cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holographic integrated optical circuits

ABSTRACT We propose a new type of planar optical circuits; the holographiccircuit. The light is confined to its path by gratings along the path direction. 2.INTRODUCTION The need for large throughput, simplicity and 1ease of alignment yield an intense research effort in integrated planar optics . 2Bragg reflectors slay a major role in planar optics; mirrors and couplers , spectral filters and crossover interconnect4 . of the guides are made of gratings Nevertheless,5 Bragg waveguides, where the sidewalls have not found a proper use. This ismainly because of their early realization, fabricated by interlacing layers ofdifferent refractive indices on top of each other6 , which made them very unsuitable for laying out a two dimensional patterns. Here, we propose a newapproach to optical waveguides using transverse Bragg waveguides: 1 . The gratings which laterally confine the optical wave, are patterned transversely, parallel to the planar structure as shown in Figure 1 . 2. By using higherorders of the Bragg condition, mode shaping of the propagating beam may be
Comparative in vitro activity of cephalosporins

The in vitro activity of cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cefoxitin, cephamycin C, cepharadine and cefazolin was determined against 443 isolates of bacteria. At a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml, all of the cephalosporins inhibited more than 60% of the isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. At the same concentration, cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephamycin C and cefazolin inhibited more than 90% of isolates of proteus mirabilis. All of the cephalosporins except cephalothin and cephapirin inhibited over 60% of isolates of Escherichia coli at a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml. Cefoxitin was the most active cephalosporin against gram-negative bacilli. There was substantial differences in the activity of cephalosporins against gram-positive cocci. Cephaloridine was the most active cephalosporin against these organisms. There was considerable fluctuation in the proportion of isolates of gram-negative bacilli susceptible to these cephalosporins from year to year, but there was no evidence to suggest that the number of resistant isolates was increasing.
Time fractional IHCP with Caputo fractional derivatives

The numerical solution of the time fractional inverse heat conduction problem (TFIHCP) on a finite slab is investigated in the presence of measured (noisy) data when the time fractional derivative is interpreted in the sense of Caputo. A finite difference space marching scheme with adaptive regularization, using mollification techniques, is introduced. Error estimates are derived for the numerical solution of the mollified problem and several numerical examples of interest are provided.
Design and investigation of a Ru(II) N-heterocyclic complex which undergoes proton coupled electron transfer

Abstract A novel tridentating ligand containing a single ionizable proton was designed for studying proton coupled electron transfer. The ligand was synthesized by derivatizing 2,2′-bipyridine at the 6-position with benzimidazole (bpy–bzimH), and it was used to prepare the compound [Ru(bpy–bzimH) 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 . Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the redox behavior in an aprotic (0.1 M TBAH–CH 2 Cl 2 ) and protic (1:1 acetonitrile–water buffered solutions) solvent conditions where the latter was employed to characterize the pH-dependence of the Ru(III/II) couple. The redox potential as a function of pH was plotted and reveals a one-proton/one-electron transfer in two separate pH regions (1.39–2.58, and 5.92–7.97), while a two-proton/one-electron process was exhibited between 2.58 and 5.92.
Isoflurane Enhances the Moonlighting Activity of GAPDH: Implications for GABAA Receptor Trafficking

receptor activity is directly modulated by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a protein with many nonglycolytic moonlighting functions. In addition to playing a role in the phosphorylation of the receptor, GAPDH may also participate in proper receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. We previously showed that volatile anesthetics affect GAPDH structure and function that may contribute to the manner by which GAPDH modulates the receptor. In the current study, GAPDH interacted with engineered phospholipid-containing vesicles, preferring association with phosphatidylserine over phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidyl-serine is known to participate in membrane trafficking of transport proteins and to play a role in receptor stability and function. We observed that GAPDH promoted the self-association and fusion of phosphatidyl-serine-rich vesicles as well as decreased membrane fluidity. Isoflurane enhanced each of these GAPDH-mediated events. Isoflurane also increased the binding of GAPDH to the cytoplasmic loop of the receptor. These observations are consistent with the working model of isoflurane playing a role in the trafficking of membrane proteins. This study is the first to implicate GAPDH and isoflurane in the regulation of receptor localization, providing insight into the mechanism of action of anesthesia.
Glutamine, cancer, and its therapy*

Objective This overview on glutamine, cancer and its therapy discusses some of the in vitro and in vivo work on glutamine and tumor growth, and summarizes animal and human data on the potential benefits of glutamine in the tumor-bearing host receiving radiation or chemotherapy. Background Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body. A tumor can act as a “glutamine trap,” depleting host glutamine stores and resulting in cachexia. In vitro evidence of the dependence of tumor growth on glutamine has deterred its use in the clinic setting. Methods Data from a variety of investigations studying glutamine's interaction with the tumorbearing host receiving radiation or chemotherapy were compiled and summarized. Results A large body of evidence in vivo suggests that supplemental glutamine does not make tumors grow but in fact results in decreased growth through stimulation of the immune system. When given with radiation or chemotherapy, glutamine protects the host and actually increases the selectivity of therapy for the tumor. Conclusion Further prospective randomized trials are needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy in humans undergoing radiation and chemotherapy.
EVAL - an evaluation component for mobile interfaces

