cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetic foot disease in the elderly

Elderly diabetic patients are particularly burdened by foot disease. The main causes for foot disease are peripheral neuropathy, foot deformities and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Other risk factors include poor vision, gait abnormalities, reduced mobility an medical co-morbidities. The risk of major amputations increases with age, along with the increased prevalence of these risk factors. Th true risk of amputation and other burdens of foot disease in the elderly are likely underestimated by current epidemiological data. Th prevalence of neuropathy, foot deformities and PAD as well as the risk of amputation all increase with age even in non-diabetic patients. The principles of prevention and management of diabetic foot disease may also apply to large segments of the elderly non-diabetic population. Foot ulcer prevention relies on the identification of high risk patients and avoidance of triggering events, such as ill-fitting shoes, walking barefoot or poor self-care. PAD is a major cause of amputation and should be prevented by lifelong attention to glycaemic control, treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and avoidance of smoking. The treatment of foot ulcers relies on pressure relief (off-loading), wound debridement, and treatment of infection and ischemia. It requires an individualized approach considering the patient's co-morbidities and functional status. Off-loading remains essential, but devices such as total contact casts or crutches can only rarely be implemented. However, providing adapted standard foot-wear and insisting on its consistent use even at home is often effective. The benefits of aggressive vascular or orthopaedic surgery should be weighed against the risks of prolonged hospitalisation and resulting functional decline. Greater attention to prevention and individualized care are needed to reduce the burden of diabetic foot disease in the elderly.
The AJR Education Mission: How Are We Doing?

1453 the need for more “how I do it” articles. This information stimulated the concept of online video education to address techniques and practice issues requested by the readers. Therefore, beginning with the September Musculoskeletal Imaging highlight issue, we will test “how I do it” videos. The first series of videos focuses on musculoskeletal ultrasound examinations. This is another example of our continued efforts to provide lifelong learning for our readers. The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) meeting was held in Boston this April. Each spring the meeting provides numerous opportunities for CME and SAMs for our members and guests. The ARRS also provides a Lifelong Learning Center on its Website (www.arrs.org). A long menu of choices is provided, including meetings and symposia, Web lectures, CME articles, SAMs, and CME for radiologic technologists through the CERT (Continuing Education for Radiologic Technologist) program. Another opportunity is on the horizon and, by now, may have been completed. The American Roentgen Ray Society is joining hands with the American College of Radiology. Together we will have improved infrastructure and opportunity to refocus our education efforts to meet the increasing educational demands of the scientific community. We know our readership expects the best from AJR and AJR II. We will continue to review and refocus our education efforts to meet the needs of our specialty, our patients, and the public. New products and delivery mechanisms must be explored to provide the unique education, research, and practicerelated tools required to optimize lifelong learning. Send us your comments and ideas. Thomas H. Berquist Editor in Chief Berquist.Thomas@mayo.edu DOI:10.2214/AJR.09.2900
Hybrid SPM-cache architectures to achieve high time predictability and performance

Time predictability and performance are usually two conflicting goals. In this paper, we propose an on-chip hybrid SRAM architecture by putting a small cache and a small ScratchPad Memory (SPM) together. Our evaluation indicates that with the equivalent total on-chip storage size, the time predictability of most hybrid architectures is better than that of caches only, and the performance of most hybrid architectures is better than that of SPMs only. Moreover, we find that for some benchmarks, the SPM and the cache can cooperate effectively in the hybrid architectures to achieve performance superior to the cache-only architecture.
The Relationship Between Alcohol Use, Eating Habits and Weight Change in College Freshmen

Purpose This study aims to improve understanding of how alcohol consumption in college freshmen affects eating patterns before, during, and after drinking, as well as its relation to body weight change. Methods Two hundred eighty-two college freshmen (61% female; 59% Caucasian) completed measures of alcohol use, measured body mass index (BMI), and eating and activity habits before, during and following drinking episodes. Students were categorized by drinking status (non-drinker, low-risk, and moderate/high-risk) in order to explore group differences. Results Seventy-five percent of the sample reported past-month alcohol consumption, with 65% ( N = 134) of these categorized as “low-risk” drinkers and 35% ( N = 72) as “moderate-risk” drinkers. Moderate-risk drinkers were more likely than low-risk drinkers to report increases in appetite after drinking, with nearly half of students reporting overeating and making unhealthy food choices following drinking. Moderate-risk drinkers also demonstrated significant increases in 1st semester BMI change, relative to non-drinkers and low-risk drinkers. Conclusions Eating patterns for a significant number of college students are altered before, during, and following drinking episodes, which related to change in freshman year BMI.
Eng and the Entertainment Film in the People's Republic of China

