cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Which came first: Infants learning language or motherese?

Although motherese may facilitate language acquisition, recent findings indicate that not all aspects of motherese are necessary for word recognition and speech segmentation, the building blocks of language learning. Rather, exposure to input that has prosodic, phonological, and statistical consistencies is sufficient to jump-start the learning process. In light of this, the infant-directedness of the input might be considered superfluous, at least insofar as language acquisition is concerned.
Homeric ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην

This paper points out some of the weaknesses of the traditional account of the Homeric phrase ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην and suggests instead that the entire phrase is a relatively recent creation of the tradition on the model of an *ἀμ(β)ροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην. This phrase in turn has a clear Avestan cognate hauruuatātā amərətātā.
Grid computing of spatial statistics: using the TeraGrid for G i * (d) analysis

The massive quantities of geographic information that are collected by modern sensing technologies are difficult to use and understand without data reduction methods that summarize distributions and report salient trends. Statistical analyses, therefore, are increasingly being used to analyze large geographic data sets over a broad spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. Computational Grids coordinate the use of distributed computational resources to form a large virtual supercomputer that can be applied to solve computationally intensive problems in science, engineering, and commerce. This paper presents a solution to computing a spatial statistic, G i* (d) using Grids. Our approach is based on a quadtree-based domain decomposition that uses task-scheduling algorithms based on GridShell and Condor. Computational experiments carried out on the TeraGrid were designed to evaluate the performance of solution processes. The Grid-based approach to computing values for G i* (d) shows improved performance over the sequential algorithm while also solving larger problem sizes. The solution demonstrated not only advances knowledge about the application of the Grid in spatial statistics applications but also provides insights into the design of Grid middleware for other computationally intensive applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congress: How About a Mulligan for the Accelerated Election?

One of the stimulus provisions in the Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008 was the addition of section 168(k)(4). That provision allows a rare opportunity for corporate taxpayers: the ability to cash in unused research and alternative minimum tax credit carryovers, at the cost of surrendering bonus depreciation on specified properties placed in service in 2008. The credits used under this election are refundable, an unusual trait in corporate tax law, allowing taxpayers to monetize credit carryforwards that were thought otherwise to be deferred for years or simply lost forever. However, a combination of unanswered questions, unintended consequences, and a much-too-short time frame for election all have made this provision a candidate for renewal.
Native characterization of nucleic acid motif thermodynamics via non-covalent catalysis.

DNA hybridization thermodynamics is critical for accurate design of oligonucleotides for biotechnology and nanotechnology applications, but parameters currently in use are inaccurately extrapolated based on limited quantitative understanding of thermal behaviours. Here, we present a method to measure the ΔG° of DNA motifs at temperatures and buffer conditions of interest, with significantly better accuracy (6- to 14-fold lower s.e.) than prior methods. The equilibrium constant of a reaction with thermodynamics closely approximating that of a desired motif is numerically calculated from directly observed reactant and product equilibrium concentrations; a DNA catalyst is designed to accelerate equilibration. We measured the ΔG° of terminal fluorophores, single-nucleotide dangles and multinucleotide dangles, in temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 °C.
Refining of Ethanol Biorefinery Residues to Isolate Value Added Lignins

The isolation of lignin coproducts from the residual solids of a hardwood based biocatalytic bioethanol process was examined, using extraction methods based on aqueous alkali or aqueous ethanol. This work focused on understanding how the structural features of raw lignin in the process residue influenced the refined lignin isolation yields, in addition to polymeric and structural characteristics. On the basis of this approach, the extraction based lignin refining could be optimized. Mild extraction conditions allowed for recovery of approximately 40 wt % of the lignin present in the starting material. This yield could be increased to about 76 wt %, by the application of base or acid catalyzed reactive extraction conditions liberating the bonded insoluble fractions of the residue. All isolated lignin products were characterized in terms of their functional groups, molecular weights and thermal properties. The lignins from mild alkali and ethanol extractions showed similarities in their chemical profiles. I...
Recycling controllers

The problem of designing control schemes for teams of robots to satisfy complex high-level tasks is a challenging problem which becomes more difficult when adding constraints on relative locations of robots. This paper presents a method for automatically creating hybrid controllers that ensure a team of heterogeneous robots satisfy some user specified high-level task while guaranteeing collision avoidance and predicting and reducing deadlock. The generated hybrid controller composes atomic controllers based on information the robots gather during runtime; thus these atomic controllers can be reused in different scenarios for multiple tasks. As a demonstration of this general approach we examine a task in which a group of robots sort different items to be recycled.
Impact of State Ignition Interlock Laws on Alcohol-Involved Crash Deaths in the United States

