cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent studies indicate that major structures in northeastern Nevada and the Golconda thrust in north-central Nevada are of Jurassic or Cretaceous age

Geologic mapping recently completed in four areas of northeastern Nevada indicates that major folds and thrusts are of post-Early Triassic age and probably are Jurassic or Cretaceous. Previously published data for northeastern Nevada lead to, or permit, the same conclusion. Basinal deposits of Early Triassic age in the northern Adobe Range are easterly derived clay and carbonate. The apparent lack of westerly derived siliceous orogenic sediments of Sonoma age (Late Permian to Early Triassic) suggests that the Sonoma orogeny took place at some unknown location far from northeastern Nevada and that rocks deformed then, the Golconda allochthon, were emplaced in northern Nevada at a later date.
The Effects of Problem‐Solving Training on Adolescents' Career Exploration and Career Decision Making

Of three career guidance methods, namely guided field trips, cognitive, and behavioral problem-solving training, the latter had more influence on 11th graders' career exploratory and career decision making behaviors.
Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World

“Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is an up-to-date introduction to the language of patients with non-fluent aphasia. Recent research in languages other than English has challenged our old descriptions of aphasia syndromes: while their patterns can be recognized across languages, the structure of each language has a profound effect on the symptoms of aphasic speech. However, the basic linguistic concepts needed to understand these effects in languages other than English have rarely been part of the training of the clinician. “Non-fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” introduces these concepts plainly and concretely, in the context of dozens of examples from the narratives and conversations of patients speaking most of the major languages of Europe, North America and Asia. Linguistic and clinical terms are carefully defined and kept as theory neutral as possible. “Non-Fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World” is especially useful for speech-language pathologists whose patients are immigrants and guestworkers, and for the clinician who must deal creatively with the challenges of providing aphasia diagnosis and therapy in a multicultural, multidialectical setting.
Computerized symbolic manipulation in structural mechanics—Progress and potential

Status and recent applications of computerized symbolic manipulation to structural mechanics problems are summarized. The applications discussed include; (1) generation of characteristic arrays of finite elements; (2) evaluation of effective stiffness and mass coefficients of continuum models for repetitive lattice structures; and (3) application of Rayleigh-Ritz technique to free vibration analysis of laminated composite elliptic plates. The major advantages of using computerized symbolic manipulation in each of these applications are outlined. A number of problem areas which limit the realization of the full potential of computerized symbolic manipulation in structural mechanics are examined and some of the means of alleviating them are discussed.
The Role of the Merrifield Solid Phase Method in the Discovery and Exploration of a New Class of Selective Vasopressin Hypotensive Agonists

The Merrifield solid phase method (MSPM) has been of inestimable value in studies aimed at the design of selective agonists and antagonists of the V1a (vascular), V1b (pituitary), V2 (renal) and OT (uterine) receptors for vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT). Here we describe how, 40 years after the landmark syntheses of oxytocin and vasopressin by Vincent du Vigneaud and colleagues, it led to the discovery of a new class of vasopressin agonists which exhibit selective hypotensive activity. We also point to the role of serendipity in this discovery. We furthermore show how the MSPM has been of inestimable value in facilitating a rapid and comprehensive structure activity study of the lead hypotensive peptide: d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2,Arg3,Val4]AVP (A) giving rise to d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Pri)2,Arg3,Val4,Lys7,Eda9]LVP (B) which exhibits a 30-fold enhancement in vasodepressor potency relative to (A). Here, we also report a structure activity study of (B) with single modifications at position 3 (Lys, Nar) and 4 (Cha, Nle, Leu, Abu, Nva, Thr, Har) and combined modifications at positions 3 and 9 (Nar and EdaG) and 7 and 9 (Arg and Eda ← retro Tyr). All modifications of (B) are well tolerated with good retention of vasodepressor potency. These findings offer promising clues to the design of more potent VP hypotensive agonists and of critically needed antagonists of the putative VP vasodilating receptor. The Merrifield Solid Phase Method will continue to play a pivotal role in these studies.
An overview of MIMO-oriented channel access in wireless networks

The integration of MIMO technology in WLANs has recently been the locus of extensive research. The main objectives of this technology are to improve channel reuse and or reduce energy consumption. In this article, we give an overview of MIMO systems and their use in WLANs. We highlight the different types of gains that MIMO offers and then discuss some of the work that has been done on MAC design. We conclude by outlining several open issues thai must be addressed for MIMO-based systems.
MixGF: spectral probabilities for mixture spectra from more than one peptide

