cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Premorbid polysomnographic signs in depressed adolescents: a reanalysis of EEG sleep after longitudinal follow-up in adulthood

Abstract Background: This is a report of a clinical follow-up study (10–15 years later as young adults) of adolescent major depressives and normal control subjects. Polysomnographic data were obtained during the original study period when the subjects were adolescent (time 1). With clinical follow-up (time 2) assessments in hand, our objective was to ascertain whether there were any premorbid polysomnographic signs associated with depression during adolescence. Methods: Based upon initial (during adolescence) and follow-up clinical assessments (as adults), new subject groupings were generated: depression-free normal subjects and original normal subjects who experienced a depressive episode during the follow-up period (latent depressives). Suicidality and recurrence of depression were also examined. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze group differences in sleep measures and logistic regression for predicting three outcomes: lifetime depression, lifetime suicidality, and recurrence. Results: Comparison of the depression-free normal subjects, the latent depressives, and the original major depressives revealed significant differences for sleep latency and sleep period time. Comparing all lifetime depressives (original major depressives and the latent depressives) to depression-free normal subjects revealed significantly more stages 3 and 4 combined (ST34) sleep and greater sleep period times among the depressives. An analysis involving the presence or absence of suicidality revealed no overall significant differences between the groups. Comparison of the lifetime depressives grouped by nonrecurrent and recurrent depressive course to the depression-free normal subjects revealed significant difference for sleep period time. Using logistic regression, we found that a longer sleep latency and sleep period time significantly predicted lifetime depression. Gender, ST34 sleep, and an interaction term for ST34 sleep and REM latency significantly predicted lifetime suicidality. Conclusions: There was evidence of premorbid sleep abnormalities during adolescence. A general pattern of sleep disruption around sleep onset and during the first 100 min of the sleep period and overall sleep was evident among the major and lifetime depressives, involving sleep latency (initial insomnia), sleep period time (hypersomnia), REM latency, and slow-wave sleep. This adds to the body of literature that highlights the importance of the first 100 min of the sleep period in depression.
Stable transformation and regulated expression of an inducible reporter construct inCandida albicans using restriction enzyme-mediated integration

To allow the regulated expression of cloned genes inCandida albicans, a plasmid was constructed using the inducible promoter of theC. albicans MAL2 gene. To demonstrate that theMAL2 promoter could regulate cloned genes placed under its control, a fusion construct was made with the coding sequence of theC. albicans URA3 gene. This plasmid was introduced into a Ura− strain ofC. albicans using the process of restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). This procedure involves the transformation of theBamHI-linearized plasmid in the presence ofBamHI enzyme. The majority of transformants generated contained insertions of the plasmid at chromosomalBamHI sites. All transformants examined were inducible forURA3 expression, which was determined by growth analysis and by measuring the level ofURA3 gene product activity. The Ura+ phenotype of the transformants was stable during growth under nonselective conditions. This system offers the advantages of stable transformation, easy recovery of integrated DNA, and inducible expression of genes inC. albicans.
Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for multiple myeloma

The idiotype (Id) determinants on the multiple myeloma immunoglobulin can serve as tumor-specific antigens. An anti-Id immune response may stem the growth of the malignant clone. We report on 26 patients treated at our institution with high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) and vaccinated with the Id protein. The patients received chemotherapy and PBPCT to establish a minimal residual disease state. After high-dose therapy, the patients received a series of monthly immunizations consisting of 2 intravenous infusions of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with either Id protein or Id coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as an immunogenic carrier protein, followed by subcutaneous boosts of Id-KLH conjugates. DCs were obtained in all patients from a leukapheresis product 3 to 9 months after PBPCT. Patients were observed for toxicity, immune responses, and tumor status. The DC infusions and the administration of Id-KLH boosts were well tolerated, with patients experiencing only minor and transient side effects. Of the patients, 24 of 26 generated a KLH-specific cellular proliferative immune response. Only 4 patients developed an Id-specific proliferative immune response. Three of these immune responders were in complete remission at the time of vaccination. A total of 17 patients are alive at a median follow-up of 30 months after transplantation. Id vaccination with autologous DCs is feasible for myeloma patients after transplantation. Id-specific cellular responses can be induced in patients who are in complete remission. Further studies are needed to increase the rate of anti-Id immune responses in patients who do not achieve complete remission.
The wear of a posterior composite in an artificial mouth: a clinical correlation

Abstract The wear of a posterior composite against a maxillary palatal cusp was studied in an artificial mouth. The coefficient of wear for the composite was 2.58×10 −5 . A retrospective clinical correlation with composite wear in the artificial mouth showed a correlation coefficient of 0.84 at 1 year of wear. The artificial mouth studies support a parabolic relationship between depth of composite wear and time. The ratio of 6 months depth of wear compared to 3 years was found to be 41% which supports the Leinfelder finding (5) of 49%. However, the correlation with the linear studies of Braem (2,3) was good as far as the mean depth of wear at 1 year was concerned. The disagreement between the linear and parabolic studies is small during the early wear process, but becomes serious during a longer term. It is important for future clinical wear studies to resolve the question of the nature of the wear rate curve in posterior composites, if accurate prediction of long term performance is to be achieved.
Tracheal mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a 7-year-old child

