cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Computationally Efficient Multilevel Coding Scheme for ISI Channels

This paper proposes a multilevel coding scheme with linear mapping for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels and derives a low-complexity receiver structure that can achieve the ISI channel capacity. The transmitter superimposes many layers of independent binary antipodal streams to generate a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or Gaussian-like channel input. The receiver performs multistage decoding with decision feedback and interference cancellation. Within each stage is a linear minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) equalizer followed by an error-correcting decoder. The complexity scales linearly with the channel length and the number of layers, and the process is shown to be asymptotically information lossless if a fixed input power is properly distributed over a sufficiently large number of layers. This framework is then extended to achieve the capacity of the ISI channel using a transmitter-side spectral shaping filter that converts a Gaussian input sequence with a white spectrum to one with a water-filling spectrum.
Associations of acculturation and kidney dysfunction among Hispanics and Chinese from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background. Accu lturation affects health, but it has never been studied with kidney disease. Methods. W e studied the association of language spoken at home, generation and birth place with kidney function among Hispanics and Chinese in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 2999). Kidney function was determined by cystatin C (eGFRcys) and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). We evaluated mediators in models: Model 1 = age, sex,income, education; Model 2 = Model 1 + behaviors; and Model 3 = Model 1 + comorbidities. Results. A mong Hispanics, speaking mixed Spanish/ English was significantly associated with lower eGFRcys (−2 .83 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , −5.69–0.04) and higher ACR (RD 40%, 17–68%) compared with speaking Spanish only; this was mildly attenuated by behaviors (−2.2 9, −5.33–0.75; RD 42%, 18–72%) but not comorbidities (−3.04, −5.83 to −0.23); RD 35%, 14–59%). US-born Hispanics had lower eGFRcys compared with foreign-born Hispanics [1.83 mL/min/1.73 m 2 lower (0.97–1.31) for Generation 1; 1.37 mL/min/1.73 m 2 lower (0.75–1.57) for Generation ≥2]. In contrast, Chinese who spoke any English had higher eGFRcys (2.53, 95% CI: −1. 70–6.78), but similar ACR (RD −5%, 95% CI: −26–23%) compared with those speaking Chinese only, but associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Hi gher acculturation was associated with worse kidney function in Hispanics, mediated perhaps by behavioral factors but not comorbidities. Associations may be in the opposite direction among Chinese. Future studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms.
Determinants of trust in the patient-oncologist relationship.

Objective:The relationship between the patient and physician is at the heart of good medical care, and trust is an essential component of this relationship. To enable the oncologist to better form a trusting relationship with the patient, this article describes four factors that influence patient trust.Methods:Thematic literature review and a clinical vignette.Results:The authors discuss four factors that influence patient trust. These factors are whether and how the oncologist (1) minimizes the potential for shame and humiliation during the medical encounter, (2) manages the power imbalance between doctor and patient without abuse or misuse, (3) demonstrates to the patient an appreciation of how he or she is suffering from experience of cancer, and (4) demonstrates to the patient how he or she is suffering from the treatment provided by the oncologist. The authors illustrate these factors with a clinical vignette.Significance of results:The cancer patient is best cared for by an oncologist who can not only understand disease and treat medical problems, but also accompany the patient through the illness experience. This requires an appreciation of the challenges to trust that are inherent in the special characteristics of the patient–physician interaction.
The Electrostatic Force Between a Partially Charged Dielectric Particle and a Conducting Plane

Using the reexpansion technique, the interaction between a conducting plane and a partially charged dielectric particle is studied for an axisymmetric case including the effects of the higher order polarization. The partial charge on a particle surface is seen to redistribute, apparently due to the polarization which occurs even though the particle is an insulator. The redistribution depends on the dielectric constant and on the gap between the particle and the conducting plane. In some instances, the charge redistributes on to the back side of the particle against the conducting plane, and as a result, the electrostatic interaction decreases simply by an increase of the dielectric constant. This is seen to be especially obvious in the case of a small initially charged area or patch that is positioned against a conducting plane, and when the particle is located in a gap of a certain size. The electrostatic interaction decreases with an increase of the dielectric constant within a certain range, even when the particle is in contact with the conducting plane, e.g., in the case of a small initially charged area. Because this range of the dielectric constant is equivalent to that of a normal polymer, these effects could result in a large error in the estimation of the electrostatic interactions in the case of the normal approximation of the contact electrification of a particle.
Beispiele zur Flächenberechnung

Dimension. Es ist zweckmasig, beim Rechnen mit benannten Zahlen auch die Art der Grosen zu berucksichtigen, zu denen die Zahlen gehoren. Die in der Bezeichnung „5 cm“ zur Zahl 5 hinzutretende Benennung (Zentimeter) nennen wir die „Dimension“ der Grose. Die Bezeichnungen „10 cm, 7 km“ enthalten als Dimension eine „Lange“. Bei den Berechnungen der Flachen werden die Maszahlen zweier Langen miteinander multipliziert (5 cm2, 10 m2, 8 km2). Man sagt: jede Flache hat als Dimension das „Quadrat einer Lange“.
A model and methodology for distributed integration

