cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Log Often, Lose More: Electronic Dietary Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss.

OBJECTIVE Dietary self-monitoring is consistently related to both short- and long-term weight loss. The purpose of this study was to quantify the time spent and the daily frequency of self-monitoring necessary for weight-loss success. METHODS Participants in a 24-week, online, behavioral weight-control intervention recorded daily dietary intake using a Web-based dietary analysis program. Time spent self-monitoring and frequency of dietary journal page access were captured. Weight loss (kilograms) and the proportion of participants losing ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% of baseline weight were assessed at 6 months. RESULTS Participants (n = 142; BMI 35.8 kg/m2 ; 90.8% female; 23.2% African American) spent an average of 23.2 minutes per day self-monitoring in month 1 and 14.6 minutes in month 6. For those still recording any minutes self-monitoring by month 6 (65.5%), there were no significant differences in time spent based on weight loss; however, those losing either ≥ 5% or ≥ 10% logged in to the journal Web page significantly more times per day (1.6 vs. 2.4, P < 0.001 for < 5% vs. ≥ 5%; 1.7 vs. 2.7, P < 0.001 for < 10% vs. ≥ 10%). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of self-monitoring is significantly related to weight loss, with the time needed to be successful diminishing during the intervention.
Some Basic Tools

This chapter has two objectives. The first is to introduce some tools which will be used frequently in succeeding chapters. These tools will be illustrated here with applications to countable state Markov chains. The hope is that after seeing how they are applied in this familiar setting, the reader will be better prepared to appreciate their usefulness in the context of particle systems. The second objective of this chapter is to prove some nonstandard results about Markov chains which we will need in later chapters. The material in the first five sections relates primarily to the first objective, while the latter sections relate to the second objective.
Hyperspectral imaging of common foodborne pathogens for rapid identification and differentiation.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides both spatial and spectral information of a sample by combining imaging with spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to generate hyperspectral graphs of common foodborne pathogens and to develop and validate prediction models for the classification of these pathogens. Four strains of Cronobacter sakazakii, five strains of Salmonella spp., eight strains of Escherichia coli, and one strain each of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were used in the study. Principal component analysis and kNN (k-nearest neighbor) classifier model were used for the classification of hyperspectra of various bacterial cells, which were then validated using the cross-validation technique. Classification accuracy of various strains within genera including C. sakazakii, Salmonella spp., and E. coli, respectively, was 100%; except within C. sakazakii, strain BAA-894, and E. coli, strains O26, O45, and O121 had 66.67% accuracy. When all strains were studied together (irrespective of their genus) for the classification, only C. sakazakii P1, E. coli O104, O111, and O145, S. Montevideo, and L. monocytogenes had 100% classification accuracy, whereas E. coli O45 and S. Tennessee were not classified (classification accuracy of 0%). Lauric arginate treatment of C. sakazakii BAA-894, E. coli O157, S. Senftenberg, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus significantly affected their hyperspectral signatures, and treated cells could be differentiated from the healthy, nontreated cells.
Integrating a high performance Germanium photodiode into a CMOS compatible flow for a full monolithic Silicon Photonics solution

The insatiable demand for digital information has led to the introduction and increasing adaptation of Silicon Photonics in digital communications to replace the much slower copper wires wherever possible. While most of today’s Silicon Photonics solutions are being manufactured using hybrid (no CMOS devices) integration, there is an increasing need to offer full integrated solutions (CMOS and Photonics) to improve system level performance and drive overall costs down. In this paper we’ll describe the challenges and innovative solutions used to develop and ultimately integrate a high performance Germanium (Ge) photodiode (PD) into a 90nm CMOS compatible process flow to provide a full monolithic Silicon Photonics solution.
Emotion and the Art of Fatherhood

This chapter analyzes a number of different texts, but focuses on dialogues by Leon Battista Alberti and Giannozzo Manetti. Alberti’s text suggests that children’s development into healthy, active adults depends not only on their individual characteristics, but also on how those qualities evolve in relationships with others. Following this relational concept of development, Alberti emphasizes the importance of fathers forging affective bonds with their sons as they observe them and guide them to a profession suited to their abilities and personality. Manetti’s dialogue also examines emotion as the text supports the notion that fathers should grieve the death of a son because of the “sweetness” of the filial relationship. While arguing against the stoic position that men should be virile enough to suppress their grief, Manetti undermines the dichotomy of reason and emotion, suggesting that family patriarchs can effectively express their humanity through affective bonds to their children. Alberti’s and Manetti’s texts juxtapose different concepts of fatherhood, yet both include voices that encourage paternal figures to recognize their own material vulnerability and emotional dependencies, rather than just focus on control of themselves and others.
Exploring the Differences between Plausible and Correct Patches at Fine-Grained Level

