cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review, June Carbone A Naomi Cahn, Marriage Markets: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014

Why is marriage thriving for high-income, well-educated elites, and dying for low-income, less-educated couples? “[I]t’s the economy, stupid,” argue authors June Carbone and Naomi Cahn in their thoroughly investigated new book Marriage Markets: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family. Marriage, the authors posit, is a deal similar to other bargains, driven by market forces. For some, marriage is a more realistic “deal” to make, and comes with greater chances for a successful outcome. Yet for others, marriage is often viewed as a deal not worth making. Marriage and the modern-day American family have changed dramatically over the years. The age at which people marry is going up, the rate of marriage is falling, almost half of all marriages fail, and the number of children born outside of marriage is on the rise. But these changes do not affect everyone the same way. "Marriage Markets" thoughtfully examines the links between evolving families, developments in family law, and growing class divisions, and highlights the role of class in “scripting our lives.”
SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Abstract Context While diabetes is a risk factor for severe illness from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in adults, there is conflicting data surrounding the relationship between the virus and diabetic disease process in children. Objective This case series aims to illustrate an increase in the incidence of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) between April – November 2020 at a large tertiary care children’s hospital and examine the characteristics and adverse outcomes in these children. In addition, two children with significant complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes are highlighted. Methods Hospitalized children with T1DM or T2DM and SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified, and electronic medical records were reviewed. Results We observed a 16.3% increased rate of new-onset T1DM and 205.3% increased rate of new-onset insulin-dependent T2DM between April and November 2020 when compared to the same observational time frame in 2019. Among children with new-onset T1DM, 56.9% presented with DKA in 2019 and 47.1% in 2018 compared to 64.3% in 2020, which was higher than the national average. Twenty-eight children were diagnosed with COVID-19 and diabetes during this time. The 2 described cases with significant complications from COVID-19 and DKA required large doses of intravenous insulin over a prolonged duration. Conclusion This study highlights that the COVID-19 pandemic might have led to an increased rate of new-onset T1DM, T2DM, and DKA in children and adolescents compared to a similar time frame in the prior 2 years. The clinical phenotypes and outcomes in children with diabetes to COVID-19 infection may be distinct and therefore, future pediatric specific studies are needed to define the role of SARS-CoV-2.
Development of Microwave Moisture-Sensing Instrumentation

The successful use of microwave frequencies for sensing the moisture content in grain and seed has stimulated interest in the practical use of this information for solving problems that hamper some current agricultural practices. Two such problems have been addressed with efforts to develop instrumentation applicable to the solution of the problems. One is the development of an instrument to provide the kernel moisture content from microwave measurements on unshelled peanuts, or peanut pods—a microwave peanut kernel moisture meter. The other is for control of peanut driers by providing kernel moisture content from nondestructive monitoring of kernel moisture in unshelled peanut pods during the drying process. Both are practical applications in the peanut industry, but extension to the grain and seed (and other) industries is only natural for the potential benefits to be derived.
Towards a formal theory of communication for multiagent systems

Agents in multiagent systems interact to a large extent by communicating. Such communication may be fruitfully studied from the point of view of speech act theory. In order for multiagent systems to be formally and rigorously designed and analyzed, a semantics of speech acts that gives their objective model-theoretic conditions of satisfaction is needed. However, most research into multiagent systems that deals with communication provides only informal descriptions of the different message types used. And this problem is not addressed at all by traditional speech act theory or by AI research into discourse understanding. I provide a formal semantics for the major kinds of speech acts at a level that has not been considered before. The resulting theory applies uniformly to a wide range of multiagent systems. Some applications of this theory are outlined, and some of its theorems listed.
Generation and Suppression of Voltage Transients in Military Vehicular Electrical Systems

Abstract : Voltage transients generated in military vehicular electrical systems are being suppressed using a transient suppressor of considerable surge energy capability. Consideration is being given to equipping non-military automotive systems with high-energy surge suppressors. The paper describes transient suppressor developments at the U.S. Army Electronics Command; that is, suppressors used to protect tactical communications equipment. Emphasis is given to space, weight, and cost in the suppressor design. An approximate method is given for determining the suppressor surge capability which does not require a knowledge of the generating system impedance. The shunt suppressor requirements depend basically on the load being removed and the responsiveness of the generating system voltage regulator. Examples of voltage transients generated by military vehicular electrical systems are also presented. (Author Modified Abstract)
Sleep disturbances and insulin resistance

