cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crop growth and productivity of winter camelina in response to sowing date in the northwestern Corn Belt of the USA

Abstract Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] is a member of the Brassicaceae family, consisting of both winter and spring biotypes. In the northern Great Plains, USA, winter camelina has the potential to serve as a low-input oilseed crop for cover and/or as a source of oil used for advanced biofuels as well as human and animal consumption. Winter annual biotypes of camelina are well suited for double- or relay- cropping systems. The objective of this study was to determine optimum sowing dates for achieving the highest winter camelina seed yield as well as the delivery of several ecosystem services. The experiments were conducted in Fargo, ND in 2017–2018 and in Fargo and Prosper in 2018–2019 seasons. Six sowing dates from the end of June to mid-October were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates at each location. A total of 700 pure live seeds m−2 were sown in each date. Fall stand counts ranged from 17 to 279 plants m−2 with greater stands at later fall sowing dates. Spring stand counts ranged from 7 to 84 plants m−2, with higher stand counts for sowing dates from the beginning to mid-September. Across plants in several sowing dates that survived the winter, seed yield ranged from 99 to 1317 kg ha-1. Results indicate that winter camelina sown before September usually does not survive the winter in this region. When winter camelina is used as a cover crop, sowing prior to mid-September was critical for biomass production and reducing soil residual nitrate. However, when winter camelina is harvested as a cash crop, the highest harvestable seed yield occurred with fall sowing in September and even as late as early October.
Finding Peace, Claiming Place: Black South African Women Navigating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

One of the best-known stories of Mormonism in South Africa centers on the faith and patience of Moses Mahlangu and a small group of black South Africans, who found a Book of Mormon in the 1960s, believed its truthfulness, discovered a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDSs) congregation in the area in 1968, and then waited over a decade until local and mission authorities agreed to baptize them. Joining the LDS Church as black Africans was a difficult process in the 1960s and 1970s, for these converts were hindered not only by apartheid legislation and prevailing culture which promoted the strict separation of blacks and whites in society but also by the church’s priesthood and temple restrictions on black members, in place until 1978. With these difficulties, exacerbated by mission presidents’, local leaders’, and Salt Lake City authorities’ caution regarding intermixing races in worship services given an overall environment of racial prejudice, Mahlangu and many in his group were not allowed to get baptized until 1980 or later. However with their baptisms, a branch in Johannesburg’s most famous township, Soweto, was eventually established in the early 1980s.
Treatment-Setting Regulations

In this chapter, we review the regulations relative to various treatment settings, for example, outpatient, inpatient, nursing home, and telepsychiatry services.
It’s not all the same: Implemented and perceived HR practices in the volunteer context

Being strategic and intentional in the management of volunteers is increasingly important to tackle volunteer retention and improve other volunteer outcomes. Drawing on strategic human resource man...
Pain, eating behavior, and weight outcomes in adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE In adults, pain is prospectively associated with overweight/obesity and concurrently associated with dysregulated eating, with evidence for stronger associations in women than men. This study aimed to evaluate whether similar associations among pain response, BMI, and loss of control (LOC) eating are also evident in adolescent girls. METHOD Girls (n = 202) completed the cold pressor test (CPT) at age 10, and BMI and LOC eating were assessed annually from ages 10-16 years. Generalized linear models were used to test associations between pain tolerance (total immersion time) and threshold (latency to highest pain rating), and changes in BMI and LOC eating. RESULTS Lower pain tolerance and threshold at age 10 were associated with increases in LOC eating from age 10 to 16 (tolerance: B < -.01, SE < .01, p = .005; threshold: B = -.03, SE = .01, p = .0118). No significant associations were observed between pain tolerance/threshold and increasing BMI. DISCUSSION Pain responsivity in childhood is associated with increases in dysregulated eating from childhood to adolescence. These findings provide support for the early development of an interface between pain and eating behaviors.
PARTICIPATORY DESIGN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Participatory design is an attitude about a force for change in the creation and management of environments for people. Its strength lies in being a movement that cuts across traditional professional boundaries and cultures. Its roots lie in the ideals of a participatory democracy where collective decision-making is highly decentralized throughout all sectors of society, so that all individuals learn participatory skills and can effectively participate in various ways in the making of all decisions that affect them. Increasingly complex decision-making processes require a more informed citizenry that has considered the evidence on the issue, discussed potential decision options and arrived at a mutually agreed upon decision (Abelson et al, 2003).Today participatory design processes are being applied to urban design, planning, and geography as well as to the fields of industrial and information technology. Research findings suggest that positive outcomes are associated with solutions being informed by users’ tacit knowledge (Spinuzzi, 2005). More recently, another factor has been suggested as being partly responsible for favorable participatory design outcomes, which is described as collective intelligence (Fischer et al., 2005). Atlee (2003) describes collective intelligence (CI) as a shared insight that comes about through the process of group interaction, particularly where the outcome is more insightful and powerful than the sum of individual perspectives. When people align their individual intelligences in shared undertakings, instead of using their intelligence to undermine each other in pursuit of individual status, they are much more able to generate collective intelligence.
“I didn't feel like a number”: The impact of nurse care managers on the provision of buprenorphine treatment in primary care settings

