cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roots of an Ambivalent Culture: Music, Education, and Music Education in Antebellum America

Histories of the introduction of music into the emerging public school system of antebellum I America traditionally have emphasized the highly influential role that “music education” came to play in shaping American musical culture. Little has been said, however, about the character of that influence. Accepting the interpretation that presents public school music as a cornerstone of the culture, this study attempts to analyze the nature of this contribution by placing the theories and practices of the first “music educators” more clearly within the context of both their musical heritage—New England sacred music—and the social thought of their era. In so doing, it can be demonstrated that the presence of music in the antebellum common school both typified and contributed to a uniquely American ambivalence between musical and amusical ideals that came to be the hallmark of the culture.
Fire detection in imaging spectrometer data using atmospheric carbon dioxide absorption

Fire detection in shortwave infrared (SWIR) imaging spectrometer data should be possible using the proportion of reflected and emitted radiance absorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide. A continuum interpolated band ratio (CIBR) was used to measure the relative depth of the 2000 nm carbon dioxide absorption band. Low CIBR values indicated dominantly reflected radiance, while high CIBR values indicated dominantly emitted radiance and the presence of active fire. CIBR values were calculated for Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Hyperion hyperspectral data over fires in California and Arizona. The proposed algorithm has potential uses for fire detection and improving the efficiency of fire temperature retrieval from imaging spectrometer data.
The Identification of Items in the California Test of Personality That Differentiate between Subjects of High and Low Socioeconomic Status at the Fifth- and Seventh-Grade Levels

IN RECENT years there have been a number of studies which have investi gated certain status-linked variables that appear to have an important influ ence on the developmental processes and corresponding personality character istics of children who represent different socioeconomic strata within the com munity (2,3,4, 6). These studies have concentrated on the child-rearing prac tices which are typical for each of the status groups and have generally em ployed some variant of the questionnaire or interview technique to obtain data from parents that could then be subjected to analysis. The present study was designed to ferret out some of the specific problems of adjustment that are characteristically reported with greater frequency by children from one or the other status group and which consequently must be related to the different social climates which are operative for each group in the manner desc r ibed by previous studies.
The Witten index in massless SQED

Abstract We prove that supersymmetry is unbroken in massless SQED. In fact, with a single Witten index calculation, we prove that supersymmetry is never broken in C-invariant SQED, with massless or massive matter fields, and with commensurate or incommensurate charges. This generalizes a result of Witten's. For nonabelian gauge theories with matter, the generalizations of these methods fail to enable us to compute the Witten index in any new cases.
Basic digit sets for radix representation

Abstract : The use of a negative base did not appear until the 1950s when several authors independently introduced the concept. Complement representation also became much discussed in this period as an alternative to sign magnitude for designing the arithmetic unit of a computer. The arithmetic of numbers represented in positional notation has a firm foundation derived from the theory of polynomial arithmetic that readily allows these extensions to negative bases and/or negative digit values, complement representation, and digit values in excess of the base. Our primary concern in this paper is the characterization and computation of those integral valued base and digit set pairs that provide complete and unique finite radix representation of the integers.
Local Bonding Structure of Hydrogen in Crystalline Silicon: NMR and Tem Studies

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy have been used to obtain information on the local structure of deuterium in single-crystal silicon, both for deuterated, phosphorous-doped Si that contains platelet-structured defects and for deuterated boron-doped silicon. In both cases, the NMR spectrum consists of two components, a narrow doublet and a central, unsplit line. The doublet arises from D bonded to Si with the Si-D bond along the directions. The central line, which contains more D than does the doublet, is ascribed primarily to molecular D2 that resides in regions of the crystal where translation and tumbling are inhibited and possibly to some D in weak Si-D bonds.
Automated laser damage test system with real-time damage event imaging and detection

