cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Measurement Under Atmospheric Conditions of PbSe Nanocrystal Thin Films Passivated by Remote Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition of Al $_{\bf 2}$ O $_{\bf 3}$

PbSe nanocrystal thin-film transistors (TFTs) were passivated using remote plasma atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a ~10 nm thick Al2O3 film at 150 °C. By using a highly reactive remote oxygen plasma source, the time for one complete ALD cycle was about 15 s with growth rates of ~1.1 A/cycle. The effective mobilities measured under atmospheric condition from AlO-passivated PbSe nanocrystal TFTs were comparable to the values reported previously for air-free PbSe nanocrystal TFTs, demonstrating that ALD Al2O3 layers prevent oxidation and degradation of nanocrystal films from air exposure. The variation in the effective mobility of passivated devices was also found to be negligible under ambient conditions over a period of 30 days. The results show that remote plasma ALD processing of Al2O3 is capable of producing an effective passivation layer on air-sensitive nanocrystals with high deposition rates at reduced temperature.
Emigré Economists and American Neoclassical Economics, 1933–1945

The rise of European fascism in the 1920s and '30s triggered the greatest migration of intellectual capital the world has ever known. This paper is concerned with the German-speaking economists who...
A Survey of Food Hygiene Knowledge and Attitudes among Chinese Food Handlers in Fong Song Tong District

The purpose of this study was to find out the knowledge and attitudes concerning food hygiene among Chinese food handlers in Fong Song Tong district, and to analyze the impact of variables on the degree of knowledge and attitudes. Face-to-face interviews were conducted within Chinese food handlers in Fong Song Tong district using a self-designed questionnaire, which contained food hygiene knowledge and attitudes. Main knowledge outcome measures included food handling, personal hygiene and legislation issues. Questionnaires were completed by 580 (72.0%) Chinese food handlers from 91% premises of the district. 71.2% Chinese food handlers could respond correctly to eight or more out of 11 knowledge questions and 1.4% respondents only achieved full scores of knowledge. Fully correct response of personal hygiene knowledge was statistically and significantly higher than food handling knowledge (p<0.05). 79.0% of respondents showed their need of more food hygiene education. Male respondents, age less than 30, secondary education or above, five years or more of working experience, or who had previously attended a health training within the last two years, generally performed better on the knowledge of food hygiene. Chinese food handlers working in the kitchen and owners' beliefs on 'cleaning the kitchen before getting off duty' was reasonable. Those with secondary education at least, or who had prior participation in a health training within the last two years would need more food hygiene knowledge than the people aged over 30 or who were the owners. It would be more motivated by changing the traditional training model, community-based education in an optimum situation, additional authoritative information, attitudes and intentions of learning on food hygiene.
α-Lactalbumin Induces Bovine Milk β1,4-Galactosyltransferase to Utilize UDP-GalNAc

We now report that α-lactalbumin (α-LA) has a novel effect on bovine milk UDP-Gal:GlcNAc-β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β1,4-GT) and induces the enzyme to efficiently utilize UDP-GalNAc as a donor. In the presence of α-LA the enzyme transfers GalNAc to free GlcNAc to produce GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc at a rate 55% of that compared to the rate when UDP-Gal is the donor in the absence of α-LA. The stimulation by α-LA is dependent on the concentrations of α-LA, acceptor, and sugar nucleotide. Interestingly, β1,4-GT is unable to transfer GalNAc to Glc with or without α-LA. α-LA also stimulates the transfer of GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to various chitin oligomers, although the degree of stimulation decreases as the acceptor size increases. Thus, bovine milk β1,4-GT has an inherent ability to utilize two different sugar nucleotides and the sugar nucleotide preference is regulatable by α-LA.
Animal models of inherited hematologie disease

Abstract Inherited or acquired hematologie disease is the most prevalent of all human disease when we include the hematologie disorders which are secondary to disease of other systems. It follows that the study of the fundamental mechanisms of the disease processes affecting the hematopoietic system is of prime importance and much remains to be done when one considers that in only 25% of all hemolytic anemias is the fundamental cause eventually discovered [150]. In the current climate of societal pressures on experimental animal research, animals with spontaneous inherited disease mimicking diseases of the various physiological systems assume proportionately greater importance. These animal models have been extremely valuable in the study of fundamental questions of molecular genetics, metabolic aberrations of the cell and its membrane, synthetic mechanisms of the cell as well as clinical questions of disease manifestations, pathogenetic mechanisms and management. Exploration of differences between normal animal species offer a secondary avenue of investigation into these same fundamental questions. New animal models are being uncovered constantly and this augurs well for the future of biomedical research and the ultimate benefit to humankind and to animals in their own right.
Hydrogen and deuterium atoms in octasilsesquioxanes: experimental and computational studies.

