cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of shock dynamics in an axisymmetric inlet/isolator with attached boundary layers

Shock oscillations within a model two-dimensional axisymmetric inlet with a constant area isolator are investigated under the condition of maintaining an unseparated boundary layer throughout the inlet/isolator section. Power spectral densities of the wall-pressure fluctuations beneath each shock leg intersecting the isolator surface exhibited a very low frequency broadband oscillation in the 10–100 Hz range as well as a very high frequency broadband oscillations above 10 kHz. Whereas the high frequency oscillations are attributed to the incoming boundary layer fluctuations, detailed investigations into the pressure fluctuation communication pathways within the isolator and their length scale of communication are made to elucidate the origin of the low frequency fluctuations. It was found that the downstream propagation of pressure fluctuations is primarily by the convection of the boundary layer structures and this communication occurred over several boundary layer thicknesses. The upstream propagation occurs through acoustic waves that extend over a distance of one local boundary layer thickness. Based on this understanding, a physical model is constructed, which makes an accurate prediction of pressure power spectrum of the low frequency shock wave oscillations; the model predictions also favourably compare with the shock oscillations in external shock boundary layer interactions without shock-induced flow separation.
Impact of Laryngoscopy Type on Intubation Success Rate

Background: At our institution, respiratory therapists may be certified to perform endotracheal intubation in the adult population. Annual intubation certification includes both performing a certain number of successful endotracheal intubations as well as a passing a skills and knowledge test. Our practice has transitioned in the past few years from primarily using direct laryngoscopy to using video laryngoscopy. In the past, direct laryngoscopy was the main method available. Recently, our system placed a video laryngoscopy platform in all adult ICUs and Emergency Departments. We wanted to determine if respiratory therapists at our facility were more successful with endotracheal intubation when using video laryngoscopy. Methods: A retrospective review of intubation documentation by respiratory therapists was conducted for two different periods, January 2015 to December 2016 (direct - primary laryngoscopy type) and July 2017 to May 2019 (video - primary laryngoscopy type). Successful tracheal intubation versus unsuccessful tracheal intubation attempt were noted for each occurrence of intubation by a respiratory therapist. Data was also collected specifically for video versus direct laryngoscopy from January 2019 to May 2019, when video vs direct was added to the electric medical record as a discreet data element. Results: See data table for success rate during the time when direct (Jan 15-Dec 16) and video (Jul 17-May 19) were the primary type of laryngoscopy. Success rate increased 8% from 86% to 94% when video laryngoscopy became the primary type. The table also includes discreet data from January 2019 to May 2019 comparing video versus direct success rate. Video is currently used 3 times more frequently than direct (100 vs 32) and has a success rate 8% higher than direct. Conclusions: The success rate of a respiratory therapists certified in endotracheal intubation increased 8% when video laryngoscopy became readily available in our system. With both types currently available, respiratory therapists opt to use video laryngoscopy three times more frequently.
Scaling Vision Transformers

Attention-based neural networks such as the Vision Transformer (ViT) have recently attained state-of-the-art results on many computer vision benchmarks. Scale is a primary ingredient in attaining excellent results, therefore, understanding a model's scaling properties is a key to designing future generations effectively. While the laws for scaling Transformer language models have been studied, it is unknown how Vision Transformers scale. To address this, we scale ViT models and data, both up and down, and characterize the relationships between error rate, data, and compute. Along the way, we refine the architecture and training of ViT, reducing memory consumption and increasing accuracy the resulting models. As a result, we successfully train a ViT model with two billion parameters, which attains a new state-of-the-art on ImageNet of 90.45% top-1 accuracy. The model also performs well on few-shot learning, for example, attaining 84.86% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet with only 10 examples per class.
In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in almost 25% of the Western population and is predicted to become one of the leading causes of end-stage liver disease. There is increasing evidence that NAFLD is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, specifically for coronary artery disease, via disruption of the metabolism of glucose and lipids in the body, leading to a state of systemic inflammation that promotes atherosclerosis. This study aims to explore outcomes in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without placement of drug-eluting stents (DES) to determine whether the concurrent diagnosis of NAFLD led to worse in-hospital outcomes. Methods We used the National Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2016 to conduct a cross-sectional study that included all adult patients who underwent PCI with or without placement of DES during hospital admission. Patients with NAFLD were identified and compared to patients without NAFLD. Patients were selected by using ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS codes. Outcomes included mortality, length of stay and total hospital charges, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Data on patient demographics, inpatient statistics, and comorbidities were obtained and analyzed using cross-tabulation, Pearson χ2 test, and independent samples t-test. Data were adjusted for confounders using logistic and linear regression. Results Among 429,855 patients who underwent PCI with or without placement of DES, 2,560 patients (0.6%) had a diagnosis of NAFLD. There was no significant difference with regard to mortality and MACE. The NAFLD group had a higher proportion of females, a longer average length of hospital stay, and patients presented at a younger average age. Regarding comorbidities, more patients in the NAFLD group had diabetes mellitus type II, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Conclusion NAFLD is emerging as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence suggests that the disease contributes to systemic atherosclerosis and thus coronary artery disease. We found that among patients who underwent PCI in 2016, those with NAFLD had a longer length of stay, were admitted at a younger age, and had significantly more cardiovascular comorbidities than those without NAFLD. Increasing evidence has shown that advanced liver disease due to NAFLD will continue to place a significant burden on the healthcare system and is, therefore, an area that the medical community should continue to focus on, especially, regarding preventative and therapeutic efforts.
Hyperhidrosis treatments in hidradenitis suppurativa: A systematic review.

