cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 14 – Fossil Platyrrhines

: The earliest fossil platyrrhines, or New World Monkeys, come from the Oligocene of Bolivia. There is an abundant record of fossil platyrrhines from the early and middle Miocene of southernmost Argentina (Patagonia) whose relationships to extant families are debated. From the late Miocene of Colombia there is a diverse fauna of fossil monkeys that documents the presence of many extant groups, including pitheciines, cebines, alouattines, Aotus, and probably callitrichines. There are two large fossil platyrrhines related to alouattines and atelines from Pleistocene cave deposits in Brazil. The islands of the Caribbean were home to several species of fossil platyrrhines whose affinities to extant genera is much debated. While most of the Caribbean fossils are from relatively Recent time periods. However, they are quite different from extant genera found in Central or South America, and it is likely that they are a relic fauna from much earlier in the Cenozoic. Like extant platyrrhines, fossil platyrrhines are predominantly frugivorous, and seem to include leaper, arboreal quadrupeds, and suspensory species. However, there are indications of terrestrial habits for some of the extinct species. The origin of the platyrrhine radiation is the subject of some debate, but it seems most likely that the earliest platyrrhines rafted across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa sometime in the Eocene.
“Flushing—The Bigger, Better and Downright Sexier Chinatown of New York”: Transnational Growth Coalitions and Immigrant Economies

Anchored by thousands of immigrant-owned businesses, the commercial corridors of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue in Flushing, Queens represents a culinary crossroads of restaurants, grocery stores, fruit and vegetable stands, supermarkets, bakeries, and street vendors, leading one journalist to deem Flushing the better (and sexier) Chinatown. While Flushing’s ethnic economy represents one of New York City’s dynamic immigrant entrepreneurial hubs, its small businesses tend to be commercial tenants and are at risk of gentrification and displacement due to the influx of transnational real estate capital. This chapter focuses on Flushing Commons as an exemplar former Mayor Bloomberg legacy commercial real estate project that marked a tipping point in Flushing’s evolution from an immigrant enclave economy into an epicenter of luxury developments and transnational finance with a high concentration of Asian banks and ancillary professional services in real estate, law, and finance. Based on archival research, data analysis, and interviews, my chapter argues that Flushing’s commercial properties have been transformed into financial assets bought and sold in a global market catalyzing the hyper-gentrification of an immigrant economy.
Treatment sequencing for the care of patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer in the United States

Therapeutic advances for the treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have led to additional options for care. This observational study was designed to desc...
Special Issue on Ethics 2014\/ISTAS 2014 [Guest Editorial]

The articles in this special section were presented at the first International Symposium on Ethics in Engineering, Science, and Technology (ETHICS 2014) that was held May 23-24, 2014.
Detection of nano-structured particles with organic electrochemical transistors

Recently big efforts have been addressed to the development of techniques for sensing and characterization of nanoparticles (NPs), especially in aqueous environment, due to their possible harmfulness related to their nanometric size. In this work we describe a real time detection of NPs based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). OECTs were employed to detect core-shell super-paramagnetic NPs (Fe3O4) functionalized with different polymeric coatings. The OECT response resulted to be a function of the density of NPs suspended in the solution, with sensitivity down to tens of µg/ml. The data, interpreted in terms of the effective gate voltage shift induced by the NPs, indicate that the sensing mechanism is correlated to the electrostatic interaction of NPs with the PEDOT:PSS transistor channel. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solidification of undercooled metals

The present investigation is concerned with the subject of undercooling (i.e., supercooling) in the case of metal alloys, taking into account the effects of undercooling on microstructure and microsegregation in alloys which solidify in a crystalline manner. Techniques for obtaining a large degree of undercooling are discussed. These techniques make it possible to eliminate heterogeneous nucleants from the melt and to remove container nucleation effects. The nucleation behavior of small metal droplets is considered along with the formation of a dispersion of fine droplets in a suitable inert medium, the mixing of fine metal powders with glass powder, and the levitation melting technique. Attention is given to solidification with rapid interface velocity, aspects of dendritic morphology, and thermal measurements during solidification of undercooled droplets.
Growing vocabularies for plant identification and scientific learning

This paper reports on U-PLanT's ( U niversity of North Carolina P lant Lan guage T eam) vocabulary solutions, including Project OpenKey vocabulary developments. The paper explores the meaning of vocabulary; discusses plant keys, plant taxonomy, and descriptive vocabulary used for plant identification; introduces U-PLanT's research and development activities and current inquiry. Vocabulary solutions presented include a suite of vocabulary tools, a preliminary process model with steps for the development of vocabulary tools, and guiding principles for the development of descriptive plant vocabulary. This work has been conducted to address the student/scientist vocabulary gap and facilitate student access to primary scientific resources found in education digital initiatives.
Joel Feinberg on Crime and Punishment: Exploring the Relationship between the Moral Limits of the Criminal Law and the Expressive Function of Punishment

