cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS, OR THE BEST INTENTIONS THWARTED: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME IN THE NORTHERN ANDES

The history of archaeological chronology in Ecuador has truly been a “series of unfortunate events.” An attempt to extend Uhle’s Peruvian chronology to Ecuador was thwarted by the limited extension of Huari and by a head injury on Uhle’s part. Extreme diffusionism was also at fault. Meggers’ later attempt at a country-wide relative chronology was rendered inappropriate by her views that many traits of interest originated elsewhere, by poor quality excavation and resulting lack of information, and by a simplistic evolutionary approach not supported by data. This relative chronology is still in use even though it is inconsistent with archaeological data from all cultural and environmental zones.
Predictors of Response to Propranolol for Social Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder (I4-1.002)

OBJECTIVE: Examine the effects of single doses of propranolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, on social functioning in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and predictors of response. BACKGROUND: Most current ASD pharmacologic treatment targets psychiatric symptoms such as agitation, and repetitive and obsessive behaviors. Few target core symptoms such as social functioning. Individuals with ASD report greater generalized anxiety and social anxiety, which may contribute to difficulties in social situations. Therefore, it may be possible to increase sociability in ASD by pharmacologically reducing anxiety. Propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist has known anxiolytic effects. Previous research from our laboratory found that single doses of propranolol resulted in significant improvements in verbal problem solving and semantic verbal fluency in ASD, and pilot data supported an effect on social interaction. In order to determine who is most likely to respond to treatment, we wished to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) markers predict the effects of propranolol on social functioning in ASD. DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty participants were monitored at baseline for heart rate for 5 min (after 3 min acclimation) and subsequently attended two sessions where they were administered 40mg propranolol or placebo in a double-blinded, counterbalanced, crossover study. One hour after drug, the General Social Outcomes Measure (GSOM) was administered, a semi-structured assessment of social functioning for the following domains of social functioning during a conversation with the researcher: staying on topic, sharing information, reciprocity, transitions/interruptions, nonverbal communication, and eye contact. RESULTS: Significantly better performance on the GSOM was found for the propranolol condition relative to the placebo condition (p=0.027), as with our previous pilot data, and the improvement with propranolol correlated with HRV measures (p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol appears to increase general social functioning in individuals with ASD, with the greatest response in those with the greatest psychophysical indices of arousal. Having this knowledge will help guide future clinical trials, and ultimately treatments for ASD. Study Supported by: Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) R40MC19926. Disclosure: Dr. Beversdorf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zamzow has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ferguson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lewis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stichter has nothing to disclose.
Money in an Unequal World: Keith Hart and His Memory Bank

Money in an Unequal World: Keith Hart and His Memory Bank. Keith Hart. New York: Texere, 2001. 341 pp.
Incidence and correlates in the development of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous coronary interventions.

Objective We aimed to identify the correlates in the development of post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm (IFP). Background IFP is one of the more common vascular complications of PCI. Methods From February 2008 to June 2012, 10,169 consecutive patients who underwent PCI were retrospectively studied. Patients who developed postprocedural IFP were identified at a single, large tertiary PCI center. Results One hundred thirty-nine patients developed IFP (1.38%) and were compared to the cohort that did not. Baseline characteristics were comparable, although patients in the IFP group were older and had a higher incidence of insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insufficiency (68.4 ± 12.9 vs. 65.4 ± 12.3 years, P = 0.004; 23.9% vs. 14.6%, P = 0.002; and 26.6% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.004, respectively). The non-IFP group had more men and a higher use of vascular closure devices, respectively (64.7% vs. 49.6%, P < 0.001; and 54.1% vs. 26.5%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the use of dual antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapies between the 2 cohorts. Univariable correlates for the development of IFP were female gender, insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, and use of manual compression to achieve hemostasis. On multivariable analysis, the successful deployment of vascular closure device for hemostasis reduced the occurrence of IFP (odds ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.21–0.46, P < 0.0001). Conclusion The development of IFP following PCI is not uncommon and the appropriate use of vascular closure devices to achieve hemostasis should be encouraged to minimize this vascular complication. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:212–216)
Promoter polymorphism (−786t>C) in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with risk of sporadic breast cancer in non-Hispanic white women age younger than 55 years

