cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ungarns Selbstperipherisierung in der Europäischen Union: Hintergründe und Aussichten

Der Beitrag beleuchtet, wie Ungarn innerhalb der Europaischen Union seine in den 1990er Jahren gepflegte demokratische Vorreiterrolle verlor und sich zu einem „pragmatischen Disruptor“ mit sinkender Integrationsbereitschaft entwickelte. So endete die ungarische „EUphorie“ schon kurz nach dem Beitritt 2004 und mundete in zunehmender Isolation und Selbstperipherisierung. Der Beitrag stellt auch die spezifischen Interessen Ungarns und das Verhalten in der Rolle des „Disruptors“ in verschiedenen EU-Politikfeldern vor – darunter Fiskalpolitik, Wahrungsunion, EU-Haushalt und Migrationspolitik. Daruber hinaus wird deutlich, dass die EU-Kommission die zunehmende Autokratisierung Ungarns nicht systematisch verfolgte, unter anderem da die ungarische Regierung noch als kooperativ wahrgenommen wurde. Gleichzeitig stellten die Fidesz-Regierungen unter Orban die EU im nationalen Diskurs immer starker als Feindbild dar. Als bisher starkste Masnahmen der EU gegenuber der ungarischen Regierung bewertet der Beitrag die temporare Suspendierung der Fidesz aus der Europaischen Volkspartei und die Einleitung eines Artikel-7-Verfahrens.
Reconsidering Creditor Governance in a Time of Financial Alchemy: Appendix

This is the appendix to the article published in the Columbia Business Law Review. All appendix tables referenced in the text are included herein.
Configuration Sampling With 5-Membered Atropisomeric P,N-Ligands

Here we report a strategy for the systematic variation of atropisomeric C1 -symmetric P,N ligands to incrementally change the position of the groups within the chiral pocket without modifying their steric parameters. More specifically, the effects of systematic modification of the nitrogen heterocycle in atropisomeric C1 -symmetric stack ligands have been investigated in this study. The versatility and applicability of this approach has been demonstrated in mechanistically distinct catalytic enantioselective transformations, resulting in the identification of a P,N-ligand for a highly enantioselective synthesis of organoboranes.
Reliability assessment of cervical spine parameters measured on full-body radiographs in asymptomatic subjects and patients with spinal deformity.

Abstract Background Cervical spinal alignment is usually assessed on full-body radiographs allowing for the concomitant evaluation of possible compensatory mechanisms that may occur at any level in the setting of postural malalignment. Hypothesis Cervical parameters measured on full-body radiographs are reliable. Patients and methods A total of 70 subjects were included and divided in 3 groups: asymptomatic adults (n = 21), adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (n = 20), and adults with spinal deformity (n = 29), for whom full-body low-dose biplanar radiographs were obtained. Eighteen cervical parameters including gaze and cervical curvature, upper cervical spine, global cervical alignment, thoraco-cervical and cervico-pelvic parameters were measured by 4 operators, three times each. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) where calculated for each parameter and compared between the 3 groups. Results ICC and the 95% CI were similar between the 3 groups. The measured parameters showed a very high repeatability (ICC > 0.8) except for C0-C2, which presented an average repeatability (ICC = 0.57). The cSVA, CTPA, C2-SPi, cranial offset, T1-SPi, CBVA and cranial tilt had a 95% CI 6°. Discussion The poor visibility of the foramen magnum, hard palate, C7, T1, and the sternum on radiographs could explain why certain parameters showed a higher measurement error. The assessment of these error margins is essential for an accurate evaluation of cervical spinal deformities and a proper therapeutic approach. Level of evidence III; retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.
Subject satisfaction following treatment with nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment and reduction of acne scarring and rhytids: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND Skin-related changes, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and acne scarring, are a source of distress to both men and women. Nanofractional radiofrequency delivers thermal energy to skin layers leading to dermal remodeling that can address skin conditions related to aging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the subject satisfaction of nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment of facial wrinkles and acne scarring in both lighter and darker skin tones. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 subjects (skin types II-VI) were enrolled in this prospective, evaluator-blind study. The average age of subjects was 51.9 ± 13.5 years. Subjects received three treatments at 3- to 5-week intervals on both sides of the face using the 80- or the 160-pin tip disposables. Follow-up visits were conducted at 6- and 12 weeks after the last treatment. Subject satisfaction was evaluated using a self-assessment of a reduction of wrinkles or acne scars, and subject satisfaction questionnaire. Pain, tolerability, and safety were monitored throughout. RESULTS Subjects treated for acne or wrinkles were satisfied with their treatment at both the 6-week and 12-week follow-up visit (mean score 3.0; range 0 = very unsatisfied to 4 = very satisfied). The treatments were well tolerated at all treatment sessions, averaging a score of 3.5 on the tolerability scale (0 = very intolerable to 4 = very tolerable) with treatment-associated pain reported to be mild (3.2 out of 10). There were no adverse events or unanticipated side effects. CONCLUSIONS This clinical study demonstrates subjects are satisfied with nanofractional radiofrequency treatments for improvement of their wrinkles and acne scars.
History and status of spent fuel treatment at the INL Fuel Conditioning Facility