In his article "Eng and the Entertainment Film in the People's Republic of China" Munib Rezaie discusses the rise of film as entertainment in the People's Republic of China with a focus on the accomplishments director Dayyan Eng, known in China as Shixian Wu. Rezaie briefly reviews the changing definitions and views towards film as entertainment in the PRC as well as some relevant changes in regulation and policy within the industry itself that largely stem from the ongoing process of globalization and China's accession to the World Trade Organization. Within this new cinematic landscape, Rezaie argues that Eng should be seen as a major creative force in contemporary Chinese cinema. Eng's unique biography as a "cross-cultural kid" enables him to mobilize multicultural sensibilities in unique and often unprecedented ways. Acknowledging the limits of a transnational approach to such a filmmaker, Rezaie calls for the development of multinational filmmaking in order to address the changing realities that globalization continues to bring. Munib Rezaie, "Eng and the Entertainment Film in the People's Republic of China" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.2 (2013): Thematic Issue Asian Culture(s) and Globalization. Ed. I-Chun Wang and Li Guo
Phosphate transport across renal cortical brush border membrane vesicles from rats stabilized on a normal, high or low phosphate diet.

Abstract Phosphate uptake measured at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 min time intervals was 2-fold higher in renal brush border membrane vesicles from rats fed a low phosphate diet compared to control rats given a normal phosphate diet. In rats on a high phosphate diet the uptake of phosphate at the same time intervals was 2-fold lower compared to controls. D-glucose uptake by the same vesicle preparations was not significantly different between the three groups at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 min. At each of these time points there was a positive correlation between phosphate uptake and the activity of alkaline phosphatase which was measured in the vesicle preparations from each group of rats. There was no correlation between phosphate uptake and the activities of three other brush border enzymes.
The Eureka Moment: An Interview with Sir Alec Jeffreys

In 1984, while tracking the veins of globin gene evolution and panning the human genome for hypervariable linkage markers, Sir Alec Jeffreys accidentally struck gold—he discovered a way to identify any human being by a DNA “fingerprint”. To use Jeffreys' words, he has been “branded” by DNA fingerprinting, but he delights in its application and the hook it provides for public curiosity about science. Like Jeffreys himself, I wanted to dig below the surface of this discovery as well as that of another genetic nugget—the intervening sequence—found as a post-doctoral fellow seven years earlier.
Charge renormalization and high spin fields

Abstract A simple physical interpretation of charge renormalization in non-abelian theories permits the rapid determination of s (one-loop) in models containing high spins ( S > 1). For any possible choice of spins, all N > 4 extended supersymmetry multiplets are “doubly-finite” and give s (one-loop) = 0 for either their SO( N ) or SU( N ) internal symmetry groups.
Key Variables Account for Greater Revenue Among Community College Foundations

As public community colleges continue to face constrained budgets and restricted state support, they must maximize their pursuit of philanthropic support and the performance of the foundations established at their institutions for this purpose. In a recent study, community college resource development professionals nationwide were surveyed regarding their institutional foundations. The results showed that the foundations bringing in the most annual revenue were those associated with colleges that had the largest endowments, had foundation board members deemed to be very critical to the foundation operation, and had the largest enrollments. The findings underscore the importance of building a tradition of successful fund raising and fostering foundation board member leadership. Attention to these key variables may provide for greater fund-raising potential for community colleges nationwide.
Modulation of the Earth's electric field by cosmic radiation

Positive correlations between cosmic radiation and ionospheric potential (VI) reported here indicate that the electrification of the atmosphere is modulated by changes in ionizing radiation. Analyses of two independent VI data sets, where VI is a measure of the intensity of the Earth's electric field1,2, indicate that a 10% change in ground level cosmic radiation is associated with a 10–20% corresponding variation in VI. (In addition, variations in VI were analysed relative to indices of the upper atmosphere electrical generator to investigate possible atmospheric electrical changes due to magnetospheric–ionospheric coupling; no correlation was found between the upper atmosphere indices and VI. The nature of the global circuit is such that ionizing radiation must affect atmospheric electrification through regulation of the current output of the global thunderstorm generator which maintains the fair-weather electric field because increased conductivity in the fair-weather part of the atmosphere would lower VI. The results also suggest the existence of a thundercloud electrification mechanism that is sensitive to ambient atmospheric electrical conditions—electric field intensity and/or conductivity3,4.
New (and old) directions for validity concerning generalizability

The author addresses the issue of generalizability as it arises in outcome evaluations. Methods for enhancing knowledge about generalizability in the Campbellian tradition are briefly reviewed. Recommendations are made for future practice and promising areas of future advancement regarding understanding generalizability in outcome evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
The economic optimization of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervaporative removal of VOCs from water

