cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass Movement, Business and Property Control Measures

Government powers support the use of physical distancing measures as a strategy to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This Chapter examines the efforts of governments to limit mass movement and large gatherings, close businesses and schools, and restrict non-essential personal, recreational, and commercial activities. Government legal authority to impose these restrictions to stop the transmission of an infectious disease such as COVID-19 is quite broad, and these measures are essential tools to reduce the community spread of COVID-19. However, government orders that restrict movement or activity must consider the effects on constitutional rights; the economic, social, and health impacts that restrictions impose; and the potential for inequitable burdens on marginalized communities if supportive policies are not implemented along with restrictions. Movement and activity restrictions in the form of stay-at-home orders, gathering size limitations, and business and school closures have been instituted widely during the initial COVID-19 response, primarily by state governments, although local governments have also imposed these measures as well. Often politically controversial, numerous legal challenges have been brought against government orders restricting movement, imposing gathering limits, and closing businesses. The government has prevailed in most of these legal challenges, and this deference to government-imposed restrictions demonstrates an appropriate balancing of public health and other considerations under circumstances of scientific uncertainty. However, government officials must take affirmative steps to set up systems that render widespread restrictions on movement and activity less necessary to contain COVID-19 and to ensure that when restrictions and closures are in place that supportive policies mitigate disparate burdens on marginalized communities. This paper was prepared as part of Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Lymph and Tissue Fluid Flow Deduced from Microvascular Exchange Parameters

Lymph is presumed to originate as a consequence of the imbalance between the filtration and absorptive mode of exchange at the level of blood capillaries. The factors which regulate this phenomenon are embodied in the so called Starling Hypothesis of fluid exchange. According to the commonly accepted interpretation of this theory exchange of fluid takes place at the level of blood capillaries, in such a fashion that at the arterial beginning, fluid filters out of the microcirculation, and is subsequently reabsorbed at the venous end by the osmotic effect caused by the plasma protein. According to this theory, therefore, the microcirculation has the functional properties of an osmometer. These concepts have been directly validated at the level of the microscopic exchange vessels of the frog by Landis (1927), and in mammals by Zweifach and Intaglietta (1968).
A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians

Introduction 1. Anglo-Catholics: E. B. Pusey and Holy Scripture 2. Roman Catholics: Nicholas Wiseman and Sacred Scripture 3. Atheists: Charles Bradlaugh, Annie Besant, and 'this indictable book' 4. Methodist and Holiness: Catherine Booth, William Cooke, and the Scriptures 5. Liberal Anglicans: Florence Nightingale and the Bible 6. Unitarians: Mary Carpenter and the Sacred Writings 7. Quakers: Elizabeth Fry and 'Reading' 8. Agnostics: T. H.Huxley and Bibliolatry 9. Evangelical Anglicans: Josephine Butler and the Word of God 10. Orthodox Old Dissent: C. H. Spurgeon and 'the Book' Conclusion: Spiritualism, Judaism, and the Brethren - A People of One Book
Circular Questioning and Neutrality: An Investigation of the Process Relationship

This study investigated the possibility that interventive circular questions violate the principle of neutrality advanced by the Milan school as essential to the practice of systemic family therapy. A method for categorizing circular questions as interventive or descriptive was developed to explore neutrality violations. Neutrality was operationalized as client perceptions of therapist side-taking and feelings of discomfort. Immediately after family therapy, individual family members viewed videotape replays of moments when circular questions were posed and rated their perceptions of therapist side-taking and feelings of discomfort for each selected moment. Findings indicated a greater tendency for non-neutrality with interventive questions. Neutrality was also represented as multidimensional through the lack of correlation between side-taking and discomfort ratings.
Error mechanisms for convolutional codes

Upper and lower bounds of probability of error derived for optimum decoders using convolutional codes
Recovery of sexual function in abstinent alcoholic men

Abstract Sixty chronically alcoholic men who were impotent and known to have abstained from alcohol were followed prospectively to determine (a) the frequency of spontaneous recovery of normal sexual functioning, (b) indicators of spontaneous recovery, and (c) the response of those who did not achieve a spontaneous recovery to agents known to interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Twenty-five percent of the men studied experienced a spontaneous recovery. Indicators of a spontaneous recovery were absence of testicular atrophy and normal gonadotropin responses to luteinizing hormone releasing factor or clomiphene, or both. Interestingly, the severity of the biochemical or histologic liver disease at admission to study did not have value in predicting endocrine responses or recovery of sexual functioning with continued abstinence. Those not recovering spontaneously were treated sequentially with clomiphene, human chorionic gonadotropin, and an oral exogenous androgen, fluoxymesterone. Only the androgen produced acceptable results and then only at unusually high doses, suggesting some degree of androgen insensitivity in such men.
Medical Physics Literature

