cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Simulation: Phase equilibria and confined systems

Recent advances in direct and indirect methods of molecular simulation for studying fluid phase equilibria are reviewed. For bulk fluids and mixtures, the emphasis is on phase equilibria for fluids of nonspherical molecules, including ionic fluids, aqueous mixtures, hydrocarbons and chain molecules. The application of these methods to adsorption is also discussed, with emphasis on phase separation in porous media.
A Single Period Inventory Model to Account for Demand Surprises

In stochastic inventory literature, the demand distribution is generally assumed to be known and stable. This assumption results in a suboptimal ordering decision and excessive expected cost if the demand distribution is affected by a surprise event after the ordering decision is made. The optimal ordering policy is found by taking into account uncertainties in the timing of the surprise and the demand distribution after the surprise. This paper is an extension of the traditional newsvendor problem to account for random demand surprises. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the reduced expected cost values resulting from using the proposed model.
Bullying and ostracism in youth with and without ADHD: implications for risk and resilience

Objective: This study compared bullying experiences, psychosocial adjustment, and resiliency in youth with and without ADHD.Method: Participants included 73 youth ages 12–17 with and without ADHD. ...
Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage

When medical management of PPH is unsuccessful, surgical options should be utilized in a timely fashion in order to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. This chapter describes ways of effective preparation, mobilization of resources and an organized approach to evaluation and surgical amelioration of PPH. Multiple fertility preserving surgical techniques to control PPH are described. Although a variety of conservative surgical approaches can be used in the setting of PPH, in a hemodynamically unstable patient, readiness for definitive management with a hysterectomy is necessary in order to reduce the risk of maternal mortality.
DNA Methylation Markers to Assess Biological Age

Among the different biomarkers of aging based on omics and clinical data, DNA methylation clocks stand apart providing unmatched accuracy in assessing the biological age of both humans and animal models of aging. Here, we discuss robustness of DNA methylation clocks and bounds on their out-of-sample performance and review computational strategies for development of the clocks.
Simulation of Karyotype Evolution and Biodiversity in Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Whether sexual reproduction increases biodiversity remains controversial. Traditionally, sex within a species has been thought to increase genetic diversity, inferring an acceleration of macro-evolution, promoting biodiversity. Recently, it was suggested that the main function of sex is to maintain genome integrity, rather than increase genetic diversity or purify deleterious genes within populations, as the karyotype encodes/safeguards the genomic blueprint. As such, the contribution of sex to biodiversity needs to be re-examined. Since many simulation studies focus only on gene level selection, it is important to investigate how sexual and asexual reproduction differentially impact patterns of genome-level evolution and biodiversity. Based on the key difference between sexual and asexual reproduction, that sexual individuals are required to mate with a partner of the same genome for successful reproduction, we have performed a simulation to illustrate how such differences impact genome-mediated biodiversity. Asexual populations displayed high genome-level diversity whereas sexual populations evidenced low genome-level diversity. Further analysis demonstrated that the requirement of finding a partner possessing a compatible genome prevents new sexual species from emerging, which may explain why geographic isolation can promote speciation: by increasing mating and survival-domination opportunities. This study challenges the traditional concepts of speciation and the function of sex.
Fatty Acid Desaturation Gets a NAD+ Reputation

delta-5 desaturase and delta-6 desaturase are enzymes known to be involved in the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids. In this issue, Kim et al. (2019) show that production of NAD+ by this desaturase reaction is an adaptive response to NAD+ depletion that may regulate cellular REDOX status.
Triple Helical Ir(ppy) 3 Phenylene Cage Prepared by Diol-Mediated Benzannulation: Synthesis, Resolution, Absolute Stereochemistry and Photophysical Properties.

Cyclometalation of a triple helical N-doped phenylene cage prepared by ruthenium(0)-catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation delivers a chiral, conformationally constrained Ir(ppy)3 analogue. Like the parent complex, fac-Ir(ppy)3 , the iridium-containing PAH-cage is phosphorescent, but displays enhanced resistance to oxygen quenching.
Switchable Chiroptical Hot-Spots in Silicon NanodiskDimers

We demonstrate uniform sign optical chirality generation in dimers of silicon (Si) nanodisks under linear light polarization through combination of experimental spectroscopy and electromagnetic sim...
Resonantly interacting weakly nonlinear hyperbolic waves in the presence of shocks: A single space variable in a homogeneous, time independent medium

