cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipoint Linkage-Disequilibrium–Mapping Approach Based on the Case-Parent Trio Design

In the present study we propose a multipoint approach, for the mapping of genes, that is based on the case-parent trio design. We first derive an expression for the expected preferential–allele-transmission statistics for transmission, from either parent to an affected child, for an arbitrary location within a chromosomal region demarcated by several genetic markers. No assumption about genetic mechanism is needed in this derivation, beyond the assumption that no more than one disease gene lies in the region framed by the markers. When one builds on this representation, the way in which one may maximize the genetic information from multiple markers becomes obvious. This proposed method differs from the popular transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) approach for fine mapping, in the following ways: First, in contrast with the TDT approach, all markers contribute information, regardless of whether the parents are heterozygous at any one marker, and incomplete trio data can be utilized in our approach. Second, rather than performing the TDT at each marker separately, we propose a single test statistic that follows a X 2 distribution with 1 df, under the null hypothesis of no linkage or linkage disequilibrium to the region. Third, in the presence of linkage evidence, we offer a means to estimate the location of the disease locus along with its sampling uncertainty. We illustrate the proposed method with data from a family study of asthma, conducted in Barbados.
The β‐SiC(100) surface studied by low energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectra

The beta-SiC(100) surface has been studied by low energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, high resolution electron energy loss spectra (HREELS), and core level excitation EELS. Two new Si-terminated phases have been discovered, one with (3 x 2) symmetry, and the other with (2 x 1) symmetry. Models are presented to describe these phases. New results, for the C-rich surface, are presented and discussed. In addition, core level excitation EELS results are given and compared with theory.
A PSEUDOVECTOR NUCLEAR HYPERFINE INTERACTION.

In many studies of nuclear hyperfine interactions in polyatomic molecules and solids it has been assumed that the electron spin S and nuclear spin I are coupled through a symmetric dyadic.
Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectrum and Chemical Structure of Vitamin B 1

WE have been particularly interested in the report in NATURE1 by Bowden and Snow regarding the photochemistry of the vitamins, in view of our investigations of the absorption spectra of various vitamin B1 concentrates, a preliminary report of which was presented at the meeting of the American Chemical Society at Buffalo, September, 1931.2 At that time we noted that the concentrates examined had absorption maxima at 2600 A., but as the concentrates were admittedly impure, and as some also presented maxima at other wave-lengths, we hesitated to identify any band with vitamin B1.
Characterization of two distinctly different mineral-related proteins from the teeth of the Camarodont sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: Specificity of function with relation to mineralization.

The majority of the mineral phase of the Lytechinus variegatus tooth is comprised of magnesium containing calcite crystal elements, collectively arranged so that they appear as a single crystal under polarized light, as well as under X-ray or electron irradiation. However, the crystal elements are small, and in spite of the common alignment of their crystal axes, are not the same size or shape in different parts of the tooth. The toughness of the tooth structure arises from the fact that it is a composite in which the crystals are coated with surface layers of organic matter that probably act to inhibit crack formation and elongation. In the growth region the organic components represent a greater part of the tooth structure. In the most heavily mineralized adoral region the primary plates fuse with inter-plate pillars. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy; TOF-SIMS mapping of the characteristic amino acids of the mineral related proteins; and isolation and characterization of the mineral-protected protein we report that the late-forming inter-plate pillars had more than a three-fold greater Mg content than the primary plates. Furthermore, the aspartic acid content of the mineralrelated protein was highest in the high Mg pillars whereas the mineral-protected protein of the primary plates was richer in glutamic acid content.These results suggest that the Asp-rich protein(s) is important for formation of the late developing inter-plate pillars that fuse the primary plates and increase the stiffness of the most mature tooth segment. Supported by NIDCR Grant DE R01-01374 to AV.
Pure and cobalt-doped SnO2(101) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Al2O3

Abstract Pure and Co-doped epitaxial SnO 2 films grown by oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on r-cut α-alumina substrates were investigated by electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD). On hot alumina substrates (∼ 800 °C) only a submonolayer amount of Sn adsorbs, indicating a strong adhesion of the first monolayer of tin on the alumina surface. SnO 2 films grown at ∼ 400–600 °C substrate temperature exhibit a SnO 2 (101)[010]‖Al 2 O 3 (-1012)[12-10] epitaxial relationship. Subtle differences in the XPD data of SnO 2 films compared to measurements on SnO 2 (101) single crystal surfaces are consistent with the presence of a high density of stoichiometric antiphase domain boundaries in the film. These planar defects are introduced in the SnO 2 film to compensate for the more than 10% lattice mismatch between the SnO 2 films and the alumina substrate along the SnO 2 [-101] direction. Co x Sn 1− x O 2 films with a Co-cation concentration of 5–15% were also grown. XPS indicates that Co is in a 2+ oxidation state and XPD shows that tin is replaced substitutionally by Co.
Some Case Histories in Projective Well-Log Interpretation: ABSTRACT

