cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arbiter: Dynamically Limiting Resource Consumption on Login Nodes

In a high-performance computing (HPC) environment, shared resources are often the most capricious and unreliable. The performance of each process is affected by the behavior of all connected users. This applies particularly to the login nodes of HPC clusters, which are used by multiple people at a time. Often, policies govern their use, typically limiting users to small, lightweight tasks such as scripting, compiling, submitting batch jobs, and staging data. If a user is behaving poorly, such as using a significant portion of CPU time or consuming a large fraction of the total memory, processes using the same resources can be slowed or run out of memory. Policies on login nodes that prohibit such behavior, however, may not be enforced automatically because of technical limitations.Arbiter is a service that overcomes such limitations by using cgroups, a feature of the Linux kernel, to monitor and limit usage. It can both enforce default limits---to ensure the server remains responsive---and penalize users who are consuming resources immoderately while still allowing for brief testing of workloads better suited to computational resources. Arbiter tracks the total memory and CPU usage of a user, reduces the quantity available for a period of time if usage is excessive, and sends emails to inform users of policies and potentially impactful behaviors. Throttling performed by Arbiter encourages users to use computational resources for intensive tasks (through the batch system), thereby supporting the reliability and responsiveness of login nodes.
Direct foaming driven synthesis and thermophysical characterization of silica-alumina foams: Applications for thermal insulation

Abstract Using earth-abundant materials such as quartz and corundum powders as precursors, we have developed a simple, but effective low energy direct foaming based method for synthesis of thermally insulating porous foams with thermal conductivity as low as 0.08 W/mK. Specifically, the adopted synthesis procedure provides a straightforward avenue for obtaining closed-cell silica-alumina foams, with densities ranging from 1.7 to 0.22 g/cc. The ability to tune the densities is achieved by controlled addition of blowing agents (H2O2) and surfactants (stearic acid) respectively. The thermal conductivity of these foams decreased monotonically with increasing porosity (or decreasing densities), and the density-thermal conductivity relationship is governed by a power law. In addition, morphological and structural characterization was performed via optical and electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and the results from these studies are also discussed in the context of structural evolution of the foams as a function of porosity. While this work represents a straightforward and simple path towards obtaining silica-alumina foams with very low density, the developed method is directly applicable to obtaining a wider variety of multicomponent ceramic foams.
Aging effects on Cesium-137 (137Cs) sorption and transport in association with clay colloids.

Abstract Migration of radionuclides via colloid-facilitated transport is an important component of nuclear repository performance models. 137Cs sorption to bentonite colloids follows multi-site behavior, with sorption to weak sites being a rapid process and sorption to strong sites having slow kinetics. Experiments in this study targeted desorption of 137Cs from strong sites on the colloids by placing the 137Cs-bearing colloids in contact with a strongly-sorbing zeolite material that competes with the colloids for 137Cs sorption. Batch and column experiments were conducted to examine the effects of aging (i.e., increased contact time between 137Cs and colloids) on colloid-facilitated transport of 137Cs through crushed analcime columns. A larger proportion of 137Cs-bearing colloids eluted through a series of columns when the colloids were aged for 1200 days prior to injection in comparison to unaged colloids. Aging the colloids increased the partitioning of 137Cs to the colloids by nearly 20% after 1200 h. Slow desorption (0.27 hr−1) from the strong sites resulted in an increase of the Cs fraction bound to the strong sites from 0.365 to 0.87 by the second column injection, resulting in increased colloid-facilitated transport of Cs through strongly-sorbing zeolites from 0 in the second unaged column to 10% in the second aged column.
Pastoral Theology and Sovereignty: Thinking and Being Otherwise

This article examines the issue of sovereignty from the perspective of pastoral theology and its core principle of care. It is argued that God's inﬁnite care of human beings, manifested in the inca...
A Phase 2 Study of Vorinostat (Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, SAHA) in Relapsed or Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. A California Cancer Consortium Study.

