cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering Market Efficiency: A Tale of Two Exchanges

The efficient markets hypothesis argues that the price of a financial asset reflects available information about that asset. Competing theories argue that other factors, including investor behavior, can cause asset prices to diverge from the efficient price leading to “bubbles.” We argue that the governance of market institutions plays a profound role in achieving market efficiency. In particular, we note that until recently, both the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ were non-profit firms. We then identify an objective function for each of these firms and argue that the NYSE had an incentive to produce an informationally efficient marketplace for equities whereas the NASDAQ benefited from inefficiency. We test our hypothesis using a natural experiment, the IPO of the NYSE in 2006, and find that bid-ask spreads on the NYSE were consistently lower than the NASDAQ but then converged after demutualization. We believe that our approach helps resolve an apparent tension between competing theories of market behavior and contributes an analytical framework from which to consider regulatory changes.
Extended Continuous Interpolation

A method of interpolation is developed which generates a locus of values having mathematical continuity and having continuous first and second derivatives. The locus is generated by passing a six-point interpolating system through any extended range of data. The value of this method of interpolation is found in the first derivative. Since the second derivative is finitely continuous, the first derivative is smoothly continuous. Therefore, this system can be used effectively to interpolate for slopes of functions defined only at discrete intervals. It provides for "point" slopes rather than "interval" slopes of usual finite difference methods. The interpolation locus within any six-point set is a polynomial expression of those points. However, the complete locus through extended ranges of data is essentially "form-free."
If music is the food of love, what about survival and reproductive success?

This article departs from many discussions of the origin, evolution, and adaptive function(s) of music by treating music not as perceptual qualities (pitch, timbre, meter), formal elements (prosody, melody, harmony, rhythm), performed activity (singing, drumming), or genre (lullaby, song, dance). Rather, music is conceptualized as a behavioral and motivational capacity: what is done to sounds and pulses when they are “musified” — made into music — and why. For this new view, I employ the ethological notion of ritualization, wherein ordinary communicative behaviors (e.g., sounds, movements) are altered through formalization, repetition, exaggeration, and elaboration, thereby attracting attention and arousing and shaping emotion. The universal sensitivity of infants as young as 8 weeks to such alterations of (or operations on) voice, facial expression, and body movements, when these are presented to them by adults in intimate dyadic interactions within a shared temporal framework, suggests an evolved, adapt...
Generating LEVs on Energetically Optimal, Flapping Wing Designs by Modulating Leading Edge Angle

In this paper a series of twoand three-dimensional, multi-fidelity computational models are presented and used in a preliminary exploration of leading edge vortex (LEV) evolution on pitching and plunging wings. The lower fidelity computational tools (thin airfoil theory and doublet lattice method) are framed in a quasi-inverse design context to determine the wing shape (twist and camber) that achieve a prescribed (leading and trailing edge) shed vorticity footprint. A high-order, computational fluid dynamics tool is used to simulate the final wing geometries. A series of preliminary results of increasing complexity and relevance to flapping wings are presented to demonstrate the viability of the lower fidelity quasi-inverse wing design methods. First a two-dimensional pitch-ramp case is presented to illustrate the impact of leading edge angle as well as leading and trailing edge vorticity shedding rate on the generation and persistence of LEVs. The second exploration considers a two-dimensional model of flapping downstroke motion (simple half cycle of a sinusoidal heave). Finally, some preliminary results using similar quasi-inverse design methods in three-dimensions are presented. While preliminary, the results of our investigations illustrate that LEVs can be modulated using an appropriate combination of wing local camber and incidence angle.
Ti3+-, V2+/3+-, Cr2+/3+-, Mn2+-, and Fe2+-Substituted MOF-5 and Redox Reactivity in Cr- and Fe-MOF-5

The metal nodes in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are known to act as Lewis acid catalysts, but few reports have explored their ability to mediate reactions that require electron transfer. The unique chemical environments at the nodes should facilitate unusual redox chemistry, but the difficulty in synthesizing MOFs with metal ions in reduced oxidation states has precluded such studies. Herein, we demonstrate that MZn3O(O2C−)6 clusters from Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3 (MOF-5) serve as hosts for V2+ and Ti3+ ions and enable the synthesis of the first MOFs containing these reduced early metal ions, which can be accessed from MOF-5 by postsynthetic ion metathesis (PSIM). Additional MOF-5 analogues featuring Cr2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ at the metal nodes can be obtained by similar postsynthetic methods and are reported here for the first time. The inserted metal ions are coordinated within an unusual all-oxygen trigonal ligand field and are accessible to both inner- and outer-sphere oxidants: Cr2+- conver...
A Study of the Risk Managerment of the International Petroleum Projects and the Countermeasures

