cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Basal Vocabulary Instruction in Kindergarten.

To enhance the basal vocabulary instruction for kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties, lessons provided in typical curricular materials can be supplemented with instructional elements derived from research. This article addresses how teachers can add 15 minutes of higher order instructional activities to daily reading lessons to deepen students’ understanding of target vocabulary and offer multiple exposures to the words in different contexts. This enhanced basal vocabulary instruction model was field tested in two configurations of the kindergarten reading block to refine the procedures. These experiences provide insights into how the model can feasibly be implemented in small- or whole-group formats to improve students’ learning and engagement.
Goodness of Fit Indices

Goodness of fit is assessed by tests of exact fit and indices of approximation. The chi squared statistic is a test of exact fit. Many indices of approximation are based on estimates of the normalized noncentrality parameter, which is a measure of the degree of lack of fit for the model to the data that is invariant of sample size. Discussed are commonly used indices such as the CFI, the RMSEA, the GFI index, and Steiger's Γ1. Keywords: CFI ; chi squared; exact fit test; GFI ; Goodness of fit; index of approximation; RMSEA ; Steiger's Γ1
Sex offender registration and community notification challenges: the Supreme Court continues its trend

All states and the District of Columbia have passed sex offender registration and community notification laws. While the specific provisions of these statutes vary, all have public safety as a primary goal. The authors discuss two recent cases heard by the United States Supreme Court that challenged the constitutionality of Alaska's and Connecticut's statutes. The laws were challenged as violations of the United States Constitution's prohibition on ex post facto laws and its Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of procedural due process. In both cases, the statutes were upheld. As it has found in challenges to sexually violent predator statutes, the Court emphasized that the registration and community notification schemes are civil and not criminal in nature. The article concludes with a discussion of possible implications for clinicians involved in evaluating or treating sex offenders.
EVALUATION OF AN EFFICIENT INEXPENSIVE TEACHING MODEL FOR VENOUS CUT DOWN

Because of its life-saving potential, teaching of emergency intravenous access including saphenous cutdown technique demands high priority in pediatric training programs. An inexpensive porcine foot cutdown model has been developed and tested on two pediatric housestaff populations in Syracuse, NY and Madison, WI (n=50). Residents were instructed to place a 2 cm transverse incision 2-3 cm superior to the intersection of the first and second digits on segments of pig extremities split midline in the saggital plane. Veins may be located superficially or within deep fascial compartments. Although nonviable tissue is utilized, characteristics of the skin, connective tissue, fascia, tendons, bones, and veins provide a reasonable approximation of structures encountered in the child. Cannulation by direct insertion, by Seldinger technique, and by surgical flap and vein dilator are all serially compatible utilizing this model. Residents exposed to this teaching device have readily completed cutdowns with minimal difficulty, with little cost, with satisfaction for the model, and without the need for anesthetized live animals. Most pediatricians are likely to encounter situations where saphenous vein cutdown may be lifesaving. Initial practice utilizing the porcine foot model provides an inexpensive but realistic teaching device for this fundamental procedure.
Rotational–translational energy transfer in rarefied nonequilibrium flows

A new model for simulating the transfer of energy between the translational and rotational modes is derived for a homogeneous gas of diatomic molecules. The model has been developed specifically for use in discrete particle simulation methods where molecular motion and intermolecular collisions are treated at the molecular level. In such methods it is normal to assume a constant rotational collision number for the entire flow field. The new model differs in that a temperature dependence is introduced, which has been predicted by theory and observed in experiment. The new model is applied to the relaxation of rotational temperature, and is found to produce significant differences in comparison with the model normally employed at both high and low temperatures. Calculations have also been performed for a Mach 7 normal shock wave. Large differences in the solutions are again observed, with the new model offering an improved correspondence to the available experimental data.
Synthesis of temperature sensitive PNIPAAm cryogels in organic solvent with improved properties

We have demonstrated a new strategy for preparing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) gel with significantly improved properties by polymerization–crosslinking in organic solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) and at low temperatures (0.5 and −20 °C, below the melting point of DMSO). The effects of different synthesis conditions, including monomer concentration and polymerization temperature, on the formation of the PNIPAAm gels in DMSO were investigated. The properties of the resulting cryo-PNIPAAm gels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal their interior morphology as well as the temperature dependence of the equilibrium swelling ratio, shrinking and swelling kinetics in water and their oscillatory shrinking–swelling kinetics over 3 min temperature cycles between 26 and 37 °C. The SEM micrographs reveal that the interior microstructures of the cryo-PNIPAAm gels are very different from conventional PNIPAAm gels, and are much more regular and oriented than the conventional gels. This unique interior morphology of the cryo-PNIPAAm gels is believed to be responsible for the improved swelling and deswelling kinetics and excellent dynamic response without loss of water retention upon temperature cycling.
Cataleptic effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and GABAB receptor agonists in mice: differential antagonism by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348

