cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger entangled states with three SQUID qubits: a scheme with tolerance to non-uniform device parameters

Abstract We propose a scheme for creating Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) type of entangled states with three superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) qubits in a microwave cavity. The scheme operates essentially by an auxiliary SQUID built in the cavity as a microwave photon generator, and by performing a phase shift with the aid of the cavity photon. We show that the present scheme does not require identical cavity-SQUID coupling constants for each SQUID. Therefore, our scheme can be readily implemented since neither uniform device parameters nor exact placement of SQUIDs in the cavity is required. We note that the method can in principle be applied to prepare many SQUIDs in a GHZ state. In addition, how to prepare multiple SQUIDs in W-class entangled states is discussed.
Decohesion of films with axisymmetric geometries

Abstract Analytical strain-energy release rates have been calculated for delamination in two axisymraetric geometries of interest. In one problem, the delamination propagates inwards from an external boundary. In the other, an imperfection in the film is responsible for decohesion. The effects of scale are examined, and it is shown that the analysis is in good agreement with existing numerical calculations.
Vacuum Plasma Spray Turbine Bucket Coating Development

This paper describes the vacuum plasma spray (VPS) turbine bucket coating development work conducted by the General Electric Company, Gas Turbine Division. The potential for corrosion in gas turbine buckets is described, and examples of the different types of hot corrosion are shown. Development of the first VPS coating (PLASMAGUARD* GT-29) is discussed, and corrosion laboratory burner test and field test results are presented. Coating development work aimed at low-temperature hot-corrosion conditions is also summarized. Laboratory test results on a new PLASMAGUARD coating (GT-43) developed for low-temperature hot corrosion are presented. The new General Electric Gas Turbine Division VPS coating manufacturing facility used to apply these coatings is also described.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Glutamate uptake by a stimulated insect nerve muscle preparation.

Recent reports suggest that glutamate may be the excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in insects. In this study, glutamate uptake by isolated cockroach nerve muscle preparations was investigated by means of chemical and electron microscope radioautographic techniques. We found that the preparation had a high affinity for glutamate and that nerve stimulation enhanced glutamate uptake. Chemical studies showed that the average tissue concentration of glutamate bound during a 1 hr incubation period in 10-5 M glutamate-3H after nerve stimulation was 2.8 x 10-5 M. Less than 1% of the radioactivity was present in the perchloric acid-precipitated protein fraction. Using electron microscope radioautography, we observed that sheath cells showed the highest glutamate concentration of all cellular compartments. Uptake was greater at neuromuscular junctions than in other regions of the tissue. The data suggest a possible mechanism for transmitter inactivation and protection of synapses from high blood glutamate.
Trait Verbal Aggressiveness as a Function of Family Communication Patterns

This study examined the degree to which family communication patterns (i.e., conversation and conformity orientations) predict young adults' trait verbal aggressiveness (VA). Participants included 474 young adult children from the Southwestern region of the United States. Results indicated that conversation orientation is inversely associated with trait VA, whereas conformity orientation is positively associated with trait VA. When combined, both family orientations emerged as significant predictors of young adults' trait VA, accounting for 9% of the variance. Post hoc analyses revealed that young adults from pluralistic families (i.e., high conversation, low conformity) reported lower levels of trait VA than young adults from consensual, protective, and laissez-faire families. Reasons for the post hoc results are offered.
Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of P2

Abstract We have recorded the photoelectron spectrum of P2− using a Penning ion source and a negative ion photoelectron spectrometer. The adiabatic electron affinity of P2 is determined to be 0.589±0.025 eV. The negative ion parameters determined in this work are: ωe″(P2−)=640±50 cm−1, Re″(P2−)=1.979±0.010 A, and D0(P2−)=4.88±0.06 eV.
Hidden Markov Model-Based Weighted Likelihood Discriminant for 2-D Shape Classification

The goal of this paper is to present a weighted likelihood discriminant for minimum error shape classification. Different from traditional maximum likelihood (ML) methods, in which classification is based on probabilities from independent individual class models as is the case for general hidden Markov model (HMM) methods, proposed method utilizes information from all classes to minimize classification error. The proposed approach uses a HMM for shape curvature as its 2-D shape descriptor. We introduce a weighted likelihood discriminant function and present a minimum classification error strategy based on generalized probabilistic descent method. We show comparative results obtained with our approach and classic ML classification with various HMM topologies alongside Fourier descriptor and Zernike moments-based support vector machine classification for a variety of shapes.
Spontaneous, rhythmic myoelectric activity induced by scorpion neurotoxin, reduced [Calcium]0 and cadmium in chick striated muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The cellular electrical activity accompanying the very slow resting-tension oscillation (period 4–13 min) in chick skeletal muscle caused by scorpion neurotoxin, reduced [Ca 2+ ] 0 and Cd 2+ was investigated. 2. 2. All three oscillogenic treatments were found to induce spontaneous, periodically recurring, electrical activation of muscle cells, including periodic bursting activity of individual cells. The period of the recurrent electrical activation approximated the period of the resting-tension oscillation. 3. 3. The data suggest that the three oscillogenic treatments act by way of a common mechanism, possibly a critical Ca 2+ moiety, to effect the periodic electrical activation of the cells. 4. 4. Analysis of single cell and group discharge activity suggests that the cells are coupled by non-specific, electrotonic interactions, resulting in the integration of their individual periodic activities into a resting-tension oscillation of the whole muscle.
Corrigendum to “Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep complaints among children with epilepsy” [Epilepsy Behav. 8 (2006) 272–277]

