cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vendors' corner—ethics in the marketplace: a forum

Representatives of five prominent library integrated system vendors—M.E.L. Jacob (OCLC), Joe Matthews (Inlex), Mike Monahan (Geac), Gene Robinson (CLSI), and Steve Salmon (Carlyle)—express their views on ethics and the marketplace. The need for ethical behavior by all sectors of the marketplace—librarians, consultants, and vendors—is emphasized and illustrated. Four sidebars are included: one addresses the need for customer data rights standards; others contain the code of ethics/practice issued by three professional organizations for consultants.
Colorimetry of Foods 5. Tang

Abstract The study was undertaken to evaluate the application of the Kubelka-Munk colorant layer concept as a method of color measurement for a translucent, pulp free, carotene containing beverage of medium reflectance and high chroma. Series of samples containing small increments of canthaxanthin were ranked for color differences visually and instrumentally with a General Electric Recording Spectrophotometer and a Hunterlab D25A colorimeter. Sample thicknesses were varied and white and black backgrounds used. The panel was successful in ranking small color differences (delta E = 0.25 or less). The limitation of delta E as an expression of color difference was demonstrated. Differences were expanded for very thin cells and white background presentation as a result of an increased scattering effect. Color differences for thicker cells were expanded as a result of greater absorption. These differences were reflected in the K/S ratios. High correlations were obtained for Hunter “a” and for hue with theoretical ranking. Correlations for GERS data were lower than those for Hunter data and correlations for Kubelka-Munk treatment of the data tended to be low except for the more complicated multiple correlations.
Remodeling of gap junctions and slow conduction in a mouse model of desmin-related cardiomyopathy

Objective : We studied a transgenic mouse model of human desmin-related cardiomyopathy with cardiac-specific expression of a 7-amino acid deletion mutation in desmin (D7-des) to test the hypothesis that impaired linkage between desmin and desmosomes alters expression and function of the electrical coupling protein, connexin43 (Cx43). Methods : Expression of Cx43 and selected mechanical junctions proteins was characterized in left ventrices of D7-des and control mice by quantitative confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. Remodeling of gap junctions was also analyzed by electron microscopic morphometry. The electrophysiological phentoype of D7-des mice was characterized by electrocardiography and optical mapping of transmembrane voltage. Results : Cx43 signal at intercalated disks was decreased by ∼3-fold in D7-des ventricular tissue due to reductions in both gap junction number and size. Immunoreactive signal at cell–cell junctions was also reduced significantly for adhesion molecules and linker proteins of desmosomes and fascia adherens junctions. Electron microscopy showed decreased gap junction remodeling. However, immunoblotting showed that the total tissue content of Cx43 and mechanical junction proteins was not reduced, suggesting that diminished signal at cell–cell junctions was not due to insufficient protein expression, but to failure of these proteins to assemble properly within electrical and mechanical junctions. Remodeling of gap junctions in D7-des mice led to slowing of ventricular conduction as demonstrated by optical electrophysiological mapping. Conclusions : These results illustrate how a defect in a protein conventionally thought to fulfill a mechanical function in the heart can also lead to electrophysiological alterations that may contribute to arrhythmogenesis.
Role of the School in Community Development

The community school is a human engineering laboratory functioning on a broad basis to help people fulfill their basic needs. The basic academic needs of children and teen‐agers are fulfilled to a large extent within the formal portion of the program. Many other needs are fulfilled within the informal portions of the community school program. Much of the experience in the informal program strengthens performance and accomplishment in the academic areas of learning. Adults participate in many learning activities during the informal portion of the school day and obtain service through the school that helps them fulfill their basic needs. The community school takes the lead in involving children, youth and adults (sometimes separately and sometimes all groups combined) in programs that help to solve community problems. When individual learning needs of all age groups are fulfilled and when through united effort community problems are solved, community development will take place on many fronts.
Alopecia areata investigational assessment guidelines-Part II

Alopecia areata is an immunologically mediated disease characterized by extreme variability not only in the time of initial onset of hair loss but in the duration, extent and pattern of hair loss during any given episode of active loss. These variables, as well as the unpredictable nature of spontaneous regrowth and lack of a uniform response to various therapies, has made clinical trials in alopecia areata difficult to plan and implement. In fact, there are currently no drugs FDA-approved specifically for the indication of alopecia areata. To help facilitate well-controlled clinical trials for alopecia areata, this National Alopecia Areata Foundation (NAAF) sponsored subgroup of investigators/clinicians experienced in clinical trials and/or in the clinical care of patients with alopecia areata has outlined some general principles and potential endpoints for clinical studies in alopecia areata.Theseguidelines buildontheAlopeciaAreata
Comparative technological road-mapping for renewable energy

