cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic understanding of strong nanometer-thin metal/alumina interfaces

Abstract Chambers et al. [Science 297 (2002) 827] recently reported room temperature laminar growth of Co deposited in vacuum from an evaporation source on fully hydroxylated but otherwise clean α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1). We extend this work to a number of metals using first-principles calculations. The exothermicity of the suggested core reaction, 2OH − + M (a) → H 2 + 2O 2− + M 2+ , where M represents any metal, is investigated for Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Al. We find that the reactions are strongly exothermic for most metals. Rh is slightly endothermic, but has sufficient heat of adsorption to react immediately upon contact. The behavior of Cu cannot be determined within the current accuracy of density functional theory, and Pd is strongly endothermic. This suggests noble metals will not react. By first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of Rh, we show that the likelihood of a direct “hot” reaction, driven by the heat of adsorption, is significant.
Evaluation of Giardia Cyst Removal via Portable Water Filtration Devices

ABSTRACT Two portable water filtration devices were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing potentially pathogenic Giardia cysts using a rigorous testing schedule that simulated in-field use. The units were challenged daily with untreated surface water containing known concentrations of Giardia cysts and two motile, non-pathogenic protozoans according to a defined protocol, which included both use and non-use periods. Detection and quantitation of any challenge organisms were achieved by concentrating the filtration unit effluents by membrane filtration, backflushing the polycarbonate membranes, centrifuging the resulting backflush, and examining the concentrate microscopically. At no time during the 26-day testing period were any Giardia cysts or other challenge protozoans isolated from the filtration unit effluents. Therefore, the two portable filtration devices tested are efficient in removing high concentrations of Giardia cysts and other protozoans.
Disseminated Lymphoblastoma Resembling Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Temporary Dramatic Response to Nitrogen Mustard Therapy (Case Report)

A patient with disseminated lymphoblastoma showed a brief but astonishing improvement under treatment with Methyl-bis (B-chloroethyl amine hydrochloride). The pulmonary lesions closely resembled pulmonary tuberculosis, but cleared almost completely one week after treatment, only to recur again six weeks later.
A history of caloric restriction induces neurochemical and behavioral changes in rats consistent with models of depression

A history of dieting is common in individuals suffering from eating disorders for which depression and mood disturbances are also comorbid. We investigated the effect of a history of caloric restriction (HCR) in rats that involved cyclic food restriction and refeeding with varying levels of access to palatable food (PF) on: 1) responses to the SSRI, fluoxetine; 2) monoamine levels in brain regions central to the control of feeding, reward, and mood regulation; and 3) behavioral tests of anxiety and depression. HCR coupled with intermittent but not daily access to PF exaggerated rats' anorectic response to fluoxetine (p<0.05); was associated with a significant 71% and 58% reduction of 5-HT and dopamine, respectively, in the medial prefrontal cortex; and induced behaviors consistent with models of depression. HCR, irrespective of access to PF, abolished the strong association between 5-HT and dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens in control rats (r=0.71 vs. -0.06, p<0.01). Access to PF, irrespective of HCR, reduced hypothalamic dopamine. Together, these findings suggest that a history of frequent food restriction-induced weight fluctuation imposes neurochemical changes that negatively impact feeding and mood regulation.
Magnetic mapping of human cervical nerve roots: variation in normal subjects

Abstract Cervical magnetic stimulation occurs preferentially at the neural foramen and is more effective with the induced electric field oriented transversely to the spine rather than vertically. This geometry suggests the possibility of mapping innervation from specific nerve roots. A “butterfly” stimulus coil, positioned horizontally, was used to determine the morphologies and amplitudes of compound motor action potentials from multiple muscles in the upper extremities of 15 normal adults. Averages of 5 responses were taken at 1 cm intervals along the cervical-thoracic spine. Needle electrodes were used to verify atypical patterns of innervation. Cervical spine X-rays allowed anatomic correlation. Rarely abductor digiti minimi was difficult to stimulate in the horizontal orientation; satisfactory responses were then obtained with the stimulator angled upward towards side of stimulation. Averaged compound motor action potentials were reproducible, and as the stimulus coil was moved rostro-caudally they often changed morphology in well-defined patterns, suggesting an origin in different cervical nerve roots. The sequence of muscle activation in most subjects was consistent with conventional descriptions of segmental innervation, but 5 appeared to show substantial variation in the nerve roots supplying one or more muscles. Magnetic mapping may be useful method for studying segmental innervation in human subjects.
Efficient estimation of a shift in nonparametric regression

This paper considers a two-sample regression model with nonparametric regression curves that differ by a parametric transformation in the horizontal axis and constructs an efficient estimate of the parameter of the transformation.
Importance of image-guided stereotactic biopsy to confirm diagnosis in an oncological setting

Background: In current practice, the neurosurgical community relies heavily on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for making the diagnosis of brain lesions, especially when surgically inaccessible. However, the specificity of these neuroimaging modalities remains limited, and errors in diagnosis are frequent. In an attempt to ascertain how often the diagnosis based on imaging studies is proved wrong by biopsy, we reviewed the findings from 100 consecutive stereotactic biopsies performed in an oncological setting.
Location of Golgi membranes with reference to dividing nuclei in syncytial Drosophila embryos.

