cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commission Model of Sentencing

and philosophical discussion of penal objectives must, of course, be pursued; but judges are daily called upon to apply the tentative consensus of * Assistant Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University; B.A., Cornell University; J.D., Brooklyn Law School; M.A., Ph.D., State University of New York at Albany; Member of New York Bar. 1 The major part of this article was originally contained in a doctoral dissertation entitled The Distribution of Power in Sentencing: A Policy Analysis. The author would like to thank Professors Donald Newman, Robert Hardt, B.J. George, Jr., Jack Kress and David Thomas for their invaluable help. 2 S. 1437, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., Title II, Part E (1977). The precursor to the most recent revision of the proposed criminal code was THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL CODES, STUDY DRAFT OF A NEw FEDERAL CRIMINAL CODE (1970). The Brown Commission (after its chairman, Edmund G. Brown, former Governor of California) published three volumes of scholarly analysis to support the Draft: WORKING PAPERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS (1970). See also Hearings on Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws Before the Subcomm. on Criminal Laws and Procedures of the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1971). Passage of the Draft code was delayed by the Nixon administration, and a reputedly harsher and more "conservative" draft was submitted: S. 1, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. (1975). This bill raised an unusual storm of controversy for a technical code revision. See R. Enstad, Senate Bill 1: Freedom's Graveyard, 3 BARRISTER 14 (1976). Among the scholarly comment on S. 1 was criticism of its sentencing provisions, see D. Crystal, The Proposed Federal Criminal Justice Reform Act of 1975: Sentencing-Law and Order With A Vengeance, 7 SETON HALL L.R. 33 (1975). 3 Maine, for example, has established an ongoing Sentencing Institute "to provide a continuing forum for the regular discussion by criminal judges, prosecutors, law enforcement and correctional personnel of the most appropriate methods of sentencing convicted offenders" 4 ME. R.S.A. § 454, Amended Me. P.L. 1975, ch. 610. This language creates a body without any definite power. In 1976 the Sentencing Institute was placed under the control of the State Court Administrator, Me. P.L. 1976, ch. 650, but its diffuse nature was not changed. 4 Senators McClellan and Kennedy. 5 The theoretical progenitor of presumptive sentencing proposals is the TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND TASK FORCE ON CRIMINAL SENTENCING, FAIR AND CERTAIN PUNISHMENT (1976). Various state proposals are analyzed in The Council of State Governments, Definite Sentencing: An Examination of Proposals in Four States (1976).
Model Theory for Dissecting Recursion Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to model theory for dissecting recursion theory. The chapter discusses several completeness theorems. Predicate calculus with equality, ω-logic, infinitary &'s and V's, the infinity quantifier, and the uncountability quantifier, are described in the chapter. The chapter describes compactness, omitting types, and omitting compactifiable types. It also describes application to uncountability quantifier and barwise compactness. The chapter focuses on how a consistent set φ of sentences has a model. The key to this demonstration is the formation of a set φ∞ of sentences with the several properties discussed in the chapter. The chapter discusses a fact that when one adds two new quantifiers UCx and CCx to a countables language with the intended meanings of “for uncountably many x” and “for cocountably many x.” The additional rules needed for these quantifiers are finitary.
The sensitivity of response measures of alphanumeric legibility to variations in dot matrix display parameters.

This research evaluated the sensitivity of four observer response measures to variations in the character size and dot luminance of a dot matrix display. Specifically, the research determined the sensitivity of recognition accuracy, response time, tachistoscopic recognition accuracy, and threshold visibility. Alphanumeric characters were presented to six subjects in noncontextual form on a variable-parameter CRT display programmed and driven by a minicomputer.Recognition accuracy (percent correct response) was found to be the response measure that is most sensitive to the display parameters of character size and dot luminance. Character size, dot luminance, and viewing distance proved to have consistent and significant effects at viewing distances greater than 1.52 m. At lesser viewing distances, these parameters had little effect.The results suggest that there is no major difference between the display requirements for computer-generated dot matrix displays versus those for conventional CRT displays.
Leukocyte Labeling With 51Chromium. IV. The Kinetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Lymphocytes

The kinetics of radiochromate-labeled autologous blood lymphocytes were studied in ten cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The labeled cells equilibrated with an enlarged recirculating lymphocyte pool (RLP) distributed between the blood, the spleen, and the bone marrow. The size of the RLP, estimated from dilution of the labeled cells, was better correlated with the degree of splenomegaly and marrow infiltration than was the blood lymphocyte count. The marrow fraction of the RLP turned over more slowly than the splenic pool. The half-life of the labeled cells in the RLP varied in individual cases from one to 11 days. Lymphocyte life span was not related either to the blood lymphocyte count or to the size of the RLP. The mean half-life of 3.8 days was significantly shorter than the normal lymphocyte half-life of 18 days. We conclude that CLL is characterized by overproduction of a strain of abnormally short-lived lymphocytes.
Diffusion and Random Walk Processes

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by R. Ratcliff, volume 20, pp. 3668–3673, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Low voltage electronics for portable wireless applications: an industrial perspective