Abstract A comparative technology assessment and roadmapping process is used to examine key characteristics for leading electricity generation technologies and predict trends in cost reduction and growth potential. The role of renewable energy in generation portfolios is assessed, as well as resource integration strategies to minimize cost and environmental damage. The level of adoption of each technology is then linked to cost reduction and growth trends using a cost-prioritized adoption rule. Estimated levels of adoption are then matched to the projected growth of energy demand to determine both adequacy of supply and impact under this model. This study is applicable on both a national and regional energy planning level.
Global Drug Safety 2030

Due to collaborative agreements between health authorities, prescription drugs are now essentially approved on a global basis. Many serious side effects of drugs are not found among the relatively small number of patients exposed in the pre-approval clinical trials. When suspicion of serious side effects emerges, researchers use crude epidemiological methods in retrospective studies—the results of which are open to debate. This article explores the high tech future of drug safety surveillance driven by market forces and allowing real-time reporting of adverse events to pharmaceutical companies, regulators, patients, and wiki communities. This system is seen to be a consequence of the marriage of Big Medicine and Big Data, and competition between medical providers and insurance companies. The benefits and risks of this 2030 reality and four possible scenarios are presented.
A three-dimensional simulation of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. Part I: description of the model and model simulations.

Abstract A time-dependent, three-dimensional, finite difference simulation of the Hudson‐Raritan estuary is presented. The calculation covers July–September 1980. The model estuary is forced by time-dependent observed winds, tidal elevation at open boundaries, and river and sewage discharges. Turbulence mixing coefficients in the estuary are calculated according to a second-moment, turbulence-closure submodel. Horizontal diffusivities are zero in the simulation and small-scale eddies produced by the interaction of unsteady, three-dimensional velocity and salinity fields with coastline and bottom bathymetry were resolved by the model. These eddies are important physical elements in shear dispersion processes in an estuary. Model results show unstably stratified water columns produced by advection of waters of different densities. These instabilities produce intense mixing with vertical eddy diffusivities reaching 2–3 times their neutral values. They occur most frequently at slack currents, during initial s...
Motion interference detection in mobile robots

As mobile robots become better equipped to autonomously navigate in human-populated environments, they need to become able to recognize internal and external factors that may interfere with successful motion execution. Even when these robots are equipped with appropriate obstacle avoidance algorithms, collisions and other forms of motion interference might be inevitable: there may be obstacles in the environment that are invisible to the robot's sensors, or there may be people who could interfere with the robot's motion. We present a Hidden Markov Model-based model for detecting such events in mobile robots that do not include special sensors for specific motion interference. We identify the robot observable sensory data and model the states of the robot. Our algorithm is motivated and implemented on an omnidirectional mobile service robot equipped with a depth-camera. Our experiments show that our algorithm can detect over 90% of motion interference events while avoiding false positive detections.
In vivo effects of aurothioglucose and sodium thioglucose on rat tissue sulfhydryl levels and plasma sulfhydryl reactivity.

The active component of aurothioglucose (ATG) in effecting changes in plasma sulfhydryl (SH) levels and plasma SH reactivity with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was determined. These two measurements are applied clinically to rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing chrysotherapy. Normal rats were injected intramuscularly daily for seven days with 30 μmol of either ATG or sodium thioglucose (STG)/kg body wt or with an equivalent volume of the carrier, 0.05% benzyl alcohol. ATG but not STG significantly increased total SH levels in plasma, liver, and kidney. The seven-day treatment with ATG significantly increased glutathione levels in kidney but not in liver or plasma. Thus, gold (I) rather than thioglucose was the active moiety that eaffected SH levels in ATG-injected rats.In vivo, gold (I) was also the active moiety that stimulated plasma SH reactions with DTNB at pH 7.4, since injection of ATG but not STG stimulated the SH reactivity in fresh plasma.In vitro, ATG increased the rate of plasma reaction with DTNB at pH 7.4, thus, gold (I) ions acted as a catalyst in the SH-disulfide exchange reaction. This study demonstrates that gold (I) but not its thiol ligand strongly interacts with protein SH groups in the rat tissues. Such an interaction may play an important role in the biological actions of gold.
A specific DNA methylase induced by bacteriophage 15