Abstract A model was developed to estimate the cost of removing relatively hydrophobic VOCs from water with a pervaporation-based separation process. Evaluation of the economic model showed that the choice f a feed-side spacer in a spiral wound module has a strong effect on the total separation cost. Several spacers that yield relatively low cost separations have been identified. The choice of permeate spacer was found to have only a small effect on the process economics, though all the permeate spacers evaluated were relatively thick and open. The most economical operation is predicted to occur with moderate permeate pressures (10–12 mmHg) and membranes ∼22 μm thick. The specific VOC to be removed from the feed water has a significant effect on the process economics. For VOCs with relatively high Henry's law constants, the model shows that the development of lower cost membranes with performance qualities similar to silicone rubber will be the most effective means of reducing the separation costs of this process.
THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC DIVERSITY ON UNEMPLOYMENT AND STABILITY

ABSTRACT. For many years, regional scientists, economists, and geographers have been unable to clarify the influence of economic diversity on unemployment and instability in regional economies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. This article presents plausible theory, proper units of analysis, valid measures, and more inclusive models of the diversity-stability relationship. The findings are generalizable because the sample includes most metropolitan areas in the U.S. The empirical analysis estimates the influence of diversity, employment concentrated in unstable industries, population size, growth rate, and control variables on unemployment and employment instability during the 1972–88 period. The results indicate that metropolitan areas which are more diverse experience lower unemployment rates and less instability than areas which are less diverse.
Hg(1-x)CdxSe Material Research for IR Applications

HgCdTe (the current infrared material of choice) lacks a scalable, sufficiently lattice-matched substrate suitable for long wave infrared focal plane array production. One possible alternative material is HgCdSe. Similar to HgCdTe, HgCdSe is a ternary alloy which can be tuned across the infrared spectrum. Unlike HgCdTe, HgCdSe is nearly lattice matched to the scalable (and commercially available) substrate GaSb. Thus long wave infrared focal plane arrays could potentially be fabricated from HgCdSe grown on GaSb, with a ZnTeSe or CdTeSe buffer layer added to alleviate the slight mismatch. Samples of HgCdSe were grown via molecular beam epitaxy using a Se thermal cracker source to compare to those grown using a simple Se valved source. This allowed us to study any differences between layers grown with predominantly Se 2 flux versus Se 6 flux. Optimal growth parameters were explored using this new effusion source for Se. All HgCdSe samples grown with the simple valved source were heavily n-type (n~1017 cm -3 ) despite being nominally undoped. However, when the valved Se effusion cell was replaced with the Se cracker source, the electron concentration was reduced and began to show significant temperature dependence below 100K. Subsequent experiments suggested this may be more related to different purity in the source material between the sources than the cracking process itself. Annealing under Hg raised the electron concentration, while annealing under Se lowered the concentration.
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTENSIN ON ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE SECRETION

The present experiments were conducted to determine the effects of neurotensin on secretion of a variety of anterior pituitary hormones. Conscious rats with indwelling cannulae in the third ventricle and external jugular vein were used and the effects on plasma hormone levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Neurotensin was found to decrease plasma prolactin levels in ovariectomized females, normal males, and males in which prolactin levels had been elevated by ether or by a combination of fluoxetine and 5-hydroxytryptaphane. The prolactin-lowering effect was blocked by alpha-methyl-tyrosine to inhibit catecholamine synthesis and by the specific dopamine receptor blocker, spiroperidol. In ovariectomized females, neurotensin was also capable of suppressing LH and elevating growth hormone following its intraventricular injection. Intravenous injection of the peptide elevated prolactin but had no effect on the release of the other pituitary hormones. When hemipituitaries of ovariectomized rats were incubated in vitro, neurotensin elevated prolactin and TSH release into the medium. The minimal effective dose to elevate prolactin and TSH release was 50 ng/ml. Release of gonadotropins and growth hormone was unaffected. It is concluded that neurotensin inhibits prolactin release by a CNS, presumably hypothalamic action, to stimulate the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. The dopamine released then inhibits prolactin release either by a direct action on the pituitary or by release of another prolactin-inhibiting factor. In addition, the peptide has a direct prolactin-releasing action on the pituitary. Neurotensin can inhibit LH and stimulate growth hormone presumably by a hypothalamic action since there was no effect on the release of these pituitary hormones by glands incubated in vitro. Although the peptide had no effect on TSH release following its intraventricular injection, it stimulated prolactin release by pituitaries incubated in vitro. The physiological significance of these results is not yet established; however, the presence of the peptide in regions concerned with pituitary control suggests that it may play a physiological role.
Coordination variability during load carriage walking: Can it contribute to low back pain?