Mucoepidermoid cancers are rare tumors that arise from the serous and mucous glands of the upper airway and salivary glands. Patients, especially children, with tumors that arise in the trachea and upper airways are often misdiagnosed as asthmatic and are treated with bronchodilators without resolution. A 7-year-old girl who had been diagnosed as asthmatic was subsequently found to have a mucoepidermoid tumor of the trachea. She underwent a successful tracheal resection and remains tumor free on follow-up bronchoscopy at 16 months.
Implementing a scalar C compiler on the cyber 205

With the aid of the EM (encoding machine) compiler tool kit, a preliminary version of a scalar C compiler was implemented on the Cyber 205 in a relatively short period of time. This C compiler emphasizes functionality more than efficiency. Several benchmark programs were used to measure the performance and to compare it with an equivalent C compiler for the VAX/UNIX system. In order to make it a production-quality C compiler, further enhancements will be necessary. This paper presents some motivating factors, implementation details, and proposes further work on developing the Cyber 205 C compiler.
Sigmoidal relationship between calcitonin and calcium: studies in normal, parathyroidectomized, and azotemic rats.

Sigmoidal relationship between calcitonin and calcium: Studies in normal, parathyroidectomized, and azotemic rats. Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by acute hypercalcemia. Furthermore, in the rat, the calcemie response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) is decreased by calcitonin stimulation. However, in renal failure, it is not known if an increase in the serum calcium concentration within the physiologic range of serum calcium stimulates calcitonin and whether the increased calcitonin decreases the calcemie response to PTH. In the present study, four groups of pair-fed rats were evaluated: normals (N); parathyroidectomy (PTX); and two groups with renal failure (RF)—basal serum calcium a ) and basal serum calcium > 8.5 mg/dl (RF b ). Hypocalcemia was induced by parathyroidectomy or in the RF a group, by a high phosphate diet. Increases in the serum calcium were produced by a 48 hour infusion of rat 1-34 PTH. In the RF a and PTX groups, stimulation of calcitonin was observed as the serum calcium increased from hypocalcemia to normal levels of calcium (P a , the calcitonin-calcium curve was shifted to the left of the N and RF b groups. In conclusion, 1) the presence of a calcitonin-calcium curve suggests the possibility of a regulatory function for calcitonin during acute increases in the serum calcium; 2) the basal serum calcium concentration may determine the calcium level at which calcitonin is stimulated; and 3) the stimulation of calcitonin in the physiologic range of serum calcium suggests that endogenous calcitonin production may decrease the calcemie response to PTH in renal failure.
Global migration and health: ecofeminist perspectives.

This article utilizes ecofeminist perspective including critical ecofeminism (CEF) to explore and analyze global migration and health. It highlights historic events patterns and trends framed by these perspective to create a conceptualization of migration and health that has the potential to expand the range of possible nursing response to these phenomena. Since human migration manifests itself in several major global patterns corresponding to conditions of life in diverse geographic regions various migratory patterns are examined using examples. An explanation of ecofeminism and CEF tenets opens the lens of this perspective to assist nursing in a theoretical understanding of global migration and health and in suggesting nursing responses. The description of migration and its causes and consequences may appear dismal but reasons for hope are also identified. The ecofeminist and critical theories offer valid epistemologic approaches to unravel the complexities of global migration and related health risks and situate these phenomena in a rich and broad context. Such will enlarge the perspectives of nursing. Ecofeminist perspective and value offer all nurses in all practice settings an opportunity to creatively and positively influence the life circumstances and health status of potential and actual migrants by expanding the possibilities for effective actions.
Organosilicon compounds I. A novel synthesis of organosilicon substituted furfurals

The use of the diethylacetal moiety of 2-furfuraldiethylacetal as a carbonyl blocking agent during n-butyllithium metalations is described. The synthesis of 5-silicon substituted furfurals is accomplished for the first time with NMR data being employed as a means of structure proof. Furthermore, the isolation of the uniquely stable organo-lithium salt, 5-lithio-2-furfuraldiethylacetal, is reported.
Failure to Eradicate Gram Negative Bacilli (GNB) Airway Colonization in Mechanically Ventilated Newborns. † 1229