Abstract Analysis of the base composition of DNA extracted from various derivatives of Escherichia coli strain 15T − showed that during growth in the presence of bacteriostatic agents such as 5-aminouracil or 2-thiothymine, the content of 6-methylaminopurine increased while the content of 5-methylcytosine remained constant. These findings confirmed the earlier observations of Dunn & Smith (1958). This increase is apparently due to the induction of a new and different DNA methylase than that found in untreated bacteria. While the normal enzyme(s) produce both methylated products, the new enzyme methylates only adenine at a rate up to 20 times the normal. In vitro , enzyme from normal cells is without activity with homologous DNA; enzyme from cells grown in the presence of 5-aminouracil or 2-thiothymine utilizes E. coli 15T − DNA preferentially. The above changes are also brought about by treatment of cultures with ultraviolet light, mitomycin C or thymine starvation and re-addition, all procedures well known for their ability to induce lysogens of E. coli . Examination of lysates of treated cultures show that conditions leading to DNA methylation changes also cause induction of a seemingly defective phage in derivatives of strain 15. The new DNA methylase may be a phage-coded enzyme.
Linking expression of FOXM1, CEP55 and HELLS to tumorigenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Objectives/Hypothesis: To investigate the relationship between the expression of FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, and tumor stage. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Transcriptome data were analyzed from matched tumor-normal samples taken from patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Data were previously generated using deep-sequencing techniques (mRNA-Seq). Transcript levels of all three genes were validated using the NanoString nCounter system in a larger group of patients. Analyses were conducted to assess possible associations between expression levels and HPV infection status, smoking status, or tumor staging. Results: FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS were all overexpressed in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissue when compared to normal tissue. Significant trends were found between expression levels of FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS and tumor staging. Tumors staged 3 or greater showed significantly higher levels of expression compared with those staged 1. No significant association or trend was found between expression of any genes of interest and etiologic subgroupings (i.e., HPV, smoking). Conclusions: FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS were all overexpressed in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Gene expression is related to tumor stage. The significant association between the expression of these genes and advanced tumor stage suggest that they may play a role in tumorigenesis. Laryngoscope, 121:2598–2603, 2011
Lipstick and catch shares in the Western Pacific: Beyond evangelism in fisheries policy?

Abstract The push for catch shares is on in the United States, nationwide generally, and in the western Pacific specifically. The prevailing understanding of catch shares emphasizes individual private property rights and changes in fisher behavior are understood to result from changes in rights in accordance with a long-established canon in fisheries economics. It is argued that this orthodoxy misses the causal factor in catch shares and thus constricts the range of policy options for catch shares. Moreover, this standard understanding of catch shares fosters opposition. Opposition to catch shares in the western Pacific can be understood as a specific variant of a generic pattern of opposition that is often centered on concerns for distributional impacts. Blind to the fact that their own misunderstanding fuels opposition, proponents of privatization resort to explaining opposition in terms of a simple, but inaccurate, for-or-against-catch-shares dichotomy. Perpetuation of this dichotomy has become a tool in the promotion of one particular ideological conception of catch shares and is a disservice to the public policy process. A possible path forward in the context of the western Pacific is presented that is based on diminishing the role of outside policy experts while encouraging local design of programs to meet local goals. Such an approach is consistent with the nature of development as local people adopt and adapt outside influences on their own terms.
WWW archive offers atmospheric radiation measurement data

Measurements related to meteorology, radiation, clouds, aerosols, surface fluxes, and water vapor obtained at the Cloud and Radiation Testbed site in Oklahoma are now available on-line at no cost to scientists through the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) data archive. Other measurements made at the site by unmanned aircraft vehicles and satellites during intensive observing periods as well as derived data products are also included.
What Makes a Super Bowl Ad Super? Five-Act Dramatic Form Affects Consumer Super Bowl Advertising Ratings

Grounded in dramatic theory, this study presents an expanded model of dramatic form for empirical investigation of television commercials. A two-year content analysis of 108 commercials found significant association of dramatic form with consumer favorability in Super Bowl advertising rating polls. Results demonstrated that average consumer ratings were higher for commercials that followed a five-act dramatic form and a positive association of the number of acts in commercials with consumer favorability ratings. The paper discusses the relationship of five-act plot development with advertising function as well as the theoretical implications of narrative theory and its impact on consumer response.
On some Rado numbers for generalized arithmetic progressions

Abstract The 2-color Rado number for the equation x1+x2−2x3=c, which for each constant c∈ Z we denote by S1(c), is the least integer, if it exists, such that every 2-coloring, Δ : [1,S 1 (c)]→{0,1} , of the natural numbers admits a monochromatic solution to x1+x2−2x3=c, and otherwise S1(c)=∞. We determine the 2-color Rado number for the equation x1+x2−2x3=c, when additional inequality restraints on the variables are added. In particular, the case where we require x2
Predicting Treatment Outcome in Stimulant Dependence

The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed to optimally use functional neuroimaging as a clinical tool to predict outcomes in substance use disorders. First, the importance of recognizing the clinical heterogeneity of the substance use disorders population is highlighted. We also emphasize that empirical and theoretical analyses support the idea that the courses of substance use disorders are relatively independent of the types of substance being used. Second, various approaches to the measurement and characterization of the longitudinal courses of substance use disorders are summarized. Third, predictors of outcomes are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. Within this context, we describe aspects of our work that focus on using functional magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcomes. Fourth, we discuss future directions, critical experiments, and the utility of functional neuroimaging as a clinical tool.
Using a modular system approach to international franchising: analyzing the case study of a Poland-based restaurant operator.

