cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fate and identification of oil-brine contamination in different hydrogeologic settings

Abstract Past disposal of oil-field brine at the surface has caused substantial contamination of water resources in Kansas. Natural saline water occurs in and discharges from Permian bedrock in parts of the state, and other anthropogenic sources of saline water exist, requiring clear identification of different sources. Time-series analysis of Cl − concentration and streamflow relative to pre-contamination contents, and end-member mixing plots, especially for Br − and Cl − , are practical methods for source differentiation and quantification. Although regulations preventing escape of saltwater from oil wells were first passed in Kansas in 1935, much oil and gas brine was disposed on the surface through the 1940s. Hydrogeologic characteristics of the areas with past surface disposal of oil brine differ appreciably and result in large differences in the ratio of saltwater transported in streams or ground water. Much of the brine disposed during the 1910s to 1940s in an area of silty clay soils overlying shale and limestone bedrock in south-central Kansas soon ran off or was flushed from the surface by rain into streams. Chloride concentration in the rivers draining this area often exceeded 1000 mg/L after the start of oil production up to the 1950s. Chloride content in the rivers then generally declined to about 100 mg/L or less in recent low flows. Oil brine was also disposed in surface ponds overlying the unconsolidated High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas from the latter 1920s into the 1940s. Most of the surface-disposed brine infiltrated to the underlying aquifer. Where the High Plains aquifer is thin, saltwater has migrated along the top of clay layers or the underlying shaly bedrock and either discharged into small streams or flowed into thicker parts of the aquifer. Where the aquifer is thick, surface-disposed oil brine moved downward until reaching clay lenses, migrated latterly to the edge of the clay, and again moved downward if still dense enough. Water-level declines from pumping have increased the lateral migration rate of the saltwater contamination in the aquifer towards water-supply wells. The period of flushing most of the surface-disposed saltwater from the area of shale and limestone bedrock is on the order of many decades but is at least many centuries for the deeper parts of the High Plains aquifer.
Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory and an ambiguity in Chern-Simons perturbation theory

Abstract We calculate the one-loop effective potential for a matter scalar field in the N =2 supersymmetric Maxwell-Chern-Simons model. It is found that the degeneracy of the classical potential is not lifted by radiative corrections. We show that reduction to the effective potential for the Chern-Simons theory as a limit from the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory gives rise at one loop to an expression that differs from the result obtained solely within Chern-Simons theory.
A multi-layered metamaterial inspired dynamically tunable antenna

A multi-layered metamaterial inspired antenna with a pixel grid loading structure is introduced. The antenna consists of two layers separated by a thin dielectric substrate. The first layer contains a folded monopole antenna surrounded by a metal pixel based loading structure, while the second layer is envisioned to consist of a photoconductive pixel grid utilized to tune the antenna. The state of each pixel is controlled by a binary genetic algorithm, which is implemented with a Matlab-HFSS interface. HFSS simulations show that the second layer has a wide tuning ability with the appropriate state formed through optimization. As a proof of concept, the pixel grid on the second layer is initially made of a metal conductor. A state corresponding to a resonant frequency of 3.5GHz is selected and the antenna is constructed using conventional photolithography. The measured reflection coefficients are shown to be in good agreement with HFSS simulations, successfully demonstrating the ability to dramatically tune the antenna with a second pixel grid.
Peripheral neuropathy in ART-experienced patients: prevalence and risk factors

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common neurological complication of HIV infection that has debilitating effects on quality of life. While there has been a comprehensive evaluation of the prevalence of neuropathic signs/symptoms and risk factors (RFs) for PN or symptomatic PN (SPN) with initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in ART-naive patients, similar evaluation in ART-experienced patients is limited. This study investigated the prevalence and RFs for PN/SPN in ART-experienced patients enrolled in clinical salvage therapy studies. Between February 2000 and June 2007, 522 ART-experienced participants who experienced virologic failure with a prior regimen and started new regimens were followed longitudinally and annually screened for signs and symptoms of PN. Rates of PN/SPN at 3 years since parent study entry were 52.8 and 24.0 %, respectively. Aging, taller height, protease inhibitor use, and female sex were significant RFs for PN/SPN. The use of statin drugs was significantly associated with lower odds of SPN, and it may prevent progression from no SPN to SPN.
Strong coupling theory of synchronization in coupled-cavity lasers

The goal of this study is to understand synchronization and chaotic dynamics of coupled-cavity lasers under all coupling conditions. To achieve this, a strong-coupling model, which describes the temporal evolution of the laser variables as well as the spatial mode structure, is subject to bifurcation analysis.
Evidence for oral ingestion as the principal route ofantigen entry in bath-immunized fish

