cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of challenging issues in the integration of absorption refrigeration and organic Rankine Cycle into a data center cooling system

Our theoretical studies showed that absorption refrigeration (AR) system and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are the most promising technology candidates in utilizing the waste heat dissipated by data centers. Since both candidates work with heat of temperatures not less than ~65°C, this study is limited to water-cooled and hybrid two-phase cooled data centers. However, there exist challenges in the integration of these technologies into the data center design. The first issue is the scale at which the waste heat is extracted and recovered. Although the range of this scale can be from a single server to multiple racks, heat input of equipment required by AR and ORC manufacturers is the main limitation. The second issue is the method of transporting extracted waste heat from chip to either the generator of AR or the evaporator of ORC with minimum degradation of heat quality. In this paper the major focus is on the first issue.
Polarimetric Doppler spectra of S-band inland reservoir clutter

The results presented have shown that the polarization and radar geometry can significantly influence the Doppler spectra of inland reservoir surface clutter. The impact of polarization on the Doppler spectral width is analyzed by the decorrelation time from the autocorrelation function. In addition, the measured Doppler frequency shift induced by the motion of the reservoir surface depends on wind direction and measurement geometry. The extracted Doppler information is consistent with other measurements and theory.
“All This For Us”: The Songs in Thelma & Louise

Cet article se penche sur l'accompagnement musical du film de Ridley Scott « Thelma et Louise » . La plupart des films sur « la route » (road movies) sont dotes d'une bande sonore qui accompagne et rythme le climat et l'action. Dans le cas de « Thelma et Louise », l'A. montre que, si certaines chansons n'ont qu'un role de fond musical, certaines autres renforcent l'action ou le propos du film, et notamment les interrogations des deux heroines sur leur condition de femmes dans la societe americaine. Les dix chansons apparaissant au cours du film sont tour a tour analysees
Key Role of CD36 in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling in Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose— Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the scavenger receptor CD36 are key molecular sensors for the innate immune response to invading pathogens. However, these receptors may also recognize endogenous “danger signals” generated during brain injury, such as cerebral ischemia, and trigger a maladaptive inflammatory reaction. Indeed, CD36 and TLR2 and 4 are involved in the inflammation and related tissue damage caused by brain ischemia. Because CD36 may act as a coreceptor for TLR2 heterodimers (TLR2/1 or TLR2/6), we tested whether such interaction plays a role in ischemic brain injury. Methods— The TLR activators FSL-1 (TLR2/6), Pam3 (TLR2/1), or lipopolysaccharide (TLR4) were injected intracerebroventricularly into wild-type or CD36-null mice, and inflammatory gene expression was assessed in the brain. The effect of TLR activators on the infarct produced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was also studied. Results— The inflammatory response induced by TLR2/1 activation, but not ...
Inhibition of electron transport activities in mitochondria from avocado and pepper fruit by naturally occurring polyamines

The effects of the naturally occurring polyamines, spermine, putrescine, and spermidine were explored on mitochondrial state 3. state 4, and uncoupled respiration activities, ADP/O ratio, respiratory control ratio of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Early Cal Wonder) and avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Booth-8 or Simmonds) mitochondria oxidizing either succinate, external NADH, malate, α-ketoglutarate or tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Abnormally high concentrations of spermine and spermidine such as might occur during chilling stress of these chilling-sensitive fruits were detrimental to several oxidase activities, especially to external NADH oxidase. State 3 respiration for NADH oxidase was inhibited more than 70% by 10 mM spermine. The spermine inhibition of uncoupled NADH oxidase was not reversed by the presence of divalent cations including Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Sr2+ at concentrations up to 10 mM or by 100 mM KCl. The inhibition primarily affected the Vmax. Other possible sites of polyamine interactions are discussed.
Active dust control and mitigation technology for lunar and Martian exploration

Abstract Mars is covered with a layer of dust that has been homogenized by global dust storms. Dust, levitated by these storms as well as by the frequent dust devils, is the dominant weather phenomenon on Mars. NASA's Mars exploration rovers have shown that atmospheric dust falling on solar panels can decrease their efficiency to the point of rendering the rover unusable. Dust covering the surface of the moon is expected to be electrostatically charged due to the solar wind, cosmic rays, and the solar radiation itself through the photoelectric effect. Electrostatically charged dust has a large tendency to adhere to surfaces. The Apollo missions to the moon showed that lunar dust adhesion can hinder manned and unmanned exploration activities. In this paper, we report on our efforts to develop an electrodynamic dust shield to prevent the accumulation of dust on surfaces and to remove dust already adhering to those surfaces. The technology uses electrostatic and dielectrophoretic forces to carry dust particles off surfaces and to generate an electrodynamic shield that prevents further accumulation of dust. The concept of the electrodynamic dust shield was introduced by NASA in the late 1960s and later reduced to practice during the 1970s for terrestrial applications. In 2003, our laboratory, in collaboration with several universities, applied this technology to space applications, specifically to remove dust from solar panels on Mars. We show how, with an appropriate design, we can prevent the electrostatic breakdown at the low Martian atmospheric pressures. We are also able to show that uncharged dust can be lifted and removed from surfaces under simulated Martian environmental conditions. We have also been able to develop a version of the electrodynamic dust shield working under hard vacuum conditions that simulate the lunar environment. We have implemented the electrodynamic dust shield on solar arrays, optical systems, spectrometers, viewports, thermal radiators, batteries, and power systems, as well as on fabrics for spacesuits. We present data on the design and optimization of the electrodynamic dust shields and provide data on the performance of the different implementations of the technology for lunar and Martian exploration activities.
Dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis with femtosecond laser and mechanical keratome.

