cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Difficulty of Teacher Dispositions: Considering Professional Dispositions for Preservice English Teachers

This article explores the place of teacher dispositions in English teacher preparation by contextualizing the issue of dispositions in English teacher preparation. This allows consideration for the importance of developing professional dispositions during English teacher preparation by recognizing that various stakeholders (teacher educators, university supervisors, mentor teachers, and preservice teachers) in teacher education often understand dispositions differently. The authors reflect and offer suggestions on how professional dispositions might be more effectively addressed in an English teacher education program through richer interactions among all stakeholders.
Dynamics of Short Eccentric Plain Seals with High Axial Reynolds Number

Plain seals with high axial flow rates produce large stiffness and damping coefficients that can help stabilize high-speed rotating machinery. When the shaft is eccentric in the seal, a Bernoulli effect low-pressure region occurs on the large-clearance side of the shaft. A fluid-restoring force tends to center the shaft and reduce vibrations. This work extends the previous theory for short plain centered seals to large eccentricities using a perturbation analysis. Surface roughness effects are also included. An analysis of seals used in the Space Shuttle main engine hydrogen fuel turbopump indicates the desirability of plain seals over the labyrinth type. Experimental results confirm this.
Efficient decomposition of shrimp shell waste using Bacillus cereus and Exiguobacterium acetylicum.

Two bacterial cultures were isolated and tested for degradation of shrimp shell waste. According to morphological examination, physiological tests, and applied molecular techniques, isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Both strains were cultivated separately in flasks with 100 mL of shrimp shell waste broth (3% of washed, dried and ground shrimp shell waste in tap water, pH 7.0) at 37°C. At determined periods of time, deproteinization and demineralization of residuals were measured. Fermentation of 3% shell waste with B. cereus indicated 97.1% deproteinization and 95% demineralization. For E. acetylicum, the level of deproteinization and demineralization was 92.8 and 92%, respectively. Protein content was reduced from 18.7 to 5.3% with B. cereus and to 7.3% with E. acetylicum. No additional supplements were used during the fermentation of shell waste. B. cereus strain showed higher efficacy in decomposition of shell waste and was used for large-scale fermentation in 12 L of 10% shrimp shell waste broth. Incubation of bacteria with shell waste during 14 days at 37°C resulted in 78.6% deproteinization and 73% demineralization. High activity of isolated cultures in decomposition of shrimp shell waste suggests broad potential for application of these bacteria in environmentally friendly approaches to chitin extraction from chitin-rich wastes.
Photodynamic Therapy for Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is the primary malignancy arising from the biliary epithelium, and it presents as jaundice, cholestasis, and cholangitis. Over 50 percent of patients present with advanced-stage disease, and the prognosis is poor with the survival measured in months even after biliary decompression. Palliative management has become the standard of care for unresectable disease, and this involves an endoscopic approach. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer followed by local irradiation with laser therapy. The use of PDT for palliation of bile-duct tumors has produced promising results. Several studies conducted in Europe and the United States have shown that PDT produces a marked improvement in the symptoms of cholestasis, survival, and quality of life. This chapter summarizes the principle of PDT, the technique employed, and the published experience regarding PDT for cholangiocarcinoma.
On Error Bounds and Initialization in Satellite Orbit Theories

The order of magnitude of the error is investigated for a first-order von Zeipel theory of satellite orbits in an axisymmetric force field, i.e., first-order long period and short-period effects are included along with second order secular rates. The treatment is valid for zero eccentricity and/or inclination. In the case where initial position and velocity vectors are known, the in-track position error over time intervals of order 1/J2 is kept at 0(J22), like the other position errors and velocity errors, by calibration of the mean motion with the aid of the energy integral. The results are specifically applicable to accuracy comparisons of the Brouwer orbit prediction method with numerical integration. A modified calibration is presented for the general asymmetric force field which includes tesseral harmonics.
Nerve growth factor blocks the glucose-induced down-regulation of caveolin-1 expression in Schwann cells via p75 neurotrophin receptor signaling.