GNB airway colonization in mechanically ventilated neonates is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We reviewed our experience (1991-97) with antibiotic treatment for GNB airway colonization defined by the presence of these organisms in two or more tracheal cultures (TC). One-hundred forty infants (96% survival, of an average 975g bwgt., 28w GA, 37d on ventilator, 64d hospitalization) born in our Medical Center became GNB airway colonized after the second week of life. No patient experienced GNB nosocomial blood stream infection (BSI). Forty-six infants did not have TC's after Tx, therefore were excluded. For 80 of the remaining 94 neonates, the decision to treat colonization was made by the attending in 14/15 P. aeruginosa, 5/5 S. marcescens, 2/3 A.baumannii, 22/24 K. pneumoniae, 4/4 C.koseri, 13/17 E. coli, 20/26E. cloacae cases. Antibiotic selection (at standard recommended doses) included: gentamicin 55 pts, ceftazidime alone or with gentamicin 18 pts., tobramycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, clindamycin or mezlocillin for the remaining 7 pts. One K.pneumoniae and one E. coli colonized pt. was treated with ceftazidime and gentamicin respectively and became TC negative. All others remained TC positive. In 4 of these pts. repeated Tx also failed to eradicate GNB. During the same period, 59 of approximately 6000 other NICU infants experienced 62 GNB nosocomial BSI due to A. baumannii (1), P. aeruginosa (5), S. marcescens (5), K. pneumonia (18), E.cloacae (13) and E. coli (20). All pseudomonas and 3 of the klebsiella cases died; the remaining infants responded to treatment. At the time of the positive blood cultures, 28% of the patients were airway colonized with the same GNB and 44% of the uncolonized infants became TC positive. Following Tx, half of the latter became TC negative and the other half remained airway colonized. During the study period, antibiotic susceptibilities were greater for GNB isolates obtained from blood than for those isolates from TC. Conclusion: standard antibiotic Tx cannot eradicate GNB airway colonization, but satisfactory responses to Tx can be expected in the majority of BSI. GNB airway colonization will follow BSI in about one-fourth of the cases. Failure to eradicate organisms may be due to low antibiotic concentration in the airway, reduced susceptibility of colonizing strains or persistent GNB translocation from the gastrointestinal tract.
Comments on the transition between cohesive and cohesionless sediment bed exchange

Abstract The presence of both cohesive and cohesionless particles in estuarine and lacustrine sediments makes it essential to model bed exchange of both types of particles. The usual practice is to select a purely empirical estimate of particle diameter marking the transition between the two behaviors. Based on available data on particle erosion and deposition in non-oscillating flows and viscoplastic properties of bed sediment, we have attempted to examine the likelihood of identifying the transition diameter within a less empirical framework. From the relationship between diameter and bed shear stress for a variety of cohesive and cohesionless sediments, it appears that two transition diameters can be defined. One is the largest diameter of clay mineral particles at which cohesion is considered to vanish. The other is the smallest diameter at which cohesionless behavior is assumed to end at the limit of the well-known Shields' relationship extended to very fine particles. These two diameters appear to be reasonably close for mainly inorganic mineral sediments. Assuming they are equal, six zones of bed exchange are identified in terms of diameter and bed shear stress. Depending on these two variables, zones of only erosion, no erosion or deposition, and only deposition can be designated. Realistic modeling of bed exchange of multi-size sediments requires that the full range of diameters be considered. Extension of this analysis to organic-rich sediments is pending better understanding of their rheological properties.
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease

Hypertensive heart disease (HHD), a result of long-standing hypertension, is characterized by changes in the myocardial structure and function in the absence of other primary cardiovascular abnormalities. Although increased blood pressure is the initiating stimulus, neurohormonal factors, particularly the renin-angiotensin system, play a key role in remodeling of cardiac chamber geometry and walls. Optimal antihypertensive therapy in the setting of therapeutic lifestyle changes is crucial in the prevention and control of HHD. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is achievable and associated with improved prognosis. However, prevention of myocardial remodeling before LVH establishes would further increase the benefits to cardiac function and prognosis. Antihypertensive agents exhibit variable effectiveness in inducing LVH regression. Currently, renin-angiotensin system blocking agents seem to be the most effective approach for LVH regression and reverse remodeling in these patients.
OlP-1, a novel protein that distinguishes early oligodendrocyte precursors.

Oligodendrocyte development may be divided into three distinct stages: I) commitment of neuroectoderm cells to the oligodendrocyte lineage, II) migration of precursors into the surrounding parenchyma concomitant with increased proliferation, and III) cessation of migration and proliferation and initiation of myelination. Stage II of development has remained enigmatic because of the paucity of known molecules that distinguish these immature migratory cells. We describe a novel surface protein, termed OlP-1, which is restricted in expression to this developmental stage in the mouse. Cytofluorographic comparisons with known developmental markers showed OlP-1 to be expressed primarily by stage II precursors in vitro. Histologic analyses supported this conclusion by showing co-localization of OlP-1 with stage II molecules in vivo. Two conclusions were drawn from these results. First, OlP-1 was a novel protein expressed by murine oligodendrocyte precursors at a point in development that suggested a role in migration or proliferation. Second, dispersal of OlP-1–positive cells throughout the developing brain did not correlate with the location of myelination which, observed days later, progressed in a caudal to rostral manner. These data supported the concept that the final steps of maturation and myelin gene expression may be dependent upon extrinsic factors located predominantly within white matter tracts. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:591–604, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Environmental influences on managing research organisations

Abstract The skills required of the research manager are often defined in similar terms to those for other managers, but the research environment is really unique, and skills peculiar to the research manager seem apparent. The pivotal role that research plays in providing ideas that industry needs to renew its competitiveness, places great demands on the ability of the research manager to assess environmental influences such as the parameters affecting research productivity, the industrial policy climate in which the research organization must operate, and the growing politicization of all organisations including those dedicated to research.
The Effectiveness of Leading Grammar/Style Software Packages in Analyzing Business Students' Writing.

