cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardioadrenergic factor in essential hypertension.

Determination of STI in 54 untreated essential hypertensive subjects and 17 normal subjects revealed marked differences among three groups of patients. Those with borderline hypertension (29) had a short PEP and IVC periods (93 ± 2.1 and 28 ± 0.7 msec., respectively, p < 0.001) (mean ± S.E.) reduced PEPLVET (0.323 ± 0.009, p < 0.05) and increased DPIVC (3,484 ± 257 mm. Hg per second, p < 0.001). Among those with established hypertension, two groups of equal age and diastolic pressure were identified: nine with marked variations in blood pressure and a hyperkinetic heart clinically and 16 with fixed hypertension; none had cardiac or renal decompensation. Those with a hyperkinetic circulation had normal PEP, IVC, and PEPLVET despite a high diastolic pressure (122 ± 7.1 mm. Hg); DPIVC was elevated (3,651 ± 497 mm. Hg per second, p < 0.001) as in those with borderline hypertension. In contrast, the patients with fixed hypertension had longer PEP and IVC (p < 0.001), higher PEPLVET (p < 0.001), and normal DPIVC. Propranolol (10 mg. intravenously) slowed heart rate and prolonged PEP and IVC more in patients with a hyperkinetic circulation and in those with borderline hypertension than in those with fixed hypertension. These results suggest the presence of an increased cardioadrenergic drive not only in borderline hypertension, but also in a subgroup of patients with established hypertension. Left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG) was found in 1 out of 9 patients with hyperkinetic heart but in 6 out of 16 with fixed hypertension; cardiac index was high normal in the first group but reduced in the latter (3.32 vs 2.38 L./min./M.2, p < 0.001). This factor as determined by the systolic time interval might, therefore, be important in determining cardiac prognosis or planning therapy.
Supernova radio remnants and the filling factor of the hot interstellar medium

If a hot (temperature of about one-million K), tenuous gas fills about 90% of interstellar space, then the observed number and surface brightness distribution of galactic radio remnants implies a galactic supernova rate of once about every 30 years. This is consistent with estimates based on observations of historical supernovae, pulsars, and supernovae in other spiral galaxies.
Disability and deviance: Dario Argento's Phenomena and the maintenance of abledness as a critical framework.

This exploration of disability directly applies Campbell’s understanding of “abledness” to the film Phenomena by Italian director Dario Argento. Phenomena (1985) explores, through the diegetic response to protagonist Jennifer Corvino’s ability to communicate with insects, the shifting cultural association between disability and deviance. The film begins with the traditional response to disability, what education psychologist Kaoru Yamamoto considers the cultural importance of classifying and interpreting disabled bodies by fitting them into a narrative of deviance for surveillance and control. Throughout Argento’s film, characters attempt to classify Jennifer; scientists seek to diagnose her “affliction” through the medical model of disability, while Jennifer’s schoolmistresses interpret Jennifer’s behavior as a disciplinary problem based in environmental factors. This represents the structural model of disability, but in each instance, the attempt to classify Jennifer fails to diagnose or discipline the supposed “deviant, disabled body.” Through this failure, the film dramatizes contemporary critiques of traditional models that examine disability, moving beyond to explore what Fiona Kumari Campbell has called “the maintenance of abledness” in sexed, raced, and modified bodies. By normalizing Jennifer’s ability, then, Phenomena offers a framework for examining the process through which elements of “abledness” become normalized, a concept which many theorists now argue should maintain the focus of disability studies.
The effects of taste adulteration, hypertonic, and hyperoncotic solutions on water ingestion in the gerbil

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were examined for components of thirst in the laboratory. The gerbil, reputed to be a desert-adapted rodent, was tested for its response to quinine adulterations of water, hypertonic solutions (1 M sodium chloride, NaCl), and hyperoncotic solutions (40% W/V polyethylene glycol in isotonic saline, PG). Both NaCl and PG were administered intraperitoneally. Gerbils accepted quinine when it was the only solution available and food was ad lib, but preferred distilled water to quinine if both were available. Both PG and NaCl produced increased water intakes in gerbils within the first 2 h, postinjection. PG, however, produced the most reliable and largest increase in water consumption, illustrating that extracellular dehydration is probably a more significant thirst stimulus in gerbils.
Bio-assay and dose-response of the mitogenic activity of the phytohemagglutinin ofPhaseolus vulgaris

Es wird eine reproduzierbare, prazise Methode zur Untersuchung mitogenetischer Eigenschaften von Phytohamagglutininpraparaten beschrieben, die Methode beruht auf dem Einbau von radioaktiven Thymidin in DNS.
Combustion of CWF agglomerates from pulverized or micronized bituminous coal, carbon black, and diesel soot