We present a systematic asymptotic theory for resonantly interacting weakly nonlinear hyperbolic waves for a single space variable in a homogeneous, time independent medium. This theory extends the results previously presented by A. Majda and R. Rosales, under similar hypotheses, to the case where waves break and shocks form. Similarly the theory of nonresonant interacting waves for general hyperbolic systems developed recently by J. Hunter and J. B. Keller, when specialized to a single space variable, is included as a special case. However, we are also able to treat the general situation when resonances occur in the hyperbolic system. Such resonances are the typical case when the hyperbolic system has at least three equations and when, for example, small-amplitude periodic initial data are prescribed. In the important physical example of the 3 ✕ 3 system describing compressible fluid flow in a single space variable, the resonant asymptotic theory developed by the authors yields, as limit equations, a pair of inviscid Burgers equations coupled through a linear integral operator with known kernel defined through the initial data for the entropy wave. These are the same equations derived by Majda and Rosales previously. However, the waves are displaced relative to the positions prescribed by them.
A multimeric MRI contrast agent based on a closo-borane scaffold bearing modified AAZTA chelates on the periphery

A multimeric MRI contrast agent based on the closo-borane motif is reported. Twelve copies of a modified AAZTA chelate with an alkyne end group are appended on an azide-functionalized closo-borane motif using Cu(i) catalyzed click chemistry. The presence of two water molecules on the Gd-bound AAZTA chelate results in high relaxivity for the closomer in vitro/in vivo.
Speech: The Constitution, Impeachment, and the Trump Presidency

Our Eighteenth Century Constitution was supposed to operate without political parties, but today we have a very strong two-party political system and a Nation that is polarized along partisan political lines. Everything that happens with respect to the current impeachment proceedings against President Trump reflects the interaction between our eighteenth century Constitution and the two-party political system. Moreover, the Supreme Court has held that all questions relating to impeachment constitute a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment to the Congress, so that the courts are not involved in the impeachment process in any way whatsoever. In this speech, I will briefly review the two-party political system and the enormous powers of the American President. I will then explain the constitutional process of impeachment and the respective roles of the House of Representatives and the Senate in that process. I will follow that with a review of the Johnson, Clinton and Nixon impeachments and discuss the operation of partisan politics in those impeachments. I will conclude with a discussion of the current impeachment proceedings involving President Trump.
Prior Setting in Practice: Strategies and Rationales Used in Choosing Prior Distributions for Bayesian Analysis

Bayesian statistical analysis is steadily growing in popularity and use. Choosing priors is an integral part of Bayesian inference. While there exist extensive normative recommendations for prior setting, little is known about how priors are chosen in practice. We conducted a survey (N = 50) and interviews (N = 9) where we used interactive visualizations to elicit prior distributions from researchers experienced withBayesian statistics and asked them for rationales for those priors. We found that participants' experience and philosophy influence how much and what information they are willing to incorporate into their priors, manifesting as different levels of informativeness and skepticism. We also identified three broad strategies participants use to set their priors: centrality matching, interval matching, and visual mass allocation. We discovered that participants' understanding of the notion of 'weakly informative priors"-a commonly-recommended normative approach to prior setting-manifests very differently across participants. Our results have implications both for how to develop prior setting recommendations and how to design tools to elicit priors in Bayesian analysis.
Alcances sobre la personalidad y el problema del estrés y las conductas alimentarias de riesgo en la población universitaria no obesa

The aim of this article is to establish the first findings, at Metropolitan Lima level, about the problem of stress and risky eating behaviors and personality in the non-obese university population. One of the most critical stages to reinforce these new habits is during childhood; however, due to the changes that are taking place at contextual and technological level, the university stage is also considered as a critical stage for the human being. Issues such as stress are somehow soothed by certain personality features and by habits acquired during childhood. However, it is important to be able to set up a study to identify more factors that intervene in this problem and, in turn, find prevention methods in order to foster healthy eating behaviors in the students.
Information Spillover in Multi-Good Adverse Selection

This paper analyzes the effect of information spillover in a multi-good adverse selection model where a privately informed seller simultaneously trades two different goods with different buyers. In this setting, buyers not only learn the seller’s information from past trading outcomes in the market they participate, but also may learn from transactions in the other market, which is referred to as “information spillover”. We characterize the equilibria and identify a sufficient negative correlation condition under which the efficiency loss due to adverse selection diminishes. We also discover a novel coordination friction between the seller and buyers that leads to multiple equilibria. We show that the equilibria can be welfare-ranked by the number of initial no-trade periods, which ranges from zero to some upper bound. Notably, in the most efficient equilibrium, if one good is sold first then the other good will be traded immediately in the next period. When the sufficient negative correlation condition fails, the efficiency loss is the same as in the case without information spillover.
Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential and Cardiovascular Disease.

