cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Past as the Future: The Marshallian Approach to Post-Walrasian Econometrics

The popular image of the scientific revolution usually pits young revolutionaries against old conservatives. Freeman Dyson (2004, p. 16) observes that, in particle physics in the mid twentieth century, something had to change. But in the revolution of quantum electrodynamics, Einstein, Dirac, Heisenberg, Born, and Schodinger were old revolutionaries , while the winners, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga, were young conservatives . Post Walrasian economics is not a doctrine, but a slogan announcing that something has to change. Most of the self-conscious efforts to forge a Post Walrasian economics are due to old radicals. Here I want to explore the space of the young conservative: the future is past, particularly in the methodology of Alfred Marshall's essay, “The Present Position of Economics” (1885). The radical approach identifies the problem as Walrasian theory and seeks to replace it with something better and altogether different. The conservative approach says that theory is not the problem. The problem is rather to establish an empirical discipline that connects theory to the world. Marshall's methodology places the relationship between theory and empirical tools on center stage. In North America, if not in Europe, the dominant tools of macroeconometrics are the vector autoregression (VAR) and calibration techniques. These techniques reached their current status as the result of two nearly simultaneous reactions to the Cowles Commission program, which dominated macroeconometrics during the two decades 1950–70. These are the famous Lucas critique, and the practically influential, if less storied, Sims critique.
Cholinergic effects on human gastric motility

BACKGROUND Cholinergic regulation of chronotropic (frequency) and inotropic (force) aspects of antral contractility and how these impact on gastric emptying are not well delineated. AIMS To determine the effects of cholinergic stimulation and inhibition on myoelectric, contractile, and emptying parameters of gastric motility. METHODS Ten normal subjects underwent three studies each, using simultaneous electrogastrography (EGG), antroduodenal manometry, and gastric emptying with dynamic antral scintigraphy (DAS). After 30 minutes of baseline fasting manometry and EGG, subjects received saline intravenously, atropine (0.6 mg then 0.25 mg/hour intravenously), or bethanechol (5 mg subcutaneously). This was followed by another 30 minutes’ recording and by three hours of postprandial recording after ingestion of a technetium-99m labelled solid meal. RESULTS During fasting, atropine decreased, whereas bethanechol increased, the antral manometric motility index and EGG power. Postprandially, atropine decreased the amplitude of antral contractions by DAS, decreased the postprandial antral manometric motility index, and slowed gastric emptying. Atropine caused a slight increase in postprandial frequency of antral contractions by DAS and gastric myoelectrical activity by EGG. Bethanechol slightly increased the amplitude, but slightly decreased the frequency of antral contractions by DAS and decreased the frequency of gastric myoelectrical activity by EGG, with no significant increase in the motility index or gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic antagonism with atropine reduces antral contractility and slows gastric emptying. Cholinergic stimulation with bethanechol increases antral contractility, but decreases the frequency of antral contractions, without altering the antral motility index or gastric emptying.
Associations between lower limb muscle activation strategies and resultant multi-planar knee kinetics during single leg landings

Abstract Objectives Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs purportedly improve knee joint loading through beneficial modification of lower limb neuromuscular control strategies and joint biomechanics, but little is known about how these factors relate during single-legged landings. Thus, we examined the relationship between explicit lower limb muscular pre-activity patterns and knee joint biomechanics elicited during such landings. Design Randomized controlled trial. Methods Thirty-five female athletes had 3D knee joint biomechanics and lower limb EMG data recorded during a series of single-leg landings. Regression analysis assessed the relationship between pre-activity of vastus lateralis, lateral hamstring and rectus femoris with peak knee flexion angle and moment, and external anterior tibial shear force. Vastus lateralis, lateral hamstring and vastus lateralis:lateral hasmtring co-contraction assessed the relationship with knee abduction angle and moment. Results Greater pre-activity of rectus femoris predicted increased peak anterior tibial shear force ( R 2 = 0.235, b = 2.41 and P = 0.003) and reduced knee flexion moment ( R 2 = 0.131, b = −0.591, and P = 0.032), while greater lateral hamstring predicted decreased peak knee flexion angle ( R 2 = 0.113, b = 8.96 and P = 0.048). No EMG pre-activity parameters were predictors ( P > 0.05) for knee abduction angle and moment. Conclusions Current outcomes suggest reducing reliance on quadriceps activation may be beneficial during single-legged landings. It also, however, may be required for adequate joint stability during such maneuvers. Further research is needed to determine if inadequate hamstring activation, rather than elevated quadriceps activation, leads to hazardous loading during single-legged landings.
MLH1 Promoter Methylation and Gene Silencing is the Primary Cause of Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Endometrial Cancers

