cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial variation in inversion-focused vs 24-h integrated samples of PM2.5 and black carbon across Pittsburgh, PA.

A growing literature explores intra-urban variation in pollution concentrations. Few studies, however, have examined spatial variation during “peak” hours of the day (e.g., rush hours, inversion conditions), which may have strong bearing for source identification and epidemiological analyses. We aimed to capture “peak” spatial variation across a region of complex terrain, legacy industry, and frequent atmospheric inversions. We hypothesized stronger spatial contrast in concentrations during hours prone to atmospheric inversions and heavy traffic, and designed a 2-year monitoring campaign to capture spatial variation in fine particles (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC). Inversion-focused integrated monitoring (0600–1100 hours) was performed during year 1 (2011–2012) and compared with 1-week 24-h integrated results from year 2 (2012–2013). To allocate sampling sites, we explored spatial distributions in key sources (i.e., traffic, industry) and potential modifiers (i.e., elevation) in geographic information systems (GIS), and allocated 37 sites for spatial and source variability across the metropolitan domain (~388 km2). Land use regression (LUR) models were developed and compared by pollutant, season, and sampling method. As expected, we found stronger spatial contrasts in PM2.5 and BC using inversion-focused sampling, suggesting greater differences in peak exposures across urban areas than is captured by most integrated saturation campaigns. Temporal variability, commercial and industrial land use, PM2.5 emissions, and elevation were significant predictors, but did not more strongly predict concentrations during peak hours.
Automatic generation of embedded communication SW for heterogeneous MPSoC platforms

This paper addresses the problem of long design cycle of MPSoCs communication SW with automatic synthesis. The tool we propose takes as input a transaction level model (TLM) of MPSoC communication and outputs pin and cycle-accurate (PCA) bus drivers that can be linked to the synthesizable PCA model (PCAM).The TL communication is simple since TLM channels abstract away protocol details. PCAM communication, in turn, includes explicit definitions for each signal and pin. However, in most cases the TLMs are not suitable for implementation since they do not reflect the MPSoC platform. Usually the designers simulate (fast) TLMs, then manually implement PCA communication.Our communication SW synthesis transforms TL send and receive functions into platform specific PCAM bus drivers which can be automatically downloaded to the FPGA board. The presented results demonstrate the significant productivity gain achieved with our tool, with no great cost to either code size or system performance.
Bridging the Gap Between Cultures of Teaching and Cultures of Research

The twentieth century saw a series of major changes in higher education that, among other things, led to an increasing tension between teaching and research within the academy. I argue that the contraposition of these two activities is counterproductive to sociology as well as other disciplines. Content analysis of job listings in the American Sociological Association (ASA) Employment Bulletin from three different decades suggests that although teaching and research increasingly blended near the end of the twentieth century, significant differences remain between type of institution and the relative emphasis upon teaching and research. I conclude with several suggestions for changes that are needed to help bridge the gap between teaching and research within the changing landscape of higher education.
Effect of dietary N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on composition and enzyme activities in liver plasma membrane of mice

Abstract The effects of increasing amounts of dietary linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and 5 and 10 wt. % menhaden oil on the fatty acid composition and enzyme activities of mouse liver plasma membrane was studied. Groups of male mice were fed a diet containing 20 wt.% fat for 2 weeks and 15%, 35% and 47% of the total fat was composed of 18:2n-6. The increased amount of 18:2n-6 in the diet did not alter 18:2n-6, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6_ nor total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of mouse liver plasma membranes. This did not affect membrane bound 5′-nucleotidase activity but moderately decreased Na + -K + ATPase activity in plasma membranes when high levels of 18:2n-6 (47%) was used in the diet. The inclusion of 5 or 10 wt% of menhaden oil in the diets containing (13%) 18:2n-6 resulted in the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) which replaced 18:2n-6 (20–40%) and 20:4n-6 (65–80%) in the membrane phospholipids. The 5′-nucleotidase and Na + -K + ATPase activity of plasma membrane were not significantly affected by these changes in membrane fatty acid.
BK channels in the kidney: role in K(+) secretion and localization of molecular components.

Although it is generally accepted that ROMK is the K+ secretory channel in the mammalian distal nephron, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK, or maxi K) also secrete K+ in renal tubules. This review assesses the current evidence relating BK channels with K+ secretion. We shall consider the component proteins of the BK channel, their localization with respect to segment and cell type, and the electrophysiological forces involved in K+ secretion. Although the majority of studies have focused on a role for BK channels in flow-mediated K+ secretion, this review also considers a potential role for BK channels in high-K diet-induced K+ secretion. The division of workload between ROMK and BK is discussed as a mechanism for ensuring a constant plasma K+ concentration.
Mechanistic Plasticity of Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis in the Candida Pathogenic Species Complex

