cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Wardroom Mess Accounts for HMS Leyden, 1809

In 2001 the Mariner's Mirror published ‘How to re-fit an old Admiral for Sea’,11Matthew Sheldon, ‘How to re-fit an old Admiral for Sea’, Mariner's Mirror 87: 4, 479-82. which transcribes invoices f...
Maternal speech to hearing-impaired infants in the first year of hearing aid or cochlear implant use: a preliminary report

It is well known that early auditory experience is important for developing speech and spoken language skills (e.g., Bergeson and Pisoni, 2004; Yoshinaga-Itano et al., 1998). The current study focu...
Against the odds? Nestling sex ratio variation in green-rumped parrotlets

Weinvestigatednestlingsexratiovariationinthegreen-rumpedparrotlet(Forpuspasserinus),asmallneotropicalparrotbreedingin central Venezuela. There are strong theoretical reasons to predict a female-biased sex ratio in this system according to the local resource hypothesis; juvenile males are philopatric and there are high levels of competition between male siblings for access to breeding females. Data were collected from two breeding sites over a 14-year period incorporating 564 broods with a total of 2728 nestlings. The mean percentage of male nestlings across years was 51%. Despite extreme hatching asynchrony in this system and increased survival of earlier hatched offspring, there was no bias in sex allocation associated with egg sequence. Patterns in sex allocation were not associated with clutch size, age, or size of the breeding female or breeding site. The potential for selective resorption of eggs was considered; however, no significant relationship was found between extended laying intervals and the sex of subsequenteggs.Together,theseresultssuggestthatfemaleparrotletsareunabletoregulatethesexratiooftheirclutchatlayingor that facultative manipulation of nestling sex ratio may notconfer afitness benefitto breeders in thesepopulations. Keywords:Forpus passerinus, green-rumped parrotlet, laying interval, local resource competition, sex ratio. [Behav Ecol 15:607–613 (2004)]
Fact Variation: A Study of Responsibility versus Fault

Sammy.-This study, a replication of the 1982 experiment done by Pallak and Davies, was done to distinguish between the processes underlying attribution of responsibility and assignment of fault to a victim. Undergraduate women read one of four descriptions of a rape committed by an assailant who had either followed the victim previously (assault premeditated) or had not followed the victim (assault not premeditated), against the victim who had either taken precautionary measurm (precaution attempted) or had not taken such precautions (no precautions attempted). In contrast to the original study, observers assigned equal measures of fault to the manipulations of precautions attempted and precautions not attempted. In addition, there was no support for the original finding that maximum responsibility was attributed to the victim who failed to take precautions when the assailant's behavior indicated that his assault was not premeditated. Rape has often been characterized as an incident in which the victims not only have to deal with their emotional reaction to such a personal assault, but often the victims must also deal with the guilt of believing that they brought the attack upon themselves. Several studies show that rape is thought to occur because the victim has done something to warrant the assault (Burt, 1980; Lerner & Simmons, 1966; Walster, 1966). It is suggested in the Lerner and Simmons investigation that by blaming the victim society can maintain the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Even though blaming and responsibility are often used interchangeably as indexes of defensive attribution in society, only one of these measures is usually affected by manipulated variables, e.g., premeditation, precautions (Phares & Wilson, 1972; Shaw & McMartin, 1975; Whitehead & Smith, 1976). Another potentially harmful phenomenon is that the more respectable the individual is, the more she is blamed for what has happened (Jones & Aronson, 1972 ) . The present study, a replication of a study done by Pallak and Davies ( 1982), was designed to investigate the original experiment's hypothesis that judgments of fault and responsibility differ because the information upon which they are based is different. It was expected that analysis of a measure of fault would show a main effect for the manipulation of the actions of the victim and that the measure of responsibility would show that the precautions taken by the victim were viewed in the light of the assailant's actions.
Immunopotentiation and Antiviral Chemotherapy in a Suckling Rat Model of Herpesvirus Encephalitis

Encephalitis was induced in 10-day-old Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of approximately 100 50% tissue culture infective doses of herpes simplex virus type 2. Treatment regimens included immunopotentiation with levamisole and combined therapy with levamisole and an antiviral agent, adenine arabinoside. Rats treated with levamisole alone had significantly higher rates of survival than placebo-treated controls 14 days after injection of virus. Combination therapy with levamisole and adenine arabinoside prolonged survival, but there was no significant difference between treated animals and controls given placebo. Because adenine arabinoside inhibits the beneficial effect of levamisole in this model, antiviral chemotherapy in conjunction with immunopotentiation should be used with caution in humans. Further studies will be necessary to determine the value of immunopotentiation therapy in the treatment of life-threatening viral infections.
Reproductive biology of Centrophorus cf. uyato from the Cayman Trench, Jamaica