Defective DNA mismatch repair in human tumors leads to genome-wide instability of microsatellite repeats and a molecular phenotype referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI has been reported in a variety of cancers and is a consistent feature of tumors from patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Approximately 20% of cancers of the uterine endometrium, the fifth most common cancer of women world-wide, exhibit MSI. Although the frequency of MSI is higher in endometrial cancers than in any other common malignancy, the genetic basis of MSI in these tumors has remained elusive. We investigated the role that methylation of the MLH1 DNA mismatch repair gene plays in the genesis of MSI in a large series of sporadic endometrial cancers. The MLH1 promoter was methylated in 41 of 53 (77%) MSI-positive cancers investigated. In MSI-negative tumors on the other hand, there was evidence for limited methylation in only one of 11 tumors studied. Immunohistochemical investigation of a subset of the tumors revealed that methylation of the MLH1 promoter in MSI-positive tumors was associated with loss of MLH1 expression. Immunohistochemistry proved that two MSI-positive tumors lacking MLH1 methylation failed to express the MSH2 mismatch repair gene. Both of these cancers came from women who had family and medical histories suggestive of inherited cancer susceptibility. These observations suggest that epigenetic changes in the MLH1 locus account for MSI in most cases of sporadic endometrial cancers and provide additional evidence that the MSH2 gene may contribute substantially to inherited forms of endometrial cancer.
Immunodominant epitopes of alpha3(IV)NC1 induce autoimmune glomerulonephritis in rats.

Immunodominant epitopes of a3(IV)NC1 induce autoimmune glomerulonephritis in rats. Background. The major Goodpasture antibody binding epi- topes have been localized to the amino-terminal third of the noncollagenous domain (NC1) of the a3 chain of type IV col- lagen (a3(IV)NC1). The present study determined whether the same epitopes induce glomerulonephritis in rats. Methods. We immunized Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats with hu- man a3(IV)/a1(IV)NC1 chimeric proteins or full-length recom- binant a3(IV)NC1 (a3732). Chimeric protein constructs were thirds of a3(IV)NC1 (CP333) replaced by corresponding se- quences of homologous nonreactive a1(IV)NC1 (CP111). All chimeric proteins contained 30 amino acids of type X collagen at the amino terminus except a3732. Two other constructs, T195 EA (EA) and T194 EB (EB), were entirely a1(IV)NC1, except for antibody-immunodominant amino acids from the first and second thirds of a3(IV)NC1. Results. Construct immunized animals developed specific an- tibody responses to recombinant proteins and native human, bovine and rat NC1. CP311 immunized rats, as well as a3732 rats, had glomerular IgG, fibrin, and glomerulonephritis with proteinuria by 3 weeks. CP331 produced more severe disease, comparable to positive controls. CP111 produced no disease. EA, but not EB, induced severe glomerulonephritis. Half-dose each of EA plus EB induced disease identical to full-dose EA alone. Conclusion. The amino third of a3(IV)NC1 which contains the major epitope for Goodpasture antibody binding, also induces glomerulonephritis in rats. The middle third of a3(IV)NC1 does not induce glomerulonephritis but appears to enhance disease with the amino terminal third. Finally, the presence of the collagen X leader sequence appears to convey greater nephritogenicity. These studies suggest that not only the nephritogenic epitope itself, but flanking sequences and the con- formational context of the nephritogenic epitope may influence its ability to cause glomerulonephritis.
Gradient‐based Interpolation and Sampling for Real‐time Rendering of Inhomogeneous, Single‐scattering Media

We present a real-time rendering algorithm for inhomogeneous, single scattering media, where all-frequency shading effects such as glows, light shafts, and volumetric shadows can all be captured. The algorithm first computes source radiance at a small number of sample points in the medium, then interpolates these values at other points in the volume using a gradient-based scheme that is efficiently applied by sample splatting. The sample points are dynamically determined based on a recursive sample splitting procedure that adapts the number and locations of sample points for accurate and efficient reproduction of shading variations in the medium. The entire pipeline can be easily implemented on the GPU to achieve real-time performance for dynamic lighting and scenes. Rendering results of our method are shown to be comparable to those from ray tracing.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical excision of cystic lung disease in children.

Abstract Purpose Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) technique for resection of cystic lung disease (CLD) may offer some advantages when compared with thoracotomy in children. Methods From September 1999 to August 2004, 6 pediatric patients underwent VATS for CLD. Patients were chosen for VATS based upon surgeon's choice. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. The Children's Healthcare of Atlanta institutional review board approved this study. Results The types of lesions included congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (n = 1), extrapulmonary sequestrations (n = 3), congenital lobar emphysema (n = 1), and bronchogenic cyst (n = 1). The extent of resection included lobectomy (n = 2) and excision (n = 4). Age and weight were 11.8 ± 18 months (range 6 days to 4 years) and 7.5 ± 3.6 (range 4.0-14.0) kg, respectively. Operating time was 103 ± 70 (range 38-223) minutes. Chest tube duration was 1.2 ± 0.8 (range 0-2) days. Morphine use on the first postoperative day was 0.2 ± 0.3(range 0.05-0.20) mg/kg. Length of stay was 2.5 ± 1.9 (range 1-6) days. There were no conversions to thoracotomy and no complications. Conclusion VATS technique appears to be a safe and effective technique in managing CLD in children of all ages. More patients, however, need to be studied.
A efficiency improvement methodology for active mode efficiency regulation

