cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry of natural acid rock drainage in the Mt Evans area, Anaconda–Pintler Range, Montana, USA

This paper investigates natural acid rock drainage in two streams draining either side of Mt Evans, Montana. Bedrock consists of pyrrhotite-bearing schist intruded by granitic dykes and plutons of Late Cretaceous to Tertiary age. The headwaters of both streams are moderately acidic (pH 5, with adsorption of copper and REEs. Concentrations and loads of dissolved sulfate and trace elements are anomalously high in a small tributary that is sourced by meltwater from a rock glacier. The S-isotope composition of dissolved sulfate in both watersheds is similar to that of pyrrhotite in the meta-sediments, but not molybdenite in late porphyry dykes. Calculations of sulfate flux (i.e. sulfate load divided by surface area) indicate a relatively fast rate of sulfide oxidation in the study area, possibly due to exposure of fresh bedrock in the steep and recently glaciated field area. Overall, the geochemistry of the site suggests the possible presence of a metamorphosed sedimentary–exhalative deposit, a possibility that is unlikely to be tested by drilling given the proximity of the site to a federal wilderness area. Supplementary material: All analytical data related to this project, additional maps and photographs, and selected results from geochemical modelling are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5649850 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Hydrochemistry related to exploration and environmental issues collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/hydrochemistry-related-to-exploration-and-environmental-issues
Nonlinear Electro-Optical and Holographic Storage Effect in Fullerene-Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal Film

There have been intense research interests in materials capable of recording holographic planar or volume gratings. These include inorganic [1] and polymeric [2] photorefractive crystals, liquid crystals [3–5], bacteriorhodopsin [6], semiconductors [7] and glasses [8]. There are various advantages and limitations associated with these storage materials. In photorefractive materials, for example, fixing the optically written holograms requires the use of high fields and/or time consuming large temperature cyclings. The liquid crystalline systems [3–5] that have been investigated in the context of persistent grating also involve large laser induced temperature and phase changes. More recent work [6–9] on other materials have shown promises in overcoming some of these limitations. We have previously reported dc field assisted transient grating effects in untreated and dye-doped nematic liquid crystal film [10]. In this paper, we describe the observation of permanent grating formation in Fullerene C60-doped nematic liquid crystal film. In very lightly doped and practically totally transparent thin nematic films, permanent gratings can be generated with unfocused milliwatt power laser with the aid of dc voltages around 1 volt or so. Diffraction efficiency of over 10%, and grating constant ≲ 10 μm can be realized in these materials. These holographic gratings can be electronically turned off and on at millisecond speed.
Chapter 8 Actin—Membrane Interactions in Eukaryotic Mammalian Cells

Publisher Summary Actin assembles reversibly into linear polymers, and a large number of actin-binding proteins regulate this assembly and influence the architecture of actin filaments to produce a wide variety of three-dimensional structures. Actin and this family of actin-binding proteins constitute “the actin system.” Actin tends to concentrate in the periphery of cells in general and is, therefore, close to the plasma membrane, the shape of which it presumably influences and where it in turn can be regulated by signals generated by the interaction of membrane receptors with extracellular ligands. Although spectrin, a rodlike protein that assembles into tetramers, constitutes the principal mass of protein, in protein network that laminates the membrane of the red blood cell, actin oligomers (along with other proteins) link the spectrin molecules and therefore this cytoskeleton can be considered to be a member of the actin system. Molecules that bear names, such as fodrin and terminal web (TW) 260/240, contain epitopes immunoreactive with spectrin and resemble erythroid spectrin in size and shape. These properties as well as the presence in nonerythroid cells of proteins resembling ankyrin (the link between erythrocyte spectrin and band 3) in addition to other erythroid protein analogs, have led researchers to search for a “membrane skeleton” analogous to the spectrin–actin shell in eukaryotic cells.
How Does Executive Function Deficits Affect Individuals With Autism: And What Strategies Can Educators Use That Will Benefit Those Individuals

Autism affects 1in 66 children and that comes with a lot of frustration for children and their families. Some families will see the largest difficulty when their child enters the education system. High functioning individuals will have skills that will have educators wondering what is happening to their student who seems to be able to understand and complete the work in a school environment. What is talk about in small amounts is executive functioning and its challenges that occurs with individuals with autism. Executive function is a theory that is broken down into 7 different components that individuals will have challenges with. It’s imperative that educators understand executive functioning deficits and then implement strategies that can be used in the classroom and generalized into their home environment. It’s important to understand how the components work individually and to make connections between and how they can affect each other. My research enabled me to find what school psychologist do when they need to test for executive functioning using the BRIEF, if the BRIEF is reliable and how the results from the BRIEF inform their implementation of strategies for students with executive functioning deficits. Understanding what executive function theory is and how it effects individuals is the first step in giving them the skills to be successful.
A low-phase-noise 0.004ppm/step DCXO with guaranteed monotonicity in 90nm CMOS