The rate of detrapping of atomic hydrogen from several octasilsesquioxanes is the same for dissolved and solid samples and is independent of the presence of other species such as free radicals or oxygen; varying the cage substituents leads to only minor differences in the activation parameters. Hydrogen atoms are found to be more strongly stabilized in homosubstituted octasilsesquioxanes compared with singly Ge-substituted cages. A kinetic isotope effect observed for the detrapping of H and D from MeT8 is ascribed to the difference in the zero-point energies of the trapped atoms. There is a secondary H/D isotope effect in the temperature dependence of the 29Si-superhyperfine splitting constants in the range 228−353 K. Cage relaxation has a substantial effect on the detrapping barrier but little influence on the intracage potential. Calculations using a rigid cage approximation give satisfactory agreement with zero-point parameters extracted from experimental data. Different model chemistries yield qualita...
Implantable insulin pumps: the Veterans Administration Study, a decade later

Abstract The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study (VACS) on implanted pumps was a pioneering experience which produced relevant information worthy of reconsideration even 10 years later. It was the first, and still the only, multicenter, randomized clinical trial of implantable insulin pump (IIP) therapy accomplished independent of industry. In a cohort of 121 type 2 diabetics already treated with insulin the study demonstrated a significant benefit of IIP in terms of stability of glycaemic control, reduction of hypoglycaemic events, reduced weight increase and improved quality of life. Furthermore the study was important in introducing a group of important academic centres to the use of IIP therapy. A series of sub-studies contributed productively. Altered production of pump insulin during the study, the short period of observation (one year), unavoidable biases introduced by the unblinded and unprotocolized insulin adjustments were limitations. Neverthless, the VACS, as an independent, rigorous multicenter trial, was successful in demonstrating certain benefits of IIP therapy and raising its profile in the U.S.A.
Estimated Temporal Variation of Losses Due to a Recurrence of the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake

The temporal variation of damage and loss estimates are presented in decadal increments since 1950 for an earthquake on the Newport-Inglewood Fault (NIF) equivalent to the Mw 6.4 1933 Long Beach ea...
Increased utilization of an amino acid and cellular proliferation demonstrated autoradiographically in the optic pathways of pigeons.

Abstract Utilization of a radioactively labeled amino acid (glycine-H3) was investigated by autoradiography in the visual pathways of pigeons, one eye of which had been removed or blindfolded 1 month previously. The radiochemical was injected systemically and the animals were killed after an exchange period of 2 hours. In the enucleated animals, uptake of the labeled glycine was considerably greater in the severed than in the normal retinotectal pathway, indicating increased protein metabolism in the “degenerating” fiber tract. The differential incorporation was evident also in the stratum opticum of the optic lobes but ambiguous in the deeper layers. The increased uptake in the severed optic pathway was associated with an increase in the total number of neuroglia cells and the appearance of cells not observed in the undamaged pathway. No differential uptake was observed in any other parts of the central nervous system, the forebrain included. In the unilaterally blindfolded animal, no difference was observed in uptake of labeled glycine between the normal and “functionally deafferented” optic pathways. The increased protein metabolism in the distal stumps of the severed optic pathway, combined with proliferation of cells in this region, may reflect a regenerative attempt at this phase of Wallerian degeneration.
Stimulated Raman scattering by an intense relativistic electron beam in a long rippled magnetic field

For the first time, the parametric coupling of the negative-energy cyclotron and space-charge modes to a fast coaxial waveguide structure is observed. The coaxial waveguide smooth center conductor is internally loaded to maintain a 5% ripple of 1.4-, 1.6-, or 2.0-cm periods on the background axial magnetic field throughout the interaction region of 70 cm. The parametric coupling may be considered a stimulated scattering process with the rippled magnetic field of zero frequency in the lab frame appearing as an electromagnetic pump wave in the beam frame, with 30-MW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ power density imparting to the electrons a quiver velocity ${V}_{\mathrm{os}}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.1c$. As predicted by theory, the frequency of the microwave radiation generated by the negative-energy cyclotron mode decreases with increasing magnetic field while remaining constant for the negative-energy space-charge mode. Power levels from 1 to 5 MW have been measured at mm and cm wavelengths. Radiation at frequencies of $\frac{2{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}V}{L}$, where $V$ and $L$ are the beam velocity and ripple period, respectively, has been observed at high magnetic fields with an exponential-growth rate consistent with parametric coupling theory. This mechanism could be employed as a tunable generator of millimeter and submillimeter wavelength radiation.
“I've Kept It That Way on Purpose” Adolescents' Management of Negative Parental Relationship Traits after Divorce and Separation

