cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superflow in a Toroidal Bose-Einstein Condensate: An Atom Circuit with a Tunable Weak Link

We have created a long-lived ($\ensuremath{\approx}40\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$) persistent current in a toroidal Bose-Einstein condensate held in an all-optical trap. A repulsive optical barrier across one side of the torus creates a tunable weak link in the condensate circuit, which can affect the current around the loop. Superflow stops abruptly at a barrier strength such that the local flow velocity at the barrier exceeds a critical velocity. The measured critical velocity is consistent with dissipation due to the creation of vortex-antivortex pairs. This system is the first realization of an elementary closed-loop atom circuit.
Repeat Pancreas Transplant Procedures: Recipient Selection and Surgical Techniques

Pancreas retransplantation is not a common procedure but has been offered at experienced centers, and its application goes back to the late 1970s. In recent times, graft survival outcomes have become similar to that of primary transplants. Pancreas retransplantation can be challenging and is offered at a decreasing number of transplant centers. Success can hinge on recipient selection as well as technical aspects of the operation. We review the body of literature with attention to improved outcomes over time. This article highlights the existing literature on pancreas retransplant, and outlines key points regarding recipient selection and technical considerations that may be useful when offering pancreas retransplantation.
The development of hearing in the pallid bat, antrozous pallidus

1. Adult pallid bats possess auditory capabilities similar to those of other echolocating Vespertilionids, albeit with unusually great sensitivity to frequencies below 15 kHz. 2. Newborn bats show no behavioral or neurophysiological responses to auditory stimuli. 3. Evoked potentials were detected first in a six day old bat in response to loud, low frequency sound. Absolute sensitivity and frequency range increase rapidly in the maturing bat. By 24 days, the evoked potential audiogram resembles that of an adult. 4. Except for the first week after birth, the infant bat emits only sounds with dominant frequencies it can hear. 5. The bat's auditory responsiveness is affected by low temperatures. In the anesthetized bat, cooling will produce a shift in the tuning curve toward lower frequencies. This is accompanied by a loss of sensitivity to higher frequencies with an increase in latency and a decrease in amplitude of the response. This occurred in both adult and juvenile bats. In bats less than two weeks old, all auditory responses disappear below 28 °C. 6. The high degree of temporal resolution typical of adult Vespertilionids develops gradually in bats less than two weeks old. In young bats, 40 ms or longer are required for full recovery to the second of two identical stimuli, in contrast to 4 ms in the adult. By the time a bat flies at the age of one month, good temporal resolution has developed. 7. Collicular evoked potentials are relatively insensitive to angle of incidence of the signal, but single units show sharp directionality. This appears to develop mostly after about 3 weeks of age and suggests that binaural interaction matures relatively late in development.
Disruptive innovation: the Southwest Airlines case revisited

Purpose – The standard explanation of Southwest's success is that it applied a low‐cost competitive strategy. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that Southwest was actually employing a disruptive strategy. Financial data show that Southwest's results were highly variable during the time it was growing into a national carrier.Findings – The paper finds that Southwest's disruptive strategy of innovative operational cost reduction did not produce striking financial returns until it adopted more efficient aircraft, which made its fuel costs competitive.Practical implications – Cost efficiencies alone do not make a firm a disruptor. What is required is the combination of a low‐cost business model and enabling technologies.Originality/value – This paper points out that managers should learn to see operational innovations and cost savings in the context of disruption, not just price advantage.
Interaction of semiquinones with paramagnetic metal ions in aqueous solution. Relaxation and complex formation

Abstract The interaction of transient o -semiquinones (from dihydroxybenzoic acid) with paramagnetic metal ions (Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Gd 3+ ) in aqueous solutions has been studied. The radicals were either free in solution or complexed with the diamagnetic metal ion Zn 2+ . Paramagnetic ions induce relaxation in the free radical; cw saturation and linewidth measurements show that T 1 and T 2 are shortened to the same extent. In the presence of excess diamagnetic ions, no loss of integrated signal intensity was observed. In their absence, significant loss of integrated signal intensity of both the free radical and the paramagnetic metal ion was found, and attributed to complex formation between the radical and the metal ion.
Exploiting processor groups to extend scalability of the GA shared memory programming model

Exploiting processor groups is becoming increasingly important for programming next-generation high-end systems composed of tens or hundreds of thousands of processors. This paper discusses the requirements, functionality and development of multilevel-parallelism based on processor groups in the context of the Global Array (GA) shared memory programming model. The main effort involves management of shared data, rather than interprocessor communication. Experimental results for the NAS NPB Conjugate Gradient benchmark and a molecular dynamics (MD) application are presented for a Linux cluster with Myrinet and illustrate the value of the proposed approach for improving scalability. While the original GA version of the CG benchmark lagged MPI, the processor-group version outperforms MPI in all cases, except for a few points on the smallest problem size. Similarly, processor groups were very effective in improving scalability of a Molecular Dynamics application
Synthesis and Characterization of Osmium Polyhydrides. X-ray Crystal Structures of (C5Me5)OsH5 and (C5Me5)2Os2H4

