cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on the Floatability of Magnesite and its Gangue Minerals with Sodium Oleate and Lauryl Amine as Collectors

In this study, the single mineral flotation experiments of magnesite and its associated minerals including dolomite, serpentine, talc and quartz were conducted, and the influences of the dosage of collectors such as sodium oleate and lauryl amine, pH value and the influences of regulars such as sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium silicate on those minerals were researched. According to the results, a process to reduce the content of gangue minerals was proposed, which at first use lauryl amine as a collector to remove most talc and quartz and part of the dolomite and serpentine, and then use sodium oleate as a collector to separate magnesite from dolomite and serpentine. This is a theoretical reference for the beneficiation of magnesite.
Self-healing for autonomic pervasive computing

Self-healing is one of the main challenges to growing autonomic pervasive computing. Fault detection and recovery are the main steps of self-healing. Due to the characteristics of pervasive computing the self-healing becomes difficult. In this paper, the challenges of self-healing have been addressed and an approach to develop a self-healing service for autonomic pervasive computing is presented. The self-healing service has been developed and integrated into the middleware named MARKS+ (Middleware Adaptability for Resource discovery, Knowledge usability, and Self-healing). The self-healing approach is being evaluated on a test bed of PDAs. An application is being developed by using the proposed service.
When does stress help or harm? The effects of stress controllability and subjective stress response on stroop performance.

The ability to engage in goal-directed behavior despite exposure to stress is critical to resilience. Questions of how stress can impair or improve behavioral functioning are important in diverse settings, from athletic competitions to academic testing to clinical therapy. Previous research suggests that controllability is a key factor in the impact of stress on behavior: learning how to control stressors buffers people from the negative effects of stress on subsequent cognitively demanding tasks. In addition, research suggests that the impact of stress on cognitive functioning depends on an individual’s response to stressors: moderate responses to stress can lead to improved performance while extreme (high or low) responses can lead to impaired performance. The present studies tested the hypothesis that 1) learning to behaviorally control stressors leads to improved performance on a test of general executive functioning, the color-word Stroop, and that 2) this improvement emerges specifically for people who report moderate (subjective) responses to stress. Experiment 1: Stroop performance, measured before and after a stress manipulation, was compared across groups of undergraduate participants (n=109). People who learned to control a noise stressor and received accurate performance feedback demonstrated reduced Stroop interference compared with people exposed to uncontrollable noise stress and feedback indicating an exaggerated rate of failure. In the group who learned behavioral control, those who reported moderate levels of stress showed the greatest reduction in Stroop interference. In contrast, in the group exposed to uncontrollable events, self-reported stress failed to predict performance. Experiment 2: In a second sample (n=90), we specifically investigated the role of controllability by keeping the rate of failure feedback constant across groups. In the group who learned behavioral control, those who reported moderate levels of stress showed the gre
Laparoscopic-Assisted Segmental Colectomy: Early Mayo Clinic Experience

Objective To present a large initial series of patients who underwent laparoscopic-assisted segmental colectomy and to assess the feasibility and safety of this procedure. Design We summarized the clinical outcome data for 122 Mayo Clinic patients selected for laparoscopic-assisted resection of the right, left, or sigmoid colon between 1991 and 1993. Material and Methods Preexisting factors (such as obesity and prior abdominal operations), indications for surgical treatment, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed statistically in two groups of patients—those in whom the laparoscopic procedure was completed and those in whom conversion to an open surgical technique was necessary. Results Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy was successfully completed for a variety of colonic pathologic conditions, including polyps, cancer, and diverticulitis. No operative deaths occurred in this series, and the overall complication rate was low (11%). Patients in whom laparoscopic-assisted colectomy was completed had a more rapid return of bowel function and a briefer hospital stay than did those who required conversion to the traditional open surgical technique. Neither obesity nor previous abdominal surgical procedures precluded successful laparoscopic-assisted colectomy, although the conversion rate to open colectomy was 75% in patients whose weight exceeded 90 kg. Conclusion These findings indicate that laparoscopic-assisted segmental colectomy is safe and feasible, and the procedure may offer patient-related advantages. Oncologic concerns, including recent reports of trocar site recurrences, suggest a cautious approach to its application for resection of colonic cancer.
A meiotic mutant defective in distributive disjunction in Drosophila melanogaster.