The authors identify some of the problems in integration. They give a survey of the various integration strategies that have been proposed in the literature. The success of these integration strategies depends heavily on the characteristics of the application and choosing the appropriate strategy has been for the most part done subjectively. What is needed is a general model which allows the authors to quantitatively explore the tradeoffs and select a strategy or combination of strategies. They propose such a model for the integration process based on graph theory. Their model provides a quantitative method for comparing the different integration strategies to be used for integrating a particular system. Another issue in systems integration is maintaining the consistency of assumptions made by different software engineers. They suggest a technique to keep track of consistent assumptions during the development process. >
Strategies of Nutrient Transport by Ruminal Bacteria

The survival of bacteria in natural environments like the rumen depends on the ability of the bacteria to scavenge nutrients. It is now evident that ruminal bacteria use a variety of transport mechanisms. Hydrophobic substances, such as ammonia and acetate, are permeable to the lipid bilayers of cell membranes and can be taken up by passive diffusion. Hydrophilic compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids, peptides) do not easily pass through lipid bilayers and must be transported across cell membranes on carrier proteins. Facilitated diffusion can display saturable kinetics but does not result in accumulation of solute. Active transport can establish extremely high concentration gradients, and this work may be driven by the hydrolysis of chemical bonds (e.g., ATP) or ion gradients, which are coupled to solute symport. Many solute symports involve protons, but sodium systems also are common in ruminal bacteria. The phosphotransferase system chemically modifies sugars as they pass across the cell membrane, and several ruminal bacteria have this method of group translocation. Many feed additives have either a direct or indirect effect on rumen bacterial transport. For instance, ionophores can inhibit transport by destroying (sometimes even reversing) ion gradients, lowering intracellular pH, or causing excessive ATP hydrolysis.
Demographic trends in arthroscopic and open biceps tenodesis across the United States

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in procedures and to report on demographic data of patients undergoing arthroscopic vs. open biceps tenodesis. Methods A retrospective review of a commercially available database (PearlDiver) was conducted to identify cases of arthroscopic and open biceps tenodesis performed between 2007 and 2011 with concurrent diagnoses of commonly associated shoulder disorders. Each record provided the patient's age, gender, and region within the United States, and statistical significance was determined with respect to each of these demographics. Results There were 9011 patients who underwent arthroscopic biceps tenodesis and 11,678 patients who underwent open biceps tenodesis between 2007 and 2011. The number of biceps tenodesis cases increased from 2007 to 2011 (2047 to 5832; P = .015). Both arthroscopic and open biceps tenodesis procedures were performed most commonly in the 30- to 59-year-old age group (76.3% and 76.1%; P P P = .009; P = .007); 49.8% of arthroscopic and 44.6% of open biceps tenodesis cases were associated with rotator cuff tears, whereas 14.4% of arthroscopic and 16.2% of open cases were associated with biceps tendon disorders. Conclusion Both arthroscopic and open biceps tenodesis cases increased annually from 2007 to 2011. The majority of biceps tenodesis cases were performed in men aged 30 to 59 years, and the South had the highest overall number of cases. Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of these procedures with and without concomitant pathologic processes.
Twentieth‐century temperature and precipitation trends in ensemble climate simulations including natural and anthropogenic forcing

[1] We present results from a series of ensemble integrations of a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model for the period 1865-1997. Each ensemble consists of three integrations initialized from different points in a long-running GFDL R30 coupled model control simulation. The first ensemble includes time-varying forcing from greenhouse gases only. In the remaining three ensembles, forcings from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, solar variability, and volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere are added progressively, such that the fourth ensemble uses all four of these forcings. The effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols are represented by changes in surface albedo, and the effects of volcanic aerosols are represented by latitude-dependent perturbations in incident solar radiation. Comparisons with observations reveal that the addition of the natural forcings (solar and volcanic) improves the simulation of global multidecadal trends in temperature, precipitation, and ocean heat content. Solar and volcanic forcings are important contributors to early twentieth century warming. Volcanic forcing reduces the warming simulated for the late twentieth century. Interdecadal variations in global mean surface air temperature from the ensemble of experiments with all four forcings are very similar to observed variations during most of the twentieth century. The improved agreement of simulated and observed temperature trends when natural climate forcings are included supports the climatic importance of variations in radiative forcing during the twentieth century.
Asian Crisis, Financial Systems and Urban Development:

The Asian financial crisis, which violently thwarted the east Asian miracle in the summer of 1997, has subsequently led east Asia to the building of a new financial architecture. This paper argues that the new financial architecture, modelled after the globally influential, market-centred US system, clashes with Japan's regionally active, state-centred financial system. And it explores the implications of these two financial systems for urban development in Asian capital cities. The paper concludes that Asian capital cities will do better with the state-centred financial system than with the market-centred financial system.
Active trailer steering control of an articulated system with a tractor and three full trailers for tractor-track following

We examine several control strategies to minimise off-tracking of a multi-axle steering system with a tractor and three full trailers, described by a linear yaw-plane model. Given any arbitrary tractor track desired real-time by the driver, control inputs are the steering angles of front axles of the trailers. A minimum Rearward Amplification Ratio (RWA), as a surrogate for minimum off-tracking, is used as the control criterion to arrive at an optimal LQR controller, which is remarkably robust to tyre-parameter variations. Actively steering trailers 1 and 2 is most cost-effective in achieving acceptable levels of RWA, with off-tracking practically eliminated.
Look again: Effects of brain images and mind-brain dualism on lay evaluations of research

Brain scans have frequently been credited with uniquely seductive and persuasive qualities, leading to claims that fMRI research receives a disproportionate share of public attention and funding. It has been suggested that functional brain images are fascinating because they contradict dualist beliefs regarding the relationship between the body and the mind. Although previous research has indicated that brain images can increase judgments of an article's scientific reasoning, the hypotheses that brain scans make research appear more interesting, surprising, or worthy of funding have not been tested. Neither has the relation between the allure of brain imaging and dualism. In the following three studies, laypersons rated both fictional research descriptions and real science news articles accompanied by brain scans, bar charts, or photographs. Across 988 participants, we found little evidence of neuroimaging's seductive allure or of its relation to self-professed dualistic beliefs. These results, taken together with other recent null findings, suggest that brain images are less powerful than has been argued.
Current status of checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma

Cancer immunotherapy is evolving very fast. With understanding of tumor and immune system interactions, two pathways have been identified through which tumor cells evade and escape immune system. Blocking these pathways by monoclonal antibodies has shown promising results in wide variety of tumors. The treatment of lymphomas have been evolving with various new molecules ranging from monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates to small molecule inhibitors. Here, we review the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in various lymphomas. These agents have shown very promising activity in Hodgkin lymphoma and other B-cell lymphomas in early-phase clinical trials.
Turbomachinery Blade Loading Prediction Using the Panel Method

A 2D frequency domain source-doublet based potential paneling formulation is used to predict the steady and unsteady loadings on turbomachinery blades. The method employed blade-to-blade periodic boundary condition and interblade phase angles to simulate the complex blade-viscous wake interaction in a relative motion. For centrifugal turbomachines, a quasi-3D flow is calculated along the stream surfaces, using appropriate coordinate transformation and stream tube thickness variations. Results obtained from this method agreed well with measured data and other predicting methods. This method is accurate and computational efficient compared to finite difference methods. In this paper, the method of frequency domain computation is discussed. Selected results from 2D and quasi 3D flow in steady, and unsteady states are presented.
Relations of exhaled nitric oxide and FEV1 to personal endotoxin exposure in schoolchildren with asthma.

Background Asthma prevalence and acute exacerbations have been associated with endotoxin exposure. However, there are limited data on relations between acute asthma outcomes in children and personal exposure to endotoxin or whether this relation is modified by personal air pollution exposures. Methods We made repeated measurements of the fractional concentration of exhaled NO (Fe NO ), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and personal endotoxin exposures in patients with persistent asthma aged 9–18 years, each of whom was followed for 10 consecutive days in Riverside and Whittier, California. Endotoxin was measured in PM 2.5 , and simultaneously we measured personal exposure to air pollutants: NO 2 and PM 2.5 mass, elemental carbon and organic carbon. Endotoxin exposure–response relations and interactions between endotoxin and air pollutants were analysed with mixed models controlling for personal temperature, humidity and the 10-day period. Results Neither percent-predicted FEV 1 nor Fe NO was associated with personal endotoxin overall; however, endotoxin was associated with FEV 1 among patients with average percent-predicted FEV 1 2 was above its median, Fe NO increased by 2.2% (95% CI −0.8% to 5.2%) for an interquartile increase in personal endotoxin, whereas Fe NO was lower by −1.8% (95% CI −4% to 0.5%) when NO 2 was≤its median. However, this is out of 12 interaction tests between personal endotoxin and a binary air pollutant for each outcome (FEV 1 and Fe NO ), and there were no interactions with any continuous-scaled pollutant. Conclusions Personal endotoxin exposure was not associated with acute daily changes in Fe NO or FEV 1 in a cohort panel of schoolchildren with asthma, except for decreased FEV 1 among patients with more severe asthma (percent-predicted FEV 1
Ab initio determination of effective electron–phonon coupling factor in copper