This study compares the effectiveness of five leading grammar/style analysis software packages in analyzing business students' writing. The software exhibited considerable differences in the follow...
Reserve design for species preservation

The problem of designing a natural area reserve for the preservation of species is approached as a zero-one integer program. The least-cost assemblage of parcels is sought for different numbers of species whose locales must be included within the reserve. The reserve itself is designed to include core parcels and buffer parcels which surround and protect the core. Compactness and contiguity of the reserve are promoted by the problem formulation. Solution is by a combination of a greedy heuristic followed by heuristic concentration which achieves a reduced set of variables for the zero-one program.
Metropolitan Websites as Urban Communication

The Internet offers cities new opportunities to communicate with their constituents at a time when metropolitan areas struggle with their community identity and cohesion. This study examined how official websites of the core cities in the 50 largest (by population) United States metropolitan areas represented their cities to the public as a whole, as well as how the cities communicated with their residents and visitors via these websites. A research paradigm was proposed to serve as the conceptual framework for empirical exploration, based on Musso, Weare, and Hale’s (2000) dualistic model, by expanding it to include a “mass communication” model. Study findings revealed that the vast majorities of all sample sites contained high frequencies of information links to reflect all major communication functions.
Principal component analysis of the pyrolysis-mass spectra from African, Africanized hybrid, and European beeswax

Honeycomb waxes from European, African, and Africanized hybrid honeybees were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry to determine the feasibility of using the technique as a rapid method for bee identification. Principal component analysis of the resulting mass spectra segregated the African, Africanized hybrid, and European waxes. The mass spectral peaks responsible for the discrimination between the different waxes corresponded to identified biomolecules. African, Africanized hybrid, and European waxes showed differences in the relative intensities of several compounds; however, no unique biomolecules were found that were distinctive for a particular type of wax.
Preoperative Nuclear Renal Scan Underestimates Renal Function After Radical Nephrectomy

Objective To compare expected and actual renal function after nephrectomy. Nuclear renal scan estimates differential kidney function and is commonly used to calculate expected postoperative renal function after radical nephrectomy. However, the observed postoperative renal function is often different from the expected. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 136 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy and had a preoperative renal scan with calculated differential function. Results Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values, preoperative and postoperative, were calculated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. The expected postoperative GFR based on renal scan was compared with the actual postoperative GFR. The average age of patients undergoing surgery was 58.6 years, and the indication for surgery was for benign causes in 59 (44%) patients and cancer in 76 (56%) patients. The average preoperative creatinine and estimated GFR were 1.0 mg/dL and 69.9 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . At a median follow-up of 3.3 months, the actual postoperative GFR exceeded the expected GFR by an average of 12.1% (interquartile range, 2.6%-25.2%). When stratified by preoperative GFR >90, 60-90, and 2 , respectively, the observed GFR exceeded the expected GFR by 4.3%, 12.6%, and 14.9%, respectively ( P = .16). This trend was maintained when GFR was plotted over time. Conclusion After nephrectomy, the remaining kidney exceeded the expected postoperative GFR by 12% in this cohort of patients with preoperative renal scans. Patients with existing renal insufficiency had the greatest compensatory response, and this was durable over time.
DUMAX: a dual mode algebra for XML queries

In the paper, we present a new algebra called DUMAX designed for XML and XML queries. An important feature of this algebra is its dual mode, which is introduced to help fuse node-based features and tree-based features (both are essential for XML) and to achieve accelerated execution of XML queries in large XML databases or repositories. We also briefly discuss the potentials of DUMAX for XML query processing and optimization.
Response of baldcypress and loblolly pine seedlings to short-term saltwater flooding

Six-month-old and eighteen-month-old baldcypress and loblolly pine seedlings were subjected to a simulated saltwater surge (salinity=30 parts per thousand) for 0 to 5 days followed by fiushing and daily watering with fresh water. Growth, biomass, and survival were monitored for 9 weeks following inundation. Six-month-old seedlings of both species were extremely susceptible to saltwater flooding, and survival percentages declined rapidly beyond I day of saltwater flooding. Eighteen-month-old seedlings were better able to survive saltwater flooding, with some pine seedlings surviving up to 3 days of flooding and some baldcypress up to 4 days of flooding. The general response of surviving baldcypress seedlings to saltwater flooding was to die back and then resprout. For loblolly pine, growth was slowed until a threshold level was reached, at which point the seedlings died. There was a direct correlation between duration of saltwater flooding and diameter growth with six-month-old seedlings but not with the eighteen-month-old seedlings. There was a steady decline in diameter with increasing days of saltwater flooding in surviving eighteen-month-old baldcypress, whereas eighteen-month-old loblolly seedlings showed some diameter growth even after 3 days of saltwater flooding Root:shoot biomass partitioning in surviving seedlings was not appreciably affected by treatments.
Stereotypies in autism: a video demonstration of their clinical variability