Load carriage walking is frequently associated with low back pain. Mechanical stress is a potential cause of such pain, and a lack of coordination variability may produce mechanical stress. We tested the hypothesis that coordination variability would decrease during load carriage walking. We examined the trunk-thigh coordination variability in the sagittal and frontal planes and the thorax-pelvis coordination variability in the transverse plane. Ten healthy participants were recruited to perform unloaded and load carriage walking. Coordination variability was quantified as the standard deviation of continuous relative phase between two segments across a number of walking trials. During load carriage walking, the coordination variability significantly increased rather than decreased in the sagittal and transverse planes, and it did not change significantly in the frontal plane compared to those during unloaded walking. The findings rejected the hypothesis and suggested that reduced coordination variability may not predict the development of low back pain associate with load carriage walking in healthy people.
Chapter 6 – DNA Quantitation

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the assessment of DNA quantity and quality prior to further sample processing. To ensure that DNA recovered from an extraction is human rather than from another source such as bacteria, the FBI's quality assurance standards require human-specific DNA quantitation. Only after DNA in a sample has been isolated, its quantity and quality can be reliably assessed. The primary purpose of DNA quantitation is to determine the appropriate amount of DNA template to include in future tests. Based on the amount of DNA determined to be in a sample with a quantitation method, the extracted DNA for each sample is adjusted to a level that works optimally in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification reaction. A range of typical DNA quantities from 0.1 to 25 ng would involve approximately 30 to 8330 copies of every nuclear DNA sequence to be examined. A number of DNA quantitation tests are used over the years to aid the estimation of the amount of total DNA or human DNA present in a sample. These DNA quantitation tests, discussed in the chapter, include UV absorbance, yield gels, slot blot, PicoGreen, AluQuant, end-point PCR, and real-time quantitative PCR. Early assays were home-brew, while most forensic DNA quantitation is now performed using commercial kits from suppliers such as Applied Biosystems or Promega Corporation. Several interlaboratory tests to evaluate DNA quantification methods are conducted by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology to better understand the measurement variability seen with various techniques. A 10-fold range of reported concentrations is observed in one study. Quantitation results are usually sufficiently valid to estimate DNA template amounts that enable optimal PCR amplification.
A re-evaluation of the use of branched GDGTs as terrestrial biomarkers: Implications for the BIT Index

Abstract This study examines estimates of soil organic matter content (%OMsoil) in marine sediments based on the branched/isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) Index, and suggests a new calculation method based on branched GDGT (brGDGT) concentrations. Four sediment cores were collected in 2008 at the 20 m isobath of the Louisiana Continental Shelf. Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGTs) and cupric oxide (CuO) oxidation products were analyzed down to ∼20 cm depth to examine terrestrially-derived organic matter. BIT Indices ranged from 0.50 to 0.03, and correlated poorly with lignin (mg S, V, and C phenols 10 g−1 sediment; ∑810) and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (μg 3,5-Bd g−1 sediment; 3,5:g) concentrations, which ranged from 0.01 to 0.87 mg g−1 and 0.00 (below detection limit) to 1.39 μg g−1, respectively. By calculating mass normalized core-lipid branched GDGT (brGDGT) and crenarchaeol mass abundances with the assistance of a surrogate standard, it was shown that overall, large variations in sedimentary crenarchaeol concentrations were responsible for vertical distributions of BIT Indices, due to the relatively smaller range of brGDGT concentrations. brGDGT concentrations produced stronger correlations with terrestrial CuO oxidation products than the BIT Index, which correlated strongly with crenarchaeol concentrations. Variations in the BIT Index may therefore reflect changes in the delivery of marine-derived organic matter to sediments in regions with large seasonal or decadal shifts in productivity, such as stratified continental shelves. An in depth look at conversions of the BIT Index to percent soil organic matter using a binary mixing model with a marine BIT value of 0 and a terrestrial BIT value of 1 (%OMsoil = BIT Index * 100) used in recent literature reveals that this method results in non-linear mixing of marine and terrestrial end-members, and the shape of the mixing line is based on sedimentary crenarchaeol concentrations. An alternative approach is to use sedimentary brGDGT yields as a OMsoil proxy, rather than normalizing them to crenarchaeol. %OMsoil could then be calculated using brGDGT concentrations in a two end-member mixing model as follows:%OMsoil = ([brGDGT]sample * 100)/[brGDGT]soil, where [brGDGT]sample and [brGDGT]soil represent the concentrations of branched GDGTs in the given sediment sample and in the average soil end-member, respectively. However, due to the wide range of brGDGT concentrations found in soils both regionally and globally, assigning a terrestrial end-member may not always be possible. While this method may in some instances also be a misrepresentation of %OMsoil in sediments, both estimation methods should be used with regard to their individual strengths and weaknesses.
Uncertain availability of a preferred food affects choice in a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Food-choice was investigated in a social group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large outdoor compound. Three feeding stations located along the periphery of the compound were considered analogous to food patches. Color-coded aluminum panels temporarily covered each feeding apparatus, with one color corresponding to nonpreferred food (commercial biscuits) available at two locations and other colors corresponding to the certain or uncertain availability of preferred food (oranges) available at one location. Only nine chimpanzees met the criterion for learning the color/food associations and thus only those animals were included in the analysis. There was a significant decrease in choosing the station associated with oranges when the probability of availability of oranges was reduced from 0.5 to 0.1 but not from 1.0 to 0.5. In addition, there was a significant increase in the frequency with which the subjects made no choice when the probability of availability of oranges was reduced from 1.0 to 0.1. The data indicate that the uncertain availability of preferred food in a choice situation affects choice behavior in a social group of chimpanzees studied under controlled conditions.
Input-output models of biological systems: formulation and applicability.