The impact on the environment, in regards to power supply energy efficiency, has attracted growing attention in the international community. This paper proposes a hybrid control method that combines the conventional hard-switched PWM operation and variable frequency quasi-resonant operation. The proposed approach reduces the switching loss at medium and light load effectively without increasing the conduction loss. The proposed scheme was implemented and tested with a 90~265Vac/5V, 30W off-line flyback converter.
Prospective multiaxial motion correction for fMRI

Corruption of the image time series due to interimage head motion limits the clinical utility of functional MRI. This paper presents a method for real-time prospective correction of rotation and translation in all six degrees of rigid body motion. By incorporating an orbital navigator (ONAV) echo for each of the sagittal, axial, and coronal planes into the fMRI pulse sequence, rotation and translation can be measured and the spatial orientation of the image acquisition sequence that follows can be corrected prospectively in as little as 160 msec. Testing of the method using a computerized motion phantom capable of performing complex multiaxial motion showed subdegree rotational and submillimeter translational accuracy over a range of 68° and 68 mm of motion. In vivo images demonstrate correction of simultaneous through-plane and in-plane motion and improved detection of fMRI activation in the presence of head motion. Magn Reson Med 43:459 ‐ 469, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency-domain measurements of spectral hole patterns burned with phase-coherent pulses

Abstract We provide the first detailed characterization of spectral hole patterns created by coherent pulse pairs of which the optical phases could be varied in a controlled manner. The pulse pairs form hole patterns with a period given by the inverse of the time between the leading edges of the pulses. The envelopes of the hole patterns reflect the Fourier transforms of the pulses and the phase difference of the pulses appears as a phase shift of the population gratings in the frequency domain. The data are analyzed with a theoretical model which includes the pulse spectra and temporal parameters, the pulse phases, non-linear excitation, dephasing times and laser jitter.
Log-spectral amplitude estimation with Generalized Gamma distributions for speech enhancement

This paper presents a family of log-spectral amplitude (LSA) estimators for speech enhancement. Generalized Gamma distributed (GGD) priors are assumed for speech short-time spectral amplitudes (STSAs), providing mathematical flexibility in capturing the statistical behavior of speech. Although solutions are not obtainable in closed-form, estimators are expressed as limits, and can be efficiently approximated. When applied to the Noizeus database [1], proposed estimators are shown to provide improvements in segmental signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) and COSH distance [2], relative to the LSA estimator proposed by Ephraim and Malah [3].
Propagation of a shear band in sandstone

Closed-loop, servo-controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the development of a shear band in Berea sandstone at various confining pressures. The tests were performed with the University of Minnesota Plane-Strain Apparatus, which was designed to allow the shear band to develop in an unrestricted manner. Measured load and displacements provided estimates of the stress and deformation states whereby dilatancy and friction were evaluated prior to localization. Experiments were stopped at various stages of shear-band development within the strain-softening regime. The specimens displayed a progression of deformation from inception, where the shear band was characterized by a high density of intragranular microcracks and crushed grains, to the tip where the intragranular microcracks were significantly less dense and separated by intact grains. Decreased slip deformation towards the tip of the shear band indicated that localization developed and propagated in plane. Thin-section microscopy showed porosity increase within the shear band was 3–4 grain diameters wide. Increased porosity did not extend beyond the tip of the shear band. A cohesive zone model of shear fracture, used to examine the stress field near the tip, showed similarities to principal compressive stress orientations interpreted from intragranular microcracks. Thus, propagation of the shear band could be associated with in-plane mode II fracture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Self-complementary Halogen Bonded Dimers

The X-ray structure of a series of 1,4-diethynylbenzene bridged pyridyl polyfluoroiodo- and polyfluorobromophenyls designed to form self-complementary dimers in the solid state are reported. The compound 2-[[4-[(3-bromotetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl]ethynyl]pyridine, 1, crystalized in the triclinic space group P-1 with unit cell parameters a = 6.3332(4) (A), b = 7.4288(4) (A), c = 17.8897(10) (A) and α = 91.0980(10)°, β = 90.8580(10)° and γ = 94.3830(10)°. The asymmetric unit contains a unique molecule as a self-complementary halogen bonded dimer. Compounds 2, 3-[[4-[(2-bromotetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl]ethynyl]pyridine and 3, 3-[[4-[(2-iodotetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl]ethynyl]pyridine both crystalized in the triclinic space group P-1 and are isostructural with unit cell parameters a = 6.1324(13) (A), b = 11.264(2) (A), c = 13.064(3) (A), α = 66.646(3)°, β = 89.736(3)°, γ = 87.726(3)° for 2 and a = 6.1671(5) (A), b = 11. 2571(9) (A), c = 13.3083(11) (A), α = 66.2870(10)°, β = 88.1990(10)°, γ = 87.3820(10)° for 3. In both structures the molecules assemble as essentially planar self-complementary halogen bonded dimers. In contrast 3-[[4-[(2-bromo-4,5-difluorophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl]ethynyl]pyridine, 4, crystalized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters a = 18.7881(7) (A), b = 3.83820(10) (A), c = 22.9321(9) (A), α = γ = 90°, β = 102.6180(10)° and featured a C–H···N hydrogen bonded dimer. The formation of self-complementary halogen bonded dimers with a series of 1,4-diethynylbenzene bridged pyridyl polyfluoroiodo- and polyfluorobromophenyls is reported.
Laboratory Techniques for Rearing the Fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae and Pulicidae) of California Ground Squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) Using a Novel Nest Box

