cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of GluA2-containing calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors on dopaminergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina.

Purpose The neuromodulator dopamine plays an important role in light adaptation for the visual system. Light can stimulate dopamine release from dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) by activating three classes of photosensitive retinal cells: rods, cones, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). However, the synaptic mechanisms by which these photoreceptors excite DACs remain poorly understood. Our previous work demonstrated that α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors contribute to light regulation of DAC activity. AMPA receptors are classified into Ca2+-permeable and Ca2+-impermeable subtypes. We sought to identify which subtype of AMPA receptors is involved in light regulation of DAC activity. Methods AMPA receptor-mediated light responses and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded from genetically labeled DACs in mouse retinas with the whole-cell voltage-clamp mode. Immunostaining with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, GluA2 (GluR2), and PSD-95 was performed in vertical retinal slices. Results The biophysical and pharmacological data showed that only Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors contribute to DAC light responses driven by ipRGCs or cones (via depolarizing bipolar cells). We further found that the same subtype of AMPA receptors mediates miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents of DACs. These findings are supported by the immunohistochemical results demonstrating that DACs express the PSD-95 with GluA2, a subunit that is essential for determining the impermeability of AMPA receptors to calcium. Conclusions The results indicated that GluA2-containing Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors contribute to signal transmission from photosensitive retinal cells to DACs.
Libraries Promoting Reflective Dialogue in a Time of Political Polarization: edited by Andrea Baer, Ellysa Stern Cahoy, and Robert Schroeder, Chicago, IL: ACRL, 2019.

A little over two hundred years ago, Thomas Jefferson pointed out that, “Difference of opinion leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to truth.” Chances are, Jefferson would not be surprised to discov...
Assessing the Role of Patient Race in Disparity of 90-Day Brain Tumor Resection Outcomes

Abstract Background The present study assesses the influence of race on patient outcomes in a brain tumor surgery population. Methods Coarsened exact matching (CEM) was used to retrospectively analyze 1700 supratentorial brain tumor procedures over a six-year period (June 07, 2013 to April 29, 2019) at a single, multi-hospital academic medical center. Outcome measures included readmission, mortality, emergency room visits and reoperation. Results McNemar’s test (mid-P) showed no significant difference in 90-day mortality between the two races (p = .3018). However, there was a significant difference in 90-day readmissions between the two races (p = 0.0237). There was no significant difference in 90-day ER Visits (p = 0.0579), 90 day return to surgery after index admission (p = 0.6015), or return to surgery within 90 days (p = .6776) between the two races. There was also no significant difference in return to surgery for the duration of the follow-up period (p = .8728). Conclusion This study suggests that race alone does not result in disparate outcomes, although there was an associated difference in 90-day post-surgical readmissions. Despite coarsened exact matching persistent differences in median household income may play a role in the disparate outcome noted.
Virtual Surgical Fellowship Recruitment During COVID-19 and Its Implications for Resident/Fellow Recruitment in the Future.

The COVID-19 pandemic has overlapped with the scheduled interview periods of over 20 surgical subspecialty fellowships, including the Complex General Surgical Oncology (CGSO) fellowships in the National Resident Matching Program and the Society of Surgical Oncology’s Breast Surgical Oncology fellowships. We outline the successful implementation of and processes behind a virtual interview day for CGSO fellowship recruitment after the start of the pandemic. The virtual CGSO fellowship interview process at the University of Chicago Medicine and NorthShore University Health System was outlined and implemented. Separate voluntary, anonymous online secure feedback surveys were email distributed to interview applicants and faculty interviewers after the interview day concluded. Sixteen of 20 interview applicants (80.0%) and 12 of 13 faculty interviewers (92.3%) completed their respective feedback surveys. Seventy-five percent (12/16) of applicants and all faculty respondents (12/12) stated the interview process was ‘very seamless’ or ‘seamless’. Applicants and faculty highlighted decreased cost, time savings, and increased efficiency as some of the benefits to virtual interviewing. Current circumstances related to the COVID-19 pandemic require fellowship programs to adapt and conduct virtual interviews. Our report describes the successful implementation of a virtual interview process. This report describes the technical steps and pitfalls of organizing such an interview and provides insights into the experience of the interviewer and interviewee.
Scoring Lesions Considered Associated with Subclinical Laminitis in First Lactation Cows from High Production Ohio Holstein Herds

