cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUMER Observations of the Quiet-Sun Transition Region

We present new results from observations of the quiet Sun taken with the SUMER spectrograph on the SOHO spacecraft. This study includes line and continuum emission covering a wide range of tem- peratures, and the data have been used to create a number of intensity maps with a —eld of view of D60@@ ) 300@@ and a spatial resolution of D1A. These maps reveal bright features that extend from D6000 Kt oD2 MK, indicating that much of the observed transition region emission arises in an atmospheric interface between the chromosphere and corona. The emission-line intensities over our —eld of view vary by up to 2 orders of magnitude and have lognormal distributions suggestive of small-scale magnetic frag- mentation. We —nd empirical evidence for a power-law relationship between line emission and electron density, with an exponent in the range D0.3¨1.0. Possible temperature dependence of the exponent is re—ected in the slope of the emission measure curve, which appears to change slightly with varying elec- tron density. However, there is no major variation in the shape of the lower transition region emission measure distribution with either the intensity or the size of the area studied. This indicates that ensem- bles of ii cool loops ˇˇ (loops physically distinct from those structures which reach coronal temperatures) are unlikely to be the source of this emission unless the size of the structures is considerably less than 1A. We also —nd that the Li-sequence N V j1240 emission is higher than expected, in agreement with several previous studies. It seems that this eUect diminishes with intensity, suggesting that it is unlikely to be due to the omission of density dependence in dielectronic recombination calculations. Subject headings: Sun: transition regionSun: UV radiation
Handling partial correlations in yield prediction

In nanometer regime, IC designs have to consider the impact of process variations, which is often indicated by manufacturing/parametric yield. This paper investigates a yield model - the probability that the values of multiple manufacturing/circuit parameters meet certain target. This model can be applied to predict CMP (Chemical-Mechanical Planarization) yield. We focus on the difficult cases which have large number of partially correlated variations. In order to predict the yield for these difficult cases efficiently, we propose two techniques: (1) application of Orthogonal Principle Component Analysis (OPCA); (2) hierarchical adaptive quadrisection (HAQ). Systematic variations are also included in our model. Compared to previous work, the OPCA based method can reduce the error on yield estimation from 17.1%--21.1% to 1.3%--2.8% with 4.6xspeedup. The HAQ technique can reduce the error to 4.1%--5.6% with 6x--9.4x speedup.
Acquired Resistance to Second-Line Drugs Among Persons With Tuberculosis in the United States

Background. Acquired resistance to second-line drugs (SLDs) is a problem in treating patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis worldwide. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for acquired resistance (AR) to injectable SLDs (INJ SLDs) and fluoroquinolones in the US National tuberculosis Surveillance System, 1993–2008. Methods. We selected cases for which the initial and final drug susceptibility test (DST) results had been reported. We defined AR as resistance at the final DST but susceptibility to the same drug at the initial DST. We analyzed AR using 2-way frequency tables and multivariable logistic regression. Results. The baseline prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis was 12.6% (1864/14770) and 0.38% (56/14770), respectively. Of 2274 individuals without initial resistance to INJ SLDs, 49 (2.2%) acquired resistance. Of 1141 initially susceptible to fluoroquinolones, 32 (2.8%) acquired resistance. The AR to INJ SLDs was associated with age group 25–44 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–6.3), positive HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) status (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3–4.7), MDR at treatment initiation (aOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.9–10.5), and treatment with any SLD (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI,1.2–4.7). The AR to fluoroquinolones was associated with MDR tuberculosis at treatment initiation (aOR, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.9–14.6). Conclusions. Among patients with initial and final DST reported, the risk factors for AR to INJ SLDs included age, positive HIV status, MDR tuberculosis and initial treatment with any SLD, while the only predictor for AR to fluoroquinolones was MDR tuberculosis at treatment initiation. Providers should consider monitoring SLD DST for MDR tuberculosis patients in the indicated subgroups. Antituberculosis drug resistance is a major public health problem around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the global burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, defined as tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, at approximately 650 000 cases in 2011 [1].
Fourier-synthesis of optical waveforms

The talk will describe the generation of an optical pulse where the spectrum is sufficiently broad that the waveform is a single cycle in length, and where the temporal shape of this waveform may be synthesized. Specifically, we report the generation of a train of single-cycle optical pulses with a pulse width of 1.6 fs, a pulse separation of 11 fs, and a peak power of 1 MW. To synthesize a periodic waveform that is not sinusoidal, it is required that the radiation be phase coherent across its spectrum, and that the bandwidth of the radiation be large as compared to its central frequency. To obtain a multi-octave phase coherent spectrum, we use Q-switched laser pulses at 1.064 /spl mu/m and 807 nm to drive the fundamental vibrational transition in deuterium slightly off resonance. An essential ingredient of the work that is described here is the use of non-resonant four-wave frequency mixing in xenon as a diagnostic for the generated pulses.
Comparison of Granular and Liquid Inorganic Fertilizers Used in Striped Bass and Smallmouth Bass Rearing Ponds

