cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Getting a cybersecurity program started on low budget

Cybersecurity cost effectiveness, and impact on productivity and quality demand an assessment of the education and training needs of the Information Technology (IT) users and IT professionals. Continuing education is very important for the IT professional to keep up with emerging technologies and business demands for new technology skills. Significant changes to the security education and training are expected because IT is growing rapidly and new applications and security technologies are emerging. University programs for information security training will also expand in terms of number of courses, specialization levels, and degrees. The security professional entering the work force is expected to have more skills, and be more proficient in problem solving. To meet these requirements, we propose a framework for a security laboratory that can be built and operated in a university at reduced costs, making it feasible for more institutions to add security topics to their curricula. This security laboratory model supports the execution of laboratory projects to satisfy teaching security skills ranging from basic to advanced levels. A combination of traditional lectures with laboratory projects is effective teaching students how to analyze and solve security problems.The suggested framework for security laboratory setup and laboratory projects could make it feasible for many educational institutions to introduce the Information Security education quickly, and at reduced costs.
Differential localization of nadph-diaphorase and calbindin-D28k within the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, striatum and brainstem in the rat, monkey, baboon and human

The localization of Calbindin-D28k and NADPH-diaphorase in the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, striatum and brainstem was investigated in the rat, monkey, baboon and human using calbindin and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Considerable regional and species-specific variations were observed. Double-stained sections demonstrated that NADPH-diaphorase activity occurred in as much as 20-30% of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the rat but in virtually none of those neurons in the monkey, baboon or human. In all of the species studied, virtually every cholinergic neuron within the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei contained NADPH-diaphorase activity, while none of the cholinergic neurons of the striatum did so. In the rat brain, calbindin immunoreactivity was not present in any of the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, while in the primate brain virtually all of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons were also calbindin-positive. None of the cholinergic neurons of the striatum, pedunculopontine nucleus or laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were found to be calbindin-positive in any of the species examined. These results demonstrate major species-specific differences in the cytochemical signatures of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, in contrast to the cholinergic neurons of the striatum and brainstem, which displayed little interspecies variation with respect to the markers that were used in this study. Our findings also suggest that caution must be exercised in using results from studies of rodent basal forebrain cholinergic systems to infer the role of this system in the primate brain.
Structural Studies of the [Tris(imidazolyl)phosphine]metal Nitrate Complexes {[PimPri,But]M(NO3)}+ (M = Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg): Comparison of Nitrate-Binding Modes in Synthetic Analogues of Carbonic Anhydrase

X-ray diffraction studies on a series of cationic divalent metal nitrate complexes supported by the tris(1-isopropyl-4-tert-butylimidazolyl)phosphine ligand, {[PimPri,But]M(NO3)}+ (M = Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg), demonstrate that the nitrate ligand coordination mode is strongly dependent upon the metal. With the exception of that for the HgII derivative, the nitrate ligand coordination modes correlate with the activities of metal-substituted carbonic anhydrases, such that the only MII-carbonic anhydrases which exhibit significant activity, i.e., the Zn and Co species, are those for which the {[PimPri,But]M(NO3)}+ complexes possess strongly asymmetric nitrate ligands. This trend supports the notion that access to a unidentate, rather than a bidentate, bicarbonate intermediate may be a critical requirement for significant carbonic anhydrase activity. Interestingly, the nitrate coordination modes in the series of group 12 complexes, {[PimPri,But]M(NO3)}+ (M = Zn, Cd, Hg), do not exhibit a monotonic periodic trend: ...
Three-dimensional structure of 2-dimethylamino-1,3-dioxacyclanes

It was established by 1H NMR spectroscopy that a chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the dimethylamino group is the preferred conformation for methyl and 5,5-spiro derivatives of 2-dimethylamino-1,3-dioxanes.
Effect of inlet conditions on the accuracy of large eddy simulations of a turbulent rectangular wake

Abstract A large eddy simulation (LES) study was performed on a turbulent incompressible wake flow in a rectangular channel. The simulation results were evaluated using particle image velocimetry (PIV) data from a previous experimental study of the same flow (Liu et al., 2013). Comparisons were made of one-point statistics as well as spatial correlations. An extensive pre-simulation study was carried out in which the effect of inlet conditions, grid resolution, time step and subgrid model was investigated and the parameters were optimized. Using the digital filter method of Klein et al. (2003), turbulent inflow velocities were generated based on velocity mean and variance obtained from the experimental data and correlation length scales. It was found that the simulation results in large parts of the domain were strongly dependent on the inlet length scales specified. With a suitable set of length scales, the inlet method was successful at providing inlet conditions that generated accurate simulation results. The very good agreement seen between experiment and simulation demonstrates LES as a method that, with carefully selected inlet conditions, not only can predict the pointwise turbulence statistics of a liquid wake flow, but also capture key features of its large-scale turbulent structures.
Day-to-day reproducibility of mental stress-induced abnormal left ventricular function response in patients with coronary artery disease and its relationship to autonomic activation

