cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pneumatic and Percussive Penetration Approaches for Heat Flow Probe Emplacement on Robotic Lunar Missions

In this paper, the development of heat flow probes for measuring the geothermal gradient and conductivity of lunar regolith are presented. These two measurements are the required information for determining the heat flow of a planetary body. Considering the Moon as an example, heat flow properties are very important information for studying the radiogenic isotopes, the thermal evolution and differentiation history, and the mechanical properties of the interior. In order to obtain the best measurements, the sensors must be extended to a depth of at least 3 m, i.e. beyond the depth of significant thermal cycles. Two approaches to heat flow deployment and measurement are discussed in this paper: a percussive approach and a pneumatic approach. The percussive approach utilizes a high frequency hammer to drive a cone penetrometer into the lunar simulant. Ring-like thermal sensors (heaters and temperature sensors) on the penetrometer rod are deployed into the simulant every 30 cm as the penetrometer penetrates to the required 3 m depth. Once the target depth has been achieved, the deployment rod is removed from the simulant, eliminating any thermal path to the lander. The pneumatic approach relies on pressurized gas to excavate, using a cone-shaped nozzle to penetrate the simulant. The nozzle is attached to a coiled stem with thermal sensors embedded along the length of the stem. As the simulant is being lofted out of the hole by the escaping gas, the stem is progressively reeled out from a spool, thus moving the cone deeper into the hole. Thermal conductivity is measured using a needle probe attached to the end of the cone. Breadboard prototypes of these two heat flow probe systems have been constructed and successfully tested under lunar-like conditions to approximately 70 cm, which was the maximum possible depth allowed by the size of the test bin and the chamber.
Punishment following escape and avoidance training

Rats were trained in a runway for five days with a 0, 1, 2, or 4- sec delay between grid drop and shock onset followed by four days of extinction with punishment. The 0- sec (escape) Ss showed less resistance to extinction and slower running during extinction.
An interactive procedure for extracting features of the brain from magnetic resonance images: the lobes.

The human brain can be subdivided many ways depending upon the criteria used. One of the most basic approaches is to subdivide the cortical regions into functional units composed of the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. To date, the process of reliably extracting measurements of the human brain from MR images has been mostly dependent on subjective decisions made by operators tracing regions. We present a technique for the identification of the cortical lobes of the brain based upon an interactive extraction program. It requires an operator to identify a fixed set of neuroanatomical guides which are used along with segmentation information to map automatically in three dimensions the full extent of each lobe without further editing by the operator. The definitions of the lobes are based upon standard, fully accepted, neuroanatomical criteria which can readily be found in the stack of images obtained from each subject. We have used this technique in this report on a subset of images from both healthy control subjects and patients with clinically confirmed memory disorders in order to establish its interoperator and intraoperator reliability.
The EXCEL Program: strengthening diversity.

The Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine (BUSDM) initiated a program in the summer of 1993 to strengthen diversity in the entering class of first-year students. The Experiential Center for Excellence in Learning (EXCEL) Program is a voluntary, one-month-long prematriculation experience that combines didactic, laboratory, study skills, and social activities to prepare participants to transition into the rigorous first-year curriculum. From 1996 to 2000, ninety students participated in EXCEL. The two primary reasons cited for participating were to become familiar with the school, faculty, and classmates and to strengthen basic science background. Participants' ages ranged from twenty to over forty. Fifty- nine percent of participants had been out of college for more than one year; 10 percent had been out of school for three years or more. Thirty percent listed nontraditional predental school majors. Fifty-six percent listed a country other than the United States as country of birth. Of those completing an exit survey, 96 percent reported that EXCEL strengthened their decision to study dentistry, and 97 percent would recommend that future entering BUSDM students participate in EXCEL. The EXCEL Program may serve as a model for increasing diversity in U.S. dental school enrollment.
Clinically aggressive central giant cell granulomas in two patients with neurofibromatosis 1