Abstract Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) operated from 1964 to 1994 as one of the first sodium-cooled fast reactors to use sodium-bonded metallic driver fuels and blankets. EBR-II was a testbed for fuel development and reactor design principles. Following shutdown, it was decided to use electrometallurgical methods to treat the spent fuel and blanket materials for final disposition. This paper provides a brief history of U.S. liquid metal cooled reactor development with emphasis on EBR-II, and a technical description of the electrometallurgical methods.
Calcium regulation of membrane fusion during hormone secretion.

Calcium is only one of a number of second messengers that are becoming increasingly implicated in processes regulating hormone secretion by exocytosis. The most completely studied calcium-dependent secretory system is the chromaffin cell from the adrenal medulla, a system with many operational similarities to the insulin secreting β-cell from islets of Langerhans. Inasmuch as we have had the opportunity to compare these two systems in detail we will attempt to make a number of hopefully interesting comparisons between data obtained from the chromaffin cell and certain data of relevance from the β-cell system.
Communication and Palliative Care: E-Health Interventions and Pain Management

Pain is both a biological and symbolic phenomenon. Every physical manifestation of pain is embedded in symbolic interpretations of pain. Effective pain management treats both the physiological and symbolic aspects of pain. Typical medical interventions for pain management, such as medication and surgery, are best suited for treating the physiological aspects of pain and are less effective for influencing the symbolic aspects of pain. Strategic health communication interventions, however, can have powerful therapeutic influences on symbolic interpretations of pain. Communication has been shown to help consumers cope with pain by helping them increase their understanding about the causes of pain, their unique patterns of pain incidence, and the best strategies for pain management. Yet, access to therapeutic communication, particularly at the points in time when it is most needed, is often limited for many pain sufferers. This chapter describes the potential to use new electronic health (e-health) communication interventions to increase access to therapeutic health communication and to promote effective long-term pain management.
ENGINEERING THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF GENE V PROTEIN

Publisher Summary This chapter describes efforts to use the gene V protein as a model system for developing methods for the rational modification of proteins. It briefly describes the properties and function of the gene V protein and the structure of the protein, determined by multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction on crystals of a selenomethionine-containing gene V protein are described with emphasis on the nature of the protein core and residues that are in close contact with each other in the core. The folding of this dimeric protein is also discussed, focusing on the association of the unfolded monomers of the protein as the rate-limiting step. The chapter describes an attempt at rationally engineering the stability of the protein by converting the two-subunit protein into a two-domain, single-chain protein. Estimates of the entropy difference between the dimeric and single-chain proteins are compared with measurements of the free energies of unfolding of the proteins. It focuses on repacking the core of the protein, emphasizing the variation in characteristics of the core from site to site, and developing the idea of a packing energy associated with each site in the core. It also describes the isolation and analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of gene V protein, highlighting the observation that most temperature-sensitive mutants of this protein are defective in more than one property. An approach to engineering several properties of a protein simultaneously is described, building on the observations that most mutations affect several properties of a protein and that the effects of mutations on any one property of the protein are often additive.
Acceleration of the acquisition of imaging probes using spatiotemporal processing

A quick localization of the tumor site to guide the therapeutic administration is important for an image guided cancer therapy to decrease both mortality and morbidity, especially in prolonged procedures, such as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Consequently, the images have to be updated quickly enough to capture the patient motion and the movement of therapeutic device, which poses a significant challenge on functional imaging probes. Besides increasing the sensitivity of imaging detectors, advanced image processing methods may play an important role to overcome this challenge. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of the spatiotemporal processing to shorten the acquisition time of each image frame to be able to capture the object motion with good image quality. The simulation study of beta imaging of a moving tumor phantom at different imaging dose levels demonstrates that the spatiotemporal processing can yield superior image quality compared to either a short acquisition or a prolonged acquisition with only spatial smoothing. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis also reveals its advantage on the tumor detection, particularly at lower imaging dose or equivalently shorter acquisition time.
Light-Activated Ion Channels for Remote Control of Neural Activity

Light-activated ion channels provide a new opportunity to precisely and remotely control neuronal activity for experimental applications in neurobiology. In the past few years, several strategies have arisen that allow light to control ion channels and therefore neuronal function. Light-based triggers for ion channel control include caged compounds, which release active neurotransmitters when photolyzed with light, and natural photoreceptive proteins, which can be expressed exogenously in neurons. More recently, a third type of light trigger has been introduced: a photoisomerizable tethered ligand that directly controls ion channel activity in a light-dependent manner. Beyond the experimental applications for light-gated ion channels, there may be clinical applications in which these light-sensitive ion channels could prove advantageous over traditional methods. Electrodes for neural stimulation to control disease symptoms are invasive and often difficult to reposition between cells in tissue. Stimulation by chemical agents is difficult to constrain to individual cells and has limited temporal accuracy in tissue due to diffusional limitations. In contrast, ion channels that can be directly activated with light allow control with unparalleled spatial and temporal precision. The goal of this chapter is to describe light-regulated ion channels and how they have been tailored to control different aspects of neural activity, and how to use these channels to manipulate and better understand development, function, and plasticity of neurons and neural circuits.
Solubilization chromatography : Phenols and Alcohols

