cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When humans become animals: Development of the animal category in early childhood.

Abstract The current study examines 3- and 5-year-olds’ representation of the concept we label ‘animal’ and its two nested concepts – animal contrastive (including only non-human animals) and animal inclusive (including both humans and non-human animals). Building upon evidence that naming promotes object categorization, we introduced a novel noun for two distinct objects, and analyzed children’s patterns of extension. In Experiment 1, children heard a novel noun in conjunction with two non-human animals (dog, bird). Here, both 3- and 5-year-olds readily accessed animal contrastive and extended the noun systematically to other (previously un-named) non-human animals. In Experiment 2, children heard a novel noun in conjunction with a human and non-human animal. Here, 5-year-olds (but not 3-year-olds) accessed animal inclusive and extended the noun systematically to humans and non-human animals. These results underscore the developmental challenge facing young children as they identify the scope of the fundamental biological term ‘animal’ and its corresponding, nested concept(s).
Susceptibility of Nocardia asteroides to 45 Antimicrobial Agents In Vitro

Abstract A method for preparing uniformly dispersed cultures of Nocardia asteroides for use in tests for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is described. The minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC) of 45 agents for cultures thus prepared was determined with the use of a replica-inoculating apparatus. Minocycline at a concentration of 3.1 μg or less/ml inhibited 90% of the strains tested, and all were inhibited by 6.3 μg/ml. An erythromycin concentration of 0.8 μg or less/ml inhibited 40% of the strains, but the MIC for most of the others was > 100 μg/ml. The other agents were generally less active. Chemically related analogues varied in activity to different degrees. Also, the MIC of each antibiotic against different strains generally varied over a wide range. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim were not active against most strains in the method used. The size of the inoculum markedly affected the MIC of sulfonamides and had variable effects on other agents. Marked synergy of erythromycin with ampicillin was demonstrated for nearly all strains tested.
P2.167 Computer Self-Interview Increases the Identification of Previously HIV-Diagnosed STD Clinic Patients Who Are Out of HIV Care

Background STD Clinics are one venue in which to identify HIV-diagnosed persons disengaged from HIV care. Methods We analysed data from previously HIV-diagnosed patients seen in the STD Clinic in Seattle, Washington, USA, October 2010-December 2012. The clinic uses a computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) during new problem visits, which queries HIV-diagnosed patients about their HIV care history. Clinicians interview patients who do not complete the CASI. We used chi-squared tests to compare the reasons for STD Clinic visits and HIV transmission risk factors in visits at which patients were non-engaged (self-reported out of care or > 6 month gap in care) compared to engaged in HIV care. Results Of 1369 visits among previously diagnosed HIV-infected persons, 913 (67%) included CASI. CASI visit patients were younger (median age 40 vs. 44 years, p Conclusions Many persons who are disengaged from HIV care seek evaluation in STD clinics. These patients are at elevated risk for transmitting HIV. Computer-based efforts to assess HIV care engagement increase identification of out-of-care persons, an important first step for re-linkage to HIV care.
Time-dependent dynamical behavior of surface tension on rotating fluids under microgravity environment

Time dependent evolutions of the profile of free surface (bubble shapes) for a cylindrical container partially filled with a Newtonian fluid of constant density, rotating about its axis of symmetry, have been studied. Numerical computations of the dynamics of bubble shapes have been carried out with the following situations: (1) linear functions of spin-up and spin-down in low and microgravity environments, (2) step functions of spin-up and spin-down in a low gravity environment, and (3) sinusoidal function oscillation of gravity environment in high and low rotating cylinder speeds.
How stable is M2 money demand function in Japan

Abstract The cointegrating property of the demand for money in Japan has been investigated by several researchers who have provided mixed results. None has investigated its stability. In this paper we employ the ARDL approach combined with CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests to show that not only M2 is cointegrated with income and interest rate, but the estimated relation is stable.
Abilities of extracts of human lymphocytes to remove O6-methylguanine from DNA.

