cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of hyperpolarization-activated Cl(-) current in salivary acinar cells from Clcn2 knockout mice.

ClC-2 is localized to the apical membranes of secretory epithelia where it has been hypothesized to play a role in fluid secretion. Although ClC-2 is clearly the inwardly rectifying anion channel in several tissues, the molecular identity of the hyperpolarization-activated Cl− current in other organs, including the salivary gland, is currently unknown. To determine the nature of the hyperpolarization-activated Cl− current and to examine the role of ClC-2 in salivary gland function, a mouse line containing a targeted disruption of theClcn2 gene was generated. The resulting homozygousClcn2 −/− mice lacked detectable hyperpolarization-activated chloride currents in parotid acinar cells and, as described previously, displayed postnatal degeneration of the retina and testis. The magnitude and biophysical characteristics of the volume- and calcium-activated chloride currents in these cells were unaffected by the absence of ClC-2. Although ClC-2 appears to contribute to fluid secretion in some cell types, both the initial and sustained salivary flow rates were normal inClcn2 −/− mice following in vivostimulation with pilocarpine, a cholinergic agonist. In addition, the electrolytes and protein contents of the mature secretions were normal. Because ClC-2 has been postulated to contribute to cell volume control, we also examined regulatory volume decrease following cell swelling. However, parotid acinar cells from Clcn2 −/−mice recovered volume with similar efficiency to wild-type littermates. These data demonstrate that ClC-2 is the hyperpolarization-activated Cl− channel in salivary acinar cells but is not essential for maximum chloride flux during stimulated secretion of saliva or acinar cell volume regulation.
Participle movement and second position cliticization in Serbo-Croatian

Abstract In this paper I show that the facts concerning participle movement in Serbo-Croatian provide evidence that there is no structurally fixed second position for clitic clusters in Serbo-Croatian, which in turn suggests that the second position effect is a result of PF rather than syntactic requirements. I also show that Serbo-Croatian constructions involving participle movement across auxiliary clitics, which have previously been argued to provide evidence for the existence of long head movement, involve participle adjunction to Aux rather than long head movement.
Competitive interactions among two specialist predators and a generalist predator of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in south-western Virginia

Competitive interactions among two specialist predators, Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus (Pseudoscymnus) tsugae , and a generalist predator, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae were evaluated in hemlock stands in south-western Virginia. The two specialist predators are part of a biological control program for A. tsugae , and the potential for competition among these species and previously established generalist predators in the field is unknown. 2 Adult predators were evaluated in branch cages during spring and summer at two field sites infested with A. tsugae . Using females only in 2003 and sexual pairs in 2004, predator survival and net reproduction were examined, as well as their feeding and impact on A. tsugae when present alone and in conspecific and heterospecific groupings. 3 Predator survival was not affected by the presence of additional predators. Total feeding was greater for all species when placed in predator groupings, suggesting that interactions do not significantly interfere with feeding activity. Net reproduc- tion per predator was negatively affected by conspecifics, but unaffected by het- erospecifics, indicating that direct or indirect intraspecific interference may occur. In spring, L. nigrinus showed the greatest impact on A. tsugae , and H. axyridis had the greatest impact during summer. 4 These results suggest that it would be beneficial to utilize multiple predator species combinations over single species when implementing biological control for A. tsugae . Low-density releases are also recommended to reduce intraspecific interference.
THE PILGRIM'S PLANE-CRASH: BUCHAN, BUNYAN AND CANONICITY

This paper examines the relationship between John Buchan and John Bunyan. The former was an avid reader of the latter, using him as a touchstone in a way which marginalises even the Bible. The Pilgrim's Progress thus becomes part of the sacred canon, or indeed the main canonical text in Buchan's work, particularly in Mr Standfast. The idea of 'the way' stands out in the novel among numerous other references to Bunyan, and Christ virtually disappears behind this. Christ claimed to be 'the way, the truth and the life,' but both texts destabilise allegory. Bunyan has provoked various readings involving the forgetting or half-forgetting of allegory's secondary applications, and Buchan's novel is an extreme example of such
A Novel Toxin that Targets Acid-Sensing Ion Channels to Produce Pain

Natural products have served as invaluable keys to unlocking molecular underpinnings of pain sensation. In particular, plant-derived irritants, such as capsaicin, menthol, mustard oil, have proven essential for identifying and/or characterizing excitatory TRP ion channels that play major roles in pain sensation. Animals also possess chemical defense mechanisms to inflict pain in predators. To more fully exploit the rich pharmacopeia of animal toxins, we established an unbiased screen to discover venoms capable of activating specific subpopulations of somatosensory neurons, with the goal of developing novel probes and identifying important physiological targets for pain research and therapeutics. We show that venom from the Texas coral snake - whose bite produces excruciating pain - contains a novel toxin that potently and persistently activates a subset of somatosensory neurons. First, we use biochemical and molecular methods to identify a unique two-component toxin that form a high affinity heteromeric complex. Second, we use electrophysiological and genetic approaches to identify acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) as the molecular target. Furthermore, behavioral experiments show that toxin-evoked activation of ASIC channels elicits pain by recruiting a canonical population of primary afferent nociceptors that detect thermal and inflammatory pain.
The impact of Rent's rule on massive parallelism