The Eval Tool is a usability evaluation environment which can be used to evaluate users an their behaviour while they interact with their pervasive computing environment via a mobile phone interface. The tool supports audio-visual recordings of several users and automatically annotates and synchronizes them with context data emerging from the pervasive environment. The annotation of video material with contextual information is important for the analysis of user studies and the detection of usability issues. The EVAL Tool consists of a recorder and a analyzer component. Using the recorder component the capturing of the videos and the logging of the context can be controlled whereas the analyzer components helps to interpret the user study.
Review of Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures by Asko Sarja

In the closing decades of the last century, biologists found it apparent that our human activity was having a severe impact on other life, on the planet, and even on our own health. It was a short journey from that realization to recognizing needs to develop sustainable approaches to all our activities—including building and civil structures. Recognizing this important need, Sarja targets this book to architects, structural engineers, civil engineers, construction clients, and standards organizations. It is his intent to provide ‘‘methods and methodologies for structural design to meet the requirements of sustainable development during the entire service life of structures, and thus to achieve a good life-cycle quality.’’ The result is supposed to guide the targeted audiences to make environmentally-oriented designs that reduce energy consumption and maximize the opportunity to both recycle the building for future-use changes and recycle the material used to construct the building. He presents vague introductions to several tools used in aidedanalytical decision processes ~like engineering economic analysis, quality function deployment method, multiattribute decision analysis! without recognizing their limitations and weaknesses. Texts on decision theory or even introductory texts on organiza-
Spectral sensitivity functions derived from brightness matching: implication of intensity invariance for color-vision models ― comment

The author points out two errors in a reference in a paper by Elzinga and de Weert [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A3, 1173 ( 1986)] and their failure to acknowledge the magnitude scaling aspect of B. C. Wilson’s work [ WilsonB. C., Ph.D. dissertation ( University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964)].
Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on in vivo cerebral tumorigenesis in rats.

OBJECTIVE In vitro evidence suggests that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the early and delayed effects of recombinant human bFGF on the early and late phases of in vivo, in situ tumorigenesis in rats. METHODS Brain tumors were induced by transplacentally exposing fetal rats to N-nitrosoethylurea on Day 17 of pregnancy. On postnatal (PN) Day 60 or 90, N-nitrosoethylurea-exposed rats underwent stereotactic intraventricular implantation of Gelfoam saturated with bFGF (60 micrograms) or vehicle; the rats were killed 4 days (early group) or 30 days (delayed group) later. The early and delayed effects of bFGF on the early phase of tumorigenesis (PN Day 60) were evaluated in 14 and 10 rats, respectively; early and delayed effects on the late phase of tumorigenesis (PN Day 90) were evaluated in 12 rats each. RESULTS Histological examination 30 days after implantation showed a significantly higher tumor rate in rats that had been treated with bFGF on PN Day 90, compared with vehicle-treated control rats (P < 0.05); furthermore, in the bFGF-treated animals there was significantly greater intratumoral and periventricular glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, as determined immunohistochemically. Increased vascularity in the tumor ipsilateral to the implant was found in 2 of 14 rats that had been treated with bFGF on PN Day 60. CONCLUSION These findings support in vitro evidence that bFGF and its receptor complex are implicated in the genesis and progression of N-nitrosoethylurea-induced brain tumors in this animal model.
Motion as Motivation: Using Repetitive Flexion Movements to Stimulate the Approach System

Abstract Research suggests that having a healthy approach system is critical for adaptive emotional functioning. The goal of the current study ( n = 186 undergraduates) was to determine the efficacy of an easy-to-disseminate and cost-efficient strategy for stimulating this system. The experiment tested the effects of repeated flexion movements (rFM) on approach system activation as measured by both self-report (BAS scales) and behavior. The results showed that rFM increased approach system motivation in men but not women. Men who completed the rFM task reported significantly greater levels of fun-seeking motivation than men in the control task. Moreover, the rFM task led to changes in actual behavior. Men who completed the rFM task exhibited significantly greater persistence on a difficult laboratory task than men in the control task. In contrast, women who completed the rFM task reported significantly lower levels of fun seeking and tended to exhibit less persistence on a difficult laboratory task than women in the control task. These results provide support for embodied theories of emotion as well as additional evidence for a gender difference in approach–avoidance tendencies.
Dominance as a function of cue similarity: A test of the intrinsic cue dominance model☆

