cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF SOME RARE MINERALS IN THE NORTON COUNTY ACHONDRITE

Abstract The composition of the minerals constituting the Norton County achondrite has been ascertained by measuring a large number of individual grains of each mineral, using electron microprobe techniques. The following minerals were found: enstatite, forsterite, metallic nickel-iron, metallic copper, daubreelite, troilite, and two new species, titanoan troilite and ferromagnesian alabandite. The unusual association of minerals indicates that at the time when this meteorite was formed the environment was strongly reducing, and any hypothesis on the origin of meteorites based on comparison with terrestrial rock-forming mechanism must take this into account.
∞6 Mixed plate theories based on the Generalized Unified Formulation. Part III: Advanced mixed high order shear deformation theories

Abstract The Generalized Unified Formulation was introduced in Part I in the case of plate theories based upon Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem. Part II analyzed the case of layerwise theories. In this work ( Part III ) the Generalized Unified Formulation is applied, for the first time in the literature, to the case of mixed higher order shear deformation theories. The displacements u x , u y , u z have an equivalent single layer description, whereas the stresses σ zx , σ zy , σ zz have a layerwise description. The compatibility of the displacements and the equilibrium of the transverse stresses between two adjacent layers are enforced a priori . If the out-of-plane stresses are eliminated using the Static Condensation Technique the resulting theories are formally identical to the displacement-based “classical” higher order shear deformation theories. If the static condensation is not applied then a quasi-layerwise higher order theory is obtained. ∞ 6 Mixed higher order shear deformation theories are therefore presented. All ∞ 6 theories are generated by expanding thirteen 1 × 1 invariant matrices (the kernels of the Generalized Unified Formulation). The kernels have the same formal expressions as the ones used for the layerwise theories analyzed in Part II . This makes the generation of the present mixed higher order shear deformation theories particularly effective and easy to implement in a computer code.
A case of Tessier type II clefting illustrating surgical principles.

This paper reports the clinical description of a case of tessier type ii clefting and the surgical principles used in correcting the associated deformities.
The hyperdyadic index and generalized indexing and query with PIQUE

Many scientists rely on indexing and query to identify trends and anomalies within extreme-scale scientific data. Compressed bitmap indexing (e.g., FastBit) is the go-to indexing method for many scientific datasets and query workloads. Recently, the ALACRITY compressed inverted index was shown as a viable alternative approach. Notably, though FastBit and ALACRITY employ very different data structures (inverted list vs. bitmap) and binning methods (bit-wise vs. decimal-precision), close examination reveals marked similarities in index structure.Motivated by this observation, we ask two questions. First, "Can we generalize FastBit and ALACRITY to an index model encompassing both?" And second, if so, "Can such a generalized framework enable other, new indexing methods?" This paper answers both questions in the affrmative.First, we present PIQUE, a Parallel Indexing and Query Unified Engine, based on formal mathematical decomposition of the indexing process. PIQUE factors out commonalities in indexing, employing algorithmic/data structure "plugins" to mix orthogonal indexing concepts such as FastBit compressed bitmaps with ALACRITY binning, all within one framework.Second, we define the hyperdyadic tree index, distinct from both bitmap and inverted indexes, demonstrating good index compression while maintaining high query performance. We implement the hyperdyadic tree index within PIQUE, reinforcing our unified indexing model.We conduct a performance study of the hyperdyadic tree index vs. WAH compressed bitmaps, both within PIQUE and compared to FastBit, a state-of-the-art bitmap index system. The hyperdyadic tree index shows a 1.14-1.90x storage reduction vs. compressed bitmaps, with comparable or better query performance under most scenarios tested.
Universal Health Care Coverage In Korea

Prologue: As the 1980s move to closure, an increasing amount of attention focuses on the organization and financing of the American health care system. As this exercise has unfolded in academic journals, congressional hearings, and public opinion surveys, more interest has been generated in the health care systems of other Western industrialized nations. One of the facts drawing attention to these foreign systems is data gathered by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as published in Health Affairs (Fall 1988). In this paper, Gerard Anderson, a well-regarded policy analyst, looks at the Pacific rim, examining Korea's health care system. He shows how Korea achieved its goal of universal health insurance coverage, evaluates the impact on the business sector, and suggests lessons for the United States. In 1976, Korea adopted a policy that universal health coverage would be achieved by 1989. Since 1988, all Korean citizens have had health coverage, via private-sector initiatives ...
Is the quantum-chromodynamic gluon a composite object?