The effects of reimplementing a system of fixed complexity using different integration levels are studied. The obvious as well as hidden costs of extra pins in integrated circuits are discussed. It is found that Rent's rule does not apply to systems which place program memory on the same chip as the processor. The authors suggest that a solution for massively parallel systems might be to use processing elements simple enough to fit completely on a single chip, rather than faster but more complex processors that use external memory devices. >
A brief study of time

In this paper we describe the first large-scale, long-term study of how hosts connected to the Internet manage their clocks. This is important for forensic investigations when there is a need for correlation of events collected from disparate sources, as well as for the correlation of computer events to ''real'' time. We have sampled over 8000 web servers on the Internet on a regular basis for a period of over six months. We have found that only about 74% of the hosts we observed were within 10s of our reference time (UTC). The other hosts exhibited a large variety of different clock behaviors, some of which are explainable by existing clock models, some not, warranting further research in the area of forensic time and clock analysis.
The Effect of Potentially Dilutive Securities on P/Es

We demonstrate empirically that P/Es calculated from accounting measures of EPS are understated because of the presence of potentially dilutive securities. This result persisted after we controlled for the effects of risk and growth, and we found it to hold for both generally accepted accounting measures of EPS (i.e., basic and diluted EPS). It is not surprising that P/Es calculated from basic EPS are understated. Basic EPS tends to be overstated because it is calculated without consideration of the effect of potentially dilutive securities. It is surprising that P/Es computed from diluted EPS, which is generally believed to be an extremely conservative measure that reflects maximum dilution, are also understated. Because of the importance of P/Es as inputs in models of stock valuation and portfolio formulation, our findings should be of interest generally to investors and financial analysts.
DREADFUL ENEMIES: THE “BEAST,” THE HYENA, AND NATURAL HISTORY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The hypothesis that the beast of the Gevaudan (an intriguingly mysterious killer that roamed southern France in the 1760s) might be an African hyena was not simply a popular and amusing misconception; it reflected an important dimension of the critical spirit driving eighteenth-century science. By historicizing natural discovery and its motivations, this essay uncovers aspects of Enlightenment natural history—namely an attraction to the unknowable and a desire for uncertainty, both reflected in the fascination with the sublime—that only became more marked as the frontiers of knowledge receded. In doing so, the essay shows the distinctively hybrid character of an Enlightenment mentality that savored both illumination and darkness.
Orbitofrontal volume deficit in schizophrenia and thought disorder

Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) structural abnormality in schizophrenia has not been well characterized, probably due to marked anatomical variability and lack of consistent definitions. We previously reported OFC sulcogyral pattern alteration and its associations with social disturbance in schizophrenia, but OFC volume associations with psychopathology and cognition have not been investigated. We compared chronically treated schizophrenia patients with healthy control (HC) subjects, using a novel, reliable parcellation of OFC subregions and their association with cognition, especially the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and with schizophrenic psychopathology including thought disorder. Twenty-four patients with schizophrenia and 25 age-matched HC subjects underwent MRI. OFC Regions of Interest (ROI) were manually delineated according to anatomical boundaries: Gyrus Rectus (GR); Middle Orbital Gyrus (MiOG); and Lateral Orbital Gyrus (LOG). The OFC sulcogyral pattern was also classified. Additionally, MiOG probability maps were created and compared between groups in a voxel-wise manner. Both groups underwent cognitive evaluations using the IGT, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Trail Making Test (TMT). An 11% bilaterally smaller MiOG volume was observed in schizophrenia, compared with HC (F(1,47) = 17.4, P = 0.0001). GR and LOG did not differ, although GR showed a rightward asymmetry in both groups (F(1,47) = 19.2, P < 0.0001). The smaller MiOG volume was independent of the OFC sulcogyral pattern, which differed in schizophrenia and HC (chi2 = 12.49, P = 0.002). A comparison of MiOG probability maps suggested that the anterior heteromodal region was more affected in the schizophrenia group than the posterior paralimbic region. In the schizophrenia group, a smaller left MiOG was strongly associated with worse 'positive formal thought disorder' (r = -0.638, P = 0.001), and a smaller right MiOG with a longer duration of the illness (r = -0.618, P = 0.002). While schizophrenics showed poorer performance than HC in the IGT, performance was not correlated with OFC volume. However, within the HC group, the larger the right hemisphere MiOG volume, the better the performance in the IGT (r = 0.541, P = 0.005), and the larger the left hemisphere volume, the faster the switching attention performance for the TMT, Trails B (r = -0.608, P = 0.003). The present study, applying a new anatomical parcellation method, demonstrated a subregion-specific OFC grey matter volume deficit in patients with schizophrenia, which was independent of OFC sulcogyral pattern. This volume deficit was associated with a longer duration of illness and greater formal thought disorder. In HC the finding of a quantitative association between OFC volume and IGT performance constitutes, to our knowledge, the first report of this association.
Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies

Summary Background A severe form of encephalitis associated with antibodies against NR1–NR2 heteromers of the NMDA receptor was recently identified. We aimed to analyse the clinical and immunological features of patients with the disorder and examine the effects of antibodies against NMDA receptors in neuronal cultures. Methods We describe the clinical characteristics of 100 patients with encephalitis and NR1–NR2 antibodies. HEK293 cells ectopically expressing single or assembled NR1–NR2 subunits were used to determine the epitope targeted by the antibodies. Antibody titres were measured with ELISA. The effect of antibodies on neuronal cultures was determined by quantitative analysis of NMDA-receptor clusters. Findings Median age of patients was 23 years (range 5–76 years); 91 were women. All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation. 58 (59%) of 98 patients for whom results of oncological assessments were available had tumours, most commonly ovarian teratoma. Patients who received early tumour treatment (usually with immunotherapy) had better outcome (p=0·004) and fewer neurological relapses (p=0·009) than the rest of the patients. 75 patients recovered or had mild deficits and 25 had severe deficits or died. Improvement was associated with a decrease of serum antibody titres. The main epitope targeted by the antibodies is in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the NR1 subunit. Patients' antibodies decreased the numbers of cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect that could be reversed by antibody removal. Interpretation A well-defined set of clinical characteristics are associated with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis. The pathogenesis of the disorder seems to be mediated by antibodies. Funding National Institutes for Health, University of Pennsylvania Institute for Translational Medicine, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Foederer Foundation of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Exendin-4 uses Irs2 signaling to mediate pancreatic β cell growth and function

The insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) branch of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-signaling cascade prevents diabetes in mice because it promotes beta cell replication, function, and survival, especially during metabolic stress. Because exendin-4 (Ex4), a long acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, has similar effects upon beta cells in rodents and humans, we investigated whether Irs2 signaling was required for Ex4 action in isolated beta cells and in Irs2(-/-) mice. Ex4 increased cAMP levels in human islets and Min6 cells, which promoted Irs2 expression and stimulated Akt phosphorylation. In wild type mice Ex4 administered continuously for 28 days increased beta cell mass 2-fold. By contrast, Ex4 failed to arrest the progressive beta cell loss in Irs2(-/-) mice, which culminated in fatal diabetes; however, Ex4 delayed the progression of diabetes by 3 weeks by promoting insulin secretion from the remaining islets. We conclude that some short term therapeutic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists can be independent of Irs2, but its long term effects upon beta cell growth and survival are mediated by the Irs2 branch of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling cascade.
Expression of cholecystokinin a receptors in neurons innervating the rat stomach and intestine

Abstract Background & Aims: Two distinct receptors, cholecystokinin (CCK)-A and CCK-B, mediate CCK effects in the digestive system. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular sites of expression of CCK-A receptor in the rat stomach and small intestine. Methods: We developed and characterized an antibody to the N-terminal region (LDQPQPSKEWQSA) of rat CCK-A receptor and used it for localization studies with immunohistochemistry. Results: Specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by (1) detection of a broad band at 85–95 kilodaltons in Western blots of membranes from CCK-A receptor CHO-transfected cells; (2) cell surface staining of CCK-A receptor–transfected cells, (3) translocation of CCK-A receptor immunostaining in CCK-A receptor–transfected cells after exposure to CCK; and (4) abolition of tissue immunostaining by preadsorbtion of the antibody with the peptide used for immunization. CCK-A receptor immunoreactivity was localized to myenteric neurons and to fibers in the muscle and mucosa. In the stomach, myenteric neurons and mucosal fibers were abundant. Many CCK-A receptor myenteric neurons contained the inhibitory transmitter vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and some were immunoreactive for the excitatory transmitter substance P. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy reduced the density of CCK-A receptor fibers in the gastric mucosa by approximately 50%, whereas celiac/superior mesenteric ganglionectomy had no detectable effect on fiber density. Conclusions: CCK-A receptor is expressed in functionally distinct neurons of the gastrointestinal tract. CCK-A receptor may mediate reflexes stimulated by CCK through the release of other transmitters from neurons bearing the receptor. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:1136-1146
Human Disease Isolates of Serotype M4 and M22 Group A Streptococcus Lack Genes Required for Hyaluronic Acid Capsule Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Group A streptococcus (GAS) causes human pharyngitis and invasive infections and frequently colonizes individuals asymptomatically. Many lines of evidence generated over decades have shown that the hyaluronic acid capsule is a major virulence factor contributing to these infections. While conducting a whole-genome analysis of the in vivo molecular genetic changes that occur in GAS during longitudinal human pharyngeal interaction, we discovered that serotypes M4 and M22 GAS strains lack the hasABC genes necessary for hyaluronic acid capsule biosynthesis. Using targeted PCR, we found that all 491 temporally and geographically diverse disease isolates of these two serotypes studied lack the hasABC genes. Consistent with the lack of capsule synthesis genes, none of the strains produced detectable hyaluronic acid. Despite the lack of a hyaluronic acid capsule, all strains tested multiplied extensively ex vivo in human blood. Thus, counter to the prevailing concept in GAS pathogenesis research, strains of these two serotypes do not require hyaluronic acid to colonize the upper respiratory tract or cause abundant mucosal or invasive human infections. We speculate that serotype M4 and M22 GAS have alternative, compensatory mechanisms that promote virulence. IMPORTANCE A century of study of the antiphagocytic hyaluronic acid capsule made by group A streptococcus has led to the concept that it is a major virulence factor contributing to human pharyngeal and invasive infections. However, the discovery that some strains that cause abundant human infections lack hyaluronic acid biosynthetic genes and fail to produce this capsule provides a new stimulus for research designed to understand the group A streptococcus factors contributing to pharyngeal infection and invasive disease episodes.
An Accurate and Efficient Euler Solver for Three-Dimensional Turbomachinery Flows

