cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Therapeutic Intervention on Parentally Bereaved Children’s Emotion Reactivity and Regulation 15 Years Later

The Family Bereavement Program (FBP) is a family-based intervention for parentally bereaved children and surviving caregivers. Results are reported of a randomized controlled trial, examining intervention effects on emotional reactivity and regulation of young adults who participated in the program 15 years earlier. Participants (N = 152) completed four emotion challenge tasks: reactivity to negative images, detached reappraisal while viewing negative images, positive reappraisal while viewing negative images, and reengagement with positive images. Outcomes included cardiac interbeat interval (IBI), pre-ejection period (PEP), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as well as self-reported emotional experience and regulation effectiveness. Direct intervention effects and effects mediated through improved parenting were estimated. Several significant effects were observed in primary analyses; however, none remained significant after correction for familywise Type I error. Parenting mediated FBP effects on IBI during negative reactivity (b = 15.04), and on RSA during positive reengagement (b = 0.35); the latter effect was accounted for by changes in breathing. Intervention condition was a direct predictor of self-reported detached reappraisal effectiveness (b = 1.00). Intervention and gender interacted in predicting self-reported negative emotion during the negative reactivity (b = 1.04) and positive reappraisal tasks (b = 1.31) such that intervention-condition men reported more negative emotions during those tasks. Although these findings should be considered preliminary given the limited power of the corrected statistical tests, they suggest long-term effects of family intervention following the death of a parent on offspring’s emotional reactivity and regulation ability that should be pursued further in future research.
Treatment with prostaglandin F2α and an intravaginal progesterone insert promotes follicular maturity in advance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone among postpartum beef cows.

Abstract An experiment was designed to evaluate treatments to promote ovarian follicular maturity in advance of administration of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg gonadorelin) for control of the bovine estrous cycle. We hypothesized prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; 500 μg cloprostenol) followed by an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38 g progesterone) would induce greater follicle size and serum estradiol at the time of GnRH administration. Postpartum cows (n = 194) in two locations were assigned to one of five treatments based on age, days postpartum, and body condition score. Cows in Treatment 1 were treated with the standard 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol: administration of GnRH and CIDR insertion on Day −10, and administration of PGF2α and CIDR removal on Day −3. Treatments 2–5 were designed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with Treatment 1 included as an additional reference. On Day −17, cows in Treatments 2–5 received a CIDR insert, either with (Treatments 2 and 3) or without (Treatments 4 and 5) administration of PGF2α at CIDR insertion. On Day −10, all cows were administered GnRH, and CIDR inserts were either removed (Treatments 2 and 4) or remained in place until Day −3 (Treatments 3 and 5). Treatment with PGF2α and CIDR in advance of GnRH (Treatments 2 and 3) resulted in increased diameter of the largest ovarian follicle (P
Regression in sensor networks: training distributively with alternating projections

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years and motivate a host of new challenges for distributed signal processing. The problem of distributed or decentralized estimation has often been considered in the context of parametric models. However, the success of parametric methods is limited by the appropriateness of the strong statistical assumptions made by the models. In this paper, a more flexible nonparametric model for distributed regression is considered that is applicable in a variety of WSN applications including field estimation. Here, starting with the standard regularized kernel least-squares estimator, a message-passing algorithm for distributed estimation in WSNs is derived. The algorithm can be viewed as an instantiation of the successive orthogonal projection (SOP) algorithm. Various practical aspects of the algorithm are discussed and several numerical simulations validate the potential of the approach.
Metabolic Survival Adaptations of Plasmodium falciparum Exposed to Sublethal Doses of Fosmidomycin.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contains the apicoplast organelle that synthesize isoprenoids, which are metabolites necessary for post-translational modification of Plasmodium proteins. We used fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that inhibits isoprenoid biosynthesis, to identify mechanisms that underlie the development of the parasite's adaptation to the drug at sub-lethal concentrations. We first determined a concentration of fosmidomycin that reduced parasite growth by ∼50% over one intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). At this dose, we maintained synchronous parasite cultures for one full IDC, and collected metabolomic and transcriptomic data at multiple time points to capture global and stage-specific alterations. We integrated the data with a genome-scale metabolic model of P. falciparum to characterize the metabolic adaptations of the parasite in response to fosmidomycin treatment. Our simulations showed that, in treated parasites, the synthesis of purine-based nucleotides increased, whereas the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine during the trophozoite and schizont stages decreased. Specifically, the increased polyamine synthesis led to increased nucleotide synthesis, while the reduced methyl-group cycling led to reduced phospholipid synthesis and methyltransferase activities. These results indicate that fosmidomycin-treated parasites compensate for the loss of prenylation modifications by directly altering processes that affect nucleotide synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis to control the rate of RNA translation during the IDC. This also suggests that combination therapies with antibiotics that target the compensatory response of the parasite, such as nucleotide synthesis or ribosomal biogenesis, may be more effective than treating the parasite with fosmidomycin alone.
Emergent learning outcomes from a complex learning landscape

