cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical evaluation of sequential bone drilling strategies based on thermal damage

Sequentially drilling multiple holes in bone is used clinically for surface preparation to aid in fusion of a joint, typically under non-irrigated conditions. Drilling induces a significant amount of heat and accumulates after multiple passes, which can result in thermal osteonecrosis and various complications. To understand the heat propagation over time, a 3D finite element model was developed to simulate sequential bone drilling. By incorporating proper material properties and a modified bone necrosis criteria, this model can visualize the propagation of damaged areas. For this study, comparisons between a 2.0 mm Kirschner wire and 2.0 mm twist drill were conducted with their heat sources determined using an inverse method and experimentally measured bone temperatures. Three clinically viable solutions to reduce thermally-induced bone damage were evaluated using finite element analysis, including tool selection, time interval between passes, and different drilling sequences. Results show that the ideal solution would be using twist drills rather than Kirschner wires if the situation allows. A shorter time interval between passes was also found to be beneficial as it reduces the total heat exposure time. Lastly, optimizing the drilling sequence reduced the thermal damage of bone, but the effect may be limited. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the proposed model to study clinical issues and find potential solutions prior to clinical trials.
Fortbildung in Notfallsonographie – Stand der Wissenschaft

Hintergrund Es gibt zahlreiche Wege, die Notfallsonographie zu erlernen. Heutzutage gibt es sogar Moglichkeiten, durch sinnvollen Einsatz technologischer Errungenschaften die Notfallsonographie potenziell effizienter zu erlernen. Bei der traditionellen Lernmethode fur die Notfallsonographie handelte es sich um ein direktes Mentoring in Kombination mit Publikationen im Sinne gedruckter Lehrbucher und kurzen Fortbildungskursen. Das ist ein vollig valider Ansatz, aber er ist fur viele nicht passend und lasst sich vielleicht fur fast jeden verbessern.
Red cell sodium-proton exchange is increased in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.

Red cell sodium-proton exchange is increased in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. To investigate the relationship between red blood cell Na + /H + exchange (EXC) and genetic factors in hypertension, we studied the maximal rate of the antiporter (mmol/liter cell × hr; flux units=FU) in three strains of genetically hypertensive rats. Salt-resistant Dahl rats (DR) were normotensive under low (0.02%) and high (8%) NaCl diets, while salt-sensitive Dahl rats (DS) became markedly hypertensive after four weeks on the high-NaCl diet. Na + /H + exchange did not differ between DR and DS rats when both were fed with the low-NaCl diet (mean ± SE, 31 ± 3, N=15, vs. 29 ± 3 FU, N=14). On the high-NaCl diet, the DR strain did not exhibit significant changes in blood pressure and antiporter activity, but the DS rats significantly increased their blood pressure and Na + /H + exchange (57 ± 4 FU, N=13) versus DR rats (38 ± 3 FU, N=15, P per se does not increase Na + /H + EXC because the control DR strain did not exhibit transport and blood pressure alterations as observed in the DS strain. Milan hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (Charles River substrain) had higher blood pressures than Milan and Wystar-Kyoto normotensive rats when they were maintained for four weeks on a 1.5% NaCl diet; however, no differences were seen among normotensive and hypertensive strains in Na + /H + exchange activity. When the four strains were fed for four weeks with a low-NaCl diet, blood pressure and Na + /H + exchange activity did not change in any of these strains. Na + /H + exchange activity in the three hypertensive strains did not correlate with previously reported measurements in kidney brush border membrane vesicles, a finding suggesting that measurements in intact cells reveal antiporter regulatory mechanisms. Our data indicate that elevated Na + /H + exchange is not due solely to hypertension or high-NaCl diet per se , since these alterations were not shared by all genetic rat models of hypertension. The development of hypertension with a high-NaCl intake in the DS strain followed by a stimulation of RBC Na + /H + exchange indicate that the antiporter is up-regulated by salt-sensitive elevation of blood pressure.
Use of non-invasive NIRS during a vascular occlusion test to assess dynamic tissue O 2 saturation response

Introduction We assessed tissue O2 saturation (StO2) and total hemoglobin (HbT) changes during a vascular occlusion test (VOT) as markers of O2 consumption and cardiovascular reserve.
Managing resistance to Bt crops in a genetically variable insect herbivore, Ostrinia nubilalis

To slow the resistance evolution of the European corn borer (ECB) to Cry proteins expressed in transgenic Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) corn, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has adopted an insect resistance management (IRM) plan that relies on a ''high dose/refuge'' strategy. However, this IRM plan does not consider possible ecological differences between the two ECB pheromone races (E and Z). Using carbon isotope analysis, we found that unstructured (non-corn) refuges contribute more to E race (18%) than to Z race (4%) populations of ECB in upstate New York (USA). Furthermore, feeding on non-corn hosts is associated with decreased body mass and reduced fecundity. We also show that the geographic range of E-race ECB is restricted within the range of the Z race and that E-race ECB are increasingly dominant in regions with increasing non- corn habitat. While the proportion of E-race ECB developing in unstructured refuges is higher than previously assumed, low rates of unstructured refuge use by the Z race, evidence for reduced fecundity when reared on non-corn hosts, and complete sympatry within the E race range all argue against a relaxation of current IRM refuge standards in corn based on alternative-host use. We also discuss implications of this research for integrated pest management in vegetables and IRM in Bt cotton.
Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a diverticulum of the appendix.