Rationale Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is used to treat narcolepsy but is also abused. GHB has many actions in common with the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen.
Migratory Behavior and Forebay Delay of Radio-Tagged Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon in a Lower Snake River Impoundment

Abstract During Jul and Aug 1995–1997, we used radiotelemetry to estimate the migration rate of 405 juvenile fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (mean fork length, 138–144 mm) through Little Goose Reservoir. Migration rates decreased significantly as fish approached the dam. Median migration rates in 1995 were 26.0 km/d through the 45.9-km reach immediately below Lower Granite Dam, 14.9 km/d through the next 14.4 km, and 0.8 km/d in the Little Goose Dam forebay (0.6 km). Median migration rates through the same reaches were consistent among years: 24.8, 13.4, and 0.8 km/d in 1996 and 20.2, 10.2, and 1.0 km/d in 1997. Most fish migrated through the upper 45.9 km within 5 d and through the lower two reaches (15.0 km) within an additional 5 d. However, 10% to 20% of the fish spent a week or more in the forebay and lower reservoir. Radio-tagged smolts displayed two behaviors after entering the forebay: crossing the forebay and upstream excursions. Study fish crossed the forebay an average of 0.6–1.0 t...
Membrane potential synchrony in primary visual cortex during sensory stimulation.

Summary When the primary visual cortex (V1) is activated by sensory stimulation, what is the temporal correlation between the synaptic inputs to nearby neurons? This question underlies the origin of correlated activity, the mechanism of how visually evoked activity emerges and propagates in cortical circuits, and the relationship between spontaneous and evoked activity. Here, we have recorded membrane potential from pairs of V1 neurons in anesthetized cats and found that visual stimulation suppressed low-frequency membrane potential synchrony (0–10 Hz), and often increased synchrony at high frequencies (20–80 Hz). The increase in high-frequency synchrony occurred for neurons with similar orientation preferences and for neurons with different orientation preferences and occurred for a wide range of stimulus orientations. Thus, while only a subset of neurons spike in response to visual stimulation, a far larger proportion of the circuit is correlated with spiking activity through subthreshold, high-frequency synchronous activity that crosses functional domains.
Strong 5-Cycle Double Covers of Graphs

The Cycle Double Cover Conjecture claims that every bridgeless graph has a cycle double cover and the Strong Cycle Double Conjecture states that every such graph has a cycle double cover containing any specified circuit. In this paper, we get a necessary and sufficient condition for bridgeless graphs to have a strong 5-cycle double cover. Similar condition for the existence of 5-cycle double covers is also obtained. These conditions strengthen/improve some known results.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Shouldn't All Security Be Usable?

Usability is defined as the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use. It is more than a well-designed user interface.
Realization of digital filters using block-floating-point arithmetic

Recently, statistical models for the effects of roundoff noise in fixed-point and floating-point realizations of digital filters have been proposed and verified, and a comparison between these realizations presented. In this paper a structure for implementing digital filters using block-floating-point arithmetic is proposed and a statistical analysis of the effects of roundoff noise is carried out. On the basis of this analysis, block-floating-point is compared to fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic with regard to roundoff noise effects.
Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication

This paper argues that while most teachers, researchers, and practitioners of organizational communication encourage clarity, a critical examination of communication processes in organizations reveals that clarity is both non‐normative and not a sensible standard against which to gauge individual or organizational effectiveness. People in organizations confront multiple situational requirements, develop multiple and often conflicting goals, and respond with communicative strategies which do not always minimize ambiguity, but are nonetheless effective. Strategic ambiguity is essential to organizing in that it: (1) promotes unified diversity, (2) facilitates organizational change, and (3) amplifies existing source attributions and preserves privileged positions.
Molecular Mechanism of the Differential Photoelectric Response of Bacteriorhodopsin

In order to determine the molecular origin of the differential photocurrent from bacteriorhodopsin (bR), the photoelectric response of bR film deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass electrode under CW excitation is compared with that under pulsed laser excitation at different pH and with opposite membrane orientation with respect to the ITO electrode surface. The characteristics (sign and magnitude) of the dominant component of the differential photocurrent (appearing on the millisecond time scale) are found to correlate with the process of proton release into, or uptake from, the aqueous solution during the photocycle under different experimental conditions. This suggests that the differential current results mainly from the change in the H{sup +} concentration at the bR-ITO electrode interface. 27 refs., 2 figs.
Identification of a Domain within the Carboxyl-terminal Region of the β Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Receptor That Mediates the High Transforming Activity of PDGF