Abstract Fundamental studies were conducted to explore the role of coal grind size on the combustion characteristics of coal-water fuel (CWF) agglomerates. The agglomerates were prepared from bituminous coals of two different grind sizes: pulverized (40 μm mean size), and micronized and beneficiated (4 μm mean size) as well as blends thereof. Experiments involved single predried agglomerates, free-falling in a drop-tube laminar-flow furnace at high heating rates. Combustion took place in oxygen partial pressures of 10% or 21% at a furnace gas temperature of 1450 K. Additional experiments were performed with predried agglomerates from water slurries of carbon black or diesel soot (both of particulate size and aggregate sizes in the order of 0.050 and 0.5 μm, respectively). All agglomerates were in the size range of 150–900 μm and were either plain or impregnated with calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). Upon heating and devolatilization, the bituminous coal agglomerates studied were found to melt, mildly swell, and form cenospheric structures. Individual pulverized coal particles also formed small cenospheres themselves, superimposed on large agglomerate-derived cenospheres. Combustion of CWF agglomerates, in the size range examined, occurred with distinct volatile and char combustion phases with the latter burning in a diffusion-controlled mode. The combustion behavior of pulverized and micronized coal agglomerates of the same size was strikingly similar. The presence of dissolved calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) accelerated setting of the slurries and, upon water evaporation it suppressed melting and cenosphere formation of the coal particles and agglomerates alike. Also, CMA mildly influenced the agglomerate combustion behavior, causing both larger volatile flames and char temperatures that peaked at the first half of the burnout period and decreased thereafter, but did not substantially affect the char burnout time. Carbon black and diesel soot agglomerates did not form cenospheres and the latter burned a little hotter and faster but, basically, their combustion was similar to that of CWF chars. Bulk fragmentation was consistently observed only in thecase of CMA-impregnated carbon black agglomerates.
Reliable floating-point arithmetic algorithms for error-coded operands

Reliable floating-point arithmetic is vital for dependable computing systems. It is also important for future high-density VLSI realizations that are vulnerable to soft-errors. However, the direct checking of floating-point arithmetic is still an open problem. The author presents a set of reliable floating-point arithmetic algorithms for low-cost residue encoded and Berger encoded operands, respectively. Closed form equations are derived for floating-point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Given the standard IEEE floating-point numbers, the proposed reliable floating-point multiplication algorithms for low-cost residue encoded operands are extremely low-cost: it requires less than 8% of hardware redundancy in all cases. For reliable floating-point addition and subtraction, the author finds the hardware redundancy ratios of applying low-cost residue code is about the same as that of applying Berger code: less than 40% of hardware redundancy for single precision numbers and about 16% for double precision numbers. For reliable floating-point division, Berger encoded operands yields hardware cost-effectiveness: about 45% for single precision numbers and about 36% for double precision numbers. >
Model of flagellar waves.

Abstract A previously developed model of flagellar bend propagation is extended to allow active contraction to occur in both top and bottom fibers, in periodic alternation. The extension permits computation of the complete wave shape from first principles. Calculated wave shape parameters are compared with the experimental measurements of Brokaw. Good agreement is obtained for living sperm of Lytechinus and for glycerinated sperm of Lytechinus reactivated in 2.0 m m -ATP over the entire range of viscosities studied. The calculated wavelengths for the sperm of Ciona closely match the experimental values throughout the viscosity range studied, but the calculated values for wave amplitude and radius of curvature deviate from the experimental values at high viscosities. For these sperm better estimates of the mechanochemical parameters than in the previous study are obtained and the significance of these parameters for wave generation is assessed. The theoretical treatment did not fit the data for the sperm of Chaetopterus or of glycerinated Lytechinus at 0.2 m m -ATP. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
The social organisation of the rural and crime in the United States: Conceptual considerations

A hindrance to the advancement of rural criminological research in the U.S. is the dichotomous thinking about both rural versus urban communities and their relationship to crime which developed during the 20th century, especially under the influence of work associated with the Chicago School of Sociology, and the assumptions underlying social disorganisation theory and the theory of collective efficacy. This article reviews definitions of rural and of conditions in the rural U.S., and then proceeds to an examination of rural criminological research in two areas where a critical body of empirical work has been completed: community characteristics and crime, and rural adolescent substance use. In both strands of rural scholarship, a case can be made for why rural criminological scholarship has great potential to revise substantially mainstream criminological theories about place and crime. A starting point for the conceptual considerations of a new criminology of crime and place is a theoretically strong definition of the concept of community, with consideration of the role of place in a post-modern world.
Expansionism, Slavery, and Sectionalism: James K. Polk and American Enlargement under the Fluctuating Forces of Manifest Destiny