Abstract A nonselective model postulating intrinsic cue dominance was tested in simultaneous discrimination tasks involving reversal on one dimension. In this procedure two dimensions are relevant throughout training; however, following initial discrimination training the reward contingency is reversed for one dimension but maintained for the other. Cue dominance was assessed following acquisition of reversal by the use of opposed-cues test trials, and was defined as a greater number of choices of the test compound containing the positive cue of the reversed dimension than of the test compound containing the positive cue of the maintained dimension. In Experiment I, brightness cues dominated orientation cues. In Experiment II, which employed two different sets of relevant cues, more disparate brightness cues dominated the orientation cues for one set and orientation cues dominated less disparate brightness cues for the other. From this, it was concluded that dominance is a function of relative cue similarity.
Effect of Salt and Phosphate on the Texture and Color Stability of Restructured Beef Steaks

The effect of salt and phosphate on the textural and color properties of restructured beef steaks was investigated. Restructured steaks were manufactured from U.S. Choice beef chucks to contain one of four salt-phosphate levels: 0.0%–0.0% (control); 0.5%–0.0%; 0.0%–0.5%; and 0.2%–0.2%, respectively. Salt and phosphate (0.2% each) decreased cooking loss and increased bind equal to phosphate (0.5%) alone. Phosphate reduced the amount of oxidation. All steaks decreased in redness over the period of frozen storage. The addition of phosphate to restructured beef steaks containing salt enhanced texture with no deterimental effects on color.
Numerical solution of a hyperbolic free boundary problem with a method of characteristics

For a free boundary problem for a linear hyperbolic system in one space dimension with two unknowns we discuss a numerical algorithm which combines the method of characteristics and the front tracking method. We prove quadratic resp. linear convergence and illustrate this with numerical examples.
Creating Localized Mixing Stations within Microfluidic Channels

Simulations show how the flow and phase behavior of binary fluids in microchannels can be regulated by introducing solvophilic and solvophobic patches onto the underlying substrate. Depending on the arrangement of these patches, the two fluids can be driven to “switch” positions or undergo extensive mixing within a specific region of the channel. The results open the possibility for creating spatially controlled reaction chambers within microfluidic devices.
A mid-latitude Asian circulation anomaly pattern in boreal summer and its connection with the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons

Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–98, this study identifies a dominant pattern for the interannual variation of upper-level winds over mid-latitude Asia in boreal summer. This pattern, called the mid-latitude Asian summer (MAS) pattern, features two anomalous anticyclones: one centred at 37.5° N, 65° E and the other at 42.5° N, 130° E. The MAS pattern significantly influences East Asian summer monsoon variability. In the positive phase of the MAS pattern, contrasting meridional wind anomalies between eastern China and Japan lead to above- and below-normal summer rainfall in north China and south Japan respectively. The year-to-year change of the MAS pattern is related to that of the Indian summer rainfall, especially in central and northern India. Thus, the MAS pattern plays a role in connecting anomalous Indian heating with the East Asian summer monsoon variability. The East Asian anomalous anticyclone displays a southeastward shift after the late 1970s. This results in a similar change of anomalous summer rainfall regions in East Asia. The West Asian anomalous anticyclone moves northeastward after the late 1970s. The relation of the MAS pattern with the Indian summer rainfall experienced an obvious weakening in the late 1970s. As a result, the statistical relation between the Indian and north China summer rainfall becomes weak after the late 1970s. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of a tachinid parasitoid, Ormia ochracea, on the behaviour and reproduction of its male and female field cricket hosts (Gryllus spp)

Abstract The larvae of the tachinid parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea , develop within the body of their host, the field crickets Gryllus integer and Gryllus rubens . The fly will also develop within the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus , which is not the natural host. For the first 3 days after entering a cricket, the first instar larvae grew inside the large thoracic muscles, but did little damage to the muscles during this time. They then migrated into the abdomen where they moulted, attached themselves to the body wall and fed primarily on the host's muscle and fat body, sparing the digestive system and CNS. Usually the host's reproductive system was only partially damaged. After the larvae entered the abdominal cavity, the host's mating, egg-laying and fighting ability (males) declined. This decline probably occurred due to the tissue damage wrought by the parasitoid. Less energy-demanding behaviours, such as grooming and feeding, were not affected during the entire period of infestation. During the first instar (when the parasitoid is embedded in the host's muscle), male crickets showed an increased tendency to attack other males. This increased incidence of agonistic behaviour occurred before the parasitoid caused significant tissue damage to the host and must therefore have been due to some other effect of the parasitoid.
Preparation and spectral characteristics of all-trans-and a cis-phytofluene

Abstract A method for the isolation of a cis - and all- trans -phytofluene is described, and some spectral data are given for these two compounds.
Susceptibility of human diploid fibroblast strains to transformation by SV40 virus.