Abstract The electron temperature T e dependent electron density of states g ( e ) , Fermi–Dirac distribution f ( e ) , and electron–phonon spectral function α 2 F ( Ω ) are computed as prerequisites before achieving effective electron–phonon coupling factor G e – ph . The obtained G e – ph is implemented into a molecular dynamics (MD) and two-temperature model (TTM) coupled simulation of femtosecond laser heating. By monitoring temperature evolutions of electron and lattice subsystems, the result utilizing G e – ph from ab initio calculation shows a faster decrease of T e and increase of T l than those using G e – ph from phenomenological treatment. The approach of calculating G e – ph and its implementation into MD–TTM simulation is applicable to other metals.
Foreword: Pace Environmental Law Review Special Issue on Animal Law

The overlap between animal law and environmental law arises because the two disciplines are fundamentally linked. One cannot talk about the environment without also discussing the nonhuman sentient beings that populate it. Indeed, as I shall discuss shortly, one of the most vexing issues for me — as a scholar working in both fields — involves my ongoing attempt to address the historical tension between the two disciplines. This volume of the Pace Environmental Law Review (PELR) marks an important step on the path toward resolving those tensions and moving environmental law forward. That path will not always be smooth, nor will it be obstacle-free.
Space Research and Earth Sciences

(1961). Space Research and Earth Sciences. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 17, Space Exploration, pp. 175-180.
The Detection And Mapping Of Defects In Organic Coatings Using Local Electrochemical Impedance Methods

Coating failure initiates as a local event at defects which can result from chemical heterogeneities in the resin or physical defects such as bubbles, underfilm deposits, or pinholes. The ability to detect, map the location, as well as make quantitative in-situ measurements of coating heterogeneities will help identify the source of failure (i.e. coating chemistry, method of application, cure schedule, etc.) and provide insight into the mechanisms of coating degradation. This study used a 5 electrode arrangement to perform local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) on coated steel substrates. Using single frequency measurements, LEIS could successfully detect and map both intentional chemical heterogeneities and physical defects such as subsurface bubbles, underfilm deposits, and pinholes. Efforts to optimize probe design and instrumentation are ongoing.
Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of 49 Outbreaks of Salmonella paratyphoid A in Guilin city(2002-2010)

Objective The epidemic characteristics of 49 outbreaks of Salmonella paratyphoid A and the antibiotic resistance of 246 Strains in Guilin city from 2002-2010 were analyzed.Preventive measures were taken to effectively control the outbreaks.Methods The epidemic data of the 49 outbreaks of Salmonella paratyphoid A from 2002 to 2010 were analyzed comprehensively.Antibiotic susceptibility test were carried out for 246 strains of salmonella paratyphoid A isolated from 46 outbreaks in GuiLin area during 2002-2010.Results The high season of the epidemic were in June、November and October.Most cases were in schools,accounting for 79.59%(39/49).Contamination of water was the main factor causing the outbreaks of Salmonella paratyphoid A.Susceptibility rate of 246 strains of salmonella paratyphoid A to Norfloxacin、Chloramphonicol furazolidone、cefalexin、cefazolin was 100%,The resistance rate to sulfarmethoxazole/trimethoprim and sulfarmethoxazole was 73.81% and 69.05%,respectively.Conclusions The epidemic of salmonella paratyphoid A in Guilin declined year by year,the key areas of the outbreak were in schools,and the contamination of water was the main risk factor.The five antibiotics:Norfloxacin,Chloramphonicol,Furazolidone,Cefalexin and Cefazolin were effective drugs to cure paratyphoid fever A.
Study on Fractional Brownian Motion of Self-Propelled Janus Microspheres

Janus microspheres are a special class of particles with regular shape but irregular surface composition. O n the PIV experimental platform,a self-propulsion experiment about Pt-SiO2Janus microspheres with 1 μm and 2 μm diameters was carried out. The stochastic trajectories of the particles self-propelled by the asymmetrical catalytic decomposition of H2O2were obtained. The Hurst indexes related to different observation time intervals were calculated through statistic analysis of the particles suspended in different-concentration( 0%,2. 5%,5%,10% and 15%) solutions. From the experimental data,it is clear that the stochastic trajectory of a Janus microsphere is the superposition of a random motion and a directional motion,and the particle undergoes abnormal diffusion. Then,the current complex motion is deemed as the combined action of Brownian motion,self-propulsion and random rotation. The characteristic time scales,within which different dynamic factors are dominating,are obtained,and the model presents a reasonable explanation about the observed phenomena.
Research on Moving Object Detection Algorithms in an Intelligent Monitoring Management Platform of a Bank

Taking a bank as the background,the study designs a video surveillance management platform with multi-function.The Intelligent Video Surveillance module is the major component of the platform;in this module,the object detection part adapts a method integrating the difference method based on Gaussian mixture model and improved frame-difference method.Experimental test results show that the algorithm is of good timeliness and robustness.
Effects of maternal hyperoxia on the fetus: I. Oxygen tension

