cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean stress effects in strain–life fatigue

A mean stress equation can be incorporated into the strain-life curve in a manner that is consistent with the stress-based use of the same equation. Doing so for the Walker mean stress relationship gives excellent results for a number of strain-life data sets with non-zero mean stresses, including data on steels, one titanium alloy and aluminium alloys. This approach has a number of advantages: All data at all mean stresses can be combined into a single fitting procedure to determine the constants for the stress-life curve, which values also apply to the elastic strain term of the strain-life curve. The Walker parameter γ that also arises from this fitting is related to the sensitivity of the material to mean stress, giving this approach a versatility that is not possessed by other common mean stress methods. Where non-zero mean stress data are not available to obtain γ from fitting, an equation based on existing fitted values can be used to make estimates for steels. For precipitation-hardened aluminium alloys in the 2000 and 7000 series, an estimate of γ = 0.5 may be applied, so that the method becomes similar to that of Smith, Watson and Topper. For other metals, a default estimate of γ = 0.5 is suggested. For life estimates using the strain-based approach, it is recommended that the Walker mean stress method, incorporated into the strain-life curve, should be employed as an alternative to other methods, or perhaps to even replace them entirely.
Affection and Trust: The Personal Correspondence of Harry S. Truman and Dean Acheson, 1953–1971. By Harry S. Truman and Dean Acheson. Edited by Ray Geselbracht and David C. Acheson . (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. Pp. xv, 343. $30.00.)

The Harry S. Truman Library Institute is to be commended for producing Affection and Trust: The Personal Correspondence of Harry S. Truman and Dean Acheson, 1953–1971. Some US presidents have had p...
The Western Sahara conflict: towards a constructivist approach to self-determination

Using the case of the Western Sahara conflict, the paper examines the challenge of identity and identity determinants within the self-determination discourse in international relations. This study subjects the theory of self-determination's classical and secessionist broad categories to a systematic analysis. The paper argues that the self-determination theory and practice are unable to account for the intricate nature of the conflict in the Western Sahara. In particular, the theory neglects the colonial legacy of the territory and fails to problematise the central issue of identity. These have contributed to the ensuing difficulty of identifying the indigenous peoples of the territory due to its emphasis on a positivist legal framework. Alternatively, the study suggests a constructivist approach to the study of identity and indigenousness in self-determination. The significance of this research lies in its ambitious attempt to enrich the debate on the self-determination from an international relations th...
Admissibility of Trajectories for Control Systems Related by Smooth Mappings

We examine the problem of relating a pair of nonlinear control systems by a smooth mapping between their state spaces that sends trajectories of one system onto trajectories of the other. This problem is fundamental to certain notions of hierarchical structure or state aggregation for control systems in which one wishes to relate a low-level, complex system, to a high-level, simpler system. Pappas, Lafferriere, and Sastry have recently introduced the concept of Φ-related systems (where Φ refers to the mapping between the systems’ state spaces) and have shown that this concept is equivalent to the property that Φ sends trajectories of one system onto trajectories of the other. However, this equivalence does not address any regularity properties of the controls (such as measurability or piecewise smoothness). Thus, in principle, one is not allowed to work with specified “admissible” classes of trajectories generated by corresponding classes of “admissible” controls. In this paper we identify several situations in which one can be assured that Φ-related systems do indeed send appropriately defined admissible trajectories of one system onto admissible trajectories of the other.
Evaluation of cold hardiness in two sets of near-isogenic lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with polymorphic vernalization alleles

