cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Distributed Recording System for High Quality MBone Archives

Popular multicast applications that allow group communication using real-time audio and video have enabled a wide variety of online meetings, conferences and panel discussions. The ability to record and later replay these sessions is one of the key functionalities required for a complete collaboration system. One of the unsolved problems in archiving these interactive sessions is the lack of any method for recording sessions at the highest possible quality. Since audio and video transmissions are typically sent unreliably, there may be a wide variance in recorded quality depending on where the recorder is placed relative to the various sources. This is especially problematic if multiple sources are active in a single session. In addition, because of congestion control schemes that send high-quality, high-rate data to local receivers, and low-rate data in the wide area, different sets of data may be available in different areas of the network for any given session. In response to these challenges, we have developed a system that uses multiple distributed recorders placed at or near the sources of the session. These recorders serve as data caches that transmit data to archives. The archive systems collate the data from various recorders and create a high-quality recorded session, which is then available for playback.
Assessing risks due to threats to internal control in a computer-based accounting information system: a pragmatic approach based on fuzzy set theory: Research Articles

A rational risk assessment model, based on the reasoning of fuzzy set theory, is presented. The model would help managers assess risk exposure due to potential threats to internal control in a computer-based accounting information system. Such risk assessment is essential in making appropriate decisions about establishing new internal control policies and procedures that may be necessary to protect the integrity and security of the information system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and Spectral Studies of Two Mixed Anionic (1:1) CdII3[(TrIII/CrIII)(CN)6]2·15H2O Complexes (Tr=Co, Fe)

Abstract The crystal structures of (1:1) CdII3[(CoIII/CrIII)(CN)6]2·15H2O(I) and CdII3[(FeIII/CrIII)(CN)6]2·15H2O(II) have been determined by the single-crystal diffraction method. These novel mixed anionic systems crystallize in the cubic space groupFm 3 m(No. 225) witha10=10.650(2) and 10.898(2) A, respectively. The disordered structures contain 1 1 3 molecules in the unit cell. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of I and II yielded final reliability (R) factors of 0.027 (Rw=0.034) and 0.036 (Rw=0.045) with goodness-of-fit (GOF, Σ2) values of 1.09 and 1.22 based on 146 and 124 unique reflections, respectively. All metal atoms are six-coordinated octahedrally and the cationic divalent Cd atoms are linked to the (1:1) mixed metal atoms by cyanide bridging. A hydrogen-bonding network is set up within cavities of the crystal lattices (created by molecular disorder). Powder diffraction data are reported and evaluated according to quantitative figures-of-merit for I and II (M20=140.4 and 205.9, respectively). Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed 15 water molecules per formula unit in each complex. Conoscopic and infrared spectral results, as well as selected bond distances and angles, are presented.
Connectivity and condensation in dreaming.

Converging developments in the cognitive- and neurosciences have brought Freud's hope of a bridge between psychoanalysis and psychophysiology nearer to hand. This paper concerns the relation between dream construction and memory in terms of these new developments.The neural network architecture of memory structures in the brain is described and illustrated with simple examples. We see how a network is connected and how connection weights vary with experience. The distributed representation stored by the network and its crucial properties for mental functioning are discussed.These concepts are used to explain how particular memories of past events are selected for inclusion in the dream. The properties of the neural network suggest that images of distinct past events are conflated at times during the selection process. The appearance of these conflated images may complicate the matching of day residues with representations of past events in the dream itself.Some likely implications for psychoanalytic theor...
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of long-term mortality in African Americans undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio) has been shown to predict long-term mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). African Americans have been shown to have lower mean neutrophil counts compared to whites. The usefulness of the N/L ratio in predicting long-term mortality in African Americans undergoing PCI is unknown. Methods We evaluated a total of 372 African American patients (327 patients with lower N/L ratio [<3.5] and 45 patients with higher N/L ratio [≥3.5]) who underwent PCI during January 2003 to August 2005. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at a median follow-up to 3.6 years. Results During the median ( ± SD) follow-up period of 3.6 ± 1 years, there were a total of 48 deaths. The mortality rate was 10.4% in the group with a lower N/L ratio and 31.1% in the group with a higher N/L ratio (unadjusted p < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates with significant impact on mortality, N/L ratio was still a strong and independent predictor of long-term mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4; p = 0.02). N/L ratio was also found to be a strong and independent predictor of long-term mortality even when analyzed as a categorical variable with 3 groups (HR of 0.39 for lower tertile compared to the upper tertile, 95% CI: 0.19–0.81; p = 0.012) and as a continuous variable (p = 0.002). Conclusion N/L ratio is a powerful independent predictor of long-term mortality in African Americans undergoing PCI. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimum Variance Energy Allocation for a Solar-Powered Sensor System