China's enterprises of oil and gas fields invest overseas under the strategy of "going out of China".In undertaking overseas contracted petroleum projects,the risk management becomes more important to carry out the projects smoothly.The international petroleum projects are faced with the risks of the politics,the economic policy,the geology,the construction,and the petroleum market.In view of the lower consciousness of the petroleum projects of the risk discerning existing in the risk management of China's international petroleum projects,lacking the professional risk evaluating organizations,and the single risk managerial methods,this article puts forward a series of suggestions about bringing forth exerting the scientific methods,strengthening the reliability of risk discerning,valuing the international project evaluation,using the multi-evaluating methods,establishing the risk managerial system,and enhancing the risk managerial technology.
Celebrating New Citizens, Defining the Nation:

Exploring naturalization ceremonies as sites of Durkheimian ritual, creating social solidarity and shaping stories of the nation.
Intellectualization: How Not to Indulge in It

Marty provided tremendous comfort to me. I only realized this fact after I lost him. In his presence I found myself breathing deeply and my muscles relaxed. I felt happier.
Ethically Deployed Defaults: Transparency and Consumer Protection Through Disclosure and Preference Articulation

AbstractDefaults are extremely effective at covertly guiding choices, which raises concerns about how to employ them ethically and responsibly. Consumer advocates have proposed that disclosing how defaults are intended to influence choices could help protect consumers from being unknowingly manipulated. This research shows that consumers appreciate transparency, but disclosure does not make defaults less influential. Seven experiments demonstrate that disclosure alters how fair consumers perceive defaults to be but does not attenuate default effects because consumers do not understand how to counter the processes by which defaults bias their judgment. Given that defaults lead consumers to focus disproportionately on reasons to choose the default even with disclosure, debiasing default effects requires that consumers engage in a more balanced consideration of the default and its alternative. Encouraging people to articulate their preferences for the default or its alternative, as in a forced choice, shifts...
White-Tailed Rat

Publisher Summary Mystromys albicaudatus is commonly referred to as the white-tailed rat or less frequently the white-tailed mouse. This species is the only living species in the genus Mystromys and the subfamily Mystromyinae. Mystromys albicaudatus has 32 chromosomes consisting of 30 autosomes and the two sex chromosomes X and Y. The most unique anatomical features of Mystromys include the lack of a gall bladder and the anatomy of the stomach. Mystromys has been used infrequently in research. The majority of studies using Mystromys are behavioral and biology-related studies not requiring experimental manipulation. Animals should not be handled by the tail as the tail is short and the skin is thin and easily damaged, which can result in tail necrosis and/or tail slip. A fatal enteric syndrome associated with topical triple antibiotic ointment containing polymyxin B sulfate, bacitracin, and neomycin sulfate has been documented in Mystromys. Affected animals had ruffled fur, anorexia, and increased respiration. Genetically related disorders reported in Mystromys include partial oculocutaneous albinism and diabetes mellitus. Mystromys was first used in research primarily to determine susceptibility of the species to a number of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. Mystromys has been used in dental caries research in which it was found that a combination of a high-sucrose diet with a caries-associated strain of Streptococcus was necessary to produce dental lesions.
Temporal Lobe Tumor and Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

A 7-year-old boy with a left temporal lobe tumor and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (acquired aphasia and epilepsy) who improved dramatically after surgery is reported from the New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center.
A mathematical modeling technique with network flows for social welfare maximization in deregulated electricity markets

Abstract This paper presents a sequential solution method to discover efficient trades in an electricity market model. The market model represents deregulated electricity market consisting of four types of participants: independent power producers, retailers, public utilities, and consumers. Our model is based on graph theory, and the market participants are denoted by a network composes of three types of agents including sellers, buyers, and traders. The market participants have different capacity and demand of electricity from each other, and each electricity trade should satisfy the capacity and demand. Our sequential solution method can discover efficient electricity trades satisfying the constraints regarding capacity and demand by utilizing network flow. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of electricity trades determined by our method by examining social welfare, which is the total of payoffs of all market participants. Furthermore, the simulation results also indicate the allocation of payoff to each market participant.
Correspondence of Resting State and Task Brain Networks: Reproducibility and New Insights

Replication of neuroimaging studies is challenging for many reasons beyond the obvious pressure to publish novel findings. Specialized training is required to analyze neuroimaging data, which contributes to errors in data manipulation and false findings and limits the ability of scientists to reproduce findings. The cost and effort involved with conducting neuroimaging studies places even greater pressure on discovery rather than replication. Fortunately, there is a growing movement to share neuroimaging data for both purposes. Using a different dataset and different methods, a high-value replication of a highly influential neuroimaging study that showed correspondence between the brain networks that are active during idle rest and the networks that are engaged during the performance of tasks was conducted. Furthermore, the brain networks that are most strongly activated during task performance are shown for each task studied in the present work, providing new insights into task network function.
An overview of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Sensor Information Testbed for Collaborative Research Environment (SITCORE) and Automated Online Data Repository (AODR) capabilities

