cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where are virtues

This paper argues that the question, ‘where are virtues?’ demands a response from virtue theorists. Despite the polarizing nature of debates about the relevance of empirical work in psychology for virtue theory, I first show that there is widespread agreement about the underlying structure of virtue. Namely, that virtues are comprised of cognitive and affective processes. Next, I show that there are well-developed arguments that cognitive processes can extend beyond the agent. Then, I show that there are similarly well-developed arguments that affective processes can extend beyond the agent. I then introduce three cases to establish that these cognitive and affective processes are relevantly similar to the cognitive and affective processes countenanced by plausible theories of virtue. Finally, I conclude that virtue theorists must abandon default internalism, the (often implicit) view that the cognitive and affective processes comprising virtues are internal to the agent.
Technology supports for science learning

Technology, if accompanied by innovative curriculum and professional development, can transform science learning by supporting active, inquiry-oriented teaching that is consistent with constructivism. Technology tools presently being used to support science learning include probes for real-time data acquisition, computer simulations, modeling software and microworlds, virtual communities and collaborative websites, virtual laboratories, remote access to instruments, software to support and structure student investigations, and learning environments that may include many of these tools along with inquiry-oriented curriculum. Technology can also increase equity and access and help address issues of sustainability and scaling up of educational innovations.
Methodology to Identify On-Ramps for Metering with Consideration of System-Wide Recurrent and Non-Recurrent Congestion:

State agencies have developed warrants and guidelines for the metering of freeway on-ramps. However, these warrants only consider the traffic conditions in the vicinity of each on-ramp without cons...
Tildrakizumab: A Review of Phase II and III Clinical Trials:

Objective: Tildrakizumab, an inhibitor of the p19 subunit of interleukin (IL)-23, was recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. This artic...
Selling digital music: Formatting culture

Over the past decade and a half, the most compelling popular music discussions have focused less on the music itself and more on its methods of circulation. While music listeners eagerly deploy a w...
Radioisotope and stable isotope ratios (Δ14C, δ15N) suggest larval lamprey growth is dependent on both fresh and aged organic matter in streams

Lampreys have a complex life cycle which includes a multi‐year infaunal larval stage (ammocoete). Gut content analysis has generally identified detritus (i.e., unidentifiable organic matter) as the major dietary component to ammocoetes, though algae can also be important. However, gut content preserves only a snapshot of the animal's diet and does not reflect assimilated material. In order to better characterise the nutritional sources supporting ammocoete growth, we analysed ammocoete body tissue and potential dietary sources at two streams using natural Δ¹⁴C and δ¹⁵N to estimate time‐integrated nutritional support. Bayesian isotope mixing models revealed differences in the importance of sources supporting ammocoetes between sites. Ammocoetes from a stream in a mixed land usage area (~50% agriculture, ~40% forest and ~10% developed) were primarily supported (mean: ~50%) by fresh terrestrial organic matter but were also supported by substantial contributions (mean: ~30%) by aged organic matter (AOM) and autochthonous material (algae; mean ~20%). In a predominantly forested (~90%) headwater stream, different modelling scenarios (uninformed or informed priors) suggested that algal support of ammocoete nutrition ranged from 7% to 45%. However, the model relying on informed priors developed from gut content analysis produced the low estimates, suggesting these were more reliable. When algae were a minor component of the nutrition at the forested site, ammocoetes were highly dependent on AOM (83 ± 26%; mean ± SD). Based on these findings, ammocoete growth and development are predicted to be strongly influenced by both land use and the availability of allochthonous and autochthonous materials of varying ages within streams.
METAL ARTIFACT REDUCTION IN STATIONARY INTRAORAL TOMOSYNTHESIS

Background The first generation stationary intraoral tomosynthesis (sIOT) device, developed at University of North Carolina (UNC), provides 3-D information in intraoral imaging with a speed and dose comparable with those of traditional intraoral radiography. Initial research shows promise in several diagnostic tasks, including caries and fracture detection. However, the original iterative reconstruction produces artifacts adjacent to metal restorations. Two new iterative reconstructions with metal artifact reduction (MAR1 and MAR2) have been developed. MAR1 segments the metal out before reconstruction and adds it back after reconstruction. MAR2 minimizes the artifact amplified at each iteration by dividing the projected error by the number of slices. Objective(s) The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of metal artifact reduction in tomosynthesis. Study Design Pilot samples of 2 extracted premolars with amalgam restorations were imaged by using the sIOT system. Reconstructions were generated using the original, MAR1, and MAR2 algorithms. Using line density plots, artifact pixel intensity and artifact width were measured for the original, MAR1, and MAR2 algorithms. Results The difference between average dentin pixel intensity and artifact pixel intensity for sample 1 was 8016, –5781, and 759 for the original, MAR1, and MAR2 reconstructions, respectively. Artifact width was 2.61 mm, 0.82 mm, and 1.38 mm, respectively. For sample 2, the difference in intensity was 8248, –5399, and 93, respectively. Artifact width was 1.71 mm, 1.06 mm, and 0.81 mm, respectively. Discussion/Conclusions MAR1 and MAR2 reduced the intensity of the artifacts; however, reduction by MAR2 was more pronounced. MAR1 produced radiopaque artifacts, whereas MAR2 produced radiolucent artifacts. MAR1 and MAR2 reduced the width of the artifacts, but the extent was reversed between the samples. The results support the value of MAR for tomosynthesis and suggests that MAR2 may be more effective. Continued development of artifact reduction techniques is needed with a more in-depth study using a larger sample size.
Predictors of New-Onset Physical Restraint Use in Critically Ill Adults