Hyperhidrosis impairs quality of life (QOL) in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) patients and may exacerbate HS. However, there is limited literature on whether hyperhidrosis treatments improve HS disease. To systematically review literature on efficacy and tolerability of hyperhidrosis treatments in HS patients. In May 2021, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically searched by two reviewers per PRISMA guidelines for articles on hyperhidrosis and HS. Sixteen articles met inclusion criteria (2 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], one case-control study, three cross-sectional studies, 10 case-studies/series), encompassing 252 HS patients across studies. They examined botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) (n = 6) and B (BTX-B) (n = 1), suction-curettage (n = 1), diode laser (n = 1), and microwave-based energy device (MED) (n = 3). Overall, BTX treatments improve HS severity, QOL, hyperhidrosis, and were well-tolerated. Suction-curettage did not improve disease. One HS patient tolerated diode laser well, with improvement in sweating and HS. One RCT studying MED was discontinued due to adverse events. Two studies reported MED-induced HS. BTX was overall helpful in HS patients, including in patients without concomitant hyperhidrosis. However, more prospective studies are needed to examine its utility in HS. There is potential harm of MEDs in HS. Most studies examining hyperhidrosis treatments in HS patients are low level of evidence. Larger RCTs should examine the efficacy and tolerability of hyperhidrosis treatments in HS.
Intermediate image processing

The techniques discussed in the previous chapter are excellent for eliminating spurious information, clarifying pertinent information, and highlighting important primitive features. The best that can be hoped for from these techniques, however, is the extraction of an accurate edge representation of the scene with important features such as straight lines, corners and overlap points identified. More often the result will be a somewhat inaccurate edge representation, with extraneous features such as shadows, glare and background details still appearing.
Analysis of developing laminar flow and heat transfer in a tube for a gas with variable properties.

Laminar tube flow and heat transfer for He gas using Navier-Stokes, energy and continuity equations in finite difference form
Diagram Schemas: What, Why, How

Diagram schemas allow us to organize broad and deep collections of diagrams for theoretical analysis and system building. Formal intensional (rule-based) methods attempt to lay out the necessary and sufficient conditions for describing a class. For diagrams, it can be argued that the most useful schemas are extensional ones built around exemplars and prototypes based on central instances. Diagrams are then further classified in relation to these central instances. Many existing system designs use exemplar-based schemas implicitly. We describe how diagram exemplars and prototypes can be used in the design of a wide variety of systems for generating, parsing, machine learning, indexing and retrieval systems and contrast exemplars with rule-based approaches. Exemplar-based approaches are particularly well-suited for dealing with HCI issues.
Extended MHD plasma jets with external magnetic fields

In the present research, collimated plasma jets form from Joule heating and ablation of a radial foil (Al 20 μm thin disk) using a pulsed power generator (COBRA) with 1 MA peak current and 100 ns rise time. Plasma dynamics of the jet are diagnosed with and without an applied uniform external magnetic field (∼1 T axial Bz) and under a change of current polarities, which correspond to current moving either radially outward or inward from the foil's central axis. Experimental results are compared with predictions made by numerical simulations (PERSEUS)1. The influence of the Hall effect on the jet development is observed under opposite current polarities. Before jet formation, initial plasma on top of the foil surface develops discrete narrow current path channels (tendrils) that display characteristics of electrothermal-filamentation plasma instability. A disruption of the tendrils and subsequent jet is noticed after a modest increase in the applied field strength from 1 to 1.5 T, which is not predicted by the 2D (r-z) simulations.
Memory Interference Models with Variable Connection Time