Abstract Mixtures of four phenols and of six aliphatic alcohols C5 to C9 have been separated by solubilization chromatography, a procedure in which the mixture is eluted from an ion-exchange resin with aqueous solutions of acetic acid. The effects of such variables as cross-linking, flow rate, and concentration of eluent on the elution behavior of the compounds were studied, and the results were compared with thosc obtained for the lower alcohols in salting-out chromatography.
Antitumor effects of interleukin 2 liposomes and anti-CD3-stimulated T-cells against murine MCA-38 hepatic metastasis.

Abstract The stimulation of murine splenocytes with the monoclonal antibody anti-CD3 and interleukin 2 (IL-2) results in the propagation of large numbers of cells (T-activated killer, T-AK) which demonstrate high therapeutic efficacy when infused with IL-2 into mice bearing pulmonary metastases. Interleukin 2 infusions are required to maintain the function of the adoptively transferred cells. Recent data demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced by encapsulating IL-2 in liposomes. The present work tested the combination of T-AK cells with IL-2 liposomes in an immunotherapy model utilizing the MCA-38 murine colon adenocarcinoma. Expansion of murine splenocytes was achieved with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus IL-2 and was consistently greater than 50-fold during a 9-day culture period. Cytolytic activity of the murine T-AK cells was mediated primarily by Lyt-2 + cells. In vivo results demonstrate synergistic therapeutic efficacy of the combination of IL-2 liposomes and T-AK cells. Evaluation of the in vivo distribution of these T-AK cells utilizing congenic mice demonstrates that Lyt-2 + cells from these in vitro cultures infiltrate hepatic metastases in vivo . The activation of lymphocytes with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and IL-2 appears to be a reproducible and convenient method of producing cells capable of producing antitumor effects in models of adoptive immunotherapy.
KEAP1-NRF2 signalling and autophagy in protection against oxidative and reductive proteotoxicity.

Maintaining cellular redox status to allow cell signalling to occur requires modulation of both the controlled production of oxidants and the thiol-reducing networks to allow specific regulatory post-translational modification of protein thiols. The oxidative stress hypothesis captured the concept that overproduction of oxidants can be proteotoxic, but failed to predict the recent finding that hyperactivation of the KEAP1–NRF2 system also leads to proteotoxicity. Furthermore, sustained activation of thiol redox networks by KEAP1–NRF2 induces a reductive stress, by decreasing the lifetime of necessary oxidative post-translational modifications required for normal metabolism or cell signalling. In this context, it is now becoming clear why antioxidants or hyperactivation of antioxidant pathways with electrophilic therapeutics can be deleterious. Furthermore, it suggests that the autophagy–lysosomal pathway is particularly important in protecting the cell against redox-stress-induced proteotoxicity, since it can degrade redox-damaged proteins without causing aberrant changes to the redox network needed for metabolism or signalling. In this context, it is important to understand: (i) how NRF2-mediated redox signalling, or (ii) the autophagy-mediated antioxidant/reductant pathways sense cellular damage in the context of cellular pathogenesis. Recent studies indicate that the modification of protein thiols plays an important role in the regulation of both the KEAP1–NRF2 and autophagy pathways. In the present review, we discuss evidence demonstrating that the KEAP1–NRF2 pathway and autophagy act in concert to combat the deleterious effects of proteotoxicity. These findings are discussed with a special emphasis on their impact on cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.
The Strange Situation of Attachment Research: A Review of Three Books

Attachment theory currently plays an important role in both research and practice concerned with children's healthy development, yet there is mounting criticism of its core assumptions and methods of investigation. Three recent books bring together a number of these criticisms, based on cross-cultural studies of children in diverse environments as well as an historical analysis of how attachment theory was created and sustained over time. The two cross-cultural books (Attachment Reconsidered, edited by Naomi Quinn and Jeannette Mageo, and Different Faces of Attachment, edited by Hiltrud Otto and Heidi Keller) include ethnographic observations of how infants and young children are cared for in many non-Western societies, as well as research on children's behavior in attachment-related situations. Common themes include multiple caregiving, maternal responsiveness, and autonomy versus relatedness, viewed from evolutionary, cross-cultural, and developmental perspectives. Marga Vicedo's historical study (The N...
S‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl) Benzenethiosulfinate (MPBT)

