cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geospatial analysis of Mediterranean diet adherence in the United States.

Objective: The current study aims to describe the Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence across the US regions, and explore the predictive factors of MD adherence among US adults. Design: Cross-sectional secondary data analysis. MD adherence score (0–9) was calculated using the Block 98 FFQ. Hot spot analysis was conducted to describe the geospatial distribution of MD adherence across the US regions. Logistic regression explored predictors of MD adherence. Setting: Nationwide community-dwelling residency in the USA. Participants: Adults aged ≥45 years (n 20 897) who participated in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study and completed baseline assessment during January 2003 and October 2007. Results: The mean of MD adherence score was 4·36 (sd 1·70), and 46·5 % of the sample had high MD adherence (score 5–9). Higher MD adherence clusters were primarily located in the western and northeastern coastal areas of the USA, whereas lower MD adherence clusters were majorly observed in south and east-north-central regions. Being older, black, not a current smoker, having a college degree or above, an annual household income ≥ $US 75K, exercising ≥4 times/week and watching TV/video <4 h/d were each associated with higher odds of high MD adherence. Conclusions: There were significant geospatial and population disparities in MD adherence across the US regions. Future studies are needed to explore the causes of MD adherence disparities and develop effective interventions for MD promotion in the USA.
Laser absorption tomography for ammonia measurement in diesel engine exhaust

Tomographic measurements of ammonia concentration in diesel engine exhaust dosed with diesel exhaust fluid are demonstrated through spatial scanning of a 10.4 μm quantum cascade laser beam. Optical access through the exhaust pipe was facilitated by a polyimide film. The laser beam was translated in 0.5 cm increments and rotated in 6 degree angular increments, resulting in 2130 unique laser beam positions per experiment. The data was then used to reconstruct ammonia concentration images through an inverse Radon transform. The laser was driven by a current ramp at 200 Hz and phase-locked with the doser. Data were collected for a duration of 500 ms at each laser beam position. Each laser current ramp was used to create one image, resulting in a total of 100 images per experiment. The images were compiled into a 500 ms-duration video showing the evolution of the phase-averaged ammonia concentration field, assuming a repeatable periodic concentration field with respect to each doser pulse. The experiments were performed for the exhaust temperature range of 453–574 K, nominal pipe diameters of 28 cm and 33 cm, and for different mixers to observe the ammonia concentration distribution upstream of an SCR catalyst. The spatially averaged ammonia concentration was within 10% of average values simultaneously obtained from an FTIR system.
CSPG4 is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Background: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis and few treatment options. The objective of this study was to investigate new immune-associated therapeutic targets ...
'You Have Lost Your Opportunity' British Quakers and the Militant Phase of the Women's Suffrage Campaign: 1906-1914

PamLunn Woodbrooke College Quaker Studies 2(1997):30-56 Quakers are widely believed to have been in the forefront of 19th century social change, and in particular to have been in favour of women's equality. Through consideration of individual and corporate public statements by British Friends during the period of militant campaigning for women to have the parliamentary vote, I show that this perception is inaccurate, largely mythic, and based on generalisation from the actions of a small number of individual Friends. I suggest that Friends' reputation for having been corporately progressive on the question of women's equality is undeserved, based on superficial consideration of the use of the term 'equality', and that the position of the London Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends was far more cautious and divided than is generally supposed.
Muss Philosophie als transzendentaler Idealismus auftreten? Zur ‚wahren Gestalt‘ der Philosophie bei Husserl und seinen Vorgängern im Deutschen Idealismus und Neukantianismus

Wenn man die Parallelen zwischen Husserl und seinen Vorgangern in der klassischen deutschen Philosophie nachverfolgen und systematisch explizieren will, muss man zunachst einmal den gemeinsamen Boden freilegen, auf dem sie jeweils angesiedelt werden konnen bzw. schon angesiedelt sind. Freilich, die Unterschiede, Differenzen und Meinungsverschiedenheiten, die beide „Traditionen“ charakterisieren, sind unbestreitbar. Will man also Hoffnung darauf haben, diese beiden Gruppierungen, in all ihren Verschiedenheiten – man denke nur an die innerhalb des Deutschen Idealismus selbst vergleichen zu konnen, mussen sie von vornherein als auf diesem gemeinsamen Boden angesiedelt interpretiert werden. Diesen gemeinsamen Boden haben sie jedoch selbst nicht als solchen gesehen, ansonsten hatte Husserl, zumindest in den fruheren Phasen seines Werkes, es nicht fur notig befunden, sich nicht so vehement von diesen angeblichen Ahnherren abzugrenzen. Erst als Husserl in seiner Reife- und dann noch deutlicher in seiner Spatphase fuhlte, dass seine Bemuhungen von denen der Deutschen Idealisten, wie auch seiner neukantianischen Kollegen, nicht so weit entfernt waren, war es jedoch auch ihm nicht moglich, diesen gemeinsamen Boden, auf dem er immerhin zu stehen ahnte, vollstandig zu begreifen. Umgekehrt kann man die Deutschen Idealisten nur schwer als Phanomenologen, oder Phanomenologen avant la lettre bezeichnen, aber sie – das zumindest gilt es hier zu zeigen besiedelten auf ihre Weise, und ihnen unbewusst, den Boden, auf dem sich die Phanomenologie heimisch machen und fruchtbare Ernte einfahren konnte. Was ist also diese gemeinsame Boden, von dem hier die Rede ist?
Job Categories and Geographic Identity: A Category Stereotype Explanation for Occupational Agglomeration

