cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient Safety in Ambulatory Pediatrics

The majority of patient care occurs in the ambulatory setting, and pediatric patients are at high risk of medical error and harm. Prior studies have described various safety threats in ambulatory pediatrics, and little is known about effective strategies to minimize error. The purpose of this review is to identify best practices for optimizing safety in ambulatory pediatrics. The majority of the patient safety literature in ambulatory pediatrics describes frequencies and types of medical errors. Study of effective interventions to reduce error, and particularly to reduce harm, have been limited. There is evidence that medical complexity and social context are important modifiers of risk. Telemedicine has emerged as a care delivery model with potential to ameliorate and exacerbate safety threats. Though there is variation across studies, developing a safety culture, partnerships with patients and families, and use of structured communication are strategies that support patient safety. There is no standardized taxonomy for errors in ambulatory pediatrics, but errors related to medications, vaccines, diagnosis, and care coordination and care transitions are commonly described. Evidence-based approaches to optimize safety include standardized prescribing and medication reconciliation practices, appropriate use of decision support tools in the electronic health record, and communication strategies like teach-back. Further high-quality intervention studies in pediatric ambulatory care that assess impact on patient harm and clinical outcomes should be prioritized.
Hyperkalemia and Acute Kidney Injury with Spironolactone Use Among Patients with Heart Failure.

Abstract Objective To quantify the risk of hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI) when spironolactone use is added on to loop diuretic use among patients with heart failure, and to evaluate whether the risk is modified by level of kidney function. Methods We identified 17,110 patients with heart failure treated with loop diuretics between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2016 within the Geisinger Health System. We estimated the incidence of hyperkalemia and AKI associated with spironolactone initiation, and used target trial emulation methods to minimize confounding by indication. Results During a mean follow-up of 134 mo, 3229 of 17,110 patients (18.9%) initiated spironolactone. Incidence rates of hyperkalemia and AKI in patients using spironolactone with a loop diuretic were 2.9 and 10.1 events per 1000 person-months, respectively. In propensity score–matched analyses, spironolactone initiation was associated with higher hyperkalemia and AKI risk compared with loop alone (hazard ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.10; P Conclusion The addition of spironolactone to loop diuretics in patients with heart failure was associated with higher risk of hyperkalemia and AKI; these risks must be weighed against the potential benefits of spironolactone.
Functional Impairments and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers

Abstract Background Functional impairments (measured by activities of daily living [ADLs]) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) may complicate outcomes in older adults diagnosed with cancer. In this retrospective cohort analysis, we characterized ADLs and HRQOL in adults older than 65 y with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers and evaluated for an association to cancer-specific survival. Materials and methods Patients with UGI cancers aged 65 y or older were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results and the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey–linked database. Demographics, comorbidities, stage, ADLs, and HRQOL were summarized by patients managed with and without surgery. Because of the wide variety of cancers, we subdivided patients into cohorts of esophagogastric [EG; n = 88] or hepatobiliary/pancreatic [n = 68]. Cancer-specific survival curves were modeled for changes in ADL and HRQOL scores after diagnosis. Risk factors for cancer-specific survival were assessed with hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted for demographics, stage, comorbidities, and disease cohorts. Results HRQOL scores declined after diagnosis, with a sharper decline in nonsurgery patients. On multivariate analysis, inability to perform specific ADLs was associated with worse survival in multiple cohorts: hepatobiliary/pancreatic nonsurgery patients unable to eat (HR 3.3 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-6.5); all patients with EG unable to use the toilet (HR 3.3 95% CI 1.5-7.9); EG nonsurgery cohort unable to dress or use the toilet (dress HR 14.1 95% CI 4.0-49.0; toilet HR 4.7 95% CI 1.8-12.3). Conclusions Older survivors with UGI cancers report declines in HRQOL, especially those not undergoing surgery. The ability to perform ADLs may be linked to survival in this population.
How Early Socioeconomic Adversity Combines With BMI-Linked Genetics to Launch Adverse Developmental Processes Leading to Economic Hardship:

The present study used a sample of 9,100 youth from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to identify how early socioeconomic adversity and BMI-related genetics combine to i...
Why iOS is America (VRIO Analysis)

Have you ever seen a founder’s VRIO analysis on why Apple/iOS is the dominant power in the global phone market?
The Evolution of Revolution

We use an evolutionary model to study splintering in rebels’ groups. We assume that rebels possess cultural traits that encourage cooperation, defection (splintering) or some sort of trigger behavior like Tit-For-Tat. We characterize the dynamic process through which the rebels’ discount rate determines whether splintering will occur in the population, even when cooperation is efficient. Contrary to the usual Folk Theorem prediction, we show that, even when rebels are extremely patient, cooperation may not evolve if the initial distribution of cultures in the population is not favorable. Thus, political actions by the states or governments that make rebels impatient may cause splintering to be almost inevitable. Our paper closes a gap in the literature by providing a theory for why rebel groups may coalesce or not. Policies that affect the patience of rebels and change the distribution of cultures have great influence on the likelihood of rebels’ groups’ splintering. JEL Codes: D74, C73
Intravenous cholangiography in children with fibrocystic disease of the pancreas; a pilot study.