The taxonomy of the genus Centrophorus (Squaliformes: Squalidae) is currently in a great deal of uncertainty. The characteristics of the species subject to the present study most closely resemble those of Centrophorus uyato, hence the use of Centrophorus cf. uyato, though the species in question may be a species of Centrophorus that has not been described previously. Specimens were obtained via vertical and horizontal longline at depths of 250^913 m. The reproductive biology of 51 female and 8 male Centrophorus cf. uyato were examined. This species is sexually dimorphic, with females attaining a larger size than males. The smallest mature male was 81.2 cm total length whereas the smallest mature female was 91.5 cm total length. Females are aplacentally viviparous, with the pups acquiring nutrition via large external yolk sacs, and there was a maximum of two pups per litter. Oocytes continued to develop throughout gestation. Most females carrying developing embryos had two large (43.3 cm), equally developed ovarian oocytes, which leads us to believe that they ovulate soon after parturition. This species seems to exhibit complete sexual segregation during the non-breeding season, with mature males absent from the study site during summer months. Centrophorus cf. uyato may have one of the lowest fecundities among sharks, giving birth to a maximum of two pups every three years. All species in genus Centrophorus have small litters (56) making them vulnerable to over-exploitation.
The Limited Contribution of Fyn and Gab2 to the High Affinity IgE Receptor Signaling in Mast Cells

Several studies with mast cells from knock-out mice have suggested that the tyrosine kinase Fyn and its downstream substrate Gab2 may play a role in high affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI)-mediated mast cell activation. To better understand the role of these two molecules and of Syk, we transiently transfected mast cells with small interference RNA (siRNA) targeted to Fyn, Gab2, or Syk to specifically decrease their expression. The siRNA suppression of Gab2 but not Fyn reduced activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway as demonstrated by the change in phosphorylation of Akt; this indicates that Gab2 but not Fyn regulates this pathway. The decreased expression of Gab2 and Fyn had minor effects on degranulation. There were also some minor changes in activation of the NFAT or NFκB transcription factors in cells with reduced expression of Fyn or Gab2. Decreased Gab2 but not Fyn reduced the FcϵRI-induced activation of the Erk, Jnk, and p38 MAP kinases and the release of TNF-α. In contrast, decreased expression of Syk dramatically reduced FcϵRI-induced degranulation, activation of NFAT and NFκB. Therefore, the reduction in expression of these proteins in mast cells indicates that Syk is the major regulator of FcϵRI-mediated reactions, whereas Fyn has minor if any effects and Gab2 regulates primarily late events including MAP kinase activation and release of cytokines.
An improved IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks with multi-channel access capabilities

We propose a MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks that are capable of multiple channel access. The proposed protocol relies on a common channel to allow the exchange of control messages between the sender and the receiver so as to agree on a channel to use for data transmission. The sender and the receiver then switch to the agreed-upon data channel, and use a mechanism similar to 802.11 to share the channel during data transmission. Using NS-2, we show that the proposed MAC protocol provides significant throughput gains, especially when contention for channel bandwidth is medium.
Self-Catalyzed Epitaxial Growth of Vertical Indium Phosphide Nanowires on Silicon

Vertical indium phosphide nanowires have been grown epitaxially on silicon (111) by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Liquid indium droplets were formed in situ and used to catalyze deposition. For growth at 350 °C, about 70% of the wires were vertical, while the remaining ones were distributed in the 3 other directions. The vertical fraction, growth rate, and tapering of the wires increased with temperature and V/III ratio. At 370 °C and V/III equal to 200, 100% of the wires were vertical with a density of ∼1.0 × 109 cm−2 and average dimensions of 3.9 μm in length, 45 nm in base width, and 15 nm in tip width. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the wires were single-crystal zinc blende, although they contained a high density of rotational twins perpendicular to the growth direction. The room temperature photoluminescence spectrum exhibited one peak centered at 912 ± 10 nm with a FWHM of ∼60 nm.
Fungal Species Composition in Maize Stalks in Relation to European Corn Borer Injury and Transgenic Insect Protection.