Abstract Background: The indolent (follicular, marginal zone and mantle cell) lymphomas tend to recur with decreasing intervals of remission after standard chemotherapy. New modalities of treatment are necessary. Vorinostat (SAHA) is an orally administered hydroxamic acid histone deacetylase inhibitor with activity against class I and II deacetylases with preclinical and clinical activity against various forms of lymphoma. Methods: We report the results of a phase II study of oral vorinostat in patients with relapsed or refractory (to chemotherapy and/or rituximab) follicular, marginal zone, or mantle cell lymphoma. Vorinostat is given at 200 mg PO twice daily for 14 consecutive days on a 21 day cycle. CT scanning and/or FDG-PET are performed after every three cycles, as is marrow biopsy for those with marrow involvement at time of entry into study. Patients may have received up to four prior chemotherapy regimens including tositumomab or ibritumomab; previous transplant is allowed. Results: 37 patients (14 female, 23 male) were accrued (2 ineligible patient due to wrong histology are excluded from the analysis). The median age for evaluable patients at treatment was 65 (32–79) years. Histologies represented: follicular lymphoma (FL)-20, mantle cell (MC)-8, marginal zone (MZL)- 7. Treatment was well tolerated. Grade 3–4 toxicities possibly attributable to study drug were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, diarrhea, anorexia, myalgia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, thrombus (1 patient) and fatigue. 18 patients were taken off study due to progression. Three pts came off study due to toxicities (fatigue and diarrhea after 10 cycles, diarrhea and dizziness after 2 cycles, DVT after 5 cycles), 1 stopped therapy due to intercurrent illness, 1 came off for alternate therapy. By the current Cheson criteria, 6 patients achieved complete remission (CR), and 4 patients achieved partial remission (PR), for an overall response rate (CR+PR) of 29%. By histology, 10 formal responses were seen in patients with follicular (8) or marginal zone lymphoma (2), thus for patients with FL and MZL the response rate is 37%, whereas no responses were seen in mantle cell lymphoma. Two patients with PR as best response subsequently progressed (one at 6 months, one after 16 months), the other two remain on therapy. One CR was achieved after 2 years of stable disease on therapy. At a median follow up of 12 months, median progression-free survival for the 35 eligible patients is 7 months; 5 patients are progression-free for more than 18 months. Eleven patients remain on therapy. Conclusions: The histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat is well tolerated over long durations of therapy, and shows promising activity (10 CR+PR out of 27 patients) against relapsed/refractory follicular and marginal zone lymphoma.
Global perspectives on linguacultural variation in academic publishing

Abstract This primarily interview-based study explores the perspectives of published applied linguists around the world on what has facilitated their success in reaching multiple readerships. The focus, more specifically, is on scholars in non-English-dominant settings, a number of whom have made a commitment to both inter- and intranational academic publication, and their perceptions of intercultural rhetoric issues salient in various linguacultural contexts. The findings indicated that such scholars were divided in their views on whether or not there are considerable differences in the rhetorical expectations of international Anglophone and more region-specific, or intranational, journal audiences. What this study’s participants shared was an appreciation of the complexities of authorial cross-contextual negotiation of multiple research worlds, only some of which are Anglophone.
Electrophysiological foundations of the human default-mode network revealed by brain-wide intracranial-EEG recordings during resting-state and cognition

Investigations using noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided significant insights into the unique functional organization and profound importance of the human default mode network (DMN), yet these methods are limited in their ability to resolve network dynamics across multiple timescales. Electrophysiological techniques are critical to address these challenges, yet few studies have explored the neurophysiological underpinnings of the DMN. Here we investigate the brain-wide electrophysiological organization of the DMN in a common large-scale network framework consistent with prior fMRI studies. We used brain-wide intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings, and evaluated intra- and cross-network interactions during the resting-state and cognition. Our analysis revealed significantly greater intra-DMN phase iEEG synchronization in the slow-wave (< 4 Hz) while DMN interactions with other brain networks was higher in all higher frequencies. Crucially, slow-wave intra-DMN synchronization was observed in the task-free resting-state and during verbal memory encoding and recall. Compared to resting-state, intra-DMN phase synchronization was significantly higher during both memory encoding and recall. Slow-wave intra-DMN phase synchronization increased during successful memory retrieval, highlighting its behavioral relevance. Finally, analysis of nonlinear dynamic causal interactions revealed that the DMN is a causal outflow network during both memory encoding and recall. Our findings identify dynamic spectro-temporal network features that allow the DMN to maintain a balance between stability and flexibility, intrinsically and during task-based cognition, provide novel insights into the neurophysiological foundations of the human DMN, and elucidate network mechanisms by which it supports cognition.
Laser-induced structural modification in calcium aluminosilicate glasses using molecular dynamic simulations.