Abstract A study was conducted in eight striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and eight smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) rearing ponds to compare the effects of two fertilization regimes on water quality, zooplankton densities, and fish production. One treatment utilized granular inorganic fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), and the other utilized liquid inorganic fertilizer (phosphoric acid and ammonium nitrate); both treatments were supplemented with cottonseed meal. No differences were found in water quality, zooplankton densities, or fish yields. Both treatments produced adequate zooplankton for survival and growth of fingerlings in rearing ponds at stocking rates of 494,000 fry/hectare for striped bass and 19,000-81,000 fry/hectare for smallmouth bass. Liquid fertilization was the more expensive, costing approximately 200% more than granular fertilizer, and required specialized equipment to safely transport, store, and apply the highly caustic liquids.
A MEASURE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO SETS OF MULTIVARIATE RESPONSES

Let X and Y denote two distinct sets of multivariate responses, each of which can be a mix of continuous and ordinal data. Suppose that it is of interest to quantify the overall strength of association between X and Y. Our two approaches to this problem are to construct correlation coefficients similar to Kendall's tau in the bivariate case. The first approach uses the average concordance of each pair of individuals, where the average concordance is obtained across all possible pairings of variables between the two sets, as the kernel of the U-statistic. Then the overall correlation between the two sets of multivariate data is expressed in terms of the expected value of the kernel. The second approach estimates pairwise Kendall's taus between the two sets, then uses a summary measure to quantify the overall association. One option for the summary measure is to take the average of taus, and another option is to take the distance of taus. The two approaches yield the same results when the summary measure of the latter is the average. However, using the distance of taus can sometimes detect relationships not seen in the average. We illustrate the proposed methods using data from a national asthma clinical trial in which the first set of variables comprises 12 binary responses of skin allergen tests and the second set of variables comprises three continuous outcomes of pulmonary function and one clinical outcome.
Induced ablation of Bmp1 and Tll1 produces osteogenesis imperfecta in mice

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is most often caused by dominant mutations in the collagen I genes COL1A1/COL1A2, whereas rarer recessive OI is often caused by mutations in genes encoding collagen I-interacting proteins. Recently, mutations in the gene for the proteinase bone morphogenetic 1 (BMP1) were reported in two recessive OI families. BMP1 and the closely related proteinase mammalian tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1) are co-expressed in various tissues, including bone, and have overlapping activities that include biosynthetic processing of procollagen precursors into mature collagen monomers. However, early lethality of Bmp1- and Tll1-null mice has precluded use of such models for careful study of in vivo roles of their protein products. Here we employ novel mouse strains with floxed Bmp1 and Tll1 alleles to induce postnatal, simultaneous ablation of the two genes, thus avoiding barriers of Bmp1(-/-) and Tll1(-/-) lethality and issues of functional redundancy. Bones of the conditionally null mice are dramatically weakened and brittle, with spontaneous fractures-defining features of OI. Additional skeletal features include osteomalacia, thinned/porous cortical bone, reduced processing of procollagen and dentin matrix protein 1, remarkably high bone turnover and defective osteocyte maturation that is accompanied by decreased expression of the osteocyte marker and Wnt-signaling inhibitor sclerostin, and by marked induction of canonical Wnt signaling. The novel animal model presented here provides new opportunities for in-depth analyses of in vivo roles of BMP1-like proteinases in bone and other tissues, and for their roles, and for possible therapeutic interventions, in OI.
Traumatic axial dislocations of the carpus

Among 1140 patients treated in the last 16 years for any type of carpal fracture, dislocation, or subluxation, 16 (1.4%) patients seen with a traumatic axial disruption of both the carpus and metacarpus were identified. Most of these were crush or blast injuries. According to the direction of instability, the cases were classified into three groups: axial-ulnar disruptions (4 patients), axial-radial disruptions (11 patients), and combined axial-radial-ulnar disruption (1 patient). Treatment consisted of open reduction and percutaneous Kirschner-wire fixation in most cases. The results were less optimistic than suggested in the literature. An average follow-up of 61 months showed that prognosis was determined more by the associated soft tissue injuries than by the carpal derangement itself. Early management of both the skeletal and soft tissue components of the injury seems most effective.
Factors affecting feeding selectivity of visual predators on the copepod Acartia tonsa: locomotion, visibility and escape responses

