cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lignin-ferulate cross-links in grasses: active incorporation of ferulate polysaccharide esters into ryegrass lignins

Abstract Active incorporation of ferulate polysaccharide esters into ryegrass lignins has been demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy of uniformly 13 C-labeled ryegrass. Observation, in the HMBC spectrum, of products of ferulate at its 8-position coupling with hydroxycinnamyl alcohols at the β-position (producing 8-β′-linked structures) is proof that ferulate-lignin radical cross-coupling reactions occur in vivo. Correlations of H-α′ (hydroxycinnamyl alcohol moiety) with guaiacyl and syringyl 1-, 2-, and 6-aromatic carbons in 8-β′ structures indicates that ferulates couple with both coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol monomers. As notable as the presence of this and other ferulate products is the absence of coupling of ferulate at its 8-position with the 5- and O -4-positions of lignin units. Such structures were significant when ferulate was biomimetically incorporated into a synthetic lignin. Since hydroxycinnamyl alcohols couple almost exclusively at their β-position in cross-coupling reactions, the 8-5′ and 8- O -4′ structures would only be formed by coupling with higher lignin oligomers (with no side-chain conjugation). Exclusive reaction of ferulates with lignin monomers is the first real evidence that ferulate polysaccharide esters in grasses are acting as initiation or nucleation sites for lignification and are critical entities in directing cell-wall cross-linking during plant growth and development.
Perspectives on individual-family-social network interrelations

The author focuses on the trend in the family therapy field toward an expanded view of families in the context of their social environments. Within this broader eco-system perspective attention is given to individual-family-social network interrelations with implications for the family therapist.
Ultrastructure of Pellicular and Ciliary Structures of Euplotes eurystomus

SYNOPSIS. Many of the sub-pellicular and infraciliary structures in protozoa have proved difficult to study with standard thin-sectioning technics. When these structures are viewed in isolated and fragmented form, many of the thin-sectioning difficulties are circumvented. Langmuir-trough isolation followed by critical-point drying, as well as thin sectioning, were used in this study to determine the patterns of sub-pellicular microtubules and fibrils interconnecting kinetosomes of membranelles and cirri of Euplotes eurystomus. The fibrillar network in the bases of these ciliary organelles is presented in some detail and apparent variations in pattern are noted. Functional aspects of some of the structures are discussed. With special preparation nearly whole Euplotes may be obtained for study in the electron microscope. Fused cilia were frequently obtained and their ultrastructure was studied.
Internal war: causes and cures.

Since the end of the cold war internal conflicts have received unprecedented attention. Of special interest has been the effort of neorealists to employ an approach traditionally used to explain interstate conflict to make internal war understandable. While neorealism has been useful in explaining the behavior of groups in anarchic conditions, it is inadequate in explaining internal wars occurring in states that retain a strong government and that stem from motives other than power and security. Neorealism also does little to explain how anarchy is created in the first place and what can be done to restore central control. Another approach offers “bad leaders” as a proximate cause of internal war. There is much to this explanation, but more work needs to be done in understanding just what makes leaders “bad” and whether leaders have the latitude to be “good.” Finally, the diverse nature of internal wars has frustrated efforts to develop an overall means of settling them. At a point in which armed conflict has become almost exclusively an internal affair, useful generalizations for causes and cures remain elusive.
Power-efficient MAC scheme using channel probing in multirate wireless ad hoc networks

We propose a MAC scheme for multirate wireless ad hoc networks, extending a power control algorithm called DPC/ALP (distributed power control with active link protection) (see Bambos, N. et al., IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol.8, no.5, 2000), which allows a mobile to predict its evolution of SIR by probing the channel for a short time. Using this property, we develop an access control scheme called adaptive probing which is capable of deciding the maximum allowable data rate. Contrary to CSMA schemes, which tend to wait for other mobiles to end their transmissions before initiating a new one, adaptive probing can selectively transmit at lower data rates in the presence of multiple active transmissions. As a result, it can lower the transmission delay even in heavily loaded networks, and performs better than standard approaches. Fairness is supported by a flow control mechanism called pipelining, which limits the number of consecutive transmissions of each user. Through a simulation study, we show that the proposed protocol can save power by more than 20 dB in a light network loading, and the delay in a heavy loading is smaller than a quarter of that of high rate IEEE 802.11b (11 Mbps).
Who is the typical college student? Implications for personalized normative feedback interventions

Personalized normative feedback approaches focus on correcting overestimated peer drinking norms in order to reduce problematic drinking among college students. Generally, personalized normative feedback utilizes the “typical college student” as a normative referent. Prior research has found these interventions to be less effective for women and has suggested the implementation of the typical student referent as one possible explanation. The current research explored how the typical college student is perceived when estimating peer drinking norms. Participants included 182 (98 women, 84 men) students who reported consuming 5/4 or more drinks for men/ women on at least one occasion in the previous month. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires on computers located in small private rooms assessing their drinking behavior, perceptions of “typical student” drinking behavior, and demographics of the perceived “typical college student.” Overall, the majority of students perceived the typical student to be male. More specifically, the vast majority of men and about half of women perceived the typical student as male when estimating drinking norms. These findings provide empirical corroboration for previous researchers’ suggestions that both men and women tend to think of the typical college student as male when estimating peer drinking norms. Results are discussed in terms of implications for personalized normative feedback interventions.
Gender, Body Size and Social Relations in American High Schools.

