cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A recent ice age on Mars: Evidence for climate oscillations from regional layering in mid‐latitude mantling deposits

[1] Two end-member hypotheses have been proposed to account for the emplacement and distribution of ice in the near-subsurface of Mars at mid to high latitudes during recent spin-axis/orbital variation-induced climate change. In the first, diffusion of atmospheric water vapor into and out of a porous regolith forms ice-cemented soils whose latitudinal stability migrates as a function of orbitally controlled climatic conditions. In the alternative hypothesis, atmospheric deposition of ice, snow, and dust produces dusty ice-rich layers during periods of higher obliquity. New image data reveal meters-thick layered deposits exposed on mid-latitude pole-facing slopes supporting the latter hypothesis. These observations suggest that the near surface ice detected by the GRS instrument suite and the Phoenix lander at high latitudes is linked to thick, buried ice that was atmospherically deposited during recent ice ages and that significant amounts of subsurface ice may remain today in the 30–50° mid-latitude regions where fresh craters, imaged by HiRISE, expose abundant ice.
Non-Homogenous Redundancy Management for Fault Tolerant Robots

Fault tolerance in robots, as in digital computers, can be achieved through the use of replicated components for redundancy. However, replicated analog devices, such as sensors, are non-homogeneous; they rarely produce identical outputs. Democratic dynamic weighted vote (DDWV) is an effective management scheme for all elements in a non-homogeneous functional modular redundancy (Helenic) architecture. Reduced fault tolerant system cost, and flexibility in configuration are benefits promoted by the Helenic architecture.
Adiabatic Resonant Microrings (ARMs) with directly integrated thermal microphotonics

A new class of microphotonic-resonators, Adiabatic Resonant Microrings (ARMs), is introduced. The ARM resonator geometry enables heater elements to be formed within the resonator, simultaneously enabling record low-power (4.4 W/GHz) and record high-speed (1µs) thermal tuning.
Formal semantics and interpreters in a principles of programming languages course

Most junior-senior level programming languages courses approach the subject either from the point-of-view of principles (concepts) of programming languages or from the perspective of understanding languages through writing progressively more complex interpreters. In this paper we show how to use formal semantics in a series of interpreter assignments in a principles or concepts-based course. The interpreter assignments make the semantics more concrete for students while providing a deeper understanding of concepts.
Hopanoids Are Not Essential for Growth of Streptomyces scabies 87-22

Hopanoids are triterpenoic, pentacyclic compounds that are structurally similar to sterols, which are required for normal cell function in eukaryotes. Hopanoids are thought to be an important component of bacterial cell membranes because they control membrane fluidity and diminish passive diffusion of ions, and a few taxons modulate their hopanoid content in response to environmental stimuli. However, to our knowledge, mutational studies to assess the importance of hopanoids in bacterial physiology have never been performed. Genome sequencing of the potato scab pathogen, Streptomyces scabies 87-22, revealed a hopanoid biosynthetic gene cluster (HBGC) that is predicted to synthesize hopene and aminotrihydroxybacteriohopane products. Hopene was produced by fully sporulated cultures of S. scabies on solid ISP4 (International Streptomyces Project 4) medium as well as by submerged mycelia grown in liquid minimal medium. The elongated hopanoid aminotrihydroxybacteriohopane was not detected under either growth condition. Transcription of the S. scabies HBGC was upregulated during aerial growth, which suggests a link between hopanoid production and morphological development. Functional analysis of the S. scabies Δhop615-1 and Δhop615-7 mutant strains, the first hopanoid mutants created in any bacterial taxon, revealed that hopanoids are not required for normal growth or for tolerance of ethanol, osmotic and oxidative stress, high temperature, or low pH. This suggests that hopanoids are not essential for normal streptomycete physiology.
Understanding Oral Chemotherapy Prescribing Patterns at the End of Life at a Comprehensive Cancer Center: Analysis of a Massachusetts Payer Claims Database

Processed claims for chemotherapy, including oral, sharply declined during the last 30 days of life, consistent with a shift to palliative management.
The Political Economy of the Origins of the Military-Industrial Complex in the United States

Despite the attention given by scholars to the military-industrial complex few studies have attempted to pinpoint and explain its origin. In this paper we argue that the coalescing of business, military, and political interest groups in support of a military build-up in the United States during peacetime occurred in the years between the Civil War and World War I. It was during this period that we observe the roots of institutional arrangements between the military and industry for the purpose of large-scale weapons acquisitions.
Quality of Life Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer

Quality of life (QOL) has commanded growing attention within oncology in recent years. Adverse changes in functional and behavioral outcomes are a special concern in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), because these malignancies disrupt basic aspects of daily life such as eating, respiration, and communication. These difficulties are greatly amplified by demanding treatment toxicities. Thus, there is growing recognition that traditional clinical endpoints such as tumor response and disease-free survival need to be supplemented by indices of QOL. This development has been given further impetus lately by patient advocacy and by the introduction of improved QOL measures. In this chapter, we briefly discuss advances in QOL assessment, review research findings regarding acute and long-term QOL outcomes, and consider important determinants of risk and resilience.
The Problem of China : Orientalism, "Young China", and Russell's Western Audience

Bertrand Russell’s trip to China (1920–21) led him to write numerous articles about China culminating in The Problem of China . This paper reconsiders The Problem of China using Edward Said’s discussion of Orientalism and contextualizes it with Russell’s other published and unpublished writings on China and the reactions of his Chinese contemporaries. I argue that Russell’s views reflect his prior philosophy and Western influences more than an analysis of his trip and reveal that this was what his Western readers wanted. Moreover, his reliance on the research of other scholars and popular writers was unusual, even at the time. He was an intellectually honest but relatively unqualified and imprecise interpreter, not a Said-style Orientalist. He recognized Orientalism, but was unable to avoid reproducing Orientalist stereotypes. These findings help us understand both how Russell processed foreign phenomena and the origins of Western perceptions of China in the 1920s.
Effect on the National Economy

Now it is time to look at multinational corporations at a level that transcends specific companies. The tax avoidance methods used by a single company, MNC, can be fully understood and modeled. Extrapolating the effects to the 80 % of US companies listed on the NYSE that have offshore operations will not give precise results, but the principles are similar.
Response of Peyer's patch lymphocyte subsets to Giardia muris infection in BALB/c mice. I. T-cell subsets.

Abstract Initial cellular events in the intestinal immune response occur within Peyer's patches and are subject to complex regulation by T cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the response of murine Peyer's patch T, T-helper (Th), and T-suppressor (Ts) cells to Giardia muris infection. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were infected with G. muris cysts and, at serial times during the infection, Peyer's patch leukocyte suspensions were incubated with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies that identified murine leukocytes, T, Th, or Ts lymphocytes. These suspensions were examined by flow cytometry to quantify each T-cell subset as a percentage of total leukocytes. Total Peyer's patch leukocytes more than doubled in number during the course of G. muris infection and returned to control levels as the infection was cleared. The percentages of Peyer's patch Th and Ts lymphocytes were 34.1 ± 0.8% (mean ± SEM) and 6.2 ± 0.3%, respectively, in the absence of infection, and did not change significantly during Giardia infection. The Th/Ts ratio in Peyer's patches was 5.6 ± 0.2 in uninfected BALB/c mice and also did not change significantly during clearance of G. muris . We conclude that (i) Peyer's patch leukocytes double in number in response to G. muris infection in immunocompetent mice, (ii) G. muris infection does not lead to altered percentages of Peyer's patch T, Th, or Ts lymphocytes, and (iii) clearance of G. muris infection is associated with a Peyer's patch Th/Ts ratio of > 5.
Oxidation of alcohols and activated alkanes with Lewis acid-activated TEMPO.

The reactivity of MCl3(η1-TEMPO) (M = Fe, 1; Al, 2; TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) with a variety of alcohols, including 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, 1-phenyl-2-phenoxyethanol, and 1,2-diphenyl-2-methoxyethanol, was investigated using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Complex 1 was effective in cleanly converting these substrates to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone. Complex 2 was also able to oxidize these substrates; however, in a few instances the products of overoxidation were also observed. Oxidation of activated alkanes, such as xanthene, by 1 or 2 suggests that the reactions proceed via an initial 1-electron concerted proton–electron transfer (CPET) event. Finally, reaction of TEMPO with FeBr3 in Et2O results in the formation of a mixture of FeBr3(η1-TEMPOH) (23) and [FeBr2(η1-TEMPOH)]2(μ-O) (24), via oxidation of the solvent, Et2O.
Is Low Positive JAK2 V617F Mutation Test Result Clinically Significant?: Multi-Institutional Study.

OBJECTIVES Acquired somatic mutation Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F is associated with various myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction has been widely adopted to detect mutation; however, the utility of low positive results is not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of low positivity of JAK2 V617F. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed for JAK2 V617F mutation tests performed using JAK2 MutaQuant kit (Ipsogen) in molecular laboratories at 2 major academic medical centers between 2010 and 2012. Cases with low positive JAK2 V617F, defined as 0.2% to 5% mutant allele, were documented. Chart review was performed for the clinical correlation. RESULTS A total of 1697 JAK2 V617F tests was performed. Forty-five cases (2.65%) yielded a low JAK2 V617F positivity (average 1.45%), the majority of which (n=26, 62%) had <1%. Eight cases had a history of MPN. The remaining cases were related to reactive conditions without a clonal disease. Our data indicate that a low positivity of JAK2 V617F can be seen in MPN as well as reactive conditions. CONCLUSIONS An interpretation of JAK2 V617F status should not be performed simply following some arbitrary cutoff. Any low positivity of JAK2 V617F should be reported and a correlation with clinical information is warranted for proper interpretation.
Src-dependent, neutrophil-mediated vascular hyperpermeability and β-catenin modification

