cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hepatitis C in an ethnically diverse HIV-1-infected cohort in south London.

Objectives There is limited information on the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-1-infected patients in the UK. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of HCV infection among an ethnically diverse cohort of HIV-infected patients in south London, and to extrapolate from these data the number of co-infected patients in the UK. Methods A total of 1017 HIV-1-infected patients who had attended King's College Hospital HIV clinic between September 2000 and August 2002 were screened for HCV antibody using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or recombinant immunoblot assay. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the local computerized database and medical records. We applied our HCV prevalence rates in the different HIV transmission groups to the estimated number of HIV-infected persons in these groups in the UK, to obtain a national estimate of the level of HIV-HCV co-infection. Results Of the 1017 HIV-1-infected patients, 407 (40%) were white men, 158 (15.5%) were black African men, 268 (26.3%) were black African women, and 61 (6%) and 26 (2.6%) were black Caribbean men and women, respectively. Heterosexual exposure was the most common route of HIV acquisition (53.5%), followed by men having sex with men (36.9%), and current or previous injecting drug use (IDU) (7.2%). The overall prevalence of HCV co-infection was 90/1017 (8.9%), but this varied substantially according to route of transmission, from 82.2% among those with a history of IDU (which accounted for 67% of all HCV infections), to 31.8% in those who had received blood products, to 3.5% and 1.8% in those with homosexually and heterosexually acquired infection, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified several independent risk factors for HCV infection: a history of IDU [odds ratio (OR)=107.2; 95% confidence interval (CI)=38.5–298.4], having received blood products (OR=16.5; 95% CI=5.1–53.7), and either being from a white ethnic group (OR=4.3; 95% CI=1.5–12.0) or being born in Southern Europe (OR=6.7; 95% CI=1.5–30.7). Based on the 35 473 known HIV-1-infected persons in the UK and the 10 997 estimated to be unaware of their status, we projected that there are at least 4136 HIV-HCV co-infected individuals in the UK and 979 who are unaware of their status. Conclusions Overall, 9% of our cohort was HIV-HCV co-infected. The prevalence was highest among intravenous drug users (82%), who accounted for most of our HCV cases, and lowest among heterosexual men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean [< 2%]. Our estimate that a significant number of co-infected persons may be unaware of their HIV and HCV status, highlights an urgent need to increase the uptake of HCV and HIV testing, particularly among injecting drug users, to reduce the risk of onward transmission.
How to Build, Evaluate, and Increase Your e-Mental Health Program Efficiency

Objective: This chapter discusses the prioritization of outcomes and evaluation in the provision of synchronous telemedicine (i.e., videoconferencing, STM) services. Methods: This organizational approach may be a shift from seeing what happens with planned services to planning the outcomes and then designing the services—in advance. Results: Basic and advanced areas of evaluation (e.g., satisfaction, technology, cost, clinical and other outcomes) are suggested and involve the many participants in STM in a systematic framework. It also offers suggestions on how to do a needs assessment and how to adjust priorities based on specific needs and available resources in a program. Examples of project improvement apply ideas from theory to clinical and other associated outcomes. References and resources of information are provided for further review. Conclusion: The readers acquire knowledge, skill, and a framework to improve existing programs and help their many participants.
Phorbol ester effects on α1-adrenoceptor binding and phosphatidylinositol metabolism in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

Tumor promoting phorbol esters stimulate Ca++ phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. It has been suggested that this enzyme regulates the functional properties of different cell membrane receptors. In this study we investigated the effect of phorbol esters on α1-adrenoceptor binding and phosphatidylinositol metabolism in cultured smooth muscle cells derived from rabbit aorta. Treatment of these cells with biologically active phorbol esters for 15 min. to 2 hours caused a marked decrease of norepinephrine stimulation of inositol phospholipid metabolism and a 3 fold decrease in agonist affinity for 125I-HEAT binding to α1-adrenoceptors in the intact smooth muscle cells. The ability of phorbol esters to modulate α1-adrenoceptor responsiveness suggests that activation of protein kinase C may represent an important mechanism regulating α1-adrenergic receptor functional properties.
Web-Based Computing in C/C++

An interactive, web-based C/C++ computing environment has been developed to facilitate programming education. An editor with syntax highlighting is provided for students to solve the educational lessons designed to introduce computer programming concepts. The system uses SafeCh, a secure C/C++ interpreter that sandboxes the user to protect against server access, to execute code written by the user. Node.js, a JavaScript framework, is used to interface with SafeCh to redirect user input and output data from client to server and vice versa, creating an interactive programming environment. Users are able to access the learning environment conveniently using any internet-enabled device, including mobile phones and tablets. Most other web-based interactive programming tutorials teach scripting languages such as Python or JavaScript. The few existing web tutorials for C/C++ use server-side compilation and thus lack the same interactivity as is available with this system. Given the increasing popularity of programming education events such as Hour of Code, this web-based computing system can be a simple, interactive method to introduce and teach C/C++.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Differences in synaptic affinity of chromosome arms of Drosophila melanogaster revealed by differential sensitivity to translocation heterozygosity.

