cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation of tissue factor primary sequence among three mammalian species.

Abstract Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as the cofactor for the initiation of the coagulation protease cascades. To identify conserved sequences of this molecule, a 1753-nucleotide cDNA encoding rabbit TF(rbTF) was isolated and sequenced. An open reading frame encoded a predicted precursor protein of 292 amino acids (aa), and a functionally active protein was synthesized when this cDNA was expressed m a eukaryotic cell system. The aa sequence of mature rbTF was 71 % identical to human TF (huTF) and 58% to murine TF (muTF), consistent with the relative functional activity of each in human plasma. The structural organization of the protein was comparable in all three species, with a high degree of conservation of the extracellular domain, including the relative positions of cysteine residues and, to a lesser extent, the tripeptide motifs tryptophan-lysine-serine of huTF. In view of the uniform occurrence of TF functional activity throughout vertebrates, the sampling of these three distant mammalian species suggests that there is limited variance in primary sequence, consistent with the conserved function of TF.
SIGNIFICANCE OF BODY WEIGHT OF 3‐WEEK OLD RATS IN PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO (PER′) MEASUREMENTS

The effect of initial body weight of 21-day old male Sprague-Dawley or Sprague-Dawley derived rats on the determination of the .28-day protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein was studied. Body weights at 21 days of age ranged from 42–568 in Sprague-Dawley, and from 56–68g for SpragueDawley derived rats. No significant difference in PER values for casein was obtained on the animals within breed groups having this range of body weights. Variation in body weight induced by ahering litter size after birth produced significant differences in PER values of the casein. Lower initial weights (normal-size litters) resulted in higher PER values for the casein diet. The 21-day old body weight of commercially available rats is apparently not a significant variable on PER values. Differences in litter size can be a source of variation in PER values, and may be a cause of very high or low values occasionally obtained within a group of rats from commercial sources.
Robust finite element modeling of electromagnetic interactions in complex structures via multigrid and multilevel preconditioning

The paper discusses the application of multigrid and multilevel preconditioners for improving the convergence of iterative finite element solvers used for the modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions in structures exhibiting large electrical and/or high geometric and material complexity. The applications considered include both modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering from three-dimensional targets and modeling of reflection and transmission properties of waveguiding structures and related passive components, used in high-frequency/high-speed integrated circuit design. These two classes of problems help contrast the attributes of the multigrid and multilevel processes in the context of improving iterative finite element solution efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, they suggest possible hybridizations of the two processes, aimed at the robust and accurate solution of complicated electromagnetic problems where improved accuracy requires the utilization of both grid refinement and high-order element interpolation.
Identity-by-descent graphs offer a flexible framework for imputation and both linkage and association analyses

We demonstrate the flexibility of identity-by-descent (IBD) graphs for genotype imputation and testing relationships between genotype and phenotype. We analyzed chromosome 3 and the first replicate of simulated diastolic blood pressure. IBD graphs were obtained from complete pedigrees and full multipoint marker analysis, facilitating subsequent linkage and other analyses. For rare alleles, pedigree-based imputation using these IBD graphs had a higher call rate than did population-based imputation. Combining the two approaches improved call rates for common alleles. We found it advantageous to incorporate known, rather than estimated, pedigree relationships when testing for association. Replacing missing data with imputed alleles improved association signals as well. Analyses were performed with knowledge of the underlying model.
High-temperature corrosion of Y-doped Fe 3 Al in environments containing chlorine and oxygen

The high-temperature corrosion performance of Y-doped Fe3Al was studied in various environments containing chlorine, oxygen, and argon. Results were compared with Y-free Fe3Al in terms of corrosion rate and microstructure of corrosion products. The kinetic pattern shown in the two types of alloy features two consecutive stages: initial slow mass loss followed by fast linear mass loss. However, addition of Y decreased the rate but increased the duration of the first stage of the corrosion. Microstructure examination indicates that the beneficial effect of Y may be due to the formation of pegs and the development of dense oxide layers.
Concentration of Trade and its Urban Impact under Capitalism and Socialism: Former West Germany (Hassfurt) and East Germany (Hildburghausen) Compared

One challenge faced by town centres is retail trade concentration in which market channels become vertically integrated and increasingly large retail facilities spread, often locating away from town centres. This paper examines the degree to which this has happened under both market and socialistic conditions. It reviews the recent history of retail developments in the former West and East Germanies and how these played themselves out in two towns near the former border. In both Germanies, trade concentration has taken place and in both it has undermined the viability of the town centres. It did so respectively through excessive innovation and extreme stagnation. The shared goal of economic growth led to convergent conditions in spite of contrasting socio-economic arrangements. After unification, the eastern town is experiencing market-driven developments in a compressed time-frame for which the fledgling retail community in the centre is ill prepared.
Technique for “tuning” vocal tract area functions based on acoustic sensitivity functions