Mental stress (MS) results in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in approximately half of the patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) and is an adverse prognostic sign. The reproducibility of various MS tasks in inducing LV dysfunction and its relationship to autonomic activation in patients with CAD are not known. We studied the reproducibility on different days of 3 commonly used MS tasks on LV ejection fraction (LVEF), heart rate, blood pressure, and rate-pressure product and the relationship of reproducibility to autonomic activation as determined by heart rate variability in patients with chronic stable angina. Ten patients with CAD and exercise-induced ischemia who had abnormal LVEF responses to at least one MS task from a battery of MS tasks (mental arithmetic, anger recall, and color Stroop test) while undergoing continuous ambulatory Holter and LV function monitoring underwent a second MS testing 4 to 8 weeks later, with no change in clinical status or cardiac medications in the interim. Autonomic tone was determined from indexes of heart rate variability (high frequency [HF] for parasympathetic activity and low frequency [LF] and low frequency/high frequency ratio [LF/HF] for sympathetic activity). MS tasks resulted in a small increase in heart rate (P < .0001), a modest increase in systolic blood pressure (P < .0001) and the rate-pressure product (P < .0001), and a small but statistically significant increase in LF (P < .002) and LF/HF (P < .0001), but no change in HF compared with baseline. These changes were highly reproducible over the 2 studies. With a fall in LVEF of 5% or greater considered as indicative of an MS-positive task, anger recall was the most effective and reproducible MS task in inducing LV dysfunction. MS-positive tasks were associated with a greater increase in systolic blood pressure (P = .005). Anger recall resulted in a trend toward a higher increase in systolic blood pressure (P = .08) than the other MS tasks. In MS tasks with inconsistent LVEF responses in the 2 studies (LV dysfunction present in one study but not in the other), there was significant parasympathetic withdrawal (P = .02) in MS-negative tasks but no difference in sympathetic activation. On the other hand, in MS tasks with consistent LV dysfunction on both occasions, there was no difference in parasympathetic or sympathetic activation. MS-positive tasks were not accompanied by chest pain or ST depression. Of the commonly used MS tasks, anger recall produces LV dysfunction with the highest frequency and is the most reproducible task when retested 4 to 8 weeks later in patients with CAD. These data are relevant for planning studies of the effects of therapeutic interventions on MS-induced LV dysfunction.
A view of Toledo from the Ozarks

After digesting this year's ACM SIGUCCS User Services Conference for a month now (not only were rich food and drink in abundance, but feasts for thought as well), it is clear to me that the challenge posed by Fran Blake in the panel, "New Roles, New Services, New Strategies," was intended to energize us with the enthusiasm required to keep up with demand in this rapidly changing profession we call User Services. Fran's visuals (bold, vivid colors) illustrated the diffusion of energy and eventual demise of what we all know by now as "traditional" User Services. Our old standby techniques (workshops, consultation, documentation, newsletter) are being challenged as inadequate measures for remaining in touch with a user community so diverse and quickly growing that it defies definition. We are all faced with the challenge of turning the more passive, sit-back-and-answer-the-phone approach into an active learning process: a system a day keeps the hackers at bay!
Kynurenine and probenecid inhibit pentylenetetrazol- and NMDLA-induced seizures and increase kynurenic acid concentrations in the brain

Kynurenine is a direct precursor of kynurenic acid, the only known endogenous antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain. Kynurenine administered intraperitoneally (150, 450, 900 mg/kg) 2 h before pentylenetetrazol injection dose-dependently increased the time to seizures, the time to death and the survivorship of mice. Kynurenine dose-dependently increased the time to seizures and the time to death in mice with NMDLA-induced seizures. Kynurenine, 900 mg/kg, was equally efficacious to diazepam, 2 mg/kg. Probenecid dose-dependently increased the time to seizures, the time to death and the survivorship of mice with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Probenecid had no significant effects on NMDLA-induced seizures, although the time to death was prolonged in the NMDLA 500 mg/kg group. Probenecid potentiated the effects of kynurenine in these tests. Both probenecid and kynurenine significantly increased kynurenine and kynurenic acid concentrations in mouse cerebral cortex and striatum. These findings suggest that kynurenine (metabolized to kynurenic acid) has anticonvulsant effects, and probenecid potentiates these effects in mice.
Ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery in the elderly.

