cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and semi‐direct aerosol effects in the NASA GEOS‐5 AGCM: aerosol‐climate interactions due to prognostic versus prescribed aerosols

[1] The present-day climate response to aerosol direct and semi-direct effects is investigated using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model. We focus our investigation on aerosol-climate interactions by using either prognostic aerosols from an online aerosol module or aerosols from a climatology based on the prognostic aerosols. As found in previous studies, forcing from all aerosols cools the land surface, warms the troposphere, and impacts global mean circulation, affecting both the strength of the Hadley cell and the zonal mean wind. Less absorbing natural aerosol alone tends to have weaker impacts on global climate. We find that removing the feedback of meteorology on aerosol distributions can significantly impact the climate response depending on the parameter, region, and season considered. Much of the differing climate response to prognostic and prescribed aerosols occurs in regions remote from direct aerosol forcing, such as in the stratosphere and the northern and southern high latitudes. This suggests that aerosol-climate interactions may induce remote dynamical responses to aerosol forcing in global models. The largest effect of removing coupling is to enhance the aerosol optical depth globally over the oceans. This enhancement is due to the removal of the co-variability between aerosol mass and relative humidity on sub-monthly timescales in the high humidity oceanic environment.
Visual acuity outcomes after cataract extraction in adult latinos. The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

Purpose To determine prevalence, primary causes, and risk indicators of visual impairment in cataract-operated eyes. Design Population-based cross-sectional study of adult Latinos. Participants Two hundred sixty-one participants with cataract extraction. Methods Participants underwent an in-home interview and a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination. Visual impairment in the cataract-operated eye was defined by presenting visual acuity (PVA) of 20/40 or less or best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or less. The association of cataract extraction status (aphakic, pseudophakic) and severity of visual impairment was evaluated. Risk indicators associated with visual impairment by BCVA in the worse-seeing cataract-operated eye were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity, causes of visual impairment, and risk indicators associated with visual impairment. Results Of the 261 participants with at least one cataract extraction and a complete clinical examination, 100 (38%) participants had undergone a unilateral extraction and 161 (62%) had undergone bilateral extractions. The prevalence of visual impairment was 41% (n = 107) defined by BCVA and 60.5% (n = 158) defined by PVA in the worse-seeing cataract-operated eye, and 32.2% (n = 136) defined by BCVA versus 48.1% (n = 203) defined by PVA in all cataract-operated eyes. Uncorrected refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy were the primary causes of visual impairment, accounting for 49% in worse-seeing cataract-operated eyes and 57% in all cataract-operated eyes. Self-reported history of glaucoma, barriers to eye care, and unmarried participants were independent risk indicators associated with visual impairment ( P Conclusions Despite cataract surgery, a significant proportion of participants had residual visual impairment. Refractive correction eliminated visual impairment in 15% to 20% of the participants, demonstrating the need for regular ophthalmologic examinations in cataract-operated patients.
Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Within the ray-finned fishes, eel-like (extremely elongate) body forms have evolved multiple times from deeper-bodied forms. Previous studies have shown that elongation of the vertebral column may be associated with an increase in the number of vertebrae, an increase in the length of the vertebral centra, or a combination of both. Because the vertebral column of fishes has at least two anatomically distinct regions (i.e. abdominal and caudal), an increase in the number and relative length of the vertebrae could be region-specific or occur globally across the length of the vertebral column. In the present study, we recorded vertebral counts and measurements of vertebral aspect ratio (vertebral length/width) from museum specimens for 54 species representing seven groups of actinopterygian fishes. We also collected, from published literature, vertebral counts for 813 species from 14 orders of actinopterygian and elasmobranch fishes. We found that the number of vertebrae can increase independently in the abdominal and caudal regions of the vertebral column, but changes in aspect ratio occur similarly in both regions. These findings suggest that abdominal vertebral number, caudal vertebral number, and vertebral aspect ratio are controlled by separate developmental modules. Based on these findings, we suggest some candidate developmental mechanisms that may contribute to vertebral column patterning in fishes. Our study is an example of how comparative anatomical studies of adults can generate testable hypotheses of evolutionary changes in developmental mechanisms. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 90 , 97‐116.
Value of urologic study in the management of carcinoma of the cervix

s I N c E 1929 one of us (H. S. E.) has been interested in the urinary tract complications resulting from various types of gynecologic disease and from the methods of treatment of some of these disease entities. This interest was stimulated by 2 patients: one with a right ureteroperitoneal fistula and urinary ascites resulting from a surgical injury to the right ureter during hysterectomy for fibroids, the other with a vesicovaginal fistula, enormous hydroureters, terminal chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary ascites resulting from spontaneous perforation of the dilated left ureter, all of which followed irradiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Reports of both of these cases were published in collaboration with Hunner,r, ’ and since that time a number of papers dealing with various aspects of such urologic complications have been presented and/or published either alone or with other members of our staff. The first of these reports resulting from a systematic study of the subject was pre-
Endangered Species: Health, Illness and Death among Madagascar's People of the Forest