Treatment of (C5Me5)2Os2Br4 with LiAlH4 in Et2O followed by addition of MeOH at −78 °C affords two products: the osmium(VI) pentahydride (C5Me5)OsH5 and the dinuclear osmium(III) tetrahydride (C5Me5)2Os2H4. The X-ray crystal structures reveal that (C5Me5)OsH5 adopts a pseudo-octahedral geometry with one axial and four equatorial hydride ligands, whereas all four hydride ligands in (C5Me5)2Os2H4 bridge the osmium−osmium axis. Treatment of (C5Me5)OsH5 with HBF4·Et2O affords the osmium(VIII) hexahydride [(C5Me5)OsH6][BF4], which evidently adopts a classical polyhydride structure, as judged from variable-temperature T1 studies. Treatment of (C5Me5)OsH5 with tert-butyllithium in the presence of N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdeta) affords the osmium(IV) tetrahydride salt [Li(pmdeta)][(C5Me5)OsH4], which is proposed to adopt a four-legged piano stool geometry. IR and NMR studies of the Os−D analogues of these new osmium hydrides are also discussed.
Reactions of 1-halo-5-hexenes with alkyllithiums. Evidence for a pronounced halogen effect on the mechanism of the metal-halogen interchange reaction of primary alkyl halides

Abstract Reaction of t -BuLi with 1-halo-5-hexenes and 1-halo-6-methyl-5-heptenes at −78°C has revealed that, whereas 1° alkyl iodides are cleanly converted to alkyllithiums in a non-radical process, the corresponding 1° alkyl bromides undergo interchange at least partially via a radical-mediated, SET pathway.
Business and Market Intelligence 2.0, Part 2

Financial markets provide a forum for trading assets and money, but more fundamentally, they are about trading information. The advent of the Internet changed the trading game by making market information instantly available to many more people, spawning a large population of day traders, bloggers, and market speculators. Information generation and analysis, long the province of well-funded, large financial institutions, has become fair game for all, even people with limited means, from college students to retirees. Information in the finance Web is unstructured, leading to some frustration in getting clean data for research.
Estimation of integral functionals in emission tomography

The author presents an algorithm-independent theory of statistical accuracy attainable in emission tomography (ET) that makes minimal assumptions about the underlying image. They model the tracer density as a probability density, f, on a bounded domain, D (i.e., f is the underlying image) and consider the problem of estimating the integral functional /spl Phi/(f)/spl equiv//spl int//spl phi/(x)f(x) dx, where /spl phi/ is a smooth function. Given n independent, identically-distributed observations distributed according to the Radon transform of f, Rf, the author constructs efficient, i.e., minimum-variance unbiased, estimators for /spl Phi/(f). Let L denote the set of lines through D and l/sub 1/,...,l/sub n//spl isin/L denote the observations in ET. The author shows there are many unbiased linear estimators of the form n/sup -1//spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup n//spl psi/(l/sub i/), where /spl psi/ is a function on L. A necessary and sufficient for /spl psi/ to generate an unbiased linear estimator is that /spl psi/ backproject to /spl phi/ on D. The efficient estimator is generated by the /spl psi/ that minimizes /spl int/L/spl psi//sup 2/(/spl theta/,s)Rf(/spl theta/,s)dsd/spl theta/ while satisfying this unbiasedness constraint. The author represents the standard estimator based on filtered backprojection as the linear estimator generated by a function F/spl phi/ on L and show that the efficient estimator is generated by the projection of F/spl phi/ onto the orthogonal complement of the nullspace of the backprojection operator when these functions are viewed in a certain weighted Hilbert space. Numerical examples for functionals generated by Gaussian functions are presented. The results quantify the potential improvement attainable by incorporation of information on the domain of the image and the statistical uncertainty of the observations into the estimation process.
Poverty and the management of natural resources: A model of shifting cultivation

Abstract It is frequently asserted in the environment/development literature that severe poverty causes the neglect of worthwhile investments, resulting in deforestation and other resource degradation. While microeconomic theory does suggest a relationship between poverty and the evaluation of investments, the environmental impact is not so simple. This paper develops a dynamic theory of “shifting cultivation,” with special attention to an environmental impact variable: the length of time a given field is cultivated before a shift to the next. The model indicates that poverty reduction will lead in some ways to accelerated extraction of a natural resource, but also to a longer extraction period. The results therefore provide support for claims of an indirect environmental benefit from the primary goal of alleviating rural poverty. The impact of discount rates, prices, and other parameters are also explored.
Transition to Lead-Free Products in the US Electronics Industry: A Model of Environmental, Technical, and Economic Preferences