Abstract Altered neurotrophism in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is associated in part with substantial degenerative changes in Schwann cells (SCs) and an increased expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is highly expressed in adult SCs, and changes in its expression can regulate signaling through Erb B2, a co-receptor that mediates the effects of neuregulins in promoting SC growth and differentiation. We examined the hypothesis that hyperglycemia-induced changes in Cav-1 expression and p75NTR signaling may contribute to altered neurotrophism in DPN by modulating SC responses to neuregulins. In an animal model of type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia induced a progressive decrease of Cav-1 in SCs of sciatic nerve that was reversed by insulin therapy. Treatment of primary neonatal SCs with 20–30 mm d-glucose, but not l-glucose, was sufficient to inhibit transcription from the Cav-1 promoter and decrease Cav-1 mRNA and protein expression. Hyperglycemia prolonged the kinetics of Erb B2 phosphorylation and significantly enhanced the mitogenic response of SCs to neuregulin1-β1, and this effect was mimicked by the forced down-regulation of Cav-1. Intriguingly, nerve growth factor antagonized the enhanced mitogenic response of SCs to neuregulin1-β1 and inhibited the glucose-induced down-regulation of Cav-1 transcription, mRNA, and protein expression through p75NTR-dependent activation of JNK. Our data suggest that Cav-1 down-regulation may contribute to altered neurotrophism in DPN by enhancing the response of SCs to neuregulins and that p75NTR-mediated JNK activation may provide a mechanism for the neurotrophic modulation of hyperglycemic stress.
Teaching Alice Walker’s Meridian: From Self-Defense to Mutual Discovery

particularly challenging and instructive. Teaching this novel brings into focus several important interpretive and pedagogical issues having to do with positionality-that is, with the way in which situations of race and gender condition the production, reception, and interpretation of literary works. The story of a young black woman's struggle to find herself in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, it depicts a conflicted love triangle between the heroine, Meridian, her black boyfriend, Truman, and a white, Jewish woman friend, Lynne, whom he marries. Although its primary subject is the legacy of black women in sexist, racist America, the novel also tests the limits of cross-racial relationships between two minority groups, Blacks and Jews. It depicts the multi-faceted politics of race and gender, raising questions about the interaction of racism and anti-Semitism in the shaping of identity. If one is willing to tolerate discomfort, forthright discussion of these themes offers an excellent learning opportunity, particularly in a multi-ethnic classroom. For black students the challenge is to avoid uncritically submerging themselves into the author/narrator/heroine's point of view. For white students, particularly Jews, reading themselves as "other" in a black woman's text may initially prompt defensiveness or even shame, which, if analyzed, can be enlightening. For everyone, learning to balance empathic involvement with critical detachment results in expanded self-knowledge and insight. Walker's text affords an opportunity to disclose what Gregory S. Jay has called the "pedagogical unconscious" (789), that structure of underlying biases which may inhibit expression if left unacknowledged, but will enable critical thought, debate, and the discovery of common ground if brought into view.1
Spalt expression and the development of melanic color patterns in pierid butterflies

Little is currently known about wing pattern development in the butterfly family Pieridae, which consists mostly of black melanized elements on white or yellow/orange backgrounds. A single transcription factor, Spalt (Sal), has been previously associated with the development of some pattern elements in Pieris rapae, but it is unclear to what extent Sal is associated with patterns in other pierid species. We use immunohistochemistry targeting Sal proteins across several pierids and show that Sal is associated with dense patches of melanization across species but is not associated with vein-melanization or diffuse melanization on the wing. In addition, Sal is expressed along cross-veins and wing compartment midlines that do not develop melanization. Male and female P. rapae spots are sexually dimorphic in size and this dimorphism is also present in the domains of Sal expression. Finally, by disrupting cells positioned in the center of the anterior black spots of P. rapae, before and during the time of Sal expression, spot size was reduced. Our results suggest, but do not conclusively show, that pierid spots may develop in a manner similar to that of nymphalid eyespots, that is, containing a group of signaling cells at the center of the pattern responsible for the differentiation of the complete spot, and that spots and eyespots share at least one signal-response gene in common, the transcription factor Sal. We propose that focal differentiation and focal signaling mechanisms evolved prior to the split of the nymphalid and pierid lineages.
Semantic Indexing for Instructional Video Via Combination of Handwriting Recognition and Information Retrieval