Abstract O6MeGua is a presumptive mutagenic and carcinogenic product in DNAs treated with methylating agents. The abilities of lymphocyte extracts from 34 apparently normal individuals to remove O6MeGua from exogenous DNA have been measured. The activity in extracts is stable to freezing and so permits repeat determinations and hence high precision in the assays. The data on removal are consistent with the idea that the removal is accomplished by the transfer of a methyl group to a methyl-accepting protein and that the protein acts in a stoichiometric fashion. Extracts from lymphocytes stimulated with PHA show on the average more activity than from unstimulated ones, although some extracts show no increase as a result of PHA stimulation of cells. There are large variations in the abilities of human lymphocytes to remove O6MeGua, but the differences are not correlated significantly with sex or age. Unstimulated lymphocytes show a bimodal distribution of removing activity, whereas stimulated ones show a predominant single peak of activity. Extracts of T lymphocytes are more proficient than those of B lymphocytes and of any other white cells. On the average the number of presumptive acceptor molecules per cell in unstimulated lymphocytes is between 14 000 and 110 000 and in stimulated lymphocytes between 40 000 and 140 000.
Small-intestinal mucosa in pseudoobstruction syndromes.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency and severity of small intestinal mucosal damage in pseudoobstruction syndromes. One hundred eighty-nine interpretable biopsies from 12 patients were blindly reviewed by two investigatiors. The underlying disorders were scleroderma in 7 and idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction in 5. All 12 had small-intestinal dilatation on small-bowel series. Eight of the 12 patients had biopsies characterized by moderate, to severe mucosal damage; 3 of these had some biopsies which were flat. The damage did not correlate with: (1) types and numbers of organisms recovered from small intestinal aspirates; (2) duration of illness; (3) degree of dilatation of the proximal small bowel; (4) concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in small intestinal fluid; or (5) amount of fat absorbed in fat-balance studies. We conclude that mucosal damage is common in pseudoobstruction syndromes. The pathogenesis of the damage and its relationship to intraluminal bacteria remain undefined.
Biphasic Change of Tau (τ) in Mice as Arterial Load Acutely Increased with Phenylephrine Injection

Background Diastolic dysfunction is the hemodynamic hallmark of hypertensive heart disease. Tau (τ) has been used to describe left ventricle relaxation. The relationship between τ and afterload has been controversial. Our goal was to demonstrate this relationship in mice, because genetically-modified mouse models have been used extensively for studies in cardiovascular diseases. Methods Increased arterial load was produced by phenylephrine administration (50 µg/kg iv) (n = 10). A series of pressure-volume loops was recorded with a Millar conductance catheter in vivo as the left ventricle pressure reached the maximum. The arterial load was expressed as Ea (effective arterial elastance). Tau values were computed using three mathematical methods: τWeiss, τGlantz, and τLogistic. Results A correlation plot between τ and Ea showed a biphasic relationship a flat phase I and an inclined phase II. The existence of an inflection point was proved mathematically with biphasic linear regression. Pressure-volume area (PVA), a parameter linearly related to myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2), was found to be directly proportional to Ea. The plot of τ versus PVA was also biphasic. Conclusion We concluded that a small increase of the arterial load by phenylephrine increased PVA (index of MVO2) but had little effect on τ. However, after an inflection point, further increase of arterial load and PVA resulted in the linear increase of τ.
Alcohol and Drug Testing of Health Professionals Following Preventable Adverse Events: A Bad Idea

Various kinds of alcohol and drug testing, such as preemployment, routine, and for-cause testing, are commonly performed by employers. While healthcare organizations usually require preemployment drug testing, they vary on whether personnel will be subjected to further testing. Recently, a call has gone out for postincident testing among physicians who are involved in serious, preventable events, especially ones leading to a patient's death. This article will offer a number of counterarguments to that proposal and discuss an alternate approach: that health institutions can better improve patient safety and employees' well-being by implementing an organizational policy of "speaking up" when system operators notice work behaviors or environmental factors that threaten harm or peril. The article will conclude with a description of various strategies that facilitate speaking up, and why the practice constitutes a superior alternative to mandatory alcohol and drug testing in the wake of serious, harm-causing medical error.
Management of a spontaneous spinal epidural abscess: a single-center 10-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: There is significant debate in the literature regarding the optimal management of patients with the diagnosis of a spinal epidural abscess (SEA). Although some have advocated conservative treatment with intravenous antibiotics alone in select patients, recent studies have shown that patients treated without early surgery are more likely to have poor outcomes. METHODS: In this study, we review patients treated at a tertiary medical center with a spontaneous SEA. A total of 104 patients had a diagnosis of an SEA over a 10-year period. More than half of these patients presented with back pain alone and no objective motor weakness. Sixty-four patients (61.5%) were treated conservatively with computed tomography-guided aspiration or antibiotics alone based on blood cultures, whereas 40 patients (38.5%) underwent surgical decompression. RESULTS: Of the patients managed nonoperatively, 11 % improved, 64% remained stable, and 17% died. Conversely, of the patients treated with surgery, 25% improved, 43% remained stable, and 23% died. Review of the imaging studies revealed that 65.4% of patients had a ventral SEA, whereas 34.6% had a dorsal SEA. Although there were no statistically significant differences between these 2 groups in terms of management or outcome, 30.6% of the patients with a dorsal SEA were paraplegic or quadriplegic, and only 7.3% of the patients with a ventral SEA were paraplegic or quadriplegic (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Our data do not support the hypothesis that patients treated without early surgery are more likely to have a poor outcome. Furthermore, we propose that the anatomy of the SEA (ventral or dorsal) should play an important role in determining the treatment plan.
Coping Intelligence: Coping Strategies and Organizational Commitment Among Boundary Spanning Employees