Abstract This study re-examines the route of antigen entry in bath-immunized fish by making use of a 150 kDa toxin molecule (from Clostridium botulinum type E) which acted as both prototype antigen and marker for its own entry, through its neurotoxic effects. Initially, toxin uptake was established as a function of dose by seeding serial toxin dilutions into small aquaria containing 4–10 cm goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). The possibility that gills or lateral lines were principal toxin entry points was ruled out by plugging fish oesophagi with a rubber-like, dental-impression compound. Toxin uptake was reduced nearly sixfold by this procedure. Water ingestion rates were measured by exposing groups of 8–10 cm fish for varying time intervals to a constant flow of water containing 0·2% toxic supernatant from a botulinum culture. The potency of this supernatant was determined simultaneously in additional fish by intragastric inoculation. The measured ingestion rate in 8–10 cm fish was at least 0·37 ml h −1 (with an additional 0·18 ml h −1 entering fish either by other routes or leaking past the oesophageal plugs). Therefore, if goldfish were immersed for 2 min in a bath containing 2 × 10 10 bacteria ml −1 , their gastrointestinal tract would accumulate at least 2·5 × 10 8 bacteria.
Maintaining the system with tokenism: Bolstering individual mobility beliefs and identification with a discriminatory organization

Two experiments examined the effects of gender-based token hiring practices in organizational settings. In Expt 1, women were exposed to organizational hiring practices that were open, token, or closed. Token practices served to perpetuate inequality by maintaining individual mobility beliefs and organizational identification. In Expt 2, both men and women imagined working for a corporation that planned to implement open, token, or closed hiring practices. Although women reported experiencing negative emotions in the closed and token conditions compared to the open condition, token practices maintained positive perceptions of the organization and individual mobility beliefs compared to the closed condition. Men endorsed more individual mobility beliefs as well as positive emotions in the token and closed conditions compared to the open condition. Token practices distort perceptions of fairness in both women and men. For women, token practices make group boundaries seem more negotiable than they actually are, while for men token practices legitimize their group's dominance.
Signal transduction: Splicing together the unfolded-protein response

Recent work has identified a transcription factor, Hac1p, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a component of a pathway that signals to the nucleus the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and has shown that Hac1p expression is regulated by a novel RNA splicing pathway.
Paronychia in Association with Indinavir Treatment

To assess a possible association between antiretroviral treatment and paronychia, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 288 human immunodeficiency virus-positive protease inhibitor recipients. Indinavir treatment-adjusted for age, sex, CD4 count, diabetes status and other antiretroviral drug exposures-was significantly associated with paronychia of the great toe (hazard ratio 4.7; 95% confidence interval 1.6-13.9).
Endoscopic therapy of small-bowel neoplasms

Abstract Although many patients with small-bowel tumors require surgical resection, the incorporation of device-assisted enteroscopy into clinical practice has changed the management of smaller tumors and polyps, particularly in those with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. The endoscopic management of select patients with small-bowel tumors can reduce the incidence of polyp-related complications (intussusception, obstruction, bleeding, and malignant transformation) and may reduce the need for surgical intervention.
The Curious Behavior of Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation-Implications for Entrainer Selection

We examine the simplest homogeneous azeotropic distillation sequence of industrial relevance, where an entrainer is added to a binary azeotrope to recover both azeotropic constituents as pure products. Despite its apparent simplicity, such distillation columns can exhibit an unusual behavior not observed in zeotropic distillation: For some mixtures, separation as a function of reflux goes through a maximum. At infinite reflux, no separation is achieved. In some cases, achieving the same specifications with a larger number of trays requires a larger reflux. Sometimes the only feasible separation yields the intermediate component as a pure distillate, while the bottom product contains the light and heavy components. Sometimes the only feasible separation yields the intermediate component as a pure bottom product while the distillate contains the light and heavy components. While these unusual features can be regarded as curiosities, they are essential for proper entrainer selection and design. For a minimum boiling azeotrope, the existing and conflicting entrainer selection rules state that one should use a component that introduces no distillation boundary between the azeotropic constituents (Doherty and Caldarola, 1985), and either a low or high boiling component that introduces no additional azeotrope or a component which introduces new minimum boiling azeotropes (Stichlmair et al., 1989). By taking advantage of the curious aforementioned features, as well as our experience involving more than 400 mixtures, we have been able to analyze the assumptions behind these criteria, show when those assumptions break down, and therefore understand the limitations of the criteria.
Multi-scale modeling of hypertension