BACKGROUND Physical restraints are frequently used for intensive care patients and are associated with substantial morbidity. The effects of common evidence-based critical care interventions on use of physical restraints remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To identify independent predictors of new-onset use of physical restraints in critically ill adults. METHODS Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study involving 5 adult intensive care units in a tertiary care medical center in the United States. Use of physical restraints was determined via daily in-person assessments and medical record review. Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with new-onset use of physical restraints, adjusting for covariates and within-subject correlation among intensive care unit days. RESULTS Of 145 patients who were free of physical restraints within 48 hours of intensive care unit admission, 24 (16.6%) had restraints newly applied during their stay. In adjusted models, delirium (odds ratio [OR], 5.09; 95% CI, 1.83-14.14), endotracheal tube presence (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.22-9.86), and benzodiazepine administration (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.28-7.81) significantly increased the odds of next-day use of physical restraints. Tracheostomy was associated with significantly lowered odds of next-day restraint use (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02-0.73). Compared with patients with a target sedation level, patients who were in a coma (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 0.80-8.18) or deeply sedated (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 0.91-7.08) had higher odds of next-day use of physical restraints, and agitated patients (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.00-2.07) were less likely to experience restraint use. CONCLUSION Several potentially modifiable risk factors are associated with next-day use of physical restraints.
Kidnapped Amazonians, Severed Breasts, and Witches: Renaissance Perceptions of the Destructive Nature of the Freakish Female in Spenser's The Bower of Bliss and Shakespeare's Two Noble Kinsmen

Freak shows are physical and metaphorical,demonstrating a cultural perception of what and who is privileged. In Renaissance England, Shakespeare and Spenser both write of deviant women and perpetuate the stereotypes of foreign women, creating literary “freak shows” in their works Two Noble Kinsmen and The Bower of Bliss. Whether these characters are Amazonian women disinterested in heterosexual romance or promiscuous witches, they are set as spectacle in the confines of their respective texts.
Adenosine reduces the potassium conductance of guinea pig submucosal plexus neurons by activating protein kinase A.

Intracellular recordings were made from S neurons of the submucosal plexus isolated from the guinea pig ileum. Adenosine or its analog 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) depolarized about 80% of neurons; previous work has shown that this results from activation of an A2 receptor. The depolarization was associated with an increase in membrane input resistance, became smaller with membrane hyperpolarization, reversed polarity at the potassium equilibrium potential and was mimicked and occluded by calcium-free solutions or by cadmium, suggesting that it is due to a reduction in a calcium dependent potassium conductance. Both forskolin (though not 1,9-dideoxyforskolin) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) mimicked and occluded the action of CADO. Staurosporine (a nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinases) blocked the depolarization induced by the phorbol ester within 5 min, and blocked the effects of forskolin and CADO in 15–35 min. The depolarization caused by CADO was inhibited by the specific inhibitor of protein kinase A KT5720 (8R*,9S*,11S*)-(−)-9-hydroxy-9-n-hexylester-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8,11-epoxy-1H, 8H,11H-2,7b-11a-triazadibenzo [a,g]cycloocta[cde]trin-den-1-one, whereas this inhibitor did not affect the depolarization induced by PDBu. The results are consistent with the control of this potassium conductance by protein kinase C, protein kinase A and intracellular calcium, and they indicate that adenosine reduces the conductance by activating protein kinase A.
Heterogeneous expression of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 receptor ACE2 in the human respiratory tract.

Abstract Background Zoonotically transmitted coronaviruses are responsible for three disease outbreaks since 2002, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its efficient transmission and range of disease severity raise questions regarding the contributions of virus-receptor interactions. ACE2 is a host ectopeptidase and the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports describe ACE2 mRNA abundance and tissue distribution; however, mRNA abundance is not always representative of protein levels. Currently, there is limited data evaluating ACE2 protein and its correlation with other SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility factors. Materials and methods We systematically examined the human upper and lower respiratory tract using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry to determine receptor expression and evaluated its association with risk factors for severe COVID-19. Findings Our results reveal that ACE2 protein is highest within regions of the sinonasal cavity and pulmonary alveoli, sites of presumptive viral transmission and severe disease development, respectively. In the lung parenchyma, ACE2 protein was found on the apical surface of a small subset of alveolar type II cells and colocalized with TMPRSS2, a cofactor for SARS-CoV2 entry. ACE2 protein was not increased by pulmonary risk factors for severe COVID-19. Additionally, ACE2 protein was not reduced in children, a demographic with a lower incidence of severe COVID-19. Interpretation These results offer new insights into ACE2 protein localization in the human respiratory tract and its relationship with susceptibility factors to COVID-19.
Reading Kim Il Sung

