cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
( E )-Alkene Peptide Bond Isosteres by Cuprate Opening of Vinyl Aziridines

Alkene isosteres are important nonhydrolyzable and rigidified analogs of peptide bonds. The (E-alkene effectively mimics the three-dimensional structure of the amide bond, especially the C(α)( n )-C(α)( n+1 ) distance (Fig. 1). The incorporation of an alkene isostere into a biologically active peptide provides a peptidomimetic that should have improved resistance to proteolysis and similar conformational preferences. The low polarity of the alkene is useful in increasing lipophilicity, but hydrogen bonding or dipolar interactions are generally not possible. Fig. 1. Geometry of peptide bond and alkene isostere.
Sharing by design: Data and decentralized commons

Ambitious international data-sharing initiatives have existed for years in fields such as genomics, earth science, and astronomy. But to realize the promise of widespread sharing of scientific data, intellectual property, data privacy, national security, and other legal and policy obstacles must be overcome ( 1 ). Although these issues have attracted much attention in some circles, they have often taken a back seat to addressing technical challenges. Yet failure to account for legal and policy issues at the outset of a large transborder data-sharing project can lead to undue resource expenditures and data-sharing structures that may offer fewer benefits than hoped. Drawing on our experience with the Belmont Forum, a multinational earth change–research program, we propose a framework to help plan data-sharing arrangements with a focus on early-stage decisions including options for legal interoperability.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's atomic vapor laser isotope separation program: laser technology and demonstration facilities

The Atomic Vapor Laser isotope Separation (AVLIS) program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing a large-scale process for photophysically enriching isotopes of several elements. The program now deploys plant prototypical hardware to demonstrate this enrichment process at full scale. The Laser Demonstration Facility, a fully integrated laser system has been constructed and when complete will produce more than 5000 W of tunable average power at a pulse repetition frequency >10 kHz.
TopPIC: a software tool for top-down mass spectrometry-based proteoform identification and characterization

Top-down mass spectrometry enables the observation of whole complex proteoforms in biological samples and provides crucial information complementary to bottom-up mass spectrometry. Because of the complexity of top-down mass spectra and proteoforms, it is a challenging problem to efficiently interpret top-down tandem mass spectra in high-throughput proteome-level proteomics studies. We present TopPIC, a tool that efficiently identifies and characterizes complex proteoforms with unknown primary structure alterations, such as amino acid mutations and post-translational modifications, by searching top-down tandem mass spectra against a protein database. Availability and implementation http://proteomics.informatics.iupui.edu/software/toppic/ CONTACT: xwliu@iupui.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
High-temperature seals for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)

A functioning solid oxide fuel-cell (SOFC) may require all types of seals, such as metal-metal, metal-ceramic, and ceramic-ceramic. These seals must function at high temperatures between 600 and 900 °C and in the oxidizing and reducing environments of fuels and air. Among the different types of seals, the metal-metal seals can be readily fabricated using metal joining, soldering, and brazing techniques. However, metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic seals require significant research and development because the brittle nature of ceramics/glasses can lead to fracture and loss of seal integrity and functionality. Consequently, any seals involving ceramics/glasses also require significant attention and technology development for reliable SOFC operation. This paper is prepared to primarily address the needs and possible approaches for high-temperature seals for SOFC and seals fabricated using some of these approaches. A new concept of self-healing glass seals is proposed for making seals among material combinations with a significant expansion mismatches.
Hidden Markov Models for Automated Protocol Learning

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have applications in several areas of computer security. One drawback of HMMs is the selection of appropriate model parameters, which is often ad hoc or requires domain-specific knowledge. While algorithms exist to find local optima for some parameters, the number of states must always be specified and directly impacts the accuracy and generality of the model. In addition, domain knowledge is not always available or may be based on assumptions that prove incorrect or sub-optimal.
"Failure to Pay Any Poll Tax or Other Tax": The Constitutionality of Tax Felon Disenfranchisement

If the government convicts a citizen under the tax evasion provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, some state disenfranchisement laws preclude that citizen — now a felon — from voting. In this sense, the right to vote depends on the payment of federal income taxes. The Constitution's Twenty-Fourth Amendment, however, guarantees that the federal franchise “shall not be denied or abridged... by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.” If “other tax” includes income taxes, the text of the Twenty-fourth Amendment appears to prohibit the disenfranchisement of citizens convicted of tax felonies. This Comment argues that courts should construe the Twenty-Fourth Amendment narrowly to permit the disenfranchisement of tax felons — even though the Twenty-Fourth Amendment’s plain language precludes states from disenfranchising tax felons for federal elections.
On the Total Perimeter of Homothetic Convex Bodies in a Convex Container.