The hyperpermeability response of microvessels in inflammation involves complex signaling reactions and structural modifications in the endothelium. Our goal was to determine the role of Src-family...
Research on the Training System of Supervisors of Physical Education

Using the method of literature survey,this paper analyzed the questions including the on-low-side degree of PE supervisors,the shortage of scientific research item,the incorrect attitude toward work,the weak sense of responsibility,the unreasonable structure of knowledge,the bad comprehensive quality and the insufficient quantity of supervisors etc.In order to promote the reform and quality of postgraduate education into a higher level,this paper proposed some positive countermeasures and recommendations as well.
Patterns of patency of 596 vein grafts up to seven years after aorta coronary bypass

The long-term behavior of vein grafts and their effect on the native circulation were studied by examining 596 vein grafts in 343 patients at a mean follow-up of 15.4 months, range zero to 84 months. Serial studies were performed on 27 patients with 38 grafts. The over-all graft patency rate was 84 per cent, and the rate after more than 5 years was 89 per cent. The patency rate in asymptomatic patients was 91 per cent compared with 81 per cent in the remainder. The patency of grafts attached distal to total occlusions was 82 per cent (78195). The angle of origin of the grafts from the aorta did not appear to influence patency or the severity of intimal proliferative changes. In 76 patients with 126 grafts, pre- and postoperative cineangiograms were compared, and changes in the graft and underlying coronary artery classified as Groups 1 to 6: Group 1, patent graft, bidirectional flow in the grafted vessel, proximal lesion unchanged; Group 2, patent graft, bidirectional flow, proximal lesion progressed to occlusion locally; Group 3, patent graft, distal flow only, occlusion of lesion and segment between graft and lesion; Group 4, graft occluded, native artery unaltered; Group 5, graft occluded, native artery now occluded at lesion and region of anastomosis; Group 6, new distal lesion. Results were as follows: Group 1, 58 per cent; Group 2, 21.2 per cent; Group 3, 5 per cent, Group 4, 12.5 per cent; Group 5, 2.5 per cent; and Group 6, 0.8 per cent. Native coronary arteries undergoing closure (Group 2) had lesions 95 per cent or greater in 93 per cent of patients. The rate of closure of ungrafted lesions was 2 per cent. We believe these results encourage the continued use of vein bypass grafts.
Heat and Mass Transfer

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer plays an important role in various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Heat and mass transfer occurs in absorption, distillation extraction, drying, melting and crystallization, and evaporation, and condensation. Mass flow due to the temperature gradient is known as the thermal diffusion or Soret effect. Heat flow due to the isothermal chemical potential gradient is known as the diffusion thermoeffect or the Dufour effect. The Dufour effect is characterized by the heat of transport, which represents the heat flow due to the diffusion of component i under isothermal conditions. Soret effect and Dufour effect represent the coupled phenomena between the vectorial flows of heat and mass. Since many chemical reactions within a biological cell produce or consume heat, local temperature gradients may contribute in the transport of materials across biomembranes. Various formulations and methodologies have been suggested for describing combined heat and mass transfer problems such as the integral transform technique. In this chapter, cross-phenomena or coupled heat and mass transfer are discussed using the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory.
A reading agent

Recent work in agency has explored the interactive nature of goal-driven behavior ("activity"). An interactive agent is responsive to events and is affected by and effects the context in which it exists. Our contention is that interaction is also an important characteristic of a reader. By treating reading as an activity, the reading agent can interact with the text, achieving goals and planning what to read, when to read, and how to read. This paper will discuss how reading within a context of activity provides goals and enables planning, thus creating the reading agent. The system described, SPRITe, reads natural language, primarily instructions, in order to facilitate other activities.
Federal Investments in Evidence-Based Early Childhood Home Visiting: A Multiple Streams Analysis

Child poverty, child maltreatment, and child health and development are major public policy issues. By the end of the Great Recession in 2009, as many as one in four children under the age of five were living in poverty and six million children were subject to child maltreatment reports in America. For decades, evidence-based home visiting (EBHV) programs have provided effective early interventions for preventing child maltreatment and promoting child and family outcomes to pregnant women and families with children age birth to five years old. Despite this, no widespread federal policies or funding supported home visiting before 2010. Through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the federal government invested $1.5 billion in home visiting with the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) initiative. While many articles examine the effectiveness of home visiting and call attention to the unprecedented features of MIECHV, this article applies the multiple streams framework to illuminate the unique social and political contexts culminating in the inclusion of MIECHV in ACA. The findings in this article are significant for policy analysts, advocates, and program developers and for establishing policies requiring evidence-based practices.
The value relevance of financial statements within and across private and public equity markets