Medical physics publications include books, proceedings, reports, monographs, and journals. Of special interest are the publications of two leading medical physics organizations, the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) in the UK, and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) in North America. These two organizations between them have published hundreds of reports, monographs, and meeting proceedings that are used as reference materials throughout the world. From the IPEM many of these are published by the Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP) in Bristol, UK, and from the AAPM many are published by either the American Institute of Physics (AIP) or Medical Physics Publishing (Madison, WI). In this Section we will present references to all these publications, as well as those of other organizations and independent publishers. The various primary and secondary journals will also be referenced. Keywords: medical physics; radiological physics; radiation oncology; nuclear medicine; radiology; magnetic resonance; ultrasound; radiobiology; radiation protection
A PHYSICOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR PATTERN AND RHYTHM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a physicochemical basis for pattern and rhythm. The genesis of dynamic patterns depends on the coupled effects of transport processes and transformation processes. Their application to multicomponent, chemically reactive systems is a major concern of chemical engineers. This is one area in which chemical engineering and cell physiology run parallel; both could profit from closer communication and perhaps even active collaboration. A remarkable instance of dynamic structure occurs under certain conditions of freezing of a solid out of molten solution. The transformation process is solidification with its accompanying heat release. Both heat and solute are transported. There is a tendency for the solute to be redistributed in a regular hexagonal pattern at the freezing face of the solid. This tendency, which stems from local supercooling in the melt, is opposed by thermal transport and reduced by diffusional transport. Many well-studied examples of dynamic structure in physical systems could be cited from fluid mechanics, meteorology, geophysics, and astrophysics.
The multiple imputation quantitative noise corrector

Relatively little attention has been given in the data mining literature to noise handling procedures that deal specifically with a continuous dependent variable. We present a novel procedure that addresses the problem of detecting and correcting noise when the outcome variable is continuous. Our technique uses a procedure for handling missing data called multiple imputation, a well-known statistical methodology based on sound theoretical principles. We demonstrate the utility of our procedure using a real-world dataset with inherent noise and multiple levels of injected noise in numerous carefully designed controlled experiments. Further, we present a comparison with noise correctors developed using five well-known estimation procedures, providing good coverage of the commonly-used classes of estimation techniques such as linear regression, decision trees and neural networks. The results presented in this work demonstrate conclusively the strong noise detection and correction results of our procedure, which outperforms the five competing noise correctors.
High-performance centralized content delivery infrastructure: models and asymptotics

We consider a centralized content delivery infrastructure where a large number of storage-intensive files are replicated across several collocated servers. To achieve scalable mean delays in file downloads under stochastic loads, we allow multiple servers to work together as a pooled resource to meet individual download requests. In such systems, basic questions include: How and where to replicate files? What is the impact of dynamic service allocation across request types, and whether such allocations can provide substantial gains over simpler load balancing policies? What are tradeoffs among performance, reliability and recovery costs, and energy? This paper provides a simple performance model for large systems towards addressing these basic questions.
Physical and electromagnetic properties of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O superconductors synthesized with peroxides

The physical and electromagnetic properties of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O superconductors synthesized with BaO2 (barium peroxide) have been studied. A comparison of reactions with BaCO3 and BaO indicates that the peroxide promotes formation and strong alignment of platelet grains in planes normal to the c axis, yields material with larger grain sizes and aspect ratios, reduces the synthesis reaction time by over half, increases the volume fraction of material that goes superconducting (Meissner effect), and facilitates metallic conduction in the normal state. Critical current densities of 1.1×104 A/cm2 at 77 K have been observed in peroxide‐synthesized material. These beneficial effects may be due to the low melting temperature of BaO2 (450 °C), and the elimination of residual unreacted BaCO3, BaO, and/or C.
Transport characterization in nanowires using an electrical nanoprobe

Electrical transport in semiconductor nanowires is commonly measured in a field effect transistor configuration, with lithographically defined source, drain and in some cases, top gate electrodes. This approach is labor intensive, requires high-end fabrication equipment, exposes the nanowires to extensive processing chemistry and places practical limitations on minimum nanowire length. Here we describe an alternative, simple method for characterizing electrical transport in nanowires directly on the growth substrate, without any need for post growth processing. Our technique is based on contacting nanowires using a nano-manipulator probe retrofitted inside of a scanning electron microscope. Using this approach, we characterize electrical transport in GaN nanowires grown by catalyst-free selective epitaxy, as well as InAs and Ge nanowires grown by a Au-catalyzed vapor solid liquid technique. We find that in situations where contacts are not limiting carrier injection (GaN and InAs nanowires), electrical transport transitions from Ohmic conduction at low bias to space-charge-limited conduction at higher bias. Using this transition and a theory of space-charge-limited transport which accounts for the high aspect ratio nanowires, we extract the mobility and the free carrier concentration. For Ge nanowires, we find that the Au catalyst forms a Schottky contact resulting in rectifying current‐voltage characteristics, which are strongly dependent on the nanowire diameter. This dependence arises due to an increase in depletion width at decreased nanowire diameter and carrier recombination at the nanowire surface. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Physiological Responses of Men and Women to Barley and Oat Extracts (Nu-trimX). I. Breath Hydrogen, Methane, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