ABSTRACT The female meiotic mutant no distributive disjunction (symbol: nod ) reduces the probability that a nonexchange chromosome will disjoin from either a nonexchange homolog or a nonhomolog; the mutant does not affect exchange or the disjunction of bivalents that have undergone exchange. Disjunction of nonexchange homologs was examined for all chromosome pairs; nonhomologous disjunction of the X chromosomes from the Y chromosome in XXY females, of compound chromosomes in females bearing attached-third chromosomes with and without a Y chromosome, and of the second chromosomes from the third chromosomes were also examined. The results suggest that the defect in nod is in the distributive pairing process. The frequencies and patterns of disjunction from a trivalent in nod females suggest that the distributive pairing process involves three separate events-pairing, orientation, and disjunction. The mutant nod appears to affect disjunction only.
Was it the economy or reform that precipitated the steep decline in the US welfare caseload

Objectives of the 1996 overhaul of the US welfare system included reducing dependency, raising employment and de-incentivizing out-of-wedlock fertility. Using public use state-level panel data from 1990 to 2005, I analyse how state implementation of welfare reform simultaneously affects the caseload, employment and out-of-wedlock births (henceforth, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) objectives). Because endogeneity and simultaneity could not be rejected, I use Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) method. Results indicated that most of the steep decline in the caseload is attributed to welfare reform, while the economy's overall effect paled in comparison. However, lagged and contemporaneous unemployment individually ranked second and third behind the Hispanic share of state population. The conservative tilt over the period studied ranked forth, followed in declining order by full family sanctions, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) payments, time limits (lagged by length), access to abortion clinics...
Micromechanics simulations of glass-estane mock polymer bonded explosives

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are particulate composites containing explosive particles and a continuous binder. The elastic modulus of the particles, at room temperature and higher, is often three to four orders of magnitude higher than that of the binder. Additionally, the explosive particles occupy high volume fractions, often greater than 90%. Both experimental and numerical determination of macroscopic properties of these composites is difficult. High modulus contrast mock PBXs provide a means of relatively inexpensive experimentation and validation of numerical approaches to determine properties of these materials. The goal of this investigation is to determine whether the effective elastic properties of monodisperse glass–estane mock PBXs can be predicted from two-dimensional micromechanics simulations using the finite element (FEM) method. In this study, the effect of representative volume element (RVE) size on the prediction of two-dimensional properties is explored. Two-dimensional estimates of elastic properties are compared with predictions from three-dimensional computations and with experimental data on glass–estane composites containing three different volume fractions of spherical glass beads. The effect of particle debonding on the effective elastic properties is also investigated using contact analyses. Results show that two-dimensional unit cells containing 10–20 circular particles are adequate for modelling glass–estane composites containing less than 60% glass particles by volume. No significant difference is observed between properties predicted by the two- and three-dimensional models. FEM simulations of RVEs, containing particles that are perfectly bonded to the binder, produce estimates of Young's modulus that are higher than the experimental data. Incorporation of debonding between particles and the binder causes the effective Young's modulus to decrease. However, the results suggest that cracks in the composite may play a significant role in determining the effective properties of mock polymer bonder explosives composed of glass and estane. The FEM simulations indicate that two-dimensional models that incorporate debonds and cracks can be used to obtain accurate estimates of the effective properties of glass–estane composites and possibly of PBXs.
Predicting the urbanization of pine and mixed forests in Saint Tammany Parish, Louisiana

demographic, and transportation network attributes of the parSt. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, has experienced tremendous ish change. urbanization, resulting in the loss of timberland. This study's Other researchers have used similar techniques to model objectives were to develop a model using parish-level data that the effect of changing demographics on natural resources. Wear estimates the probability of urban development in a pine or et al. (1998) considered the implications of urbanization on mixed forest parcel, and to identify the parcels most likely to water quality in the southern Appalachians. Wear found that be developed. The geographic data sets used include satellite was more likely to Occur along the urban-rural imageryfrom 1981 and 1993, u.S. Census data, population interface; that private lands were more likely to be developed growth estimates from the St. Tammany Parish Government, than public; and that the distance to roads, elevation, and slope and road coverages. Logistic regression was used to develop a significantly affected development. Wear eta]. (1999) also modmodel that predicts the probability of urban development. eled the effect population growth on area/growPopulation density, distance to the nearest state or federal ing-stock vol~mes in central Virginia. Population density was highwny, distance to the access points to N~~ orleans, and the significant factor affecting the area of timberland. Accessidistance to the nearest interstate interchange all significantly bility whether Or be Coninfluenced the probability that a parcel would be developed. structed), slope, and site index were insignificant. Turner eta]. using population density predictions for 2003, the model (1996) considered the effects of slope, elevation, distances to identified the likely development corridor and the timberlands roads and and population density changes in land that would be unavailable for long-term fiber production. cover. The analysis was performed over time for areas of the southern Appalachians and Olympic Peninsula for both public
The Role of Institutions in the Student Migrant Experience: Norway's Quota Scheme

