cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODES OF EXPRESSION IN FAMILY THERAPY: A PROCESS STUDY OF ROLES AND GENDER*

Twenty-two two-parent families with a referred adolescent were seen by 11 male and 11 female trainees in family therapy. Mothers, fathers, adolescents, and therapists were rated for verbal expression in affective, behavioral, and cognitive! attributional modes during the first session. Results clearly point to role and content difference in modes of expression. Of particular importance are differences by role which occured as a function of therapist gender. These differences suggest that therapist gender has an impact on family therapists' and family members' verbalizations in first sessions of family therapy.
Doubly penalized likelihood estimator in heteroscedastic regression

A penalized likelihood estimation procedure is developed for heteroscedastic regression. A distinguishing feature of the new methodology is that it estimates both the mean and variance functions simultaneously without parametric assumption for either. An efficient implementation of the estimating procedure is also provided. The procedure is illustrated by a Monte Carlo example. A potential generalization, and application to the covariance modeling problem in numerical weather prediction is noted.
In/discernible bodies: the politics of passing in dominant and marginal media

This essay explores news media coverage of two types of alleged “passing”: passing across racial lines from Black to White and across sex lines from female to male. Textual analysis of dominant print media and print media discourses produced by and/or addressed to Blacks and queers reveals prominent frames through which news consumers are invited to perceive these events. In particular, the analysis demonstrates that both dominant and marginal social groups express the desire to fix the identities of passers in a single, discrete category, although these groups wish to do so for disparate reasons. In addition, marginal groups frame passing events within broad cultural and historical contexts in contrast to the narrow contexts framed by dominant media. Comparison of race and sex passing exposes the similarities–including community consternation about the passer–and differences–including disparate focus on civil rights rather than identity issues–between Black and queer coverage of these events. Comparison ...
Interferon-γ Augments CD95(APO-1/Fas) and Pro-Caspase-8 Expression and Sensitizes Human Vascular Endothelial Cells to CD95-Mediated Apoptosis

We have examined the effects of interferon (IFN)-γ on expression and function of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and associated proteins in cultured human umbilical vein and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HUVEC and HDMEC, respectively). Unstimulated cells express only low levels of CD95; IFN-γ produces a time- and concentration-dependent increase of CD95 in both cell types at the mRNA and cell surface protein levels. IFN-γ also produces an increase in expression of pro-caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH) but does not significantly change expression of either Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein or cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP), other proteins associated with the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Neither resting nor IFN-γ-treated EC express detectable CD95L mRNA or protein. Untreated HUVEC and HDMEC show minimal apoptosis when transduced to express CD95L. Treatment of CD95L-transduced cells with IFN-γ causes apoptosis within 24 to 36 hours that can be blocked by antagonistic anti-CD95 antibody or by the caspase-inhibitory peptide zVAD-FMK. The extent of apoptosis is increased by co-treatment with either the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Untransduced HUVEC treated with IFN-γ also undergo CD95-iniated apoptosis when mixed with CD95L-transduced HUVEC or when incubated with pharmacologically activated cytolytic T lymphocytes. Overexpression of CD95 in HUVEC confers sensitivity to CD95L in the absence of IFN-γ-treatment. We conclude that IFN-γ induces sensitivity of endothelium to CD95L-mediated apoptosis, and that this response may result from increased expression of CD95 and/or pro-caspase-8.
Development of NAVDAS-AR: non-linear formulation and outer loop tests

NAVDAS-AR is the 4DVAR extension of the United States Navy’s operational 3DVAR data assimilation system, NAVDAS (Naval Research Laboratory Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System), where AR stands for accelerated representer. Like NAVDAS, NAVDAS-AR is cast in observation space, and is an observation space formulation of the 4DVAR algorithm, in contrast to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 4DVAR system, which is an analysis space algorithm. In this paper we show how an inner loop linear solution can be augmented by an outer loop iteration procedure that introduces non-linear effects in the form of a first-order Taylor series expansion. The non-linear problem is then solved iteratively as a sequence of linear problems. We show results of the outer loop strategy, where the first loop, the ‘linear’ solution, is modified in the second outer loop by both a Taylor series term in the calculation of the observation innovations, and a linearized form of the background model that is linearized about an analysis ‘trajectory’ from the solution of the first loop. We also show results of how the outer loop strategy allows better assimilation of observations of surface wind speed and precipitable water, compared to the operational NAVDAS.
Management Practices Across Cultures: Role of Support in Technology Usage

As global corporations pursue a dual strategy of global integration and local responsiveness, it becomes necessary to determine whether some management practices can be applied across borders. Using a sample of 143 employees from nine Nigerian organizations, we found that organizational support contributed to technology usage. However, only employees with low computer training associated support with aspects of technology usage such as daily use, frequency of use, and total application.
Traumatic Brain Injury Leads to Increased Expression of Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptors, Neuronal Death, and Activation of Astrocytes and Microglia in Rat Thalamus

