cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoaffinity labeling of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with 8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate.

Photoaffinity labeling with [32P] 8-azidoadenosine 5′-triphosphate (8-N3ATP) was used to identify putative binding sites on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. and N. rustica L.) leaf ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase, EC 4.1.1.39). Incorporation of 32P was observed in polypeptides corresponding to both RuBPCase subunits when desalted leaf and chloroplast extracts, and purified RuBPCase were irradiated with ultraviolet light in the presence of [32P] 8-N3ATP. 32P-labeling was dependent upon ultraviolet irradiation and occurred with [32P] 8-N3ATP labeled in the α-position, indicating covalent incorporation of the photoprobe. Both [32P] 8-N3ATP and [32P] 8-N3GTP were incorporated to a similar extent into the 53-kilodalton (kDa) “large” subunit (LSu), but incorporation of [32P] 8-N3GTP into the 14-kDa “small” subunit (SSu) of RuBPCase was <5% of that measured with [32P] 8-N3ATP. Distinct binding sites for 8-N3ATP on the two subunits were indicated by different apparent K D values, 3 and 18 μM for the SSu and LSu, respectively, and differences in the response of photoaffinity labeling to Mg2+, anions and enzyme activation. Active-site-directed compounds, including the non-gaseous substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the reaction intermediate analog 2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate and several phosphorylated effectors afforded protection to the LSu site against photoincorporation but provided almost no protection to the SSu. These results indicate that 8-N3ATP binds to the active-site region of the LSu and a distinct site on the SSu of RuBPCase. Experiments conducted with intact pea (Pisum sativum L.) and tobacco chloroplasts showed that the SSu was not photolabeled with [32P] 8-N3ATP in organello or in undesalted chloroplast lysates but was photolabeled when lysates were ultrafiltered or desalted. These results indicate that 8-N3ATP binds to a site on the SSu that has physiological significance.
The non-equilibrium Marshak wave problem

Abstract An analytic solution to a particular Marshak wave problem is given. The radiative transfer model used is the gray, non-equilibrium diffusion approximation which allows the radiation and material fields to be out of equilibrium. This solution should be useful as a reference problem for validating time-dependent radiative transfer computer codes, as well as investigating the convergence, as a function of space and time step size, for such codes. The coupling of the radiation field to the material field in a multigroup code, a difficult numerical problem, can also be tested against this solution. Typical numerical results are given for surface quantities, integral quantities, and the distribution of radiative energy and material temperature as a function of space and time.
Molecular analysis of a novel FMRFamide-related peptide gene (SOFaRP2) and its expression pattern in the brain of the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are among several neurotransmitters known to regulate the chromatophore function in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of a novel S. officinalis FaRP gene (SOFaRP(2)). The complete 835-base pair cDNA sequence of the SOFaRP(2) gene contains an open reading frame of 567 base pairs encoding 188 amino acids and four putative FaRPs, NSLFRFamide, GNLFRFamide, TIFRFamide and PHTPFRFamide. All except TIFRFamide cause chromatophore expansion when assayed in an in vitro chromatophore bioassay. To investigate the expression pattern of SOFaRP(2) gene in the cuttlefish brain, in situ hybridization was performed using a full length RNA probe. The SOFaRP(2) gene was expressed primarily in the posterior chromatophore, anterior chromatophore, lateral basal and optic lobes among other brain locations. The SOFaRP(2) gene appears to be expressed in all brain regions involved in chromatophore regulation. These data suggests that some or all of the four FaRPs encoded by SOFaRP(2) might be involved in controlling chromatophore activity in cuttlefish.
Comparing the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to Traditional Alcohol Screening Measures in Elderly Outpatients

Older drinkers may incur alcohol-related risks at low consumption levels, but commonly used screening measures do not address alcohol's effects among persons with declining health and increased medication use. We compared the newly developed Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) to three validated alcohol screens: the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE), Short-Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST), and Alcohol-Use Identification Test (AUDIT). The ARPS classifies drinking as non-hazardous, hazardous or harmful. Non-hazardous drinking is defined as consumption with no known risks for adverse physical or psychological health events. Hazardous drinking is consumption with such risks. Harmful drinking results in adverse events. The AUDIT screens for hazardous and harmful drinking; the CAGE and SMAST identify abusive (e.g. failure to fulfill social obligations) and dependent (e.g. having withdrawal symptoms) drinkers. In this study of 574 current drinkers 65 years and older who completed the ARPS and AUDIT in primary care clinics, half were randomly assigned to complete the CAGE and half, the SMAST. Drinkers who screened positive on the CAGE, SMAST or AUDIT were correctly classified by the ARPS as hazardous or harmful drinkers 91, 75, and 100% of the time, respectively. The majority of ARPS-identified hazardous or harmful drinkers did not screen positive on the CAGE, SMAST or AUDIT. These drinkers had medical conditions or used medications that placed them at risk for adverse health events, none of which was addressed in these three screens. In this study, the ARPS identified nearly all drinkers detected by the CAGE, SMAST, and AUDIT and detected hazardous and harmful drinkers not identified by these measures.
On the shape of avalanches