Three species of fleas, Oropsylla montana (Baker), Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker), and Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood), occur seasonally on the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson). Few studies have focused on the biology and ecology of these fleas despite their importance in the epidemiology of sylvatic plague. To best duplicate a natural parasite-host relationship in the laboratory, a novel nest box was developed that facilitated housing wild-caught S. beecheyi, was conducive to rearing fleas, and met modern standards for laboratory animal hygiene. This flexible system allowed adult fleas with different feeding strategies to be colonized successfully while providing sufficient flea eggs for both colony maintenance and biological research. The techniques described could be adapted to work with other species of rodents and their fleas.
An Analysis of Unicellular Mass Transfer Using a Microfabricated Experimental Technique

Using microfabrication technology, we have developed a new experimental apparatus and technique which allow isolation of individual cells and which facilitate the study of kinetic volume changes and membrane permeability. The key component of the apparatus is a microdiffusion chamber which was constructed using silicon microfabrication technology and standard photolithography. The central unit of the chamber is a 1 μ m thick silicon nitride membrane with a center hole on the order of 2–3 μ m in diameter. The device is novel in its analysis of a single cell, instead of the traditional array of cells, and its avoidance of the damage artifacts and computational difficulties which are inherent in other, commonly used methods of cellular analysis. The device is used in conjunction with a predictive computer model which simulates the response of the entire membrane or a portion of the membrane to various permeant and impermeant concentrations. This study introduces the apparatus and the model, and illustrates the effectiveness of the new procedure by determining several membrane permeability coefficients for HBL-100 (healthy human breast line). The empirical data and theoretical data were combined to yield a water permability (L p) of 1.1 ± 0.5μ m/(min-atm) (mean ± 1 standard deviation) (N= 5) during the uncoupled transport of water at 22 ±C. In the presence of 6 M glycerol, the water permeability (L p), permeability coefficient (P S), and the reflection coefficient (σS) were determined to be 2.0 ± 0.63 μ m/(min-atm), 2.7E-5 ± 6.1E-6 cm-sec-1, and 0.76 ± 0.5 (N = 6). No previous values of these coefficients could be found for HBL-100 cells.
Ectopic pregnancy: Conservative and expectant management of ectopic pregnancy

Introduction In spite of the increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in recent years the case fatality rate continues to fall. This may result from the widespread introduction of diagnostic tests and an increasing awareness by patients and their doctors of the serious nature of this disease. Consequently, the rate of tubal rupture (and hence dramatic presentation with life-threatening symptoms and signs) has become as low as 20% (Pansky et al .y 1991). Whether this trend will be seen in other parts of the world remains uncertain. What is clear is the increasing need for conservative and/or expectant forms of management to deal with that large group of women who present early with subacute ectopic pregnancy, i.e. our patients in group 3 (Balasch and Barri, 1994). For the purposes of this chapter, expectant management is defined as non-medical and non-surgical management and conservative treatment is any surgical operation in which the tube is conserved. Except where specifically stated, the management of a first ectopic pregnancy is discussed. The choices The treatment of ectopic pregnancy entails numerous choices by the physician: (i) whether to attempt it (expectant versus surgical or medical treatment); (ii) choice of route (laparoscopy, laparotomy, sonographic or transcervical); (iii) choice of operation (conservative versus radical); and (iv) choice of surgical approach (standard techniques versus microsurgery). The ideal management in an individual case depends on a number of variables, the principal ones being the location and size of the ectopic pregnancy and whether the tube has ruptured (Figure 9.1).
COADAPTATION AND TAXONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SPERM AND SPERMATHECAE IN FEATHERWING BEETLES.