Endangered Species: Health, Illness and Death among Madagascar's People of the Forest. Janice Harper. Ethnographic Studies in Medical Anthropology Series. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2002. xvii. 273 pp.
Impact of electronic health records on the patient experience in a hospital setting.

BACKGROUND The impact of electronic health records (EHRs) and their effects on optimizing the patient experience has been debated nationally. Currently, there is a paucity of data in this area, and existing research offers conflicting results. Since 2006, the Assessing Residents' CI-CARE (ARC) program has evaluated the physician-patient interaction of resident physicians at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health utilizing a 20-item questionnaire administered through facilitator-patient interviews. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of EHR implementation on the patient experience. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Two academic medical campuses: Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica. METHODS A total of 3417 surveys, spanning December 1, 2012 to May 30, 2013, were assessed. This included patient representation from 9 departments within UCLA Health. Surveys were analyzed to assess physician-patient communication. Statistical comparisons were made using χ[2] analysis. RESULTS All 16 questions assessing physician-patient communication received better responses in the 3 months following EHR implementation, compared to the 3 months prior to implementation. Of these, 9 questions illustrated statistically significant improvement, whereas the improvement in the remaining 7 questions was not statistically significant. DISCUSSION These results suggest that EHRs may improve physician-patient communication. The ARC infrastructure allowed for observation of this trend; however, future research should aim to further validate and understand the etiologies of this improvement. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:627–633. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Translations of the humerus in persons with shoulder impingement symptoms

Study Design Two-group mixed-model analysis of covariance and correlation analysis. Objectives To determine whether differences in humeral translations exist between patients with shoulder impingement symptoms and an asymptomatic comparison group, and if so, to determine if shoulder range-of-motion (ROM) measures are associated with abnormal translations. Background Abnormal translations of the humeral head are believed to reduce the available subacromial space and to contribute to the development or progression of shoulder impingement symptoms. These abnormal translations have also been theorized to be related to tightness of the posterior capsule and decreased shoulder ROM. Methods and Measures Three-dimensional humeral translations were tracked in symptomatic construction workers and an asymptomatic comparison group while elevating the arm in the scapular plane under no-load, 2.3-kg, and 4.6-kg hand-load conditions. Between-group comparisons were made across 3 phases of motion (30°–60°, 60°–90°, and 90...
Anxiety proneness linked to epistatic loci in genome scan of human personality traits.

A genome-wide scan between normal human personality traits and a set of genetic markers at an average interval of 13 centimorgans was carried out in 758 pairs of siblings in 177 nuclear families of alcoholics. Personality traits were measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. We detected significant linkage between the trait Harm Avoidance, a measure of anxiety proneness, and a locus on chromosome 8p21–23 that explained 38% of the trait variance. There was significant evidence of epistasis between the locus on 8p and others on chromosomes 18p, 20p, and 21q. These oligogenic interactions explained most of the variance in Harm Avoidance. There was suggestive evidence of epistasis in other personality traits. These results confirm the important influence of epistasis on human personality suggested by twin and adoption studies. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 81:313–317, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Housing Prices and Residential Land Use under Job Site Uncertainty

Abstract This paper examines the effects of job site uncertainty in a multiple center city. It shows that workers sort themselves spatially according to their job site stability. Risk averse workers also respond to the spatial variation in commuting cost risk which offsets the tendency to sort by job site stability. The theory predicts less spatial sorting by commuting costs than the certainty or risk-neutral models predict. House bid prices capitalize the spatial variations in expected travel cost and its variance, leading a flatter price surface than under certainty. In addition, risk aversion generates price peaks between employment centers.
Uptake of cystine by cystine-depleted fibroblasts from patients with cystinosis.

