cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration system and analytical considerations for quantitative sesquiterpene measurements in air.

Abstract Sesquiterpenes (C 15 H 24 , SQT) are semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from vegetation and are of interest for air quality considerations because of their suspected contribution to the formation of secondary aerosol. This article investigates the application of a capillary diffusion method for the generation of standard atmospheres of 16 SQT and four other related semi-volatile compounds. This instrument subsequently has been used in the testing of analytical materials, protocols and calibration of air sampling methods. SQT DB-1 retention indices, vapor pressures at 25 and 75 °C, and diffusion coefficients were determined. A quantitative, on-line GC method yielded improved results (median relative standard deviation of 5.0–6.1%) for the diffusion rate determination in comparison to a gravimetric approach (median relative standard deviation 18%). The GC method also allowed identifying errors in the gravimetric method stemming from residual solvent evaporation, impurities, and chemical analyte losses. Stainless steel, glass, nickel and PTFE tubing that were tested for transfer lines and a sampling loop had to be kept at temperatures in excess of ∼110 °C in order to prevent significant analytical errors from the stickiness of SQT to these materials. In addition to SQT analysis, results from this research provide general guidelines for gas-phase analysis of related compounds in the C 14 –C 16 volatility range.
Large-scale identification of genetic design strategies using local search.

In the past decade, computational methods have been shown to be well suited to unraveling the complex web of metabolic reactions in biological systems. Methods based on flux–balance analysis (FBA) and bi-level optimization have been used to great effect in aiding metabolic engineering. These methods predict the result of genetic manipulations and allow for the best set of manipulations to be found computationally. Bi-level FBA is, however, limited in applicability because the required computational time and resources scale poorly as the size of the metabolic system and the number of genetic manipulations increase. To overcome these limitations, we have developed Genetic Design through Local Search (GDLS), a scalable, heuristic, algorithmic method that employs an approach based on local search with multiple search paths, which results in effective, low-complexity search of the space of genetic manipulations. Thus, GDLS is able to find genetic designs with greater in silico production of desired metabolites than can feasibly be found using a globally optimal search and performs favorably in comparison with heuristic searches based on evolutionary algorithms and simulated annealing.
A monoclonal antibody reactive with 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine that does not require DNA denaturation

We describe a mouse monoclonal antibody (BU-1) reactive with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The antibody is different from previously described BrdUrd monoclonal antibodies in that BU-1 does not require pretreatment of cells with strong DNA denaturants in order for the antibody to react with BrdUrd incorporated in the DNA. The antibody can be used in immunocytochemical and indirect immunofluorescent assays and can be used to identify cells that have incorporated BrdUrd. Double staining with BU-1 antibody and propidium iodide has been used to confirm S-phase measurements with the BU-1 antibody. Immunocytochemical stains using the BU-1 antibody do not destroy cell morphology and allow cell identification to be performed simultaneously with S-phase measurements. Flow cytometer two-color fluorescence analysis allows the simultaneous identification of cell surface or cytoplasmic markers and S-phase quantitation. The BU-1 antibody should broaden the application of cell kinetic measurements to individual elements of cell populations that are heterogeneous with respect to morphology, surface marker, and other biological features.
In vitro susceptibilities of Aspergillus species to voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B

We studied the in vitro activity of voriconazole (VCZ) itraconazole (ITZ) and amphotericin B (AMB) against 216 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. (142 Aspergillus fumigatus and 74 nonfumigatus Aspergillus spp. isolates) using a broth macrodilution method. The MICs (microgram/mL) (mean, range) for A. fumigatus were: VCZ 0.88, 0.25-4; ITZ 0.54, 0.25-4; AMB 2.16, 0.5-8. MIC90s were: VCZ 2, ITZ 1, AMB 4. MICs for nonfumigatus Aspergillus spp. were: VCZ 1.57, 0.25-4; ITZ 1.74, 0.25-4; AMB 2.88, 0.5-8. MIC90s for this group were: VCZ 4, ITZ 4, AMB 4. We also studied the susceptibility to VCZ of 18 AMB-resistant (mean, MIC 6.0 micrograms/mL) and 28 ITZ-resistant (mean, MIC 13.28 micrograms/mL) A. fumigatus isolates selected in the laboratory. The mean MICs of VCZ were 0.59 microgram/mL for AMB-resistant and 1.32 micrograms/mL for ITZ-resistant isolates. Our study showed that VCZ and ITZ had comparable in vitro activity against the isolates studied, except against A. fumigatus, where the MIC of ITZ was lower. The azoles had better in vitro activity than AMB against A. fumigatus and non-fumigatus spp. The non-fumigatus Aspergillus spp. were less susceptible to all three antifungals evaluated. When tested against ITZ- or AMB-resistant A. fumigatus strains, VCZ retained good activity, showing only a modest rise in the MIC against ITZ-resistant strains.
Modified Cellulose Products by Bleaching and Its Uses — A Preliminary Study