Abstract Background and objective To promote increased access to and retention in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) implemented the Buprenorphine Nurse Care Manager Initiative (BNCMI) in 2016, in which nurse care managers (NCMs) coordinate buprenorphine treatment in safety-net primary care clinics. To explore how patients experienced the care they received from NCMs, DOHMH staff conducted in-person, in-depth interviews with patients who had, or were currently receiving, buprenorphine treatment at BNCMI clinics. Participants were patients who were receiving, or had received, buprenorphine treatment through BNCMI at one of the participating safety-net primary care practices. Methods The study team used a thematic analytic and framework analysis approach to capture concepts related to patient experiences of care received from NCMs, and to explore differences between those who were in treatment for at least six consecutive months and those who left treatment within the first six months. Results Themes common to both groups were that NCMs showed care and concern for patients’ overall well-being in a nonjudgmental manner. In addition, NCMs provided critical clinical and logistical support. Among out-of-treatment participants, interactions with the NCM were rarely the catalyst for disengaging with treatment. Moreover, in-treatment participants perceived the NCM as part of a larger clinical team that collectively offered support, and the care provided by NCMs was often a motivating factor for them to remain engaged in treatment. Conclusion Findings suggest that by providing emotional, clinical, and logistical support, as well as intensive engagement (e.g., frequent phone calls), the care that NCMs provide could encourage retention of patients in buprenorphine treatment.
Dynamic strain evolution in an optically excited Pt thin film

The structural evolution of a Pt thin film following photo-thermal excitation by 1 ps optical laser pulses was studied with a time resolution of 100 ps over a total time period of 1 ms. Laser pulse fluences below 50 mJ/cm2 were insufficient to relax the residual stress state of the as-prepared film even after 10 000 pulses. In this fluence regime, a rapid initial lattice expansion and a decrease in the lattice coherence length due to ultrafast photo-thermal heating were observed. The lattice expansion reached a maximum, and the coherence length reached a minimum, 100–200 ps after excitation before monotonically decaying back to their initial values in about 1 µs. Laser pulse fluences greater than 50 mJ/cm2 produced irreversible stress relaxation within the first 10 optical pulses. In this regime, the lattice expansion was qualitatively similar to that in the low fluence regime, except that the initial structural state was not recovered. The evolution in the coherence length, however, was more complex. Following an initial decrease similar to that observed at low fluence, the coherence length then increased to a broad maximum greater than the initial value, before recovery.
My approach to cystic hepatic lesions

Abstract While cystic hepatic lesions are frequently encountered in clinical practice, differentiation amongst the various entities can prove difficult if the histologic pitfalls and diagnostic caveats are unknown. Many patients present with vague clinical symptoms and overlapping imaging findings. Herein we discuss the most commonly encountered cystic hepatic lesions including abscesses (pyogenic and amebic), echinococcal cyst, simple hepatic cyst, ciliated hepatic foregut cyst, intrahepatic pseudocyst, mucinous cystic neoplasm, hemangioma, angiosarcoma, multilocular cystic hepatocellular carcinoma, cystic metastatic lesions, hematoma, and biloma.
How Ribosomal Proteins and rRNA Recognize One Another

