cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of cyclic oligomers on the surface of nylon 6 fibers

When scoured nylon 6 filament was exposed to either water vapor or n-alcohol vapor, a portion of the cyclic [NH(CH2)5CO]x, with x = 2 through 7, and the ϵ-caprolactam present migrated to the filament surface and crystallized. A variety of crystal forms were observed. The variations depended partly on the vapor to which the sample had been exposed. During water vapor exposures, the cyclic dimer migrated more easily to the filament surface than the cyclic monomer and the cyclic tetramer migrated more easily than the cyclic trimer. It is postulated that the secondary valence forces acting between the dimer and the nylon 6 polymer are weaker than that between the ϵ-caprolactam and the polymer since the dimer forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Consequently, the dimer migrates more easily than the monomer, which can form hydrogen bonds with the polymer. Also the cyclic trimer can form hydrogen bonds with the nylon 6 polymer and thus migrates less easily than the cyclic tetramer, which can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In alcohol vapor exposures, the n-alcohol used influenced the concentration of cyclic monomer and oligomer, which migrated to the surface of the nylon 6 filament. The variation of the monomer and oligomer concentration on the fiber surface with the alcohol used in the exposure is discussed.
On the Weak Reflection Principle

The Weak Reflection Principle for ω2, or WRP(ω2), is the statement that every stationary subset of Pω1 (ω2) reflects to an uncountable ordinal in ω2. The Reflection Principle for ω2, or RP(ω2), is the statement that every stationary subset of Pω1 (ω2) reflects to an ordinal in ω2 with cofinality ω1. Let κ be a κ+-supercompact cardinal and assume 2κ = κ+. Then there exists a forcing poset P which collapses κ to become ω2, and P WRP(ω2)∧¬RP(ω2). In this paper we will be concerned with reflection of stationary subsets of Pω1(ω2). Recall that for an uncountable ordinal α, a set S ⊆ Pω1(α) = {x ⊆ α : |x| < ω1} is stationary if for any function F : [α] → α, there is a set b in S which is closed under F . Let S ⊆ Pω1(ω2) be a stationary set. We say that S reflects to α, where α is an uncountable ordinal in ω2, if S ∩ Pω1(α) is stationary in Pω1(α). The Weak Reflection Principle for ω2, or WRP(ω2), is the statement that for every stationary set S ⊆ Pω1(ω2), there is an uncountable ordinal α in ω2 such that S reflects to α. This principle is a special case of the stronger Weak Reflection Principle introduced in [1]. The statement WRP(ω2) has a number of interesting combinatorial consequences, including 2 ≤ ω2 ([4], [6]), ¬ (ω2) ([7]), and every stationary subset of ω2 ∩ cof(ω) reflects to an ordinal in ω2 with cofinality ω1. A related principle is the Reflection Principle for ω2, or RP(ω2), which asserts that every stationary subset of Pω1(ω2) reflects to an ordinal in ω2 with cofinality ω1. The standard models for obtaining WRP(ω2) (for example, by Levy collapsing a large cardinal to become ω2) all satisfy RP(ω2). Also, it tends to be easier to work with RP(ω2) than with WRP(ω2). Thus it is a natural question, and one which has been open for some time, whether WRP(ω2) implies RP(ω2). A standard argument shows that if ♦A holds for every stationary set A ⊆ ω2 ∩ cof(ω), then for any stationary set S ⊆ Pω1(ω2), there is a stationary set T ⊆ S which does not reflect to any uncountable ordinal in ω2 with cofinality ω. So assuming the existence of such diamonds, WRP(ω2) implies RP(ω2). Classically, the existence of such diamonds were known to follow from GCH; more recently, Shelah [5] has proven they are a consequence of 21 = ω2. Thus assuming 21 = ω2, WRP(ω2) implies RP(ω2) (originally, this result was proven in [2] by a different argument). The Weak Reflection Principle for ω2 is equiconsistent with a weakly compact cardinal. However, Sakai [3] has shown that a kind of local reflection is consistent from ZFC. Specifically, assuming GCH and ω1 , there is a generic extension in which there exists a stationary set S ⊆ Pω1(ω2) such that every stationary subset of S reflects to an uncountable ordinal in ω2 with cofinality ω. Date: February 2010. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03E35; Secondary 03E05.
Clinically meaningful improvement on the quality of erection questionnaire in men with erectile dysfunction