[26974-26-5] C13H12O2S2 (MW 264.36) InChI = 1S/C13H12O2S2/c1-15-11-7-9-12(10-8-11)16-17(14)13-5-3-2-4-6-13/h2-10H,1H3 InChIKey = AUBYFXQFOLVHFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for the activation of thioglycosides1) Physical Data: pale yellow crystals, mp 77–78 °C; mass spectrum.2 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H and 13C NMR.1 Preparative Methods: the reagent is prepared from benzenesulfuryl chloride and p-methoxythiophenol (eq 1).1 (1) Purification: recrystallization from ether-petroleum ether (bp 40– 60 °C). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: crystalline, odorless, and stable on the laboratory bench at room temperature when stored in standard amber bottles.
Reversal of the Electrocardiographic Effects of Cocaine by Lidocaine. Part 2. Concentration-Effect Relationships

Ventricular arrhythmias due to cocaine may be related to its ability to slow ventricular conduction or prolong repolarization. We previously showed that lidocaine reversed QRS prolongation due to cocaine. The purposes of these experiments were to characterize cocaine's concentration-effect relationship on both ventricular conduction and repolarization, and to determine the effects of lidocaine on these relationships. The effects of lidocaine on cocaine-induced electrocardiographic changes were studied in 20 isolated, Tyrode-perfused guinea pig hearts. Variables at cocaine concentrations ranging from 3-195 microM were measured and repeated in the presence of a fixed concentration of lidocaine 30 microM. Using nonlinear regression analysis, the sigmoid Emax and simple Emax models were fit to cocaine concentration versus percentage change in QRS plots. Measures of best fit indicated that this relationship was best described by the sigmoid Emax model. Compared with cocaine alone, the curve for cocaine with lidocaine showed a greater EC50 (concentration at 50% of maximum effect) (59 vs 100 microM) but similar Emax (371 vs 367%), consistent with competition. Similar values were obtained from the linear transformation of the data. Cocaine concentration versus percentage change in the JTc interval showed a biphasic effect: concentrations below 65 microM prolonged JTc, but those above 65 microM had no effect or decreased JTc. In contrast to changes in QRS, addition of lidocaine increased the effects of cocaine on JTc: area under the concentration-effect curve for cocaine alone was 720 versus 859 microM% for cocaine with lidocaine. Lidocaine reverses cocaine-induced slowed ventricular conduction through competition for binding, but it appeared to increase cocaine-induced prolongation of repolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Another perspective on the temperature dependence of microelectronic-device reliability

The Arrhenius model is used in MIL-HDBK-217 to relate microelectronic device temperature to device failure rate without separately considering the relevant failure mechanisms. This application of the model is inconsistent with physics-of-failure (POF) principles as well as acceleration modeling theory. Current POF research indicates that the relationship between temperature and failure rate is more complex than previously realized, necessitating explicit design consideration of temperature change, rate of change, and spatial temperature gradients. A review of acceleration modeling theory indicates that when the effect of temperature on microelectronic device reliability is modeled, each failure mechanism should be treated separately. >
Tetracycline-labeled human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350)

Nubian bone recovered from an X-group cemetery (A.D. 350 to 550) exhibits a pattern of fluorescence identical to that of modern tetracycline-labeled bone. When it is viewed under ultraviolet light at 490 angstroms, fluorophors are visible as a characteristic yellow-green fluorescence on surfaces that were actively mineralizing at the time of exposure. Contamination of stored grains provided the proper environment for cultivation of tetracycline-producing Streptomycetes. Evidence for exposure to antibiotics in an archeological population is relevant to studies of the evolution of R factors and to the interpretation of health and disease within the population.
Downsizing from the Big Deal: What’s Education Got to do With It?

With a tightening budgetary waistline, how can you still “suck it in” and still be able to breathe? Minimizing the impact on your faculty, undergraduates, graduates, and Ph.D. students as you wean yourself off those seductive and tantalizing Big Deals can be a tricky process. Using a blended approach which incorporates multiple years of use data from both the publisher and aggregators, impact factors from the Web of Knowledge Journal Citation Analysis, and finally consultations with the discipline librarians and faculty, we developed a process to identify es‐ sential titles from Big Deal packages. This multilayer approach ensures that high use titles are considered, quality is maintained, and budget requirements are met. Presenters looked at major journal publisher and the significant content within the education discipline to use as a template for other subject areas. This session will layout strate‐ gies for evaluating journal packages with the goal of identifying and retaining core titles if and when you make the decision to terminate your Big Deal agreement.
Distribution of Receptors and Functions on Cell Surfaces: Quantitation of Ligand-Receptor Mobility and a New Model for the Control of Plasma Membrane Topography