A technique for modifying vocal tract area functions is developed by using sum and difference combinations of acoustic sensitivity functions to perturb an initial vocal tract configuration. First, sensitivity functions [e.g., Fant and Pauli, Proc. Speech Comm. Sem. 74, 1975] are calculated for a given area function, at its specific formant frequencies. The sensitivity functions are then multiplied by scaling coefficients that are determined from the difference between a desired set of formant frequencies and those supported by the current area function. The scaled sensitivity functions are then summed together to generate a perturbation of the area function. This produces a new area function whose associated formant frequencies are closer to the desired values than the previous one. This process is repeated iteratively until the coefficients are equal to zero or are below a threshold value.
Spinal epidural abscess complicating an ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis: Report of a case

A 42-year-old man developed recurrent epidural abscesses from an enteroepidural fistula arising from a J pouch. Lower-extremity neurologic deficit in patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis should alert the physician to this rare complication.
Relationships Between Visual and Auditory Perceptual Skills and Comprehension in Students with Learning Disabilities

The outcome of a correlational study that examined the relationships between visual and auditory perceptual skills and comprehension is reported. Scores of 25 learning disabled students (aged 9 to 13) were compared on five tests: a visual-perceptual test (Coloured Progressive Matrices); an auditory-perceptual test (Auditory Motor Placement); a listening and reading comprehension test (Durrell Listening-Reading Series); and a word recognition test (Word Recognition subtest, Diagnostic Reading Scales). The correlation coefficients indicated highly significant relationships between visual-perceptual skills and listening comprehension, and between visual-perceptual skills and reading comprehension only when the effect of word recognition skills was controlled statistically. Auditory-perceptual skills, however, were more closely related to reading comprehension than to listening comprehension. Although word recognition skills explained much of the variance in reading comprehension among the learning disabled s...
Psychometric properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire

Several instruments have been designed to measure problems associated with excessive, compulsive, or addictive use of the Internet. One such instrument, the 18-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire, was recently published with data supporting a three subscale model (Demetrovics et al., 2008). These researches utilized an online format with a sample taken from the general population of Hungary. We utilized an American college student sample and a paper and pencil format to perform a confirmatory factor analysis of the PIUQ. In addition, we examined the reliability and construct validity of the PIUQ by examining the scales' relationship with several indices of psychological and physical health. CFA results indicate a barely adequate and not completely problem free three factor model for the PIUQ (@g^2=477.40; root mean square error=.097; comparative fit index=.831; Tucker Lewis coefficient=.804). Cronbach's @a for the total scale was .91 while the Cronbach's @a for each subscale were .81, .77, and .79. Construct validity for the model is demonstrated with significant correlations between the subscales and several indices of psychological and physical health. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes.

(1988). Neurological Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 67-82.
Decision making and risk behaviors of cancer-surviving adolescents and their peers

The specific aims of this descriptive, comparative study were (1) to compare the decision-making quality and prevalence of risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use) between 52 cancer-surviving adolescents and their peers; (2) to compare the relationship of decision-making quality and risk behavior prevalence in a subset of survivors who had a history of therapy with cognitive threat due to late effects of treatment to those without cognitive threat; and (3) to test the hypothesis that the higher the number of quality decision criteria adhered to, the fewer the risk behaviors exhibited by cancer-surviving adolescents. Findings indicated that the majority of teen survivors reported practicing poor-quality decision making for five of the seven criteria (peers, four of seven). There were no significant differences in decision making between teen survivors and their peers nor between survivors with cognitive threat and those without. Peers were significantly more likely to engage in one or more risk behaviors than teen survivors, but comparisons with two normative samples (state and national) revealed that cigarette smoking and alcohol use of the teen survivors were comparable with the general population. There was no significant difference in risk behaviors between survivors with a history of therapy with cognitive threat and those without. Survivors who reported higher adherence to quality decision criteria were less likely to report exhibiting risk behaviors than those with poorer decision making. Using the context of late effects due to cancer treatment, oncology nurses need to provide guidance in quality decision making as well as in risk behavior education.
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis: sonographic findings