Using solar power in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) requires adaptation to a highly varying energy supply. From an application's perspective, however, it is often preferred to operate at a constant quality level as opposed to changing application behavior frequently. Reconciling the varying supply with the fixed demand requires good tools for predicting supply such that its average is computed and demand is fixed accordingly. In this paper, we describe a probabilistic observation-based model for harvested solar energy, which accounts for both long-term tendencies and temporary environmental conditions. Based on this model, we develop a time-slot-based energy allocation scheme to use the periodically harvested solar energy optimally, while minimizing the variance in energy allocation. Our algorithm is tested on both outdoor and indoor testbeds, demonstrating the efficacy of the approach.
How to remove subretinal fluid

Purpose Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) can be repaired surgically using non-drainage techniques. However,removal of subretinal fluid (SRF) remains an important surgical step in retinal detachments treated by scleral buckling, particularly in cases of bullous detachments, inferior breaks, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, high myopia, chronic detachments, cases with poor retinal pigment epithelium function and eyes intolerant to sustained intraocular pressure rise. Methods Conventional drainage techniques include passive needle drainage of subretinal fluid through a 3 to 4 mm radial sclerotomy within the bed of the buckle and closure with a preplaced suture. Many modified SRF drainage techniques have been described. Internal subretinal fluid drainage with simultaneous automated air-fluid infusion is an important part of modern vitreoretinal surgery. Results Needle drainage, where the needle shaft is observed using an indirect ophthalmoscope, seemed to be associated with a higher success rate than conventional drainage. The most common complications of subretinal fluid drainage include subretinal hemorrhage, retinal incarceration, and retinal perforation. Using perfluorocarbon liquid or infusion of low-molecular weight silicone oil as a peroperative tool, retinal flattening posterior to equator is an important step of the vitreoretinal approach and internal drainage for the treatment of RRD. Subretinal fluid is drained through a preexisting retinal break or an intentionally created drainage retinotomy using an extrusion cannula. It allows the immediate and complete reattachment of the retina and enables laser endocoagulation of the breaks. If the original retinal break can be treated by laser photocoagulation or cryopexy, the subretinal fluid is not necessarily removed completely.
Recent progress in ultraspectral sounder data compression

Improvements in weather and climate observation, analysis, and prediction will be achieved through advances of contemporary and future ultraspectral infrared sounders such as Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), and Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES). Given their unprecedented 3D data sizes to be generated each day, the use of robust data compression techniques will be beneficial to data transfer and archive. Lossless or near-lossless compression of this ultraspectral sounder data is desired to avoid potentially significant degradation of the geophysical parameter retrieval in an associated ill-posed inverse problem. In this paper we investigate various 2D and 3D compression techniques applicable to ultraspectral sounder data. These techniques include transform-based (JPEG2000, 3D-SPIHT), prediction-based (JPEG-LS, CALIC), and clustering-based (PVQ, DPVQ, PPVQ) compression methods. Data preprocessing schemes for compression gains are also illustrated.
Charge Transfer in Ferrocene-Bearing Poly(thiophene)s and Application in Organic Bilayer Photocells

Synthesis and characterization of poly(thiophene)s with pendant vinylene ferrocene (Fc) or cyanovinylene ferrocene units are described. Charge-transfer (CT) effects between the Fc groups and the conjugated polymer backbone have been demonstrated by the substantial photoluminescence (PL) quenching and spectroelectrochemistry. J−V studies on p/n bilayer devices (ITO/polymer/perylene imide (PV)/Ag) show significant photoconductance improvement when Fc concentration reached ∼40 mol % where short-circuit current density, Jsc, was increased 70% as compared to a similar ITO/P3BT/PV/Ag device.
The religioning of anthropology: New directions for the ethnographer‐pilgrim

Based on fieldwork in the state of Kerala, south India, Dempsey explores the ethnographical endeavour through the lens of religion. Applying religious categories such as pilgrimage and sainthood to examine the mechanics of ethnography, this essay investigates a spectrum of fieldwork motives and outcomes. Using the tourist and her quest as a comparative link between ethnographer and pilgrim, Dempsey proposes possible ‘religious’ motives in portraying the other as irretrievably exotic, in spite of evidence to the contrary, functioning as a kind of healing authenticity for modernity's banal existence. Dempsey notes that current trends in ethnography offer opportunities for an alternative kind of pilgrimage, based on attention to human intimacies that stem from extended fieldwork. These intimacies work to dash, sometimes begrudgingly, touristic ‘faith’ in unbreachable otherness, challenging the ethnographer to a conversion of sorts, and bringing her study back down to earth.
Rufus of Ephesus and his "Diseases of the Kidneys".

The first book on diseases of the kidneys, titled ‘Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder’, was written by Ruphus of Ephesus at the close of the 1st century AD. Little is known of Rufus, who seems to hav
Uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine into non-monocytic female genital tract cells with and without hormonal contraceptives.