The European Union’s Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (Directive 2002/95/EC) targeted at electronic products took effect in 2006. In contrast, the USA has no comparable national policy on these products. To understand corporate responses to policy differences across jurisdictions, we conducted a structured-questionnaire survey of individuals in 109 companies that are representative of the US electronics industry. The results reveal that 70% of these companies have already adopted lead-free solder for electronics with 49% of the total preferring the SnAgCu formulation, despite uncertainties associated with environmental impacts of this alternative alloy. We use a modified life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling approach to derive weighting factors that represent the respondents’ value system for tradeoffs among environmental impacts. We use a modified fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution approach to evaluate technical criteria dominance in declared preferences. A statistical model of corporate behavior is also presented. The results provide the first systematic framework that accounts for environmental impact, technological challenge, and business strategy concurrently toward formulating a comprehensive national policy for materials selection in electronic products.
Is Buridan a sceptic about free will

Dans son Ethique, il enonce l'idee qu'on n'a trouve aucun argument philosophique decisif a opposer a la these deterministe si bien que la seule arme qui reste aux mains des indeterministes est l'autorite de la foi catholique et les suites funestes pour la vie morale qui decoulent du determinisme . . . T out de suite apres apparait l'idee sceptique: aliqui supponunt sibi opinionem, quod ita in nobis proveniunt ex determinationibus sicut et in brutis ... Et ad huiusmodi opinionis reprobationem . . . nullas rationes habemus nisi ex fide nostra catholica et quia sic essemus in omnibus nostris actibus necessarie praede terminati. ( Quaest . in Ethic. 1. x, qu. 2. Ms. Bibi. Jag. 6$8, fol. 32ro-vo). . . Buridan affirme a son tour que la conviction du libre arbitre de l'homme tire toute sa force de la foi catholique et non des preuves philosophiques. Le scepticisme du philosophe de Bethune passa dans les ecrits de son eleve Marsilius ab Inghen1 .
Interrelationship between poverty and the wildland–urban interface in metropolitan areas of the Southern US

This research disentangles the relationship between Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) area and poverty in metropolitan areas of the Southern US where urban sprawl has intensified and high-poverty regions have persisted. Results confirm that the enlargement of WUI areas increases urban poverty, which in turn causes WUI areas to expand. This finding validates the underlying hypothesis: expansion of the WUI excludes people in poor inner-city neighbourhoods from educational and economic opportunities that occur in suburban areas and the problems related to inner-city poverty push the rich away from the inner city.
Anatomical factors influencing patellar tracking in the unstable patellofemoral joint

The current study was performed to relate anatomical parameters to in vivo patellar tracking for pediatric patients with recurrent patellar instability. Seven pediatric patients with recurrent patellar instability that failed conservative treatment were evaluated using computational reconstruction of in vivo patellofemoral function. Computational models were created from high-resolution MRI scans of the unloaded knee and lower-resolution scans during isometric knee extension at multiple flexion angles. Shape matching techniques were applied to replace the low-resolution models of the loaded knee with the high-resolution models. Patellar tracking was characterized by the bisect offset index (lateral shift) and lateral tilt. Anatomical parameters were characterized by the inclination of the lateral ridge of the trochlear groove, the tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance, the Insall–Salvati index and the Caton–Deschamps index. Stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis was used to relate patellar tracking to the anatomical parameters. The bisect offset index and lateral tilt were significantly correlated with the lateral trochlear inclination (p ≤ 0.002) and TT–TG distance (p < 0.05), but not the Insall–Salvati index or the Caton–Deschamps index. For both the bisect offset index and lateral tilt, the standardized beta coefficient, used to identify the best anatomical predictors of tracking, was larger for the lateral trochlear inclination than the TT–TG distance. For this population, the strongest predictor of lateral maltracking that could lead to patellar instability was lateral trochlear inclination. Diagnostic study, Level II.
The archaebacteria and eukaryotic origins.

Critical analysis of the phytogeny of prokaryotes is in its infancy. Woese and others1–5 have made the startling proposal that methane-producing bacteria and a few others form a phyletically unified group, the Archaebacteria, as old and as diverse (although not now as numerous) as all other bacteria. The only critique6 of this proposal is inadequate7. Here we present an alternative view, that the Archaebacteria were derived from other bacteria and contain the ancestor of a cell which engulfed others, eventually to become the first eukaryote.
Aerothermodynamic Design of the Mars Science Laboratory Heatshield

Aerothermodynamic design environments are presented for the Mars Science Laboratory entry capsule heatshield. The design conditions are based on Navier-Stokes flowfield simulations on shallow (maximum total heat load) and steep (maximum heat flux, shear stress, and pressure) entry trajectories from a 2009 launch. Boundary layer transition is expected prior to peak heat flux, a first for Mars entry, and the heatshield environments were defined for a fully-turbulent heat pulse. The effects of distributed surface roughness on turbulent heat flux and shear stress peaks are included using empirical correlations. Additional biases and uncertainties are based on computational model comparisons with experimental data and sensitivity studies. The peak design conditions are 197 W/sq cm for heat flux, 471 Pa for shear stress, 0.371 Earth atm for pressure, and 5477 J/sq cm for total heat load. Time-varying conditions at fixed heatshield locations were generated for thermal protection system analysis and flight instrumentation development. Finally, the aerothermodynamic effects of delaying launch until 2011 are previewed.
Systematics of nuclear single-particle states

