cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appendix 1: The Dunedin Letter Album

Late in 1831, six months after his return to England, Kemble was struggling to affirm his vocation, studying Erasmus Rask’s Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue (1830), and working in the British Museum on editions of Beowulf and Layamon. Then, as the letters in Appendix 6 show, the news of the executions in Malaga broke in London just before Christmas.1 His involvement with these revolutionaries was well-known, and in anticipation of an investigation he must have wanted to put his papers in order. The last item in this bound album is dated 23 October 1831, though another letter from Mrs. Edward Sterling seems to originate in mid-December and have been misdated by Kemble. A variety of later communications from Kemble’s contacts in Gibraltar were not included in this album but have survived in the Bodleian Library, some of which are contained in Appendix 6.
Objective measurements of daytime sleepiness and performance comparing quazepam with flurazepam in two adult populations using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test.

Daytime residual drowsiness and psychomotor performance were assessed for two long half-life benzodiazepines, quazepam and flurazepam, in two randomized, parallel, and double-blind studies in insomniacs. Seventeen middle-aged patients took quazepam 15 mg or 30 mg, or flurazepam 30 mg; the 47-night study included 4 placebo baseline nights, 28 consecutive treatment nights, and 15 posttreatment nights. Forty-eight geriatric patients took either flurazepam 15 mg, quazepam 15 mg, or placebo; the 15-night study included 1 placebo baseline night, 7 treatment nights, and 7 posttreatment nights. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), an objective test for measuring daytime sleepiness, and performance tests were administered. In the first study, flurazepam patients were significantly (p less than .05) sleepier after the 7th and 14th treatment nights when compared to baseline, whereas quazepam patients were not. In the second study, flurazepam patients were sleepier at midday (p less than .10) and late afternoon (p less than .05) after 1 treatment week than were quazepam and placebo patients. Performance test results suggested quazepam has a relatively low potential for daytime impairment. Thus, quazepam 15 mg produces less daytime somnolence and fewer psychomotor performance decrements than does flurazepam.
The Information Content of Short Selling before Macroeconomic Announcements

Publisher Summary This chapter uses a comprehensive data set of daily short selling to explore key features of short sale transactions in equity exchange-traded funds (ETFs) prior to the release of key economic indicator data and examines whether short sellers are generally able to predict the content of key economic indicator announcements. Key economic indicators inform market participants and the public at large about general economic conditions and the related macroeconomic announcements are generally scheduled to be released at predetermined times. Investors with private information about the contents of these macroeconomic reports can establish short positions in ETFs when they expect a negative data release or, equivalently, can refrain from shorting shares when they expect a positive release. The tests found evidence of informed prerelease short selling for the Employment Situation Report, but not for other economic indicator data releases, including the Manufacturing Institute for Supply Management Report, Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders (M3) Survey, New Residential Construction Report, gross domestic product, producer price index, consumer price index, consumer confidence, consumer sentiment, and retail sales. Perhaps because the Employment Situation Report is arguably the most influential economic report, traders therefore may spend more resources in an attempt to predict its content.
Vertical and Horizontal Agency Problems in Private Firms: Ownership Structure and Operating Performance

We investigate agency costs due to inefficiencies that arise from vertical (i.e., ownership-versus-control) and horizontal (i.e., majority-versus-minority) agency problems. We analyze a comprehensive dataset on ownership, management, and performance that includes both "public" and "private" firms subject to largely equivalent accounting, audit, and tax obligations. Based on multiple accounting and executive compensation based measures, and our primary sample of over 42,000 public and private firms, we find that agency costs are higher in public firms relative to equivalent private firms. Among private firms, we show that agency costs are: (a) higher when firms are not managed by owners; (b) increase as firms move from simple to complicated ownership structures; (c) lower in firms with shared control of ownership; and (d) lower in firms where control is contestable. Tests that account for endogeneity also fully support all our conclusions.
The Next Steps: Thoughts of a Medical Student-Watcher

Speech given at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Class of 2011 Transition Ceremony, April 2, 2009
Collectively Facilitated Behavior of the Neonate Caterpillars of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