The causes and risk factors of insulin resistance remain insufficiently understood. After taking into account the important roles of adiposity, age, sex and race/ethnicity, up to 50% of the individual variability in insulin resistance remains unexplained. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support a role for sleep disturbances, including insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and insomnia, and obstructive sleep apnoea, as independent risk factors for the development and exacerbation of insulin resistance. The present review summarizes the evidence. We will start with a brief introduction to sleep and its disorders and then examine in succession the role of the three major types of sleep disturbances of modern society, namely insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and/or insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of the polycystic ovary syndrome, the most common endocrine pathology in women, and the last section of this review will discuss the role of obstructive sleep apnoea in the insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Generations in History

This article offers a summary of the theory of social generations as a force in human history. It points out that rebellious youth has often challenged authority and that rebellious younger generations have become more common in recent times. It traces the emergence of a theory of generational conflict over the last century and offers some critique of this view of change in history and its consequences.
Recurrent distributed constraint satisfaction via genetic and evolutionary societies of hill-climbers

In this paper, we compare genetic and evolutionary societies of hill-climbers (GSoHCs and ESoHCs) by G. Dozier and V. Rupela (2002) for solving recurrent DisCSPs. Our results show that: (1) the GSoHCs outperform the ESoHCs; (2) the GSoHCs and ESoHCs that use virtual constraints have better performance than those that do not; (3) GsoHCs and ESoHCs which discover multiple solutions per occasion have better performance than those that discover fewer solutions per occasion; and (4) thrashing that results from a dynamic virtual constraint set may adversely affect the performance of genetic and evolutionary search on recurrent DisACSPs.
MxSICO: a mixed analog digital compiler: application to oversampled A/D converters

An approach to the silicon compilation of mixed analog and digital circuits has been developed. The designs targeted by the compiler are sampled data analog circuits and bit-nibble serial digital circuits. A tool that implements this approach and the algorithms within a general framework has been developed. The tool includes a mixed analog-digital design description language and its compiler, automatic partitioning of analog and digital subcircuits, digital compilation, analog synthesis, module compilation, and physical assembly. The compiler is being used for the compilation of noise shaping oversampled (NSOS) A/D converters: these mixed signal designs include antialiasing filtering, modulation, and decimation. >
Evaluating Practice: A Study of Research Utilization by Practitioners

work education and practice predict benefits in three major areas as fol lows: (1) provision of specific informa tion on the effectiveness and efficiency of social services (Rubin and Rosen blatt, 1979; Fanshel, 1980), (2) facili tation of the decision-making process for administrators and service provid ers (Keen and Morton, 1978; Schoech and Schkade, 1980), and (3) establish ment of practice and research in a mutually beneficial relationship so as to develop an empirical foundation for practice (Gottlieb and Richey, 1980; Briar, Weissman, and Rubin, 1981; Fischer, 1981). As the training of evaluators pro gresses and more evaluation projects are implemented, questions are raised about whether evaluation has these predicted effects on professionals, ser vice activities, and agencies. Gingerich (1982), for example, reports that only 40 percent of the social work stu dents trained in single-case evaluation use these techniques in their post MSW practice. The current pattern of decision makers is to rely on ver bal evaluative information obtained
A histological and kinetic study of an ileal conduit.

Abstract Ileal mucosa used as a urinary bladder for a 9-month period has been studied in a patient with limited life expectancy. Several biopsies removed at intervals up to 48 hr after tritiated thymidine injection revealed a mucosa in various stages of atrophy characterized early by a reduction in villus number and size, and later by a decrease in the number of crypts. A labeled mitosis curve revealed an S phase of approximately 20 hr and a G 1 of greater than 21 hr. The replacement time for this mucosa based on the labeled index at 1 hr and the mitotic index was estimated to be between 10 and 15 days. Histological and kinetic similarities of this tissue to normal human colon were noted and the patchy atrophy contrasted with the conditions of atrophic small bowel.
The failure of a small satellite and the loss of a space science mission

Summary form only given. On March 4, 1999, the Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on a Pegasus XL launch vehicle into a 540 km orbit with a planned mission duration of four months. WIRE was designed to conduct a deep infrared, extra galactic science survey 500 times more sensitive than the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) Faint Source Catalog. The instrument consists of, a cryogenically cooled, 30-centimeter telescope and all associated electronics designed to detect faint astronomical sources in two infrared wavelength bands. The WIRE launch was nominal. Shortly after launch, ground commands were transmitted to perform a planned secondary venting of the secondary hydrogen tank. The next pass showed that the spacecraft was tumbling at increasing rate, ultimately spinning up to 60 rpm. Within 36 hours of launch, the instrument's 4-month supply of cryogen was completely exhausted. The WIRE>scientific mission was declared lost on March 8,1999. The root cause of the WIRE mission loss is a digital logic design error in the instrument pyro electronics box, which inadvertently caused the cover to be ejected. The transient performance of components was not adequately considered in the box design resulting in the inadvertent pyrotechnic device firing during the initial pyro electronics box power-up. The results from the investigation into the failure mechanism will be discussed; that is, how did the mission fail. An equally important question is why did the mission fail. Spacecraft systems go through a variety of analyses, simulations, tests, and reviews. These will be discussed showing why the error resulted in a mishap on-orbit. A review of launcher and spacecraft performance and failures in the Industry over the last decade will be reviewed. Trends will be presented and discussed.
In vivo tyrosine phosphorylations of the Abelson virus transforming protein are absent in its normal cellular homolog.