The purpose of this review article is to summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the notion of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), highlight current knowledge gap, and provide future directions. Epidemiological studies show that advanced age is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the negative effect of aging on CVD is a reflection of cumulative exposure to various established traditional CVD risk factors, genetic sequencing of whole blood–derived DNA recently revealed that clonal mutations in myeloid stem cells are associated with higher risks of cardiovascular events and hematopoietic malignancies. The clinical repercussions of this biological state, termed CHIP, are increasingly appreciated. Historically, CHIP has been associated with an increased risk of hematological malignancies. However, new research is showing that CHIP is also associated with an increased risk of several cardiac-related conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, aortic valve stenosis, and congestive heart failure. CHIP is increasingly being appreciated worldwide as a CVD risk factor, and further studies are needed to better understand the complex relationship between these two disorders.
Controversies in VTOS: What Is the Best Approach to the First Rib in VTOS?

The critical consideration in planning treatment for patients with venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS) is that the decompression must include excision of the antero-medial part of the first rib. This can be accomplished via the transaxillary approach, the paraclavicular, or the infraclavicular approach. We prefer the infraclavicular approach to decompress the thoracic outlet for symptomatic VTOS. The infraclavicular approach has many advantages including direct visualization of the subclavian vein, avoiding disruption of venous collaterals, lower risk of injury to the brachial plexus and the phrenic nerve, and venous reconstruction when necessary. The transaxillary approach can be useful in a patient who has a normal vein after thrombolysis and is concerned with cosmesis. While the paraclavicular approach allows good visualization of the thoracic outlet, it requires a more extensive dissection including exposure of the brachial plexus, phrenic nerve and subclavian artery. Many believe that there is benefit to decompressing the venous thoracic outlet in symptomatic patients who have a chronically occluded subclavian vein. Finally, when the patient with a chronically occluded vein requires surgical reconstruction of the subclavian vein, it can be performed via either infraclavicular or paraclavicular approaches.
Perfecting US Patentable Subject Matter - Merging the European Approach and the American Principles

This article illuminates the recent developments in the field of the subject matter eligibility of the inventions and offers a resolution to the crucial issues in the field. The solution for resolving of the crucial issues combines the current U.S. approach of affirmative defining of the scope of the subject matter of the patents and the approach of the European Patent Convention, of both affirmative and negative defining of the patentable subject matter. In particular, the article provides a draft legislation as a more sustainable and precise solution that emerged from the comparison between the experience of the participants in the U.S. patent prosecution and litigation procedure and the experience of the participants in the patent procedure in the European Patent Organization. The legislative proposal includes the current text of Section 101 of the U.S. Patent Act enhanced with a new part concerning the excluded invention matter from the scope of the patentable subject matter. Several court decisions involving patentable subject matter eligibility of inventions in the field of business methods, software and life sciences, make this approach necessary and the resolution of the overall problem pressing. Also, the article critiques the proposed amendment of Section 101 of the Patent Act currently being considered in the U.S. Congress and explains how the proposed draft legislation in the paper offers a better solution.
Making Tax Law Work: Improvisation and Forgotten Taxpayers in Partnership Tax

There is a growing awareness that federal tax law caters to a small number of wealthy and well-advised taxpayers without regard for the rest of the taxpaying public, and partnership tax is a prime example. This article explains how complexity and indeterminacy have transformed partnership tax, harming millions of forgotten taxpayers who struggle to comply with their annual filing obligations. A root cause of this phenomenon is the professional culture of elite practitioners, policymakers, and scholars at the heart of the partnership tax system. The most troublesome provisions of partnership tax are also its most fundamental, namely the allocation rules that regulate how partners share a partnership’s taxable items. Complexity is a universal problem faced by partnerships at all levels of wealth, status and sophistication, and the vast majority of taxpayers respond with improvisational tax compliance. In remarkably diverse contexts, improvisation has replaced technical compliance as the norm in partnership allocations. Wealthy partnerships make a strategic choice to improvise, using “target allocations,” while poorer partnerships improvise because they have no other choice, routinely following “intuitive” tax law and hoping for the best. Reframing this complexity problem as a shared experience of all partnerships exposes the technical and cultural fractures of partnership tax in a new and different light. First, the technical rules governing partnership allocations do not work as designed for any category of partnership. A second, less explored problem is the professional culture of partnership tax, which takes for granted the technical sophistication of substantive tax law without appreciating the distributional consequences of sustained complexity and improvisation. Partnership allocations require more than technical solutions. One necessary step is addressing the professional culture of partnership tax to rethink what it means for tax law to work. This article proposes that partnership reforms developed by experts and directed at wealthy and well-advised partnerships should be accompanied by reforms addressing parallel problems faced by forgotten partnerships. The solutions will necessarily differ, but a bilateral focus on the universal problems of all partnerships would represent meaningful progress, signaling a commitment to a fair, principled, and representative system of partnership tax.
Muscarinic, but not nicotinic, acetylcholine receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area attenuates cue-induced sucrose-seeking