The chromosome arms of Drosophila melanogaster differ in the degree to which translocation heterozygosity suppresses crossing over both regionally, and as whole arms. We have identified the region of maximum sensitivity to structural heterozygosity in each arm of the long autosomes ⅓ to ½ the length of the arm in from the tip. We interpret the regional differences as further indication that synapsis usually begins distally, but not at the telomeres. We interpret the different sensitivity of arms 3R, 2R, 3L and 2L (ranked in order of increasing sensitivity) as evidence of intrinsic differences in the synaptic affinity of chromosome arms.
When and why does occlusion of the vas deferens affect the testis

Segments of epididymides of vasovasostomized laboratory animals were compared with epididymides collected from 43 human orchiectomy specimens. Spermatozoic motility from successive segments of epididymides was studied by phase-contrast microscopy. A similarity between the epididymal stasis profiles of the animals and the orchiectomized elderly men was found. High stasis scores were invariably associated with testicular effects. The small soft testicles of the men may be a paradigm of the consequences of vasectomy. The interstitial cell hyperlpasia seen in the men was approximated in all animal species studied except the rabbit. In the animals it was noted that the vas ligature seldom resulted in epididymal stasis because the ligature cut through the muscular wall resulting in a leak to other scrotal tissues. The sperm motility profile of the epididymides closely resembled that seen in the vas-ligated animals. It is suggested that senescence of the testicles may be caused by occlusion of its excurrent ducts. Further the observations support the hypothesis that faulty sperm transport and faulty maturation due to epididymal rupture and fibrosis account for the unreliability of vasovasostomy.
Complication Rates among Women Receiving Contemporary Carotid Revascularization Procedures (S33.003)

Objective: In the present study we assessed contemporary rates of perioperative complications following carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) among women. Background Perioperative risks during carotid revascularization procedures in clinical trials are higher among women. Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all carotid revascularization procedures performed at four hospitals in a metropolitan region between June 2009-May2011. Gender differences in choice of revascularization procedures were explored. Rates of combined outcome of in-hospital stroke, clinically significant myocardial infarction and death were assessed. Results: Over 2 years, 483 carotid revascularizations (36.4% CEA and 63.6% CAS) were performed. Women composed 37.1% of the CAS group and 46% of CEA group. Among subjects with asymptomatic stenosis, women were less likely to get CAS (35.8% of CAS group vs. 48% of CEA group were women; p=0.03). Among subjects Conclusions: Gender influences the choice of revascularization procedure among asymptomatic patients and subjects less than 70 years. In spite of advances in contemporary revascularization methods, complication rates among women are quite high; especially in the subgroup of asymptomatic women over 70 years. Disclosure: Dr. Bhattacharya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Damani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rayes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chaturvedi has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech, Inc., and Abbott Vascular.
Dispersions of non-covalently functionalized graphene with minimal stabilizer.

We demonstrate that functionalized pyrene derivatives effectively stabilize single- and few-layer graphene flakes in aqueous dispersions. The graphene/stabilizer yield obtained by this method is exceptionally high relative to conventional nanomaterial stabilizers such as surfactants or polymers. The mechanism of stabilization by pyrene derivatives is investigated by studying the effects of various parameters on dispersed graphene concentration and stability; these parameters include stabilizer concentration, initial graphite concentration, solution pH, and type and number of functional groups and counterions. The effectiveness of the pyrene derivatives is pH-tunable, as measured by zeta potential, and is also a function of the number of functional groups, the electronegativity of the functional group, the counterion, the relative polarity between stabilizer and solvent, and the distance from the functional group to the basal plane. Even if the dispersion is destabilized by extreme pH or lyophilization, th...
Delineating crop management zones in small fields using multi-temporal Landsat data

Remotely sensed imagery data are widely used for monitoring crop growth and prescribing management practices. However, acquiring multiple images throughout the growing season for several years could be cost prohibitive. Moderate spatial (30m) resolution Landsat data could be a potential source for accomplishing these objectives. While delineating within-field management zones in large fields using Landsat data is well documented, fewer attempts have been made in smaller fields because of the restrictions imposed by the spatial resolution. On the other hand, Landsat data are acquired once every 16 days which increases the possibility of obtaining several images in a growing season. Landsat spectral bands are rigorously calibrated enabling multi-year comparison. This paper reports on the utility of multi-year Landsat images for monitoring crop growth and delineating management zones in small fields in Wyoming (USA). Spectral reflectance values derived from Landsat images acquired in each growing season were converted to vegetation indices. Based on these values the pixels within the field were grouped into low, medium and high growth classes. Using multi-year growth patterns, crop management zones were delineated for each field. Results from this study could provide valuable insights for farmers to identify problem areas within their fields and better manage them.
K-means Initial Clustering Center Optimal Algorithm Based on Partitioning

A new method of finding the initial center of K-means algorithm is given.It first estimates the cluster center;and then initializes the K-means algorithm with the estimated center.The experiment demonstrates that the new method can produce high quality cluster result and is superior to the initialization method of cluster centers.
Sticking the landing: how to create a clean end to a medical visit.