Semiempirical model-independent formulas for single-particle energies of neutrons and protons in bound nuclei have been obtained as functions of nuclear parameters $A$ and $Z$ for given states specified by $\mathrm{nlj}$. These formulas are almost as convenient as the harmonic oscillator energy formulas to use. The single-particle energies computed from these formulas have been compared with the experimental data and found in good agreement for occupied states.
The branching ratio in the thermal decomposition of H2CO

The thermal decomposition of H2CO has been investigated in reflected shock-wave experiments at temperatures between 2004 and 2367 K. The quantitative temporal formation of H atoms in the reactions, (1a) H2CO+Kr→HCO+H+Kr and HCO+Kr→CO+H+Kr, were measured by the atomic resonance absorption spectrometric (ARAS) technique. The product HCO radicals instantaneously decompose giving a second H atom. The experiments were carried out under conditions where secondary reaction perturbations were negligible. The observed H-atom profiles could be reproduced using a two-step mechanism, reactions (1a) and (1b), H2CO+Kr→H2+CO+Kr. The resulting values for the branching ratio, k1a/(k1a+k1b) range between 6.7 and 12.2%. The data yield second-order rate constants, k1a=1.019×10−8 exp(−38,706 K/T) and k1b=4.658×10−9 exp(−32,110 K/T) cm3, molecule−1 s−1, respectively. The rate data and branching ratio results are compared to earlier determinations. Lastly, the data are theoretically rationalized using three theoretical formalisms. Single-channel theoretical calculations are carried out with the semiempirical Troe and with the RRKM-Gorin methods, and these are compared to multichannel RRKM calculations using the Unimol code.
Small-molecule pheromones that control dauer development in Caenorhabditis elegans

In response to high population density or low food supply, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enters an alternative larval stage, known as the dauer, that can withstand adverse conditions for prolonged periods. C. elegans senses its population density through a small-molecule signal, traditionally called the dauer pheromone, that it secretes into its surroundings. Here we show that the dauer pheromone consists of several structurally related ascarosides—derivatives of the dideoxysugar ascarylose—and that two of these ascarosides (1 and 2) are roughly two orders of magnitude more potent at inducing dauer formation than a previously reported dauer pheromone component (3) and constitute a physiologically relevant signal. The identification of dauer pheromone components 1 and 2 will facilitate the identification of target receptors and downstream signaling proteins.
The effects of integrated cognitive feedback components and task conditions on training in a dental diagnosis task

As more organizations rely on computer-based training, greater emphasis should be placed on useful feedback. In this study, 36 trainees, mostly dental students, and 36 medically untrained participants engaged in a simulated diagnostic task consisting of 50 trials. Participants received cognitive feedback (CFB) based on Brunswik's Lens Model, a decision framework useful for measuring differences between participant decision strategies and the optimal strategy given the statistical structure of the task environment. Performance and consistency initially declined with the introduction of integrated feedback, but recovered after some experience with interpreting the detailed feedback. Overall, medically trained participants performed better with feedback in the form of task information. However, the integration of CFB information into the display allowed untrained participants to perform at similar levels to trainee participants. The impact of different ecological predictability levels and implications for future research are also discussed.
Regional variation in the expression of pemphigus foliaceus pemphigus erythematosus, and pemphigus vulgaris antigens in human skin

The expression of the pemphigus foliaceus (PF), pemphigus erythematosus (PE), and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) antigens in 16 different regions of normal human skin was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence by using sera with a high titer of PF, PE, and PV antibodies. Regional variations were observed in the expression of all these ntigens. The expression of the PF and PE antigens, as measured by endpoint titer of antibody reactivity, was highest in skin specimens obtained from the upper torso, and lowest in those from the buccal mucosa, lower torso, and scalp. This distribution pattern differed from that of PV antigen, whose expression was highest in buccal mucosa and scalp. These patterns correlate with, and may provide a partial explanation for, the different distribution of skin lesions in these different forms of pemphigus.
To Farm or Not to Farm: Rural Dilemma in Russia and Ukraine

Employing primary data collected in the summer of 1991 in a representative survey of two farming areas in the territory of the republics of Russia and Ukraine, this study addresses the issue of the future involvement of collective and state-farm workers in private farming. Through the use of a LISREL model, it is argued that those who have been involved in small-scale private farming show no interest in expanding their farm operations or in buying or leasing additional land for farming. Moreover, it is maintained that those who intend to become farmers in privately owned and operated farms are more likely to be young, educated, and to some extent, ideologically committed to the free market system. A combination of structural constraints and a lack of knowledge regarding what to expect in the future can be viewed as possible explanations of the answers provided by respondents.
The role of calcium in the etiology of the affective disorders.

