cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freshman Engineering Project on Energy Scavenging

This paper describes the design, development and implementation of an energy scavenging project for an introduction to engineering course. The overall objective of the project is to provide students with a hands-on experience on all the components of a renewable energy system. After completing this project students should be able to understand the basic engineering concepts as well as the principles of the design process. Energy scavenging is a form of renewable energy technology at micro or nano scale level. In this project students design and build a small vibrating system that takes the place of the energy source. A piezoelectric material is used to collect the energy produced by the vibrating system. The output of the piezoelectric material is fed to a rectifier circuit whose output charges a battery. Over two hundred freshman engineering students from four different disciplines: civil, computer, electrical, and mechanical have completed this project. Students’ reports, reflection papers, and the results from surveys clearly show that, in addition to be a very appealing project, its objectives are achieved.
‘Synonymization’ threat and the implications for the funding of school districts with relatively high populations of black students

Education stakeholders have used descriptors of poverty and race as if they were synonymous. This ‘synonymization’ of identities is particularly evident for black and poor students. We define ‘syno...
Unpacking ‘culture’: Caregiver socialization of emotion and child functioning in diverse families

Abstract Socialization of children’s emotions is implicated in a variety of child outcomes including children’s social and emotional competence, peer relations, self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Recognizing the importance of culture, an emerging body of literature has examined caregiver socialization of children’s emotions in culturally diverse groups and has shown both similarities and variation in parental emotion-related socialization behaviors. Preliminary findings also suggest that caregiver emotion socialization behaviors that are associated with adaptive child outcomes in White middle-class families (with whom a bulk of the emotion socialization research is conducted) may not be related to adaptive child functioning in other cultural groups. In this article, we propose a conceptual framework that extends Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad’s (1998) model and unpacks aspects of culture that help explain the variation in caregiver emotion socialization processes and in the relation between caregiver emotion socialization and child socio-emotional functioning across cultural groups. Within the context of this framework, we systematically review published studies of caregiver emotion related socialization behaviors in culturally diverse families for children between preschool-age to adolescence, with a focus on their implication for child well-being. Gaps in the existing literature are identified, and directions for future research are outlined.
Psychophysiological treatment outcomes: Corticotropin‐releasing factor type 1 receptor antagonist increases inhibition of fear‐potentiated startle in PTSD patients

After exposure to a traumatic event, a subset of people develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One of the key deficits in PTSD is regulation of fear, and impaired inhibition of fear-potentiated startle (FPS) has been identified as a potential physiological biomarker specific to PTSD. As part of a larger clinical trial, this study investigated the effects of a CRF receptor 1 antagonist, GSK561679, on inhibition of fear-potentiated startle during a conditional discrimination fear-conditioning paradigm, termed AX+/BX-. Prior research using this paradigm has demonstrated deficits in inhibition of conditioned fear in several PTSD populations. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial compared fear inhibition between female PTSD participants taking 350 mg/day GSK561679 (n = 47 pre- and 29 post-treatment) and patients taking a placebo pill (n = 52 pre- and 30 post-treatment) daily for 6 weeks. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their acquisition of fear or discrimination between threat and safety cues, and no pre-post-treatment effect on these measures. However, there was a significant effect of treatment on inhibition of FPS during the AB trials in the AX+/BX- transfer test (p < 0.05). While all PTSD participants showed typical impairments in fear inhibition prior to treatment, GSK561679 enhanced fear inhibition post-treatment, independent of clinical effects. The current study suggests that CRF receptor 1 antagonism may have specific effects within neural circuitry mediating fear inhibition responses, but not overall symptom presentation, in PTSD.
Pediatric Breast Fibroadenomas: A Systematic Review and Algorithm for Treatment.

BackgroundPediatric breast masses cause concern for both the patient and their family, although malignancy represents less than 1% of lesions in this population. No studies have systematically described resection and reconstructive methods for different sizes and locations of pediatric breast fibroa
A.A. Potebnja’s Inner Form. An Excursus Starting from the Origins of Language

The aim of the present article is to offer an orderly exposition of the various definitions and functions that the concept of inner form plays in the theory of the Ukrainian linguist A.A. Potebnja. The article mainly deals with Mysl’ i jazyk , however, other later and earlier publications by Potebnja are taken into consideration. Because the concept of inner form is so broad, three main spheres of interest have been defined in the analysis: word formation (i.e, Potebnja’s conception of the origins of language), cognitive and linguistic development, and, finally, the pros e/ poetry dichotomy. The article concludes with some suggestions regarding possible areas of further study of Potebnja’s theory.
Cross-Sectional Study on Perceptions Regarding Cervical Cancer Screening and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Female Patients in Rural Taiwan