In wheat, variation at the orthologus Vrn-1 loci, located on each of the three genomes, A, B and D, is responsible for vernalization response. A dominant Vrn-1a allele on any of the three wheat genomes results in spring habit and the presence of recessive Vrn-lh alleles on all three genomes results in winter habit. Two sets of near-isogenic lines (NILs) were evaluated for DNA polymorphisms at their Vrn-A1, B1 and Dl loci and for cold hardiness. Two winter wheat cultivars, 'Daws' and 'Wanser' were used as recurrent parents and 'Triple Dirk' NILs were used as donor parents for orthologous Vrn-1 alleles. The NILs were analysed using molecular markers specific for each allele. Only 26 of 32 'Daws' NILs and 23 of 32 'Wanser' NILs had a plant growth habit that corresponded to the marker genotype for the markers used. Freezing tests were conducted in growth chambers programmed to cool to -21.5°C. Relative area under the death progress curve (AUDPC), with a maximum value of 100 was used as a measure of death due to freezing. The average relative AUDPC of the spring habit 'Daws' Vrn-Ala NILs was 86.15; significantly greater than the corresponding winter habit 'Daws' Vrn-Alb NILs (42.98). In contrast, all the 'Daws' Vrn-AlhVrn-BlaVrn-D1b and Vrn-A1bVrn-B1bVrn-D1a NILs (spring habit) had relative AUDPC values equal to those of their 'Daws' sister genotypes with Vrn-A1bVrn-B1hVrn-D1b NILs (winter habit). The average AUDPC of spring and winter habit 'Wanser' NILs differed at all three Vrn-A1, Vrn-Bl and Vrn-Dl locus comparisons. We conclude that 'Daws' and 'Wanser' have different background genetic interactions with the Vrn-1 loci influencing cold hardiness. The marker for Vrn-A1 is diagnostic for growth habit and cold hardiness but there is no relationship between the Vrn-Bl and Vrn-Dl markers and the cold tolerance of the NILs used in this study.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes and predisposition to atherothrombotic disease; evidence that all three MTHFR C677T genotypes confer different levels of risk.

AIMS: Elevated plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor for atherothrombotic disease. Individuals homozygous for the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C allele exclusively accumulate 5methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor for homocysteine remethylation, in their red blood cells; this contrasts with 677 TT homozygotes who also accumulate significant levels of non-methylated folate derivatives. Those with the MTHFR 677 TT, CT and CC genotypes may therefore differ qualitatively with respect to folate utilization and hence their capacity to remethylate homocysteine. This study was consequently designed to establish whether all three genotypes confer different levels of atherothrombotic risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: The risk of atherothrombotic disease conferred by the MTHFR 677 CT and 677 CC genotypes was assessed using a 'restricted' meta-analysis approach applied to subjects from the first ten studies reporting a significantly increased risk conferred by the 677 TT genotype. The defined risk of the TT genotype in each of these ten studies was judged by us to denote 'genetic vulnerability' in the populations from which subjects were drawn. After proportional adjustment for the greater number of case TT homozygotes, the CT and CC frequencies observed in cases were compared with expectations based on the frequencies of these genotypes in controls. The observed CT frequency among cases was higher than expected in eight of the ten studies. In the meta-analysis, which included 1857 cases and 2942 controls, 847 (45.6%) cases, instead of the 777 (41.8%) expected, had the MTHFR CT genotype (P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the three MTHFR C677T genotypes confer different levels of atherothrombotic risk in 'genetically vulnerable' populations: CT heterozygotes have an elevated risk over CC homozygotes. One explanation is that the CT genotype actively confers atherothrombotic risk. An alternative interpretation however, for which a biologically plausible mechanism is proposed, is that CC is a protective genotype.
The influence of temperature and body size on duration of immobility in salamanders of the genus Desmognathus

Five of seven species (83.8% of the individuals) of the plethodontid salamander genus Desmognathus became immobile during field observations. Average immobility durations varied from 32-60 s for times < 180s (N= 281), with an additional 132 becoming immobile for longer than 180s. Air temperature was the only variable positively correlated with immobility duration, but it explained only a minute amount of observed variation. Only D. wrighti, the most terrestrial species, differed from other species in immobility duration. The postures of five species of immobile dusky salamanders were observed in the field. Salamanders generally assumed body positions classified as straight as opposed to coiled or contorted. There were no significant differences among species in posture frequency, nor were there significant differences in salamander length or immobility duration among posture categories. There are no specific immobility postures in Desmognathus that serve solely antipredator functions. Like woodland salamanders (Plethodon spp.), Desmognathus individuals remain immobile in the position in which they are encountered.
Group Device Pairing based Secure Sensor Association and Key Management for Body Area Networks

Body Area Networks (BAN) is a key enabling technology in E-healthcare such as remote health monitoring. An important security issue during bootstrap phase of the BAN is to securely associate a group of sensor nodes to a patient, and generate necessary secret keys to protect the subsequent wireless communications. Due to the the ad hoc nature of the BAN and the extreme resource constraints of sensor devices, providing secure, fast, efficient and user-friendly secure sensor association is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a lightweight scheme for secure sensor association and key management in BAN. A group of sensor nodes, having no prior shared secrets before they meet, establish initial trust through \textit{group device pairing} (GDP), which is an authenticated group key agreement protocol where the legitimacy of each member node can be visually verified by a human. Various kinds of secret keys can be generated on demand after deployment. The GDP supports batch deployment of sensor nodes to save setup time, does not rely on any additional hardware devices, and is mostly based on symmetric key cryptography, while allowing batch node addition and revocation. We implemented GDP on a sensor network testbed and evaluated its performance. Experimental results show that that GDP indeed achieves the expected design goals.
Suture sinus in the linea alba of two dogs

