cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Read and Move: A New Approach to Read-Aloud Time in Primary Grades.

Literacy is the foundation of education, and so modern education devotes significant school time to promoting and developing literacy. Yet we also need to ensure that young bodies and minds are ready to absorb their literacy lessons. Integrating physical exercise with reading activities in unique ways can be a great benefit to young learners.
KEYNOTE ADDRESS: “WHAT IS NEW IN VENTRICULAR DEFIBRILLATION?”

Publisher Summary This chapter presents details of a keynote address regarding new developments in the field of ventricular defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which the muscle cells in the ventricles, the main pumping chambers in the heart, contract and relax randomly, and no blood is pumped from the heart. Irreversible brain damage starts to occur in about three minutes unless the circulation is restored. Ventricular fibrillation can result from a myocardial infarct, electric shock, drugs, and a variety of other conditions. At present, three types of defibrillators are used: (1) the damped sine wave; (2) the square wave; and (3) the trapezoidal wave. In addition, two techniques of defibrillation are used: (1) single shock; and (2) multiple shocks. The strength of the shock is controlled by the energy setting on the defibrillator. Animal studies with these three waveforms indicate that the minimum energy required is nonlinearly selected to body weight.
Screening for ribosomal-based false positives following prokaryotic mRNA differential display.

Differential display (DD) and the closely related RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) have become the molecular tools of choice for identifying and isolating differentially expressed genes in both...
Sea Breeze and Diurnal Change Over the Tropics

The sea breeze phenomenon is very striking over many parts of the tropics since it is known to produce cooling associated with afternoon showers that occur with regularity on most undisturbed days. Figure 18.1 from a classical diagram of van Bemmelen (1922) illustrates the time evolution of the sea breeze (on shore winds) in Batavia (now Jakarta). The Batavia sea breeze time section shows that it is a shallow circulation essentially confined to the lowest 3 km. The intensity of the upper land breeze is roughly half that of the sea breeze. The land breeze (off shore winds) during the early morning is much less intense by comparison. Extensive observational studies of sea breezes have been conducted by Hsu (1970), Flohn (1965) and many others. Hsu (1970) portrayed a schematic evolution of the land/sea breeze phenomenon based on observations in the Gulf Coast of Texas. Figure 18.2 illustrates this evolution, the diagram being self explanatory. Here the horizontal and vertical extent of the wind system is enclosed within a heavy solid elliptical curve.
Propelling the Revolving Door: How Post-Employment HR Systems Increase Organizational Attraction

In the following study, I introduce the concept of Post-employment HR systems which is a collection of HR practices that support exiting or former employees. Due to changing employment trends where...
Inflammatory response of microglia to prions is controlled by sialylation of PrP Sc .

Neuroinflammation is recognized as one of the obligatory pathogenic features of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s or prion diseases. In prion diseases, space and time correlations between deposition of disease-associated, pathogenic form of the prion protein or PrPSc and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation has been established. Yet, it remains unclear whether activation of microglia is triggered directly by a contact with PrPSc, and what molecular features of PrPSc microglia sense and respond to that drive microglia to inflammatory states. The current study asked the questions whether PrPSc can directly trigger activation of microglia and whether the degree of microglia response depends on the nature of terminal carbohydrate groups on the surface of PrPSc particles. PrPSc was purified from brains of mice infected with mouse-adapted prion strain 22L or neuroblastoma N2a cells stably infected with 22L. BV2 microglial cells or primary microglia were cultured in the presence of purified 22L. We found that exposure of BV2 cells or primary microglia to purified PrPSc triggered proinflammatory responses characterized by an increase in the levels of TNFα, IL6, nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). Very similar patterns of inflammatory response were induced by PrPSc purified from mouse brains and neuroblastoma cells arguing that microglia response is independent of the source of PrPSc. To test whether the microglial response is mediated by carbohydrate epitopes on PrPSc surface, the levels of sialylation of PrPSc N-linked glycans was altered by treatment of purified PrPSc with neuraminidase. Partial cleavage of sialic acid residues was found to boost the inflammatory response of microglia to PrPSc. Moreover, transient degradation of Iκβα observed upon treatment with partially desialylated PrPSc suggests that canonical NFκB activation pathway is involved in inflammatory response. The current study is the first to demonstrate that PrPSc can directly trigger inflammatory response in microglia. In addition, this work provides direct evidence that the chemical nature of the carbohydrate groups on PrPSc surface is important for microglial activation.
Exposing the Conscious Self: Lived Problem Solving Experience in a Socio-Cultural Context

My charge in this study is to explore the lived experience of a high school teacher while immersed in a problem solving situation in a classroom setting. The main gist of this investigation is to textualize and, thereof, capture the essence of a teacher’s encounter of failing to solve a mathematics problem during one of the classroom sessions. To this end, I use personal experience as a lens to reflect on a teacher’s reconstruction of the situation where personal meanings about problem solving and the problem-solving instruction are concealed.
A Pipeline for Disaster Response and Relief Coordination

