cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrieval mechanics for impacted teeth

Abstract Recovering impacted teeth is often much slower than necessary. Custom designed and adjusted appliances can greatly speed this process. Efficient mechanics must deliver a force vector that is adjustable in all three dimensions of space. The force vector must also deliver a biologic force which does not decay quickly as the impacted tooth moves. This article demonstrates several adjustable force systems that will quickly retrieve teeth from various locations in the mouth. One design does not fit all. Specific technique selection and custom modifications are often needed in the clinic. Redirecting and recovery of impacted teeth can be a slow, time consuming process. Proper visualization of the location of the impacted tooth along with the use of efficient custom designed recovery mechanics can make the recovery process much faster. The four major requirements of a good delivery system are as follows: (1) the system needs to deliver pressure at a biologically efficient level; (2) the delivered force system must have a low decay rate maintaining a near constant force as the impacted tooth moves; (3) the force vector produced by the mechanics must be adjustable in all three planes of space throughout the recovery process; and (4) the appliance must be as comfortable to the patient as possible.
Hepatic protein and amino-acid metabolism in poultry.

Abstract Two subjects are discussed: first, the regulation of hepatic protein synthesis; and second, the intermediary metabolism of methionine, particularly with respect to the role of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB, Alimer®). In the first section, the regulation of albumin synthesis is reviewed in terms of molecular events associated with the changes in albumin synthesis during fasting and refeeding. The effect of infection or of inflammatory stress on both albumin and total protein synthesis in the liver is also discussed. In the second part, research results are presented which indicate that HMB is a naturally occurring compound in methionine intermediary metabolism. The HMB synthesis by chick liver enzymes is demonstrated, and its role in normal avian methionine metabolism is discussed.
ST2 is essential for Th2 responsiveness and resistance to pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

Purpose To elucidate the role of ST2, a member of the TLR/IL-1R (TIR) superfamily, in protecting against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in BALB/c mice. Methods ST2 mRNA and protein expression levels were tested by real-time PCR and Western-blot in C57BL/6 (B6; susceptible) versus BALB/c (resistant) mice before and after P. aeruginosa (strain 19660; American Type Culture Collection, Philadelphia, PA) challenge. Infected BALB/c mice also were tested after subconjunctival injection with recombinant murine (rm)ST2 or PBS. Disease was monitored by clinical score, slit lamp, bacterial plate count, a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay to measure polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltrate, real-time RT-PCR, and ELISA. Results ST2 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in the uninfected normal corneas of both mouse groups. ST2 levels in the cornea of BALB/c compared with B6 mice were elevated significantly at 1 to 3 days post infection (PI), peaked at 3 and decreased at 5 days PI. BALB/c mice treated with rmST2 showed increased corneal opacity and perforation (at 5 days PI) when compared with PBS controls. rmST2- versus PBS-injected mice exhibited increased bacterial load, PMN infiltrate, and higher corneal mRNA levels for IL-1beta, MIP-2, IL-6, IL-1R1, and Th1-type cytokine such as IFN-gamma. Protein levels for IL-1beta, MIP-2, and IL-6 also were significantly upregulated, whereas the Th2 cytokines IL-4 (mRNA), IL-5 (mRNA), and IL-10 (mRNA and protein) were significantly reduced. Conclusions ST2 is critical in resistance to P. aeruginosa keratitis, functioning to reduce corneal infection (bacterial load) and inflammation by negatively regulating proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting type-1 immunity, but upregulating type-2 cytokine production, particularly IL-10.
Evidence for Early Metamorphosis of Sea Lampreys in the Chippewa River, Michigan

Abstract We determined age at metamorphosis to the juvenile or parasitic phase for sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus in a highly productive Great Lakes tributary to determine if the age at metamorphosis was earlier than expected. Ages determined from statoliths, a structure analogous to otoliths in teleost fishes, indicated that many sea lampreys collected from the Chippewa River, Michigan, in September 1995 were undergoing metamorphosis at age 2, at least 1 year earlier than previously observed. In all, 141 newly metamorphosed lampreys were examined, and 81% were estimated to be only 2 years old. The length-frequency distribution of newly metamorphosed sea lampreys in the Chippewa River also indicated the possibility of metamorphsis at age 2, but to a lesser extent than indicated by statolith aging. The Chippewa River is a highly productive stream that might require more frequent treatment than previously suspected. More careful examination of other highly productive streams is needed to determine if, and ...
Botz-4-sale: surviving organized DDoS attacks that mimic flash crowds