To investigate the role of body size in social networks, this study estimated cross-nested multilevel network models (p 2 ) with longitudinal data from the 16 saturated schools in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. As body mass index increased, the likelihood of being nominated by schoolmates as friends - but not the likelihood of nominating others as friends - decreased. This trend was more pronounced among girls. Moreover, similarity in body mass index strongly predicted friendship formation. These findings were not explained by correlates (e.g., academic achievement) of both body size and friendship dynamics. Thus, the connection between body size and high school social relations was largely a function of the stigmatization of heavier body sizes, especially for girls, and of homophily. Although some cultures assign prestige to large bodies, American culture has historically stigmatized obesity. This stigmatization is so powerful that it encompasses not just the clinically obese or overweight but also any above-average (and even average) body size (Allon 1981; Anderson et al. 1992; Dejong 1980; Puhl and Brownell 2001). In this way, divergence from body size ideals creates a major disadvantage in the relationship market, especially during adolescence, a time in which physical appearance is extremely important. Because bodies are a readily apparent and widely held marker of value and status, larger individuals - even those who are not obese - often have trouble making and maintaining social relationships (e.g., friendships, romantic partnerships). As building blocks of social support and social capital, these relationships are integral to psychological well-being, family formation, socioeconomic attainment and other life
Prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer

We review the current status of prevention trials in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. Two large, randomized controlled trials have shown that folic acid is inactive in reversing low to moderate grade CIN. A large randomized trial of locally applied beta-trans retinoic acid showed that the agent was effective in reversing moderate but not severe CIN. Results from a pilot trial involving 30 patients with CIN I (mild dysplasia) and CIN II (moderate dysplasia) indicate that beta-carotene can suppress CIN; a large ongoing randomized trial will answer the question more definitively.
Reliability-aware SOC voltage islands partition and floorplan

Based on the proposed reliability characterization model, reliability-bounded low-power design as a methodology to balance reliability enhancement and power reduction in chip design, for the first time, is illustrated. Voltage island partitioning and floorplanning for system-on-a-chip (SOC) design is used as a case study for this reliability aware methodology. The proposed methodology partitions all SOC components into different voltage islands with power reduction and guaranteed system reliability. Experiments show that for a typical SOC the algorithm execution time is within several minutes while achieving 12% to 23% power reduction. Extended SOC algorithm partitions and floorplans the voltage islands within 2.5 to 29.7 minutes and achieved 9.74% to 18.50% power reduction.
ETS-Core Binding Factor: a Common Composite Motif in Antigen Receptor Gene Enhancers

A tripartite domain of the murine immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain enhancer contains the μA and μB elements that bind ETS proteins and the μE3 element that binds leucine zipper-containing basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH-zip) factors. Analysis of the corresponding region of the human μ enhancer revealed high conservation of the μA and μB motifs but a striking absence of the μE3 element. Instead of bHLH-zip proteins, we found that the human enhancer bound core binding factor (CBF) between the μA and μB elements; CBF binding was shown to be a common feature of both murine and human enhancers. Furthermore, mutant enhancers that bound prototypic bHLH-zip proteins but not CBF did not activate transcription in B cells, and conversely, CBF transactivated the murine enhancer in nonlymphoid cells. Taking these data together with the earlier analysis of T-cell-specific enhancers, we propose that ETS-CBF is a common composite element in the regulation of antigen receptor genes. In addition, these studies identify the first B-cell target of CBF, a protein that has been implicated in the development of childhood pre-B-cell leukemias.
Bringing the international economy back in: welfare system change in Sweden, Britain and the US, 1975‐85

Evaluates changes in the welfare system in Sweden, the UK and the USA over a decade, basing arguments on the divergence of economic globalization and domestic forces. Presents brief economic snapshots of each country, stating quite categorically that the welfare state is an impediment to capitalist profit‐making, hence all three nations have retrenched welfare systems in the hope of remaining globally economically competitive. Lays the responsibility for retrenchment firmly at the door of conservative political parties. Takes into account public opinion, national institutional structures, multiculturalism and class issues. Explores domestic structures of accumulation (DSA) and refers to changes in the international economy, particularly the Bretton Woods system (Pax Americana), and notes how the economic health of nations mirrors that of the US. Investigates the roles of multinationals and direct foreign investment in the global economy, returning to how economic policy affects the welfare state. Points out the changes made to the welfare state through privatization, decentralization and modification of public sector financing. Concludes that the main result has been an increase in earnings inequality and poverty.
Explanatory generalizations, part II: Plumbing explanatory depth