Background Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited genetic disorder caused by a spectrum of mutations affecting the NF1 gene, a gene located at 17q11.2 and spanning more than 350 kilobases. Affected patients develop a number of benign and malignant tumors at an increased frequency. Clinical findings include multiple cafe-au-lait spots, neurofibromas, axillary freckling, optic gliomas, benign iris hamartomas, scoliosis, and poorly defined hamartomatous lesions of the skeleton. Kerl (1971) first reported the association of NF1 with central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws. There have since been 4 additional reports of NF1 patients with multiple CGCG of the jaws. (Molecular analysis of 1 of these cases uncovered a novel NF1 splice mutation in the proband.) An additional case involving the occipital bone and 1 of a patient with multiple peripheral giant cell granulomas have also been reported. Clinical cases We report on 2 patients who presented with NF1 and aggressive CGCG of the jaws. In both cases, the clinical course was characterized by numerous recurrences despite surgical treatment. Conclusion While the association between NF1 and CGCG could represent a genetic linkage, this association could also be coincidental since both NF1 and CGCG of the jaws are relatively common. For example, NF1 demonstrates phenotypic overlap with Noonan syndrome (short stature, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, webbed neck) in approximately 12% of patients. Watson syndrome, characterized by overlapping mild features of both NF1 and Noonan-like syndrome is linked to the NF1 gene. NF1-Noonan syndrome, an entity in its own right, is believed to be the result of the independent segregation of both a classical NF1 phenotype and a Noonan syndrome phenotype. Interestingly, multiple giant cell lesions have also been reported in a number of patients with Noonan syndrome.
Entrainment of Micromechanical Limit Cycle Oscillators in the Presence of Frequency Instability

The nonlinear dynamics of micromechanical oscillators are explored experimentally. Devices consist of singly and doubly supported Si beams, 200 nm thick and 35 μm long. When illuminated within a laser interference field, devices self-oscillate in their first bending mode due to feedback between laser heating and device displacement. Compressive prestress buckles doubly supported beams leading to a strong amplitude-frequency relationship. Significant frequency instability is seen in doubly supported devices. Self-resonant beams are also driven inertially with varying drive amplitude and frequency. Regions of primary, sub-, and superharmonic entrainment are measured. Statistics of primary entrainment are measured for low drive amplitudes, where the effects of frequency instability are measurable. Sub- and superharmonic entrainment are not seen in singly supported beams. A simple model is built to explain why high-order entrainment is seen only in doubly supported beams. Its analysis suggests that the strong amplitude-frequency relationship in doubly supported beams enables hysteresis, wide regions of primary entrainment, and high orders of sub- and superharmonic entrainment.
Effects of an agglomerate size distribution on the PEFC agglomerate model

Abstract The agglomerate model of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrode typically assumes a single, representative agglomerate diameter, while in reality there is a distribution of agglomerate sizes. Here, we analyze how the agglomerate model's predictions are affected by incorporating an agglomerate diameter distribution. Our analysis shows that the diameter distribution causes the agglomerate model predictions to differ by as much as 70% when compared to even reasonable single agglomerate diameter choices. The error in the model's predictions is highly sensitive to both agglomerate diameter and overpotential. Even the agglomerate diameter that gives the lowest maximum error in our results, 115 nm, errs by as much as 15% at certain overpotentials.
Description of the Pupa of the Himalayan Mosquito, Ochlerotatus pulchriventer

The pupa of Ochlerotatus pulchriventer (=Aedes pulchriventer) is described and illustrated for the first time. It was collected at midrange altitudes in the Himalaya Mountains of Nepal. A subspecies from Taiwan is discussed.
Structures and unexpected dynamic properties of phosphine oxides adsorbed on silica surfaces.

Abstract: Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of selected phos-phine oxides adsorbed on silica surfaces establishes thesurface mobilities, even of phosphine oxides with highmelting points. Crystal structures of the adductsPh 3 PO·HOSiPh 3 and Cy 3 PO·H 2 O indicate that the interac-tions with silica involve hydrogen bonding of the P=Ogroup to adsorbed water and surface silanol groups.Phosphine oxides represent an immensely important class ofcompounds. [1] They are by-products of phosphine chemistry,and are generated as stoichiometric co-products of the Wittig,Appel, and other reactions. They are also indispensable probesfor surface acidities of oxides [2] and recently received attentionin the decomposition of warfare agents. [3] Another long-stand-ing question in the field of immobilized catalysts [4] is whetheradsorbed phosphine oxides mimic the 31 P MAS (magic anglespinning) NMR signals of phosphine linkers quaternized toform phosphonium salts. [5] Despite their importance, the sur-face chemistry of phosphine oxides is not well documented.Herein, we prove using solid-state NMR techniques that evenphosphine oxides with high melting points possess heretoforeunappreciated surface mobilities in the absence of solvents.The silica-adsorption process of phosphine oxides proceeds atambient temperature by co-grinding the dry components.Crystal structures of model compounds show that interactionswith surface silanol groups and adsorbed water mediate theadsorption and mobility, which correlates with leaching data invarious solvents.The
Dynamic reversibility of hydrodynamic focusing for recycling sheath fluid

