and the second President of the International Federation of Placenta Associations (IFPA). A symposium in Professor Schneider's honour was held at IFPA Meeting 2008.
Semaphorin 7A Is a Negative Regulator of T Cell Responses

Semaphorins play an essential role in axonal guidance, and emerging evidence points to diverse functions of several Semaphorin family members in the immune system. Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) promotes axonal growth in the central nervous system. Here, we show that Sema7A also plays a critical role in negative regulation of T cell activation and function. T cells deficient in Sema7A exhibit enhanced homeostatic and antigen-induced proliferative response. Moreover, autoreactive Sema7A-deficient T cells mediate aggressive autoimmune disease. The deficiency in Sema7A leads to defective TCR downmodulation and T cell hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrate an important role of Sema7A in limiting autoimmune responses and add to growing evidence of shared signaling pathways used by the immune and nervous systems.
The abstraction and long-term retention of ill-defined categories by children

The acquisition, utilization, and long-term retention of ill-defined categories was assessed in 10.8-year-old children. Children initially classified 18 distorted form stimuli into three categories containing 3, 6, and 9 members, and then received transfer tests immediately following classification, one week later, and one month later. On the transfer tests, old, new, prototype, and unrelated forms were presented, and the subjects had available an optional junk category. The results showed that classification of new instances at all levels of distortion was unaffected by a month’s delay, with classification of the prototype and new instances strongly facilitated by increases in category size. The acquired breadth of these concepts was stable across the month’s delay. A comparison with adult performance in a highly similar task revealed no qualitative differences.
Algos Gone Wild: Risk in the World of Automated Trading Strategies

There are risks in automated trading strategies that can and have impacted the financial markets. Algo and high-frequency trading have taken two-thirds or more of our equity market9s volumes and are expanding into other asset classes and beyond our borders. As a result, we are exposed to potentially significant errors resulting in market contagion far beyond just the initiator of the transaction. This article describes some recent examples and suggests some steps regulators can take to mitigate these risks.
From French Revolution to English Reform: Hannah More, Harriet Martineau, and the "Little Book"

During the 1820s Harriet Martineau undertook the writing of tracts and "little books" for the Shropshire publisher Houlston and Son, a firm specializing in religious and didactic literature. This apprenticeship allowed Martineau to master the generic features and literary style of the didactic tract and turn those techniques to new uses in her industrial tales, The Rioters (1827) and The Turn-Out (1829). Later, Martineau transformed the politics of the "little book" in her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832- 1834), a series exemplifying the economic theories of Adam Smith, James Mill, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus but intending to further the political goals of the Unitarian radicals. This essay argues that Martineau9s "little books" were meant as the radical counterpart to Hannah More9s Cheap Repository Tracts (1795-1798), a series of moral tales and didactic poems written during the 1790s in order to stifle the revolutionary impulses of the working classes and divert them into religious channels. By using the format and rhetorical features of the "little book," Martineau signals her desire to attract a popular audience and her intention, in the era of the First Reform Bill, to redirect knowledge from a conservative social and religious framework to a progressive, theory-based economics, politics, and literature.
SEISMIC AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING OF A CURVED CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

The innovative bridge design discussed in this paper is a long-span curved cable-stayed bridge with a single canted tower. The superstructure of the bridge consists of a multicell steel box girder with composite concrete-steel deck. The single tower of the bridge is a multicell steel box with the core cell dedicated to the service elevator and stairs. The outer cells of the single tower are filled with high-strength concrete to provide strength and stiffness in a composite action. The foundation of the main single tower is a solid footing embedded in the rock. Inelastic time-history analyses were conducted to complete the seismic design and establish expected seismic performance. After a description of the architectural design, seismological, geotechnical, and structural design aspects are discussed, and a summary of seismic design and expected seismic response of the curved cable-stayed bridge concept is presented.
The command neuron concept