Efficient indexing and retrieval of digital videos are important needs within instructional video databases. Semantic indexing for instructional videos can be achieved by combining the analysis of the instructor's handwriting in the video with domain knowledge taken from course support materials such as the course textbook, syllabus, or slides. We propose such a semantic indexing method, by combining handwritten word recognition with information retrieval techniques. We first present a novel handwritten word segmentation and recognition approach for instructional videos. Then we construct a table-of-contents (TOC) structure from course materials. We use word recognition results to query the TOC, implemented as matrix operations, and spot the most likely discussed chapters and topic words for each video. We evaluate the overall approach on 12 videos of two courses, and the results are encouraging
Nitrogen Starvation and TorC1 Inhibition Differentially Affect Nuclear Localization of the Gln3 and Gat1 Transcription Factors Through the Rare Glutamine tRNACUG in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A leucine, leucyl-tRNA synthetase–dependent pathway activates TorC1 kinase and its downstream stimulation of protein synthesis, a major nitrogen consumer. We previously demonstrated, however, that control of Gln3, a transcription activator of catabolic genes whose products generate the nitrogenous precursors for protein synthesis, is not subject to leucine-dependent TorC1 activation. This led us to conclude that excess nitrogen-dependent down-regulation of Gln3 occurs via a second mechanism that is independent of leucine-dependent TorC1 activation. A major site of Gln3 and Gat1 (another GATA-binding transcription activator) control occurs at their access to the nucleus. In excess nitrogen, Gln3 and Gat1 are sequestered in the cytoplasm in a Ure2-dependent manner. They become nuclear and activate transcription when nitrogen becomes limiting. Long-term nitrogen starvation and treatment of cells with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (Msx) also elicit nuclear Gln3 localization. The sensitivity of Gln3 localization to glutamine and inhibition of glutamine synthesis prompted us to investigate the effects of a glutamine tRNA mutation (sup70-65) on nitrogen-responsive control of Gln3 and Gat1. We found that nuclear Gln3 localization elicited by short- and long-term nitrogen starvation; growth in a poor, derepressive medium; Msx or rapamycin treatment; or ure2Δ mutation is abolished in a sup70-65 mutant. However, nuclear Gat1 localization, which also exhibits a glutamine tRNACUG requirement for its response to short-term nitrogen starvation or growth in proline medium or a ure2Δ mutation, does not require tRNACUG for its response to rapamycin. Also, in contrast with Gln3, Gat1 localization does not respond to long-term nitrogen starvation. These observations demonstrate the existence of a specific nitrogen-responsive component participating in the control of Gln3 and Gat1 localization and their downstream production of nitrogenous precursors. This component is highly sensitive to the function of the rare glutamine tRNACUG, which cannot be replaced by the predominant glutamine tRNACAA. Our observations also demonstrate distinct mechanistic differences between the responses of Gln3 and Gat1 to rapamycin inhibition of TorC1 and nitrogen starvation.
Magnetic Silica Extraction for Low-Viremia Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genotyping

Nucleic acid extraction and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping using the NucliSens miniMAG platform and the TruGene HIV-1 genotyping kit gave HIV-1 sequence data from HIV-1-negative plasma spiked with 100 copies/ml reference HIV-1 RNA and from low-viremia clinical samples (
Community-centered collecting: finding out what communities want from community archives

Community-Centered Collecting: Finding Out What Communities Want from Community Archives Michelle Caswell UCLA 214 GSEI Cook, 2013; Crooke 2010; Bastian and Alexander, 2009). Community archives are often positioned as alternative venues for groups that have been marginalized, ignored, or shut out of mainstream institutions to seize the means by which to document their own pasts and engage in self- representation, identity construction, and empowerment (Flinn and Stevens, 2009). Indeed, the logic of community archives discourses is built on the assumption that rooting collection priorities, appraisal decisions, descriptive choices, fundraising and governance structures within communities leads to a more straightforward relationship between archival collections and community needs. Web 2.0 technologies have been held out as particularly productive venues for encouraging community participation in the archival endeavor (Krause and Yakel, 2007; Shilton and Srinivasan, 2007). Yet, little empirical work has been done to study the connection (or disconnection) between the collection priorities of community archives and the wants and needs of the communities they serve. This study attempts to remedy this gap by exploring what one subgroup of users of one community archive (the South Asian American Digital Archive) (SAADA) would like to see the archive collect. While the needs of the particular community served by SAADA are unique to its specific history, this study aims to reach some generalizable
Data flow testing of parallelized code

The authors present a novel system for re-engineering and retesting programs for execution in a shared memory multiprocessor environment. The system consists of two main components: a compiler that reengineers a sequential program for execution on shared memory multiprocessors, and a data-flow tester for the parallelized code. Several important enhancements to an existing parallelizing compiler have been made, including an efficient intermediate program representation on which data-flow analysis is performed. The compiler also inserts probes in a parallelized program to make it testable in its new environment. By inserting the probes in appropriate places, a compact execution trace is produced. The data-flow tester uses a new dynamic data-flow analysis algorithm to determine the test case coverage. >
Endmember selection for multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis using endmember average RMSE

Abstract Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) models mixed spectra as a linear combination of endmembers that are allowed to vary in number and type on a per pixel basis. For modeling an image using MESMA, a parsimonious set of endmembers is desirable for computational efficiency and operational simplicity. This paper presents a method of selecting endmembers from a spectral library for use in MESMA. Endmember average root mean square error (EAR) uses MESMA to determine the average error of an endmember modeling spectra within its land cover class. The minimum EAR endmember is the most representative endmember for a land cover class within the spectral library and can be used to model the larger image. These techniques were used to map land cover, including four dominant vegetation species, soil, and senesced grass, in the Santa Ynez Mountains above Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Image spectra were extracted from a 20-m resolution airborne visible infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) reflectance image using reference polygons and combined into a library of 915 spectra. Possible confusion between land cover classes was determined using the class average RMSE (CAR). EAR was used to select the single most representative endmember within each land cover class. The six minimum EAR endmembers were used to map the AVIRIS image. Land cover class accuracy was assessed at 88.6%. Using a fractional accuracy assessment, undermodeling of dominant land cover classes and overmodeling of absent land cover classes was found at the pixel scale. Land cover mapped using the minimum EAR endmembers represents a substantial improvement in accuracy over previous efforts.
Template-Based $B _{1}$ Inhomogeneity Correction in 3T MRI Brain Studies