Although more attention has been given in recent years to adolescents' influences on family dynamics after divorce, little is still known about the forms such agency takes, the rationales and structures that shape it, or its consequences. This study is an examination of adolescents' reports of the ways in which they manage negative aspects of their relationships with their parents. In-depth interviews with fifty adolescents from divorced or separated households are examined for emergent themes related to adolescent agency. The findings suggest that adolescents utilize a variety of relationship management strategies that both shape and are shaped by household structure. These strategies and their possible consequences are described, along with rationales that adolescents use for employing them.
Dendrites of distinct classes of Drosophila sensory neurons show different capacities for homotypic repulsion

Abstract Backgound: Understanding how dendrites establish their territory is central to elucidating how neuronal circuits are built. Signaling between dendrites is thought to be important for defining their territories; however, the strategies by which different types of dendrites communicate are poorly understood. We have shown previously that two classes of Drosophila peripheral da sensory neurons, the class III and class IV neurons, provide complete and independent tiling of the body wall. By contrast, dendrites of class I and class II neurons do not completely tile the body wall, but they nevertheless occupy nonoverlapping territories. Results: By developing reagents to permit high-resolution studies of dendritic tiling in living animals, we demonstrate that isoneuronal and heteroneuronal class IV dendrites engage in persistent repulsive interactions. In contrast to the extensive dendritic exclusion shown by class IV neurons, duplicated class III neurons showed repulsion only at their dendritic terminals. Supernumerary class I and class II neurons innervated completely overlapping regions of the body wall, and this finding suggests a lack of like-repels-like behavior. Conclusions: These data suggest that repulsive interactions operate between morphologically alike dendritic arbors in Drosophila . Further, Drosophila da sensory neurons appear to exhibit at least three different types of class-specific dendrite-dendrite interactions: persistent repulsion by all branches, repulsion only by terminal dendrites, and no repulsion.
Why there aren't more information security research studies

Noting a serious lack of empirical research in the area of security risk management (SRM), we proposed a conceptual model based on the study of SRM at the firm level. Although considerable time and effort were expended in attempting to validate the usefulness of the proposed model, we were not successful. We provide here a description of our conceptual model, the methodology designed to test this model, the problems we faced while attempting to test the model, and our suggestions for those who attempt to conduct work in highly sensitive areas.
Brothers and Sisters: A Novel Way to Teach Human Resources Management

In an attempt to increase students’ appreciation for the richness of different perspectives on management issues, a novel teaching approach was used to explore human resources management issues, concepts, and theories within the context of the multi-dimensional lives of characters in a novel. This article will discuss how the full-length novel Brothers and Sisters (Campbell, 1994) was used to teach an introductory management of human resources course.
A double Benioff Zone beneath the central Aleutians: An unbending of the lithosphere

Seismicity located using the Adak seismograph network shows the Benioff zone below a depth of 100 km consists of two thin zones of earthquakes about 25 km apart that merge at a depth of 175 km. Focal mechanisms in the upper zone are consistently down-dip compression, while those of the lower zone are down-dip tension. An elastic-plastic model of the lithosphere predicts that these two zones reflect the stresses in the elastic core of the lithosphere due to unbending.
Autophagy Inhibition Sensitizes Colon Cancer Cells to Antiangiogenic and Cytotoxic Therapy

Purpose: Autophagy is a critical survival pathway for cancer cells under conditions of nutrient or oxygen limitation, or cell stress. As a consequence of antiangiogenic therapy, solid tumors encounter hypoxia induction and imbalances in nutrient supply. We wished to determine the role of autophagy in protection of tumor cells from the effects of antiangiogenic therapy and chemotherapy. We examined the effect of inhibiting autophagy on hypoxic colon cancer cells in vitro and on bevacizumab- and oxaliplatin-treated mouse xenografts in vivo . Experimental Design: The autophagic response to hypoxia and DNA-damaging agents was assessed by fluorescent microscopic imaging, autophagy-related gene expression, and by electron microscopic ultrastructural analysis. Pharmacologic and molecular approaches to autophagy inhibition were taken in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. Mouse xenograft models were treated with combinations of oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, and chloroquine to assess effects on tumor growth reduction and on pharmacodynamic markers of autophagy inhibition. Results: Autophagy was induced in colon cancer models by exposure to both hypoxia and oxaliplatin. Inhibition of autophagy, either with chloroquine or by downregulation of beclin1 or of ATG5, enhanced sensitivity to oxaliplatin under normal and hypoxic conditions in a synergistic manner. Both bevacizumab and oxaliplatin treatments activate autophagy in HT29 murine xenografts. The addition of chloroquine to bevacizumab-based treatment provided greater tumor control in concert with evidence of autophagy inhibition. Conclusions: These findings implicate autophagy as a mechanism of resistance to antiangiogenic therapies and support investigation of inhibitory approaches in the management of this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 19(11); 2995–3007. ©2013 AACR .
Trunk and Hip Biomechanics Influence Anterior Cruciate Loading Mechanisms in Physically Active Participants