It is shown that the compositeness conditions required for the equivalence of quantum chromodynamics and the corresponding four-fermion theory may be demonstrated for a large class of gauges.
Natural vibrations of orthotropic cylinders under initial stress

A finite element method is presented for the analysis of the vibratory characteristics of laminated orthotropic cylinders. The cylinder may have an arbitrary number of bonded elastic orthotropic cylindrical laminates, each with distinct thickness, density and mechanical properties. The formulation is capable of treating a three-dimensional initial stress state which is radially symmetric. Biot's incremental deformation theory is the basis for this study. A homogeneous, isotropic cylinder was analyzed and these numerical results were in excellent agreement with those from an exact analysis. Additional examples of two geometries of a three-layer composite and a sandwich cylinder are given to further illustrate the influence of the initial stress on the physical behavior of such structures.
Synergistic electrical and thermal transport properties of hybrid polymeric nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets

Abstract In this study hybrid ternary polymeric nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) are examined for their enhanced transport properties, over mono-nanofiller composite systems, originated via a synergy mechanism. Using an epoxy as the host matrix, a number of CNTs/epoxy, GNPs/epoxy and hybrid CNTs/GNPs/epoxy specimens are processed and their electrical and thermal properties are characterized. Furthermore, these transport properties are also estimated using a set of recently developed computational models based on percolation analysis and statistical continuum mechanics. Results suggest that the models, in agreement with the experimental observations, confirm the presence of the synergy effect for both the electrical and thermal transport properties. Both the computational and experimental studies suggest incorporating miniscule amount of auxiliary nanofiller (ex. 10%wt CNTs compared to GNPs), boosts the electricalconductivity of the hybrid composites by several orders of magnitudes. Furthermore, the experimental measurements and the strong contrast computational models suggest that, owing to the formation of the hybrid CNT/GNP network, the hybrid CNT/GNP/polymer nanocomposites outperform their single-nanofiller counterpart configurations. The investigation affirms that the particle agglomeration severely affects the transport properties of the hybrid nanocomposites and it is the root cause for the conflicting results in the literature.
The effect of propagation delay uncertainty on the speed of time-of-flight digital optoelectronic circuits

Time-of-flight synchronization is a new digital design methodology for optoelectronics that eliminates latches, allowing higher clock rates than alternative timing schemes. Synchronization is accomplished by precisely balancing connection delays. Circuits use pulse-mode signaling and clock gates to restore pulse timing. Many effective pipeline stages are created within combinational logic without extra hardware bounding the stages. Time-of-flight design principles are applicable to packet routing and sorting processors for optical interconnection networks. Circuits are unique because the clock rate is limited primarily by imprecision in propagation delay rather than absolute delay, as in circuits with latches. We develop a general model of delay uncertainty and focus on the effect that static and dynamic uncertainty accumulated over circuit paths has on the minimum feasible clock period. We present a method for traversing the circuit graph representation of a time-of-flight circuit to compute arrival time uncertainty at each pulse interaction point. Arrival time uncertainties give rise to pulse width and overlap constraints. From these constraints we formulate a constrained minimization to find the minimum clock period. We demonstrate our method on circuits implemented with 2/spl times/2 electro-optic switches and optical waveguides and find the electronic component of path uncertainty frequently limits speed.
CT Cystography Following a Scrotal Gunshot Wound

We present the case of a 22-year-old man who sustained a gunshot wound to the scrotum. The imaging findings and management of the patient are described and discussed in the context of prior research pertaining to traumatic bladder rupture. Non-pressurized antegrade 10-minute delayed CT may result in unnecessary radiation exposure, delayed diagnosis and is not adequate to exclude bladder rupture. Retrograde pressurized CT cystography should be performed to exclude bladder rupture in patients with high-risk imaging results, clinical findings or injury mechanisms.
Effect of Apex Angle on the Flow and Heat Transfer in Triangular Porous Ducts With Iso-Flux Boundary Conditions

This study presents an analysis of fully developed laminar flow in a porous triangular channel. The flow is assumed to have constant properties and the porous channel is an isotropic matrix. Very accurate analytical solutions are presented by Galerkin Integral method for iso-flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of apex angle in the triangular channel is shown on the velocity and temperature distributions along with the friction factor fRe, and the Nusselt number NuH .Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Social Networking Websites as a Platform for Disseminating Social Marketing Interventions: An Exploratory Pilot Study:

Social networking websites (SNSs) focus on building online social networks or communities of people who share interests and activities and provide ways for users to interact with each other online. Our exploratory pilot study gauged users' receptivity to receiving health information via the SNSs they use. We presented several hypothetical scenarios and explored respondents' reactions to each of them. Consistent with other research, we found that most respondents reported using SNSs to interact with people they already know as opposed to using SNSs to meet new people. Overall, respondents were generally receptive to the scenarios we explored. Spending more time on the Internet, spending a higher percentage of one's Internet time on SNSs, and currently participating in online discussion groups were significantly associated with receptivity across several of the scenarios. These reactions suggest an association between heavier Internet use and receptivity to getting health information through this channel. T...
Quantification of water solubilized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in Daphnia magna.