Abstract [ 35 S]L-cystine uptake was measured in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with nephropathic cystinosis, pretreated with cysteamine to deplete their cystine pools. The uptake was greater in the cystinotic cells than in normal cells. The data suggest that the enhanced [ 35 S]-cystine uptake observed in cystinotic cells is not a consequence of disulfide exchange with stored cystine and may be related to the underlying abnormality in this enigmatic disorder.
Action potential throughput in aged rat hippocampal neurons: Regulation by selective forms of hyperpolarization

Abstract At hippocampal synapses, repetitive synaptic stimulation (RSS) in the theta frequency range (3–12 Hz) is associated with robust EPSP frequency facilitation (FF) and consequently, enhanced action potential (spike) generation and throughput. A complex, synaptically induced hyperpolarization (SIHP) is also triggered by synaptic activation, and a Ca 2+ -dependent afterhyperpolarization (AHP) is triggered above spike threshold. With aging, the AHP is increased and impairs intracellular spike generation, at least in accommodation protocols. However, little is known about how these aging changes interact to affect spike generation at physiological frequencies of RSS, or if the SIHP also is modified in aging. Here we performed the first tests of the net impact of these excitatory and inhibitory aging changes on spike generation during RSS. We report that during RSS at spike threshold (1) spike throughput is well sustained at theta frequencies in young and aged neurons; (2) an interposed AHP dampens spike generation, particularly in aged neurons and at higher frequencies; (3) compared to the AHP, the SIHP does not exert an equivalent inhibitory effect on spike throughput; and (4) in contrast to the AHP, the SIHP is reduced with aging. Together, these results are consistent with a model in which the source of the hyperpolarization is important in determining hippocampal spike throughput within the theta frequency range.
Angiogenesis in benign and malignant thyroid disease.

Context Angiogenesis has been recognized as an important process contributing to the pathophysiology of many benign and malignant diseases. It is not surprising, therefore, that this complex proces...
Coronal heating and plasma parameters at 1 AU

A three-fluid description of the solar wind is used to investigate the mass flux, helium abundance and flow speeds at 1 AU as a function of heat input in the inner corona. The solar wind model includes continuity, momentum and energy equations for each of the three species, electrons, protons, and alpha particles. The energy equations contain parameterized heat sources for any of the three species. The energy equation for the electrons also includes radiation losses in the transition region. We study the effect of heating different particle species. We show that for a given set of plasma parameters at the coronal base, heating the electrons, protons and alpha particles, or all three species, can result in the same mass flux, helium abundance and proton flow speed at 1 AU, yet very different plasma properties in the inner corona. The plasma parameters we consider are characteristic of the high speed solar wind.
Distance Education and Plagiarism Prevention at the University of South Carolina Upstate

At the University of South Carolina Upstate, two librarians created a series of workshops to proactively prevent plagiarism. To reach distance education students, online workshops were developed in Blackboard including basic and advanced workshops for lower and upper-level courses. The workshops are intended to introduce students to the concepts related to plagiarism, such as types of plagiarism, academic integrity, paraphrasing, common knowledge, and citations. By looking at the results of the pre-tests, post-tests, and activities, some trends can be observed. It appears that students seem to have the most difficulty with paraphrasing, common knowledge, and citations.
Hepatic and extrahepatic N-acetyltransferase. Perinatal development using a new radioassay.

Abstract We report a sensitive and rapid radioassay method for p -aminobenzoic acid N -acetyltransferase. The principle of this assay involves acetylation of p -aminobenzoic acid with [1- 14 C] labeled acetyl coenzyme A and direct extraction of enzymically formed radioactive p -acetamidobenzoic acid into non-aqueous scintillation fluid. Using this radiometric assay, hepatic and extra-hepatic tissue distributions from rat and rabbit were studied. Rabbit blastocyst and endometrial N -acetyltransferase specific activities were equivalent to hepatic activities. Perinatal development studies in rats and rabbits revealed that fetal and neonatal animals are capable of N -acetylation. Rat liver developmental studies exhibited two peaks of activity with the first peak occuring in the late fetus followed by a second peak 3 days after birth. Rabbit fetal and neonatal enzyme activity increased to adult levels by the second week after birth in liver and gut, however, lung showed a different developmental pattern. These studies demonstrate that fetal extrahepatic tissues, like adult tissues, play an important role in N -acetylation.
Landscape factors influencing lake phosphorus concentrations across Minnesota

Abstract Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are known to be a significant factor influencing fish populations in Minnesota lakes. Consequently, a primary focus of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to address fish habitat in lakes across the state has been to determine relationships between TP concentrations and watershed conditions in Minnesota lakes. Because phosphorus concentrations in Minnesota lakes vary widely corresponding to differences in geomorphology, nutrient criteria were established by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency for specific ecoregions. To refine these relationships in Minnesota lakes managed for fishing, we gathered mean summer epilimnetic TP concentrations on 1330 natural lakes to identify where agricultural and urban development have elevated phosphorus levels. Random forest, regression tree, and generalized additive models were used to model spatial variation in lake phosphorus concentrations across Minnesota. Key landscape variables known to influence TP concent...
A criterion for integral dependence of modules