In this paper we study a dimensionless model of granular matter. The model can be rewritten into a system of balance laws. We prove that, every sufficiently small, compactly supported perturbation of a Lipschitz continuous decoupled initial data gives decoupled solution in finite time. Moreover, no gradient catastrophe occurs, i.e., the solution does not develop discontinuities.
A Gene Expression Profile of the Myocardial Response to Clenbuterol

Clenbuterol is currently being used as part of a clinical trial into a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of end-stage heart failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the global pattern of myocardial gene expression in response to clenbuterol and to identify novel targets and pathways involved. Rats were treated with clenbuterol (n = 6) or saline (n = 6) for periods of 1, 3, 9, or 28 days. Rats treated for 28 days were also subject to continuous electrocardiogram analysis using implantable telemetry. RNA was extracted from rats at days 1 and 28 and used from microarray analysis, and further samples from rats at days 1, 3, 9, and 28 were used for analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clenbuterol treatment induced rapid development of cardiac hypertrophy with increased muscle mass at day 1 and elevated heart rate and QT interval throughout the 28-day period. Microarray analysis revealed a marked but largely transitory change in gene expression with 1,423 genes up-regulated and 964 genes down-regulated at day 1. Up-regulated genes revealed an unexpected association with angiogenesis and integrin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling. Moreover, direct treatment of endothelial cells cultured in vitro resulted in increased cell proliferation and tube formation. Our data show that clenbuterol treatment is associated with rapid cardiac hypertrophy and identify angiogenesis and integrin signaling as novel pathways of clenbuterol action. The data have implications both for our understanding of the physiologic hypertrophy induced by clenbuterol and for treatment of heart failure.
Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: A randomized factorial study

Abstract This study is the first reported test of the unique and combined effects of Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) and Alcohol Expectancy Challenge (AEC) with heavy drinking college students. Three hundred and thirty-five participants were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to either: BMI, AEC, BMI and AEC, and assessment only conditions. Follow-ups occurred at 1, 3, and 6 months. Unconditional latent curve analyses suggested that alcohol use ( Q – F ), heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol problems were best modeled as quadratic effects. BMI produced significant decreases in Q – F , heavy drinking, and problems, while AEC produced significant decreases in Q – F and heavy drinking. There was no evidence of an additive effect of combining the interventions. Intervention effects decayed somewhat for BMI and completely for AEC over 6 months. Multi-group analyses suggested similar intervention effects for men and women. BMI effects on alcohol problems were mediated by perceived norms. These findings extend previous research with BMI and AEC but do not support their utility as a combined preventive intervention to reduce collegiate alcohol abuse.
Action of EDTA-Tris and antimicrobial agent combinations on selected pathogenic bacteria

The concentration of EDTA-Tris (3.22 mM EDTA and 0.05 M Tris) used as a lavage to treat otitis externa, cystitis or other persistent infections in dogs and cats, was found to prevent the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and beta streptococci when present in growth media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rapidly lysed in this solution. Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris grew in the presence of EDTA-Tris, but to a lesser extent than the controls without these compounds. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 8 antimicrobial agents with and without EDTA-Tris were determined for E. coli and P. vulgaris. A potentiation effect on E. coli (greater than 50% decrease MIC) was observed when EDTA-Tris was combined with penicillin, oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol. A similar effect was observed with P. vulgaris when combinations of EDTA-Tris plus gentamicin, oxytetracycline, polymyxin-B or triple sulfa were used. The results of this study indicate that EDTA-Tris appears to have merit in selected cases of otitis externa, cystitis or other persistent infections where lavage might be used.
Long-range interactions of Li(n = 2) states with each other and the long-range interaction of Li(2s2S) with Li(3s2S)

Abstract We compute and analyze the potential energy for the twenty-six lowest-lying states of Li 2 which correspond asymptotically to the interaction of Li(2s 2 S) with Li(2s 2 S). Li(2p 2 P) or Li(3s 2 S), and the interaction Li(2p 2 P) with Li(2p 2 P) to obtain the leading terms of the first-order electrostatic energies, and the second-order dispersion energies. Ion-pair perturbations are found to dominate the potential curves of several states. The polarizabilities of Li 2s, 2p and 3s in various fields are calculated.
The content and properties of the Caregiver Activities Time Survey (CATS): An outcome measure for use in clinical trial research on Alzheimer's disease:

The CaregiverActivities Time Survey (CATS) was developed in 1990, pilot tested and revised twice before its use in a long-term study of Mentaneo (velnacrine maleate), conducted by Hoechst Roussel P...
Teaching graph algorithms in a corn maze

This teaching tip illustrates how a field trip to a corn maze can be used to introduce graph algorithms to beginning computer science students.
Comparison of oral versus rectal administration of acetaminophen with codeine in postoperative pediatric adenotonsillectomy patients.

