cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K− mass from kaonic atoms

Abstract The energies of the six circular transitions ( n = 13 → n = 12 through n = 8 → n = 7) of the K − Pb exotic atom have been measured to high precision (typically ∼ 50 ppm) using Ge (Li) spectrometers. The data acquisition system was computer controlled and stabilized, the energy calibration spectrum was taken simultaneously with the data spectrum. The experimental energies of the six transitions were corrected for ADC nonlinearities and data-calibration spectrum shifts, as well as the presence of unresolved noncircular transition contaminants. The energies of five of the transitions (13 → 12 through 9 → 8) were computed from quantum electrodynamics, including all significant orders of vacuum polarization, electron screening and nuclear polarization. The mass of the K − was adjusted to achieve a best fit with the experimental energies: the result was m K − = 493.657 ± 0.020 MeV.
Geodesy in the 21st Century

From flat Earth, to round Earth, to a rough and oblate Earth, people's understanding of the shape of our planet and its landscapes has changed dramatically over the course of history. These advances in geodesy—the study of Earth's size, shape, orientation, and gravitational field, and the variations of these quantities over time—developed because of humans' curiosity about the Earth and because of geodesy's application to navigation, surveying, and mapping, all of which were very practical areas that benefited society.
Robotics-based freshman immigration course into computer systems engineering

A robotics-based freshman immigration course into Computer Systems Engineering (CSE) was created to introduce students to the main design issues in CSE: multi-controller programming, sensor interfacing, servo actuation and serial communications. Freshman students were found to be enthusiastic about the Robotis Bioloid system used and found it challenging but not overwhelming. The instructional materials were designed around 3 projects: car bot in maze, GERWALK bot penalty kick, and GERWALK bot negotiating stair steps. Mid-term course assessment results are presented in this article.
Resistance of a pine forest to ozone uptake

The surface resistance of a pine forest to ozone uptake is calculated from aircraft data obtained in southern New Jersey. The resistances are 130 and 300 s m-1 for the afternoon and early evening, respectively, in good agreement with estimates used by Galbally and Roy (1980) in their calculation of global surface destruction of ozone.
Family environments of women seeking BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic mutation testing: an exploratory analysis.

Although there is some understanding of the shared characteristics and predictors of psychological distress of women participating in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer registries, these same characteristics are only beginning to be identified in research on community women seeking genetic testing for BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations. This study provides an initial exploration of characteristics associated with family environments for 51 community women waiting to receive such genetic testing results. Thirty-four of the 36 women classified on family environment type of the Family Environment Scale (FES) were from Personal Growth-Oriented families. Comparisons of women with and without personal cancer histories resulted in a trend for women with personal cancer histories to be classified as from Independence-Oriented families. Reported distress appears to vary for different family emphases based on family and personal cancer history. A moral–religious family emphasis consistently appeared to be associated with decreased psychological distress. Preliminary analyses comparing these community women (who were not part of a hereditary registry but were self- or physician-referred) seeking genetic testing with normal and distressed family means found that increased cohesion and expressiveness may be related to decreased conflict, indicative of potentially supportive family environments for these women. When compared with normative data, a subset consisting of the Ashkenazi Jewish women showed a trend of less cohesion than normal families, but similar cohesion levels as distressed families.
Evaluation of animal genetic and physiological factors that affect the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle.

Controlling the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle at the pre-harvest level is critical to reduce outbreaks of this pathogen in humans. Multilayers of factors including the environmental and bacterial factors modulate the colonization and persistence of E. coli O157 in cattle that serve as a reservoir of this pathogen. Here, we report animal factors contributing to the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle. We observe the lowest number of E. coli O157 in Brahman breed when compared with other crosses in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd, and bulls excrete more E. coli O157 than steers in the pens where cattle were housed together. The presence of super-shedders, cattle excreting >105 CFU/rectal anal swab, increases the concentration of E. coli O157 in the pens; thereby super-shedders enhance transmission of this pathogen among cattle. Molecular subtyping analysis reveal only one subtype of E. coli O157 in the multibreed herd, indicating the variance in the levels of E. coli O157 in cattle is influenced by animal factors. Furthermore, strain tracking after relocation of the cattle to a commercial feedlot reveals farm-to-farm transmission of E. coli O157, likely via super-shedders. Our results reveal high risk factors in the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle whereby animal genetic and physiological factors influence whether this pathogen can persist in cattle at high concentration, providing insights to intervene this pathogen at the pre-harvest level.
Mason: a JavaScript web site widget for visualizing and comparing annotated features in nucleotide or protein sequences

