cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid alkali metals - Equation of state and reduced-pressure, bulk-modulus, sound-velocity, and specific-heat functions

The previous work of Schlosser and Ferrante (1988) on universality in solids is extended to the study of liquid metals. As in the case of solids, to a good approximation, in the absence of phase transitions, plots of the logarithm of the reduced-pressure function H, of the reduced-isothermal-bulk-modulus function b, and of the reduced-sound-velocity function v are all linear in 1-X. Finally, it is demonstrated that ln(Cp/C/v) is also linear in 1-X, where X = (V/V/0/)exp 1/3), and V(0) is the volume at zero pressure.
Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) provides a simple method to calculate organ dose for pediatric CT examinations.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation of size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) with absorbed organ dose, and to develop a simple methodology for estimating patient organ dose in a pediatric population (5–55 kg). Methods: Four physical anthropomorphic phantoms representing a range of pediatric body habitus were scanned with metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters placed at 23 organ locations to determine absolute organ dose. Phantom absolute organ dose was divided by phantom SSDE to determine correlation between organ dose and SSDE. Organ dose correlation factors (CF{sub SSDE}{sup organ}) were then multiplied by patient-specific SSDE to estimate patient organ dose. The CF{sub SSDE}{sup organ} were used to retrospectively estimate individual organ doses from 352 chest and 241 abdominopelvic pediatric CT examinations, where mean patient weight was 22 kg ± 15 (range 5–55 kg), and mean patient age was 6 yrs ± 5 (range 4 months to 23 yrs). Patient organ dose estimates were compared to published pediatric Monte Carlo study results. Results: Phantom effective diameters were matched with patient population effective diameters to within 4 cm; thus, showing appropriate scalability of the phantoms across the entire pediatric population in this study. IndividualCF{sub SSDE}{sup organ} were determined for a total of 23more » organs in the chest and abdominopelvic region across nine weight subcategories. For organs fully covered by the scan volume, correlation in the chest (average 1.1; range 0.7–1.4) and abdominopelvic region (average 0.9; range 0.7–1.3) was near unity. For organ/tissue that extended beyond the scan volume (i.e., skin, bone marrow, and bone surface), correlation was determined to be poor (average 0.3; range: 0.1–0.4) for both the chest and abdominopelvic regions, respectively. A means to estimate patient organ dose was demonstrated. Calculated patient organ dose, using patient SSDE and CF{sub SSDE}{sup organ}, was compared to previously published pediatric patient doses that accounted for patient size in their dose calculation, and was found to agree in the chest to better than an average of 5% (27.6/26.2) and in the abdominopelvic region to better than 2% (73.4/75.0). Conclusions: For organs fully covered within the scan volume, the average correlation of SSDE and organ absolute dose was found to be better than ±10%. In addition, this study provides a complete list of organ dose correlation factors (CF{sub SSDE}{sup organ}) for the chest and abdominopelvic regions, and describes a simple methodology to estimate individual pediatric patient organ dose based on patient SSDE.« less
Lamellar inclusions in follicular horny cells: a new aspect of abnormal keratinization.

Follicular casts, consisting of horny cells surrounding a core of sebum and bacteria, were removed intact from the pilosebaceous canal of acne patients by means of cyanoacrylate adhesive. When examined at the ultrastructural level, the interior of the follicular horny cell contained highly ordered systems of lamellae and large inclusions of particulate material. Lamellae consisted of 68-A wide bilayers in immediate opposition with no interlamellar space. These images are indicative of the presence of lipid bilayers most probably composed in part of polar lipids. Lamellae were often contiguous with the large inclusions of particulate material suggestive that they are the same substance sectioned in different planes. These findings indicate that during abnormal keratinization large amounts of polar lipids are retained by the horny cell and utilized not only as components of the plasma membrane, but as matrix constituents.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO NANORODS AND COMPOSITES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS

ZnO nanorods grown by hydrothermal technique on glass, Zinc, and Indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates exhibit both open and closed hexagonal structures. On the nanoscale, closed ZnO nanostructures exhibit two types of ion conduction regions as revealed by AC-impedance spectra collected through the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). One region has higher impedance values (apparent values of approximately 107 ohms) with two semicircles. Two semicircles are indicative of a ZnO structure composed of bulk and grain boundary conduction. Other regions were found to have impedance values that were two orders of magnitude lower (apparent values of 105 ohms). This indicates that these ZnO films have two conduction pathways. The polyethylene oxide (PEO)–ZnO nanorod composite was made by spin-coating the ZnO rods growing from the ITO substrate with PEO. In the PEO–ZnO composite film, only the AC impedance values of 105 ohms were observed. This is higher than PEO electrolyte without ZnO nanorods. Since regions of higher impedance were not seen in the PEO–ZnO nanorod composites, the polymer electrolyte either dominated the conduction of the system or suppressed the first pathway of higher impedance in the ZnO rods.
Radiographic assessment of jugular bulb catheters