Objective: To examine whether acetaminophen with codeine administered per rectum is an effective alternative for pain control compared with oral administration after an adenotonsillectomy. Study Design: A prospective, randomized control study. Methods: Seventy-five children aged 1 to 5 were recruited for this study. Each child was assigned randomly to receive either rectal or oral postoperative pain medication. A journal with eight questions was kept for 10 days after the operation, and an overall survey of five questions was filled out at the first postoperative visit. Results: Postoperative pain was adequately controlled in those patients receiving suppositories when compared with those patients receiving oral pain medication. Adverse effects and total number of doses given per day were similar. Parents found the suppositories easy to administer, and more parents would switch or consider switching from oral pain medication to suppositories if given the choice. Conclusions: The suppositories achieved equivalent pain control as oral medication with few side effects and good tolerance. Furthermore, many parents preferred the suppositories to oral medication in maintaining postoperative pain control because of ease of administration. If given the choice for future surgeries, many parents would switch or consider switching from oral pain medication to suppositories.
Elements of q-harmonic analysis

Abstract Measures that act as q -analogs of Lebesgue measure are introduced. Some q -analogs of Fourier and Laplace transforms are studied. Last, the connection between certain spaces of q -exponential type and discrete q -Fourier transforms is discussed.
Response of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Rat Mammary Tumor Cells to Tamoxifen, in Vitro

Primary cell cultures from a density-defined cell subpopulation of the DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors were exposed to tamoxifen during their log phase of growth. Growth inhibition and the ultrastructure of surviving cells were examined along with the influence of this antiestrogen on the secreted proteins as determined by pulse labeling with [35S]methionine and fluorography. Cell growth was remarkably inhibited at clinically achievable concentrations. However, ultrastructural changes in the surviving cells were minimal, the most noteworthy being the accumulation of myelin bodies. Protein secretion was affected in the defined subpopulation of several tumors by the reduced production of a high-molecular-weight protein. These tumors may represent a population of estrogen-sensitive tumors within the DMBA-induced mammary tumor model.
Proximal hip geometry is linked to several chromosomal regions: Genome-wide linkage results from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study

INTRODUCTION Femoral geometry contributes to bone strength and predicts hip fracture risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heritability (h2) of geometric indices of the proximal hip and to perform whole-genome linkage analyses of these traits, adjusted for body size.
The contribution of testosterone to skeletal development and maintenance: lessons from the androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Although androgen status affects bone mass in women and men, an androgen requirement for skeletal normalcy has not been established. Women with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) have 46,XY genotypes with androgen receptor abnormalities rendering them partially or completely refractory to androgen. Twenty-eight women with AIS (22 complete and 6 high grade partial), aged 11–65 yr, responded to questionnaires about health history, gonadal surgery, and exogenous estrogen use and underwent bone mineral density (BMD) assessment by dual energy x-ray absortiometry. BMD values at the lumbar spine and proximal femur were compared to age-specific female normative values and listed as z-scores. Average height for adults in this cohort, 174 cm (68.5 in.), was moderately increased compared with the average height of adult American women of 162.3 cm, with skewing toward higher values: 5 women exceeded 6 ft in height, and 30% of the 18 adult women with complete AIS exceeded 5 ft, 11 in. in height. The average lumbar ...
A Plasmonic MIM Frequency Diplexer

A plasmonic frequency diplexer in a metal–insulator–metal waveguide at mid-infrared range is presented. The diplexer consists of two bandpass filters connected to a power splitter. A circuit-based model is used to successfully design the configuration. The effect of metal loss is carefully considered in our simulations. The performance of the designed diplexer is outstanding in terms of the frequency selectivity and loss. The proposed scheme is scalable in the infrared range and can also be used to realize frequency multiplexers.
Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem

Abstract Increased nutrient loading into estuaries causes the accumulation of algal biomass, and microbial degradation of this organic matter decreases oxygen levels and contributes towards hypoxia. A second, often overlooked consequence of microbial degradation of organic matter is the production of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and a lowering of seawater pH. To assess the potential for acidification in eutrophic estuaries, the levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ), and the saturation state for aragonite ( Ω aragonite ) were horizontally and vertically assessed during the onset, peak, and demise of low oxygen conditions in systems across the northeast US including Narragansett Bay (RI), Long Island Sound (CT–NY), Jamaica Bay (NY), and Hempstead Bay (NY). Low pH conditions ( p CO 2 , (>3000 μatm), were acidic pH ( Ω aragonite
Adaptive Routing Scheme for Emerging Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Node mobility causes fading wireless channels, which in turn renders topology changes in emerging wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, on-line estimators and Markov models are utilized to estimate fading channel conditions. Using the estimated channel conditions as well as queue occupancy, available energy and link delay, approximate dynamic programming (ADP) techniques are utilized to find dynamic routes, while solving discrete-time Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation forward-in-time for route cost in multichannel multi-interface networks. The performance of the proposed load balancing method in the presence of fading channels and the performance of the optimal route selection approach for multi-channel multi-interface wireless ad hoc network is evaluated by extensive simulations and comparing it to AODV.
Tables of Critical Values of Some Rényi Type Statistics for Finite Sample Sizes

Abstract Let X(1) ≤ X (2) ≤ … ≤ X (n) be an ordered sample of a random variable X which has continuous probability distribution function F (x), and let Fn (x) be the corresponding empirical distribution function. The following three statistics, introduced by A. Renyi, are considered: The paper presents table of exact probabilities for these statistics for finite sample sizes. The limiting distributions of these statistics for sample size n ∞ are discussed, and sample sizes are indicated for which these limiting distributions can be used instead of the exact distributions. Numerical examples for the use of the tables are presented, as well as applications to testing hypotheses on life distributions and to one-sided estimation of probability distribution functions from censored data.
Goals, Attention, and Video Game Performance Among Gifted Children

Gifted children's goals for learning on their video game performance and patterns of attention were examined. Before playing a game, second- and fifth-graders were instructed to adopt an evaluative, process, outcome, or no specific goal focus while playing. Children were then asked about the game strategies and game features they attended to while playing. Older children showed better performance overall and their best performance when instructed to adopt an evaluative goal. Younger children showed their worst performance in the same condition. This developmental pattern of findings was reversed among children instructed to adopt an outcome goal. Postgame responses indicated developmental differences in game features, strategies, and evaluative assessments. Most children across both grades made reference to process goals. These findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that gifted children's goals for learning impact their performance and attention and that this impact may be influenced by t...
Properties of nitrogen-implanted alloys and comparison materials

Abstract The nanoindentation hardness technique and the atomic force microscopy technique have been combined in a study of surface and near-surface properties of nitrogen ion-implanted alloys versus ion fluence. The two alloys studied were Ti-6Al-4V and a CoCrMo alloy. Properties results have been compared with those of non-ion-implanted reference materials, such as electroplated hard chrome, rutile, and amorphous TiO2. Large areas of both alloys were polished to finish levels of approximately 1 nm, but for the CoCrMo, the finish level, by profilometer, over long traces is limited to about 30 nm. This results from the very different hardnesses of the carbide and matrix phases of the CoCrMo. In either case, nanoindentations of only 50 nm in depth still penetrate to about 50 times the local roughness values. The alloys were ion implanted to the same respective treatment depths (150 nm) by use of an energy grade suitable for each alloy. By 6 × 1017 cm−2, the hardness of the Ti-alloy had increased from a value of 4 to 12 GPa. A rutile crystal was amorphized by ion bombardment, so that a hardness value for amorphous TiO2 could be obtained. The results indicate that after only a small dose, the Ti alloy is harder than its own passive oxide. Ion implantation first softens and then rehardens the carbide phase of the CoCrMo. The matrix of that alloy is not quite as hardenable as the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. These results are relevant to orthopedics applications, tribological mechanisms, ion implantation process design, and substitute coatings for electroplated hard chrome.
Contrasting Burns and Bass: Does the transactional-transformational paradigm live up to Burns' philosophy of transforming leadership?

Both proponents and critics view the transactional-transformational paradigm (Bass, 1997, 1998) as the brainchild of Burns' (1978) philosophy of transforming leadership. However, Burns (2003) has criticized the paradigm's narrow managerialist orientation and the claim that it is uniformly applicable to any culture and organization. In this article, I first summarize and articulate Burns' (1978, 2003) and Bass' (1985, 1998) approaches toward leadership, then compare them by using a new four-dimensional framework. Extending previous research (Yukl, 2006), the framework represents a useful tool for detecting the commonalities and differences between leadership theories with respect to the core dimensions, categories, and aspects of leadership. My inspection indicates that Burns' and Bass' conceptions stem from disparate contexts and differ in their applicability. Thus, Burns' (1978) ideas stem from political movements ideally characterized by mutual quest for shared meaning and active collaboration between leaders and followers. Conversely, Bass' (1985) approach springs from military training in which leaders transfer existing knowledge to followers and stimulate their activity by using a variety of tools from inspirational motivation to individualized consideration. This study has important practical implications as it delineates the boundary conditions of the transactional-transformational paradigm and warns against its uncritical adoption in incongruent leadership contexts.
Apoptosis and CD4+ lymphocyte depletion following feline immunodeficiency virus infection of a T-lymphocyte cell line.

