cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone

The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels is significantly altering the carbon cycle by adding to the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and in the more rapidly interacting portions of the biosphere and oceans. In order better to assess these changes, the basis for calculating global CO 2 emissions is reviewed and new annual values are computed for the period 1800 through 1969. The world average fractions of carbon in coal and lignite, estimated from calorific data, are found to be lower than previously assumed. When account is taken of handling losses and partial diversion to produce petrochemicals, road asphalt, and other non-fuels, the calculated CO 2 emissions are further reduced by several percent even after allowing that most unburned materials eventually oxidize to CO 2 in the environment. On the other hand, the production of CO 2 by kilning of limestone adds 1 to 2% to the annual totals. The cumulative increase in carbon in the short term carbon cycle, owing to man's industrial and domestic activities up to 1970, is estimated to be 1.12 + 0.14 times 10 17 g (4.1 + 0.5 times 10 17 g CO 2 ), or about 18% of the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere during the late nineteenth century. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb01604.x
Modulation of hypothalamic neuronal activity through a novel G-protein-coupled estrogen membrane receptor

Estrogens are involved in the hypothalamic control of multiple homeostatic functions including reproduction, stress responses, energy metabolism, sleep cycles, temperature regulation and motivated behaviors. The actions of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in the brain have been attributed to the activation of estrogen receptors alpha and beta, as well as G-protein-coupled or other membrane-associated estrogen receptors. Recently, we have identified a putative membrane-associated estrogen receptor that is coupled to desensitization of GABA(B) receptors in guinea pig and mouse hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. We have synthesized a new nonsteroidal compound, STX, which selectively targets the Galphaq-coupled phospholipase C-protein kinase C-protein kinase A pathway, and have established that STX is more potent than E(2) in mediating this desensitization in an ICI 182,780-sensitive manner in both guinea pig and mouse neurons. Both E(2) and STX are fully efficacious in estrogen receptor alpha, beta knock-out mice. Finally, we observed that the putative membrane-associated estrogen receptor is different from GPR30 in arcuate neurons using whole-cell patch recording in hypothalamic slices from GPR30 knock-out mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the mER is distinct from ERalpha, ERbeta or GPR30.
Recommended terminology for researchers in locomotion and biomechanics of quadrupedal animals.

This paper summarizes recommendations for terminology to be used in the description of quadrupedal locomotion and selected aspects of biomechanics. Directional terms and planes of the body (anatomical position, spatial reference systems), joint angulation, conformation, general locomotion terminology, phases of the stride and limb cycle (e.g. step, cadence) and terminology for the description of jumping are described.
Psychological interventions for arthritis pain management in adults: a meta-analysis

Context The psychosocial impact of arthritis can be profound. There is growing interest in psychosocial interventions for managing pain and disability in arthritis patients. Objective This meta-analysis reports on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for arthritis pain and disability. Data sources Articles evaluating psychosocial interventions for arthritis were identified through Cochrane Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid PsycINFO data sources. Study selection Randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of psychosocial interventions in arthritis pain management were reviewed. Data extraction Twenty-seven randomized controlled trials were analyzed. Pain intensity was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included psychological, physical, and biological functioning. Data synthesis An overall effect size of 0.177 (95% CI=0.256-0.094) indicated that patients receiving psychosocial interventions reported significantly lower pain than patients in control conditions (combined p=.01). Meta-analyses also supported the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for the secondary outcomes. Conclusions These findings indicate that psychosocial interventions may have significant effects on pain and other outcomes in arthritis patients. Ample evidence for the additional benefit of such interventions over and above that of standard medical care was found.
Proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem based on the N-qubit Pauli group

We present a number of observables-based proofs of the Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem based on the $N$-qubit Pauli group for $N\ensuremath{\ge}4$, thus adding to the proofs that have been presented earlier for the 2- and 3-qubit groups. These proofs have the attractive feature that they can be presented in the form of diagrams from which they are obvious by inspection. They are also irreducible in the sense that they cannot be reduced to smaller proofs by ignoring some subset of qubits and/or observables in them. A simple algorithm is given for transforming any observables-based KS proof into a large number of projectors-based KS proofs; if the observables-based proof has $O$ observables, with each observable occurring in exactly two commuting sets and any two commuting sets having at most one observable in common, the number of associated projectors-based parity proofs is 2${}^{O}$. We introduce symbols for the observables- and projectors-based KS proofs that capture their important features and also convey a feeling for the enormous variety of both these types of proofs within the $N$-qubit Pauli group. We discuss an infinite family of observables-based proofs, whose members include all numbers of qubits from 2 up, and show how it can be used to generate projectors-based KS proofs involving only 9 bases (or experimental contexts) in any dimension of the form ${2}^{N}$ for $N\ensuremath{\ge}2$. Some implications of our results are discussed.
The Problem of Zombification of the Postcommunist Necroeconomy

