cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on Vortex Shedding Behind Linearly Tapered Cylinders

Experiments were performed to study the flow behind a linearly tapered cylinder, in order to gain more information about laminar vortex shedding behind the cylinder, the evolution of the velocity field in the far wake of the cylinder, and also chaotic vortex shedding behind the cylinder. For laminar vortex shedding, scalings were found for the shedding frequency, difference frequency, and shedding cell size. The behavior of the cylinders was found be less orderly as the amount of taper increased. In the far wake, the velocity fluctuations evolve in two phases to chaos, partially by transferring energy from high to low frequency. In the chaotic case, the rigid positioning of the cell boundaries breaks down, so that the number of vortices shed by cylinder becomes a monotonic function of spanwise position.
MR Enterographic Findings as Biomarkers of Mucosal Healing in Young Patients With Crohn Disease.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the MR enterographic findings that best correlate with mucosal healing assessed with ileocolonoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Patients with Crohn disease who underwent two ileocolonoscopic examinations and also underwent MR enterography close in time to the second endoscopic examination were included in a retrospective study. Two pediatric gastroenterologists blinded to the imaging findings reviewed the endoscopic examinations to assess for mucosal healing, defined as resolution of inflammation within a bowel segment at subsequent ileocolonoscopy. Two radiologists blinded to endoscopic and clinical data interpreted the MR enterographic images. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for mucosal healing were calculated for several imaging features. RESULTS. A total of 30 patients (15 female patients, 15 male patients; age range, 8–24 years; mean, 17.2 ± 3.2 years) with pediatric-onset Crohn disease were examined. The average time between MR enterography...
Imaging grain boundary grooves in hard-sphere colloidal bicrystals

Colloidal particles were sedimented onto patterned glass slides to grow three-dimensional bicrystals with a controlled structure. Three types of symmetric tilt grain boundaries between close-packed face-centered-cubic crystals were produced: $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(100),\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}17\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(100)$, and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(110)$. The structure of the crystals and their defects were visualized by confocal microscopy, and characterized by simple geometric measurements, including image difference, thresholding, and reprojection. This provided a quick and straightforward way to detect the regions in which the atoms are mobile. This atomic mobility was higher at the grain boundaries and close to the solid-liquid interface. This method was compared to the more conventional analysis based on the calculation of the local order parameter of the individual particles to identify the interface. This was used in turn to identify the presence of grooves at the grain-boundary\char21{}liquid triple junction for every type of grain boundary, except for the twin $[\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(110)]$, for which no groove could be detected. Images of these grooves were processed, and the angle linking the grain boundary energy to the solid-liquid interfacial energy was measured. The resulting values of the grain boundary energy were compared to estimates based on the density deficit in the boundary.
The formation of bubbles in Zr alloys under Kr ion irradiation

We report here a study of Kr ion implantation and resultant bubble formation in Zr and Zr alloys, including Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4. Implantations into thin foils were performed in-situ in the HVEM/Tandem facility at Argonne National Laboratory at temperatures between 300 to 800°C and to doses up to 2 × 1020 ion m−2. Bulk specimens were implanted in an ion-beam chamber and then thinned for viewing by TEM. In thin foils, only small bubbles (3–10 nm) were formed at all temperatures with the exception of the Cr-rich Valloy where 13 nm bubbles were formed. Bulk samples implanted at 300°C contained a bubble morphology similar to that observed after implantation into thin foils. However at high temperatures (500–800°C) large faceted bubbles (up to 30 nm) were produced in bulk specimens. The results indicate that bubble formation and evolution below 500°C is controlled by gas concentration, while it is controlled by bubble mobility at high temperatures.
Distributed Scheduling and Cooperative Control for Charging of Electric Vehicles at Highway Service Stations

The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on highways calls for the installment of adequate charging infrastructure. Since charging infrastructure has limited capacity, EVs need to wait at a charging station to get charged, and their waiting times may differ significantly from one location to another. This paper aims at developing a strategy to coordinate the queues among the charging stations, with only local information about traffic flows and the status of EV charging stations along a bidirectional highway, so that excessively long waiting times can be avoided. Specifically, a distributed algorithm is presented to schedule EV flows into neighboring charging stations, so that EVs are all appropriately served along the highway and that all the charging resources are uniformly utilized. In addition, a distributed decision making policy is developed to influence the aggregate number of EVs entering any given service station, so that each EV makes an appropriate decision (i.e., whether or not it should enter the next charging station) by contributing positively to meeting the desired queue length at service stations and by considering its own battery constraint. Performance improvement of the proposed strategy is illustrated via one of the highways in the United States, namely the Florida Turnpike.
A fortuitous fall