Natural disasters such as floods, forest fires, and hurricanes can cause catastrophic damage to human life and infrastructure. We focus on response to hurricanes caused by both river water flooding and storm surge. Using models for storm surge simulation and flood extent prediction, we generate forecasts about areas likely to be highly affected by the disaster. Further, we overlay the simulation results with information about traffic incidents to correlate traffic incidents with other data modality. We present these results in a modularized, interactive map-based visualization, which can help emergency responders to better plan and coordinate disaster response.
5-hydroxytryptamine 1F Receptor Agonist Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by vascular disruption leading to ischemia, decreased oxygen delivery, and loss of mitochondrial homeostasis. This mitochondrial dysfunction results in loss of cellular functions, calcium overload, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) may be an effective approach to treat SCI. LY344864, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonist, is a potent inducer of MB in multiple organ systems. To assess the efficacy of LY344864-induced MB on recovery post-SCI, female mice were subjected to moderate force-controlled impactor-induced contusion SCI followed by daily LY344864 administration for 21 days. Decreased mitochondrial DNA and protein content was present in the injury site 3 days post-SCI. LY344864 treatment beginning 1 h after injury attenuated these decreases, indicating MB. Additionally, injured mice treated with LY344864 displayed decreased Evan's Blue dye accumulation in the spinal cord compared with vehicle-treated mice 7 days after injury, suggesting restoration of vascular integrity. LY344864 also increased locomotor capability, with treated mice reaching a Basso-Mouse Scale score of 3.4 by 21 days, whereas vehicle-treated mice exhibited a score of 1.9. Importantly, knockout of the 5-HT1F receptor blocked LY344864-induced recovery. Remarkably, a similar degree of locomotor restoration was observed when treatment initiation was delayed until 8 h after injury. Furthermore, cross-sectional analysis of the spinal cord 21 days after injury revealed decreased lesion volume with delayed LY344864 treatment initiation, emphasizing the potential clinical applicability of this therapeutic approach. These data provide evidence that induction of MB via 5-HT1F receptor agonism may be a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treatment with LY344864 induces mitochondrial biogenesis in both the naive and injured mouse spinal cord. In addition, treatment with LY344864 beginning after impactor-induced contusion spinal cord injury improves mitochondrial homeostasis, blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, and locomotor function within 7 days. Importantly, similar locomotor results are observed whether treatment is initiated at 1 h after injury or 8 h after injury. These data indicate the potential for pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis through a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F agonist as a novel therapeutic approach for spinal cord injury.
Eckert, P. Meaning and Linguistic Variation: The Third Wave in Sociolinguistics

Eckert, P. (2018). Meaning and Linguistic Variation: The Third Wave in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9781316403242
Geometry Through Inductive Exercises for Elementary Teachers.

vTeometry frequently suggests only a sequence of definitions, postulates, theorems, and proofs. While this is part of geometry, it represents the finished product a systematic, well-organized body of knowledge about plane and space figures. Preceding this formal organization into a deductive structure are a number of processes. These include: searching for patterns, recognizing patterns, making guesses, observing similarities and differences, assembling data, generalizing from specific instances, checking conjectures, expressing ideas accurately, and recognizing concepts in concrete situations (Hawaii Curriculum Conference 1966). It is my view that experiences that allow pupils to engage in these processes should make up the geometry program in the elementary school. Rather than drill in geometric vocabulary or identification of figures from definitions or an early introduction of axiomatic geometry, there should be provision for visual and manipulative experiences that lead to geometric facts and relationships.
Extracellular matrix graft for the surgical management of Hurley stage III hidradenitis suppurativa: a pilot case series.

Objective: Surgical management of Hurley stage III hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) typically involves the excision of diseased tissue and subsequent reconstruction, potentially leading to complicatio...
WoundArch: A Hybrid Architecture System for Segmentation and Classification of Chronic Wounds.

Every year, millions of people are affected by wounds worldwide. The wound treatment process is costly and requires the nurse to perform activities during patient care: tissue classification and calculation of the wound area. Thus, this work proposes to build a hybrid computer system with two configurations to support wound care. The first configuration uses a smartphone to perform the capture, segmentation and classification of the wound images. The other configuration has a client-server architecture, the images are captured and segmented in the application and sent, via the internet, to the web server, which is responsible for classifying the tissue of the wounds. The proposed methodology is the segmentation of images using the watershed algorithm and classification of tissues in Necrosis, Granulation or Crushing. fulfilled. To evaluate the application, experiments were performed with 20 images of wounds and the system was evaluated in two architectures: client and client-server. The results show that the client-server reached accelerations of up to 3.2 times in relation to the client-only architecture. The client-server architecture also saves energy and space in the client units, increasing the uptime of smartphones, in addition to reducing the storage load of the same.
Morally Opposed? A Theory of Public Attitudes and Emerging Military Technologies