I examine the phenomenon of occupational agglomeration – the observation that workers with similar skills tend to co-locate geographically. Extant explanations point to the fact that industries also tend to agglomerate – thereby creating a need for a particular type of employee to locate there. However, labor markets can pool even when propinquity to employers is not beneficial. I argue that particular types of work become associated with specific geographical locations. This association becomes a categorical stereotype – which leads employers to prefer employees from particular geographic regions because they will seem more appropriate – a form of “spatial signaling.” I test this theory in an online, virtual marketplace for freelancing services. I find that the greater the association between a particular job category and a country – what I termjob specific geographic identity– the more likelyanyfreelancer from that country will win a job in that category. I also find this effect is stronger when a freelancer has no previous relevant experience but a bad experience by a buyer (at this job/country intersection) can eliminate this positive effect. This effect holds net of other explanations such as spatial mismatch, knowledge spillovers, and input cost advantages.
Loss of Activity of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid After Uptake by Haemophilus influenzae

Voll, Mary Jane (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and Sol H. Goodgal. Loss of activity of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid after uptake by Haemophilus influenzae. J. Bacteriol. 90:873–883. 1965.—Transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which has been irreversibly removed from solution by competent cells undergoes a progressive loss in marker activity when tested by lysis of the cells and exposure to new recipient cells. The loss of activity is limited and marker-specific, with greater inactivation of those markers with lower efficiencies of transformation. Recipient factors or donor factors which have undergone recombination, as measured by the appearance of linked markers, do not undergo inactivation. The efficiency of transformation can be correlated with the sensitivity of a marker to inactivation after DNA uptake. A mutation which affects the efficiency of transformation is found to increase sensitivity to postuptake inactivation. The rate of inactivation is temperature-dependent. At temperatures of 20 and 45 C, marker inactivation can occur without concomitant recombination. During the uptake process, DNA is retained in an acid-insoluble form, indicating that the fate of Haemophilus influenzae DNA differs from the fate of transforming DNA in pneumococcus.
Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in fibromyalgia

Techniques in neuroimaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have helped to provide insights into the role of supraspinal mechanisms in pain perception. This review focuses on studies that have applied fMRI in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the processing of pain associated with fibromyalgia. This article provides an overview of the nociceptive system as it functions normally, reviews functional brain imaging methods, and integrates the existing literature utilizing fMRI to study central pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia.
Thermodynamic properties of α Nickel-Indium Alloys

The vapor pressure of indium over α Ni-In alloys was measured by atomic absorption. The thermodynamic activity of indium was calculated from the vapor pressure, and the partial and integral entropy and enthalpy were calculated from temperature coefficients. It was found that the excess chemical potential of indium increases with atom fraction of indium at low temperatures, in the manner generally observed with similar alloys, but that the slope changes sign, causing ΔG In xs to decrease with increasingx In at high temperatures. An analysis of the components of the excess entropy indicated that the excess entropy, which has a large negative value, has a major contribution which can be attributed to the conduction electrons. Such an electronic contribution to ΔSxs is in accord with the band structure thought to characterize nickel-base alloys.
Clinical laboratory specimen rejection--association with the site of patient care and patients' characteristics: findings from a single health care organization.

Abstract Context.—Programs to track laboratory quality have reported aggregated specimen rejection rates ranging from 0.30% to 0.83%. Because the performance of the laboratory, rather than errors, has been the focus, reasons for specimen rejection or demographic characteristics of individuals at risk for specimens of poor quality may not be fully understood. Objective.—To calculate the proportions of rejected specimens stratified by point of collections and demographic information of patients. Design.—Retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were retrieved from the intrainstitutional electronic databases. Results.—The proportions of specimens that were rejected in the emergency department and inpatient services were 2-fold and more than 5-fold higher, respectively, than for the outpatient services. Assessment of data by patients' ethnic heritages yielded no significant differences among African Americans (0.38%), Caucasians (0.38%), or “Others” (0.35%) in the outpatient services (P = .07). In the emergen...
Splenomegaly in uncomplicated biliary tract and pancreatic disease.