Among the numerous problems caused by the current global financial crisis, one can single out attacks on the economy by zombie-firms on a global scale. Several recent publications have been devoted to this new sphere of economics, known as “zombie-nomics.” Zombification of the economy creates additional threats for postcommunist states, which for the most part still lag behind Western market economic models. The author's goal is to set out the main reasons why postcommunist countries might suffer more than developed countries from the consequences of zombification of their economies. The author suggests some measures that are essential for the first group of countries, especially during the postcrisis period.
Electrically Addressable Hybrid Architectures of Zinc Oxide Nanowires Grown on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

The fabrication and characterization of hybrid architectures of ZnO nanowires (ZNWs) grown on organized carbon nanotubes (CNTs), by a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process involving CNT growth from a hydrocarbon source followed by ZNW growth using a Zn metal source, is reported. The ZNWs grow uniformly and radially from individual CNTs and CNT bundles, and the aligned morphology of the CNTs is not disturbed by the ZNW growth process. The nucleation and growth of ZnO crystals on CNTs are analyzed in relation to the classical vapor–solid mechanism. Importantly, the CNTs make uniform and distributed electrical contact to the ZNWs, with up to a 1000-fold yield advantage over conventional ZNW growth on a flat substrate. Hybrid ZNW/CNT sheets are fabricated by scalable CVD, rolling, and printing methods; and their electrical properties, which are governed by transport through the anisotropic CNT network, are characterized. Functional interaction between the ZNWs and CNTs is demonstrated by photoconductive behavior and photocurrent generation of the hybrid material under UV illumination. There is significant future opportunity to extend these processing methods to fabricate other functional oxides on CNTs, and to build devices that harness the attractive properties of ZNWs and CNTs with high volumetric efficiency over large areas.
Diffraction from a sequence of apertures and disks

A simple expression is given for the power diffracted from a sequence of circular apertures and disks. The result is derived by use of the geometrical theory of diffraction, and is thus asymptotically correct in the short-wavelength limit. Several applications to the baffling of optical instruments are presented. An alternate approach based on the Huygens principle is also outlined and compared with the geometrical theory of diffraction.
Characterization of a Life-Extending Mutation in age-2, a New Aging Gene in Caenorhabditis elegans

We have generated a life-extending mutation, yw23, in Caenorhabditis elegans. The mutation is in what appears to be a new aging gene, which we have designated age-2. When homozygous, yw23 produces an increase of mean and maximum life span of about 20% over that of the wild-type strain, N2. Strain HG23 [age-2(yw23)] was obtained by screening for longer life spans among 430 lines of nematodes two generations after exposure to the mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate. Strain HG231 [age-2(yw23)] was obtained after a single out-crossing of HG23 to N2. When compared with N2, HG231 exhibits normal motility, slightly higher swimming rates, reduced fertility (especially at higher temperatures), somewhat longer development times, and a slightly larger size at the time of first egg laying. A Gompertz analysis suggests that HG231 extends life span by reducing the initial mortality rate. In genetic crosses, yw23 complements other known aging mutants in C. elegans genes-age-1, daf-2, spe-26, clk-1, clk-2, clk-3, and gro-1. A double-mutant strain, HG284, combining mutations in age-1 and age-2, lives longer than animals with individual mutations in either age-1 or age-2, and exhibits a longer life span at 25 degrees C than at 20 degrees C.
Recent progress in soft lithography

The future of nanoscience and nanotechnology depends critically on techniques for micro- and nanofabrication. An emerging set of methods, known collectively as soft lithography, uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks for patterning two- and three-dimensional structures with minimum feature sizes deep into the nanometer regime. The powerful patterning capabilities of these techniques together with their experimental simplicity make them useful for a wide range of applications. This article reviews recent progress in the field of soft lithography, with a focus on trends in research and steps toward commercialization.
Effect of indomethacin on gallbladder inflammation and contractility during acute cholecystitis.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to determine whether the prostaglandin synthase inhibitor indomethacin reverses the inflammation and abnormal gallbladder contractility that occur after common bile duct ligation (CBDL), a model of acute cholecystitis. Methods. Gallbladder muscle contractility was studied in vitro in normal, CBDL, and sham-operated guinea pigs. Animals were treated with saline or indomethacin in vivo. Acetylcholine (ACh) was used to directly contract the muscle and electric field stimulation (EFS) to activate intrinsic nerves. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of muscle strips were scored for inflammation. Results. CBDL in saline-treated animals increased the inflammation score and decreased gallbladder muscle contractility to ACh and EFS. Indomethacin decreased the inflammation score and partly reversed the smooth muscle contractile response to ACh 6 and 24 h after CBDL, but not at 48 h. Indomethacin did not reverse the CBDL-induced decrease in nerve-evoked contractions. Conclusion. Gallbladder inflammation and contractile dysfunction after CBDL are partly reversed with indomethacin at 6 and 24 h, but not at 48 h. This suggests that, early in the course of CBDL, the inflammation and contractile dysfunction are, in part, prostaglandin-mediated.
Molecular analysis of beta-lactamase structure and function.