This correspondence develops two discrete memory interference models. These models, the equivalent rate model and the Markov chain model, provide for variable connection times between processors and memories if these times can be characterized by a discrete random variable X. The equivalent rate model, which is the simpler, requires only the first moment of X, while the Markov chain model requires the first and second moments. The models yield estimates of the bandwidth BW, the probability of acceptance Pa, and processor utilization Up. Both models give good estimates of BW when the coefficient of variation Cv of X is small. When Cv reaches 2.0 the Markov chain model still shows an error of less than 4 percent while the equivalent rate model exhibits a 50 percent error that, unlike the Markov chain model, continues to increase with increase in Cv. Finally, it is shown that BW drops significantly with increase in Cv. suggesting that processor-memory transfers should use a fixed block size if memory conflict is to be minimized.
Language and Literacy Planning and Local Contexts: The Case of a Rarámuri Community

On the basis of a ten-month ethnography of a Raramuri school and community, this article contributes to the understanding of the role of sociolinguistic and socioeconomic contexts in creating Indigenous-language maintenance programs. Employing concepts of micro- and macrolevel variables in language endangerment and language vitality scales, it provides an example of how these variables should inform language and literacy planning (LLP). It also discusses how LLP for Indigenous communities needs to embrace a biocultural diversity perspective. [Raramuri, Tarahumara, language maintenance and shift, language policy and planning, bilingual education, indigenous education, Mexico]
Multistep processes in the (d, 6Li) reaction

Abstract At 28 MeV, the (d, 6 Li) reaction on A = 4 n targets in the 1p and 2s-1d shells systematically populates unnatural-parity states with large relative cross sections. This results suggests the presence of multistep reaction processes, making questionable the extraction of nuclear-structure information with DWBA.
Lumbar total disc replacement part I: rationale, biomechanics, and implant types.

Degenerative disc disease produces back pain that is often treated by nonsurgical methods. When these methods fail, surgical treatment is offered, usually in the form of interbody fusion. The concept of eliminating the painful motion segment by discectomy and fusion is considered the ‘‘gold standard’’ of surgical treatment of recalcitrant degenerative disc disease; however, the results of this surgical intervention are sometimes suboptimal in terms of pain relief and associated problems such as pseudoarthrosis, iliac crest bone graft donor site pain, and adjacent-level degeneration. Total disc replacement (TDR) has been developed to preserve motion, avoid the morbidity of bone graft harvest, and possibly reduce adjacent-level degeneration. Although preliminary reports on disc replacement have been promising, it should be emphasized that until longer-term follow-up data are available, the technology should not be widely applied in lieu of fusion.
A unified approach to secure and robust hashing scheme for image and video authentication

The advancing world of communication is faced with challenging problems related to security and authenticity. In the context of multimedia communication, digital images and videos have been endangered with spatio-temporal manipulations. In this paper, a robust and secure hashing scheme based on DWT for the image and video authentication has been presented. For the image, the hashing scheme robustness allows the acceptable manipulations such as JPEG compression and low pass filtering and at the same time is sensitive enough to detect malicious manipulations. The adoption of DWT meets the requirement of robustness and fragility. Similarly for the video authentication, the scheme is divided into two parts: Data integrity and Source verification. Video authentication algorithm involves the DCT and special quantization scheme which makes the algorithm robust for different codec and sensitive to localize the tampered frame. Further the source verification is carried out by the use of MD5 and digital signature. Several experiments have been carried out and their results, presented in this paper, demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Discrete groups of unitary isometries and balls in hyperbolic manifolds

Abstract We study discrete groups of unitary isometries in C∗ algebras and revisit the Bieberbach groups. We give lower estimates of radii of balls in complete hyperbolic manifolds with finite volumes.
The effects of DFMO on polyamine metabolism in the inner ear.

Abstract Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a novel antineoplastic agent that was associated with an unexpected hearing loss in Phase II clinical trials. DFMO interferes with polyamine synthesis by inhibition of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The objective of the current study was to establish a methodology to determine the effect of DFMO on polyamine levels and ODC activity in the cochlea. Guinea pigs received DFMO in their drinking water and were tested for auditory brainstem response threshold shifts. The organ of Corti, the lateral wall, and the acoustic nerve were assayed for both ODC activity and polyamine levels. In DFMO treated animals there was an inhibition of ODC activity in cochlear tissues as well as in intestinal mucosa. In addition, a significant depletion of cochlear polyamines was observed in the treatment animals. This study suggests that systemically administered DFMO inhibits ODC activity and interferes with polyamine synthesis in the cochlea.
A high power picosecond dye oscillator synchronously pumped by a Q-switched, mode-locked Nd: YAG laser

