cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative law in Colonial British America

American comparatists are unfamiliar with thinking about Ro man, civil, and canon law influence on colonial British American laws and legal institutions or about American colonial lawyers using Roman and civil law examples in their legal argument or reform ef forts in a manner that today we would consider practical comparative law. This Article explores whether American comparative law really began prior to 1776 with early European settlers. The aim here is to connect comparative law with its sister discipline, legal history, as far back as the evidence supports and to suggest promising avenues for further research. First, I consider the use of comparative law in England through the eighteenth century. Across the Atlantic, I then divide the analysis between intellectual legal history and social legal history. For the for mer, I consider the nature of legal education, availability of law books, and influential law-trained individuals. Because the social and physi cal environment in America was so different from that in England, I examine the importance of social factors on the development of law, especially on lawyers and courts. In addition, I speculate on the par ticular relevance for law of the religious and cultural diversity that existed in the thirteen colonies. Finally, I select John Adams as an exemplary legal comparatist in the pre-revolutionary period and de scribe his law practice and early political writings.
Overtone phonon states and the sharp two-phonon Raman peak in diamond

Phonon dispersions near the Brillouin zone center and the two-phonon overtone states at the high frequency region in diamond are studied with a tight-binding potential model previously developed. We found that the uppermost phonon branch has its minimum frequency at the zone center leading to a peak in the two-phonon overtone density-of-states at frequency bigger than twice of the one-phonon Raman frequency. The frequency shift and line shape of the two-phonon peak are compared with the experimental data.
The theory of hybrid stochastic algorithms

Abstract The theory of hybrid stochastic algorithms is developed. A generalized Fokker-Planck equation is derived and is used to prove that the correct equilibrium distribution is generated by the algorithm. Systematic errors following from the discrete time-step used the numerical implementation of the scheme are computed. Hybrid algorithms which simulate lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions are presented. They are optimized in computer simulations and their systematic errors and efficiencies are studied.
Quark exchange effects on 3He and 3H charge densities

Abstract The exchange of quarks between nucleons bound in a nucleus leads to a definite and evaluable contribution to the nuclear charge density distribution. Although this exchange contribution is a consequence of finite nucleon size, it cannot be included by the conventional procedure of folding nucleon charge distributions with the density of point nucleons. For the A = 3 nuclei investigated here, the effects of quark exchange were found to be of significance for small distances away from the nuclear centre-of-mass.
Combined hormonal contraceptives: is it time to reassess their role in migraine?

OBJECTIVE: This paper will review the extensive array of hormonal contraceptives. It will examine the benefits and risks associated with them - particularly with regard to stroke risk - and shed light on divergent findings in the literature. BACKGROUND: Menstrual-related migraine is a particularly disabling presentation of migraine often deserving of specific prevention. There is accumulating evidence that hormonal preventives may offer such protection. Although a legacy of research shows an increased risk of stroke with high-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) (those containing 50-150microg of estrogen) there is evidence to suggest that this does not apply to ultralow-dose OCs - those containing <25microg ethinyl estradiol - when used in appropriate populations (ie normotensive non-smokers). Migraine with aura (MwA) increases stroke risk and that risk is directly correlated to the frequency of aura a factor that can be modified - either upward or downward - by combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs). The argument against using CHCs in MwA is based on the concerns that (1) OCs increase stroke risk (2) MwA increases stroke risk and (3) combining these risk factors might produce additive or synergistic risk. Evidence does not support concerns (1) and (3) and suggests otherwise. SUMMARY: The risk/benefit analysis of CHCs is shifting. There is growing evidence for a potential role for CHCs in the prevention of menstrual-related migraine. At the same time the risk of these products is declining as newer and lower dose formulations replace their historical predecessors. And although migraine aura is a risk factor for stroke there is not convincing evidence to suggest that the addition of a low-dose CHC alters that risk in non-smoking normotensive users. Selected hormonal preventives could potentially decrease stroke risk in MwA via reduction in aura frequency achieved by reducing peak estrogen exposure. With this shift in risk/benefit analysis it is time to reconsider the role of CHCs in migraine - both with and without aura. (c) 2011 American Headache Society.
Anhydremia with insulin and water intake.