The long-range movements of membrane ligand-receptor complexes into surface caps and into the pseudopods of cells performing phagocytosis, the uropods of motile cells and the cleavage furrows of dividing cells appear to be analogous processes. A common mechanism to explain these movements must take into account several recent observations. First, laser photobleaching studies have indicated that Concanavalin A-receptor movement occurs unidirectionally; and analyses of Con A redistribution by quantitative video intensification microscopy (QUAVIM) have shown that movement may exceed the maximum rates measured for protein diffusion in membranes. These are the results predicted for a process of directed migration but not for a process of diffusion with entrapment. In addition it has been found that membrane receptors may segregate out of as well as into cap, pseudopod, uropod and cleavage furrow regions and that topographical heterogeneity on asymmetric cells is not restricted to membrane molecular determinants but extends to a range of endocytic functions and to a macromolecular complex, the coated pit. All dynamic surface events are arrested during mitosis. A new model for the regulation of plasma membrane topography has been developed from these diverse quantitative, functional and morphological data. Its essence is the entrainment of selected membrane determinants on membrane waves directed towards regions such as caps, pseudopods, uropods and cleavage furrows. The waves are initiated by tension due to asymmetric microfilament-membrane interaction.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SPACE DEPENDENT REACTOR KINETICS.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some of the recent work found in mathematics, control systems, and engineering literature on the stability problem for distributed parameter systems. It discusses the space–time reactor kinetics equations, the temperature effects on multiplication, and the simplifications for various feedback models. The chapter also reviews several early stability theorems concerning parabolic partial differential equations. A general in-depth discussion of these techniques and their recent application in obtaining stability criteria for systems of interest is presented in the chapter. In principle, the general stability criteria can be derived by the use of these methods, and it can then be verified if the particular system of interest fits the criteria. In practice, however, it very often happens that the technique has to be applied to the particular system of interest directly because the general criteria are often too severe.
Selective Area Epitaxy of GaAs Optical Waveguides by Laser Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

Direct writing of GaAs optical waveguides has been achieved by laser assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD). The multimode waveguides have gaussian-like cross sections, smooth surfaces, and exhibit losses as low as 5.4 dB/cm. The LCVD technique offers the capability of maskless in situ selective epitaxial growth of diverse multilayer structures, and is therefore a novel alternative for the monolithic integration of optoelectronic integrated circuits.
Large violations of the Ingleton inequality

In network information theory, non-Shannon-type inequalities arise in determining capacity/entropy regions where there are more than three random variables. The most famous such inequality is the Ingleton inequality, which is satisfied by linear network codes. To produce better network codes raises the question of finding points in the region that violate the Ingleton inequality and this problem can be translated into group theory. Abelian and small groups do not produce violations, and Mao, Thill, and Hassibi computed that the smallest Ingleton-violating group is the symmetric group on five letters, of order 120. They then generalized this example to other matrix groups. In each of their cases, the Ingleton ratio (which is less than or equal to 1 if and only if the inequality holds) is smaller than 4/3. We go beyond their work to show that examples of Ingleton-violating groups abound, construct explicit examples with arbitrarily large Ingleton ratio, give a systematic approach to finding good examples and a much simplified formula for the Ingleton ratio, and give supporting evidence for the Four-Atom Conjecture of Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger, which would bound the ratio in terms of the group order.
Will online chat help alleviate mood loneliness

The present study examines the relationship between social Internet use and loneliness and reviews the studies about this topic from both social psychology and computer-mediated communication literature, as a response to the call for interdisciplinary research from scholars in these two areas. Two hundred thirty-four people participated in both the survey testing trait loneliness and a 5-condition (face-to-face chatting, instant message chatting, watching video, writing assignments, and "do nothing") experiment. Participants reported increase of mood loneliness after chatting online. The level of mood loneliness after online chat was higher than that in face-to-face communication. For people with high trait loneliness, the mood loneliness increase in the computer-mediated communication condition was significantly higher than in the face-to-face communication condition. The author of the current study hopes to help clarify the mixed research findings in previous social Internet use literature about this topic and reminds communication researchers of the need to explore the constructs included in "psychological well-being" in terms of their nature, mechanism, causes, consequences, and furthermore, how they are related to communication.
More than just indicators: A review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation

Roughly 90% of butterfly species live in the tropics. Despite this, we know very little about tropical butterfly ecology particularly when compared to temperate butterfly systems. The relative scarcity of data on tropical butterfly populations hampers our ability to effectively conserve them. In this review we summarize recurring themes from ecological research on tropical butterflies to serve as a framework for understanding their conservation. Key themes include: (1) the tropics represent the evolutionary origins of butterfly diversity, (2) while some tropical butterflies exhibit relatively stable population dynamics, longer-lived adult stages, and more continuous age-specific reproduction compared to temperate zone species, the generality of these patterns is debatable, and (3) complex species interactions (e.g. mimicry, parasitism and predation) can have significantly greater influences on ecological and evolutionary processes in tropical butterflies than in temperate ones. This state of ecological knowledge, combined with scarce resources, has traditionally constrained tropical butterfly conservation efforts to habitat level approaches, unlike the species- and population-specific approaches familiar in North America and Europe. Consequently, much conservation research on butterflies in the tropics has focused on the relationship between habitat quality (e.g. forest fragmentation) and butterfly diversity, though predictive patterns even in this regard remain elusive. We argue that with the increasing threats of habitat destruction, fragmentation and climate change, it is necessary to move beyond this diversity and habitat relationship if we are to improve predictive capabilities when evaluating anthropogenic impacts on tropical butterfly communities. Tropical butterflies are more than just useful indicator species. They represent some of the most spectacular and visually appealing organisms in the world and play many vital roles in tropical ecosystems. We hope that this synthesis will lay the groundwork for future ecological studies of tropical butterfly populations, species, communities and conservation.
CONTINUING EDUCATION STUDENT FLOW ANALYSIS