A quantitative system has been developed for the study of transformation of human diploid fibroblasts in culture by two oncogenic viruses, SV40 and the E46 strain of adeno 7-SV40 "hybrid" virus. Seven of the eleven cell strains derived from human skin biopsies when infected with SV40 (109 tissue culture infective doses per milliliter) gave rise to transformed colonies with approximately the same frequency (0.03 percent). Two strains derived from patients with Fanconi9s anemia, an autosomal recessive disease associated with a high incidence of chromosome abnormalities and spontaneous neoplasms, gave values more than ten times higher. Two strains from persons heterozygous for this gene were also considerably more susceptible to viral transformation.
How does financial performance affect marketing? Studying the marketing-finance relationship from a dynamic perspective

In this article, the authors provide a dynamic framework for understanding the relationship between marketing and financial performance. They suggest that firms market to financial markets as well as to consumption markets and that some mixture provides superior long-term performance. The authors discuss the potential pitfalls of overemphasizing one market to the detriment of another and then provide a theoretical model of the factors that influence the extent of marketing to financial markets. This is followed by a discussion of implications for theory, practice, and future research.
Abstract P3-12-06: Statin use and outcome among breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: Statins are cholesterol-reducing agents that affect intracellular pathways associated with tumorigenesis and inflammation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins have anti-tumor effects and epidemiological studies have suggested that the use of HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors is associated with improved long-term outcomes among breast cancer patients. In this study we sought to evaluate the effect of statins in the pathologic complete response (pCR) and survival outcomes among breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy (NST). METHODS: Retrospective study including patients diagnosed between 1995-2007 with invasive primary breast cancer. All patients received neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Use of statins during NST was identified by review of medical records. We compared pCR rate, relapse-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) between statin-users and non-users. pCR was defined as no evidence of invasive carcinoma in the breast and axillary lymph nodes at the time of surgery. Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards model were used in the analyses. RESULTS: From the 1449 patients included, 74 (5.11%) were treated with statin during NST. Statin users were more likely to be older, overweight/obese and more likely to be also treated with beta-blockers or metformin. No differences in pCR were observed according to statin use (16.2% vs 17.6% p = 0.75). In the multivariable model, the use of statin was not an independent predictor of pCR. With 55 months of follow-up (415 recurrences and 359 deaths), the 5-year RFS was 82% in the statin-treated patients and 70% in the non-statin treated group (p = 0.03), no differences were seen in DSS or OS. Subset analyses according to tumor subtype demonstrated patients with hormone receptor-positive tumors treated with statins had better 5-year RFS (93% vs 76%; p = 0.01). In the multivariable model, no association was observed between statin use and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of patients, statin use during NST was not independently associated with pCR, RFS, DSS and OS. Further studies with larger number of statin-treated patients are warranted to clarify the role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer patients. In addition future studies should evaluate the effect of prolonged statin use and take the different type of statin subtype into account. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-12-06.
Prospects for the use of differentiation-modulating agents as adjuvant of photodynamic therapy for proliferative dermatoses

Current interest in photodynamic therapy (PDT) in dermatology stems from its recognized success in dermatological oncology, straightforward approach, easy accessibility and low cost. PDT is a photochemistry-based modality in which a light-activated photosensitizer (PS) destroys tissue through oxygen-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Although PDT has been used in dermatology for several decades, its application has still not extended significantly into the routine management of neoplastic and proliferative dermatoses because of continuing issues with the selectivity of the PS for affected tissues. This review analyzes prospects for optimization of PDT for the management of dermatoses with defects in keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation, and discusses the use of differentiating agents that redirect metabolic utilization within cells and lead to high levels of PS accumulation.
Association between formal operational thought and executive function as measured by the Tower of Hanoi-Revised

Abstract Executive functions have been defined in the neuropsychological literature as those cognitive processes that underlie future-oriented, goal-directed behavior such as planning, working memory, inhibition, and self-monitoring. Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, formal operations, involves a systematic approach to problem solving that appears to overlap with many cognitive skills associated with executive function. The current study was designed to assess the degree to which formal operational reasoning, as measured by the Logical Reasoning Task (LRT; Burney, 1974 ) predicted performance on one measure of executive function, the Tower of Hanoi-Revised (TOH-R; ( Welsh & Huizinga, 2001 ) [Welsh, M. C., & Huizinga, M. (2001). The development and preliminary validation of the Tower of Hanoi-Revised. Assessment, 8 (2), 167–176]. A sample of 47 college students were administered the TOH-R, LRT, as well as tests of working memory, procedural learning, and fluid reasoning. The results indicated significant associations between formal operational thought and both fluid reasoning and TOH-R performance. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed that formal operational thought as demonstrated on the LRT was a stronger predictor of TOH-R performance than was fluid intelligence. These findings suggest that both inductive reasoning and the hypothetico-deductive processes characteristic of formal operations contribute to executive function.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of the intramolecular isomerization of [Fe(SCH3(CO)3]4