Summary Sixteen patients with proved mucovicidosis and one control individual have been studied by means of Cholografin administered intravenously. In twelve patients and the control individual, sufficiently great concentration of the medium in the biliary ducts occurred for the demonstration of these structures. In thirteen patients and the control individual, sufficient opacification of the gall bladder occurred to allow demonstration on the film studies. Correlation of urinary tract opacification, passage of the medium into the duodenum, width of the biliary duct, and pattern of the hepatic duct radicles were made with age, sex, duration of disease, and initial symptoms. This correlation showed a broad hepatic radicular pattern in those patients in whom the diagnosis together with initial complaint of respiratory difficulty was established at an early age. Rapid appearance of the Cholografin in the biliary radicles was demonstrated, occurring within 12 minutes after start of the injection. It was found that the dependent portions of the biliary ducts were consistently better delineated with the patient in the supine position.
Reconstructing Landscape to Reconstruct Regionalism? L'Horta, la Ciutat de les Ciències, and the Ideological Politics of Valencian Modernity

In this paper I explore the ways economic and political reterritorialization  such as regionalist politics in Spain  may be negotiated through cultural discourses and landscapes. Few regions exemplify the contradictions of regional politics better than the Comunitat Valenciana, whose capital Valencia has been transformed by the Generalitat Valencianas simultaneous pursuit of economic development and political autonomy over two decades and three political administrations. Some of these changes imply the displacement of LHorta de Valencia, long a regional symbol, by new monumental spaces like the Ciutat de les Arts i de les Ciencies. I examine this precipitous substitution of landscapes, in regional space and iconography, to analyze how the Generalitats reconstruction of the Valencian landscape may serve to reconstruct Valencian regionalism. In this essay, based on a broader qualitative research project, I suggest that a new regionalist discourse has emerged premised on global competitiveness and obsessed with modernity. Like the Museu de les Ciencies itself, however, this new Valencian regionalism may be built for global tourism yet lacking substantial content.
Postabortion psychological adjustment: are minors at increased risk?

Abstract Purpose: To assess whether younger adolescents experience greater adverse psychological outcomes after abortion than those aged 18–21 years, whether abortion places all adolescents at risk for negative sequelae, and what factors predict negative outcomes. Methods: A total of 96 young women aged 14–21 years seeking counseling for unwanted pregnancies at four clinics completed questionnaires after counseling. These included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), an emotion scale, questions regarding sociodemographic and reproductive background, feelings about pregnancy, and decision-making. Sixty-three respondents were reinterviewed 4 weeks postabortion and completed the BDI, emotion scale, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Impact of Events Scale, and Positive States of Mind Scale. Chi-squares and Student's t -tests were used to compare: (a) responses of adolescents under 18 years of age with those 18–21 years, (b) preabortion and postabortion responses, and (c) the current sample with other samples of adolescents. Results: Adolescents under age 18 years were less comfortable with their decision, but showed no other differences compared with those aged 18–21 years. Both groups showed significant improvement in psychological responses postabortion. Postabortion scores did not differ significantly from those of other adolescent samples reported in the literature. Preabortion emotional state and perception of partner pressure predicted postabortion response. Conclusions: Despite its legal significance, age 18 years was not a meaningful cutoff point for psychological response to abortion in this sample. There was no evidence that abortion poses a threat to adolescents' psychological well-being.
Myocardial calcification in a neonate following open chest cardiac compression.

Massive myocardial calcification remains an unusual roentgenographic finding in the neonate.1-5 The only three previously reported cases of radiographic demonstration of this occurrence were believed to be secondary to myocardial infarction.1-5 Several features of this case report make it unusual, particularly from an etiologic standpoint. CASE REPORT A 13-day-old black male infant born at 40 weeks of gestation was referred for evaluation of respiratory distress. On physical examination, the patient had signs of congestive heart failure, associated with absent femoral pulses. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed severe coarctation of the thoracic aorta, D-transposed great vessels, and single ventricle and tricuspid atresia. The initial arterial blood gaas tensions revealed: pHH 7.39, Pco2 20 torr, and Po2 91 torr.
Runge’s Theorem

In this chapter we will prove Runge’s Theorem, use it to prove a more general form of Cauchy’s Theorem, and investigate simple connectedness. Also proved is a Theorem of Mittag-Leffler on the existence of meromorphic functions with prescribed poles and singular parts.
Using Conceptual Graphs to Represent Agent Semantic Constituents