Objectives. To investigate the impact on alcohol-involved crash deaths of universal ignition interlock requirements, which aim to prevent people convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol from driving while intoxicated.Methods. We used data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for 1999 to 2013. From 2004 to 2013, 18 states made interlocks mandatory for all drunk-driving convictions. We compared alcohol-involved crash deaths between 18 states with and 32 states without universal interlock requirements, accounting for state and year effects, and for clustering within states.Results. Policy impact was apparent 3 years after implementation. The adjusted rate of alcohol-involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per 100 000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5 (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100 000 per year.Conclusions. Requiring ignition interlocks for...
Studies on the Epidemiology of Escherichia coli, 1960–1968

Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous microorganism which is found in the gastrointestinal tract of every individual, where it usually forms a part of the normal gut flora. Extensive epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological observations have documented the pathogenic significance of certain serological strains of E. coli in infantile diarrhea. However, little heed was paid to the possible role of specific E. coli in the pathogenesis of urinary infections until 1960, when the late Dr. Lowell Rantz suggested that E. coli with certain groupspecific antigens are more invasive [1]. In all, although there are more than 140 specific 0-groups of E. coli, clinical disease is caused by relatively few. Early in 1961 we began a series of epidemiologic studies to ascertain the role of these organisms in urinary tract infections [2,3]. Most urinary tract infections were caused by E. coli of a few serologic groups, namely 04, 06, and 075. The other common 0-groups?01, 050, 07, and 025?were found less frequently. Not only were urinary tract infections more commonly associated with these strains, but these organisms were also more prevalent in extrarenal gram-negative infections; and even patients who turned out not to have significant bacteriuria more commonly carried these organisms. This epidemiologic pattern held for 2 different hospitals in Seattle which cater to markedly different populations. At the same time similar patterns were found in other hospitals in the United States, including the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Salt Lake City General Hospital. Because E. coli make up an important part of the stool flora, it seemed reasonable to postulate that these E. coli came from the patient's own
Do apes and monkeys rely upon conceptual reversibility? : A review of studies using seriated nesting cups in children and nonhuman primates.

The ability to seriate nesting cups as a sensorimotor task has posed interesting questions for cognitive scientists. Greenfield et al. [(1972) Cognit Psychol 3:291-310] found parallels between children's combinatorial activity with nesting cups and patterns of phonological and grammatical constructions. The parallels suggested the possibility of a neurally based developmental homology between language and instrumental action [Greenfield (1991) Behav Brain Sci 14:531-595]. Children who predominantly used subassembly, a hierarchical method of combining cups, succeeded at seriating nesting cups more often than those who did not. Greenfield and others [e.g., Piaget and Inhelder (1969) The psychology of the child. Basic Books, New York; DeLoache et al. (1985) Child Dev 56:928-939] argued that success in seriation reflects the child's growing recognition of a reversible relationship: a particular element in a series is conceived of as being smaller than the previous element and larger than the subsequent element. But is a concept of reversibility or a hierarchical form of object manipulation necessary to seriate cups? In this article, we review studies with very young children and nonhuman primates to determine how individuals that do not evidence conceptual reversibility manage the seriation task. We argue that the development of skill in seriation is experientially, rather than conceptually, driven and that it may be unnecessary to link seriation with cognitive conceptions of reversibility or linguistic capacities. Rather, in ordering a set of objects by size, perceptual-motor learning may enable contemplative refinement.
Ava using Spherical Wave Reflection Coefficient: Application To Cana Field

Most AVO inversion algorithms are based on plane wave solutions whereas seismic surveys use point sources to generate spherical waves. The plane wave solution is an excellent approximation for spherical waves only when the angle of incidence is well below the critical angle. In the vicinity of the critical angle, however, deviation between plane wave and spherical wave responses is prominent. With the recent advances in seismic acquisition techniques where very long offset data is acquired, it may be important to develop AVO inversion based on spherical wave solution. Here we modify the Greedy Annealing Importance Sampling (GAIS) algorithm so that it uses an analytical approximation for spherical waves as a forward model instead of Fatti’s linearized approximation for plane waves. This algorithm is then applied to resolve Woodford formation in the Cana field, Oklahoma. The improvements are shown by comparing the results with those obtained by a deterministic inversion.
Atomic Gold and Palladium Negative-Ion Catalysis of Light, Intermediate, and Heavy Water to Corresponding Peroxides