Let $R$ be a universally catenary locally equidimensional Noetherian ring. We give a multiplicity based criterion for an arbitrary finitely generated $R$-module to be integral over a submodule. Our proof is self-contained and implies the previously known numerical criteria for integral dependence of ideals and modules
A Robust Method for Detection of Linear and Nonlinear Interactions: Application to Renal Blood Flow Dynamics

We have developed a method that can identify switching dynamics in time series, termed the improved annealed competition of experts (IACE) algorithm.6 In this paper, we extend the approach and use it for detection of linear and nonlinear interactions, by employing histograms showing the frequency of switching modes obtained from the IACE, then examining time-frequency spectra. This extended approach is termed Histogram of improved annealed competition of experts—time frequency (HIACE-TF). The hypothesis is that frequent switching dynamics in HIACE-TF results are due to interactions between different dynamic components. To validate this assertion, we used both simulation examples as well as application to renal blood flow data. We compared simulation results to a time-phase bispectrum (TPB) approach,16 which can also be used to detect time-varying quadratic phase coupling between various components. We found that the HIACE-TF approach is more accurate than the TPB in detecting interactions, and remains accurate for signal-to-noise ratios as low as 15 dB. With all 10 data sets, comprised of volumetric renal blood flow data, we also validated the feasibility of the HIACE-TF approach in detecting nonlinear interactions between the two mechanisms responsible for renal autoregulation. Further validation of the HIACE-TF approach was achieved by comparing it to a realistic mathematical model that has the capability to generate either the presence or the absence of nonlinear interactions between two renal autoregulatory mechanisms.
Analysis of the vegetalizing action of tyrosine on the sea urchin embryo.

Vegetalization was produced in sea urchin embryos by treatment with D- and L-p-tyrosine, o-tyrosine, and m-tyrosine, for 2 to 6 hours during cleavage. Glycine was without effect on development; phenylalanine produced general effects represented by reduction of both animal and vegetal structures. The vegetalizing action of tyrosine was synergistic with that of lithium or dinitrophenol. However, unlike the latter compounds, tyrosine had no effect on respiratory rate of the embryos. The uptake and the incorporation of algal hydrolysate-C-14 and leucine-C-14, added to the sea water medium, were lower in sea urchin embryos in the presence of tyrosine or phenylalanine than in untreated control embryos. Inhibition of incorporation caused by phenylalanine was about twice that by tyrosine, and it was postulated that the different effects of these substances on development are related to the degree of inhibition. Neither glycine nor lithium inhibited amino acid uptake. When embryos were treated with tyrosine in the presence of a full complement of those free amino acids normally found in the egg, the vegetalizing effect of tyrosine was annulled. Since the sea urchin depends upon endogenous amino acids for protein synthesis during cleavage, it is suggested that in some way tyrosine limits the endogenous supply of amino acids available for synthesis of the proteins associated with animal structures by inhibiting their release from storage protein.
BIOLOGICAL MATRIX-DEPENDENT PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF A NOVEL PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, XU063, IN BEAGLE DOGS

Abstract The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of a novel platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, XU063, was evaluated as a function of biological matrix in beagle dogs. The disposition of 14 C-radioactivity in various blood or plasma matrices and kinetics of inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation were determined in beagle dogs following an intravenous infusion of 14 C-XU063 at 2 μg/kg for 45 min. The 14 C-radioactivity was maximum in platelet poor plasma (PPP) harvested from blood collected in EDTA and lowest in PPP harvested from blood collected in citrated vacutainers over the entire concentration versus time profile during and post infusion. The 14 C-radioactivity values in blood and platelet rich plasma (PRP) were comparable and were between EDTA PPP and citrated PPP values. The resultant estimates of the PK and PD parameters of 14 C-XU063 varied widely depending on the type of matrix used. The systemic clearance values for 14 C-XU063 were 1 and 10 mL/min/kg for EDTA and citrated PPP, respectively. The values for the volume of distribution at steady-state were 0.2 and 1.3 L/kg, for EDTA and citrated PPP, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life appeared independent of the matrix with a median value of 2 h. The estimated ex vivo IC 50 values of XU063 ranged from 0.4 ng/mL (citrated PPP, platelet free drug) to 7 ng/mL (EDTA PPP, total drug). These results demonstrated the dependence of PK and PD parameters of antiplatelet agent XU063 on the type of biological matrix used to determine concentrations of XU063. The pros and cons of various blood sample collection methods for the evaluation of PK/PD relationship of potential antiplatelet agents are presented. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Properties of a Single-Peripheral Model of the Deck Effect