Abstract The kinetics and thermodynamics of the isomerization of syn- and anti-[Fe(SCH3)(CO3)]2 were investigated over the temperature range 40–70°C in chloroform and other solvents. In chloroform the thermodynamic parameters for the isomerization syn → anti are ΔH = 1.4 ± 1.1 kcal/mol, ΔS = 6.0 ± 2.6 cal/mol°K, ΔG298 = −0.4 ± 1.9 kcal/mol. The kinetic parameters for the same reaction are ΔH‡ = 28.4 ± 1.4 kcal/mol , ΔS‡ = 27.9 ± 4.2 cal/mol°K , and ΔG‡ 298 = 21.1 ± 2.6 kcal/mol . The isomerization is first order in both direction and probably involves FeS bond rupture and reformation. The equilibrium constant, Kχ = [anti]/[syn] varies from 1.89 ± 0.22 at 40°C to 2.26 ± 0.18 at 70°C. The rate of isomerization increases with solvent polarity hexane
Sequential therapy with dacarbazine and carmustine: a phase I study.

Depletion of the DNA-repair proteinO6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) increases the sensitivity of cells in culture and of human tumor xenografts to chloroethylnitrosoureas such as carmustine (BCNU). We have previously demonstrated that dacarbazine (DTIC) can deplete AGT activity in cells in culture and in human tumor xenografts. A phase I trial of DTIC followed immediately by BCNU was conducted to determine the DTIC dose resulting in maximal depletion of AGT in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of cancer patients and to determine the maximally tolerated dose of DTIC given as a 4-h infusion immediately prior to a fixed dose of BCNU. A 4-h infusion of DTIC followed by a 2-h infusion of BCNU was given to 42 patients with refractory solid tumors. Complete depletion of AGT activity was not achieved at DTIC doses of up to 750 mg/m2. The dose-limiting toxicity was hematologic, although at higher doses of BCNU (≥100 mg/m2) we observed significant nonhematologic toxicity. Our recommended phase II doses are 1,000 mg/m2 DTIC followed by 75 mg/m2 BCNU. AGT activity in PBMC of the 28 patients studied decreased to a mean of 62%±11% (SE) of the baseline value at 4 h after initiation of the DTIC infusion. At 24 h after initiation of the DTIC infusion, AGT activity in PBMC was depleted to a mean of 65%±14% of the baseline value. There was no direct correlation between the DTIC dose and the extent of AGT depletion. Baseline PBMC AGT levels varied widely among patients.
Non-relativistic solar electron events during December 1990 - Results from Ulysses

Several groups of impulsive flare accelerated nonrelativistic solar electron events occurred in November and December 1990. In a total of 18 separate events, most show the characteristic dispersion in arrival times at the Ulysses spacecraft corresponding to travel time for the various particle energy groups. After maximum development, the electron intensities generally decay smoothly with characteristic times of 10 to 15 hours. In a few cases there are marked departures from this 'classic' behavior. On 15 December 1990, these departures are associated with a structure in the interplanetary magnetic field having a width of about 4 x 10 exp 6 km at 1.37 AU. The particle intensities inside this structure varied greatly with spatial position. Some of the changes occurred over distances as small as 3 x 10 exp 4 km. It is believed that this interplanetary structure had its origin in the complex magnetic fields that overlay the solar active region in which the electron accelerating flares occurred, and that it is these fields near the sun that determine access of the flare accelerated electrons to interplanetary field lines. A solar electron event on 11 December 1990 is similar in many respects to the one on 15 December. Neither of these events is directly related to an interplanetary shock wave.
The Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity prescription with variable α (r)

Almost all hydrodynamic accretion disk models parametrize viscosity with the dimensionless parameter alpha. There is no detailed model for alpha, so it is usually taken to be a constant. However, global simulations of magnetohydrodynamic disks find that alpha varies with distance from the central object. Also, Newtonian simulations tend to find smaller alpha's than general relativistic simulations. We seek a one-dimensional model for alpha that can reproduce these two observations. We are guided by data from six general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic accretion disk simulations. The variation of alpha in the inner, laminar regions of the flow results from stretching of mean magnetic field lines by the flow. The variation of alpha in the outer, turbulent regions results from the dependence of the magnetorotational instability on the dimensionless shear rate. We give a one-dimensional prescription for alpha(r) that captures these two effects and reproduces the radial variation of alpha observed in the simulations. For thin disks, the prescription simplifies to the formula alpha(r)=0.025[q(r)/1.5]^6, where the shear parameter, q(r), is an analytical function of radius in the Kerr metric. The coefficient and exponent are inferred from our simulations and will change as better simulation data becomes available. We conclude that the alpha-viscosity prescription can be extended to the radially varying alpha's observed in simulations. It is possible that Newtonian simulations find smaller alpha's than general relativistic simulations because the shear parameter is lower in Newtonian flows.
The diverse origins and the development of psychology in the USA