This study finds that the value relevance of financial statements follows a ‘sawtooth’ pattern as firms mature within and across private and public equity markets. Specifically, I show that the strength of the associations between the equity values and financial statements of U.S. biotech companies rises as firms mature toward an IPO, falls at the IPO, and increases again after the IPO. I argue that this pattern is due to underlying sawtooth dynamics in firms’ investment opportunity sets and in the financial sophistication of the marginal investor in firms’ stock. I also find that the financial statements of U.S. biotech companies are value relevant in surprisingly similar ways in private as compared to public markets. In each market, equity values are positively related to RD are unrelated to revenues and SGA and are negatively related to long-term debt. And in each market, financial statements explain over one-third of the cross-sectional variance in equity values.
Comparative Studies on Progesterone Synthesis In Vitro—Thoughts on Corpus Luteum Formation

Duncan, Bowerman, Hearn and Melampy (1960) and Duncan, Bowerman, Anderson, Hearn and Melampy (1961) first showed that porcine corpora lutea when incubated in an in vitro system can be caused to synthesize progesterone. Since that time a considerable amount of work has been published dealing with the rate of progesterone synthesis by corpora lutea of rats, cows, and women. The significant difference between Duncan’s original work and that dealing with corpora lutea from non-porcine species lay in the fact that both the cow and human corpora lutea responded to the addition to the medium of LH-containing hormones by significant increases in progesterone synthesis while porcine corpora lutea were said to be unable to show such a response. These species differences and the possible causes underlying them were of interest to us.
Fine tuning an aberration corrected ADF-STEM.

Abstract Aberration correctors offer greatly enhanced resolution in electron microscopes, however can require dramatically more complicated adjustments. A method of computer adjustment of a probe forming aberration corrector in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is proposed and analyzed using image simulation. This method works directly with the image and should work well with crystalline specimens. It does not have a significant dependence on post specimen lens aberrations.
Estimating returns to scale and scale efficiency for energy consuming appliances

Energy consuming appliances accounted for over 40% of the energy use and $17 billion in sales in the U.S. in 2014. Whether such amounts of money and energy were optimally combined to produce household energy services is not straightforwardly determined. The efficient allocation of capital and energy to provide an energy service has been previously approached, and solved with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under constant returns to scale. That approach, however, lacks the scale dimension of the problem and may restrict the economic efficient models of an appliance available in the market when constant returns to scale does not hold. We expand on that approach to estimate returns to scale for energy using appliances. We further calculate DEA scale efficiency scores for the technically efficient models that comprise the economic efficient frontier of the energy service delivered, under different assumptions of returns to scale. We then apply this approach to evaluate dishwashers available in the market in the U.S. Our results show that (a) for the case of dishwashers scale matters, and (b) the dishwashing energy service is delivered under non-decreasing returns to scale. The results further demonstrate that this method contributes to increase consumers’ choice of appliances.
Unhealthy alcohol use is associated with postoperative complications in veterans undergoing lung resection

Background: Lung resections carry a significant risk of complications necessitating the characterization of peri-operative risk factors. Unhealthy alcohol use represents one potentially modifiable factor. In this retrospective cohort study, the largest to date of lung resections in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we examined the association between unhealthy alcohol use and postoperative complications and mortality. Methods: Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program data recorded at 86 medical centers between 2007 and 2011 were used to identify 4,715 patients that underwent lung resection. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, were fit to assess the association between unhealthy alcohol use (report of >2 drinks per day in the 2 weeks preceding surgery) and 30-day outcomes. Results: Among 4,715 patients that underwent pulmonary resection, 630 (13.4%) reported unhealthy alcohol use (>2 drinks/day). Overall, postoperative complications occurred in 896 (19.0%) patients, including pneumonia in 524 (11.1%). The rate of mortality was 2.6%. In adjusted analyses, complications were significantly more common among patients with unhealthy alcohol use [odds ratio (OR), 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–1.74] including, specifically, pneumonia (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.32–2.15). No statistically significant association was identified between unhealthy alcohol use and mortality (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.75–2.02). In secondary analyses that stratified by smoking status at the time of surgery, drinking more than 2 drinks per day was associated with post-operative complications in patients reporting current smoking (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.18–1.91) and was not identified in those reporting no current smoking at the time of surgery (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.79–1.85). Conclusions: In this large VHA study, 13% of patients undergoing lung resection reported drinking more than 2 drinks per day in the preoperative period, which was associated with increased risk of postoperative complications. Unhealthy alcohol use may be an important target for perioperative risk-mitigation interventions, particularly in patients who report current smoking.
Gaps in United States federal government IoT security and privacy policies