The spleen was palpable in 20 (15%) of 134 patients with surgically documented biliary tract or pancreatic disease, shown by clinical investigation, laparotomy, and liver biopsy to be uncomplicated by cirrhosis, portal vein obstruction, hepatic metastases, or other coincidental disease known to be associated with splenomegaly. That the spleen was not only palpable, but also enlarged in most of these patients was confirmed by direct inspection at laparotomy or by roentgenography in 7 of 8 so examined, and supported by the observation that portal pressure was increased in 2 of the 3 investigated, and that, in all 14 patients reexamined following surgical correction of their underlying biliary tract disease, the spleen was no longer palpable. The clinical, laboratory, and liver biopsy findings in patients with and without splenomegaly did not differ significantly except that the duration of symptoms referable to the biliary tract and pancreas tended to be longer, and the degree of portal fibrosis and inflammation, ductular proliferation, bile stasis, and fatty infiltration tended to be less severe in those with splenomegaly. The data presented do not adequately account for the occurrence of splenomegaly, but suggest that it may be attributable to an increase in resistance to blood flow somewhere in the portal venous system.
Standardizing 125I Sources and Determining 125I Counting Efficiencies of Well-Type Gamma Counting Systems

I describe the technique for determining the absolute decay rate of any 125I source. The problems of varying counting efficiency, varying sample geometry, and extended sources are discussed. By using the calibrated 125I source, the counting efficiency of the given counting system was obtained.
New approaches for preventing and treating chronic graft-versus-host disease

Despite improvements in the practice of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) over the last 25 years, chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a substantial problem with little change in the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of this complication. In fact, with increased use of peripheral blood, transplantation of older patients, and less immediate transplantation-related mortality, the prevalence of chronic GVHD may increase. One of the difficulties in combating chronic GVHD is a lack of understanding about the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Inherent difficulties in conducting human clinical trials also contribute to the lack of meaningful progress. This review covers potential new approaches to the prevention and treatment of chronic GVHD.
Experiments on Submillimeter Free Droplet Flame Extinction

Flame extinction of n-heptane, n-decane, and n-hexadecane droplets freely falling through hot gases from a flat flame burner was investigated. Initial droplet diameters were in the range 270–285 µm. The hot gases from the flat flame burner were injected into straight and contoured flow tubes, providing flow environments that had various degrees of convection. Transport properties were modified through inert gas substitution as an efficient means of adjusting both quasisteady burning rates and extinction conditions to satisfy experimental constraints. The experiments suggest that within the uncertainty of the measurements, external convective flows do not significantly influence extinction diameters for the droplet Reynolds number range 0.01 ≤ Re ≤ 0.1.
Sex differences in East African dreams.

(1985). Sex Differences in East African Dreams. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 405-406.
From HMOs to ACOs: The Quest for the Holy Grail in U.S. Health Policy

The United States has been singularly unsuccessful at controlling health care spending. During the past four decades, American policymakers and analysts have embraced an ever changing array of panaceas to control costs, including managed care, consumer-directed health care, and most recently, delivery system reform and value-based purchasing. Past panaceas have gone through a cycle of excessive hope followed by disappointment at their failure to rein in medical care spending. We argue that accountable care organizations, medical homes, and similar ideas in vogue today could repeat this pattern. We explain why the United States persistently pursues health policy fads—despite their poor record—and how the promotion of panaceas obscures critical debate about controlling health care costs. Americans spend too much time on the quest for the “holy grail”—a reform that will decisively curtail spending while simultaneously improving quality of care—and too little time learning from the experiences of others. Reliable cost control does not, contrary to conventional wisdom, require fundamental delivery system reform or an end to fee-for-service payment. It does require the U.S. to emulate the lessons of other nations that have been more successful at limiting spending through budgeting, systemwide fee schedules, and concentrated purchasing.
Dependence of Crystallographic Texture of C54 TiSi2 on Thickness and Linewidth in Submicron CMOS Structures

Preferential crystal orientation of low-resistance C54 TiSi2 formed in the reaction of poly-crystalline and single crystal silicon with titanium was investigated for Ti thicknesses ranging from 15 to 44 nm. Using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction during heating of 15 nm of Ti on single crystal Si, we observed that the C54 TiSi2 silicide film showed predominantly grains oriented normal to the sample. In thicker silicide films the orientation dominated or film was randomly oriented. An ex situ four circle diffractometer was used to investigate the strong texture in narrow line arrays of C54-TiSi2 formed on polycrystalline silicon with linewidths from 0.2 to 1.1 µm. We observed that the angular distribution of TiSi2 grains is dependent on the line direction, where the majority of grains had their (100) planes oriented parallel with the line direction. These findings support a model of the C49 to C54 TiSi2 transformation involving rapid growth of certain orientations favored by the one-dimensional geometry imposed by narrow lines.
Adsorption of biomolecules on mesostructured cellular foam silica: Effect of acid concentration and aging time in synthesis