We have reported previously that a chimeric platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) possessing the ligand binding domain of the alpha PDGFR and the intracellular domain of the beta PDGFR (alpha 340 beta 342 R) was markedly more efficient than the wild type alpha PDGFR (alpha RWT) in its ability to enhance PDGF-A transforming activity in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. To determine the region within the cytoplasmic domain of beta PDGFR that confers this higher transforming activity, we generated several additional alpha/beta PDGFR chimerae. When a chimeric PDGFR possessing the first 933 amino-terminal amino acids from the alpha PDGFR and the final 165 amino acids from the carboxyl-terminal of the beta PDGFR (alpha 933 beta 942 R) was cotransfected with the PDGF-A gene into NIH/3T3 cells, it showed a similar high efficiency to enhance PDGF-A chain transforming activity as alpha 340 beta 342 R. However, when chimeric PDGFRs in which either the kinase insert domain (alpha beta RKI) or the last 79 amino acids from the carboxyl-terminal end of the beta PDGFR (alpha 1024 beta 1028 R) were substituted into alpha PDGFR sequences were cotransfected with PDGF-A, they showed similar low efficiencies in enhancing transforming activity as the alpha RWT. These results predicted that the 86 amino acids following the tyrosine kinase 2 domain of beta PDGFR (amino acid residues 942-1027) were responsible for the higher transforming activity of beta PDGFR. To confirm this finding, we next constructed a chimera in which amino acid residues 942-1028 of the beta PDGFR (alpha beta 942-1028R) were substituted for those in the alpha PDGFR. Cotransfection experiments indicated that alpha beta 942-1028R increased transforming activity of PDGF-A to similar extent as the alpha 933 beta 942R, or alpha 340 beta 342R. Therefore, our findings define a critical domain within the noncatalytic region of beta PDGFR intracellular domain that confers the higher focus forming activity mediated by the beta PDGFR.
Distinction between the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of morphine on lymphocyte proliferation based on agonist sensitivity and naltrexone reversibility.

Abstract We have previously reported that administration of a single dose of morphine (25 mg/kg) to rats results in a naltrexone-sensitive suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. To further delineate the site of action of this inhibitory effect, the in vitro and in vivo effects of morphine on mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation were examined. In vitro, concentrations of morphine exceeding 0.1 mM exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of Concanavalian A-induced proliferation of both whole blood and splenic lymphocytes. This inhibitory effect of morphine on lymphocyte proliferation was not attenuated by co-incubation with the opioid antagonist naltrexone (0.25 mM). These data indicate that the in vitro inhibitory effects of morphine occur at only high concentrations and are not opioid receptor mediated. In vivo, a dose-dependent inhibition of blood lymphocyte proliferation was also observed 2 h following the subcutaneous injection of morphine. In contrast to these effects, proliferation of splenic lymphocyte cultures was not significantly inhibited by morphine at doses of up to 40 mg/kg. However, following morphine administration, a greater than 90% inhibition of proliferation was obtained in cultures containing either whole blood or Ficoll-separated lymphocytes, indicating that plasma was not a contributory factor in the differential sensitivity of blood and splenic lymphocyte responses to morphine. Moreover, in these experiments, significant inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation occurred at plasma concentrations that were two orders of magnitude less than those required to produce inhibition in vitro. The in vivo inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by morphine (10 mg/kg) was completely antagonized by pretreatment with naltrexone (5 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that the inhibition of blood lymphocyte proliferation after morphine administration appears to involve an opioid mechanism independent of direct drug effects on circulating lymphocytes.
The sum rate optimality of the naïve FDM for the Gaussian Interference Channel within a computable Han-Kobayashi subregion

The general Han and Kobayashi (HK) region is not computable for the Gaussian Interference Channel. A modified (i.e., non-naive) FDM/TDM method was proposed in [1] that remains the largest computable achievable region to date. In this paper, we show that the naive FDM/TDM turns out to be sum rate optimal for a certain range of channel parameters within this class of computable achievable region.
On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth Century

