cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive AP-1 Activity and EBV Infection Induce PD-L1 in Hodgkin Lymphomas and Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Implications for Targeted Therapy

Purpose: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a molecule expressed on antigen-presenting cells that engages the PD-1 receptor on T cells and inhibits T-cell receptor signaling. The PD-1 axis can be exploited by tumor cells to dampen host antitumor immune responses and foster tumor cell survival. PD-1 blockade has shown promise in multiple malignancies but should be directed toward patients in whom it will be most effective. In recent studies, we found that the chromosome 9p24.1 amplification increased the gene dosage of PD-L1 and its induction by JAK2 in a subset of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, cHLs with normal 9p24.1 copy numbers also expressed detectable PD-L1, prompting analyses of additional PD-L1 regulatory mechanisms. Experimental Design: Herein, we utilized immunohistochemical, genomic, and functional analyses to define alternative mechanisms of PD-L1 activation in cHL and additional EBV+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Results: We identified an AP-1–responsive enhancer in the PD-L1 gene. In cHL Reed–Sternberg cells, which exhibit constitutive AP-1 activation, the PD-L1 enhancer binds AP-1 components and increases PD-L1 promoter activity. In addition, we defined Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection as an alternative mechanism for PD-L1 induction in cHLs with diploid 9p24.1. PD-L1 was also expressed by EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines as a result of latent membrane protein 1–mediated, JAK/STAT-dependent promoter and AP-1–associated enhancer activity. In addition, more than 70% of EBV+ posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders expressed detectable PD-L1. Conclusions: AP-1 signaling and EBV infection represent alternative mechanisms of PD-L1 induction and extend the spectrum of tumors in which to consider PD-1 blockade. Clin Cancer Res; 18(6); 1611–8. ©2012 AACR.
Development and Comparison of Intensive and Extensive Sampling Methods and Preliminary Within-Tree Population Estimates of Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas

Populations of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), a native wood-boring beetle, seem to be at unprecedented levels that are coinciding with extensive oak mortality occurring in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. To quantify population levels, we developed intensive and extensive sampling methods with respect to the seasonal phenology of active and quiescent stages of the borer’s synchronous 2-yr life cycle. Intensive whole-tree sampling yields data for the entire infested tree bole and provides baseline data for development of less time-consuming sampling methods. Extensive partial-tree sampling uses a nine-sample proportional sampling scheme to estimate densities, which are extrapolated to the whole tree. Data comparison reveals extensive estimates and intensive data are not significantly different, thus verifying extensive sampling as a relatively accurate and acceptable sampling method. Preliminary data from 58 trees confirm epidemic population levels in three areas of the Ozark National Forest in northern Arkansas. Mean number of phloem galleries initiated by current generation larvae on 38 trees was 599 ± 50 (SE) per tree, average number of live red oak borer found in 57 trees was 77 ± 15 per tree, and mean number of previous generation heartwood galleries present in 38 trees was 185 ± 30. Data generated through this research will permit detailed studies of red oak borer biology and mortality, facilitate development of less time-consuming field sampling techniques, and set the stage for further study of factors contributing to the current outbreak and associated tree mortality.
Targeting Critical Thinking Skills in a First-Year Undergraduate Research Course.

TH!NK is a new initiative at NC State University focused on enhancing students’ higher-order cognitive skills. As part of this initiative, I explicitly emphasized critical and creative thinking in an existing bacteriophage discovery first-year research course. In addition to the typical activities associated with undergraduate research such as review of primary literature and writing research papers, another strategy employed to enhance students’ critical thinking skills was the use of discipline-specific, real-world scenarios. This paper outlines a general “formula” for writing scenarios, as well as several specific scenarios created for the described course. I also present how embedding aspects of the scenarios in reviews of the primary literature enriched the activity. I assessed student gains in critical thinking skills using a pre-/posttest model of the Critical Thinking Assessment Test (CAT), developed by Tennessee Technological University. I observed a positive gain trend in most of the individual skills assessed in the CAT, with a statistically significant large effect on critical thinking skills overall in students in the test group. I also show that a higher level of critical thinking skills was demonstrated in research papers written by students who participated in the scenarios compared with similar students who did not participate in the scenario activities. The scenario strategy described here can be modified for use in biology and other STEM disciplines, as well as in diverse disciplines in the social sciences and humanities.
Contrasting assumptions and directions in MMPI research on alcoholism.