The relative transparency of Daphnia magna (daphnia) and the unique optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) were paired to study the accumulation potential and surface coating effects on uptake of...
Communicating Science A Review of the Literature

This article provides an overview of science communication, which is a vital area of mass communication scholarship. The review is organized around the key players, including news organizations, re...
Production of Commercially Valuable Sized Fruit as a Function of Navel Orange Yield

The relationship between the number of commercially valuable sized fruit produced per unit land area vs. total number of fruit produced per unit land area for mature navel orange (Citrus sinensis) has not been documented. Knowing this relationship, referred to as the commercial fruit production function (CFPF) within this paper, may aid growers in making fruit thinning and tree pruning decisions and researchers in evaluating the interaction of fruit yield and size in response to fruit thinning, tree pruning, variety selection and tree spacing experimentation. For midseason navel oranges in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, a reliable CFPF for total annual fruit production ranging from 14,000 to 130,000 fruit/acre was found to exist over multiple seasons in three orchards. The CFPF for two early maturing navel orange varieties was not signifi cantly different with respect to slope or intercept from the CFPF for midseason varieties over the range of 12,000 to 63,000 fruit/acre, but became unreliable when fruit number exceeded 63,000 fruit/acre.
Clinical Presentation of Stage IIIA (N2) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Role of Multimodality Therapy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgical resection of locallyadvanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to improvesurvival compared with surgery alone in several randomized clinicaltrials. A case report is presented describing the use of paclitaxel andcarboplatin in a multimodality regimen for a patient with stage IIIA N2NSCLC. Studies are ongoing to determine the optimal type and timing ofchemotherapy.
Resolution analysis of tomographic reconstruction of electron density profiles in the Ionosphere

Traditionally, knowledge of the ionospheric electron density is obtained using Faraday rotation or differential Doppler techniques which measure total electron content in columns of the ionosphere. Conventional data processing can only image the electron density in the direction perpendicular to these columns, thereby forming one-dimensional images. Because this data is proportional to line integrals through the region of interest, tomographic techniques may be used to reconstruct two-dimensional electron density images. In this paper, the resolution limit of the image reconstruction process is analyzed in terms of limited-angle tomography.
Data-dependent jitter and crosstalk-induced bounded uncorrelated jitter in copper interconnects

This paper resolves the jitter impairment of non-return-to-zero data in transmission lines. The limited bandwidth of the transmission line introduces data-dependent jitter. Crosstalk between neighbouring lines results in bounded uncorrelated jitter in the data eye. An analytical approach to representing data-dependent jitter and crosstalk-induced bounded uncorrelated jitter is presented. Comparison with jitter measurements of microstrip lines on FR4 board demonstrated accuracy to within 15% of the predictions for deterministic jitter.
Beyond Model UN: Simulating Multi-Level, Multi-Actor Diplomacy Using the Millennium Development Goals

The Model United Nations format is one of the most popular active learning techniques to teach students about the evolving system of global governance and the limits of international organizations. In a world where the UN must cooperate with a variety of actors in the international system to address global challenges, students can benefit from simulations that draw on the intergovernmental Model United Nations format, but move beyond it to explore the complexities of negotiation involving state and nonstate actors. This paper discusses the use and development of a simulation for an upper-level international organization course loosely modeled on the XV International AIDS Conference held in Bangkok, Thailand in July 2004. It explores the value of the simulation, including learning objectives and expectations, student preparation in advance of the simulation, post-simulation debriefing, and an assessment of how the simulation can be modified and made more effective.
The application of a low pass filter in anomaly network intrusion detection

A common method of identifying attacks with anomaly network intrusion detection system (NIDS) is to detect significant deviations in network traffic compared to normal conditions. Such changes may include unexpected high traffic volume, caused by, for example, a denial of service (DoS) attack. However, recent research on traffic engineering has demonstrated that modern data network traffic exhibits high burstiness at a wide range of observation window sizes, i.e., self-similarity (V. Paxon et al., 1995, W.E. Leland et al., 1994), The self-similar traffic may challenge the traditional anomaly NIDS by making it unable to distinguish attacks from traffic bursts. In this paper, we investigate the employment of low pass filters in the anomaly NIDS to smooth the burstiness in network traffic measurements and thus reduce the false alarms. We studied the use of the MWA filter and the Savitzky-Golay filter. By analyzing the resulting network traffic measurements, we found out that the MWA filter significantly changed, while the Savitzky-Golay filter only moderately altered, the statistical properties of the network traffic measurements. To investigate the effectiveness of a low pass filter on anomaly NIDS, we applied the low pass filter to our anomaly NIDS, namely, the MIB anomaly intrusion detection (MAID) system. By employing these filters in MAID, we observed that the Savitzky-Golay filter outperforms the MWA filter. The results of the performance evaluation process also demonstrated that the low pass filter can significantly enhance the detection capacity of MAID, by reducing its false alarm rate.
Toward a Theory of Family Communication