Glass structures of multicomponent oxide systems (CaO-Al2O3-SiO2) are studied using a simulated pulsed laser with molecular dynamics. The short- and intermediate-range order structures revealed a direct correlation between the transformation of Al(IV) to Al(V), regions of increased density following laser processing, inherent reduction in the average T-O-T (T = Al, Si) angle, and associated elongation of the T-O bonding distance. Variable laser pulse energies were simulated across calcium aluminosilicate glasses with high silica content (50-80%) to identify densification trends attributed to composition and laser energy. High-intensity pulsed laser effects on fictive temperature and shockwave promotion are discussed in detail for their role in glass densification. Laser-induced structural changes are found to be highly dependent on pulse energy and glass chemistry.
Search for Optimum and Scalable COSMOS

We introduce a novel CMOS device architecture capable of building complementary logic operation using only a single gate stack. The new architecture, named complementary orthogonal stacked MOS (COSMOS), places the n and p-MOSFETs perpendicular to one another under a single gate, integrating them vertically as well as laterally. The COSMOS architecture would not only mean significant savings in active device area of a conventional static CMOS pair, but also significant reductions in RC device parasitics. We demonstrate how the device may be built, operated and optimized for symmetric operation, as well as verifying logic NOT operation via 3D device simulations. COSMOS architecture appears to have peculiar scaling trends such as increasing threshold at reduced gate dimensions. The increase in drive voltages lead to faster operation at the expense of higher static leakage and loss of noise margins.
Metaplasticity and the Unified Calcium Model Lead to Input Selectivity in Spiking Neurons

Intracellular calcium concentration has been proposed as the key associative signal for the Hebbian synaptic plasticity. The Unified Calcium Model has been able to account for various plasticity-induction protocols, such as rate-based and spike time-dependent plasticity. Here, we investigate the properties of this model in a multi-synapse neuron receiving inputs with different spatiotemporal spike-train statistics. In addition, we present a physiological form of metaplasticity, an activity-driven robustness-inducing regulation mechanism. A neuron thus implemented is stable and spontaneously develop selectivity to a subset of the stimulating inputs.
Why Are Algebra Word Problems Difficult? Using Tutorial Log Files and the Power Law of Learning to Select the Best Fitting Cognitive Model

Some researchers have argued that algebra word problems are difficult for students because they have difficulty in comprehending English. Others have argued that because algebra is a generalization of arithmetic, and generalization is hard, it’s the use of variables, per se, that cause difficulty for students. Heffernan and Koedinger [9] [10] presented evidence against both of these hypotheses. In this paper we present how to use tutorial log files from an intelligent tutoring system to try to contribute to answering such questions. We take advantage of the Power Law of Learning, which predicts that error rates should fit a power function, to try to find the best fitting mathematical model that predicts whether a student will get a question correct. We decompose the question of “Why are Algebra Word Problems Difficult?” into two pieces. First, is there evidence for the existence of this articulation skill that Heffernan and Koedinger argued for? Secondly, is there evidence for the existence of the skill of “composed articulation” as the best way to model the “composition effect” that Heffernan and Koedinger discovered?
Separation of Powers in Thought and Practice

The rationale of the separation of powers is often elided with the rationale of checks and balances and with the rationale of the dispersal of power generally in a constitutional system. This Essay, however, focuses resolutely on the functional separation of powers in what M.J.C. Vile called its “pure form.” Reexamining the theories of Locke, Montesquieu, and Madison, this Essay seeks to recover (amidst all their tautologies and evasions) a genuine case in favor of this principle. The Essay argues that the rationale of the separation of powers is closely related to that of the rule of law: it is partly a matter of the distinct integrity of each of the separated institutions—judiciary, legislature, and administration. But above all, it is a matter of articulated governance (as contrasted with compressed undifferentiated exercises of power).
High Resolution Surveillance Video Compression Using JPEG2000 Compression of Random Variables

This paper proposes a scheme for efficient compression of wide-area aerial video collectors (WAVC) data, based on background modeling and foreground detection using a Gaussian mixture at each pixel. The method implements the novel approach of treating the pixel intensities and wavelet coefficients as random variables. A modified JPEG 2000 algorithm based on the algebra of random variables is then used to perform the compression on the model. This approach leads to a very compact model which is selectively decompressed only in foreground regions. The resulting compression ratio is on the order of 16:1 with minimal loss of detail for moving objects.
Factorization homology of stratified spaces

This work forms a foundational study of factorization homology, or topological chiral homology, at the generality of stratified spaces with tangential structures. Examples of such factorization homology theories include intersection homology, compactly supported stratified mapping spaces, and Hochschild homology with coefficients. Our main theorem characterizes factorization homology theories by a generalization of the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms; it can also be viewed as an analogue of the Baez–Dolan cobordism hypothesis formulated for the observables, rather than state spaces, of a topological quantum field theory. Using these axioms, we extend the nonabelian Poincare duality of Salvatore and Lurie to the setting of stratified spaces—this is a nonabelian version of the Poincare duality given by intersection homology. We pay special attention to the simple case of singular manifolds whose singularity datum is a properly embedded submanifold, and give a further simplified algebraic characterization of these homology theories. In the case of 3-manifolds with one-dimensional submanifolds, these structures give rise to knot and link homology theories.
Absolute configuration of C27H41NO8Si, the diastereoselective product of the rhodium(II) octanoate catalyzed decomposition of a chiral vinyldiazomethane in the presence of 2-acetylpyrrole: A structural study rendered difficult by disorder of a “heavy” atom