This article explores the relationship between President James K. Polk’s progressive ambition in the national electorate and the geographic expansion of the United States, particularly with regard to the social and religious foundations for manifest destiny in the public conscience. The author finds that manifest destiny played a central role in President James K. Polk’s successful campaign for the White House as well as his handling of foreign and domestic affairs.
Customer data integration: Reaching more consumers with certainty

Data hygiene is nothing new, but in this multichannel landscape, the need to collect and manage data in a bid to recognise consumers at any touchpoint is greater than ever. This article looks at the cutting-edge techniques for gathering and maintaining data on- and offline. It takes in single customer databases and 360-degree views, and highlights how consumer channel preference can be used to inform marketing budget placement and campaign strategy. This article also includes comparison of in-house and external customer data integration management.
Stoichiometry of phosphate loss from sea urchin sperm guanylate cyclase during fertilization.

Abstract Spermatozoa of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata possess a phosphorylated guanylate cyclase as a major glycoprotein of the flagellar plasma membrane. When sperm cells contact the jelly layer surrounding the egg, the peptide “resact” binds the sperm cell surface and triggers the dephosphorylation of the cyclase. A large decrease in cyclase activity accompanies dephosphorylation. Before treatment of sperm cells with egg jelly the enzyme contains 17.95 ± 1.24 moles phosphate per mole cyclase. After treatment of sperm cells with egg jelly this number decreases to 2.57 ± 0.42. Based on a molecular weight of 137,250 for the peptide chain, approximately 15 phosphate groups are lost per molecule of guanylate cyclase at fertilization.
Hydrodynamic aspects of caldera‐forming eruptions: Numerical models

Comparison of results from a two-dimensional numerical eruption simulation (KACHINA) to calculations based upon a shock tube analog supports the conclusion that the hydrodynamics during the initial minutes of large caldera-forming ash flow eruptions may be dominated by blast wave phenomena. Field evidence for this phenomenology is pyroclastic surge deposits commonly occurring both directly below caldera-related ash flow sheets, on top of a preceding Plinian fall deposit (ground surge), and separating individual ash flow units. We model the eruption of the Tshirege member of the Bandelier Tuff (1.1 Ma B.P.) from the Valles caldera, New Mexico. In the model a magma chamber at 100 MPa (1 kbar) and 800°C is volatile rich, with an average H2O abundance above saturation greater than 8.7 wt % increasing to nearly 100 wt % near the very top of the chamber. Using a shock tube analogy, decompression of the chamber through a wide-open dikelike vent 0.1 km wide and 1 to 5 km long forms a shock wave of 3 MPa (≃3O atm) with a velocity greater than 1.0 km s−1. Steady flow of material erupted from the vent begins after 20 to 100 s based upon a 7-km depth from the ground surface to a reflective (density) boundary in the chamber and a rarefaction wave velocity of 100 to 600 m s−1. The velocity of the ash front behind the shock wave is 300 to 500 m s−1. The shock tube model serves as a basis to evaluate the consistency of the KACHINA code results which are similar to a one-dimensional problem along the symmetry axis. The results of the KACHINA simulation show in some detail the effect of multiple reservoir rarefaction reflections and possibly Prandtl-Meyer expansion in generating compressive wave fronts following the initial shock. The rarefaction resonance not only prolongs unsteady flow in the vent but tends to promote surging flow of ash behind the leading shock. Furthermore, these results are consistent with a blast wave characterized as a shock front followed by one or more pulses of entrained ash. The blast wave shocks ambient air to higher pressures and temperatures, the magnitudes of which depend strongly on the initial chamber overpressure, distance, and direction from the vent. In consideration of volcanic hazards our numerical model shows that a shock wave compressed the atmosphere to pressures of ≃0.2 to 0.7 MPa (2–7 atm) and temperatures of ≃200° to 300°C for distances to 10 km from the Bandelier vent(s).
A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE CRACK CLOSURE EFFECT ON NEAR‐THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Crack closure in the near-crack-tip region has been considered to be an important contribution to the development of a crack-growth threshold for macroscopic cracks. Recent analytical work, however, has suggested that closure well back of the tip may be the controlling factor. In order to check on this possibility, material has been machined away far behind the crack tip in order to eliminate long-range closure. Removal of this material did not eliminate the threshold, but did lower the threshold level by approximately 10 percent for tests conducted on 6.3 mm-thick X7090-T6 powder metallurgy aluminum alloy.
Partial Inhibition of Biohydrogenation of Linoleic Acid Can Increase the Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38, one of the most active rumen bacteria in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production, was characterized in vitro. Previous findings that some inhibitory levels of substrate for biohydrogenation (BH) by B. fibrisolvens A38 resulted in more CLA accumulation led to a prediction that partial inhibition of BH could increase ruminal CLA production. The inhibitory conditions for bacterial growth were less effective on the isomerization step than on the following reduction step. Linoleic acid (LA) was inhibitory not only to cell growth but also to LA hydrogenation, and this effect was greater at high concentrations. The reduction step, converting CLA to hydrogenated products (trans-C18:1 and C18:0), was significantly inhibited, and more CLA accumulated during aerobic incubation when LA was added along with a glycolytic inhibitor, iodoacetate (IAA), to cells that were pre-adapted to LA (1 g/OD at 600 nm/L, P < 0.05). Monensin was more inhibitory than IAA to cell growth but less effective for CLA accumulation. Rumen fluid in the culture medium appeared to activate BH even in an aerobic condition, resulting in a lower CLA level than the control group (P < 0.05). Because the isomerization and reduction steps are coupled reactions in BH of most hydrogenating bacteria including B. fibrisolvens A38 cells, both positive and negative modulations of the reduction steps could be key determinants for CLA accumulation in the rumen.
a-Si:H/TCO contact resistance measurement using a Kelvin cross bridge resistor