Visual predation by fish on copepods involves prey encounter, attack and capture; during any of these processes prey selection can occur. Developmental changes in copepods, including increases in swimming speed, size and image contrast increase the encounter rate and distance at which they can be detected by predators. Copepods compensate for this increase vulnerability with age through diel vertical migration and improved escape capabilities. This study quantifies the changes in swimming speed and movement pattern with developmental stage of the copepod Acartia tonsa, using a video-computer system for motion analysis. Changes in visible size and image contrast with developmental stage were quantified under simulated natural illumination conditions using a video based image analysis system. The escape responses of the naupliar stages of the copepod Acartia tonsa were quantified in response to a stationary pipette sucking in water at a constant speed. Accurate quantification of the parameters that affect feeding selectivity of planktivorous fish will provide the basis for evaluation of their relative importance in future studies.
A photonic heterostructure produces diverse iridescent colours in duck wing patches

The colours of birds are diverse but limited relative to the colours they can perceive. This mismatch may be partially caused by the properties of their colour-production mechanisms. Aside from pigments, several classes of highly ordered nanostructures (thin films, amorphous three-dimensional arrays) can produce a range of colours. However, the variability of any single nanostructural class has rarely been explored. Dabbling ducks are a speciose clade with substantial interspecific variation in the iridescent coloration of their wing patches (specula). Here, we use electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, polarization and refractive index-matching experiments, and optical modelling to examine these colours. We show that, in all species examined, speculum colour is produced by a photonic heterostructure consisting of both a single thin-film of keratin and a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of melanosomes in feather barbules. Although the range of possible variations of this heterostructure is theoretically broad, only relatively close-packed, energetically stable variants producing more saturated colours were observed, suggesting that ducks are either physically constrained to these configurations or are under selection for the colours that they produce. These data thus reveal a previously undescribed biophotonic structure and suggest that both physical variability and constraints within single nanostructural classes may help explain the broader patterns of colour across Aves.
Staging Revolutionary France in Contemporary Costa Rica: Linda Berrón's Olimpia

ABSTRACT The production of Linda Berron's Olimpia: Drama en cuatro actos (1998) had a successful run in 2002 in San Jose, Costa Rica. This response to Olimpia, a play set in Revolutionary France and written by a Spanish-born playwright, indicates that it addresses issues relevant to contemporary Costa Rica. As an example of one type of intercultural theater, Olimpia profoundly explores the local culture where it was staged. A closer examination reveals that the foreign setting, with a particular focus on the historical figure Olympe de Gouges, allows Berron to critique the concept and structure of power in contemporary Costa Rica. Via an intercultural approach, Olimpia establishes a dialogue with de Gouges's ideas and those of feminist theorists from other parts of the world. Also belonging to the genre of historical theater, the play encourages those fighting for gender equality to move beyond various divisions and recognize their solidarity.
Prognostic significance of the location of wall motion abnormalities during exercise echocardiography.

Abstract Objectives Our aim was to determine whether location of wall motion abnormalities (WMAs) during exercise echocardiography provides independent prognostic value. Background The effect of the location of WMAs during stress echocardiography on prognostic outcome is unknown. Methods We studied 4,347 patients (mean age, 61 ± 12 years; 2,230 men) with known or suspected coronary artery disease by symptom-limited exercise echocardiography. An abnormal result was defined as resting or exercise-induced WMA. End points were cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Results There were 133 cardiac events (54 cardiac deaths and 79 nonfatal MIs) during follow-up (median, three years). In a multiple-stepwise multivariate analysis model, clinical and exercise electrocardiography predictors of cardiac events were age, gender, hypertension, typical chest pain, previous MI, smoking, and resting ejection fraction. The percentage of ischemic segments at peak exercise provided additional information to the model (p = 0.0001). The presence of abnormalities in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery distribution had an additional independent effect for the prediction of cardiac events (p = 0.001). Among patients with exercise echocardiographic abnormalities in a single vascular region, those with abnormalities in the left anterior descending coronary artery distribution had a higher event rate than patients with abnormalities elsewhere (3.2% vs. 2.1% at three years and 10.8% vs. 2.1% at five years; p = 0.009). Conclusions Exercise WMAs in the distribution of the LAD coronary artery are associated with an increased risk of cardiac death and nonfatal MI. This risk is independent of the resting ejection fraction and the extent of WMAs during exercise.
Construction of a Diverse Fab Expression Library from Autoimmunized Mice Based on an Improved Preparation of Cloning Arms from Bacteriophage Vectors: A New Library with Potential for Screening of Biocatalysts