In mammalian CNS, the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PTBR) is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane within the astrocytes and microglia. PTBR transports cholesterol to the site of neurosteroid biosynthesis. Several neurodegenerative disorders were reported to be associated with increased densities of PTBR. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in the PTBR density and gene expression in the brains of rats as a function of time (6 h to 14 days) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sham-operated rats served as control. Between 3 and 14 days after TBI, there was a significant increased in the binding of PTBR antagonist [(3)H]PK11195 (by 106 to 185%, P < 0.01, as assessed by quantitative autoradiography and in vitro filtration binding) and PTBR mRNA expression (by 2- to 3. 4-fold, P < 0.01, as assessed by RT-PCR) in the ipsilateral thalamus. At 14 days after the injury, the neuronal number decreased significantly (by 85 to 90%, P < 0.01) in the ipsilateral thalamus. At the same time point, the ipsilateral thalamus also showed increased numbers of the glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells (astrocytes, by approximately 3.5-fold) and the ED-1 positive cells (microglia/macrophages, by approximately 36-fold), the two cell types known to be associated with PTBR. Increased PTBR expression following TBI seems to be associated with microglia/macrophages than astrocytes as PTBR density at different periods after TBI correlated better with the number of ED-1 positive cells (r(2) = 0.95) than the GFAP positive cells (r(2) = 0.56). TBI-induced increased PTBR expression is possibly an adaptive response to cellular injury and may play a role in the pathophysiology of TBI.
The effect of naloxone on feeding and spontaneous locomotion in the wolf

The effect of naloxone on food intake and activity levels was studied in the wolf (Canis lupus). Naloxone decreased food intake at both the 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg dose. There was no quantitative difference in the magnitude of the decrease in food intake produced by naloxone in winter or summer. Wolves ate significantly greater amounts of deer meat than dog chow after naloxone when expressed on a mass basis but there was no difference when the amounts of food ingested were expressed in calories. This suggests a role for endogenous opiates in the regulation of energy intake. The putative satiety factor, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, had no effect on food intake in wolves. Naloxone decreased spontaneous locomotion and increased time spent resting in wolves. The effects of naloxone on activity were significantly more marked in winter compared to summer.
Overview of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop

The aim of the first joint Speech and Natural Language Workshop was to bring together these two research communities, to interchange technical information, to reflect on past successes and to define future directions for Spoken Language research. The overall organization of the technical program was designed 1) to establish some common reference points by assessing the current state of the art in both Speech Recognition and Natural Language Processing; 2) to cross-educate researchers in the discipline of lesser familiarity; 3) to highlight areas of common interest, namely prosodics, spoken language systems, and development of shared resources; and 4) to present current research results in both fields.
Evaluation of False Positive and False Negative Outcomes in NTP Long‐Term Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies

The decision-making process used by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in its evaluation of long-term rodent carcinogenicity studies was investigated to determine whether or not this procedure resulted in an excessive number of false positive or false negative outcomes. All site-specific tumor incidences that were found to be significantly (p 90%) for this target site.
Between Revolution and the Ballot Box: The Origins of the Argentine Radical Party in the 1890s

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The political arena 2. Mounting an opposition 3. The short-lived Union Civica 4. The radicals in action: part I 5. The radicals in action: part II 6. The decline of the Radical Party Conclusion Appendices Bibliography Index.
“Sometimes the Otter and Sometimes the Hound”: Political Power and Legal Legitimacy in American History

concerns, such as anti-Communism, loyalty, and security.""35 Kutler benefited enormously from records made available through the Freedom of Information Act. The American Inquisition affirms the value of this legislation to historical scholarship. These records provide otherwise unavailable insights into the often obscure recesses of government, and in doing so they reveal again and again the disturbing degree to which discretionary power in the hands of persons unchecked in its use promotes injustice. Kutler uses these sources in analyzing eight separate incidents of Cold War political justice. Each chapter is a case study that develops the convergence of personal ambition, the quest to preserve and expand bureaucratic turf, and the sometimes successful checks placed by the Rule of Law on discretionary power. Unlike American Political Trials, Kutler, in assessing the tension between form and substance in political justice, subordinates courtroom maneuvering to a secondary, albeit an often important, part of the legal
The sustainability of bond-financed deficits: An overlapping generations approach ☆

