cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of human papillomavirus vaccines among young adult women in the United States: an analysis of the 2008 National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends catch-up administration of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to girls and women ages 13 to 26 who have not been vaccinated previously. In response to debate regarding catch-up vaccination of young adult women, this study examined whether 18- to 26-year-old women most likely to benefit from catch-up vaccination were aware of the HPV vaccine, and initiated the vaccine series by the end of 2008. METHODS: We used data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey to assess HPV vaccine awareness and use, and reasons for not vaccinating, among women aged 18-26 years (n = 1583). Sociodemographic, health care access, and health history factors associated with vaccine initiation were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 11.7% of women aged 18-26 years reported receiving at least 1 dose of the HPV vaccine by the end of 2008. In multivariate analyses, younger age, history of previous HPV infection, unmarried status, health insurance, flu shot in the past year, and receipt of 1 or more recommended lifetime vaccines were significantly associated with HPV vaccine initiation. Two-fifths (39.6%) of unvaccinated women were interested in receiving the HPV vaccine (n = 1327). Primary reasons for lack of interest in the vaccine were belief that it was not needed, not knowing enough about it, concerns about safety, and not being sexually active. CONCLUSION: HPV vaccine coverage among young adult women was low, and lower among the uninsured than the insured. Public financing and care provision programs have the potential to expand vaccine coverage among uninsured women, who are at increased risk of cervical cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE LATE PALEOZOIC AMPHIBIAN ZATRACHYS SERRATUS (TEMNOSPONDYLI, ZATRACHYDIDAE) IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT The temnospondyl amphibian Zatrachys serratus Cope, 1878, is reported for the first time from the eastern United States on the basis of a partial skull table and isolated cranial elements from the Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) of the Benwood Limestone Member of the Pittsburgh Formation, Monongahela Group, and the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, West Virginia. The partial skull table differs in several features from those of the well-preserved series of skulls of Z. serratus from the Lower Permian of New Mexico, particularly in the proportions of the postfrontal and postorbital. However, in view of the paucity of West Virginia material and the wide range of reported intraspecific variation, some possibly attributable to sexual dimorphism, and developmental changes in the cranial morphology of the New Mexico specimens, the conservative course is taken by referring the former to Z. serratus. Known otherwise only from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian) of Te...
NCATS Purrs: Emerging Signs of Form and Function

> Sometimes the questions are complicated and the answers are simple. > > —Dr. Seuss, author of The Cat in the Hat It is 5 months since Francis Collins, the director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), first announced his proposal to found a new National Center for Advancing
Hydrological Signatures Relating the Asian Summer Monsoon and ENSO

Using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for the 1950-2000 period, differences in the atmospheric hydrological cycle between the extremes of ENSO (i.e., La Nina minus El Nino) are examined. Zonal vertically integrated moisture transport (VIMT) across 1008E accounts for about half of the variability in net moisture convergence in the north Indian Ocean region between ENSO extremes when all ENSO events are considered. Changes in VIMT across 1008E are associated with large changes in the strength of the Pacific Ocean trade wind regime during ENSO. The bulk of the remaining VIMT anomalies are from the Arabian Sea and appear to be associated with sea level pressure variations in the northern and western parts of the Indian Ocean Basin. This initial analysis, therefore, suggests that the interaction between the monsoon and ENSO may be more complex than the direct modulation of VIMT by the Pacific Ocean trade winds alone. The analysis is refined further by comparing the differences of the Indian and Pacific Ocean hydrological cycles between ENSO extremes when they occur concurrently with anomalous monsoons (ENSO-anomalous monsoon years (EAM)), and when the monsoon is normal (ENSO-normal monsoon years (ENM)). For both EAM and ENM years, similar differences exist in VIMT across 1008E between ENSO extremes. However, major differences are noted in VIMT anomalies from the west and south into the north Indian Ocean region. Thus, the principal difference in moisture convergence in the north Indian Ocean between EAM and ENM years is associated primarily with VIMT anomalies in the western Indian Ocean region and not those in the eastern Indian or Pacific Oceans. To test the hypothesis that Pacific Ocean SST anomalies occurring prior to the monsoon may be important in influencing the eventual nature of the monsoon, the analysis is extended backward to the spring period. While May SST differences in the Nino-3 region between ENSO extremes are found to be similar for both EAM and ENM years, VIMT differences in both the Indian Ocean and the central and western Pacific Oceans are sig- nificantly larger during EAM years than ENM years. May SST differences in the central subtropical Pacific Ocean are also significantly larger during EAM than ENM years. These results show that the anomalous SST gradient between the eastern equatorial and the central subtropical Pacific Ocean prior to the monsoon onset, together with its associated VIMTs anomalies, may be important factors in determining the degree of connection between monsoon and ENSO. In addition, the circulation in the Indian Ocean prior to and during the monsoon onset shares a strong association with the eventual intensity of the monsoon-ENSO coupling.
Developmental Pharmacokinetics: Drug Disposition Relative to Age