In autism, stereotypies are frequent and disabling, and whether they correspond to a hyperkinetic movement disorder, a homeostatic response aiming at sensory modulation, or a regulator of arousal remains to be established. So far, it has been challenging to distinguish among these different possibilities, not only because of lack of objective and quantitative means to assess stereotypies, but in our opinion also because of the underappreciated diversity of their clinical presentations. Herein, we illustrate the broad spectrum of stereotypies and demonstrate the usefulness of video-assisted clinical observations of children with autism. The clips presented were extracted from play sessions of 129 children with autism disorder. We conclude that compared to widely used questionnaires and interviews, systematic video observations provide a unique means to classify and score precisely the clinical features of stereotypies. We believe this approach will prove useful to both clinicians and researchers as it offers the level of detail from retrievable images necessary to begin to assess effects of age and treatments on stereotypies, and to embark on the type of investigations required to unravel the physiological basis of motor behaviors in autism.
The role of the left frontal operculum in sign language aphasia

Abstract Broca's area has long been implicated in aspects of speech production. But does this region play a role in the production of signed language in prelingually deaf individuals? In this report, we describe our findings in a patient, congenitally deaf and a native user of American Sign Language, who suffered an ischemic infarct involving the left frontal operculum. Our patient presented with an acute expressive aphasia that subsequently resolved, and a chronic deficit predominantly characterized by frequent phonemic-like paraphaslas. We conclude that the left frontal operculum does, in fact, play a role in the production of signed language.
Endothelial progenitor cell number and colony-forming capacity in overweight and obese adults

To investigate whether adiposity influences endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) number and colony-forming capacity. Cross-sectional study of normal weight, overweight and obese adult humans. Sixty-seven sedentary adults (aged 45–65 years): 25 normal weight (body mass index (BMI) ⩽25 kg/m2; 12 males/13 females); 18 overweight (BMI=25–29.9 kg/m2; 12 males/6 females); and 24 obese (BMI ⩾30 kg/m2; 18 males/6 females). All participants were non-smokers and free of overt cardiometabolic disease. Peripheral blood samples were collected and circulating EPC number was assessed by flow cytometry. Putative EPCs were defined as CD45−/CD34+/VEGFR-2+/CD133+ or CD45−/CD34+ cells. EPC colony-forming capacity was measured in vitro using a colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. Number of circulating putative EPCs (either CD45−/CD34+/VEGFR-2+/CD133+ or CD45−/CD34+ cells) was lower (P<0.05) in obese (0.0007±0.0001%; 0.050±0.006%) compared with overweight (0.0016±0.0004%; 0.089±0.019%) and normal weight (0.0015±0.0003%; 0.082±0.008%) adults. There were no differences in EPC number between the overweight and normal weight groups. EPC colony formation was significantly less in the obese (6±1) and overweight (4±1) compared with normal weight (9±2) adults. These results indicate that: (1) the number of circulating EPCs is lower in obese compared with overweight and normal weight adults; and (2) EPC colony-forming capacity is blunted in overweight and obese adults compared with normal weight adults. Impairments in EPC number and function may contribute to adiposity-related cardiovascular risk.
Development and Analysis of Foil Electrodes for High Speed Electrolytic In‐Process Wheel Dressing

This paper discusses the development of an effective electrolytic in‐process dressing technique for high speed grinding. An innovative foil electrode has been designed and tested. The performance of a hydrodynamic foil electrode is discussed. Experimental investigations confirm that foil electrodes show significant improvement on electrolytic in‐process dressing even when the electrolyte supply rate is low.
Optimal Control for training: The missing link between Hidden Markov Models and Connectionist Networks

For every Hidden Markov Model there is a set of ''forward'' probabilities that need to be computed for both the recognition and the training problem. These probabilities are computed recursively and hence the computation can be performed by a multistage, feedforward network that we will call Hidden Markov Model Net (HMMN). This network has exactly the same architecture as the standard Connectionist Network (CN). Furthermore training an Hidden Markov Model is equivalent to optimizing a function of the HMMN; training a CN is equivalent to optimizing a function of the CN. Due to the multistage architecture, both problems can be seen as Optimal Control problems. By applying standard Optimal Control techniques we discover in both problems that certain backpropagated quantities (backward probabilities for HMMN, backward propagated errors for CN) are of crucial importance to the solution. So HMM's and CN's are similar in architecture and training.
Application of optical imaging to study of extrapulmonary spread by tuberculosis