When I was originally approached to participate in this Symposium on the work and legacy of Joel Feinberg, I immediately began thinking about the influence of his essay The Expressive Function of Punishment on contemporary criminal law theory in the United States. That essay has contributed significantly to a growing body of scholarship associated with the resurgence of interest in expressive theories of law. In the criminal law area, the expressivist movement traces directly and foremost to Feinberg’s essay. As Carol Steiker observes, “Joel Feinberg
Extraction of selected drugs from serum using microwave irradiation

Microwave irradiation is used as an alternative heating method for extraction over more conventional hot plate methods. We describe a fast, efficient method for the determination of selected drugs in human blood/serum using microwave extraction. The microwave extraction of organic substances requires special instrumentation and the results have been compared with the results from classical liquid/liquid extraction. The present microwave extractions were performed in an 'atmospheric pressure' system. Before irradiation with microwaves, an appropriate solvent mixture was added to the buffered specimen. Lidocaine, methadone, diazepam, nordiazepam, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene were tested as model substances. The quantitation was performed by GC/NPD. The procedure has been applied successfully to a number of forensic cases. The use of microwaves decreases the time of extraction and the solvent consumption.
A distributed decision support algorithm that preserves personal privacy

Assuring confidentiality of personal information and preserving privacy are vital when data is harvested from multiple institutions for business decision-making. An algorithm that builds knowledge using statistics based on subject data from distributed sites that satisfy specified selection criteria is presented here. The algorithm maintains complete fidelity of information structures in the distributed data compared to the centralized equivalent. Heterogeneous data schemas across sites can be accommodated and thresholds can be set for global minimum saturation for attributes to participate in the prediction model building. Policies for inclusion and exclusion of non-exhaustive attributes among sites are introduced. Unification of attributes is introduced for homogenizing attribute values globally. Results of experiments using data from medical, higher education, and social domains elucidate the value of our algorithm in regulated industries, where shipping raw data outside parent institution is not practical.
Global distributive justice and the corporate duty to aid

This article challenges an argument from Tom Donaldson's recent bookThe Ethics of International Business with a claim that distributive justice, deemed in many circles to impose a duty of mutual aid on individuals and nations, establishes a basis for holding multinational corporations to such a duty as well. The root idea I advocate is that Rawls' theory of justice can be deployed — beyond its original intent yet in line with its spirit — to underwrite aprima facie obligation of international business to render aid to ameliorate suffering on behalf of the inhabitants of developing countries in which they operate.
Analysis of Early Complications After Radical Cystectomy: Results of a Collaborative Care Pathway

Purpose: We examined our recent series of patients who underwent radical cystectomy to determine and analyze the early perioperative morbidity of the procedure in a contemporary series treated with the guidance of a clinical pathway.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 304 consecutive patients who underwent radical cystectomy from December 1995 to July 2000. We specifically evaluated complications that developed within 30 days of the procedure. Potential variables predictive of early morbidity were analyzed, including patient age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, type of urinary diversion, smoking history, estimated blood loss, transfusion requirement, pathological stage and operative time.Results: The overall minor complication rate was 30.9% (94 of 304 patients). Postoperative ileus was the most common minor complication, affecting 54 patients (18%). Increased blood loss and major complications predicted a significantly higher likelihood of ileus on multivariate an...
Increased glycolysis in immature rat ovaries using endogenous gonadotropins secreted in response to exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

SummaryThe rate of glycolysis, as indicated by in vitro lactic acid production, in ovaries from immature rats was stimulated by raising serum concentrations of endogenous LH and FSH by intravenous injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. The rate was shown to be a function of the serum concentration of gonadotropin but the response required the presence of elevated hormone levels for about 1 hr. These data are offered as further evidence for the lack of physiological importance of brief changes in pituitary function.
New representations for multipole moments and angular spectrum amplitudes of electromagnetic fields

Abstract New results are reported, concerning the relationship between the multipole expansion and the angular spectrum plane-wave expansion of the electromagnetic field generated by a monochromatic localized charge-current distribution. An intimate connection between these two types of expansions is revealed. Based on these results, new source representations are obtained for the multipole moments and for the angular spectrum amplitudes. It is also shown how the field may be determined, at every point outside a sphere that contains the charge current distribution in its interior, from the knowledge of the radiation pattern.
A 3' cis-acting element is involved in tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression in astrocytes