The authors regret that this article contains several inaccuracies. First, based on conditional logistic regression modeling, symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness and parasomnias were significantly associated with having epilepsy when adjusted for duration of nighttime sleep. They were not independent predictors of excessive daytime sleepiness, as had been stated. Second, the original report stated that 65% of children with epilepsy had symptoms of sleepdisordered breathing, but in fact it was 38%. The 65% were the total number of children with overall sleep-related complaints. The specific corrections are as follows:
A mixed directed-undirected data structure for a parallel implementation of a domain decomposition algorithm

The choice of data structures influences the parallelization, efficiency and the manageability of a mesh refinement program. We introduce a mixed directed-undirected graph that combines both communication and scheduling needs. An inverted index is maintained for the directed graph to improve code performance and readability.
Electricity price shocks and international trade

Abstract This paper models the role of electricity prices in international trade within the context of the contrasting effects of an exogenous , global petroleum price increase and a discretionary , country-specific policy shock such as a unilateral tightening of air pollution controls or nuclear safety requirements. In applying this model, we see that the Japanese economy is more electricity-intensive than the U.S. economy and hence electricity plays a more important role in Japanese trade patterns. More broadly, we see that a global oil price shock can actually improve the competitiveness of a country such as the U.S. relative to more petroleum-dependent trading partners and that a country-specific, electricity policy shock can significantly affect a country's international competitiveness.
Can 4‐year olds really do math? Using the project approach with preservice teachers

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the engagement of preservice teachers in the kind of authentic experiences that provided the modeling needed to make high‐quality instruction in mathematics a reality for young children. Inasmuch as these preservice teachers had not yet received any formal methods classes in mathematics, the authors theorized that classroom teachers whose practices and dispositions were congruent with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards and the State of South Carolina Mathematics Standards could model effective teaching instruction for young children using the project approach. These same teachers could then provide mentoring and encouragement to preservice teachers as they became involved in this high‐quality program for 4‐year olds, deepening the knowledge base of the preservice teachers regarding developmentally appropriate ways to teach numeracy to 4‐year olds. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mineralization of Decalcified Bone Occurs Under Cell Culture Conditions and Requires Bovine Serum But Not Cells

The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro model system for bone matrix mineralization in the absence of cells. For this model, we utilized EDTA-decalcified new-born rat tibias with the cartilaginous ends intact, allowing us to visually determine the specificity of mineralization within the bone. Our results show that supplementation of DMEM culture medium with 10mM beta-glycerophosphate and 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) results in non-physiological mineral percipitation in the tibia because of the generation of supraphysiological (5mM) levels of inorganic phosphate in the medium. The same medium supplemented only with inorganic phosphate to a final concentration of 2mM failed to mineralize a decalcified tibia matrix. However, additional supplementation of this medium with as little as 5% FBS resulted in mineralization of those regions of the type I collagen where mineral was found prior to decalcification, with no evidence for mineralization in the cartilage at the bone ends or in the periosteum. Analysis of the mineral by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction shows that tibias that have been decalcified and then remineralized contain an apatitic mineral that is strikingly similar to the mineral in normal bone. Tendon, a type I collagen matrix not normally mineralized in vivo, also mineralizes when incubated in DMEM containing 2mM Pi and as little as 1.5% FBS, but not when incubated in DMEM without serum. These data indicate that serum contains a nucleator of type I collagen matrix mineralization, and that mineralization of type I collagen under cell culture conditions requires serum but not living cells.
Anaerobic bioconversion of municipal solid wastes. Effects of total solids levels on microbial numbers and hydrolytic enzyme activities.