A five year longitudinal student flow analysis was conducted on 427 students who first enrolled in a two-year college's noncredit continuing education classes. Over half (54%) of this group reenrolled at the college at least once during the five-year period, and 49% of these persisters enrolled in a college credit course. The majority of reenrollments occurred one or two semesters after the initial college attendance. Other analyses included comparison of nonpersisters to persisters on type of initial course selection and examination of credit versus noncredit persisters. Implications of the study and future research directions are also discussed.
Coping, routine activities, and recovery from acute distress among emergency medical personnel after a mass shooting incident

Emergency medical workers’ distress and recovery patterns after a mass shooting were related to their coping behaviors and routine daily activities. This longitudinal repeated measures study assessed 31 emergency medical workers’ psychological and psychosomatic symptoms self-rated for the weeks before, those just after, and one full month after the shooting. Coping behaviors and time in creative activities were related to increased acute distress; recovery was related to more time in constructive activities. Thinking about the incident was related to higher acute distress but better recovery on several SCL9OR scales. Exercise predicted recovery on Obsessive-Compulsive and Hostility scales. Studies evaluating emergency workers’ reactions to and recovery from critical incidents should use repeated measures designs, should assess short-term recovery, and should distinguish among symptoms.
The Changing Social Meanings of Sacrifices in Jewish Worship: an Historical Overview

Abstract The performance of sacrificial rituals by the ancient Hebrews served a number of important social and cultural functions. Although adapted from religious and cultural sources exogenous to the Hebrews (i. e., pagan), when recast in the light of Hebrew theology, ritual immolations served to identify and separate the Hebrew culture from surrounding pagan cultures. This in turn established the social boundaries of the Hebrew culture, thereby facilitating its development in the ancient world. Importantly, the social and cultural emphasis placed on sacrifices altered considerably over the years in direct relationship to the waning of pagan influences. The historical, theological, and sociocultural implications of these changes in the meanings of sacrifices are discussed in light of Israel's reestablishment as an independent nation.
Stay time measurements for Xe, Kr, and CO2 physisorbing on Ni and Cu surfaces

Abstract A pulsed molecular beam apparatus is used to measure mean stay times for gases physisorbing on cooled surfaces. Most of the data are for Xe on nickel surfaces. Data are also presented for Kr and CO 2 on nickel, Xe on copper, and Xe on ion-sputter-cleaned nickel. All targets are polycrystalline. Surface temperatures range from 92 to 125 K and measured stay times range from 10 −5 to 10 −3 s. Heats of adsorption and pre-exponential factors deduced from the data indicate that the adsorption is localized (immobile) and suggest that the sputter-cleaned targets may be approximately clean. A model relating the shape of the detector signal to the mean stay time is presented and its validity is assessed. Measured speed distributions for the desorbing molecules exhibit an excess of slow molecules compared to that expected for simple effusion. At lower surface temperatures where longer stay times are observed, a peculiar detector signal dip is observed which appears to indicate that the adsorbing beam pulses temporarily reduce the steady state desorption rate of background atoms.
Wood biodegradation in laboratory-scale landfills.

The objective of this research was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradability of major wood products in municipal waste by measuring methane yields, decay rates, the extent of carbohydrate decomposition, carbon storage, and leachate toxicity. Tests were conducted in triplicate 8 L reactors operated to obtain maximum yields. Measured methane yields for red oak, eucalyptus, spruce, radiata pine, plywood (PW), oriented strand board (OSB) from hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW), particleboard (PB) and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were 32.5, 0, 7.5, 0.5, 6.3, 84.5, 0, 5.6, and 4.6 mL CH4 dry g–1, respectively. The red oak, a HW, exhibited greater decomposition than either SW (spruce and radiata), a trend that was also measured for the OSB-HW relative to OSB-SW. However, the eucalyptus (HW) exhibited toxicity. Thus, wood species have unique methane yields that should be considered in the development of national inventories of methane production and carbon storage. The current assumption of uniform biodegrad...
Multiple myeloma with isolated visceral (epicardial) involvement and cardiac tamponade.

