cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast algorithms for scheduling imprecise computations

Consideration is given to the problem of scheduling tasks each of which is logically decomposed into a mandatory subtask and an optional subtask. The mandatory subtask must be executed to completion. If the available processor time is insufficient, the optional subtask can be left incomplete. The error in the result of a task is equal to the processing time of the unfinished portion of the optional subtask. A description is given of a preemptive algorithm for scheduling n dependent tasks with rational ready times, deadlines, and processing times on a uniprocessor system. This algorithm determines whether feasible schedules that meet the timing constraints of all tasks exist; when feasible schedules exist, it finds one that has the minimum total error. The complexity of this algorithm is O(n log n). A schedule is said to satisfy the 0/1 constraint when every optional subtask is either completed or discarded. The problem of finding an optimal feasible schedule that satisfies the 0/1 constraint and minimizes the number of discarded optional subtasks is NP-complete. Two algorithms are presented for finding optimal schedules of dependent tasks on a uniprocessor system for the special case when all optional subtasks have identical processing times. >
Transvection Mediated by the Translocated Cyclin D1 Locus in B Cell Malignancies.

Abstract Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus (IgH) are common in B cell malignancies. One common target gene is cyclin D1, which is deregulated in most patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and 20–30% of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The cyclin D1 locus represents a model locus to study the role of epigenetics in B cell malignancy. Cyclin D1 is known not to be expressed in normal lymphocytes, where the locus is DNA hypomethylated. In genetic variants that have lost the translocated chromosome, the cyclin D1 locus assumes a densely methylated configuration. Reintroduction of the translocated chromosome by somatic cell fusion reverts the methylated normal locus to a hypomethylated state in trans. Thus, the translocated chromosome exerts a trans DNA hypomethylating effect on the normal chromosome that resembles transvection in Drosophila. This is the first evidence of transvection in a human malignancy. Similar to transvection in Drosophila and paramutation in plants, evidence for pairing of the cyclin D1 loci and the participation of small RNA's in this process has been obtained. Combined FISH/ immunofluorescent studies have shown the colocalization of both the normal and translocated chromosome 11's at the nucleolus. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that CTCF and nucleophosmin are present at both the normal and translocated chromosomes in B cells expressing cyclin D1 but not in B lymphocytes. Tethering of the translocated and nontranslocated cyclin D1 loci by CTCF/nucleophosmin at the nucleolus provides physical and spatial juxtaposition of the cyclin D1 loci permissive for transvection.
A Force for Law and Order

Much of police psychology over the past 50 years or so has been clinically focused. The role and function of the industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologist within the context of law enforcement was highlighted by Lefkowitz (1977), and in the years since, the contributions of I-O psychology applied to law enforcement issues have become increasingly valued. It is, therefore, appreciated that Ruggs et al. (2016) offer suggestions for how I-O psychologists might get involved in addressing some of the current hot spots in police work.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Epoetin Alfa (Procrit) in Patients with Rectal and Gastric Cancer Undergoing Chemo-Radiotherapy (CT/RT) Followed by Surgery: Early Termination of the Trial Due to Increased Incidence of Thrombo-Embolic Events (TEE).

Patients with resectable gastric and rectal cancer undergoing CT/RT followed by surgery are at increased risk for anemia, fatigue, and need for red cell transfusions. Anemia and tumor hypoxia may contribute to adverse treatment outcome. A multi-center, placebo-controlled trial of 184 patients was designed to determine if Procrit treatment can maintain Hb (≥13 gm/dL), reduce the need for PRBC Tx and improve treatment outcome. Procrit was administered weekly (40,000 units starting dose) for 16 wks during CT/RT (5 FU or Xeloda + 45 Gy over 5 weeks) followed by surgery. After 60 pts were randomized, the trial was terminated due to increased incidence of TEE. 59 of these pts (53 rectal and 6 gastric) received at least one dose of treatment; 31 in the placebo and 28 in the Procrit group. Baseline median Hb for the study group was 13 gm/dL. Seven (11.9%) pts experienced venous TEE; 1/31 (3.2%) pts treated with placebo compared with 6/28 (21.4%) pts treated with Procrit (p= 0.045). In exploratory analyses including the multivariate modeling, it was observed that the Procrit treatment was a predictor of TEE (p = 0.060), however this was not observed for Hb (p = 0.998). Using a mixed-effects model, Hb was significantly higher in pts treated with Procrit than pts treated with placebo (p = 0.0004) during CT/RT. In addition, Hb was significantly different across weeks (p
Influenza A virus in swine breeding herds: Combination of vaccination and biosecurity practices can reduce likelihood of endemic piglet reservoir