The title compound crystallized in space group P21 with a = 12.647(8), b = 14.542(4), c = 17.077(16) A, β = 97.51(6)°, and Dcalc = 1.143 mg/m3 for Z = 4. There are two chemically-equivalent C27H41NO8Si molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Each contains three chiral centers, one of known absolute configuration based upon the (R)-pantolactone,—CH*—CMe2—CH2—O—CO—, moiety. The structural study was greatly complicated by disorder of an —OSiMe2(t-Bu) group in one molecule.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-SPEED AND SMALL DI DIESEL ENGINE

A high–speed, small–size direct injection (DI) diesel engine with maximum engine speed of 3600 rpm and 3.268 litre piston displacement developed for light–duty truck application has achieved a reduction in noise emission levels below that of swirl chamber diesels (IDI) of corresponding displacement as well as an approximate 15% fuel economy improvement over the IDI engine. Quieter DI diesel engines have been realized by applying noise reducing measures to all engine noise sources each in the most appropriate way through the identification of noise sources, studies on contributions of radiation noise sources and investigation into noise transmission routes. With respect to other DI engine performances, a 5% improvement of the out–put and torque over the IDI engine has been attained by matching and improving the combustion chamber and fuel injection system. In order to reduce exhaust gas emissions, a square cavity with squish rim around the cavity wall was developed to promote mixing of air and fuel, and to control the air swirl speed at high engine speeds.
The HIPC intitiative : the goals, additionality, eligibility, and debt sustainability

The Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative has identified the cycle of debt rescheduling and restructurings of many of the poorest countries as a serious development problem. It has mobilized the lender community to restructure loans with the aim of generating debt sustainability: the elimination of chronic debt repayment problems. The initiative encourages much more coordination among the community of lenders, in particular between the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). It also calls for much greater transparency and involvement of the civil community than has occurred before. The initiative has introduced new and much improved measurements of the debt burdens of developing countries.
Anarchism and the Theory of Power

The objective of this essay is to provide a sympathetic but critical interpretation of the prospects of anarchism. The interpretation will be undertaken with the aid of a model of choice and power which I have developed and applied to other subjects but which is also relevant here.1 The procedure will be as follows. After considering the general anarchist position, we will examine anarchism in terms of a general model of opportunity sets and interdependence. The essay continues the application of the general model of choice and examines anarchism in terms of the theory of power, presenting a partial application of the foregoing in a critique of Murray N. Rothbard’s For a New Liberty.2
Strategic Trade Policies in the U.S. Orange Juice Market: Competition between Florida and São Paulo

The U.S. frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) market is dominated by a small number of processors in Florida and Sao Paulo (Brazil), while the European FCOJ market is dominated by Sao Paulo FCOJ processors. Both the U.S. and European governments impose a tariff on FCOJ imports. We develop a strategic trade model to analyze the oligopolistic competition between Florida and Sao Paulo processors in the U.S. FCOJ market and Sao Paulo processors in the European FCOJ market. We analyze the effect of a change in the U.S. and European tariff on FCOJ sales and welfare. The analytical results show that a reduction in the U.S. tariff increases Sao Paulo's exports to the United States while decreasing their exports to Europe, which causes a decrease in Florida's sales in the United States. The results of a reduction in the European tariff indicate that Sao Paulo diverts its exports from the United Sates to Europe, which augments Florida's sales in the United States. Based on the strategic trade model, the structural empirical model is derived and the New Empirical Industrial Organization literature is implemented to estimate the econometric model and compute the market power of Florida and Sao Paulo producers. The Lerner Index calculation suggests that both Florida and Sao Paulo processors exert market power, but Sao Paulo have a higher markup over their marginal costs because of lower input costs. The parameterized model is used to simulate a 25% reduction in both the U.S. and European tariffs. A 25% reduction in the U.S. tariff results in an 8% decrease in Florida's market share and a 27% increase in Sao Paulo's market share in the U.S. FCOJ market. While a 25% reduction in the European tariff causes Florida's U.S. market share to increase by 2% and Sao Paulo's U.S. market share to reduce by 6%. The simulation results are consistent with the analytical results.
A two-step, one pot preparation of amines via acyl succinimides. Synthesis of the calcimimetic agents cinacalcet, NPS R-467, and NPS R-568