A case of traumatic fall associated with an incidental finding of a large right colonic mass is described. Computed tomography and intraoperative images are presented. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care. Republished with permission from: Hurie JB, Seamon MJ. A fortuitous fall. OPUS 12 Scientist 2008;2(5):4.
Examining the Effects of SRSD in Combination with Video Self-Modeling on Writing by Third Grade Students with Learning Disabilities

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an instructional package, Self-Regulated Strategy Development, a cognitive strategy instructional model (POW + TREE), in combination with video self-modeling (VSM) on the improvement on the written expression of three third-grade students with learning disabilities (LD). This manuscript addresses the results of a multiple probe across participants, single-subject design, which data from various components of writing, including essay elements, length of responses, time, and overall writing quality were collected. All students who received the instructional package intervention improved their overall writing performance on opinion essays as measured by the number of opinion essay elements. During the maintenance phase of the intervention, students who received a VSM booster session retained their total number of opinion essay elements at mastery levels. Implications for students with LD, as well as future research considerations, will b...
Using Advocacy in Policy Research and School-Based Counseling

Advocacy as both an act and a process is central to promoting the well-being of children as global citizens in part by school-based counseling and policy research. By using the framework of the Advocacy Toolkit (UNICEF, 2010a) and Monitoring and Evaluating Advocacy (UNICEF, 2010b), this chapter will focus on the overall process of advocacy and describe the International Counseling Advocacy Model – School-Based Counseling and Related Policy Research (ICAM-SBC).
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and drug-drug interactions for valproic acid and divalproex

Valproic acid (VPA) is an older first-line antiepileptic drug with a complex pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, currently under investigation for several novel neurologic and non-neurologic indications. Our study objective was to design and validate a mechanistic model of VPA disposition in adults and children; and evaluate its predictive performance of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This study expands upon existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for VPA by incorporating UGT enzyme kinetics and an advanced dissolution, absorption, and metabolism (ADAM) model for extended-release (ER) formulation. PBPK models for VPA IR and ER formulations were constructed using Simcyp Simulator (Version 15). First-order absorption was used for the immediate-release (IR) formulation and the ADAM model, including a controlled-release profile, for ER. Data from twenty-one published clinical studies were used to assess model performance. The model accurately predicted the concentration-time profiles of IR formulation for single-dose and steady-state doses ranging from 200mg to 1000mg. Similarly profiles were also simulated for ER formulation after a single-dose and steady-state doses of 500mg and 1000mg, respectively. In addition, simulated PK profiles agreed well with the observed data from studies in which VPA ER formulation was given to pediatric patients and VPA IR formulation to adult patients with cirrhosis. The model was further validated with individual adult data from a Phase I clinical trial consisting of eight cohorts after IV infusion of VPA with doses ranging from 15 to 150mg/kg. Co-administrations of VPA as an enzyme-inhibitor with victim drug phenytoin or lorazepam, as well as a substrate with enzyme inducer carbamazepine or phenobarbital, were simulated with the model to evaluate drug-drug interaction. The simulated serum concentration-time profiles were within the 5th and 95th percentiles, and the majority of the predicted area-under-the-curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) values were within 25% of the reported average values. The comprehensive VPA PBPK model defined by this study may be used to support dosage regimen optimization to improve the safety and efficacy profile of this agent under different scenarios.
Electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of prosody and thematic fit during sentence comprehension

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the interaction of prosody and thematic fit/plausibility information during the processing of sentences containing temporary early closure (correct) or late closure (incorrect) syntactic ambiguities using event-related potentials (ERPs). Early closure sentences with congruent and incongruent prosody were presented where the temporarily ambiguous NP was either a plausible or an implausible continuation for the subordinate verb (e.g. “While the band played the song/beer pleased all the customers.”). N400 and P600 components were examined at critical points in each condition. The CPS was examined in sentences with congruent prosody. Prosodic and thematic fit cues interacted immediately (N400–P600) at the implausible NP (beer), when it was paired with incongruent prosody. Incongruent prosody paired with a plausible NP (song) resulted in garden-path effects (N400–P600) at the critical verb (pleased). These findings provide strong evidence that prosodic and thematic fit/plausibil...
Ophthalmic Findings of Rosai-Dorfman Disease.