PURPOSECervical cancer remains the eighth leading cause of cancer mortality among women in Taiwan. Despite availability of a National Health Insurance program with free yearly screenings, Papanicol...
CatDoc HackDoc: Tools and Processes for Managing Documentation Lifecycle, Workflows, and Accessibility

AbstractDocumentation of local policies, workflows, and procedures is an important activity for cataloging and metadata units. But creating and maintaining documentation is a huge task that is not ...
Mechanisms of Dioxygen Activation in Metal-Containing Monooxygenases: Enzymes and Model Systems

Monooxygenase enzymes catalyze reactions in which one atom of oxygen, derived from dioxygen, is incorporated into an organic substrate while the other atom of oxygen is reduced by two electrons to form water.1,2
[Investigation on the level of dioxin-like compounds in different animal-derived foods from Shaanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the pollution level of dioxin-like compounds in animal-derived foods from 10 cities of Shaanxi Province. METHODS Collect four representative food samples( pork, beef, fish and eggs) to determine the concentrations of29 types of dioxin-like compounds by high-resolution gas chromatographs/high-resolution mass spectrometers( HRGC-HRMS). RESULTS The result showed that the toxic equivalent quantity( TEQ) value of dioxin-like compounds in fish was 0. 085 pg TEQ/g, which was the biggest among the 4 food samples. The TEQ values for pork, beef and eggs were 0. 049, 0. 034 and 0. 040 pg TEQ/g, respectively. The TEQ values of dioxin-like compounds were higher in the fish meat of Ankang and the pork of Hanzhoung, but were lower than the max limit of commission regulation European Union. The total dietary intake of the above four foods was 2. 01 pg/( kg·BW·month), which was much lower than the provisional tolerable monthly intake( PTMI) of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 70 pg/( kg·BW·month). CONCLUSION The residents in the 10 cities of Shaanxi Province are at a low health risk caused by the intake of dioxin-like compounds.
Bridging the Gap: Comparing School Personnel and Student Perspectives on the Mental Health Needs of Students

Background, aims and objectives: Teachers and other school personnel are often the first point of contact for a student who is experiencing mental distress. They are therefore particularly well-placed to provide ongoing social and emotional support to students. Nevertheless, most school personnel are not trained to recognize and respond to mental health problems. Methods: In order to better understand the needs and challenges around student mental health and improve school mental health interventions and resources, we used quantitative and qualitative survey items to compare the perspectives of both school staff and students. To obtain personnel feedback, a 14-item online survey was distributed at the primary and secondary school levels. To obtain student feedback, 7 survey items were added to an existing school-based program survey that was distributed at participating high schools. Results: Out of 32 schools surveyed, 254 personnel responded, including 60 high school personnel. In addition, 756 students responded from 10 high schools. Though there is agreement between personnel and students on the need to address student mental health issues, there is an apparent disconnect between reports on what is being done and what needs to go into supporting student mental health. Conclusion: Along with teachers and other school personnel, students should be part of the needs assessment and priority setting processes around school mental health. Strategies to improve student mental health programs and practices are addressed.
Impact of dyes and finishes on the microfibers released on the laundering of cotton knitted fabrics.

Abstract The influence of common textile finishes on cotton fabrics on the generation of microfibers during laundering was assessed. Microfiber release was determined to be in the range of 9000–14,000 particles per gram of cotton fabric. Cotton knitted fabrics treated with softener and durable press generate more microfibers (1.30–1.63 mg/g fabric) during laundering by mass and number than untreated fabric (0.73 mg/g fabric). The fabrics treated with softener generated the longest average microfiber length (0.86 mm), whereas durable press and water repellent treatments produced the shortest average microfiber length (0.62 and 0.63 mm, respectively). In general, the changes in the mechanical properties of the fibers and fabrics due to the finishing treatments are the main factor affecting the microfiber release. The abrasion resistance of the fabrics decreases for durable press treatments and water repellent treatments due to the brittleness in the structure originated by the crosslinking treatment. In the case of the softener treatment, the fabric surface is soft and smooth decreasing the friction coefficient between fibers favoring the fibers loosening from the textile and resulting in a high tendency for fuzz formation and microfiber release. These findings are useful for the textile industry in the design and selection of materials and treatments for the reduction of synthetic or natural microfiber shedding from textiles.
Impact of inhaled treprostinil on risk stratification with noninvasive parameters: a post hoc analysis of the TRIUMPH and BEAT studies.

The 2015 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society treatment guidelines recommend frequent risk assessment in pulmonary arterial hypertension utilizing risk variables. Our objecti...
The microtubule cytoskeleton at the synapse.