A patient with massive gastrointestinal hemorhage found to be bleeding from a diverticulum of the appendix is presented. Appendectomy was curative and pathologic changes were those associated with colonic diverticular hemorrhage. A review of the literature reveals this to be a previously unreported cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous gadolinium perrhenate and gadolinium chloride from high dilution calorimetry at extreme temperatures and pressures.

The heat of solution of solid cubic gadolinium oxide has been measured in noncomplexing perrhenic acid solutions at very high dilutions (10−4 m) up to 596.30 K, from which the standard state thermodynamic properties of aqueous gadolinium perrhenate were determined up to 623.15 K. From the measured differences between similar properties of aqueous sodium chloride and perrhenate, thermodynamic properties for aqueous gadolinium chloride were obtained by ionic additivity. Data for the hydrolysis of Gd3+(aq) were obtained by separate determinations. The enthalpy of solution of gadolinium chloride at 623.15 K obtained from this research (−2.7 MJ mol−1) is apparently larger than any other recorded for a chemical reaction involving aqueous systems. Standard state partial molal heat capacities for ThCl4(aq) were predicted up to 623.15 K.
Phylogenetic variation of rodent liver esterases

Liver esterase zymograms of representatives of 21 species of rodents and of three inbred strains of Mus musculus are sufficiently variable to reflect species differences yet conservative enough for at least one group of esterases (the major liver carboxylesterases) to indicate phylogenetic relationships. The carboxylesterases of the Myomorph species exhibit a distinct multiple banding pattern. The species of Caviidae and Hystricidae also have characteristic patterns of esterase activity. Utilizing characteristics of the zymogram patterns such as degree of multiplicity, electrophoretic mobility, inhibitor specificity and heat lability of the major liver carboxylesterases, it is possible to arrange the rodent species into groups which are in accord with classical phylogeny. Studies of polymorphism of liver esterases from inbred strains of mice indicate that the multiple band phenotype of the major liver carboxylesterases is fixed or in high frequency in the population. Other carboxylesterases and the cholinesterases are variable within a species and would serve little use in phylogenetic comparisons. Copyright
Transnational Feminisms in Question

The article interrogates transnational feminisms as a concept and as a practice. It frames its analysis using contemporary theories of globalization and the older concept of global sisterhood as a backdrop to the concept of transnational feminism. To assess the practical dimension of transnational feminisms, the analysis focuses on women's rights as a human rights movement and the transnationalization of Latin American feminisms. The article suggests that, although transnational feminisms (particularly feminist postcolonial theories) envision themselves in a new frame and see themselves as committed to intersectional analysis and transversal politics, there are important gaps between the intentions (theory, tactics) and outcomes of their theory and practice.
Purification of a cellulase from kidney bean abscission zones

Abstract The purification of a cellulase isoenzyme with a pI of 9.5 from kidney bean abscission zones is described. An important step in the purification involved the adsorption of the cellulase isoenzyme onto an affinity column of CF-11 cellulose and the subsequent elution with cellobiose. Native and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis established that there was only one component in the purified cellulase samples. Antibodies raised against the purified pI 9.5 cellulase precipitated this isoenzyme from crude or purified solutions but did not cross react with pI 4.5 cellulase from 2,4-D-treated abscission zones. The antibody was shown to be monospecific by immunoelectrophoresis and by the fact that it precipitated only a single 14C-labeled protein from an abscission zone extract heavily labeled with 14C amino acids.
Using Cognitive Modeling to Understand Crew Behavior

The ACT-R cognitive architecture has been used successfully to model aviation crew performance during the descent phase of flight. This study extended that approach by simulating the duties of a pilot flying (PF) and Pilot Not Flying (PNF) in separate ACT-R models which then were run jointly across several executions. For each set of executions, level of expertise and taskload of the PF and PNF were varied. The models were further tested by implementing interruptions through Air Traffic Control (ATC) calls. The results showed that both expertise and taskload affected performance. Further, ATC interruptions produced crew miscommunication, differential situation awareness, and forgetting relevant goals.
A comparison of cuticular ridge patterns and other morphological characters of Mazamastrongylus odocoilei and Mazamastrongylus pursglovei (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus

The synlophes of Mazamastrongylus odocoilei (Dikmans, 1931) and M. pursglovei (Davidson & Prestwood, 1979) from Odocoileus virginianus were described to provide characteristics for their differentiation from related species in domestic and wild ruminants. The synlophes of M. odocoilei and M. pursglovei were identical. Both had single continuous dorsal, ventral and lateral ridges. Other ridges in the lateral fields in the anterior third of the body angled posteriorly ending adjacent to the single lateral ridge. The ridge system in Mazamastrongylus spp. appears to be unique in lacking the continuous subventral and subdorsal ridges present in all previously studied medium stomach worms from domestic ruminants. Only two characters, spicule length and structure, are known to be useful for differentiating males of M. odocoilei and M. pursglovei, and females cannot be differentiated. Evidence that M. odocoilei and M. pursglovei are separate species include: (1) the two species are frequently found together in the same individual host, but each is also found in the absence of the other; (2) no overlap in spicule size or intergrades in shape have been found although numerous populations have been sampled; and (3) the two species have overlapping, but different, geographical ranges in eastern North America. No differences in the synlophe were found between these two species. The importance of this finding is that the absence of differences in the synlophe is not an unequivocal indicator that nematodes are conspecific.
ENHANCING ENGINEERING ECONOMY CONCEPTS WITH COMPUTER SPREADSHEETS

ABSTRACT This note provides a perspective on the use of spreadsheets in the engineering economy classroom. It highlights some challenges and potential rewards of their use to augment, support and/or re-enforce concepts traditionally taught from an engineering economy textbook.
Evidence for chemically-induced structural gene mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells normally appear to possess two functional thymidine kinase alleles (TK+/+). TK-deficient (TK-/-) clonal lines can be derived from these cells by treatment with EMS or other mutagens. Mezger-Freed [12] has argued that such stable phenotypic variants do not arise as the result of gene mutations but instead represent epigenetic events such as normally occur during differentiation without any permanent gene alteration. If this be so, then rare TK+/- revertants arising in TK-/- cultures should possess TK enzyme identical with one of those present in the original TK+/+ cells, since only depression of the TK gene is involved. Our studies show that this is not the case. Among the mutant TK enzymes analyzed in vitro (those from parental TK+/- lines, each derived in turn from separate TK-/- lines) differences were found in (1) solubility in saline; (2) solubility in 3 M LiCl; (3) Km's; and (4) ATP-Mg2+ requirements. These findings were incompatible with a non-mutational model for the production of these stable variants and, in conjunction with reversion-rate data, they tended to favor either direct structural gene modifications or mutations affecting the expression of adult and fetal enzymes.
Mein Rechner faltet Proteine

Auf der einen Seite verlangen Modelling-Projekte extrem leistungsfahige Computer oder viel Zeit. Auf der anderen Seite sind viele Rechner auf der Weit nicht ausgelastet. Diese brach liegenden Kapazitaten lassen sich nutzen.
The sequential-interval state space: a means of displaying temporal information in neuron firing

Variability in neuronal firing exhibits sufficient uncertainty so that a simple average firing frequency code is probably inadequate for most nervous system signalling. Temporal patterns certainly play an important role in neuronal coding. We have used interval histogram and 3-dimensional sequential interval state space plots to investigate various common patterns of firing in neurons of the land snail, Helix aspersa. Typical firing patterns included random, highly regular, doublet, and burst firing. Individual neurons could be made to change their temporal firing pattern in response to changes in transmembrane currents, or temperature, or the application of convulsant drugs. In every instance, the sequential interval state space plot provided a more distinctive display of temporal pattern than did the more common interval histogram. State space plots were also investigated for evidence of a predicted chaotic attractor. In no instance was this type of state space plot observed.
Prediction of pKa values for oligo-methacrylic acids using combined classical and quantum approaches.

The pKa values for polymeric acids are very useful quantities for many applications including separations using ion-exchange membranes and catalysis using polymeric acids. However, the pKa value of a polymeric acid is typically different from the corresponding monomer value and is generally unknown. The pKa value of a particular acid group is strongly dependent on the local environment of the dissociating acid group and the broad dielectric medium. The pKa values for oligo-methacrylic acids were systematically determined as a function of degree of polymerization using combined classical and quantum mechanical approaches. The atomic charges were determined quantum mechanically, whereas the pKa values were determined solving the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. The pKa values were found to increase as the degree of polymerization (DP) increases and converge to a stable value after DP reaches 8. The predicted pKa values agree very well with experimental results.
Hormonal regulation of initiation of DNA synthesis and of differentiated function in Y‐1 adrenal cortical cells

ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, and serum deprivation arrested Y-1 functional mouse adrenal tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Though ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP treated cells were larger with increased macromolecular synthetic rates compared to cells arrested in G1 by serum removal, a similar 8- to 10-hours lag to initiation of DNA synthesis was observed after either ACTH or 8-Br-cAMP removal or after serum addition. After the 8- to 10-hour lag period, cells entered S phase exponentially. ACTH or 8-Br-cAMP opposed serum induced DNA synthesis initiation only when added prior to S. Once commitment to DNA synthesis occurred, ACTH or 8-Br-cAMP addition did not inhibit DNA synthesis although 8-Br-cAMP induced a secondary block in G2. Though ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP inhibited serum induced initiation of DNA synthesis and did not affect serum induced cellular hypertrophy, both substances increased the steroidogenic capacity of the cell. ACTH and 8-Br-cAMP thus appear to specifically oppose the stimulatory effects of serum on initiation of DNA synthesis while inducing the differentiated function of the cell.
Flash-lamp-pumped Ho:Tm:Cr:YAG and Ho:Tm:Er:YLF lasers: modeling of a single, long pulse length comparison

Two methods of producing the long pulse lengths that promote efficient extraction of energy from low-gain, quasi-four-level lasers are analyzed. A long pulse length output can mitigate laser-induced damage effects and can be generated in quasi-four-level lasers by two disparate methods. One method utilizes Q-switching techniques in resonators designed to extend the pulse length and another utilizes the first pulse in a relaxation oscillation pulse train. Models for quasi-four-level lasers are derived here taking into account the nonnegligible thermal population of the lower laser level. Closed-form expressions are derived for both modes of operation of quasi-four-level laser systems so the parametric dependencies of both forms of operation become obvious, allowing facile comparison. In addition, a combined absorption and quantum efficiency, germane for flash-lamp pumping, is calculated for both Cr and Er sensitizers. Although the former has the advantage of broad absorption bands, the latter has the advantage of a quantum efficiency approaching 3.
Energetic composition, reproductive output, and resource allocation of Antarctic asteroids

Thirteen species of antarctic asteroids were collected in McMurdo Sound during the austral spring and summer of 1984–1985 and 1985–1986. Variability in the energetic composition of the body wall, pyloric cecum, and gonad was directly related to differences in levels of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash in these tissue types. Reproductive output was generally similar between males and females when expressed in gravimetric units. When considered in energy units, females generally had greater reproductive output than males. Reproductive output values of antarctic asteroids were similar to published values for temperate, tropical, and subpolar species. In a given year, the majority of antarctic asteroids have the greatest energy resources in the body wall, a tissue representing a long-term energy investment. Lesser amounts of energy are devoted to annual nutrient storage (pyloric ceca) and reproduction (gonads).
End-to-end distance distributions of flexible molecules from steady state fluorescence energy transfer and quenching-induced changes in the Förster distance

Abstract We describe a new method to recover the distribution of distances between two sites on flexible molecules, which requires only steady state measurements of fluorescence intensities. We used collisional quenching of the donor fluorescence to vary the characteristic Forster distance ( R 0 ) for energy transfer. The measured transfer efficiencies for each value of R 0 provide different samples of the distance distribution. The R 0 -dependent transfer efficiencies, when analyzed by non-linear least squares, were found to reliably determine the distance distribution, as shown by evaluation of the uncertainties in the distribution and by agreement with the frequency-domain method (Chem. Phys. Letters 138 (1987) 587).
Synthesis and characterization of pyrite (FeS2) using microwave irradiation

A procedure using microwave irradiation was studied to develop a fast and reliable method for synthesizing pyrite. Pyrite was successfully synthesized within a few minutes via reaction of ferric iron and hydrogen sulfide under the influence of irradiation by a conventional microwave oven. The SEM-EDX study revealed that the nucleation and growth of pyrite occurred on the surface of elemental sulfur, where polysulfides are available. Compared to conventional heating, using microwave energy results in rapid (<1 min) formation of smaller particulates of pyrite. Higher levels of microwave power can form pyrite even faster, but faster reaction can lead to the formation of pyrite with defects.
A Comprehensive Off-Tuning Analysis of Damping Controlled Tuned Vibration Absorbers

The main purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive off-tuning analysis of a semi-active tuned vibration absorber. A base-excited, single-degree-of-freedom structure with a tuned vibration absorber (TVA) model is adapted as the baseline model for our analysis. Moreover, a non-model based groundhook control (displacement based on-off control or "On-off DBG") is used to control the damping in the TVA. In order to study the effect of off-tuning, numerical models of the damping controlled TVA along with its equivalent passive TVA were developed. Using these models, the optimal tuning parameters of both TVA models were obtained based on minimization of peak transmissibility. The two optimally tuned models were then "off-tuned" by varying the primary structure's mass, stiffness, and damping. Using the peak transmissibility reduction criteria, the dynamic performances of the off-tuned TVAs were evaluated. The results indicate that the peak transmissibility of the semi-active TVA is about 20% lower than that of passive, implying that the semi-active TVA is more effective in reducing vibration levels. The results further indicate that the semi-active TVA is more robust to changes in primary structure mass and stiffness. In summary, the offtuning analyses of the semi-active TVA revealed the practical benefits of using it over the passive counterpart to structures subjected to changes in system parameters.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Zone of Proximal Development, Liminality, and Communitas: Implications for Religious Education

Abstract This article seeks to understand religious education as a process of communal endeavor that prioritizes and considers the learning experience intrinsically connected to its social and cultural contexts. Two authors will be of help to develop this pursuit: Lev Vygotsky, whose work emphasizes learning as constructed through interactions and in collaboration with members of a community, and Victor Turner who identifies the potential for creativity and transformation within the concepts of liminality and communitas. The article concludes by suggesting that when a community acknowledges the multiple zones of proximal development—which creates opportunities of mutual support and democratic participation—communitas surfaces as a sign of liminal vitality, openness, and solidarity.
Whey and whey products as cereal supplements.