Abstract The second harmonic of a Q-switched, mode-locked Nd: YAG laser is used to synchronously pump a cavity-dumped dye oscillator to produce broadly tunable, 20 ps, 20 μJ pulses with a linewidth of 1 cm -1 .
Laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy for the treatment of uterine prolapse: a retrospective case series report.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate apical support in patients desiring uterine preservation with pelvic organ prolapse who underwent laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy. Design Retrospective case series report (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting Academic community teaching hospital. Patients Forty consecutive women who underwent laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy. Interventions Synthetic mesh was used to attach the distal uterosacral ligaments and posterior endopelvic fascia to the anterior longitudinal ligament of the sacral promontory. Measurements and Main Results Pelvic organ prolapse quantification system measurements were used and apical support was evaluated using point C. Mean C was −1.13 (+9 to −4) preoperatively, −5.28 (−3 to −13) at 6 weeks postoperatively, −5.26 (−3 to −8) at 6 months postoperatively, and −4.84 (−3 to −7) at 1 year postoperatively. Conclusion Laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy is an effective option for women with pelvic organ prolapse who desire uterine preservation.
Further investigation of the ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. Catecholate derivatives of Zn(II) and Al(III)

Abstract Ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide, PO, by binuclear complexes of zinc and aluminum has been investigated. The preparation and crystal structure of a dinuclear catecholate Al2(O⋯O)2Cl2·4THF (where O⋯O=3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol) is reported together with its reactivity towards PO.
The unsteady state absorption of oxygen in cumene

New data are reported for the absorption of single bubbles of oxygen less than 5 mm in diameter in cumene at room temperature. Measured rates are compared with the theoretically predicted rates, based on new values of the diffusivity and solubility of oxygen in cumene, for absorption from spheres in potential flow and from rigid spheres. In the presence of the peroxide, which is a reaction product, absorption rates are high initially but decay after 15 seconds or so to a value expected for rigid spheres. The results are explained in terms of the accumulation of surfactant at the bubble surface. Preliminary measurements of the dissolution of carbon dioxide bubbles in water in the same apparatus gave results similar to other determinations reported in the literature. On rapporte de nouveaux resultats dans le cas de l'absorption de bulles simples d'oxygene (de moins de 5 millimetres de diametre) dans le cumene Ga la temperature de la chambre. On compare les vitesses mesurees avec celles qu'on avait predites theoriquement, en se basant sur les nouvelles valeurs de diffnsivite et de solubilite de l'oxygene dans le cumene, dans le cas de l'absorption a partir de spheres rigides. En presence du peroxydc, qui est un produit de reaction, les vitesses d'adsorption, qui sont d'abord elevees, decroi'ssent apres environ 15 secondes pour atteindre une valeur qu'on s'attend d'obtenir dans le cas de spheres rigides. On explique les resultats en fonction de l'accumulation d'un agent tensio-actif a la surface des bulles. Les mesures preliminaires de la dissolution de l'anhydride carbonique dans l'eau dans le me'me appareil ont fourni des resultats semblables a ceux qu'on a deja rapportes dans des publications.
Grain growth mechanisms in a spray-formed Ni3Al/Al2O3 composite in the presence of a liquid phase

Abstract Grain growth in the two-phase (liquid + solid) region of Ni 3 Al reinforced with 0.8 vol.% Al 2 O 3 participates synthesized by a spray atomization and co-injection technique was investigated. The grain growth of the as-sprayed and hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) materials in the two-phase region was found to be consistent with cube law kinetics, i.e., grain growth exponent was approximately 3. The activation energy for grain growth for the as-sprayed material was determined to be 308 ± 19 kJ mol −1 while that of the HIPed material was calculated to be 327 ± 23 kJ mol −1 . The activation energy for grain growth was not a function of the amount of liquid phase or the composition of the liquid. Furthermore, the activation energy for grain growth was higher than that for diffusion through the liquid phase, suggesting that the mechanism for grain growth of the as-sprayed and HIPed Ni 3 Al composite in the two-phase region was controlled by an interface reaction. The role of the second-phase Al 2 O 3 particles on grain growth for the as-sprayed and HIPed Ni 3 Al materials was not significant.
NETWORK MODELS FOR NONUNIFORM FLOW AND ADSORPTION IN FIXED BEDS

Abstract Adsorption beds are modeled as large, two- and three-dimensional networks of interconnected interstices. Fluid flow and nonlinear adsorption within these structures are treated. Disorder is introduced by letting radii of flow paths vary randomly according to a Rayleigh distribution. The network models presented here predict many ideas results for adsorption with axial dispersion that are well documented in the literature. Breakthrough curves have the expected shape, with constant patterns developing in the beds for favourable isotherms. Furthermore, breakthrough curves resemble one another closely for different large, random structures. We also consider wall effects caused by two factors: increased velocity and decreased adsorption capacity.
Identifying Rogue Air Temperature Stations Using Cluster Analysis of Percentile Trends