An automated laser damage test system has been developed by the National Ignition Facility small optics metrology group. The Small Optics Laser Damage (SOLD) system measures the fluence at which laser damage occurs in optical coatings and substrates following the requirements of MEL01-013-OD. Irradiation of the sample is by a 1064nm, 8ns pulse with a 1mm 1/e2 diameter. The test protocol requires raster scanning of a 1cm2 area at increasing fluence levels. Real-time high-resolution imaging of the surface during raster scanning enables automated detection and sizing of defects to 10 microns. Improved imaging resolves actual size of damage events while the automated damage detection removes the subjectivity of the human operator in thresholding damage events. In addition, a map is created enabling additional functions such as excluding damage sites on future scans and to returning to the damage site for growth testing.
In vivo ischemia and storage injury cause alterations in the activity of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthetase.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if DNA damage caused by ischemic insult (blood depletion) causes an alteration in the activity of endogenous mouse kidney poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. The results show that kidneys made nonviable by warm (37°C) in vitro ischemia (organ storage to study the effects of blood loss at normal body temperature) and in vivo ischemia (surgical depletion of the blood supply by arterial clamping) exhibit decreased levels of enzyme activity. Kidneys made nonviable by cold (0°C) storage injury (organ storage as utilized for transplantation), however, possess elevated levels of enzyme activity. The DNA isolated from ischemic kidneys was shown to have a stimulatory effect upon exogenous calf thymus poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. Also, electron microscopy analysis of DNA from ischemic kidneys showed that cold storage injury leads to the formation of large (average size = 500 bases) single-stranded regions. The results suggest that the activities of both endogenous and exogenous poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase are related to the nature of DNA damage resulting from ischemic insult.
Aerodynamic roughness parameters for semi-arid natural shrub communities of Wyoming, USA

Abstract Estimates of aerodynamic roughness length ( z 0 ) were calculated at nine sites for natural sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata spp.), saltbush ( Atriplex nuttallii ) and greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) plant communities in two semi-arid basins in Wyoming, USA. Estimates were based on wind and temperature profiles measured above the plant canopies during summer (August) of 1994 and fall (September and October) of 1995. Values of z 0 were estimated for periods of near-neutral stability (fully forced convection) for four scenarios of displacement height ( d ) at each site, and for a fifth scenario based on using the low level drag coefficient for constraining friction velocity ( u ∗ ). Vegetation canopy height, fractional cover, shrub density, average canopy area (per shrub), and average biomass/area were measured for all sites. Additionally, leaf and plant area indices (LAI, PAI) were measured at three of the sites, and average shrub height was measured at the six sites. Roughness lengths calculated using an iterative method with unconstrained u ∗ averaged 0.01 m for the saltbush sites, 0.02 m for the sagebrush sites, and 0.07 m for the greasewood site. z 0 /canopy height ratios ( z 0 h c ) averaged 0.04, 0.04 and 0.13, respectively, for the three shrub types, although the average is misleading for saltbush, which showed considerable variation between sites. Roughness length appears to be related to shrub structure, as expressed by the dominant species, and by shrub density at the sites, although differences were large depending on which calculation method was used. When u ∗ was constrained, calculated z 0 and z 0 h c were smaller and less consistent in terms of relationships to vegetation structure, suggesting that further constraints on the iterations may be necessary. The results highlight the importance of improving aerodynamic roughness parameterization of natural vegetation communities.
Self-Similarity of Hydroxyl-Concentration Temporal Statistics in Turbulent Nonpremixed Jet Flames

Temporal statistics for hydroxyl concentrations in turbulent nonpremixed hydrogen/argon flames have recently been reported in the form of power spectral densities for a range of Reynolds numbers (2.8 x 103-1.7 x 10 4 ) and axial locations (x/D =1-20). In the present investigation these data are examined further, and the two-time statistics are shown to collapse when scaled by the measured integral timescale. The resulting autocorrelation function is shown to be closely approximated by an exponential decay, as previously reported for mixture fraction. The measured integral timescales vary with Reynolds number and position within the reacting jet in accordance with a simple similarity scaling. The implications of this unexpected statistical similarity are examined with respect to the simulation of scalar fluctuations in turbulent nonpremixed flames.
On the Zonal Structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Annular Modes

Abstract The zonal structure and dynamics of the dipolar patterns of intraseasonal variability in the extratropical atmosphere—namely, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the so-called annular modes of variability—are investigated in an idealized general circulation model. Particular attention is focused on the relationships linking the zonal structure of the stationary waves, synoptic variability (i.e., the storm tracks), and the zonal structure of the patterns of intraseasonal variability. Large-scale topography and diabatic anomalies are introduced to modify and concentrate the synoptic variability, establishing a recipe for a localized storm track. Comparison of the large-scale forcing, synoptic variability, and patterns of intraseasonal variability suggests a nonlinear relationship between the large-scale forcing and the variability. It is found that localized NAO-like patterns arise from the confluence of topographic and diabatic forcing and that the patterns are more localized than one would e...
Transferrin is necessary and sufficient for the neural effect on growth in amphibian limb regeneration blastemas