Abstract The role of cytoskeletal elements in the cellularization of syncytial Drosophila embryos is becoming evident; however, the distribution and role of organelles such as the Golgi complex, essential for membrane biogenesis, remain unknown. We have cloned a Golgi-membrane-associated polypeptide, beta-COP, from Drosophila. Immunocytochemical studies of syncytial Drosophila embryos with anti-Drosophila beta-COP antibody reveal that Golgi membranes are spatially segregated from the rapidly dividing nuclei. In early embryos, the Golgi membranes are located in the embryonic cortex and nuclei are confined to the core. This distribution of Golgi membranes may serve in preparation of the embryonic cortex for the accommodation of nuclei upon their eventual migration to the cortex and in biogenesis of the excessive plasma membrane needed for cellularization of syncytial embryos.
Synchrotron radiation of wiggled electron beam in rectangular waveguide

An analysis is presented of the spectrum radiated by an electron beam passing through a magnetic wiggler in a rectangular waveguide using a coupled‐mode approach. The noise power radiated into each mode of the waveguide is calculated. In the limit of a highly overmoded waveguide and large relativistic parameter, the total emitted spectrum approaches that of a beam in free space. The radiation formulas are greatly simplified for a weak magnetic field.
Communications in Information Literacy: An Example of Librarians as Publishers

Seeing a clear need for a scholarly journal devoted entirely to information literacy, two librarians developed a plan for the creation of Communications in Information Literacy. Putting this plan into action required writing author guidelines, recruiting an editorial board, installing open source journal publishing software, creating a workable business model, and petitioning bibliographic databases for indexing. The process described in this column can serve as a model for other, similar efforts.
Theory of Multi-Frequency Mode-Locked Lasers

A theoretical model based upon the master mode-locking equation is constructed to describe multi-frequency, pulsed mode-locking. The model results in mode-locking dynamics qualitatively observed in experimental multi-frequency laser operation.
Useful science is good science: empirical evidence from the Italian National Research Council

Abstract Useful science is good science. According to Pavitt’s claim (Research Policy 27 (1998) 793), the aim of this paper is to show that the differences in innovation intensity of the scientific bodies (institutes) belonging to the largest public research institution in Italy (National Research Council, CNR) are affected rather by the carrying out of basic scientific activities than the development of research activities suitable to the innovation needs of firms. CNR has remarkable records of scientific achievements, mainly in basic science, medicine, biology, computer science and engineering, performed by 108 institutes spread over all Italian regions. Regarding its mission, a novel framework of CNR technology production has been introduced, in order to guide an empirical analysis into the determinants of the differences in technology production of CNR institutes. This framework relates the CNR patenting data and a selected set of scientific indicators, in order to single out the kind of link between technological production and scientific activities. The analysis shows the following results: There is a positive correlation between scientific activity, measured by bibliometric analysis, and technological production; The collaboration with other public or private institution and market oriented activity do not affect the innovation intensity of the CNR institutes.
Large Resplendent Models Generated by Indiscernibles

Deux resultats connus concernant des modeles denombrables recursivement satures de l'arithmetique de Peano sont generalises et exprimes en un seul theoreme. Un des resultats dit qu'un tel modele est engendre par un ensemble d'elements indiscernables, ce qui est egalement generalise pour le cas de modeles non resplendissants
Computational methods for the analysis of, non-contact creep deformation, in ZrB2-SiC composites

Abstract A need for higher service temperatures is driving development of new, higher temperature materials that are resistant to creep. However, conventional methods of measuring creep become increasingly difficult over about 1700 °C. A non-contact method with the capability of measurements at much higher temperature has been demonstrated on niobium using centrifugal loading of a spherical sample. Recent efforts have been made to extend this method to lower temperatures and higher stresses. Using material properties from the literature, we performed finite element simulations to determine the range of experimental parameters over which non-contact measurements of creep can be readily finished within a reasonable time duration for ZrB 2 and ZrB 2 + 25 vol.% SiC. Results from finite element analysis (FEA) model shows that the experiments are feasible at an angular velocity of 32,000 rps and a temperature 1900 °C for ZrB 2 + 25 vol.% SiC, but not for the pure ZrB 2 under the range of experimental conditions available.
Synthetic Video Generation with Complex Camera Motion Patterns to Evaluate Sprite Generation

Without the ground truth image, there is no proper objective method to evaluate sprite generation. In this paper, we propose several complex camera motion patterns to generate synthetic video from original images. Our camera motion patterns include Rotation, Affine, and Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) transformations. In addition, they also include combined patterns. Subsequently, we applied sprite generation to the synthetic videos. Objective evaluation is performed by comparing the ground truth image and sprite based on Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and size. Pattern algebra file is also provided for estimating the accuracy of sprite generation with respect to global motion parameters. Our result indicates that frame PSNR, picture PSNR, size, ground truth image, and pattern algebra file are good indicators of sprite quality.
Use of a patient-controlled stretching device to improve the ankle range of motion.