The phenomenon of "unmixing" has been demonstrated in microfluidic mixers, but here we manipulate laminar flow streams back to their original positions in order to extend the operational utility of an analytical device where no mixing is desired. Using grooves in the channel wall, we passively focus a sample stream with two sheath streams to center it in a microchannel for optical analysis. Even though the sample stream is completely surrounded by sheath fluid, reversing the orientation of the grooves in the channel walls returns the sample stream to its original position with respect to the sheath streams. We demonstrate the separation of the sample stream from the contiguous sheath streams and the recycling of the sheath fluid using the reversibility of laminar flow. Polystyrene microspheres and fluorescent dye were used to quantify the performance of the unsheathing process. We found that the maximum numbers of microspheres and all of the fluorescent dye were recaptured at sheath recycling levels <92%. The use of this sheathing technique has previously been demonstrated in a sensitive microflow cytometer; the unsheathing capability now provides the opportunity to recover particles from the sensor with minimal dilution or to recycle the sheath fluid for long-term unattended operation.
A size-dependent nanoscale metal-insulator transition in random materials

Insulating thin films with a random structure can undergo a nanoscale metal–insulator transition by making the film thickness size less than or more than the electron diffusion distance.
A conservative postorthodontic treatment of enamel stains

The purpose of this presentation is to describe a method used to remove or improve superficial stains in the enamel including mild decalcification present before and after orthodontic therapy. This procedure is only successful in the treatment of stains involving the outer enamel surface and is not effective for treating generalized pigmentation of the enamel and/or dentin. A step-by-step approach for the removal of the superficial enamel stains is presented.
Dietary alteration of somatic symptoms and regional brain electrical activity.

This study reports the therapeutic effect and EEG correlates of a caffeine- and refined sucrose-free diet in a symptomatic woman
Time-slotted multiuser MIMO systems: beamforming and scheduling strategies

We investigate the problem of scheduling for the uplink of a time-slotted multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with sum capacity as the performance metric. We first consider scheduling users' transmissions for fixed transmit beamformers. Upper bounds for the sum capacity of the time-slotted system with the optimum scheduler are found via relaxing a set of structural constraints. Next, we present a low-complexity scheduling algorithm that aims to approach the capacity's upper bound. The performance of the multislot multiuser MIMO system is a function of the users' transmit beamformers. In turn, the transmit beamformers can be shaped depending on the channel state information available at the transmitter. We investigate how the transmit beamformers should be chosen with different levels of feedback, and combine the proposed scheduling algorithm with antenna selection, eigen transmit beamforming, and perfectly controlled transmit beamforming models. We observe that as the available feedback level is increased, the performance of the scheduling algorithm approaches the upper bounds developed. In particular, a substantial sum capacity gain is attained when the individual channel state information is available at the transmitter side.
Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by an ultimate carcinogen from benzo[a]pyrene

Mutations in the coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of Chinese hamster V-79 cells were examined after exposure of the cells to a high cytotoxic dose (0.48 microM; 35% survival) and a low noncytotoxic dose (0.04 microM; 100% survival) of the ultimate carcinogen (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+)-BPDE]. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies were isolated and cDNAs were prepared by reverse transcription. The coding region of the cDNA of the HPRT gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. An examination of the DNA base sequence changes induced by different doses of (+)-BPDE demonstrated that the high dose of (+)-BPDE caused base substitution mutations almost exclusively at G.C base pairs whereas the low dose of (+)-BPDE caused mutations at both G.C and A.T base pairs. Thus, use of a low dose of (+)-BPDE allowed the detection of mutations (at A.T base pairs) that were not readily observed with a high dose of (+)-BPDE. The data also suggest that the low dose of (+)-BPDE may have caused a different profile of base substitutions at G.C base pairs and exon deletions than the high dose. The results indicate dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations for an ultimate carcinogen.
The distributional properties of shocks to a fractional I(d) process having a marginal exponential distribution

This paper establishes practical criteria for selecting amongst hypothetical data generating processes in cases where the series has long memory and exponential distribution which implies that the innovations have extremely fat tails.
Mapping long-term regional runoff in the eastern United States using automated approaches

Abstract We conducted research to develop and test the accuracy of automated methods for producing long-term runoff contour maps of the eastern United States. Our goal was to determine if maps produced by these methods are as accurate as those now produced by manual methods. We examined nine procedures. One uses available runoff data only. Four use available runoff data and measured precipitation. The remaining four methods use runoff data and precipitation estimates from PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). We evaluated the maps produced both qualitatively and quantitatively. We visually compared the automated procedure maps with a manual map produced by the U.S. Geological Survey. General visual agreement was very good among the maps. We also statistically compared estimated runoff at the precipitation stations with values interpolated from the manual map. The values of simple mean runoff computed for all of the methods were within about 1 cm (2%) of that determined for the manual method. We conducted an uncertainty analysis in which we withheld gaged data from the production of the maps and then compared these data with values interpolated from the maps. Overall, the automated methods performed as well as or better than the manual method. A method based on PRISM-based runoff-to-precipitation ratios (RPRIS) gave the best results. The results of our work indicate that simple automated procedures can produce long-term runoff contour maps with regional accuracies equivalent or superior to those produced by manual methods.
Structure−Activity Relationship Comparison of ( S )-2β-Substituted 3α-(Bis[4-fluorophenyl]methoxy)tropanes and ( R )-2β-Substituted 3β-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)tropanes at the Dopamine Transporter