The assembly and structural integrity of the ribosome are guaranteed by specific interactions among its component proteins and RNAs. In Escherichia coli and other bacteria, many of the proteins that associate with rRNA also regulate the translation of ribosomal protein operons via interactions with the corresponding mRNAs. In all likelihood, these features define the specific three-dimensional surfaces that are recognized by the ribosomal proteins. The results discussed in this chapter focus on the studies of the interactions between ribosomal proteins S8 and L1 and their binding sites in the 16S and 23S rRNAs, respectively, which take place during ribosomal subunit assembly. The results demonstrated that the difference in the affinity of S8 for the two sites can in fact be attributed to the bulged bases. The conservation of nucleotides within the conserved core of the S8 binding site—whether in rRNA or in mRNA—is remarkable, and from evidence to be presented, it is clearly related to the capacity of both RNAs to associate with S8. Site-directed-mutagenesis experiments have shown that the identities of most of the nucleotides in the conserved core (nucleotides 595 to 598 and 640 to 644) are critical for optimal S8-RNA interaction, whereas almost all of the base pairs in the duplex segments can be replaced with only minimal effects on protein binding as long as the helical elements are maintained.
Mucoids and Glycoproteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on mucoids and glycoproteins. Compared to the progress in the knowledge of chemistry, physiology, and pathology of the proteins proper, knowledge of the mucoids and glycoproteins has remained rather incomplete. Certain mucoids—for example ovomucoid, seromucoid, and gonadotropic hormones—are distinguished by great solubility in aqueous solutions. They are not readily precipitated by trichloroacetic, sulfosalicylic, picric, or flavianic acids. They are precipitated by alcohol or acetone without losing their solubility in aqueous media. No member of this group seems ever to have been crystallized. Most mucopolysaccharides and mucoids are characterized by a high solubility in water and a relative resistance towards denaturation by agents that denature proteins. The mucoids of the first group, those containing glucosamine and galactose in the ratio of 1:1, probably are widely distributed in animals and in microorganisms. The mucopolysaccharide group of some of these mucoids is responsible for blood group A activity and is related to the Forssman antigen. They occur in the gastric mucosa, in horse saliva, and in some ovarian cysts. It is unknown whether the mucoid of the oviduct of the frog—the glands that furnish the egg jelly—and that of salamander egg jelly (unpublished experiments) are related biologically to these substances. The distinction between mucoids and glycoproteins, based on a hexosamine content of the former of 4 percent or over, is arbitrary. In many instances a substance cannot be placed properly at the present time.
Locus coeruleus and regulation of behavioral flexibility and attention.

Publisher Summary Recent work on the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system has led us to hypothesize that it plays a central role in regulating this balance between focused vs. flexible responding, or selective vs. scanning attention. This chapter discusses previous work on the LC system relevant to understanding its role in cognitive activity and attention, and then describes the recent neurophysiology in behaving monkeys and modeling work aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which this neuromodulatory brain system operates, and how it regulates behavior. The present analysis indicates that the LC system could play a role not only in the regulation of attentional stability and responsiveness, but also in disorders of attention. The results indicate that attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may result, at least in part, from an overly tonic LC mode. That is, ADHD may occur in subjects whose LC neurons exhibit the tonic mode inappropriately in many contexts, and only infrequently transition to the phasic mode.
Fibonacci optical lattices for tunable quantum quasicrystals

We describe a quasiperiodic optical lattice, created by a physical realization of the abstract cut-and-project construction underlying all quasicrystals. The resulting potential is a generalization of the Fibonacci tiling. Calculation of the energies and wave functions of ultracold atoms loaded into such a lattice demonstrate a multifractal energy spectrum, a singular continuous momentum-space structure, and the existence of controllable edge states. These results open the door to cold atom quantum simulation experiments in tunable or dynamic quasicrystalline potentials, including topological pumping of edge states and phasonic spectroscopy.
Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities

Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation, otherwise termed multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation, refers to a coordinated system of pain service delivery by providers who share common treatment objectives and a philosophy of care. Interdisciplinary approaches rely on the interdependence of team members and emphasize mutual respect and open communications [1]. Typically, treatment is delivered within the context of a biopsychosocial model where the biological basis of pain symptoms is addressed, and patients are provided with cognitive-behavioral techniques aimed at modifying the affective and sensory dimensions of chronic pain [2,3]. The goals of treatment include improvements in physical and emotional functioning, which are achieved through the integrated and concurrent delivery of therapies provided by psychologists, physicians, physical and occupational therapists, nurses, vocational specialists and pharmacists. Specific cognitive-behavioral techniques may include, but are not limited to, distraction, relaxation training, identifying and mitigating pain behaviors, attenuating pain catastrophizing, incorporating activity pacing and improving stress management. Although no single coping strategy has been shown to be universally effective in the management of chronic pain, a combination of multiple personalized techniques is typically necessary …
Distinct NMDA Receptor Subpopulations Contribute to Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression Induction

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are persistent modifications of synaptic strength that have been implicated in learning, memory, and neuronal development. Despite their opposing effects, both forms of plasticity can be triggered by the activation of NMDA receptors. One mechanism proposed for this bidirectional response is that the specific patterns of afferent stimulation producing LTP and LTD activate to different degrees a uniform receptor population. A second possibility is that these patterns activate separate receptor subpopulations composed of different NMDA receptor (NR) subunits. To test this hypothesis we examined the inhibition of LTP and LTD by a series of competitive NMDA receptor antagonists that varied in their affinities for NR2A/B and NR2C/D subunits. The potency for the inhibition of LTP compared with inhibition of LTD varied widely among the agents. Antagonists with higher affinity for NR2A/B subunits relative to NRC/D subunits showed more potent inhibition of LTP than of LTD. D-3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid, which binds to NR2A/B with very high affinity relative to NR2C/D, showed an approximately 1000-fold higher potency for LTP than for LTD. These results show that distinct subpopulations of NMDA receptors characterized by different NR2 subunits contribute to the induction mechanisms of potentiation and depression.
Why Patients Choose Band or Bypass

The growth of bariatric surgery over the past decade has been fueled by patient demand. There are several surgical procedures used for morbid obesity. The two most popular are the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). There is a lack of consensus among experts regarding the best procedure for the patient. Currently, the choice of LAGB versus LRYGB is based on either surgeon's preference or patient's choice due to the lack of well-designed randomized control trials. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on why patients would choose LAGB or LRYGB. We discuss the issues of current research, internal patient influences, and external patient influences.
Regional cerebral incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate, and cerebral glucose utilization, in water-deprived Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats.