Abstract In neurons, microtubules (MTs) provide routes for transport throughout the cell and structural support for dendrites and axons. Both stable and dynamic MTs are necessary for normal neuronal functions. Research in the last two decades has demonstrated that MTs play additional roles in synaptic structure and function in both pre- and postsynaptic elements. Here, we review current knowledge of the functions that MTs perform in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, as well as in the neuromuscular junction and other specialized synapses, and discuss the implications that this knowledge may have in neurological disease
Predicting Lake Erie wave heights and periods using XGBoost and LSTM

Abstract Waves in large lakes put coastal communities and vessels under threat, and accurate wave predictions are needed for early warnings. While physics-based numerical wave models such as WAVEWATCH III (WW3) are useful to provide spatial information to supplement in situ observations, they require intensive computational resources. An attractive alternative is machine learning (ML) methods, which can potentially improve the performance of numerical wave models, while only requiring a small fraction of the computational cost. In this study, we applied novel ML methods based on XGBoost and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network for predicting wave height and period under the near-idealized wave growth conditions of Lake Erie. Data sets of significant wave height ( H ), peak wave period ( T p ) and surface wind from two offshore buoys from 1994 to 2017 were processed for model training and testing. We trained and validated the ML models with the data sets from 1994 to 2015, and then used the trained models to predict significant wave height and peak period for 2016 and 2017. The XGBoost model yielded the best overall performance, with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values of 15.6%–22.9% in H and 8.3%–13.4% in T p . The LSTM model yielded MAPE values of 23.4%–30.8% in H and 9.1%–13.6% in T p . An unstructured grid WW3 applied to Lake Erie yielded MAPE values of 15.3%–21.0% in H and 12.5%–19.3% in T p . However, WW3 underestimated H and T p during strong wind events, with relative biases of -11.76% to -14.15% in H and -15.59% to -19.68% in T p . XGBoost and LSTM improve on these predictions with relative biases of -2.56% to -10.61% in H and -8.08% to -10.13% in T p . An ensemble mean of these three models yielded lower scatter scores than the members, with MAPE values of 13.3%–17.3% in H and 8.0%–13.0% in T p , although it did not improve the bias. The ML models ran significantly faster than WW3: For this 2-year run on the same computing environment, WW3 needed 24 h with 60 CPUs, whereas the trained LSTM needed 0.24 s on 1 CPU, and the trained XGBoost needed only 0.03 s on 1 CPU.
Effect of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Sand Replacement on the Fiber-Bridging Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites:

The use of raw sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as sand replacement in the production of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) can improve its cost-effectiveness and practicality. A recent study by...
Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia Alter Thermoregulatory Response Thresholds

The core temperature triggering thermoregulatory action defines the threshold for that response. Elevated core temperatures trigger sweating and active pre-capillary vasodilation whereas progressively lower temperatures trigger arterio-venous shunt vasoconstriction and shivering. Temperatures between the sweating and vasoconstriction thresholds, which do not trigger thermoregulatory responses, identify the interthreshold range (1).
The allure of salt

The allure of salt may have its roots in the innate hunger for sodium. And this innate hunger for sodium may play a role in several mineral deficiencies, because sodium is also ingested when rats are deficient in other minerals. Perhaps, the mineral-deficient animal ingests the sodium because of the taste quality of saltiness. An adaptive strategy that may have evolved is to have saltiness serve as a marker for minerals in the behavioral restoration of mineral balance; in other words, this taste quality may signal that minerals may be found at a particular location and may serve as an important vehicle in nutritional memory. This adaptive strategy may be particularly important for females who frequent salt licks during the reproductive season when there is a greater demand for minerals. It is the taste quality of saltiness that may stand out for the mineral-deficient animal.
Notes on the calculation of posterior probabilities related to outcomes from 2 × 2 matched pair tables

Computationally convenient expressions, and R code for performing the calculations, are provided for Bayesian posterior probabilities regarding the equivalence or noninferiority of the event rates for bivariate binary observations from a matched-pair design. These expressions provide an alternative to, and extend, an expression given by Wellek ∗ (eqn. 5.24). In addition, the expression obtained using the alternative derivation for the posterior probability that the difference between the event rates under the two conditions is positive (or negative) depends only on the counts in the off-diagonal cells of the outcome table, which is not immediately evident from the expression given by Wellek.
Molecular mechanisms of maternal cannabis and cigarette use on human neurodevelopment