Abstract A method has been developed for the preparation of amines through a process of coupling acyl succinimides derived from commercially available carboxylic acids with amines to afford the corresponding amides. These amides are then reduced in situ with either diisobutylaluminum hydride or lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction tandem of the coupling reaction followed by the reduction affords the amine in fair to good yields after purification by flash chromatography. This one-pot, two reaction tandem process has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the calcimimetic agents cinacalcet, NPS R-467, and NPS R-568.
Real Estate Risk and Hedge Fund Returns

Extant literature has focused on the performance of hedge funds that invest in a wide range of investment strategies; however, an explicit analysis of funds that follow a real estate investment strategy is lacking. In this paper, we fill this void and explore a new dimension of hedge funds’ investment strategy relating to their exposure to the real estate market. We augment existing literature by introducing a real estate source of variation to proxy for investments in the securitized and direct real estate markets. Using fund level data from 1994 to 2011 from a major hedge fund data vendor, we identify 1,230 hedge funds as having significant exposure to the direct and securitized real estate market. We document that funds with significant real estate exposure have lower incentive fees, longer redemption periods, and higher high water mark levels. Additionally, hedge funds that have significant exposure to real estate are predominantly classified as fund of hedge funds implying a diversification strategy through real estate investments. Finally, we test for the economic impact across funds with varying levels of real estate exposure, and show that funds with significant real estate exposure significantly underperform funds that do not have real estate exposure.
Twins Reared Apart Design

Twins reared apart provide direct estimates of genetic influence. Past and ongoing studies show that genetic effects on behavioral development are pervasive. Twins reared apart can be used to test hypotheses generated by a variety of theoretical perspectives. Keywords: twins; heritability; intelligence; personality
IMPROVED RECONSTRUCTION OF IMAGES DISTORTED BY WATER WAVES

This paper describes a new method for removing geometric distortion in images of submerged objects observed from outside shallow water. We focus on the problem of analyzing video sequences when the water surface is disturbed by waves. The water waves will affect the appearance of the individual video frames such that no single frame is completely free of geometric distortion. This suggests that, in principle, it is possible to perform a selection of a set of low distortion sub-regions from each video frame and combine them to form a single undistorted image of the observed object. The novel contribution in this paper is to use a multi-stage clustering algorithm combined with frequency domain measurements that allow us to select the best set of undistorted sub-regions of each frame in the video sequence. We evaluate the new algorithm on video sequences created both in our laboratory, as well as in natural environments. Results show that our algorithm is effective in removing distortion caused by water motion.
Specifying and verifying conditional progress

In some otherwise attractive formalisms, it is difficult to specify protocol progress in such a way that the protocol can be proved correct independent of its underlying channels. This is because the specification language cannot express the interdependence between the protocol and its underlying channels, especially if the latter are unboundedly lossy. This paper investigates the extent to which such progress properties can be dealt with using predicate calculus and a simple extension of a well-known logic for progress (leads-to) properties. It turns out that many complex progress specifications have equivalents that are provable in the extended theory. Based on the results, an approach to specification of protocol progress is outlined and illustrated with an example.
On model selection consistency of M-estimators with geometrically decomposable penalties

Penalized M-estimators are used in diverse areas of science and engineering to fit high-dimensional models with some low-dimensional structure. Often, the penalties are geometrically decomposable, i.e. can be expressed as a sum of support functions over convex sets. We generalize the notion of irrepresentable to geometrically decomposable penalties and develop a general framework for establishing consistency and model selection consistency of M-estimators with such penalties. We then use this framework to derive results for some special cases of interest in bioinformatics and statistical learning.
Plethora: an efficient wide-area storage system

Trends in conventional storage infrastructure motivate the development of foundational technologies for building a wide-area read-write storage repository capable of providing a single image of a distributed storage resource The overarching design goals of such an infrastructure include client performance, global resource utilization, system scalability (providing a single logical view of larger resource and user pools) and application scalability (enabling single applications with large resource requirements) Such a storage infrastructure forms the basis for second generation data-grid efforts underlying massive data handling in high-energy physics, nanosciences, and bioinformatics, among others. This paper describes some of the foundational technologies underlying such a repository, Plethora, for semi-static peer-to-peer (P2P) networks implemented on a wide-area Internet testbed In contrast to many current efforts that focus entirely on unstructured dynamic P2P environments, Plethora focuses on semi-static peers with strong network connectivity and a partially persistent network state In a semi-static P2P network, peers are likely to remain participants in the network over long periods of time (e.g., compute servers), and are capable of providing reasonably high availability and response-time guarantees The repository integrates novel concepts in locality enhancing overlay networks, transactional semantics for read-write data coupled with hierarchical versioning, and novel erasure codes for robustness While mentioning approaches taken by Plethora to other problems, this paper focuses on the problem of routing data request to blocks, while integrating caching and locality enhancing overlays into a single framework We show significant performance improvements resulting from our routing techniques.
Conformal blocks for the four-point function in conformal quantum mechanics