Abstract Calcium abnormalities are some of the more consistent findings in platelets of affective disorder patients. While medication status does not correlate with this finding, antidepressants do modulate intracellular calcium. This, in combination with reports that calcium channel inhibitors may have antidepressant potential, suggests that calcium may play an important role in this disorder. This paper reviews the specificity of calcium abnormalities for the affective disorders and also discusses possible mechanisms of action.
Photobleaching of Cy5 Conjugated Lipid Bilayers Determined With Optical Microresonators

Whispering gallery-mode optical microcavities have significantly impacted the field of label-free optical biodetection. By combining the evanescent field generated by the microcavity with biomimetic surface chemistries, it is possible to use the microcavities to study the fundamental photobleaching behavior of fluorescent molecules embedded in biomaterials. In this study, a self-assembled Cy5-conjugated lipid bilayer is formed on a spherical optical microcavity. The evanescent tail of the microsphere is used to excite the Cy5 dye molecules. Both the emission wavelength and the fluorescence intensity decrease of the Cy5-conjugated dye in the lipid bilayer are measured.
Generalized Linear and Quadratic Discriminant Functions Using Robust Estimates

Abstract Two new methods of constructing robust linear and quadratic discriminant functions are introduced. The first is a generalization of Fisher's procedure for finding a linear discriminant function. It places less weight on those observations that are far from the overlapping regions of the two populations. The second new method substitutes M-estimates of the means and the covariance matrices into the usual expressions for the linear and quadratic discriminant functions. Monte Carlo results indicate lower misclassification probabilities for these schemes compared to Fisher's linear discriminant function in cases of heavy-tailed or contaminated distributions.
How physician electronic health record screen sharing affects patient and doctor non-verbal communication in primary care.

Abstract Objective Use of electronic health records (EHRs) in primary-care exam rooms changes the dynamics of patient–physician interaction. This study examines and compares doctor–patient non-verbal communication (eye-gaze patterns) during primary care encounters for three different screen/information sharing groups: (1) active information sharing, (2) passive information sharing, and (3) technology withdrawal. Methods Researchers video recorded 100 primary-care visits and coded the direction and duration of doctor and patient gaze. Descriptive statistics compared the length of gaze patterns as a percentage of visit length. Lag sequential analysis determined whether physician eye-gaze influenced patient eye gaze, and vice versa, and examined variations across groups. Results Significant differences were found in duration of gaze across groups. Lag sequential analysis found significant associations between several gaze patterns. Some, such as DGP-PGD ("doctor gaze patient" followed by "patient gaze doctor") were significant for all groups. Others, such DGT-PGU ("doctor gaze technology" followed by "patient gaze unknown") were unique to one group. Conclusion Some technology use styles (active information sharing) seem to create more patient engagement, while others (passive information sharing) lead to patient disengagement. Practice implications Doctors can engage patients in communication by using EHRs in the visits. EHR training and design should facilitate this.
Aesthetics, affect, and cognition : Environmental preference from an evolutionary perspective

Scenes of the outdoor physical environment vary substantially in the extent to which they are preferred. Variables empirically found to predict preference can be analyzed both in terms of their inf...
Double-strand DNA conformation polymorphisms as a source of highly polymorphic genetic markers.

Summary The molecular basis for several apparent restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the porcine growth hormone gene was examined through DNA sequence analysis. Electrophoretic and sequence analysis suggest polymorphisms result from 1–3 base substitutions that affect double-strand DNA conformation and electrophoretic mobility. Two allelic forms of the porcine growth hormone 5'flank and four allelic forms of the second exon/intron region were identified. A marker system was developed which combined conformation polymorphisms with HaeII and DdeI RFLPs. Using this system, nine haplotypes were observed in samples from three US swine breeds. The data presented suggest that double-strand DNA conformation can be exploited in base substitution detection and development of highly polymorphic genetic marker systems.
Capitalization of local fiscal differentials: Inferences from a disequilibrium market model

Abstract This study analyzes tax capitalization within the framework of a disequilibrium market model. In particular, this study examines whether local fiscal differentials influence the rate of change in neighborhood house prices over time. Local fiscal differentials existing in 1970 are found to have no influence on the rate of change in neighborhood house prices over the period 1970–1972; therefore, the study concludes that, other things being equal, these local fiscal differentials have been completely capitalized in price levels.
A Gs-linked receptor maintains meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes, but luteinizing hormone does not cause meiotic resumption by terminating receptor-Gs signaling