Gatch, E. W., and Munkvold, G. P. 2002. Fungal species composition in maize stalks in relation to European corn borer injury and transgenic insect protection. Plant Dis. 86:1156-1162. The maize stalk rot complex is comprised of several fungal pathogens, including Gibberella zeae, Colletotrichum graminicola, Stenocarpella maydis, and several members of the genus Fusarium. The European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis) can contribute to stalk rot development by creating entry wounds and by serving as a vector of some stalk rot pathogens, particularly Fusarium verticillioides. Transgenic insect protection of maize hybrids with insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis greatly reduces ECB injury and may therefore alter the species composition and diversity of the stalk rot complex. Field experiments were conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 to compare the species composition and diversity of fungi infecting stalks of Bt and non-Bt maize hybrids. Hybrids representing five Bt types (or “events”) and their near-isogenic non-Bt counterparts were subjected to manual and natural infestations with ECB larvae. Stalk tissue samples were cultured to determine fungal species composition. At least one species was isolated from nearly every stalk and from both diseased and symptomless tissues. G. zeae was the most common species in 1998 and 1999, but C. graminicola was most common in 2000. The mean proportions of stalks infected with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans were significantly lower in Bt hybrids than in non-Bt hybrids in 2 of the 3 years. Conversely, the mean proportion of stalks infected with G. zeae was higher in some Bt hybrids than their non-Bt counterparts in two of the three years. F. verticillioides was more likely to be isolated from ECB-injured tissue, whereas G. zeae and C. graminicola were more likely to be isolated from tissue not associated with ECB injury. The overall species diversity of the stalk rot complex was lower in some Bt hybrids compared with their non-Bt counterparts in 1998 and 1999. ECB activity appeared to alter fungal species composition in stalks, reflecting the association between ECB injury and specific stalk rot pathogens, particularly F. verticillioides. The species composition of fungi infecting stalks of Bt hybrids differed from that of non-Bt hybrids, but the implications of this result are not yet clear.
Educational personnel's perceptions of mainstreaming and resource room effectiveness

Equivalent forms of a questionnaire were administered to elementary classroom and resource room teachers. The questionnaires were designed to elicit teachers' attitudes and perceptions as to the effectiveness and appropriateness of mainstreaming, regular classroom teachers' level of skill competency, assistance from the resource room, and communication between the resource room and regular classroom teachers. Results indicated that resource and regular teachers evidenced differential perceptions as to all factors investigated. Educational implications of the findings were discussed and specific recommendations were proposed.
Effect of a Nonsurgical Embryo Transfer Procedure and/or Altrenogest Therapy on Endogenous Progesterone Concentration in Mares

Abstract Endogenous progesterone levels may decline after transcervical embryo transfer in some mares. Progestogen therapy is commonly used to support endogenous progesterone levels in embryo transfer recipient mares or those carrying their own pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of the transcervical transfer procedure and/or altrenogest therapy on luteal function in mares. Mares were assigned to one of six treatment groups: group 1 (untreated control; n = 7 cycles), group 2 (sham transfer, no altrenogest; n = 8 cycles), group 3 (sham transfer plus altrenogest; n = 8 cycles), group 4 (pregnant, no altrenogest; n = 9 mares), group 5 (pregnant plus altrenogest; n = 9 mares), and group 6 (nonpregnant plus altrenogest; n = 10 cycles). Mares in groups 4-6 were bred and allowed an opportunity to carry their own pregnancy. Blood samples were collected for 22 days beginning on the day of ovulation. Sham embryo transfer (groups 2 and 3, combined) did not result in a decline in endogenous progesterone levels compared with control mares (group 6). However, sham embryo transfer did result in luteolysis and an abrupt decline in endogenous progesterone levels in one of the 16 (6.2%) sham-transferred mares. Altrenogest therapy in sham-transferred mares (group 3) was associated with lower endogenous progesterone levels on days 10, 12, and 13 postovulation when compared with sham-transferred mares that did not receive altrenogest (group 2). Administration of altrenogest to pregnant mares (group 5) was associated with lower concentrations of endogenous progesterone from days 14 to 18 and on day 21 compared with endogenous progesterone levels in pregnant mares not administered altrenogest (group 4). In conclusion, a transcervical embryo transfer procedure can cause luteolysis in a low percentage of mares. Altrenogest therapy may be associated with a reduction in endogenous progesterone secretion, presumably mediated by a reduction in pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) release and a decrease in luteotropic support.
Bacterial endophytes: Bacillus spp. from annual crops as potential biological control agents of black pod rot of cacao

Diseases are the most important factors limiting production of Theobroma cacao in South America. Because of high disease pressure and environmental concerns, biological control is a pertinent area of research for cacao disease management. In this work, we evaluated the ability of four Bacillus spp. isolated from vegetable crops, for their ability to colonize T. cacao seedlings and reduce the severity of black pod rot (Phytophthora capsici). Of the Bacillus spp. tested, application of B. cereus isolates BT8 (from tomato) or BP24 (from potato) together with the polysilicon surfactant Silwet L-77 (0.24% vol/vol) resulted in long-term (>68 days) stable colonization of cacao leaves. Further investigation revealed that foliar colonization by BT8 and BP24 was primarily epiphytic, with endophytic populations typically representing 5–15% of total foliar bacteria. Significant reductions of disease severity (P 6 0.05) on cacao leaf disks challenged with P. capsici were recorded from after day 26, and through 68 days following colonization with BT8. No bacterial colonists were observed in or on leaves that developed after bacteria application, suggesting that the bacteria were not capable of systemic movement through vascular tissues. These newly developed, non-colonized leaves from colonized plants exhibited disease suppression, which supports a probable disease suppression mechanism of induced systemic resistance for the BT8 isolate.
The ethics of donation and transplantation: are definitions of death being distorted for organ transplantation?