Technology does not exist in a vacuum; it is mediated by individual and institutional choices about development and use. In the case of autonomous weapon systems (AWS), which select military targets without human involvement, the global policy debate emphasizes morally-driven public opposition. However, when faced with new, still-developing technology, public attitudes may reflect uncertainty about potential effectiveness as much as moral qualms. We theorize that the interaction between effectiveness and morality generates four ideal type reactions to emerging technologies: operational outcome, moral outcome, moral instinct, and technology skeptics. We test our theory through survey experiments from two waves of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study. First, we establish the persistence of moral concerns in attitudes towards AWS. We then assess variation in moral convictions across individuals and validate the hypothesized categories. The categories create a new framework for investigating the role of morality in military decision-making, especially decisions involving emerging technologies.
Neural Networks Letter: Cogent confabulation

A new model of vertebrate cognition is introduced: maximization of cogencyp(@[email protected]@[email protected]|@e). This model is shown to be a direct generalization of Aristotelian logic, and to be rigorously related to a calculable quantity. A key aspect of this model is that in Aristotelian logic information environments it functions logically. However, in non-Aristotelian environments, instead of finding the conclusion with the highest probability of being true (a popular past model of cognition); this model instead functions in the manner of the 'duck test;' by finding that conclusion which is most supportive of the truth of the assumed facts.
Selling Before 1900: A Historical Perspective

AbstractSelling has a long and colorful history that has played an important role in the economic development of the modern world. The richness of this role has not been fully understood or appreciated. This article discusses the development and importance of the sales function up to the year 1900 as a means toward this end.
Observations of the minor species Al and Fe in Mercury's exosphere

We report the first detections of Al and Fe, and strict upper limits for Ca(+) in the exosphere of Mercury, using the HIRES spectrometer at the Keck I telescope. We report observed 4-sigma tangent columns of 1.5x10(exp 7) Al atoms per square centimeter at an altitude of 1220 km (1.5 Mercury radii (R(sub M)) from planet center), and that for Fe of 1.6 x 10 per square centimeter at an altitude of 950 km (1.4 R(sub M)). The observed 3-sigma Ca(+) column was 3.9x10(exp 6) ions per square centimeter at an altitude of 1630 km (1.67 R(sub M). A simple model for zenith column abundances of the neutral species were 9.5 x 10(exp 7) Al per square centimeter, and 3.0 x 10(exp 8) Fe per square centimeter. The observations appear to be consistent with production of these species by impact vaporization with a large fraction of the ejecta in molecular form. The scale height of the Al gas is consistent with a kinetic temperature of 3000 - 9000 K while that of Fe is 10500 K. The apparent high temperature of the Fe gas would suggest that it may be produced by dissociation of molecules. A large traction of both Al and Fe appear to condense in a vapor cloud at low altitudes.
Small sample inference for exponential survival times with heavy right-censoring

We develop a saddlepoint-based method and several generalized Bartholomew methods for generating confidence intervals about the hazard rate of exponential survival times in the presence of heavy ra...
A Different Kind of Symmetry (Toward Sensible Recognition of Tribal Court Civil and Criminal Judgments)

More and more, state courts and legislatures have begun to recognize tribal criminal convictions in state criminal proceedings. While state courts and legislatures have spent significant time deliberating about whether to recognize tribal civil judgments, recognition of tribal criminal convictions has been occasioned by very little hand wringing. Recognition tends to occur in the following settings: 1) assessment of an offender's general criminal history in sentencing, 2) use as a predicate offense for prosecution for an aggravated offenses, such as aggravated DWI or domestic violence, 3) in proceedings for driver's license suspension or revocation, 4) as evidence to determine whether to treat a juvenile as an adult for felony prosecutions, and 5) in sex offender registration regimes. Given that protections for liberty interests which are at play in criminal proceedings are constitutionally prioritized much higher than the mere property interests at play in most civil proceedings, states that are willing to rely on tribal criminal convictions in subjecting criminal defendants to greater jeopardy ought to be willing to extend at least as much trust to civil judgments from tribal courts.
Nonparametric regression analysis using self-organizing topological maps

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the nonparametric regression analysis using self-organizing topological maps. It discusses several methods for non-parametric regressions that are appropriate for high-dimensional data sets. Regression analysis estimates an underlying mathematical function through a finite number of inaccurate data points. The functional form of the regression surface is reduced to estimating parameters of the model. Predicting the form of these regression surfaces is done through exploratory study of the data and requires a sound understanding of the underlying application. Non-parametric methods of regression analysis eliminate this problem by making no or a few general assumptions about the regression surface. P-dimensional local averaging is the basis for the non-parametric regression techniques. When local averaging is used, the regression surface at a point X is estimated by forming a weighted average of responses of all points, where the weights are much larger for those observation that are close to X.
PRODIAG : A process-independent transient diagnostic system-I : Theoretical concepts