More definitive delineation of the personality characteristics of alcoholics may be achieved when investigators use special MMPI alcoholism scales in diagnosis instead of relying on the usual clini...
A New Method for Complete Hepatic Venous Occlusion in Dogs

Summary1. A 2-stage operation for production of pure complete hepatic venous outflow obstruction has been devised. Ten of 18 dogs survived from 18 to 270 days after operation. Crimped Dacron prostheses function satisfactorily in the low pressure venous system. 2. This preparation is presented as a satisfactory means of studying hemodynamic. hormonal, and chemical factors affecting development of ascites.
Retroviral Delivery of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor to Spinal Cord Progenitor Cells Drives the Formation of Intramedullary Gliomas

Malignant intramedullary spinal cord gliomas are uncommon neoplasms associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.1 The prognosis for patients with these tumors is largely unaffected by current therapeutic strategies.2,3 The likelihood of developing new, effective therapies is low without a more fundamental understanding of spinal cord tumor oncogenesis. Multiple reports have offered evidence indicating a close relationship between growth factor-induced proliferation of glial progenitors and the development of intracranial gliomas.4,5 Specifically, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to drive the proliferation of glial progenitors leading to the development of high-grade intracerebral gliomas in animal models.4,6–8 Recent evidence has also implicated PDGF in the development of intramedullary spinal cord gliomas. PDGF receptor expression has been identified in human spinal cord ependymoma, and transgenic animal models of PDGF-induced spinal cord gliomas have been reported.9,10 Here we report a new model of intramedullary spinal cord glioma in which tumors are driven by PDGF. In this model, PDGF-B is expressed by white matter-resident glial progenitor cells after retroviral gene delivery. The advantages of this model include a straightforward delivery technique, rapid tumor development from intrinsic tissue, and 100% phenotype penetrance. Because this model utilizes adult, wild-type animals, it is the first to demonstrate the oncologic potential of the adult spinal cord.
Teens and Information Quality: An Intersectionality-Based Dissertation in Progress Exploring Fitness Information and Social Media

This paper is part of the SIGMIS CPR doctoral consortium, summarizing a dissertation in progress. This dissertation explores how youth, teenagers in particular, search for, evaluate, and create exercise and nutrition information they interact with via social media. This dissertation also employs an Intersectionality lens to examine the ways in which the intersections of race, gender, sexuality, and socio-economic status relate to the ways in which teens make decisions about information online.
Predicting the Future for Rio 2016: Legal Issues in Sponsorship, Ambush Marketing, and Social Media

Against the backdrop of London 2012’s highly successful brand protection efforts, Rio 2016 promises to add additional layers of legal uncertainty, with strict Brazilian Olympic laws and a relaxed version of Rule 40 to bolster their Games-time enforcement efforts. Predicting the future for these Olympic legal issues is based on seeing similar marketing campaigns and tactics used at previous Games and by observing how previous organizing committees relied upon the host country’s special legislation to respond to ambush marketing efforts. The author outlines how these legal issues in sponsorship are likely to be managed at Rio 2016.
Resistant Hypertension: Insights on Evaluation and Management in the Post-SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) Era.

High blood pressure (BP) is the leading risk factor for premature death and disability-adjusted life years in the world.1 The development of a large pharmaceutical base from which to manage patients with hypertension in addition to many patient years of clinical trial experience have made it possible to successfully manage many of these patients. Nonetheless, many questions remain, particularly with respect to the optimal BP goal in the general population of hypertensive patients, patients with comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, and those with previous target organ damage such as stroke. Recent meta-analyses confirm that lower systolic and diastolic BP levels are associated with substantial reductions in important health outcomes such as death, coronary heart disease, and stroke in general populations2,3 and in patients with diabetes mellitus.4,5 In contrast, the ACCORD study (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) failed to support the postulate that lower is better. The ACCORD trial tested a systolic BP goal of 120 mm Hg versus 140 mm Hg in type 2 diabetics with hypertension6 and did not find a significant difference in the primary outcome, a composite of death and nonfatal heart attack and stroke. Similarly, the SPS3 trial (Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes) evaluated BP goals in patients with a previous lacunar stroke testing a systolic goal of 130 to 149 mm Hg versus <130 mm Hg.7 This trial also did not demonstrate significant reductions in ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage in the more intensive-treated group. On the contrary, the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) did show a significant improvement in the primary outcome, a pentad of heart attack, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, hospitalized heart failure, and cardiovascular death8 in the intensive (<120 mm Hg) versus standard (<140 mm Hg) treatment groups. Guideline committees have the charge of proposing …
The MYB107 Transcription Factor Positively Regulates Suberin Biosynthesis

Suberin, a lipophilic polymer deposited in the outer integument of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat, represents an essential sealing component controlling water and solute movement and protecting seed from pathogenic infection. Although many genes responsible for suberin synthesis are identified, the regulatory components controlling its biosynthesis have not been definitively determined. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis MYB107 transcription factor acts as a positive regulator controlling suberin biosynthetic gene expression in the seed coat. MYB107 coexpresses with suberin biosynthetic genes in a temporal manner during seed development. Disrupting MYB107 particularly suppresses the expression of genes involved in suberin but not cutin biosynthesis, lowers seed coat suberin accumulation, alters suberin lamellar structure, and consequently renders higher seed coat permeability and susceptibility to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, MYB107 directly binds to the promoters of suberin biosynthetic genes, verifying its primary role in regulating their expression. Identifying MYB107 as a positive regulator for seed coat suberin synthesis offers a basis for discovering the potential transcriptional network behind one of the most abundant lipid-based polymers in nature.
Dynamic Modelling and Tracking Control of Nonholonomic Wheeled Vehicles