[Introduction] Some explanations are deep and powerful: Newton’s explanation of the tides, Maxwell’s explanation of the propagation of light, Einstein’s explanation of the advance of the perihelion of Mercury. Other explanations, while deserving of the name, are superficial and shallow: Bob lashed out at Tom because he was angry, the car accelerated because Mary depressed the gas pedal with her foot, the salt dissolved because it was placed in water. We take this intuition to be very natural and widely shared. Yet in the vast philosophical literature on explanation, there have been precious few attempts to give any systematic account of this notion of explanatory depth. In this paper, we will provide such an account from within the framework of the manipulationist account of explanation presented in a companion paper (Woodward and Hitchcock 2003, hereafter referred to as EG1; see also Woodward 1997a, 2000).
Answering the Skeptics on Fostering Ethical Professional Formation (Professionalism)

The understanding of most law professors and practicing lawyers of when and how moral capacities develop ignores thirty years of accumulating knowledge in other fields, particularly moral psychology. This failure to understand new developments leads to a deep skepticism about educational engagements intended to foster the moral capacities of law students. This essay first outlines this skepticism and then rebuts the skepticism with the developing evidence about the stages of development for moral capacities and the potential for lifelong growth in these capacities. The essay includes some suggestions for pedagogies that are effective to foster these capacities.
The active deallocation of objects in object-oriented systems

In object-oriented systems, it is oftern useful for objects to be allowed to carry out some action before they are deallocated. This can be done by defining a destroy method in the object's class, and arranging for the memory system to send a message invoking this method immediately before deallocating the object. This allows resources associated with the object to be returned to the system, limited cross-language garbage collection, and other, more complex, behaviour. During the execution of the destroy method it is possible for new references to objects to be created. Care must be taken that the garbage collection does not erroneously free such objects. Algorithms are presented to implement destroy methods in systems using reference counting and mark-scan garbage collection techniques. Properties that are desirable in such systems are also discussed.
An Improved Version of the Extended Velocity-Azimuth Display Analysis of Single-Doppler Radar Data

Abstract Extended velocity-azimuth display (EVAD) analysis is useful for obtaining vertical profiles of horizontal divergence, vertical air velocity, vertical hydrometer velocity, and hydrometeor terminal fall speed in widespread precipitation. The technique uses a volume of velocity data collected with a single Doppler radar. Several improvements to the previously reported EVAD technique are discussed. They include the weighting of Fourier series coefficients to reflect their estimated error, a correction for heteroscedasticity (the systematic variation of residuals) in the regression analysis, and the weighting of data from different elevation angles to compensate for the finite thicknesses of the layers in which each analysis is performed. Vertical air velocity is obtained through a variational procedure. Procedures for dealiasing the velocity data and for rejecting outliers from the dataset are summarized. Recommendations for collecting radar data for use in EVAD analysis are made.
On the Determination of the Optimal Scan Mode Sequence for the TRMM CERES Instrument

Abstract Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a NASA spaceborne measurement program for monitoring the radiation environment of the earth–atmosphere system. The first CERES instrument is scheduled to be launched on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in late 1997. In addition to gathering traditional cross-track fixed azimuth measurements for calculating monthly mean radiation fields, this single CERES scanner instrument will also be required to collect angular radiance data using a rotating azimuth configuration for developing new angular dependence models (ADMs). Since the TRMM single CERES instrument can only be run in either one of these two configurations at any one time, it will need to be operated in a cyclical pattern between these two scan modes to achieve the intended measurement goals. To minimize the errors in the derived monthly mean radiation field due to missing cross-track scanner measurements during this satellite mission, determination of the...
Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization in Marine Nemertean Worms: Using Similar Sorts of Signaling Pathways as in Mammals, but Often With Differing Results

In marine worms belonging to the phylum Nemertea, oocyte maturation and fertilization are regulated by the same general kinds of signals that control such processes in mammals. However, unlike mammalian oocytes that develop within follicles, nemertean oocytes characteristically lack a surrounding sheath of follicle cells and often respond differently to maturation-related cues than do mammalian oocytes. For example, elevators of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or cyclic guanos- ine monophosphate (cGMP) levels promote the resumption of meiotic maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) in nemertean oocytes, whereas increasing in- traoocytic cAMP and cGMP typically blocks GVBD in mammals. Similarly, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) sig- naling keeps nemertean oocytes from maturing, but in mouse oocytes, AMPK activation triggers GVBD. In addi- tion, protein kinase C (PKC) activity is required for sea- water-induced GVBD in nemerteans, whereas some PKCs have been shown to inhibit GVBD in mammals. Further- more, although fertilization causes both types of oocytes to reorganize their endoplasmic reticulum and generate cal- cium oscillations that can involve soluble sperm factor activity and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling, some dis- crepancies in the spatiotemporal patterns and underlying mechanisms of fertilization are also evident in nemerteans versus mammals. Thus, to characterize differences and sim- ilarities in gamete biology more fully, aspects of oocyte maturation and fertilization in marine nemertean worms are reviewed and briefly compared with related findings that have been published for mammalian oocytes. In addition, possible causes of the alternative responses displayed by oocytes in these two animal groups are addressed.
Murderers as Victims: Reassigning Guilt in Al Gore’s “Columbine Memorial Address”