A 36-year-old man who was otherwise in good health complained of a swollen left testis that had recently increased in size. Physical examination revealed an irregular, soft, nonpainful, and enlarged left testis. Real-time sonography showed a well-marginated multicystic, sepfated, intratesticular lesion in the upper pole of the left testis. The cysts contained some nodules of solid echogenic material; a few small nodular structures were noted on the septations (Fig. 1). A left radical orchiectomy was performed. Gross pathologic examination showed cystic structures adjacent to the epididymis just beneath the tunica albuginea. On section, multicystic spaces measunng up to 1 cm and containing a clear, slightly mucoid material (Fig. 2) were noted. Microscopic study revealed a localized multiloculated cystic neoplasm. The lining epithelium was varied; some pertions had a columnar epithelium similar to that of the rete testis and other areas had a neoplastic lining with distinct intracystic papillary projections (Fig. 3). In addition, multiple neoplastic papillary islands with vascular cores were seen floating in the cyst fluid and corresponded to the echogenic material within the cysts seen on sonography. The tumor cells had vesicular oval nuclei with occasional nucleoli and hyperchromasia. No involvement of the epididymis or spermatic chord was found, and the malignant cells remained within the cyst in all sections. The lesion was classified as a low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of the rote testis.
Artificial cooling of livestock in hot climates

THE possibilities of artificially increasing the comfort, or, more correctly, the efficiency of use of feed by farm livestock, are great. The range of optimum temperatures for laying hens is 55 to 65 F (degrees Fahrenheit), for dairy cows 50 to 60 F, and for swine 65 to 75 F. Size and age of animal, sex, coat, etc., are all related to its ability to resist high or low temperatures. Adverse effects are apparent sooner from high than from low temperatures; in general, livestock are considered to be depressed by temperatures over 75 F.
A telemetric device for measuring smoking topography

The Telemetric Topography Device (TTD) introduces new technology to the measurement of cigarette smoking topography that has advantages over existing instruments. It consists of a 90.8-g miniature vacuum transducer coupled to an FM transmitter contained within a 11/4-in.-diameter × 41/4-in. free-standing plastic cylinder. As a subject smokes through a modified commercial cigarette holder, the TTD transmits a tone proportional to the vacuum pressure change in the cylinder. Received tones are converted to voltage data and then digitized by an A/D board in a personal computer. This information can either be displayed and stored on line or recorded on audio tape and digitized during playback. The TTD has no visible electronic parts, thereby minimizing subjects’ awareness of monitoring.
Transient Behavior of the Ohmic Contact

Under certain conditions the response time of a solid for current transients may be determined by the properties of the injecting contact rather than of the bulk. In this case it is the time required for readjustment of the space-charge barrier at the contact for delivery of the new steady-state current. The critical parameter determining the response time of the contact is the total amount of excess charge within one Debye length of the potential minimum in the space-charge barrier. Trapped, as well as free, excess charge must be included in the calculation of the Debye length. The product of gain ($G$) and band width ($\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}$) for a photoconductor whose response time is contact-controlled is derived and expressed in the "universal" form $\frac{G}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}=\frac{M}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{r}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{r}$ is the dielectric relaxation time under operating conditions.
Brightness interactions between rods and cones

Two parafoveal test targets with different spectral compositions were matched in brightness to a fixed-luminance foveal reference target under scotopic adaptation conditions. The idea of the experiment was to find a reference luminance for which one of the matching test targets stimulated only rods while the other stimulated both rods and cones. If brightness was proportional to the linear sum of rod and cone responses, then the luminance of the matching rod+cone target would be predictably closer to rod threshold than would that of the rod target. The results were complicated by evidence that rod responses to the test targets selectively enhanced weak chromatic signals. Nevertheless, it was possible to show that cone activity never reduced the matching luminance as much as predicted by the additivity hypothesis, and sometimes even increased it. These findings suggest that cone activity can suppress brightness signals from rods.
Failure to demonstrate a role for line Ib tumor-associated surface antigen in the etiology of age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis

In the preceding paper [Morris et al. (1982), Molec. Immun. 19, 973-982] we demonstrate an associative interaction between the line Ib tumor-associated surface antigen (Ib-TASA) and the Dk/Kk regions of the major histocompatibility complex, i.e. 'altered-self' antigen. We originally hypothesized that age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis (ADPE) occurred as the result of immune recognition of a 'self'-determinant on the 'altered-self' antigen. In this report we used the non-ionic detergent, NP-40, to solubilize Ib cell surface antigens. Although immunization of immunocompetent C58 mice with the soluble NP-40 Ib cell extract afforded protection to lethal tumor challenge, the extract failed to induce ADPE in immunosuppressed mice. Data presented here demonstrate that Ib-TASA is not involved in the etiology of ADPE. The evidence suggests that lactic dehydrogenase virus, which is a silent virus passaged with line Ib leukemia, is the causative agent of the paralytic disease.
Semantic relationships between cited and citing articles in library and information science journals