Defining the minimal clinically meaningful improvement (MCMI) is crucial to understanding the treatment effects on health-status measures. We estimated the MCMI on the quality of erection questionnaire (QEQ), a validated measure specific to assess erectile quality during sexual intercourse. Data were from two controlled trials of an investigational phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. Improvement on the Erectile Function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function was used as the anchor. For men who improved by exactly 1 erectile dysfunction severity category (anchor group (n=95)), clinically meaningful improvement (CMI, estimated with mean QEQ total change score from baseline to end of treatment) and MCMI (estimated with the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the mean) were 22.4 (s.d., 2.2) and 18.0 points, respectively. For the difference between the anchor group and men with no change in severity category (n=116), CMI and MCMI were 17.7 (s.d., 2.9) and 12 points, respectively. Distribution-based analyses (baseline s.e. of measurement (s.e.m.)=7.99, end-of-treatment s.e.m.=8.22 and s.e. of difference=11.46) supported a proposed MCMI of 12 points. Convergence of anchor-based and distribution-based criteria supports at least a 12-point difference in QEQ scores between treatments as clinically important.
Sex-Role Orientation and Relationship Development in Same-Sex Dyads.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between sex-role identity, behavioral interaction, and interpersonal attraction in an initial extended encounter. Eighty-two female subjects identified as either feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated participated in the study in same-sex dyads. The design contrasted three different dyad types: (a) feminine-feminine; (b) androgynous-androgynous; and (c) undifferentiated-undifferentiated. Each dyad completed an initial 5-min unstructured interaction, a 10-min getting-acquainted exercise, and a final 5-min unstructured interaction. Results of the combined initial and final unstructured interactions indicated greater interpersonal attraction between androgynous as compared with undifferentiated and feminine dyad types. During the interactions, androgynous individuals talked, looked at, and gestured to one another longer than did nonandrogynous individuals. There were, however, no significant differences between the feminine and undifferentiated dyads in interpersonal attraction or behavioral interaction. Discussion of the results emphasized the need to examine further the relationship between sex-role identity, behavioral interaction, and attraction in interpersonal encounters.
Male displays and female preferences in the courtship of a gregarious cricket

Abstract The courtship of males of the gregarious cricket Amphiacusta maya involves a variety of signals. The quantitative aspects of both successful and unsuccessful courtship sequences were examined to determine whether certain aspects of male displays were correlated with female mating preferences regardless of which male performed them. Although variability among males was high for most courtship components measured, I found no evidence of female choice with respect to the courtship variables studied. About 35% of the duration of each male courtship sequence is devoted to chirping, but there were no differences in either the likelihood of copulation or the latency to copulation between normal males and experimentally silenced males. The possibility that intrinsic differences in male quality explained the variability in courtship duration was examined with a two-way analysis of variance. The variance in courtship duration was attributable to variance among females, not to variance among males. Thus the courtship behaviour of male A. maya is variable enough to allow females to exert stabilizing or disruptive selection on displays, but there is no evidence that females use the available information.
Effect of Short Polymeric Fibers on Crack Development in Clays

Earth structures constructed of clayey soils, which have a tendency to shrink and swell, develop desiccation cracks when subjected to periods of drying and wetting. Over time, the seasonal shrinking and swelling may result in sloughing and shallow slides. One possible solution to this problem is the inclusion of randomly distributed short fibers in the clay. The purpose of the research presented herein was to assess the feasibility of using commercially available short fibers to reduce the development of desiccation cracks in clay. The test results showed that the fibers were effective in reducing the amount of desiccation cracking that occurred in clays subjected to drying. However, when subjected to wet/dry cycles attempting to simulate environmental conditions, the effectiveness of the fibers was not as evident. The inclusion of fibers increased the tensile strength of the clay and provided a ductile behavior that was not present in the samples without fibers.
Industrial graphene metrology

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon whose structure is based on one-atom-thick planar sheets of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Its unique electrical and optical properties raised worldwide interest towards the design and fabrication of future electronic and optical devices with unmatched performance. At the moment, extensive efforts are underway to evaluate the reliability and performance of a number of such devices. With the recent advances in synthesizing large-area graphene sheets, engineers have begun investigating viable methodologies for conducting graphene metrology and quality control at industrial scales to understand a variety of reliability issues including defects, patternability, electrical, and physical properties. This review summarizes the current state of industrial graphene metrology and provides an overview of graphene metrology techniques. In addition, a recently developed large-area graphene metrology technique based on fluorescence quenching is introduced. For each metrology technique, the industrial metrics it measures are identified – layer thickness, edge structure, defects, Fermi level, and thermal conductivity – and a detailed description is provided as to how the measurements are performed. Additionally, the potential advantages of each technique for industrial use are identified, including throughput, scalability, sensitivity to substrate/environment, and on their demonstrated ability to achieve quantified results. The recently developed fluorescence-quenching metrology technique is shown to meet all the necessary criteria for industrial applications, rendering it the first industry-ready graphene metrology technique.
Superoxide anion and endothelial regulation of arterial tone