Purpose To describe the ophthalmic, pathologic, and BRAF V600E mutation status of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). Design Retrospective case series. Methods A retrospective review of all cases of RDD seen at Mayo Clinic from 1992 to 2016 identified patients with ophthalmic manifestations (n = 8). Immunostain for BRAF and molecular studies for BRAF V600E mutation were performed on cases with tissue available. Results Of 76 patients with RDD, 15 had eye examinations; of those, 8 (5 female and 3 male) had ophthalmic manifestations. In RDD patients with ophthalmic manifestations compared to RDD patients without ophthalmic manifestations, the respective median (range) age in years was 42 (15-70) and 56 (32-79) ( P = .13) and median (range) logMAR visual acuity was 0.048 (0.000-1.824) and 0.000 (−0.124 to 0.301) ( P = .19). Of the 8 patients with ophthalmic manifestations, 4 had ocular involvement and 4 had orbital masses. Patients with ocular involvement had multiorgan disease including tracheal, aortic, renal, skeletal, and soft tissue lesions (n = 4). Patients with orbital masses had no systemic involvement (n = 2), skeletal involvement only (n = 1), or multiorgan disease (n = 1). BRAF immunostaining and molecular studies were negative in all available specimens (n = 6). Conclusions In this series of patients with ophthalmic manifestations of RDD, those with ocular involvement had multiorgan disease while those with orbital masses had more limited systemic disease. Patients with ophthalmic manifestations tended to be younger and have worse visual acuity. Additionally, ophthalmic RDD does not seem to be associated with BRAF mutation.
Imaging of the Growing Spine

Since the introduction of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, there has been a steady increase in the ability to use imaging modalities to assess disease and deformity. Management of deformity in the growing spine presents unique challenges to the treating physician. The cause of the deformity, future growth, spinal balance, and the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the deformity must all be considered. It demands selectivity in deciding the appropriate imaging studies to make efficient decisions for future management, while not overlooking significant comorbidities that can contribute to the overall natural history of a given deformity. In addition, one must consider the amount of radiation that a child will receive through the course of management during growth.
Some Overview Comments with an Eye to the Future

The many efforts to understand borderline personality disorder’s (BPD) development in childhood and adolescence evidenced in this book testify to the ongoing interest in this subject, the wide range of approaches, the many obstacles that researchers face, and to the major questions that remain. This chapter will explore three topics relevant to the future development of this field, i.e., the implications of BPD’s heritability, the identification of risk markers, and the potential to customize home environments that might derail BPD’s onset. This chapter will develop the thesis that the time has come to conduct a large scale prospective study of children at risk for developing BPD that tests potentially preventative interventions.
Advected glacial seawater preserved in the subsurface of the Maldives carbonate edifice

Abstract Analysis of both conservative and reactive geochemical tracers in pore fluids extracted from sediment cores from the Maldives Inner Sea reveal extensive interstitial water masses whose origins lie in glacial intermediate water advected laterally through the Maldives carbonate edifice. These drillcores, recovered during Expedition 359 of the International Ocean Discovery Program, penetrate late Oligocene to Recent sediments including carbonate platform, slope, pelagic, and drift facies. Combined shipboard and shore-based analyses of the pore fluids show linearly co-varying changes in the concentration of chloride and δ 18 O and δ D values of 25 mM, 1.2‰, and 9‰, respectively. Additionally, pore fluid strontium concentrations and calcium isotope ratios are strongly anti-correlated with each other. Multiple reversals in these geochemical properties with depth indicate the existence of several distinct interstitial water masses. These variations are interpreted as representing the different ages and reactive histories of young (Pleistocene and Holocene) waters advecting through the much older sedimentary formations. In particular, the elevated chloride concentrations and water isotope ratios suggest that seawater from the Last Glacial Maximum is preserved in the subsurface, where it occupies over 400 m of the sediment column within Mid- to Late Miocene sediments. These pore fluids constrain the properties of an intermediate depth glacial water mass that had higher salinity and δ 18 O and δ D values than the average glacial ocean. This system represents a unique archive yielding the most direct observations of glacial seawater to date, as well as a demonstration of the long-lasting potential for water-rock interaction in carbonate platform systems.
A conforming discontinuous Galerkin finite element method: Part II

A conforming discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method has been introduced in [21] on simplicial meshes, which has the flexibility of using discontinuous approximation and the simplicity in formulation of the classic continuous finite element method. The goal of this paper is to extend the conforming DG finite element method in \cite{cdg1} so that it can work on general polytopal meshes by designing weak gradient $\nabla_w$ appropriately. Two different conforming DG formulations on polytopal meshes are introduced which handle boundary conditions differently. Error estimates of optimal order are established for the corresponding conforming DG approximation in both a discrete $H^1$ norm and the $L^2$ norm. Numerical results are presented to confirm the theory.
Learning-based adversarial agent detection and identification in cyber physical systems applied to autonomous vehicular platoon