A 26MHz DCXO achieves phase noise of -140dBc/Hz at 1 kHz, -152dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset, and supply pushing of 0.5ppm/V. Frequency tuning is done by a pre-distorted 14b MOS capacitor DAC. Monotonicity of /spl sim/0.004ppm/step across the entire 70ppm tuning range is guaranteed by a /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulation scheme. The circuit occupies 0.18mm/sup 2/ in 90nm CMOS.
Search for a permanent atomic electric dipole moment

A permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) parallel to the atomic angular momentum can exist only if time-reversal symmetry T is violated by some interaction within atoms.
Parallel and Distributed Search for Structure in Multivariate Time Series

Efficient data mining algorithms are crucial for effective knowledge discovery. We present the Multi-Stream Dependency Detection (\Msdd) data mining algorithm that performs a systematic search for structure in multivariate time series of categorical data. The systematicity of \Msdd''s search makes implementation of both parallel and distributed versions straightforward. Distributing the search for structure over multiple processors or networked machines makes mining of large numbers of databases or very large databases feasible. We present results showing that \msdd efficiently finds complex structure in multivariate time series, and that the distributed version finds the same structure in approximately $1/n$ of the time required by \Msdd, where $n$ is the number of machines across which the search is distributed. \msdd differs from other data mining algorithms in the complexity of the structure that it can find. \msdd also requires no domain knowledge to focus or limit its search, although such knowledge is easily incorporated when it is available.
APC-dependent proteolysis of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit

Cyclin degradation is central to regulation of the cell cycle. Mitotic exit was proposed to require degradation of the S phase cyclin Clb5 by the anaphase-promoting complex1,2 activated by Cdc20 (APCCdc20)3. Furthermore, Clb5 degradation was thought to be necessary for effective dephosphorylation and activation of the APC regulatory subunit Cdh1 (also known as Hct1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 by the phosphatase Cdc14, allowing mitotic kinase inactivation and mitotic exit3,4,5,6,7. Here we show, however, that spindle disassembly and cell division occur without significant APCCdc20-mediated Clb5 degradation, as well as in the absence of both Cdh1 and Sic1. We find instead that destruction-box-dependent degradation of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit. APCCdc20 may be required for an essential early phase of Clb2 degradation, and this phase may be sufficient for most aspects of mitotic exit. Cdh1 and Sic1 may be required for further inactivation of Clb2–Cdk1, regulating cell size and the length of G1.
Field emission microtriode theory and simulation

Summary form only given. Analytical techniques previously employed on diode geometries are extended to the problem of a field emission microtriode. Qualitative triode behavior may be determined using a simple analytical model. This model may be further enhanced by incorporating simulation results from a full boundary element solution to Laplace's Equation. The resulting quantitative seminumerical approach may be used to quickly determine triode dependence on unit cell geometry and material parameters. The simple, or "Saturn", model, replaces the field emission tip with a sphere and the gate with a charged ribbon. An analytic relation then exists between the gate radius, the gate voltage, the sphere radius, the field and its angular variation on the sphere, from which the total emitted current may be given analytically. This simple model, while giving quantitatively different current estimates, nevertheless makes qualitative predictions which are borne out in the full numerical simulation. Finally, the methodology used in the simple model motivates the approximations made in the semi-numerical approach. The boundary element method models the tip, gate and anode surfaces with charged ribbons. At present, we restrict our attention to electrodes with azimuthal symmetry.
Automatic registration of multiple texel images (fused lidar/digital imagery) for 3D image creation

Creation of 3D images through remote sensing is a topic of interest in many applications such as terrain / building modeling and automatic target recognition (ATR). Several photogrammetry-based methods have been proposed that derive 3D information from digital images from different perspectives, and lidar- based methods have been proposed that merge lidar point clouds and texture the merged point clouds with digital imagery. Image registra­ tion alone has difficulty with smooth regions with low contrast, whereas point cloud merging alone has difficulty with outliers and lack of proper convergence in the merging process. This paper presents a method to create 3D images that uses the unique properties of texel images (pixel­ fused lidar and digital imagery) to improve the quality and robustness of fused 3D images. The proposed method uses both image processing and point-cloud merging to combine texel images in an iterative technique. Since the digital image pixels and the lidar 3D points are fused at the sensor level, more accurate 3D images are generated because registration of image data automatically improves the merging of the point clouds, and vice versa. Examples illustrate the value of this method over other methods.
The Weiner lecture archives: an ontology-driven interface for viewing synchronized lectures and notes

For several years, the lectures in our introductory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) courses have been videotaped and webcast, mainly as an aid to students with time conflicts that prevent them from attending class. We present the Weiner Lecture Archives - a project to identify, archive, filter, and make available the best of these lectures with their notes on the web. We provide a hierarchical, ontology-driven interface to entire courses, which allows users to choose any topic and/or subtopic to view, from a small snippet of one lecture to one that spans many lectures. Once the topic is chosen, our system launches RealPlayer to play the lecture video in one window while showing synchronized lecture notes or slides in another window. By the spring of 2007, we had finished encoding our department's entire four-course introductory sequence into this system. Student and worldwide use was greater than 100,000 views last year alone, direct feedback has been encouraging, and we hope to expand to other EECS courses in the future.
Ideas, Facts, and Beauty on a Desert Island