Cell proliferation during the early phase of growth in regenerating amphibian limbs requires a permissive influence of nerves. Based on analyses of proliferative activity in denervated blastemas, it was proposed that nerves provide factors important for cells to complete the proliferative cycle rather than for mitogenesis itself. One such factor, the iron-transport protein transferrin (Tf), is abundant in regenerating peripheral nerves where it is axonally transported and released at growth cones. Using blastemas in organ culture, which have been widely used in previous investigations of the neural effect on growth, it was shown here that the growth-promoting activity of neural extract was completely removed by immuno-absorption with antiserum against Tf and restored by addition of Tf. Purified Tf or a low molecular weight ferric ionophore were as active as the neural extract in this assay, indicating that the trophic effect of Tf involves its capacity for iron delivery. Both Tf and ferric ionophore also maintained DNA synthesis in denervated blastemas in vivo. A dose-response assay indicated that purified axolotl Tf stimulates growth of cultured blastemal cells at concentrations as low as 100 ng/mL. The Tf mRNA in axolotl nervous tissue was shown by northern analysis to be similar in size to that of liver. These results are discussed together with those from previous in vitro studies of blastemal growth and support the hypothesis that cell division in the blastema depends on axonally released Tf during the early, nerve-dependent phase of limb regeneration.
The stochastic component of the postural sway variability is higher in children with balance impairments

Children with balance impairments have an increased amount of variability in the sway of the center of pressure (COP) during standing. Limited efforts have been made to quantify the nature of the variability. This exploratory investigation examined the deterministic and stochastic features that comprise the time-dependent postural sway variability during standing. We measured the COP in standing of a heterogeneous group of children with balance impairments and an age-matched cohort of typically developing children, both with and without vision. The standard deviation of the COP was used to quantify the amount of variability present in the postural sway. A Langevin equation methodology was additionally employed to reconstruct the deterministic and stochastic features that comprised the postural sway variability. Our experiment resulted in three key findings: (1) removal of visual information increased the stochastic features of the postural sway variability, (2) the stochastic features were greater for the children with balance impairments, (3) the change in the amount of variability was strongly correlated with change the stochastic features. These results imply that the inability to suppress the stochastic features present in the nervous system may play a prominent role in the balance problems of children. Moreover, our results imply that alterations in the stochastic features drive the postural system away from successful balance strategies.
Measurement and prediction of sediment production from unpaved roads, St John, US Virgin Islands

Excess delivery of land-based sediments is an important control on the overall condition of nearshore coral reef ecosystems. Unpaved roads have been identified as a dominant sediment source on St John in the US Virgin Islands. An improved understanding of road sediment production rates is needed to guide future development and erosion control efforts. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) measure sediment production rates at the road segment scale; (2) evaluate the importance of precipitation, slope, contributing area, traffic, and grading on road sediment production; (3) develop an empirical road erosion predictive model; and (4) compare our measured erosion rates to other published data. Sediment production from 21 road segments was monitored with sediment traps from July 1998 to November 2001. The selected road segments had varying slopes, contributing areas, and traffic loads. Precipitation was measured by four recording rain gauges. Sediment production was related to total precipitation and road segment slope. After normalizing by precipitation and slope, the mean sediment production rate for roads that had been graded within the last two years was 0·96 kg m−2 cm−1 m m−1 or approximately 11 kg m−2 a−1 for a typical road with a 10 per cent slope and an annual rainfall of 115 cm a−1. The mean erosion rate for ungraded roads was 42 per cent lower, or 0·56 kg m−2 cm−1 m m−1. The normalized mean sediment production rate for road segments that had been abandoned for over fifteen years was only about 10 per cent of the mean value for ungraded roads. Sediment production was not related to traffic loads. Multiple regression analysis led to the development of an empirical model based on precipitation, slope to the 1·5 power, and a categorical grading variable. The measured and predicted erosion rates indicate that roads are capable of increasing hillslope-scale sediment production rates by up to four orders of magnitude relative to undisturbed conditions. The values from St John are at the high end of reported road erosion rates, a finding that is consistent with the high rainfall erosivities and steep slopes of many of the unpaved roads on St John. Other than paving, the most practical methods to reduce current erosion rates are to minimize the frequency of grading and improve road drainage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High performance add-drop filter tunable over large spectral range

We demonstrate an error-free add-drop filter for a 10 Gbps signal, tunable over 16 nm. The structure consists of a series of ring resonators embedded between micro-heaters designed to ensure homogeneous temperature distribtion.
Topological Hochschild homology of Thom spectra which are E∞‐ring spectra