The properties of a single-peripheral model of the Deck effect are presented as a proto-type diffraction-dissociation process, using $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}N$ as an example. The $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}$ mass spectrum, angular distributions, and the $N\ensuremath{-}N$ momentum-transfer distribution are investigated. We evaluate the effects on these distributions due to three major components of the model, namely, the dissociation vertex, the propagation, and the diffraction scattering of the virtual particle. It is found that many "expected" properties (usually derived for asymptotic energies) of the diffraction-dissociation process do not obtain at finite energies. In particular, there is considerably more structure in the momentum-transfer and angular distributions. The mass dependence in the momentum-transfer slope found by others is reproduced in this model. Structure in the angular distributions is seen to imply some uncertainty over tests of helicity conservation for ${A}_{1}$ production. The peak in the mass spectrum (the Deck effect) is found to have an undesirable dependence on incident momentum. This difficulty is traced to the presence of spin in the model. Explicit numerical calculations and qualitative considerations lead us to believe that many Reggeized calculations of the Deck effect share the same difficulty. Their prediction of a sharp and $s$-independent peak is unjustified due to neglect of external spin.
Silicone poaching pods: do they meet manufacturer's claims?

Manufacturers are marketing silicone cooking and baking devices (e.g. cake pans) for a variety of foods, and claim these devices are easy to use, stick-resistant, heat-resistant, stain-resistant and dishwasher-safe. Recent research has reported contrary results from the manufacturers' claims. Silicone Poaching Pods were tested in this study to determine if they are as effective as claimed by manufacturers. Results indicated that in fact Poaching Pods are not easy to use. Egg products stuck to the pods during poaching and there was visible browning on the rim of the baked custards. Finally, the instructions need clarification to avoid potential cooking mistakes.
Influence of Sex on Immunoglobulin Levels

WE have determined the IgG, IgA, and IgM levels of 315 normal adults and 503 children of various ages1. To find out whether differences exist between males and females, we compared the levels for the sexes within various age groups, breaking these down into “fine” and “coarse” subgroups. There were fourteen fine groups of about thirty children each and five coarse groups of about 100 children each. The subjects were laboratory personnel, blood donors, college students, school-children, babies, and inmates of a home for recently abandoned children, all apparently healthy. Immunoglobulins were determined by a single radial immunodiffusion method2 using commercial antibody-agar plates standardized against purified immunoglobulins. The standardization curves used were the least-squares linear regressions of log mg/100 c.c. versus the log ring diameter. This relationship fitted the results better than the semilogarithmic one used by others2–4. The males and females in each group were compared by Student's t test. We used log mg/100 c.c. for the t tests and to calculate the means, because the distributions of the three major immunoglobulins among adults are approximately log normal.
Spatial Correlations near Turing Instabilities: Criteria for Wavenumber Selection

We analyze the probability distribution and spatial correlations around a stationary state of a general reaction diffusion system. The stochastic description is based on a multivariate master equation. We use a WKB expansion of the probability density and determine the leading term, the stochastic potential, to second order in deviations from a homogeneous stationary state. For a system below, but near, a Turing instability, the spatial correlations become long range and display a macroscopic structure that will emerge after the bifurcation. We derive explicit expressions for both the probability density and the correlation function. For systems close to the instability, the correlation function is approximately an exponentially damped cosine function. We derive explicit expression for the correlation length and the amplitude of the correlation function; they are inversely proportional to the square root of the largest eigenvalue of the deterministic system. Our approach differs from earlier work in that systems with many chemical species are treated, asymptotic approximations are derived, correlations are given a geometrical picture in terms of eigenvectors of the Jacobian of an associated Hamiltonian system, and higher order terms in the stochastic potential are possible to obtain analytically (which we do not pursue). Results of the theoretical analysis are applied to the Sel’kov model. Exact and approximate solutions at lowest order agree well.
Fermi-liquid theory for the periodic Anderson model: Response functions.

We present here a reformulation of the Fermi-liquid theory for the periodic Anderson model (for the particular case of the simplest type of Anderson Hamiltonian) in a basis in which c and f electrons are explicitly distinguished. We show that provided the system is normal, i.e., the f-electron self-energy is analytic in momentum and frequency near the Fermi wave vectors and Fermi energy, respectively, all quasiparticle parts of the response functions of the system reduce to the form as expected from our usual understanding of a Fermi liquid. In doing so we also show the validity of a kinetic equation, and are able to obtain formal formulas for the physical quantities that a quasiparticle carries when the corresponding quantities for the original electrons are given. We point out however that the value of these quantities, and also the nonquasiparticle part of the response, can in general be rather different from a too naive understanding to a single-component Fermi liquid.
Word recognition by children listening to speech processed into a small number of channels: data from normal-hearing children and children with cochlear implants.

