cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agent Motivation and Principal Anticipation: Non-Monotonicity, Intentions, and Other Factors

We design an experiment to test what motivates agents to choose higher effort and how well principals anticipate agent responses. Principals rank five contracts where a higher ranking increases the...
Combining Feature and Instance Attribution to Detect Artifacts.

Training the large deep neural networks that dominate NLP requires large datasets. Many of these are collected automatically or via crowdsourcing, and may exhibit systematic biases or annotation artifacts. By the latter, we mean correlations between inputs and outputs that are spurious, insofar as they do not represent a generally held causal relationship between features and classes; models that exploit such correlations may appear to perform a given task well, but fail on out of sample data. In this paper we propose methods to facilitate identification of training data artifacts, using new hybrid approaches that combine saliency maps (which highlight important input features) with instance attribution methods (which retrieve training samples influential to a given prediction). We show that this proposed training-feature attribution approach can be used to uncover artifacts in training data, and use it to identify previously unreported artifacts in a few standard NLP datasets. We execute a small user study to evaluate whether these methods are useful to NLP researchers in practice, with promising results. We make code for all methods and experiments in this paper available.
Effect of Standing Wave on Terahertz Channel Model

There is a growing interest in exploiting the terahertz frequency band for future communication systems that demand high data rates. Given the complex propagation behavior of this frequency band, various researchers have developed channel models that can be utilized in the development of communication systems. These models however do not include a crucial aspect of terahertz propagation at short distances – the presence of standing waves. Our measurements show that at specific distances, the effect of standing waves is significant. In this paper, we extend previous terahertz channel models to include the effect of standing waves and show a good fit with our measurements. Our measurements and modeling cover the five most promising terahertz frequency bands – 140, 220, 340, 410, 460 GHz.
Introducing Philosophy of Mathematics

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Infinity 2. Platonism and realism 3. Logicism 4. Structuralism 5. Constructivism 6. A pot-pourri of philosophies of mathematics Conclusion Appendix Notes Further reading Index
Risk-Averse Control of Linear-Quadratic Tracking Problems

The topic of risk-averse control is currently receiving substantial research from the theoretical community oriented toward stochastic control theory. For instance, this present chapter extends the application of risk-averse controller design to control a wide class of linear-quadratic tracking systems where output measurements of a tracker follow as closely as possible a desired trajectory via a complete statistical description of the associated integral-quadratic performance measure. It is shown that the tracking problem can be solved in two parts: one, a feedback control whose optimization criterion is based on a linear combination of finite cumulant indices of an integral-quadratic performance measure associated to a linear stochastic tracking system over a finite horizonand two, an affine control which takes into account of dynamics mismatched between a desired trajectory and tracker states.
RANTES potentiates antigen-specific mucosal immune responses.

RANTES is produced by lymphoid and epithelial cells of the mucosa in response to various external stimuli and is chemotactic for lymphocytes. The role of RANTES in adaptive mucosal immunity has not been studied. To better elucidate the role of this chemokine, we have characterized the effects of RANTES on mucosal and systemic immune responses to nasally coadministered OVA. RANTES enhanced Ag-specific serum Ab responses, inducing predominately anti-OVA IgG2a and IgG3 followed by IgG1 and IgG2b subclass Ab responses. RANTES also increased Ag-specific Ab titers in mucosal secretions and these Ab responses were associated with increased numbers of Ab-forming cells, derived from mucosal and systemic compartments. Splenic and mucosally derived CD4+ T cells of RANTES-treated mice displayed higher Ag-specific proliferative responses and IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, and IL-6 production than control groups receiving OVA alone. In vitro, RANTES up-regulated the expression of CD28, CD40 ligand, and IL-12R by Ag-activated primary T cells from DO11.10 (OVA-specific TCR-transgenic) mice and by resting T cells in a dose-dependent fashion. These studies suggest that RANTES can enhance mucosal and systemic humoral Ab responses through help provided by Th1- and select Th2-type cytokines as well as through the induction of costimulatory molecule and cytokine receptor expression on T lymphocytes. These effects could serve as a link between the initial innate signals of the host and the adaptive immune system.
Performance comparison of RAKE and hypothesis feedback direct sequence spread spectrum techniques for underwater communication applications

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques for low probability of intercept (LPI) and multi-user communications applications for underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Two promising receivers, a RAKE based receiver and a hypothesis-feedback equalization based architecture are presented. The performance of the proposed receiver structures are compared based on simulations and also actual field test data.
Interior-Point Methods

Linear programs can be viewed in two somewhat complementary ways. They are, in one view, a class of continuous optimization problems each with continuous variables defined on a convex feasible region and with a continuous objective function. They are, therefore, a special case of the general form of problem considered in this text. However, linearity implies a certain degree of degeneracy, since for example the derivatives of all functions are constants and hence the differential methods of general optimization theory cannot be directly used. From an alternative view, linear programs can be considered as a class of combinatorial problems because it is known that solutions can be found by restricting attention to the vertices of the convex polyhedron defined by the constraints. Indeed, this view is natural when considering network problems such as those of early chapters. However, the number of vertices may be large, up to \(n!/m!(n - m)\) !, making direct search impossible for even modest size problems.
Demographic influences on asthma hospital admission rates in New York City.