The maintenance of meiotic prophase arrest in fully grown vertebrate oocytes depends on the activity of a Gs G-protein that activates adenylyl cyclase and elevates cAMP, and in the mouse oocyte, Gs is activated by a constitutively active orphan receptor, GPR3. To determine whether the action of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the mouse ovarian follicle causes meiotic resumption by inhibiting GPR3-Gs signaling, we examined the effect of LH on the localization of Gαs. Gs activation in response to stimulation of an exogenously expressed β2-adrenergic receptor causes Gαs to move from the oocyte plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas Gs inactivation in response to inhibition of the β2-adrenergic receptor causes Gαs to move back to the plasma membrane. However, LH does not cause a change in Gαs localization, indicating that LH does not act by terminating receptor-Gs signaling.
Sweet Substrate: A Polysaccharide Nanocomposite for Conformal Electronic Decals

A conformal electronic decal based on a polysaccharide circuit board (PCB) is fabricated and characterized. The PCBs are laminates composed of bioderived sugars - nanocellulose and pullulan. The PCB and decal transfer are a bioactive material system for supporting electronic devices capable of conforming to bio-logical surfaces.
Simple rotary motion is integrated across fixations.

Participants were shown a line rotating at a constant angular velocity and were asked to judge whether motion was continuous or whether the linejumped (i.e., moved either forward or backward in the rotary cycle). In two experiments, the participants were significantly better than chance in detecting these jumps in simple rotary motion even when the jumps occurred during a saccade. Moreover, in Experiment 2, when the jump occurred during a saccade followed by a masking flash, perception of the jump was at least as good as when it occurred during a fixation followed by a masking flash. These results complement and extend the findings of Verfaillie and co-workers, who found that perceptions of some changes in biological motion were as good across fixations as when they occurred during a fixation. These findings are in contrast to the common finding, in the reading literature, that people are consciously “blind” to many changes in the text and to those, in the scene perception literature, in which detection of static changes across fixations is above chance but plausibly well below the level that would be expected if the change occurred during a fixation.
Influence of Patterns of Climate Variability on the Difference between Satellite and Surface Temperature Trends

During the past 20 years, satellite measurements of tropospheric temperature have shown a slower rate of global temperature increase than surface air temperature, yielding an increase in the surface to lower-troposphere lapse rate of 0.12 K decade 21 from 1979 to August 2001. This increase in lapse rate was preceded by a decrease over the previous 15-yr interval. The influence of patterns of climate variability on the global- and hemispheric-scale lapse rate was investigated, based on observations of surface and tropospheric temperature from satellite, radiosonde, surface air, and sea surface data. It was found that a substantial fraction of winter-to-winter lapse rate variability in the Northern Hemisphere mid- to high latitudes is dynamically induced. In the Tropics and subtropics, a distinctive signature ←
The reactions of hemopexin and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) with aurothiomalate

Abstract We investigated whether gold(I) binds to hemopexin, Hx, a serum heme carrier with a molecular weight similar to that of serum albumin, or to L-FABP, a liver cytosolic heme- and fatty acid-binding protein whose molecular weight is similar to that of metallothionein. These proteins and, for comparison, similar concentrations of bovine albumin were incubated with sodium aurothiomalate and then fractionated by gel exclusion chromatography. At 16 μM of Hx and gold the ratio of gold bound to Hx was 0.30 ± 0.04. The corresponding ratio for albumin was 0.98 ± 0.04 per mercaptalbumin. Considering the much lower serum levels of Hx compared to albumin it is unlikely that Hx plays a role in serum gold binding and transport. L-FABP also binds gold: at 52 μM L-FABP and 108 μM gold, the gold to protein ratio was 0.55 ± 0.05. The corresponding ratio for albumin under identical conditions was 1.18 ± 0.08 per mercaptalbumin. L-FABP failed to bind zinc or cadmium, two other metals bound by metallothionein.
Real‐time hybrid testing using the unconditionally stable explicit CR integration algorithm

SUMMARY Real-time hybrid testing combines experimental testing and numerical simulation, and provides a viable alternative for the dynamic testing of structural systems. An integration algorithm is used in real-time hybrid testing to compute the structural response based on feedback restoring forces from experimental and analytical substructures. Explicit integration algorithms are usually preferred over implicit algorithms as they do not require iteration and are therefore computationally efficient. The time step size for explicit integration algorithms, which are typically conditionally stable, can be extremely small in order to avoid numerical stability when the number of degree-of-freedom of the structure becomes large. This paper presents the implementation and application of a newly developed unconditionally stable explicit integration algorithm for real-time hybrid testing. The development of the integration algorithm is briefly reviewed. An extrapolation procedure is introduced in the implementation of the algorithm for real-time testing to ensure the continuous movement of the servo-hydraulic actuator. The stability of the implemented integration algorithm is investigated using control theory. Real-time hybrid test results of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom structures with a passive elastomeric damper subjected to earthquake ground motion are presented. The explicit integration algorithm is shown to enable the exceptional real-time hybrid test results to be achieved. Copyright q 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection process for surgeons in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study.