Scholars who study the family generally agree that the values, behaviors, and social environments that affect family structures have changed a great deal over the past 2 decades (Fitzpatrick & Vangelisti, 1995). The ability of families to survive these changes suggests that families are flexible and that their flexibility is aided by how family members communicate. Furthermore, although a number of the functions of the family have been delegated to other social agencies, family members are expected to provide caregiving and support and to nurture one another. Whether conceived of as a process of making facts mutually manifest (Sperber & Wilson, 1986) or of developing and sustaining definitions of reality in relationships (Berger & Kellner, 1994), communication plays a central role in the family. Despite this obvious importance of family communication, there are no theories of family communication per se, although there is a growing body of excellent, theoretically driven research on various topics in this arena (Fitzpatrick & Vangelisti, 1995). The purpose of this manuscript is to attempt to fill this lacuna by developing a theory of family communication that builds on the advances made in research involving the schematic representation of relational knowledge in human cognition and that takes the unique family communication environment into consideration. To that end, we first provide some background work, explicating key concepts and terms, and discuss the relevance of intersubjectivity and interactivity for family communication theories. We then explore relational theories that employ relationship schemas and develop a genIn this article, the authors develop a theory of family communication that is based on the schematic representation of relational knowledge. They discuss pertinent issues surrounding family communication and develop a general model of the role of relational schemas for interpersonal communication. Taking the specific environment of family communication into consideration, the authors then develop a theory of family communication based on a family relationship schema and describe the schema’s location in cognition, its content, and its role in family communication.
Increased vacuolar Na+/H+ exchange activity in Salicornia bigelovii Torr. in response to NaCl

Shoots of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii are larger and more succulent when grown in highly saline environments. This increased growth and water uptake has been correlated with a large and specific cellular accumulation of sodium. In glycophytes, sensitivity to salt has been associated with an inability to remove sodium ions effectively from the cytoplasm in order to protect salt-sensitive metabolic processes. Therefore, in Salicornia bigelovii efficient vacuolar sequestration of sodium may be part of the mechanism underlying salt tolerance. The ability to compartmentalize sodium may result from a stimulation of the proton pumps that provide the driving force for increased sodium transport into the vacuole via a Na [ uH [ exchanger. In current studies, increased vacuolar pyrophosphatase activity (hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate and proton translocation) and protein accumulation were observed in Salicornia bigelovii grown in high concentrations of NaCl. Based on sodium-induced dissipation of a pyrophosphatedependent pH gradient in vacuolar membrane vesicles, a Na [ uH [ exchange activity was identified and characterized. This activity is sodium concentrationdependent, specific for sodium and lithium, sensitive to methyl-isobutyl amiloride, and independent of an electrical potential. Vacuolar Na [ uH [ exchange activity varied as a function of plant growth in salt. The affinity of the transporter for Na [ is almost three times higher in plants grown in high levels of salt (Km\3.8 and 11.5 mM for plants grown in high and low salt, respectively) suggesting a role for exchange activity in the salt adaptation of Salicornia bigelovii.
A Review of “MaryWollstonecraft: Philosophical Mother of Coeducation”

In this new work, Susan Laird provides a complex and finely-detailed account of the life and work of Mary Wollstonecraft. There is no bright line between that which is educational and noneducationa...
Robust feedback control of combustion instability

Presents a robust feedback control system for suppression of combustion instabilities in propulsion systems. The control system is synthesized via the structured singular value (/spl mu/) technique in the H/sub /spl infin// setting by taking model uncertainties and exogenous inputs into consideration.
Looping suffix tree-based inference of partially observable hidden state

We present a solution for inferring hidden state from sensorimotor experience when the environment takes the form of a POMDP with deterministic transition and observation functions. Such environments can appear to be arbitrarily complex and non-deterministic on the surface, but are actually deterministic with respect to the unobserved underlying state. We show that there always exists a finite history-based representation that fully captures the unobserved world state, allowing for perfect prediction of action effects. This representation takes the form of a looping prediction suffix tree (PST). We derive a sound and complete algorithm for learning a looping PST from a sufficient sample of sensorimotor experience. We also give empirical illustrations of the advantages conferred by this approach, and characterize the approximations to the looping PST that are made by existing algorithms such as Variable Length Markov Models, Utile Suffix Memory and Causal State Splitting Reconstruction.
The Chemistry of Fuel Cell Membrane Chemical Degradation