We have performed transition state calculations using dispersion-corrected density-functional theory on atomic Au– and atomic Pd– negative ion catalysis of H2O, HDO, and D2O conversion to H2O2, HDO2, and D2O2, respectively. The atomic Au– negative ion is found to be an excellent catalyst; however, the atomic Pd– negative ion has a higher catalytic effect on the formation of peroxide from light, intermediate, and heavy water. These atomic negative ion catalysts speed up the reactions by lowering the activation energy, with the atomic Pd– negative ion accomplishing the catalysis by a factor of about 3 times faster than that by the atomic Au– negative ion. The fundamental mechanism involves anionic molecular complex formation in the transition state, with the atomic Au– and atomic Pd– negative ions breaking up the hydrogen bond strength in the water molecules, permitting the formation of the peroxides in the presence of O2 usually provided by the support. Our theoretical results provide further insight into ...
A genome editing primer for the hematologist

Gene editing enables the site-specific modification of the genome. These technologies have rapidly advanced such that they have entered common use in experimental hematology to investigate genetic function. In addition, genome editing is becoming increasingly plausible as a treatment modality to rectify genetic blood disorders and improve cellular therapies. Genome modification typically ensues from site-specific double-strand breaks and may result in a myriad of outcomes. Even single-strand nicks and targeted biochemical modifications that do not permanently alter the DNA sequence (epigenome editing) may be powerful instruments. In this review, we examine the various technologies, describe their advantages and shortcomings for engendering useful genetic alterations, and consider future prospects for genome editing to impact hematology.
When End-of-Life Care is the Emergency: A Case-based Portrayal of Endof-Life Care in the Emergency Department

Copyright: © 2013 Jubanyik K. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. When one thinks of the Emergency Department (ED), one usually thinks of teams of providers hustling to save lives. And while that is often what is done in the ED, sometimes the situation calls for a different approach. ED providers may provide a new set of objective eyes and ears for a chronically ill patient with or without a change in their condition or the team may be presented with a patient suffering an acute catastrophic condition for which curative therapy is not possible or indicated. This article will review the reasons why ED’s are a necessary and important place for end-of-life (EOL) discussions and management and highlight real-life cases in which the ED team played an integral role in identifying appropriate patients for EOL care and providing these services.
Single cell transfection with single molecule resolution using a synthetic nanopore.

We report the development of a single cell gene delivery system based on electroporation using a synthetic nanopore, that is not only highly specific and very efficient but also transfects with single molecule resolution at low voltage (1 V) with minimal perturbation to the cell. Such a system can be used to control gene expression with unprecedented precision—no other method offers such capabilities.
Photoelastic assessment of the expansion of direct-placement gallium restorative alloys.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess, via a photoelastic resin, the expansion of gallium restorative alloys under conditions similar to those found in the clinical situation. METHOD AND MATERIALS Two gallium alloys, Galloy and Gallium GF II, were tested, along with a high-copper amalgam, Dispersalloy, and a low-copper alloy, New True Dentalloy. The gallium alloys were tested as (1) uncontaminated, (2) contaminated with water, Ringer's solution, or a cell culture medium, and (3) immersed in these fluids at times ranging from 5 minutes to 3 days. The gallium and amalgam alloys were condensed in a hole drilled in a block of photoelastic resin and observed for 3 months. The amount of stress was recorded on color slides taken through polarized light at regular intervals. The photographs of the color bifringen stress patterns at 1 and 3 months were ranked by two independent evaluators for least to greatest observed stress. RESULTS Dispersalloy had the least expansion, followed by uncontaminated Galloy and Galloy contaminated with water. Next came Galloy contaminated with cell culture medium, Galloy contaminated with Ringer's solution, contaminated New True Dentalloy, and Gallium GF II. The last group was Gallium GF II contaminated with any of the three solutions. Both gallium alloys immersed in the three fluids showed a strong edge effect, and by 6 weeks many of the gallium alloys had extruded from the mold. CONCLUSION These results corroborate the findings of some clinical studies that have shown that these gallium alloys can potentially cause catastrophic failures.
Bymixer system can measure O2 uptake and CO2 elimination in the anesthesia circle circuit.

The ability to measure carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2), oxygen uptake (VO2), and R (respiratory exchange ratio, VCO2/VO2) during anesthesia may help the non-invasive detection of critical events (e.g., abrupt decrease in cardiac output) and metabolic upset (e.g., onset of anaerobic metabolism). We have developed a new clinical bymixer (inline mixing chamber) that can measure mixed inspired and expired gas fractions in the anesthesia circle circuit. The addition of a standard anesthesia gas analyzer and flowmeter, and a new airway temperature and humidity sensor, allow determinations of VCO2 and VO2 at the airway opening of the circle circuit. Over a range of tidal volume and frequency, VCO2 and VO2 were compared to reference values generated by the combustion of metered liquid ethanol in a new metabolic lung simulator. By linear regression, bymixer-flow measurements of VCO2 (slope = 1.02, Y-intercept = -5.31, coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.998) and V.O2 (slope = 1.05, Y-intercept =-4.34, R2 = 0.993) correlated closely to the reference values generated by the metabolic lung simulator. Limits of agreement analysis generated percent errors (mean ± 1.96 SD) of -1.2 ± 7.2% for VCO2 and 2.5 ± 9.8% for VO2. The new clinical bymixer is compact, lightweight, disposable, inexpensive, and has a fast and adjustable response time (time constant about 14 sec). Anesthesia circle circuit integrity is maintained. Bymixer-flow measurements of VCO2 and VO2 are accurate and may add to clinical monitoring under anesthesia and surgery.
Let Sleeping Charters Lie