A novel first-principles-based diagnostic system called PRODIAG is proposed for on-line detection and identification of faulty components during incipient off-normal process conditions. The concepts of qualitative physics reasoning and function-oriented diagnostics are employed in the design of PRODIAG and result in two unique capabilities not found in other plant-level diagnostic systems. First, PRODIAG is fully portable as it requires only modification of the input files containing the appropriate process schematics information to be able to diagnose single-component failure, in different processes/ plants. Second, PRODIAG detects unanticipated faults. Hence, it does not require the prespecification and formulation of rules to cover every conceivable fault scenario, and unlike traditional approaches, it is not likely to misdiagnose unforeseen events. PRODIAG's approach is to map process symptoms into component faults through a three-step mapping procedure with a knowledge base containing three distinct types of information: qualitative macroscopic balance equation rules, functional classification of process components, and the process piping and instrumentation diagram. The concepts introduced in the proposed diagnostic system are described, and an illustrative example shows how they are used in plant-level diagnostics.
A Comparison of Model-Tracing and Constraint-Based Intelligent Tutoring Paradigms

Two approaches to building intelligent tutoring systems are the well-established model-tracing paradigm and the relatively newer constraint-based paradigm. Proponents of the constraint-based paradigm claim that it affords performance at levels comparable to that of model-tracing tutors, but with significantly less development effort. We have built both a model-tracing and constraint-based tutor for the same problem domain (statistical hypothesis testing) and report on our findings with the goals of evaluating proponents' claims, more generally contrasting and comparing the two approaches, and providing guidance for others interested in building intelligent tutoring systems. Principally we conclude that two characteristics of the problem domain are key in distinguishing the appropriateness of the approaches for a given problem domain. First, the constraint-based paradigm is feasible only for domains in which the solution itself is rich in information. There is no such restriction for model tracing. Second, model tracing demonstrates superiority with respect to the ability to provide targeted, high-quality remediation; this superiority increases with the complexity of the solution process goal structure. Finally, we observe that the development effort required to build a model-tracing tutor is greater than that for building a constraint-based tutor. This increased effort is a function of additional design requirements that are responsible for the improved remediation.
Transmembrane sequences are determinants of immunoreceptor signaling.

To investigate structural features critical for signal initiation by Ag-stimulated immunoreceptors, we constructed a series of single-chain chimeric receptors that incorporate extracellular human FceRIα for IgE binding, a variable transmembrane (TM) segment, and the ITAM-containing cytoplasmic tail of the TCR ζ-chain. We find that functional responses mediated by these receptors are strongly dependent on their TM sequences, and these responses are highly correlated to cross-link-dependent association with detergent-resistant lipid rafts. For one chimera designated αFζ, mutation of a TM cysteine abolishes robust signaling and lipid raft association. In addition, TM disulfide-mediated oligomerization of another chimeric receptor, αζζ, enhances signaling. These results demonstrate an important role for TM segments in immunoreceptor signaling and a strong correspondence between strength of signaling and cross-link-dependent partitioning into ordered membrane domains.
Cooling Device for Use with a Sonic Oscillator

A cooling cell is described that facilitates maintenance of biological materials at low temperatures during prolonged sonic treatment. Using this cell and a Branson S-75 Sonifier, I examined temperatures and the release of protein and enzyme activity from suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. With the Sonifier at full power, it was possible to maintain cell temperature within 9 C of the cooling-bath temperature, and to disrupt 10% (w/v) suspensions of S. cerevisiae in 10 min.
Measuring the EOS of a Dense, Strongly Coupled Plasma; Description of the Technique

This paper describes a new experimental design which we believe can produce reasonably accurate data for the equation of state (EOS) of a dense plasma. This design takes advantage of the standard shock technique used for determining the high pressure EOS of solids. It also utilizes recently developed experimental techniques for producing dense, strongly coupled plasmas as well as new diagnostic techniques for measuring the properties of these plasmas. The results should be able to distinguish among theoretical models for plasmas at just under solid density and temperatures of 10`s of eV.
Value and Policy Iterations in Optimal Control and Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In this paper, we consider discrete-time infinite horizon problems of optimal control to a terminal set of states. These are the problems that are often taken as the starting point for adaptive dynamic programming. Under very general assumptions, we establish the uniqueness of the solution of Bellman’s equation, and we provide convergence results for value and policy iterations.
An F41-K88-related genetic determinant of bovine septicemic Escherichia coli mediates expression of CS31A fimbriae and adherence to epithelial cells