Drugs are prescribed to induce desired therapeutic effects. For a drug to be effective it must be absorbed into the site of action or into the patient’s systemic circulation, distribute to its site of action, and bind to target receptors for a sufficient time period to realize these effects. A drug’s sojourn in the body, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, is described by the drug’s pharmacokinetic profile. The optimal, age-appropriate dose for a drug is dependent on its pharmacokinetic profile which is markedly influenced by the normal developmental changes that occur in body water compartments and cellular and organ function. This chapter reviews the influence of patient age on drug pharmacokinetics in pediatrics.
Screencasts: Formative Assessment for Mathematical Thinking

Increased attention to reasoning and justification in mathematics classrooms requires the use of more authentic assessment methods. Particularly important are tools that allow teachers and students opportunities to engage in formative assessment practices such as gathering data, interpreting understanding, and revising thinking or instruction. Screencast applications on mobile devices enable teachers to collect multiple modes of communications, which students use to generate mathematical explanations. As students’ explanations are recorded in the moment and contain verbalizations, written notations, and virtual gestures, teachers are able to gain insights into students’ understanding in greater depth than any one mode individually. Additionally, misconceptions and mistakes, which are often lost in written work, are documented and can be identified to specifically target interventions. In this report, a student-generated screencast example will highlight how this technology can be used as a formative assessment tool. Also discussed are potential limitations when using the technology in classrooms and possible solutions.
Postbuckling Behavior of Axially-Compressed Strips With Discrete Rigid Constraints: A Numerical Study

Axially-compressed columns, or strips, with bilateral continuous rigid constraints (CRC) are known to be able to attain multiple snap-through buckling events in their elastic postbuckling response that lead to the sudden release of strain energy from the system. This feature allows this structural prototype to be used as energy concentrators for smart applications. However, the parameters controlling the postbuckling response for such system are limited. The structural prototype discussed in this paper is that of an axially compressed strip provided with discrete rigid constraints (DRC), whereby the layout of the lateral constrains provides increased design freedom to control the strip’s postbuckling features. The study is based on numerical simulations using the finite element method. Using a previously characterized CRC strip as a baseline, two DRC design groups were considered in symmetric and asymmetric layouts for a total of 15 different arrangements. Results show that DRC strips can attain elastic postbuckling responses with distinct characteristics and that the far postbuckling response can be controlled by modifying the number and the location of the constraints. Compared to CRC strips, some DRC patterns allow attaining higher mode transitions and larger kinetic energy release after the first buckling event. The ability to design for such postbuckling response features can be potentially used for energy harvesting and other sensing and actuation applications.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Membrane fluidity and hemilayer temperature sensitivity in trout hepatocytes during brief in vitro cold exposure

Fluorescent membrane probes were used to assess the fluidity of hepatocyte plasma membranes (PM) from 20 degrees C-acclimated trout after exposure to 20 and 5 degrees C. PM isolated from cells after 6 h at 5 degrees C were significantly more fluid [fluorescence depolarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH)] than control membranes at both temperatures. The increased fluidity was sufficient to offset 45-50% of the cold-induced membrane ordering. In contrast, the fluidity of PM in intact cells from 20 degrees C-acclimated fish remained constant when exposed to 5 degrees C for a similar period. In addition, the fluidity of the inner hemilayer [1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, p-toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH)] was significantly less sensitive to temperature change than was the fluidity of the outer hemilayer [3-(p-(6-phenyl)-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)phenylpropionic acid (PA-DPH)]. Because the isolated membrane preparation was most likely enriched with canalicular membranes (based on 5'-nucleotidase recovery), these results suggest that the canalicular domain of the plasma membrane is preferentially modified during short-term cold exposure and that the fluidity of the inner hemilayer of the plasma membrane of intact cells is relatively temperature insensitive, thus requiring fewer modifications than the outer hemilayer during temperature acclimation.
Observation of Intersubband Absorption in Boron δ-Doped Si Layers

Strong hole intersubband infrared absorption in δ-doped Si multiple quantum wells is observed. The structures consist of 10 periods of boron doped Si quantum wells and undoped Si barriers. Near 100 % infrared absorption is measured by FTIR spectrometer using waveguide structures. Absorption peaks ranging between 3–7 μm are measured, and these peaks can be tuned by varying the doping concentration in the δ-doped layer. Polarization dependence has been verified to agree with the intersubband selection rule. The estimated peak energy positions using a self-consistency calculation are considerably lower than experimental values, probably due to a large exchange energy of many body effects. This observation suggests multiple quantum well IR detectors using Si- technology.
Correlations of Changes in ESR and PL with Light Soaking in a-Si:H