Test-based automated program repair techniques use test cases to validate the correctness of automatically-generated patches. However, insufficient test cases lead to the generation of incorrect patches, i.e., passing all the test cases, however are incorrect. In this work, we present an exploratory study to understand what are the runtime behaviours are being modified by automatically-generated plausible patches, and how such modifications of runtime behaviours are different from those by correct patches. We utilized an off-the-shelf invariant generation tool to infer an abstraction of runtime behaviours and computed the modified runtime behaviours at the abstraction level. Our exploratory study shows that majority of the studied plausible patches (92/96) expose different modifications of runtime behaviours (i.e., captured by the invariant generation tool), compared to correct patches.
Are all five points equal? Scaling heterogeneity in hotel online ratings

Abstract Online hotel ratings play a critical role in hotel online reputation building and greatly influence travelers’ decision making. However, self-reported online ratings are vulnerable to scaling heterogeneity due to reviewers’ unique response styles, leading to some incomparability issues. A research framework was developed based on latent state-trait theory and empirically tested using hotel online review data from TripAdvisor. A hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model, which captured threshold differences in hotel online ratings, confirmed the presence of scaling heterogeneity and response styles in the online rating context. Results indicated that younger travelers, women, and travelers with less review expertise used lower thresholds when rating hotels online. Business travelers had the highest rating threshold compared to other types of travelers. Guests staying in high-class hotels tended to have more extreme response styles than those staying in low-class hotels. These findings offer valuable insights for hotel managers and online rating/review sites.
Mapping of the quasi-periodic oscillations at the flank magnetopause into the ionosphere

We have estimated the ionospheric location, area, and travel time of quasi-periodic oscillations originating from the magnetospheric flanks. This was accomplished by utilizing global and local MHD models and Tsyganenko semi-empirical magnetic field model on multiple published and four new cases believed to be caused by the Kelvin- Helmholtz Instability. Finally, we used auroral, magnetome- ter, and radar instruments to observe the ionospheric signa- tures. The ionospheric magnetic latitude determined using global MHD and Tsyganenko models ranged from 58.3-80.2 degrees in the Northern Hemisphere and 59.6 degrees to 83.4 degrees in the Southern Hemisphere. The ionospheric magnetic local time ranged between 5.0-13.8 h in the North- ern Hemisphere and 1.3-11.9 h in the Southern Hemisphere. Typical Alfven wave travel time from spacecraft location to the closest ionosphere ranged between 0.6-3.6 min. The pro- jected ionospheric size calculated at an altitude of 100 km ranged from 47-606 km, the same order of magnitude as previously determined ionospheric signature sizes. Station- ary and traveling convection vortices were observed in Su- perDARN radar data in both hemispheres. The vortices were between 1000-1800 km in size. Some events were located within the ionospheric footprint ranges. Pc5 magnetic oscil- lations were observed in SuperMAG magnetometer data in both hemispheres. The oscillations had periods between 4- 10 min with amplitudes of 3-25 nT. They were located within the ionospheric footprint ranges. Some ground magnetome- ter data power spectral density peaked at frequencies within one tenth of a mHz of the peaks found in the corresponding Cluster data. These magnetometer observations were consis- tent with previously published results.
Informal Learning Communities: The Other Massive Open Online 'C'

While the literature on learning at scale has largely focused on MOOCs, online degree programs, and AI techniques for supporting scalable learning experiences, informal learning communities have been relatively underrepresented. None-theless, these massive open online learning communities regularly draw far more engaged users than the typical MOOC. Their informal structure, however, makes them significantly more difficult to study. In this work, we take a first step toward attempting to understand these communi-ties specifically from the perspective of scale. Taking a sample of 62 such communities, we develop a tagging sys-tem for understanding the specific features and how they relate to scale. For example, just as a MOOC cannot man-ually grade every assignment, so also an informal learning community cannot approve every contribution; and just as MOOCs therefore employ autograding, informal learning communities employ crowd-sourced moderation or plat-form-driven enforcement. Using these tags, we then select several communities for deeper case studies. We also use these tags to make sense of learning-based subreddits from the popular community site Reddit, which offers an API for programmatic analysis. Based on these techniques, we offer findings about the performance of informal learning communities at scale and issue a call to include these envi-ronments more fully in future research on learning at scale.
The effect of intra-articular mepivacaine administration prior to carpal arthroscopy on anesthesia management and recovery characteristics in horses.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of intra-articular (IA) mepivacaine administration prior to carpal arthroscopy on anesthetic drug requirements, blood pressure support, hemodynamic variables, and quality of recovery in horses. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, analytical, cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION Twenty-two horses (n = 11 horses/group). METHODS Horses were anesthetized by using the same protocol, but an IA injection of mepivacaine or saline was performed before carpal arthroscopy. End-tidal isoflurane concentration, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were recorded at specific time points. Quality of recovery was scored by the anesthetist, who was unaware of group assignment. Data were analyzed by using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure was higher during joint distension in the control group compared with baseline (7% higher, P = .02) and with the treatment group (10% higher, P = .04). Heart rate was higher in the control group compared with the treatment group during joint distension (8% higher, P = .04) and chip removal (11% higher, P = .03). Heart rate was higher in the control group compared with baseline during chip removal (5.5% higher, P = .04). Two horses in the control group required additional ketamine vs none in the treatment group. Quality of recovery was not different between groups. CONCLUSION Intra-articular mepivacaine resulted in fewer detectable reactions to surgical stimulation, with similar recovery scores and blood pressure support requirements. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intra-articular anesthesia prior to arthroscopy can be used safely in the horse and should be considered as a part of balanced anesthetic protocols.
Nucleon Tomography and Generalized Parton Distribution at Physical Pion Mass from Lattice QCD

