cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progressive Condylar Resorption: Pathologic Processes and Imaging Considerations

Progressive condylar resorption (PCR) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) occurs mostly in adolescent female individuals, who are likely to request orthodontic treatment. They can be among the most challenging of orthodontic patients to successfully treat, especially if orthognathic surgery is involved in the treatment process. This article will review the basic anatomy, pathophysiology, detection, natural history, and progression of PCR of the TMJ, and the local and regional growth effects of PCR also will be discussed. PCR proceeds through 3 distinct anatomic stages that have clinical relevance when considering orthodontic diagnosis, treatment options, and treatment timing: soft-tissue phase, destructive (active) phase, and reparative phase. Anatomic assessment of the TMJ hard and soft tissues and facial skeleton can be performed using cone-beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The application of these imaging modalities to this severe clinical condition is discussed in some detail. It is generally recommended that definitive orthodontic/orthognathic treatment be postponed until PCR has stabilized. Imaging plays an important role in assessing stability of the resorptive process, but other clinical criteria also must be considered.
A software engineering approach to first year computer science courses

The first year computer science sequence at Arizona State University is described. These courses have a software engineering emphasis, with students introduced to the tools and techniques of high quality software development. Students are given the opportunity to apply these techniques to all phases of the software life cycle.
Analysis of chirp signals by time-frequency localization frames

ABSTRACT A theory of frames that extend Gabor analysis by including chirping is discussed. The chirping parameterin these 'time-frequency localization frames' depends on time and/or frequency shift parameters that can beadapted to analyze and detect chirps in noisy signals. Radar/sonar applications are outlined. The frame theoryis motivated by a generalized notion of square-integrable group representation developed by Au, Antoine, andGazeau, together with ideas in Baraniuk's thesis on a metaplectic extension of Cohen's class.Keywords: chirps, frames, metaplectic group, time-frequency localization 1 INTRODUCTION Versatile time-frequency/time-scale algorithms like best basis or matching pursuits are excellent for denoising if one is content to let signal and noise be defined by the algorithm. However, when searching for specific typesof signals embedded in noise at high levels, one must possess a concrete a-priori idea of the signal one seeks. For such detection problems the philosophy of using a dictionary of time frequency localized patterns still makes
PREPARATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED COBALT NANOCRYSTAL ARRAYS

Abstract Processing of self-assembled magnetic nanocrystals has vitally scientific and technological interests. In this paper, three different kinds of self-assemblies of cobalt nanocrystals were processed using particles processed by thermal decomposition of cobalt carbonyl in toluene. In case 1, two-dimensional self-assembly of cobalt nanocrystals with an average particle size of 9.2 nm and polydispersity of 9% has been formed. In case 2, macroscopic whisker structures composed of self assembled cobalt nanocrystals (with an average size of 8 nm) were formed during the thermal decomposition under an externally applied magnetic field. The whiskers can be aligned in the longitudinal axis direction during drying using an external magnetic field. In case 3, one-dimensionally ordered, densely packed self-assemblies have also been prepared using cobalt nanocrystals with irregular shape and larger particle sizes (10–20 nm). The formation of these different structures is attributed to the magnetic properties of cobalt particles with different sizes.
William E. borah's senate speeches on the league of nations, 1918–1920∗

(1943). William E. borah's senate speeches on the league of nations, 1918–1920. Speech Monographs: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 56-67.
Dimethylthiourea inhibits the inflammatory response to intravitreally-injected endotoxin

Abstract Dimethylthiourea, a potent scavenger of toxic oxygen metabolites such as the hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide, was tested for its ability to inhibit an experimentally induced inflammatory response. Inflammation was induced in one eye of male New Zealand white rabbits by intravitreal injection of 10 ng Escherichia coli endotoxin; the contralateral eye received an equal volume of pyrogen-free saline vehicle. Dimethylthiourea was administered intraperitoneally to these animals at 0, 300, 450 and 600 mg kg −1 . At 24 h post-endotoxin injection, all vehicle-injected eyes appeared normal with the exception of a small, but significant increase in aqueous humor protein concentration in the 600 mg kg −1 dimethylthiourea group. In endotoxin-injected eyes, treatment with dimethylthiourea, especially at the highest dose, significantly reduced iridal hyperemia, aqueous humor cell number and protein and prostaglandin-E concentrations, and the ex vivo release of prostaglandin-E from the lens. The ability of dimethylthiourea to significantly inhibit the inflammatory response to intravitreally-injected endotoxin suggests that toxic oxygen metabolites may play an important role in the initiation and/or propagation of this form of acute anterior uveitis. Furthermore, the data are consistent with an important interaction between toxic oxygen and arachidonic acid metabolites.
Latent Class Analysis of Differential Item Functioning on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–III

This study investigated the use of latent class analysis for the detection of differences in item functioning on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition (PPVT-III). A two-class solution f...
MR imaging of biodegradable polymeric microparticles: A potential method of monitoring local drug delivery

Gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was encapsulated into biodegradable, bioadhesive polymeric microparticles to enable noninvasive monitoring of their local intravesical delivery with MRI. The microparticles were characterized by contrast agent encapsulation and release kinetics, T(1) relaxation rates, and contrast enhancement in vivo. The level of Gd-DTPA loading into microparticles was 14.3 +/- 0.6 mug/mg polymer. The measured T(1) relaxation rates of the microparticles showed a direct dependence on Gd-DPTA content. Both 1.5T and 4.7T MR scanners were used to image murine bladders instilled intravesically with Gd-DTPA-loaded particles in vivo. MR images showed ring-shaped regions of enhancement inscribing the bladder wall, which were attributed to the microparticles that were preferentially adherent to the mucosa lining the urothelium. The images of controls exhibited no such enhancement. The normalized signal intensities measured from post-instillation images were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those in the pre-instillation images. Contrast enhancement was observed for at least 5 days after the initial instillation, although the enhancement decreased due to microparticle degradation or mucosa renewal. The localized distribution of biodegradable, bioadhesive microparticles encapsulating Gd-DTPA was successfully visualized with MRI in vivo, allowing particle-mediated delivery to be temporally and spatially monitored noninvasively.
Squad leaders today, village leaders tomorrow: Muslim auxiliaries and tactical politics in Algeria, 1956–1962

From 1956 to 1960, the French Army developed a force of Muslim auxiliaries (suppletifs) as a major component of its strategy to combat the National Liberation Front (FLN) insurgency in Algeria. Aside from their military utility in hunting down the guerrillas in the mountains and forests, the suppletifs were instrumental in undermining FLN legitimacy in the countryside. The rapid growth and employment of the suppletif force dismantled FLN political control in the villages, undermined the enemy's unity, and critically weakened the revolutionaries' claim to represent all of Algeria's Muslims. The military and political activities of France's Muslim soldiers also projected an image of Muslim–European unity behind the French cause, and portrayed the French Army as the only legitimate political force in numerous villages. These political successes, however, were limited to the local, tactical level of revolutionary warfare, and the Army was never able to convert the suppletifs into a force of decisive, strategi...
Periodic Patterns of Actin Turnover in Lamellipodia and Lamellae of Migrating Epithelial Cells Analyzed by Quantitative Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy

We measured actin turnover in lamellipodia and lamellae of migrating cells, using quantitative Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy. Lamellae disassembled at low rates from the front to the back. However, the dominant feature in their turnover was a spatially random pattern of periodic polymerization and depolymerization moving with the retrograde flow. Power spectra contained frequencies between 0.5 and 1 cycle/min. The spectra remained unchanged when applying Latrunculin A and Jasplakinolide in low doses, except that additional frequencies occurred beyond 1 cycle/min. Whereas Latrunculin did not change the rate of mean disassembly, Jasplakinolide halted it completely, indicating that the steady state and the dynamics of actin turnover are differentially affected by pharmacological agents. Lamellipodia assembled in recurring bursts at the leading edge and disassembled ∼2.5 μm behind. Events of polymerization correlated spatially and temporally with transient formation of Arp2/3 clusters. In lamellae, Arp2/3 accumulation and polymerization correlated only spatially, suggesting an Arp2/3-independent mechanism for filament nucleation. To acquire these data we had to enhance the resolution of quantitative Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy to the submicron level. Several algorithmic advances in speckle image processing are described enabling the analysis of kinetic and kinematic activities of polymer networks at the level of single speckles.
The idiotype network in autoimmune processes.

At the turning point of the mid-80s much experimental work stands as evidence that Jerne's original network hypothesis may be correct. However, much of the available information stems from studies on regulation of idiotypes on antibodies/lymphocytes which recognize exogenous or synthetic antigens. By comparison, much less is known about regulation of autoimmunity through the idiotype of antibodies or receptors directed against self components. A distinction between antigens of external and internal origin is probably not just a problem of semantics; self antigens may be regulated in a slightly different mode than are their non-self counterparts. Here Maurizio Zanetti discusses the need to analyse the immune response to self antigens independently.
Nonmarket Resource Allocation in Mantal Health Care Interdependencies in a Fragmented World

This article examines the public sector's role in the provision of mental health care, concentrating on a financial and economic perspective. A brief history of U.S. public policy toward the mentally ill is provided. The political economy of the mental health care system is then discussed. Four key sets of actors are identified: voters, interest groups, legislatures and elected politicians, and bureaus and public providers. Public policy toward the mentally ill in the United States is the result of the interaction of these groups. We discuss each group's objectives and the nature of the constraints each faces in pursuing its objectives. Using this perspective, the empirical literature on resource utilization by public mental hospitals is reviewed. A research agenda is presented for analyzing public sources of mental health care.
Recent advances in electrical stunning