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contributes to demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system. Astrocytes, the major glial cells in the CNS, do not constitutively express TNF-α, but the TNF-α gene is transcriptionally activated in response to a variety of stimuli, including TNF-α itself. Because of the importance of TNF-α in the CNS, we examined the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of the TNF-α gene in astrocytes. In transient transfection assays, a plasmid construct containing 1.3 kilobase pairs (kb) of 5′ flanking sequence of the rat TNF-α gene showed high basal activity that could not be further enhanced by TNF-α stimulation. A “marked” 10-kb TNF-α gene construct, which contains the whole TNF-β gene with 1.2 kb of 5′ flanking sequence, 1.1 kb of intergenic sequence, and the whole TNF-α gene with 3 kb of 3′ flanking sequence, was able to respond to TNF-α stimulation. Analysis of a series of 5′ and 3′ deletion constructs of the marked TNF-α genes demonstrated that upstream sequence elements such as NF-κB are not required for TNF-α induction and that TNF-α responsive elements are located in the 3′ flanking region of the TNF-α gene. We also found that a TNF-α-inducible DNase I-hypersensitive (DH) site is present in this 3′ region whose deletion abolishes TNF-α inducibility of the marked TNF-α gene. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that TNF-α-inducible nuclear proteins, consisting of p50 and p65 NF-κB proteins, specifically bind to two consecutive NF-κB binding sites within the 3′ DH site. These results indicate that TNF-α-induced TNF-α gene expression in astrocytes involves p50 and p65 NF-κB proteins binding to downstream NF-κB sites and concomitant modulation of the chromatin structure.
Abstract P6-12-11: Celecoxib inhibits the growth of IBC tumors by suppressing the regulation of cancer stem-like cells by nodal

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer with no known molecular targets for treatment. Although erythema is commonly associated with IBC, the molecular mechanism of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBC remains unknown. We have previously shown that EGFR is an emerging target in IBC (Zhang D. et al Clin Can Res 2009). As crosstalk between EGFR and COX-2 plays an important role in the inflammatory response in several cancers, including breast cancer, we hypothesized that COX-2 promotes the tumorigenesis and metastasis of IBC cells. Methods: Using clinically derived IBC and non-IBC tumor samples, a Spearman9s Rank correlation coefficient analysis was performed to analyze the expression levels of COX-2 and EGFR in IBC and non-IBC. The levels of COX-2 metabolites, prostaglandins (PGs) PGE2 and PGF2α, were measured in IBC and non-IBC cell lines by HPLC/MS method. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed using SUM149 and KPL-4 IBC cell lines treated with PGs or the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. We evaluated the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype in 3D culture of SUM149 cells treated with celecoxib, and the stem-like population by mammosphere formation, and CD44+/CD24− and aldefluor+ population by FACS. We treated preclinical IBC xenograft mice with celecoxib and measured tumor growth, PGs levels, and the expression of EMT protein markers. Nodal, a stem cell regulator and potential biomarker for breast cancer progression, was evaluated in IBC cells following treatment with celecoxib and recombinant Nodal or transfection with Nodal cDNA. Results: EGFR and COX-2 expression levels positively correlated within IBC, but not non-IBC tumors. Elevated levels of PGE2 and PGF2α were identified in multiple IBC cell lines suggesting that COX activity is elevated within IBC compared to non-IBC cells. PGs altered EMT protein markers and promoted cell migration and invasion, while Celecoxib inhibited EMT and migration and invasion in SUM149 and KPL-4 cells. Celecoxib treatment inhibited tumor growth in mice, and downregulated the expression of EMT protein markers, including Nodal. Celecoxib decreased the stem-like CD44+/CD24−, and aldefluor+ population and the formation of mammospheres. Exogenous Nodal mitigated the effects of celecoxib on cell migration and invasion and the stem-like population in SUM149 cells. Conclusion: We conclude that activation of the COX-2 inflammatory signaling pathway is critical in the development and progression of IBC. This study provides a novel insight into how inflammation may regulate cancer stem cells via Nodal, and will guide future research into the development of stem cell targeted therapies for IBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-12-11.
Ceramide synthase is essential for endonuclease-mediated death of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation.

Ceramide is known to play a role in the cell signaling pathway involved in apoptosis. Most studies suggest that enhanced ceramide generation is the result of hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by sphingom...
Quantitative photoexcitation and fluorescence studies of C2H2 in vacuum ultraviolet

Synchrotron radiation light source measurements were conducted in the 105-155 nm region to obtain the photoabsorption and fluorescence cross sections of C2H2, and the quantum yield for producing the C2H-asterisk fluorescence from C2H2's photodissociation was measured in the 106-136.5 nm region. The products of the radiative lifetime quenching rate constant increase with excitation wavelengths. The data obtained on lifetimes, quenchings, and fluorescence spectra point to an upper state of the C2H-asterisk fluorescence that is well bound, while the lower state is a repulsive or weak-bound state.
An Analytical Model to Predict Nitric Oxide Concentration and Soot Emissivity in a Diesel Engine