In large-scale proteomic experiments, multiple peptide precursors are often cofragmented simultaneously in the same mixture tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrum. These spectra tend to elude current computational tools because of the ubiquitous assumption that each spectrum is generated from only one peptide. Therefore, tools that consider multiple peptide matches to each MS/MS spectrum can potentially improve the relatively low spectrum identification rate often observed in proteomics experiments. More importantly, data independent acquisition protocols promoting the cofragmentation of multiple precursors are emerging as alternative methods that can greatly improve the throughput of peptide identifications but their success also depends on the availability of algorithms to identify multiple peptides from each MS/MS spectrum. Here we address a fundamental question in the identification of mixture MS/MS spectra: determining the statistical significance of multiple peptides matched to a given MS/MS spectrum. We propose the MixGF generating function model to rigorously compute the statistical significance of peptide identifications for mixture spectra and show that this approach improves the sensitivity of current mixture spectra database search tools by a ≈30–390%. Analysis of multiple data sets with MixGF reveals that in complex biological samples the number of identified mixture spectra can be as high as 20% of all the identified spectra and the number of unique peptides identified only in mixture spectra can be up to 35.4% of those identified in single-peptide spectra.
Change of microplankton community structure in response to fertilization of an arctic lake

Microplankton in an oligotrophic arctic lake were assessed by direct counts for one summer prior to nutrient additions and three summers during which inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to the lake at approximately ten times ambient loading rates. Protozoa increased significantly in both number and biomass following fertilization, and community structure changed from dominance by oligotrichs prior to fertilization to dominance by the bacterivorous peritrich Epistylis rotans in the second and third years of fertilization. Rotifer abundance and biomass was not significantly different among summers, although one species, Conochilus natans that had not been seen previously, was present during the second and third year of fertilization. By the third year of fertilization both protozoan and rotifer biomass had declined from peak levels, while crustacean zooplankton nauplius abundance had increased suggesting the emergence of top-down regulatory controls as the lake became eutrophic.
Structural characterization and sequence distributions of polysiloxanes using pyrolysis MS/MS.

Abstract Novel polysiloxanes, with 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine substituents, are characterized by pyrolysis tandem mass spectrometry. These polymers form abundant cyclic oligomeric ions under both desorption electron ionization (DEI) and desorption chemical ionization (DCI) conditions. Product MS/MS spectra of the cyclic ions reveal characteristic fragmentations under low energy collision activated dissociation. Protonated cyclic oligomers higher than the pentamer are mainly due to the proton bound dimers of lower oligomeric units. The cyclic oligomers are shown to have proton affinities greater than 1000 kJ/mole. It is proposed that thermal depolymerization occurs through an intramolecular siloxane bond rearrangement, which is in agreement with a previously proposed “loop mechanism”. Markovian statistical calculations are applied to the DCI mass spectral data in order to determine the sequence distribution of siloxane copolymers. Application of this method show that the monomers in the copolymers examined are non-randomly distributed.
Constant output noise temperature of the superconducting quasiparticle mixer

The output noise temperature, rather than the standard input noise temperature, is shown to be the fundamental measure of the shot noise of the superconducting (SIS) quasiparticle mixer. This conclusion is based on extensive numerical computations of the properties of optimized SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) receivers and also on analytic calculations with separate consideration of correlated and uncorrelated noise sources. The quantum theory of mixing is used to derive a simple analytic expression for the mixer output noise which is independent of frequency, and qualitatively explains the dependence of the output temperature on each of the receiver's operating parameters. The derivation leads to a novel understanding of the SIS mixer which, distinguishes between its correlated and uncorrelated noise sources. The authors predict T(receiver)=2*T(mixer) for many SIS receivers. Numerous experiments substantiate the analysis. >
Implicit solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a non-staggered grid

Abstract This paper presents an implicit procedure for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. The time dependent momentum equations are solved implicitly for the velocity field using the approximate factorization technique. The continuity equation is satisfied at each time step through the solution of a Poisson type equation for the static pressure. A consistent finite-difference scheme which satisfies the compatibility condition using a non-staggered grid is used in the finite difference approximation of the static pressure Poisson equation. The results of the numerical computations in a driven cavity, which are presented for the history of the residues, at several Reynolds numbers using different computational parameters, demonstrate the excellent convergence characteristics of the solution procedure. A stability analysis is conducted for the non-iterative phase and numerical results are presented for a given set of compational parameters. Numerical results obtained for the steady state static pressure in the driven cavity are presented for the first time at Re =1000 using a non-staggered grid, and the steady state velocity, vorticity, and pressure contours at Re = 100, 400, and 1000, are compared with the computational results of other investigators. Additional results using a curvilinear grid are also presented for the flow in a cascade of circular airfoils at Re = 1000.
Selective Patronage and Social Justice: Local Food Consumer Campaigns in Historical Context