Abstract Nonholonomic vehicles are shown to be kinematically equivalent to unicycles. A dynamic model for mobile vehicles moving on planar surfaces under nonholonomic constraints is derived. The model is decomposed into a kinematic and a dynamic subsystem. The kinematic subsystem is shown to be globally stabilizable by using continuous control laws on reference trajectories that are nonstationary and continuously differentiable with respect to time. The continuity of the kinematic control inputs allows the extension of the vehicle control at the dynamic level. Stability of the overall closed loop system is examined using singular perturbation theory. Simulations verify all theoretical derivations.
Water treatment: A scalable graphene-based membrane.

An improved industrial manufacturability has been achieved for a hybrid water-treatment membrane that exhibits high water permeance, prolonged high salt and dye rejection under cross-flow conditions and better resistance to chlorine treatment.
White flight/black flight: The dynamics of racial change in an American neighborhood

The changing racial demographics of the city are of great interest to practitioners and academics alike. Neighborhood instability, which can be spawned by rapid demographic changes, can tear the so...
The Effect of the Figures of the Earth and Moon

In 1884 G.W. Hill had published a long paper entitled “Determination of the inequalities of the Moon’s motion which are produced by the figure of the Earth: a supplement to Delaunay’s lunar theory.”
Articulated Thoughts of Male Dating Violence Perpetrators During Anger Arousal

The cognitive correlates of anger arousal and dating violence were investigated in samples of 17 males who reported at least one incident of physical aggression toward a female dating partner (DV), and 16 males who reported a nonviolent interaction history with their dating partners (NV). Participants performed the Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations (ATSS) paradigm while listening to anger-arousing audiotapes. Trained raters coded participants’ thought articulations for irrational beliefs, cognitive biases, hostile attributional biases, and anger control statements. Results indicated that DV men articulated significantly more irrational thoughts and cognitive biases, but fewer anger control statements, than NV men during ATSS anger arousal. Logistic regression analyses indicated that specific ATSS cognitive variables (high Arbitrary Inference, high Demandingness, low Anger Control) discriminated between the groups. However, fewer violent‐nonviolent differences were observed on paper-andpencil measures of cognitive distortion. These data suggest that assessment of cognitive processing among violent individuals may be optimized if these cognitions are assessed during concurrent anger arousal. The findings are interpreted in the context of social learning and social information processing theories of partner violence.
Some frontiers in constructive quantum field theory and equilibrium statistical mechanics

We present and discuss a list of important, mostly open problems in constructive quantum field theory and equilibrium statistical mechanics the solution of which requires (in rare cases : required) new ideas going beyond high - and low - temperature expansions guided by standard (super-renormalizable and infrared finite) perturbation theory about the critical points of some action or Hamilton function, beyond Peierls-type arguments and their variants and beyond spin wave theory and its rigorous counterparts. This list of problems includes higher order phase transitions, critical phenomena, long range forces, gauge theories, quantum solitons, etc.
Why is the validation of children's pain scales in China far behind the Western countries?

Letter to the editorWhy is the validation of children’s pain scales in China far behind the Westerncountries?Jinbing BaiPII: S0304-3959(13)00448-XDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.008Reference: PAIN 8953To appear in: PAINReceived Date: 28 July 2013Revised Date: 3 August 2013Accepted Date: 9 August 2013Please cite this article as: J. Bai, Why is the validation of children’s pain scales in China far behind the Westerncountries?, PAIN (2013), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.008This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customerswe are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, andreview of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production processerrors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Dementia: An Update.

A significant portion of the clinical phenotype observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Degeneration of cholinergic neurons, combined with aberrant nAChR expression and activation partially through amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ)-nAChR leads to upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways and subsequently the progressive cognitive decline of AD. Interestingly, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is also mediated through nAChR particularly α7 nAChR. Thus, agonists of these receptors will likely exert pro-cognitive benefits through multiple mechanisms including stimulating the cholinergic pathway, modulating inflammation, and buffering the effects of amyloid. Despite this promising theoretical use, trials thus far have been complicated by adverse effects or minimal improvement. This review will provide an update on several pharmacological nAChR agonists tested in clinical trials and reasons that further investigation of nAChR agonists is merited. Implications nAChRs have consistently presented a promising theoretical use in the treatment of AD; however, trials thus far have been complicated by adverse effects or minimal improvement. This review will provide an update on several pharmacological nAChR agonists trialed and reasons that further investigation of nAChR agonists is merited.
Uncertainty quantification in stability analysis of chaotic systems with discrete delays

