cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining multiple depth cameras and projectors for interactions on, above and between surfaces

Instrumented with multiple depth cameras and projectors, LightSpace is a small room installation designed to explore a variety of interactions and computational strategies related to interactive displays and the space that they inhabit. LightSpace cameras and projectors are calibrated to 3D real world coordinates, allowing for projection of graphics correctly onto any surface visible by both camera and projector. Selective projection of the depth camera data enables emulation of interactive displays on un-instrumented surfaces (such as a standard table or office desk), as well as facilitates mid-air interactions between and around these displays. For example, after performing multi-touch interactions on a virtual object on the tabletop, the user may transfer the object to another display by simultaneously touching the object and the destination display. Or the user may "pick up" the object by sweeping it into their hand, see it sitting in their hand as they walk over to an interactive wall display, and "drop" the object onto the wall by touching it with their other hand. We detail the interactions and algorithms unique to LightSpace, discuss some initial observations of use and suggest future directions.
Integrating Interactive Computational Modeling in Biology Curricula

While the use of computer tools to simulate complex processes such as computer circuits is normal practice in fields like engineering, the majority of life sciences/biological sciences courses continue to rely on the traditional textbook and memorization approach. To address this issue, we explored the use of the Cell Collective platform as a novel, interactive, and evolving pedagogical tool to foster student engagement, creativity, and higher-level thinking. Cell Collective is a Web-based platform used to create and simulate dynamical models of various biological processes. Students can create models of cells, diseases, or pathways themselves or explore existing models. This technology was implemented in both undergraduate and graduate courses as a pilot study to determine the feasibility of such software at the university level. First, a new (In Silico Biology) class was developed to enable students to learn biology by “building and breaking it” via computer models and their simulations. This class and technology also provide a non-intimidating way to incorporate mathematical and computational concepts into a class with students who have a limited mathematical background. Second, we used the technology to mediate the use of simulations and modeling modules as a learning tool for traditional biological concepts, such as T cell differentiation or cell cycle regulation, in existing biology courses. Results of this pilot application suggest that there is promise in the use of computational modeling and software tools such as Cell Collective to provide new teaching methods in biology and contribute to the implementation of the “Vision and Change” call to action in undergraduate biology education by providing a hands-on approach to biology.
Reactions of phosphoric acid with polyvinyl acetals

Two of the possible reactions between polyvinylbutyral and phosphoric acid in 95% ethanol have been investigated. Some hydrolysis of the acetal linkages has been found to take place although the extent of this reaction is less than for simple monomeric acetals. No evidence has been found to indicate that there is, in ethanol, any esterification of the phosphoric acid by the hydroxyl groups of the polymer.
Mediastinal parathyroid tumors.

• Mediastinal parathyroid tumors are a frequent cause of failed parathyroid operations. I therefore reviewed my experience with 285 consecutive patients treated surgically for hyperparathyroidism from January 1981 to Dec 31, 1986. Two hundred eighty-eight operations were performed on these patients (246 primary, 38 secondary, one error in diagnosis, and 53 reoperations). Mediastinal parathyroid tumors were present in 64 (22%) of the entire group of 285 patients with hyperparathyroidism, and 20 (38%) of 53 patients requiring reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Fifty-two parathyroid tumors were situated in the anterior mediastinum and 12 were found in the posterior mediastinum; 56 of the mediastinal tumors were removed via a cervical approach. In four patients the mediastinal tumor was a fifth histologically documented parathyroid gland. Mediastinal tumors were identified by preoperative localization studies (ultrasonography, three [16%]; thallium-technetium, five of 17 [29%]; computed tomography, eight of 14 [57%]; magnetic resonance imaging, three of seven [43%]; and selective venous catheterization for parathyroid hormone, ten of 11 [91%]). Awareness of the relatively high occurrence of mediastinal tumors (52 anterior, 12 posterior) should decrease the risk of failed parathyroid operations. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:1096-1100)
Abstract 2979: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) is a histone lysine methyltransferase (HMT) which was initially found to be deregulated in a subset of multiple myeloma cells with the t(4;14) (p16;q32) translocation and poor prognosis. Recently, our group as well as others found that WHSC1 was overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, with low or no expression in normal tissues except the testis. Long-term survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) remains poor and thus new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Epigenetic alterations have mainly been studied as a potential mechanism of progression from dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma. Given the promising potential of HMTs as novel drug targets and the aforementioned interesting expression patterns, we further investigated the role of WHSC1 in carcinogenesis through immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) using tissue microarrays of 123 locoregionally advanced SCCHN patients, and 6 samples of fibroepithelial hyperplasia lesions obtained from oral biopsies. We classified its expression levels with a scoring scale of 0 (no expression), +1 (mild), +2 (moderate) or +3 (strong). WHSC1 expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm was moderate (score +2, 37%) or strong (score +3, 38%) in 75% of SCCHN samples, while 25% showed mild (score +1, 24%) or no (score 0, 1%) expression. WHSC1 staining of normal epithelial regions revealed an exclusively nuclear expression pattern in the basal and parabasal layers. This is consistent with reports suggesting a physiologic role of the Wnt-pathway, which was recently found to be induced by WHSC1, in the differentiation process of the squamous epithelium. We also performed Western blot analysis of WHSC1 in 8 SCCHN cells lines, 3 control fibroblast cell lines and 1 keratinocyte cell line. We observed moderate to strong overexpression of WHSC1 in 4 of 8 SCCHN cell lines, while no expression was detected in the normal keratinocytes or the fibroblast cell lines. These findings support a potential role of the WHSC1 pathway in the pathogenesis of SCCHN and provides a new therapeutic avenue for drug discovery in this fatal disease. Citation Format: Vassiliki Saloura, Hyun-Soo Cho, Mark Lingen, Terri Li, Can Gong, Seiwert Tanguy, Ezra Cohen, Ryuji Hamamoto, Yusuke Nakamura. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2979. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2979
UNBALANCED GROWTH AND LATENT KILLING OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO SULFUR MUSTARD.