Suture sinuses developed in the linea alba of two dogs, associated with monofilament, nonabsorbable suture material. Knot bulk and irritation was thought to be the most important factor in sinus development in one dog, while infection was thought the most important factor in the other dog. Both dogs responded to aggressive surgical resection of the affected tissue and the offending suture. The factors responsible for suture sinus formation and the management of such are discussed.
8F-3 High Frequency Transducer Characterization with a Sagnac Interferometer

Optical techniques achieve extremely fine spatial resolution and broad detection bandwidth for high frequency transducer characterization. We demonstrate that a Sagnac interferometer can map the pressure field from a spherically focused high frequency lithium niobate transducer. The common path nature of the Sagnac interferometer provides immunity to perturbations, a significant advantage for practical applications. The optical spot size on the sensing surface is measured to be 8 mum, and the photodetector bandwidth is 150 MHz. Single-shot waveforms have a signal- to-noise ratio of 23 dB. The measured -3 dB transmit beam width of the transducer is 40 mum along both x and y axes. The sidelobe level is -21 dB. The Sagnac and pulse echo data have peak frequencies of 80 MHz and 95 MHz, respectively. The corresponding -6 dB bandwidths are 75 MHz and 70 MHz, respectively. The slight difference is expected since the pulse echo spectrum is shaped by the two-way response of the transducer. Based on a comparison to a calibrated PVDF hydrophone at lower frequencies, the single-shot noise equivalent pressure of the Sagnac interferometer is 38 kPa. These results demonstrate the potential of the Sagnac interferometer for high frequency transducer characterization..
Anomalous Transmission in Filters

It is well known that the terminating impedance plays an important role in the action of a filter. Using a terminating impedance which approximates the negative of the usual iterative impedance is shown to result in transmission not specified by ordinary filter theory in addition to that in the customary pass bands. The effect is essentially one of resonance which can be produced in a suppression band.
A family of continuous-conduction-mode power-factor-correction controllers based on the general pulse-width modulator

This paper presents a family of constant-switching-frequency pulse-width-modulated controllers for single-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) circuits that operate at continuous-conduction mode (CCM). Both trailing- and leading-edge pulse-width modulation (PWM) are used. These controllers do not require the multiplier and rectified-line-voltage sensor, which are needed by traditional control methods, and they can be implemented with a unified control circuit. Controller examples are analyzed and verified experimentally.
Making Program Logics Intelligible

To verify program specifications, rather than generic safety properties, it will be necessary to integrate verification into the process of programming. Program proving is unlike theorem proving in mathematics - mathematical conjectures may give no hint as to how they could be proved, but programs are written by programmers, who must understand informally why their programs work. The job of verification is not to explore some immense search space, but to formalize the programmer’s intuitions until any faults are revealed. This requires specifications and proofs that are succinct and intelligible - which in turn require logics that go beyond predicate calculus (the assembly language of program proving). In this talk, I will recount and illustrate several steps, old and new, towards this goal — particularly in the treatment of arrays. When describing arrays, program specifications are typically full of inequalities and set definitions using inequalities. For example, a diagram that a programmer might write, e.g., X: acedb
Within-crown Foliar Plasticity of Western Hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla, in Relation to Stand Age

Anatomy and morphology of needles from six different positions within the crowns of western hemlock,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., were studied to investigate the plastic response of leaf structure to crown position, in relation to stand age. Trees were sampled from three stands, all of which originated following catastrophic fires, representing a chronosequence (15, 55 and 145 years old) of stand development. Needles from the highest and outermost crown positions showed morphological and anatomical responses normally associated with ‘sun leaves’. As a measure of expressed plasticity, we calculated a relative trait range (RTR) index to quantify differences in expressed traits between needles from the upper outer crown (UO needles) and those from the lower inner crown (LI needles). RTR was positive for most morphological and anatomical traits, indicating larger trait measurements on UO needles relative to LI needles (e.g. UO needles were thicker and had more vascular tissue than LI needles). However, the degree to which sun and shade leaf traits were expressed varied between stands. In the youngest stand, UO needles had higher maximal rates of photosynthesis than LI needles (positive RTRPs), but this trend was reversed in the oldest stand (negative RTRPs). Mean RTR across all morphological and anatomical traits was higher in the 145-year-old stand than in either the 55-year-old stand (P = 0·03) or the 15-year-old stand (P < 0·01). While this probably relates mainly to differences in light conditions between the three stands, it may also indicate a connection between ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity.
Multisensor tracking of multiple maneuvering targets using multiscan JPDA and IMM filtering