The security of cyber physical systems such as autonomous vehicle platoons plays a vital role in ensuring passenger safety. An adversary in control of a single vehicle can degrade platoon efficiency or even cause collisions. In this paper, we focus on detecting an attack meant to destabilize a platoon, thereby causing collisions, and identifying the source of the attack (i.e., the vehicle under control of the adversary) using Fully Connected Deep Neural Networks (FCDNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The vehicles in the platoon are assumed to be equipped with sensors (LIDAR and RADAR) that measure the range and relative speed of their immediate neighbors. These sensor data, modelled with noise following a Gaussian distribution, are used to train a FCDNN and CNN for attack detection and identification. The effectiveness of these networks are tested for different scenarios based on local and global sensor information availability. The initial study show that for a ten vehicle platoon, CNN detects and identifies an attack with highest accuracy of 97.5%, just by using the own local sensor information. We also show that the range measurements provide better accuracy in comparison to the velocity measurements. The platoon is modelled and simulated in MATLAB and neural networks are generated and tested using Tensorflow and Keras deep learning libraries.
A knock-in mutation at cysteine 144 of TRIM72 is cardioprotective and reduces myocardial TRIM72 release

Abstract TRIM72 is a membrane repair protein that protects against ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. We previously identified Cys144 (C144) on TRIM72 as a site of S-nitrosylation. To study the importance of C144, we generated a knock-in mouse with C144 mutated to a serine (TRIM72 C144S). We subjected ex vivo perfused mouse hearts to 20 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion and observed less injury in TRIM72 C144S compared to WT hearts. Infarct size was smaller (54 vs 27% infarct size) and cardiac functional recovery (37 vs 62% RPP) was higher for the TRIM72 C144S mouse hearts. We also demonstrated that TRIM72 C144S hearts were protected against I/R injury using an in vivo LAD occlusion model. As TRIM72 has been reported to be released from muscle we tested whether C144 is involved in TRIM72 release. After I/R there was significantly less TRIM72 in the perfusate normalized to total released protein from the TRIM72 C144S compared to WT hearts, suggesting that C144 of TRIM72 regulates myocardial TRIM72 release during I/R injury. In addition to TRIM72's protective role in I/R injury, TRIM72 has also been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and insulin resistance, and secreted TRIM72 has recently been shown to impair insulin sensitivity. However, insulin sensitivity (measured by glucose and insulin tolerance) of TRIM72 C144S mice was not impaired. Further, whole body metabolism, as measured using metabolic cages, was not different in WT vs TRIM72 C144S mice and we did not observe enhanced cardiac hypertrophy in the TRIM72 C144S mice. In agreement, protein levels of the TRIM72 ubiquitination targets insulin receptor β, IRS1, and focal adhesion kinase were similar between WT and TRIM72 C144S hearts. Overall, these data indicate that mutation of TRIM72 C144 is protective during I/R and reduces myocardial TRIM72 release without impairing insulin sensitivity or enhancing the development of hypertrophy.
Tacrolimus trough monitoring guided by mass spectrometry without accounting for assay differences is associated with acute kidney injury in lung transplant recipients

Purpose Tacrolimus is a nephrotoxic immunosuppressant historically monitored via enzyme-based immunoassay (IA). After 2011, the 2 largest laboratory companies in the United States implemented tacrolimus quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); this method excludes metabolites, potentially resulting in lower quantified drug concentrations. We sought to determine if tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring via LC-MS, as performed using trough targets originally derived from IA values, influences clinical outcomes. Methods In a single-center retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients, risks of acute kidney injury, acute renal failure, and new-onset diabetes after transplantation, as well as chronic lung allograft dysfunction-free survival, were compared in 82 subjects monitored by LC-MS and 102 subjects monitored by IA using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, baseline renal function, and race. Results LC-MS-based monitoring was associated with a greater risk of acute kidney injury (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.67). No statistically significant differences in risks of acute renal failure and new-onset diabetes after transplantation were observed. Conclusion Although LC-MS provides a more accurate representation of the blood concentration of the parent compound tacrolimus exclusive of metabolite, established cut points for tacrolimus dosing may need to be adjusted to account for the increased risk of renal injury.
Computer tutorials for introductory statistics

The objective of this study is to show that computer tutorial supplements enchance and shorten the learning process in teaching statistics. An introductory statistics course may be separated into three phases: (a) basic fundamentals, (b) statistical concepts, and (c) applications. Computer tutorials allow more time to be spent on the applications phase of the course. Students, retain more when shown applications. They also tend to favor application courses. Hence, statistics courses become more efficient and popular with tutorial supplements. The results of this study may also have positive implications for online teaching.
Prune belly syndrome in surviving males can be caused by Hemizygous missense mutations in the X-linked Filamin A gene