Prenatal development is highly sensitive to maternal drug use due to the vulnerability for disruption of the fetal brain with its ongoing neurodevelopment, resulting in lifelong consequences that can enhance risk for psychiatric disorders. Cannabis and cigarettes are the most commonly used illicit and licit substances, respectively, among pregnant women. Although the behavioral consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure have been well-documented in epidemiological and clinical studies, only recently have investigations into the molecular mechanisms associated with the developmental impact of early drug exposure been addressed. This article reviews the literature relevant to long-term gene expression disturbances in the human fetal brain in relation to maternal cannabis and cigarette use. To provide translational insights, we discuss animal models in which protracted molecular consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure can be better explored and which enable future evaluation of epigenetic pathways, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, that could potentially maintain abnormal gene regulation and related behavioral disturbances. Altogether, this information may help to address the current gaps of knowledge regarding the impact of early drug exposure that set in motion lifelong molecular disturbances that underlie vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
Nandao-Questions as a Special Kind of Rhetorical Questions

This paper addresses the syntax and semantics of a special kind of Rhetorical Questions (RQs) in Mandarin, i.e. questions with nandao (nandao-Q). Nandao-Qs necessarily have rhetorical question readings. To derive this, I propose that nandao is a WH-word which takes a question denoting a single proposition and turns it into a set with the complement proposition. This analysis differs significantly from earlier proposals for deriving RQ meanings as asserting the negation of the proposition denoted by its IP (cf. Sadock 1979, Han 2002, a.o.). The degenerate question nature of nandao-Q can explain why nandao-Q unlike Ordinary Questions (OQs) cannot be embedded under [+wh] selecting words like wen and zhidao.
Proximal coracobrachialis tendon rupture, subscapularis tendon rupture, and medial dislocation of the long head of the biceps tendon in an adult after traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.

Rupture of the coracobrachialis is a rare entity, in isolation or in combination with other muscular or tendinous structures. When described, it is often a result of direct trauma to the anatomic area resulting in rupture of the muscle belly. The authors present a case of a 57-year-old female who suffered a proximal coracobrachialis tendon rupture from its origin at the coracoid process, with concomitant subscapularis tear and medial dislocation of the long head of biceps tendon after first time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. Two weeks after injury, magnetic resonance imaging suggested the diagnosis, which was confirmed during combined arthroscopic and open technique. Soft-tissue tenodesis of coracobrachialis to the intact short head of the biceps, tenodesis of the long head of biceps to the intertubercular groove, and double-row anatomic repair of the subscapularis were performed. The patient did well postoperatively, and ultimately at 6 months follow-up, she was without pain, and obtained 160΀ of active forward elevation, 45΀ of external rotation, internal rotation to T8, 5/5 subscapularis and biceps strength. Scoring scales had improved from the following preoperative to final follow-up: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 53.33-98.33; constant, 10-100; visual analogue scale-pain, 4-0. DASH score was 5.
Annual cycles of solar insolation predict spawning times of Caribbean corals

Seasonal increases in sea surface temperature (SST) have long been considered the trigger for mass spawning events in reef corals. We critically examined the relationship between SST and the spawning activity of broadcasting corals in the tropical western Atlantic (Caribbean). This meta-analysis examined 12 species of broadcasting corals at 25 sites spanning 22 degrees of latitude (10 degrees-32 degrees N) from Venezuela to Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean from 1986 to 2004. Sigmoidal logit regression models were used to examine the relationship between the release of reef-coral gametes and the environmental variables SST and solar insolation defined as (1) the cumulative response 7-10 months prior to spawning (integral); (2) the rate of change at the time of spawning (derivative); and (3) the average for the month of spawning. The Quasi-Newton method was used to estimate the maximum likelihood of the response function. We demonstrate that the recent history and rate of change in temperature correlate poorly with the timing of spawning, while the average temperature during the month of spawning was significant (with all corals releasing gametes 28-30 degrees C, except Montastraea annularis, which released gametes at 27-30 degrees C). In contrast, the rate of change and the cumulative response of solar insolation cycles was a better predictor of gamete release, but solar insolation intensity at the time of spawning was not. These models have important implications for predicting coral reproductive cycles in all oceans, and for examining other marine phototrophic systems beyond corals.
[28] Estimating binding constants for site-specific interactions between monovalent ions and proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on estimating binding constants for site-specific interactions among monovalent ions and proteins. The observed effects of salts on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins can be classified as either specific or aspecific according to their dependence or independence, respectively, on the nature of the salts studied. The widespread availability of computational methods for quantitation of aspecific salt effects from crystallographic structures of macromolecules contrasts with the paucity of approaches for quantitating specific effects. Despite the weak nature of site-specific interactions among monovalent ions and proteins, they play important regulatory roles in many proteins by modulating protein structure and functional energetics. The approach described in this chapter invokes the concept of site-specific ion binding to quantitate specific salt effects in proteins. Owing to the lack of detailed structural information describing the location of ion binding sites on the surfaces of proteins, it is necessary to locate putative binding sites before quantitating the energetics of binding. Identification is based on the assumption that the energy of interaction between monovalent ions and proteins is determined primarily by the electrostatic potential on the surface of the protein.
Increased extracellular clusterin in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia

The expression of the gene that encodes clusterin, a glycoprotein that has been implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes, has previously been found in gene expression profiling studies to be among the most significantly differentially expressed genes in pyramidal and parvalbumin-containing inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated whether clusterin may also be dysregulated at the protein level in schizophrenia subjects. We found that, although the intracellular amount of clusterin may be unchanged, the level of extracellular, secreted clusterin appears to be significantly increased in schizophrenia subjects. It is speculated that this finding may represent a neuroprotective response to pathophysiological events that underlie schizophrenia.
Semen characteristics, testicular size, and reproductive hormone concentrations in mature duroc, meishan, fengjing, and minzhu boars.

Chinese breeds of swine are known for their reproductive prolificacy and are noted for large litter size. The current investigation evaluated reproductive components of three breeds of Chinese boars in comparison to a contemporary site breed common in the U.S. Semen from postpubertal Duroc, Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu boars was collected during four seasons of the year. After each semen collection and evaluation period, boars were weighted and placed in a restraining chute for testicular measurements and blood sampling for measurement of FSH, testosterone, and inhibin. Although Duroc boars were 2 mo younger than Chinese boars, initial and final body weight and paired testis volume in Durocs were greater (p < 0.05) than in Chinese boars. Total spermatozoa per ejaculate was similar for Duroc and Minzhu boars, but was lower (p < 0.05) in Fengjing and Meishan boars. Progressive motility and sperm morphological characteristics were not affected by breed of boar. Serum FSH concentrations were markedly higher (p < 0.01) in Meishan and Fengjing boars than in other breeds, and concentrations were nearly 8-fold higher in Meishan than in Duroc boars. Breed differences in serum inhibin were essentially the inverse of those observed for FSH, with Durocs exhibiting the highest inhibin concentrations and Meishans exhibiting the lowest. Testosterone values were not different between breeds. However, testosterone concentrations fluctuated with season, and serum testosterone was highest during the fall of the year in all breeds. These results indicated that some reproductive characteristics differ dramatically between Duroc and Chinese breeds of boars. Breed differences existed in body size, testis size, sperm per ejaculate, ejaculate volume, and serum FSH and inhibin concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Learning to coin agent and instrument nouns

In this study, we examined how children acquired productive control over the suffix-er in coining agent and instrument nouns in English. Forty-eight children, aged three to six, were asked to segment and produce novel agent and instrument nouns. In comprehension, all could identify the verb base in nouns like kicker and otherwise showed that they understood both verb and suffix. In production, however, the children fell into three groups: (1) the youngest children made only inconsistent use of -er and relied on simple compounds, especially for agents, and on familiar words, especially for instruments; (2) slightly older children began to make consistent use of -er, but only for one of its meanings, usually the agentive one; and (3) the oldest children produced -er consistently for both agents and instruments. We propose three principles to account for this sequence of acquisition.
Growth mechanism and surface atomic structure of AgInSe2

The growth of (112)A-oriented AgInSe2 on GaAs (111)A and its surface reconstruction were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and other techniques. Films were grown by a sputtering and evaporation method. Topographic STM images reveal that the film grew by atomic incorporation into surface steps resulting from screw dislocations on the surface. The screw dislocation density was ∼1010 cm2. Atomically resolved images also show that the surface atomic arrangement appears to be similar to that of the bulk, with a spacing of 0.35–0.41 nm. There is no observable reconstruction, which is unexpected for a polar semiconductor surface.
Stem cells in the treatment of muscle and connective tissue diseases.

Abstract Current data indicate the existence of two types of postnatal stem cells. Tissue non-specific stem cells are haematopoietic in origin and can differentiate into different blood lineages. In contrast, tissue-specific stem cells preferentially differentiate into cells of the residing tissue, although they also possess a limited ability to turn into other lineages. In terms of therapeutic potential, unmodified muscle-derived stem cells have been proven capable of regenerating dystrophic muscle. Furthermore, when genetically modified to express growth factors, these cells are versatile in promoting bone healing. This also occurs with mesenchymal stem cells, which have been used in an attempt to repair defects of cartilage and ligaments. Thus, stem-cell-based therapy — particularly genetically engineered therapy — holds great potential for the treatment of a variety of disorders and conditions affecting the muscle and connective tissue.
Myc-mediated transactivation of HSP70 expression following exposure to magnetic fields