We identify the topological Hochschild homology (THH) of the Thom spectrum associated to an E ∞ classifying map X → BG for G an appropriate group or monoid (e.g. U, O, and F). We deduce the comparison from the observation of McClure, Schwanzl, and Vogt that THH of a cofibrant commutative S-algebra (E ∞ -ring spectrum) R can be described as an indexed colimit together with a verification that the Lewis-May operadic Thom spectrum functor preserves indexed colimits and is in fact a left adjoint. We prove a splitting result THH(M f) ≃ eq Mf ∧ BX + , which yields a convenient description of THH(MU). This splitting holds even when the classifying map f: X → BG is only a homotopy commutative A ∞ map, provided that the induced multiplication on Mf extends to an E ∞ -ring structure; this permits us to recover Bokstedt's calculation of THH(Hℤ).
A scalar invariant and the local geometry of a class of static spacetimes

The scalar invariant, I≡Rμνρσ;δ Rμνρσ;δ, constructed from the covariant derivative of the curvature tensor is used to probe the local geometry of static spacetimes which are also Einstein spaces. We obtain an explicit form of this invariant, exploiting the local warp-product structure of a 4-dimensional static spacetime, (3)Σ × f, where (3)Σ is the riemannian hypersurface orthogonal to a timelike Killing vector field with norm given by a positive function, f: (3)Σ. For a static spacetime which is an Einstein space, it is shown that the locally measurable scalar, I, contains a term which vanishes if and only if (3)Σ is conformally flat; also, the vanishing of this term implies (a) (3)Σ is locally foliated by level surfaces of f, (2)S, which are totally umbilic spaces of constant curvature, and (b) (3)Σ is locally a warp-product space, × r(f) (2)S, for some function r(f). Futhermore, if (3)Σ is conformally flat it follows that every non-trivial static solution of the vacuum Einstein equation with a cosmological constant, is either Nariai-type or Kottler-type — the classes of spacetimes relevant to quantum aspects of gravity.
Favored T helper 1 response in a mouse model of hepatosteatosis is associated with enhanced T cell-mediated hepatitis

Steatohepatitis enhances the severity of liver injury caused by acute inflammation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that fatty liver due to chronic choline-deficient diet exacerbates concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver hepatitis, which is predominantly facilitated by T cells. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either control choline-sufficient diet (CSD) or choline-deficient diet (CDD) for 6 weeks before ConA administration. Mice were sacrificed 3, 9, and 24 hours after ConA injection. Liver injury measured by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), pathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was minimal in mice fed either diet before ConA exposure. However, ConA-induced liver injury was significantly greater in CDD-fed mice compared with control-fed mice. Liver cytokines were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of T helper (Th) 1 cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) were dramatically elevated after ConA in CDD-fed mice compared with control-fed mice. CDD also enhanced ConA-induced STAT4 activation, but not STAT6. Notably, regulators of T-cell differentiation were strongly shifted toward a predominant Th1 profile. T-bet, regulator of the Th1 response, was up-regulated in CDD-fed mice, whereas Th2 regulator GATA-3 was significantly suppressed in CDD-fed mice after ConA. Moreover, the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1, SOCS-3, and repressor of GATA-3 (ROG) favored a predominant Th1 cytokine response in CDD-fed mice. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that hepatosteatosis caused by CDD is associated with more severe ConA-induced hepatitis due to a predominant shift toward Th1 response.
Continuous monitoring of particle emissions during showering.

Abstract Particle formation from showering may be attributed to dissolved mineral aerosols remaining after evaporation of micron-sized satellite droplets produced by the shower-head or from splashing of larger shower water droplets on surfaces. Duplicate continuous particle monitors measured particle size distributions in a ventilated residential bathroom under various showering conditions, using a full-size mannequin in the shower to simulate splashing effects during showering. Particle mass concentrations were estimated from measured shower particle number densities and used to develop emission factors for inhalable particles. Emission source strengths of 2.7–41.3 μg/m3/min were estimated under the various test conditions using residential tap water in Columbus, OH. Calculated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the bathroom reached several hundred micrograms per cubic meter; calculated coarse particulate matter (PM10) levels approached 1000 μg/m3. Rates of particle formation tended to be ...
How well have practices followed guidelines in prescribing antihypertensive drugs: the role of health insurance