We present a novel suboptimal filtering algorithm developed by applying a multiscan joint probabilistic data association (Mscan-JPDA) technique and interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering approach. In the past this algorithm has been restricted to single sensor tracking which we now extend to a multiple sensor tracking scenario. Multiscan JPDA addresses the problem of measurement-to-track data association for multiple targets and clutter. An IMM approach is exploited to consider the tracking of highly maneuvering targets. The proposed algorithm is illustrated via a simulation example involving tracking of two maneuvering targets by two sensors (radar and infrared) and a multiscan data window of length two.
The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Autobiographical Memory: Neural Correlates of Recall, Emotional Intensity, and Reliving

We sought to map the time course of autobiographical memory retrieval, including brain regions that mediate phenomenological experiences of reliving and emotional intensity. Participants recalled personal memories to auditory word cues during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants pressed a button when a memory was accessed, maintained and elaborated the memory, and then gave subjective ratings of emotion and reliving. A novel fMRI approach based on timing differences capitalized on the protracted reconstructive process of autobiographical memory to segregate brain areas contributing to initial access and later elaboration and maintenance of episodic memories. The initial period engaged hippocampal, retrosplenial, and medial and right prefrontal activity, whereas the later period recruited visual, precuneus, and left prefrontal activity. Emotional intensity ratings were correlated with activity in several regions, including the amygdala and the hippocampus during the initial period. Reliving ratings were correlated with activity in visual cortex and ventromedial and inferior prefrontal regions during the later period. Frontopolar cortex was the only brain region sensitive to emotional intensity across both periods. Results were confirmed by time-locked averages of the fMRI signal. The findings indicate dynamic recruitment of emotion-, memory-, and sensory-related brain regions during remembering and their dissociable contributions to phenomenological features of the memories.
Glutathione distribution in normal and oxidatively stressed cells

Glutathione is the most abundant of the low-molecular-mass molecules that provide reducing equivalents that protect cells from oxidative stress. We used immunoelectron microscopy to investigate glutathione distribution in normal and oxidatively stressed cells. Here, for the first time, we show that reduced glutathione is distributed relatively evenly throughout the cell, with the exception of the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where little is detected. Oxidant exposure, either to 0.1 mM diamide or ethycrinic acid, eventually caused cellular glutathione depletion. However, despite entering a cell within seconds, both oxidants required hours to dramatically affect glutathione levels in the majority of cells in a population. Interestingly, cells within a homogeneous cell line population lost glutathione at different rates. Structural changes associated with oxidative stress, such as increased vacuolization and membrane blebbing, were correlated with glutathione depletion. Oxidant-exposed cells that appeared normal had higher glutathione levels than those within the same population that appeared stressed. The last reserves of cellular glutathione were found within mitochondria.
Personality Disorders and Completed Suicide: A Methodological and Conceptual Review

Case-based and cohort studies on personality disorders (PD) and completed suicide are reviewed. Approximately 30–40% of suicides are committed by Individuals with PD; borderline, antisocial, and possibly avoid-ant and schizoid PD increase risk. Although longitudinal, or cohort, designs are increasingly popular In psychopathology research, they have tended to yield small, nonrepresentative samples of suicides. Moreover, case-based studies have identified putative risk factors that cohort studies have overlooked. Only the case-control design can identify risk factors in a representative sample of suicides. Ideally, future use of that design would examine more rigorously whether avoid-ant PD, schizoid PD, and unusual combinations of personality traits increase suicide risk.
High-temperature silicon evanescent lasers

We present an electrically pumped silicon evanescent laser that utilizes a silicon waveguide and offset AlGaInAs quantum wells. The silicon waveguide is fabricated on a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer and is bonded with the AlGaInAs quantum well structure using low temperature O2 plasma-assisted wafer bonding. The optical mode in the hybrid waveguide is predominantly confined in the passive silicon waveguide and evanescently couples into the III-V active region providing optical gain via electrical current injection. The device lases continuous wave at 1577 nm with a threshold of 65 mA at 15 o C. The maximum single-sided fiber-coupled cw output power is 1.8 mW. The maximum operating temperature is 40 o C mainly limited by a high series resistance of the device. Operation up to 60 o C should be
"The Immigration Problem" and European Education Reforms: From the Education of Migrants' Children to Intercultural Education