In this study, we develop a new theoretical framework of Coping Intelligence (CI) which examines relationships between coping strategies and organizational commitment among boundary spanning employees. We collected data from 452 boundary spanning salespeople using multiple sources. Results demonstrate that a formative model of Coping Intelligence (CI) is superior to a reflective model and that problem-focused coping contributes to CI which, in turn, is related to affective and normative commitment. Further, our more parsimonious formative model illustrates that positive problem-focused coping and negative emotion-focused coping contribute to both affective and normative commitment. After controlling for gender and salespeople’s commission (from company’s personnel record) in separate analyses, results remain significant. We provide additional insights: Females are likely to use emotion-focused coping than males, but gender is not related to organizational commitment. Salespeople’s commission is positively related to both affective and normative commitment but unrelated to coping strategies. We shed new lights on boundary spanning employees’ Coping Intelligence and organizational commitment and offer theoretical, empirical, and practical implications to coping strategies and business ethics.
Advanced Filter Tuning using Time Domain Transforms

The author has continued development on advanced techniques in tuning coupled-resonator filters based on the time domain response of a filter. This paper presents techniques to precisely tune filter coupling and resonators accounting for coupling masking, and effects of transmission zeros from cross coupled resonators.
Infrared microspectroscopy of live cells in aqueous media

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements of individual, live HeLa cells in culture and buffer media are presented. Spectral data were acquired using a newly designed live cell chamber developed in the authors' laboratory. Data were processed using MATLAB-based routines that correct for the overcompensation of water encountered during live cell measurements in aqueous samples. Data presented are from live cells monitored over an extended period of time as well as a comparison of live cells exposed to perturbing conditions.
Volatility in federal funding of energy R&D

Abstract Funding for Research and Development in any given industry or technology is considered essential to its ongoing competitiveness and longevity. This paper analyzes the allocation of federal R&D funding for energy between 2000 and 2012. The results show that funding for energy R&D is very volatile for both the aggregate energy research types, such as coal or nuclear power, and specific research areas, such as carbon capture and sequestration or nuclear waste reprocessing. While overall funding levels are often sources of frustration, budgetary volatility may be as much of a problem.
The ionization of cloud and intercloud hydrogen by O and B stars

The ionization and acceleration of neutral clouds in the neighborhood of a single O star located in a low-density intercloud medium (ICM) are analyzed. It is shown that due to ionized cloud debris, the rms electron density may increase to 1 per cu cm in the lifetime of the star. It is suggested that an O star which moves away from its primordial nebula at a velocity of 10 to 20 km/s may continuously surround itself with ionized cloud debris and may never extensively ionize a low-density ICM. The lifetime of a remote cloud exposed to relatively uniform Lyman continuum radiation is derived and evaluated as a function of position in the Galaxy. It is found that extensive O-star ionization of a low-density ICM cannot be maintained for more than a few million years if the cloud debris is not cleared away by, for example, supernovae. Various ICM models are examined in which B stars and possibly nuclei of planetary nebulae play a major role in the ionization of interstellar hydrogen. It is shown that such stars may ionize a larger volume of the Galaxy than O stars, even though the volume emissivity of their Lyman continuum radiation is only 5% to 15% of that of O stars.
Communication and Trust: Change at the Onset of Appointment to the Superintendency

In this case, a new superintendent has communicated what he perceives as a needed change affecting students and teachers on several campuses and a seemingly short timeline for making the decision to move off a block schedule. The abrupt nature of the announcement, combined with the circumstances surrounding the superintendent’s recent hiring has teachers and building level administrators wondering about his motives.
Surface heat fluxes and subsurface heat content at a site over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, May–July 1996

Abstract Observations from a surface mooring, in a weak-flow regime over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, were used to derive surface heat fluxes for the period May–July 1996. Changes in heat content of the water column also were determined from subsurface temperature measurements. Agreement of net surface heat flux and change in heat content was within 2%. This result provides additional evidence that heat advection and diffusion are small in this region.
The “Stop” and “Go” of Nicotine Dependence: Role of GABA and Glutamate