Abstract A study has been made of the effects of unbalanced metabolism on the survival of sulfur-mustard-treated Escherichia coli , strains 15T-A-U- (thymine, arginine and uracil requiring) and 15T-PA- (thymine and phenylalanine requiring). The following results were obtained. 1. 1. Pre- and post-treatment growth conditions significantly affected the sensitivity of bacteria to sulfur mustard. The largest resistance was observed when bacteria were cultured before treatment in media containing thymidine, but lacking the required amino acid and uracil. Such bacteria were also immune to thymineless death and more resistant, to other bifunctional alkylating agents, mitomycin C and the decay of incorporated [ 3 H]thymidine than were exponentially growing bacteria. 2. 2. The development of the resistant state could not be attributed to the completion of DNA replication, the attainment of the stationary growth phase, or the inhibition of protein synthesis but appeared to be largely due to the low levels of unbalanced metabolism to which the mustard-treated cells were subsequently subjected. Thus, resistant cells, on post-treatment incubation in nutritionally deficient media, were considerably more refractory to latent killing effects and to thymineless death than were exponentially growing bacteria. 3. 3. The latent killing of mustard-treated cells and thymineless death were strikingly similar phenomena. Both processes were often similarly affected by nutritionally induced changes, had the same maximal rates, and were accompanied by a stimulated incorporation of [ 32 P]P 1 into a RNA-like product, while unbalanced protein synthesis played only a minor, or indirect role in killing. The most notable difference between latent and thymineless killing was a dose-dependent decrease in the lag before onset of killing. 4. 4. Unbalanced metabolism affected the stability of both DNA and RNA. DNA became increasingly more difficult to isolate in highly polymerized form and some of the DNA was actually degraded to acid-soluble products. Mustard-treated bacteria, during latent killing, rapidly depolymerized 35 % of their DNA, a process which preceded the degradation of RNA, while untreated bacteria, during thymineless death, degraded their DNA much later, following the breakdown of RNA. The depolymerization of DNA did not occur spontaneously but depended on the presence of glucose in the incubation medium, suggesting that the breakdown of bacterial DNA is either the cause or effect of unbalanced metabolism. 5. 5. In contrast to the bifunctional sulfur mustard, the monofunctional analog, β-chloroethyl-β-hydroxyethyl sulfide, was considerably less lethal to bacteria, failed to inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and did not promote the breakdown of DNA during post-treatment incubation. These results suggest that some cross-alkylating reactions are particularly effective for initiating unbalanced metabolism. 6. 6. The mechanism of death by unbalanced metabolism is discussed with special emphasis on the involvement of nucleases.
The Professional Identity of Gameworkers

/ The lack of clear crediting standards is a constant concern in the computer and video game industry. On an academic level, this concern has a regrettable parallel: of all the hundreds of thousands of professional culture creators in the media world, the ones whose lives are studied the least are game developers. Our paper maps the key issues which inform and influence the working lives and professional identities of professionals in the global computer and videogame industry. In our analysis of gamework as an example of the production of culture, we synthesize interviews with game developers, scholarly and trade publications, game developers' weblogs and online forum postings, as well as informal discussions and exchanges with people inside the industry.
Nepotism in prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) varies with competition but not with kinship

Abstract Behavioural interactions among black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) of the same sex clearly show nepotism (the favouring of kin). Males and females consistently interact more amicably with kin than with non-kin. Nepotism in this context is striking for two reasons. First, individuals do not interact more amicably with close kin such as offspring and full-siblings than with more distant kin such as half-siblings, full-nieces, half-nieces, and half-nephews. Second, nepotism varies inversely and dramatically with changes in competition for either oestrous females (among males) or nesting burrows and breeding rights (among females).
TEM analysis of nanometer-size surface structures formed by bias enhanced nucleation of diamond on iridium