Accurate and efficient Euler equation numerical solution techniques are presented for analysis of three-dimensional turbomachinery flows. These techniques include an efficient explicit hopscotch numerical scheme for solution of the 3-D time-dependent Euler equations and an O-type body-conforming grid system. The hopscotch scheme is applied to the conservative form of the Euler equations written in general curvilinear coordinates. The grid is constructed by stacking from hub to shroud 2-D O-type grids on equally spaced surfaces of revolution. Numerical solution results for two turbine cascades are presented and compared with experimental data to demonstrate the accuracy of the analysis method.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
ECD kidney transplantation outcomes are improved when matching donors to recipients using a novel creatinine clearance match ratio (CCMR)

Improved outcomes have been associated with various methods of size matching between expanded criteria (ECD) donors and recipients. A novel method for improved functional based matching was developed utilizing manipulation of Cockcroft-Gault estimated creatinine clearances for donor and recipient. We hypothesized that optimal clearance-based matches would have superior outcomes for both immediate graft function and long-term graft survival. For the analysis, recipients of ECD kidneys in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) transplanted between October 1, 1987 and August 31, 2011 were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses predicted the hazard ratio of graft failure and the odds ratio of requiring dialysis within the first week. A total of 25,640 ECD kidney transplants were analyzed. On multivariate analysis, higher creatinine clearance match ratio (CCMR) was associated with increased graft failure and odds of requiring dialysis within the first week (comparing highest ratio quintile versus lowest ratio quintile: HR 1.43, p < 0.001; OR 2.08, p < 0.001). This study suggests that ECD kidneys have improved outcomes when the recipient/donor CCMR is optimized.
The Role of the Arts in Organizational Settings

This article explores the significance of three of the arts in organization development (OD). The art of storytelling is discussed through the lenses of music, drama, and poetry. The article discusses how narrative presented through corporate song lyrics, theatrical scripts and techniques, and poems encourages organization members to make creative sense of the organization culture and change. The application of these media to OD was identified through a review of the literature that verified the use of these three arts in developing people at the corporate level.
Action Dynamics in Intertemporal Choice Reveal Different Facets of Decision Process

Two experiments were conducted to examine decision process in intertemporal choice with spatial and temporal action dynamic measures generated from cursor movement. The effects of the context valence (gain and loss) and magnitude of the payoffs (small and large) were investigated. Other factors examined were differences between decisions made at versus away from the indifference point and response variability dependent on what was selected (delayed versus non-delayed/less-delayed payoff). Using principal components analysis, decision process is described with three orthogonal components. General decision difficulty is encompassed by two components: (1) Conflict, depicted by Idle time and deviations from a direct choice path, and (2) decision uncertainty or Wavering, described by left-right directional flips. A general Locomotion factor was also present. In Experiment 1, Conflict was best at capturing the gain/loss and magnitude context effects. Greater Conflict was observed in the loss context and the small magnitude condition. When choices were closer to the indifference point, Wavering was most salient. In Experiment 2, when selecting larger, delayed payoffs, both Conflict and Wavering increased suggesting that controlling the temptation of selecting the sooner, smaller reward entails effort. By analyzing trajectories, the study advances knowledge of the construct validity of different action dynamic measures and supports the distinction of decision uncertainty and decision conflict. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of Si NC/P3HT Hybrid Solar Cells

Silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) are shown to be an electron acceptor in hybrid solar cells combining Si NCs with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The effects of annealing and different metal electrodes on Si NC/P3HT hybrid solar cells are studied in this paper. After annealing at 150°C, Si NC/P3HT solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies as high as 1.47%. The hole mobility in the P3HT phase extracted from space-charge-limited current measurements of hole-only devices increases from 2.48 X 10 -10 to 1.11 X 10 -9 m 2 V -1 s -1 after annealing, resulting in better transport in the solar cells. A quenching ofthe open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current is observed when high work function metals are deposited as the cathode on Si NC/P3HT hybrid devices.
In the Pause and Listening to the Little People A Folk Healer’s Journey

This article employs a qualitative case study approach to describe the views and perspectives of a folk healer (White Bear) regarding spiritual healing. White Bear argues for a mobile, in-the-moment form of diagnosis and a “pause,” in which the mind ceases to tyrannize and the healer is no longer absorbed in his or her emotions. He contends that a healer can benefit from aligning with spirits (he calls them Little People) who can help achieve the necessary states of anonymity and nonjudgment required for healing work. Throughout the study, theoretical and empirical findings in the field of psychology are cited in an effort to support or question rather than validate or invalidate White Bear’s mystical wisdom.
A new method to decrease grating sidelobes level in medical acoustic arrays

The design of a medical acoustic array for a given echographic system is often a compromise between the lateral resolution and the grating sidelobe level. For a fixed number of active channels, the only way to decrease the grating sidelobe level is to decrease the array pitch. This can be done by working with an acoustical pitch smaller than the electrical pitch, which is possible by using an electrical passive interpolation circuit between the electrical channels and the transducers. This method takes advantage of the fact that in echographic systems the sampling of the array is generally limited by the maximum number of electronic channels and not by the minimum technically achievable pitch on the transducer. The theoretical analysis and design of such arrays are described. This technique was used to construct a 3.75-MHz curved array. The result is a 10-dB improvement of the sidelobe level. >
Computational reconstitution of spine calcium transients from individual proteins

We have built a stochastic model in the program MCell that simulates Ca(2+) transients in spines from the principal molecular components believed to control Ca(2+) entry and exit. Proteins, with their kinetic models, are located within two segments of dendrites containing 88 intact spines, centered in a fully reconstructed 6 × 6 × 5 μm(3) cube of hippocampal neuropil. Protein components include AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors, L- and R-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPases, smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPases, immobile Ca(2+) buffers, and calbindin. Kinetic models for each protein were taken from published studies of the isolated proteins in vitro. For simulation of electrical stimuli, the time course of voltage changes in the dendritic spine was generated with the desired stimulus in the program NEURON. Voltage-dependent parameters were then continuously re-adjusted during simulations in MCell to reproduce the effects of the stimulus. Nine parameters of the model were optimized within realistic experimental limits by a process that compared results of simulations to published data. We find that simulations in the optimized model reproduce the timing and amplitude of Ca(2+) transients measured experimentally in intact neurons. Thus, we demonstrate that the characteristics of individual isolated proteins determined in vitro can accurately reproduce the dynamics of experimentally measured Ca(2+) transients in spines. The model will provide a test bed for exploring the roles of additional proteins that regulate Ca(2+) influx into spines and for studying the behavior of protein targets in the spine that are regulated by Ca(2+) influx.
On the normal peristaltic movements of the ureter

Our present knowledge of the peristalsis of the ureter is based essentially upon the observations of Engelmann described by him about 35 years ago. He studied the peristaltic movements by simple inspection of the ureter in dogs, cats and rabbits. According to Engelmann, the contractions of the ureter in rabbits occur at intervals of 10 to 20 seconds. There were practically no other studies of the subject until a few years ago when Fagge investigated the effect of stimulation of the hypogastric nerves upon the ureter and obtained graphic records of the peristaltic movements. He makes the surprising statement that the ureter in many cases was found to be motionless or to present slight contractions or groups of contractions recurring every 30 to 60 seconds.For the last two years I have been engaged in experimental studies of the ureter, which were carried out in the laboratory of biological chemistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Some of the results of that work I had the honor to present at a ...
Phospholipids of human red blood cells.

SummaryHuman red blood cells were analyzed for individual phospholipids using chromatography on silicic acid. Concentrations of the main components, which appeared to be ethanolamine- and serine-containing phospholipid, lecithin, sphingomyelin, and lysolecithin, were measured in red blood cells of 6 normal fasting subjects.
A Micronote on a Functional Equation

(1973). A Micronote on a Functional Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 9, pp. 1041-1041.
Morphogenesis and the fine structure of cultured carrot cells.