Summary Background Candida species are microbial pathogens originally thought to be asexual, but several are now recognized as sexual or parasexual. Candida albicans , the most common fungus infecting humans, is an obligate diploid with a parasexual cycle involving mating, recombination, and genome reduction but no recognized meiosis. Others ( C. lusitaniae , C. guilliermondii ) are haploid, and their mating produces spores, suggestive of complete meiotic sexual cycles. However, comparative genomic analysis reveals that these species lack key meiotic components, including the recombinase Dmc1 and cofactors (Mei5/Sae3), synaptonemal-complex proteins (Zip1-Zip4/Hop1), and the crossover interference pathway (Msh4/5). Results Here we elucidate the structure and functions of the mating-type ( MAT ) locus and establish that C. lusitaniae undergoes meiosis during its sexual cycle. The MAT -encoded a2 (high-mobility group) and α1 (α domain) factors specify a and α cell identity, whereas the a1 homeodomain protein drives meiosis and sporulation and functions without its canonical heterodimeric partner, α2. Despite the apparent loss of meiotic genes, C. lusitaniae undergoes meiosis during sexual reproduction involving diploid intermediates, frequent SPO11 -dependent recombination, and whole-genome reduction generating haploid progeny. The majority of meiotic progeny are euploid, but approximately one-third are diploid/aneuploid. Conclusions The cell identity and meiotic pathways have been substantially rewired, and meiotic generation of both recombinant and aneuploid progeny may expand genetic diversity. These findings inform our understanding of sexual reproduction in pathogenic microbes and the evolutionary plasticity of the meiotic machinery, with implications for the sexual nature of C. albicans and the generation and consequences of aneuploidy in biology and medicine.
Multigenerational effects of benzo[a]pyrene exposure on survival and developmental deformities in zebrafish larvae

In the aquatic environment, adverse outcomes from dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure are poorly understood, and multigenerational developmental effects following exposure to PAHs are in need of exploration. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model PAH, is a recognized carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. Here adult zebrafish (F0) were fed 0, 10, 114, or 1,012 μg BaP/g diet at a feed rate of 1% body weight twice/day for 21 days. Eggs were collected and embryos (F1) were raised to assess mortality and time to hatch at 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, 80, and 96 h post fertilization (hpf) before scoring developmental deformities at 96 hpf. F1 generation fish were raised to produce the F2 generation followed by the F3 and F4 generations. Mortality significantly increased in the higher dose groups of BaP (2.3 and 20 μg BaP/g fish) in the F1 generation while there were no differences in the F2, F3, or F4 generations. In addition, premature hatching was observed among the surviving fish in the higher dose of the F1 generation, but no differences were found in the F2 and F3 generations. While only the adult F0 generation was BaP-treated, this exposure resulted in multigenerational phenotypic impacts on at least two generations (F1 and F2). Body morphology deformities (shape of body, tail, and pectoral fins) were the most severe abnormality observed, and these were most extreme in the F1 generation but still present in the F2 but not F3 generations. Craniofacial structures (length of brain regions, size of optic and otic vesicles, and jaw deformities), although not significantly affected in the F1 generation, emerged as significant deformities in the F2 generation. Future work will attempt to molecularly anchor the persistent multigenerational phenotypic deformities noted in this study caused by BaP exposure.
UNISIM: A text-editing BASIC program for creation and modification of sequential disk files

The present program provides a sophisticated means for data entry and editing, permitting the microprocessor user to edit any disk file saved in ASCII format using the powerful command set of the UNIVAC 1100-series text editor. When the researcher must rely on main-frame computers for data analysis, this program serves to complement any of several intelligent terminal programs now available. These programs, such as the one recently published by Kirk (1980), permit the microcomputer user to transfer disk files to a main-frame computer or other nonlocal facility. In this context, the present program may be used to create and edit disk elements that may be transferred to the main frame via such intelligent terminal programs. Thus, the program provides an inexpensive and efficient alternative to using cardpunch or main-frame editing facilities. Further, since intelligent terminal programs often allow bidirectional data transfer, elements can be brought back from the main frame, stored on disk, and edited to make them suitable for entry into local microcomputer programs. (An example is given in the "Applications" section.) System Requirements. This program iswritten according to the syntax of Radio Shack Level II Disk BASIC 1.1, which requires at least TRSDOS 2.1. Differences between the BASIC language and others are the allowable variable names, permissibility of multiple statement lines, and the specific format of string manipulation commands. The program occupies approximately 9K bytes of memory and is compatible with either a 32Kor 48K-byte system. Program Description. The program was designed with commands similar to the UNIVAC ll00-series text editor (UNISIM is short for UNIVAC text editor simulation). There are several reasons for choosing such a design: (1) The UNIVAC text editor is quite powerful, in that it provides the user with a wide variety of element manipulation commands; (2) each command has a well chosen mnemonic specification; and (3) as a widely used implementation, many users already familiar with the UNIVAC editor will need little additional study to utilize this program. The program functions in three modes: input, insert, and edit. Input mode is used to create an element on a
Radio frequency performance of an HVDC converter station AC Switchyard