For two planar convex bodies, $C$ and $D$, consider a packing $S$ of $n$ positive homothets of $C$ contained in $D$. We estimate the total perimeter of the bodies in $S$, denoted ${\rm per}(S)$, in terms of ${\rm per}(D)$ and $n$. When all homothets of $C$ touch the boundary of the container $D$, we show that either ${\rm per}(S)=O(\log n)$ or ${\rm per}(S)=O(1)$, depending on how $C$ and $D$ "fit together," and these bounds are the best possible apart from the constant factors. Specifically, we establish an optimal bound ${\rm per}(S)=O(\log n)$ unless $D$ is a convex polygon and every side of $D$ is parallel to a corresponding segment on the boundary of $C$ (for short, $D$ is \emph{parallel to} $C$). When $D$ is parallel to $C$ but the homothets of $C$ may lie anywhere in $D$, we show that ${\rm per}(S)=O((1+{\rm esc}(S)) \log n/\log \log n)$, where ${\rm esc}(S)$ denotes the total distance of the bodies in $S$ from the boundary of $D$. Apart from the constant factor, this bound is also the best possible.
Software Reuse: Architecture, Process and Organization for Business Success

Systematic software reuse is the most effective way to significantly improve software development. Many organizations adopt object technology expecting significant reuse. Without an explicit reuse process, they will not succeed. Companies succeeding with reuse find that architecture, process, organization, culture, management and other non-technical factors are usually more critical than technology. This paper describes HP's software reuse practice and adoption experience, and a systematic approach to component-based software engineering based on object-oriented business and system modeling.
Measuring Time Preferences

National Institutes of Health (NIA R01AG021650 and P01AG005842) and the Pershing Square Fund for Research in the Foundations of Human Behavior.
Structure of Cultural Rejection

This study explores the relationship structure of cultural rejection. The proposition is advanced that people reject cultural practices as the proxies of out-groups who are perceived to be associat...
GTRAC: fast retrieval from compressed collections of genomic variants

Motivation : The dramatic decrease in the cost of sequencing has resulted in the generation of huge amounts of genomic data, as evidenced by projects such as the UK10K and the Million Veteran Project, with the number of sequenced genomes ranging in the order of 10 K to 1 M. Due to the large redundancies among genomic sequences of individuals from the same species, most of the medical research deals with the variants in the sequences as compared with a reference sequence, rather than with the complete genomic sequences. Consequently, millions of genomes represented as variants are stored in databases. These databases are constantly updated and queried to extract information such as the common variants among individuals or groups of individuals. Previous algorithms for compression of this type of databases lack efficient random access capabilities, rendering querying the database for particular variants and/or individuals extremely inefficient, to the point where compression is often relinquished altogether. Results : We present a new algorithm for this task, called GTRAC, that achieves significant compression ratios while allowing fast random access over the compressed database. For example, GTRAC is able to compress a Homo sapiens dataset containing 1092 samples in 1.1 GB (compression ratio of 160), while allowing for decompression of specific samples in less than a second and decompression of specific variants in 17 ms. GTRAC uses and adapts techniques from information theory, such as a specialized Lempel-Ziv compressor, and tailored succinct data structures. Availability and Implementation: The GTRAC algorithm is available for download at: https://github.com/kedartatwawadi/GTRAC Contact : kedart@stanford.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Geographic distance and municipal internal control reporting

Abstract Prior research has investigated various factors affecting auditor performance when examining the internal control system of an entity. However, one factor that remains relatively unexplored is the geographic distance between auditors and their municipal clients. This study explores whether geographic distance, measured as the driving distance between U.S. municipalities and their external auditors, plays a role in the likelihood and severity of internal control weaknesses identified during Circular A-133 audits. We find evidence of a positive association between the disclosure of internal control exceptions and driving distance, suggesting that audit rigor is greater for geographically distant clients. Overall, our findings contribute to our understanding of the factors affecting auditor independence and performance in the municipal audit market.
Impact of Integrated Vascular Residencies on Academic Productivity within Vascular Surgery Divisions.