BACKGROUND Pre-exposure prophylaxis is becoming a strategic component used to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic. The goal of this study was to characterize intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine using five surrogate cell lines of the female genital tract and determine whether exogenous hormones influence their uptake. METHODS Surrogate cell lines, ie, THP-1 (representing macrophages), BC-3 (CD8+), Ect1/E6E7 (squamous epithelial), HeLa (CD4+), and TF-1 (dendritic), were incubated for one hour with tenofovir and emtricitabine to assess uptake. In separate experiments, ethinyl estradiol (EE) and etonogestrel (ET) individually and together (EE/ET) were added prior to, simultaneously, and after incubation. Intracellular phosphorylated tenofovir and emtricitabine were quantified using validated tandem mass spectrometry methods. RESULTS HeLa and Ect1/E6E7 cells showed significantly increased uptake relative to THP-1 controls for both antiretrovirals. Individually, ethinyl estradiol and etonogestrel significantly altered antiretroviral uptake across all cell lines, except Ect1/E6E7 for tenofovir and HeLa for emtricitabine. Cellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine in BC-3 and TF-1 cells were significantly lower when dosed one hour prior to EE/ET administration compared with each antiretroviral administered in the absence of EE/ET (tenofovir, 80 versus 470 fmol/10(6) for BC-3 and 77 versus 506 fmol/10(6) cells for TF-1; emtricitabine, 36 versus 12 fmol/10(6) for BC-3 and 75 versus 5 fmol/10(6) cells for TF-1; P < 0.01 for each). CONCLUSION These data suggest that intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine within the female genital tract varies by cell type and in the presence of hormonal contraceptives. The potential clinical implications of these findings should be further evaluated in vivo.
Henry Ford, Industrial Conservationist? Take-back, waste reduction and recycling at the Rouge

Many of the ideas and practises of industrial ecology are not new. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the extensive waste reduction and recycling programmes implemented by Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company at the famous River Rouge complex during the 1920s and 1930s. Perhaps the most noteworthy of these programmes was an automobile disassembly line for end-of-life vehicles. Ford's efforts occurred in the larger context of the US 'industrial conservation' movement, which the company epitomised while at the same time standing apart from it. Although Ford's programmes were widely publicised, the company's aloofness and unique position, the idiosyncratic motives behind the programmes, and the arrival of the Great Depression, all worked against other companies emulating Ford's commitment.
Rational generating functions for enumerating chains of partitions

Abstract Pairs of partitions whose Ferrers diagrams differ by a given sequence of connected skew shapes are enumerated, generalizing a result due to Stanley. A bijective proof of Stanley's result is provided, and the distribution of hooks inside partitions is determined. A connection with q-counting linear extensions of a certain labelled partially ordered set is established. An application to Stanley's problem of enumerating chains of partitions with a given rank difference set is mentioned.
Like two autistic moonbeams entering the window of my asylum: Chaucer's Griselda and Lars von Trier's Bess McNeill*

This essay wonders what happens when two texts and one reader happen to each other and open up a singular adventure that is also a moment of ‘futurition’ that opens up new horizons of meaning, both human and inhuman. How can we reckon the weird realism of fictional figures which possess something like the vibrant ‘thing-power’ – a sort of quasi-force to persist in existing – that Jane Bennett argues ‘refuses to dissolve completely into the milieu of human knowledge’?
The yield stress gradient effect in inhomogeneous materials

In materials with local variations in yield stress, such as functionally graded materials or materials with interfaces or interlayers, the local near-tip crack driving force can become different from the nominally applied far-field value. The near-tip crack driving force is enhanced, if the yield stress increases in the crack growth direction, and vice versa. This effect is termed as the yield stress gradient effect. A model is developed that allows us to derive analytical expressions to quantify the effect and to evaluate the effective crack driving force for smooth and abrupt variations in yield stress. These expressions can be used to optimize graded materials and interface and interlayer transitions so that the fracture resistance increases. The predictions of the model agree well with the results of previously reported finite element computations for cracks near bimaterial interfaces. Available experimental observations of the fatigue crack growth normal to interfaces and interlayers can be qualitatively explained. The yield stress gradient effect plays an important role for the fracture behavior in multiphase or composite materials, in functionally graded materials, in materials with special surface treatments like nitrided or case hardened steels, as well as in brazed and welded components.
1 From a State of War to Perpetual Peace