Sequence feature annotations (e.g., protein domain boundaries, binding sites, and secondary structure predictions) are an essential part of biological research. Annotations are widely used by scientists during research and experimental design, and are frequently the result of biological studies. A generalized and simple means of disseminating and visualizing these data via the web would be of value to the research community. Mason is a web site widget designed to visualize and compare annotated features of one or more nucleotide or protein sequence. Annotated features may be of virtually any type, ranging from annotating transcription binding sites or exons and introns in DNA to secondary structure or domain boundaries in proteins. Mason is simple to use and easy to integrate into web sites. Mason has a highly dynamic and configurable interface supporting multiple sets of annotations per sequence, overlapping regions, customization of interface and user-driven events (e.g., clicks and text to appear for tooltips). It is written purely in JavaScript and SVG, requiring no 3rd party plugins or browser customization. Mason is a solution for dissemination of sequence annotation data on the web. It is highly flexible, customizable, simple to use, and is designed to be easily integrated into web sites. Mason is open source and freely available at https://github.com/yeastrc/mason .
Revealing the structural properties of hydrogenated black TiO2 nanocrystals

Our recent discovery of hydrogenated black TiO2 nanocrystals has triggered intense research interests for many applications. The understanding of the properties of this new material, however, falls far from satisfactory. We present here a novel and quantitative structural analysis of hydrogenated black TiO2 nanocrystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) based crystal morphology modeling assisted with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements. This analysis method provides an in-depth understanding of the structural properties of the hydrogenated black TiO2 nanocrystals, which is otherwise hardly achievable in a quantitative way. Specifically, the percentage of various crystalline facets and the ratio of the crystalline/amorphous phases are clearly revealed, besides the surface excess pressure and stress over the crystalline phase, and the stabilizing function of the amorphous shell. This study thus sheds more light on the black TiO2 nanocrystals and may inspire more applications based on the newly revealed structural properties. We also demonstrate that the unique analysis method of XRD-derived crystal morphology modeling would be extremely useful to gain an in-depth understanding of the structural properties and behaviors of nanocrystals, especially in the case where only XRD is available and other direct measuring methods or high-end instruments are not available or are cost-prohibitive. Thus, it would promote great research interest in nanomaterials research with rich structural information, even under budget-limiting situations.
PROPERTY ENTITLEMENTS AND PRICING POLICIES FOR A MATURING WATER ECONOMY

The Australian water economy is entering a mature phase characterised by inelastic supply of 'new' water and the need for expensive rehabilitation of aging projects. Thus, the policy focus will turn increasingly toward ways of restraining water demand and reallocating existing supplies. A prima facie case is made that the efficiency loss from current water pricing and allocation policy is significant. After considering the relevant welfare economics theory, the theory of administered prices and marketable property rights and some American proposals for reform, a system of transferable water entitlements is proposed and developed.
Agitation in Demented Patients in the United States

Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders have been reported in most ethnic groups living in the United States. Although the presence of these disorders in different U.S. ethnic groups is well documented, the characteristics of dementing disorders, such as the presence of behavioral disturbances, in these groups remains unexplored.
Demand innovation: GM’s OnStar case

A new form of business innovation, a response to the current challenges to growth initiatives, is being pioneered by a handful of farsighted companies. These companies have shifted their approach from product innovation to demand innovation. Such new‐growth businesses focus on growing new value by discovering new forms of demand. For example, in the mid‐1990s, engineers within several GM business units realized that technological advances might enable the creation of a new business focused on the needs of drivers. The crucial factors in GM’s success have been its ability to look at customers’ driving needs from a fresh perspective and its decision to serve these needs through a business design that leverages GM’s unique hidden asset – its unequaled installed base of vehicles.
Five-year-olds' interactions with fathers versus mothers:

The input of mothers and fathers to five-year-old children was examined, in both dyadic and whole-family interactions, to determine whether paternal input to five-year-olds was more challenging and less finely tuned than maternal input, as has been reported for interactions with younger children. Previous work has suggested that fathers' input might be particularly helpful in the development of the distanced communicative skills that develop after toddlerhood. Language of all speakers (in both family and dyadic settings) was analysed for evidence of complexity, for conversational function, and for cognitive challenge, variables that previous investigations have suggested might differentiate fathers' from mothers' language. However, in both interaction settings these mothers spoke more and more complexly than fathers and at mealtimes they were more active in initiating varied conversation topics in which the child could participate.
Frequency dependent nonlinear optical properties of molecules: formulation and implementation in the HONDO program