ABSTRACT While consumption of diets high in fiber is perceived to result in undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, the fermentation of undigested carbohydrate in the large intestine may, in fact, have beneficial health effects. In this study, we compared the effects of oats, barley, and their extracts with a glucose control for 24 hr on breath hydrogen and methane production as a marker of colonic fermentation and also assessed gastrointestinal symptoms. Nine men and 11 women (35–57 yr) consumed 1 g/kg of body weight of carbohydrate as glucose or 0.66 g/kg of body weight sugar and 0.33 g/kg of body weight as oat bran, barley flour, oat extract, or barley extract (Nu-trimX) in a Latin square design. Expired alveolar breath samples were collected after instruction at fasting, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 24 hr after consumption of the test meals. All test meals increased breath hydrogen and methane (both P < 0.0001). Hydrogen, but not methane, responses to barley, oats, and extracts of each were higher (bar...
Ocular changes in TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in learning, memory, and executive functions. In addition to cognitive and behavioral deficits, vision disturbances have been reported in early stage of AD, well before the diagnosis is clearly established. To further investigate ocular abnormalities, a novel AD transgenic rat model was analyzed.
Constructional ability in two- versus three-dimensions: Relationship to spatial vision and locus of cerebrovascular lesion

Abstract Introduction Clinical evaluation and research on constructional ability have come to rely almost exclusively on two-dimensional tasks such as graphomotor copying or mosaic Block Design (BD). A return to the inclusion of a third dimension in constructional tests may increase the spatial demands of the task, and improve understanding of the relationship between visual perception and constructional ability in patients with cerebral disease. Method Subjects were patients ( n = 43) with focal or multifocal cerebrovascular lesions as determined by CT or MRI. Tests of temporal orientation, verbal intelligence, language, object vision and spatial vision were used to determine which factors were predictive of performance on two-dimensional BD and Three-Dimensional Block Construction (3-DBC) tasks. Results Stepwise linear regression indicated that spatial vision predicted BD performance, and was even more strongly predictive of 3-DBC. Other cognitive domains did not account for significant additional variance in performance of either BD or 3-DBC. Bilateral cerebral lesions produced more severe deficits on BD than did unilateral cerebral lesions. The presence of a posterior cerebral lesion was the significant factor in producing deficits in 3-DBC. Conclusions The spatial aspect of a constructional task is enhanced when the patient is required to assemble an object in all three dimensions of space. In the typical patient with cerebrovascular disease, constructional deficits typically occur in the context of a wider syndrome of deficits in spatial vision.
Optical Layer Survivability: Single Service Class Case

This paper considers capacity provisioning for service and restoration in a WDM optical network which provides lightpaths to higher layer networks. We develop a framework for jointly assigning wavelengths to service and restoration paths for all failures. For various types of path-based and link-based restoration methods, the problem is reduced to a vertex coloring problem in a single graph. Using this framework, we present routing and wavelength assignment algorithms for service and restoration with varying capacity/restoration time tradeoffs, and evaluate their performance through simulations. We also evaluate the difference in wavelength requirement under on-line incremental traffic and off-line traffic based on the properties of the conflict graph.
Differential mortality and lesion responses to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in Marek's disease-resistant and susceptible chicken lines.

