cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Images of Germanness and L.A.’s mid twentieth century German-speaking community

AbstractIn the mid twentieth century, Los Angeles boasted a large community of German speakers. Drawing from archival research, this paper will examine the ways in which German language weekly newspapers and a German language cinema conceived of and communicated with their audiences. Through examinations of both language usage and visual imagery, this paper argues that, despite a plurality of German speakers in L.A., German language media organizations marketed to a European-based notion of Germanness. Such marketing reveals a practice of exclusion of non-typical German speakers and ultimately provides insight into the early postwar Angeleno German-speaking community.
Maneuverability Analysis of Reentry Vehicles Based on Moving Centroid Control Mode

Moving centroid control for reentry vehicles is used to realize the maneuvering control by changing the center of mass of reentry vehicles and aerodynamic trim torque,so as to adjust the flying attitude and angle of attack.The disadvantages of traditional pneumatic actuator control for reentry vehicles are overcome including rudder surface ablation when flied at high speeds.Based on the foundation of building up dynamic equations of the moving centroid,the dynamic equations are simplified,and the dynamic and kinetic equations in vertical plane are gained,so that the normal overload of reentry vehicles can be calculated on condition of different displacement of moving mass by simulating software.These researches provide a necessary theoretic reference for designing control system of moving centroid reentry vehicles.
Goals and rationale for pharmacotherapeutic approach in treating cocaine dependence: insights from basic and clinical research.

The early research conducted in the author’s laboratory from 1975 onward stemmed from the even earlier work, beginning in 1964 when the author was a member of the laboratory of Professor Vincent P. Dole at the Rockefeller Institute for Biomedical Research (now the Rockefeller University) (Dole et al. 1966; Kreek 1972, 1973a; Kreek et al. 1972). At that time, scientists were challenged to develop a treatment for opiate dependency, a problem that is still being addressed, but for which there are now three different pharmacotherapeutic approaches approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and a fourth under investigation. This chapter will review briefly some of the early concepts because they are relevant for the current major problem: developing a new medication (and possibly a variety of medications) for treating cocaine dependency.
Getting a handle on hereditary CEBPA mutations.

In this issue of Blood , Tawana et al describe 24 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) within 10 families with germline, ie, hereditary, mutations in the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α ( CEBPA ) gene. Distinct biology and clinical outcomes, including unique patterns of “relapse,” are identified. 1
Is the detection of accelerated sea level rise imminent

Global mean sea level rise estimated from satellite altimetry provides a strong constraint on climate variability and change and is expected to accelerate as the rates of both ocean warming and cryospheric mass loss increase over time. In stark contrast to this expectation however, current altimeter products show the rate of sea level rise to have decreased from the first to second decades of the altimeter era. Here, a combined analysis of altimeter data and specially designed climate model simulations shows the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo to likely have masked the acceleration that would have otherwise occurred. This masking arose largely from a recovery in ocean heat content through the mid to late 1990 s subsequent to major heat content reductions in the years following the eruption. A consequence of this finding is that barring another major volcanic eruption, a detectable acceleration is likely to emerge from the noise of internal climate variability in the coming decade.
Iterative weighted ℓ 1 Optimization for compressed sensing and coding

We introduce a novel algorithm for decoding binary linear codes by linear programming. We build on the LP decoding algorithm of Feldman et al. and introduce a post-processing step that solves a second linear program that reweights the objective function based on the outcome of the original LP decoder output. Our analysis shows that for some LDPC ensembles we can improve the provable threshold guarantees compared to standard LP decoding. We also show significant empirical performance gains for the reweighted LP decoding algorithm with very small additional computational complexity.
Complex Interaction of the MoeA-N and MoeA-C Domains of Gephyrin Is Required for the Immortalization Activity of MLL-Gephyrin.

More than 40 proteins have been identified as partners of MLL in acute leukemia. The partner proteins are categorized based on their subcellular localization into either the nucleus or cytoplasm. Recent studies have proposed that the mechanism of transformation of MLL-cytoplasmic protein fusion products is mediated by the oligomerization ability of partner proteins. Gephyrin, which is involved in synaptic anchoring of glycine receptor and certain GABAA receptor subtypes, is a rare partner of MLL in patients with AML. Using an in vivo cross linking assay, we confirmed the dimerization activity of a domain within the MoeA-N domain of Gephyrin, which is located at amino acids 456–476. However, we found that this domain was dispensable for immortalization in the methylcellulose colony-forming assay, indicating that the presence of a dimerization domain was not sufficient for transformation. We also observed that the Tubulin binding domain, which is located at amino acids 322–376, was also dispensable. To evaluate which domain of Gephyrin is critical for the immortalization activity of MLL-Gephyrin, we performed a colony-forming assay in methylcellulose and found that both the MoeA-N (amino acids 354–528) and the MoeA-C (amino acids 691–769) domains of Gephyrin are essential for immortalization. In addition, we observed that a MLL- Gephyrin (444–476) deletion mutant formed dimers using the in vivo cross linking assay. To explore the possibility that both MoeA-N and MoeA-C domains are associated with dimer formation of MLL- Gephyrin, we performed co-immunoprecipitation experiments with three fragments of Gephyrin, MoeA-N, MoCF (amino acids 532–690) and MoeA-C. Our data showed that both the MoeA-N and MoeA-C domains interacted with the MoCF domain of Gephyrin. Taken together, these findings show that Gephyrin has multiple dimerization domains, and that the interaction that links the MoeA-N, MoeA-C, and MoCF domains is critical for the immortalization activity of the MLL- Gephyrin fusion protein. Our data indicate that complex patterns of dimerization exist among MLL partners and suggest that specific types of dimerization domains might be critical for MLL-associated transforming activity.
Critical Appraisal of Diagnostic Studies