"A brilliant ...analysis of the fragile hegemony and identities of colonial Virginia's elite men...On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage compellingly illuminates the ragged edge where masculinity and colonial identity meet...[the book] will undoubtedly send Jefferson scholars scurrying back to their notes...Most significant, by being among the first to tackle the subject of masculinity in early America, Lockridge forces colonial scholars to reexamine the lives of men they thought they already knew too well." --William and Mary Quarterly Two of the greatest of Virginia gentlemen, William Byrd II and Thomas Jefferson, each kept a commonplace book--in effect, a journal where men were to collect wisdom in the form of anecdotes and quotations from their readings with a sense of detachment and scholarship. Writing in these books, each assembled a prolonged series of observations laden with fear and hatred of women. Combining ignorance with myth and misogyny, Byrd's and Jefferson's books reveal their deep ambivalence about women, telling of women's lascivious nature and The Female Creed and invoking the fallible, repulsive, and implicitly corruptible female body as a central metaphor for all tales of social and political corruption. Were these private outbursts meaningless and isolated incidents, attributable primarily to individual pathology, or are they written revelations of the forces working on these men to maintain patriarchal control? Their hatred for women draws upon a kind of misogynistic reserve found in the continental and English intellectual traditions, but it also twists and recontextualizes less misogynistic excerpts to intensified effect. From this interplay of intellectual traditions and the circumstances of each man's life and later behavior arises the possibility one or more specific politics of misogyny is at work here. Kenneth Lockridge's work, replete with excerpts from the books themselves, leads us through these texts, exploring the structures, contexts, and significance of these writings in the wider historical context of gender and power. His book convincingly illustrates the ferocity of early American patriarchal rage; its various meanings, however suggestively explored here, must remain contestable.
On Serial Files with Relocatable Records

A serial file is considered in which, after a query is processed, the order in the file is changed by moving the record to which the query referred into the first place in the file. The theory of regular Markov chains is used to demonstrate the existence of EX and to show that the law of large numbers holds, where EX is the limiting average position of a queried record. A closed-form expression for EX is determined. A second method of relocation is proposed, in which the queried record exchanges positions with the record immediately before it in the file. It is conjectured that this method of relocation is at least as good as the first method. It is pointed out that, whichever method of relocation is used, if one only relocated after every Mth query, the limiting average position of a queried record is the same as it is if we relocate after every query.
1D HMQC-tocsy: A selective one-dimensional analogue of HMQ-TOCSY

Abstract A selective, soft-pulse one dimensional analogue of the HMQC-TOCSY experiment, 1D HMQC-TOCSY, is described. An application is presented for a carbocyclic adenosine analog wherein problems of overlap between vicinally coupled protons preclude assignment by traditional methods such as COSY or relayed COSY.
Magnetic order in M2Mo3O8 single crystals (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)

Abstract Magnetic measurements on hexagonal single crystals of M 2 Mo 3 O 8 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) are reported. The Mn compound orders ferrimagnetically at T c = 41.5 K; the Fe and Co compounds antiferrimagnetically at T N = 59.5 K and 40.8 K, respectively. No magnetic ordering was found in the Ni compound down to 2 K. All the compounds showed strong magnetic anisotropy when ordered, the results indicating that the magnetic spins' preferred orientation is along the hexagonal axis. Mn 2 Mo 3 O 8 shows a temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization in the ferrimagnetic regime which is rarely observed: as T → 0, M s → 0.
Gender differences in conversation topics, 1922–1990

Gender differences in conversation topics were first systematically studied in 1922 by Henry Moore, who theorized that the gender differences in topic choice he observed in a field observation study would persist over time, as they were manifestations of men's and women's “original natures.” In this paper, I report a 1990 replication of Moore's study, in which similar but smaller gender differences in topic choice are found. In order to explore further the apparent trend toward smaller gender differences, reports of quantitative observation studies conducted between 1922 and 1990 are examined. Other explanations besides change over time—such as variations in conversation setting and audience, target populations, and researcher's intentions—may account for the decline in gender differences in topic choice. Social influences are seen more clearly in the discourse about gender differences in conversation than in gender differences in conversation topics themselves.
Interaction of stress and strain on glutamatergic neurotransmission: relevance to schizophrenia

Psychosis caused by phencyclidine (PCP) stimulated interest in characterizing rodent behaviors elicited by PCP and its analogues. We have shown that MK-801 antagonizes electrically precipitated seizures (defined as tonic hindlimb extension) and elicits episodes of intense jumping behavior, referred to as "popping," in mice. Moreover, 24 h after stress, MK-801's ability to antagonize electrically precipitated seizures is reduced in outbred NIH Swiss mice. Inbred BALBc mice are more resistant to electrically precipitated seizures than the NIH Swiss strain, and are more sensitive to both MK-801's anticonvulsant effect and ability to elicit popping. In the current experiments, we examined the influence of stress and genetic mouse strain on both MK-801's ability to antagonize electrically precipitated seizures and elicit popping. Stress significantly reduced the threshold voltage for precipitation of seizures in BALBc mice and the anticonvulsant properties of MK-801 in both strains. These data show that factors relevant to schizophrenia and its exacerbation (i.e., acute stress and genetics) influence N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotransmission in intact mice. The BALBc inbred strain of mouse may possess advantages in preclinical screening paradigms designed to assess NMDA receptor agonist interventions for disorders such as schizophrenia. Specifically, stressed BALBc mice showed the greatest behavioral sensitivity to MK-801 with regard to electrically precipitated seizures in the incremental electroconvulsive shock (IECS) paradigm, whereas unstressed BALBc showed the greatest behavioral sensitivity to MK-801 in the "popping" paradigm, relative to BALBc and NIH Swiss mice in the appropriate comparison conditions.
Ghrelin concentrations reflect body mass index rather than feeding status in obese girls.

