cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of dissociative chemisorption: N2/W(110)

A theoretical investigation of the interaction and dynamics of the N2/W(110) system is presented. The flexibility of the four-body LEPS potential energy surface is illustrated for the positions and energies of the activation barriers and the molecular adsorption well depth. Classical stochastic dynamics results for the zero coverage sticking coefficient, S0(Ei, θi), are presented. These are in very good agreement with recent experimental data with respect to the kinetic energy, Ei, and polar angle, θi, dependencies. The causes of total energy scaling, S0(Ei, θi) = S0(Ei, 0°), are determined to be: (1) the molecular adsorption well, and (2) the narrowness of the activation barrier region. These lead to a “scrambling” of the initial velocity components for the dissociative chemisorption events, but not for the scattered N2 molecules. The latter are found to have an angular distribution peaked at slightly supra-specular with a half-width at half-maximum, HWHM, of ≈ 22°.
Prevention of type 1 diabetes from laboratory to public health.

Despite recent progress in immunology and genetics, the causes of type 1 diabetes remain unknown. Prevention of autoimmune diseases through immunomoduiation or gene therapy has not yet been successful in humans. In contrast, some autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease, rheumatic fever, and congenital rubella induced diabetes can be avoided through modification of environmental factors. Candidate environmental causes of type 1 diabetes are now being characterized in cohort studies and clinical trials. An alternative approach to prevention of type 1 diabetes may include a “vaccination” in early childhood to induce tolerance to critical autoantigen(s).This paper reviews the status of current diabetes prevention trials in humans and selected new interventions that are being tested in animal models. We estimate the cost of public health implementation of selected screening and intervention scenarios. The ethical, logistic, and funding issues underlying these scenarios are discussed.
Gait Cycle Modeling for an Active Orthosis Using Principal Component Analysis

Concerning the human factor and ergonomics in an active orthosis for lower limbs application, it is important to generate an anthropomorphic gait. The objective of this work is to find an anthropomorphic gait model using Principal Component Analysis able to be used in a real orthosis application. The gait was modeled from the perspective of the joint leg angles. In order to find a model close to the human gait behavior, gait experiments from humans were collected. The straight line slow walk was selected to be modeled because it fits the basic walk for an orthosis. The validity of the proposed model was verified through extrapolation and comparison with real human gait cycles, different from the ones used to build the model.
Chronic Illness and the Physician-Patient Relationship: A Response to the Hastings Center's “Ethical Challenges of Chronic Illness”

The following article is a response to the position paper of the Hastings Center, "Ethical Challenges of Chronic Illness", a product of their three year project on Ethics and Chronic Care. The authors of this paper, three prominent bioethicists, Daniel Callahan, Arthur Caplan, and Bruce Jennings, argue that there should be a different ethic for acute and chronic care. In pressing this distinction they provide philosophical grounds for limiting medical care for the elderly and chronically ill. We give a critical survey of their position and reject it as well as any attempt to characterize the physician-patient relationship as a commercial contract. We emphasize, as central features of good medical practice, a commitment to be the patient's agent and a determination to acquire and be guided by knowledge. These commitments may sometimes conflict with efforts to have the physician serve as an instrument of social and economic policies limiting medical care.
An efficient evaluation of atomic properties using a vectorized numerical integration with dynamic thresholding

Abstract A new efficient algorithm for the evaluation of atomic properties by means of numerical integration over atomic basins is described. The fully vectorized algorithm takes advantage of a dynamic thresholding technique which neglects the primitive Cartesian Gaussian functions that do not contribute significantly to the properties of a given atom. This results in a procedure with a computational effort that scales only linearly with the size of the molecule in question, as opposed to the quadratic size dependence of the traditional approach. The ensuing savings in CPU time, which vary between 90% and 99%, make the determination of the properties of atoms in such molecules as C 60 and C 60 H 60 routinely feasible. In the latter molecule, it is found that on average only ≈8% of the primitives survive the thresholding algorithm capable of reproducing the exact properties within 10 −6 au.
Drymonia crispa (Gesneriaceae), a new species from northwestern Colombia

Abstract. Recent expeditions to the northern Cordillera Occidental of the Colombian Andes and preliminary work on a revision of Drymonia (Gesneriaceae, tribe Episcieae) have resulted in the discovery of a new species. The new species, Drymonia crispa, is a scandent shrub with maroon pedicels; lanceolate calyx lobes that are sinuate with a prominent midvein; and a campanulate corolla that is white suffused with pink.
Physicians' attitudes toward political and health care policy issues in cross-national perspective: a comparison of FMGs and USMGs.