A genetic determinant related to that encoding the F41 fimbrial adhesin was cloned from a bovine septicemic isolate of Escherichia coli. This determinant was found to mediate expression of morphologically distinct fimbriae in E. coli HB101. The gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein was identified, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Homology with the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of CS31A (J. Girardeau, M. Der Vartanian, J. Ollier, and M. Contrepois, Infect. Immun. 56:2180-2188, 1988) was observed, suggesting that this determinant encodes expression of the CS31A fimbrial antigen. The CS31A subunit gene was found to share extensive homology in its signal sequence to the subunit genes encoding the F41 and K88 adhesins. No apparent homology between the mature F41 and CS31A subunits was identified. However, substantial relatedness to the K88 fimbrial subunit was observed. Analysis of the protein products encoded by the CS31A, F41, and K88 determinants in maxicells established that despite extensive genetic similarities between the determinants, each encodes a distinct profile of proteins. E. coli HB101 harboring the cloned CS31A determinant was found to adhere to epithelial cells in a tissue culture assay, suggesting a role for CS31A in adherence. A CS31A-specific DNA hybridization probe detected homologous sequences among enterotoxigenic as well as septicemic E. coli isolates from calves.
Learning disabilities internationally and in Brazil: issues to consider in developing services for brazilian students with learning disabilities

Brazilian students with learning disabilities (LD) generally are not identified or receive special edu cation services. However, a desire to better serve them has been evi dent. The purpose of this article is to discuss iss ues pertaining to the development of LD services for Brazilian stu dents. An international context for understanding L D is presented. LD may constitute the plurality, even ma jority, of education-related disorders among studen ts. However, students with LD often remain invisible because mos t countries do not provide services for them. Addit ionally, tests and other assessment methods used to assess L D are not available universally and, among those co untries that have such tests, their use differs considerabl e. Six international authoritative sources that off er diagnostic criteria are identified. The status of LD in the Un ited States is reviewed. Diagnostic and interventio n model are discussed. Suggestions for developing services for students with LD, supported by tests and other asse ssment methods in Brazil, are offered.
Perfluorinated Polymers, Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has a unique position in the plastics industry due to its chemical inertness, heat resistance, excellent electrical insulation properties, and low coefficient of friction over a wide temperature range. The white to translucent solid polymer has an extremely high molecular weight in the 106–107 range. PTFE is a highly crystalline polymer with high thermal stability derived from the strong carbon-fluorine bond. As a result, PTFE is a very useful high temperature polymer. Commercial PTFE is manufactured by two different polymerization processes that result in two different types of chemically identical polymers. Suspension polymerization produces a granular resin and emulsion polymerization is used to produce fine powder resins (coagulated dispersion) or aqueous dispersions. Because of its high molecular weight, PTFE does not flow and can not be fabricated by conventional techniques. The suspension polymerized PTFE is usually fabricated by modified metallurgy techniques. Emulsion polymerized, coagulated PTFE is processed by a cold extrusion process while the stabilized aqueous dispersions are processed according to latex processing techniques. Keywords: perfluorinated polymers; PTFE; polytetrafluoroethylene; granular PTFE; PTFE fine powder; PTFE coagulated dispersion; aqueous PTFE dispersion
Distributed Computer System Capacity Planning and Capacity Loading

The availability of micro-, mini-, and super computers has complicated the laws governing the economies of scale in computers and has increased the tendency to decentralize and distribute computing power. The optimal design of such a system requires integration of computers of varying power and a strategy for capacity loading. This paper considers the problem of capacity planning and capacity loading of a distributed computer system as a hierarchy of decisions. A linear programming model is developed for the initial capacity planning problem. A loading model that accounts for variations in arrival and processing rates of the jobs in a dynamic environment is developed to support the operations.
Twenty-five years of infant dialysis: a single center experience.

Objective To perform a retrospective analysis of the long-term outcome of infants with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treated at our center during the past 25 years. Study design The total cohort (n = 52) was divided into era 1 (1983-1995; n = 23) and era 2 (1996-2008; n = 29). Dialysis morbidity, transplantation, and long-term survival rates were assessed and compared between the 2 eras. Results Average age at initiation of dialysis was 4.4 ± 5.3 months (range, 0.5-18 months), with 96% begun on peritoneal dialysis. The predominant diagnoses were dysplasia/obstructive uropathy and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. The overall survival rate is 46%, with current age of survivors ranging from 1.5 to 25 years. Mortality rates in the 2 eras were not significantly different. The predominant mortality occurred within the first year. Twenty-four patients received an initial renal transplant at 2.6 ± 1.7 years of age. Six patients (25%) required a second renal allograft. Increased risk for mortality included African-American ethnicity, oligoanuria, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, and co-morbid diagnoses. Conclusions Long-term survival is possible in infants with ESKD, although mortality and morbidity remain high. Technical innovations are needed to accommodate smaller infants undergoing dialysis. Early initiation of dialysis treatment is preferable because prognostic indicators remain poorly defined.
Family Policy: Becoming a Field of Inquiry and Subfield of Social Policy