Pronounced hypoglycemia due to the injection of large amounts of insulin has been shown by Drabkin and Edwards1 to be associated with a concentration of the blood. Although this symptom was invariably found, the animals studied fell into two groups: some developed anhydremia rapidly with an acute fall in blood pressure; a larger group exhibited a gradual rise in blood concentration with a well-maintained blood pressure. The clinical observations of Joslin, Gray and Root2 indicate that desiccation through diarrhea renders patients prone to dangerous insulin hypoglycemia.The natural outgrowth of the problem was to study the influence of the water intake upon the type of reaction with insulin, especially with reference to the severity of the resulting anhydremia. A more exact statement of the problem was framed in the question: “Will an animal which has been desiccated through water starvation react differently to a large amount of insulin than one which has had plenty of water?”The procedure was as follows:...
Nutrition Education for Cancer Prevention among Low-Income Populations: An Extension of the EFNEP Model

Abstract This paper reports a pilot test of the feasibility of implementing an extension of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) home-based nutrition education intervention in order to maximize involvement of participants’ naturally occurring social networks and to target cancer prevention eating patterns. Community residents served as hostesses of a two-session “Nutrition Home Party” and invited at least six family members/friends to attend the sessions, which were held in their homes. Paraprofessionals indigenous to the community facilitated the sessions. Nutrition education sessions were based on the Food Guide Pyramid and the Nutrition Facts label, with emphasis placed on encouraging participants to consume at least five servings of fruits and vegetables a day to reduce their risk of cancer. Preliminary experience with a home-based intervention model indicates that there is considerable potential for working through existing social networks to reach low-income populations.
Metal-dependent reactivity differences for transients formed by flash photolysis of (PNP)M(CO), M = Co and Rh.

Spin triplet (PNP)Co adds one CO according to a rate law first-order in each reagent with k = 9.3 × 105 M-1 s-1. In contrast, the transient produced by photodissociation of CO from (PNP)Rh(CO) forms, within 10 ns, the Rh(III) species [η4-tBu2PCH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2PtBu(CMe2CH2)]RhH, and this adds CO with a second-order rate constant of 6 × 106 M-1 s-1. The resulting monocarbonyl then slowly (k = 3 × 101 s-1) reductively eliminates H and C(sp3) to re-form (PNP)Rh(CO). The former two rate constants support the idea that a spin crossing between triplet (PNP)Co and singlet (PNP)Co(CO) causes a rate suppression.
Stencil Adaptation Properties of a WENO Scheme in Direct Numerical Simulations of Compressible Turbulence

Weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methods can simultaneously provide the high order of accuracy, high bandwidth-resolving efficiency, and shock-capturing capability required for the detailed simulation of compressible turbulence. However, rigorous analysis of the actual versus theoretical error properties of these non-linear numerical methods is difficult. We use a bandwidth-optimized WENO scheme to conduct direct numerical simulations of two- and three-dimensional decaying isotropic turbulence, and we evaluate the performance of quantitative indicators of local WENO adaptation behavior within the resulting flow fields. One aspect of this assessment is the demarcation of shock-containing and smooth regions where the WENO method should, respectively, engage its adaptation mechanism and revert to its linear optimal stencil. Our results show that these indicators, when synthesized properly, can provide valuable quantitative information suitable for statistical characterization.
Atmospheric tracer experiment uncertainties related to model evaluation

The verification and validation of air quality models is based on comparisons with observational data that can be collected in tracer experiments. The goal of this work is to assess the typical errors that can affect the model evaluation and validation when using real field measurements. The KATREX dataset was chosen for this purpose, since two different teams sampled and analysed concentrations at co-located samplers, therefore providing independent estimates in the same meteorological conditions. Tracers were emitted at two different heights, therefore four datasets are available for the analysis. Comparing the observations of the two teams, also through a statistical analysis, a mean error of 22.5% and a median error of 14% were found. The effect of this uncertainty in the validation of models was then investigated considering the predictions of a Gaussian and a Lagrangian particle models. It followed that the performances of the models could be considered 'good' or not depending on which dataset was used for the evaluation. Atmospheric model evaluation is based on observed versus prescribed tracer concentrations.Goal is to discuss tracer observation uncertainty using the KATREX dataset.KATREX dataset presents concentration estimations at co-located samplers by two different teams.A median error of 14% between the two teams data sets was found.Models accuracy estimation strongly depends on the dataset used for the comparison.
Slow crack growth in Si3N4 at room temperature

Tests of Si3N4 hot pressed with various types and levels of oxide additives show evidence of room temperature slow crack growth in delayed failure tests (using natural flaws), but not in fracture mechanics (e.g. DCB or DT) tests consistent with more limited literature data for these two types of tests. Neither type of test showed slow crack growth in either CVD Si3N4 or RSSN. Further the fracture mode in the latter two materials was essentially all transgranular, while it was predominantly (e.g. 80%) intergranular in the hot-pressed materials. It was thus postulated that (1) the oxide grain boundary phase is responsible for slow crack growth and; (2) varying distribution of the oxide boundary phase and grain boundary character result in sufficient boundaries not susceptible to slow crack growth to pin cracks with macroscopic crack lengths (i.e. as in DCB and DT tests). Both the much smaller crack front lengths and the large number of small (natural, e.g. machining) flaws allows some of these small flaws to grow to critical size, thus leading to delayed failure in the hot-pressed materials.
Use of the Terms “Base Cation” and “Base Saturation” Should be Discouraged1