Evidence continues to accumulate on the importance of paracrine substances formed in the endothelium in regulation of the vascular system. Mechanisms that govern the balance between relaxing and contracting factors are important for understanding the regulation of blood vessel tone in health and disease. Chemical antagonism between superoxide anions and nitric oxide has been recognized as a potentially important modulator of vascular reactivity as well as being a source of peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant. In several models of vascular diseases, impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations and promotion of endothelium-dependent contractions has been ascribed to increased production of superoxide anions. In pathologic conditions, increased production of superoxide anions may be responsible for an impairment of balance between relaxing and contracting factors favoring an increase in arterial tone. In this review the role of superoxide anions in modulation of endothelial mechanisms responsible for regulation of arterial tone will be discussed.
Primary atypical pneumonia: An epidemic caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae

The clinical epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections was investigated by serological means during the course of an outbreak of pneumonia in an institution for retarded children. The epidemic worked its way slowly through the population over a period of several months. By means of the tetrazolium reduction inhibition (TRI) and direct hemagglutination tests, it was found that among those exposed infection rates were 90 per cent in the 5 to 18 age group, and 64 per cent in adults. The highest incidence of pneumonia was in the youngest age group (28 per cent); children with Down's syndrome proved particularly susceptible to this manifestation.
A preliminary study of power system reliability evaluation considering cyber attack effects

As various novel smart grid technologies are being developed and deployed, the power system is becoming more vulnerable to malicious cyber attacks as it is more open to users. The reliability of the power system can be impacted by diverse types of attacks on its components. This paper deals with the impact of power system reliability due to the cyber attacks. A forced outage rate (FOR) model is proposed considering the impacts of cyber attacks on the reliability characteristic of generators and transmission lines. Different occurrences of the cyber attacks targeting the system lead to different effects on the FOR values. The loss of load probabilities (LOLP) curves in two reliability test systems are simulated based on 35 scenarios with different numbers of attacks. The simulation results showed that the reliability of the power system becomes worse as the number of attacks increases.
Geometry in architectural engineering education revisited

Geometric conceptualization has always been among the essential mental tools required for the invention, modeling, and visualization of spatial building structures. Furthermore, without an understanding of the geometric and mathematical base of computer graphical procedures, the ability to cope with significant developments in advanced architectural graphical representation and to adapt to the ever-changing technology in this area is limited. Despite the unquestionable significance of geometric thinking for the conception, design, and realization of buildings, the role of geometry in the education of architectural engineers, a role that traditionally constituted a significant part of their education, has been downplayed. This paper presents a systematic effort to strengthen architectural engineers’ skills in the understanding of geometric concepts and approaches that are directly related to their profession. Toward this effort a body of knowledge, mainly from Euclidean and Parabolic geometries, has been i...
Endocannabinoids Mediate Rapid Retrograde Signaling At Interneuron → Pyramidal Neuron Synapses of the Neocortex

In the neocortex, inhibitory interneurons tightly regulate the firing patterns and integrative properties of pyramidal neurons (PNs). The endocannabinoid system of the neocortex may play an importa...
PCR-based detection is unable to consistently distinguish HIV 1LTR circles

Quantitative PCR methods are routinely used to measure multiple HIV cDNA forms, including linear cDNA, early and late reverse transcripts, 2LTR circles, and integrated provirus. PCR-based methods for the detection of 1LTR circles have been proposed, but are complicated by the inherent homology of the LTR sequence present in all cDNA forms. Amplicons with variable lengths of homology showed that it is difficult to discriminate 1LTR circles faithfully from other cDNA forms. Addition of formamide, DMSO, or glycerol did not eliminate amplification of spurious products. Thus, detection of 1LTR circles by PCR is not reliable.
Circular dichroism studies of biologically active growth hormone preparations