Many have studied and reported properties of silicon heterojunctions solar cells in great detail, including open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current losses. However, little investigation has been dedicated to studying the series resistance contributions, especially at the maximum power point. Contact resistance between amorphous silicon and a transparent conductive oxide can have a significant contribution to series resistance, especially in silicon heterojunction solar cells. We propose the use of Kelvin cross bridge resistors to accurately measure the contact resistance between the doped amorphous silicon layer and the transparent conductive oxide layer typically found in a silicon heterojunction solar cell. This method allows an accurate measurement of the contact resistance without the interference of the sheet resistance of the highly resistive amorphous silicon layer.
Alliance and Border Effects on the War Behavior of States: Refining the Interaction Opportunity Model

The authors investigate the expectations generated by the "in- teraction opportunity" model initially developed by Most and Starr for the study of diffusion. The impact that borders and alliances have as "treatments" on the overall war behavior of states is the focus of study, looking at both individual and interactive effects. Using the war behavior of all states in the system from 1815-1965, the analyses support the expectations generated by the interaction opportunity model. The treatments of warring border nations and warring alliance partners, of various types and combinations, predispose states to be at war.
Performance characteristics of retarded and normal students on pattern recognition tasks

Abstract The purpose was to compare the performance of normal and educable mentally retarded children on pattern recognition tasks. Pattern recognition was assessed by the administration of 96 pattern tasks which measured the ability of children to find: (a) duplicate patterns and same elements as presented in model pattern sequences; (b) opposite patterns and same elements as presented in model pattern sequences; and (c) duplicate patterns but different elements than presented in model pattern sequences. The normal and mentally retarded children were matched on mental age derived from individual and group intelligence tests. Results indicated significant differences in performance measures between groups and various pattern tasks. The data support the suppositions that: (a) mentally retarded children and normal children show the same type of progression through the hierarchical arrangement of pattern tasks; and (b) mentally retarded children show a slower progression through the hierarchy than normal children when matched on mental age. Educational implications from this study are discussed.
Going bare: trends in health insurance coverage, 1989 through 1996.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed trends in health insurance coverage in the United States from 1989 through 1996. METHODS: Data from annual cross-sectional surveys by the US Census Bureau were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 1989 and 1996, the number of uninsured persons increased by 8.3 million (90% confidence interval [CI] = 7.7, 8.9 million). In 1996, 41.7 million (90% CI = 40.9, 42.5 million) lacked insurance. From 1989 to 1993, the proportion with Medicaid increased by 3.6 percentage points (90% CI = 3.1, 4.0), while the proportion with private insurance declined by 4.2 percentage points (90% CI = 3.7, 4.7). From 1993 to 1996 private coverage rates stabilized but did not reverse earlier declines. Consequently, the number uninsured continued to increase. The greatest increase in the population of uninsured [corrected] was among young adults aged 18 to 39 years; rates among children also rose steeply after 1992. While Blacks had the largest percentage increase, Hispanics accounted for 36.4% (90% CI = 32.3%, ...
A Lagrangian Approach to the Pooling Problem

Pooling and blending problems occur frequently in the petrochemical industry where crude oils, procured from various sources, are mixed together to manufacture several end-products. Finding optimal solutions to pooling problems requires the solution of nonlinear optimization problems with multiple local minima. We introduce a new Lagrangian relaxation approach for developing lower bounds for the pooling problem. We prove that, for the multiple-quality case, the Lagrangian approach provides tighter lower bounds than the standard linear-programming relaxations used in global optimization algorithms. We present computational results on a set of 13 problems which includes four particularly difficult problems we constructed.
The sisters' riddle and the importance of variance when guessing demographic rates from kin counts.