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is known to play a role in cue-mediated reward-seeking for natural rewards and drugs of abuse. Specifically, cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been shown to regulate cue-induced drug-seeking. However, the potential role of these VTA receptors in regulating cue-induced reward seeking for natural rewards is unknown. Here, we examined whether blockade of VTA acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) would alter cue-induced sucrose seeking in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects underwent 10 days of sucrose self-administration training (fixed ratio 1 schedule) followed by 7 days of forced abstinence. On withdrawal day 7, rats received bilateral VTA infusion of vehicle, the muscarinic AChR antagonist scopolamine (2.4 or 24 μg/side), the nicotinic AChR antagonist mecamylamine (3 or 30 μg/side), or the NMDAR antagonist AP-5 (0.1 or 1 μg/side) immediately prior to examination of cue-induced sucrose-seeking. Scopolamine infusion led to robust attenuation, but did not completely block, sucrose-seeking behavior. In contrast, VTA administration of mecamylamine or AP-5 did not alter cue-induced sucrose-seeking. Together, the data suggest that VTA muscarinic AChRs, but not nicotinic AChRs nor NMDARs, facilitate the ability of food-associated cues to drive seeking behavior for a food reward.
FISCAL ACTIVISM IN EUROPEAN REGIONS: EVIDENCE ON FISCAL RULES BEFORE AND AFTER THE EURO

The introduction of the euro has been followed by noticeable fiscal divergence between the core and the periphery economies. This paper investigates the basic properties of fiscal policy in Europe and asks whether these properties are affected by euro membership. The empirical findings suggest that fiscal policy has been decisively countercyclical and generally sustainable. Adopting the euro raises the average country member's primary deficit by about 0.5% of GDP within a year and the effect accumulates to 1.76% of GDP ten years later, but these dynamic responses are far more pronounced in the periphery economies than in the core.
Myomectomy at time of cesarean delivery: a retrospective cohort study.

Background Myomectomy at time of cesarean delivery is traditionally discouraged because of the risk of hemorrhage. A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine whether myomectomy at time of cesarean delivery leads to an increased incidence of intrapartum and short-term postpartum complications.
Abstract 70: Risk of Hemorrhage in Veterans Who Switch to Dabigatran for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND: The REL-Y trial found similar rates of hemorrhage for dabigatran and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). These findings have not been evaluated in real world clinical settings. OBJECTIVE: We used national administrative Veterans Affairs (VA) data from 2011-2012 to evaluate the risks of any bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding for patients who switched to dabigatran after at least 6 months on warfarin, compared to patients remained on warfarin. DATA: We identified 93,950 patients with AF who had been on warfarin for at least 180 days during the data period, including 1419 (1.5%) who subsequently received dabigatran. Baseline and time-dependent patient characteristics identified included comorbid conditions, CHADS2 stroke risk score, HAS-BLED bleeding risk score, and INR time in therapeutic range. For each type of bleed, the date of the first bleeding event after June 2011 was identified. The use of dabigatran or warfarin during the follow up period was ...
Growth Rates of Bay Anchovy (Anchoa Mitchilli) in Great South Bay Under Recurrent Brown Tide Conditions, Summers 1987 and 1988

It is well known that fluctuations of environmental characteristics may play an important role in determining the survival of fish larvae. Since coastal embayments represent spawning and nursery areas for numerous fish species (Adams, 1976; Reis & Dean, 1981), changes in the environmental conditions, such as unusual highly-dense phytoplankton blooms, may be expected to cause severe effects on the survival of the early developmental stages of fish.
Basic Science of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism

Bone is a biphasic connective tissue consisting of an inorganic mineral phase and an organic matrix phase. The hardness of bone allows it to provide several specialized mechanical functions: the protection of internal organs, the scaffold providing points of attachment for other structural elements, and the levers needed to improve the efficiency of muscle action. In addition, bone serves two biologic functions: a site for hematopoietic activity and a reservoir of minerals needed for metabolic interchange.
Galatry profile convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function

The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
Evaluation of rabbit excreta as an ingredient in broiler diets