Subclinical laminits was studied in 203 first lactation cows and bred heifers in thirteen high producing Ohio Holstein herds. A cross-sectional observational investigation was conducted to develop and validate a scoring system for evaluation of subclinical laminitis. For purposes of this study, observable lesions considered associated with subclinical laminitis included yellow waxy discoloration of the sole, hemorrhage of the sole, separation of the white line, and erosion of the heel. The objectives of our study were to 1) evaluate the prevalence of sole and heel lesions associated with subclinical laminitis across and among cows, feet, claws, and zones, and 2) validate a scoring system which can be used to compare herds with regard to lesions considered associated with subclinical laminitis. Differences in the occurrence of lesions among herds were found to be significant in a pairwise comparison. The difference in the occurrence of lesions among herds appeared to facilitate classification of certain herds as being either better or worse than others according to lesion and anatomic location.
Employment Status and Attitudes About Immigration

This research uses a labor competition theory framework to examine the relationship between employment status and attitudes towards immigration. Data collected by the Pew Research Center in 2006 from a sample of U.S. adults were analyzed to determine whether those with less attachment to the labor market have more negative attitudes about immigration. Findings show that respondents who were employed full-time or part-time have significantly more positive attitudes towards immigration than those who are unemployed even when controlling for education.
Assisted removal of metal housings from overdentures with a 445-nm diode laser: A dental technique.

Abstract A straightforward, laser-assisted method of extracting the metal housings from an overdenture by using the visible (blue) light of a high-power dental diode laser is presented. This approach produced localized softening of the acrylic resin, allowing the metal housing to be dislodged without damage. This technique minimizes damage to the metal housings during removal, is rapid and conservative, and may help reduce patient costs.
A D -Band SiGe Power Amplifier Using a Four-Way Coupled-Line Wilkinson Combiner

This letter presents a four-way power-combined $D$ -band silicon–germanium (SiGe) power amplifier (PA), which simultaneously achieves high output power and high efficiency. A 4-to-1 planar coupled-line Wilkinson combiner is used, which has low loss and provides broadband impedance transformation. The PA is designed in a 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology platform and operates over a bandwidth of 110–145 GHz, with 18.2 dB of gain. The design achieves a peak output power of 21.9 dBm at 130 GHz, with a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 12.5%. The PA maintains greater than 20-dBm output power with greater than 8.7% PAE, from 115 to 140 GHz. This work demonstrates the first silicon-based $D$ -band PA, which simultaneously achieves greater than 20-dBm output power and 10% PAE.
Imbedding Technique for Weak-Weak Approximations of Linear and Nonlinear Operators

The present technical note concerns a method for obtaining an approximation to weak-weak solutions of equation: u - f ,v > = 0. The method leads to a variational principle for the equation, even for cases in which L is not a potential operator and, therefore, violates the usual conditions desired for constructing variational principles.
The Liverpool Experiments

The use of models and simulation in the development of control algorithms is very useful and will be adopted frequently throughout this text. However, the real proof of any control paradigm is in its ability to handle real life situations. This chapter focuses specifically on the application of the BOXES methodology to a real trolley and pole rig. It is detailed to some degree to encourage readers to construct their own versions of the rig. The control task is the same as that covered in Chap. 5 which is to investigate if a pole and cart system can learn to balance the freely swinging pole by moving the cart periodically. This is not the pole balancing problem. This chapter describes how real trolley and pole systems can be built that can be controlled either by a human operator using a manual switch or by the BOXES algorithm which is implemented via hybrid computer firmware. The values of merit were much lower those obtained for the simulation studies, but did indicate that the automaton was learning and in fact outperformed a human operator very quickly.
Next generation wireless LAN system design

An important issue in the widespread deployment of infrastructure based wireless local area networks (WLANs) is the network design. In this paper, we propose a new WLAN design approach that focuses on assuring sufficient data rate capacity to meet expected user demand in the coverage area, while still satisfying signal coverage and interference level requirements. Noting the low cost of WLAN access points, we formulate a novel mathematical network design model within the framework of constraint satisfaction problems. Our model is termed the capacity based WLAN constraint satisfaction problem (Cap-WLAN CSP). The solution of the Cap-WLAN CSP model yields a network design based on data rate demand by providing the access point locations, the frequency channel allocation, and power levels required for the WLAN to meet expected user demands. Our numerical results illustrate that the capacity based approach is more appropriate for the design of WLAN systems than those of traditional coverage based designs.
Fifty Years of Utopia: A Half-Century after Louis Kelso’s The Capitalist Manifesto , a Look Back at the Weird History of the ESOP

This article summarizes the bizarre historical background of the employee stock ownership plan, or "ESOP." This specialized type of retirement plan, in which participants' retirement savings are invested in the stock of their employer, is the product of the economic theorizing and vigorous lobbying of a single eccentric individual, Louis Kelso. During the 1970s Kelso personally persuaded a powerful U.S. Senator, Russell Long of Louisiana, that employee ownership was a good idea and should be promoted through the use of the retirement system. Despite the fact that ESOPs rely for their justification on economic arguments rejected by mainstream economists, the tax subsidies promoted by Kelso and Long have left ESOPs a prominent feature, to this day, of the American retirement and tax system.
Basis of pyruvate inhibition in Thiobacillus thiooxidans.