We present the first lattice calculation of the nucleon isovector unpolarized generalized parton distribution at the physical pion mass using a lattice ensemble with $2+1+1$ flavors of highly improved staggered quarks generated by the MILC Collaboration, with lattice spacing $a\ensuremath{\approx}0.09\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ and volume ${64}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}96$. We use momentum-smeared sources to improve the signal at nucleon boost momentum ${P}_{z}\ensuremath{\approx}2.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and report results at nonzero momentum transfers in $[0.2,1.0]\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. Nonperturbative renormalization in a regularization-independent momentum-subtraction scheme is used to obtain the quasidistribution before matching to the light-cone generalized parton distributions. The three-dimensional distributions $H(x,{Q}^{2})$ and $E(x,{Q}^{2})$ at $\ensuremath{\xi}=0$ are presented, along with the three-dimensional nucleon tomography and impact parameter--dependent distribution for selected Bjorken $x$ at $\ensuremath{\mu}=3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ in a modified minimal subtraction scheme.
Tax Professional Decision Biases:The Effects of Initial Beliefs and Client Preference

While many studies have inferred confirmation bias in a tax decision-making context, the tax professional's initial belief has usually been the same as the client-preferred position. The objective of this study was to disentangle the effects of evidence direction (confirming or disconfirming evidence) and client preference on tax professionals' belief revisions following the examination of additional evidence. In a repeated-measures design, participants recorded an initial belief and a revised belief in response to two independent fact scenarios. Consistent with research related to auditors, but inconsistent with the psychology literature, the results of this study indicate that tax professionals react in a manner opposite to the predictions of confirmation bias, particularly when the evidence reviewed is counter to the client's wishes. Further examination reveals that the client preference has a more substantial effect on tax professional judgments when the evidence being reviewed confirms the professionals' initial beliefs than when it disconfirms their initial beliefs.
Benchmarking effect sizes in single-case experimental designs

Effect sizes (ESs) describe “how much change” occurred in a treatment condition versus a non-treatment or alternative treatment condition. As such, they are a measure of success or failure in resea...
Around the Clock Spontaneous Breathing Trials and Outcomes in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Background: Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) have been shown to increase the success rate of extubations and to potentially decrease ventilator days (VD) and length of stay. Studies demonstrate that immediate extubation after successful trials of spontaneous breathing expedites weaning and reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation. It may be favorable to extubate patients off-hours and as soon as weaning parameters are met, since this could decrease complications and decrease VD. Conversely, overnight extubation (OE) could be deleterious, as staffing varies during this time. In our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), we maintain a consistent staffing model for all shifts and disciplines. We hypothesize that our patients would have a comparable failed extubation (FE) rate from baseline, regardless of the time of day the patients were extubated. We also anticipated increased OE would have a positive impact on total VD. Methods: With a team of Physicians and Respiratory Therapists (RT), we developed criteria based upon literature for an RT-driven SBT trial to be performed on each qualifying intubated patient in the PICU twice daily. This was implemented in March 2017. Noticing an increase in OE (1900-0659) since the SBT started, we did an IRB approved retrospective data analysis of our safety metrics and audits collected for the SBTs. We analyzed the data to see if there were any changes in the percentage of FE (reintubated within 48 h) and, more significantly, if it reduced our total VD. We reviewed the time of extubation, number of FE, number of failed OE, and total VD for one year before and after initiation of an SBT in our PICU. Results: From 3/2016 to 3/2017, there were 323 extubations. 76 of these were OE (23.5%), and there were 31 FE (10.4%). Twelve of these FE were OE (38.7%). After initiation of an RT driven SBT, from 3/2017-3/2018, there were 353 extubations. 99 of these were OE (28%), and there were 32 FE (9.1%). Nine of these FE were OE (28.1%). With an increase in OE post initiation of SBT, we still saw a decrease in failed OE (38.7% to 28.1%). Total VD was 2897 compared to 2777 days from before and after SBT initiation (decrease of 9.6%). Conclusions: By utilizing an around the clock model for our RT driven SBT, our facility was able to improve outcome metrics (FE rate and total VD) for PICU patients. Further studies should be done to explore the relationship between OE, staffing, and mortality.
Constrained Nonrigid Motion