This paper develops two agent knowledge bases in conceptual graph form, one using the KD45 underlying logical model for belief and one without any underlying logical model for belief. Action-attitudes in the knowledge bases provide contexts that represent the agents’ mental attitude towards, and willingness to act upon information in the knowledge bases. Preconditions for communication acts are also represented in the knowledge bases as well as mental attitude changes following communications. Conceptual graphs are a flexible and extendable form of knowledge representation that is used to capture and represent semantic constituents of communications in a form that may be used by software agents. The knowledge base representations in this paper provide software agents a perspective from which they may reason about the communicating agent’s beliefs and communication actions.
Microbial carbon monoxide consumption in salt marsh sediments.

We have examined sediments from a fringing salt marsh in Maine to further understand marine CO metabolism, about which relatively little is known. Intact cores from the marsh emitted CO during dark oxic incubations, but emission rates were significantly higher during anoxic incubations, which provided evidence for simultaneous production and aerobic consumption in surface sediments. CO emission rates were also elevated when cores were exposed to light, which indicated that photochemical reactions play a role in CO production. A kinetic analysis of marsh surface sediments yielded an apparent Km of about 82 ppm, which exceeded values reported for well-aerated soils that consume atmospheric CO (65nM). Surface (0–0.2 cm depth interval) sediment slurries incubated under oxic conditions rapidly consumed CO, and methyl fluoride did not inhibit uptake, which indicated that neither ammonia nor methane oxidizers contributed to the observed activity. In contrast, aerobic CO uptake was inhibited by additions of readily available organic substrates (pyruvate, glucose and glycine), but not by cellulose. CO was also consumed by surface and sub-surface sediment slurries incubated under anaerobic conditions, but rates were less than during aerobic incubations. Molybdate and nitrate or nitrite, but not 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid, partially inhibited anaerobic uptake. These results suggest that sulfidogens and acetogens, but not dissimilatory nitrate reducers or methanogens, actively consume CO. Sediment-free plant roots also oxidized CO aerobically; rates for Spartina patens and Limonium carolinianum roots were significantly higher than rates for Spartina alterniflora roots. Thus plants may also impact CO cycling in estuarine environments.
Taxation of Financial Products: Options for Fundamental Reform

The following is testimony to the joint hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Committee on Finance. The testimony discusses three benchmarks for evaluating the taxation of capital income in general and financial instruments in particular, summarizes three broad-based approaches to reforming the tax treatment of financial products, evaluates the impact of other fundamental reforms on the urgency of reforming the taxation of derivatives, and urges Congress to encourage the IRS to make detailed tax return data available for empirical research of revenue costs and other losses arising from derivatives-based tax planning.
Women on the Stage in Early Modern France: 1540–1750

Focusing on actresses in France during the early modern period, Virginia Scott examines how the stereotype of the actress has been constructed. The study then moves beyond that stereotype to detail the reality of the personal and artistic lives of women on the French stage, from the almost unknown Marie Ferre - who signed a contract for 12 livres a year in 1545 to perform the 'antiquailles de Rome or other histories, moralities, farces, and acrobatics' in the provinces - to the queens of the eighteenth-century Paris stage, whose 'adventures' have overshadowed their artistic triumphs. The book also investigates the ways in which actresses made invaluable contributions to the development of the French theatre in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and looks at the 'afterlives' of such women as Armande Bejart, Marquise Du Parc, Charlotte Desmares, Adrienne Lecouvreur, and Hippolyte Clairon in biographies, plays, and films.
Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency: A Treatable Cause of Opsoclonus and Epileptic Myoclonus

Abstract Background Epileptic myoclonus in infancy is associated with various pathological conditions. In the absence of an identifiable central nervous system lesion, an underlying metabolic genetic cause is often suspected. Patients We describe two infants with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome who presented with epileptic myoclonus. One infant presented with an electroclinical phenotype mimicking benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy; the other infant had a novel mutation and presented with opsoclonus and epileptic myoclonus with a robust response to high-dose steroids. Both infants began the ketogenic diet after the diagnosis of glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome, with good yet variable treatment responses. Conclusions These infants demonstrate that an evaluation for glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome is warranted in patients presenting with an electroclinical picture compatible with benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy as well as in patients with intractable epilepsy who demonstrate a significant response to steroid therapy.
THE SENTENCING PRACTICES OF JUDGES AND JURIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING TEXAS DRUG OFFENDERS

ABSTRACT Using prison sentences received by 688 drug offenders convicted between 1988 and 1993, this paper compares the sentencing practices of judges and juries. We compare sentence lengths of three groups: (1) offenders tried and sentenced by judges (N=98) (2) offenders tried and sentenced by juries (N=307) and (3) offenders tried by a jury but sentenced by a judge (N-283). Holding several variables constant, we find that Texas juries generally impose significantly longer sentences than their elected judges for drug offenders. We also find that judges impose longer sentences if a jury trial, rather than a bench trial, is held Several explanations are offered for these findings.
A note on the hierarchy of health facilities in Bangladesh.