This article looks at the continuities and discontinuities within the European discourse of education reforms and immigrants, starting with the "education of migrants' children" to the promotion of "intercultural education" as a means of integrating the immigrant student. This analysis explores the ways in which a process of abjection is engaged within the discourse that serves to refound the boundaries of the European cosmopolitan through the fabrication of the immigrant student as an object of reform. That is, while European reforms call for the inclusion of the immigrant student, the discourse also excludes through its very production of human kinds1 who need to be integrated into cosmopolitanism.
Visual computed tomographic scoring of emphysema and its correlation with its diagnostic electrocardiographic sign: the frontal P vector

Abstract Background Verticalization of the frontal P vector in patients older than 45 years is virtually diagnostic of pulmonary emphysema (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 87%). We investigated the correlation of P vector and the computed tomographic visual score of emphysema (VSE) in patients with established diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema. Methods High-resolution computed tomographic scans of 26 patients with emphysema (age, >45 years) were reviewed to assess the type and extent of emphysema using the subjective visual scoring. Electrocardiograms were independently reviewed to determine the frontal P vector. The P vector and VSE were compared for statistical correlation. Both P vector and VSE were also directly compared with the forced expiratory volume at 1 second. Results The VSE and the orientation of the P vector (ÂP) had an overall significant positive correlation ( r = +0.68; P = .0001) in all patients, but the correlation was very strong in patients with predominant lower-lobe emphysema ( r = +0.88; P = .0004). Forced expiratory volume at 1 second and ÂP had almost a linear inverse correlation in predominant lower-lobe emphysema ( r = −0.92; P Conclusion Orientation of the P vector positively correlates with visually scored emphysema. Both ÂP and VSE are strong reflectors of qualitative lung function in patients with predominant lower-lobe emphysema. A combination of more vertical ÂP and predominant lower-lobe emphysema reflects severe obstructive lung dysfunction.
Design and implementation of a virtual assistant for healthcare professionals using pervasive computing technologies

With the advancement of hand-held devices, wireless and sensor network pervasive computing has achieved a perfect momentum. Formerly, a requirement existed that was a serious impediment and threat to the mobility of users – the necessary presence of a fixed wired network. This has been resolved by the recent advances in wireless and mobile technologies, particularly Bluetooth and WiFi. The advancement of available, portable, low cost mobile devices (PDAs, cell phones, etc.) has resulted in the user's mobility at unprecedented levels. As these devices can communicate with one another, the combined capabilities can be leveraged to form a useful new set of tools. Presently, pervasive computing is being extended into the sophisticated healthcare sector with the promise of providing an easier and more efficient mode of communication between physicians and patients or between the physicians themselves. In this paper we provide the details of our application 'Healthcare Aide', which has been designed to provide not only more convenience for doctor – doctor, resident doctor – doctor, patient – doctor and nurse – doctor interaction but also a smooth pathway for real-time decision making. Our pervasive middleware MARKS (Middleware Adaptability for Resource Discovery, Knowledge Usability and Self-healing) provides the underlying support for this application in a completely transparent manner. In this paper, we have also presented our survey results from users' point of view along with performance analysis.
Son Maintains Accurate Splicing for a Subset of Human Pre-mRNAs

Serine-arginine-rich (SR) proteins play a key role in alternative pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotes. We recently showed that a large SR protein called Son has unique repeat motifs that are essential for maintaining the subnuclear organization of pre-mRNA processing factors in nuclear speckles. Motif analysis of Son highlights putative RNA interaction domains that suggest a direct role for Son in pre-mRNA splicing. Here, we used in situ approaches to show that Son localizes to a reporter minigene transcription site, and that RNAi-mediated Son depletion causes exon skipping on reporter transcripts at this transcription site. A genome-wide exon microarray analysis was performed to identify human transcription and splicing targets of Son. Our data show that Son-regulated splicing encompasses all known types of alternative splicing, the most common being alternative splicing of cassette exons. We confirmed that knockdown of Son leads to exon skipping in pre-mRNAs for chromatin-modifying enzymes, including ADA, HDAC6 and SetD8. This study reports a comprehensive view of human transcription and splicing targets for Son in fundamental cellular pathways such as integrin-mediated cell adhesion, cell cycle regulation, cholesterol biosynthesis, apoptosis and epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Treprostinil-Based Therapy in the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension*: Long-term Efficacy and Combination With Bosentan