The anaerobic bioconversion of municipal solid wastes (MSW) produces both a valuable fuel product (methane) and a residue useful as a soil amendment. The application of high-solids fermentation technology offers improved economics over the more traditional low-solids fermentation systems. An important benefit of the high-solids process is the reduction in process water, which results in smaller fermentation reactors, and thus lower capital and operating costs. However, the anaerobic bioconversion process appears to be more efficient at high-solids as compared to low-solids levels. To understand the effects of solids levels on the anaerobic bioconversion process more thoroughly, representative high-solids and low-solids anaerobic reactor systems processing identical MSW feedstocks are compared with respect to fermentation performance, total microbial cell number, and important hydrolytic enzyme activities.
The distribution of the characteristic roots ofS 1 S 2 −1 under violations in the complex case and power comparisons of four tests

The joint density function of the latent roots ofS 1 S 2 −1 under violations is obtained whereS 1 has a complex non-central Wishart distributionW c (p,n 1,Σ 1,Ω) andS 2, an independent complex central Wishart,W c (p,n 2,Σ 2, 0). The density and moments of Hotelling's trace are also derived under violations. Further, the non-null distributions of the following four criteria in the two-roots case are studied for tests of three hypotheses: Hotelling's trace, Pillai's trace, Wilks' criterion and Roy's largest root. In addition, tabulations of powers are carried out and power comparisons for tests of each of three hypotheses based on the four criteria are made in the complex case extending such work of Pillai and Jayachandran in the classical Gaussian case. The findings in the complex Gaussian are generally similar to those in the classical.
Overactive bladder: drug therapy versus nerve stimulation

Overactive bladder is a common urologic disorder with a number of etiologies and evolving treatment options. The two primary management strategies are drug therapy and sacral neurostimulation, both areas of recent developments with the emergence of new medications and refinement of surgical techniques. In this Viewpoint, Apurba Pathak and Sherif Aboseif discuss the relative merits, and drawbacks, of these very different approaches.
Are short telomeres hallmarks of cancer recurrence

Exposure to radiation and some chemotherapeutic agents is associated with an increased risk of developing second cancers. Short telomeres are almost universally associated with malignant cancer progression. An outstanding question is if inherited short telomeres or therapy related telomere shortening is a biomarker of developing second malignant neoplasms.
African international students in Klang Valley: colonial legacies, postcolonial racialization, and sub-citizenship

This article examines the experiences of African international students attending universities around the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. I draw upon participant-observations, interviews, and discussions with international students from several African nations and Malaysian citizens of various ethnicities. Malaysian educational programs are actively marketed in Africa, where many students and their families are motivated to pursue an affordable English-language education in an Asian nation. However, African students face an unfriendly and racist reception in the greater Klang Valley area. Persisting colonial legacies of white supremacy, global flows of negative images of Blacks, and newly emergent meta-cultural circulation of representations of Africans-cum-‘Nig(g)erians’ as predatory males shape their experiences of exclusion from cosmopolitan citizenship. I argue that African international students are cast into a low grade of cultural citizenship that cuts across zones of graduated sovereignty. Africa...
Metallic Microactuators Based on Sacrificial Layer SU8 Release

Thermal micro-actuators are a promising solution to the need for large-displacement, low-power MEMS actuators. Potential applications of these devices are micro-relays, tunable impedance RF networks, and miniature medical instrumentation. In this paper the development of thermal microactuators based on SU8 is described. A polymeric sacrificial layer allows the removal of the SU8 mold to occur without the use of harsh etching conditions. In addition to silicon non-traditional for MEMS substrates such as RF-printed circuit boards have also been successfully utilized to fabricate the devices. The PCB-based devices exhibited similar characteristics, thus opening the possibility of integrating RF MEMS directly on PCBs. The actuators were benchmarked with respect to power consumption, stroke, and response time. The fabricated nickel actuators are shown to be robust with displacements in the range of 76 micrometers using 80 mW of power. Actual cooling transients were captured using a two-step constant-current excitation method. It is further demonstrated through analytical models that the thermal cooling times limit the bandwidth of these devices below 1KHz. Several commercially relevant applications of the developed actuators are also discussed. One such application is a vibro-tactile display for disabled individuals.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The effects of repeated low-dose sarin exposure