Abstract This brief survey of the origins and development of psychology in the USA is meant mainly to compare and contrast the history of American psychology with the histories in other countries. It can only be a partial and incomplete survey; many books and articles have been written about the history of American psychology (e.g. Benjamin, 1992; Evans, Sexton,C Hilgard, 1987), but limitations of space here allow me to reflect only a little of this scholarship. An examination of the development of American psychology is of special interest for several reasons, including: (1) the USA has the largest community of psychologists in the world, and it has more doctorates in psychology than all the other countries combined; (2) the USA has the longest uninterrupted development of modem psychological science of any country; (3) data compiled by agencies of the American Government and by the American Psychological Association provide extensive documentation of the development of American psychol...
Response to letter to the editor: Reversal by ranolazine of doxorubicin-induced prolongation in the inactivation of late sodium current in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Dear Editor We were pleased to learn about the observations of Wu et al. ⇓ related to the effect of ranolazine on doxorubicin-induced changes in the late sodium current that occur in dorsal root …
Luneberg Apodization Problems

Barakat has recently discussed certain apodization problems originally proposed by Luneberg. We present in this note some critical comments on these papers. First is a series of mathematical observations on the analysis used by Barakat to solve the apodization problems. Next, is a criticism of his formulation of these problems, followed by a solution of modified versions of them. Finally, we state some unsolved apodization problems.
Predictors of rear seat belt use among U.S. adults, 2012☆

INTRODUCTION: Seat belt use reduces the risk of injuries and fatalities among motor vehicle occupants in a crash, but belt use in rear seating positions is consistently lower than front seating positions. Knowledge is limited concerning factors associated with seat belt use among adult rear seat passengers. METHODS: Data from the 2012 ConsumerStyles survey were used to calculate weighted percentages of self-reported rear seat belt use by demographic characteristics and type of rear seat belt use enforcement. Multivariable regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios for rear seat belt use, adjusting for person-, household- and geographic-level demographic variables as well as for type of seat belt law in place in the state. RESULTS: Rear seat belt use varied by age, race, geographic region, metropolitan status, and type of enforcement. Multivariable regression showed that respondents living in states with primary (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR): 1.23) and secondary (APR: 1.11) rear seat belt use enforcement laws were significantly more likely to report always wearing a seat belt in the rear seat compared with those living in a state with no rear seat belt use enforcement law. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Several factors were associated with self-reported seat belt use in rear seating positions. Evidence suggests that primary enforcement covering all seating positions is an effective intervention that can be employed to increase seat belt use and in turn prevent motor vehicle injuries to rear-seated occupants. Language: en
MORPHOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE OSTREOPSIS LABENS SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE)1

A new species, Ostreopsis labens Faust et Morton sp. nov., is described from three marine habitats: lagoonal water and lagoonal sand from the barrier reef of Belize, and associated with macroalgae from coral reef habitats of Oshigaki and Iriomote Islands, Japan. Dimensions of Ostreopsis labens cells are 60–86 μm long, 70–80 μm wide, and 81–110 μm in dorsoventral depth. Cells are broadly ovoid, anterioposteriorly compressed bearing a spherical nucleus and many chloroplasts. The epitheca is convex and composed of three apical plates, seven precingular plates, and an apical pore plate. The cingulum is composed of six plates. The hypotheca is constructed of five postcingular plates, one posterior intercalary, and two antapical plates. The sulcus is small, recessed, and hidden and exhibits a ventral pore and a ridged, curved plate. The thecal arrangement of O. labens is Po, 3′, 7″ 6C, 6S(?), Vp, Rp, 5″, 1p, 2″. Only one sulcal list is present. The thecal plates have a smooth surface with distinct round pores. The intercalary band between the thecal plates is smooth. A row of marginal pores line the lipped cingulum. Ostreopsis species are anteroposteriorly flattened, photosynthetic, benthic dinoflagellates that are more diverse in ecology than previously known. Ostreopsis labens is capable of living in three marine habitats: in the water column, in sand, and on macroalgal surfaces. It was most numerous in sand and less in lagoonal waters, and only a few cells were associated with macroalgae. Light and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed engulfed cells within O. labens, which indicates mixotrophic/phagotrophic behavior. A ventral opening situated in the cingulum of O. labens exhibits size variability; it may serve as an opening for engulfiing food particles because it varies in size. We propose that ingestion of prey by O. labens occurs through the ventral opening, the proposed feeding apparatus of this species, which is similar to the function of the peduncle-like structure of mixotrophic dinoflagellates. The behavior of O. labens appears similar to that previously described for Dinophysis species.
Compensatory renal growth: interactions of nephrectomy serum and urine antisera leading to a new theory of renal growth regulation.