Abstract One hundred per cent oxygen was administered to 20 patients during labor for at least a period of 60 minutes. Simultaneous fetal scalp blood samples and maternal arterial blood samples were obtained prior to oxygen administration at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of maternal hyperoxia and after oxygen was discontinued by 5 to 30 minutes. All patients had continuous fetal heart rate, uterine contractions, and maternal blood pressure recording. A statistically significant rise in fetal P o 2 was observed during maternal hyperoxia with a return to initial levels after oxygen was discontinued. The rise in fetal P o 2 blood was not proportional to the increase in maternal P o 2. There was no associated acidosis observed with the procedure.
SP13 Whole-Genome Association Studies for Breast Cancer: Mapping and Directed Approaches for the Efficient Analysis of Complex Disease

Recent technological advances in microarray technology have allowed whole-genome association studies to become possible and greatly expanded the ability to map complex genetic traits across the human genome. Current mapping array technologies offer unprecedented resolution to examine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the human genome. The resolution of these mapping arrays can be greatly increased by performing secondary screens using a targeted genotyping approach to further characterize SNPs discovered with the mapping arrays as well as include SNPs that are determined to be of interest in candidate genes or other genetic areas of importance. Over the last several months, we have examined 2200 patient samples from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study cohort using a combination of Affymetrix 500k mapping arrays and a custom 1700 SNP targeted genotyping array. Beginning with the analysis of 200 samples analyzed with the 500k mapping arrays and proceeding to 2200 samples analyzed using the custom targeted genotyping arrays, data regarding the automation of assay protocols and data analysis schemes to greatly increase the efficiency and speed of the analysis will be presented. Association statistics as well as chromosome copy number information has been produced. Data will be presented to illustrate the importance of automation, accurate sample tracking, and examination of existing data from the HapMap project in evaluating and analyzing the resulting genotyping datasets.
A Cyclic Plasticity Model For Metal Matrix Composites

In this paper the metal-matrix composite(MMC) is treated as a transversely isotropic continuum material. A six parameter general anisotropic yield surface had been proposed earlier by the authors (1995a) has been adapted to continuous unidirectionally reinforced MMC’s. In this work a model is proposed, using the yield surface proposed earlier to describe the behavior of MMC’s subsected to cyclic, proportional as well as non-proportional loadings. The cyclic model is based on the modifications of the bounding surface model proposed by Dafalias And Popov [1976].
Physiology of the Claustrum

The claustrum’s unique relationship with the cerebral cortex has made it a persistent subject of speculation for more than 30 years. It receives input from much of the cortex, and returns its output to most, or possibly all, of the cortex. This intriguing circuitry has prompted a few physiological investigations in the cat and macaque monkey. In the visual zone of the cat’s claustrum, neuronal response properties reflect their cortical inputs. Two notable features are strong orientation selectivity, and a preference for quite long stimuli. The retinotopic map in the cat’s visual zone differs from the maps of its cortical afferent areas in de-emphasizing the central visual field. In the cat’s somatosensory zone, there is a somatotopic map that may have a reduced representation of the face compared to that in the S1 map. Claustral somatosensory neurons have larger receptive fields than in S1, but otherwise their response properties appear similar. Auditory neurons in the cat’s claustrum have been found just deep to the somatosensory zone; their responses appear non-specific. Both visual and auditory neurons have been observed in the macaque’s claustrum. Their responses are modality specific, but have not been characterized otherwise. Somatosensory responsiveness has not been studied in macaques, although a somatosensory zone has been identified based on connectivity with S1. This zone is also connected to primary motor cortex, and vigorous movement-related responses have been recorded throughout this zone. Neurons are specific for body part (arm/hand) but not for the kind of movement (push versus pull). Hypotheses about claustral function have focused on its connections with sensory cortex, and two such hypotheses are considered in light of physiological and anatomical evidence.
Hexacyanobutadienide-Based Frustrated and Weak Ferrimagnets: M(HCBD)2·zCH2Cl2 (M = V, Fe).

Hexacyanobutadiene (HCBD) and M(CO)x (M = V, x = 6; Fe, x = 5) react in CH2Cl2 to form new organic-based magnets of M[HCBD]2·z(CH2Cl2) composition. Analysis of the IR spectrum [M = V: ν(CN) 2193 and 2116 cm–1 (fwhh ∼400 cm–1); Fe: 2196 and 2145 (fwhh ∼150 cm–1)] suggests that HCBD is reduced to the radical anion, [HCBD]•–, and the broadness suggests multiple and variable nitriles sites are coordinated to the V(II), leading to a complex mixture of magnetic couplings and behaviors that deviate from paramagnetic behavior below ∼150 K, and a frustrated magnet with Tc ≈ 9 K is observed for V[HCBD]2, the first cyanocarbon-based frustrated magnet. Fe[HCBD]2 behaves as a weak ferromagnet (canted antiferromagnet) with some spin glass behavior with a 10 K Tc.
Aage Jørgensen, H. C. Andersen Litteraturen 1875–1968: Aarhus: Akademisk Boghandel, 1970. Pp. 394.