On 4 February 1949, Sir Edmund Hall-Patch, the British Ambassador to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, the Paris-based group charged to administer the Marshall Plan, sent an urgent letter to a senior colleague in the Foreign Office in London. Hall-Patch had just learned that the French had delivered a gift of gratitude to the USA for the 700 train carriages of foodstuffs, otherwise known as “The Friendship Train,” which the USA sent to France and Italy in 1947 as recovery aid following World War II.
The impact of bacterial colonization on graft success after total pancreatectomy with autologous islet transplantation: considerations for early definitive surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether bacterial contamination of islets affects graft success after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). BACKGROUND Factors associated with insulin independence after TPIAT are inconclusive. Although bacterial contamination does not preclude transplantation, the impact of bacterial contamination on graft success is unknown. METHODS Patients who received TPIAT at the University of Virginia between January 2007 and January 2016 were reviewed. Patient charts were reviewed for bacterial contamination and patients were prospectively contacted to assess rates of insulin independence. RESULTS There was no significant difference in demographic or perioperative data between patients who achieved insulin independence and those who did not. However, six of 27 patients analyzed (22.2%) grew bacterial contaminants from culture of the final islet preparations. These patients had significantly lower islet yield and C-peptide at most recent follow-up (P<.05), and none of these patients achieved insulin independence. CONCLUSIONS Islet transplant solutions are often culture positive, likely secondary to preprocurement pancreatic manipulation and introduction of enteric flora. Although autotransplantation of culture-positive islets is safe, it is associated with higher rates of graft failure and poor islet yield. Consideration should be given to identify patients who may develop refractory chronic pancreatitis and offer early operative management to prevent bacterial colonization.
Toward Alaska Native Political Organization: The Origins of Tundra Times

The Alaska Native newspaper Tundra Times was founded in 1962 as a means to connect distant and isolated Native communities. It quickly became an influential statewide newspaper read by Natives and non-Natives alike. Tundra Times facilitated the development of political and economic clout enjoyed by Alaska Natives today.
Knocking on Europe's Door : Voting Behavior in the EU Accession Referendum in Poland

EU membership, once an unquestioned Polish foreign policy goal, is now the focus of intense political debate.
Crystal structure of 3,3'-biisoxazole-5,5'-bis(methyl-ene) dinitrate (BIDN).

The mol­ecular structure of the title energetic compound, C8H6N4O8, is composed of two planar isoxazole rings and two near planar alkyl-nitrate groups (r.m.s deviation = 0.006 A). In the crystal, the mol­ecule sits on an inversion center, thus Z′ = 0.5. The dihedral angle between the isoxazole ring and the nitrate group is 69.58 (8)°. van der Waals contacts dominate the inter­molecular inter­actions. Inversion-related rings are in close slip-stacked proximity, with an inter­planar separation of 3.101 (3) A [centroid–centroid distance = 3.701 (3) A]. The measured and calculated densities are in good agreement (1.585 versus 1.610 Mg m−3).
Ray Tracing for Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE) Modeling in Nitride LEDs

We describe simulations of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) as a function of the major materials parameters and geometries in the three main LED structures used today, namely nitride LEDs on GaN substrates, on patterned sapphire substrates and flip chip nitride LEDs. We use ray tracing simulations of LEDs to show how the various extraction schemes operate. The simulations of this chapter show that both surface roughening and PSS lead to high efficiencies, although based on somewhat different mechanisms. The results appear here for the same device parameters (most of them with conservative values), which allow meaningful comparisons. Some industry results may be higher, either due to better materials quality (lower absorption in particular for ITO and metals) or more aggressive designs (smaller lossy contact areas). For LEDs on GaN substrates, the LEE is determined by residual substrate absorption. A desirable feature is the ability to scale the extraction efficiency for large chips in order to reduce costs. In almost all cases, the use of large surface LEDs is detrimental due to the long ray paths to reach the sidewalls except for those extraction schemes where light is continuously extracted or when substrates have very low absorption.
Student participation in guiding the future of ambulatory care practice

Ambulatory care practice has placed pharmacists at the forefront of patient care in the management of chronic diseases. This practice area has rapidly grown and evolved within the past decade and continues to steer the profession in the direction of autonomy in clinical decision-making. Pharmacists
An eye for an I: recording biometrics and reconsidering identity in postcolonial India

In 2009, the Government of India embarked on a mission to issue each of India’s over one billion residents a unique biometric identification number, Aadhaar (literally, ‘foundation’). An Aadhaar da...
Neoadjuvant therapy outcomes in nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer.