Abstract Studies were made to determine the effect on nutritional value of supplementing corn, rice and wheat. Supplements included nonfat dried milk (NFDM), dried whey, a mixture of two-thirds dried whey and one-third full-fat soy flour, and a product made from whey by reverse osmosis. Some rats fed dried whey had diarrhea and at autopsy all had enlarged ceca. Nevertheless weight gains and protein efficiency ratios (PER) were as good as those for rats fed soy-whey; these rats did not have diarrhea or develop enlarged ceca. Reverse-osmosis (RO) whey and NFDM were the most effective supplements for the cereals. Rats fed RO whey with wheat developed enlarged ceca; those fed RO whey with corn and rice did not. The maximum amount of protein which could be incorporated into the unsupplemented corn and rice diets was 7.7%. Rats failed to grow on the corn diet; PER for the rice diet was 1.31. When protein was increased to 8.5%, half from cereal and half from supplement, PER was 2.56 and 2.15 for corn diets supplemented with whey or soy-whey, respectively, and 3.47 and 3.09 when the supplement was NFDM or RO whey. Corresponding figures for supplemented rice diets were 3.38, 3.09, 3.74 and 3.53. Protein efficiency ratio for rats fed 10% protein, all from wheat was 0.91; replacing half the wheat protein with protein from the supplement increased PER to 2.69 and 2.58 for rats fed whey and soywhey and to 3.31 and 3.03 for those fed NFDM and RO whey.
High Energy X-rays from Cen XR-2

Two high energy X-ray sky surveys were carried out in balloon flights from Mildura, Australia, on October 15 and 24, 1967, using the same equipment. Centaurus XR-2 was observed during both balloon observations.
A nonparametric test for abnormal security-price performance in event studies

Abstract This paper evaluates a new nonparametric rank test for abnormal security-price performance in event studies. Simulations with daily security-return data show that the rank test is better specified under the null hypothesis and more powerful under the alternative hypothesis than the parametric t-test. Unlike previous nonparametric tests, this rank test does not require symmetry in cross-sectional excess returns distributions for correct specification.
Computing the Partition Function for Kinetically Trapped RNA Secondary Structures

An RNA secondary structure is locally optimal if there is no lower energy structure that can be obtained by the addition or removal of a single base pair, where energy is defined according to the widely accepted Turner nearest neighbor model. Locally optimal structures form kinetic traps, since any evolution away from a locally optimal structure must involve energetically unfavorable folding steps. Here, we present a novel, efficient algorithm to compute the partition function over all locally optimal secondary structures of a given RNA sequence. Our software, RNAlocopt runs in O(n3) time and O(n2) space. Additionally, RNAlocopt samples a user-specified number of structures from the Boltzmann subensemble of all locally optimal structures. We apply RNAlocopt to show that (1) the number of locally optimal structures is far fewer than the total number of structures--indeed, the number of locally optimal structures approximately equal to the square root of the number of all structures, (2) the structural diversity of this subensemble may be either similar to or quite different from the structural diversity of the entire Boltzmann ensemble, a situation that depends on the type of input RNA, (3) the (modified) maximum expected accuracy structure, computed by taking into account base pairing frequencies of locally optimal structures, is a more accurate prediction of the native structure than other current thermodynamics-based methods. The software RNAlocopt constitutes a technical breakthrough in our study of the folding landscape for RNA secondary structures. For the first time, locally optimal structures (kinetic traps in the Turner energy model) can be rapidly generated for long RNA sequences, previously impossible with methods that involved exhaustive enumeration. Use of locally optimal structure leads to state-of-the-art secondary structure prediction, as benchmarked against methods involving the computation of minimum free energy and of maximum expected accuracy. Web server and source code available at http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/clotelab/RNAlocopt/.
The spatial angle between the long axis of the QRS loop and the longitudinal axis of the ventricles.