We investigated c-myc protein-binding sites on the HSP70 promoter as modulators of the induction of HSP70 gene expression in response to magnetic field stimulation (8microT at 60Hz) and whether the presence of c-myc protein potentiates transactivation of HSP70 expression. A 320 base pair region in the HSP70 promoter (+1 to -320) was analyzed. This region contains two c-myc-protein binding sites with consensus sequences located at -230 and -160 nucleotide positions (relative to the transcription initiation site) and overlapping with the region reported for the regulation of HSP70 gene expression by c-myc protein. This promoter region is upstream of other regulatory sequences, including the heat shock element (HSE), AP-2, and serum response element (SRE). Transfectants containing both c-myc protein-binding sites, HSP-MYC A and HSP-MYC B, and exposed to magnetic fields showed a 3.0-fold increase in expression of CAT activity as compared with sham-exposed control transfectants. Transfectants containing one c-myc binding site, HSP-MYC A, and exposed to magnetic fields showed a 2.3-fold increase in CAT expression. Transfectants in which both HSP-MYC A and HSP-MYC B binding sites were deleted showed no magnetic field sensitivity; values were virtually identical with sham-exposed controls. If the c-myc expression vector was not co-transfected with the constructs containing myc-binding sites, there was no difference in the expression of CAT activity between magnetically stimulated and sham-exposed controls, although both responded to heat shock. These data suggest that endogenous elevated levels of myc protein contribute to the induction of HSP70 in response to magnetic field stimulation.
Development of Formula Foods Designed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larval and Juvenile Shrimp1

Several types of food (differing in shape, form, type of binder, texture, and attractant quality) were developed and evaluated during a series of ingestion and growth studies using larval and juvenile stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The specific food requirements, in terms of physical characteristics, for each growth stage were emphasized. Calculating an energy budget, a caloric comparison was made of the ability of various foods at various concentrations to sustain larval growth. Among six formula diets prepared in three different forms, stage 7–8 Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae incorporated relatively higher amounts of freeze-dried diet having 15% Artemia salina meat added. Of the various larval foods evaluated in a growth study, larvae grown on 5.5 mm Artemia salina and freeze dried catfish reached stage 8 significantly faster than groups of larvae fed other diets. Larvae reared on a formula freeze-dried diet developed to stage 8 more rapidly than animals fed other forms of formula food. Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveiled fed a soybean meal diet bound with 5% collagen did not gain in weight, while animals fed the same diet with long chain amylose starch binder had a 1158% increase in weight. Soybean meal diets bound with cornstarch and agar also had relatively lower weight gains than animals ged diets bound with long chain amylose starch. Shrimp fed diets with freeze-dried A. salina added had significantly higher weight gains than controls.
The Yasukuni Controversy: Divergent Perspectives from the Japanese Political Elite

This paper analyzes the Yasukuni problem and reports the different views existing among as well as within major political parties in Japan. The Yasukuni issue should be understood in the context of the rise of conservative nationalism in Japanese politics and Japan9s effort to become a normal nation-state.
Effects of Instructed Emotion Regulation on Valence, Arousal, and Attentional Measures of Affective Processing

Cognitive control of emotion has been investigated using tasks prompting participants to increase or decrease emotional responding to affective pictures. This study provides a more comprehensive evaluation of responding in this task by including: pleasant and unpleasant pictures, increase and decrease instructions, additional physiological measures, and a fully randomized design. Findings suggest that control efforts did modulate higher-level affective responses indexed by self-reported valence and expressive facial muscles, but not lower-level affective responses indexed by startle blink and heart rate. Similarly, electrocortical measures evidenced expectable affective responses and control-related activity, but no modulation of affective patterns due to the control efforts.
Signaling organization and stance: academic language use in middle grade persuasive writing

Effective academic writing is accessible to readers because writers follow shared conventions for organization and signal their stance on particular topics; however, few specifics are known about how middle graders might develop knowledge of and use these academic language forms and functions to signal their organization and stance in persuasive essays. This study examined how differences in organization and stance marker use was related to writing quality in 664 persuasive essays written by 176 sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students. Essays were collected in the context of a supplemental vocabulary program, transcribed and analyzed for length by researchers, scored for overall writing quality by a team of teachers, and then coded for markers of organization and stance by researchers. Multilevel modeling results reveal that two specific emergent organizational marker types (evidence markers and code glosses) have statistically significant negative relationships to quality, and the variety of stance markers used is a positive predictor of quality when an interaction with length is included in the model. Findings give insight into the ways students are using organization and stance markers and point toward these language forms and functions as potentially pedagogically-relevant and worth assessing.
An entropy measure of uncertainty in vote choice

Abstract We examine voters’ uncertainty as they assess candidates’ policy positions in the 1994 congressional election and test the hypothesis that the Contract with America reduced voter uncertainty about the issue positions of Republican House candidates. This is done with an aggregate evaluation of issue uncertainty and corresponding vote choice where the uncertainty parameterization is derived from an entropy calculation on a set of salient election issues. The primary advantage is that it requires very few assumptions about the nature of the data. The entropic model suggests that voters used the written and explicit Republican agenda as a means of reducing issue uncertainty without substantially increasing time spent evaluating candidate positions.
Dynamic in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry of the reaction of aqueous iron(II) with 2,2'-bipyridine in a thin Nafion film.

