cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 during lens cell differentiation: Correlation with translational efficiency

In vitro differentiation of embryonic chicken lens epithelial explants to form lens fiber cells is accompanied by an increase in protein synthesis without a corresponding increase in mRNA levels. This apparent increase in translational efficiency is correlated with a specific enhancement of phosphorylation of a 32K protein, which we identify as ribosomal protein S6 by two dimensional gel electrophoresis of purified ribosomal proteins. Serum, insulin, and chicken vitreous humor, three agents known to initiate differentiation in this system, all lead to enhanced S6 phosphorylation. Maximal enhancement of phosphorylation is reached within the first hour after the onset of differentiation, and is not blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis.
Underlying Reasons for Smoking–Reply–I

We thank Dr Cobb for his comments regarding our article. He is correct that smokers have many comorbid psychiatric conditions,1 particularly anxiety, depression, and other substance use disorders. Approximately 40% of patients in our residential program have 1 or more of these diagnoses. We do not target treatment at these conditions, but we do desire comorbid mental health problems to be under good control before we admit patients to our program. It is unclear how much tobacco dependence arises from self-medication of psychiatric symptoms vs a common predisposition to both tobacco dependence and a mood or anxiety disorder. Similarly, comorbid medical conditions are determined to be stable through a telephone screening process before we admit a patient to our program. Treating tobacco dependence effectively in any setting is difficult, if not impossible, if a comorbid psychiatric or medical condition is poorly controlled. Few published data are available on how best to treat comorbid tobacco dependence and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We were involved in one small trial using methylphenidate for treatment of tobacco dependence in patients with established adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the results (yet unpublished) were disappointing.
Hypothalamic neurosecretion and phosphatase activity in relation to the photoperiodic control of the testicular cycle of Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

Abstract Our experiments and our observations on birds taken under natural conditions through the course of the year indicate that neurosecretory material accumulates in the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus and in the axons of the median eminence during periods of short day lengths and that the neurosecretory cells become relatively inactive during such periods. When photosensitive birds are subjected to long daily photoperiods, the neurosecretory cells become much more active and the tendency to accumulate neurosecretory material in these cells and in the median eminence is sharply reduced. During the refractory period extensive accumulation occurs, both in the neurosecretory cells and in the median eminence even in birds subjected to long daily photoperiods. These observations lead us to the following working hypothesis: It is proposed that the neurosecretory cell produces at all times neurosecretory material but never in excess of a steady-state storage equilibrium and that, in photosensitive birds, long daily photoperiods, through unknown neural mechanisms, cause an alteration and removal of this material via the terminal parts of the axons in the stratum glandulare. The neurohumoral substance thus released passes to the adenohypophysis via the hypophysial portal system. The rate of removal during long daily photoperiods is too great to allow the cells to synthesize neurosecretory material sufficiently rapidly to permit accumulation of equilibrium amounts of aldehydefuchsin positive granules characteristic of short-day and refractory birds. The accumulation during the refractory period is presumably the result of a failure of the mechanism by which long daily photoperiods cause the alteration and removal of neurosecretory material. This hypothesis is also consistent with our observations of the neurosecretory system through its “daily” changes in activity, both in hemeral and ahemeral cycles.
Antihypertensive Drug Therapy The Effect of JNC Criteria on Prescribing Patterns and Patient Status through the First Year

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the protocol-driven antihypertensive therapy on outcomes guided by the Joint National Committee (JNC) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of high blood pressure. In a systematic hypertension control program for union employees conducted in New York City, untreated patients who began treatment on monotherapy guided by JNC recommendations during three representative periods: I-pre-JNC IV (1986-1987); II-post-JNC IV (1990-1991); and III (JNC V)-period of application of what were later published as JNC-V guidelines (1992) were observed during 1 year of treatment. A total of 550 presumably untreated patients were prescribed either diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. There were 231 in period I, 213 in II, and 106 in III. The patient composition over time became more predominantly female and Hispanic (I to III: 28% to 34%, and 35% to 45%, respectively). The main outcome measures were type of drug first prescribed and the outcomes at the end of 1 year-changes in blood pressure, clinical chemistry measures and therapy, and clinic attendance are dropout rate. The pattern of first drug prescription changed from 85% to 90% of patients given diuretics or beta-blockers in I to 90% begun on calcium channel blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in II and finally, to an even distribution of drugs in III. Blood pressure response was similar across the three periods, 135/89 mm Hg (I), 138/89 (II), and 140/89 (III). Proportion of patients remaining on their initial drug in each period was fairly similar (60%, 67%, and 69%). Scheduled clinic visits fell significantly from 7.4 visits in I, 6.9 in II, and 6.4 in III (I upsilon III P = .004). Dropouts diminished significantly from 17% in I, to 10% in II, and 9% in III (I upsilon II or III P = .045). Modest positive changes in cholesterol and fasting blood sugar level occurred over time. In this general community setting, dramatic shifts in the choice of initial drug based upon application of JNC guidelines had little discernable impact on short term patient outcomes.
Differentiation of soy bean antitryptic factors.