Background: Ankle and subtalar stiffness are widely associated with many foot and ankle conditions and functional deficits. Loss of range of motion, particularly dorsiflexion, results in significan...
Modulation of microglial pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder resulting from a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and depletion of neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum. Molecular cloning studies have identified nearly a dozen genes or loci that are associated with small clusters of mostly early onset and genetic forms of PD. The etiology of the vast majority of PD cases remains unknown, and the precise molecular and biochemical processes governing the selective and progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway are poorly understood. Current drug therapies for PD are symptomatic and appear to bear little effect on the progressive neurodegenerative process. Studies of postmortem PD brains and various cellular and animal models of PD in the last 2 decades strongly suggest that the generation of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors by the resident brain immune cells, microglia, plays a prominent role in mediating the progressive neurodegenerative process. This review discusses literature supporting the possibility of modulating the activity of microglia as a neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of PD.
Energy Response of Idealized Composite Sandwich Panels under Blast Loads

AbstractThis paper presents the development and application of a simplified analytical model to analyze the energy response of an idealized composite sandwich panel under blast loads. The model is used to gain insight into optimizing the energy absorption capabilities, and thus blast resistance, of the core of these structures. The analytical predictions calculate spatial and time variations in blast pressure as a result of charge size and location as well as the corresponding structural response based on velocity transfer among the sandwich panel components and discretization of the sandwich panel into a system of single degree of freedom mass-spring systems. The energy absorption mechanisms considered include absorbed strain energy as a result of inelastic deformation of the core and energy dissipation through progressive failure of the core, where the failure criterion is the failure strain where the composite material loses strength. The results demonstrate that energy absorption is maximized when fai...
Coronary Artery Spatial Distribution of Acute Myocardial Infarction Occlusions

Background— Acute coronary occlusions leading to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) are due primarily to rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Present “vulnerable plaque” detection technology focuses on identifying individual plaques with no clear therapeutic plan beyond conventional risk factor reduction. We developed a spatial map of the distribution of acute coronary occlusions to test our hypothesis that plaque ruptures do not occur uniformly throughout the coronary tree. Methods and Results— We analyzed 208 consecutive patients who presented to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital with STEMI and mapped the location of the acute coronary occlusion. These occlusions were not uniformly distributed throughout each of the major epicardial coronary arteries but tended to cluster within the proximal third of each of the vessels (right coronary artery, P =0.001; left anterior descending artery, P =0.003; left circumflex artery, P =0.001). Furthermore, Poisson regression showed that for each 10-mm increase in distance from the ostium, the risk of an acute coronary occlusion was significantly decreased by 13% in the right coronary artery, 30% in the left anterior descending artery, and 26% in the left circumflex artery. Conclusions— Acute coronary occlusions leading to STEMI tend to cluster in predictable “hot spots” within the proximal third of the coronary arteries. Identification of these high-risk zones for acute coronary occlusions will lead to future advances in vulnerable plaque detection technology and potentially locally directed preventive strategies.
Metamorphic assemblages and the direction of flow of metamorphic fluids in four instances of serpentinization

Fluids related to Serpentinization are of at least three types. The first reported (Barnes and O'Neil, 1969) is a fluid of local meteoric origin, the chemical and thermodynamic properties of which are entirely controlled by olivine, orthopyroxene, brucite, and serpentine reactions. It is a Ca+2-OH−1 type and is shown experimentally to be capable of reacting with albite to yield calcium hydroxy silicates. Rodingites may form where the Ca+2-OH−1 type waters flow across the ultramafic contact and react with siliceous country rock.
Regulating e-commerce through certified contracts

Access control has traditionally assumed a single, monolithic authorization policy, generally expressed as an access matrix. We argue that this assumption does not fit e-commerce applications, which are governed by a potentially large set of independently stated, evolving contracts. In order to support this growing class of applications we propose an enforcement mechanism which uses certified-contracts as authorization policies. A certified-contract is obtained: (a) by expressing contract terms in a formal, interpretable language, and (b) by having it digitally signed by a trusted principal. We show that this approach would make dissemination, revision, and annulment of contracts more manageable and more efficient. We propose a language for stating contract terms, and present several formal examples of certified contracts. We describe the implementation of the enforcement mechanism, which can be used as an extension to a Web server or as a separate server with interface to application. The proposed model does not require any modification of the current certificate infrastructure, and only minor modifications to servers.
Phase Relations and Ordering in the System ZrO2-MgO