Abstract Time delay is ubiquitous in many real-world physical and biological systems. It typically gives rise to rich dynamic behaviors, from aperiodic to chaotic. The stability of such dynamic behaviors is of considerable interest for process control purposes. While stability analysis under deterministic conditions has been extensively studied, not too many works addressed the issue of stability under uncertainty. Nonetheless, uncertainty, in either modeling or parameter estimation, is inevitable in complex system studies. Even for high-fidelity models, the uncertainty of input parameters could lead to divergent behaviors compared to the deterministic study. This is especially true when the system is at or near the bifurcation point. To this end, we investigated generalized polynomial chaos (GPC) to quantify the impact of uncertain parameters on the stability of delay systems. Our studies suggested that uncertainty quantification in delay systems provides richer information for system stability compared to deterministic analysis. In contrast to the robust yet time-consuming Monte Carlo or Latin hypercube sampling method, GPC approach achieves the same accuracy but only with a fraction of the computational overhead.
Chronic maternal cortisol excess during late gestation leads to metabolic alterations in the newborn heart.

Our laboratory has previously shown in an ovine model of pregnancy that abnormal elevations in maternal cortisol during late gestation lead to increased fetal cardiac arrhythmias and mortality duri...
Selection of children with ultra-severe traumatic brain injury for neurosurgical intervention

OBJECTIVE A recent retrospective study of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric patients showed similar outcomes in those with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 and those with a score of 4 and reported a favorable long-term outcome in 11.9% of patients. Using decision tree analysis, authors of that study provided criteria to identify patients with a potentially favorable outcome. The authors of the present study sought to validate the previously described decision tree and further inform understanding of the outcomes of children with a GCS score 3 or 4 by using data from multiple institutions and machine learning methods to identify important predictors of outcome. METHODS Clinical, radiographic, and outcome data on pediatric TBI patients (age < 18 years) were prospectively collected as part of an institutional TBI registry. Patients with a GCS score of 3 or 4 were selected, and the previously published prediction model was evaluated using this data set. Next, a combined data set that included data from two institutions was used to create a new, more statistically robust model using binomial recursive partitioning to create a decision tree. RESULTS Forty-five patients from the institutional TBI registry were included in the present study, as were 67 patients from the previously published data set, for a total of 112 patients in the combined analysis. The previously published prediction model for survival was externally validated and performed only modestly (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.47, 0.89). In the combined data set, pupillary response and age were the only predictors retained in the decision tree. Ninety-six percent of patients with bilaterally nonreactive pupils had a poor outcome. If the pupillary response was normal in at least one eye, the outcome subsequently depended on age: 72% of children between 5 months and 6 years old had a favorable outcome, whereas 100% of children younger than 5 months old and 77% of those older than 6 years had poor outcomes. The overall accuracy of the combined prediction model was 90.2% with a sensitivity of 68.4% and specificity of 93.6%. CONCLUSIONS A previously published survival model for severe TBI in children with a low GCS score was externally validated. With a larger data set, however, a simplified and more robust model was developed, and the variables most predictive of outcome were age and pupillary response.
First do no 'pharm': Educating medical and pharmacy students on the essentials of medication management.

Abstract Background Polypharmacy is a dilemma in modern medical practice and presents an opportunity for interprofessional collaboration. Our pilot project evaluated whether implementing an interprofessional education (IPE) session would influence awareness of interprofessional values/ethics, roles/responsibilities, communication, and teams/teamwork. Interprofessional education activity A dual-institution, multi-part IPE session on medication management was implemented with medicine and pharmacy students. Part 1 consisted of a pillbox exercise whereby students simulated the patient experience of taking medications. Part 2 was an interprofessional medication reconciliation exercise with a standardized patient. After completing the session, students were asked to reflect on their experience in response to a prompt. Reflections were analyzed qualitatively for overarching themes. Discussion This pilot uniquely captured the interaction between medical and pharmacy students from neighboring institutions. After completing the IPE session, both groups of students felt they were better equipped to take a medication history, perform medication reconciliation, and understand the value of a community pharmacist. Major themes elicited from reflections included: (1) increased awareness of barriers to medication adherence, (2) increased empathy towards adults with polypharmacy, (3) appreciation for the interprofessional team, and (4) realization of the importance of medication reconciliation and patient understanding of their medications. Implications The collaboration between institutions, located at a distance from one another, demonstrates a novel approach that can be used by others to facilitate IPE. All students gained experience interacting in an interprofessional setting simulating their future practice(s). Future studies are needed to evaluate the extent of those interactions and potential outcomes.
The compatibility of employment-based contingency management and vocational services at the Department of Veterans Affairs