We will now extend the equations of motion (3.13) to account for the motions of composite models with interconnected deformable parts which are constrained not to separate.
Synthesis of proteins in cells infected with herpesvirus. IV. Analysis of the proteins in viral particles isolated from the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Abstract Three types of pseudorabies virus particles can be isolated from infected rabbit kidney cells by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. One type, isolated from the cytoplasm, contains DNA, behaves like extracellular virus, and probably represents a population of mature virus. A second type, isolated from the nucleus, also contains DNA but has a lower sedimentation value and 4-fold lower specific infectivity than cytoplasmic virus. A third type, also isolated from the nucleus, does not contain DNA and is not infectious. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins present in the infectious nuclear and cytoplasmic viral particles revealed that they contain the same proteins but that the former possess about 30–35% less of at least two proteins normally present in mature virus. These two proteins probably represent proteins of the viral envelope.
Rethinking the Constitutionality of Age Discrimination: A Challenge to a Decades-Old Consensus

The consensus in the legal academy and in the courts is that the window of opportunity for bringing a successful equal protection challenge to age discrimination closed decades ago. This Article challenges that conclusion by showing how current Supreme Court precedent creates an opportunity for certain forms of age discrimination to be found to violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection guarantees. In doing so, this Article calls into serious question legislation that uses age classifications in ways that undermine older adults’ important rights. For example, it challenges the permissibility of elder abuse legislation that limits the informational and substantive privacy rights of persons once they reach an advanced age. By demonstrating the new viability of a form of legal challenge long presumed to be unproductive, this Article outlines potential legal strategies for those who would challenge age discrimination in the courts. It also warns policymakers that the courts may refuse to tolerate the cavalier use of age-based classifications.
Apparent functional role for a cysteine-rich polydnavirus protein in suppression of the insect cellular immune response.

Polydnaviruses suppress the cellular immune response and inhibit growth and development in their lepidopteran host, allowing survival of their endoparasitic hymenopteran host. Characterization of genes disrupting insect physiological systems is a major objective in the study of polydnaviruses. Recently, a cysteine-rich gene family encoding a motif composed of invariable cysteine residues flanking hypervariable intercysteine amino acids was described (S.D. Dib-Hajj, B.A. Webb, and M.D. Summers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3765-3769, 1993). They noted similarities to the positive selection pressure for mutations within the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes and speculated that this class of polydnavirus genes may target and disrupt the insect immune system. To study the functional activity of this family of predicted cysteine-rich proteins, the VHv1.1 gene product was produced from bacterial and baculovirus expression systems. Polyclonal antiserum produced from the bacterial fusion protein reacted with a 30-kDa protein from hemocytes, cell-free plasma, and fat body of parasitized larvae. Immunofluorescence analysis of hemocytes from parasitized insects detected the 30-kDa protein bound to granulocytes and plasmacytes. To assay the functional activity of the 30-kDa VHv1.1 protein, a recombinant baculovirus was constructed allowing in vivo expression of the 30-kDa polydnavirus protein from infected insects. Expression of the VHv1.1 protein from the baculovirus system reduced the encapsulation response to washed wasp eggs relative to controls. The experimental evidence demonstrates that Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus-infected cells secrete VHv1.1 into the hemolymph, where it binds to hemocytes and is associated with the inhibition of the cellular immune response.
Epidemiology of Cancer of the Esophagus

RAMATICALLY different patterns of occurrence are observed for esophageal cancer in different parts of the world. Its epidemiologic behavior is marked by sharp variations in incidence within discrete geographic areas, among different ethnic groups, and between males and females. Esophageal cancer is a disease of the poor in most areas of the world. Among some populations, major risk factors have already been identified, and the potential exists for primary prevention. Cancer of the esophagus may be characterized by its cell type and anatomic location along the length of the esophagus. Squamous-cell carcinomas of varying degrees of differentiation comprise the vast majority (95%) of cancers in the esophagus. The incidence of squamous-cell carcinomas of the esophagus in most countries predominates in males, and the male:female ratio increases with increasing age.’ Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus may occur in conjunction with Barrett’s columnar metaplasia in the lower one third of the esophagus or from mucous glands of the esophagus.2 Histologically, these may be divided into adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid adenocarcinoma (adenoacanthoma), and adenoid cystic adenocarcinoma (cylindroma). The majority of esophageal cancers are located in the middle and lower thirds of the esophagus. Some 6% to 17% of esophageal cancers occur in the upper third of the esophagus.3*4 In Sweden, a higher proportion of esophageal neoplasms in females were reported to occur in the upper third.5 Pearson6 reported that 32% of esophageal cancers in females from southeast Scotland (193 1 to 1964) were diagnosed in the
A Unique Religious Exemption from Antidiscrimination Laws in the Case of Gays? Putting the Call for Exemptions for Those Who Discriminate against Married or Marrying Gays in Context