Extending previous work on two- and three-point functions, we study the four-point function and its conformal block structure in conformal quantum mechanics ${\mathrm{CFT}}_{1}$, which realizes the $SO(2,1)$ symmetry group. Conformal covariance is preserved even though the operators with which we work need not be primary and the states are not conformally invariant. We find that only one conformal block contributes to the four-point function. We describe some further properties of the states that we use and we construct dynamical evolution generated by the compact generator of $SO(2,1)$.
Core-scale solute transport model selection using Monte Carlo analysis

[1] Model applicability to core-scale solute transport is evaluated using breakthrough data from column experiments conducted with conservative tracers tritium (3H) and sodium-22 (22Na ), and the retarding solute uranium-232 (232U). The three models considered are single-porosity, double-porosity with single-rate mobile-immobile mass-exchange, and the multirate model, which is a deterministic model that admits the statistics of a random mobile-immobile mass-exchange rate coefficient. The experiments were conducted on intact Culebra Dolomite core samples. Previously, data were analyzed using single-porosity and double-porosity models although the Culebra Dolomite is known to possess multiple types and scales of porosity, and to exhibit multirate mobile-immobile-domain mass transfer characteristics at field scale. The data are reanalyzed here and null-space Monte Carlo analysis is used to facilitate objective model selection. Prediction (or residual) bias is adopted as a measure of the model structural error. The analysis clearly shows single-porosity and double-porosity models are structurally deficient, yielding late-time residual bias that grows with time. On the other hand, the multirate model yields unbiased predictions consistent with the late-time −5/2 slope diagnostic of multirate mass transfer. The analysis indicates the multirate model is better suited to describing core-scale solute breakthrough in the Culebra Dolomite than the other two models.
Tests of Dielectric Model Descriptions of Chemical Charge Displacements in Water.

A dielectric model of electrostatic solvation is applied to describe potentials of mean force in water along reaction paths for: a) formation of a sodium chloride ion pair; b) the symmetric SN2 exchange of chloride in methylchloride; and c) nucleophilic attack of formaldehyde by hydroxide anion. For these cases simulation and XRISM results are available for comparison. The accuracy of model predictions varies from spectacular to mediocre. It is argued that: a) dielectric models are physical models, even though simplistic and empirical; b) their successes suggest that second-order perturbation theory is a physically sound description of free energies of electrostatic solvation; and c) the most serious deficiency of the dielectric models lies in the definition of cavity volumes. Second-order perturbation theory should therefore be used to refine the dielectric models. These dielectric models make no attempt to assess the role of packing effects but for solvation of classical electrostatic interactions the dielectric models sometimes perform as well as the more detailed XRISM theory.
Making sense of the Soviet trade shock in Eastern Europe : a framework and some estimates

Eastern European countries have experienced sharp declines in real GDP since 1990. One of the reasons for this decline is the Soviet trade shock, deriving from the collapse of the CMEA and of traditional export markets in the Soviet Union. This paper is an attempt to quantify the magnitude of this external shock. A conceptual framework is developed to show that the shock has three distinct elements: (a) a terms of trade deterioration; (b) a market-loss effect; and (c) a removal-of-import-subsidy effect. Taking all three together, and also adding in Keynesian multiplier effects, the conclusion is that the Soviet trade shock accounts for all of the decline in Hungarian GDP, about 60 percent of decline in Czechoslovakia, and between a quarter and a third of the decline in Poland.
Reactions of monosubstituted alkanes with bare metal ions.: An effort toward a more unified picture for the gas-phase chemistry of R-X molecules

A. Introduction 94 B. Instrumentation 95 C. Reactions of alkali and other main-group ions 98 D. Reactions of transition-metal ions 102 (i) Nitriles and isonitriles 102 (ii) Isocyanates and isothiocyanates 118 (iii) Primary amines 124 (iv) Alcohols 127 (v) Alkyl halides 131 (vi) Miscellaneous substrates 132 E. Summary and conclusions 133 Acknowledgements 135 References 135
The Price of Truth: Frugality in Truthful Mechanisms

The celebrated Vickrey-Clarke-Grove(VCG) mechanism induces selfish agents to behave truthfully by paying them a premium. In the process, it may end up paying more than the actual cost to the agents. For the minimum spanning tree problem, if the market is "competitive", one can show that VCG never pays too much. On the other hand, for the shortest s-t path problem, Archer and Tardos [5] showed that VCG can overpay by a factor of ?(n). A natural question that arises then is: For what problems does VCG overpay by a lot? We quantify this notion of overpayment, and show that the class of instances for which VCG never overpays is a natural generalization of matroids, that we call frugoids. We then give some sufficient conditions to upper bound and lower bound the overpayment in other cases, and apply these to several important combinatorial problems. We also relate the overpayment in an suitable model to the locality ratio of a natural local search procedure.
On rate-constrained estimation in unreliable sensor networks