This article summarizes the detailed equations for the time-dependent Hartree-Fock treatment of nonlinear properties for perturbations made up of a static electric field and an oscillating field. Explicit expressions for all nonlinear processes up to third order are obtained in terms of the density matrices at the same order. For processes at second and third order in perturbation, expressions in terms of lower order quantities are also obtained by applying the (2n+1) theorem of perturbation theory. The corresponding computer implementation in the HONDO program is described
Managing HIV peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral nerve disorders are frequent complications of HIV disease. Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common peripheral nerve disorder associated with HIV and occurs in over one third of infected patients but may occur in up to 67% if asymptomatic patients are included. Risk factors for DSP include increased age, advanced HIV disease, and history of "d-drugs" or other neurotoxic drugs. The primary manifestations of polyneuropathy are slowly progressive numbness and paresthesias, with burning sensations in the feet usually in a symmetrical pattern. The etiology of HIV-associated DSP is unknown, although neurotoxic effects of cytokines, toxicity of HIV proteins, and mitochondrial damage have been implicated. The current treatment for HIV-associated DSP is symptomatic, with pain modifying medications, including anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, antidepressants, antiepileptics, topical anesthetics, and capsaicin. Sustained virologic control may improve DSP. Novel therapies such as -acetyl-l-carnitine or neurotrophic factors are being studied for treatment of DSP.
Recurrent Cervical Carcinoma Presenting as a Primary Aortoduodenal Fistula

Aortoduodenal fistula is a rare cause of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and carries high morbidity and mortality even in modern practice. Cervical carcinoma is a major health threat among adult women, and its recurrence is not uncommon. We herein present a case of primary aortoduodenal fistula because of recurrent cervical carcinoma. Our case demonstrated that diagnosis of primary aortoenteric fistula requires a high index of suspicion and a combination of diagnostic modalities to establish the diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical in reducing mortality and morbidity. Although rare, metastatic carcinoma can lead to aortoenteric fistula.
Addimer chain structures: Metastable precursors to island formation on Ge–Si(0 0 1)-(2 × n) alloyed surface

Abstract We have identified addimer chain structures as metastable precursors to compact epitaxial islands on the (2 × n ) reconstructed SiGe wetting layer, using polarity-switching scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These chain structures are comprised of 2–12 addimers residing in the troughs of neighboring substrate dimer rows. The chain structures extend along equivalent 〈1 3 0〉 directions across the substrate dimer rows in a zigzag fashion, giving rise to kinked and straight segments. We measure a kink-to-straight ratio of nearly 2:1. This ratio corresponds to a free energy difference of 17 ± 4 meV, favoring the formation of kinked segments. The chain structures convert to compact epitaxial islands at elevated temperatures (⩾90 °C). This conversion suggests that the chain structures are a precursor for compact island formation on the SiGe wetting layer. We digitally process filled- and empty-state STM images to distinguish chain structures from compact islands. By monitoring the populations of both species over time, the chain-to-island conversion rates are measured at substrate temperatures ranging from 90 to 150 °C. The activation energy for the conversion process is measured to be 0.7 ± 0.2 eV with a corresponding pre-exponential factor of 5 × 10 4±2 s −1 .
The activity in vitro of trospectomycin sulphate (U-63366F) against aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci

Trospectomycin (U-63366F), a 6'-propyl analogue of spectinomycin, was tested against aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci. The MIC90 for Enterococcus faecalis was 4 mg/l and that for E. faecium was 8 mg/l. Trospectomycin alone was not bactericidal for enterococci, with MBC90 4096 mg/l for both E. faecalis and E. faecium. The addition of commercially available polyvalent immunoglobulin decreased significantly both the MICs and the MBCs and the rendered trospectomycin bactericidal for enterococci. Chequerboard titration of a combination of trospectomycin with ampicillin revealed an FIC index of 1.0 for all the isolates tested. Time-kill curves also did not show any enhancement of bactericidal activity of ampicillin when combined with trospectomycin. A combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was synergistic for enterococci under similar experimental conditions. Trospectomycin can be used as a safe alternative to aminoglycosides or beta-lactam antibiotics in enterococcal infection where bactericidal activity is not required, or in the event of serious side effects from these two classes of antibiotics.
The Effect of Pullet Maturity on Fertility and Hatchability of Eggs

Abstract SEVERAL years ago it was observed in this laboratory that, when pullets were placed in batteries as they started to lay, the fertile eggs collected during the first few weeks did not hatch as well as might be expected. It was our opinion that this was caused by a low CO2 content in the incubator since these new pullet eggs were the only eggs in the machine. This effect has been reported by Romanoff (1930) and also Barott (1937). In 1952 old hens were carried through the summer until the following December. A decrease in hatchability of the eggs from the old hens was not experienced, but the usual low hatchability of the pullet eggs was observed. The presence of eggs in the incubator that had been incubated one and two weeks assured a sufficient amount of CO2, consequently, some other explanation was necessary. Operators of broiler hatcheries have also …
Serine protease acylation proceeds with a subtle re-orientation of the histidine ring at the tetrahedral intermediate

The acylation mechanism of a prototypical serine protease trypsin and its complete free energy reaction profile have been determined by Born–Oppenheimer ab initioQM/MM molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling.
Analyses of the xylem sap proteomes identified candidate Fusarium virguliforme proteinacious toxins.