Abstract Addition of 10−3m pyruvic acid to cultures of Thiobacillus thiooxidans, at pH 2.3, results in its rapid intracellular accumulation and in the cessation of sulfur oxidation, CO2 fixation, and oxygen consumption; at pH 7.0, pyruvate neither inhibits oxygen uptake nor accumulates appreciably intracellularly. Pyruvate does not affect CO2 fixation in cell-free extracts. The data suggest that the cells of T. thiooxidans are passively permeable to pyruvic acid at low pH. Thus entry of pyruvic acid causes accumulation of pyruvate with a concomitant decrease in intracellular pH.
High-resolution spectroscopy with a CCD array detector

Abstract The B( 1 2 2 P 3 2 )→X( 1 2 2 Σ + ) transition in XeBr is recorded at high resolution for the single isotopomer 136 Xe 81 Br, using a high-pressure tesla discharge source and a CCD array detector. The high signal/noise capabilities of the detector permit the first measurements of discrete vibrational structure in this system, which has previously been treated as a purely bound-free transition. The assignments comprise 115 v ′- v ″ bands spanning v ′= 1–30 and v ″ = 0–15 and yield the following fundamental spectroscopic constants (units cm −1 ): T ′ e = 35862.6, (ω' e = 135.80, ω e X ′ e = 0.36, ω″ e = 25.7, ω e x ′ e = 0.65, and D ″ e = 252.
Comparative thyroid uptake studies with 131 I and 99m TcO 4

Using a scintillation camera equipped with a data processor and image-enhancement system, we compared 20-min 131I and 99mTcO4− uptakes in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. 131I/99mTcO4− uptake ratios were significantly lower in hyperthyroid patients (1.6 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.9) indicating a greater avidity for pertechnetate by the hyperthyroid gland. Following administration of perchlorate, hyperthyroid subjects exhibited significant thyroidal retention of 99mTcO4− (2.1–24.8% of thyroid technetium at 1 hr, mode = 7.7%) whereas euthyroid subjects exhibited none, suggesting thyroidal “binding” of technetium in hyperthyroidism. These findings were not reproduced by prior TSH administration to euthyroid controls. Euthyroid subjects with single autonomous hyperfunctiong thyroid nodules exhibited greater relative avidity for 99mTcO4− compared to euthyroid controls; nodular retention of 99mTcO4− after perchlorate was similar to that seen in the hyperplastic thyroid gland of Graves' disease.
High-intensity sweetener consumption and gut microbiome content and predicted gene function in a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States

Abstract Purpose To evaluate gut microbiome in relation to recent high-intensity sweetener consumption in healthy adults. Methods Thirty-one adults completed a four-day food record and provided a fecal sample on the fifth day. Bacterial community in the samples was analyzed using multitag pyrosequencing. Across consumers and nonconsumers of aspartame and acesulfame-K, bacterial abundance was compared using nonparametric statistics, and bacterial diversity was compared using UniFrac analysis. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was used to predict mean relative abundance of gene function. Results There were seven aspartame consumers and seven acesulfame-K consumers. Three individuals overlapped groups, consuming both sweeteners. There were no differences in median bacterial abundance (class or order) across consumers and nonconsumers of either sweetener. Overall bacterial diversity was different across nonconsumers and consumers of aspartame (P Conclusions Bacterial abundance profiles and predicted gene function were not associated with recent dietary high-intensity sweetener consumption. However, bacterial diversity differed across consumers and nonconsumers. Given the increasing consumption of sweeteners and the role that the microbiome may have in chronic disease outcomes, work in further studies is warranted.
In vivo assessment of contractile strength distinguishes differential gene function in skeletal muscle of zebrafish larvae.

The accessible genetics and extensive skeletal musculature of the zebrafish make it a versatile and increasingly used model for studying muscle contraction. We here describe the development of an i...
Neutrinos: The Key to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

Observations of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) do not uniquely determine both the injection spectrum and the evolution model for UHECR sources---primarily because interactions during propagation obscure the early Universe from direct observation. Detection of neutrinos produced in those same interactions, coupled with UHECR results, would provide a full description of UHECR source properties.
The applicability of the empathic set effect to modify perceptions of domestic violence

Various studies have suggested that the incidence of marital violence is moderate to high and that such violence often results from spouses making erroneous attributions regarding the behavior of their mates. It has also been found that the type of attributions observers typically make can be modified by directing observers to be more empathic and to attempt to see events from the actor's perspective. In other words, observers can be induced to make attributions about another's behavior that consider environmental factors as contributory to behavior and not attribute such behavior solely to internal or dispositional characteristics of the actor. In the present study, the influence of the induction of this emphatic set effect on the perception of a violent domestic situation was evaluated. As hypothesized, those instructed to empathize with the victim tended to attribute the victim's behavior to situational factors; likewise, those instructed to empathise with the aggressor tended to attribute the aggressor's actions to environmental factors rather than to dispositional qualities.
Coherent and incoherent sources in a turbulent medium