This paper describes an improved procedure for the preparation of cloning arms from vectors Lc1 and Hc2 for the construction of cDNA libraries in phage δ for expression in E. coli of the combinatorial Fab fragments of the immunoglobulin repertoire from autoimmunized mice. It was found that annealing, dialysis and dephorphorylation after the restriction enzyme digestion of vectors were critical for the high efficient preparation of cloning arms. The construction of Fab cDNA libraries involves the use of primer-directed PCR amplification products of total RNA from autoimmunized mice. Fab production was confirmed by the immunoassay and sequence analysis. The partial sequenced genes for Fab fragments were different from each other in the FR4, CDR3 and FR3 regions, indicating a diverse nature of the library. This library may be used to screen for catalytic Fab's.
Latch-to-latch timing rules

Latch-to-latch timing rules that ensure the proper operation of synchronous systems are presented and analyzed. The rules state bounds on the amount of propagation delay for the combinational logic between consecutive latch pairs in a digital design. If the bounds are satisfied in a design, then setup and hold times are met throughout the design for each latch on each cycle of machine operation. The rules are quite general in that they apply to systems with multiple skew levels (a feature of most real systems), with multiple latch parameters such as clock to data propagation delays, data to data propagation delays, and setup and hold times, and with multiple clock pulse widths and clock phases. The abstract notion of a clock skew hierarchy is introduced and characterized. The rules are established by a novel and robust method. >
HOLDING CLIENTS ACCOUNTABLE: THE MICRO-POLITICS OF TROUBLE IN A WORK INCENTIVE PROGRAM*

This paper looks at the micro-politics of trouble in one office of the Work Incentive Program, which is intended to help some welfare recipients in the United States find jobs. Clients who fail to cooperate with staff are called to a conciliation session, presented with a formal complaint, informed of the potential consequences of their uncooperativeness, and held accountable for their actions. This paper focuses on how the conciliation sessions are organized, and their implications for staff and client definitions of cooperation, accountability, organizational purpose, and professional identity. I also consider the broader implications of my findings for studying trouble as a feature of all human service institutions. Emerson and Messinger's (1949) approach to the micro-politics of trouble emphasizes the emergence of personal troubles as problematic features of ongoing human relationships. These personal troubles become public problems when institutional officials intervene. Moreover, personal troubles are frequently redefined and reorganized as they become public problems through the interpretations of the officials, the reinterpretations of the disputing parties, and the selection of remedies to the troubles. Emerson (1981) shows how such public problems continue to develop and change based on the efforts of officials to find new, more effective, and acceptable remedies. Those who resist the best efforts of officials may face drastic responses, which are viewed by officials as "last resorts" to be avoided as long as possible. Of the several advantages that this approach offers students of social problems and social control, two are especially important for this paper. First, this approach defines trouble and social control as issues extending beyond the formal, institutional processes associated with labeling persons as deviant; rather, trouble is treated as a potential feature of all human relationships and institutions. A central concern of sociologists of trouble, then, is how persons negotiate and define features of their relationships with others as troublesome and how they deal with these troubles. A second advantage of Emerson and Messinger's (1977) and Emerson's (1981) approach is their focus on the relationship between the selection of remedies and the definition of public problems as a process involving technical and moral (or symbolic) elements. This focus is partly reflected in the process used to select a remedy because a remedy that might be useful in eradicating a condition may also be morally unacceptable except under extreme conditions. The dialectic linking technical and moral elements is also evident in the relationship between the remedy selected (particularly, appeals to last resorts) and the claims to competence and credibility made by professionals and others seeking to define the condition.
Contrast material-enhanced abdominal US examinations with DMP 115 (DEFINITY) provides additional diagnostic information with potential for changes in patient management.

Ultrasound imaging has attained a prominent place in liver and kidney studies because of its availability, low cost, patient comfort, and acceptability as well as the lack of radiation exposure. Despite its many positive features, however, limitations still exist. Image quality may be degraded by large body habitus or excessive bowel gas. Moreover, many liver or kidney diseases can have similar appearances in ultrasound imaging, or pathology may be present that is isoechoic with surrounding normal tissue. For example, the presence of malignancy in the liver can be masked by chronic changes resulting from cirrhosis or hepatitis (1). In addition, the differentiation of malignant from benign solid masses in a reliable fashion is problematic (1). The recent advances in ultrasound contrast agents may help address some of the challenges that face non–contrast material–enhanced abdominal ultrasound examinations. It has been suggested that ultrasound contrast agents may allow better detection of malignancies versus benign tissue changes (2) or as a general aid in the interpretation of pathology (3). Furthermore, techniques such as Doppler imaging of microsphere cavitation from contrast agents that have an extended retention in the liver have been shown to improve the conspicuity of occult metastases (4). These flash echo or stimulated acoustic imaging techniques have the limitation of exhibiting only transient response whereby the contrast enhancement is not observed after a few frames of imaging (5). Recently, ultrasound contrast agents have also been assessed for the continuous gray scale fundamental and/or harmonic imaging of liver pathology as a means to retain the dynamic information of ultrasound imaging and to allow for the more complete assessment of the whole organ (6,7). To examine the clinical utility of a perfluorocarbonbased ultrasound contrast agent, DMP 115, (DEFINITY; DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Billerica, Mass), in abdominal ultrasound examinations, clinical trials have been conducted to compare the diagnostic information of the contrast material–enhanced examination to the baseline non– contrast material–enhanced examination. Two phase III multicenter trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of DMP 115 for contrast enhancement of abdominal ultrasound examinations of suspected liver or kidney pathology. Among other end points, these trials examined the potential for contrast-material enhanced examinations to provide additional diagnostic information that would result in changes in patient management relative to the standard, unenhanced, abdominal ultrasound examination.
Elastoplastic analysis of hollow spheres subjected to external pressure loading