The reaction of cellulose with hypochlorite at high and low pH was studied, but no apparent use of the resulting product is known. The method outlined here involves treatment of cellulose materials with appropriate amounts of hypochlorite at low pH, resulting in a chemically modified cellulose, which is suitable as a carrier vehicle for a wide variety of active cosmetic, personal care products, and possibly as a food additive. Durch Bleichen modifizierte Cellulose-Produkte und ihre Verwendung - Eine erste Studie. Die Umsetzung von Cellulose mit Hypochlorit wurde bei hohem und niedrigem pH-Wert untersucht, aber uber die Verwendung der erhaltenen Produkte ist offensichtlich nichts bekannt. Die hier beschriebene Methode bezieht sich auf die Behandlung von Cellulose mit geeigneten Mengen Hypochlorit bei niedrigem pH, wobei eine chemisch modifizierte Cellulose erhalten wird, die sich als Tragermaterial fur eine Vielzahl von aktiven kosmetischen Pflegemitteln und moglicherweise als Zusatz zu Lebensmitteln eignet.
Dysthymia characteristics of heavy alcohol use in depressed adolescents

The increased prevalence of heavy alcohol use and abuse among depressed adolescents has been well documented (as reviewed in Bukstein et al 1989). As an example, Greenbaum et al (1991) studied 547 adolescents having serious emotional disturbances, and found that adolescents with severe depressive disorders were more likely to be diagnosed with a substance-abuse disorder, including alcohol abuse/dependency, than were adolescents without depressive disorders (48.3% versus 17.0%). A high prevalence of-alcohol abuse in depressed adolescents also has been documented in nonclinical samples (Deykin et al 1987). Recognition and appropriate treatment of alcohol abuse in depressed adolescents are critical. Both alcohol abuse and depression tend to be chronic conditions with high rates of secondary problems. The co-occurrence of alcohol abuse and depression is particularly problematic, having been associated with an increased risk for suicidal behavior in adolescents (King et al 1993; Pfeffer et al 1988). Despite the importance of identifying and treating each of these conditions, common clinical features make differentiation difficult. Studies with adults suggest that depression may actually motivate treatment-seeking in alcohol abusers (Regier et al 1990), but that the alcohol abuse often goes unrecognized by treatment providers (Helzer and Pryzbeck 1988). The recognition of alcohol-abuse patterns in depressed adolescents would be assisted by information on the phenomenology of depression in adolescents who abuse alcohol. This study was conducted to determine the nhennmennlcmv of depressive symn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 " . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . ~ d " " 1 "
Bridging the gap: Bargaining with interdependent values

Abstract We study dynamic bargaining with asymmetric information and interdependent values. We base our analysis on the equilibria characterized by Deneckere and Liang (2006) for the gap case. We show that as the gap between the cost and value of the weakest type shrinks to zero, the continuous time limit of equilibria changes dramatically from rare bursts of trade with long periods of inactivity to smooth screening over time. In the double limit prices are independent of the shape of the distribution of values. When the uninformed agentʼs ability to commit to prices disappears so do her rents, yet trade still exhibits delay.
Comparison of the Electrochemical Reactivity of Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes from Different Sources

The electrochemical activity of five different commercial carbon nanotubes (CNT), prepared by the ARC discharge and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, has been assessed and compared. The various multi-walled CNT were immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode using three different dispersing agents (Nafion, concentrated nitric acid and dimethylformamide (DMF)) and their voltammetric response to ferricyanide, NADH and hydrogen peroxide examined. SEM was used to characterize the surface morphology. The corresponding cyclic voltammetry and amperometric data showed that the electrocatalytic activity, the background current and the electroanalytical performance are strongly depended on the preparation of the CNT and on the dispersing agent used. The most favorable amperometric detection of NADH and hydrogen peroxide is observed at the NanoLab CVD-produced CNT in connection to a DMF-surface dispersion. ARC-produced CNT display a smaller capacitance, particularly in connection to the DMF dispersion. Such differences in the electrochemical reactivity are attributed to the different surface chemistries (primarily defect densities) of the corresponding CNT layers, associated with the different production and dispersion protocols.
Oxidative microbial degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene via 3-methyl-4,6-dinitrocatechol