BACKGROUND. Nitric oxide (NO) is constitutively synthesized in the endothelium by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and acts as a pleiotropic regulator involved in carcinogenesis. Most breast cancers develop from mammary epithelial cells; therefore, NO may play a role in their development. It was hypothesized that eNOS polymorphisms are associated with risk of breast cancer. METHODS. In the current hospital-based case-control study of 421 non-Hispanic white women with sporadic breast cancer and 423 frequency-matched control subjects, we genotyped 3 polymorphisms of eNOS (i.e., −786T>C, the 27-base pair [bp] variable number of tandem repeats [VNTR] in intron 4, and 894G>T [Glu298Asp]) and assessed their associations with risk of breast cancer. RESULTS. It was found that, compared with −786TT, the −786C variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in an allele dose-dependent manner (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.33 [95% confidence interval (95% CI)], 0.99–1.77 for −786TC; and OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.11–2.87] for −786CC; Ptrend = .007), but 27-bp VNTR and 894G>T genotypes were not. Stratification analysis demonstrated that the risk associated with −786C variant genotypes (−786TC/CC) was more pronounced in smokers and in those 50 years or older (OR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.19–2.80] and OR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.25–3.45], respectively), and in the estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cases (OR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.10–2.62] and OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07–2.32], respectively). Furthermore, the C4G haplotype derived from the observed genotypes was also associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07–4.36). CONCLUSIONS. The results suggest that eNOS polymorphisms (especially −786T>C) may play a role in the development of sporadic breast cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Landlords and Tenants in Informal ‘Colonia’ Settlements in Texas

Owner-occupied self-help and self-managed housing has been the norm in colonias—low-income informal settlements along the US–Mexico border—so scholarly treatment of renting in these settlements has been limited. This article adds to the scant literature on this topic and is the first to document the nature of renting in multi-unit rental complexes in colonias. The article explores the characteristics of landlords and their motivations for pursuing landlordism by drawing upon key informant interviews with owners of rental property. The results of 47 surveys conducted with households in multi-unit complexes throughout 18 colonias in Starr County, as well as the results from intensive, conversational case study interviews with selected households, are used to illustrate the precarious and informal nature of renting in colonias and provide a limited portrayal of the housing preferences and needs of renters. The article ends with an evaluation of the policy implications of these findings.
Influence of Methionine and Other Dietary Additions on the Performance of Chicks Fed Bird Resistant Sorghum Grain Diets

Abstract Studies were conducted on the performance of chicks fed diets containing the bird resistant sorghums BR64 and IS8260 as compared to chicks fed diets containing the non-resistant sorghums RS610 and RS671 and to observe the effects on chick performance and leg scores of various dietary supplements. Feeding bird resistant sorghum grains BR64 and IS8260 resulted in significantly poorer growth and feed efficiency as compared to that noted when non-resistant sorghum grains RS610 and RS671 were fed. Supplementation of bird resistant sorghums BR64 and IS8260 with methionine resulted in a marked improvement in chick growth and feed efficiency to levels comparable to those noted with the non-resistant sorghums. Supplementation of the bird resistant sorghums with choline did not result in an improvement in chick growth or feed efficiency. Methionine supplementation did not overcome the growth depressing effects noted when 1.0% commercial tannic acid was added to the sorghum RS671 diet. Additions of 1.0% polyvinylpyrrolidone overcame the depressing effects of commercial tannic acid additions to sorghum RS671 diets as well as the tannin provided by the bird resistant sorghum BR64. An increased incidence and severity of a leg abnormality was noted in the more rapidly growing chicks fed the bird resistant sorghum BR64 and IS8260 diets supplemented with methionine. Supplementation of the non-resistant sorghum diets with methionine did not result in an increased incidence or severity of the leg abnormality. Dietary supplementations of lysine, carnitine or a mineral mix containing calcium, manganese and zinc failed to alleviate the problem.
On the Frontiers of Public History: Kansas City, Here We Come

Kansas City, Missouri, the site of the 2005 NCPH Annual Meeting, possesses an especially rich array of exhibitions, museums, and historic sites to delight public historians and tourists alike. Located near the geographical center of the United States, Kansas City has also been at the epicenter of major developments in the nation’s political, economic, and cultural history. Beginning as a trading post along the Missouri River in the early nineteenth century, Kansas City became a launching point for western travelers, the focal point of violent conflicts over slavery and western expansion, and the hub of a vibrant jazz scene. All these developments highlight Kansas City ’s key role in shaping economic as well as cultural exchange within the state, the region, and the nation. The twelve museums and exhibitions reviewed below attest to that rich history. Museums have used a variety of strategies to illuminate the relation of Kansas City and the larger region to broad historical narratives about western expansion and the development of the frontier. At the Kansas City Museum, reviewed by Karen Leathem, a wide variety of artifacts and interpretive texts illuminate how contacts among Osage Indians, white settlers, free blacks, and slaves shaped the cultural and physical contours of the frontier. The Arabia Steamboat Museum also disrupts conventional frontier narratives. Kathy Nichols’ review describes how the remarkable variety and quantity of consumer goods retrieved from a mid-nineteenth-century steamboat challenge “popular images of self-sufficiency and austerity on the frontier.” While actual interpretation of these artifacts receives only minimal attention, the mu-
Some morphological elements of Maipuran Arawakan: Agreement affixes and the genitive construction