A decade has passed since the introduction of projective well-log interpretation, i.e., of a system of quantitative geologic well-log analysis and interpretation for the purpose of exploration for oil and gas. Such projective techniques use well logs to investigate and map physicochemical rock modifications that may have taken place in the sedimentary geologic column as a result of the migration and accumulation of oil and gas in structural as well as in stratigraphic traps. The principles on which the individual techniques of this system rest have been reviewed in scientific and trade magazines. Many example surveys and discovery data have been published, but most survey results have remained confidential. With passing years some operators have drilled and discovered oil not knowing that such surveys have been made on their prospect areas. Some example surveys made in Florida, in the Permian basin, in the Denver-Julesburg basin, and in the Williston basin are presented in which a number of producing oil and gas wells, and fields, have now been developed in areas mapped and indicated as petroliferous long before discoveries. One feature common to all petroliferous trends delineated by projective well-log interpretation is that the exact limits of expected production are not pinpointed nor is any claim made that the indicated petroliferous trends will be economically productive. To define economically productive limits, a much greater well density is needed. With such density all the oil fields within the explored depth would have been found, but deeper production possibilities would be indicated by projective techniques. End_Page 644------------------------------ In the petroliferous areas indicated on the maps of areas not yet fully explored, it is suggested that electrotelluric surveys are a means of pinpointing and of delineating the actual subsurface oil and gas accumulations within the broad probable oil-bearing regions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 645------------
Plasticity of spatial memory in honey bees: reorientation following colony fission

Abstract Abstract. Honey bees, Apis mellifera , that leave their natal colony with a reproductive swarm are known to establish a new nest within the foraging range of the natal colony. Experiments with natural swarms confirmed that bees rapidly learn to return to their new hive following colony fission, even if the natal hive stands a short distance away. Experiments with artificial swarms demonstrated similar reorientation by bees and further showed that the experience of being in a swarm triggers patterns of behaviour apparently used in reorientation. In addition, bees remembered information about the natal nest even after they moved to a new nest: reoriented bees from artificial swarms deprived of their new hive returned to their natal hive rather than to another equidistantly located hive. These results demonstrate a high degree of plasticity in honey bee spatial memory; experienced foragers returning to their new nest apparently can adopt new responses to landmarks that were previously used to guide them to their natal nest, while still retaining the ability to locate their natal nest.
Radar Rainfall Estimation for Ground Validation Studies of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

Abstract This study presents a multicomponent rainfall estimation algorithm, based on weather radar and rain gauge network, that can be used as a ground-based reference in the satellite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The essential steps are constructing a radar observable, its nonlinear transformation to rainfall, interpolation to rectangular grid, constructing several timescale accumulations, bias adjustment, and merging of the radar rainfall estimates and rain gauge data. Observations from a C-band radar in Darwin, Australia, and a local network of 54 rain gauges were used to calibrate and test the algorithm. A period of 25 days was selected, and the rain gauges were split into two subsamples to apply cross-validation techniques. A Z–R relationship with continuous range dependence and a temporal interpolation scheme that accounts for the advection effects is applied. An innovative methodology was used to estimate the algorithm controlling parameters. The model was globally optimized by usin...
Effect of warfarin on factor VII formation by a cell-free system from rat liver.

Abstract A study was conducted on the effect of warfarin on factor VII formation by a cell-free system from rat liver. Administration of warfarin to the rat from which the liver is obtained results in a marked decrease in factor VII formation by the liver homogenate. The rate of fall of factor VII formation was considerably more rapid than the rate of disappearance of factor VII from warfarin-treated rats. Restoration of factor VII formation upon the administration of vitamin K to warfarinized rats was also investigated. Factor VII was not made by homogenates prepared from livers removed from the rat immediately after administration of vitamin K, although slices prepared from such livers were able to make the clotting factor. However, homogenates prepared from livers taken a half hour or longer after giving vitamin K were able to make factor VII. These results suggest that vitamin K must be modified before it can participate in clotting factor formation, and that under the condition of these experiments this modification can take place in slices but not in homogenates.
A novel enzyme electrode method for the determination of nitrite based on nitrite reductase

The enzyme, nitrite reductase, can be extracted and purified from spinach leaves; the freeze-dried preparation is completely stable for at least 4 months if kept in a freezer. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonia in the presence of reduced methyl viologen as electron donor. An assay of nitrite can be based on the measurement of the ammonia formation, with an air-gap electrode as sensor. Nitrite in the 10−4 M—5 · lO−2 M range can be accurately determined with either soluble or immobilized enzyme, but the latter is stable for at least 3 weeks, is less susceptible to interferences during assay, and can be used repeatedly for about a hundred runs. These advantages make the method very simple, valuable and economical for the routine analysis of nitrite ion.
Automation of Bibliographic Control for Chinese Materials in the United States