Purpose To prospectively compare dry-eye symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with mechanical keratome–created flaps and femtosecond laser keratome–created flaps. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. Design Randomized clinical trial. Methods Fellow eyes were prospectively randomized to the mechanical keratome group and femtosecond laser keratome group. Patients had wavefront-guided LASIK using a mechanical keratome in 1 eye and a femtosecond laser keratome in the fellow eye. They completed dry-eye questionnaires preoperatively and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The effect of laser ablation depth, sex, age, and flap thickness on dry-eye symptoms was also analyzed. Results The study enrolled 51 patients. There was no statistically significant change in dry-eye symptoms except in the femtosecond group 1 month postoperatively (mean increase 1.08) ( P =.03). There were no significant differences in symptoms between the 2 groups ( P =.7). The dry-eye score was 1.3 points lower in women than in men ( P =.01). Central ablation depth, flap thickness, and age did not significantly affect the reported dryness. Conclusion There appeared to be no statistically significant difference in self-reported dry-eye symptoms between the mechanical keratome group and the femtosecond laser keratome group. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Factors associated with participant retention in a clinical, intensive, behavioral weight management program

We sought to identify factors associated with participant retention in a 2-year, physician-lead, multidisciplinary, clinical weight management program that employs meal replacements to produce weight loss and intensive behavioral interventions and financial incentives for weight loss maintenance. We studied 270 participants enrolled in 2010 and 2011. Sociodemographic factors, health insurance, distance traveled, body mass index, comorbidities, health-related quality-of-life, and depression were explored as potential predictors of retention. Mean age was 49 ± 8 years and BMI was 41 ± 5 kg/m2. Retention was excellent at 3 months (90%) and 6 months (83%). Attrition was greatest after participants were transitioned to regular foodstuffs and fell to 67% at 12 months and 51% at 2 years. Weight decreased by 15 ± 12 kg and BMI decreased by 5.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2 in 2-year completers. Older age, lower baseline BMI, and financial incentives for program participation were independently associated with retention. Fewer depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with retention. This multidisciplinary, clinical, weight management program demonstrated high retention and excellent outcomes. Older age at baseline, less extreme obesity, and financial incentives were associated with program retention.
A revision of American Dental Association specification no. 3 for dental impression compound

The American Dental Association revises its specifications for dental materials whenever new or improved test methods and materials become available. To pro­ mote these revisions, the Council on Den­ tal Research of the American Dental As­ sociation seeks the help of the Dental Materials Group of the International As­ sociation for Dental Research. The aid given by the Specifications Committee of this Group is reflected in the following current revision of American Dental As­ sociation Specification No. 3 for Dental Impression Compound and in the back­ ground work involved in the revision.
The Distribution of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramer–von Mises, and Anderson–Darling Test Statistics for Exponential Populations with Estimated Parameters

This paper presents a derivation of the distribution of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramer–von Mises, and Anderson–Darling test statistics in the case of exponential sampling when the parameters are unknown and estimated from sample data for small sample sizes via maximum likelihood.
Black teeth: a primitive method of caries prevention in Southeast Asia.

A dentist who practiced in Vietnam in 1968 reports on an unusual form of acid etching. Articially colored black teeth were regarded as a sign of beauty in Southeast Asia. The blackening process provided caries prophylaxis.
Surgical treatment of portal hypertension: A historical perspective