The objective of this paper is to review the technical pitfalls associated with the bedside placement of oxygen saturation (O2) catheters into the jugular bulb (JB). A retrospective review was used to gather data on optimum radiographic technique and JB O2 catheter position on 27 patients. Eleven percent (3/27) of the JB O2 catheters required immediate repositioning to prevent serious complications (that is, reliance upon incorrect O2 measurements or venous thrombosis). Radiographic assessment of these catheters is best performed using a portable overpenetrated Stenvers view and a companion overpenetrated lateral radiograph. Computed tomographic scans of the neck or skull base also detected malpositioning of the catheter.
Factors influencing limb salvage and survival after amputation and revascularization in patients with end-stage renal disease

Abstract Background : Critical lower-extremity ischemia in patients with end-stage renal disease is associated with high operative mortality and low rates of limb salvage. Patients and methods : The outcomes of 102 operations for lower-extremity ischemia in 77 patients with end-stage renal disease were analyzed to determine predictors of limb salvage and operative survival. Results : Patients undergoing amputation (n = 50) and revascularization (n = 52) were similar in age, cause, and duration of renal failure, and prevalence of coronary artery disease. Operative mortality was 13% in revascularized patients and 20% in amputated patients, and was caused by sepsis in 12 of the 17 deaths (71%). Limb salvage in surviving patients was 91% at 30 days and 67% at 1 year. One-year survival was 72% in both groups. Factors associated with limb loss included advanced generalized atherosclerosis, extensive tissue necrosis, failed ipsilateral bypass, and poor cardiac functional status. Overall, factors associated with mortality included failure of limb salvage procedures, hemodynamic instability, and poor cardiac functional status. Conclusions : More liberal use of primary amputation for end-stage renal disease patients with critical leg ischemia appears to be an important factor in improving both limb salvage rates and overall operative mortality.
Formal semantics and communication strategies for proactive information delivery among team-based agents

Effective human teams often benefit from proactivity through members' capability of anticipating different needs of teammates. In this paper, we focus on three issues related to the behavior of proactive information delivery. Two types of information needs are identified, the intentional semantics of ProInform is given, and priliminary experiments are carried out to study how different strategies for choosing ProInform impact team performance. The work presented in this paper provide a sound and practical framework that enables further studies regarding proactive information delivery.
Sensitivities: emotion-work and resulting personal effects in researching Black lesbians.

The issues of self-disclosure, empathy, sharing the lives of others, developing rapport, and emotional memories are presented in relationship to the conduct of qualitative research interviews with Black lesbian students attending a historically Black university within a southern U.S. regional context. The challenge of doing such sensitive research is discussed from my perspective of also being a Black lesbian researcher, and the questions that this raised for me. Specific examples from the interview experiences are provided of self-disclosure, empathy, and rapport with the student participants. Conclusions suggest the need for building a community of social support for female scholars of African descent who study and serve Black lesbian populations.
Tautomeric structure of 1‐Oxy‐2‐phenylbenzimidazole

The synthesis of 3-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole-1-oxide (VIII) has been accomplished. Consequently, it has been possible to establish the tautomeric structure of I as 1-hydroxy-2-phenylbenzimidazole (Ia). Contrary to recent observations on the parent 1-oxybenzimidazole (IV), I shows no tendency to exist as an N-oxide (Ib) in aqueous solution.
A Prospective Cohort Study Shows Unique Epigenetic, Genetic, and Prognostic Features of Synchronous Colorectal Cancers

Background & Aims Synchronous colorectal neoplasias (2 or more primary carcinomas identified in the same patient) are caused by common genetic and environmental factors and can be used to study the field effect. Synchronous colon cancers have not been compared with control solitary cancers in a prospective study. Methods We analyzed data collected from 47 patients with synchronous colorectal cancers and 2021 solitary colorectal cancers (controls) in 2 prospective cohort studies. Tumors samples were analyzed for methylation in LINE-1 and 16 CpG islands ( CACNA1G , CDKN2A [p16], CRABP1 , IGF2 , MLH1 , NEUROG1 , RUNX3 , SOCS1 , CHFR , HIC1 , IGFBP3 , MGMT , MINT1, MINT31, p14 [ARF], and WRN ); microsatellite instability (MSI); the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP); 18q loss of heterozygosity; KRAS , BRAF , and PIK3CA mutations; and expression of β-catenin, p53, p21, p27, cyclin D1, fatty acid synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. Results Compared with patients with solitary colorectal cancer, synchronous colorectal cancer patients had reduced overall survival time (log-rank, P = .0048; hazard ratio [HR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17–2.50; P = .0053; multivariate HR, 1.47; 95% CI: 1.00–2.17; P = .049). Compared with solitary tumors, synchronous tumors more frequently contained BRAF mutations ( P = .0041), CIMP-high ( P = .013), and MSI-high ( P = .037). Methylation levels of LINE-1 (Spearman r = 0.82; P = .0072) and CpG island methylation ( P Conclusions Synchronous colorectal cancers had more frequent mutations in BRAF , were more frequently CIMP- and MSI-high, and had a worse prognosis than solitary colorectal cancers. Similar epigenomic and epigenetic events were frequently observed within a synchronous cancer pair, suggesting the presence of a field defect.
Effects of gastric freezing on dogs.