The behavioral biology of the first instar larva of Cactoblastis cactorum was studied from the time of eclosion until the colony penetrated and initiated excavation of the host plant. Hatching from an egg stick was asynchronous, requiring 20 h for the entire cohort to eclose at 50%–70% RH and significantly longer at a lower range of RHs. On eclosion, neonates aggregated in an arena at the base of their egg stick and did not attempt to excavate the cladode until an average of 25 caterpillars had collected, approximately 15 h after the onset of egg hatch. Typically only a single entrance hole was formed, limiting the active process of excavating to one or a few individuals at-a-time until the host was fully penetrated and enlarged internally. Olfactometer tests showed that the neonates are strongly attracted to volatile chemicals released when caterpillars chewed into the cladode, accounting for the strong fidelity of the whole cohort to the initial site of penetration. In one instance, the caterpillars were observed to deal with an explosive release of mucilage by imbibing the liquid until the flooded zone was drained and the caterpillars could reenter the plant through the original entrance hole. Once inside the cladode, marked individuals adopted a regular cycle of defecating at the surface at a mean interval of approximately 10 min when followed for 35 successive cycles. Blanket spraying cladodes with a mandibular gland extract prior to hatching led to the independent dispersal of neonates and a failure to form an arena. When the cladode was impenetrable at the site of eclosion, the active cohort of unfed neonates set off together in search of a new site, marking and following a persistent trail that allowed late-to-eclose caterpillars to join their departed siblings. The adaptive significance of these observations is discussed in the context of the life history of the caterpillar.
Lambda<0 Quantum Gravity in 2+1 Dimensions I: Quantum States and Stringy S-Matrix

We consider the theory of pure gravity in 2+1 dimensions, with negative cosmological constant. The theory contains simple matter in the form of point particles; the later are classically described as lines of conical singularities. We propose a formalism in which quantum amplitudes for process involving black holes and point particles are obtained as Liouville field theory (LFT) correlation functions on Riemann surfaces X. Point particles are described by LFT vertex operators, black holes (asymptotic regions) are in correspondence with boundaries of X. We analyze two examples: the amplitude for emission of a particle by the BTZ black hole, and the amplitude of black hole creation by two point particles. We then define an inner product between quantum states. The value of this inner product can be interpreted as the amplitude for one set of point particles to go into another set producing black holes. The full particle S-matrix is then given by the sum of all such amplitudes. This S-matrix is that of a non-critical string theory, with the world-sheet CFT being essentially the Liouville theory. Lambda<0 quantum gravity in 2+1 dimensions is thus a string theory.
ISIS: A History

As I write this review ISIS is clearly on its heels. Its geographic expansion appears to have stalled, it has surrendered ground, many of its fighters have been killed; it has lost Palmyra and is s...
Emerging Opportunities for Target Discovery in Rare Cancers

Rare cancers pose unique challenges to research due to their low incidence. Barriers include a scarcity of tissue and experimental models to enable basic research and insufficient patient accrual for clinical studies. Consequently, an understanding of the genetic and cellular features of many rare cancer types and their associated vulnerabilities has been lacking. However, new opportunities are emerging to facilitate discovery of therapeutic targets in rare cancers. Online platforms are allowing patients with rare cancers to organize on an unprecedented scale, tumor genome sequencing is now routinely performed in research and clinical settings, and the efficiency of patient-derived model generation has improved. New CRISPR/Cas9 and small-molecule libraries permit cancer dependency discovery in a rapid and systematic fashion. In parallel, large-scale studies of common cancers now provide reference datasets to help interpret rare cancer profiling data. Together, these advances motivate consideration of new research frameworks to accelerate rare cancer target discovery.
Generalized range migration algorithm for synthetic aperture radar image reconstruction of metasurface antenna measurements

Waveguide-fed dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) can be used in a variety of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) modalities for microwave and millimeter-wave imaging. The DMA consists of an electrically large array of resonant, dynamically reconfigurable metamaterial radiators, each excited by the fields of a guided wave. A given metamaterial element can be modeled as a polarizable dipole, with polarizability that equates to a complex weighting factor in the context of antenna array calculations. The DMA produces a sequence of diverse radiation patterns as a function of the weights, which can be rapidly varied by external control. The unconventional radiation patterns of the DMA, however, introduce added computational complexity for traditional SAR processing algorithms. One SAR reconstruction approach that has successfully been adapted for the static (motionless) DMA is the range migration algorithm (RMA). Here, we extend the RMA to scenarios in which the DMA is physically translated in one or two dimensions, deriving the RMA for each case and providing experimental demonstrations using a fabricated microstrip-based DMA. Excellent reconstruction quality is observed in all cases, verifying the efficacy of the proposed algorithms and demonstrating the imaging capabilities of the DMA in the synthetic aperture context. The combination of the DMA platform with efficient reconstruction algorithms can find applications in fields such as Earth observation, security screening, and autonomous vehicle navigation.
Management-level officers’ experiences with the Ferguson effect