This paper responds to calls for studies of student migrant experiences and the institutional actors that are involved in international student migration. In particular, we examine the ways in which institutional actors can influence student motivations and experiences through a case study of the Norwegian Quota Scheme. We discuss three main findings. First, institutions play a significant role in determining who migrates and the reasons for migration while shaping the academic experience and future migration plans of international students. Second, state-funded international student migration programmes constrain the future plans of recipients, reflecting potential differences in decision-making among state-funded and self-financed students. Third, international students – as both students and migrants – undergo significant personal growth during the course of their studies. This complicates state goals to return or retain student migrants, as the ambitions of students are likely to change concomitant with their personal development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image Guidance and Control of Thermal Ablation

The physical and biologic principles of localized high-temperature thermal therapy are well understood. If the targeted tissue volume is heated beyond 57° to 60°C, the threshold for protein denaturation, then coagulation necrosis occurs. This type of thermal treatment results in irreversible cell damage in both normal and neoplastic tissues. Since heat energy deposited above this critical level is not selective, thermal ablation is more comparable to surgery than to the more selective hyperthermia. In the case of cryoablation, the underlying physical and biologic principles are less well understood; nevertheless multiple freezings at a relatively low temperature also result in cell death.
Who Detects Ecological Change After Catastrophic Events? Indigenous Knowledge, Social Networks, and Situated Practices

Detecting ecological change is a critical first step in the process of local-level adaptation, yet few studies have explored the factors that predict knowledge acquisition following catastrophic events. This article empirically assesses individual variation in the ability of Solomon Islanders to detect ecological change following the alteration of local, shallow-water, marine environments by a major tsunami. We compare the results of marine science surveys with local ecological knowledge of the benthos. We also examine multiple socioeconomic variables, and employ social network analysis to measure the influence of social and expert networks. Results show that villagers with salaried work who are at the intersection of local and global knowledge were the most adept at detecting tsunami-induced changes to benthic surfaces. Social networks had no statistically significant influence on villagers’ abilities to detect change. We argue that these results counter common conceptualizations of indigenous knowledge that emphasize its normative, shared, inter-generationally transmitted characteristics rather than its heterogeneity, emergence, and practical application. Our findings have implications for theory about the foundations of indigenous knowledge research and the design of disaster mitigation efforts or resource management programs that incorporate indigenous ecological knowledge.
Abstract IA-6: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the p53 pathway

The p53 protein and the signal transduction pathway controlled by that protein responds to a wide variety of stress signals which can disrupt the fidelity of DNA replication and cell division. To prevent these errors or mutations the p53 pathway responds by initiating a process of cell cycle arrest, senescence or apoptosis which either permits repair of these errors or kills the clone of cells that contain these mutations. Central to this pathway are a series of proteins that respond to the stress signals and regulate the levels and activity of the p53 pathway. We have identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in those genes that regulate p53 activity and functions and these SNPs can play a role in the incidence of cancers in a population, the age of onset of cancers and the response to therapy. Some of the haplotypes containing these SNPs appear to be under positive evolutionary selection pressures in some human populations. The reason for this appears to be the role of p53 in the implantation of embryos into the uterus and the impact of some of these SNPs upon the fecundity of mice and humans. This process is mediated by the p53 regulated gene, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor or LIF, a cytokine that is essential for the implantation of embryos. SNPs in the p53 gene, the MDM‐4 gene and the LIF gene regulate the efficiency of implantation of embryos in humans. It could well be that the p53 protein is also involved in the surveillance of developmental abnormalities. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-6.
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Studies of TCC ® and Metabolites in Experimental Animals and Man

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the analyses of 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) and its free and/or conjugated metabolic products in plasma/serum in described. A rapid, effective clean-up procedure, prior to chromatographic evaluation, involves a single-step combined protein removal and THF extraction. Detection of the TCC moiety after HPLC separation is by UV absorption at 265 nm; quantitation by peak height measurement. A detection limit of 10 ppb of TCC and/or metabolities has been demonstrated for this method. Verification of this method was by radiotracer counting of the appropriate HPLC peaks from plasma of animals adminstered 14C-TCC/TCC. The utility of this method was demonstrated in both animal pharmacological and toxicological studies and in human bathing studies.
Abstract ES7-1: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy has become a standard approach in clinical practice to improve the chance of breast conservation in postmenopausal women with locally advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer based on results from several neoadjuvant endocrine trials. Although data is limited, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy appears to as effective as chemotherapy in converting mastectomy to lumpectomy. In addition, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy allows an early assessement of tumor responsiveness to endocrine therapy so that adjuvant treatments could be tailored accordingly. Persistent cell proliferation on neoadjuvant endocrine therapy predicts a high risk of early relapse, for whom novel treatment strategies are in great need. In contrast, the Preoperative Endocrine Prognostic Index score of 0 (pathologic T2/3 N0 Ki67 Citation Format: Ma CX. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES7-1.
The surgical correction of mitral insufficiency by the use of pericardial grafts.