Objective: The aims of this study were 1) to determine the number of channels of stimulation needed by normal-hearing adults and children to achieve a high level of word recognition and 2) to compare the performance of normal-hearing children and adults listening to speech processed into 6 to 20 channels of stimulation with the performance of children who use the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant. Design: In Experiment 1, the words from the Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood Test (MLNT) were processed into 6 to 20 channels and output as the sum of sine waves at the center frequency of the analysis bands. The signals were presented to normal-hearing adults and children for identification. In Experiment 2, the wideband recordings of the MLNT words were presented to early-implanted and late-implanted children who used the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant. Results: Experiment 1: Normal-hearing children needed more channels of stimulation than adults to recognize words. Ten channels allowed 99% correct word recognition for adults; 12 channels allowed 92% correct word recognition for children. Experiment 2: The average level of intelligibility for both early- and late-implanted children was equivalent to that found for normal-hearing adults listening to four to six channels of stimulation. The best intelligibility for implanted children was equivalent to that found for normal-hearing adults listening to six channels of stimulation. The distribution of scores for early- and late-implanted children differed. Nineteen percent of the late-implanted children achieved scores below that allowed by a 6-channel processor. None of the early-implanted children fell into this category. Conclusions: The average implanted child must deal with a signal that is significantly degraded. This is likely to prolong the period of language acquisition. The period could be significantly shortened if implants were able to deliver at least eight functional channels of stimulation. Twelve functional channels of stimulation would provide signals near the intelligibility of wideband signals in quiet.
Comparison of Hormonal Secretory Behavior of Gonadotroph Cell Adenomas in Vivo and in Culture

To determine whether pituitary macroadenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH concentrations represent gonadotroph cell adenomas or nonsecreting adenomas that selectively impair LH secretion by normal gonadotroph cells, we studied the secretory behavior in dispersed cell culture of three pituitary adenomas from patients who had supranormal serum FSH concentrations. Similar comparisons were made for 11 other adenomas, which were associated with the in vivo hypersecretion of alpha-subunit (n = 4) or PRL/GH (n = 4) or with no obvious hypersecretion (n = 3). Adenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH in vivo released more FSH in culture (5.1-27.0 ng/well . 24 h) than they did other hormones (TSH, less than 0.33; GH, less than 0.10; PRL, less than 0.14 ng/well . 24 h) and more FSH than did PRL/GH-secreting (less than 0.1-0.9 ng/well . 24 h) and nonsecreting (less than or equal to 0.5 ng/well . 24 h) adenomas. Adenomas associated with supranormal serum alpha-subunit in vivo released not only more alpha-subunit in culture (7.2-22.0 ng/well . 24 h) than did other adenomas (0.1-2.4 ng/well . 24 h), but two of them also released as much FSH (12.7 and 17.0 ng/well . 24 h) as did adenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH. The close correlation between the hormonal secretory behavior in vivo and that in culture of the three pituitary macroadenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH concentrations suggests that these are indeed adenomas of gonadotroph cells that are hypersecreting FSH. The release of relatively large amounts of FSH by cultured cells of adenomas that appeared to be hypersecreting only alpha-subunit in vivo suggests that at least some alpha-subunit-secreting adenomas are also gonadotroph cell adenomas.
Sulfide-associated mineral assemblages in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: platinum-group element enrichment by vapor refining by chloride–carbonate fluids

The petrology of base metal sulfides and associated accessory minerals in rocks away from economically significant ore zones such as the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex has previously received only scant attention, yet this information is critical in the evaluation of models for the formation of Bushveld-type platinum-group element (PGE) deposits. Trace sulfide minerals, primarily pyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite are generally less than 100 microns in size, and occur as disseminated interstitial individual grains, as polyphase assemblages, and less commonly as inclusions in pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine. Pyrite after pyrrhotite is commonly associated with low temperature greenschist alteration haloes around sulfide grains. Pyrrhotite hosted by Cr- and Ti-poor magnetite (Fe3O4) occurs in several samples from the Marginal to Lower Critical Zones below the platiniferous Merensky Reef. These grains occur with calcite that is in textural equilibrium with the igneous silicate minerals, occur with Cl-rich apatite, and are interpreted as resulting from high temperature sulfur loss during degassing of interstitial liquid. A quantitative model demonstrates how many of the first-order features of the Bushveld ore metal distribution could have developed by vapor refining of the crystal pile by chloride–carbonate-rich fluids during which sulfur and sulfide are continuously recycled, with sulfur moving from the interior of the crystal pile to the top during vapor degassing.
Morphology of ZnO microcrystals