Background Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by the ascomycete fungus, Fusarium virguliforme, exhibits root necrosis and leaf scorch or foliar SDS. The pathogen has never been identified from the above ground diseased foliar tissues. Foliar SDS is believed to be caused by host selective toxins, including FvTox1, secreted by the fungus. This study investigated if the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants contains secreted F. virguliforme-proteins, some of which could cause foliar SDS development. Results Xylem sap samples were collected from five biological replications of F. virguliforme-infected and uninfected soybean plants under controlled conditions. We identified five F. virguliforme proteins from the xylem sap of the F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants by conducting LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. These five proteins were also present in the excreted proteome of the pathogen in culture filtrates. One of these proteins showed high sequence identity to cerato-platanin, a phytotoxin produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani to cause canker stain disease in the plane tree. Of over 500 soybean proteins identified in this study, 112 were present in at least 80% of the sap samples collected from F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected control plants. We have identified four soybean defense proteins from the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000873. Conclusion This study confirms that a few F. virguliforme proteins travel through the xylem, some of which could be involved in foliar SDS development. We have identified five candidate proteinaceous toxins, one of which showed high similarity to a previously characterized phytotoxin. We have also shown the presence of four soybean defense proteins in the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. This study laid the foundation for studying the molecular basis of foliar SDS development in soybean and possible defense mechanisms that may be involved in conferring immunity against F. virguliforme and other soybean pathogens.
The Origin of the Blue Tilt in Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems

Some early-type galaxies show a correlation between color and integrated magnitude among the brighter metal-poor globular clusters (GCs). This phenomenon, known as the blue tilt, implies a mass-metallicity relationship among these clusters. In this paper, we show that self-enrichment in GCs can explain several aspects of the blue tilt and discuss predictions of this scenario.
A symmetrical, extracellular fibril.

Symmetrical, extracellular fibrils, which are related to the "special fibrils" of the dermis described by Palade and Farquhar, have been found along the outer surface of the basement membrane covering the notochord in the tail of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles. The fibrils are ∼7,500 A long and occur singly or in clusters. The single fibrils are characterized by a symmetrical transverse band pattern and by attachment at both ends to the basement membrane. The clusters are various complex configurations which seemingly represent symmetrical fibrils in different states of aggregation. Symmetrical fibrils also occur in the skin of the tadpole tail and in the skin of the toad, Bufo marinus. It is proposed that a narrow, symmetrical fibril is the fundamental "special fibril."
Exploration of Dominican International Students' Experiences

Research demonstrates that the experience of international students on U.S. university campuses is replete with cultural, social, relational, work-related, and linguistic challenges (e.g., Reynolds & Constantine, 2007). This study explored the experiences of international students from the Dominican Republic as they adjusted to campus life at two public U.S. universities where they were awarded scholarships. Phenomenological methodology was utilized to explore Dominican students’ lived experiences and hear their voices both individually and collectively. Focus groups served as a method through which male and female international students recollected their lived experiences. The thematic insights generated through the study are used to provide recommendations for university administrators committed to enhancing the international student experience.
Experimental Study of the Fundamental Mistuning Model for Probabilistic Analysis

FMM is a reduced order model for efficiently calculating the forced response of a mistuned bladed disk. FMM ID is a companion program that determines the mistuning in a particular rotor. Together, these methods provide a way to acquire data on the mistuning in a population of bladed disks and then simulate the forced response of the fleet. This process is tested experimentally, and the simulated results are compared with laboratory measurements of a “fleet” of test rotors. The method is shown to work quite well. It is found that accuracy of the results depends on two factors: the quality of the statistical model used to characterize mistuning, and the sensitivity of the system to errors in the statistical modeling.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Thermoreversible Gelation of a Rodlike Polymer

Thermoreversible gelation of poly(γ-benzyl-α-l-glutamate) in toluene has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and by static and dynamic light scattering. For high molecular weights, th...
Spin–spin coupling and substituent and halogen isotope shift effects in the fluorine NMR spectra of fluorinated cyclopropanes and cyclopropyl ethers

The 19F NMR spectra of a series of fluorinated cyclopropanes, most of which contain chlorine or bromine on the ring, have been observed and analyzed. A scheme has been developed to assign the resonances and the molecular stereochemistry, based on substituent effects, comparison of related molecules, and isotope shifts induced by the halogens. Replacement of fluorine by chlorine shifts cis fluorine resonances to lower field, and bromine has an even greater downfield influence. However, the shift effect of bromine compared to chlorine on gem or trans fluorines is variable. The magnitude of the isotope shifts is found to be regularly related to the geometrical relationship of the halogen to the observed fluorine and thus makes a significant contribution to the fluorine assignments. The three-bond spin–spin coupling constants between fluorine atoms in cyclopropanes display unusual behavior and are not helpful for assignment of the fluorine resonances. The signs of the coupling constants have been investigated by spin-tickling experiments, and the previously developed relation of the coupling constant sign to its temperature dependence has been found to be violated for some molecules. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New world of patient safety: 23rd Annual Samuel Jason Mixter lecture.