Background:Excessive trunk motion and deficits in neuromuscular control (NMC) of the lumbopelvic hip complex are risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, the relationship between trunk motion, NMC of the lumbopelvic hip complex, and triplanar knee loads during a sidestep cutting task has not been examined.Purpose:To determine if there is an association between multiplanar trunk motion, NMC of the lumbopelvic hip complex, and triplanar knee loads with ACL injury during a sidestep cutting task.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:The hip and knee biomechanics and trunk motion of 30 participants (15 male, 15 female) were analyzed during a sidestep cutting task using an optoelectric camera system interfaced to a force plate. Trunk and lower extremity biomechanics were calculated from the kinematic and ground-reaction force data during the first 50% of the stance time during the cutting task. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated between trunk an...
MANAGEMENT OF INTERETHNIC CONFLICT IN AN INDIAN MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION

This paper presents techniques of management of interethnic conflict used in a medium-size publicly owned manufacturing organization in India. This organization employed two major ethnic groups, one consisted mainly of farmers and peasants and was numerically dominant in this region, the other has traditionally excelled in education. Data on the relative size and status of these ethnic groups, the level of interethnic conflict and the techniques for handling such conflict used in this organization were collected in interviews with department heads.
DNA-Based Identification of the Eastern Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

A DNA-based system for the identification of Reticulitermes flavipes (Koller) was established based on the following criteria: adequate molecular variation, comprehensive specimen sampling, explicit morphological species identification, and cladistic analysis. Termite soldiers were identified by labral shape, and these specimens and associated pseudergates were used in subsequent molecular analyses. Mitochondrial DNA from the AT-rich region was sequenced for 173 R. flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni Banks and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) soldiers and pseudergates collected from several widely dispersed Texan localities. Cladistic analysis was performed after exploration of an optimal sequence alignment inclusive of DNA sequences from Texas and published sequences from Georgia and Canada. Among the Texan individuals, 29, 5, and 1 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were identified respectively with R. flavipes, R. hageni, and R. virginicus. One haplotype from El Paso likely represented a different Reticulitermes species. Species were monophyletic; however, individual relationships were unresolved in a strict consensus of 700 most parsimonious trees. Texas haplotypes were isolated by distance, and a correlation between genetic and geographic distance was observed among the Texas, Georgia, and Canada haplotypes. These results suggest that the methods outlined in this study will allow for the identification of R. flavipes from localities between Texas and Canada.
Child and Adolescent Abuse in Relation to Obesity in Adulthood: The Black Women’s Health Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of physical and sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence with risk of adult obesity among black women in the United States. METHODS: Participants were women enrolled in the Black Women’s Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study begun in 1995. In 2005, 33 298 participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on early life experiences of abuse. Log-binomial regression models were used to derive risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relation of child/teenager abuse with obesity (BMI ≥30) and central adiposity (waist circumference >35 inches) reported in 2005. RESULTS: The RR for BMI ≥30, a measure of overall obesity, was 1.29 (95% CI 1.20–1.38) for the highest severity of exposure to child/teenager physical and sexual abuse relative to no abuse. After controlling for postulated intermediates, including reproductive history, diet, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and socioeconomic status, the RR was 1.14 (95% CI 1.08–1.21). The RR for waist circumference >35 inches, which measures central obesity, for severe physical and sexual abuse relative to no abuse was 1.29 (95% CI 1.19–1.38) before adjustment for intermediates and 1.18 (95% CI 1.10–1.27) after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Early life sexual and physical abuse was associated with an increased risk of overall and central obesity in adulthood. Although the association between abuse and obesity was explained to some extent by health behaviors, reproductive history, and mental health, these factors did not fully account for the associations. Our data suggest that early life adversity is related to adult body size and weight distribution.
Airborne gravimetry: An investigation of filtering

Low‐pass filtering in airborne gravimetry data processing plays a fundamental role in determining the spectral content and amplitude of the free‐air anomaly. Traditional filters used in airborne gravimetry, the 6 × 20-s resistor‐capacitor (RC) filter and the 300-s Gaussian filter, heavily attenuate the waveband of the gravity signal. As we strive to reduce the overall error budget to the sub-mGal level, an important step is to evaluate the choice and design of the low‐pass filter employed in airborne gravimetry to optimize gravity anomaly recovery and noise attenuation. This study evaluates low‐pass filtering options and presents a survey‐specific frequency domain filter that employs the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for airborne gravity data. This study recommends a new approach to low‐pass filtering airborne data. For a given survey, the filter is designed to maximize the target gravity signal based upon survey parameters and the character of measurement noise. This survey‐specific low‐pass filter approa...
Terrestrial stable isotope records of Late Quaternary paleoclimates in the eastern Mediterranean region