Abstract The last decade has witnessed a dramatic and fundamental shift in the expenditure and taxation policies of many western democracies, a shift unprecedented in peacetime history. Balanced budgets have virtually disappeared from the scene. In their place, deficit financing has arisen as an alternative for many countries, becoming a focus of both professional interest and public debate. The current literature has examined this issue by assessing the likelihood that governments violate their intertemporal budget constraint. This paper takes a different tack. We incorporate permanent fiscal deficits into an overlapping generations model and evaluate the implications. We already know that if the steady-state interest rate is less than the growth rate then permanent deficits are indeed sustainable. However, this is a necessary but not a sufficient condition. In addition, these deficits and the current stock of debt must also not be ‘too big’. We calibrate the model to U.S. data with plausible parameters of taste and technology, derive the theoretical limit to the maximal sustainable deficit implied by this model, and discuss the relevance of our findings for current policy issues.
Mechanism for the growth of multiwalled carbon-nanotubes from carbon black

Multiwalled carbon-nanotubes have been grown from carbon black by solid-state transformation at the anode of a modified high-temperature arc-furnace without a catalyst. A mechanism for the solid-state transformation of carbon black into nanotubes is proposed. The migration of pentagon and heptagon defects present in carbon black to regions of high tensile-stress is key to the growth mechanism. The growth process can be broken into two stages. The basic mechanism for both stages is the same; only the source of the tensile stress that drives the nanotube growth differs. In the initial stage of growth the necks between carbon-black particles are lengthened into short nanotubes by thermal forces. Electrostatic forces present in the plasma of the high-temperature arc-furnace drive the subsequent extension of the short nanotubes to multiple-micron lengths.
Direct Chill Casting of Φ500mm ZK60 Magnesium Alloy Billets under Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field

Effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on surface quality, microstructure and hot-tearing tendency of direct chill casting of Φ500mm ZK60 magnesium alloy billets were investigated. The results show that with the application of the low frequency electromagnetic field, the surface quality of Φ500mm ZK60 magnesium alloy billets has been markedly improved, and the depth of cold fold is decreased. In the conventional direct chill casting, the microstructures of the billet, especially at the center, are coarse. The distribution of the grain size is non-uniform throughout the billet. From the edge to the center, the microstructure gradually changes from fine to coarse in all billets. However, under the low frequency electromagnetic casting, the microstructures of the billet is significantly refined, the distribution of the grains size is relatively uniform from the billets edge to the billets center. And it also shows that the hot-tearing tendency of direct chill casting Φ500mm ZK60 magnesium alloy billets under low frequency electromagnetic field is significantly reduced.
The Support Structure and Sustained Attention to Rights: A Rejoinder

I n his response, Professor Epp defends his support structure thesis claiming that it is a ‘‘necessary condition for sustained judicial attention to civil rights and liberties.’’ He criticizes us for devoting ‘‘most of [our] paper to refuting a thesis that is not mine’’ and for failing to ‘‘take into account the findings of research on the support structure in these countries.’’ Unfortunately, Professor Epp avoids offering a better explanation (or definition) of the support structure mechanism and how one would observe its effects on rights litigation. With this in mind, our rejoinder focuses on two issues: the appropriateness of our time-series analyses and the adequacy of our tests of the necessary but not sufficient condition.
Theoretical Evaluation of the Acoustic Field in an Ultrasonic Bioreactor

Ultrasound-assisted bioreactors that provide mechanical conditioning to cells have broad applicability in tissue engineering, but biological experiments with ultrasound are very sensitive to environmental conditions. A mathematical model was developed to complement experimental measurements, as well as to describe ultrasonic fields existing in regions where measurements are impossible, specifically, within microporous tissue engineering scaffolds. The model uniquely combines Biot theory to predict the ultrasonic field in the scaffold with an electromechanical transducer model to couple the mechanical stimulation experienced by cells to the external electrical input. In the specific example examined here, cells immobilized on scaffolds are subjected to different forms of ultrasonic stimulation due to the formation of standing wave fields and vertical high-pressure bands. The model confirms the sensitivity of the supplied acoustic power to the liquid level in sonobioreactors and identifies the input electrical impedance as a method of detecting resonance effects.
Usefulness of screening cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to detect aortic abnormalities after repair of coarctation of the aorta.

Guidelines recommend screening cardiovascular magnetic resonance (Sc-CMR) imaging for all patients after coarctation of the aorta repair, although there are limited data verifying its clinical utility. Therefore, we sought to assess the value of Sc-CMR in detecting aortic complications and at-risk abnormalities after coarctation of the aorta repair and to identify significant risk factors. We reviewed 76 patients (mean age 31 ± 10 years), including 40 with symptomatically indicated CMR (Sx-CMR) and 36 with Sc-CMR studies. CMR angiograms were evaluated for aortic abnormalities. Recoarctation was defined as residual narrowing/descending aorta at the diaphragm ≤0.5 (at risk ≤0.75), ascending aorta aneurysm as maximum ascending cross-sectional area/height ≥10 (at risk ≥5), and descending aorta aneurysm as maximum descending diameter/descending aorta at the diaphragm ≥1.5 (at risk ≥1.25). Aortic complications or abnormalities were found in 45 patients (59%). No patient met criteria for recoarctation (at risk 10 Sx-CMR vs 5 Sc-CMR). Significant risk factors included heart failure symptoms and female gender (p 50% of patients undergoing Sc-CMR had aortic abnormalities, which was not significantly different from those undergoing Sx-CMR. In particular, Sc-CMR identified descending aorta aneurysms that were not predicted by clinical parameters or echocardiogram.
The CD44 adhesion molecule and metastasis