Faced with gay marriage in a few states, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty and some scholars advocate exemptions from antidiscrimination laws for those with religious or moral objections to “facilitating” gay marriage.1 Advocates seek exemptions only in connection with gays, and at least initially, they connect the need for exemptions to gay marriage. This essay examines the claim for religious or moral exemptions in a broader social and historical context. It asks why exemptions are sought only in the case of gays and whether the rationale for exemptions can reasonably be confined to “facilitating” gay marriage. Would the claim for exemptions logically support exemptions from antidiscrimination laws in the case of discrimination against single and partnered gays? Why should gays be treated differently from every other group protected by antidiscrimination laws, including Americans of African descent and women? Can a claim for a religious exemption in the case of gay marriage be supported on the theory that a religious and biblical rationale was absent in the case of racial discrimination but is present in the case of gays? Can it be supported on the ground that religious exemptions for discrimination against gays would subject them to only minor inconvenience? Would a similar rationale be persuasive in the case of religious exemptions for racial discrimination?
Achieving language independence with Paragon

We describe Paragon, a novel modeling tool that promotes the creation of HDL-based models at a more abstract, language-independent level. This modeling environment encapsulates the semantic elements necessary to create models at various hierarchical levels from mixed-signal and mixed-technology behavioral models down to semiconductor device models. Paragon is designed to support the generation of multiple hardware description languages including VHDL-AMS, MAST, and Verilog-A(MS) as well as C and C++-based codes. We focus on the facets of Paragon that enable language independence.
An XML Log Standard and Tool for Digital Library Logging Analysis

Log analysis can be a primary source of knowledge about how digital library patrons actually use DL systems and services and how systems behave while trying to support user information seeking activities. Log recording and analysis allow evaluation assessment, and open opportunities to improvements and enhanced new services. In this paper, we propose an XML-based digital library log format standard that captures a rich, detailed set of system and user behaviors supported by current digital library services. The format is implemented in a generic log component tool, which can be plugged into any digital library system. The focus of the work is on interoperability, reusability, and completeness. Specifications, implementation details, and examples of use within the MARIAN digital library system are described.
A Model of Tidal Rectification by Potential Vorticity Mixing. Part I: Homogeneous Ocean*

Abstract In previous studies of tidal generation of mean flow over varying topography, the rectification mechanism has generally invoked bottom friction as a source of tidal flux of momentum and vorticity (hence referred as“friction” mechanism). The author proposes a different mechanism based on horizontal mixing of potential vorticity. Drawing analogy from tidal dispersion of passive tracers, this mixing is parameterized through a diffusivity (hence called “diffusivity” mechanism) that is quadratic in the tidal amplitude. In this, Part 1, the mean along-isobath flow near a shelf break is determined for a homogeneous ocean and contrasted with that induced by friction mechanism. In Part 2, the effect of a front will be considered. It is found that although the mean flow is pointing in the same direction as that induced by friction mechanism (i.e., to the right when facing deep water in the Northern Hemisphere), it varies more slowly with the tidal amplitude. In the typical situation when the mean shear is ...
Process development of 50-ÅIMP Ti with <2% thickness uniformity for 300-mm iLB

We have developed a 50 angstrom IMP Ti film for 300mm liner application. The process development was done on 300mm iLB Endura Platform, which combines the high bottom coverage and scalability of IMP Ti with the conformality of the CVD TXZ TiN process to address low contact resistance and good adhesion for W and Al application. The IMP technology has an advantage of significant improving the step coverage but has a limitation on obtaining a good film uniformity due to high pressure operation and coil sputtering non-uniformity. ICE technology was used to improve the coil sputtering non-uniformity and film uniformity was improved to approximately 4 percent. Further investigation revealed that the target to substrate spacing has a direct effect on film uniformity. It was found that there is optimum spacing for which great film uniformity can be achieved. The coil position between the target and substrate plays an important role as well. 1000 wafer marathon was performed and average 1.26 percent thickness uniformity was achieved. Thickness was 51 angstrom with 0.4 percent wafer to wafer repeatability.
C by Dissection: The Essentials of C Programming