Abstract The propagation of HVDC converter station generated RF signals through a 345 kV AC switchyard to injection on the AC lines has been examined. A one-line analytical model of the AC buses, yard equipment and converter transformers has been formulated based upon measured RF impedances. The calculations were compared with relative measurements of RF line currents as different filter banks were switched in and out. The results indicate that the model will be a promising means of analysis and mitigation of unwanted RF effects. Phase-to-phase coupling and extension of the approach to a three-line model have been considered but absolute RF measurements would be required prior to any definitive assessment.
Some Effects of the Environment on the Temperature of Tobacco Leaves in Field Plots in Rhodesia

Temperatures of field-tobacco leaves, at different heights and orientated in different directions, were continuously recorded during three periods with resistance thermometers in the proximal and distal parts of the upper tissue of the main leaf veins. The temperature of leaves, relative to that of the air at the same height (RLT), was positive during daylight and negative at night; sheltered leaves were sometimes warmer than the air all day. Maximum and minimum individual RLT values, between 09-00 and 16.00 hours, were + 18° C and — 40 C at air temperatures of 25-28° C. At night, maximum and minimum RLT values were between +0-2° and — 3-0° C. Leaves facing NE were warmer in the morning than those facing NW or SW, but were cooler in the afternoon. Distal parts of leaves were cooler than proximal parts and upper leaves were cooler than lower ones at night. Mean daily maxi mum RLT was greatest in lower leaves and mean daily minimum RLT was smallest in upper ones. During daylight, exposure to solar radiation had the greatest effect on RLT : proximal parts of leaves were affected most by air temperature and humidity, and distal parts by cloud cover. At night, and often in the evenings, RLT depended largely on cloud, humidity, and leaf cover, all of which affected re-radiation: correlations between RLT and these environmental factors were found more often with distal than with proximal parts of leaves.
Social ethics of embryo and stem cell research

United States debates over stem cell research too often take the status of the embryo as the only decisive ethical issue, assume that if the embryo cannot be shown to be a person its destruction for a good cause is justified, and are insufficiently critical of economic incentives to legitimate and fund such research. Even if stem cell research ought not be banned, it could be situated and controlled on a spectrum of other health care needs through limited funding policies; aggressive peer review; regulatory and legal oversight applying to all research, however funded; and stringent patenting criteria.
Age-specific strategies for immunization reminders and recalls: a registry-based randomized trial.

Background Although previous studies have found reminder/recall to be effective in increasing immunization rates, little guidance exists regarding the specific ages at which it is optimal to send reminder/recall notices. Purpose To assess the relative effectiveness of centralized reminder/recall strategies targeting age-specific vaccination milestones among children in urban areas during June 2008–June 2009. Methods Three reminder/recall strategies used capabilities of the Michigan Care Improvement Registry (MCIR), a statewide immunization information system: a 7-month recall strategy, a 12-month reminder strategy, and a 19-month recall strategy. Eligible children were randomized to notification (intervention) or no notification groups (control). Primary study outcomes included MCIR-recorded immunization activity (administration of ≥1 new dose, entry of ≥1 historic dose, entry of immunization waiver) within 60 days following each notification cycle. Results A total of 10,175 children were included: 2,072 for the 7-month recall, 3,502 for the 12-month reminder, and 4,601 for the 19-month recall. Immunization activity was similar between notification versus no notification groups at both 7 and 12 months. Significantly more 19-month-old children in the recall group (26%) had immunization activity compared to their counterparts who did not receive a recall notification (19%). Conclusions Although recall notifications can positively affect immunization activity, the effect may vary by targeted age group. Many 7- and 12-month-olds had immunization activity following reminder/recall; however, levels of activity were similar irrespective of notification, suggesting that these groups were likely to receive medical care or immunization services without prompting.
Microclimate in Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Ecology

Microclimate is the suite of climatic conditions measured in localized areas near the earth's surface (Geiger 1965). These environmental variables, which include temperature, light, windspeed, and moisture, have been critical throughout human history, providing meaningful indicators for habitat selection and other activities. For example, for 2600 years the Chinese have used localized seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation to schedule their agricultural activities. In seminal studies, Shirley (1929, 1945) emphasized microclimate as a determinant of ecological patterns in both plant and animal communities and a driver of such processes as the growth and mortality of organisms. The importance of microclimate in influencing ecological processes such as plant regeneration and growth, soil resperation and growth, soil repiration, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat selection has became an essential component of current ecological research (Perry 1994). plant regeneration and growth, soil respiration, nutrient cycling, and
From the Trenches: A Teach for America Corps Member's Perspective