A recent commentary defends 1) the concept of 'brain arrest' to explain what brain death is, and 2) the concept that death occurs at 2–5 minutes after absent circulation. I suggest that both these claims are flawed. Brain arrest is said to threaten life, and lead to death by causing a secondary respiratory then cardiac arrest. It is further claimed that ventilation only interrupts this way that brain arrest leads to death. These statements imply that brain arrest is not death itself. Brain death is a devastating state that leads to death when intensive care, which replaces some of the brain's vital functions such as breathing, is withdrawn and circulation stops resulting in irreversible loss of integration of the organism. Circulatory death is said to occur at 2–5 minutes after absent circulation because, in the context of DCD, the intent is to not attempt reversal of the absent circulation. No defense of this weak construal of irreversible loss of circulation is given. This means that paents in identical physiologic states are dead (in the DCD context) or alive (in the resuscitation context); the current state of death (at 2–5 minutes) is contingent on a future event (whether there will be resuscitation) suggesting backward causation; and the commonly used meaning of irreversible as 'not capable of being reversed' is abandoned. The literature supporting the claim that autoresuscitation does not occur in the context of no cardiopulmonary resuscitation is shown to be very limited. Several cases of autoresuscitation are summarized, suggesting that the claim that these cases are not applicable to the current debate may be premature. I suggest that brain dead and DCD donors are not dead; whether organs can be harvested before death from these patients whose prognosis is death should be debated urgently.
The relationship between balance control and vitamin D in Parkinson's disease—a pilot study

Background Balance problems and falls are a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with Parkinson's disease. Vitamin D supplementation reduces falls and sway in neurologically intact elderly fallers, but effects in Parkinson's disease are not established. Methods To study this relationship and select outcome measures for a vitamin D intervention study, balance function and vitamin D concentration were quantified in a series of Parkinson's patients in a cross-sectional, observational study. Participants underwent a battery of 5 balance tests. Results Serum vitamin D concentrations were correlated inversely with Parkinson's severity, as measured by the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Among the balance measures, vitamin D concentrations were correlated with automatic posture responses to backwards translation, specifically with response strength and stance weight asymmetry. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that vitamin D plays a role in balance among patients with Parkinson's disease and identify specific outcome measures for detecting effects of vitamin D upon balance. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
English as a multicultural language: implications from a study of Japan's junior high schools' English language textbooks

Applying Kachru and Nelson's model of English spread and their categorisation into Inner/Outer/Expanding Circles, this content analysis of English as a Foreign Language textbooks used in Japanese junior high schools investigates which countries were introduced and further studies how Japan's domestic diversity was constructed in those textbooks. Furthermore, to scrutinise representations of Japan's domestic diversity, this study examines what types of individual located in Japan were represented in the textbooks. The concepts of race and ethnic relations in a global context will be discussed to understand representations of individuals. Drawing upon the concept of English as a multicultural language, this study suggests that this multicultural perspective would not only promote understanding varieties of English use in Asian contexts but would also help educators and students recognise the internal diversity of Japan where multilingual and multicultural communication takes place.
Jerrold Kemp: Designing Effective Instruction

Dr. Jerrold Kemp is one of the most accomplished scholars in instructional technology. His career spans over 30 years, and thus, his contribution to the field of instructional technology should be duly recognized. Dr. Kemp received his doctorate in instructional technology from Indiana University. He also worked as a high school science teacher and media coordinator in Miami, Florida. Dr. Kemp began his career in academia at the San Jose State University as a professor of education, where he also worked as the coordinator of media production and instructional development services. He taught at San Jose State University for 30 years of his academic career. His steady career at the university is one that should be envied.
Influence of frame inelasticity on poroviscoelastic reflections from a gas–water contact

Abstract As a natural extension of Biot theory, poroviscoelasticity is more comprehensive. The only difference between them is frame inelasticity, which influences wave dispersion, attenuation, reflection, and transmission. Hence we compute the influence, which uses the data of typical sand with gas and water saturation in the Gulf of Mexico with four values of frame inelasticity. The graphically illustrated results show that frame inelasticity has a small influence on the dispersion of P 1 - and S-waves and almost no influence on the dispersion of P 2 -wave. The frame inelasticity's influence on the P 1 - and S-wave attenuation is substantial with only a relatively small impact on the P 2 -wave attenuation. In some frequency and incident-angle ranges, frame inelasticity's influence on the reflection and transmission coefficients is considerable.
Magnetic Moments of Si 29 , S 33 , Zn 67 , As 75 , Se 77 , Te 123 , and Te 125