SummaryIn a number of respects, the trypsin-inhibiting factor of soy beans which may be extracted with 60% alcohol and precipitdted with acetone differs from the nntitrypsin which can be extracted with water and precipitated with 60% alcohol. rhese substances may be differentiated on the basis of their solubilities in a solution 4O% sdturated with ammonium sulfate. in 2.5%, trichloracetic acid as well as in alcohol
Rape: The Roles of Outcome Expectancies and Hypermasculinity:

Outcome expectancies regarding coercive sexual behavior of male undergraduates were investigated to understand their possible association with self-reported past and future coercive sexual behavior and hypermasculine personality styles. Subjects indicating lower negative outcome expectancies regarding rape reported a greater history of coercive sexual behavior and higher future likelihood of raping, and were more likely to fit a hypermasculine personality pattern. Regression analysis revealed that a hypermasculine personality style, self-reported likelihood of raping, and the interaction between rape outcome expectancies and hypermasculine personality best predicted a history of sexual coercion. Implications for future research and primary prevention are discussed.
Thermodynamic Characterization of the Association of Cyanine Dyes with DNA

The association of three monomeric cyanine dyes with double-stranded DNA was investigated. The oxazole yellow dye (YO-PRO-1) and the two thiazole orange dyes (TO-PRO-1 and TO) are structurally similar, differing only in their charge and in the heteroatom in their benzothiazole and benzoxazole rings. On the basis of changes in the UV−visible absorption spectra of the dyes when bound to DNA, equilibrium constants were measured to investigate the factors that influence their intercalative association with DNA. When these positively charged dyes associate with DNA, the number of condensed Na+ ions that are released from the DNA backbone is correlated with the structural charge of the dye. A comparison of the equilibrium constants demonstrates that the charge and structure of the dye influences the strength of its interaction with DNA. As evident from larger equilibrium constants in buffers containing tetramethylammonium cations as opposed to sodium cations, the identity of the cations also influences the stab...
The Michigan Electronic Library

Profiles the largest evaluated and organized Web based electronic library of resources in the world, Michigan Electronic Library. States the goals of the project and briefly the history of development. Looks at the staff involved, the subjects covered and the end user, content systems, access and uses for the information, Mentions future directions.
Quantitative analysis of errors in TMDSC in the glass transition region

Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) data are simulated through the glass transition region using the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model of structural recovery. The simulated data are analyzed using a fast Fourier transform similar to conventional Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and enthalpy of aging (ΔHa) were calculated from the simulated data and compared with the values expected based on linear isothermal simulations for the case of the glass temperature and based on the input simulated data for ΔHa. The errors associated with the TMDSC data analysis were thus quantified.
The MPN mag

: Mating behavior in male hamsters is regulated by a chemosensory pathway that converges on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the medial nucleus of the amygdala (Me). Both the BST and the Me project to the lateral part of the medial preoptic area. Lesion studies have identified a small group of large cells referred to as the magnocellular medial preoptic nucleus (MPN mag) whose integrity is required for normal mating behavior. Our data, summarized within, indicate that the MPN mag is a sexually differentiated nucleus in a large steroid-responsive network that relays pheromonal signals from the sensory systems to the motor areas to affect behavior.
5-HT2C constitutive receptor activity: effector pathway dependence

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that receptors may exist in an “inactive” conformation (designated R) in equilibrium with one or more so-called “active” conformations (R*, R**, R***, etc.) that have the ability to activate cellular effector mechanisms in the absence of an agonist (constitutive activity). In addition, many current models of receptor function suggest that different active conformations may differentially interact (qualitatively and/or quantitatively) with cellular effector mechanisms. One of the predictions stemming from these models is that constitutive receptor activity should be effector pathway dependent. We demonstrate that inverse agonism at the serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor is effector pathway dependent and that the experimental observations can be described by a three-state model of receptor function. Further, we provide evidence for protean ligand activity of SB 242084. The results emphasize the importance of associating the pharmacological properties of ligands with the experimental conditions and responses measured.
Fungicide-Insecticide Study on Soybeans

Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum application timing of insecticides and/or fungicides on soybean. We compared products applied at either one of two growth stages, R1 (flowering) and R3 (pod set), with a non-sprayed control or a threshold-based treatment. The effect of treatments on foliar disease severity and aphid populations was determined and related to yield.
Testing Repeatability and Error of Coordinate Landmark Data Acquired from Crania