This essay examines current debates in political philosophy regarding the problems of war and peace and of human rights protection. Two contrasting approaches are analyzed: one represented by "democratic peace" theories, and the other by the movement for a cosmopolitan order. At the heart of both approaches are conflicting interpretations of Kant's political philosophy, especially his project of "perpetual peace." An analysis of M. Doyle's recent conception of "liberal democratic peace" shows the flaws in his justification of the tendency of liberal states to be war-prone toward nonliberal states. Alternatively, the development of Kant's ideas in the theories of "discourse ethics" (K. O. Apel and J. Habermas) and "cosmopolitan democracy" confirms the relevance of Kant's cosmopolitan ideal to current discussions about peace and human rights. The analysis also affirms that the true solution to the problems of securing peace and protecting human rights can only be achieved by peaceful means, based on international law with the United Nations as its legitimate political representation.
Distinct Endosomal Compartments in Early Trafficking of Low Density Lipoprotein-derived Cholesterol *

We previously studied the early trafficking of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol in mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) using cyclodextrin (CD) to monitor the arrival of cholesterol from the cell interior to the plasma membrane (PM) (Cruz, J. C., Sugii, S., Yu, C., and Chang, T.-Y. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 4013–4021). We found that newly hydrolyzed cholesterol derived from LDL first appears in certain CD-accessible pool(s), which we assumed to be the PM, before accumulating in the late endosome/lysosome, where NPC1 resides. To determine the identity of the early CD-accessible pool(s), in this study, we performed additional experiments, including the use of revised CD incubation protocols. We found that prolonged incubation with CD (>30 min) caused cholesterol in internal membrane compartment(s) to redistribute to the PM, where it became accessible to CD. In contrast, a short incubation with CD (5–10 min) did not cause such an effect. We also show that one of the early compartments contains acid lipase (AL), the enzyme required for liberating cholesterol from cholesteryl ester in LDL. Biochemical and microscopic evidence indicates that most of the AL is present in endocytic compartment(s) distinct from the late endosome/lysosome. Our results suggest that cholesterol is liberated from LDL cholesteryl ester in the hydrolytic compartment containing AL and then moves to the NPC1-containing late endosome/lysosome before reaching the PM or the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Perimeter Model and Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Aceheptylene

The use of the perimeter model for the interpretation of magnetic circular dichroism of aromatic molecules is briefly reviewed. The model is applied to a rather difficult case, aceheptylene, whose electronic states are only distantly related to those of its perimeter. Correct signs are still predicted for the effects of magnetic L1–L2 and B1-B2 mixing.
Optical heterodyne detection in cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Abstract Polarization-selective optical heterodyne detection is shown to enhance the practical sensitivity of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Initial experiments demonstrate a signal-to-noise ratio above 31 dB. Minor improvements should yield shot-noise-limited operation.
Sensor calibration with unknown correspondence: Solving AX=XB using Euclidean-group invariants

The AX = XB sensor calibration problem must often be solved in image guided therapy systems, such as those used in robotic surgical procedures. In this problem, A, X, and B are homogeneous transformations with A and B acquired from sensor measurements and X being the unknown. It has been known for decades that this problem is solvable for X when a set of exactly measured A's and B's, in a priori correspondence, is given. However, in practical problems, the data streams containing the A' and B's will be asynchronous and may contain gaps (i.e., the correspondence is unknown, or does not exist, for the sensor measurements) and temporal registration is required. For the AX = XB problem, an exact solution can be found when four independent invariant quantities exist between two pairs of A's and B's. We formally define these invariants, reviewing and elaborating results from classical screw theory. We then illustrate how they can be used, with sensor data from multiple sources that contain unknown or missing correspondences, to provide a solution for X.
Optical design of the ocean radiometer for carbon assessment

The Ocean Radiometer for Carbon Assessment (ORCA) is a new design for the next generation remote sensing of oceans biology and biogeochemistry satellite. ORCA is configured to meet the requirements of the Decadal Survey recommended Aerosol, Cloud, and Ecology (ACE ), the Ocean Ecosystem (OES) radiometer and the Pre-ACE climate data continuity mission (PACE). Under the auspices of a 2007 grant from NASA's Research Opportunity in Space and Earth Science (ROSES) and the Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) , a team at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has been working on a functional prototype of a hyperspectral imager with flightlike optics and scan mechanisms. This paper discusses the requirements and optomechanical design of this prototype.
Planning and efferent components in the coding of movement.