This paper provides an overview of low voltage/low power electronics developments and issues for portable RF wireless applications. Issues discussed include: semiconductor materials, device technologies, device modeling, circuit approaches, and system architectures. Finally, issues that impact the lower limits achievable in DC power and voltage reductions are discussed.
Energy efficiency of encryption schemes applied to wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we focus on the energy efficiency of secure communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our research considers link layer security of WSNs, investigating both the ciphers and the cryptographic implementation schemes, including aspects such as the cipher mode of operation and the establishment of initialization vectors (IVs). We evaluate the computational energy efficiency of different symmetric key ciphers considering both the algorithm characteristics and the effect of channel quality on cipher synchronization. Results show that the computational energy cost of block ciphers is less than that of stream ciphers when data are encrypted and transmitted through a noisy channel. We further investigate different factors affecting the communication energy cost of link layer cryptographic schemes, such as the size of payload, the mode of operation applied to a cipher, the distribution of the IV, and the quality of the communication channel. A comprehensive performance comparison of different cryptographic schemes is undertaken by developing an energy analysis model of secure data transmission at the link layer. This model is constructed considering various factors affecting both the computational cost and communication cost, and its appropriateness is verified by simulation results. In conclusion, we recommend using a block cipher instead of a stream cipher to encrypt data for WSN applications and using a cipher feedback scheme for the cipher operation, thereby achieving energy efficiency without compromising the security in WSNs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (This study is based on “An analysis of link layer encryption schemes in wireless sensor networks” by X. Zhang, H. M. Heys, and C. Li, which appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2010), Cape Town, South Africa, May 2010, and “Energy efficiency of symmetric key cryptographic algorithms in wireless sensor networks” by X. Zhang, H. M. Heys, and C. Li, which appeared in the Proceedings of Biennial Symposium on Communications (QBSC 2010), Kingston, Canada, May 2010. ©2010 IEEE.)
Diversity of Antigen-Specific Responses Induced In Vivo with CTLA-4 Blockade in Prostate Cancer Patients

CTLA-4 is a surface receptor on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal, serving as an immune checkpoint. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 Abs can induce clinical responses to different malignancies, but the nature of the induced Ag-specific recognition is largely unknown. Using microarrays spotted with >8000 human proteins, we assessed the diversity of Ab responses modulated by treatment with CTLA-4 blockade and GM-CSF. We find that advanced prostate cancer patients who clinically respond to treatment also develop enhanced Ab responses to a higher number of Ags than nonresponders. These induced Ab responses targeted Ags to which preexisting Abs are more likely to be present in the clinical responders compared with nonresponders. The majority of Ab responses are patient-specific, but immune responses against Ags shared among clinical responders are also detected. One of these shared Ags is PAK6, which is expressed in prostate cancer and to which CD4(+) T cell responses were also induced. Moreover, immunization with PAK6 can be both immunogenic and protective in mouse tumor models. These results demonstrate that immune checkpoint blockade modulates Ag-specific responses to both individualized and shared Ags, some of which can mediate anti-tumor responses.
Temperature evolution of short- and medium-range ionic correlations in relaxor ferroelectric [ Pb ( Zn 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 ) O 3 ] 1 − x [ PbTiO 3 ] x ( x = 0.05 , 0.12 )

We performed temperature-dependent neutron pair distribution function (PDF) analysis on relaxor ferroelectric ${[\text{Pb}({\text{Zn}}_{1/3}{\text{Nb}}_{2/3}){\text{O}}_{3}]}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{[{\text{PbTiO}}_{3}]}_{x}$ $(\text{PZN-}x\text{PT})$ ($x=0.05$ and 0.12) from 550 to 150 K. The experimental PDF spectra clearly demonstrate that PZN-5%PT and PZN-12%PT have basically same ionic pair correlations up to the pair distance $r\ensuremath{\sim}15\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ at all temperatures despite their difference in low-temperature long-range crystal structures. At longer pair distances $30lrl50\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$, however, ionic pair correlations of PZN-5%PT and PZN-12%PT gradually diverge from each other below $T\ensuremath{\sim}450\text{ }\text{K}$. Based on these PDF results, we propose that a distinct ordering of polar nanoregions develops between PZN-5%PT and PZN-12%PT with decreasing temperature.
Effect of α-tocopherol, taurine and selenium on the attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury of splanchnic organs