The Sensor Information Testbed COllaberative Research Environment (SITCORE) and the Automated Online Data Repository (AODR) are significant enablers of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)’s Open Campus Initiative and together create a highly-collaborative research laboratory and testbed environment focused on sensor data and information fusion. SITCORE creates a virtual research development environment allowing collaboration from other locations, including DoD, industry, academia, and collation facilities. SITCORE combined with AODR provides end-toend algorithm development, experimentation, demonstration, and validation. The AODR enterprise allows the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), as well as other government organizations, industry, and academia to store and disseminate multiple intelligence (Multi-INT) datasets collected at field exercises and demonstrations, and to facilitate research and development (R and D), and advancement of analytical tools and algorithms supporting the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) community. The AODR provides a potential central repository for standards compliant datasets to serve as the “go-to” location for lessons-learned and reference products. Many of the AODR datasets have associated ground truth and other metadata which provides a rich and robust data suite for researchers to develop, test, and refine their algorithms. Researchers download the test data to their own environments using a sophisticated web interface. The AODR allows researchers to request copies of stored datasets and for the government to process the requests and approvals in an automated fashion. Access to the AODR requires two-factor authentication in the form of a Common Access Card (CAC) or External Certificate Authority (ECA)
Techniques for Multi-Genome Synteny Analysis to Overcome Assembly Limitations

Genome scale synteny analysis, the analysis of relative gene-order conservation between species, can provide key insights into evolutionary chromosomal dynamics, rearrangement rates between species, and speciation analysis. With the rapid availability of multiple genomes, there is a need for efficient solutions to aid in comparative syntenic analysis. Current methods rely on homology assessment and multiple alignment based solutions to determine homologs of genetic markers between species and to infer syntenic relationships. One of the primary challenges facing multi-genome syntenic analysis is the uncertainty posed by genome assembly data with un-sequenced gaps and possible assembly errors. Currently, manual intervention is necessary to tune and correct the results of homology assessment and synteny inference. This paper presents a novel automated approach to overcome some of these limitations. It uses a graph based algorithm to infer sub-graphs denoting synteny chains with the objective of choosing the best locations for homologous elements, in the presence of paralogs, in order to maximize synteny. These synteny chains are expanded by merging sub-graphs based on various user defined thresholds for micro-syntenic scrambling. This approach comprehends and accommodates for contig and scaffold gaps in the assembly to determine homologous genetic elements that might either fall in unsequenced assembly gaps or lie on the edges of sequenced segments or on small fragments. Furthermore, it provides an automated solution for breakpoint analysis and a comparative study of chromosomal rearrangements between species. This approach was applied to a comparative study involving Drosophila.melanogaster and Drosophila.pseudoobscura genomes, as an example, and has been useful in analyzing inter-species syntenic relationships.
Marginalized Memories Architectural Interventions and Reparative Actions in the tenth edition of the Central American Biennale "Todas las vidas"

A comparative, critical aproximation to the artistic productions of Oscar Figueroa Chaves, “Intervencionen el edificio de la UFCO”, and Marcos Agudelo, “Cianometro”, is presented. These pieces werea part of the tenth Central American Biennale “Todas las vidas”, curated by Tamara Diaz Bringas in theyear 2016, in the provinces of Limon and San Jose, Costa Rica. The analysis of these works addressesthe complexities found in the ways architectural patrimony in Costa Rica assigns historical meaningand value to public spaces. Through a re-contextualization of the concepts and aesthetic qualities associated to, in the case of Figueroa, the pesticide blue plastic used in banana plantations, and in the caseof Agudelo, the sky, this essay explores the urgent need to make visible, palpable, the way public spacesexclude certain populations from their historical memory in addition to reflecting on what can constitutea reparative actions.
Interactive effect of enzymes and surfactant on the cellulose digestibility of un-washed and washed dilute ammonia pretreated energy cane bagasse

Abstract The interaction effect of cellulase (Cellic® CTec2), xylanase (Cellic® HTec2) and laccase along with a non-ionic surfactant (Tween® 80) on cellulose digestibility of unwashed and washed liquid ammonia pretreated energy cane bagasse was investigated. A polynomial quadratic model was fitted and solved for the optimum value of each variable for the desired response using response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis of the results showed that the interactive effect of all variables with cellulose were significant (p
Catalytic materials for biofuel conversion

Over the last three decades, there has been a large increase in the production and use of biofuels. This has led researchers to study alternative strategies for converting biofuel energy into elect...
The Test of Conflict

This chapter examines British use of mines in the first year of the First World War. It demonstrates how a mining strategy was initially driven by the Liberal government in response to failures of economic warfare, in the face of strong cultural opposition from within the Royal Navy. Following the return of Lord Fisher to the Admiralty mining was once again at the heart of British naval strategy and in May 1915 Fisher was pursuing his ‘Baltic Project’, of which mine warfare was an integral part.
Impact of Climate Change on Vibrio vulnificus Abundance and Exposure Risk