Al Gore’s “Columbine Memorial Address” is a eulogy that memorializes the shooting deaths of thirteen people by two Columbine High School seniors and attempts to discern why this tragedy happened. This essay shows how Gore frames the tragedy by defining components of Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentad to reassign guilt from Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold to adults in society. The perpetrator-as-victim narrative has been used historically to absolve perpetrators of guilt, including in the Tuskegee Syphilis reports, the drowning of Mary Jo Kopechne, and the death of Karen Wood. This essay’s analysis involves the study of a single rhetorical act that worked to absolve a third party within the framework of a eulogy. Studying the perpetrator-as-victim narrative within Gore’s speech is important because Columbine plays a large and continuing role in the national discourse on mass shootings.
Analysis of the Organic Matrix Associated with Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Vitis mustangensis

In plants large amounts of calcium are sequestered as crystalline calcium oxalate, which commonly occurs within specialized cells in anatomically and developmentally specific patterns [for review see 1,2]. As is common in other systems of biomineralization, calcium oxalate deposition within plant cells is preceded by formation of an organic matrix within which crystallization occurs [3]. However, very little is known about the biochemical nature of that matrix or the factors inducing its formation within plant cells.
A data-parallel LU relaxation method for reacting viscous flows

Publisher Summary This chapter modifies the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) method of Yoon and Jameson to make it amenable to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations on data-parallel machines. The resulting diagonal and full matrix data-parallel LU relaxation methods display good stability and convergence properties on many perfect gas and reacting flows. Both methods are implemented in data-parallel on the thinking machines CM-5, where they exhibit high parallel efficiency and perfect scalability. Their formulation makes the methods easy to implement in either data-parallel or message-passing modes, and therefore they should be portable to a variety of different parallel architectures. The chapter emphasizes that floating point performance on the CM-5 is primarily a function of the number of grid points per processor, due to the vector nature of the machine. The chapter concludes that the high parallel efficiency, low memory requirements, and numerical stability of the data-parallel LU relaxation methods make them potentially useful for the solution of very large perfect gas and reacting flow simulations.
Social Media and the “Read-Only” Web: Reconfiguring Social Logics and Historical Boundaries:

The web’s historical periodization as Web 1.0 (“read-only”) and Web 2.0 (“read/write”) eras continues to hold sway even as the umbrella term “social media” has become the preferred way to talk abou...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism A Symposium Sponsored by the American Association of Clinical Chemists at the 133rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dec. 26-30, 1966, Washington, D.C.

TWO DECADES of extraordinary progress in biochemistry have wrought a permanent change in the laboratory examination of the processes of health and disease. Twenty years ago the separation and quantitation of blood proteins was a complex procedure restricted to a research activity in a few institutions. Today-paper, gel, or column protein fractionation is completed in a short time and on a routine basis. Clinical enzymology has advanced from the examination of a limited number of clinically useful correlations to today’s powerful tool for the localization of tissue and organ damage, for the prediction of clinical remission or exacerbation, or for the measure of the patient’s response to therapy. Flame photometry, fluorescence, phosphorescence, radioisotope methodology, and all the other developing technics for the identification and measurement of the inexhaustible array of physiologic constituents move from research to routine application with bewildering speed. Possibly as a result of the availability of new tools and methods there has been an equally explosive growth in our understanding of metabolic disease. This symposium conducted by several of the leading authorities in the field, provides a unique unified survey of that category of disease many years ago appropriately entitled “inborn errors of metabolism.” It requires only a modest gift of prophecy to foretell that the time period will be brief between the presentation of these exciting studies and the demand that the technics and measurements be routinely available for diagnosis and therapy. The symposium presented here“Inborn Errors of etabolism”-could be repeated in context for many other subjects in clinical biochemistry. The clinical chemist is challenged to fully participate in these advances as a research partner, and further, to translate these efforts into practical application in the medical environment.
The role of multiple risk factors in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. OBJECTIVE To identify important modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and appropriate interventions. DISCUSSION The three most important modifiable risk factors are hypertension, cigarette smoking, and dyslipidemia. Systolic hypertension poses a greater risk than diastolic, but the prognostic significance of diastolic blood pressure may have been underestimated. When a smoker quits, the cardiovascular risk soon approaches that of the nonsmoker. Cardiovascular risk increases progressively with elevations of the serum total cholesterol level above 200 mg/dL. Recently identified risk factors include hyperinsulinemia and left ventricular hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Each patient deserves an evaluation of cardiovascular risk followed by education about and therapy for those risk factors that can be changed. When more than one risk factor is present, as is often the case, the increase in risk may be synergistic rather than additive. When more than one risk factor is present, as is often the case, the increase in cardiovascular risk may be synergistic rather than additive.
Effects of medium and inoculum on antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria.