Recent denial of service attacks are mounted by professionals using Botnets of tens of thousands of compromised machines. To circumvent detection, attackers are increasingly moving away from bandwidth floods to attacks that mimic the Web browsing behavior of a large number of clients, and target expensive higher-layer resources such as CPU, database and disk bandwidth. The resulting attacks are hard to defend against using standard techniques, as the malicious requests differ from the legitimate ones in intent but not in content.We present the design and implementation of Kill-Bots, a kernel extension to protect Web servers against DDoS attacks that masquerade as flash crowds. Kill-Bots provides authentication using graphical tests but is different from other systems that use graphical tests. First, Kill-Bots uses an intermediate stage to identify the IP addresses that ignore the test, and persistently bombard the server with requests despite repeated failures at solving the tests. These machines are bots because their intent is to congest the server. Once these machines are identified, Kill-Bots blocks their requests, turns the graphical tests off, and allows access to legitimate users who are unable or unwilling to solve graphical tests. Second, Kill-Bots sends a test and checks the client's answer without allowing unauthenticated clients access to sockets, TCBs, and worker processes. Thus, it protects the authentication mechanism from being DDoSed. Third, Kill-Bots combines authentication with admission control. As a result, it improves performance, regardless of whether the server overload is caused by DDoS or a true Flash Crowd.
Decreased ethanol consumption as a function of pregnancy and lactation in C57BL mice.

The effects of pregnancy and lactation on alcohol consumption were examined in the C57BL mouse. Pregnant mice were given a two-bottle choice between water and a 10% w/v alcohol solution from Day 5 of pregnancy, through two weeks of lactation, and an additional four weeks following the removal of nursing pups. Alcohol consumption was expressed in terms of g absolute ethanol per kg body weight and as an alcohol preference ratio (ml alcohol/ml total fluid). Alcohol consumption (g ethanol per kg body weight) fell below control values during pregnancy and lactation but increased to control levels during postlactation. Similarly, alcohol preference ratio was found to decline during pregnancy, and to further decrease during lactation, a trend that was reversed during postlactation. The results support the findings of decreased alcohol consumption during pregnancy in alcoholic as well as nonalcoholic women.
The Probable Detection of SN 1923A: The Oldest Radio Supernova?

Based on the results of VLA observations, we report the detection of two unresolved radio sources that are coincident with the reported optical position of SN 1923A in M83. For the source closest to the SN position, the flux density was determined to be 0.30 ± 0.05 mJy at 20 cm and 0.093 ± 0.028 mJy at 6 cm. The flux density of the second nearby source was determined to be 0.29 ± 0.05 mJy at 20 cm and 0.13 ± 0.028 mJy at 6 cm. Both sources are nonthermal, with spectral indices of α = -1.0 ± 0.30 and -0.69 ± 0.24, respectively. SN 1923A has been designated a Type II-P. No Type II-P (other than SN 1987A) has been detected previously in the radio. The radio emission from both sources appears to be fading with time. At an age of approximately 68 yr when we observed it, this would be the oldest radio SN (of known age) yet detected.
An Incomplete Solution: Oil and Water in Louisiana

June 2012 The Journal of American History 91 A series of major calamities in recent years has placed the national spotlight on the lower Mississippi River industrial complex—a sinuous arrangement of petrochemical plants and working-class communities set amid the sugarcane fields on the alluvial floodplain. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita damaged offshore oil rigs and onshore refineries in 2005, caused oil releases, and increased gasoline prices, thereby exposing the region’s significant position in the energy economy. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon event showcased the environmental costs of extractive activities; and the near-record Mississippi River flood of 2011 disrupted waterborne commerce and raised the specter of levee failures. As those events displayed, this nationally prominent ensemble of industries occupies a location susceptible to a host of environmental forces and a place where industrial activities have produced dramatic consequences. Testing the environment’s capacity to absorb human impacts has been going on for decades and has left enduring traces on the Louisiana landscape. Erection of petroleum refineries in this region began in the first decade of the twentieth century, during a time of almost nonexistent environmental regulation. Yet, even in the early decades of petrochemical growth, the state, its citizens, and industry acknowledged both human safety risks and environmental threats posed by the arrival of this new enterprise. Industry took the position that self-regulation would minimize personal, property, and environmental harm. Government bodies largely consented to this approach until calamities revealed the accumulating human and environmental costs that had turned the lower Mississippi River corridor into an environmental “sacrifice zone.” That term derives from the study of traditional agricultural practices where cultivators deliberately degraded one area to increase productivity in another area, but scholars have begun using the term in explicitly accusatory ways to refer to areas degraded by modern industrial societies in the pursuit of economic and military gain. Environmental degradation in the lower Mississippi River industrial complex was not the result of a coordinated assault; rather it reflected negligent behavior by industries and government authorities. And significantly, those behaviors defied what contemporary trade literature presented as good industry practice. Sacrifice zone here refers to the result of disconnected actions that over time had An Incomplete Solution: Oil and Water in Louisiana
Blind multiuser detection in uplink CDMA with multipath fading: a sequential EM approach