An interleukin-2-dependent feline T-lymphocyte cell line (FCD4-D), of which 65% of cells express CD4, was inoculated with the NCSU-1 isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVNCSU-1) and subsequ...
Diurnal water relations of expanding and full‐sized cotton fruits and subtending leaves

Water relations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits have received less attention than those of leaves, although crop water status has an important influence on fruit physiology. This study was conducted to describe diurnal changes in the water relations of cotton fruits and subtending leaves. Young, expanding fruits and full-sized fruits were compared because of previously reported changes in xylem maturity with ontogeny. Diurnal changes in relative water content were greater in leaves than in the capsule walls of fruits. The capsule walls of young fruits had a higher relative water content than subtending leaves, and water content was lower in full-sized (87%) than in expanding (92%) fruits. Water potentials of subtending leaves were always approximately 0.3 MPa lower than those of capsule walls. Water potential gradients favoured passive water flow from young fruits to branches, but water potentials of branches and the capsule walls of full-sized fruits were similar (-0.7 MPa). Water potential gradients were consistent throughout the day. These results indicate that xylem transport to young fruits is unlikely, but may occur in older fruits.
Asymmetric Reduction of Acetophenone with (−)-β-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane, and Derivatization with (−)-Menthyl Chloroformate. An Undergraduate Organic Synthesis, GC Analysis, and Molecular Modeling Project

A set of experiments is described for the sophomore level organic chemistry laboratory in which students investigate an enantioselective reduction both in the wet laboratory and theoretically, using desktop molecular modeling techniques. In the wet laboratory, students carry out an enantioselective reduction of an asymmetric ketone using (−)-β-chlorodiisopinocampheyl-borane. After workup, the chiral alcohol is derivatized with enantiomerically pure (−)-methyl chloroformate to provide a diastereomeric mixture of carbonates derived from the R and S alcohols. The products are isolated, and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Two reference samples are prepared in a similar manner: derivatization of both racemic and enantiomerically pure alcohols. Each of the three products is anlayzed by capillary gas chromatography to determine the absolute stereochemistry of the reduction products and to quantitate the extent of enantioselectivity in the reduction. Students also investigate the reaction using desktop molecular modeling techniques. They construct the model of the chiral borane–ketone complex and search conformational space in two dimensions to determine an overall energy minimum. They they find, or approximate, the transition-state geometries of two possible diastereomers and compare heats of formation. In this manner they can predict the stereochemical outcome of the reaction, at least in a qualitative sense, and compare their results to the laboratory experiment. The complete laboratory exercise can be accomplished in three 4-hour laboratory periods.
Development of a High Temperature pH Electrode for Geothermal Fluids

This work demonstrates the applicability of a stabilized zirconia pH sensor to high temperature measurements on brines containing as much as 20 weight percent NaCl and 100 ppm hydrogen sulfide. Throughout the program, stable operation was achieved, and measured pH values from 3 to 9 were in good agreement with calculated values. Differences were generally less than 0.5 pH unit at 285/sup 0/C, and it is not yet certain whether the discrepancies are associated with the measured or calculated values of the pH. Two sensors were operated at 285/sup 0/C for periods of 11 days, and one was employed in successive tests for a total of 37 days. At the end of this period, the sensor was still satisfactory, and it was forwarded to the sponsoring laboratory, PNL, for further tests. Although most of the work was performed at 285/sup 0/C, a limited amount of testing was done at lower temperatures: 95/sup 0/, 150/sup 0/, and 225/sup 0/C. Sensors prepared from in-house tubes and from tubes obtained from an outside supplier performed well at 95/sup 0/C for extended periods, in spite of earlier difficulties with the standard ceramic at this temperature. There is still, however, some uncertainty concerning the adequacymore » of our seals, particularly in cycling between 285/sup 0/C and lower temperatures. In a brief experiment, one sensor was operated satisfactorily at 285/sup 0/C and 5000 psi pressure. (Normal operation was at 1200 psi.)« less
Contact-line mechanics for pattern control

Wrinkled surfaces are ubiquitous in Nature and can be used in a large range of applications such as improved adhesives, microfluidic patterns, or as metrology instruments. Despite wide-ranging applications, existing methods do not permit local pattern control since all existing methods impose extensive compressive strains. In this article, we describe a new process that exploits the local deformation of a soft substrate as it stretches to form an adhesive interface with a thin polymer film. The wrinkle pattern is effectively a measurement of the strain-field created during the adhesion process, which shows a strong dependence on the speed of attachment. We develop simple scaling arguments to describe this velocity dependence and a critical velocity above which wrinkles do not form. Notably, our approach allows us to define the surface pattern “wrinkle-by-wrinkle”, thus permitting the creation of single wrinkles. Intricate patterns on laterally extensive length scales can also be produced by exploiting the shape of the contact line between the film and the substrate. This level of control—the placement of single features of prescribed trajectory—which is not present in any other method of thin film wrinkling, is absolutely necessary for any realistic, scalable application.
Scale Effects in Sliding Friction: An Experimental Study