Abstract This paper addresses the question of whether objective sociopolitical differences in national health care system are reflected in the attitudes of physicians working in those systems. An approximation of a cross-national design is used: physicians in the United States who were raised and trained in foreign countries (“FMGs”) are compared with physicians raised and trained in the United States (“USMGs”) in their attitudes toward political and health care issues. The main hypothesis is that FMGs hold more “liberal” attitudes than USMGs because of the more progressive features of most foreign health care system relative to that of the United States. Data were collected in the Spring of 1973 from nationally representative samples of physicians, including housestaff, in the United States. On three of the four attitude areas examined—economic-welfare liberalism, federal government involvement in health care, and national health insurance—the findings support the general hypothesis: FMGs are more liberal in their thinking than are USMGs. The differences are larger among housestaff than among “senior” physicians. On the fourth issue, support for peer reviews of physicians' work, there are no differences between FMGs and USMGs among senior physicians, but among housestaff, USMGs are slightly more favorable. This latter finding, a reversal in the dominant pattern of greater liberalism among FMGs, is interpreted in light of the debate over the competence of FMGs, especially housestaff, and their presumed sense of vulnerability to peer reviews. Alternative explanations of the general findings, such as the operation of selective factors in the migration of FMGs to the United States, are examined and rejected.
Self-Regulation and Learning-Related Social Skills: Intervention Ideas for Elementary School Students.

Individual differences in the ability to self-regulate emotions, attention, and behavior are evident in infancy, and children who experience difficulty in learning to regulate their own emotions, attention, and behavior are at risk for later social and academic problems. Within the school setting, self-regulation of learning related social skills, such as following directions and taking turns, also relates to lower academic achievement. In this article, the author reviews the literature on individual differences in self-regulation and the related construct of learning related social skills and describes elementary school level strategies for interventions to address these behaviors within a primary, secondary, tertiary intervention model.
Decision-theoretic harmony: a first step

This paper presents a novel harmony generation method based on decision-theoretic planning. We are the first to model music generation using Markov decision processes (MDPs). We give a proof of concept for this approach by using MDP planning to generate four-part harmony, given the melody or soprano line. Our initial results show feasibility, and show the variance possible, depending on the choice of reward functions.
Active array sensor localization

Abstract Sensor array processing algorithms for source localization often require precise knowledge of the sensor locations, which is often not available in practice. Errors in the sensor locations are known to degrade severely the performance of these algorithms. This paper proposes iterative damped Gauss-Newton maximum likelihood array sensor localization algorithms using known calibration source signals. Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) expressions for the sensor location parameters are found for this problem. Two calibration source signal models are considered. One assumes that each signal waveform is known up to a scaling constant and phase, while the other requires complete knowledge of the signal waveform. For uncorrelated, completely known calibration signals, a necessary and sufficient condition for the optimal choice of the source bearings that minimizes the sensor position CRB variances is presented. Numerical results illustrate that the maximum likelihood calibration algorithms attain the CRB asymptotically.
PCR amplification of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene sequences from naturally occurring hydrocarbon degrading bacteria isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to detect catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (CD) gene sequences in the native bacterial populations present in gasoline contaminated groundwater samples. The primers used for the PCR assay were selected from the DNA sequences of the conserved region of the CD gene of xylE, nahH, and pAW313. A 30 bp DNA sequence (ICP313) internal to the structural gene of CD was used as a probe to identify the amplified DNA fragment. The identity of the amplified DNA fragment was confirmed by digesting the DNA fragment with Stu I and Bg I restriction enzymes which produced DNA fragments of expected sizes. The specificity of the PCR assay was tested using DNA isolated from a variety of bacterial isolates which include Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterobacter faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Micrococcus roseus ATCC 516, Serratia marcescens ATCC 60, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Chryseobacterium gleum ATCC 29896, Chromatium vinosum ATCC 17899, Comamonas testosteroni ATCC 11996, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21697, Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17698, Arthrobacter globiniformis ATCC 35698, Pseudomonas putida mt-2 ATCC 33015, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 31012, and Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17484. Amplification of DNA was not observed in bacterial isolates lacking CD activity. Our primers amplified CD gene sequences in naturally occurring hydrocarbon degrading bacteria isolated from groundwater contaminated with gasoline. The detection limit of the PCR amplification was 10 −2 cells of Escherichia coli (pAW313) per ml. A previously characterized hydrocarbon degrader Pseudomonas putida OU83 was used as a positive control. The usefulness of PCR amplification for the detection of CD specific genotypes in the environmental samples was verified using DNA directly extracted from gasoline contaminated groundwater samples as a template. A CD gene specific DNA fragment was amplified from 5 out of 6 gasoline contaminated groundwater samples. The identity and specificity of the PCR amplified DNA generated using the DNA directly extracted from the gasoline contaminated groundwater as template was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern hybridization using the 30 bp internal probe (ICP313). Based on the evidence presented in this study, we report for the first time, usefulness of PCR amplification for the detection of CD gene sequences in gasoline contaminated groundwater.
Molecular markers for rust and pyricularia leaf spot disease resistance in pearl millet.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] is a warm-season grass used for food, feed, fodder and forage, primarily in countries of Africa and India but grown around the world. The two most-destructive diseases to pearl millet in the United States are rust (caused by Puccinia substriata var. indica) and pyricularia leaf spot (caused by Pyricularia grisea). Genes for disease resistance to both pathogens have been transferred into agronomically acceptable forage and grain cultivars. A study was undertaken to identify molecular markers for three rust loci and one pyricularia resistance locus. Three segregating populations were screened for RAPDs using random decamer primers and for RFLPs using a core set of probes detecting single-copy markers on the pearl millet map. The rust resistance gene Rr 1 from the pearl millet subspecies P. glaucum ssp. monodii was linked 8.5 cM from the RAPD OP-G8350. The linkage of two RFLP markers, Xpsm108 (15.5 cM) and Xpsm174 (17.7 cM), placed the Rr 1 gene on linkage-group 3 of the pearl millet map. Rust resistance genes from both Tift 89D2 and ICMP 83506 were placed on linkage-group 4 by determining genetic linkage to the RFLP marker Xpsm716 (4.9 and 0.0 cM, respectively). Resistance in ICMP 83506 was also linked to the RFLP marker Xpsm306 (10.0 cM), while resistance in Tift 89D2 was linked to RAPD markers OP-K19350 (8.8 cM) and OP-O8350 (19.6 cM). Fragments from OP-K19 and OP-O8 in the ICMP 83506 population, and Xpsm306 in the Tift 89D2 population, were monomorphic. Only one RAPD marker (OP-D11700, 5.6 cM) was linked to pyricularia leaf spot resistance. Attempts to detect polymorphisms with rice RFLP probes linked to rice blast resistance (Pyricularia oryzae; syn=P. grisea) were unsuccessful.
Ticlopidine inhibition of phenytoin metabolism mediated by potent inhibition of CYP2C19.