Vibrio species are marine bacteria that occur in estuaries worldwide; many are virulent human pathogens with high levels of antibiotic resistance. The average annual incidence of all Vibrio infections has increased by 41% between 1996 and 2005. V. vulnificus (Vv), a species associated with shellfish and occurring in the US Southeast, has ranges of temperature (16-33 °C) and salinity (5-20 ppt) dependencies for optimal growth. Increased water temperatures caused by atmospheric warming and increased salinity gradients caused by sea level rise raise concerns for the effect of climate change on the geographic range of Vv and the potential for increased exposure risk. This research combined monthly field sampling, laboratory analysis, and modeling to identify the current occurrence of Vv in the Winyah Bay estuary (South Carolina, USA) and assess the possible effects of climate change on future geographic range and exposure risk in the estuary. Vv concentrations ranged from 0 to 58 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, salinities ranged from 0 to 28 ppt, and temperature from 18 to 31 °C. A significant empirical relationship was found between Vv concentration and salinity and temperature that fit well with published optimal ranges for growth for these environmental parameters. These results, when coupled with an existing model of future specific conductance, indicated that sea level rise has a greater impact on exposure risk than temperature increases in the estuary. Risk increased by as much as four times compared to current conditions with the largest temporally widespread increase at the most upriver site where currently there is minimal risk.
Cumulative Stress and Trauma from the Migration Process as Barriers to HIV Testing: A Qualitative Study of Latino Immigrants

Immigrants are at increased risk for late HIV testing; however, there is limited understanding of how migration to the United States shapes HIV testing behaviors. This study examined the relationship between the migration process and HIV testing among Latino immigrants. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted in March and April 2017 with 34 Latino immigrants in New York City. Grounded theory guided analysis of the qualitative data. Results indicated that Latino immigrants experienced cumulative stress and trauma throughout the migration process that contributed to significant emotional and psychological consequences. Stress and trauma accumulated from the migration process posed barriers to HIV testing as Latino immigrants sought to avoid activities perceived as stressful, including learning one's HIV status. Targeted interventions that ameliorate the stressful effects of migration may facilitate preventive health behaviors among Latino immigrants.
The Ovalbumin Gene: Transcriptional Regulation by Estrogen

In higher organisms, different steroid hormones regulate the synthesis of a large number of proteins in various target tissues. The precise regulatory mechanisms involved remain unclear and the major advances during the past five years have been in the area of steroid hormone action on mRNA synthesis and translation.
The Empathic Healer: An Endangered Species?

The Health Care System Has Lost its Heart. The History of Empathy in Mental Health Care. Empathy and the Listening Healer. Empathy: Facilitators and Barriers. Empathy and Ideology. Empathy and the Brain. Treaters and Healers. Empathy and the Focus of Psychotherapy. Focal Psychotherapy. Empathy Redux. Bibliography. Index.
The influence of tectonic environment on dynamic earthquake triggering: A review and case study on Alaskan volcanoes

Abstract The phenomenon of dynamic earthquake triggering, when seismic waves from an earthquake trigger seismicity at distant sites, has been recognized for over 25 years, yet knowledge of the global distribution of dynamic triggering remains far from complete. Because occurrences of dynamic triggering provide in-situ information of the stress-state of a responding site, a more complete global picture of susceptible crustal environments becomes an important component of seismic hazard evaluations. Here we 1) review evidence for tectonic regime dependence of dynamic triggering susceptibility in the shallow brittle crust, and 2) explore triggering susceptibility at Alaskan volcanoes. We search for significant increases in seismicity rates at 19 Alaskan volcanic areas between 2006 and 2013 within 3 days following regional and teleseismic earthquakes of magnitude 7 and greater. We find evidence for 12 triggered responses at 9 volcanoes, but no evidence for triggered responses following hundreds of other earthquakes. The most impressive response was that of Pavlof Volcano to the 2011 MW 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Our results suggest that triggered responses are difficult to predict, as they do not depend on background seismicity rates or amplitude of incident seismic waves from distant earthquakes. Taken together, observational and theoretical evidence suggests that dynamic triggering occurs in all tectonic environments. So far however, it appears to be more common in extensional and transtensional environments and regions with high pore-fluid pressure than in compressional and transpressional environments. Although some volcanic and geothermal areas may be primed for dynamic earthquake triggering, volcanoes in Alaska are relatively insensitive. The weak and variable responses of Alaskan volcanoes suggest that triggering susceptibility depends on time varying crustal conditions, such as the state of stress and distribution of pore pressure. Results also indirectly suggest that eruption triggering by distant earthquakes is unlikely in Alaska over the time scale of days.
Dedekind complete and order continuous Banach $C(K)$-modules

We extend the notions of Dedekind complete and σ-Dedekind complete Banach lattices to Banach C(K)-modules. As our main result we prove for these modules an analogue of Lozanovsky’s well-known characterization of Banach lattices with order continuous norm.
Cysteamine Protects Neurons from Mutant Huntingtin Toxicity.