Two experiments were carried out to assess the cognitive contribution of a movement plan and its relationship to efferent-command information in explaining the superior accuracy of preselected movement. Subjects performed under conditions which differed with regard to efferent information (active versus passive) and the availability of a movement plan (preselected, subject defined vs. constrained, experimenter defined). In both experiments active preselection had significantly smaller reproduction errors than any other combination, indicating that the planning process in itself was insufficient to facilitate movement coding. The findings were interpreted in terms of the sometimes-synonymously viewed concepts of central monitoring of efference, efference copy, and corollary discharge. The latter notion, that a central signal occurs prior to movement which acts to facilitate the processing of information, seemed to provide the most appropriate account of the present data. The experiments reported here are a portion of a Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of Wisconsin-Madison under the supervision of George E. Stelmach, to whom appreciation is extended. Support for the research was provided by Grant MH 22081-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health and by Grant NE-G-3-0009 from the National Institute of Education. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policies of the above granting agencies and no official endorsement of them should be inferred. The author would like to thank Shelley Smith who assisted with data collection in these experiments.
Risk factors for a serous cancer precursor (“p53 signature”) in women with inherited BRCA mutations

Objectives Pelvic (ovarian) serous carcinomas frequently contain p53 mutations. Recently, a candidate serous cancer precursor (the p53 signature) with p53 mutations and other features in common with serous cancer has been discovered in distal fallopian tube mucosa. This study examined the relationship of putative ovarian cancer risk factors with the presence of p53 signatures in women with BRCA mutations (BRCA+).
Limitations of the cardiokymograph for assessing left ventricular wall motion.

Abstract In order to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the CKG we studied four groups of patients. In 27 patients with a prior myocardial infarction the CKG recordings were compared to simultaneous wall motion videotracking. Identical wall motion was recorded in 75 per cent of left ventricular sites and most of the discordant sites were false abnormal posterior wall motion recorded by the CKG. The second group consisted of 21 normal subjects studied by CKG only and 35 per cent displayed anterior dyskinesis during expiration. The third group consisted of nine stable patients who were studied on two separate days by CKG and identical wall motion was recorded in only 55 per cent of the sites on the two recordings. The final group consisted of seven patients with mitral regurgitation and all had late systolic outward movement posteriorly. Systolic wall motion was normal postoperatively in the three patients who underwent valve replacement. We conclude that: (1) the usefulness of the CKG is limited by the frequent recording of false wall motion abnormalities in normal subjects, (2) false anterior wall motion abnormalities can be reduced by recording during inspiration, (3) false posterior wall motion abnormalities may be due to systolic left atrial expansion, and (4) cardiokymography recordings are often not reproducible.
Studies on Phycobilin Formation with Mutants of Cyanidium caldarium

VARIOUSLY pigmented mutants of Cyanidium caldarium, an organism classified in succession as a blue-green, green, and red alga by Hirose1 and which Allen2 regards as an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte, appear to be excellent experimental materials for study of the synthesis of phycocyanin.
Ex vivo human placental transfer of anti-human immunodeficiency virus compounds.

Objective: The transfer of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs has been studied in the ex vivo human placental model. There is a paucity of information on the placental transfer of these drugs because of ethical considerations and the expense involved in the use of the non-human primate model.
How do prokaryotes survive in fluid inclusions in halite for 30 k.y.

Long-term survival of microorganisms has been demonstrated by prokaryotes cultured from ancient halite, but previous results are controversial. Three genera of non-spore-forming halophilic Archaea were cultured from 22–34 k.y. old subsurface halite from Death Valley, California. Primary, brine-filled inclusions in this halite contained prokaryotic organisms in miniaturized starvation-survival forms and dead cells of the algal genus Dunaliella . The energy needed for protracted survival of halophilic Archaea , including repair of damaged DNA, may have been provided by glycerol and other carbon molecules leaked from Dunaliella cells. These results provide further evidence that fluid inclusions in halite are a favorable refuge for long-term survival of microorganisms, and indicate that the original depositional environment influences the distribution and viability of prokaryotes.
Chloranthus-like stamens from the upper Cretaceous of New Jersey

Fossil angiospermous stamens with in situ pollen from the Turonian (ca. 90 million years before present, Late Cretaceous) of New Jersey are described and assigned to the Chloranthaceae. The fossil stamens, which are three-parted and bear two bisporangiate thecae on the central lobe and one bisporangiate theca on each lateral lobe, are indistinguishable from stamens of several extant species of Chloranthus. The pollen is spheroidal, 13-18 gtm in diameter, with a reticulate exine and apparently elongate/elliptical apertures. The pollen is similar to that in extant Chloranthus in grain size, shape, exine sculpture, and aperture structure. Like pollen of some extant species of Chloranthus, aperture number in the fossil pollen appears to be variable. Because fossil pistillate chloranthoid reproductive structures have not been found at this locality it is unknown whether the fossil stamens described here were bome on the side of the ovary, as in extant Chloranthus, or in another arrangement. The three-parted stamen of Chloranthus is unique in angiosperms and there has been considerable debate conceming the origin and evolutionary significance of the structure. Uncertainty as to whether the three-parted stamen represents a synapomorphy for the genus or a retained plesiomorphy in angiosperms is the primary reason why these fossil stamens are not assigned to the extant genus Chloranthus. The Chloranthaceae is one of several families that have been of special interest in studies of the origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Evidence from the fossil record, comparative morphology and anatomy of extant plants, and phylogenetic analyses suggests that taxa similar to the Chloranthaceae were present and may have
Indoor signal focusing by use of Fresnel zone plate