Zero-dimensional simulation models are often used to interpret experimental pressure data to better understand combustion processes of internal combustion (IC) engines. This study attempts to improve upon the single-zone model, a type of zero-dimensional model, by using a two-stage model rigorously described in the literature, because computed single-zone temperatures are generally too low for accurate modeling of pollutant gases that are very sensitive to temperature, such as nitric oxide. For example, the thermal kinetic of nitric oxide (NO) formation requires temperatures above 1800 K. Upon implementation of the so-called two-stage model, this study shows calculation improvements compared to a single-zone model. Specifically, NO emission is calculated and compared to experimental results taken from a four-cylinder medium duty diesel engine. By using the two-stage model, soot emissivity is also calculated and its relation with NO formation is discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of fungal elicitor on thiophene production in hairy root cultures of Tagetes patula

The effect of fungal elicitor, derived from mycelial extracts of Fusarium conglutinans, on thiophene production in hairy-root cultures of Tagetes patula was studied. Various concentrations of elicitor were added to the culture media. Time-course experiments were carried out using a defined concentration of elicitor. Thiophene production increased with the addition of elicitor. The major thiophenes produced were 5-(4-aceoxy-1-butenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene and 5-(buten-1-enyl)-2,2'bithiophene.
Tempest-tost: Exile, ethnicity, and the politics of rescue

Refugees are individuals forced to flee from their homelands because of categorical persecution or because they are bystanders caught in the crossfire of war or civil strife. Such involuntary exile often leads to alienation in the most literal sense of the term. Whether expellees, escapees, or displaced persons, refugees share a common fate and, often, a common destiny: those who are dispossessed are dependent on others to provide care, succor, protection, and assistance. Yet responses to their plight are almost invariably highly selective, the quality of mercy being strained by considerations other than pure altruism. This paper, a commentary on the sociology of exile, attempts to convey the sense and significance of estrangement and responses to it in both historical and contemporary contexts. Early sections deal with concepts and concerns; later ones examine United States refugee policies and practices relating to exile, ethnicity, and the politics of rescue.
Nucleotide Sequence of the ADH23 Gene Encoding the Human Alcohol Dehydrogenase β3 Subunit

All nine exons of the ADH2(3) allele, which encodes the human alcohol dehydrogenase beta 3 subunit, have been cloned and sequenced. Comparison of this sequence to the ADH2(1) nucleotide sequence revealed only a single difference that results in an amino acid change, thus proving that the significant kinetic differences between these two isozymes is due to the Cys for Arg substitution at position 369. There are also two silent polymorphisms, and two changes in noncoding regions.
Neuroprotection Trek—The Next Generation

Neuromodulation denotes controlled electrical stimulation of the central or peripheral nervous system. The three forms of neuromodulation described in this paper-deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation-were chosen primarily for their demonstrated or potential clinical usefulness. Deep brain stimulation is a completely implanted technique for improving movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, by very focal electrical stimulation of the brain-a technique that employs well-established hardware (electrode and pulse generator/battery). Vagus nerve stimulation is similar to deep brain stimulation in being well-established (for the treatment of refractory epilepsy), completely implanted, and having hardware that can be considered standard at the present time. Vagus nerve stimulation differs from deep brain stimulation, however, in that afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve results in diffuse effects on many regions throughout the brain. Although use of deep brain stimulation for applications beyond movement disorders will no doubt involve placing the stimulating electrode(s) in regions other than the thalamus, subthalamus, or globus pallidus, the use of vagus nerve stimulation for applications beyond epilepsy-for example, depression and eating disorders-is unlikely to require altering the hardware significantly (although stimulation protocols may differ). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is an example of an external or non-implanted, intermittent (at least given the current state of the hardware) stimulation technique, the clinical value of which for neuromodulation and neuroprotection remains to be determined.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the islet cell tumor of pancreas: a comparison between computerized axial tomography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Abstract The objective of the present study is to compare the cytologic features of islet cell tumor (ICT) of pancreas obtained by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and computed tomography guided FNA (CT-FNA). We also describe the cytologic features associated with malignant ICT. Eleven cytology samples from 121 CT- FNA and 30 EUS- FNA of the pancreas were obtained from nine patients with ICT. Diff-Quik, Papanicolaou, and immunohistochemical stains to determine neuroendocrine differentiation and the hormonal status were evaluated. Cytologic features and specimen adequacy were compared between the two techniques. Cytologic features noted in both benign and malignant ICT were also compared. Nine patients (5 men, 4 women) ranging in age from 29 to 84 years (mean age, 53.8 years). Diagnoses consisted of benign (4) and malignant (5) ICT. EUS-FNA was superior to CT-FNA in obtaining adequate cells (2/2 v 7/9) for the diagnosis and increased cellularity to perform additional immunohistochemical stains (2/2 v 4/7). Single, plasmacytoid cells with finely granular chromatin distribution characterized ICT on cytology. Mitoses (3/5) and necrosis (1/5) were noted in malignant ICT but not in benign ICT. EUS-FNA is superior to CT- FNA for obtaining cells for the diagnosis of ICT. Detection of mitoses and or necrosis from patients with ICT should initiate a search for metastasis. Ann Diagn Pathol 6: 106-112, 2002.
Size separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by flow-field flow fractionation.