An improved nuclear induction spectrometer has been employed for the detection and measurement of the resonances of several stable nuclei. The sign and value of the magnetic moments are listed in Table I. No diamagnetic correction has been applied. The sensitivity of the apparatus is indicated by the photographs of the output signal of ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ which occur in water with a natural abundance of 0.02 and 0.04 percent, respectively.
Complex Networks and Local Bayesian Equilibrium

Finding a satisfactory way to represent individual decisions presents a challenge for economic models of social networks. I introduce a new solution concept, local Bayesian equilibrium, that allows us to capture strategic effects while gaining some of the tractability of simpler heurisitcs. The central idea is that players think "locally." They adopt simple models of their neighborhoods in the network and are Bayesian within these models. I illustrate the solution concept through several examples, and I explore a deeper relationship between the structure of the broader network and the common prior assumption.
The Effect of Time Delay in a Two-Patch Model with Random Dispersal

We consider a two-patch model for a single species with dispersal and time delay. For some explicit range of dispersal rates, we show that there exists a critical value τc for the time delay τ such that the unique positive equilibrium of the system is locally asymptotically stable for τ ∈[0,τc) and unstable for τ > τc .
Through the Eyes of the Participant: Making Connections between Researcher and Subject with Participant Viewpoint Ethnography

In this article, we introduce participant viewpoint ethnography (PVE), a phenomenological video research method that combines reflexive, interview-based data with video capture of actual experience...
Desorption characteristics of three mineral oxides and a non-crystalline aluminosilicate for supplying phosphate in soilless root media.

ABSTRACTThe objective was to evaluate phosphate desorption characteristics of synthetic hematite, goethite, and allophane and commercial alumina after loading at maximum adsorbed phosphate levels to determine their potential to release phosphate at a constant, low level to sustain plant growth in soilless media and reduce phosphate leaching. Desorption isotherms were measured at pH 6.4 ± 0.1 using a continuously stirred-flow reactor. The time period during which dissolved phosphate was maintained within the range of 5–0.2 mg·L−1 phosphate-P decreased in the order: allophane (12.4 d) > alumina (4.6 d) > goethite (3.6 d) > hematite (1.9 d). Allophane released the most phosphate during the desorption process (40% of maximum adsorbed phosphate; 12.7 mg∙g−1) followed by alumina and goethite (19–20%; ≈2.5 mg∙g−1) and lastly hematite (5%; 0.1 mg∙g−1). Allophane demonstrated the greatest potential as a phosphate-charged source for soilless root media, in amount and duration of phosphate release.
Optic Modes in Amorphous As 2 S 3 and As 2 Se 3

New reflectance spectra are obtained for amorphous ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. The spectra contain features not reported in earlier studies. Analysis of the spectra in terms of damped Lorentzian oscillators, combined with new Raman data, gives further support to the validity of a molecular model for the optic-mode vibrational frequencies. Using mode masses derived from the model, values of the macroscopic effective charge ${e}_{T}^{*}$ are obtained. For both materials, ${e}_{T}^{*}$ values are comparable to those of other covalently bound solids; e.g., trigonal Se and trigonal Te. Contrary to early suggestions, it is demonstrated that the large values of ${e}_{T}^{*}$ in these materials are not a manifestation of ionic bonding but rather result from dynamical charge transfer. In both ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ there are sufficient differences between the infrared (ir) and Raman spectra so that they cannot be interpreted simply in terms of a density of states by assuming a complete breakdown of selection rules due to disorder. On the contrary, selection rules resulting from the short-range order or the molecular nature of these solids are of considerable importance in determining the ir or Raman activity of the optic modes.
Specificity of Color Connectivity Between Primate V1 and V2

To examine the functional interactions between the color and form pathways in the primate visual cortex, we have examined the functional connectivity between pairs of color oriented and nonoriented...
A Critical Review of Carbon Credits for Household Water Treatment

Household water treatment (HWT) provides a means for vulnerable populations to take charge of their own drinking water quality as they patiently wait for the pipe to finally reach them. In many low-income countries, however, promoters have not succeeded in scaling up the intervention among the target population or securing its consistent and sustained use. Carbon financing can provide the funding for reaching targeted populations with effective HWT solutions and the incentives to ensure their long-term uptake. Nevertheless, programs have been criticized because they do not actually reduce carbon emissions. We summarize the background and operation of carbon financing of HWT interventions, including the controversial construct of “suppressed demand”. We agree that these programs have limited potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and that their characterization of trading “carbon for water” is misleading. Nevertheless, we show that the Kyoto Protocol expressly encouraged the use of suppressed demand as a means of allowing low-income countries to benefit from carbon financing provided it is used to advance development priorities such as health. We conclude by recommending changes to existing criteria for eligible HWT programs that will help ensure that they meet the conditions of microbiological effectiveness and actual use that will improve their potential for health gains.
Modulatory Role of Prolactin in the Development of an Elevated Density of Striatal Dopamine Receptors after the Chronic Administration of Domperidone or Sulpiride