A simple Fresnel zone plate for indoor focusing of 2 GHz band signals is proposed and studied. It consists of concentric metal rings mounted on the outside of an exterior wall. A three-ring zone plate has a through-wall focusing efficiency of 15 dB (measured) and 14 dB (calculated), and axial defocusing of 0.22 m.
On the splitting of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent billows

The evolution of a density stratified turbulent shearing layer in the presence of a gravity field is traced from an initial state as a discontinuity in density and velocity to a final state where the Richardson number approaches 1/4 for a turbulent Prandtl number of unity. For the more realistic case of turbulent Prandtl number greater than unity, a model for the splitting of the initially single turbulent shearing layer into two separate turbulent layers is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00874.x
Refinement strategies for verification methods based on datapath abstraction

In this paper, we explore the application of counter-example-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) in the context of microprocessor correspondence checking. The approach utilizes automatic datapath abstraction augmented with automatic refinement based on 1) localization, 2) generalization, and 3) minimal unsatisfiable subset (MUS) extraction. We introduce several refinement strategies and empirically evaluate their effectiveness on a set of microprocessor benchmarks. The data suggest that localization, generalization, and MUS extraction from both the abstract and concrete models are essential for effective verification. Additionally, refinement tends to converge faster when multiple MUses are extracted in each iteration.
Resonant frequencies and mode shapes of switched reluctance motors

The wide application of switched reluctance motors (SRM) is limited by their higher vibration and acoustic noise. An accurate determination of resonant frequencies and mode shapes of the SRM stator is therefore essential for low acoustic noise design. Based on the structural finite element method and elasticity theory, 3D vibration modes and resonant frequencies of a 5 HP SRM with 8/6 poles are demonstrated and calculated in this paper The stator stack with both a smooth frame and a ribbed frame are examined. The effects of an encased frame and a keyed frame on the free vibration modes and resonant frequencies of SRM stator are compared. Accelerometer test results on a SRM verify some of the numerical computations.
Automobile transmission design as a constraint satisfaction problem: modelling the kinematic level

This paper describes our preliminary results in applying constraint satisfaction techniques in a system we call TRANS-FORM for designing automatic automobile power transmissions. The work is being conducted in collaboration with the Ford Motor Company Advanced Transmission Design Department in Livonia, Michigan. Our current focus is on the design of the mechanical subsystem, but we anticipate extending this later to the electrical and hydraulic subsystems also. For simplicity, in the initial work reported here we restrict ourselves to the relatively well-explored class of transmissions having four forward speeds and one reverse speed, built from two planetary gearsets, cross-connected by two permanent links. Moreover, we pursue design of such transmissions only at the ‘kinematic level’. These two restrictions correspond to limiting respectively the breadth (generality) and the depth (detail or granularity) of the search space employed. We find that, at least for the restricted version of the problem pursued here, transmission design is an application very naturally formulated as a constraint satisfaction problem. Our present problem requires only 10 variables, with an average of about seven values each, and 43 constraints—making it similar in difficulty to about the 10-queens problem. So far, two of the classic transmissions, known as Axod and HydraMatic, have been rediscovered (at the kinematic level) by our program. Preliminary results also indicate that the constraint satisfaction framework will continue to remain adequate and natural even when the search space is allowed to be much broader and deeper. We expect that searches of such expanded spaces will soon lead to the discovery of totally new transmissions.
Effect of category-name frequency on the speed of naming an instance of the category

In two experiments Ss were given the name of a familiar category and required to respond with a member of that category. Each category was identified by either a high frequency or low frequency word (e.g., color-hue). Experiment I indicated that speed of producing a category member was faster when high rather than low frequency names were used. Experiment II indicated that this effect persisted even when the time taken to read and identify the category names was removed. Thus, frequency appears to affect the speed of both step I (reading and identification) and step II (search and production) of the retrieval process.
Response of periphytic algae to gradients in nitrogen and phosphorus in streamside mesocosms