Abstract An input-output model of a biological system can be made using qualitative data on the metabolism and quantitative data on the composition of the system. It describes the relations between various components of the system in terms of mass and energy transfer and is mathematically identical to Leontief's input-output model of economic structure. While input-output models are not as accurate and do not provide as much information as kinetic or equilibrium models, it is possible to construct an input-output model of a system about which too little is known to permit building either of the latter models, and to obtain from it estimates of biosynthetic enzyme activities and energy requirements for growth. The technique is demonstrated using a model of Escherichia coli. Applications of the data obtained from input-output models to development of selective histochemical techniques and in chemotherapy are discussed. The possible use of the Leontief model and the economical model of von Neumann in the study of optimizing behavior in biological systems is also discussed.
The Constitutive Act of the African Union and Institution-Building in Postcolonial Africa

The African Union marks a new era in institution-building in postcolonial Africa. It is conceived as an aspect of Africa's response to the challenges of globalization and regional integration. It is also part of the historic quest for deeper African unity. This discussion focuses on the political and contextual dynamics behind this development, and assesses its significance for the project of African integration. While offering no extensive examination of all the core provisions of the Constitutive Act, particular attention has been paid to some key principles. It is argued that the African Union represents a significant departure from the political, legal, and institutional framework of the OAU, and is predicated on a range of principles that reflect new thinking and approaches among the African states.
In situ distribution of concanavalin A-binding sites in mesenchyme blastulae and early gastrulae of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus

Abstract The spatial distribution of concanavalin A (conA)-binding sites was studied in situ in order to investigate the role of conA-binding sites in primary mesenchyme cell migration in mesenchyme blastulae and early gastrulae (gastrulation one-quarter complete) of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus. In normally developed embryos conA is bound around the entire basal surface of the ectoderm and to the entire surface of ingressed primary mesenchyme cells in mesenchyme blastulae. However, in early gastrulae conA-binding sites are lost on the vegetal half ectoderm and on the primary mesenchyme cells, which had returned to the vegetal half in order to aggregate for spicule formation. ConA-binding is completely inhibited in embryos incubated with α- d -mannoside, but not in those incubated with β- d -mannoside or galactose. In sulfate-deprived embryos conA-binding sites are distributed normally in spite of the deficiency in primary mesenchyme cell migration. In embryos treated with LiCl, on the other hand, the ingressed primary mesenchyme cells migrate extensively, but fail to return to the vegetal half. In these embryos the conA-binding sites on the basal surface of the vegetal half ectoderm remain even at the early gastrula stage. The results correlate the spatial distribution of conA-binding sites with the pattern of primary mesenchyme cell migration in the blastocoel.
Improving Photolithographic Tool Utilization Through An Advanced System Interface

One of the major challenges facing the semiconductor industry today is to be able to respond to an increasingly competitive environment. One effective strategy is to reduce costs through advanced operation, maintenance, and information flow techniques for manufacturing equipment. This approach can yield very beneficial results for manufacturing economics.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
13C NMR study of reorientational dynamics in Ru3(CO)9(μ3-CO)(μ3-NPh). Relaxation time analysis in the non-motional narrowing regime

Abstract The NMR 13C spin-lattice relaxation times of the phenyl group and equatorial carbonyl carbons in Ru3(CO)9(μ3-CO)(μ3-NPh) were measured as a function of temperature and resonance frequency in the solvent methylene chloride, and at several temperatures in chloroform. Phenyl T1s were used to calculate the diffusion coefficients characterizing molecular tumbling, D⊥, and spinning of the phenyl group, Ds; carbonyl relaxation times yielded the parallel diffusion coefficient, D∥. Values of D⊥ calculated using the standard motional narrowing assumption were incorrectly observed to be frequency dependent, and in marked error (by as much as a factor of two) from results obtained using the non-motionally narrowed equations. The spinning diffusion coefficients, Ds, were an order of magnitude greater than either D⊥ or D∥, but somewhat lower than the rate of the equivalent rotation of free benzene in the same solvents, indicating the existence of a barrier to internal rotation of the phenyl group. Fenske-Hall and extended Huckel calculations revealed that the barrier arises primarily from steric interactions between the ortho protons of the phenyl group and the carbon atom of the equatorial carbonyls.
A Review of Studies Comparing Checklist and Interview Methods of Data Collection in Life Event Research