The focus of this work is the coupling of a 1-D lumped parameter model representing the circulatory system to a 3-D finite element based left ventricle (LV) model in order to study the effects of mild hypertension on the cardiovascular system. A Finite Element LV model under normotensive loading (116/80 mmHg) was developed as well as a mild hypertension (165/90 mmHg) model. In both cases, coupled analysis was utilized so that at one diastolic time point and four systolic time points the values for the LV volumes and pressures were determined from the steady-state JSim solution. The normotensive model had an average first principal stress of 39.1KPa while the hypertensive case showed an increased value of 51.8KPa representing a 32.3% increase. A relatively mild increase in the afterload resulted in a pronounced increase in workload to maintain the same systemic flow.
Evolutionary mechanism unifies the hallmarks of cancer

The basis for the gene mutation theory of cancer that dominates current molecular cancer research consists of: the belief that gene-level aberrations such as mutations are the main cause of cancers, the concept that stepwise gene mutation accumulation drives cancer progression, and the hallmarks of cancer. The research community swiftly embraced the hallmarks of cancer, as such synthesis has supported the notions that common cancer genes are responsible for the majority of cancers and the complexity of cancer can be dissected into simplified molecular principles. The gene/pathway classification based on individual hallmarks provides explanation for the large number of diverse gene mutations, which is in contrast to the original estimation that only a handful of gene mutations would be discovered. Further, these hallmarks have been highly influential as they also provide the rationale and research direction for continued gene-based cancer research. While the molecular knowledge of these hallmarks is drastically increasing, the clinical implication remains limited, as cancer dynamics cannot be summarized by a few isolated/fixed molecular principles. Furthermore, the highly heterogeneous genetic signature of cancers, including massive stochastic genome alterations, challenges the utility of continuously studying each individual gene mutation under the framework of these hallmarks. It is therefore necessary to re-evaluate the concept of cancer hallmarks through the lens of cancer evolution. In this analysis, the evolutionary basis for the hallmarks of cancer will be discussed and the evolutionary mechanism of cancer suggested by the genome theory will be employed to unify the diverse molecular mechanisms of cancer.
Ecological generalization during adaptive radiation: evidence from Neogene mammals

Question: How does the evolution of a key adaptation affect niche breadth during an adaptive radiation? Organisms: Cenozoic horse and camel species, as well as Pleistocene ungulates. Predictions: Niche breadth theoretically could increase, decrease or remain the same as attainment of a key adaptation facilitates a niche shift. Simpson predicted a decrease in niche breadth (ecological specialization) when key adaptations lead to adaptive radiations. I test Simpson’s prediction by examining ecological response to attainment of high-crowned teeth (hypsodonty). The evolution of hyposdonty represents a key adaptation involved in many ungulate adaptive radiations. Methods: To test whether hypsodont ungulates have potentially wider or narrower niche breadth in respect to their non-hypsodont, pre-adaptive radiation ancestors, I analysed δ 13 C values in the tooth enamel of Pleistocene ungulates as a proxy for dietary breadth. For Cenozoic horses and camels, I measured the total number of biogeographic provinces and the total number of fossil localities in which individual taxa were found to assess breadth of habitat use. I considered these two parameters (dietary breadth and habitat breadth) as two major niche axes from which I qualitatively estimated niche breadth. I also compared taxon survival between low-crowned and high-crowned taxa, reasoning that if high-crowned taxa had less broad niches, their probability of extinction should be higher and their temporal duration shorter. Results: The δ 13 C values of herbivores from the Pleistocene of Florida revealed that high-crowned taxa fed on a diet of both C3 and C4 forage, while low-crowned taxa confined their feeding to C3 plants. In the Cenozoic horse and camel clades, there was no statistically significant difference between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the number of biogeographic provinces or localities occupied. Nor were there significant differences between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the duration of time a particular species survived. Conclusions: Simpson’s prediction that key adaptations that lead to adaptive radiation also result in decreased niche breadth is not supported in the case of the evolution of hypsodonty by the ungulates. Instead, the attainment of hypsodonty in these taxa broadened niche space along one of the studied axes (dietary variety) and had no discernible effect on the other (habitat occupancy).
Normal Uterine Cervix: Characterization of Isolated Lymphocyte Phenotypes and Immunoglobulin Secretion