Background The potential benefit of cysteamine for Huntington's disease has been demonstrated in HD animal models. Cysteamine and its derivate cystamine were shown to reduce neuropathology and prolong lifespan. Human studies have demonstrated safety, and suggestive results regarding efficacy. Despite all the studies available in vivo, there are only few in vitro studies, and the mechanism of action of cysteamine remains unclear. Objective The objective of this study is to assess the capacity of cysteamine for neuroprotection against mutant Huntingtin in vitro using cellular models of HD, and to provide initial data regarding mechanism of action. Methods We tested the neuroprotective properties of cysteamine in vitro in our primary neuron and iPSC models of HD. Results Cysteamine showed a strong neuroprotective effect (EC50 = 7.1 nM) against mutant Htt-(aa-1-586 82Q) toxicity, in a nuclear condensation cell toxicity assay. Cysteamine also rescued mitochondrial changes induced by mutant Htt. Modulation of the levels of cysteine or glutathione failed to protect neurons, suggesting that cysteamine neuroprotection is not mediated through cysteine metabolism. Taurine and Hypotaurine, which are metabolites of cysteamine can protect neurons against Htt toxicity, but the inhibition of the enzyme converting cysteamine to hypotaurine does not block either protective activity, suggesting independent protective pathways. Cysteamine has been suggested to activate BDNF secretion; however, cysteamine protection was not blocked by BDNF pathway antagonists. Conclusions Cysteamine was strongly neuroprotective with relatively high potency. We demonstrated that the main neuroprotective pathways that have been proposed to be the mechanism of protection by cysteamine can all be blocked and still not prevent the neuroprotective effect. The results suggest the involvement of other yet-to-be-determined neuroprotective pathways.
Enrollment of Racial Minorities in Clinical Trials: Old Problem Assumes New Urgency in the Age of Immunotherapy

Minority U.S. populations are underrepresented in cancer clinical trials. This review appraises the impact of the disparity in clinical trial participation by minority patients in the current era of cancer immunotherapy. Enrollment on pivotal trials leading to U.S. regulatory approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors showed poor representation of minority ethnic groups. Specifically, we found that black patients constitute less than 4% of all patients enrolled across multiple trials that supported the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer. Similar underrepresentation was observed for trials conducted in renal cell carcinoma and other tumor types. Since efficacy of immunotherapy is only observed in a subset of patients, the use of predictive biomarkers to identify responders along with new strategies to expand the benefit to a larger subset of patients are current areas of active investigation. The inadequate representation of minority patients on immunotherapy clinical trials could perpetuate outcome disparity because the unique biology of the host and the tumors from this subpopulation is not accounted for as new treatment algorithms to guide optimal use of immunotherapy are developed for use in the real world.
Cannabis, Connectivity, and Coming of Age: Associations between Cannabis Use and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Connectivity during the Transition to Adulthood

Abstract Background Cannabis use is common among adolescents and emerging adults and is associated with significant adverse consequences for a subset of users. Rates of use peak between the ages of 18-25, yet the neurobiological consequences for neural systems that are actively developing during this time remain poorly understood. In particular, cannabis exposure may interfere with adaptive development of white matter pathways underlying connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex, including the cingulum and anterior thalamic radiations (ATR). Methods The current study examined the association between cannabis use during adolescence and emerging adulthood and white matter microstructure of the cingulum and ATR among 158 male subjects enrolled in the Pitt Mother & Child Project, a prospective, longitudinal study of risk and resilience among men of low socioeconomic status. Participants were recruited in infancy, completed follow-up assessments throughout childhood and adolescence, and underwent diffusion imaging at age 20 and 22. Results At age 20, moderate cannabis use across adolescence (age 12-19) was associated with higher fractional anisotropy of the cingulum and ATR, relative to both minimal and heavy adolescent use. Longitudinally, moderate and heavy extended cannabis use (age 12-21) was associated with reduced positive change in FA in both pathways from age 20 to 22, relative to minimal use. Conclusions These results suggest that precocious white matter development may be linked to increased risk for use, whereas cannabis exposure may delay white matter maturation during the transition to adulthood and potentially impact individuals’ functioning later in development.
Validation of Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation Mechanism in Partial Amide Bond Rotation.