Haloperidol (HAL) blocks dopamine (CA) receptors. This activity at pituitary DA receptors elicits an elevation in prolactin (PRL) secretion and synthesis, while at striatal DA receptors after long-term administration it produces an increased density. These two actions had been assumed to be unrelated.
Tree Visualizations in Structured Data Recursively Defined by the Aleph Data Relation

In visualization, tree structures and parent/child data relations are basic. In an earlier article, the author demonstrated how a single tree structure emerged from relational data by recursion, and by the properties of the underlying strings of 0's and 1's of its data symbols. The paper takes a closer look at the components of this visualization to investigate this transformation in greater detail. The unifying factor in this transformation is Mark Burgin's mathematical theory of named sets. Applications of his modeling technique produce a system of models that scales from a basic data relation to a tree structure. The models themselves not only reveal a uniform pattern of data relations hidden in the RDBMS, they give shape and form to the recursive algorithm and to the data structure that organizes relational data into a monolithic tree. Therefore, this system of models represents one component of this novel visualization. The recursive algorithm that operates on these models represents a second. And the third component is the tree structure that this algorithm constructs that is called the open hierarchical data structure (OHDS). In visualization terms, all of three of these components are tightly integrated by the newly discovered data relation. Upon observing its formation, it becomes clear that this data relation represents a specific type of parent/child relation in structured data that is derived from a well-defined SQL SELECT statement. The paper identifies this data relation as the Aleph. In the database, its one-to-one and one-to-many branching patterns are self-similar to the tree structure. Until now, this uniform pattern was concealed within each database table, and in the table linkage of the database system. We conclude that the Aleph data relation is ubiquitous throughout the RDBMS. By the conclusion, the paper demonstrates that its tree visualization is mechanically constructed and recursively defined by the Aleph data relation. The discovery of the Aleph has both practical and theoretical implications that go well beyond visualization research.
Abstinence-Associated Neonatal Seizures (AANS)

The neurodevelopment of 14 infants with AANS was assessed during the first year of life in the Division of Neonatology (Dr Randall), Beth Israel Medical Center, First Ave at 16th St, New York, NY.
Intestinal Epithelial-Specific mTORC1 Activation Enhances Intestinal Adaptation After Small Bowel Resection

Background & Aims Intestinal adaptation is a compensatory response to the massive loss of small intestine after surgical resection. We investigated the role of intestinal epithelial cell–specific mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (i-mTORC1) in intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR). Methods We performed 50% proximal SBR on mice to study adaptation. To manipulate i-mTORC1 activity, Villin-CreER transgenic mice were crossed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)1flox/flox or Raptorflox/flox mice to inducibly activate or inactivate i-mTORC1 activity with tamoxifen. Western blot was used to confirm the activity of mTORC1. Crypt depth and villus height were measured to score adaptation. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate differentiation and rates of crypt proliferation. Results After SBR, mice treated with systemic rapamycin showed diminished structural adaptation, blunted crypt cell proliferation, and significant body weight loss. Activating i-mTORC1 via TSC1 deletion induced larger hyperproliferative crypts and disorganized Paneth cells without a significant change in villus height. After SBR, ablating TSC1 in intestinal epithelium induced a robust villus growth with much stronger crypt cell proliferation, but similar body weight recovery. Acute inactivation of i-mTORC1 through deletion of Raptor did not change crypt cell proliferation or mucosa structure, but significantly reduced lysozyme/matrix metalloproteinase-7–positive Paneth cell and goblet cell numbers, with increased enteroendocrine cells. Surprisingly, ablation of intestinal epithelial cell–specific Raptor after SBR did not affect adaptation or crypt proliferation, but dramatically reduced body weight recovery after surgery. Conclusions Systemic, but not intestinal-specific, mTORC1 is important for normal adaptation responses to SBR. Although not required, forced enterocyte mTORC1 signaling after resection causes an enhanced adaptive response.
Colloquium : Measuring and understanding the universe

Revolutionary advances in both theory and technology have launched cosmology into its most exciting period of discovery yet. Unanticipated components of the universe have been identified, promising ideas for understanding the basic features of the universe are being tested, and deep connections between physics on the smallest scales and on the largest scales are being revealed.
Left ventricular perforation after Impella® placement in a patient with cardiogenic shock

Mechanical cardiovascular support devices are now widely used both in the setting of cardiogenic shock as well as during high risk cardiac catheterization procedures. We report a case of a young female patient who presented with presumed myocarditis and rapidly deteriorating decompensated heart failure requiring the implantation of an Impella Circulatory Support System. Upon transfer to our facility it was discovered that during transport, the Impella device had migrated through the left ventricle. She was emergently taken to the operating room where the Impella was surgically removed and biventricular support devices were placed. The patient eventually expired after weeks of treatment in the intensive care unit. We believe this is the first recorded case of an Impella device perforating the left ventricle. Particularly in cases of newly discovered pericardial effusion, change in waveform on the Impella controller placement signal or rapid decompensation, physicians should consider this rare but potentially catastrophic complication associated with mechanical left ventricular support devices.
Monsters, Vampires, Voodoos and Spooks: 33 Slabs of Undead Rock “N” Roll