A detailed thermochemical and kinetic analysis of PFSA ionomers and the reactive oxygen species formed in an operating fuel cell is reported. The analysis reveals that hydroxyl radical is the only oxygen species capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from carboxylic acid intermediates, thereby propagating the PFSA main chain unzipping process. Two chemically specific, main chain scission mechanisms are proposed. The first involves formation of sulfonyl radicals under dry conditions and the second invokes the action of hydrogen atoms formed from hydrogen gas and hydroxyl radical. The thermochemical analysis provides a strong basis from which to rationalize the results from a broad range of in-situ and ex-situ fuel cell degradation studies.
The Role of Mast Cells and Eosinophils in Asthma

The mast cell plays a central role in reversible airway obstruction. Activation of this cell results in the early asthmatic response, and it also contributes to the late asthmatic response through the resultant airway edema, increased vascular permeability, and the effects of newly synthesized mediators of inflam mation, including cytokines. Through the action of these mediators, inflammatory cells collect in the airway mucosa of asthmatics. It is believed that the chronic nature of this inflammatory process serves as the underlying pathologic basis of enhanced airway reactivity. Much has been learned of mast cell physiology in recent years, especially that of human mast cells. The technique of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial biopsy have allowed direct study of the inflammation in reactive airway disease and permitted definition of the mast cell’s role in this inflammatory response.
A Phylogenetic Approach to Ontogeny and Heterochrony in the Fossil Record: Cranial Evolution and Development in Anguimorphan Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)

The incorporation of ontogeny into the interpretation of the vertebrate fossil record promises major advances in palaeontology, systematics, and macroevolution. Here, a key additional component, the incorporation of phylogenetic bracketing into ontogenetic considerations, is demonstrated using cranial anatomy in anguimorphan lizards, a diverse modern clade with an extensive fossil record. The obstacles of fragmentary disarticulated fossil material and low representation in museum collections are overcome by using detailed analysis of individual elements and binning into broad ontogenetic stages, respectively. Results indicate the prevalence of classical macroevolutionary phenomena, notably heterochrony and homoplasy (convergence), throughout anguimorphan evolution. Furthermore, two problematic fossil anguimorph taxa are examined, both of which are unusually small for their clades, suggesting either immaturity or dwarfism. Using extant phylogenetic brackets of ontogenetic trajectories to distinguish between these hypotheses, it is shown that the holotype of one of these taxa is indeed a juvenile (also calling into question its taxonomy) and that the other is a dwarf. It is expected that a phylogenetic approach to ontogeny will yield similar insights across a broad range of fossil and extant organisms. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318B:521–530, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors underlying the cell growth-related bystander responses to alpha particles.

Increases in cell proliferation are widely viewed as being of importance in carcinogenesis. We report that exposure of normal human lung fibroblasts to a low dose of α particles like those emitted by radon/radon progeny stimulates their proliferation in vitro , and this response also occurs when unirradiated cells are treated with supernatants from α-irradiated cells. We attribute the promitogenic response to superoxide dismutase- and catalase-inhibitable α particle-induced increases in the concentrations of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in cell supernatants. TGF-β1 at concentrations commensurate with those in the supernatants capably induces increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in unirradiated cells. Furthermore, the addition of supernatants from α-irradiated cells to unirradiated cells decreases cellular levels of TP53 and CDKN1A and increases CDC2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the latter. Like the increased intracellular ROS bystander effect, this “decreased TP53/CDKN1A response” can be mimicked in otherwise untreated cells by the addition of low concentrations of TGF-β1. Our results indicate that α particle-associated increases in cell growth correlate with intracellular increases in ROS along with decreases in TP53 and CDKN1A, and that these cellular responses are mechanistically coupled. As well, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and CDC2 increases that occur along with the decreased TP53/CDKN1A bystander effect also would expectedly favor enhanced cell growth. Such processes may account for cell hyperplastic responses in the conducting airways of the lower respiratory track that occur after inhalation exposure to radon/radon progeny, as well as, perhaps, other ROS-associated environmental stresses.
Amorphous Transition Metal-Rare Earth Alloy Films for Magneto-Optic Recording

This paper reviews the history of the development of films for use in magneto-optic recording. A discussion of why these early attempts with films of MnBi and Europium compounds were abandoned is given. The current work on amorphous transition metal-rare earth alloys is then reviewed. The origins of the necessary perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are discussed. The ideal combination of properties desired are: a high room temperature coercivity, a large temperature coefficient of coercivity, a large perpendicular anisotropy constant, large Ms, thermal and environmental stability, and, depending on whether a reflection or absorption mode of operation will be used, a large Kerr rotation with large reflectivity or a large Faraday rotation with a small specific absorption. These factors, their control, bow they influence the recording performance and the limits on performance of these amorphous films are discussed.
Development of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the forebrain of the mouse.

Cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of developmental events in the nervous system. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are thought to be the predominant mediator of cholinergic neurotransmission in the forebrain; however, their developmental role is less well understood. The present study takes advantage of subtype-specific antibodies to muscarinic receptor proteins to investigate the cellular localization of the subtypes in developing mouse forebrain. Receptor protein expression wag assessed between postnatal day (PND) 5 and adulthood by immunocytochemical methods with antibodies to ml, m2, and m4 receptors, the most abundant subtypes in rodent brain. We have found dramatic developmental changes in the distribution of all three receptors. In the adult mouse, ml and m2 receptor immunoreactivity displayed complementary staining patterns in most forebrain areas with m4 sharing simiarities in pattern with both ml and m2. Furthermore, each receptor was expressed transiently in gray matter areas or fiber bundles at various developmental stages. The m4 receptor was also expressed in developing blood vessels. Such transient immunoreactivity was usually associated with times and areas of dynamic morphogenesis, thus suggesting distinct roles for the receptor subtypes in ontogenetic events. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the brain of the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus uniparens

The steroidogenic enzyme CYP17 is responsible for catalyzing the production of androgenic precursors, while CYP19 converts testosterone to estradiol. De novo neurosteroidogenesis in specific brain regions influences steroid hormone dependent behaviors. In the all-female lizard species Cnemidophorus uniparens, individuals alternately display both male-like mounting and female-like receptivity. Mounting is associated with high circulating concentrations of progesterone following ovulation (PostOv), while receptivity is correlated with estrogen preceding it (PreOv). At a neuroanatomical level, the preoptic area (POA) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) are the foci of the male-typical mounting and female-typical receptivity, respectively. In this study, we indirectly test the hypothesis that the whiptail lizard brain is capable of de novo neurosteroidogenesis by cloning fragments of the genes encoding two steroidogenic enzymes, CYP17 and CYP19, and examining their expression patterns in the C. uniparens brain. Our data indicate that these genes are expressed in the C. uniparens brain, and more importantly in the POA and VMN. Using radioactive in situ hybridization, we measured higher CYP17 mRNA levels in the POA of PostOv lizards compared to receptive PreOv animals; CYP19 mRNA levels in the VMN did not change across the ovarian cycle. To our knowledge, these are the first data suggesting that the reptilian brain is capable of de novo steroidogenesis. This study also supports the idea that non-gonadal sources of steroid hormones locally produced in behaviorally relevant brain loci are central to the mediation of behavioral output.
Soil warming alters seed-bank responses across the geographic range of freshwater Taxodium distichum (Cupressaceae) swamps

 Premise of the Study: Climate warming is predicted to have far-reaching effects on the distribution of species, but those effects may depend on the fl exibility of regenerating species in responding to climate gradients. We conducted a study to determine whether the variation in the response of seed banks to temperature varied across the latitudinal range of Taxodium distichum swamps in North America.  Methods: The soil was collected in a long-term research network and heated experimentally to three current-day spring normal soil temperatures (average maximum daily spring normal soil temperatures during May in Illinois, Arkansas, and Louisiana, USA, respectively: 22 ° , 25 ° , and 29 ° C). A “ normal ” is the mean temperature calculated over a 30-yr interval (1971 – 2000). Seed-bank density and biomass responses were examined in relation to latitude and difference in the soil temperature of the experiment and the spring normal.  Key Results: Using fi rst- and second-order regression analysis, we determined that the variation in total germination density was lowest mid-range and in experimental soil temperatures similar to the spring normal. For some dominant species, the variance in germination density was higher in the northern ( Cephalanthus occidentalis ) or the southern part of the network ( Saururus cernuus and Polygonum pensylvanicum ). Overall, the variance of total biomass (root, shoot, whole plant) was higher if the experimental soil temperature was warmer than the spring normal.  Conclusions: Our results suggest that the regeneration of some populations of swamp species may have more fl exibility to respond to climate warming than others.
Special session — Engineering ethics: Toward a definition