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) is at such a pace that makes it very difficult for government policy to keep up. For this reason, many gaps exist in United States federal policies on IoT...
Determining prognosis in canine sepsis by bedside measurement of cell‐free DNA and nucleosomes

OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and nucleosome concentrations as prognostic biomarkers in canine sepsis. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study conducted from June 2015 to February 2016. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-five dogs with sepsis, 10 dogs with nonseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (nSIRS), and 15 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled and followed to hospital discharge. Patients were eligible for enrollment if they met ≥2 SIRS criteria and had a documented or highly suspected bacterial infection. Dogs <3 kg or with a known coagulopathy were excluded. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Acute Patient Physiology and Laboratory Evaluation scores (APPLE) were calculated and outcomes recorded. Plasma cfDNA was measured using a benchtop fluorimeter. Plasma nucleosome concentrations were determined by ELISA. Plasma nucleosome and cfDNA concentrations in dogs with sepsis or nSIRS were compared to those of healthy controls and cfDNA concentrations in septic dogs with and without bacteremia were compared. Associations between cfDNA concentrations and nucleosomes, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and APPLE scores were evaluated. For septic dogs, cfDNA concentrations relative to neutrophil count and nucleosome concentrations in survivors and nonsurvivors were compared. Alpha was set at 0.05. cfDNA concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis or nSIRS compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0034, respectively). Nucleosome concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis compared to healthy controls (P = 0.007). There was limited association between cfDNA and nucleosome concentrations (rs = 0.266), and no association between cfDNA concentration and leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and APPLEfull scores. Concentrations of cfDNA were positively correlated with APPLEfast score (rs = 0.335, P = 0.025); however, cfDNA concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with bacteremia (P = 0.0299). In dogs with sepsis, cfDNA concentrations relative to neutrophil count were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS In dogs with sepsis, high cfDNA concentrations relative to neutrophil count are associated with nonsurvival. Point-of-care cfDNA measurement may aid identification of bacteremia.
The Status of Latinx Occupational Health

Latinx workers comprise more than 16% of the total US workforce and are overrepresented in some industries including construction, agriculture/forestry/fishing/hunting, and leisure/hospitality. In this chapter, we review the industries and occupations that disproportionately employ Latinx workers, outline the rates of fatal and nonfatal injuries within these industries and occupations, highlight several key features of the work context to understand hazards and injury risks, describe conceptual approaches to studying Latinx worker health, and examine successful strategies to research and intervention. We also provide research and intervention needs and priorities of Latinx workers in the USA.
Arteriovenous malformation associated with a HRAS mutation

The majority of extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are caused by somatic mutations in MAP2K1. We report a somatic HRAS mutation in a patient who has a facial AVM associated with subcutaneous adipose overgrowth. We performed whole exome sequencing on DNA from the affected tissue and found a HRAS mutation (p.Thr58_Ala59delinsValLeuAspVal). Mutant allelic frequency was 5% in whole tissue and 31% in isolated endothelial cells (ECs); the mutation was not present in blood DNA or non-ECs. Somatic mutations in HRAS can cause AVM.
Accurate Image Domain Noise Insertion in CT Images

Tools to simulate lower dose, noisy computed tomography (CT) images from existing data enable protocol optimization by quantifying the trade-off between patient dose and image quality. Many studies have developed and validated noise insertion techniques; however, most of these tools operate on proprietary projection data which can be difficult to access and can be time consuming when a large number of realizations is needed. In response, this work aims to develop and validate an image domain approach to accurately insert CT noise and simulate low dose scans. In this framework, information from the image is utilized to estimate the variance map and local noise power spectra (NPS). Normally distributed noise is filtered within small patches in the image domain using the inverse Fourier transform of the square root of the estimated local NPS to generate noise with the appropriate spatial correlation. The patches are overlapped and element-wise multiplied by the standard deviation map to produce locally varying, spatially correlated noise. The resulting noise image is scaled based on the relationship between the initial and desired dose and added to the original image. The results demonstrate excellent agreement between traditional projection domain methods and the proposed method, both for simulated and real data sets. This new framework is not intended to replace projection domain methods; rather, it fills a gap in CT noise simulation tools and is an accurate alternative when projection domain methods are not practical, for example, in large scale repeatability or detectability studies.
Learning, Assessment and Signature Pedagogies in the Visual Arts