Surveillance reports describe an increase in asthma prevalence, and cite New York City as an area of excessive asthma mortality. To assess trends and the influence of geography, race, and ethnicity on hospital admission rates for asthma between 1989 and 1991, data of all admissions for asthma to New York City hospitals were reviewed. The average citywide annual hospital admission rate was 681 per 100,000 population, and the racial and ethnic distribution was 1,003 per 100,000 Hispanic patients, 810 per 100,000 for blacks, and 242 per 100,000 for whites (p
A tubal pregnancy in the second trimester; case report.

Abstract In this case the diagnosis was not entirely unsuspected. The fairly classical history of previous ectopic gestation, sudden abdominal pain, and physical findings of a tender adnexal mass in the first trimester were strongly suggestive. The subsidence of symptoms and continuation of pregnancy until the second trimester were unusual. The historical succession of events which included lack of quickening, unusual pelyic findings, and an atypical flat plate of the abdomen prompted an exploratory celiotomy. The microscopic sections clarified the original site of placentation.
Consensus and dissention: theory and properties

The Likert scale is a popular tool for assessing peoples attitude about various questions. This papers introduces two new measures, dissension and consensus, that provide a better statistic for assessing the amount of overall agreement in a population when data is extracted from the population using a Likert scale. The measures are applicable to any discrete random variable.
The laboratory-user interface

The purpose of this monograph is to define the laboratory-user interface, to contrast two types of users (the clinician and the hospital administrator), to assess the value/cost relationship of the laboratory-user interface, and to decide whether or not this value/cost ratio is sufficiently high in all cases.
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: correlative histologic and follow-up studies from an academic medical center.

The diagnosis of ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) was introduced in the 1988 Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic findings. Outcome and appropriate management of patients with this diagnosis is not presently established. Criteria defining ASCUS are nuclear enlargement (2.5–3.0 times normal intermediate cell nucleus), mild nuclear hyperchromasia, smooth nuclear outlines with mild variation in nuclear size and shape, or else two, but not all three, cytologic criteria for human papilloma virus (HPV) cytopathic effect. All 668 cases reported as ASCUS from February 1992–December 1993 from our cytology laboratory were reviewed. These ASCUS cases represented 4.5% of all gynecologic cases diagnosed in that same time period. Of these, 284 (41%) had a subsequent colposcopic biopsy and/or endocervical curettage. The biopsied cases included 101 (36%) with condylomata, 38 (13%) with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 17 (6%) with CIN II, and 9 (3%) with CIN III. No cases of carcinoma were detected. Of patients with a cytologic diagnosis of ASCUS and subsequent cervical biopsy, 49% had low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (LGSIL), either condyloma or CIN I. Nine percent had high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, either CIN II or CIN III. These findings indicate that ASCUS defines cytologically a group of patients who may have either a concurrent or subsequent development of a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). This forms a high-risk group. The management of cases with a cytologic diagnosis of ASCUS should be at least as aggressive as that of LGSIL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 16:1–7, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amorphous Silicon Based TFT and MIS Nonvolatile Memories

The amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFT and MIS capacitor, which include an a-Si:H layer embedded in the silicon nitride gate dielectric layer, have been prepared and characterized for memory functions. Large shifts of the threshold voltage and flat band voltage were detected in the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage hysteresis measurements. The embedded a-Si:H film functioned as a charge retention medium that stores and releases injected carriers. The device’s memory capacity varied with the thickness of the embedded a-Si:H layer and the sweep voltage. These low-cost memory devices can be used in many low-temperature prepared circuits.
The effects of screening pigments on the spectral sensitivity of some crustacea with scotopic (superposition) eyes.