Abstract Mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica was synthesized using a non-ionic surfactant template-directed method without ammonium fluoride; the acid concentration and aging time were varied to determine the effects of these parameters on the final material. Increasing the acid concentration and aging time resulted in larger window size, which is critical in gating of biomolecule access to the interior of the MCF silica. In particular, when the acid concentration was changed from 1.6 to 3.5 M the window pore dimension approximately doubled, although the pore size distribution was broader. In this study, the optimal synthesis conditions to produce large, narrowly distributed window pores are 3.5 M HCl with an aging time of 20 h. The loadings of l -tryptophan (Trp), lysozyme (LYS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the MCF samples were measured using batch adsorption. Adsorption data followed a Type I isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacity of Trp on acid-washed MCF was several times higher than that of LYS and BSA, because of the smaller size of Trp. Protein adsorption onto MCF silica showed minimal size exclusion until the window size of the silica was barely larger than the largest protein dimension.
Ratio of Right to Left Ventricular Ejection: A Pilot Study Using Doppler to Detect Interventricular Dyssynchrony

Background: Chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH) is known to delay maximal right ventricular (RV) deformation, causing mechanical dyssynchrony, which previously has been identified only through the use of myocardial tissue Doppler imaging. However, alterations between RV and left ventricular (LV) ejection should be easily identified during routine echocardiographic examinations. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that assessment of differences in ejection fraction between left and right ventricles would be detected using pulsed Doppler. Methods: Standard echo and Doppler data were collected from 30 patients without PH (mean age, 53 ± 7 y; mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure [PASP], 31 ± 5 mm Hg) and from 40 patients with cPH (mean age, 53 ± 13 y, P not significant; mean PASP, 82 ± 24 mm Hg, P<0.00001). Temporal differences in the ejection of both ventricles were measured as the ratio of total duration of RV to LV outflow tract (RVOT and LVOT) pulsed Doppler signals. Results: A ratio (<0.99) of RVOT to LVOT total duration of ejection was found not only to be the best Doppler parameter to identify an abnormal pulmonary artery systolic pressure, with a 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity (area under the curve 0.958, P = 0.0001), but also identified differences in the temporal ejection between the 2 ventricles, or dyssynchrony, as a result of cPH. Conclusions: The ratio of pulsed Doppler RV to LV total duration of ejection is easily obtainable and appears useful in identifying the presence of interventricular dyssynchrony in cPH patients. A prospective study is now required to determine if this Doppler ratio can identify minute changes in the ejection of both ventricles as a result of changes in disease status or response to PH therapy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
α5 Integrin Is a Critical Component of Adhesion Plaques in Myogenesis

Abstract We investigated the distribution and expression of α5β1 and α3β1 integrin in differentiating myogenic cells in culture. The myogenic cells expressed both α5 and α3 integrin subunits with the same molecular sizes as those expressed by chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). However, the ratio of total α5 to α3 was threefold higher in the muscle cultures than that in CEF cultures. A new method is described whereby adhesion plaque-associated integrin was cross-linked to its extracellular matrix ligand on the substrate using a nonpenetrating cross-linker, BSe, and integrin not involved in substrate adhesion as well as cytoskeletal proteins were removed with a zwitterionic detergent. α5 and β1 integrin, but not α3 could be cross-linked to fibronectin at adhesion plaques throughout myogenesis in culture. α5β1 integrin was found only at the edge of myoblasts 4 hr after plating but became distributed under their entire surface by 1 day in culture. When the muscle cells became elongated, a morphology they express after the initiation of terminal differentiation, and as they began to fuse, α5 was found redistributed in small adhesion plaques along the lateral edges of the postmitotic myocytes and early myotubes. In mature myotubes, which are large multinucleated branched structures, α5β1 integrin was localized to parallel streaks underneath their entire substrate surface. Throughout the different stages of myogenesis, vinculin colocalized with α5β1 integrin in adhesion plaques, but α-actinin only colocalized to the adhesion plaques in myoblasts, not in myotubes. These studies suggest that α5β1 integrin through its dynamic interaction with both fibronectin and the cytoskeleton is important for both the signals which initiate the differentiation process and for subsequent morphological and structural changes during the differentiation process.
Neutral non-strange mesons near 960 MeV produced in 5.5 GeV/ c K - p interactions

Abstract A peak observed near 1 GeV in the π+π−π0 mass spectrum in events fitting reaction K−p→Λπ+π−π0 is found to arise from the decay of the X0(959) into π+πy−γ rather than the H0. The decay is predominantly via ϱ0γ and the decay angular distribution of the ϱ0 agrees well with the sin2θ expectation. A branching ratio X 0 →ϱ 0 γ X 0 →ππη =0.31 ±0.15 is measured.
3D simulation of high gain FELs in an optical klystron configuration