1. Dry rabbit excreta were found to contain 188.1 g crude protein, 6.6 g non‐protein nitrogen, 0.3 g ammonia, 89.8 g moisture, 8.0 g ether extractives, 135.2 g crude fibre, 266.9 g ash and 19.18 MJ gross energy/kg. Methionine and lysine contents were 3.95 and 4.29 g/100 g protein, respectively. 2. In one experiment, 0, 50, 100 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted for maize in a broiler diet. Chickens receiving the diet containing 200 g rabbit excreta/kg gained significantly less weight to 8 weeks of age than those receiving other diets. 3. In a second experiment, 0, 100, 150 or 200 g rabbit excreta/kg were substituted primarily for maize in a broiler diet to provide equal energy and protein contents. Weight gains to 8 weeks of birds receiving these diets did not differ significantly. The uncorrected metabolisable energy content of the excreta was 9.15 MJ/kg. 4. There were no gross pathological changes in the birds fed on the experimental diets.
Selective Effects of Bacterial Endotoxins on Various Subpopulations of Lymphoreticular Cells

Evidence has been presented that the in-vitro mitogenic activity of bacterial endotoxins on lymphoreticular cells of mice is a property of the lipid A fraction and that this mitogenic activity affects approximately one-half of the spleen cells of murine strains studied. This mitogenic effect was shown to be thymus-independent and a property of a low-density cell subpopulation. These transformed cells have unique characteristics (including a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum) that distinguish them from cells transformed by thymus-dependent mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin. Evidence was reviewed that the initial mitogen-cell interaction involves both membrane binding and internalization and that mitogenic activity depends more on the nature and rate of the internalization process that results from binding than on the actual degree of binding. It is proposed that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a bifunctional nature, acting as both antigen and mitogen, and that this bifunctional nature makes LPS thymus-independent as an antigen. No evidence presently exists showing that the antigenand mitogen-responsive subpopulations are identical.
Bottomland hardwood forest recovery following tornado disturbance and salvage logging

Catastrophic wind events, including tornado, hurricane, and linear winds, are significant disturbances in temperate forested wetlands. Information is lacking on how post-disturbance salvage logging may impact short and long-term objectives in conservation areas where natural stands are typically managed passively. Woody regeneration and herbaceous cover were assessed for three years in a bottomland hardwood forest across a gradient of damage from an F4 tornado, with and without subsequent salvage logging. Soil disturbance intensity and recovery associated with salvage logging within wind-disturbed sites were also assessed. Woody stem density and proportion of potential overstory species (species with the potential to occupy a position in the canopy) increased as a function of wind disturbance intensity. Stem density, proportion of overstory trees, or species diversity did not differ between wind + salvage and wind-disturbed-only plots. Significant dissimilarity occurred among soil disturbance classes within salvaged sites. By the third growing season, vegetation in soil disturbance classes in wind + salvage areas was converging toward undisturbed conditions and bottomland hardwood forest recovery was underway in all vegetation disturbance types and soil disturbance classes. Post-tornado salvage logging, applied judiciously, may contribute to microsite and vegetation diversity.
Crime and community-based intervention strategies: exploring opportunities through partnerships between local government and a low-income community

Crime and fear of crime represent growing threats to quality of life which have many social, political and economic implications for society. Traditional law enforcement tactics to mitigate these threats have been ineffective in low-income communities and neighborhoods. This research examines a partnership between local government and a low-income, minority community which teamed community policing with a community-based organization for purposes of community development. The perceptions of three primary groups of stakeholders including youth, parents and community leaders are used to assess differences in perspective related to fear of crime. Findings indicate that community leaders involved with development efforts were much more likely to define crime and fear of crime as serious in comparison to citizens who live in crime-plagued communities. A relationship between adult and youth held fear suggests intergenerational transfer of fear of crime between adults and youth. Findings indicate progress addres...
Quality nursing care for hospitalized patients with advanced illness: Concept development

The quality of nursing care as perceived by hospitalized patients with advanced illness has not been examined. A concept of quality nursing care for this population was developed by integrating the literature on constructs defining quality nursing care with empirical findings from interviews of 16 patients with advanced illness. Quality nursing care was characterized as competence and personal caring supported by professionalism and delivered with an appropriate demeanor. Although the attributes of competence, caring, professionalism, and demeanor were identified as common components of quality care across various patient populations, the caring domain increased in importance when patients with advanced illness perceived themselves as vulnerable. Assessment of quality nursing care for patients with advanced illness needs to include measures of patient perceptions of vulnerability.
Relations between graphs and integer-pair sequences

In this paper a relation between graphs and finite integer-pair sequences is established. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which a given finite sequence of pairs of integers can realize a graph are found. Results are extended to diagraphs.
General systems theory and algorithm theory

This paper briefly considers tome relationships of general systems theory to algorithm theory. A general systems theory type of approach provides a framework for algorithm design. We explicate this framework, and then we demonstrate new insights into algorithm design which follow from the framework. Of particular importance in algorithm theory is the proper introduction of the concept of design principle and its relation to algorithm model.
Instrumentation for UV and visible measurements above thunderstorms