Goldman (1978) has proposed a formula derived from stable population theory for estimating growth rates from certain counts of younger and older sisters in a population. Computer microsimulation outputs show extraordinarily large statistical errors for estimation when stable population assumptions are modified to allow for random variability such as would be encountered with field work on small populations. A derivation of Goldman’s formula on more interpretable lines than that in Goldman (1978) identifies a source of variance special to this particular formula so that the large statistical errors for this example need not count in general against the feasibility of estimating demographic rates from counts of kin.
Between Hoax and Hope: Miscegenation and Nineteenth-Century Interracial Romance

This essay surveys recent scholarship on interracial romance during the nineteenth century using the hoax Miscegenation pamphlet of 1863 as a lens. An anonymous and ironic piece of writing that promoted race-mixing from a deceptively Republican perspective, Miscegenation coined the titular term, newly situating interracial relationships within a Latinate, pseudo-scientific framework. It also encouraged romance between white women and black men, an endorsement that was designed to enrage its white male readership but in fact gave hope to some white women who were unable to articulate their interracial desire publicly. Using this double focus, I explore how nineteenth-century authors of interracial romance borrowed the language of science, such as “hybridity” and “crossing”; how they employed the concept of “blood-mixing” as both sexual and medicinal (via transfusions); and I read the Miscegenation pamphlet as a kind of scientific romance fiction itself.
Thermoviscous effects in steady and oscillating flow of superfluid ^4He: Experiments

The correct interpretation of superfluid flow experiments relies on the knowledge of thermal and viscous effects that can cause deviations from ideal behavior. The previous paper presented a theoretical study of dissipative and reactive(nondissipative) thermoviscous effects in both steady and oscillating flow of an isotropic superfluid through small apertures and channels. Here, a detailed comparison is made between the theory and a wide array of experimental data. First, the calculated resistance to steady superflow is compared with measurements taken in a constant pressure-head flow cell. Second, the resonant frequency and Q of three different helmholtz oscillators are compared with predictions based on the calculated frequency response. The resonant frequency and Q are extracted numerically from the frequency response, and analytical results are given in experimentally important limits. Finally, the measured and calculated frequency response are compared at a temperature where the Helmholtz oscillator differs significantly from a simple harmonic oscillator. This difference is used to explain how the thermal properties of the oscillator affect its response. The quantitative agreement between the theory and experiment provide an excellent check of the previously derived equations. Also, the limiting expressions shown in this paper provide simple analytical expressions for calculating the effects of the various physical phenomena in a particular experimental situation.
Zero-Pressure-Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layer

Of the many aspects of the long-studied field of turbulence, the zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer is probably the most investigated, and perhaps also the most reviewed. Turbulence is a fluid-dynamical phenomenon for which the dynamical equations are generally believed to be the Navier-Stokes equations, at least for a single-phase, Newtonian fluid. Despite this fact, these governing equations have been used in only the most cursory manner in the development of theories for the boundary layer, or in the validation of experimental data-bases. This article uses the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations as the primary tool for evaluating theories and experiments for the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer. Both classical and new theoretical ideas are reviewed, and most are found wanting. The experimental data as well is shown to have been contaminated by too much effort to confirm the classical theory and too little regard for the governing equations. Theoretical concepts and experiments are identified, however, which are consistent-both with each other and with the governing equations. This article has 77 references.
Observation of a coconut crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) predation on a Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848)

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ? Division of Fish & Wildlife (CNMI-DFW) was conducting tagging experiments on coconut crabs, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767), on the island of Saipan, CNMI. This required that the crabs be kept in cages that were constructed of 2.5 x 5 cm wire mesh and measured 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 m. The bottoms of the cages were filled with approximately 0.6 m of dirt with a covering of coconut palm fronds. Food in the form of coconuts and water were provided. One cage held a fairly large crab (for Saipan) that had a thoracic length of 40 mm and weighed approximately 305 grams. This crab had dug a burrow about 25 cm deep with a 13 cm opening in one corner of the cage. On 19 November 1996, this crab was due to be checked, weighed, and measured. As the palm fronds were being cleared out of the cage an adult Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848), that had somehow managed to enter the cage, was disturbed and panicked. In its race to find an escape it ran into the crab's hole. Immediately upon entering this hole the rat was seized by the crab and was heard to shriek loudly, its tail slowly twitching back and forth. Upon inspection of the situation, with the aid of a flashlight, it could be plainly seen that the crab had grabbed the rat on either side by the neck and ribs. Crushing the latter and no doubt resulting in the rat's suffocation. The rat was dead in about two minutes.
Radio‐frequency microfluidic interferometer in printed circuit board process