Solid friction is considered by some to be a fundamental property of two contacting materials, while others consider it to be a property of the larger tribosystem in which the materials are contained. A set of sliding friction experiments were designed to investigate the hypothesis that the unlubricated sliding friction between two materials is indeed a tribosystems-related property and that the degree to which the materials or the machine and its environment will affect the measured friction is also system-dependent. Three tribometers were used: a friction microprobe (FMP), a typical laboratory-scale reciprocating pin-on-flat device, and a heavier, commercial wear tester. The slider material was stainless steel (AISI 440C) and the flat specimen material was an ordered alloy of Ni3A1 (IC-50). A sphere-on-flat geometry was used at ambient conditions and at normal forces ranging from 0.01 N to 100 N and average sliding velocities of 0.01 to 100.0 mm/s. The nominal, steady-state sliding friction coefficient tended to decrease with increases in normal force for each of the three tribometers, and the steady state value of sliding friction tended to increase as the size of the machine increased. The mechanisms for this behavior concern the relative role of oxide layers, roughness generation, and debris particle-trapping. The variation of the friction force during sliding was a characteristic of the stiffness of the test system. These studies support the idea that the frictional behavior of both laboratory and engineering tribosystems should be characterized by more than a single numerical value for friction coefficient at steady-state and that friction models should predict variations in frictional behavior more explicitly by considering system properties. Mechanistically, the present results underscore how the competition between frictional contributions can change under different testing conditions.
Recruitment of House Staff into Anesthesiology: Factors Responsible for House Staff Selecting Anesthesiology as a Career and Individual Training Program.

Due to a variety of factors, there was a recent redistribution of graduating American medical students toward primary care specialties and a decline in the number of applicants seeking training positions in anesthesiology. In the present study, factors responsible for Mayo house staff (i.e., residents and clinical fellows) selecting anesthesiology as a career, and Mayo Clinic as their training program, were identified. We also evaluated their level of satisfaction with their choice of career and training program, and their perceptions of the future for anesthesiology trainees. A cross sectional analysis was conducted using a questionnaire to survey 67 house staff enrolled in the anesthesiology training program at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN during the 1995-1996 academic year. All responses were anonymous. Data were analyzed using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney rank sum tests. P ? 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Forty-eight (72%) of those surveyed responded to the questionnaire. The most frequently cited reasons for selecting anesthesiology as a career included it: is a "hands-on" specialty, involves clinical application of physiology and pharmacology, and provides immediate gratification in one's work. The most frequently cited reasons for selecting our training program were the diversity of training experience, prestige associated with Mayo Clinic, and employment opportunities following training. Forty-four (92%) felt downsizing of anesthesiology training programs was a national trend, 26 (54%) anticipated difficulty obtaining a job following training, and 16 (33%) felt they had future job security. Overall, 47 (98%) were happy with their career choice, and 40 (83%) would choose anesthesiology as a career if they were now graduating from medical school. Our data indicate that selection of a career in anesthesiology and training program are strongly associated with concerns regarding educational experiences and postgraduate employment opportunities. More than half anticipated difficulty obtaining postgraduate employment; however, this skepticism was overshadowed by two findings: the trainees reported a very high level of satisfaction in their choice of career and training program, and the vast majority reported they would seek a career in anesthesiology if they were now selecting a medical specialty. Additionally, all 1996 graduates found suitable employment without difficulty.
The Fermilab Cancer Therapy Facility: Status Report after 2.5 Years of Operation

This research facility has been treating cancer patients for 2.5 years. The original physical plant, controls and treatment room planning were adequate. Improvements have been natural system evolutions to simplify operations and reduce the time to set-up patients, thus increasing patient throughput. Linac changeover from p's to H-'s nearly trebled the dose rate. During the first half of this period most patients were pilot study cases while in the second half, they were mostly protocol cases. Major problems remaining are: 1. patient accession, and 2. lack of ancillary resources normally found in hospitals. One hundred and thirty patients have been entered into a randomized clinical trial from a group of four hundred and forty entered in the study. Descriptions of system improvements and medical research activities are given.
Enhanced facial symmetry assessment in orthodontists