Ghrelin stimulates both appetite and secretion of growth hormone (GH). We hypothesized that fasting should increase ghrelin, thereby increasing GH concentrations in obesity. Eight obese girls underwent a 48-h fast, receiving 25% of calories for ideal body weight. Blood was obtained every 15 min for the last 24 h of the fast. Four months later, six obese girls had blood obtained in the fed state. Two additional obese and five lean girls had blood obtained in the fed state. Ghrelin was determined in 3-h pools. Mean ghrelin concentrations were 0.41 ± 0.03 ng/mL for lean girls and 0.16 ± 0.01 ng/mL in obese fed girls (p < 0.0001). Lean fed girls had diurnal variation of ghrelin whereas obese fed girls did not. Fasting neither increased ghrelin (0.18 ± 0.01 ng/mL) nor restored diurnal variation. Ghrelin concentrations were related to the body mass index (BMI) SD score (SDS) (r = 0.45, p = 0.005). For the six obese girls who participated in both fasting and fed studies, change in mean ghrelin concentration between studies was related to change in BMI SDS but not fed or fasting state. Ghrelin concentrations are, thus, a function of BMI rather than feeding status in obese girls.
Cells of origin and terminal distrubution of corticostriatal fibers arising in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys†

The cells of origin of the corticostriatal projection have been identified in squirrel monkeys by the use of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method. In the subfields of the somatic sensory, motor, parietal and frontal areas of the cortex, cells projecting to the ipsilateral striatum are relatively sparsely distributed and form a group of small- to medium-sized pyramidal cells with an average somal diameter from area to area of 14-16 mum. Such cells are found only in layer V of the cortex (mainly in the more superficial parts of the layer). Since they are consistently smaller than the pyramidal cells of layer V that project to the brainstem and spinal cord and since they lie outside layer VI which gives rise to corticothalamic axons, the corticostriatal axons are unlikely to be collaterals of axons projecting to other sites. The cells of origin of the crossed corticostriatal projection are also found in layer V and are pyramidal cells with somal diameters in the same range as above. They are found only in areas 4, 8, and 6. Studies with the anterograde, autoradiographic method in rhesus, cynomologous and squirrel monkeys, indicate that the somatic sensory areas project to most of the antero-posterior extent of the ipsilateral putamen. Subareas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2 of the somatic sensory cortex project to the same region and the projection overlaps similarly extensive projections from the motor and certain other areas of the cortex. However, in each case the pattern of terminal labeling is in the form of interrupted clusters, strips and bands. A single small injection of the cortex is associated with only one or two such clusters of terminal labeling. This seems to imply that individual corticostriatal fibers end in a very restricted manner and that the terminal ramifications of fibers from one cortical area may alternate in the putamen with those arising in other areas.
Interactions of oxygen at high pressure and radiation in Drosophila.

Oxygen at high pressure (OHP) and X-irradiation can interact in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to potentiate toxic actions characteristic of one agent alone. 1000 kvp X-irradiation in doses of 30, 60, and 75 kr accelerated the acute immobilization of young male Drosophila by oxygen at 7.8 atm, up to rates twice that observed with such oxygen pressure alone. X-irradiation alone in these dosages did not acutely immobilize the Drosophila. X-irradiation during exposure to 7.8 atm pO2 was more effective and consistent in producing this potentiation than was X-irradiation that preceded exposure to OHP. Acute OHP toxicity in young female Drosophila was not potentiated by 75 kr of X-irradiation. On the other hand, shortening of the life span of young male Drosophila by the above doses of X-irradiation was augmented significantly by a concurrent 40 min exposure to OHP (which alone did not significantly decrease life span). This shows, for the first time, that oxygen can affect not only the acute effects of radiation, but also the residual irreversible effects indicated by the life span shortening.
Examining the Impact of Interorganizational Systems on Process Efficiency and Sourcing Leverage in Buyer–Supplier Dyads