This project assessed the effects of repeated low-dose exposure of guinea pigs to the organophosphorus nerve agent sarin. Animals were injected once a day, 5 days per week (Monday-Friday), for 2 weeks with fractions (0.3x, 0.4x, 0.5x, or 0.6x) of the established LD(50) dose of sarin (42 microg/kg, s.c.). The animals were assessed for changes in body weight, red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, neurobehavioral reactions to a functional observational battery (FOB), cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum, and intrinsic acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter (NT) regulation over the 2 weeks of sarin exposure and for up to 12 days postinjection. No guinea pig receiving 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 x LD(50) of sarin showed signs of cortical EEG seizures despite decreases in RBC AChE levels to as low as 10% of baseline, while seizures were evident in animals receiving 0.6 x LD(50) of sarin as early as the second day; subsequent injections led to incapacitation and death. Animals receiving 0.5 x LD(50) sarin showed obvious signs of cholinergic toxicity; overall, 2 of 13 animals receiving 0.5 x LD(50) sarin died before all 10 injections were given, and there was a significant increase in the angle of gait in the animals that lived. By the 10th day of injection, the animals receiving saline were significantly easier to remove from their cages and handle and significantly less responsive to an approaching pencil and touch on the rump in comparison with the first day of testing. In contrast, the animals receiving 0.4 x LD(50) sarin failed to show any significant reductions in their responses to an approaching pencil and a touch on the rump as compared with the first day. The 0.5 x LD(50) sarin animals also failed to show any significant changes to the approach and touch responses and did not adjust to handling or removal from the cage from the first day of injections to the last day of handling. Thus, the guinea pigs receiving the 0.4 and 0.5 x LD(50) doses of sarin failed to habituate to some aspects of neurobehavioral testing. Spectral analysis of EEG data suggested that repeated sarin exposure may disrupt normal sleeping patterns (i.e., lower frequency bandwidths). While these EEG changes returned to relative normalcy 6 days after the last injection in animals receiving 0.4 x LD(50) sarin, these changes were still observed in the animals that received 0.5 x LD(50) sarin. Ten to twelve days after the last sarin injection (in 0.4 x LD(50) group only), neurochemical data showed that striatal choline levels were reduced in comparison to the saline group. At this time, atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge resulted in a transient elevation in striatal ACh levels in animals exposed to repeated 0.4 x LD(50) sarin as well as in control animals. No evidence of brain or heart pathology was found in any guinea pig that survived all 10 sarin injections.
Carrier dynamics in bulk ZnO. II. Transient photoconductivity measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy

We employ time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of photogenerated electrons and holes in bulk ZnO at temperatures below 100 K. Carrier density and mobility are extracted by fitting the Drude model to the measured frequency-dependent complex photoconductivity. Electrons are excited with below-band-gap photons (387, 400, or 775 nm) to states well above the conduction-band minimum by one-photon absorption from midgap states. Two-photon absorption also occurs with blue excitation, leading to the generation of mobile valence-band holes as well as electrons. Within a few picoseconds of excitation with blue photons, carriers have ambipolar scattering times of over 500 fs, corresponding to combined carrier mobility of $\ensuremath{\sim}3500\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}\text{ }{\text{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Scattering times decrease to $\ensuremath{\sim}300\text{ }\text{fs}$ as the light holes relax to the heavy-hole bands over the next tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Higher temperatures and higher excitation fluences result in faster relaxation, as well as faster recombination, due to increased carrier interaction with phonons and other carriers. Carrier lifetimes at low excitation fluences with blue photons range from 20 ps at 80 K to nearly 200 ps below 40 K. Conversely, photoexcitation with red photons produces dynamics that are independent of fluence, which is likely due the lack of mobile holes compared to blue excitation.
A new method for assessment of air voids in plastic concrete

Abstract Development of a new apparatus for in-situ determination of air void characteristics, particularly the distribution of entrained air system in freshly-mixed concrete during mixing, pouring, and placement is described. Air content is measured by a fiber optic probe. Reflected light intensities determine the distribution of air bubbles in fresh concrete. The system has the ability to rapidly sample air content at different locations or depths in plastic concrete improving existing quality control procedures. Air content measurements are direct, and not influenced by the type and amount of aggregates, cementitious components, and admixtures.
Low-temperature collisional quenching of NO A2Σ+(v′ = 0) by NO(X2Π) and O2 between 34 and 109 K

We present measurements of collisional fluorescence quenching cross sections of NO(A2Σ+, v′ = 0) by NO(X2Π) and O2 between 34 and 109 K using a pulsed converging-diverging nozzle gas expansion, extending the temperature range of previous measurements. The thermally averaged fluorescence quenching cross sections for both species show a monotonic increase as temperature decreases in this temperature range, consistent with earlier observations. These new measurements, however, allow discrimination between predictions obtained by extrapolating fits of previous data using different functional forms that show discrepancies exceeding 120% for NO and 160% for O2 at 34 K. The measured self-quenching cross section is 52.9 A2 near 112 K and increases to 64.1 A2 at 35 K, whereas the O2 fluorescence quenching cross section is 42.9 A2 at 109 K and increases to 58.3 A2 at 34 K. Global fits of the quenching cross section temperature dependence show that, when including our current measurements, the low temperature behavior of the quenching cross sections for NO and O2 is better described by a parameterization that accounts for the long-range interactions leading to the collisional deactivation via an inverse power law model.
Maternal Quick Test (QT) Scores in Child Development Research

The Quick Test, a brief measure requiring recognition of vocabulary, was given to 503 mothers of mother-child pairs in a research program. Its correlations with demographic variables, IQ of child, and an index of authoritarian attitude demonstrate its validity in such research.
The Well-Being of U.S. Farm Workers: A Look at Health