Low noise, high resolution, fast and accurate T1 maps from MRI images of the brain can be performed using a dual flip angle method. However, B1 field inhomogeneity, which is particularly problematic at high field strengths (e.g., 3T), limits the ability of the scanner to deliver the prescribed flip angle, introducing errors into the T1 maps that limit the accuracy of quantitative analyses based on those maps. A dual repetition time method was used for acquiring a B1 map to correct that inhomogeneity. Additional inaccuracies due to misregistration of the acquired T1 -weighted images were corrected by rigid registration, and the effects of misalignment on the T1 maps were compared to those of B1 inhomogeneity in 19 normal subjects. However, since B1 map acquisition takes up precious scanning time and most retrospective studies do not have B1 map, we designed a template-based correction strategy. B1 maps from different subjects were aligned using a twelve-parameter affine registration. Recomputed T1 maps showed an important improvement with respect to the noncorrected maps: histograms of all corrected maps exhibited two peaks corresponding to white and gray matter tissues, while unimodal histograms were observed in all uncorrected maps because of the inhomogeneity. A method to detect the best nonsubject-specific B1 correction based on a set of features was designed. The optimum set of weighting factors for those features was computed. The best available B1 correction was detected in almost all subjects while corrections comparable to the T1 map corrected using the B1 map from the same subject were detected in the others.
Use of Choice to Identify Behavioral Function Following an Inconclusive Brief Functional Analysis

In the current investigation, a concurrent operant paradigm was used with 3 young children who displayed severe problem behaviors to identify behavioral function. The children were given a series o...
A multitype stochastic population model

Abstract A simple multitype population model is introduced and some of its mathematical properties are analyzed. The model incorporates several key features of more complicated real situations arising in the theory of inventories, maintenance, health, and personnel selection.
A review of factors affecting treatment outcomes: Expected Treatment Outcome Scale.

The Expected Treatment Outcome Scales was developed to gather information on clients who abuse drugs or alcohol, to assess their severity of illness, and to evaluate the effectiveness of drug treatment in nonrandomized clinical studies. The scale is based upon a multiattribute value model reflecting the opinions of an expert panel. The experts identified 25 variables, or predictors of relapse, from which 48 questions were constructed. Answers to the questions are individually scored. These scores are summed to produce an overall Expected Treatment Outcome score. This paper focuses on the development and preliminary validation of the Expected Treatment Outcome Scale. Results of our analysis show a correlation of .89 between the experts' average ratings of hypothetical clients and scores based on our scale. This finding suggests that the Expected Treatment Outcome Scale has face validity and accurately simulates the experts' judgments regarding treatment outcome. Further research is necessary to assess the reliability as well as the concurrent and predictive validity of our instrument.
EFFECTS OF HOST SOCIALITY ON ECTOPARASITE POPULATION BIOLOGY

Theory predicts a positive relationship between parasite infection intensity and host density. However, this generalization is complicated in natural systems by differences in life history among parasite taxa, e.g., transmissibility. Accordingly, predictions relating host density to parasite load should be specific to each parasite taxon. To illustrate this, we studied parasites that differed greatly in life history in the context of the Galapagos hawk's (Buteo galapagoensis) variably cooperative mating system. Two louse (Phthiraptera) species were collected: Colpocephalum turbinatum (Amblycera), with 53 host species, and Degeeriella regalis (Ischnocera), with 10 host species, although B. galapagoensis was the only known Galapagos host. Sixty territorial adult male hawks from 26 groups of 1-6 males were quantitatively sampled for lice. Average abundance and intensity of C. turbinatum but not D. regalis were significantly larger in large groups of hawks than small groups. Males from the same polyandrous group harbored significantly correlated abundances of C. turbinatum but not D. regalis. Prevalence, average abundance, and intensity of C. turbinatum were significantly higher than D. regalis. These are the first results to demonstrate significant differences in a suite of population responses between these louse suborders in the context of host sociality.
Francisella tularensis Phagosomal Escape Does Not Require Acidification of the Phagosome