Patient selection for cytoreductive surgery is a critical clinical assessment that defines the early management of ovarian cancer, and standardized patient-selection criteria for debulking surgery are lacking. The term “elderly” has been variably defined in the ovarian cancer debulking literature as being older than age 60, 70, or 80+ years of age. Multiple studies indicate the feasibility and acceptable complication rates for debulking surgery among women ≥70 years of age. These studies demonstrate improved survival among optimally debulked patients. There are limited data specifically addressing the advanced elderly, age ≥80; however, selected patients appear to be appropriate candidates. Further dedicated study addressing the patient selection for debulking surgery and treatment outcomes among elderly ovarian cancer patients is needed. In this article, outcome studies addressing the application of major gynecologic surgery, including cytoreductive surgery, in the elderly population are reviewed, and current areas of clinical investigation are highlighted.
Energies of the muonic L and M transitions of the even- A Pb isotopes

The energies of the muonic 4f..-->..3d and 3d..-->..2p transitions have been measured in the even-A lead isotopes, with several times the precision of any previous measurement. The isotope shifts and intradoublet energy differences are in excellent agreement with earlier work but the absolute energies generally differ by two or more standard deviations. The new results do not completely resolve the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical binding energies in muonic /sup 208/Pb.
Orientation of prophage Mu.

The temperate bacteriophage Mu can integrate into the chromosome of Escherichia coli in opposite orientations. Both orientations are frequent among Mu insertions in the lacZ gene. The method for determining the prophage orientation described here can be used to orient a Mu prophage located at any site on the host chromosome and to produce F’ strains that transfer host markers in either direction from any location on the genome of E. coli.
Effect of aminotriazole and streptomycin on multiplication and pigment production of photosynthetic microorganisms.

SYNOPSIS. 3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole (AT) stops multiplication of the photosynthetic protists, Ochromonas danica, O. mal-hamensis, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. and Rhodopseudo-monas palustris; it also stops growth of the multicellular plant, Spirodela oligorhiza. O. danica and S. oligorhiza are the most sensitive. AT is about equally inhibitory to algal flagellates grown in the light or dark. Porphyrin biosynthesis is suggested as the probable site of inhibition by AT. Both AT and streptomycin (SM) bleach all the above organisms. Bleaching is permanent only in SM-bleached E. gracilis; all the other organisms become fully pigmented when placed in inhibitor-free media. The uniqueness of the SM-bkaching of E. gracilis is discussed.
CYP2C19*2/ABCB1-C3435T polymorphism and risk of cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease patients on clopidogrel: Is clinical testing helpful?

Background Studies evaluating CYP2C19*2 and ABCB1-C3435T polymorphisms have shown conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate role of clinical testing for these polymorphisms in CAD patients on clopidogrel.
The effect of obesity and low-dose oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Abstract Background Combination oral contraceptives (OCs) have little effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal-weight women. Based on lack of change in intermediate markers, as well as results of epidemiologic studies, low-dose OCs do not increase the risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Obesity is a risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and coronary artery disease, and most previous OC studies excluded these women; thus, we have limited information about carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese OC users. Study Design This study compared changes in carbohydrate and lipid parameters in 71 normal-weight and 38 obese women initiating the OC. Women were randomized to two pills: 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE)/150 mcg levonorgestrel (LNG) or 20 mcg EE/100 mcg LNG. Participants underwent baseline and cycle-3 measurements of fasting serum glucose; insulin; triglycerides and total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Results Normal-weight and obese participants experienced similar changes in mean glucose, insulin and log homeostatic model assessment, as well as similar changes in total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides; however, change in mean LDL (−4.9±20.6 mg/dL vs. +3.8±17.3 mg/dL) was different between the obese and normal-weight groups, respectively. Among the obese participants, change in glucose was marginally greater with the higher dose pill (p=.06); otherwise, changes between the body mass index groups were not modified by pill dose. Conclusions Obesity had little effect on any OC-induced changes in carbohydrate or lipid metabolism except for a borderline adverse interaction between obesity and OC dose with respect to fasting glucose and a positive interaction between obesity and OC use with respect to LDL cholesterol.
An Ethical Exploration of Privacy and Radio Frequency Identification