T his paper examines the health of farm workers in the United States. Although farm workers constitute a small fraction of the overall U.S. workforce, their health is of special concern because of greater exposure to toxic chemicals, work-related injuries, and other occupational hazards. The U.S. agricultural sector is heavily dependent on hired farm workers who constitute about 30% of the agricultural labor force (farm operators and unpaid family workers comprise the other 70%). This dependence is likely to increase with the growth in more labor-intensive farm operations such as nurseries, fruit and vegetable farms, and dairy farms, and with the growth in the proportion of farm operators and their spouses seeking off-farm work. This paper makes two distinct contributions to the literature on the health of U.S. farm workers. First, it provides a comprehensive look at farm workers' health by using a large set of health indicators, including overall health status, chronic health conditions, and obesity. While there is a growing epidemiological literature on the health of U.S. farm workers, much of it is focused on occupational and environmental risks specific to farm work and relies on regional or local data (Arcury and Quandt; Villarejo). Kamel et al. report on an effort to examine the health effects of pesticide exposure among farm workers in selected communities. The ongoing Agricultural Health Study, begun in 1993, investigates the effects of environmental, occupational, dietary, and genetic factors on the health of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. While these studies seek to provide better estimates of the incidence of
Advanced Achievement in Internal Medicine: "The Last Gasp of Voluntarism"?

Excerpt How to maintain clinical competence is a central concern of every practicing internist. In a time of rapidly expanding medical information and newer management strategies, it is only too ea...
A prediction of the thermal conductivity of UO2 Vapor

Abstract An important aspect of Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) safety analysis is an accurate description of the transport phenomena of the various reactor materials during a hypothetical core-disruptive accident. For the case of an accident sequence leading to fuel vaporization, the problem of energy losses by conduction, radiation, and latent heat and mass losses by condensation of the fuel vapor in the presence of cold structure and/or coolant is of particular interest since such losses will determine, to a large extent, the energetics of the fuel vapor expansion process following pin failure. In this paper, a theoretical estimate of the thermal conductivity of UO2 vapor is determined, based upon kinetic theory for a multicomponent gas. Results indicate that at elevated temperatures, the conductivity is a strong function of temperature due to thermal dissociation of the UO2 molecule, where the species concentrations are taken from calculations presented elsewhere † . At 5000 K the thermal conductivity is 2.2 × 10−3 cal/cm-sec K, which is relatively high; thus, it should be considered in analyses of fuel vapor phenomenon. The functional relationship between conductivity and temperature can be approximated as: λ t = exp [−39.66 + 1.891(−2) T − 3.561(−6) T 2 + 2.242 (−10) T 3 ] , for 3000 K ⩽ T ⩽ 5500 K .
Retention of Nontraditional Engineering and Construction Professionals

This article discusses several issues that are being encountered by nontraditional engineering and construction professionals such as women and underrepresented minorities (URMs). Research was undertaken that included investigating other studies in this area; conducting extensive interviews with women and URM engineers, including Native Americans, African Americans, or those of Hispanic origin; soliciting information from engineers working both within the United States and internationally; and collecting information from seasoned engineers. Most of the articles previously written on this subject summarize the results of questionnaires distributed to women and URM engineers, highlight the types of obstacles they encounter in their profession, describe their working environments, or try to demonstrate that the obstacles faced by nontraditional engineers and construction professionals are easy to overcome. Unfortunately, most of the previous investigations did not explain why there are obstacles for women and URMs in engineering and construction, nor do they propose solutions or suggestions on how to deal with the environments encountered by them. This project investigated why nontraditional engineering and construction professionals are encountering difficulties, the types of problems and issues they encounter on a daily basis, and why there has not been a substantial increase in their numbers in the past 2 decades. It provides suggestions for improvements on how to deal with the existing environments. The specific issues discussed in the article include the sources of difficulties that women and URMs face, the retention of women and URMs, awareness issues, reasons for limited representation of women and URMs, and recommendations on how these issues might be addressed.
Posterior subhyaloid precipitates in cytomegalovirus retinitis

This study aims to report a novel finding of posterior subhyaloid precipitates (PSPs) in two patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. A small case series was conducted. Clinical findings, treatment, and follow-up of two patients with CMV and PSPs are presented. Inflammatory precipitates may collect in the posterior subhyaloid space in acute CMV retinitis and resolve with treatment.
Central DSP-4 treatment decreases norepinephrine levels and courtship behavior in male zebra finches