Seven skills will help you end the medical visit with greater satisfaction for both you and your patient.
Glyoxylate and Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate Inhibition of Isolated Glycine Decarboxylase

Glyoxylate is an intermediate in the photosynthetic carbon oxidation (glycolate) cycle that has been shown to inhibit a range of enzymes. Exposure of glycine decarboxylase to millimolar concentrations of glyoxyate resulted in the inhibition of the enzyme. A broad range of other organic acids tested had no effect. Kinetic analysis showed mixed function inhibition that exhibited both competitive and noncompetitive characteristics with respect to glycine. In the presence of 10 mM glycine, 50% inhibition of the glycine decarboxyase reaction required about 7 to 9 mM glyoxylate. The enzyme was also inhibited by excess pyridoxal phosphate. Both pyridoxal phosphate and glyoxylate may bind to an essential lysine residue (possibly at the active site of the P protein) and inhibit the enzyme activity. Due to the localization of glycine decarboxylase within the mitochondria, the high concentrations of glyoxylate needed for inhibition, and the peroxisomal site of glyoxylate metabolism, it is unlikely that this inhibition is of physiological importance.
Separation of external aqueous phase from o/w nanoemulsions

The aim of this study is to develop a simple, reliable, timesaving and cost-effective method for separation of the external aqueous phase from o/w nanoemulsions. The method is based on centrifugation through a hydrophilic membrane. Five o/w nanoemulsions (droplet size of 20-200nm) with radio-labeled C18 triglyceride were prepared. These nanoemulsions were placed in tubes with cellulose membranes (10-50K molecular weight cut-off) and centrifuged at 250-3000g for 5-15min. The filtrates were analyzed for the presence of lipid droplets and radioactivity. The applicability of this method was tested on FITC-dextran-loaded nanoemulsion (FITC-dextran was expected to be in the lipid droplets) and a blank nanoemulsion mixed with FITC-dextran (FITC-dextran was expected to be in the external aqueous phase). The results show that no droplets were detected in the filtrate. The radioactivity in the filtrate was in the range of 0.3-2.9%. The volume of the filtrate increased with increase in the membrane pore size, centrifugal force and time, and decrease in droplet size. There was 41.6±4.2% and 98.4±0.8% FITC-dextran in the aqueous phase of the FITC-dextran-loaded nanoemulsion and the blank nanoemulsion mixed with FITC-dextran, respectively. In conclusion, centrifugation with hydrophilic membrane is an efficient and convenient method for the separation of the external aqueous phase from o/w nanoemulsions with droplet sizes in the range of 20-200nm.
Lipid Encapsulation Provides Insufficient Total-Tract Digestibility to Achieve an Optimal Transfer Efficiency of Fatty Acids to Milk Fat.

Transfer efficiencies of rumen-protected n-3 fatty acids (FA) to milk are low, thus we hypothesized that rumen-protection technologies allow for biohydrogenation and excretion of n-3 FA. The objectives of this study were to i) investigate the ruminal protection and post-ruminal release of the FA derived from the lipid-encapsulated echium oil (EEO), and ii) assess the bioavailability and metabolism of the EEO-derived FA through measuring the FA content in plasma lipid fractions, feces, and milk. The EEO was tested for rumen stability using the in situ nylon bag technique, then the apparent total-tract digestibility was assessed in vivo using six Holstein dairy cattle. Diets consisted of a control (no EEO); 1.5% of dry matter (DM) as EEO and 1.5% DM as encapsulation matrix; and 3% DM as EEO. The EEO was rumen-stable and had no effect on animal production. EEO-derived FA were incorporated into all plasma lipid fractions, with the highest proportion of n-3 FA observed in cholesterol esters. Fecal excretion of EEO-derived FA ranged from 7–14%. Biohydrogenation products increased in milk, plasma, and feces with EEO supplementation. In conclusion, lipid-encapsulation provides inadequate digestibility to achieve an optimal transfer efficiency of n-3 FA to milk.
Massive higher spin fields in (A)dS and in interaction

I outline a series of results obtained in collaboration with A. Waldron on the properties of massive higher (s > 1) spin fields in cosmological, constant curvature, backgrounds and the resulting unexpected quantitative effects on their degrees of freedom and unitarity properties. The dimensional parameter Λ extends the flat space m-line to a (Λ, m) “phase” plane in which these novel phenomena unfold. In this light, I discuss a possible partial resurrection of deSitter supergravity. I will also list the well-known problems of coupling these systems to gravity and, for complex fields, to electromagnetism, systematizing some of the occasionally misunderstood obstacles to interactions, particularly for s = 3/2 and 2.
An autoethnography of a (reluctant) teacher leader