It has been shown that diagnosis utilizes approximately 5% of healthcare costs, yet 60% of the clinical decision-making process is dependent on the diagnosis. Since approximately 40,000–80,000 hospital deaths per year in the United States are attributed to misdiagnosis, reduction of misdiagnosis is now being recognized as a major goal in patient safety efforts. Many of these deaths are preventable deaths that can be avoided if a correct and timely diagnosis is made. Pathology and laboratory medicine in their major roles as a source of diagnosis or a major contributor to the diagnostic process require a push toward more accurate and precise testing and diagnosis, and this requires integrating the best available evidence into the everyday practice of pathology.
Synthesis, Next Steps, and Epilogue

As described in throughout this book, intervention effectiveness research, quality improvement activities, and program evaluation concepts may be operationalized based on PIO MM using worksheets and statements; implemented using standard methods; and disseminated to a broad audience through reports, presentations, and publications. This chapter examines the cyclical process of evaluating interventions, changing practice based on that evaluation, and re-evaluating again. This is an on-going, never-ending process because evidence changes, individuals respond in diverse ways to interventions in the real world, and health care quality must be continually updated. Every project should set the stage for the next study or evaluation.
Women and Agroforestry Four Myths and Three Case Studies

Women are traditionally important participants in both the agricultural and forestry components of agroforestry production. Women are frequently ignored in the design of agroforestry projects because of commonly held myths about their participation in both production activities and in public life. The involvement of women in agroforestry projects and activities are examined in case studies from the Dominican Republic, India and Kenya. Considerations for including women in agroforestry projects are discussed.
The Genetics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

With the advent of next generation sequencing, understanding genetic susceptibility to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) can lead to the identification, screening, and management of at-risk individuals and improved outcomes for those affected with this disease. The most commonly involved cancer susceptibility genes in TNBC are BRCA1 and BRCA2. Intense screening strategies have proven to identify affected cases, and risk-reducing surgical procedures have been shown to decrease the likelihood of developing cancer. Treatment of advanced TNBC remains a challenge. More emphasis should be placed on defining the genetic risk factors of TNBC which can ultimately lead to comprehensive efforts focused on cancer risk assessment and prevention.
Thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance of atomic layer deposited high-k dielectric aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and titanium oxide thin films on silicon

The need for increased control of layer thickness and uniformity as device dimensions shrink has spurred increased use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) for thin film growth. The ability to deposit high dielectric constant (high-k) films via ALD has allowed for their widespread use in a swath of optical, optoelectronic, and electronic devices, including integration into CMOS compatible platforms. As the thickness of these dielectric layers is reduced, the interfacial thermal resistance can dictate the overall thermal resistance of the material stack compared to the resistance due to the finite dielectric layer thickness. Time domain thermoreflectance is used to interrogate both the thermal conductivity and the thermal boundary resistance of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and titanium oxide films on silicon. We calculate a representative design map of effective thermal resistances, including those of the dielectric layers and boundary resistances, as a function of dielectric layer thickness, which will be of great importance in predicting the thermal resistances of current and future devices.
The Control of Vocal Pitch in Human Laryngeal Motor Cortex

Summary In speech, the highly flexible modulation of vocal pitch creates intonation patterns that speakers use to convey linguistic meaning. This human ability is unique among primates. Here, we used high-density cortical recordings directly from the human brain to determine the encoding of vocal pitch during natural speech. We found neural populations in bilateral dorsal laryngeal motor cortex (dLMC) that selectively encoded produced pitch but not non-laryngeal articulatory movements. This neural population controlled short pitch accents to express prosodic emphasis on a word in a sentence. Other larynx cortical representations controlling voicing and longer pitch phrase contours were found at separate sites. dLMC sites also encoded vocal pitch during a non-speech singing task. Finally, direct focal stimulation of dLMC evoked laryngeal movements and involuntary vocalization, confirming its causal role in feedforward control. Together, these results reveal the neural basis for the voluntary control of vocal pitch in human speech. Video Abstract
ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID. XIV. FURTHER PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Exonuclease function of DNA polymerase from Escherichia colis, discussing hydrolysis of polydeoxyribonucleotides and resistancy of oligonucleotides
Future development of a depot antiepileptic drug: What are the ethical implications?

