cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asthma and Pesticides in Public Schools: Does the ADA Provide a Remedy Where FIFRA Fails to Protect

For students suffering from asthma exacerbated or induced by chemical pesticide use, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) may provide a remedy to enjoin the use of chemical pesticides in public schools. The ADA has been used as a remedy for environmentally-related disabilities with mixed results. There have been successful challenges to the ADA used in this context based on the comprehensive regulatory nature of many environmental statutes. This Note will argue that a student who suffers from pesticide-induced asthma is protected by the ADA. Further, the challenges that have precluded relief under other environmental statutes would fail in this context because the scope of regulation of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is not wide enough to provide a private right of action. Because of this, the ADA provides a remedy that is not in conflict with FIFRA.
The Development of Sexuality

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of current research on children's and adolescents' sexual motivations, desires, and behaviors, and the multiple factors that influence the unfolding of their sexual-developmental trajectories. We adopt the view that sexual desire and behavior represent normative features of child and adolescent development that have the potential to foster and enhance the happiness, psychological development, and well-being of youth, but also introduce health risks and concerns. We review research on developmental changes in sexual desire and motivation, participation in partnered and unpartnered sexual behavior, contextual influences on sexual expression, prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, sexual coercion, and the growing influence of digital media use. We also review the unique experiences of youth with same-sex attractions and behavior, as well as with atypical gender expression (i.e., transgender youth). We conclude with specific recommendations for future research, aiming to provide a generative roadmap to the next generation of scientific research on this critical—but still understudied—area of human development. Keywords: gender differences; ly gender identity; pregnancy; pubertal development; sexual behavior; sexual desire; sexual identity; sexual orientation; sexual violence; sexually transmitted infections; transgender
Role of deep soil moisture in modulating climate in the Amazon rainforest

Received 28 December 2009; accepted 19 January 2010; published 2 March 2010. [1] Both local and large‐scale processes affect the Amazon hydrologic cycle. We investigate the impact of deep soils on the atmosphere through local feedbacks. The Simple Biosphere model, version 3 (SiB3), is coupled to a single column model. Historically, land surface schemes parameterize soil moisture stress based on shallow soils and incorrectly capture seasonal cycles in the Amazon. Following observations, SiB3 is updated to allow deep roots to access soil moisture at depth. The new (“Unstressed”) version of SiB3 has a stronger hydrologic cycle, with increased evapotranspiration and moisture export during the dry season. The boundary layer responds through changes in its depth, relative humidity, and turbulent kinetic energy, and these changes feed back to influence wet season onset and intensity. Differences in atmospheric latent heating could affect circulation in a global model. The results have important consequences for modeling the Amazon hydrologic cycle and climate in global climate models. Citation: Harper, A. B., A. S. Denning, I. T. Baker, M. D. Branson, L. Prihodko, andD.A.Randall (2010),Roleof deepsoil moistureinmodulatingclimateintheAmazonrainforest,Geophys.Res.Lett.,
Computational Ethnography: Automated and Unobtrusive Means for Collecting Data In Situ for Human–Computer Interaction Evaluation Studies

Computational ethnography is an emerging family of methods for conducting human–computer interaction (HCI) studies in healthcare. Computational ethnography often leverages automated and less obtrusive means for collecting in situ data that reflect end users’ true, unaltered behaviors of interacting with a software system or a device in naturalistic settings. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of computational ethnography and common types of digital trace data available in healthcare environments, as well as commonly used approaches to analyzing computational ethnographical data. At the end of the chapter, we use two use cases to illustrate how this new family of methods has been applied in healthcare to study end users’ interactions with technological interventions in their everyday routines.
Giant enhancement of nanoscale thermal radiation based on hyperbolic graphene plasmons

Excitation of surface plasmons enables super-Planckian thermal radiation far beyond the blackbody limit. By patterning a single layer of graphene sheet into ribbons, the closed circular dispersion of graphene plasmons is opened to become hyperbolic, leading to broadband singularities of density of states. Extremely high-k evanescent waves can now couple with hyperbolic graphene plasmons. Consequently, a giant enhancement of the near-field radiative heat flux, by more than one order of magnitude, is demonstrated in this study using rigorous numerical simulations. The findings may open promising pathways for highly efficient thermal management, energy harvesting, and sub-wavelength thermal imaging.
Development and Implementation of a Culturally and Linguistically Centered Nutrition Education Program for Promotoras de Salud (Community Health Workers) to Foster Community Health Education and Outreach in Texas Border Colonias