Abstract The red shift of 30–35 nm in the spectral sensitivity of the crayfish ( Orconectes, Procambarus ) eye ( λ max 565nm ), compared to the absorbance of the rhabdom ( λ max 530nm ) can be accounted for quantitatively by the hypothesis that the screening pigments of the retina filter light before it reaches the visual pigment. Smaller distortions of spectral sensitivity are present in lobster ( Homarus ), and at least under some conditions in the common prawn ( Palaemonetes ). Neither astaxanthin nor metarhodopsin is capable of quantitatively producing the same results. Isomerizing flashes that do not bring the rhabdom to the photosteady state uniformly over its entire length can produce a variety of concentrations profiles of metarhodopsin with depth in the rhabdom. Long wavelength irradiation, however, which drives the pigment nearly completely to one form or the other, will not generate steep concentration gradients over the length of the photoreceptor.
Abstract 4224: A quick and easy way of assembling TALE/TALEN modules for genetic modifications in mammalian cells .

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are a family of virulence factors produced by plant bacterial pathogens, and they are able to regulate expression of specific host genes by binding to the corresponding promoter regions in a sequence-specific manner. The transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) is made by fusing a nuclease to the DNA binding modules of TALE, which would allow for generation of DNA deletions, knockouts or knockins. Since their discovery, genes from different organisms have been successfully targeted using designer TALEs through assembling sequence specific modules, which is a critical step to make TALE/TALEN vectors. However, current methods of assembling DNA binding modules, such as the golden-gate ligation, are still time consuming and labor intensive. Moreover, they are also technically challenging. In the present study, we adopted a single step approach to assemble TALE modules. For proof of principle, we used p53 binding site (Tgacttgcatgtacatgcc) derived from the lncRNA-RoR promoter for proof of principle. First, we designed four gBlock DNA oligos which carried 30 bp overlapping between two adjacent oligos. Then, we linked them together by PCR and subsequently directly cloned into an expression vector which carries two flanking TALE sequences. To determine the function of this construct, we generated a reporter vector carrying this p53 binding site and mCherry and showed that this newly made construct was able to activate the mCherry reporter. Experiments are underway to test if the p53 specific TALE is able to activate the endogenous lncRNA-RoR. Citation Format: Juan Zhang, Yin-Yuan Mo. A quick and easy way of assembling TALE/TALEN modules for genetic modifications in mammalian cells . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4224. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4224
Influence of self-assembly on dynamical and viscoelastic properties of telechelic polymer solutions

Incipient micellization in a model self-associating telechelic polymer solution results in a network with a transient elastic response that decays by a two-step relaxation: the first is due to a heterogeneous jump-diffusion process involving entrapment of end-groups within well-defined clusters and this is followed by rapid diffusion to neighboring clusters and a decay (terminal relaxation) due to cluster disintegration. The viscoelastic response of the solution manifests characteristics of both a glass transition and an entangled polymer network.
Condensation of injected electrons and holes in silicon

Abstract We report that the condensed electron—hole phase in silicon has been produced by electrical carrier injection. The condensed phase recombination radiation occured at 1.082 ± 0.001 eV with a linewidth of 0.012 eV. Hence the line position and linewidth appear to be independent of whether the semiconductor is excited by optical of electrical injection. Joule heating is shown to be important by analyses of time resolved recombination radiation spectra and double pulse experiments.
Mediation of hyperthermia by prostaglandin E2: a new hypothesis.

In rat hypothalamus prostaglandin (PG) E2, unlike PGF2α or arachidonic acid, shared the site of hyperthermic action withE.coli endotoxin. Thein vitro catabolism of PGE2 in the hypothalami of endotoxin-treated rats was significantly suppressed. It is proposed that endotoxin fever in rats is due to the inhibition of PGE2 breakdown in the hypothalamus.
Sustained growth in the model of overlapping generations

Abstract This paper analyzes endogenous economic growth in the model of overlapping generations. There is no bequest motive, nor are there any externalities. If the technology is convex, per capita growth can occur only if the economy has at least two sectors. This paper shows that the limiting marginal efficiency of investment determines the potential for growth and that the rate of growth depends upon the share of the capital stock devoted to investment. Sustained consumption growth can occur only under a fairly restrictive set of assumptions. There is an equilibrium with growth only if the marginal propensity to save is sufficiently high.
Selenium and Sulfur Supplementation to Steers Grazing Tall Fescue