A patient who had taken a stable dose of phenytoin for 2 years had a coronary stent placed for unstable angina and ticlopidine was added to his therapeutic regimen. Twenty-five days later, he was hospitalized with acute symptomatic phenytoin toxicity and a serum concentration of 46.5 μg/ml. Determination of metabolic genotype revealed that the patient had a wild-type genotype for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. Using human liver microsomes, we showed that ticlopidine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C19, with an estimated inhibition constant (Ki) of 3.7 ± 0.2 μmol/L. The influence of ticlopidine on CYP2C9, the other cytochrome P450 isoform that metabolizes phenytoin, is relatively weak, with a calculated Ki of 38.8 ± 27 μmol/L. These data suggest that, in this patient, phenytoin toxicity was caused by inhibition of CYP2C19 by ticlopidine, and the data emphasize the importance of CYP2C19 in the metabolism of phenytoin. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 62, 572–577; doi:
Study of attrition of Fe-based catalyst supported over spent FCC catalysts and their Fischer–Tropsch activity in a fixed bed reactor

Abstract Commercial spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts provided by Engelhard and Albemarle were used as supports for Fe-based catalysts with the goal of improving the attrition resistance of typical F–T catalysts. Catalysts with the Ruhrchemie composition (100Fe/5Cu/4.2K/25 spent FCC on mass basis) were prepared by wet impregnation. XRD and XANES analysis showed the presence of Fe 2 O 3 in calcined catalysts. Fe x C and Fe 3 O 4 were present in the activated catalysts. The metal composition of the catalysts was analyzed by ICP-MS. F–T activity of the catalysts activated in situ in CO at the same conditions as used prior to the attrition tests was measured using a fixed bed reactor at T = 573 K, P = 1.38 MPa and H 2 :CO ratio of 0.67. Cu and K promoted Fe supported over Engelhard-spent FCC catalyst shows relatively high attrition resistance, CO conversion (81%) and C 5 + hydrocarbons selectivity (18.3%).
Reduced Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Mediates Collagen Loss in Chronologically Aged Human Skin

Reduced production of type I procollagen is a prominent feature of chronologically aged human skin. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), a downstream target of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway, is highly expressed in numerous fibrotic disorders, in which it is believed to stimulate excessive collagen production. CTGF is constitutively expressed in normal human dermis in vivo, suggesting that CTGF is a physiological regulator of collagen expression. We report here that the TGF-β/Smad/CTGF axis is significantly reduced in dermal fibroblasts, the major collagen-producing cells, in aged (≥80 years) human skin in vivo. In primary human skin fibroblasts, neutralization of endogenous TGF-β or knockdown of CTGF substantially reduced the expression of type I procollagen mRNA, protein, and promoter activity. In contrast, overexpression of CTGF stimulated type I procollagen expression, and increased promoter activity. Inhibition of TGF-β receptor kinase, knockdown of Smad4, or overexpression of inhibitory Smad7 abolished CTGF stimulation of type I procollagen expression. However, CTGF did not stimulate Smad3 phosphorylation or Smad3-dependent transcriptional activity. These data indicate that in human skin fibroblasts, type I procollagen expression is dependent on endogenous production of both TGF-β and CTGF, which act through interdependent yet distinct mechanisms. Downregulation of the TGF-β/Smad/CTGF axis likely mediates reduced type I procollagen expression in aged human skin in vivo.
Pregnancy in Patients on Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Both conception and successful completion of pregnancy are rare occurrences in female patients on chronic renal replacement therapy. Only a handful of successful pregnancies and deliveries have been reported in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). Even less common are reports of successful pregnancy and delivery in patients receiving chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Among the more common causes of fetal loss are abruptio placentae and other causes of spontaneous miscarriage. We report here three cases of pregnancy in patients on CAPD; two of these pregnancies progressed successfully to spontaneous delivery, while the third terminated during an episode of acute peritonitis. Furthermore, we have reviewed the literature concerning the outcome of pregnancy in the dialysis population on CAPD.
Rat hepatocytes isolated from alcohol‐induced fatty liver have an increased sensitivity to anoxic injury