The elastoplastic deformation of spherical shells of uniform thickness acted upon by external pressure is investigated in this paper. A deformation theory of plasticity is combined with the classical elasticity equations and a solution is obtained by the method of successive elastic solutions. A logarithmic effective stress-effective plastic strain diagram is used to determine the volume change for thick polypropylene spheres under the action of external pressure. These results are compared with previously published experimental volume changes in polypropylene spheres. This comparison shows that the predicted volume changes are similar to the experimental results.
The capacity of implicit EDF in wireless sensor networks

Distributed networks of wireless sensors/actuators will enable the reliable monitoring and intelligent control of the physical environment accomplishing different tasks ranging from space monitoring and surveillance to homeland security without human intervention. Motivated by the observation that many of these applications are safety critical and have hard real-time requirements, this paper focuses on the problem of providing delay and throughput guarantee to real-time messages in wireless sensor networks. It extends the cellular structure described by M. Caccamo et al. (2002) and analyzes the sensor network capacity when messages are scheduled with the implicit-EDF (earliest deadline first) algorithm.
Fine grain image computations on electro-optical arrays

A set of array processors with optical interconnection networks for fine grain image processing is considered. The unit-time interconnection made possible with the use of free-space optics results in efficient solutions to communication-intensive image computations. Using these models, a summary of results in designing O(log N) pointer-based algorithms for several tasks in low- and medium-level vision are presented, along with a generic subroutine that can be used to simulate algorithms for image computations on the proposed electro-optical arrays. >
Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study.

Objectives. This study examines the similarity of cognitive assessments using 1 interview in a large population study, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and a subsample in which a detailed neuropsychiatric assessment has been performed (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study [ADAMS]).
Recent African Immigrants’ Fatherhood Experiences in America: The Changing Role of Fathers

This article examines the lived experiences of recent African immigrant fathers in the United States. It focuses specifically on recent African immigrant fathers with African women as wives and children below the age of 18. Its aim is a better understanding of these fathers’ involvement in the life of their children and the changes immigration has forced upon the fathers. Information for the study emanates from interviews carried out with African immigrant fathers in the Milwaukee area, supplemented by my knowledge of African immigrant communities. The categorization of the data uses a construct established by the mid-1990s DADS Project initiative to examine the role and importance of fathers in the household, mostly in the areas of child-care responsibilities, division of labor in the household, communicating with the children, moral/ethical guidance, educational responsibilities, and discipline. It finds strong evidence to support the view that immigration and life in America have forced these recent African immigrant fathers to modify the African gendered division of labor structure at home and to be more involved in the lives of their children. Because they have access to two worlds, the fathers do not hesitate to tap the positive aspects of both.
Stakeholder Salience And Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence From Three Companies

In this paper, we examine the corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts of three socially conscious companies over time by employing Mitchell et al.’s (1997) stakeholder salience theory. Mitchell et al. maintain that the extent to which managers pay attention to the interests of various stakeholder groups is based on the power, legitimacy, and urgency of the claims of each group. Using these attributes of power, legitimacy, and urgency, we analyze how the CSR activities of Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream, Malden Mills, Inc., and Nova Chemicals Company have changed over time. Our investigation revealed that attributes of stakeholder salience shift over a firm’s life cycle, and therefore levels of CSR activities change as well. For these firms, we found that power is the primary attribute of stakeholder salience driving CSR. That is, in order for a firm to engage in purposeful CSR activities, the stakeholder(s) pursuing a CSR agenda must possess the power to impose such an agenda on management. Based on the results of our analysis, we conclude that without power, legitimacy and urgency may not provide sufficient stakeholder salience to promote CSR activities.
Impact of Malnutrition on Reproductive Endocrinology

The material to be covered in this review of the impact of malnutrition on reproductive endocrinology has been arbitrarily limited. Only data related to the human will be covered; furthermore, malnutrition is taken to mean undernutrition and not obesity, even though the latter may be a more serious public health problem in the United States. Although some information on the effects of specific nutrient deficiencies will be mentioned, the major focus will be on the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on reproductive function. Finally, some data on anorexia nervosa will also be included, even though there are some important differences between simple food restriction and anorexia nervosa.
A Graph Community Approach for Constructing microRNA Networks