Abstract The existing health facilities available in Bangladesh have been categorized according to their hierarchy with the help of a triangle. Further attempts have been made to classify them on the basis of their location and management type. It is proposed that retaining the basic principles, health facilities of any country of the world can be classified according to their hierarchy, location and management type through a similar triangle.
Behind the rising meritocracy: market, politics, and cultural change in urban China ☆

Abstract Research on reforming China has documented a clear trend of rising meritocracy in the allocation of rewards and career opportunities. This article examines three competing theoretical perspectives and explores their implications on what causes Chinese organizations to adopt merit-based reward and sanctioning practices. While the market perspective emphasizes organizational exposure to competitive market, the political perspective points to state control and supervision. Rooted in the new institutional theory of organizations, the cultural perspective suggests organizational exposure and susceptibility to Western managerial models as the chief determinants. Regression analysis of data collected from two Chinese cities yields the following findings. First, nonprofit organizations are less meritocratic than firms, public enterprises are less meritocratic than private/hybrid firms, and Sino-foreign joint ventures are less meritocratic than indigenous private firms. Second, among public enterprises performance emphasis is in general positively associated with budgetary rank and size. These findings lend support to the market and cultural perspectives. There is little evidence for rising meritocracy directly driven by the state.
Consequences of a Refuge for the Predator-Prey Dynamics of a Wolf-Elk System in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

Refugia can affect predator-prey dynamics via movements between refuge and non-refuge areas. We examine the influence of a refuge on population dynamics in a large mammal predator-prey system. Wolves (Canis lupus) have recolonized much of their former range in North America, and as a result, ungulate prey have exploited refugia to reduce predation risk with unknown impacts on wolf-prey dynamics. We examined the influence of a refuge on elk (Cervus elaphus) and wolf population dynamics in Banff National Park. Elk occupy the Banff townsite with little predation, whereas elk in the adjoining Bow Valley experience higher wolf predation. The Banff refuge may influence Bow Valley predator-prey dynamics through source-sink movements. To test this hypothesis, we used 26 years of wolf and elk population counts and the Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis Markov chain Monte Carlo method to fit five predator-prey models: 1) with no source-sink movements, 2) with elk density-dependent dispersal from the refuge to the non-refuge, 3) with elk predation risk avoidance movements from the non-refuge to the refuge, 4) with differential movement rates between refuge and non-refuge, and 5) with short-term, source-sink wolf movements. Model 1 provided the best fit of the data, as measured by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). In the top model, Banff and Bow Valley elk had median growth rates of 0.08 and 0.03 (95% credibility intervals [CIs]: 0.027–0.186 and 0.001–0.143), respectively, Banff had a median carrying capacity of 630 elk (95% CI: 471.9–2676.9), Bow Valley elk had a median wolf encounter rate of 0.02 (95% CI: 0.013–0.030), and wolves had a median death rate of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.146–0.335) and a median conversion efficiency of 0.07 (95% CI: 0.031–0.124). We found little evidence for potential source-sink movements influencing the predator-prey dynamics of this system. This result suggests that the refuge was isolated from the non-refuge.
Absorption of Millimeter Waves by Human Beings and its Biological Implications

With recent advances in millimeter-wave technology, including the availability of high-power sources in this band, it has become necessary to understand the biological implications of this energy for human beings. This paper gives the millimeter-wave absorption efficiency for the human body with and without clothing. Ninety to ninety-five percent of the incident energy may be absorbed in the skin with dry clothing, with or without an intervening air gap, acting as an impedance transformer. On account of the submillimeter depths of penetration in the skin, superficial SAR'S as high as 65-357 W/Kg have been calculated for power density of incident radiation corresponding to the ANSI guideline of 5 mW/cm/sup 2/. Because most of the millimeter-wave absorption is in the region of the cutaneous thermal receptors (0.1 - 1.0 mm), the sensations of absorbed energy are likely to be similar to those of IR. For the latter, threshold of heat perception is near 0.67 mW/cm/sup 2/, with power densities on the order of 8.7 mW/cm/sup 2/ likely to cause sensations of "very warm to hot" with a latency of 1.0+-0.6s. Calculations are made for thresholds of hearing of pulsed millimeter waves. Pulsed energy densities of 143-579 µJ/cm/sup 2/ are obtained for the frequency band 30-300 GHz. These are 8-28 times larger than the threshold for microwaves below 3 GHz. The paper also points to the need for evaluation of ocular effects of millimeter-wave irradiation because of high SAR's in the cornea.
Why Professionals Lie: The Impact of Professional Role Conflict on Reporting Accuracy