Background Treprostinil, a long-acting prostacyclin analog, diminished the symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in controlled 12-week clinical efficacy studies. This retrospective, single-center, open-label study was designed to assess the efficacy of long-term, subcutaneously administered, treprostinil-based therapy alone or in combination with bosentan for the treatment of moderate-to-severe PAH. Methods Thirty-eight patients with pulmonary hypertension treated with subcutaneous treprostinil were followed up for a mean (± SD) duration of 984 ± 468 days (range, 165 to 1,847 days). Oral bosentan was added to the treprostinil regimen if patients remained in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or II with intolerable prostacyclin side effects that limited therapy. Hemodynamic studies, Borg dyspnea score evaluations, 6-min walk (6MW) tests, and NYHA functional class determinations were performed at approximately 6-month intervals. Results Mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 59.7 to 50.5 mm Hg (p Conclusions Long-term treatment with subcutaneous treprostinil-based therapy improved functional parameters and hemodynamics in patients with moderate-to-severe PAH. In patients requiring combination therapy, the addition of oral bosentan to treprostinil-based therapy was safe, well-tolerated, and associated with further clinical improvements.
Environmental Stressor Effects on Creativity and Decision Making

Higher thinking processes require a variety of cognitive processing abilities, such as problem solving, creativity, memory, and decision making (Hogarth, 1987). Both psychological theory and common sense maintain that thinking ability may be impaired under highly stressful conditions. For instance, it has been hypothesized that individuals under stress will exhibit a narrowing of focus and stereotyped responding (Mandler, 1979, 1984). Such shifts would be incompatible with the cognitive processes necessary for effective high-level thinking (Halpern, 1989).
Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and drought-stress on plant-soil feedbacks of Artemisia californica seedlings

Nitrogen (N) deposition and drought are major drivers of global change that will influence plant-soil feedbacks. We investigated how N availability, N-impacted soil communities and drought affect feedback in seedlings of a drought-deciduous mycorrhizal shrub, Artemisia californica. Seedlings were inoculated with soil from either a high or low deposition site or sterilized inoculum and grown with or without supplemental N and under well-watered or drought-stressed conditions. Inoculum, N and water had interactive effects on feedbacks. Seedlings grown in low deposition inoculum exhibited a neutral to positive feedback under drought and had the highest root to shoot ratios and mycorrhizal colonization. Seedlings inoculated with high N-deposition soil experienced a positive feedback when N fertilized and well-watered, but plants allocated large amounts of biomass to shoots and had a negative response to drought. The soil community mediates plant response to varying belowground resource availability. We found N-impacted communities may reduce mycorrhizal colonization and allocation to roots and provide less protection against drought. Our results highlight the context dependency of plant-soil feedbacks and the potential for climate change and N deposition to have interactive effects on these relationships.
Electronegativity and Electron Currents in Molecular Tunnel Junctions

Electronegativity is shown to control charge transfer, energy level alignments, and electron currents in single molecule tunnel junctions, all of which are described through the density matrix. Currents calculated from the one-electron reduced density matrix correct to second order in electron−electron correlation are identical to currents obtained from the one-electron Green’s function corrected to second order in electron self-energy. A tight binding model of hexa-1,3,5-triene-1,6-dithiol bonded between metal electrodes is introduced, and the effect of analytically varying electron−electron correlation on electron currents and electronegativity is examined. The model analysis is compared to electronic structure descriptions of a gold−hexatriene (approximated by different exchange−correlation functionals) and Hartree−Fock states as zeroth-order approximations to the one-electron Green’s function. Comparison between the model calculations and the electronic structure treatment allows us to relate the abil...
Food Safety Impacts from Post-Harvest Processing Procedures of Molluscan Shellfish

Post-harvest Processing (PHP) methods are viable food processing methods employed to reduce human pathogens in molluscan shellfish that would normally be consumed raw, such as raw oysters on the half-shell. Efficacy of human pathogen reduction associated with PHP varies with respect to time, temperature, salinity, pressure, and process exposure. Regulatory requirements and PHP molluscan shellfish quality implications are major considerations for PHP usage. Food safety impacts associated with PHP of molluscan shellfish vary in their efficacy and may have synergistic outcomes when combined. Further research for many PHP methods are necessary and emerging PHP methods that result in minimal quality loss and effective human pathogen reduction should be explored.
The endonuclease domain of the LINE-1 ORF2 protein can tolerate multiple mutations