Abstract Regional rates of incorporation into brain of intravenously administered [ 14 C]palmitate and regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMR glc ) were measured in water-provided (WP) and water-deprived (WD) homozygous (DI) and heterozygous (HZ). Brattleboro rats, a mutant strain unable to synthesize vasopressin, and in the parent Long-Evans (LE) strain. Following 15 h or 4 days of water deprivation, rCMR glc was elevated threefold in the pituitary neural lobe of LE-WD and DI-WD as compared with LE-WP rats, and in the paraventricular nucleus of LE-WD, and the supraoptic nucleus of DI-WD rats. However, incorporation of [ 14 C]palmitate into these regions was not specifically altered. The results indicate that water deprivation for up to 4 days increases rCMR glc in some brain regions involved with vasopressin, but does not alter [ 14 C]palmitate incorporation into these regions. Incorporation of plasma [ 14 C]palmitate is independent of unlabeled plasma palmitate at brain regions which have an intact blood-brain barrier, but at nonbarrier regions falls according to saturation kinetics as cold plasma concentration rises, with a mean half-saturation constant ( K m ) equal to 0.136 μmol·ml −1 .
The ground singlet and low-lying triplet electronic states of CuF 3

Abstract A computational study of the structure and properties of the ground and low-lying excited electronic states of the CuF3 molecule is reported in this paper. Highly sophisticated methods were used, including the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level augmented by a perturbative correction for connected triple excitations, and the equation of motion coupled cluster method in the singles and doubles approximation. In agreement with a previous quantum chemical calculation, the present results predict a T-shaped C2v equilibrium geometry for the singlet 1A1 state, as expected. The triplet electronic states of CuF3 were investigated for the first time. The lowest triplet, 3 A′ 2 , is only 1700 cm−1 above the ground 1A1 state and corresponds to a trigonal planar D3h equilibrium structure. The 3E triplet state was found to lie above the 3A′2 state by 11 000 cm−1.
An integrally shielded transportable generator system for thallium-201 production

Abstract An integrally shielded transportable 201 Pb→ 201 Tl generator system for the production of 201 Tl has been developed at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California, Davis. The present generator design allows for processing of up to 4 Ci of 201 Pb parent radioactivity yielding approximately 400 mCi of 201 Tl in a chemical form easily converted to radiopharmaceutical quality. Larger capacity generator systems can be constructed since the use of depleted uranium for shielding purposes is becoming readily available. While the parent 201 Pb radioactivity decays to the daughter 201 Tl, the combination depleted uranium—lead shielded system (≈33 kg) can be transported to distant locations for final processing. In this manner, decay losses (≈25%) associated with transportation of bulk 201 Tl can be avoided since transportation would occur during the time (≈32 h) needed for the growth of 201 Tl via 201 Pb(9.4 h)→ 201 Tl(73.5h). Single small-volume elutions (15–20 ml) provide more than 95% of the 201 Tl radioactivity with no detectable radioactive Pb breakthrough and less than 2.0 ωg/ml of carrier Tl.
Is the relationship between algal diversity and biomass in North American lakes consistent with biodiversity experiments

Over the past few decades, a large body of research has examined how biodiversity loss influences the functioning of ecosystems, as well as the cascading impacts on the goods and services ecosystems provide to humanity. The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions quantified in prior experiments suggests that initial losses of biodiversity have relatively small impacts on properties like community biomass production; however, beyond some threshold, increasing losses lead to accelerating declines in function. Some have questioned whether a saturating relationship between diversity and community biomass production is an artifact of overly simplified experiments that manipulate diversity in homogeneous conditions over short time-scales in which niche differences may not be realized. Others have questioned whether even the modest effects of biodiversity observed in experiments would be discernible in natural systems where they could be over-ridden by the stronger influence of abiotic factors. Here, we used a biogeographic dataset to assess how the taxonomic richness of aquatic primary producers relates to community biomass in unmanipulated lake ecosystems in the US, and then compared these findings to prior experiments. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate hypotheses about the effects of algal richness on community biomass while accounting for covariance with environmental parameters measured in the USEPA's National Lakes Assessment (NLA), which sampled 1157 freshwater lakes. These analyses converged on a single best-fit model (χ2= 0.31, p = 0.58) wherein community algal biomass was a function of three explanatory variables – nitrogen, phosphorus, and algal richness. The quantitative magnitude of the algal diversity (x) – biomass (y) relationship in the NLA dataset is statistically greater than that documented in the average biodiversity experiment. It did, however, lie at approximately the 75th percentile of experimental relationships, indicating the diversity–biomass relationship in unmanipulated lakes is within the range that has been characterized experimentally.
Work experience, earnings and participation: evidence from the women and employment survey