The act of referencing another author's work in a scholarly or research paper is usually assumed to signal a direct semantic relationship between the citing and cited work. The present article reports a study that examines this assumption directly. The purpose of the research is to investigate the semantic relationship between citing and cited documents for a sample of document pairs in three journals in library and information science: Library Journal, College and Research Libraries, and Journal of the American Society for Information Science. A macroanalysis, based on a comparison of the Library of Congress class numbers assigned citing and cited documents, and a microanalysis, based on a comparison of descriptors assigned citing and cited documents by three indexing and abstracting journals, ERIC, LISA, and Library Literature, were conducted. Both analyses suggest that the subject similarity among pairs of cited and citing documents is typically very small, supporting a subjective, psychological view of relevance and a trial-and-error, heuristic understanding of the information search and research processes. The results of the study have implications for collection development, for an understanding of psychological relevance, and for the results of doing information retrieval using cited references. Several intriguing methodological questions are raised for future research, including the role of indexing depth, specificity, and quality on the measurement of document similarity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of dextran and aspirin on platelet adherence after transluminal angioplasty of normal canine coronary arteries

The effect of low-molecular-weight dextran and aspirin on platelet deposition after transluminal coronary angioplasty was studied in a normal canine model. Eighteen anesthetized, open-chest dogs were separated into 4 groups. All dogs received 3,000 units of intravenous heparin 10 to 20 minutes before the procedure. Dogs in Group 1 served as controls and were given no further treatment. Dogs in Group 2 received low-molecular-weight dextran by continuous intravenous infusion at a rate of 20 ml/hour for 1 hour before balloon inflation. Dogs in Group 3 were given 500 ml of low-molecular-weight dextran as an intravenous bolus over 1 hour, beginning 4 hours before the procedure. Dogs in Group 4 were fed 20 mg/kg of aspirin 3 hours before angioplasty. The dogs were killed 10 minutes after angioplasty and the arterial segments subjected to balloon inflation submitted for electron microscopic analysis. An additional group of 10 dogs was used to assess the bleeding times and platelet counts from control and drug-treated dogs. Drug treatment was associated with significant prolongation of the bleeding time and reduction in platelet number. Extensive endothelial desquamation in the area of balloon angioplasty was observed in all dogs. However, no appreciable qualitative difference in either the degree or extent of rapid platelet deposition to the exposed subendothelium was discernible between the control and any of the treatment groups. These results do not confirm previous observations with low-molecular-weight dextran. Further work on the initial and long-term platelet response after endothelial injury should be undertaken in a primate atherosclerotic model.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTIDS IN LUNULARIA VULGARIS, ELODEA CANADENSIS, AND ZEA MAYS

In certain Conjugatae, Chlorophyceae and Archegoniatae the chloroplasts pass through the entire life cycle relatively unchanged. They are reproduced exclusively by the division of pre-existing plastids and are apparently permanent cell organs, in many ways comparable with the nucleus. In the higher plants, however, the life history of the chloroplasts is quite different and much more complicated. In certain stages of the life cycle no chloroplasts occur. When they reappear it is evident that they must either have originated de novo or have passed through the preceding stages in a much less conspicuous form. Many investigators have reported the existence of small, relatively undifferentiated bodies in the meristematic tissue, which gradually develop into chloroplasts. It is the object of the present investigation to record certain of the significant changes which occur in these bodies during the course of their development. Any investigation of the growth and development of plastids must deal to some extent with the problem as to whether or not the plastids are derived from mitochondria. The numerous papers bearing on this question have been very adequately summarized by Cavers (i) and Cowdry (3) and more recently by Emberger (6) and Guilliermond (9), so no review of the literature will be essayed here. The divergent views of various investigators have given rise to a considerable controversy. There is at present a great deal of uncertainty as to the nature and function of mitochondriaI and it is highly probable that diverse cell elements have been included under that term by different investigators. In the present investigation, developing plastids were frequently traced back to primordia which, when fixed and stained, were morphologically indistinguishable from mitochondria. No general conclusions as to the relationship of plastids and mitochondria could be drawn from these instances, however, for it seems certain, as Kingery (I2) has suggested, that the form the plastid primordia take depends to a great extent upon the fixative used. As fixation alters the finer structure of the plastid so markedly (Zirkle, 23), it is desirable to investigate the plastid development in living cells. In the present investigation this was done whenever possible. It was
Glucocorticoid signaling in the heart: A cardiomyocyte perspective.