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare, multi-system congenital myopathy primarily affecting males that is poorly described genetically. Phenotypically, its morbidity spans from mild to lethal, however, all isolated PBS cases manifest three cardinal pathological features: 1) wrinkled flaccid ventral abdominal wall with skeletal muscle deficiency, 2) urinary tract dilation with poorly contractile smooth muscle, and 3) intra-abdominal undescended testes. Despite evidence for a genetic basis, previously reported PBS autosomal candidate genes only account for one consanguineous family and single cases. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of two maternal adult half-brothers with syndromic PBS (PBS + Otopalatodigital spectrum disorder [OPDSD]) and two unrelated sporadic individuals with isolated PBS and further functionally validated the identified mutations. We identified three unreported hemizygous missense point mutations in the X-chromosome gene Filamin A (FLNA) (c.4952 C > T (p.A1448V), c.6727C > T (p.C2160R), c.5966 G > A (p.G2236E)) in two related cases and two unrelated sporadic individuals. Two of the three PBS mutations map to the highly regulatory, stretch-sensing Ig19–21 region of FLNA and enhance binding to intracellular tails of the transmembrane receptor β-integrin 1 (ITGβ1). FLNA is a regulatory actin-crosslinking protein that functions in smooth muscle cells as a mechanosensing molecular scaffold, transmitting force signals from the actin-myosin motor units and cytoskeleton via binding partners to the extracellular matrix. This is the first evidence for an X-linked cause of PBS in multiple unrelated individuals and expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with FLNA in males surviving even into adulthood.
FIT: On-the-Fly, In-Situ Training for SNR-Based Rate Selection

Existing rate adaptation protocols have advocated training to establish the relationship between channel conditions and the optimum modulation and coding scheme. However, innate with in-field operation is encountering scenarios that the rate adaptation mechanism has not yet encountered. Frequently, protocols are optimally tuned for indoor environments but, when taken outdoors, perform poorly. Namely, the decision structure formed by offline training, lacks the ability to adapt to a new situation on the fly . The changing wireless environment calls for a rate adaption scheme that can quickly infer the channel type and adjust accordingly. Typical SNR-based rate adaptation schemes do not capture the nuance of the performance variable in different channel types. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme that allow SNR-based rate selection algorithms to be trained online in the environment in which they are operating. Inspired by the idea that, to do well, an athlete must train for the type of athletic event and environment in which they are competing, we propose FIT, an on-the- f ly, i n-situ t raining mechanism for SNR-based protocols. To do so, we first propose the FIT framework which addresses the challenges of making rate decisions with unpredictable fluctuation and lack of repeatability of real wireless channels. To distinguish between channel types in the training, we then characterize wireless channels according to the link-layer performance and introduce a novel, computationally-efficient, channel performance manifold matching technique to infer the channel type given a sequence of throughput measurements for various link-level parameters. To evaluate our methods, we implement rate selection which uses FIT for training alongside channel performance manifold matching. We then perform extensive experiments on emulated and in-field wireless channels to evaluate the online learning process, showing that the rate decision structure can be updated as channel conditions change using existing traffic flows. The experiments are performed over multiple frequency bands. The proposed FIT framework can achieve large throughput gains compared to traditional SNR-based protocols (8X) and offline-training-based methods (1.3X), particularly in a dynamic wireless propagation environments that lack appropriate training.
Fundamentals and recent applications of catalyst synthesis using flame aerosol technology

Abstract Commercial implementation of new catalysts is often limited by scale-up. Flame aerosol processing, a proven scalable method for industrial manufacturing of nanoparticles, has received broad attention for use in catalyst synthesis over the past two decades. This review aims to provide a straightforward understanding of the flame aerosol synthesis of catalysts and summarize recent and emerging applications of the resulting catalysts. We begin with a brief description of the catalyst formation mechanism and show how catalyst structures can be controlled by varying process parameters and reactor configuration. We then summarize the most recent progress on thermal catalysts, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts synthesized by flame aerosol processing and analyze current trends in catalyst development by this approach. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of flame-made catalysts and suggest likely promising future directions for research in this field.
Granule-mediated cytolysis of target cells.

The lysis of target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells appears to be caused by two possibly related phenomena, namely the formation of transmembrane pores in the target cell’s membrane and the cleavage and release of the target cell’s nuclear DNA. At present it is not entirely clear how these effects are mediated at a molecular level. However, in the past few years, concepts have evolved and been experimentally tested that allow the formulation of a comprehensive hypothesis to explain the main steps of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis (Podack 1985; Henkart 1985). This said, it should be pointed out, however, that at the time of writing none of the effector molecules discussed below can be unequivocally linked to the cytolytic process, when intact killer cells lyse a target cell.
Reproducibility of Radiographic Measurements Made in the Active Stages of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Evaluation of a Prognostic Indicator and an Interim Outcome Measure.