Following uptake, Francisella tularensis enters a phagosome that acquires limited amounts of lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins and does not acquire cathepsin D or markers of secondary lysosomes. With additional time after uptake, F. tularensis disrupts its phagosomal membrane and escapes into the cytoplasm. To assess the role of phagosome acidification in phagosome escape, we followed acidification using the vital stain LysoTracker red and acquisition of the proton vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) using immunofluorescence within the first 3 h after uptake of live or killed F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS) by human macrophages. Whereas 90% of the phagosomes containing killed LVS stained intensely for the vATPase and were acidified, only 20 to 30% of phagosomes containing live LVS stained intensely for the vATPase and were acidified. To determine whether transient acidification might be required for phagosome escape, we assessed the impact on phagosome permeabilization of the proton pump inhibitor bafilomycin A. Using electron microscopy and an adenylate cyclase reporter system, we found that bafilomycin A did not prevent phagosomal permeabilization by F. tularensis LVS or virulent type A strains (F. tularensis subsp. tularensis strain Schu S4 and a recent clinical isolate) or by "F. tularensis subsp. novicida," indicating that F. tularensis disrupts its phagosomal membrane by a mechanism that does not require acidification.
Using virtual markets to program global behavior in sensor networks

This paper presents market-based macroprogramming (MBM), a new paradigm for achieving globally efficient behavior in sensor networks. Rather than programming the individual, low-level behaviors of sensor nodes, MBM defines a virtual market where nodes sell "actions" (such as taking a sensor reading or aggregating data) in response to global price information. Nodes take actions to maximize their own utility, subject to energy budget constraints. The behavior of the network is determined by adjusting the price vectors for each action, rather than by directly specifying local node actions, resulting in a globally efficient allocation of network resources. We present the market-based macro-programming paradigm, as well as several experiments demonstrating its value for a sensor network vehicle tracking application.
On the Optimality and Interconnection of Valiant Load-Balancing Networks

The Valiant Load-Balancing (VLB) design has been proposed for a backbone network architecture that can efficiently provide predictable performance under changing traffic matrices [1]. In this paper we show that the VLB network has optimal performance when nodes can fail, in the sense that it can support the maximal homogeneous flow for any number of node failures. We generalize the VLB design to enable interconnection of multiple VLB networks, and study interconnection via bilateral peering agreements as well as transit agreements. We show that using VLB as a transit scheme yields the lowest possible network and interconnection capacities, while VLB peering can also achieve near-optimal use of capacity.
Regional Linkages in the Era of Liberalization: A Critique of the New Agrarian Optimism

Regional growth linkage modellers claim that agricultural growth generates non-agricultural diversification of rural regions through the operation of production and consumption linkages. These influential claims are often legitimated in terms of a composite model of ‘Asian success’ from which neoliberal policy prescriptions are derived for other parts of the world. This article argues that diversification of local rural economies does not emerge automatically from agricultural growth and market expansion. Rather, intersectoral and spatial linkages depend crucially on the social organization of production, the conditions of access to resources, and the social logic of investment—that is, who gets the surplus and what they do with it — as well as on wider configurations of political – economic forces. The article repositions key ‘Asian successes’ within institutionally and historically specific contexts, and shows how supposedly similar instances of regional growth linkages exemplify multiple and quite divergent paths of sectoral and spatial development.
Perl algorithm to calculate and categorize Phi and Psi angles in a protein

In order for a Biochemist to come to sufficient understanding of the structure of a protein, it is important that she know the phi and psi angles for each amino acid within that protein. Phi and psi angles are the measurements, in degrees, of the arrangement of the two amino acids on either side of a given amino acid in a peptide chain. The phi and psi angles are calculated based on information gathered from X-ray crystallography, which allows for the location of each atom in a protein to be defined in terms of its position on a three dimensional plane. The x, y, z coordinates of four different atoms must be obtained in order to perform the phi and psi calculations. To calculate phi, the coordinates of the Nitrogen, Alpha Carbon, and Carbon of the amino acid in question, as well as the location of the Carbon in the preceding amino acid, must be available. To calculate psi, the coordinates of the Nitrogen, Alpha Carbon and Carbon, as well as Nitrogen of the following amino acid in the chain, are needed. When all appropriate coordinates are collected, the next step in the calculation is to identify the dihedral angle.
Health Effects of Particulate Matter