Hoegorok: Segiwa deobureo(With the Century: The Memoirs), an eight-volume set containing Kim Il Sung’s memoirs, was published in Pyongyang between 1992 and 1996. Given that Kim died in July 1994 upon completion of Volume 6, Volumes 7 and 8 were published posthumously, and were based on drafts and notes that Kim had left. An English translation of the complete set is available in PDF format on North Korea’s official state website ( http://www.korea-dpr.info/lib/202.pdf). The close correspondence between the timing of Kim’s death and the publication of his memoirs is strange, to say the least, as if Kim had anticipated his death and had begun writing them a few years prior to his passing. For, right before his death, Kim Il Sung had virtually re-written his history by way of his memoirs. What I mean is that there is an interesting twist associated with the publication of the memoirs, a twist that makes Kim Il Sung into something that was different from what he had been until 1994. By the time of his death, Kim had been elevated to the status of sacred national symbol. In dying, he acquired eternal life, having been immediately resurrected with the title of Eternal President, an office which no one, not even his son nor grandson, would assume thereafter. In something of a prosaic yet substantial counterbalance to all of this, the memoirs speak to Kim’s humanness – he depicts himself as a man, nothing more and nothing less. Reading Kim’s memoirs at this point in time, his son’s reign having come and gone and his grandson having now assumed power, gives us an interesting glimpse into how North Korea situates and envisions the position of leader vis-a-vis the people. In this article, I would like to explore an example of a shift in the position Kim Il Sung occupies in North Korea’s history (from human to deity) via a close reading of Kim’s memoirs. My strategy of doing so is two-fold: I shall try to approach memoirs with the intent of locating its authenticity on the one hand (section 1 below) and by situating myself as a “native reader” of Kim Il Sung’s words, on the other (section 2). These will be followed by the exploration of memoirs’ key points (section 3).
Addiction Treatment Disparities: Ethnic and Sexual Minority Populations

Publisher Summary Ethnic minority and sexual minority individuals face unique challenges in accessing treatment services. Once treatment is accessed, minority clients face additional problems. Frequently, the prevailing treatment models do not account for minority cultural values and traditional practices, and therapists often are insensitive to cultural differences inherent in their minority clients. Addressing specific issues of relevance to positive outcomes for minority clients is often overlooked or avoided. A long history of minority clients being underserved and understudied has contributed to a general lack of understanding about how to effectively help them therapeutically. However, researchers and treatment professionals are now collaborating with key stakeholders to improve treatment in ethnic minority communities. The new model of community-based participation in the development, implementation, and evaluation of treatment programs holds great promise in improving services to people who have been traditionally disempowered and poorly served in society.
A Concurrent Execution Semantics for Parallel Program Graphs and Program Dependence Graphs

In this paper, we present a concurrent execution semantics for Parallel Program Graphs (PPGs), a general parallel program representation that includes Program Dependence Graphs (PDGs) and sequential programs. We believe that this semantics is natural to the programmer's way of thinking, and that it also provides a suitable execution model for efficient implementation on real architectures. To demonstrate the robustness of our semantics, we prove a Reordering Theorem which states that a PPG's semantics does not depend on the order in which parallel nodes are executed, and an Equivalence Theorem which states that the semantics of a sequential program is identical to the semantics of its PDG.
Growth, Welfare, and Public Infrastructure: A General Equilibrium Analysis of Latin American Economies

Empirical studies have found infrastructure investment important for a countryi¯s economic performance, but have not provided clear guidelines for infrastructure policy or its effects on other macroeconomic variables. This paper develops a general equilibrium model of a small open economy to study the effects of public infrastructure on output, private investment and welfare. The model is parameterized and solved for three Latin American countries: Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Results show that infrastructure can have positive effects on output, private investment and welfare. However, raising public infrastructure investment past a certain threshold can be detrimental. All three countries are shown to have under-invested in infrastructure in the 1970s and 1980s. The gains from optimal infrastructure policy are greatest for Peru, the country with lowest infrastructure expenditure.
Dataspaces: Progress and Prospects

The concept of Dataspaces was proposed in a 2005 paper by Franklin, Halevy and Maier as a new data management paradigm to help unify the diverse efforts on flexible data models, data cleaning, and data integration being pursued by the database community. The key idea is to expand the scope of database technology by moving away from the schema-first nature of traditional data integration techniques and instead, support a spectrum of degrees of structure, schema conformance, entity resolution, quality and so on. Dataspaces offer an initial, lightweight set of useful services over a group of data sources, allowing users, administrators, or programs to improve the semantic relationships between the data in an incremental and iterative manner. This "pay-as-you-go" philosophy is at the heart of the Dataspaces approach. In this talk, I will revisit the motivation behind Dataspaces, outline the evolution of thinking on the topic since the 2005 proposal, and describe our current work focused on developing a metrics-driven framework for Dataspace systems.
Properties of the medium chain/long chain carnitine acyltransferase purified from rat liver microsomes.