Abstract Depot medications have been used for long-term treatment of many different medical conditions (schizophrenia, opioid addiction) and for prevention of pregnancy (birth control). In addition, proposals for depot medication for antidepressants have been made as a possible treatment for chronic depression. For the treatment of chronic epilepsy, there are currently no depot antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, there may be a role for them. Depot AEDs could improve medication adherence rates, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality that are associated with ongoing seizures. This could help to reduce hospital costs for people with epilepsy. Potential patient populations that could benefit from a depot AED include patients with forgetfulness, socioeconomic barriers to access of daily oral medications, impaired gastric absorption or dysphagia, comorbid epilepsy and psychiatric disease, and personal preference to avoid the inconvenience of taking a medication daily or even multiple times per day. In this article, we review reasons to create a depot AED and the outcomes of doing so in the context of the pillars of bioethics: beneficence (to act in a patient's best interest), autonomy (to respect a patient as an individual and honor their preferences), nonmaleficence (to do no harm), and justice (to treat all persons fairly and equally).
Controlled dissolution of freeform 3D printed carbohydrate glass scaffolds in hydrogels using a hydrophobic spray coating.

Abstract Freeform 3D printing combined with sacrificial molding promises to lead advances in production of highly complex tubular systems for biomedical applications. Here we leverage a purpose-built isomalt 3D printer to generate complex channel geometries in hydrogels which would be inaccessible with other techniques. To control the dissolution of the scaffold, we propose an enabling technology consisting of an automated nebulizer coating system which applies octadecane to isomalt scaffolds. Octadecane, a saturated hydrocarbon, protects the rigid mold from dissolution and provides ample time for gels to set around the sacrificial structure. With a simplified model of the nebulizer system, the robotic motion was optimized for uniform coating. Using a combination of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and X-ray computed tomography, the coating was characterized to assess surface roughness and consistency. Colorimetric measurements of dissolution rates allowed optimization of sprayer parameters, yielding a decrease in dissolution rates by at least 4 orders of magnitude. High fidelity channels are ensured by surfactant treatment of the coating, which prevents bubbles from clinging to the surface. Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy and white light microscopy indicate cleared channels are free of octadecane following gentle flushing. The capabilities of the workflow are highlighted with several complex channel architectures including helices, blind channels, and multiple independent channels within polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying stiffnesses.
Out on a Limb: Race and the Evaluation of Frontline Teaching

"You're really a lousy teacher; you're just using your color as an excuse." On the final day of a national convention for English teachers, a stranger sitting across the table—a white-haired, portly man with a sardonic grin—made this declaration as I was describing a classroom experience to a colleague. I stopped in mid-sentence. How should one respond to such a comment? How I did respond might surprise some people and I will return to this later. What the comment brought home to me is more to the point.
Heritage spaces in a global context: the case of Singapore Chinatown

Chinatowns are heritage spaces that are historically and geographically specific. Chinatowns are commonly leveraged as heritage attractions in tourism. In this paper, we used data from semi-structu...
Intestinal epithelial regeneration: active versus reserve stem cells and plasticity mechanisms

The gastrointestinal system is arguably one of the most complicated developmental systems in a multicellular organism, as it carries out at least four major functions: digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, excretion of hormones, and defense against pathogens. Anatomically, the fetal gut has a tubular structure with an outer layer of smooth muscle derived from lateral splanchnic mesoderm and an inner lining of epithelium derived from the definitive endoderm. During morphogenesis of the gut tube, the definitive endoderm transforms into a primitive gut tube with a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. During the course of further development, the midgut gives rise to the small and proximal large intestine and the hindgut gives rise to the distal large intestine and rectum. The small intestine is subdivided into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, and rectum.
On the use of complexity algorithms: a cautionary lesson from climate research.