Abstract Bias enhanced nucleation of diamond on Ir/SrTiO3(0 0 1) substrates usually causes a characteristic roughening of the Ir surface. On top of this, small particles with typical dimensions between 5 and 10 nm are found. Different microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy) were used in order to study the structure of these particles and determine their role in the diamond nucleation process. The nanoparticles are found laying loosely on the Ir surface: either equally dispersed or in clusters. After an additional short growth step, they can also be observed on top of the diamond grains. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs reveal a lattice constant that is close to that of Ir. Similar particles were observed on the nucleation side of thick delaminated diamond films after a growth process of several days. In contrast to the findings on top of the Ir surface, these nanoparticles are sometimes well aligned to the diamond film and show a wide distribution of lattice spacing. All results of the present study concurrently question any crucial role of the nanoparticles in the diamond nucleation process on iridium.
Gas Heating Effects in a Nanosecond-Pulse Streamer Discharge Interacting With a Supersonic $\hbox{O}_{2}{-}\hbox{H}_{2}$ Flow

We discuss gas heating effects in an anodic-pulse 4-kV 10-ns discharge interacting with a Mach 3 supersonic premixed O2-H2 boundary layer flow. Rapid gas heating occurs in the electrode near-field region with gas temperature increase on the order of 100 K-200 K. The rapid heating of the gas mixture results in micro blast waves which propagate into the free stream and eventually decay.
Reinstated ethanol-seeking in rats is modulated by environmental context and requires the nucleus accumbens core.

The reinstatement of ethanol (EtOH)-seeking induced by an EtOH-predictive light-tone stimulus is enhanced in an environment associated with prior EtOH self-administration (SA) compared with a context associated with EtOH unavailability (Tsiang & Janak, 2006). Here we hypothesized that EtOH-seeking would be elicited by the conditioned sensory stimulus properties of EtOH and that this reinstatement would be similarly modulated by context. We also determined whether pharmacologically inactivating the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key structure in relapse circuitry, would attenuate reinstated EtOH-seeking. Rats lever-pressed for oral EtOH (10% v/v) in operant conditioning chambers distinguished by specific visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli. Responding was then extinguished by withholding EtOH in a different context. EtOH-seeking, expressed as elevated responding without EtOH delivery, was subsequently tested by presenting an oral EtOH prime (two aliquots of 0.1 mL EtOH) in either the extinction or the prior EtOH-SA context. Rats received a microinfusion (0.3 μL/hemisphere) of saline or GABA agonists (muscimol/baclofen) into the NAc core or shell immediately before the reinstatement test. Robust EtOH-seeking was observed in the prior EtOH-SA but not the extinction context in saline-pretreated rats. This effect was significantly attenuated by inactivating the NAc core but not shell. Conversely, NAc shell inactivation significantly elevated lever-pressing in the extinction context. These data suggest that the sensory stimulus properties of oral EtOH can reinstate EtOH-seeking when experienced in the appropriate context and that functional activity in the NAc core is required for this effect. In contrast, the shell may normally inhibit incorrect behavioral responses.
Experimental Studies of Tenebrionid Beetle Predation By Skunks

A series of experiments showed that naive skunks are not deterred by the defensive secretions of tenebrionid beetles. Before eating beetles with defensive secretions, the naive skunks rolled the beetles in the substrate, during which time the beetles discharged their secretions. When the supply of secretions was presumably exhausted, the skunks ate the beetles. The naive skunks appeared to require an odor cue to recognize a beetle. Once the skunks had recognized the beetle by odor, they used visual cues in choosing the largest beetle regardless of whether or not it had defensive secretions. Similarly, the skunks chose beetles with secretions in preference to crickets, as long as the beetles were larger than the crickets. When given a choice between beetles with secretions and crickets of an equal size, the skunks showed no significant preference.
Effective force constant for a central-force random network.