This article provides a unique voice on the alternative certification program known as Teach for America’s (TFA). As a traditionally trained educator who entered TFA as a corps member, the author brings a unique auto-ethnographic perspective on TFA. Combining personal insights with data and theory, the paper addresses TFA’s recruiting practices, the application and interview processes, Institute practices and use of indoctrination, a holistic overview of TFA’s neoliberal theoretical approach to pedagogy, and TFA’s final regional placement of its corps members. As TFA continues to grow to over 10,000 corps members, critical examination is necessary as TFA becomes evermore present in our nation’s schools.
A model for predicting the multiscale crack growth due to an impact in heterogeneous viscoelastic solids

A two-scale model for predicting the multiple crack growth in viscoelastic solids due to an impact is presented. The cracks are considered only at the local scale through the use of a micromechanical viscoelastic cohesive zone model. The multiscale model has been implemented in a finite-element code. In order to minimize the computation time, the local finite-element meshes are solved in parallel by multiple processors. An example problem is given in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the model.
Design of a Compact System Using a MEMS Accelerometer to Measure Body Posture and Ambulation

Interest in studying human posture, movement, and physical activity is growing due in part to the increasing prevalence of obesity. Accelerometers are commonly used in motion analysis systems to enable researchers to conduct studies outside of the traditional laboratory environment; however the available systems tend to be bulky and unsuitable for long-term studies. Therefore, a need exists for a physically robust, yet compact motion analysis system that can be easily worn for an extended time period without disrupting the persons range of motion. Here we describe our on-going efforts to develop a robust, compact system that can measure body posture and movement using a tri-axial accelerometer, and then store this data on a secure digital memory card. This device can be easily configured to collect accelerometer data for specific applications in human motion analysis. In the future, this device will be used to study physical activity in free-living individuals.
THE LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND IMMIGRANT CHILDREN, 1880-2000

Using data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), the author compares the living arrangements of African American and immigrant children from 1880 through 2000. African American children were less likely than foreign-born white children to live with two parents throughout this protracted period, with the gap widening sharply after 1960. African Americans and the small group of nonwhite immigrants exhibited roughly similar family patterns before 1960. That difference also increased during later decades as both foreign-born Asian and foreign-born black children were more likely than African Americans to reside with two parents. Immigrant children from virtually all nationalities were more likely than black children to live with two parents. Over time, widowhood declined as a cause of paternal absence for all groups, and the influence of marital disruption increased. Nonmarital motherhood increased markedly as a cause of mother-only families for blacks after 1960.
Optofluidic waveguides for reconfigurable photonic systems

We report the development of two liquid waveguide based photonic elements for use in reconfigurable photonic systems. This work demonstrates the ability to couple light from a conventional optical fiber to an adaptable liquid-core/liquid-cladding waveguide and back again to an optical fiber(s) enabling us to take advantage of both liquid- and solid-state photonic modalities. We demonstrate and characterize the use of this fiber-in and fiber-out system as either an optical switch or signal attenuator. Microscale flow control enables the adaptive morphology and tunable position of the liquid waveguide yielding an attenuation range of 3.1-10.7 dB, operability over a broad bandwidth spanning the range of wavelengths from visible to telecommunication, and a 1x2 sub-second switching system with a cross-talk as low as 20 dB and maximum coupling efficiency of 3.87 dB.
Mayo clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES): architecture, component evaluation and applications

We aim to build and evaluate an open-source natural language processing system for information extraction from electronic medical record clinical free-text. We describe and evaluate our system, the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES), released open-source at . The cTAKES builds on existing open-source technologies—the Unstructured Information Management Architecture framework and OpenNLP natural language processing toolkit. Its components, specifically trained for the clinical domain, create rich linguistic and semantic annotations. Performance of individual components: sentence boundary detector accuracy=0.949; tokenizer accuracy=0.949; part-of-speech tagger accuracy=0.936; shallow parser F-score=0.924; named entity recognizer and system-level evaluation F-score=0.715 for exact and 0.824 for overlapping spans, and accuracy for concept mapping, negation, and status attributes for exact and overlapping spans of 0.957, 0.943, 0.859, and 0.580, 0.939, and 0.839, respectively. Overall performance is discussed against five applications. The cTAKES annotations are the foundation for methods and modules for higher-level semantic processing of clinical free-text.
A Spectral Model for Process Studies of Rotating, Density-Stratified Flows

A numerical model designed for three-dimensional process studies of rotating, stratified flows is described. The model is freely available, parallel, and portable across a range of computer architectures. The underlying numerics are high quality, based on spectral expansions, and third-order time stepping. Optional submodels include accurate calculation of Lagrangian trajectories. Special consideration has been taken to ensure ease of use by geophysical, as distinguished from computational, scientists. The mathematical and computational methods underlying the model are presented here as are several illustrative applications highlighting the model capabilities and the types of flows amenable to simulation using the model. Sample applications include forced inertial gravity waves, parametric subharmonic instability, shear-driven mixing layers, instability of a low Froude number vortex street, and geostrophic adjustment of intermittent, isolated mixing patches.
Paul Goldhaber: life and scientific achievements.