Complexity algorithms provide information about datasets which is radically different from classical moment statistics. Instead of focusing on the divergences from central values, they quantify other characteristics such as order, pattern repetitions, or the existence of attractors. However, those analyses must be done with the proper statistical treatment, which is, unfortunately, not always the case. In this contribution, I provide an example of the hazards of applying complexity measures without sufficient care by correcting a previously published analysis that aimed to quantify the complexity of climate. I clarify some misconceptions about the use of Sample Entropy and revise the incorrect assessments and conclusions drawn from the previous misapplication of the methods.
Heterogeneous Preferential Solvation of Water and Trifluoroethanol in Homologous Lysozymes

Cytoplasmic osmolytes can significantly alter the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins relative to those under dilute solution conditions. Spectroscopic experiments of lysozymes in cosolvents indicate that such changes may arise from the heterogeneous, site-specific hydrophobic interactions between protein surface residues and individual solvent molecules. In pursuit of an accurate and predictive model for explaining biomolecular interactions, we study the averaged structural characteristics of mixed solvents with homologous lysozyme solutes using all-atom molecular dynamics. By observing the time-averaged densities of different aqueous solutions of trifluoroethanol, we deduce trends in the heterogeneous solvent interactions over each protein’s surface, and investigate how the homology of protein structure does not necessarily translate to similarities in solvent structure and composition—even when observing identical side chains.
A Robot Walks into a Bar: Automatic Robot Joke Success Assessment

Effective social robots should leverage humor’s unique ability to improve relationship connections and dispel stress, but current robots possess limited (if any) humorous abilities. In this paper, we aim to supplement one aspect of autonomous robots by giving robotic systems the ability to "read the room" to assess how their humorous statements are received by nearby people in real time. Using a dataset of the audio of crowd responses to a robotic comedian over multiple performances (first presented in past work), we establish human-labeled joke success ground truths and compare individual human rater accuracy against the outputs of lightweight Machine Learning (ML) approaches that are easy to deploy in real-time joke assessment. Our results indicate that all three ML approaches (naive Bayes, support vector machines, and single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks) performed significantly better than the baseline approach used in our past work. In particular, support vector machines and neural network approaches are comparable to a human rater in the task of assessing if a joke failed or not in certain cases. The products of this work will inform self-assessment techniques for robots and help social robotics researchers test their own assessment methods on realistic data from human crowds.
Accurate Fine-Grid Simulations to Derive Ćoarse-Grid Models of Fine-Scale Heterogeneities in Porous Media

Abstract In the context of a model of miscible transport in a porous medium, a Galerkin modified method of charaderistics and a mixed finite-element method are intrduced. Previous theoretical and numerical studies demonstrating the accuracy of these methods are summarized. Future studies, to be presented in detail elsewhere, are outlined; these will examine the question of how to represent heterogeneities of widely varyhg length scales in an averaged model. Unstable fronts, which cccur when a fluid is displaced by another fluid of lower viscosity, are emphasized; in this situation, averaging should take fluid properties as well as rock properties into account.
Transport across the primate blood-brain barrier of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody to the human insulin receptor.

Purpose. Brain drug targeting may be achieved by conjugating drugs,that normally do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to brain drugdelivery vectors. The murine 83-14 MAb to the human insulin receptor(HIR) is a potential brain drug targeting vector that could be used inhumans, if this MAb was genetically engineered to form a chimericantibody, where most of the immunogenic murine sequences arereplaced by human antibody sequence.
Semiconductor p-n Junction Devices

The aim of this chapter is a discussion of the physics of a number of devices based on the semiconductor p-n junction. First is the p-n junction itself, used as a diode. Second is the important bipolar junction transistor. The emphasis is on a qualitative discussion of current amplification in this device, followed by a brief calculation of the currents involved. The tunnel diode, or degenerate diode, is treated next in a qualitative manner which obtains the negative dynamic resistance characteristic of this device. Finally, the junction field effect transistor is discussed, also qualitatively, and its function as a voltage-controlled amplifier is treated.
α‐Benzylidene‐γ‐Phenyl‐Δβ,γ‐Butenolide

α-Benzylidene-γ-phenyl-Δβ,γ-butenolide product: α-benzylidene-γ-phenyl-Δβ,γ-butenolide Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; cyclization, miscellaneous; nitrogen, oxygen-free, preparation of
A proposal for a W3C XG on uncertainty reasoning for the world wide web

The Semantic Web envisions effortless cooperation between humans and computers, seamless interoperability and information exchange among web applications, and rapid and accurate identification and invocation of appropriate Web services. At the current stage of evolution in Semantic Web research, there is a growing understanding that a major step towards this vision involves the implementation of principled uncertainty representation and reasoning in SW applications. This position paper introduces initial thoughts on how the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Incubator XG process could be employed to move forward the concept of a Web with uncertainty.
Gain Incorporated Split-Ring Resonator Structures for Active Metamaterials

We present a systematic study of split-ring resonator (SRR) structures that are used as the basic building blocks of active metamaterials with incorporated gain. The active split-ring resonator (aSRR) structures with gain elements can in theory have similar unusual electromagnetic responses such as negative effective permeability near their resonance of the artificial magnetic response just like their passive counterparts. At the same time aSRRs can have reversed imaginary part of the effective permeability and, therefore, mitigate the loss of passive SRRs. We explored in detail both passive and active SRRs through analytic theory, numerical simulations, and lab experimentation and demonstrated that aSRRs can have the similar negative effective permeability responses while reducing and even reversing the loss.
Outpatient management of traumatic microhyphema.