Nicotine plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of tobacco smoking. Importantly, chronic nicotine exposure alters the function of brain reward systems, resulting in the development of a nicotine-dependent state. This nicotine-dependent state is associated with aversive affective and somatic signs upon abstinence from smoking, often leading to relapse in abstinent smokers. This article reviews the role of the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively, in both the reinforcing effects of nicotine and development of nicotine dependence. Evidence suggests that blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission attenuates both nicotine intake and nicotine seeking. In contrast, both nicotine intake and nicotine seeking are attenuated when GABA neurotransmission is facilitated. In conclusion, medications that either attenuate/negatively modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission or facilitate/positively modulate GABA neurotransmission may be useful for promoting smoking cessation in humans.
Salp15, an Ixodes scapularis Salivary Protein, Inhibits CD4+ T Cell Activation

Tick saliva has pleiotropic properties that facilitate persistence of the arthropod upon the host. We now describe a feeding-inducible protein in Ixodes scapularis saliva, Salp15, that inhibits CD4(+) T cell activation. The mechanism involves the repression of calcium fluxes triggered by TCR ligation and results in lower production of interleukin-2. Salp15 also inhibits the development of CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune responses in vivo, demonstrating the functional importance of this protein. Salp15 provides a molecular basis for understanding the immunosuppressive activity of I. scapularis saliva and vector-host interactions.
DO HABITAT POTENTIAL, POPULATION DENSITY, AND FIRES INFLUENCE SCRUB‐JAY SOURCE–SINK DYNAMICS?

The concept of source and sinks can guide conservation, but empirical studies are needed to demonstrate that this concept applies to the real world. We investigated whether the source–sink concept could help to clarify the influence of habitat potential (scrub ridge characteristics), population density, and fires (shrub heights) on Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) demography and dispersal. We mapped territories and measured survival, recruitment, emigration, immigration, and shrub heights annually for 12 years. We classified territories as oak if they overlapped well-drained ridges, oak–palmetto if they overlapped poorly drained ridges >0.4 ha, and palmetto–oak if they only overlapped poorly drained ridges <0.4 ha. Territory size differed little among these categories but was negatively correlated with the annual number of breeding pairs, which ranged from 12 to 27. Scrub ridge characteristics influenced the locations of sinks and potential sources, whereas population density and fires caused t...
Decreased Slow Wave Sleep Increases Risk of Developing Hypertension in Elderly Men

The importance of sleep to health and cardiovascular disease has become increasingly apparent. Sleep disordered breathing (SDB), sleep duration, and sleep architecture may all influence metabolism and neurohormonal systems, yet no prior study has evaluated these sleep characteristics concurrently in relation to incident hypertension. Our objective was to determine if incident hypertension is associated with polysomnography (PSG) measures of SDB, sleep duration, and sleep architecture in older men. Participants were784 community dwelling, ambulatory men ≥65 years (mean age 75.1±4.9 years) from the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men Study (MrOs Sleep Study) who did not have hypertension at the time of their in-home PSG sleep studies (2003-2005); and who returned for follow-up (2007-2009). Of 784 older men included in this report, 243 met criteria for incident hypertension after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years. In unadjusted analyses, incident hypertension was associated with increased hypoxemia, increased sleep stages N1 and N2 and decreased stage N3 (slow wave sleep, SWS). After adjustment for age, non-white race, study site, and body mass index, the only sleep index to remain significantly associated with incident HTN was SWS percent (odds ratio for lowest to highest quartile of SWS: 1.83, 95% CI 1.18, 2.85). No attenuation of this association was seen after accounting for sleep duration, sleep fragmentation and indices of SDB. Percentage time in SWS was inversely associated with incident HTN, independent of sleep duration and fragmentation, and SDB. Selective deprivation of SWS may contribute to adverse blood pressure in older men.
Electrochemically initiated tagging of thiols using an electrospray ionization based liquid microjunction surface sampling probe two-electrode cell

This paper reports on the conversion of a liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) into a two-electrode electrochemical cell using a conductive sample surface and the probe as the two electrodes with an appropriate battery powered circuit. With this LMJ-SSP, two-electrode cell arrangement, tagging of analyte thiol functionalities (in this case peptide cysteine residues) with hydroquinone tags was initiated electrochemically using a hydroquinone-doped solution when the analyte either was initially in solution or was sampled from a surface. Efficient tagging (∼90%), at flow rates of 5–10 µL/min, could be achieved for up to at least two cysteines on a peptide. The high tagging efficiency observed was explained with a simple kinetic model. In general, the incorporation of a two-electrode electrochemical cell, or other multiple electrode arrangement, into the LMJ-SSP is expected to add to the versatility of this approach for surface sampling and ionization coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DataXchg: A Portable Data Exchange Toolkit for Heterogeneous Computing