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is the most complex pollutant of the six pollutants regulated by the US EPA as “criteria” air pollutants. Particulate matter is all the dust, smoke, and haze particles suspended in ambient air as described in Chapter 4. The reader is referred back to Figure 4-4a and Figure 4-4b to review the distributions of atmospheric particles by size. Chapter 4 also lists common sources of PM. Briefly, as described in chapter 4, there are basically two types of sources of PM: a so called “coarse fraction” and a finer fraction. The coarse fraction is made up of natural aerosolization of crustal matter such as during a wind blown dust storm, during agricultural practices, and during excavations for construction, whereas the source of the finer fraction is mainly combustion including gasoline and diesel fuel vehicle combustion, industry combustion, coal combustion in the process of electricity generation, and burning of vegetative material such as wood burning for residential heating and grass burning for clearing agricultural land. The size of PM also is expressed as the difference between the coarse and the fine mode (PM10.2 5or PMcF). The smallest particles in air are the ultrafine particles that are emitted from combustion and are generally smaller than a few hundred nanograms.
Travailler avec les mal desservis sur le plan médical

> Le desequilibre entre riches et pauvres est la plus ancienne et la plus fatale des maladies dans toutes les republiques. > > Plutarque (traduction libre) Travailler avec les personnes mal desservies sur le plan medical n’est pas l’affaire de tous. Il peut etre difficile de prendre le
Erratum for Antonov et al., high prevalence of pupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a pediatric population.

Volume 59, no. 6, p. [3350–3356][1], 2015. The following statement should be added to Acknowledgments: Partial funding was provided by the Society for Pediatric Dermatology Pilot Project Award. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/AAC.00079-15
Foundations of American Conservatism

To the student of comparative political theory, few things are more fascinating than the contrast not only between different ages but also between different countries in one and the same age. The greatest advances in the collective thinking of Western humanity have been made cooperatively by men of every nation; and in every age all unite to give to that age its own distinctive character; yet each people contributes something of its own national genius to the spirit of the age. He, then, who would understand a country and the pattern of its people's thinking does well to inquire in what way it has deviated from the thinking of other nations in particular epochs. Whoever looks at early nineteenth-century America must be struck by its aloofness from many of the main currents of Western thinking. In the great Revolution of the eighteenth century, it had not been thus. The Lockean and Blackstonean tradition of the right of Englishmen to protect their property through representative organs; Rousseau's concept of equal natural rights of every individual and the right of the sovereign people in convention to reconstitute society according to its general will; Montesquieu's advocacy of checks and balances as safeguards of liberty; Quesnay's physiocratic cult of land as the natural source of wealth and power; Adam Smith's analysis of the relationship between national policy and private commerce; deism in religion; and associationism in psychology—these were among the many trends in the Age of Reason that came to a focus in the revolt of the thirteen colonies and the establishment of the United States.
Bistability by Reflection at the Boundary of a Saturable Absorber

In recent years great efforts have been made to predict and obtain new bistable devices. We present here a theoretical analysis that indicates the possibility of a bistable behaviour in an extremely simple situation. Specifically, we show that the reflection of a normally incident plane monochromatic wave at the boundary of a saturable absorber can display bistability. In this sense the “device” is the simplest one can imagine, consisting only of a homogeneous block of a saturable absorber with one surface polished. No mirrors are involved and one only requires the reflection of the incident wave at the polished boundary.
Preparation and physicochemical characterization of silibinin nanoparticles

Objective To prepare silibinin nanoparticles and investigate their properties.Methods Silibinin nanoparticles were prepared by the emulsion evaporation-solidification method at low temperature.The entrapment efficiency,polydispersity index,drug loading were set as evaluation indexes to optimize the preparation processing.Drug release from nanoparticles and the stability of nanoparticles were investigated at the different temperatures of 3-5 ℃,15-25 ℃,and 37 ℃,respectively,and with the relative humidity of 75%.Results Taking stearic acid and surfactant Brij 78 as carrier,the entrapment efficiency of silibinin nanoparticles prepared by optimized technology was up to 96.88%,the dispersion index of the smallest was 0.168,and durg loading was 7.55%.Analysis by using differential scanning calorimetry showed that silibinin was dispersed in the nanoparticles at an amorphous state.The in vitro silibinin released slowly from nanoparticles and the release profile fitted well into Higuchi equation.Nanoaparticles were stable under storage conditions.Conclusion Silibinin nanoparticles could be prepared by the emulsion evaporation-solidification method,with the advantages of techniques simple,diameter and dispersion small,entrapment efficiency and drug loading high,in vitro release slow,and stability good.
STUDY ON BASIC CONSTITUTION OF MODERN ENERGY CENTER

In this paper the constitutive factors and modes and software support for a modern energy center to reach designed purposes has been discussed and a hardware system is suggested.
Trace Elements in Calcified Tissues and Matrix Biology

The roles for trace minerals in soft and hard tissue matrix development and maintenance have been investigated only in a limited and selected fashion. For example, it is known that Cu deprivation can influence markedly the structural integrity of collagen and elastin matrices by causing reduced crosslinking (1). It is also known that Zn deprivation may cause changes in the composition of basal laminae or influence the functional activity and distribution of cell surface proteins (2–5). Further, Mn deprivation can influence proteoglycan or structural glycoprotein deposition (1). These examples are important in that it is now clear that most of the abnormal morphogenetic effects of matrix molecules are associated with alteration of their physical properties or at cell surfaces (6).
The pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension.