Despite the relative importance of the Arawakan language family, the advance of historical and comparative studies in the family is at present woefully behind that of many other native American language families. This paper proposes to make a contribution toward establishing affixal cognates for Maipuran Arawakan, specifically to posit and substantiate probable Proto-Maipuran forms for the agreement affixes and the affixes of the genitive construction. Agreement prefixes which normally agree with the subject of the verb or denote the possessor in the genitive construction are posited as *nu- 1SG, *pi- 2SG, *ri- 3SG MASC, *tu- 3SG FEM, *wa- 1PL, *xi- 2PL, and *na- 3PL. Verbal agreement suffixes of the same shapes normally agree with the object or stative subject. Documentation from a wide range of Maipuran languages further substantiates a suppletive suffix with the probable proto-allomorphs *-ni, *-te, *-re, *·V# > -e #, as a possessive suffix on “alienable” nouns. Finally a *-tsi is posited as the form of an “absolute” suffix, i.e., one which indicates the abnormal unpossessed or detached form of inalienably possessed nouns.
INVOLVEMENT OF T‐ AND B‐ LYMPHOCYTES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE PROTEIN EXOTOXIN AND THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE*

The immune response at the level of individual immunocytes to the somatic lipopolysaccharide antigen derived from whole Vibrio cholerae and to the purified protein exotoxin from this organism were studied in terms of the role of T- and B-lymphocytes. By adoptive cell transfer studies with irradiated recipient mice, it was shown that normal spleen cells from normal syngeneic mice could readily transfer the capability of responding to both types of cholera antigens. However, when the spleen cells were depleted of T-cells with anti-theta serum and complement, antibody responsiveness to the LPS antigen, but not the exotoxin, could be achieved in recipients. Furthermore, by appropriate transfer of either bone marrow, thymus, or thymus-marrow cell mixtures to irradiated mice, it was shown that the response to the cholera somatic antigen was relatively independent of thymus cells, whereas the response to exotoxin required ''helper'' T-cells.
Hepatic microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine to its methylating agent.

Abstract Incubation of N-nitrosodi[14C]methylamine with calf thymus DNA and an isolated rat liver microsomal fraction resulted in a transfer of 14C-label from N-nitrosodi[14C]methylamine to biological macromolecules present in the in vitro assay system. This transfer of 14C-label from N-nitrosodi[14C]methylamine to biological macromolecules, believed to represent a methylation process, was dependent on the integrity and concentration of rat liver microsomes added to the in vitro assay system, as well as on the time of incubation. A requirement for NADPH was also observed. A study of the kinetics of this transfer of 14C-label from N-nitrosodi[14C]methylamine to biological macromolecules in vitro yielded values for the apparent Km and Vmax of 0.18 m m and 2.56 pmol methyl groups transferred per milligram of nucleic acid per milligram of microsomal protein per minute, respectively. The transfer reaction was inhibited by exposure of microsomes to carbon monoxide or pretreatment of animals with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The capability of other rat liver subcellular fractions to mediate the reaction was examined.
Scenario construction and reduction applied to stochastic power generation expansion planning

A challenging aspect of applying stochastic programming in a dynamic setting is to construct a set of discrete scenarios that well represents multivariate stochastic processes for uncertain parameters. Often this is done by generating a scenario tree using a statistical procedure and then reducing its size while maintaining its statistical properties. In this paper, we test a new scenario reduction heuristic in the context of long-term power generation expansion planning. We generate two different sets of scenarios for future electricity demands and fuel prices by statistical extrapolation of long-term historical trends. The cardinality of the first set is controlled by employing increasing length time periods in a tree structure while that of the second set is limited by its lattice structure with periods of equal length. Nevertheless, some method of scenario thinning is necessary to achieve manageable solution times. To mitigate the computational complexity of the widely-used forward selection heuristic for scenario reduction, we customize a new heuristic scenario reduction method named forward selection in wait-and-see clusters (FSWC) for this application. In this method, we first cluster the scenarios based on their wait-and-see solutions and then apply fast forward selection within clusters. Numerical results for a twenty year generation expansion planning case study indicate substantial computational savings to achieve similar solutions as those obtained by forward selection alone.
Spatially multiplexed infrared camera.

A spatially multiplexed infrared camera is described. The camera records an image by measuring the coefficients of an orthogonal series expansion of the two-dimensional radiance distribution. By choice of appropriate functions, significant gains in the picture signal-to-noise ratio can be realized. We have constructed a camera utilizing this multiplexing principle to record images of astronomical objects at infrared wavelengths, where conventional scanning systems perform badly because of low signal levels. Test results verify that the camera exhibits the increase of efficiency expected of a multiplexing system, allowing exposure times two orders of magnitude shorter than necessary for comparable scanning systems.
Safety of saline irrigation for angioscopy: results of a prospective randomized trial.