The concept of enthalpy–entropy compensation (EEC) is one of the highly debated areas of thermodynamics. The conformational change due to restricted double-bond rotation shows a classic two-site ch...
Genocidal and Anti-genocidal Ethics in Fascist Italy during the Holocaust

The statistical data on German and Italian arrests of Jews in Italy exposes important insight into how the Holocaust unfolded hundreds of miles away from the annihilation centers in the east. Of the 6116 Jews deported from Italy, Germans captured 39.4 percent, Italians 29.2 percent, Germans and Italians working together account for 5.2 percent, and the identity of the arrester is unknown for 26.2 percent. While German soldiers picked up more Jews than Italian soldiers, the Italians’ sustained involvement in the arrest of Jews surpassed the Germans’. In the first three months of the German occupation of central and northern Italy (September to December 1943), German forces arrested the greatest number of Jews; however, for the next two years, Italians overtook their German counterparts. Using the town of Castelnuovo di Garfagnana as a case study, this chapter illuminates what motivated some Italian police to save and others to condemn Jews during the Holocaust. In so doing, it explores how Italian police and civil servants helped realize Fascist goals and at what cost to Jewish life.
Impact, theory of change, and the horizons of scientific practice:

Demands for research to generate impact, along with proliferating institutional regimes for evaluating impact, are a ubiquitous aspect of contemporary scientific practice. Based on participant obse...
Probing for Four-Coordinate Zerovalent Iron in a π-Acidic Ligand Field: A Functional Source of FeL4 Enabled by Labile Dinitrogen Binding

It has long been recognized that the first intermediate in chemical reactions mediated by Fe(CO)5 is Fe(CO)4. However, the extreme instability of this unsaturated, high-spin species has hampered de...
Validation of Case Identification for Alopecia Areata Using International Classification of Diseases Coding

Background: Search algorithms used to identify patients with alopecia areata (AA) need to be validated prior to use in large databases. Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess whether patients with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 9 or 10 code for AA have a true diagnosis of AA. Materials and Methods: A multicenter retrospective review was performed at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital to determine whether patients with an ICD 9 codes (704.01 - AA) or ICD 10 codes (L63.0 -Alopecia Totalis, L63.1 - Alopecia Universalis, L63.2 - Ophiasis, L63.8 - other AA, and L63.9 - AA, unspecified) for AA met diagnostic criteria for the disease. Results: Of 880 charts, 97.5% had physical examination findings consistent with AA, and 90% had an unequivocal diagnosis. AA was diagnosed by a dermatologist in 87% of the charts. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the ICD 9 code 704.01 was 97% (248/255). The PPV for the ICD 10 codes were 64% (75/118) for L63.0, 86% (130/151) for L63.1, 50% (1/2) for L63.2, 91% (81/89) for L63.8, and 93% (247/265) for L63.9. Overall, 89% (782/880) of patients with an ICD code for AA were deemed to have a true diagnosis of AA. Conclusions: Patients whose medical records contain an AA-associated ICD code have a high probability of having the condition.
NCAA Student-Athlete Mental Health and Wellness: A Biopsychosocial Examination

Intercollegiate student-athletes, a distinct sub-population of college students accounting for nearly 500,000 individuals across university campuses, may experience greater mental health issues tha...
Sexual Functioning of Transgender Females Post-Vaginoplasty: Evaluation, Outcomes and Treatment Strategies for Sexual Dysfunction.

Abstract Introduction Transfeminine genital reconstructive surgery is an important part of gender affirmation for many transgender women. Sexual health post-vaginoplasty is an important aspect of quality of life that can have a significant impact on overall well-being. Objectives The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the sexual outcomes of transgender females post-vaginoplasty and identify treatment strategies for those experiencing sexual dysfunction. Methods A literature review was conducted with a focus on sexual health outcomes in transgender females post-vaginoplasty as well as treatment options for sexual dysfunction. Results Penile inversion vaginoplasty with or without free skin grafts or local tissue flaps and intestinal vaginoplasty are the options available to patients interested in transfeminine genital reconstructive surgery with a neovagina. Sexual satisfaction post-vaginoplasty is high regardless of the vaginoplasty technique, however up to 29% of patients may be diagnosed with a sexual dysfunction due to associated distress with a sexual function disturbance. Hormone treatment, pelvic floor physical therapy, sex therapy, and sex surrogacy are treatment options for patients with sexual dysfunctions. Conclusion Patient reported outcome measures appropriately validated for this patient population are necessary to better understand sexual function outcomes, sexual dysfunction and treatment options for post-vaginoplasty patients. Schardein JN, Nikolavsky D. Sexual Functioning of Transgender Females Post-Vaginoplasty: Evaluation, Outcomes and Treatment Strategies for Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX–XXX
Current Management of Acute Calculous Cholecystitis

Provide a comprehensive review of the latest reports on management of acute calculous cholecystitis and our current practices The diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) should be driven by a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. The use of grading scales to classify the severity of ACC has successfully predicted the morbidity of surgical management of this disease. Surgical management has shifted from open cholecystectomy or delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy to early laparoscopic cholecystectomy. If the critical view of safety (CVS) cannot safely be obtained, a change in surgical strategy with either conversion to open or a subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be considered. For patients that are not surgical candidates, treatment includes antibiotics and biliary drainage with percutaneous cholecystostomy tube. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for the treatment of ACC. The use of grading scales to guide operative management should be employed.
Control of Water Pollution from Toxics: Southeast U. S.