SUMMARY 1. Mitral insufficiency in well-developed form is one of the two most devastating acquired valve lesions. 2. A functional and a pathologic classification of this condition has been presented. 3. An anatomical and pathologic explanation of the two commonest types of mitral insufficiency is given. The characteristic tendency toward posterior localization of the incompetence is pointed out and a suggested explanation has been advanced. 4. The ultimate fate of pericardial tissue inserted into the heart is shown. 5. The various types of valvular suturing and their basic underlying principles of action are detailed. 6. The concept and application of a pedicled transvalvular pericardial diaphragm is described. 7. The use of the “mitral stitcher” for valvular suturing by the transatrial approach and the use of the Gemeinhardt pump in supporting and maintaining the circulation in unstable cases are indicated and the technique of their use is described. 8. The results of these corrective attempts to date have been summarized.
Reoperation rates following ankle ligament procedures performed with and without concomitant arthroscopic procedures

Over 50 % of the patients with chronic lateral ankle instability present with some degree of intra-articular pathology. To date, no consensus regarding the concomitant ankle arthroscopy procedures along with ankle ligament procedures has been reached. The purpose of current study was to investigate reoperation rates and postoperative complications following ankle ligament procedures with and without concomitant arthroscopic procedures. Reoperations and postoperative complications following ankle ligament procedures with and without concomitant arthroscopic procedures were investigated using the PearlDiver Patient Record Database (PearlDiver Technologies, Inc.; Fort Wayne, IN, USA) between 2007 and 2011. Ankle ligament procedures, including ligament repair and reconstruction, and ankle arthroscopic procedures were investigated as primary surgery. Subsequently, the reoperation procedures, including ankle ligament procedures, arthroscopic procedures, autologous osteochondral transplantation, and ankle arthrodesis, as well as wound complications and nerve injury following primary ankle ligament procedures were identified. In 8014 patients receiving ligament repair, the arthroscopic group had a significantly higher reoperation rate in comparison with the non-arthroscopic group (8.8 vs. 6.5 %, odds ratio: 1.1, [p < 0.01], 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.7). However, the non-arthroscopic group included 29 open arthrodesis procedures following the primary surgery, whereas arthroscopic group had none. Of the 8055 patients who received a ligament reconstruction, there was no significant difference in reoperation rate between the groups (5.9 vs. 5.9 %, odds ratio: 1.0, [n.s], 95 % CI 0.8–1.2). As seen in the ligament repair group, the non-arthroscopic group had a 4.9 % rate of ankle arthrodesis as a secondary procedure. Arthroscopic group had a significantly lower rate of wound dehiscence following ankle ligament procedures than non-arthroscopic group. Concomitant ankle arthroscopy procedures performed with ankle ligament procedures did not decrease the rate of reoperation. However, there was a lower incidence of ankle arthrodesis and a lower rate of wound complications in the arthroscopic group when compared to those in non-arthroscopic group. Based on the results of the study, which analysed 16.069 patients, concomitant ankle arthroscopy is recommended. IV.
One for the road

As emergency nurses we see far too many drunk drivers causing carnage on our roadways. After many years and many deaths and severe injuries caused by drunk drivers, the Ozark, Missouri, chapter of the US Emergency Nurses Association decided to take part in a community effort to reach our teenage drivers at area high schools.
Protective immune responses of major Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subset in M. tuberculosis infection

Recent observation that prenyl pyrophosphates bind the Ig superfamily protein butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) suggests that modifying BTN3A1 activates major γδ T-cell subset, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Studies also show that microbial phosphoantigen HMBPP is required for expansion, pulmonary response, effector functions and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during infections. Broad repertoires of cytokines involve expansion, recall-like expansion and effector functions of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells after Mtb infection or vaccination. Finally, mechanistic studies in nonhuman primate TB model demonstrate early expansion and differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during Mtb infection can increase immune resistance to TB in macaques, with a potential mechanism of early/sustained IFN-γ production and CTL killing.
What Kind of a ‘Next World’?