Summary Gastric freezing was performed in dogs and the morphological alterations were investigated immediately, 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after the freezing. There was inhibition of the acidity immediately after the freezing which remained for the entire 72-hr experimental period. It was found that the parietal cells were most sensitive to freezing and became affected earlier than the other cells of the gastric mucosa. On the other hand, the parietal cells were not regenerating at the time when this process was observed in other cell types. Effects on parietal cells have been suggested as the basis for the alterations of the gastric acidity. In addition, there was loss of ganglion cells in the plexus of Auerbach. From the histological appearance of the lesions, it was further suggested that the ganglion cell alterations and the production of the deep gastric ulcers were secondary to hemorrhage in the gastric wall.
Policy Watch: Proposals for Time-Limited Welfare

This paper summarizes the Clinton administration's welfare reform proposal and views the available evidence on the effects of time-limiting cash assistance and requiring work among long-term Aid to Families with Dependent Children users. The reforms are designed to increase employment among Aid to Families with Dependent Children recipients. Given changes in the labor market for less-skilled workers, it is not clear that this will increase income among these families. The reform proposals would shift antipoverty spending toward work subsidies, child support collection efforts, and subsidized jobs that support mandated employment. It is unclear that this will produce either a cheaper or more effective antipoverty system than the current one.
Chapter 4. Manpower

Purpose To provide recommendations and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital preparations for an influenza pandemic or mass disaster with a specific focus on manpower.
Loss minimisation in λ/4 impedance transformers using multiple λ/4 segments

Presented is an analysis of loss in quarter-wavelength impedance transformers. It is shown that the loss of an impedance transformer, S 21, is a function not only of the dielectric and conductor loss, but also the transformation ratio. S 21 is derived as a function of both loss and transformation ratio and it is shown that for high transformation ratios, using two or even three quarter-wavelength impedance transformers results in an overall lower loss.
The effects of estradiol-17 beta and/or progesterone on nitrogen balance values in studies on the castrated rooster.

Abstract The effects of estradiol-17β (E), progesterone (P), and E plus P (BOTH) on N balance and N constituents of the urine and plasma were investigated in 9- to 10-week old castrated cocks. Birds were subjected to surgical trauma by exteriorizing the ureters in order to obtain feces-free urine. Statistically significant increases were observed in food consumption and body weight gain of E- and BOTH-treated chickens. These increases were suppressed by the stress of the exteriorization. However, treated birds remained in a positive N balance after the operation, whereas the control animals went into a negative N balance with one-third of them dying prior to the termination of the experiment. None of the hormones utilized produced significant changes in the percentage composition of the nitrogenous waste products. Daily fluctuations occurred but were probably within normal variations. Treatments of E and BOTH resulted in statistically significant increases in the plasma total N and protein N, the urine volume, and a decreased plasma concentration of sodium and uric acid in the E-treated group. Progesterone had an inhibitory influence on the estrogen stimulated variables and had no effect alone. Untreated controls which died showed statistically significant increases in the percentage of sodium retained, and in plasma sodium, uric acid, and glucose concentrations. They also were characterized by adrenal hypertrophy, visceral urate deposits on various thoracic and abdominal organs and damaged kidneys. It was hypothesized that an increased secretion of corticosterone occurred due to the exteriorization stress, causing a negative N balance. E and P seemed to protect the birds from these effects.
Direct measurement of energy transport in organic nanosystems

Conjugated polymers are appealing materials for cost-effective production of flexible electronic devices, but the efficiency of these devices may be compromised by exciton quenching by hole polarons. Exciton migration was monitored directly in single poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) chains embedded in a hole-injection device by applying super-resolution point-spread function fitting techniques to the fluorescence image of each chain as holes were reversibly injected into the polymer. Correlated excitation polarization spectroscopy techniques reported the orientation of the longitudinal axis of the rod-like polymers. The wide-field microscopy images are diffraction-limited in one dimension but slightly elongated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the rod-like polymer in most cases and at every depth of fluorescence quenching explored.
Effect of renal and adrenal denervation on the renin response to slow haemorrhage in dogs.