Abstract Background The US Joint National Committee (JNC) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure issues guidelines on the optimal first-line drug therapy in treating hypertension. Despite broad dissemination of these guidelines, prescribing practices have long remained discrepant with recommendations. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of insurance type in the selection of drugs for hypertension treatment in light of the JNC guidelines. Methods Subjects were derived from the 1996 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey who had a diagnosis of essential hypertension and who were prescribed a diuretic, beta-blocker, calcium channel blocker (CCB), or ACE inhibitor (ACEI) as monotherapy. Using the nationally representative sample, this study presents the first estimates of the impact of insurance policies on the choice of antihypertensive drugs while controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need variables in the context of a logistic health-care utilization model. Results Nationally in 1996, more than twice as many subjects (7.3 million) were taking ACEIs or CCBs compared to diuretics or beta-blockers (3.1 million) as the first-line drug therapy, a sharp contrast to the JNC guidelines. Patients with health maintenance organization (HMO) insurance were much less likely than fee for service (FFS) patients to follow the JNC guidelines in this respect (odds ratio 0.50, P Conclusions After controlling for other predisposing, enabling, and need variables, patients who had HMO coverage were significantly more likely than FFS patients to receive ACEIs or CCBs. Given a popular public perception of HMOs being most cost conscious in providing health care, further research is needed to understand why prescribing patterns associated with HMOs have poorly followed the JNC recommendations.
High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS)

The High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS), related data system, orbit, and mission operations are described. The pushbroom instrument simultaneously images the terrestrial surface in 192 spectral bands from 0.4 to 2.5 microns. The swath width is 30 km and spatial resolution is 30 m. It is planned to be launched with the Earth Observing System aboard the Space Station Polar Platform in 1995. Array detectors allow concurrent integration of the signals at 192,000 detector elements.
Acclimation of barley to changes in light intensity: photosynthetic electron transport activity and components.

Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. Boone) were grown at 20°C with 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle of either high (H) intensity (500 μmole m-2 s-1) or low (L) intensity (55 μmole m-2 s-1) white light. Plants were transferred from high to low (H → L) and low to high (L → H) light intensity at various times from 4 to 8 d after leaf emergence from the soil. Primary leaves were harvested at the beginning of the photoperiod. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from 3 cm apical segments and assayed for photosynthetic electron transport, Photosystem II (PS II) atrazine-binding sites (QB), cytochrome f(Cytf) and the P-700 reaction center of Photosystem I (PS I). Whole chain, PS I and PS II electron transport activities were higher in H than in L controls. QB and Cytf were elevated in H plants compared with L plants. The acclimation of H → L plants to low light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days and resulted in decreased whole chain and PS II electron transport with variable effects on PS I activity. The decrease in electron transport of H → L plants was associated with a decrease in both QB and Cytf. In L → H plants, acclimation to high light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days with increased whole chain, PS I and PS II activities. The increase in L → H electron transport was associated with increased levels of QB and Cytf. In contrast to the light intensity effects on QB levels, the P-700 content was similar in both control and transferred plants. Therefore, PS II/PS I ratios were dependent on light environment.
Cyproterone-Mediated Stimulation of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase in Chick Embryo Liver Cells

In cultured chick embryo liver cells, cyproterone and cyproterone acetate, synthetic antiandrogenic steroids, were found to be potent inducers of mitochondrial δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Both steroids produced a detectable increase in enzyme activity at 5 μM and a maximal stimulation, 36-fold for cyproterone and 29-fold for cyproterone acetate, at 55 μM. The doseresponse curves of the steroids differed, however, in that cyproterone acetate produced a greater mean stimulation of the enzyme at concentrations less than approximately 25 μM, whereas, at higher concentrations, cyproterone was the more effective inducer. Increased activity of ALA synthetase was not apparent until about 12 hours after the addition of cyproterone, and maximal activity was not achieved until 20–24 hours. The induction of ALA synthetase by these antiandrogens was prevented by actinomycin D, cordycepin, anisomycin, cycloheximide, and puromycin. These results sugg...
Short-term outcome analysis of radiofrequency ablation using ClosurePlus vs ClosureFast catheters in the treatment of incompetent great saphenous vein.

Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a widely accepted alternative to high ligation with proximal stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in the treatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency. This study compared short-term outcomes of two generations of (VNUS Closure) RFA catheters, ClosurePlus (CP) and ClosureFast (CF). Methods From February 2005 to April 2009, a total of 667 consecutive office-based RFA procedures were performed in our institution. CP catheters were used in the initial 312 lower extremity cases and CF catheters in the 355 cases that followed. The technique used for both catheters were as per the manufacturer's recommendations. Postoperative duplex scans were completed to document the following endpoints: GSV obliteration; incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT); superficial venous thrombosis (SVT); and presence of loose or floating thrombus proximal to the treated GSV segment. Results Of the 667 cases, 98% had available duplex scan studies within 1 week from completion of the procedure. Complete obliteration of the GSV on duplex scan studies was noted in 98% of 343 cases using the CF catheter and 88% of 312 cases using the CP catheter ( P P P P = .80). No embolic episodes were observed clinically. Conclusions CF catheters are superior to CP catheters in terms of GSV obliteration and nonincidence of postoperative DVT. The absence of DVT may likely be due to the commencement of ablation at 2 cm from the GSV–common femoral vein junction.
Flight management computer (FMC) navigation database capacity