Abstract Many believe teacher leaders can play a central role in meeting the needs of students in schools, but it is presumptuous to think that teachers intuitively know how to lead their colleagues or schools without any focused support. This paper describes how one middle school mathematics teacher learned to enact leadership through an informal role as a teacher leader. The results of this autoethnographic study also reveal how the teacher’s view of leadership changed during the year of the study. As that leadership identity transitioned, the researcher found that adopting a lead-by-example and lead-learner stance supported her work with colleagues. A presentation of findings related factors that supported and hindered the transition from mathematics teacher to that of teacher leader are shared. Factors that supported teacher leadership included maintaining a disposition of continuous learning, developing a community of practice with colleagues, and developing a systems view of leading. The experiences and factors that hindered the process of becoming a teacher leader included confusion about one’s leadership role, navigating the middle ground between colleague and leader, and the lack of communication with administration. The findings in this paper suggest several courses of action for supporting emergent teacher leaders.
Zika virus induced cellular remodelling.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with morbidities such as Guillain-Barre, infant microcephaly, and ocular disease. The spread of this positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and its growing public health threat underscore gaps in our understanding of basic ZIKV virology. To advance knowledge of the virus replication cycle within mammalian cells, we use serial section 3-dimensional electron tomography to demonstrate the widespread remodelling of intracellular membranes upon infection with ZIKV. We report extensive structural rearrangements of the endoplasmic reticulum and reveal stages of the ZIKV viral replication cycle. Structures associated with RNA genome replication and virus assembly are observed integrated within the endoplasmic reticulum, and we show viruses in transit through the Golgi apparatus for viral maturation, and subsequent cellular egress. This study characterises in detail the 3-dimensional ultrastructural organisation of the ZIKV replication cycle stages. Our results show close adherence of the ZIKV replication cycle to the existing flavivirus replication paradigm.
Chemoselective methylation of phenolic hydroxyl group prevents quinone methide formation and repolymerization during lignin depolymerization

Chemoselective blocking of the phenolic hydroxyl (Ar–OH) group by methylation was found to suppress secondary repolymerization and charring during lignin depolymerization. Methylation of Ar–OH prevents formation of reactive quinone methide intermediates, which are partly responsible for undesirable secondary repolymerization reactions. Instead, this structurally modified lignin produces more relatively low molecular weight products from lignin depolymerization compared to unmodified lignin. This result demonstrates that structural modification of lignin is desirable for production of low molecular weight phenolic products. This approach could be directed toward alteration of natural lignification processes to produce biomass that is more amenable to chemical depolymerization.
The Evolution of Sensory and Motor Systems in Primates

The course of the evolution of the sensorimotor system from early primates to modern humans can be reconstructed from comparative studies of how sensorimotor systems are organized in extant primates and their nonprimate relatives. Early mammals appear to have had no separate motor cortex. Somatosensory areas included a primary area, S1, adjoining somatosensory belts rostral (SR) and caudal (SC) to S1 in the positions of area 3a (SR) and area 1 (SC) of primates, the second somatosensory area (S2) and the parietal ventral area (PV). S1 and S2 were activated in parallel by inputs from the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn was activated by the dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway. Somatosensory areas, especially SR, S1, and S2, participated in motor as well as sensory functions. Placental mammals added a primary motor area (M1) and probably a premotor or secondary motor area (M2). In early primates, the hand representation in somatosensory and motor areas had an enlarged representation, the SR and SC regions acquired most of the features that distinguish somatosensory areas 3a and 1 of primates, and motor cortex included ventral and dorsal premotor areas, a supplementary motor area, and rostral and caudal cingulate motor areas. The sensorimotor thalamus was more differentiated, with a distinct ventroposterior inferior nucleus projecting especially to S2, but to other somatosensory areas as well, and a ventroposterior superior nucleus relaying information from muscle spindle receptors to area 3a. A posterior parietal region was involved in relaying somatosensory and visual information to motor areas of frontal cortex. Early anthropoids (monkeys) were characterized by more serial processing in somatosensory cortex so that S2 depended on S1 (area 3b) for activation. Area 1 contained a distinct representation of cutaneous receptors, while a mixed representation of deep (muscle spindle) and cutaneous receptors emerged in area 2, just caudal to area 1. Posterior parietal cortex had expanded and differentiated to reflect an increased role in sensorimotor functions. Subdivisions of premotor cortex emerged in Old World simians. In the hominid line of bipedal ancestors leading to humans, brains increased in absolute size and in size relative to body size, resulting in scaling adjustments in sensorimotor systems. Different specializations emerged in the right and left cerebral hemispheres, while posterior parietal and frontal sensorimotor regions enlarged, and probably added cortical areas.
Optimal damping profile ratios for stabilization of perfectly matched layers in general anisotropic media