In distributed systems, data generated on one machine might not be able to be used by others directly because of the incompatibility issue caused by data type, endianness, size and padding situation. Data conversion procedure is indispensable, especially in open systems. So far, there is no widely accepted communication toolkit to support heterogeneous data exchange, especially for aggregate type data, in high performance computing community. Most time, programmers have to handle data formats manually or pass scalar type data to standard libraries for symmetric data conversion. In order to achieve high programmability and efficiency in both homogeneous and heterogeneous open systems, a portable data exchange toolkit, DataXchg, is proposed. Data items are represented by binary tags and data conversion only happens in heterogeneous environments. It eases programmers’ coding work so that all data types, aggregate and scalar, will be exchanged easily between computers. Experimental results have demonstrated its effectiveness and performance gains in terms of productivity and data conversion speed.
Pharmacist Compensation for Cognitive Services: Focus on the Physician Office and Community Pharmacy

We provide a stepwise approach for the clinical pharmacy practitioner in the physician clinic or community pharmacy setting to secure compensation for cognitive services. How to establish compensation for pharmacist services is explored, including evaluating the payer mix, developing a relationship with the first- or third-party payer, becoming credentialed with a third-party payer, and creating a fee structure. We detail the physical process of billing, which involves completing appropriate billing forms, appropriately using billing codes, documenting cognitive services in the patient record, and obtaining the proper waivers and/or approvals to provide specific services such as laboratory services and immunizations. This comprehensive review of compensation for cognitive services available in the community pharmacy and physician office environment is designed to be a template for pharmacists to further develop specific strategies, implement fee structures, and obtain compensation in their pharmacy environment and payer mix. Exploration into these innovative markets will enable pharmacists to increase revenue as they enhance and expand their cognitive services for patients.
Dynamics and thermodynamics of water in PAMAM dendrimers at subnanosecond time scales.

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are used to study generation 5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers immersed in a bath of water. We interpret the results in terms of three classes of water: buried water well inside of the dendrimer surface, surface water associated with the dendrimer-water interface, and bulk water well outside of the dendrimer. We studied the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the water at three pH values: high pH with none of the primary or tertiary amines protonated, intermediate pH with only the primary amines protonated, and low pH with all amines protonated. For all pH values we find that both buried and surface water exhibit two relaxation times: a fast relaxation ( 1 ps) corresponding to the libration motion of the water and a slow (20 ps) diffusional component related to the escaping of water from one domain to another. In contrast for bulk water the fast relaxation is 0.4 ps while the slow relaxation is 14 ps. These results are similar to those found in biological systems, where the fast relaxation is found to be 1 ps while the slow relaxation ranges from 20 to 1000 ps. We used the 2PT MD method to extract the vibrational (power) spectrum and found substantial differences for the three classes of water. The translational diffusion coefficient for buried water is 11 -33% (depending on pH) of the bulk value while the surface water is about 80%. The change in rotational diffusion is quite similar: 21 -45% of the bulk value for buried water and 80% for surface water. This shows that translational and rotational dynamics of water are affected by the PAMAM-water interactions as well as due to the confinement in the interior of the dendrimer. We find that the reduction of translational or rotational diffusion is accompanied by a blue shift of the corresponding libration motions (10 cm -1 for translation, 35 cm -1 for rotation), indicating higher local force constants for these motions. These effects are most pronounced for the lowest pH, probably because of the increased rigidity caused by the internal charges. From the vibrational density of states we also calculate the enthalpies and entropies of the various waters. We find that water molecules are enthalpically favored near the PAMAM dendrimer: energy for surface water is 0.1 kcal/mol lower to that in the bulk, and 0.50.9 kcal/mol lower for buried water. In contrast, we find that both the buried and surface water are entropically unfavored: buried water is 0.9-2.2 kcal/mol lower than the bulk while the surface water is 0.1-0.2 kcal/mol lower. The net result is a thermodynamically unfavored state of the water surrounding the PAMAM dendrimer: 0.4-1.3 kcal/mol higher for buried water and 0.1-0.2 kcal/mol for surface water. This excess free energy of the surface and buried waters is released when the PAMAM dendrimer binds to DNA or metal ions, providing an extra driving force.
The Role of Structured Reliability Studies in Locomotive Design

This paper will illustrate how the rail transportation industry has benefited from the Electro-Motive Division (EMD) of General Motors Corporation adhering to a structured reliability process during the design of new locomotive models. This structured process continues throughout the life cycle of a locomotive to ensure that any potential product problems are detected and analysed and corrective action applied. Details will be provided on how the elements making up the EMD reliability process such as modelling, predictions, growth tests, verification tests and statistical analysis tools have actually been applied to development activities associated with new locomotives.
Alternative Personality Variables and the Relationship to Holland's Personality Types in College Students