SUMMARY Renovascular hypertension, comprising a small percentage of the total hypertensive population, stands out as remarkably important, being the most common cause of surgically correctable hypertension. Its precise diagnosis can be accomplished by judicious application of recently available sophisticated laboratory methods and correct prediction of curability is now possible. Careful selection of cases among the vast numbers of hypertensives by routine screening procedures is essential. The selected few deserve more complete studies including bilateral renal vein renin measurements. Rapid sequence pyelography, split function studies, radioisotope renogram, and renal arteriography accurately define the presence of a significant structural abnormality involving the renal circulation on either side. Significant bilateral renal vein plasmarenin differential, done under appropriate conditions of volume depletion and upright posture, in the absence of interference by concurrent antihypertensive drug therapy, establishes a causal relationship between the structural abnormality and the high blood pressure. A thorough knowledge of the normal physiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its inappropriate response in renovascular hypertension and other related clinical conditions is clearly necessary if one is to plan diagnostic studies intelligently and interpret the results correctly.
Some Controversial Third World Countries: We Need Marketing, Too

South Africa’s "homeland policy" is creating a series of nation states based on the ethnicity of the black population. Politically, this policy is somewhat controversial, but economically several benefits may be forthcoming, one of which is the possibility of marketers reaching identifiable market segments in a highly heterogenous population.
How Green and Does it Clean: Methodologies for Assessing Cleaning Products for Safety and Performance

Abstract Industrial surface cleaning is performed for a number of reasons. It may be required to prepare the surfaces of parts prior to manufacturing processes such as welding or painting. It may be performed for aesthetic reasons as an aid to marketing and sales. The cleaning process is imperative to perform well and changing from a proved process can seem daunting. However, the change is sometimes necessary as many cleaning products contain harmful chemicals that can have serious adverse effects. Therefore, a systematic method for assessing environmental, health, and safety is an important step in the selection process. There are many tools that exist to make this an easier task. Once a safer alternative is identified, performance testing is needed because if a product is green but does not work, then so what. Nobody is going to use it. Solvents have been used for many years in all fields of cleaning and were often performed via single-species vapor degreasing operation. This streamlined approach was due to traditional solvents’ superior ability to dissolve organic matter. The alternatives tend to not be one-size-fits-all type of solution and require performance verification. The problem with the way most people evaluate cleaning product effectiveness is that their comparisons tend to be subjective, not scientific. However, well-written test protocols and repeatable science needs to play a key role in choosing cleaning products that work consistently well. Combining these lab-based methods with in-field process-specific testing will result in the identification of safer and effective cleaning alternatives.
The Business of International Politics

Recent years have brought renewed interest in the societal determinants of foreign policy and international relations. Whereas realist and liberal theorists each proceed from the assumption that foreign policy is the product of some version of the national interest, societal explanations depict the foreign policymaking process as dominated by the struggle among private interests. Among the more interesting studies in the latter vein are those that focus on the role of business. Recent works by Thomas Ferguson (1984), Jeffry Frieden (1989, 1988, 1987), Helen Milner (1988), and Sylvia Maxfield andJames Nolt (1990) have provided us with a more sophisticated understanding of why and how business interests insert themselves into the foreign policymaking process. What sets this new wave of research apart is that it dispenses with the notion that business constitutes a monolithic class. Instead, these works show that foreign policy issues often evoke serious cleavages among distinct business groups. These clashing interests give rise to conflict within and among nations over international issues. The most pervasive fault line divides nationalist from international business blocs. Nationalists consist of smaller, less competitive firms that depend on the domestic market for their sales and profits. Internationalist firms are typically larger, more globally competitive and engage heavily in trade and foreign investment. Nationalists and internationalists possess conflicting policy preferences in areas such as trade, exchanges rates, and foreign assistance. The recent literature on such divisions and their consequences for foreign policy and international relations can be dubbed the "business conflict school." The three books under review here belong to this emerging perspective and each succeeds in extending this research agenda in interesting directions. Ronald Cox, in Power and Profits: U.S. Policy in Central America, and David Gibbs, in The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis, examine the influence of contending business factions on U.S. interventionism. Gregory Nowell's study, Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900-1939, is even more
Preoperative Opiate Use Independently Predicts Narcotic Consumption and Complications After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Multimodal pain protocols have reduced opioid requirements and decreased complications after elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, these protocols are not universally effective. The purposes of this study are to determine the risk factors associated with increased opioid requirements and the impact of preoperative narcotic use on the length of stay and inhospital complications after THA or TKA. Methods We prospectively evaluated a consecutive series of 802 patients undergoing elective primary THA and TKA over a 9-month period. All patients were managed using a multimodal pain protocol. Data on medical comorbidities and history of preoperative narcotic use were collected and correlated with deviations from the protocol. Results Of the 802 patients, 266 (33%) required intravenous narcotic rescue. Patients aged P = .019) and with preoperative narcotic use (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.01-3.75; P P P P = .025) and a 2.5-times risk of requiring oral narcotics at 3 months postoperatively (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.61-3.82; P Conclusion Despite the effectiveness of multimodal postoperative pain protocols, younger patients with preoperative history of narcotic use require additional opioids and are at a higher risk for complications and a greater length of stay.
The Kdr Factor in Pyrethroid Resistance