Extensive structure−activity relationships at the dopamine transporter (DAT) have been developed around two classes of tropane-based ligands. Opposing stereoselectivity and divergent structural requirements for optimal DAT binding suggest that these tropane-based DAT inhibitors may not access identical binding domains. To further investigate this hypothesis, a series of (S)-2β-carboalkoxy-3α-(bis[4-fluorophenyl]methoxy)tropanes (11a−f, 13−16) and their identically (R)-2β-substituted 3β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropanes (3, 5a−d) were prepared and evaluated for binding at the DAT and for inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake in rat brain. These studies showed that most of the identically 2-carboalkoxy-substituted analogues, within the two classes of compounds, bind with high affinity to DAT (Ki = 5.5−100 nM), albeit with opposite stereochemistry. However, the larger azido- (15) and isothiocyanato- (16) (S)-2β-carbophenylethoxy-3α-(bis[4-fluorophenyl]methoxy)tropanes demonstrated a significant decrease in DAT bindin...
Effects of a Parent Training Program on the Interactive Skills of Parents of Children with Autism in China

This study evaluated the effects of a parent training program on the interactive skills of parents of children with autism in the People's Republic of China. Twenty-seven families of children with autism in a northeastern city of China were randomly assigned to either the training or the control group. Parents received a total of 20 h of training in a format that included both group and individual sessions. Parents' interactive skills during free play with their children with autism were examined using videotaped observations at their homes and analyzed using the Maternal Behavior Rating Scales. One-way analysis of covariance indicated that following the training, parents in the training group, compared with those in the control group, were more sensitive to their children's interests, responded to their children's behavior more appropriately, were more accepting of their children and their behavior, showed more enjoyment of interacting with their children, and expressed more warmth toward their children throughout the free play interactions. More research is needed to investigate whether parental responsiveness and affect promote more active engagement by their children in their interactions.
Minimizing Production Costs Through Modular Automatic Test Equipment

Summary- The dominant consideration influencing tine trend toward automatic test and checkout techniques for production-line test stations is cost reduction. Testing costs include the costs of test equipment and spares, of operating and maintaining personnel, of floor space, and of down time. As test cost per unit produced is the basis for comparison, the test rate achieved per station is a major factor. An analysis of test station requirements for a mass-produced missile is used as an example. This analysis shows major reductions in test cost per unit as a result of automation for subassemblies which have fairly complex test requirements; whereas for simple subassemblies, there are no cost improvements and manual testing is quite satisfactory. The necessity for maintaining high test rates with fewer, less skilled operators and with the corresponding reduction in test stations imposes high reliability requirements on automated equipment in order to preserve this economic advantage. Therefore, such features as self-checking fail-safe design, and printed-out test results are essential. The construction of automatic test sets from functional universal modules reduces first cost of equipment, permits rapid and economic servicing, and reduces obsolescence of equipment. Another advantage of the modular approach to production-line test set design is that test sets using only a low order of automation may utilize modules identical to those of the fully automated equipment. This extends the "break-even" point in the choice between automated and manual equipment towards increased application of the more sophisticated techniques.
Stability in the Underlying Constructs of Self-Control:

The stability of self-control represents a recently popular empirical topic; however, little attention has been paid to the stability of the underlying constructs of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s conception of self-control. The present study uses longitudinal data on youth residing in the northeastern United States and employs trajectory analysis to explore the presence of varying developmental trends in these constructs. The findings indicate that these constructs follow unique and varied trajectories that may help to elucidate issues with our understanding of the stability of self-control.
European Red Mite Control on Apples in California

Field trials for control of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were conducted on Red Delicious apples near Watsonville, California, during the spring and summer of 1964. Naugatuck D-014 (2-( p-tert -butylphenoxy) cyclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite); Morestan® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic carbonate); Humble 70 viscosity oil; and Pennsalt 70 viscosity oil gave good seasonal control when applied once as preventive sprays at petal fall. Dinocap applied 3 times on a mildew-control schedule, also gave good seasonal control. Naugatuck C-940 (2-( p-tert -butylphenoxy)-l-ethylethyl o-tolyl sulfite) applied once at petal fall, and binapacryl, applied 3 times on a mildew-control schedule, gave satisfactory control for some time but permitted mite buildup before the end of the season. Union Carbide 19786 (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl isopropyl carbonate) was not effective as a preventive spray. Ethion, Humble 60 viscosity oil, Humble 70 viscosity oil, and Volk Supreme oil gave good control when applied as midsummer therapeutic sprays. Chloropropylate® (isopropyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate) and Union Carbide 19786 were not effective as therapeutic treatments. Azinphosmethyl produced an initial reduction in mite levels but resulted in a severe mite resurgence. Preliminary observations on predator ratios suggest that azinphosmethyl and, to a lesser extent, Chloropropylate, UC 19786, and binapacryl may have a selective toxicity which affects predaceous phytoseiid mites more severely than P. ulmi
3H-estradiol uptake by the rat ovary.