Background Changing training paradigms in vascular surgery have been introduced to reduce overall training time. Herein, we sought to examine how shortened training for vascular surgeons may have influenced overall divisional academic productivity. Methods Faculty from the top 55 surgery departments were identified according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. Academic metrics of 315 vascular surgery, 1,132 general surgery, and 2,403 other surgical specialties faculty were examined using institutional Web sites, Scopus, and NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools from September 1, 2014, to January 31, 2015. Individual-level and aggregate numbers of publications, citations, and NIH funding were determined. Results The mean size of the vascular divisions was 5 faculty. There was no correlation between department size and academic productivity of individual faculty members ( R 2 = 0.68, P = 0.2). Overall percentage of vascular surgery faculty with current or former NIH funding was 20%, of which 10.8% had major NIH grants (R01/U01/P01). Vascular surgery faculty associated with integrated vascular training programs demonstrated significantly greater academic productivity. Publications and citations were higher for vascular surgery faculty from institutions with both integrated and traditional training programs (48 of 1,051) compared to those from programs with integrated training alone (37 of 485) or traditional fellowships alone (26 of 439; P Conclusions In this retrospective examination, academic productivity was improved within vascular surgery divisions with integrated training programs or both program types. These data suggest that the earlier specialization of integrated residencies in addition to increasing dedicated vascular training time may actually help promote research within the field of vascular surgery.
Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces

abstract A computer program has been developed for the automatic detection and timing of earthquakes on a single seismic trace. The program operates on line and is sufficiently simple that it is expected to work in inexpensive low-power microprocessors in field applications. In tests with analog tapes of earthquakes, the program correctly identified and timed to within 0.05 sec about 70 per cent of the events which would normally be timed in operation of a network. The program evaluates the accuracy of its picks, and its estimates appear to be quite reliable. The algorithm is working at present in a 16-bit minicomputer and appears to be compatible with presently available microprocessors.
Local Bias in Google Search and the Market Response around Earnings Announcements

ABSTRACT: We examine the impact of distance on internet search, and the effect of the “local bias” in search on the stock market response around earnings announcements. We find significant local bias in search behavior. Motivated by theories explaining local bias, local information advantage, and familiarity bias, we predict and find that firms with higher local bias in search experience higher bid-ask spreads, lower trading volumes, and lower earnings response coefficients at the time of earnings announcements, consistent with non-local investors relying more than locals on public information announcements. Consistent with local information advantage, we find that in the week prior to the announcement, firms with higher local bias have higher bid-ask spreads, higher trading volumes, and returns that are more predictive of the coming earnings surprise. Consistent with familiarity bias, firms with higher local bias in search experience stronger post-earnings announcement drift. We use unique predictions, p...
Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of the half-duplex relay channel

We show that the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of a half-duplex single-relay channel with identically distributed Rayleigh fading channel gains meets the 2 by 1 MISO bound. We generalize the result to the case when there are N non-interfering relays and show that the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff is equal to the N + 1 by 1 MISO bound.
Coloring Graphs to Produce Properly Colored Walks

For a connected graph, we define the proper-walk connection number as the minimum number of colors needed to color the edges of a graph so that there is a walk between every pair of vertices without two consecutive edges having the same color. We show that the proper-walk connection number is at most three for all cyclic graphs, and at most two for bridgeless graphs. We also characterize the bipartite graphs that have proper-walk connection number equal to two, and show that this characterization also holds for the analogous problem where one is restricted to properly colored paths.
Bucking Conventional Wisdom: Russia's Unilateral "Suspension" of the CFE Treaty

The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ("CFE Treaty") is a seminal arms control agreement between the member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the former Warsaw Pact. On July 14, 2007, President Vladimir Putin announced that the Russian Federation was unilaterally "suspending" its participation in the CFE Treaty. Russia's suspension officially went into effect on December 12, 2007. Part I of this Note provides background on the adaptation of the CFE Treaty, a description of Russia's "suspension" and a summary of the reactions of NATO members and other parties to the Treaty. Part II analyzes the differences between "withdrawal" and "suspension" in the law of treaties, and Part III closely examines the "Extraordinary Events" clause that appears in the CFE Treaty. Three customary international law grounds for treaty suspension are discussed in Part IV. Finally, Part V considers the legality of Russia's unilateral "suspension" of its obliga-tionns under the CFE Treaty, determining that the act constitutes a material breach under customary international law.
Divergence of ectodermal and mesodermal gene regulatory network linkages in early development of sea urchins

Developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are assemblages of gene regulatory interactions that direct ontogeny of animal body plans. Studies of GRNs operating in the early development of euechinoid sea urchins have revealed that little appreciable change has occurred since their divergence ∼90 million years ago (mya). These observations suggest that strong conservation of GRN architecture was maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage. Testing whether this holds for all sea urchins necessitates comparative analyses of echinoid taxa that diverged deeper in geological time. Recent studies highlighted extensive divergence of skeletogenic mesoderm specification in the sister clade of euechinoids, the cidaroids, suggesting that comparative analyses of cidaroid GRN architecture may confer a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of developmental GRNs. Here I report spatiotemporal patterning of 55 regulatory genes and perturbation analyses of key regulatory genes involved in euechinoid oral–aboral patterning of nonskeletogenic mesodermal and ectodermal domains in early development of the cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides. These results indicate that developmental GRNs directing mesodermal and ectodermal specification have undergone marked alterations since the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids. Notably, statistical and clustering analyses of echinoid temporal gene expression datasets indicate that regulation of mesodermal genes has diverged more markedly than regulation of ectodermal genes. Although research on indirect-developing euechinoid sea urchins suggests strong conservation of GRN circuitry during early embryogenesis, this study indicates that since the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids, developmental GRNs have undergone significant, cell type–biased alterations.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Protein Concentration