This article is concerned with the relative merits of checklists and interviews as techniques for collecting data in the study of life events. It presents a detailed review of studies that have directly compared checklists and interviews. The author's conclusion is that the two techniques should not be seen as equivalent in the assessment of life events. Virtually all of the studies reviewed showed a marked tendency to overreport on checklists. The method appears inadequate in distinguishing truly stressful events from trivial occurrences. In contrast, the in-depth interview is sensitive to the subtleties of life events and should be the preferred method when data of any precision and accuracy are required in an empirical study.
Multisource information fusion for enhanced simultaneous tracking and recognition

A layered sensing approach helps to mitigate sensor, target, and environmental operating conditions affecting target tracking and recognition performance. Radar sensors provide standoff sensing capabilities over a range of weather conditions; however, operating conditions such as obscuration can hinder radar target tracking. By using other sensing modalities such as electro-optical (EO) building cameras or eye witness reports, continuous target tracking and recognition may be achieved when radar data is unavailable. Information fusion is necessary to associate independent multisource data to ensure accurate target track and identification is maintained. Exploiting the unique information obtained from multiple sensor modalities with non-sensor sources will enhance vehicle track and recognition performance and increase confidence in the reported results by providing confirmation of target tracks when multiple sources have overlapping coverage of the vehicle of interest. The author uses a fusion performance model in conjunction with a tracking and recognition performance model to assess which combination of information sources produce the greatest gains for both urban and rural environments for a typical sized ground vehicle.
Effect of augmented visual performance feedback on the effectiveness of clinical breast examination training with a dynamically configurable breast model

Clinical breast examinations (CBE) are an important component in breast cancer screening. Inadequate training of tactile skills may contribute to a low and variable CBE sensitivity range. Based on previous investigations, we investigated adding visual feedback of pressure changes in balloons embedded in silicone under palpation to provide learners with positive confirmation of their performance, thus enhancing confidence in lump detection and improving sensitivity and specificity. The experiment tested the effects of visually augmented training by comparing training groups which receive either: a) no training (only verbal), b) palpation practice without feedback, or c) visually augmented feedback. The experiment utilized signal detection theory and included 18 medical students who completed a pretest, training, and a postest but found no significant differences between the training groups.
Thermoanalytical Study of Durable Press Reactant Levels on Cotton Fabrics Part II: Finishes Based on DMDHEU

Cotton printcloth has been treated with five low- and nonformaldehyde finishes at multiple treatment levels. In Part I, two polycarboxylic acids, butanetetracarboxylic and citric, catalyzed with sodium hypophosphite produced the nonformaldehyde fabric finishes. Three formaldehyde-based finishes have been produced with 1,3-dimethylol- 4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) catalyzed with magnesium chloride / citric acid and are the subject of Part II. Differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric analyses are performed and the results compared with those of untreated and treated controls. Thermal parameters and various parameter ratios are analyzed for progressive changes as agent / catalyst levels increase. Thermal profiles of catalyst controls indicate that the catalyst is a substantial contributor to thermal parameters. We can distinguish between the low and nonformaldehyde DP finishes, between the three DMDHEU-based finishes, and between the four finish levels. Finish level is the most difficult...
Epidermal ‘turnover time’—a new examination

A new model for assaying epidermal cell turnover times is presented. It is based on desquamation rates of the stratum corneum and the consequent obligatory turnover time of the keratinocyte layer. A total epidermal turnover time of 45 days is derived from the model for the human volar forearms.
Groundwork for the Concept of Technique in Education: Herbert Marcuse and Technological Society

This article articulates the groundwork for a new understanding of the concept of technique through a critical engagement with Herbert Marcuse's critical theory of technology. To this end, it identifies and engages three expressions of technique in Marcuse's work: mimesis, reified labor, and the happy consciousness. It is argued that this mapping of the concept of technique provides the philosophy of education with a new perspective in which to understand the relationship between technology and the educational experience in the contemporary moment. The exposition of technique, moreover, when applied to the educational context, applies not only to technological artifacts per se but also extends to educational policies that share the mutual logic embedded within existing expressions of technique. Finally, it is suggested that Marcuse's project to theorize a ‘qualitatively new form’ of technology must be taken up within the educative process. The article contends that this will require rethinking interaction...
Radiation Hardened By Design Digital I/O for High SEE and TID Immunity

Level shifting radiation hardening by design input and output (I/O) pads on a 90 nm process using triple modular redundancy for single event effect (SEE) mitigation with high total ionizing dose (TID) immunity are described. The designs use annular NMOS transistors for both thin and thick gate transistors. SEE mitigation is experimentally demonstrated by heavy ion measurements with LETeff up to 220 MeV-cm2 /mg with no failures. Measurements of the I/O standby leakage current after TID irradiation to 2 Mrad(Si) show no standby current increase.
Velocities of deepwater reservoir sands