Institutions of higher education play an important role in training citizens who can thoughtfully and critically make decisions that impact the sustainability of our planet. While researchers have ...
Inflating the role of stromal cells in CD8+ T cell memory

Lung fibroblastic stromal cells support inflating memory CD8+ T cells after vaccination with an adenovirus vector through the creation of organized lymphoid structures that support the metabolic fitness of these expanded antigen-specific T cells.
Qualitative Description and Black Males: On Race, the Body, and Researching the Unimaginable:

In this article, I explore how race and the body are central to social and education research on Black males. The guiding question of this essay is, How has the Black male body been conceptualized ...
The fragmentation of views in a democracy

Are voters in democracies more competent if there are more media outlets? To answer this question, I provide a game-theoretic model of media capture and political persuasion in democratic countries. In the model, there are two politicians, the Incumbent and the Challenger. They co-opt the media by offering them access to information. In exchange, the media support politicians who are available for interviews or include journalists in press pools. Voters choose like-minded media. I show that if the Incumbent is sufficiently popular, then media bias in her favor weakly increases in the number of media outlets. Otherwise, media bias in the Incumbent’s favor weakly decreases in the number of media outlets. The welfare of voters weakly increases and decreases in the respective cases. The intuition is that, in equilibrium, the Incumbent can co-opt only one media outlet and ensure that enough voters read it. In this case, media outlets compete for access to the Incumbent and agree for a higher bias as their number increases.
Enhanced Performance of a Solar Cell Based on Polyelectrolyte-Quantum Dot Multilayered Films

We report the fabrication and spectroscopic ellipsometric characterization of luminescent down-shifting polyelectrolyte-CdTe quantum dot multilayered films prepared by electrostatic spin-assisted layer-by-layer assembly, and its application in solar cells. A study on the effect of multilayer thickness on the generated current of a silicon solar cell was performed and an optimized thickness was determined from an optical model. The experimental performance of the resulting structure that possess downshifting and antireflection capabilities shows an improvement of 29.5% in the short circuit current density when placed on top of a silicon solar cell, increasing the power conversion efficiency from 11.31% to 14.26%.
Valanginian cold/warm climatic oscillation and synsedimentary tectonic interaction for drowning the carbonate platform of Southern Tethys (Sicily)

Abstract Valanginian is a deeply investigated time interval due to the climatic, environmental and oceanographic changes that characterised it, globally recorded in sedimentary successions. During the Valanginian, an oscillation between warm and cold climatic phases is generally accepted as causing change in sedimentation, especially along the carbonate platform successions. In this context the so-called “Weissert event” occurred. The analysed stratigraphic interval consists of a Valanginian–Hauterivian package of two black metallic crusts (hardgrounds) and condensed pelagites, interbedded in the Lower Cretaceous carbonate shallow-water succession outcropping in the Palermo Mountains (NW Sicily). Integrating facies, structural, mineralogical and geochemical analysis, including analysis of δ13C and δ18O isotope records, the interaction between synsedimentary tectonics and climatic changes, as causing palaeoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic changes in the Lower Cretaceous Panormide carbonate platform, has been envisaged. A regional extensional tectonic event in the Southern Tethyan margin was detected at the Berriasian/Valanginian boundary, as responsible for the tectonic fragmentation of the Mesozoic Panormide carbonate platform in various fault-blocks. Locally, tectonic subsidence caused drowning of some of the fault-blocks. Before the recovery of the benthic carbonate factory in the Barremian, condensed pelagites and mineralised (Fe–Mn) crusts developed during the alternation of warm and cold climatic pulses. The positive–negative excursions of the Valanginian–Hauterivian δ13C pattern of the Colombrina section provide solid evidence for the chronostratigraphic assignment of the study interval to the drowning of many carbonate platforms that preludes the onset of the “Weissert event”. In detail, the drastic negative shift of δ13C in the late early Valanginian mineralised crust reveals massive release of isotopically light carbon to the atmosphere/hydrosphere reservoirs from a possible excess of volcanogenic CO2 or methane release from clathrate dissociation. Combining sedimentological data with the increase of the δ18O isotope records, two cold climate pulses are envisaged. The first one is assigned to the Berriasian/Valanginian boundary and led to the formation of the lower mineralised crust. The second and more evident positive shift of δ18O is assigned to the earliest late Valanginian, during the sedimentation of the laminated pelagites deposited immediately after the upper mineralisation event. These cold events that are comparable with the coeval cooling pulses recorded at a global scale highlight icehouse interludes during the Lower Cretaceous greenhouse mode.
A review on hydride precipitation in zirconium alloys