This manuscript reviews the background of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as well as the ethical foundations of individual privacy. This includes a historical perspective on personal privacy, a review of the United States Constitutional privacy interpretations, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, European Union Regulations, as well as the positions of industry and advocacy groups. A brief review of the information technology ethics literature is also included. The RFID privacy concerns are three-fold: pre-sales activities, sales transaction activities, and post-sales uses. A proposal to address these privacy concerns is detailed, generally based on past philosophical frameworks and specifically on the Fair Information Practices that the Federal Trade Commission has outlined for the electronic marketplace (e-commerce). It is proposed that by application of these Fair Information Practices, the major privacy issues of RFID can be addressed.
Technology, Labor Wars, and Producer Dynamics: Explaining Consolidation in Beefpacking

Beefpacking underwent a dramatic transformation in the 1970s and 1980s, as plants got much larger and industry concentration rose dramatically. We use individual Census Bureau plant records to analyze the sources of the transformation. We find that there were modest but extensive scale economies in packing plants, covering the full range of plant sizes, and that such economies became more important throughout the period of the study. As production shifted to larger plants, we estimate that the industry's aggregate processing costs fell by 35.3% by 2002, compared to what they would have been without consolidation.
Substratum influence on collagen and fibronectin biosynthesis by arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro.

Collagen, fibronectin, and nonfibrous protein biosynthesis were examined in cultures of rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells grown on tissue culture plastic precoated either with rabbit plasma fibronectin or bovine serum albumin. Cells seeded into fibronectin-coated wells appeared to reach confluence more quickly than counterparts grown on albumin-coated surfaces. Measurement of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA by these cultures suggested that this was probably a consequence of more rapid and efficient cell attachment rather than an increased rate of proliferation of smooth muscle cells grown on fibronectin. In preconfluent cultures, the rates of collagen and fibronectin biosynthesis were reduced to 34 and 57%, respectively, on a per-cell basis in cultures grown on fibronectin-coated surfaces compared with cells grown on albumin-coated plasticware. In preconfluent cultures grown on fibronectin-coated surfaces, a greater percentage of the total fibronectin synthesized was incorporated into the cell layer. The distribution of newly synthesized collagen between culture medium and cell layer, however, was not affected by alteration of substratum composition. There was no difference in the rate of synthesis of noncollagen proteins between the two groups of preconfluent cells. In postconfluent cultures the rates of collagen and fibronectin biosynthesis were equivalent in both albumin- and fibronectin-treated cultureware. In preconfluent cultures, analyses of procollagens showed that the overall amounts of both types I and III procollagens were reduced in fibronectin-treated wells, indicating the reduction in collagen synthesis to be general and not type-specific. Although type V procollagen biosynthesis was not detected in either preconfluent group, it was found in postconfluent cultures. The reduction of fibronectin synthesis in cells grown in fibronectin-coated wells was significant as early as 4 hours after plating. Together, these findings suggest that cultured arterial smooth muscle cells are capable of deriving information from their substratum and regulating the biosynthetic rates of extracellular matrix components in response to the immediate needs of the cell.
Clinical and histopathologic review of Schnitzler syndrome: the Mayo Clinic experience (1972-2011)

Background Schnitzler syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder, defined by urticaria and monoclonal gammopathy, that is associated with malignancy. Considered a neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis, previous reports have included patients with leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Objective We sought to better define the clinical features, histopathology, and outcomes of Schnitzler syndrome. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and cutaneous histopathology of all patients with Schnitzler syndrome seen at our institution from January 1, 1972, through July 31, 2011. Results Of the 20 patients identified, 80% had IgM κ monoclonal gammopathy; others had IgG λ (10%), IgG κ (5%), or IgM κ+λ (5%). Patients had fevers (85%), arthralgias (70%), leukocytosis (70%), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (70%), bone pain (50%), lymphadenopathy (40%), and organomegaly (5%); 45% developed a hematologic malignancy. Histopathologic examination (n = 14) showed predominantly neutrophilic perivascular and interstitial inflammation (57%) or predominantly mononuclear cell perivascular inflammation (29%), with eosinophils in 50% of cases. None showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Limitations Our study was limited by its retrospective design. Conclusion We added 20 patients to approximately 100 reported cases of Schnitzler syndrome. Neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis was the most common histopathologic pattern, but mononuclear cells were predominant in many cases and the infiltrates often contained eosinophils. A high index of suspicion and careful clinicopathologic correlation are needed to avoid diagnostic delays in this syndrome associated with hematologic malignancy.
Stochastic reconstruction of the microstructure of equilibrium form snow and computation of effective elastic properties