Previous numerical results for the effective force constant of a two-dimensional nearest-neighbor central-force random network with a broad distribution of force constants are reevaluated by applying a well-known percolation argument developed by Ambegaokar, Halperin, and Langer [Phys. Rev. B 4, 2612 (1971)]. This argument, which was constructed for networks of conductors, is shown to give excellent agreement with the numerical results for the elastic properties. Single-bond effective-medium theory is analytically shown to agree closely with the prediction of this argument in the limit ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\gg}${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, where the network's force constants are evenly distributed between ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$. However, the physical picture that underlies the Ambegaokar-Halperin-Langer argument is not correct for this model, because the backbone in rigidity percolation is quite different from that in ordinary connectivity percolation.
Amperometric Nitrosothiol Sensor Using Immobilized Organoditelluride Species as Selective Catalytic Layer

A new amperometric sensor capable of responding to various biological S-nitrosothiol species (RSNOs) is described. The sensor is prepared using an organoditelluride-tethered poly(allyamine hydrochloride) (PAH) polymer crosslinked within a dialysis membrane support mounted at the distal surface of an amperometric NO probe. The surface immobilized organoditelluride layer serves as a selective catalyst to decompose various RSNO species to NO in the presence of a thiol reducing agent added to the sample. The proposed sensor responds directly and reversibly to various low molecular weight (LMW) RSNOs in the range of 0.1 m Mt o 10mM with nearly equal sensitivity. The main advantage of this sensor over previously reported Cu(II/I) and organodiselenium-based RSNO sensors is its long operational life-time (at least one month). A discussion regarding solution phase transnitrosation reactions potentially allowing the measurement of higher molecular weight S-nitrosoproteins is provided, along with data showing preliminary results in this direction. Further, the direct detection of endogenous RSNO species in diluted fresh whole sheep blood is also demonstrated using this new sensor.
Identification of Drosophila Bicoid-interacting proteins using a custom two-hybrid selection

Bicoid directs pattern formation in the developing Drosophila embryo, and does so by performing two seemingly unrelated tasks; it activates transcription and represses translation. To understand how Bicoid carries out this dual role, we sought to identify Bicoid-ancillary proteins that might mediate Bicoid's function in transcription or translation. We used a customized version of the two-hybrid method and found two Bicoid-interacting proteins, Bin1 and Bin3, both of which interact with Bicoid in vitro. Bin1 is similar to a human protein (SAP18) involved in transcription regulation, and Bin3, described in this paper, is similar to a family of protein methyltransferases that modify RNA-binding proteins. Given that Bicoid's role as a translation regulator requires RNA binding, we suggest that the Bicoid-interacting methyltransferase might be important for that role. The custom two-hybrid method we used, in which Bicoid is bound to DNA via its own DNA binding domain, rather than via a fusion-protein tether, should be generally applicable to other DNA binding proteins.
Continuous spectrophotometric assay of glucosyltransferase and β-fructofuranosidase activity

Abstract Sucrose 6-glucosyltransferase [(1→6)-α- D -glucan: D -fructose 2-glucosyltransferase, E.C. 2.4.1.5] converts sucrose into D -glucan and β-fructofuranosidase [β- D -fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, invertase, E.C. 3.2.1.26) hydrolyses sucrose, both releasing stoichiometric amounts of D -fructose. This study reports on a direct spectrophotometric method for measuring the kinetics of these enzymes. D -Fructose (in aqueous solution at 37°) has 2 absorption peaks at 188.5 and 278 nm (e 133.6 and 1.12 respectively); D -glucose, which is also released by β-fructofuranosidase, has a λ max at 186.0 nm (e 123.0). The methods developed utilize the absorption peaks in the far u.v. range. Buffers exert a bathochromic shift and have a hypochromic effect. Glucosyltransferase was assayed in phosphate buffer (0.1m M , pH 6.8). From a plot of Δ(e Dfructose -e sucrose vs . λ, 195 nm was selected as the optimal wavelength since, at this wavelength, the contribution of sucrose was least (⋍ 10%) and Δ A 195 /min was linearly proportional to glucosyltransferase concentration. Determination of K m by this method gave values comparable to those obtained by chemical assay of released reducing groups (2.05 vs . 2.00m M sucrose, respectively). β-Fructofuranosidase assayed at 207 nm in acetate buffer (0.5m M , pH 4.6) at 37° gave a K m value of 12.3m M sucrose. This is in agreement with the results obtained by polarimetry and chemical assay of released reducing groups (14.6 and 12.3m M sucrose, respectively). The advantages of this method are simplicity, ability to measure initial reaction rates, and a continuous following of the course of the reaction.
Queue length as an implicit communication channel

We attempt to bridge queuing theory and information theory by considering queue lengths as communication channels conveying information about system parameters. A toy problem is proposed and an information-theoretic lower bound is derived on the queue-length/cost tradeoff which matches (in an order sense) the performance of back-pressure algorithms. The proof is based on the idea of “communication simulation,” which gives a “reduction” that uses a queuing system with a certain performance to simulate a communication system with the corresponding performance. The result suggests that there is a fundamental performance penalty to following the minimalist aesthetic of avoiding explicit protocol information.
A new semi-smooth Newton multigrid method for parabolic PDE optimal control problems