501Background: The optimal multidisciplinary treatment algorithm for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is not well established. We studied outcomes in non-metastatic PDAC treated with chemoth...
UV Damage at the Transcriptional Level

Publisher Summary Ultraviolet light-induced alterations of DNA structure modify the DNA template functions for replication and for transcription. This chapter discusses the effects on transcriptional functions of DNA templates exposed to different UV dose ranges. In vitro transcription of UV-irradiated DNA provides the most direct means of investigating the nature of UV effects on transcriptional functions. It has been shown that upon irradiation of the template DNA, shorter RNA chains are produced and transcription of promotor-distal parts of scriptons decreases preferentially. Thereafter, it is shown in the chapter that similar conclusions are reached in studies with in vivo transcriptions of UV-irradiated bacteriophage and bacterial DNA and in vivo transcriptions in eukaryotic cells. The chapter also discusses the applications of the transcription-terminating effect of UV irradiation to studies on the transcriptional organization in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Preparing for a Long Run: What Explains Variation in Countries’ Vulnerability to International Shocks?

Why are some countries able to adjust to international shocks, while others are highly vulnerable to them? We posit that domestic political institutions interact with international shocks to influence a country’s ability to adjust and thus, in the long run, vulnerability. Democratic governments are generally more interested in paying the adjustment cost, because their political survival depends on reducing broad constituencies’ vulnerability to international shocks. Among democracies, however, the importance of good regulatory institutions is fundamental. Democratic governments with access to good regulatory institutions can prepare for a long run: if they enact policies, competent implementation will achieve reduced vulnerability over time. Democratic governments without good regulatory institutions may enact policies under international shocks, but the poor quality of policy implementation prevents them from reducing their vulnerability in the long run. To test this theory, we examine how oil prices, democracy, and corruption problems influence national energy intensity trajectories and energy policy formation.
Epilepsy, Risk Factors

Patients ask, “Why do I have epilepsy? ” but the answer is elusive for all but the most powerful antecedents. Classic causal epilepsy risk factors (e.g., stroke and head injury) are associated with a > 20-fold increased risk of epilepsy. Case–control studies of incident epilepsy can identify these risk factors and other factors (e.g., migraine) less strongly associated with developing epilepsy. Incidence of epilepsy can be assessed in a cohort with a disease presumed to be associated with an increased risk for epilepsy and compared with that expected in the general population. These are complementary approaches to identify epilepsy risk factors.
CAR T cells for infection, autoimmunity and allotransplantation

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown remarkable ability to re-direct T cells to target CD19-expressing tumours, resulting in remission rates of up to 90% in individuals with paediatric acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lessons learned from these clinical trials of adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, as well as investments made in manufacturing T cells at commercial scale, have inspired researchers to develop CARs for additional applications. Here, we explore the challenges and opportunities of using this technology to target infectious diseases such as with HIV and undesired immune responses such as autoimmunity and transplant rejection. Despite substantial obstacles, the potential of CAR T cells to enable cures for a wide array of disease settings could be transformational for the medical field.
Disciplinary Segregation and Its Effects on In-Prison Outcomes:

The present study explored the effects of solitary confinement on in-prison outcomes among inmates housed in disciplinary segregation in a northeast state (N = 398). The deterrent effects of segreg...
Efficiency in the Madness? Examining the Betting Market for the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament

The NCAA men’s basketball tournament is one of the most popular sporting events in the world and gives rise to a substantial betting market. This study uses data from 1996 to 2019 to examine efficiency in this market and to analyze whether bettors display any significant biases with respect to tournament seeding or conference affiliation of participants. The results indicate the market operates at an efficient level, with very little in the way of detectable bias based on seeding. The most noticeable anomaly is a tendency for teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) to cover the spread less than would be expected in an efficient market, particularly in the opening round.
The role of polarizability in the interfacial thermal conductance at the gold-water interface.