Abstract The automation of bibliographic control for Chinese materials (along with other East Asian language materials) is significant because of the role this material plays in providing swift access to information internationally, across physical, political and linguistic boundaries. Ten years ago, the Library of Congress (LC) and the Research libraries Group (RLG) initiated a project for seeking means and methods to automate Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) bibliographic records. Today, most East Asian Libraries in North America can process their CJK materials in vernacular languages and scripts in library computers in the same way as Western-language peers had done for years. This paper attempts to review some of the important issues involved in such a movement and the general progress during the last decade. The review which is concerned with the automation of bibliographic control for Chinese materials will emphasize bibliographic utilities in the United States since the automation has been led primarily by East Asian libraries in North America rather than by those in mainland China and Taiwan.
Role of Plasmapheresis in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

Despite the absence of randomized trials, plasmapheresis has consistently demonstrated efficacy in treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) patients with hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS). This procedure can promptly reverse most clinical manifestations of serum HVS. Early diagnosis is crucial and usually can be made from the funduscopic exam. Serial viscosity measurements can be monitored by the Ostwald tube method which is simple, reproducible, and for which there is substantial clinical correlation. The concept of a symptomatic threshold, whereby each WM patient has a distinct viscosity threshold for the development of HVS, seems valid. Maintaining serum viscosity below each patient's symptomatic threshold effectively prevents recurrent HVS. Plasmapheresis is sometimes necessary as an emergency procedure and is useful maintenance therapy in selected patients. Prophylactic plasmapheresis should be considered in patients at risk for HVS after rituximab therapy. Vigorous plasmapheresis in WM patients with syndromes because of autoreactive immunoglobulin M antibodies requires further study.
Acculturation, Body Image, Self-Esteem, And Eating-Disorder Symptomatology In Adolescent Mexican American Women:

In this article the relationship among acculturation, body image, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptomatology in 120 Mexican American adolescent women was investigated. Surprisingly, acculturation levels were not related to anorexic or bulimic symptomatology, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction or thinness of ideal and attractive figures. Lower levels of self-esteem predicted higher levels of anorexic and bulimic symptomatology. Body mass was positively related to bulimic scores. In contrast to Lester and Petrie (1995), body dissatisfaction was significantly related to eating-disorder symptomatology. The high levels of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors found in this study suggest that rather than exclusively being an Anglo, middle-to upper-class phenomenon, eating-disordered behavior also exists within lower socioeconomic status Mexican American adolescent women.
Grading ERCPs by degree of difficulty: a new concept to produce more meaningful outcome data

Abstract Background: Simple endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) outcome measures such as success and complication rates may not allow direct comparisons among endoscopists or centers because procedure degree of difficulty can vary tremendously from case to case. We propose a new grading scale designed to objectively quantify ERCP degree of difficulty. Methods: A 1 to 5 scale was devised to grade ERCPs according to their level of technical difficulty. A retrospective pilot study was performed to assess ERCP outcomes at our institution according to difficulty grade. The scale was then prospectively applied to all ERCPs during a 1-year period. Results: In the pilot study, 209 of 231 (90%) ERCPs were technically successful, and 8 (3%) were followed by complications. Grade 1 to 4 procedures were more likely to succeed (94% vs. 74%, p p p p = not significant). Conclusions: Technical success was dependent on ERCP degree of difficulty, but complications were not. Outcome data that incorporate degree of difficulty information may be more meaningful, allowing endoscopist-to-endoscopist and center-to-center comparisons. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:535-9.)
Current algebras and universal divergent radiative corrections

Abstract We examine, using current algebras, the ultraviolet divergences occurring in the calculation of electromagnetic radiative corrections to any lowest order weak process at arbitrary momentum transfer. We consider all orders in perturbation theory in the fine structure constant α. The divergent parts of the radiative corrections are expressed in terms of matrix elements of equal-time current commutators by using the Bjorken expansion of time-ordered products of currents at large momenta. We assume the validity of this expansion and of the use of “naive” current commutation relations in discussing various current algebra models. We impose the condition that the divergences contribute only to an unobservable, universal weak coupling constant renormalization. It is shown that, in models with operator Schwinger terms in the current commutators, this condition cannot be satisfied for nonzero momentum transfer. Also, it is not satisfied for a weak interaction theory mediated by a vector boson. Two current algebra models are exhibited which are satisfactory if the weak Hamiltonian has a local curren-current form. For these models, the weak and electromagnetic currents of both the hadrons and the leptons obey the same commutation relations, and the Schwinger terms are c numbers. One, a quark model of hadrons with integrally charged quarks together with the conventional lepton currents, gives finite radiative corrections. The second, the algebra of fields model for the total electromagnetic and weak currents, including leptons, contains only a universal divergent factor. These two results are shown to hold to all orders in α. In obtaining these results, divergent contributions to electromagnetic mass shifts and to electromagnetic renormalization effects in strong interaction processes are isolated and removed by adding a counter term to the interaction Hamiltonian. These divergences may thus be treated as a separate problem, which we do not discuss in detail.
Are Child Eating Patterns Being Transformed Globally