A new semi-smooth Newton (SSN) multigrid algorithm is proposed for solving the discretized first order necessary optimality systems that characterize the optimal solutions of a class of 2D semi-linear parabolic PDE optimal control problems with control constraints. To achieve a second-order accurate finite difference discretization, we use a leapfrog scheme (with the second-order backward differentiation formula (BDF2)) in time and a standard 5-point stencil in space. The derived well-structured discretized Jacobian matrices greatly facilitate the development of effective smoother in our multigrid algorithm. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method, which validates the second-order accuracy in solution approximations and the optimal linear complexity in computational time.
High-Temperature Galling Characteristics of TI-6AL-4V with and without Surface Treatments

Galling is a severe form of surface damage in metals and alloys that typically arises under relatively high normal force and low sliding speed and in the absence of effective lubrication. It can lead to macroscopic surface roughening and seizure. The occurrence of galling can be especially problematic in high-temperature applications like diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation system components and adjustable turbocharger vanes, because suitable lubricants may not be available, moisture desorption promotes increased adhesion, and the yield strength of metals decreases with temperature. Oxidation can counteract these effects to some extent by forming lubricative oxide films. Two methods to improve the galling resistance of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V were investigated: (a) applying an oxygen diffusion treatment and (b) creating a metal–matrix composite with TiB2 using a high-intensity infrared heating source. A new oscillating three-pin-on-flat, high-temperature test method was developed and used to characte...
A High-Speed RF Data Transmitter for the Fermilab Booster Beam Damping System

This paper describes the design and realization of an RF transmitter system capable of driving very fast modulation envelopes (12 ns - 20 ns) representative of analog signals through long coaxial cables. The transmitter employs two amplitude-modulated carriers to transmit the amplitude and the polarity of the input drive signal simultaneously, via frequency-division multiplexing over an 800 MHz spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands. Refer to separate papers1 for information regarding the damper system and its other specific components.
Synthesis of c -Axis Barium Hexaferrite Puck for Communication Application

Recent progress and needs by telecommunication industries require thick barium ferrite film with excellent magnetic properties for microwave monolithic integrated circuit applications. In the present work we show a novel barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19, or BaM) composite material, BaFe12O19 nanopowder mixture with epoxy, as a low-cost solution to fabricate thick BaM films. The mix is used to fabricate thick puck of BaM within an alumina substrate. The resulting barium hexaferrite thick pucks have good magnetic properties with a magnetization saturation 4πMs between 2000 and 2500 Gauss, a perpendicular coercivity of 3800 to 4000 Oe and a close to 0.9 squareness. In addition, we have successfully fabricated and tested a self-biased microwave circulator by depositing and patterning copper contact lines on the alumina substrate and the BaM thick puck.
Controller design for maximizing the size of a step disturbance in non-minimum phase, unstable uncertain systems

Considered in this paper is the problem of maximization of tolerable disturbances in the presence of hard time-domain constraints on system states and the input for a class of linear time-invariant single-input single-output uncertain systems. In particular, a methodology proposed by the authors is extended to include non-minimum phase and/or unstable systems. An inner-outer factorization separates a nominal minimum phase transfer function from the uncertain plant set thus facilitating the generation of the required frequency domain design region. In dealing with unstable systems, an intermediate prestabilization step may become necessary.
Design studies of the reaccelerator RFQ at NSCL

The reaccelerator system under development at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) will consist of a helium gas Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) stopper, an electron beam ion trap, a cw radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and a superconducting linac to accelerate RIBs up to 3 MeV/u with charge-to-mass ratios (Q/A) of 0.2 - 0.4. The RFQ will operate in cw mode at a frequency of 80.5MHz to accelerate RIBs from 12 keV/u to 600 keV/u. An external multi-harmonic buncher will be used to achieve a small longitudinal emittance beam out of the RFQ. In this paper, we describe the design of the RFQ and the result of beam dynamics simulation.
Marketing Research: A State-of-the-Art Review and Directions for the Twenty-First Century

This article provides observations on the state of the art in marketing research during 1987–1997. As such, it updates the earlier state-of-the-art review by Malhotra (1988), which won theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science (JAMS) Best Article Award. The primary thrust of articles published in theJournal of Marketing Research during 1987–1997 is reviewed to determine important areas of research. In each of these areas, the authors summarize recent developments, highlight the state of the art, offer some critical observations, and identify directions for future research. They present a cross-classification of various techniques and subject areas, and make some observations on the applications of these techniques to address specific substantive and methodological issues in marketing research. The article concludes with some general directions for marketing research in the twenty-first century.
Games Colleges Play. Scandal and Reform in Intercollegiate Athletics.