Flow-field flow fractionation (flow-FFF) is used to separate single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in aqueous medium by the use of DNA. Online measurements are made of SWNT concentration, molar mass, and size by using UV−vis absorption and multiangle light scattering (MALS). Separations are made of both unfractionated SWNTs and SWNT fractions made by use of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The SEC fractions are well resolved by flow-FFF. SWNT hydrodynamic volume from calibrations with polymer latex particles in flow-FFF are compared to calibrations of hydrodynamic volume from the SEC fractions derived from dissolved polymers. Rod lengths of the SWNTs are calculated from online measurements of MALS and those are compared to rod lengths from hydrodynamic models based on latex sphere calibrations. Samples with varied sizes were prepared by fracturing SWNTs through extended sonication. Flow-FFF of these fractured samples shows very broad size distributions compared to the original SEC and flow-FF...
Which worked better for Mississippi State: standing orders or an approval plan?

AbstractWhen Mississippi State University Libraries established a university press approval plan, the Collection Development Department was asked to decide whether to cancel existing standing orders with seven university presses or block these presses from the approval plan. Books were received through both avenues for eight months so that cost, timeliness of delivery, and receipt of titles most appropriate for the Libraries’ needs could be compared. Findings showed a 4.72% cost savings with the approval plan, but 82% of the titles were received earlier through the standing orders. Of books received through the standing orders, 29% were not received through the approval plan, with more than half not matching departmental profiles. Return privileges with the approval plan meant unsuitable titles could be returned, a significant advantage not possible with the standing orders. As a result of the study, the libraries chose to cancel the standing orders and receive books selectively through a university press...
Constraining Surface Interpolations Using Elastic Plate Bending Solutions with Applications to Geologic Folding

Geologic surface interpolations can be augmented by adding physical constraints to available data. Here a method is outlined that allows one to constrain surface interpolations for two geologic surfaces based on the apparent thickness of the bounded layer. The resulting interpolation scheme is posed as a quadratic programming in which the interpolation of each surface is solved approximately and subject to linear constraints on the apparent thickness. Results can be further improved by adding cubic polynomials to the interpolating functions to regularize the problem. In one-dimensional interpolations of geologic folds, the method improves the results over unconstrained interpolations by eliminating interpenetrations (negative apparent thicknesses) and regions of small apparent thicknesses. In a two-dimensional application for the monocline at Raplee Ridge, UT, the capability of this method is illustrated by overcoming interpenetration of two surfaces, the tops of the Mendenhall oil sand and the Unnamed limestone. The minimum curvature spline interpolation is applied to topographic data taken from an airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) survey and interpolated by detailed geologic mapping. This method can be extended to allow for multiple layers.
Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of amorphous FexB100−x (0<x⩽90)

Magnetic ordering temperatures and hyperfine spectra at 4.2 K have been measured for amorphous FexB100−x (0<⩽90) made by sputtering. Magnetic ordering occurs at a percolation-like threshold of xc⋍ 38, above which Tc rises sharply with Fe content . Tc reaches a maximum at x ⋍ 70 and decreases at the Fe-rich side. The average Fe hyperfine field increases monotonically with Fe content. It is shown that the hyperfine field distributions of samples with x<70 cannot be accounted for by the “quasi-crystalline” model proposed by Vincze et al.
Improved whisker pointing technique for micron-size diode contact

Pointed phosphor-bronze whiskers are commonly used to contact micron-size Schottky barrier diodes. A process is presented which allows pointing such wire and achieving the desired cone angle and tip diameter without the use of highly undesirable chemical reagents.
In Vivo and In Vitro Degradation Behavior of Magnesium Alloys as Biomaterials

The corrosion behavior of pure Mg, AZ31, and AZ91D were evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo environments to investigate the potential application of these metals as biodegradable implant materials. DC polarization tests and immersion tests were performed in different simulated body solutions, such as distilled (DI) water, simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffered solution (PBS). Mg/Mg alloys were also implanted in different places in a mouse for in vivo weight loss and biocompatibility investigations. The in vivo subcutis bio-corrosion rate was lower than the corrosion rate for all of the in vitro simulated corrosive environments. The Mg/Mg alloys were biocompatible based on histology results for the liver, heart, kidney, skin and lung of the mouse during the two months implantation. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to investigate the morphology and topography of Mg/Mg alloys after immersion testing and implantation to understand the corrosion mechanisms.
A 108–114 GHz 4 $\,\times\,$ 4 Wafer-Scale Phased Array Transmitter With High-Efficiency On-Chip Antennas