This study evaluates issues of precision, repeatability, and validation in three-dimensional (3D) landmark coordinates. Two observThis study evaluates issues of precision, repeatability, and validation in three-dimensional (3D) landmark coordinates. Two observers collected 19 homologous cranial landmarks from three skulls during three separate digitizing sessions. Statistical analysis was conducted on the 171 interlandmark distances (ILDs) derived from the original coordinate data. A mixed model ANOVA detected significant within-subject error in 54 of the 171 ILDs (i.e., 32%). A GLM procedure revealed significant between-observer variation in 14 ILDs and significant observer-by-session differences in 13 ILDs. The majority of these differences involved ILDs with type 3 landmarks as endpoints, such as euryon and alare. Unlike type 1 and 2 landmarks which are biologically informative in all directions, type 3 landmarks contain a substantial arbitrary component. Thus, it is not surprising type 3 landmarks displayed significant digitizing error. Given these results, we caution researchers to be mindful of type 3 landmarks measurement discrepancies when selecting landmarks for coordinate data evaluation.
Combustion of levitated titanium particles in air

Combustion of titanium particles in air is of interest for applications to pyrotechnic countermeasures against chemical or bacteriological pollution, synthesis of nanoscale titania, and fire/explosion safety in metallurgical and SHS technologies. In this work, combustion of single titanium particles is studied using electrodynamic balance (levitation) and laser ignition. High-speed digital video recording and a photomultiplier are used for diagnostics. Based on the obtained data, empirical formulas are proposed for the dependence of the burning time on the initial particle size. Thermodynamic calculations are made to support the conclusions based on experimental data. The particle burning time is estimated using a simplified mathematical model for diffusion-controlled combustion. Comparison of the estimates with the experimental results suggests that oxygen diffusion in the gas phase plays a major role in the combustion mechanism of 100-μm or larger titanium particles in air, while kinetics become more important for smaller sizes.
Analysis Of A Submicron I-Line Pilot Process

For the last several years controversy has centered around a successor to optical g-line step and repeat lithography. Diverse proponents have variously advanced e-beam, x-ray, ion beam, excimer, and optical exposure tools. At the same time several alternative resist schemes have been proposed. Multilayer, contrast enhancement, inorganic, and image reversal resists are some of the candidates. This paper presents the analysis of the selection and development of a lithography unit process designed to satisfy the needs of a high performance multilevel interconnect CMOS process at Hewlett Packard Corporation. This effort represents a unique opportunity because HP recognized the need to determine the capabilities of viable lithography technologies before embarking on a definition of the other parts of the VLSI process.
Improving everyday error detection, one picture at a time: a performance-based study of everyday task training.

OBJECTIVE Research suggests that dementia patients detect fewer action errors than age-matched controls; however, little is known about the derivation of their error-monitoring difficulties. The aims of the study are to evaluate a novel, task-training action intervention (TT-NAT) designed to increase error monitoring in dementia patients and to pinpoint the relation between error monitoring and neuropsychological processes. METHOD Participants (n = 45) with dementia were administered the Standard NAT, a performance-based test requiring completion of three everyday tasks. A second group (n = 42) was administered the TT-NAT, which includes a brief training session prior to the commencement of each task. All participants were compared on the following variables: total errors, proportion of errors detected, and proportion of errors corrected. Correlations between error-monitoring variables and neuropsychological tests of executive functioning and language were performed. RESULTS TT-NAT participants produced fewer total errors and detected significantly more errors than Standard NAT participants (z = 3.0; t = 3.36; p < .05). Error detection was strongly related to only the language composite index (r = .57, p = .00) in the TT-NAT, whereas it was moderately related to both the language (r = .31, p = .04) and executive composite (r = .36, p = .02) indices in the Standard NAT condition. CONCLUSION Review of task steps and objects before task performance may be a promising intervention for error-monitoring deficits in dementia patients; this finding has implications for neuropsychological rehabilitation of functional deficits in this population.
Aids to software development for single-board microcomputers

A general-purpose microcomputer running the CP/M disk operating system is used to develop software for minimum-configuration microcomputers. The implementation of the minimum system software is facilitated by a software development package that runs in the general-purpose computer, a powerful monitor that resides in the minimum system, and an erasable programmable read-only memory programmer based on a single-board computer. With this development system, programs can be entered, edited, and assembled and the resulting object code transferred to the small computer for testing interactively via the terminal of the main computer.
Methods to Detect Selection in Populations with Applications to the Human