Light-induced changes in electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity and photoluminescence (PL) intensity in device quality a-Si:H are compared. Different dependences on the light soaking temperature for the ESR spin density and the PL peak intensity at ∼ 1.3 eV suggest that a non-radiative process, that does not directly involve neutral dangling bonds, influences the photoluminescence at the peak. After light soaking no clear increase of the peak in the low energy luminescence region (∼ 0.8 eV) was observed even at higher temperatures (> 200 K), where the low energy luminescence band is relatively more important.
Bounded Models of the Euclidean Plane

(1954). Bounded Models of the Euclidean Plane. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 21-32.
Taking Immersive VR Leap in Training of Landing Signal Officers

A major training device used to train all Landing Signal Officers (LSOs) for several decades has been the Landing Signal Officer Trainer, Device 2H111. This simulator, located in Oceana, VA, is contained within a two story tall room; it consists of several large screens and a physical rendition of the actual instruments used by LSOs in their operational environment. The young officers who serve in this specialty will typically encounter this system for only a short period of formal instruction (six one-hour long sessions), leaving multiple gaps in training. While experience with 2H111 is extremely valuable for all LSO officers, the amount of time they can spend using this training device is undeniably too short. The need to provide LSOs with an unlimited number of training opportunities unrestricted by location and time, married with recent advancements in commercial off the shelf (COTS) immersive technologies, provided an ideal platform to create a lightweight training solution that would fill those gaps and extend beyond the capabilities currently offered in the 2H111 simulator. This paper details our efforts on task analysis, surveying of user domain, mapping of 2H111 training capabilities to new prototype system to ensure its support of major training objectives of 2H111, design and development of prototype training system, and a feasibility study that included tests of technical system performance and informal testing with trainees at the LSO Schoolhouse. The results achieved in this effort indicate that the time for LSO training to make the leap to immersive VR has decidedly come.
Charge inversion, water splitting, and vortex suppression due to DNA sorption on ion-selective membranes and their ion-current signatures.

The physisorption of negatively charged single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of different lengths onto the surface of anion-exchange membranes is sensitively shown to alter the anion flux through the membrane. At low surface concentrations, the physisorbed DNAs act to suppress an electroconvection vortex instability that drives the anion flux into the membrane and hence reduce the overlimiting current through the membrane. Beyond a critical surface concentration, determined by the total number of phosphate charges on the DNA, the DNA layer becomes a cation-selective membrane, and the combined bipolar membrane has a lower net ion flux, at low voltages, than the original membrane as a result of ion depletion at the junction between the cation- (DNA) and anion-selective membranes. However, beyond a critical voltage that is dependent on the ssDNA coverage, water splitting occurs at the junction to produce a larger overlimiting current than that of the original membrane. These two large opposite effects of polyelectrol...
Open laminoforaminotomy: A lost art?

Background: Open cervical laminoforaminotomy (CLF) provides safe and effective decompression/excision of lateral/foraminal disc herniations/spurs contributing to nerve root compression. CLF's advantages over anterior cervical discectomy/fusion (ACDF) include the lack of risk to anterior structures (esophagus, trachea, carotid, and recurrent laryngeal nerve) and the avoidance of a fusion. Further, advantages over minimally invasive surgery CLF (MIS CLF) include a lower incidence of dural tears, infections, and neural injury. Furthermore, complications are now more often reported in medicolegal suits rather than the spinal surgical literature.
Collective Intuition: Toward a Theory of Intuition in Strategic Decision Making

Systematic organizational theory and research on intuition have lagged behind increasing popular and scholarly references to this important dimension of the strategic decision making process. We hi...
Host Factors and Infectious Diseases in the Elderly

Because of declining function of their immunologic and other organ systems, elderly individuals are more susceptible to certain types of infections of their heart valves, meninges, urinary tract, and skin. They may develop serious sepsis with subtle clinical signs and symptoms, which makes accurate diagnosis difficult. The antimicrobial agents of choice for use against the organisms most commonly responsible for these septic symdromes are listed in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Some methods of preventing these infections are discussed, but further studies to verify old techniques and establish new ones are needed.
Clinical significance of p53 and bcl-2 protein coexpression phenotypes in molecular breast cancer subtypes of pre-menopausal and post-menopausal African-American women.