The extensive and sometimes irresponsible use of beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical and agricultural settings has contributed to the emergence and widespread dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteria have evolved three strategies to escape the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics: 1) alteration of the target site (e.g. penicillin-binding protein (PBPs), 2) reduction of drug permeation across the bacterial membrane (e.g. efflux pumps) and 3) production of beta-lactamase enzymes. The beta-lactamase enzymes inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing the peptide bond of the characteristic four-membered beta-lactam ring rendering the antibiotic ineffective. The inactivation of the antibiotic provides resistance to the bacterium. Currently, there are over 300 beta-lactamase enzymes described for which numerous kinetic, structural, computational and mutagenesis studies have been performed. In this review, we discuss the recent work performed on the four different classes (A, B, C, and D) of beta-lactamases. These investigative advances further expand our knowledge about these complex enzymes, and hopefully, will provide us with additional tools to develop new inhibitors and antibiotics based on structural and rational designs.
Dual camera system for acquisition of high resolution images

Video surveillance is ubiquitous in modern society, but surveillance cameras are severely limited in utility by their low resolution. With this in mind, we have developed a system that can autonomously take high resolution still frame images of moving objects. In order to do this, we combine a low resolution video camera and a high resolution still frame camera mounted on a pan/tilt mount. In order to determine what should be photographed (objects of interest), we employ a hierarchical method which first separates foreground from background using a temporal-based median filtering technique. We then use a feed-forward neural network classifier on the foreground regions to determine whether the regions contain the objects of interest. This is done over several frames, and a motion vector is deduced for the object. The pan/tilt mount then focuses the high resolution camera on the next predicted location of the object, and an image is acquired. All components are controlled through a single MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI). The final system we present will be able to detect multiple moving objects simultaneously, track them, and acquire high resolution images of them. Results will demonstrate performance tracking and imaging varying numbers of objects moving at different speeds.
Dynamics of uterine diameter and endometrial morphology during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in mares

Abstract Transrectal ultrasonography was used in mares to characterize changes in uterine size and endometrial echotexture during the interovulatory interval (Experiment 1; n = 15 interovulatory intervals) and early pregnancy (Experiment 2; n =6). Uterine horn diameters were measured at specific locations which were identified by surgically attached, hyperechogenic markers. Ultrasonic endometrial echotexture was scored on a scale of one to tour based on the degree of endometrial folding (one is minimal; four is maximal). In Experiment 1, the mean length of the interovulatory interval was 23 days. Mean uterine horn diameter (mm) averaged over both horns in nonbred mares was greater ( P P P P P P P P P P P r = 0.75; pregnant, r = 0.31). There was also an inverse temporal relationship between observed changes in uterine diameter and reported changes in uterine tone for nonbred and pregnant mares.
General Anesthetics in Brain Injury: Friends or Foes?

General anesthesia-induced pharmacological protection of the central nervous system following injury has been under intense investigations during the past four decades. Indeed, if general anesthetics could provide therapeutic benefit in the event of hypoxia, ischemia or any other kinds of brain lesions, that would be of tremendous clinical importance. The potential for anesthesia-related brain protection, however, has been seriously challenged during the past 10 years. In fact, an increasing number of experimental and, more recently, clinical observations suggest that general anesthetics might exert unwanted, toxic effects on the brain especially when administered to young infants or to the elderly. Of utmost importance, recent data suggest that these same drugs could even have therapeutic effects in some psychiatric disorders. The goal of this review is to highlight these apparent contradictions. We will consider the available experimental evidence arguing for anesthetic-induced neuroprotection and highlight the lack of clinical studies supporting this notion. The biological rational for anesthesia neurotoxicity will then be explored together with existing experimental and clinical evidence in favor of this possibility. Finally, insights into the increasing number of both experimental and clinical data suggesting that general anesthetics, especially ketamine, support the therapeutic value of these drugs in major depressive disorders. When taken together, these seemingly contradictory observations suggest the intriguing possibility that general anesthetics could stand as valuable context-dependent modulators of neural plasticity.
Instability of projection bodies

This work is motivated by the stability problem for projection bodies of centrally symmetric convex bodies. The problem asks whether the closeness of two projection bodies implies closeness of the original bodies. Here we will give a negative answer and, in fact, work in a setting rather more general than that of the original problem.
Upward ‘falling’ jets and surface tension

According to the simple hydraulic theory of jets, each particle of a jet moves independently along a parabolic trajectory. Therefore a steady jet has a parabolic shape. We wish to consider how these results are modified by surface tension. For simplicity we will consider a two-dimensional jet of incompressible fluid.
Team conflict in ICT-rich environments: Roles of technologies in conflict management