The notion of the command cell has been highly influential in invertebrate neurobiology, and related notions have been increasingly used in research on the vertebrate nervous system. The term "command neuron" implies that the neuron has some critical function in the generation of a normally occurring behavior. Nevertheless, most authors either explicitly or implicitly use a strictly operational definition, independent of considerations of normal behavioral function. That is, command neurons are often defined as neurons which, when stimulated by the experimenter, evoke some behavioral response. Even when utilizing such an operational definition, investigators frequently differ on what they consider to be the exact characteristics that a neuron must have (or not have) to be considered a command cell. A few authors appear to treat command neurons in relation to normal function, but a precise be- haviorally relevant definition has not been specified. Because of the ambiguity in the definition of command neurons, the term can refer to a wide variety of neurons which may play divergent behavioral roles. In some ways the attempt to label a cell as a command neuron may interfere with the process of discovering the complex causal determinants of behavior. Nevertheless, the notion that indi- vidual cells are responsible for certain behaviors is highly appealing, and an attempt to define the command neuron rigorously could be worthwhile. We suggest that a command neuron be defined as a neuron that is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of a given behavior. These criteria can by tested by: (1) establishing the response pattern of the putative command neuron during presenta- tion of a given stimulus and execution of a well specified behavior; (2) removing the neuron and showing that the response is no longer elicited by the stimulus (necessary condition); and (3) firing the neuron in its normal pattern and showing that the complete behavioral response occurs (sufficient condition). In some cases, groups of neurons, when treated as a whole, may satisfy the necessity and sufficiency criteria for a given behavior, even though individual neurons of the group fail to meet the criteria. We suggest that such a group be termed a "command system" for the behavior in question. Individual neurons in the command system can be termed "com- mand elements" if, when fired in their normally occurring pattern, they elicit a part of the behavior, or "modulatory elements" if they do not in isolation elicit any response, but alter the behavior produced by other elements in the command system.
MANAGING EMOTIONS ON THE JOB AND AT HOME: UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE EMOTIONAL ROLES

This article explores work-family relations from the perspective of the emotion management performed by participants in both spheres. We extend previous discussions of emotion management by considering how work and family roles vary in the types and degrees of emotion management they require. We then explore the implications of this conception of work-family role variations in type and degree of emotion management for women's and men's work-family relations, paying particular attention to gender differences in work-family conflict and work-family role overload. The framework developed here highlights the need to examine variability in the emotion-management requirements of social roles, and it calls for attention to workers' multiple role involvements in studies of emotion management and their effects on individuals.
Representation theory of graded Artin algebras

Having initiated the study of graded Artin algebras A in [ 91, here we initiate the study of their representation theory. Our point of view is to study graded /i-modules, which we believe to be somewhat more tractable than ungraded ones, in order to obtain information about all /i-modules. This point of view leads to the introduction, in Section 1, of the full subcategory mod,@!) of mod/i consisting of the gradable objects of mod/i; that is, the finitely generated /i-modules which support a gradation. In these terms, one of the major results of the paper asserts that mod,@) has finite representation type if and only if mod/i has finite representation type. Thus, in Section 3 we introduce a number G = G(4) designed to measure the size of mod,(/i). If G = co, we show that /i has infinite representation type. If G < co, we show that there is a graded Artin algebra Q of a certain specified form such that /i has infinite representation type precisely when 0 has infinite representation type. The Artin algebra fl has, in particular, desirable diagrammatic properties; and these we will exploit elsewhere. We speculate that when G is finite, every finitely generated /i-module is gradable. Now, in case n has finite representation type, it is obvious that G is finite. We show, indeed, that for every gradation of a given Artin algebra of finite representation type, every module is gradable. This result, and the others cited, are chiefly consequences of a result proved in Section 4: If a component of the Auslander-Reiten graph of a graded Artin algebra contains a gradable module, then the component
The human protein atlas

Antibody-based proteomics provides a powerful approach for the functional study of the human proteome involving the systematic generation of protein-specific affinity reagents. The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) program has been set up to allow for a systematic exploration of the human proteome using Antibody-Based Proteomics and is expected to deliver the first draft of the human proteome by the year 2014. This is accomplished by combining high-throughput generation of affinity-purified antibodies with protein profiling in a range of tissues and cells assembled in tissue microarrays. Confocal microscopy analysis using human cell lines is performed for more detailed, subcellular protein localization. The program hosts the Human Protein Atlas portal (www.proteinatlas.org) with expression profiles and images of human proteins in tissues and cells3. The new version 7 of the atlas, including more than 10 million images of immunohistochemically stained tissues and cells, is based on 13154 antibodies, representing 10118 genes comprising approximately 50% of the human genome.
Effect of cadmium administration on absorption, retention, and excretion of zinc-65 administered to rats