Forty steer calves averaging 257 kg were allotted to a randomized complete block design experiment containing 10 animals per treatment. Four tall fescue pastures of 5.7 ha each were utilized during the 84-d grazing study. Each pasture treatment block contained 10 calves. Calves were fed a control supplement of 96.9% ground corn and 3.1% trace mineral salt in two pastures, or a sulfur supplement that contained 94.3% ground corn, 3.1% trace mineral salt, and 2.5% elemental sulfur in the remaining two pastures. Each supplement was fed at the rate of 0.45 kg/head daily. One-half of the calves in each pasture were injected with 15 mg selenium (Se) as sodium selenite initially and at 28-d intervals throughout the trial. The treatments were as follows: (1) control-no sulfur, no selenium; (2) selenium, no sulfur; (3) sulfur, no selenium and; (4) selenium plus sulfur. Calf weights were monitored and certain blood parameters measured every 28 d. Average plasma Se values were increased (P 0.10) increased by sulfur supplementation, but were increased (P < 0.05) from 0.33 kg/d in calves not receiving Se to 0.43 kg/d in those receiving Se injections. Significant interactions between fulfur and Se were not noted.
Judicial Overkill: The Campus and the Courts

Resort to judicial authority, however, may not in the long run serve the best interests of the university. While the appropriate use of the courts and the application of the laws of the land remain at the heart of the democratic process, sufficient evidence is at hand to suggest that use of an outside arbitrator has already endangered traditional academic autonomy. More important, many administrators believe that legal action will accomplish what they themselves are unable to do, ie.t keep the peace on campus, not realizing the price they have begun to pay for turning to the courts. For the growing number of lawsuits involving colleges and universities has given to the courts a new role of academic decision-making. Consider the ironic pairing of two court cases during the week of the Cambodian invasion. On the afternoon of May 4, the Court of Common Pleas granted the Prosecuting Attorney of Portage County, Ohio, an order indefinitely closing the Kent State campus in the wake of the killing of four students by National Guardsmen. Three days later, a group of students obtained an injunction forcing the University of Miami (Florida) to reopen doors that had been closed in the aftermath of the Kent State deaths. Both orders were granted immediately, without time for careful judicial inquiry. Thus, Kent State remained closed under court mandate while Miami remained open under a similar decree. One would have to know much more about the precise facts and the legal allegations to judge whether either the Ohio or the Florida court erred in issuing its order. But undoubtedly the Kent State authorities would have closed the campus themselves without a
Planned spontaneity for better product availability

This invited article reflects the particular preoccupations of the author, which concern the parallel and connected development of academic models for managing inventories and their actual applications in industry.Some centralised production-inventory models that have been of service to contemporary business practices in decentralised decision-making settings are discussed here. I have limited my examples to those in which I have had direct experience. I have attempted to highlight four key points. (a) The strategic role of inventories in capturing revenue and market share, in addition to their traditional role as buffers, in our contemporary customer-scarce Schumpeter’s market. (b) Facilitating the acceptance of model outputs by decision makers across organisational silos and even across firm boundaries using management mechanics. (c) Development and use of a general-purpose algorithm utilising infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) derivatives. (d) The emergence of enterprise inventory optimisation (...
Principal component analysis for artifact reduction in COSY spectra

Abstract The use of principal component analysis for removing artifacts from baseline offsets, baseline roll, t, noise, and spurious signals such as quadrature images from COSY 2D NMR spectra is described. The method works by deriving and subtracting major components common to the largest number of points in the data set. In a typical COSY spectrum, the major components, which account for more than 95% of the variance, are t1 and t2 ridges which arise from baseline offset, baseline roll, t1 noise, quadrature images, and diagonal signal intensity. In all of the data sets examined, PCA showed the ability to progressively remove artifact signals first. If components accounting for more than 95–99% of the variance are removed, real signals are subtracted from the data set; however, creation of peaks which were not already present in the spectrum is not observed.
Screened poisson surface reconstruction

Poisson surface reconstruction creates watertight surfaces from oriented point sets. In this work we extend the technique to explicitly incorporate the points as interpolation constraints. The extension can be interpreted as a generalization of the underlying mathematical framework to a screened Poisson equation. In contrast to other image and geometry processing techniques, the screening term is defined over a sparse set of points rather than over the full domain. We show that these sparse constraints can nonetheless be integrated efficiently. Because the modified linear system retains the same finite-element discretization, the sparsity structure is unchanged, and the system can still be solved using a multigrid approach. Moreover we present several algorithmic improvements that together reduce the time complexity of the solver to linear in the number of points, thereby enabling faster, higher-quality surface reconstructions.
Pragmatic Case Studies and Evidence-Based Treatment: Research and Clinical Applications of a Computerized Outcomes Management System

This article describes an outcomes management system, Polaris-MH, and its potential utility for supporting the Pragmatic Case Study (PCS) model for psychotherapy research proposed by Fishman. Polaris-MH is a computer-based system for assessment of adults in outpatient mental health treatment. It provides for the collection, storage, analysis and reporting of information on a patientAƒÂ¢A‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s clinical condition and progress. The system is grounded in research on dose-response, the phase model, and expected treatment response. This research foundation is described along with Polaris-MH development, structure, psychometric properties and clinical utility. Polaris-MH features are discussed in relation to the requirements of the PCS model.
Synthesizing arbitrary quantum states in a superconducting resonator