Most physicians think of progress in surgery―medical progress in general―as scientific progress. The great flowering of medicine in the last half of the 20th century was one of the greatest triumphs of science of all time. We developed progressively― and impressively―better treatments, medical and surgical, because we continually expanded our understanding of diseases, and we were incredibly innovative.
Examination of the Section III DSM-5 diagnostic system for personality disorders in an outpatient clinical sample

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), includes a novel approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs) in Section III, to stimulate further research with the possibility that this proposal will be included more formally in future DSM iterations. This study provides the 1st test of this proposal in a clinical sample by simultaneously examining its 2 primary components: a system for rating personality impairment and a newly developed dimensional model of pathological personality traits. Participants were community adults currently receiving outpatient mental health treatment who completed a semistructured interview for DSM-IV PDs and were then rated in terms of personality impairment and pathological traits. Data on the pathological traits were also collected through self-reports using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Both sets of trait scores were compared with self-report measures of general personality traits, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Interrater reliabilities for the clinicians' ratings of impairment and the pathological traits were fair. The impairment ratings manifested substantial correlations with symptoms of depression and anxiety, DSM-5 PDs, and DSM-5 pathological traits. The clinician and self-reported personality trait scores demonstrated good convergence with one another, both accounted for substantial variance in DSM-IV PD constructs, and both manifested expected relations with the external criteria. The traits but not the impairment ratings demonstrated incremental validity in the prediction of the DSM-IV PDs. Overall, these results support the general validity of several of the components of this new PD diagnostic system and point to areas that may require further modification.
Becker on epistemic luck

Kelly Becker has argued that in an externalist anti-luck epistemology, we must hold that knowledge requires the satisfaction of both a modalized tracking condition and a process reliability condition. We raise various problems for the examples that are supposed to establish this claim.
Fabrication of high-numerical-aperture phase zone plates with a single lithography exposure and no etching

We present a process for fabricating phase zone plates and other diffractive-optical elements that is capable of achieving high resolution, requires only a single lithography step, and no etching. For this process we use the negative resist hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) (Dow Corning), which is sensitive to both electrons and x rays. HSQ’s extraordinarily high resolution (∼10 nm) and its SiO2-like properties make it an optimal choice for fabricating diffractive-optical elements that operate in the ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet. HSQ has an index of refraction very close to that of fused silica, and a negligible absorption down to 157 nm. As a result, if it is spun to the thickness corresponding to the desired phase step for the optic, patterning and development are the only required process steps. It is often desirable to place an absorbing layer on the areas surrounding the diffractive elements to prevent unwanted radiation from reaching the substrate when the optics are used for lithography and microsc...
Judging another's spirituality: Comment on Sundararajan and Kim’s (2014) claim that Müntzer was a false mystic.

Sundararajan and Kim (2014) claimed that Thomas Muntzer was a false mystic based on criteria that they believed characterize authentic mystics, such as preferring transcendence over immanence. They selected Muntzer as a false mystic, compared to so-called authentic mystics, due to his not, at least in their evaluation, meeting their criteria, as well as based on their historical interpretation of his life. Their rejection of Muntzer's authenticity as a mystic is challenged by contradictory historical evidence and concerns about the validity of the criteria they used to classify mystics as either false or authentic. It is not claimed that Muntzer is either authentic or false as a mystic, but only that classifying him as false is unconvincing, based on available evidence.
Teacher preparation reform reports: 1985–1990: A bibliographic essay

The decade of the 1980s was unique for the sheer quantity of education reform reports and legislation. Virtually every state enacted education reform legislation, including reforms of teacher education, licensing, and comprehension. According to Darling‐Hammond and Berry, over 1,000 pieces of legislation related to teachers have been drafted since 1980, and “a substantial fraction have been implemented.” As I discussed in my 1989 RSR article, “Five Years after A Nation at Risk: An Annotated Bibliography,” two waves of 1980s reform reports were identified in the enormous body of primary and secondary literature dealing with education reform. The reform publications of the early 1980s stressed improvements in curricular standards, student performance outcomes, and changes to the education programs, such as salary increases, teacher testing, and stricter certification requirements. The second‐wave reform publications emphasized more complex issues centered around the concepts of restructuring the schools and teacher education programs, as well as empowering teachers to become more involved in curriculum and governance issues.
Sensitivity of the backscattering Mueller matrix to particle shape and thermodynamic phase