Prescription des termes «cation basique» et «saturation basique» comme sources de confusion entre les notions de cations et de bases. Les termes «cation non acide» et «saturation non acide» sont proposes
A reconnaissance study of the hydrothermal characteristics of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska

A reconnaissance level study of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system was conducted to determine the near-surface thermal regime and to obtain information on the ground water flow regime within the thawed ground area. Measurements included soil temperatures, apparent electrical conductivity of the soil, electrical conductivity and temperature in the Pilgrim River, saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and ground water flow characteristics (direction and velocity). In addition the size, number and characteristics (geometry, direction of flow) of near-surface convective plumes were investigated. Measured temperature profiles were used to estimate ground water flow velocities. There are approximately 2–3 km2 of thawed ground surrounded by permafrost on the order of 100 m in thickness. The highest temperatures were found in the southwest quadrant of the thawed area where a pool of ground water at ≈ 92°C exists at 14–32 m below the ground surface. Temperature measurements suggest that water in the pool is flowing laterally and vertically. Temperature and electrical conductivity measurements suggest that this pool of water underlies most of the thawed ground area although the possibility of several, unconnected sources of hot water and multiple pools has not been ruled out. Conductivity measurements suggest that hot and/or saline water rises in convective plumes from the pool at about 40–60 sites. The Pilgrim River appears to be heated by heat transfer from the geothermal area. Saline ground water enters the Pilgrim River, probably through its bed, increasing the conductivity of the river water.
From local features to local regions

Local features are omnipresent in computer vision applications and an important building block for applications like object recognition and image retrieval. Such applications often involve feature matching or use an inverted index to efficiently retrieve similar local features for a given query. In such cases it is commonly known that local features are often not informative yielding mismatches and false positives when used for feature matching (see Figure 1)or retrieval. As a result retrieval systems employ expensive post-retrieval verification steps. These observations underline the importance of embedding spatial information of a local image region directly within the index to decrease the number of false positives upon retrieval. We present our latest method for embedding spatial information into an index by bundling local feature triples for logo recognition. We give an overview of our feature representation, describe currently ongoing research and pose open questions for discussion.
Extraosseous calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor)

A 20-year-old man presented with a painless enlargement of the maxillary gingiva with no bone involvement. Microscopic examination with special stains confirmed the diagnosis of a clear cell variant of a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor). This is the second reported case of such a variant in an extraosseous location.
Capsulorrhaphy for Revisionary Breast Surgery

Background Despite more than 3 million breast implant surgeries performed to date, the common sequela of implant malposition is a problem to which little attention has been paid in the literature. It can be treated predictably and relatively simply with capsulorrhaphy and mirror-image capsulotomy. Additionally, capsulorrhaphy can be used to reduce the size of the implant pocket when changing to a smaller implant. Methods Several capsulorrhaphy techniques have emerged that allow a more precise result with less effort. In almost all cases of implant malposition, a mirror-image capsulotomy was performed to decrease the tension on the capsulorrhaphy repair. Silicone gel–filled implants were placed in all cases. Results Seventy-five patients underwent capsulorrhaphy for implant malposition or implant size reduction between May 2002 and March 2006. Of these patients, just under half (49%) had an accompanying mastopexy. Excision of capsular tissue and prolonged taping of the breasts were found not to be necessary. Average follow-up was 21 months; no complications were reported. Conclusions The current technique of capsulorrhaphy and mirror-image capsulotomy has demonstrated satisfactory improvement in implant malposition, without the need for excision of capsular tissue or prolonged taping. Patients did report that their postoperative discomfort was greater than anticipated.
Natural history of retained surgical items supports the need for team training, early recognition, and prompt retrieval.

Abstract Background Unintentionally retained items feature prominently among surgical “never events.” Our knowledge of these rare occurrences, including natural history and intraoperative safety omission or variance (SOV) profile, is limited. We sought to bridge existing knowledge gaps by presenting a secondary analysis of a multicenter study focused on these important aspects of retained surgical items (RSIs). Methods This is a post hoc analysis of results from a multicenter retrospective study of RSIs between January 2003 and December 2009. After excluding previously reported intravascular RSIs (n = 13), a total of 71 occurrences were analyzed for (1) item location and type; (2) time to presentation and/or discovery; (3) presenting signs and symptoms; (4) procedure and incision characteristics; (5) pathology reports; and (6) patterns of SOVs abstracted from medical and operative records. These SOV were then grouped into individual vs team errors and single- vs multifactorial occurrences. Results Among 71 cases, there were 48 women and 23 men. Mean patient age was 49.7 ± 17.5 years (range 19 to 83 years). Mortality was 4 of 71 (5.63%, only 1 attributable to RSI). Twelve cases (16.9%) occurred at nonparticipating referring hospitals. Most RSI procedures (62%) occurred on the day of hospital admission. The median time from index RSI case to retained item removal was 2 days (range 3,600 days, n = 63). Abdominal RSIs predominated, and plain radiography was the most common identification method. Most RSIs removed early ( Conclusions The finding that most operations complicated by RSIs were found to involve team/system errors and 2 or more SOVs emphasizes the importance of team safety training. The observation that early RSI removal minimizes patient morbidity and symptoms highlights the need for prompt RSI identification and treatment. The incidence of inflammation-related findings increases significantly with longer retention periods.
The neuronal lipid membrane permeability was markedly increased by bupivacaine and mildly affected by lidocaine and ropivacaine