The superposition principle is a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, allowing a quantum system to be 'in two places at the same time'. The preparation and use of superposed states forms the basis of quantum computation and simulation. Max Hofheinz and colleagues now demonstrate the technically challenging preparation and measurement of arbitrary quantum states in an electromagnetic resonator. States with different numbers of photons are superposed in a completely controlled and deterministic manner. The superposition principle is a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, allowing a quantum system to be 'in two places at the same time'. Here, the preparation and measurement of arbitrary quantum states in an electromagnetic resonator is demonstrated; states with different numbers of photons are superposed in a completely controlled and deterministic manner. The superposition principle is a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics. It allows a quantum system to be ‘in two places at the same time’, because the quantum state of a physical system can simultaneously include measurably different physical states. The preparation and use of such superposed states forms the basis of quantum computation and simulation1. The creation of complex superpositions in harmonic systems (such as the motional state of trapped ions2, microwave resonators3,4,5 or optical cavities6) has presented a significant challenge because it cannot be achieved with classical control signals. Here we demonstrate the preparation and measurement of arbitrary quantum states in an electromagnetic resonator, superposing states with different numbers of photons in a completely controlled and deterministic manner. We synthesize the states using a superconducting phase qubit to phase-coherently pump photons into the resonator, making use of an algorithm7 that generalizes a previously demonstrated method of generating photon number (Fock) states in a resonator8. We completely characterize the resonator quantum state using Wigner tomography, which is equivalent to measuring the resonator’s full density matrix.
Re-entrant behavior of 2D to 3D morphology change and 3D island lateral size equalization via mass exchange in Stranski—Krastanow growth: InAs on GaAs(001)

Abstract Using in-situ, ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy and ex-situ photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation we show that the growth of highly strained InAs on GaAs(001) proceeds via a re-entrant behavior of the 2D to 3D morphology change. Quasi-3D clusters of heights 0.6–1.2 nm first appear at an InAs delivery (θ) of ∼ 1.25 ML, only to disappear for θ ∼ 1.3 ML and reappear again at θ ∼ 1.45 ML, prior to 3D island initiation at ∼ 1.57 ML. With increasing θ, an observed tendency of the 3D islands towards lateral size equalization is shown to be accompanied by mass exchange between the 2D and 3D surface features. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a decreasing binding energy for atoms at island edges as a function of increasing island size and island—island interaction, thereby suggesting a role for atom detachment from larger islands in the size equalization process.
Food security and social protection in highland Ethiopia: linking the Productive Safety Net to the land question

While much recent research has focused on the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), this is by no means the only social protection policy in rural Ethiopia. Drawing on a very different rationale to the PSNP, the Ethiopian government also justifies state land ownership as a form of social protection for smallholders. This paper examines the links between these policies through a case study of an extremely food-insecure site. The paper concludes that while the PSNP and land policy together provide minimal security for landholders, land shortages and the problematic nature of agricultural production are such that there is little chance that the PSNP and its complementary programmes can achieve food security. As a result, the PSNP is used to support failing agricultural policies, limiting urban migration in the interests of political stability. These findings highlight the importance of situating safety net programmes within the socioeconomic context which generates insecurity.
Disparities in HPV and Cervical Cancer Screening Between Highly Educated White and Minority Young Women

Background: Research has been conducted to determine the impact that education has on health behaviors; specifically, comparisons between highly educated and less educated groups. However, little research has been done on the racial variation among highly educated women. Purpose: This research examined the racial variation in the relationship between educational status and cervical cancer screening as well as analyze the effect that awareness of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer has on cervical cancer screening. Methods: Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine the impact that measures of awareness have on cervical cancer screening. Results: This study demonstrates that the effect education has on health awareness is not equal across racial/ethnic lines. In addition, this study shows that women of color had greater time lapses since their last cervical cancer screening but that race and awareness are not fully capable of explaining the variation of preventative screening practic...
Disciplinary enculturation experiences of five East Asian doctoral students in US-based second language studies programmes

This study reports on the non-discursive aspects of the disciplinary enculturation experiences of five international doctoral students from East Asia in three Second Language studies graduate programmes in the United States. Based largely on interview data, this study examined how students participate in their graduate discourse communities and what may contribute to or hinder academic success. It appeared that the kinds of social capital accrued through social ties and networks are key to students' successful disciplinary enculturation, suggesting the importance of establishing positive personal interactions and locating oneself within supportive discourse community contexts. The present study also sheds light on the issue that disciplinary enculturation is an inherent cultural practice, which may not favour students who do not adopt mainstream socio-academic conventions.
Binding of fibronectin to gelatin and heparin: effect of surface denaturation and detergents.