SUMMARY 1. The effect on plasma renin activity of moderate slow haemorrhage (7.5 ml. kg−1. h−1 for 2 h) was studied in intact dogs and in dogs whose adrenals and kidneys had been denervated surgically. 2. In dogs with intact renal and adrenal nerves, plasma renin activity rose during haemorrhage without any accompanying change in systemic blood pressure, but with marked decreases in renal function, an increased filtration fraction and an increased haematocrit. The latter effects can be attributed to sympathetic stimulation evoked by haemorrhage. 3. In dogs with denervated kidneys and adrenals, haemorrhage did not result in a significant elevation of plasma renin activity until the 2 h collection period, at which time mean systemic blood pressure had fallen 32 mmHg. Renal function changes were less marked and neither filtration fraction nor haematocrit rose, suggesting the absence of sympathetic stimulation. 4. It concluded that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the renin response to slow haemorrhage until such time as blood pressure falls sufficiently to activate a second stimulatory mechanism, perhaps a renal baro-receptor.
Shear stress and sediment resuspension in relation to submersed macrophyte biomass

We examined the impacts of macrophyte beds dominated by a canopy-forming (Myriophyllum sibiricum) and a meadow-forming (Chara canescens) species on bottom shear stress (τ) and resuspension in shallow Lake Christina, Minnesota (U.S.A.). Studies were conducted in late summer, 1998, when macrophyte biomass levels exceeded 200 g m−2, and in early summer, 2000, when biomass was greatly reduced (<20 g m−2) in both plant beds. The critical shear stress (τc) of sediments, measured experimentally in the laboratory, was low (1.4 dynes cm−2) indicating potential for resuspension in the absence of macrophytes. During 1998, turbidity was low at the M. sibiricum and Chara station, rarely increasing when calculated bottom τ (calculated from wave theory assuming no biomass obstruction) exceeded τsub c sub, indicating that both beds reduced sediment resuspension at high biomass levels. In situτ (estimated τ), measured via gypsum sphere dissolution, did not exceed τc above the sediment interface in either bed during 1998. In contrast, sediment resuspension occurred in both beds during similar high winds in 2000. However, estimated τ was lower than calculated bottom τ, suggesting that at low biomass, macrophytes were having some impact on τ.
Effects of membrane bilayer reorganizations on the 2103 cm−1 Raman spectral C ? D stretching mode linewidths in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine‐d54 (DMPC‐d54) liposomes

The sensitivity of the bandwidths of the 2103 cm−1 symmetric methylene CD2 stretching modes to lateral chain-chain interactions and to intrachain rotamer formation is demonstrated for membrane bilayer systems composed of deuterated phospholipids. Temperature profiles, constructed from three separate linewidth parameters, illustrate the effects of bilayer rearrangements both in pure DMPC-d54 liposomes and in DMPC-d54 multilayers containing melittin in a lipid:polypeptide mole ratio of 14:1. Evidence is presented for a class of immobilized deuterated boundary lipids surrounding the polypeptide.
Emerging Directions in the Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and is associated with increased morbidity. As the population ages and the prevalence of AF continues to rise, the socioeconomic consequences of AF will become increasingly burdensome. Although there are well-defined clinical risk factors for AF, a significant heritable component is also recognized. To identify the molecular basis for the heritability of AF, investigators have used a combination of classical Mendelian genetics, candidate gene screening, and genome-wide association studies. However, these avenues have, as yet, failed to define the majority of the heritability of AF. The goal of this review is to describe the results from both candidate gene and genome-wide studies, as well as to outline potential future avenues for creating a more complete understanding of AF genetics. Ultimately, a more comprehensive view of the genetic underpinnings for AF will lead to the identification of novel molecular pathways and improved risk prediction of this complex arrhythmia.
A Wild Freudian in Mexico: Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo

Raul Carranca y Trujillo was a Mexican judge who experimented with ways of integrating psychoanalysis and criminology. He corresponded with Freud and Freud applauded his efforts. In 1940 Carranca was assigned the case of Ramon Mercader, who was accused of assassinating Leon Trotsky, and he deployed his psycho-judicial techniques to investigate the unconscious motives behind the killing.
Predicting atrial fibrillation: can we shape the future?

This editorial refers to ‘Prognostic impact of supraventricular premature complexes in community-based health checkups: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study’, by N. Murakoshi et al ., on page doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu407 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for cardio-embolic stroke, heart failure, and mortality including sudden death; anticoagulation in high-risk patients has been shown to lower the risk of stroke significantly.1,2 However, the arrhythmia may remain undetected in many patients and an embolic stroke or heart failure can be the initial presentation. The early recognition of AF is therefore of great importance. In the Framingham Heart Study, older age, male sex, hypertension, cardiac murmurs, and heart failure were predictors of AF.3 Premature atrial contractions (PACs) and repetitive atrial ectopic activity are frequently observed during ambulatory monitoring. In epidemiological studies, these have been associated with an increased risk for the development of AF, stroke, and mortality during long-term follow-up.4–6 Murakoshi et al . have now contributed to the discussion of PACs and the risk for AF with data from the Ibraki Perfecture Health Study, a government-sponsored community-based prospective cohort study from the Ibraki Perfecture in Japan.7 These authors examined the prognostic significance of the presence of PACs on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded for ∼15 s during a routine health check. Of a total of 192 125 participants in the study, a cohort of 63 197 individuals was chosen for analysis based on exclusions for prevalent AF, known heart disease, and inadequacy of …
The canonical least squares estimation of large-scale simultaneous-equations models