A study has been made of cultured cells from the root of Daucus carota at defined stages along the route from quiescent cells to the globular embryos known to produce plants. The salient stages were: (i) the quiescent cells in tissue explants exposed only to a basal medium; (ii) cells variously induced to grow by prescribed growth-promoting supplements; (iii) clusters of cells whether attached to a proliferating explant or free in a liquid medium; (iv) stock cultures routinely maintained in an incipiently embryonic condition in the form of small cell clusters; and (v) cultures in which, as pro-embryonic globules, embryogenesis has been released at will. The fine structure of the cells along this morphogenetic route has been investigated and related to the causal and controlled conditions by which the stages in question were achieved. A range of distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions that occur in cells at these specified stages has been described; these inclusions are not virus particles per se and their occurrence and form is an obvious function of the cultural conditions. The morphogenetic propensity of the cells that give rise to embryos is associated with cytoplasm that is notably free of identified inclusions, that are otherwise conspicuous, but this cytoplasm is rich in microtubules and has some other distinguishing characteristics that are described.
The Effects of Water on β-d-Xylose Condensation Reactions

Car-Parrinello-based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (CPMD) combined with metadynamics (MTD) simulations were used to determine the reaction energetics for the beta-D-xylose condensation reaction to form beta-1,4-linked xylobiose in a dilute acid solution. Protonation of the hydroxyl group on the xylose molecule and the subsequent breaking of the C-O bond were found to be the rate-limiting step during the xylose condensation reaction. Water and water structure was found to play a critical role in these reactions due to the proton's high affinity for water molecules. The reaction free energy and reaction barrier were determined using CPMD-MTD. We found that solvent reorganization due to proton partial desolvation must be taken into account in order to obtain the correct reaction activation energy. Our calculated reaction free energy and reaction activation energy compare well with available experimental results.
Inquisitorial Adjudication and Mass Justice in American Administrative Law

The U.S. justice system in general and administrative adjudication in particular is generally perceived as adversarial, meaning that decisions are made in proceedings consisting of trial methods that are largely controlled by the parties rather than the administrative judge. However, inquisitorial methods in U.S. administrative adjudication are actually quite common, particularly in Social Security and veterans’ claims adjudication. In those mass justice systems, inquisitorial approaches are consistent with (and perhaps even compelled by) the fundamental idea that the government should assist every eligible beneficiary to receive the benefits to which they are entitled. Moreover, these overburdened systems simply could not afford the inefficiencies associated with adversary trials. Beyond those calculations, it may be that in mass justice, and perhaps in many other administrative and judicial systems as well, inquisitorial methods may be more acceptable to the parties than adversarial methods.
Neurologic complications of alcoholism

Neurologic and myopathic complications of alcoholism are multiple and diverse, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the ED, initial concern is for diagnosing readily reversible causes and ruling out possible life- or limb-threatening etiologies. A rapid assessment of the ABCs, a fingerstick blood glucose determination, and, in cases of AMS, the administration of intravenous naloxone is indicated. In almost every instance of a potential neurologic complication, intravenous thiamine replacement is indicated initially, along with the parenteral administration of folic acid and the other B vitamins, including nicotinic acid and pyridoxine. Metabolic screening with electrolytes, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, liver enzymes (AST, alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin, arterial blood gases with carboxyhemoglobin determination, and a complete blood count are often warranted. Special tests such as CT scan, CK, ammonia, or toxicologic screens are indicated in specific instances. In terms of physical examination, attention to the presence of focal neurologic findings is paramount because of the possibility of a subdural or epidural hematoma. It is important not to miss meningitis and a low threshold for treatment or lumbar puncture should be maintained. Specialized consultation and referral are needed only after stabilization and appropriate tests are performed. If an organized approach to the evaluation of an alcoholic with neurologic symptoms is undertaken, occult disease will not be missed and outcomes will be improved.
A Full Moon in March and New Poems

After the 1933 Collected Poems Yeats did not issue any new poetry in book form in London until A Full Moon in March, published on 22 November 1935 in an edition of 2000 copies. This contained only a relatively few poems, gathered under the heading “Parnell’s Funeral and Other Poems”. Yeats described the volume to Ethel Mannin as “Not much in it — illness interfered” (L 844), overlooking the several other projects he had been engaged on during the recent past.
Therapeutic Benefits of l-Arginine: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses

Objective l-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that is the substrate for nitric oxide production by vascular endothelial and immune cells. Nitric oxide production by these cells is essential for both blood pressure regulation and immune regulation. However, there is much discrepancy in the literature when it comes to randomized controlled studies, and so this umbrella review of published meta-analyses was performed to examine the efficacy of l-arginine’s role as a therapeutic agent.
HDL and integrating system-level simulation technologies