Network integration methods are critical in understanding the underlying mechanisms of genetic perturbations and susceptibility to disease. Often, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping is used to integrate two layers of genomic data. However, eQTL associations only represent the direct associations among eQTLs and affected genes. To understand the downstream effects of eQTLs on gene expression, we propose a network community approach to construct eQTL networks that integrates multiple data sources. By using this approach, we can view the genetic networks consisting of genes affected directly or indirectly by genetic variants. To extend the eQTL network, we use a protein-protein interaction network as a base network and a spin glass community detection algorithm to find hubs of genes that are indirectly affected by eQTLs. This method contributes a novel approach to identifying indirect targets that may be affected by variant perturbations. To demonstrate its application, we apply this approach to study how microRNAs affect the expression of target genes and their indirect downstream targets in ovarian cancer.
Reliability behaviors of an exposed die FCCSP on a substrate with ultra-low CTE laminate material

Flip chip package has been reported to be an ideal package solution of high bandwidth devices because of a lower power loss and a short transmission route of signal. However, some failure modes such as solder joint crack, delamination of substrate or low-k delamination within IC were often found after reliability verification. One of the key factors of failure is attributed to the mismatch of CTE values between Si chip (4 ppm) and substrate (tens ppm), and ultra-low CTE laminate materials are really needed to improve the reliability to automotive-level. In this study, a 1/2/1 substrate with a dimension of 12 mm × 12 mm × 0.22 mm was made by laminating low-CTE or low-Young's modulus prepreg on a 100 ?m thick core. FCCSPs with four types of core and PP-like build-up material were assembled and tested to understand the effect of selected material properties on the reliability response. The simulation results revealed that the effects of selected material properties such as low CTE and low Young's modulus on the warpage behavior were not apparent. Also, the warpage of the tested FCCSPs might not be the dominated factor to affect the reliability performance. Simulate induced stress/strain during reliability test would be the major factor to decide the reliability performance of solder joints. The FCCSP having the highest maximum strain within the solder joints would fail after thermal cycling test. Low CTE material could reduce simulate maximum strain within the solder joints. In addition, the effect of low CTE seemed to be more prominent than that of low Young's modulus on simulate maximum strain value. By numerical analysis and reliability test, beneficial effect of prepreg with low-CTE and low Young's modulus on the reliability response had been confirmed.
A software-defined radio based cognitive radio demonstration over FM band

In this paper, we present a software-defined radio (SDR) based cognitive radio (CR) implementation and demonstration over the frequency modulation (FM) band. Using GNU Radio as the software platform and USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) SDR boards as the hardware solution, we implement and demonstrate a CR that autonomously senses the entire FM band, detects all the active FM stations (occupied bands) as well as the spectrum holes (non-occupied bands), exploits the available spectrum holes to transmit secondary users' data without interference with the existing FM transmission. Moreover, we demonstrate that when a primary user's transmission returns to its allocated spectrum band after a period of absence, the CR automatically adapts its transmission and hands off to a different spectrum hole that is available to avoid interference with the returning primary user. Moreover, we have proposed, implemented, and demonstrated a frequency hopping scheme over multiple spectrum holes to support multiple secondary users while attaining the minimum interference among the users. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In this paper, we present a software-defined radio (SDR) based cognitive radio (CR) implementation and demonstration over the frequency modulation (FM) band. Using GNU Radio as the software platform and USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) SDR boards as the hardware solution, we implement and demonstrate a CR that autonomously senses the entire FM band, detects all the active FM stations (occupied bands) as well as the spectrum holes (non-occupied bands), exploits the available spectrum holes to transmit secondary users' data without interference with the existing FM transmission.
Genome of the Ancient One (a.k.a. Kennewick Man)