This paper presents a probit model of labour force participation and a set of earnings equations estimated using data from the 1980 Women and Employment Survey. The results of the participation model compare with previous findings and the earnings models give typical results of human capital and job characteristics variables. Exclusion of the sample selection effect appears to be of importance and a linear piecewise experience variable outperforms the quadratic specification.
Lessons to be learned from the young deaf orthographer

In the study reported here, the nonstandard spellings produced in free-writing samples by young deaf children ages 4 to 10 years were analyzed. The forms of spellings revealed a different analysis of the English orthographic system. Instead of the pervasive sound-symbol analysis of most hearing children, the deaf children produced qualitatively different attempts. Their attempts cannot be entirely accounted for as “visual”; instead, many can be characterized as featural, involving letters as units, and features of letters spanning over more than one letter, such as position and quantity.
Route of incorporation of alveolar palmitate and choline into surfactant phosphatidylcholine in rabbits

Abstract Intratracheal injection of 3-day-old rabbits with radioactively labeled palmitic acid and choline results in an 8–10-fold increase in the efficiency of their incorporation into surfactant phosphatidylcholine when compared to the intravenous injection of these precursors. Based on labeling patterns in microsomal, lamellar body and alveolar wash fractions, the incorporation appears to be via normal surfactant synthetic pathways. Intratracheal injection of phospholipid precursors is useful for producing relatively high specific activity natural surfactant.
Test-retest reliability of an epidemiological instrument for Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Reliability testing was conducted on a survey instrument for a genetic epidemiological study of Parkinson's disease (PD). Information on demographics, medical history, places of residence, and occupations was collected. The instrument was administered to 11 pairs of siblings discordant for PD and then re-administered after 4 weeks. Twenty of 22 (91%) subjects completed and returned the retest questionnaire. Overall reliability of the instrument was acceptable (κ = 0.88). This instrument could be used to elicit reliable information from similar profiled subjects in future investigations.
Low birth weight: race and maternal nativity--impact of community income.

Background. The purpose of this article is to determine the effect of community income as a co-factor in the association of low birth weight, race, and maternal nativity in New York City. Methods. New York City birth records, 1988 through 1994, provided data on maternal and infant characteristics. There were 274 121 white and 279 826 black mothers included in this study. Black mothers were classified as US-born (South and Northeast) and foreign-born (the Caribbean, South America, and Africa). Based on the 1990 US census income data, census tracts of the city were aggregated by tertile of per capita income as low-, middle-, and high-income communities. Incidence of low birth weight was estimated by race, maternal nativity in the city as a whole, and each income community. Results. Overall, black women had a substantially higher risk of low birth weight infants ( Conclusion. Low birth weight was significantly less frequent among whites than among blacks. However, this overall finding masked substantial variation among blacks, determined by maternal nativity and the income level of the community in which they lived. In fact, Caribbean- and African-born black mothers had birth outcomes generally similar to and, in poor communities, even more favorable than those for whites.
Behavior of Dielectrics A Study of the Anomalous Charging Current and the Variation of Dielectric Energy Loss and Capacitance with Frequency in Solid Dielectrics

The paper describes a research undertaken with the object of throwing light on the relations between the electrical properties of dielectrics or insulating materials, especially on the relation between the ``anomalous charging current'' under a direct voltage test and the dielectric energy loss for an impressed alternating voltage. After a review of the theory of this relationship, the methods developed in this study for observing the anomalous charging current in condensers in the time range from 0.0007 to 0.100 seconds after impressing a steady potential are described. The methods used in observing the ``normal leakage current'' and the alternating energy loss and capacitance in the frequency range from 200 to 4000 cycles per second are also described. The results of measurements by these methods on mica, glass, varnished cloth, and paraffin paper condensers are given. These measurements include a series giving the effect of varying temperatures on the properties of the glass and varnished cloth condensers. Finally, the comparisons between the dielectric energy loss and capacitance variation with frequency predicted on the basis of the d-c. anomalous charging current tests and the variations which were actually observed are given. These comparisons show that a fair agreement exists between the predicted and observed curves.
Isolation and culture of adult neurons and neurospheres