This decade review centers on 2 disconnects between rhetoric and reality. First, public investments in families continue to grow, yet family policy is still not a term widely used by policymakers or the public. Second, social science studies increased in number and sophistication, with some family sensitive and others policy relevant. Few focus on both, which is what is most needed if research is to inform family policy. In exploring these disconnects, we summarize recent trends in family policies and the influence of research on family policymaking. We suggest a rationale for family policy and illustrate its value using the examples of early childhood, welfare reform, and parent education policies. We conclude with suggested next steps.
Effect of antiplasticization on selectivity and productivity of gas separation membranes

Abstract Addition of certain low molecular diluents cause glassy polymers to become stiffer owing to reduced rates of segmental motions. This antiplasticization response is accompanied by a decrease in permeability to gases and may be accompanied by either an increase or a decrease in the selectivity of transport for any two gases. When compared to the trade-off between selectivity and productivity of gas separation membranes made from a variety of polymer structures, antiplasticization does not offer any advantageous combination of these traits for either polysulfone or poly(phenylene oxide). However, this approach may have value when increased selectivity at the expense of productivity is justified but developing membranes from another polymer is not desirable.
Markovian models of dialogic time patterns.

THE duration histograms of pauses and vocalizations in continuous speech have the form of negative exponentials1. For example, the shortest audible pauses are most numerous and the frequency at each longer pause interval is some fixed proportion of the frequency at the next shorter interval. This implies that the probability of prolonging a given pause is constant, regardless of the elapsed time in the pause. The same holds true for duration of vocalizations. The future of the temporal sequence is then stochastically determined by the present and is independent of its history.
Comparison of conventional and transformed in the troposphere

The effect of synoptic-scale transient eddies on the mean zonal current in the troposphere and lower stratosphere is examined using conventional and transformed Eulerian diagnostics. In each case the partial solution of the Eliassen-Kuo diagnostic equation for the meridional circulation is obtained using as forcing functions only transient eddy (TE) fluxes of heat and momentum. This solution is then used to calculate the Coriolis force and the advective terms in the zonal mean momentum equation. the ‘transient-eddy-induced’ zonal momentum tendency is defined as the sum of these terms and the eddy flux terms in the zonal momentum equation. Although conventional and transformed Eulerian diagnostics give the same transient-eddy-induced momentum and kinetic energy tendencies, the interpretation of the mechanisms involved is different. It is found that the TE flux convergence of momentum, which is regarded as the torque in the conventional diagnostics, correlates better with the TE-induced zonal momentum tendency in the troposphere and lower stratosphere than does the transient E-P flux divergence, which is regarded as the effective torque in the transformed diagnostics. In the latter formalism, the Coriolis force acting on the residual meridional circulation is larger in magnitude than the E-P flux divergence and is of opposite sign. the net zonal wind acceleration is given by an extremely small difference between these two large quantities and is largely opposite to the E-P flux divergence. Moreover. the role of the TE heat flux in this formalism is found to be negligible, with the poleward heat flux at the boundary and in the interior inducing accelerations of almost equal magnitude and opposite sign. Some insight into the role of the transient E-P flux divergence and its components is sought by examining a form of potential vorticity equation for the zonally averaged current, in which the residual meridional circulation has been eliminated. This relationship reveals the importance of the horizontal derivatives of the E-P flux divergence in forcing zonal wind accelerations, and elucidates most vividly the role of the rotational stratification parameter in diminishing the impact of wave action at high latitudes in the middle troposphere. Examination of the numerical influence function corresponding to the differential operator which operates on the zonal momentum tendency in this equation reveals why the TE flux of heat, which peaks at a higher latitude and lower altitude than the TE flux convergence of momentum, is much less effective in accelerating the zonal current.
Concurrent GC leveraging transactional memory

We predict that the ever-growing number of cores on our desktops will require a re-examination of concurrent programming. Two technologies are likely to become mainstream in response: Transactional memory provides a superior programming model to traditional lock-based concurrency, while Concurrent GC can take advantage of multiple cores to eliminate perceptible pauses in desktop applications such as games or Internet telephony. This paper proposes a combination of the two technologies, producing a synergy that improves scalability while eliminating the annoyance of user-perceivable pauses.Specifically, we show how concurrent GC can share some of the mechanisms required for transactional memory. Thus as transactional memory becomes more efficient, so too will concurrent GC. We demonstrate how, using a state of the art software transactional memory system, we can build a state of the art concurrent collector. Our goal was to reduce 90% of pause times to under one millisecond. Of the remainder, we aim for 90% to be under 10ms, and90% of those left to be under 100ms. Our performance results show that we were able to achieve these targets, with pause times between one or two orders of magnitude lower than mainstream technologies.
Characterization of Human Activating Transcription Factor 4, a Transcriptional Activator That Interacts with Multiple Domains of cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein (CREB)-binding Protein (CBP)