We consider joint channel estimation and data detection in uplink asynchronous code-division multiple-access systems employing aperiodic (long) spreading sequences in the presence of unknown multipath fading. Since maximum-likelihood (ML) sequence estimation is too complex to perform, multiuser receivers are proposed based on the sequential expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. With the prior knowledge of only the signature waveforms, the delays and the second-order statistics of the fading channel, the receivers sequentially estimate the channel using the sequential EM algorithm. Moreover, the snapshot estimates of each path are tracked by linear minimum mean-squared error filters. The user data are detected by a ML sequence detector, given the channel estimates. The proposed receivers that use the exact expressions have a computational complexity O(2/sup K/) per bit, where K is the number of users. Using the EM algorithm, we derive low-complexity approximations which have a computational complexity of O(K/sup 2/) per bit. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed receivers offer substantial performance gains over conventional pilot-symbol-assisted techniques and achieve a performance close to the known channel bounds. Furthermore, the proposed receivers even outperform the single-user RAKE receiver with Nyquist pilot-insertion rate in a single-user environment.
Thin film ZT characterization using transient Harman technique

Thin-film thermoelectric materials offer great potential for improving the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT due to the freedom of tailoring the electron and heat transport. The characterization of these thin films is difficult because of the coexistence of the substrate, non-ideal contact, and asymmetric three-dimensional device structure. We have investigated theoretically and experimentally the transient Harman method for measuring the ZT of a thin film Si/SiGe superlattices on a silicon substrate. 3D electrothermal simulations allow us to identify the contribution of the thin film and the substrate to the transient response. On the measurement side, ringing at short times and noise can be significantly improved by using high-speed packages and electrical impedance matching. The Joule heating contribution to the thermoelectric EMF is separated from the Peltier one by the bipolar measurement. The parasitic non-ideal effects of contacts and substrate can be removed by variable thickness superlattice method.
Publicity-Stunt Participation and Sound Bite Polemics: The Health Care Debate 1993–94

The outcome of Bill Clinton's health care initiative presents policy analysts and democratic theorists with a puzzle: How could vigorous discussion of health reform, introduced into the context of an emerging public consensus about its urgency, produce widespread incomprehension of the issue and foster public reluctance to embrace any specific proposal for change? Starting from the perspective of political theories of deliberative democracy, I approach the puzzle of failed health reform by pointing to the paradox of decision making in an adversary democracy. First, I argue that the policy initiative stalled because the debate was set up to depoliticize the question of health reform and thereby disengage citizens from the problem. Second, I defend a conception of "power-sensitive" deliberation, which I argue is a check against two typical mechanisms of depoliticization: factionalism and the "democractic wish." Third, I suggest four criteria for power-sensitive deliberation, which I then use to analyze the recent health care debates. Finally, I explore the incentives and obstacles to creating opportunities for this kind of deliberation.
Risk factors associated with bulk tank standard plate count, bulk tank coliform count, and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus on organic and conventional dairy farms in the United States

The purpose of this study was to assess the association of bulk tank milk standard plate counts, bulk tank coliform counts (CC), and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk with various management and farm characteristics on organic and conventional dairy farms throughout New York, Wisconsin, and Oregon. Data from size-matched organic farms (n = 192), conventional nongrazing farms (n = 64), and conventional grazing farms (n = 36) were collected at a single visit for each farm. Of the 292 farms visited, 290 bulk tank milk samples were collected. Statistical models were created using data from all herds in the study, as well as exclusively for the organic subset of herds. Because of incomplete data, 267 of 290 herds were analyzed for total herd modeling, and 173 of 190 organic herds were analyzed for the organic herd modeling. Overall, more bulk tanks from organic farms had Staph. aureus cultured from them (62% of organic herds, 42% conventional nongrazing herds, and 43% of conventional grazing herds), whereas fewer organic herds had a high CC, defined as ≥50 cfu/mL, than conventional farms in the study. A high standard plate count (×1,000 cfu/mL) was associated with decreased body condition score of adult cows and decreased milk production in both models. Several variables were significant only in the model created using all herds or only in organic herds. The presence of Staph. aureus in the bulk tank milk was associated with fewer people treating mastitis, increased age of housing, and a higher percentage of cows with 3 or fewer teats in both the organic and total herd models. The Staph. aureus total herd model also showed a relationship with fewer first-lactation animals, higher hock scores, and less use of automatic takeoffs at milking. High bulk tank CC was related to feeding a total mixed ration and using natural service in nonlactating heifers in both models. Overall, attentive management and use of outside resources were useful with regard to CC on organic farms. In all models except the organic CC model, we observed an association with the average reported somatic cell count from 3 mo before the herd visit, indicating that many of the regularly tested milk quality parameters are interconnected. In conclusion, we found that conventional and organic farms are similar in regard to overall herd management, but each grazing system faces unique challenges when managing milk quality.
A Two Factor Taxonomy of Creative Bechavior

Two empirical studies examined the similarities and differences between creative professionals in science and art. In the first, 16PF personality profiles of industrial scientists, musicians and artists, and general undergraduates (N = 99) showed no difference between scientific and artistic groups on the Creativity composite index, and both groups differed significantly from general undergraduates. There were a few significant differences on specific traits, however. In the second study, self-reports of involvement in creative behavior collected from larger similar samples (N = 590) were factor analyzed. Two distinct but correlated factors (r = .32) emerged that separated artistic from scientific and business activity. The results indicated that people who specialize in one content domain often make contributions in other domains as well.
DR-BUDDI: Diffeomorphic Registration for Blip Up-Down Diffusion Imaging