We have studied the interfacial thermal conductance, G, of the flat Au(111)–water interface using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We utilized two metal models, one based on the embedded atom method (EAM) and the other including metallic polarizability via a density readjusting EAM. These were combined with three popular water models, SPC/E, TIP4P, and TIP4P-FQ, to understand the role of polarizability in the thermal transport process. A thermal flux was introduced using velocity shearing and scaling reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, and transport coefficients were measured by calculating the resulting thermal gradients and temperature differences at the interface. Our primary finding is that the computed interfacial thermal conductance between a bare metal interface and water increases when polarizability is taken into account in the metal model. Additional work to understand the origin of the conductance difference points to changes in the local ordering of the water molecules in the first two layers of water above the metal surface. Vibrational densities of states on both sides of the interface exhibit interesting frequency modulation close to the surface but no obvious differences due to metal polarizability.
The Complex Integration of T-cell Metabolism and Immunotherapy

Immune oncology approaches of adoptive cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade aim to activate T cells to eliminate tumors. Normal stimulation of resting T cells induces metabolic reprogramming from catabolic and oxidative metabolism to aerobic glycolysis in effector T cells, and back to oxidative metabolism in long-lived memory cells. These metabolic reprogramming events are now appreciated to be essential aspects of T-cell function and fate. Here, we review these transitions, how they are disrupted by T-cell interactions with tumors and the tumor microenvironment, and how they can inform immune oncology to enhance T-cell function against tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: T-cell metabolism plays a central role in T-cell fate yet is altered in cancer in ways that can suppress antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities to stimulate effector T-cell metabolism and improve cancer immunotherapy.
Good-bye to all that: COVID-19 and the transformations of cultural heritage

Economists, political scientists, and journalists around the world have suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic will have long-term effects on twenty-first-century global society. As a precipitating factor in the final collapse of the post-1945 world order, the pandemic has been seen as an epochal turning point in human history. This article will examine the long-term effects that the pandemic may have on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage, which has become a major economic and political undertaking in the post-World War II era, with earlier roots in elite aesthetics and the rise of mass tourism in the nineteenth century. This article will identify some dramatic changes in economic activity and politics that may transform the social role of cultural heritage in the coming decades.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Best Botany and Plant Science Books 2008–2012

This article highlights significant books in English in botany or the plant sciences published from 2008 through 2012. Selections were based on consultation with a variety of botanical and plant science literature experts as well as generally positive reviews in book selection sources such as Choice or leading journals of biology, botany, and the plant sciences. Books covering any form of green plants as well as algae were eligible for selection. Those dealing with fungi were not included, nor was landscape architecture. The resulting list may complement the annual roster of winners and nominees of the Council of Botanical and Horticultural Libraries for science librarians making book collection development decisions.
Gender Differences in the Returns to Education over Time for Married Couples

Using US Census data from 1960 to 2000 and American Community Survey data from 2010, this paper analyzes gender differences in the return to education for married couples. Results from this analysis show that the return to schooling has increased over time for both genders; however, the relative return to schooling for females has fallen since the 1990s. In 2010, married women who are under age 35 and are in the top 20 percent of the income distribution had lower returns to schooling compared to men. These results are consistent with several demographic shifts that occurred during the last half of the 20th century.
Traumatic Alterations of Joints

In daily life, the joints are exposed to injuries which may act either directly on the joints or indirectly through neighboring areas of the body or the extremities. According to the type of impact, its extent, and the injured structures, the injury may cause either a contusion or a sprain or an inflammation.
Photochemical Reactions of Dyes and Olefins in Monolayer Films and Supported Multilayers

The main purpose of the conference, for which this paper is contributed, was to assess the technological possibilities for membrane-derived or mimetic structures such as bilayers, thin films and vesicles. In particular, the present manuscript will focus on Langmuir-Blodgett films generated at the air-water interface and supported multilayer assemblies formed therefrom. Most of the phenomena which will be discussed concerning reactivity in these assemblies are photophysical or photochemical in origin. From a chemist’s perspective the question of possible technological applications (and limitations) subdivides into several parts; since we are dealing with an “organized assembly” it is necessary first to understand this organization on a molecular level and how it may be controlled or manipulated. Technological applications must ultimately depend on unique features of structure or reactivity so it is necessary to develop, again on a molecular level, an understanding of structure and reactivity relationships in these assemblies and how these may be reflected in macroscopic properties. In the case of L.B. films and supported multilayer assemblies one is clearly dealing with a biomimetic system; a major question is thus whether such “mimetic” structures can offer advantages over natural systems. With respect to technological applications major questions which must be addressed concern ease of preparation and manipulation, the potential to go from laboratory scale to device and all of the sub-questions concerning molecular and macroscopic stability, reproducibility and special materials.
A subsystem identification technique towards battery state of health monitoring under state of charge estimation errors