There would be disadvantages, of course. No conversation (I'm on this island alone — not for me Gilligan and the skipper), no Chopin recordings, no toothpaste. On the other hand, there would be no boring small talk and uneasy silences, no television, no annual trips to the dentist. Contemplating what there wouldn't be — part and parcel of planning what there would be — is delightful and distracts me for the moment.
Rethinking how DNA methylation patterns are maintained

DNA methylation patterns are set up early in mammalian development and are then copied during the division of somatic cells. A long-established model for the maintenance of these patterns explains some, but not all, of the data that are now available. We propose a new model that suggests that the maintenance of DNA methylation relies not only on the recognition of hemimethylated DNA by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) but also on the localization of the DNMT3A and DNMT3B enzymes to specific chromatin regions that contain methylated DNA.
A web-based user interface for a mobile robotic system

An essential component of human-robot interaction, even for the case when the robot operates autonomously, is the interface between the human and the robot. This paper presents an AJAX-based graphical user interface for a mobile robotic system that has multiple sensors (an ultrasonic array, a thermal sensor, and a video streaming system) to obtain information about the environment, a virtual field strategy for obstacle avoidance and path planning, and an ANFIS controller for path tracking. The particular focus here is on the graphical user interface (“GUI”) and how it integrates path planning for obstacle avoidance and displays path tracking information for system status monitoring of the robotic system. Experimental results and a preliminary evaluation shows that the proposed architecture is a feasible one for autonomous mobile robotic systems.
Effectiveness of Five-Loop Coils to Occlude Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus with 5-loop coils was undertaken in 10 patients without coil embolizations, and with 90% immediate occlusion and 100% occlusion at follow-up. We conclude that 5-loop coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus is safe and effective.
Ergonomics—The Study of Man at Work, with Special Reference to the Psychological Factors in the Practice of Industrial Hygiene

Abstract Many major problems in equipment and workspace design have resulted from the failure to give sufficient consideration to human capabilities and limitations. The effectiveness of any man-machine system depends upon the integration of the biological characteristics of the operator with the mechanical design of the equipment and working areas. A study of such problems should always consist of an advance analysis of the equipment including a survey of the nature of the task, the work surroundings, the location of controls and instruments, and the way the operator performs his duties. The basic data needed are discussed and examples given.
The Liberalization of Young Evangelicals: A Research Note

Media outlets and observers of American religion suggest that young evangelicals are retreating from the ranks of the “Christian right” and are embracing more liberal positions on controversial social issues. We test this hypothesis using the Baylor Religion Survey. We examine two separate measures of evangelical identity as well as a wide variety of political identifications and attitudes. Our study indicates that young evangelicals (1) are significantly more likely than older evangelicals to think that more should be done to protect the environment; (2) hold views similar to older evangelicals regarding abortion, same-sex marriage, stem cell research, marijuana use, government welfare spending, spending on the nation's health, and the war in Iraq; and (3) remain significantly more conservative than nonevangelicals on these same social issues. We find no strong evidence to support the notion that young evangelicals are retreating from traditional positions or increasingly adopting more liberal positions on hot-button or controversial social issues.
The international energy agency: state influence and transgovernmental politics

Major decisions of the International Energy Agency (IEA), such as those that established the emergency management system or minimum selling price for imported oil, have been made through a process of interstate bargaining, in which the United States is the most influential actor. A core group, including the IEA secretariat and Germany as well as the United States, has dominated the politics of the organization. Policy implementation, however, has been carried out largely through the national review process of the IEA, which involves a good deal of transgovernmental politics: coalitions between the secretariat and national government agencies, or among those agencies, are frequently important. Transgovernmental networks in the IEA provide opportunities for the exercise of influence by the secretariat. Nevertheless, they are not an unmixed blessing for the organization, since its significance in world politics continues to depend on the support of powerful governments.
A Figure-of-Merit for Designing High-Performance Inductive Power Transmission Links

Power transfer efficiency (PTE) and power delivered to the load (PDL) are two key inductive link design parameters that relate to the power source and driver specs, power loss, transmission range, robustness against misalignment, variations in loading, and interference with other devices. Designers need to strike a delicate balance between these two because designing the link to achieve high PTE will degrade the PDL and vice versa. We are proposing a new figure-of-merit (FoM), which can help designers to find out whether a two-, three-, or four-coil link is appropriate for their particular application and guide them through an iterative design procedure to reach optimal coil geometries based on how they weigh the PTE versus PDL for that application. Three design examples at three different power levels have been presented based on the proposed FoM for implantable microelectronic devices, handheld mobile devices, and electric vehicles. The new FoM suggests that the two-coil links are suitable when the coils are strongly coupled, and a large PDL is needed. Three-coil links are the best when the coils are loosely coupled, the coupling distance varies considerably, and large PDL is necessary. Finally, four-coil links are optimal when the PTE is paramount, the coils are loosely coupled, and their relative distance and alignment are stable. Measurement results support the accuracy of the theoretical design procedure and conclusions.
The pharmacological evaluation of natural products — general and specific approaches to screening ethnopharmaceuticals