The pyrethroid and DDT insecticides share several properties: Both groups of chemicals are more toxic at lower temperatures and poison nerves in a superficially similar manner, and their fdr-resistance factors confer cross resistance to both pyrethroids and DDT. It is possible to describe the action of an insecticide as DDT-like or pyrethroid-like, but it is impossible to state categorically which structural features determine DDT-like or pyrethroid-like action.
Joseph Wright meets the Boggart

In 1898, Joseph Wright dedicated almost a thousand words to ‘boggart’, a term for a supernatural entity, used in the north-west of England, in his Dialect Dictionary. While Wright’s analysis of the...
Politicized Nominations and Public Attitudes toward the Supreme Court in the Polarization Era

ABSTRACTThe death of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia provides the opportunity to study the effects of an unexpected Supreme Court vacancy in an era of intense partisan and ideological division...
Development of the Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale.

Abstract Food addiction posits that highly processed foods may be capable of triggering addictive-like symptoms in some individuals, including withdrawal. The current study developed and assessed the psychometric properties of the first self-report measure of highly processed food withdrawal. Individuals (n = 231) aged 19–68 (51.9% female) were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk and reported cutting down on highly processed foods in the past year. The Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (ProWS) was adapted from self-report measures of drug withdrawal and internal consistency and validity were evaluated. Paralleling the course of drug withdrawal, symptoms assessed by the ProWS were reported as most intense between days 2–5 during an attempt to cut down. The ProWS demonstrated convergent validity with addictive-like eating (r = 0.48, p
Exploration of femoral head coverage in screening developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants

To investigate the relationship of femoral head coverage (FHC) with Graf’s classification for diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and its role in evaluating hip stability. A total of 4222 hips were screened ultrasonographically with Graf’s and Harcke’s methods. The stability of hips was analyzed using the difference between FHCs at neutral and flexion positions (FHC-D). (1) For the non-dislocated hips, the mean value of FHC at the neutral position was 59.4%, which was significantly greater than 55.0% of FHC at the flexion position (p < 0.001). (2) FHC at the neutral position corresponding to Graf I, IIa/b, IIc, D, III, and IV was 63.0 ± 4.7%, 57.0 ± 5.2%, 49.5 ± 5.5%, 37.7 ± 3.7%, 30.2 ± 12.7%, and 7.4 ± 11.9%, respectively, and that at the flexion position was 59.0 ± 4.4%, 50.7 ± 9.4%, 35.2 ± 5.2%, 30.8 ± 1.3%, 23.4 ± 10.7%, and 4.7 ± 9.9%, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference between the two positions. (3) The AUC of FHC-D in evaluating the stability of hips was 0.972. When the threshold was 8.5%, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FHC-D in detecting hip instability were 89.0%, 93.0%, and 93.9%, respectively. FHC can be used as a reference indicator for DDH classification. FHC at different positions corresponds to different reference values, and FHC-D can be used as a quantitative indicator for assessment of hip stability.
Exploring social and cognitive dimensions of collaborative problem solving in an open online simulation-based task

Abstract Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is a complex construct comprised of skills associated with social and cognitive dimensions. The diverse set of skills within these dimensions make CPS difficult to measure. Typically, research on measuring CPS has used highly constrained environments that help narrow the problem space. In the current study, we applied the in-task assessment framework to support the exploration of CPS skills at a deep level in an open digital environment in which three students worked together to solve an electronics problem. The construct of CPS was defined in depth prior to the implementation of the environment through the development of a complex, hierarchical ontology. The features from the ontology were identified in the data and four theoretically-grounded profiles of types of collaborative problem-solvers were produced - high social/high cognitive, high social/low cognitive, low social/high cognitive, and low social/low cognitive. Results showed that students in the low social/low cognitive profile group demonstrated poorer performance than students in other profile groups. Further, having at least one high social/high cognitive member in a team facilitated performance. This study offers groundwork for future studies in measuring CPS with an approach suitable for less constrained collaborative environments.