▪ Abstract The development of statistical tests of natural selection at the DNA level in population samples has been ongoing for the past 13 years. The current state of the field is reviewed, and the available tests of selection are described. All tests use predictions from the theory of neutrally evolving sites as a null hypothesis. Departures from equilibrium-neutral expectations can indicate the presence of natural selection acting either at one or more of the sites under investigation or at a sufficiently tightly linked site. Complications can arise in the interpretation of departures from neutrality if populations are not at equilibrium for mutation and genetic drift or if populations are subdivided, both of which are likely scenarios for humans. Attempts to understand the nonequilibrium configuration of silent polymorphism in human mitochondrial DNA illustrate the difficulty of distinguishing between selection and alternative demographic hypotheses. The range of plausible alternatives to selection w...
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MERGERS IN THE US PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

The US pharmaceutical industry is being reshaped through a number of mergers and acquisitions, resulting in consolidation of the industry. This article examines the eco­ nomic and social forces leading to recent pharmaceutical mergers. Research and de­ velopment (R&D) costs and crowded therapeutic markets have increased the demand for innovative new products. Global operations have become necessary to expand and recoup development costs for new products. Governmental merger guidelines have changed, permitting unimpeded transactions in the pharmaceutical industry.
T cells stop to smell the (antigenic) roses.

In 1971, prehistory for many contemporary readers of The Journal of Immunology , MHC restriction was yet to be outlined, TCR structure was unexplored, and T cell maturation remained shrouded in mystery. However, elegant work in currently unfashionable species such as sheep and rats had clearly
Diaspora and the Anthropology of Latino Education: Challenges, Affinities, and Intersections

In this article, I highlight the challenges, tensions, and affinities between Latino educational anthropology and diaspora studies. Some of the urgent questions include attention to new Latino destinations, transnationalism, and Latino diversity. It concludes by suggesting future pathways through Latina feminist thought.
Improved Free Fatty Acid Production in Cyanobacteria with Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as Host.

Microbial free fatty acids (FFAs) have been proposed as a potential feedstock for renewable energy. The ability to directly convert carbon dioxide into FFAs makes cyanobacteria ideal hosts for renewable FFA production. Previous metabolic engineering efforts using the cyanobacterial hosts Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 have demonstrated this direct conversion of carbon dioxide into FFAs; however, FFA yields in these hosts are limited by the negative impact of FFA production on the host cell physiology. This work investigates the use of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as a cyanobacterial host for FFA production. In comparison to S. elongatus PCC 7942, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 strains produced and excreted FFAs at similar concentrations but without the detrimental effects on host physiology. The enhanced tolerance to FFA production with Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was found to be temperature dependent, with physiological effects such as reduced photosynthetic yield and decreased photosynthetic pigments observed at higher temperatures. Additional genetic manipulations were targeted for increased FFA production, including thioesterases and RuBisCO. Overexpression of non-native RuBisCO subunits (rbcLS) from a psbAI promoter resulted in more than a 3-fold increase in FFA production, with excreted FFA concentrations reaching greater than 130 mg/L. This work illustrates the importance of host strain selection for cyanobacterial biofuel production and demonstrates that the FFA tolerance of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 can allow for high yields of excreted FFA.
Evaluation of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations in Tropical Cyclones by Comparison of In Situ Observations and High-Resolution Simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003). Part I: Initialization, Maximum Winds, and the Outer-Core Boundary Layer

In this study, thefirst of two parts, the planetary boundarylayer (PBL) depicted in high-resolution Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003) is studied and evaluated by direct comparisons with in situ data obtained during the Coupled Boundary Layer and Air‐Sea Transfer Experiment (CBLAST). In particular, two boundary layer schemes are evaluated: the Yonsei University (YSU) parameterization and the Mellor‐Yamada‐Janjic´ (MYJ) parameterization. Investigation of these schemes is useful since they are available for use with WRF, are both widely used, and are based on entirely different methods for simulating the PBL. In this first part, the model domains and initialization are described. For additional realism of the low-level thermodynamic environment, a simple mixed layer ocean model is used to simulate ocean cooling. The YSU and MYJ schemes are discussed, along with some modifications. Standard measures of the accuracy of the hurricane simulations, such as track, maximum surface wind speed, and minimum surface pressure are describedforavarietyofparameterchoicesandforthetwoparameterizations.Theeffectsontrackandintensity of increased horizontal and vertical resolutions are also shown. A modification of the original YSU and MYJ schemes to have ocean roughness lengths more in agreement with recent studies considerably improves the results of both schemes.Instantaneous wind maximaon the innermost grid with 1.33-kmresolutionare shown to be an accurate representation of the simulated 1-min sustained winds. Thesimulatedboundarylayersareevaluatedby directcomparison ofthePBLassimulatedandasobserved by in situ data from the CBLAST experiment in the ‘‘outer core’’ region of the storm. The two PBL schemes and their modifiedcounterparts reproduce the observed PBL remarkably well. Comparisonsare also made to the observed vertical fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture. In Part II, the detailed comparisons of the intensities and structures of the simulated and observed innercore boundary layers are presented, and the reasons for the differences are discussed.
Tissue Factor, Blood Coagulation, and Beyond: An Overview