The Mueller matrix (M) corresponding to the phase matrix in the backscattering region (scattering angles ranging from 175° to 180°) is investigated for light scattering at a 0.532-µm wavelength by hexagonal ice crystals, ice spheres, and water droplets. For hexagonal ice crystals we assume three aspect ratios (plates, compact columns, and columns). It is shown that the contour patterns of the backscattering Mueller matrix elements other than M11, M44, M14, and M41 depend on particle geometry; M22 and M33 are particularly sensitive to the aspect ratio of ice crystals. The Mueller matrix for spherical ice particles is different from those for nonspherical ice particles. In addition to discriminating between spherical and nonspherical particles, the Mueller matrix may offer some insight as to cloud thermodynamic phase. The contour patterns for large ice spheres with an effective size of 100 µm are substantially different from those associated with small water droplets with an effective size of 4 µm.
A study of the mechanisms of fatigue life improvement in an ion implanted nickel-chromium alloy

Abstract Wires of the alloy Ni20Cr with and without carbon ion implantation have been tested in tension-tension fatigue. A 17% increase in endurance limit was found with implantation. The fatigued surface was examined by SEM, and the wire then nickel plated so that transverse sections could be made for TEM study. It was found that bulk slip was unaffected by implantation but slip in surface grains was unable to penetrate the implanted layer to significant degree. Slip band cracking which was found in unimplanted specimens was replaced by grain boundary cracking in the implanted specimens.
Effect of meteor ionization on sporadic‐E observed at Jicamarca

[1] Relatively little progress has been made in the study of equatorial Sporadic-E when compared to the study of mid-latitude Sporadic-E. Indeed, it is unclear if Sporadic-E has been observed at all near the geomagnetic equator using any technique other than the ionosonde. In particular, there have been no reports of Sporadic-E observed using the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) 50 MHz radar. The overwhelming—in SNR terms—presence of the nearly ubiquitous Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) is the likely reason Sporadic-E has not been reported at JRO as well as at other similar radars near the geomagnetic equator. We present here what we believe to be the first Sporadic-E (defined here as altitude-narrow E-region layers that last tens of minutes) observations from JRO. The structure and characteristics of these equatorial Sporadic-E layers is compared with their mid-latitude counterparts. We also demonstrate the immediate effect of meteor-produced ionization on the formation and evolution of the equatorial Sporadic-E layers.
Deep oxidation of aqueous organics over a silicon carbide-activated carbon supported platinum–ruthenium bimetallic catalyst

In previous work, we developed a highly active bimetallic platinum–ruthenium catalyst supported on a very high surface area activated carbon substrate. In fixed bed reactors, this catalyst proved capable of the continuous long-term deep oxidation of a variety of aqueous organic contaminants associated with spacecraft wastewater streams at 121 °C. This work was extended to the mineralization of more typical environmental contaminants, including halocarbons and aromatics. The primary weakness of this catalyst was the tendency toward relatively high rates of chemical decomposition. To overcome this limitation, methods were developed for the production of a silicon carbide coating over the surface of the activated carbon, yielding a reasonable trade-off between increasing resilience and decreasing surface area. Here we report the catalytic decomposition of dissolved organic contaminants at 130 °C using this silicon carbide/activated carbon supported bimetallic catalyst.
Structure of a Si epilayer on Ni{100}

Abstract Silicon epilayere have been grown on a Ni{100}-p(1 × 1) substrate at 650°C using an effusion cell. The deposited layers exhibit a c(2 × 2) low energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern. The structure of the c(2 × 2)-Si epilayer was investigated by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) using 4 keV Kr + ions to recoil the Si and Ni atoms. The sharp anisotropy of Si recoil intensity as a function of crystal azimuthal angle (δ) demonstrates that the Si epilayer is ordered. The alignment of the azimuthal patterns of the Si and Ni recoils shows that the Si atoms occupy four-fold hollow sites on the Ni{100} surface. Plots of Si recoil intensity versus beam incident angle (α) for monolayer and fractional monolayer coverages exhibit high sensitivity to Si defects. Classical ion trajectory simulations that have been used to model these α-scans allow interpretation of the results in terms of direct and surface recoils. The height of the Si epilayer above the four-fold hollow Ni sites, as determined from the agreement between the trajectory simulations and the α-scans, of 1.7 ± 0.2 A gives a SiNi bond length of 2.5 A. TOF-SARS is demonstrated to be a viable technique for monitoring in situ epitaxial film growth.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Panic Disorder

Social workers can use pharmacological knowledge in collaboration with physicians to treat individuals who suffer from panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. An overview of research an...
An investigation into the early stages of oxide growth on gallium nitride