This study looks at how an information and communication technologies (ICT)-rich environment impacts team conflict and conflict management strategies. A case study research method was used. Three teams, part of a graduate class in instructional design, participated in the study. Data were collected through observations of team meetings, interviews with individual members, plus analysis of electronic documents exchanged among team members. Findings indicate that all teams experienced conflict at some level and that conflict management strategies evolved over time. ICT played a dual role in the conflict management of teams. These technologies seemed to facilitate conflict management by offering a formal means of communication, by making communication more effective with minimal waste or unnecessary effort, and by creating opportunities for more thoughtful reactions, with chances for reflection on the content. However, ICT also aggravated conflict, specifically when strategies for use were imposed, when team members became blunt and forthright, and when misinterpretations occurred because of differing senses of urgency in replying to emails.
A simian varicella virus (SVV) homolog to varicella-zoster virus gene 21 is expressed in monkey ganglia latently infected with SVV.

We have sequenced a simian varicella virus (SVV) open reading frame (ORF), 3,123 bp in length, whose product has 51% amino acid homology with the sequence encoded by the ORF of varicella-zoster virus gene 21. Several regions are highly conserved between the two ORFs, with homologies of ;80%. The SVV gene is transcribedintissueculturecellsproductivelyinfectedwithSVVandinmonkeyganglialatentlyinfectedwithSVV.
Transforming Mental Models on Emerging Markets

Economic growth in the Western world increasingly depends on meaningful engagement with emerging markets, such as Brazil, China, India, South Africa, and Turkey. Business schools are responding in their research and curriculums with increased attention to these markets. However, to understand and leverage these opportunities for teaching and learning, it is apparent that students and executives require a major transformation of their mental models, not simply incremental adjustments or extensions. Institutional economics can help prospective and established managers recognize the role of formal and informal institutions and enable them to work around the “institutional voids” in emerging markets (Khanna & Palepu, 2010). We draw on this framework to identify critical shifts in mental models required for managing effectively in emerging markets and suggest core elements of the management learning process required to accomplish such a change.
A linear solvation energy relationship model of organic chemical partitioning to dissolved organic carbon

Predicting the association of contaminants with both particulate and dissolved organic matter is critical in determining the fate and bioavailability of chemicals in environmental risk assessment. To date, the association of a contaminant to particulate organic matter is considered in many multimedia transport models, but the effect of dissolved organic matter is typically ignored due to a lack of either reliable models or experimental data. The partition coefficient to dissolved organic carbon (KDOC) may be used to estimate the fraction of a contaminant that is associated with dissolved organic matter. Models relating KDOC to the octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW) have not been successful for many types of dissolved organic carbon in the environment. Instead, linear solvation energy relationships are proposed to model the association of chemicals with dissolved organic matter. However, more chemically diverse KDOC data are needed to produce a more robust model. For humic acid dissolved organic carbon, the linear solvation energy relationship predicts log KDOC with a root mean square error of 0.43. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2023–2029. © 2011 SETAC
Mapping cortical anatomy in preschool aged children with autism using surface-based morphometry

The challenges of gathering in-vivo measures of brain anatomy from young children have limited the number of independent studies examining neuroanatomical differences between children with autism and typically developing controls (TDCs) during early life, and almost all studies in this critical developmental window focus on global or lobar measures of brain volume. Using a novel cohort of young males with Autistic Disorder and TDCs aged 2 to 5 years, we (i) tested for group differences in traditional measures of global anatomy (total brain, total white, total gray and total cortical volume), and (ii) employed surface-based methods for cortical morphometry to directly measure the two biologically distinct sub-components of cortical volume (CV) at high spatial resolution—cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). While measures of global brain anatomy did not show statistically significant group differences, children with autism showed focal, and CT-specific anatomical disruptions compared to TDCs, consisting of relative cortical thickening in regions with central roles in behavioral regulation, and the processing of language, biological movement and social information. Our findings demonstrate the focal nature of brain involvement in early autism, and provide more spatially and morphometrically specific anatomical phenotypes for subsequent translational study.
Microscopic neuroblastoma in a fetus with a de novo unbalanced translocation 3;10.