Abstract We investigated the local anesthetic action on ionic membrane conductance (membrane conductance) and selectivity in membranes formed with neuronal phospholipids in the absence and presence of cholesterol. In membranes without cholesterol, 1 mM bupivacaine and ropivacaine increased the membrane conductance ∼4.5-fold; and 5 mM lidocaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine increased the membrane conductance by 2.7-, 2.8- and 22.2-fold, respectively. In the presence of cholesterol, 5 mM ropivacaine had no effect, lidocaine decreased the membrane conductance by 2-fold, and bupivacaine increased the membrane conductance by 17-fold. Local anesthetics did not affect the ion selectivity in membranes without cholesterol, but they all decreased the Na+ selectivity in membranes with cholesterol. Cholesterol reduced the lidocaine- and ropivacaine-induced membrane conductance increase by eliminating or reversing the Na+ conductance increase and by lowering the Cl− conductance increase. In the absence of cholesterol, 5 mM bupivacaine increased both Na+ conductance (38-fold) and Cl− conductance (19-fold), while in the presence of cholesterol it only increased Cl− conductance (26-fold). Of the local anesthetics studied, ropivacaine was the least membrane toxic while bupivacaine was the most toxic.
From leukocyte reduction to leukocyte transfusion: the immunological effects of transfused leukocytes.

In transfusion medicine, mononuclear leukocytes have been studied more often as contaminants of red blood cells or platelets responsible for adverse transfusion outcomes than as therapeutic cells; leukocyte transfusion has been effective in augmenting recipient immunity only in limited clinical situations. Studies in leukocyte reduction and leukocyte transfusion have progressed separately as if the leukocytes' adverse and therapeutic effects result from different immunological mechanisms. With growing clinical experience, however, it is increasingly clear that some adverse immune effects may be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Advances in clinical immunology, understanding of the variety of cells and functions in the leukocyte fraction of blood, and blood component preparation technology may lead to new ways of deriving immunological benefit from transfused blood leukocytes while minimizing their adverse effects. This chapter reviews the current uses of leukocyte reduction and mononuclear leukocyte transfusion, with an emphasis on the relationship between transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease and donor lymphocyte infusion in controlling relapsed leukaemias.
Efficient evaluation of generalized tree-pattern queries on XML streams

The streaming evaluation is a popular way of evaluating queries on XML documents. Besides its many advantages, it is also the only option for a number of important XML applications. Unfortunately, existing algorithms focus almost exclusively on tree-pattern queries (TPQs). Requirements for flexible querying of XML data have motivated recently the introduction of query languages that are more general and flexible than TPQs. These languages are not supported by existing algorithms. In this paper, we consider a partial tree-pattern query (PTPQ) language which generalizes and strictly contains TPQs. PTPQs can express a fragment of XPath which comprises reverse axes and the node identity equality (is) operator, in addition to forward axes, wildcards and predicates. They constitute an important subclass of XPath, which is very useful in practice. Unfortunately, previous streaming algorithms for TPQs cannot be applied to PTPQs. PTPQs can be represented as dags enhanced with constraints. We explore this representation to design an original polynomial time streaming algorithm for PTPQs. Our algorithm aggressively filters incoming data that is irrelevant to the query and wisely avoids processing redundant query matches (i.e., matches of the query dag that do not contribute to new solutions). Our algorithm is the first one to support the streaming evaluation of such a broad fragment of XPath. We provide an analysis of it, and conduct an extensive experimental evaluation of its performance and scalability. Compared to the only known streaming algorithm that supports TPQs extended with reverse axes, our algorithm performs better by orders of magnitude while consuming a much smaller fraction of memory space. Current streaming applications have stringent requirements on query response time and memory consumption because of the large (possibly unbounded) size of data they handle. In order to keep memory usage and CPU consumption low for the PTPQ streaming evaluation, we design another streaming algorithm called Eager PSX for PTPQs. Its key feature is that it applies an eager evaluation strategy to quickly determine when node matches should be returned as solutions to the user and also to proactively detect redundant matches. We theoretically analyze Eager PSX, and experimentally test its time and space performance and scalability. We compare it with PSX. Our results show that Eager PSX not only achieves better space performance without compromising time performance, but it also greatly improves query response time for both simple and complex queries, in many cases, by orders of magnitude.
DNA hypermethylation of tumors from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is associated with gender and histologic type