Compensatory renal growth is mediated by a substance(s) found in the serum and in urine called renotropin. The interaction of nephrectomy serum and urine antisera upon compensatory renal growth was investigated by administering rat uninephrectomy serum and sham serum and urine to rabbits. The rabbit antisera was given intravenously to uninephrectomy and sham operated rats and kidney weight/body weight ratios were calculated. Antisera against sham serum and urine induced kidney growth as well as antisera aginst uninephrectomy serum and urine given to sham animals. These results suggest the presence of a circulating antigenic inhibitor to kidney growth and suggest that renotropin is made up of a inhibitory as well as a stimulatory substance.
Schedule flexibility and stress: Linking formal flexible arrangements and perceived flexibility to employee health

Despite widespread public appeals, the evidence base linking worker health to workplace flexibility remains weak. The goal of this study was to improve understanding of the potential health benefit of promoting schedule flexibility at work. Using data from several businesses across a variety of industries (N=19,704), this study tested hypothesized associations among employee participation in formal flexible work arrangements, perceived flexibility, and stress and burnout. Results indicated that stress and burnout was lower among workers engaged in all types of formal flexible arrangements, and that 30–50% of observed differences between workers engaged in flextime (either alone or combined with compressed workweeks) and those not engaged in a formal arrangement were explained by perceived flexibility. Evidence also indicated that the generally beneficial effect of schedule flexibility differs by gender and the employment arrangement of a worker's spouse or partner. This study provides clear support for ad...
A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Energy Loss Mechanisms in Tuning-Fork Gyroscopes

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of energy loss mechanisms in tuning-fork gyroscopes from both numerical and experimental perspectives. Two main energy loss mechanisms, anchor loss and thermoelastic damping (TED), are investigated through numerical models and later experimental investigation. In order to predict the qualify factor of tuning-fork gyroscopes, a separation-and-transfer method is employed to predict anchor loss and a thermal energy method is utilized to calculate thermoelastic damping. The experimental investigation is conducted to verify the developed models. It is found that HF release in fabricating these devices is a critical factor to the measured quality factor of tuning-fork gyroscopes. The calculated Quality factors are compared with the measured data, showing good agreement.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cryptographic system enhancements for the IBM System z9

IBM has offered hardware-based cryptographic processors for its mainframe computers for nearly thirty years. Over that period, IBM has continued to update both the hardware and software, providing added features, higher performance, greater physical security, and improved management features. This commitment continues with the System z9TM, as demonstrated by the two improvements described in this paper. The first part of the paper describes enhancements to the System z9 to configure and control cryptographic features. The second part describes a new method for the cryptographic coprocessors to securely manage keys which are distributed to remote devices that are not necessarily in secure or well-controlled environments.
Participatory Community Mapping in a Family Literacy Program

In this article, I describe and reflect on the lessons learned from developing and implementing an outreach project focusing on science education and participatory mapping with adult education students, primarily immigrants from northern Mexico. As a graduate student at the University of Arizona's Department of Anthropology, with support from a NASA Space Grant Fellowship, I developed and implemented this project between August 2004 and August 2006 in southern Arizona. Due to the demographics of this area, the majority of the students with whom I worked were immigrants from the Mexican state of Sonora, which borders Arizona (see Figure 1 below).
Storage provisioning and allocation in a large cloud environment

Provisioning scarce resources among competing users and jobs remains one of the primary challenges of operating large-scale, distributed computing environments. Distributed storage systems, in particular, typically rely on hard operator-set quotas to control disk allocation and enforce isolation for space and I/O bandwidth among disparate users.In [7], we set up an experimental market-based system to run auctions and send clear price signals to storage users to encourage a more balanced allocation of storage usage against other resource dimensions. The final resource allocations illustrated how a market mechanism can lead to significant, beneficial changes in user behavior. This mechanism im- proved resource allocations for current user demands, but still suffered from the fact that users and operators are very poor at predicting future requirements and, as a result, tend to over-provision grossly.In [5], we attempted to address this by collecting detailed usage information for multiple years and employing the use of ensemble forecasting methods to produce predictions of future resource needs. Specifically, we measured the disk space usage, I/O rate, and age of stored data for thousands of different engineering users and teams in a large private cloud spanning dozens of clusters on multiple continents.We found that although the individual time series often have non-stable usage trends, regional aggregations, user classification, and ensemble forecasting methods can be combined to provide a more accurate prediction of future use for the majority of users.Both of these approaches demonstrated the potential to improve the accuracy of our demand forecasts and capacity planning process, but significant operational challenges remain.
The luminance dependence of spatial vision in the cat