Assessing facial symmetry is an evolutionarily important process, which suggests that individual differences in this ability should exist. As existing data are inconclusive, the current study explored whether a group trained in facial symmetry assessment, orthodontists, possessed enhanced abilities. Symmetry assessment was measured using face and non-face stimuli among orthodontic residents and two control groups: university participants with no symmetry training and airport security luggage screeners, a group previously shown to possess expert visual search skills unrelated to facial symmetry. Orthodontic residents were more accurate at assessing symmetry in both upright and inverted faces compared to both control groups, but not for non-face stimuli. These differences are not likely due to motivational biases or a speed-accuracy tradeoff-orthodontic residents were slower than the university participants but not the security screeners. Understanding such individual differences in facial symmetry assessment may inform the perception of facial attractiveness.
Analysis of Large-Scale Martian Topography Variations—I Data Preparation from Earth-Based Radar, Earth-Based CO2 Spectroscopy, and Mariners 6 and 7 CO2 Spectroscopy

Using direct radar ranging of surface heights on Mars and spectrophotometric observations of absorptions produced by carbon dioxide molecules in the Martian atmosphere, data have been obtained on Martian topographical variations at spatial resolutions ranging from about 100 to 1000 km. These data have been studied and analyzed. As a result, a surface height contour map has been produced which clearly reveals a structural complex of blocks and basins whose distribution enhances the magnitude of low-degree surface harmonics. It is emphasized that Mars possesses unexpectedly pronounced topography which can have important geophysical consequences.
A-DFA: A Time- and Space-Efficient DFA Compression Algorithm for Fast Regular Expression Evaluation

Modern network intrusion detection systems need to perform regular expression matching at line rate in order to detect the occurrence of critical patterns in packet payloads. While Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs) allow this operation to be performed in linear time, they may exhibit prohibitive memory requirements. Kumar et al. [2006a] have proposed Delayed Input DFAs (D2FAs), which provide a trade-off between the memory requirements of the compressed DFA and the number of states visited for each character processed, which in turn affects the memory bandwidth required to evaluate regular expressions.In this article we introduce Amortized time − bandwidth overhead DFAs (A − DFAs), a general compression technique that results in at most N(k + 1)/k state traversals when processing a string of length N, k being a positive integer. In comparison to the D2FA approach, our technique achieves comparable levels of compression with lower provable bounds on memory bandwidth (or greater compression for a given bandwidth bound). Moreover, the A-DFA algorithm has lower complexity, can be applied during DFA creation, and is suitable for scenarios where a compressed DFA needs to be dynamically built or updated. Finally, we show how to combine A-DFA with alphabet reduction and multistride DFAs, two techniques aimed at reducing the memory space and bandwidth requirement of DFAs, and discuss memory encoding schemes suitable for A-DFAs.
A novel method for tracking and counting pedestrians in real-time using a single camera

This paper presents a real-time system for pedestrian tracking in sequences of grayscale images acquired by a stationary camera. The objective is to integrate this system with a traffic control application such as a pedestrian control scheme at intersections. The proposed approach can also be used to detect and track humans in front of vehicles. Furthermore, the proposed schemes can be employed for the detection of several diverse traffic objects of interest (vehicles, bicycles, etc.) The system outputs the spatio-temporal coordinates of each pedestrian during the period the pedestrian is in the scene. Processing is done at three levels: raw images, blobs, and pedestrians. Blob tracking is modeled as a graph optimization problem. Pedestrians are modeled as rectangular patches with a certain dynamic behavior. Kalman filtering is used to estimate pedestrian parameters. The system was implemented on a Datacube MaxVideo 20 equipped with a Datacube Max860 and was able to achieve a peak performance of over 30 frames per second. Experimental results based on indoor and outdoor scenes demonstrated the system s robustness under many difficult situations such as partial or full occlusions of pedestrians.
Effects of Age, Race, and Sex on Door-to-Electrocardiogram Time in Emergency Department Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

Abstract Background: Chest pain is a frequent complaint in the Emergency Department (ED), and an electrocardiogram (ECG) should be performed quickly to detect acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Previous studies have demonstrated disparities in cardiovascular care due to factors such as age, race, or sex; these studies have used non-homogenous populations across multiple sites of treatment, which may confound their results. Study Objective: Our hypothesis was that, within a single center, demographic characteristics would not influence door-to-ECG time in ED patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTACS). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to the ED with NSTACS, requiring ECG changes or elevated cardiac biomarkers for inclusion, between 2001 and 2005. Multiple variable linear regression was used to evaluate the impact of race, sex, and age on door-to-ECG time. Results: There were 247 patients who met inclusion criteria over the study period. The mean age was 62 ± 14 years; 159 (64%) were white, and 151 (61%) were male. The mean time to ECG was 25.6 ± 32.4 min. Neither age, sex, nor race had a significant impact on door-to-ECG time in either univariate or multiple variable modeling. A full model including age, sex, and race as well as all potential two-way interactions had minimal predictive ability (R 2 = 0.015). Conclusion: Within a single center, demographic characteristics had no impact on door-to-ECG performance time. We follow with a discussion of statistical methods available to adjust for clustering of observations in multicenter trials.
Expression of Rotavirus NSP4 Alters the Actin Network Organization through the Actin Remodeling Protein Cofilin