With the current classification of breast carcinoma into molecular subtypes with distinct prognosis and response to therapy, we sort to assess the clinical significance of p53 and bcl-2 coexpression phenotypes in invasive breast tumors and correlate this to the different molecular breast cancer subtypes in African-American women. We performed a retrospective analysis of data on p53 and bcl-2 expression. Results were correlated to molecular breast cancer subtypes, and clinicopathologic variables of prognostic significance. Our study sample included all African-American women diagnosed with breast cancer from 1998 to 2005. Twenty-seven (27.6%) per cent of cases in our study sample over-expressed p53, whereas 69.3 per cent over-expressed bcl-2 protein. A significant inverse correlation was observed between expression of p53 and bcl-2. Combined analysis of p53 and bcl-2 showed that 53.2 per cent of the tumors displayed p53(―)bcl― 2(+) phenotype which was significantly associated with the luminal A subtype, whereas 11.6 per cent displayed the p53(+)bcl-2(-) phenotype which was significantly associated with the basal cell-like and Her-2/neu. Neither p53 expression nor bcl-2 expression individually or in combination were of independent prognostic significance. p53(+)bcl-2(-) phenotype is significantly correlated with the basal cell-like subtype and may be associated with the biologic aggressiveness of this cohort of molecular breast cancer.
Provisioning Rates Suggest Food Limitation for Breeding Bald Eagles in their Southernmost Range

Abstract Beginning in the late 1980s, Florida Bay underwent dramatic ecological changes due to altered freshwater inflows from the Everglades. At the same time, the local Bald Eagle population began to decline, a trend that has continued ever since. We documented diet and provisioning rates of eagles to examine the hypothesis that food is a limiting factor to their success. We monitored 4 nests with video cameras in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 breeding seasons. We recorded a total of 546 prey deliveries, with 93% determined to class and 46% determined to family. Fish comprised 86% of all deliveries, birds made up 7%, and up 7% were undeterminable items. The mean daily provisioning rates for all nest sites combined were 1.75 deliveries/young/day and 2.64 deliveries/day. These rates significantly declined throughout the breeding season. They are strikingly smaller than those reported for stable Bald Eagle populations and comparable to the rates of another struggling population. The total biomass of prey del...
Drug Treatment of Stable Coronary Artery Disease

Summary/Abstract Patients with stable coronary artery disease should have their modifiable coronary risk factors intensively treated. Hypertension should be treated with beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Patients should be treated with high-dose statins. Diabetics should have their hemoglobin A1c reduced to
The Ethics and Politics of Infrastructures: Creating the Conditions of Possibility for Big Data in Medicine

The vision of creating a more comprehensive understanding of human health and disease calls for collecting ever-greater volumes of information about individuals, in continuous, real-time streams, and from sources outside of the clinic. Such data is heterogenous and high-dimensional, requiring the use of big data analytics. Big data has been granted considerable perceived authority to solve problems in healthcare and biomedicine. At the same time, there is potential for tremendous impact on social and political life more broadly. For this reason, it is important to elucidate less-visible ethical issues related to the infrastructures being built to support big data projects in biomedical science and clinical medicine. The constellation of changes in laws, institutional arrangements, and new forms of expertise being brought together are reordering relations among patients, clinical and family caregivers, researchers and payers, with potentially long-term effects. For example, conventional concepts of autonomy are challenged when data is collected ubiquitously and passively, and notions of expertise are provoked when ‘non-medical’ experts (including patients themselves) participate more directly in processes of defining health, illness, and care. In the process, the distinction between research and clinical activities (which have been conceptually kept apart for decades) becomes blurred, and the definition of ‘research subject’ is confounded.
Trust, Cooperation, and Conflict: Neuropolitics and International Relations

Neuroeconomics or the study of brain activity illuminates how choices are made. Kugler and Zak show how oxytocin impacts brain chemistry and levels of trust, with possible implications for decision-making, and, in turn, conflict and cooperation. They offer a challenge to realist theory by questioning its assumptions about a fully Hobbesian world and by incorporating the notion of trust into our thinking and modeling as well. We are misled by the over-emphasis on anarchy at the systemic level to the neglect of sub-systemic variables such as trust and the neuroscience aspects that help shape it. Kugler and Zak argue that willingness to accept international rules that restrict behavior and help avoid conflict depends critically on the level of trust. While they recognize that numerous variables influence cooperation, and that realists certainly do hold out the prospect for cooperation even if that is difficult to achieve, they believe that our understanding of trust is under-developed as is the role of neuroscience in influencing our decisions. Their chapter combines the path-breaking work of Paul Zak in the laboratory with Kugler’s enormous record in international relations.
The role of inflammation in head and neck cancer.