Deepwater reservoirs, those in water depths ranging from 1000 m to more than 3000 m, often consist of young turbidite sediments associated with early hydrocarbon charge, overpressure buildup, and seal with retarded diagenesis. Deepwater sands maintain shallow properties even at great depths (e.g., 18 000 ft) but these weakly cemented sands—with a history of progressive compaction and cementation—differ from surface sediments.
Implications of the HCN → HNC process to high‐temperature nitrogen‐containing fuel chemistry

We have found in our recent kinetic study of the oxidation of HCN by NO2 in the temperature range 623–773 K that HNCO and CO2 are very important early products. The measured kinetic data cannot be accounted for by a “conventional” mechanism involving HCN reactions with NO2, O, and OH. However, the introduction of the isomerization reaction HCN HNC, followed by the rapid oxidation of HNC by NO2, O, and OH, can quantitatively simulate all measured kinetic data. A similar study of the NO2 + HCN reaction in shock waves at temperatures between 1500 and 2400 K also required the inclusion of HNC reactions in order to quantitatively account for measured product distributions. The effects of the HNC molecule on the high temperature HCN chemistry are discussed in terms of the predicted rate constants for HNC reactions with O and OH employing the BAC-MP4 method. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An assessment of US physicians’ training in religion, spirituality, and medicine

This study examined US physicians' training in religion and medicine and its association with addressing religious and spiritual issues in clinical encounters. Reports of receiving training were higher for highly spiritual physicians, psychiatrists, and physicians with high numbers of critically ill patients. Discussing religion or spirituality with patients was associated with having received training through a book or CME literature or during Grand Rounds, through one's religious tradition and from other unspecified sources but not with having received such training in medical school.
Accumulation of Immunosuppressive CD11b+ Myeloid Cells Correlates with the Failure to Prevent Tumor Growth in the Anterior Chamber of the Eye

The purpose of these studies is to determine why an immunogenic tumor grows unchecked in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of the eye. The OVA-expressing EL4 tumor, E.G7-OVA, was injected into the a.c. or skin of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Tumor growth and tumor-specific immune responses were monitored. Ocular tumor-infiltrating leukocytes were characterized phenotypically and functionally. Growth of E.G7-OVA was inhibited when limiting numbers of cells were injected in the skin but not in the a.c. of C57BL/6 mice, although both routes primed OVA-specific immune responses, which prevented the growth of a subsequent injection with E.G7-OVA in the skin or opposite eye. Tumor regression was OVA-specific because growth of the parental EL-4 tumor was not inhibited in primed mice. E.G7-OVA growth in the skin was not inhibited in immunodeficient Rag−/− or CD8 T cell-deficient mice, suggesting that CD8+ CTLs mediate tumor elimination. CD8+ T cell numbers were significantly increased in eyes of mice primed with E.G7-OVA, but few were detected in primary ocular tumors. Nevertheless, growth of E.G7-OVA was retarded in the a.c. of TCR-transgenic OT-I mice, and CD8+ T cell numbers were increased within eyes, suggesting that tumor-specific CD8+ CTLs migrated into and controlled primary ocular tumor growth. E.G7-OVA did not lose antigenicity or become immunosuppressive after 13 days of growth in the eye. However, CD11b+ cells accumulated in primary ocular tumors and contained potent immunosuppressive activity when assayed in vitro. Thus, CD11b+ cells that accumulate within the eye as tumors develop in the a.c. may contribute to immune evasion by primary ocular tumors by inhibiting CTLs within the eye.
P04.74. Use of Mind-Body Therapies Among Adults with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Common to Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose Neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) are difficult to treat with standard interventions. Given such limitations, patients may choose to treat themselves with mind-body therapies. However, little is known about the use of mind-body therapies by adults with neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with mTBI. Methods We compared mind-body therapy use between adults with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with mTBI (self reported anxiety, depression, insomnia, headaches, memory deficits, attention deficits, and excessive daytime sleepiness) using the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (n=23,393). Mind-body therapy use was defined as use of ≥1 therapy of meditation, yoga, acupuncture, deep-breathing exercises, hypnosis, progressive relaxation therapy, qi gong, and tai chi within the past year. We examined prevalence and reasons for mind-body therapy use in adults with neuropsychiatric symptoms and explored variations in use by number of symptoms. We performed logistic regression to examine the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms and mind-body therapy use, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, illness burden, access to care, and health habits. Results Adults with ≥1 neuropsychiatric symptoms used mindbody therapy more than adults without symptoms (25.8% vs. 15.3%, p<0.001). Prevalence increased with increasing number of symptoms (22.1% for 1 symptom, 31.8% for ≥3 symptoms, p<0.001); differences persisted after adjustment (aOR 1.38 [1.25, 1.52] and 2.10 [1.83, 2.41], respectively, compared to adults without symptoms). Reasons for mind-body therapy use among adults with ≥1 symptom include general wellness (64.4%), conventional medicine was ineffective or too expensive (30.2%), and conventional provider recommendation (27.8%). Seventy percent of adults with ≥1 symptom did not discuss their mind-body therapy use with a conventional provider. Conclusion More than one in four adults with ≥1 neuropsychiatric symptom used mind-body therapies, with more symptoms associated with increased use. Future research is needed to understand the efficacy and cost of mindbody therapies for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms common to mTBI.
Primary cardiac malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a 23-month-old infant