SummaryIn vivo uptake of 3H-estradiol by the ovary was studied using hypophysectomized, immature, female rats. Radioactivity in the tissues was determined 2 hr after a subcutaneous injection of 3H-estradiol-17β (0.1 μg/100 g of body wt) into 27-day-old rats. Total uptake of radioactivity was similar in the ovaries of hypophysectomized and intact rats but radioactivity per milligram of the ovary in the hypophysectomized rat was double that in the intact. Pretreatment with cold estradiol or an estrogen antagonist prevented uptake of radioactivity to the same magnitude in the ovary and uterus.
Genetics of Simple Febrile Seizures

A clinical and genetic study of three families with simple febrile seizures (FS) and an autosomal dominant (AD) trait with high penetrance is reported from the Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France.
Formation of Iron Oxyfluoride Phase on the Surface of Nano-Fe3O4 Conversion Compound for Electrochemical Energy Storage

We have investigated a novel approach wherein we undertake surface fluorination of nanometer sized Fe3O4 conversion compound into corresponding oxyfluoride with the goal toward enhancing their energy density as well electrochemical performance stability. This is achieved by using direct fluorination of nano-Fe3O4 in a fluidized bed reactor under controlled reaction atmosphere and temperature. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy analysis shows conclusive evidence of the surface fluorination of Fe3O4 particles at a reaction temperature of 100 °C and higher forming a surface oxyfluoride phase that can be nominally described as FeOF. Formation of oxyfluoride phase is confirmed by the appearance of a higher potential intercalation plateau during the electrochemical charge–discharge cycling. Based on the experimental results, various pathways are discussed for the formation of oxyfluoride species on the surface.
The Promise of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: An Ecological Approach to Attitudes, Beliefs, and Barriers.

Abstract Research has demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention, but little is known about how factors at the individual-, interpersonal-, community-, and structural levels impact PrEP use for black men who have sex with men (BMSM). We advance existing work by examining how all levels of the ecological framework must be addressed for PrEP to be successfully implemented as an effective HIV prevention approach. We interviewed 31 BMSM three times each and 17 community stakeholders once each; interviews were taped, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Factors that influence how BMSM experienced PrEP emerged across all levels of the ecological framework: At the individual level, respondents were wary of giving medication to healthy people and of the potential side-effects. At the interpersonal level, BMSM believed that PrEP use would discourage condom use and that PrEP should only be one option for HIV prevention, not the main opti...
Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis: A Meta-analysis

Background The ability of injection of corticosteroids into the subacromial space to relieve pain ascribed to rotator cuff tendinosis is debated. The number of patients who have an injection before one gets relief beyond what a placebo provides is uncertain.
Design and control of an integrated BMS/DC-DC system for electric vehicles

Electric-drive vehicles require a battery management system (BMS) for normal, safe operation of the battery pack, and a DC/DC converter to supply auxiliary loads on the low-voltage (LV) DC bus. This paper presents a shared, central control approach for an integrated BMS/DC-DC system that uses modular DC/DC bypass converters to achieve battery management and supply auxiliary loads in electric vehicles. The motivation to integrate the BMS and DC/DC is to provide differential control of battery cells using the LV bus load and provide an opportunity for advanced battery management to achieve longer battery life and higher power limits. The proposed control approach, system modeling, loop gain analysis, and design of the feedback compensators are provided. Experimental results are presented for a prototype system consisting of eighteen series connected 25 Ah lithium-ion NMC battery cells and three isolated dual-active bridge bypass converters, with combined outputs rated to supply a 1.44 kW auxiliary LV load.
Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty: Experience in Over 100 Arteries

In a visionary paper in 1964 Dotter and Judkins [1] first described percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and predicted that the technique would be applicable to proximal segments of the renal and coronary arteries. History proved them correct. The development of the double-lumen balloon dilating catheter by Gruntzig and Hopff [3] in 1974 has made renal and coronary artery dilatation not only possible but an accomplished fact; since the late 1970s many centers all over the world have performed at least a thousand and possibly several thousand such procedures [4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14].
MMR Immunization and Febrile Seizures