We demonstrate that human activating transcription factor 4 (hATF4), a member of the activating transcription factor/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (ATF/CREB) family of transcription factors, is a potent transcriptional activator in both mammalian cells and yeast. The N-terminal 113 amino acids of hATF4 activate transcription efficiently, and unexpectedly, the C-terminal bZip DNA binding domain of hATF4 also activates transcription, albeit weakly. Our results indicate that hATF4 interacts with several general transcription factors: TATA-binding protein, TFIIB, and the RAP30 subunit of TFIIF. In addition, hATF4 interacts with the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) at four regions: 1) the KIX domain, 2) a region that contains the third zinc finger and the E1A-interacting domain, 3) a C-terminal region that contains the p160/SRC-1-interacting domain, and 4) the recently identified histone acetyltransferase domain. Interestingly, both the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of hATF4 interact with the above general transcription factors and CBP, providing a mechanistic explanation for their ability to activate transcription. Consistent with its role as a coactivator, CBP potentiates the ability of hATF4 to activate transcription. The potential significance of the interaction between hATF4 and multiple factors is discussed.
Energy Dependence of Fast-Neutron Activation Cross Sections

Fast-neutron capture cross sections of 24 nuclides ranging from $A=51$ to $A=197$ have been measured by an activation method, in the neutron energy region from 0.15 to 6.2 Mev. The neutron energy spreads were of the order of 0.1 Mev so that cross sections averaged over many energy levels of the compound nucleus were measured. Activities induced in samples by fast and thermal neutrons were compared. The relative neutron flux in the fast- and thermal-neutron activations was determined with a ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ fission counter. A knowledge of the energy dependence of the ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ fission cross section and of the thermal-neutron activation cross sections allows calculation of the fast-neutron activation cross sections.
Higher incremental insulin area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test predicts less food intake and weight gain

Higher incremental insulin area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test predicts less food intake and weight gain
Central limit theorem, weak law of large numbers for Martingales in Banach spaces, and weak invariance principle—a quantitative study

Abstract This article deals with quantitative results by involving the standard modulus of continuity in Banach spaces. These concern convergence in distribution for Banach space-valued martingale difference sequences and weak convergence of the distribution of random polygonal lines to the Wiener-measure on C ([0, 1]). A general theorem is given with applications to the central limit theorem and weak law of large numbers for Banach space-valued martingales. Another general theorem is presented on the weak invariance principle with an application to a central limit theorem for real-valued martingales. The exposed results generalize earlier related results of Butzer, Hahn, Kirschfink, and Roeckerath.
Fatigue-related changes in stance leg mechanics during sidestep cutting maneuvers

Abstract Background The increased number of women participating in sports has been paralleled by a greater knee injury rate in women compared to men. Among these injuries, those occurring to the anterior cruciate ligament are commonly observed during sidestep cutting maneuvers. In addition, general fatigue appears to correlate with injuries to the passive structures during a game. The purpose of the study was to examine the fatigue-related changes in lower limb mechanics during a cutting maneuver in female athletes. Methods Twelve college female soccer players were recruited. Sidestep cutting maneuvers were performed prior to, and after a fatiguing exercise (60-min shuttle run). Fatigue state was evaluated by calculating power output from countermovement jumps performed before and after the shuttle run. Three-dimensional stance leg hip, knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics during the cutting task were calculated and reported as initial ground contact angle, ranges of motion and peak moments of the stance phase. Cutting maneuver stance leg mechanics were analyzed through repeated measures two-way ANOVAs ( P Findings Jumping power output decrements suggested fatigue was induced. Sagittal and frontal planes kinematics and kinetics of the cutting task did not change after fatigue. In the transverse plane, the hip, knee and ankle joints were more externally rotated at touchdown, and during stance the knee underwent greater internal rotation. Interpretation Increased knee internal rotation has potentially important implication for increased injury risk when combined with unexpected perturbation faced in a game. Also, the fact that the sub-maximal level of fatigue did not lead to greater dynamic changes suggests a possible threshold of fatigue before function is dramatically affected.
Technical Note: Use of the Kelvin Probe Technique to Study Corrosion by Ionic Particles in Humid Gases

Abstract A technique employing the Kelvin probe was used to simulate and study corrosion under humid gases caused by deposition of airborne particles. The technique permitted measurement of corrosion potential and its variation with time and position, as well as the kinetics of spreading of the humidity-produced electrolyte.
A Simple Technique for Purifying Fungal Cultures Contaminated with Bacteria and Mites