Sperm and spermathecae in minute beetles that inhabit the island of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) show diagnostic differences in form among closely related species and are highly coadapted morphologically in each species. Complementary morphological relationships between sperm and spermathecae are previously unreported in insects and are of unusual evolutionary interest. Beetles belonging to the genus Bambara (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae, commonly known as featherwing beetles) are less than a millimeter long and live in decaying litter on the forest floor in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The beetles are often abundant but most species are still unnamed, including seven of the eight species of the Bambara invisibilis group in Sri Lanka with which this report is concerned. The eight species are closely related and remarkably similar externally (Dybas, in prep.), but they can be separated by constant differences in the form of the spermatheca (sperm storage organ) of the female. The taxonomic usefulness of this structure has also been demonstrated in other genera of the family (Besuchet and Sundt, 1971). We now report that each species in the invisibilis group on Sri Lanka differs from all others in external morphology of the sperm as well. Differences in sperm of closely related species of animals have been reported previously (Friend, 1936; Hirth, 1960; McFarlane, 1963; Forman, 1968; Genoways, 1973; Linzey and Layne, 1974) but the differences that characterize the sperm of Bambara species on Sri Lanka are more striking than any previously discovered. Moreover, in each species the form of the sperm is highly coadapted structurally with that of the spermatheca, suggesting an important functional morphological relationship between these complementary male and female reproductive structures.
Nodal domain and eigenvalue multiplicity of graphs

Let G = (V,E) be a graph with vertex set V = {1, . . . , n} and edge set E. Throughout the paper, a graph G is undirected and simple (i.e., has no multi-edges or loops). We allow G to be disconnected. The Laplacian of G is the matrix L(G) = D−A, where D is the diagonal matrix whose entries are the degree of the vertices and A is the adjacency matrix of G. Chung’s normalized Laplacian L(G) [6] is defined by
Enhancing the fouling resistance of biocidal urethane coatings via surface chemistry modulation.

A group of novel cross-linked polyurethane materials with varying ratios of hydroxyl-terminated macrodiols and tethered quaternary ammonium biocides have been prepared. The resulting materials had a wide range of thermal, mechanical, and surface properties, dictated by the macrodiol composition and biocide concentration. The complex interplay between surface chemistry and biocide concentration was shown to have a profound effect on the fouling resistance of these materials. While the combination of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) diols with poly(tetramethylene oxide) macrodiols did not result in any enhancement of fouling resistance, addition of biocides to poly(ethylene glycol)-containing urethanes resulted in up to a 90% increase in biocidal activity compared to control materials while reducing the ability for microbes to adhere to the surface by an additional 60%. Materials prepared with polybutadiene macrodiols underwent a thermally induced oxidation, resulting in partial decomposition of the quaternar...
Developing a Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment:

The purpose of this study is to describe one potential intervention model that is designed to slow decline to disability for individuals at-risk for dementia due to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Strategy training is a treatment model that focuses on behavioral activation through addressing barriers to daily activities. Strategy training encourages development of goals and plans to address self-identified impaired processes, and it maintains or improves individuals' ability to perform desired activities. Progression to dementia may be slowed due to the link between engagement in daily activities and production of biological factors associated with neurocognitive health. We demonstrated that an older adult with mild cognitive impairment is able to develop goals, establish effective plans, and engage in daily activities through the strategy training intervention model.
Clinical Experience with Upper Tract Urodynamics

Of 25 upper tract urodynamic studies performed in 22 patients 9 positive results were obtained. The diagnosis of intrinsic ureterovesical junction obstruction was suspected in 11 children but only confirmed in 2. However, in 6 other children changes in bladder volume markedly affected upper tract function. While diuretic renography may confirm obstruction in many doubtful cases, when function is poor and the system is dilated massively a urodynamic study often will be the only definitive diagnostic procedure.
Advance of the research on the damaging effect of rare earth elements and their compounds on body

The rare earth elements( REEs) are composed of a set of 17 chemical elements,including the lanthanide series from lanthanum( La) to lutetium( Lu),as well as scandium( Sc) and yttrium( Y) of the similar nature in the periodic table. REEs and their compounds which are of special physical and chemical properties have been widely used in such fields,animal husbandry,fishery,industry,medicine,environmental protection,electronics and new material application etc. that the number of people in direct contact with rare earth are rising rapidly as a consequence of the constantly expansive application of them,contributing to the increasing emergence of damages to human body. There is growing concern among people for the effect of RE on the environment,ecology and human health,as well as its short and long term harmful effects. Rare earth compounds have a damaging influence on human body,which is reviewed from the perspective of human body,tissues,cells,level of DNA in this article so as to provide a reference for the safe application of rare earth compounds.
Comprehensive audiology examination and treatment of otitis media with effusion in children

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of comprehensive examination and treatment on children with otitis media with effusion.METHODS Retrospectively analysis were done on the clinical data of 208 cases(328 ears)of otitis media with effusion in children from January 2008 to December 2010 in our hospital.According to their etiology,patients were divided into 2 groups;130 cases(215 ears)with conservative treatment and 78 cases(113 ears)with surgical treatment according to cause of disease.RESULTS All cases were followed up for six months after treatment.201 cases(318 ears)were cured or improved with the total effective rate of 96.95%;7 cases(10 ears)were ineffective.CONCLUSION In children,many factors of nearby lesion could influence the prognosis of otitis media with effusion.Targeted the rapy with the guidance of comprehensive audiology examination of children of otitis media with effusion can reduce the repeated attacks and the lingering effects.
Lipid and membrane protein transfer from human neutrophils to schistosomes is mediated by ligand binding.