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors associated with management-level officers’ sensitivity to various manifestations of the “Ferguson effect.” Design/methodology/approach A survey was administered to police officers attending an advanced training institute in the Southeastern USA in the fall of 2015. Specifically, a series of items first inquired about negative attitudes attributable to deadly force incidents throughout the country, followed by items tapping into theoretically relevant concepts including self-legitimacy, audience legitimacy, and peer attachment. Findings Findings suggest that like line-level officers, police managers may also harbor various attitudes attributable to a Ferguson effect – including less willingness to be proactive, reduced motivation, less job enjoyment, and a belief that crime will ultimately rise as officers “de-police.” However, officers who believe their communities afford legitimacy to the police were less likely to report these sentiments. Study limitations and avenues for future research are also discussed. Originality/value This is the first study to consider how police managers have been impacted by highly publicized deadly force incidents in recent years. It underscores the importance of maintaining legitimacy in the public eye, particularly in the post-Ferguson era of American policing.
Outsider Perspectives: Crowd-Based Feedback for Writing

It can be hard for authors to know if what they write will be clear to their readers. While collaborators can provide expert feedback, their liMassachusetts Institute of Technologyed time and attention makes it costly for authors to continuously solicit detailed input from them. Via a study with ten graduate student authors, we find a clear need for more feedback. Our crowd-based approaches provide an outsider perspective that is timely and detailed, supplementing expert feedback.
Green Economic Policies: Regional and Global Levels

This chapter focuses on the priority sectors agriculture (with reference to industrial livestock sub-sector) and forestry for their roles in climate change, examines the relationship between Green Economic Policies and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), summarizes some of the regional trade and environment agreements and emerging scenarios of global trade reform. An important area of environmental governance relates to the law and application of international environmental law and its role in institutional reforms for better governance of the environment.
Study and development of wireless sensor network architecture tolerant to delays

Le transport est devenu fondamental dans les villes pour le bon fonctionnement de l'economie et le bien-etre de la population urbaine. Depuis plusieurs annees, le transport est confronte a de nombreux problemes tels que l'embouteillage, le taux eleve d'accidents, la vie malsaine due a la fumee et a la poussiere, la pollution atmospherique due aux emissions de carbone, etc. Pour faire face a ces problemes, les recherches integrent les technologies numeriques au transport terrestre, connu sous le nom de systeme de transport intelligent (ITS). Les ITS peuvent detecter, analyser, collecter, controler et communiquer differentes donnees. Cette these etudie et propose un nouveau protocole pour les applications de collecte de donnees dans un environnement urbain. Nous faisons trois contributions principales. Tout d'abord, nous proposons un nouveau protocole denomme le protocole "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN qui applique le paradigme DTN (Reseau tolerant aux delais) aux applications de l'Internet des objets (IoT) executant une application de collecte de donnees sur un systeme de partage de velo urbain base sur un reseau de capteurs. Le protocole est evalue sur un scenario realiste en evaluant les politiques de gestion des buffers, le nombre de copies pulverise dans le reseau ainsi que le nombre des velos utilises. Deuxiement, une evaluation comparative des performances du protocole IoB-DTN multi-sauts avec une technologie de reseau etendu a basse consommation (LPWAN), de type LoRa/LoRaWAN est etudiee. LPWAN a ete concu pour fournir une connectivite a grande distance et rentable pour les applications IoT a faible debit: duree de vie de plusieurs annees et une portee de multikilometres pour les appareils mobiles alimentes par des batteries. Cette partie de notre travail vise a fournir aux concepteurs et aux managers de reseaux des idees sur la technologie la plus pertinente pour leurs applications urbaines pouvant fonctionner sur des systemes de partage de velos. Enfin, nous proposons un protocole efficace, IoB-DTN base sur un mecanisme d’agregation de donnees. Nous proposons trois variantes de IoB-DTN: IoB base sur l'agregation spatiale (IoB-SA), IoB base sur l'agregation temporelle (IoB-TA) et IoB base sur l'agregation spatio-temporelle (IoB-STA). Nous comparons les trois variantes avec le protocole multi-saut IoB-DTN sans agregation et la technologie a faible puissance et longue portee, de type LoRa. Les resultats de la comparaison permettent de verifier que les trois variantes de l’IoB-DTN basees sur l’agregation de donnees ameliorent plusieurs parametres tels que le taux de livraison, la consommation d’energie et le debit.
Products of algebras

A familiar way of making one new structure out of two old ones is to form their Cartesian product and, in case the structure involves some algebraic operations, to define the requisite operations coordinate-wise. Boolean algebras furnish an instance of this procedure. Since nothing is gained by restricting attention to two algebras at a time, we proceed at once to discuss arbitrary families. By the product of a family A i of Boolean algebras we shall understand their Cartesian product Π i A i , construed as a Boolean algebra with respect to the coordinate-wise operations. This means that, for instance, 0 in Π i A i is defined by 0 i = 0 for all i, and p ∨ q in Π i A i is defined by (p ∨ q) i = p i V q i for all i. We shall indicate the product of finite or infinite sequences of Boolean algebras by such obvious and customary modifications of the symbolism as Π i =1 n A i . For sequences of length two (and sometimes even for longer ones) we use the multiplication cross, so that Π i =1 2 A i = Al × A2. It is an immediate consequence of the definition that the product of a family of σ-algebras is a σ-algebra, and, similarly, the product of a family of complete algebras is complete.
Economic drivers of wind and solar penetration in the US