Whole-body retention curves were constructed by plotting the radio activities versus time on semilog scale to measure the influence of cadmium on absorption, retention, and excretion of orally administered zinc-65. Dietary cadmium increased the absorption, retention, and excretion of orally administered zinc-65. Absorption of zinc-65 was greater in rats fed a semipurified diet than in those fed a commercial diet.
Dynamic buckling of an ice strip by axial impact

Abstract The dynamic buckling of an ice strip in a two-phase de-icing process is simulated by that of an idealized elastic strip of a finite length, supported by an elastic-rigid foundation and subjected to an axial impact. The dynamic buckling process in the principal eigenmode of motion of the elastic strip is analytically determined by a quasibifurcation theory. A numerical approach is developed for obtaining solutions which satisfy the elastic-rigid constraints. Numerical results are obtained and presented for two conditions: (a) a dynamic buckling process occurs before the primary axial compressive wave front reaches the fixed end, and (b) a dynamic buckling process occurs after the primary axial waves have reflected many times.
Roles for cardiac MyBP-C in maintaining myofilament lattice rigidity and prolonging myosin cross-bridge lifetime.

We investigated the influence of cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) and its constitutively unphosphorylated status on the radial and longitudinal stiffnesses of the myofilament lattice in chemically skinned myocardial strips of the following mouse models: nontransgenic (NTG), effective null for cMyBP-C (t/t), wild-type cMyBP-C expressed into t/t (WTt/t), and constitutively unphosphorylated cMyBP-C (AllP-t/t). We found that the absence of cMyBP-C in the t/t and the unphosphorylated cMyBP-C in the AllP-t/t resulted in a compressible cardiac myofilament lattice induced by rigor not observed in the NTG and WTt/t. These results suggest that the presence and phosphorylation of the N-terminus of cMyBP-C provides structural support and radial rigidity to the myofilament lattice. Examination of myofilament longitudinal stiffness under rigor conditions demonstrated a significant reduction in cross-bridge-dependent stiffness in the t/t compared with NTG controls, but not in the AllP-t/t compared with WTt/t controls. The absence of cMyBP-C in the t/t and the unphosphorylated cMyBP-C in the AllP-t/t both resulted in a shorter myosin cross-bridge lifetime when myosin isoform was controlled. These data collectively suggest that cMyBP-C provides radial rigidity to the myofilament lattice through the N-terminus, and that disruption of the phosphorylation of cMyBP-C is sufficient to abolish this structural role of the N-terminus and shorten cross-bridge lifetime. Although the presence of cMyBP-C also provides longitudinal rigidity, phosphorylation of the N-terminus is not necessary to maintain longitudinal rigidity of the lattice, in contrast to radial rigidity.
Nucleotide sequence of ORF2: an open reading frame upstream of the tRNA ligase gene

During the course of sequencing the tRNA ligase gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , an open reading frame, ORF2, was discovered in its vicinity (1). ORF2 was found to be the locus of a single copy, essential gene (S. Westaway and J. Abelson, unpublished observations) with a transcript starting only 125 nucleotides upstream of tRNA ligase (1). The proximity of ORF2 to tRNA ligase suggested that their products might be transcriptionally coregulated and that its product might participate in the processing of tRNA precursors. For this reason we completely sequenced both strands of the ORF2 DNA using the method of Sanger, et. al. (2) .The sequence is shown below, with the corresponding amino acid sequence of the putative protein product of 623 amino acids (mw 71,300). The left arrows show the transcription starts of tRNA ligase, and the right arrows show the initiation sites of ORF2 transcription. The protein is not significantly homologous to any protein on the NBRF database, leaving its function in question.
The Effects of Exploration on Preschoolers’ Problem-Solving Ability

Abstract Specific contributions of exploration for divergent and convergent problem-solving ability in preschool children were investigated. Participants were identified as players or nonplayers based on naturalistic observations of free-play activities, and were assigned to either an exploration or nonexploration control condition prior to administration of two divergent and two convergent problem-solving tasks. No significant differences were found between the exploration and nonexploration groups on either divergent or convergent problem-solving tasks. Subjects in the exploration group, however, spent significantly less time in the related convergent problem-solving task than in the nonrelated convergent task. The player/nonplayer distinction was also nonsignificant.
Tradeoffs in the design and operation of optically addressed spatial light modulators