Abstract Nucleation and formation of hydride precipitates in zirconium alloys have been an important factor in limiting the lifetime of nuclear fuel cladding for over 50 years. This review provides a concise summary of experimental and computational studies performed on hydride precipitation in zirconium alloys since the 1960's. Different computational models, including density functional theory, molecular dynamics, phase field, and finite element models applied to study hydride precipitation are reviewed, with specific consideration given to the phase field model, which has become a popular and powerful computational tool for modeling microstructure evolution. The strengths and weaknesses of these models are discussed in detail. An outline of potential future work in this area is discussed as well.
Flexible manufacturing systems

A flexible manufacturing system can be defined as a computer controlled production system capable of processing a variety of part types? 3
Enhancing learning of expository science texts in a remedial reading classroom via iSTART

Scientific literacy is a critical skill that requires the ability to deeply comprehend challenging scientific concepts. This research investigated the effectiveness of extended classroom practice with an automated reading strategy training program (iSTART) that is designed to enhance the comprehension of expository science text. Twelve 9th grade students, enrolled in a high school remedial reading program, were trained with the iSTART program. They were compared to a control group of twelve other 9th grade students, who were comparable in reading ability but who did not receive such training. There were no significant pretest-posttest differences between the groups on comprehension questions that could be answered from a single sentence within a passage. However, the iSTART training group performed significantly better than those in the control group on bridging inference questions, which require the generation of inferences between two or more sentences within a passage.
Using No‐Stakes Educational Testing to Mitigate Summer Learning Loss: A Pilot Study

This study investigates the benefits of no-stakes educational testing during students' summer vacation as a strategy to mitigate summer learning loss. Fifty-one students in Grades 3–8 from the Every Child Valued (ECV) and Lawrence Community Center (LCC) summer programs in Lawrenceville, NJ, took short, online assessments throughout the summer, covering knowledge and procedural skills in both mathematics and reading that they had previously learned. Students were randomly assigned to mathematics or reading conditions, whereby over the course of 5 weeks, students in the mathematics condition took online assessments in mathematics fluency two or three times per week and students in the reading condition took online assessments in reading components skills (word recognition and decoding, vocabulary, morphological awareness, and reading comprehension) two or three times per week. All students completed tests in both math and reading components at the beginning and end of the summer in order to compare baseline and final performance. Although students did not show significant summer learning loss in either reading components or mathematics fluency, students in the reading condition scored significantly higher, on average, on standardized tests of reading components administered at the end of the study than students in the mathematics condition. Given the small sample size and variations in grade level, academic subjects, computer programs, and testing conditions, it is premature to draw any firm conclusions from these findings.
Use of fetal intestinal isografts from normal and transgenic mice to study the programming of positional information along the duodenal-to-colonic axis.

Abstract The four principal cellular constituents of the mouse intestinal epithelium are all derived from a multipotent stem cell functionally anchored near the base of its crypts. Differentiation of enterocytes, enteroendocrine, and goblet cells occurs during an orderly upward migration from monoclonal crypts supplied by a single active stem cell to adjacent polyclonal small intestinal villi or to their colonic homologs, the surface epithelial cuffs. Paneth cells differentiate as they descend to the base of crypts. This epithelium undergoes rapid and perpetual renewal yet is able to maintain cephalocaudal (duodenal-to-colonic) differences in the differentiation programs of its four cell types from the time of its initial cytodifferentiation in late fetal life (embryonic (E) days 16-17). Rat liver fatty acid-binding protein/human growth hormone transgenes (Fabpl/hGH) have been used as novel phenotypic markers to describe the biological properties of gut stem cells and the differentiation programs of their enterocytic and enteroendocrine lineages. To determine whether the multipotent stem cell is able to retain a "positional" address in the absence of luminal signals, we prepared isografts from the proximal small intestine or distal small intestine and colon of E15-E16 Fabpl/hGH transgenic mice and their normal littermates and implanted them into the subcutaneous tissues of young, adult male CBY/B6 nude mice. Immunocytochemical and histochemical studies indicate that appropriate position-specific differences in the differentiation programs of each of the four principal cell lineages are present along the cephalocaudal and crypt-to-villus (or crypt-to-epithelial cuff) axes of isografts harvested 4-6 weeks after implantation. This suggests that the gut stem cell can be characterized not only by its multipotency and enormous capacity for self-renewal but also by its ability to be programmed (? imprinted) with positional information. Transgene expression is reduced in a number of enteroendocrine subpopulations in small intestinal and colonic isografts compared to the intact gut. Moreover, the decision to express the Fabpl/hGH transgene appears to be coordinated between adjacent crypts as evidenced by (i) the presence of multicrypt patches of wholly reporter (hGH)-positive or reporter-negative cells in the intact colon and in colonic isografts and (ii) by the presence of coherent bands of reporter-positive or -negative cells that emanate from adjacent monophenotypic crypts and extend to the apical extrusion zone of distal small intestinal villi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
KCNA2-Related Epileptic Encephalopathy