Abstract The equation-by-equation ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation of simultaneous-equations models (SEMs) is known to be biased and even inconsistent. In addition, OLS is not normalization invariant. Yet, the OLS method is still widely used, especially for large-scale SEMs with many exogenous variables, because two-stage least squares, limited information maximum likelihood, and other related methods are not applicable. A canonical least squares (CANLS) method is developed here to overcome the normalization bias and to alleviate the simultaneity bias. The CANLS method contrasts one set of endogenous variables with the other set of exogenous variables in a structural equation through canonical correlation analysis. A linear combination of endogenous variables is then determined by the first canonical variable, which is subsequently regressed on the individual exogenous variables of the structural equation. The new method is shown to be more accurate than OLS through a series of Monte Carlo experiments.
Museum Prophecy: The Role of Museums in the 1970s

This journal article describes the impact of a number of social issues on American society and museums in the past, and predicts their influence on the role of museums in the 1970's. Issues which the author feels museums must address are: race relations (prejudice, minorities), ecology (pollution, natural resources), drug abuse (addiction), poverty (welfare), warfare and youth. Mandates of museums are to collect, preserve, study (research), communicate and exhibit. Museums must serve a diverse and demanding public. Other topics include funding, decentralization, staffing, automation, and affiliations with museum and cultural associations. This is a reference for museology and museum management.
Time for the Web to grow up

New technologies often pass through similar stages in development. First, the creators of the technology, driven by a vision to improve the world, push the technology forward. Once the technology reaches a critical threshold, society adopts it and pulls it in unexpected directions. The Web is no exception. Until recently, the Web was used primarily for fun by a small segment of society made up of folks who were comfortable with computers and networks and who thrived in the unmanaged, free spirit of the Internet. Now, as forces unite to integrate the Web into society, it's time for the Web to grow up. The strongest of these integrating forces, technological progress, is discussed. The author reviews various technological issues and describes some of the other forces fueling the Web's explosive growth.
Internet-based control for the intelligent unmanned ground vehicle: Bearcat Cub

Secure remote access with inter-operatability for operating a robot can be successfully achieved using the web services provided in the .NET framework. The complete design of the machine discussed in this paper is made on the .NET framework. The server which operates the robot is configured to IIS. The algorithm for obstacle detection is coded on a different server using the .NET framework. By using web services, the robot can be accessed by other servers. These web services are consumed by the server on which the robot executes. A proxy is created on this server. The whole control is given in the form of a series of web pages which can be accessed by any web browser. However in order to input parameters and control the robot, authentication is required. The user provides authentication credentials which are matched with the existing information on the data base. After authentication, the user proceeds further to control the robot. The security and reliability of remote access is provided by the components that come with the web services namely, SOAP, WSDL and Proxy.
Fighting the Jihad of the Pen: Countering Revolutionary Islam's Ideology

Al Qaeda's ideology is not new; their critique of the existing political and social order and vision for how to redeem the Muslim world builds on preexisting arguments of several 20th century predecessors who called for an Islamic revolution that would create a new order based on Islam. The persistence of revolutionary Islam suggests that these ideas need to be countered in order to strike at the root of the problem driving Islamically motivated terrorism and insurgency. U.S. efforts to defeat Al Qaeda, however, continue to focus primarily on killing or capturing the leadership, interdicting operations, and defensively bolstering the homeland and U.S. assets against various types of attacks. In order to confront Al Qaeda's ideology, U.S. efforts should focus on indirectly fostering “a market place of ideas”—the space and culture of questioning and debating—in order to challenge the grievances and solutions proposed by revolutionary Islam.
Nanopatterning and fabrication of memory devices from layer-by-layer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) ultrathin films.