Much has been made of the potential for wind and solar generation to supply cheap, low-emissions electricity, but considerable disagreement exists as to which combinations of many potential drivers will enable deep penetration of these technologies. Most existing analyses consider limited factors in isolation, such as investment costs or energy storage, and do not provide rigorous support for understanding which combinations of factors could underpin a leading role for wind and solar. This study addresses this gap by undertaking a systematic sensitivity analysis using a state-of-the-art energy-economic model to comprehensively evaluate the relative magnitudes of five key drivers that may influence future wind and solar deployment in the United States. We find future wind and solar capital costs and carbon policy are the dominant factors, causing the average wind and solar share to vary by 38 and 31 percentage points, respectively. Transmission and storage availability have much smaller effects, causing the average share to vary by no more than 15 and 5 percentage points, respectively. No single factor unilaterally determines wind and solar deployment. The variable renewable share of electricity generation never reaches 100% nationally in any scenario even with low-cost storage, as decreasing marginal returns at higher deployments eventually outpace cost reductions. Average wind and solar shares and ranges of possible outcomes are higher in this study relative to recent multi-model comparison studies due to lower renewable costs and the potential for more stringent policies. Understanding drivers and barriers to renewable deployment has important ramifications for technology developers, infrastructure, market design, and policymakers, and this research provides insights as to which combinations of drivers lead to the greatest share of economic wind and solar deployment and why.
Plant Community Establishment in a Coastal Marsh Restored Using Sediment Additions

A goal of wetland restoration is the establishment of resilient plant communities that persist under a variety of environmental conditions. We investigated the role of intraspecific and interspecific variation on plant community establishment in a brackish marsh that had been restored by sediment addition. Plant growth, sediment accretion, and surface elevation change in planted, not-planted, and nearby reference sites (treatments) were compared. Four perennial macrophytes were planted: Bolboschoenus robustus, Distichlis spicata, Phragmites australis, and Schoenoplectus californicus. There was 100% survival of the planted species, and all exhibited rapid vegetative spread. Intraspecific variation in stem height and cover was identified, and interspecific comparisons also indicated differences in species cover. Treatment comparisons revealed that final total cover at not-planted sites was equivalent to that at reference sites, and was highest at planted sites where P. australis became dominant. Species richness was initially highest at the reference sites, but final richness was equivalent among treatments. Soil surface elevation was greater at planted compared to not-planted and reference sites. Because of the rapid cover and increased surface elevation generated by planted species, the resiliency of restored coastal marshes may be enhanced by plantings in areas where natural colonization is slow and subsidence is high.
Impact of Free-Breathing Phase-Contrast MRI on Decision-Making in Fontan Surgical Planning

Fontan surgical planning ranks proposed surgical options according to their hemodynamics assessed by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. CFD commonly utilizes blood flow acquired under breath-holding (BH) conditions. Ignoring the free-breathing (FB) effect on blood flow waveforms may impact the ranking of surgical options. This study investigates such a potential impact by including ten Fontan patients who had blood flow acquisitions under both BH and FB conditions. A virtual surgery platform was used to generate two surgical options for each patient: (1) a traditional Fontan conduit and (2) a Y-graft. These options were ranked based on clinically relevant hemodynamic metrics: power loss (PL) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD). No difference was found in the ranking of options between using FB and BH flow acquisitions. The findings indicated that decision-making is not affected by the types of flow acquisition for Fontan surgical planning.
Mouse, touch, or fich: comparing traditional input modalities to a novel pre-touch technique

Finger touch and mouse-based interaction are today's predominant modalities to interact with screen-based user interfaces. Related work suggests that new techniques interweaving pre-touch sensing and touch are useful future alternatives. In this paper, we introduce Fich, a novel pre-touch technique that augments conventional touch interfaces with tooltips and further "fingerover" effects, opening up the space in front of the screen for user interaction. To study Fich in-depth, we developed a Fich-enabled weather application and compared user experience and interface discovery ("serendipity") of Fich against the traditional input modalities Mouse and finger Touch in a user study with 42 subjects. We report on the results, implying Fich's user experience to be rated significantly higher in terms of hedonic quality and significantly lower in terms of pragmatic quality, as compared to traditional input modalities.
Accuracy of Presurgical Limited Field of View Cone-beam Computed Tomography in Predicting Intraoperative Buccal Cortical Bone.