The aim of this study was to determine whether rat hepatocytes isolated from steatotic or nonsteatotic livers have different thresholds for injury due to anoxia-reoxygenation. Rats were fed ethanol or control diets for 8 weeks. Histology showed that more than 75% of the hepatocytes in alcohol-fed and less than 3% in control animals contained fatty vacuoles. The glycogen content was significantly reduced in steatotic livers. Isolated hepatocytes were cast in agarose gel threads and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Cell viability was determined by Trypan Blue (TB) exclusion; cell injury was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; and superoxide anion (O) was determined by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL). During the pre-anoxic basal perfusion the following occurred: viability was 86% ± 1% and 85% ± 1%; LDH release was 16 ± 3 and 15 ± 3 mU/min; and LCL was 4 ± 1 and 5 ± 1 nA in steatotic and nonsteatotic hepatocytes, respectively. Cell viability decreased slightly under 4 hours of aerobic perfusion without differences between the two groups. In contrast, fatty hepatocytes died much faster than did control hepatocytes during anoxia; after 3 hours viability was 17% ± 8% vs. 60% ± 2% (P < .001), respectively. With reoxygenation following 2 hours of anoxia, the changes in viability, in LDH release, and in LCL were similar in both groups. These results indicate that in hepatocytes isolated from alcohol-fed rats when compared with control hepatocytes: (1) cell viability under aerobic conditions is not influenced; (2) anoxic injury is significantly increased; (3) a reduction in the hepatic glycogen stores, which may contribute to the enhanced sensitivity to anoxia, can be demonstrated; and (4) O generation and cell injury occurring immediately after reoxygenation do not appear to be affected.
The USA's Reaction to the Bolivian Revolution of 1952: Pragmatism and the Inter‐American System

Many historians view the Eisenhower administration's policies towards Latin America as dominated by a narrowly anti-communist mindset and based on a limited understanding of Latin American nationalism. A closer examination of the administration's relationship with Bolivia's revolutionary regime challenges this over-simplification. By nurturing Bolivian nationalism, while simultaneously pushing it towards more agreeable policy stances, the Eisenhower administration wanted to show nationalists across Latin America and beyond that there were benefits in co-operating with the USA. Appreciating the importance and power of Third-World nationalism in the post-war era, Eisenhower sought to ensure that these emerging nations remained firmly in the Western camp economically and diplomatically. In Bolivia, this effort was ultimately unsuccessful. High aid levels and co-operative policies proved insufficient to bring lasting prosperity and stability to Bolivia. Furthermore, although many officials recognised the importance of co-opting regional nationalism, growing US influence on Bolivian domestic policy served to antagonise nationalist resentment. Bolivians and the many other Latin Americans continued to feel economic hardship and neglect, and were more influenced by polarising US interventions in Guatemala and Cuba than by seemingly benevolent US policies in Bolivia.
Anti-interferon-inducible chemokine, CXCL10, reduces colitis by impairing T helper-1 induction and recruitment in mice.

Background: Colitis in interleukin (IL)-10−/− mice is a CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1)-mediated disease characterized by intermittent, transmural inflammation reminiscent of human Crohn's disease. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that production of the CXC chemokine CXCL10 (interferon [IFN]γ-inducible protein 10) enhances induction of inflammatory responses in draining lymph nodes (LNs) and promotes colonic TH1 cell recruitment. Methods: Colitis was induced in B6 IL-10−/− mice. Mice were given anti-CXCL10 mAb in 2-week intervals before and after peak colitis. Colitis severity was graded and cytokine/chemokine levels were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell yields were quantitated and effector cell recruitment was assessed by recovery of transferred D011.10 TH1 cells shortly (72 h) after transfer. Results: Treatment with anti-CXCL10 during colitis development decreased clinical and histologic disease severity as well as cytokine/chemokine mRNA and accumulation of mononuclear cells in LNs and colon. Treatment of mice with severe colitis reduced colitis scores and cell yields to lesser degrees. Anti-CXCL10 specifically decreased recruitment of transferred TH1 cells into mesenteric LNs (MLNs) and colon of IL-10−/− mice by 75% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that CXCL10 plays a dual role in colitis development by enhancing TH1 cell generation in inductive sites and promoting effector cell recruitment to inflamed tissue. Blockade of CXCL10 may be a useful adjunct to remission-inducing therapies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by impairing disease recurrence through selective inhibition of effector cell generation and trafficking in vivo.
Evaluating the effect of IMF lending to low-income countries