Abstract A new and efficient method for identifying “rogue” air temperature stations—locations with unusually large air temperature trends—is presented. Instrumentation problems and spatially unrepresentative local climates are sometimes more apparent in air temperature extremes, yet can have more subtle impacts on variations in mean air temperature. As a result, using data from over 1300 stations in North America, the tails of daily air temperature frequency distributions were examined for unusual trends. In particular, linear trends in the 5th percentile of daily minimum air temperature during the winter months and the 95th percentile of daily maximum air temperature during the summer were analyzed. Cluster analysis then was used to identify stations that were distinct from other locations. Both single- and average linkage clustering were evaluated. By identifying individual stations along the entire periphery of the percentile trend space, single-linkage clustering appears to produce better results tha...
Comparison of the Visual Function Index to the Snellen Visual Acuity Test in Predicting Older Adult Self-Restricted Driving

Objective: In this observational study, a modified version of the Visual Function Index (VF-14) and the Snellen Visual Acuity Test were compared in how well they correlated with self-restricted driving habits in older adults. The VF-14 was originally designed to assess vision in cataract patients; however, in this study, a modified version (mVF-14) was evaluated as a tool for predicting self-restricted driving in older drivers. Methods: During a 3-month period, 151 drivers over the age of 65 were screened at the local senior center. In addition to the Snellen Visual Acuity Test and mVF-14, each participant was given a questionnaire about their driving habits, previously used in self-restriction studies. Results: Out of 151 total participants, 134 were included and 7 nondrivers and 10 subjects who did not complete all questionnaires were excluded. One hundred one participants exhibited normal visual acuity of 20/40 or better (75%), and 110 scored over 90 on the mVF-14 (82%). Spearman's rank sum correlation...
Exploring Architecture Options for a Federated, Cloud-Based System Biology Knowledgebase

Systems biology is characterized by a large community of scientists who use a wide variety of fragmented and competing data sets and computational tools of all scales to support their research. In order to provide a more coherent computational environment for systems biology, we are working as part of the Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (Kbase) project to define a federated cloud-based system architecture. The Kbase will eventually host massive amounts of biological data, provide high performance and scalable computational resources, and support a large user community with tools and services to enable them to utilize the Kbase resources. In this paper, we describe the results of our investigations into the design of a workflow infrastructure suitable for use in the Kbase. The approach utilizes standards-based workflow description and open source integration technologies, and incorporates a data aware workflow execution layer for exploiting data locality in the federated architecture. We describe a use case and the initial prototype implementation we have built that demonstrates the feasibility of our approach.
Library Collections for the Support of Academic Sport Management Programs

Sport management is a relatively new and rapidly growing academic discipline. Despite the proliferation of sport management programs in the United States, a review of the library literature reveals few publications concerning library support for such programs. In addition to providing background knowledge about the sport management discipline, this article provides practical information for academic librarians by recommending essential databases, journals, academic publishers, industry publishers, and associations in the arena of sport management.
Relative mating activity of the sexes in homokaryotypes of Drosophila persimilis from a Redwoods population.

Previous tests for mating activity ofDrosophila persimilis homokaryotype KL (Klamath) and MD (Mendocino) chromosomal arrangements (northern California population: Redwoods) had shown KL to mate faster on the average than MD in homogamic tests. A strain (double-cross hybrid of four KL lines from the same population) with reliable high mating activity was developed for testing the sexes separately. Five pairs of KL-MD homokaryotype strains were chosen to be tested by the criterion that each pair had been derived from a separate wild KL/MD progenitor. Strains were crossed within arrangements in a diallelic design (20 inter- and five intrastrain crosses tested in 16 replicates per cross) to provide mating activity indices of four sets: KL females, KL males, MD females, MD males. Mating tests employed ten virgin experimental flies with ten tester (double-cross hybrid) flies of the opposite sex in 30-min observation periods. All flies were matured for 5 days at 25°C before testing. Among parental strains, females were consistently higher in mating activity than males for both KL and MD arrangements. Most interstrain hybrids were heterotic, with KL and MD females not significantly different. However, hybrid MD males displayed greatest variation and had lowest mating activity, while KL males were the least variable and highest in mating activity. With heterosis in the hybrids, there was no predictability (additivity) from performance of parental strains to hybrid offspring. Mating activities of the two sexes were uncorrelated, indicating either that the sexes have independent genetic systems controlling mating activity or that the expression of the same genetic system is influenced by sex. Since the hybrid males of the two karyotypes displayed different courtship activity while the females were at about an equal level of receptivity, intrasexual selection among males is likely to be important in nature.
Segregation and Precipitation on Dislocations in RPV Steels