Background: Splanchnic artery occlusion shock is caused by increased capillary permeability and cellular injury precipitated by oxygen derived free radicals following ischemia and reperfusion of splanchnic organs. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of several wellknown oxygen-derived free radical scavengers in ameliorating or preventing this syndrome. Study design: Anesthetized rats were subjected to periods of occlusion of the visceral arteries and reperfusion. Tocopherol, taurine, selenium or a ‘cocktail’ of these three agents was injected subcutaneously for 4 consecutive days prior to operation. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured throughout the experimental period. Fluorometry and technetium-99m pyrophosphate counting of the visceral organs were performed as well as a histologic grading system for intestinal viability. Results: Final mean arterial blood pressure associated with the ‘cocktail’ and selenium groups was 79.1 ± 27.4 mmHg and 83.6 ± 17.8 mmHg, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the control group, 40.8 ± 11.4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Similar patterns of the benefit of selenium in contrast with the other groups were obtained with fluorescein perfusion, radioisotopic activity and histologie analysis. Conclusion: Pretreatment with selenium of splanchnic ischemia and reperfusion in the rat improves mean arterial blood pressure and microcirculatory visceral perfusion. Further analysis of the precise protective mechanism of selenium for reperfusion injury will enable visceral organs to withstand the consequences of increased capillary leakage and oxidant injury.
Evaluation of System Reconfigurability Based on Usable Excess

The challenge of designing complex engineered systems with long service lives can be daunting. As customer needs change over time, such systems must evolve to meet these needs. This paper presents a method for evaluating the reconfigurability of systems to meet future needs. Specifically we show that excess capability is a key factor in evaluating the reconfigurability of a system to a particular need, and that the overall system reconfigurability is a function of the system’s reconfigurability to all future needs combined. There are many examples of complex engineered systems; for example, aircraft, ships, communication systems, spacecraft and automated assembly lines. These systems cost millions of dollars to design and millions to replicate. They often need to stay in service for a long time. However, this is often limited by an inability to adapt to meet future needs. Using an automated assembly line as an example, we show that system reconfigurability can be modeled as a function of usable excess capability.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effect of thiol manipulation on chemopotentiation by nitroimidazoles.

Abstract Highly electron affinic compounds such as the nitroimidazole misonidazole (MISO) have been shown both in vitro and in vivo to be effective potentiators of certain conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanistically, the observation that nitroheterocyclics reduce intra-cellular thiols by enhancing the oxidation of glutathione (GSH), has suggested that thiol depletion by MISO may be a key factor in this enhancement. The present investigations were undertaken to determine whether the use of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to affect GSH metabolism may lead to more effective potentiation of chemotherapeutic agents by sensitizers. KHT/iv cells were treated in exponential phase under hypoxic conditions with variable doses of the activated form of cyclophosphamide (4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide, 40H-CY) administered concominantly with or without MISO (2.5 mM) for an exposure time of 4 hr. Inclusion of the sensitizer in the treatment protocol resulted in a dose modifying factor of ∼2.4. Exposing cells to 1.0 mM BSO for 2 hr prior to treatment reduced intracellular GSH levels to 70–80% of control and increased the efficacy of 40H-CY ∼1.2-fold. If BSO was administered prior to the 40H-CY + MISO combination, severe tumor cell toxicity resulted. For example, when combined with 40H-CY, similar cell kill could be achieved with 5 to 6-fold lower MISO doses in the presence of BSO as in the absence of BSO. Ultrastructural evaluations revealed that in the three agent combination, membrane damage, as reflected by the formation of surface blebs, may play a key role in the mechanism of the observed enhanced cytotoxicity.
Potential tumor markers for human gastric cancer: an elevation of glycan:sulfotransferases and a concomitant loss of α1,2-fucosyltransferase activities

Purpose Several reports indicate a complexity in glycosyltransferase activities which lead to several tumor associated carbohydrate structures in gastric carcinoma. The present study was aimed to identify the carbohydrate associated transferases which exhibit the most marked and consistent change of activity in gastric tumorigenesis.
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega’s ‘Ways of Lying’: Reason of State, Religion and Exemplary Prudence in Part I of the Comentarios Reales

A handful of recent studies on Inca Garcilaso de la Vega assumes that early modern readers used any number of broad contemporary discourses, literary and otherwise, to mediate between specific historical examples and their own social lives. In other words, these readers actively situated these examples within their own knowledge of these discourses in order to be able to apply them appropriately to their own situations. We may pinpoint which attributes and actions contemporary readers could have understood as imitable by recreating these readers’ process of juxtaposing certain historical figures with the themes found in broader discourses with which they were familiar. The present investigation analyzes how Garcilaso historicizes and exemplifies one of the most widely debated concepts of the post-Machiavellian reason-of-state tradition: mendacity. Through the examples of the first and last Incas, Manco Capac and Atauallpa, Garcilaso demonstrates that mendacity, in one form or another, can produce either positive or negative results for society, depending on the contingency of each particular situation. As part of Garcilaso’s secular, reason-of-state analysis of the foundation of the Inca empire, the example of Manco Capac’s prudence offers readers a surprising lesson: lying, even lying about one’s religion, can be used to bring about the common good.
A Simple Test for Nonstationarity in Mixed Panels

This article proposes a simple estimator that is consistent for the fraction of a panel that has an autoregressive unit root. Given such an estimate, , we can test the null hypothesis that θ = θ0 for any value of θ0 ϵ (0, 1]. The test is asymptotically standard normal and is valid whether or not the panel is cross-sectionally correlated. The main insight is that in a panel in which some units are stationary and some have unit roots, the cross-sectional variance of the mixed panel is dominated by a linear trend that grows at rate θ, where θ is precisely the fraction of the panel with a unit root. Averaging the change in cross-sectional variance over time then gives a consistent estimate of θ as N, T → ∞. Simulations show that the estimator has good finite-sample properties when T ≥ 100, even with N as small as 30.
Perspectives on the Caspian Sea Dilemma: Russian Policies Since the Soviet Demise