1. 1. An attempt has been made to obtain structural parameters by near and far ultraviolet circular dichroism studies of several components of human growth hormone, bovine growth hormone, a clinically active component of a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone, and two biologically active peptides derived from the latter component of the bovine growth hormone digest. 2. 2. Calculations based on the ellipticity at 222 nm yield righthanded α-helix contents of 32, 32 and 28%, respectively, for the three components of a human growth hormone preparation. Estimates based on the ellipticity at an isodichroic point of 208 nm yielded values of 31, 31 and 23%, respectively. Best fits of the experimental curves using model parameters require inclusion of about 10–15% β-structure. The latter value, however, is made uncertain by the probable, complicating contributions of aromatic side chains. An increase of pH from 9.5 to 11.5 brought about considerable disordering in one of the components, with a probable decrease in helix content, while possibly elevating slightly that of the second and leaving the third unchanged. 3. 3. Calculations based on ellipticities at 208 and at 222 nm indicated that the helix content of bovine growth hormone is about 55%, considerably greater than any of the three components of human growth hormone, while the content of β-structure is somewhat lower, at about 10%. 4. 4. The circular dichroic (CD) spectrum of a clinically active component of a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone was similar to that of the hormone from which it was derived, showing some pH dependence. The helix content was between 50 and 58% at pH 9.5, depending on concentration and method of calculation. At pH 11.5, the value was 50% calculated at 222 nm and 45% calculated at 208 nm. 5. 5. The spectrum of the larger peptide derived from the aforementioned component contained a negative extremum at 217 nm, with an ellipticity of approx. −8900. Infrared spectra of this larger peptide as well as undigested bovine growth hormone are consistent with a larger proportion of β-structure in the larger peptide derived from the tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone. The spectrum of the smaller biologically active peptide suggested elements of helix and random coil. The spectrum of equimolar amounts of the large peptide and the small peptide suggested a helical content of about 23%. 6. 6. The near ultraviolet CD spectra of bovine growth hormone at pH 9.5 contained negative bands at 285 and 290 nm and positive bands at 275, 265 and 260 nm with a shoulder at 270 nm. Human growth hormone and the component from the tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone demonstrated fewer CD bands in the near ultraviolet region. There was no CD above 253 nm in the smaller biologically active peptide derived from a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone.
A graphical tool for three-factor experiments with one observation per cell

The joint-plot graphical display is proposed as a data analytic tool for diagnosing the type of model to fit to three-factor data. It is a three-way generalization of the biplot display which is useful in graphically diagnosing models for two-way data. Joint-plots of the three-way array have been used to help understand the underlying structure of the data when all of the three ways or factors are of equal consideration from the view point of exploratory data analysis. In this paper, it is shown that joint-plots can help in understanding the interactions between factors in three factor experiments and in assessing the type of the model to fit. Illustrations from physical and biological science show how to use diagnostic rules in search for models to describe the given data.
Temporal and spatial control following bilateral versus unilateral training

Principles of motor control and learning such as bilateral coordination and task-specificity, are increasingly incorporated in the design of upper extremity rehabilitation protocols for stroke survivors. Yet most studies investigating the efficacy of new protocols report composite scores of standardized tests, such as the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity test (FM) and the Wolf Motor Arm Test, rather than determining how the motor control and coordination of arm movements has changed. Here we present a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled trial comparing a bilateral and unilateral training protocol where participants were assessed on bilateral and unilateral arm reaching. Eligible participants for the arm reaching analysis were 9 (FM=37) and 9 (FM=34) in Bilateral Arm Training with Rhythmic Auditory Cueing (BATRAC) and Dose Matched Therapeutic Exercises (DMTE), respectively. Participants undertook 18 sessions of training for 6 weeks with 20min of active training per session. For bilateral arm reaching, participants after BATRAC were faster, with increased peak acceleration, fewer movement units, and smoother hand paths for each arm. The BATRAC training group showed greater improvements with training than the DMTE group during bilateral reaching for parameters of movement units and smoothness of hand path. For unilateral arm reaching, participants were faster after DMTE for paretic arm reaching; however, this group did not improve to a greater extent than the BATRAC training group. Within group functional gains were seen after BATRAC on FM, Wolf Motor Arm Test (time and weight) and after DMTE on FM and Wolf Weight. There was a positive correlation between movement units and the time component of the Wolf Motor Arm Test. The reaching analysis demonstrates task-specificity in training since BATRAC improves performance in bilateral reaching and DMTE improves performance in unilateral reaching. Temporal/spatial control outcomes in studies of post-stroke interventions can identify functionally relevant motor control changes that are not captured by traditional standardized tests.
Adventures in PASCAL—the academy approach

A new curriculum was designed for the computer science major at the Air Force Academy with the initial majors course being Elements of Programming Languages (CS359). The course consists of four major blocks: detailed concepts of PASCAL; examination of elements of programming languages; examination of FORTRAN77 and COBOL; and student comparative reports on other contemporary languages.The initial block about PASCAL in this course is unique in concept and approach; and is the focus of this paper. The underlying basis for the approach taken is that PASCAL is an extremely small language; therefore, very easy to master. Once a student has mastered a programming language it is easy to compare other languages against the 'mastered' language. Also, it is much easier for the student to learn new programming languages once one is mastered. The approach we used in this course is what makes it fairly unique.
The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test: Results on carcinoma of the colon and rectum

The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test was performed on guinea-pig macrophages treated with the interaction products of encephalitogenic protein and peripheral lymphocytes from 44 patients with colorectal cancer and 33 "healthy" controls. In 54/60 tests involving patients, statistically significant reductions in electrophoretic mobilities were observed, compared with 12/33 in controls. Our overall results on the reductions in macrophage mobilities by lymphocyte products are in accord with the work of some other workers, but not all. In contrast to many other studies, the standard procedures used here to express the results should permit an exchange of data on an international basis and allow a more rapid, general appraisal of the MEM test.
Age and choice between responses in a self-paced repetitive task.