From the Publisher: This significantly revised edition has been carefully designed to meet the needs of readers new to C. The reader moves easily through the fundamentals of C and on to its latest applications by means of a time-tested explanatory tool called dissection, first developed by the authors in 1984. Dissection, a pedagogical method similar to a structured, step-by-step walk-through, explains new programming elements and idioms as they are encountered in working code. Right from the start, the authors introduce the reader to complete programs, and at an early point in the text the reader learns to write functions, an important feature of structured programming.
Implementation of an electronic dental record tool to increase referrals to a tobacco counseling quit line

The problem under investigation: Telephone counseling has been documented to increase smoking cessation rates yet dissemination of the technology into medical practice has been limited. An untapped source of potential telephone counseling referrals is dental hygienists. Implementing a system that cues dentists and dental hygienists to give cessation advice and refer patients to telephone counseling has the potential to increase the number of smokers accessing telephone counseling. We have previously reported on a clinical trial examining a computer-assisted tobacco intervention (CATI) tool embedded in the electronic dental record (EDR). The results showed significant increases in the rate at which dental hygienists assessed interest in quitting, discussed specific strategies for quitting, and referred for telephone counseling. After the conclusion of the trial the system was permanently implemented in both the control and intervention clinics. The question of sustained use is examined in this report.
State-Wide Middle Level Implementation: Lessons Learned.

This paper examines the progress of one state in implementing the middle school concept. Results of a survey distributed in 1990 were compared to results of a similar survey distributed in the spring of 2004. Progress or the lack thereof has been noted. Implications from this survey can serve to heighten awareness and continue to improve the quality of middle level education.
RNA and protein synthesis is required for Ancylostoma caninum larval activation

The developmentally arrested infective larva of hookworms encounters a host-specific signal during invasion that initiates the resumption of suspended developmental pathways. The resumption of development during infection is analogous to recovery from the facultative arrested dauer stage in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Infective larvae of the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum resume feeding and secrete molecules important for infection when exposed to a host mimicking signal in vitro. This activation process is a model for the initial steps of the infective process. Dauer recovery requires protein synthesis, but not RNA synthesis in C. elegans. To determine the role of RNA and protein synthesis in hookworm infection, inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis were tested for their effect on feeding and secretion by A. caninum infective larvae. The RNA synthesis inhibitors α-amanitin and actinomycin D inhibit feeding dose-dependently, with IC(50) values of 30 and 8 μM, respectively. The protein synthesis inhibitors puromycin (IC(50)=110 μM), cycloheximide (IC(50)=50 μM), and anisomycin (IC(50)=200 μM) also displayed dose-dependent inhibition of larval feeding. Significant inhibition of feeding by α-amanitin and anisomycin occurred when the inhibitors were added before 12h of the activation process, but not if the inhibitors were added after 12h. None of the RNA or protein synthesis inhibitors prevented secretion of the activation-associated protein ASP-1, despite nearly complete inhibition of feeding. The results indicate that unlike dauer recovery in C. elegans, de novo gene expression is required for hookworm larval activation, and the critical genes are expressed within 12h of exposure to activating stimuli. However, secretion of infection-associated proteins is independent of gene expression, indicating that the proteins are pre-synthesized and stored for rapid release during the initial stages of infection. The genes that are inhibited represent a subset of those required for the transition to parasitism, and therefore represent interesting targets for further investigation. Furthermore, while dauer recovery provides a useful model for hookworm infection, the differences identified here highlight the importance of exercising caution before making generalizations about parasitic nematodes based on C. elegans biology.
Links Between Inflammation and Thrombogenicity in Atherosclerosis

Plaque disruption and subsequent thrombus formation play a critical role in the clinical manifestations of atherothrombosis. Vulnerable lesions are characterized by the existence of core rich in lipid, macrophages and tissue factor (TF). Plaque disruption facilitates the interaction between flowing blood with the inner components (TF) of disrupted atherosclerotic lesions triggering the coagulation cascade. TF, thrombin, platelets, fibrin and inflammatory cells are involved in this process of acute thrombus formation. This pathologic process is significantly accelerated by several cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, dyslipemia, etc. We will review on the role of TF, plaque cell apoptosis and blood thrombogenicity acting as a thread of inflammatory and prothrombotic mediators. We will also review the role of activated platelets as source for pro-inflammatory cytokines and enunciation of thrombotic process. Overall, we will try to emphasize the most recent understanding of the concepts involved in the interaction between inflammation and coagulation within the setting of atherothrombotic disease.
Properties of orderly recruited motor units with tripolar cuff electrode