Emerging evidence shows a broad spectrum of biological functions of tissue factor (TF). TF classical role in initiating the extrinsic blood coagulation and its direct thrombotic action in close relation to cardiovascular risks have long been established. TF overexpression/hypercoagulability often observed in many clinical conditions certainly expands its role in proinflammation, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, wound repairs, embryonic development, cell adhesion/migration, innate immunity, infection, pregnancy loss, and many others. This paper broadly covers seminal observations to discuss TF pathogenic roles in relation to diverse disease development or manifestation. Biochemically, extracellular TF signaling interfaced through protease-activated receptors (PARs) elicits cellular activation and inflammatory responses. TF diverse biological roles are associated with either coagulation-dependent or noncoagulation-mediated actions. Apparently, TF hypercoagulability refuels a coagulation-inflammation-thrombosis circuit in "autocrine" or "paracrine" fashions, which triggers a wide spectrum of pathophysiology. Accordingly, TF suppression, anticoagulation, PAR blockade, or general anti-inflammation offers an array of therapeutical benefits for easing diverse pathological conditions.
Rat Optic Nerve Oligodendrocytes Develop in the Absence of Viable Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons

Retinal ganglion cell axons and axonal electrical activity have been considered essential for migration, proliferation, and survival of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the optic nerve. To define axonal requirements during oligodendrogenesis, the developmental appearance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and oligodendrocytes were compared between normal and transected optic nerves. In the absence of viable axons, oligodendrocyte precursors migrated along the length of the nerve and subsequently multiplied and differentiated into myelin basic protein–positive oligodendrocytes at similar densities and with similar temporal and spatial patterns as in control nerves. Since transected optic nerves failed to grow radially, the number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells was reduced compared with control nerves. However, the mitotic indices of progenitors and the percentage of oligodendrocytes undergoing programmed cell death were similar in control and transected optic nerves. Oligodendrocytes lacked their normal longitudinal orientation, developed fewer, shorter processes, and failed to form myelin in the transected nerves. These data indicate that normal densities of oligodendrocytes can develop in the absence of viable retinal ganglion axons, and support the possibility that axons assure their own myelination by regulating the number of myelin internodes formed by individual oligodendrocytes.
Model-on-Demand predictive control for nonlinear hybrid systems with application to adaptive behavioral interventions

This paper presents a data-centric modeling and predictive control approach for nonlinear hybrid systems. System identification of hybrid systems represents a challenging problem because model parameters depend on the mode or operating point of the system. The proposed algorithm applies Model-on-Demand (MoD) estimation to generate a local linear approximation of the nonlinear hybrid system at each time step, using a small subset of data selected by an adaptive bandwidth selector. The appeal of the MoD approach lies in the fact that model parameters are estimated based on a current operating point; hence estimation of locations or modes governed by autonomous discrete events is achieved automatically. The local MoD model is then converted into a mixed logical dynamical (MLD) system representation which can be used directly in a model predictive control (MPC) law for hybrid systems using multiple-degree-of-freedom tuning. The effectiveness of the proposed MoD predictive control algorithm for nonlinear hybrid systems is demonstrated on a hypothetical adaptive behavioral intervention problem inspired by Fast Track, a real-life preventive intervention for improving parental function and reducing conduct disorder in at-risk children. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can be useful for adaptive intervention problems exhibiting both nonlinear and hybrid character.
Barriers to, Efforts in, and Optimization of Integrated One Health Surveillance: A Review and Synthesis.