Portal hypertension has been treated surgically by diversion of blood from the portal system, by interruption of the flow of blood to esophageal varices, or by direct obliteration of the varices. At the beginning of the twentieth century, portal diversion was achieved by omentopexy and, in a few patients, by the creation of a portacaval shunt. The latter operation was abandoned because of high mortality and morbidity rates, including shunt encephalopathy. In the 1940's, interest was renewed in the portacaval shunt. Improved understanding of hepatic physiology and the establishment of precise criteria for selection of cases for surgery resulted in a low operative mortality rate. The operation was highly successful in the control of hemorrhage from esophageal varices but was associated with an undesirable incidence of impairment of hepatic function. Currently, selective decompression of varices by the distal splenorenal shunt is under evaluation as a method of preventing variceal hemorrhage, while preserving hepatic function. Elimination of the threat of hemorrhage from varices by arterial ligation, sclerotherapy, or direct suture has been practiced for almost a century. The result remains one of temporary control with recurrent hemorrhage in the majority of cases.
Ion implanted double-drift impatt diodes: Low-frequency noise

The low-frequency open circuit noise spectral density, S(f) = /Δf, of an avalanching junction can be represented by S(f) = a2V B 2/I o where V B , I o , and a2are the reverse voltage, current, and a factor dependent on the ionization coefficients, respectively. For single-drift p+-n or n+-p silicon diodes a^{2} \simeq 3.3 \times 10^{-20} A/Hz. However, for symmetric p-n junctions, e.g., a double-drift IMPATT diode, the first-order theory predicts a^{2} \simeq 4.4 \times 10^{-20} A/Hz. Low-frequency noise measurements were made on a double-drift IMPATT to confirm the inverse current dependence and to experimentally determine the magnitude of a2.
Inferring probability of relevance using the method of logistic regression

This research evaluates a model for probabilistic text and document retrieval; the model utilizes the technique of logistic regression to obtain equations which rank documents by probability of relevance as a function of document and query properties. Since the model infers probability of relevance from statistical clues present in the texts of documents and queries, we call it logistic inference. By transforming the distribution of each statistical clue into its standardized distribution (one with mean μ = 0 and standard deviation σ = 1), the method allows one to apply logistic coefficients derived from a training collection to other document collections, with little loss of predictive power. The model is applied to three well-known information retrieval test collections, and the results are compared directly to the particular vector space model of retrieval which uses term-frequency/inverse-document-frequency (tfidf) weighting and the cosine similarity measure. In the comparison, the logistic inference method performs significantly better than (in two collections) or equally well as (in the third collection) the tfidf/cosine vector space model. The differences in performances of the two models were subjected to statistical tests to see if the differences are statistically significant or could have occurred by chance.
Classification and perceptual development: Exploring issues about integrality and differential sensitivity

Abstract Pre- and elementary-school children, 4 and 11 years of age, were given a classification task similar to those given in research testing an account that posits a developmental shift from integral to separable perception. The development of perceptual sensitivity and its role in determining similarity and dimensional classifications was assessed with the variables of predisposed and distinctiveness-based salience. The results indicated that the level of perceptual sensitivity to the dimensions in the task determined the frequency of types of classifications. Children in both age groups made both kinds of critical classifications as a function of predisposed and distinctiveness-based salience.
Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of ketenimines

Nitrogen-15 NMR spectra of 11 ketenimines have been taken both at the natural-abundance level of ^(15)N and with the aid of ^(15)N-labeling. The nitrogen chemical shifts are substantially different from those of neutral imines and are upfield, more like those of protonated imines. The results are in accord with significant delocalization of the nitrogen lone-pair. Furthermore, there is a rough parallelism between the ^(13)C shifts of the terminal carbons and the ^(15)N shifts.
Effect of Cd2+ on the •H Atom Yield in the Sonolysis of Water. Evidence against the Formation of Hydrated Electrons

The formation of hydrated electrons in neutral aqueous ultrasound-exposed solutions has been postulated previously, and several arguments were presented in favor and against their existence. In this work we use a sensitive method for detecting the presence of hydrated electrons in argon-saturated water exposed to 50 kHz ultrasound. This method is based on the fact that hydrated electrons, but not hydrogen atoms, can be scavenged by Cd2+ to prevent their reaction with the nitrone spin trap α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) to form the EPR-detectable adduct POBN/•H. No detectable yield of hydrated electrons in argon-saturated aqueous solutions at neutral pH was found. These results are evidence against the formation of hydrated electrons as reactive intermediates in the sonochemistry of neutral aqueous solutions.
But what is the true rationale for human spaceflight

Abstract Human interest in spaceflight is ancient. It is therefore ironic that, at a time when humans finally have the capability to travel in space, the notion that we should do so is being questioned. The author analyses the reasons for this — the historical/political and technological contingency of the Space Age and the sudden falling away of the conditions which drove space activity — and in the process provides a critique of the forgoing article and the tendency to search for utilitarian justifications of human spaceflight. He argues rather that space programmes will thrive only when driven by non-material cultural and political forces. US-Russian cooperation, which has principally been undertaken for geopolitical reasons is a model for the future.
Differential effects of synchronized coronary sinus retroperfusion on regional myocardial function during brief occlusion of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries.