The family of related cell surface adhesion molecules designated CD44 are multifunctional proteins displayed by a wide variety of normal and malignant tissues. CD44 properties in vitro include hyaluronate-mediated adhesion, motility, hyaluronate degradation, self-aggregation, and adhesion to lymphoid tissue. These properties are among several that are required by invasive and metastatic tumor cells. Several in vivo experiments indicate that tumor cells transfected to overexpress specific CD44 isoforms display an enhancement in metastatic potential. Numerous CD44 isoforms exist as a result of alternative splicing, and specific isoforms enhance tumor cell metastasis more efficiently than others. This suggests that regulation of CD44 alternative splicing is an important determinant of metastatic potential. Several human tumors display specific alterations in CD44 isoform expression, and the extent of clinical disease in specific tumors correlates with the CD44 isoform expression pattern. In this review we analyze these data that suggest that CD44 plays an important role in tumor metastasis.
Supported liquid membranes with strip dispersion for recovery of cephalexin.

Abstract Supported liquid membranes with organic dispersion (SLM-OD) have been proposed and investigated for simultaneous removal and recovery of Cephalexin from aqueous solutions by using the carrier Aliquat 336 and a commercially available hollow-fiber module (HFM). The organic dispersion, formed by dispersing a small amount of organic membrane solution in the feed solution with a mixer, flowed through the shell side of the HFM. Investigated various parameters including organic-to-feed volume ratio, Aliquat 336 concentration, initial Cephalexin concentration, KCl concentration, shell-side organic dispersion flow rate, and lumen-side strip solution flow rate. The mass transfer mechanism of the SLM-OD technique was elucidated, and a mathematical model was developed to calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient. The results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient increased with an increase of organic-to-feed volume ratio or increase of Aliquat 336 concentration, but reduced with the increase of initial Cephalexin concentration. Furthermore, the results indicated that the lumen and shell side flow rates had little effects on mass transfer performance and that an excess amount of KCl was necessary for the facilitated transport. The fractional mass transfer resistances of SLM-OD were calculated based on the resistance-in-series model, showing that the extraction reaction resistance was greatly reduced. In addition, the SLM-OD was shown to be superior to the supported liquid membranes with strip dispersion (SLM-SD) in terms of the improvement of mass transfer performance and the reduced volume requirement of the organic membrane solution.
Cross-validation of techniques for measuring lipid content of bovine oocytes and blastocysts.

Abstract The main objective was to test and validate a fluorescence approach to quantify lipid content of individual bovine oocytes and blastocysts. For Experiment 1, denuded oocytes were evaluated, as well as in vitro-produced blastocysts in a factorial design: cows versus feedlot heifers; three additives during Days 2.5–7.5 of culture (Control; 10% FCS; 0.3 μM phenazine ethosulfate (PES), an electron acceptor that oxidizes NADPH); and two blastocyst stages (early versus expanded). All blastocysts were graded subjectively for darkness (1 = clear … 4 = dark). In Experiment 2, denuded oocytes were used to measure lipid content in a factorial design of: cows versus heifers and four subjective darkness grades (1 = clear … 4 = dark). To quantify lipids, oocytes and 7.5 d blastocysts were fixed and then stained with 1 μg/mL Nile Red dye in mPBS overnight. A digital photograph of the equatorial part of the oocyte and embryo was taken at 200×, and fluorescence intensity (Arbitrary Fluorescence Units, AFU) was measured with Image Pro software. Reverse images of the same photographs were used to count numbers of cytoplasmic lipid droplets of various sizes (LC). The linear regression equation of LC with AFU in oocytes had an r2 = 0.84, and for blastocysts r2 = 0.91. The LC and AFU also had similar coefficients of variation from the ANOVA for blastocysts (38 vs 44%, respectively). Treatment differences were of similar magnitude with both procedures: lipid content in oocytes and blastocysts from heifers and cows was similar (P > 0.1); PES reduced lipid accumulation, and FCS increased it relative to the Control for AFU (18.6 vs 46.6 vs 36.9 units, respectively), and LC (1763 vs 4081 vs 3310, respectively; all, P
New water-soluble phthalocyanines and other terapyrroles for application in photodynamic therapy

The syntheses and properties of novel water-soluble phthalocyanies are reported, as well as new chemistry of tetrabutanoporphyrins aimed at the preparation of new, functionalizable, tribenzoporphyrin systems. The objective of the study is to provide new second-generation photosensitizing drugs, with long-wavelength absorption, for use in the photodynamic therapy of tumors.
Androgens and Bone