In this work we propose a novel method to correct echo planar imaging (EPI) distortions in diffusion MRI data acquired with reversed phase encoding directions (“blip-up blip-down” acquisitions). The transformation model is symmetric, diffeomorphic and capable of capturing large deformations. It can take advantage of a structural MRI target and include the contribution of diffusion weighted images, in addition to EPI images acquired without diffusion sensitization. The proposed correction significantly outperform existing strategies, assuring anatomically accurate characterization of the orientation, mean diffusivity, and anisotropy of white matter structures in the human brain.
Acupressure for prevention of emesis in patients receiving activated charcoal.

Objective: Vomiting after activated charcoal decontamination is problematic. Acupressure (traditional Chinese medicine) is an effective treatment for emesis, but has not been tested in overdose patients. We sought to determine (1) the incidence of emesis after activated charcoal and (2) the ability of acupressure to prevent emesis due to activated charcoal. Methods: Consecutive overdose patients were enrolled in a preliminary, prospective study to determine the incidence of emesis after activated charcoal. Awake patients, >18 years, received 1 g/kg activated charcoal orally or via nasogastric tube, and then observed for 1 hour. These patients served as controls for part 2 of the study, where acupressure bands were placed on overdose patients at the Nei-Guan P-6 point of both wrists prior to activated charcoal, followed by 1 hour observation. Exclusion criteria included: ipecac decontamination, antiemetic drug ingestion, antiemetic drug therapy within 1 hour of activated charcoal, or intubation. Results: E...
Distributed system modeling with bidirectional Petri nets

A new tool for modeling systems called bidirectional Petri nets (BPNs) is presented. It increases the degree of abstraction drastically, and makes it possible to model complicated systems concisely. The method uses a two-level system modeling technique. The first level has the responsibility for all basic transmissions, and the second level models the higher-level structure of the whole system. The abstraction process is demonstrated by means of an example. The queue migration algorithm for mutual exclusion in computer networks is chosen as an example. >
DISCOVERY OF THE RARE FRESHWATER BROWN ALGA PLEUROCLADIA LACUSTRIS (ECTOCARPALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN CALIFORNIA STREAMS

Pleurocladia lacustris A. Braun is a freshwater member of the Phaeophyceae, a class of algae that occurs almost entirely in marine waters. It has previously been reported from only about 13 freshwater locations worldwide, just 2 of which are in North America. Outside of North America, P. lacustris has been listed as a threatened species on several European red lists. In this paper, we report the discovery of P. lacustris in 3 calcareous streams draining the Santa Lucia Mountains in coastal California, sites that are more than 1200 km from the nearest known population. Pleu- rocladia lacustris is a filamentous, benthic species that forms distinctive hemispherical colonies. It co-occurs with the green alga Cladophora glomerata and species of cyanobacteria (Rivularia, Nostoc, Schizothrix spp.). Detailed color illus- trations of the diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features are provided and appear identical to those features of European populations. In the California streams, P. lacustris and other associated algae co-precipitate CaCO3 to form carbonate crusts on rocks. Preliminary ecological data are consistent with other streams and lakes in Europe where P. lacustris has also been reported (pH > 8.0, calcareous substrata, travertine). The global distribution of this presumed rare alga is also described and examined with respect to a specialized ecological niche. RESUMEN.—Pleurocladia lacustris A. Braun es un organismo de agua dulce perteneciente a Phaeophyceae, una clase de algas que habita casi exclusivamente aguas marinas. Ha sido reportada solo en aproximadamente trece sitios de agua dulce en todo el mundo y solo dos sitios en los Estados Unidos. Fuera de Norteamerica, esta incluida en varias listas rojas de Europa como especie amenazada. En este trabajo presentamos el hallazgo de P. lacustris en 3 arroyos con mate- rial calcareo que confluyen en las Montanas de Santa Lucia en la costa de California y se encuentran a mas de 1200 km de la poblacion conocida mas cercana. Es una especie filamentosa, bentonica, que forma colonias hemisfericas distinti- vas y coexiste con el alga verde Cladophora glomerata y especies de cianobacterias (Rivularia, Nostoc, Schizothrix spp.). Mostramos ilustraciones detalladas en color de las caracteristicas macroscopicas y microscopicas, donde se puede apre- ciar que son identicas a las poblaciones europeas. En los arroyos de California, P. lacustris y otras algas asociadas precip- itan CaCO3 y forman cortezas de carbono sobre las rocas. La informacion ecologica preliminar coincide con la de otros arroyos y lagos de Europa donde se registro la presencia de esta alga (pH > 8.0, sustrato calcareo, travertino). Ademas, se describe y se estudia la distribucion global de esta alga aparentemente poco frecuente en relacion con un nicho ecologico especifico.
Discussion of “Forecasting stream‐flow of the Salt River, Arizona”