Abstract Recent modelling and empirical work on influenza A virus (IAV) suggests that piglets play an important role as an endemic reservoir. The objective of this study is to test intervention strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of IAV in piglets and ideally, preventing piglets from becoming exposed in the first place. These interventions include biosecurity measures, vaccination, and management options that swine producers may employ individually or jointly to control IAV in their herds. We have developed a stochastic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Vaccinated (SEIRV) model that reflects the spatial organization of a standard breeding herd and accounts for the different production classes of pigs therein. Notably, this model allows for loss of immunity for vaccinated and recovered animals, and for vaccinated animals to have different latency and infectious periods from unvaccinated animals as suggested by the literature. The interventions tested include: (1) varied timing of gilt introductions to the breeding herd, (2) gilt separation (no indirect transmission to or from the gilt development unit), (3) gilt vaccination upon arrival to the farm, (4) early weaning, and (5) vaccination strategies of sows with different timing (mass and pre-farrow) and efficacy (homologous vs. heterologous). We conducted a Latin Hypercube Sampling and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient (LHS-PRCC) analysis combined with a random forest analysis to assess the relative importance of each epidemiological parameter in determining epidemic outcomes. In concert, mass vaccination, early weaning of piglets (removal 0–7 days after birth), gilt separation, gilt vaccination, and longer periods between introductions of gilts (6 months) were the most effective at reducing prevalence. Endemic prevalence overall was reduced by 51% relative to the null case; endemic prevalence in piglets was reduced by 74%; and IAV was eliminated completely from the herd in 23% of all simulations. Importantly, elimination of IAV was most likely to occur within the first few days of an epidemic. The latency period, infectious period, duration of immunity, and transmission rate for piglets with maternal immunity had the highest correlation with three separate measures of IAV prevalence; therefore, these are parameters that warrant increased attention for obtaining empirical estimates. Our findings support other studies suggesting that piglets play a key role in maintaining IAV in breeding herds. We recommend biosecurity measures in combination with targeted homologous vaccination or vaccines that provide wider cross-protective immunity to prevent incursions of virus to the farm and subsequent establishment of an infected piglet reservoir.
Blind to Betrayal by Jennifer Freyd and Pamela Birrell: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 201 pages, $17.95

Blind to Betrayal, authored by Jennifer Freyd and Pamela Birrell, was published by Wiley in 2013. Freyd and Birrell 2013, discuss the phenomenon of betrayal blindness, or plainly put, one’s inabili...
Retrospective Comparison of Transplant Outcomes in Patients with Multiple Myeloma According to Induction Therapy with Thalidomide/Dexamethasone (TD) with or without Bortezomib (VTD).

Background: Thalidomide/Dexamethasone (TD) has become one of the most commonly used induction therapies for patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) eligible for high dose therapy (HDT) intensification with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Bortezomib (Velcade) has been added to the combination of TD (VTD) in an effort to reduce MM tumor burden further prior to HDT.The impact of this addition on HDT outcomes has not been fully explored. Purpose: To determine the impact of the addition of bortezomib to TD induction therapy in patients with MM undergoing HDT and ASCT consolidation. Patients and Methods: Patients were eligible for this analysis if they had undergone HDT with ASCT for first remission consolidation or primary refractory disease within 12 months of diagnosis between 9/03 and 12/05 and had received either TD or VTD as induction therapy. Patients receiving VTD after TD were excluded. Patients receiving more than 1 chemo regimen other than TD or VTD were excluded. Chemomobilization was NOT considered an exclusion criteria. Results A total of 78 patients qualified for the analysis (27 VTD; 51 TD). Patient and treatment characteristics are summarized in table 1. In brief, the patients receiving VTD had a higher rate of cytogenetic abnormalities and received less cycles of chemotherapy prior to SCT. Although pre-SCT response rates were similar between patients receiving VTD or TD (95% vs 92%) there was a trend for a higher CR rate in the VTD group (15% vs 6%). Post transplants response rates assessed between 3–6 months demonstrated that 28% and 38% of VTD patients achieved near CR and CR respectively while 19% and 23% had these responses post TD induction. There was no difference in 2 year OS and PFS among patients receiving VTD or TD (91% vs 81% and 35% and 56% respectively). Conclusion: Both VTD and TD as induction treatment are associated with high response rates prior to SCT as well as 6 months post SCT. In this retrospective analysis no survival benefit was seen for induction therapy with VTD over TD, despite higher near CR and CR rates. However randomized trials need to be performed addressing type of induction as well as duration of induction therapy prior to high dose therapy consolidation.
First-Grade Spelling Scores Within the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) Screening: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity evidence of first-grade spelling scores from a standardized test of nonsense word spellings and their potential value within universal literacy...
Nucleotides and Novel Signaling Pathways in Endothelial Cells: Possible Roles in Angiogenesis, Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus

In this chapter, we will focus on the signal transduction pathways in endothelial cells (ECs) studied by us and other groups. We will present data showing nucleotide-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and document the role of Ca2+ in these pathways. Activation by extracellular nucleotides of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and JUN NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway will be also discussed. Our data indicate that extracellular nucleotides activate FAK and eNOS, and modulate αv integrin expression, EC cytoskeletal rearrangements and migration, functions associated with angiogenesis. Activation of eNOS and AMPK suggests that nucleotides acting through P2 receptors may exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, pro-proliferative, and anti-apoptotic effects in the endothelium. Sustaining of eNOS activation in ECs exposed to high glucose concentrations supports our hypothesis that extracellular nucleotides play a protective role against endothelial dysfunction observed in diabetes. We have also evidence that purine nucleotides increase intracellular energy levels, possibly protecting ECs from stress-related loss of intracellular ATP. Numerous nucleotide-mediated effects on the endothelium remain to be elucidated.
Making Difference Matter: Teaching and Learning in Desegregated Classrooms.

ABSTRACTIn this ethnographic study, we look closely at everyday classroom interactions in order to examine the complex process of creating equitable classroom communities in racially and socioeconomically diverse schools. We use the lens of relational difference (Abu El-Haj, 2006) to examine how students negotiate social boundaries within their new school; how students and teachers use small group work to co-construct expectations of academic ability; and how teachers communicate and students navigate the social significance of differentiated instruction and assessment. We find that assumptions that some students are more competent than others permeate the classroom, and these perceptions of ability are frequently tied to students' race and socioeconomic status. We provide suggestions for teachers and teacher educators who wish to challenge these unspoken classroom norms.
Transformation Stasis Phenomenon of Bainite Formation in Low-Carbon, Multicomponent Alloyed Steel

The transformation stasis phenomenon of bainite formation in low-carbon steel was detected using a high-resolution dilatometer. The phenomenon occurred at different stages for different isothermal temperatures. In combination with microstructural observation, the calculated overall activation energy of transformation and interface migration velocity shed new light on the cause of formation of the stasis phenomenon. The temporary stasis formed at the initial stage of phase transformation for high isothermal temperature was attributed to the drag effect of substitutional atoms, which leads to low-interface migration velocity and large overall activation energy.
Two Notes on Maps and Surface Symmetry

The first note of this paper determines for which g the orientable surface of genus g can be embedded in euclidean 3-space so as to have prismatic, cubical/octahedral, tetrahedral, or icosahedral/dodecahedral symmetry. The second note proves, through entirely elementary methods, that the clique number of the graph underlying a regular map is m = 2, 3, 4, 6; for m = 6 the map must be non-orientable and for m = 4, 6 the graph has a K m factorization. Here a regular map is one having maximal symmetry: reflections in all edges and full rotational symmetry about every vertex, edge and face.
LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine in dried blood spots.

A simple, short, and rugged LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine was developed and validated. Dried blood spots were prepared with 25 μL of spiked whole blood. A 3 mm punch was extracted with methanol containing labeled internal standards. Ten microliters was injected into the LC-MS/MS using isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (45: 55 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The method was validated in the range of 10-2000 ng/mL for all four analytes. The intra-assay accuracy (RE) of the method was -4.73-4.78, 1.35-2.89, -8.89 to -0.49 and - 1.40-1.81 for tenofovir, emtricitabine, elvitegravir and rilpivirine, respectively. The inter-assay accuracy was within ±15% of nominal and precision (CV) was <15%. The hematocrit effect on quantification was nonsignificant at the tested hematocrit levels (35-70%). The dried blood spot method showed good agreement with the plasma method, and hence can be used as an alternative to plasma method.
How Persistent and Bioavailable Are Oxygenated Deepwater Horizon Oil Transformation Products

About half of the surface oil floating on the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill was transformed into oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) within days to weeks. These OxHC persist for years in oil/sand aggregates in nearshore and beach environments, and there is concern that these aggregates might represent a long-term source of toxic compounds. However, because this OxHC fraction is a continuum of transformation products that are not well chemically characterized, it is not included in current oil spill fate and effect models. This challenges an accurate environmental risk assessment of weathered oil. Here, we used molecular and bulk analytical techniques to constrain the chemical composition and environmental fate of weathered oil samples collected on the sea surface and beaches of the Gulf of Mexico. We found that approximately 50% of the weathering-related disappearance of saturated and aromatic compounds in these samples was compensated by an increase in OxHC. Furthermore, ...
Stress in Dairy Animals | Heat Stress: Effects on Milk Production and Composition