A novel pathway for biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated where TNT was the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. Results showed the ability of microorganismsto metabolize TNT through removal of a nitro-group, oxygenation of the aromatic ring, and production of a metabolite that is typically a precursor to oxygenolytic ring cleavage. Nitrite production was observed in active systems, and TNT degradation activity was repeatable and transferable. The metabolic intermediate, 3-methyl-4,6-dinitrocatechol, was positively identified through stable isotope mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Experimentation with 14C-TNT showed >3% 14C-labeled CO2 in active systems after 30 d exposure to microorganisms. An increasing fraction of 14C-labeled material was associated with biomass with time, where 11.41 +/- 2.91% and 17.09 +/- 1.49% of 14C was associated with biomass in active systems after 20 and 30 d, respectively, as compared with 5.68 +/- 1.33% and 6.08 +/- 1.27% in inactive systems. Parallel degradation of TNT and production of organic metabolites and nitrite were observed in shake flasks constructed with soil from historically contaminated sites, indicating that the novel pathway identified herein is disturbed in the environment. Therefore, results presented provide evidence of a previously unreported pathway for oxidative degradation of TNT.
A statistical comparison of deep convective cloud objects observed by an Earth Observing System satellite and simulated by a cloud-resolving model

[1] The single scanner footprint (SSF) data product produced by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is used to diagnose 68 deep convective cloud objects observed in March 1998. The probability density functions (PDFs) of several observed and retrieved fields from the CERES SSF data product are used to evaluate two sets of simulations produced by a cloud-resolving model. The simulations that use an improved microphysics scheme are found to produce more realistic distributions of albedo, outgoing longwave radiation, cloud top temperature, and cloud height than the control simulations, using an objective measure of the differences between the simulated and observed PDFs. The distribution of cloud optical depth produced by the new simulations is further from that observed than the control simulations. Using a bootstrapping technique, these differences are found to be statistically significant. The reflectivities and precipitation rates associated with the cloud objects observed with the TRMM precipitation radar and TRMM microwave imager are also used to evaluate the two sets of simulations. Both sets are found to produce similar distributions of the precipitation rate. The simulated radar reflectivities produced by the new simulations are somewhat more realistic than those of the control simulations, although both sets produce reflectivities that are too high at altitudes above the freezing level.
Getting signals into the brain: visual prosthetics through thalamic microstimulation

Common causes of blindness are diseases that affect the ocular structures, such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular degeneration, rendering the eyes no longer sensitive to light. The visual pathway, however, as a predominantly central structure, is largely spared in these cases. It is thus widely thought that a device-based prosthetic approach to restoration of visual function will be effective and will enjoy similar success as cochlear implants have for restoration of auditory function. In this article the authors review the potential locations for stimulation electrode placement for visual prostheses, assessing the anatomical and functional advantages and disadvantages of each. Of particular interest to the neurosurgical community is placement of deep brain stimulating electrodes in thalamic structures that has shown substantial promise in an animal model. The theory of operation of visual prostheses is discussed, along with a review of the current state of knowledge. Finally, the visual prosthesis is proposed as a model for a general high-fidelity machine-brain interface.
Citation searching for tenure and promotion: an overview of issues and tools

Purpose – While the primary importance of citation searching continues to be connecting researchers to highly-related literature, additional uses for the data have developed. For example, academic institutions frequently recommend that faculty include a citation analysis in their tenure and promotion (t & p) dossiers as a way of demonstrating the value of their research. Due to the limited number of tools available for this type of analysis in the past, Librarians were unable to help faculty create an exhaustive accounting of citations to their work. The aim of this paper is to provide examples of the growing number of tools that now exist to assist librarians and faculty in locating citation information for t & p dossiers. Design/methodology/approach – An in-depth survey of both free and subscription resources to identify those that offered options for citation searching was conducted. Findings – Commercial vendors, organizations and researchers are developing a wide variety of tools that help track the ...
Turbulence Ingestion Noise, Part 2: Rotor Aeroacoustic Response to Grid-Generated Turbulence

This is the second of two papers that discuss an experimental investigation of the aeroacoustic response characteristics of a 10-bladed rotor to grid-generated turbulence. To characterize empirically the rotor response, both the ingested velocity field and resulting far-field sound were measured. In part 1, an empirical velocity characterization of the grid- generated turbulence field was presented. This characterization culminated in a semi-empirical model of the ingested small-scale turbulence field and a modal decomposition of the circumferentially varying mean velocity field in the rotor inlet plane. This detailed velocity model is now used to investigate the aeroacoustic response of a 10-bladed rotor ingesting the grid-generated turbulence field. In particular, the semi-empirical turbulence model is used, in conjunction with theoretical spectral analysis techniques, to predict the far-field sound generated by the 10-bladed rotor. These predictions are compared to corresponding measured data to assess the fidelity of the spectral analysis methods and the semi-empirical turbulence model
Thermal tolerance and metabolic physiology among redband trout populations in south-eastern Oregon