The results of a series of different methods for estimating the solute concentration of copper-enriched precipitates and the solute segregation at dislocation in welds from the Midland and Palisades reactors were presented. These welds have been neutron irradiated to fluences of up to 3.4 times 1023 n m-2 (E > 1 MeV) at a temperature of 288degC. These methods include some variants of the maximum separation (or friends-of-friends) method, the tracer method, radial concentration profiles and the proxigram method. The results of these methods revealed that the estimate of the level of solute is strongly dependant on the precise definition of the location of the precipitate-matrix interface. The atom probe tomography (APT) studies have also demonstrated that the copper-enriched precipitates are preferentially located on the dislocation
The evolution of active region loop plasma

The adjustment of coronal active-region loops to changes in their heating rate is investigated numerically. The one-dimensional hydrodynamic equations are solved subject to boundary conditions in which heat flux-induced mass exchange between coronal and chromospheric components is allowed. The calculated evolution of physical parameters suggests that (1) mass supplied during chromospheric evaporation is much more effective in moderating coronal temperature excursions than when downward heat flux is dissipated by a static chromosphere, and (2) the method by which the chromosphere responds to changing coronal conditions can significantly influence coronal readjustment time scales. Observations are cited which illustrate the range of possible fluctuations in the heating rates.
Electroretinographic determination of dark adaptation functions of children exposed to phototherapy as infants

Computer-averaged electroretinogram (ERG) records were used to examine scotopic retinal functioning of a group of 4-year-old children who, as premature infants, had been exposed to room lights continuously for six days. Results from experimental and control children were similar; dark adaptation followed the typical course, suggesting that no permanent damage to rod function had been incurred during the continuous exposure to room lights. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the final ERG amplitudes of the three groups.
X-ray structure determination of isotactic poly(2-vinylpyridine)

The structure of isotactic poly(2-vinylpyridine) has been determined from x-ray fiber data utilizing rigid-body least-squares refinement techniques. The polymer exists as a threefold helix with three chains passing through a hexagonal unit cell having the dimensions a = b = 15.49 A and c = 6.56 A (fiber axis) and space group P31 or P32. The asymmetric unit consists of three monomeric units (one in each chain), resulting in three crystallographically independent chains in the unit cell. The results show that two of the chains are interlocked through pyridine ring interactions whereas the third chain is less restricted. A statistical structure is proposed in which any two chains in the unit cell can be interlocked, provided they have the same sense. Such a situation permits a completely statistical structure in which half the chains in any crystallite are oriented upward and the other half downward.
Characterization of light-absorbing carbon particles at three altitudes in East Asian outflow by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract. The morphology, microstructure, and composition of the submicron fraction of individual light-absorbing carbon (LAC) particles collected by research aircraft during the ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) project above the Yellow Sea at altitudes of 120, 450 and 1500 m are investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Two types of carbonaceous particles, small spherule soot with graphitic spherules and amorphous carbonaceous spheres (brown carbon), are found at all altitudes in high concentration. For soot particles, emphasis of the study is on the component subparticles (spherules). The nanoscopic structures of the small spherule soot show no significant difference at three altitudes although the size distribution of primary spherules showed that 70% of the total volume lies in the ranges 30–50, 50–85 and 30–50 nm, respectively. For the amorphous carbonaceous spheres, 70% of the total volume from three altitudes lies in the range 200–350, 160–470 and 150–320 nm, respectively. Within the size fraction studied (submicron, with most particles in the range 50 to 500 nm) the number concentration ratios of the amorphous carbonaceous spheres to primary spherules in soot at altitudes of 120, 450 and 1500 m are about 1, 1.5 and 10, respectively and their volume ratios are about 260, 50 and 1400. Lower relative concentrations of large spherule soot with intermediate graphitic structure were observed at 120 m. Also, low relative number concentrations of carbon cenospheres were observed at 120 and 1500 m. A key result of the study is that in vertically stratified outflow from East Asia, the character of LAC may have strong variance with altitude thus resulting in optical characteristics that vary with altitude. Also, apparent "aging" of LAC deduced from samples at multiple ground stations may instead reflect differences in the original carbon aerosols.
Studies on the immunology of ragweed pollen proteins

Abstract 1.1. Short ragweed pollen extracts as usually prepared contain two main types of molecular aggregates roughly classified as large and small. 2.2. These may be separated by means of heat at the isoelectric point. 3.3. The small molecular aggregate has a capacity to elicit skin reactions in patients sensitive to ragweed pollen. The large molecular aggregate as prepared in the present study has this capacity but to a less marked degree. 4.4. The small molecular aggregate does not give precipitin reactions with ragweed precipitin antiserum. The large molecular aggregate gives positive precipitin tests with such antiserum. 5.5. The small molecular aggregate is incapable of eliciting anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs sensitized to whole ragweed pollen. The large molecular aggregate is capable of eliciting anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs so sensitized.
Disruption of a global regulatory gene to enhance central carbon flux into phenylalanine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.