Abstract Objective This study was performed to evaluate the clinical course of patients treated for traumatic microhyphema and the occurrence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and secondary hemorrhage in these patients. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Records of all patients treated for traumatic microhyphema through the Wills Eye Hospital Emergency Department from January 1997 through September 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients examined for 3 consecutive days after presentation and 2 weeks after initial presentation were included. Patients with open-globe injury were excluded. A total of 162 patients met the study criteria. Intervention All patients were treated initially as outpatients according to the standard Wills Eye Hospital protocol for traumatic microhyphema (atropinization, bedrest, shield, restriction of antiplatelet medications). Three patients were subsequently hospitalized. Main outcome measures The occurrence of IOP elevation (greater than 21 mmHg) and rebleeding was recorded. The effect of topical corticosteroids was evaluated. Results IOP was elevated in 14 patients. Six patients had IOP less than 26 mmHg and required no treatment. Six patients had IOP greater than 26 mmHg and received medical treatment. In two patients, IOP increased after initial presentation. Of 150 patients with normal IOP at presentation, only one (0.7%) developed an elevated IOP at any point to warrant treatment (28 mmHg). Rebleeding was documented in three patients, one of whom developed a layered hyphema. The incidence of rebleeding was not statistically associated with the use of topical corticosteroids. Conclusions Complications from traumatic microhyphema treated with standard measures are few. Closeness of follow-up may be determined by IOP on presentation. Secondary hemorrhage seems to be unaffected by the use of topical corticosteroids.
Precipitating Energetic Electrons in the Mid-Latitude Lower Ionosphere

Satellite and rocket measurements of precipitating electrons with energies ≥10 keV are reviewed for Mid-latitudes. The ionization rates due to these electrons are compared with the most recent estimates of other ionization sources which are expected to be important in the day and night ionosphere below 100 km. The results show that precipitating electrons provide an important ionization source in the mid-latitude D and lower E regions during undisturbed and disturbed conditions at night and during the day for large solar zenith angles or high magnetic activity.
Static scene statistical algorithm for nonuniformity correction in focal-plane arrays

A static scene statistical nonuniformity correction ( S 3 NUC ) method was developed based on the higher-order moments of a linear statistical model of a photodetection process. S 3 NUC relieves the requirement for calibrated targets or a moving scene for NUC by utilizing two data sets of different intensities but requires low scene intensity levels. The first-, second-, and third-order moments of the two data sets are used to estimate the gain and bias values for the detectors in a focal-plane array (FPA). These gain and bias values may then be used to correct the nonuniformities between detectors or to initialize other continuous calibration methods. S 3 NUC was successfully applied to simulated data as well as measured data at visible wavelengths.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics

The fundamental physical principles that underlie all fluid flow are: (1) mass is conserved; (2) Newton's 2nd Law, F=ma; and (3) energy is conserved. The general equations that mathematically express these principles are; (1) continuity equation; (2) momentum equation; and (3) energy equation. Fluid dynamics can be subdivided into various types of flow; inviscid flows (the transport phenomena of friction, thermal conduction, and diffusion are neglected) for which the flow equations become the Euler equations, and viscous flows (including the transport phenomena) for which the flow equations become the Navier-Stokes equations. Flows can be further classified as either incompressible or compressible, and rotational or irrotational. A special type of flow, potential flow, is both inviscid and irrotational. Incompressible potential flows are governed by Laplace's equation, and can be synthesized by superposing various elementary flows to obtain more complicated flows. Some elementary flows are uniform flow, source flow and vortex flow. Combinations of these to obtain flow over a circular cylinder are shown. The concept of circulation is given, along with its role in the famous and historic circulation theory of lift. Finally, various flows can be classified under different Mach number regimes – subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic. Keywords: potential flow; circulation; vorticity; boundary layer; Euler equation; Navier-Stokes equation; chemically reacting flow
CRIM: curricular resources in interactive multimedia

The CRIM project addresses the need for curricular guidelines and educational resources for the Interactive Multimedia area. A digital library / repository allows educators to submit knowledge modules that will be reviewed and made available for use by teachers or students. Recommendations are given for courses and topics, and a process is outlined to reach consensus and improve education. This efforts is connected with the Computer Science Teaching Center, http://www.cstc.org/.
Orientational disorder and normal-state electronic-transport properties of A3C60.