Abstract The positional relationship between the spatial QRS loop and the longitudinal axis of the cardiac ventricles is of interest in studies relating anatomic and electrical heart position. Although the spatial angle between the mean spatial QRS vector (SÂ QRS ) and the longitudinal axis of the cardiac ventricles (H) has been estimated by Ashman and associates, 1 the relationship has not, to our knowledge, been calculated mathematically. We, therefore, decided to determine the spatial angle, hereafter called θ, between H and the long axis of the QRS loop which is employed instead of the mean QRS vector as a matter of convenience. The derivation of trigonometric formulae for the determination of the spatial angle between two vectors, given the projection of the vectors upon any two of three mutually perpendicular planes, provided the opportunity to calculate this value. It was believed that such a calculation might be of interest for several reasons. In addition to the magnitude and range of the normal angle, some idea of the relationship between the anatomic and electrical position of the heart could be obtained. Further, the use of more than one system for estimating the long axis of the QRS loop would give a basis for comparison between the different systems. Finally, it was hoped that some information could be obtained with regard to the validity of the lead used for the sagittal component of the spatial vectorcardiogram. For these reasons, the following study was undertaken.
Stimulation of mixed-function oxidation of 7-ethoxycoumarin in periportal and pericentral regions of the perfused rat liver by xylitol

Rates of O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin by perfused livers from fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats were 3.7 mumol X g-1 X h-1. Approximately 50% of the product was conjugated. When rates of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation were varied by infusing different concentrations of substrate, a good correlation (r = 0.91) was found between rates of O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and fluorescence of 7-hydroxycoumarin detected from the liver surface. Micro-light guides (tip diameter 170 microns) placed on periportal and pericentral regions on the liver surface were used to monitor the conversion of nonfluorescent 7-ethoxycoumarin to fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarin. The O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin increased fluorescence 64% and 28% in pericentral and periportal regions of the liver lobule, respectively. Rates of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation estimated from these increases in fluorescence were 5.2 mumol X g-1 X h-1 in pericentral and 2.2 mumol X g-1 X h-1 in periportal regions of the liver. During mixed-function oxidation of 7-ethoxycoumarin, the oxidation:reduction state of NADP(H) was similar in both regions of the liver lobule. Xylitol (2 mM) decreased the NADP+/NADPH ratio and stimulated rates of drug metabolism in both regions of the liver lobule. This indicates that conditions exist where the supply of NADPH is an important rate-determining factor for 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolism in both periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule.
Peridotite-CO 2 -H 2 O, and carbonatitic liquids in the upper asthenosphere

The recent discovery that CO_2 at upper mantle pressures has a dramatic effect on the melting temperature of peridotite (because the silicate assemblage becomes carbonated), and on the composition of near-solid us liquid, has petrological and geophysical implications that have been explored extensively. The influence of H_2O has received only passing reference, probably because it was tacitly assumed that this would modify the carbonate-dominated melting relationships significantly. I describe here construction of a schematic diagram for the system peridotite–CO_2–H_2O which shows that the carbonate can persist even in the presence of vapours with high H_2O/CO_2 Figure 1 shows that starting with peridotite–H2O at high pressures, a small addition of CO_2 is sufficient for the generation of carbonate. This leads to the unexpected conclusion that many of the applications deduced for the melting of carbonated peridotite may remain valid with vapours enriched in H_2O/CO_2 In particular, the interstitial liquid in the upper part of the seismic low-velocity zone may be carbonatitic even with H_2O present as a component.
Estimation of a Road Mask to Improve Vehicle Detection and Tracking in Airborne Imagery

This research proposes a method to estimate a road mask in airborne imagery to improve vehicle detection and tracking. The road mask can remove false detections and reduce computation time. The road mask was estimated on the basis of smoothed (interpolated) positions of the vehicles tracked by the short-term and long-term trackers in the software tool "tracking and registration of airborne video image sequences" (TRAVIS) in a fixed number of frames (i.e., one cycle). First, raw vehicle positions that were obtained from TRAVIS were smoothed with a Kalman filter. Second, the slope of the roadway was estimated based on the smoothed positions of these vehicles. Third, falsely detected vehicles were removed if the slope of the lines that connected two vehicles in the same lane were close to the slope of the roadway. Finally, the road mask was generated according to the minimal and maximal intercepts of the approximated roadway edges in one cycle. Experimental results showed that the estimation of the road mask was accurate and that the improvement in the correct detection and tracking rate and in the computation time was significant.
Stagnation region heat transfer with nongray gas subjected to external radiation.

Stagnation region heat transfer with nongray gas subjected to external radiation using two step continuum absorption coefficient model
Interaction of methanol with Zr(0 0 0 1)

Abstract Interaction of methanol (CD 3 OD) with Zr(0 0 0 1) is studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary electron emission crystal current (SEECC) methods. We find that a 10 K difference in adsorption temperature (150 K versus 160 K) alters the amount of desorbing species with no effect on desorption temperature. Higher adsorption temperature results in lower desorption yield. Regardless of adsorption temperature, methanol desorbs at ∼600 K at higher exposures, with almost no desorption at lower exposures. AES reveals a different evolution of carbon and oxygen signals during heating with carbon being left near the surface region and oxygen dissolving into the subsurface/bulk. Variations in crystal current reflect the presence of the adsorbed species.
The retentions of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus of infants fed sweetened condensed milk.