In the early 2000s, the development of local food systems in advanced industrial countries has expanded beyond creation and support of farmers' markets and community supported agriculture farms and projects to include targeted Buy Local Food campaigns. Non-governmental groups in many U.S. places and regions have launched such campaigns with the intent of motivating and directing consumers toward more local food purchasing in general. This article examines the current manifestations and possibilities for social justice concerns in Buy Local Food campaigns, by considering them within the more general category of "selective patronage" campaigns. Historical campaign examples, such as Buy Union, Buy American, and Buy Black campaigns, offer instructive comparisons to contemporary consumer campaigns promoting local food. Through examining the construction of threats, intended beneficiaries, products to be avoided, and those to be preferentially selected, the paper demonstrates how selective patronage campaigns have emphasized social justice needs and concerns for designated groups in ways that have been potentially exclusionary of other disadvantaged groups and thus undermining of social justice more broadly. As a contemporary instance of "selective patronage," Buy Local Food campaigns exhibit similar contradictory impulses, which are intensified by the conceptual and practical pitfalls in designating "local." The article concludes by considering how the challenges and prospects for commitments to social justice in local food consumer campaigns reinforce the importance of emerging initiatives centered on domestic fair trade.
Nonrandom clustering of adverse reactions to iodinated radiographic contrast media used for computed tomography

Abstract A study of 6,453 patients receiving sequential iodine contrast injections for computed tomography brain scans showed a 3.3% incidence of “adverse” reactions but a 30% increased risk of reaction if the previous patient also experienced a reaction. The observed nonrandom clustering of the reactions suggests that there may be a preventable chemical or physical cause, unrelated to patient “allergy.”
Aerosol size distributions obtained by inversion of spectral optical depth measurements

Columnar aerosol size distributions have been inferred by numerically inverting particulate optical depth measurements as a function of wavelength. An inversion formula which explicitly includes the magnitude of the measurement variances is derived and applied to optical depth measurements obtained in Tucson with a solar radiometer. It is found that the individual size distributions of the aerosol particles (assumed spherical), at least for radii greater than or approximately equal to 0.1 micron, fall into one of three distinctly different categories. Approximately 50% of all distributions examined thus far can best be represented as a composite of a Junge distribution plus a distribution of relatively monodispersed larger particles centered at a radius of about 0.5 micron. Scarcely 20% of the distributions yielded Junge size distributions, while 30% yielded relatively monodispersed distributions of the log-normal or gamma distribution types. A representative selection of each of these types will be presented and discussed. The sensitivity of spectral attenuation measurements to the radii limits and refractive index assumed in the numerical inversion will also be addressed.
A straw drift chamber spectrometer for studies of rare kaon decays

We describe the design, construction, readout, tests, and performance of planar drift chambers, based on 5-mm-diameter copperized Mylar and Kapton straws, used in an experimental search for rare kaon decays. The experiment took place in the high-intensity neutral beam at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron of Brookhaven National Laboratory, using a neutral beam stop, two analyzing dipoles, and redundant particle identification to remove backgrounds.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Postpartum Obsessions and Compulsions That Involve Infant Harm

For women who develop intrusive thoughts of harming their infants and rituals that result in avoidance of their babies, differential diagnosis includes postpartum major mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychosis with infanticidal thoughts. Rapid onset in the postpartum period of anxiety and obsession is common. Insight into the obsessive unreality of rituals to avoid harm is a key diagnostic feature. Treatment includes serotonergic drugs, psychoeducation to help the woman understand that she is unlikely to harm her infant, and exposure with response prevention therapy.
September 11 Victims, Random Events, and the Ethics of Compensation

The authors focus on a relatively unexplored aspect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks—the extent to which it was ethically appropriate to compensate victims of that tragedy, especially in comparison to victims of other unfortunate events. After providing back-ground on federal disaster and victim compensation policies, the authors offer a set of principles for determining when the government should provide direct reimbursement to victims for losses incurred, drawing on both deontological and utilitarian reasoning. The authors then apply these standards to the September 11 attacks and other unfortunate events such as the Oklahoma City bombing.
Tunable side coupled Silicon photonic crystal micro-cavities

We experimentally demonstrate the potential for using micro-cavities coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide as an optically tunable wavelength filter or modulator. This scheme is capable of giga-hertz speeds and low operating power.
Eccentric Plantar-Flexor Torque Deficits in Participants With Functional Ankle Instability

Abstract Context: Inversion ankle sprains can lead to a chronic condition called functional ankle instability (FAI). Limited research has been reported regarding isokinetic measures for the plantar...
Does Simvastatin Cause More Myotoxicity Compared with Other Statins

Objective:To review the literature regarding statins and myotoxicity and evaluate these data to determine whether incidence rates are higher with simvastatin.Data Sources:Literature was identified from a search of MEDLINE (1966–August 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2009), as well as references of selected articles. Key search terms included the names of individual statins, rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, myalgia, myotoxicity, statins, and drug interactions.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language articles discussing statin-related myotoxicity and relevant drug interactions that involved human subjects were examined.Data Synthesis:Simvastatin is a commonly prescribed, moderately potent statin. Recent evidence suggests that the risk of severe muscle toxicity with simvastatin may be higher than that with other statins, particularly when used in combination with cytochrome P450 isoenzyme inhibitors. However, the lack of direct comparative clinical trials assessing the ...
The tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) to granodiorite–granite (GG) transition in the late Archean plutonic rocks of the central Wyoming Province