The risk of seizures following MMR or MR immunization is evaluated in a retrospective cohort study conducted among 18,364 Tennessee children from The Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
Esophageal pneumatosis in the setting of small bowel ileus with acute resolution after nasogastric tube decompression

Esophageal pneumatosis is a rare condition with diverse potential etiologies including traumatic, mechanical, ischemic, obstructive respiratory, autoimmune, immunodeficient, and infectious causes. Here, we present a case of esophageal pneumatosis in the setting of upper gastrointestinal and small bowel ileus, diagnosed on computed tomography (CT), with acute resolution after nasogastric tube decompression. A patient presented to the emergency department with epigastric discomfort. CT of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrated intramural air in the mid-to-distal esophagus, consistent with esophageal pneumatosis, and diffuse dilatation of the visualized esophagus, stomach, and small bowel, consistent with an ileus. Patient was managed with nasogastric tube decompression and bowel rest. Subsequent esophagram did not demonstrate any evidence of perforation and a repeat CT of the abdomen/pelvis, performed 11 hours after initial diagnostic CT, demonstrated interval resolution of patient's esophageal pneumatosis, and improvement of patient's ileus.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modeling studies on O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----0)-L-se rine, a carbohydrate-protein linkage region fragment from connective tissue proteoglycans.

The solution conformation of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1—-4)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1—-0)-L-ser ine (GXS), a carbohydrate-protein linkage region fragment from connective tissue proteoglycans, was investigated by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling calculations. Specifically, the 1H and 13C resonances were assigned by 2D-COSY and by 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy methods. 2D-NOESY was used to generate distance constraints between the galactose and xylose and between the xylose and serine residues. The 1H vicinal coupling constants for the sugars and the serine were also determined. A general molecular modeling methodology suitable for complex carbohydrates was developed. This methodology employed molecular dynamics and energy minimization procedures together with the application of inter-residue spatial constraints across the linkages derived from 2D-NOESY. The first step in this methodology is the generation of a wide variety of starting conformations that span the (phi, psi) space for each linkage. In the present study, nine such conformations were constructed for each linkage using the torsion angles phi and psi corresponding to the gauche+, gauche-, and trans configurations across each of the two bonds constituting the linkage. These conformations were subjected to a combined molecular dynamics/energy minimization refinement using the NOESY derived constraints as pseudoenergy functions. Families of conformations for the whole molecule were then constructed from the structures derived for each linkage. Characterization of GXS using this methodology identified a single family of conformations that are consistent with the solution phase NMR data on this molecule.
Linear cross-correlation technique for single-shot measurements of weak light pulses

Single-shot, short-pulse-width measurements have been made using the second- harmonic-generation auto- and cross-correlators and two-photon fluorescence. Both methods require intense input pulses and critical alignment. We have developed a new technique for measuring the pulse width of a laser beam or a synchrotron beam, even at low-pulse intensities, with small output-intensity fluctuations.
Conclusion: Where Do We Go from Here?

This chapter answers the main questions of this book: Can online comment streams on news websites ever foster the robust and important public debate that democracy requires? What influence does incivility in these streams have on political participation and the larger public discussion about issues of the day? It also synthesizes the main findings and explains what they mean for the potential of commenting streams to be a space of public deliberation. Finally, this chapter suggests strongly that comment streams are too vital to be abandoned and offers concrete strategies for improving them.
Cadherin genes and evolutionary novelties in the octopus

All animals with large brains must have molecular mechanisms to regulate neuronal process outgrowth and prevent neurite self-entanglement. In vertebrates, two major gene families implicated in these mechanisms are the clustered protocadherins and the atypical cadherins. However, the molecular mechanisms utilized in complex invertebrate brains, such as those of the cephalopods, remain largely unknown. Recently, we identified protocadherins and atypical cadherins in the octopus. The octopus protocadherin expansion shares features with the mammalian clustered protocadherins, including enrichment in neural tissues, clustered head-to-tail orientations in the genome, and a large first exon encoding all cadherin domains. Other octopus cadherins, including a newly-identified cadherin with 77 extracellular cadherin domains, are elevated in the suckers, a striking cephalopod novelty. Future study of these octopus genes may yield insights into the general functions of protocadherins in neural wiring and cadherin-related proteins in complex morphogenesis.
Insulin Inhalation Powder (Exubera) for Diabetes Mellitus

Inhaled insulin provides an alternative route of administration for rapid-acting insulin but offers no other benefit over available insulin therapy. It may reduce, but not eliminate, the need for self-injection in patients with type 1 diabetes. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of hypoglycemia significantly increases when inhaled insulin is added to or substituted for oral agents.
Chemical complexity induced local structural distortion in NiCoFeMnCr high-entropy alloy