This chapter explores the dynamic intersection of three conceptual frameworks: a) making learning visible (e.g., Project Zero, 2001; Seidel, et al., 2001); b) assessment in the visual arts (Eisner, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007); and c) signature pedagogies (Shulman 2005; 2008), within the context of a vibrant pre-tertiary arts school in the Republic of Singapore. Two pedagogies, consultation and critique, emerge for consideration as signature pedagogies in the visual arts. The process of consultation and critique provide opportunities for students to reflect on their own works as well as the works that are critiqued. They foster dynamic opportunities to examine and adjust expectations and judgments regarding students’ works and progress. The hallmark characteristics of critiques in the visual arts are that feedback is offered, and the presenter is expected to be accountable by responding to feedback through explanation, examples, reflections, self-questioning, and thinking. Signature pedagogies provide ways in which visual arts teachers dynamically explore, develop and shape the evolution of students’ learning, growth and development as artists. The chapter closes with an insightful response written by Susan Wright, who extends the discussion through an emphasis on dynamic processes of meaning-making and ways in which artistic processes are co-created through the interactions of students and teachers.
Advances in the assessment of minimal residual disease in mantle cell lymphoma

The clinical impact of minimal residual disease detection at early time points or during follow-ups has been shown to accurately predict relapses among patients with lymphomas, mainly in follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The field of minimal residual disease testing in mantle cell lymphoma is still evolving but has great impact in determining the prognosis. Flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction-based testing are most commonly used methods in practice; however, these methods are not sensitive enough to detect the dynamic changes that underline lymphoma progression. Newer methods using next-generation sequencing, such as ClonoSeq, are being incorporated in clinical trials. Other techniques under evolution include CAPP-seq and anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based methods. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive update on the status of minimal residual disease detection and its prognostic effect in mantle cell patients. The role of circulating tumor DNA-based minimal residual disease detection in lymphomas is also discussed.
PV Cephei: Young Star Caught Speeding?

Three independent lines of evidence imply that the young star PV Cep is moving at roughly 20 km s-1 through the interstellar medium. The first and strongest suggestion of motion comes from the geometry of the Herbig-Haro (HH) knots in the "giant" HH flow associated with PV Cep. Bisectors of lines drawn between pairs of knots at nearly equal distances from PV Cep imply an east-west motion of the source, and a plasmon model fitted to the knot positions gives a good fit of 22 km s-1 motion for the star. The second bit of damning evidence comes from a redshifted trail of molecular gas pointing in the same east-west direction implied by the HH knot geometry. The third exhibit we offer in accusing PV Cep of speeding involves the apparent tilt in the high-velocity molecular jet now emanating from the star. This tilt is best explained if the true, current jet direction is north-south, as it is in Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images, and the star is moving, again at roughly 20 km s-1. Tracing the motion of PV Cep backward in time to the nearest cluster from which it might have been ejected, we find that it is very likely to have been thrown out of the massive star-forming cluster NGC 7023, more than 10 pc away. PV Cep and NGC 7023 are at similar distances, and the backward trace of PV Cep's motion is astonishingly well aligned with a dark, previously unexplained rift in NGC 7023. We propose that PV Cep was ejected, at a speed large enough to escape NGC 7023, at least 100,000 yr ago but that it did not enter the molecular cloud in which it now finds itself until more like 35,000 yr ago. Our calculations show that the currently observable molecular outflow associated with PV Cep is about 10,000 yr old, so the flow has had plenty of time to form while in its current molecular cloud. However, the question of what PV Cep was doing and what gas/disk it took along with it in the time it was traveling through the low-density region between NGC 7023 and its current home is an open one. Recent numerical simulations have suggested that condensed objects should be ejected at high velocity before they have "finished" forming in a cluster. Prior to this work, a handful of pre-main-sequence stars have been shown to be moving at speeds greater than 10 km s-1. To the best of our knowledge, though, the analysis of PV Cep and NGC 7023 described here is the first observational work associating a speeding young star with a distant ancestral cluster. These high-speed ejections from clusters will create a class of rapidly moving young stars in molecular clouds. If these ejections are at all common, their existence confounds both calculations of clouds' star-forming efficiency and theories of star formation that do not allow for stars to move rapidly through a reservoir of star-forming material while they form.
Use of Short-wave Blue Fundus Autofluorescence to Detect and Monitor Acute Regional Outer Retinopathy in Punctate Inner Choroidopathy.

Purpose: To describe the utility of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for detection and monitoring of acute regional outer retinopathy in punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC). Design: Multimodal imaging ...
External Auditor Evaluations of Outsourced Internal Audit

In the last decade internal auditing services has been a significant area of growth for public accounting firms. Unlike the provision of external audits, the provision of outsourced internal audit services does not prohibit accounting firms from providing the client with additional services. This study investigates some implications of an outsourced internal auditor providing non-audit services. Specifically, 89 experienced external auditors completed an experiment to investigate whether external auditors will evaluate and rely on an outsourced internal auditor’s work differently when the internal auditor also provides non-audit services. Results indicate that evaluations of the outsourced internal auditors’ objectivity were negatively affected by the provision of non-audit services. Further, the differences in objectivity perceptions are tempered by the use of different personnel to provide consulting services. Competence perceptions were not affected. Results also indicate that external auditor reliance on internal audit and suggested audit fees are affected. However, these results do not appear to be tempered by audit and non-audit staffing decisions.
Incidental posterior rib hyperostosis on chest CT: incidence and etiology.