The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is increasing, possibly due to the high frequency of co-infection with HIV. Extrapulmonary infections complicate diagnosis, have higher mortality rates and are more difficult to treat. Insight into the mechanisms involved in extrapulmonary spread of tuberculosis is critical to improving management. We set out to better understand extrapulmonary spread kinetics in mice and guinea pigs as well as the effects of infectious dose. We found that extrapulmonary spread occurs at a discrete time point when infected by low-dose aerosol, but at high-dose aerosol it occurs within the first 24h. The ability to follow tuberculosis in real-time during infection would allow us to better address the mechanisms involved. We found that mycobacteria can be optically imaged after pulmonary infection in the mouse lung, suggesting that this technology could be applied to study of extrapulmonary spread of tuberculosis.
Select genealogy sites for librarians: a survey

Purpose – -- This article seeks to introduce librarians and paraprofessionals to genealogical information sources. Design/methodology/approach -- Free and subscription genealogical/family history information research sources were reviewed in order to provide a selection of resources appropriate as an introduction to the basics of genealogical research. Findings -- The genealogist, just like any other patron, has moved beyond use of only the traditional printed research tools. Librarians must be prepared to handle the variety of in-person and electronic requests from this growing population. Research limitations/implications -- Due to innumerable and diverse genealogical information sources, it is impossible to review all of sites. However, the author offers a comprehensive overview of the most used and recommended sources. Originality/value -- This article provides a needed introduction to genealogical and family history resources for the general reference librarian and paraprofessional, with the ultimate...
Sublethal effects of ultraviolet b radiation on miracidia and sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni: intramolluscan development, infectivity, and photoreactivation.

Schistosoma mansoni occurs in tropical regions where levels of ultraviolet B (UVB; 290-320 nm) light are elevated. However, the effects of UVB on parasite transmission are unknown. This study examines effects of UVB on the miracidia and sporocysts of S. mansoni, focusing specifically on intramolluscan development, infectivity, and the ability to photoreactivate (repair DNA damage using visible light). Histology revealed that miracidia irradiated with 861 J·m−2 underwent abnormal development after penetrating Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Total number of sporocysts in snail tissues decreased as a function of time postinfection (PI), among both nonirradiated and irradiated parasites; however, this decrease was greater in the latter. Moreover, whereas the proportion alive of nonirradiated sporocysts increased PI, that of irradiated sporocysts, i.e., derived from irradiated miracidia, decreased. Irradiation of miracidia with UVB resulted in decreased prevalence of patent infection (defined by presence of daug...
The Relationship of Class Size, Class Level, and Core Vs. Non-Core Classification for a Class to Student Ratings of Faculty: Implications for Validity

This research was concerned with the significance of three non-instructor related parameters in instructor evaluation at a major state university. These parameters included class size, class level, and core vs. non-core sections of classes. A paired difference analysis was utilized to minimize instructor-to-instructor variability associated with scheduling or administrative factors not under immediate control of the instructor. This analysis may help clarify some of the conflicting results found in the literature regarding the significance of these parameters.
Thermal and Electrical Energy Transport and Conversion in Nanoscale Electron Field Emission Processes

This paper considers the theory of electron field emission from nanoscale emitters with particular focus on thermal and electrical energy transport. The foundational theory of field emission is explored, and a model is presented that accounts explicitly for the energy band curvature produced by nanoscale tip emitters. The results indicate that the inclusion of band curvature strongly influences the energetic distribution of electrons for emitter radii less than 50 nm. The energy exchange process between emitted and replacement electrons is shown to allow high local energy transfer rates that can be exploited in direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion processes. The dependence of energy conversion rates on material and operational parameters is demonstrated. Throughout the paper, opportunities for further research involving nanoscale heat transfer, materials development, and modeling are highlighted. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1494091#
Developmental and FGF-2-Mediated Regulation of Syndecans (1–4) and Glypican in Oligodendrocytes

Differentiating cells undergo developmentally regulated changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion that control migration through microenvironments, proliferation, and differentiation. The diversity of the patterns of expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), coupled with their interactions with extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules, and growth factors, has emphasized their critical importance in the regulation of these events. Syndecans (1-4), glypican, and cerebroglycan are membrane-associated HSPGs that have been implicated in these events in various tissues and several tumor cell lines. We have examined the developmental expression and FGF-2-mediated regulation of these HSPGs during differentiation within a specific lineage of primary cells, oligodendrocytes (OL). Northern analyses of highly purified, developmentally synchronized populations of OL-lineage cells at three stages of differentiation (early and late progenitors and mature OLs) showed that the expression of individual forms of these syndecans and glypican are developmentally regulated. Specifically, the level of expression of syndecan-2 and -4 and glypican mRNAs increased as the cells differentiated from proliferative late progenitors to postmitotic mature cells. The expression of syndecan-1 and -3 had the inverse developmental pattern. Therefore, these two sets of molecules may have different roles in regulating the onset of terminal differentiation in OLs. The levels of mRNA expression were regulated by FGF-2: in late progenitors, FGF-2 induced a doubling of the mRNA levels of syndecan-2, -3, and -4, while those for syndecan-1 and glypican remained unaffected; in mature OLs, the levels of syndecan-1 mRNA were up-regulated, the levels of syndecan-2 and -4 and glypican were down-regulated. These results suggest that the individual syndecan molecules have distinct functions during the differentiation process and that multiple levels of regulation must exist, leading to a changing repertoire of these molecules during OL lineage progression and myelinogenesis.
The Relationship of Self-Concept and Reading Achievement in First Grade Children.