Investigators from the University Leipzig and University of Tubingen report mutations of KCNA2 as a novel cause of epileptic encephalopathy.
On chip wide angle beam steering

We demonstrate an on-chip optical phased array fabricated in a CMOS compatible process with continuous, fast (100 kHz), wide-angle (51°) beam-steering that is suitable for applications such as low-cost lidar systems.
Teaching the treasures: connecting students, information skills, and resources: an introduction to the special Loex‐of‐the‐West 2004 issue

Provides an introduction to selected papers and an overview of the conference theme tracks, participants, and keynote address. The theme of the conference was “Teaching the treasures: connecting students, information skills and resources”. LOEX‐of‐the‐West 2004 marked ten years from the first conference held at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. Presenters and attendees reflected on present and future trends in library instruction and information literacy within academic libraries and higher education.
Relationship between oversizing of self-expanding stents and late loss index in carotid stenting.

Stenting of the internal carotid artery is facilitated by stenting across the carotid bifurcation and sizing the diameter of a self-expanding stent to the large common carotid segment. This usually results in marked oversizing of the self-expanding stent in the internal carotid segment. This study was done to determine the relationship between stent oversizing and late luminal loss index after stenting of the internal carotid artery. Between September 1995 and March 1997, there were 165 patients (189 vessels) who underwent successful carotid stenting with self-expanding stents. Fifty-nine patients (63 vessels) had six-month follow-up carotid angiograms and on-line quantitative angiographic analysis. The mean reference diameter of the internal carotid arteries was 4.93 ± 1.31 mm. Nominal stent size was 5 mm in 4 patients, 6 mm in 6 patients, 8 mm in 106 patients, 10 mm in 77 patients, and 12 mm in 1 patient. The average stent/patient was 1.03 ± 0.16. There were three patients who had more than 50% diameter renarrowing at follow-up. The mean late loss index was 0.25 ± 0.41. By linear regression analysis, there was no clear linear relationship between stent oversizing and late loss index after stenting (correlation coefficient = -0.21, P = 0.09). When analysis of variance with linear contrast was used to analyze six groups of different stent/artery ratios (from 1.4 to ≥ 2), late loss indexes are significantly lower in the groups of high stent/artery ratio than the groups of low stent/artery ratio (P = 0.01). The process of oversizing of self-expanding stents deployed in the internal carotid artery does not appear to be associated with late restenosis and high stent/artery ratio seems to be associated with low late loss index. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:139–143, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structure of Cdc42 in a complex with the GTPase-binding domain of the cell polarity protein, Par6

Cdc42 is a small GTPase that is required for cell polarity establishment in eukaryotes as diverse as budding yeast and mammals. Par6 is also implicated in metazoan cell polarity establishment and asymmetric cell divisions. Cdc42·GTP interacts with proteins that contain a conserved sequence called a CRIB motif. Uniquely, Par6 possesses a semi-CRIB motif that is not sufficient for binding to Cdc42. An adjacent PDZ domain is also necessary and is required for biological effects of Par6. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between Cdc42 and the Par6 GTPase-binding domain. The semi-CRIB motif forms a β-strand that inserts between the four strands of Cdc42 and the three strands of the PDZ domain to form a continuous eight-stranded sheet. Cdc42 induces a conformational change in Par6, detectable by fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that the semi-CRIB motif of Par6 is at least partially structured by the PDZ domain. The structure highlights a novel role for a PDZ domain as a structural scaffold.
Supertori are algebraic curves

Super Riemann surfaces of genus 1, with arbitrary spin structures, are shown to be the sets of zeroes of certain polynomial equations in projective superspace. We conjecture that the same is true for arbitrary genus. Properties of superelliptic functions and super theta functions are discussed. The boundary of the genus 1 super moduli space is determined.
Generalized platform for antibody detection using the antibody catalyzed water oxidation pathway

Infectious diseases, such as influenza, present a prominent global problem including the constant threat of pandemics that initiate in avian or other species and then pass to humans. We report a new sensor that can be specifically functionalized to detect antibodies associated with a wide range of infectious diseases in multiple species. This biosensor is based on electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide generated through the intrinsic catalytic activity of all antibodies: the antibody catalyzed water oxidation pathway (ACWOP). Our platform includes a polymer brush-modified surface where specific antibodies bind to conjugated haptens with high affinity and specificity. Hydrogen peroxide provides an electrochemical signal that is mediated by Resorufin/Amplex Red. We characterize the biosensor platform, using model anti-DNP antibodies, with the ultimate goal of designing a versatile device that is inexpensive, portable, reliable, and fast. We demonstrate detection of antibodies at concentrations that fall well within clinically relevant levels.
Fluid dynamics model of mitral valve flow: Description with in vitro validation