Abstract Introduction Limited field of view cone-beam computed tomography (LFOV CBCT) is the primary imaging modality recommended for treatment planning before endodontic microsurgery (EMS). Persistent apical periodontitis, often treated with EMS, results in changes in the buccal cortical plate that may detrimentally impact prognosis. The accuracy of a preoperative LFOV CBCT to predict intraoperative findings is unclear. Methods Electronic health records (EHRs) of EMS performed at 2 endodontic offices between 2016 and 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. EHR data extracted were documented for surgical findings of intact buccal cortical plate, fenestration, dehiscence, and height of remaining buccal collar of bone. Two calibrated, independent reviewers evaluated presurgical LFOV CBCTs in the multiplanar paraxial and parasagittal planes at 2 different reconstructed viewing plane thicknesses. Reviewer findings were compared with EHR documentation. Data were analyzed by using χ2, logistic regression, and multivariable analysis. Significance was set at P Results Within the 125 EMS cases included in the study, the EHR prevalence of intact buccal cortical plate was 49%, dehiscence 7%, and fenestration 44%. The imaging predictive value, whether it was negative (NPV) or positive (PPV), was higher when predicting presence of buccal bone (PPV of intact buccal cortical plate = 86.5%; NPV of dehiscence = 96%; NPV of fenestration = 89%). Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 80%–90%. Accuracy in prediction was high for all variables, exceeding 80%. Accuracy was not significantly influenced by reconstructed viewing slice thickness, viewing plane, or reviewer. Conclusion Preoperative LFOV CBCT was highly discriminatory and accurately predicted intraoperative buccal cortical bone status, especially intact buccal cortical plate and fenestration.
SIMBA: Scalable Inversion in Optical Tomography Using Deep Denoising Priors

Two features desired in a three-dimensional (3D) optical tomographic image reconstruction algorithm are the ability to reduce imaging artifacts and to do fast processing of large data volumes. Traditional iterative inversion algorithms are impractical in this context due to their heavy computational and memory requirements. We propose and experimentally validate a novel scalable iterative minibatch algorithm (SIMBA) for fast and high-quality optical tomographic imaging. SIMBA enables high-quality imaging by combining two complementary information sources: the physics of the imaging system characterized by its forward model and the imaging prior characterized by a denoising deep neural net. SIMBA easily scales to very large 3D tomographic datasets by processing only a small subset of measurements at each iteration. We establish the theoretical fixed-point convergence of SIMBA under nonexpansive denoisers for convex data-fidelity terms. We validate SIMBA on both simulated and experimentally collected intensity diffraction tomography (IDT) datasets. Our results show that SIMBA can significantly reduce the computational burden of 3D image formation without sacrificing the imaging quality.
Current Applications for Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Pulmonary Disease

The main goal of the article is to familiarize the reader with commonly and uncommonly used nuclear medicine procedures that can significantly contribute to improved patient care. The article presents examples of specific modality utilization in the chest including assessment of lung ventilation and perfusion, imaging options for broad range of infectious and inflammatory processes, and selected aspects of oncologic imaging. In addition, rapidly developing new techniques utilizing molecular imaging are discussed. The article describes nuclear medicine imaging modalities including gamma camera, SPECT, PET, and hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MR) in the context of established and emerging clinical applications. Areas of potential future development in nuclear medicine are discussed with emphasis on molecular imaging and implementation of new targeted tracers used in diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics). Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging provide many unique and novel options for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases. This article reviews current applications for nuclear medicine and molecular imaging and selected future applications for radiopharmaceuticals and targeted molecular imaging techniques.
Using Machine Learning to Train a Wearable Device for Measuring Students’ Cognitive Load during Problem-Solving Activities Based on Electrodermal Activity, Body Temperature, and Heart Rate: Development of a Cognitive Load Tracker for Both Personal and Classroom Use

Automated tracking of physical fitness has sparked a health revolution by allowing individuals to track their own physical activity and health in real time. This concept is beginning to be applied to tracking of cognitive load. It is well known that activity in the brain can be measured through changes in the body's physiology, but current real-time measures tend to be unimodal and invasive. We therefore propose the concept of a wearable educational fitness (EduFit) tracker. We use machine learning with physiological data to understand how to develop a wearable device that tracks cognitive load accurately in real time. In an initial study, we found that body temperature, skin conductance, and heart rate were able to distinguish between (i) a problem solving activity (high cognitive load), (ii) a leisure activity (moderate cognitive load), and (iii) daydreaming (low cognitive load) with high accuracy in the test dataset. In a second study, we found that these physiological features can be used to predict accurately user-reported mental focus in the test dataset, even when relatively small numbers of training data were used. We explain how these findings inform the development and implementation of a wearable device for temporal tracking and logging a user's learning activities and cognitive load.
Multimodality molecular imaging: Gaining insights into the mechanisms linking chronic stress to cardiovascular disease