Abstract When young subjects select between two responses of similar amplitudes, and in the same direction, they can overlap identification of one of two signals with the initial movement of a reach appropriate to either. They thus respond more quickly when selecting between responses of similar amplitudes than when selecting between responses of very different amplitudes. Older subjects are loss able to overlap movement and choice time and so benefit less from a choice between similar as against dissimilar responses. Young subjects respond faster when cycles of responses during the task are alternated than when they are repeated. This tendency appears to be related to guessing strategies earlier described as the ‘ negative recency effect ’ or ‘ gambler 's fallacy ’. The latencies of young subjects' responses appear to be directly dependent on the latencies of immediately preceding responses rather than on the response rate for the sequence as a whole. Latencies of old subjects' responses are affected by ...
Uniplanar deformation of isotactic polypropylene: 1. Draw characteristics

Abstract Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) ( M w = 2.9 × 10 5 ) has been deformed in uniaxial compression by forging at several constant temperatures from 20 to 140°C. A relation between draw efficiency and the formation of the smectic phase during deformation has been examined over a wide range of compression draw ratios (∼50). At a forging temperature below the smectic-phase stability limit temperature ( T s ), the efficiency of draw, parallel to the uniplanar direction, was high (∼97%) and independent of the compression ratio, pressure and draw temperature ( T d ). The relation between the compression yield energy ( E y ) and T d has also been examined. E y , the area under the compressive stress-strain curve up to the yield point, as a function of T d was found to consist of two linear components of different slope. These two linear relations arose from the glassy and crystalline phases. The intercept temperature ( T i ) at zero yield energy for the glassy phase has been evaluated to understand compression drawability. Above T i , the achievable compression ratio ( CR ) increased steadily with T d . At a given T d , the CR increased with increasing applied pressure, and this tendency was more prominent above T i . The T i moved higher as the compression rate was increased.1
Radiation from an aperture in an infinite conducting wedge

In this paper the problem of the far field radiation of an infinite aperture occupying one side of an infinite conducting wedge is solved. For uniform illuminations as well as for illuminations tapered to zero at the edges, it is shown that the radiated field can be effectively represented by line sources situated along the edge of the wedge. Also, for the special case of illuminations which taper to zero at the edges within a few wavelengths, it is shown that the shadow region radiation is proportional to the rate of taper.
Dependence of 13C NMR chemical shifts on conformations of rna nucleosides and nucleotides.

Abstract Cross-polarization magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been used to investigate the dependence of 13 C sugar chemical shifts on specific conformational parameters of a variety of ribonucleotides and ribonucleosides. Solid-state NMR is a valuable tool for nucleoside and nucleotide structural studies since it provides the means to acquire spectra that correspond to single conformations, as opposed to 13 C solution NMR methods. The distinct effects of sugar puckering on the C1′, C4′, and C5′ resonances of C2′ endo (S type) and C3′ endo (N type) furanoid conformations allow us to separate them into two groups. Further analysis of each group reveals an additional dependence of the C1′ and C5′ resonances on the glycosidic and C4′–C5′ exocyclic torsion angles, respectively. However, it is found that the glycosidic conformation cannot independently be determined from sugar 13 C chemical shift data. The statistical methods of exploratory data analysis and discriminant analysis are used to construct two canonical coordinates—linear combinations of chemical shifts which give the statistically optimal determination of the conformation from the NMR data.
The estrogen-cancer hypothesis.

The estrogen-cancer hypothesis postulates that both exogenous and endogenous estrogens and their metabolites play a significant and possibly an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of cancer in the estrogen-responsive tissues of man and animals. It has been shown that estrogen administration is followed by regularly reproducible tumors in 5 species of animals and in 8 organ sites. Steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogen seem to be equally effective. Ovariectomy has been widely used in the treatment of breast cancer. Massive estrogen doses have a paradoxical effect in inducing remissions in older women with inoperable breast cancer. A prolonged latent period intervenes between the hormonal impact and the clinical appearance of the disease process. Excessive endogenous estrogen has been associated with endometrial cancer. Progesterone effectively antagonizes the mitosis-stimulating action of estrogen by inducing regression of both endometrial carcinoma and adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium. Repressions have been induced by progestational agents in patients with renal carcinomas. In an accompanying discussion it is noted that estrogens were not considered carcinogenic in the same way that methylcholanthrene and some other chemicals are. The effect of estrogens was regarded as permissive rather than causative. It is stated that ovarietomy will markedly reduce the incidence of cancer in strains of mice or rats with a high incidence of breast cancer and that the incidence can be restored by administration of estrogens. However in strains of mice with a low incidence of breast cancer estrogen administration does not increase the incidence. There has been no evidence that use of oral contraceptives increses the risk of cancer. Some protective effect on the occurrence of benign breast neoplasia has been confirmed. It is emphasized that the actual effect of estrogens at the time of the beginning of breast or other carcinoma is not known. The human population is not genetically homogeneous and to evaluate results of estrogenic effects several more decades will be needed.
Assessing the Accuracy of Landscape‐Scale Phenology Products: An International Workshop on the Validation of Satellite‐Based Phenology Products; Dublin, Ireland, 18 June 2010