Testosterone is the major gonadal sex steroid produced by the testes in men. Testosterone is also produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries in women. The adrenal glands produce the weaker androgens dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and androstenedione. These androgens collectively affect skeletal homeostasis throughout life in both men and women, particularly at puberty and during adult life. Because testosterone can be metabolized to estradiol by the aromatase enzyme, there has been controversy as to which gonadal sex steroid has the greater skeletal effect. The current evidence suggests that estradiol plays a greater role in maintenance of skeletal health than testosterone, but that androgens also have direct beneficial effects on bone. Supraphysiological levels of testosterone likely have similar effects on bone as lower levels via direct interaction with androgen receptors, as well as effects mediated by estrogen receptors after aromatization to estradiol. Whether high doses of synthetic, non-aromatizable androgens may, in fact, be detrimental to bone due to suppression of endogenous testosterone (and estrogen) levels is a potential concern that warrants further study.
An Accurate Quantum Monte Carlo Calculation of the Barrier Height for the Reaction H + H2 → H2 + H

An improved quantum Monte Carlo method has been used to calculate the classical barrier height for the hydrogen exchange reaction H + H(2) --> H(2) + H with accuracies greater than previously attained. The method is exact in that, except for the easily estimated Monte Carlo statistical or sampling error, it requires no mathematical approximations or physical approximations beyond those of the Schrodinger equation. The minimum in the barrier, occurring for the collinear nuclear configuration with the protons separated by 1.757 bohrs, was found to be 9.61 +/- 0.01 kilocalories per mole above H + H(2).
Nationalism, Race, and Gender: The Politics of Family Planning in Zimbabwe, 1957–1990

Nationalists in Zimbabwe opposed family planning when it was introduced in 1957 on the notion that it was a conspiracy to control the Black population. An official policy to reduce African fertility emerged eight years later in 1965 following the unilateral declaration of independence by the White settlers under Ian Smith. Nationalists used propaganda to fight the policy while the facilities which were established under the policy as well as their personnel became military targets during the guerilla war in the late 1970s. The nationalists held their pronatalist position after independence in 1980 but a postwar baby boom during the early 1980s made it clear to officials in charge of economic and social development that society could not sustain such high fertility. The pronatalist policy was therefore reversed and by 1990 Zimbabwe had become an internationally recognized leader of family planning among developing countries. The author notes that these changes occurred without any real input by African women who were generally excluded from power.
Expression of phenotypic traits following modulation of colchicine resistance in J774.2 cells

Development of resistance to colchicine in the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.2 coincides with the expression of a variety of phenotypic traits. A cloned subline (J7/CLC-20), maintained in 20 microM colchicine, exhibits reduced steady-state association with drug, increased presence of a 140,000-145,000 dalton (140-145 kD) phosphoglycoprotein associated with the plasma membrane, double minute chromosomes and cross-resistance to other drugs. While similar phenotypic traits are observed in J774.2 cells resistant to taxol and vinblastine, differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of the resistance-specific glycoproteins in each of the three sublines suggest that multi-drug resistant sublines exhibit specificity for individual drugs. In an attempt to elucidate the relationships between the phenotypic traits associated with colchicine resistance, the degree of colchicine resistance in J7/CLC-20 cells was modulated and the levels of expression of the phenotypic traits were quantitated. In the absence of colchicine in the growth medium, J7/CLC-20 cells reverted to drug sensitivity within 35 days. A decrease in the level of resistance coincided with coordinate changes in both the quantity of the resistance-specific glycoprotein and the average number of double minute chromosomes. We propose that the emergence and disappearance of the resistance-specific glycoprotein and double minute chromosomes may be closely linked. However, J7/CLC-20 cells which had regained their drug sensitivity after growth in drug-free medium maintained a reduced level of steady-state drug association. The persistence of reduced drug association in cells that have reverted to a drug-sensitive state suggests that this phenomenon, although related to colchicine resistance, need not be the primary or only mechanism of drug resistance.
Avian oral pigmentation.