This paper provides an overview of the electrical stunning systems and their implementation in modern-day broiler slaughter plants. The application of low voltage electrical stunning systems in the U.S. is reviewed and contrasted with European experiences within the context of differing slaughter technologies, practices, and regulatory constraints. Finally, the impact of electrical stunning on traditional carcass and meat quality attributes of broilers is examined.
Three-Bond C−O−C−C Spin-Coupling Constants in Carbohydrates: Development of a Karplus Relationship

A range of 13C-labeled carbohydrates containing C−O−C−C coupling pathways having different structures and dihedral angles has been prepared and used to identify structural factors affecting 3JCOCC,...
Introduction to the special issue: Psychological mediators of sex differences in emotional support

Emotional support is a central feature of personal relationships. Considerable research has documented reliable (if not always large) sex differences in several features of emotional support communication. Thus far, however, little research has been devoted to explaining such differences. The papers composing this special issue of CR all present empirical tests of different mediational models of sex differences in emotional support, highlighting the explanatory potential of variables such as cognitive complexity, self‐efficacy, interaction goal orientation, expressivity‐instrumentality, and individualism‐collectivism.
Differing nutritional constraints of consumers across ecosystems

Stoichiometric mismatches between resources and consumers may drive a number of important ecological interactions, such as predation and herbivory. Such mismatches in nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) content between resources and consumers have furthered our understanding of consumer behavior and growth patterns in aquatic systems. However, stoichiometric data for multiple consumers from the same community are lacking in terrestrial systems. Here, we present the results of a study designed to characterize nutritional constraints within a terrestrial arthropod community. In order to place our results in a broader context, we compared our data on resource–consumer stoichiometry to those of stream and lake ecosystems. We found that N and P varied among trophic levels, and that high N:P content of herbivores suggests that herbivores might experience strong N-limitation. However, incredibly low P-content of plant foliage leads to potential P-limitation in herbivores that is nearly as strong as potential N-limitation. Moreover, arthropod predators may also be strongly P-limited. In fact, potential nutrient limitation of terrestrial herbivores in our study is similar to nutrient limitation from streams and lakes, suggesting that similar nutritional constraints may be operating across all three study systems. Importantly, our data suggest that consumers in lakes experience a trade-off between N- and P-limitation, while terrestrial consumers experience simultaneous strengthening or weakening of N- and P-limitation. We suggest that P may be overlooked as an important limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems.
Nuclear translocation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by the simian virus 40 T antigen and the activated type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor

32D cells are a murine hemopoietic cell line that undergoes apoptosis upon withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from the medium. 32D cells have low levels of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor and do not express insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) or IRS-2. Ectopic expression of IRS-1 delays apoptosis but cannot rescue 32D cells from IL-3 dependence. In 32D/IRS-1 cells, IRS-1 is detectable, as expected, in the cytosol/membrane compartment. The SV40 large T antigen is a nuclear protein that, by itself, also fails to protect 32D cells from apoptosis. Co-expression of IRS-1 with the SV40 T antigen in 32D cells results in nuclear translocation of IRS-1 and survival after IL-3 withdrawal. Expression of a human IGF-I receptor in 32D/IRS-1 cells also results in nuclear translocation of IRS-1 and IL-3 independence. The phosphotyrosine-binding domain, but not the pleckstrin domain, is necessary for IRS-1 nuclear translocation. Nuclear translocation of IRS-1 was confirmed in mouse embryo fibroblasts. These results suggest possible new roles for nuclear IRS-1 in IGF-I-mediated growth and anti-apoptotic signaling.
Reduced serum ghrelin in a putative postmenopausal polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype

We measured fasting serum ghrelin concentrations in a cohort of community-dwelling postmenopausal women with a putative polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotype. Ghrelin levels were reduced in women with the phenotype compared with nonaffected control women, supporting our hypothesis that a phenotype analogous to PCOS can be identified in postmenopausal women.
Mechanisms for tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer : possible role of tamoxifen metabolism

Potential mechanisms for tamoxifen resistance include loss or alteration in estrogen receptor or other transcription factors and altered tamoxifen pharmacology. Using an experimental model, we have previously demonstrated that one form of tamoxifen resistance is related to the acquired ability of tamoxifen to stimulate tumor growth. These tamoxifen-stimulated tumors contain a reduced tamoxifen concentration and an altered metabolite profile suggesting that accumulation of more estrogenic metabolites could explain this phenomenon. However, in vivo treatment of nude mice carrying tamoxifen-stimulated tumors with fixed ring non-isomerizable analogs, or other analogs resistant to conversion to metabolite E (a full estrogen), still resulted in tumor growth stimulation. Growth of these tamoxifen-stimulated tumors was inhibited by a pure steroidal antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, suggesting that this drug should be investigated in patients with tamoxifen resistance. These tamoxifen-stimulated tumors could be further stimulated by estrogen replenishment, and estrogen stimulation was blocked by tamoxifen, indicating that tamoxifen has both agonist and antagonist properties in these tumors. Our data suggest that although tamoxifen-stimulated tumors display a markedly altered metabolite profile, isomerization or metabolism of tamoxifen does not fully explain the development of tamoxifen-stimulated growth. The mechanisms by which tamoxifen acquires more potent in vivo agonist properties over time remains to be defined.
Prediction of Blade-Vortex Interaction Airloads With Higher-Harmonic Pitch Controls Using the 2GCHAS Comprehensive Code