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides vocational rehabilitation services for veterans with substance use disorders in programs such as Compensated Work Therapy (CWT). For some veterans, these services include regular monitoring and wages for work in prevocational settings. Independently of these services, the availability of a highly effective intervention for substance use disorders called contingency management (CM) has been rapidly increasing at the VA. CM involves the provision of material incentives such as prizes, vouchers, or money contingent upon verification of drug abstinence via toxicology screening. An employment-based version of CM has been demonstrated to be as effective as other forms of CM. Under this version of CM, access to paid employment or paid job training is the incentive. This employment-based CM could be used in conjunction with CWT or other vocational rehabilitation services used at the VA. The implementation of CM in such settings would increase access to CM for veterans and would be highly likely to improve substance use treatment outcomes among those receiving the service. This intervention might also improve key behavioral outcomes related to obtaining and maintaining competitive employment. VA officials in charge of employment-based treatment programs such as CWT should seriously consider integrating CM into their programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Reevaluation of Hepatic Angioembolization for Trauma in Stable Patients: Weighing the Risk.

Background Angioembolization (AE) is recommended for extravasation from liver injury on CT. Data supporting AE are limited to retrospective series that have found low mortality but high morbidity. These studies did not focus on stable patients. We hypothesized that AE is associated with increased complications without improving mortality in stable patients. Study Design We queried the 2016 Trauma Quality Improvement Project database for patients with grade III or higher liver injury (Organ Injury Score ≥ 3), blunt mechanism, with stable vitals (systolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and heart rate of 50 to 110 beats/min). Exclusion criteria were nonhepatic intra-abdominal or pelvic injury (Organ Injury Score ≥ 3), laparotomy less than 6 hours, and AE implementation more than 24 hours. Patients were matched 1:2 (AE to non-AE) on age, sex, Injury Severity Score, liver Organ Injury Score, arrival systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and transfusion in the first 4 hours using propensity score logistic modeling. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, length of stay, transfusion, hepatic resection, interventional radiology drainage, and endoscopic procedure. Results There were 1,939 patients who met criteria, with 116 (6%) undergoing hepatic AE. Median time to embolization was 3.3 hours. After successfully matching on all variables, groups did not differ with respect to mortality (5.4% vs 3.2%; p = 0.5, AE vs non-AE, respectively) or transfusion at 4 to 24 hours (4.4% vs 7.5%; p = 0.4). A larger percentage of the AE group underwent interventional radiology drainage (13.3% vs 2.2%; p Conclusions Hepatic AE was associated with increased morbidity without improving mortality, suggesting the benefits of AE do not outweigh the risks in stable liver injury. Observing these patients is likely a more prudent approach.
Strategies for Enhancing Lithium-Ion Conductivity of Triple-Layered Ruddlesden–Popper Oxides: Case Study of Li2–xLa2–yTi3–zNbzO10

We report strategies of enhancing the ionic conductivity of triple-layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides through design and synthesis of seven compounds belonging to the series A2A'2B3O10 (A = Li, A' = La, B = Ti/Nb), investigated by neutron diffraction, impedance spectroscopy, and dielectric analyses. We demonstrate, for the first time, that lithium diffusion in triple-layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides is a result of cooperative effect of both inter- and intrastack sites, i.e., A and A'. As shown by neutron diffraction, the structure of these materials comprises triple-layered stacks of octahedra (BO6), separated by A-site cations, while A' ions reside in intrastack spaces. We first synthesized Li2La2Ti3O10 and showed that its lithium-ion conductivity can be systematically enhanced by incorporation of cation deficiency in interstack sites through synthesis of Li1.9La2Ti2.9Nb0.1O10, Li1.8La2Ti2.8Nb0.2O10, and Li1.75La2Ti2.75Nb0.25O10. The latter represents the limit of cation deficiency on the A-site and has the highest conductivity among the A-site-deficient materials. We then investigated the enhancement of lithium-ion conductivity by incorporation of cation defects in intrastack A'-sites through synthesis of Li2La1.9Ti2.7Nb0.3O10 and Li2La1.8Ti2.4Nb0.6O10, where the latter represents the limit of cation deficiency on the A'-site and has the best conductivity among the A'-deficient materials. Finally, we hypothesized that cooperative effect of defects in both inter- and intrastack sites should have an even higher impact on ionic conductivity. This hypothesis was confirmed by synthesis of Li1.9La1.9Ti2.6Nb0.4O10, which showed the highest conductivity among all materials synthesized in this work. Detailed analysis of real and imaginary components of impedance spectroscopy, as well as dielectric and loss tangent, have been conducted. This systematic study is aimed at answering a fundamental question related to materials chemistry of Ruddlesden-Popper oxides, namely, determination of the sites that contribute to ionic conductivity.
Colonic Conditions: Toxic Colitis

Toxic colitis (TC) is a potentially lethal complication of inflammatory bowel disease or infectious colitis. It is defined by acute colitis and systemic toxicity and may have segmental or total colonic distension greater than 5.5 cm (toxic megacolon). The most common causes are ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Other less common etiologies include bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and CMV. The incidence of TC in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and CDI is 10%, 1–5%, and 5–10%, respectively. The mortality rate varies from 40% to 80% depending on the severity of the colitis and the patient’s comorbidities.
Diversifying Planning Education through Course Readings

We investigate diversity in urban planning education by analyzing the gender and race/ethnicity of authors who are assigned on reading lists for urban sustainability courses. Using a sample of 772 ...
Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbra Pallas, 1814) plasma biochemistry and hematology reference intervals including blood cell morphology.