International expansion faces numerous constraints, notably, those stemming from language and culture. A modular approach to international franchising suggests a mechanism that might have made for a more successful outcome for the Polish operator in the accompanying case. By dividing the elements that constitute a restaurant concept into core items and peripheral items, the modular approach allows for both necessary consistency and necessary alterations. These core and peripheral elements fall into three general categories: operations, branding, and marketing.
Widespread molecular patterns associated with drug sensitivity in breast cancer cell lines, with implications for human tumors.

Background Recent landmark studies have profiled cancer cell lines for molecular features, along with measuring the corresponding growth inhibitory effects for specific drug compounds. These data present a tool for determining which subsets of human cancer might be more responsive to particular drugs. To this end, the NCI-DREAM-sponsored DREAM7: Drug Sensitivity Prediction Challenge (sub-challenge 1) set out to predict the sensitivities of 18 breast cancer cell lines to 31 previously untested compounds, on the basis of molecular profiling data and a training subset of cell lines. Methods and Results With 47 teams submitting blinded predictions, team Creighton scored third in terms of overall accuracy. Team Creighton's method was simple and straightforward, incorporated multiple expression data types (RNA-seq, gene array, RPPA), and incorporated all profiled features (not only the “best” predictive ones). As an extension of the approach, cell line data, from public datasets of expression profiling coupled with drug sensitivities (Barretina, Garnett, Heiser) were used to “predict” the drug sensitivities in human breast tumors (using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas). Drug sensitivity correlations within human breast tumors showed differences by expression-based subtype, with many associations in line with the expected (e.g. Lapatinib sensitivity in HER2-enriched cancers) and others inviting further study (e.g. relative resistance to PI3K inhibitors in basal-like cancers). Conclusions Molecular patterns associated with drug sensitivity are widespread, with potentially hundreds of genes that could be incorporated into making predictions, as well as offering biological clues as to the mechanisms involved. Applying the cell line patterns to human tumor data may help generate hypotheses on what tumor subsets might be more responsive to therapies, where multiple cell line datasets representing various drugs may be used, in order to assess consistency of patterns.
DNA Relaxation Dynamics in 1ID3 Yeast Nucleosome MD Simulation

Nucleosomes are elemental structural units envolved in the formation of chromatin. Organization of chromatin has a profound effect on DNA transcription, replication, repair and recombination. Nucleosomes not only participate in the compaction of the genetic material but also regulate gene expression by controlling the accessibility of specific DNA binding sites to proteins. There are 33 crystal structures of nucleosomes currently available in the protein databank. Nucleosome typically consists of a 147 bp dsDNA wrapped around an octameric histone protein, (H2A.1-H2B.2)(H3-H4)2(H2A.1-H2B.2), in 1.65 left-handed superhelical turns. DNA interacts with histone octamer at 14 locations (every ∼10 bp), forming a total of ∼240 direct and indirect contacts and ∼120 hydrogen bonds. Molecular Dynamics simulation is a useful technique for exploring dynamics at interaction sites. We performed a 50 ns MD simulation of 1id3 yeast nucleosome and analyzed DNA motions in terms of calculated relaxation times and slopes of power law distributions for all 145 inter base pair steps. Relaxation times were found by fitting the autocorrelation functions of DNA helix parameters. Those for base pairs interacting with histone core could not be obtained due to the power law nature of dynamics at detected sites. Our results suggest that relaxation of DNA structure in the nucleosome is governed by two processess: 1) fast exponential decay (25 - 250 ps) followed by power law relaxation for base pairs that are more than 3.4 A away from the protein, and, 2) slow power law relaxation extending to 50 ns observed for base pairs interacting with histone subunit (less than 3.4 A away from protein). Proximity analysis confirms the presence of 14 histone-DNA interaction sites while autocorrelation and Fourier analysis proves to be useful for the studies of relaxation dynamics in nucleosomes.
Biomass Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels Using the MixAlcoTM Process

The MixAlcoTM process converts biomass to hydrocarbons (e.g., gasoline) using the following generic steps: pretreatment, fermentation, descumming, dewatering, thermal ketonization, distillation, hydrogenation, oligomerization and saturation. This study describes the production of bio-gasoline from chicken manure and shredded office paper, both desirable feedstocks that do not require pretreatment. Using a mixed culture of microorganisms derived from marine soil, the biomass was fermented to produce a dilute aqueous solution of carboxylate salts, which were subsequently descummed and dried. The dry salts were thermally converted to raw ketones, which were distilled to remove impurities. Using Raney nickel catalyst, the distilled ketones were hydrogenated to mixed secondary alcohols ranging from C3 to C12. Using zeolite HZSM-5 catalyst, these alcohols were oligomerized to hydrocarbons in a plug -flow reactor. Finally, these unsaturated hydrocarbons were hydrogenated to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be blended into commercial gasoline.
Intrinsic thermoelectric figure of merit enhancement in semiconductors