ABSTRACTConventional perfectly matched layers (PMLs) can be unstable for certain kinds of anisotropic media. The multiaxial PML removes such instability using nonzero damping coefficients in the directions tangential with the PML interface. Although using nonzero damping profile ratios can stabilize PMLs, it is important to obtain the smallest possible damping profile ratios to minimize artificial reflections caused by these nonzero ratios, particularly for 3D general anisotropic media. Using the eigenvectors of the PML system matrix, we have developed a straightforward and efficient numerical algorithm to determine the optimal damping profile ratios to stabilize PMLs in 2D and 3D general anisotropic media. Numerical examples indicate that our algorithm provides optimal damping profile ratios to ensure the stability of PMLs and complex-frequency-shifted PMLs for elastic-wave modeling in 2D and 3D general anisotropic media.
Correlation Between Hardness and Loading Transformation Stress of Superelastic NiTi

The relationship between the microhardness and the loading transformation stress of superelastic NiTi is investigated at room temperature. Superelastic NiTi shows a loading stress plateau under mechanical loading due to austenite-to-martensite microstructural phase transformation. The stress level at which the transformation from austenite to martensite occurs is a key mechanical property that dominates the design of several mechanical and biomedical components. Experiments in this study indicate a direct relationship between the loading transformation stress of superelastic NiTi and the value of Vickers hardness for this material. Regression analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between the microhardness values and loading transformation stress of superelastic NiTi and determine the appropriate form of relation between these two mechanical properties. Based on the analyses, a linear relation was found to appropriately represent the relationship between the microhardness and loading transformation stress.
Two-Dimensional and Multidimensional Distributions

Until now, we have considered mostly problems involving a single random variable. However, often we have two or more variables. We may have an event characterized by energy and angle, or temperature and pressure, etc. Sometimes the two variables are completely independent, but often they are strongly correlated. In this chapter, we will examine general two- and n-dimensional probability distributions and also the generalization of the normal distribution to two and more dimensions.
Higher Quality, Lower Cost with an Innovative Geriatrics Consultation Service.

Objectives To design a value‐driven, interprofessional inpatient geriatric consultation program coordinated with systems‐level changes and studied outcomes and costs. Design Propensity‐matched case–control study of older adults hospitalized at an academic medical center (AMC) who did or did not receive geriatric consultation. Setting Single tertiary‐care AMC in Portland, Oregon. Participants Adults aged 70 and older who received an inpatient geriatric consultation (n=464) and propensity‐matched controls admitted before development of the consultation program (n=2,381). Pre‐ and postintervention controls were also incorporated into cost difference‐in‐difference analyses. Measurements Daily charges, total charges, length of stay (LOS), 30‐day readmission, intensive care unit (ICU) days, Foley catheter days, total medication doses per day, high‐risk medication doses per day, advance directive and Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST) documentation, restraint orders, discharge to home, and mortality. Results On average, individuals who received a geriatric consultation had $611 lower charges per day than those without a consultation (p=.02). They spent on average 0.36 fewer days in the ICU (p<.001). They were less likely to have restraint orders (20.0% vs 27.9%, p<0.001), more likely to have a POLST (58.2% vs 44.6%, p<.001), and more likely to be discharged to home (33.4% vs 28.2%, p=.03). They received fewer doses of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antiemetics (10, 5, and 7 fewer doses per 100 patient‐days, respectively) and had lower in‐hospital mortality (2.4% vs 4%, p=.01). There was no difference in hospital LOS or 30‐day readmission. Conclusion Our consultation program resulted in significant reductions in daily charges, ICU days, potentially inappropriate medication use, and use of physical restraints and increased end‐of‐life planning. This model has potential for dissemination to other institutions operating in resource‐scarce, value‐driven settings.
Total Synthesis in Search of Potent Antibody–Drug Conjugate Payloads. From the Fundamentals to the Translational

ConspectusThe emergence and evolution of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) as targeted cancer therapies in recent years is a living example of the “magic bullet” concept of Paul Ehrlich, introduced by him more than a century ago. Consisting of three components, the antibody serving as the delivery system, the payload drug that kills the cancer cell, and the chemical linker through which the payload is attached to the antibody, ADCs represent a currently hotly pursued paradigm of targeted cancer therapies. While the needed monoclonal antibody falls in the domains of biology and biochemistry, the potent payload and the linker belong to the realm of chemistry. Naturally occurring molecules and their derivatives endowed with high cytotoxic properties have proven to be useful payloads for the first approved ADCs (i.e., Mylotarg, Adcetris, Kadcyla, and Besponsa). The latest approaches and intensifying activities in this new paradigm of cancer therapy demands a variety of payloads with different mechanisms of acti...
3 Comparative Vision