We report on a fetus with a de novo unbalanced translocation 3;10 and a microscopic neuroblastoma. The fetus had the kary-otypic and phenotypic manifestations of partial dup (3q). The finding of a constitutional chromosomal abnormality and a microscopic neuroblastoma, although possibly coincidental, supports Knudson's two hit hypothesis for development of neuroblastomas and other embryonal tumors. In this case the first mutation is represented by the constitutional abnormality, possibly resulting in the microscopic neuroblastoma. A second mutation affecting the abnormal cells, which may be more prone to mutagenesis, may trigger a neuroblastoma. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TFIIH and P-TEFb Coordinate Transcription with Capping Enzyme Recruitment at Specific Genes in Fission Yeast

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are subunits of transcription factor (TF) IIH and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). To define their functions, we mutated the TFIIH-associated kinase Mcs6 and P-TEFb homologs Cdk9 and Lsk1 of fission yeast, making them sensitive to inhibition by bulky purine analogs. Selective inhibition of Mcs6 or Cdk9 blocks cell division, alters RNA polymerase (Pol) II carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation, and represses specific, overlapping subsets of transcripts. At a common target gene, both CDKs must be active for normal Pol II occupancy, and Spt5-a CDK substrate and regulator of elongation-accumulates disproportionately to Pol II when either kinase is inhibited. In contrast, Mcs6 activity is sufficient-and necessary-to recruit the Cdk9/Pcm1 (mRNA cap methyltransferase) complex. In vitro, phosphorylation of the CTD by Mcs6 stimulates subsequent phosphorylation by Cdk9. We propose that TFIIH primes the CTD and promotes recruitment of P-TEFb/Pcm1, serving to couple elongation and capping of select pre-mRNAs.
Computationally efficient simulation of a lossy transmission line with skin effect by using numerical inversion of Laplace transform

Two computationally efficient methods for simulating a lossy transmission line are developed. The lossy transmission line is represented as a two-port network consisting of characteristic impedances and waveform generators. Equivalent circuits are synthesized for the characteristic impedances, and the values of the waveform generators are computed by performing convolution integrals. Simulated annealing is used for optimal synthesis of the characteristic impedances. To evaluate the convolution integrals, two different methods were devised. One uses the impulse response of the exponential propagation function H(s), while the other utilizes the unit step response of the same function. The first method can be applied to simulation of a general RLCG transmission line. The second, which utilizes a numerical technique, is well suited for simulating a lossy transmission line with or without skin effect. Both methods improve the previous art by a factor of two or more in terms of the computation time. >
Engineering MEMS Resonators With Low Thermoelastic Damping

This paper presents two approaches to analyzing and calculating thermoelastic damping in micromechanical resonators. The first approach solves the fully coupled thermomechanical equations that capture the physics of thermoelastic damping in both two and three dimensions for arbitrary structures. The second approach uses the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the uncoupled thermal and mechanical dynamics equations to calculate damping. We demonstrate the use of the latter approach to identify the thermal modes that contribute most to damping, and present an example that illustrates how this information may be used to design devices with higher quality factors. Both approaches are numerically implemented using a finite-element solver (Comsol Multiphysics). We calculate damping in typical micromechanical resonator structures using Comsol Multiphysics and compare the results with experimental data reported in literature for these devices
How Different is Qualitative Health Research From Qualitative Research? Do We Have a Subdiscipline?

Here, I compare the content, characteristics of participants, and the methods used in qualitative health research with qualitative inquiry in general. Special problems that occur when conducting research in an institution, with the emotional content when participants are ill, in pain, or dying, will be discussed. What concerns for the investigator, for the researcher as a person, and methodological quandaries occur? The bottom line is: Do we have a subdiscipline? Is there a need for a special forum for those practicing qualitative health/illness research?
Apotemnophilia or Body Integrity Identity Disorder: A Case Report Review

Apotemnophilia or body integrity identity disorder (BIID) denotes a syndrome in which a person is preoccupied with the desire to amputate a healthy limb. In this report, we review the available cas...
Application of a 14 MeV Neutron Source to the Detection of Special Nuclear Material Diversion

Some special nuclear material (SNM) is seriously vulnerable to diversion if currently used safeguards methods are applied to an unattended material/equipment pass-through. Without visual inspection, radiation shielding can be used to defeat direct detection of characteristic 235U radiation. Plutonium-239 is much less vulnerable to concealment by radiation shielding due to the prompt radiation from 240Pu which accompanies 239Pu in small amounts. An active neutron technique can be used to combine direct SNM detection and neutron shield detection to limit the amount of shielding to conceal SNM. While this technique is not presently adequate to meet the desired SNM detection threshold of 20g, an additional detection option of neutron capture gamma-ray spectroscopy is being studied.
Shift-connected SIMD array architectures for digital optical computing systems, with algorithms for numerical transforms and partial differential equations.