Two major events occurred in 1948. The National Institute of Dental Research was established as the third NIH Institute, and Paul Goldhaber graduated from the NYU College of Dentistry. How prophetic that I write to honor the life and contributions of Paul Goldhaber, knowing the powerful links of his life with research and discovery, and its importance to dental education. If I ask myself to name individuals who have had the most impact on dental education, research, and practice, Paul Goldhaber’s name comes to mind immediately. He was a giant, serving 22 years as Dean of a dental school known for being unconventional. He helped it become more so by framing an entire second phase in the development of a University-based dental school, Harvard University’s School of Dental Medicine. Harvard Dental School was the first American dental school established with links to a university and its medical school. In 1939, the Harvard Dental School was re-organized as the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Dentistry was taught in addition to medicine, and both degrees were earned. Although WW II interrupted this program, it was re-started after the war as a dental degree program that might be followed by earning the MD degree. All of this experimentation earned Harvard its reputation for being different, which was often accompanied by consternation and criticism. It was a perfect place for Paul Goldhaber to become Dean. I knew Dr. Goldhaber first as a student. I graduated in the 100thyear class, the centennial class of 1967, before he became Dean. My memories are of a wonderful teacher who connected with students. I recall seeing him treat his patients at night in the old octagon clinic when I was doing lab work. The octagon clinic was built to support dental auxiliary utilization programs, programs which emphasized teamwork between dental auxiliaries and dentists. This lesson of the past is receiving new attention with ‘expanded duties’ programs today. I fondly remember him teaching us periodontal re-attachment, clearly and carefully. Most of all, I will always remember him admonishing us to integrate science into practice and to make scientific work part of our careers. He succeeded admirably in doing this before he was Dean, organizing and leading a Paul Goldhaber: Life and Scientific Achievements DISCOVERY!
Field of an axially circular cylinder clad with an inhomogeneous dielectric

This paper is concerned with the problem of an axial slot on a circular cylinder clad with a radially inhomogeneous dielectric of the form \epsilon(\rho)=(\rho/b)^{2p}, a \leq \rho \leq b , where a is the radius of the conducting cylinder, b is the outer radius of the dielectric coating, and p is an arbitrary parameter. The assumed profile is capable of representing an inhomogeneous cold plasma when p > 0 and a real dielectric when p . The apparent advantage of the present formulation is that the wave equation can be solved in terms of known functions and the solution can be extended to large cylinders. Field expressions appropriate to small and large cylinders are found using standard methods of harmonic series representation, Watson transformation, and saddle point integration. In the case of large cylinders coated with cold plasma, the radiation patterns are plotted for various combinations of the cylinder radius, thickness of the coating, and the inhomogeneity gradient. The radiation patterns are in good agreement with qualitative arguments of geometric optics.
Diffusing capacity limitations of the extent of lung volume reduction surgery in an animal model of emphysema.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate in an elastase-induced emphysema rabbit model the effects of increasing resection volumes during lung volume reduction surgery on pulmonary compliance, forced expiratory air flow, and diffusing capacity to assess factors limiting optimal resection. Methods: Emphysema was induced in 68 New Zealand White rabbits with 15,000 units of aerosolized elastase. Static respiratory system compliance, forced expiratory flow, and single-breath diffusing capacity were measured before the induction of emphysema, after the induction of emphysema, and 1 week after a bilateral upper and middle lobe lung volume reduction operation. Results: Static respiratory system compliance with 60 mL insufflation above functional residual capacity increased with emphysema induction and then decreased progressively with resection of larger volumes of lung tissue ( P = .001 by analysis of variance). Expiratory flow improved after lung resection in the rabbits with large resection volumes. In contrast, diffusing capacity tended to deteriorate with larger resection volumes ( P = .18). Conclusion: Improvements in respiratory system compliance and forced expiratory flow after lung volume reduction operations may account for the improvements seen clinically. Declines in diffusing capacity with extensive lung reduction may limit the clinical benefits associated with greater tissue resection volumes. Future investigations with animal models may reveal other physiologic parameters that may further guide optimal lung volume reduction procedures. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:728-35)
Thermal Stability of Ricin in Orange and Apple Juices