Abstract Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones that regulate a vast array of biological processes, and synthetic derivatives of these steroids have been mainstays in the clinic for the last half century. Abnormal levels of glucocorticoids are known to negatively impact the cardiovascular system; however, surprisingly little is known about the direct role of glucocorticoid signaling in the heart. The actions of glucocorticoids are mediated classically by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In certain cells, such as cardiomyocytes, glucocorticoid occupancy and activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) may also contribute to the observed response. Recently, there has been a surge of reports investigating the in vivo function of glucocorticoid signaling in the heart using transgenic mice that specifically target GR or MR in cardiomyocytes. Results from these studies suggest that GR signaling in cardiomyocytes is critical for the normal development and function of the heart. In contrast, MR signaling in cardiomyocytes participates in the development and progression of cardiac disease. In the following review, we discuss these genetic mouse models and the new insights they are providing into the direct role cardiomyocyte glucocorticoid signaling plays in heart physiology and pathophysiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Steroid Perspectives’.
The respiratory change in preejection period: a new method to predict fluid responsiveness

The accuracy and clinical utility of preload indexes as bedside indicators of fluid responsiveness in patients after cardiac surgery is controversial. This study evaluates whether respiratory chang...
Heat effects accompanying phase changes in the ZrUO system

Abstract Enthalpy changes accompanying dissolution of Zr(O) and U0 2 in UZrO melts and precipitation of mixed uranium-zirconium oxides from these melts are determined. Data on the heats of solution of oxygen in the pure metals, standard enthalpies of formation of the pure oxides, and regular-solution interaction parameters in the UZr binary system are used in the analysis. The stronger binding of oxygen in the solid oxides compared to that in the liquid metals results in heats of solution for these processes that are larger than the heats of fusion of the pure metals or the pure oxides.
Legacy of top-down herbivore pressure ricochets back up multiple trophic levels in forest canopies over 30 years

Removal of top-down control on herbivores can result in a trophic cascade where herbivore pressure on plants results in changes in plant communities. These altered plant communities are hypothesized to exert bottom-up control on subsequent herbivory via changes in plant quality or productivity. But it remains untested whether top-down perturbation causes long term changes in plants that ricochet back up the new food chain that depends on them. In a large-scale, 30-yr controlled field experiment, we show that 10 yr of top-down control of an ungulate herbivore (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus) created contrasting forest tree communities exerting bottom-up effects that ricochet back up 3 trophic levels 20–30 yr later. Higher ungulate densities during stand initiation caused significant reductions in tree species diversity, canopy foliage density, canopy insect density, and bird density in young (ca. 30 yr old) forests. Because recruitment of trees from seedlings to the canopy occurs over a relatively brief period (ca. 10 yr), with membership in the canopy lasting an order of magnitude longer, our results show that even short-term perturbations in ungulate density may cause centuries-long disruptions to forest ecosystem structure and function. In documenting this five-step trophic ricochet, we unite key concepts of trophic theory with the extensive literature on effects of ungulate overabundance. As predators decline and ungulate herbivores increase worldwide, similar impacts may result that persist long after herbivore density becomes effectively managed.
Variable-selection heuristics in local search for SAT

One of the important components of a local search strategy for satisfiability testing is the variable selection heuristic, which determines the next variable to be flipped. In a greedy local search such as GSAT, the major decision in variable selection is the strategy for breaking ties between variables that offer the same improvement in the number of unsatisfied clauses. In this paper, we analyze a number of tie-breaking strategies for GSAT and evaluate the strategies empirically using randomly generated 3-SAT instances from a hard distribution of random instances. We find that the property of fairness, which was proposed in the literature as being the critical property of a successful variable strategy, is not a sufficient property, and show that randomness plays a significant role in the success of variable selection heuristics.
Parallel operation of Brayton cycle alternators Algorithms and applications

Parallel operation of Brayton cycle alternators with automatic voltage and active power control is considered. An implementation and application of that theory are used to develop algorithms for system analysis in various test cases. A single machine algorithm with control is developed first. Multimachine parallel operation of the alternators, based on the single machine algorithm, is then developed. Finally, an algorithm for the complex system which includes various groups of the Brayton cycle alternators operating in parallel with network and loads is developed. Smooth control of the alternators in parallel operation sharing the generation of the power among the alternators illustrates the feasibility of the proposed control concept. >
Integrated pin electronics for a VLSI test system

Drivers, comparators, active loads, and per-pin timing circuitry for a VLSI test system are placed in two CMOS integrated circuits. This level of integration allows fast, low-capacitance pin electronics to be manufactured at relatively low cost. Novel design and calibration techniques are used to overcome limitations of CMOS technology. >
Stationarity Testing with Covariates