Natural product research is most efficiently conducted in a systematic fashion concentrating on ten critical questions which must be answered in sequential fashion by thoroughly trained professionals experienced in such research. The minimum ethnopharmacology research team should consist of a botanist, a chemist and a pharmacologist with each carrying the responsibility for answering certain of the critical questions. The screening procedures used for the evaluation of synthetic medicinals generally are not appropriate for guiding the extraction of active principles from crude drugs and establishing extraction efficiency; therefore, specialized techniques unique to ethnopharmacology must be used.
Phenobarbital-induced changes in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in human liver.

The activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, a component enzyme of the hepatic microsomal electron transport system responsible for drug metabolism, was determined in the livers of 14 children, 7 days to 5 years of age, of which 6 were normal and 8 had cholestasis. Eight patients were studied before and during phenobarbital administration. Basal reductase activity in normal and jaundiced children ranged from 10.8 to 54.4 nmoles of cytochrome c reduced per minute per milligram of liver protein. Phenobarbital, 10 mg. per kilogram per day, administered for 5 days to 8 subjects, increased reductase activity 30 to 150 per cent in 5, while activity remained unchanged in 3 with chronic liver disease. Electron microscopy of liver tissue before and during phenobarbital treatment revealed proliferated endoplasmic reticulum in cases where enzyme activity was enhanced. Concentrations of serum phenobarbital were lower and sedative effects milder in children with increased activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase compared with children in whom the enzyme was not stimulated by drug therapy. The results suggest that chronic liver disease may depress or eliminate phenobarbital-induced stimulation of microsomal processes in man.
Infrared Differentiation of the Mono, Bis, and Tris Perfluorophenoxy- s -Triazines

The absorption bands in the region 1100–900 cm−1 permit reliable differentiation of the mono, bis, and tris perfluorophenoxy-s-triazines. Although fluoro-substituted alkoxy-s-triazines do not produce medium or strong bands in this range, one strong, sharp band is observed at 1000 cm−1 in the spectra of the solid 2-perfluorophenoxy-4, 6-bis (perfluoroalkoxy)-s-triazines. One strong band at 1000 cm−1 and a medium band near 980 cm−1 are observed in the spectra of the solid 2,4-bis (perfluorophenoxy)-6-perfluoroalkoxy-s-triazines. Three strong bands at 1000, 977, and 965 cm−1 are observed in the spectrum of solid 2,4,6-tris-(perfluorophenoxy)-s-triazine. Thus, the variation in the intensity and the number of bands in the range 1100–900 cm−1 is a function of the number of per-fluorophenoxy groups attached to s-triazine. Only two bands are observed in the spectra of liquid and dissolved samples, but the intensity of the band near 980 cm−1 remains a function of the number of per-fluorophenoxy groups attached to the C3N3 ring. These bands and those of other perfluorophenyl derivatives are compared in Table I.
Phase separation in solid mixtures of helium-3 and helium-4

Phase separation temperatures have been determined in bcc3He-4He mixtures as a function of3He concentration and melting pressure from measurements of changes in the X-ray lattice parameter and Bragg peak shape. A new rigid tail dilution refrigerator cryostat was used to study3He-4He crystals with3He concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.70 and melting pressures between 3.0 and 4.3 MPa. The phase separation temperatures determined are in good agreement with regular solution theory and give little support for an asymmetry in the coexistence curve expected from a Nosanow-type model and reported from previous experiments using other signatures of phase separation. At a given concentration, differences in phase separation temperatures determined from slow cooling and warming data, respectively, are as much as 25 mdeg, but this is less than half the differences reported from previous experiments. A bcc-hcp transformation was seen in a crystal with 10%3He at aboutT=0.3 K for a melting pressure of3.7 MPa.
Induction of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis by JTZ-132, a novel small molecule with thrombopoietin mimetic activities

We report in this paper that a novel small molecule, JTZ-132, induced growth and differentiation of megakaryocytic progenitor cells and improved thrombocytopenia in myelosuppressed mice. JTZ-132 stimulated proliferation of UT-7/TPO cells, a cell line highly sensitive to thrombopoietin (TPO), and exhibited full efficacy comparable to TPO with an approximate EC(50) (median effective concentration) value of 0.43 microM, whereas little proliferation was observed in a TPO-insensitive cell line, UT-7/EPO, and human carcinoma cell line, HCT116. Signal transduction studies revealed that JTZ-132 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Mpl, Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) in UT-7/TPO cells as well as TPO. JTZ-132 increased the number of megakaryocyte-specific marker, CD61(+) and CD41(+), cells in cultures of mouse and human bone marrow cells, respectively, and the colony-forming unit megakaryocytes in mouse bone marrow cells. In vivo experiments in x-ray irradiation- or busulfan injection-induced myelosuppressed mice demonstrated that subcutaneously injected JTZ-132 at 30 mg/kg showed significantly higher platelet number at nadir and accelerated platelet recovery without affecting white blood cell number. These data suggest that JTZ-132 is a novel stimulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis in vitro and in vivo with TPO mimetic activities and that it is useful for the treatment of thrombocytopenia.
Operational logics and the Hahn-Jordan property