The recent progress in thermoelectric semiconductor research has resulted in the design of materials with a figure of merit, zT, double that of what existed a decade ago. This progress was based mostly on reductions in the thermal conductivity through nano-patterning. We review here two new techniques that are inspired by nanotechnologies, but apply to bulk materials and do not rely on them to achieve the same results. Bulk semiconductors, such as AgSbTe2, can be selected to have highly anharmonic bonds, resulting in strong phonon-phonon interactions that reduce the lattice thermal conductivity to the amorphous limit. zT values 20% higher than conventional materials have been reached in this class of semiconductors. Another technique is based on creating distortions of the density-of-states by doping with resonant impurities, resulting in a doubling of the zT of PbTe, a semiconductor used for power generation applications near 500degC. Most recently, we found a similar effect in Bi2Te3. The theory behind this approach will be outlined, and its applicability to a wide variety of thermoelectric semiconductors discussed.
Effect of exercise treadmill testing and stress imaging on the triage of patients with chest pain: CHEER substudy.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether stress imaging for patients who are unsuitable for exercise treadmill testing (ETT) as part of a chest pain unit (CPU) triage strategy resulted in incremental benefit in clinical outcomes and relative costs compared with patients randomized to routine hospital admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical outcomes and medical resource utilization were examined at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, for 212 intermediate-risk patients with unstable angina randomized to a CPU and compared with 212 patients randomized to routine admission from November 21, 1995, to March 18, 1997. Patients in stable condition in the CPU underwent ETT; if patients were unsuitable for ETT, stress imaging was performed. Costs for CPU evaluation and outcomes were assessed during a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS During the observation period, 60 patients (28%) were admitted to the hospital. Of the 152 remaining patients, 125 (82%) underwent ETT (91 had normal results), and 27 (18%) underwent stress imaging (3 had normal results). Patients with normal ETT or stress imaging results had no primary events at 6-month follow-up. Patients admitted to the hospital who underwent stress imaging had an insignificantly higher 6-month event rate compared with patients who underwent ETT (16.7% vs 8.1%; P =.38). The standardized resource-based relative-value units (RBRVUs) for patients who underwent ETT and stress imaging during follow-up were 19.4 and 56.4 RBRVUs, respectively, compared with 51.4 (ETT) and 52.1 (stress imaging) RBRVUs for similar numbers of patients randomized to routine admission. CONCLUSIONS Exercise treadmill testing safely stratified most intermediate-risk patients with unstable angina and was less costly than routine admission. Patients not suitable for ETT are likely to have abnormal stress imaging results. They represent a higher-risk cohort that could be routinely admitted to the hospital without reducing the effectiveness of the CPU strategy.
Chronic ethanol modulates delta and mu-opioid receptor expression in rat CNS: immunohistochemical analysis with quantitiative confocal microscopy

Ethanol consumption affects levels of endogenous opioids as well as opioid receptors in both animals and humans. We studied the expression of delta (delta) and mu (mu) opioid receptors (ORs) in brain sections of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after 2 weeks of consuming ethanol in a liquid diet, with comparisons to sections from pair-fed control animals. Immunohistochemical staining for the ORs, using selective antibodies, and quantitation of confocal images, revealed increased expression of delta-ORs in hippocampal CA1 of the chronic ethanol-treated rats. In contrast, mu-ORs decreased in their expression after ethanol treatment in multiple brain areas, including cortex, hippocampus, midbrain colliculi, striatum and nucleus accumbens. The alterations in immunoreactive OR expression may be related to reduced functional coupling of the ORs to G-proteins, as found in prior studies in several brain regions, using the same chronic ethanol diet protocol. Changes in OR expression and functional coupling in the CNS may be factors in ongoing ethanol consumption and tolerance.
The Role of Media and the Internet on Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting: A Case Study of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine the temporal association of print media coverage and Internet search activity with adverse events reports associated with the human papillomavirus vaccine Gardasil (HPV4) and the meningitis vaccine Menactra (MNQ) among United States adolescents. Methods We used moderated linear regression to test the relationships between print media reports in top circulating newspapers, Internet search activity, and reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for HPV4 and MNQ during the first 2.5 years after Food and Drug Administration approval. Results Compared with MNQ, HPV4 had more coverage in the print media and Internet search activity, which corresponded with the frequency of VAERS reports. In February 2007, we observed a spike in print media for HPV4. Although media coverage waned, Internet search activity remained stable and predicted the rise in HPV4-associated VAERS reports. Conclusions We demonstrate that media coverage and Internet search activity, in particular, may promote increased adverse event reporting. Public health officials who have long recognized the importance of proactive engagement with news media must now consider strategies for meaningful participation in Internet discussions.
Enhancing the attenuation of explosives in surface soils at military facilities: sorption-desorption isotherms.