Inhibitory activities of twofold dilutions of penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and clindamycin were determined against two different inocula (104, 105) in parallel in supplemented brain-heart infusion agar, Brucella agar, and Mueller-Hinton agar. Incubation was in an anaerobic chamber for 48 hours. To compare MIC values of each antibiotic by medium and inoculum size, ![Graphic][1] was determined and averages were calculated. In general, MIC values in brain-heart infusion agar were almost twice as great as those in Mueller-Hinton agar; in general, MIC values in Mueller-Hinton agar with inocula of 105 were almost twice those with 104. Results with Brucella agar generally were intermediate between results with the other media. These differences, however, were not sufficiently great to alter the clinical interpretation of the results in terms of resistance or susceptibility of the strains tested. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Nest-site selection by Eastern Screech-Owls in Central Kentucky

From 1985-l 987 we located 15 Eastern Screech-Owl (Otus asio) nests in central Kentucky. By comparing used nest sites to randomly chosen unused nest sites, we determined which features of the nest tree/cavity and surrounding vegetation influenced nest-site selection. We employed multivariate statistical techniques and assumed that features contributed to choice if their means differed significantly in the two samples, or if the used sample exhibited significantly reduced variance. Eastern Screech-Owls elected nest sites based on the depth of the cavity and, to a lesser degree, cavity height and entrance size. Neither tree species nor entrance orientation (direction) ofthe cavity hole were important in nest selection. Similarly, nest-site vegetation parameters appeared to play little role in nest-site selection. If suitable cavities are limited in supply, and cavities with nonoptimal characteristics reduce protection from predators and decrease reproductive success, then the availability of suitable cavities may limit Eastern Screech-Owl populations.
The Problem of Positive Almost Periodic Solution for Three-Species Lotka-Volterra Models

This paper discusses a Lotka-Volterra three species Preda tor-prey system.It is proved that the system may have a strictly positive almost periodic solution which is globally asymptotically stable by using Liapunov function.
Generic Advertising of U.S. Lamb

ABSTRACTGeneric advertising of U.S. lamb by the U.S. sheep and lamb industry is an effort to reverse an almost continual decline in the industry since World War II. This analysis explores the answers to three related questions: (1) What have been the effects of the generic lamb advertising on U.S. and foreign sheep, lamb, and wool markets? (2) Has the generic lamb advertising program effectively increased the consumption of domestically produced lamb as intended rather than imported lamb? (3) What have been the returns to U.S. sheep producers, feeders, and packers who pay for the advertising? Using a 70-equation, non-spatial, price equilibrium, simultaneous econometric simulation model of the world sheep, lamb, and wool markets, the analysis concludes that the U.S. lamb industry’s generic lamb advertising program has positively impacted their markets, enhanced profitability of the industry, and increased the industry’s share of domestic lamb consumption.
Ethical considerations of applications of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in the United States

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was developed to offer diagnosis of genetic disorders prior to initiation of a pregnancy, whereas previously such disorders would be diagnosed at amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling after a pregnancy had already been undertaken. Such application of this technology is not controversial. But PGD has been used to not only diagnose genetic disorders but also to select for certain other characteristics, and this use of the technique is much more controversial. A case is presented in which PGD was used not only to select against a genetic disorder, but to select for a certain HLA type which matched an affected sibling. The new child's cord blood was transplanted into his affected sister, who subsequently was found to be free of disease. The ethics of "having a child to save a child" are explored, and possible other uses of PGD that lead to eugenic outcomes are considered. The lack of regulation of this technology in the US is contrasted with existing legislation in other countries, and the need for national and international consensus regarding appropriate uses of PGD is emphasized.
578 Free2B: bridging the gap between theory, practice

Background Urban minority youth are disproportionately exposed to violence, a factor that perpetuates disparities in education, incarceration, and social/behavioural problems. Involvement in bullying in early adolescence has been associated with maladaptive outcomes as youth enter young adulthood. Combining state-of-the-art interactive technology, a strong theoretical foundation and a partnership-based approach with urban youth and educators, initial studies of Free2B will be examined to determine its relevance, acceptability, and initial effectiveness for urban 7th and 8th graders. Methods The program theory explicates how the primary intervention components (3D film, inspirational videos and an interactive quiz show) are thought to impact both proximal (e.g., knowledge of bullying facts; prosocial attitudes about positive bystander behaviour) and distal (e.g., increases in positive bystander behaviour and collective action to prevent bullying) outcomes over time. Results Data from 268 7th and 8th grade ethnic minority youth from two North American urban schools will be presented. Over 90% of students found the program to be acceptable and feasible. In addition, paired sample t-tests also suggest that Free2B enhanced students’ social problem-solving knowledge, prosocial attitudes about bullying, and confidence in resolving conflicts. In addition, data has just been collected from ten additional schools across both urban and suburban contexts in order to better understand program applicability for a more diverse set of school contexts. Conclusions Free2B highlights how researchers can collaborate with multi-media experts to develop engaging and scientifically-grounded injury prevention programs that can relevance for diverse urban and potentially suburban settings. Challenges for researchers in trying to bridge the gap between theory, practice, and innovation will be highlighted.
Addendum: Editorial: Linking Ecosystem Function to Microbial Diversity