Background Deformity index (DI) and extrusion index (EI) are 2 radiographic methods currently used to quantify femoral head deformity in the active stages of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. This study aimed to quantify the interobserver reproducibility of the 2 methods using a large, international group of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons with diverse clinical experience. Methods Radiographs of patients (age 6 to 11 y at time of diagnosis) prospectively enrolled in an international multicenter-cohort study, were measured by members of our study group. For each radiograph, the raters independently assessed EI (n=33 cases) and DI (n=32 cases), along with the rater's subjective assessment of the extent of hip deformity (ie, none, mild, moderate, or severe). Reliability analysis was conducted using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and κ techniques. Results The ICC for EI on the affected side was 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.79). The calculated DI ICC was 0.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.68). Subjectively, an average of 68±3.5% of surgeons agreed on the subjective description of each patient's femoral head deformity. Conclusions EI is measured with a reasonably high rate of correlation among surgeons from disparate backgrounds. Agreement is lower among the same group of surgeons when the more complex DI is used. DI is most useful when utilized by a small number of experienced observers in a research setting, whereas EI may have better clinical applicability. Level of evidence Level III-reliability study.
Neighborhoods matter; but for whom? Heterogeneity of neighborhood disadvantage on child obesity by sex.

Abstract Although evidence suggests that neighborhood context, particularly socioeconomic context, influences child obesity, little is known about how these neighborhood factors may be heterogeneous rather than monolithic. Using a novel dataset comprised of the electronic medical records for over 250,000 children aged 2–17 nested within 992 neighborhoods in the greater Houston area, we assessed whether neighborhoods influenced the obesity of children differently based on sex. Results indicated that neighborhood disadvantage, assessed using a comprehensive, multidimensional, latent profile analysis-generated measure, had a strong, positive association with the odds of obesity for both boys and girls. Interactions revealed that the relationship between disadvantage and obesity was stronger for girls, relative to boys. Our findings demonstrated the complex dynamics underlying the influence of residential neighborhood context on obesity for specific subgroups of children.
Pleuritis and Pericarditis in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitis

Background Pleural and pericardial involvements are well recognized in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) but considered rare manifestations of the other forms of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Research Question What are the frequency and clinical characteristics of pleuritis and pericarditis in AAV? Study Design and Methods: Using an institutional database of 1,830 patients with AAV, we analyzed clinical notes and diagnosis codes for key words related to pleuritis and pericarditis. Chart review to confirm these findings was performed. Results Eighty-eight of 1,058 patients (8.3%) with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 27 of 267 (10.1%) with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and 35 of 201 (17.4%) with EGPA had a manifestation of pleuritis and/or pericarditis attributable to vasculitis. There was a higher frequency of pericarditis in EGPA compared with that in the other AAVs (P Interpretation Pleuritis and pericarditis occur across all the AAVs and, when present, are commonly presenting features of these diseases. Patients with EGPA have a higher proportion of pericardial involvement compared with pleural involvement, whereas this distribution is more equal in patients with GPA and MPA. Pleuritis and pericarditis are underrecognized features of AAV. All forms of AAV should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient with pleuritis or pericarditis.
Conservation genetics of an island-endemic lizard: low Ne and the critical role of intermediate temperatures for genetic connectivity

Island populations are at higher risk of extinction than mainland populations. Therefore, understanding the factors that facilitate connectivity is particularly pressing for the conservation of island taxa. Sceloporus occidentalis becki, the Island Fence Lizard, is an endemic taxon restricted to the Northern Channel Islands, part of a nearshore archipelago in Southern California, USA. Since the Last Glacial Maximum, fence lizard habitat on the Northern Channel Islands has decreased with rising sea levels and increasing temperatures that have reduced the availability of woody vegetation. More recently, the introduction (and subsequent removal) of invasive ungulates over the last 170 years and recovery of vegetation has resulted in further dramatic habitat modification. Given the potential for genetic bottlenecks, the history of habitat alteration, and topographic and landscape complexity, we used landscape and population genetic approaches to characterize patterns of genetic diversity and structure of Island Fence Lizards on Santa Cruz Island, the largest of the Northern Channel Islands. Our analyses revealed shallow population structure across the island, low effective population size (Ne = ~ 200), and evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck. Landscape genetic analyses showed that connectivity is facilitated by tree canopy cover and shrubland, as well as by intermediate temperatures, emphasizing the importance of woody vegetation and habitats with variable thermal regimes as the climate warms. Combined, these population and landscape genetic analyses suggest that the Island Fence Lizard is of greater conservation concern than currently appreciated, and increased conservation management focus is warranted for this island endemic.
Year in review 2020: Nutrition and gastrointestinal disease in cystic fibrosis

The multisystemic manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) involve all parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, including the pancreas, intestine, and liver. As providers who care for people with CF, knowledge of the manifestations, treatment, and research related to nutrition and GI disease are important. This review is the last installment of the CF year in review 2020 series, focusing on nutritional, GI, and hepatobiliary articles from Pediatric Pulmonology and other journals of particular interest to clinicians.
Welcome to Business-As-Usual