This investigation of 133 first grade Ss (25 percent Ilispano-75 percent Anglo and 50 percent male-50 percent female), found no significant correlations between objective scores of young children’s...
Flow localization and shear band formation in a precipitation strengthened austenitic stainless steel

Flow localization and shear band formation in a γ′ strengthened austenitic stainless steel, JBK-75, was investigated by means of compression of reduced-gage-section, cylindrical specimens. The specimens were deformed in a strain rate range of 103 to l03s-1 and from 650 °C to 1100 °C. The alloy exhibited an extreme susceptibility for macroscopic localized flow when the microstructure contained fine γ′ precipitates on the order of 10 nm. At high strain rates localized flow in the precipitate containing structures took the form of macroscopic, transgranular shear bands. At low strain rates the localized flow occurred mainly in precipitate-free zones along high angle grain boundaries. Localized flow was always associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. Other mechanisms for flow localization, including the effects of adiabatic heating on γ′ precipitate dissolution, are discussed.
Reaction of α,ω-diiodides with t-butyllithium: facile route to three-, four- and five-membered cycloalkanes

Carbocyclic three-, four- and five-membered rings are formed in good to excellent yield (87–100%) upon treatment of the appropriate α,ω-diiodide with t-butyllithium in pentane-ether solution at −23°C. The corresponding dibromides do not undergo clean cyclization.
Personalized Therapeutics and Companion Diagnostics: A New Paradigm in Testing and Treatment

The emerging field of personalized medicine has been touted as the next big revolution in medicine, promising customized therapies for a variety of notoriously hard-to-treat diseases. The realization of these benefits is largely dependent on advances in pharmacogenomic, proteomic, and biomarker testing technologies, which can be used to identify individuals most likely to benefit from a particular drug therapy, or to evaluate their course of treatment. A recent article in Nature Biotechnology entitled “Maximizing the Commercial Value of Personalized Therapeutics and Companion Diagnostics,” by Zhang et al. (1), discusses several key concepts that need to be addressed to successfully develop drugs and diagnostics synergistically. As pharmaceutical companies continue to realize the potential profits of drugs targeted to population subsets, the number of drug–diagnostic pairs seeking Food and Drug Administration (FDA)2 approval is sure to grow in the future. Zhang et al. advocate for a codevelopment strategy between pharmaceutical and diagnostic firms, …
A PIK3CA pyrosequencing-based assay that excludes pseudogene interference.

Phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase gene (PIK3CA) encodes a lipid kinase that regulates signaling pathways downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor and is mutated in 10% to 30% of colorectal cancers. Activating mutations in this gene up-regulates the AKT signaling pathway, making it a potentially useful therapeutic target. Mutations in PIK3CA are not exclusive of mutations in KRAS, BRAF, or NRAS. We designed a pyrosequencing assay to detect mutations in all three positions of codons 542 and 545 in exon 9 and codon 1047 in exon 20 of this gene. The exon 9 reverse PCR primer was designed to avoid amplifying a pseudogene in chromosome 22 that has >95% homology with exons 9 through 13 in PIK3CA. Two hundred colorectal cancers from FFPE tissue previously characterized for KRAS mutation status were evaluated for PIK3CA mutations. In KRAS-mutated samples, 20% had an additional mutation in PIK3CA. The mutation rate in KRAS wild-type samples was 7.5%. When using our assay, pseudogene was not observed in any of these samples. In addition, pseudogene- and gene-specific amplification was performed on DNA from 40 additional colorectal cancers. Sequencing of these PCR products yielded the expected gene or pseudogene sequence in all cases. Thus, we have developed a PIK3CA pyrosequencing assay capable of detecting mutations in all three positions in the three hot spot codons with no pseudogene interference.
The mechanism of iron catalyzed oxidation of SO2 in oxygenated solutions