The major histocompatibility complex of the chicken (Pazderka et al. 1975) resembles the mouse H-2 region in controlling many phenomena related to adaptive immune responsiveness. Immune response (Ir) loci within the B complex control cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to defined antigens (G/inther et al. 1974, Benedict et al. 1975, 1977). Lymphocyte response in the graft-versus-host and mixed lymphocyte reactions is also controlled by the B locus (Longenecker et al. 1972, Miggiano et al. 1974). Strain differences in host response to infection by Marek's disease virus (MDV) or avian leukosis virus (ALV) are well documented. Chickens heterozygous or homozygous for the B 21 allele show resistance to T-cell lymphomagenesis by MDV (Longenecker et al. 1976, Briles et al. 1977). Differences between chicken lines in regression of tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus (Schierman et al. 1977, Collins et al. 1977), and susceptibility to induction of lymphoid leukosis (LL), a B-cell lymphoma, after ALV infection have also been described (Purchase and Gilmour, 1975, Crittenden et al. 1972). Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), the prototype of a newly described group of avian C-type retroviruses (Purchase et al. 1973), induces tumors composed of undefined hematopoietic cells in the spleen and liver in experimentally infected chickens (Purchase and Witter 1975). REV differs markedly from other avian tumor viruses in its virulence. The induction period may be as short as 5 days, and mortality may approach 100% (Purchase and Witter, 1975). REV induces the only 'short-incubation' lymphoreticular tumor caused by an avian C-type retrovirus, and therefore offers an attractive avian model system for studies of genetic control of tumorigenesis. The present report describes differences in mortality patterns and visceral lesion development in line N and line P chickens (B-locus genotype B21/B 21 and B19/B 19, respectively). These lines were developed by Cole (1972) on the basis of resistance and susceptibility to Marek's disease (MD). Differences between line N and P chickens in response to MDV infection may reflect genetically determined differences in the immune responses to virus infection and tumorigenesis (Briles et al. 1977). To investigate the possibility of genetic control of tumorigenesis in the REV system, we compared the mortality patterns and lesion responses of these two lines to REV infection. Chickens of line N (BZI/BEI) and line P (B19/B 19) were hatched on the same day and were inoculated intraperitoneally with REV (0.1 ml containing 5 • 103 plaque-
Dynamic heterogeneity in cross-country growth relationships☆

Abstract Empirical literature examining cross-country growth within the simple Solow framework invariably chooses to let the relationships between growth and its determinants stay constant over time. In an era of rapidly changing economies, this may not be wise. We track these correlations from 1982 until 2003. We find that the relationships between the standard determinants and growth are for the most part, quite stable; however, one-quarter of them do change in a significant way. Theoretically, the findings are interesting because of the possible causes for the structural changes, and the fact that three-quarters of the relationships are stable when maybe they shouldn't be. Methodologically, the findings are interesting because modelers using these variables should account for this heterogeneity to reduce bias when drawing inference from data spanning this period.
Assessments of lung toxicity to Acrawax C following acute inhalation exposure.

Acrawax® is a trademark for a series of synthetic waxes which are used as flatteners in paint, and lubricants in plastics, and these materials have been routinely regarded as nuisance dusts. Due to...
Quadruplex structure of polyriboinosinic acid: dependence on alkali metal ion concentration, pH and temperature.

The vibrational infrared (IR) absorption and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectral changes of polyinosinic acid (polyI) as a function of alkali metal ion concentration, temperature and pH have been investigated to establish how changes in spectral features relate to the structural modifications of polyI. A single positive VCD couplet associated with the carbonyl absorption band is considered to be the signature of quadruplex structure for polyI. The disruption of the quadruplex structure with temperature increase or pH increase at low alkali metal ion concentration is evidenced by the disappearance of this positive VCD couplet. The absence of any VCD signal upon quadruplex disruption indicates that the newly formed structure lacks helical chirality and is likely to be disordered. In the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.1 M NaCl, the heat-induced quadruplex disruption is completely reversible. A mildly alkaline environment, in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl, is not sufficient to support the quadruplex structu...
Separation of Geometric and Electronic Effects of the Support on the CO and H2 Chemisorption Properties of Supported Pt Particles: The Effect of Ionicity in Modified Alumina Supports

The geometric and electronic properties of supported Pt particles have been altered by modifying the ionicity (acid base properties) of the Al2O3 support via the sol−gel method. The Si modifier resulted in the most acidic and Cs in the most basic Al2O3 support. Application of the new Delta XANES technique shows that, above 373K in vacuum, the Pt surface is covered with hydrogen chemisorbed in an atop site for Pt particles dispersed on an acidic Cl−Al2O3 and mostly in the n-fold sites on Pt particles dispersed on a basic Rb−Al2O3. Further, FTIR data shows a significant bridged CO coverage in the Rb−Al2O3 case but not in the Cl−Al2O3. At low temperatures, when the coverage of both CO and H should be nearly complete, the Delta XANES results show that the coverage of H on Pt/Cl−Al2O3 is about twice that of Pt/Rb−Al2O3, consistent with the FTIR data which shows a similar reduction of linear CO adsorption on Pt/Rb−Al2O3. This is attributed to the different dispersions of the particles. EXAFS analysis makes clea...
Isochoric (p, Vm, x, T) measurements on (methane + ethane) from 100 to 320 K at pressures to 35 MPa☆

Abstract Comprehensive isochoric (p, Vm, x, T) values have been obtained for {xCH4 + (1 − x)C2H6} with x = 0.35, 0.50, and 0.69 at amount-of-substance densities from 1 to 25 mol·dm−3. The measurements for each composition cover a temperature range from approximately 100 to 320 K at pressures up to 35 MPa. For each mixture the results have been fit to a 32-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. Further development of the extended corresponding-states model has been accomplished using the results presented here. Comparisons with values from independent sources have been made where possible.
Effects of fenvalerate on the early life stages of topsmelt (Atherinops Affinis)