We report the second case of primary cardiac malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in pediatric population.
Using a Spectrum Function Approach to Model Flexure Creep in Viscoelastic Composite Beams

Flexure creep of an E-glass/vinyl-ester composite beam and a sandwich beam are modeled through the use of a spectrum function. The Principle of Correspondence is applied to the elastic deflection equation for a beam in four-point flexure from which the time dependent center deflection is obtained. The model is first formulated for a quasi-isotropic glass epoxy beam and then extended to a sandwich beam consisting of a balsa wood core and composite face sheets. The viscoelastic parameters are obtained from the experimental data and used to formulate the time dependent flexural stiffness. The inclusion of shear deformation effects in the methodology is also demonstrated.
Information Seeking about Global Climate Change among Adolescents: The Role of Risk Perceptions, Efficacy Beliefs and Parental Influences

Global climate change is likely to have significant impacts on public health. Effective communication is critical to informing public decision making and behavior to mitigate climate change. An effective method of audience segmentation, the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework has been previously tested with other health behaviors and classifies people into 4 groups on the basis of their perceptions of risk and beliefs about personal efficacy. The 4 groups – indifference (low risk, weak efficacy), proactive (low risk, strong efficacy), avoidance (high risk, weak efficacy), and responsive (high risk, strong efficacy) – are hypothesized to differ in their self-protective behaviors and in their motivations to seek information. In this paper, we extend the RPA framework in two ways. First, we use it at the household level to determine whether parental classifications into the 4 groups are associated with their teenage children’s classification into the same 4 groups. Second, we predict adolescent information-seeking behaviors on the basis of their and their parents’ membership in the 4 RPA groups. Results (N = 523 parent-adolescent pairs) indicated that parental membership in the 4 RPA groups was significantly associated with children’s membership in the same 4 groups. Furthermore, the RPA framework was a significant predictor of adolescent information-seeking: those in the responsive and avoidance groups sought more information on climate change than the indifference group. Family communication on global warming was positively associated with adolescents’ information-seeking. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Origin of arrhythmias in a heart model

An investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of a heart model is presented. The model compartmentalizes the heart into one part that beats autonomously (the x oscillator), representing the pacemaker or SA node, and a second part that beats only if excited by a signal originating outside itself (the y oscillator), representing typical cardiac tissue. Both oscillators are modeled by piecewise linear differential equations representing relaxation oscillators in which the fast time portion of the cycle is modeled by a jump. The model assumes that the x oscillator drives the y oscillator with coupling constant a .A sa decreases, the regular behavior of y oscillator deteriorates, and is found to go through a series of bifurcations. The irregular behavior is characterized as involving a large amplitude cycle followed by a number n of small amplitude cycles. We compute critical bifurcation values of the coupling constant, an, using both numerical methods as well as perturbations.
Rapid large-area mapping of ice flow using Landsat 8

Abstract We report on the maturation of optical satellite-image-based ice velocity mapping over the ice sheets and large glacierized areas, enabled by the high radiometric resolution and internal geometric accuracy of Landsat 8's Operational Land Imager (OLI). Detailed large-area single-season mosaics and time-series maps of ice flow were created using data spanning June 2013 to June 2015. The 12-bit radiometric quantization and 15-m pixel scale resolution of OLI band 8 enable displacement tracking of subtle snow-drift patterns on ice sheet surfaces at ~ 1 m precision. Ice sheet and snowfield snow-drift features persist for typically 16 to 64 days, and up to 432 days, depending primarily on snow accumulation rates. This results in spatially continuous mapping of ice flow, extending the mapping capability beyond crevassed areas. Our method uses image chip cross-correlation and sub-pixel peak-fitting in matching Landsat path/row pairs. High-pass filtering is applied to the imagery to enhance local surface texture. The current high image acquisition rates of Landsat 8 (725 scenes per day globally) reduces the impact of high cloudiness in polar and mountain terrain and allows rapid compilation of large areas, or dense temporal coverage of seasonal ice flow variations. The results rival the coverage and accuracy of interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) mapping.