There are significant differences in the fourth statistical moment of the electric field in a turbulent medium between coherent and incoherent waves. They affect the input conditions, the connection with the intensity correlation, the physical interpretation, and the direct measurement of the fourth moment.
Nosology of Paranoid Schizophrenia and Other Paranoid Psychoses

The history of nosologic approaches to paranoid schizophrenia and the other paranoid psychoses is traced from the time of Kraepelin. Kraepelin, emphasizing the course of illness, proposed a narrow definition for paranoid dementia praecox (paranoid schizophrenia). He created the entity of paraphrenia for cases with symptoms similar to those in paranoid dementia praecox but without a deteriorating course. Bleuler, emphasizing underlying psychological mechanisms, broadened the concept of paranoid schizophrenia to include nearly all delusional functional psychotic states. After Bleuler, the controversy continued as to whether the paranoid psychoses belonged within or separate from the schizophrenic disorders. Emerging from these historical controversies, current nosologic approaches to paranoid schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis differ substantially. Approaches to paranoid schizophrenia range from broad global criteria, which include patients with thought disorder and affective deterioration (e.g., ICD-9), to narrow criteria such as those proposed by Tsuang and Winokur (1974), which specifically exclude such patients. While some criteria for paranoid psychosis exclude patients with hallucinations or other than persecutory or jealous delusions (e.g., DSM-III), other criteria include such patients.
Value and meaning beyond the first word associations

In order to study two variables in word associates, i. e., value and meaning continuum, a total of 261 Ss were tested on a 100-stimulus word list where a rating-scale value for the belongingness to the concept “economic” for each word had been established. Three groups of Ss were tested for: IA the first associate only; IB the second associate only; and II for both first and second associates. A fourth group (N = 35) gave 10-serial word responses to 8 selected stimulus words. The results indicate that the first associates are more strongly associated in value to the original words than the second associations and there is a decreasing rated value from original to first to second associates. Further, associations are produced serially in a meaningful way in varying strengths to the original word.
Cytokine-mediated apoptosis and inhibition of virus production and anchorage independent growth of viral transfected hepatoblastoma cells.

Abstract Cytokine-mediated apoptotic destruction of viral-infected cells, downregulation of virus production and inhibition of anchorage dependent (clonal) cell growth were evaluated using virus-transfected human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. The cytokines evaluated were interferon α (IFN-α), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and thymosin α1 (Tα1), all of which have been previously implicated in control of various viral infections. The viruses evaluated were Hepatitis B (HBV) and the transforming virus, SV-40. TNF-α-induced apoptosis in the HBV-transfected cell line and the control HepG2 cells but not the HepG2 cells transfected with SV-40 virus. IFN-α and Tα1 had no effect on apoptosis.TNF-α also prevented the clonal growth of the HBV-HepG2 and control HepG2 but enhanced the growth of the SV-40-transfected HepG2 cells. IFN-α inhibited the clonal growth of all three cell lines in contrast to Tα1 which inhibited the clonal growth of only the HBV-transfected cells. Although TNF-α, IFN-α, and Tα1 when given alone did not significantly inhibit HBV-DNA production in the culture supernatant from HBV-HepG2 cells, the combination of Tα1 and IFN-α resulted in a statistically significant inhibition of virus production. These studies demonstrate that HepG2 cells transfected with HBV and SV-40 are useful for defining the mechanisms of cytokine activity. The HBV-transfected cells are especially useful in defining possible in vivo differences in responses to cytokines with respect to HBV production, apoptosis and clonal cell growth. Multiple mechanisms through which different cytokines can influence HBV infection and hepatoblastoma growth were identified and the importance of defining effective combinations to improve therapy in vivo demonstrated.
Tyrosinase-produced quinones and the disappearance of kynurenine in larval extracts of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The “enzymatic oxidation” of the v + and cn + compounds (kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine, respectively) by crude larval extracts of D. melanogaster has been shown to be due to a non-enzymatic condensation of these aromatic amines with quinones formed during the action of tyrosinase on its own substrates. These quinones are believed to derive from dihydroxyphenylalanine. Some data on the aminoquinone pigments derived from aromatic and aliphatic amines are also reported. It is suggested that the brown eye pigment of Drosophila may be related to the aminoquinone pigments. The reason why quinones, which are very reactive compounds, do not react with amino acids or other substances during melanogenesis in vivo remains a challenging question.
Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of conduct disorder.