If we are to discuss the problem of survival intelligently, we must try to form some idea of what the life after death might conceivably be like. If we cannot form such an idea, however rough and provisional, it is pointless to discuss the factual evidence for or against the ‘Survival Hypothesis’. A critic may object that there is no such hypothesis, on the ground that the phrase ‘survival of human personality after death’ has no intelligible meaning at all.
The impact of molecular genetics on the detection of residual malignant disease

We have a broad spectrum of treatment techniques which can render patients with diagnosable malignancy free of disease (N.E.D. or C.R). Such patients depending on the characteristics of the original tumor are at variable risks of recurrence of disease. It is clear that patients in complete remission can benefit from adjuvant treatment given during the disease free period. The basis for such adjuvant therapy depends on the probability that the patient will develop recurrent disease. The prescription of adjuvant treatment results in offering treatment to some patients who are already cured of their disease in an effort to prolong the disease free period for patients who have residual disease. Thus, a pressing problem in the field of adjuvant therapy is the development of techniques for the objective detection of residual disease which would serve as a guide to the treating physician and would maximize the benefit/risk ratios for each individual patient.
Acousto-optic delay modulation of a photonic signal

This paper demonstrates an acousto-optic technique for delay modulation of wide bandwidth RF photonic signals. By modulating RF delay, sideband power is varied 20 dB/frequency decade over the 0.1–10 GHz range, potentially enabling for applications such as instantaneous frequency measurement.
Novel anti-myeloma immunotherapies targeting the SLAM family of receptors

Treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly advanced in the last decade with the introduction of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory therapies. Unfortunately, MM continues to cause significant morbidity and most patients eventually succumb to the disease. As in other areas of cancer, immunotherapy in MM has also evolved and holds promise to deliver long-lasting remissions or even cure. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAM) family of surface proteins represents a group of potential targets for immunotherapy in MM as some of the family members are expressed consistently on plasma cells and also on myeloma propagating pre-plasma cells. Here, we review the SLAM family members in detail, describe their tissue distribution, biologic pathways, as well as relevant pre-clinical studies and clinical trials in MM. Our review demonstrates the value of SLAM family receptors as potential targets for anti-myeloma immunotherapies and outlines how immunotherapeutic approaches can be developed.
From nuclear submarines to graduate medical education: applying David Marquet's intent-based leadership model.

L. David Marquet, a decorated Navy Captain, transformed an underperforming submarine crew by empowering his subordinates to be leaders and reach their full potential. He called this intent-based leadership (IBL). What would happen if Marquet’s model were implemented in Graduate Medical Education (GME)? In this letter to the editor, we summarize the potential of the IBL model in graduate medical education as opposed to the traditional leader-follower method. IBL harnesses human productivity toward the shared goals of GME, which are patient care and trainee learning. This shift in mindset could lead both teachers and trainees to focus more on the real reason that we undertake GME and change behaviors for the better. We suggest that IBL can and should be adopted in GME and propose that both patients and providers will benefit from this action.
The Effects of a Peer-Delivered Social Skills Intervention for Adults with Comorbid Down Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Deficits in social skills are often exhibited in individuals with comorbid Down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and there is a paucity of research to help guide intervention for this population. In the present study, a multiple probe study across behaviors, replicated across participants, assessed the effectiveness of peer-delivered simultaneous prompting in teaching socials skills to adults with DS-ASD using visual analysis techniques and Tau-U statistics to measure effect. Peer-mediators with DS and intellectual disability (ID) delivered simultaneous prompting sessions reliably (i.e., > 80% reliability) to teach social skills to adults with ID and a dual-diagnoses of DS-ASD with small (Tau Weighted = .55, 90% CI [.29, .82]) to medium effects (Tau Weighted = .75, 90% CI [.44, 1]). Statistical and visual analysis findings suggest a promising social skills intervention for individuals with DS-ASD as well as reliable delivery of simultaneous prompting procedures by individuals with DS.
The Equine Herpesviruses

The equine herpesviruses comprise a diverse group of three antigenically distinct biological agents of protean manifestation in the horse, causing a variety of natural infections that vary from the subclinical to fatal generalized disease. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), also known as equine abortion virus (EAV), or equine rhinopneumonitis virus, is a major cause of respiratory disease and abortion in the horse. This agent, in particular, appears to be a model system for in vitro and in vivo study of disease, persistent infection, biochemistry of viral infection, and biochemical and oncogenic transformation. This review will therefore emphasize certain biological features of this equine herpesvirus, the best studied of the group. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2), or equine cytomegalovirus (ECMV), is a ubiquitous, loosely defined, antigenically heterogeneous, usually slowly growing group of viruses, causing no known disease. Equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3), equine coital exanthema (ECE) virus, is the causative agent of a relatively mild progenital exanthema of both mare and stallion.
Pelvic Pain Associated with a Gynecologic Etiology