UNLABELLED Ricin is a potent protein toxin that could be exploited for bioterrorism. Although ricin may be detoxified using heat, inactivation conditions in foods are not well characterized. Two brands of pulp-free orange juice and 2 brands of single-strength apple juice (one clarified and the other unclarified) containing 100 microg/mL added ricin were heated at 60 to 90 degrees C for up to 2 h. With increasing heating times and temperatures the heat-treated juices exhibited decreasing detectability of ricin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cytotoxicity to cultured cells. Z-values for ricin inactivation in orange juices were 14.4 +/- 0.8 degrees C and 17 +/- 4 degrees C using cytotoxicity assays, compared to 13.4 +/- 1.5 degrees C and 14 +/- 2 degrees C determined by ELISA. Although insignificant differences were apparent for z-values measured for the 2 orange juice brands, significant differences were found in the z-values for the 2 brands of apple juice. The z-values for ricin inactivation in the clarified and unclarified apple juices were 21 +/- 4 degrees C and 9.5 +/- 1.1 degrees C, determined by cytotoxicity assays, and 20 +/- 2 degrees C and 11.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C, respectively, using ELISA. Overall, there were no significant differences between results measured with ELISA and cytotoxicity assays. Ricin stability in orange juice and buffer was evaluated at 25 degrees C. Half-lives of 10 +/- 3 d and 4.9 +/- 0.4 d, respectively, indicated that active ricin in juice could reach consumers. These results indicate that ricin in apple and orange juices can remain toxic under some processing and product storage conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Ricin is a potent toxin that is abundant in castor beans and is present in the castor bean mash by-product after cold-press extraction of castor oil. U.S. Health and Human Services recognizes that ricin could be used for bioterrorism. This study reports the stability of ricin in apple and orange fruit juices at temperatures ranging from 60 to 90 degrees C (140 to 194 degrees F).
Local induction of patterning and programmed cell death in the developing Drosophila retina

Local cell signaling can pattern the nervous system by directing cell fates, including programmed cell death. In the developing Drosophila retina, programmed cell death is used to remove excess cells between ommatidia. Cell ablation revealed the source and position of signals required for regulating the pattern of programmed cell death among these interommatidial cells. Two types of signals regulate this patterning event. Notch-mediated signals between interommatidial precursors result in removal of unneeded cells. Cone cells and primary pigment cells oppose this signal by supplying a ‘life’-promoting activity; evidence is provided that this signal occurs through localized activation of the EGF Receptor/Ras pathway. Together, these signals refine the highly regular pattern observed in the adult retina.
Stimulus control of schedule-induced activity in pigeons during multiple schedules.

Abstract Stimulus control of schedule-induced general activity was demonstrated with pigeons using multiple schedules of response-independent food delivery. In Experiment 1, the introduction of food during a multiple variable-time 30-second variable-time 30-second schedule produced a tenfold increase in activity above the no-food baseline. Each pigeon developed stable differential activity rates during the components (correlated with red and green lights) of a multiple variable-time 30-second extinction schedule. Lengthening the extinction component from 1 to 7 minutes increased the rate differences and produced a reliable pattern of responding during S− (the stimulus correlated with extinction): Activity rate was high immediately following the change from S+ (the stimulus correlated with variable-time 30-second) to S−, then decreased abruptly and remained low throughout the middle of the interval, and subsequently showed a positively accelerated increase until the stimulus changed to S+. In Experiment 2, three pigeons were exposed to a mixed variable-time extinction schedule prior to a multiple variable-time extinction schedule. Auditory rather than visual stimuli were used to determine the generality of Experiment 1 results. The multiple- versus mixed-schedule results indicated that stimulus control of activity occurred for two of the birds, but rate differences between S+ and S− were much less than those demonstrated with visual stimuli. A direct comparison of visual and auditory stimulus control in Experiment 3 supported this conclusion. These parallels between the stimulus control of reinforced responding and that of schedule-induced activity suggest that the stimulus control of induced activity may be a factor in operant stimulus control.
CONSEQUENCES OF VECTOR BEHAVIOR IN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ONCHOCERCIASIS ON THE FIRESTONE RUBBER PLANTATION IN LIBERIA

In the current study, we have assessed the distribution of black fly vectors and the occurrence of on- chocerciasis among residents of the Firestone Rubber Plantation (FRP) in Liberia. The degree of endemicity of on- chocerciasis on the FRP is correlated with the breeding of Simulium yahense on the Du River and Simulium soubrense on the Farmington River, as well as with the feeding behavior of these black fly vectors. S. yahense is highly anthro- pophilic and highly susceptible to Onchocerca volvulus, thus, it is apparently the primary vector of O. volvulus on the plantation. S. soubrense is predominantly zoophilic; consequently, it has a low capacity for transmitting of O. volvulus to humans. The prevalence of the disease is hyperendemic in the divisional camps near the Du River, affecting 77.6% to 94.4% of males and 64.9% to 88.9% of females. In the camps along the Farmington River, the disease is hypoendemic, affecting 26.1% to 49.2% of males and 25.6% to 35.1% of females. The mean intensity of infection in the camps near the Du River was 14.1 microfilariae (mf)/mg of skin in males and 13.7 mf/mg of skin in females. The density of microfilariae in people in the camps along the Farmington River was 4.8 mf/mg of skin in males and 1.9 mf/mg of skin in females. The age-specific infection in camps along both rivers substantially increased after the ages 21-30, reaching a maximum at ages 41-50. The mean density of mf/mg of skin in three anatomic locations (calf, hip, and shoulder) was 28.0, 24.5, and 14.1 mf/mg of skin, respectively, for those living on the Du River, and 10.2, 7.6, and 5.8 mf/mg of skin, respectively, for those on the Farmington River.
Celebrity-Brand Congruence Analysis