The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial of carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of asymptomatic hemodynamically significant stenosis. This report describes the selection process for participating surgeons in the trial.The Surgical Management Committee established guidelines for minimal annual experience and maximum neurological morbidity and mortality for surgeons to qualify to participate in the study. For approval, a surgeon must perform at least 12 carotid endarterectomies per year. Based on a review of the surgeon's last 50 consecutive endarterectomies, the combined neurological morbidity and mortality rate must be no greater than 5% for all indications and no greater than 3% for endarterectomies performed on asymptomatic patients.One hundred sixty-four surgeons from 48 centers applied for approval: 117 were approved, 17 were rejected, and 30 were not reviewed. The 117 approved surgeons submitted a total of 5,641 endarterectomies with...
To what extent is the American Society for Reproductive Medicine addressing the needs of the membership

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) conducted a survey of its domestic members to develop a strategic plan and policies for the Society. This survey was very valuable in assessing the needs of its members and demonstrated that the ASRM is addressing their needs.
Teaching the Ethical Principles of Psychology

Despite an increasing emphasis on ethical issues in recent textbooks and journal articles, teaching the graduate course in ethics and psychology has received almost no attention. This article describes my rationale, method, and evaluations for such a course. Broader issues, such as liberal arts versus specific, discipline-oriented outcomes for graduate courses and the teacher as scientist-practitioner, are also discussed in relation to my experience with teaching ethics.
Development of resistance to biocides used in vinyl

The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the predatory fungus Trichoderma viride can develop heritable resistance to the common broad spectrum biocide Captan. Another biocide commonly used in vinyl compositions to replace organic arsenic compounds, zinc pyrithione, appears more difficult to mutate against.
ANARCHIST PHILOSOPHY AND WORKING CLASS STRUGGLE: A BRIEF HISTORY AND COMMENTARY

Anarchist philosophy has often played and continues to play a crucial role in interventions in working-class and labor movements. Anarchist philosophy influenced real-world struggles and touched the lives of real, flesh-and-blood workers, especially those belonging to the industrial, immigrant working classes of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. Too often the writings, which were disseminated to, and hungrily consumed by, these workers are dismissed as “propaganda.” However, insofar as they articulate and define political, economic, and social concepts; subject political, economic, and social institutions to trenchant critique against clear and well-defined normative standards; offer logical justifications of their own positions; and advance positive alternative proposals, why should these writings not be regarded as philosophical texts and analyzed accordingly? Obviously they should, and the fact that they have been so long ignored by political philosophers, historians, and other scholars reflects academic prejudice rather than the intellectual and philosophical merit of the writings. This article is a preliminary step toward giving anarchist philosophy the hearing it so richly deserves.
Coordination of Plant Metabolism and Development by the Circadian Clock.

Many plant cellular activities occur with a daily rhythmicity. In some cases, the rhythmicity of these cellular activities is maintained in plants growing under constant environmental conditions, such as continuous light (LL) or darkness (DD) and constant temperature. Because rhythms can persist in the absence of externa1 time cues (known as free-running conditions), they must be driven by an internal oscillator. This oscillator, which is known as the circadian clock, gen- erates circadian rhythms. For the circadian clock to regulate rhythms such that they occur at the correct time of day throughout the year, it must be able to perceive the seasonal changes in day length. This adjustment of the clock is known as entrainment, and the environmental cues that are perceived are called Zeitgebers, from the German word meaning “time giver.” Thus, the circadian clock can be con- sidered to be an internal processor of temporal inputs from the environment (such as light and temperature). Output from the processor regulates the timing of metabolic and developmental events within the plant. Although the molecular basis of the circadian clock in plants is not known, work from other systems has estab- lished a transcriptional negative feedback loop as a para- digm. In Drosophila, the clock components encoded by the period (per) and timeless
Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems

Summary 1 In water-limited environments, the availability of water and nutrients to plants depends on environmental conditions, sizes and shapes of their root systems, and root competition. The goal of this study was to predict root system sizes and shapes for different plant growth forms using data on above-ground plant sizes, climate and soil texture. 2 A new data set of > 1300 records of root system sizes for individual plants was collected from the literature for deserts, scrublands, grasslands and savannas with ≤ 1000 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP). Maximum rooting depths, maximum lateral root spreads and their ratios were measured. 3 Root system sizes differed among growth forms and increased with above-ground size: annuals < perennial forbs = grasses < semi-shrubs < shrubs < trees. Stem succulents were as shallowly rooted as annuals but had lateral root spreads similar to shrubs. 4 Absolute rooting depths increased with MAP in all growth forms except shrubs and trees, but were not strongly related to potential evapotranspiration (PET). Except in trees, root systems tended to be shallower and wider in dry and hot climates and deeper and narrower in cold and wet climates. Shrubs were more shallowly rooted under climates with summer than winter precipitation regimes. 5 Relative to above-ground plant sizes, root system sizes decreased with increasing PET for all growth forms, but decreased with increasing MAP only for herbaceous plants. Thus relative rooting depths tended to increase with aridity, although absolute rooting depths decreased with aridity. 6 Using an independent data set of 20 test locations, rooting depths were predicted from MAP using regression models for three broad growth forms. The models succeeded in explaining 62% of the observed variance in median rooting depths. 7 Based on the data analysed here, Walter’s two-layer model of soil depth partitioning between woody and herbaceous plants appears to be most appropriate in drier regimes (< 500 mm MAP) and in systems with substantial winter precipitation.
Chronic Crises in the Arc of Insecurity: a case study of Karamoja