In "Games Colleges Play", John Thelin chronicles the history of intercollegiate athletics from 1910 to 1990 - from the early, glory days of Knute Rockne and the "Gipper" to the modern era of big budgets, powerful coaches, and pampered players. He describes how "extracurricular" sports programmes - seldom accorded equal prominence with teaching and research in mission statements or annual reports - have become central to the life of many universities. As administrators search for a proper balance between athletics and academics, Thelin observes, this "peculiar institution" in American higher education grows increasingly powerful and controversial. Looking past the playing fields and lavish facilities into board rooms and administrative suites, Thelin finds disturbing patterns of abuse and limited reform and explores the implications of these patterns for today's college presidents, faculty and students. He examines the 1929 Carnegie Foundation Report, the formation of major athletic conferences, the national college basketball scandals after World War II, the dissolution of the Pacific Coast Conference in the 1950s and the Knight Foundation Report of 1991. "Games Colleges Play" provides historical background that aims to inform current policy discussions about the proper place of intercollegiate athletics within the American university. Thelin is author of "Higher Education and its Useful Past", and co-author, with Lawrence L. Wiseman, of "The Old College Try: Balancing Academic and Athletics in Higher Education".
Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) Kills Juvenile Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii)

Abstract We observed a greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) kill a juvenile desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii) in Anza Borrego State Park, San Diego County, California. We estimated that the cottontail was several weeks old based on its pelage, length of ear, and size relative to the roadrunner. This is the largest prey known to be captured by a roadrunner.
Enhanced Electrokinetic Removal of Phenanthrene from Clay Soil by Periodic Electric Potential Application

Abstract Electrokinetically enhanced in-situ flushing using surfactants has the potential to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from low permeability clay soils; however, previous research has shown that the applied electric potential produces complex physical, chemical, and electrochemical changes within clay soils that affect mass transfer and overall efficiency. This article presents the results of a laboratory investigation conducted to determine the contaminant mass removal by using a periodic voltage application. The periodic voltage effects were evaluated by performing four different bench-scale electrokinetic tests with the voltage gradient applied continuously or periodically, under relatively low voltage (1.0 VDC/cm) and high anode buffering (0.1 M NaOH) as well as high voltage (2.0 VDC/cm) and low anode buffering (0.01 M NaOH) conditions. For all the tests, kaolin soil was used as a representative clay soil and it was spiked with phenanthrene, a representative PAH, with a target con...
Hypothenar hammer syndrome: a case and brief review

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is an uncommon cause of upper-extremity ischemia that is often overlooked in the absence of a thorough occupational and recreational history. Importantly, it is a reversible cause of hand ischemia that, if missed, can lead to significant morbidity and even amputation. The occupational ramifications and quality of life of those affected can be significant. Its relative rarity, set against the ubiquitous use of the hand as a 'hammer' is noteworthy. Several other causes of hand ischemia can present similarly; therefore, consideration of other etiologies must be thoroughly investigated. Key distinguishing clinical features, in addition to a detailed occupational and recreational history, may include characteristic sparing of the thumb, the absence of a hyperemic phase in 'Raynaud's phenomenon', and a positive Allen's sign. Both non-invasive and invasive diagnostic studies, including bilateral upper-limb segmental pulse volume recordings (PVR), arterial duplex examination, and upper-extremity angiography, are complementary to a thorough history and physical examination. Optimal management strategies are not well defined because of its rarity and resultant lack of quality, evidence-based data. Though most cases can be successfully managed non-operatively, micrographic arterial reconstruction may be limb saving in severe or recalcitrant cases. Newer, experimental strategies including selective sympathetic blockage using botulinum toxin A have been reported in a few recalcitrant cases. The brief case description illustrates the typical presentation and potential treatment strategies employed in a difficult case. A review of relevant literature is also presented.
Scaled-up separation of cellobiohydrolase1 from a cellulase mixture by ion-exchange chromatography

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose often involves cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei, of which cellobiohydrolase1 (CBH1) is the most abundant (about 60% of total cellulases) and plays an important role in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. A method for separating sufficient quantities from the bulk cellulase cocktail is highly desirable for many studies, such as those that aim to characterize binding and hydrolysis kinetics of CBH1. In this work, CBH1 was separated from other Spezyme CP cellulases by ion-exchange chromatography using an efficient modification of a smaller scale process. The ion-exchange column was connected to a vacuum manifold system to provide a steady flow through parallel columns and thus achieve scale-up for enzyme separation. With five 5-mL columns running in parallel, about 55 mg of CBH1 was separated from 145 mg of Spezyme CP in a single separation. Step elution was used to replace the continuous gradient used at smaller scale. The purified CBH1 was collected in the fraction eluted with a buffer containing 0.33 M salt and showed comparable purity and activity as the enzyme purified by a fast protein liquid chromatography system. The stability of separated CBH1 was studied for up to 2 days and good thermal stability was observed. Separated CBH1 also showed both high adsorption to bacterial microcrystalline cellulose with ~4 μmol/g maximum adsorption and a K(a) of 5.55 ± 2.34 μM(-1) , and good hydrolytic activity based on atomic force microscopy observations that show a reduction in fiber height.
Migrational Guidance of Neutrophils Is Mechanotransduced via High-Affinity LFA-1 and Calcium Flux