Analytically predicted results of blade-vortex interaction (BVI) airloads, using the second-generation comprehensive helicopter analysis system (2GCHAS), are presented with the experimental results obtained from the higher-harmonic-control aeroacoustic rotor test (HART) program using a 40-percent, Mach-scaled model of the hingeless BO-105 main rotor. Correlations include airloads, blade tip deflections, and tip vortex geometry. The effects on blade airload predictions are studied with higher-harmonic pitch controls (HHC). It was concluded that the blade torsional deflection and the wake system play a very important role in predicting BVI airloads.
Theory of Marine Source Arrays

I have modified the time-harmonic directivity definition for the seismic case. The resulting definition, appropriate for non time-harmonic sources, is the ratio of the radiated energy density per unit solid angle in a particular direction divided by the average radiated energy density per unit sol id angle. This definition allows directivity to be expressed explicity in terms of the individual frequency spectra and geometry. It can be used to ill assist those attempting to reduce shot-generated noise and 12) allow direct estimation of the directivity improvement between competing source arroy designs.
Superconductivity in amorphous actinide alloys

Superconductivity has been studied in amorphous binary alloys of actinides containing Co, Fe, and Ni. Amorphous thorium alloys have critical temperatures of up to 3.8 K and electronic properties similar to other transition-metal amorphous alloys. By contrast, amorphous uranium alloys have critical temperatures below 1.0 K and exhibit two unusual electronic properties: (1) The temperature coefficient of resistivity is quite large and negative (\ensuremath{\lesssim}-1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$/K) which is generally not found in other low resistivity (l90\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm) amorphous alloys containing transition metals; (2) the upper critical-field gradient is the highest observed in bulk amorphous superconductors, up to 44 kOe/K. Based on the resistivity and critical-field gradient we estimate the renormalized density of states to be two to three times that of 4d and 5d amorphous superconductors. The possibility of strong spin fluctuation in these materials is discussed.
Evolving a new model: the information commons

Purpose – The article aims to provide a historical context for the information commons model in college and university libraries, reviewing trends in reference services, user expectations, technology and facilities planning. It suggests future directions for expansion of the information commons model and provides URLs for academic libraries with information commons of note.Design/methodology/approach – The article serves as a frame for three other articles in this issue on information commons.Findings – In the 1990s, the move to “rethink reference” services intersected with the “library as place” movement. This collision, combined with changes in technology and users' expectations, resulted in the information commons model.Research limitations/implications – The literature review is not exhaustive.Practical implications – The article provides a succinct review of recent historical trends in academic libraries as well as an overview of recent technological changes that have affected our users.Originality/v...
Relation of ventricular premature beat suppression to serum quinidine concentration determined by a new and specificassay

Abstract Fourteen patients who were receiving quinidine in doses of 800 to 1800 mg. per day for ventricular arrhythmias underwent Holter monitoring during a steady state dosing interval at a mean of four days after the initiation of quinidine therapy. Serum quinidine concentration, determined by a specific high performance liquid chromatography method, was measured hourly during the dosing interval. Ventricular premature beat (VPB) frequency during quinidine therapy was compared to the baseline VPB frequency. A reduction in VPB frequency of at least 90% was required to substantiate the presence of a therapeutic response to quinidine. In 12 of the 14 patients a therapeutic response to quinidine was present at serum levels ranging from 0.72 to 5.92 μg/ml. There was no group correlation between serum quinidine concentration and VPB frequency, but there was a tendency in individual patients for VPB frequency to decrease as serum quinidine level increased. Quinidine toxicity was not observed in these 14 patients. Because of the wide variation in response to quinidine, a serum quinidine concentration that is within the therapeutic range is not necessarily the optimal serum quinidine concentration for an individual patient. The clinician may therefore consider increasing the dose if there is no evidence of quinidine toxicity and the ventricular rhythm disturbance is not adequately controlled.
Predicting Transient Upset in Gate Arrays