Abstract This aim of this paper is two-fold. The first aim is to expand on a claim that an ‘Arc of Insecurity’ stretches across sub-Saharan Africa. The second is to explore the difficulties of chronic crises within this arc. The paper will contrast countries that have experienced the following three indicators used to highlight the acute phase of a chronic crisis: conflict-related mortality, displacement and climatic disasters. The second part of the paper discusses ‘chronic crisis’ situations by utilising a case study of Karamoja, northeast Uganda. Karamoja is characterised by the worst humanitarian and development indicators in Uganda and its problems are indicative of other chronic situations. While countries, or more specifically, situations within countries, can be insecure, every situation remains unique. Responses to chronic situations need to be based on a solid understanding of the political–economic causation of crisis.
A new, large-signal average model for single-switch DC-DC converters operating in both CCM and DCM

This paper proposes a new average model for DC-DC converters obtained using circuit-averaging techniques. The model is simple to derive and easy to implement in simulators (like Pspice/sup TM/). It works in CCM and DCM and in the presence of ESR. It can be used for transient and small signal analysis.
Nonconvex Optimization in Wireless Networks

The paper proposes a method for optimization in wireless networks that incorporates the nonconvex dynamics of the wireless medium that occur when the objective is a function of signal to interference and noise ratio. We present a case study to show the application of the model to continuous optimization problems. We propose a branch and bound heuristic, based on the Relaxation Linearization Technique (RLT), for approximating the solution of continuous, nonconvex optimization problems. Finally, we present results that show that the branch and bound heuristic converges to values that outperform time constrained integer approximations as well as nonlinear optimization using random starting points.
Relationship of Factor VIII‐like Antigen (VIII AGN) and Clot Promoting Activity (VIII AHF) as Measured by One‐and Two‐Stage Assays in Patients with Liver Disease

Summary. We recently observed an increase in factor-VIII clot promoting activity as measured by a one-stage assay (VIII AHF1) in a haemophiliac with hepatitis. However, VIII AHF as measured by a two-stage assay (VIII AHF2) was 0.013 u/ml at a time when VIII AHF1 measured 0.38 u/ml. We then studied seven non-haemophiliacs with liver disease, and attempted to correlate the levels of VIII AHF1 and VIII AHF2 with factor VIII-like antigen (VIII AGN) as measured by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. In four of the seven patients, disproportionate elevations of VIII AHF2 compared to VIII AHF1 were found. Furthermore, VIII AHF2 values correlated well with VIII AGN values. No such discrepancy was apparent in four normal control subjects. These findings emphasize the necessity for performing two-stage assays in haemophiliacs as well as non-haemophiliacs with liver disease to assess factor-VIII levels. In addition, they suggest that confirmation of the diagnosis of haemophilia may not be possible in the haemophiliac with hepatitis unless VIII AHF2 determinations are performed. The reason for the disparity between VIII AHF1 and VIII AHF2 levels is not apparent. However, the correlation of VIII AGN and VIII AHF2 levels in the non-haemophiliacs with liver disease provides further support for the concept that VIII AGN and VIII AHF are closely related or identical molecular entities.
An Interactive, 3D Visual Exploration Tool for Undirected Relationships

Many relationships in data mining such as frequent itemsets and similarity are undirected. An effective visualization of such relationships at a large scale offers a valuable visual feedback about the dataset or data mining results to the user by which the user's understanding of the target information is greatly enhanced. We present a highly interactive 3D visual data exploration tool with a high graphical quality in this paper. Visual data exploration using this tool on various real and synthetic datasets in main memory was effective and promising.
Nanowire based electronics: Challenges and prospects

This review provides a survey of recent progresses in nanowire (NW) electronics. Studies at the single-transistor level have shown that devices based on chemically synthesized nanowires can offer similar or better performance compared to their CMOS counterparts. The ultra-thin body, one-dimensional NW structure further assures that electrical integrity can be preserved even in aggressively scaled devices. Three different approaches have been developed to address the critical device integration issue.
Empirically Assessing the Importance of Characteristics of Accounting Students.

Abstract Using conjoint analysis, this study empirically assessed the importance of master's degrees; overall GPA; accounting GPA; communication skills; personal integrity; energy, drive, and enthusiasm; and appearance to nationwide samples of three employer groups, accounting faculty, and students. All three employer groups, and accounting faculty, found personal integrity to be an exceedingly important characteristic for potential hires. Accounting students indicated personal integrity to be significantly less important than did their real-world counterparts. This and similarly unexpected findings suggest that many accounting students and accounting educators do not know which attributes are most important to potential employers.