Abstract The specific binding of fibronectin to collagen and heparan sulfate is important in cell adhesion and formation of connective tissue. We have used miniaturized affinity chromatography of 125 I-labeled fibronectin on gelatin- or heparin-conjugated Sepharose as a model system to further study features of these interactions after a variety of treatments of the fibronectin. We find that fibronectin's affinity is abolished following adsorption and desorption from tissue culture plastic, diminished by the strong ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and unaffected by nonionic detergents or the zwitterionic detergent Zwittergent 3–12. This identifies the latter as a gentle extractant suitable for a variety of uses in studying cell-substratum adhesion. Fibronectin Collagen Heparan sulfate Affinity chromatography Detergent Adhesion
Adenocarcinoma metastasis causing discrete extraocular muscle enlargement.

Abstract Background Discrete extraocular muscle (EOM) metastasis is rarely reported. Clinical signs and symptoms of EOM metastasis can often be indistinguishable from primary idiopathic orbital myositis, posing a significant clinical challenge. Case report A case of a 61-year-old man with acute-onset unilateral periorbital pain and diplopia is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an isolated edematous superior rectus/levator muscle complex with an isointense T2-weighted signal, supporting a diagnosis of orbital myositis. He was started on corticosteroids, with resolution of pain and improved motilities. Subsequently, his condition worsened. Repeat imaging results suggested the possibility of neoplastic infiltration of the muscle because of the newly demonstrated hyperintensity of the T2-weighted signal and perineural extension along the trigeminal nerve. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy showed adenocarcinoma cytology in the muscle. Conclusions This case illustrates discrete adenocarcinoma metastasis of an EOM, initially displaying characteristics predominantly consistent with orbital myositis. There is a paucity of epidemiologic data on EOM cancer, and clinical characteristics are derived only from a selection of case reports in the literature. Thus, the predominant features of global orbital metastatic cancer versus primary inflammation are highlighted in this presentation. This case shows that the variable characteristics of each process prohibit identification of any clinical feature that would prove pathognomonic for either disorder. The varied practice philosophies and standard of care regarding the proper time to biopsy are reviewed. This case shows the importance of early referral for orbital biopsy, even in the presentation of isolated, discretely edematous, and painful EOM enlargement.
CONGENITAL HYPOPITUITARISM (CH) IN FEMALE INFANTS: PRESENTATION WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

CONGENITAL HYPOPITUITARISM (CH) IN FEMALE INFANTS: PRESENTATION WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA AND HYPOTHYROIDISM
In vitro evaluation of Midwest Caries ID: a novel light-emitting diode for caries detection.

Clinical Relevance Recent technology, such as Midwest Caries ID, has become available to assist clinicians with caries diagnosis. However, in light of the limited sensitivity of the Midwest Caries ...
Pregnancies following 24-hour co-culture of equine embryos on foetal bovine uterine monolayer cells

Summary A total of 77 embryo collection attempts from 28 donor mares resulted in 50 embryos (64.9 per cent recovery rate) ranging from Day-6 morulae to Day-7 expanded blastocysts. Thirty-five of these embryos, classified as quality grades 1 and 2, were allotted randomly by developmental stage (Stage-I, precapsulate and Stage-II, postcapsulate) to a control group transferred non-surgically within 1 h to synchronised recipients, and a treated group, cultured on a monolayer of foetal uterine fibroblast cells for 24 h prior to non-surgical transfer to recipient mares. There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between Stage-I and Stage-II embryos, nor between the control group (53.3 per cent) and the 24 h co-cultured group (42.1 per cent). The use of a co-culture system may provide a viable alternative to cryopreservation for the transport of equine embryos from one station to another.
Self-administration of remifentanil, an ultra-short acting opioid, under continuous and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement in rats