Summary The retentions of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus of five infants ranging from four to seven months of age were determined when fed cow's milk mixtures providing 10, 15, and in one case 20 per cent of the calories in protein. The 10 per cent protein feeding consisted of diluted sweetened condensed milk. The feedings were all supplemented with orange juice and cod liver oil. With an adequate intake of calories, the protein requirements of the infants were apparently satisfied when 10 per cent of the calories were provided by protein. The retentions of calcium and phosphorus of infants fed sweetened condensed milk supplemented with cod liver oil were less than the retentions observed when the amounts of calcium and phosphorus in the diet were increased but were, nevertheless, considered sufficient to permit normal growth.
Engaging from Abroad: The Sociology of Emigrant Politics

This paper seeks to understand the politics of emigrants’ home country engagements, with a particular focus on experiences in the United States. Long-distance emigrant politics, I argue, reflects the paradox of migration, which while inherently entailing mobility, is impelled by the unequal, territorial containment of resources, a feature of social life that both gives the migrants new found leverage over states and peoples left behindandconstrains their capacity to maintain cross-border connections. As I will show, the processes by which international migrations extend political ties across states collide with those that progressively bring migrants into the polities of the states on which they have converged; consequently, over the long term, the pursuit of emigrant politics turns into immigrant politics, embedding the former foreigners in the political life of the country where they actually reside.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXI. Mass spectra of some parent compounds and their hydroperchlorate salts

Mass spectral fragmentation patterns are reported for ten parent thienopyridines containing 2-4 rings. Several spectra were determined directly on crystalline hydroperchlorate salts, which produced pure spectra of the azine components (devoid of all peaks for perchloric acid or its decomposition products). Consistent with aromaticity in the thienopyridines are formations of both singly (most abundant) and doubly charged molecular ions, as well as (M-1) ions. Losses of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monosulfide (or thioformyl radical) occur from the molecular ions.
Structural requirements for the binding of colchicine analogs to tubulin: the role of the C-10 substituent

Abstract Derivatives of colchicine and the bicyclic colchicine analog 2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone were tested for inhibition of tubulin polymerization. The nature of the tropone substituent had litte effect on the efficacy of the colchicine series, with some exceptions. In contrast, the potency of the bicyclic analogs varied greatly with the tropone substituent.
A new method to orient 3-dimensional computed tomography models to the natural head position: a clinical feasibility study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility of a new method to orient 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography models to the natural head position (NHP). This method uses a small and inexpensive digital orientation device to record NHP in 3 dimensions. This device consists of a digital orientation sensor attached to the patient via a facebow and an individualized bite jig. The study was designed to answer 2 questions: 1 ) whether the weight of the new device can negatively influence the NHP and 2 ) whether the new method is as accurate as the gold standard. Patients and Methods Fifteen patients with craniomaxillofacial deformities were included in the study. Each patient's NHP is recorded 3 times. The first NHP was recorded with a laser scanning method without the presence of the digital orientation device. The second NHP was recorded with the digital orientation device. Simultaneously, the third NHP was also recorded with the laser scanning method. Each recorded NHP measurement was then transferred to the patient's 3D computed tomography facial model, resulting in 3 different orientations for each patient: the orientation generated via the laser scanning method without the presence of the digital orientation sensor and facebow (orientation 1), the orientation generated by use of the laser scanning method with the presence of the digital orientation sensor and facebow (orientation 2), and the orientation generated with the digital orientation device (orientation 3). Comparisons are then made between orientations 1 and 2 and between orientations 2 and 3, respectively. Statistical analyses are performed. Results The results show that in each pair, the difference (Δ) between the 2 measurements is not statistically significantly different from 0°. In addition, in the first pair, the Bland-Altman lower and upper limits of the Δ between the 2 measurements are within 1.5° in pitch and within a subdegree in roll and yaw. In the second pair, the limits of the Δ in all 3 dimensions are within 0.5°. Conclusion Our technique can accurately record NHP in 3 dimensions and precisely transfer it to a 3D model. In addition, the extra weight of the digital orientation sensor and facebow has minimal influence on the self-balanced NHP establishment.
On the optimal number of alternatives at a choice point

Abstract Given a fixed total number of alternatives for a multiple-choice type test, the use of three alternatives at each choice point will maximize discriminability, power and information of a test. A proof is presented and applications to test construction, task design, and information processing are briefly discussed.
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation for 2-Pentylfuran and 2-Pentenyfuran Formation in Soybean Oil

: 2-Pentylfuran and isomers of 2-pentenylfuran are known to be mainly responsible for the undesirable reversion flavor of soybean oil. Solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was used to isolate, separate, and identify 2-pentylfuran and isomers of 2-pentenylfuran from soybean oil containing 5 ppm chlorophyll in a gas-tight sample bottle during oxidation under light. Both 2-pentylfuran and isomers of 2-pentenylfuran increase as light exposure time and added chlorophyll increased. The compounds were neither formed in the oil containing 5 ppm chlorophyll under dark nor in the chlorophyll-free soybean oil under light. The singlet oxygen oxidation mechanism for the formation of 2-pentylfuran from linoleic acid and isomers of 2-pentenylfuran from linolenic acid are proposed. Removal of chlorophyll will reduce reversion flavor formation.
Estrogen and progesterone regulation of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in guinea pig and rabbit uterus.