Abstract A model of professional reporting accuracy was developed from role theory hypothesizing that professionals may react to the conflict between bureaucratic and professional expectations by behaving according to either the bureaucratic or the professional role, but reporting having behaved according to the other role. Supporting the hypothesis, participants reported a greater likelihood of misreporting in situations involving professional role conflict than in those not involving conflict. This effect was greater for those at lower levels of moral development. Additionally, participants highly committed to the profession reported equally accurately to other members of the profession regardless of conflict level, whereas the reporting accuracy of those less committed to the profession was a function of professional role conflict. Those high in organizational commitment had a propensity to report more accurately to the organization and its agents than those with low commitment to the organization. Explanations and implications of the findings are discussed.
Management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: related duodenal perforations

As the performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, especially endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), has increased since 1968, so has the incidence of duodenal perforations. The frequency of ERCP use varies among hospitals and depends on the availability of trained endocopists, equipment, and facilities. A retrospective review of ERCP-related perforations to the duodenum was conducted to identify their incidence, optimal management, and clinical outcome. Charts were reviewed for the following data: ERCP indication, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, time to diagnosis and treatment, type of injury, management, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome. From April 1999 to February 2008, 4,358 ERCP were performed, 15 of which (0.34%) resulted in perforation to the duodenum. Only four of the perforations were discovered during ERCP, with another eight requiring computed tomography or abdominal radiography for diagnosis. Surgery was performed for 13 of the patients (87%), and 2 patients died (15%). One patient was managed conservatively with a successful outcome. Nine patients underwent surgery within 24 h after the ERCP, with only one patient undergoing surgery after 24 h. The overall mortality rate was 20% (3 of 15 patients). Clinical and radiographic features can be used to determine the surgical or conservative treatment of ERCP-related duodenal perforations, whereas patient age and intraoperative findings can determine the final outcome and morbidity or mortality. The interval between the perforation and the operation is of great significance. The mortality rate increases dramatically with late surgical management (>24 h). An algorithm for the selective management of ERCP-induced duodenal perforations is proposed.
An examination of students' motivation in engineering service courses

To increase the number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates, educators need to identify ways to increase student persistence from entry until graduation. The objectives of this study are to determine (1) if motivation affects learning outcomes in engineering service courses and (2) whether students' level of motivation tracks with specific engineering disciplines. Students enrolled in a sophomore-level engineering service course were surveyed to examine their motivation in engineering service courses and to assess the relationship between their motivation and their achievement and desire to persist in the engineering discipline. The survey measures for self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in engineering were created and evaluated during an initial pilot study. Initial results showed internal consistency among the items in each measure.
The solvation of carbenes: π and O-ylidic complexes of p-nitrophenylchlorocarbene.

p-Nitrophenylchlorocarbene (PNPCC) was studied by laser flash photolysis with UV-vis detection in solution at ambient temperature. The π → p (316 nm) and a - p (628 nm) absorptions of PNPCC were replaced in π- or O-donor solvents by absorptions due to π- or O-ylidic complexes or O-ylides. Donors included anisole, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene, diethyl ether, 18-crown-6, and dibenzo-18-crown-6. Suggestive evidence was also obtained for weak π-complexation of PNPCC by benzene. Computational studies aided in understanding the carbene complex and O-ylide absorption spectra, and they provided structures and energetics for these species.
The Case of Lisa and The Assimilation Model: The Interrelatedness of Problematic Voices

This study examines Lisa, a successful case of emotion-focused therapy, using the assimilation model as a lens to view and understand her changes. The assimilation model construes problems as voices, or parts of the self, that are unwanted and kept separate from other voices in the community that constitute the self. Progress in therapy, then, is construed as increasing the assimilation or integration of problematic voices into the community. Lisa made significant progress assimilating two distinct but related voices, described as movement through the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Sequence. In the course of the analysis, the case of Lisa also informed the assimilation model by raising issues concerning the interrelatedness of problems and the dynamic nature of assimilation in the context of a multivoiced self.
An Immunologic Classification of Heterotypic Antibody Responses to Adenoviruses in Man

SummaryStudies of heterotypic antibody responses in volunteers infected or immunized with adenoviruses indicate the presence of 3 distinct immunologic groups of serotypes. These groups correspond to an earlier classification of adenoviruses by Rosen which was based on varying patterns of agglutination of rat and rhesus monkey erythrocytes. Review of published epidemiologic studies reveals a strong association of heterotypic antibody responses after natural illness with the classification described. Some interpretations of the role of this classification in the epidemiology of adenoviruses is offered and the possibility of a broadly effective vaccine prepared from serotypes representing the three immunologic groups is suggested.
Application of the theory of finite mixtures for the estimation of ‘cure’ rates of treated cancer patients