In order to study chemical complexity-induced lattice distortion in high-entropy alloys, the static Debye–Waller (D-W) factor of NiCoFeMnCr solid solution alloy is measured with low temperature neu...
Primary Cilia in Cerebral Cortex: Growth and Functions on Neuronal and Non-neuronal Cells

The prevailing view until very recently was that primary neuronal cilia, which were first described in electron microscopic studies of the central nervous system (CNS) approximately 50 years ago, were likely vestigial. This was due in large part to their lost motility during the course of evolution. For decades, further investigation into these structures was hampered by the lack of methods to specifically label cilia and the paucity of information about their growth and function in the CNS. In this chapter, we review the unexpected roles that primary cilia have in shaping the CNS and in particular the generation and maturation of cells in the postnatal cerebral cortex. We discuss newly available research tools for detecting cilia and manipulating ciliogenesis. Focusing on the mammalian cerebral cortex, this chapter reviews the patterns of growth of neuronal cilia, signaling profiles and putative functions of neuronal and non-neuronal cilia, and potential consequences of abnormal ciliogenesis in these cell types.
Highlights from the 2013 WIN Symposium: personalised cancer therapy from innovation to implementation

The Worldwide Innovative Networking (WIN) consortium is a global alliance of academic and industrial cancer researchers, clinicians, and cancer advocacy groups set up to promote innovations in personalised cancer therapy and to accelerate the translation of research in this discipline into the oncology clinic. One of its most important initiatives is the WIN symposia, which have been held in Paris each summer since 2009. The fifth WIN symposium, which was held 10–12 July 2013, took as its overall theme ‘Personalised Cancer Therapy: From Innovation to Implementation’. Over 400 delegates, including a good number of representatives of patient groups as well as leading academic, industrial, and clinical scientists; students; and post-docs attended this symposium. Its scientific programme featured thirty presentations divided into four main plenary sessions, and there was also a wide-ranging poster session that encompassed all the topics covered in the plenaries. The programme structure followed the path of drug discovery, in that the first session covered assay development for personalised cancer medicine; the second, applications of genomics in oncology; the third, clinical development; and the fourth, the impact of personalised medicine on cancer care.
Phase II designs for anticancer botanicals and supplements.

The purpose of a Phase II trial is to determine whether an anticancer agent is sufficiently promising to take forward to a definitive, randomized, Phase III study. Traditional Phase II trials use tumor response as an endpoint, defined as a 50% or greater decrease in tumor size. Anticancer botanicals and supplements are unlikely to bring about rapid tumor regression, even if they do extend survival. Accordingly, response needs to be defined in terms of survival, such as being progression-free at 6 months. Such an approach requires historical data on the expected survival rate in the absence of the botanical or supplement. We present a simple Phase II design for botanicals and supplements that is based on appropriate use of historical data, incorporating adjustment for both sampling variation and case mix. The basic principle is to use a historical cohort to generate a statistical prediction model, use this to predict results of patients in the Phase II study and then compare the predictions to the observed results. Such a design asks whether patients treated by the new agent are doing better than expected; if so, this suggests that the agent should be tested further in Phase III trials.
Side Information in Recovering a Single Community: Information Theoretic Limits

In this paper, we study the effect of side information on the information limits of recovering a hidden community of size $K$ inside a graph consisting of $n$ nodes with K = o(n). Side information for each node in the graph is modeled by a random vector whose components have finite cardinality. The variation in quantity of side information as a function of graph size $n$ is represented by varying the size of the vector of side information while keeping the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of each component with respect to the node labels fixed. We show when and by how much side information can improve the information limits of weak and exact recovery by providing tight necessary and sufficient conditions for both weak and exact recovery. Furthermore, we show that, under certain conditions, any algorithm achieving weak recovery can also achieve exact recovery if followed by a local voting procedure.
Progress towards creating optically addressable molecular qubits

The emerging field of quantum information science promises to transform a diverse range of scientific fields, ranging from computation to sensing and metrology. The interdisciplinary scientific community laid the groundwork for the next generation of quantum technologies through key advances in understanding the fundamental unit of quantum information science, the qubit. Electronic spin is a promising platform for qubits, demonstrating suitably long coherence times, optical initialization, and single spin addressability. Herein, we discuss recent accomplishments and future progress from our group targeted at imbuing transition metal complexes with the aforementioned properties, creating a pathway to fusing spatial precision with long coherence times. A strong emphasis of this feature article is progressing towards single spin measurements via a chemical approach for imbuing molecular qubits with an optically-induced spin polarization mechanism.
Polyester Nanoparticle Encapsulation Mitigates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