A simulation program for predicting dose rate upset has been adapted from the Power Analysis for Integrated Circuits program (PANIC). The program provides detailed analysis on the Vcc-Vss difference at any location within the array as well as the amount of photocurrent being collected, as a function of design. The simulation has been compared to experiment for a specific design and was found to correlate to within 20% at 5 volts.
Connecting glutathione with immune responses to occupational methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is among the leading chemical causes of occupational asthma world-wide, however, the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis remain unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that glutathione (GSH) reacts with MDI to form quasi-stable conjugates, capable of mediating the formation of MDI-conjugated "self" protein antigens, which may participate in pathogenic inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, an occupationally relevant dose of MDI (0.1%w/v) was reacted with varying concentrations of GSH (10μM-10mM), and the reaction products were characterized with regard to mass/structure, and ability to carbamoylate human albumin, a major carrier protein for MDI in vivo. LC-MS/MS analysis of GSH-MDI reaction products identified products possessing the exact mass of previously described S-linked bis(GSH)-MDI and its partial hydrolysis product, as well as novel cyclized GSH-MDI structures. Upon co-incubation of GSH-MDI reaction products with human albumin, MDI was rapidly transferred to specific lysines of albumin, and the protein's native conformation/charge was altered, based on electrophoretic mobility. Three types of modification were observed, intra-molecular MDI cross-linking, addition of partially hydrolyzed MDI, and addition of "MDI-GSH", where MDI's 2nd NCO had reacted with GSH's "N-terminus". Importantly, human albumin carbamoylated by GSH-MDI was specifically recognized by serum IgG from MDI exposed workers, with binding dependent upon the starting GSH concentration, pH, and NaCl levels. Together, the data define a non-enzymatic, thiol-mediated transcarbamoylating mechanism by which GSH may promote immune responses to MDI exposure, and identify specific factors that might further modulate this process.
Adaptation to visuomotor rotation in isometric reaching is similar to movement adaptation

Isometric reaching, in which the arm remains stationary and the user controls a virtual cursor via force input, is a motor task that has not been thoroughly compared to real reaching. In this study, we ask if isometric adaptation to a kinematic perturbation is similar to adaptation in movement, and if the type of isometric mapping (position or velocity control) influences learning. Healthy subjects made real and virtual reaches with the arm in plane. In some trials, the cursor was rotated counter clockwise by 45° to perturb the kinematic mapping. To assess adaptation, the angular error of cursor movement at 150 ms from movement onset was measured for each reach; error was averaged across subjects and a two-state learning mode was fit to error data. For movement and isometric groups, average angular error peaked at perturbation onset, reduced over 200 reaches, and reversed direction when the perturbation was removed. We show that subjects are able to adapt to a visuomotor rotation in both position- and velocity-based cursor control, and that the time course of adaptation resembles that of movement adaptation. Training of virtual reaching using force/torque input could be particularly applicable for stroke patients with significant movement deficits, who could benefit from intensive treatments using simple, cost-effective devices.
The Glaxo Award: is the American Public Health Association moving toward corporate governance?

The author, member of the American Public Health Association, questions the wisdom of the association's accepting donations from corporate sponsors, whose primary responsibility is not to public health but to their stockholders.
Odd−Even Effects in Self-Assembled Monolayers of ω-(Biphenyl-4-yl)alkanethiols: A First-Principles Study

Conjugated molecules with a saturated alkyl linker between a thiol docking group and the π-conjugated core have been shown to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with a high degree of long-range order and uniformity. Additionally, pronounced odd−even effects have been observed in a number of properties characterizing these SAMs. We focus on ω-(biphenyl-4-yl)alkanethiols with n = 0−6 −(CH2)n− units deposited on Au(111) and investigate the microscopic origin of these odd−even effects in terms of the local sulfur−gold bonding geometry by employing first-principles calculations. An additional structural parameter, the torsion angle between the two phenyl rings in the biphenyl moiety, is identified and its relation to the experimentally observed odd−even effects is discussed. More importantly, we address relevant quantities for the application of these SAMs in molecular electronic devices, in particular, the modification of the work function of the underlying metal substrate and the energetic alignment of th...
Design, synthesis and evaluation of spermine-based pH-sensitive amphiphilic gene delivery systems: Multifunctional non-viral gene carriers

Design and development of efficient non-viral gene delivery systems is critical to overcome various barriers for effective intracellular gene delivery. Eight new spermine-based protonatable surfactants were designed, synthesized and evaluated as non-viral pH-sensitive gene carriers. These carriers formed stable complexes with plasmid DNA at an N/P ratio as low as 2. The sizes of the carrier/pDNA nanoparticles (N/P = 12) were in the range of 90–130 nm, smaller than that of Lipofectamine-2000/pDNA nanoparticles. The pDNA nanoparticles of the carriers exhibited substantially increased hemolysis when pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.5. The DNA nanoparticles had low cytotocixity, similar to that of Lipofectamine-2000/pDNA nanoparticles. The pH-sensitive gene carriers with no helper lipids resulted in much higher intracellular transfection and gene expression in U87 cells than Lipofectamine-2000. [N,N′-Bis(oleoylcysteinyl)(β-alanyl-α-lysyl)]-spermine monoamide (SKACO) resulted in the highest luciferase transfection efficiency, more than 400 times higher than that of Lipofectamine-2000, and GFP expression in 71% of transfected U87 cells. SKACO was identified as a promising lead carrier for efficient gene delivery. These spermine-based pH-sensitive amphiphilic carriers have a potential to be further developed as efficient non-viral multifunctional gene delivery systems.
Occurrence of 2n pollen and ps gene frequencies in cultivated groups and their related wild species in tuber-bearing Solanums