The Phase relationships in the system ZrO2-MgO were reinvestigated over a wide range of temperatures and compositions. The extent of the cubic solid solution field was determined with precise lattice parameter measurements and a high-temperature X-ray furnace using analyzed samples. DTA results show that the addition of MgO to ZrO2 decreases the transition temperature for monoclinic ⇌ tetragonal ZrO2 and 1 mol% of MgO is soluble in the monoclinic zirconia at ∼1070°C.The invariant eutectiod point is at 13.5 ± 0.3 mol% MgO at 1406°± 7°C, which is in fair agreement with previous results by Grain. The ordered phase Mg2Zr5O12 (δ-phase) can form metastably in cubic solid solutions at temperatures as low as 800°C after prolonged annealing. Evidence for the existence of the ordered phase MgZr6O13(γ-phase) was obtained by electron diffraction technique. Conditions for the formation of this phase are described. The ordered phases in this system are metastable and their formation is an intermediate step in the eutectoid decomposition of the cubic phase.
Pore scale inertial flow simulations in 3-D smooth and rough sphere packs using lattice Boltzmann method

Pore-scale inertial flows in periodic body centered cubic (BCC) arrays of smooth and rough sphere packs were simulated using lattice Boltzmann method. Computed velocity fields were visualized and averaged to calculate macroscopic flow parameters characteristic of porous media such as permeability, tortuosity, and β factor as well as the transition Reynolds number values and compared well with established correlations. Furthermore, hemispherical depositions on the smooth spheres in the regular BCC array were used to calculate roughness induced changes in macroscopic flow parameters. As the next step toward simulating inertia dominated flow in natural porous media, simulations were validated for low Reynolds number flow in a three-dimensional (3-D) CT image of irregular pack of uniform diameter spheres. This work aims to define 3-D canonical studies for roughness induced inertial flows in porous media and to assess the capability of LBM for simultaneous prediction of absolute permeability and β factor. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4858–4870, 2013
Two-dimensional Magneto-photonic Crystal Circulators

Previous research has demonstrated enhanced Faraday rotation in one-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals, where nonreciprocity in magneto-optical cavities is resonantly enhanced to provide optical isolation in optical paths on the scale of a few microns. In this paper, we study the nonreciprocity of two-dimensional magnetic photonic crystal resonators to allow further miniaturization and monolithic in-plane integration with current integrated optical devices. The nonreciprocal magnetic resonators are constructed by alternating the magnetization directions of the ferromagnetic domains in cavities side-coupled to photonic crystal waveguides. We show analytically that the gyrotropic splitting and the strength of the magnetic hybridization of the cavity modes are determined by the overlap integral between the domain magnetization vector and the modal cross product. With a large overlap obtained from optimizing the domain structures, we circularly hybridize two nearly degenerate modes to form a pair of counter-rotating whispering-gallery like modes, oscillating at different frequencies. As a physical realization, we synthesize two singly-degenerate circularly-hybridized modes in a two-dimensional crystal formed of a triangular air hole lattice in bismuth iron garnet with a TE bandgap. We tune the magnetic splitting and the decay constants of the rotating modes to demonstrate numerically a three-port optical circulator with a 30dB extinction bandwidth of 35GHz at 1550nm. An alternative implementation of a four-port circulator is achieved by side-coupling a point defect to two parallel waveguides. Our numerical experiments are performed with finite-difference time-domain simulations and agree well with the analytical coupled-mode theory predictions.
The Role Of Stochastic Dominance In Determining Discount Rates In Tort Cases

In this paper the basic responsibilities of a forensic economist are introduced. The role of the discount rate in this process is explained. Prior research on the choice of an appropriate discount rate is examined. The forensic economist must choose either a real rate of interest or a nominal rate. The choice is further compounded by the possible need to utilize a risk adjusted interested rate. The role of the variance and stochastic dominance is then examined. Different types of stochastic dominance are explained. It is found that the concept of stochastic dominance is a more general concept of risk than the variance and thus could be more accurate to use when evaluating future income streams in legal cases involving torts.
Tissue culture of cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.): changes in lipids during maturation of beans and growth of cells and calli in culture

Callus cultures ofTheobroma cacao L., initiated from explants of immature cocoa bean cotyledons, contained 5.3%–6.4% lipids (dry wt basis). The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Cell suspensions contained 5.7–7.7% total lipids which had a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content than total lipids of the calli. Phospholipids and glycolipids were the predominant lipid classes of calli and cell suspensions. Immature cocoa beans at early stages of development contained much higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher polar lipids and lower triglycerides than did mature ripe beans. Ripe cocoa beans contained 54% total lipids of which 96.8% where triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of calli and cell suspensions were similar to those of the immature cocoa beans.
Explanation Closure, Action Closure and the Sandewall Test Suite for Reasoning about Change