Three-dimensional geometric descriptions of microstructure are indispensable to obtain the structure-property relationships of snow. Because snow is a random heterogeneous material, it is often helpful to construct stochastic geometric models that can be used to model physical and mechanical properties of snow. In the present study, the Gaussian random field-based stochastic reconstruction of the sieved and sintered dry-snow sample with grain size less than 1 mm is investigated. The one- and two-point correlation functions of the snow samples are used as input for the stochastic snow model. Several statistical descriptors not used as input to the stochastic reconstruction are computed for the real and reconstructed snow to assess the quality of the reconstructed images. For the snow samples and the reconstructed snow microstructure, we also estimate the mechanical properties and the size of the associated representative volume element using numerical simulations as additional assessment of the quality of the reconstructed images. The results indicate that the stochastic reconstruction technique used in this paper is reasonably accurate, robust and highly efficient in numerical computations for the high-density snow samples we consider.
Arsenic solubility and distribution in poultry waste and long-term amended soil

The purpose of this study was to quantify the solubility and distribution of As among solid-phase components in poultry wastes and soils receiving long-term poultry waste applications. Arsenic in the water-soluble, NaOCl-extractable (organically bound), NH(2)OH x HCl-extractable (oxide bound) and residual fractions were quantified in an Upper Coastal Plain soil (Neshoba County, MS) that received annual waste applications. After 25 years, As in the amended soil had a mean of 8.4 mg kg(-1) compared to 2.68 mg kg(-1) for a non-amended soil. Arsenic in the amended soil was mainly in the residual fraction (72% of total), which is generally considered the least bioavailable fraction. Arsenic in poultry waste samples was primarily water-soluble (5.3-25.1 mg kg(-1)), representing 36-75% of the total As. To assess the extent of spatial heterogeneity, total As in a 0.5-ha area within the long-term waste-amended field was quantified. Soil surface samples were taken on 10-m grid points and results for total As appeared negatively skewed and approximated a bimodal distribution. Total As in the amended soil was strongly correlated with Fe oxides, clay and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite concentrations, and negatively correlated with Mehlich III-P, mica and quartz contents.
Effect of exercise training on plasma cholesterol and cholesterol kinetics in adult female rats.

Abstract Adult female rats fed laboratory chow of low cholesterol content were trained by swimming for 77 days. Plasma cholesterol concentration decreased 38% compared to sedentary controls. Whole body cholesterol metabolism was studied by injection of [ 14 C]cholesterol tracer and determination of the plasma cholesterol-specific activity during the last 49 days of the experiment. The rate constant for elemination of cholesterol from the body was 31% higher in swimming than in sedentary animals, and the size of the rapidly-exchanging cholesterol pool was 28% smaller. These results suggest that enhanced cholesterol excretion or catabolism accompanies exercise training in the rat.
Accessory mineral U–Th–Pb ages and 40Ar/39Ar eruption chronology, and their bearing on rhyolitic magma evolution in the Pleistocene Coso volcanic field, California

We determined Ar/Ar eruption ages of eight extrusions from the Pleistocene Coso volcanic field, a long-lived series of small volume rhyolitic domes in eastern California. Combined with ion-microprobe dating of crystal ages of zircon and allanite from these lavas and from granophyre geothermal well cuttings, we were able to track the range of magma-production rates over the past 650 ka at Coso. In ≤230 ka rhyolites we find no evidence of protracted magma residence or recycled zircon (or allanite) from Pleistocene predecessors. A significant subset of zircon in the ~85 ka rhyolites yielded ages between ~100 and 200 Ma, requiring that generation of at least some rhyolites involves material from Mesozoic basement. Similar zircon xenocrysts are found in an ~200 ka granophyre. The new age constraints imply that magma evolution at Coso can occur rapidly as demonstrated by significant changes in rhyolite composition over short time intervals (≤10’s to 100’s ka). In conjunction with radioisotopic age constraints from other young silicic volcanic fields, dating of Coso rhyolites highlights the fact that at least some (and often the more voluminous) rhyolites are produced relatively rapidly, but that many small-volume rhyolites likely represent separation from long-lived mushy magma bodies.
Constructing Literacy in the Kindergarten: Task Structure, Collaboration, and Motivation

This ethnographic study explores kindergarten children's emergent motivation to read and write, its relation to their developing concepts of reading and writing (Guice & Johnston, 1994; Johnston, 1997; Turner, 1995), and to their teachers instructional goals and classroom norms. Teachers and students together constructed legitimate literate activity in their classrooms, and this construction framed the motivation of students who were at risk for developing learning disabilities in reading and writing. Specifically, the kinds of reading and writing activity that were sanctioned in each class and the role of student-student collaboration colored students' views of the purposes of literacy and their own ability to learn. Findings extend our understanding of how young children's literacy motivation influences, and is influenced by, their classroom literacy culture. Implications for early literacy instruction for children with learning disabilities, and for their continuing motivation to read and write, are di...
Coordination of the goals of orthodontic, surgical, and prosthetic dentistry: anterior maxillary osteotomy