Navigation database (NDB) capacity (memory size) has always been an issue in aircraft Flight Management Computers (FMC). And, that issue is a concern for Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Implementation as so many new next generation (NextGen) procedures are being developed and many FMCs no longer have the capacity for additions to their NDBs. For the near-term, the problem will just keep getting worse for aircraft with FMCs limited by capacity due to the growth in the number of coded procedures and waypoints to store and limitations in the storage size. Anecdotal evidence finds navigation database suppliers estimating that worldwide procedure production will increase database size approximately 3% to 8% annually for the forseable future.1 In many cases, the airlines must already strictly tailor the available sets of procedures in their databases according to geographic areas to meet current FMC memory capacity constraints. Fortunately, the trend for the mid-term and far-term is that the projected growth rate will not be such an issue given the actual and “potential” additional memory expansion of new FMCs.
Stabilization of a quadruped locomotion system by side step control

Abstract Several control schemes have been proposed for stabilization of artificial quadruped locomotion systems, but attainment of adequate stability is still one of the barriers in designing a legged vehicle. A combination of continuous and discrete state feedback seems to provide a good way to maintain stable motion of such a system. In this paper, side step control, which is a discrete feedback technique, is studied by means of a linearized locomotion system. The results are verified by application to a nonlinear quadruped vehicle simulation.
Scale model of an ink jet

A scale model, approximately fifty times the size of its prototype, was used to study drop formation of an ink jet, Viscosity, surface tension, and inertial forces were modeled; gravity and air drag forces were not. The model accurately predicted operating conditions leading to the formation of undesirable satellite drops, thus permitting evaluation of measures designed to avoid them.
Science Signaling Podcast: 11 September 2012

This Podcast features an interview with Alissa Weaver, author of a Research Article published in the 11 September 2012 issue of Science Signaling . Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells from a primary tumor spread to a new site where they establish secondary tumors and involves cells switching between adherent and invasive states. Cells adhere to substrates through structures called focal adhesions and invade tissues using structures called invadopodia, which allow the cells to break down the extracellular matrix and penetrate tissues. Weaver’s group has combined network analysis of invadopodia and focal adhesions with data from head and neck cancers to identify key signaling molecules that influence the formation of invadopodia in invasive cancer cells.
Demonstrating SnapN'Share: Content Sharing over a Socially Informed, Hyper-Local, Face-to-Face Networking Platform

In this demonstration we present SnapN'Share, the first sample application of a new platform implementing a wireless, peer-to-peer information system that bypasses the need for any centralized servers, coordination, or administration. SnapN'share runs on wireless pocket devices as well as stationary computers, and enables users to generate and seamlessly share content with different groups and communities that they belong to, as they come into close vicinity of their peers. At CCNC'08 we demonstrate the capabilities and features of the system, as well as its advantages when compared to traditional central-infrastructure based platforms.
Control design of a UH-60 rotorcraft via CLTR and direct optimization

High-performance rotorcraft controller design is characterized by the need to compensate for both the longitudinal and lateral dynamics simultaneously. Rather than leaving these modes largely decoupled, one often needs for performance consideration to incorporate direct mode decoupling as a part of the controller design, especially when the system model includes high-frequency dynamics from the rotor and lag states. In addition to the usual design considerations of stability augmentation, a high-performance rotorcraft such as the UH-60 would also require a good command bandwidth and decoupling in the heave, yaw, pitch and roll command responses. In this paper, the method of closed-loop transfer recovery (CLTR) and direct optimization are applied to the control design of a UH-60 rotorcraft.
Neurotoxic effects of polymorphonuclear granulocytes on hippocampal primary cultures

Many neurological insults and neurodegenerative disorders are accompanied by an acute inflammatory reaction that can contribute to neuronal damage. This inflammation involves infiltration of bloodborne polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the injured brain area. The role of inflammation in brain injury, however, is controversial, because recent studies suggest that inflammation may actually be beneficial in the recovery from brain damage. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of PMNs in vitro on mixed hippocampal primary cultures. Rat PMNs and peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by density centrifugation and cocultured with hippocampal cells for 24-72 h plus or minus an excitotoxic insult (50 μM kainic acid) or 6-h oxygen glucose deprivation. Cell death was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and neuron-specific [2,2′-azino-bis(ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] assay. After 3 days of coculture in the absence of insult, PMNs caused massive neuron loss and dramatic morphological changes in glial cells (astrocyte detachment, aggregation). Furthermore PMNs exacerbated kainic acid- and oxygen glucose deprivation-induced neuron death by 20-30%. The cytotoxic effect of PMNs required heterocellular contact and were ameliorated by protease inhibitors. Lymphocytes, on the other hand, were not neurotoxic, but, instead, increased astrocyte proliferation. These findings suggest that PMN might represent a harmful part of inflammation after brain injury that can contribute to secondary damage.
Explosion Phenomena and Effects of Explosions on Structures. I: Phenomena and Effects