ADAIR, LINDA S. AND BARRY M. POPKIN. Are child eating patterns being transformed globally? Obes Res. 2005; 13:1281–1299. Objective: To examine the extent to which child dietary patterns and trends are changing globally. Research Methods and Procedures: Diets of children 2 to 19 years of age were studied with nationally representative data from Russia and the United States, nationwide data from China, and regional data from metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were examined at several points in time to examine trends in calories consumed away from home, snacking behavior, and soft drink and modern fast food consumption. Urban–rural trends were compared. Results: U.S. and Cebu youth consume more than one-third of their daily calories and a higher proportion of snack calories from foods prepared away from home. In contrast, away from home food consumption is minimal in Chinese and Russian children. U.S. and Cebu youth consume about one-fifth of their total daily energy from snacks, but snacks provide a much lower proportion of energy in Russia (16%) and China (where snacks provide only 1% of energy). Fast food plays a much more dominant role in the American diet (20% of energy vs. 2% to 7% in the other countries), but as yet does not contribute substantially to children’s diets in the other countries. Urban–rural differences were found to be important, but narrowing over time, for China and Cebu, whereas they are widening for Russia. Discussion: This research suggests that globalization of the fast food and other modern food sectors is beginning to affect child eating patterns in several countries undergoing nutrition transition. However, the contribution of fast food and soft drinks to the diet of children remains relatively small in China, Russia, and Cebu, Philippines, relative to the United States.
“The ‘Domestication’ of Heredity: The Familial Organization of Geneticists at Cambridge University, 1895–1910”

In the early years of Mendelism, 1900–1910, William Bateson established a productive research group consisting of women and men studying biology at Cambridge. The empirical evidence they provided through investigating the patterns of hereditary in many different species helped confirm the validity of the Mendelian laws of heredity. What has not previously been well recognized is that owing to the lack of sufficient institutional support, the group primarily relied on domestic resources to carry out their work. Members of the group formed a kind of extended family unit, centered on the Batesons’ home in Grantchester and the grounds of Newnham College. This case illustrates the continuing role that domestic environments played in supporting scientific research in the early 20th century.
MSE and hierarchical optical associative processor system

ABSTRACT We consider high capacity mean square error (MSE) associative processors (APs) and the firstuse of multiple APs. The application considered is multi-class distortion-invariant pattern recognition (PR). 1 . INTRODUCTION APs are attractive solutions for difficult PR problems. Section 2 reviews the three APs weconsider. Section 3 describes our multi-class distorted object database and PR problem chosen. Section 4 describes the feature space input AP neuron representation space we use (feature spaceneurons are needed to reduce the number of neurons required, to provide some distortion invarianceand to reduce the training set size needed). Section 5 presents initial results (these show the needfor multiple APs). Section 6 advances our multiple AP concept and Section 7 notes our conclusions. 2. ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSORS Figure 1 shows the AP matrix-vector (M-V) processor considered and the dimensions of thematrix (), the input (x), and output () vectors where M x = and M is the number of stored vector
The Vibrational Reorganization Energy in Pentacene: Molecular Influences on Charge Transport

The reorganization energy in pentacene is reported on the basis of a joint experimental and theoretical study of pentacene ionization using high-resolution gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy, semiempirical intermediate neglect of differential overlap calculations, and first-principles correlated quantum-mechanical calculations at MP2 and density functional theory levels. The reorganization energy upon positive ionization of pentacene is determined both experimentally and theoretically to be remarkably low. This is one key element that allows one to rationalize the extremely high hole mobilities recently measured in pentacene single crystals.
Modeling nucleation and droplet growth for ion-induced nucleation experiments in diffusion cloud chambers

Abstract A model of ion-induced nucleation, droplet growth and motion processes in a diffusion cloud chamber is presented. The model predicts the arrival time of the droplets with an accuracy greater than 95%. The model also explains the increase in the time corresponding to the maximum of the nucleation pulse with increasing carrier gas pressure. Using this model it is possible to correlate the arrival time of the droplets with the height (temperature and supersaturation) where the nucleation events take place.
Vagueness Intuitions and the Mobility of Cognitive Sortals