To test the hypothesis that coronary sinus retroperfusion would preserve regional myocardial function during either left anterior descending or circumflex occlusion, sonomicrometer crystals were implanted in the midmyocardium of five chronically instrumented dogs. Regional fractional shortening was measured during 5 min of coronary occlusion with and without retroperfusion. Percent fractional shortening in the left anterior descending region fell from 18% at baseline to -4%(dyskinesis) after 3 min of left anterior descending occlusion. With coronary sinus retroperfusion, the percent fractional shortening declined from 16% at baseline to 0 (akinesis) during occlusion. A modest but significant improvement in percent fractional shortening in the ischemic region during left anterior descending occlusion occurred with retroperfusion (p < .05). By contrast, no amelioration of ischemic dysfunction occurred with retroperfusion during circumflex occlusion. Coaxial flow into the great cardiac vein during retroperfusion may provide preferential protection to ischemic myocardium supplied by the left anterior descending coronary artery. However, it is unlikely that the modest degree of improvement in regional function observed during acute left anterior descending occlusion would be mechanically important in the presence of significant ischemic dysfunction.
Movement ecology in a captive environment: the effects of ground substrate on movement paths of captive rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta

Movement ecology is a growing field, and an important component of movement ecology is investigating how environmental factors influence animal movements. The structure of food resources, such as density and distribution, has been shown to influence the speed, distance and tortuosity of animal paths. We investigated the influence of the type of ground substrate on the movement paths of groups of captive rhesus macaques. Grass substrate provides supplementary food resources (e.g. insects, blades of grass) having more random and unpredictable distribution and higher density relative to gravel substrate, which is more depauperate in supplemental foods. Adult females in four grass enclosures travelled along more tortuous paths, as measured by higher frequency of changes in direction and stops and a smaller straightness index compared to adult females in two gravel enclosures. These results were largely replicated in a group that was moved from an enclosure with gravel to one with grass. Dominance rank further influenced tortuosity within enclosures with gravel substrate: higher-ranking animals showed less tortuous paths and shorter total distances than lower-ranking animals. Additionally, movement bouts in which the apparent goal was feeding on monkey chow were faster (regardless of substrate) and longer (in enclosures with grass substrate) compared to movement bouts in which the apparent goal was foraging for supplemental foods. Captive macaques, like free-ranging animals, move along more tortuous paths and at slower speeds when their food resources are randomly distributed and high in density.
[CrIII(NCMe)6]3+--a labile CrIII source enabling formation of Cr[M(CN)6] (M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe) Prussian blue-type magnetic materials.

The kinetic inertness of the hexaaquachromium(III) (kH2O= 2.4 × 10-6 s-1) has led to challenges with respect to incorporating CrIII ions into Prussian blue-type materials; however, hexakis(acetonitrile)chromium(III) was shown to be substantially more labile (∼104 times) and enables a new synthetic route for the synthesis of these materials via nonaqueous solvents. The synthesis, spectroscopic, and physical properties of Cr[M(CN)6] (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe) Prussian blue analogues synthesized from [CrIII(NCMe)6]3+ and the corresponding [MIII(CN)6]3- are described. All these compounds {(NEt4)0.02CrIII[VIII(CN)6]0.98(BF4)0.08·0.10MeCN (1), CrIII[CrIII(CN)6]·0.16MeCN (2), CrIII[MnIII(CN)6]·0.10MeCN (3), and (NEt4)0.04CrIII0.64CrIV0.40[FeII(CN)6]0.40[FeIII(CN)6]0.60(BF4)0.16·1.02MeCN (4)} are ferrimagnets exhibiting cluster-glass behavior. Strong antiferromagnetic coupling was observed for M = V, Cr, and Mn with Weiss constants (θ) ranging from −132 to −524 K; and in 2, where the strongest coupling is observed (θ = ...
A Vocational Interest Test Minus Sex Bias.

Abstract The Vocational Preference Inventory responses from 290 subjects (110 males and 180 females) were subjected to a Rasch item analysis, one of a class of latent trait models. After elimination of 22 items which did not fit the model, a sex-free form of the VPI was obtained. Group interest scale scores are presented for each of the Holland scales and data are produced which indicate that no violence was done to the Holland coding system.
Height-selective etching for regrowth of self-aligned contacts using MBE