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can yield unique mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), a radiolabeled glucose analog, is retained by cells in proportion to their glycolytic activity. While 18F-FDG accumulates within several cell types in the arterial wall, its retention correlates with macrophage content, providing an index of arterial inflammation (ArtI) which predicts subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Furthermore, 18F-FDG-PET imaging allows the simultaneous assessment of metabolic activity in several tissues (e.g., brain, bone marrow) and is performed in conjunction with cross-sectional imaging that enables multi-organ structural assessments. Accordingly, 18F-FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging facilitates evaluation of disease pathways that span multiple organ systems. Within this paradigm, 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging has been implemented to study the mechanism linking chronic stress to CVD. To evaluate this, stress-associated neural activity can be quantified (as metabolic activity of the amygdala (AmygA)), while leukopoietic activity, ArtI, and coronary plaque burden are assessed concurrently. Such simultaneous quantification of tissue structures and activities enables the evaluation of multi-organ pathways with the aid of mediation analysis. Using this approach, multi-system 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging studies have demonstrated that chronically heightened stress-associated neurobiological activity promotes leukopoietic activity and systemic inflammation. This in turn fuels more ArtI and greater non-calcified coronary plaque burden, which result in more CVD events. Subsequent studies have revealed that common stressors, such as chronic noise exposure and income disparities, drive the front end of this pathway to increase CVD risk. Hence, multi-tissue multimodality imaging serves as a powerful tool to uncover complex disease mechanisms.
Seasonal droughts and the risk of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia

Abstract Chronic seasonal crop and livestock loss due to heat stress and rainfall shortages can pose a serious threat to human health, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where subsistence and small-scale farming dominate. Young children are particularly susceptible to undernutrition when households experience food insecurity because nutritional deficiencies affect their growth and development. The increase in the frequency of extreme climate events, including droughts, can potentially pose serious health impacts on children. However, the evidence is inconclusive and rather limited to small-scale local contexts. Furthermore, little is known about the differential impacts of droughts on the health of population subgroups. This study contributes to the literature by using data from three nationwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Ethiopia conducted in 2005, 2011 and 2016 (n = 21,551). Undernutrition, measured as stunting and wasting among children under five, is used as a health indicator. Droughts are identified using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a multi-scalar drought index. This study found that drought exposure during the main agricultural season (meher) increased the risk of both chronic undernutrition (stunting) and acute undernutrition (wasting) among under-five children in Ethiopia, however, the impacts vary with population subgroups. Boys, children born to uneducated mothers, and those living in the rural area and whose households are engaged in agricultural activities were more likely to be affected. This suggests that nutritional intervention should target these particularly vulnerable groups of the population.
First Annual Conference on New Health Practitioners.

ABSTRACT The First National Conference on New Health Practitioners was a seminal event in the development of the fledgling PA profession. Sponsored by the Association of Physician Assistant Programs and the American Academy of Physician Assistants, it was achieved by the cooperation of leaders committed to the success of the new profession. This article reveals, in a manner never before detailed, how this conference milestone was planned and what took place, and emphasizes its importance to the field. The meeting, held in April of 1973, was groundbreaking, attracting, among the 252 participants, the leadership of the American Medical Association, the National Board of Medical Examiners, the Federation of State Medical Boards, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the American Nurses Association, and federal agencies within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, responsible for promoting and funding PA education, as well as PAs and PA educators. This remarkable participation, and conference program, have long deserved a more explicit accounting than they have had to date. Details for this article were enhanced when one of the authors (Piemme) discovered, among his archive of personal documents (from almost 50 years ago), 2 items originally generated by the US Air Force that provide more insight into details of the conference. One is a robust conference planning document outlining in detail both the organizational elements and the programmatic elements of the conference. The other is a final financial statement from the conference organizing committee.
A Content Analysis Of US Sanctuary Immigration Policies: Implications For Research In Social Determinants Of Health.

Restrictive immigration policies are important social determinants of health, but less is known about the health implications and health-related content of protective immigration policies, which ma...
Modulation of the dynamical state in cortical network models.