Streamside measurements of critical thermal maxima (T crit ), swimming performance (U crit ), and routine (R r ) and maximum (R max ) metabolic rates were performed on three populations of genetically distinct redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the high-desert region of south-eastern Oregon. The T crit values (29.4 ± 0.1°C) for small (40-140 g) redband trout from the three streams, and large (400-1400 g) redband trout at Bridge Creek were not different, and were comparable to published values for other salmonids. At high water temperatures (24-28° C), large fish incurred higher metabolic costs and were more thermally sensitive than small fish. U crit (3.6 ± 0.1 L F s -1 ), R r (200 ± 13 mg O 2 kg -0.830 h -1 ) and metabolic power (533 ± 22 mg O 2 kg -0.882 h -1 ) were not significantly different between populations of small redband trout at 24° C. R max and metabolic power, however, were higher than previous measurements for rainbow trout at these temperatures. Fish from Bridge Creek had a 30% lower minimum total cost of transport (C min ), exhibited a lower refusal rate, and had smaller hearts than fish at 12-mile or Rock Creeks. In contrast, no differences in U crit or metabolism were observed between the two size classes of redband trout, although C min was significantly lower for large fish at all swimming speeds. Biochemical analyses revealed that fish from 12-mile Creek, which had the highest refusal rate (36%), were moderately hyperkalemic and had substantially lower circulating levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides and albumin. Aerobic and anaerobic enzyme activities in axial white muscle, however, were not different between populations, and morphological features were similar. Results of this study: 1) suggest that the physiological mechanisms that determine T crit in salmonids are highly conserved; 2) show that adult (large) redband trout are more susceptible to the negative affects of elevated temperatures than small redband trout; 3) demonstrate that swimming efficiency can vary considerably between redband trout populations; 4) suggest that metabolic energy stores correlate positively with swimming behaviour of redband trout at high water temperatures; 5) question the use of T crit for assessing physiological function and defining thermal habitat requirements of stream-dwelling salmonids like the redband trout.
Inhibition of P-TEFb by DRB suppresses SIRT1/CK2α pathway and enhances radiosensitivity of human cancer cells

Background: Positive transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) is a complex containing CDK9 and a cyclin (T1, T2 or K). The effect of inhibition of P-TEFb by 5,6-dichloro-l-β-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB) on cell radiosensitivity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Materials and Methods: Six human cancer cell lines were subjected to 3 H-uridine incorporation, cell viability and clonogenic cell survival assays; cell-cycle redistribution and apoptosis assay; western blots and nuclear 53BP1 foci analysis after exposing the cells to DRB with/without γ-radiation. Results: DRB suppressed colony formation and enhanced radiosensitivity of all cell lines. DRB caused a further increase in radiation-induced apoptosis and cell-cycle redistribution depending on p53 status. DRB prolonged the presence of radiation-induced nuclear p53 binding protein-1 (53BP1) foci and suppressed the expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and casein kinase 2-alpha (CK2α), suggesting an inhibition of DNA repair processes. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that DRB has the potential to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and warrants further investigation using in vivo tumor models.
Electron-transfer sensitization of H2 oxidation and CO2 reduction catalysts using a single chromophore

Energy-storing artificial-photosynthetic systems for CO2 reduction must derive the reducing equivalents from a renewable source rather than from sacrificial donors. To this end, a homogeneous, integrated chromophore/two-catalyst system is described that is thermodynamically capable of photochemically driving the energy-storing reverse water–gas shift reaction (CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O), where the reducing equivalents are provided by renewable H2. The system consists of the chromophore zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), H2 oxidation catalysts of the form [CpRCr(CO)3]–, and CO2 reduction catalysts of the type Re(bpy-4,4′-R2)(CO)3Cl. Using time-resolved spectroscopic methods, a comprehensive mechanistic and kinetic picture of the photoinitiated reactions of mixtures of these compounds has been developed. It has been found that absorption of a single photon by broadly absorbing ZnTPP sensitizes intercatalyst electron transfer to produce the substrate-active forms of each. The initial photochemical step is the heretofore unobserved reductive quenching of the low-energy T1 state of ZnTPP. Under the experimental conditions, the catalytically competent state decays with a second-order half-life of ∼15 μs, which is of the right magnitude for substrate trapping of sensitized catalyst intermediates.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of molecular ejection mechanisms: keV particle bombardment of C6H6/Ag{111}

IntroductionThere is a continuing interest in elucidating the mechanismsof molecular desorption from surfaces bombarded by energetic(keV) ion beams. The experiments are finding wide applicationin areas as diverse as imaging of biological samples, processingof electronic materials, and characterization of polymers.
Mössbauer study of iron precipitates in LiF and NaF

Results are reported of the first detailed Mossbauer study of the precipitation phenomenon in alkali halides doped with iron concentrations ranging from 100 ppm to a few mole per cent. At low doping levels in LiF a non-cubic precipitate is seen coexisting with aggregates of FeF2. In NaF, three precipitates, including a cubic superlattice structure (Suzuki phase), are identified. The results are supported by powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten ausfuhrlichen Mosbaueruntersuchung der Ausfallungsphanomene in Alkalihalogeniden berichtet, die mit Eisenkonzentrationen zwischen einigen 100 ppm bis zu einigen Mol% dotiert sind. Bei niedrigen Dotierungsniveaus wird in LiF ein nichtkubisches Prazipitat beobachtet, das zusammen mit Agglomeraten von FeF2 auftritt. In NaF werden drei Prazipitate identifiziert, einschlieslich einer kubischen Ubergitterstruktur (Suzuki-Phase). Die Ergebnisse werden durch Pulver-Rontgen-Beugung und Elektronenmikroskopie erhartet.
Gene Ontology-Based Annotation Analysis and Categorization of Metabolic Pathways