This study evaluates the hemodynamic effects and safety of saline irrigation necessary to obtain high-quality completion angioscopic studies, as compared with standard completion arteriography during infrainguinal bypass grafting. One-hundred ten patients undergoing primary infrainguinal bypass grafting, were prospectively randomized to either arteriography (N=50) or angioscopy (N=60) for a completion study to monitor the bypass procedure. All patients were hemodynamically monitored with pulmonary artery catheters and arterial lines. The arteriography group received an average of 27 ml (range 8–60 ml) of contrast per completion study, with a total administered intraoperative fluid volume of 2095 ml (range 650–4000 ml). The angioscopy group received an average bolus of 321 ml (range 90–650 ml) of irrigation fluid per completion angioscopy study, with a total administered intraoperative fluid volume of 2140 ml (range 850–5000 ml). Transient increases in pulmonary artery systolic and diatolic pressures and central venous pressures were measured during angioscopy. Although these changes reached statistical significance, the changes were of minimal clinical relevance, 1.9 (=4.5), 1.6 (=3.0) and 1.4 (=2.3) mmHg respectively, and returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes. Intraoperative intervention with vasodilators and diuretics, the perioperative cardiac morbidity, and less than 30 day mortality, was not different between the two groups. Pressures generated within 24 bypass grafts were within physiologic arterial range for most of the study. With careful angioscopic technique applied and high quality care extended to the patient, irrigation with saline solution is simple, effective and safe.
Increased intake of fruit and vegetables and a low-fat diet, with and without low-fat plant sterol-enriched spread consumption: effects on plasma lipoprotein and carotenoid metabolism.

Background Regular intake of plant sterol (phytosterol)-enriched foods enhances the cholesterol lowering effect of diets. One side effect associated with plant sterol consumption is a modest reduction in plasma carotenoid concentrations. This study investigated the effect of consuming a low-fat National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) Step 1 diet, including a low-fat plant sterol ester (PSE)-enriched spread on cholesterol metabolism to determine if specific dietary advice to increase daily fruit and vegetable intake could prevent reduced plasma carotenoid concentrations. Materials and methods In this randomised, crossover double-blind trial, 48 hypercholesterolaemic men received 21 g day−1 of a low-fat PSE-enriched spread or placebo for 3 weeks, interrupted by 3 weeks washout. Individuals also adhered to a NCEP Step 1 diet and repeated 3-day food diaries monitored adherence. Specific advice was provided to increase dietary fruit and vegetable intakes. Fasting blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention for lipoprotein and carotenoid analysis. Results Plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, by 4.6 and 7.1%, respectively, after the PSE-enriched low-fat spread. Plasma apo B concentrations were significantly (P < 0.0005) lower after the PSE spread. PSE consumption was also associated with significantly (P < 0.05) lower total plasma β-carotene concentrations, but this change was not significant after lipid standardisation. PSE consumption had no effect on retinol, α-carotene, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-crypyoxanthin or lycopene concentrations. Conclusion Dietary advice to increase daily fruit and vegetable consumption may be effective in preventing a reduction in plasma carotenoid concentrations previously associated with PSE consumption. Further, PSE incorporated in a low-fat spread and consumed as part of a NCEP Step 1 diet are effective in reducing total and LDL cholesterol.
Impact of infection control strategies on the incidence of dialysis-associated hepatitis in the United States.

Le but de cet article est de decrire les tendances les plus recentes de l'incidence des 2 types d'hepatie (β et non A non B) et l'effet des pratiques de lutte contre l'infection sur la prevention de ces maladies
The Independent Vote: Measurement, Characteristics, and Implications for Party Strategy

The problem of inconstancy in party affiliation has generated occasional research interest for a half-century now. We still know very little about the political behavior of that segment of the electorate which presumably is highly irregular in party allegiance. We have a penchant, however, for generalizing about the extent of independent voting, the characteristics of the independents, and, particularly, the significance of the independent vote for campaign strategy and the political system. Today, with another national election approaching, a summary of the status of our research and the presentation of new findings may be in order.
Prostaglandins and vascular tone in experimental obstructive nephropathy