In zebra finches, gonadal steroids activate male courtship, including singing, and also strongly modulate norepinephrine (NE) levels and turnover in brain areas regulating courtship behavior. In a previous study, systemic administration of DSP-4 caused significant decreases in courtship singing. These behavioral decrements were correlated with the degree of NE depletion in several vocal control nuclei. In the present study, we attempted to further decrease brain NE levels while minimizing systemic effects by infusing DSP-4 directly into the third ventricle. DSP-4 treatment significantly reduced NE levels in three of six vocal control nuclei and both hypothalamic nuclei sampled without significantly altering dopamine or serotonin levels in any areas. DSP-4-treated males took longer to begin singing and performed fewer song bouts and courtship displays. Interestingly, behavioral deficits were limited to courtship song displays, other behavior patterns, including female-directed behaviors like approach and follow, were unaffected by DSP-4 treatment. DSP-4 treatment appeared to affect singing behavior by causing deficits in initial attentiveness to females and initiation of singing rather than by affecting song structure.
Anesthesia for interventional neuroradiology: Surgical rescue of failed interventional neuroradiology procedures

nial vascular pathology had essentially one choice for intervention: the neurovascular surgeon. With the advent of interventional neuroradiological techniques, and increased availability of physicians trained in these procedures, the approach to neurovascular disease is rapidly evolving. Many interventional procedures are deliberately performed as an adjunct to a planned surgery. Others are intended to be the primary and definitive intervention for a given pathology. Today, many open surgeries can be avoided, and neurovascular pathology can be successfully treated with neurointerventional procedures. However, as any new discipline develops, therapeutic limitations and procedure-related complications are realized. Failed interventional neuroradiological procedures can be divided into two major categories: those with true procedurally related complications, and those with incomplete therapeutic success. "Surgical rescue" may be required in both instances, and these surgical interventions are the focus of this article.
A simulation analysis of multicasting in delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are a class of systems that experience frequent and long-duration partitions. As in all distributed systems, DTN multicasting is a desirable feature for applications where some form of group communication is needed. The topological impairments experienced within a DTN pose unique challenges for designing effective DTN multicasting protocols. In this paper, we examine multicasting in DTNs. Unlike earlier work we assume no knowledge of node connectivity or mobility patterns. We propose the use of both single-copy and multi-copy routing DTN routing algorithms. We also explore the use of gossiping and core nodes in DTNs to decrease the number of redundant messages while maintaining high message delivery ratios. We have performed extensive evaluations of our proposed methods. Our results show that with careful protocol parameter selection it is possible to achieve high delivery rates for various system scenarios.
Dynamic bandwidth allocation in multi-class connection-oriented networks

Multi-class network is becoming a more attractive solution to provide Quality-of-Service guarantee, as more quality-demanding applications are emerging. This research considers networks that provide connection-oriented services, as in ATM and MPLS technologies, for example. A common scheme for Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) in connection-oriented communications is to dynamically segregate bandwidth between different traffic categories. These categories can represent topological Virtual Paths or different Classes-of-Service with different Quality-of-Service requirements. Bandwidth segregation can be efficient if and only if demands for different Classes-of-Service or different Virtual Paths can be predicted accurately. This led us to develop a novel algorithm that has a much wider vision in allocating resources than classical distributed algorithms. We call the proposed algorithm, Virtual Demand Distribution (VDD) algorithm. This algorithm utilizes signaling packets to broadcast information that enhances the performance of DBA algorithms. Mathematical analysis of multi-class connection-oriented networks and performance analysis/comparisons of the proposed VDD algorithm and a Simple Distributed algorithm are presented.
Immigrants Families and Childcare Preferences: Do Immigrants’ Cultures Influence Their Childcare Decisions?

The author examines childcare preferences of African immigrant parents living in the United States. Based on interviews with eighteen parents with preschool-aged children and working within Bryman, Lewis-Beck, and Liao’s (2004) narrative inquiry, the author demonstrates that although many of the African immigrants surveyed for the study preferred family members to take care of their children in their own homes to instill African cultural identity in their children, the majority of their children were in childcare centers. The author demonstrates further that although putting children in childcare centers is not their topmost choice, in spite of their precarious financial situation, and despite the high cost of putting children in childcare centers, the immigrants were still happy to put their children in childcare centers because of their busy schedules. The immigrants’ collective nature of child upbringing contributed to their choice. The author recommends that centers must take the immigrants’ culture into consideration during their operations.
On Bayesian analysis of nonlinear continuous-time autoregression models.