PROBLEM : Isolation of viable cervical lymphocyte populations and characterization of their function in healthy tissue is necessary to understand immunity in the genital tract. METHODS : Normal, cervical tissue was digested using a multi-enzymatic digestion procedure. Lymphocytes were characterized using FACS analysis and ELISPOT analysis for immunoglobulin secreting cells. RESULTS : Following the digestion procedure, 0.16 x 10 6 ± 0.8 cells/g of tissue with a viability of 90-98% were isolated from normal cervical tissue. FACS analysis determined that B lymphocytes were the predominant cell type in normal cervical tissue representing a significantly higher percentage than that found in peripheral blood (P=0.015). T lymphocytes and NK cells represented a significantly lower percentage than that found in peripheral blood (P=0.0001 and 0.026, respectively). The largest percentage of immunoglobulin secreting cells isolated were secreting IgG followed by IgA. A limited number of IgM secreting cells were detected. IgA2 secreting cells represented 34.46 ± 4.6% of the total number of IgA plasma cells. CONCLUSION : These studies represent the first analysis of viable mononuclear cells isolated from normal cervical tissue. The results form a baseline from which it will now be possible to compare changes that occur at the cervical squamocolumnar junction in response to infection or neoplasia.
A population-genetic perspective on the similarities and differences among worldwide human populations.

Recent studies have produced a variety of advances in the investigation of genetic similarities and differences among human popula- tions. Here, I pose a series of questions about human population-genetic similarities and differences, and I then answer these questions by numerical computation with a single shared population-genetic data set. The collection of answers obtained provides an introductory perspective for understanding key results on the features of worldwide human genetic variation. In this expository overview, I seek to clarify recent developments in the study of the magnitude of the genetic variability among human populations. Specifically, I examine the answers to several questions about human genetic similarities and differences, all in the context of a single standardized set of samples and markers. 1. Are most alleles widely distributed, or are they largely confined to specific parts of the world? 2. Do distinctive alleles exist for specific geographic regions that distin- guish individuals in one group from those in other groups? 3. Of the genetic variants that exist in the human genome, how many are present within a given geographic region? 4. On average, how different are two individuals from the same local population when compared with two individuals chosen from any two populations anywhere in the world? 5. To what extent is it possible to determine the genetic ancestry of an individual using the alleles in his or her genome? 6. What events in human evolutionary history are responsible for the basic patterns of genetic similarity and difference evident in worldwide human populations? Rather than providing a systematic review, this article offers an informal introductory perspective on the basis of work that my colleagues and I have
Multigenerational Health, Development, and Equality

Purpose: Because of the significant aging of the global population, world regions are experiencing an increase in the number of generations within families. However, to date most practice methods in the health and human services are explicitly organized by age. This article discusses a multigenerational practice approach and the impact of an infusion strategy to integrate multigenerational practice into social work education. Design and Methods: A required first-year MSW course was targeted for concentrated infusion of multigenerational content cutting across substantive areas. To compare students' perceptions and needs prior to and following the infusion of multigenerational content, students were surveyed, and mean scores were compared between the two time periods. Results: Although the majority of social work practitioners work in multigenerational settings, most have received training that has been fragmented by age and relevant to only one stage of the life course. The vast majority of students endorsed multigenerational issues as important to social work in general and to their own professional careers. Following the infusion of multigenerational content, students' knowledge and skills in multigenerational practice increased significantly. Implications: A multigenerational practice framework honors the contributions, needs, and requirements of each generation as well as interdependence among generations. This approach prepares social work practitioners for practice, policy, and research that are more clearly relevant to the changing nature of the 21st century.
Glioblastoma subclasses can be defined by activity among signal transduction pathways and associated genomic alterations.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an umbrella designation that includes a heterogeneous group of primary brain tumors. Several classification strategies of GBM have been reported, some by clinical course and others by resemblance to cell types either in the adult or during development. From a practical and therapeutic standpoint, classifying GBMs by signal transduction pathway activation and by mutation in pathway member genes may be particularly valuable for the development of targeted therapies. Methodology/Principal Findings: We performed targeted proteomic analysis of 27 surgical glioma samples to identify patterns of coordinate activation among glioma-relevant signal transduction pathways, then compared these results with integrated analysis of genomic and expression data of 243 GBM samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In the pattern of signaling, three subclasses of GBM emerge which appear to be associated with predominance of EGFR activation, PDGFR activation, or loss of the RAS regulator NF1. The EGFR signaling class has prominent Notch pathway activation measured by elevated expression of Notch ligands, cleaved Notch receptor, and downstream target Hes1. The PDGF class showed high levels of PDGFB ligand and phosphorylation of PDGFRb and NFKB. NF1-loss was associated with lower overall MAPK and PI3K activation and relative overexpression of the mesenchymal marker YKL40. These three signaling classes appear to correspond with distinct transcriptomal subclasses of primary GBM samples from TCGA for which copy number aberration and mutation of EGFR, PDGFRA, and NF1 are signature events. Conclusions/Significance: Proteomic analysis of GBM samples revealed three patterns of expression and activation of proteins in glioma-relevant signaling pathways. These three classes are comprised of roughly equal numbers showing either EGFR activation associated with amplification and mutation of the receptor, PDGF-pathway activation that is primarily ligand-driven, or loss of NF1 expression. The associated signaling activities correlating with these sentinel alterations provide insight into glioma biology and therapeutic strategies.
Introducing the third U.S. preventive services task force