Manufacturing firms are increasingly seeking cost and other competitive advantages by tightly coupling and managing their relationship with suppliers. Among other mechanisms, interorganizational systems (IOS) that facilitate boundary-spanning activities of a firm enable them to effectively manage different types of buyer–supplier relationships. This study integrates literature from the operations and information systems fields to create a joint perspective in understanding the linkages between the nature of the IOS, buyer–supplier relationships, and manufacturing performance at the dyadic level. External integration, breadth, and initiation are used to capture IOS functionality, and their effect on process efficiency and sourcing leverage is examined. The study also explores the differences in how manufacturing firms use IOS when operating under varying levels of competitive intensity and product standardization. In order to test the research models and related hypothesis, empirical data on buyer–supplier dyads is collected from manufacturing firms. The results show that only higher levels of external integration that go beyond simple procurement systems, as well as who initiates the IOS, allow manufacturing firms to enhance process efficiency. In contrast, IOS breadth and IOS initiation enable manufacturing firms to enhance sourcing leverage over their suppliers. In addition, firms making standardized products in highly competitive environments tend to achieve higher process efficiencies and have higher levels of external integration. The study shows how specific IOS decisions allow manufacturing firms to better manage their dependence on the supplier for resources and thereby select system functionalities that are consistent with their own operating environments and the desired supply chain design.
Opportunities for Negroes in psychology.

There is a demand for more courses in psychology in Negro colleges throughout the south. This demand results from general improvement in the curricula of these colleges and from increased enrollment. Aside from teaching in colleges there are opportunities for Negro psychologists as school psychologists and specialists with various types of handicapped children. Several of the southern states maintain separate schools for Negro blind, deaf, feebleminded, and delinquents, which need trained Negro personnel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
STAND AND LANDSCAPE-LEVEL DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS IN OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS

Natural disturbances strongly influence the dynamics and developmental patterns of forest ecosystems; however, relatively little is known about the historic patterns of natural disturbance for many portions of eastern North America, such as southern New England, where human disturbance has predominated for centuries. For these regions, much of our understanding of natural disturbance dynamics comes from studies of younger second- growth forests or isolated old-growth stands, thus limiting the temporal and spatial resolution of our knowledge of dynamics in these regions. To address these limitations, we analyzed dendroecological data from the 18 largest remaining old-growth stands in western Massachusetts, ranging in proximity from 1-60 km apart, in an effort to characterize the historic stand and landscape-level patterns of natural disturbance. Our results indicate that disturbance regimes for these systems were dominated by relatively frequent, low-intensity disturbances (average 5.0% 6 0.2% canopy area disturbed per decade) operating somewhat randomly on the landscape. Across the study areas, most decadal disturbances (86.2%) involved ,10% canopy loss. There was no evidence of stand-replacing disturbances during the period examined (1700-1989), and the maximum canopy area disturbed in any given decade was 26.3%. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that several forests shared similar disturbance histories despite being separated by .50 km. Comparisons of these patterns with model simulations of past hurricane events and historical documents suggest that broadscale disturbances, such as hurricanes and ice storms, resulted in common disturbance peaks and subsequent recruitment peaks at spatially disparate areas in the 1790s, 1870s, 1900s, and 1920s. Conversely, the lack of synchrony in proximate areas during these events highlights the patchy nature of these disturbances on the landscape. Compositional and physiographic factors influenced disturbance patterns, as stands located on northwest-facing slopes or containing significant Picea rubens components in the forest overstory experienced the highest levels of disturbance. Our results highlight the utility of incorporating dendroecological reconstructions across numerous old-growth stands to interpret the historic stand and landscape-level disturbance dynamics in areas devoid of large, contiguous old- growth landscapes.
Effects of ethanol on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the male rat. An immunocytochemical study.

These studies were designed to determine if the acute alcohol-induced decreases in luteinizing hormone (LH) seen in previous studies using rats could be due to an inhibitory effect of ethanol (ETOH) on hypothalamic LHRH release. Thus, effects of multiple injections of ETOH on the relative amount of immunoreactive LHRH fibers in the hypothalamus and median eminence (ME) of castrate and intact male rats were determined immunocytochemically. Brains were removed following cardiac perfusion of 10% phosphate-buffered formalin. A block containing the hypothalamus with the ME was isolated from each brain, then postfixed in Bouin's solution. Paraffin sections were rehydrated and stained for LHRH with the peroxidaseantiperoxidase technique using an antiserum to synthetic LHRH conjugated to bovine serum albumen. Differences visualized immunocytochemically between saline-treated intact and castrate rats indicated that the LHRH content of the ME was markedly depleted after castration. Conversely, castrate rats treated with ETOH showed only a slight reduction in immunoreactive LHRH fibers. In ETOH-treated intact animals, the LHRH fiber content of both the hypothalamus and ME appeared to be slightly greater than the saline-treated intact controls. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that ETOH diminishes LHRH release, and hence provides an explanation for the depressed plasma LH levels observed in ETOH-treated intact and castrate rats.
The neutron cross section standards, evaluations and applications