Abstract Carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) purified from rat liver microsomes has K0.5 values between 1.0 and 4.0 microM for saturated 6-carbon to 16-carbon length acyl-CoAs, with little differences in Vmax values. The reaction rate is linear with time in the forward direction (acyl-CoA-->acylcarnitine), but it increases with time when assayed in the reverse direction (acylcarnitine-->acyl-CoA). The K0.5 for decanoylcarnitine and CoASH are 0.3 mM for CoASH and between 1.0 and 4.0 mM for decanoylcarnitine. The kinetic data indicate that the enzyme functions in the direction of acyl-carnitine formation. It is moderately inhibited by aminocarnitine, and D-carnitine and etomoxiryl-CoA are weak inhibitors; malonyl-CoA does not inhibit the enzyme. The enzyme has little, if any, capacity to use valproylcarnitine, 3-methylglutarylcarnitine, or pivaloylcarnitine as a substrate. Polyclonal antibodies prepared against COT give a positive Western blot against the purified enzyme and against a protein in microsomes having the molecular mass of COT (53 kDA). Antimitochondrial CPT and antiperoxisomal CAT did not show appreciable cross-reactivity with purified microsomal COT. The inhibitor data, the kinetic data, the molecular masses, and the Western blotting profiles all show that the enzyme purified from rat liver microsomes is a different carnitine acyltransferase than those previously purified from other organelles.
Competitive binding of antagonistic peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning

During development, cells interpret complex and often conflicting signals to make optimal decisions. Plant stomata, the cellular interface between a plant and the atmosphere, develop according to positional cues, which include a family of secreted peptides called epidermal patterning factors (EPFs). How these signalling peptides orchestrate pattern formation at a molecular level remains unclear. Here we report in Arabidopsis that Stomagen (also called EPF-LIKE9) peptide, which promotes stomatal development, requires ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinases and interferes with the inhibition of stomatal development by the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 (EPF2)-ER module. Both EPF2 and Stomagen directly bind to ER and its co-receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS. Stomagen peptide competitively replaced EPF2 binding to ER. Furthermore, application of EPF2, but not Stomagen, elicited rapid phosphorylation of downstream signalling components in vivo. Our findings demonstrate how a plant receptor agonist and antagonist define inhibitory and inductive cues to fine-tune tissue patterning on the plant epidermis.
Helper T cell differentiation: a role for SAP?

Differentiation of periperal T cells into TH1 and TH2 subsets is a crucial part of a normal immune response. Evidence is emerging that a signaling pathway involving the SAP molecule may play an important role in this differentiation process.
Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: A view from the west

[1] Indian plate rocks in the central Himalaya have traditionally been divided into orogen-parallel, fault-bound tectonostratigraphic zones. A straightforward westward extrapolation of these zones has proved problematic in part because of a lack of consensus on the existence or significance of major faults within the metamorphic zone of the Indian plate in Pakistan where more than 10 locations for the Main Central thrust (MCT) have been proposed. We address this ambiguity by systematically tracing established central Himalayan tectonostratigraphy around the western Himalayan syntaxis and across Pakistan. This exercise reveals the following stratigraphic and structural relationships: (1) There is a westward decrease in Neogene shortening across the Himalayan fold and thrust belt such that there is no age equivalent thrust in Pakistan with displacement and metamorphic juxtaposition equivalent to the central Himalayan MCT. (2) Shortening across the fold and thrust belt in western Pakistan is concentrated in the unmetamorphosed foreland as opposed to the metamorphic zone in the central Himalaya. (3) Lesser Himalayan, Higher Himalayan, and Tethyan rocks are in stratigraphic order within the metamorphic zone of Pakistan which appears to be the metamorphic equivalent of Kashmir Tethyan stratigraphy. (4) The combination of early Paleozoic and late Paleozoic tectonism in Pakistan has locally eliminated Upper Proterozoic Higher Himalayan rock and lower to middle Paleozoic Tethyan rock from the metamorphic zone of Pakistan. (5) Late Cretaceous and/or early Paleocene proto-Himalayan deformation in the Pakistan foreland telescoped and eroded stratigraphy prior to the main phase of Himalayan orogeny. (6) Tectonostratigraphic zones are offset in eastern Pakistan by the transverse Jhelum-Balakot fault. (7) There is no evidence within the Indian plate of Pakistan for a large-scale normal fault system comparable to the South Tibetan detachment system. (8) Stratigraphy, as well as the age and tectonic setting of deformation and metamorphism, must be taken into account when drawing tectonostratigraphic zones.
I-κB Kinase β Is Critical for B Cell Proliferation and Antibody Response