A 1-day international workshop on the accuracy assessment of phenology products derived from satellite observations of the land surface was held at Trinity College Dublin. This was in conjunction with the larger 4-day Phenology 2010 conference. Phenology is the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages (such as leafing and flowering, maturation of agricultural plants, emergence of insects, and migration of birds). The workshop brought together producers of continental- to global-scale phenology products based on satellite data, as well as providers of field observations and tower-mounted near-surface imaging sensors whose data are useful for evaluating the satellite products. The meeting was held under the auspices of the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS) Land Product Validation (LPV) subgroup. The mission of LPV is to foster quantitative validation of high-level global land products derived from remotely sensed data and relay results that are relevant to users.
The Predictive Validity of a Study Habits Inventory for First Semester Undergraduates

In an effort to provide additional information concerning the relationship between study habits and college grade-point average (GPA), the College Adjustment and Study Skills Inventory (CASSI), hig...
Happy Landings: The Opportunity to Fly Again:

The success of a business for its owners is measurable in terms of the opportunities it creates for their beneficiaries. Perpetuating that business is only one of many possible opportunities for them.
Phylogeography of a facultatively migratory dragonfly, Libellula quadrimaculata (Odonata: Anisoptera)

The biogeography of a widely distributed dragonfly (Libellula quadrimaculata) was examined via a phylogenetic analysis of 416 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I subunit (COI). Phylogenetic analyses under parsimony and minimum evolution produced trees with similar topologies, and revealed strong support for three clades corresponding to populations in Asia, Europe and North America. However, resolution was poor within clades, and genetic distances between populations within continents was quite low (1–2%). Several populations of this species are known to engage in periodic mass migrations, and it is possible that introgression from gene flow due to the mobility of this species has obscured phylogenetic patterns within continents. I was unable to test for phylogenetic patterns coincident with historical glacial refugia given the lack of phylogenetic patterns within continents. However, given that some sequence divergence was observed between populations within continents, it is possible that phylogenetic patterns exist, and subsequent studies should make use of larger data sets, and molecular data from faster evolving genes. Despite the propensity for periodic, short distance migrations in L. quadrimaculata, gene flow appears to be limited and does not influence the phylogenetic relationships of populations between continents.
Development of a real-time TaqMan assay to detect mendocina sublineage Pseudomonas species in contaminated metalworking fluids

A TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed for the detection and enumeration of three Pseudomonas species belonging to the mendocina sublineage (P. oleovorans, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis) found in contaminated metalworking fluids (MWFs). These microbes are the primary colonizers and serve as indicator organisms of biodegradation of used MWFs. Molecular techniques such as qPCR are preferred for the detection of these microbes since they grow poorly on typical growth media such as R2A agar and Pseudomonas isolation agar (PIA). Traditional culturing techniques not only underestimate the actual distribution of these bacteria but are also time-consuming. The primer–probe pair developed from gyrase B (gyrB) sequences of the targeted bacteria was highly sensitive and specific for the three species. qPCR was performed with both whole cell and genomic DNA to confirm the specificity and sensitivity of the assay. The sensitivity of the assay was 101 colony forming units (CFU)/ml for whole cell and 13.7 fg with genomic DNA. The primer–probe pair was successful in determining concentrations from used MWF samples, indicating levels between 2.9 × 103 and 3.9 × 106 CFU/ml. In contrast, the total count of Pseudomonas sp. recovered on PIA was in the range of <1.0 × 101 to 1.4 × 105 CFU/ml for the same samples. Based on these results from the qPCR assay, the designed TaqMan primer–probe pair can be efficiently used for rapid (within 2 h) determination of the distribution of these species of Pseudomonas in contaminated MWFs.
A common multi-platform hardware object model

About 5 years ago one group in IBM's high-end server system started a redesign of its hardware access layer. Flexibility for any kind of configuration and hardware was the main goal for the design, to allow for rapid bring up changes and changing hardware packaging. Object-oriented design was the obvious choice.About 2 years ago another group in IBM's middle and low end server systems started a redesign of their hardware access layer. The same basic objectives as the high-end systems applied. Additionally the middle and low-end systems group was continuing the consolidation of its servers to one eServer with a common service processor.Both hardware platforms are multi-processor systems supporting terabytes of I/O and a multitude of operating systems from z/OS and OS/400 to AIX and Linux.Everything cried for reuse.This paper is not so much about the final design as it is the challenges of a major object-oriented design affecting many components and attempting code reuse between different projects on different hardware in different organizations and different development sites including different countries. We will list the goals we had, what we ended up with, what proved to be good concepts and what the roadblocks were. The paper ends with an outlook on what we will approach next.
The Role of the Antisocial Family in School Completion and Delinquency: A Three-Generation Study