Functional characterizations of pathways provide new opportunities in defining, understanding, and comparing existing biological pathways, and in helping discover new ones in different organisms. In this paper, we present and evaluate computational techniques for categorizing pathways, based upon the Gene Ontology (GO) annotations of enzymes within metabolic pathways. Our approach is to use the notion of functionality templates, GO-functional graphs of pathways. Pathway categorization is then achieved through learning models built on different characteristics of functionality templates. We have experimentally evaluated the accuracy of automated pathway categorization with respect to different learning models and their parameters. Using KEGG metabolic pathways, the pathway categorization tool reaches to 90% and higher accuracy.
Drone Honey Bee Flight from Clustered Swarms

The mating flight behavior of drone honey bees from swarm clusters is compared to drone mating flight behavior from colony situations. Duration of flight from swarms and colony situations is similar. Swarm drones appear to take as many flights/day but spend less time between flights than colony drones.
BUSINESS IDEAS AND THE AMERICAN TRADITION

In the midst of their forty-second presidential election, Americans are once again being told by the mass media of communications that they clamor for a return to sound, conservative leadership. If many are uncertainly groping for a sense of order and moral rectitude which they are informed has slipped away, there are a few who know exactly where it is to be found. Since 1935 American business has spent millions of dollars in an unprecendented effort to sell the American way of life to the American public. Just as the spurned suitor or the neglected wife can hope to find a solution for their problems in mouth wash or toothpaste advertisements, so the confused citizen can look for the certitudes of the American creed in the "way-of-life" advertisements of the business community. The purpose of this campaign appears clear: it would substitute business for government leadership as the one perfect solution to our problems.' The lament of the President of the New Jersey Manufacturers Asso
Skeletal-specific expression of Fgd1 during bone formation and skeletal defects in faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY; Aarskog syndrome).

FGD1 encodes a guanine nucle- otide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically ac- tivates the Rho GTPase Cdc42; FGD1 mutations result in Faciogenital Dysplasia (FGDY, Aarskog syndrome), an X-linked developmental disorder that adversely affects the formation of multiple skeletal structures. To further define the role of FGD1 in skeletal development, we examined its expression in developing mouse embryos and correlated this pattern with FGDY skeletal de- fects. In this study, we show that Fgd1, the mouse FGD1 ortholog, is initially expressed during the onset of ossification during embryogenesis. Fgd1 is expressed in regions of active bone formation in the trabeculae and diaphyseal cortices of de- veloping long bones. The onset of Fgd1 expres- sion correlates with the expression of bone sialo- protein, a protein specifically expressed in osteoblasts at the onset of matrix mineralization; an analysis of serial sections shows that Fgd1 is expressed in tissues containing calcified and mineralized extracellular matrix. Fgd1 protein is specifically expressed in cultured osteoblast and osteoblast-like cells including MC3T3-E1 cells and human osteosarcoma cells but not in other mesodermal cells; immunohistochemical studies confirm the presence of Fgd1 protein in mouse calvarial cells. Postnatally, Fgd1 is expressed more broadly in skeletal tissue with expression in the perichondrium, resting chondrocytes, and joint capsule fibroblasts. The data indicate that Fgd1 is expressed in a variety of regions of incip- ient and active endochondral and intramembra- nous ossification including the craniofacial bones, vertebrae, ribs, long bones and phalanges. The observed pattern of Fgd1 expression corre- lates with FGDY skeletal manifestations and pro- vides an embryologic basis for the prevalence of observed skeletal defects. The observation that the induction of Fgd1 expression coincides with the initiation of ossification strongly suggests that FGD1 signaling plays a role in ossification and bone formation; it also suggests that FGD1 signaling does not play a role in the earlier phases of skeletogenesis. With the observation that FGD1 mutations result in the skeletal dys- plasia FGDY, accumulated data indicate that FGD1 signaling plays a critical role in ossifica- tion and skeletal development. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“Ye Will Say I Am No Christian”: The Thomas Jefferson/John Adams Correspondence on Religion, Morals, and Values – By Bruce Braden

This edited collection is a generally useful compilation of correspondence between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. It consists of over one hundred letters, dated between 1787 and 1826. By arrangin...
On the Manuscripts and Text of Euripides, Medea: II. The Text