The 2.95–2.82 Ga quartzofeldspathic gneisses and granitoids in the Bighorn, western Owl Creek, and northeastern Wind River uplifts in the central Wyoming Province include low-K tonalite–trondhjemit...
A Mechanism for Online Diagnosis of Hard Faults in Microprocessors

We develop a microprocessor design that tolerates hard faults, including fabrication defects and in-field faults, by leveraging existing microprocessor redundancy. To do this, we must: detect and correct errors, diagnose hard faults at the field deconfigurable unit (FDU) granularity, and deconfigure FDUs with hard faults. In our reliable microprocessor design, we use DIVA dynamic verification to detect and correct errors. Our new scheme for diagnosing hard faults tracks instructions' core structure occupancy from decode until commit. If a DIVA checker detects an error in an instruction, it increments a small saturating error counter for every FDU used by that instruction, including that DIVA checker. A hard fault in an FDU quickly leads to an above-threshold error counter for that FDU and thus diagnoses the fault. For deconfiguration, we use previously developed schemes for functional units and buffers, and we present a scheme for deconfiguring DIVA checkers. Experimental results show that our reliable microprocessor quickly and accurately diagnoses each hard fault that is injected and continues to function, albeit with somewhat degraded performance.
Material flow analysis of automotive assembly plants using FactoryFlow

When designing a new assembly plant or retrofitting an existing plant, it is critical to determine where all the materials will be received, stored and used. Variable width and color material flow diagrams created by FactoryFLOW are especially useful for presenting this information. FactoryFLOW automatically finds the shortest route from origin to destination along an aisle network for all materials/parts involved. Once routes are determined. FactoryFLOW draws the routes, outputs travel distances, times, and costs to report files and scales the thickness of flow lines according to the flow intensity of each part. The input data required by FactoryFLOW is the kind of basic from-to information typically already available in a database or spreadsheet. Among other output reports, FactoryFLOW generates detailed reports on manpower requirements by equipment type. FactoryFLOW's from-to chart shows the flow intensities and distances between ail from-to locations analyzed. The distance intensity chart plots each part's move intensity against its travel distance on an X-Y graph. With the help of powerful personal computer systems and user friendly graphical environments, material flow studies of over 10,000 parts within facilities of over 5 million square feet can be accomplished by a novice user in under an hour.
Who are we---now?

Considerable progress has been made toward the formation of a computing profession since we started tracking it in this column a decade ago.
Thevenin decomposition and large-scale optimization

The Thevenin theorem, one of the most celebrated results of electric circuit theory, provides a two-parameter characterization of the behavior of an arbitrarily large circuit, as seen from two of its terminals. We interpret the theorem as a sensitivity result in an associated minimum energy/network flow problem, and we abstract its main idea to develop a decomposition method for convex quadratic programming problems with linear equality constraints, of the type arising in a variety of contexts such as the Newton method, interior point methods, and least squares estimation. Like the Thevenin theorem, our method is particularly useful in problems involving a system consisting of several subssystems, connected to each other with a small number of coupling variables.
Inhibition of the hypocalcemic action of thyrocalcitonin by theophylline and isoproterenol.

In intact rats, fed a low calcium ration for 4 days, pretreatment with theophylline or isoproterenol inhibited the fall in serum calcium which usually follows the administration of porcine thyrocalcitonin. Neither drug by itself had a detectable effect on serum calcium. In rats parathyroidectomized 4 days prior to testing, the drugs had a hypercalcemic effect which was inhibited by administration of thyrocalcitonin. Both drugs also inhibited the hypocalcemic action of endogenous thyrocalcitonin which is released after hot wire cautery of the thyroid glands. Simultaneous administration of low doses of parathyroid extract and theophylline, each of which had a small hypercalcemic effect in parathyroidectomized rats, resulted in an increase in serum calcium greater than that produced by either agent alone. (Endocrinology 82: 468, 1968)
Thin-film coupled fluid-solid analysis of flow through the Ahmed glaucoma drainage device.

The Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) is a popular glaucoma drainage device, allowing maintenance of normal intraocular pressure in patients with reduced trabecular outflow facility. The uniquely attractive feature of the AGV, in contrast to other available drainage devices, is its variable resistance in response to changes in flow rate. As a result of this variable resistance, the AGV maintains a pressure drop between 7 and 12 mm Hg for a wide range of aqueous humor flow rates. In this paper, we demonstrate that the nonlinear behavior of the AGV is a direct result of the flexibility of the valve material. Due to the thin geometry of the system, the leaflets of the AGV were modeled using the von Karman plate theory coupled to a Reynolds lubrication theory model of the aqueous humor flow through the valve. The resulting two-dimensional coupled steady-state partial differential equation system was solved by the finite element method. The Poisson's ratio of the valve was set to 0.45, and the modulus was regressed to experimental data, giving a best-fit value 4.2 MPa. Simulation results compared favorably with previous experimental studies and our own pressure-drop/flow-rate data. For an in vitro flow of 1.6 microL/min, we calculated a pressure drop of 5.8 mm Hg and measured a pressure drop of 5.2 +/- 0.4 mm Hg. As flow rate was increased, pressure drop rose in a strongly sublinear fashion, with a flow rate of 20 microL/min giving a predicted pressure drop of only 10.9 mm Hg and a measured pressure drop of 10.5 +/- 1.1 mm Hg. The AGV model was then applied to simulate in vivo conditions. For an aqueous humor flow rate of 1.5-3.0 microL/min, the calculated pressure drops were 5.3 and 6.3 mm Hg.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis. XXVIII. Synthesis and characterization of alternating block copolymers and polyformals of polyisobutylene and aromatic polyether sulfone

Alternating—i.e., -(A-B)n- type—block copolymers of polyisobutylene (PIB) and aromatic polyether sulfone (PSU) have been prepared by phase transfer catalyzed Williamson polyetherification of α,ω-di(phenol)PIB with α,ω-di(chloroallyl)- or -(bromobenzyl)PSU. Block copolymers of the two prepolymers were also synthesized by the phase transfer catalyzed polyetherification of methylene chloride with α,ω-di(phenol)PIB and α,ω-di(phenol)PSU (bisphenol-A-terminated PSU). This method leads to -[(A)x-(B)y]n- block copolymers with formal linkages between segments. At sufficiently high segment lengths, both types of block copolymers exhibit two distinct Tgs, indicating phase separation into rubbery PIB and glassy PSU domains.
Layered and homogeneous films of aluminum and aluminum/silicon with titanium and tungsten for multilevel interconnects

Layered structures and homogeneous alloy films synthesized by sputter deposition were investigated for use in a VLSI multilevel interconnect technology. Major areas studied include hillock formation, resistivity before and after annealing, film composition and structure, reproducibility, interlevel shorts, and dry etching. It has been demonstrated in this work that aluminum alloyed with silicon and titanium and layered with titanium offers advantages over current technological materials for interconnections in integrated circuits. Measurements of surface roughness and electrical shorts between two levels of metal showed that the hillock densities in the films are significantly reduced when small amounts (one to three atomic percent) of titanium and silicon are present. The resistivity of such homogeneous films, however, is 4.5 to 5.5 µΩ.cm, which is higher than standard metallization alloys. When Al/Si was layered with Ti, no hillocks were observed and the resistivity of the composite films was comparable to standard metallization alloys.
Radiation modes and tilted fiber gratings

Scattering from tilted fiber gratings into free space is useful in various filtering and monitoring applications. We develop a waveguide-scattering analysis based on the coupled-mode theory and new sets of radiation modes that resemble the HE and EH guided modes of an optical fiber. By simplifying the calculation of modal coupling coefficients and the scattered field, this approach allows us to verify the results from free-space perturbation models such as the volume-current method. The HE and EH radiation modes defined here are suitable for scattering analysis of cylindrical waveguides in general.
“Task-Oriented” Exercise Improves Hamstring Strength and Spastic Reflexes in Chronic Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose—Despite the belief that after cerebral infarction only limited functional gains are possible beyond the subacute period, we tested the hypothesis that a 12-week program of “t...
Testing Colour Proportions of M&Ms

Summary We test the claimed colour proportions of plain M&M's candies using Pearson's x2 statistic. The null distribution of this statistic is examined through a Minitab simulation.
Circuit Model for Characterizing the Nearly Linear Behavior of Avalanche Diodes in Amplifier Circuits

A nonlinear circuit model for avalanche diodes is proposed. The model was derived by assuming that the bias dependence of the elements in a known small-signal equivalent-circuit model for existing diodes arises in a manner consistent with the theory of an idealized "Read-type" device. The model contains a nonlinear RL branch, a controlled source, and a linear depletion capacitance. The model is used in the nearly linear sense to predict intermodulation distortion (IMD) and gain compression in avalanche diode amplifiers. Computed results for amplifiers with existing diodes are shown to be in good agreement with experiment.
Species Delimitation Using Bayes Factors: Simulations and Application to the Sceloporus scalaris Species Group (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae)