This is Part I of a three-part paper on the phenomena of explosions and effects of explosions on structures. The overall paper is intended to provide the reader with a practical overview of the various types of explosions and methods available to predict explosion effects with emphasis on air blast. The response of structures to air blast is discussed and methods of analysis are presented. Since the subject area is broad, reference sources for more in-depth information on many of the topics presented are provided. In this paper, Part I, the background is provided on explosion phenomena and the types of effects produced by explosions of various general types. Physical, chemical, electrical, and nuclear explosions are discussed. Explosion effects for external (outdoor) explosions presented include air blast characteristics of peak overpressure, positive phase impulse, time of arrival, and positive phase duration. The ranges of peak overpressure and event duration from different types of explosions are compa...
Employment Counseling for Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Issues without Answers.

This article provides an overview of issues employment counselors will face in counseling adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There is little research on counseling clients with ADHD, and counselors are often ill prepared to provide appropriate services for this growing and underserviced population. Reviewed is the evolution of the ADHD label and its prevalence in adults. Diagnostic criteria are presented, and a selected review of adult outcome and treatment research is provided. Strategies for counseling adults with ADHD about careers are adapted, with caution, from literature on counseling adults with learning disabilities (LD), and specific guidelines for the employment counselor are presented.
Clostridium difficile: History of Its Role as an Enteric Pathogen and the Current State of Knowledge About the Organism

Clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. It accounts for 10%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Clinical features that distinguish infection with C. difficile from that due to many other enteric pathogens are hyperpyrexia, leukemoid reactions, toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic diarrhea. Factors important in the pathogenesis of disease are exposure to antibiotics, the presence of C. difficile in the patient's indigenous flora or acquisition of the organism from an environmental source, production of toxin A, and age-related susceptibility. The criterion standard for testing is the tissue culture assay; alternatives are culture and other methods of antigen detection including EIA, dot blot hybridization assay, and latex agglutination. The optimal drug for treatment is vancomycin; however, metronidazole is often used because it is less expensive. At present the main problems associated with C. difficile infection are treatment of patients with ileus, the management and prevention of nosocomial epidemics, and the management of repeated relapses.
Electroluminescence mechanisms in organic light emitting devices employing a europium chelate doped in a wide energy gap bipolar conducting host

The mechanism for energy transfer leading to electroluminescence (EL) of a lanthanide complex, Eu(TTA)3phen (TTA=thenoyltrifluoroacetone,phen=1,10-phenanthroline), doped into 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) host is investigated. With the device structure of anode/hole transport layer/Eu(TTA)3phen(1%):CPB/electron transport layer/cathode, we achieve a maximum external EL quantum efficiency (η) of 1.4% at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm2. Saturated red Eu3+ emission based on 5Dx–7Fx transitions is centered at a wavelength of 612 nm with a full width at half maximum of 3 nm. From analysis of the electroluminescent and photoluminescent spectra, and the current density–voltage characteristics, we conclude that direct trapping of holes and electrons and subsequent formation of the excitons occurs on the dopant, leading to high quantum efficiencies at low current densities. With increasing current between 1 and 100 mA/cm2, however, a significant decrease of η along with an increase in CBP host emission is observed. We demonstrate that the decrease in η at high current densities can be explained by triplet–triplet annihilation.
CounterMeasures: a game for teaching computer security

Computer security has become vital for protecting users, applications and data, yet the field still faces severe shortages in skilled professionals. Typical methods to teach security from textbooks and academic papers are not engaging and take considerable time. Our hypothesis is that a security game that closely emulates real-world systems can improve learning about computer security above and beyond just reading technical documents. Our security game, CounterMeasures, provides a game-type environment for learning and practicing security skills through a series of guided objectives. CounterMeasures uses a real, interactive shell for input and targets a real server for exploits to provide an environment resembling security systems currently deployed. Evaluation with 20 test subjects illustrates the merits and shows the potential of our approach.
Static stresses in dolos concrete armor units

Abstract Concrete armor units are commonly employed for the protection of shorelines and rubble structures. A three-dimensional finite element model is used to determine the states of static stress in dolosse with varying dimensions and concrete properties. An analytical procedure is developed which accurately predicts the tensile stress in the shank and horizontal fluke of a simply supported dolos subject to self-weight loading. Several numerical examples are presented which illustrate the application of prediction and iso-stress equations.
Effects of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD-32) on human bladder tumor cell lines.