νδνουϲα μν Φυγι πολιτν ὧν Φκeτο ϰθόνα, αὐτ τe πάνταξυμΦέρουϲ' 'Iάϲονι. 12 πολιτν Π 1 codd. et Σ bv : πολίταιϲ V 3 , sicut coni. Barnes ϰθονοϲ Π 1 gE; δ Stob. 4. 22. 30 The two Sophoclean passages by which Page supports his plea that 'πολιτν stands for πολίταιϲ…, being attracted by the following ὧν into the genitive case’ do not inspire much confidence, since both (as he acknowledges) are capable of being explained differently. Further, as a recent writer has remarked, ‘on cherche en vain la raison qui aurait pu inciter Euripide … a ecrire πολιτν a la place de πολίταιϲ Le vers n' aurait rien gagne a cette substitution, sinon une obscurite inutile’ (G. Roux, REG 85 [1972], 40).
Coronary artery calcium in hypertension: a review

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a powerful independent predictor of future cardiovascular events. However, the clinical utility of calcium score testing specifically among patients with hypertension is not well defined. We performed a review of studies involving both high blood pressure (BP) and CAC to assess several aspects of the interrelationship. Among four specific topics evaluated, the main objective was to assess the independent association of CAC with cardiovascular risk among patients with hypertension. From 6822 identified publications, 21 studies met criteria for inclusion. All studies (n = 14) that reported the relationship between BP values and the presence or extent of coronary calcium found positive associations. The results from two studies linking coronary calcium with the risk for developing hypertension were mixed. Each of the five studies that evaluated the relationships between CAC score in regard to future cardiovascular events and/or all-cause mortality in patients with high BP reported independent positive associations. The inclusion of calcium score results into prediction models improved risk stratification when statistically evaluated. The findings of this review demonstrate that CAC testing is likely to be of clinical utility for tailoring the medical management of patients with high BP, particularly among individuals with mild or prehypertension. Future trials testing the clinical effectiveness of a calcium score-based treatment algorithm should be considered.
A Concept Analysis of Optimality in Perinatal Health

This analysis was conducted to describe the concept of optimality and its appropriateness for perinatal health care. The concept was identified in 24 scientific disciplines. Across all disciplines, the universal definition of optimality is the robust, efficient, and cost-effective achievement of best possible outcomes within a rule-governed framework. Optimality, specifically defined for perinatal health care, is the maximal perinatal outcome with minimal intervention placed against the context of the woman's social, medical, and obstetric history.
Enemies, Parasites, and Noise:How to Take Up Residence in a System Without Becoming a Term in It

This essay outlines some common properties of channels, infrastructure, and institutions. It analyzes the tense relation between channels and codes, on the one hand, and circulation and interpretation, on the other. It compares the assumptions and interventions of three traditions: cybernetics (via Claude Shannon), linguistic anthropology (via Roman Jakobson), and actor-network theory (via Michel Serres). By developing the relation between Serres's notion of the parasite and Peirce's notion of thirdness, it theorizes the epi-function served by the menagerie of entities who live in and off infrastructure: enemies and noise, meters and sieves, pirates and exploits, catalysts and assassins. By extending Jakobson's duplex categories (shifters, reported speech, proper names, metalanguage) from code-sign relations to channel-signer relations, it describes four reflexive modes of circulation that any network may involve: source-dependent channels, signer-directed signers, self-channeling channels, and channel-directed signers. And it relates the commensuration of value to the enclosure of disclosure.[media, infrastructure, circulation, translation, enclosure.]
Effects of synthetic speech, gender, and perceived similarity on attitudes toward the augmented communicator

This study investigated the effects of gender of augmented communicator, listener gender, and perceived similarity on the attitudes of nondisabled individuals toward an augmented communicator. Subjects (n = 95) viewed one of four videotapes depicting an adult voice output communication aid (VOCA) user having a conversation with a normal-speaking individual. The voice synthesizers used in the respective videotapes were DECTalk™ “Beautiful Betty” and “Perfect Paul.” The Attitudes Toward Nonspeaking Persons Scale (ATNP) was used as the dependent variable. Results showed that greater perceived similarity has a positive impact on attitudes toward the augmented communicator. Further, greater similarity produced more favorable attitudes when the gender of the listener and augmented communicator matched. There were no effects for gender of synthetic voice on the attitude scales.
Estimation of the number of motor unit action potentials in the surface electromyogram

The number of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) appearing in the surface electromyogram (EMG) offers potentially valuable information about both motor unit recruitment and firing rates. In this paper, we seek to evaluate several different surface EMG processing parameters to estimate the number of MUAPs present in standard surface EMG records. Based on the morphological features of surface MUAPs, a series of surface EMG signals were simulated. The relationships between the number of MUAPs in the simulated surface EMG and the different kinds of surface EMG processing parameters were derived to evaluate their performance for MUAP number estimation. The results indicate that the parameters based on turns, spikes or zero-crossings counting are suitable for MUAP number estimation.
Caregiver knowledge and delivery of a commonly prescribed medication (albuterol) for children.