Insufficient data from existing surveillance systems underlie societal tolerance of acute and slow-onset health disasters that threaten, harm, and kill vast numbers of humans, animals, and plants. Here we describe barriers to integrated “One Health” surveillance, including those related to a lack of medical services, professional divisions, incompatible vocabularies, isolated data sets, and territorial borders. We draw from publications of experts who justify broader and more integrated surveillance, education, and stewardship focused on preventing and mitigating disease emergence and re-emergence. In addition, we highlight efforts from Illinois, the United States and the broader world, pointing to examples of relevant education; ways to acquire, compile, and analyze diagnostic and syndromic data; mapping of diseases of humans and animals; and rapid communication of findings and recommendations. For the future, we propose using needed outcomes for health and sustainability to set priorities for One Health programs of education, surveillance, and stewardship. Professionals and paraprofessionals should gather, interpret, and widely communicate the implications of data, not only on infectious diseases, but also on toxic agents, malnutrition, ecological damage, the grave impacts of warfare, societal drivers underlying these problems, and the effectiveness of specific countermeasures.
Cilomilast: Orally Active Selective Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor for Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective:To review available literature evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of cilomilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor.Data Sources:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–May 2006), Current Contents Clinical Medicine (1998–May 2006), and The Cochrane Library Database (1st quarter 2006) using the terms cilomilast, Ariflo, and SB 207 499. Reference lists from retrieved articles and information from the manufacturer were manually reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All clinical trials evaluating cilomilast and published in English were included in this review. In addition, articles evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of cilomilast in humans were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Cilomilast is a second-generation PDE4 inhibitor with antiinflammatory effects that target bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Selective PDE4 in...
Design of Ultra-Low Power Combinational Standard Library Cells Using A Novel Leakage Reduction Methodology

Leakage power loss is a major concern as it drains the battery even when a circuit is completely idle. Efficient leakage control mechanisms are necessary to maximize battery life. In this paper, the design and characterization of an ultra-low power combinational CMOS standard cell library is presented. A novel technique that achieves cancellation of leakage effects in both the pull-up network (PUN) as well as the pull-down network (PDN) of CMOS cells is presented. A combination of high-VT and standard-VT sleep transistors is used for voltage balancing in the PUN and PDN paths. Experimental results show significant leakage power savings (average of 21X for a 180 nm process technology at 27degC) in CMOS library cells employing this sleep-circuitry when compared to standard CMOS cells.
Augmentation of occipitocervical contoured rod fixation with C1–C2 transarticular screws

Abstract Background context The technique of occipitocervical fusion using a threaded contoured rod attached with sublaminar wires to the occiput and upper cervical vertebrae is widely used throughout the world and has been clinically proven to provide effective fixation of the destabilized spine. However, this system has some disadvantages in maintaining stability, especially at C1–C2 because of the large amount of axial rotation at this level. In some clinical situations such as fracture of the C1 lamina, C1 laminectomy, and excessively lordotic curvature, it is not always possible to wire C1 directly into the construct. In such cases, combination of other stabilization methods that include C1 indirectly can be used to achieve a reliable posterior internal fixation. Purpose Primarily, to evaluate whether a contoured rod construct in which C1 is indirectly included using C1–C2 transarticular screws is biomechanically equivalent to a standard, fully wired contoured rod construct. Secondarily, to evaluate the biomechanical benefit of adding C1–C2 transarticular screws to a fully wired contoured rod construct. Study design Repeated-measures nondestructive in vitro biomechanical testing of destabilized cadaveric human occipitocervical spine specimens. Methods Six human cadaveric specimens from the occiput to C3 were studied. Angular and linear displacement data were recorded while nonconstraining nondestructive loads were applied. Three methods of fixation were tested: contoured rod incorporating C1 with and without transarticular screws and contoured rod with transarticular screws without incorporating C1. Results All three constructs reduced motion to well within normal range. In contoured rod constructs with C1 wired, addition of transarticular screws slightly but significantly improved stability. In constructs with transarticular screws, incorporation of C1 into the contoured rod wiring did not improve stability significantly. Conclusions Adding C1–C2 transarticular screws to a wired contoured rod construct where C1 is included only slightly improves stability. As the absolute reduction in motion from adding transarticular screws is small (
Aspects of topoi

After a review of the work of Lawvere and Tierney, it is shown that every topos may be exactly embedded in a product of topoi each with 1 as a generator, and near-exactly embedded in a power of the category of sets. Several metatheorems are then derived. Natural numbers objects are shown to be characterized by exactness properties, which yield the fact that some topoi can not be exactly embedded in powers of the category of sets, indeed that the “arithmetic” arising from a topos dominates the exactness theory. Finally, several, necessarily non-elementary, conditions are shown to imply exact embedding in powers of the category of sets.
Controllable objects seem closer.

More and more we interact with other people across varying amounts of geographical distance. What shapes our categorization of a fixed amount of such distance as near or far? Building upon and expanding prior work on the association between spatial distance perception and reachability, we argue that people judge a given geographical distance as subjectively smaller when they can exert control across that distance. Studies 1‐4 demonstrate this effect of control on spatial distance judgment in disparate contexts, including political, work, and family domains, and explore implications of such judgments for the downstream judgment of travel time to a location (Study 2). We do not find that one’s desire for control moderates these effects (Study 4). Supporting a cognitive association argument, we find evidence that the association between control and distance is bidirectional, with subjective distance influencing perceived controllability (Study 5). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A mathematical theory of migration.