Two new stationarity tests are proposed. Both tests can be viewed as generalizations of existing stationarity tests and dominate these in terms of local asymptotic power. Improvements are achieved by accommodating stationary covariates. A Monte Carlo investigation of the small sample properties of the tests is conducted, and an empirical illustration from international finance is provided.This paper has benefited from the comments of Pentti Saikkonen (the co-editor), two anonymous referees, and seminar participants at University of Aarhus, Indiana University, Purdue University, Stanford University, UC Riverside, the 2001 Nordic Econometric Meeting, and the 2001 NBER Summer Institute. A MATLAB program that implements the tests proposed in this paper is available at http://elsa.Berkeley.EDU/users/mjansson.
Learning (Not) to Talk About Race: When Older Children Underperform in Social Categorization

The present research identifies an anomaly in sociocognitive development, whereby younger children (8 and 9 years) outperform their older counterparts (10 and 11 years) in a basic categorization task in which the acknowledgment of racial difference facilitates performance. Though older children exhibit superior performance on a race-neutral version of the task, their tendency to avoid acknowledging race hinders objective success when race is a relevant category. That these findings emerge in late childhood, in a pattern counter to the normal developmental trajectory of increased cognitive expertise in categorization, suggests that this anomaly indicates the onset of a critical transition in human social development.
Payments systems and monetary policy

Abstract A dynamic spatial model is constructed where there is a role for money and for centralized payments arrangements, and where there are aggregate fluctuations driven by fluctuations in aggregate productivity. With decentralized monetary exchange and no centralized payments arrangements, there is price level indeterminacy, and the equilibrium allocation is inefficient. A private clearinghouse arrangement improves efficiency but produces a real indeterminacy. The pricing of daylight overdrafts is irrelevant for the equilibrium allocation. Efficiency is achieved with a zero nominal interest rate on overnight central bank lending, or through private overnight interbank lending.
Political Generations in Developing Countries Evidence and Insights from Algeria

The socialization literature has examined whether indi- viduals who pass through their formative years during definable historical eras constitute political generations characterized by shared dispositions or collective memories that outlast the eras themselves. Drawing upon 1995 public opinion data from Algeria, we ask whether political genera- tions are discernible in a non-Western society in which the government and politics have undergone fundamental transformations in character and normative orientation. We find evidence that shared attitudes char- acterize Algerians who came of age during the regime of President Houari Boumedienne—a stable 13-year period from 1965 to 1978 marked by centralized political leadership, lo w grassroots political participation, and state-led socialism. Other cohorts are not similarly distinguishable, however, nor does the Boumedienne cohort differ from others with respect to a number of political, economic, and cultural orientations. Like other studies, this research indicates that some historical periods produce durable generation effects while others do not and that some attitudes acquired during the forma tive years of late adolescence and early adulthood persist over time while others do not.
Imaging-related medications: a class overview.

Imaging-related medications (contrast agents) are commonly utilized to improve visualization of radiographic, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) images. While traditional medications are used specifically for their pharmacological actions, the ideal imaging agent provides enhanced contrast with little biological interaction. The radiopaque agents, barium sulfate and iodinated contrast agents, confer “contrast” to x-ray films by their physical ability to directly absorb x-rays. Gadolinium-based MR agents enhance visualization of tissues when exposed to a magnetic field. Ferrous-ferric oxide–based paramagnetic agents provide negative contrast for MR liver studies. This article provides an overview of clinically relevant information for the imaging-related medications commonly in use. It reviews the safety improvements in new generations of drugs; risk factors and precautions for the reduction of severe adverse reactions (i.e., extravasation, contrast-induced nephropathy, metformin-induced lactic acidosis, and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis); and the significance of diligent patient screening before contrast exposure and appropriate monitoring after exposure.
Permutation symmetry in spinor quantum gases: selection rules, conservation laws, and correlations.

Many-body systems of identical arbitrary-spin particles, with separable spin and spatial degrees of freedom, are considered. Their eigenstates can be classified by Young diagrams, corresponding to nontrivial permutation symmetries (beyond the conventional paradigm of symmetric-antisymmetric states). The present work obtains the following. (a) Selection rules for additional nonseparable (dependent on spins and coordinates) $k$-body interactions: the Young diagrams, associated with the initial and final states of a transition, can differ by relocation of no more than $k$ boxes between their rows. (b) Correlation rules in which eigenstate-averaged local correlations of $k$ particles vanish if $k$ exceeds the number of columns (for bosons) or rows (for fermions) in the associated Young diagram. It also elucidates the physical meaning of the quantities conserved due to permutation symmetry\char22{}in 1929, Dirac identified those with characters of the symmetric group\char22{}relating them to experimentally observable correlations of several particles. The results provide a way to control the formation of entangled states belonging to multidimensional non-Abelian representations of the symmetric group. These states can find applications in quantum computation and metrology.
Mean and Turbulence Measurements in the Near Field of a Wingtip Vortex