Abstract Lavin Michael R. and Arthur Rifkin: Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Conduct Disorders. Prog. Neuro- Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1993, 17(6): 875–885. 1. 1. There are few double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the drug treatment of conduct disorders in children and adolescents. 2. 2. The diagnosis of conduct disorders involves a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and standards of society are violated. 3. 3. There is frequent comorbidity associated with conduct disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders and substance abuse. 4. 4. Childhood Conduct disorder is associated with a significant risk for adult psychopathology. 5. 5. A variety of treatment approaches may be employed to combat conduct disorders. 6. 6. The use of neuroleptics, lithium carbonate, stimulants and other agents is reviewed.
Evaluation of wire bonding performance, process conditions, and metallurgical integrity of chip on board wire bonds

Abstract Chip on board wire bonding presents challenges to modern wire bonding technology which include smaller, closely spaced wire bond pads; bonding to soft substrates without special processing and pad construction; and diverse first bond and second bond metallurgies. These challenges are addressed by extensive bonding accuracy tests, a design of experiments approach for optimizing wire bond process parameters, reliability testing, and detailed materials characterization of the metallurgical integrity of the wire bonds. The thermo-mechanical integrity of the wire bond interconnects was evaluated by wire pull and hot storage tests. Hot storage testing allowed for detection of samples with an electrolytic gold surface finish that was too thin, and exhibited a contamination-corrosion condition of the nickel under-plating. Other samples with an excessively thick, rough textured nickel under-plating layer exhibited poor wire bond-ability. The methodology of materials analyses of the metallurgy of the wire bond interconnects is described. The paper illustrates a wire bond lift technique that is used to inspect for cratering damage and the “area-uniformity” of gold aluminum intermetallics. An improved understanding of the wire bonding process was achieved by showing the dependence of the visual appearance of the wire bonds on wire bond process parameters.
Size and Shape Differences in the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia between Normal Weight and Obese American Whites

This study tests for differences in articular and diaphyseal size and shape of the distal femur and proximal tibia between normal weight and obese individuals, and discusses the effects of obesity on the patterns of sexual dimorphism and secular change in the skeletal morphology of the knee. Measurements of the femur and tibia were recorded for 143 American White adult males and females born in the 20th century. The sample was divided into normal and obese weight categories based on the body mass index. Results show differences between normal weight and obese individuals in the size and shape of the femoral shaft and the medial side of the knee joint, none of which affect the pattern of sexual dimorphism. While changes in skeletal morphology associated with obesity may be observed in recent secular changes, its role is still unclear because of the relatively recent increase in obesity prevalence.
PHONOLOGICAL ENCODING OF CHINESE IDEOGRAPHS IN SHORT‐TERM MEMORY1

Three main issues relating to the question of silent speech in reading are addressed: 1) How do Chinese speakers process Chinese ideographs in short-term memory? 2) How is Chinese students' learning of written English affected by the transition to an alphabetic language? 3) Are the strategies for encoding written words in short-term memory different for students of diverse language background? Chinese and Spanish bilingual students were tested for short-term memory encoding strategies on word-recognition tests. Chinese speakers were found to encode Chinese ideographs phonologically, but both Chinese and Spanish learners of English were found to encode English words visually. Implications for the acquisition of reading are discussed in terms of a two-stage model.
Differential effects of the Rac GTPase on Purkinje cell axons and dendritic trunks and spines

NEURONS contain distinct compartments including dendrites, dendritic spines, axons and synaptic terminals1. The molecular mechanisms that generate and distinguish these compartments, although largely unknown, may involve the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 (ref. 2), which appear to regulate actin polymerization3. Having shown that perturbations of Racl activity block the growth of axons but not dendrites of Drosophila neurons2, we investigated whether this also applies to mammals by examining transgenic mice expressing constitutively active human Racl in Purkinje cells. We found that these mice were ataxic and had a reduction of Purkinje-cell axon terminals in the deep cerebellar nuclei, whereas the dendritic trees grew to normal height and branched extensively. Unexpectedly, the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells in developing and mature cerebella were much reduced in size but increased in number. These 'mini' spines often form supernumerary synapses. These differential effects of perturbing Racl activity indicate that there may be distinct mechanisms for the elaboration of axons, dendrites and dendritic spines.
Creep cavitation in iron—II. Oxides as nucleation sites