One feature of vague predicates is that, as far as appearances go, they lack sharp application boundaries. I argue that we would not be able to locate boundaries even if vague predicates had sharp boundaries. I do so by developing an idealized cognitive model of a categorization faculty which has mobile and dynamic sortals (`classes', `concepts' or `categories') and formally prove that the degree of precision with which boundaries of such sortals can be located is inversely constrained by their flexibility. Given the literature, it is plausible that we are appropriately like the model. Hence, an inability to locate sharp boundaries is not necessarily because there are none; boundaries could be sharp and it is plausible that we would nevertheless be unable to locate them.
The Missing Technology: An International Comparison of Human Capital Investment in Healthcare

This article explores human capital investment to understand cross-sectional variation and differences in growth of health spending among the US, Australia and Canada. Using a human capital model developed by Mincer, the article examines how rate of return to schooling and years of schooling impact wage rate levels in healthcare. The model is extended to approximate the probable trajectory of healthcare wage rate growth and thus the impact on health spending. The results suggest that a higher rate of return to schooling and a more educated healthcare workforce in the US may contribute to higher healthcare wage rates and thus contribute to higher health spending levels than in Canada and Australia. The results also suggest that average healthcare wage rates are growing at the rate of potential GDP; healthcare wage rates are not driving the growth of health spending.
Modeling the impact of antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment and prevention in resource-limited settings

Clinical trials show that antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) reduce the risk of HIV transmission when used as treatment (ART) for infected persons or as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for uninfected persons. However, there are concerns that widespread ARV use may promote the spread of drug-resistant HIV. We compare two published mathematical models that predict the impact of ARVs used for HIV prevention in resource-limited settings. Both predict that ART and PrEP in combination would prevent more infections than the current practice of ART alone. The first model, which uses several optimistic and simplifying assumptions, predicts that a combination intervention will decrease drug resistance and may eventually eliminate HIV. The second, which incorporates behavioral heterogeneity and less optimistic ARV-related assumptions, predicts that a combination intervention increases drug resistance and will not eliminate HIV. To be useful policy-informing tools, infectious disease models must incorporate realistic structural and parameter assumptions, including variation in human behavior.
PLANT DEFENSE THEORY PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO INTERACTIONS INVOLVING INBRED PLANTS AND INSECT HERBIVORES

Inbreeding in the form of self-fertilization is widespread among plants and typically results in broad, detrimental changes in plant morphology and physiology. Phenotypic changes associated with inbreeding are likely to alter interactions between inbred plants and other organisms, but few studies have investigated this potential. We found that inbreeding in the entire-leaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula, altered this plant's ability to resist and tolerate attack by insect herbivores. The effects of inbreeding on plant defense, however, varied among insect species, and plant defense theory helped explain this variation. If the effects of inbreeding on plant phenotype are analogous to those of environmental stresses, then the plant vigor hypothesis predicts specialist herbivores will perform better on outbred plants, and the plant stress hypothesis predicts that generalist herbivores will perform better on inbred plants. We conducted a series of greenhouse experiments in which we reared...
Large-Scale Biochemical Profiling of the Candida albicans Biofilm Matrix: New Compositional, Structural, and Functional Insights

ABSTRACT Among pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans is most frequently associated with biofilm formation, a lifestyle that is entirely different from the planktonic state. One of the distinguishing features of these biofilms is the presence of extracellular material, commonly referred to as the “biofilm matrix.” The fungal biofilm matrix embeds sessile cells within these communities and plays important structural and physiological functions, including antifungal drug resistance with important clinical repercussions. This matrix is mostly self-produced by the fungal cells themselves and is composed of different types of biopolymers. In C. albicans, the main components of the biofilm matrix are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and DNA, but many of them remain unidentified and/or poorly characterized. In their recent article, Zarnowski et al. [mBio 5(4):e01333-14, 2014, doi:10.1128/mBio.01333-14] used a variety of biochemical and state-of-the-art “omic” approaches (glycomics, proteomics, and lipidomics) to identify and characterize unique biopolymers present in the C. albicans biofilm matrix. Besides generating a true “encyclopedic” catalog of individual moieties from each of the different macromolecular categories, results also provide important insights into structural and functional aspects of the fungal biofilm matrix, particularly the interaction between different components and the contribution of multiple matrix constituents to biofilm antifungal drug resistance.
Measurement of stiffness changes in immobilized muscle using magnetic resonance elastography

Background The isolated evaluation of changes in muscle following immobilization and disuse is a challenge in living subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether magnetic resonance elastography is capable of detecting these changes.
A bidirectional X-band antenna array on Liquid Crystal Polymer