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to apply to a group of low-income borrowers from the IMF, the most commonly used technique for measuring the independent effects on economic developments of IMF support; and to develop a minimum set of diagnostic tests for determining whether necessary conditions for using the methodology exist. The modified control-group methodology is used to measure the effect of IMF support on three key variables — output growth, inflation, and the external debt rservice ratio. The sample comprises adjustment programs begun during 1986-1991 supported by the IMF's Enhanced . Structural Adjustment Facility ESAF . The distinguishing feature of the modified control- group approach is the estimation of a policy counterfactual — policies that would have been followed in the absence of IMF support against which to compare actual policies and resulting outcomes. Using this approach for the ESAF, the sample reveals statistically significant beneficial effects of IMF support on output growth and the debtrservice ratio but no effects on inflation. Diagnostic tests of these results, rarely if ever reported in the literature, are shown to be critical in interpreting the validity of the results of assessments of adjustment lending. For this sample, at least, the diagnostic tests cast doubt on the reliability of estimates of the effects of IMF-supported programs using panel data in a modified control-group model. The most obvious and manageable modifications to the
FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN A MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETY: THE 1975 CENTRAL STATES CONFERENCE

fort will also be made to secure adequate representation at some of the professional meetings organized every year coast to coast. In 1973, for example, Romanian was represented at the South Atlantic Modern Languages meeting, while in November 1974 the Duquesne University Tamburitzan Institute of Folk Art is organizing a Symposium of Romanian Folk Arts. Thus, a beginning has been made, and Romanian Studies in the United States may already have come of age. From the desolate soil surveyed by Jelavich and his group seven or more years ago, we have passed to sown fields and the prospect of moderate if not bountiful harvests.
Variants in the α2A AR adrenergic receptor gene in psychiatric patients

In various studies of psychiatric patients, alterations in adrenergic receptor (AR) expression or function have been suggested. Herein, the α2AAR gene was screened in 206 patients with schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, alcohol dependence, or cocaine dependence. The entire coding region was examined for single base pair changes, using restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF), a screening method that can detect virtually 100% of mutations in 2-kb DNA segments. In the approximately 600 kb of screened sequence, six novel nucleotide changes were identified. The changes resulted in four missense changes (A25G, N251K, R368L, and K370N), and a sequence in the 3′ untranslated region. In addition, a silent change (G363G) was found at high frequency in Asians and Native Americans. Of the four missense changes, two found in patients with alcohol/drug dependence occur in highly conserved amino acids, suggesting that these are of likely functional significance. As the α2A ARs are widely distributed both pre- and postsynaptically, and as many pharmacological agents with multiple effects target these receptors, the novel missense changes described herein may be candidates for involvement in alcohol/drug dependence, in other clinical disorders or traits, or in differential response to pharmacotherapy. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 81:405–410, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dry deposition of large, airborne particles onto a surrogate surface

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of particle dry deposition flux and airborne number concentration in the open atmosphere were made using three different types of artificially generated particles in the size range 10–100 μm – perlite, diatomaceous earth and glass beads. A combination of gravimetric analysis, automated microscopy and sonic anemometry provided size-resolved estimates of both the inertial and gravitational components of the quasi-laminar layer particle deposition velocity, ( V d ) b , as a function of size. Eddy inertial deposition efficiency ( η dI ) was determined as a function of dimensionless eddy Stokes number (Stk e ). In the range 3 e η dI agree with the model of Slinn and Slinn (1980, Atmospheric Environment 14, 1013–1016) . In addition, the observed ( V d ) b values agree well with the predictions of Pleim et al. (1984, ADOM/TADAP Model Development Program. Volume 4. The Dry Deposition Module. Ontario Ministry of Environment, Rexdale, Ontario). However the dry deposition model of Sehmel and Hodgson (1978, a model for predicting dry deposition of particles and gases to environmental surfaces. DOE Report PNL-SA-6721, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA), used in several regulatory models, significantly under-predicted (up to seven times) ( V d ) b for large particles ( d a >10 μm).
New tunable lasers for potential use in LIDAR systems

We discuss the optical and laser properties of two new tunable laser crystals, Ce:LiSrAlF{sub 6} and Cr:ZnSe. These crystals are unique in that they provide a practical alternative to optical parametric oscillators as a means of generating tunable radiation in the near ultraviolet and mid-infrared regions (their tuning ranges are at least 285-315 nm and 2.2-2.8 microns, respectively). While these crystals are relatively untested in field deployment, they are promising and likely to be useful in the near future.
On control design for PDEs with space-dependent diffusivity or time-dependent reactivity

In this paper the recently introduced backstepping method for boundary control of linear partial differential equations (PDEs) is extended to plants with non-constant diffusivity/thermal conductivity and time-varying coefficients. The boundary stabilization problem is converted to a problem of solving a specific Klein-Gordon-type linear hyperbolic PDE. This PDE is then solved for a family of system parameters resulting in closed-form boundary controllers. The results of a numerical simulation are presented for the case when an explicit solution is not available.
A new nitrogen-fixing non-legume Chamaebatia foliolosa (Rosaceae).