A little over a year ago the complete genome sequence of a Clovis individual, the 12,500 Anzick child, was published (Rasmussen et al. 2014). His genome gave us a fascinating glimpse of ancient Native American genetic diversity, and new insights into the early peopling of the Americas. At the time, however, I was critical about media coverage. Several press reports chose to fijind controversy in a decidedly non-controversial story by giving undue weight to problematic “alternative” explanations of Native American origins, including the Solutrean Hypothesis, and other “European contributions” to Native American ancestry. The press did a much better job this summer in discussing the publication of the ancient American genome from the 8,500-year-old burial from Washington popularly called “Kennewick Man,” or “The Ancient One.” Analyses of Kennewick Man’s genome showed that he was closely related to other Native Americans, both ancient and contemporary, and shared genetic ancestry with Northern Native Americans, including the Colville Tribe (the extent to which he is related to other North American tribes is yet unknown as we have very little genetic data from Native Americans in the United States). The DNA fijindings refute older hypotheses that Kennewick Man was variously of European, Ainu, or South Asian or Polynesian afffijiliation. As with Anzick and every other ancient American individual that have been sequenced, the genetic evidence from Kennewick Man is unequivocal: he is closely related to contemporary Native Americans (Rasmussen et al. 2015). The press’ treatment of the results from the Kennewick Man genome paper was considerably better than that of the Anzick genome paper for several reasons. First, there was very little talk about the long-discredited “Solutrean hypothesis” (which, if it weren’t already in its cofffijin, would have taken a further hit with the revelation that Kennewick Man’s genome showed absolutely no evidence of ancient European admixture), and no emphasis on any “European connections” (which is good because there weren’t any!) (Rafff and Bolnick 2015). Furthermore, several journalists provided careful, nuanced discussions of the long and contentious history of research and litigation surrounding Kennewick Man, which is critically important for understanding his signifijicance to indigenous Americans (Meltzer 2015). An excellent example is the article written by Ewen Callaway for Nature, which went through the history of the controversy and also noted how the discipline has changed in recent years:
Thyroid toxicity with the VEGF/PDGF receptor TKI AZD-2171 (RecentinTM) in a phase II study of recurrent müllerian tumors

A16 Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the primary promoter of tumor angiogenesis. AZD-2171 (RecentinTM) is a potent oral pan VEGFR, PDGFR and c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods: We are conducting a NCI sponsored (NCI#7102) phase II trial in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian, or primary peritoneal, cancer with elevated CA125 with or without measurable disease, predominantly asymptomatic rising CA-125 recurrence. Patients may have received up to 2 prior lines of therapy, for platinum sensitive or resistant tumors. The first 11 patients commenced 45 mg AZD-2171 PO QD continuously, but because of toxicity the starting dose was then reduced to 30 mg. Principle endpoints include response, PFS, angiogenic biomarkers, and toxicity. Results: Since 11/05, 23 patients have been enrolled. Of the 18 evaluable patients, 16 presented with advanced serous ovarian cancer, (1 stage IIC, 11 stage III, and 6 stage IV), and median age was 57 (range 41-72). Grade 3 toxicity in the first 11 patents included fatigue, hypertension, vomiting and hypothyroidism. Grade 3 toxicity all patients: hypertension (n=8), fatigue (n=5), diarrhea (n=4), vomiting (n=2), hemorrhage (n=1), pain (n=1), constipation (n=1), hypothermia (n=1). The second patient on study was admitted hypothermic (94.7), hypertensive with diarrhea, and tendinitis, and a TSH of 15 uU/ml. 9 of the 19 patients (47%) who have been on drug for >1 month have had symptomatic hypothyroidism (4 grade (gr) 1, 4 gr 2, 1 gr 3), and two hyperthyroidism (both gr 1). In 11 of the 19 (58%), TSH typically rose (range 5.4-26.8) abruptly within two months (Median day 48, range 21-120). Mechanism: AZD-2171 causes decreased endothelial cell fenestrations and follicular epithelial cell atrophy in animal studies. It is highly protein bound and causes a 40-60% reduction in CYP1A activity. Although the mechanism remains unclear altered angiogenesis may influence the immune profile in the microenvironment, act directly, or indirectly with ret suppression through VEGFR2. Conclusion: AZD-2171 is associated with significant symptomatic hypothyroidism that should be anticipated and treated.
Energy minimization in the time-space continuum

Can time-multiplexing save energy? Recent theoretical work suggests that time multiplexed architectures might use less energy than fully spatial FPGAs. Spatial FPGAs conserve energy by avoiding instruction fetch, exploiting locality, and exploiting low activity on wires. However, since they dedicate physical switches and wires to a single signal, they can be larger than designs that time multiplex these physical resources. Can the area savings from time multiplexing reduce wire lengths significantly enough to provide a net win against increased switching activity and the addition of instruction energy? Mapping designs from the VTR 7 no memory benchmarks and spatial FFTs, we show that spatial FPGAs remain the most energy efficient architecture at least up to half a million 4-LUTs. We explain why this is and explore how sensitive our results are to technology and usage assumptions.
THE TEACHING OF MONEY AND BANKING