Abstract The role of oxides as creep cavity nucleation sites was studied on high purity iron, using the same techniques as reported in Part I of this study [Acta metall.35, 2471 (1987)]. In addition to the two kinds of behavior observed in Part I (very low sulfur, always ductile; high sulfur, above the solubility limit, usually brittle depending on the P content) a third regime is reported here. For S contents near, but below, the solubility limit at the test temperature, cavities nucleate at oxide particles—if they nucleate at all. In this S regime, cavity nucleation on oxide particles depends on the C S and P S ratios: increasing either ratio decreases the extent of cavitation, and only at very low ratios is grain boundary cavitation observed. It appears that S induces cavity nucleation at the oxide particles by segregating to the interface and thereby decreasing the adhesion between the α-Fe and the oxide. P and C reduce the deleterious effect of S, probably by competing with S during segregation to the oxide-iron interface. There is definitely an hierarchy of particles in terms of the ease with which they can nucleate particles-sulfides on the grain boundaries are the most profuse nucleation sites, and the rate at which nucleation occurs on sulfides can be decreased by increasing the P content. Oxides are the next most profuse nucleation sites, but nucleation only occurs in the presence of segregated S. When S is present, additions of P and/or C can dramatically reduce the nucleation rate. Carbides were never found to nucleate cavities in these materials, independent of the carbon content.
Nuclear import by karyopherin-βs: recognition and inhibition.

Proteins in the Karyopherinβ family mediate the majority of macromolecular transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Eleven of the 19 known human Karyopherinβs and 10 of the 14 S. cerevisiae Karyopherinβs mediate nuclear import through recognition of nuclear localization signals or NLSs in their cargos. This receptor-mediated process is essential to cellular viability as proteins are translated in the cytoplasm but many have functional roles in the nucleus. Many known Karyopherinβ-cargo interactions were discovered through studies of the individual cargos rather than the karyopherins, and this information is thus widely scattered in the literature. We consolidate information about cargos that are directly recognized by import-Karyopherinβs and review common characteristics or lack thereof among cargos of different import pathways. Knowledge of Karyopherinβ-cargo interactions is also critical for the development of nuclear import inhibitors and the understanding of their mechanisms of inhibition.
The Design of an Operational Amplifier Using Silicon Carbide JFETs

Superior performance of the Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor in high temperature and harsh environment is widely known. However, utilizing the Vertical Channel 4H-SiC JFET (SiC JFET) for analog design exhibits significant design challenges, even at room temperature. The fundamental challenges are low intrinsic gain, the limitation of the Gate to Source Voltage Range (GSVR), and restrictions on utilizing Channel Length (CL) as a design parameter due to fabrication complexity. These challenges must be successfully overcome at room temperature, before moving towards high temperature design. The main objective of this paper is to establish a design base, overcome the challenges, demonstrate the feasibility, and present a novel all SiC JFET based operational amplifier (opamp) that addresses overall performance at room temperature. Before attempting design, Enhancement Mode (EM) and Depletion Mode (DM) SiC JFETs are characterized, analyzed, and modeled for simulation. A unique and reliable four stage opamp configuration is presented that takes design requirements into account, uses threshold voltage (Vth) in place of CL as a design parameter, and employs gain enhancing design techniques while achieving maximum obtainable frequency response. The final opamp is fabricated and tested and shown to have 66.7 dB DC gain and 5.71 MHz unity gain frequency.
Duty Hour Reform in a Shifting Medical Landscape

The circumstances that led to the death of Libby Zion in 1984 prompted national discussions about the impact of resident fatigue on patient outcomes. Nearly 30 years later, national duty hour reforms largely motivated by patient safety concerns have demonstrated a negligible impact of duty hour reductions on patient mortality. We suggest that the lack of an impact of duty hour reforms on patient mortality is due to a different medical landscape today than existed in 1984. Improvements in quality of care made possible by computerized order entry, automated medication checks, inpatient pharmacists, and increased resident supervision have, among other systemic changes, diminished the adverse impact that resident fatigue is able to have on patient outcomes. Given this new medical landscape, advocacy towards current and future duty hour reforms may be best justified by evidence of the impact of duty hour reform on resident wellbeing, education, and burnout.
Maneuvers of Multiculturalism: International Representations of Minority Politics in Japan

This article argues that multicultural representations of Japan make demands of the populations they describe as much as they open new social and political possibilities. This argument mirrors others that have been made about the myth of Japanese homogeneity, i.e. that representations of the Japanese citizenry are historical formations, entrenched in institutionalized practice, and with characterizable effects. Examining contemporary representations of Buraku issues within the work of political organizations, foreign scholars, and funding agencies such as the Japan Foundation, I explore four maneuvers of multicultural political practice: enlistment, equilibration, authentication, and woundedness. In this examination, I aim to shed light simultaneously upon the processes through which multiculturalism disciplines the subjects it describes and upon the ways in which such maneuvers help achieve international recognition of a liberal, multicultural Japan.
Iron ultrafine particle catalysts formed by laser pyrolysis: synthesis, characterization and coal liquefactionactivity