Summary form only given, as follows. Motor units of the soleus and m. gastrocnemius muscles were recruited in order according to size with stimuli delivered by a tripolar nerve cuff electrode. One stimulus controlled the firing rate, while the second recruited the motor units, with the electrode's center pole serving both stimuli. A series of test procedures verified that motor units were indeed recruited according to their size, that firing rate increase and motor unit recruitment were independent of each other, that a wide range of firing rate and recruitment control strategies could be implemented, and that the force fatigue profile showed resistance at low recruitment levels and progressive susceptibility as larger motor units were recruited. >
Long-term effects of ethics education on the quality of care for patients who have do-not-resuscitate orders

Objective: To assess the long-term clinical impact of a broad-based ethics education program for medical houseofficers with specific emphasis on appropriate care for patients who have do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders.
Receiving efficiency of monostatic pulsed coherent lidars. 1: Theory.

Pulsed coherent radars' receiving efficiency, eta, is presently investigated as a function of range z on the basis of a theory which relates eta(z) to both the transmitted laser intensity and the point-source receiving efficiency; this efficiency is calculated by a backward method employing the back-propagated local oscillator (BPLO) approach. The theory is applied to the ideal case, in order to study system optimization when both the transmitted and the BPLO fields at the antenna are Gaussian. In the second part of this work, eta(z) is calculated for various conditions of the NOAA/ERL Wave Propagation Laboratory CO2 Doppler lidar; the sensitivity of eta(z) to transmitted laser beam quality, telescope focal setting, telescope power, scanner astigmatism, and system misalignment.
Joint spectral radius and Hölder regularity of wavelets

Abstract We give preliminary results on the Holder exponent of wavelets of compact support. In particular, we give a nearly complete map of this exponent for the family of four-coefficient multiresolution analyses and determine the smoothest one. This will resolve two conjectures by Colella and Heil. Wavelets of compact support can be generated via infinite products of certain matrices. The rate of growth of these products determines the regularity of the wavelet. This rate can be determined via joint, generalized, or common spectral radius of the given set of matrices. We outline a method for calculating this radius for a given set of matrices. The method relies on guessing the particular finite optimal product which satisfies the finiteness conjecture and exhibits the fastest growth. Then, we generate an optimal unit ball by taking the convex hull of the action of the semigroup of matrices, scaled by their joint radius, on the invariant ball of the scaled optimal product. If this process terminates in a finite number of steps and the convex hull does not grow, then the guessed optimal product is confirmed and the joint radius is determined.
Wide-angle SAR imaging

We consider imaging strategies for synthetic aperture radar data collections that span a wide angular aperture. Most traditional radar imaging techniques are predicated on the assumption of isotropic point scattering mechanisms, which does not hold for wide apertures. We investigate point scattering center images for narrowband, wide angle data, and consider the effect of limited persistence on the resulting images. We investigate imaging strategies that apply to wide angle apertures. We show that coherent processing of the entire wide angle aperture may not be the best image formation strategy for objects of practical interest. Finally, we present initial results on resolution enhancement techniques for wide angle apertures.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of cold-adapted vaccine-strain influenza virus using two commercial assays

Because of the contagious nature of influenza virus it is necessary to identify infected individuals after the virus is introduced into a population. The aim of this study was to characterise influenza virus detection with commercially available assays after intranasal vaccinating horses with cold-adapted influenza virus. Seven horses were vaccinated and placed with 3 unvaccinated horses. Nasal secretion samples were evaluated using 2 antigen detection assays. All 10 horses were positive in the Flu OIA assay during the study period, but only one horse was positive on one sample using the Directigen Flu A assay. Horses were most likely to be positive during the first 3 days following vaccination, and several horses were intermittently positive for several days after this. Obtaining positive test results from nonvaccinated, incontact horses suggests they became infected with vaccine-strain virus that was shed by vaccinated horses. These results are important for the correct interpretation of influenza antigen detection tests in situations when this modified-live intranasal vaccine has been used.
The exchange reaction of tetramethyl-diphosphine, -diarsine, -distibine and -dibismuthine

Abstract Tetramethyldiphosphine and tetramethyldiarsine undergo an exchange reaction to give (dimethylarsino)dimethylphosphine. The equilibrium constant at 25°C in benzene is found to be 0.26. Similarly, mixtures of tetramethyldistibine with tetramethyldiarsine or tetramethyldibismuthine are partially converted to (dimethylarsino)dimethylstibine or (dimethylbismuthino)dimethylstibine, respectively. The thermochromic arsinostibine, 1-(2,5-dimethylarsolo)-2,5-dimethylstibole, has been prepared by a similar reaction.
Biotechnology applied to grain legumes