Abstract The transforming gene product of the Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) is a phosphoprotein encoded by combined viral and cellular sequences. Previous work has shown the existence of a serologically crossreactive normal cellular phosphoprotein called NCP150. We have utilized two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis to compare the structures of NCP150 and wild-type and mutant forms of the A-MuLV protein labeled in vivo with 32 P-orthophosphate. This analysis demonstrated clear homology between NCP150 and wild-type A-MuLV protein, but a number of phosphorylation differences were seen. Among them, two specific tyrosine phosphorylations present in all transformation-competent Abelson proteins were not observed in NCP150. No other phophotyrosine-containing peptides were detected. In addition, transformation-defective mutants isolated from either the P120 or P160 wild-type strain lack phophotyrosine-containing peptides. Double-infection studies with such transformation-defective and transformation-competent AMuLV strains show that Abelson viral proteins may be substrates for their own tyrosine-specific kinase activity in vivo. These observations suggest that the phosphotyrosine kinase activity of the abl region may be controlled, and may function, differently in its viral and cellular forms.
Fatigue crack growth of SiC particle reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract High stiffness ceramic reinforcement in a light alloy matrix can result in a substantial increase in fatigue resistance while maintaining cost at an acceptable level. The fatigue resistance of particulate metal matrix composites (MMCs) depends on a variety of factors, including reinforcement particle volume fraction, particle size, matrix microstructure and the presence of inclusions or defects that arise from processing. In particular, the crack growth behavior in particle reinforced MMCs is very much dependent on reinforcement characteristics, and on matrix microstructure. The goal of this work is to obtain a fundamental understanding of fatigue crack growth behavior and evolution of microstructure during fatigue. The ambient temperature fatigue behavior of 2080/SiCp composites was examined and compared to the behavior of the unreinforced alloy. In particular, the fatigue crack growth behavior of these materials as a function of R-ratio was quantified and modeled using the two-parameter (ΔK − Kmax) approach. The fatigue fracture behavior at different R-ratios was investigated and correlated with the fatigue response of the composite.
Flocculation of Whey Protein Stabilized Emulsions as Influenced by Dextran Sulfate and Electrolyte

The creaming stability and viscosity of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate were monitored as functions of dextran sulfate (DS) and electrolyte (NaCl) concentration. At a specific DS concentration (the critical flocculation concentration, CFC), the droplets became flocculated, which promoted creaming. Addition of electrolyte caused an increase in CFC. At NaCl concentrations 0.5 wt%, addition of electrolyte decreased emulsion viscosity, but at concentrations 0.5 wt% it caused an increase in viscosity due to increased flocculation. The results were due to the influence of electrostatic screening on the effective volume of DS mol
Motivating Students Through Awareness of the Natural Correlation Between College Learning and Corporate Work Settings

Abstract. This article argues that college students can be motivated to be active participants in their own education if made aware of the direct correlation between college learning and corporate work settings. Students can be shown that through the natural course of college learning, they are acquiring valuable core skills or transferable competencies that will be of later use in their corporate lives. The article expounds on this theme by analyzing and elaborating on four main competencies, the same skills needed in corporate structures, which are naturally acquired during the course of college learning.
The in vitro effect of duroquinone on functional competence, genomic integrity, and oxidative stress indices of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) spermatozoa

The sturgeon is a highly endangered fish species mostly due to over-fishing, habitat destruction, and water pollution. Duroquinone (derivative of 1,4-benzoquinone) is a xenobiotic compound widespread in the environment. The effect of duroquinone on motility, DNA integrity, and oxidative stress indices in sterlet, Acispenser ruthenus, spermatozoa was investigated. Sterlet sperm was exposed for 2h to duroquinone at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 150 μM. Spermatozoa motility, velocity, and ATP content were significantly decreased with exposure to duroquinone. The level of DNA damage significantly increased at concentrations of 50 μM and above. Oxidative stress indices (lipid peroxidation and content of carbonyl proteins) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly with increasing concentrations of duroquinone. Oxidative stress in sterlet spermatozoa induced by duroquinone was shown to impair spermatozoa DNA integrity, motility parameters, and the antioxidant defense system. Spermatozoa motility, content of carbonyl proteins, and SOD activity were shown to be sensitive biomarkers, exhibiting strong responses to low concentrations of the xenobiotic. Results also suggested that fish spermatozoa in vitro assays may provide a simple and efficient means of monitoring residual pollutants in the aquatic environment.
Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis.