Approximately 17 % of the human genome is comprised of the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposon, the only currently active autonomous family of retroelements. Though L1 elements have helped to shape mammalian genome evolution over millions of years, L1 activity can also be mutagenic and result in human disease. L1 expression has the potential to contribute to genomic instability via retrotransposition and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Additionally, L1 is responsible for structural genomic variations induced by other transposable elements such as Alu and SVA, which rely on the L1 ORF2 protein for their propagation. Most of the genomic damage associated with L1 activity originates with the endonuclease domain of the ORF2 protein, which nicks the DNA in preparation for target-primed reverse transcription. Bioinformatic analysis of full-length L1 loci residing in the human genome identified numerous mutations in the amino acid sequence of the ORF2 endonuclease domain. Some of these mutations were found in residues which were predicted to be phosphorylation sites for cellular kinases. We mutated several of these putative phosphorylation sites in the ORF2 endonuclease domain and investigated the effect of these mutations on the function of the full-length ORF2 protein and the endonuclease domain (ENp) alone. Most of the single and multiple point mutations that were tested did not significantly impact expression of the full-length ORF2p, or alter its ability to drive Alu retrotransposition. Similarly, most of those same mutations did not significantly alter expression of ENp, or impair its ability to induce DNA damage and cause toxicity. Overall, our data demonstrate that the full-length ORF2p or the ENp alone can tolerate several specific single and multiple point mutations in the endonuclease domain without significant impairment of their ability to support Alu mobilization or induce DNA damage, respectively.
Behavioral Impulsivity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

BackgroundGrassi et al. (2015) collected data to examine impulsivity in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to nonpsychiatric controls. Their aim was to examine whether OCD may be fully captured by the behavioral addiction model, using the prototypical mechanism underlying drug addiction as their framework. Based on their findings, Grassi et al. concluded that OCD shares behavioral components with addictions, particularly behavioral impulsivity and risky decision making. Furthermore, the authors suggested that this model may be superior to the prevailing psychological model of OCD.FindingsWe argue that based on the nature of their data as well as the current dominant conceptualization of OCD in the literature, this conclusion is untenable. The authors inferred behavioral impulsivity, whereas their main finding was concerning cognitive impulsivity or difficulties in planning. Such items on the Barratt impulsiveness scale have been shown in other research to overpredict behavioral ...
PERCEPTION BIBLIOGRAPHY: XIX. PSYCHOLOGICAL INDEX NO. 15, 1908

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Low Extracellular (ECF) Glucose Affects the Neurochemical Profile in Severe Head-Injured Patients

Glucose (Glue) is the main energy source for the brain. After severe head-injury energy demand is massively increased and supply is often decreased. In pilot microdialysis studies, many patients with severe head-injury had undetectable glucose concentrations, probably reflecting changes in metabolism and/or reduced supply. We therefore investigated whether patients with low ECF glucose (criterion: 5 hrs), LOWgluc, differ from patients with higher glucose levels (NORMALgluc) We also tested the interrelationships between other parameters such as lactate, glutamate, K+, brain O2 and CO2, ICP, CPP, and CBF in these two groups.
Pink-beam focusing with a one-dimensional compound refractive lens

The performance of a cooled Be compound refractive lens (CRL) has been tested at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) to enable vertical focusing of the pink beam and permit the X-ray beam to spatially overlap with an 80 µm-high low-density plasma that simulates astrophysical environments. Focusing the fundamental harmonics of an insertion device white beam increases the APS power density; here, a power density as high as 500 W mm(-2) was calculated. A CRL is chromatic so it does not efficiently focus X-rays whose energies are above the fundamental. Only the fundamental of the undulator focuses at the experiment. A two-chopper system reduces the power density on the imaging system and lens by four orders of magnitude, enabling imaging of the focal plane without any X-ray filter. A method to measure such high power density as well as the performance of the lens in focusing the pink beam is reported.
Psychosocial Factors and Risk of Incident Heart Failure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background—Heart failure (HF) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Psychosocial factors have frequently been studied as risk factors for coronary heart disease but not for HF. Methods and Results—We examined the relationship between psychological status and incident HF among 6782 individuals from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Anger, anxiety, chronic stress, depressive symptoms, and hostility were measured using validated scales, and physician reviewers adjudicated incident HF events. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for relevant demographic, behavioral, and physiological covariates. Interactions by age, race, sex, and self-reported health were examined in exploratory analyses. During a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, 242 participants developed incident HF. There was no association between psychosocial factors and HF hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the highest versus lowest quartile: anger=1.14 (0.81–1.60), anxiety=0.74 (0.51–1.0...
Case Study Of A Small Scale Polytechnic Entrepreneurship Capstone Course Sequence