Current molecular methods of species delimitation are limited by the types of species delimitation models and scenarios that can be tested. Bayes factors allow for more flexibility in testing non-nested species delimitation models and hypotheses of individual assignment to alternative lineages. Here, we examined the efficacy of Bayes factors in delimiting species through simulations and empirical data from the Sceloporus scalaris species group. Marginal-likelihood scores of competing species delimitation models, from which Bayes factor values were compared, were estimated with four different methods: harmonic mean estimation (HME), smoothed harmonic mean estimation (sHME), path-sampling/thermodynamic integration (PS), and stepping-stone (SS) analysis. We also performed model selection using a posterior simulation-based analog of the Akaike information criterion through Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis (AICM). Bayes factor species delimitation results from the empirical data were then compared with results from the reversible-jump MCMC (rjMCMC) coalescent-based species delimitation method Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP *BEAST; BPP incomplete lineage sorting; marginal-likelihood estimation; Mexico; model choice.)
Drought-Induced Warming in the Continental United States under Different SST Regimes

Abstract The U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (U.S. CLIVAR) Drought Working Group (DWG) recently performed a series of experiments in which a number of AGCMs were forced with different leading patterns of global SST variability. These experiments provide a unique opportunity to examine how different SST regimes affect temperature over the continental United States. Herein, the focus is on a particular aspect of June–August (JJA) near-surface air temperature: the temperature during relatively dry years for a given SST regime. For most of the models participating in the DWG experiments, a cold Pacific produces greater warming in the central United States during relatively dry years than a warm Pacific does for the following two separate reasons: (i) the cold Pacific leads on average, across all years, to drier conditions, and (ii) the particular evaporation regime induced by the cold Pacific enhances the impact of evaporation feedback on temperature, that is, the sensitivity of temperature to wit...
Erratum to: An updated genome annotation for the model marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3

After publication of this study [1], the authors noticed that the reference numbers given in the original version of the Additional file 1: Table S1 were incorrect. The corrected Additional file 1: Table S1 can be found below:
On a theorem of Jacobson

Sometimes, even a simple algebra problem can be the source of a design exercise. In this note we consider the design of a proof of the commutativity of an algebraic ring, provided that x 3 = x for every element x in the ring.
Professional Development for Chinese University Leaders: Collaboration, Not Competition

While universities compete for students, resources, and prestige in the global economy, they can also collaborate to mutual advantage. One aspect of global collaboration in the higher education arena is professional development for university leaders on campuses abroad. Many U.S. universities, as well as those in other countries, have hosted programs for university leaders from the People’s Republic of China. This chapter reports on the long-time collaboration between the Chinese Ministry of Education and the University of Michigan (UM) to provide training for the leaders of top-ranked Chinese institutions as they build world-class research universities. It describes the best practices that have evolved over time for hosting international professional development programs, and it explains the “elasticity” of the UM program—i.e. that it is tailored to the Chinese cultural context and reflects the specific needs of program participants—which helps Chinese leaders adapt what they learn to the realities of their own campuses.
FragariaCyc: A Metabolic Pathway Database for Woodland Strawberry Fragaria vesca

FragariaCyc is a strawberry-specific cellular metabolic network based on the annotated genome sequence of Fragaria vesca L. ssp. vesca, accession Hawaii 4. It was built on Pathway-Tools platform using MetaCyc as the reference. The experimental evidences from published literature were used for supporting/editing existing entities and for the addition of new pathways, enzymes, reactions, compounds, and small molecules in the database. To date, FragariaCyc comprises 66 super-pathways, 488 unique pathways, 2,348 metabolic reactions, 3,507 enzymes, and 2,134 compounds. In addition to searching and browsing FragariaCyc, researchers can compare pathways across various plant metabolic networks and analyze their data using Omics Viewer tool. We view FragariaCyc as a resource for the community of researchers working with strawberry and related fruit crops. It can help understanding the regulation of overall metabolism of the strawberry plant during development and in response to diseases and abiotic stresses. FragariaCyc is available online at http://pathways.cgrb.oregonstate.edu.
Hard Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites

Many high performance permanent magnets are nanostructured materials. The magnetic properties of nanoparticles are discussed in terms of characteristic length scales, including the maximum monodomain size and the exchange length. Experimental results for ball milled SmCo5 nanoparticles are presented, showing deviations from idealized behavior. Because of the short exchange length, this can be understood in terms of independent nucleation of reverse domains in grains within larger particles. With a much longer exchange length, FeCo alloy nanoparticles show reduced coercivity in a high density compact, in accordance with the random anisotropy model. The SmCo5 and FeCo nanoparticles were mixed and compacted in an attempt to make an exchange spring nanocomposite. However, significant exchange between the hard and soft phases was not observed because the sample density was too low. Processing considerations for improved co-compaction of these nanoparticles are discussed.
Sex ratios in extant ungulates: products of contemporary predation or past life histories?