This unit describes spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods for measuring the concentration of a sample protein in solution. Absorbance measured at 280 nm (A(280)) is used to calculate protein concentration by comparison with a standard curve or published absorptivity values for that protein (a(280)). Alternatively, absorbance measured at 205 nm (A(205)) is used to calculate the protein concentration. The A(280) and A(205) methods can be used to quantify total protein in crude lysates and purified or partially purified protein. A spectrofluorometer or a filter fluorometer can be used to measure the intrinsic fluorescence emission of a sample solution; this value is compared with the emissions from standard solutions to determine the sample concentration. The fluorescence emission method is used to quantify purified protein. This simple method is useful for dilute protein samples and can be completed in a short amount of time. There are two colorimetric methods: the Bradford colorimetric method, based upon binding of the dye Coomassie brilliant blue to the protein of interest, and the Lowry method, which measures colorimetric reaction of tyrosyl residues in the protein sample.
Total Sediment Transport in the Lower Colorado River

Channel degradation below each new dam and aggradation above each reservoir have created problems of river channel control; to evaluate problems, US Bureau of Reclamation, in 1955, initiated total sediment load sampling program which consists of periodic sampling at series of stations between Davis and Imperial Dams; sampling program is presented; method of sampling, computation, and analysis are described.
THE TWO STAGE STANDARD: RES IPSA LOQUITOR

Infection after TKA remains a common reason for reoperation, and represents a significant burden for the patient and health care system. Having effective treatment strategies, therefore, is important to ensure the highest possible rate of success, and the lowest possible rate of reoperation due to treatment failure. This lecture will focus on the chronically infected TKA, where treatment options include either one stage exchange or two stage exchange. Proponents of one stage exchange cite lower costs, less morbidity, and reasonable success rates when compared to two stage exchange protocols. One must realise that strict selection criteria are generally used by proponents of single stage exchange. Favorable pathogens, healthy hosts, good soft tissues, minimal bone loss, etc. are generally used as indications to consider one stage exchange. Such “ideal” clinical situations, however, are exceedingly rare. The overwhelming majority of infected TKA in my practice involve resistant bacteria, significant bone loss, hosts with medical comorbidity, and often, poor soft tissues. In these situations, two stage exchange remains the gold standard to which all other interventions should be compared. With few exceptions, the published success rates for two stage procedures have been better, albeit slightly, than those published for one stage exchanges. Both static and articulating cement spacers have been used with good results. Further research is needed to better define the most effective treatment protocols, however, until further information is available, two stage exchange, with success rates of 80–90%, remains the most successful intervention for chronically infected TKA.
Land rights, rental markets and the post-socialist cityscape

Abstract Inefficiently organized, factory-dominated cityscapes have been one of the more enduring legacies of the twentieth century experiment with socialist central planning in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Drawing on a unique survey of large, formerly state-owned urban industrial firms in Russia, we explore how land tenure reforms affect the pace at which this legacy is being erased. For various historical, political, and economic reasons, there is substantial variation across firms as to their ownership of the land on which they sit. Despite facing no additional formal constraints, those that do not own their plots rent them out at a lower frequency than those that have acquired private tenure to their land. The privatization of plots, in other words, promotes the development of a rental market that transfers land use rights away from socialist-era industrial users. We address the potential endogeneity of land tenure using a measure of regional variation in urban land policy and Communist party vote shares as instrumental variables.
Situation assessment using cellular automata paradigm

The cellular automata (CA) concept is introduced, and it is shown how it is applied to situation assessment in connection with digital map-based tasks. The demonstration system makes use of 11480 virtual processors. Although the use of the CA paradigm was motivated by projections of future availability of massively parallel hardware, the CA algorithms have run efficiently on ordinary serial computers. >
Measurement of the temperature dependent constitutive behavior of underfill encapsulants