This article introduces a method for performing fully Bayesian inference for nonlinear conditional autoregressive continuous-time models, based on a finite skeleton of observations. Our approach uses Markov chain Monte Carlo and involves imputing data from times at which observations are not made. It uses a reparameterization technique for the missing data, and because of the non-Markovian nature of the models, it is necessary to adopt an overlapping blocks scheme for sequentially updating segments of missing data. We illustrate the methodology using both simulated data and a data set from the S & P 500 index.
Augmenting a pH medical study with wearable video for treatment of GERD

In this paper we present an augmentation to the wearable computers typically used to determine if a patient is a candidate for surgery to correct problems associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux disease (GERD). A wearable camera was used by the first author while participating in a 24-hour stomach acid pH study. After the study's conclusion, an examination of the captured video and pH record revealed some results that allowed the first author to avoid many of the activities that result in symptoms related to GERD.
Spatial patterning of habitat for Oncorhynchus mykiss in a system of intermittent and perennial streams

– The salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss tends to inhabit forested or snow-fed streams having cold reliable flows, but in the California chaparral they inhabit rain-fed stream networks with extensive areas of intermittent flow. We hypothesised that hydrological mechanisms in such watersheds tend to spatially segregate spawning and over-summering habitats, and tested the hypothesis using observations from a series of tributaries in a pristine watershed. Consistent with the hypothesis, reaches with suitably sized spawning gravels tended to occur in intermittent tributaries, and also the perennial mainstem (which was too warm for over-summering). In early summer, juvenile O. mykiss (<10 cm) occurred at similar densities in the intermittent and perennial tributaries, but larger fish had greater densities in perennial tributaries. Large wood debris would be expected to mitigate the spatial segregation of habitats somewhat, but was scarce, though stream-side outcrops appeared to partially compensate by forcing gravel bars in high-gradient channels.
Navigation skill impairment: Another dimension of the driving difficulties in minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) have attention, response inhibition, and working memory difficulties that are associated with driving impairment and high motor vehicle accident risk. Navigation is a complex system needed for safe driving that requires functioning working memory and other domains adversely affected by MHE. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of MHE on navigation skills and correlate them with psychometric impairment. Forty-nine nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis (34 MHE+, 15 MHE-; divided on the basis of a battery of block design, digit symbol, and number connection test A) and 48 age/education-matched controls were included. All patients underwent the psychometric battery and inhibitory control test (ICT) (a test of response inhibition) and driving simulation. Driving simulation consisted of 4 parts: (1) training; (2) driving (outcome being accidents); (3) divided attention (outcome being missed tasks); and (4) navigation, driving along a marked path on a map in a "virtual city" (outcome being illegal turns). Illegal turns were significantly higher in MHE+ (median 1; P = 0.007) compared with MHE-/controls (median 0). Patients who were MHE+ missed more divided attention tasks compared with others (median MHE+ 1, MHE-/controls 0; P = 0.001). Similarly, accidents were higher in patients who were MHE+ (median 2.5; P = 0.004) compared with MHE- (median 1) or controls (median 2). Accidents and illegal turns were significantly correlated (P = 0.001, r = 0.51). ICT impairment was the test most correlated with illegal turns (r = 0.6) and accidents (r = 0.44), although impairment on the other tests were also correlated with illegal turns. CONCLUSION: Patients positive for MHE have impaired navigation skills on a driving simulator, which is correlated with impairment in response inhibition (ICT) and attention. This navigation difficulty may pose additional driving problems, compounding the pre-existing deleterious effect of attention deficits. Language: en
Evaluation of ocean models using observed and simulated drifter trajectories: Impact of sea surface height on synthetic profiles for data assimilation

[1] The impact of global Navy Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) sea surface height (SSH) on global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) nowcasts of ocean currents is investigated in a series of experiments. The studies focus on two primary aspects: the role of NLOM horizontal resolution and the role of differences between the SSH means in NLOM and the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) climatology. To evaluate the impact of changes to the assimilation system, we compare observed drifter trajectories with trajectories simulated using global NCOM over 7-day timescales. The results indicate general improvement in NCOM currents as a result of increasing NLOM horizontal resolution. The effects of accounting for the differences between NLOM and MODAS mean that SSH is less clear, with some regions showing a decline in simulation skill while others show improvement or little impact. These outcomes supported recommendations for operational transition to 1/32° global NLOM with continued refinement to methods accounting for differences in mean SSH.
Taxation, Public Policy, and Dynamics of Unemployment

This paper provides an overview of the key issues relating to taxation, public policy and the dynamics of unemployment.It takes issue with the widely held view that generous social insurance schemes and the associated highpayroll taxes have been the major cause of the high unemployment rates which have persisted in Europe over thepast 15 years. It puts forward a framework for a theory of adjustment, based on the portfolio theory of the riskaverse firm and the efficiency wage theory of labor markets. This is used to explain why in the onset of a downturn,the hiring rate may lag the layoff rate, thus giving rise to rising unemployment rates. It is also shown to provideguidance as to policies which enhance the ability of firms to bear risks and which reduce costs of hiring and firing.The paper argues that while policies which increase severance or layoff costs may be well intended they mayactually serve to exacerbate the magnitude of employment fluctuations. Similarly, unemployment compensation,which is designed to ease the burden on those who are unemployed, may lead to higher levels of equilibriumunemployment. These programs can be restructured in ways which simultaneously ease the short-run burden ofthose thrown into unemployment, while reducing the adverse impact of these programs on the unemployment rate.
The Relationship between Tenant Quality and REIT Risk & Performance