Abstract The optical klystron is envisioned as a method of enhancing the free electron laser (FEL) gain as well as a method of obtaining high coherent harmonics. We modify the 3D computer code SHERA to include the capability of calculating FEL performance in the optical klystron configuration. The code includes: (i) energy spread and finite emittance of the electron beam, (ii) diffraction and refraction of the radiation field, and (iii) transverse gradients of the wiggler field. This paper concentrates on the physics of the optical klystron in the high gain limit. We apply this code to evaluate the preliminary FEL design options at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF).
Tissue engineered constructs for peripheral nerve surgery

Background Tissue engineering has been defined as “an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ”. Traumatic peripheral nerve injury resulting in significant tissue loss at the zone of injury necessitates the need for a bridge or scaffold for regenerating axons from the proximal stump to reach the distal stump.
Corticorubral projections in the rat.

In a series of young adult albino rats the terminal projections of corticorubral fibers were studied by light and electron microscopic methods following unilateral sensorimotor cortex suction ablation. Degenerating axons could be traced from the ipsilateral cerebral peduncle to the periphery of the red nucleus. Within the red nucleus the degeneration was sparse. No degeneration was seen contralaterally. With the electron microscope degenerating axons showed electron dense axoplasm and seemed devoid of their normal complement of organelles. Electron-dense degenerating synaptic terminals, one to two per grid square, were found in the more rostral portions of the red nucleus. These terminals were of the asymmetrical type with increased density of the post-synaptic membrane and made contact with small to medium sized dendrites. No degenerating axosomatic or axoaxonal knobs were seen. No degenerating terminals were seen in the caudal regions of the red nucleus. This study finds that following ablation of the sensorimotor cortex in the rat there is a projection to the ipsilateral red nucleus and that the contacts are primarily of the axodendritic type as revealed by the electron microscope.
Desensitization of Mouse Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Channels : A Two-Gate Mechanism

The rate constants of acetylcholine receptor channels (AChR) desensitization and recovery were estimated from the durations and frequencies of clusters of single-channel currents. Diliganded-open AChR desensitize much faster than either unliganded- or diliganded-closed AChR, which indicates that the desensitization rate constant depends on the status of the activation gate rather than the occupancy of the transmitter binding sites. The desensitization rate constant does not change with the nature of the agonist, the membrane potential, the species of permeant cation, channel block by ACh, the subunit composition (e or γ), or several mutations that are near the transmitter binding sites. The results are discussed in terms of cyclic models of AChR activation, desensitization, and recovery. In particular, a mechanism by which activation and desensitization are mediated by two distinct, but interrelated, gates in the ion permeation pathway is proposed.
Regulation of interneuron excitability by gap junction coupling with principal cells.

Electrical coupling in the brain usually occurs between inhibitory neurons that are anatomically and functionally similar. Here the authors show that the excitability of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus is controlled by electrical synapses with excitatory projection cells.
The crystal and molecular structure of Re 2 CI 6 (PMePh 2 ) 2

The title compound was obtained in crystalline form and the structure determined. It crystallizes in space group P 2 1 / n with unit cell dimensions of a = 10.221(3), b = 11.747(4), c = 15.189(6)A, β= 100.11(3)°, V = 1796(1)A 3 and Z =2. The molecule is rigorously centrosymmetric with the following principal dimensions: Re Re, 2.227(1)A,; Re P, 2.475(2)A; Re Cl( trans to P), 2.337(3)A; Re Cl ( cis to P), 2.310(3) and 2.319(3)A.
Knowing versus Naming: Similarity and the Linguistic Categorization of Artifacts

Abstract We argue that it is important to distinguish between categorization as object recognition and as naming because the relation between the two may not be as straightforward as has often been assumed. We present data from speakers of English, Chinese, and Spanish that support this contention. Speakers of the three languages show substantially different patterns of naming for a set of 60 common containers, but they see the similarities among the objects in much the same way. The observed patterns of naming therefore cannot arise only from the similarities that speakers of the three languages see among the objects. We also offer suggestions about how complexity in naming may arise, and the data provide some evidence consistent with these suggestions. Exploring how artifacts are named vs “known” may provide new insights into artifact categorization.
Refuting a controversial case of a human-mediated marine species introduction

Human activities have strongly impacted natural communities through the introduction of non-native species in historical times. A frequently cited marine example is Littorina littorea, a common intertidal gastropod that was first reported in North America in 1840. The seemingly sudden appearance and rapid geographical spread of this species southward from Nova Scotia has led many researchers to consider L. littorea a human-mediated species introduction. This is despite allozyme and subfossil evidence that the `European periwinkle' was in North America long before 1840. Our mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data confirm that L. littorea has been in continuous residence in North America for at least 8000 years. It appears most likely that ecological interactions, rather than oceanographic or climatic forces, maintained the limited geographical distribution of L. littorea prior to the 19th century.
Ballistic electron emission microscopy studies of electron scattering in Au/GaAs Schottky diodes damaged by focused ion beam implantation