A lumped variable fluid dynamics model of mitral valve blood flow is described that is applicable to both Doppler echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic measurement. Given left atrial and ventricular compliance, initial pressures and mitral valve impedance, the model predicts the time course of mitral flow and atrial and ventricular pressure. The predictions of this mathematic formulation have been tested in an in vitro analog of the left heart in which mitral valve area and atrial and ventricular compliance can be accurately controlled. For the situation of constant chamber compliance, transmitral gradient is predicted to decay as a parabolic curve, and this has been confirmed in the in vitro model with r greater than 0.99 in all cases for a range of orifice area from 0.3 to 3.0 cm2, initial pressure gradient from 2.4 to 14.2 mm Hg and net chamber compliance from 16 to 29 cc/mm Hg. This mathematic formulation of transmitral flow should help to unify the Doppler echocardiographic and catheterization assessment of mitral stenosis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
Bacterial preferences of the bacterivorous soil nematode Cephalobus brevicauda (Cephalobidae): Effect of bacterial type and size

Summary Cell size and type may affect availability of bacteria for consumption by bacterivorous nematodes in the soil and in culture. This study explored the bacterial preferences of the bacterivorous soil nematode Cephalobus brevicauda (Cephalobidae) by comparing bacteria isolated directly from soil, from commercial bacterial biological control agents, and from in vitro soil nematode cultures. The 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial isolates were compared to known sequences to identify phylogenetic affiliations. Bacterial preference of the nematode was observed by counting the number of Cephalobus brevicauda that were attracted to paired bacteria in a bioassay. Additionally, the reproductive output of single females reared on the bacteria was recorded. An attraction index established that Cephalobus brevicauda preferred Gram-negative, small-celled bacteria; however, Gram-positive bacteria supported maximum reproductive success. Bacterial biocontrol agents had no negative effects on reproduction, but Cephalobus brevicauda always preferred bacteria other than Dipel ® ( Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ), in the bacterial preference assay.
Effect of combined loading on cracks in graphite/epoxy composites

Moire Interferometry technique has been used to study the effect of combined loading on crack displacement in graphite epoxy plates. Specimens with central cracks of various orientations were subjected to uniaxial tensile loads. Thus, the cracks were under biaxial-stress fields, mode I (tension stress) and mode II (sliding stress). The obtained fringe patterns represented contours of constant-in-plane displacements. Based on these fringe patterns, two types of displacements were determined at the crack center, crack opening displacement (COD) and crack shearing displacement (CSD). The effect of combined loading on COD and CSD as well as the behavior of the material under these conditions was investigated in more detail. Experimental data were compared with the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) solution.
Does differential adhesion govern self‐assembly processes in histogenesis? Equilibrium configurations and the emergence of a hierarchy among populations of embryonic cells

The differential adhesion hypothesis attributes sorting-out behavior of embryonic cells to differences in the strengths of their intercellular adhesions. It suggests that cells in mixed populations rearrange themselves to minimize their total adhesive free energy. The final configuration adopted is viewed as approaching a moststable or equilibrium configuration, with the less cohesive cell/population tending to envelop the more cohesive one. The hypothesis enables two predictions to be made. First, if the final configuration adopted by a mixed cell population indeed approximates an equilibrium configuration, the same final configuration should be approached irrespective of the starting configuration. Second, comparison of the equilibrium configurations for all possible pair-combinations of a series of cell populations of different types should reveal a hierarchy of “preference” for the internal position, reflecting a hierarchy of cellular cohesiveness. These predictions have been tested and confirmed. First, any particular pair of tissues approaches the same final configuration, irrepective of whether the cells are initially randomly intermixed or tissue fragments are laterally joined. Second, the predicted hierarchy of preference for the internal position has been found, consistent with a hierarchy of cellular cohesiveness. An effort has been made to clarify confusions that have arisen concerning the differential adhesion hypothesis. It is particularly stressed that the hypothesis offers an explanation for cell population behavior in terms of relative strengths of cell adhesions and makes no proposals concernnig the chemistry of adhesion. However, the value of equilibrium configurations in guiding biochemical investigations of cell surface adhesives is pointed out, as is the relevance of the present observations to natural morphogenetic events.
The use and extent of slave labor in the Chesapeake iron industry: The colonial era

(1976). The use and extent of slave labor in the Chesapeake iron industry: The colonial era. Labor History: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 388-405.
Navier-Stokes equations in 3D thin domains with Navier friction boundary condition