The main result established in this paper is the following: If the base normed spaceV of completely additive weights is a norm-determining subspace of the space of finitely additive weights V acting on the order unit space spanning the operational logic, thenV has the e-Jordan-Hahn property iff V has the approximate Jordan-Hahn property. Several examples illustrating the theory are given.
From Points to Forecasts: Predicting Invasive Species Habitat Suitability in the Near Term

We used near-term climate scenarios for the continental United States, to model 12 invasive plants species. We created three potential habitat suitability models for each species using maximum entropy modeling: (1) current; (2) 2020; and (3) 2035. Area under the curve values for the models ranged from 0.92 to 0.70, with 10 of the 12 being above 0.83 suggesting strong and predictable species-environment matching. Change in area between the current potential habitat and 2035 ranged from a potential habitat loss of about 217,000 km2, to a potential habitat gain of about 133,000 km2.
The Secondary Products Revolution, Horse-Riding, and Mounted Warfare

Andrew Sherratt included horseback riding and chariotry in his conception of the Secondary Products Revolution, but his emphasis on the role of horses in warfare and on a Near Eastern influence in the earliest episode of horse domestication is viewed here as as an important shortcoming in his understanding of the process of horse domestication. Current evidence indicates that horses were domesticated in the steppes of Kazakhstan and Russia, certainly by 3500 BC and possibly by 4500 BC. Tribal raiding on horseback could be almost that old, but organized cavalry appeared only after 1000 BC. Riding might initially have been more important for increasing the productivity and efficiency of sheep and cattle pastoralism in the western Eurasian steppes. The earliest (so far) direct evidence for riding consists of pathologies on the teeth and jaw associated with bitting, found at Botai and Kozhai 1. Recent developments and debates in the study of bit-related pathologies are reviewed and the reliability of bit wear as a diagnostic indicator of riding and driving is defended.
Biplanar transesophageal echocardiographic direction of radiofrequency catheter ablation in children and adolescents with the wolff-parkinson-white syndrome

Abstract Preliminary reports suggest that radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe and effective method for the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in children. 1 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has recently been used to monitor various interventional cardiac catheterization procedures in children. The use of single-plane TEE has been described in 2 patients (aged 43 and 16 years) with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and left-sided accessory pathways undergoing radiofrequency ablation. 2 The present report summarizes our experience with biplanar TEE monitoring and guidance of radiofrequency catheter ablation in children and adolescents. The report focuses on the feasibility, safety and potential benefits of the procedure.
Semiconductor wafer bonding: recent developments

Abstract Recent advances in semiconductor wafer direct bonding science and technology are reviewed in terms of room-temperature contacting, interface energy, interface bubbles, interface charges, thinning one wafer of a bonded pair and properties of bonded structures. Although silicon wafer bonding (with or without surface oxide) and silicon-on-insulator preparation are the main topics, bonding of dissimilar materials is also discussed. Examples of wafer bonding applications for material and device integration are given.
Block-cutvertex trees and block-cutvertex partitions

The block-cutvertex graph of the connected graph G, denoted bc(G), is the graph whose vertices are the blocks and cutvertices of G. The edges of bc(G) join cutvertices with those blocks to which they belong. Gallai, Harary and Prins defined this concept and showed that a graph G is the block-cutvertex graph of some connected graph H if and only if G is a tree in which the distance between any two leaves is even. A block-cutvertex partition of the tree T is a collection {T1,..., Tk} of block-cutvertex trees such that each Ti is a subtree of T and each edge of T is in exactly one Ti. We prove that a tree has a block-cutvertex partition if and only if it does not have a perfect matching. Various concepts and algorithms related to block-cutvertex partitions will be presented.
MO-E-BRB-04: Combining Model Parameters — Radiosensitivity and Dead-Cell Resolving Time to Predict Outcome of Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer

Purpose: Individual kinetic modeling parameters can provide important information on predicting clinical outcome in tumors. The combination of model parameters might be very useful in enhancing outcome prediction. This study was to investigate combined effects of radiaosensitivity and dead‐cell resolving time on outcome prediction in cervical cancer during radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials: Four sequential MRI scans were performed at pre‐RT, every 2–2.5 weeks during RT and post‐RT for 80 patients with Stage IB2‐IVA cervical cancer. Data of 3D‐volumetric tumor regression were analyzed. A kinetic model incorporating effects of radiation cell killing, tumor repopulation, and resolution of dead/inactivated cells, was used to fit the tumor regression data for individual patients, resulting in two model parameters: the radiation sensitivity after 2 Gy (S2) and the half‐time of dead‐tumor‐cell resolving (T1/2). Patients were stratified into four subgroups according to optimal cut‐points of S2 and T1/2: low S2/loW T1/2 (low‐low), high S2/low T1/2 (high‐low), low S2/high T1/2 (low‐high), and high S2/high T1/2 (high‐high). These combined parameters were correlated with long‐term clinical outcome (follow‐up time: 6.2 years, range: 0.2–9.4 years). Results: In multivariate analysis incorporating stage, tumor size, combined S2 and T1/2, the low‐low and high‐low parameters were independent prognostic factors for local recurrence and disease‐specific survival (hazard ratio [HR]=0.026, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.003–0.199, p<.001; HR=0.102, 95% CI, 0.018–0.573, p=0.01, respectively). The 6‐year local tumor control rate was 100%, 84.2%, 57.1%, and 9.1% for the low‐low, high‐low, low‐high, and high‐high subgroups (p<0.001), respectively. Similarly the 6‐year disease‐free survival was 79.1%, 73.7%,42.9% and 18.2% for the low‐low, high‐low, low‐high, and high‐high subgroups (p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The combination of kinetic model parameters significantly strengthened the predictive power for therapy outcome. This method has potential value to impact personalized risk‐adapted treatment strategy in cervix cancer patient.
The weighted common due date single machine scheduling problem revisited

Abstract This paper deals with the earliness-tardiness common due date model of minimizing the sum of earliness and tardiness penalties. We assume that those penalties vary from job to job and that the ratios of processing times and penalties satisfy certain (called agreeable) conditions. Three types of schedules (V0, V1, and W) are identified where the complexity of W schedules far exceeds the complexity of the remaining types. Conditions are derived that significantly improve the existing methods to find the best W schedule. This improvement is demonstrated on 1500 test problems of the sizes n = 10, 20, 50, 70 and 100.
The influence of growth rate and temperature on high cycle fatigue of Al−Al3Ni

High-cycle fatigue tests have been conducted on specimens of an Al−Al3Ni eutectic alloy, unidirectionally solidified at selected rates from 1.39×10−4 cm/s to 0.3 cm/s. Tests were conducted in air at 298, 458 and 683 K. Room temperature fatigue lives were independent of growth rate at low solidification rates (1.39×10−4–8.33×10−3 cm/s, but were markedly improved in samples grown at 0.3 cm/s. Materials grown at 8.33 × 10−3 cm/s exhibited fatigue lives similar to those of the lower growth rates, despite gross misalignment due to cellular growth. At 0.5Tm (458 K) and 0.75Tm (683 K), the fatigue lives of the material grown at low solidification rates were dependent on growth rate. The dependence of fatigue life on growth rate at elevated temperatures appears to be due primarily to differences in cyclic creep rates as a result of varying interfiber spacings. Crack initiation and propagation mechanisms were established by metallographic and fractographic examination. Dislocation substructure-fiber interactions were studied by transmission electron microscopy.
Multiple sequence-specific factors generate the nucleosome depleted region on CLN2 promoter

Summary Nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) are ubiquitous on eukaryotic promoters. The formation of many NDRs cannot be readily explained by previously proposed mechanisms. Here, we carry out a focused study on a physiologically important NDR in the yeast CLN2 promoter ( CLN2pr ). We show that this NDR does not result from intrinsically unfavorable histone-DNA interaction. Instead, we identified eight conserved factor binding sites, including that of Reb1, Mcm1, and Rsc3, that cause the local nucleosome depletion. These nucleosome-depleting factors (NDFs) work redundantly, and simultaneously mutating all their binding sites eliminates CLN2pr NDR. The loss of the NDR induces unreliable "on/off" expression in individual cell cycles, but in the presence of the NDR, NDFs have little direct effect on transcription. We present bioinformatic evidence that the formation of many NDRs across the genome involves multiple NDFs. Our findings also provide significant insight into the composition and spatial organization of functional promoters.
The aminoglycoside antibiotics

Abstract As can be seen in Table 4, the cost of aminoglycosides per daily therapy varies appreciably. The cost to individual institutions may also vary based on purchasing policies. The least expensive aminoglycoside is gentamicin because a number of companies (others available that are not listed) are selling the product. Therefore, cost becomes an important factor when an institution determines the formulary status of individual agents. Other elements to consider, however, include the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a specific area, the capability to monitor therapeutic outcomes, and the provision of consistent and reliable aminoglycoside dosing to enhance efficacy and decrease toxicity.
Introduction: the role of hormone replacement therapy in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women

C disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among US women. Despite this fact, CVD is perceived mainly as a disease of middle-aged men. Female patients often seriously underestimate the risk of CVD faced by themselves and other women, focusing instead on other causes of morbidity and mortality, such as cancer.1 At the same time, physicians may underdiagnose heart disease in women because of a lack of awareness. Women often present differently from men, with atypical chest pain and less specificity for exercise stress testing. Perhaps, because of missed diagnoses, women tend to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and less favorable outcomes after first or subsequent myocardial infarctions.2 The risk of CVD in women increases substantially after menopause. This finding is believed to be caused in part by the loss of estrogen, which has multiple protective effects on the vascular system (reviewed by Mendelsohn and Karas).3 Numerous observational studies have shown a cardioprotective benefit when estrogen replacement therapy/hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT) is given to healthy women after menopause. However, recent randomized trials (Heart and Estrogen/ progestin Replacement Study [HERS], Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis [ERA] trial) have suggested that in women with well established CVD, ERT and HRT do not have a protective effect, and they may even lead to an increased risk of coronary events in their first year of use.4,5 It is important to emphasize that these trials were for secondary CVD prevention in older postmenopausal women with established CVD only, and that they included only a single combination HRT regimen. The results obtained in these trials are therefore not relevant to the potential effect of primary prevention of CVD in healthy women or to use of the newer HRT formulations that are now available. Unfortunately, these studies have been extensively overinterpreted as well as misinterpreted.6 Because of the misinterpretation of these studies, there is considerable confusion in the medical community about the use of HRT and its potential effects on CVD risk. Table 1 lists some of the most common misconceptions. These issues were addressed at a roundtable discussion held in Los Angeles on June 21, 2001, attended by a multidisciplinary panel of physicians with expertise in the fields of cardiology, obstetrics and gynecology, and epidemiology. The objecFrom the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Tufts University School of Medicine, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Address for reprints: Daniel R. Mishell, Jr., MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Mail Code 999, Building WCH L-1009, 1240 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, California 90033.
Quantitative prediction of the leaching of organic and inorganic solutes in soil

The quantitative description of chemical leaching in soil, long a focal point for soil science research efforts, is being pursued with increased intensity. Although much is known of the physics and chemistry of well-defined, homogeneous soils studied under controlled situations, only recently have there been attempts to apply these concepts to the description of field conditions. The interpretation of results is a challenging task, as field-scale variability and non-equilibrium processes are proving to be substantial issues in natural systems. New models of leaching are required to describe the macropore flow of water and chemicals, kinetic-equilibrium sorption processes and the inherent spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties and biological and chemical processes. Development of these models depends upon increased understanding of leaching processes in the field, that can only come from increased numbers of experimental studies in which appropriate parameters are recorded. Until improved models are available, those currently available will be used by a variety of individuals to estimate the environmental fate of chemicals. Defining the proper use of such models is the responsibility of soil scientists. This is a new responsibility that they must assume if quantitative estimation of chemical leaching is to be accomplished in an accurate and meaningful manner.
An analysis of the vortex street generated in a viscous fluid

An analytic solution for the velocity field of a vortex street generated in a viscous fluid is developed. A method is presented for the determination of the true transverse spacing of vortices. Experimental geometry and velocity data, obtained by hot-wire techniques, are presented.The experimental results verified the validity of the analytic solution. The vortices of a real viscous vortex street were found to resemble very closely the exponential solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for an isolated axisymmetric rectilinear vortex. Three basic regions of vortex street behaviour were apparent at each Reynolds number investigated-a ‘formation region’ in which the vortex street is developed and large dissipation of vorticity occurs, a ‘stable region’ in which the vortices display a stable periodic laminar regularity, and an ‘unstable region’ in which the street disappears and turbulence develops. Geometry and velocities were determined.
The effect of virginiamycin in diets with adequate or reduced dietary calcium or nonphytate phosphorus for broilers