Background: We previously identified a number of genes which were methylated significantly more frequently in the tumor compared to the non-cancerous lung tissues from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Detection of methylation profiles of genes in NSCLC could provide insight into differential pathways to malignancy and lead to strategies for better treatment of individuals with NSCLC. Methods: We determined the DNA methylation status of 27 genes using quantitative MethyLight assays in lung tumor samples from 117 clinically well-characterized NSCLC patients. Results: Hypermethylation was detected in one of more of the genes in 106 (91%) of 117 cases and was detected at high levels (percentage methylation reference (PMR) ≥ 4%) in 79% of NSCLC cases. Methylation of APC, CCND2, KCNH5 and, RUNX was significantly more frequent in adenocarcinomas compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), while methylation of CDKN2A was more common in SCC. Hypermethylation of KCNH5, KCNH8, and RARB was more frequent in females compared to males. Hypermethylation of APC and CCND2 was inversely associated with proliferation score assessed by Ki-67 level. Conclusions: Our findings of differential gene hypermethylation frequencies in tumor tissues from patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell cancers and in females compared to males suggests that further investigation is warranted in order to more fully understand the potential disparate pathways and/or risk factors for NSCLC associated with histologic type and gender.
On Hilbert’s solution of Waring’s problem

In 1909, Hilbert proved that for each fixed k, there is a number g with the following property: Every integer N ≥ 0 has a representation in the form N = x1k + x2k + … + xgk, where the xi are nonnegative integers. This resolved a conjecture of Edward Waring from 1770. Hilbert’s proof is somewhat unsatisfying, in that no method is given for finding a value of g corresponding to a given k. In his doctoral thesis, Rieger showed that by a suitable modification of Hilbert’s proof, one can give explicit bounds on the least permissible value of g. We show how to modify Rieger’s argument, using ideas of F. Dress, to obtain a better explicit bound. While far stronger bounds are available from the powerful Hardy-Littlewood circle method, it seems of some methodological interest to examine how far elementary techniques of this nature can be pushed.
A study of the influence of satellite data on GLA analyses over the Atlantic Ocean during a period of blocking anticyclone development

This paper presents a statistical diagnosis of the differences between two Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres analysis representations of temperature and wind speed, one containing satellite data influences (SAT analyses) and one without (NOSAT analyses), for a case of oceanic blocking anticyclone development. Results, obtained using area means and standard deviations of the two fields and correlation coefficients and root-mean-square differences between the two fields, indicate that the inclusion of satellite data can have significant impact on ocean-domain analyses. This is especially evident if one examines higher-order fields that represent gradients in the basic variable fields or contain covariances between two different variables (e.g., advections). More specifically, the inclusion of satellite data resulted in a cold (warm) temperature bias at low (high) levels and weaker temperature gradients, stronger winds, weaker vertical wind shears, and a warm-air advection bias at most levels. The SAT analyses also exhibited larger standard deviations than the NOSAT for wind speed, relative vorticity, vorticity advection, temperature advection, and 500-mb height tendencies, suggesting that for this case the spatial variability of the circulation features were enhanced by the inclusion of satellite data. Even so, since height tendencies forced by vorticity and temperature advection were less sensitive to the addition of satellite data than were the advection quantities themselves, the dynamics of the blocking system was apparently less influenced by the presence of satellite data than was the structure of the system.
Analysis of clustered binary outcomes using within-cluster paired resampling.