Providing preventive services to apparently healthy individuals in clinical settings is such a ubiquitous part of primary care practice that it is easy to forget that the concept is less than 100 years old. The idea that clinicians had anything useful to offer healthy people was a product of the 1930s and 1940s, during an era of rapid advances in public health and progress in the pathophysiologic view of disease. Claims that patients could benefit from "periodic health examinations" were initially met with skepticism on the part of most medical practitioners. But the skeptics were quickly converted, so that by the 1950s and 1960s the proliferation of screening tests and primary preventive advice was far advanced in routine clinical practice. Many clinical conditions for which diagnostic tests were available became targets for inclusion in periodic examinations, at one extreme resulting in programs of excess in which healthy individuals of means might be admitted to hospital to undergo a battery of screening and diagnostic testing over several days.
Mobile Supercomputers for the Next-Generation Cell Phone

AnySP demonstrates that power efficiency can be achieved on a fully programmable processor in the context of a future mobile terminal supporting 4G wireless and high-definition video coding.
Sequential CD4-Coreceptor Interactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Function: Soluble CD4 Activates Env for Coreceptor-Dependent Fusion and Reveals Blocking Activities of Antibodies against Cryptic Conserved Epitopes on gp120

We devised an experimental system to examine sequential events by which the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) interacts with CD4 and coreceptor to induce membrane fusion. Recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) activated fusion between effector cells expressing Env and target cells expressing coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) but lacking CD4. sCD4-activated fusion was dose dependent, occurred comparably with two- and four-domain proteins, and demonstrated Env-coreceptor specificities parallel to those reported in conventional fusion and infectivity systems. Fusion activation occurred upon sCD4 preincubation and washing of the Env-expressing effector cells but not the coreceptor-bearing target cells, thereby demonstrating that sCD4 exerts its effects by acting on Env. These findings provide direct functional evidence for a sequential two-step model of Env-receptor interactions, whereby gp120 binds first to CD4 and becomes activated for subsequent functional interaction with coreceptor, leading to membrane fusion. We used the sCD4-activated system to explore neutralization by the anti-gp120 human monoclonal antibodies 17b and 48d. These antibodies reportedly bind conserved CD4-induced epitopes involved in coreceptor interactions but neutralize HIV-1 infection only weakly. We found that 17b and 48d had minimal effects in the standard cell fusion system using target cells expressing both CD4 and coreceptor but potently blocked sCD4-activated fusion with target cells expressing coreceptor alone. Both antibodies strongly inhibited sCD4-activated fusion by Envs from genetically diverse HIV-1 isolates. Thus, the sCD4-activated system reveals conserved Env-blocking epitopes that are masked in native Env and hence not readily detected by conventional systems.
A deletion map of the WAGR region on chromosome 11.

Summary The WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) region has been as­ sigru~4.,tQ ~hromosome 11p13 on the basis of overlapping constitutional dele-tioas- found in affected individ­ uals. We have utilized 31 DNA probes which map to the WAGR deletion region, tagether with si.x refer­ ence loci and 13 WAGR-related deletions, to subdivide this area into 16 intervals. Specific intervals have been correlated with phenotypic features, leading to the identification of individual subregions for the aniridia and Wilms tumor loci. Delineation, by specific probes, of multiple intervals above and below the critical region and of five intervals within the overlap area provides a framework map for molecular char­ acterization of WAGR gene loci and of deletion boundary regions.
The High Frequency Indian Rhesus Macaque MHC Class I Molecule, Mamu-B*01, Does Not Appear to Be Involved in CD8+ T Lymphocyte Responses to SIVmac239

Although the SIV-infected Indian rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) is the animal model most widely used for studying HIV infection, our current understanding of the functional macaque MHC class I molecules is limited. To date, SIV-derived CD8 + T lymphocyte epitopes from only three high frequency macaque MHC class I molecules have been extensively characterized. In this study, we defined the peptide-binding properties of the high frequency Indian rhesus macaque class I molecule, Mamu-B*01 (∼26%). We first identified a preliminary binding motif by eluting and sequencing endogenously bound Mamu-B*01 ligands. We further characterized the peptide-binding characteristics using panels of single amino acid substitution analogs. Using this detailed motif, 507 peptides derived from SIV mac 239 were identified and tested for their Mamu-B*01 binding capacity. Surprisingly, only 11 (2.2%) of these motif-containing peptides bound with IC 50 values ≤500 nM. We assessed the immunogenicity of these peptides using freshly isolated PBMC from ten Mamu-B*01 + SIV-infected rhesus macaques in IFN-γ ELISPOT and IFN-γ/TNF-α intracellular cytokine staining assays. Lymphocytes from these SIV-infected macaques responded to none of these peptides. Furthermore, there was no sequence variation indicative of escape in the regions of the virus that encoded these peptides. Additionally, we could not confirm previous reports of SIV-derived Mamu-B*01-restricted epitopes in the Env and Gag proteins. Our results suggest that the high frequency MHC class I molecule, Mamu-B*01, is not involved in SIV-specific CD8 + T lymphocyte responses.
Can information from marine protected areas be used to inform control-rule-based management of small-scale, data-poor stocks?