Almost all animals have eyes and make extensive use of visual information to support the critical choices they must make to survive and prosper. The chapter starts with a discussion of the informational possibilities offered by the photic environment and then provides a comparative examination of the basic biological mechanisms underlying animal vision. The latter includes a consideration of eye design and photosensitivity with an examination of how these processes have played out in the course of the evolution of eyes. Following a brief treatment of the role of the nervous system in the visual process, and some illustrations of how vision has been assessed in nonhuman species, three essential goals of seeing are considered: (1) detection of changes in the visual environment, (2) resolution of spatial structure, and (3) exploitation of chromatic cues. Each of these issues is illustrated by examples drawn from research done on a wide variety of different species. Keywords: comparative vision; visual system; eyes; evolution; retina
Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a valuable imaging technique in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) that can help direct a surgeon’s approach to a variety of conditions. A 3-dimensional analysis of head and neck anatomy allows practitioners to plan appropriately, operate with confidence, and assess results post-operatively. CBCT imaging has clear indications and limitations. CBCT offers the clinician 3-dimensional and multi-planar views for a more accurate diagnosis and treatment without the financial burden and radiation exposure of conventional computed tomography (CT) scans. Furthermore, CBCT overcomes certain limitations of 2-dimensional imaging, such as distortion, magnification, and superimposition. However, CBCT lacks the detailed depiction of soft tissue conditions for evaluation of pathologic conditions, head and neck infections, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc evaluation. This review evaluates the evidence-based research supporting the application of CBCT in the various fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery, including dentoalveolar surgery, dental implants, TMJ, orthognathic surgery, trauma, and pathology, and will assess the value of CBCT in pre-operative assessment, surgical planning, and post-operative analysis when applicable. Additionally, the significant limitations of CBCT and potential areas for future research will be discussed.
Meticulous Illumination Controller for Visual Comfort Using Wireless Sensor

This finding will enable precise illumination control of a focus area of any working plane or environment through a wireless sensor to ensure visual comfort. The proposed design will give user the provision to control illumination in the form of duty cycle through a keypad, which can vary from 0 to 100 percent, thereby giving the opportunity to find the exact illumination as per IES recommendation by analyzing the value of lux shown on the LCD display which is actually the illumination received on the focus area of the working plane. Based on this concept, programs were written, verified and uploaded through arduino IDE. Two arduino microcontrollers were used to guide all the integrated hardwires.
Patterns of Research and Licensing Activity of Science and Engineering Faculty

University research is increasingly importantfor industrial innovation. Licensing provides an incentive for both faculty andcompanies to undertake the development of federally-funded ideas and theirtransfer to industry. However, skeptics question the effects of licensing onthe conduct of university research, claiming academic publication would besufficient to transmit university research to industry. Potential financialreturns from licensing have diverted faculty to applied research. This study examines the personal and research characteristics of 3,241science and engineering faculty at six major universities over the years1983-1999. The data allow study of the evolution of faculty research andlicensing, and its relationship to characteristics such as individual age andacademic quality of their department.Differences in patterns acrossuniversities and disciplines in life and physical sciences can be examined. It was found that as publications increase, likelihood of inventiondisclosure also increases. Only a small portion of faculty engage in licensing;80% disclosed never or only once in the seventeen-year period. Over time, thepercentage who licensed per year increased from 1 in 100 (1983) to 1 in 10(1996). Hence, the increase in licensing was concentrated in a minority offaculty. The direction of faculty research also did not change. Tenured facultydisclose more often than non-tenured. Overall, results suggest a need for astructural model to control for other factors. (TNM)
Multi-Mode Operation and Control of a Z-Source Virtual Synchronous Generator in PV Systems

The increasing penetration of power electronics-based distributed energy resources (DERs) displacing conventional synchronous generators is rapidly changing the dynamics of large-scale power systems. As the result, the electric grid loses inertia, voltage support, and oscillation damping needed to provide ancillary services such as frequency and voltage regulation. This paper presents the multi-mode operation of a Z-source virtual synchronous generator (ZVSG). The converter is a Z-source inverter capable of emulating the virtual inertia to increase its stability margin and track its frequency. The added inertia will protect the system by improving the rate of change of frequency. This converter is also capable of operating under normal and grid fault conditions while providing needed grid ancillary services. In normal operation mode, the ZVSG is working in MPPT mode where the maximum power generated from the PV panels is fed into the grid. During grid faults, a low voltage ride through control method is implemented where the system provides reactive power to reestablish the grid voltage based on the grid codes and requirements. The proposed system operation is successfully validated experimentally in the OPAL-RT real-time simulator.
Effective Mass Approach for n-MOSFETs on Arbitrarily Oriented Wafers