The NF-κB proteins are critical in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory response. Stimulation of the NF-κB pathway leads to increases in I-κB kinase β (IKKβ) kinase activity to result in the enhanced phosphorylation and degradation of I-κB and the translocation of the NF-κB proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In this study, a dominant-negative IKKβ mutant expressed from the IgH promoter was used to generate transgenic mice to address the role of IKKβ on B cell function. Although these transgenic mice were defective in activating the NF-κB pathway in B cells, they exhibited no defects in B lymphocyte development or basal Ig levels. However, they exhibited defects in the cell cycle progression and proliferation of B cells in response to treatment with LPS, anti-CD40, and anti-IgM. Furthermore, selective defects in the production of specific Ig subclasses in response to both T-dependent and T-independent Ags were noted. These results suggest that IKKβ is critical for the proliferation of B cells and the control of some aspects of the humoral response.
In vivo and in vitro Studies of TrpR-DNA Interactions

The binding of tryptophan repressor (TrpR) to its operators was examined quantitatively usingin vitroandin vivomethods. DNA sequence requirements for 1:1 and tandem 2 :1 (TrpR : DNA) binding in various sequence contexts were studied. The results indicate that the optimal half-site sequence for recognition by one helix-turn-helix motif of one TrpR dimer is3′ CNTGA 5′5′ GNACT 3′, consistent with contacts observed by X-ray diffraction analysis of cocrystalline 1:1 and 2 :1 complexes. Half-sites can be paired to form a palindrome either by direct abutment, forming the nucleation site for a tandem 2 :1 complex, or with an 8-base-pair spacer, forming a 1:1 target. Dimethylsulfate (DMS) methylation-protection footprintingin vitroof 1:1 and 2 :1 complexes formed sequentially on the two unequal half-site pairs of thetrpEDCBA operator fromSerratia marcescensindicated an obligate hierarchy of site occupancy, with one half-site pair serving as the nucleation site for tandem binding. DMS footprinting ofEscherichia colioperatorsin vivoshowed that, over a wide range of intracellular TrpR concentration, thetrpEDCBA operator is occupied by three repressor dimers,aroH is occupied by two dimers, and the 1:1 binding mode is used on thetrpR operator. The coexistence of these distinct occupancy states implies that changes in protein concentration affect only the fractional occupancy of each operator rather than the binding mode, which is determined by the number of half-site sequences present in the operator region. Cooperativity of tandem complex formation measured by gel retardation using a symmetrized synthetic operator containing identical, optimal sites spaced as in natural operators was found to be modest, implying a maximum coupling free energy of ∼−2 kcal/mol. On other sequences the apparent degree of cooperativity, as well as the apparent affinity, varied with sequence and sequence context in a manner consistent with the structural models and which suggests compensation between affinity and cooperativity as a mechanism that allows tolerance of operator sequence variation.
Separation and Reunion in Modern China

Separation and Reunion in Modern China. Charles Stafford. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 202 pp.
The effects of surface area to solution volume ratio and surface roughness on glass leaching

Abstract The effects of surface roughness on the leaching characteristics of both a simple borosilicate and a soda-lime-silicate glass were evaluated by using five different surface preparations with a constant sample surface area to leachate volume ratio (SA/V). For the borosilicate glass, corrosion rates were accelerated as a result of surface roughness by much more than the percentage increase in surface area, but they were approximately equal to the surface area increases for the soda-lime-silicate glass. Opposite trends in the amount of selective leaching with changes in surface roughness occurred with the two glasses, in which surface layer accumulation of insoluble components played a key role. The effects of varying SA/V on leaching characteristics were evaluated for a simple borosilicate glass by using five different SA/V values for one surface preparation. Except for Si, increasing SA/V ratios resulted in both an increase in the leachate pH and a decrease in the total elemental removal. The net effect was a thinner depletion layer with larger SA/V ratios. These results are compared to those for simple silicate glasses found in the literature.
Kinematic domain decomposition to simulate flows past moving objects

A new method is developed to solve the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations on a composite grid which consists of subdomain grids moving with respect to each other. These subdomains are structured grids with different topologies. However, their interfaces are unstructured in the sense that they may or may not arbitrarily overlap with each other. This method captures the boundary-motion-induced flow component. The method is demonstrated for a transonic flow past an airfoil which experiences a combined motion of pitching and plunging.
Chronobiology of arterial hypertension in hemodialysis patients: implications for home blood pressure monitoring.