This study examined the relationship of alternative personality systems and vocational interests in a sample of college students. The sample (N = 126) consisted of undergraduate college students who were administered the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF), the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), and the Sensation Seeking scale (SSS-V). It was determined that younger college students generally have undifferentiated vocational profiles. There is, however, a trend for men to be interested in Realistic, Enterprising, and Investigative vocations, whereas women were interested in Social, Enterprising, and Artistic vocations. Men and women had different associations between scores on personality inventories and interests in certain vocations. Finally, significant convergence between similar scales on the instruments was indicated. The findings reveal that the utilization of alternative personality traits and their linkage to v...
A Trace-Driven Simulator For Palm OS Devices

Due to the high cost of producing hardware prototypes, software simulators are typically used to determine the performance of proposed systems. To accurately represent a system with a simulator, the simulator inputs need to be representative of actual system usage. Trace-driven simulators that use logs of actual usage are generally preferred by researchers and developers to other types of simulators to determine expected performance. In this paper we explain the design and results of a trace-driven simulator for Palm OS devices capable of starting in a specified state and replaying a log of inputs originally generated on a handheld. We collect the user inputs with an acceptable amount of overhead while a device is executing real applications in normal operating environments. We based our simulator on the deterministic state machine model. The model specifies that two equivalent systems that start in the same state and have the same inputs applied, follow the same execution paths. By replaying the collected inputs we are able to collect traces and performance statistics from the simulator that are representative of actual usage with minimal perturbation. Our simulator can be used to evaluate various hardware modifications to Palm OS devices such as adding a cache. At the end of this paper we present an in-depth case study analyzing the expected memory performance from adding a cache to a Palm m515 device
On Generalized Multiple-Instance Learning

We describe a generalisation of the multiple-instance learning model in which a bag's label is not based on a single instance's proximity to a single target point. Rather, a bag is positive if and only if it contains a collection of instances, each near one of a set of target points. We then adapt a learning-theoretic algorithm for learning in this model and present empirical results on data from robot vision, content-based image retrieval, and protein sequence identification.
CADament: a gamified multiplayer software tutorial system

We present CADament, a gamified multiplayer tutorial system for learning AutoCAD. Compared with existing gamified software tutorial systems, CADament generates engaging learning experience through competitions. We investigate two variations of our game, where over-the-shoulder learning was simulated by providing viewports into other player's screens. We introduce an empirical lab study methodology where participants compete with one another, and we study knowledge transfer effects by tracking the migration of strategies between players during the study session. Our study shows that CADament has an advantage over pre-authored tutorials for improving learners' performance, increasing motivation, and stimulating knowledge transfer.
Triangulating Social Multimedia Content for Event Localization using Flickr and Twitter

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The analysis of social media content for the extraction of geospatial information and event-related knowledge has recently received substantial attention. In this article we present an approach that leverages the complementary nature of social multimedia content by utilizing heterogeneous sources of social media feeds to assess the impact area of a natural disaster. More specifically, we introduce a novel social multimedia triangulation process that uses both Twitter and Flickr content in an integrated two-step process: Twitter content is used to identify toponym references associated with a disaster; this information is then used to provide approximate orientation for the associated Flickr imagery, allowing us to delineate the impact area as the overlap of multiple view footprints. In this approach, we practically crowdsource approximate orientations from Twitter content and use this information to orient Flickr imagery accordingly and identify the impact area through viewshed analysis and viewpoint integration. This approach enables us to avoid computationally intensive image analysis tasks associated with traditional image orientation, while allowing us to triangulate numerous images by having them pointed towards the crowdsourced toponym location. The article presents our approach and demonstrates its performance using a real-world wildfire event as a representative application case study.
A Call for the Integration of Trauma-Informed Care Among Intellectual and Developmental Disability Organizations

Research exploring the occurrence of trauma among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) has grown over the past decade. Yet there is a dearth of literature investigating the impact of organizational factors on the trauma expe- rience despite this population's need for organizational supports. Trauma-informed care (TIC), a systems-focused model for service delivery, is a fast-developing interest among the broader field of trauma in the general population. It recognizes the prevalence and impact of trauma, and creates a culture of safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. The author synthesized relevant literature from both the intellectual and developmental disabilities areas and integrated this with TIC and trauma literature drawn from the general population. Explored are the implications of organizations for service delivery and the potential assimila- tion of TIC within I/DD organizations. The effectiveness of TIC applications and their potential barriers are discussed and related to the philosophy of quality of life and organizational culture. The author notes that some individuals with I/DD comprise a vulner- able subgroup of the population that in large part relies upon the support of organizational services to foster quality of life. Given the implications of the focus on quality of life, he posits that TIC presents as a viable response for organizations, complimenting and augmenting current efforts.
Avid Thyroid Uptake of [Tc-99m] Sodium Pertechnetate in Children with Goitrous Cretinism