Flow-through acute and early-life-stage (ELS) toxicity tests were conducted with topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), a Pacific coast saltwater fish, and fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. The 96-h LC50 for juvenile fish was 0.66 μg/L. In the 30-d ELS test with laboratory-spawned embryos, average measured fenvalerate concentrations were nondetectable (>0.075 μg/L) in two control treatments, 0.14, 0.34, 0.82, 1.5, and 3.2 μg/L. Survival of embryos to hatching ranged from 94 to 100%, with no statistically significant differences among treatments. No fry survived exposure to fenvalerate concentrations ≥0.82 μg/L; overall survival in lower concentrations and control treatments ranged from 86 to 97%. There were no consistent concentration-dependent differences in weight between fish in the carrier-control treatment and fish exposed to fenvalerate. Mean wet weights of surviving fish ranged from 16.9 mg in 0.34 μg/L to 20.3 mg in 0.14 μg/L. The average bioconcentration factor for fish exposed to 0.14 and 0.34 μg fenvalerate per liter was 315.
Kinematic and dynamical CBED for solving thin organic films at low temperature; experimental tests with anthracene

Low-dose, low-temperature kinematic and dynamical convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns from thin organic crystalline films have been used for the measurement of structure-factor amplitudes and phases. Kinematic conditions are identified by the observation of uniform intensity within the CBED discs and used to determine structure-factor magnitudes. CBED patterns from thicker regions affected by multiple scattering give structure-factor signs, which are varied for best fit. The use of a small probe (and the Kohler SAD mode) minimizes bending artifacts. A new method of thickness determination is evaluated. The approach is tested using experimental data from the centrosymmetric anthracene structure, the results compared with direct methods, and a potential map derived from experimental data. The faint peaks due to H-atom positions may be distinguished. Key issues influencing the validity of the method such as the appropriate dimension of the structure-factor matrix, sample thickness and crystal orientation are discussed.
Effect of Nanoscale Additives on External Gear Pump Performance

In this study, the effect of ultrafine graphite and multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) additives on the performance of an external gear pump was investigated. Colloidal suspensions of each additive were created in ethanol with concentrations varying from 200 ppm to 1550 ppm, low enough that there was no significant change in the viscosity of the solution. These solutions were run through a hydraulic closed loop equipped with a 0.5 HP/1725 RPM external gear pump. Pressure, volumetric flow rate, temperature, and electric power consumption data were recorded for each additive concentration. An increase of up to 0.75 L/min in volumetric flow rates over the baseline ethanol case (additive concentration of 0 ppm) was observed for certain concentrations of graphite and CNTs, possibly suggesting reduced internal leakage or improved lubrication. As opposed to conventional viscosity modifiers which showed similar improvements, these nanostructrued additives had no effect on the viscosity of the working fluid. The surface morphology of the graphite and the CNTs was examined both prior to and after pumping the solutions through the gear pump by taking scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the additives after allowing a solution sample to evaporate on a microscope slide.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The relationship between marital quality and adherence to the diabetes care regimen.

Background: Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires significant behavior change through adherence to, and maintenance of, a complex health care regimen. Social support has been found to be a factor that influences adherence.Purpose: This article reports a cross-sectional and prospective assessment of the relationship between marital quality (i.e., intimacy and adjustment) and self-reported adherence to the diabetes care regimen.Methods: Seventy-eight insulin-treated adults with diabetes were assessed at Time 1 (T1) when they completed two marital quality measures and a measure of adherence to the diabetes care regimen. Sixty participants were contacted 2 years later (Time 2; T2), and the self-care measure was readministered. Blood glucose (sugar) control was assessed by hemoglobin A1c. Demographic data (age, gender, type and duration of diabetes, years married, other medical problems, family history of diabetes, years of education) were gathered from charts and questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the ability of the two marital measures at T1 to predict adherence to self-care at T2, controlling for confounding baseline variables.Results: Results showed that both of the marital quality measures predicted many aspects of self-care at T1. Dietary self-care related to marital intimacy and adjustment, as did adherence to exercise and to doctor’s recommendations. Neither adherence to blood glucose testing nor blood glucose control was related to marital quality. Prospective analyses showed that neither marital quality measure at T1 was a prospective predictor of aspects of adherence to self-care at T2.Conclusions: Future efforts to improve self-care should explore the value of interventions that target the spouse and/or the couple’s relationship.
Autoantibodies against the Hel‐N1 RNA‐binding protein among patients with lung carcinoma: An association with type I anti–neuronal nuclear antibodies