A model proposed for the conduction band of alkali-metal-doped C6o, which allows for experimentally relevant orientational disorder, is further analyzed. Transport properties are calculated by evaluation of Kubo-Greenwood formulas on finite systems. The residual resistivity is close to 400 μΩ cm; the thermal conductivity satisfies the Weidemann-Franz law; and the thermopower varies as the inverse of the conduction bandwidth with a known coefficient, making possible quantitative estimates of the density of states. The comparison with experimental results appears favorable
Transforming growth factor β signaling mediators and modulators

Abstract Transforming growth factor β is a multi-functional growth and differentiation factor responsible for regulating many diverse biological processes in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Among the most dramatic of TGFβ's effects are those associated with specification of cell fates during development and inhibition of cell cycle progression. The core TGFβ signaling pathway has now been described using a synergistic combination of genetic and biochemical approaches. Transmembrane receptors with intrinsic protein serine kinase activity bind ligand in the extracellular milieu and then phosphorylate intracellular proteins known as Smads. Phosphorylated Smads form heterooligomers and translocate into the nucleus where they can modulate transcriptional responses. More recent studies indicate that many other proteins serve as modulators of Smad activity, and utimately define specific cellular responses to TGFβ. Here we describe both the simplistic core TGFβ signaling pathway and the growing number of proteins that impinge on this pathway at the level of Smad function to either enhance or inhibit TGFβ responses
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Individual Step Merging Events on Ni(977) Measured by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Step dynamics induced by the chemisorption of oxygen on Ni(977) at low coverages and elevated temperatures have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Previous experiments using both local probe and scattering techniques have assessed the surface reconstruction behavior and structural transformations for this vicinal system. At temperatures above 390 K, the surface is capable of undergoing step doubling or merging if exposed to small amounts of oxygen. These double steps exist up to 565 K, where step-adsorbed oxygen dissolves into the nickel lattice destabilizing this morphology. Real-time STM measurements have been made on the behavior of individual merging events as a function of local step density, and hence local oxygen concentration at step edges, at 465 K. Results indicate that there is an optimal oxygen coverage, corresponding to complete titration of the single step density, that enables fast step merging to occur. An areal sweep rate of ∼60 A2 s-1 was found for step doubling unde...
Direct measurement of electron bunch shapes and coherent undulator radiation produced by 100 femtosecond structure

Abstract At the Stanford FEL Center, magnetic longitudinal dispersion has been used to improve the well-known technique of measuring electron bunch time-profiles with off-phase acceleration and an energy spectrometer. This unambiguous direct method allowed us to measure, without extrapolation or the mathematical reconstructions of other high-resolution techniques, a variety of bunch profiles at approximately 100 fs resolution – including asymmetric bunches with a single extremely narrow peak. The sharply peaked bunches generated far-infrared undulator radiation two orders of magnitude brighter than bunches without such structure. A Fabry–Perot-type scan of the undulator radiation indicated nearly 100% coherence of the radiation from the brightest bunches, and provided optical evidence consistent with the bunch shape measurements.
Association of Inpatient vs Outpatient Onset of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Treatment and Clinical Outcomes

Importance Reperfusion times for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) occurring in outpatients have improved significantly, but quality improvement efforts have largely ignored STEMI occurring in hospitalized patients (inpatient-onset STEMI). Objective To define the incidence and variables associated with treatment and outcomes of patients who develop STEMI during hospitalization for conditions other than acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational analysis of STEMIs occurring between 2008 and 2011 as identified in the California State Inpatient Database. Exposures STEMIs were classified as inpatient onset or outpatient onset based on present-on-admission codes. Patients who had a STEMI after being hospitalized for ACS were excluded from the analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Regression models were used to evaluate associations among location of onset of STEMI, resource utilization, and outcomes. Adjustments were made for patient age, sex, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics. The analysis allowed for the location of inpatient STEMI to have a multiplicative rather than an additive effect for resource utilization since these measures were highly skewed. Results A total of 62 021 STEMIs were identified in 303 hospitals, of which 3068 (4.9%) occurred in patients hospitalized for non-ACS indications. Patients with inpatient-onset STEMI were older (mean, 71.5 [SD, 13.5] years vs 64.9 [SD, 14.1] years; P P P P P P P P Conclusions and Relevance Patients who had a STEMI while hospitalized for a non-ACS condition, compared with those with onset of STEMI as an outpatient, were less likely to undergo invasive testing or intervention and had a higher in-hospital mortality rate.
Questions and answers about teacher written commentary and student revision: teachers and students working together

Abstract Teachers and students agree that despite the time-consuming nature of providing written commentary and revising using this commentary, teacher feedback is both desirable and helpful. Nonetheless, teachers express concerns about how to provide commentary in ways that their students can effectively use to revise their texts and to learn for future texts. This paper addresses these concerns by helping teachers identify the issues to which they need to attend and by sharing effective practices they can use in providing written commentary to rhetorical and content issues in their students’ writing. The paper first addresses the role of the context within which commentary and revision take place, delineating the issues that teachers need to be aware of and the questions they can ask about context to help guide decisions about commentary. The paper next addresses the process of communication between teachers and students, describing ways of providing such communication that will enhance the effectiveness of the teacher’s commentary and the students’ revisions. The final sections discuss the shape of teacher commentary, with recommendations for what factors teachers can consider in deciding what to comment on as well as recommendations for the forms that effective commentary take.
Q-Sort comparisons of the structural, strategic and systemic family therapies