The gene frequency for parallel spindles (ps) was estimated from the frequency of plants producing 2n pollen in three cultivated groups: 2x Phureja (phu), 2x Stenotomum (stn), and 4x Andigena (adg), as well as in four related wild taxa: 2x Solanum brevicaule (brc), 2x S. sparsipilum (spl), 4x S. gourlayi (grl) and 4x S. gourlayi-S. infundibuliforme hybrids (grl-ifd). Plants with more than 1% large pollen were considered as 2n pollen producers. Observations of meiosis in a sample of 2n pollen-producing plants indicated that parallel spindles is the mechanism of 2n pollen formation. The number of plants with 2n pollen among the total examined was 228 plants (15.5%) of 1,473 in 2x spl, 31 (26.7%) of 116 in 2x brc, 92 (17.4%) of 528 in 2x stn, 665 (22.1%) of 3,008 in 2x phu, 731 (51.4%) of 1,421 in 4x adg, 591 (41.2%) of 1,436 in 4x grl, and 36 (64.3%) out of 56 in 4x grl-ifd. The ps gene frequencies assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were: 0.393 for 2x spl, 0.462 for 2x brc, 0.417 for 2x stn, 0.470 for 2x phu, 0.847 for 4x adg, 0.801 for 4x grl, and 0.895 for 4x grl-ifd. Twenty-five adg clones were randomly selected from a large population and were crossed with 2x clone W5295.7, which produces 2n pollen by parallel spindles (ps). The 4x progenies from 4x×2x crosses were used to determine the genotypes at the ps locus by screening 10–20 plants in each family for 2n pollen. Based on chromosome segregation at the ps locus, 9, 14, 1, and 1 clones were nulliplex, simplex, simplex or duplex, and duplex, respectively. The frequency of the ps gene in the adg population was estimated to be 0.825 and 0.815 for chromosome and chromatid segregation, respectively. The high frequencies of 2n pollen and the ps gene in cultivated 2x and 4x groups, and in wild taxa closely related to them, provide evidence for sexual polyploidization in the tuber-bearing Solanums.
Observation of impurity conduction associated with the L-minima in n-GaSb(Te)

Abstract Hydrostatic pressure measurements of Hall coefficient and resistivity in n -GaSb(Te) have been carried out over the temperature range 1.4 K–300 K. The results give direct evidence for impurity conduction related to the Te donor states associated with the L conduction band minima.
A Cohort Model of Fertility Postponement

We introduce a new formal model in which demographic behavior such as fertility is postponed by differing amounts depending only on cohort membership. The cohort-based model shows the effects of cohort shifts on period fertility measures and provides an accompanying tempo adjustment to determine the period fertility that would have occurred without postponement. Cohort-based postponement spans multiple periods and produces “fertility momentum,” with implications for future fertility rates. We illustrate several methods for model estimation and apply the model to fertility in several countries. We also compare the fit of period-based and cohort-based shift models to the recent Dutch fertility surface, showing how cohort- and period-based postponement can occur simultaneously.
HPLC separation and square‐wave adsorptive‐stripping detection of human immunoglobulin G and A

Human immunoglobulin G and A (IgG and IgA) were studied with square-wave voltammetry. For IgG, three reduction peaks (HIGG1, HIGG2, and HIGG3) were observed under different conditions. HIGG1 and HIGG3 are strongly related to the pH of the buffer solution. In pH 7.5 phosphate buffer, the peak potential of HIGG2 is −0.58 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A linear response holds for human IgG below 3.3 × 10−8 M (5 ppm). As little as 1.1 × 10−10 M (16 ppb) of human IgG is detectable after only 20 seconds of adsorptive accumulation in static solution. IgA has two flat adsorptive-stripping responses (HIGA1 and HIGA2). The sensitivity of IgA is much poorer compared to IgG. HIGA2 at −0.44 V can be observed throughout the tested pH range with the maximum response between pH 6.0–6.2. In a static solution, a linear calibration graph can be obtained for 0.8–16.8 ppm IgA. IgG and IgA can be separated from each other by using HPLC with an AB × column. The response of 32 ppb IgG can be observed clearly. This research indicates the possibility of direct separation and detection of immunoglobulins from a real sample (e.g., human serum) by simply applying HPLC-adsorptive-stripping analysis.
Scaling limits for point random fields