Ballistic electron emission microscopy is used to investigate the electron scattering properties of undamaged and focused ion beam implanted Au/GaAs diodes. Implanted regions show decreased ballistic electron transmission attributed to increased scattering. A quantitative model of electron transport is developed that includes quantum mechanical transmission at the interface, scattering effects from optical phonons and implantation induced defects in the semiconductor, and scattering in the metal layer. Model predictions of scattering in undamaged regions show good agreement with the data. However, we conclude additional scattering effects must be included to describe the implanted structures.
Peptide YY/neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor expression in the epithelium and mucosal nerves of the human colon.

Objectives: Peptide YY is an abundant distal gut hormone which regulates secretion, motility, and possibly epithelial proliferation in the gut. Though messenger RNA for the peptide YY Y1 receptor subtype occurs in the basal colonic crypts of humans, peptide YY receptors themselves have not been clearly localized within the adult human gastrointestinal tract. Using an antiserum directed against the C-terminus of the Y1 receptor we determined the actual extent of Y1 receptor protein expression in the human colon in order to identify areas targeted for peptide YY effects and suggest additional physiological roles for PYY in the human gut. Results: Y1 receptor protein expression was seen throughout the colonic epithelium along its basolateral aspect. There was an unexpected dense distribution of Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in varicose fibers within the mucosa. Staining was also noted in nerve fibers of the muscularis mucosae, in the submucous and myenteric plexuses, and in nerves in the muscularis propria. Conclusions: Widespread distribution of Y1 receptors in the colonic epithelium and mucosal nerve fibers suggests diverse regulatory roles for peptide YY in modulating epithelial function as well as secretomotor reflexes in response to lumenal peptide YY-release signals.
Regulation of Tissue Factor Expression in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Nitric Oxide

Background—Tissue factor (TF) is a critical determinant of thrombin generation in normal hemostasis and in atherothrombotic disease. Nitric oxide has both antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic actions in the vasculature, yet its role in the regulation of TF expression has not been examined. Methods and Results—To study the effect of endogenous endothelium-derived nitric oxide on TF expression and activity, we induced TF in human microvascular endothelial cells with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-1β and observed a dose- and time-dependent increase in TF activity and expression by Northern and Western blotting. l-Arginine, the principal substrate for nitric oxide synthases, added to the media suppressed the induction of TF activity significantly (by 66% for lipopolysaccharide induction and by 59% for interleukin-1β induction) at 24 hours. These changes in activity were accompanied by correlative changes in TF protein and steady-state mRNA. d-Arginine had no effect, and inhibition of endogenous nitric ox...
Lens crystallins in aqueous and vitreous humor in selenite overdose cataract.

The purpose of this research was to determine if crystallins were released from the lens into the aqueous and vitreous humor in selenite-overdose cataract. At 20 days post injection, aqueous and vitreous were obtained from lenses containing nuclear cataract or “mature” cataract (nuclear and cortical opacities). Humors were analyzed by direct ELISA and immunoblotting using antibodies against lens crystallins.Both types of selenite cataract showed increased α-, β- and γ-crystallins in aqueous and vitreous. Increases in crystallins in vitreous humor were larger than in aqueous humor, possibly because of slower turnover of vitreous. Extensive membrane damage in selenite cataract probably caused leakage of crystallins from the lens to aqueous and vitreous humors. This model may be useful for studies on the immunologic response of the body to lens crystallins released by cataract.
The artificial urinary sphincter: applications and results in childhood

Of 39 children with urinary incontinence managed by implantation of artificial urinary sphincter, 37 are continent at follow-up of 3 months to 5 1/2 years. The artificial urinary sphincter is a major contribution toward producing urinary continence while preserving the upper urinary tract and permitting normal voiding patterns.
Effects of birth order, gender, and intrauterine growth retardation on the outcome of very low birth weight in twins

We hypothesized that gender and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) have greater effects than birth order on mortality and morbidity rates of very low birth weight ( p p p p p
Energy band parameter determination in graphite

The results of the magnetoreflection experiments in pyrolytic graphite, carried out at low temperatures in the photon energy range 0.06<ω<0.50 eV and in the magnetic field range 0<H <110 kG, have been interpreted in terms of the Slonczewski-Weiss band model. Interband transitions associated with point H in the Brillouin zone yield the parameters γo and ¦ Δ¦, while the other set of interband transitions (about point K) yields values for γ1, γ3, and γ4. The de Haas-van Alphen measurements provide the additional information required to complete the band parameter determination. Using the band parameters obtained by this method, a model of the Fermi surface of graphite has been constructed.
Effects of the herbicide imazapyr on benthic macroinvertebrates in a logged pond cypress dome.