Here we present a protocol for extraction and culture of neurons from adult rat or mouse CNS. The method proscribes an optimized protease digestion of slices, control of osmolarity and pH outside the incubator with Hibernate and density gradient separation of neurons from debris. This protocol produces yields of millions of cortical, hippocampal neurons or neurosphere progenitors from each brain. The entire process of neuron isolation and culture takes less than 4 h. With suitable growth factors, adult neuron regeneration of axons and dendrites in culture proceeds over 1–3 weeks to allow controlled studies in pharmacology, electrophysiology, development, regeneration and neurotoxicology. Adult neurospheres can be collected in 1 week as a source of neuroprogenitors ethically preferred over embryonic or fetal sources. This protocol emphasizes two differences between neuron differentiation and neurosphere proliferation: adhesion dependence and the differentiating power of retinyl acetate.
Cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients: an educational needs area improved by a single intervention.

Background. Chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction (CRCD) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of posttreatment morbidity, with significant impact on quality of life. We sought to evaluate the level of need for and awareness of information regarding CRCD among nurses involved with the care of persons receiving chemotherapy. We also hypothesized that educational interventions are useful in this increasingly important area of oncology nursing.Methods. Chemotherapy nurse providers were surveyed regarding CRCD beliefs and skills; a subset of individuals attending a CRCD educational session underwent pretesting and posttesting to assess CRCD knowledge.Results. Respondents perceived that CRCD is a serious problem and identified the following needs areas: general CRCD education, diagnostic skills, knowledge regarding behavioral and pharmacologic interventions, and availability of adequate CRCD practice protocols. With a single educational intervention, posttest scoring improved over pretest in most subjects, with a statistically significant overall improvement in mean scores.Conclusions. Our results suggest the need for education in CRCD diagnosis, intervention, and protocol development. A single educational intervention improved knowledge. Our work underscores the importance of CRCD education for the Oncology Education Services and other oncology nurse educational resources.
Effects of Nu-Serum® on in vitro development of goat (Capra hircus) embryos

To evaluate the effects of a commercially produced serum substitute on the in vitro development of caprine embryos, registered Nubian doelings were synchronized with norgestomet-impregnated implants (Synchromate-B®: CEVA) and superovulated with descending doses of FSH-p® (Schering). A total of 246 embryos was collected and placed in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM 199, Gibco Laboratories) containing Nu-Serum® (NuS) at concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, or 20%. Control treatments consisted of TCM 199 alone or TCM 199 plus 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). Embryos developed in all concentrations of NuS to the morula, blastocyst, and expanded blastocyst stages. The TCM 199 plus 10% NuS had significantly higher percentages of embryos developing to the expanded blastocyst stage than TCM 199 plus 10% FBS. Time to expanded blastocyst development in NuS was shorter than in the TCM 199 plus FBS. No stage-specific block to development was observed with embryos collected and cultured in vitro for any of the treatments. These results demonstrate that NuS, when compared to FBS, allowed a higher percentage (P < 0.05) of caprine embryos to develop to the expanded blastocyst stage, thus providing a valuable substitute for FBS.
Microfluidic Array with Integrated Oxygenation Control for Real-Time Live-Cell Imaging: Effect of Hypoxia on Physiology of Microencapsulated Pancreatic Islets

In this article, we present a novel microfluidic islet array based on a hydrodynamic trapping principle. The lab-on-a-chip studies with live-cell multiparametric imaging allow understanding of physiological and pathophysiological changes of microencapsulated islets under hypoxic conditions. Using this microfluidic array and imaging analysis techniques, we demonstrate that hypoxia impairs the function of microencapsulated islets at the single islet level, showing a heterogeneous pattern reflected in intracellular calcium signaling, mitochondrial energetic, and redox activity. Our approach demonstrates an improvement over conventional hypoxia chambers that is able to rapidly equilibrate to true hypoxia levels through the integration of dynamic oxygenation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of array-based cellular analysis and opens up new modality to conduct informative analysis and cell-based screening for microencapsulated pancreatic islets.
Exploring 700mhz WiFi-based wireless mesh networking

This paper describes the deployment and evaluation of a 700MHz WiFi-based Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) testbed. To our knowledge, this is the world's first WiFi-based testbed using the recently-released 700MHz frequency band and deployed under both indoor and outdoor environments, including open space and a Louisiana swamp with dense cypress trees. Initial experimental results show that the 700MHz WMN has a significantly larger transmission range and better penetration ability compared to a traditional 2.4GHz WMN, which indicates that utilizing the 700MHz frequency band will considerably enhance the performance of WMNs, including the ability to support real-time applications.
De Novo Synthesis and Cellular Uptake of Organic Nanocapsules with Tunable Surface Chemistry