Instrumentation has been developed for investigating the ultraviolet and visible radiations that are emitted above certain thunderstorms at times of lightning discharges. These radiations are commonly known as sprites and blue jets. The main objective of this effort is to measure the electron temperature of these emissions. The instrumentation consists of a UV/visible imager with appropriate narrow band filters. Two photometers, each with a specified filter, complement the imager.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The use of vitamin A-deficient diets and jugular vein ligation to increase intracranial pressure in chickens (Gallus gallus)

A technique was developed to record intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure (iCSFp) in chicks and mature chickens. Using that procedure, 2 methods were found to effect a significant elevation in intracranial pressure: 1) feeding a purified diet to roosters for 40 d containing 25% of the bird's requirement for vitamin A, and 2) ligating both jugular veins in birds. The purified diet significantly reduced plasma retinol levels from 1.080 to 0.046 microg/mL, and iCSFp was significantly elevated from 63.0 to 106.0 mmH2O (P < or = 0.05). Two limitations for using hypovitaminosis A diets were capillary fragility and a cisterna magna that did not develop to the size of that structure in birds of the same age fed control diets with adequate vitamin A content. The second procedure, a reversible surgical technique, showed that within 2.5 h from jugular vein ligation, intracranial pressure rose to 109.7 mmH2O, comparable with levels attained following feeding a vitamin A deficient diet to roosters. Bilateral clamping of the jugular veins overnight resulted in an elevation of iCSFp to 127 +/- 8.86 mmH2O. Results suggest that the chicken may be a useful animal model to investigate intracranial hypertension and its accompanying headaches known to occur in humans.
Chromosomes of some squirrels (Mammalia-Sciuridae) from the genera Sciurus and Glaucomys.

Die Analyse der mitotischen Chromosomen beiSciurus carolinensis, S. niger undS. aberti ergibt die diploide Zahl 40 und gleichartige Karyotypen.S. griseus, 2n 40, hat einzigeY Chromosomen und sekundare Konstriktionen in 4 Autosomen.Glaucomys sabrinus undG. volans, 2n 48, zeigten kleinere Unterschiede der Karyotypen. Taxonomische Bezeichnungen vonSciurus, Glaucomys undTamiasciurus werden erortert.
Electron microscope observations on myogenic free cells of denervated skeletal muscle

Abstract Denervation was performed by sectioning the sciatic nerve in the thigh of rabbits and rats. In both control and denervated gastrocnemii, certain elements known as “free cells” were observed between the basement and plasma membranes of sarcolemma. These cells containd cytoplasmic organelles, similar to those of the adjacent muscle fiber, with or without a nucleus. In gastrocnemius denervated for longer than 3 months, they were also found in various depths inside the muscle fiber. They always had a nucleus and some organelles which showed degenerative changes, comparable to those of atrophic muscle fibers. Morphological evidence obtained by electron microscopy indicated that the free cells were derived from muscle fibers by two processes. They were formed either at the periphery of muscle fibers by invagination of the plasma membrane and by subsequent fusion of the two neighboring invaginated membranes, or in the interior of muscle fibers by encirclement of the compressed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The mechanism underlying such formation was similar in principle to that of potocytosis.
The Occurrence of Phyllodistomum undulans in the Urinary Bladder of the Mottled Sculpin, Cottus bairdi

Abstract One-hundred thirty-two mottled sculpins were examined for the trematode Phyllodistomum undulans. A Chi-square test indicated that there is significant interaction of fish size and size of the parasite in the urinary bladder.
Efficient, formally verifiable data structures using ACL2 single-threaded objects for high-assurance systems

Classical data structures such as stacks, queues, and double-ended queues (deques) find broad use in security-critical applications. At the highest Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) of the Common Criteria, such data structures must be formally specified, and proven to meet their specifications. Formal verification systems can readily reason about unbounded, functional data structures. However, such data structures are in the main not appropriate for direct implementation in high-confidence software systems, both because of their unbounded nature, and also due to the complexity of the functional forms (e.g., the use of two lists, one reversed, to implement a deque). We will show how a formally verified data structure specified using the ACL2 single-threaded object facility can be much more readily translated into highassurance implementations expressed in conventional programming languages. Finally, we show how this translated data structure code can be compiled into efficient machine code for a common embedded microprocessor using a verified compiler, and executed on an EAL6+ verified operating system.
Microscopic theory of chain pullout in polymeric liquid crystals.