I assume the survival function of treated cancer patients to be a mixture of two subpopulations, with c equal to the proportion who will die of other causes, and 1--c the proportion who will die of their disease. Using census data, I estimate the parameters of the survival distribution of those patients dying of other causes, and then use follow-up data to determine the maximum likelihood estimates of the proportion constant c and the parameters of the survival function of those dying of their disease. I illustrate the methodology using data from a prospective clinical trial in breast cancer.
Treatment of diverticulitis of the large intestine and its complications

There is no intra-abdominal surgical condition requiring more judgment concerning the indications for definitive surgery or the management of acute complications than diverticulitis. It is my feeling from observing the service cases in hospitals with which I am associated that more errors are made by doing too much than too little during the surgical procedure. This applies to the acute emergencies and also to the elective operations.
Psychological issues in the evaluation and treatment of tension-type headache.

Tension-type headache (TTH) is a common disease that is usually minimally impairing. However, more chronic TTH can be associated with significant disability and psychological comorbidity. Psychological assessment can help elucidate the biopsychosocial issues that complicate TTH and reveal the patient’s coping styles. Psychological therapies, such as relaxation training, cognitive behavioral therapy, and biofeedback, may be helpful in reducing the frequency of TTHs and decrease the associated disability. Special populations, including pediatric patients, pregnant patients, and geriatric patients, may especially benefit from psychological interventions. Further work needs to be done in researching the effects of psychological treatments and making them available to a wider population.
Pointing performance of an aircraft-to-ground optical communications link

We present results of the acquisition and pointing system from successful aircraft-to-ground optical communication demonstrations performed at JPL and nearby at the Table Mountain Facility. Pointing acquisition was accomplished by first using a GPS/INS system to point the aircraft transceiver's beam at the ground station which was equipped with a wide-field camera for acquisition, then locking the ground station pointing to the aircraft's beam. Finally, the aircraft transceiver pointing was locked to the return beam from the ground. Before we began the design and construction of the pointing control system we obtained flight data of typical pointing disturbances on the target aircraft. We then used these data in simulations of the acquisition process and of closed-loop operation. These simulations were used to make design decisions. Excellent pointing performance was achieved in spite of the large disturbances on the aircraft by using a direct-drive brushless DC motor gimbal which provided both passive disturbance isolation and high pointing control loop bandwidth.
Pattern Generators in Locomotion: Implications for Recovery of Walking After Spinal Cord Injury

The role of the human spinal cord in complex processing of sensory information during locomotion has traditionally been thought to be minimal compared to other mammals. However, the evidence from experimental models of animals after spinal transection demonstrates that the spinal cord of at least some adult mammals can execute full weight bearing stepping independent of brain input. The interaction of sensory information derived from the moving limbs with central pattern generators in the spinal cord have been identified as important components of the neural control of locomotion. Some of the features of central pattern generation important for successful locomotion in animals include recognition of order of neural events, interpretation of patterns of sensory input in a state-dependent manner, and the availability of multiple neural circuits for successful stepping. If the human has similar potential to generate locomotion based on circuits within the spinal cord, then taking advantage of these mechanism...
Migration/immigration, domestic violence and the justice system

The article presents available research on the experiences of immigrant women who have encountered intimate violence, and examines the common and unique features of abuse suffered by immigrant women relative to nonimmigrant women. It first addresses the social meaning of an appropriate female behavior in immigrant communities. It highlights the dynamics of intimate abuse of immigrant women, special tactics batterers used to control them, and the coping mechanisms of immigrant women victims of abuse. The article then examines the help‐seeking behavior of immigrant women, with a special focus on the way in which immigration status and domestic violence interact within the health and justice systems. The article concludes with policy recommendations that address issues of immigration, domestic violence experienced by immigrant women, and the justice system's response to their plight.
The school breakfast program and cognition in adolescents.

We studied cognitive function and metabolic status in a group of healthy adolescents fed the govermment supplied breakfast (n = 18) versus a control group (n = 16) fed a very low calorie meal. Serum glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate levels were repeatedly measured at predetermined intervals throughout t
A study of the ionization produced in various gases by cosmic radiation

To study the ionization produced in various gases by cosmic radiation, four geometrically similar brass chambers differing greatly in size were used with the Gish-Sherman ionization apparatus. Each of the chambers filled with the gas being studied was placed in an iron house with walls ten cm thick. The residual ionization was determined by using the method of Hess. By plotting the ionization in the several chambers as ordinate and the ratio of wall area to volume as abscissa, and extrapolating for infinite volume, the amount of cosmic radiation without any secondary radiation from the walls was obtained.
A Study of the Average Real Contact Pressure Between Rough Surfaces