Abstract The morphology of small ZnO crystals, formed by anodic electrocrystallization of a zinc substrate, has been examined via scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology is observed to consist of a network array of discrete single crystal plates. Each plate, 10–100 μm in size, adopts a (0001) habit, with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of about 50 to 1. These plates are present with a density of about 106 plates per square centimeter of substrate surface. Factors determining morphology and growth mechanisms are discussed.
Early intervention providers and high‐risk families

Early intervention and early care providers reported frequently encountering families with multiple economic, social and mental health challenges. Providers endorsed needs for mentoring and training to understand specific problems, to gain knowledge of community resources, to be able to talk with families about challenges and to recognize and manage their own responses to the families. Implications for training are discussed.
A framework for evidence-based health care incentives simulation

We present a general simulation framework designed for modeling incentives in a health care delivery system. This first version of the framework focuses on representing provider incentives. Key framework components are described in detail, and we provide an overview of how data-driven analytic methods can be integrated with this framework to enable evidence-based simulation. The software implementation of a simple simulation model based on this framework is also presented.
Relations between Parts of Lactations and Producing Ability of Holstein Cows

Summary The relations between various parts of completed lactations of at least 243 days duration were considered in 599 lactations of 253 Holstein cows in the Iowa State College herd. Factors for estimating 305-day production from cumulative part records need to be different in first lactations and in later lactations. Average repeatabilities for single month milk and fat production and for cumulative month milk and fat production were 0.41, 0.32, 0.57, and 0.51, respectively. Average intrasire daughter-dam regressions for single month milk and fat production and for cunmlative month milk and fat production were 0.15, 0.09, 0.25, and 0.19, respectively. Genetic correlations between cumulative part and whole milk and fat production were over 0.9. Selecting on the cumulative part record would improve production nearly as much as selecting on the complete record itself, the efficiency values ranging from 0.74 to above unity.
Quantifying the morphology and growth of levees in aggrading submarine channels

[1] Levees are the primary elements of self-formed submarine channels, yet little is know about their morphodynamics. We present field observations of static levee morphology and stratigraphy in addition to laboratory experiments that link levee morphodynamics to turbidity current flow properties. These observations are used to motivate a levee growth model. Using a three-dimensional seismic volume, we mapped the depositional patterns associated with a network of submarine channels defined by prominent levees on the continental slope offshore Brunei. Levee taper increases rapidly as channel depth increases from 5 to 50 m and then increases at an ever diminishing rate for channels between 50 and 72 m of depth. A similar relationship between levee taper and channel relief was observed in a set of laboratory experiments. We released turbidity currents into a straight channel positioned within a larger experimental basin. The currents were able to interact with the overbank environment and therefore construct channel bounding levees. We link periods of rapid change in levee growth in our experiments to the vertical structure of suspended sediment in turbidity currents. Our field and laboratory observations suggest that the most important parameters controlling levee morphodynamics are the degree of channel confinement and the vertical structure of suspended-sediment concentration profiles. Our levee growth model couples a simple advection settling model for currents with a vertical sediment concentration profile defined by the Rouse equation. The model reproduces our field and laboratory observations of levee growth and provide a method to estimate current thickness from levee stratigraphy.
Some relationships between gage R&R criteria

In this paper, several commonly used gage repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) acceptance criteria are discussed. The number of distinct categories (ndc) is equivalent to an acceptance criterion based on another standard metric, the ratio of the estimated measurement system standard deviation to the estimated overall standard deviation of the measurements. This implies that the criterion based on ndc could be considered redundant. Several acceptance criteria are revisited and compared, including a discussion of more objective measures of capability based on misclassification rates. The relationship between ndc and the discrimination ratio is also given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal conductivity of polyethylene: The effects of crystal size, density and orientation on the thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity measurements were made on polyethylene samples which had been crystallized at different temperatures in order to vary density and lamellar crystal thickness. Tests were also made on polyethylenes which were oriented by mechanical shearing and by crystallization in a temperature gradient. The thermal conductivity increased linearly by 50% as the density went from 0.96 to 0.99 gm/cc. By orientation the conductivity was increased ten fold in the direction of molecular orientation and decreased two fold in the perpendicular direction. For samples oriented by deformation at different temperatures, the conductivity apparently correlates with birefringence.
Visualization of the Dynamics of Fibrin Clot Growth One Molecule at a Time by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Individual fluorescently-labeled fibrin(ogen) molecules and their assembly to make a clot were observed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). We used the bleaching of the fluorescent labels to determine the number of active fluorophores attached non-specifically to each molecule. From the total intensity of bleaching steps, as single-molecule signature events, and the distribution of active labeling, we developed a new single-molecule intensity calibration which accounts for all molecules, including those “not seen”. Live observation of fibrin polymerization in TIRFM by diffusive mixing of thrombin and plasma revealed the real-time growth kinetics of individual fibrin fibers quantitatively at molecular level. Some fibers thickened in time to thousands of molecules across equivalent to hundreds of nm in diameter, whereas others reached an early stationary state at smaller diameters. This new approach to determine the molecular dynamics of fibers growth provides information important for understanding clotting mechanisms and the associated clinical implications.
Nonlinear surface waves on a ferromagnetic fluid of variable depth