Background Hemodialysis patients have a steady increase in blood pressure (BP) during the 44-hour interdialytic interval when ambulatory BP monitoring is used. Home BP recording allows for a longer period of monitoring between dialysis treatments and may better define the chronobiological characteristics of arterial hypertension. This study sought to determine the optimal time to perform home BP monitoring in hemodialysis patients to improve the strength of prediction of 44-hour interdialytic ambulatory BP. Study Design Diagnostic test study. Setting & Participants This is an ancillary analysis of patients participating in the Dry-weight Reduction in Hypertensive Hemodialysis Patients (DRIP) trial. Index Test Home BP measured 3 times daily for 1 week by using a validated oscillometric monitor on 3 occasions at 4-week intervals after randomization. Home BP measured during the first third, second third, and last third of time elapsed after the dialysis treatment, as well as each third of the dialysis treatment, was compared with the overall ambulatory BP. Reference Tests Interdialytic ambulatory BP measured on 3 occasions at 4-week intervals after randomization. Results During the interdialytic interval, we found an increase in systolic ambulatory BP of 0.30 ± 0.36 mm Hg/h and an increase in systolic home BP of 0.40 ± 0.25 mm Hg/h. This relationship in home BP reached a plateau after approximately 48 hours. A similar pattern was seen for diastolic home BP. Probing dry weight steepened the slope of ambulatory BP, but did not alter the time-dependent relationship of home BP. Home BP was on average higher (bias) by 14.1 (95% confidence interval, 12.0 to 16.2)/5.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 4.6 to 6.9). The SD of differences between methods (precision) was 4.6/2.8 mm Hg. Measurement of BP during each third of the interdialytic interval gave the best precision, measured by using model fit compared with ambulatory BP measurements. Limitations Our cohort was overrepresented by African American hemodialysis patients. Whether African American participants have a different pattern of BP response than non–African American participants in the interdialytic period is not known. Conclusions Our findings suggest that time elapsed after a dialysis treatment must be considered in interpreting home BP recordings in hemodialysis patients. Home BP measured in each third of the interdialytic interval is likely to yield the most reliable BP estimate.
Stability for Development, Development for Stability: The Relationship between Regional Organizations and Social Cohesion through the Lens of the EU and MERCOSUR.

Strategies aiming to foster social cohesion seek to enhance predictability and trust among heterogeneous actors. Although undoubtedly nation-states remain the dominant context for examining social cohesion, in Europe and in South America, nation-states have formed regional organizations to support political stability and economic cooperation in a world increasingly shaped by political and economic forces beyond the reach of any single nation-state. The comparative extent to which the regional political bodies of the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) impact social cohesion within and across member states relates to their capacity to engender reciprocal patterns of political stability and economic development in the region. This article examines the EU and MERCOSUR's stake in social cohesion and how these organizations impact social cohesion in their respective regions through the establishment of institutionalized standards and norms, the content of specific regional policies, a...
Terahertz spectroscopy of Ni-Ti alloy thin films

We investigate the charge transport in nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy thin films using terahertz (THz) transmission spectroscopy. Ni-Ti alloys have peculiar mechanical properties such as shape memory effects. Electrical conductivity can be a good measure to characterize the alloy phase transitions, yet the carrier transport properties of this material are relatively unexplored in the thin film regime. We grew 60-80-nm Ni-Ti alloy films of various Ti concentrations (0- 100%) on intrinsic Si substrates by Ar plasma sputtering. We carried out THz transmission spectroscopy of the samples using broadband THz pulses. The broadband THz pulses were generated by optical rectification of femtosecond laser pulses in a 1-mm ZnTe crystal. The light source was a 1-kHz Ti:sapphire amplifier producing 800-nm femtosecond pulses (pulse energy, 1 mJ; pulse duration, 90 fs). The transmitted THz pulses were measured by either a L-He-cooled Si:Bolometer (sensitive to time-averaged THz power) or by electro-optic (EO) sampling using a 1-mm ZnTe crystal. Analyzing the power transmission data and the transmitted waveforms, we obtained the alloy resistivity as a function of Ti concentration. Sharp changes in the resistivity were observed at the Ti fractions of 22%, 44% and 62%, indicating that structural disorder is greatly enhanced when the alloy undergoes a phase transition.
The Korean War: A Role-Play to Remember

ABSTRACT The Korean War is often given a cursory glance, if that, in U.S. foreign relations today. This article provides all the information necessary to conduct a role-play in one class period to help students understand the events of the war. Introductory and follow-up questions are also included to stimulate discussion and to connect the events of a war over half a century ago to the events of today.
An Epidemic Model With a Multistage Vaccine

Many diseases, such as the seasonal flu, tetanus, and smallpox, can be vaccinated against with a single dose of a vaccine. However, some diseases require multiple doses of a vaccine for immunity. For example, Hepatitis B requires three doses of a vaccine, with the second occurring about 1 month after the first and the third occurring about 5 months after the second, for immunity. Diseases requiring a multistage vaccine such as Hepatitis B can have extra complications with its vaccination program, as some who start the doses may forget to complete the program or could become infected before completing the program. This article concerns the setup and analysis of a model for disease spread with a multistage vaccine available to investigate how effective such a vaccine would be at establishing herd immunity for the disease as well as establishing the short-term and long-term effects of such a vaccine.
Comparative Education and Teacher Education.