The rollup of a wingtip vortex, at a Reynoldsnumber based on chord of 4 .6 £ 10 6 , was studied with an emphasis onsuctionsideandverynear-wakemeasurements(upto x/c = 0.678 downstreamofthetrailingedge).Theresearch was conducted in a 32 £ 48 in. (0.81 £ 1.22 m), low-speed wind tunnel. The rectangular half-wing model had a semispan of 36 in. (0.91 m), a chord of 48 in. (1.22 m), and a rounded tip. Seven-hole pressure probe measurements of the velocity ® eld surrounding the wingtip showed that a large axial velocity up to 1.77 U 1 developed in the vortex core. This high a level of core axial velocity has not been measured previously. Triple-wire probes were used to measure all components of the Reynolds stress tensor. It was determined from correlation measurements that
Evaluation of anti-cancer therapy using in silico analysis of treatments for HER2+ breast cancer

Cancer treatment has continually evolved towards the personalized selection and delivery of anticancer therapies. In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of three treatments recommended by the NCCN guidelines for HER2-positive breast cancer using our clinical decision support tool called ChemoDSS. For our in silico analysis, we used pre-clinical data from the literature for HER2 transfected MCF7 human breast cancer xenografts in athymic mice. In particular, we analyzed the expected effects for the multi-drug treatments of AC-TH (i.e., Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide followed by Paclitaxel and Trastuzumab), TCH (i.e., Docetaxel, Carboplatin, and Trastuzumab), and TH (i.e., Docetaxel and Trastuzumab). Our results show that, using the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of the reported pre-clinical data, AC-TH appears to be the most effective regimen for treating this occurrence of breast cancer compared to TCH and TH. This result is consistent with literature findings for HER2 transfected MCF7 breast cancer xenografts, and demonstrates the effectiveness of various treatments recommended by the NCCN guidelines for HER2-positive breast cancer. We plan to incorporate various genetic markers into ChemoDSS, and verify existing and novel treatment regimens for different types of cancers.
Understanding the Performance of the Long Chain and Sparse Designs in Process Flexibility

The long chain has been an important concept in the design of flexible processes. This design concept, as well as other sparse designs, have been applied by the automotive and other industries as a way to increase flexibility in order to better match available capacities with variable demands. Numerous empirical studies have validated the effectiveness of these designs. However, there is little theory that explains the effectiveness of the long chain, except when the system size is large, i.e., by applying an asymptotic analysis. Our attempt in this paper is to develop a theory that explains the effectiveness of long chain designs for finite size systems. First, we uncover a fundamental property of long chains, supermodularity, that serves as an important building block in our analysis. This property is used to show that the marginal benefit, i.e., the increase in expected sales, increases as the long chain is constructed, and the largest benefit is always achieved when the chain is closed by adding the last arc to the system. Then, supermodularity is used to show that the performance of the long chain is characterized by the difference between the performances of two open chains. This characterization immediately leads to the optimality of the long chain among 2-flexibility designs. Finally, under independent and identically distributed i.i.d. demand, this characterization gives rise to three developments: i an effective algorithm to compute the performances of long chains using only matrix multiplications; ii a result that the gap between the fill rate of full flexibility and that of the long chain increases with system size, thus implying that the effectiveness of the long chain relative to full flexibility increases as the number of products decreases; iii a risk-pooling result implying that the fill rate of a long chain increases with the number of products, but this increase converges to zero exponentially fast.
Convection Effects in the BIAcore Dextran Layer: Surface Reaction Model

The BIAcore is a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device used to measure rate constants, primarily for biochemical reactions. It consists of a flow channel containing one reactant adjoining a dextran gel containing the other. In order to explain anomalous measurements from the device, it has been proposed that some flow penetrates into the dextran layer, thus enhancing transport. A model is presented that accounts for such behavior, and typical velocity fields in the dextran are constructed. The system is analyzed in the limit of the surface reaction model, which corresponds to the limit of thin dextran layers. Asymptotic and singular perturbation techniques are used to analyze association and dissociation kinetics. Linear and nonlinear integral equations result from the analysis; explicit and asymptotic solutions are constructed for physically realizable cases. The results indicate that the effects of such penetration are bound to be small, regardless of the flow model used.
Aligning Requirements with HIPAA in the iTrust System

We describe a case study in which we evaluated an open-source electronic health record (EHR) systempsilas requirements for compliance with the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Our findings suggest that legal compliance must be requirements-driven, while establishing due diligence under the law must be test-driven.
Results of Primary Repair of Submucous Cleft Palate With Furlow Palatoplasty in Both Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Children.