Abstract Autoimmune thyroiditis is among the most prevalent of all the autoimmunities. Autoimmune thyroiditis is multifactorial with contributions from genetic and environmental factors. Much information has been published about the genetic predisposition to autoimmune thyroiditis both in experimental animals and humans. There is, in contrast, very little data on environmental agents that can serve as the trigger for autoimmunity in a genetically predisposed host. The best-established environmental factor is excess dietary iodine. Increased iodine consumption is strongly implicated as a trigger for thyroiditis, but only in genetically susceptible individuals. However, excess iodine is not the only environmental agent implicated as a trigger leading to autoimmune thyroiditis. There are a wide variety of other synthetic chemicals that affect the thyroid gland or have the ability to promote immune dysfunction in the host. These chemicals are released into the environment by design, such as in pesticides, or as a by-product of industry. Candidate pollutants include polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated biphenols, and polychlorinated biphenols, among others. Infections are also reputed to trigger autoimmunity and may act alone or in concert with environmental chemicals. We have utilized a unique animal model, the NOD.H2 h4 mouse to explore the influence of iodine and other environmental factors on autoimmune thyroiditis.
Single-center comparison of results of 1000 prenatal diagnoses with chorionic villus sampling and 1000 diagnoses with amniocentesis.

Large multicenter studies have confirmed the safety and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling as a prenatal genetic diagnostic procedure, but there have been few single-center evaluations. We report our experience with 1000 consecutive chorionic villus sampling procedures compared with 1000 consecutive amniocentesis procedures during the same period. The procedures were performed by the same genetic counselors, sonographers, obstetricians, and laboratory personnel. Indications for referral, demographic characteristics of patients, numbers of attempts per patient, fetal loss rates, laboratory results, and evaluation of accuracy are included. Analysis of all data suggests that chorionic villus sampling is a safe and accurate alternative to amniocentensis in our community-based teaching hospital.
A relational framework for assertion management

Abstract An important purpose of research on decision support systems is to develop a theory of information management that is as independent as possible of the way in which the information is stored and processed. On framework that has proven useful in this regard is a relational framework, which has been successfully applied to the organization and processing of data files and decision models. In this paper we examine the application of relational theory to the management of assertions — that is, to the organization and processing of statements that may be true or false.
State selection of 22S12 hyperfine levels of hydrogen in zero magnetic field

Abstract We describe a method of hyperfine level selection using rf quenching of a metastable (2S) hydrogen beam in zero magnetic field. The method provides excellent suppression of unwanted states with acceptable transmission of desired states. The technique has been used to study a very weakly induced hyperfine transition.
Core dynamics of a strained vortex: Instability and transition

We study the instability of a laminar vortex column (in an external orthogonal strain field) to an axisymmetric core size perturbation, and the resulting transition to fine-scale turbulence. The perturbation, which evolves as a standing wave oscillation (i.e. core dynamics, CD), is inviscidly amplified by the external strain. Analysis of a weakly strained Rankine vortex explains the physical mechanism of instability: resonant interaction between the perturbation – the azimuthal wavenumber m = 0 wave – and m = ±2 waves. The CD instability (CDI) – a type of elliptic instability – experiences the fastest growth when the CD oscillation frequency equals vortex column's fluid angular velocity, such matching occurring only at specific discrete values of the axial wavenumber k. At this resonant frequency, the net effect of the swirl-induced tilting of perturbation vorticity and the CD-induced tilting of base flow vorticity is such that perturbation vorticity is continually aligned with the stretching direction of the external strain. Such strain–vorticity locking occurs for all m; hence all waves are unstable, the instability oscillation frequency being dependent on m. In a viscous Gaussian-like vortex, CDI has low-strain, low-Re and high-k cutoffs – consequences of the competing effects of inviscid amplification and viscous damping. Direct numerical simulation reveals two physical-space mechanisms of transition: (i) formation of a thin annular vortex sheath surrounding a low-enstrophy ‘bubble’ (similar to axisymmetric vortex breakdown) and the sheath's subsequent roll-up into smaller ‘vortexlets’; and (ii) folding and reconnection of core vortex filaments giving rise to additional fine-grained random vorticity within the bubble – both mechanisms caused by CD-induced intense axial flow within the vortex column. The resulting finer tubular vortices (similar to ‘worms’) have in turn their own CD, and thus this transition scenario suggests a physical-space cascade process in developed turbulence (as well as a concomitant anti-cascade process during the bubble's collapse phase). Additionally, we show that bending waves, in spite of their faster growth, effect surprisingly much slower transfer of energy into fine scales than CDI does, and hence are less effective than CDI in vortex transition and in turbulence cascade.
Hepatoma Presenting as a Single Cavitary Lung Mass

A patient who had had a lobectomy for a large cavitary rang mass died one month later. An autopsy was performed and pathologic review of surgical and postmortem specimens confirmed that the original lung lesion was metastatic hepatoma. Excavating solitary metastases from primary adenocarcinomas represent the rarest form of cavitary metastatic lesion, and this is the first report of hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a single cavitary lang mass.
Survival after radical prostatectomy.