This special session addresses a challenge posed by engineering ethics: What does it mean? Review of the literature shows many competing definitions, each with their own understandings of the term ethics and the role it plays in engineering. Our aim is to review the different uses of the term "engineering ethics," along with several other common terms, such as "professional ethics" and "professional responsibility," and consider what might constitute clearer and more meaningful ways of understanding engineering ethics. As an interdisciplinary field, engineering ethics must represent both of its major parts: engineering and ethics. Examples of engineering ethics in the literature do not always make clear what aspects of ethics — a very large and complex field of philosophy — is being employed in an engineering context. Group activity and discussion will instigate a debate on how we should understand these terms and how we can be better about clarifying the key features of engineering ethics and its role in engineering education.
Comment on the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study

Abstract Data from the Minnesota transracial adoption study reported in Weinberg, Scarr, and Waldman (1992) is reanalyzed and shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the mean black/white difference in IQ is significantly genetic in origin.
Personal computer security: part 1. Firewalls, antivirus software, and Internet security suites.

Personal computer (PC) security in the era of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) involves two interrelated elements: safeguarding the basic computer system itself and protecting the information it contains and transmits, including personal files. HIPAA regulations have toughened the requirements for securing patient information, requiring every radiologist with such data to take further precautions. Security starts with physically securing the computer. Account passwords and a password-protected screen saver should also be set up. A modern antivirus program can easily be installed and configured. File scanning and updating of virus definitions are simple processes that can largely be automated and should be performed at least weekly. A software firewall is also essential for protection from outside intrusion, and an inexpensive hardware firewall can provide yet another layer of protection. An Internet security suite yields additional safety. Regular updating of the security features of installed programs is important. Obtaining a moderate degree of PC safety and security is somewhat inconvenient but is necessary and well worth the effort.
Adhesion molecules involved in hepoxilin A3-mediated neutrophil transepithelial migration

A common feature underlying active states of inflammation is the migration of neutrophils (PMNs) from the circulation and across a number of tissue barriers in response to chemoattractant stimuli. Although our group has recently established a discreet role for the PMN chemoattractant, hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) in the process of PMN recruitment, very little is known regarding the interaction of HXA3 with PMNs. To characterize further the event of HXA3-induced PMN transepithelial migration, we sought to determine the adhesion molecules required for migration across different epithelial surfaces (T84 intestinal and A549 airway cells) relative to two well-studied PMN chemoattractants, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Our findings reveal that the adhesion interaction profile of PMN transepithelial migration in response to HXA3 differs from the adhesion interaction profile exhibited by the structurally related eicosanoid LTB4. Furthermore, unique to PMN transepithelial migration induced by gradients of HXA3 was the critical dependency of all four major surface adhesion molecules examined (i.e. CD18, CD47, CD44 and CD55). Our results suggest that the particular chemoattractant gradient imposed, as well as the type of epithelial cell monolayer, each plays a role in determining the adhesion molecules involved in transepithelial migration. Given the complexities of these interactions, our findings are important to consider with respect to adhesion molecules that may be targeted for potential drug development.
House sparrow preferential consumption of carriers used for pesticide granules

House sparrows were given pairwise choices between silica granules and five other carrier types heat treated clay, bentomte clay, gypsum, corncob, and cellulose complex The carriers differed in size, shape/surface texture, and color, as well as in composition An outdoor aviary equipped with a video recording system was used to document bird visits to, and pecks within, a tray setup containing the granules The house sparrows strongly preferred the silica granules (≥69% of the trips and >92% of the pecks) over the alternative choice in all experiments Of the five alternative granule carriers tested, the birds were most inclined to consume those made of clay and least likely to pick up those of corncob and especially, gypsum The physical characteristics of granular pesticide carriers influence their attractiveness to birds and should be considered in risk assessments of these products
Application of Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy to the Rubber Industry

Abstract Materials of commercial significance in the rubber industry are usually multi-component systems composed of several elastomers and various fillers. Elucidating the complex morphology that can arise from blending and understanding how this affects the various properties are essential. A technique advantageous to the study of multi-component elastomeric systems is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM utilizes the chemical sensitivity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and combines with relatively high spatial resolution and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that may be difficult or impossible with other techniques. An overview of the technique and example applications for the rubber industry is presented.
Knowledge Transfer In Virtual Communities

Many organizations are providing customer support and service through building virtual communities of users and practitioners. Within these communities, knowledge is exchanged and transferred on a continual basis. But what type of organizations are actually relaying on such communities? And what are the mechanics of knowledge transfer in these communities? This study sets out to identify the organizations most likely to use virtual communities in their customer support operations through a survey of the Fortune 500 organizations. It also analyzes the process of knowledge transfer mechanics within these virtual communities by focusing on four technology-intensive organizations: Microsoft, Dell, Amazon.com, and eBay.com. Study conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.
Judicial Independence: Structure, Context, Attitude