A write−read−erasable memory device was fabricated on layer-by-layer (LbL) ultrathin films prepared from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)−poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT−PSS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). By use of current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM), nanopatterns were formed by applying a bias voltage between a conductive tip (Pt-coated Si3N4 cantilever) in contact with the polymer film and gold substrate. The dependence of the nanopatterns on film thickness, applied bias, and writing speed was studied. Moreover, the height of the patterns was 3−5 times higher than the original thickness of the films, opening the possibility for three-dimensional nanopatterning. The ability of the patterns to be erased after nanowriting was also investigated. By comparing the I−V characteristics under ambient conditions and under N2 environment, a joule-heating activated, water meniscus-assisted anion doping mechanism for the nanopatterning process was determined. Write−read−erase memory ...
Divide-and-conquer algorithms for graph-layout problems

Tutte introduced a decomposition of 2-connected graphs which has widely been used in solving various graph-theoretic problems. In this paper, we extend it to a class of graph-layout problems, namely, determining the bandwidth, cutwidth, and pagenumber of graphs. In particular, we present linear-time algorithms for testing and, if so, constructing linear layouts of 2-edge-connected bandwidth-2 and cut-width-3 graphs. We also present a simple linear-time algorithm for embedding series-parallel graphs in two pages. The interesting feature of these algorithms is that they use a divide-and-conquer paradigm with Tutte decomposition of 2-connected graphs as a common framework; thus, they are different from the previously known algorithms. Moreover, since Tutte decomposition can be computed efficiently in parallel, all three proposed algorithms parallelize naturally. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Current Density Measurements of an Annular-Geometry Ion Engine

The concept of the annular-geometry ion engine, or AGI-Engine, has been shown to have many potential benefits when scaling electric propulsion technologies to higher power. However, the necessary asymmetric location of the discharge cathode away from thruster centerline could potentially lead to non-uniformities in the discharge not present in conventional geometry ion thrusters. In an effort to characterize the degree of this potential non-uniformity, a number of current density measurements were taken on a breadboard AGI-Engine. Fourteen button probes were used to measure the ion current density of the discharge along a perforated electrode that replaced the ion optics during conditions of simulated beam extraction. Three Faraday probes spaced apart in the vertical direction were also used in a separate test to interrogate the plume of the AGI-Engine during true beam extraction. It was determined that both the discharge and the plume of the AGI-Engine are highly uniform, with variations under most conditions limited to +/-10% of the average current density in the discharge and +/-5% of the average current density in the plume. Beam flatness parameter measured 30 mm from the ion optics ranged from 0.85 - 0.95, and overall uniformity was shown to generally increase with increasing discharge and beam currents. These measurements indicate that the plasma is highly uniform despite the asymmetric location of the discharge cathode.
Response to Comment on "Climate and Management Contributions to Recent Trends in U.S. Agricultural Yields"

Gu ( [1][1] ) claims that by analyzing a subset of counties, we guaranteed that temperature trends would significantly impact yields. This was not the case. If temperature trends were small, or if nonclimatic contributions to yields were large, then the effect of temperature trends on yields would
Lilliput meets brobdingnagian: Data center systems management through mobile devices

In this paper, we put forward the notion that systems management for large masses of virtual machines in data centers is going to be done differently in the short to medium term future-through smart phones and through controlled crowdsourcing to a variety of experts within an organization, rather than dedicated system administrators alone. We lay out the research and practitioner challenges this model raises and give some preliminary solution directions that are being developed, here at IBM and elsewhere.
Philosophy of Physical Science

THE recent discussion between Sir James Jeans and Sir Arthur Eddington [see NATURE of Oct. 25, p. 503 and earlier references], in so far as it involves the Fitzgerald–Lorentz contraction, prompts me to direct attention to an aspect of this matter which I presented recently before the American Physical Society Symposium on Philosophy and Science1.
Interpolation methods and the accuracy of lattice-Boltzmann mesh refinement

A lattice-Boltzmann model to solve the equivalent of the Navier-Stokes equations on adaptively refined grids is presented. A method for transferring information across interfaces between different grid resolutions was developed following established techniques for finite-volume representations. This new approach relies on a space-time interpolation and solving constrained least-squares problems to ensure conservation. The effectiveness of this method at maintaining the second order accuracy of lattice-Boltzmann is demonstrated through a series of benchmark simulations and detailed mesh refinement studies. These results exhibit smaller solution errors and improved convergence when compared with similar approaches relying only on spatial interpolation. Examples highlighting the mesh adaptivity of this method are also provided.
Synthesis and assembly of ribosomal protein into 50 s subunits during recovery from methionine starvation

Abstract During recovery of Escherichia coli from methionine starvation, preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein—over soluble protein—occurs. The data obtained indicate that (i) marked variation occurs among the rates of synthesis of individual 50 s ribosomal proteins, (ii) the ribosomal split proteins are synthesized to the greatest extent and (iii) the relative rates of synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins are similar to the rates observed early during recovery from chloramphenicol treatment.
On the Surface Tension of Chain-Molecular Melts: Relation to Bulk Properties