Explanation closure (EC) axioms were previously introduced as a means of solving the frame problem. This paper provides a thorough demonstration of the power of EC combined with action closure (AC) for reasoning about dynamic worlds, by way of Sandewall’s test suite of 12-or-so problems [29], [30], [31]. Sandewall’s problems range from the “Yale turkey shoot” (and variants) to the “stuffy room” problem, and were intended as a test and challenge for nonmonotonic logics of action. The EC/AC-based solutions for the most part do not resort to nonmonotonic reasoning at all, yet yield the intuitively warranted inferences in a direct, transparent fashion. While there are good reasons for ultimately employing nonmonotonic or probabilistic logics - e.g., pervasive uncertainty and the qualification problem - this does show that the scope of monotonic methods has been underestimated. Subsidiary purposes of the paper are to clarify the intuitive status of EC axioms in relation to action effect axioms; and to show how EC, previously formulated within the situation calculus, can be applied within the framework of a temporal logic similar to Sandewall’s “discrete fluent logic”, with some gains in clarity.
Man-Computer Input-Output Techniques

In setting the stage for the papers which follow, there is discussion in this paper of some problems of terminology concerning multiple-access, on-line, interactive man-computer systems. It presents three viewpoints from which to examine man-computer interaction.
Teaching Social Justice in Counseling Psychology

Recent years have witnessed increased calls from counseling psychology to include social justice competencies in the training of future practitioners. Integration of social justice awareness, advocacy skills, and opportunities for social change action are needed extensions of the field’s commitment to multicultural competency. Classroom teaching is a key component of transforming counseling psychology curricula and of developing students’ awareness of the value of social justice perspectives, yet pedagogical applications are rarely present in the literature. This article provides a case example of the integration of social justice and multicultural consciousness across the curriculum of one counseling psychology program. It highlights examples of innovative pedagogical techniques within a variety of core courses. We present specific examples of readings and nontraditional teaching approaches to promote social justice consciousness, including experiential exercises, self-reflection opportunities, use of vi...
Noninvasive Urinary Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide, yet there is currently a lack of diagnostic noninvasive biomarkers that could guide treatment decisions. Small molecules (<1,500 Da) were measured in urine collected from 469 patients with lung cancer and 536 population controls using unbiased liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Clinical putative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers were validated by quantitation and normalized to creatinine levels at two different time points and further confirmed in an independent sample set, which comprises 80 cases and 78 population controls, with similar demographic and clinical characteristics when compared with the training set. Creatine riboside (IUPAC name: 2-{2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-oxolan-2-yl]-1-methylcarbamimidamido}acetic acid), a novel molecule identified in this study, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) were each significantly (P < 0.00001) elevated in non-small cell lung cancer and associated with worse prognosis [HR = 1.81 (P = 0.0002), and 1.54 (P = 0.025), respectively]. Creatine riboside was the strongest classifier of lung cancer status in all and stage I-II cases, important for early detection, and also associated with worse prognosis in stage I-II lung cancer (HR = 1.71, P = 0.048). All measurements were highly reproducible with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.82 to 0.99. Both metabolites were significantly (P < 0.03) enriched in tumor tissue compared with adjacent nontumor tissue (N = 48), thus revealing their direct association with tumor metabolism. Creatine riboside and NANA may be robust urinary clinical metabolomic markers that are elevated in tumor tissue and associated with early lung cancer diagnosis and worse prognosis.
Current Concepts Regarding the Effect of Wound Microbial Ecology and Biofilms on Wound Healing

Biofilms are a collection of microbes that adhere to surfaces by manufacturing a matrix that shields them from environmental elements. Wound biofilms are difficult to evaluate clinically, and standard culture methods are inadequate for capturing the true bioburden present in the biofilm. New molecular techniques provide the means for rapid detection and evaluation of wound biofilms, and may prove to be useful in the clinical setting. Studies have shown that many commercial topical agents and wound dressings in use are ineffective against the biofilm matrix. At this stage, mechanical debridement appears to be essential in the eradication of a wound biofilm. Topical antimicrobial agents and antibiotics may be effective in the treatment of the wound bed after debridement in the prevention of biofilm reformation.
Neonatal Seizures: An Update on Mechanisms and Management

The lifespan risk of seizures is highest in the neonatal period. Current therapies have limited efficacy. Although the treatment of neonatal seizures has not changed significantly in the last several decades, there has been substantial progress in understanding developmental mechanisms that influence seizure generation and responsiveness to anticonvulsants. This article provides an overview of current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures, and some of the recent insights about the pathophysiology of neonatal seizures that may provide the foundation for better treatment are identified.
A numerical investigation of boundary layer quasi-equilibrium