Abstract In this article we study the 3D Navier–Stokes equations with Navier friction boundary condition in thin domains. We prove the global existence of strong solutions to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations when the initial data and external forces are in large sets as the thickness of the domain is small. We generalize the techniques developed to study the 3D Navier–Stokes equations in thin domains, see [G. Raugel, G. Sell, Navier–Stokes equations on thin 3D domains I: Global attractors and global regularity of solutions, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 6 (1993) 503–568; G. Raugel, G. Sell, Navier–Stokes equations on thin 3D domains II: Global regularity of spatially periodic conditions, in: Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations and Their Application, College de France Seminar, vol. XI, Longman, Harlow, 1994, pp. 205–247; R. Temam, M. Ziane, Navier–Stokes equations in three-dimensional thin domains with various boundary conditions, Adv. Differential Equations 1 (1996) 499–546; R. Temam, M. Ziane, Navier–Stokes equations in thin spherical shells, in: Optimization Methods in Partial Differential Equations, in: Contemp. Math., vol. 209, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1996, pp. 281–314], to the Navier friction boundary condition by introducing a new average operator M e in the thin direction according to the spectral decomposition of the Stokes operator A e . Our analysis hinges on the refined investigation of the eigenvalue problem corresponding to the Stokes operator A e with Navier friction boundary condition.
An Equivalent Circuit for Separable Electron Streams in a Gated Dirac Transmission Line

A model has been developed which can more accurately represent dynamic transport in combinations of one dimensional ballistic electron waveguides such as carbon nanotubes. The model parameters are just the Fermi velocity and conductance of the electron gas , thus avoiding the confusing quantum capacitance and conductance terms. Logical extensions of this model should permit design and simulation of high frequency amplifiers in these exciting new materials.
Egypt's digital activism and the Dictator's Dilemma: An evaluation

In recent years academics have used the term Dictator's Dilemma to describe the impact of the Internet on undemocratic societies. The Dilemma says that if dictatorial rulers permit increased Internet penetration, they risk overthrow; if they do not, they isolate themselves from the global information economy, causing economic decline. Since Internet penetration world-wide has deepened, the Dilemma implies that dictatorships are bound to fall one by one. But how good is the Dilemma as an analytical device? Not very, this essay argues, using the Egyptian uprising of January 2011 as a case study. By examining the state's Internet politics before 2011, the use of the Internet by Egyptian resistance activists, and the power relations that existed after the overthrow of the Dictator, this essay argues that the Dictator's Dilemma blinds scholars to what really happens on the ground.
Temporomandibular Joint: Disorders, Treatments, and Biomechanics

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, sensitive, and highly mobile joint. Millions of people suffer from temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in USA alone. The TMD treatment options need to be looked at more fully to assess possible improvement of the available options and introduction of novel techniques. As reconstruction with either partial or total joint prosthesis is the potential treatment option in certain TMD conditions, it is essential to study outcomes of the FDA approved TMJ implants in a controlled comparative manner. Evaluating the kinetics and kinematics of the TMJ enables the understanding of structure and function of normal and diseased TMJ to predict changes due to alterations, and to propose more efficient methods of treatment. Although many researchers have conducted biomechanical analysis of the TMJ, many of the methods have certain limitations. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis is necessary for better understanding of different movements and resulting forces and stresses in the joint components. This article provides the results of a state-of-the-art investigation of the TMJ anatomy, TMD, treatment options, a review of the FDA approved TMJ prosthetic devices, and the TMJ biomechanics.
Recognition test trials without distractors: A comparison of test trials and study trials on recognition and recall

Different groups of subjects were presented with mixed lists consisting of 25 low-frequency words and 25 high-frequency words. Each subject received a five-trial sequence in which the first and fourth trials were study trials and the fifth trial was a test. This critical test trial involved free recall, recognition with an equal number of target words and distractor words randomly mixed, or recognition with all target words tested prior to testing distractor words. Trials 2 and 3 in the sequence were study trials, paced oral recall trials, or paced oral recognition trials without distractors. The total time required to complete the first four trials was constant regardless of whether Trials 2 and 3 involved study presentations, free recall tests, or distractor-free recognition tests. Typical word-frequency effects were replicated, but neither recognition nor recall on Trial 5 varied as a function of the different study or test requirements imposed during Trials 2 and 3.
Cell Signal Distribution and Imprint Reliability in FeRAM with Hybrid Bit Line Architecture

We have investigated the cell signal distributions of ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs) using newly developed design scheme, hybrid bit line architecture and their reliability against imprint degradation. Since FeRAMs have relatively large signal distributions due to nonuniform ferroelectric storage capacitors, cell signal interference between neighboring bit lines severely degrades the sensing signal margin. In order to remove the cross-talk noise, hybrid bit line architecture is developed, which is a combination of the conventional folded and open bit line schemes. The lifetime against imprint degradation of FeRAM devices is also increased using hybrid bit line architecture.
The Effect of Unemployment Duration on National Suicide Rates: A Time Series Analysis, 1948–1982