A report of the team approach to oral rehabilitation also illustrates the need to be aware of possible changes in centric relation. This paper demonstrates the necessity of a team approach in complicated cases; introduces an in expensive yet stable appliance for postsurgical intra-arch fixation; and warns of the dangers of rehabilitation before total temporomandibular joint resolution.
Colorimetric oxygen imaging and quantification with easily accessible optical devices

Optical oxygen imaging is essential in monitoring two-dimensional analysis of oxygen distribution. Two easily accessible optical devices were used for oxygen analysis to demonstrate the feasibility of an innovatively simple method. A light panel screen with light-emitting diode (LED) backlight was used as a light source to excite a luminophore film responsive to oxygen. Meso-scale fluidic sensor platform was prepared using porphyrin complex (PtOEP) as the luminophore embedded within ethyl cellulose (EC) polymer matrix. Green LED light uniformly displayed from the light panel excited the luminophore film to exhibit two-dimensional luminescence distribution corresponding to wet gaseous oxygen. A color camera was used as a photodetector for registering oxygen images and analyzing the oxygen contents quantitatively. This simple oxygen imaging enables the analysis of meso-scale spatial distribution with ubiquitous optical devices.
Ultraviolet-laser-induced fluorescence imaging sensor

A portable ultraviolet device that uses imaging of ultraviolet laser induced fluorescence has been developed which has the capability of detecting concealed substances to a range of 30 meters. The system also has the potential for near real time tracking, surveillance, and identification of suspect targets.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae Virulence and Intestinal Colonization

Increasing antibiotic resistance requires the development of new approaches to combating infection. Virulence gene expression in vivo represents a target for antibiotic discovery that has not yet been explored. A high-throughput, phenotypic screen was used to identify a small molecule 4-[N-(1,8-naphthalimide)]-n-butyric acid, virstatin, that inhibits virulence regulation in Vibrio cholerae. By inhibiting the transcriptional regulator ToxT, virstatin prevents expression of two critical V. cholerae virulence factors, cholera toxin and the toxin coregulated pilus. Orogastric administration of virstatin protects infant mice from intestinal colonization by V. cholerae.
Robustness of collective efficacy on crime in a developing nation: association with crime reduction compared to police services

This study examines police, collective efficacy and crime in the developing country of Trinidad and Tobago to test the generalizability of collective efficacy as protection against crime and to compare the relative influence of public perceptions of police activity versus collective efficacy on crime. The results support that collective efficacy can be generated in a developing country and that its depressive effects on crime are replicated even in that context. The study further shows that police can contribute to collective efficacy and subsequently lower the levels of crime by minimizing police misconduct and improving the quality of services, although the strongest effect of the police variables was between police misconduct on crime. In sum, residents in Trinidad and Tobago, a developing nation with many challenges, report experiencing collective efficacy, that more of it means less crime, and that public impressions about police services and misconduct may affect both collective efficacy and crime.
Conditioning in possibility theory

This note is concerned with the study of the concept of conditional possibility distributions. The intuitive notion of possibility is presented as a set-function which is a special case of a precapacity. This set-function is extended to linguistic variables using general formulation of optimization under elastic constraints. We introduce a definition of conditional possibility distribution which is consistent with the notion of non-interaction, and study various properties related to marginal and joint distributions. Comparisons with probability are made. This study is essential for the analysis of situations in which the uncertainty is not statistical in nature.
The removal of estrogens in different dairy manure treatments

The effects of three manure treatments on estrogen removal (E2 and E3) were examined in this study. Samples were taken from a full-scale manure handling system incorporating manure separation and aeration (System I), an anaerobic digester receiving dairy manure (System II), and anaerobic slurry from three commercial dairy farms (System III). E2 and E3 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significant differences were found in the ratios of estrogens to total solids in land-applied manure among the three treatment systems (P 0.05) was significantly decreased in System II, although it is unclear whether this removal was due to biodegradation or sorption to sludge. Future work will focus on this question, as well as the effect of treatment on total estrogenic activity. Manure treatment systems designed for nutrient management purposes also influence the estrogen content of land applied waste.
Formal verification of security properties in trust management policy