OBJECTIVE Incidental rib hyperostosis is defined as asymmetric cortical thickening and sclerosis of the medial posterior ribs and is important because it may lead to unnecessary laboratory testing, additional imaging and occasionally biopsy. The purpose of this study is to identify the incidence of rib hyperostosis within different patient groups known to have an increased propensity towards osteophyte formation and ankylosis. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort study reviewing chest CT examinations in a control group of patients over 50 years old and three different patient populations: psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Each CT was evaluated by an attending musculoskeletal and cardiothoracic radiologist to identify rib hyperostosis, osteophyte formation, ankylosis, and spinal curvature. Two senior radiology residents also performed consensus reads and inter-reader reliability was calculated between the two groups. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-two individuals were included in the study of which 38 (13.5%) had at least one hyperostotic rib. The ankylosing spondylitis population and the DISH population had the highest incidence of rib hyperostosis with a relative risk of 5.6 (p = 0.012) and 5.3 (p = < 0.001) when compared to the control group. There was good inter-reader reliability for the presence of rib hyperostosis with a kappa estimate of 0.739. CONCLUSION Incidentally detected rib hyperostosis is most likely the sequela of abnormal stress on the ribs secondary to rib hypomobility from fusion at the costovertebral joint. The incidence of rib hyperostosis is markedly increased in the DISH and ankylosis spondylitis study populations.
Type 2 Diabetes Among Filipino American Adults in the Multiethnic Cohort.

INTRODUCTION Several Asian racial and ethnic groups, including individuals of Filipino ancestry, are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than White individuals, despite their lower body mass index (BMI). This study examined determinants of type 2 diabetes among Filipino American adults in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. METHODS Participants in Hawaii and Los Angeles completed questionnaires on demographics, diet, and anthropometrics. Generational status was determined according to birthplace of participants and their parents. Based on self-reported data and data on medications, type 2 diabetes status was classified as no, prevalent, or incident. We used polytomous logistic regression, while adjusting for confounders, to obtain odds ratios. RESULTS Among 10,681 Multiethnic Cohort Study participants reporting any Filipino ancestry, 57% were 1st-, 17% were 2nd-, and 25% were 3rd-generation Filipino Americans. Overall, 13% and 17% of participants had a prevalent or incident type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Overweight and obesity and the presence of other risk factors increased from the 1st to subsequent generations. First-generation immigrants were less likely to report type 2 diabetes at cohort entry than immigrants of subsequent generations who were born in the US or whose parents were born in the US; only the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was significantly elevated in the 2nd generation compared with the 1st generation. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that Filipino migrants adopt lifestyle factors of the host country and subsequent generations experience higher type 2 diabetes rates due to changes in risk factor patterns.
High Pressure Burst Testing of SiCf-SiCm Composite Nuclear Fuel Cladding

Silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (SiCf-SiCm) composite tube is being developed as an accident tolerant fuel cladding material for light water reactors. The mechanical robustness of the material is of critical importance to ensure that the nuclear fuel and fission products are contained during both normal operation and accident conditions, such as the loss of coolant accident (LOCA) encountered in Fukushima Daiichi Plant. We report the development and application of a high pressure burst testing method to evaluate the mechanical robustness of SiCf-SiCm composite cladding. The internal high pressure is generated using a rubber tubing placed within the SiCf-SiCm sample tube. A unique test rig was designed to seal the ends of the rubber tubing while pressurizing it up to 2,000 bar by hydraulic oil. The expanding rubber tubing confined by the SiCf-SiCm sample tube thus exerts a controlled uniform internal pressure to the SiCf-SiCm sample. The full-field strain distribution of the outside surface of the sample was captured by 3D digital image correlation (DIC) method. The acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to detect damage events during the high pressure burst testing.
Judging Tenant Protections