Summary. Conditional logistic regression (CLR) is useful for analyzing clustered binary outcome data when interest lies in estimating a cluster-specific, exposure parameter while treating the dependency arising from random cluster effects as a nuisance. CLR aggregates unmeasured cluster-specific factors into a cluster-specific baseline risk and is invalid in the presence of unmodeled heterogeneous covariate effects or within-cluster dependency. We propose an alternative, resampling-based method for analyzing clustered binary outcome data, within-cluster paired resampling (WCPR), which allows for within-cluster dependency not solely due to baseline heterogeneity. For example, dependency may be in part caused by heterogeneity in response to an exposure across clusters due to unmeasured cofactors. When both CLR and WCPR are valid, our simulations suggest that the two methods perform comparably. When CLR is invalid, WCPR continues to have good operating characteristics. For illustration, we apply both WCPR and CLR to a periodontal data set where there is heterogeneity in response to exposure across clusters.
Partial oxidation ("aging") and surface modification decrease the toxicity of nanosized zerovalent iron.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a “redox”-active nanomaterial used in the remediation of contaminated groundwater. To assess the effect of “aging” and surface modification on its potential neurotoxicity, cultured rodent microglia (BV2) and neurons (N27) were exposed to fresh nZVI, “aged” (>11 months) nZVI, magnetite, and polyaspartate surface-modified (SM) nZVI. Increases in various measures of oxidative stress indicated that BV2 microglia responded to these materials in the following rank order: nZVI > “aged” nZVI > magnetite = SM nZVI. Fresh nZVI produced morphological evidence of mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis. In N27 neurons, ATP levels were reduced in the following rank order: nZVI > SM-nZVI >“aged” nZVI = magnetite. Ultrastructurally, nZVI produced a perinuclear floccular material and cytoplasmic granularity. Both SM-nZVI produced intracellular deposits of nanosize particles in the N27. The physicochemical properties of each material, measured under exposure conditions, indicated that all...
Government news management, bias and distortion in American press coverage of the Brazilian Coup of 1964

Abstract Using content analysis, this article analyzes American newspaper and magazine coverage of the Brazilian Coup of 1964. One of the most decisive events in Brazilian history, the coup instituted a repressive military regime that ruled Brazil for twenty years. The dominant press view, that the coup occurred to thwart an imminent Communist takeover, is at odds with historical scholarship, as well as with contemporary accounts in the alternative and foreign press. Looking at the evidence for bias and distortion in news coverage, the article concludes that this was not merely the result of incompetence, but in United States officials' ability to “manage the news” and make the press complicit in a campaign to hide the substantial United States involvement. The evidence suggests that complaints against government control of news and information in the Gulf War, as well as the issues of biased and distorted reporting, and even the notion of a free press providing necessary information for the electorate is not a recent phenomenon, but the norm in post-1945 American history.
Electrochemical reduction of sodium metavanadate in an equimolar KCl-NaCl melt

Electrochemical reduction of sodium metavanadate in an equimolar KCl-NaCl melt and the effect of acid-base properties of environment on this process are studied by a voltammetry method on a stationary platinum electrode. It is established that the limiting current of the NaVO3 electroreduction process has a kinetic nature. The process proceeds via an autoinhibition scheme and its rate is limited by an acid-base reaction conjugated with an irreversible charge transfer reaction. A substantial role of cationic composition of the melt is revealed experimentally. Following acidification of the KCl-NaCl-NaVO3 melt by Mg2+ (from MgCl2), the process passes from an irreversible kinetic regime into a reversible diffusion (quasi-diffusion) process. Values of stability constants for vanadates produced with the aid of acid-base titration of vanadium pentoxide by oxygen ions in experimental conditions are presented. These values are taken into account when calculating kinetic parameters of the NaVO3 electroreduction.
A preliminary cost analysis of the biotreatment of refinery spent-sulfidic caustic.

Caustics are used in petroleum refining to remove hydrogen sulfide from various hydrocarbon streams. Spent-sulfidic caustics from three refineries have been successfully biotreated on the bench and pilot scale, resulting in neutralization and removal of active Sulfides. Sulfides were completely oxidized to sulfate byThiobacillus denitrificans strain F. Microbial oxidation of sulfide produced acid, which at least partially neutralized the caustic. A commercial-scale treatment system has been designed that features a bioreactor with a suspended culture of flocculatedT. denitrificans, a settler and acid and nutrient storage and delivery systems. A cost analysis has been performed for nine cases representing a range of spent caustic sulfide and hydroxide concentrations at a base treatment rate of 10 gpm. This analysis shows that refinery spent-sulfidic caustic can be biotreated for 4-8.3¢/gal.
Complications of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with cystic fibrosis

Seven patients with cystic fibrosis who had complications of gastroesophageal reflux including abdominal pain, peptic esophagitis, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and esophageal stricture are described. We believe that these are gastrointestinal complications of CF and that they may be responsible for significant morbidity. The mechanical influence of a depressed diaphragm caused by hyperinflation, along with increased abdominal pressure with chronic coughing, may contribute to GER in CF. Early detection and treatment are important not only to prevent esophageal complications but also to increase the quality of life by relief of pain and by avoiding the resultant decrease in appetite, which can contribute to malnutrition.
ATTEMPTS AT INFECTING RINGED TURTLE DOVES WITH VIRULENT Trichomonas gallinae