Two additional papers that are featured in this Research Topic are published in Frontiers in Terrestrial Microbiology. Valentin et al. (2014) explore relationships of fungal diversity and respiration rates of decomposing wood. And, using metatranscriptomics to investigate microbial activities in thawing permafrost, Coolen and Orsi (2015) demonstrate a potential link between bacteria carrying out acetogenesis and methanogenesis.
Low Molecular Weight Components in Aqueous Echinacea Purpurea Leaf Extract Inhibit Melanoma Cell Growth

Melanoma is a skin cancer associated with high mortality. The three year survival rate from advanced melanoma is between 10-15%. One reason for this high mortality rate is that melanoma cells are resistant to traditional chemotherapeutics. Echinacea is a plant genus native to North America with putative anticancer properties. Here, we examined effects of aqueous Echinacea purpurea leaf extract on the growth of melanoma cells and nontransformed fibroblasts. This aqueous extract reduced B16 mouse melanoma cell growth at concentrations that did not inhibit the growth of nontransformed NIH3T3 fibroblasts, suggesting that the extract had biological specificity against transformed cells. We also examined the effect of different fractions of the extract on melanoma cell growth. These data indicate that components less than 3 kD in size exhibited the greatest inhibitory action on melanoma cell growth. In addition, these data indicated that larger components in the extract ameliorate the ability of these low molecular weight compounds to inhibit melanoma cell growth. Furthermore, Echinacea extract inhibited the growth of v-Src transformed LA25 cells without reducing Src kinase activity. Taken together, these results suggest that aqueous Echinacea purpurea extract contains low molecular weight compounds that preferentially inhibit tumor cell growth in the face of oncogenic tyrosine kinase activity. These data suggest future studies to better define bioactive compounds in Echinacea purpurea and evaluate their therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
Are Dynamic Stochastic Disequilibrium models Keynesian or neoclassical

Abstract Dynamic Stochastic Disequilibrium (DSDE) models share the micro-foundations of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models based on inter-temporal optimization and rational expectations. Yet, it features the principle of effective demand which is at the core of Traditional Post-Keynesian (TPK) models and follows from the perception that the wage inflation is a policy variable rather than a labor-market clearing variable. In order to locate the DSDE model among the traditions of economic thought, the paper compares DSDE first-order conditions of optimal behavior with TPK rule-of-thumb behavior. It further compares the economic propagation of a DSDE model to those of a DSGE and TPK model as well as a Synthetic Neoclassical (SNC) model which features TPK behavioral assumptions and labor-market clearing. We arrive at two core conclusions: First, apart from assumptions regarding expectation formation, orthodox micro-foundation is, to a considerable extent, consistent with the behavioral hypotheses underlying TPK models. Second, the economy characterized by the DSDE model is essentially post-Keynesian rather than neoclassical because it features the principle of effective demand.
Quantitative analysis of the Ca2+ -dependent regulation of delayed rectifier K+ current IKs in rabbit ventricular myocytes.

Author(s): Bartos, Daniel C; Morotti, Stefano; Ginsburg, Kenneth S; Grandi, Eleonora; Bers, Donald M | Abstract: Key points[Ca2+ ]i enhanced rabbit ventricular slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs ) by negatively shifting the voltage dependence of activation and slowing deactivation, similar to perfusion of isoproterenol. Rabbit ventricular rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr ) amplitude and voltage dependence were unaffected by high [Ca2+ ]i . When measuring or simulating IKs during an action potential, IKs was not different during a physiological Ca2+ transient or when [Ca2+ ]i was buffered to 500nnm.AbstractThe slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs ) contributes to repolarization of the cardiac action potential (AP). Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) and β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation modulate IKs amplitude and kinetics, but details of these important IKs regulators and their interaction are limited. We assessed the [Ca2+ ]i dependence of IKs in steady-state conditions and with dynamically changing membrane potential and [Ca2+ ]i during an AP. IKs was recorded from freshly isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using whole-cell patch clamp. With intracellular pipette solutions that controlled free [Ca2+ ]i , we found that raising [Ca2+ ]i from 100 to 600nnm produced similar increases in IKs as did β-AR activation, and the effects appeared additive. Both β-AR activation and high [Ca2+ ]i increased maximally activated tail IKs , negatively shifted the voltage dependence of activation, and slowed deactivation kinetics. These data informed changes in our well-established mathematical model of the rabbit myocyte. In both AP-clamp experiments and simulations, IKs recorded during a normal physiological Ca2+ transient was similar to IKs measured with [Ca2+ ]i clamped at 500-600nnm. Thus, our study provides novel quantitative data as to how physiological [Ca2+ ]i regulates IKs amplitude and kinetics during the normal rabbit AP. Our results suggest that micromolar [Ca2+ ]i , in the submembrane or junctional cleft space, is not required to maximize [Ca2+ ]i -dependent IKs activation during normal Ca2+ transients.
Reverse Sural Artery Flap