Context. —The generalizability of currently available estimates of survival after radical prostatectomy is theoretically limited. Objective. —To obtain generalizable estimates of survival after radical prostatectomy. Design. —A population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting. —Nine regions of the United States. Patients. —Patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1983 and 1987 and underwent radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection. Main Outcome Measures. —Proportional hazards models incorporating geographical region, age, race, pathological stage, lymph node involvement, and tumor grade to identify independent correlates of disease-specific and overall survival and life table analyses to estimate 10-year survival distributions. Results. —A total of 3626 patients with a mean age of 65 years were included in the study; 92.6% were white, 54.2% had moderate-grade cancer, 60.4% had no extension beyond the prostate, and 91.2% had no lymph node involvement. Using San Francisco—Oakland, Calif, as a reference region, no other region was significantly associated with a risk of disease-specific or overall mortality. Older age and black race were independently associated with worse overall but not diseasespecific survival. Higher grade, extension beyond the prostate, and lymph node involvement were independently associated with worse disease-specific and overall survival. Estimates of 10-year disease-specific survival ranged from 75% to 97% for patients with well-differentiated and moderately differentiated cancers and from 60% to 86% for patients with poorly differentiated cancers. Conclusions. —Neither disease-specific nor overall survival varied by region, suggesting geographically uniform assessments of risk in patient selection for radical prostatectomy. Across regions, overall survival varied by patient and prostate cancer characteristics while disease-specific survival varied substantially by prostate cancer but not patient characteristics. The present analyses provide the most generalizable current estimates of survival after radical prostatectomy.
Programmed synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid during the cell cycle.

Synchronization of cells by nearly quantitative removal of late stages of division by mechanical means is possible with a Chinese hamster cell line. By the use of this technique and radioactive and density labels, the cell cycle was shown to be 15 to 16 hr with G1 (5.5 hr), S phase (6.5 hr), and G2 plus division stages 3.5 hr. Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), the density label substituted for thymidine, was shown to delay the S phase for about 3 hr, but once the initiation began with BUdR the progress through S phase was about as fast as normal. These experiments were planned to test the hypothesis that all of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in mammalian cells is highly programmed in temporal sequence of replication so that a replicating unit which is synthesized early in one cycle is invariably replicated early in the next cycle. The data indicate a high degree of temporal programming, but more information is required to be sure how precisely this temporal regulation of replication is controlled and its significance with respect to control of transcription.
Neutron activation of the NIF final optics assemblies and their effect upon occupational doses

During routine operations, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) will attain fusion yields as high as 1200 MJ/yr with individual experiments reaching 20 MJ. Neutron activation of components within the NIF Target Bay will result in occupational doses that must be understood and limited to {le} 10 person-rem/yr. Previous work has shown that the final optics assemblies (FOAs) are the key to worker doses. The present work gives results for three-dimensional analyses including dose rates and worker doses. Results for modified FOA designs are also presented. Finally, a concept for a polyethylene shielding plug is discussed and shown to substantially reduce occupational doses.
Is Congress Blowing Smoke at the VA

IN 1992 Congress passed the Veterans Health Care Act (Pub L No. 102-585). 1 This legislation requires Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals to establish "suitable" indoor or outdoor smoking areas that have "appropriate heating and air conditioning." This law is a major setback to progress accomplished by the nationwide VA hospital smoke-free policy implemented in 1991. 2-4 The law puts VA hospitals out of step with public and private hospitals and supersedes the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' smoke-free hospital accreditation standard, 5 and it has forced the VA to spend millions of dollars of the medical care budget on construction of smoking areas. A brief history only partially explains this turn of events. The image of a smoking veteran is a familiar one. The US government distributed millions of cartons of free cigarettes to World War II service personnel. Staging areas in the European theater of
Multiple Drug Resistance in Cancer Revisited: The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