Four experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate the effects of virginiamycin (Vm) in diets adequate or reduced in Ca or nonphytate P (nPP) levels on growth performance and bone response variables in chicks. All diets were corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) based, and all treatments were replicated 6 or 8 times with 5 or 6 chicks each. In EXP 1 and 2, the dietary treatments were 1) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.45% nPP (positive control; PC); 2) C-SBM with 0.80% Ca and 0.45% nPP (0.80Ca); 3) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.35% nPP (0.35nPP); and 4 to 6) Diets 1 to 3 with 11 (EXP 1) or 22 (EXP 2) ppm of Vm. In EXP 1, daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), bone breaking strength (BBS), milligrams of ash per gram of Ca intake (ASH/Ca), and BBS per gram of Ca (BBS/Ca) or nPP (BBS/nPP) intake were increased in chicks fed Vm (P < 0.04 to 0.07). Chicks fed the 0.35nPP diet with Vm had increased ADG, ADFI, BBS, milligrams of tibia ash (ASH), BBS/Ca, and BBS/nPP (nPP x Vm, P < 0.03 to 0.10). Chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet with Vm had increased ASH, milligrams of ASH per gram of nPP intake (ASH/ nPP), and ASH/Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.09). Tibia ash, BBS, gain:feed (G:F), BBS/nPP, and ASH/nPP were decreased in chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet (P < 0.01 to 0.07). Bone ash percentage (BAP), BBS, BBS/Ca, ASH, and ASH/Ca were decreased in chicks fed the 0.35nPP diets (P < 0.01); ASH/ nPP was increased (P < 0.01). In EXP 2, BAP, ASH, ASH/ Ca, and ASH/nPP were increased in chicks fed Vm (P < 0.02 to 0.07). Chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet had a decreased ASH/nPP (P < 0.04) but an increased BBS/Ca and ASH/ Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.02). Chicks fed the 0.35nPP diet had decreased ADG, ADFI, G:F, BBS, BAP, ASH, ASH/Ca, and BBS/Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.04), but BBS/nPP and ASH/ nPP were increased (P < 0.01 to 0.04). In EXP 3, the dietary treatments were 1) PC; 2) C-SBM with 0.70% Ca and 0.45% nPP (0.70Ca); 3) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.25% nPP (0.25nPP); 4 to 6) Diets 1 to 3 with 9 ppm of Vm. The addition of Vm to the 0.25nPP diet decreased BBS (nPP x Vm, P < 0.06), but Vm increased BBS in the 0.70Ca and PC diets (P < 0.02). Chicks fed the 0.25nPP diet had decreased ADG, ADFI, and BBS (P < 0.01), and chicks fed the 0.70Ca diets had reduced ADFI, BBS, and G:F (P < 0.03 to 0.10). In EXP 4, 4 levels of nPP (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, or 0.45%) and 3 levels of Vm supplementation (0, 11, or 22 ppm) in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement were used. The addition of Vm increased ADG, BBS, ASH, ASH/Ca, and ASH/nPP only in chicks fed diets with 0.35 or 0.45% nPP (nPP x Vm, P < 0.05). Daily gain, ADFI, G:F, BBS, BAP, BBS/Ca, and ASH were increased as nPP levels were increased (P < 0.01), but BBS/nPP and ASH/nPP were decreased (P < 0.01) as nPP levels were increased. The results obtained from these EXP indicate that Vm, regardless of supplementation level, can partially overcome an nPP deficiency when nPP levels are = 0.35%.
Performance of Na2O promoted alumina as CO2 chemisorbent in sorption-enhanced reaction process for simultaneous production of fuel-cell grade H2 and compressed CO2 from synthesis gas

Abstract The performance of a novel thermal swing sorption-enhanced reaction (TSSER) concept for simultaneous production of fuel-cell grade hydrogen and compressed carbon dioxide as a by-product from a synthesis gas feed is simulated using Na 2 O promoted alumina as a CO 2 chemisorbent in the process. The process simultaneously carries out the water gas shift (WGS) reaction and removal of CO 2 from the reaction zone by chemisorption in a single unit. Periodic regeneration of the chemisorbent is achieved by using the principles of thermal swing adsorption employing super-heated steam purge. Recently measured equilibrium and kinetic data for chemisorption and desorption of CO 2 on the promoted alumina using conventional column dynamic tests as well as new experimental data demonstrating the concept of sorption-enhanced WGS reaction using the material are reviewed. The simulated performance of the TSSER process employing this material as a chemisorbent is compared with the process performance using K 2 CO 3 promoted hydrotalcite as the chemisorbent. The promoted alumina exhibited (i) ∼15% lower H 2 productivity at a slightly reduced CO to H 2 conversion, and (ii) comparable compressed CO 2 productivity at a higher CO 2 recovery, albeit at a relatively lower product pressure. However, the steam duty for regeneration of the chemisorbent was reduced by ∼50% for the promoted alumina.
ASTA implies an M/G/1-like load decomposition for a server with vacations

We consider a single server at which customers of several classes arrive according to a stochastic point process and the server may take vacations arbitrarily. We show that under stationary conditions, the ASTA property (Arrivals See Time Averages) implies an M/G/1-like load decomposition property. A network of quasi-reversible symmetric queues with server vacations is given as an example for non-Poisson arrivals.
Quality of Life of Persons With Urinary Incontinence: Development of a New Measure

Abstract Objectives Our objective was to develop a self-report quality of life measure specific to urinary incontinence (I-QOL) that could be used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and in patient care centers. Methods The I-QOL was developed from interviews of 20 individuals with urinary incontinence. Refining the questionnaire was accomplished by structured interviews of 17 individuals with urinary incontinence. Testing the I-QOL's psychometric properties involved two administrations (n = 62) along with measures of psychologic well-being and functional status. Results The rigorous development process ensured that the measure was complete and understandable. The I-QOL proved to be internally consistent (alpha 0.95) and highly reproducible ( r = 0.93; 18 days; SD 4). For discriminant validity, severity of incontinence ( P P Conclusions The I-QOL proved to be valid and reproducible as a self-administered measure for assessing quality of life of patients with urinary incontinence. UROLOGY ® 47 : 67–72, 1996.