System level design is a critical component of any electronics product development project. However, HDL based ASIC design has remained a distinctive and separate function within projects. With the advent of deep submicron technology, large systems and subsystems can now be placed on a single chip. This requires a closer interaction between system level design and ASIC development. The paper describes an effective methodology and technology support for integrating system level simulation techniques with HDL based simulation to provide a smooth transition between each level. We start by examining an integrated verification methodology and the use models for utilizing mixed dataflow and HDL models. We then discuss combining a model of interaction derived from the work done on the Ptolemy project with a standards based implementation approach using the Open Model Forum (OMF) standard. Finally, an example is used to highlight the effectiveness of this approach.
Parents' beliefs about children's emotions, children's emotion understanding, and classroom adjustment in middle childhood

To explore how parental socialization of emotion may influence children's emotion understanding, which then guides children's interpretations of emotion-related situations across contexts, we examined the pathways between socialization of emotion and children's adjustment in the classroom, with children's emotion understanding as an intervening variable. Specifically, children's emotion understanding was examined as a mediator of associations between mothers' beliefs about the value and danger of children's emotions and children's adjustment in the classroom within an SEM framework. Classroom adjustment was estimated as a latent variable and included social, emotional, and behavioral indices. Covariates included maternal education, and child gender and ethnicity. Participants were a diverse group of 201 third-graders (116 African American, 81 European American, 4 Biracial; 48.8% female), their mothers, and teachers. Results revealed that emotion-related beliefs (value and danger) had no direct influence on classroom adjustment. However, children whose mothers endorsed the belief that emotions are dangerous demonstrated less emotion understanding and were less well-adjusted in the classroom. Mothers' belief that emotions are valuable was not independently associated with emotion understanding. Findings point to the important role of emotion understanding in children's development across contexts (family, classroom) and developmental domains (social, emotional, behavioral) during the middle childhood years.
Solar wind periodicities in thermal electrons at Saturn

Lomb periodogram analyses were applied to all thermal electron data from the Cassini Plasma Science (CAPS) instrument from mid-2004 to mid-2011. Very strong periods at ~26 days were observed in the fluxes of electrons with energies less than 1000 eV. At higher energies, such a strong solar wind period was not apparent, and numerous signals appeared between ~5 d and ~22 d for E > 100 eV. The amplitudes of all these signals greatly exceeded those recognized in the electrons at the ~10.7 h period related to planetary rotation. A simulation using Cassini orbits and a 2D model of electron fluxes indicate that the 5-22 d periods were caused by the spacecraft orbits in to and out of electron radiation belts. Definitive signals do not exist at the periods of Saturn's moons.
Miz-2, A New Catecholamine-Selective Fluorescent Sensor for Visualizing Norepinephrine

We have developed a fluorescence-based turn-on molecular sensor (NeuroSensor 521) based on a coumarin aldehyde scaffold that allows for the selective recognition and sensing of norepinephrine in live and fixed chromaffin cells. Based on NeuroSensor 521, we have now developed Miz-2: a promising member of a new series of catecholamine-selective sensors, which has both a functional aldehyde group to bind to primary amines, and other recognition elements to improve selectivity for binding catecholamine over other amines. The excitation maximum of Miz-2 is near 488 nm. Fluorescence is quenched when the sensor interacts with epinephrine and dopamine whereas the fluorescence increases upon binding with norepinephrine. We are using adrenal chromaffin cells as a model cell to test fluorescent catecholamine sensors and sub-populations of cells enriched in epinephrine versus norepinephrine can be isolated upon gradient centrifugation. Norepinephrine-enriched chromaffin cells exhibit distinct fluorescence punctae by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy when loaded with Miz-2 that are consistent with labeling of granules. Upon stimulation with a high-K+ solution, punctae abruptly disappear during TIRF imaging, consistent with granule fusion and loss of dye via exocytosis. Using underlying transparent electrodes, we recorded amperometric spikes consistent with quantal exocytosis of catecholamine in cells loaded with the sensor. Experiments are in progress to combine TIRF imaging with amperometric measurements in underlying transparent electrodes to resolve features of norepinephrine release from individual granule. Supported by NIH R01EB020415.
Decubitus ulcers in patients undergoing vascular operations do not influence mortality but affect resource utilization.

Background While it is anticipated that decubitus ulcers are detrimental to outcomes after vascular operations, the contemporary influence of perioperative decubitus ulcers in vascular surgery remains unknown. Methods Using the National Impatient Survey, all adult patients who underwent vascular operation were selected. Patients were stratified by the presence or absence (non–decubitus ulcers) of decubitus ulcer. Case-mix adjusted hierarchical mixed-models examined in-hospital mortality, the occurrence of any complication, and discharge disposition. Results A total of 538,808 cases were analyzed. Decubitus ulcers were most prevalent among Caucasian male Medicare beneficiaries ( P P P P P P P Conclusion Contrary to common perception, perioperative decubitus ulcer does not adversely affect mortality after vascular operation in patients proceeding to operative intervention. Patients with decubitus ulcers are, however, at higher risk for complications and incur sizeable additional charges.
Settler Colonialism and (Re)conciliation: Frontier Violence, Affective Performances, and Imaginative Refoundings