The primary objective of the present study was to develop inexpensive soil amendments that can be applied to enhance the adsorption of energetic compounds on military training ranges, thus limiting the potential for these compounds to migrate to groundwater. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were determined for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine with a wide variety of natural and man-made adsorbents, in- cluding wheat straw, sawdust, peat moss, ground rubber tires, and clays. Among the various adsorbents tested, peat moss proved to be the most effective sorbent for the three explosives. The adsorption coefficients ( ) for TNT and RDX with peat (310 and s Kd 87 L/kg, respectively) were at least two orders of magnitude higher than that determined for adsorption of these energetics with two surface soils. The adsorption-desorption isotherms for the explosives showed considerable hysteresis ( , ) with some of sd KK dd the solid adsorbents, suggesting that the sorption process is not readily reversible but, rather, that some fraction of the adsorbed contaminant is either irreversibly bound or present as a slowly desorbed fraction. The data indicate that the application of specific adsorbents to soils at military impact ranges may significantly improve the protection of local groundwater resources.
Experimental study of combustion in a turbulent free shear layer formed at a rearward facing step

A premixed propane-air flame is stabilized in a turbulent free shear layer formed at a rearward facing step. The mean and rms averages of the turbulent velocity flow field are determined by LDV for both reacting (equivalence ratio 0.57) and nonreacting flows (Reynolds number 15,000-37,000 based on step height). The effect of combustion is to shift the layer toward the recirculation zone and reduce the flame spread. For reacting flow, the growth rate is unchanged except very near the step. The probability density function of the velocity is bimodial near the origin of the reacting layer and single-peaked but often skewed elsewhere. Large-scale structures dominate the reacting shear layer. Measurements of their passing frequency from LDV are consistent with high-speed Schlieren movies of the reacting layer and indicate that the coalescence rate of the eddies in the shear layer is reduced by combustion.
A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Among Gambling Inpatients

Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to coping styles, reactive emotional states, and/or genetics (Potenza et al., Arch Gen Psychiat 62(9):1015–1021, 2005; Getty et al., J Gambl Stud 16(4):377–391, 2000). Although depression impacts treatment outcomes (Morefield et al., Int J Men Healt Addict 12(3):367–379, 2013), research regarding depression among gamblers in residential treatment is particularly limited. This study attempts to address this deficit by examining the course of depressive symptoms among clients at a residential gambling program in the Western United States. Forty-four adults were administered a weekly measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II) for eight consecutive weeks. Levels of depression were classified into three groups based on standard scoring criteria for the BDI-II: no/minimal, mild/moderate, and severe depression. Results from a mixed-model analysis indicated a main effect for group and time, as well as an interaction between group and time. Examination of the slopes for the rate of change for the three depression groups indicated no change in the non-depressed group and a decrease in depression scores over time for both the mild/moderate and severely depressed groups. The slopes for the two symptomatic depression groups were not significantly different, indicating a similar rate of change. We speculate that reductions in depression symptoms may be related to feelings of self-efficacy, environmental containment/stabilization, and therapeutic effects of treatment. These results help to illuminate the role of significant processes in residential treatment, including initial stabilization, insight, self-efficacy, and termination.
Simulations of high Mach number perpendicular shocks with resistive electrons

A simulation code which models the ions as microparticles and the electrons as a resistive massless fluid is employed to study the structure of high Mach number perpendicular shocks. It is found that stable stationary shock solutions can be obtained for Alfven Mach numbers (M sub A) between 5 and 60 for upstream plasmas where the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure is 1, providing that the upstream resistive diffusion length is much smaller than the ion inertial length. For much larger resistive diffusion lengths, the magnetic field overshoot is damped, and the imbalance in the electron momentum equation results in a periodic fluctuation of the fraction of reflected ions. In the limit of M sub A of less than 10, the magnetic overshoot and the fraction of reflected ions increase with increasing M sub A, while at higher Mach numbers the fraction of reflected ions peaks at about 40 percent and the magnetic field overshoot increases at a much slower rate. Electron inertial effects are also considered.
Nonword Repetition, Phonological Storage, and Multiple Determinations.