The measurement of a neutron cross section can be simplified if it is measured relative to a neutron cross section standard. Then it is not necessary to measure the neutron fluence. The standards in effect provide determinations of the neutron fluence. These standards are not defined standards but instead working standards. As such it is important to make measurements to improve the quality of the standards. Also better techniques for evaluating the standards must be promoted. The history of the evaluation process for the standards is discussed from the first rather primitive one to the latest very sophisticated evaluation that was an international cooperative effort. An overview of the main detectors used for applications of the standards is given.
Catalytic metallodendrimers grafted on mesoporous polymethacrylate beads for the regioselective synthesis of β-amino alcohols under solvent-free conditions

A new series of dendritic structures was grafted on epoxy activated mesoporous polymethacrylate beads (Sepabeads EB-EP-400). Grafting with the dendritic structures was followed by loading of metal termini to the chelating groups to form metallodendrimer-grafted catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by UV, FTIR, SEM and elemental analysis. Further, a selected catalyst was used to afford β-amino alcohols in a regioselective manner through nucleophilic opening of an oxirane ring with various aromatic amines under solvent-free, mild reaction conditions. The reactions with the developed catalyst at ambient temperature afforded the corresponding β-amino alcohols in high yields (85–99.5%) with excellent regioselectivity. It was found that the developed metallodendrimer-based catalyst is efficient and recyclable without compromising on activity, selectivity and productivity (4 kg L−1 h−1).
The state of art therapy in greater Los Angeles, 1974 two year follow-up study☆

A survey was conducted by the author in 1974 to ascertain the status of art therapy in the mental health field in the greater Los Angeles area as a follow-up to a similar survey taken in 1972. The cover letter and questionnaire were mailed by Helen Landgarten, Director of the Master of Arts in Art Therapy program at Immaculate Heart College. The questionnaire dealt with those issues which were considered of major importance in discussing the present and future status of art therapy: current knowledge or awareness of art therapy in the field of mental health, the present use and status of art therapists, educational preference on the part of employers, possibilities for future placement of art therapists, the availability of institutions willing to serve as practicum settings for training art therapists, consideration for hiring professional art therapists within two years, and desirability on the part of institutions to be educated through slide/lecture presentations .
Theory of distributed quiescent state in the cell cycle

Abstract A generalization of the familiar two-compartment or G0 model of the cell cycle is described. Instead of reserving the quiescent state strictly to newly born cells, it is distributed throughout the cell cycle. A cell may cease its proliferative activities anywhere in the cycle with a probability depending on its maturity. The probability of returning to cycle is also a function of maturity. Analytical expressions for cycle time distributions, growth rates, wave frequency and relative damping rates are derived for certain cases. A stable, diffusion-free numerical algorithm is used to work out some examples.
The theory of interacting linear exciton bands in neat molecular crystals

Abstract A theoretical energy expression is derived which describes the excited states of molecular crystals containing two physically different types of molecules in the limit where their site shifts differ by more than the corresponding exciton band widths. In order to simplify the formalism, it is assumed that the individual exciton bands are one dimensional. It is shown that the band-to-band mixing caused by interactions between the physically different molecules conserves k , i.e.,only states of the same k can mix. The theory predicts a constant term which shifts the two bands apart and a k -dependent interference term which modifies the dispersion in the bands. The periodicity of the interference term depends on the crystal structure and can produce significant changes in the exciton density-of-states function for moderate band-to-band interactions. The theory is illustrated by its application to the T 1 state of the 1,4-dibromonaphthalene crystal.
Origin of the interlayer exchange coupling in [Co/Pt]/NiO/[Co/Pt] multilayers studied with XAS, XMCD, and micromagnetic modeling

The origin of the oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling in $[\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt}]∕\mathrm{Ni}\mathrm{O}∕[\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt}]$ multilayers is investigated using advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques and micromagnetic modeling. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements show the presence of the canting of Ni spins in the NiO film being greater for antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers than for ferromagnetically coupled ones. This behavior is consistent with the model, which assumes a different sign of the exchange coupling at the two interfaces and the antiferromagnetic layer-by-layer coupling in the NiO film. An unexpectedly short attenuation length of $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ for secondary electrons in NiO is measured, which has implications for the interpretation of XMCD data. Domain images obtained using XMCD-photoemission electron microscopy at the Co and Ni resonances indicate that the canting of the Ni spins occurs on both a microscopic and macroscopic scale. The average size of the domains is shown to increase with exchange coupling strength. In antiferromagnetically coupled samples, the competition between magnetostatic and interlayer exchange effects gives rise to a region of overlapping domains. The size of this region scales inversely with coupling strength. Finally, the temperature dependence of the interlayer coupling shows both reversible and irreversible effects. The irreversible effects stem from oxidation∕reduction reactions at the $\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Ni}\mathrm{O}$ interface. The reversible effects stem from the temperature dependences of the many factors that play a role in the interlayer coupling and exhibit nonmonotonic temperature dependence.
Space architecture education as a part of aerospace engineering curriculum