Increased herbicide use in silviculture over the last several decades has led to concern over potential water contamination, which may affect biotic health. In the southeastern United States, pine flatwoods are important for timber production and are often interspersed with cypress wetlands. Cypress domes are isolated, shallow basins that collect surficial waters from adjacent forested areas and therefore might be expected to contain pesticide from storm runoff. This study utilizes in situ microcosm experiments to assess the effects of a concentration gradient of the herbicide imazapyr (0.184, 1.84, and 18.4 mg/L, equivalent to 1, 10, and 100 times the expected environmental concentration from a normal application rate) on the macroinvertebrate community of a logged pond cypress dome using changes in macroinvertebrate composition, chironomid biomass, and chironomid head-capsule deformities. The control core was not significantly different from the surrounding cypress dome for any parameter, suggesting that enclosure effects were likely of minimal importance in the final experimental results. The lack of statistical difference (p < 0.05) in macroinvertebrate community composition, chironomid deformity rate, and chironomid biomass between treatments suggests that imazapyr did not affect the macroinvertebrate community at the concentrations tested. Chironomid deformity rate ranged from 0.97% for imazapyr control to 4.96% for the 100× treatment, with chironomid biomass being 1.79 and 1.87 mg/L, respectively.
Exciting Progress in the Growth of JMI

Welcome to the second issue of the SPIE Journal of Medical Imaging (JMI). As of this writing, we have received 146 submissions from 28 countries—from major institutions worldwide. I believe we are on track in accomplishing our goals for the journal as the manuscripts submitted thus far span the various fields of medical imaging. For example, this second issue includes excellent papers on image processing; computer-aided diagnosis; image-guided procedures, robotic interventions and modeling; image perception, observer performance, and technology; ultrasonic imaging and tomography; digital pathology; and biomedical applications in molecular, structural, and functional imaging. We also publish our first book review.
Surgical Treatment of Stenosing Tenosynovitis at the Ankle

Twelve cases of stenosing tenosynovitis about the ankle (eight posterior tibial and four peroneal), with at least 2 to 4 years of follow-up, have been successfully relieved of their symptoms and returned to increased activity by utilizing a simplified comprehensive surgical technique. Surgery consists of: 1) appropriate treatment to the tendon itself whether intact, partially ruptured, or completely ruptured; 2) deepening of the constricted groove; 3) fashioning of new pulleys from available sheath and retinaculum; and 4) construction of a new sheath from regional deep fascia. Postoperative management includes non-weightbearing, soft bandages, and home exercise therapy for 1 month, followed thereafter by intensive home therapy buildup of the involved muscle and orthoses. Pathology findings included thickening of the tendon sheath, varying degrees of fibrosis of the tendon itself, with or without rupture, and reactive hypertrophy of the bone at the involved groove.
Selective limb pruning, tree removal, and paclobutrazol growth retardant for crowding pecan trees

Abstract Selective limb pruning, tree thinning, and the combination of selective limb pruning and paclobutrazol application as a basal drench were used to reduce overcrowding of pecan [ Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees. Thinning increased yield per tree for the cultivar ‘Desirable’ and did not significantly reduce yield per hectare during the 7 year period of the study. None of the treatments significantly affected yield per tree or nut quality for the cvs. ‘Western Schley’ and ‘Wichita’. Selective limb pruning with or without the growth retardant did not affect either yield or nut quality. The paclobutrazol basal drench reduced terminal shoot growth.
Estimation of activity and osmotic coefficients of strong electrolytes in water at elevated temperatures

It was found over a wide concentration and temperature range that differences between osmotic coefficients of a given electrolyte and a standard electrolyte, φ - φst , can be approximated by a linear relation. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium sulfate were chosen as standard electrolytes for 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively. Special numerical procedures were developed for the prediction and estimation of activity and osmotic coefficients at elevated temperatures based on data at two temperatures or on data at room temperature only. Reasonable agreement was found between activity coefficients estimated by the present procedure and those correlated by Pitzer's and Meissner's equations.
Stability of unstably stratified shear flow in a channel under non-Boussinesq conditions

We investigate the linear stability of unstably stratified Poiseuille flow between two horizontal parallel plates under non-Boussinesq conditions. It is shown that Squire's transformation can be used to reduce the three-dimensional stability problem to an equivalent two-dimensional one. The eigenvalue problem, consisting of the generalized Orr-Sommerfeld equations, is solved numerically using an integral Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method. The influence of the non-Boussinesq effects on stability is studied. The dependence of the critical Rayleigh number on the Reynolds number and temperature difference parameter is obtained. As in the Boussinesq case, results show that the most unstable mode is that of longitudinal rolls. However, in contrast to the Boussinesq case, the rolls are highly distorted for large temperature differences. In addition, the critical Rayleigh number increases with the increase of the temperature difference and is independent of the Reynolds number.
Shantytowns and Pioneers beyond the City Wall: Berlin's Urban Frontier in the Nineteenth Century