This chapter introduces the theme of the first part of the book (Chapters 1–4), which is a critique of the sustainability efforts in companies during recent decades. These efforts, however, have not happened in a vacuum, but evolved out of a mode I describe as business-as-usual, which is the focus of this chapter. Its starting point is Milton Friedman’s 1970 essay, in which he made the case that the only responsibility of companies is to maximize shareholder value. The chapter then moves to present the neoliberal economic thinking that Friedman and others harnessed to shape the narrative of a shareholder-centered era in business. It goes on to further explain the nature of business-as-usual by articulating the mental model dominating it: shareholder capitalism. Embraced by academia, business, courts, the media, and others, shareholder capitalism has become extremely influential, and even amid growing criticism of its merits, it continues to this day to play a critical role in shaping the business zeitgeist.
A Dialogic Teaching Approach to Undergraduate ESL Instruction

The aim of this paper is to further the understanding on how dialogic theory and research could be a valid lens through which ESL Composition teaching is approached. First, this paper puts forth a rationale to explain why dialogic teaching matters before building on theorists whose dialogic frameworks align with my purposes. Likewise, I draw upon Bakhtin, Freire, Nystrand, and Alexander to inform my understanding of dialogic theory. Later in this paper, I propose a dialogic teaching approach to an undergraduate ESL Composition course. What this paper has shown is that implementing dialogic instruction in ESL has numerous benefits to students’ overall learning. Specifically, using classroom talk seems to be effective in the teaching and learning of argumentation. However, unless ESL programs acknowledge the need for dialogic teaching approaches, we risk perpetuating what is already a pervasive monologic teaching practice in ESL. Finally, this paper overviews relevant pedagogical implications.
Endovascular Therapy Versus Microsurgical Clipping of Ruptured Wide Neck Aneurysms (EVERRUN Registry): a multicenter, prospective propensity score analysis.

OBJECTIVE Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the superiority of endovascular therapy (EVT) compared to microsurgery (MS) for ruptured aneurysms suitable for treatment or when therapy is broadly offered to all presenting aneurysms; however, wide neck aneurysms (WNAs) are a challenging subset that require more advanced techniques and warrant further investigation. Herein, the authors sought to investigate a prospective, multicenter WNA registry using rigorous outcome assessments and compare EVT and MS using propensity score analysis (PSA). METHODS Untreated, ruptured, saccular WNAs were included in the analysis. A WNA was defined as having a neck ≥ 4 mm or a dome/neck ratio (DNR) < 2. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 1 year posttreatment, as assessed by blinded research nurses (good outcome: mRS scores 0-2) and compared using PSA. RESULTS The analysis included 87 ruptured aneurysms: 55 in the EVT cohort and 32 in the MS cohort. Demographics were similar in the two cohorts, including Hunt and Hess grade (p = 0.144) and modified Fisher grade (p = 0.475). WNA type inclusion criteria were similar in the two cohorts, with the most common type having a DNR < 2 (EVT 60.0% vs MS 62.5%). More anterior communicating artery aneurysms (27.3% vs 18.8%) and posterior circulation aneurysms (18.2% vs 0.0%) were treated with EVT, whereas more middle cerebral artery aneurysms were treated with MS (34.4% vs 18.2%, p = 0.025). Within the EVT cohort, 43.6% underwent stand-alone coiling, 50.9% balloon-assisted coiling, 3.6% stent-assisted coiling, and 1.8% flow diversion. The 1-year mRS score was assessed in 81 patients (93.1%), and the primary outcome demonstrated no increased risk for a poor outcome with MS compared to EVT (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.13-1.45, p = 0.177). The durability of MS was higher, as evidenced by retreatment rates of 12.7% and 0% for EVT and MS, respectively (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS EVT and MS had similar clinical outcomes at 1 year following ruptured WNA treatment. Because of their challenging anatomy, WNAs may represent a population in which EVT's previously demonstrated superiority for ruptured aneurysm treatment is less relevant. Further investigation into the treatment of ruptured WNAs is warranted.
Reading Between the Lines:Student Help-Seeking for (Un)Specified Behaviors

A thorough understanding of specified behavior is essential for the completion of most programming tasks. Researchers have created automated tools to help students with this task. Yet, even with automated feedback, students may still face self-insurmountable challenges for which they must seek aid from the course staff. What self-insurmountable challenges do students face? And (how) does access to automatic, on-demand feedback shape student help-seeking? To find out, we manually reviewed the 1,247 assignment-related student posts in the online help-forum of a post-secondary accelerated introductory computer science course. We report on the high-level relationships between student help-seeking and (under)specification in assignments, and identify a number of behaviors relevant to both researchers and educators.
Imaging the different timescales of germinal center selection