The general theory for quantum simulation of cubic semiconductor n-MOSFETs is presented within the effective mass equation approach. The full three-dimensional transport problem is described in terms of coupled transverse subband modes which arise due to quantum confinement along the body thickness direction. Couplings among the subbands are generated for two reasons: due to spatial variations of the confinement potential along the transport direction, and due to non-alignment of the device coordinate system with the principal axes of the constant energy conduction band ellipsoids. The problem simplifies considerably if the electrostatic potential is separable along transport and confinement directions, and further if the potential variations along the transport direction are slow enough to prevent dipolar coupling (Zener tunneling) between subbands. In this limit, the transport problem can be solved by employing two unitary operators to transform an arbitrarily oriented constant energy ellipsoid into a regular ellipsoid with principal axes along the transport, width and confinement directions of the device.
Verification and Validation of Smartphone Sensor Networks

This paper introduces a subset of mobile wireless sensor networks, called smartphone sensor networks, where large numbers of smartphone devices cooperate to perform sensing tasks. While these emerging networks show high potential, little work has been done on design-time verification and validation to ensure that a designed system will meet the specified goals. This paper introduces Empower, a simulation environment for smartphone sensor networks that simulates smartphone-specific properties of a sensor network, such as data collection policies, and outputs high-level system metrics, such as coverage of the environment being monitored. Experimentation is used to demonstrate that Empower’s ability to derive system design parameters, such as the minimum number of smartphones required for proper operation, or the most appropriate data collection policy for the production environment.
The Missing Jury: The Neglected Role of Juries in Eighth Amendment Punishments Clause Determinations

A recent study of death penalty cases has revealed that judges, who are ordinarily thought of as the guardians of criminal defendants’ constitutional rights, are more likely to impose harsher punishments than jurors. This may be unsettling in its own right, but it is especially concerning because judges are the individuals charged with determining whether punishments are unconstitutionally cruel and unusual under the Eighth Amendment, and these determinations are supposed to be based on “the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.” The study suggests that judges are out of step with society’s moral norms, raising the question of why judges, rather than juries, are entrusted with resolving constitutional questions of cruel and unusual punishments. This Article argues that juries are better equipped to make these determinations and that charging juries to employ their own moral values to decide these matters is consistent with the underlying purpose and history of the ratification of the Eighth Amendment. This shift in power would also be in line with the Supreme Court’s recent elevation of the jury in criminal cases such as Apprendi v. New Jersey and United States v. Booker.
Patterns of Lipid Lowering Therapy among Children Ages 8-20 Years

Objectives Pediatric guidelines in 2008 and 2011 recommended lipid lowering therapy in children ≥8 years of age with high-risk cardiovascular conditions, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Our objective was to describe the patterns and predictors of lipid lowering therapy initiation in commercially insured children between 2005 and 2010. Study design Using commercial health plan data on children ages 8-20 years from 2004-2010, we estimated rates of lipid lowering therapy initiation overall and stratified by age. Using a nested case-control design, we used multivariable logistic regression to identify temporal, demographic, clinical, and health utilization characteristics associated with lipid lowering therapy initiation. Results Among >13 million children, 665 initiated lipid lowering therapy for an incidence rate 2.6/100 000 person-years (PY). Incidence rates were highest in 2005 (4.1/100 000 PY) and 2008 (3.9/100 000 PY), with no discernable secular trend. Rates of lipid lowering therapy initiation were significantly greater in children ≥15 years of age (OR 2.9 [95% CI 5.2-13.0]), males (2.1 [1.7-2.4]), and those with a diagnosis of FH (165.2 [129.0-211.6]), other dyslipidemia (175.5 [143.2-215.3]), diabetes type I (7.7 [4.7-12.4]), diabetes type II (13.6 [8.5-21.7]), hypertension (8.1 [4.9-13.3]), obesity (7.8 [4.7-12.7]), and ≥5 outpatient visits (1.5 [1.2-1.7]), and children with dispensing of ≥2 nonlipid lowering therapy prescriptions were less likely to initiate lipid lowering therapy (0.2 [0.2-0.3]). Conclusions Despite new guidelines, lipid lowering therapy initiation in children is low and has not increased through 2010. Although diagnosis of FH and other dyslipidemias was associated with higher probability of lipid lowering therapy initiation, our findings suggest lipid lowering therapy is underutilized in this population given the prevalence of these disorders.
Standing Tiebout on his head: Tax capitalization and the monopoly power of local governments *

Much of the public finance literature argues that localgovernments behave competitively due to residents' ease of exitand entry. The model presented here challenges this widespreadconclusion. Though it is costless to relocate to anotherlocality, the presence of tax capitalization makes it impossiblefor land-owners to avoid monopolistic pricing of public servicesby moving; land-owners can only choose between paying the taxdirectly, or paying it indirectly in the form of a lower sale valuefor their housing if they exit. In consequence, the only realcheck on local governments comes through imperfectly functioningelectoral channels.
Motion-Based Robotic Instrument Targeting under C-Arm Fluoroscopy

We present a simple and precise robot targeting method under portable x-ray fluoroscopy based on image servoing. The method is implemented for needle alignment in percutaneous procedures using the PAKY-RCM robot developed in our laboratory. Initial clinical tests apply to the access of the renal collecting system.
Cloned Human TCR from Patients with Autoimmune Disease Can Respond to Two Structurally Distinct Autoantigens