In 1783, Friedrich Gedike wondered whether the city of Berlin was growing disproportionately to the rest of the country. Like any good enlightened observer of the city, Gedike praised the open vistas of newly planned suburbs over the cramped streets of the medieval city core. But, though a spacious city allowed for healthy use and recreation and Berlin remained much smaller than great capitals such as Paris and London, Gedike feared that Berlin's growth was becoming too rapid to control. Something, he worried, was out of proportion. Hundreds of buildings had been erected in place of the city's now demolished ramparts. This newly won land had not sufficed, however, and new suburbs with thousands of new buildings arose, streets irregularly placed, without adequate linkages to the inner city. This immoderate growth was evident in the failure to overcome the boundary between the city core and newly developed suburbs. The number of streets broken through the former fortifications land proved inadequate. This continued division, Gedike feared, would impede the city's ongoing development.
Estimation problems associated with the three parameter gamma distribution

A previous study considered by simulation the first four moments of the maximum likelihood estimators of three parameters, threshold, shape, and scale. The distribution of scale, as far as four moments go, was not unduly nonnormal; however this was not the case for the other two parameters, so that transformations to alleviate non-normality were introduced. Reverting to characteristics of the basic estimators through moments posed problems. Here use is made of the Pearson-Tukey approximations which depend on basic percentage points (or percentiles such as 5%, 50%, 95%); these can be assessed using four-moment frequency models (Pearson, Johnson translation system, etc). However the Pearson-Tukey study does not include skewness and kurto-sis, a gap still awaiting an answer. In addition to bringing forward properties of the means and standard deviations of the three cases, we transform the densities using elementary transformations. To heighten the impact, graphics of the densities are given for a set of bas...
Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the anterior segment of the rabbit, cat and monkey eye.

Abstract The indirect immunofluorescence technique demonstrates a substance P-like immunoreactive innervation to the anterior segment of the rabbit, cat and monkey eye. In all three species there is a sparse, but definite, corneal innervation. For the rabbit, substance P-like immunoreactive nerves to the aqueous outflow apparatus are found chiefly in the pectinate ligament. In the cat, this innervation is somewhat more extensive, being seen in the septae of the ciliary cleft as well. The monkey has a more plentiful innervation to the outflow apparatus than either the cat or the rabbit. Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves are visible in the trabecular meshwork and at the inner and outer walls of Schlemm's canal. For all three animals, the iris contains immunoreactive nerve fibers to the sphincter muscle, to the large blood vessels and to the anterior stromal melanocytes. In the ciliary body, the ciliary processes receive a constant innervation; it is somewhat more dense in the rabbit. Some of the large ciliary body blood vessels also are innervated. Ciliary body melanocytes are innervated; it was not possible to determine whether or not immunoreactive fibers innervate the ciliary muscle cells as well. The present study extends prior knowledge of the innervation of the eye. Taken with the known physiologic effects of substance P, it indicates a series of potential roles for this peptide in the vegetative processes of the eye.
Forecasts from biased experts: a “meta‐credibility” problem

Purpose – In forecasting unknown quantities, risk and finance decision makers often rely on one or more biased experts, statistical specialists representing parties with an interest in the decision maker's final forecast. This problem arises in a variety of contexts, and the decision maker may represent a corporate enterprise, rating agency, government regulator, etc. The purpose of the paper is to assist decision makers, experts, and others to have a better understanding of the dynamics of the problem, and to adopt strategies and practices that enhance efficiency.Design/methodology/approach – The problem is formulated as a two‐person, non‐cooperative Bayesian game with the decision maker and one expert as players, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium solutions are identified. Then the analysis is extended to variations of the game in which the expert's loss function is not common knowledge, and in which there are multiple experts.Findings – In the struggle for information between the decision maker and the e...
Programming colloidal phase transitions with DNA strand displacement

DNA-grafted nanoparticles have been called "programmable atom-equivalents": Like atoms, they form three-dimensional crystals, but unlike atoms, the particles themselves carry information (the sequences of the grafted strands) that can be used to "program" the equilibrium crystal structures. We show that the programmability of these colloids can be generalized to the full temperature-dependent phase diagram, not just the crystal structures themselves. We add information to the buffer in the form of soluble DNA strands designed to compete with the grafted strands through strand displacement. Using only two displacement reactions, we program phase behavior not found in atomic systems or other DNA-grafted colloids, including arbitrarily wide gas-solid coexistence, reentrant melting, and even reversible transitions between distinct crystal phases.