Inspections were made of the oral mucosae in three Lutino parakeets, six Bee Bee parrots, and four Ama­ zons (two Amazona aestiva, or blue-fronted, and two Amazona ochrocephala or yellow-fronte d). Sections of hard palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth were excised from the anesthetized birds, and duplicate specimens placed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. A portion of each specimen was processed for routine paraffin em­ bedding, while the other was treated for dopa enzyme reaction before processing and embedding. The paraffin blocks were cut at 6 microns, and the
An empirical study of the impact of user involvement on system usage and information satisfaction

"User involvement" in information system development is generally considered an important mechanism for improving system quality and ensuring successful system implementation. The common assumption that user involvement leads to system usage and/or information satisfaction is examined in a survey of 200 production managers. Alternative models exploring the causal ordering of the three variables are developed and tested via path analysis. The results demonstrate that user involvement in the development of information systems will enhance both system usage and the user's satisfaction with the system. Further, the study provides evidence that the user's satisfaction with the system will lead to greater system usage.
Femtosecond pulses and laser resonators

In a mode-locked laser, a wave packet of light of transverse dimension of the order of a mm, and longitudinal dimension of only a few micron, travels back and forth in a resonator of the order of one or two meter. It is difficult to conceive why a light bullet, six orders of magnitude shorter than the cavity, would care whether its central wavelength would fit as a sub-multiple of the cavity length. As the length of the resonator changes constantly because of vibrations, thermal drifts, the “central wavelength” of the intracavity fs pulse should also change constantly to follow the cavity resonances. We present evidence that this is indeed the case, and that the micron long wave packet traveling in the cavity does indeed keep record of cavity motion, with subwavelength accuracy. Applications range from distance measurements with a spatial resolution of 0.01 pm, and fs temporal resolution, to inertial navigation (measurement of acceleration and rotation). Stabilization of the mode-locked laser can enhance the resolution of these measurements by at least three orders of magnitude.
Field‐aligned currents in the Jovian magnetosphere: Pioneer 10 and 11

Field-aligned currents, which are known to play an important role in the dynamics of the earth's magnetosphere, would also be expected to flow in the Jovian magnetosphere during magnetically active periods. Such currents are difficult to observe largely because of their limited spatial extent and intermittent nature, but on the Pioneer 11 inbound pass to Jupiter on day 336, 1800 GRT, near the L shell of Ganymede, the helium vector magnetometer recorded a structured perturbation with the characteristic signature of a field-aligned current. No analogous structure was found on a similar Pioneer 10 inbound pass (day 337, 1200 GRT). The perturbation could have been caused by turbulence with the wake of Ganymede through which the spacecraft was moving or the perturbation could represent the first observation of a Jovian substorm. The observations are discussed in terms of both models, and difficulties are examined.
Amino Acid Residue Mutations Uncouple Cooperative Effects inEscherichia coli d-3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase

Abstract d-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli contains two Gly-Gly sequences that occur at junctions between domains. A previous study (Grant, G. A., Xu, X. L., and Hu, Z. (2000)Biochemistry 39, 7316–7319) determined that the Gly-Gly sequence at the junction between the regulatory and substrate binding domain functions as a hinge between the domains. Mutations in this area significantly decrease the ability of serine to inhibit activity but have little effect on the K m andk cat. Conversely, the present study shows that mutations to the Gly-Gly sequence at the junction of the substrate and nucleotide binding domains, which form the active site cleft, have a significant effect on the k cat of the enzyme without substantially altering the enzyme's sensitivity to serine. In addition, mutation of Gly-294, but not Gly-295, has a profound effect on the cooperativity of serine inhibition. Interestingly, even though cooperativity of inhibition can be reduced significantly, there is little apparent effect on the cooperativity of serine binding itself. An additional mutant, G336V,G337V, also reduces the cooperativity of inhibition, but in this case serine binding also is reduced to the point at which it cannot be measured by equilibrium dialysis. The double mutant G294V,G336V demonstrates that strain imposed by mutation at one hinge can be relieved partially by mutation at the other hinge, demonstrating linkage between the two hinge regions. These data show that the two cooperative processes, serine binding and catalytic inhibition, can be uncoupled. Consideration of the allowable torsional angles for the side chains introduced by the mutations yields a range of values for these angles that the glycine residues likely occupy in the native enzyme. A comparison of these values with the torsional angles found for the inhibited enzyme from crystal coordinates provides potential beginning and ending orientations for the transition from active to inhibited enzyme, which will allow modeling of the dynamics of domain movement.
Parental Predivorce Relations and Offspring Postdivorce Well-Being

This 2-part study uses national longitudinal interview data from parents and their adult children to examine the way in which predivorce marital conflict influences the impact of divorce on children. In the 1st study, we find that the dissolution of low-conflict marriages appears to have negative effects on offspring's lives, whereas the dissolution of high-conflict marriages appears to have beneficial effects. The dissolution of low-conflict marriages is associated with the quality of children's intimate relationships, social support from friends and relatives, and general psychological well-being. The 2nd study considers how parents in low-conflict marriages that end in divorce differ from other parents before divorce. We find that low-conflict parents who divorce are less integrated into the community, have fewer impediments to divorce, have more favorable attitudes toward divorce, are more predisposed to engage in risky behavior, and are less likely to have experienced a parental divorce.
Detailed models of the MOVPE process