Attachment of human neutrophils to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni involves leukocyte receptors recognizing carbohydrate, complement and/or IgG ligands on the parasite surface. Here, we examined the transfer of a fluorescent fatty acid analog (BOFA) from human neutrophils to schistosomula coated with concanavalin A (Con A), immune serum or nonimmune serum under co-culture conditions by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Coating schistosomes with Con A or immune serum and co-culturing them for 24 hours with BOFA-labeled neutrophils resulted in a specific lipid transfer to the surface tegument of the schistosomes. Tegumental labeling was absent when nonimmune serum was used. No significant difference (P
Communication and World Orders

The task left for the remainder of this book is to link our discourse on the relationship between international power and international communication to the fundamental questions in the study of international relations. Here we will make explicit observations that might have only been implicit in the preceding six chapters. However, as was the warning in the first chapter, the book will not necessarily provide definitive answers to questions about what implications inequality in the field of international communication has for the configuration of global political power.
Transition in Separated Flows via Global Instability

Quasi-parallel streaming flows adjacent to smoothly-varying surfaces can experience quite abrupt structural changes in the streamline pattern as the flow encounters a region of adverse pressure gradient or enhanced wall curvature. The boundary streamline in these circumstances is found to lift away from the bounding surface and a local region of reversed flow downstream of the lift-off (separation) point ensues. Further downstream, especially as the acceleration increases or the wall curvature relaxes, the flow reattaches to the bounding surface and a quasi-parallel streaming flow resumes in which all streamlines extend smoothly in the downstream direction. Such embedded regions of locally reversed flow arise frequently in nature and in technological applications.
Trends and Correlates of Disparities in Alcohol-Related Mortality Between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, 1999 to 2014.

Background Among Hispanics, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are among the leading causes of death despite generally lower alcohol consumption rates. Moreover, recent national studies have suggested temporal changes in Hispanic consumption and alcohol mortality, which raises the question of whether Hispanic white disparities in alcohol-related mortality are also changing over time. This study aimed to describe temporal trends of alcohol-related mortality between Hispanics and non-Hispanic (NH) whites in the United States from 1999 to 2014 and to assess county-level sociodemographic characteristics that are associated with racial/ethnic disparities in age-adjusted alcohol-related mortality. Methods We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional, ecologic study using multiple cause-of-death mortality data linked, at the county level, to census data from the American Community Survey. Results Overall, 77% of alcohol-related deaths were among men, and Hispanic men had the highest age-adjusted alcohol-related mortality rate (41.6 per 100,000), followed by NH white men (34.8), NH white women (10.8), and Hispanic women (6.7). Whereas the relative gap in alcohol-related mortality between NH white and Hispanic women increased from 1999 to 2014, the disparity between NH white and Hispanic men that was pronounced in earlier years was eliminated by 2012. From 2007 to 2014, when the race/ethnic disparity among men was decreasing, county-specific Hispanic:NH white age-adjusted mortality ratios (AAMRs) ranged from 0.29 to 2.64. Lower Hispanic rates were associated with large metropolitan counties, and those counties that tended to have Hispanic populations were less acculturated, as evidenced by their higher rates of being foreign-born, non-U.S. citizens or citizens through naturalization, and a higher proportion that do not speak English “very well.” Conclusions Since 1999, whereas the increasing mortality rate among whites is leading to a widening gap among women, mortality differences between Hispanic and white men have been eliminated. The understanding of contextual factors that are associated with disparities in alcohol-related mortality may assist in tailoring prevention efforts that meet the needs of minority populations.
Graphic-Display Experiments Using an X-Y Plotter and/or Storage Oscilloscope

The computer provides a speedy method for the evaluation and display of functions. This is highly desirable in curve fitting, data smoothing, or plotting of real or simulated data. In order that he may use these capabilities, it is necessary that the user understand the particular problems associated with plotting functions. It is the objective of this experiment to provide an opportunity for the student to develop an appreciation of the use of graphic-display techniques through programming exercises involving both simple function
Psychotherapy of a Homosexual Man in a Heterosexual Group

(1961). Psychotherapy of a Homosexual Man in a Heterosexual Group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 440-448.
Costs of a Staff Communication Intervention to Reduce Dementia Behaviors in Nursing Home Care.