on the relationship between comparative education and teacher education. In particular, the First World Congress of Comparative Education Societies, held in Ottawa in August 1970, devoted a major portion of its meetings to papers specifically on this topic. The task at first seems to be principally one of summarizing current thought. One discovers rather quickly, however, that much has been written but little said on the
Tell me more, not just "more of the same"

The Web makes it possible for news readers to learn more about virtually any story that interests them. Media outlets and search engines typically augment their information with links to similar stories. It is up to the user to determine what new information is added by them, if any. In this paper we present Tell Me More, a system that performs this task automatically: given a seed news story, it mines the web for similar stories reported by different sources and selects snippets of text from those stories which offer new information beyond the seed story. New content may be classified as supplying: additional quotes, additional actors, additional figures and additional information depending on the criteria used to select it. In this paper we describe how the system identifies new and informative content with respect to a news story. We also how that providing an explicit categorization of new information is more useful than a binary classification (new/not-new). Lastly, we show encouraging results from a preliminary evaluation of the system that validates our approach and encourages further study.
Electromyographic analysis of relaxed postures.

Six male volunteers assumed either “relaxed” or “unrelaxed” postures, as defined by a Behavioral Relaxation Scale, in seven areas of the body. Electromyographic (EMG) levels in the muscle groups associated with each area were determined for both categories of postures. In all instances, the “relaxed” postures produced significantly lower EMG levels than the “unrelaxed” postures. This indicates that the Behavioral Relaxation Scale is a valid behavioral measure of relaxation. Also, it supports other studies which have shown that direct training in emitting relaxed postures is an effective means of achieving relaxation.
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Syndrome Associated with Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

We report the association of common variable immunodeficiency syndrome with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) manifesting as flat warts and squamous cell carcinomas in a 21-year-old Hispanic woman. Human papillomavirus (HPV) typing by polymerase chain reaction using an EV-HPV primer system, cloning, and sequencing detected HPV-8 and HPV-23 DNAs in the biopsy sample. Our case is the second reported case of common variable immunodeficiency syndrome associated with EV.
Transdiaphragmatic Adrenal Biopsy

The adrenal gland is a common site of metastasis from carcinoma of the lung. In selected patients, especially those in whom the adrenal mass is on the ipsilateral side of the lung lesion, the adrenal gland can be biopsied by a transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach. Our technique of transdiaphragmatic adrenal biopsy in the staging of carcinoma of the lung is described.
Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction: Stylized Facts and an Overview of Research

This paper provides a brief and selective overview of research on the links between macroeconomic policies and poverty reduction. Using the Human Development Index as a measure of well-being, the progress made by 100 countries during 1975-98 is presented, and its association with macroeconomic factors is explored. Several potential avenues for future research are also outlined.
Confocal histopathology of irritant contact dermatitis in vivo and the impact of skin color (black vs white).

Abstract Background: The pathogenesis of irritant contact dermatitis and its modulation according to skin color is not well understood. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) enables high-resolution, real-time, in-vivo imaging of human skin. Objective: The goal of our study was to use RCM to determine whether susceptibility to irritant contact dermatitis differs between black and white skin. Methods: Participants were placed in groups on the basis of skin color and the volar aspects of their forearms exposed to 1% and 4% sodium lauryl sulfate using Finn Chambers (Allerderm Laboratories Inc, Petaluma, Calif). They were evaluated at 6, 24, and 48 hours by RCM, transepidermal water loss, laser Doppler velocimetry, and routine histology. Results: Participants with white skin had more severe clinical reactions than those with black skin. RCM revealed microscopic changes even without clinical evidence of irritation. Confocal features included parakeratosis, spongiosis, perivascular inflammatory infiltrate, and microvesicle formation, and these features were confirmed by routine histology. Also, participants with white skin had greater mean increases in transepidermal water loss after exposure to 4% sodium lauryl sulfate than did participants with black skin. Conclusion: In-vivo RCM can track early pathophysiologic events revealing differences between black and white skin during the development of irritant contact dermatitis, and may support the theory that those with black skin are more resistant to irritants. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:727-34.)
Analysis of dose at the site of second tumor formation after radiotherapy to the central nervous system.