A novel wideband planar polygon slot antenna with a metamaterial inspired reactive coupling element is presented. The antenna is printed on a Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate and shows bidirectional radiation characteristics. The antenna, including the ground plane, occupies and area of 2.5 × 2.0 cm2. An impedance bandwidth of 17.5% is measured for the single antenna with a center frequency of 11.4 GHz. A 16-element antenna array utilizing this novel antenna is also presented. The simulated antenna array achieves a gain of 14.9 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 67% and an impedance bandwidth of 21%.
Long-run versus short-run decisions: R&D and market structure in Spanish firms

Abstract I present new econometric evidence on the relation between market structure and R&D using data on Spanish firms. I adopt a different approach from previous studies by distinguishing between long-run and short-run decisions of firms regarding R&D. I assume that the long-run or strategic decision is whether to conduct R&D or not, and the short-run choice is how much to invest once the firm decides to be innovative. I argue that market structure affects long-run R&D decisions but does not affect short-run ones. A Heckman-type selection model is used to test such a relation. The results are robust to several specifications and measures of monopoly power.
Branched-chain amino acid catabolism: unique segregation of pathway enzymes in organ systems and peripheral nerves.

We have examined the localization of the first two enzymes in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic pathway: the branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) isozymes (mitochondrial BCATm and cytosolic BCATc) and the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) enzyme complex. Antibodies specific for BCATm or BCATc were used to immunolocalize the respective isozymes in cryosections of rat tissues. BCATm was expressed in secretory epithelia throughout the digestive tract, with the most intense expression in the stomach. BCATm was also strongly expressed in secretory cells of the exocrine pancreas, uterus, and testis, as well as in the transporting epithelium of convoluted tubules in kidney. In muscle, BCATm was located in myofibrils. Liver, as predicted, was not immunoreactive for BCATm. Unexpectedly, BCATc was localized in elements of the autonomic innervation of the digestive tract, as well as in axons in the sciatic nerve. The distributions of BCATc and BCATm did not overlap. BCATm-expressing cells also expressed the second enzyme of the BCAA catabolic pathway, BCKD. In selected monkey and human tissues examined by immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry, BCATm and BCATc were distributed in patterns very similar to those found in the rat. The results show that BCATm is in a position to regulate BCAA availability as protein precursors and anabolic signals in secretory portions of the digestive and other organ systems. The unique expression of BCATc in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, without coexpression of BCKD, raises new questions about the physiological function of this BCAT isozyme.
Neurocognitive disturbances in HIV

HIV infection is associated with disturbances in brain function which reflect themselves in HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Neurocognitive examination is a sensitive and relevant approach to detecting and monitoring HAND. The approaches to evaluating the various neurocognitive disturbances are reviewed, along with consideration of cofactors that may influence expression of these disorders.
An Improved DSP-Based EIS Instrument using Real-Time Performance Monitors and Parameter Adjustment

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods are commonly used to estimate the performance of corrosion resistant coatings. A multi-frequency EIS improves performance over traditional EIS systems through shortened trial times. With the addition of real-time performance monitors, a multi-frequency EIS system provides users with a better understanding of estimate quality and automatically adjusts a variety of parameters to further improve instrument performance. Such an automated multi-frequency EIS system is realized with modern digital signal processing (DSP) hard-ware
ORIGIN AND COURSE OF THE DORSOMEDIAL CUTANEOUS NERVE TO THE GREAT TOE

The purpose of this study was to describe the course of the dorsomedial cutaneous nerve (DMCN) to the great toe. The DMCN is a branch of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve, which originates from the superficial peroneal nerve. Injury to the DMCN may result in a painful neuroma. Identifying and protecting the DMCN to the great toe during surgical procedures near these areas may decrease the rate of painful neuroma formation.
Osteoporosis update: effective prevention and treatment

Osteoporosis is a public health threat to approximately 44 million individuals in the USA, or 55% of men and women over the age of 50 years. The primary goal of osteoporosis management is to prevent fracture, the most devastating consequence. Risk factors and bone mineral density can be assessed to determine appropriate action for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Prevention strategies include lifestyle modification, fall prevention, and adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. Current treatment options include antiresorptive agents and anabolic agents. Adherence and cost issues play major roles in establishing optimal therapy for individual patients. New agents in development are designed to improve osteoporosis treatment and patient adherence. This review focuses on current and future prevention and treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Development and experimental validation of downlink multiuser MIMO-OFDM in gigabit wireless LAN systems

Multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) has been proposed as a means to improve spectrum efficiency for various future wireless communication systems. This paper reports indoor experimental results obtained for a newly developed and implemented downlink (DL) MU-MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver for gigabit wireless local area network systems in the microwave band. In the transceiver, the channel state information (CSI) is estimated at each user and fed back to an access point (AP) on a real-time basis. At the AP, the estimated CSI is used to calculate the transmit beamforming weight for DL MU-MIMO transmission. This paper also proposes a recursive inverse matrix computation scheme for computing the transmit weight in real time. Experiments with the developed transceiver demonstrate its feasibility in a number of indoor scenarios. The experimental results clarify that DL MU-MIMO-OFDM transmission can achieve a 972-Mbit/s transmission data rate with simple digital signal processing of single-antenna users in an indoor environment.
Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome

The colonization process of the infant gut microbiome has been called chaotic, but this view could reflect insufficient documentation of the factors affecting the microbiome. We performed a 2.5-y case study of the assembly of the human infant gut microbiome, to relate life events to microbiome composition and function. Sixty fecal samples were collected from a healthy infant along with a diary of diet and health status. Analysis of >300,000 16S rRNA genes indicated that the phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome increased gradually over time and that changes in community composition conformed to a smooth temporal gradient. In contrast, major taxonomic groups showed abrupt shifts in abundance corresponding to changes in diet or health. Community assembly was nonrandom: we observed discrete steps of bacterial succession punctuated by life events. Furthermore, analysis of ≈500,000 DNA metagenomic reads from 12 fecal samples revealed that the earliest microbiome was enriched in genes facilitating lactate utilization, and that functional genes involved in plant polysaccharide metabolism were present before the introduction of solid food, priming the infant gut for an adult diet. However, ingestion of table foods caused a sustained increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, elevated fecal short chain fatty acid levels, enrichment of genes associated with carbohydrate utilization, vitamin biosynthesis, and xenobiotic degradation, and a more stable community composition, all of which are characteristic of the adult microbiome. This study revealed that seemingly chaotic shifts in the microbiome are associated with life events; however, additional experiments ought to be conducted to assess how different infants respond to similar life events.
A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring vertical fluxes of nitrous acid

Abstract. A relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system combined with a nitrous acid (HONO) analyzer was developed to measure atmospheric HONO vertical fluxes. The system consists of three major components: (1) a fast-response sonic anemometer measuring both vertical wind velocity and air temperature, (2) a fast-response controlling unit separating air motions into updraft and downdraft samplers by the sign of vertical wind velocity, and (3) a highly sensitive HONO analyzer based on aqueous long path absorption photometry that measures HONO concentrations in the updrafts and downdrafts. A dynamic velocity threshold (±0.5σw, where σw is a standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity) was used for valve switching determined by the running means and standard deviations of the vertical wind velocity. Using measured temperature as a tracer and the average values from two field deployments, the flux proportionality coefficient, β, was determined to be 0.42 ± 0.02, in good agreement with the theoretical estimation. The REA system was deployed in two ground-based field studies. In the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study in Bakersfield, California in summer 2010, measured HONO fluxes appeared to be upward during the day and were close to zero at night. The upward HONO flux was highly correlated to the product of NO2 and solar radiation. During the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX 2009) at Blodgett Forest, California in July 2009, the overall HONO fluxes were small in magnitude and were close to zero. Causes for the different HONO fluxes in the two different environments are briefly discussed.
Interface and mechanical behavior of MoSi2-based composites

MoSi2-based composites reinforced with particles, whiskers, and continuous fibers were fabricated using hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing techniques. The microstructure, interface compatability, and interfacial properties between the reinforcements and matrix are discussed. The microstructural parameters which control the mechanical behavior of the MoSi2 composites were characterized. The need for developing a satisfactory reinforced MoSi2 composite for high-temperature structural applications is also addressed.
Gemcitabine as Salvage Treatment in Patients with Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Case Series

Context Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare and aggressive tumor. The combination of etoposide and cisplatin is considered as the first-line treatment, but no recommendations exist for further treatment after progression. Case series We report here case series of three patients who received gemcitabine as salvage chemotherapy in patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas. All the three patients achieved clinical benefit with manageable toxicities. The survival was 5.5, 8, and 9 months respectively after the beginning of gemcitabine in these three patients. Conclusions This case series of patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas who received gemcitabine as salvage chemotherapy suggests that gemcitabine could be an effective salvage treatment. Future studies to investigate gemcitabine in this setting are warranted. Image: Gemcitabine.
Conductor surface-roughness effect in the loss tangent measurement of low-loss organic substrates from 30 GHz to 70 GHz