Abstract Previous experimental work concerning the iron catalyzed oxidation of SO2 in oxygenated acid solutions failed to provide a consistent reaction mechanism and rate expression. As iron is one of the main constituents of urban atmospheric aerosols (Junge, 1958; Foster, 1969; McKay, 1971), the rate studies of heterogeneous sulphate formation in polluted city air were hampered (Urone. 1969). Using Bassett and Parker's (1951) proposition that in the oxidation of sulfurous acid in metal catalyst solutions the active catalyst is a metal sulfite complex, the present study develops a new theory for the iron catalyzed oxidation of SO2. The resulting new rate expression is general enough to account for the results of previous experimental investigations that were performed in different ranges of SO2 and catalyst concentrations. Thus the rate expression explains the data of Neytzell de Wilde and Taverner (1958). Junge and Ryan (1958), and it considers Karraker's (1963) rate expression to be a particular case.
Effect of the HP0159 ORF mutation on the lipopolysaccharide structure and colonizing ability of Helicobacter pylori

The outer core region of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide of the majority of isolates contains an α-1,6-glucan polymer synthesized by the product of the HP0159 ORF. Structural studies carried out on HP0159 lipopolysaccharide mutants by a combination of chemical methods, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that insertional inactivation of HP0159 gene in H. pylori strains 26695 and SS1 resulted in formation of a truncated lipopolysaccharide molecule characterized by the presence of a terminal dd-heptose residue in the side-chain outer core fragment and maintaining an inner core backbone structure compared with the wild-type Lewis antigen-expressing strains. Colonization studies with HP0159 mutants of two mouse-colonizing strains, SS1 and M6, confirmed their inability to successfully colonize the murine stomach.
The nuclear content of desoxyribonucleic acid and interspecific relationships in the mantid genus Liturgousa (Orthoptera: Mantoidea).

1. The mantidLiturgousa sp. n. of Trinidad, B. W. I., although in external morphology practically indistinguishable fromL. maya, is cytologically distinct from all other species thus far studied.L. sp. n. has 21 chromosomes (2n ♂),L. maya 17,L. actuosa 23 andL. cursor 33. 2. Although the total length of all the chromosomes of the complement is approximately the same in all four species, the DNA content of the spermatid nucleus, microspectrophotometrically determined, differs to a striking degree. Nuclei ofL. sp. n. andL. actuosa carry one and one half times as much DNA as do those ofL. maya andL. cursor. 3. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to evolutionary relationships within the genus.
Wholesale hub locations in food supply chains

This paper addresses the wholesale hub location problem in food supply chains. The paper aims to design an optimal hub location network to serve food consumption markets through efficient connections with production sites. These optimal locations can be compared with the current locations of hubs to determine whether changes could lead to greater efficiencies. The model is mathematically formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem. The model minimizes the total network costs, which include the transportation of goods and the construction of hubs. The mathematical program considers several constraints on travel distance, hub capital cost and capacity, road condition, and transportation cost. Several experiments are conducted to test the sensitivity of the model to changes in parameters such as the food's average travel distance, the maximum hub capacity, and the transportation cost. Then, a real-world application is made to the Northeast United States livestock industry. Finally, the results show the...
Biexponential characterization of prostate tissue water diffusion decay curves over an extended b-factor range.

Abstract Detailed measurements of water diffusion within the prostate over an extended b -factor range were performed to assess whether the standard assumption of monoexponential signal decay is appropriate in this organ. From nine men undergoing prostate MR staging examinations at 1.5 T, a single 10-mm-thick axial slice was scanned with a line scan diffusion imaging sequence in which 14 equally spaced b factors from 5 to 3500 s/mm 2 were sampled along three orthogonal diffusion sensitization directions in 6 min. Due to the combination of long scan time and limited volume coverage associated with the multi- b -factor, multidirectional sampling, the slice was chosen online from the available T2-weighted axial images with the specific goal of enabling the sampling of presumed noncancerous regions of interest (ROIs) within the central gland (CG) and peripheral zone (PZ). Histology from prescan biopsy ( n =9) and postsurgical resection ( n =4) was subsequently employed to help confirm that the ROIs sampled were noncancerous. The CG ROIs were characterized from the T2-weighted images as primarily mixtures of glandular and stromal benign prostatic hyperplasia, which is prevalent in this population. The water signal decays with b factor from all ROIs were clearly non-monoexponential and better served with bi- vs. monoexponential fits, as tested using χ 2 -based F test analyses. Fits to biexponential decay functions yielded intersubject fast diffusion component fractions in the order of 0.73±0.08 for both CG and PZ ROIs, fast diffusion coefficients of 2.68±0.39 and 2.52±0.38 μm 2 /ms and slow diffusion coefficients of 0.44±0.16 and 0.23±0.16 um 2 /ms for CG and PZ ROIs, respectively. The difference between the slow diffusion coefficients within CG and PZ was statistically significant as assessed with a Mann–Whitney nonparametric test ( P b factors is sampled and that biexponential analyses are better suited for characterizing prostate diffusion decay curves.
Overview: Recent Developments in Anticancer Agents

(1991). Overview: Recent Developments in Anticancer Agents. Current Opinion on Therapeutic Patents: Vol. 1, No. 12, pp. 1743-1764.