Lactating dairy cows begin to seriously experience the negative effects of heat stress when rectal temperatures exceed 39.2 °C. A respiration rate of >60 per minute is an indication that stress due to heat and humidity is becoming excessive. Pregnant cows provided relief from thermal stress during the nonlactating period will have heavier calves at parturition, show improved colostrum quality, and will produce more milk postpartum. Higher producing cows as well as all cows in their first 50 days of lactation are most sensitive to heat stress. Both intake of feed and milk production were reduced by about 15% as rectal temperatures increased from 38.8 to 39.9 °C. Management of feed and water intake is important in helping cows cope with conditions of thermal stress. Cows exposed to significant heat stress are more susceptible to ruminal acidosis. Ruminal pH may be lowered because of reduced buffering of the rumen and a reduction in the number and intensity of ruminal contractions. Percentages of milk fat and protein are often lowered (∼0.5 and 0.2 percentage units, respectively) during the times of heat stress and during the summer season. There is an increase in somatic cell count, growth hormone, and prolactin and a decrease in potassium content in the milk of cows exposed to greater heat stress.
Prolonged STAT1 Activation Related to the Growth Arrest of Malignant Lymphoma Cells by Interferon-α

Multiple biologic effects of interferon-α (IFN-α), including cell growth inhibition and antiviral protection, are initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Although this signal pathway has been intensively investigated, the relevance of STAT signal persistence has received scant attention. Using paired isogenic lymphoma cells (Daudi), which either are sensitive or resistant to growth inhibition by IFN-α, we found comparable initial tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple STAT proteins; however, the phosphorylation durations and associated DNA-binding activities diverged. Phosphorylation and DNA-binding capacity of STAT1 decreased after 4 to 8 hours in resistant cells, as compared with 24 to 32 hours in sensitive cells, whereas phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5b was briefer in both lines. Functional significance of the prolonged STAT1 signal, therefore, was explored by experimental interruption of tyrosine phosphorylation, either by premature withdrawal of the IFN-α or deferred addition of pharmacologically diverse antagonists: staurosporine (protein kinase inhibitor), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (growth promoter), or aurintricarboxylic acid (ligand competitor). Results indicated that an approximately 18-hour period of continued STAT1 phosphorylation was associated with growth arrest, but that antiviral protection developed earlier. These differences provide novel evidence of a temporal dimension to IFN-α signal specificity and show that duration of STAT1 activation may be a critical variable in malignant cell responsiveness to antiproliferative therapy.
School Violence and Bullying

Bullying and violence are sources of stress for many students in American schools. Although serious forms of violence are rare, milder forms of hostility involving bullying are common. Mere witnessing of hostile acts elevates feelings of distress. It is proposed that bullying and violent behavior cause, and are also caused by, feelings of vulnerability.
Teaching from the primary inorganic literature: lessons from Richard Andersen.

For many who passed through his classroom, Richard Andersen demonstrated how inorganic chemistry can be taught by incorporating the research literature. The Interactive Online Network of Inorganic Chemists (IONiC) through its website and summer workshops for faculty has supported the development and sharing of more than a hundred exercises or “learning objects” derived from articles highlighting research across the inorganic field. Faculty can adapt and implement these learning objects in their own classrooms to achieve goals such as demonstrating historical context, teaching course material via current research, and elaborating on the scientific process. Literature discussion learning objects highlight current and past research in inorganic chemistry and teach students both chemistry content and how the body of inorganic knowledge is constructed.
Teaching Integer Security Using Simple Visualizations

Integer errors can introduce significant vulnerabilities into C programs. We have developed a program analysis and visualization tool to help students understand integer representation and type conversions with the goal to help students avoid introducing these errors into the code they develop. The visualization is through the Integer Representation (IR) window within a larger system for analysis and visualization of security issues in C programs. The system is called the Visualization and Analysis for C Code Security (VACCS) system. In this paper, we describe our experience with teaching fundamental aspects of integer security in a junior-level systems programming course, the IR window, and an evaluation of the tool. Our results indicate that students found the tool to be useful and that it enhanced the course in which it was used.
Plagiarizing the Victorian Novel : Imitation, Parody, Aftertext

How can we tell plagiarism from an allusion? How does imitation differ from parody? Where is the line between copyright infringement and homage? Questions of intellectual property have been vexed long before our own age of online piracy. In Victorian Britain, enterprising authors tested the limits of literary ownership by generating plagiaristic publications based on leading writers of the day. Adam Abraham illuminates these issues by examining imitations of three novelists: Charles Dickens, Edward Bulwer Lytton, and George Eliot. Readers of Oliver Twist may be surprised to learn about Oliver Twiss, a penny serial that usurped Dickens's characters. Such imitative publications capture the essence of their sources; the caricature, although crude, is necessarily clear. By reading works that emulate three nineteenth-century writers, this innovative study enlarges our sense of what literary knowledge looks like: to know a particular author means to know the sometimes bad imitations that the author inspired.
An Effective Rate Equation Model for Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Trisbipyridine to Anthracene

We employ the well-studied donor/acceptor system consisting of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and anthracene to validate a simple rate equation model for energy transfer and subsequent dimerization of the excited anthracene acceptor.
Impact of intrapulmonary-artery septation to pulmonary vein obstruction for two-lung Fontan.