Despite the large energy input from surface evaporation, the moist static energy (MSE) of the tropical boundary layer remains relatively constant on large spatial and temporal scales due to lifting of vapor by cloudy updrafts and the addition of dry air from the layers above. Arakawa and Schubert (1974) suggested that drying is due mainly to clear-air turbulent entrainment between cloudy updrafts, while Raymond (1995) described drying due mainly to convective downdrafts. We used cloud-resolving numerical simulations to investigate the transport of MSE into the boundary layer and found turbulent entrainment between clouds to be the dominant process.
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Pneumonitis

Four new cases of neonatal herpes pneumonia and five cases from the literature were assessed. Clinical presentations, laboratory abnormalities, and radiographic features were analyzed in an effort to establish helpful criteria for early institution of antiviral therapy. Any neonate who develops respiratory distress between the third and 14th days of life and has a chest radiograph that reveals prominent hilar with a central interstitial infiltrate is at high risk for herpes pneumonia. Antiviral therapy pending antigen detection and culture results should be strongly considered in any such patient when the etiology of pneumonitis is unknown and any of the following is found: (1) thrombocytopenia; (2) evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation; (3) elevated values in liver function tests; (4) a positive result in a rapid screening test for herpes simplex virus; (5) lymphocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid; (6) development of vesicular skin lesions; or (7) further deterioration in clinical status during treatment with antibiotics.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Hexagonal Structure Yb3+-Doped Sr5(PO4)3F Transparent Ceramics

Ytterbium-doped Sr5(PO4)3F transparent ceramics have been developed through spark plasma sintering (SPS) with a low sintering temperature and short dwelling time. The XRD patterns show a polycrystalline hexagonal phase, and the TEM microstructure characterization indicates that the ceramics have a narrow grain size distribution which ranges from 40 to 200 nm, with an average grain size around 150 nm. The transmittance of a 2 mm thick ceramic sample is measured to be 74% at 1000 nm by a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer. Furthermore, there is a strong emission peak around 1040 nm which has a lifetime of 1.06 ms and is exhibited by a PL spectrometer with the 980 nm laser diode excitation.
Second order local analysis for 3D reconstruction of specular surfaces

We analyze the problem of recovering the shape of a mirror surface. A calibrated scene composed of lines passing through a point is assumed. The lines are reflected by the mirror surface onto the image plane of a calibrated camera, where the intersection, orientation and curvature of such reflections are measured. The relationship between the local geometry of the surface around the point of reflection and the measurements is analyzed. We extend the analysis in Savarese and Perona. (2001, 2002), where we recovered positions and normals and second order local geometry of a specular surface up to one unknown parameter. We show that, provided that we work in a neighborhood of a surface whose third order surface terms can be neglected, the second order parameter ambiguity can be solved by equating the curvatures observed for the reflected lines with those computed from analytical differentiation followed by a perspective projection.
Altered basal and adenosine-mediated protein flux from coronary arterioles isolated from exercise-trained pigs.

Solute flux per unit surface area and concentration gradient, (JS/SΔC), was quantified in arterioles isolated from hearts of sedentary (SED) and exercise-trained (EX) female Yucatan Miniature Swine. Apparent permeability (PS) was assessed from measures of JS/SΔC for two proteins, α-lactalbumin (α-lact) and porcine serum albumin (PSA), under basal conditions and following 5 min suffusion with 10−5M adenosine (ADO). Both proteins were labelled with the fluorescent dye tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate. Basal Ps to α-lact differed with exercise training ((Pα-lacts)SED=5.2±1.8 (median±median absolute deviation (MAD), n=9 pigs) versus (Pα-lacts)EX=7.4±1.1×10−7 cm s−1, n=9, P<0.05). For the larger protein PSA, basal Ps did not change with training ((PPSAs)SED=5.0±1.6, N=11 vs. (PPSAs)EX=4.1±1.2×10−7 cm s−1, N=11). Suffusion of the arterioles (33±4 μm diameter, n=18 vessels) from SED hearts (n=14) with 10−5M ADO decreased Pα-lacts 15±8% relative to control and was without effect on PPSAs. By contrast, in arterioles (39±4 μm diameter, n=22 vessels) from EX hearts (n=14), ADO increased Pα-lacts and PPSAs by 32 and 65% respectively, indicating that receptor-mediated changes in permeability were also sensitive to exercise training. These data demonstrate that, for coronary arterioles, permeability to macromolecules adapts to exercise training. The adaptive mechanisms may involve more than one structural component of the vessel wall as the changes in permeability were size-dependent.
Triggering and data acquisition systems for the Auger Observatory

The Auger Observatory presents novel challenges for triggering and data acquisition. The large area (3000 km/sup 2/ for each of 2 sites) and large number of sensors (1600 per site) make the use of traditional wired connections impractical. In this paper I describe trigger and data acquisition systems incorporating radio links which have been designed for the Auger Observatory.
Penetrating Trauma to the Penis: Functional Results