Context Persons with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias experience behavioral symptoms that frequently result in nursing home (NH) placement. Managing behavioral symptoms in the NH increases staff time required to complete care, and adds to staff stress and turnover, with estimated cost increases of 30%. The Changing Talk to Reduce Resistivenes to Dementia Care (CHAT) study found that an intervention that improved staff communication by reducing elderspeak led to reduced behavioral symptoms of dementia or resistiveness to care (RTC). Objective This analysis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the CHAT intervention to reduce elderspeak communication by staff and RTC behaviors of NH residents with dementia. Design Costs to provide the intervention were determined in eleven NHs that participated in the CHAT study during 2011-2013 using process-based costing. Each NH provided data on staff wages for the quarter before and for two quarters after the CHAT intervention. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was completed. Analysis An average cost per participant was calculated based on the number and type of staff attending the CHAT training, plus materials and interventionist time. Regression estimates from the parent study then were applied to determine costs per unit reduction in staff elderspeak communication and resident RTC. Results A one percentage point reduction in elderspeak costs $6.75 per staff member with average baseline elderspeak usage. Assuming that each staff cares for 2 residents with RTC, a one percentage point reduction in RTC costs $4.31 per resident using average baseline RTC. Conclusions Costs to reduce elderspeak and RTC depend on baseline levels of elderspeak and RTC, as well as the number of staff participating in CHAT training and numbers of residents with dementia-related behaviors. Overall, the 3-session CHAT training program is a cost-effective intervention for reducing RTC behaviors in dementia care.
Abstract WMP77: Anti-Inflammatory Signaling by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor is Suppressed in Aged Animals After Stroke

Objective: To determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) are altered in aged male and female rats. Methods: Focal ischemia was induced in 3 month old male a...
Retinopathy of prematurity: preferred practice patterns among pediatric ophthalmologists.

Purpose The treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is not standardized and can vary significantly between providers. This study aims to determine preferred practices in treating ROP by globally surveying pediatric ophthalmologists. Methods Between January and February 2017, an international pediatric ophthalmology interest group was invited to complete an anonymous survey of 18 questions. The main objectives were to determine the preferred first line of treatment for ROP, the preferred dosage of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) used, and the outcome and possible complications following bevacizumab injection. Results Out of 101 pediatric ophthalmologists, 72 (71.8%) stated that they had direct involvement in the treatment of ROP. When presented with type 1 ROP which requires treatment, 69 ophthalmologists (68.3%) stated that they prefer laser treatment over bevacizumab, and 33 ophthalmologists (32.7%) stated they would recommend bevacizumab as a first choice. Ninety-three ophthalmologists (92.1%) reported the success of 1 laser treatment between 75% and 100%, and 35 ophthalmologists (34.7%) perceive bevacizumab to be 75%-100% successful. Half dose of adult-prescribed bevacizumab at 0.625 mg/0.05 mL was preferred by 47 of the ophthalmologists (46.5%). No cases of endophthalmitis were reported with intravitreal injection. Conclusion Laser photoablation remains the preferred mode of treatment for ROP among surveyed ophthalmologists across the world. Though bevacizumab is currently being used, this form of treatment is not as common, primarily due to the unknown safety profile and potential long-term ramifications of the drug.
Is Ki67 prognostic for aggressive prostate cancer? A multicenter real-world study.

AIM To test if Ki67 expression is prognostic for biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS Ki67 immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays constructed from specimens obtained from 464 men undergoing RP at the Durham and West LA Veterans Affairs Hospitals. Hazard ratios (HR) for Ki67 expression and time to BCR were estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS Ki67 was associated with more recent surgery year (p < 0.001), positive margins (p = 0.001) and extracapsular extension (p < 0.001). In center-stratified analyses, the adjusted HR for Ki67 expression and BCR approached statistical significance for west LA (HR: 1.54; p = 0.06), but not Durham (HR: 1.10; p = 0.74). CONCLUSION This multi-institutional 'real-world' study provides limited evidence for the prognostic role of Ki67 in predicting outcome after RP.
Electronic paradoxes in the structures of minerals

For the majority of readers of this chapter, perhaps the traditional view of solids, and especially of minerals, is the one usually described as the ‘ionic’ model. On this scheme solids are assembled by packing together charged billiard ball-like ions of different sizes, and described by the rules collected together by Pauling (1929). Such a viewpoint has the advantage that it leads to an easy visualization based upon packing concepts learned since infancy. In more quantitative language the’ size’ of the ion concerned is set by the form of the repulsive part of the potential between it and other ions, which prohibits a mutual approach less than a certain distance. In recent years this conceptually simple model has been substantially improved by the inclusion of more sophisticated potentials between atoms, derived either empirically or from quantum chemical calculations on small molecules. Some of the results which have been obtained are quite impressive and have led to a useful route with which to model solids, from the study of structural stability fields to the determination of the compressibility of quartz, for example. In spite of the increase in sophistication it is still, of course, a ball-and-spring model. The basic ideas behind such a model are very different from those behind the quantum-mechanical-based models. These dominate chemical theory and are employed by the physicist who wishes to predict parameters such as the critical pressure for the NaCl→CsCl transition in rocksalt, or the critical superconducting temperature in NbGe3.
Cyclotron Resonance Investigation of the Fermi Surface of Cadmium

Azbel-Kaner resonances in cadmium have been investigated at 2°K and 24 Gcps, using a standard reflection spectrometer employing derivative detection. Samples with surfaces parallel to the principle crystal planes were mounted with conducting silver paint to the end wall of a cylindrical, side-coupled, rotatable cavity of the type described by Koch et al. 1 Eight different specimens were used in this work, two with surfaces parallel to (1120), two parallel to (0001), and four parallel to (1010). The residual resistance ratios of the samples ranged from 18,000 to 26,000.
Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis leading to the diagnosis of ciliary body melanoma.