Variation in mammalian adult sex ratios (ASR) is striking both within and among species. Darwin (1871) originally suggested that causes of variation included competition among males for females and predation. He also recognized that intensity of competition might be greater in species adorned with secondary sexual traits. Assuming that sexual dimorphism is a reasonable indicator of intrasexual competition, we predicted that ASR would become increasingly skewed among dimorphic species and this pattern would be exacerbated by the intensity of predation. With effects of common ancestry removed by computing phylogenetically independent contrasts, we failed to detect strong relationships between ASR and either sexual dimorphism or body mass of males or females. Presence of predators also had no consistent effect on these broader patterns, and even within Cervidae and Bovidae, there was not a solid relationship between dimorphism and ASR. The only generalized pattern that emerged was that males were killed disproportional to their abundance (74% of 31 species). However, differences between live and killed sex ratios in a population were not correlated with female or male body mass or sexual dimorphism. Our results suggest that relationships between sexual dimorphism and mortality are not as straightforward as presumed. Nevertheless, at a proximate level, predation directly affects patterns of sex ratio variation among adult ungulates, but differences in survival of sexes may arise as a direct consequence of greater age-specific mortality among males, for which the ultimate cause is likely to be selection operating differently on males and females. A challenge for the future lies not so much in the separation of proximate from ultimate factors but in evaluating what, if any, life-history traits predispose sexes to differential mortality and the extent to which predation may shape these characteristics.
Power and solidarity in the Korean language

Abstract This paper reveals the structural and sociolinguistic changes of Korean speech styles, relating them to the fact that in Korean society ‘power’ and formality have been giving way to ‘solidarity’ and informality. A sociolinguistically revealing analysis of the structure and usage of the Korean speech styles (or levels) is proposed, as against the traditional, one‐dimensional and purely linguistic analysis. Finally, the paper claims that the present Korean society is a mixture of a traditional vertical social structure with a Western horizontal structure superimposed, as reflected in the Korean sociolinguistic dynamic.
Cadmium Sulfide Films Deposited by Cw Laser Evaporation Technique

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin films had been fabricated by a laser deposition technique. Our previous results indicated that the hexagonal structured films could be formed at a substrate temperature of 400 C or higher. Reducing the temperature to 200 C or lower, cubic dominant films had been fabricated. To further understand the effects of other deposition parameters, CdS films were deposited at 30 C in this study. Crystal structures of the films were analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was found that the processing windows for the cubic films were very limited. As revealed by optical transmission measurements, the optical absorption edge of the cubic film was different from that of the hexagonal film.
Mechanism of the ultrasonic modulation of fluorescence in turbid media

The interaction of a focused ultrasound beam with fluorescent molecules excited by a modulated light source was investigated. Components with new frequencies occur because of nonlinear interactions and can be used for lifetime imaging.
Phase Equilibria and Ordering in the System ZrO2‐Y2O3

The phase diagram for the system ZrO/sub 2/--Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was redetermined. The extent of the fluorite-type ZrO/sub 2/--Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ solid solution field was determined with a high-temperature x-ray furnace, precise lattice parameter measurements, and a hydrothermal technique. Long range ordering occurred at 40 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and the corresponding ordered phase was Zr/sub 3/Y/sub 4/O/sub 12/. The compound has rhombohedral symmetry (space group R3), is isostructural with UY/sub 6/O/sub 12/, and decomposes above 1250 +- 50/sup 0/C. The results indicate that the eutectoid may occur at a temperature <400/sup 0/C at a composition between 20 and 30 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Determination of the liquidus line indicated a eutectic at 83 +- 1 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and a peritectic at 76 +- 1 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/.
Considerations of pharma-toxicology study evaluations for new fixed dose liporegulators

The non-clinical programs will vary depending on the characteristics of the components when developing a fixed combination.Some considerations of pharma-toxicology study evaluations for new fixed dose liporegulators were discussed in this paper,including the research intention,characteristics of the single components,the indications and the subjects of the developing combinations.
"Proper” Profiles. On Facebook’s investment in the autobiographical genre