We study a network of non-collaborating sensors that make noisy measurements of some physical process X and communicate their readings to a central processing unit. Limited power resources of the sensors severely restrict communication rates. Sensors and their communication links are both subject to failure; however, the central unit is guaranteed to receive data from a minimum fraction of the sensors, say k out of n sensors. The goal of the central unit is to optimally estimate X from the received transmissions under a specified distortion metric. In this work, we derive an information-theoretically achievable rate-distortion region for this network under symmetric sensor measurement statistics. When all processes are jointly Gaussian and independent, and we have a squared-error distortion metric, the proposed distributed encoding and estimation framework has the following interesting optimality property: when any k out of n rate-R bits/sec sensor transmissions are received, the central unit's estimation quality matches the best estimation quality that can be achieved from a completely reliable network of k sensors, each transmitting at rate R. Furthermore, when more than k out of the n sensor transmissions are received, the estimation quality strictly improves. When the network has clusters of collaborating sensors should clusters compress their raw measurements or should they first try to estimate the source from their measurements and compress the estimates instead. For some interesting cases, we show that there is no loss of performance in the distributed compression of local estimates over the distributed compression of raw data in a rate-distortion sense, i.e., encoding the local sufficient statistics is good enough.
The Power of Forward Guidance Revisited

In recent years, central banks have increasingly turned to “forward guidance” as a central tool of monetary policy, especially as interest rates around the world have hit the zero lower bound. Standard monetary models imply that far future forward guidance is extremely powerful: promises about far future interest rates have huge effects on current economic outcomes, and these effects grow with the horizon of the forward guidance. We show that the power of forward guidance is highly sensitive to the assumption of complete markets. If agents face uninsurable income risk and borrowing constraints, a precautionary savings effect tempers their responses to changes in future interest rates. As a consequence, forward guidance has substantially less power to stimulate the economy. In addition, we show that the business cycle dynamics of our incomplete markets model differ substantially from its complete market counterpart. This contrasts with the well-known results of Krusell and Smith (1998). We present approximate representations that can easily be incorporated into standard business cycle models.
Succinct Greedy Graph Drawing in the Hyperbolic Plane

We describe a method for producing a greedy embedding of any n -vertex simple graph G in the hyperbolic plane, so that a message M between any pair of vertices may be routed by having each vertex that receives M pass it to a neighbor that is closer to M 's destination. Our algorithm produces succinct drawings, where vertex positions are represented using O (logn ) bits and distance comparisons may be performed efficiently using these representations.
On Properties of Internet Exchange Points and Their Impact on AS Topology and Relationship

Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) are one of two primary methods for Autonomous Systems (ASes) to interconnect with each other for exchanging traffic and for global Internet reachability. This paper explores the properties of IXPs and their impact on the AS topology and AS business relations using Scriptroute and Skitter traceroute probes, BGP routing archives and other data. With these datasets we develop an algorithm to discover IXPs and infer ASes that participate at these IXPs. Using the discovered IXPs and their inferred AS participants, we analyze and characterize the properties of IXPs and their participants such as size, geographical locations. We also investigate the impact of IXPs on the global AS topology and business relations between ASes. Our study sheds light on the Internet interconnection practices and the evolution of the Internet, in particular, the potential role IXPs play in such evolution.
Abstract Congruence Closure and Specializations

We use the uniform framework of abstract congruence closure to study the congruence closure algorithms described by Nelson and Oppen [9], Downey, Sethi and Tarjan [7], and Shostak [11]. The descriptions thus obtained abstract from certain implementation details while still allowing for comparison between these different algorithms. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the relative efficiency and explain differences in performance of these three algorithms. The transition rules for computation of abstract congruence closure are obtained from rules for standard completion enhanced with an extension rule that enlarges a given signature by new constants.
Language and Communication in Autism

Typically developing children start using words around age 1 and develop conversational ability by 18 to 24 months. In autism, these communicative behaviors are delayed and impaired to varying degrees. Affected areas of language development include articulation, word use, syntax and morphology, echolalia (repetition with similar intonation of words/phrases someone else has said), and confusion of personal pronouns. Further research must address deficits in ability to process information about social situations, as this is most likely behind the communication disorders in autism. Keywords: autism; communication development; language development
Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization

The authors use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses.
Exploiting directionality for millimeter-wave wireless system improvement

This paper presents directional and omnidirectional RMS delay spread statistics obtained from 28 GHz and 73 GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements carried out in New York City using a 400 Megachips per second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and highly directional steerable horn antennas. The 28 GHz measurements did not systematically seek the optimum antenna pointing angles and resulted in 33% outage for 39 T-R separation distances within 200 m. The 73 GHz measurements systematically found the best antenna pointing angles and resulted in 14.3% outage for 35 T-R separation distances within 200 m, all for mobile height receivers. Pointing the antennas to yield the strongest received power is shown to significantly reduce RMS delay spreads in line-of-sight (LOS) environments. A new term, distance extension exponent (DEE) is defined, and used to mathematically describe the increase in coverage distance that results by combining beams from angles with the strongest received power at a given location. These results suggest that employing directionality in millimeter-wave communications systems will reduce inter-symbol interference, improve link margin at cell edges, and enhance overall system performance.
Cases Relating to Chapter 5 – Judicial Notice

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to judicial notice. In function and effect, judicial notice in a civil action is fundamentally different from judicial notice in a criminal case. In a civil action or proceeding, the judge shall instruct the jury to accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. In a criminal case, the judge shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. The cases discussed in the chapter include the case of State versus Vejvoda, Robinson versus State, and State versus Smith. In a bench trial in the county court for Hall County, Mark Vejvoda was convicted of drunk driving and received an enhanced sentence as the result of his second conviction for drunk driving. Christina Robinson also was charged with driving under the influence of alcohol. In the case of Smith, the State of Delaware (“State”) appealed in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware against a decision by the Justice of the Peace Court (“J.P. Court”) suppressing evidence in favor of the defendant, Mack K. Smith (“Defendant”) because it found that the arresting officer did not have probable cause to arrest.
Is the minimum chi-square estimator the winner in logit regression?

Abstract Amemiya (1980) showed that the bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimator has a smaller n−2-order MSE matrix than minimum chi-square in a general logit model. In this paper the exact MSE is calculated for both estimators for Berkson's (1995) examples. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood has a smaller exact MSE provided that Berkson's 2n-rule is used in the calculation of the exact results. The margin by which the exact MSE of minimum chi-square exceeds that of bias-corrected maximum likelihood is small, and hence there may be no practical advantage in using the latter estimator.
Heavy flavor production at the Tevatron

Using a subset of the current Run II data, CDF and DO have performed several measurements of heavy flavor production. In this paper, we present a new measurement of prompt charm meson production by CDF. We also report the latest CDF II measurements of inclusive J/ψ production and b production without a requirement on the minimum transverse momentum of the J/ψ and b quark. These are the first measurements of the total inclusive J/ψ and b quark cross section in the central rapidity region at a hadron collider. Results of the J/ψ cross section as a function of rapidity, and b‐jet production cross section measured by DO are also reviewed.
Carbon dioxide fixation by microorganisms.

Resting cells of eleven microorganisms were exposed to radioactive carbon dioxide for 40 minutes. The radioactive compounds formed during this time were separated and identified by paper chromatography. Resting cells of Lactobacillus casei fixed no carbon dioxide and growing cells fixed carbon dioxide primarily in malic and aspartic acids. All of the radioactive compounds formed could have become radioactive by reversal of known decarboxylation reactions.
Intersection cohomology of the symmetric reciprocal plane

We compute the Kazhdan---Lusztig polynomial of the uniform matroid of rank $$n-1$$n-1 on n elements by proving that the coefficient of $$t^i$$ti is equal to the number of ways to choose i non-intersecting chords in an $$(n-i+1)$$(n-i+1)-gon. We also show that the corresponding intersection cohomology group is isomorphic to the irreducible representation of $$S_n$$Sn associated with the partition $$[n-2i,2,\ldots ,2]$$[n-2i,2,?,2].
Openness, outward orientation, trade liberalization and economic performance in developing countries

This paper provides a critical review of the existing empirical literature that deals with the relationship between trade orientation and economic performance. Using a model that avoids the shortcomings of most current measures of trade orientation, the author finds strong support for the hypothesis that, other things being equal, countries with a less distorted external sector grow faster than countries with a more distorted external sector.
Preposition senses: generalized disambiguation model

Our previous study on disambiguating the preposition “with” (using WordNet for hypernym and meronym relations, LCS for verb and preposition lexical information, and features of head and complement) looked promising enough to warrant study for other prepositions. Through investigation of ten frequently used prepositions, this paper describes general senses of prepositions and sense-case definitions, introduces a novel generalized sense disambiguation model, and demonstrates how this benefits a paraphrase recognition system.