We have compared the in vitro activity of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD-32) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (ADR) on the clonal growth of human bladder tumor cell lines (HBTCL). In order to determine the relative toxicity of ADR and AD-32 on hematopoietic stem cells, CFU-GM assays were set up using 10 normal human bone marrow samples. The mean lethal dose for 50% of the colonies (LD-50) for ADR was 1.6±1.4 μM and that for AD-32, 3.9±4.9 μM (P<0.55),suggesting that these agents have similar bone marrow toxicity. Both drugs produced enhanced inhibition of clonal growth of HBTCL with increasing C × Ts. The spectrum of activity of the two drugs was similar against a panel of seven HBTCL. The activity of ADR was inhibited at 4 °C while the activity of AD-32 was unaffected by temperature. ADR was more effective against HBTCL in the log growth phase than the plateau phase while the reverse was found using AD-32. Verapamil was found to enhance the activity of both ADR and AD-32 against a HBTCL (T24), found to be resistant to both agents. The lipophilic properties of AD-32, along with its enhanced activity when used over prolonged periods of time and its activity against tumor cells in the plateau phase, suggest that AD-32 could be useful in the management of patients with superficial bladder cancer.
The effect of stable stratification on the motion in a rotating spherical annulus

Abstract The effects of stable stratification on the steady laminar flow of a viscous fluid in a rotating spherical annulus are investigated. Three rotational configurations are discussed: inner sphere rotating, outer sphere at rest; inner sphere at rest, outer sphere rotating; and both spheres rotating in opposite directions. The calculations include the primary and secondary circulations, the temperature distribution, and the heat-transfer characteristics of the flow. It is shown that the buoyancy forces are effective in reducing the intensity of the secondary circulation, and in one case cause a new circulation pattern to appear.
Asian variations in the importance of personal attributes for wholesaler selection: Japanese and thai marketing channels

Little is known in the field of marketing about the relative importance of personal and non-personal attributed in determining the level of social interaction among buyers and sellers in marketing channels around the world. The current article addresses this issue by analyzing survey data taken form produce retailers in Thailand and Japan. The goals are to test whether or not; (1) Japanese and Thai retailers perceive personal attributed to be more important than non-personal ones, and (2) Japanese retailers value personal attributes more than Thai retailers do. The evidence presented shows that personal attributes are considered to be very important in both societies, but significantly more so in Japan than in Thailand. International managers are reminded that channel relationships in Asia are not alike, requiring modification of their marketing strategy for each country.
Atypical choroidal neovascularization in radiation retinopathy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report atypical choroidal neovascularization associated with radiation retinopathy. DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: The patient was examined with ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. RESULTS: A 32-year-old woman presented with an accelerated course of radiation retinopathy with macular edema, capillary telangiectasis, subretinal fluid, and lipid during and after pregnancy. Indocyanine green, but not fluorescein angiography, demonstrated an unusual area of choroidal neovascularization with prominent saccular dilations adjacent to a large zone of poor choroidal perfusion. Laser photocoagulation of the choroidal neovascularization resulted in an angiographic closure with absorption of the subretinal fluid and improvement of visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Choroidal neovascularization may be associated with radiation retinopathy and, when present, may require indocyanine green angiography for its diagnosis.
Some economic implications of the 1986 tax reform for the United States economy

The 1986 tax reform represented a major revamping of the United States tax code. It reflected years of ideological and technical debate; and was considered to offer the most efficient tax structure feasible, given the political constraints facing the legislature at that time. However, even before its implementation (which is still under way), it became clear that the changes introduced into the tax structure were not locationally neutral. We here examine two hitherto unexplored dimensions which have a direct bearing on the interstate equity question. The economic and locational factors associated with the “propensity to itemize” are explored, and then related to the degree to which previously deductible categories remained so after the reform. When these factors are considered, several unexpected results emerge which call into question several canons of the conventional wisdom in this area.
Comments on selecting ephemeral ports

Careless selection of the ephemeral port number portion of a transport protocol's connection identifier has been shown to potentially degrade security by opening the connection up to injection attacks from "blind" or "off path" attackers--or, attackers that cannot directly observe the connection. This short paper empirically explores a number of algorithms for choosing the ephemeral port number that attempt to obscure the choice from such attackers and hence make mounting these blind attacks more difficult.