Healthcare practitioners often treat women with coexistent gynecological pelvic pain which may be attributed, by the patient, to a pelvic floor disorder. This chapter presents an algorithm for categorizing pelvic pain disorders into acute and chronic, based on the duration of the symptoms. Further categorization is based on the location of the pain.
Bicycle helmet laws: a current perspective

Bicycle-related head trauma is a significant source of death, disability, and health-care costs in the United States. Bicycle helmets are effective safety devices that can reduce most of this burden on society. Bicycle helmet laws and education programs are effective ways to increase helmet use rates. Osteopathic physicians can play a prominent role in bicycle-related injury prevention by actively supporting and participating in helmet legislation, research, and community-based education. This article provides a current summary of state bicycle helmet laws and highlights research that supports the effectiveness and necessity of these laws. The recent trend in safety standards for bicycle helmets is included to give a comprehensive view of bicycle helmet law in the United States.
Resource Structure and Human Organization

The major topic addressed here is how the environment of a given region affects the complexity of human organization in that region. This chapter outlines a basis for evaluating, first, important characteristics of the resources available in a region and, second, the degree of human social complexity there. Given this outline, it then discusses a general relationship between resources and complexity, with a specific emphasis on the Great Plains.
Millimeter-Wave Wireless Chip-to-Chip (C2C) Communications in 3D System-in-Packaging (SiP) Using Compact Through Glass Via (TGV)-Integrated Antennas

V-band (40 GHz – 75 GHz) wireless in-plane chip-to-chip (C2C) communications in 3D System-in-Packaging (SiP) are demonstrated using compact and highly power efficient omni-directional Through Glass Via (TGV)-integrated antennas. As a test vehicle, 62 GHz TGV-integrated antennas are designed in a glass substrate and their RF parameters such as S-parameters (S11 and S21), radiation patterns, and gains are studied. The antennas are micro-fabricated and characterized. Wireless intra-/inter-chip signal transmissions between antennas are calculated using the Friis transmission formula, and compared with the simulated and measured ones. The experimental results are well matched with the simulated ones. The simulated peak gain and efficiency is 3.2 dBi and 94 %, respectively.
Anodised or turned dental implants

Data sourcesAn electronic search without time or language restrictions was undertaken using several databases: PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register and ongoing clinical trials. Manual searches were performed in dental implant related journals and reference lists of identified studies, and relevant reviews were scanned for possible additional studies.Study selectionEligibility criteria included human clinical studies, either randomised or not, comparing implant failure rates, MBL and/or post-operative infection in any group of patients receiving turned (machined) and anodised-surface (TiUnite) implants, both from the same implant manufacturer.Data extraction and synthesisThe titles and abstracts of all reports identified through the electronic searches were read independently by the three authors. For studies appearing to meet the inclusion criteria, or for which there were insufficient data in the title and abstract to make a clear decision, the full report was obtained. Disagreements were resolved by discussion between the authors. Quality assessment of the studies was executed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), which is a quality assessment tool used when observational studies are also included in systematic reviews.ResultsThirty-eight publications were included. The results suggest a risk ratio =2.82(95%CI, 1.95 - 4.06, P < 0.00001) for failure of turned implants when compared to anodised-surface implants. Sensitivity analyses showed similar results when only the studies inserting implants in maxillae or mandibles were pooled. There were no statistically significant effects of turned implants on the MBL (mean difference [MD]=0.02, (95%CI, 0.16 - 0.20; P = 0 82) in comparison to anodised implants. The results of a meta-regression considering the follow-up period as a covariate suggested an increase of the MD with the increase in the follow-up time (MD increase 0.012 mm year 1), however, without a statistical significance (P = 0.813). Due to lack of satisfactory information, meta-analysis for the outcome 'post-operative infection' was not performed.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the existing investigations, the present study suggests that turned implants have a statistically higher probability to fail than anodised-surface implants, regardless of whether the implants were placed in maxilla or mandible. There were no statistically significant effects of turned implants on the MBL when compared with anodised implants. A comparison of post-operative infection between the implant types was not possible, due to lack of sufficient information. The reliability and validity of the data collected, the limitations of the quality assessment tool and the potential for biases and confounding factors are some of the shortcomings of the present study. The results have to be interpreted with caution due to the presence of several confounding factors in the included studies.
Biomarkers in Fetomaternal Tolerance