A case of multiple myeloma with isolated visceral involvement of the epicardium associated with pericardial effusion and tamponade is reported. No similar cases are found in the literature. The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma in general and isolated visceral involvement in particular, remains obscure.
Efficient object-based video inpainting

Video inpainting is the process of repairing missing regions (holes) in videos. Most automatic techniques are computationally intensive and unable to repair large holes. To tackle these challenges, a computationally-efficient algorithm that separately inpaints foreground objects and background is proposed. Using Dynamic Programming, foreground objects are holistically inpainted with object templates that minimizes a sliding-window dissimilarity cost function. Static background are inpainted by adaptive background replacement and image inpainting.
EXODUS: inter-module bus-encoding scheme for system-on-a-chip

A novel bus encoding technique called EXODUS (exclusive or-xnor duo scheme) is presented which reduces the cross-coupling effect and switching activities in interconnects between macroblocks in systems-on-a-chip (SOCs). For 8 bit bus-lines, the proposed EXODUS scheme reduces the number of correlated switchings by 18% and reduces the worst case delay by 34% compared to the conventional bus-invert method. Because EXODUS uses an efficient encoding method, area and power penalties resulting from additional encoding/decoding circuitry can be avoided.
An exploratory study on solution assisted synthetic routes to prepare nano-crystalline La1- xMxGa1- yNyO3±δ (M = Sr, □; N=Mn, Mg) for IT-SOFC applications

Abstract Nano-crystalline La1−xMxGa1−yNyO3±δ (M = Sr; □ (vacancy), x = −0.10 to 0.15; N = Mn, Mg; y = −0.10 to 0.15) compositions were synthesized by various wet chemical methods. The La- or Ga-deficient compositions are attempted to avoid substitution of aliovalent cations which can facilitate the formation of single phase at relatively low temperature by restoring the nano-crystalline nature of the powders. The wet chemical methods like metal–carboxylate gel decomposition, hydroxide co-precipitation and regenerative sol–gel process followed by microwave sintering in a very short interval time (30 min) of the powders were attempted at ∼1200 °C. The powders were characterized by various techniques like XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grain size measured was ∼22 nm range. The electrical conductivities of the compositions were measured by ac and dc techniques. The conductivity of a sintered pellet was found to be ∼0.01–0.21 S cm−1 at 550–1000 °C range, respectively. The influence of process parameters on the properties of the materials based on experimental observations and literature data is discussed. The advantages of nano-crystalline nature of the powders over microcrystalline powders synthesized by the conventional methods of preparation were brought out. The effect of wet chemical methods especially regenerative sol–gel in producing nano-crystalline perovskites with multi-element substitutions at A- and B-sites (of ABO3) to achieve physico-chemical compatibility for fabricating zero emission all perovskite IT-SOFCs has been reported.
Histone rearrangements accompany nuclear differentiation and dedifferentiation in Tetrahymena.

Abstract Histone synthesis and deposition into specific classes of nuclei has been investigated in starved and conjugating Tetrahymena . During starvation and early stages of conjugation (between 0 and 5 hr after opposite mating types are mixed), micronuclei selectively lose preexisting micronuclear-specific histones α, β, γ, and H3 F . Of these histones, only α appears to accumulate in micronuclear chromatin through active synthesis and deposition during the mating process. Curiously, α is not observed (by stain or label) in young macronuclear anlagen (4C, 10 hr of conjugation). Thus, young macronuclear anlagen are missing all of the histones which are known to be specific to micronuclei of vegetative cells. By 14–16 hr of conjugation, we observe active synthesis and deposition of macronuclear-specific histones, hv1, hv2, and H1, into new macronuclear anlagen (8C). Thus macronuclear differentiation seems well underway by this time of conjugation. It is also in this time period (14–16 hr) that we first detect significant amounts of micronuclear-specific H1-like polypeptides β and γ in micronuclear extracts. These polypeptides do not seem to be synthesized during this period, which suggests that β and γ are derived from a precursor molecule(s). Since these micronuclear-specific histones do not appear in micronuclear chromatin until after other micronuclei have been selected to differentiate as macronuclei, we suspect that micronuclear differentiation is also an important process which occurs in 10–16 hr mating cells. Our results also suggest that proteolytic processing of micronuclear H3 S into H3 F (which occurs in a cell cycle dependent fashion during vegetative growth) is not operative during most if not all of conjugation. Thus micronuclei of mating cells contain only H3 S which also seems consistent with the fact that some micronuclei differentiate into new macronuclei (micronuclear H3 S is indistinguishable from macronuclear H3). Interestingly, the only H3 synthesized and deposited into the former macronucleus of mating cells is the relatively minor macronuclear-specific H3-like variant, hv2. These results demonstrate that significant histone rearrangements occur during conjugation in Tetrahymena in a manner consistent with the fact that during conjugation some micronuclei eventually differentiate into new macronuclei. Our results suggest that selective synthesis and deposition of specific histones (and histone variants) plays an important role in the nuclear differentiation process in Tetrahymena . The disappearance of specific histones also raises the possibility that developmentally regulated proteolytic processing of specific histones plays an important (and previously unsuspected) role in this system.
A finite integration method for conformal, structured-grid, electromagnetic simulation