THE OBSERVATION that deviant children have deviant parents has been made in a near-astronomical number of studies.' The path to this conclusion has almost always been through the comparison of parents of deviant children (particularly juvenile delinquents) with parents of control subjects. Studies which have proceeded from the other end-i.e., by using the parents as the index case in order to estimate the probability that deviant behavior in the parent will be reflected in the child's behavior-have been negligible in number. Among the rare studies of this kind are Anne Roe's study of children of alcoholics, Wilson's study of delinquency in children whose parents were referred for child neglect, Geismar's study of juvenile delinquency in "multiproblem" families, and Lewis' study of mental illness in the offspring of mentally ill parents.2 Studies
Vector seeker: a tool for finding vector potential

The importance of vector instructions is growing in modern computers. Almost all architectures include some form of vector instructions and the tendency is for the size of the instructions to grow with newer designs. To take advantage of the performance that these systems offer, it is imperative that programs use these instructions, and yet they do not always do so. The tools to take advantage of these extensions require programmer assistance either by hand coding or providing hints to the compiler.We present Vector Seeker, a tool to help investigate vector parallelism in existing codes. Vector Seeker runs with the execution of a program to optimistically measure the vector parallelism that is present. Besides describing Vector Seeker, the paper also evaluates its effectiveness using two applications from Petascale Application Collaboration Teams (PACT) and eight applications from Media Bench II. These results are compared to known results from manual vectorization studies. Finally, we use the tool to automatically analyze codes from Numerical Recipes and TSVC and then compare the results with the automatic vectorization algorithms of Intel's ICC.
On a theorem of Čebotarev

A new proof is given of the theorem that no submatrix of the p×p matrix S=(ζ(i−1)(j−1)) is singular, where ζis a primitive pth root of unity and p is a prime. Some related results are also discussed.
Large volcanic debris avalanches: Characteristics of source areas, deposits, and associated eruptions

Abstract Large volcanic debris avalanches, often exceeding a cubic kilometer in volume, create massive amphitheater-shaped reentrants into the volcanic edifice that differ in morphology and origin from normal collapse calderas. The volume of debris avalanche deposits at the base of these breached craters or calderas often correlates closely with the volumes of the missing sectors of the volcanic edifices, indicating that the dominant process in the formation of these depressions is massive slope failure of a portion of the volcanic cone. Debris avalanche deposits display a hummocky topography with numerous small hills and closed depressions, longitudinal and transverse ridges, and locally homogeneous debris with a jigsaw fit, features that are typical of landslide deposits. The size of the hummocks and the maximum size of breccia blocks within them tends to decrease away from the source. Data on travel distance ( L ) of debris avalanches as a function of vertical drop ( H ) demonstrates the great mobility (median H / L = 0.11) of these avalanches, which are emplaced at calculated velocities often exceeding 100 km/hr. Volcanic debris avalanches and associated formation of “avalanche calderas” have occurred at roughly four per century in historic time, several times the historic rate for the formation of Krakatau-type calderas. These depressions often show a preferred orientation normal to the dominant direction of dike emplacement. The differential stress produced by the emplacement of parallel dike swarms is an important factor among the many factors that contribute to large-scale volcanic slope movements. In addition to hazards from rapid emplacement of the avalanches and possible associated directed blasts, a major secondary volcanic hazard from these events is tsunamis produced by the rapid impact of debris avalanches from coastal volcanoes into the sea.
Uptake and translocation of lesser-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in whole hybrid poplar plants after hydroponic exposure

Mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are congeners with greater volatility which remain in air, soils and sediments requiring treatment. In this study, the fate of these PCBs was investigated within whole poplar plants (Populus deltoides x nigra, DN34) with application for a treatment system such as a confined disposal facility for dredged material. Whole hybrid poplars were exposed hydroponically to a mixture of five congeners, common in the environment, having one to four chlorine atoms per molecule. Results indicated that PCB 3, 15, 28, 52, and 77 were initially sorbed to the root systems. The root concentration factor (RCF) of PCBs during the exposure was calculated and correlated with K(ow). PCB congeners were taken up by the roots of hybrid poplar, and the translocation of PCBs to stems was inversely related to congener hydrophobicity (log K(ow)). PCB 3 and 15 were translocated to the upper stem at small but significant rates. PCB 28 was translocated to the wood of the main stem but no farther; translocation from the roots was not detected for PCB 52 and 77. The distribution of PCBs within poplars was determined, and mass balances were completed to within 15% for each chemical except for PCB 3, the most volatile congener. This is the first report on the transport of PCBs through whole plants designed for use in treatment at disposal facilities.
Pushing the Raman principle