The reverse sural artery flap is utilized to reconstruct defects in the distal third of the lower leg, ankle, and heel. This flap is based on perforators of the peroneal artery system. The flap consists of superficial and deep fascia, the sural nerve, lesser saphenous vein, and superficial sural artery. A skin island may be demarcated at any point along the distal lateral leg containing the lesser saphenous vein and sural nerve on its central axis. The distal dissection is located 5 cm above the lateral malleolus to preserve the peroneal artery.
Combustion Dynamic Characteristics Identification in a 9-point LDI Combustor Under Choked Outlet Boundary Conditions

Combustion dynamics data were collected at the NASA Glenn Research Center's CE-5 flame tube test facility under combustor outlet choked conditions. Two 9-point Swirl-Venturi Lean Direct Injection (SV-LDI) configurations were tested in a rectangular cuboid combustor geometry. Combustion dynamic data were measured at different engine operational conditions up to inlet air pressure and temperature of 24.13 bar and 828 K, respectively. In this study, the effects of acoustic cavity resonance, precessing vortex core (PVC), and non-uniform thermal expansion on the dynamic noise spectrum are identified by comparing the dynamic data that collected at various combustor inlet conditions along with combustor geometric calculations. The results show that the acoustic cavity resonance noises were seen in the counter-rotating pilot configuration but not in the co-rotating pilot configuration. Dynamic pressure noise band at around 0.9 kHz was only detected at the P'41 location (9.8 cm after fuel injector face) but not at the P'42 location (29 cm after the fuel injector face); the amplitude of this noise band depended on the thermal expansion ratio (T4/T3). The noise band at around 1.8 kHz was found to depend on the inlet air pressure or the air density inside the combustor. The PVC frequency was not observed in these two configurations.
Current Legislation on Mammography Quality Assurance

Legislation on mammography in the United States has taken two forms: legislation on reimbursement for mammography and legislation on the quality of mammography. Legislation has been passed federally and in most states on these two issues (Fintor et al. 1995; McKinney et al. 1992).
Compression Molding and Novel Sintering Treatments for Alnico Type-8 Permanent Magnets in Near-Final Shape with Preferred Orientation

Economic uncertainty in the rare earth (RE) permanent magnet marketplace, as well as in an expanding electric drive vehicle market that favors permanent magnet alternating current synchronous drive motors, motivated renewed research in RE-free permanent magnets like “alnico,” an Al-Ni-Co-Fe alloy. Thus, high-pressure, gas-atomized isotropic type-8H pre-alloyed alnico powder was compression molded with a clean burn-out binder to near-final shape and sintered to density >99% of cast alnico 8 (full density of 7.3 g/cm3). To produce aligned sintered alnico magnets for improved energy product and magnetic remanence, uniaxial stress was attempted to promote controlled grain growth, avoiding directional solidification that provides alignment in alnico 9. Successful development of solid-state powder processing may enable anisotropically aligned alnico magnets with enhanced energy density to be mass-produced.
Abstract 16040: Corin Reduces Myocardial Infarction and Protects Against Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis

Corin is a cardiac-selective membrane protease that activates pro-ANP and pro-BNP. Emerging evidence suggests that corin may be a key biomarker and modulator of heart failure in dilated cardiomyopathy, but there is little known about the role of corin in myocardial infarction (MI). In acute MI in mice, we found that corin transcript and protein levels were significantly decreased when compared to non-MI controls 24 hrs post MI (1.0±0.1 vs 0.6±0.1, p=0.01; 1.0±0.04 vs 0.5±0.1, p 2 , 261±13 vs 106±16, p
Conditions for Electric Field Enhancement in epsilon-near-zero Slabs under TM-Polarized Oblique Incidence

Author(s): Campione, Salvatore; de Ceglia, Domenico; Vincenti, Maria A; Scalora, Michael; Capolino, Filippo; IEEE
An interview with access computing

It has been over ten years since the National Science Foundation established the Broadening Participation in Computing (BPC) Alliances. In a series of articles, we are checking in with these national organizations that support BPC. Today, we interview AccessComputing, "The Alliance for Access to Computing Careers." This alliance was founded in 2005, and is currently led by Richard Ladner (PI), Sheryl Burgstahler (co-PI), Andy Ko (co-PI), and Jake Wobbrock (co-PI).
Effects of weight loss on foot structure in obese adults: a pilot study.