Objective To evaluate caregiver knowledge and delivery of a prescription medication (albuterol) for children. Design Prospective convenience sample. Participants Caregivers listing albuterol as one of their child's medications. Setting Two urban, university-affiliated pediatric emergency departments. Interventions Caregivers were asked about their knowledge of the medication, the child's dose, frequency, duration of use, and where it was prescribed. In a mock scenario, they measured and demonstrated medication delivery to their child. Common measuring devices and formulations were offered. Results Forty-one caregivers were enrolled. Thirty-six (88%) were high school educated and 39 (95%) had a primary care provider. Twenty-six (63%) were out of medication, 7 (17%) stated an incorrect dose, 18 (44%) reported an incorrect frequency, and 10 (24%) stated an inadequate duration of use. Formulations chosen were liquid (n=15, 37%), nebulizers (n=15, 37%), and inhalers (n=11, 27%). Metered dosing (metered-dosing inhaler or premixed solution) were chosen by 22 caregivers (54%), calibrated measuring tools (droppers, syringes) by 15 (37%), and noncalibrated delivery devices (teaspoon) by 4 (10%). An improper dose was measured by 9 (22%), and the dose intended was inaccurately measured by 7 (17%). All caregivers using a teaspoon inaccurately measured their intended dose of the liquid formulation. Conclusions Metered dosing and calibrated measuring devices aided in the accurate delivery of this prescription medication. However, considerable concern exists with the use of noncalibrated measuring devices (teaspoons), improper frequency, and duration of use. Refilling of medication was also a concern since 63% were out of albuterol. Caregiver education on use, delivery, and refilling of medications must be stressed and assessed at all emergency department and primary care visits. In addition, metered dosing and the use of calibrated measuring devices should be encouraged.
Joint Power and Channel Minimization in Topology Control: A Cognitive Network Approach

Wireless topology control is the process of structuring the connectivity between network nodes to achieve some network-wide goal. This paper presents a cognitive network approach to achieving the objectives of power and spectrum management. We cast the problem as a two phased non-cooperative game and use the properties of potential game theory to ensure the existence of, and convergence to, a desirable Nash equilibrium. Although this is a multi-objective optimization and the spectrum management problem is NP-hard, this selfish cognitive network constructs a topology that minimizes the maximum transmission power while simultaneously using, on average, less than 12% extra spectrum, as compared to the ideal solution.
Blocking Yersiniabactin Import Attenuates Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Cystitis and Pyelonephritis and Represents a Novel Target To Prevent Urinary Tract Infection

The emergence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases among common bacterial pathogens are threatening our ability to treat routine hospital- and community-acquired infections. With the pipeline for new antibiotics virtually empty, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics. Bacteria require iron to establish infection, and specialized pathogen-associated iron acquisition systems like yersiniabactin, common among pathogenic species in the family Enterobacteriaceae, including multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and pathogenic Escherichia coli, represent potentially novel therapeutic targets. Although the yersiniabactin system was recently identified as a vaccine target for uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)-mediated urinary tract infection (UTI), its contribution to UPEC pathogenesis is unknown. Using an E. coli mutant (strain 536ΔfyuA) unable to acquire yersiniabactin during infection, we established the yersiniabactin receptor as a UPEC virulence factor during cystitis and pyelonephritis, a fitness factor during bacteremia, and a surface-accessible target of the experimental FyuA vaccine. In addition, we determined through transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of RNA from E. coli causing cystitis in women that iron acquisition systems, including the yersiniabactin system, are highly expressed by bacteria during natural uncomplicated UTI. Given that yersiniabactin contributes to the virulence of several pathogenic species in the family Enterobacteriaceae, including UPEC, and is frequently associated with multidrug-resistant strains, it represents a promising novel target to combat antibiotic-resistant infections.
Intrathoracic kidney--diagnosis by ultrasound.

Portable real-time ultrasound was utilized in two infants to diagnose an intrathoracic kidney. Ultrasound is diagnostic and may eliminate the need for further radiological investigation.
Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide Interaction and Its Implications