Rationale: Remifentanil is a µ-opioid agonist with an exceptionally short duration of action. Evaluating remifentanil's effects within the self-administration model of drug abuse may provide insight into the relationship between a drug's duration of action and its effectiveness as a reinforcer. Objectives: This study was conducted to establish a dose-effect function for intravenous remifentanil self-administration in rats and to assess the drug's ability to maintain responding under intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Methods: Inter-infusion intervals were recorded under two continuous-reinforcement schedules of remifentanil self-administration. In the fixed-dose schedule, the unit dose (0.25–32 μg/kg) was held constant within sessions but varied across sessions. In the variable-dose schedule, four different doses were self-administered in random order within each session. For comparison, heroin (6.25–125 μg/kg) was studied with the variable-dose schedule. Remifentanil and heroin were also compared under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements increased exponentially with each successive infusion until responding ceased within each session. Results: Under the continuous-reinforcement schedules, inter-infusion intervals for both drugs increased monotonically as a function of dose, with the remifentanil curve being considerably flatter. Under the progressive-ratio schedule, breaking points varied as an inverted-U shaped function, and the highest breaking points maintained by remifentanil and heroin were similar. At the doses that maintained the highest breaking points under the progressive-ratio schedule, post-infusion pauses under the continuous-reinforcement schedule were about three times shorter with remifentanil than with heroin. Conclusions: Although rates of self-administration are clearly influenced by a drug's duration of action, the ability to maintain responding under intermittent schedules of reinforcement may be independent of duration of action.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Critical Illness

Severe stress, associated with critical illness, activates the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is essential for general adaptation to stress and plays a crucial role in cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunologic homeostasis. During critical illness, prolonged activation of the HPA axis can result in hypercortisolemia and hypocortisolemia; both can be detrimental to recovery from critical illness. Recognition of adrenal dysfunction in critically ill patients is difficult because a reliable history is not available and laboratory results are difficult to interpret. The review in this article will illustrate how adrenal dysfunction presents in critically ill patients and how appropriate diagnosis and management can be achieved in the critical care setting.
Hereditary dentinogenesis imperfecta

Summary A classic case of hereditary dentinogenesis imperfecta with its genealogy has been presented and its possible treatment discussed.
Adaption of commercial glass panels to upgrade the cockpit of the P-3 aircraft

It has been demonstrated that commercial glass panels have an extremely wide range of applications. Previous papers have shown commercial glass panel applications as diverse as a city bus, an army howitzer and a commercial airliner. This paper shows how an aircraft such as the Navy developed P-3, as used by the US Customs Service, will eliminate its traditional electromechanical flight instruments and employ 6 X 8 commercial glass panels to totally modify its cockpit. These displays will perform all flight instrument functions; provide navigation and radar information for both pilot and copilot. This paper discusses the challenges of using commercial glass in such an application. The aircraft environment and the cockpit geometry are discussed as well as the requirements of optical performance that are placed upon the commercial glass. These requirements are then compared to the glass manufacturer's original specifications. Expected results from flight-testing are then provided.
Organelle changes in the liver cells of dairy cows around the time of calving

Abstract The ultrastructural composition of hepatocytes was studied in 9 highyielding dairy cows sampled at 8 weeks before, and 1 week and 8 weeks after calving. The cows were fed 3 isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets but with the protein supplied in 3 different forms. Diet had little effect on liver cell structure but the onset of lactation was accompanied by a hypertrophy of cellular organelles, particularly mitochondria, peroxisomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Dielectronic recombination cross section for Cl 7

The resonant dielectronic recombination cross section is estimated for a Cl/sup 7 +/ target interacting with incident electrons in the 10approx.20-rydberg range. Cross sections averaged over energy bins of size ..delta..E = 0.1 Ry are approximately (1--3) x 10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/.
Effects of tissue optical properties on time-resolved fluorescence measurements from brain tumors: an experimental and computational study

Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (tr-LIFS) offers the potential for intra-operative diagnosis of primary brain tumors. However, both the intrinsic properties of endogenous fluorophores and the optical properties of brain tissue could affect the fluorescence measurements from brain. Scattering has been demonstrated to increase, for instance, detected lifetimes by 10-20% in media less scattering than the brain. The overall goal of this study is to investigate experimentally and computationally how optical properties of distinct types of brain tissue (normal porcine white and gray matter) affect the propagation of the excitation pulse and fluorescent transients and the detected fluorescence lifetime. A time-domain tr-LIFS apparatus (fast digitizer and gated detection) was employed to measure the propagation of ultra-short pulsed light through brain specimens (1-2.5-mm source-detector separation; 0.100-mm increment). A Monte Carlo model for semi-infinite turbid media was used to simulate time-resolved light propagation for arbitrary source-detector fiber geometries and optical fiber specifications; and to record spatially- and temporally resolved information. We determined a good correlation between experimental and computational results. Our findings provide means for quantification of time-resolved fluorescence spectra from healthy and diseased brain tissue.
Beyond the Purple Heart--continuity of care for the wounded in Iraq.