Reliable, consistent, and comprehensive material property data are needed for microelectronic encapsulants for the purpose of mechanical design, reliability assessment, and process optimization of electronic packages. In our research efforts, the mechanical responses of several different capillary flow snap cure underfill encapsulants are being characterized. A microscale tension-torsion testing machine has been used to evaluate the uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of underfill materials as a function of temperature and strain rate. A critical step to achieving accurate experimental results has been the development of a sample preparation procedure that produces mechanical test specimens that reflect the properties of true underfill encapsulant layers. In the developed method, 75-125/spl mu/m (3-5 mil) thick underfill uniaxial tension specimens are dispensed and cured using production equipment and the same processing conditions as those used with actual flip chip assemblies. A three parameter hyperbolic tangent empirical model has been shown to provide accurate fits to the observed underfill nonlinear stress-strain behavior over a range of temperatures and strain rates. In addition, the first measurements of underfill mechanical behavior at cryogenic temperatures have been made.
Exact and variational solutions of 3D eigenmodes in high gain FELs

Abstract Exact solution and variational approximation of eigenmodes in high gain FELs are presented. These eigenmodes specify transverse profiles and exponential growth rates of the laser field before saturation. They are self-consistent solutions of coupled Maxwell–Vlasov equations describing FEL interaction taking into account the effects due to energy spread, emittance and betatron oscillations of the electron beam, as well as diffraction and optical guiding of the laser field. A new formalism of scaling is introduced and based on which solutions in various limiting cases are discussed. In addition, a fitting formula is obtained from interpolating the variational solution for quick calculation of exponential growth rate of the fundamental mode.
Emerging shadows in national solar policy? Nevada’s net metering transition in context

Abstract Nevada’s recent overhaul of its net energy metering policy, which instituted a new net billing program in its place, underscores two key insights. First, decisions about whether net metering should continue separate from the design of a given program. From an institutional perspective, legislatures are best equipped to answer the first question; PUCs have comparative expertise on the second. Further, as net metering policies are likely to become more diverse across states over time, it is critical to maximize policy stability by using—rather than abdicating—grandfathering for existing customers.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treating agitation in dementia (major neurocognitive disorder) - a promising option.

Background Agitation in patients with dementia increases caretaker burden, increases healthcare costs, and worsens the patient's quality of life. Antipsychotic medications, commonly used for the treatment of agitation in patients with dementia have a box warning from the FDA for elevated mortality risk. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has made significant advances over the past several years, and is efficacious in treating a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We provide a systematic review of published literature regarding the efficacy of ECT for the treatment of agitation in patients with dementia (major neurocognitive disorder). Methods We searched PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, UptoDate, Embase, and Cochrane for literature concerning ECT for treating agitation in dementia using the title search terms "ECT agitation dementia;" "ECT aggression dementia;" "ECT Behavior and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia;" and "ECT BPSD." The term "dementia" was also interchanged with "Major Neurocognitive Disorder." No time frame restriction was placed. We attempted to include all publications that were found to ensure a comprehensive review. We found 11 papers, with a total (N) of 216 patients. Results Limited to case reports, case series, retrospective chart review, retrospective case-control, and an open label prospective study, ECT has demonstrated promising results in decreasing agitation in patients with dementia. Patients who relapsed were found to benefit from maintenance ECT. Conclusions Available studies are often limited by concomitant psychotropic medications, inconsistent use of objective rating scales, short follow-up, lack of a control group, small sample sizes, and publication bias. A future randomized controlled trial will pose ethical and methodological challenges. A randomized controlled trial must carefully consider the definition of usual care as a comparison group. Well-documented prospective studies and/or additional case series with explicit selection criteria, a wide range of outcome measures, and less selection bias of the study sample that may favor treatment response, is warranted. ECT may be a promising option for the treatment of aggression and agitation in patients with severe dementia who are refractory to other treatment options, but the limitations of available studies suggest that a cautious approach to future randomized controlled trials is warranted.
First Class Call Stacks: Exploring Head Reduction

Weak-head normalization is inconsistent with functional extensionality in the call-by-nameλ-calculus. We explore this problem from a new angle via the conflict betwe en extensionality and effects. Leveraging ideas from work on theλ-calculus with control, we derive and justify alternative o perational semantics and a sequence of abstract machines for performing head reduction. Head reduction avoids the problems with weak-head reduction and extensionality, while our operational semantics and associated abstract machines show us how to retain weak-head reduction’s ease of implementation.
Game-Theoretic Modeling of Human Adaptation in Human-Robot Collaboration

In human-robot teams, humans often start with an inaccurate model of the robot capabilities. As they interact with the robot, they infer the robot's capabilities and partially adapt to the robot, i.e., they might change their actions based on the observed outcomes and the robot's actions, without replicating the robot's policy. We present a game-theoretic model of human partial adaptation to the robot, where the human responds to the robot's actions by maximizing a reward function that changes stochastically over time, capturing the evolution of their expectations of the robot's capabilities. The robot can then use this model to decide optimally between taking actions that reveal its capabilities to the human and taking the best action given the information that the human currently has. We prove that under certain observability assumptions, the optimal policy can be computed efficiently. We demonstrate through a human subject experiment that the proposed model significantly improves human-robot team performance, compared to policies that assume complete adaptation of the human to the robot.
Hypotheticals as heuristic device