Chronic obstruction of the urinary tract is associated with marked alterations in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) [1—3]. Although many factors undoubtedly contribute to the alterations in vascular resistance and hemodynamics in the chronic phases of obstruction, there is evidence that following acute ureteral obstruction functional changes may be mediated through the prostaglandin system. Elevation of ureteral pressure in the cat [4] inhibits vasoconstriction elicited by neuronal stimulation and exogenous catecholamines. These inhibitory effects were negated by inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity with the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug indomethacin, thus suggesting that the acute effects of ureteral pressure elevation on renal vascular resistance were in part mediated by stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis. Further evidence suggesting a role for dilator prostaglandins in these events was obtained by Allen, Vaughn, and Gillenwater, [51 who showed that with indomethacin pretreatment followed by ligation of the ureter in the dog there is a fall in total RBF, and the characteristic ipsilateral renal vasodilation does not occur. But although the presence of a dilator prostaglandin may explain the changes in blood flow occurring the first 4 to 5 hours, it does not explain the fall in blood flow occurring in both the rat [6] and dog [7] by 18 to 24 hours after ureteral occlusion. Therefore, we have tried to define both qualitatively and quantitatively the nature of the biochemical events, the factors controlling the synthesis and release of prostaglandins from the kidney, and the potential role for prostaglandins in
Preparation of Hg β′-alumina using reflux ion exchange

Abstract We have prepared partially exchanged Hg β′-alumina from single crystal and polycrystalline Na and Ag β′-alumina using the conventional molten salt immersion method and a newly developed reflux ion exchange method. In the reflux method, the sample is continually bathed in pure HgCl 2 . The reflux method caused much higher Hg(II) exchange than the conventional immersion method. In single crystals of Ag β′-alumina, about 91 mole% of the Ag(I) was replaced by Hg(II) after seven days of reflux exchange compared to 15 m/o exchange with the conventional immersion method.
A warm thermal enclave in the Late Pleistocene of the South-eastern United States

Physical and biological evidence supports the probable existence of an enclave of relatively warm climate located between the Southern Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean in the United States during the Last Glacial Maximum. The region supported a mosaic of forest and prairie habitats inhabited by a "Floridian" ice-age biota. Plant and vertebrate remains suggest an ecological gradient towards Cape Hatteras (35 degreesN) wherein forests tended to replace prairies, and browsing proboscideans tended to replace grazing proboscideans. Beyond 35 degreesN, warm waters of the Gulf Stream were deflected towards the central Atlantic, and a cold-facies biota replaced "Floridian" biota on the Atlantic coastal plain. Because of niche diversity and relatively benign climate, biodiversity may have been greater in the south-eastern thermal enclave than in other unglaciated areas of North America. However, the impact of terminal Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions may also have been shorter and more severe in the enclave than further north. A comparison with biotic changes that occurred in North America approximately 55 million years (ma) ago at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum suggests that similar processes of change took place under both ice-house and greenhouse climates.
Using citation counts as a measure of quality in science measuring what's measurable rather than what's valid

Empirical work in the social studies of science has progressed rapidly with the availability and development of the citation indexes. Citation counts have become a widely accepted measure of the quality of a scientific contribution. However, there are several problems involved in the use of citation counts as a measure of quality in science. First, citation counts are sensitive to popular trends in science. In this sense, they approximate a Nielsen rating for science. Second, the distribution of citations restricts their utility to separating the extremes. Third, citation counts are not sensitive to the ethical and moral dimensions of the quality of a scientific contribution. Fourth, citation counts underestimate the contribution of applied scientists. This paper examines these limitations.
Epistemic theories and the interpretation of Gödel's incompleteness theorems

L'A. presente un certain nombre de controverses sur les theoremes de Godel a l'interieur d'une theorie axiomatique de l'arithmetique contenant une notion epistemique representee par l'operateur " il est prouvable que| " l'A. developpe notamment une interpretation epistemique de la these de Church.
P4-07-11: Circulating Tumor Cells after Neoadjuvant Therapy Predict Outcome in Stage I to III Breast Cancer.

Introduction: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) predict outcome in metastatic breast cancer, but their significance is unclear in non-metastatic patients. Furthermore, it is unclear if the presence of CTCs after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) predicts worse outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine if CTCs after NACT predicts worse outcome. Methods: Clinical stage I-III breast cancer patients seen at a single tertiary cancer center provided informed consent to participate in an IRB-approved study involving collection of blood (7.5 ml x 2 tubes) at the time of surgery for their primary breast cancer. CTCs were detected using the Cell SearchTM system. A positive result was defined as the presence of one or more cells per 7.5 ml blood since the threshold for positivity has not been established in non-metastatic breast cancer. Statistical analyses used chi-square and Fischer9s exact test. Results: One hundred and twenty patients were prospectively enrolled. Median age was 50 years and median follow-up was 33 months. Eight percent of patients had T1 disease, 35% T2, 18% T3, and 39% T4. Fifty-three percent of patients (63/120) had hormone receptor positive disease. Thirty-two percent of patients (38/120) were HER-2 positive. Thirty percent (36/120) were triple negative. Seventy-eight percent (91/120) had lymph node positive disease. Two or more CTCs were present in 9% of patients (11/120). Of the 11 patients who died, 3 had 2 or more CTCs (P=0.08). Of the 20 who relapsed, 6 had 2 or more CTCs (P=0.0019). Conclusions: Presence of two or more CTCs after NACT predicted worse relapse free survival in patients with stage I-III breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-11.
l,4-Bis(4-guanylphenylethyl)benzenes as Potential Antitrypanosomal Agents