Abstract We present physicochemical models of the MOVPE process that describe two- and three-dimensional transport phenomena as well as gas-phase and surface reactions underlying the growth of compound semiconductors. Emphasis is placed on understanding the development of fully three-dimensional flows and on the interaction between transport and chemical reaction processes. The first fully three-dimensional finite element computations of non-axisymmetric flows in vertical MOVPE reactors are presented along with a discussion of conditions leading to loss of symmetry in axisymmetric reactor configurations. For horizontal reactors, three-dimensional simulations are used to predict published interference holography observations of cold finger phenomena and to investigate the disappearance of symmetry about the reactor midplane. A detailed kinetic model for epitaxial growth of GaAs from trimethylgallium and arsine is combined with fluid flow and heat transfer models for a typical horizontal MOVPE reactor. The model simulates GaAs growth rates and carbon incorporation trends with temperature, pressure and V/III ratio. The computations show that the wall temperature plays a critical role in controlling uniformity.
Reactions of SiC with H2/H2O/Ar mixtures at 1300 C

Thermochemical modeling anticipates the existence of three reaction regions for the case of a sintered alpha-SiC with 5 percent H2/H2O/Ar at 1300 C, depending on the initial water vapor or, equivalently, oxygen, content of the gas stream. While a high oxygen content leads to SiC-protecting SiO2 surface film formation and limits consumption of the SiC through passive oxidation, intermediate oxygen contents lead to SiO and CO formation and rapid SiC consumption. In this intermediate region, reaction rates appear to be controlled by H2O gas-phase transport to the sample; reacted microstructures exhibit extensive grain-boundary attack in this region. Very low oxygen content is predicted to selectively remove carbon, with free silicon formation.
Determining Bulk Equilibrium Constants for Cluster Formation from Constant NVT Ensemble Simulations at Small N

Abstract Understanding the behavior of systems that display self-assembly or phase nucleation requires calculation of free energies of reversibly associated clusters as a function of number of monomers in the cluster. The law of mass action provides the connection between these free energies and the equilibrium distribution of cluster sizes in a large system via the equilibrium constant for association of monomers into clusters. Direct application of the law of mass action to find these free energies or association constants is only valid for sufficiently large systems, which may be inconvenient to simulate explicitly. This report gives a brief review of some established strategies to find cluster free energies, then highlights a recently developed approach to correlate equilibrium cluster size distributions in small systems with the size-dependent equilibrium constants that can be applied in the bulk. A demonstration of the ability of this approach to predict size distributions of Lennard-Jones clusters in small-system NVT simulations is presented.
Trickling down and scrambling up: The informal sector, food provisioning and local benefits of the Carajás mining “Growth Pole” in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract No empirical study has examined the local benefits of the World Bank-funded, US$3 billion Carajas mining project developed in the early 1980s in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. This study is based on interviews with company and government officials, analysis of government figures, and five small systematic surveys of food marketers and households. It assesses overall local benefits and traces the origins of food consumed at Carajas. The informal sector in Carajas's satellite boom town is examined from both the supply and demand sides: it plays an important role in capturing local “trickle down”, as does the local government. Ranchers and middlemen receive the greatest share of benefits accruing to the local area, while small farmers receive little. Otherwise, most products are imported from outside the region.
A thermodynamic model of The Hg0.8Cd0.2Te‐Iodine Transport System. II. Source material composition within the homogeneity range

The first order approximation model for the computation of diffusion limited mass transport rates for the Hg0.8Cd0.2Te-iodine system, based on Te-saturated source materials [1], was extended to include source compositions within the homogeneity range. This required the consideration of Hg vacancy formation, and the experimental employment of excess elemental mercury in the system. The close agreement between computed and observed (vertical, stabilizing conditions) mass transport rates supports the validity of this model. Ein thermodynamisches Modell des Hg0,8Cd0,2Te-Iod Transportsystems. II. Ausgangsmaterial innerhalb des Homogenitatsbereiches Das Naherungsmodell zur Berechnung von Diffusions-Transportraten des Hg0,8Cd0,2Te-Iod-Systems [1] wurde fur Zusammensetzungen des Ausgangsmaterials innerhalb des Homogenitatsbereiches erweitert. Dazu wurde die Hg-Leerstellenbildung berucksichtigt und experimentell ein Uberschus an elementarem Hg in System benutzt. Die gute Ubereinstimmung von berechneten und beobachteten Transportraten (senkrechte Ampullenstellung, hohere Temperatur oben) bestarkt die Richtigkeit dieses Modells.
Collisional angular-momentum mixing of highly excited Na(n /sup 2/D) states by N/sub 2/ and CO

Cross sections for the collisional l mixing of Na(n/sup 2/D) states from n = 5 to 14 by N/sub 2/ and CO have been measured by time-resolved laser fluorescence and calculated in a two-state approximation by assuming the perturbing gases are spherically symmetric. For both CO and N/sub 2/ the experimental cross sections rise sharply from n = 5 to n = 10 and remain constant for n > 10. The theoretical calculations overestimate the experimental cross sections by a factor of 3 from n = 10 to 12, but are in good agreement for the smaller n values.
Access to renal transplantation in the diabetic population-effect of comorbidities and body mass index.