AbstractPurpose: The erectile function, cosmetic appearance, indications for surgical exploration and need for specific diagnostic tests were evaluated in patients with penetrating penile trauma.Materials and Methods: We reviewed 26 cases of penetrating penile trauma seen during a 4-year period.Results: All patients with corporeal injuries who were followed (73 percent) were potent. Two patients with minimal corporeal injury who did not undergo exploration did well. Retrograde urethrography did not identify any previously unsuspected urethral injuries.Conclusions: Excellent functional results may be obtained after penetrating trauma to the penis. Select patients may not require retrograde urethrography and some with minimal wounds, even if involving the corpora, can be treated nonoperatively.
Group Incentives and Pay Satisfaction: Understanding the Relationship Through an Identity Theory Perspective

The goal of this paper is to develop a conceptual model based on identity theory to specify the relationship between group incentives and pay satisfaction. Pay satisfaction, as currently measured, does not include items that directly measure group-based rewards, therefore, any changes in pay satisfaction associated with group incentive implementation would be the result of some spillover effect. Identity theory is employed to model this effect by delineating how group incentives tap salient work-related roles; the theory also has implications for various behavioral consequences. The research described in this paper tests two hypotheses derived from the conceptual model. These hypotheses are tested in two quasi-experimental field studies conducted in a high technology firm and a consumer products company that both implemented gainsharing programs. The findings indicate that gainsharing plans can be viewed as either a benefit or as part of individual pay based on the ability of the incentive plan to activat...
Robust high-resolution eigenspace DOA estimation

A subspace approach to direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation that incorporates high resolution with robustness to array response uncertainties is presented. It is argued that one-dimensional search algorithms can be made more robust to array errors if the errors can be characterized in terms of a structured distribution in the observation space. This argument leads to a discussion of methods for low-rank and full-rank perturbations. In both cases finite sample effects and model errors are simultaneously dealt with by generalizing the high resolution subspace approach of CLOSEST. A simulation study is included to compare the three robust methods introduced with MUSIC, and a previously proposed robust weighted version of MUSIC, for cases of low and full rank model perturbations. >
Rx for OTC Users: Improved Health Education.

A survey of college students' perceptions and understanding of the directions, cautions and warnings affixed to or accompanying over-the-counter medicines was conducted during 1980-81 at the University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The questionnaire asked students to list the OTC products they use and to define or recognize definitions for pertinent terminology. The present paper concludes there is compelling need for increased emphases on health education at all educational levels, particularly as related to self-medication practices, and that on-going programs should be examined for relevance.
DNA Vaccination as Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunotherapy in Infected Chimpanzees

The role of the immune response in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is controversial. Immunotherapeutic strategies that have the ability to broaden immune responses might play a role in slowing disease progression. DNA immunization was studied as immunotherapy in infected chimpanzees. Two HIV-1-infected chimpanzees were vaccinated with DNA plasmid vaccines, one with plasmid pCMN160, which expresses the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 MN and rev, and the other with a control plasmid. The chimpanzee immunized with pCMN160 demonstrated enhanced humoral responses. Virus load was monitored. Virus load in the chimpanzee receiving pCMN160 decreased at week 20 and has remained at background levels. The control chimpanzee was subsequently vaccinated with pCMN160. After immunization, the antibody responses increased and, as in the first animal, the virus load decreased. These results indicate the potential of the immune response to have a direct impact on HIV-1 replication in chimpanzees.
Global Contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 1980s and 2000s

AbstractA statistically significant reduction in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) volume is quantified between the 1980s and 2000s within the Southern Ocean and along the bottom-most, southern branches of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). AABW has warmed globally during that time, contributing roughly 10% of the recent total ocean heat uptake. This warming implies a global-scale contraction of AABW. Rates of change in AABW-related circulation are estimated in most of the world’s deep-ocean basins by finding average rates of volume loss or gain below cold, deep potential temperature (θ) surfaces using all available repeated hydrographic sections. The Southern Ocean is losing water below θ = 0°C at a rate of −8.2 (±2.6) × 106 m3 s−1. This bottom water contraction causes a descent of potential isotherms throughout much of the water column until a near-surface recovery, apparently through a southward surge of Circumpolar Deep Water from the north. To the north, smaller losses of bottom waters are see...
Single-cell and subcellular pharmacokinetic imaging allows insight into drug action in vivo