Three children with goitrous hypothyroidism had thyroid scans with [Tc-99m] sodium pertechnetate, which showed symmetrically enlarged thy roid glands with uniformly increased activities compared to little activities in the salivary glands and low body background activities. These scan findings, simulating those of Graves' disease, reflect avid trapping of this tracer, analogous to that seen with 1-131. Perchlorate discharge test was positive in two patients, indicating an organification defect.
SAGE III solar ozone measurements: Initial results

Results from two retrieval algorithms, o3-aer and o3-mlr , used for SAGE III solar occultation ozone measurements in the stratosphere and upper troposphere are compared. The main differences between these two retrieved (version 3.0) ozone are found at altitudes above 40 km and below 15 km. Compared to correlative measurements, the SAGE II type ozone retrievals (o3-aer) provide better precisions above 40 km and do not induce artificial hemispheric differences in upper stratospheric ozone. The multiple linear regression technique (o3_mlr), however, can yield slightly more accurate ozone (by a few percent) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. By using SAGE III (version 3.0) ozone from both algorithms and in their preferred regions, the agreement between SAGE III and correlative measurements is shown to be approx.5% down to 17 km. Below 17 km SAGE III ozone values are systematically higher, by 10% at 13 km, and a small hemispheric difference (a few percent) appears. Compared to SAGE III and HALOE, SAGE II ozone has the best accuracy in the lowest few kilometers of the stratosphere. Estimated precision in SAGE III ozone is about 5% or better between 20 and 40 km and approx.10% at 50 km. The precision below 20 km is difficult to evaluate because of limited coincidences between SAGE III and sondes. SAGE III ozone values are systematically slightly larger (2-3%) than those from SAGE II but the profile shapes are remarkably similar for altitudes above 15 km. There is no evidence of any relative drift or time dependent differences between these two instruments for altitudes above 15-20 km.
INFLUENCE OF MARKET DIVERSIFICATION ON FARM INCOME VARIABILITY OF SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

Many decisions made by farm producers are based on expectations. The process of formulating and incorporating these expectations into decision making is difficult when high variability occurs in product prices, crop yields, production costs, or other factors affecting net income. Farm producers may be influenced by a number of goals in selecting combinations of crops to produce and marketing outlets for the crops. Two goals generally held to be important to farm decision makers are maximization of net income and net income stability. Given the price, yield, and cost of production variability characteristics of a farm enterprise and these two goals of farm decision makers, a fundamental problem is to determine what combination of alternative marketing actions can best satisfy the two objectives. A systematic examination of the relationship between the level of net income and net income variability for combinations of marketing alternatives would aid farmers in deciding on marketing actions to attain these goals.
Mating Competition in Colorado Potato Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Does Not Show a Cost of Insecticide Resistance

Resistance to insecticides is often linked with fitness costs. Although costs affecting lifetime reproduction in females will have the greatest effect on resistance evolution, fertilization costs in males, through less vigorous mating behavior or less effective sperm in resistant individuals, will slow the spread of resistance. We used a sterile male technique to measure the relative mating competitiveness of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), resistant or susceptible to imidacloprid. We showed that 5,000 Krad from a cesium-137 source was sufficient to sterilize male beetles. We tested mating competitiveness by placing a single resistant and a single susceptible male beetle with a virgin susceptible female in circular acetate enclosures surrounding potted potato plants, and we observed frequency of mating or mounting with each male and subsequent fertilization success. Resistant males mate just as often as susceptible males during 24-h competitive interactions. Hatch rate was correlated with the proportion of matings or mounts observed with the nonirradiated male, but no effect of the first or last male, nor of resistance on fertilization success was observed, and resistance does not seem to incur a behavioral or sperm-competitive fertilization cost.
A Comparison Of Capital Formation In Industrialized Countries

Capital formation in other industrialized nations requires our attention particularly because of the volatile changes in Europe and the Soviet Union. Using the multiple regression technique on data drawn from International Financial Statistics from 1976 through 1990, this study compares the impact of economic variables namely GNP, money supply, short- and long-term interest rates on capital formation in eight industrialized countries. The Changes in GNP, followed by long term interest rate and money supply, have a greater impact on capital formation than cost of funds as represented by short-term interest rates.
Alcoholic Hypoglycemia and Ketoacidosis

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism following ingestion of ethanol have been well studied. This article focuses on alcohol-induced hypoglycemia and alcoholic ketoacidosis and the appropriate treatment of these disorders.
Highest Efficiency Two-Photon Degradable Copolymer for Remote Controlled Release.