Acute inflammation triggers the innate immune response of neutrophils that efficiently traffic from the bloodstream to concentrate at high numbers at the site of tissue infection or wounding. A gatekeeper in this process is activation of β2 integrins, which form bond clusters with ICAM-1 on the endothelial surface. These bond clusters serve dual functions of providing adhesive strength to anchor neutrophils under the shear forces of blood flow and directional guidance for cell polarization and subsequent transmigration on inflamed endothelium. We hypothesized that shear forces transmitted through high-affinity LFA-1 facilitates the cooperation with the calcium release-activated channel Orai1 in directing localized cytoskeletal activation and directed migration. By using vascular mimetic microfluidic channels, we observed neutrophil arrest on a substrate of either ICAM-1 or allosteric Abs that stabilize a high- or low-affinity conformation of LFA-1. Neutrophils captured via low-affinity LFA-1 did not exhibit intracellular calcium flux, F-actin polymerization, cell polarization, or directional migration under shear flow. In contrast, high-affinity LFA-1 provided orientation along a uropod–pseudopod axis that required calcium flux through Orai1. We demonstrate how the shear stress of blood flow can transduce distinct outside–in signals at focal sites of high-affinity LFA-1 that provide contact-mediated guidance for neutrophil emigration.
Differential Diagnosis of Learning Disability versus Emotional Disturbance Using the WISC-R:

The purpose of the present study was to assess the utility of different factor structures of the WISC-R in differentiating students with learning disability (LD) from children with emotional disturbance (ED). Based on several comparisons the results indicated that only the modified Kaufman's (1975) factor structure differentiated the two groups.
Open Access and the Author-Pays Problem: Assuring Access for Readers and Authors in a Global Community of Scholars

Out of concern for its lifeblood—communication—academia is rushing to correct serious inequities in access and revenue distribution by embracing open access (OA) in a variety of ways: some journals provide access openly to all readers, some allow authors to pay for OA options, some share copyrights with authors to allow open sharing, etc. For publication in some fully OA journals, though, publication charges associated with an ‘author-pays’ business model can be substantial, reflecting costs involved in production and publication of quality scholarly articles and (sometimes) significant profit margins for publishers. Such charges may constitute significant barriers for potential authors, particularly those at institutions or in countries with fewer resources. Consequently, an OA journal for readers may in reality be a closed-access journal for authors.
Contrasts in Cellulolytic Activities of Gut Microorganisms Between the Wood Borer, Saperda vestita (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and the Bark Beetles, Ips pini and Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The goal of this study was to characterize the cellulose-degrading microorganisms in the guts of wood-inhabiting beetles. We enriched for cellulose-degrading microorganisms by inoc- ulating Þlter paper in liquid growth medium with macerated guts from larvae and adults of the wood-boring longhorned beetle, Saperda vestita, and the phloeophagous bark beetles, Ips pini and Dendroctonus frontalis. After incubation, microorganisms were isolated in pure culture and tested for their ability to digest carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Isolates were identiÞed based on their ribo- somal RNA gene or intergenic region sequences. Bacteria and fungi from the gut ofS. vestita degraded Þlter paper, whereas the microorganisms from the phloeophagous insects did not. The only bacterium detected that was able to degrade CMC is closely related to Sphingobium yanoikuyae, a member of the-Proteobacteria class. We found this species in all Þeld-collectedS.vestita larvae in 2002 and 2003. Population densities of cellulolytic bacteria in S. vestita ranged from 2.4 10 5 to 3.6 10 6 CFU/gut. Bacteria isolated from the phloeophagous beetles I. pini and D. frontalis did not degrade CMC. Two fungi isolated from the gut of S. vestita adults had strong degradative activity. Sequences of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rRNA regions indicated that these fungi are highly similar to Fusarium culmorum and Penicillium crustosum, respectively. This study provides the Þrst description of the gut microbial community ofS.vestita and the Þrst documentation of association between cellulolytic microorganisms and a wood-boring beetle.
Effects of Insulin on Gene Transcription

for these changes in mRNA concentration. The steady-state concentration of a messenger RNA is determined by a sequence of events that includes initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II, elongation of the trans cr ipt , termina­ tion of transcription, mRNA capping, polyadenylation, splicing, transport to the cytoplasm, and eventual degradation. Recent progress in the study of eukaryotic gene expression demonstrates that the first step in this process, initiation of transcription, can be regulated by the binding of nuclear proteins to cis-actin g DNA sequences (26). For example, DNA-binding proteins are known to mediate transcription al effects of steroid hormones, cAMP, and various low-molecu lar-weight effectors. This is not a well established mech­ anism of action for peptide hormones. Whether the effects of insulin on enzyme concentration result from this type of transcriptional regulation is the
Modeling vegetation structure-ecosystem process interactions across sites and ecosystems