Section 1 considers growth of a population; section 2 treats geographical migration by analogy to the flow of heat; section 3 combines sections 1 and 2 and includes immigration; in section 4 are assembled empirical observations taken from the recent United States experience. These are designed to provide a test of the theory.
On the Representations of a Number as the Sum of Three Cubes and a Fourth or Fifth Power

Let RkOnU denote the number of representations of a natural number n as the sum of three cubes and a kth power. In this paper, we show that R3OnUn 5=9ae ,a nd that R4OnUn 47=90ae ,w heree > 0 is arbitrary.This extends workof Hooley concerning sums of four cubes, to the case of sums of mixed powers. To achieve these bounds, we use a variant of the Selberg sieve method introduced by Hooley to study sums of two kth powers, and we also use various exponential sum estimates.
Molecular and enzymatic characterization of Schistosoma mansoni thioredoxin peroxidase.

The ability of Schistosoma mansoni to escape oxidative damage from immune system-generated reactive oxygen intermediates has been extensively documented. The limiting step in the parasite's detoxification process appears to be at the level of hydrogen peroxide neutralization. In the present study, the possible role of a novel class of antioxidant enzymes, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), in hydrogen peroxide neutralization by schistosomes was investigated. An expressed sequence tag was characterized from the Schistosoma Genome Initiative with high similarity to TPx from other organisms. The gene encodes a polypeptide containing 2 conserved active-site cysteines and flanking amino acids, and 60–70% identity with previously characterized TPx proteins. Recombinant schistosome TPx was enzymatically active and found to have thioredoxin-dependent hydrogen peroxide reducing activity of 4500 nmol hydrogen peroxide/min/mg protein. Native TPx activity was determined to be 48.1 nmol hydrogen peroxide/min/mg protein in ...
Meeting the Russian Challenge in the Obama Era

Dealing with the challenge posed by contemporary Russia scarcely comes easy, in no small part because defining the challenge is hardly easy either. So it is when a country is neither fish nor fowl, neither clearly an adversary of the United States nor its ally, yet anything but irrelevant or inconsequential.
Comparing Digital Archaeological Repositories: tDAR Versus Open Context

In the last decade, two online archaeology data repositories, Digital Antiquity's The Digital Archeological Record (tDAR) and the Alexandria Archive Institute's (AAI) Open Context, have emerged in the United States as key players in the development of technology and Web platforms for preservation and public online access to archaeological research data. The need for these services has intensified since 2011, in the wake of U.S. federal open access mandates and funding agency data management plan requirements for grant applications. Through a comparison of selected features of tDAR and Open Context, this article highlights similarities and key differences in their designs, data management policies, and practices, and provides guidance to subject specialist librarians and others who advise archaeological researchers about how these differences can impact the suitability of each repository for specific data characteristics.
The Impact of Forced Migration on Modern Cities: Evidence from 1930s Crop Failures

We find that a sizable portion of current city-level variation in unionization was set in place during the 1930s, and that this exogenous unionization has a real impact on city-level economic outcomes today. First, we show that the driving factor behind these city-level differences was random, and a result of substantially different rainfall levels during the Dust Bowl. We find that individuals in drought - ridden areas were significantly more likely to migrate to close-by cities. Workers in these cities - facing an influx of rural migrants - then became far more inclined to unionize than those facing less competition for their jobs. Using this rainfall (and the resultant crop failures) in surrounding counties to generate exogenous variation in city migration inflows, we show that random differences in the drought-laden 1930’s rainfall predict migration patterns, and variation in union formation rates that persist through today. These exogenous events explaining a sizable percentage of cross-sectional geographic variation in current unionization challenges explanations of unionization as a necessary response to work-place conditions. Furthermore, and importantly, we show that this exogenous unionization that persists through today predicts variation in key city-level economic outcomes such as level of education, establishment growth, and the presence of high-value industries.
Abstract 3997: Maintainence of Stroke Certification with Telemedicine