McGilliard, C. R., Hilborn, R. MacCall, A., Punt, A. E., and Field, J. C. 2011. Can information from marine protected areas be used to inform control-rule-based management of small-scale, data-poor stocks? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 201–211.Many small-scale, nearshore fisheries lack the historical catch and survey information needed for conventional stock-assessment-based management. The potential use of the ratio of the density of fish outside a marine protected area to that inside it each year (the density ratio, DR) in a control rule is evaluated to determine the direction and magnitude of change in fishing effort in the next year. Management strategy evaluation was used to evaluate the performance of this DR control rule (DRCR) for a range of movement rates of larvae and adults and other biological scenarios, and the parameters of the control rule that maximized cumulative catch (over 95 years) for each scenario were found. The cumulative catch under the optimal DRCR was 90% of the cumulative catch from an optimal constant effort rule (CER). A small range of parameter values for the DRCR produced 75% or more of the cumulative catch produced from optimal CERs for a variety of assumptions about biology and initial stock status. The optimal DRCR was most sensitive to the movement patterns of larvae and adults and survey variability.
LEXICAL ISSUES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING.Birgit Harley (Ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. Pp. iv + 318. $29.95 paper.

Although the lexicon has traditionally been regarded as one of the three essential elements of language learning, the other two being phonology and syntax, it has often been almost ignored, or perhaps more accurately, taken for granted, whereas phonology and especially syntax have received most of the attention of theorists and teachers alike. However, there is now a growing awareness that lexical knowledge is both more complex than it appears and also more fundamental to learners' overall knowledge of a given language than previously thought. The volume under review is a good introduction to the complexities of lexical learning and a valuable guide for those who are interested in doing empirical research in this area.
An experimental investigation of the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability using thin foils driven by A1-MA Ltd

Foils may soon become necessary to achieve the required mass for higher current-driven x-ray sources. They may also offer useful options for x-ray pulse shaping and as imploding liners for magnetized target fusion. This paper reports our latest design and experimental progress on the dominant instability, the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability (MRT). Planar Al foils as thin as 400 nm driven by the 1-MA linear transformer driver (LTD), MAIZE, at the University of Michigan, are used as the dynamic loads for this investigation. Sub-nanosecond laser backlighting and spectroscopy diagnostic deployment, transmission line and load hardware, inductance considerations, and experimental progress will be presented along with MRT theory.
A study of machine learning regression methods for major elemental analysis of rocks using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract The ChemCam instrument on the Mars Curiosity rover is generating thousands of LIBS spectra and bringing interest in this technique to public attention. The key to interpreting Mars or any other types of LIBS data are calibrations that relate laboratory standards to unknowns examined in other settings and enable predictions of chemical composition. Here, LIBS spectral data are analyzed using linear regression methods including partial least squares (PLS-1 and PLS-2), principal component regression (PCR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), elastic net, and linear support vector regression (SVR-Lin). These were compared against results from nonlinear regression methods including kernel principal component regression (K-PCR), polynomial kernel support vector regression (SVR-Py) and k -nearest neighbor ( k NN) regression to discern the most effective models for interpreting chemical abundances from LIBS spectra of geological samples. The results were evaluated for 100 samples analyzed with 50 laser pulses at each of five locations averaged together. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were employed to evaluate the statistical significance of differences among the nine models using their predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) to make comparisons. For MgO, SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, and MnO, the sparse models outperform all the others except for linear SVR, while for Na 2 O, K 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , the sparse methods produce inferior results, likely because their emission lines in this energy range have lower transition probabilities. The strong performance of the sparse methods in this study suggests that use of dimensionality-reduction techniques as a preprocessing step may improve the performance of the linear models. Nonlinear methods tend to overfit the data and predict less accurately, while the linear methods proved to be more generalizable with better predictive performance. These results are attributed to the high dimensionality of the data (6144 channels) relative to the small number of samples studied. The best-performing models were SVR-Lin for SiO 2 , MgO, Fe 2 O 3 , and Na 2 O, lasso for Al 2 O 3 , elastic net for MnO, and PLS-1 for CaO, TiO 2 , and K 2 O. Although these differences in model performance between methods were identified, most of the models produce comparable results when p ≤ 0.05 and all techniques except kNN produced statistically-indistinguishable results. It is likely that a combination of models could be used together to yield a lower total error of prediction, depending on the requirements of the user.
Assessing idea fluency through the student design process