Recent advances in grain legume biotechnology are reviewed. Emphasis is given on field testing and commercialization of transgenic grain legumes. The absence of variety-independent gene transfer methods for major agronomic species has, until now, limited the usefulness of recombinant DNA techniques to crop improvement programs. Direct DNA transfer techniques into organized and easily regenerable tissue provided the breakthrough to achieve effective and practical gene transfer into important leguminous species. In principle, we are now in the position to introduce any foreign gene into almost all major legumes, in some cases in a variety-independent fashion. This, however, can only be achieved routinely in few laboratories, all located in industrialized countries. A number of the more important of the leguminous crops, particularly those utilized for human consumption are important components of sustainable agricultural production systems in the developing world. We must bridge the gap between industrialized and developing countries before legume biotechnolgy can be utilized effectively for crop improvement, particularly in the developing world. Technology transfer becomes an important issue and links amongst corporate research organizations, academic institutions and international organizations need to be strengthened to avoid duplication of effort and to maximize efficient utilization of limited resources. In this chapter, advantages of the various gene delivery methods that were shown to be useful for specific crops, as well as limitations and problems associated with each crop and gene transfer method will be discussed. In addition, we will focus on specific biotechnology goals targeted for particular crops. Important oilseed and feed species as well as minor but equally important species for sustaining growing populations in developing countries are discussed.
Problem-solution mapping in object-oriented design

Six expert Smalltalk programmers and three expert procedural programmers were observed as they worked on a gourmet shopping design problem; they were asked to think aloud about what was going through their minds as they worked. These verbal protocols were recorded and examined for ways in which the programmers' understanding of the problem domain affected the design process; most of our examples are from the three Smalltalk programmers who focussed most on the mapping from problem to solution. We characterize the problem entities that did appear as solution objects, the active nature of the mapping process, and ways in which the resultant objects went beyond their problem analogs.
Induction of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities in rat hepatoma H-4-IIE cells in culture by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds: Mechanistic studies using radiolabeled congeners☆

Treatment of rat hepatoma H-4-IIE cells in culture with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), 1,2,7,8-TCDF, and 2,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TrCDD) resulted in the structure-dependent induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities. The induction potencies followed the order 2,3,7,8-TCDD greater than 2,3,7,8-TCDF greater than 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD approximately 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF greater than 1,2,7,8-TCDF greater than 2,3,7-TrCDD and were comparable to structure-toxicity relationships which have previously been reported. In contrast, many of the properties of these compounds were structure-independent. For example, using tritiated congeners of high specific activity (greater than 30 Ci/mmol) the sedimentation coefficients (S) for the nuclear and cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor complexes were 5-6 and 9-10 S, respectively, for all the radioligands. Moreover, examination of the processing of nuclear Ah receptor complexes for the radiolabeled congeners showed that after 6 h, the rates of nuclear processing were very low and varied between 0.006 and 0.0385 fmol degraded/mg protein/mg total DNA. These results were consistent with the reported stability and persistence of the nuclear Ah receptor complexes and in addition, there were no apparent structure-dependent differences in the processing rates. Inspection of the nuclear receptor levels and the corresponding induced enzyme activities for the congeners showed that there was a linear correlation between average nuclear receptor complex levels (18-42 h) and induced enzyme activities (32-42 h) for all six radioligands; these data indicated that the rates of cytochrome P450-dependent gene expression correlated with the levels of nuclear Ah receptor complex. In contrast, the accumulation of occupied nuclear receptor complexes in rat hepatoma H-4-IIE cells was structure-dependent and appeared to be one of the factors which governed the observed structure-induction and the previously reported structure-toxicity relationships for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and related halogenated aryl hydrocarbons.
Ultrafast electron transfer reactions initiated by excited CT states of push–pull perylenes

Abstract Two new chromophores that absorb in the visible spectrum, the 9-(N-pyrrolidinyl)- and 9-(N-piperidinyl)perylene-3,4-dicarboximides, 5PMI and 6PMI, respectively, were synthesized and shown to possess lowest excited singlet states with about 70% charge transfer (CT) character. Changing the ring size of the cyclic amine from 5 to 6 significantly changes the energies of the CT states, as well as the redox potentials of the chromophores. These chromophores were linked to pyromellitimide (PI) and 1,8:4,5-naphthalenediimide (NI) electron acceptors using a single N–N bond between their respective imides to yield the corresponding donor–acceptor dyads 5PMI–PI, 5PMI–NI, 6PMI–PI, and 6PMI–NI. The donors and acceptors in these molecules are positioned relative to one another in a rod-like arrangement at fixed distances and restricted orientations. The rates of charge separation and recombination were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy. These chromophores were also used to prepare rigid donor–acceptor triads 5PMI–PI–NI and 6PMI–PI–NI, which display one- or two-step electron transfer mechanisms that depend on solvent polarity. These compounds exhibit a broad range of structure and media driven changes in electron transfer mechanism.