Specimens of Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. with nodule structures on their roots fix atmospheric nitrogen. The nodules are similar to those of other non-legumes in gross morphology and structure, containing hyphal strands, some with club-shaped vesicles at their ends. A fixation rate of 130 nmoles N2 per g fresh weight per hr is reported by using 15N2 as a tracer. Equivalent rates of acetylene reduction were observed.
Experimental vaporization of the Holbrook chondrite

The vapor phase composition obtained by heating samples of the Holbrook L6 chondrite to 1300 C was determined quantitatively by Knudsen cell-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Maximum observed vapor pressures, produced at 1200 C, are reported for Na, K, Fe, and Ni, and the implications of the Na/K ratio are considered. The Fe and Ni data are discussed with attention to their migration in individual equilibrated chondrites. S2 (with minor SO2), H2O, and CO2 were also present in the high-temperature gas phase. Vesicles formed by the release of intrinsically derived volatiles are compared with vesicles in the Ibitira eucrite. Chondrite evolution is briefly discussed.
IMPROVED INDEXING OF CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE POST-TREATED POLYMERS

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) divides post-treated polymers into three types: structurable and registrable; namable but not structurable; and nonregistrable. The indexing of these, especially the second and third types, could be significantly improved. From a searcher's point of view, the records for these types are inconsistent, and many are also incomplete, i.e., they contain little or no structural data. Inevitably, this impairs the ease with which these types can be searched. Suggestions are offered for updating and improving this important area of polymer technology.
Transcription. Regulation of the regulators.

The list of proteins whose activity is controlled by transport into different subcellular compartments keeps growing. The latest additions are two regulators of gene expression.
Rates of Adsorption of Wetting Agents and Detergents

ZETTLEMOYER et al.1 have recently reported considerable differences in the rates of adsorption of some isomeric surfactants, for example, sodium octyl α-sulphopelargonate (I), a wetting agent, and sodium methyl α-sulphopalmitate (II), a detergent, to ‘Graphon’. Both 1 and II have the formula RCH(SO3−Na+)COOR′, but differ in the lengths of the chains R and R′. Type I compounds seem to adsorb three–six times faster than type II compounds. The explanations cited are a higher diffusion coefficient (D) or a faster sticking to the ‘Graphon’ surface for I (ref. 1).
Conducting polymer composites of soluble polythiophenes in polystyrene

Abstract We report optical and electronic properties of composites of soluble polythiophene derivatives and polystyrene over the full range of composition. The composite films were prepared by evaporating the solvent in an inert atmosphere from a solution containing both polymers. The films, made conducting by charge transfer doping (reaction with NOPF6 in acetonitrile), display an insulator-metal transition at the percolation threshold: a volume fraction of ≈16% conducting polymer in polystyrene.
Scattering of light and acoustic disturbances in the atomic iodine laser

Large photodissociation atomic iodine laser oscillators have been observed to develop gas dynamic instabilities during pumping and lasing. In the present work the growth rate of fluctuations is analyzed in a linearized description of the total coupled gas dynamics, chemistry, and lasing. The total growth factor of the gas dynamic instabilities is found to be several orders of magnitude for typical laser parameters. In addition, the predicted scale size of the disturbances is in harmony with the observations.
Two kinds of set in problem solving.

Unive~sicy of Oregon Summary.-A number of findings suggest that there are important differences between functional hxedness (FF) and Einscellung (E), though the significance of these find~ngs seems to have gone unrecognized. The results of the present study suggest uat FF and E (a) display different forgetting curves (p < ,001) and (b) respond d~fferently ro distribution of practice (p < .05). Interpretations of the results arc. d~scussed. The two most inrensively sr~ldied paradigms of the operation of set in problem solving are functional fixedness ( Duncker, 1945 ) and Einste2lung ( Luchins, 1942). Functional fixedness (FF) is said to be demonstrated when perceiving an object (e.g., a pair of scissors) serving one f~~nction (e.g., cutting) makes it more difficult to perceive it as capable of serving some other function (e.g., acting as a weight). Einste?lung (E) is said to be demonstrated when repeated use of one srrategy (e.g., measuring out specified quantities of water with different sets of containers by filling the middle container and then subtracting one filling of the container on the lefc and two fillings of the one on the right) makes it more difficult co switch to ocher strategies (e.g., filling the container on the left and subrracring one filling of the one on the right). There has been a tendency to treat FF and E as essentially similar phenomena. In what is apparently the only study directly comparing the two, Adamson and Taylor (1954) reported a positive correlation between susceptibility to FF and inability to overcome E. (The distinction between susceptibility to set and inability to overcome set wiU be made operational later.) In a subsequent review article, Taylor and McNemar (1955) concluded, on the basis of Adamson and Taylor's correlation and 'the fact that both decrease with elapsed time,' char FF and E are 'operarionally similar.' More recently, Jensen (1960a, 1960b) has also stressed the similariry, arguing that both are essentially perceptual in nature. Evidence for a difference between FF and E exists. It was included in the Taylor and McNemar review and contradicts their assertion that both FF and E decrease with elapsed time. While Adamson and Taylor found that FF follows a normal forgerting curve, approaching zero strength after 7 days, Tresselt and Leeds (1953) found that E shows no loss (acmally, a slight though nonsignificant gain) over the same period of time. A comparison of rhe Adamson and Taylor and the Tresselt and Leeds re'These investigation~ were supported by Public Health Service Research Grant MH10218, from the National Institute of Mennl Health. The authors wish to thank Ray Hymao for his helpful suggestions on data analysis.
Image segmentation and real-image tests for an optical moment-based feature extractor