Trust management is a scalable form of access control that relies heavily on delegation. Different parts of the policy are under the control of different principals in the system. While these two characteristics may be necessary in large or decentralized systems, they make it difficult to anticipate how policy changes made by others will affect whether ones own security objectives are met. Automated analysis tools are needed for assessing this question. The article develops techniques that support the development of tools to solve many analysis problem instances. When an access control policy fails to satisfy desired security objectives, the tools provide information about how and why the failure occurs. Such information can assist policy authors design appropriate policies. The approach to performing the analysis is based on model checking. To assist in making the approach effective, a collection of reduction techniques is introduced. We prove the correctness of these reductions and empirically evaluate their effectiveness. While the class of analysis problem instances we examine is generally intractable, we find that our reduction techniques are often able to reduce some problem instances into a form that can be automatically verified.
National Urban Development Strategies in Developing Countries

A national urban development strategy may be important in increasing the welfare of rural as well as urban dwellers. Ten prototype strategies are analyzed: no intervention; policentric primate city region development; leapfrog decentralization within core regions; countermagnets; rural service centers; regional metropolis and subsystem development ; growth centers; development axes; provincial capitals; and secondary cities. The choice among these (including hybrid strategies) depends heavily on country-specific conditions. Alternative approaches to slowing down primacy, a common element of many strategies, are evaluated. Distinctions between the promotion of secondary cities and traditional growth centre policies are discussed. The paper also examines policy instruments such as migration controls and subsidies, infrastructure investments, fiscal locational incentives, administrative decentralization and local fiscal reform. But corrections for the implicit spatial impacts of macro and sectoral policies m...
Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment

Estimates of soil adherence to skin are required for assessment of dermal exposures to contaminants in soils. Previously available estimates depend heavily on indirect measurements and/or artificial activities and reflect sampling of hands only. Results are presented here from direct measurement of soil loading on skin surfaces of volunteers before and after normal occupational and recreational activities that might reasonably be expected to lead to soil contact. Skin surfaces assayed included hands, forearms, lower legs, faces and/or feet. Observed hand loadings vary over five orders of magnitude (roughly from 10(-3) to 10(2) mg/cm2) and are dependent upon type of activity. Hand loadings within the current default range of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/cm2 were produced by activities providing opportunity for relatively vigorous soil contact (rugby, farming). Loadings less than 0.2 mg/cm2 were found on hands following activities presenting less opportunity for direct soil contact (soccer, professional grounds maintenance) and on other body parts under many conditions. The default range does not, however, represent a worst case. Children playing in mud on the shore of a lake generated geometric mean loadings well in excess of 1 mg/cm2 on hands, arms, legs, and feet. Post-activity average loadings on hands were typically higher than average loadings on other body parts resulting from the same activity. Hand data from limited activities cannot, however, be used to conservatively predict loadings that might occur on other body surfaces without regard to activity since non-hand loadings attributable to higher contact activities exceeded hand loadings resulting from lower contact activities. Differences between pre- and post-activity loadings also demonstrate that dermal contact with soil is episodic. Typical background (pre-activity) geometric mean loadings appear to be on the order of 10(-2) mg/cm2 or less. Because exposures are activity dependent, quantification of dermal exposure to soil will remain inadequate until data describing relevant human behavior (type of activity, frequency, duration including interval before bathing, clothing worn, etc.) are generated.
Crustacean Pigmentary-Effector Hormones: Chemistry and Functions of RPCH, PDH, and Related Peptides1

Integumental color changes and eye pigment movements in crustaceans are regulated by pigmentary-effector hormones. The identified hormones include: an octapeptide RPCH (red pigment-concentrating hormone) and several forms of octadecapeptide PDH (pigment-dispersing hormone: α-PDH, β-PDH). RPCH-related peptides (AKHs, adipokinetic hormones) and PDH-related peptides (PDFs, pigment-dispersing factors) occur in insects, and are recognized as members of AKH/RPCH and PDH/PDF peptide families. The domain for mature peptide is located between the signal peptide and precursor-related peptide in AKH/RPCH precursors, and at the C-terminal end in the PDH/PDF precursors. The precursor-related (associated) peptides in RPCH and PDH precursors in Crustacea show little or no similarity to corresponding domains of AKH and PDF precursors in insects. Although the functions of precursor-related peptides are unknown, the mature peptides are shown to serve diverse functions. RPCH's actions in crustaceans include: pigment concentration in one or more types of chromatophores, dark-adaptational screening pigment movement in distal eye pigment cells, increase of retinal sensitivity, and neuromodulation. The related AKHs largely influence metabolism in insects, although they serve additional functions. PDHs trigger pigment dispersion in chromatophores and induce light-adaptational screening pigment movements in extraretinular eye pigment cells. The related PDFs appear to serve as a transmitter of circadian signals in the regulation of biological rhythms in insects. Evolutionary relationships among the PDH/PDF peptides and directions for future research are discussed.
Molecular Organization and Function of the Complement System