Abstract The synthesis, analytical examination and activity of ultrafine particle, iron carbide catalysts synthesized by laser pyrolysis of gaseous Fe(CO) 5 in C 2 H 4 are described in relation to their application for the dissolution of coal under hydroliquefaction conditions. These catalysts, containing mixed carbide, metal and oxide phases or pure carbide phases with crystallite sizes between 5–20 nm, are converted under excess sulfur conditions to pyrrhotite during the dissolution of subbituminous and bituminous coals. Besides the iron carbide Fe 3 C, which has been previously reported as a product of the laser pyrolysis of Fe(CO) 5 , it is shown that the seldom studied carbide Fe 7 C 3 , can be easily synthesized. The conditions under which various phases of the ultrafine carbide particles can be synthesized are presented. Analyses by surface and bulk techniques for as-prepared, and thermally treated or sulfided catalysts are discussed in relation to previously published data on iron carbide catalysts.
Forward and reverse flux creep in single crystal Tl2Ca2BaCu2Oχ superconductors

Abstract We report the observation of novel flux motion in single-crystal superconducting Tl 2 Ca 2 BaCu 2 O χ . Application of a field H ⩽1 kG following zero-field cooling results in typical logarithmic flux creep, with a peak in δM/δln t near 18 K. Above 50 K, different flux dynamics are observed: an exponential decrease in the diamagnetic moment that gives way near 70 K to the appearance of reverse creep, i.e., increasingly negative magnetization. This latter effect begins after a temperature- and field-dependent wait time. While conventional theory explains inward flux creep, we must invoke flux-line roughening, drive by pinning randomness, to give rise to reverse creep.
SIMOX devices and circuits

Abstract The initial driving force for the CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology development was the promise of improved circuit performance due to the reduced junction capacitance, latch-up free dielectric isolation, higher packing density and radiation hardness. Recent material improvements and successful LSI/VLSI circuit demonstrations have made SIMOX the leading SOI approach for CMOS circuits. The simplicity in the scaling of SIMOX integrated circuit (IC) processing and the recent demonstration that very thin film SOI MOSFETs offer significant performance improvement over bulk devices make SIMOX technology a viable alternative to the bulk CMOS scaling in the sub-half micrometer regime. This paper reviews the characteristics of the SOI devices, and the implementation of LSI/VLSI circuits on SIMOX substrates.
A saline transfusion technique for crayfish cns studies

Abstract 1. 1.The effects of commonly used dissection techniques were tested by observing their effects on the activity of two interneurons. The control level was determined using chronic electrodes. 2. 2.The major problem with the tested techniques was an anoxia-induced deterioration of the central nervous system. 3. 3.A technique is described which will maintain near normal output for 8 or more hours.
MrkD1P from Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain IA565 Allows for Coexistence with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Protection from Protease-Mediated Biofilm Detachment

Biofilm formation and persistence are essential components for the continued survival of pathogens inside the host and constitute a major contributor to the development of chronic wounds with resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Understanding these processes is crucial for control of biofilm-mediated disease. Though chronic wound infections are often polymicrobial in nature, much of the research on chronic wound-related microbes has focused on single-species models. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are microbes that are often found together in wound isolates and are able to form stable in vitro biofilms, despite the antagonistic nature of P. aeruginosa with other organisms. Mutants of the K. pneumoniae strain IA565 lacking the plasmid-borne mrkD1P gene were less competitive than the wild type in an in vitro dual-species biofilm model with P. aeruginosa (PAO1). PAO1 spent medium inhibited the formation of biofilm of mrkD1P-deficient mutants and disrupted preestablished biofilms, with no effect on IA565 and no effect on the growth of the wild type or mutants. A screen using a two-allele PAO1 transposon library identified the LasB elastase as the secreted effector involved in biofilm disruption, and a purified version of the protein produced results similar to those with PAO1 spent medium. Various other proteases had a similar effect, suggesting that the disruption of the mrkD1P gene causes sensitivity to general proteolytic effects and indicating a role for MrkD1P in protection against host antibiofilm effectors. Our results suggest that MrkD1P allows for competition of K. pneumoniae with P. aeruginosa in a mixed-species biofilm and provides defense against microbial and host-derived proteases.
Association of plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor with clinical outcome in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Abstract Objectives The urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis by mediating proteolysis, adhesion, and migration of tumor cells. We tested the hypothesis that preoperative plasma levels of uPA and its specific receptor, uPAR, would predict cancer stage and prognosis in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Methods The study group consisted of 51 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive cancer or Tis, Ta, or T1 transitional cell carcinoma refractory to intravesical therapy and 44 men without cancer. Preoperative plasma levels of uPA and uPAR were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with available samples (51 and 38, respectively) and correlated with the clinical and pathologic characteristics and clinical outcome. Results Plasma uPA and uPAR levels were both greater in those with bladder cancer than in the healthy subjects (P Conclusions Plasma uPA and uPAR levels were greater in those with bladder cancer compared with healthy controls. For patients with bladder cancer, a greater preoperative plasma uPA level was an independent predictor of poor outcome after radical cystectomy.
Correlation between pulmonary cytochrome P450 transcripts and the organ-selective pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole

Abstract 3-Methylindole (3MI) is a species- and organ-selective pneumotoxin; goats are the most susceptible species, mice are intermediate in susceptibility, and rabbits are the least susceptible species to its toxicity. Four different cDNA probes representative of human cytochrome P450 genes CYP2F1, CYP4B1, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 were hybridized against RNA from lung and liver tissues of goat, mouse and rabbit. Transcripts representative of pulmonary P450s CYP2F1, CYP4B1 and CYP2B6 were present in goat lung. Transcripts for the CYP2F1 and CYP4B1 genes were observed in rabbit and mouse lung. In general, the probes selectively hybridized to pulmonary but not hepatic transcripts of all three species. The differences in susceptibilities among the three species could not be explained by the lack of 4B1 and 2F1 transcripts in the lungs of mice or rabbits that are less susceptible than goats, but the selective expression in the lung tissues of all three species may participate in the organ-selective bio-activation and pulmonary toxicity of 3MI in these species.
Rise and Fall of the Concept Sustainability

Sustainability is a key concept when we discuss the effects of human population and activity on nature and the biosphere. Still, especially in Europe, for years it has been used in many other senses both in economics and sociology. Its original meaning has been greatly distorted and extended; it has been misused and abused. This paper examines why this happened and what is the new meaning (if any) of the concept. It also discusses the interpretation of the concept sustainability on different levels—global, national, industrial, and corporate—as the author sees it. Emphasis is placed on the difference between environmental protection and sustainability. KeywoRdS Ecological Sustainability, “Social” Sustainability, “Economic” Sustainabilty, Levels of Sustainability, Misuse and Abuse of the Concept Sustainability I. SemAnTICS, mISuSe, And ABuSe Twenty years ago the concept sustainability was known only by ecologists and environmental economists, and its meaning was quite unambiguous: human population and activity should not surpass the carrying capacity of the biosphere, its renewing, resource, and sink capacities. Nowadays sustainability is one of the most frequently used words by economists and politicians. You can hardly read a text or an interview by a leading economist or politician where sustainability is not used several times. By now its original meaning has faded away and been forgotten. It simply means “good,” a synonym for everything that is positive. One can read and hear about a sustainable state budget, exchange rate, interest rate, exports, financing, sustainable society, social health, and pension policies. The worst of everything is “sustainable economic growth,” which is the oxymoron of economics.1 According to environmental economics and ecological economics, permanent economic growth is unsustainable; it is development that can be sustained. The expression has been inflated, overused, misused, and abused. At the same time it crowds out decent adjectives like permanent, steady, balanced, just, continuous, and quick. On the top of everything, the term is used completely unrelated to the natural environment. You cannot object that, still, this is good because an important notion is spreading. To the contrary, as its inflated meaning is spreading, people think that everything is all right, we are “sustainable,” or at least heading for sustainability. 1 See Daly 1991, Steady-State Economics.
Genomic location of bovid herpesvirus type 2 nucleotide sequences homologous to five herpes simplex virus type 1 genes.

The location of nucleotide sequences within the bovid herpesvirus 1 (BHV-2) genome homologous to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA were investigated. BHV-2 DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and blotted to nitrocellulose paper. The blots were then probed with plasmids containing HSV-1 genes for thymidine kinase (TK), the major DNA binding protein (ICP8), the major capsid protein (VP5) and genes for HSV-1 glycoproteins gB, gD, and gC. Except for HSV-1 gC, each HSV-1 gene tested hybridized to BHV-2 nucleotide sequences that were located either on both sides of a restriction endonuclease cleavage site, within a small restriction endonuclease fragment, or to an area common to two overlapping restriction fragments. Thus, we were able to localize BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to the HSV-1 ICP8 gene between 0.38 and 0.41 map units (m.u.), and BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to the HSV-1 VP5 gene between 0.24 and 0.27 m.u. In addition, BHV-2 nucleotide sequences homologous to HSV-1 genes for TK, gB and gD were found to lie on both sides of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites at 0.30, 0.35, and 0.94 m.u., respectively.
Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis as a Cause of Bronchiectasis in Children

1)Bronchiectasis following the primary infection with tuberculosis is a common complication, and should be looked for in the presence of any massive roentgen shadow. 2)Bronchiectasis in the upper lobes is less apt to be symptomatic, but in other parts of the lung demands treatment. 3)Treatment should first be directed toward re-expansion of atelectasis, which predisposes to bronchiectasis. 4)Lobectomy is the treatment of choice when symptoms are present, and should be resorted to in children. 5)The term epituberculous should be dropped as being inadequate to describe shadows that have varied pathological and mechanical implications. 6)The serious character of bronchiectasis as a complication of the primary infection gives added weight to the importance of prophylaxis against tuberculosis, especially in children.