The potential and promise of very high-performance spatial light modulators (SLMs) capable of performing logic operations have motivated the investigation of digital computing systems that possess many desirable attributes of optical systems, namely, massive parallelism, global communication at high bandwidths, high reliability, many useful degrees of freedom, robustness in the presence of defects, and simplicity. The parallelism of easily realizable optical single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) arrays makes them a natural choice for implementation of highly structured algorithms for the numerical solution of multidimensional partial differential equations and the computation of fast numerical transforms. A system comprising several SLMs, an optical read/write memory, and a functional block to perform simple, space-invariant shifts on images has enough flexibility to implement the fastest known methods for partial differential equations (e.g., multilevel methods) as well as a wide variety of numerical transforms (e.g., FFT, Walsh-Hadamard transform, rapid transform) in two or more dimensions and using either fixed or floating-point arithmetic. Performance is projected at >109 floating-point operations/s using SLMs with 1000 × 1000 resolution operating at 1-MHz frame rates.
The CLAPPER: a dual-drive mobile robot with internal correction of dead-reckoning errors

Presents a new approach to accurate and reliable dead-reckoning with mobile robots. The approach makes use of special properties of the author's multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) mobile platform, in which two differential-drive mobile robots (called "trucks") are physically connected through a compliant linkage. Using one linear and two rotary encoders, the system can measure the relative distance and bearing between the two trucks. During operation, both trucks perform conventional dead-reckoning with their wheel encoders, but, in addition, use information about their relative position to correct dead-reckoning errors. The author's system, called Compliant Linkage Autonomous Platform with Position Error Recovery (CLAPPER), requires neither external references (such as navigation beacons, artificial landmarks, known floorplans, or satellite signals), nor inertial navigation aids (such as accelerometers or gyros). Nonetheless, the experimental results included in this paper show one to two orders of magnitude better positioning accuracy than systems based on conventional dead-reckoning. >
Second Intermediate Host-Specificity of Haematoloechus complexus and Haematoloechus medioplexus (Digenea: Haematoloechidae)

Second intermediate host-specificity was examined for 2 species of the frog lung fluke genus Haematolechus. Nine species of freshwater arthropods were exposed to cercariae of H. complexus and H. medioplexus. Metacercariae of H. complexus developed in all arthropod species used. Metacercariae of H. medioplexus developed only in anisopteran odonate naiads. This difference in host utilization may have epizootiological implications. The potential development of H. complexus in a greater number of arthropods than H. medioplexus may increase the chances of ingestion of H. complexus by an anuran host. The range of arthropods parasitized by H. complexus indicates that host-specificity of the metacercarial stage of this fluke is not restricted by the phylogeny of aquatic arthropods.
The reaction of para-tolydiazonium tetrafluoroborate with bis (dinitrogen)-bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)molybdenum

Abstract Reactions of para-tolyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate with trans-Mo(N 2 ) 2 (dppe) 2 (where dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino ethane) result in the oxidation of the molybdenum complex with complete loss of dinitrogen. A similar reaction occurs with MoBr(N 2 )(dppe) 2 .
A Sanctuary for Science: The Hastings Natural History Reservation and the Origins of the University of California’s Natural Reserve System

In 1937 Joseph Grinnell founded the University of California’s (U.C.) first biological field station, the Hastings Natural History Reservation. Hastings became a center for field biology on the West Coast, and by 1960 it was serving as a model for the creation of additional U.C. reserves. Today, the U.C. Natural Reserve System (NRS) is the largest and most diverse network of university-based biological field stations in the world, with 36 sites covering more than 135,000 acres. This essay examines the founding of the Hastings Reservation, and asks how it managed to grow and develop, in the 1940s and 1950s, during a time of declining support for natural history research. It shows how faculty and staff courted the support of key institutional allies, presented themselves as the guardians of a venerable tradition in nature study, and emphasized the station’s capacity to document ecological change and inform environmental policy and management. In the years since, Hastings and other U.C. reserves have played crucial roles in California environmental politics. Biological field stations in the post-war era deserve more attention not only from historians of biology, but also from environmental historians and other scholars interested in the role of science in society.
Challenges in the Treatment of Older Breast Cancer Patients

As the population ages, oncologists will be faced with managing an exploding number of older patients with breast cancer. The primary challenge of caring for older cancer patients is providing treatment options that maximize long-term survival while accounting for comorbidities, life expectancy, and effects of treatment. There is a paucity of data from trials on the risks and benefits of effective treatments in elderly breast cancer patients. This article discusses how to evaluate older breast cancer patients and provides guidelines for optimal therapies in the adjuvant and metastatic treatment settings.
Long-delay learning in intraoral conditioned taste aversion