A detailed review of the programs of eight southeastern states for the control of water pollution from toxic wastes is presented. The review examines water quality standards, effluent limitations, National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) permits for direct and indirect discharges, pretreatment programs, waste residuals management, monitoring, emergency response, and analytic capability. Existing programs fall far short of providing control of 129 priority pollutants. The problem is particularly acute for chemicals with long-term health effects. The state-of-the-art relative to causal relationships and degree of risk primitive is covered. It is concluded that the transition from the earlier era of pollution control to encompass toxic wastes will be very difficult, particularly with cutbacks in federal cost sharing and research.
Problems of Measuring Learning

Learning, the acquisition of information or skills, is not distinct from intelligence since intelligence is defined in terms of learning and related processes. In the analysis of learning, a distinction is made between the internal process and the external act. The reason for this is that we see only the act and not the process.
ANTIBODIES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN NONIMMUNIZED RABBITS

Cohen, Jay O. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), Glenda S. Cowart, and William B. Cherry. Antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus in nonimmunized rabbits. J. Bacteriol. 82: 110–114. 1961.—Antibody against staphylococci was demonstrated in the serum of each of 36 nonimmunized specific-pathogen-free rabbits that were tested. Evidence obtained is in agreement with the proposition that two distinct staphylococcal antibodies are present in the sera from these nonimmunized rabbits. One is responsible for agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan serotype I, and the other for the formation of a reaction line observed in Ouchterlony plates with soluble antigens of both Cowan serotype I and Cowan serotype III. Fluorescent antibody reagent prepared from preimmune rabbit serum stained some strains of coagulase positive staphylococci, including Cowan9s types I and III, and failed to stain any of 14 coagulase negative strains. The sera of rabbits obtained from a commercial source were shown to contain other antibodies for staphylococci in addition to the two found in the sera of specific-pathogen-free rabbits. The data suggested that rabbits from commercial sources have had contact with a great variety of antigens capable of stimulating staphylococcal antibody. Evidence demonstrated that normal rabbit serum from specific-pathogen-free animals of our colony could be used for differentiation of certain staphylococcal strains.
Extractions and reactions of coals below 100 °C: 4. Oxidations of Illinois No. 6 coal

Abstract This paper summarizes efforts to increase the solubilities of coal fractions, with minimum loss of carbon, by oxidations with aqueous NaOCl, oxygen, and nitric acid, at or below 60 °C. The principal products were ‘black acids’, insoluble in water but sparingly soluble in dilute aqueous base; small proportions of colourless, water-soluble acids were also obtained. The best yields of black acids (60–80% on carbon and the lowest losses of carbon (10 to 20%) varied little with the oxidizing agents used. The H C ratios of black acids obtained with nitric acid (~0.6) were lower than in the starting materials (0.73), indicating loss of more aliphatic than aromatic material. Oxidations with oxygen and NaOCl at pH 13 indicate that somewhat more aromatic than aliphatic carbon was lost during oxidation. The small residues of undissolved coal had H C ratios ∼0.9. Some of the black acids were fractionated by size-exclusion and high performance liquid chromatography; the methods appear to have considerable potential for investigating coal structure. Fractional precipitation of black acids from water with hydrochloric acid over the pH range 6-4 gave products of only a small range of average compositions. An effort to find diaryl ketone groups in black acids by oxidation with m -chloroperbenzoic acid, and thus evidence of single methylene groups between groups in coal, found no conclusive evidence of such groups, but the method is insensitive.
Rise in carbon dioxide changes soil structure

Carbon in soil affects the formation and stabilization of aggregates (groups of primary particles that adhere to each other more strongly than to surrounding soil particles)1. Soil aggregation is important for preventing soil loss through wind and water erosion, and the size distribution and abundance of water-stable aggregates influences a range of physical, chemical, biological and agricultural properties of soil2. The effects on soil biota and nutrient cycling of increases in soil carbon availability, brought about by increased CO2, are well studied, but the consequences for soil aggregation and structure have not been examined. Here we show for three ecosystems that the water stability and size distribution of aggregates is affected by long-term CO2fumigation, and we propose a mechanism for this that involves the production by fungi of the glycoprotein glomalin.
Powdered chitin agar as a selective medium for enumeration of actinomycetes in water and soil.