To address the scarcity of polymers that degrade upon absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light, we introduce a new polymer containing moieties in its backbone capable of highly efficient NIR-triggered photocleavage. The polymer rapidly undergoes backbone scission in response to both UV–vis and near-infrared light via two-photon absorption, as revealed by gel permeation chromatography. Cleavage of photosensitive groups from the backbone is confirmed by 1H NMR. These polymers were successfully formulated into particles encapsulating a dye that was released upon irradiation with UV–vis and NIR light, as indicated by changes in fluorescence characteristic of increased solvent interaction with cargo. Thus, this new polymer is readily photocleaved by UV–vis and NIR light, giving it a variety of potential applications in photopatterning and on-demand release.
Vacant urban lot soils and their potential to support ecosystem services

Urban soils are the basis of many ecosystem services in cities. Here, we examine formerly residential vacant lot soils in Cleveland, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan, USA for their potential to provide multiple ecosystem services. We examine two key contrasts: 1) differences between cities and 2) differences within vacant lots created during demolition, specifically pre-existing (i.e., prior to demolition) soils outside of the building footprint and fill soils added within the former building’s footprint. Deep soil cores were collected from vacant lots in Cleveland and Detroit. Soil properties that are proxies for three ecosystem services were measured: hydraulic conductivity for stormwater retention, topsoil depth and soil nitrogen (N) level for support for plant growth, and soil carbon (C) content for C storage. Both city and soil group contrasts created distinct ecosystem service provisioning based on proxy measures. Cleveland soils had greater hydraulic conductivity and greater soil C and N levels but thinner topsoil layers than Detroit. Within vacant lots of both cities, pre-existing soils had greater soil C and N levels, but lower hydraulic conductivity values than fill soils. Soil properties of vacant lots were generally suitable for providing multiple ecosystem services. City-level differences in soil properties created differences in ecosystem service potential between cities and these differences were evident in pre-existing and fill soils. When comparing between cities, though, fill soils were more similar than pre-existing soils indicating some homogenization of ecosystem service potential with greater redistribution of soil.
Infancy Weight Gain Velocity and Obesity Risk in a Low-Income Pre-Schoolers

This study examined the association between a growth velocity measure - excessive weight gain velocity (EWGV; >2SD WHO gender-specific velocity standards) during two stages of infancy (1-12 & 12-18...
Cataract development and removal. How to answer the questions a patient asks.

PreviewHow do cataracts develop? How are they removed? Are there any complications to surgery? By providing answers to these questions, primary care physicians can help patients with failing vision weigh the pros and cons of this common operation and decide if it would be appropriate for them.
China's Long March Toward Rule of Law: Conclusion: the future of legal reform

Twenty years ago few would have predicted that China's legal system would have developed to the degree that it has. Given the remarkable progress, skeptics who deny any fundamental change in the basic nature of China's legal system seem unduly pessimistic or cynical. On the other hand, liberals who think that China is on the way to establishing a liberal legal system of the kind found in Western democracies seem at once overly optimistic and underappreciative of differences in fundamental values that have led many Asian countries to resist the influence of liberalism in favor of their own brand of “Asian values” (differences which remain even after we discount the self-interested claims of leaders of authoritarian governments). I have suggested a middle ground. While the footprint of the system's instrumental rule-by-law heritage remains visible, there is considerable evidence of a shift from a legal regime best characterized as rule by law toward a system that complies with the basic elements of a thin rule of law. Despite numerous obstacles, the legal regime will most likely continue to develop toward some form of rule of law that meets the requirements of a thin rule of law. Yet there is little evidence of a shift toward a rule of law understood to entail democracy and a liberal version of human rights that gives priority to civil and political rights. Accordingly, we need to take seriously alternative conceptions to a Liberal Democratic rule of law.
Energy-Oriented Organelles and Activities: III The Chloroplast and Photosynthesis

The second type of energy-related organelle, the chloroplast, is so closely interwoven with its chief function, photosynthesis, that it is difficult to discuss one without the other. Furthermore, less obvious, but just as real, interrelations exist between this light-dependent production of sugars and other complex series of metabolic events such as glycolysis and photorespiration. Consequently, this organelle and these processes together provide that basis for the bulk of this chapter, along with less thoroughly explored topics that throw light on the ancestry of the modern organelle and its activities.
Updates on Keloidal Wound Healing

Purpose of Review Keloids represent an abnormal response to wound healing. Despite significant study into this area, the pathogenesis overall remains unclear. And though numerous therapies have been evaluated, many of these treatments have only been supported by weak evidence, and cosmetic results are often disappointing.