In this paper we examine the use of hypotheticals as a heuristic device to assist a case-based reasoner test the strengths, weaknesses, and ramifications of an analysis or argument by exploring and augmenting the space of known cases and indirectly, the attendant spaces of doctrine and argument. Our program, HYPO, works in the task domain of the law, particularly, the area of trade secret protection for software. We describe how HYPO generates a constellation of legally-meaningful hypothetical fact situations ("hypos") which are "near" a given fact situation. This is done in two steps: analysis of the given situation and then generation of the hypos. We discuss the heuristics HYPO currently uses, which include: (1) make a case weaker or stronger; (2) generate an extreme case; (3) enable a near miss; (4) manipulate a near win; and (5) generate a case on a related "dimension".
Dual Enrollment Programs: Litigation and Equity:

Policymakers and practitioners are increasingly guiding K-12 students into dual enrollment programs. Dual enrollment programs have aided in improving the academic, occupational, and social trajecto...
POLYETHYLENE INSERT EXCHANGE: PROCEED WITH CAUTION

Liner exchange and bone grafting are commonly used in cases of wear and osteolysis around well fixed acetabular components in revision total hip arthroplasty. However, in total knee revision, liner exchange is a more rare option. In a multicenter study, we evaluated 22 TKAs that were revised with liner exchange and bone grafting for wear and osteolysis. All knees were well fixed and well aligned, and all components were modular tibial components. Osteolytic areas averaged 21.1 cm2 and 7.6 cm2 on AP projections of the femur and tibia, respectively, and averaged 21.6 cm2 and 5.7 cm2 on lateral projections of the femur and tibia, respectively, with the largest area being 54 cm2 on a single projection. Follow up was minimum 2 years and average 40 months. No knees were revised and radiographically, all osteolytic lesions showed evidence of complete or partial graft incorporation. In addition, there was no radiographic evidence of loosening at final follow up. The Mayo Clinic evaluated 56 isolated tibial insert exchange revisions at their institution. Cases of loosening, infection, knee stiffness, or extensor mechanism problems were excluded. At minimum 2 year follow up (average 4.6 years), 14 knees (25%) required re-revision. Baker et al evaluated 45 total knees undergoing isolated tibial insert exchange. At minimum 2 years, 4 knees (9%) required revision. Significant improvement was seen in clinical outcomes questionnaires, but only 58% had clinical successful global WOMAC scores. In summary, isolated liner exchange in the revision total knee setting has variable results. It can be successful but it is indeed a rare option and should be limited to cases where the total knee arthroplasty is both well fixed and well aligned.
Organic Primitives: Synthesis and Design of pH-Reactive Materials using Molecular I/O for Sensing, Actuation, and Interaction

In this paper we present Organic Primitives, an enabling toolbox that expands upon the library of input-output devices in HCI and facilitates the design of interactions with organic, fluid-based systems. We formulated color, odor and shape changing material primitives which act as sensor-actuators that convert pH signals into human-readable outputs. Food-grade organic molecules anthocyanin, vanillin, and chitosan were employed as dopants to synthesize materials which output a spectrum of colors, degrees of shape deformation, and switch between odorous and non-odorous states. We evaluated the individual output properties of our sensor-actuators to assess the rate, range, and reversibility of the changes as a function of pH 2-10. We present a design space with techniques for enhancing the functionality of the material primitives, and offer passive and computational methods for controlling the material interfaces. Finally, we explore applications enabled by Organic Primitives under four contexts: environmental, cosmetic, edible, and interspecies.
QUANTIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TRANSVERSE ACETABULAR LIGAMENT AND THE RADIOGRAPHIC TEARDROP

Background The transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) has been described as an anatomic landmark to guide in the positioning of the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty. On plain films, the radiographic teardrop (RT) has similarly been utilized as a measure of appropriate cup positioning. The goal of this study is to quantify the distance and location between the anatomic TAL and RT landmarks to aid in the positioning of acetabular component. Methods Sixteen randomly selected cadaveric pelvises (eight male, eight female) underwent dissection. Radiographic markers were placed bilaterally at the anteromedial insertions of the TAL, and true anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs of the cadavers were obtained. Distances between the markers and the lateral borders of the RT were measured. Results The mean distance between the anteromedial insertion of the TAL and the lateral border of the RT in the male specimens was 11.8 [99% CI, 11.4 to 12.2] mm. In the female specimens, the TAL to RT distance was shorter, with a mean of 8.4 [99% CI, 7.2 to 9.6] mm. There was a statistically significant difference between male and female cadavers (p<0.01). Conclusions The distance between the RA and TAL differs between males and females. Understanding the distance between these anatomic and radiographic landmarks should aid surgeons in obtaining a more accurate degree of acetabular component medialization, and can serve as a guide to minimize over-medialization in order to achieve more accurate and reproducible placement of acetabular components during a total hip arthroplasty.
Access to what? Legal agency and access to justice for indigenous peoples in Latin America.