An American political scientist specializing in Soviet and post-Soviet foreign affairs outlines the highlights of Russian policy in the Caspian region from 1991 to late 2003. The paper discusses and analyzes the interaction among the five littoral states (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan) in light of contentious disputes over the sea's demarcation, the routing of pipelines, and efforts to maximize oil and gas exports to the West. Noting instances of "gunboat diplomacy" used by Russia and Iran, as well as the American presence in the region after 9/11 and during the current war in Iraq, the author reflects on the Russian role as a stabilizing force in the region. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O18, Q30, Q40. 1 figure, 74 references.
Nitrosyl derivatives of diiron(I) dithiolates mimic the structure and lewis acidity of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site

This study probes the impact of electronic asymmetry of diiron(I) dithiolato carbonyls. Treatment of Fe2(S2CnH2n)(CO)6-x(PMe3)x compounds (n = 2, 3) with NOBF4 gave the derivatives [Fe2(S2CnH2n)(CO)5-x(PMe3)x(NO)]BF4 (x = 1, 2, 3) which are electronically unsymmetrical due to the presence of a single NO + ligand. Whereas the mono phosphine derivative is largely undistorted, the bis PMe3 derivatives are distorted such that the CO ligand on the Fe(CO)(PMe3)(NO) + subunit is semibridging. Two isomers of [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)3(PMe3)2(NO)]BF4 were characterized spectroscopically and crystallographically. Each isomer features electron-rich [Fe(CO)2PMe3] and electrophilic [Fe(CO)(PMe3)(NO)] + subunits. These species are in equilibrium with an unobserved
Family Beliefs among Adolescents at Risk for Substance Abuse

This study investigates the extent to which adolescents identified as at-risk for substance abuse express different beliefs about the importance of family, religiosity, education, and work in comparison to their own parents and to adolescents and parents in control group. It was hypothesized that the success of parents in communicating such values to their children could be a significant variable in risk of substance abuse. We found that parents of at-risk adolescents did not hold significantly different beliefs than parents in the control group. Beliefs of the at-risk adolescents were significantly different from other adolescents and both parent groups. We also found that the absolute difference in age between parent and adolescent significantly smaller in the at-risk group as compared to the control group.
Nikiel's conjecture

Abstract Nikiel's conjecture that a topological space is the continuous image of a compact, linearly ordered space if and only if it is compact and monotonically normal is proved.
Primary structure and functional expression of a cGMP-gated potassium channel.

Abstract Cyclic nucleotides modulate potassium (K) channel activity in many cells and are thought to act indirectly by inducing channel protein phosphorylation. Herein we report the isolation from rabbit of a gene encoding a K channel (Kcn1) that is specifically activated by cGMP and not by cAMP. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence (725 amino acids) indicates that, in addition to a core region that is highly homologous to Shaker K channels, Kcn1 also contains a cysteine-rich region similar to that of ligand-gated ion channels and a cyclic nucleotide-binding region. Northern blot analysis detects gene expression in kidney, aorta, and brain. Kcn1 represents a class of K channels that may be specifically regulated by cGMP and could play an important role in mediating the effects of substances, such as nitric oxide, that increase intracellular cGMP.
Chest compression quality and rescuer fatigue with increased compression to ventilation ratio during single rescuer pediatric CPR

Summary Objective The effects of the recommended 30:2 compression:ventilation (C:V) ratio on chest compression rate (CR), compression depth (CD), compression pressure (CP) and rescuer fatigue is unknown during pediatric CPR. We hypothesized that a 30:2 C:V ratio will decrease compression depth and compression pressure and increase rescuer fatigue compared with a 15:2 ratio. Design Randomized crossover observational study. Methods Adolescent, child and infant manikins were modified to digitally record compression rate, compression depth, compression pressure and total compression cycles (CC). BLS or PALS certified volunteers were randomized to five CPR groups: adolescent (AD), child 1-hand (OH), child 2-hand (TH), infant two-finger (TF) and infant two-thumb (TT). Each rescuer performed each ratio for 5min with the order randomized. Rescuer heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded continuously during CPR and used to determine the recovery time (RT) for HR/RR to return to baseline. Data (mean±S.D.) were contrasted by paired differences for quantitative data and the sign rank test for ordinal data. Results Eighty subjects (16 per group) were randomized. The peak compression pressure and compression rate were not different within any group, but total compression cycle were higher in all 30:2 groups. Compression depth (mm) was not significantly different within any group. The rescuer's HR (bpm) increased significantly during 30:2 CPR in AD and OH group with no significant differences in RR and recovery time. Subjects reported that 15:2 CPR was easier to perform ( P Conclusion During single rescuer pediatric BLS, more compression cycles were achieved with 30:2 C:V ratio without effect on compression depth, pressure and rate. Increased HR with 30:2 C:V ratio was noted during larger manikin CPR without subjective difference of reported fatigue. Most rescuers in AD and TF group did not achieve recommended compression depth regardless of C:V ratio.
Impactor designed to increase mass output rate of nanoparticles from a pneumatic nebulizer