T V Raman has said, "The way to think about the visual system is as a way to answer queries against a spatial database. If you have an alternate way to ask the queries and get the answers, you don't need the visual system." If we push this Raman Principle, where can it take us? This paper describes one application of the Raman Principle, the Noodle system for non-visual visual programming. It then offers some reflections on the larger implications of the Principle.
Management of Scales and Other Insect Debris: Occupational Health Hazard in a Lepidopterous Rearing Facility

Scales and other body parts of Lepidoptera are known allergens and pose a serious health hazard for workers in rearing programs. Researchers of the Crop Science Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), located at Mississippi State, MS, have reared lepidopterous insects since the late 1960s. Efforts have been made by them to continuously improve management of the moth scale problem and reduce allergic reactions suffered by workers. We developed strategy that requires a separate facility for housing the moth colonies, oviposition cages that facilitate exit of scales and other debris, an improved air filtration system, and sanitation procedures. The strategy used currently (coined ALERT for Advanced Lepidoptera Environmental Rearing Technology) for scale management efficiently minimizes this serious occupational hazard.
A Comparison of Drogues, Current Meters, Winds, and a Vertical Profiler in Lake Erie

Abstract As part of an extensive survey of the temperature and currents of the central basin, Lake Erie, a vertical automatic profiling system (EVAPS) was deployed at an offshore location for 3 days in August 1980. This system, which is considered to be new to Great Lakes studies, consisted of acoustic current meters, temperature sensors, and a pressure gauge which by the use of a bottom mounted winch could be made to ascend and descend through the water column. The profiler permitted the collection of continuous vertical temperature and velocity profiles. From these profiles, temperatures and the horizontal components of the flow were extracted at several depths and compared to standard measurements from current meters, drogues, and a meterological buoy. Such a comparison demonstrated satisfactory agreement of the conventional data with the profile measurements and thus establishes the validity of this novel approach to measurement of flow in a large lake.
Quenching of Growth of ZnO Nanoparticles by Adsorption of Octanethiol

To exploit the size dependent properties of nanoparticles, it is essential to control the particle size. We show that injection of octanethiol into suspensions of ZnO particles can be used to quench particle growth. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the adsorption of octanethiol on ZnO single crystals indicate relatively weak adsorption of thiolate and sulfonate species dependent on the crystal orientation. These results suggest that adsorption of thiolate and sulfonate groups on ZnO particles in suspension prevent dissolution of the solid phase. Furthermore, the octanethiol is adsorbed sufficiently strongly to quench growth but can be easily removed for subsequent surface functionalization.
Molecular Systematics of the Drosophila virilis Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Immunological distances were used to assess the relationships of species of the Drosophila virilis species group and to examine rates of evolution of the ecologically divergent virilis and montana phylads. The enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) was used as the antigen to produce antisera. Immunological distances were measured in all 12 species of the virilis group and four outgroup species of Drosophila. UPGMA and Fitch-Margoliash trees were constructed for these immunological distances. These trees were very similar to a phylogeny based on karyotypes and chromosomal inversions. The most consistent difference with the latter phylogeny was the placement of D. kanekoi Watabe & Higuchi in the virilis phylad instead of the montana phylad. Rates of evolution of 6-PGDH were not significantly different in the two phylads. The rate of change of 6-PGDH was calibrated using previously estimated divergence dates for selected subgenera and major radiations within the genus. Accordingly, the phylads were estimated to have diverged 15 million yr ago. This date agrees with biogeographical, paleontological, and other molecular data.
Quantitative dosing of surfaces with fluorescent molecules: characterization of fractional monolayer coverages by counting single molecules.

Quantitative deposition of dye molecules onto a substrate has been achieved at very low surface concentrations, in the range of 5 × 10-8−1 × 10-6 monolayer, using the technique of controlled substrate withdrawal from solution. These small surface populations were determined with high (≥96%) efficiency by single-molecule counting using an epi-illumination, fluorescence microscope with charge-coupled device detector. The fluorescence imaging resolution (3σ) is 0.78 μm; over a uniform excitation area of 67 × 67 μm2, a large number (>7500) of spatially resolved channels are available for counting individual molecules. At low coverages, the number density of fluorescence spots on the surface agrees with the expected surface concentration of molecules, based on the concentration of dye in solution and the solution film thickness predicted from theory. When the surface density of molecules is high enough that fluorescence spot overlap is likely to occur within the optical resolution of the instrument, the observ...