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance operate in the immune cross-talk at the fetomaternal interface, contributing to successful pregnancy outcome. The cross-talk includes interaction between various cell subsets and between cytokines and molecules of the endocrine system. A depiction of how all these components interact with each other and contribute to tolerance of the fetus is not clearly understood. Dysregulation in one or more of these mechanisms leads to fetal loss. Few effective biomarkers are available that can safely predict fetal loss. This review discusses some potential biomarkers that can predict failure of tolerance at the fetomaternal interface.
Abstract IA10: PMN-MDSC and neutrophils: Tale of two cells in cancer

Myeloid cells are a critical component of the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, the myeloid compartment is dramatically affected, which is now considered as one of the major immunological hallmarks of cancer. Accumulation of immunosuppressive macrophages (MΦ), defective dendritic cells (DC) function and expansion of pathologically activated immune suppressive immature myeloid cells – myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are major changes in the myeloid compartment in cancer. The total population of MDSC consists of three groups of cells: the most abundant (>75%) immature, pathologically activated neutrophils (PMN-MDSC); the less abundant population of pathologically activated monocytes – (M-MDSC). Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and DCs can persist in tissues for a long time, whereas PMN-MDSC have short lifespan ( Citation Format: Dmitry I. Gabrilovich. PMN-MDSC and neutrophils: Tale of two cells in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
September 11, 2001, and the War in Afghanistan

This chapter examines how the war in Afghanistan impacted US-NATO relations and how those impacts changed the NATO alliance. Four factors led the United States to prefer limited military contributions from allies during Operation Enduring Freedom: difficulties with command and control during the 1999 Kosovo operation, the capabilities gap between the United States and NATO members, preferences of the administration—and in particular Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld—in combatting international terrorism, and a widespread belief in the moral and legal legitimacy of US actions. Still, it continued to contribute to the alliance to improve NATO’s ability to engage in conflict. As time progressed, the United States faced unanticipated challenges, however, and recognized the necessity of NATO engagement. It advocated the alliance take a leading role in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission. Thus, the Afghanistan conflict provided two unique opportunities to NATO. First, it was able to demonstrate its utility to the United States and have an impact on the conduct of the war. Second, its ability to evolve to meet the demands of the new threat environment ensured that it would remain relevant and persist in the post-Cold War period.
Confidential Chat on the Craft of Briefing

This essay offers advice for writing briefs focusing on the readability rather than the content of brief writing. A light-hearted tone is used that entertains while informing.
Unstructured mRNAs form multivalent RNA-RNA interactions to generate TIS granule networks

Summary The TIS granule network is a constitutively expressed membraneless organelle that concentrates mRNAs with AU-rich elements and interacts with the major site of protein synthesis, the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Most known biomolecular condensates are sphere-like, but TIS granules have a mesh-like morphology. Through in vivo and in vitro reconstitution experiments we discovered that this shape is generated by extensive intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions. They are mostly accomplished by mRNAs with large unstructured regions in their 3′UTRs that we call intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). As AU-rich RNA is a potent chaperone that suppresses protein aggregation and is overrepresented in mRNAs with IDRs, our data suggests that TIS granules concentrate mRNAs that assist protein folding. In addition, the proximity of translating mRNAs in TIS granule networks may enable co-translational protein complex formation.
Impact of Tricuspid Valve Repair at the Time of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation on In-hospital Mortality and Outcomes: Insight from the NIS Database

Background The prevalence of tricuspid valve insufficiency (TVI) in advanced stages of heart failure is common. Tricuspid valve repair (TVR) during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation although a common concomitant procedure, remains a controversial topic. We aimed to investigate the impact of TVR on in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Methods Using the National Inpatient Database (NIS) we identified patients 18 years and older who underwent LVAD implantation and TVR during the same admission. Baseline characteristics were recorded. Primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality. Multivariate analysis model was used to adjust for statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. Results A total of 4687 patients underwent LVAD implantation, of these 472 (10.1%) patients had concomitant TVR. Those who underwent TVR/LVAD were more likely to suffer from atrial fibrillation (44% vs. 30%, p Conclusions Performing TVR at the time of LVAD implantation does not improve in-hospital all-cause mortality and results in heterogenous impact on inpatient outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to further elucidate potential benefits of concomitant TVR at the time of LVAD implantation.
Developing a Curriculum on Transgender Health Care for Physician Assistant Students.