Hel-N1 is a novel human complementary DNA encoding a neuronal RNA-binding protein which shares considerable sequence homology with the HuD protein, a target of type I anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies in patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against the Hel-N1 protein among patients with lung carcinoma, including those with paraneoplastic disorders. Sera from 45 patients with lung cancer (42 with small-cell carcinoma) and from 28 control patients with other neurological diseases were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by immunoblotting with recombinant Hel-N1 protein. Sixteen of the 45 lung cancer patients (14 with small-cell and 2 with undifferentiated carcinoma) had paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and high-titer type I anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies; sera from each of these 16 patients also showed strong reactivity with Hel-N1 protein. The other 29 lung cancer patients, all of whom had neurological dysfunction and 24 of whom had known or suspected paraneoplastic disorders, lacked the type I antibody by standard testing. The mean anti-Hel-N1 titer (by ELISA) of sera from patients negative for type I anti-neuronal nuclear antibody was significantly less than that of the patients positive for the type I antibody, but exceeded that of the control patients with other neurological diseases (p < 0.001). Fifteen (52%) of the 29 type I antibody-negative patients had positive serum anti-Hel-N1 titers which did not overlap the high anti-Hel-N1 titers of the 16 type I antibody-positive patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Meta‐analysis methodology for combining treatment effects from Cox proportional hazard models with different covariate adjustments

In Cox proportional hazard models with censored survival data, estimates of treatment effects with some important covariates omitted will be biased toward zero (Gail et al., Biometrika 71: 431-444). This can be especially problematic in meta-analyses that combine estimates of parameters from studies where different covariate adjustments are made. Presently, few constructive solutions have been provided to address this issue. In this paper, we review the existing meta-analysis methodologies for aggregated patient data (APD) and propose two meta-regression models (meta-ANOVA model and meta-polynomial model) with indicators of different covariates in Cox proportional hazard models to adjust the heterogeneity of treatment effects due to omitted covariates across studies. Both parametric and nonparametric estimators for the pooled treatment effect and the heterogeneity variance are presented and compared. We illustrate the advantages of our proposed analytic procedures over the existing methodologies by simulation studies and real data analysis. The existing methodologies yield large estimation bias in the presence of an "incomparability" issue, whereas our proposed models can adjust the bias and thus provide an accurate estimation.
A Survey of January Interim Psychology Courses

(1982). A Survey of January Interim Psychology Courses. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 230-231.
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARD X-RAY SPECTRAL INDEX AND THE LOCAL MAGNETIC RECONNECTION RATE

The rare phenomenon of ribbon-like hard X-ray (HXR) sources up to 100 keV found in the 2005 May 13 M8.0 flare observed with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager provides detailed information on the spatial distribution of flare HXR emission. In this Letter, we further investigate the characteristics of HXR emission in this event using imaging spectroscopy, from which we obtain spatially resolved HXR spectral maps during the flare impulsive phase. As a result we found, along a flare ribbon, an anticorrelation relationship between the local HXR flux and the local HXR spectral index. We suggest that this can be regarded as a spatial analog of the well-known temporal soft-hard-soft spectral evolution pattern of the integrated HXR flux. We also found an anticorrelation between the HXR spectral index and the local electric field along the ribbon, which suggests electron acceleration by the electric field during flares.
Ongoing development of microwave breast imaging system components

We present ongoing work at the University of Michigan toward the goal of developing a microwave inverse scattering system for breast cancer imaging. The algorithm is built around the Born Iterative Method with a modified cost function allowing inclusion of a priori information. The calibration is based on a new formulation for S-parameter measurements. The liquid matching medium is an oil-water emulsion with high dielectric constant and moderate loss. Last, we designed a wide-band, linear-phase antenna for both frequency and time-domain applications. Finally, we present numeric studies of a CW microwave breast cancer therapy system.
Streptococcus anginosus ("Streptococcus milleri")

The name "Streptococcus milleri" has been used mainly by British and European microbiologists to describe a heterogeneous group of streptococci known by a variety of species names in the United States. Recently a proposal was made to combine these various types of streptococci into a single species named Streptococcus anginosus (8). In spite of the confusion about what to call these streptococci, they have emerged as important etiologic agents in a variety of serious infections (18). This article describes the bacteriological and clinical features of this group of streptococci in the hope of enhancing the clinical microbiologist's ability to recognize these organisms when encountered in the laboratory.
Faculty response to classroom use of e-technology

Some of us are still wrestling with the question of how we can encourage and support faculty in the use of instructional technology. Faculty members are individuals with varying needs and desires, but they often resist becoming involved in situations that might reveal gaps in their knowledge or make them seem dependent on less-credentialed people. We examine several different faculty profiles in the context of their own expectations of those of students, and suggest ways of providing motivation and support in a nonthreatening manner.
Reversible oxidation and critical current of YBa2Cu3Ox coated conductors