We report a process to integrate microfluidic channels on standard radio-frequency (RF) printed circuit board (PCB) substrate. A 10.56-GHz RF microstrip interferometer was fabricated using the proposed technique and used to compare electrical responses for liquids with various dielectric properties and thereby demonstrate the capability of RF PCB-integrated microfluidic devices for biological sensing. Microchannels were milled into a substrate and prepreg outlines for microchannels were cut using a laser system. Substrates were adhered and bonded by clamping and baking. The RF interferometer responded to changes in liquid permittivity with high sensitivity relative to many other types of dielectric sensors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1616–1618, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.2766
Conciliation, Counterterrorism, and Patterns of Terrorist Violence

What causes the increase in terrorism that reportedly often follows gov- ernment concessions? Given this pattern, why do governments ever conciliate terror- ists? I propose a model in which terrorist organizations become more militant following concessions because only moderate terrorists accept them, leaving extremists in con- trol+ Governments nonetheless are willing to make concessions because their coun- terterror capabilities improve because of the collusion of former terrorists+ Former terrorists undertake this collusion to insure the credibility of government promises+ The model also yields hypotheses regarding the level of government investment in counterterror, when moderates accept concessions, the terms of negotiated settle- ments, the duration of terrorist conflicts, incentives for moderate terrorists to radical- ize their followers, and incentives for governments to encourage extremist challenges to moderate terrorist leaders+ The model is illustrated with an application to the Israeli0 Palestinian conflict+
Extra-vesicular binding of noradrenaline and guanethidine in the adrenergic neurones of the rat heart: a proposed site of action of adrenergic neurone blocking agents.

1 The binding and efflux characteristics of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline were studied in heart slices from rats which were pretreated with reserpine and nialamide. 2 Binding of both compounds occurred at extra-vesicular sites within the adrenergic neurone. After a brief period of rapid washout, the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline proceeded at a steady rate. The efflux of both compounds appeared to occur from a single intraneuronal compartment. 3 (+)-Amphetamine accelerated the efflux of [14C]-noradrenaline; this effect was inhibited by desipramine. 4 Unlabelled guanethidine and amantadine also increased the efflux of labelled compounds. Cocaine in high concentrations increased slightly the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine but not that of [3H]-noradrenaline. 5 Heart slices labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline became refractory to successive exposures to releasing agents although an appreciable amount of labelled compound was still present in in these slices. 6 It is suggested that [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline are bound at a common extravesicular site within the adrenergic neurone. Binding of guanethidine to the extra-vesicular site may be relevant to its pharmacological action, i.e., the blockade of adrenergic transmission.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF SOIL COMPRESSIBILITY

ABSTRACT Statistical techniques are used to analyze and evaluate experimental data from more than 700 consolidation tests on a large variety of undisturbed soils, and regression equations are developed to estimate the compression index and the compression ratio from classification or index data. These regression equations are then examined within the framework of a variety of similar, but more restricted, empirical relationships that have been reported by other investigators. It is found that both the compression index and the compression ratio can be reasonably well approximated by use of a simple linear regression model involving only the initial void ratio.
Crustal structure in Alaska

Abstract Knowledge of the crustal structure is still fragmentary, despite the stimulus to geophysical work provided by the earthquake of March 28, 1964 (GMT), the underground nuclear explosion LONGSHOT, and the June 1967 series of earthquakes in the Fairbanks area. The most reliable information about struc ture has come from a combination of seismic explosion-refraction profiles, gravity surveys, and magnetic surveys. This report is a summary of recent investigations, but the results are not adequate to permit unambiguous generalizations about crustal structure.
Con)Texts for Cultural and Linguistic Hybridity among Somali Diaspora Youth

The perspectives of immigrant youth are important to be aware of because they can reveal the powerful role society has in framing and forming the range of possibilities available to them. Culturally speaking, immigrant youth often face mismatches between home and school values, but they sometimes encounter intracultural struggles as well. This article reviews literature about immigrant cultural adaptation and then illustrates concepts of cultural third space (Bhabha, 1994) using three texts produced by Somali adolescent boys. The texts offer examples of Somali adolescent perspectives and a window into their language use, and identities that take shape at school, at home, and in other public spaces. A discussion of each text connects to questions and implications for educators.
Work-Family Conflict: The Effects of Religious Context on Married Women’s Participation in the Labor Force