Cancer-related inflammation is considered the “seventh hallmark of cancer”; numerous studies demonstrate that tumors develop and progress within inflammatory diseases. Central to the development of cancer are genetic changes that endow these cancer cells with many of the hallmarks of cancer, such as self-sufficient growth and resistance to anti-growth and pro-death signals. However, while the genetic changes that occur within cancer cells themselves, such as activated oncogenes or dysfunctional tumor suppressors, are responsible for many aspects of cancer development, they are not sufficient. Tumor promotion and progression are dependent on ancillary processes involving cells of the tumor environment that are not necessarily cancerous themselves. Infiltration of immune cells facilitates tumor development through the production of factors that promote carcinogenesis and by enabling tumors to evade the host immune response. Small molecules including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors play key roles in both inflammation and cancer by promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis and by recruiting immune cells. The extracellular matrix is altered in inflammation and provides structural support to developing tumors. Hypoxia is a common state in cancers and inflamed tissues which causes DNA damage and induces tumorigenic factors. Finally, tissue vasculature is a vital part of its microenvironment, supplying oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors to rapidly dividing cells and providing a mechanism for metastatic spread. This review will discuss the reflexive relationship between cancer and inflammation with particular focus on how by considering the role of inflammation in physiologic processes such as the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and repair may provide a logical framework for understanding the connection between the inflammatory response and cancer. The cells and molecules outlined here represent potential targets for the treatment of head and neck cancer.
Characteristics of a centered-inclined slot coupler for waveguide-fed slot arrays

Waveguide fed planar slot arrays employ resonant slots to couple power from the main waveguide to crossed branch waveguides A centered-inclined slot located on the common broad wall is the most widely used coupling slot. Power coupled into the branch waveguide is controlled by the magnitude of the tilt angle, θ with respect to the longitudinal axis of the main line.
Researching Naturally Occurring Speech

Studies have shown that characteristics of interviewers and the interview itself may affect data from sociolinguistic fieldwork. Thus, the challenge for linguists who study language in its social context is to devise a methodology that allows them to record the everyday linguistic behavior of their informants, i.e., the casual, unmonitored speech that normally occurs outside of sociolinguistic interviews. This article discusses such an approach that adapts ethnographic methods to sociolinguistic fieldwork. This approach allows for recording natural linguistic interaction and allows fieldworkers to witness, participate in, and record speech events typically absent from sociolinguistic interviews.
The prognosis in aplastic anemia

The biphasic shape of the survival curve of 99 patients with aplastic anemia suggested that there may be at least two subgroups of patients with this disease, one with a very short survival and another with a longer survival. Patients who survived for 4 mo or less after the first clinic visit (group A) were different from the patients who survived longer (group B) with respect to their modes of onset, sex, intervals from the onset of symptoms to first clinic visit, and initial hematologic values. These differences suggested that short survival could be predicted from data available at the first contact with the physician. From these measurements, a prognostic index could be calculated which was useful in identifying the patients in group A. Although this method of prognostication needs further testing, if validated, it may prove useful in selecting patients for therapeutic trials and could explain the divergent results in previous studies of androgen treatment of aplastic anemia. When our androgen-treated subjects were compared with subjects with a similar prognostic index who had not received androgens, a beneficial effect of androgen therapy on survival could not be demonstrated.
Acute autoimmune myocarditis and hepatitis due to ipilimumab monotherapy for malignant melanoma

An important agent in melanoma therapy, ipilimumab is associated with autoimmune toxicity. Two cases of autoimmune pericarditis and large pericardial effusion have been documented with its use. Rep...
Balanced orbits for fibre preserving maps of S1 and S3 actions

Let G=S1 or G=S3, and let p : z → X be a bundle with a fibre preserving action of G. Let q : V → Y be a vector space bundle with a fibre preserving action of G. Let f : Z→V be a fibre preserving map. The paper studies the size of the subset Af made up of the orbits over which the average of f is zero. The size of Af depends on the cohomology index of the action on Z and on the type of the action on V which can be described in terms of a Euler number. The result can be viewed as an extension of a continuous version of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem.
Treatment of Von Willebrand's Disease

Efficient treatment of von Willebrand's disease (vWD) is predicated not only on an accurate diagnosis but also on a basic understanding of the major types and subtypes of this heterogeneous group of bleeding disorders. This article deals with the general approach to these patients, control of superficial bleeding, appropriate use of adjunctive agents (i.e., antifibrinolytic drugs), and currently available measures to raise systemic levels of the von Willebrand factor/factor VIII complex. The bearing of specific types and subtypes of vWD on treatment is discussed. Handling of common bleeding problems encountered in vWD and recommendations for managing these patients during pregnancy and surgery are presented. Treatment of the acquired vWD is reviewed.
Economy of Control

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] Enlightened organizations that fully embrace process management are gaining the benefits of more effective control while relying less on controls. Four closely related types of economy-of-control meas..
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor Using an Endoscopic Snare

Abstract Introduction: Resecting large pedunculated bladder tumors can be challenging and time consuming, especially if the tumor is located on the dome or anterior wall. We present our step-by-ste...
Simulation Saves the Day (and Patient)

Surgeons can use simulation to improve the safety of the systems they work within, around, because of, and despite. Health care is a complex adaptive system that can never be completely knowable; simulation can expose aspects of patient care delivery that are not necessarily evident prospectively, during planning, or retrospectively, during investigations or audits. The constraints of patient care processes and adaptive capacity of health care providers may become most evident during simulations conducted "in situ" using real teams and real equipment, in actual patient care locations.
Reduction of fatty ester Δ2-isoxazoline heterocycles. Preparation of fatty esters containing the β-hydroxy ketone moietyheterocycles. Preparation of fatty esters containing the β-hydroxy ketone moiety