PER SPE CTIVE S AN D SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 THE PR OTE IN S.. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 324 C3, C4, and CS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 C3blC4b-Binding Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Serine Proteases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Channel-Forming Proteins ....... . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . 328 Other Regulatory Binding Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 THE M ULTIPLE B IN DING SITE S OF C3 331 THE A LTER NA TIVE PATHWA y . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 The Initial C3 Convertase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 The Target Cell-Bound C31CS Convertase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 334 Discrimination and Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 T HE CLASSICAL PAT HWA y . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Structure. Activation. and Control of CI . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . ........ . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . ..... 337 Formation, Structure, and Control of the C31CS Convertase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 THE MEMB RANE A TTA CK COMP LE X 3 39 Molecular Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Control of MAC Channel Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 MEMBRANE ATTA CK BY CYT OTOXI C L yMP HOCyTES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Insurance Status of Urban Detained Adolescents

The primary goal was to describe the health care coverage of detained youth. An exploratory second goal was to describe the possible relationship between redetention and coverage. Health care coverage status was abstracted from electronic detention center records for 1,614 adolescents in an urban detention center (October 2006 to December 2007). The majority of detained youth reported having Medicaid coverage (66%); 18% had private insurance and 17% had no insurance. Lack of insurance was more prevalent among older, male, and Hispanic youth. A substantial minority of detained youth were uninsured or had inconsistent coverage over time. While having insurance does not guarantee appropriate health care, lack of insurance is a barrier that should be addressed to facilitate coordination of medical and mental health care once the youth is released into the community.
387: Non-sternotomy approach for left ventricular assist device implantation, exchange or explantation

compared to the control group (0.13 0.10 and 0.13 0.10 vs. 0.34 0.26 g/mm, respectively). As compared to the control group, an increase in contractility of papillary muscles from baseline in response to isoproterenol (10 mol/L) was reduced in complete group (12.3 7.1% vs. 31.1 16.5%, p 0.01), but preserved in partial group (25.1 12% vs. 31.1 16.5%, n.s.). Conclusions: During LV unloading, cardiac contractility was impaired regardless of unloading level. However, during partial LV unloading, -adrenergic response was preserved. These results suggest that appropriate LV loading may contribute to physiological improvement during “bridge to recovery”.
Low-temperature NMR studies of phenyl dithioacetate and ethyl dithioacetate

Abstract The 300.52 MHz proton NMR spectrum of phenyl dithioacetate in CD2Cl2 at −91°C shows separate methyl signals for the E and Z conformations, with populations of 0.09 and 0.91, respectively. The free-energy barriers at coalescence (−65°C) are 9.81 and 10.64 kcal/mol for the E → Z and Z → E conversions, respectively. Slow-exchange C13 NMR spectra were also obtained for solutions in several solvents. The populations in 3:1 acetaldehyde acetone -d 6 were 0.12 and 0.88 at −92°C, as obtained from integration of the methyl carbon signals, and free-energy barriers at coalescence (−68°C) were 9.48 and 10.20 kcal/mol. Decoalescence was not observed at low temperatures for ethyl dithioacetate, probably due to a low population of the E isomer. The finding of an observable population of the E isomer for phenyl dithioacetate, but not for ethyl dithioacetate, is suggested to be related to the difference in hybridization and electronegativity of the two groups, with higher electronegativity favoring the E conformation.
Sustainability and socio-enviro-technical systems: modeling total cost of ownership in capital facilities

Investment in sustainability strategies and technologies holds promise for significant cost savings over the operational phase of a facility's life cycle, while more effectively meeting stakeholder needs. However, accurately estimating the first costs of a green project during the early concept development stages is challenging, and effective ways to comprehensively predict potential lifecycle cost impacts of sustainability strategies do not exist. This paper describes a agent-based model (ABM) of the Total Cost of Ownership of green facilities applicable at the earliest stages of concept development. An ABM approach captures the social, environmental, and engineering systems that characterize a facility's life cycle cost. It permits evaluating the impact of the institutional and industry environment on facility life cycle performance, and also captures the cost impacts of tightly coupled facility systems that characterize green design.
Micromechanical Basis of Concept of Effective Stress

Key developments in the concept of effective stress are surveyed with an emphasis on the ensemble averaging based micromechanical approach reported by Didwania and de Boer in 1999. Various assumptions underlying the effective stress for special cases like rigid/poroelastic solid material saturated by incompressible fluid under homogeneous conditions are elucidated. It is shown that for inhomogeneous saturated porous material the concept of effective stress needs to be generalized by introducing higher gradients of porosity, pore pressure, etc.