(1972). Aage Jorgensen, H. C. Andersen Litteraturen 1875–1968. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 300-300.
Conduction Channel Formation and Dissolution Due to Oxygen Thermophoresis/Diffusion in Hafnium Oxide Memristors.

Transition-metal-oxide memristors, or resistive random-access memory (RRAM) switches, are under intense development for storage-class memory because of their favorable operating power, endurance, speed, and density. Their commercial deployment critically depends on predictive compact models based on understanding nanoscale physicochemical forces, which remains elusive and controversial owing to the difficulties in directly observing atomic motions during resistive switching, Here, using scanning transmission synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy to study in situ switching of hafnium oxide memristors, we directly observed the formation of a localized oxygen-deficiency-derived conductive channel surrounded by a low-conductivity ring of excess oxygen. Subsequent thermal annealing homogenized the segregated oxygen, resetting the cells toward their as-grown resistance state. We show that the formation and dissolution of the conduction channel are successfully modeled by radial thermophoresis and Fick diffusion o...
Protestant Evangelical Schools and Global Citizenship Education

Although Protestant Evangelical schools may not be vastly different in many ways from any other educational institutions emanating from the globalized Western cultural model, the way that Protestant schools engage with certain elements of an expanding global culture—especially some of its core tensions between particularism and universalism, and secularism and religion—does demonstrate important differences. One arena in which these differences emerge is what has become known as “global citizenship education.” This chapter examines Evangelical schools’ engagement with global citizenship education through the use of the International Baccalaureate curriculum. Protestant Evangelical education is historically associated with the expansion of a (Westernized) global culture through the missionary movement, and while clearly still steeped in Western modernity and a carrier of at least some of its myths, its engagement with global citizenship education works as a force of resistance to particular elements of the standard narrative of modernity (e.g., secularism, relativism, and universalism as against particularism). In this, they seem to be taking a path of “multiple modernities,” resisting some elements of the dominant narrative while embracing others. Protestant education, just as it has in the past, will no doubt continue to influence the development of a world society, or global culture, along these more complicated trajectories of resistance and embrace.
Nailing the shared etiology in the formation of curved hair and nail growth.

A 55 year old African American woman presented for evaluation of alopecia and was noted to have very long fingernails that she had not cut for 10 years. Physical examination revealed long and curly fingernails with nail plate lengths of approximately 5-30 cm (Figure 1). The dominant right hand nail plates were shorter, as the patient reported occasional breakage from every day maneuvers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Can Augmented Reality Help E-shoppers Make Informed Purchases on Apparel Fit, Size, and Product Performance?

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive technology that allows consumers to virtually try on garments. The present study examined consumers' perceived differences in a garment's size, fit, performance, and purchase decisions when using virtual try-on with AR compared to actually trying-on the garment. A field experiment with one factor within-subject design was employed. Results showed significant differences in seven areas (i.e., looser fit around bust and shoulder, tighter fit on waist and hip, longer fit on torso, skirt, and overall dress) when using AR. More favorable attitudes towards the garment, and greater purchase intentions were found when actually trying on the dress compared to when trying it on virtually. AR applications might need to be improved to reduce consumers' discrepancy in garments' fit from actual try-on and to facilitate their purchase decisions. Findings of this study suggested the ways to reduce consumers' regret from post-purchase expectation-reality discrepancy.
Finding Bhaskar in all the wrong places? Causation, process, and structure in Bhaskar and Deleuze

This article examines the reception of Roy Bhaskar amongst some contemporary Deleuzians. It proceeds by rejecting the all too often predilection of opposing realism to ‘postmodernism’ or ‘post-structuralism’ arguing instead for the need to bring one into dialogue with the other. To this end, the paper explores the resonances and points of departure between the work of Gilles Deleuze and Roy Bhaskar. In particular, it examines the language of causation, object-oriented versus process-oriented ontologies, as well as the charge by Deleuzians that Bhaskar is an essentialist. Through this engagement it attempts to develop and rethink explanation and causation in terms of a more chaotic ontology of machines, centered around the concept of structure, process, and production in an open, heterogeneous, and dynamic world. The end result is a more chaotic concept of realism.
Monoclonal antibody infusion in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Monoclonal antibody 1083-17-1A (CO 17-1A) was selected in 1978 for its in vitro binding specificity [1]. The antibody is of IgG2a isotype and is active in antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the murine system [2]. Furthermore, Co 17-1A antibody inhibits colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tumor growth in nude mice [3]. This antibody, together with other IgG2a antibodies, was found to be destructive to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo through macrophage activation [4, 5]. The hypothesis was recently presented that macrophages are effector cells for tumor cell destruction by monoclonal antibodies in man [6]. Antibody CO 17-1A was thus included in the series of experiments in which we have shown that human macrophages isolated from cancer patients and cultured human monocytes express Fc receptors (FcR) that cross-react strongly with murine immunoglobulins of the IgG2a subclass. FcR-expressing macrophages in the presence of CO 17-1A antibody also mediated the killing of tumor cells in vitro [7].
Toward the laboratory identification of the not-so-simple NS2 neutral and anion isomers.