Agar media made with 0.4% colloidal chitin plus mineral salts and adjusted to pH 8.0 was superior to four other commonly used media for the isolation and enumeration of actinomycetes from water samples. More actinomycetes developed on chitin agar, and the development of bacteria and fungi was suppressed. Frozen and vacuum-dried chitin from aqueous colloidal suspensions was finely divided and gave results comparable to those obtained with media prepared from colloidal suspensions. Images
[3H]Dihydroergocryptine binding to bovine striatal membranes defined by a low d-butaclamol concentration: Antagonism by substituted benzamides

Abstract An apparent dopamine-D2 receptor binding system was characterized using [ 3 H]dihydroergocryptine (DHE) as the ligand. Specific binding to bovine striatal membranes was defined as the difference between binding in the absence and in the presence of 4 nM d -butaclamol. These high affinity binding sites ( K d = 0.24 nM) were saturable ( B max = 75 fmoles/mg protein), apparently homogeneous, non-interacting, and stereospecific. Specific binding was greatest in areas rich in dopaminergic innervation. In competition experiments, apomorphine ( ic 50 = 100 nM) was fifty times more potent than dopamine which, in turn, was nine times more potent than l -norepinephrine and serotonin. Antipsychotic drugs including the substituted benzamides—metoclopramide, sulpiride and sultopride—were active in competing with [ 3 H]DHE for these binding sites ( ic 50 = 100 nM ), and their affinities agreed well with their anti-dopaminergic potencies in vivo . Potencies of antipsychotic drugs in competing for DHE binding sites were increased compared to their potencies in competing for [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding sites using 1 μM d -butaclamol as the masking ligand. This relative increase was about 10-fold greater for the substituted benzamides than for other antipsychotic drugs. The relative inactivity of substituted benzamides in competing for binding sites labeled by spiroperidol was accounted for by their greater selectivity for dopamine receptors. In binding studies using a non-selective radio-ligand, selectivity could be enhanced by defining specific binding sites with a low concentration of masking ligand.
Influence of alloy type, peak temperature and constraint on residual stress evolution in Satoh test

The evolution of residual stress in welds is affected by a variety of factors such as joint design, welding parameters, material properties and the possible presence of phase transformations. The Satoh test can be useful as a method to understand differences in welding residual stresses among various materials. This study compares the evolution of residual stress measured in the Satoh test for ferritic and stainless steels. For weld thermal cycles with a peak temperature above Ac3, the ferritic alloys exhibit lower residual stresses than the austenitic alloys due to the well known reduction in stress from the martensitic or bainitic transformation. However, the residual stress levels among these alloys are similar for peak temperatures below Ac3. The application of constraint during both the heating and cooling portions of the thermal cycle affects the final magnitude of residual stress in a way that is not often considered.
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Electronics and Energy Applications

This chapter is of broad scope and and covers the use of hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POS) materials to enhance performance in various electronics, optical and energy-related applications. It reviews the liquid crystal phase behavior of Si8O12 compounds and their use in LC devices, their use as electroluminescent (EL) materials in light-emitting devices (with a particular focus upon the problematic area of blue emission), their use as lithographic resists in the fabrication of electronic and optical devices, their use in diverse sensor systems, and their use in fuel cell membranes, battery electrolytes and lubricants. Si8O12 materials have also been successfully employed as coatings and adhesives in space photovoltaic solar cells, and this topic is reviewed in Chapter 8, along with various other space material-related applications.
Ethnography, fidelity, and the evidence that anthropology adds: supplementing the fidelity process in a clinical trial of supported employment.

This discussion considers the role and findings of ethnographic research within a clinical trial of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injury. Contributing to qualitative evaluation research and to debates over anthropological evidence vis-a-vis clinical trials, we demonstrate how enactors of a randomized controlled trial can simultaneously attend to both the trial's evidentiary and procedural requirements and to the lived experiences and needs of patients and clinicians. Three major findings are described: (1) contextual information essential to fidelity efforts within the trial; (2) the role of human interrelationships and idiosyncratic networks in the trial's success; and (3) a mapping of the power and authority structures relevant to the staff's ability to perform the protocol. We emphasize strengths of anthropological ethnography in clinical trials that include the provision of complementary, qualitative data, the capture of otherwise unmeasured parts of the trial, and the realization of important information for the translation of the clinical findings into new settings.
Excitatory and Mitogenic Signaling in Cell Death, Blood–brain Barrier Breakdown, and BBB Repair after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in the release of a large number of endogenous molecules, including glutamate, Ca2+, ROS, thrombin, heme, iron, TNF-α, and others. These molecules participate in excitatory and mitogenic signaling transduction in which N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and Src family kinases (SFKs) are implicated. Mitogenic signaling initiates the cell cycle for normal cell division of microglia and neural progenitor cells, whereas aberrant mitogenic signaling causes toxicity, killing neurons, astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells in neurological diseases including ICH. In this review, we summarize (1) how SFKs modulate NMDA receptors to kill neurons following ICH and (2) how SFKs modulate mitogenic signaling transduction to kill neurons and play a role in disrupting the blood–brain barrier (BBB) immediately following ICH and in repairing the BBB during the recovery phases weeks following ICH.