The failure to eradicate cancer may be as fundamental as a misidentification of the target. Current therapies succeed at eliminating bulky disease but often miss a tumor reservoir that is the source of disease recurrence and metastasis. Recent advances in the understanding of tissue development and repair cause us to revisit the process of drug resistance as it applies to oncogenesis and tumor heterogeneity. The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that the cancer-initiating cell is a transformed tissue stem cell, which retains the essential property of self-protection through the activity of multiple drug resistance (MDR) transporters. This resting constitutively drug-resistant cell remains at low frequency among a heterogeneous tumor mass. In the context of this hypothesis, the authors review the discovery of MDR transporters in cancer and normal stem cells and the failure of MDR reversal agents to increase the therapeutic index of substrate antineoplastic agents.
High-mode Rayleigh-Taylor growth in NIF ignition capsules

Abstract An assessment of short wavelength hydrodynamic stability is an essential component in the optimization of NIF ignition target designs. Using highly-resolved massively-parallel 2D Hydra simulations [Marinak, M.M. et al., Physics of Plasmas (1998). 5(4): 1125], we routinely evaluate target designs up to mode numbers of 2000 (λ∼2 μm) [Hammel, B.A. et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2008. 112(2): p. 02200]. On the outer ablator surface, mode numbers up to ∼300 (λ∼20 μm) can have significant growth in CH capsule designs. At the internal fuel:ablator interface mode numbers up to ∼2000 are important for both CH and Be designs. In addition, “isolated features” on the capsule, such as the “fill-tube” (∼5 μm scale-length) and defects, can seed short wavelength growth at the ablation front and the fuel:ablator interface, leading to the injection of ∼10's ng of ablator material into the central hot-spot. We are developing methods to measure high-mode mix on NIF implosion experiments. X-ray spectroscopic methods are appealing since mix into the hot-spot will result in x-ray emission from the high-Z dopant (Cu or Ge) in the ablator material (Be or CH).
Antibodies directed against synthetic peptides distinguish between the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A

Two antipeptide antibodies (designated type 1 antibody and type 2A antibody) were raised against synthetic peptides, Cys-Thr-Pro-Pro-Arg-Asn-Ser-Ala-Lys-Ala-Lys-Lys and Cys-Val-Thr-Arg-Arg-Thr-Pro-Asp-Try-Phe-Leu, corresponding to the carboxyl termini of the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A (Cys was added for specific coupling to carrier protein). These antipeptide antibodies were highly specific and were useful in discriminating between protein phosphatase 1 and phosphatase 2A in crude extracts or purified preparations. Type 2A antibody reacted with both native and denatured protein phosphatase 2A whereas under the same condition type 1 antibody reacted only with denatured protein phosphatase 1.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Travelers.

International travelers engaging in casual sex are at risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. The frequency of international travel emphasizes the need for a travel sexual activity history to be included in the clinical assessment of any returned traveler. When formulating a differential diagnosis, the STD prevalence rates at the travel destination and the risk profile of the traveler and the sexual partner need to be considered. Casual sex with host country nationals residing in tropical and subtropical areas of the developing world increases the traveler’s risk for acquiring STDs rarely seen in industrialized countries, particularly bacterial genital ulcer diseases. Pretravel counseling needs to include education on STD prevention. A post-travel STD diagnostic evaluation is indicated when casual sexual activity has occurred during travel, regardless of whether symptoms are present.
The Southern Sierra Nevada Drip and the Mantle Wind Direction Beneath the Southwestern United States

The Miocene-Pliocene convective removal of the southern Sierra Nevada batholithic root and its sinking through the upper mantle provides a natural experiment to estimate the direction and velocity of mantle flow beneath the southwestern United States. Xenolith data, volcanism patterns, and geologic evidence are used to constrain the location and timing of the initial detachment. Seismic tomography images of the upper mantle are used to determine the displacement of the downwelling "tail" by the background mantle flow. The "mantle wind" direction based on this analysis is estimated to be SSW, in contradiction to another recent estimate based on a combination of geodetic data and shear-wave splitting measurements. The conflicting conclusions can be reconciled if the splitting measurements are dominated by anisotropy in the shallow mantle imposed by lithospheric motion. The SSW direction is approximately consistent with global models of asthenospheric counterflow directions, and therefore supports the idea t...
Unique lipids of the porpoise (Tursiops gilli): Differences in triacyl glycerols and wax esters of acoustic (mandibular canal and melon) and blubber tissues