Abstract If X is a point random field on R d then convergence in distribution of the renormalization Cλ|Xλ − αλ| as λ → ∞ to generalized random fields is examined, where Cλ > 0, αλ are real numbers for λ > 0, and Xλ(f) = λ−dX(fλ) for f λ (x) = f( x λ ) . If such a scaling limit exists then Cλ = λθg(λ), where g is a slowly varying function, and the scaling limit is self-similar with exponent θ. The classical case occurs when θ = d 2 and the limit process is a Gaussian white noise. Scaling limits of subordinated Poisson (doubly stochastic) point random fields are calculated in terms of the scaling limit of the environment (driving random field). If the exponent of the scaling limit is θ = d 2 then the limit is an independent sum of the scaling limit of the environment and a Gaussian white noise. If θ d 2 the scaling limit coincides with that of the environment while if θ > d 2 the limit is Gaussian white noise. Analogous results are derived for cluster processes as well.
Abstract 4908: The apoptotic response of the triple negative breast cancer cell line HCC1806 to chemotherapeutics

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Triple negative breast cancer is characterized by the loss or low expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 proteins which have been targeted and established as somewhat effective therapy regiments in other breast cancer subtypes including luminal breast cancer. Since triple negative tumors are missing these established drug targets, there has been little advancement in the establishment of drug therapies to specifically target this breast cancer subtype. Triple negative breast cancer is described as aggressive due to its invasiveness and metastatic properties. One potential mediator of triple negative breast cancer aggressive behavior may be due to the fact that this breast cancer subtype may have as high as an 80% p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation rate. While the p53 gene may be mutated at high rates, it may be possible to design drugs to target some of the downstream genes that p53 transactivates, including the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the pro-apoptotic gene PUMA, in order to inhibit the further growth of the triple negative breast cancer cells. We previously reported that classic chemotherapeutics including actinomycin-D, staurosporine, and doxorubicin, were effective in eliciting apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. We initially stressed breast cancer cell lines with all three chemotherapeutics listed above. We showed that all of the cell lines underwent significant apoptosis by 24hrs. Interestingly, the “normal” breast cancer cell line AG11132 had a delayed apoptosis response to doxorubicin treatment as compared to the breast cancer cell lines HCC1806, HCC70 and HCC1500. Therefore, we treated the breast cancer cell lines with a titration of various doxorubicin concentrations. Here we show that even at lower doxorubicin concentrations, a significant amount of apoptosis was measured at 24hrs in all of the cell lines including the triple negative breast cancer cell line HCC1806. We measured apoptosis by the physical characteristics as observed under light microscopy and by using the cell viability assay. We are currently monitoring the p53 tumor suppressor pathway network in all of these cells to determine the network's integrity and whether there is a direct or indirect involvement of p53 on the apoptosis responses. We are also further analyzing the chemotherapeutic agents to determine their effectiveness in killing breast cancer cells with limited cytotoxic effects to normal breast cells at various time-points. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4908. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4908
A Novel Parallel Deadlock Detection Algorithm and Hardware for Multiprocessor System-on-a-Chip

Given the projected dramatic increase in the number of processors and resources in a system-on-a-chip, a quadratic increase in the likelihood of deadlock is predicted due to complex system behavior. To deal with this issue, we here present a novel parallel hardware-oriented deadlock detection algorithm with O(l) deadlock detection and 0(min(m,n)) preparation, where m and n are the numbers of processes and resources, respectively. Our contributions are (i) the first O(l) deadlock detection hardware implementation and (ii) a new algorithmic method of achieving 0(min(m,n)) overall run-time complexity. We implement our algorithm in Verilog HDL and demonstrate that deadlock detection always takes only two clock cycles regardless of the size of a system (i.e., m and n).
Reinventing Government: The Views of Police Middle Managers

This article presents data drawn from the written views of middle managers representing police departments from across the nation. The respondents were attending the Administrative Officers Course at the Southern Police Institute at the University of Louisville. During the course of their studies, they read Osborne and Gaebler's (1992) Reinventing Government. In a written essay, they were asked to identify the three best and worst ideas from this text. The results indicate that these police middle managers supported the elements of reinvention that reflected the ideals of community policing. They attacked other ideas as inefficient, inequitable, or unethical. Overall, their views reflect cautious support for the changes expressed in Reinventing Government.
A particle swarm optimization based multilateration algorithm for UWB sensor network

In this paper, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based multilateration algorithm is presented for a UWB communications based sensor network. The particle swarm uses simple operators and is a bottom-up approach for identifying the location in a 2-D space. Hence the PSO uses less energy. For comparison we present two alternative approaches traditionally used for this problem. The first one is a) traditional iterative least square algorithm, b) a one step simple least square solution. With respect to least squares, PSO results in slightly less error than the traditional iterative least square approach making. However, it is computationally inexpensive making it a good choice for a wireless network of small devices. The PSO multilateration algorithm really improves localization error over the one step least square algorithm. The new algorithm can replace the traditional algorithm in different applications.
A novel buried grid device fabrication technology