Abstract Cortical neural responses can be modulated by various factors, such as stimulus inputs and the behavior state of the animal. Understanding the circuit mechanisms underlying modulations of network dynamics is important to understand the flexibility of circuit computations. Identifying the dynamical state of a network is an important first step to predict network responses to external stimulus and top-down modulatory inputs. Models in stable or unstable dynamical regimes require different analytic tools to estimate the network responses to inputs and the structure of neural variability. In this article, I review recent cortical models of state-dependent responses and their predictions about the underlying modulatory mechanisms.
Effect of biotin on fatty acids and phospholipids of biotin-sensitive strains of Rhizobium japonicum.

Abstract The effect of biotin on fatty acids and intact lipids was studied by comparing a biotin-requiring, a biotin-inhibited, and a biotin-indifferent strain of Rhizobium japonicum. These organisms were grown in a defined medium with added levels of 0, 0.3, and 0.5 μg of biotin per liter, and were analyzed for fatty acids and lipid components. Myristic, palmitic, and octadecenoic acids were found to be the major fatty acids in these strains. The indifferent strain also contained large amounts of C19 cyclopropane acid and small amounts of a C17 cyclopropane acid. Several unidentified acids were present in the other two strains. The percentages of fatty acids showed statistically significant changes corresponding with changes in level of biotin in the medium. When biotin concentration was increased in the medium, the C18 monoenoic acids of the biotin-requiring strain increased significantly, and those of the biotin-inhibited and biotin-indifferent strains decreased significantly. Palmitic acid showed a statistically significant increase in the indifferent strain with increasing biotin concentration. The principal intact lipid components in these strains are phospholipids. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatitidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. These phospholipids were not affected by biotin level and were independent of medium composition.
Dengue virus-induced modifications of host cell membranes.

Abstract Enzymatic markers and electron microscopy were utilized to determine the cellular origin of the membrane types isolated from type 2 dengue virus-infected BHK cells by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The results showed an apparent separation of plasma membrane, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with increasing density. Virus-induced protein and RNA synthesis, as indicated by the incorporation of radiolabled precursors, was localized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation, measured by the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into membrane-associated proteins, was most active in the bands of intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated membrane bands, radiolabeled in the presence of actinomycin D, after pulse inhibition by cycloheximide, revealed seven virus-specific proteins associated with all membrane fractions. Viral structural protein V-3, and nonstructural proteins NV-3 and NV-2, increased with decreasing density, whereas NV-5 and NV-4 remained constant. The viral capsid protein V-2 was depleted in the intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that these membranes may serve as the sites for viral maturation. NV-3 was the most prominent virus-specified protein found in the plasma membrane.
Explaining the Use of Russian Courts

Russians' lack of trust in courts as an institution has been repeatedly documented through public opinion polling. Yet the caseload data show a steady increase in the use of courts by both individuals and firms in Russia. The paper investigates this puzzle through an analysis of survey data. The existing literature assumes that the lack of legitimacy of courts in Russia forestalls use. While confirming the societal disdain for courts, the analysis reveals that this attitude has little effect on behavior. Instead, the use of the courts is driven by a complicated mix of need and capacity. Two publicly-available datasets were used: the EBRD-World Bank Business Environment & Enterprise Performance Survey and the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, RLMS-HSE.
Capacity of large wireless CDMA ad hoc networks with retransmission diversity

In this paper, we consider large wireless CDMA ad hoc networks on which nodes are uniformly distributed in an infinitely large area. The number of nodes per square meter and processing gain trend to infinity with their ratio kept a constant. Nodes access each other through a common CDMA channel without power control. Received power decays with node distance. When a packet is not successfully demodulated at a receiving node, it is retransmitted. A maximum ratio combiner is employed to combine all received data in multiple retransmissions of a packet. A Markov chain property is applied to derive stationary distribution of number of retransmissions, stationary link throughput and packet delay. Then the link (one-hop) transport capacity, optimum link distance achieving link transport capacity, node capacity, and node transport capacity are obtained. The network transport capacity obtained per node considering all traffic demand and scheduling is also obtained. Numerical evaluation points out that if multiple retransmissions are necessary for a packet, the one-hop transport capacity is achieved by delivering the packet to a nearest neighbor node, or otherwise by delivering to a farther determinable node. It is also shown that exploitation of retransmission diversity substantially increases the capacity of an ad hoc wireless network and reduces packet delay.
Auditory scene analysis in animal communication

Summary In this chapter, I first introduced the concept of auditory scene analysis, the principle that the auditory perceptual system somehow parses a noisy world into individual auditory components—auditory objects—that often occur simultaneously but are attended to selectively. I then discussed some initial studies which demonstrated for the first time that auditory scene analysis occurs in nonhuman animals, European starlings in particular. I turned next to studies of other taxa (e.g., other songbirds, fish, nonhuman primates, and especially anurans) which suggest that auditory scene analysis may be an important principle helping to organize the perception of auditory events. Finally, I discussed two classes of theory—top-down and bottom-up—that have been developed to account for auditory scene analysis. Throughout, I have tried to identify situations in which it may be especially profitable to pursue further research on auditory scene analysis in nonhuman species.
SURVIVAL OF POLIOVIRUS IN MODEL WASTEWATER HOLDING PONDS