Chemotherapy utilizing cytotoxic drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), is still a commonly used therapeutic approach to treat both localized and metastasized cancers. Unlike traditional regimens in which PTX is administered at the maximum tolerated dose, alternative regimens like metronomic dosing are beneficial by administering PTX more frequently and in much lower doses exploiting antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects. However, PTX-induced peripheral neuropathy and lack of patient compliant dosage forms of PTX are major roadblocks for the successful implementation of metronomic regimens. Because of the success of polyester nanoparticle drug delivery, we explored the potential of nanoparticle-encapsulated paclitaxel (nPTX) in alleviating peripheral neuropathy using a rat model. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg/kg body weight of PTX or nPTX on four alternate days, and neuropathic pain and neuronal damage were characterized using behavioral assessments, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The reduction in tactile and nociceptive pressure thresholds was significantly less in nPTX-treated rats than in PTX-treated rats over a 16-day study period. Histological analysis showed that the degree of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) degeneration and reduction in motor neurons in the spinal cord was significantly lower in the nPTX group than the PTX group. Further, immunofluorescence data reveals that nPTX-treated rats had an increased density of a neuronal marker, β-tubulin-III, reduced TUNEL positive cells, and increased high molecular weight neurofilament in the spinal cord, DRG, and sciatic nerves compared with PTX-treated rats. Therefore, this work has important implications in improving risk-benefit profile of PTX, paving the way for metronomic regimens.
Erenumab (Aimovig) for Migraine Prophylaxis in Adults.

Erenumab is a safe option for migraine prophylaxis in adults. However, it is expensive and should be reserved for patients who have experienced intolerable adverse effects while taking oral migraine prophylaxis medication or who have poor adherence to daily preventive treatment.
Failing the Least Advantaged: An Unintended Consequence of Local Implementation of the Housing Choice Voucher Program

Although scholars have acknowledged that shrinking federal resources for low-income housing programs increase economic inequality across the U.S. society as a whole, the question of how the allocat...
Cold weather is independently associated with hypothermia in severely injured trauma patients

IntroductionHypothermia at admission in trauma patients has been significantly associated with worse outcomes and increased blood usage. Previous studies have found variably significant association...
Effect of Medicaid Expansions on HIV Diagnoses and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use.

Introduction Increased insurance coverage and access to health care can increase identification of undiagnosed HIV infection and use of HIV prevention services such as pre-exposure prophylaxis. This study investigates whether the Medicaid expansions facilitated by the Affordable Care Act had these effects. Methods A difference-in-differences design was used to estimate the effects of the Medicaid expansions using data on HIV diagnoses per 100,000 population, awareness of HIV status, and pre-exposure prophylaxis use. The analyses involved first calculating differences in new diagnoses and pre-exposure prophylaxis use before and after the expansions and then comparing these differences between treatment counties (i.e., all counties in states that expanded Medicaid) and control counties (i.e., all counties in states that did not expand Medicaid). Further analyses to investigate mechanisms addressed associations with HIV incidence, rates of sexually transmitted infections, and substance use. Analyses were conducted between August 2019 and July 2020. Results Medicaid expansions were associated with an increase in HIV diagnoses of 0.508 per 100,000 population, or 13.9% (p=0.037), particularly for infections contracted via injection drug use and among low-income, rural counties with a high share of pre–Affordable Care Act uninsured rates that were most likely to be affected by the expansions. In addition, Medicaid expansions were associated with improvements in the knowledge of HIV status and pre-exposure prophylaxis use. There was no impact of the expansions on incident HIV, substance use, or sexually transmitted infection rates with the exception of gonorrhea, which decreased after the expansions. Altogether, these results suggest that the changes in new HIV diagnoses, awareness of HIV status, and pre-exposure prophylaxis were not simply because of a higher incidence or an increase in infection risk. Conclusions Medicaid expansions were associated with increases in the percentage of people living with HIV who are aware of their status and pre-exposure prophylaxis use. Expanding public health insurance may be an avenue for curbing the HIV epidemic.
Endocrinology in the Time of Coronavirus: A Virtual Endocrinology Elective for Medical Students

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Association of American Medical Colleges recommended that medical students halt in-person learning. Our institution created a competency based virtual endocrinology elective to provide continued clinical experience with a focus on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and health equity in diabetes care.
Overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries with phenothiazine redox shuttles

Overcharge in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be mitigated using electron-donating small molecules with oxidation potentials just above the end-of-charge potential of the electrochemical cell. These additives function by oxidizing at the cathode/electrolyte interface, forming radical cations, and are then reduced at the anode/electrolyte interface, becoming neutral again. A variety of redox shuttles have been reported since 2005 including derivatives of TEMPO, alkoxybenzene, and phenothiazine. This perspective focuses on phenothiazines redox shuttles and their performance in LIBs.