Background In this study, we hypothesized that higher level of comorbidity and greater body mass index (BMI) may mediate the association between diabetes and access to transplantation. Methods We used data from the United States Renal Data System (01/01/2000–24/09/2007; n = 619 151). We analyzed two outcomes using Cox model: (i) time to being placed on the waiting list or transplantation without being listed and (ii) time to transplantation after being listed. Two primary Cox models were developed based on different levels of adjustment. Results In Cox models adjusted for a priori defined potential confounders, history of diabetes was associated with reduced transplant access (compared with non-diabetic population) – both for wait-listing/transplant without being listed (hazard ratio, HR = 0.80, p < 0.001) and for transplant after being listed (HR = 0.72, p < 0.001). In Cox models adjusted for BMI and comorbidity index along with the potential confounders, history of diabetes was associated with shorter time to wait-listing or transplantation without being listed (HR = 1.07, p < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in time to transplantation after being listed (HR = 1.01, p = 0.42). Conclusion We demonstrated that higher level of comorbidity and greater BMI mediate the association between diabetes and reduced access to transplantation.
Endocrine function in naturally long-living small mammals

The complex, highly integrative endocrine system regulates all aspects of somatic maintenance and reproduction and has been widely implicated as an important determinant of longevity in short-lived traditional model organisms of aging research. Genetic or experimental manipulation of hormone profiles in mice has been proven to definitively alter longevity. These hormonally induced lifespan extension mechanisms may not necessarily be relevant to humans and other long-lived organisms that naturally show successful slow aging. Long-lived species may have evolved novel anti-aging defenses germane to naturally retarding the aging process. Here, we examine the available endocrine data associated with the vitamin D, insulin, glucocorticoid and thyroid endocrine systems of naturally long-living small mammals. Generally, long-living rodents and bats maintain tightly regulated lower basal levels of these key pleiotropic hormones than shorter lived rodents. Similarities with genetically manipulated long-lived rodent models of aging suggest that evolutionary well-conserved hormonal mechanisms are integrally involved in lifespan determination.
The Matilda Effect in Science Communication: An Experiment on Gender Bias in Publication Quality Perceptions and Collaboration Interest

An experiment with 243 young communication scholars tested hypotheses derived from role congruity theory regarding impacts of author gender and gender typing of research topics on perceived quality of scientific publications and collaboration interest. Participants rated conference abstracts ostensibly authored by females or males, with author associations rotated. The abstracts fell into research areas perceived as gender-typed or gender-neutral to ascertain impacts from gender typing of topics. Publications from male authors were associated with greater scientific quality, in particular if the topic was male-typed. Collaboration interest was highest for male authors working on male-typed topics. Respondent sex did not influence these patterns.
Practical exhaustive optimization phase order exploration and evaluation

Choosing the most appropriate optimization phase ordering has been a long-standing problem in compiler optimizations. Exhaustive evaluation of all possible orderings of optimization phases for each function is generally dismissed as infeasible for production-quality compilers targeting accepted benchmarks. In this article, we show that it is possible to exhaustively evaluate the optimization phase order space for each function in a reasonable amount of time for most of the functions in our benchmark suite. To achieve this goal, we used various techniques to significantly prune the optimization phase order search space so that it can be inexpensively enumerated in most cases and reduce the number of program simulations required to evaluate program performance for each distinct phase ordering. The techniques described are applicable to other compilers in which it is desirable to find the best phase ordering for most functions in a reasonable amount of time. We also describe some interesting properties of the optimization phase order space, which will prove useful for further studies of related problems in compilers.
Analysis of magnesium from magnesium stearate in pharmaceutical tablet formulations using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with nano quantity analyte detection

This study demonstrates the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with a nano quantity analyte detector for the retention, separation and detection of magnesium from magnesium stearate in tablet formulations for a drug product formulation blend containing a hydrochloride salt of a weakly basic compound as the active ingredient. The nano quantity analyte detector can provide direct detection of inactive excipients and inorganic salts lacking ultraviolet chromophores, as well as, all non-volatile compounds. The separation was accomplished using a SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column and mobile phase consisting of 32.5:32.5:35 of acetone/methanol/ammonium formate buffer (150 mM, pH 4.5). Common validation parameters were evaluated to assess the method's quantitative potential for magnesium (from magnesium stearate) including: linearity, accuracy, specificity, solution stability, repeatability, and intermediate precision. Overall, the method described in this report proved to be very robust and represents a novel technique to conveniently separate and detect magnesium from magnesium stearate in pharmaceutical preparations both quickly and accurately.