Advanced III-V transistors require unprecedented low-resistance contacts in order to simultaneously scale bandwidth, f max and f t with the physical active region [M.J.W. Rodwell, M. Le, B. Brar, in: Proceedings of the IEEE, 96, 2008, p. 748]. Low-resistance contacts have been previously demonstrated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which provides active doping above 4 x 10 19 cm -3 and permits in-situ metal deposition for the lowest resistances [U. Singisetti, M.A. Wistey, J.D. Zimmerman, B.J. Thibeault, M.J.W. Rodwell, A.C. Gossard, S.R. Bank, Appl. Phys. Lett., submitted]. But MBE is a blanket deposition technique, and applying MBE regrowth to deep-submicron lateral device dimensions is difficult even with advanced lithography techniques. We present a simple method for selectively etching undesired regrowth from the gate or mesa of a III-V MOSFET or laser, resulting in self-aligned source/drain contacts regardless of the device dimensions. This turns MBE into an effectively selective area growth technique.
Diagnosis of metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoid in liver by fine-needle aspiration cytology

A 70-yr-old woman presented with symptoms clinically attributed to acute appendicitis. An adenocarcinoid tumor of the appendix was resected, followed by right hemicolectomy with negative lymph nodes. Seven years later, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on one of multiple hepatic nodules, revealing metastatic adenocarcinoid. the cytopathologic features of the metastatic tumor are described.
The Development of the Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa (Acarina, Tetranychidae) in Relation to the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Nutrition of its Plant Host

Mites were isolated on leaves of bush lima beans that were supplied, respectively, with three different concentrations of nitrogen, and four of phosphorus and of potassium, in nutrient solutions otherwise complete for plant growth; also, on leaves of plants supplied, respectively, with three different concentrations of the macronutrients of a complete nutrient solution. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of the leaves was found to increase with increased supply of these elements. About six times as many mites developed on medium-nitrogen plants, and about 11 times as many on high-nitrogen plants, as on low-nitrogen plants. Larger mite populations developed with medium phosphorus or potassium supply than at lower or higher levels of these respective elements. Increase in nitrate-free nitrogen of the foliage was accompanied by increases in longevity of first-generation adults, duration of oviposition, number of eggs laid, and total number of adult second-generation mites (per parent mite) that reached maturity; and decreases occurred in duration of postembryonic development and total length of life cycle. Data are presented on various phases of the life cycle of 585 individuals observed under greenhouse conditions.
Basic data related to thrombolytic therapy for acute venous thrombosis.

Background Treatment guidelines for thrombolysis in iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) are based on a limited number of observational and prospective studies. The acute venous thrombosis: thrombus removal with adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis (ATTRACT) trial will be the first large, multicenter randomized control trial to evaluate the relative advantages of several current treatment strategies. The objective of this study was to summarize the existing data that inform the use of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) or pharmacomechanical thrombectomy in the management of acute iliofemoral DVT. Methods A search of the current literature was done using PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases for all available articles published up to December 2013. Results Of those studies, which included at least 25 patients, 19 case series were identified from 1996 to 2012. Treatment groups included anticoagulation, surgical thrombectomy, pharmacomechanical thrombectomy, and CDT. Cases observed in each ranged from 26 to 101. Three studies were identified which derived data from national multicenter registries. Only 2 randomized control trials were identified from 2002 to 2012. Both support the use of CDT over anticoagulation alone for treatment of iliofemoral DVT. Conclusions Present treatment guidelines for acute iliofemoral DVT have been in flux and are derived from a relatively small amount of clinical data. They are summarized here in anticipation of results from the ongoing ATTRACT trial.
FUNCTIONAL VASODILATION IN THE RAT SPINOTRAPEZIUS MUSCLE: ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE, PROSTANOIDS AND EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS

1. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms responsible for functional vasodilation of arterioles paired and unpaired with venules in the rat spinotrapezius muscle. 2. The spinotrapezius muscle (from Sprague-Dawley rats) was treated with combinations of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 micromol/L), the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 micromol/L) and the epoxygenase inhibitor 6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl) hexanoic acid (PPOH; 30 micromol/L) to determine vascular responses to muscle stimulation. Both paired and unpaired arcade arterioles were chosen for microcirculatory observation. Arteriolar diameter was measured following 2 min muscle stimulation before and 30 min after subsequent application of each inhibitor. 3. In all cases, L-NAME treatment resulted in decreased basal diameter that was restored to control levels by the addition of sodium nitroprusside (0.01-0.1 micromol/L) to the superfusion solution. N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester significantly inhibited the functional dilation in both paired (-20 +/- 3%) and unpaired (-29 +/- 3%) arterioles, whereas these inhibitory effects of L-NAME were diminished after pretreatment with indomethacin and PPOH. Indomethacin treatment attenuated the dilation in paired (-33 +/- 5%) but not unpaired (-6 +/- 4%) arterioles. Treatment with PPOH had no effect on the functional dilation in either set of arterioles. Approximately 50% of the vasodilatory responses remained in the presence of L-NAME, indomethacin and PPOH. 4. These results suggest that both nitric oxide and vasodilator prostanoid(s) are involved in mediating functional vasodilation in the rat spinotrapezius. The vasodilator prostanoid(s) released from venules is responsible for a portion of the vasodilation of the paired arteriole. The results also suggest possible interactions between the synthesis of nitric oxide and prostaglandin or epoxyeicosatrienoic acids during muscle contraction.
Feasibility of low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy of gallstones