Abstract We were able to vary the oxygen concentration of a YBCO coated-conductor sample from the under-doped to the over-doped regime. This was achieved by secondary oxygenation treatments at temperatures between 250 °C and 500 °C employing a novel oxygenation scheme. The YBCO-coated conductor was fabricated by the inclined substrate deposition method. Superconducting transition temperature and critical current as function of temperature and magnetic field were determined by a contact-free magnetization technique on a ring sample. It is observed that for temperatures at and below 77 K, the maximum critical current is obtained in the most over-doped state where the transition temperature is significantly depressed.
Accretion of rotating fluids by barytropes - Numerical results for white-dwarf models

Numerical sequences of rotating axisymmetric nonmagnetic equilibrium models are constructed which represent the evolution of a barytropic star as it accretes material from a rotating medium. Two accretion geometries are considered - one approximating accretion from a rotating cloud and the other, accretion from a Keplerian disk. It is assumed that some process, such as Ekman spin-up or nonequilibrium oscillations, maintains nearly constant angular velocity along cylinders about the rotation axis. Transport of angular momentum in the cylindrically radial direction by viscosity is included. Fluid instabilities and other physical processes leading to enhancement of this transport are discussed. Particular application is made to zero-temperature white-dwarf models, using the degenerate electron equation of state. An initially nonrotating 0.566-solar-mass white dwarf is followed during the accretion of more than one solar mass of material. Applications to degenerate stellar cores, to mass-transfer binary systems containing white dwarfs, such as novae and dwarf novae, to Type I supernovae, and to galactic X-ray sources are considered.
Tolfenamic acid downregulates BACE1 and protects against lead-induced upregulation of Alzheimer's disease related biomarkers

Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) early in life results in a latent upregulation of genes and products associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly the plaque forming protein amyloid beta (Aβ). Furthermore, animals exposed to Pb as infants develop cognitive decline and memory impairments in old age. Studies from our lab demonstrated that tolfenamic acid lowers the levels of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) and its aggregative cleavage product Aβ by inducing the degradation of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1). These changes were accompanied by cognitive improvement in transgenic APP knock-in mice. In this study, we examined the effects of tolfenamic acid on beta site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) which is responsible for Aβ production and tested its ability to reverse Pb-induced upregulation in the amyloidogenic pathway. Mice were administered tolfenamic acid for one month and BACE1 gene expression as well as its enzymatic activity were analyzed in the cerebral cortex. Tolfenamic acid was also tested for its ability to reverse changes in Sp1, APP and Aβ that were upregulated by Pb in vitro. Differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were either left unexposed, or sequentially exposed to Pb followed by tolfenamic acid. Our results show that tolfenamic acid reduced BACE1 gene expression and enzyme activity in mice. In neuroblastoma cells, Pb upregulated Sp1, APP and Aβ, while tolfenamic acid lowered their expression. These results along with previous data from our lab provide evidence that tolfenamic acid, a drug that has been used for decades for migraine, represents a candidate which can reduce the pathology of AD and may mitigate the damage of environmental risk factors associated with this disease.
Satellite Emission Radio Interferometric Earth Surveying SERIES-GPS Geodetic System

The satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) offer an important new geodetic resource making possible a highly accurate portable radio geodetic system. A concept called SERIES (Satellite Emission Radio Interferometric Earth Surveying) makes use of GPS radio transmissions without any satellite modifications. By employing the technique of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and its calibration methods, 0.5 to 3 cm three dimensional baseline accuracy can be achieved over distances of 2 to 200 km respectively, with only 2 hours of on-site data acquisition. The use of quasar referenced ARIES Mobile VLBI to establish a sparse fundamental control grid will provide a basis for making SERIES GPS measurements traceable to the time-invariant quasar directions. Using four SERIES stations deployed at previously established ARIES sites, allows the GPS satellite apparent positions to be determined. These apparent positions then serve as calibrations for other SERIES stations at unknown locations to determine their positions in a manner traceable to the quasars. Because this proposed radio interferometric configuration accomplishes its signal detection by cross-correlation, there is no dependence upon knowledge of the GPS transmitted waveforms which might be encrypted. Since GPS radio signal strengths are 105 stronger than quasar signals, a great reduction in telecommunications sophistication is possible which will result in an order of magnitude less cost for a SERIES GPS station compared to a quasar based mobile VLBI system. The virtually all-weather capability of SERIES offers cost-effective geodetic monitoring with applications to crustal dynamics and earthquake research.
The Governmentality of Battlefield Space: Efficiency, Proficiency, and Masculine Performativity