Matthew I. Rorabaugh (U.S. Geological Survey, Louisville, Kentucky, August 27, 1945)—In regions where snow is not a factor there is some advantage in making forecasts based on the effects of travel time and base flow. However, the runoff which results from precipitation during the period of forecast usually constitutes a substantial portion of the flow in many streams, and accordingly these predictions may be highly speculative. The authors state that on March 1 an average of 52 per cent of the winter flow of Parker Creek has passed the gaging station on that creek while only 36 per cent of the winter flow of the Salt River has reached Roosevelt Reservoir. The forecast is based on this lag, which would approximate 16 per cent of the winter flow of the Salt River or about 25 per cent of the flow during March to May. In giving reasons for the lag the authors minimize the effect of accumulated snow, because less than 15 per cent of the Salt River Basin is thought to have accumulated snow. It may be, however, that the snow on this portion of the basin is the principal reason for the lag. The snow cover accumulates at high altitudes, where precipitation is heaviest and temperatures lowest. As losses will be proportionally less in these low-temperature areas than in the remainder of the basin, it follows that storage of 25 per cent of the flow could result from snow accumulation on less than 15 per cent of the basin.
Activation of phospholipase D and the possible mechanism of activation in wound-induced lipid hydrolysis in castor bean leaves

Hydrolysis of membrane lipids has been suggested to provide messengers mediating defense gene expression in the wound signaling process. It is, however, unknown which lipolytic enzyme is involved in the signaling pathway. This study investigated the temporal and spatial activation of phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) and the possible activation mechanism in response to wounding in castor bear (Ricinus communis L.) leaves. Wounding triggered a rapid activation of PLD-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis, as indicated by the in vivo increase in phosphatidic acid and free choline, at not only the site of wounding but also the undamaged area of wounded leaves RNA blotting analysis indicated that PLD gene expression was not involved in the early phase of wounding-activation of PLD. Measurements of PLD by activity assay and immunoblotting suggest that the wounding-activation of PLD at unwounded cells results from intracellular translocation of PLD from cytosol to membranes. A similar translocation pattern of PLD was also obtained as a function of increased free calcium at physiological concentrations in a homogenization buffer. Based on the above results, it is proposed that wounding induces activation of PLD leading to phospholipid hydrolysis, and that the activation results from translocation of PLD to membranes, which is mediated by an increase in cytoplasmic calcium upon wounding.
A network description for antenna problems

A complete network description for an antenna is realized via a modal decomposition of the electromagnetic fields surrounding the structure. The representation contains the transmitting, receiving, and radar scattering properties of the antenna. A scattering formulation permits the antenna's power gain, directivity, effective area, and radar cross section to be expressed as a functional on the elements of its scattering matrix. For an array of antennas, the excitations which optimize its power gain and the loading network which maximizes its radar cross section are determined. The philosophic approach of circuit theory is employed for describing physical antennas. A set of canonical antenna elements having simple properties is first defined; in addition, an actual physical structure is represented as an array of canonical elements. The method is applied to the case of a Yagi-Uda array. The possibility of loading the array with active impedances is investigated.
ELECTRIC SHOCK INJURIES IN A HARRIS'S HAWK POPULATION

ABSTRACT Electrocution may be an important agent of mortality in many raptor populations, and has been implicated as a contributing factor in the endangerment of some species. In Tucson, Arizona U.S.A. the electrocution of Harris's Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) was reported in both the 1980s and 1990s. The latter report also described Harris's Hawks that survived electric shock injuries. From February 2003–May 2004, I captured and examined wild Harris's Hawks in Tucson to investigate whether electric shock injuries might be present in individuals that appeared healthy from a distance. I trapped 85 birds; seven exhibited definite electric-shock injuries, and seven exhibited suspected electric-shock injuries. One individual exhibited injuries not consistent with electric shock. I captured an equal number of males and females, but only one of the injured birds was a male. Females were significantly more likely to have injuries. Whether this difference reflects patterns of initial incurrence of injury, or of h...
Dosimetric effect due to the motion during deep inspiration breath hold for left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy

Deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer can reduce cardiac exposure and internal motion. We modified our in-house treatment planning system (TPS) to retrospectively analyze breath-hold motion log files to calculate the dosimetric effect of the motion during breath hold. Thirty left-sided supine DIBH breast patients treated using AlignRT were studied. Breath-hold motion was recorded — three translational and three rotational displacements of the treatment surface — the Real Time Deltas (RTD). The corresponding delivered dose was estimated using the beam-on portions of the RTDs. Each motion was used to calculate dose, and the final estimated dose was the equally weighted average of the multiple resultant doses. Ten of thirty patients had internal mammary nodes (IMN) purposefully included in the tangential fields, and we evaluated the percentage of IMN covered by 40 Gy. The planned and delivered heart mean dose, lungs V20 (volume of the lungs receiving > 20 Gy), percentage of IMN covered by 40 Gy, and IMN mean dose were compared. The averaged mean and standard deviation of the beam-on portions of the absolute RTDs were 0.81 ± 1.29 mm, 0.68 ± 0.85mm, 0.76 ± 0.85 mm, 0.96° ± 0.49°, 0.93° ± 0.43°, and 1.03° ± 0.50°, for vertical, longitudinal, lateral, yaw, roll, and pitch, respectively. The averaged planned and delivered mean heart dose were 99 and 101 cGy. Lungs V20 were 6.59% and 6.74%. IMN 40 Gy coverage was 83% and 77%, and mean IMN dose was 4642 and 4518 cGy. The averaged mean motion during DIBH was smaller than 1 mm and 1°, which reflects the relative reproducibility of the patient breath hold. On average, the mean heart dose and lungs V20 were reasonably close to what have been planned. IMN 40 Gy coverage might be modestly reduced for certain cases.
Integrated high-level synthesis and power-net routing for digital design under switching noise constraints

This paper presents a CAD methodology and a tool for high-level synthesis (HLS) of digital hardware for mixed analog-digital chips. In contrast to HLS for digital applications, HLS for mixed-signal systems is mainly challenged by constraints, such as digital switching noise (DSN), that are due to the analog circuits. This paper discusses an integrated approach to HLS and power net routing for effectively reducing DSN. Motivation for this research is that HLS has a high impact on DSN reduction, however, DSN evaluation is very difficult at a high level. Integrated approach also employs an original method for fast evaluation of DSN and an algorithm for power net routing and sizing. Experiments showed that our combined binding and scheduling method produces better results than traditional HLS techniques. Finally, DSN evaluation using the proposed algorithm can be significantly faster than SPICE simulation.
Crustal structure of the flanks of the East Pacific Rise: Implications for overlapping spreading centers

Tomographic inversion of seismic refraction data from the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), 17°15'S, shows that the thickness of layer 2 varies by as much as 500 meters off axis. A thick layer 2 is found in crust affected by migration paths of overlapping spreading centers (OSC). However, no significant variation in crustal thickness is detected throughout the study area. The crustal structure differences documented in this paper are primarily related to this paleo-tectonic setting rather than the east-west asymmetries characteristic of this region of the southern EPR.
Effects of Narcotic and Non-Narcotic Continuous Epidural Anesthesia on Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Tracings as Measured by Computer Analysis

Objective: To evaluate the effect of narcotic and non-narcotic continuous epidural anesthesia on intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings as measured by computer analysis.Methods: We studied 37 women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term with reactive FHR tracings. The women were randomized to receive epidural anesthesia with either bupivicaine with fentanyl or bupivicaine alone. One-hour FHR tracings were obtained before epidural anesthesia. Thirty minutes after the initial bolus of the epidural a repeat computer analysis of 60-minute FHR tracing was obtained. Median values are reported for FHR parameters with statistical analysis performed by the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests where appropriate. A power calculation was performed using a power of 90% to determine a required sample size of 28 patients. Statistical significance was set at P <. 05.Results: In early first stage of labor, there was no significant difference in pre—and postepidural anesthesia FHR baseline, accelerations of 1...
Analysis of general creeping motion of a sphere inside a cylinder

In this paper, we develop an efficient procedure to solve for the Stokesian fields around a spherical particle in viscous fluid bounded by a cylindrical confinement. We use our method to comprehensively simulate the general creeping flow involving the particle-conduit system. The calculations are based on the expansion of a vector field in terms of basis functions with separable form. The separable form can be applied to obtain general reflection relations for a vector field at simple surfaces. Such reflection relations enable us to solve the flow equation with specified conditions at different disconnected bodies like the sphere and the cylinder. The main focus of this article is to provide a complete description of the dynamics of a spherical particle in a cylindrical vessel. For this purpose, we consider the motion of a sphere in both quiescent fluid and pressure-driven parabolic flow. Firstly, we determine the force and torque on a translating-rotating particle in quiescent fluid in terms of general friction coefficients. Then we assume an impending parabolic flow, and calculate the force and torque on a fixed sphere as well as the linear and angular velocities of a freely moving particle. The results are presented for different radial positions of the particle and different ratios between the sphere and the cylinder radius. Because of the generality of the procedure, there is no restriction in relative dimensions, particle positions and directions of motion. For the limiting cases of geometric parameters, our results agree with the ones obtained by past researchers using different asymptotic methods.
Orientalism andAntivoluntarism in the History of Ethics: On Christian Wolff's Oratio de Sinarum philosophia practica

Christian Wolff's 1721 Discourse on the Practical Philosophy of the Chinese is generally read as championing the autonomy of ethics from religion. This is too simple: Wolff's ethics was an antivoluntarist religious ethics. The example of the Chinese confirmed for Wolff that revelation is not necessary for knowledge or practice of genuine virtue, though he held that the Chinese achieve only the first of three “degrees of virtue.” (Most Christians, including the Pietists who drove Wolff from Halle shortly after he delivered the Discourse, did not, in his judgment, achieve even that.) China's being perceived as outside of Western (and sacred) history made it a congenial example for the ethics and moral anthropology that, in Wolff's time, were struggling against the voluntarism of a Christian ethics premised on original sin.
Pseudogramma xanthum , a new replacement name for a serranid fish from the subtropical South Pacific Ocean with description of the species