This paper presents a W-band wafer-scale phased- array transmitter with high-efficiency on-chip antennas. The 4 × 4 array is based on an RF beamforming architecture with an equiphase distribution network and phased shifters placed on every element. The differential on-chip antennas are implemented using a 100 μm thick quartz superstrate and with a simulated efficiency of ~ 45% at 110 GHz. The phased array is designed with low mutual coupling between the elements and results in a stable active antenna impedance versus scan angle. The phased array is built in the Jazz SBC18H3 SiGe BiCMOS process, and is 6.5 × 6.0 mm2. Measurements show two-dimensional pattern scanning capabilities with a directivity of 17.0 dB, an array gain of ~26.5 dB at 110 GHz, and an EIRP of 23-25 dBm at 108-114 GHz. The power consumption is 3.4 W from a 1.9 V supply. To our knowledge, this work represents the first W-band wafer-scale phased array to-date. The application areas are in point-to-point communication systems in the 100-120 GHz range.
Experimental Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Fibrosis

SummaryIt is possible to produce coronary occlusion and myocardial fibrosis experimentally in the rabbit by means of injection of colloidal aluminum hydroxide into the left ventricle. This method may be useful in the experimental study of cardiac hypertrophy and coronary disease.
EFFECTS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE-A FOLLOW UP STUDY OF MULTIPLE BIRTHS

Nineteen sets of multiple birth infants (17 twins, 2 triplets) in whom at least one sibling required neonatal intensive care have been followed for periods between 6 months and 2 years. A significant finding in this population has been an acceleration of both the motor and mental developmental milestones in the sicker of the multiple siblings. This observation has been made independently by six of seven sets of parents in which only one sibling was transferred from an outlying hospital to the Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Center. This difference became evident to them within the first 6 months of life and has been supported on subsequent follow up visits and on developmental testing (Denver Developmental and Bayley Scales.) Aside from major central nervous system disease where the scquellae of bleeding or infection was permanent, this observation of both a more rapid acquisition of major milestones as well as a more aggresive and outgoing personality has held true for varying spectra of medical disease including severe respiratory failure which required prolonged mechanical ventilation. These findings raise questions concerning the current concepts of maternal-infant interaction and separation, the effects of intensive and continuous stimulation in an ICU setting, the possibility of neglect of the well sibling in favor of a more critically ill newborn having undergone prolonged hospitalization, and the possibility of later long term behavior disorders, learning disabilities, hyperactivity etc. in the “accelerated” sibling.
Teaching Personality Theories Using Popular Music

Previously, psychology instructors have used popular music to illustrate psychological concepts in the classroom. In this study, students enrolled in a personality theories class heard 13 popular songs that demonstrated various concepts. Students then selected and analyzed their own songs that contained elements of personality theories. Test grades and student evaluations of the demonstration provided support for the use of this activity for teaching personality theories.
Independent and Incremental Role of Quantitative Right Ventricular Evaluation for the Prediction of Right Ventricular Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Objectives This study sought to determine the utility of quantitation of right ventricular (RV) function in predicting RV failure in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Background Clinical evaluation alone seems insufficient for predicting RV failure, an important cause of morbidity and mortality after LVAD implantation. Methods Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic data were collected on 117 patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Standard pre-procedural echocardiographic RV measurements were supplemented by velocity vector imaging of RV free wall longitudinal strain. RV failure was defined as the need for placement of an RV assist device, or the use of inotropic agents for >14 days. Receiver operating characteristic curves were derived, with resampling to generate valid estimates of prediction accuracy. A net reclassification index was calculated for comparison of risk scores. Results RV failure occurred in 47 of 117 patients (40%). There was a significant difference in peak strain between patients with and without RV failure (–9.0% vs. –12.2%; p Conclusions Reduced RV free wall peak longitudinal strain was associated with an increased risk for RV failure among patients undergoing LVAD implantation.
Synthesis of high rejection filters with the Fourier transform method

Although in theory the Fourier transform method is valid only for small rejections, in practice it can be modified for the synthesis of high rejection filters with minimum transmittances as low as 10−4. Two new spectral functions are proposed for use in the Fourier transforms. An empirical procedure which is much faster than refinement is described for optimization of the spectral performance. The method and optimization are illustrated numerically for several different spectral shapes.
Learning phonotactic constraints from brief auditory experience