Chenodeoxycholic acid, by reducing the concentration of biliary cholesterol relative to that of bile acid and phospholipid, dissolves cholesterol gallstones. This bile acid, however, has potential dose-related hepatotoxicity and causes dose-related diarrhea. Therefore, the feasibility of low-dose and intermittent therapy was assessed by studying the induction and persistence of chenodeoxycholic acid-induced biliary lipid changes. Biliary lipid composition with each of 3 doses of chenodeoxycholic acid was determined in bile samples obtained by cholecystokinin-stimulated duodenal drainage before, after one week and one month of treatment, and up to 9 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. The lowest dose that significantly reduced the relative concentration of biliary cholesterol was 250 mg/day. A significant reduction occurred one week after initiation of treatment and was maintained for 9 weeks follwing discontinuation of treatment. Thus, clinical trials of low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstone prophylaxis or dissolution are warranted.
On the normalizers of elements of prime order in simple groups

One of the most fruitful methods for studying finite simple groups has been to study the possible structure of the normalizer of an involution. Our purpose in this paper is, instead, to obtain some information about simple groups by imposing some conditions on the normalizer of an element of odd prime order. Thwaites [7] recently obtained such a result: if G has a maximal subgroup isomorphic to A, x Zs , then G is not simple. Our results will be of this nature (with slightly weaker hypotheses), and the proof of Theorem 1 is in large part an abstraction of the method used by Thwaites. Along the line of the result mentioned above we shall prove:
Structural properties and recognition of restricted and strongly unimodular matrices

A (0, ±1) matrix A is restricted unimodular if every matrix obtained from A by setting to zero any subset of its entries is totally unimodular. Restricted unimodular matrices are also known as matrices without odd cycles. They have been studied by Commoner and recently Yannakakis has given a polynomial algorithm to recognize when a matrix belongs to this class. A matrix A is strongly unimodular if any matrix obtained from A by setting at most one of its entries to zero is totally unimodular. Crama et al. have shown that (0,1) matrix A is strongly unimodular if and only if any basis of (A, 1) is triangular, whereI is an identity matrix of suitable dimensions. In this paper we give a very simple algorithm to test whether a matrix is restricted unimodular and we show that all strongly unimodular matrices can be obtained by composing restricted unimodular matrices with a simple operation.
High Performance Path Searcher for CDMA Adaptive Antenna Systems

In this paper, we present several algorithmic alternatives for improving the performance of the search subsystem for WCDMA uplink for an adaptive antenna system. The searcher’s purpose is to locate timing offsets of active multipaths. The searcher depends on estimation of the signal energy at each timing offset. We show via simulation that three techniques, namely interference decorrelation, signal coherence gain, and interference normalization, may be used to improve the searcher’s false alarm versus missed detection performance. We show how performance improvement translates into reduced computational cost.
A 3-D Spectral-Element Time-Domain Method for Electromagnetic Simulation

A spectral-element time-domain (SETD) method is proposed to solve 3-D transient electromagnetic problems based on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre polynomials. It has the advantages of spectral accuracy and block-diagonal mass matrix. With the inexpensive inversion of the block-diagonal mass matrix, the proposed method requires only a trivial sparse matrix-vector product at each time step, thus significantly reducing CPU time and memory requirement. Galerkin's method is used for spatial discretization, and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is employed for the time integration. The perfectly matched layer (PML) is employed to truncate the boundary in unbounded problems. The pseudospectral time-domain method is used to simplify the treatment of the PML inside the proposed SETD method. Numerical examples are shown to verify the efficiency and the spectral accuracy with the order of basis functions
Niebuhr's Critique of Rationalism: A Limited Validation

THE life and thought of Reinhold Niebuhr are characterized by a running debate with rationalism. As a Christian, Niebuhr saw it as his task to defend the Biblical view of man against corruption by an opposing view found in the rationalist tradition of Hellenic philosophy. As a modern Christian, Niebuhr felt even more compelled to resist the incursion of rationalism into Christianity represented in theology by liberal Protestantism and in ethics by the Social Gospel movement. Niebuhr's polemic against rationalism makes it easy to rank him among those Christian thinkers who have refused to give reason a place in the religious or moral life. Yet, as a cursory reading of Niebuhr's work reveals, he was deeply indebted to the rationalist tradition. In an early work like Moral Man and Immoral Society, for example, Niebuhr draws heavily on the Kantian moral tradition, even as he criticizes Kant.' In his later work, The Nature and Destiny of Man, Niebuhr more than once affirms the essential role of reason in theological reflection.2 In view of this, it is valid to suggest that Niebuhr used reason as an important tool in his eventual attack on rationalism. In the remarks that follow, we seek to provide some limited evidence to support this suggestion. It should be noted, however, that we shall not attempt to trace the development of Niebuhr's own attack on rationalism. As important as it may be, a survey of Niebuhr's intellectual development is not our concern here. Rather, we seek to offer a limited and independent rational vali-
Agrobacterium in the Genomics Age