A simple technique was developed for purifying fungal cultures contaminated with bacteria and mites. It was based on the observation that the growth of bacteria and movement of mites were confined to the upper surface of the agar. A culture contaminated with bacteria and mites was transferred to a piece of clean paper with the upper surface facing down. Small thin pieces (approximately 3 mm × 3 mm × 0.5 mm) of agar were removed from the exposed surface and transferred to a V-8 agar plate. Colonies that developed from these agar pieces were free from bacteria and mites.
The evolution of glumeless sweet corn

After some 7,000 years of changes during domestication, the ear of corn may now reach a higher level of utility to man by acquiring a glumeless cob. From meager beginnings as an unpromising food plant, corn has already evolved an ear with so many advantages for harvesting, storage and shelling that it is now the basic food plant of this hemisphere. The ear of wild corn, as reconstructed from its prehistoric remaiins from Tehuacan Mexico (Mangelsdorf et al. 1964), was a tiny, slender spike divided into male (staminate) and female (pistillate) regions, and its few kernels were partly enclosed by long chaff (glumes) around individual kernels, as well as partly enclosed by a few husks arising on the shank below. Then, following domestication, a separation of the sexes into two different inflorescences borne on different parts of the plant permitted divergence into the familiar tassel and ear. When the tassel, which now terminates the main stalk, became entirely male, its structure became that of a lax plume with waving branches adapted for shedding pollen into the wind. Meanwhile, an all-female ear developed at the tip of the lateral branch, and its axis became a massive cob beset with hundreds of large, tightly packed kernels. The husks increased in length and number as they formed an enclosure which protected the grain from the feeding of birds. Thus, the ear glumes became obsolete for protective purposes. As with other structures which have lost their original function, the ear glumes became somewhat reduced. This, in turn, allowed the evolution of a more efficient type of cob because of less competition between the grain and glumes for energy (Mangelsdorf and Reeves 1959).
In vitro and in vivo promoter analyses of the mouse phospholamban gene.

Abstract To determine the mechanisms responsible for regulation of the phospholamban (PLB) gene expression, a critical regulatory phosphoprotein in cardiac muscle, the mouse PLB gene was isolated and promoter analysis was performed in vitro and in vivo. The PLB gene consists of two exons separated by a single large intron. Deletion analysis revealed that a 7-kb 5′ flanking fragment (including exon 1, the entire intron and part of exon 2) was necessary for maximal transcriptional activity in H9c2 and L6 cell lines. Interestingly, deletion of a 2.4-kb intronic region, which contained repetitive elements, caused a dramatic increase in CAT activity in both these cell lines. In vivo analysis indicated that the PLB fusion gene containing 7 kb of the 5′-flanking region was capable of cardiac specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Furthermore, these mice exhibited 3-fold higher levels of CAT activity in the ventricles compared with the atria, mimicking endogenous PLB mRNA expression. Our findings suggest that: (a) PLB gene expression may be regulated by the interplay of cis-acting regulatory elements located within the 5′ flanking and intronic regions; and (b) the 7-kb upstream region is capable of directing cardiac-specific and compartment-specific expression in vivo.
Physician risk assessment and APACHE scores in cardiac care units.

Background: The need to correct outcome data for case mix is well recognized, but risk assessment for coronary care unit (CCU) patients remains problematic. Hypothesis: This study determined the feasibility of using physicians' opinions to predict mortality for CCU patients and compared their results to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on consecutive patients admitted to a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center CCU over a 2-month period. Physician assessment of likely mortality during hospitalization, obtained using an MD Prognosis Score ranging from 1 (best) to 7 (worst), was compared with APACHE II scores. Results: MD Prognosis Scores were obtained on 122 of the 237 eligible patients (51% response rate) and averaged 2.3 ± 1.4 (mean ± standard deviation). APACHE II scores on these patients averaged 9.9 ± 4.8 (range 2-29) with very poor correlation between the two methods (r = 0.3). Of the four patients who died, three had MD prognosis scores of 7. None of the survivors had scores of 7 and only three had scores of 6. APACHE II did not predict a high likelihood that any of the patients would die (none with > 90% likelihood of mortality). Conclusions: APACHE scores are inadequate for cardiac patients. Although physicians can identify CCU patients most likely to die, reliance on physicians scoring systems is limited by difficulties in obtaining their opinion. A new method of risk assessment for acutely ill cardiac patients is needed if CCU outcomes are to be compared across institutions.
Occupational Health Program—A Self-Inspection Project

Abstract A plan is presented for the use of carefully designed questionnaires such that industries can, in effect, perform a self-inspection for the State industrial hygiene agency. The results of a pilot project using this plan are given, and potential advantages are described.