Objectives Patients with unbalanced pulmonary artery (PA) growth and decreased unilateral pulmonary circulation are considered unsuitable candidates for the Fontan procedure. Following our previous study on the utility of intrapulmonary-artery septation for patients with PA hypoplasia, we investigated its use in patients with pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO). Methods We recruited 42 patients who underwent intrapulmonary-artery septation for unilateral PA hypoplasia and/or PVO between 1998 and 2018 and classified them into no PVO or PVO group. We analysed overall survival, success of the Fontan procedure and data from catheterization and echocardiography. In PVO, we evaluated the functional lung area before the Fontan procedure and the relevance of this parameter to operative outcomes. Results The PVO and no-PVO group included 24 and 18 patients, respectively. One patient in the no-PVO and 6 patients in the PVO group died during follow-up; this difference was statistically significant (log-rank P = 0.040). In the no-PVO group, 15 (83%) patients achieved two-lung Fontan circulation. In the PVO group, 12 (50%) patients achieved two-lung Fontan circulation. Multivariate analysis revealed that functional lung area and shunt size [significantly larger in patients with functional lung area ≥50% in affected lung (P = 0.040)] were significant factors for successful two-lung Fontan procedure (P = 0.030). Conclusions Intrapulmonary-artery septation may contribute to increase functional lung area after PVO release to establish two-lung Fontan circulation in patients with PVO who have unbalanced PA growth and/or decreased unilateral pulmonary circulation.
Accuracy of agitated saline contrast echocardiography for assessment of intracardiac shunting in preoperative liver transplant patients

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a common clinical condition that is found in up to 20% of adults. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) with agitated saline contrast imaging (ASCi) has become the screening test of choice for PFO with reported sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 85%. Exclusion of
Modern Machine Learning: Partition & Vote

Abstract We present modern machine learning, focusing on the state-of-the-art classification methods of decision forests and deep networks, as partition and vote schemes. This illustrative presentation allows for both a unified basic understanding of how these methods work from the perspective of classical statistical pattern recognition as well as useful basic insight into their relationship with each other … and potentially with brain functioning.
Single and Clustered Cervical Cell Classification with Ensemble and Deep Learning Methods

Cervical cancer if detected early has an upward of 89% survival rate. The leading tool in identifying cervical cancer in its infancy is the Papanicolaou (Pap smear) test, which since its introduction dropped cervical cancer related deaths by 60%. The Pap smear test or Liquid-based Cytology (LBC) is a time-consuming procedure that requires a pathologist to manually identify cervical cells that may be in the middle of the processes that indicate cervical cancer. Unfortunately, due to the expenses related to conducting the Pap smear test many women are blocked from access to it and this leads to over 4000 women dying annually from cervical cancer in the United States alone. The aim of this research is to automate the methods used by pathologists in conducting the Pap smear or LBC. We show that using machine vision, ensemble learning and deep learning methods a significant portion of the Pap smear can be done automated. We set out to extract cells and cell clusters and classify those samples based on the Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology. Achieving an accuracy of 90.4% and 91.6% for the ensemble learning and deep learning methods respectively when evaluated with a five-fold cross-validation demonstrates promise in the creation of an automated Pap smear screening test.
Farewell to the Reader: “I Hope and I Hope” 533

In this final chapter, the author expresses his hopes, one of which is this: “I hope and I hope that indifference to injustice will never enter your heart, my reader. Your heart and mine.”
Pharmacotherapy failure and progression to botulinum toxin injection in vestibular migraine

Objective Given the lack of evidence on patients with medically refractory vestibular migraine, this study aimed to identify factors associated with pharmacotherapy failure and progression to botulinum toxin injection in vestibular migraine. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on definite vestibular migraine patients from September 2015 to July 2019 who completed the Dizziness Handicap Inventory at least six weeks apart.. Results The study comprised 47 patients (mean age = 50.2 ± 15.8 years), with a mean follow-up time of 6.0 ± 6.0 months. The mean pre-treatment Dizziness Handicap Inventory score was 57.5 ± 23.5, with a mean reduction of 17.3 ± 25.2 (p < 0.001) at last follow up. Oscillopsia (r = 0.458, p = 0.007), failure of first medication (r = 0.518, p = 0.001) and pre-treatment Dizziness Handicap Inventory question 15 (an emotional domain question) score (r = 0.364, p = 0.019) were the only variables significantly correlated with progression to botulinum toxin injection. Conclusion Motion hypersensitivity, failure of first medication, and fear of social stigmatisation suggest a decreased treatment response. These symptoms may require more aggressive treatment at an earlier stage.
Ninhydrin Revisited: Quantitative Chirality Recognition of Amines and Amino Alcohols Based on Nondestructive Dynamic Covalent Chemistry