The spatial contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of three cats and one human observer were measured behaviorally over a 6 log unit range of luminances. At the highest luminance tested (16 cd/m2), cats showed lower peak contrast sensitivity than humans and their sensitivity function was located at lower spatial frequencies. As luminance was reduced, the contrast sensitivity of both humans and cats declined while both peak sensitivity and the limit of resolution shifted toward lower frequencies. These changes were more pronounced in humans and resulted in a convergence of both contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of the two species at the lowest luminance tested. The dissimilarities in the luminance dependence of spatial vision in cats and humans appear to be due to differences in both photoreceptor distribution and receptor-ganglion cell convergence.
A new vector radiative transfer solution using Padé approximants

Abstract This paper solves the multi-layer multiple-scattering plane-parallel vector radiative transfer problem for solar and thermal sources. Efficient calculation of the Stokes vector for optically thin media is made possible by the method herein called VPARTM—“Vector Pade approximation radiative transfer method”. The algorithm calculates the matrix exponential using the Pade approximation, with an accuracy prescribed by the user, from which the global reflection and transmission operators are obtained. In a multi-layer atmosphere, these operators can be combined using the adding method. Computational gain is enhanced by exploiting the symmetry inherent in the exponential solution and then exploiting the structure of this matrix to halve the order of the matrix solution. Computational efficiency is explored through a range of model configurations and the method is applied for two example cases, one for a range of wavelengths typically used to retrieve aerosol properties and one for an instrument similar to the GOSAT and OCO-2 0.76 - μ m O 2 A-band spectrometers.
A NEW METHOD OF POLARIZATION MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS. I. SCANNING WITH A BIREFRINGENCE DETECTION SYSTEM.

A new method of polarized light analysis is described in which a highly sensitive electronic detector specific for birefringence is used to identify the crystalline axes of an object and then measure its phase retardation due to birefringence. The microscopic system employed in the method consists of an electronic birefringence detection system (BDS), a microscope with strain-free lenses, and a driven stage for passing the specimen at appropriate velocities across the image of an aperture placed at the field stop and imaged in the specimen plane by the condenser. The detector registers retardations directly as voltage at a constant deflection sensitivity of ca. 1.1 v per angstrom unit over a range of 120 angstrom units. The basal rms noise level is 0.002 A for a spot 36 µ in diameter formed by a 95 x, N. A. 1.25 objective pair, and increases in proportion to the reciprocal of the diameter of the scanning spot. The increase in noise with high resolution scanning can be offset by increasing the instrumental time constant, which is adjustable in decades between 0.004 and 0.4 seconds. A number of difficult problems in high extinction polarization microscopy are avoided by the use of modulated light and a rapid electronic detector. For example: (a) The measured distribution of birefringence is unaffected by the usual diffraction anomaly; therefore polarization rectifiers are not required. (b) The detector is selective for birefringence, so that there is no problem in separating contrast due to different optical properties (e.g. dichroism, light scattering). (c) The speed and sensitivity are both increased by between one and two orders of magnitude over that attainable by visual or photographic methods, thereby rendering a vast number of weakly birefringent, light-scattering, and motile objects readily analyzable for the first time with polarized light.
‘Scripting” the organization: New hire learning during organizational encounter

This exploratory study extends organizational encounter research by documenting what new hires learn as they strive to cope with uncertainty during early tenure. A Newcomers Learning Typology was developed from two hundred new hires’ descriptions of what they had ascertained from coping with an uncertain event at work. Also sought here were new hires’ recollections of applied “learnings.” Study participants reported using what they had learned to cope with another uncertain situation, to advise a colleague and to recommend “policy” change in their organization. In sum, findings strengthen the link between uncertainty, proactive coping and learning, an outcome variable all too often ignored in organizational socialization research.
The Reactivity of C60 in Fuming Sulfuric and Chlorosulfonic Acids

C 60 is sultonated in fuming sulfuric acid and chlorinated in chlorosulfonic acid. Both reactions involve initial oxidation of C 60 followed by in situ trapping of electrophilic C 60 cation.
Collaboration during conceptual design

Conceptual design involves requirements analysis, functional specification, and architectural design. It remains informal and poorly understood. We studied the conceptual design activities of a representative industrial software project, Centauri, for three months with follow up observations and discussions over the following six months. Our goal was to understand how patterns of collaboration and communication in project teams affect the convergence of the project on a common vision and a documented specification. We present our research methodology, our findings, and their implications for process and tool support. The following observations stand out. First, convergence on a common system vision was painfully slow. The major impediment to faster progress was the difficulty that the project team had in making critical allocation and interface design decisions. Second, Centauri project members repeatedly raised certain issues and failed to reach closure on key problems. Finally, we observed a persistent tension between the desire on behalf of nearly all project members to follow a prescriptive development process and the urgency of delivering a working product.