A multidisciplinary entrepreneurial senior capstone has been created for engineering technology students at a research I land-grant university statewide extension. The two semester course sequence welcomes students from Mechanical Engineering Technology, Electrical Engineering Technology, Computer Graphics Technology, and Organizational Leadership. The goal was to provide an avenue for technology students to learn about, actively participate in, and form small scale startups in a multidisciplinary approach. Student are introduced to fundamental techniques and methodologies for effective product development, such as design thinking, technical data package, rapid prototyping, testing, and validation. As well as entrepreneurship concepts, such as product ideation, market research, capital exploration, customer acquisition, customer discovery, intellectual protection, marketing and branding, and leadership. The capstone has provided real-world, hands-on learning of the components and processes necessary to take a product idea from initial concept to successful business. Currently entering in to its third year, the capstone continues to evolve. This paper presents a brief description of the capstone, including formation, execution, and outcomes. The curriculums used are outlined and future changes are discussed. Lastly, the presentation of challenges, lessons learned, and course accomplishments will be discussed.
An instrumented timed up and go in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Introduction: Instrumenting timed functional motor tasks may reveal a continuum of motor disability that predicts future motor dysfunction. Methods: We performed a prospective study of the instrumented timed up and go (iTUG) test in genetically confirmed facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) participants utilizing a commercially available system of wireless motion sensors. Patients returned within 2 weeks to determine test-retest reliability. Gait parameters in FSHD participants were compared to a normative data base, FSHD clinical severity score, manual muscle testing, and patient-reported functional disability. Results: Gait parameters in FSHD participants were significantly (p<0.05) altered compared to normative values and reliability was excellent (ICC 0.84-0.99). Stride velocity and trunk sagittal range of motion had moderate to strong correlations to other FSHD disease measures. Discussion: The iTUG was reliable, abnormal in FSHD, and could distinguish between participants with differing disease severities. Instrumenting timed functional tasks may prove to be useful in FSHD clinical trials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The newsvendor problem with capacitated suppliers and quantity discounts

Abstract We consider a seller who stocks an item in anticipation of a single selling season in which demand for the item is uncertain. The seller may order stock of the item from multiple suppliers, each of which offers a quantity discount pricing structure and has production volume limits. The seller seeks to minimize its total procurement plus expected overstock and understock costs, resulting in an objective function that is neither convex nor concave in the decision variables in general. We provide an algorithmic approach that permits solving this non-convex problem in pseudopolynomial time by solving a set of 0–1 multiple choice knapsack subproblems. We also provide an efficient heuristic solution algorithm and demonstrate the algorithm’s asymptotic optimality in the number of suppliers under mild assumptions on the problem data and under certain quantity discount structures. The results of a set of computational tests demonstrate the superior performance of the knapsack-based algorithms when compared with a commercial solver.
November 1970–January 1971

This chapter presents a case history of Genie's condition during November 1970–January 1971. Genie was pitiful when she was admitted into the hospital. In November 1970, Genie was given the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Preschool Attainment Record, the scores of which were mental age (MA) 1.05 years and MA 13 months, respectively. In January 1971, Genie was given the Leiter International Performance Scale, achieving an MA of 4.9. Her performance on these tests placed her somewhere around the two-year-old level with a wide scatter in subtest scores. There were also linguistic indicators of her preparedness for the language learning task ahead. Her comprehension of single words implied an ability to scan and segment the speech stream for familiar sounds and groups of sounds, and showed an ability to parse the stream of incoming speech into linguistic units such as words. Her receptive abilities were paralleled by the most persuasive indicator of all that Genie was ready for language, that is, her imitation and spontaneous production of words, the same phenomenon that marks the onset of language in normal children.
Mandibular Fracture Reduction with Eccentric Dynamic Compression Plate: New Treatment for an Old Problem:

We describe a technique and theory of application of the Eccentric Dynamic Compression Plate (EDCP) and the Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP) for mandibular fracture fixation, developed by Speissl in Switzerland, and our experience with the application of 15 plates in ten edentulous or nearly edentulous patients over the past 18 months. While we have had soft tissue infections in 4 of 15 fracture sites, our results reveal satisfactory bony healing in 14 of 15 fracture sites. We, therefore, believe that while this technique is still in the infant stages of clinical application in the United States, it has the potential to revolutionize the thinking and practice of mandibular fracture therapy.