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody affinity maturation, a fundamental immunological process that increases the potency of antibodies and thereby their ability to protect against infection. GC biology is highly dynamic in both time and space, making it ideally suited for intravital imaging. Using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM), the field has gained insight into the molecular, cellular, and structural changes and movements that coordinate affinity maturation in real time in their native environment. On the other hand, several limitations of MPLSM have had to be overcome to allow full appreciation of GC events taking place across different timescales. Here, we review the technical advances afforded by intravital imaging and their contributions to our understanding of GC biology.
The Visualization Spreadsheet Illustrated

The development of the Data State Model was inspired by the need to develop a general visualization system based on the spreadsheet paradigm. Spreadsheets are geared to allow users to examine the intermediate results carefully to form the next exploratory phase of the data analysis process. This chapter is designed to introduce the Visualization Spreadsheet concept and to illustrate the underlying principles that make up its power. The idea is to illustrate both the Data State Model and its concrete instantiation in the Visualization Spreadsheet.
Pacemaker activity in septal structures of canine colonic circular muscle

Morphological and electrophysiological experiments were performed to characterize the pacemaker areas of the circular muscle in the canine proximal colon. Morphological studies showed interstitial cells of Cajal lining the submucosal surface of the circular layer and the septal structures that separate the circular layer into bundles. Electrical measurements suggested that slow waves may propagate into the thickness of the circular muscle in a regenerative manner along the surface of these septa. Removal of the submucosal pacemaker region blocked generation of slow waves in nonseptal regions of the circular muscle, but slow-wave activity continued in the circular muscle near septa. These data suggest that slow-wave pacemaker activity is not limited to a two-dimensional surface at the submucosal surface but extends into the interior of the circular layer along septal invaginations. Experiments were also performed to determine the dominance of pacemaker activity (i.e., septal vs. submucosal), and examples were found in which both areas appeared to initiate slow waves in intact muscles. Other studies showed that slow waves could propagate across septa, suggesting some form of electrical coupling between circular muscle bundles. This study provides a more complete view of the structure and function of pacemaker areas in the canine proximal colon.
We Free Singers Be: Poetry of Etheridge Knight

IN OUR TIME, creative energy flows to the vernacular while it carries mental complexity and psychological tension. The Croatian machinist, Irish artisan, Norwegian farmer, the Amerindian and Afro-American, the seamstress, the blacksmith, and the logger have colorful, dynamic verbal patterns, but their real interest, I suspect, to literary figures, is as a refuge from the over-refinement of an urban literary culture rather than because of their innate, specialized speech. Love my language, love me. Is the literary world better or worse because no one writes creatively in Latin? The Roman Empire is out; it's the Etruscans we adore. "Le style c'est l'homme m?me." You are what you write. "L'homme est le mot." "Great" literature fuses style and content. Writers trying to resuscitate a style after its time is up have a ludicrous appeal. This didn't keep poets for two hundred years from imitating Shakespeare's blank verse.
Induction of VEGF expression in monocytes by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl phosphate via PI3Kgamma/Akt and hTAP1/SEC14L2-mediated lipid exchange (1000.1)

In several studies, vitamin E has been observed to influence angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. We recently observed that the phosphorylated form of α-tocopherol (αT), α-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), increases the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which may stimulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis and enhance the survival of cells. Here we investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms by which αTP induces VEGF expression using cultured THP-1 monocytes and HEK293 cells as model systems. αT and more so αTP increased VEGF-promoter activity in a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) -dependent manner. In contrast, after over-expression of PI3Kγ and/or Akt, VEGF promoter activity is inhibited by αT and more so by αTP. PI3Kγ-induced VEGF expression was reduced when the human tocopherol associated protein 1 (hTAP1/SEC14L2) was over-expressed, that could be reverted by αT and more so by αTP. Recombinant hTAP1/hSEC14L2 binds both αT and αTP and reduces the in vitro activity of the P...
Physical similarity and twin resemblance for eating attitudes and behaviors: A test of the Equal Environments Assumption

The Equal Environments Assumption (EEA) in twin studies of eating pathology was investigated by examining the hypothesis that twin resemblance for eating attitudes and behaviors is affected by their degree of physical similarity. Eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed in 338 female adolescent twin pairs with a revised version of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). General physical similarity as well as body size/shape similarity were assessed using ratings of color photographs, ratings of body shape, and body mass index. All physical similarity assessments were conducted blind to twin zygosity. Significant associations between physical similarity and twin similarity for eating attitudes and behaviors were not found. Mean EDI within-twin pair absolute difference scores did not differ significantly among more versus less physically-similar groups. Additionally, correlation and regression analyses failed to find a significant association between EDI absolute difference scores and physical similarity indices. The current findings provide support for the EEA in twin studies of eating attitudes and behaviors.