Abstract A modular impactor was designed to remove large droplets from aerosols generated by a pneumatic nebulizer, the Six-Jet Atomizer from TSI Inc. (Shoreview, MN), with the aim of generating dry nanoparticles. Three interchangeable nozzle heads were designed to provide droplet cutoff diameters of 0.5, 1, and 2 μm at an air flow rate of 8.3×10−4 m3 s−1 (50 L min−1), which corresponds to all six jets of the nebulizer operated at 25 °C and an air pressure of 241 kPa (35 psi). The collection and output characteristics of the 0.5 μm impactor were evaluated from dry particle size distributions produced by nebulizing an aqueous solution with a NaCl mass fraction of 1% both with and without the impactor present. The impactor characteristic cutoff curve was sharp (impactor geometric standard deviation, GSDimp=1.15–1.19) with a 50% cutoff diameter d50 that ranged from 0.48 μm at 3.0×10−4 m3 s−1 to 0.74 μm at 11.7×10−4 m3 s−1. The rate of dry NaCl particle generation ranged from 0.5 to 5 g s−1 (0.04 to 0.4 g day−1) with mass median diameters MMDp=80–123 nm and geometric standard deviations GSDp=1.6–1.8 (depending on flow rate). Anomalous negative impactor efficiencies were observed at flow rates >8.3×10−4 m3 s−1 for 100 to 400 nm droplets and at all flow rates for droplets smaller than 100 nm. This phenomenon will be investigated further as a way to increase the generation rate of nanoparticles. A step-by-step procedure is presented for the selection of an appropriate impactor design and operating flow rate for a desired maximum aerosol particle size.
Preprocessing methods in the computation of the fast Fourier transform

Abstract In this paper, two preprocessing methods are presented: the Hamming window and the flip and reverse in time methods, to process the incoming signals before the FFT routine. The reason for doing this preprocessing adjustments is that the FFT routine requires the input signals start and end at the same level. With the Hamming window method, the original signal is multiplied it by the Hamming window function. With the flip and reverse in time method, simply flip and reverse the original signal. The saccadic eye movements were used in this research. These signals do not start and end at the same level. The results show that the flip and reverse technique is better than the Hamming window for saccadic eye movement data. The Hamming window technique multiplies the original signal with a cosine wave. Multiplication in the time domain is equivalent to convolution in the frequency domain, which would be the same as filtering or averaging in the time domain. Therefore, FFT produced with the Hamming window is smoother than the one produced with the flip and reverse method.
Linear plane waves, scalar wave equations and Kelvin's problem

A relation between special types of plane wave solutions of linear elasticity, scalar wave equations and the concentrated load problem of elastostatics is established.
Assessment of gender-specific preventive cardiovascular knowledge among house staff: Potential impact on cardiovascular management.

Background: Gender differences in cardiovascular prevention and treatment may be related to physicians’ level of postgraduate training and gender. Objectives: This study was designed to assess resident physician knowledge concerning general and gender-specific preventive cardiology topics and to determine whether there were differences in that knowledge based on the physicians’ level of postgraduate training or gender. Methods: A 29-item true/false questionnaire was administered to residents in a large, university-based internal medicine residency program. All questions were drawn from evidence-based practice guidelines, and a subset of questions pertained to gender-specific issues in cardiovascular disease prevention. Scores on the overall test and gender-specific subset were computed as a percentage of correct answers. Differences were compared by postgraduate year (PGY) of training and physician gender. Results: Of the 190 eligible residents, 159 (88 men, 67 women, 4 not specified) completed the questionnaire. Overall test scores differed significantly by PGY (PGY-1, 83.4% correct answers; PGY-2, 52.9%; PGY-3, 65.3%; P < 0.001 for each paired comparison), but did not differ significantly by physician gender (males, 73.5%; females, 70.0%). Performance on gender-specific items also differed by PGY (PGY-1, 72.2% vs PGY-2, 20.0%; P < 0.001; and PGY-1, 72.2% vs PGY-3, 45.1%; P < 0.001). Knowledge of gender-specific preventive cardiology did not differ significantly by physician gender (males, 56.4%; females, 49.0%). Conclusions: Residents in PGY-1 had better knowledge of preventive cardiology as assessed using this questionnaire than did residents in PGY-2 or PGY-3. Knowledge of general and gender-specific cardiology topics was not related to physician gender. (Gend Med. 2009;6:471–478) © 2009 Excerpta Medica Inc.
Man-Machine Relations In An On-Line Data Reduction System