Abstract Terrestrial stable isotope records ( 13 C/ 12 C, 18 O/ 16 O, and D/H ratios) of late Quaternary paleoclimates in the eastern Mediterranean region are reviewed. Significant paleoclimatic reconstructions come from a variety of isotopic studies. Paleogroundwaters, although they cannot be accurately dated, show oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions highly depleted in heavier isotopes compared to modern meteoric waters in arid regions of southern Israel, Sinai and northeastern Africa and attest to a major difference in climatic regime some time in the Pleistocene. Th-U dating of land snails showing a similar 18 O depletion indicates ages of 100,000 yr and ≥300,000 yr for this climatic regime in the Negev Desert of southern Israel. Carbon isotope records of organic matter have not been studied extensively in the region, except for the record of Holocene land snails in the Negev. These document a southward shift in pure C 3 plant communities in the middle and early Holocene relative to their present distribution and indicate wetter conditions at those times. An oxygen isotope curve for the Holocene, reflecting changes in the isotopic composition of precipitation, has been established from analysis of carbonate materials—land snail shells and speleothems. The curve indicates a depletion of ca. 2‰ in 18 O centered around 7000 cal yr bp , with modern levels being reached by 5000 cal yr bp . Carbon isotope analysis of soil carbonates in paleosols developed in loess in the Negev show the existence of dramatic north–south climatic gradients at the times of formation of the soils (ca. 13,000, 28,000, and ≥37,000 14 C yr bp ), as occur also today due to the waning influence of Mediterranean to the south. Some isotopic methods, widely used in other regions, have received little or no attention in the eastern Mediterranean region. These include oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in wood, phosphate oxygen and organic carbon in bones and teeth, and carbon in soil organic matter.
Continuous Steady-State Method Using Tenax for Delivering Tetrachloroethene to Chloro-Respiring Bacteria

Tenax-TA, a solid-phase sorbent, was used as an alternative to hexadecane for continuous delivery of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to Desulfuromonas strain BB1, a chloro-respiring microorganism. In both batch and bioreactor configurations, Tenax not only maintained low, steady-state concentrations of PCE in an active culture for several months but also adsorbed the product of dechlorination, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, before it approached toxic levels.
Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes in Counselor Education

The 2009 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs Standards call upon counselor educators to assess student learning outcomes (SLOs) throughout the curricula. This a...
Binding of DCC by Netrin-1 to Mediate Axon Guidance Independent of Adenosine A2B Receptor Activation

Netrins stimulate and orient axon growth through a mechanism requiring receptors of the DCC family. It has been unclear, however, whether DCC proteins are involved directly in signaling or are mere accessory proteins in a receptor complex. Further, although netrins bind cells expressing DCC, direct binding to DCC has not been demonstrated. Here we show that netrin-1 binds DCC and that the DCC cytoplasmic domain fused to a heterologous receptor ectodomain can mediate guidance through a mechanism involving derepression of cytoplasmic domain multimerization. Activation of the adenosine A2B receptor, proposed to contribute to netrin effects on axons, is not required for rat commissural axon outgrowth or Xenopus spinal axon attraction to netrin-1. Thus, DCC plays a central role in netrin signaling of axon growth and guidance independent of A2B receptor activation.
The Returns of Theory

For the discipline of Arabic literature in the United States, “theory” is a double entendre: promise, danger. Until the mid-1990s, U.S. Arabic literary studies was landlocked in Near Eastern language departments, whose “anti-theoretical” bent Magda Al-Nowaihi imputes to dependence on U.S. government and Gulf state support. Theory is “dangerous” to such funders, Al-Nowaihi maintains, because it traffics in “the relations between knowledge and power. . . . The result is a situation where European departments produce the theory, we provide the raw material.” “Theory” is what Arabic literature needs—to become a site and an agent of aesthetic-political critique—yet lacks because powers of state insulate its energies within microtextual hermeneutics. Uniquely empowered to translate Arabic literature from particularist “ghetto” to universalist (Euro-dominant) “center” through the abstracting medium of “theory,” then, “European departments” control Arabic literature's legitimization. What emerges is a curious chiasmus: “theory” is at once a danger to state power and a desideratum for Arabic literature, on the one hand, and a seat of institutional power within the U.S. humanities and a danger to Arabic literature, on the other.
Breast-specific gamma imaging as an adjunct imaging modality for the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Purpose: To retrospectively determine the sensitivity and specificity of breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) for the detection of breast cancer by using pathologic results as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: This study was Institutional Review Board approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant. Informed consent was obtained for participants who were not imaged as part of their clinical protocol but were participating in other Institutional Review Board–approved studies that used BSGI. A retrospective review of 146 women (aged 32–98 years) undergoing BSGI and breast biopsy was performed. Patients underwent BSGI with intravenous injection of 30 mCi (1110 MBq) of technetium 99 (99mTc)-sestamibi and were imaged in craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections. Study images were assigned scores, and scores were classified as positive (focal increased radiotracer uptake) or negative (no uptake or scattered heterogeneous physiologic uptake) and compared with biops...
La educación del sobredotado y el desarrollo del talento para todos