Abstract A two-level classifier has been designed for use in a moment-based hybrid optical/digital processor. The simulation performance of this pattern recognition system using real IR input test images of ships and reference moments obtained from ship models is described with emphasis given to the preprocessing operations required.
Accelerating and benchmarking radix-k image compositing at large scale

Radix-k was introduced in 2009 as a configurable image compositing algorithm. The ability to tune it by selecting k-values allows it to benefit more from pixel reduction and compression optimizations than its predecessors. This paper describes such optimizations in Radix-k, analyzes their effects, and demonstrates improved performance and scalability. In addition to bounding and run-length encoding pixels, k-value selection and load balance are regulated at run-time. Performance is systematically analyzed for an array of process counts, image sizes, and HPC and graphics clusters. Analyses are performed using compositing of synthetic images and also in the context of a complete volume renderer and scientific data. We demonstrate increased performance over binary swap and show that 64 megapixels can be composited at rates of 0.08 seconds, or 12.5 frames per second, at 32 K processes.
Vaccinia Virus H7 Protein Contributes to the Formation of Crescent Membrane Precursors of Immature Virions

Crescent membranes are the first viral structures that can be discerned during poxvirus morphogenesis. The crescents consist of a lipoprotein membrane and an outer lattice scaffold, which provides uniform curvature. Relatively little is known regarding the composition of the crescent membrane or its mode of formation. Here, we show that the H7 protein, which is conserved in all vertebrate poxviruses but has no discernible functional motifs or nonpoxvirus homologs, contributes to the formation of crescents and immature virions. Synthesis of the 17-kDa H7 protein was dependent on DNA replication and occurred late during vaccinia virus infection. Unlike many late proteins, however, H7 was not incorporated into mature virions or localized in cellular organelles. To gain insight into the role of H7, an inducible mutant was constructed and shown to have a conditional lethal phenotype: H7 expression and infectious virus formation were dependent on isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside. In the absence of inducer, viral late proteins were made, but membrane and core proteins were not processed by the I7 protease. A block in morphogenesis was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy: neither typical crescents nor immature virions were detected in the absence of inducer. Instead, factory areas of the cytoplasm contained large, electron-dense inclusions, some of which had partially coated membrane segments at their surfaces. Separate, lower-density inclusions containing the D13 scaffold protein and endoplasmic reticulum membranes were also present. These features are most similar to those previously seen when expression of A11, another conserved nonvirion protein, is repressed.
The effect of mesh reinforcement of a stapled transection line on the rate of pancreatic occlusion failure after distal pancreatectomy: review of a single institution's experience.

Background Pancreatic occlusion failure (POF) after distal pancreatectomy remains a common source of morbidity. Here, we review our experience with distal pancreatectomy and attempt to identify factors which influence POF rates.
Human Antibody Responses to the Polyclonal Dryvax Vaccine for Smallpox Prevention Can Be Distinguished from Responses to the Monoclonal Replacement Vaccine ACAM2000

Dryvax (Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, PA) is representative of the vaccinia virus preparations that were previously used for preventing smallpox. While Dryvax was highly effective, the national supply stocks were depleted, and there were manufacturing concerns regarding sterility and the clonal heterogeneity of the vaccine. ACAM2000 (Acambis, Inc./Sanofi-Pasteur Biologics Co., Cambridge, MA), a single-plaque-purified vaccinia virus derivative of Dryvax, recently replaced the polyclonal smallpox vaccine for use in the United States. A substantial amount of sequence heterogeneity exists within the polyclonal proteome of Dryvax, including proteins that are missing from ACAM2000. Reasoning that a detailed comparison of antibody responses to the polyclonal and monoclonal vaccines may be useful for identifying unique properties of each antibody response, we utilized a protein microarray comprised of approximately 94% of the vaccinia poxvirus proteome (245 proteins) to measure protein-specific antibody responses of 71 individuals receiving a single vaccination with ACAM2000 or Dryvax. We observed robust antibody responses to 21 poxvirus proteins in vaccinated individuals, including 11 proteins that distinguished Dryvax responses from ACAM2000. Analysis of protein sequences from Dryvax clones revealed amino acid level differences in these 11 antigenic proteins and suggested that sequence variation and clonal heterogeneity may contribute to the observed differences between Dryvax and ACAM2000 antibody responses.
Prevalence and significance of occult hepatitis B in a liver transplant population with chronic hepatitis C