Fatty ester compounds containing the β-hydroxy ketone moiety were prepared in good yields from their corresponding fatty Δ2-isoxazoline heterocyclic precursors by a reductive hydrogenolysis-hydrolysis procedure using Raney nickel as catalyst. By this methodology, C-17, C-18, and C-19 straight-chain fatty methyl esters containing the 10-hydroxy 12-keto moieties were prepared in 73, 83, and 92%, respectively, from their corresponding isoxazoline fatty ester compounds. Two other 10-hydroxy 12-keto C-12 and C-14 fatty ester compounds were prepared in 84 and 92% yield, respectively. The C-12 β-hydroxy ketone contains a phenyl ring at C-12, whereas the C-14 β-hydroxy ketone compound has two methyl substituents at C-13. GC-MS using electron impact ionization was used to determine the hydroxyl and ketone positions after conversion of the hydroxyl group into its corresponding trimethylsilyl ether. The precursor fatty ester Δ2-isoxazolines used in this study are readily available in one step from a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between nitrile oxides and methyl 10-undecenoate. This overall two-step sequence, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition followed by reductive ring opening, represent a convenient method to construct fatty ester compounds in good yields containing the β-hydroxy ketone functionality, an outcome not easily accessible by other methods.
Bioenergetic and metabolic processes for the survival of sulfur-deprived Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta)

The work addressed bioenergetic, metabolic and physiological responses ofthe green alga Dunaliella salina to sulfur (S)-deprivation. Photo-autotrophically grown cells were suspended in a medium in which thesulfates were replaced by chloride salts. Growth characteristics, pigmentcontent, rates of photosynthesis and respiration, as well as endogenoussubstrate (starch and protein) accumulation were monitored as a functionof time under S-deprivation. Lack of S from the growth medium had adifferential effect on photosynthesis and respiration. The rate oflight-saturated photosynthesis declined semi-exponentially with time,whereas the activity of respiration remained fairly constant over a periodof up to 100 h in S-deprived medium. Cell division and `packed cell volumeincrease' declined in tandem with the decline in the rate of photosynthesis. There was gradual loss of chlorophyll from the cells and a concomitant lossof photochemically competent system-II reaction centers, whereas theconcentration of system-I remained largely unaffected under S-deprivation. Cells altered the partition of photosynthate between starch and protein sothat control steady-state starch/protein ratios in the light (0.1: 1, w: w)gradually increased up to about 1: 1 as a function of S-deprivation. SealedDunaliella salina cultures, in which the capacity of photosynthesisdeclined to levels lower than that of respiration, consumed dissolvedoxygen and became anaerobic in the light. These cultures, however, did notactivate the reversible `hydrogenase pathway' and did not produceH2 gas. Instead, under extended S-deprivation, cells maintained alow-level cycling of O2 and CO2 between photosynthesis andrespiration that resulted in no net exchange of gases. Such low-level cyclingof photosynthesis and respiration was sufficient to ensure the generation ofATP needed for survival of the organism under protracted S-deprivationconditions.
Frequency distribution histograms of oxygen tensions in multicell spheroids.