In this paper I issue a call for a primary focus on expanding and strengthening alternative, community-based justice systems, as a strategy for securing the full benefits of legal agency to indigen...
PREDICTING THE CAUSES OF HIP SEPARATION USING MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Background While not common in the native hip, occurrences of femoral head separation from the acetabular cup during gait are well documented after total hip arthroplasty. Although the effects of this phenomenon are not well understood, we hypothesize that these atypical kinematics are due to component misalignments that yield uncharacteristic forces on the hip joint that are not present in the native hip. Objective The objective of this study was to theoretically predict the causes of hip separation during stance phase using forward solution mathematical modelling. Methods The model simulates the quadriceps muscles, hamstring muscles, gluteus muscles, iliopsoas group, tensor fasciae latae, and an adductor muscle group. Other soft tissues include the patellar ligament and the ischiofemoral, iliofemoral, and pubofemoral hip capsular ligaments. The model was previously validated using telemetric implants and fluoroscopic results from existing implant designs. The model is currently being used to analyze the effects that various surgical alignments have on hip separation. Specifically, this study analyzed 4 different hypothetical patients under the same 87 alignment conditions during stance phase. Alignment conditions include anatomical component alignment, intended acetabular cup medial and superior shifts, unintended cup medial and superior reaming errors, variations in cup version angles, leg length discrepancies, and femoral component offset modifications. Results During stance phase, it was determined that acetabular cup placement had a much more substantial effect on hip separation than femoral component placement. While neither femoral offset nor leg length discrepancy showed a correlation to hip separation, both medial and superior shifting of the acetabular cup showed a positive trend with increased hip separation. Figure 1 shows a comparison of average hip separation with intended shifts in the cup (0mm, 2mm, or 5mm) plus unintended reaming errors (0mm to 10mm extra) Furthermore, larger intended shifts in cup placement yielded smaller margins of error (Figure 2). Observe in Figure 2 how an increase in the size of the blue region (intended shifting region) correlates to a decrease in size of the green region (allowable error region where hip separation will not occur). It was also determined that cup version angles have less of a defined effect on hip separation, as the relationship between angular position and hip separation varied between patients. Discussion From our current analysis, the importance of proper alignment of the acetabular cup can be clearly seen. Overall, it has been shown that reaming errors of as low as 2 mm can yield separation magnitudes up to 2 mm (and potentially greater).
Frequency and morbidity of temporomandibular joint involvement in adult patients with a history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Purpose Most patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement, but little is known about the natural history of TMJ disease as these children enter adulthood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adults with a history of JIA to document the frequency and severity of TMJ abnormalities and morbidity. The authors hypothesized that most would have persistent TMJ disease as adults. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included adults (>19 years of age) with JIA who were managed at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) as children and at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) as adults. History of a TMJ problem was not considered for enrollment. Patients completed a questionnaire and underwent physical examination and maxillofacial cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Additional data were obtained from medical records. Associations between TMJ abnormalities at CBCT and arthritis history, TMJ pain and function, facial asymmetry, malocclusion, and cephalometric analysis were examined. Results Of 129 eligible patients contacted, 21 (42 TMJs) were enrolled. Mean age was 26.0 ± 6.1 years and mean duration of care for JIA at the BCH and BWH was 13.7 ± 6.5 years. TMJ pain was present in 62% of patients (n = 13); 43% (n = 9) had a TMJ functional limitation and 76% (n = 16) had lower facial asymmetry. Abnormalities were found in the TMJs on 55% of CBCT scans, with 79% showing bilateral deformities. There was at least 1 cephalometric measurement of mandibular size or position that was more than 1 standard deviation beyond normal in 81% of patients (n = 17). Only 4 patients (19%) had previously been evaluated for a TMJ problem. Conclusion TMJ abnormalities and related morbidity are common in adult patients with a history of JIA. Therefore, an early screening protocol for TMJ involvement in children with a new diagnosis of JIA would be beneficial and long-term follow-up into adulthood should be routine.
A novel millimeter-wave channel simulator and applications for 5G wireless communications