Water-soluble organic nanocapsules were prepared from bottlebrush copolymers with triblock terpolymer side chains composed of a degradable inner block (polylactide), a cross-linkable middle block (poly(4-butenylstyrene)), and a functional outer block (poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)). Bottlebrush copolymers are macromolecules with a long linear backbone and shorter polymeric side chains densely grafted onto the backbone. Hollow cylindrical nanoparticles were prepared by peripheral cross-linking of the bottlebrush copolymers and subsequent selective removal of the core. Reactive anhydride groups of the outer functional layer allowed for the preparation of nanocapsules with tunable surface characteristics. Cellular uptake of negatively charged organic nanocapsules showed strong surface chemistry dependence. The presence of hydrophobic groups on the nanocapsule surface was necessary for their nonspecific association with the cell membrane and subsequent internalization by endocytosis. The length of surface...
Binding of dephosphorylated A protein to SV40 DNA.

Abstract We have examined the role of SV40 A protein (T antigen) phosphorylation in the specific binding of the protein to SV40 DNA using protein that was dephosphorylated in vitro. Alkaline phosphatase removed more than 75% of the phosphate radiolabel associated with the A protein. Most of the phosphoserine residues were sensitive to the enzyme while most of the phosphothreonine residues were resistant. Phosphopeptide mapping of the dephosphorylated protein demonstrated that the phosphate groups at individual sites were either highly sensitive or highly resistant to the phosphatase. Thus, enzymatically dephosphorylated A protein provides a useful probe for analysis of the function of specific phosphorylation sites. Dephosphorylated A protein, like untreated A protein, preferentially bound a restriction fragment of SV40 DNA that contains the origin of DNA replication and sequences involved in transcriptional control. The binding was characterized further using a DNase protection assay and DNase footprinting. Dephosphorylated A protein protected SV40 DNA in a manner that was indistinguishable from that of untreated protein. The effects of A protein concentration and salt treatment on binding were the same for phosphatase-treated and control untreated A protein under the conditions of our assay. These results suggest that the location, alignment, and affinity of binding are unaffected by dephosphorylation. We conclude that phosphorylation at the majority of the phosphoserine sites is not directly involved in the regulation of site-specific recognition and binding of the A protein to SV40 DNA.
Homocysteine mediated decrease in bone blood flow and remodeling: Role of folic acid

Deficiencies in folate lead to increased serum concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), which is known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is associated with bone disorders. Although, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulates collagen in bone and contribute to decrease in bone strength. The mechanism of Hcy induced bone loss and remodeling is unclear. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the role of folic acid in genetically HHcy associated decrease in bone blood flow and remodeling. Wildtype (WT) and cystathionine-β-synthase heterozygous (CBS+/−) mice were used in this study and supplemented with or without folic acid (FA 300 mg/kg, Hcy reducing agent) in drinking water for 6 weeks. The tibial bone blood flow was measured by laser Doppler and ultrasonic flow probe method. The tibial bone density was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The bone homogenates were analyzed for oxidative stress,NOX-4 as oxidative marker and thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) as anti-oxidant marker, bone remodeling (MMP-9) and bio-availability of nitric oxide (eNOS/iNOS/NO) by Western blot method. The results suggested that there was decrease in tibial blood flow in CBS+/− mice. The bone density was also reduced in CBS+/− mice. There was an increase in NOX-4, iNOS, MMP -9 protein as well as MMP-9 activity in CBS+/− mice and decrease in Trx-1, eNOS protein levels, in part by decreasing NO bio-availability in CBS+/− mice. Interestingly, these effects were ameliorated by folic acid and suggested that folic acid supplementation may have therapeutic potential against genetically HHcy induced bone loss.
Increasing the rate of return of resident rotation evaluations by their attending physicians in an in-patient psychiatric facility.

Objective Psychiatrist’s evaluations of residents are the primary means of determining whether the residents are ready to be promoted. However, the return rate for evaluations is quite low. The purpose of this study was to increase the return rates.
The development and implementation of shared leadership in multi‐generational family firms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the development and implementation of shared leadership in multi‐generational family firms. Shared leadership or family top management teams involve multiple family members in the top management and ownership of family firms.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative case study approach was employed, using in‐depth interviews of the top managers of four family businesses. Each case was analyzed separately, and emergent themes found in each case; and then generalizations were made across the four cases in the cross‐case analysis.Findings – Eight factors or conditions were examined that affect shared leadership in multi‐generational family firms according to the respondents – long‐term orientation, close communication and shared understanding, resistance to change, succession planning, failure to release control, reporting relationship confusion, increased decision time, and higher decision quality. The result of this study is the production of ei...
Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological imaging