We study the statistical-mechanical problem of chain pullout during the fracture of a fiber of main-chain liquid-crystalline polymer. A simple model is used in which only longitudinal motion of the polymer chains is permitted and in which a mean-field approximation is used for the interchain potential. The dependence of the chain pullout velocity and energy dissipation on the temperature and applied force is obtained. It is shown that in order for the pullout process to start, the applied force should exceed some critical value. The pullout velocity was found to have a nonlinear dependence on the magnitude of the applied force. The work involved in chain pullout is calculated as a function of chain length and pullout velocity.
A carleson measure theorem for weighted bergman spaces

Let Ω be a positive measure on the unit ball U of C N satisfying Bekolle's B p (β) condition. We characterize those positive measures μ on U such that the inequality holds for every function f in the weighted Bergman space A p (Ω). As an application, we characterize the multipliers from A p (Ω) to A q (Ω) (1<p ≤q<∞).
Purification of kinase activity from primate parotid glands.

Salivary secretions contain phosphoproteins that contain phosphorylation sites composed of serine residues in acidic environments. The hypothesis of this study is that a protein kinase responsible for phosphorylating these proteins is similar to kinases that phosphorylate proteins in other glandular secretions. Homogenates and subfractions from macaque parotid glands were able to phosphorylate synthetic peptide substrates containing each of the phosphorylation sites in acidic proline-rich proteins, statherin, and histatin 1. Activity was purified from Golgi membranes to greater than 220-fold by extraction with Triton X-100 and affinity chromatography with the use of immobilized ATP. The enzyme preferred substrates containing serine residues in a specific acidic environment, particularly those containing the Ser-Xaa-acidic sequence, preferred ATP over GTP, and was sensitive to high concentrations of heparin. These characteristics are similar to those reported for Golgi casein kinase, which phosphorylates c...
Fieldwork in the Postcommunity

This article considers the place of fieldwork in the anthropology of the United States on several levels. First, it traces how I decided to use my high school graduating class in Newark, New Jersey as the ethnographic population for an ethnohistorical research project. The article considers the time/space trajectory of the group—that is, the fact that the group had been part of an actual on-the-ground community in the past, and is spread all over the United States in the present. This mobile formation seemed more true to the shape of the contemporary world, as represented in earlier discussions of modernity and more recent discussions ofpostmodernity. The article goes on to show how this radically delocalized fieldwork produced what seemed to be a perverse effect—a strong sense of the endurance of "community" among the members of the group, albeit in fascinatingly altered forms.
Cartoonish Claims: Editorial Cartoon Depictions of Religion

During the 2006 controversy surrounding the Danish cartoons mocking Muhammad and Muslims, many conservative Christians claimed that the media were harsher on Christians than Muslims. This study explores those claims by analyzing how religion and religious individuals are depicted in editorial cartoons. This study offers insights into differences in the treatment of various religions, as well as the topics in which religious individuals are discussed and the reasons religious individuals are mocked in the cartoons. Implications address the partially inaccurate claims by conservative Christians concerning media attention and the impact the editorial cartoon portrayals may have on the religions involved.
Patterns and Motivations of Young Adults’ Health Information Acquisitions on Facebook

Using in-depth interviews with 32 young adults in the winter of 2012, this study explored how and why young people seek and scan health information on Facebook. A grounded theory approach was employed to analyze the data and construct an explorative framework focusing on health information desire and Facebook use as two dimensions to explain the four patterns of health information acquisitions: high seeking/high scanning, low seeking/high scanning, low seeking/low scanning, and high seeking/low scanning. For these patterns, the major motivations were identified as knowledge fulfillment, entertainment, sociability, and instrumentality. The findings contribute a range of practical implications in terms of how public health practitioners might better use Facebook to communicate health messages.
Arbitrarily smooth generalized finite element approximations

This paper presents a procedure to build Ck, k arbitrarily large, generalized finite element (FE) shape functions defined on non-structured finite element meshes. The functions have the same support as corresponding global FE Lagrangian shape functions. Meshes with both convex and non-convex clouds (set of elements sharing a vertex node), can be used. The so-called R-functions are used to build Ck FE-based partition of unity functions with non-convex support. A technique to combine C0 Lagrangian FE shape functions with the proposed Ck partition of unity is presented. The technique allows the use of Ck generalized FE shape functions in parts of the computational domain where their high smoothness is required, as in the case of problems with distributional boundary conditions, and the less computationally demanding C0 generalized FE shape functions elsewhere in the domain. A linear elasticity problem with a concentrated moment is solved using the proposed Ck generalized FE method. Higher order distributional boundary conditions can also be handled by the method. A detailed convergence analysis is presented for this class of problems as well as for problems in energy space. The integrability of the functions using standard Gauss–Legendre rules is also investigated.
A Chicken Sex-Limited Protein That Crossreacts with the Fourth Component of Complement

Plasma samples from more than 300 inbred chickens were screened by using an immunofixation technique with antibody against the fourth component of complement (C4) from humans. Precipitation patterns of plasma from adult male and sexually immature birds, either male or female, were identical. Plasma from egg-laying hens demonstrated a distinctly different precipitation pattern compared with plasma of other birds, with one additional band appearing 14 to 9 days before production of the first egg. The banding pattern could not be induced in males by progesterone injection and remained unchanged in molted female birds.
On the concanavalin A positive layer on the skeletal muscle fibre.