In this study we manipulated both nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in stream mesocosms to develop quantitative relationships between periphytic algal growth rates and peak biomass with inorganic N and P concentrations. Stream water from Harts Run, a 2nd order stream in a pristine catchment, was constantly added to 36 stream-side stream mesocosms in low volumes and then recirculated to reduce nutrient concentrations. Clay tiles were colonized with periphyton in the mesocosms. Nutrients were added to create P and N concentrations ranging from less than Harts Run concentrations to 128 μg SRP l−1 and 1024 μg NO3-N l−1. Algae and water were sampled every 3 days during colonization until periphyton communities reached peak biomass and then sloughed. Nutrient depletion was substantial in the mesocosms. Algae accumulated in all streams, even streams in which no nutrients were added. Nutrient limitation of algal growth and peak biomass accrual was observed in both low P and low N conditions. The Monod model best explained relationships between P and N concentrations and algal growth and peak biomass. Algal growth was 90% of maximum rates or higher in nutrient concentrations 16 μg SRP l−1 and 86 μg DIN l−1. These saturating concentrations for growth rates were 3–5 times lower than concentrations needed to produce maximum biomass. Modified Monod models using both DIN and SRP were developed to explain algal growth rates and peak biomass, which respectively explained 44 and 70% of the variance in algal response.
Diagnostic Morbidity and Its Relationship to Severity of Ideation for a Nonpsychiatric Sample of Chronic and Severe Suicide Ideators

This study examined the relationships of frequency and type of psychiatric diagnosis to suicidality within a sample of chronically and severely ideating college-aged students (N=78). The most common diagnoses were the depressive disorders, comprising 43% of all diagnoses, followed by anxiety disorders, comprising 17% of all diagnoses. Retrospective reports of childhood diagnoses were also quite common, comprising 38% of all diagnoses. Number of psychiatric diagnoses was significantly correlated with severity of suicidal ideation (r=.27,p<.02). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that retrospective childhood diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and separation anxiety disorder significantly predicted 19% of the variance in severity of suicidal ideation after controlling for current diagnoses of major depression and PTSD. When entry of childhood and current diagnoses were reversed, PTSD significantly predicted 4% of the variance in severity of suicidal ideation, while major depression was rendered nonsignificant. Severe suicide ideation, therefore, may be a product of early psychological problems as well as the number of such problems.
Plantar fibromatosis in Hurler-Scheie's syndrome

Abstract We report a child with the clinical and biochemical features of Hurler-Scheie's syndrome who developed plantar fibromatosis. The association of the mucopolysaccharidoses with carpal tunnel syndrome is well recognized. The finding of plantar fibromatosis has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously.
Flume experiments on the erosion of till shores by waves

Abstract Hydraulic tests of the erosion by waves of a laboratory flume profile made from intact samples of till, a preconsolidated cohesive material, are described. Over 1000 h of testing were successfully completed using random breaking waves, varying conditions of sand cover, and varying mean water levels. Vertical erosion of the cohesive profile was measured with an optical bedplotter device. The sand layer covering cohesive shores can vary spatially and temporally, so erosion rates have been investigated under four different conditions of sand supply and the results are summarized here. In addition, two sets of tests were replicated in order to demonstrate their repeatability. Erosion rates compare favourably with results from unidirectional flow tests with a similar till material. During the tests, the unconfined compressive strength of the till surface was measured in a simple manner at selected locations.
Derivatives of High‐Amylose Starch Xanthate in Rubber. Influence of Amylose Content of Starch Upon the Water Resistance of Starch‐Reinforced Styrene‐Butadiene Rubbers

Crosslinked low-amylose (0 or 28%) starch xanthates used as reinforcing materials in styrenebutadiene elastomer imparted better dry tensile properties than their high-amylose (55, 68 or 82%) analogues. After immersion in water for 70h the tensile strength of low-amylose starch reinforced vulcanizates deteriorated considerably while high-amylose starch reinforced vulcanizates changed little or not at all. Such variables as xanthate degree of substitution and starch loading influenced curing time and properties. Mode of crosslinking the xanthate significantly affected retention of starch in the coprecipitate, and produced significant variations in curing characteristics, and in such properties as compression set, set at break before immersion in water and tensile strength after water immersion. The method of drying affected compressions set and modulus.
Using content-based and bibliometric features for machine learning models to predict citation counts in the biomedical literature

The most popular method for judging the impact of biomedical articles is citation count which is the number of citations received. The most significant limitation of citation count is that it cannot evaluate articles at the time of publication since citations accumulate over time. This work presents computer models that accurately predict citation counts of biomedical publications within a deep horizon of 10 years using only predictive information available at publication time. Our experiments show that it is indeed feasible to accurately predict future citation counts with a mixture of content-based and bibliometric features using machine learning methods. The models pave the way for practical prediction of the long-term impact of publication, and their statistical analysis provides greater insight into citation behavior.
Maximum-corrected and chance-corrected measures of effect size for the Mantel-Haenszel test

Two measures of effect size are described for the Mantel-Haenszel test. Both measures belong to the r-family of effect size measures. One measure is based on a maximum-corrected model, and the second measure is based on a chance-corrected model.
Respiration and Glycolysis in Bovine Dental Pulp

Successive manometric determinations of oxygen, aerobic carbon dioxide, and anaerobic carbon dioxide quotients for the same samples of bovine dental pulp indicated that glucose depresses the oxygen consumption rate and that respiration depresses the rate of glycolysis. Respiration and glycolysis proceeded at higher rates in dentinogenically active pulp than in inactive pulp. Although the pulp is capable of prominent anaerobic glycolysis, it can be sustained at high levels only with respiratory support.
Unusual mechanism for an aminomutase rearrangement: retention of configuration at the migration termini.