How should a CD compiler stock an audio anthology of Halloween fantasy? Perhaps the collection could begin with the “Theme from the Addams Family” in honor of Gomez, Morticia, and their eerie clan....
Normalization strategies for enhancing spatio-temporal analysis of social media responses during extreme events: A case study based on analysis of four extreme events using socio-environmental data explorer (SEDE)

Abstract. With social media becoming increasingly location-based, there has been a greater push from researchers across various domains including social science, public health, and disaster management, to tap in the spatial, temporal, and textual data available from these sources to analyze public response during extreme events such as an epidemic outbreak or a natural disaster. Studies based on demographics and other socio-economic factors suggests that social media data could be highly skewed based on the variations of population density with respect to place. To capture the spatio-temporal variations in public response during extreme events we have developed the Socio-Environmental Data Explorer (SEDE). SEDE collects and integrates social media, news and environmental data to support exploration and assessment of public response to extreme events. For this study, using SEDE, we conduct spatio-temporal social media response analysis on four major extreme events in the United States including the “North American storm complex” in December 2015, the “snowstorm Jonas” in January 2016, the “West Virginia floods” in June 2016, and the “Hurricane Matthew” in October 2016. Analysis is conducted on geo-tagged social media data from Twitter and warnings from the storm events database provided by National Centers For Environmental Information (NCEI) for analysis. Results demonstrate that, to support complex social media analyses, spatial and population-based normalization and filtering is necessary. The implications of these results suggests that, while developing software solutions to support analysis of non-conventional data sources such as social media, it is quintessential to identify the inherent biases associated with the data sources, and adapt techniques and enhance capabilities to mitigate the bias. The normalization strategies that we have developed and incorporated to SEDE will be helpful in reducing the population bias associated with social media data and will be useful for researchers and decision makers to enhance their analysis on spatio-temporal social media responses during extreme events.
A review on the effect of confinement on phase behavior in tight formations

Abstract Unconventional resources, including tight oil and gas formations and shale plays, have become a vital source of energy all over the world. The unique characteristic of these reservoirs, which has made their development challenging, is the low-to ultra-low- permeability due to the abundance of nano-scale pores. In these tiny pores and pore-throats, phase behavior and saturation pressures of the confined fluid are shifted from those of the bulk fluid within larger pores of the conventional medium-to high-permeability reservoirs. During the past few decades, many scholars attempted to compare this alteration in fluid phase behavior inside the tiny pores of tight formations to that of the bulk by studying the fundamentals behind this behavior through mathematical models, simulations, and experimental studies. Reduced pore size and pore structure, mineralogy, adsorption, and capillary condensation phenomena have been addressed in different studies as the source of this deviation in properties. Attempts to model fluid phase behavior in narrow pores started by applying the knowledge of classical thermodynamics in molecular simulations of the confined fluid, which has an inhomogeneous distribution inside the narrow pores. This was followed by modifying different types of equations of state to capture the difference in saturation pressures and temperatures of the confined fluid and that of the bulk. Experimental efforts in this area cover a wide range of non-visual approaches and precise visual approaches using the lab-on-a-chip techniques. However, conducting experiments at the nano-scale, specifically less than 100 nm, is rare due to many experimental limitations. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the theoretical and experimental studies in this area, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and indicates a lack of data at the challenging range of pore scales, less than 10 nm, for simulation validation purposes.
EXPERT SYSTEMS: A PRIMER

Expert systems are one of the most exciting and promising applications of computers. An expert system (ES) is an intelligent computer system that contains an organized body of knowledge and emulates an expert problem solving skills. It is designed to emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert. This paper provides a primer on expert systems, their features, applications, benefits, and challenges.
Chemistry of saururus cernuus IV: cyclooctadiene systems derived from austrobailignan-5

Abstract Austrobailignan-5, a 1,4-diarylbutane type neolignan from Sauruus cernuus was converted to a dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative by using two new reagents. The compound was further functionalized by the use of DDQ to mono- and dialcohols. Acid treatment of the monoalcohols led to oxidative demethylenation. The diols were converted to an epoxide and other rearranged products. The stereochemistry of the mono- and dialcohols was established based on nmr and cd spectral data.
Should prenatal care providers offer pregnancy options counseling