A commercial spokesman for a product influences the audience directly through the message he delivers, and indirectly through how he is perceived by the audience. The latter is called the "source effect:' While there has been a considerable amount of research into factors which might influence this source effect (e.g., perceived source credibility and source· product attitude incongruity), very little marketing-related research has been directed at the problem of selecting the "best" commercial spokesmen for a given product. This paper proposes a method for un­covering the perceptual-cognitive overtones of both product and possible spokesmen, and then examines their relationships so as to establish a basis for "optimizing" potentially desirable source effects. As a demonstration of this method, we apply the PARAFAC three-way factor analysis procedure to individuals' associative judgments (measured on a set of semantic differential scales) concerning twelve automobile makes and twelve celebrities (commercial spokesmen). The three resulting dimensions of overtones which emerge are related in distinctive ways to different brands and to particular celebrities. The relationships between brand over· tones and celebrity overtones provide a basis for deciding which celebrity could be suited to sponsor a specific brand/product. In addition the analysis can provide insight to market segment differences and how these could affect the choice of spokesman.
The Effect of the Least Square Procedure for Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations

In this presentation, we perform further investigation on the least square procedure used in the discontinuous Galerkin methods developed in [2] and [3] for the two-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The focus of this presentation will be upon the influence of this least square procedure to the accuracy and stability of the numerical results. We will show through numerical examples that the procedure is crucial for the success of the discontinuous Galerkin methods developed in [2] and [3], especially for high order methods. New test cases using P 4 polynomials, which are at least fourth order and often fifth order accurate, are shown, in addition to the P 2 and P 3 cases presented in [2] and [3]. This addition is non-trivial as the least square procedure plays a more significant role for the P 4 case.
Intact-Bridge Tympanomastoidectomy

In recent years closed-cavity (intact wall) tympanomastoidectomy has been described and recommended by many. The pendulum now is swinging back to open-cavity tympanomastoidectomy. The literature in this regard is reviewed. In all patients with chronic otitis media and mastoiditis with intractable tissue pathology, the primary objective is total eradication of disease with a dry, safe ear; a concomitant but secondary objective is hearing retention and restoration with tympanoplasty techniques. Over a 3-year period we have used a one-stage procedure called intact-bridge tympanomastoidectomy (IBM) that fulfills the desirable objectives of both open-and closed-cavity tympanomastoidectomy. The salient features include (1) good exposure as in open-cavity tympanomastoidectomy, (2) maintenance and widening of the middle ear space by bony bridge retention and facial buttress sculpturing to enhance grafting and ossiculoplasty such as TORP or PORP as in canal-up tympanomastoidectomy, and (3) enhancement of mastoid o...
Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and In-Situ Propellant Production for Future Mars Missions

This article shows that a combination of in-situ resource utilization and hybrid rocket propulsion represents a very competitive solution for future medium to large-scale missions to the red planet. A high performance liquid oxygen/paraffin medium-scale hybrid ascent vehicle, of which the oxidizer has been acquired through decomposition of carbon dioxide on the surface of Mars, is estimated to achieve more than 40% mass reduction in respect to the same vehicle brought from Earth, thus outperforming all conventional designs. All the technologies needed are detailed and the in-situ propellant production (ISPP) unit is precisely sized for two selected missions: Mars Sample Return (payload of 36 kg) and the medium-scale case (payload of 500 kg). The many advantages of this design (notably in simplicity, safety and size) over currently dominant in-situ liquid-powered concepts are discussed. The innovative idea described in this article supports renewed interest in hybrid rocket propulsion for space exploration and opens the way for newly ambitious robotic and manned missions to the planet Mars.
Simulation of Nano-Scale Multi-Fingered PD/SOI MOSFETs Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation

This work uses a gray, a semi-gray, and a non-gray model based on the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) in the relaxation time approximation to compute the temperature distribution in a nano-scale multi-finger, PD/SOI nMOSFET with copper interconnects. The BTE models were successfully incorporated in CFD software, Fluent 6.1. The BTE is used in the device layer, whereas in other regions of the device, such as the silicon substrate, buried oxide, gate oxide, poly-gate, and metal interconnects, the Fourier heat conduction equation is employed. The BTE is coupled with the heat conduction equation at the interfaces using the diffuse mismatch model (DMM). Heat dissipation in the channel region of the FET and in the metal lines of the device is specified based on circuit simulations for a clock buffer used in a microprocessor. The computed results for the temperature distribution in the multi-finger NFET using the different approaches are compared with simulations that employ the classical heat conduction equation in the entire domain. The comparisons demonstrate that the broad temperature fields in the transistor are primarily determined by the overall thermal resistances due to the various device structures; channel temperature, however, is determined in large part by sub-continuum effects. The need for direct measurements of channel temperature rather indirect gate temperature measurements is pointed out as well.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Soviet Health Care: Clinical Laboratory Practice and Personnel

This article presents information on clinical laboratory practice in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The basis for the observations reported here was the participation by the author in a Soviet-American conference on medical technology that took place in the Soviet Union during the fall of 1984. Information on the general organization of the Soviet health care system is presented as well as an overview of the educational preparation of individuals to work in clinical laboratories. Personal impressions and reactions obtained during the conference and professional site visits are, of course, subjective. Also included is an assessment of those components of the Soviet system that might apply to the American clinical laboratory.
Hymenopterous Parasitoids Associated with Poultry Manure

Resistance to insecticides by the house fly ( Musca domestica L.) and concern for chemical residues in the environment have resulted in increased emphasis on biological control of synanthropic flies. Entomologists in California began a search for indigenous and exotic parasitoids of flies in the early 1960's; Legner and Poorbaugh(1972) reviewed the current developments in biological control of flies and the results of parasite importation and release. Studies of biological control were mainly confined to subtropical regions (i.e., southern California and Florida). However, Mourier (1971) monitored seasonal occurrence of house fly parasitoids in Denmark. Little is known of the parasitoid fauna associated with poultry manure in the southeastern United States although Combs and Hoelscher (1969) reported several parasitoids attacking the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), in Mississippi.
Antibody-affinity purification of novel α-L-fucosidase from mouse liver.

Previous studies have documented the presence of a novel alpha-L-fucosidase in mouse liver that contains unique basic isoelectric forms and that is antigenically similar to, but not identical with, human liver alpha-L-fucosidase [Laury-Kleintop, Damjanov & Alhadeff (1985) Biochem. J. 230, 75-82]. In the present investigation, mouse liver alpha-L-fucosidase was purified approx. 26,500-fold in 10% overall yield by antibody-affinity chromatography with the IgG fraction of goat anti-(human alpha-L-fucosidase) antibody coupled to Sepharose 4B. Native polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the mouse fucosidase is highly purified if not homogeneous. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated that all enzymic forms found in crude mouse liver supernatant fluids were purified by the antibody-affinity procedure.
Does testing with feedback improve adult spelling skills relative to copying and reading

We examined testing's ability to enhance adult spelling acquisition, relative to copying and reading. Across 3 experiments in which testing with feedback was compared with copying, the spelling improvement after testing matched that following the same amount of time spent copying. A potent testing advantage, however, was observed for spelling words free-recalled. In the fourth experiment, a large testing advantage for both word free recall and spelling was observed, versus reading. Subjects also generally preferred testing and rated it as more effective than copying or reading. The equivalent performance of testing and copying for spelling contrasts with prior work involving children and suggests that retrieval practice may not be the only effective mechanism for spelling skill acquisition. Rather, we suggest that the critical learning event for spelling is focused study on phoneme-to-grapheme mappings for previously unlearned letter sequences. For adults with extensive spelling expertise, focused study is more automatic during both copying and testing with feedback than for individuals with beginning spelling skills. Reading, however, would not be expected to produce efficient focused study of phoneme-to-grapheme mappings, regardless of expertise level. Overall, adult spelling skill acquisition benefits both from testing and copying, and substantially less from reading.
Role of Natural Effector Cells in Human Gastrointestinal Disease

In the gastrointestinal tract, only a single layer of epithelium resting on basement membrane, separates the internal milieu from the environment. Through this, the host must absorb nutrients and yet exclude toxic, infectious, and antigenic material. The integrity of mucosal antigenic “barrier” must therefore be protected by a variety of immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Despite these protective mechanisms, the antigenic barrier is incomplete, and antigenic material does penetrate and may in some cases cause disease.(1)
(Post)colonial Presents and International Humanitarian Futures: Remembering the Age of the Colonial Camps

In 2004 the German minister of economic cooperation and development, Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, a member of the Social Democratic Party, visited Namibia and attended a Herero ceremony at Okakarara that commemorated the beginning of the colonial war that led to what the Hereros call Otjitiro Otjindjandja (a period of time when “many people died in one place”).3 As she invoked parts of the Lord’s Prayer, she argued that “without a conscious process of remembering, without sorrow, without apology, there can be no reconciliation.”4