The phenylalanine aminomutase from Taxus catalyzes the vicinal exchange of the amino group and the pro-3S hydrogen of (2S)-α-phenylalanine to make (3R)-β-phenylalanine. While the migration of the amino group from C2 of the substrate to C3 of the product is already known to proceed intramolecularly with retention of configuration, the stereochemistry of the hydrogen transfer remained unknown, until now. The chemical shifts of the prochiral hydrogens of authentic (3R)-β-phenylalanine were established by 1H NMR, and the configuration of each hydrogen was assigned by 2H NMR analysis of a racemic mixture of [2,3-2H2]-(2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-β-phenylalanines synthesized via syn addition of deuterium gas with palladium catalyst to stereospecifically reduce the double bond of an N-acetyl enamine. After the aminomutase was incubated with [3,3-2H2]-(2S)-α-phenylalanine, the derived deuterium-labeled β-diastereoisomer product, derivatized as the N-acetyl methyl ester, was analyzed by 2H NMR, which revealed that the mut...
Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Effects of Charring on Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinumL.) Fibres

Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum L.) fibres were subjected to carbonization or charring by heating, varying the temperature (250° and 350°C), the ambient atmosphere (air and vacuum atmosphere) and the initial condition of the fibres (more and less exposed). Fibre diameter measurements showed that all carbonizing treatments resulted in a reduced fibre diameter. Observation using scanning electron microscopy indicated that higher carbonization temperatures and the presence of oxygen had a more severe effect on fibres and associated tissue. The initial condition of the fibre also had an effect on the consequences of carbonization, with more exposed fibres and fibres present as individuals being more severely carbonized than fibres protected by cambium and present in bundles.
Epitopes within the HLA-B5, B35 cross-reacting group

Abstract The HLA-B5,B35 cross-reacting group is a large and serologically complex antigen family which includes the World Health Organization-recognized specificities. HLA-B5,B51,Bw52,B35,B18,Bw70,Bw71, and Bw72. In addition, several variants of antigens in this cross-reacting group have been described in the past but have not yet gained official recognition. A genetic basis for the complexity and the protein and molecular bases of this highly cross-reactive and polymorphic cross-reacting group have yet to be established. The potential contributions of shared amino acid sequences, the occurrence of multiple epitopes on a single HLA-B molecule, and the presence of new HLA-C antigens have been difficult to resolve. To address this issue, we have carefully examined the serologic reactions of more than 900 allo- and monoclonal antibodies (Tenth International Workshop, Third Asia-Oceanic Workshop, and local reagents) versus lymphocytes from 92 individuals of diverse ethnic origin (North American Caucasians, North American blacks, Amerindians, Middle Eastern Caucasians), 84 of whom were informative for the HLA-B5,B35 cross-reacting group and related antigens. Our results demonstrate that the HLA-B5,B35 gene products share different combinations of distinct epitopes. We have constructed a model for the evolution of this cross-reacting group by assigning polarity to distinct diversification steps utilizing principles of maximum parsimony.
Hyperalgesia to heat after intradermal injection of capsaicin

Abstract Capsaicin injected intradermally into the human forearm lowered the pain threshold for heat at the injection site. Both the magnitude and duration of hyperalgesia were dose dependent over the range of 0.1–100 μg, given in a constant volume of 10 μl. Thus, capsaicin may be a useful tool in studies of the neural mechanisms of hyperalgesia.
A Blight Disease of Dill in California Caused by Itersonilia perplexans.

In 2000, a foliar disease was observed in commercial field plantings of dill (Anethum graveolens) in coastal California. Initial symptoms consisted of a gray-green discoloration and wilting of the tips of dill leaves. As disease developed, many of the leaves discolored and collapsed, which gave the foliage a blighted appearance and made the leaves unsuitable for harvest. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves. Slow growing colonies were cream-colored, velutinous, and flat with minimal aerial mycelium. Mycelium was hyaline and had clamp connections. Ovoid to subglobose sporogenous cells were abundant and measured 11 to 14 × 12 to 16 μm. Spores were ballistospores that were bilaterally symmetrical, lunate, 16 to 18 × 12 to 13 μm, and germinated with hyphae or secondary ballistospores. The fungus was identified as Itersonilia perplexans Derx (1,2). Pathogenicity was tested by preparing spore suspensions (1 × 104) and spray-inoculating potted dill plants. Plants were placed in a dew chambe...