Abstract 1. 1. Acyl moieties of triacyl glycerols and wax esters from acoustic (mandibular canal and melon) and blubber tissues of the porpoise ( Tursiops gilli ) were compared to investigate the possible role of lipid structures in bio-acoustics. Similar comparisons were made of alcohol moieties derived from wax esters. 2. 2. Acyl moieties of triacyl glycerols from the mandibular canal, melon and blubber contained 43.0 mole %, 50.5 mole % and 8.7 mole % of isovaleric acid, and 20.4 mole %, 21.5 mole % and 3.2 mole % saturated long-chain iso acids, respectively. 3. 3. Acyl moieties of wax esters from the mandibular canal, melon and blubber contained 43.6 mole %, 58.4 mole % and 18.9 mole % isovaleric acid, and 17.5 mole %, 21.0 mole % and 10.5 mole % saturated long-chain iso acids. The alcohols of wax esters from the mandibular canal, melon and blubber comprised 47.5 mole %, 61.4 mole % and 18.8 mole % saturated iso alcohols, respectively. Wax esters from acoustic tissues contained 2–3 mole % isopentanol. This alcohol was not detected in wax esters from blubber. 4. 4. Triacyl glycerols and wax esters from the blubber contained relatively high percentages of straight-chain unsaturated acids and alcohols. 5. 5. The data reveal that acoustic tissues deposit saturated branched acids and alcohols at the expense of straight-chain unsaturated acids and alcohols common to most terrestrial and aquatic species.
Ribonuclease assay based on uridine phosphate determination.

Abstract A ribonuclease assay is described in which undegraded RNA and nucleotides containing amino groups are precipitated by uranyl acetate at pH 4.0 at the end of the incubation. Uridine derivatives are measured as sole products of the reaction. The influence of pH, time, ionic strength, RNA concentration, and RNase concentration on the reaction has been studied.
Judging mental health-sickness in children: development of a rating scale.

Abstract The Health-Sickness Rating Scale for Children, with 24 clinical vignettes as "anchors" for various points along the scale, was developed as a measure of overall mental health and sickness in children. Despite a diversity of perspectives, senior clinicians rank-ordered the vignettes with a high degree of concordance (0.90). Interrater reliability, low variability, and discriminant and concurrent validity in the first field trials of the scale support the hypothesis that, despite the complexity of judgments, mental health-sickness in children can be estimated with considerable agreement when clinically-anchored guidelines are provided. Potential problems and proposed uses of the scale are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27. 2:193–199.
Clinical Use of Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Abstract Cetuximab and panitumumab, monoclonal antibodies used to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use as single agents or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies, either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have demonstrated clinical activity in this setting. When combined with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy or other targeted agents (e.g., bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody), anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies have been well tolerated and produced minimal toxicities. However, cetuximab and panitumumab appear to benefit only select patients. Predictive markers of efficacy, including EGFR overexpression, development of skin rash, and the absence of a K-ras mutation, have been evaluated in clinical studies to identify patients likely to respond to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy. This review discusses recent clinical studies of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, predictive markers of their efficacy, and common toxicities associated with their use.
Chemical Composition of Acid Fog

Fog water collected at three sites in Los Angeles and Bakersfield, California, was found to have higher acidity and higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium than previously observed in atmospheric water droplets. The pH of the fog water was in the range of 2.2 to 4.0. The dominant processes controlling the fog water chemistry appear to be the condensation and evaporation of water vapor on preexisting aerosol and the scavenging of gas-phase nitric acid.
Evaluation of the IITRI compression test method for stiffness and strength determination

Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the IITRI Compression Test Method for measuring the axial compressive modulus and strength of composite materials possessing a high degree of anisotropy in the axial direction. The influence of material anisotropy and test specimen geometry on the data reduction scheme used to characterize the axial compressive modulus and ultimate strength is examined. The findings demonstrate that ASTM D3410 specimen geometries, recommended for the IITRI and Celanese compression test methods, may not always be appropriate for materials that are highly anisotropic in nature. The significance of the findings on appropriate specimen design for thick section laminates is also discussed. An error investigation is included which demonstrates to what extent the experimentally determined compressive modulus may be affected if careful consideration of the specimen geometry is not made. This investigation utilizes the finite element method and an elasticity solution based on Saint-Venant's principle for an upper bound estimate on stress decay length in a parametric study involving combinations of specimen geometries with varying material anisotropy. A methodology is presented for sizing specimen geometries as a function of material anisotropy that ensures accurate determination of the linear elastic axial compressive modulus and provides an estimate of the maximum amount of axial strain that can be tolerated prior to Euler buckling induced failure. Based on the degree of material anisotropy and anticipated failure strain, the appropriateness of the test method for a given material system can be evaluated.
The nucleocapsid protein of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus interacts with the cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 in vitro and in vivo.