Critics of pro-tenant residential laws have argued that such laws actually hurt tenants. Law-and-economics scholars, for instance, argue that such reforms raise the cost of doing business to landlords. Forced to bring their dwellings up to code and wary of costly tenant lawsuits, landlords experience higher costs of doing business. However, the effects of pro-tenant residential rights cannot be evaluated without, as a first-step, coming to some conclusions about whether tenants actually use them and whether judges ever enforce them. That is, if pro-tenant residential rights are seldom enforced, landlords have little incentive to expend additional resources to meet new regulations, and no new costs need be passed on to tenants. Judges, for example, decide whether a tenant may forgo paying all, or part of, her rent if a dwelling is uninhabitable. And it is the judge who grants punitive damages if a landlord who fails to return a security deposit in a timely manner. This Essay conducts a brief qualitative study of whether judges ever enforce such laws in the first place. Specifically, this study focuses on one product of landlord-tenant reforms in Connecticut – damage awards for landlords who do not return a tenant’s security deposit. Security deposit disputes between landlords and tenants are one of the most common kinds of landlord-tenant disputes and thus a good place to investigate whether pro-tenant residential laws actually help tenants as designed. In Connecticut, most landlord-tenant disputes are heard in informal settings by small claims magistrates. Their decisions are largely unreported and their decisions cannot be appealed. Thus, it is largely the small claims judge or magistrate who control whether the law, as written, will favor tenants. To conduct this study, the author conducted interviews of nine of the seventeen housing magistrate judges in Connecticut. In addition to the interviews with the nine magistrates, the author interviewed the caseload management specialist for small claims housing. Taken together, the interview findings suggest that landlords fare surprisingly well in small claims courts, in spite of pro-tenant protections. In fact, because civil penalties against landlords are rarely, if ever, imposed by magistrates, landlords need not expend much worry about such reforms.
Epitaxial growth of the diluted magnetic semiconductors Cr y Ge/sub 1-y/, (Cr,Mn):Ge, and Fe/sub z/Ge/sub 1-x/

The molecular beam epitaxial growth of the diluted magnetic semiconductors Cr/sub y/Ge/sub 1-y/, (Cr,Mn):Ge, and Fe/sub z/Ge/sub 1-x/ was reported and the structural, magnetic and transport properties of the samples were described.
A Review of: “Lori D. Ginzberg, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life.”

In the introduction to her new biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, historian Lori Ginzberg promises a balanced account of Stanton's life—one that is not overly celebratory nor excessively critical...
Role of Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate and Its Specific Binding Protein in the Regulation of d-Serine Deaminase Synthesis

Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyAMP) and the cyAMP-binding protein are necessary for efficient induction of d-serine deaminase (Dsdase) synthesis in dsdC(+)dsdO(+) and dsdC dsdO(+) strains of Escherichia coli K-12, and for constitutive synthesis in dsdC dsdO(+) strains. Neither is required in dsdO strains, confirming previous indications that in dsdO mutants Dsdase synthesis is not subject to catabolite repression control. Since efficient Dsdase synthesis in dsdC(+) and dsdC strains that are dsdO(+) requires the cyAMP-binding protein, which acts at the level of transcription in other systems, it is concluded that catabolite repression acts at the level of transcription of the Dsdase structural gene. Since catabolite repression is reversed by the inducer, d-serine in dsdC dsdO(+) strains, it is concluded that induction also acts at the level of transcription in this system. The dsdC strains were found to be much more sensitive to induction by d-serine than are dsdC(+) strains under conditions of catabolite repression, whether the repression was caused by glucose or by loss of ability to form cyAMP or cyAMP-binding protein. This suggests that a d-serine-dsdC complex may be able to replace partially the cyAMP:cyAMP-binding protein action in initiation of Dsdase messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis-a positive control effect.
Social skills and associated psychopathology in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Implications for interventions

Background Although distinctive neuropsychological impairments have been delineated in children with chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), social skills and social cognition remain less well-characterised. Objective To examine social skills and social cognition and their relationship with neuropsychological function/behaviour and psychiatric diagnoses in children with 22q11DS. Methods Sixty-six children with 22q11DS and 54 control participants underwent neuropsychological testing and were administered the Diagnostic Analysis of Non-Verbal Accuracy (DANVA) for face and auditory emotion recognition, a measure of social cognition: their parents/guardians were administered the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) – parent version, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) – parent version and the Computerised Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC). Results The 22q11DS group exhibited significantly lower social skills total score and more problem social behaviours, lower neurocognitive functioning, higher rates of anxiety disorders and more internalising symptoms than the control group. Participants with 22q11DS also exhibited significant deficits in their ability to read facial expressions compared with the control group, but performed no differently than the control participants in the processing of emotions by tone of voice. Within the 22q11DS group, higher social competency was correlated with higher global assessment of functioning and parental socio-economic status. Social competency was worse in those with anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, more than two psychiatric diagnoses on the C-DISC and higher internalising symptoms. No significant correlations of SSRS scores were seen with IQ, executive functions, attention, or verbal learning and memory. No correlations were found between social cognition and social skill scores. Conclusion Our results indicate that social skills in children with 22q11DS are associated with behaviour/emotional functioning and not with neurocognition. Thus, treating the behaviour or emotional problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders may provide a pathway for improving social skills in these children.