Abstract The early stages of thermal oxidation of gallium nitride epilayers in dry O 2 have been studied using surface sensitive analytical techniques and transmission electron microscopy. Deconvolution of the Ga 3d core level spectra from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed peak positions representing gallium nitride, gallium oxide, and an intermediate phase. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an overlayer approximately 1.5–3.0 nm thick with registry to the (0001) GaN after dry oxidation at 800°C for 1 h. Based on the data from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, this layer is believed to be a Ga ( x +2) N 3 x O (3−3 x ) compound. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of discrete oxide crystallites on top of the oxynitride layer. The crystallites become more numerous and grow with continued oxidation.
Acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase accumulate at the nerve-muscle contacts ofde novo grown human monolayer muscle cocultured with fetal rat spinal cord

Adult human biopsied muscle grown de novo from myoblasts in monolayer was cocultured with spinal cord explants of 13- to 14-day-old rat embryos. Cocultures were established 15 days after myoblast fusion. Autoradiography of 125I-α-bungarotoxin and acetylcholinesterase staining were carried out on 27- to 56-day-old muscle-cord cocultures. Large clusters of 125I-α-bungarotoxin, indicating clusters of acetylcholine receptors, were present at nerve-muscle contacts but not elsewhere on the muscle fibers. Accumulation of acetylcholinesterase was also present at nerve-muscle contacts. This study demonstrates that monolayer cultured adult human muscle can be innervated by embryonic rat spinal cord neurons and thus there is no requirement for an original basal lamina tube as it is present when organ-cultured human muscle is innervated.
Potentiometric estimation of charges in barnacle muscle fibers under internal perfusion.

Single barnacle muscle fibers fromMegabalanus Psittacus (Darwin) were internally perfused with a number of solutions of K-acetate of concentrationC 2 which was increased from 100 to 600mm maintaining a pH of 7.5. The external solutions at the same pH contained 40mm MgAc2 and K-acetate of concentrationC 1 which was varied from 10 through 60mm. The tonicity of both internal and external fluids was maintained at 1,000 mosmole with sucrose. The membrane potentialE m (the potential was referred to the external solution as ground) arising across the fiber membrane was measured using those internal and external solutions which maintained the ratio (C 2/C1) at 10. Similar measurements but now maintaining the ratio (C 2/C1) at 2, whereC 1 was the concentration of Tris-Cl in the internal perfusion fluid and was increased from 100 to 250mm andC 2 was the concentration of total Cl in the external fluid which contained 40mm MgCl2 and different amounts of Tris-Cl (120 to 420mm) were also made using various isotonic solutions at pH 4.0. The measured values ofE m corrected for the liquid junction potentials, on interpolation with the theoretical curves ofE m plotted against log (1/C 1) derived from the theory of membrane potential developed by Teorell and by Meyer and Sievers, gave values of 0.019 and 0.7m for the density of fixed charges present on the membrane at pH 7.5 (cation selective) and 4.0 (anion selective), respectively. Also, values of 2.3 at pH 7.5 and 1.0 at pH 4.0 were derived for the mobility ratio of cation to anion.
Effect of charge dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction on the properties of nuclear and neutron matter

We calculate the properties of nuclear matter and neutron matter with charge dependent potentials using the Dirac-Brueckner approach. It turns out that the charge dependence of the [ital NN] interaction has no significant influence on the properties of nuclear matter and neutron matter.
Protective actions of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, DOI, on 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibition of lordosis behavior.

Abstract Sexually receptive proestrous rats were infused bilaterally into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) with 200 ng of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), 1000 or 2000 ng of 5-methoxy-3-(di-n-propylamino) chroman (5-MEO-DPAC), or 1000 or 2000 ng of serotonin (5-HT) plus or minus the 5- HT 2A 2C agonist, (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane HCl (DOI). DOI protected against the lordosis-inhibiting effects of 5-HT and each of the 5-HT1A agonists. These results substantiate a prior report that 2000 ng DOI could protect against the lordosis-inhibiting action of 200 ng 8-OH-DPAT and demonstrate that such protection is not unique to a single 5-HT1A agonist. Consequently, these results strengthen evidence that functionally significant interactions occur among 5-HT receptors within the VMN.
The autoxidation of horse hemoglobin: The effect of glutathione

Abstract The reduced glutathione in the erythrocyte was found to inhibit the autoxidation of purified horse hemoglobin. It was observed that much higher concentrations of oxidized glutathione also stabilize hemoglobin. The stabilization by oxidized glutathione most likely involves the formation of a mixed disulfide with the reactive β-93 sulfhydryl groups on the hemoglobin. A similar effect is also observed with N-ethyl- maleimide and HgCl2 which also react with the sulfhydryl groups. The apparent stabilization by reduced glutathione is partially due to the reduction of ferrihemoglobin formed by autoxidation. Reduced glutathione may also indirectly react with the β-93 sulfhydryl groups further stabilizing the hemoglobin. A mechanism coupling such a reaction to the one electron reduction of ferrihemoglobin by reduced glutathione is discussed.
Calorimetric measurement of the heat of desorption of water vapor from amorphous and crystalline lactose