A novel approach to chiral recognition of small molecules using the classical ninhydrin agent is introduced. Well-defined dynamic covalent chemistry with amines and amino alcohols was developed and applied to quantitative ee sensing with good accuracy using a straightforward mixing protocol and subsequent circular dichroism measurements. This chiroptical assay is fast, broadly useful, practical and repurposes an inexpensive reagent known for more than 100 years in a new application.
A Semi-Analytical Solution for Countercurrent Spontaneous Imbibition in Water-Wet Fractured Reservoirs

Countercurrent spontaneous imbibition (SI) is an important flow mechanism for oil recovery in fractured reservoirs during waterflooding. SI plays a key role in the mobilization of oil in the matrix because it facilitates water infiltration by capillarity even when the matrix permeability is low, which limits fluid transport by advection. However, the modeling of SI in fractured media under dynamic conditions has been insufficiently studied. Most imbibition models assume conventional exponential functions and empirical constants based on experimental results of oil recovery under static conditions. Thus, the modeling of water distribution in the fracture and the matrix has been ignored which may lead to incorrect estimates of the efficiency of countercurrent SI to recover oil. Using the classic fractional flow equation, we present a semi-analytical solution to model countercurrent SI in a water-wet fractured medium by including a transfer function to account for continuous fluid exchange between the fracture and the matrix. The model is numerically solved using finite differences by including an effective imbibition time as a function of water advance in the fracture, which overcomes the difficulty of solving iterative numerical summations as shown in other imbibition models. The novelty of the presented solution is that it enables the modeling of water infiltration in the matrix under dynamic conditions. We verified the semi-analytical model against 2D numerical simulations and validated against experimental data to demonstrate that the model accurately predicts oil recovery and water infiltration in the matrix.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in children

Abstract An estimated 15%–20% of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is diagnosed during childhood (childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus [cSLE]). This chapter focuses on the unique features of cSLE, including clinical presentation and manifestations, treatment, and outcomes, highlighting differences from adult-onset disease. Perhaps the most striking difference is the more severe phenotype that occurs with earlier age of onset. Monogenic causes of SLE are rare in adult-onset disease but are increasingly recognized as mechanistic drivers of disease in the youngest patients. Treatment considerations unique to pediatric patients include the effects of medicine on growth and development, as well as a more limited evidence base to guide treatment, as clinical trials rarely focus on cSLE patients. Clinicians, patients, and families also face challenges in medical decision-making trying to balance the long-term effects of medication with projected disease damage based on limited data, due to the difficulty of studying long-term outcomes after patients transition to adult care.
Systematic investigation of the link between enzyme catalysis and cold adaptation

Cold temperature is prevalent across the biosphere and slows the rates of chemical reactions. Increased catalysis has been predicted to be a general adaptive trait of enzymes to reduced temperature, and this expectation has informed physical models for enzyme catalysis and influenced bioprospecting strategies. To broadly test rate as an adaptive trait to cold, we paired kinetic constants of 2223 enzyme reactions with their organism’s optimal growth temperature (TGrowth) and analyzed trends of rate as a function of TGrowth. These data do not support a prevalent increase in rate in cold adaptation. In the model enzyme ketosteroid isomerase (KSI), there was prior evidence for temperature adaptation from a change in an active site residue that results in a tradeoff between activity and stability. Here, we found that little of the overall rate variation for 20 KSI variants was accounted for by TGrowth. In contrast, and consistent with prior expectations, we observed a correlation between stability and TGrowth across 433 proteins. These results suggest that temperature exerts a weaker selection pressure on enzyme rate than stability and that evolutionary forces other than temperature are responsible for the majority of enzymatic rate variation.
Why Disdain Replicated Art? Metaphysics and Art in ‘The Elephant in the Brain’

Why disdain (perfectly) replicated art? If art is valuable because it evokes experiences of beauty, they should be comparable. In chapter 11 of the Elephant in the Brain, Simler and Hanson (SH seeing a copy isn’t—explains why we assign such value to the extrinsic properties of art. And thus we have a non-signaling explanation of art consumption, which may or may not complement signaling theory.
Space Transportation Systems for the Future

A summary of the potential requirements, proposed configurations, inherent development problems, and technologies to be considered for future space transportation systems is presented. Such systems will include the improved Space Shuttle, new and derivative cargo launch vehicles, new propulsion systems, orbital transfer and maneuvering vehicles, and a second-generation Space Shuttle. It is concluded that more efficient and capable systems can be developed by placing strong emphasis on high reliability, safety, and improved ground and flight operations. These improvements can result from the introduction of advanced technologies and vehicles designed for operations and maintainability with the flexibility to adapt to mission needs.
Substance Abuse and Adolescent Psychological Distress