With the rise of the so-called military-entertainment complex, critical scholars note with alarm the integration of the political economies of entertainment companies and the military, in particular its potential influence on millions of young people who consume its concomitant films, toys and especially video games. Seen from a broad perspective, a potentially productive means of understanding the complexities of this sphere is through the lens of Michel Foucault’s notion of governmentality—a concept that ties together the actions and preferred outcomes of the modern surveillance state with the microlevel actions of individual behavior. In this analytical framework, social norms are inculcated through subtle forms of coercion, where the state establishes the field of action in which state subjects ultimately perform self-discipline. This article argues that the first person shooter genre inculcates what I refer to as the governmentality of battlefield space: a form of discipline in which players adhere t...
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients Treated Surgically for Medically Intractable Epilepsy: Results in 291 Patients Treated at Mayo Clinic Rochester Between July 1972 and March 1985

To assess the long-term outcome in patients who underwent surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 291 consecutive Mayo patients treated between July 1972 and March 1985. We also evaluated the responses to a follow-up mailed questionnaire or telephone interview completed in 1992. Of the 291 patients, 245 (94% of the 261 patients known to be alive at the time of the survey) responded to the follow-up questioning. Information on the patients' neurologic status (including frequency of seizures, use of antiepileptic drugs, and self-reported assessment of functional capacity) and their overall satisfaction with the operative procedure and postoperative outcome were evaluated. Two hundred ninety patients survived the operation and were dismissed from the hospital. Of the 245 patients who responded to the follow-up survey, 41% and 58% had been free of seizures since surgical treatment and for 3 years preceding the follow-up survey, respectively. In addition, of the respondent cohort, 36% were successfully weaned off all antiepileptic drugs. Patients reported improvement in their daily functional capacity and quality of life after surgical treatment. For example, in comparison with the preoperative assessment, the patients' ability to obtain a driver's license was significantly increased, and seizure-related driving accidents, falls, and bodily injury significantly decreased. Furthermore, on the basis of current knowledge of the operation and its outcome, 85% reported that they would repeat the operative procedure. Thus, surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy is an effective option that is met with patient satisfaction.
Anti-migraine action of triptans is preceded by transient aggravation of headache caused by activation of meningeal nociceptors

Consistent with previous accounts, some of the patients visiting our pain clinic during the course of a migraine attack have indicated-without solicitation-that sumatriptan injection initially intensified their headache before they were able to appreciate any pain relief. In this study, those patients who came forward complaining about pain exacerbation were asked to rate their headache intensity every 5 min. Within 5-15 min of sumatriptan injection, 17 of the 31 patients studied (55%) reported that their migraine pain intensified for 10-15 min before they started to notice any pain relief. Similar pattern of pain exacerbation was also observed in migraine attacks treated with oral formulation of almotriptan, eletriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan. To investigate the possible mechanism underlying this transient exacerbation of pain, we examined whether intravenous administration of sumatriptan can alter the response properties of C- and Adelta-meningeal nociceptors in the rat. Five to twenty minutes after intravenous administration of 300 microg/kg sumatriptan, 8/10 C-units and 2/8 Adelta-units increased their firing rate, and 6/10 C-units and 7/8 Adelta-units developed mechanical hyper-responsiveness to dural indentation. The minimal effective dose for activation and sensitization of meningeal nociceptors by sumatriptan was 3 microg/kg, suggesting that relatively low levels of triptans entering the circulation shortly after their administration can alter the physiological properties of meningeal nociceptors and produce a transient exacerbation of headache.
Possible therapeutic effect of chlorpromazine on canine pancreatitis resulting from organophosphate toxicosis.

Abstract Extract Acute pancreatitis as a complication of organophosphate (OP) toxicosis has been described in human beings (Dressel et al., 1979; Hsaio et al., 1996), dogs and guinea pigs (Frick et al., 1987). This complication may be more common than the number of clinical reports might suggest, as it can be painless (Hsaio et al., 1996).
Induction of mixed-function oxidase activity in mouse lymphoid tissues by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure can cause mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme induction in certain tissues of various organisms. Measurement of such induction might serve as a useful bioindicator of human exposure to PAHs, provided readily obtainable human tissues can be utilized for such measurements. We have investigated the MFO activity in various lymphoid tissues of the C3H mouse as a model system and have studied the effect of systemic PAH treatment on such enzyme activity. An MFO enzyme assay was used to measure the activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, an enzyme activity that may be specific for the cytochrome P-448 subset of MFO enzymes (those enzymes that are induced in cells or tissues following PAH administration). Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 180 mg/kg (4.6 mg) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or 160 mg/kg (4.0 mg) 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) produced a significant induction in MFO activity in mouse spleen S9 fractions 48 h after the injection. Induction ratios (induced activity/control activity) between 4 and 5 were seen with BaP; MC produced induction ratios of 2.5-3.0. Enzyme activity was not induced in the spleen within 16 h following BaP or MC administration. Other experiments indicated that MFO activity could be induced in thymus cells 48 h after either BaP or MC treatment. Treatment with BaP or MC did produce significant enzyme induction in the liver and lung tissues from the animals both 16 and 48 h after chemical treatment.