Objective: We hypothesize that primary repair of submucous cleft palate (SMCP) with Furlow palatoplasty will not lead to significant differences in speech outcomes for syndromic and nonsyndromic children. Design: Retrospective analysis of patients with primary Furlow repair of SMCP between 2004 and 2012. Setting: Tertiary care center. Patients/Participants: Thirty-four patients (15 boys; 44%) satisfied our inclusion criteria: multidisciplinary consensus on diagnosis of SMCP, failed trial of speech-language rehabilitation, at least 4 years old at the time of primary surgery, at least 6 months follow-up with a repeat set of postoperative speech assessments. Interventions: Primary Furlow palatoplasty for SMCP. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes were based on postoperative perceptual speech assessments and the need for revision surgery. Secondary outcomes included improvement in nasalance scores, postoperative complications, and change in and time to normalization of velar closing ratios. Results: Mean a...
Daily exercise attenuated the sympathetic component of the spontaneous arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in hypertensive rats.

The influence of daily spontaneous running on the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the spontaneous arterial baroreflex control of heart rate was examined in 22 female spontaneously hypertensive rats [12 sedentary and 10 daily spontaneous running]. Following 8 weeks of sedentary control or daily spontaneous running, animals were chronically instrumented with an arterial catheter. Daily spontaneous running resulted in an increased heart weight/body weight ratio (5.2±0.27 vs 4.3±0.01 g/kg) and a resting bradycardia (321±8 bpm vs 360±6). The spontaneous changes in arterial pressure and the reflex responses of heart rate were examined under three experimental conditions: 1) pre-blockade, 2) following β1-adrenergic receptor blockade, and 3) following muscarinic-cholinergic receptor blockade. Daily spontaneous running attenuated the spontaneous gain of the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (56%). After muscarinic-cholinergic receptor blockade, the spontaneous gain remained reduced in daily s...
Low power address encoding using self-organizing lists

Off-chip bus transitions are a major source of power dissipation for embedded systems. In this paper, new adaptive encoding schemes are proposed that significantly reduce transition activity on data and multiplexed address buses, that do not add redundancy in space or time and which have minimal delay overhead. These adaptive techniques are based on self-organising lists to achieve reduction in transition activity by exploiting the spatial and temporal locality of the addresses. Unlike previous approaches that focus on instruction address buses, experiments demonstrate significant reduction in transition activity of up to 54% in data address buses and up to 59% in multiplexed address buses. The average reductions are twice those obtained using current schemes on a data address bus and more than twice those obtained on a multiplexed address bus.
STRUCTURES OF THE SCHEDULES OF RACIST AND SEXIST EVENTS: CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S RESPONSES

Use of the Schedule of Racist Events (SRE; Landrine & Klonoff, 1996) and the Schedule of Sexist Events (SSE; Klonoff & Landrine, 1995) has advanced research on experiences of perceived racism and sexism. The present study responds to calls for further investigation of the structural properties of data from these instruments and is the first study to do so using (a) responses of African American/Black women (N = 246) and (b) confirmatory factor analysis. Regarding the SRE, results supported the unidimensional structures reported by Klonoff and Landrine (1999) for SRE Lifetime, SRE Recent, and SRE Appraisal data. Regarding the SSE, results supported the two-factor structures for SSE Lifetime and SSE Appraisal data and the three-factor structure for SSE Recent data derived by Matteson and Moradi (2005). Thus, the present results support the structural stability of SRE and SSE data with African American/Black women and can inform future use of these measures with this population.
ICU: An introduction to object identification and mapping

A single undergrad student, who was new to the topics of robot vision and mapping, over the course of a semester completed a scavenger hunt robot project. The robot was programmed to search for and identify a finite set of brightly colored objects using a color blob tracking vision sensor, and display a map of where they were located. The robot was given five trial runs in which it was able to find most of the colored objects and draw a map of where they were located. Overall, the project was a success. These results show the possibility of having such projects that include both vision and mapping be completed by smaller groups of beginner students in short amounts of time; such projects used to involve teams of five or six students.
A Computer Program for Determining the Reliability of Dimensionally Scaled Data when the Numbers and Specific Sets of Examiners may Vary at Each Assessment

Using a variant of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), this program computes the reliability of dimensionally scaled variables when both the number and specific set of judges vary from one assessment to the next.