Members of the genus Agrobacterium cause the neoplastic diseases crown gall, hairy root, and cane gall on numerous plant species. Extensive genetic analyses conducted in the 1980s identified key bacterial genes involved in virulence. During the past decade, however, genomic technologies have
High performance implementation of planted motif problem using suffix trees

In this paper we present a high performance implementation of suffix tree based solution to the planted motif problem on two different parallel architectures: NVIDIA GPU and Intel Multicore machines. An (l, d) planted motif problem(PMP) is defined as: Given a sequence of n DNA sequences, each of length L, find M, the set of sequences(or motifs) of length l which have at-least one d-neighbor in each of the n sequences. Here, a d-neighbor of a sequence is a sequence of same length that differs in at-most d positions. PMP is a well studied problem in computational biology. It is useful in developing methods for finding transcription factor binding sites, sequence classification and for building phylogenetic trees. The problem is computationally challenging to solve, for example a (19,7) PMP takes 9.9 hours on a sequential machine. Many approaches to solve planted motif problem can be found in literature. One approach is based on use of suffix tree data structure. Though suffix tree based methods are the most efficient ones for solving large planted motif problems on sequential machines, they are quite difficult to parallelize. We present suffix tree based parallel solutions for PMP on NVIDIA GPU and Intel Multicore architectures that are efficient and scalable. The solutions are based on a suffix tree algorithm previously presented but use extensive adaptation to individual architectures to ensure that the implementations work efficiently and scale well.
Implantable hearing aids for moderate-to-severe hearing loss

Abstract Common modalities of aural rehabilitation include external hearing aids, cochlear implantation, and bone anchored hearing aids. In recent years, there has been research, development, and application of implantable and semi-implantable hearing aids. These devices act by vibration of the ossicular chain by piezoelectric or electromagnetic energy. Although only recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, implantable hearing aids are evolving as a plausable option for patients with sensorineural or conductive hearing loss. Here, we review all current devices and surgical techniques for implantation.
A note on two-place predicates and fitting sequences of measure functions

Carnap (in, [ I ] , p. 566) has remarked that his measure function m* is jitting fof finite languages using a fixed number of one-place predicates, i.e., for any sentence i, m*(;) is the same In all such restricted finite languages in which i occurs. The main purpose of this brief note is to show by means of a counter-example that * does not have the intuitively desirable property of fittingness when we consider languages using two-place predicates. We first state for finite languages a general theorem (related to the results in [2]) which guides the construction of large numbers of counterexamples. THEOREM. Let Gn be the s ~ ~ ~ z ~ r ~ c grog$ of n le t tem In a language which consists of a finite nwmbev G/ predicates and n individual names, the number of state descriptions in a strztctwe description i s equal to the index of some subgrou$ G in G,,.l Proof. Let X be a structure description (of a language Ln satisfying our hypothesis) and let S be an arbitrary state description in Z;. Let n be a permutation in G,,, and iet n*S be the state description which results .from S by applying the permutation h to the individual names of L,,. It is easily verified that for every z in Gnj n*S E Z;. Also, for n, y in G,,,
MICROTUBULE PROTEIN DURING CILIOGENESIS IN THE MOUSE OVIDUCT

A colchicine-binding assay and quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis have been used to determine the changes which occur in microtubule protein (tubulin) concentrations in the particulate and soluble fractions of mouse oviduct homogenates during that period of development when centriole formation and cilium formation are at a maximum. When mouse oviducts, at various ages after birth, are homogenized in Tris-sucrose buffer, tubulin concentration is partitioned between the soluble (70%) and particulate (30%) fractions. During the period of most active organelle formation (3–12 days), there is a marked increase in colchicine-binding specific activity, in both the soluble and particulate fractions. Microtubule protein concentration increases from 16 to 24% in the soluble fraction, declining to 14% in the adult. In the particulate fractions, microtubule protein concentration increases from 16 to 27%, leveling off at 16% in the adult. We have concluded from these observations and from electron microscopy that colchicine-binding activity in the particulate fractions is related to the presence of centriole precursors in the pellets of homogenized oviducts from newborn mice. These data further suggest that centriole precursor structures are conveniently packaged aggregates of microtubule protein actively synthesized between 3 and 5 days, and maintained at a maximum during the most active period of organelle assembly.
Do Social Policy Reforms Have Different Impacts on Employment and Welfare Use as Economic Conditions Change