Genetic engineering of microbes for commercial metabolite production traditionally has sought to alter the levels and/or intrinsic activities of key enzymes in relevant biosynthetic pathway(s). Microorganisms exploit similar strategies for flux control, but also coordinate flux through sets of related pathways by using global regulatory circuits. We have engineered a global regulatory system of Escherichia coli, Csr (carbon storage regulator), to increase precursor for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Disruption of csrA increases gluconeogenesis, decreases glycolysis, and thus elevates phosphoenolpyruvate, a limiting precursor of aromatics. A strain in which the aromatic (shikimate) pathway had been optimized produced twofold more phenylalanine when csrA was disrupted. Overexpression of tktA (transketolase) to increase the other precursor, erythrose-4-phosphate, yielded ∼1.4-fold enhancement, while both changes were additive. These effects of csrA were not mediated by increasing the regulatory enzymes of phenylalanine biosynthesis. This study introduces the concept of “global metabolic engineering” for second-generation strain improvement.
Noise suppression in scatter correction for cone-beam CT

Scatter correction is crucial to the quality of reconstructed images in x-raycone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Most of existing scatter correction methods assume smooth scatter distributions. The high-frequency scatternoise remains in the projection images even after a perfect scatter correction. In this paper, using a clinical CBCT system and a measurement-based scatter correction, the authors show that a scatter correction alone does not provide satisfactory image quality and the loss of the contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) of the scatter corrected image may overwrite the benefit of scatter removal. To circumvent the problem and truly gain from scatter correction, an effective scatternoise suppression method must be in place. They analyze the noise properties in the projections after scatter correction and propose to use a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) algorithm to reduce the noise in the reconstructed images. Experimental results on an evaluation phantom (Catphan©600) show that the proposed algorithm further reduces the reconstruction error in a scatter corrected image from 10.6% to 1.7% and increases the CNR by a factor of 3.6. Significant image quality improvement is also shown in the results on an anthropomorphic phantom, in which the global noise level is reduced and the local streaking artifacts around bones are suppressed.
Global transcriptional dynamics of diapause induction in non-blood-fed and blood-fed Aedes albopictus.

Background Aedes albopictus is a vector of increasing public health concern due to its rapid global range expansion and ability to transmit Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus and a wide range of additional arboviruses. Traditional vector control strategies have been largely ineffective against Ae. albopictus and novel approaches are urgently needed. Photoperiodic diapause is a crucial ecological adaptation in a wide range of temperate insects. Therefore, targeting the molecular regulation of photoperiodic diapause or diapause-associated physiological processes could provide the basis of novel approaches to vector control.
THE POLITICS OF FREE SPEECH

Freedom of speech long has been regarded as one of the “preferred freedoms” in the United States: one of the freedoms the U.S. Supreme Court deems “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” However, what freedom of speech does—and should—mean is a highly charged question in American constitutional law. I will explore this question by examining how several prominent constitutional theorists have proposed particular approaches to free speech law in order to further their political objectives. I will examine the free speech theories of the nation's leading feminist legal theorist (regarding pornography), critical race theorists (regarding hate speech), libertarian (regarding commercial speech), and legal republican (regarding deliberative democracy). I also will discuss the principal criticisms of each of these theories, whether the courts have been influenced by any of them, and, in conclusion, whether it is possible to advance a nonpolitical (i.e., a purely law-based or value-free) theory of free speech.
Functional electrical stimulation effect on skeletal muscle blood flow measured with H215O positron emission tomography

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that the limitation in muscle power development with functional electrical stimulation (FES) results from an insufficient increase in muscle blood flow (MBF) in response to activity. Subjects and Methods: Five subjects with neurologically complete spinal cord injury (SCI) were tested to measure the MBF response to FES-induced knee extension. The MBF response to voluntary knee extension was measured in five age-matched, able-bodied controls. MBF was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) using H 2 15 O as a tracer. Three scans were performed with muscle at rest (baseline), immediately after 16min of FES-induced or voluntary knee extension (activity), and 20min after the second scan (recovery). Results: In SCI subjects, mean ± SE MBF (mL/100g/min) values were: baseline=1.85 ± .48; post-FES = 31.9 ± 5.65 ( p = .0058 vs baseline); recovery=6.06 ± 1.52 ( p = .0027 vs baseline). In able-bodied controls, mean ± SE MBF values were: baseline=8.52 ± 3.24, post-voluntary exercise=12.62 ± 3.03 ( p = .023 vs post-FES in SCI subjects); recovery=10.7 ± 6.01. Conclusions: MBF does not appear to be the limiting factor in muscle power generation with FES. The greater increase in MBF observed with FES in SCI subjects when compared with able-bodied subjects performing a similar task (unloaded knee extension against gravity) may relate to abnormal metabolism in FES-stimulated muscle.
CMOS compatible transformer power combiner

A new approach for power combining several low-voltage CMOS amplifiers using a new on-chip transformer architecture is presented. The transformer utilises lateral coupling and thus the layout only requires one relatively thick metal layer. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation confirms the operation and low insertion loss of the transformer.
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: dermatology.