Los metodos tradicionales de escolaridad pueden llevar al fracaso la intencion de hacer de los colegios lugares de desarrollo de experiencias enriquecedoras para el talento creativo de los jovenes. El campo de la educacion para el sobredotado ha formulado numerosas innovaciones que se han constituido en pilares del sistema educativo en EE. UU. El Modelo de Enriquecimiento Escolar comprende estrategias para incrementar el esfuerzo del estudiante, su gozo y desempeno, asi como para integrar un rango de experiencias de aprendizaje de nivel avanzado, junto con destrezas de pensamiento, en todas las areas curriculares. Cada colegio tiene estudiantes que poseen elevado potencial para el aprendizaje en niveles avanzados, la solucion de problemas creativos y la motivacion para seguir un trabajo de excelencia y rigor. Mas que fuentes de adquisicion de informacion, los colegios deben ser lugares para el desarrollo de talentos en todos sus estudiantes. Palabras clave: sobredotacion, talento, enriquecimiento escolar. Gifted education and talent development for all Traditional methods of schooling can fail to bring about schools as places for developing the broadest and richest experiences for creating talent in the young. The field of gifted education has put forward many innovations that have become mainstays of the American educational system. The Schoolwide Enrichment Model comprises strategies for increasing student effort, enjoyment, and performance, and for integrating a range of advanced-level learning experiences and thinking skills into all curricular areas. Every school has students within it who possess the highest potential for advanced-level learning, creative problem solving, and the motivation to pursue rigorous and rewarding work. Rather than being sources for the acquisition of information, schools should be places for developing the talents of all students.
Functional characterization of voltage-gated K+ channels in mouse pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

Mice are useful animal models to study pathogenic mechanisms involved in pulmonary vascular disease. Altered expression and function of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels in pulmonary artery smooth mus...
Analysis of the nucleoside moiety of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Existing techniques for identification of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues generally use the intact molecule during characterization with somewhat ambiguous results. In this study a method is described for the identification of the nucleoside in the lower axial ligand of cobalamin and a variety of naturally occurring cobalamin analogues that differ from cobalamin in the base that is present in the nucleoside. Cobalamin and cobalamin analogues were isolated from biological samples by affinity chromatography using R-protein-Sepharose columns. The nucleosides of the lower axial ligand were then hydrolyzed and isolated by column chromatography using a mixed bed column. Nucleosides were oxidized with periodate and reduced with borohydride. After reisolation, the t -butyldimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared and analyzed using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. A stable isotope internal standard of cobalamin was biosynthetically produced and used to quantitate cobalamin in rabbit kidney. Cobalamin analogues were also shown to be present in rabbit kidney, but they contain the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole nucleoside (α-ribazole) in the lower axial ligand, indicating that these analogues differ from cobalamin in the corrin ring region of the molecule.
Theoretical analysis of coherently coupled optical waveguide bends.

In this paper we show that the optical transmission through a pair of coherently coupled optical waveguide bends can be understood by considering the variation of the optical field profile along the interconnecting segment. In a single-mode structure, the variation of the constant-phase front orientation is the predominant factor.
Conceptual distinctiveness supports detailed visual long-term memory for real-world objects.

Humans have a massive capacity to store detailed information in visual long-term memory. The present studies explored the fidelity of these visual long-term memory representations and examined how conceptual and perceptual features of object categories support this capacity. Observers viewed 2,800 object images with a different number of exemplars presented from each category. At test, observers indicated which of 2 exemplars they had previously studied. Memory performance was high and remained quite high (82% accuracy) with 16 exemplars from a category in memory, demonstrating a large memory capacity for object exemplars. However, memory performance decreased as more exemplars were held in memory, implying systematic categorical interference. Object categories with conceptually distinctive exemplars showed less interference in memory as the number of exemplars increased. Interference in memory was not predicted by the perceptual distinctiveness of exemplars from an object category, though these perceptual measures predicted visual search rates for an object target among exemplars. These data provide evidence that observers’ capacity to remember visual information in long-term memory depends more on conceptual structure than perceptual distinctiveness.
Direct Analysis for Design Evaluation of Partially Restrained Steel Framing Systems

The commentary to the AISC-LRFD Specification addresses the design of framing systems containing partially restrained (PR) connections, but it does not provide specific guidance on how to analyze these types of systems to determine appropriate internal forces for design. In addition, it provides little information on how to select an appropriate connection stiffnesses for design calculations, such as the calculation of effective length factors. This paper presents an approach that allows for the consideration of nonlinear connection response using commonly available elastic analysis software. In addition, the application of the direct analysis approach to PR framing systems is presented in the context of the proposed method for handling the connection nonlinearity. The direct analysis approach allows for stability to be assessed using the AISC-LRFD beam-column interaction equations with the axial strength term Pn determined based on the actual member length. This eliminates the complexity of determining e...
Costs and Consequences of Terrorism