Judicial independence and impartiality have become transnational legal norms, instantiated in many national constitutions and in the core human rights covenants to which the great majority of the nations of the world subscribe.1 Judicial independence has received specific attention from the United Nations, in part because widespread official agreement on adherence to the values of judicial independence is too often matched by disregard for judges’ independence in concrete instances.
Linking smallholder farmer climate change adaptation decisions to development

This paper synthesizes peer-reviewed literature on smallholders' adaptation to climate change in developing countries. The synthesis shows that multiple definitions of adaptation were used across studies, resulting in a conceptual murkiness that is a barrier to generalizing the findings to inform planned adaptation policies and projects. By using a seven-category typology to classify and compare smallholder farmer adaptations across communities, the synthesis shows that in order to reduce their vulnerability smallholder farmers have mostly taken action on environmental management and diversified their livelihoods through market exchange. Some have engaged in labour migration. Very few have pursued communal pooling, storage, or mobility as risk-reducing strategies. Despite the increasing recognition that adaptation is driven by multiple stressors, less than half of the adaptation studies included discussions of multiple stressors. The synthesis points to the need for (1) improved methodological clarity in ...
Mechanics of fire ant aggregations

Fire ants link their bodies to form aggregations; these can adopt a variety of structures, they can drip and spread, or withstand applied loads. Here, by using oscillatory rheology, we show that fire ant aggregations are viscoelastic. We find that, at the lowest ant densities probed and in the linear regime, the elastic and viscous moduli are essentially identical over the spanned frequency range, which highlights the absence of a dominant mode of structural relaxation. As ant density increases, the elastic modulus rises, which we interpret by alluding to ant crowding and subsequent jamming. When deformed beyond the linear regime, the aggregation flows, exhibiting shear-thinning behaviour with a stress load that is comparable to the maximum load the aggregation can withstand before individual ants are torn apart. Our findings illustrate the rich, collective mechanical behaviour that can arise in aggregations of active, interacting building blocks.
Carbon Market, Agglomeration Externalities and Wind Power Investment

The international carbon market, specifically the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) created by the Kyoto Protocol, is an important contributor to the breathtaking growth of renewable energy in China. Ever since its debut, it has been at the center of the policy debate whether the CDM achieves real emission reductions or just generates "hot air." The goal of this paper is to investigate its effect on wind power investment and to simulate the counterfactual scenario without the carbon market. I develop a fully dynamic model that incorporates the strategic interactions of wind farms that are induced by agglomeration externalities. The empirical results suggest that only 22 percent of wind power projects would not have happened with the proceeds from carbon credits, which throws the additionality of the CDM into question. The results also imply that the development of wind power may not be dramatically slowed down by the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol.
Review and patents and literature. The use of insect cell cultures for recombinant protein synthesis: Engineering aspects.

The use of the insect cell/baculovirus expression system for producing recombinant proteins of bacterial, plant, insect, and mammalian origin has become widespread. The popularity of this eukaryotic expression system is due to many factors, including (1) potentially high protein expression levels, (2) ease and speed of genetic engineering, (3) ability to accommodate large DNA inserts, (4) protein processing similar to higher eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalia cells), and (5) ease of insect cell growth (e.g., suspension growth). The following review of the literature discusses two engineering aspects of recombinant protein synthesis by insect cell cultures: bioreactor scale-up and insect cell line selection. Following this review patent abstracts and additional literature pertaining to expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture are listed.
SP0193 Physiologic Functions of Innate Immunity in Metabolic Homeostasis

Macrophages take residence in nearly all tissues, where they function as sensors and integrators of environmental and metabolic stress. In metabolic tissues, tissue resident macrophages sense their local and systemic environment to coordinate parenchymal cell metabolism. In this context, previous work from our laboratory has focused on the transcriptional regulation of the inducible program of alternative macrophage activation, and its importance in adaptations to dietary and environmental stress. In addition to the homeostatic functions of inducible macrophage activation, we postulated that innate immune responses might be regulated in an anticipatory manner, allowing organisms to anticipate and adapt to changes in their environment. Here, we present evidence that Ly6C hi inflammatory monocytes exhibit diurnal variation, which controls their trafficking to sites of inflammation. This cyclic pattern of trafficking confers protection against Listeria monocytogenes and is regulated by the repressive activity of the circadian gene BMAL1 . Accordingly, myeloid cell-specific deletion of BMAL1 induces expression of monocyte-attracting chemokines and disrupts rhythmic cycling of Ly6C hi monocytes, predisposing mice to development of pathologies associated with acute and chronic inflammation. These findings have unveiled a critical role for BMAL1 in controlling the diurnal rhythms in Ly6C hi monocytes that enhances organismal fitness. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.6271