Engineering design is a complex activity for students to undertake and for instructors to assess. This research uses large learner data sets collected through automatic, unobtrusive logging of student actions in a CAD platform to address this difficulty in observing design behavior. We used a computer-aided design software that captured student design activities to investigate patterns of student design behaviors that are associated with idea fluency. We show how micro-level process data can be used to validate observations made from viewing the student design process through design replays. Students who engaged in high idea fluency showed evidence of fluency in both process data and design replays. Similar patterns were observed for low idea fluency students. There is great potential to investigate student design learning through system-collected data. Yet, how to justify the inferences made about students based on their process data is largely unexplored. Our results demonstrate how traditional forms of assessment data can be used to validate inferences made by process data. Implications of this work would be highly relevant to engineering educators as well as researchers who are interested in understanding the relationship between learner analytics and student learning.
“Cat-gras” delusion: a unique misidentification syndrome and a novel explanation

ABSRACT Capgras syndrome is a distressing delusion found in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases where a patient believes that a family member, friend, or loved one has been replaced by an imposter. Patients recognize the physical resemblance of a familiar acquaintance but feel that the identity of that person is no longer the same. Here we describe a 73-year-old male with right posterior frontal and bilateral anterior-medial frontal damage from prior brain trauma with a similar delusion of an imposter replacing his pet cat. Misidentification syndromes for animals, as opposed to humans, have been rarely reported. Neuropsychological testing showed deficits in executive processing and memory retrieval with prominent intrusions and false positive responses. The delusional belief content in Capgras syndrome has been hypothesized to result from loss of an emotional or autonomic response to familiar stimuli, from theory of mind deficits, or from loss of self-environment distinctions. We instead propose that Capgras delusions result from a dysfunction in linking external stimuli with retrieved internal autobiographical memories pertaining to that object. This leads to an erroneously learned identity that persists as a specific delusional belief.
Expanding the Comprehensive Open-architecture Space Mission Operations System (COSMOS) for integrated Guidance, Navigation and Control of Multiple Small Satellites

The idea of using multiple small satellites is becoming very attractive for future space missions. As a consequence the cooperative motion for teams of autonomous small spacecraft systems is also becoming increasingly important for maneuvers such formation ying, docking and proximity operations for small satellites. This paper describes the work we have developed to address some of these problems by creating an integrated framework for Guidance, Navigation and Control (iGNC) for two satellites using the Comprehensive Open-architecture Space Mission Operations System (COSMOS). We also present a new guidance law that optimizes fuel consumption for the two-satellite system. An important outcome of this work is the development of a comprehensive software that extends the iGNC framework to almost ight-ready software that is modular and easy to improve, and can also be used for mission simulation rehearsals.
Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice.

The use of cell phones while driving is ubiquitous, particularly in countries where the practice is legal. However, surveys indicate that most drivers favor legislation to limit the use of mobile devices during the operation of a vehicle. A study was conducted to understand this inconsistency between what drivers do and what they advocate for others. Participants completed a survey about their driving attitudes, abilities, and behaviors. Following previous research, drivers reported using cell phones for benefits such as getting work done. The hypocrisy of using cell phones while advocating restrictions appears to stem from differences in the perceived safety risks of self vs. others’ use of cell phones. Many if not most drivers believe they can drive safely while using mobile devices. However, they lack confidence in others’ ability to drive safely while distracted and believe that others’ use of cell phones is dangerous. The threat to public safety of others’ usage of mobile devices was one of the strongest independent predictors of support for legislation to restrict cell phone use.
Mediator of hepatic amino acid flux in infected rats.