Plasma biochemistry and hematology reference intervals are integral health assessment tools in all medical fields, including aquatic animal health. As sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) are becoming aquaculturally and economically more important, this manuscript provides essential reference intervals (RI) for their plasma biochemistry and hematology along with reference photomicrographs of blood cells in healthy, fasted sablefish. Blood cell morphology can differ between fish species. In addition, blood cell counts and blood chemistry can vary between fish species, demographics, water conditions, seasons, diets, and culture systems, which precludes the use of RI's from other fish species. For this study, blood was collected for plasma biochemistry and hematology analysis between June 20 and July 18, 2019, from healthy, yearling sablefish, hatched and reared in captivity on a commercial diet. Overnight fast of 16-18 hours did not sufficiently reduce lipids in the blood, which led to visible lipemia and frequent rupture of blood cells during analysis. Therefore, sablefish should be fasted for 24 to 36 hours before blood is collected to reduce hematology artifacts or possible reagent interference in plasma biochemistry analysis. Lymphocytes were the most dominant leukocytes (98%), while eosinophils were rare, and basophils were not detected in sablefish. Neutrophils were very large cells with Dohle bodies. In mammals and avian species, Dohle bodies are usually signs of toxic change from inflammation, but no such association was found in these fish. In conclusion, lipemia can interfere with sablefish blood analysis, and available removal methods should be evaluated as fasting for up to 36 h might not always be feasible. Also, more studies are required to establish RI for different developmental stages and rearing conditions.
Cyberattacks with limited network information leading to transmission line overflow in cyber–physical power systems

Abstract Recent cyberattacks on the U.S. power grid revealed how vulnerable smart grids are against cyberattacks. Consequently, it is critical to study cyberattacks that can lead to cascading failures in power systems and develop models to realistically emulate attack scenarios that can bypass existing bad data detection algorithms. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to accurately model load redistribution attacks via false data injections (FDIs) that are targeted to overflow multiple transmission lines while the attackers have limited access to network topology and information. Compared to the existing research on cyberattacks on transmission line overflow, the proposed model considers that the attackers might have limited access to all measurements and can only target a set of measurements in a region (area) instead of full access to the network information. Numerical results on IEEE 118-bus benchmark revealed the effectiveness of the proposed modeling in overflowing up to four transmission lines with incomplete network information and FDIs limited to 40% of nominal loads.
Mobile microlearning: a systematic literature review and its implications

The study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review to identify the trends, impacts, and challenges of mobile microlearning (MML) research. Using five academic databases from the fields of so...
The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations

Acknowledgements Foreword: Insensitivity and Blindness Introduction. Resistance, Democratic Sensibilities, and the Cultivation of Perplexity A. The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Epistemic Interaction B. Resistance, Perplexity, and Multiperspectivalism C. Overview Chapter 1. Active Ignorance, Epistemic Others, and Epistemic Friction 1.1. Active Ignorance and the Epistemic Vices of the Privileged 1.2. Lucidity and the Epistemic Virtues of the Oppressed 1.3. Resistance, Epistemic Responsibility, and the Regulative Principles of Epistemic Friction Chapter 2. Resistance as Epistemic Vice and as Epistemic Virtue 2.1. The Excess of Epistemic Authority and the Resulting Insensitivity 2.1.1. Epistemic Justice as Interactive, Comparative and Contrastive 2.1.2. Differential Authority, Systematic Injustice, and the Social Imaginary 2.2. The Vice of Avoiding Epistemic Friction, Hermeneuticalal Injustice, and the Problem of Meta-Blindness. 2.3. Striving for Open-Mindedness: Epistemic Friction and Epistemic Counterpoints as Correctives of Meta-Blindness Chapter 3. Imposed Silences and Shared Hermeneutical Responsibilities 3.1. Silences and the Communicative Approach to Epistemic Injustice 3.2. Communicative Pluralism and Hermeneutical Injustice 3.3. Our Hermeneutical Responsibilities with respect to Multiple Publics Chapter 4. Epistemic Responsibility and Culpable Ignorance 4.1. Responsible Agency, Knowledge/Ignorance, and Social Injustice 4.2. Betraying One's Responsibilities under Conditions of Oppression: Social Contextuality, Interconnectedness, and Culpable Ignorance 4.2.A. Pig Heads, Burning Crosses, and Car keys 4.2.B. The Social Division of Cognitive Laziness 4.2.C. Blindness to Differences 4.2.D. Blindness to Social Relationality and the Relevance Dilemma 4.3. Overlapping Insensitivities, Culture-Blaming, and Gender Violence against Third-World Women Chapter 5. Meta-Lucidity, Epistemic Heroes, and the Everyday Struggle Toward Epistemic Justice 5.1. Living Up to One's Responsibilities under Conditions of Oppression: Meta-Lucidity 5.2. Promoting Lucidity and Social Change 5.3. Echoing: Chained Action, "Epistemic Heroes", and Social Networks 5.3.1. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz: Epistemic Courage, Critical Imagination and Epistemic Friction 5.3.2. Rosa Parks: Counter-Performativity, Chained Agency, and Social Networks Chapter 6. Resistant Imagination and Radical Solidarity 6.1. Pluralistic Communities of Resistence 6.2. Normative Pluralism and Radical Solidarity 6.3. Epistemic Friction and Insurrectionary Genealogies 6.4. Guerrilla Pluralism, Counter-Memories, and Epistemologies of Ignorance 6.5. Resistant Imaginations: Toward a Kaleidoscopic Social Sensibility 6.6. Conclusion: Network Solidarity Coda References
Applying Cointegration to Problems in Finance