Abstract Three experiments asked whether phonotactic regularities not present in English could be acquired by adult English speakers from brief listening experience. Subjects listened to consonant–vowel–consonant (CVC) syllables displaying restrictions on consonant position. Responses in a later speeded repetition task revealed rapid learning of (a) first-order regularities in which consonants were restricted to particular positions (e.g. [baep] not *[paeb]), and (b) second-order regularities in which consonant position depended on the adjacent vowel (e.g. [baep] or [pIb], not *[paeb] or *[bIp]). No evidence of learning was found for second-order regularities in which consonant position depended on speaker's voice. These results demonstrated that phonotactic constraints are rapidly learned from listening experience and that some types of contingencies (consonant–vowel) are more easily learned than others (consonant–voice).
Plotting the Globe: Stories of Meridians, Parallels, and the International Date Line – By Avraham Ariel and Nora Ariel Berger

A history of neither exploration nor cartography, this book is a unique exploration of the abstract great circles that run around the earth and how humans have created and given meaning to them. Mo...
A parallel linear solver for multilevel Toeplitz systems with possibly several right-hand sides

Abstract A Toeplitz matrix has constant diagonals; a multilevel Toeplitz matrix is defined recursively with respect to the levels by replacing the matrix elements with Toeplitz blocks. Multilevel Toeplitz linear systems appear in a wide range of applications in science and engineering. This paper discusses an MPI implementation for solving such a linear system by using the conjugate gradient algorithm. The implementation techniques can be generalized to other iterative Krylov methods besides conjugate gradient. These techniques include the use of an arbitrary dimensional process grid for handling the multilevel Toeplitz structure, a communication-hiding approach for performing matrix–vector multiplications, the incorporation of multilevel circulant preconditioning for accelerating convergence, an efficient orthogonalization manager for detecting linear dependence in block iterations, and an algorithmic rearrangement to eliminate all-reduce synchronizations. The combined use of these techniques leads to a scalable solver for large multilevel Toeplitz systems, possibly with several right-hand sides. We show experimental results on matrices of size up to the order of one billion with nearly perfect scaling by using up to 1024 MPI processes. We also demonstrate an application of the solver in parameter estimation for analyzing large-scale climate data.
On the use of collision induced dissociation spectra in the determination of the structural composition of ions

The application of the superposition principle of McLafferty and co-workers to collision induced dissociation or collisional activation spectra to obtain quantitative estimates of the composition of isomeric mixtures of ions is discussed in detail. A set of explicitly stated assumptions is used to derive expressions for the percent composition based on normalized peak heights or peak height ratios in the collision induced dissociation spectra. The simple linear interpolation based on peak ratios which has been used in the past is shown to be invalid. It is demonstrated that the common practice of ignoring those collision induced dissociation peaks where there is interference from non-collision induced dissociation processes may lead to substantial uncertainty in the final results. It is also demonstrated that the superposition principle may lead to results which are not internally consistent with the model. The final conclusion is that the present method of quantitative structural analysis based on the superposition principle cannot generally be expected to yield reliable results. In specific cases the results may be assumed to be reliable if it is demonstrated that the model is self-consistent and the inherent experimental uncertainty is reasonably small. Further work may be useful in developing a generally valid method of analysis.
Spoke formation under moving plasma clouds

Goertz and Morfill [Goertz, C.K., Morfill, G., 1988. Icarus 53, 219–229] propose that spokes on Saturn's rings form under radially moving plasma clouds produced by meteoroid impacts. We demonstrate that the speed at which a plasma cloud can move relative to the ring material is bounded from above by the difference between the Keplerian and corotation velocities. The radial orientation of new spokes requires radial speeds that are at least an order of magnitude larger than this upper limit, thus the model advanced by Goertz and Morfill fails to make radial spokes.
Epithelial- stromal interactions: Specific stimulation of corneal epithelial cell growth in vitro by a factor (s) from cultured stromal fibroblasts.

Abstract By using a recently modified method of isolating and culturing rabbit corneal cells, this study investigated the presence of a diffusible substance(s) in stromal fibroblast conditioned medium that stimulated the growth of cultured corneal epithelial cells. The growth stimulation involved initiation of DNA synthesis (assayed by [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation) and enhanced cell proliferation (quantified by cell counting). Among the three corneal cell types, only fibroblasts (rabbit and human) released the stimulatory substance, which acted only on epithelial cells. The effect of this stromal fibroblast factor (SFF) was observed after an exposure period of less than 16 hr and persisted as long as it was present. Its action was concentration-dependent and was not a result of improvement in the survival of epithelial cells during culture. Both sparse and confluent epithelial cultures were susceptible to SFF. The release of SFF was correlated with the number of fibroblasts in the culture and appeared to be sensitive to the growth condition of the cells. Both the release and action of SFF did not depend on the presence of serum in the culture medium. The factor was heat resistant and insensitive to proteolytic enzymes. From ultrafiltration studies, the size of SFF was estimated to be in the approximate range of 50–1000 daltons. By direct comparison of the stimulatory effect with other previously studied growth promoting agents, it was concluded that SFF was not epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, putrescine, cyclic AMP, hydrocortisone or acetate. The implication of SFF in the regulation of epithelial growth by endogenous, intercellular mechanisms is discussed.
Optimizing Potential Functions for Protein Folding