We describe tradeoffs which are required in obtaining desired characteristics from a-Si:H/FLC optically addressed spatial light modulators. The tradeoffs involve material selection as well as operating device parameters.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AGU Board and Council Meetings

The AGU Board and Council held meetings in San Francisco the weekend before Fall Meeting. Both meetings kicked off with a “Then and Now” presentation by Mike McPhaden, outgoing president; Carol Finn, incoming president; and executive director/CEO Chris McEntee. The presentation highlighted AGU's accomplishments under its strategic plan and new governance model in the past 2.5 years. The AGU leaders’ written State of the Union reports can be found at http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml.
Synthesis of nanoparticle-assembled tin oxide/polymer microcapsules

Tin oxide nanoparticles can be assembled into micron-sized hollow capsule structures through a simple mixing procedure based on charge-mediated polymer aggregate templating.
Parton Description of Soft p ¯ p Annihilation

A parton description of soft, high-energy $\overline{p}p$ annihilation is presented in a three-chain model based on the dual topological unitarization scheme. With this model, full, quantitative, zero-parameter predictions are made for inclusive single-particle rapidity distributions and their energy dependence, which are testable in forthcoming $\overline{p}p$ experiments.
Biosynthesis of the galactan component of the mycobacterial cell wall.

The structural core of the cell walls of Mycobacterium spp. consists of peptidoglycan bound by a linker unit (-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-D-GlcNAc-P-) to a galactofuran, which in turn is attached to arabinofuran and mycolic acids. The sequence of reactions leading to the biogenesis of this complex starts with the formation of the linker unit on a polyprenyl-P to produce polyprenyl-P-P-GlcNAc-Rha (Mikusova, K., Mikus, M., Besra, G. S., Hancock, I., and Brennan, P. J. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 7820-7828). We now establish that formation of the galactofuran takes place on this intermediate with UDP-Galf as the Galf donor presented in the form of UDP-Galp and UDP-Galp mutase (the glf gene product) and is catalyzed by galactofuranosyl transferases, one of which, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv3808c gene product, has been identified. Evidence is also presented for the growth of the arabinofuran on this polyprenyl-P-P-linker unit-galactan intermediate catalyzed by unidentified arabinosyl transferases, with decaprenyl-P-Araf or 5-P-ribosyl-PP as the Araf donor. The product of these steps, the lipid-linked-LU-galactan-arabinan has been partially characterized in terms of its heterogeneity, size, and composition. Biosynthesis of the major components of mycobacterial cell walls is proving to be extremely complex. However, partial definition of arabinogalactan synthesis, the site of action of several major anti-tuberculosis drugs, facilitates the present day thrust for new drugs to counteract multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis.
IL-12 plays a significant role in the apoptosis of human T cells in the absence of antigenic stimulation.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that plays an essential role in cell-mediated immunity. It is known to induce T cell apoptosis in in vivo systems such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). However, the role of IL-12 in T cell apoptosis in the absence of antigenic stimulation has not been clearly defined. This study was conducted to investigate whether IL-12, in the absence of an antigen, is able to induce T cell apoptosis, and also, which signalling pathways utilized by IL-12 are involved in this process. Our data clearly showed that IL-12 in the absence of an antigen induces apoptosis in T cells. Flow cytometry and ELISA showed FasL up-regulation and increased IFN-gamma synthesis in IL-12 treated T cells, while Fas and TNF-R1 showed little change. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that IL-12 was able to up-regulate TNF-alpha and FasL mRNA expression. Furthermore, IL-12 induced apoptosis was associated with caspase-3, caspase-2, caspase-7, DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) and Fas associated death domain (FADD) whereas TNF receptor associated death domain (TRADD) and receptor interacting protein (RIP) were not. Inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) was able to suppress IL-12 induced T cell apoptosis. Anti-FasL antibody was able to block IL-12 induced T cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that IL-12 is able to induce T cell apoptosis in the absence of an antigen. In addition, the present data suggest that this process is FasL mediated and caspase-3 dependent. Furthermore, JAK was shown to be involved in this process. These results may have significant implications in the understanding of IL-12 mediated T cell apoptosis.