Uterus-specific isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase from rabbit and guinea pig were isolated and identified utilizing preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, a highly sensitive radio tracer enzyme assay and selective gel staining. Immature rabbits were treated sequentially with estrogen and progesterone and uterine tissue was obtained 1, 3, or 8 days following cessation of treatment. Mature ovariectomized guinea pigs were treated with estrogen and/or progesterone prior to removal of tissue for analysis. The total carbonic anhydrase activity of the rabbit uterus increased significantly by the third post-progesterone day, then fell to pretreatment levels by day 8. Enzyme assay of polyacrylamide gel eluates and carbonic anhydrase specific staining of gels demonstrated an isoenzyme (U) in the uterus that was readily distinguishable from erythrocyte isoenzymes by both electrophoretic mobility and specific activity. The total carbonic anhydrase activity of guinea pig uterine homogenates was significan...
Conditional knockout of the mouse NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase gene.

Summary: NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR or POR) is the obligatory electron donor for all microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP or P450)-catalyzed monooxygenase reactions. Disruption of the mouse Cpr gene has been reported to cause prenatal developmental defects and embryonic lethality. In this study, we generated a mouse model with a floxed Cpr allele (termed Cprlox). Homozygous Cprlox mice are fertile and without any histological abnormality or any change in CPR expression. The floxed Cpr allele was subsequently deleted efficiently by crossing Cprlox mice with transgenic mice having liver-specific Cre expression (Alb-Cre); the result was a decrease in the level of CPR protein in liver microsomes. The Cprlox strain will be valuable for conditional Cpr gene deletion and subsequent determination of the impact of CPR loss on the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, as well as on postnatal development and other biological functions. genesis 36:177–181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of deal exclusivity on consumer response to targeted price promotions: A social identification perspective

Abstract Discounts offered selectively to consumers are commonplace in the market and reflect the assumption that individuals will respond positively to targeted discounts. We consider whether exclusive deals evoke more positive responses than inclusive offers, an outcome referred to as a deal exclusivity effect. Contrary to the intuition that targeted promotions will always be evaluated more favorably than inclusive offers, we show that deal exclusivity effects (1) can be attenuated based upon factors influencing the extent to which recipients identify with other deal recipients and (2) are mediated by the offer's ability to enable the recipient to engage in self-enhancement.
Comparison of C−H···π and Hydrophobic Interactions in a β-Hairpin Peptide: Impact on Stability and Specificity

We have examined the impact of C-H...pi and hydrophobic interactions in the diagonal position of a beta-hairpin peptide through comparison of the interaction of Phe, Trp, or Cha (cyclohexylalanine) with Lys or Nle (norleucine). NMR studies, including NOESY and chemical shift perturbation studies, of the Lys side chain indicates that Lys interacts in a specific geometry with Phe or Trp through the polarized C epsilon. In contrast, Nle does not interact in a specific manner with the diagonal aromatic residue. Thermal denaturation provides additional support that Lys and Nle interact in fundamentally different manners. Folding of the peptide with a diagonal Trp...Lys interaction was found to be enthalpically driven, whereas the peptide with a diagonal Trp...Nle interaction displayed cold denaturation, as did the control peptide with a diagonal Cha...Nle interaction, indicating different driving forces for interaction of Lys and Nle with Trp. These findings have significant implications for specificity in protein folding and de novo protein design.
Supply Chain Collaboration, Integration, and Relational Technology: How Complex Operant Resources Increase Performance Outcomes

How firms coordinate efforts to collectively compete as supply chains is a key concern of supply chain management scholars and practitioners. One avenue, the development of collaborative relational capabilities that support supply chain integration, offers promise. However, the effectiveness of collaboration as a supply chain resource has been questioned due to concerns associated with collaborative technologies, and thus prior research has called for a deeper examination of the role that technologies play in facilitating integration. Employing a Service-Dominant Logic view of hierarchical resources, grounded in Resource Advantage Theory, this research tests a model subsuming relationships between collaboration, integration, and interfirm coordination technologies, and their associated performance outcomes. A sample of 282 supply chain managers from a variety of industries were surveyed, with proposed relationships examined employing structural equation modeling. Test results indicate that collaboration and integration interact to form higher order resources that collectively influence firm performance outcomes through interfirm coordination technologies.