For more than a year and a half, we have been working with on-line computer techniques in the area of editing and reduction of radar missile data. The work has been challenging, stimulating, rewarding and occasionally frustrating. Consistent with the objectives of this meeting, we shall not discuss computer coding techniques; rather, we shall focus on the prerequisites of a successful on-line techniques effort and on the procedures to implement such an effort. The talk ends with some specific cautions and suggestions that may be helpful to others planning to do on-line techniques work.© (1966) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alkali lasers: a new type of scalable high-power lasers

Historically, an optically pumped alkali (potassium) vapor laser was the first laser proposed by A.L. Schawlow and C.H. Townes in 1958, but was not experimentally demonstrated at that time. In the next 45 years, many experiments with alkali vapors were performed that demonstrated stimulated emission, gain and amplified spontaneous emission. However, the real interest in alkali vapor lasers appeared in the last several years, when really efficient lasing in Rb and Cs vapors was demonstrated. The US Air Force Academy performed a variety of experiments on alkali lasers, including the demonstration of efficient Rb, Cs and K vapor lasers, power scaling experiments with multiple diode laser pumping sources and experiments on diode pumped alkali vapor amplifiers. As a result of this effort we have increased the alkali lasers output power to tens of watts in continuous wave operation. In this paper we present a review of the most important achievements in high power alkali lasers research and development, discuss some problems existing in this field.
Genesis of late systolic and diastolic ballistic vibrations

Abstract 1. 1. The end-systolic ballistic deflection is dependent upon deceleration of the arterial column during reduced ejection and represents a balance between headward and footward force vectors. Aortic obstruction attenuates footward force by disturbing this balance. Pulse wave reflection may modulate end-systolic force but is not essential to its genesis. 2. 2. The initial diastolic vibrations are related to the magnitude and rate of change of force with aortic valve closure. The pulmonary valve contributes only under conditions of hypertension or increased flow in the lesser circuit. 3. 3. Vibrations subsequent to valve closure vary with aortic pressure, volume, elasticity, length, and coupling and disappear when arterial resonance is abolished. The aortic standing wave therefore seems responsible for their production. Study of limbless subjects indicates that the arch vessels, iliacs, and femorals are part of the resonator in which the standing wave oscillates. 4. 4. Venous blood flow and ventricular relaxation do not contribute to the diastolic complex, and cardiac filling generates small vibrations unless venous return is augmented or ventricular expansion is abnormally limited.
Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism

Abstract Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in communities where sharing and preserving their culture could be seen as conflicting goals. This research used a benefits-based approach to examine the perceptions of cultural tourism by Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents living along the Los Caminos Antiguos Scenic and Historic byway in southwestern Colorado, the United States. Results showed that while both groups recognized the value of living along the byway, Hispanic residents felt more strongly that it could provide important cultural benefits to residents and showed greater concern for its management to preserve the distinct cultural atmosphere.
Effects of prior saline-morphine discrimination by pigeons on three-way discrimination including two morphine doses

The discriminative stimulus properties of morphine sulfate (MS) and their alteration by naltrexone (NTX) and d-amphetamine (AMP) challenges were examined in a quantitative dose 1, dose 2, and saline (SAL) drug discrimination task utilizing 1.8 mg/kg MS, 10 mg/kg MS, and SAL as discriminative stimuli under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food-maintained behavior in two groups of White Carneaux pigeons. Group A (Gp A) (n=6) subjects (Ss) were initially experimentally-and drug-naive, whereas group B Ss (n=4) were originally trained in a two-choice MS versus SAL discrimination task, and had a long behavioral and drug history. Significant differences were found in (1) number of sessions to criterion (STC) (group B greater than group A); (2) group A Ss generalized both NTX and AMP to SAL, whereas group, B Ss generalized AMP to the low dose (1.8 mg/kg) MS stimulus; and (3) in drug interaction test sessions, the high dose MS stimulus (10 mg/kg) in group A was unmodified by a range of challenge AMP doses (0.32 to 3.2 mg/kg). In contrast, group B Ss exhibited a shift to the low dose or SAL-appropriate keys when the same high dose MS stimulus was challenged by moderate doses of AMP. Group A and group B were similar in their pattern and distribution of responses when tested with various doses of MS, and also when challenge tests of the high dose MS stimulus were made with NTX. Qualitative generalization tests with the opiate agonist methadone suggested that methadone was more potent than MS in producing the discriminative stimulus properties learned under the MS stimulus conditions. It is suggested that the three-choice dose 1, dose 2, SAL discrimination procedure is a viable model to test agonist and antagonist relationships.
Wireless sensing framework for long-term measurements of electric organ discharge

This paper describes a customizable/extensible wireless sensor framework for long term monitoring and visualization of the electric organ discharges (EOD) of a weakly electric fish (Sternopygus macrurus). The system developed can be used to simultaneously visualize, in near-real time, the EOD signal of multiple fish residing in separate tanks. Furthermore, the sensing mechanisms used to detect EOD are non-invasive, minimizing side effects on the fishs' natural behavior. Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components are used extensively in this framework to lower cost of the system and its future enhancements. COTS components can be easily customized to support different sensors or communication methods. Experimental results involving four fish show accurate measurement of the electric field waveforms and indicate the presence of circadian rhythms in the EOD of the fish.
Image reconstruction from the Hartley transform intensity