The cardinal feature of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning is the ability of animals to associate the taste or flavor of a food (the conditioned stimulus; CS) with a subsequent toxic effect (unconditioned stimulus; US), even if the toxicity occurs hours later, i.e. after a long delay. Two experiments were conducted which took advantage of the stimulus control afforded by intraoral catheterization to establish the parameters of long-delay learning in intraoral CTA. First, to determine the range of CS-US intervals which supports intraoral conditioning, rats received infusions of 5% sucrose paired with LiCl (76 mg/kg, ip) across a range of delays (0-6 h). Second, to determine the interaction of US dose and delay, rats were conditioned with sucrose paired with different doses of LiCl (19, 38 or 76 mg/kg) at several CS-US intervals (0, 10, or 60 min). Conditioning, assessed during a second infusion of sucrose at 48 h post-conditioning, was optimal at 10 min (although not significantly different at intervals between 0 and 60 min). Effectiveness declined at longer delays, such that CTA was not supported at intervals of 3h or greater. The dose-interval function suggested that an increased US can compensate for a longer CS-US interval. Low doses of LiCl induced a long-term CTA at 0-min (19 and 38 mg/kg) or 10-min delays (38 mg/kg), but were not sufficient to induce CTA at longer delays, which required the highest dose (76 mg/kg).
Fuzzyism and Real World Problems

Zadeh’s principle of incompatability states that, “In general, complexity and precision bear an inverse relation to one another in the sense that, as the complexity of a problem increases, the possibility of analyzing it in precise terms diminishes. Thus ‘fuzzy thinking’ may not be deplorable, after all, if it makes possible the solution of problems which are much too complex for precise analysis.”
Juvenile Delinquents: “Sick” or “Bad”?

in agencies concerned with juvenile delin quents is frequently asked the question, "Is this child mentally ill—is he sick?" The question implies that if he is seen as being ill he belongs in a special class necessitating disposition and treatment entirely different from that utilized in the customary ap proach to delinquency. A dichotomy is then set up creating constant conflict in the minds of many workers as to whether the clients they deal with are "bad" or "sick." The writer contends that this question is meaningless and that this kind of schizo phrenic thinking has led to serious diffi culties in understanding and treating the delinquent. Consider the concept that states: "Delin quents behave the way they do because they are bad. They do the things they do because they wish to do them. They should be taught to do right." The word "bad" in this connotation is a completely moral istic term. What is being said, in effect, is that when a child is not conforming to cer tain moral standards currently operative in society he is bad. He is doing disturbing things, interfering with the smooth running of society, at times even enraging society. In the sense then that every delinquent in some way imposes his behavior on society's sense of order and its moral codes, he is behaving in a "bad" way. Thus, the ques tion of whether a delinquent is bad is mean ingless—in terms of society's standards his
Ceria-Based Catalysts for Low Temperature NO x Storage and Release

CeO2 promoted with either 1 wt% Pt or 1 wt% Pd was evaluated as a model system for passive NO x adsorber applications. According to NO x storage experiments conducted over the temperature range 80–160 °C, promotion with Pt resulted in higher NO x storage efficiencies than for the Pd-promoted material. However, for NO x storage at 80 and 120 °C, the latter released more NO x below 350 °C during temperature-programmed desorption in relative and absolute terms, the Pt analog releasing most of its stored NO x above 350 °C. DRIFT spectra showed that the use of Pd leads to preferential adsorption of NO x in the form of nitrites, while predominately nitrate formation is observed over the Pt promoted material. Overall, the use of Pd promoted CeO2 is preferred for low temperature NO x storage and release due to its ability to store NO x as thermally labile nitrites.
On the Ecology of Herpotrichia Nigra

In the course of a general investigation of the fungi living in extreme environments new information was obtained on Herpotrichia nigra Hartig.2 This fungus is commonly referred to as brown felt blight or snow mold. The following observations are presented as contributions to our knowledge of the ecological life cycle of the fungus. Hartig (1888a), in his original description of H. nigra, called it a parasite of Picea excelsa, Pinus montana, Juniperus communis and Juniperus nana. In a subsequent paper (1888b) Hartig compared H. nigra with Trichosphaeria parasitica, a parasite of silver fir. Weir (1915) extended the host range of the brown felt blight to include the New World spruces and firs. Hedgcock (1932) also listed spruces, firs and junipers as hosts, and restricted infection of Pinus to the related species, Neopeckia coulteri (Peck) Sacc. Gaumann et al. (1934) on the other hand, were able to grow H. nigra on a malt agar medium and succeeded in causing infection of certain species of Pinus under laboratory conditions. Later (1943), H. nigra was reported from Colorado by Shope as a parasite of all species of conifers at higher elevations. Sturgis (1913) and Savulescu and Rayss (1928) compared the morphology of H. nigra with that of N. coulteri. Mytilidion fusisporium (Cooke) Sacc. was noted by Seaver (1915) as a fungus often growing in association with H. nigra. Weir (1915) reported seeing forests in the Pacific Northwest so badly infected with Herpotrichia that the trees appeared ragged. Evidently the fungus can be a serious pest of spruce seedlings being grown in high-altitude nurseries (Zobrist, 1950). In the study area under consideration, however, Herpotrichia produced a relatively benign and localized infection that apparently did little harm to the host trees. In
Physical Evidence of a Plasmid in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae started with type 1 colonies were examined for the presence of plasmids. The cells were grown in a biphasic system containing 8-14C-adenine, then lysed. After most of the chromosomal DNA was removed by centrifugation, the remaining lysate was added to an ethidium bromide-cesium chloride solution and centrifuged to a density equilibrium. Fractions were collected and counted. A peak of radioactivity was observed in the denser fractions (30-40) that contain the covalently closed, circular DNA plasmid molecules. Treatment of the lysates with RNase removed some of the counts at the bottom of the gradient, but it had no apparent effect on the plasmid-containing fractions. The culturing, lysing, and labeling techniques described provide the means to investigate other isolates of N. gonorrhoeae for plasmids that may possess the genetic information for bacteriocinogeny and/or pili.
Induction of chondrogenesis: Requirement for synergistic interaction of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta

Interactions between the epithelial anlage of the developing mouse inner ear and its associated periotic mesenchyme control the differentiation of the cartilaginous otic capsule. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a naturally occurring signal peptide that is present in these tissues at times of active differentiation and morphogenesis. Previous studies have shown that TGF-beta 1 alone is not a sufficient stimulus to initiate chondrogenesis in cultured periotic mesenchyme. In this study, we provide evidence that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can elicit a specific but limited chondrogenic response in cultured periotic mesenchymal cells. We also demonstrate that simultaneous addition of bFGF and TGF-beta 1 to cultured periotic mesenchyme results in a full chondrogenic response comparable to that which occurs when periotic mesenchyme is grown in the presence of its natural inductor tissue (i.e. otic epithelium). Utilizing antibodies directed against bFGF, we show localization of endogenous bFGF in the otic epithelium in vivo and in mixed epithelial-mesenchymal cultures. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of FGF-like activity in medium conditioned by otic epithelium. Blocking of epithelial elicited chondrogenesis by a combination of both alpha bFGF and alpha TGF-beta 1 antibodies provides further evidence of the necessity for these growth factors in the chondrogenic differentiation of periotic mesenchyme in vitro. Our results suggest a role for both bFGF and TGF-beta 1 in the regulation of chondrogenesis during otic capsule formation in situ.
Noninvasive Methods to Assess Vascular Function and Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) carries significant morbidity and is the leading cause of death in the Western world (1). Direct visualization of the vascular system and assessment of its properties has been proposed as a reliable method to evaluate patients for the presence of atherosclerotic disease and to follow-up the effect of medical interventions and therapies. Moreover, evaluation of the vessels and their properties can enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying CVD and enable taking knowledgeable steps toward health maintenance and prevention. This chapter will summarize the main noninvasive methods currently used to assess the macrovascular system and its pathophysiology.
A house officer-sponsored quality improvement initiative: leadership lessons and liabilities.

Article-at-a-Glance Background House officers play an important role in the care of hospitalized patients, yet they are infrequent participants in quality improvement (Ql) activities. A grassroots Ql initiative among medical house officers was implemented at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's East Campus in Boston from 1995 through 1997. Findings A group of house officer volunteers completed five of nine projects, including a survey that demonstrated frequent failures of cardiac monitor-defibrillators in the emergency room. Reaching out to key administrators produced several quick fixes. Developing effective, ongoing partnerships with clinical departments and Ql professionals proved more problematic. Discussion Residency training programs that provide experience in Ql give house officers a potentially valuable skill and an additional means to improve the quality of patient care. Yet many obstacles work against house officers' participation in Ql initiatives, including long hours and the daily demands of patient care, rotating monthly assignments, and clinical leaders' assumption that they have little interest in Ql. The organizers of the officer problem-solving group overestimated the hospital resources at their disposal and failed to build mechanisms to ensure the initiative's continuation into its second year, when their own interest waned and no new group of leaders emerged to take their place. Conclusion House officers represent an underused resource for Ql. They are skilled at identifying problems but have difficulty executing sustained and complex Ql initiatives. Peer leadership is a potent means to mobilize resident-physician participation but may require faculty or staff involvement and support to guarantee its continuity.
Mobility support for differentiated services in next generation MPLS-based wireless networks

The rapid growth of wireless networks and services, integrated with the next-generation mobile communication systems, has led to the era of the pervasive computing. The popularity of the lightweight portable computers with the growing demands of transmitting real-time multimedia applications over the wireless Internet provides strong motivations to the service providers to support not only seamless user mobility, but also continuous and seamless service provisions to the customers. We propose a mobile differentiated services architecture for next generation wireless networks based on the hierarchical mobile MPLS (H-MPLS). We also propose an extension to the current H-MPLS protocol and make it applicable to our architecture. This mobile differentiated services mechanism is applied to satisfy the QoS requirements of mobile users who subscribe services in their home domain and move into some other foreign domains. Hence, the mobile users could enjoy the continuous services without worrying about where they are. A series of simulations, with multimedia applications like video and voice, were performed to evaluate the proposed system.