Abstract Q-sorts by experts were used to compare four structural/strategic/systemic therapy models. Results suggest that the models share a practical, strategic orientation to change, emphasizing reframing, but attach different importance to history, inference, abstraction, and contextual breadth.
Multilayer thin and ultrathin film capacitors fabricated by chemical solution deposition

Chemical solution deposition has been used to fabricate continuous ultrathin lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) films as thin as 20 nm. Further, multilayer capacitor structures with as many as 10 dielectric layers have been fabricated from these ultrathin PLZT films by alternating spin-coated dielectric layers with sputtered platinum electrodes. Integrating a photolithographically defined wet etch step to the fabrication process enabled the production of functional multilayer stacks with capacitance values exceeding 600 nF. Such ultrathin multilayer capacitors offer tremendous advantages for further miniaturization of integrated passive components.
Three-dimensional reconstructions of objects from serial sections using a microcomputer graphics system

A computer graphics system for constructing 3-dimensional models of tissues from serial sections has been designed around a Motorola 68000 CPU. The system consists of a Dual Systems 16-bit microcomputer running the UNIX† operating system. A Scion Corporation MicroAngelo color graphics system drives the color monitor. Three-dimensional imaging is enhanced by hidden line removal and area filling by color. A computer-drawn model of a cherry angioma is compared with a previously constructed physical model of the same angioma to illustrate how the system operates.
Direct Demonstration of Ca2+ Binding Defects in Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Mutants Overexpressed in COS-1 Cells Transfected with Adenovirus Vectors

Abstract Single mutations of specific amino acids within the membrane-bound region of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ (SERCA)-1 ATPase interfere with Ca2+inhibition of ATPase phosphorylation by Pi (1), suggesting that these residues may be involved in complexation of two Ca2+ that are known to bind to the enzyme. However, direct measurements of Ca2+ binding in the absence of ATP have been limited by the low quantities of available mutant protein. We have improved the transfection efficiency by means of recombinant adenovirus vectors, yielding sufficient expression of wild type and mutant SERCA-1 ATPase for measurements of Ca2+ binding to the microsomal fraction of the transfected cells. We find that in the presence of 20 μm Ca2+ and in the absence of ATP, the Glu771 → Gln, Thr799 → Ala, Asp800 → Asn, and Glu908 → Ala mutants exhibit negligible binding, indicating that the oxygen functions of Glu771, Thr799, Asp800, and Glu908 are involved in interactions whose single disruption causes major changes in the highly cooperative “duplex” binding. Total loss of Ca2+ binding is accompanied by loss of Ca2+ inhibition of the Pi reaction. We also find that, at pH 7.0, the Glu309 → Gln and the Asn796 → Ala mutants bind approximately half as much Ca2+ as the wild type ATPase and do not interfere with Ca2+ inhibition of the Pi reaction. At pH 6.2, the Glu309 → Gln mutant does not bind any Ca2+ , and its phosphorylation by Piis not inhibited by Ca2+. On the contrary, the Asn796 → Ala mutant retains the behavior displayed at pH 7.0. This suggests that in the Glu309 → Gln mutant, ionization of acidic functions in other amino acids (e.g.Glu771 and Asp800) occurs as the pH is shifted, thereby rendering Ca2+ binding possible. In the Asn796 → Ala mutant, on the other hand, the Glu309 carboxylic function allows binding of inhibitory Ca2+ even at pH 6.2. In all cases mutational interference with the inhibition of the Pi reaction by Ca2+can be overcome by raising the Ca2+ concentration to the mm range, consistent with a general effect of mutations on the affinity of the ATPase for Ca2+.
Fluoxetine reduces intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats.

Rats self-administered intravenously delivered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) under a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule during 24-hr sessions. Water was freely available from both a drinkometer and a standard water bottle. After behavior had stabilized, the rats were injected with fluoxetine HCl at 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. for 5 consecutive days. Three groups of 5 rats each received a different dose of fluoxetine (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) via the IV cannula. In three other groups of rats a glucose and saccharin solution (G + S) was substituted for water in the automatic drinking device and saline was substituted for cocaine. These three groups of rats received the same fluoxetine doses as the cocaine self-injecting groups. In two additional groups of 5 rats each, the cocaine dose was changed to 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg fluoxetine injections were given. The two higher doses of fluoxetine (5 and 10 mg/kg) reduced cocaine infusions (0.2 mg/kg) by at least 50 percent on all 5 days of treatment, and cocaine infusions returned to baseline levels within 48 hr after fluoxetine treatments were terminated. Behavior maintained by the G + S solution was also reduced by the two higher fluoxetine doses; however, this reduction did not reliably occur until the last two days of fluoxetine administration. The G + S intakes returned to baseline levels within 24 hr after fluoxetine treatment. Fluoxetine also reduced cocaine infusions in the group of rats that received the lower unit dose of cocaine (0.1 mg/kg); however, it had almost no effect on behavior maintained by a higher cocaine dose (0.4 mg/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Linear & Nonlinear Frequency Converters