The subtropical South Pacific serranid fish Pseudogramma australis Randall & Baldwin, 1997, was divided by Randall & Baldwin (1997) into two subspecies, P. a. pasquensis from Easter Island (type locality of P. australis) and P. a. australis from the Pitcairn Islands to Tonga. The latter is now regarded as a valid species, distinct in its yellow ground color, small size, modally one more dorsal, anal, and pectoral rays, 16 instead of 17 caudal vertebrae, larger head, and other proportional differences. Because of errors in the type designations for the two subspecies, the name P. australis is occupied by the Easter Island species and does not apply to the western Pacific P. a. australis. We provide a new replacement name, P. xanthum nomen novum, for P. a. australis and redescribe it based on the 12 known specimens, including the holotype from Temoe Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.
Ethical Quandaries in War Zones, When Mass Atrocity Prevention Fails

Humanitarians are no longer necessarily viewed as selfless angels in war zones. Their motivations and mastery, their principles and products are questioned from inside and outside of the community of aid and protection agencies. Like the poor, war victims will always be with us. Coming to their rescue requires understanding of the ongoing transformations to contemporary humanitarian action in wars and the evolution of humanitarian culture – its values, language and behavior. An agreed culture of cooperation has given way to a contested one of competition resulting from militarization, politicization and marketization. Preventing mass atrocities is preferable to halting them; but the record of preventing them has been dismal. And even with sufficient political will to act or react, the history of postintervention results also has been abysmal. When mass atrocity prevention fails, a ‘learning culture’ is required: more responsible reflection and less rapid reaction. Traditional principles are unhelpful; guidance to effective action does not require strict adherence to humanitarian ideology but rather to considered calculations about least worst options.
Autologous Fat Transplantation to the Lips

Lip augmentation has become one of the most frequently requested cosmetic enhancements. Full, sensual lips have become a hallmark of youth and attractiveness in both men and women and in most ethnic groups. Many techniques of lip augmentation have been developed from injectable liquid silicon to autologous fascia insertions. Despite the plethora of injectable fillers available today, none are specifically FDA approved for injection into the lips. Autologous fat transplantation or grafting is perhaps the best option for safe, non controversial, and potentially long term lip enhancement. The procedure is well tolerated by the patient and easily performed under local anesthesia in an office setting.
Differential regulation of the c-Myc/Lin28 axis discriminates subclasses of rearranged MLL leukemia.

// Lili Chen 1 , Yuqing Sun 1 , Jingya Wang 1 , Hui Jiang 2 and Andrew G. Muntean 1 1 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 2 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Correspondence to: Andrew G. Muntean, email: // Keywords : acute myeloid leukemia, MLL, c-Myc, Lin28, let-7 Received : March 07, 2016 Accepted : March 14, 2016 Published : March 19, 2016 Abstract MLL rearrangements occur in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias and are generally associated with a poor prognosis, however this varies depending on the fusion partner. We modeled acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice using various MLL fusion proteins (MLL-FPs) and observed significantly different survival outcomes. To better understand the differences between these leukemias, we examined the genome wide expression profiles of leukemic cells transformed with different MLL-FPs. RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis identified the c-Myc transcriptional program as one of the top distinguishing features. c-Myc protein levels were highly correlative with AML disease latency in mice. Functionally, overexpression of c-Myc resulted in a more aggressive proliferation rate in MLL-FP cell lines. While all MLL-FP transformed cells displayed sensitivity to BET inhibitors, high c-Myc expressing cells showed greater resistance to Brd4 inhibition. The Myc target Lin28B was also differentially expressed in MLL-FP cell lines in agreement with c-Myc expression. Examination of Lin28B miRNAs targets revealed that let-7g was significantly increased in leukemic cells associated with the longest disease latency and forced let-7g expression induced differentiation of leukemic blasts. Thus, differential regulation of the c-Myc/Lin28/ let-7g program by different MLL-FPs is functionally related to disease latency and BET inhibitor resistance in MLL leukemias.
Abstract 3691: Fish oil increases immune cell infiltration of tumors and reduces the incidence of mammary carcinogenesis in Her2neu mice.