A new buried grid fabrication technology based upon preferential etching and planar epitaxial refill techniques is described. This technology produces buried grids with a rectangular cross-section. The resulting improvement in the aspect ratio of the channel between the grids allows the fabrication of large area, high voltage, vertical channel field effect transistors and field controlled thyristors with very high blocking gains.
Unroofed coronary sinus or coronary sinus on the roof? Successful implantation of biventricular implantable defibrillator in anomalous coronary venous drainage.

w b p t l c t s t Unfavorable coronary sinus (CS) anatomy remains an impediment to placing the left ventricular (LV) lead for cardiac resynchronization. We successfully implanted a biventricular defibrillator in a patient with unique anomalous coronary venous drainage, not described to date. A 51-year-old man with dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy, left bundle branch block (QRS duration 160 ms), LV dysfunction (ejection fraction 20%), and chronic systolic heart failure (NYHA Class III) underwent biventricular defibrillator implantation. After transvenous CS cannulation, angiography performed in the 30° left anterior oblique (LAO) view suggested atresia of CS in the posteroinferior portion of the right atrium (RA) with a large anomalous venous connection filling retrogradely and draining into the RA roof just posterior to and leftward of the superior vena cava/RA junction (Figure 1A). Selective cannulation of this anomalous ostium in the RA roof was achieved with a 6F steerable decapolar catheter (Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA). Angiography (28° LAO projection) performed through the guiding sheath at this site revealed a venous tributary draining the posterolateral LV wall. An LV lead (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was successfully placed in the targeted posterolateral venous branch (Figure 1B, arrows) with good pacing parameters and withut any evidence of phrenic nerve stimulation. The course f the lead is shown on chest X-ray film (Figure 1C, arows). Axial slice from three-dimensional (3D) spiral comuted tomography (Figure 1D) showed the course of the LV
The response of the transfer function of an alpha-beta filter to various measurement models

The response characteristics of the alpha-beta filter are used to quantify the filter's performance against different measurement models representing a target's trajectory. The transfer functions for an alpha-beta filter are used to derive closed form (solutions) expressions for smoothed position and velocity outputs for various measurement models. The filter's response to constant velocity targets is found to be the input plus a sinusoidal transient. Constant acceleration measurement models, in addition, yield a steady state bias that is a function of the filter parameters alpha and beta . Finally, the filter's response to a sinusoidal input is determined. >
‘Came hell and high water’: the intersection of Hurricane Katrina, the news media, race and poverty

The mass devastation and suffering left in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in the US Gulf Coast brought the intersection of media and community into sharp focus. The news media played a pivotal role in almost every aspect of the disaster and its aftermath, and was harshly criticized for its depiction of minorities and for sensationalizing a human and environmental disaster. The literature suggests that media often represents minorities in a negative light, ultimately reinforcing existing social inequalities. This paper examines the portrayal of minority groups in the media during and after the storm. Data were coded from news media broadcasts to determine the nature of minority representation. Interviews were conducted with individuals from New Orleans who survived the disaster to understand issues related to media trust, the accuracy of media reports and perception of the media's portrayal of minorities. The results indicate that minorities are disproportionately shown in a passive or ‘victim’ role and are rarely shown in positions of expertize. Further, storm survivors indicated a misrepresentation of minorities in media coverage of the disaster, as well as reporting low levels of media trust and accuracy. The broader implications of these findings in relation to media reinforcement of social inequities and media responsibility are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder: a critical review of evidence

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia associated with dream enactment often involving violent or potentially injurious behaviors during REM sleep that is strongly associated with synucleinopathy neurodegeneration. Clonazepam has long been suggested as the first-line treatment option for RBD. However, evidence supporting melatonin therapy is expanding. Melatonin appears to be beneficial for the management of RBD with reductions in clinical behavioral outcomes and decrease in muscle tonicity during REM sleep. Melatonin also has a favorable safety and tolerability profile over clonazepam with limited potential for drug-drug interactions, an important consideration especially in elderly individuals with RBD receiving polypharmacy. Prospective clinical trials are necessary to establish the evidence basis for melatonin and clonazepam as RBD therapies.
Systematic notes on the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae. I. The author and the type of the genus Diodella, with comments on tribal delimitation

Abstract The genus Diodella of Small is not synonymous with Hedyotis § Diodella as is indicated in Index Nominum Genericorum. The two taxa have different nomenclatural types and belong to different tribes of the Rubiaceae. The first mentioned has a single seed in each locule and the second has many seeds. The stipules and seeds also differ markedly. Consequently the spermacocoid genus Diodella (typified by the type of Diodia rigida) is strongly distinguished from Hedyotis § Diodella [typified by the type of Hedyotis boscii DC. = Oldenlandia boscii (DC.) Chapm.] by many significant morphological features and should not be confused with it. The type of Small's genus Diodella is the type specimen of D. rigida, a perennial species not known to occur in the United States, although mistakenly included by Long and Lakela as well as by Small. The closely related but annual Diodella teres is common and widely distributed throughout much of the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Greater Antille...