Abstract The existence of formal relations between functions describing equilibrium bulk and surface properties is well established. We consider this question in terms of the Simha–Somcynsky hole theory and the extensive experimental information on the equation of state and surface tension of chain-molecular fluids presented recently by Dee and Sauer, with some additions from the earlier literature. The scaled surface tension–temperature function is very well described by Guggenheim's empirical power expression. On the other hand we observe a linear relation between surface tension and the temperature-dependent hole fraction, derived from the equation of state. The coexistence of the ensuing temperature function and Guggenheim's expression leads to significant conclusions regarding the coefficients of the above surface tension–free volume relation, and the scaling temperatures of surface tension and equation of state. The results obtained have implications for predictive purposes based on equation of state information, and as a guide to further theoretical developments.
Hall-Effect Sign Anomaly and Small-Polaron Conduction in \(La 1-x Gd x \) 0.67 Ca 0.33 MnO 3

The Hall coefficient of Gd-doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ exhibits Arrhenius behavior over a temperature range from ${2T}_{c}$ to ${4T}_{c}$, with an activation energy very close to $\frac{2}{3}$ that of the electrical conductivity. Although both the doping level and thermoelectric coefficient indicate holelike conduction, the Hall coefficient is electronlike. This unusual result provides strong evidence in favor of small-polaronic conduction in the paramagnetic regime of the manganites.
Finding 3-shredders efficiently

A shredder in an undirected graph is a set of vertices whose removal results in at least three components. A 3-shredder is a shredder of size three. We present an algorithm that, given a 3-connected graph, finds its 3-shredders in time proportional to the number of vertices and edges, when implemented on a RAM (random access machine).
Transporting an evidence-based classroom management program for preschoolers with disruptive behavior problems to a school: An analysis of implementation, outcomes, and contextual variables.

The transportability of an evidence-based teacher professional development program, the Incredible Years Classroom Management Program, was evaluated. This study compared the impact of two training methods: self-administered videotape modeling (VM) and self-administered videotape modeling plus consultation (VMC) on teachers’ use of classroom management strategies, reductions in disruptive behaviors, acceptability, and contextual barriers of sustaining EBIs in practice settings. Four pairs of teachers (N 8) were randomly assigned to VM or VMC conditions in a multiple probe design. Students (1–2 per classroom; N 13) displaying high levels of externalizing problems also participated. Statistically significant between-groups differences in teacher confidence ratings, use of positive instructional practices, and acceptability favored the VMC condition. Positive trends favoring VMC students, including clinically significant increases in social competence, were also found. Although students in both groups exhibited reductions in disruptive behaviors, significant betweengroups differences related to disruptive behavior were not observed. Findings related to contextual variables (e.g., time, cost, institutional support, adaptability of the program) have implications for future adoption of this program.
Wanderers in the shadow of nihilism: Nietzsche's ‘good Europeans’

Thus Nietzsche on the Ouverture to Wagner's « Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg », in judgments separated by a period of eighteen years. The major factor behind his eventual ambivalence concerns nationalism in general and Germany in particular
GaN-based vertical cavities on highly reflective and crack-free nitride distributed Bragg reflectors

We report on GaN-based vertical cavities on highly reflective and crack-free 40.5 pair of AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) by using a selective growth method to avoid wafer cracking that is commonly observed in conventional planar Al(Ga)N/GaN DBRs. An Al 0.46 Ga 0.54 N/GaN DBR with ∼ 98% reflectivity was selectively grown with square patterns of up to 150 × 150 μm 2 in size, which were separated from each other by 10 μm wide SiO 2 mask stripes. Vertical cavity structures employing InGaN/InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown on these crack-free patterned DBRs and capped with 13 pair SiO 2 /SiN x DBRs to complete the full cavity structure. A cavity mode at ∼ 442 nm in 150 × 150 μm 2 area was observed, having a quality factor of ∼300. The selective growth technique to eliminate crack formation is very promising for the fabrication of nitride-based vertical-cavity surface emitting laser devices.
The Contemporary Presidency: Do Nebraska and Maine Have the Right Idea? The Political and Partisan Implications of the District System

After the 2000 presidential election, twenty-one states considered legislation to award their presidential electors using the district system, wherein one elector is awarded to the popular vote winner of each congressional district and the two state electors are awarded to the popular vote winner statewide. Historically, the district system is viewed as the politically feasible alternative to direct elections because it removes the distortions of the winner-take-all system and can be enacted by state law rather than constitutional amendment. However, the ultimate desirability of the district system lies in how it would change the conduct of presidential campaigns, not the counting of electoral college votes. Under the district system, presidential campaigns would shift their priorities from battleground states to battleground districts. The complexity and uncertainty in targeting these districts would force candidates to contest a larger and more geographically diverse percentage of the population than the current system. Moreover, the changes in presidential campaigns would increase the likelihood of presidential coattails and the prospects for unified government by increasing the competitiveness of congressional elections in swing presidential districts. Finally, the district system has a conservative bias because the swing battleground districts favor Republican presidential candidates and have fewer minority residents and recipients of public assistance than the nation as a whole.
RAIF: Redundant Array of Independent Filesystems