Pharmacokinetic analysis at the organ level provides insight into how drugs distribute throughout the body, but cannot explain how drugs work at the cellular level. Here we demonstrate in vivo single-cell pharmacokinetic imaging of PARP-1 inhibitors and model drug behaviour under varying conditions. We visualize intracellular kinetics of the PARP-1 inhibitor distribution in real time, showing that PARP-1 inhibitors reach their cellular target compartment, the nucleus, within minutes in vivo both in cancer and normal cells in various cancer models. We also use these data to validate predictive finite element modelling. Our theoretical and experimental data indicate that tumour cells are exposed to sufficiently high PARP-1 inhibitor concentrations in vivo and suggest that drug inefficiency is likely related to proteomic heterogeneity or insensitivity of cancer cells to DNA-repair inhibition. This suggests that single-cell pharmacokinetic imaging and derived modelling improve our understanding of drug action at single-cell resolution in vivo.
Health Behaviors and Overweight in Nursing Home Employees: Contribution of Workplace Stressors and Implications for Worksite Health Promotion

Background. Many worksite health promotion programs ignore the potential influence of working conditions on unhealthy behaviors. Methods. A study of nursing home employees (56% nursing aides) utilized a standardized questionnaire. We analyzed the cross-sectional associations between workplace stressors and obesity, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. Results. Of 1506 respondents, 20% reported exposure to three or more workplace stressors (physical or organizational), such as lifting heavy loads, low decision latitude, low coworker support, regular night work, and physical assault. For each outcome, the prevalence ratio was between 1.5 and 2 for respondents with four or five job stressors. Individuals under age 40 had stronger associations between workplace stressors and smoking and obesity. Conclusions. Workplace stressors were strongly associated with smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity, even among the lowest-status workers. Current working conditions affected younger workers more than older workers. Although this study is cross-sectional, it has other strengths, including the broad range of work stressors studied. Strenuous physical work and psychosocial strain are common among low-wage workers such as nursing home aides. Workplace health promotion programs may be more effective if they include measures to reduce stressful work environment features, so that working conditions support rather than interfere with employee health.
Understanding Ageism: Lessons From Feminism and Postmodernism

I argue that ageism is a set of oppressive social relations directed at and constructed in images of the aged body. Drawing from feminist and postmodern theorists I suggest that we must avoid essentialism, be sensitive to historical and geographical variations in the form of ageism, focus on the contested nature of the aged body and associated identities, and reject attempts at universalizing scholarship. I suggest that our work focus on five sites of struggle around ageist identities: the labor force, the household, popular culture, the state, and the built environment, each of which is involved in the construction and reconstruction of the aged body.
Bronchial Thermoplasty in Asthma

In this review we discuss the potential of a new procedure, termed Bronchial Thermoplasty to prevent serious consequences resulting from excessive airway narrowing. The most important factor in minimizing an asthmatic attack is limiting the degree of smooth muscle shortening. The premise that airway smooth muscle can be either inactivated or obliterated without any long-term alteration of other lung tissues, and that airway function will remain normal, albeit with reduced bronchoconstriction, has now been demonstrated in dogs, a subset of normal subjects, and mild asthmatics. Bronchial Thermoplasty may thus develop into a useful clinical procedure to effectively impair the ability for airway smooth muscle to reach the levels of pathologic narrowing that characterizes an asthma attack. It may also enable more successful treatment of asthma patients who are unresponsive to more conventional therapies. Whether this will remain stable for the lifetime of the patient still remains to be determined, but at the present time, there are no indications that the smooth muscle contractility will return. This successful preliminary experience showing that Bronchial Thermoplasty could be safely performed in patients with asthma has led to an ongoing clinical trial at a number of sites in Europe and North America designed to examine the effectiveness of this procedure in subjects with moderately severe asthma.
Surface composition gradients of immobilized cell signaling molecules. Epidermal growth factor on gold

Surface composition gradients of the signaling molecule, epidermal growth factor (EGF), have been prepared by an adaptation of the electrochemical gradient technique. EGF is covalently bound to the reactive component, 11-amino-l-undecanethiol (AUT), in a counterpropagating two-component gradient composed of AUT and poly(ethylene glycol) thiol (PEG) using carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Areas of the surface presenting –NH2 termination react with succinimidyl esters of solvent-accessible acidic amino acids in EGF, while non-specific protein adsorption is resisted in the PEG regions. The maximum surface coverage of EGF prepared in this manner was determined by surface plasmon resonance reflectometry (SPR) on spatially uniform films to be 20%b ΓEGFb70% depending on the concentration of the EGF derivatization solution. EGF retains its biological activity with this immobilization process, as verified by culturing human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) on an EGF-terminated surface for 24h. PEG shows good resistance to EGF physical adsorption as demonstrated by both SPR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The N/C ratio of EGF gradients, which is characteristic of EGF adsorption, because only the protein contains N, while both protein and PEG contain C, was spatially mapped with XPS. The gradient composition distributions are sigmoidal with lateral distance, with the position of the gradient transition region being readily controlled by adjusting the applied potential window. EGF gradients with variable quantitative surface coverage profiles were generated by varying EGF and AUT concentrations.