I often introduce the concept of historical memory to my undergraduates, explaining that all peoples shape understandings of the past to suit present and future needs. Many examples in settler colo...
Sonority Sequencing in Polish: the Combined Roles of Prior Bias & Experience

A growing body of behavioral results demonstrates cross-linguistic sensitivity to the SSP (Daland et al. 2011; Berent et al . 2007; Berent et al. 2008; Jarosz to appear; Ren, Gao & Morgan 2010). These consistent findings suggest a role for prior bias in phonological learning, but recent modeling studies question this conclusion, showing that for some languages these preferences can be derived from the input (Daland et al. 2011; Hayes 2011). Building on these results and Jarosz's (to appear) developmental findings for Polish, the present paper investigates adult Polish speakers' sensitivity to the SSP experimentally and computationally. We report the results of an online acceptability judgment experiment focusing on initial clusters and present the results of computational simulations evaluating the ability of phonotactic models to predict participants' ratings on the basis of the lexical statistics of Polish. Our main findings are that 1) SSP is predictive of adults' ratings, 2) sonority projection arises in both attested and unattested clusters, 3) while phonotactic models have significant predictive value, they do not subsume the SSP preferences observed in the participants' ratings, and 4) participants' sonority sequencing preferences are not entirely compatible with the SSP, suggesting a combined effect of prior bias and experience.
Atypical Histiocytoid Cells in Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Underrecognized Cytologic Pattern.

Objectives Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of head and neck lymph nodes (LNs) is useful in diagnosing metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and most commonly shows classic cytologic features of PTC. Metastatic PTC, however, may occasionally present with a pattern unfamiliar to most pathologists: atypical histiocytoid cells (AHCs). Methods All PTC thyroidectomy specimens with associated FNA of LNs were retrieved from our files for 2007 to 2013. We aimed to assess cytologic features of metastatic PTC, as well as the presence of AHCs and their morphology. Results Fifty-six FNAs from LNs with metastatic PTC were reviewed. AHCs were identified in 38 (68%) cases, while only PTC with classic cytologic features was seen in 18 (32%) cases. AHCs did not show diagnostic nuclear features of PTC and presented as large cells with abundant cytoplasm either vacuolated or dense. Nuclei varied from vesicular with prominent nucleoli to dark and smudgy. Thirty-one cases showed mixed AHCs and classic PTC, but seven cases (13% of all metastatic PTCs in LNs) consisted only of AHCs. Conclusions AHCs are an often unrecognized metastatic morphologic pattern of cystic PTC, as it does not show diagnostic classic nuclear features of PTC. AHCs are the predominant cytologic finding in approximately 13% of metastatic PTCs to neck LNs.
Supplementary Optimality Properties of the Family of Gradient-Restoration Algorithms for Optimal Control Problems

Abstract The problem of minimizing a functional subject to differential constraints, nondifferential constraints, initial constraints, and final constraints is considered within the frame of the family of gradient-restoration algorithms for optimal control problems. This family includes sequential gradient-restoration algorithms (SGRA) and combined gradient-restoration algorithms (CGRA). The system of Lagrange multipliers associated with (i) the gradient phase of SGRA, (ii) the restoration phase of SGRA, and (iii) the combined gradient-restoration phase of CGRA is examined. It is shown that, in each case, the Lagrange multipliers are endowed with a suppiementary optimality property: they minimize a special functional, quadratic in the multipliers, subject to the multiplier differential equations and boundary conditions, for given state, control, and parameter. These supplementary optimality properties have considerable computational implications: they allow one to reduce the study of an iteration of (i), (ii), (iii) to a mathematical programming problem involving a finite number of parameters as unknowns.
Constructing the Simples

On April 4th, 2013, we heard Juhani Pallasmaa’s presentation, “The complexity of simplicity,” about phenomenology and art. I’m sure others agree with me that it was a highlight of the symposium. Earlier I had spoken about mathematics, mostly about Bolzano, Gauss, and Hilbert. As chance would have it, I used the same title. I have chosen a different title for this redaction, but I want to motivate the remarks ahead by recalling how architectural theory and the history of mathematics were discussed in many of the same terms, and under the same banner, that morning.
Public Access Defibrillation: Is This Making Any Difference? Controversial Issues in Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest

Public access defibrillation is particularly valuable in witnessed cardiac arrests that occur in public places. Bystander and police use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has increased over the past 15 years, resulting in improved survival with normal or near-normal neurologic function. There is great promise for increasing bystander use of defibrillators as the technology is applied to linking patients with shockable arrests to volunteers committed to bringing AEDs to the patients. There continues to be controversy as to the value of epinephrine, antiarrhythmic drugs, hypothermia, and mechanical chest compression in resuscitative efforts.