Thus far, during the war in Iraq, the Army has awarded more than 5000 Purple Hearts for injuries sustained in combat. Dr. James Peake writes about the continuity of care for the wounded.
Use of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Measurement to Identify a Reactive, at-Risk Phenotype among Patients with Asthma

Rationale: Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation in mild to moderate asthma. However, whether FeNO levels are informative regarding airway inflammation in patients with severe asthma, who are refractory to conventional treatment, is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that classification of severe asthma based on airway inflammation as defined by FeNO levels would identify a more reactive, at-risk asthma phenotype.Methods: FeNO and major features of asthma, including airway inflammation, airflow limitation, hyperinflation, hyperresponsiveness, and atopy, were determined in 446 individuals with various degrees of asthma severity (175 severe, 271 nonsevere) and 49 healthy subjects enrolled in the Severe Asthma Research Program.Measurements and Main Results: FeNO levels were similar among patients with severe and nonsevere asthma. The proportion of individuals with high FeNO levels (>35 ppb) was the same (40%) among groups despite greater corticosteroid therapy in severe asthma. All pa...
Cyclic Variations of the Imposed Temperature Contrast in a Thermally Driven Rotating Annulus of Fluid

Abstract Rotating annulus experiments are described in which the imposed thermal forcing is varied periodically by means of cyclic variations of the cold inner-bath temperature. In the way of background the results of conventional annulus experiments, in which the imposed temperature contrast is not varied, and of hysteresis experiments, in which the imposed temperature contrast is varied slowly enough to be considered quasi-static, are reviewed. It is found that, in the region of dimensionless-parameter space in which our experiments were conducted, the flow configuration in conventional and hysteresis experiments is determinate in the following sense: once a flow is established at a given point in this region of dimensionless-parameter space, this flow will remain unless a critical value of the imposed parameters is reached for the onset of another state. The flow configuration in experiments in which the imposed temperature contrast is varied in a cyclic fashion is found to be indeterminate in the sens...
Formation of the structure of the superconducting phase of La-Sr-Cu-O by DC sputtering

Abstract DC sputtered film samples of La-Sr-Cu are found to be noncrystalline. Annealing in air at temperatures as low as 350°C yields crystallization of the structure of the superconducting phase of La-Sr-Cu-O. We present X-ray spectra showing the continuous development of the La-Sr-Cu-O phase and a decrease in the c / a ratio upon further annealing in air for temperatures up to 600°C.
Direct observation of redox-linked histidine protonation changes in the iron-sulfur protein of the cytochrome bc1 complex by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

The redox-linked protonation chemistry of the iron-sulfur protein (ISP) of the cytochrome bc(1) complex was studied by analysis of the pH dependencies of redox difference spectra using perfusion/ electrochemically induced attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The ISP of Rhodobacter capsulatus within the intact cytochrome bc(1) complex was analyzed in a mutant form in which the midpoint potential of cytochrome cl was lower than that of the ISP. This was compared to a soluble domain of the ISP from the bovine bc(1) complex. Spectra of in situ bacterial and isolated bovine proteins differ markedly only in part of their amide I regions with the in situ protein having additional pH-dependent component(s). Apart from this, both in situ and isolated proteins exhibited the same pH-dependent IR features in reduced minus oxidized difference spectra. Specifically, at high pH, a strong H/D insensitive negative band appeared at 1447/1450 cm(-1), together with a peak at 1310 cm(-1), the change of a 1267/1255 cm(-1) peak/trough into a simple 1266 cm(-1) peak, and a trough at 1107 cm(-1). Comparison with spectra of model materials indicates that all four signals arise from an imidazolate to imidazole transition of histidine, hence providing the first direct demonstration that histidine is the redox-linked protonation site of the ISP. The 1450 cm(-1) band can be assigned to a ring stretch that is unique to the imidazolate form of histidine. It is relatively sharp, has a high extinction coefficient, and provides a novel marker band for the detection of imidazolate intermediates in enzymatic mechanisms generally.
Combined demand and lead time uncertainty with back-ordering in a multi-level product structure environment

Abstract The performance of two lot-sizing algorithms incorporating back-orders is evaluated and compared with several traditional lot-sizing rules. This comparison is undertaken for a multi-level product structure environment operating under a rolling horizon in the presence of both demand and lead time uncertainties. By means of simulation and statistical analysis of the simulation output, the impact on system performance of a variety of demand and lead time scenarios, product structures, cost parameters and lot-sizing, is evaluated. The conclusions drawn emphasize important differences in the influence of the factors on system performance given the presence or absence of uncertainty.
Adrenal steroid hormones and ethanol self-administration in male rhesus macaques.

Rationale Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones have neuroactive metabolites with receptor activity similar to ethanol.