Abstract Poliovirus I, a human enterovirus, was studied in field-scale model wastewater holding ponds. Viruses were distributed between the sediment and overlying water in the ponds. Virions were inactivated more rapidly in the water than in the sediment. The rate of inactivation was higher during the warmer months of the year for virions in both water and sediment. Primary wastewater effluent in ponds was more conducive to prolonged virus survival than was final effluent. The metabolic activity of algae elevated the pH of the pond waters, correlating with a more rapid inactivation of poliovirus.
New Limits on Neutrino Masses and Right-Handed Currents from Double Beta Decay

Data obtained for different time periods from 4, 6, and 8 Ge detectors in an active NaI shield yield a maximum likelihood 68% C.L. lower limit of 3.9×102 3yr for the half-life of the 0+→0+ transition, and 1.5×102 3yr for the 0+→2+ transition, for zero-neutrino double beta decay of 7 6Ge. They also set 90% C.L. lower limit of 8×101 9yr for the two-neutrino decay, and 6×102 0yr for the mode in which a light boson (Majoron) is emitted with no neutrinos. These results are used to set limits on light and very heavy neutrino masses, on Majoron-neutrino coupling, and on right-handed currents.
The lack of invariance problem and the goal of speech perception

The overall goal of speech perception research is to explain how spoken language is recognized and understood. In the current research framework it is usually assumed that the key to achieving this overall goal is to solve the lack of invariance problem. But nearly half a century of sustained effort in it variety of theoretical perspectives has failed to solve this problem. It is argued that this lack of progress in explaining speech perception is not, in the first instance, due to the failure of individual theories to solve the lack of invariance problem, but rather to the common background assumption that doing so is in fact the key to explaining speech perception.
Flexible or leaky attention in creative people? Distinct patterns of attention for different types of creative thinking

Creativity has been putatively linked to distinct forms of attention, but which aspects of creativity and which components of attention remains unclear. Two experiments examined how divergent thinking and creative achievement relate to visual attention. In both experiments, participants identified target letters (S or H) within hierarchical stimuli (global letters made of local letters), after being cued to either the local or global level. In Experiment 1, participants identified the targets more quickly following valid cues (80% of trials) than following invalid cues. However, this smaller validity effect was associated with higher divergent thinking, suggesting that divergent thinking was related to quicker overcoming of invalid cues, and thus to flexible attention. Creative achievement was unrelated to the validity effect. Experiment 2 examined whether divergent thinking (or creative achievement) is related to "leaky attention," so that when cued to one level of a stimulus, some information is still processed, or leaks in, from the non-cued level. In this case, the cued stimulus level always contained a target, and the non-cued level was congruent, neutral, or incongruent with the target. Divergent thinking did not relate to stimulus congruency. In contrast, high creative achievement was related to quicker responses to the congruent than to the incongruent stimuli, suggesting that real-world creative achievement is indeed associated with leaky attention, whereas standard laboratory tests of divergent thinking are not. Together, these results elucidate distinct patterns of attention for different measures of creativity. Specifically, creative achievers may have leaky attention, as suggested by previous literature, whereas divergent thinkers have selective yet flexible attention.
Unusual food plants in herbarium records

In June of 1962, it was my pleasure to present at the Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Economic Botany a plan for an unusual approach to the search for useful plants (1). It consisted of making greater use of major herbaria by extracting from them all unpublished label data which might be potentially valuable to man from the standpoint of health and medicine. I would like to report today on the realization of this plan at one major institution and on what appears to be a large windfall of possible food plants among our findings. The search to which I refer was carried out through the sponsorship of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University and consisted of a sheet by sheet examination of the estimated 2,500,000 specimens of flowering plants in the combined collections of the Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium of that University.3 Two persons trained in herbarium techniques and working less than full time were able to complete the search in five years. The work was supported in turn by Smith, Kline & French Laboratories; the National Institute of Mental Health; and the Eli Lilly Research Laboratories. The information sought and recorded covered a broad range of data, including not only specific folk or native remedies but any notes allowing possible physiological activity. The search was undertaken in the belief that herbaria represent rich and untapped reservoirs of such information, which, in some instances, might provide the only remaining clews to medical materials of peoples the cultures of which already have been absorbed by civilization. We were eager also to recognize species which may not have been used by