It is well known that the friction, wear, fatigue life, and contact resistance (electrical and thermal) are dependent on the contact between the rough profiles of the surfaces. Several different techniques have been used to model this contact (fractal, wavelet, statistical, multiscale, and deterministic methods). Several of these methods have found that the relationship between the real area of contact and load is linear. This suggests that there is a constant contact pressure between two surfaces (the average real contact pressure). Somewhat surprisingly, several works have found that this pressure may be greater than traditional hardness, even when the contact is heavily loaded and the contacts are deforming plastically. This mechanism is often called the asperity persistence. The current work uses a recent multiscale contact model and other theories to explain this mechanism and to help predict the average real contact pressure, especially during heavily loaded contacts.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Dynamics of NO produced by photodissociation of t-butyl nitrite on Ag(111)

Abstract The dynamics of NO ejected by the 248 nm photodissociation of t-butyl nitrite, (CH3)3CONO, adsorbed on Ag(111) has been examined. A trimodal NO velocity distribution is observed. The velocity distribution varies with the detection angle and coverage and is consistent with a model in which direct excitation of t-butyl nitrite is followed by prompt dissociation to form nitric oxide which desorbs along one of three distinguishable trajectories involving: (1) no intervening capture or collisions, (2) one or a few intervening collisions without complete thermalization, and (3) equilibration with the substrate temperature.
Glycosidically bound volatile components of Nicotiana sylvestris and N. suaveolens flowers

Abstract Glycosidically bound volatile components were extracted from flowers of Nicotiana sylvestris and N. suaveolens and isolated using liquid column chromatography with an Amberlite XAD-2 resin. These glycosides, which were putative precursors of fragrance compounds, were hydrolysed enzymatically and a number of the volatiles released were subsequently identified by GC-MS including compounds not previously identified in the floral headspace of these species. Average yields of volatiles released from glycosides were ca 230 and 1050 μg g−1 for N. sylvestris and N. suaveolens flowers, respectively. Compounds in the glycosidically bound fraction were all phenylpropanoid-derived volatiles (e.g. benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, E-cinnamyl alcohol, benzyl salicylate) with the exception of the monoterpene α-terpineol. No pronounced diurnal changes in the levels of glycosidically bound volatile compounds could be noted from flowers of either species. However, pronounced differences were obtained in the concentrations of glycosidically bound volatiles at different floral maturity stages.
Hormonal content and ultrastructure of the disconnected neural lobe of the grass frog (Rana pipiens).

Abstract Based on changes in ultrastructure and vasotocin content, two postoperative phases can be distinguished in the neural lobes disconnected from the hypothalamus. During the first phase (first 2 days after transection) only very few axons start to degenerate, and the vasotocin content does not differ from that of the control glands. Axons filled with tubular formations are more numerous than in the controls. The second phase (6th to 9th postoperative days) is characterized by the degeneration of most of the neurosecretory axons and by a dramatic fall in the vasotocin content of the glands. During this phase, the number of Golgi complexes in the pituicytes increases considerably. Simultaneously, the appearance of well organized canaliculi lined by pituicytes is observed. A second cell type, in addition to pituicytes, is observed in the second phase. These cells have a charteristic nucleus and a cytoplasm mainly occupied by rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. The pituicytic reorganization and the appearance of a new type of cell indicate that the chronically disconnected neural lobe is not a dead formation but a structure that may play some unknown functional role. The capillaries of the disconnected neural lobe are characterized by the widening of the endothelial fenestrations and the disappearance of their membrane, which results in a direct communication between the capillary lumen and the perivascular space. White blood cells are densely packed against the capillary walls, and most of these cells have processes that penetrate the endothelial openings and contact the perivascular basement membrane.
Cell attachment and neurite stability in NG108-15 cells: effects of 5'-deoxy, 5'-methyl thioadenosine (MTA) compared with laminin, kinase inhibitor H-7, and Mn2+ ions.

Abstract Methylation inhibitors such as 5′-deoxy, 5′-methyl thioadenosine (MTA) have been shown to exert an intriguing spectrum of effects upon neural cells: inhibiting responses to nerve growth factor in PC12 cells; stimulating outgrowth of rapid-onset neurites in NG108-15 cells; inhibiting the resorption and remodelling of these rapid-onset neurites; and inducing fibroblasts to extend long, multipolar, branched processes. To learn whether the apparently diverse effects of these agents might reflect some common underlying cellular sites of action, we examined simpler, short-term effects of MTA upon cell attachment and stability of rapid-onset neurites in NG108-15 cells, and compared the effects with those produced by the kinase inhibitor H-7, substratum-bound laminin, or Mn2+ ions. MTA was shown to selectively enhance the response of cells and their neurites in attaching to their substrata, without inducing other ‘adhesive’ responses such as cell spreading or motility. The data suggest that MTA activates or increases the effectiveness of ‘attachment receptors’, and that this at least partially explains its neurite-promoting effects. While it is still premature to propose a common mechanism of action for MTA and related agents, all of their known effects thus appear to involve modulating responses generated at cell-surface receptors. A further clue is that kinase C activity appears to be critical, since cells pretreated with phorbol esters for 24 h (which down-regulated levels of kinase C) selectively failed to extend neurites in response to MTA, but responded normally to laminin and Mn2+ ions.
Sensitization in atopic and non‐atopic hairdressers with hand eczema