This paper uses March Current Population Survey data from 1985 to 2004 to explore whether social policy reforms implemented throughout the 1990s have different impacts on employment and welfare use depending on economic conditions, a topic with important policy implications but which has received little attention from researchers. I find evidence that many reforms operate differently as labor market conditions fluctuate. Although social policies increase employment during economic slowdowns, the largest effects are generated in favorable labor market conditions. The impact of time limits, mandatory job search, and cash diversion programs are particularly sensitive to the macroeconomy, while the earned income tax credit is associated with similar employment effects in most environments. The results vary substantially across policy “carrots” and “sticks,” levels of work intensity, and subsamples of single mothers, but a tentative conclusion is that a strong economy reinforces the positive incentives created by social policy reforms. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Vulnerable Warriors: Military Women, Military Culture, and Fear of Rape

Fear of sexual violence constrains women’s lives in many ways. Underlying that fear is a set of widely shared cultural discourses which define women as physically vulnerable, assume women are incapable of protecting themselves and others, stress the ubiquity of male sexual predators, and hold women responsible for avoiding such predators. This article explores the ways in which service in the U.S. military, where sexual assaults appear to be especially common, and immersion in masculinist military culture can both challenge and reinforce women’s belief in these discourses. Data come from 25 in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted during 2012 and 2013 with a non-random sample of women who were current or former U.S. military members. All participants were under age 45 and had deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan at some point; some participants reported fear of rape during their military service and some did not.
The postbaccalaureate goals of college women in STEM

Current research on undergraduate women continues to provide insight on what dissuades, attracts, and retains them in STEM programs; however, less is known about their postbaccalaureate goals. Using social cognitive career theory (SCCT) as the theoretical framework, this chapter discusses the relationships among self-efficacy, the college environment, and women's postbaccalaureate goals.
Sound and Complete Type Inference for a Systems Programming Language

This paper introduces a new type system designed for safe systems programming. The type system features a new mutability model that combines unboxed types with a consistent typing of mutability. The type system is provably sound, supports polymorphism, and eliminates the need for alias analysis to determine the immutability of a location. A sound and complete type inference algorithm for this system is presented.
Titanium dioxide based high temperature carbon monoxide selective sensor

The anatase form of TiO2 has been examined for the sensing of CO and CH4 at temperatures of 873 K. Though, there were differences in the sensitivity of the anatase sensor towards CO and CH4, both gases showed considerable resistance changes. However, in the presence of lanthanum oxide and copper oxide (labeled as ALC sensor), the sensor showed minimal response towards CH4, while still exhibiting sensitivity towards CO. The insensitivity towards CH4 was also confirmed by measuring the sensor response in the presence of both gases. In order to understand the basis for selective CO sensing, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy was carried out on the sensor materials at elevated temperatures. Lanthanum oxide was used to inhibit the anatase to rutile transformation. Infrared spectroscopic data strongly suggest that there is a layer of lanthanum oxide on the titania surface, which acts as a trap for the oxidation products of CO and CH4. Upon oxidation of CO on ALC, carbonate species were detected, whereas the reaction of CH4 produced negligible carbonate species. The insensitivity of the ALC sensor towards CH4 is proposed to be due to its rapid oxidation by O2 on the copper oxide. This efficient oxidation was responsible for lack of CH4 reaction on the anatase surface, thus, producing minimal resistance change. CO oxidation also occurred partially on the CuO surface but significant reaction also occurred on the anatase surface and produced a change in resistance. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A stethoscope-mounted cardiac synchronizer

As an aid to the diagnosis of cardiac function, a compact circuit was designed to attach to the head of a physician's stethoscope and detect electrocardiogram R and T waves, indicating each by the brief flashing of an L D. With feedback on electrical activity in the heart in parallel with acoustical feedback, a physician will have greater ability to diagnose normal and diseased operation of the heart. The circuit was prototyped using a custom multilayered board and surface mount components. More advanced versions are now being considered in the forms of a full custom Integrated circuit and a PIC microcontroller.
The functional loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor is a common event in basal-like and luminal B breast carcinomas

Introduction Breast cancers can be classified using whole genome expression into distinct subtypes that show differences in prognosis. One of these groups, the basal-like subtype, is poorly differentiated, highly metastatic, genomically unstable, and contains specific genetic alterations such as the loss of tumour protein 53 (TP53). The loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor encoded by the RB1 locus is a well-characterised occurrence in many tumour types; however, its role in breast cancer is less clear with many reports demonstrating a loss of heterozygosity that does not correlate with a loss of RB1 protein expression.