There is increasing evidence that the TCR can have significant plasticity in the range of Ags that a single receptor can recognize. Although it has been proposed that such TCR plasticity might contribute to autoimmunity, there have been few studies examining this possibility in either animal models or human disease. In the present study, we examined human T cell clones that were generated against two structurally dissimilar proteins, U1-70 kDa and Smith-B, that are physically associated in the U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and that are frequent targets of autoantibodies and T cells in the same lupus patient. We found that the TCR from all clones isolated had substantial sequence homology within their complementarity-determining region 3. We molecularly cloned and expressed individual TCR/A and TCR/B genes in a TCR-negative human cell line J.RT3-T3.5. We then examined the interaction between the TCR and U1-70 kDa and Smith-B antigenic peptides. We found that there was plasticity or degeneracy of the TCR reactive with these lupus autoantigens in that two structurally dissimilar lupus autoantigenic peptides could stimulate a single TCR. These studies support an important role of plasticity of the TCR in the development of human autoimmunity.
Using Sexually Explicit Material in Adult Sex Education: An Eighteen Year Comparative Analysis

Evaluating 7451 adults' responses to viewing sexually explicit material during Sexual Attitude Reassessment (SAR) seminars held from 1972 to 1991 is the focus of this study. Almost all reported experiencing these media as not harmful, and reported positive responses to the explicit visual material. Evidence of a double standard was also found: namely, while almost all viewed the seminar as not harmful to themselves, a significantly smaller proportion viewed it as not harmful to others. Respondents in the more liberals 1970s were more likely to view the seminar as not harmful than those in the more conservative 1980s. Sexually explicit media were viewed as the most helpful aspect of the seminar by most participants, and judged valuable both in assisting participants explore their issues and concents, and in helping them clarify their emotional response to aspects of sexuality. The evidence suggests that sexually explicit material is a valuable tool in adult sex education.
DUPLICATION SYNDROME OF THE DISTAL SEGMENT OF 4q (4q25 → 4qter)

A dysmorphic newborn male infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found to have a structurally abnormal karyotype of 46,XY,8p+. Parental chromosome studies revealed normal karyotypes. Application of high resolution banding studies (G and R) on extended chromosome preparations of this patient enabled us to identify this de novo unbalanced karyotype as 46,XY,-8,+der(8),t(8;4)(p23;q25). This indicates that the patient is trisomic for the distal segment of 4q (4q25 → 4qter) and possibly monosomic for the very tip of the short arm of #8. Review of 16 reported cases of partial trisomy 4q resulting from various chromosome rearrangements showed that, in spite of different monosomic involvements in each case, a recognizable pattern of malformations, including characteristic facial features, leads to clinical identification of duplication syndrome of distal segment of 4q. Identification of de novo chromosome rearrangement and recognition of specific duplication syndrome as a clinical entity in the newborn with multiple congenital anomalies will enable us to provide genetic counseling with appropriate anticipatory guidance to parents and better management and care for such patients.
Is Bitcoin Money? Bitcoin and Alternate Theories of Money

In 2009, a curious new virtual currency called Bitcoin made its first appearance on the Internet. While it remains a “niche” currency relative to other major denominations like the U.S. dollar, Bitcoin has experienced significant growth since its inception. The total number of Bitcoins in circulation is about 12.5 million, with a recent market price of about $500 each. Today, Bitcoin’s total market capitalization is about $6 billion, and in the past it has been as high as $13 billion. The average number of Bitcoin transactions per day has averaged over 60,000 since January 2014, reflecting between $20 million and $100 million worth of transactions per day. The numbers show that in the five years since its first appearance, Bitcoin has grown tremendously in popular knowledge and usage. Although it is clear that Bitcoin can be used to purchase goods and services, and can be given an explicit dollar value, questions remain about the economic and legal status of Bitcoin and other virtual currencies that have emerged in its wake. Members of the Bitcoin developer and user community believe “Bitcoin is an innovative payment network and new kind of money.” Others, like the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, take the position that Bitcoin is a type of commodity or property. Whether Bitcoin is a new form of virtual money or simply an electronic commodity requires an investigation into what constitutes money, and an assessment of whether Bitcoin comfortably fits into the parameters of what we consider to be money. This paper finds that, at this stage in its development, Bitcoin is not money and more closely resembles a commodity or property. This paper begins by giving a brief overview of Bitcoin and how it operates. It then describes two major theories of money — the conventional and constitutional theories — that differ in their accounts of how money emerges within a society or political grouping. The paper assesses how well Bitcoin fits under each theory by assessing Bitcoin’s economic properties and implementation. It then turns to the impact of the Bitcoin on the two theories of money, finding it likely does not support the conventional creation story of money and instead lends credence to the constitutional theory.