The proposals that (a) nonword repetition and word learning both rely on phonological storage and (b) both are multiply determined are two of the major foci of Gathercole's (2006) Keynote Article, which marshals considerable evidence in support of each. In my view, the importance of these proposals cannot be overstated: these two notions go to the heart of the relationship between nonword repetition and word learning. Indeed, they figure prominently in the approach that my colleagues and I have taken to studying that relationship (e.g., Gupta, 2006; Gupta, Lipinski, Abbs, & Lin, 2005; Gupta & MacWhinney, 1997). An important aspect of our approach has been the attempt to construct a computational model that can simulate performance in a nonword repetition task and in a word learning task, the rationale being that a computational model that achieved this would constitute a proposal about the processing mechanisms that may underlie the relationship. In this Commentary, I describe how our computational work offers a concrete way of thinking about how nonword repetition and word learning may rely on phonological storage, and about how these abilities may be multiply determined. Such computational work is, I suggest, a valuable tool in further investigating the important relationship that has been revealed by Gathercole's influential work, and that is analyzed in the Keynote Article.
Packing closed trails into dense graphs

It has been shown (Combin. Probab. Comput. 10 (2001) 463-499) that if n is odd and m1,...,mt are integers with mi ≥ 3 and Σi=1t mi = |E(Kn)| then Kn can be decomposed as an edge-disjoint union of closed trails of lengths m1,...,mt. Here we show that the corresponding result is also true for any sufficiently large and sufficiently dense even graph G.
Forecasting transport development: Testing the utility of a simple regression approach

The analysis tests the utility of a simple regression approach in “postdictively” explaining transport development in West Malaysia from 1887 to 1968. The growth of the network is modelled as a process of contagious diffusion where transport densities of adjacent cells are used as predictor variables on a lagged basis. The partial regression coefficients provide measures of network orientation over time. The results demonstrate the importance of the contagion process in transport forecasting and provide equivalent levels of explanation when compared with a model which utilizes modernization indexes as predictor weights.
Ligation of the fibrin-binding domain by β-strand addition is sufficient for expansion of soluble fibronectin.

How fibronectin (FN) converts from a compact plasma protein to a fibrillar component of extracellular matrix is not understood. “Functional upstream domain” (FUD), a polypeptide based on F1 adhesin of Streptococcus pyogenes, binds by anti-parallel β-strand addition to discontinuous sets of N-terminal FN type I modules, 2–5FNI of the fibrin-binding domain and 8–9FNI of the gelatin-binding domain. Such binding blocks assembly of FN. To learn whether ligation of 2–5FNI, 8–9FNI, or the two sets in combination is important for inhibition, we tested “high affinity downstream domain” (HADD), which binds by β-strand addition to the continuous set of FNI modules, 1–5FNI, comprising the fibrin-binding domain. HADD and FUD were similarly active in blocking fibronectin assembly. Binding of HADD or FUD to soluble plasma FN exposed the epitope to monoclonal antibody mAbIII-10 in the tenth FN type III module (10FNIII) and caused expansion of FN as assessed by dynamic light scattering. Soluble N-terminal constructs truncated after 9FNI or 3FNIII competed better than soluble FN for binding of FUD or HADD to adsorbed FN, indicating that interactions involving type III modules more C-terminal than 3FNIII limit β-strand addition to 1–5FNI within intact soluble FN. Preincubation of FN with mAbIII-10 or heparin modestly increased binding to HADD or FUD. Thus, ligation of FNIII modules involved in binding of integrins and glycosaminoglycans, 10FNIII and 12–14FNIII, increases accessibility of 1–5FNI. Allosteric loss of constraining interactions among 1–5FNI, 10FNIII, and 12–14FNIII likely enables assembly of FN into extracellular fibrils.
Cultural continuity and cultural hegemony: Italian Catholics in New Jersey and New York, 1880–1940

In this essay I trace the theological continuity evident in Italian Catholic traditions. This line of continuity has its immediate historical origins in the religious forms of Italian rural folk. Those practices were then taken to New Jersey and New York in the closing decades of the 19th century, where they remained in evidence until well into the 20th century. The emotional configuration of the peasant in a traditional society remained as the emotional configuration of the Italian-American worker. The way in which peasants contextualized their theological lives in rural Italy was similar to the way they did so in America, for in the latter, as in the former, class subordination remained a central reality of daily life. Despite that subordination, peasants and workers achieved an air of dignity through the construction of Catholic practices which served to undermine further attempts to implement ideological domination.
Growth Curve Models for Zero-Inflated Count Data: An Application to Smoking Behavior.