The term “Fake profile” was invented by the press to designate Facebook-profiles that do not represent the life of their authors, but are instead used for depictions of alter egos or fictional characters. The following article investigates how the term “Fake profile” introduces a genre-designation that causes its alleged opposite, the “proper” profile to emerge. Put in conversation with Jacques Derrida’s discussion of the law of genre and Michel Foucault’s questioning of the referential function of the name of the author it becomes apparent, that the difference between “fake” and “proper” cannot be sustained; the signature of the author does not stabilize the relationship between the writer and the contents of the written text. It is ironically the company’s own attempt to guarantee the “authenticity” of the profiles established on the platform through a real name requirement, that draws attention to the impossibility of the fixation of this relation. The article examines in how far the suspension of genre-designations (fake and proper) causes the unease with which online-identities are generally regarded within the press and the Academic discourse. This article was submitted on July 22nd 2015 and published on May 24th 2916.
Orbital volumetric analysis of allergic fungal sinusitis patients with proptosis before and after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the changes of orbital volumes in allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) patients with proptosis who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods A retrospective study of operative patients with proptosis due to AFS was performed. Normative data were obtained using patients with chronic sinusitis without orbital involvement. Orbital volume measurements were obtained using digitized images and computer software to calculate volumes (cm3) of outlined regions on 1.3-mm axial computed tomography images. Orbital volumes were measured as total volumes and volumes within the bony orbit. Bony orbits were defined using two techniques: (1) the region posterior to a line from ipsilateral zygoma to contralateral zygoma and (2) the region posterior to a line from zygoma to ipsilateral lacrimal bone. Four affected orbits in three AFS patients with proptosis were evaluated. Twenty-eight unaffected orbits in 14 patients were used as normal comparisons. Results Orbital involvement by AFS resulting in proptosis decreased orbital volumes within the bony orbit to a mean of 70% of normal. After successful endoscopic sinus surgery, bony orbital volumes normalize or approach normal ranges to a mean 90% of normal with resolution of clinically apparent proptosis. Total volumes remained stable before and after surgery. Conclusion Massive AFS may affect the orbit resulting in proptosis. Spontaneous orbital remodeling with clinical resolution of proptosis and normalization of bony orbital volumes can be seen in AFS patients several months after sinus surgery and aggressive medical treatment. Surgical orbital reconstruction typically is not needed once the sinus disease is adequately addressed.
Center for Computing Research Summer Research Proceedings 2015.

The Center for Computing Research (CCR) at Sandia National Laboratories organizes a summer student program each summer, in coordination with the Computer Science Research Institute (CSRI) and Cyber Engineering Research Institute (CERI).
Production of fine calcium powders by centrifugal atomization with rotating quench bath

Abstract Recently, a novel Al/Ca composite was produced by severe plastic deformation of Al powders and Ca granules for possible use as a high-voltage power transmission conductor. Since the strength of such composites is inversely proportional to the Ca filament size, fine Ca powders (less than ~ 250 μm) are needed to achieve the desired high strength for the powder metallurgy production of an Al-matrix composite reinforced by nano-scale Ca filaments. However, fine Ca powders are not commercially available. Therefore, we have developed a method to produce fine Ca powders via centrifugal atomization to supply Ca powder for prototype development of Al/Ca composite conductor. A secondary goal of the project was to demonstrate that Ca powder can be safely prepared, stored, and handled and could potentially be scaled for commercial production. Our results showed that centrifugal atomization can yield as much as 83 vol.% Ca powder particles smaller than 250 μm. The mean particle size sometimes matches, sometimes deviates substantially from the predictions of the Champagne & Anger equation likely due to unexpected secondary atomization. The particle size distribution is typical for a ligament-disintegration atomization mode. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the morphology of these Ca powders varied with powder size. Spark testing and auto-ignition tests indicated that the atomized powders were difficult to ignite, providing confidence that this material can be handled safely in air.
Cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness and tinnitus suppression

Abstract Objective To quantify the potential effectiveness of cochlear implantation for tinnitus suppression in patients with single-sided deafness using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Methods The study included 12 patients with unilateral tinnitus who were undergoing cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory was administered at the patient's cochlear implant candidacy evaluation appointment prior to implantation and every cochlear implant follow-up appointment, except activation, following implantation. Patient demographics and speech recognition scores were also retrospectively recorded using the electronic medical record. Results A significant reduction was found when comparing Tinnitus Handicap Inventory score preoperatively (61.2 ± 27.5) to the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory score after three months of cochlear implant use (24.6 ± 28.2, p = 0.004) and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory score beyond 6 months of CI use (13.3 ± 18.9, p = 0.008). Further, 45% of patients reported total tinnitus suppression. Mean CNC word recognition score improved from 2.9% (SD 9.4) pre-operatively to 40.8% (SD 31.7) by 6 months post-activation, which was significantly improved from pre-operative scores (p = 0.008). Conclusion The present data is in agreement with previously published studies that have shown an improvement in tinnitus following cochlear implantation for the large majority of patients with single-sided deafness.
Paediatrics: Are human milk oligosaccharides the magic bullet for necrotizing enterocolitis?

There have been no major improvements in the prevention or treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) over the past several decades, and therefore a 'magic bullet' is urgently needed. However, new data demonstrate that disialyllacto-N-tetraose levels in breast milk can predict the risk of NEC, and these findings might provide a strategy for successful intervention.
Stop Alzheimer’s before it starts

The hunt for treatments to halt Alzheimer’s disease has been frustrating; it is time to trial preventive drugs, urge Eric McDade and Randall J. Bateman.