This paper studies the micro-foundations of commercial real estate risk and performance. Specifically, we analyze the linkage between tenant quality and the performance of commercial real estate. A commercial real estate asset can be valued as the sum of the discounted future cash flows of commercial lease contracts. The value of leases is in turn determined by the financial stability and business growth of the tenants. Ex-ante, the operating and capital market performance of real estate having higher quality tenants e.g., AAA tenants should exceed the performance of properties having riskier tenants, ceteris paribus. Alternatively, we expect that tenant defaults or deterioration of tenant credit profiles will negatively impact the propertys performance. Real Estate Investment Trusts, a transparent ownership structure, regulated to hold commercial properties, provide a venue to test this hypothesis. We construct a metric to measure tenant quality by combining tenant credit information, such as credit rating, Altman Z-score, the earnings per share (EPS) forecast and the price performance of publicly traded tenants, as well as a tenant mix index. Using risk-adjusted stock returns and the corresponding betas of all equity REITs between 2000 to 2010, we show that tenant quality plays a significant role in explaining the cross-sectional variations of REIT returns and market exposure, even after controlling for other factors that influence REIT performance such as capital market conditions, firm characteristics, and REIT management.
Accelerating partial order planners by improving plan and goal choices

Describes some simple domain-independent improvements to plan refinement strategies for well-founded partial order planning that promise to bring this style of planning closer to practicality. One suggestion concerns the strategy for selecting plans for refinement among the current (incomplete) candidate plans. We propose an A* heuristic that counts only steps and open conditions, while ignoring "unsafe conditions" (threats). A second suggestion concerns the strategy for selecting open conditions (goals) to be established next in a selected incomplete plan. We propose a variant of a strategy suggested by Peot and Smith (1993) and studied by Joslin and Pollack (1994); the variant gives top priority to unmatchable open conditions (enabling the elimination of the plan), second-highest priority to goals that can only be achieved uniquely and otherwise uses LIFO (last-in, first-out) prioritization. The preference for uniquely achievable goals is a "zero-commitment" strategy in the sense that the corresponding plan refinements are a matter of deductive certainty, involving no guesswork. In experiments based on modifications of UCPOP (Unsafe Conditions Partial Order Planner), we have obtained improvements by factors ranging from 5 to more than 600 for a variety of problems that are nontrivial for the unmodified version. Crucially, the hardest problems give the greatest improvements.
The Structure and Limits of Criminal Law

Contents: Introduction, Paul H. Robinson and Joshua Samuel Barton. Part I The Structure of Criminal Law: Should the criminal law abandon the actus reus-mens rea distinction?, Paul H. Robinson Imputed criminal liability, Paul H. Robinson General defences, Paul H. Robinson Distinguishing justifications from excuses, Kent Greenawalt A functional analysis of criminal law, Paul H. Robinson. Part II The Limits of Criminal Law: Offence Conduct: Immorality and treason, H.L.A. Hart The search for limits: law and morals, Herbert L. Packer The overreach of the criminal law, Norval Morris and Gordon Hawkins The collapse of the harm principle, Bernard E. Harcourt Rethinking the offense principle, A.P. Simester and Andrew Von Hirsch. Part III The Limits of Criminal Law: Offender Culpability: Strict liability in the criminal law, Richard A. Wasserstrom Crime and the Criminal Law: a review, H.L.A. Hart A strict accountability approach to criminal responsibility, Jay Campbell The decline of innocence, Sanford H. Kadish The theory of criminal negligence: a comparative analysis, George P. Fletcher The abolition of the special defense of insanity, Norval Morris Excusing crime, Sanford H. Kadish The utility of desert, Paul H. Robinson and John M. Darley Are we responsible for who we are? The challenge for criminal law theory in the defenses of coercive indoctrination and 'rotten social background', Paul H. Robinson. Name index.
An efficient and flexible toolkit for composing customized method dispatchers

The standard dispatching mechanisms built into programming languages sometimes fail to satisfy the needs of the programmer. In the case of Java, the need for more flexibility has led to the development of a number of tools, including visitors and multi-method extensions, that each add some particular functionality, but lack the generality necessary to support user-defined dispatching mechanisms. In this paper we advocate a more modular approach to dispatching, and we present a tool, PolyD, that allows the programmer to design custom dispatching strategies and to parametrize many aspects of the dispatching process. PolyD exhibits excellent performance and compares well against existing tools. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PolyD can be freely downloaded from the PolyD home page at http://www.ovmj.org/polyd. A preliminary version of this work was presented at the 20th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, System, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA 2005), 16–20 October 2005, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. Section 6 has been added, consisting of entirely new material