Dynamic in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of the chemical reaction between ferrous ion and 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) in a thin Nafion film are presented. A simple prototype system composed of a thin Nafion film on a glass substrate was used throughout the work. The reaction was detected by optically monitoring the formation of the strongly absorbing complex ion, Fe(bpy)32+ (e520 = 7.70 × 103 M-1 cm-1 in 0.1 M NaCl). The changes in film optical constants, n and k, and the thickness upon exposure of it to various solutions were monitored in a flow cell with the film on the backside of the substrate relative to the interrogation by light. A “step-by-step” approach was used to isolate the component parts of the system in which the film was consecutively exposed to solutions in the following order: supporting electrolyte, bpy, and, last, ferrous iron solution. The optical properties of the materials were quantitatively described before and during mass transport within the film by modeling using the appro...
Factors influencing preservice teachers’ resistance to content area reading instruction

Abstract Factors Influencing preservice secondary teachers’ resistance to content reading are delineated via a qualitative research study. Excerpts from multiple data sources are highlighted and discussed to illustrate factors Influencing resistance, including constraints found In the teaching workplace and perconceived models of the role of teacher in the classroom. Limitations of the study are discussed. The significance of the findings to successful incorporation of content area reading into the secondary classroom are discussed.
Human growth from the cell to the organism: Saltations and integrative physiology

The Society for the Study of Human Biology has been at the forefront in the scientific study of human growth. The documentation of variability in growth rate, size, and tempo across populations has provoked exploration for sources of this diversity, and the mechanisms by which environmental and genetic factors influence phenotypic expressions of growth biology. At a time when adult health and well-being are posited to reflect early development, the details of early growth patterns are increasingly sought as explanatory domains underlying lifespan health. A review of recent observations detailing events that occur in growth and differentiation during embryological and fetal development is considered for insights into mechanisms that may be operative in a putative cascade of growth biology operating across developmental ages. Cellular growth and differentiation are posited to be a process of integrative physiology, with increasing complexity in organismic growth achieved through modularity and temporally-differentiated signals. The flexible patterns of human growth are hypothesized to reflect the variability in timing and amount of growth saltations, which are the outcome of cross-talking signaling systems in an energy/immune integrating complex. This is an adaptive system, flexible and responsive to the challenges of developmental biology in changing environments.
Asymptotic expansion for solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with potential forces

Abstract We derive an asymptotic expansion for smooth solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations in weighted spaces. This result removes previous restrictions on the number of terms of the asymptotics, as well as on the range of the polynomial weights. We also write the expansion in terms of expressions involving non-linear quantities.
Neurochemical mechanisms in brain injury and treatment: a review.

This article reviews cellular energy transformation processes and neurochemical events that take place at the time of brain injury and shortly thereafter, emphasizing hypoxia-ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, and traumatic brain injury. New interpretations of established concepts, such as diffuse axonal injury, are discussed; specific events, such as free radical production, excess production of excitatory amino acids, and disruption of calcium homeostasis, are reviewed. Neurochemically-based interventions are also presented: calcium channel blockers, excitatory amino acid antagonists, free radical scavengers, and hypothermia treatment. Concluding remarks focus on the role of clinical neuropsychologists in validation of treatment interventions.
Infrared external reflection spectra of Langmuir-Blodgett film on silica substrate

Infrared reflection spectra of bilayer, Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) films on the glass substrate were measured. Although a reflection spectrum of the substrate is the major feature of the bilayer spectrum, weak spectral features of the L-B film are overlapping. The phase and intensity of each infrared band varies by incident angle and polarization of the infrared radiation. Spectral simulations were carried out to explain the effect of incident angle and polarization on phase and intensity.
Interstate Differences in Individual Income Taxes

Income taxes vary significantly across states. Typical measures of these varia-tions utilize aggregate measures, such as per capita taxes or taxes per thousand dollars of income. In this article the income tax systems, as opposed to the taxes paid, are described and compared for the various states. It is demonstrated that the diversity in the treatment of individuals for income tax purposes is vast. We propose that analysis of state taxation and its effect on individuals and businesses be conducted on a disaggregated basis.
The lysine-binding function of Lp(a)

The atherogenicity of Lp(a) is attributable to the binding of its apolipoprotein(a) component to fibrin and other plasminogen substrates. It can attenuate the activation of plasminogen, diminishing plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis and transforming growth factor-β activation. Apolipoprotein(a) contains a major lysine-binding site in one of its kringle domains. Destroying this site by site-directed mutagenesis greatly reduces the binding of apolipoprotein(a) to lysine and fibrin. Transgenic mice expressing wild-type apolipoprotein(a) have a 5-fold increase in the development of lipid lesions, as well as a large increase in the focal deposition of apolipoprotein(a) in the aorta, compared to the lysine-binding site mutant strain and to non-transgenic litter mates. Although the adaptive function of apolipoprotein(a) remains obscure, a gene with similar structure has evolved by independent remodeling of the plasminogen twice during the course of mammalian evolution.
Endoscopic KTP laser excision of severe tracheotomy-associated suprastomal collapse.