This is the fifth in a continuing series of objectives to direct resident training in emergency medicine. Approximately 50% of resident experience and training in emergency medicine takes place outside of the direct control and influence of full-time emergency medicine faculty. To gain some direction and control over these off-service rotations, objectives and references are offered here. Objectives for a dermatology rotation as well as contents and references are presented.
Oxidative Stability of Milk. I. The Antioxidative Effects of Trypsin Treatment and Aging

Abstract Trypsin treatment, known to retard trace metal-induced lipid peroxidation in milk, was shown also to inhibit oxidative degradation of vitamin A. The aging of milk prior to copper addition provided increased resistance to oxidation with an apparent increase in the antioxidative effectiveness of trypsin. Following both trypsin treatment and aging, total recoverable fat globule membrane material was decreased, but changes in the percent protein were only slight. Electrophoretic studies revealed that tryptic action produced marked hydrolysis of fat globule membrane proteins whereas aging produced only minor changes. Hydrolysis of skim milk proteins also was shown in milks treated with trypsin. Aging produced apparent aggregation of certain skim milk proteins. The antioxidative effect of tryptic action in milk is due primarily to an increase in metal chelating capacity. Spontaneous alteration of the fat globule membrane, coupled with increased chelation capacity in the skim milk, were probably responsible for the increased oxidative stability of aged milk. It was postulated that membrane material released from the fat globule contributed to the increase in chelation capacity and oxidative stability.
Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for a white and Mexican-American gerontic population.

Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory from 51 white and Mexican-American gerontic subjects (M age = 70.2 yr.) gave an internal consistency coefficient of .80, so reliability was satisfactory. A parallel validity paradigm yielded a significant product-moment coefficient of .79. No significant mean differences emerged for sex of respondents or for ethnic groups, contributing support for use of Beck's scale with aging minority groups. Beck's scale appears reliable and valid for use in written self-report applications.
Domain adaptation for parsing in automatic speech recognition

This paper addresses the problem of adapting a parser trained on out-of-domain data for use in automatic speech recognition (ASR) rescoring and error detection tasks. Using a self-training approach and adaptation with weakly-supervised data, we obtain improvements in ASR rescoring of confusion networks. Features extracted from the parser output are also used to improve detection of general ASR errors and out-of-vocabulary word regions in conjunction with a maximum entropy classifier.
Acrylamide gel as an electrophoresis medium.

THE use of acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for electrophoretic separation was forecast by Ornstein1 and by Raymond and Weintraub2, and was rendered feasible by the work of Dr. S. Raymond3 of the William Pepper Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, with Wang4, Nakamichi5, and Nakamichi, Brodsky and Bryant6. At present, the procedure is as follows. ‘Cyanogum 41(R)’ monomer mixture, 5 per cent dissolved in tris-ethylenediamine tetracetic acid-borate buffer4 is mixed with 0.2 per cent catalyst as described by Raymond and Wang4 and poured into a special electrophoresis cell (Fig. 1) which was devised by Raymond and is to be described in detail elsewhere3. However, the E–C Apparatus Corporation of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, has recently marketed the apparatus and materials for the application of this technique, which this corporation calls ‘Vertical gel electrophoresis’.
Separation of the alkali group by thin-layer chromatography using a binary solvent mixture

The use of a binary solvent mixture (nitromethane/benzene) is shown to result in an improved separation of the polyiodides of the entire alkali group on thin-layers of air-most silica gel.
Enhanced circulation during a warm period

The Early Pliocene is the most recent interval in which equilibrium oceanic conditions can be studied in the context of global warmth relative to today. To characterize thermohaline circulation during this warm period (4.4-3.1 Ma) we combined new benthic foraminiferal isotopic data from the southeast Atlantic with published data, and reconstructed Pacific and Atlantic Ocean nutrient distributions. The data indicate enhanced ventilation of the deep Atlantic and intermediate Pacific during the Early Pliocene. Enhanced ventilation implies that delivery of surface water to high latitudes in western boundary currents of North Pacific and Atlantic subtropical gyres was probably also enhanced. Future modeling of this warm period needs to reconcile reduced meridional surface temperature gradients with enhanced subtropical gyre and thermohaline circulation.