Purpose Second tumors are an uncommon complication of multimodality treatment of childhood cancer. The present analysis attempted to correlate the dose received as a component of primary treatment and the site of the eventual development of a second tumor. Methods and Materials We retrospectively identified 16 patients who had received radiotherapy to sites in the craniospinal axis and subsequently developed a second tumor. We compared the historical fields and port films of the primary treatment with the modern imaging of the second tumor locations. We classified the location of the second tumors as follows: in the boost field; marginal to the boost field, but in a whole-brain field; in a whole-brain field; marginal to the whole brain/primary treatment field; and distant to the field. We divided the dose received into 3 broad categories: high dose (>45 Gy), moderate dose (20–36 Gy), and low dose ( Results The most common location of the second tumor was in the whole brain field (57%) and in the moderate-dose range (81%). Conclusions Our data contradict previous publications that suggested that most second tumors develop in tissues that receive a low radiation dose. Almost all the second tumors in our series occurred in tissue within a target volume in the cranium that had received a moderate dose (20–36 Gy). These findings suggest that a major decrease in the brain volume that receives a moderate radiation dose is the only way to substantially decrease the second tumor rate after central nervous system radiotherapy.
Mepiquat Chloride and Temperature Effects on Photosynthesis and Respiration of Fruiting Cotton

The bioregulator, mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethylpiperidium chloride), consistently rank growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), but yield responses are erratic. The objective of this study was to determine cotton plant response to mepiquat chloride (MC) at different temperatures, so that appropriate functions can be provided to the cotton crop simulation model
Expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary adenomas: evidence for preferential SSTR5 expression in the mammosomatotroph lineage.

The expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes, SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5, was evaluated in 33 pituitary tumor specimens. SSTR3 expression was studied by reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction, whereas SSTR4 and SSTR5 expression was determined by ribonuclease protection assay. SSTR3 was expressed in 6 of 7 GH-secreting tumors, all 8 clinically nonfunctioning tumors, all 3 prolactinomas, and 1 of 2 ACTH-secreting tumors tested. Eight nonfunctioning adenomas had undetectable messenger ribonucleic acid levels of SSTR4, and only 1 of them expressed SSTR5. SSTR4 expression was also undetectable in 11 GH-secreting tumors, 3 prolactinomas, and 1 ACTH-secreting tumor tested. In contrast, SSTR5 was highly expressed in 10 of 11 GH-secreting adenomas and 1 prolactinoma. Two prolactinomas and 1 ACTH-secreting tumor had low levels of expression of SSTR5. The widespread pituitary adenoma expression of SSTR3, regardless of hormonal secretory type, suggests that SSTR3 might be involved in a soma...
Structural Synthesis of a Four-Bit Binary Adding Mechanism

The structural permutation method (the “number” synthesis) of linkages is used to produce a collection of linkage forms with mobility 4. The steps of the procedure are carefully explained in detail; Franke’s notation is used. From the collection, a few promising forms are selected for dimensional sizing, so that the mechanism be capable of adding any of the numbers 1, 2, 4, and 8 to obtain a sum N with 0 ≤ N ≤ 15. The study provides an example of this design procedure.
Galaxy associated with QSO 4C37.43

It is stated that the most convincing demonstration that QSOs are actually at the distances indicated by the Doppler interpretation of their redshifts has been the discovery of normal galaxies at small angular separations from QSOs that have essentially the same red shifts as the galaxies. Five examples of QSOs or related objects apparently in association with galaxies or clusters of galaxies are known, but an additional example of a galaxy having a redshift similar to that of an adjoining bright QSO is here reported. The QSO is 4C37.13, which has an estimated visual magnitude of 15.5 and a redshift z = 0.370, and a faint galaxy lies 9.9'' east and 2.4'' south of the QSO. A spectrogram of this galaxy was obtained using an RCA image intensifier with the Cassegrain spectrograph of the Mauna Kea 224 cm. telescope, indicating a mean redshift z = 0.3736. The QSO was observed with the same equipment and its redshift found to be z = 0.3708. (UK)
The role of other orientation on the relationship between institutional distance and expatriate adjustment

Abstract Drawing upon institutional and self-categorization theories, this manuscript argues that the institutional distance between home country and host country groups exerts influence over expatriate adjustment. In addition, the individual difference of other orientation plays both a direct role on the adjustment process as well as a moderating role on the relationship between institutional distance and adjustment. Propositions regarding these relationships are formed for future empirical test, and implications and directions for future research are provided.
Quantitative strain analysis of interfaces in InAs/GaSb superlattices by aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM

The strain distribution across interfaces in InAs/GaSb superlattices is investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), using an aberration corrected probe. Atomic resolution images of the superlattices (grown on (100)-GaSb substrates) were acquired using the high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging technique. For quantitative strain analysis, the peak-pair algorithm was used to determine the local atomic displacements across interfaces and within individual layers in the structure. The measured displacements were then used to calculate the strain map with respect to a reference lattice in the GaSb-substrate region. To precisely identify the local regions in the strain map Fourier transformation of the HAADF-STEM image was performed to obtain the chemically-sensitive (200)- Fourier component of the image. A comparison of these images with strain profiles determined from the strain maps revealed that the GaSb-on-InAs interface is GaAs-like, with a tensile strain of - 0.018 ± 0.003, whereas the overall strain at the InAs-on-GaSb interface was negligible. In addition, the strain within the GaSb layers was found to be compressive, with a magnitude of 0.008 ± 0.003, indicating In incorporation in these layers.