This work shows the effect of the conductor surface roughness (CSR) in the measurement of the loss tangent using the microstrip ring resonator method (RRM) in three low-loss, organic dielectric substrates (RT/duroid 6002, 6202 and 5880) and each, with two types of copper metallization. In addition, relative permittivity and loss tangent measurements are presented from 30 GHz to 70 GHz for the three substrates for the first time using the RRM. The copper metallization types used for the study are the rolled metallization with a root mean square (RMS) CSR value of 0.27 um and the Electro-deposited (ED), with an RMS CSR of 1.89 um. Results show that the extracted loss tangent values from the ED metallization are in excellent agreement with the values extracted with a Split Cylinder Cavity at about 34 GHz for all materials studied. On the other hand, the loss tangent values extracted with ring resonators fabricated on a rolled metallization, show errors of about 50%, when compared to those extracted with the same Split-Cylinder cavity. No significant errors were detected in the extracted relative permittivity with the two CSR values, and errors below 6% were achieved when compared to the values extracted with the Split Cylinder method.
Recording teleseisms on the seafloor; an example from the Juan de Fuca plate

In 1991, during an experiment to compare low-frequency seismic noise on a basaltic and a sediment covered seafloor (NOBS), we recorded teleseisms on the Juan de Fuca ridge, the Gorda ridge, and the adjacent Cascadia Basin with the SNAG ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS). These data provide an indication of the type of data that may be obtained from future experiments to record teleseisms and may be helpful in designing these experiments and analyzing the results. We found that although seafloor noise is dominated by microseisms in the band 0.1 to 0.3 Hz, there is a well-developed minimum in noise from about 0.03 to 0.1 Hz (the noise notch). In this noise notch, teleseisms can be most easily detected. In the Cascadia area, the overall noise levels are such that only teleseismic events with magnitude greater than 6.5 were usefully recorded. A magnitude 6.6 event in the New Britain area (Δ = 89°) produced usable P - and surface-wave data only in this noise notch. In the band 0.03 to 0.1 Hz, the character of compressional waves is very sensitive to water depth and the type of sensor. We show that pressure sensors are especially sensitive to reverberation in the ocean and that motion sensors (seismometers) are less sensitive to ocean reverberations and will record teleseismic phases with less distortion than pressure sensors. The Cascadia data indicate enhanced P amplitudes at sites on the ridge axes that could be due to focusing caused by a low-velocity lens. These data suggest that amplitude information may be as, or even more, useful than P delay times for determining upper mantle structure.
Why Does Enzyme Not Leach from Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)? Unveiling the Interactions between an Enzyme Molecule and a MOF

The strong interactions between microperoxidase (MP-11) and Tb-mesoMOF were identified via Raman spectroscopic studies, which revealed that MP-11 molecules interact with the framework of Tb-mesoMOF through π···π interactions between the heme of MP-11 and the conjugated triazine and benzene rings in the organic ligand of Tb-mesoMOF. The strong interactions facilitate the retention of MP-11 molecules within the metal–organic framework (MOF) pores, which is in striking contrast with the severe leaching of MP-11 from MCM-41 due to the lack of specific interactions between enzyme molecules and the mesoporous silica material.
Movement of Stalk Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Noncrop Areas into Corn

Stalk borer, Papaipema nebris Guenee, populations in noncrop, grassy areas and border rows of corn were intensively sampled to investigate movement characteristics of larvae. Plant samples and linear pitfall traps were used to determine population densities and movement patterns. Analysis of data indicated a significant interaction between plant speciesand larval size, with first through fourth instars found most often in grasses. However, the proportion of larvae within broadleaf plants increased sharply for instars five through eight. A decline in stalk borer density in grassy areas was followed by an increase in density in bordering corn rows. Capture of stalk borers in pitfall traps coincided with changes in densities within plant samples. Pitfall traps indicated that moving larvae were mostly fourth through sixth instars. Trap captures also indicated a similarity in movement pattern between years, with first capture at ca. 600 degree-days (DD) and 50% capture ca. 900 DD (base temperature, 5.1°C [accumulated from 1 January]). Little movement was observed after 1,100 DD. Regression equations were derived to predict larval density and percentage damaged plants within the first two corn rows, based on mean stalk borer density in noncrop areas.
Cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy in albino rats following acclimatization to altitude.

SummaryAlbino rats subjected to discontinuous hypoxia (80 mm Hg for 4 hours a day for 41 days) showed significant cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy.
Introduction to the Brook Lodge Workshop on Animal and Human Models in Thrombosis Research

Remarkable progress has been made in the field of thrombosis research in the past decade. The platelet has been shown to have an important part not only in hemostasis but also in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic disorders. Much has been learned about platelet-vessel wall interactions and such factors as lipids and prostaglandins in promoting hemostasis and possibly thrombosis. That more should be learned about the initial reactions — those involving platelets and the vessel wall — in the genesis of a thrombus seems particularly important because their regulation can offer new opportunities to prevent thromboembolic disease.