Abstract A nonlinear ray method is used to study surface waves on a ferromagnetic fluid of variable depth subject to a horizontal magnetic field, and an equation of the KdV type with variable coefficients is derived. An approximate solution of the equation representing a three-dimensional soliton with varying amplitude and phase is constructed and numerical results are presented.
Convergence of information, random variables and noise

Abstract Random variables such as state-dependent prices often convey information while entering directly into a decision environment. To understand the convergence properties of behavior based on such random variables, the function mapping any random variable to the information it generates is examined. With respect to convergence in probability of random variables, the information map is continuous with respect to pointwise convergence of information only at completely revealing random variables. Continuity holds when the information map is restricted to any subset of random variables to which the same smooth independent term has been added. Relationships between convergence in distribution of perturbed random variables and convergence in distribution of conditional expectations are also studied.
Modular design and construction techniques for nuclear power plants

Abstract Modularization has been proposed as a nuclear power plant design-fabrication approach for increasing the quality and reducing the costs of future plants. The work reported describes a methodology for making the modular design and construction process more systematic and efficient. This methodology is applied to both the design and fabrication processes for power plant modules. The design process is enhanced by the utilization of a matrix reordering technique that reveals natural groupings in complex data sets. This technique allows a layout which groups plant systems functionally so that modules increase self-sufficiency and minimize inter-module interaction costs. In an illustration of modular design the ship fabrication methods of product work breakdown structure are applied to a modular nuclear power plant to be built at an on-site factory facility. A comparison of a new modular power plant and a conventional power plant design is performed. Cost penalty indices are defined in order to guide maximization of the economic benefits of a modular design. Economic analyses, for both modular and conventional construction methods, are performed over a range of construction schedules and monetary interest rates to illustrate the potential savings of modular construction. The results of the analyses reported here indicate a typical potential savings of 15% in the capital cost of the modular nuclear power plant versus a conventional one. The most interesting result of this work is that the potential savings derive equally from the design and construction processes.
Enhanced cytotoxicity in the rheumatoid joint

Abstract The cytotoxic cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α or cachectin and lymphotoxin (LT), are mediators of bone resorption and of inflammation and may have relevance in rheumatoid arthritis. Using mononuclear cells (MC) isolated from matched peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the generation of cytotoxic activity in a bioassay capable of detecting both TNF and LT. Synovial fluid mononuclear cells (MC) released significantly more cytotoxic activity than did matched PBMC, both spontaneously and following activation with phytohemagglutinin P (PHA). When PB and SFMC were stimulated with the combination of PHA plus phorbol-12-myristate acetate (PMA), the resulting culture supernatants possessed comparable cytotoxic activity. Neutralization studies employing anti-cytokine antibodies indicated that TNF represented 43 and 59% of the cytotoxic activity in the PHA plus PMA-induced culture supernatants from PB and SF, respectively. Since no inhibition was noted with antibodies to LT, the nature of the remaining approximately 50% of the cytotoxic activity was not determined. In PB and SF culture supernatants, obtained both spontaneously and following PHA activation, the concentration of TNF measured by ELISA significantly correlated with the level of cytotoxicity. As with the cytotoxic activity, the concentration of TNF was greater in the PHA-stimulated supernatants from SF than from PB. These observations suggest that TNF in the SF may contribute to the inflammation and bone destruction observed in rheumatoid arthritis.
On the Disappearance of Knickers: Hypotheses for the Functional Analysis of the Psychology of Clothing

(1960). On the Disappearance of Knickers: Hypotheses for the Functional Analysis of the Psychology of Clothing. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 359-366.