Previous work framed the battery State of Health (SoH) monitoring problem as an inaccessible subsystem identification problem and conceived an approach to monitor SoH via side reaction current density estimation when State of Charge (SoC) is perfectly known. In practice, however, SoC is only estimated, and even an SoC estimation error of less than 1% can significantly undermine the accuracy of the SoH estimation. In this paper, the development of a new inaccessible subsystem identification technique, called the Two Step Filter, is presented in a linear setting to estimate the SoC error and SoH variable simultaneously and hence allow for SoH monitoring even under SoC estimation errors. The potential of the Two Step Filter is demonstrated on a linearized battery model example. The result shows that the filter can successfully track the side reaction current density despite the presence of an SoC estimation error of 1%.
Ecology and biology of paddlefish in North America: historical perspectives, management approaches, and research priorities

Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Polyodontidae)are large, mostly-riverine fish that once wereabundant in medium- to large-sized river systemsthroughout much of the central United States. Concernfor paddlefish populations has grown from a regionalfisheries issue to one of national importance for theUnited States. In 1989, the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService (USFWS) was petitioned to list paddlefish asa federally threatened species under the EndangeredSpecies Act. The petition was not granted, primarilybecause of a lack of empirical data on paddlefishpopulation size, age structure, growth, or harvestrates across the present 22-state range. Nonetheless,concern for paddlefish populations prompted the USFWSto recommend that paddlefish be protected through theConvention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The additionof paddlefish to Appendix II of CITES, which wasapproved in March 1992, provides a mechanism tocurtail illegal trade in paddlefish and their partsand supports a variety of conservation plans. Paddlefish populations have been negatively affectedby overharvest, river modifications, and pollution,but the paddlefish still occupies much of its historicrange and most extant populations seem to be stable. Although many facets of paddlefish biology andecology are well understood, the lack of informationon larval and juvenile ecology, mechanisms thatdetermine recruitment, population size and vitalrates, interjurisdictional movements, and the effectsof anthropogenic activities present significantobstacles for managing paddlefish populations. Questions about the size and structure of localpopulations, and how such populations are affected bynavigation traffic, dams, and pollution are regardedas medium priority areas for future research. Theavailability of suitable spawning habitat and overallreproductive success in impounded rivers are unknownand represent critical areas for future research. Research on reproductive and recruitment success inimpounded rivers have significant implications formanaging paddlefish, as rivers are modified furtherfor human use.
The quantity of vaginal fluid

Abstract 1. 1. The average quantity of fluid recovered from the vaginas of 113 women by swabbing the entire vaginal wall, while examining with a dry fenestrated speculum, was 0.76 Gm. 2. 2. During the period of 13 to 16 days before the expected menstruation the amount was 1 Gm. 3. 3. Since contraceptive foam tablets are exposed to only a portion of this fluid it is probable that reaction with the semen is more important in their protective activity than is solution in the vaginal fluid.
Ion Beam Analysis of the Thermal Stability of Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Films on Si Substrate

Unbalanced magnetron sputtering deposition of C‐H films has been performed with various levels of negative substrate bias and with a fixed flow rate of hydrogen. Argon was used as a sputtering gas and formed the majority of the gas in the plasma. The effect of hydrogenation on the final concentration of trapped elements and their thermal stability with respect to hydrogen content is studied using ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques. The elemental concentrations of the films were measured in the films deposited on silicon substrates with a 2.5 MeV of H+ beam, which is used to perform Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Non‐Rutherford Backscattering spectrometry (NRBS) and with 16 MeV of O5+ beam, used to perform Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA). Effect of bias on the thermal stability of trapped hydrogen in the films has been studied. As the films were heated in‐situ in vacuum using a non‐gassy button heater, hydrogen was found to be decreasing around 400° C.
Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective by Ofelia García

Bilingual Education in the 21st Century aims to expand current visions of bilingualism to capture the realities of the complex multilingual world of today. Ofelia Garcia, with contributions from Be...
Abcb1, ugt1a1 and oatp-c polymorphisms predict Irinotecan (CPT-11) toxicity

3074 Background: Irinotecan (CPT-11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is approved for the use of both first- and second-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. As of yet, onl...
Application of DC voltages for determining flow electrification boundary conditions

In the nonaqueous weakly ionized hydrocarbon solutions where flow electrification has been a hazard, the charge transfer processes are not well understood because the ionic species are typically present in trace amounts and their chemical composition is unknown. As a result, postulated boundary conditions have been used, such as a constant zeta potential or wall charge density, a constant gradient in the volume charge density, or a wall current density that is proportional to the difference between the volume charge density and an equilibrium value. The applicability of these boundary conditions is explored. Measurements of the electrification volume charge density between rotating cylindrical stainless steel electrodes, with transformer oil filling the annulus between the cylinders, showed the steady-state charge density increasing linearly with low applied DC voltages (with fields of order 10/sup 3/V/m). Transient measurements, with the inner cylinder covered by pressboard insulation, when the DC voltage is alternately connected and disconnected, suggest that the interfacial surface charge and electric field affect the electrification volume charge density. >
Indole-3-Carbinol Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-α Signaling in Human Tumor Cells