A. Linear Frequency Converters 1. Erbium 1.73 μm-pumped KI Laser between 2-4 μm Previously,1 we reported laser action for the lithium (F2+)A center in KI in which tuning was achieved from 2.59 to 3.65 μm. With more experimental improvements, we reported (F2+)A-center tunability ranging from 2.38 to 3.99 μm. Furthermore, with the addition of F2+ centers coexisting with (F2+)A centers, the combined range of continuous tuning extends below 2 μm, spanning almost an entire octave. The 1.73-μm line from a pulsed Er:LiYF4 (YIE) laser was used as a pump source for both centers. The F2+ center consists of an electron trapped by an adjacent pair,2-5 and the (F2+)A center consists of an F2+ center next to a substitutional cation impurity, such as Li+.6-7
The Search Benefits of Autonomous Mobility in Distributed Sensor Networks

We consider a problem of finding the effectiveness of applying varying amounts of motion in fields of autonomous unmanned vehicles performing group search operations. These fields are typically deployed to provide extended coverage over that provided by a single sensor in spatially extended search regions. The autonomous nature of these distributed sensing assets is attributable to constraints on communications bandwidth and manpower. Due to the potential large cost discrepancy between fielding moving searchers and fixed searchers, the potential benefit of searcher motion relative to that achievable by deployment of larger numbers of fixed nodes is a critical operational consideration. We build a parametric analytical model of searcher performance for fields of moving searchers, and through a perturbation analysis examine the effectiveness of searcher motion vice nonmotion in terms of numbers of searchers required to achieve similar goals. Numerical simulations support the conclusions that are obtained.
Continuously tunable optical filter for use in resonance Raman spectroscopy

A tunable optical filter is described for removing undesired emissions from laser beams for use in resonance Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. The bandpass is 1 nm, and the filter is tunable from 400 nm to 750 nm. The degree of polarization of the dye laser beam is improved by the filter. Two independent controls tune the filter to the selected frequency, while the input and output beam directions remain fixed.
A New Criterion for Judging SI Engine In-Cylinder Pressure Development for Its Effect on Combustion Noise

The effect of engine in-cylinder pressure development on combustion noise is studied based on measured pressure traces and the attenuation-curve theory by Austen and Priede (1958). A new criterion is proposed that correlates better to the noise levels predicted by the attenuation theory than the commonly used maximum pressure rise rate. The effect of engine bore size on combustion noise is studied next with the same engine speed, the same piston mean speed, or the same power output, respectively. For the first two cases, a smaller bore size results in a lower noise level.
Blackbody-based calibration for temperature calculations in the visible and near-IR spectral ranges using a spectrometer

This paper presents, the results of a method used to create a blackbody-based referenced calibration curve for a spectrometer in the visible and near-IR range. This method would allow the use of optical temperature measurements in high temperature furnaces when distance, environment, and emissivity effects are not accurately known. A probe containing a lens connected to a fiber-optic cable is inserted into a furnace and aimed toward a hot wall source. Spectral intensity data is fed back to a spectrometer and then to a monitoring computer. Initial data is taken along with another method to measure the source temperature, usually a thermocouple or IR-gun. The spectral data is compared to the blackbody intensities generated from the source temperature to create the calibration curve. This calibration curve is then used to correct intensities for temperature calculations using a spectrometer where furnace conditions are similar to those of the calibration data. This calibration method provides much more accurate temperature measurement results than the common practice of using a halogen reference. The results in the visible range compare favorably with those taken in the near-IR range under the same conditions.
The effects of gaseous environments on the wear of commercial purity titanium

Abstract The effect of several gaseous environments on the wear of commercial purity titanium has been investigated with the aid of the scanning electron microscope. Hydrogen, nitrogen and laboratory air have been used in both the extremely dry and the humid conditions. Changes in wear susceptibility by variations in environment change the basic mechanisms of wear asperity deterioration (particle formation). Increased wear rate in dry hydrogen is due to an accelerated surface fatigue mechanism. The three gases produce essentially the same wear characteristics when sufficient water vapor is present. This is attributed to the adsorption characteristics of the wear couple-environment system resulting in severe wear by surface deterioration due to enhanced adhesion.