This article applies growth curve models to longitudinal count data characterized by an excess of zero counts. We discuss a zero-inflated Poisson regression model for longitudinal data in which the impact of covariates on the initial counts and the rate of change in counts over time is the focus of inference. Basic growth curve models using a single outcome are described, as well as a model in which two linked outcomes constitute a dual-trajectory growth process. This model is applied to assess the impact of changes in financial stress on longitudinal change in smoking.
Characterization of AC-DC transfer shunts up to 100 A at 100 kHz using two-stage, amplifier-aided current transformers

We describe the construction of two-stage, amplifier-aided current transformers (CTs) and their use to characterize AC-DC transfer shunts up to 100 A at 100 kHz. Tests show that the frequency coefficients of the CTs have small changes with current level. This level independence of the frequency coefficients for the CTs is used to characterize the frequency coefficients of the shunts up to 100 A and out to 100 kHz in terms of measurements at 20 A.
Valley degeneracy in (110) Si quantum wells strain and misorientation effects

Valley degeneracy in (110) Si quantum wells (QWs) is studied. Band structures are computed using the nearest neighbor sp d s tight-binding model and strain relaxation is performed by a valence force field. Two degeneracy breaking mechanisms are identified: different confinement effective mass and valley-valley interaction. Strain and electric field are both found to enhance valley splitting. Surface miscuts towards [111] direction lift the 4 fold valley degeneracy of flat (110) QWs to 2 fold, which explains the experimentally observed inconsistency. Effects of surface miscut, which could only be addressed using an atomistic method, are included in the extended supercell calculation.
Adsorption of CO on PtBi2 and PtBi surfaces

Abstract Approximate molecular orbital calculations have been applied to explain the low CO poisoning effects observed at PtBi2 and PtBi electrodes. The bonding patterns for chemisorption of CO on the surfaces of Pt–Bi bulk alloys and pure Pt surfaces are quite similar. The major difference is not induced through much Pt–Bi bonding, but indirectly, by raising the Fermi level of the system, so that the C–O π* levels become practically filled upon interaction. This results in much lower adsorption energies than in the metallic Pt case, in accordance with experimental data. The calculations also imply C–O bond dissociation on the surface, a phenomenon not supported by experiment. CO adsorption at Pt–Pt bridge site (possible only on PtBi) is favored relative to atop chemisorption.
A PATIENT WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND CARDIOGENIC SHOCK: STUCK BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) can lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and arrhythmias. The mainstay of therapy is volume challenge, beta blockade and increased afterload. A 55-year-old male with HOCM presented after a witnessed ventricular fibrillation arrest. His
ANALYSIS OF SOOT SURFACE GROWTH PATHWAYS USING PUBLISHED PLUG-FLOW REACTOR DATA WITH NEW PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS AND PUBLISHED PREMIXED FLAME DATA

Soot particle size distributions were measured using thermophoretic sampling, followed by electron microscopy, at different residence times during soot formation in a plug-flow reactor (PFR) under two sets of premixed C2H4/air combustion conditions (1 atm, equivalence ratio 2.2, and 1520 K and 1620 K) for which published concentration profiles of gas species and soot mass are available. The data were used to calculate the Harris global rate coefficient, kHarris, for C2H2 addition to soot. The C2H2-soot reactivity as indicated by kHarris is found to oscillate significantly and to show a net increase with residence time in the PFR, neither of which behaviors would be expected if C2H2 were actually the growth reactant. In contrast, use of the data to compute the global collision efficiency for dichloromethane (DCM) soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) addition to soot, γPAH-soot, gives a soot reactivity with no net increase with residence time, and smaller oscillations explainable by the observation that higher molecular weight PAH fluctuate more than the total DCM soluble fraction. Interpreting the Harris C2H2 addition mechanism as a globalization of the PAH addition mechanism with constant soot reactivity indicates that the oscillations and net increase of the Harris C2H2-soot reactivity are consistent with the variations in the concentration of the PAH reactants and particle size. Also consistent with these results are previous observations that the Harris C2H2-soot reactivity in premixed flames decreases sharply with residence time. Analysis here of published data from premixed one-dimensional C2H2/O2 and C6H6/O2/Ar flames shows that the declining C2H2-soot reactivity agrees with the decline in the concentration of PAH reactants and increase in soot particle size, assuming a constant PAH-soot reactivity.
Conserved regions of the DMD 3′ UTR regulate translation and mRNA abundance in cultured myotubes

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe muscle-wasting disease, is caused by mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes for the protein dystrophin. Its regulation is of therapeutic interest as even small changes in expression of functional dystrophin can significantly impact the severity of DMD. While tissue-specific distribution and transcriptional regulation of several DMD mRNA isoforms has been well characterized, the post-transcriptional regulation of dystrophin synthesis is not well understood. Here, we utilize qRTPCR and a quantitative dual-luciferase reporter assay to examine the effects of isoform specific DMD 5' UTRs and the highly conserved DMD 3' UTR on mRNA abundance and translational control of gene expression in C2C12 cells. The 5' UTRs were shown to initiate translation with low efficiency in both myoblasts and myotubes. Whereas, two large highly conserved elements in the 3' UTR, which overlap the previously described Lemaire A and D regions, increase mRNA levels and enhance translation upon differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. The results presented here implicate an important role for DMD UTRs in dystrophin expression and delineate the cis-acting elements required for the myotube-specific regulation of steady-state mRNA levels and translational enhancer activity found in the DMD 3' UTR.