Twenty Trichomonas-free ringed turtle doves (Streptopelia risoria) were inoculated per os with the highly virulent Jones' Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae. None became infected. Three F1 females housed together were similarly inoculated with this strain and remained Trichomonas-positive for upwards of 182 days. They showed no disease and eventually lost their infections. These three positive females “mated” and laid several six-egg sets in a communal nest. At successive nestings they were given: 1) a fertile domestic pigeon (Columba livia) egg, and 2) two fertile ringed dove eggs, all of which hatched. The pigeon squab died of trichomoniasis on day four; the doves survived to maturity. When trichomonads from these doves were placed in Trichomonas-free domestic pigeons the latter all died of T. gallinae trichomoniasis on postinoculation day 8.1 (average).
Recurrent urinary conduit bleeding in a patient with portal hypertension: management with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Abstract Objective . To determine if a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can control recurrent urinary conduit bleeding in a patient with portal hypertension. Methods . Following transjugular catheterization of the right hepatic vein, a long curve Colapinto needle was advanced through the liver parenchyma into the portal vein near its bifurcation. After a guide wire exchange, a catheter was advanced into the portal system and venogram was obtained. Following another guide wire exchange, a balloon angioplasty catheter was used to create the shunt by dilating the parenchymal tract between the hepatic and portal veins. A self-expandable stent was used to ensure patency of the shunt. Results . After shunt placement, bleeding from the ileal conduit and stoma decreased significantly. A duplex ultrasound at five-month follow-up demonstrated the shunt to be completely patent. Conclusions . Based on this limited experience, it appears that the transjugular, intrahepatic, portosystemic shunt is an acceptable method to control massive, recurrent urinary conduit bleeding in patients with portal hypertension.
The carbonylation of RuCl3 · xH2O in refluxing ethanol

Abstract The well known red solution prepared by the passage of CO through a refluxing solution of RuCl3 · xH2O in ethanol is shown to contain Ru(CO)2Cl2, fac-[Ru(CO)3Cl3]− and Ru(CO)Cl3/ [Ru(CO)Cl5]−2. Ambiguities in the preparation and spectra of these and other ruthenium carbonyl halides are discussed.
Diamond and carbon-derived vacuum micro- and nano-electronic devices

Abstract A “morphologically engineered” fabrication approach has been utilized for the development various configurations of diamond/carbon field emitter arrays and devices. Based on this approach, we have developed several fabrication processes to micro-pattern diamond and other forms of carbon structures and achieve topologically managed field emitters that optimize both the geometrical and quantum aspects of the Fowler–Nordheim governed field emission. We report the fabrication of (a) pyramidal and edge-shaped vertical field emission devices, (b) lateral diamond field emission devices, (c) nano-patterned nano-scaled diamond field emitter arrays, and (d) gated carbon nanotubes field emitters. Excellent field emission device structures over a large area have been achieved with these fabrication methods. The interesting field emission results of these devices suggest the potential of diamond/carbon emission devices beyond conventional vacuum microelectronics is significant.
Antifibrillatory versus antiectopic therapy

The concept of antifibrillatory action distinct from antiarrhythmic effect has recently been recognized. An antiarrhythmic (antiectopic) action leads to a decrease in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats. In contrast, an antifibrillatory drug action increases myocardial electric stability, decreasing the propensity for ventricular fibrillation. Agents with predominant antiarrhythmic action (designated class I) include lidocaine, quinidine, procainamide and disopyramide. Bretylium is an agent with predominant antifibrillatory action (class III). Amiodarone and sotalol are experimental class III drugs. The beta-blockers (class II) also possess antifibrillatory action, particularly in ischemic heart disease. The rationale for the use of agents with antiarrhythmic (antiectopic) effects is the reduction of triggering events for more complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias. These agents act by slowing conduction, decreasing abnormal automaticity and affecting phase IV depolarization. In contrast, agents with antifibrillatory action may exert little effect on cardiac conduction and automaticity. However, they raise the energy threshold required for premature electrical discharge to initiate ventricular fibrillation (ventricular fibrillation threshold). The inhomogeneity of electrophysiologic properties and adrenergic tone in different portions of the heart may be reduced or eliminated. Direct electrophysiologic effects of agents such as bretylium include a general lengthening of the refractory period and the action potential duration in the heart and a diminution in the disparity of their durations between normal and abnormal myocardium. Clinical studies are incomplete, but they support the concept of antifibrillatory therapy. In postmyocardial infarction patients at intermediate risk of sudden death, the broad use of oral antiarrhythmic agents has not decreased the incidence of sudden death, whereas high-dose beta-blocker therapy, which exerts experimental antifibrillatory effects, may reduce sudden death by 30 to 70%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Retrospective View of My Development as an Environmental Sociologist

Initially hoping just to contribute increments of useful knowledge by genuinely scientific social research, this formerly “mainstream” sociologist was alerted to environmental concerns by encounter...
A review of the aqueous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper

Abstract A review is provided on the aqueous reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper electrodes, covering the literature since the first report of the reaction in 1985. This reaction is of interest as a potential component of a carbon energy cycle (i.e. CO2 + energy → methane → CO2 + energy). The synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO2 is a complex multistep reaction with adsorbed intermediates, most notably adsorbed CO. The exact reaction mechanisms leading to the various products are not clear from the literature data to date and likely change over the range of conditions at which data has been reported. The reaction product distribution is also very sensitive the surface crystal structure copper electrode. The influences of various reaction conditions (potential, buffer strength and local pH, local CO2 concentration, stirring, and CO2 pressure) are discussed and some relationships between reaction conditions and products formed are presented.
Nonlinear Small Data Scattering for the Generalized Korteweg-de Vries Equation

Abstract We study the longtime stability of small solutions to the IVP for the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation. We obtain a lower bound for the degrees of nonlinearity of the perturbation which guarantees that the small solutions of the nonlinear problem behave asymptotically like the solutions of the associated linear problem. This behavior allows us to establish a nonlinear scattering result for small perturbations with these degrees. For a class of small data we improve the value of this lower bound. The new crucial ingrediants in our proofs are the L p -decay estimates of the half derivative of the Airy kernel.
Double Heterozygosity for the Codon β 39 C-to-T Nonsense Mutation and a Triplicate α-Globin Gene Locus Can Cause "Dominantly" Inherited β-Thalassemia Intermedia

ABSTRACT Background A β -thalassemia intermedia phenotype can be caused by multiple genotypes. Methods We studied a family where the mother was hematologically normal and both father and daughter had β -thalassemia intermedia. Results Both affected individuals were heterozygous for a codon 39 C AG-to- T AG mutation. They also were heterozygous for a triplicate α -globin gene locus ( ααα anti 3.7 ). Conclusions This compound heterozygous condition of a β 39 C-to-T mutation and triplicate α-globin gene increases α : β -globin chain imbalance and accounts for the presence of β-thalassemia intermedia. The proband received both an abnormal β-globin gene and a triplicate α -globin locus from her father. Although the phenotype seems to be dominantly inherited, because of independent segregation of the α - and β -globin genes, it is more accurately an example of polygenic inheritance.
Changes in soluble proteins during foot-pad development in Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract Changes in total and soluble protein in giant foot-pad cells of Sarcophaga bullata pupae follow a biphasic curve with maxima at stages 3 and 9. These polytene cells undergo a sequence of well-defined morphological changes involving deposition of adult cuticle. Alterations in soluble protein species with increases and decreases in concentration, as well as gain and loss of individual components, are associated with developmental events. Molecular heterogeneity and developmental changes of DOPA oxidase, acid phosphatase, and malate dehydrogenase are evident in foot-pad cells. 14 C-leucine incorporation into foot-pad protein is high at stages 5 to 6. These data are discussed in terms of their relationship to cell morphology, function, and chromosome puffing activities.
The Social Costs of Methodological Rigor A Note on the Problem of Massive Attrition

This article argues that certain threats to validity arise from the social, rather than methodological, consequences of research design. The need for an evaluator to attend to both methodological and social concerns is demonstrated by an example where the unchecked effects of the social consequences of a methodologically rigorous research design invalidated most of a planned evaluation. A second example is presented in which explicit trade-off decisions between methodological rigor and social costs enabled the evaluation effort to proceed.
Method factors associated with assessment of child behavior: fact or artifact?

A sample of 64 phobic children between the ages of 6 and 16, with their general population matched controls, were rated by parents on the Louisville Behavior Check List and Louisville Fear Survey and by teachers on the School Behavior Check List. The analysis of ratings by factor analysis revealed three instrument factors while a multiple discriminant analysis elicited a multidimensional phobic trait that crossed observers, situations, and instruments. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for multivariant analysis of behavior change as well as for classification of psychopathological disorders of childhood. The thesis is advanced that instrument factors elicited by factor analysis in psychotherapy change studies are statistical artifacts and that a multiple discriminant analysis is a more appropriate technique for the study of change as well as for classification.
Lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis Fatty acid synthesis in aortic mitochondria of cholesterol-fed and estrogen-treated rabbits☆

Abstract The effects of cholesterol feeding and estrogen administration on synthesis of fatty acids in aortic mitochondria of male rabbits were investigated. Fatty acid synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [1— 14 C] acetyl CoA into long chain fatty acids under optimal conditions. It was found that atherogenesis had no significant effect on the synthesis of fatty acids in aortic mitochondria. Estrogen administration to cholesterol-fed rabbits, although retarded development of aortic lesions, did not seem to affect the fatty acid synthesis. It was concluded that under optimal conditions which included optimum concentration of primer and disrupted mitochondria, neither atherosclerosis nor estrogen had any significant influence on the synthesis of fatty acids in aorta.