Abstract The heat required to release and vaporize bound H 2 O from crystalline α-lactose monohydrate and from lactose glass, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry is 12.3±0.7 and 10.8±0.5 kcal·mole −1 of H 2 O, respectively. Water vapor sorption by anhydrous α-lactose leads to the formation of the α-monohydrate. The isotherm, obtained gravimetrically for this process is Langmuir type. β-Lactose is completely non-hygroscopic below 97% relative humidity. Thereafter, it sorbs H 2 O rapidly to form a concentrated solution wherein the lactose is capable of mutarotation. Densites of lactose forms determined pycnometrically by helium displacement are: 1.535 g/cm 3 for α-lactose·H 2 O; 1.547 g/cm 3 for anhydrous α-lactose; and 1.576 g/cm 3 for β-lactose.
A tree matching chip

Tree matching is an important problem used for 3D object recognition in image understanding and vision systems. It is also used in the design of on-line interpreter systems as well as code optimization in compilers. The objective of tree matching is to find the set of nodes at which a pattern tree matches a subject tree. Recently, two linear systolic array algorithms have been proposed by the authors. In this paper, we propose an improved approach wherein the the systolic algorithm is based on a linear array of fixed size independent of the problem size and larger strings are partitioned and processed based on the array size. Also, the architecture is simplified by moving the logic for processing variables in each PE to a single PE attached at the end. The systolic algorithm and architecture have been verified through simulation using the Cadence design tools.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SALAD DRESSINGS. 1. STEADY SHEAR, THIXOTROPY AND EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

Shear stress-shear rate data of five commercial salad dressings at 2.0, 10.0, 18.3, 26.7, 32.2 and 43.3°C were obtained using a concentric cylinder viscometer. The power law and Casson equations were applicable for all products (r ≫ 0.98). The Arrhenius equation was applicable for the effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity at 100 s−l (r ≫ 0.97). Rheological data were obtained at a constant shear rate of 275s−l at 2.0 and 10.0° C. The results show that the Weltman equation was better than the Hahn equation in describing the thixotropic behavior of the five salad dressings.
Wheels within wheels: new transcriptional feedback loops in the Arabidopsis circadian clock

The circadian clock allows organisms to temporally coordinate their biology with the diurnal oscillation of the environment, which enhances plant performance. Accordingly, a fuller understanding of the circadian clock mechanism may contribute to efforts to optimize plant performance. One recurring theme in clock mechanism is coupled transcription-translation feedback loops. To date, the majority of plant transcription factors constituting these loops, including the central oscillator components CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), and TIMING OF CAB2 EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1), and the related PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORS (PRRs), are transcriptional repressors, leading to a model of the clock emphasizing repressive interactions. Recent work, however, has revealed that a subset of the REVEILLE (RVE) family of Myb transcription factors closely related to CCA1 and LHY are transcriptional activators in novel feedback transcription-translation feedback loops. Other recently identified transcriptional activators that contribute to clock function include LIGHT-REGULATED WD 1 (LWD1) and LWD2 and night light-inducible and clock-regulated transcription factors NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED1 (LNK1) and LNK2. Collectively, these advances permit a substantial reconfiguration of the clock model.
The National Ignition Facility and the goal of near-term laser fusion energy

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's largest and most energetic laser experimental facility that is operational and is conducting experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The NIF's 192 beams capable of delivering 1.8-megajoule, 500-terawatt, ultraviolet laser light, over 60 times more energy than any previous laser system. The NIF can create temperatures of more than 100 million degrees and pressures more than 100 billion times Earth's atmospheric pressure. These conditions, similar to those at the center of the sun, have never before been created in the laboratory and will allow scientists to probe the physics of planetary interiors, supernovae, black holes, and other phenomena. NIF's laser beams are designed to compress fusion targets to the conditions required for thermonuclear burn, liberating more energy than is required to initiate the fusion reaction.
A generalized-capacity-matrix technique for computing aerodynamic flows

Abstract A numerical generalized-capacity-matrix technique is developed for application to aerodynamic flow computations. This technique allows the very fast direct (noniterative) numerical elliptic solvers to be used in poblems with arbitrary internal boundaries and with a wide class of boundary conditions, including numerical application of the Kutta condition on an airfoil without iteration. Accuracy, speed, and usefulness of the technique are demonstrated with linear problems for potential flows over airfoil shapes. The method's main advantages, however, can be exploited within iterative procedures for a variety of complex flow problems governed by systems of equations not necessarily elliptic or linear