Summary Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of potassium–titanium–phosphate (KTP) laser bronchoscopy for excision of severe, obstructing tracheotomy-associated suprastomal collapse. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of six children at a tertiary care children's hospital with severe tracheotomy-associated collapse of the suprastomal anterior tracheal wall cartilage, precluding decannulation. All subjects had undergone KTP laser endoscopic excision of the collapsed segment of suprastomal tracheal cartilage. Medical records were assessed for: (1) endoscopic demonstration of relief of suprastomal collapse, and (2) successful tracheotomy decannulation. Results: All six patients had endoscopic evidence of relief of suprastomal airway obstruction after KTP laser therapy. Five of six (83%) subsequently underwent successful decannulation. There was one case of minimal thermal airway injury associated with a laser fire during use of the KTP laser, the effects of which were fortunately transient. Conclusions: KTP laser bronchoscopic excision of severe tracheotomy-associated suprastomal collapse: (1) is a feasible technique; (2) results in relief of suprastomal obstruction with subsequent successful decannulation in selected patients; and (3) avoids the need for more extensive open neck procedures. However, risks of KTP laser therapy are not negligible and strategies must be in place to minimize the occurrence of complications.
A micropower logarithmic A/D with offset and temperature compensation

Logarithmic circuits are useful in many applications that require nonlinear signal compression, such as in speech recognition front-ends (SRFEs) and cochlear implants or bionic ears (BEs). A logarithmic current-input analog-to-digital converter (A/D) with temperature compensation and automatic offset calibration is presented in this paper. It employs a diode to compute the logarithm, a wide linear range transconductor to perform voltage-to-current conversion, and a dual-slope auto- zeroing topology with 60 dB of dynamic range for sampling the envelope of speech signals. The temperature dependence of the logarithm inherent in a diode implementation is automatically cancelled in our circuit topology. Experimental results from a 1.5-/spl mu/m 3-V BiCMOS process show that the converter achieves a temperature stability lower than 150 ppm//spl deg/C from 12/spl deg/C to 42/spl deg/C, and consumes only 3 /spl mu/W of power when sampling at 300 Hz. At this level of power consumption, we show that the design is thermal-noise limited to 8 bits of precision. This level of precision is more than adequate for deaf patients and for speech recognition front-ends. The power consumption is almost two orders of magnitude lower than state-of-the-art DSP implementations, and the use of a local feedback topology achieves a 2.5-bit improvement over conventional dual-slope designs.
A chemical investigation of the lamprey eel venom

Abstract The presence of a lipid, a carbohydrate, and a protein were shown in the lamprey eel venom. The protein was dried and its nitrogen content was determined. The ammoacids of the protein were determined qualitatively by means of paper chromatography, and a quantitative determination of the amino acids was done by ion-exchange chromatography.
The Two-Vocabularies Argument Again

Given E3, the fact that the vocabularies of science and action are disjoint would defeat determinism only if supplemented by the further claim that some action-descriptions are not correlated one-many with the descriptions appearing in the apodoses of causal laws; and this, I argued, has simply not been established by those who have called our attention to the disjunction. Recently, E. Crowell has raised some questions about the adequacy of this account.3 Crowell's main objections appear to be that (a) when we consider certain sorts of action-descriptions, especially those specifying agents' purposes, we realize that we can make sense of actions without resorting to E3-explanations; and that (b) even when we do supply them, E3-explanations are apt to leave some important aspect or aspects of human actions unexplained. I wish here to make a number of points in response to these objections. i. At least as I have presented it, the point of the two-vocabularies argument is to refute determinism. Crowell's first objection, however, appears to bypass the issue of determinism completely. The fact that E3-explanations are not necessary for an understanding of human actions simply does not go any distance towards showing that there cannot (also) be an E,-explanation for every occurrence under each of its actiondescriptions. Thus, the first objection appears to be an irrelevancy. 2. Crowell urges his second objection by asking us to consider a causal explanation of someone's letting a cat go hungry under the description 'G's sitting in his rocker'. This explanation, he writes,