Past work shows religion's effect on women's career decisions, particularly when these decisions involve work-family conflict. This study argues that the religious context of a geographic area also influences women's solutions to work-family conflict through more or less pervasive normative expectations within the community regarding women's roles and responsibilities to the family. We use the American Community Survey linked with community-level religious proportions to test the relationship between religious contexts and women's participation in the labor force in the contiguous United States-2054 census geographic areas. Using spatial analysis, we find that community religious concentration is related to the proportion of women who choose not to work. Communities with a higher proportion of the population belonging to conservative religious traditions also have a greater proportion of married women choosing not to work outside the home.
Coherent acousto-optic mode coupling in optical fibers

The principle, experimental implementation and verification, as well as preliminary device demonstrations of coherent acousto-optic mode coupling using a pair of acoustic gratings on dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) are reviewed. The embodiment of polarization-dependent narrowband mode coupling and wavelength tuning features in a single strand of optical fiber offers interesting opportunities for functional integration in an all-fiber medium, and the generation of fiber optical vortex modes.
Fashion Life Cycles and Extension Theory

The fashion life cycle can be used as a real aid to management decision making. If marketing strategies should reflect the product's position on the product life cycle, these stages are more exaggerated if the product is an item of fashion. Thus valuable information on the importance of product replacement, development and extension can be discovered. Data from a company producing fabric for car interiors are used here.
In vitro evaluation of total venom-antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality based on size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Total venom–antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality can be evaluated using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Simple integration of regions within SE-HPLC elution profiles was used to compare binding characteristics of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) antivenin (FabAV) and Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake; C. atrox ), C. varidis varidis (prairie rattlesnake; C. v. v .), Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (southern copperhead; A. c. c .), and A. piscivorus leukostoma (western cottonmouth; A. p. l .) venom. Areas associated with bound venom and antivenin ({Area bnd }) were evaluated using a logistic dose–response equation to estimate EC 50 and {Area bnd } max . The relative magnitudes of EC 50 , which inversely reflect venom–antivenin binding affinity, were C. atrox > C. v. v . > A. c. c . > A. p. l . Less than 50% of FabAV appeared to be reactive with each of the venoms based on {Area bnd } max . Data was also consistent with FabAV binding to multiple sites on polyvalent antigens within the venoms. Evaluation of immune complex formation using SE-HPLC was compared to neutralization of phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity of C. atrox , A. c. c ., and A. p. l . venom by FabAV as reported in the literature. Maximum neutralization of PLA 2 activity occurred, in general, prior to maximum immune complex formation. Venom–antivenin binding at EC 50 determined via SE-HPLC appeared to be greater than binding associated with neutralization of venom lethality in mice based on LD 50 and ED 50 reported by others. SE-HPLC analysis of venom–antivenin binding could provide a priori information, relevant to reducing the use of animals in evaluating antivenin protection against venom-induced toxicity and lethality.
Earth tides, ocean tides and tidal loading

The distortion of the Earth’s gravitational potential field by the A:f2 ocean tide has been calculated, accounting for both the elastic deformation of the Earth and the self potential of the water. The potential field generated by the ocean tide is almost everywhere greater than a tenth, and over much of the ocean is half as large as the lunar driving potential itself, and may have a significant influence on the tidal motion. Load tides in tilt, strain, and vertical acceleration also arise from the deformation of the Earth by the ocean tide. These load tides are probably of more geophysical and oceanographic interest than the body tides raised by the Sun and Moon.
DNA Stability in the Gas Versus Solution Phases: A Systematic Study of Thirty-One Duplexes with Varying Length, Sequence, and Charge Level