Abstract Periods of increasing unemployment are associated with increases in suicide rates. Unemployment increases suicide among laid off persons, new entrants, reentrants to the labor market, and groups indirectly affected—the underemployed, those fearing unemployment, the families of the unemployed, and even those suffering from falling real wages, a condition endemic in major recessions. The present investigation deals with a neglected unemployment measure: the duration of unemployment, a condition known to be critical to the generation of extreme behavior such as suicide. Controls are introduced from alternative perspectives on the problem including the incidence of divorce. The data analyzed refer to yearly measures of the variables over a 31 year period. The results of a Cochrane-Orcutt iterative regression analysis indicate that the greater the duration of unemployment the greater the suicide rate. Using ex post forecasting techniques it is estimated that increases in unemployment during the Reagan...
The interaction of oxymyoglobin with hydrogen peroxide: the formation of ferrylmyoglobin at moderate excesses of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract The reaction of oxymyoglobin with H 2 O 2 has been examined at pH 7.2 and 20(±2) ° over a range of [H 2 O 2 ] up to an initial excess of 25:1. The reaction is characterized by a direct conversion of oxymyoglobin to ferrylmyoglobin without the intermediacy of the ferri derivative. The initial rate of loss of oxymyoglobin is first-order with respect to [oxymyoglobin], and exhibits saturation kinetics with increasing [H 2 O 2 ]. In addition, the stoichiometric relationship between the reactants varies as [H 2 O 2 ] increases. A complex non-Michaelis-Menten mechanism is proposed in which an intermediate, produced upon the initial interaction of the reactants, regenerates oxymyoglobin by reaction with further H 2 O 2 , in competition with the formation of the ferryl derivative. In this way, oxymyoglobin catalytically decomposes excess H 2 O 2 . Deoxygenated ferromyoglobin is substantially more reactive with H 2 O 2 in producing the transient intermediate than the oxy analog. Some fundamental similarity is noted between the catalytic mechanism and that of catalase activity. From a detailed examination of the probable nature of the intermediate, conventional Fenton reactivity is rejected for the reaction of H 2 O 2 with Oxymyoglobin.
Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across alveolar epithelium

We investigated trafficking of polystyrene nanoparticles (PNP; 20 and 100 nm; carboxylate, sulfate, or aldehyde-sulfate modified [negatively charged] and amidine-modified [positively charged]) across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM). Apical-to-basolateral fluxes of nanoparticles were estimated as functions of apical PNP concentration ([PNP]) and temperature. Uptake of nanoparticles into RAECM was determined using confocal microscopy. Fluxes increased as charge density became less negative/more positive, with positively charged PNPs trafficking 20-40 times faster than highly negatively charged PNP of comparable size. Trafficking rates decreased with increasing PNP diameter. PNP fluxes tended to level off at high apical [PNP]. Fluxes at 4 degrees C were significantly lower than those at 37 degrees C. Confocal microscopy revealed nanoparticles localized to cell cytoplasm, whereas cell junctions and nuclei appeared free of PNP. These data indicate that (1) trafficking of PNP across RAECM is strongly influenced by charge density, size, and temperature, (2) PNP translocate primarily transcellularly, and (3) PNP translocation requires cellular energy.
SEIPS 2.0: A human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients

Healthcare practitioners, patient safety leaders, educators and researchers increasingly recognise the value of human factors/ergonomics and make use of the discipline's person-centred models of sociotechnical systems. This paper first reviews one of the most widely used healthcare human factors systems models, the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, and then introduces an extended model, 'SEIPS 2.0'. SEIPS 2.0 incorporates three novel concepts into the original model: configuration, engagement and adaptation. The concept of configuration highlights the dynamic, hierarchical and interactive properties of sociotechnical systems, making it possible to depict how health-related performance is shaped at 'a moment in time'. Engagement conveys that various individuals and teams can perform health-related activities separately and collaboratively. Engaged individuals often include patients, family caregivers and other non-professionals. Adaptation is introduced as a feedback mechanism that explains how dynamic systems evolve in planned and unplanned ways. Key implications and future directions for human factors research in healthcare are discussed.
Mast cell degranulation distinctly activates trigemino-cervical and lumbosacral pain pathways and elicits widespread tactile pain hypersensitivity