Professional guidelines indicate that pregnancy options counseling should be offered to pregnant women, in particular those experiencing an unintended pregnancy. However, research on whether pregnancy options counseling would benefit women as they enter prenatal care is limited. This study examines which women might benefit from options counseling during early prenatal care and whether women are interested in receiving counseling from their prenatal care provider. At four prenatal care facilities in Louisiana and Maryland, women entering prenatal care completed a self-administered survey and brief structured interview (N = 586). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, multivariate multinomial logistic regression, and coding of open-ended responses. At entry into prenatal care, most women reported that they planned to continue their pregnancy and raise the child. A subset (3%) scored as having low certainty about their decision on the validated Decision Conflict Scale, indicating need for counseling. In addition, 9% of women stated that they would be interested in discussing their pregnancy options with their prenatal care provider. Regression analyses indicated some sociodemographic differences among women who are in need of or interested in options counseling. Notably, women who reported food insecurity in the prior year were found to be significantly more likely to be in need of options counseling (RRR = 3.20, p < 0.001) and interested in options counseling (RRR = 5.48, p < 0.001) than those who were food secure. Most women were open to discussing with their provider if their pregnancy was planned (88%) or if they had considered abortion (81%). More than 95% stated they would be honest with their provider if asked about these topics. Most women are certain of their decision to continue their pregnancy at the initiation of prenatal care. However, there is a subset of women who, despite entering prenatal care, are uncertain of their decision and wish to discuss their options with their health care provider. Screening tools and/or probing questions are needed to support prenatal care providers in identifying these women and ensuring unbiased, non-directive counseling on all pregnancy options.
Cut-Colorings in Coloring Graphs

This paper studies the connectivity and biconnectivity of coloring graphs. For $$k\in \mathbb {N}$$ , the k-coloring graph of a base graph G has vertex set consisting of the proper k-colorings of G and edge set consisting of the pairs of k-colorings that differ on a single vertex. A base graph whose k-coloring graph is connected is said to be k-mixing; it is possible to transition between any two k-colorings in a k-mixing graph via a sequence of single vertex recolorings, where each intermediate step is also a proper k-coloring. A natural extension of connectedness is biconnectedness. If a base graph has a coloring graph that is not biconnected, then there exists a proper k-coloring that would disconnect the coloring graph if removed. We call such a coloring a k-cut coloring. We prove that no base graph that is 3-mixing can have a 3-cut coloring, but for any $$k\ge 4$$ there exists a base graph that is k-mixing and has a k-cut coloring.
UNIT 8.5C Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning in Mice

Contextual and cued fear conditioning is a robust form of learning in which an association is made between stimuli and their aversive consequences. Fear conditioning has been used in laboratory rodents in part because it is a highly conserved form of behavior that is exhibited in both laboratory situations and in normal environments. Training requires only a single trial and this makes it adaptable to genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical studies. Clinically, it is has relevance to human behavior in that fear conditioning can be produced in humans, and damage to the amygdala prevents fear conditioning.
Single Prolonged Stress as a Prospective Model for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Females

Sex plays an important role in susceptibility to stress triggered disorders. Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating psychiatric disorder developed after exposure to a traumatic event, is two times more prevalent in women than men. However, the vast majority of animal models of PTSD, including single prolonged stress (SPS), were performed mostly with males. Here, we evaluated SPS as an appropriate PTSD model for females in terms of anxiety, depressive symptoms and changes in gene expression in the noradrenergic system in the brain. In addition, we examined intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a possible treatment in females. Female rats were subjected to SPS and given either intranasal NPY or vehicle in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, stressed females were compared to unstressed controls on forced swim test (FST) and for levels of expression of several genes in the locus coeruleus (LC) 12 days after SPS exposure. Using a separate cohort of animals, experiment two examined stressed females and unstressed controls on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and LC gene expression 7 days after SPS stressors. SPS led to increased anxiety-like behavior on EPM and depressive-like behavior on FST. Following FST, the rats displayed elevated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), CRHR1 and Y1R mRNA levels in the LC, consistent with increased activation of the noradrenergic system. The expression level of these mRNAs was unchanged following EPM, except Y1R. Intranasal NPY at the doses shown to be effective in males, did not prevent development of depressive or anxiety-like behavior or molecular changes in the LC. The results indicate that while SPS could be an appropriate PTSD model for females, sex differences, such as response to NPY, are important to consider.
The Foreclosure Echo: How the Hardest Hit Have Been Left Out of the Economic Recovery (Introduction)

This paper includes the Table of Contents and Introduction to a book recently published by Cambridge University Press: It tells the story of the foreclosure crisis from a new perspective – that of ordinary people who experienced it. Using actual experiences – often examined through a legal lens – supplemented by economic, social science and legal research, The Foreclosure Echo explains how people experienced the crisis and how their lenders and public institutions let them down. The book also details the lingering effects of the crisis – such as vacant and abandoned buildings – and how these effects have magnified inequality. Finally, the book suggests reforms that could help avoid another crisis.