Financial time series data tend to exhibit stochastic trends. To uncover relationships among financial variables it is important to model changes in stochastic trends over time. Cointegration can be used to identify common stochastic trends among different financial variables. If financial variables are cointegrated, it can also be shown that the variables exhibit a long-run relationship. If this long-run relationship is severed, this may indicate the presence of a financial bubble. Keywords: deterministic trend; cointegration; unit root; stationarity; autoregression; error-correction; vector autoregressive; Granger causality; Historical Income Tables-Families
Partially ordered abelian groups with interpolation

A branch of ordered algebraic structures has grown, motivated by $K$-theoretic applications and mainly concerned with partially ordered abelian groups satisfying the Riesz interpolation property. This monograph is the first source in which the algebraic and analytic aspects of these interpolation groups have been integrated into a coherent framework for general reference. The author provides a solid foundation in the structure theory of interpolation groups and dimension groups (directed unperforated interpolation groups), with applications to ordered $K$-theory particularly in mind. Although interpolation groups are defined as purely algebraic structures, their development has been strongly influenced by functional analysis. This cross-cultural development has left interpolation groups somewhat estranged from both the algebraists, who may feel intimidated by compact convex sets, and the functional analysts, who may feel handicapped by the lack of scalars. This book, requiring only standard first-year graduate courses in algebra and functional analysis, aims to make the subject accessible to readers from both disciplines. High points of the development include the following: characterization of dimension groups as direct limits of finite products of copies of the integers; the double-dual representation of an interpolation group with order-unit via affine continuous real-valued functions on its state space; the structure of dimension groups complete with respect to the order-unit norm, as well as monotone sigma-complete dimension groups and dimension groups with countably infinite interpolation; and an introduction to the problem of classifying extensions of one dimension group by another. The book also includes a development of portions of the theory of compact convex sets and Choquet simplices, and an expository discussion of various applications of interpolation group theory to rings and $C^*$-algebras via ordered $K_0$. A discussion of some open problems in interpolation groups and dimension groups concludes the book. Of interest, of course, to researchers in ordered algebraic structures, the book will also be a valuable source for researchers seeking a background in interpolation groups and dimension groups for applications to such subjects as rings, operator algebras, topological Markov chains, positive polynomials, compact group actions, or other areas where ordered Grothendieck groups might be useful. This is a reprint of the 1986 original. (SURV/20.S)
Effects of Letter-Identification Training on Letter Naming in Prereading Children.

Three prereading children who named 0 to 3 of 20 targeted letters were taught to select the 20 printed letters when they heard spoken letter names. For all participants, letter-identification training resulted in naming for the majority of letters.
Measurement of coronary blood flow using rubidium84 and the coincidence counting method

Abstract The concepts on which the coincidence counting method for the measurement of myocardial blood flow by using rubidium 84 are based were re-evaluated and critically analyzed. Contrary to recent reports from this laboratory, it was shown in the isolated dog heart that alterations in coronary blood flow resulted in a change of the mean extraction ratio. As flow increased, the myocardial extraction ratio of rubidium 84 decreased; an increase in the mean extraction ratio occurred when coronary flow was reduced. This does not invalidate the calculation of flow as obtained by extrapolation of the myocardial clearance to time zero; at this time, the extraction ratio is theoretically one, provided the myocardium is extracting all the isotope at this time. In addition, it was shown that the myocardial extraction ratio early in the experiment was not 100 per cent but averaged 63.5 per cent and probably signified the presence of anatomic or functional shunts. Therefore, it was suggested that the calculated flows should be referred to as nutrient or effective coronary flows. It was demonstrated that the radioactivity of blood in the cardiac chamber could be neglected in the calculation of the myocardial uptake of rubidium. 84 The observation was confirmed that nitroglycerin increases the myocardial uptake and/or flow in patients without coronary artery disease; it failed to do so in patients with coronary artery disease. Because of this different response to the administration of nitroglycerin, the coincidence method as used here is of diagnostic aid in the recognition of coronary artery disease.
The effect of diphenoxylate/atropine on bowel activity during F-18 FDG PET/CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis

122 Objectives: Occasionally, lymph nodes or masses in the abdomen and pelvis can be difficult to distinguish from normal bowel activity on PET/CT. This uncertainty may limit the clinical usefulness of PET/CT in some cases of malignancy such as lymphoma. Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) inhibits peristalsis via stimulation of mu and delta opiate receptors in the bowel which results in a prolonged gastrointestinal transit time. This causes increased water absorption in the large intestine, and hence the indicated use of Lomotil as an antidiarrheal. We hypothesized that decreased smooth muscle activity and reduced peristalsis after Lomotil administration may reduce FDG bowel activity. Therefore we undertook a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study in patients undergoing PET/CT scans to determine if Lomotil decreases bowel FDG uptake and how this impacts the interpretation of abdominal PET/CT imaging. Methods: 70 patients undergoing routine clinical PET/CT scans for newly diagnosed or recurrent lymphoma were entered prospectively after informed written consent. The drug group received a single PO dose of liquid Lomotil, 10 ml, thirty to sixty minutes before injection of F-18 FDG. The control group received of 10ml of water in the same fashion. All scans were obtained one hour after the injection of F-18 FDG with dedicated PET/CT. Two nuclear medicine radiologists (MN, VL) blinded to administration of Lomotil or placebo read the scans independently and scored (0-3) uptake in stomach, small bowel, and large bowel. The scores rated bowel uptake as compared to liver uptake. The mean of these independent assessments was calculated. Interference with interpretation on PET/CT images was also scored. The two groups were compared with activity and interference scores using an extension of Fisher’s exact test for ordered contingency tables. Results: A significant increase in bowel activity was noted in the Lomotil patients vs. controls. Small bowel activity greater or equal to liver was seen in 50% vs. 22% (p= 0.007) of patients and in colon 50% vs. 28% (p=0.01) of patients respectively. FDG uptake in stomach was not statistically different (p=0.1) between the two groups. No significant interference in interpretation of the PET/CT from the bowel uptake was seen. Conclusions: Administration of Lomotil increases the accumulation of FDG seen in both small and large bowel and will not likely aid in PET/CT imaging of the abdomen and pelvis. Based on these findings smooth muscle inhibition in bowel does not reduce FDG bowel accumulation. Evaluation of agents that decrease bowel transit time may be of interest in reducing bowel FDG accumulation given these findings. Research Support (if any): Mayo Foundation
Scaling challenges of packaging in the Era of Big Data

The exascale computing is required in the Era of Big Data. In order to achieve this demand, new technology innovation must be required and packaging scaling including 3D-IC with TSV (Through Silicon Vias) is one of most promising technology. To increase the total bandwidth, the fine pitch die to die interconnection is necessary. Micro-bumping, thermally enhanced underfill and advanced interposer technologies are one of the key technologies. Material selection for reliable fine-pitch interconnection has become a critical challenge in 3D chip stacking. Underfill material between die to die is also very important to reduce the total packaging stress and to enhance the vertical thermal conductivity. Low CTE high density organic substrate is emerging technology for 2.5D structure.
Semiclassical Quantization on Fragmented Tori

In many cases the method of Einstein-Brillouin-Keller (or EBK quantization on tori) gives excellent semiclassical quantum levels when the classical motion is integrable. Analysis of the primitive semiclassical quantum energy levels suggests a Poisson distribution of nearest neighbor level spacings. Lack of integrability — classical chaos — Is then associated with (i) failure of the EBK method and (ii) level repulsions, and conjectures as to the form of P(S) the normalized level spacing distribution, as S → 0. The expectation that classical chaos leads to robust avoided crossings (strong level repulsion) seems to have been verified by numerical experiment: however, an expected result does not always verify the initial premise. In this lecture it is argued that even in chaotic volumes of phase space nonintegrability sometimes does not completely destroy the underlying time independent manifold structure of classical phase space: Fragments of the invariant tori remain and may be used as a basis for EBK quantization. This is illustrated for the Henon-Heiles problem, and for the truncated π/4- right triangular rational billiard — both nonintegrable systems. In both cases the underlying quantum level structure follows from integrable approximations to the dynamics, and avoided crossings are easily rationalized via the primitive (as opposed to uniform) quantization used — leading to the conjecture that classical chaos may have little, a per se, to do with the results of currently available numerical experiments.