Nonlinear excitation of fluorophores through molecular absorption of two or three near infrared photons from the tightly focused femtosecond pulses of a mode-locked laser offers the cellular biologist an unprecedented panoply of biomolecular indicators for microscopic imaging and cellular analysis. Measurements of the two-photon excitation spectra of more than twenty ultra-violet and visible absorbing fluorophores from 690 to 1050 nm reveal useful cross sections for near infrared excitation, providing an artist's palette of emission markers and chemical indicators for living biological preparations. Measurements of three-photon fluorophore excitation spectra now define alternative windows of relatively benign wavelength to excite deeper UV fluorophores. The three-photon excitation spectrum of the amino acid tryptophan, measured 700-900 nm, delivers native fluorescence for imaging and assay of proteins and neurotransmitter sin living tissues. The inherent optical sectioning capabilities of focused nonlinear excitation provides 3D resolution for imaging and avoids out of focus background. Here, we describe the characteristics of the measured nonlinear excitation spectra and define the resulting features of nonlinear microscopy for biological imaging.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The moderating effect of parental illicit substance use disorders on the relation between adolescent depression and subsequent illicit substance use disorders

Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated that depression and family history of illicit substance use disorders (ISUDs) are risk factors for the development of ISUDs. However, no study to date has examined whether these risk factors interact to predict onset. In addition, history of parental and sibling ISUDs have been identified as risk factors almost exclusively in healthy individuals and thus, it is unknown whether they confer unique risk among adolescents with a history of depression. Methods The current study examined these questions using data from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project (OADP). DSM diagnoses of probands were assessed during 4-waves, first in adolescence (ages 14–18) and subsequently up until age 30. Lifetime DSM diagnoses of ISUDs in biological mothers, fathers, and siblings were obtained. Results Proportional hazards model analyses indicated that there was a significant depression by parental ISUDs interaction. Among probands with parental ISUDs (and not among those without parental ISUDs), depression in adolescence was significantly associated with a shorter time to develop an ISUD. Sibling ISUDs were not associated with onset and did not interact with adolescent depression. Conclusion Prevention and intervention efforts targeted at this particularly at-risk group may be effective.
O-Benzylated thioglucoses, intermediates for the synthesis of (1→6)- and (1→4)-linked oligosaccharides: S-benzylation, coupling, and thioglycoside cleavage

Abstract 2,3,4-Tri- O -benzyl ( 11 ) and 2,3,6-tri- O -benzyl ( 12 ) -1-thio- D -glucopyranose were prepared as intermediates for the synthesis, by the thioglycoside scheme, of(1→6)- and (1→4)-linked oligosaccharides of D -glucose. The 6-hydroxyl isomer 11 was S -benzylated to the thioglucoside 13 , which is a model for a partially benzyl-protected sugar attached to a macromolecular support by a benzyl thioglycoside linkage. This linkage in 13 is readily cleaved by methyl iodide plus a nucleophile in acetone or benzene. The “alcoholysis” coupling of 13 with 6- O -acetyl-2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl bromide gave largely the α-linked product (isomaltoside), together with a little β-linked isomer (gentiobioside).
Race and Theory: Culture, Poverty, and Adaptation To Discrimination In Wilson and Ogbu

This article provides the theoretical resources to resolve a number of conundrums in the work of William Julius Wilson and John Ogbu. Contrary to what Wilson's and Ogbu's work sometimes imply, inner-city blacks are not enmeshed in a “culture of poverty,” but rather are generally committed to mainstream values and their normative expectations. Activities that deviate from these values derive from the cognitive expectations inner-city blacks have formed in the face of their restricted legitimate opportunity structures. These expectations, which suggest that educational and occupational success are improbable for inner-city residents, are accurate. If their opportunities were to improve, their cognitive expectations would change and most would be committed to taking advantage of these new opportunities. The differences that separate the inner-city poor from whites center on cultural symbols, which help constitute their identity, sometimes in opposition to the white majority. Most deficiencies in performance ...
A study of high pressure pinewood char gasification with CO2

Abstract This work involves CO 2 gasification of a pinewood char at temperatures between 1140 K (867 °C) and 1260 K (987 °C). Novel features of this work include: (1) measurements of char conversion for large (∼3 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm) char particles at pressures up to 10 ± 0.1 atm, (2) Thiele analysis of the char conversion data to quantify the influence of internal heat-and-mass diffusion on apparent reaction rates, and (3) an assessment of the n th order and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics rate models for elevated pressures. Pinewood sawdust with low ash content ( 2 in a fixed-bed reactor. Product gas composition analysis enabled by gas chromatography is used to track char conversion with time. The results show that conversion rates for the char particles are limited by diffusion of gases through the pores. The results also show that the surface CO concentrations during the gasification process exceed the bulk CO concentrations by as much as an order of magnitude. Therefore, internal mass transfer resistance and CO inhibition must be considered in calculations of apparent char conversion rates.