To investigate the capability of atopics to be sensitized to contact allergens, 143 hairdressers with hand eczema, who had been patch tested with the hairdresser's series, were studied. The 125 women and 18 men were grouped according to their personal atopic status. There were 45 eczematous atopics, 32 mucous membrane atopics and 66 non-atopics. Sensitization to at least one of the hairdressing chemicals was found in 60% of the eczematous atopics, 53% of the mucous membrane atopics and 58% of the non-atopics. The commonest sensitizer in each group was glyceryl monothioglycolate followed by para-phenylenediamine and related dyes. None of the 18 men were allergic to nickel but 40% of the women were thus sensitized. Jewelry rather than equipment was thought to be the cause. No significant difference was found between the eczematous atopics, mucous membrane atopics and non-atopics in their capacity to be sensitized to hairdressing allergens or to nickel.
Intermediate steps in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid from farnesyl pyrophosphate in Cercospora rosicola

Abstract The following [1- 14 C]labelled substrates were not converted to abscisic acid by Cercospora rosicola resuspensions: trans -α-dihydroionylideneethanol and its pyrophosphate, cis -α-dihydroionylideneethanol and its pyrophosphate, trans -γ-dihydroionylideneethanol and its pyrophosphate, ( E , E , E )-dehydrofarnesol, and ( E , E , Z )-dehydrofarnesol. It was not possible to test the conversion of ( E , E , E )-dehydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate to abscisic acid because of the instability of this substrate. The results have further narrowed the range of possible pathways between farnesyl pyrophosphate and abscisic acid, but they do not permit assignment of an unequivocal sequence of reactions.
PS2-01: DISparities and Culture: Outcomes in Vitality Research (DISCOVeR) Program

Background/Aims National health priorities include reduction of health disparities among racial/ethnic minorities. The cultural and linguistic diversity in the Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAMF) service areas presented a compelling case for improving the collection of race, ethnicity, ancestry and primary language (R/E/A/L) data to accurately assess and address health disparities across all racial/ethnic groups.
Postfasting Dietary Protein Requirements of Induced Molted Hens

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement of induced molted hens during the postfast recovery period. In a temperature-controlled room, Single Comb White Leghorn hens (97 wk of age) were induced to molt for a second time by feed deprivation. After losing 30% of their body weight, they received a corn-soy diet containing 17.0, 14.8, 13.5, or 12.4% protein until the first egg was produced. In each diet, total sulfur amino acids were supplemented to provide a level equal to 5.0% of the protein. Average daily protein intakes were 17.2, 15.7, 13.4, and 11.9 g/day, respectively, for hens fed diets containing 17.0, 14.8, 13.0, and 12.4% protein. Times required from the end of the fast until the first egg produced were 28.0, 28.2, 28.5, and 31.0 days, respectively. Dietary protein level did not significantly influence the time required to begin egg production, body weight at Egg 1, or the hen-day production rate. Three hens from each treatment were sacrificed at Egg 1. No differences were seen in the weight of the left breast muscle, liver, abdominal fat pad, ovary plus ova and oviduct, or in the percent of carcass moisture, fat, or protein. Under the controlled environmental conditions of this experiment, the 12.4% protein diet with supplemental methionine met the postfasting dietary protein requirement.
Combustion of a spherical carbon particle in slow viscous flow

In this paper a theory for the quasisteady behavior of a carbon particle in the slow viscous flow of an oxidizing ambient gas is developed. Oxidation and gasification of carbon through the heterogeneous surface reactions C + 1/2O{sub 2} {yields} CO and C + CO{sub 2} {yields} 2CO are combined with the concept of a flame sheet in the gas to represent the chemical kinetics. The heterogeneous reactions produce radial convection from the particle, which couples with ambient convection and diffusion to affect the rate of particle mass loss and the nature of the flame sheet. Both the radial convection and the ambient convection are of the same order and are characterized by a mass loss parameter and a Reynolds number defining the slow viscous flow. The theory predicts that the particle mass loss rate is increased relative to that for spherically symmetric combustion, and that the drag is decreased relative to that prevailing in the absence of chemical reaction.