Abstract Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) is a condition associated with intraocular vancomycin during surgical intervention, most frequently following bilateral sequential cataract surgery. Because of the high rate of ophthalmic vascular complications in this condition, gonioscopic evaluation for identification of neovascularization of the angle and iris is essential. Careful examination can reveal previously asymptomatic and unassociated lesions of the iris or ciliary body. We present the case of a 71-year-old female who was diagnosed with a ciliary body melanoma secondary to complete ophthalmic examination associated with HORV. She reported decreased vision to light perception in the left eye (OS) following sequential, bilateral cataract surgery. Fundus examination OS demonstrated diffuse retinal vasculitis, retinal ischemia, and extensive hemorrhage. Evaluation included inflammatory and coagulopathy laboratory evaluation, carotid ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits, all of which proved unrevealing, except for an enhancing mass OS on MRI. Further evaluation revealed a pigmented mass with features of melanoma in the anterior chamber angle extending into the ciliary body. Fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed high risk cytogenetic characteristics, and plaque radiotherapy was successfully employed.
The parcel is political: the British government and the regulation of food parcels for prisoners of war, 1914–1918

Parcels of comforting food sent from the United Kingdom loom large in accounts of how British POWs were sustained during the First World War. But these care packages provoked considerable contestat...
A language-independent program verification framework

This invited paper describes an approach to language-independent deductive verification using the \(\mathbb {K}\) semantics framework, in which an operational semantics of a language is defined and a program verifier together with other language tools are generated automatically, correct-by-construction.
Canal reconstruction mastoidectomy: Outcomes comparison following primary versus secondary surgery.

Objectives/hypothesis Compare surgical and audiometric outcomes following canal wall reconstruction (CWR) tympanomastoidectomy used as a primary versus secondary approach for treating cholesteatoma. Study design Retrospective. Methods Patients treated for primary/secondary cholesteatoma from 2006 to 2017 via CWR were included if they had preoperative/postoperative audiograms, detailed operative note(s), and >12 months' follow-up. Patients were stratified by previous surgical history into two groups: primary CWR group (PG) and secondary CWR group (SG). Surgical outcomes measured were prevalence of recidivistic cholesteatoma, canal cholesteatoma, revision rate, and canal wall down (CWD) conversion rates. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of infection, external canal adhesions/stenoses, and retractions. Audiometric outcomes included change in pure-tone average and air-bone gap. Results We stratified 45 patients/ears into the PG and 26 into the SG. The groups did not significantly differ in age, sex, or smoking status. Overall, median follow-up was 35 months. SG patients had higher rates of cholesteatoma detected at staged surgery than did PG patients (P = .04). However, these patients exhibited lower rates of open revision surgery (4% vs.13%) and a significant improvement in air-bone gap (P = .004). Three PG patients (7%) required conversion to CWD versus zero SG patients. Secondary outcomes were similar. Patients who underwent delayed staging >12 months from CWR had increased rates of recidivism and canal adhesion/stenosis. Conclusions CWR was effective for treating cholesteatoma as both a primary and secondary surgical approach. SG patients experienced higher rates of recidivism and secondary canal cholesteatoma. PG patients had higher rates of revision surgery. Staging of ears undergoing CWR is important regardless of prior surgical history. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 129:2580-2587, 2019.
Teaching Ethical Standards for Discourse.

Regardless of how we wish to resolve them, or regardless of what standards we use to resolve them, complex and difficult potential ethical problems lurk in human discourse. This essay explores the ...
Health Insurance, Social Integration, and Social Cohesion

Although irrational economic behavior may lead to economic inefficiencies, anthropologists and sociologists have long observed that such behavior may have significant psychological and social utility. In the previous chapter, we saw that even if health insurance is irrational from an economic perspective, it may have positive consequences for individuals not unlike those associated with ritual in preliterate societies. Some functional theorists argue, however, that ritual performs a more important service than simply to alleviate anxiety. (Indeed, some argue that rather than anxiety leading to ritualized behavior, it is the failure to perform ritualized behavior that leads to anxiety.) (See Radcliffe-Brown, 1938:46.) Although a rain dance does not lead to the objective that is intended (e.g., to produce rain and, thus, a good crop yield), it may have significant social benefits nevertheless. It brings people together to share in common group activity and thus enhances social integration. In doing so it also promotes a sense of group identity or social cohesion. Health insurance may also promote social integration and cohesion, though for different reasons.