Storage virtualization and data management are well known problems for individual users as well as large organizations. Existing storage-virtualization systems either do not support a complete set of possible storage types, do not provide flexible data-placement policies, or do not support per-file conversion (e.g., encryption). This results in suboptimal utilization of resources, inconvenience, low reliability, and poor performance. We have designed a stackable file system called redundant array of independent filesystems (RAIF). It combines the data survivability and performance benefits of traditional RAID with the flexibility of composition and ease of development of stackable file systems. RAIF can be mounted on top of directories and thus on top of any combination of network, distributed, disk-based, and memory-based file systems. Individual files can be replicated, striped, or stored with erasure-correction coding on any subset of the underlying file systems. RAIF has similar performance to RAID. In configurations with parity, RAIF's write performance is better than the performance of driver-level and even entry-level hardware RAID systems. This is because RAIF has better control over the data and parity caching.
Representationalism, peripheral awareness, and the transparency of experience

It is often said that some kind of peripheral (or inattentional) conscious awareness accompanies our focal (attentional) consciousness. I agree that this is often the case, but clarity is needed on several fronts. In this paper, I lay out four distinct theses on peripheral awareness and show that three of them are true. However, I then argue that a fourth thesis, commonly associated with the so-called "self-representational approach to consciousness," is false. The claim here is that we have outer focal consciousness accompanied often (or even always) by inner peripheral (self-)awareness. My criticisms stem from both methodological and phenomenological considerations. In doing so, I offer a diagnosis as to why the fourth thesis has seemed true to so many and also show how the so-called "transparency of experience," frequently invoked by representationalists, is importantly relevant to my diagnosis. Finally, I respond to several objections and to further attempts to show that thesis four is true. What emerges is that if one wishes to hold that some form of self-awareness accompanies all outer-directed conscious states, one is better off holding that such self-awareness is itself unconscious, as is held for example by standard higher-order theories of consciousness.
The Role of Sleep in Interpersonal Conflict: Do Sleepless Nights Mean Worse Fights?

This research examined the impact of a basic biological process—namely, sleep—on relationship conflict, specifically testing whether poor sleep influences the degree, nature, and resolution of conf...
A Snapshot of a Print Journal Collection

Data collected from a longitudinal study of the use of the print journal collection at IUPUI University Library assists librarians in making informed collection development decisions, but raises issues for further consideration and study.
The Development of a Standard Hand Method and Correlated Surrogate Method for Sampling CCA (Pressure)-Treated Wood Surfaces for Chemical Residue

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff completed a series of investigations that estimated the potential exposure and risk of young children to arsenic while playing on playground equipment composed of CCA (chromated copper arsenate)-treated wood. Prior to sampling in-use field structures composed of CCA-treated wood, studies were undertaken to create a standard sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood and to establish a correlation between the amount of chemical removed by a human hand and a cloth surrogate. These studies resulted in: 1) the development of an efficient extraction method for chemical residues collected on a human hand, 2) the development of a sampling device for consistent surrogate measurements, 3) establishment of a correlation between surrogate and hand measurements, and 4) the development of a standard human hand and surrogate sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood. These studies also examine...
Thermal History of Sandstones and Shales: Oxygen Isotope and K/Ar Evidence: ABSTRACT

The combined use of oxygen isotope and K/Ar dating can yield information about the diagenetic history of clay minerals in shales and sandstones. In the Tertiary shale sequences of the United States Gulf Coast, in which the dominant detrital clay mineral is mixed-layer illite/smectite, the progressive conversion of expandable clay layers to illite layers can be monitored by the isotope systematics. Oxygen isotopes of fine-grained clay and quartz approach equilibrium with one another, raising the (as yet unrealized) possibility of an O-isotope geothermometer. Fine-grained quartz becomes isotopically zoned as detrital grains are overgrown by diagenetic quartz that forms, accompanying the smectite-to-illite transformation. The K/Ar clock of the diagenetically formed illite la ers is set to zero age at the time of diagenesis (although that of existing illite layers within the crystals remains unaffected), and it is therefore possible to estimate the mean time of diagenesis in such shale sequences. Illite is a common cement in sandstones. The time of cementation by illite can be estimated from K/Ar systematics in cases, such as that of the Permian Rotliegendes of the North Sea, where the clay-sized fraction of the original detritus was relatively free of illite or other K-bearing phases. Conditions of cementation can be inferred from oxygen isotope measurements, augmented by knowledge of the geologic/tectonic history of the sandstone. In the case of the Rotliegendes, the timing and conditions of illite cementation were relatively uniform within fault blocks but varied from block to block. Oxygen isotope measurements indicate that meteoric water components were important in illite formation at times when nearby sections of the Rotliegendes were exposed to the surface by uplift an erosion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 304------------