Summary The localization and distribution of mannosyl and glucosyl residues on the extrajunctional sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibres of frog, rat and new-born rat was studied by means of concanavalin A labelled with FITC and ferritin-concanavalin A conjugate. A strong fluorescent layer surrounding the muscle fibres was found out. Ultrastructurally concanavalin A binding sites were established on the outer surface of muscle cell membrane, on the basal lamina, on the space between them, as well as on the reticular lamina, which ensheeted the muscle fibre. The width of the concanavalin A positive layer was 0.3 to 0.7 μm. On the basis of intensity of the fluorescence, some differences in the content of mannosyl and glycosyl residues during ontogeny as well between both species was admitted.
Do G-CSF mobilized, peripheral blood-derived stem cells from healthy, HLA-identical donors really engraft more rapidly than do G-CSF primed, bone marrow-derived stem cells? No!

Abstract For more than a decade, the notion that peripheral blood-derived stem cells engraft more rapidly than bone marrow-derived stem cells after high-dose therapy has dominated our thinking. Recently, reports that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces a proteolytic marrow microenvironment have provided mechanistic support for that belief, compelling us to review our own experience of 29 consecutive transplants with HLA-identical blood and marrow stem cells. In contrast to several reported randomized controlled trials, we found marrow stem cells engraft just as rapidly (median day 11 for granulocytes over 500/μl and median day 17 for platelets over 20,000/μl) as blood stem cells (median day 12 and median day 19, respectively) if the donor is treated with G-CSF in the same manner before marrow harvest as the donor is treated with G-CSF before leukapheresis. These observations with healthy HLA-identical donors confirm the results of our prior randomized autotransplant study. We propose the concept that the level of activation of the stem cells (induced by G-CSF) determines engraftment kinetics and not the anatomical site of derivation.
Representation theoretic rigidity in PSL(2, R)

Let G be a connected simple Lie group with trivial center, let F be an abstract group, and let 51 and ~2 be inclusions of F in G. Assume throughout that each of the images 5j(F) is a lattice subgroup, meaning that ~j(F) is discrete and that the G-invariant measure on G/s j (F) has total finite mass. We say that tl and ~ are equivalent if there is some automorphism 0 of G so that ~2=Qo51. If G is not isomorphic to PSL(2, R) then the Mostow rigidity theorem (see [18], [19], [16] and [24]) says that ~1 and t2 axe necessarily equivalent. Alternatively, this says that any isomorphism between lattice subgroups of G extends to an automorphism of the whole group. This remarkable result fails for PSL(2, R) (see Section 2). Nonetheless, taking G=PSL(2, R), we have
Analytical method for analysis of slope stability

An analytical method is presented for analysis of slope stability involving cohesive and non-cohesive soils. Earthquake effects are considered in an approximate manner in terms of seismic coefficient-dependent forces. Two kinds of failure surfaces are considered in this study: a planar failure surface, and a circular failure surface. The proposed method can be viewed as an extension of the method of slices, but it provides a more accurate treatment of the forces because they are represented in an integral form. The factor of safety is obtained by using the minimization technique rather than by a trial and error approach used commonly. The factors of safety obtained by the analytical method are found to be in good agreement with those determined by the local minimum factor-of-safety, Bishop's, and the method of slices. The proposed method is straightforward, easy to use, and less time-consuming in locating the most critical slip surface and calculating the minimum factor of safety for a given slope. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in the industrial applications of fault diagnostic systems

Process fault diagnosis (PFD) involves interpreting the current status of the plant given sensor readings and process knowledge. Early diagnosis of process faults while the plant is still operating in a controllable region can help avoid event progression and reduce the amount of productivity loss during an abnormal event. PFD forms the first step in abnormal situation management (ASM), which aims at timely detection, diagnosis and correction of abnormal conditions. However the problem of PFD is made considerably difficult by the scale and complexity of modern plants. We briefly outline the various challenges in the area of PFD and review the existing methods to tackle them. We argue that a hybrid blackboard-based framework utilizing collective problem solving is the most promising approach. The efforts of the ASM consortium in pursuing the implementation of the state-of-the-art technologies at plant sites are also described.