The NS2 radical is a simple arrangement of atoms with a complex electronic structure. This molecule was first reported by Hassanzadeh and Andrew’s group [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 83 (1992)] through Ar matrix isolation experiments. In the quarter century since this seminal work was published, almost nothing has been reported about nitrogen disulfide even though NS2 is isovalent with the common NO2. The present study aims to shed new insight into possible challenges with the characterization of this radical. No less than three potential energy surfaces all intersect in the C2v region of the SNS radical isomer. A type-C Renner-Teller molecule is present for the linear 2Πu state where the potential energy surface is fully contained within the 2.05 kcal/mol lower energy X 2A1 state. A C2v, 1 2B1 state is present in this same region, but a double excitation is required to access this state from the X 2A1 state of SNS. Additionally, a 1 2A′ NSS isomer is also present but with notable differences in the geometry from the global minimum. Consequently, the rovibronic spectrum of these NS2 isomers is quite complicated. While the present theory and previous Ar matrix experiments agree well on isotopic shifts, they differ notably for the absolute fundamental vibrational frequency transitions. These differences are likely a combination of matrix shifts and issues associated with the neglect of non-adiabatic coupling in the computations. In either case, it is clear that high-resolution gas phase experimental observations will be complicated to sort. The present computations should aid in their analysis.
Purification and Properties of Pituitary and Urinary Luteinizing Hormone

We have for some time been interested in the development of methods for purification of luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) from a variety of sources, and have recently initiated studies on the comparative chemical and biological properties of this hormone. In the following sections, we will outline procedures which have proved effective for the purification of LH from human, ovine, bovine, porcine and equine pituitary glands and from human urine, and will summarize current information relative to its comparative physical and chemical properties.
Severe Redox Stress Correlates with pH Changes in the Cytosol and Mitochondria of S. Cerevisiae

Maintenance of thiol redox balance is essential in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Glutathione (GSH) has been shown to be a major cellular redox buffer and is critical for mitochondrial functions such as Fe-S cluster biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein import. Since thiol-disulfide exchange reactions involve the transfer of protons as well as electrons, their redox potentials vary with pH. These pH differences should be taken into consideration while calculating the cytosol, matrix and IMS redox potentials. Previous studies in our group have suggested that GSH:GSSG redox state in subcellular compartments such as the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space (IMS) is maintained separately [1], but it is still unclear how perturbations of the GSH:GSSG couple influence the distribution of GSH:GSSG between these compartments. Our goal is to understand the mechanisms for maintaining thiol redox equilibrium in different compartments under severe redox stress and determine how GSH:GSSG is exchanged between the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and IMS under these conditions. Using a targeted GFP-based pH sensor in yeast strains overexpressing a plasma membrane GSH:GSSG transporter, we examined the changes in pH in the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and IMS upon addition of GSH or GSSG to the growth medium. GSH and GSSG over accumulation were found to directly impact changes in pH in the subcellular compartments, suggesting concomitant changes in redox potentials as well.
Significant others' weight-related comments and their associations with weight-control behavior, muscle-enhancing behavior, and emotional well-being.

INTRODUCTION This large mixed-method study examines the prevalence of reported positive and negative weight-related comments from significant others and ways in which they are associated with weight-control and muscle-enhancing behaviors and emotional well-being in young adults. METHOD As part of Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults)-IV, survey data were provided by 1,436 young adult men and women with a significant other in 2015-2016 (mean age = 31.1 years; 58.6% women). Independent variables included the reported frequency of receiving positive or negative comments about body shape or size; written examples of positive comments were qualitatively coded for subtypes. Analysis of covariance, adjusting for body mass index, tested associations between comments and weight-control behaviors, muscle-enhancing behaviors, and various measures of emotional well-being (i.e., body satisfaction, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms). RESULTS About twice as many participants received positive comments from their significant others compared to negative comments (75% vs. 36%). Receiving positive and/or negative comments was related to body satisfaction, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms but was largely unrelated to weight-control and muscle-enhancing behaviors. In almost all cases, receiving no comments was associated with significantly better well-being than was receiving only negative comments. There were few differences in weight-control or muscle-enhancing behaviors or emotional well-being across subtypes of positive comments. DISCUSSION Reporting the receipt of negative comments from significant others was associated with poorer emotional well-being than was receiving positive comments or no weight-related comments at all. Therapists and other health professionals working with couples should consider advising young adults on the apparent advantages of providing positive feedback regarding weight and shape or abstaining from commenting altogether. (PsycINFO Database Record
Economic Essence of Agricultural Melioration and Scientific-Methodologic Aspects of Its Development