Introduction: In May of 2010 Mayo Clinic Florida (MCF) partnered with Parrish Medical Center (PMC) in Titusville, Florida to provide remote evaluation and treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients and triage of patients for urgent transfer. PMC was initially accredited as a Joint Commission Primary Stroke Center in 2003. In the 12-month period prior to the telemedicine partnership acute neurology coverage was not continuously available, and the rt-PA utilization rate was 0.8%. Methods: Demographic data, baseline stroke severity, time of symptom onset, telemedicine diagnosis, rt-PA utilization, complications, discharge stroke severity and discharge disposition were collected prospectively. Analysis was also performed on the success of the administrative effort, including sharing of patient and statistical information, credentialing, faculty cooperation and patient satisfaction. Results: During the first 15 months of the partnership, 193 robotic telemedicine consultations were performed. The mean time from consultation request to telephone response was 3 minutes. 86 patients had a telemedicine diagnosis of stroke and 18 (21%) patients were treated with intravenous rt-PA within 3 hours of stroke onset. Among those treated with iv rt-PA, the mean time from telemedicine evaluation to rt-PA treatment was 54 minutes. The sICH rate was 0%. The median baseline NIHSS was 8.5; the median discharge NIHSS was 2. 18 patients were urgently transferred for consideration of endovascular/surgical stroke therapies. PMC was re-certified as a primary stroke center since by the joint commission in May of 2011 with no deficiencies. Conclusions: These data confirm that telemedicine can identify patients eligible for local treatment with intravenous thrombolysis or those who would benefit from urgent transfer to a comprehensive stroke center. Telemedicine can deliver stroke care at the benchmark levels required to maintain primary stroke center certification.
Security and Privacy Perception on Online Brand Trust in E-Commerce Industry

Despite exponential growth in e-commerce, there is limited research on its potential effect on online brand trust, security, and consumer online purchase intentions. This conceptual paper makes an important contribution to fill the existing gap in the literature and creating the fundamental linkages between level of security and privacy and the effects of the extent on online brand trust.
The Fracture Table as a Distraction Mode in Ankle Arthroscopy

Adequate distraction can be obtained in ankle arthroscopy by placing a Steinmann pin transversely in the calcaneus and using the fracture table in a hip or tibial nailing mode. A sterile traction bow is attached to the calcaneal pin and then to the traction crank apparatus of the fracture table. Gross traction is first applied through the leg in the usual manner and then fine traction tension may be increased or decreased intraoperatively through the traction crank. This method of using the fracture table is easy to perform and is familiar to the orthopaedist, as it is used in intramedullary nailing procedures. The primary advantage is that it allows for excellent exposure while avoiding the morbidity associated with a distraction pin through the distal tibia.
The Number of Vitamins Required by the Rat.

During their studies of rat dermatitis Richardson and Hogan1 observed that rats which receive only the recognized water-soluble vitamins are able to survive for long periods of time, and to maintain a moderate rate of growth. Four of the 8 females described in Groups III and IV, Table I. of the report cited, attained an average weight of 176 g in 20 weeks, when it became necessary to discard them. The ration was then changed in various ways in an attempt to secure a more rapid growth rate and 3 of the more important modifications are described in Table I. The response of the animals is shown in Fig. 1.It will be observed that Ration B contains no added fat, but it was supplemented with 10 mg of linoleic acid daily per rat. Ration A contains no added fat except the 2% of cod liver oil. Since neither ration supplies the quantity of fatty acids that is necessary for a normal rate of growth, even if the vitamin supply is adequate, a ration was prepared which contains additional fat. Ration C contains 8% of la...
Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818-1889): Dutch biologist, physiologist, and ophthalmologist.

(2012). Historical Vignette: Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818–1889): Dutch Biologist, Physiologist, and Ophthalmologist. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 99-106.
Effect of age, application date, and life stage on the susceptibility of free-living lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to acaricides.

Laboratory and field assays in Oklahoma during 1980 to 1983 showed clearly that all free-living stages of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), increased in susceptibility to acaricides with age. The order of rate of increase in susceptibility was adults > nymphs > larvae. However, laboratory assays revealed that overwintered populations of nymphs and adults increased in susceptibility to acaricides at a somewhat slower rate than when these stages were maintained at a constant temperature of ca. 27°C in the laboratory. The inherent order of susceptibility was larvae > nymphs > adult males > adult females; however, large differences in the susceptibility of life stages of equal age in laboratory assays were apparently reduced by the order of age of life stages when exposed to acaricides in field assays. Acaricides applied in mid-May were more effective against nymphs and adults than applications in mid-March, while applications in late August were intermediate in effectiveness against nymphs. Applications of acaricides were less effective against larvae in late July and early August than in late August and early September.
Bitter Harvest: Intergovernmental Dimensions of the Farm Crisis

The recent and deep recession in American agriculture seriously affected state and local government finances and services in 1986. Sharp declines in farm land values began to erode the local property tax base in many rural communities, while rapidly rising property tax delinquencies created more immediate cash flow problems. Many farm states experienced serious budgetary shortfalls as revenue receipts from state income and sales taxes declined or failed to grow at expected rates. Both state and local fiscal problems were exacerbated by federal aid reductions, regional economic conditions, and rising service demands. Such problems made agricultural policy a major issue in the 1986 elections and prompted a proliferation of new policy initiatives, especially by state governments. Some of the policy approaches adopted or being considered raise fundamental questions about intergovernmental relations and methods of public service provision in a rapidly changing policy environment.