This paper presents details and applications of a novel channel simulation software named NYUSIM, which can be used to generate realistic temporal and spatial channel responses to support realistic physical-and link-layer simulations and design for fifth-generation (5G) cellular communications. NYUSIM is built upon the statistical spatial channel model for broadband millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems developed by researchers at New York University (NYU). The simulator is applicable for a wide range of carrier frequencies (500 MHz to 100 GHz), radio frequency (RF) bandwidths (0 to 800 MHz), antenna beamwidths (7° to 360° for azimuth and 7° to 45° for elevation), and operating scenarios (urban microcell, urban macrocell, and rural macrocell), and also incorporates multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver. This paper also provides examples to demonstrate how to use NYUSIM for analyzing MIMO channel conditions and spectral efficiencies, which show that NYUSIM is an alternative and more realistic channel model compared to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and other channel models for mmWave bands.
Thermo-chemical ablation during reentrant and high altitude skipping flight

Thermo-chemical ablation during reentrant and high altitude skipping flights is treated using a variety of techniques. The solid material response is computed using heat-balance integrals, finite differences, and finite elements. The surface mass loss is computed using curve fits to the standard transport coefficient approach and by a surface kinetic model. Agreement between the approaches, when using the curve fits, is good. All approaches concur that for the skipping trajectory studied there is very little mass loss and surface temperatures remain in a range where the thermal protection system can be reused.
Contemporary Drug-Eluting Stent Platforms : Design, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy

First-generation drug-eluting stents significantly improved treatment of coronary disease, decreasing rates of revascularization. This was offset by high rates of late adverse events, driven primarily by stent thrombosis. Research and design improvements of individual DES platform components led to next-generation devices with superior clinical safety and efficacy profiles compared with bare-metal stents and first-generation drug-eluting stents. These design improvements and features are explored, and their resulting clinical safety and efficacy reviewed, focusing on platforms approved by the Food and Drug Administration currently widely used in the United States.
Stack overflow in github: any snippets there?

When programmers look for how to achieve certain programming tasks, Stack Overflow is a popular destination in search engine results. Over the years, Stack Overflow has accumulated an impressive knowledge base of snippets of code that are amply documented. We are interested in studying how programmers use these snippets of code in their projects. Can we find Stack Overflow snippets in real projects? When snippets are used, is this copy literal or does it suffer adaptations? And are these adaptations specializations required by the idiosyncrasies of the target artifact, or are they motivated by specific requirements of the programmer? The large-scale study presented on this paper analyzes 909k non-fork Python projects hosted on Github, which contain 290M function definitions, and 1.9M Python snippets captured in Stack Overflow. Results are presented as quantitative analysis of block-level code cloning intra and inter Stack Overflow and GitHub, and as an analysis of programming behaviors through the qualitative analysis of our findings.
On the Origin of Sub-subgiant Stars. II. Binary Mass Transfer, Envelope Stripping, and Magnetic Activity

Sub-subgiant stars (SSGs) lie to the red of the main-sequence and fainter than the red giant branch in cluster color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), a region not easily populated by standard stellar evolution pathways. While there has been speculation on what mechanisms may create these unusual stars, no well-developed theory exists to explain their origins. Here we discuss three hypotheses of SSG formation: (1) mass transfer in a binary system, (2) stripping of a subgiant's envelope, perhaps during a dynamical encounter, and (3) reduced luminosity due to magnetic fields that lower convective efficiency and produce large star spots. Using the stellar evolution code MESA, we develop evolutionary tracks for each of these hypotheses, and compare the expected stellar and orbital properties of these models with six known SSGs in the two open clusters M67 and NGC 6791. All three of these mechanisms can create stars or binary systems in the SSG CMD domain. We also calculate the frequency with which each of these mechanisms may create SSG systems, and find that the magnetic field hypothesis is expected to create SSGs with the highest frequency in open clusters. Mass transfer and envelope stripping have lower expected formation frequencies, but may nevertheless create occasional SSGs in open clusters. They may also be important mechanisms to create SSGs in higher mass globular clusters.
Role of catecholamines in neuroendocrine function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of catecholamines in neuroendocrine function. The rates at which the brain of the female rat synthesizes, and turns over catecholamines are influenced by the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, and gonadal steroid hormones. Ovariectomy has been shown to elevate the norepinephrine content, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the anterior hypothalamus. To accelerate the accumulation of brain 3H-catechols following systemic administration of 3H-tyrosine, and all of these effects can be suppressed by treating the ovariectomized animals with estradiol, or with estradiol plus progesterone. Ovariectomy also accelerates the turnover of 3H-norepinephrine taken up into the brain from the cerebrospinal fluid. The location of the specific groups of catecholaminergic neurons affected by the estrous cycle awaits identification. These cyclic changes in brain catecholamine synthesis could be part of the mechanism that causes the estrous cycle, or could be a consequence of the changes in concentrations of circulating hormones. They might underlie some of the behavioral and autonomic correlates of cyclic ovarian function.