Psychosocial distress has been linked to adolescent smoking, as well as to the use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opiates. Depression, the most commonly studied form of distress, has been shown to be a predictor of smoking initiation and possibly associated with nicotine dependence in adolescents. Other indicators of psychosocial distress that have been studied in connection with adolescent drug use include hopelessness, loneliness, anxiety, subjective worrying, and the lack of affiliation with friends or social acceptance. Keywords: adolescence; smoking; stress; substance abuse
ON THE EVOLUTION OF NEW METABOLIC FUNCTIONS IN DIPLOID ORGANISMS

Evolution of lactase utilization uia the ebg system of Escherichia coli requires both structural gene (ebgA) and regulatory gene ( ebgR) mutations. Because evolution of new metabolic functions in diploids might be subject to constraints not present in haploid organisms, merodiploid strains carrying a wild-type and an evolved ebgA allele, or a wild-type and an evolved ebgR allele were constructed. I show that heterozygosity at ebgA does not significantly affect the selective advantage of the evolved ebgA allele; whereas heterozygosity at ebgR eliminates the selective advantage of the evolved ebgR allele. It is suggested that, in diploid organisms, evolution of new functions for systems under negative control would be very difficult. A number of bacterial systems are being employed as models to study the evolution of new metabolic functions. (For recent reviews of these systems, see CLARKE 1978, and RILEY and ANILIONIS 1978.) These studies all involve the selection of mutants that, under selective pressure in the laboratory, have acquired the ability to utilize new carbon or nitrogen sources. The evolutionary changes revealed by these systems fall into two broad categories: (1) mutations in structural genes that alter the properties of enzymes, usually affecting substrate specificity, and (2) mutations in regulatory genes that lead to increased amounts of enzyme synthesis. A few general conclusions can be drawn from the variety of studies that employ such diverse organisms as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas ueruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes. First, the commonest way to evolve a new metabolic function is uia constitutive synthesis of an enzyme that is already active toward the novel metabolite, but for which the novel metabolite is not an inducer. Second, mutations that alter the properties of an enzyme are observed at some stage of the evolutionary sequence. Third, in uZ2 cases, regulatory changes are required for effective use of the new metabolite. These systems have in common the fact that they employed haploid organisms. We might reasonably question the extent to which the conclusions derived from these studies can be extended to evolution in diploid organisms. I have been studying the evolution of the ebg p-galactosidase in strains of E. coli that carry a large deletion in the lac2 (P-galactosidase) gene. The evolution of lactose utilization in such strains requires: (1) a mutation in the ebgA gene that greatly increases the activity of ebg enzyme toward lactose, and (2) a
Analyses of visibility sites on topographic surfaces

Abstract This paper introduces the analyses of visibility sites on topographic surfaces as a new area of application in geographical information systems. The analysis of visibility sites are important in several related research fields such as problems of surface representation in geographical information systems, visibility problems in computer graphics and the location allocation and the set covering problems in operations research. The application areas include pilot training simulation, navigation, scenic landscape assessment, terrain exploration, military surveillance, forest fire monitoring, locations of radio transmission stations and many others. Five types of site analysis using visibility information are discussed in this paper, including both fixed and variable heights of problems in visibility sites. Triangulated irregular networks are used to approximate an actual topographic surface. Algorithms are developed for extracting visibility information. Finally, three heuristic algorithms and their...
Reactive crystal growth in two dimensions: Silicon nitride on Si(111)

The nitridation of the Si(111) surface by reaction with ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ was studied by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Reaction layers with periodicities of (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8), (8/3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 8) / 3 ), (3/4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 3) / 4 ), and (3 \ensuremath{\surd}3 /4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3 \ensuremath{\surd}3 /4) were observed depending on the temperature of nitridation and duration of electron-beam exposure. The nucleation and growth of the nitride layer on well-oriented and miscut Si(111) surfaces were observed by STM and followed in real time by video LEEM. The (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) nitride islands nucleate and grow in the same manner as the (7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) domains, with the apex of the triangle pointing in the [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} 1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}2] direction away from the step into the upper terrace. On the miscut surface, (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) nitride growth proceeds with widening of the terraces and step bunching. The (3/4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 3) / 4 ) multiplet structure, on the other hand, nucleates randomly on comtaminated sites on the surface, or evolves directly from the (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) structure.
Prediction of pKa Shifts without Truncation of Electrostatic Interactions: An Explicit Solvent Calculation for Succinic Acid

The prediction of pKa shifts from molecular models which incorporate solvent effects is a subject of renewed interest in biophysical chemistry. We have computed the difference in pKa's in succinic acid by an explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulation with Ewald summation and obtained results that are very close to the experimental value. The effects of conformational averaging are also considered by including both the trans and gauche conformers of succinic acid. For comparison, continuum electrostatic calculations for the pKa shift in succinic acid were also carried out. The interaction free energy between the charged groups is overestimated when a standard small molecule value (ei = 2) is used to model the internal dielectric of the diacid. Although the explicit solvent simulations of pKa shifts are more expensive in terms of computer time, the predictive power of these simulations has now progressed to the point where comparisons between explicit and continuum solvent models can reveal differences ...
The Influence of Older Age on Outcome in Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Extremity