Terrorism, Economic Development, and Political Openness. Edited by Philip Keefer, Norman Loayza. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 326 pp., $75.00 hard (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-887588). “Poverty” said Aristotle, “is the parent of revolution and crime.” This age-old hypothesis linking economic well-being to terrorism is put to the test in this book. The book also deals with the next logical question, which links social violence to economic development in a circular process: the cost of terrorism and violence. The volume consists of eight chapters written by some of the best-known scholars in the field of empirical analysis of terrorism and social conflict. The first two chapters are devoted to the assessment of economic effects of terrorism, the following four explore the link of economic development and democracy with terrorism, and the final two chapters synthesize the findings and look for the “root causes” of terrorism. Within these broad themes, the collected essays examine many other important sub-areas. For instance, Alan Kruger and David Laitin seek reasons for terrorist groups' target selection and Sambanis draws attention to the differences between terrorism and civil wars. Both of these important topics have, however, been extensively researched. Cross national studies using structural variables to explain sociopolitical violence began in the early 1970s with the collection and publication of datasets, primarily under the auspices of the Interuniversity Consortium. Todd Sandler and Walter Enders are incorrect in stating (p. 19): “(S)tudies over the last decade have established that internal conflict can have significant economic consequences in terms of reduced growth within a conflict-ridden country.” Empirical findings demonstrating deleterious effects of political violence, published in top journals in economics have been around at …
Small-Area and Business Demography

Demographers address a varied and ever-expanding range of practical concerns that arise in business and public policy arenas. Specialists in small-area and business demography draw upon common demographic concepts, data sources, and statistical techniques to address those concerns. The “small areas” where such concerns arise typically are sub-state areas, ranging from counties or cities to census tracts and even individual blocks. Business demography as a whole is an eclectic, loosely organized field, driven by tangible problems. These problems range from specific and highly local–e.g., where to site a parking garage–to regional or national concerns with population aging or sea level rise. This chapter first reviews the objectives and distinctive features of small-area demography, the scope and practice of business demography, and the primary tools used in both fields. Next, we profile various studies illustrating the breadth of topics small-area and business demographers address. Finally, we consider prospects for the future in both fields.
Compression-based distance (CBD): a simple, rapid, and accurate method for microbiota composition comparison

Perturbations in intestinal microbiota composition have been associated with a variety of gastrointestinal tract-related diseases. The alleviation of symptoms has been achieved using treatments that alter the gastrointestinal tract microbiota toward that of healthy individuals. Identifying differences in microbiota composition through the use of 16S rRNA gene hypervariable tag sequencing has profound health implications. Current computational methods for comparing microbial communities are usually based on multiple alignments and phylogenetic inference, making them time consuming and requiring exceptional expertise and computational resources. As sequencing data rapidly grows in size, simpler analysis methods are needed to meet the growing computational burdens of microbiota comparisons. Thus, we have developed a simple, rapid, and accurate method, independent of multiple alignments and phylogenetic inference, to support microbiota comparisons. We create a metric, called compression-based distance (CBD) for quantifying the degree of similarity between microbial communities. CBD uses the repetitive nature of hypervariable tag datasets and well-established compression algorithms to approximate the total information shared between two datasets. Three published microbiota datasets were used as test cases for CBD as an applicable tool. Our study revealed that CBD recaptured 100% of the statistically significant conclusions reported in the previous studies, while achieving a decrease in computational time required when compared to similar tools without expert user intervention. CBD provides a simple, rapid, and accurate method for assessing distances between gastrointestinal tract microbiota 16S hypervariable tag datasets.
Evaluation of turbulent transport and dissipation closures in second-order modeling

Abstract We show that the turbulence statistics from our (96)3 large-eddy-simulation (LES) studies of a convective boundary layer are in excellent agreement with those from the Deardorff–Willis laboratory convection tank. Using these LES data, we evaluate contemporary parameterizations for turbulent transport and dissipation in second-order closure models of the convective boundary layer. The gradient-diffusion parameterization for turbulent transport fares poorly, due in large part to the direct influence of buoyancy. This leads to poor predictions of the vertical profiles of some turbulence statistics. We also find that the characteristic length scales for the mechanical and thermal dissipation rates typically used in second-order closure models are a factor of 2–3 too small; this leads to underpredictions of turbulence kinetic energy levels. Finally, we find that the flux and variance budgets for conservative scalars are substantially different in top-down and bottom-up diffusion. In order to reproduce...
Successful management of infected thoracoabdominal graft and aortobronchial fistula using a hybrid approach