0.47 0.0828 a Control group lost an average of 1.9 kg (2.9%) of body weight while the treatment group lost 5.9 kg (6.2%) at 3-month visit. Figure 1 Linear correlation of (a) body weight and standing arch height at baseline [StdArchHt = 4.036 + 0.020 * Weight, p<0.0001], (b) body weight and arch drop at baseline [Arch drop= 0.075 + 0.003 * weight, P=0.006], and (c) change in weight and change in standing arch height [ ΔStdArchHt = -.0114 + 0.016 * Δ Weight, P=0.013]
Pituitary Resistance to Thyroxine Action Due to a Defect in the Type 2 Deiodinase

The first evidence that thyroid function is controlled by a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland was obtained in tadpoles in 1922, when Smith and Smith demonstrated that the atrophic thyroid gland of hypophysectomized tadpoles underwent hypertrophy following administration of bovine anterior pituitary extract (1). Comparable findings in rats were reported in 1926 (2). Five years later, despite the severe limitations posed by the absence of sensitive hormone assays, Aron et al. obtained evidence that the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was increased by lack of thyroid hormone and inhibited when thyroid hormone levels were raised (3). These findings strongly suggested that the level of each hormone influenced the rate of secretion of the other. Over the next decade a plethora of studies related to this phenomenon were reported leading Hoskins in 1949 to propose the feed-back hypothesis (4). He emphasized that the system was a homeostatic one which functioned to maintain plasma thyroid hormone levels constant, and he referred to the system as a `hormostae . He also suggested that the level at which thyroid hormone was maintained depended on the ‘setting’ of the pituitary gland, a function which itself may be influenced by environmental factors (4).
Social Roles and Interpersonal Behavior as Assessed by the Interpersonal Style Inventory

In this chapter material will be presented first concerning the influence of three social roles on interpersonal behavior. The conceptions of interpersonal behavior that appear under each of these three social roles will be described and compared. One of the conceptions was developed by Freedman, Leary, Ossario, and Coffey (1951), and is known as the interpersonal circle. The second theory, which is based on studies of parent-child relations, was developed by Schaefer (1959, 1965), Becker (1964), Cross (1969) and others. The interpersonal behaviors represented in this theory are parental. Benjamin (1974, 1982) constructed a third circular arrangement of child or subordinate behaviors. The support for these conceptions will be briefly summarized. The second and longer portion of this chapter will describe a personality assessment device called the Interpersonal Style Inventory (ISI). A guide to the construction, development and interpretation of the ISI will be presented. The chapter will close with a description of the relation of the first order dimensions of personality posited by others to five higher-order dimension that have been isolated in the ISI.
Evaluation of Spinal Alignment

The human spine is divided into three major segments: cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions. Each spinal segment is made of vertebra and discs. The cervical segment has 7, thoracic 12 and lumbar 5 segments. The sacrum has 5 segments which are usually fused together with the lumbar and sacrum often considered together. The vertebral segments contain the spinal cord, surrounding the spinal canal as bony elements to protect the spinal cord within the canal. Each segment is separated by discs that act as a cushion between each bony segment. The skull rests on the top cervical vertebra, C1 or the Atlas. The spinal nerves exit each level of the spine from the spinal cord from the cervical region all the way to the sacrum. The solid spinal cord usually ends at L1 level, with the nerves continuing within the spinal canal to the scarum.
Ultra-broadband, polarization-independent, wide-angle absorption in impedance-matched metamaterials with anti-reflective moth-eye surfaces.

We computationally study periodic impedance-matched metal-dielectric metamaterials and the advantage of imprinting moth-eye surfaces on them. Impedance-matched metamaterials are known to act as strong, polarization-independent, broadband absorbers. However, in the infrared region far from the metal’s plasma frequency, the reflection from metal layers dominates over the absorption. Using anti-reflective moth-eye surfaces we show that it is possible to obtain absorption independent of polarization or incidence angle, over an exceptionally broad frequency range from 400 nm to 6 μm.
Impacts of Perceived Behavior Control and Emotional Labor on Gig Workers

Gig economy workers enjoy flexibility choosing certain aspects of their work. Nonetheless, platform companies still enact control over workers' behaviors. Mechanisms of control have been widely studied in traditional organizations; however, work in the gig economy differs from traditional organizations in that the role of a human supervisor or manager is replaced with digital systems. Thus, there is reason to suspect that our traditional theories of control may not hold for new forms of work in the gig economy. To address these concerns, this study examines how gig economy workers', specifically Uber drivers, perceive behavioral control and its effect on their job satisfaction. Our results suggest that emotional labor mediates the relationship between behavioral control and job satisfaction.