Reclamation plays a major role in increasing the efficiency of the agricultural sector. Poor or lack of land reclamation might be the reason for less efficiency of the sector. This paper focuses on the theoretical framework of ameliorative, classification of ameliorative, and factors that affects sustainable development. Our findings show that the weather conditions, soil fertility, availability of sufficient water resources, and other factors have a major impact on crop yields, livestock productivity, labor costs, and product.
α-Emitters for Radiotherapy: From Basic Radiochemistry to Clinical Studies—Part 1

With a short particle range and high linear energy transfer, α-emitting radionuclides demonstrate high cell-killing efficiencies. Even with the existence of numerous radionuclides that decay by α-particle emission, only a few of these can reasonably be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Factors including radioisotope availability and physical characteristics (e.g., half-life) can limit their widespread dissemination. The first part of this review will explore the diversity, basic radiochemistry, restrictions, and hurdles of α-emitters.
Electron extraction mechanism in low hysteresis perovskite solar cells using single crystal TiO2 nanorods

Abstract This study compares the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells PSCs which use different types of TiO2 mesoporous scaffold; nanoparticle (NP) film and nanorod (NR) array. In PSCs of TiO2 NRs, the hysteresis of current density–voltage (J-V) curves is reduced significantly. The hysteresis index of PSCs of 670 nm long NRs is only 0.014. A difference in the charge accumulation at the TiO2-perovskite interface and the trapping site density is responsible for the smaller hysteresis of PSCs of TiO2 NRs. In PSCs of TiO2 NRs, mobile ions migrate longer and less electrons are trapped on the surface of TiO2 NRs. This leads to a unique columnar space charge polarization at the TiO2-perovskite interface, which facilitates electron extraction and suppresses the hysteresis of J-V curve. Our study shows a new way to design the microstructure of the mesoporous TiO2 layer for hysteresis-free high performance perovskite solar cells.
Using Content-based AI to Structure Human-Computer Interaction

The primary constraints on any act of communication are what needs to be communicated, and why. It follows that any adequate theory of communication must be primarily concerned with communicative content, and with the extrinsic (as opposed to merely the communication-internal) goals served by the communication of that content. By the same token, these must also be the chief concerns in the design of interfaces for software systems. Yet, a great deal of work in both discourse theory and interface design makes no explicit reference to either the content or the goals of the communicative acts which they seek to characterize or facilitate. In this chapter, we attempt to show what a content- and goal-based theory of communication would look like, within the context of two ongoing efforts in interface design: ASK Tom, an experimental hypermedia system that provides access to a video case library, and Button Theory, a taxonomic framework for student-teacher interactions in educational software systems.
The Economic Role of the State in Education

Abstract The economic and political importance of education has increased dramatically over the course of the past century. Education is the largest item of public expenditure in countries around the world, and formal schooling consumes an ever-larger quantity of young people's time. The centrality of education in modern societies is mainly a consequence of state action. The state has built and expanded national education systems, encouraged and sometimes compelled young people to attend school, and fostered rewards systems that make adult success increasingly contingent on academic persistence and performance. In this article we question why this should be so, and discuss the economic factors that help to explain why the state finances and often provides schools.
Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and leads to abnormal shaped red blood cells. This disease is associated with chronic hemolytic anemia and various complications secondary to vaso-occlusive phenomena. The molecular change in sickle cell disease (SCD) is base substitution of valine for glutamate in the sixth position of beta globulin gene leading to production of abnormal hemoglobin S.
Optimal Cloud-Based Routing With In-Route Charging of Mobility-on-Demand Electric Vehicles

Mobility-on-Demand (MoD) systems using electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to play a significantly increasing role with urban transportation systems in the near future, to both cope with the massive increases in urban population and reduce carbon emissions. One inconvenience in MoD-EV systems is the need for some customers to perform in-routing charging for almost-out-of-charge EVs. In this paper, we propose a routing scheme that aims to reduce this inconvenience by minimizing the relative excess time spent by MoD-EV systems customers for in-route charging compared to the on-road trip time. By modeling the routing problem between multiple MoD-EV stations with in-route charging as a multi-server queuing system, we formulate our objective as a stochastic convex optimization problem that minimizes the average overall trip time for all customers relatively to their actual trip time without in-route charging. Both single and multiple charging units per charging station are considered in this paper and modeled as M/M/1 and M/M/c queues, respectively. For both types of queues, the optimal routing proportions are derived analytically using the Lagrangian analysis and the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. Simulation results show the merits of our proposed solution in both cases as compared to the shortest time and the random routing decisions. Finally, the proposed method is tested on a real-world scenario, and the computation times are calculated for different settings.