The role of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in breast cancer prevention is widely studied, however much controversy exists in the field. In numerous preclinical models including the Her2neu transgenic model, consumption of n-3 FA provides a protective effect in mammary carcinogenesis. However, to date few studies have explored the effect of n-3 FA supplementation on immune modulation and if such changes contribute to the cancer prevention effects of n-3 FA. The goal of the current study was to explore the role of fish oil, as the source of n-3 FA, on immune markers and tumor yield in a Her2/neu transgenic model. Her2neu mice were randomized to two dietary interventions: AIN-93G-based diet with 1) 11% of diet (per gram weight) as corn oil (CO) or 2) 10% of diet as menhaden fish oil plus 1% of diet as corn oil (FO) (n=30/gr). FO significantly reduced the incidence and multiplicity of tumors in Her2neu mice (P Citation Format: William J. Turbitt, Shawntawnee D. Collins, Haifang Xu, Sharlene Washington, Cesar Aliaga, Karam El-Bayoumy, Andrea Manni, Connie J. Rogers. Fish oil increases immune cell infiltration of tumors and reduces the incidence of mammary carcinogenesis in Her2neu mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3691. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3691
Long-term vascular contractility assay using genipin-modified muscular thin films

Vascular disease is a leading cause of death globally and typically manifests chronically due to long-term maladaptive arterial growth and remodeling. To date, there is no in vitro technique for studying vascular function over relevant disease time courses that both mimics in vivo-like tissue structure and provides a simple readout of tissue stress. We aimed to extend tissue viability in our muscular thin film contractility assay by modifying the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with micropatterned genipin, allowing extracellular matrix turnover without cell loss. To achieve this, we developed a microfluidic delivery system to pattern genipin and extracellular matrix proteins on PDMS prior to cell seeding. Tissues constructed using this method showed improved viability and maintenance of in vivo-like lamellar structure. Functional contractility of tissues fabricated on genipin-modified substrates remained consistent throughout two weeks in culture. These results suggest that muscular thin films with genipin-modified PDMS substrates are a viable method for conducting functional studies of arterial growth and remodeling in vascular diseases.
A woman mathematician’s journey

I was born in 1955 in Taipei, Taiwan. My parents were among the two million mainland Chinese who migrated to Taiwan in 1949 after the Nationalist government lost the civil war to communists. My father was in the retreating Nationalist Air Force. At birth, I had three brothers and one sister, and two years later my younger brother was born. They named me after their favorite theater in Shanghai (Mei-Chi Grand Theater still exists) which they frequented. My parents always fondly remembered Shanghai, where they lived with my two eldest brothers from 1945-1947, after the war with Japan. They always said jokingly that, since girls do not count in a Chinese family, they did not give much thought to the naming of girls. My sister’s name is Mei-Som—Mei means beautiful and Som means a special kind of jade. Mei-Chi means another kind of beautiful jade. All the boys were named in the family tradition with the word Yu in their name, meaning Universe. Taiwan in the 1950’s was a very unusual place. The island had been under Japanese rule for fifty years, from 1895-1945, and was only returned to China after the war. Four years later, two million mainlanders from all over China fled with the Nationalist government to Taiwan to join the six million Taiwanese at that time. We grew up on a military housing project near the Air Force headquarters, very much segregated from the outside world. At that time there were many government military housing compounds like this to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Nationalist military personnel and their families who had retreated from the mainland to Taiwan. The housing compound where we lived was called the “Village of Righteousness.”
Tool Wear of (Ti, B)N Coated Carbides

In order to clarify the tool wear of (Ti, B)N coated carbides in the cutting of melted material (SCr420H) or sintered steel, the wear progress of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool is investigated experimentally. The base metal of the coated carbides tool is cemented carbides. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) Both the micro-hardness and the critical scratch load of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool are higher than those of TiN coated carbides tool. (2) In the cutting of SCr420H, the wear progress of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool is slower than that of TiN coated carbides tool. (3) In the cutting of sintered steel, the tool wear of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool is about equal to that of TiN coated carbides tool. However, in the high speed cutting of sintered steel, the wear progress of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool is faster than that of (Ti, B)N coated carbides tool. It is found that the (Ti, B)N can be used as a coating material of cutting tool.
Prompted vs. trial-and-error 3-trial object discrimination learning by monkeys

Four relatively naive monkeys were given extended 3-trial object discrimination training under either conventional trial-and-error or prompting procedures. Whether Ss were prompted on only the first trial of each problem or on all 3 trials of alternate problems, their performance on test trials was equivalent to that of Ss receiving conventional training.
On the Structure and Staining of Starch Grains of the Potato Tuber

Procedures are described for the differential staining of starch grains of the potato tuber with hematoxylin, and for double staining with safranin 0 and fast green FCF. The staining effects obtained are made possible by the action of a swelling agent. Staining with hematoxylin is preceded by the swelling action of formaldehyde. In staining with safranin 0 and fast green FCF, the formaldehyde is added to the staining solution. The results obtained are as follows: (1) a clavate-shaped, central structure composed of small particles arranged in definite layers is revealed within the grain; (2) differential staining of the locus of the grain and the lamellae alternating with it in a small region around the longitudinal axis of the grain; (3) the simultaneous staining and separation of the grain into a cone-shaped peripheral portion and a spherical body containing the locus of the grain which emerges from it; and (4) differential staining of a ring or layer of substance around a spherical refractive body withi...