A new procedure for optimizing the potential function for proteins is presented, and the folding of lattice-chain protein models was studied with optimized potentials. The pairwise contact energies between residues in the lattice protein models were optimized by an iterative algorithm that maximizes the free-energy difference between the (given) native structure and the non-native states of the protein. Optimization of the energy parameters for a variety of sequences of the model protein was carried out. The statistical-mechanical properties of the model proteins were analyzed with different sets of energy parameters to investigate the effects of optimization of the energy parameters on protein folding. For many sequences, optimization of the potential leads to strongly foldable protein models that can be folded to the target native structures in relatively short Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that consistency among the different components of the interactions in the native structure of a protein is...
Infrared detectors and lasers operating in the 3-12 μm range using band-gap engineered structures with type II band-gap alignment

The Type II broken band-gap alignment in semiconductor structures wherein the conduction band minimum is in one semiconductor (e.g., InAs) and the valence band maximum is in another (e.g., GaInSb) offers certain unique advantages which can be utilized to realize band-gap engineered novel quantum electro-optic devices such as lasers and detectors. The advantages of the type II structures include reduced Auger recombination, extending the effective band-gap energy of materials wherein type I band-gap alignment would give rise to difficulties such as miscibility gap. In this paper we describe the work carried out at the Army Research Laboratory on type II semiconductor quantum electro-optic devices such as IR lasers and detectors operating in the 3-12 μm range. Specifically we will cover the progress made in GaSb based type II strained layer superlattice IR detectors and Interband Cascade IR Lasers. We will also present our recent work in self-assembled quantum dots which have type II band-gap alignment with the matrix material in which the dots are embedded.
Measurement of drug release from microcarriers by microdialysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of the microdialysis sampling technique as a method to precisely and conveniently measure drug release from microcarrier systems such as liposomes and microspheres. Release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from liposomes and microspheres was evaluated in vitro using microdialysis. Retrodialysis calibration using 5-chlorouracil (5-CU) was performed in conjunction with on-line HPLC analysis. At a microdialysis perfusate flow rate of 0.5 muL/min, concurrent 5-FU gain and 5-CU loss ranged from 72% to 75%, while concurrent 5-FU loss and 5-CU ranged from 69% to 71%. After calibration, simultaneous 5-FU release profiles were obtained by continuous microdialysis and discrete equilibrium dialysis sampling using a side-by-side diffusion apparatus. Release rates were characterized by a first-order release model. The release rate constants for a representative liposomal formulation were 0.30 and 1.85/h by microdialysis in the acceptor and donor compartments, respectively, and 0.39/h by equilibrium dialysis in the acceptor compartment. The calculated release rate constant determined by equilibrium dialysis in the donor compartment (1.98/h) agrees with that determined by microdialysis (1.85/h) when the resistance of the equilibrium dialysis membrane with associated first-order rate constant of transfer of 0.42/h is taken into account. Release profiles of 5-FU from a number of different liposome and microsphere formulations were determined. The results indicate that a convenient and reproducible characterization of drug release from various liposome and microsphere formulations is readily obtainable by microdialysis.
The Secondary Emission of Electrons by High Energy Electrons

The secondary emission of electrons from tungsten, steel, aluminum, and graphite was studied as a function of the energy of the bombarding primary electrons in the range from 30 kilovolts to 340 kilovolts. The ratio of secondary to primary electrons was found to diminish with increasing primary energy and to increase with the atomic number of the target material. Thus, with aluminum the ratio diminished from 0.25 at 50 kilovolts to 0.17 at 200 kilovolts, while with tungsten it diminished from 0.73 to 0.62 in the same voltage range. Study of the energy distribution of the secondary electrons showed a percentage with energies less than 20 volts. Most of the remainder had energies greater than the available 800-volt repressor potential and resulted mainly from elastic nuclear scattering, particularly in the case of targets of high atomic number.
K Nearest Neighbor Method for Forest Inventory Using Remote Sensing Data

The K nearest neighbor (KNN) method of image analysis is practical, relatively easy to implement, and is becoming one of the most popular methods for conducting forest inventory using remote sensing data. The KNN is often named K nearest neighbor classifier when it is used for classifying categorical variables, while KNN is called K nearest neighbor regression when it is applied for predicting noncategorical variables. As an instance-based estimation method, KNN has two problems: the selection of K values and computation cost. We address the problems of K selection by applying a new approach, which is the combination of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and cumulative distribution function (CDF) to determine the optimal K. Our research indicates that the KS tests and CDF are much more efficient for selecting K than cross-validation and bootstrapping, which are commonly used today. We use remote sensing data reduction techniques—such as principal components analysis, layer combination, and computation of a ...