Purpose/Objective: The NIH has identified the relationship between aging and cancer as a subject in urgent need of increased research. Although older age is considered a predictor of poor outcome in soft tissue sarcoma (STS), it remains unclear whether such an outcome could be accounted for by association with other poor prognostic factors, the extent of treatment, or older age per se. The purpose of this study was to attempt to answer these questions in a group of patients with STS of the extremity.
Biology, Social Environment, and Health: How Family History and Social Conditions Affect Adult Asthma*

Objective. We examine how multiple measures of both biological (family history of asthma) and social risk factors (home environment quality, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics) influence asthma risk among U.S. adults. Method. Using logistic regression models, we analyze data from a sample of 6,337 adults from the 2003–2004 National Asthma Survey. Results. Prevalence rates of current asthma are four times higher among adults with a family history of asthma, and the odds of having asthma are influenced most strongly by having asthmatic parents or grandparents (and, to a lesser extent, asthmatic siblings). We also find that social factors, especially characteristics of the home environment, significantly increase the odds of suffering from asthma as an adult. Conclusion. Our results show that all measures of family history are strongly linked to adult asthma prevalence, even when social factors are controlled. Social factors are also important, but very little of this is as a mediating influence that links family history and adult asthma; rather, family and social conditions have mostly independent effects.
Vitamin E deficiency in dogs does not alter preferential incorporation ofRRR-α-tocopherol compared withall rac-α-tocopherol into plasma

The plasma and lipoprotein transport ofRRR andall rac-α-tocopherols, labeled with different amounts of deuterium [2R,4′R,8′R-α-[5-C2H3]tocopheryl acetate (d3RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate] and 2RS, 4′RS, 8′RS-α-[5,7-(C2H3)2]tocopheryl acetate (d5all rac-α-tocopheryl acetate), was studied in adult beagle dogs that had been fed a vitamin E-deficient (−E; two dogs) or supplemented (+E; two dogs) diet for two years. We set out to test the hypothesis that the activity of the hepatic tocopherol binding protein (which is thought to preferentially incorporateRRR-α-tocopherol into the plasma) is up-regulated by vitamin E deficiency. Labeled α-tocopherols increased and decreased similarly in plasma of both −E and +E dogs. Irrespective of diet,d3RRR-α-tocopherol was preferentially secreted in plasma. Thus, vitamin E deficiency in dogs does not markedly increase the apparent function of the hepatic tocopherol binding protein. We also studied vitamin E transport in a German Shepherd dog with degenerative myelopathy (DM). Based on the coincident appearance ofd3RRR-α-tocopherol in plasma and chylomicrons, we suggest that the abnormality in DM may be associated with abnormal vitamin E transport resulting from an impaired function of the hepatic tocopherol binding protein.
Possible X-Linked Congenital Heart Disease

Four male members of a family are known to have congenital mitral and aortic insufficiency, a fifth male has congenital mitral insufficiency only, and a sixth male had congenital heart disease by history. The involved males comprised all males in three generations of this family. Chromosomal and dermatoglyphic studies of the two living affected males are normal. The involvement of males in this family is best explained on the basis of X-linked recessive inheritance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of possible X-linked inheritance of isolated congenital heart disease.
Provocation of coronary spasm by dobutamine stress echocardiography in a patient with angiographically minimal coronary artery disease

Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has been widely used for the noninvasive diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. The ST-segment elevation during DSE has been reported as an infrequent event, caused by old myocardial infarction and/or critical coronary narrowings. The patient presented here was a 35-year-old man with a recent history of nonexertional chest pain. He had hypercholesterolemia and a history of heavy smoking as risk factors. The patient developed ST-segment elevation with chest pain during 40 mcg/min dobutamine infusion for the stress echocardiographic examination. Subsequent coronary angiograms revealed only mild coronary atherosclerosis. It is speculated that coronary spasm occurred in this patient as a paradoxical response to increased coronary blood flow with dobutamine administration.
The top five – globalization and the law – predictions for the first half of the twenty‐first century

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline what the author believes will be the top five legal issues relating to globalization and business for the first 50 years of the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – This is a wrap‐up paper articulating the author's opinion about what she considers to be the top five legal issues that will be face in the first half of the twenty‐first century.Findings – The paper reveals cooperative censorship; intellectual property treaty harmonization domination by developing country interpretations; international tribunal dispute resolution clauses; return of the law merchant; and eminent domain or public utility – the future for dominant search engines/content aggregators as the possible top five legal issues pertaining to businesses and globalization.Originality/value – The paper presents an interesting prediction of the top five legal issues relating to globalization and business for the first 50 years of the twenty‐first century.