By growing multicell spheroids microenvironmental conditions can be created for the cancer similar to those the cells are exposed to in solid tumors (Sutherland and Durand, 1976; Franko and Sutherland, 1979a; Carlsson et al., 1979). Since the tumor cells in spheroids are predominantly supplied by the diffusion of substrates from the surrounding growth medium into the spheroid, the location of cells within the spheroid is a critical determinant of the efficiency of the nutritive supply to the cells. Thus, the situation of the spheroid cells may be comparable to that of cells located in between nutritive vessels in a solid tumor being supplied by diffusion from substrates from the tumor capillaries. In both cases cells may be located beyond critical diffusion distances and may die due to a lack of nutrients. The development of necrosis both in many solid tumors and in the center of spheroids (Sutherland and Durand, 1976; Franko and Sutherland, 1979a) supports these considerations. The supply conditions in solid tumors are mainly determined by the blood flow through the vascular bed and by the density of the tumor capillaries (Vaupel, 1977; Mueller-Klieser et al., 1980), i.e. by the concentration of nutrients in the supplying vessels and by the geometrical conditions for the diffusion of the nutrients to the cells. The nutritive supply of cells in a spheroid depends on the concentration of the nutrients in the culture medium, on the spheroid diameter, and on the location of the cells with regard to the spheroid rim.
The Case for an Idiothetic Psychology of Personality: A Conceptual and Empirical Foundation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the psychology of personality. The chapter presents three critical facets of the overriding meta theoretical objectives of the scientific study of personality: (1) the discipline requires a viable framework for empirical personality description; (2) given such a framework, programmatic personality research should be directed toward an understanding of the process of personality development; and (3) the scientific study of personality seeks ultimately to establish general principles that contribute to an understanding of human behavior/psychological functioning at the level of the individual. The chapter also presents formal properties of the alternative measurement models that could conceivably be brought to bear on the task of empirical personality. The discussion was concluded by noting that, as any one of the alternative measurement models could in principle be used as the basis for constructing attributes-by-measurement occasion profiles for single individuals, any one of those models could therefore be defended, in principle, as a formal approach to the problem of empirical personality description.
Smile outcome comparison of Invisalign and traditional fixed-appliance treatment: A case-control study.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare smile treatment outcomes between patients treated with Invisalign clear aligners (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) and those treated with traditional fixed appliances by integrating variables such as lip symmetry, smile index, smile cant, buccal corridors, and gingival display into smile outcome evaluation. Methods Records from 58 patients, 29 of whom received Invisalign treatment (mean age 19.03 years) and 29 of whom received traditional fixed-appliance treatment (mean age 13.83 years), were compared for their smile outcome. Pretreatment scores, posttreatment scores, and differences between within-group smile score before and after treatment were determined for each group. Fifteen variables comprised the smile outcome, and the data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon t test for 2 dependent samples. Results Six variables within the fixed-appliance group presented with better smile scores than those within the Invisalign group; buccal corridors (%) (mean difference = 8.42%), buccal corridors (mm) (5.35 mm), smile cant (0.42°), maxillary dental midline (0.21 mm), gingival display (0.56 mm), and smile index (1.09%) for P Conclusions Using the 15 variables in this study, the results suggested that for patients with Class I nonextraction, treatment with traditional fixed appliances changes the patient's smile more than Invisalign treatment, and fixed appliances appear to be more effective in improving the variables that quantify posttreatment smile outcome.
A Digital Health Weight Loss Program in 250,000 Individuals.

Importance. Obesity is a worsening epidemic worldwide. Effective and accessible weight loss programs to combat obesity on a large scale are warranted, but a need for frequent face-to-face care might impose a limitation. Objective. To evaluate whether individuals following a weight loss program based on a mobile application, wireless scale, and nutritional program but no face-to-face care can achieve clinically significant weight loss in a large cohort. Design. Retrospective observational analysis. Setting. China from October 2016 to December 2017. Participants. Mobile application users with a minimum of 2 weights (baseline and ≥35 days). Intervention. A commercial (Weijian Technologies) weight loss program consisting of a dietary replacement, self-monitoring using a wireless home scale, and frequent guidance via mobile application. Main Outcome. Mean weight change around 42, 60, 90, and 120 days after program initiation with subgroup analysis by gender, age, and frequency of use. Results. 251,718 individuals, with a mean age of 37.3 years (SD: 9.86) (79% female), were included with a mean weight loss of 4.3 kg (CI: ±0.02) and a mean follow-up of 120 days (SD: 76.8 days). Mean weight loss at 42, 60, 90, and 120 d was 4.1 kg (CI: ±0.02), 4.9 kg (CI: ±0.02), 5.6 kg (CI: ±0.03), and 5.4 kg (CI: ±0.04), respectively. At 120 d, 62.7% of participants had lost at least 5% of their initial weight. Both genders and all usage frequency tertiles showed statistically significant weight loss from baseline at each interval ( ), and this loss was greater in men than in women (120 d: 6.5 vs. 5.2 kg; ). The frequency of recording (categorized as high-, medium-, or low-frequency users) was associated with greater weight loss when comparing high, medium, and low tertile use groups at all time intervals investigated (e.g., 120 d: −8.6, −5.6, and −2.2 kg, respectively; ). Conclusions. People following a commercially available hybrid weight loss program using a mobile application, wireless scale, and nutritional program without face-to-face interaction on average achieved clinically significant short- and midterm weight loss. These results support the implementation of comparable technologies for weight control in a large population.
Pediatric Asthma Health Care Utilization, Viral Testing, and Air Pollution Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused dramatic changes in daily routines and health care utilization and delivery patterns in the United States. Understanding the influence of these changes and associated public health interventions on asthma care is important to determine effects on patient outcomes and identify measures that will ensure optimal future health care delivery. Objective We sought to identify changes in pediatric asthma-related health care utilization, respiratory viral testing, and air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods For the time period January 17 to May 17, 2015 to 2020, asthma-related encounters and weekly summaries of respiratory viral testing data were extracted from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia electronic health records, and pollution data for 4 criteria air pollutants were extracted from AirNow. Changes in encounter characteristics, viral testing patterns, and air pollution before and after Mar 17, 2020, the date public health interventions to limit viral transmission were enacted in Philadelphia, were assessed and compared with data from 2015 to 2019 as a historical reference. Results After March 17, 2020, in-person asthma encounters decreased by 87% (outpatient) and 84% (emergency + inpatient). Video telemedicine, which was not previously available, became the most highly used asthma encounter modality (61% of all visits), and telephone encounters increased by 19%. Concurrently, asthma-related systemic steroid prescriptions and frequency of rhinovirus test positivity decreased, although air pollution levels did not substantially change, compared with historical trends. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia was accompanied by changes in pediatric asthma health care delivery patterns, including reduced admissions and systemic steroid prescriptions. Reduced rhinovirus infections may have contributed to these patterns.
Indigenous American Indians and Alaska Natives