Abstract Reconstruction of an image from the intensity of its Hartley transform is examined. It is shown that a one or higher dimensional image is uniquely related, except for an ambiguity in sign, to its Hartley intensity. This result is compared to uniqueness properties of the Fourier phase problem. It is shown that the image moments can be calculated directly from the Hartley intensity. A low frequency approximation to the image can be computed from the Hartley intensity and iteratively refined using Fourier phase retrieval algorithms. These results are illustrated with one-dimensional numerical examples.
Perceptions of Hispanic and African-American Couples at the Friendship or Engagement Stage of a Relationship

In an attempt to comprehend the perceptions held about racially similar and dissimilar couples, four issues were examined in this study. First, differences in perceptions based on the couple's racial composition were investigated. It was hypothesized that perceptions about the couple, its members, and its relationship quality would be more positive for same-race dyads than mixed-race couples. Second, we examined the impact of intimacy level on perceptions reported about these dyads. Pairs who were friends were predicted to receive more positive perceptions than the engaged couples. Third, we hypothesized that racially dissimilar couples who were engaged would be perceived more negatively than the racially similar friend and engaged dyads and the racially dissimilar friend pairs. Lastly, past studies have indicated perceiver sex and race differences in perceptions of interracial couples. Given the inconsistencies in the literature, we looked at the possible sex- and race-of-the-perceiver effects on percept...
MO-A-T-6C-01: Managing Respiratory Motion in Radiation Oncology

Intrafraction motion is an issue that is becoming increasingly important in the era of image‐guidedradiotherapy. Intrafraction motion can be caused by the respiratory, skeletal muscular, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems. Of these three systems, much research and development to date has been directed towards accounting for respiratory motion. Respiratory motion causes deleterious effects during the imaging, planning and delivery of radiation therapy. The management of respiratory motion in radiationoncology is the subject of this continuing education class which aims to advise medical physicists involved in the external beam radiation therapy of patients with thoracic and abdominal tumors that move due to respiratory motion. This session will describe the magnitude of respiratory motion, discuss radiotherapy‐specific problems caused by respiratory motion, explain techniques that explicitly manage respiratory motion during radiotherapy and give recommendations in the application of these techniques for patient care, including quality assurance guidelines for these devices. The techniques to be described include respiratory gating, breath‐hold techniques, forced shallow breathing and respiration‐synchronized radiotherapy. This session intends to reflect the current state of the scientific understanding and technical methodology in imaging,treatment planning and radiationdelivery for radiationoncology patients with tumors affected by respiratory motion. Issues requiring further study will also be raised. The educational objectives of this course include: 1. Appreciate the effects of respiratory motion during the imaging, planning and delivery of radiotherapy. 2. Learn the various techniques that have been clinically applied to manage respiratory motion. 3. Understand the general and specific quality assurance requirements for different respiratory management techniques. 4. Describe the clinical process for managing patients with tumors affected by respiratory motion.
Fragmentation statistics from Eulerian hydrocode calculations

Abstract In this paper, we discuss a procedure for computing discrete fragmentation information for terminal ballistics events from the continuum data that emerges from two-dimensional Eulerian hydrocode simulations of these events. The present examples deal with the normal impact of lead cylinders on lead plates at velocities below 1600 m/s. In this regime, the resulting debris is almost exclusively solid lead fragments. We have experimental data of sufficient accuracy to evaluate the extraction of such fragmentation information from code simulations. The problem is interesting because the observed distribution of fragment size would require extreme subgrid resolution in the hydrocode if the statistics were computed directly. Our approach is different. We ask whether or not the general continuum description predicted by the code contains enough information to allow coupling of an analytic fragmentation theory that successfully predicts fragmentation statistics. We believe that this approach is valid, and discuss our current success in matching experimental data.
972-107 L-Arginine Decreases Infarct Size in Rats Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

We previously showed that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increased myocardial infarct size in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion. If reduced reperfusion was caused by endothelial cell damage and increased vascular tone, we postulated that L-arginine (ARG) would increase nitric oxide and better protect the heart. 60 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: ETS or Control (C) with and without ARG (2.25% ARG in drinking water). The ETS groups were exposed (4 Marlboro cigarettes per 15 minutes. 6 hours a day) for 6 weeks. During ETS-exposure, average air nicotine, carbon monoxide and total particulate concentrations were 1304 μg/m3, 78 ppm and 31 mg/m3, respectively. After 6 weeks, all rats were subjected to 35 min LAD occlusion (0) and 120 min reperfusion, with hemodynamic monitoring via the carotid artery. Aortic rings were harvested to evaluate vascular reactivity. Infarct size (infarct mass/risk area x 100%) decreased significantly in the ETS with ARG group compared to the ETS without ARG group. There were no significant differences among groups in heart rate (HR), systolic pressure (SP), and rate pressure product. Tlere were positive correlations between infarct size and heart rates from baseline to reperfusion 120 min (r = 0.4-0.6. p = 0.01-0.001). There was no relationship between vascular reactivity and infarct size. Group No. of Rats Inf/LV (%) Inf/RA (%) 0-35’HR (beats/m) 0-35'SP (mmHg) Max Relax (%) C 11 25 ± 3 51 ± 6 408 ± 11 120 ± 7 84 ± 11 C+ ARG 10 25 ± 2 52 ± 3 415 ± 10 103 ± 11 112 ± 15 ETS 10 34 ± 4 64 ± 6 427 ± 16 108 ± 8 128 ± 16 ETS + ARG 11 22 ± 3 * 42 ± 6 * 410 ± 17 106 ± 10 127 ± 18 Values are Means ± SEM * p l 0.05, p values from two-way ANOVA Conclusion L-arginine decreases myocardial infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in ETS-exposed rats. This effect does not appear to be secondary to alterations in hemodynamics.
Ion passages in the hyperfiltration of mixed Co-ion electrolyte solutions by a membrane containing fixed charges