Abstract A series of l,4-bis(4-guanylphenylethyl)benzenes, including masked amidines in which the guanyl function is incorporated into a heterocyclic ring, were prepared for screening as potential antitrypanosomal agents. Some of these compounds were active against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice. The diamidines were prepared by standard methods from l,4-bis(4-cyanophenylethyl)benzene which was obtained from l,4-bis(4-cyanostyryl)benzene by diimide reduction. The latter compound was prepared by the Wittig reaction between 4-cyanoben-zylphosphonium ylide and terephthaldicarboxaldehyde.
Perceived Risk for Future Intimate Partner Violence among Women in a Domestic Violence Shelter

Research investigating women’s risk assessments for intimate partner violence (IPV) shows that women can predict future violence with relative accuracy. Limited research has investigated factors that are associated with perceived risk and the potential behavioral consequences of victim risk perception. Results from a survey of women in a domestic violence shelter (N = 56) indicated that women perceive lower risk of future violence if the abusive relationship were to end and higher risk of violence if it were to continue. Certain abuse experiences were related to elevated perceptions of personal risk for future violence. Further, perceived personal risk predicted the women’s intention to terminate their relationship upon leaving shelter. Results are discussed as they may inform interventions preventing IPV.
Charge exchange reactions of state-selected sulfur ions with OCS

Abstract Sulfur ions in the 2 D o J excited state are observed to charge exchange with OCS molecules. These excited ions are created using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization of sulfur atoms generated from photodissociation of parent OCS. Evidence for ionic state-selection is documented with photoelectron spectroscopy. Ground state sulfur ions produced via two-photon autoionization through the 3s 2 3p 3 5p 1 P 1 state at 87624 cm −1 do not exhibit charge exchange reactions under identical conditions.
Late Cenozoic base-level variations of the Caspian Sea: A review of its history and proposed driving mechanisms

Abstract The Caspian Sea is characterized by significant variations in its base level during the late Cenozoic and provides an important repository for long-term records of both regional climate and tectonics due to its position within the interior of the Eurasian continent and at the northern margin of the ongoing Arabia–Eurasia collision zone. The Caspian also serves as an important moisture source for eastern Eurasia, including the northern Tibetan Plateau, and thus the history of Caspian base-level variations represents an important, and poorly understood constraint on paleoclimate reconstructions throughout Eurasia. Prior work in the Caspian region has largely focused on developing biostratigraphic age divisions and investigating the history of connection between the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean seas, as well as the global ocean. Recent geochronologic work in the Caspian and related basins has questioned previous correlations of hydrologic events in these different basins. As a result, prior estimates of the chronology and magnitude of Caspian Sea level variations may be incorrect. Here we synthesize previous work to develop a new Caspian base level curve starting at the beginning of the Meotian regional stage (~ 7 Ma). We also present a new synthesis of potential driving mechanisms for the large variations in Caspian base level and speculate on a possible cause for the enigmatic Akchagyl transgression. This synthesis highlights the dynamic range of Caspian Sea level, which varied from 200 m above to in excess of 1000 m below its current level during the Late Cenozoic, and provides a basis for future work investigating the tectonic and climatic drivers behind variations in Caspian base level.
Call and response: An anatomy of religious practice:

Since Durkheim, the importance of collective rituals in creating meaningful religious experience has been recognized. This article argues that to understand the outcomes of collective rituals, researchers should first understand the structure and dynamics of the rituals themselves. This article details the interactional practices of ‘call and response’ using conversation analysis (CA) to analyze video data gathered from Bible study meetings. Four fundamental responsive practices are identified: ‘continuing’, ‘agreeing’, ‘assessing’, and ‘confirming’. It is argued that these practices are resources through which religious doctrine is made relevant in the interpretation of personal experience, in a process that is both public and collective. Simultaneously, these practices are a mechanism through which religious faith is publicly proclaimed and validated. These practices thus form a fundamental link between religious culture and personal experience within a context of shared religious understandings.
A multilevel comparison of child abusers with nonabusers