Mast cells (MCs) are tissue resident immune cells that participate in a variety of allergic and other inflammatory conditions. In most tissues, MCs are found in close proximity to nerve endings of primary afferent neurons that signal pain (i.e. nociceptors). Activation of MCs causes the release of a plethora of mediators that can activate these nociceptors and promote pain. Although MCs are ubiquitous, conditions associated with systemic MC activation give rise primarily to two major types of pain, headache and visceral pain. In this study we therefore examined the extent to which systemic MC degranulation induced by intraperitoneal administration of the MC secretagogue compound 48/80 activates pain pathways that originate in different parts of the body and studied whether this action can lead to development of behavioral pain hypersensitivity. Using c-fos expression as a marker of central nervous system neural activation, we found that intraperitoneal administration of 48/80 leads to the activation of dorsal horn neurons at two specific levels of the spinal cord; one responsible for processing cranial pain, at the medullary/C2 level, and one that processes pelvic visceral pain, at the caudal lumbar/rostral sacral level (L6-S2). Using behavioral sensory testing, we found that this nociceptive activation is associated with development of widespread tactile pain hypersensitivity within and outside the body regions corresponding to the activated spinal levels. Our data provide a neural basis for understanding the primacy of headache and visceral pain in conditions that involve systemic MC degranulation. Our data further suggest that MC activation may lead to widespread tactile pain hypersensitivity.
Ferric-sulfide-based catalysts made using reverse micelles:: Effect of preparation on performance in coal liquefaction

Reverse micelles have been used to create small particles of ferric sulfide catalyst for direct coal liquefaction (DCL). Tests were performed to determine the effect on DCL of the procedure and conditions for the production of the reverse-micellar catalyst. The parameters varied include the water-to-surfactant ratio, the coal and catalyst mixing time, and the nature of the surfactant. The performance of the catalyst was quantified by the conversion and oil yield of the DCL experiments. After the optimum procedure for reverse-micellar catalyst production was determined, the optimal conditions were found to be a water-to-surfactant ratio of 10, a coal and catalyst mixing time of 60 min, and AOT as a surfactant. In further studies, hexane was found to affect coal liquefaction negatively. Hexane was found to have a significant effect on the surface area and pore volume distribution of coal. This may be due to small pores being plugged or due to the agglomeration of coal particles.
CFD modeling of scale effects on turbulence flow and scour around bridge piers

Sediment scour near bridge piers is a problem of nationwide concern because it has resulted in more bridge failures than all other causes in recent years. The existing bridge scour equation from HEC-18 was developed from laboratory experiments in relatively small scale. Field studies by Mueller [Mueller D, Wagner Chad R. Analysis of pier scour predictions and real-time field measurements. In: Proceedings of ICSF-1 first international conference on scour of foundations, Texas AM 2002] indicate that it is difficult to verify the scour equation with field data obtained from large bridge piers. In this study, computational model simulations using a 3D CFD model were conducted to examine scale effects on turbulent flow and sediment scour. For the large-scale model, the physical scale and boundary velocity were set up from the small scale model based on the Froude similarity law. Results of flow and sediment scour were obtained from two different approaches: (a) Froude similarity which is commonly used in physical modeling and (b) full scale 3D CFD modeling. Unlike physical modeling in which the effect of turbulent Reynolds number is ignored, the CFD model employs a 2nd order turbulent model to calculate turbulent velocity and sediment scour. Effects of scale on turbulence flow and sediment scour were investigated by comparing different results obtained from a full scale numerical model to those derived from the Froude similarity method.
Getting Specific: Early General Mechanisms Give Rise to Domain-Specific Expertise in Word Learning

This paper evaluates the proposal that general associative mechanisms underlie the earliest stages of word learning but that these same general mechanisms, operating over language input, enable children to identify domain-specific cues that ultimately help to constrain word learning, rendering children more sophisticated language users. As a result, word learning starts out general but becomes largely a domain-specific ability over the course of the second year.
Sperm maturation and the formation of sperm pairs in the epididymis of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana

Didelphis spermatozoa released from different levels of the epididymis exhibit a series of changes that reflect events involved in the process of their maturation. Their progression through the duct is accompanied by a rotation of the sperm head on the axis of the tail, by an eccentric movement of the cytoplasmic droplet to the anterior region of the midpiece from where it is discarded, by appearance in the posterior midpiece of regular submembranous electron-dense ridges, and by visible condensation of the mitochondrial cristae and matrix. The latter seems to correlate generally with onset of the ability for progressive motility acquired by most spermatozoa as they reach the lower corpus epididymidis. This phase is associated also with the beginnings of the pairing by the acrosomal surface that characterizes mature spermatozoa of New World marsupials. Use of lectins and cationized ferric colloid as affinity markers served to reveal changes occurring also in the character of the sperm head and tail surface prior to pairing. This investigation strengthens the idea gained from previous study of an Australian marsupial, Trichosurus, that the complexity of sperm maturation in the epididymis of Metatheria is broadly comparable to that observed in most eutherian mammals.