We report herein a systematic mass spectrometric study of a series of thirty-one non-self-complementary, matched, DNA duplexes ranging in size from 5- to 12-mers. The purpose of this work is threefold: (1) to establish the viability of using mass spectrometry as a tool for examining solution phase stabilities of DNA duplexes; (2) to systematically assess gas-phase stabilities of DNA duplexes; and (3) to compare gas and solution phase stabilities in an effort to understand how media affects DNA stability. These fundamental issues are of importance both on their own, and also for harnessing the potential of mass spectrometry for biological applications. We have found that ion abundances do not always track with solution phase stability; GC content must be taken into account. Two duplexes with the same Tm yet with differing GC content can yield different ion abundances. That is, if two duplexes have the exact same melting temperature, yet one has a higher GC content, the duplex with the higher GC content yields a higher ion abundance. It thus appears that not only is a GC base pair stronger than an AT base pair, but the relative strengths of each differ in the gas phase versus in solution, such that the electrospray process can differentiate between them. We also characterize the gas-phase stabilities of the duplexes, using collision-induced dissociation (CID) as a method to assess stability. We focus on two aspects of this CID experiment. One, we examine what factors appear to control whether the duplexes dissociate into single strands or covalently fragment; we are able to utilize a charge state normalization we coin “charge level” to compare our results with others’ and establish generalities regarding dissociation versus fragmentation patterns. Two, we examine those duplexes that primarily dissociate and use CID to assess the gas-phase stabilities. We find that correlation of gas-phase to solution-phase stabilities is more likely to occur when duplexes of varying GC content are examined. Duplexes with the same GC content tend to have stabilities that do not parallel those in solution. We discuss these results in light of the different roles that hydrogen bonding and base stacking play in solution versus the gas phase. Ultimately, we apply what we learn to lend insight into the biological problem of how the carcinogenic, damaged nucleobase O6-methylguanine causes mutations.
Impairment of fetal growth potential and neonatal encephalopathy.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of growth impairment in neonates with encephalopathy. Study Design: In a case-control design, neonates with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) meeting criteria for an acute intrapartum hypoxic event (IHE, n=21) and those who did not meet these criteria (n = 20) were compared with controls. The controls were 42 neonates without complications matched 2:1 for gestational age with IHE cases. The percentile of growth potential, a measure of the weight expected in the absence of pathological conditions, was calculated for each fetus. Results: More neonates with NE with and without IHE were below the 10th percentile of growth potential compared with controls (7/21 [33%] and 6/20 [30%] vs 1/42 [2.4%], odds ratio [95% CI] = 20.5 [2.2-114.0] and 17.6 [1.8-102.5], respectively). These associations remained significant after controlling for gestational age and birth weight. Conclusion: A large proportion of neonates with NE demonstrate signs of antepartum injury reflected in the impairment of their growth. This association was similar in the presence or absence of IHE, indicating that antepartum injury has a causative rather than predisposing character in many cases of IHE.
Rett syndrome mutation MeCP2 T158A disrupts DNA binding, protein stability and ERP responses

Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause the autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). One of the most common MeCP2 mutations associated with RTT occurs at threonine 158, converting it to methionine (T158M) or alanine (T158A). To understand the role of T158 mutations in the pathogenesis of RTT, we generated knockin mice that recapitulate the MeCP2 T158A mutation. We found a causal role for T158A mutation in the development of RTT-like phenotypes, including developmental regression, motor dysfunction, and learning and memory deficits. These phenotypes resemble those present in Mecp2 null mice and manifest through a reduction in MeCP2 binding to methylated DNA and a decrease in MeCP2 protein stability. The age-dependent development of event-related neuronal responses was disrupted by MeCP2 mutation, suggesting that impaired neuronal circuitry underlies the pathogenesis of RTT and that assessment of event-related potentials (ERPs) may serve as a biomarker for RTT and treatment evaluation.
The assessment of individual and population bioequivalence

We develop a statistical methodology for the assessment of individual bioequivalence when a crossover design is invoked. The location parameters for our model consist of population-averaged parameters for formulation, population-averaged parameters for nuisance effects (sequence, period, carryover, etc.), and subject-specific parameters for formulation. We do not impose any distributional assumptions other than the existence of first- and second-order moments. We derive unbiased estimators for all of the parameters in the model and construct subject-specific bioequivalence scores which exclude the effects of the nuisance parameters. We assess individual bioequivalence by constructing distribution-free tolerance intervals based on the sample of bioequivalence scores.
Feeding by the Great Basin Spadefoot Toad (Spea intermontana [Cope]) (Anura: Pelobatidae)

Abstract The present study analyzed the stomach contents of 65 Great Basin spadefoot toads, Spea intermontana (Cope), collected in an area of irrigation runoff in south central Washington State. Toads were collected by pitfall trapping. Traps were maintained for 1 year beginning in April 2002. Toads consumed at least 56 different arthropod taxa belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Trichoptera, Collembola, and Araneae. Ants and darkling beetles were among the most common prey. Feeding appeared to be very generalized with the toads accepting almost anything they could capture and subdue.
Production and evolution of perturbations of sterile neutrino dark matter

Sterile neutrinos, fermions with no standard model couplings [SU(2) singlets], are predicted by most extensions of the standard model, and may be the dark matter. I describe the nonthermal production and linear perturbation evolution in the early universe of this dark matter candidate. I calculate production of sterile neutrino dark matter including effects of Friedmann dynamics dictated by the quark-hadron transition and particle population, the alteration of finite temperature effective mass of active neutrinos due to the presence of thermal leptons, and heating of the coupled species due to the disappearance of degrees of freedom in the plasma. These effects leave the sterile neutrinos with a nontrivial momentum distribution. I also calculate the evolution of sterile neutrino density perturbations in the early universe through the linear regime and provide a fitting function form for the transfer function describing the suppression of small-scale fluctuations for this warm dark matter candidate. The results presented here differ quantitatively from previous work due to the inclusion of the relevant physical effects during the production epoch.