T HE DIATOMIC molecule, nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated a tremendous amount of interest since it was proposed to be an important intercellular and intracellular messenger? It was even the "molecule of the year" in 1993. The reason for this interest is that NO fulfills a role that was predicted many years ago. The numerous biological signaling activities of NO, including an important function as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), occurs through its chemical reaction with guanylate cyclase (GC), a heine protein that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine monophosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). NO binding stimulates the activity of this protein by 100 to 200-fold? The discovery of Furchgott and Zawadzki 3 that vascular relaxation induced by acetylcholine was dependent on the presence of the endothelium provided the first evidence that the modulation of vascular tone was mediated by a labile humoral factor, later known as EDRE Based on the similarities in the pharmacological behavior of EDRF, nitrovasodilators, such as glyceryl nitrate, and nitrous oxide generated from acidified nitrite solutions, it was suggested that EDRF is NO or a closely related molecule, a,5 The identification of the chemical properties of EDRF and the characterization of its biochemical pathway led to a better understanding of the role of vascular endothelium as a mediator of fundamental physiological and pharmacological activities. To influence vascular tone, NO must diffuse from its site of synthesis to reach GC, either intraor intercellularly. The accessibility of GC as a target can be limited by reactions of NO with other molecules, including 02, thiols, free radicals, or other intracellular or extracellular heine proteins, in the diffusion path. Thus, the ability of NO to stimulate GC activity depends on its reactivity with these molecules. It is now well established that inactivation of NO and the consequent depletion of NO from the vascular endothelium promote coronary vasoconstriction and produce hypertension in experimental animals and humans. 6 Because of its short-lived properties, the detection of NO in biological environments has been challenging, and scavengers of this molecule have been used, Hemoglobin, which avidly binds NO with an affinity much higher than that for either O2 or carbon monoxide (CO), is probably the most important NO scavenger, and its interaction with NO has been known for a long time. 7 The clinical implications of this reaction assumed a major significance in the last decades with the advent of chemically modified acellular hemoglobins, preparations that are currently investigated as potential red cell substitutes. 8 The research for blood substitutes represents a novel alternative to red cell transfusion, but to date no solutions that can be infused safely in humans have been approved for general clinical use. The major impediments to progress in the devel-
ASSESSING LONG-TERM WIND CONDITIONS BY COMBINING DIFFERENT MEASURE-CORRELATE-PREDICT ALGORITHMS

This paper significantly advanced the hybrid measurecorrelate-predict (MCP) methodology, enabling it to accou nt for the variations of both wind speed and direction. The advance d hybrid MCP method used the recorded data of multiple referen ce stations to estimate the long-term wind condition at the tar get wind plant site with greater accuracy than possible with dat a from a single reference station. The wind data was divided in to different sectors according to the wind direction, and the M CP strategy was implemented for each wind sector separately. T applicability of the proposed hybrid strategy was investig ated using four different MCP methods: (i) linear regression; (i i) variance ratio; (iii) artificial neural networks; and (iv) support vector regression. To implement the advanced hybrid MCP methodology, we used the hourly averaged wind data recorded at six stations in North Dakota between the years 2008 and 2010. The station Pillsbury was selected as the target plantsite. The recorded data at the other five stations (Dazey, Galesbur y,
Effect of operating environment on failure mechanism of a head-tape interface in a linear tape drive with a belt-driven cartridge

AbstractThe effect of the operating environment on the failure mechanism of a head-tape interface in a linear tape drive with a belt-driven cartridge was studied. A modified commercial drive with magnetoresistive head and metal particle tape were used. Durability tests for the full tape length were performed at ambient and extreme environmental conditions. Head output, coefficient of friction and number of dropouts per minute were measured during the test. Optical and atomic force microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to evaluate changes at the head-tape interface at the end of the tests. Magnetic and tribological performance of head-tape interface is the best at low temperatures and low relative humidities. Increases in both temperature and relative humidity result in performance degradation, with the worst performance at the highest temperature. At ambient conditions, sporadic variations in the coefficient of friction and the number of dropouts per minute are observed, associated with a c...
Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner's Manual, ed 2

Liebenson C, ed. Philadelphia, PA 19106, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, hardcover (with DVD-ROM), 972 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7817-2997-1, $99.95 The purpose of this book, according to its editor, is to provide health care professionals with an evidence-based and active approach to the care of patients with musculoskeletal spinal pain. If the reader allows for the few chapters without primary, peer-reviewed evidence and accepts that an active approach also has a role for manual techniques, the reference work succeeds admirably with its purpose. In the foreword, Waddell reports that this edition builds on the success of the now-classic first edition and features updated evidence, rewritten chapters, new authors, and a DVD that shows readers how to understand and integrate an active approach into clinical practice. The 39 chapters, written by an international and prestigious group of 55 contributors, are organized into the following parts: “Overview,” “Basic Science,” “Assessment,” “Acute Care Management,” “Recovery Care Management,” “Practical Application by …
Methylene blue reverses recalcitrant shock in β-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose.

β-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity generally present with bradycardia and hypotension. A 69-year-old woman presented after a suicide attempt with a β-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose. Her blood pressure was 69/35 mm Hg and her HR was in the 40s. She was treated with calcium chloride, glucagon, a dextrose–insulin infusion and three vasopressors, but remained hypotensive. She suffered two cardiac arrests and required a transvenous pacemaker. When all interventions failed, she was started on a methylene blue infusion for refractory vasodilatory shock which resulted in a dramatic improvement in her blood pressure. The patient was successfully weaned off all vasopressors and from mechanical ventilation without any end-organ damage.