We present the case of a 72-year-old patient who underwent successful management of a thoracoabdominal aortic graft infection. The patient was diagnosed with infected distal anastomotic pseudoaneurysm and aortobronchial fistula after type I thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The infection was caused by the enteric gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis. The high-risk patient was successfully treated with visceral debranching, infrarenal aortic reconstruction, and stent graft coverage of the pseudoaneurysm. The success of this case suggests that endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic graft infections may be a viable option in some high-risk patients.
Implementing a Multifactor Term Structure Model

In this paper, we describe the methodology of how to implement a multifactor Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) models for the term structure of interest rates and its derivatives. We demonstrate how to calibrate the model to the U.S. Treasuries and options on Treasury bond futures.
Porcine acellular lung matrix for wound healing and abdominal wall reconstruction: A pilot study

Surgical wound healing applications require bioprosthetics that promote cellular infiltration and vessel formation, metrics associated with increased mechanical strength and resistance to infection. Porcine acellular lung matrix is a novel tissue scaffold known to promote cell adherence while minimizing inflammatory reactions. In this study, we evaluate the capacity of porcine acellular lung matrix to sustain cellularization and neovascularization in a rat model of subcutaneous implantation and chronic hernia repair. We hypothesize that, compared to human acellular dermal matrix, porcine acellular lung matrix would promote greater cell infiltration and vessel formation. Following pneumonectomy, porcine lungs were processed and characterized histologically and by scanning electron microscopy to demonstrate efficacy of the decellularization. Using a rat model of subcutaneou implantation, porcine acellular lung matrices (n = 8) and human acellular dermal matrices (n = 8) were incubated in vivo for 6 weeks. To evaluate performance under mechanically stressed conditions, porcine acellular lung matrices (n = 7) and human acellular dermal matrices (n = 7) were implanted in a rat model of chronic ventral incisional hernia repair for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining to quantify cell infiltration and vessel formation. Porcine acellular lung matrices were shown to be successfully decellularized. Following subcutaneous implantation, macroscopic vessel formation was evident. Porcine acellular lung matrices demonstrated sufficient incorporation and showed no evidence of mechanical failure after ventral hernia repair. Porcine acellular lung matrices demonstrated significantly greater cellular density and vessel formation when compared to human acellular dermal matrix. Vessel sizes were similar across all groups. Cell infiltration and vessel formation are well-characterized metrics of incorporation associated with improved surgical outcomes. Porcine acellular lung matrices are a novel class of acellular tissue scaffold. The increased cell and vessel density may promote long-term improved incorporation and mechanical properties. These findings may be due to the native lung scaffold architecture guiding cell migration and vessel formation. Porcine acellular lung matrices represent a new alternative for surgical wound healing applications where increased cell density and vessel formation are sought.
Teaching Middle-Grades Mathematics through Financial Literacy.

AbstractBecause financial literacy is an important skill for middle-grades students, this article suggests numerous personal financial literacy tasks for use in the mathematics classroom. Also provided are specifics for implementing one of these tasks to address mathematical content.
Advances in clinical research in gynecologic radiation oncology: an RTOG symposium

There have been inexorable improvements in gynecologic radiation oncology through technologically advances, 3-dimensional imaging, and clinical research. Investment in these 3 critical areas has improved, and will continue to improve, the lives of patients with gynecologic cancer. Advanced technology delivery in gynecologic radiation oncology is challenging owing to the following: (1) setup difficulties, (2) managing considerable internal organ motion, and (3) responding to tumor volume reduction during treatment. Image guidance is a potential route to solve these problems and improve delivery to tumor and sparing organs at risk. Imaging with positron emission tomography-computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are contributing significantly to improved accuracy in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in cancer of the cervix. Functional imaging by exploiting tumor biology may improve prognosis and treatment. Clinical trials have been the greatest mechanism to improve and establish standards of care in women with vulvar, endometrial, and cervical cancer. There have been multiple technological advances and practice changing trials within the past several decades. Many important questions remain in optimizing care for women with gynecologic malignancies. The performance of clinical trials will be advanced with the use of consistent language (ie, similar staging system and criteria), eligibility criteria that fit the research question, end points that matter, adequate statistical power, complete follow-up, and prompt publication of mature results.
Large amplitude waves over Hawaii

Large excursions in velocity were measured recently over Hawaii using ascending weather balloons. Only the tropopause region showed the large velocity variations. These measurements indicate the presence of large amplitude internal waves, whose source is likely the ow over nearby mountains. The experiments also show the presence of a sudden shift in the wind direction at the tropopause altitude where the large amplitude waves exist. This directional shift at the tropopause is treated with an inviscid model of a two-layer background state. Linear Boussinesq theory shows that resonant over-reection will occur for long waves, and an instability appears for shorter waves. Numerical simulation of the anelastic equations shows what may be over-reection, but other features make it dicult to distinguish.