An integrative, ecological model developed by Belsky (1980) implies that to understand child abuse researchers must examine factors at four levels: the individual, the family, the environment, and the culture. This study compared abusive and nonabusive parents at three of these four levels. At the individual level, abusers were found to have lower self-esteem than controls. Also, male abusers were likely to be relatively impulsive and hostile. At the level of the family, abusers described their children as more troublesome than control parents, but they did not perceive them as developmentally delayed. At the level of the environment, abusers identified more intense life stressors than nonabusers. Results of this investigation supported Belsky's argument that child abuse involved multiple factors and levels.
How One Family Perceives Another: The Relationship Between Social Constructions and Problem-Solving Competence†

This paper delineates a rarely studied but important family process: how a family perceives and understands the relationships in other families it knows. We hypothesize that these perceptions of other families are fundamental components of a family's shared construing of its social world. Families differ in how they perceive other families, specifically, and in their approach to construing or apprehending their social world, generally. We have hypothesized that these general differences also play a crucial role in shaping the style and competence of family problem-solving. A family's approach to any problem depends upon how it construes or interprets the social context of that problem. Using these general concepts of family life, we construct specific hypotheses linking family problem-solving and interfamily perception. We describe methods for measuring both family problem-solving and how a family perceives other families. Findings confirm our major hypothesis: A family that searches for underlying and subtle patterns in a problem-solving situation will develop a more differentiated and organized conception of other families.
Ion–molecule reactions facilitate the identification and differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary amino functionalities in protonated monofunctional analytes in mass spectrometry

Abstract A mass spectrometric method is presented that facilitates the identification and differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary amino functionalities in protonated monofunctional analytes. This method utilizes gas-phase ion–molecule reactions of protonated analytes with neutral hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and diethylmethylphosphonate (DEMP) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR). A variety of protonated analytes containing different functional groups, namely, amino, amido, N-oxide and various oxygen-containing functional groups, were examined to demonstrate that protonated primary and secondary amines can be identified and differentiated by reactions with HMPA and DEMP. However, differentiation of tertiary amines from some N-oxides requires additional experiments. First, protonated secondary and tertiary amines can be differentiated from protonated primary amines, amides and oxygen-containing functionalities, as well as from each other (but not from protonated N-oxides), by using HMPA. Protonated primary amines, amides, some N-oxides and oxygen-containing analytes, most with a proton affinity (PA) + + HMPA, MH + + 2HMPA; M: amine), and tertiary amines and some N-oxides (with PA ≥ 222 kcal/mol) react with HMPA by forming just one stable hydrogen-bound adduct (MH + + HMPA). Further, ion–molecule reactions with the other reagent, DEMP, allow the differentiation of protonated primary and secondary amines from tertiary amines and N-oxides and from protonated oxygen-containing analytes and amides. Protonated primary amines and secondary amines (most with PA ≥ 220 kcal/mol) react with DEMP (PA = 219 kcal/mol) by forming two stable hydrogen-bound adducts (MH + + DEMP and MH + + 2DEMP), while protonated oxygen-containing analytes and amides (with PA ≤ 221 kcal/mol) solely transfer a proton to DEMP. Protonated tertiary amines and N-oxides react yet differently, and yield only one stable hydrogen-bound adduct (MH + + DEMP) with DEMP. Protonated N-oxides can be differentiated from protonated tertiary amines by using previously reported methods based on diagnostic ion–molecule reactions of protonated N-oxides with 2-methoxypropene, dimethyl disulfide and/or tri(dimethylamine)borane.
Effect of Silicon Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Titanium Alloys

In order to develop a new kind of medical implant material, the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-Si alloys were investigated using small-size ingots prepared by a dental casting machine. The results show that the addition of silicon significantly changes the microstructure of titanium alloys. The Ti 5 Si 3 intermetallic compound precipitation occurs in the matrix of alpha and beta phases, when the silicon content is over 1.33 mass%. The compound is observed as a netted structure around grain boundaries of the titanium matrix when the silicon content exceeds 2.35 mass%. In addition, the Ti-Si alloys show a good combination of strength and ductility in a wide range of silicon content in contrast to the pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The cast Ti-Si alloys are promising candidates for dental applications because of a good balance between strength and ductility.
A hybrid shared memory heterogeneous execution platform for PCIe-based GPGPUs

The disparity between the CPU and GPU domains has forced the programmers to adhere to the traditional driver-based GPU programming approach. The negative implications of this approach are inter-domain data transfer overhead, host memory pressure and CPU underutilization. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid shared memory-based execution approach to enhance the throughput of the General Purpose GPU(GPGPU) applications. To achive optimal GPU execution, we adopted a midway approach between the shared memory and traditional disjoint memory GPU programming approach. Our design involves OS enhancements and extensions to an OS-integrated open-source GPU driver(GDev) which together provide the GPU application a shared memory execution platform. Our design not only eliminates several drawbacks associated with the traditional GPU programming approach, but allows data-parallel execution across CPUs and GPU.
Cussic transport problems in binary homogeneous markov statistical mixtures