Education is particularly important for new fields. In the case of Space Architecture, there are two core needs: 1. educating the aerospace community about the architect’s process and role within the enterprise; 2. educating space architects and associated specialists about constraints, conditions, and priorities unique to human space systems. These needs can be addressed, respectively, by two key educational tools for the 21st century: 1. introducing the Space Architecture discipline into space system engineering curricula; 2. developing Space Architecture as a distinct, complete training curriculum. New generations of professionals with a Space Architecture background, by offering their inherently integrative design approach to all types of space structures and facilities, can help shift professional focus from just engineering-driven transportation systems and “sortie” missions to permanent offworld human presence. Although architectural and engineering approaches share some similarities in solving problems, they also have significant differences. Architectural training teaches young professionals to operate at all scales from the “overall picture” down to the smallest details; to provide directive intention – not just analysis – to design opportunities, to address the relationship between human behavior and the built environment, and to interact with many diverse fields and disciplines throughout the project lifecycle.
Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on postprandial lipemia.

The present study shows that the degree of postprandial lipemia may be decreased by all factors which increase carbohydrate metabolism, such as glucose and glucagon, and increased by factors inhibiting CHO metabolism, such as fasting and epinephrine. The intensity of the lipemia is not, therefore, necessarily an indication merely of fat absorption. Attention is called to the fact that existing knowledge of fat tolerance has usually been based on the effects of test meals containing little or no carbohydrate in relation to the amount of fat.
THE LEGAL DEFINITION OF HATE CRIME AND THE HATE OFFENDER'S DISTORTED COGNITIONS

The legal definition of hate crime (i.e., the offender attacks the victim because of the victim's actual or perceived race, color, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or national origin) tend...
A stronger version of Gautschi's inequality satisfied by the gamma function

Abstract Let X be a random variable defined on a probability space, and E denote the expectation operator.
Application of serum cholesterol determination with O-phthalaldehyde reagent to the Vickers M-300 Automated Biochemical Analysis System.

Abstract A simple and rapid procedure has been developed for the determination of serum cholesterol by the Vickers M-300 Automated Biochemical Analysis System. This method is based on the purple colour formed with the o -phthalaldehyde reagent 1,2 . To reduce the viscosity, we have attempted to develop an intense colour in the cholesterol reaction using a small and then diluting at a later stage. This method has shown low interference by bilirubin and a high correlation between the M-300, D-300, and other ordinary manual methods.
Six primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

The chronic irritation to mucosa of the head and neck area by carcinogen, commonly stemming from heavy usage of betel nuts, tobacco and alcohol, leads to dysplastic mucosal changes and eventually, multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas. With improvements in locoregional control, the problem of multiple primary malignancies of the head and neck is becoming apparent. We reported a unique case of six primary squamous cell carcinomas in the head and neck area. We attribute the success of controlling cancer in this patient to our alert attitude and prompt management. Surgery remains one of the best options in treating multiple head and neck malignancies, as surgery offers an effective, quick and low morbidity approach, and does not take the chance of inducing another cancer.
Real-time, whole-field speckle photography using a bistable optically addressed spatial light modulator

The application of a bistable optically addressed spatial light modulator for real-time visualization of solid-body displacement fields is described. Double-exposure speckle patterns are recorded on the spatial light modulator and a whole-field filtering technique is used to generate fringes of constant displacement.
Edge-based correlation image registration algorithm for the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI)

The Multispectral Thermal Imager Satellite (MTI), launched on March 12, 2000, is a multispectral pushbroom system that acquires 15 unique spectral bands of data from 0.45-10.7 microns, with resolutions of 5 m for the visible bands and 20 m for the infrared. Scene data are collected on three separate sensor chip assemblies (SCAs) mounted on the focal plane. The process of image registration for MTI satellite imagery therefore requires two separate steps: (1) the multispectral data collected by each SCA must be coregistered and (2) the SCAs must be registered with respect to each other. An automated algorithm was developed to register the MTI imagery. This algorithm performs a phase correlation on edge-maps generated from paired bands of data and then spatial-filters the result to calculate the relative shifts between bands. The process is repeated on every combination of band pairs to generate a vector of coregistration results for each SCA. The three SCAs are then registered to each other using a similar process operating on just one spectral band. The resulting registration values are used to produce a linearly shifted un-resampled coregistered image cube. This study shows the results of 791 image registration attempts using the EdgeReg registration code and compares them to a perfect reference data set of the same images registered manually.
Bi-directional computational design support in the SEMPER environment

Abstract We present a computational environment for bi-directional multi-domain building design support. We first describe the overall structure and the salient features of this computational environment (SEMPER). We then discuss in detail its bi-directional inference capability. We conclude with illustrative case studies.