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and the cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP-A1) are RNA-binding proteins, binding to the leader RNA and the intergenic sequence of MHV negative-strand template RNAs, respectively. Previous studies have suggested a role for both N and hnRNP-A1 proteins in MHV RNA synthesis. However, it is not known whether the two proteins can interact with each other. Here we employed a series of methods to determine their interactions both in vitro and in vivo. Both N and hnRNP-A1 genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins, and their interactions were determined with a GST-binding assay. Results showed that N protein directly and specifically interacted with hnRNP-A1 in vitro. To dissect the protein-binding domain on the N protein, 15 deletion constructs were made by PCR and expressed as GST fusion proteins. Two hnRNP-A1-binding sites were identified on N protein: site A is located at amino acids 1 to 292 and site B at amino acids 392 to 455. In addition, we found that N protein interacted with itself and that the self-interacting domain coincided with site A but not with site B. Using a fluorescence double-staining technique, we showed that N protein colocalized with hnRNP-A1 in the cytoplasm, particularly in the perinuclear region, of MHV-infected cells, where viral RNA replication/transcription occurs. The N protein and hnRNP-A1 were coimmunoprecipitated from the lysates of MHV-infected cells either by an N- or by an hnRNP-A1-specific monoclonal antibody, indicating a physical interaction between N and hnRNP-A1 proteins. Furthermore, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we showed that N protein interacted with hnRNP-A1 in vivo. These results thus establish that MHV N protein interacts with hnRNP-A1 both in vitro and in vivo.
The S100 protein family: History, function, and expression

Abstract The S100 family of calcium binding proteins contains approximately 16 members each of which exhibits a unique pattern of tissue/cell type specific expression. Although the distribution of these proteins is not restricted to the nervous system, the implication of several members of this family in nervous system development, function, and disease has sparked new interest in these proteins. We now know that the original two members of this family, S100A1 and S100B, can regulate a diverse group of cellular functions including cell—cell communication, cell growth, cell structure, energy metabolism, contraction and intracellular signal transduction. Although some members of the family may function extracellularly, most appear to function as intracellular calcium-modulated proteins and couple extracellular stimuli to cellular responses via interaction with other cellular proteins called target proteins. Interaction of these proteins with target proteins appear to involve cysteine residues (one in S100A1 and two in S100B), as well as a stretch of 13 amino acids, in the middle of the molecule called the linker region, which connects the two EF-hand calcium binding domains. In addition to the amino acid sequence and secondary structures of these proteins, the structures of the genes encoding these proteins are highly conserved. Studies on the expression of these proteins have demonstrated that a complex mixture of transcriptional and postranscriptional mechanisms regulate S100 expression. Further analysis of the function and expression of these proteins in both nervous and nonnervous tissues will provide important information regarding the role of altered S100 expression in nervous system development, function and disease.
Ice-Cap. A High-Throughput Method for Capturing Plant Tissue Samples for Genotype Analysis

High-throughput genotype screening is rapidly becoming a standard research tool in the post-genomic era. A major bottleneck currently exists, however, that limits the utility of this approach in the plant sciences. The rate-limiting step in current high-throughput pipelines is that tissue samples from living plants must be collected manually, one plant at a time. In this article I describe a novel method for harvesting tissue samples from living seedlings that eliminates this bottleneck. The method has been named Ice-Cap to reflect the fact that ice is used to capture the tissue samples. The planting of seeds, growth of seedlings, and harvesting of tissue are all performed in a 96-well format. I demonstrate the utility of this system by using tissue harvested by Ice-Cap to genotype a population of Arabidopsis seedlings that is segregating a previously characterized mutation. Because the harvesting of tissue is performed in a nondestructive manner, plants with the desired genotype can be transferred to soil and grown to maturity. I also show that Ice-Cap can be used to analyze genomic DNA from rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. It is expected that this method will be applicable to high-throughput screening with many different plant species, making it a useful technology for performing marker assisted selection.
Consequences of Having a Gifted Sibling: Myths and Realities.

Three hundred sixty-six triads, each including a mother and her only two children, ages 7-14, completed questionnaires targeting mental ability and school achievement, child adjustment, and sibling relationship variables. Triads had been chosen as having 0, 1, or 2 children who were eligible for special classes for highly capable Students. Except for academic-ability variables, group comparisons according to school-based categories were not suggestive of sibling-giftedness effects. To focus on within-family perceptions, pairs were reclassified using a median split of the first principal component of maternal perceptions of child's giftedness. Contrary to findings of most previous studies, both giftedness and having a gifted sibling were generally associated with more favorable responses by children and mothers. Gender and age effects were also examined.
Adolescents and their friends.

Friendships represent an important context for adolescent social development. A review of the extant literature reveals that friendships of adolescents differ in several respects from those of younger children. During adolescence, three dimensions of friendship affect the course of individual development: having friends, who one's friends are, and the quality of the friendship. Still, much remains to be learned about the nature and functions of friendship during the second decade of life, and a progressive research agenda is proposed to address this lacuna.