SummaryLive D. pneumoniae, but not endotoxin or double-stranded polynucleotides, stimulated a flux of cycloleucine into liver. Sterile, 2-hr serum from D. pneumoniae-infected rats and secretions obtained from rat peritoneal leukocytes can also mediate a flux of cycloleucine into liver of normal recipient rats. The data were interpreted as evidence that one or more proteins synthesized and excreted by leukocytes can act as humoral intermediates in the stimulation of amino acid flux into liver tissue.
Fisher's rules: learning from the master himself

In my first year of neurology residency in New York, my consultant, Josh Torgovnick, gave me this paper (Fisher's rules), which has guided me since.1 The author, Louis R Caplan, was C Miller Fisher's last fellow at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Caplan lists 17 rules that guided Dr Fisher's practice (figure 1). In India, the Sanskrit term for master is ‘guru’. It takes years of …
DUCK82 - A COASTAL STORM PROCESSES EXPERIMENT

In recent years, several field experiments have been conducted to define nearshore processes and sediment transport patterns under "normal" wave and wind conditions. Large arrays of wave and current measuring sensors, combined with bathymetric surveys, have provided preliminary evidence of complex relationships between forcing processes and sediment response. To date, however, lack of both rugged instrumentation and a means to survey nearshore areas during high wave conditions have precluded measurements of storm-related nearshore processes. To document the response of a typical East Coast site to extratropical storms (northeasters), a cooperative experiment known as DUCK- 82, was conducted in October, 1982 at the Field Research Facility (FRF) of the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, Miss. Participating in the experiment were investigators from the FRF, the 0. S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, and the University of Washington. Newly developed sensors and equipment were deployed which, for the first time, allowed a comprehensive analysis of the processes affecting the magnitude and time scale of short-term nearshore response.
Research Progress on the Removal of Mercury from Coal-fired flue Gas

The status of mercury control technologies in and out of China was introduced from pre,in and post combustion for coal-fired power plants.The technology of the mercury control after coal combustion was presented in detail,including adsorption,catalytic oxidation and the existing equipment.The characteristic and purification efficiency of all technologies for mercury removal were compared.Finally,the tendency of mercury control technologies was discussed.
Neonatal outcome in alloimmune thrombocytopenia after maternal treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin

Background Weekly maternal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the cornerstone of antenatal treatment of foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). The aim of this study was to describe the neonatal outcome and management in neonates with FNAIT treated antenatally with IVIG.
Quantitative evaluation of gadoxetate hepatocyte phase homogeneity: potential imaging markers for detection of early cirrhosis ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Objective Does quantitative analysis of the gadoxetate hepatocyte phase homogeneity, measuring percent standard deviation of hepatocyte phase (SDHP) and liver-to-kidney enhancement ratio (LiKER) detect early hepatic fibrosis? Materials and methods Retrospective review of gadoxetate liver MRI plus biopsy-proven fibrosis within 6 months included 31 reversible hepatic fibrosis, 33 irreversible hepatic fibrosis, and 15 donors. Parenchymal and vascular SDHP and LiKER were measured on the 20-min hepatocyte phase using region of interest. Results Parenchymal SDHP, vascular SDHP and LiKER measurements differentiate early hepatic fibrosis from controls ( P Conclusion Quantitative analysis of gadoxetate hepatocyte phase homogeneity using SDHP and LiKER is a promising imaging biomarker for diagnosis of early liver fibrosis.
Cytoplasmic phosphates in Na(+)-K+ balance in KCN-poisoned rat heart: a 87Rb-, 23Na-, and 31P-NMR study.

The effect on intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) and Rb+ fluxes if reduced [ATP]/ [ADP] and increased Pi has been investigated by 1 mM potassium cyanide (KCN) or KCl (control) infusion (24 min) in Langendo...
Rash on the upper arm.

A 74-year-old man presents with a chief complaint of a pruritic rash on the left upper extremity, which has been present for 2 weeks. He routinely uses diphenhydramine cream for minor itchiness but says that he has applied this to both upper extremities during the preceding weeks, without relief. He often drives his car with the driver's side window rolled down.
Structural and Physical Properties of the Solid Solution Series Bi4V2−xNixO11−1.5x☆

Abstract The compounds Bi4V2−xNixO11−1.5x,x≤0.35, were prepared by solid state reaction. Theαphase is present at room temperature forx≤0.20 and theγphase is stable for greater Ni concentrations. The oxygen ion vacancies in thex=0.30 phase exist in the equatorial plane of the V/Ni coordination octahedron. Thex=0.30 phase is paramagnetic. As the Ni concentration decreases the magnetic spin structure gradually changes to that of an amorphous spin glass. At 833 K the ionic conductivityσ=3.16×10−2S cm−1. The ionic conductivity decreases with increasing Ni concentration.
Multiuser Network Codes based on symmetric matrices

Cooperative communications is a candidate technology for future network designs. In this paper, a design of distributed network coding is introduced. The proposed design are based on algebraic constructions in Finite Field using symmetric Matrices. These set of codes are an alternative to Generalized Dynamic Network Codes (GDNC). A rich feature of these codes are a high diversity and ease of scalability to larger network designs. Finite fields has a unique feature of constraining the signal energy and its performance does not deteriorate much when transmitted through fading channels. Results are compared with theoretical evaluations.