It certainly cannot be the objective of a course in Money and Banking on the undergraduate level to increase the skills of prospective bank employees. Neither the future teller behind the window nor the future clerk in the accounting division, nor the future bank president will become professionally more capable if he knows that "MV=.PT" or what the reserve requirements of central reserve city banks were in 1948. They all may find a course in Money and Banking intellectually rewarding, but not necessarily more so than the future lawyer, physicist, or physician. To be sure, we may expect a businessman to be more interested in money matters than a research chemist or a philologist might be, but as intelligent citizens their desire to understand what goes on around them should not be too different. I see little vocationally worthwhile material in a course in Money and Banking, while there is plenty that may be of cultural value in a good course in the subject. Even when taught in business schools it should be in the nature of a liberal arts course, good for the student majoring in English or Psychology no less than for the student majoring in business. The only difference between a Money and Banking course chiefly for business students and one chiefly for liberal arts students might be that the teacher of the former must watch out for two difficulties: (1) Students in required courses are often less interested in the subject, and Money and Banking usually is required in a business curriculum. (2) The business student may have picked up in other required subjects several equivocal terms and deceptively similar concepts that may handicap him in comprehending certain principles of Money and Banking.
The Chinese Mathematical Olympiads: A Case Study

(1972). The Chinese Mathematical Olympiads: A Case Study. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 8, pp. 896-904.
Quantifying the Consistency of Wearable Knee Acoustical Emission Measurements During Complex Motions

Knee-joint sounds could potentially be used to noninvasively probe the physical and/or physiological changes in the knee associated with rehabilitation following acute injury. In this paper, a system and methods for investigating the consistency of knee-joint sounds during complex motions in silent and loud background settings are presented. The wearable hardware component of the system consists of a microelectromechanical systems microphone and inertial rate sensors interfaced with a field programmable gate array-based real-time processor to capture knee-joint sound and angle information during three types of motion: flexion–extension (FE), sit-to-stand (SS), and walking (W) tasks. The data were post-processed to extract high-frequency and short-duration joint sounds (clicks) with particular waveform signatures. Such clicks were extracted in the presence of three different sources of interference: background, stepping, and rubbing noise. A histogram-vector $\overrightarrow {{{\boldsymbol{V}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}}} $ was generated from the clicks in a motion-cycle n , where the bin range was 10°. The Euclidean distance between a vector and the arithmetic mean $\overrightarrow {{{\boldsymbol{V}}_{{\boldsymbol{av}}}}} $ of all vectors in a recording normalized by the $\overrightarrow {{{\boldsymbol{V}}_{{\boldsymbol{av}}}}} $ is used as a consistency metric dn . Measurements from eight healthy subjects performing FE, SS, and W show that the mean (of mean) consistency metric for all subjects during SS $\rm{(}\mathrm{\mu} [ \mathrm{\mu} (d_{n})] \rm{ = 0.72}$ in silent, 0.85 in loud) is smaller compared with the FE $\rm{(}\mathrm{\mu} [ \mathrm{\mu} (d_{n})] \rm{ = 1.02}$ in silent, 0.95 in loud) and W ( $\mathrm{\mu} [ \mathrm{\mu} (d_{n})] \rm{ = 0.94}$ in silent, 0.97 in loud) exercises, thereby implying more consistent click-generation during SS compared with the FE and W. Knee-joint sounds from one subject performing FE during five consecutive work-days $\rm{(}\mathrm{\mu} [ \mathrm{\mu} (d_{n}) = \rm{ 0.72)}$ and five different times of a day $\rm{(}\mathrm{\mu} [ \mathrm{\mu} (d_{n}) = \rm{ 0.73)}$ suggests high consistency of the clicks on different days and throughout a day. This work represents the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that joint sound consistency has been quantified in ambulatory subjects performing every-day activities (e.g., SS, walking). Moreover, it is demonstrated that noise inherent with joint-sound recordings during complex motions in uncontrolled settings does not prevent joint-sound-features from being detected successfully.
The Lost War

The Vietnam War stands out as an anomaly in United States history. It is hard to say when it began or when it ended – and not just because there was no official declaration of war or a concluding treaty that cemented a new peace. It also stands, as of this writing, as America's only defeat. Like World War II, Vietnam has lingered over American politics for a generation, but unlike the conflict that produced the “Greatest Generation,” the Vietnam War has left a legacy of bitterness and division that the shared horror of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks failed to fully quell and the Iraq War seemed to reignite. As in other chapters, there is no effort to address every domestic change wrought by the Vietnam War. Significant domestic changes that constitute thematic connections between wars are highlighted here. Like the discussion of Korea, a distinction is made between the larger Cold War and Vietnam. Obviously, the hostilities in Southeast Asia were, at least for Americans, tied up with the larger ideological struggle against communism. Yet the focus here is on those effects that can be linked directly to the hot war in Vietnam. It had a profound influence on one crucial aspect of the American state. The conflict's unpopularity brought the military draft to a halt and, to this day, it shows no sign of coming back. Thus, in contrast to other wars in which state capacities were enhanced, Vietnam saw no significant state expansion.