Estrogen, via its binding to the estrogen receptor (ER), plays an important role in breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor development. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a compound occurring naturally in cruciferous vegetables, exhibits a potent antitumor activity via its regulation of estrogen activity and metabolism. This study was designed to determine the effect of I3C on the potential to inhibit the ER-alpha. Using a reporter gene driven by the estrogen receptor, I3C (10-125 micromol/L) significantly repressed the 17ss-estradiol (E2)-activated ER-alpha signaling in a dose-dependent manner. I3C and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) synergistically inhibited transcriptional activity of ER-alpha. Moreover, I3C down-regulated the expression of the estrogen-responsive genes, pS2 and cathepsin-D, and up-regulated BRCA1. The inhibitory effects of I3C did not contribute to its cytotoxic effects because these activities were observed at less than toxic concentrations. These results further suggest that antitumor activities of I3C are associated not only with its regulation of estrogen activity and metabolism, but also its modulation of ER transcription activity.
Substituent effects on the 31P NNIR chemical shifts of substituted phenylphosphonic acids

Abstract The effect of various substituent groups on the 31 P NMR chemical shift of a series of substituted phenylphosphonic acids has been investigated in three different solvents: acetone, ethanol, and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The chemical shifts were found to be linearly related to the Hammett sigma constants and the Taft σ R and σ I parameters. The correlation was opposite to that expected on the basis of the electron withdrawing ability of the substituents. The effect of the substituents was found to be additive and constant.
The interfacial kinetics of the reaction of CO2 with nickel: Part II. the decarburization of liquid nickel

The kinetics of decarburization of liquid nickel in CO2-CO mixtures have been studied at 1400 and 1500°C, using the experimental arrangement of the impinging jet. At carbon concentrations above about 1 wt pct, pressures of CO2 ⪯ 0.1 atm, and for total gas flow-rates above about 40 l/min (STP) impinging on a metal surface of 2.08 cm2, it is concluded that the interfacial reaction step controls the rate. Comparison with isotope exchange studies indicates that dissociative chemisorption of CO2 is the rate determining step. Rate constants, based on the nominal surface area, are 1.2 ×10−3 and 1.4 × 10−3 mol/cm2 · s · atm at 1400 and 1500°C, respectively.
The fiction of phenomenal intentionality

This paper argues that there is no such thing as “phenomenal intentionality”. The arguments used by its advocates rely upon an appeal to “what it is like” (WIL) to attend on some occasion to one’s intentional state. I argue that there is an important asymmetry in the application of the WIL phenomenon to sensory and intentional states. Advocates of “phenomenal intentionality” fail to recognize this, but this asymmetry undermines their arguments for phenomenal intentionality. The broader issue driving the advocacy of phenomenal intentionality is the belief that consciousness must somehow be implicated in intentionality. With this I agree. But because of the asymmetry of application of WIL, the path chosen by advocates of phenomenal intentionality to secure this conclusion cannot succeed. A brief overview of recent philosophy of mind explains the temptation to take this wrong path. Fortunately, there are other routes that implicate consciousness in intentionality. In consequence, though there is no phenomenal intentionality, there is a phenomenology of intentionality.
Study of cell secretion using MEMS-based arrays

This paper focuses on the development of a custom MEMS-based array which will facilitate cell secretion studies by enabling parallel electrochemical detection of secretion events from separate cells with millisecond resolution. Initial prototypes of the microarrays have been fabricated with well-shaped gold electrodes which roughly conform to the shape of a single cell. Amperometric measurements on bovine adrenal chromaffin cells using the prototype microarrays concluded that 80% of the catecholamine secreted from the cells was captured by the well-electrodes. This was a 4-fold increase in detection efficiency over the conventional carbon fiber electrode method. To expand the applicability of this method, additional cell-lines and microarray designs are under investigation. An amphibian fibroblast cell-line (FT cell-line, American Tissue Culture Collection) is being used in our lab. FT cells can take up hormones or other biological compounds from the culture media through a non-specific uptake mechanism which is still under investigation. Microarrays of a new design have been fabricated with patterned gold electrodes on polyimide. A different testing method will be applied to these new microarrays. The FT cells will be cultured directly on top of the microarrays to cover the gold electrodes. Cells will then be loaded with norepinephrine by incubation in media containing 1mM norepinephrine. Rapid elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ levels triggers the exocytosis of norepinephrine which then can be detected by the gold electrode. The new polyimide based microarrays have been successfully used to support confluent growth of the FT cells. Loading of the FT cells with norepinephrine and electrochemical detection tests are underway.