Abstract We describe an approach to investigating and understanding the interactions between vegetation structure and ecosystem processes that uses simulation models as a framework for comparison and synthesis across ecosystems arrayed along environmental gradients. The models are individual-based vegetation simulators and compartment models of nutrient cycling and soil water relations. Applications focus on interactions and feedbacks between vegetation structure (species composition, size structure) and ecosystem processes (water balance, nutrient cycling), and how these relationships vary across environmental gradients. Preliminary results indicate that life-history traits of plants have a profound influence on system-level behaviors, and that differences between grasslands and forests can be attributed largely to contrasting traits of grasses and trees. Experiments with linked vegetation-ecosystem process models diverge from simulations with either model run independently, suggesting the importance of feedbacks between details of vegetation pattern and ecosystem processes. The development of a fully coupled vegetation-ecosystem process model that is sufficiently general to simulate systems dominated by multiple lifeforms presents several conceptual, logistical, and scaling challenges, but also provides for new opportunities in ecosystem theory.
Two-Level Reorder Buffers: Accelerating Memory-Bound Applications on SMT Architectures

We propose a low complexity mechanism for accelerating memory-bound threads on SMT processors without adversely impacting the performance of other concurrently running applications. The main idea is to provide a two-level organization of the Reorder Buffer (ROB), where the first level is comprised of small private per-thread ROBs which are used in the normal course of execution in the absence of last level cache misses. The second ROB level is a much larger storage that can be used on demand by threads experiencing last level cache misses. The key feature of our scheme is that the allocation of the second-level ROB partition occurs to a thread experiencing a miss into the last level cache only if the number of instructions dependent on the missing load is below a predetermined threshold. We introduce a novel low-complexity mechanism to count the number of load-dependent instructions and propose two schemes for allocating second level ROB: predictive and reactive. Our results demonstrate about 30% improvement over DCRA resource distribution mechanism in terms of "harmonic mean of weighted IPCs" metric.
Ambulatory Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Fever and Neutropenia in Adult Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature on the management of low-risk adults with chemotherapy-induced fever and neutropenia (CIFN). Included in the review are methods to identify these patients, management options, and economic impact associated with nontraditional treatment options.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE and bibliographic search (January 1966–December 1997) for all English-language studies evaluating the identification and treatment of adult, low-risk CIFN patients was completed. Reference lists from identified articles also served as literature sources.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All human studies identified from the data sources were evaluated. Pertinent information, excluding pediatric studies, was selected and critically evaluated for discussion.DATA SYNTHESIS:Alterations in prominent bacterial isolates in CIFN, newer antibiotic choices, enhanced focus on patient comfort, and cost-containment directives have promoted recent research identifying adult cancer patients with low-risk CIFN. Using this...
Anyons from nonsolvable finite groups are sufficient for universal quantum computation

We present a constructive proof that anyonic magnetic charges with fluxes in a nonsolvable finite group can perform universal quantum computations. The gates are built out of the elementary operations of braiding, fusion, and vacuum pair creation, supplemented by a reservoir of ancillas of known flux. Procedures for building the ancilla reservoir and for correcting leakage are also described. Finally, a universal qudit gate set, which is ideally suited for anyons, is presented. The gate set consists of classical computation supplemented by measurements of the X operator.
A Thermoviscoelastic Approach for Modeling Shape Memory Polymers

This paper presents a thermoviscoelastic model for shape memory polymers (SMPs). The model has been developed base on the hypothesis that structural and stress relaxation are the primary shape memory mechanisms of crosslinked, glassy SMP, and that consideration of these mechanisms is essential for predicting the time-dependence of the shape memory response. Comparisons with experiments show that the model can reproduce the rate-dependent strain-temperature and stress-strain response of a crossslinked, glassy SMP. The model also captures many important features of the temperature and time dependence of the free strain recovery and constrained stress recovery response.
Long term resource allocation in video delivery systems

In typical video delivery systems offering programs on-demand, service should be be nearly immediate and continuous. A video server can provide this type of service by reserving sufficient network and server resources for the duration of playout. Scalability and reduced cost can be achieved using a single channel to serve multiple customers waiting for the same program (referred to as batching). Batching is especially useful during high load periods typically occuring during evening prime time hours. Typical channel allocation algorithms use a greedy, allocate-as-needed policy. Variations in system load can cause these algorithms to suffer poor and unpredictable short-term performance, and non-optimal long term performance. In this paper, we develop a set of realistic workloads, identify the limitations of greedy allocation algorithms, and propose a set of rate-based allocation schemes to solve these limitations. The performance of various video delivery systems are simulated and compared. The rate-based policies are shown to be robust for the workloads examined, and are easy to implement.