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is defined as the detection of HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the serum or liver tissue of individuals who test negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the significance and course of occult HBV in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). A sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was utilized to test for serum HBV DNA at enrollment and for hepatic HBV DNA within the explant liver. Patients were followed with serum HBsAg and HBV DNA post-OLT. A total of 56 patients with HCV cirrhosis were enrolled between October 2002 and July 2004; of these, 44 underwent OLT. The overall prevalence of occult HBV based on positive serum HBV DNA was 16 of 56 (28%), and based on positive hepatic HBV DNA ("occult HBV liver") was 22 of 44 (50%). The presence of serum hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and a past history of injection drug use correlated with occult HBV.Explant-proven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was found in 13 of 22 (59%) patients with occult HBV liver compared to 8 of 22 (36%) patients without occult HBV liver (P ¼ 0.36, odds ratio 2.5; confidence interval 0.76–8.54 [corrected]. Post-OLT, no cases of HBV reactivation were noted, and there was no significant association between occult HBV and recurrent HCV. In conclusion, occult HBV is far more prevalent in patients with end-stage HCV than would be expected from its prevalence in the general population. Occult HBV infection is strongly associated with the presence of anti-HBc, history of injection drug use, and explant-proven HCC.
Multidimensional Filter Banks and Multiscale Geometric Representations

Thanks to the explosive growth of sensing devices and capabilities, multidimensional (MD) signals-such as images, videos, multispectral images, light fields, and biomedical data volumes-have become ubiquitous. Multidimensional filter banks and the associated constructions provide a unified framework and an efficient computational tool in the formation, representation, and processing of these multidimensional data sets. Multidimensional Filter Banks and Multiscale Geometric Representations provides a systematic development of the theory and constructions of multidimensional filter banks. It thoroughly reviews several tools that have been shown to be particularly effective in the design and analysis of multidimensional filter banks, including sampling lattices, multidimensional bases and frames, polyphase representations, Grobner bases, mapping methods, frequency domain constructions, ladder structures and lifting schemes. It then focuses on the construction of filter banks and signal representations that can capture directional and geometric features, which are unique and key properties of many multidimensional signals. Next, it studies the connection between iterated multidimensional filter banks in the discrete domain and the associated multiscale signal representations in the continuous domain through a directional multiresolution analysis framework. Finally, it shows several examples to demonstrate the power of multidimensional filter banks and geometric signal representations in applications. Starting from basic concepts such as multidimensional filtering and nonseparable sampling, Multidimensional Filter Banks and Multiscale Geometric Representations presents a systematic overview of the common notation, key tools, and main results in the characterization and design of multidimensional filter banks. In doing so, this book can serve as a starting point and helpful guide for those readers who would like to further explore this exciting topic.
Pn Velocities Beneath Continental Collision Zones: the Turkish-Iranian Plateau

SUMMARY Tomographic imaging of the uppermost mantle velocity in the Middle East shows normal Pn velocities (8.0-8.2 kms-’) beneath the Black Sea and the southern Caspian Sea. In contrast, low Pn velocities (<7.9 km s-I) are found beneath the Aegean Sea and much of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau. A region of exceptionally low Pn velocities (c7.6 km s-’) beneath the Lesser Caucasus Mountains and along the Turkish-Iranian border coincides with a region of high Sn attenuation and extensive Neogene volcanism. All these features suggest that near solidus conditions exist within the uppermost mantle beneath the Turkish-Iranian Plateau. Such conditions may result either from the decompression melting associated with upwelling convection cells or by the infiltration of water released from subducted lithosphere into the mantle above. The presence of a partially melted uppermost mantle weakens the lithosphere beneath the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, thus allowing it to become the locus of deformation in the Arabian-Eurasian collision zone.
Composite Failure Surface Analysis

In this work, the features of the fracture surfaces of graphite-epoxy specimens as seen by both optical and scann ing electronic microscope (SEM) are presented. A variety of test conditions were investigated. They are: tension (quasi- static), compression (quasi-static), and tension-tension fatigue. Failure due to delamination was also studied (Mode I-Peel Testing). The sequence of events leading to failure was monitored using an X-ray technique with an opaque additive for image enhancement. After mechanical testing, specimens were sectioned and prepared for microscopic analysis. Two principal fracture surface features were identified: (1) overlapping platelets of epoxy and (2) branched microcrack structures. These fatures could be used to identify the direc tion of failure propagation and, in some cases, distinguish between failure modes.