Abstract The hyperfiltration of single electrolyte and mixed electrolyte solutions of KCl and CaCl2 was investigated using a formed-in-place polyelectrolyte blend membrane. The membranes contained poly (acrylic acid) and poly (ethylene imine) and possessed an excess of positive fixed charges at the pH of the experiments, approximately 4, making the K+ and Ca2+ co-ions to the fixed charge. Probstein's electrokinetic model in its analytic form reduced to the wall potential as the single parameter was applied to the ion passages. The results demonstrate the utility of this limited form of the model in describing multi-ion passages in a hyperfiltration system where none of the ions interact strongly enough with the membrane to alter its hyperfiltration characteristics significantly.
The efficiency of design-based stereology in estimating spiral ganglion populations in mice

Accurate quantification of cell populations is essential in assessing and evaluating neural survival and degeneration in experimental groups. Estimates obtained through traditional two-dimensional counting methods are heavily biased by the counting parameters in relation to the size and shape of the neurons to be counted, resulting in a large range of inaccurate counts. In contrast, counting every cell in a population can be extremely labor-intensive. The present study hypothesizes that design-based stereology provides estimates of the total number of cochlear spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in mice that are comparable to those obtained by other accurate cell-counting methods, such as a serial reconstruction, while being a more efficient method. SGNs are indispensable for relaying auditory information from hair cells to the auditory brainstem, and investigating factors affecting their degeneration provides insight into the physiological basis for the progression of hearing dysfunction. Stereological quantification techniques offer the benefits of efficient sampling that is independent of the size and shape of the SGNs. Population estimates of SGNs in cochleae from young C57 mice with normal-hearing and C57 mice with age-related hearing loss were obtained using the optical fractionator probe and traditional two-dimensional counting methods. The average estimated population of SGNs in normal-hearing mice was 7009, whereas the average estimated population in mice with age-related hearing loss was 5096. The estimated population of SGNs in normal-hearing mice fell within the range of values previously reported in the literature. The reduction in the SGN population in animals with age-related hearing loss was statistically significant. Stereological measurements required less time per section compared to two-dimensional methods while optimizing the amount of cochlear tissue analyzed. These findings demonstrate that design-based stereology provides a practical alternative to other counting methods such as the Abercrombie correction method, which has been shown to notably underestimate cell populations, and labor-intensive protocols that account for every cell individually.
Characterization of N-glycosylation consensus sequences in the Kv3.1 channel.

N-Glycosylation is a cotranslational and post-translational process of proteins that may influence protein folding, maturation, stability, trafficking, and consequently cell surface expression of functional channels. Here we have characterized two consensus N-glycosylation sequences of a voltage-gated K+ channel (Kv3.1). Glycosylation of Kv3.1 protein from rat brain and infected Sf9 cells was demonstrated by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Digestion of total brain membranes with peptide N glycosidase F (PNGase F) produced a much faster-migrating Kv3.1 immunoband than that of undigested brain membranes. To demonstrate N-glycosylation of wild-type Kv3.1 in Sf9 cells, cells were treated with tunicamycin. Also, partially purified proteins were digested with either PNGase F or endoglycosidase H. Attachment of simple-type oligosaccharides at positions 220 and 229 was directly shown by single (N229Q and N220Q) and double (N220Q/N229Q) Kv3.1 mutants. Functional measurements and membrane fractionation of infected Sf9 cells showed that unglycosylated Kv3.1s were transported to the plasma membrane. Unitary conductance of N220Q/N229Q was similar to that of the wild-type Kv3.1. However, whole cell currents of N220Q/N229Q channels had slower activation rates, and a slight positive shift in voltage dependence compared to wild-type Kv3.1. The voltage dependence of channel activation for N229Q and N220Q was much like that for N220Q/N229Q. These results demonstrate that the S1–S2 linker is topologically extracellular, and that N-glycosylation influences the opening of the voltage-dependent gate of Kv3.1. We suggest that occupancy of the sites is critical for folding and maturation of the functional Kv3.1 at the cell surface.