American Indians and Alaska Natives are the original inhabitants of North America. Although these groups are referred to as Native Americans and Alaskan Natives (AI/AN), many prefer to be called American Indians or Alaska Natives or names more specific to their cultural heritage, self-identity, distinct language, distinct social, economic and political systems. A more recent name used by AI/AN is the term “indigenous” people which is estimated to be more than 370 million spread across 70 countries worldwide. Many social, physical, emotional and psychological issues challenge the lineage of tribal customs and traditions. To address these issues, health-care providers can become informed and promote culturally congruent care by emerging in the history and present-day knowledge of American Indians and Alaska Natives. This chapter follows the dominant values and beliefs according to the 12 domains of the Purnell Model of Cultural Competence: overview/heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, nutrition, pregnancy, death rituals, spirituality, health-care practices, and health-care practitioners.
Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Differential Absorption Radar

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing two experimental Differential Absorption Radar (DAR) platforms for remote sensing of water vapor on both Earth and planetary bodies. These are VIPR (Vapor Inside-cloud Profiling Radar), which operates near the 183 GHz water absorption resonance, and WASSR (WAter Sounding Short-range Radar), tuned to the 557 GHz water line. Here we contrast the system architecture for the two experimental instruments and present preliminary results of VIPR's recent airborne deployment.
Students of colour views on racial equity in environmental sustainability

Racial and ethnic diversity in environmental sustainability advances social equity and innovation, solving social-ecological crises. Yet, Black, Indigenous and people of colour (BIPOC) remain underrepresented in sustainability fields despite high environmental concern. Universities provide pathways to sustainability careers and help diversify the field by making programmes more equitable and inclusive for racially minoritized students. Toward this end, we interviewed undergraduate BIPOC students in interdisciplinary environmental and sustainability degree programmes about their experiences. Their observations reflect a legacy of systemic racism that persists today within environmentalism. Many described motivations connecting ecological and social well-being but lamented limited interdisciplinary and global perspectives in the curriculum. Experiences of discrimination, lack of relatability and limited discussions of race led to feeling isolated and excluded. Support networks, extracurricular participation and BIPOC-specific opportunities improved student inclusion and belonging. BIPOC students hold knowledge unapparent to non-marginalized groups that illuminates pathways to racial equity in environmental sustainability. Despite concern among racially minoritized groups about environmental impacts within their communities, students of colour remain underrepresented in environmental science degree programmes in the United States and Europe. This study examines the experiences of students of colour to illuminate pathways to racial equity in the pursuit of sustainability.
Hydrographic Survey Techniques on Mississippi

Hydrographic surveys on the Mississippi River are made throughout theyear for navigation and bank stabilization organizations. Tofacilitate obtaining requested surveys the District’s 400 miles ofMississippi River is divided into four reaches of approximately 100miles, with a survey party responsible for each reach. Each surveyparty is self sustaining from the standpoint of having the equipmentand personnel available to accomplish any survey requested. Typicalsurveys would include before and after revetment construction, beforedike construction, general hydrographic, general dredging, and annualresurveys of revetments and dikes. Methods used to accomplish all thetypical surveys are covered and ideas towards improvement areincluded.
THE LINK BETWEEN NORETHYNODREL AND THROMBOEMBOLISM.

Abstract Two cases of pulmonary embolism following the use of norethynodrel are presented. The link between norethynodrel and thromboembolism may exist wherein norethynodrel by virtue of its strong estrogenic effect alters adrenal cortical hormone metabolism sufficiently to cause vasculitis, increased coagulability and thrombosis in susceptible individuals.
Narcolepsy genes wake up the sleep field.

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder affecting 1 in 2000 adults, is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and a disruption in REM sleep (the part of our sleep cycle during which we dream). Now, two recent papers in the journal Cell identify the narcolepsy gene in dogs and in mice. In a fascinating Perspective, [Takahashi][1] explains that the newly identified gene encodes a receptor for orexin, a neuropeptide involved in feeding behavior and energy metabolism. As discussed by Takahashi, working out the different pathways of feeding and sleep and how they are intertwined will keep many researchers busy for a long time to come. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5436/2076