Rotavirus is a major cause of infantile gastroenteritis with a multifactorial pathogenesis. As with many other pathogens, rotavirus infection and replication leads to rearrangement of the cytoskeleton with disorganization of cytoskeletal elements such as actin and cytokeratin through a calcium-dependent process that has not been fully characterized. The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, shown previously to elevate intracellular calcium levels when added exogenously as well as when expressed intracellularly, is a key player in intracellular calcium regulation during rotavirus infection. Here, we investigated the role NSP4 may play in actin rearrangement. Expression of NSP4 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (NSP4-EGFP), but not expression of EGFP alone, caused stabilization of long cellular projections in fully confluent HEK 293 cells. Cells expressing NSP4-EGFP for 24 h were also resistant to cell rounding induced by cytochalasin D. Quantification of filamentous actin (F-actin) content by using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and flow cytometry showed an elevated F-actin content in NSP4-EGFP-expressing and rotavirus-infected cells in comparison with that in nonexpressing and noninfected cells. Normalization of intracellular calcium levels prevented alterations of F-actin content. Observed changes in F-actin amounts correlated with the increased activation of the actin-remodeling protein cofilin. These calcium-dependent actin rearrangements induced by intracellular NSP4 expression may contribute to rotavirus pathogenesis by interfering with cellular processes dependent on subcortical actin remodeling, including ion transport and viral release.
On-line Estimation of Electric Power System Active Loads

To ensure reliable and economic operation of electric power systems under deregulation, timely estimation of electric load profiles is extremely important. The statistical properties of electric loads allow estimation using blind source separation. This paper presents estimation of electric load profiles using an on-line Independent Component Analysis algorithm with an adaptive learning parameter. Computer simulation results and performance of the estimations are discussed.
PC Rapid Modification Tool for Aircraft Experimentation & Training for the MH-60S/MH-60R Helicopters

The US Navy's PMA-205 in conjunction with Stottler Henke has developed and deployed a tool that can be used for training and AOP experimentation for the US Navy's new MH-60S and MH-60 R helicopters. The tool, called the Operator Machine Interface Assistant (OMIA), is primarily an expandable, easily modifiable low-cost PC-hosted desktop crew trainer. OMIA is currently in use for training at HSC-2, HSC-3 and HSM-41. However, since both helicopters have been constantly evolving through the development process of OMIA and continue to evolve now and in the future, OMIA had to utilize flexible, low-cost, rapid development methods.
Local adaptation to biocontrol agents: A multi-objective data-driven optimization model for the evolution of resistance

Spatial and temporal variability in the application of biological control agents such as parasites or pathogenic bacteria can cause the evolution of resistance in pest organisms. Because biocontrol will be more effective if organisms are not resistant, it is desirable to examine the evolution of resistance under different application strategies. We present a computational method that integrates a genetic algorithm with experimental data for predicting when local populations are likely to evolve resistance to biocontrol pathogens. The model incorporates parameters that can be varied as part of pest control measures such as the distribution and severity of the biocontrol agent (e.g., pathogenic fungi). The model predicts the evolution of pathogen defense as well as indirect selection on several aspects of the organism’s genetic system. Our results show that both variability of selection within populations as well as mean differences among populations are important in the evolution of defenses against biocontrol pathogens. The mean defense is changed through the pest organism’s genotype and the variance is affected by components of the genetic system, namely, the resiliency, recombination rate and number of genes. The data-driven model incorporates experimental data on pathogen susceptibility and the cost of defense. The results suggest that spatial variability rather than uniform application of biological control will limit the evolution of resistance in pest organisms.
Long-term variation in isotopic baselines and implications for estimating consumer trophic niches

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios are increasingly used to study long-term food web change. Temporal variation at the base of the food web may impact the accuracy of trophic niche estimates...
Who Pays and Why? Costs, Effectiveness, and Feasibility of HIV Treatment as Prevention

Treatment as prevention (TasP) has been added to the toolbox of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention technologies, and countries are at different stages of TasP deployment. In this article we review some of the cost implications and summarize effectiveness data from different settings. Also, we reflect on the affordability and feasibility of programmatic deployment as well as the multiple challenges of maintaining service quality while HIV treatment programs grow in size and complexity. We conclude that in low-resource settings, TasP progress will be very incremental with progressively earlier treatment initiation while working within the capacity and resource constraints of the respective healthcare systems. In the long-term, feasibility will rely on complementary interventions to reduce new HIV infections, such as male circumcision, and on demand creation for early treatment uptake as well as adherence. TasP holds potential for moving us closer to the global goal of ending AIDS.