We describe a numerical scheme for solving Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain on a conformal, structured, non-orthogonal, multi-block mesh. By considering Maxwell's equations in a volume parameterized by dimensionless curvilinear coordinates, we obtain a set of tensor equations that are a continuum analogue of common circuit equations, and that separate the metrical and metric-free parts of Maxwell's equations and the material constitutive relations. We discretize these equations using a new formulation that treats the electric field and magnetic induction using simple basis-function representations to obtain a discrete form of Faraday's law of induction, but that uses finite integral representations for the displacement current and magnetic field to obtain a discrete form of Ampere's law, as in the finite integration technique [T. Weiland, A discretization method for the solution of Maxwell's equations for six-component fields, Electron. Commun. (AE U) 31 (1977) 116; T. Weiland, Time domain electromagnetic field computation with finite difference methods, Int. J. Numer. Model: Electron. Netw. Dev. Field 9 (1996) 295-319]. We thereby derive new projection operators for the discrete tensor material equations and obtain a compact numerical scheme for the discrete differential operators. This scheme is shown to exhibit significantly reduced numerical dispersion when compared to the standard linear finite element method. We take advantage of the mesh structure on a block-by-block basis to implement these numerical operators efficiently, and achieve computational speed with modest memory requirements when compared to explicit sparse matrix storage. Using the Jacobi-Davidson [G.L.G. Sleijpen, H.A. van der Vorst, A Jacobi-Davidson iteration method for linear eigenvalue problems, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (1996) 401-425; S.J. Cooke, B. Levush, Eigenmode solution of 2-D and 3-D electromagnetic cavities containing absorbing materials using the Jacobi-Davidson algorithm, J. Comput. Phys. 157 (1) (2000) 350-370] and quasi-minimal residual [R.W. Freund, N.M. Nachtigal, QMR: a quasi-minimal residual method for non-Hermitian linear systems, Numer. Math. 60 (1991) 315-339] iterative matrix solution algorithms, we solve the resulting discrete matrix eigenvalue equations and demonstrate the convergence characteristics of the algorithm. We validate the model for three-dimensional electromagnetic problems, both cavity eigenvalue solutions and a waveguide scattering matrix calculation.
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Using the MERCI Retriever and Penumbra Aspiration Systems

Objective Intracranial large-vessel ischemia is associated with poor clinical outcome and increased mortality. Early reperfusion of ischemic tissue remains the goal of treatment of stroke. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) has been shown to improve clinical outcomes for patients who experience ischemic stroke, but it has been shown to be less efficacious for large-vessel occlusions. Mechanical clot extraction provides a therapeutic option for those who are ineligible for, or who do not respond to, conventional ischemic stroke treatment. Methods We reviewed the initial studies of the Merci Retriever and Penumbra System for mechanical clot extraction. Baseline patient characteristics, as well as revascularization rates and clinical outcome, were examined. Results Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores were greater than those observed in previous IV tPA studies, consistent with large-vessel occlusion. Successful recanalization occurred more frequently than with IV tPA and was associated with improved clinical outcome and mortality. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality rates were greater than those seen with IV tPA. Conclusions Mechanical clot extraction can be performed safely in patients with large-vessel occlusions, and successful recanalization resulted in better clinical outcomes than those without. Mechanical thrombectomy provides a therapeutic option for ischemic stroke patients who are ineligible for, or who do not respond to, IV thrombolytics. Further studies, including randomized clinical trials, are needed to validate these findings.
Intra- to Intermolecular Singlet Fission

Singlet fission, the splitting of one singlet into two triplets, can potentially increase the efficiency of optoelectronic devices beyond conventional limits. Among the singlet fission molecules discovered to date, two mechanisms have emerged: intra- or intermolecular singlet fission. Here we show a combined intra- to intermolecular singlet fission mechanism in the model system of diphenyl-dicyano-oligoene (DPDC). Excitation of DPDC to the first optically bright state leads to the ultrafast formation of an intramolecular triplet pair, which decays in 40 ps in the solution phase but can also split competitively in 30 ps into two long-lived triplets (2×T1) on adjacent molecules in solid films. These findings suggest a design principle for efficient singlet fission: the independent tuning of singlet–triplet pair coupling and triplet pair splitting from intra- and intermolecular interactions, respectively.
Stochastic finite elements and experimental measurements

Abstract Basic concepts and methods of random field theory, needed to characterize “distributed disordered systems”, are reviewed, extended and applied. Linking stochastic finite element analysis to experimental measurements enables updating of response and performance predictions and optimizing data acquisition. The case studies involve analysis and measurement of seepage through randomly permeable strata below a dam and through the body of an earth dam.