PURPOSE Our goal was to (1) evaluate physician assistant (PA) students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward transgender patients, (2) develop and deliver a lecture on transgender health care, and (3) determine changes in knowledge, skills, and attitudes postlecture. METHODS A 32-item survey was developed and emailed to PA students. Students were then invited to a 2-hour lecture on transgender-specific psychosocial topics and clinical skills plus medical treatment for gender dysphoria. Lecture attendees retook the survey after 2 weeks. RESULTS Initial mean self-assessment scores regarding clinical knowledge and skills were below 3 on a 7-point Likert scale. All measures improved following the lecture (p < .001 for all). Overall, 86.7% of students were interested in the addition of transgender health into their didactic curriculum. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate insufficient student competence in transgender medicine. Our proposed transgender curriculum may be a useful guide for educators wanting to integrate this topic into their instruction.
Single institutional outcomes of whole brain radiotherapy for metastatic melanoma brain metastases

The management of melanoma with brain metastases (MBM) is increasingly complex, especially given recent improvements in targeted agents, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is a longstanding radiotherapy technique for which reported patient outcomes and experiences are limited. We sought to report our institutional outcomes for MBM patients receiving WBRT and assess whether other clinical factors impact prognosis. A retrospective review of a single institution database was performed. Patients diagnosed with MBM from 2000 to 2018 treated with WBRT, with or without other systemic treatments, were included. Post-WBRT brain MRI scans were assessed at timed intervals for radiographic response. Clinical and treatment variables associated with overall survival (OS), distant failure-free survival (DFFS), local failure-free survival (LFFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed. Data on radiation-induced side effects, including radionecrosis, hemorrhage, and memory deficits, was also captured. 63 patients with MBM were ultimately included in our study. 69% of patients had 5 or more brain metastases at the time of WBRT, and 68% had extracranial disease. The median dose of WBRT was 30 Gy over 10 fractions. Median follow-up was 4.0 months. Patients receiving WBRT had a median OS of 7.0 months, median PFS of 2.2 months, median DFFS of 6.1 months, and median LFFS of 4.9 months. Performance status correlated with OS on both univariate and multivariable analysis. BRAF inhibitor was the only systemic therapy to significantly impact OS on univariate analysis (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.79, p = 0.019), and this effect extended to multivariable analysis as well. Post-WBRT intralesional hemorrhage decreased DFFS on both univariate and multivariable analysis. Of patients with post-treatment brain scans available, there was a 16% rate of radionecrosis, 32% rate of hemorrhage, and 19% rate of memory deficits. Outcomes for MBM patients receiving WBRT indicate that WBRT remains an effective treatment strategy to control intracranial disease. Treatment-related toxicities such as intralesional hemorrhage, necrosis, or neurocognitive side effects are limited. With continued innovations in WBRT technique and systemic therapy development, MBM outcomes may continue to improve. Further trials should evaluate the role of WBRT in the modern context.
An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines (preprint)

In a sign of their increasing frustration with global efforts to ensure that all people everywhere will have access to COVID-19 vaccines, several developing countries have asked other members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to join them in a sweeping waiver of the intellectual property (IP) rights relating to those vaccines. Their waiver request raises anew the recurring debate within the WTO over the right balance between the protection of IP rights and access in poorer countries to urgently needed medicines. But the last thing the WTO needs is another debate over perceived trade obstacles to public health. Unless WTO members reach a consensus, the multilateral trading system may be further complicated by a delay like that in resolving the two‐​decades‐​old dispute between developed and developing countries over the compulsory licensing and generic distribution of HIV/AIDS drugs. A new and contentious “North‐​South” political struggle definitely would not be in the interest of the developed countries, the developing countries, the pharmaceutical companies, or the WTO. Certainly it would not be in the interest of the victims and potential victims of COVID-19.
Suitability of Placental Blood Sample of Newborns for Pre-Transfusion Testing

Background: Placenta is usually discarded after delivery. Using placental blood samples for pre-transfusion testing reduces the amount of blood collected for initial laboratory tests from newborns and potentially reduces the risk of developing iatrogenic anemia. This study compares placental blood samples with heel stick samples from newborns. Aims: This study aims to show concordance between heel stick and placental blood sample pairs for pre-transfusion testing of newborns, and to validate tube and gel methodology for placental samples. Methods: Placental samples were collected for pre-transfusion testing at birth from 76 singleton …
A microscopic and crystallographic study of proton irradiated alloy 718

Abstract Solution annealing and age hardening are important processes for achieving good engineering and chemical properties of alloy 718. The composition of alloy 718 also plays an important role as it can affect both mechanical (γ”- and γ’-phase formation) and irradiation behaviors. Therefore, five different sets of alloy 718 samples with two different chemical compositions were fabricated using different processing conditions and irradiated up to 4 dpa. Based on the effects of irradiation on the microstructural data of γ”- and γ’-phases, irradiation-induced dislocation statistics, and crystallographic data, it can be inferred that the samples processed at high solution annealing temperature (1093°C) behave better under irradiation compared to the samples processed at low solution annealing temperatures (945 and 1065°C).