Abstract Exact analytic solutions are given for certain classic linear transport problems describing particle flow in a statistical medium. The medium is assumed to consist of two randomly mixed immiscible fluids, with the mixing statistics described as a two state homogeneous Markov process. The problems treated, in both rod and planar geometry, are: (1) the halfspace albedo problem; (2) the halfspace emissivity problem; (3) the infinite medium Green's function problem; and (4) the halfspace Hilne problem.
A Selected Review of the Underpinnings of Ethics for Human Performance Technology Professionals ‐Part Two: Professional Resources

Professionals serving as internal and external consultants, whether as performance technologists, human resource development facilitators, training specialists, organizational development change agents, or quality improvement engineers, are uniquely positioned to influence ethical awareness in the workplace. Yet it is unlikely that they will be able to exert much influence without knowledge of the factors that influence ethical behavior in organizations and knowledge of ethical decision making. Although the literature on ethics is proliferating, little of it is directly related to performance improvement professionals. Those who want to educate themselves in ethics have been left to their own devices. Part One in this series of two articles presents a review of key ethical theories and research. Part Two is a list of references available for those who are ready to examine the ethical responsibilities of HPT professionals, who have encountered ethical issues, who want to include an ethics audit in their needs assessment tool box, or who need to suggest ethics-related solutions to performance problems.
Quantum size effect in thin films

Abstract When the thickness of a film is of the order of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron, size effects appear in the electrical properties of the material. In this paper we derive the current in the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the film. We use the quantum mechanical density-matrix formalism. Unlike previous works we obtain an exact expression for the current. It is found that the current has a non-linear behavior with the electric field. The current also oscillates with the thickness of the film.
Voodoo dolls: seamless interaction at multiple scales in virtual environments

The Voodoo Dolls technique is a two-handed interaction technique for manipulating objects at a distance in immersive virtual environments. This technique addresses some limitations of existing techniques: they do not provide a lightweight method of interacting with objects of widely varying sizes, and many limit the objects that can be selected and the manipulations possible after making a selection. With the Voodoo Dolls technique, the user dynamically creates dolls: transient, hand held copies of objects whose effects on the objects they represent are determined by the hand holding them. For simplicity, we assume a right-handed user in the following discussion. When a user holds a doll in his right hand and moves it relative to a doll in his left hand, the object represented by the doll in his right hand moves to the same position and orientation relative to the object represented by the doll in his left hand. The system scales the dolls so that the doll in the left hand is half a meter along its longest dimension and the other dolls maintain the same relative size; this allows the user to work seamlessly at multiple scales. The Voodoo Dolls technique also allows both visible and occluded objects to be selected, and provides a stationary frame of reference for working relative to moving objects.
The antidipsogenic action of peripheral prostaglandin E2

Abstract Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 50 μg/kg prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) suppresses water intake elicited by cellular dehydration, intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II (A II) and, for a shorter duration, water deprivation. At a dose of 100 μg/kg, IP PGE 2 reduces drinking to all of these stimuli as well as to hypovolemia. A 10 μg/kg dose of PGE 2 has not effect on drinking under any of the conditions tested. Intraperitoneal PGE 2 , at either 50 or 100 μg/kg, does not support the formation of a conditioned taste aversion suggesting that PGE may act via specific inhibition of drinking rather than by producing a generalized malaise. Although both central and peripheral administration of PGE suppresses water intake, the findings that peripheral PGE 2 reduces drinking to cellular dehydration but has minimal effects on drinking due to hypovolemia are in marked contrast to the actions reported for intracranial PGE. In addition, peripheral PGE 2 reduces body temperature whereas centrally applied PGE induces thermogenesis. These data may indicate differential roles and/or mechanisms by which central and peripheral PGE may control water intake.
Haptic Edge Sharpness Perception with a Contact Location Display

The effect of contact location information on virtual edge perception was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated edge sharpness under force-alone and force-plus-contact-location conditions using a 4.8 mm radius contact roller. Virtual objects were 2D profiles of edges with two adjoining surfaces. For both conditions, the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in change of edge radius increased from 2.3 to 7.4 mm as edge radii increased from 2.5 to 20.0 mm; there was no significant difference between the two conditions. A follow-up experiment with contact location alone resulted in higher edge sharpness JNDs. In Experiment 2, the same edge sharpness discrimination task was performed using a smaller contact roller (R = 1.5 mm) to investigate the effect of roller size. The JNDs for the smaller roller were not statistically significant from those of the larger roller. Our results suggest that 1) contact location cues alone are capable of conveying edge sharpness information, but that force cues are dominant when both types of cues are available; and 2) the radius of the contact roller does not significantly affect the user's ability to discriminate edge sharpness, indicating that the participants could use the changes in contact location to judge curvature.