Promotora Nutrition Empowerment Initiative (PNEI) was developed in response to requests by 7 promotora-researchers in the Construyendo Communidades Fronterizas Mas Sanas (Building Healthier Border Communities) research and outreach program to better equip them in the Texas border colonias they serve. This effort provided a framework for evidence-based, culturally and linguistically centered nutrition education and skill-building modules. Eight educational workshops (4 hours per month) comprised of in-depth nutrition education and skill-building lessons were conducted (December 2012–July 2013). Student’s paired sample t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared pre- and posttest nutrition knowledge scores for each workshop; scores were significantly improved (P = .02). Medial assessment focus group analysis suggested that nutrition education workshops provided worth, impact, and empowerment. Results suggest that collaborative community efforts involving promotoras/community health workers empower and all...
Pilonidal Sinus in Infancy

The case presented is of a newborn infant with a fulminating infection with Staphylococcus aureus arising from a pilonidal sinus. The patients admitted over a 10-year period to Louisville Children9s Hospital with a diagnosis of pilonidal sinus are reviewed. The disease appears to be of congenital origin in this age group. The potential danger of this condition in infants is emphasized.
Two discrete nucleus accumbens projection areas differentially mediate cocaine self-administration in the rat

The region of the nucleus accumbens and its connections have been implicated in the reinforcing actions of cocaine as measured by intravenous self-administration. Our previous work has demonstrated that ibotenic acid lesions of one of the output regions of the nucleus accumbens, the sublenticular region of the extended amygdala (SEA), resulted in significant decreases in the highest ratio obtained in rats self-administering cocaine. In the present study, the importance of another nucleus accumbens output, the subcommissural ventral pallidum (SVP), in mediating the self-administration of cocaine in the rat was explored. Animals were trained to self administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/inj) via an intravenous catheter on a FR5 schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, subjects were either given bilateral intracerebral injections (0.5 microliter per side) of ibotenic acid (10 micrograms/microliter lesion group) or vehicle (sham group) into the SVP or into the SEA. Four days postlesion, cocaine self-administration on a FR5 schedule was resumed for 3 days. Next, a dose effect function was determined in one 3-h session. Finally, a progressive ratio probe in which the ratio requirement was increased after each reinforcement was tested. Lesions of both the SVP and the SEA produced significant changes in responding for intravenous cocaine on a FR5 schedule of reinforcement as compared to sham lesioned controls, although the effect was found to be greater for the rats bearing lesions of the SEA. While the lesions produced decreases in responding for cocaine at all doses tested in the dose-effect function, the rate of responding was still inversely proportional to the dose in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infrared evidence for the mode of binding of oxygen to iron of myoglobin from heart muscle.

Infrared spectra for oxymyoglobin isolated from bovine heart muscle reveal non-linear end-on binding of O2 to Fe(II) similar, but not identical, to that found for oxyhemoglobins. Difference spectra for 16O2 Mb vs CO Mb and 16O2 Mb vs 18O2 Mb have a band at 1103 cm−1 assigned to bound 16O2. Human oxyhemoglobin A and other hemoglobins exhibited an analogous band at 1107 cm−1. A bonding description with strong covalent bonding between Fe(II) and O2 (i.e., ) thus applies to oxymyoglobin as well as to oxyhemoglobins. CO Mb and CO HbA give νCO bands at 1944 and 1951 cm−1 respectively with about 10-fold greater intensity than the O-O bands.
Chemical and metallurgical aspects of environmentally assisted fatigue crack growth in 7075-T651 aluminum alloy

A comprehensive study has been carried out on a 7075-T651 alloy to examine the influence of water vapor on fatigue crack growth. The kinetics of fatigue crack growth were determined as a function of water vapor pressure at room temperature and at 353 K. Detailed fractographic analyses and surface chemistry studies were carried out to identify the micromechanisms and to quantify the chemical interactions for corrosion fatigue crack growth in this alloy. Experiments were also carried out in ultra-high vacuum and in oxygen to provide for comparisons. Two regions of fatigue crack growth response were identified. In the low pressure region (below 67 Pa at 5 Hz), crack growth is controlled by the rate of transport of water vapor to the crack tip, and the response can be described by a model for transport controlled crack growth. At pressures above 67 Pa, additional increases in crack growth rate occurred, which are attributed to the further reactions of water vapor with segregated magnesium in this alloy. Different micromechanisms for crack growth have been identified for vacuum, oxygen, and water vapor. These micromechanisms are considered in relation to the environmental parameters through a modified superposition model for corrosion fatigue.
Test of Some Learning Models for Double Contingent Reinforcement: A Correction:

The X ' values reported in Table 2, p. 265 of our earlier paper (Suppes & Schlag-Rey, 1962) for models of class GCM I1 must be corrected as follows: c , 124.4; d,,,, 123.9; e, 92.9; fzY, 72.6; ~ Z , Z Z , 35.8. This correction does not change the ordering, according to their relative goodness of fit, of the five GCM I1 models tested. But it makes the relative superioriq of GCM I1 models, as compared with GCM I models, appear less pronounced. Consequently we must restate our conclusions concerning this aspect of the results. Although the fits of GCM I1 models are not uniformly better than those of GCM I, with the same nec n ~ ~ m b e r of degrees of freedom, the best assurnption always belongs to the class of GCM 11. For example, the GCM I1 model defined by four parameters, f,,, which take account on trial n of the rewarding or punishing character of the reinforcement, and whether the response on trial n is a repeating or alternating one, yields a better fit than any of the three GCM I models having four parameters. In the same way, with eight parameters, g,,,, (GCM 11) is better than both f j s i j and grij (GCM I ) . On the other hand, the correction makes even more striking the fact that the two models gi,ij (Ig) and g,,,, (IIg) yield opposite results on the two subtests of data obtained when the 16 X 2 transition matrix is partitioned according to whether the last reinforcement (trial n ) was punishing or rewarding. When it is punishing, X" (IIg) = 32.2 and ~ " 1 g ) = 4.3; when ic is rewarding, x"I1g) =3.6 and x2 (Ig) = 34.6.
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Shear Strengthening of Short-Span, Precast Channel Beams in Bridge Superstructures

A national study concluded that at least 14 states use precast channel beams for their bridge superstructures. Before the mid-1970s short-span (19-ft) precast channel beam bridges were designed by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department for H15 loading without any provision for shear reinforcement. A recent statewide survey has identified 389 of these bridges that remain in service. About 3% are load posted. Approximately one-third of the 389 bridges are exhibiting deterioration that may be serious. During a recent investigation by the University of Arkansas, 33 precast channel beams were evaluated for structural strength. It was determined that many of these units have inadequate shear capacity. A shear crack frequency distribution curve was developed through examination of the 33 tested beams. A simple shear strengthening technique is presented consisting of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strips as external stirrups. The technique has been developed so that it can be easily implemented ...
Biodegradation kinetics of trichloroethylene and1,2-dichloroethane by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas)cepacia PR131 and Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10.

The biodegradation kinetics for chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons trichloroethylene (TCE) by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia PR131 and for1,2-dichloethane (1,2-DCA) by Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 were determinedusing an initial rate method to determine the applicable rate law and relevant kinetic parametersunder aerobic conditions. A first order linear rate law applied to 1,2-DCA biodegradation by X. autotrophicus GJ10. The first order rate constant was determined to be 0.014 ml/min/mg.A non-linear rate law applied to TCE biodegradation by B. cepacia PR131.The maximum specific degradation rate constant was determined to be 0.8 nmol/min/mg protein,and the half saturation constant was determined to be 0.026 mM (3.47 ppm). Error analysisperformed on our analytical methods and computations, using a logarithmic differentiationmethod, indicated the relative error of our reported rate constants to be approximately 17%.Knowledge of the kinetic rate laws and kinetic parameters governing the biodegradation of TCEand 1,2-DCA by these strains will further the application of these strains in the environmental fieldand in waste treatment applications.
Comparison of 2D and 3D views for evaluation of flat lesions in CT colonography.

Rationale and Objectives Flat lesions in the colon may result in false-negative computed tomography colonography interpretations. It is unknown whether flat lesions are better measured on two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) images and which settings are optimal for enhanced reproducibility and decreased variability. We evaluated these factors to determine whether 2D or 3D is best for flat lesion measurements. Methods and Materials Eighty-eight lesions in 66 patients from a previously published clinical trial were analyzed. Lesions were viewed with four methods including 2D at three window/level settings and 3D endoluminal view. Lesions in either supine or prone were counted as one dataset. Long axis and height were measured. Criteria of "height" (≤3 mm high) or "ratio" (height ≤half the long axis) were applied. A subset of lesions was subject to inter- and intra-observer variability analysis. Results With the "height" criterion, more datasets were classified as flat in 2D flat ( n = 76), 2D soft tissue ( n = 82), and 3D ( n = 73) views than in the 2D lung ( n = 49) view. If long axis is used as the key metric, endoluminal 3D (12.1%) views significantly showed the least inter-observer variability compared to lung (18.9%) or soft tissue (20.2%) views. Intra-observer variability was low overall for all methods. Conclusion When characterizing lesions as flat, a consistent viewing method should be used. To minimize inter-observer variability (such as when following a patient over time), it is best to use the ratio criterion for flat lesion definition incorporating the single longest dimension on 3D views as the key metric.
Abstract B36: Micronome-wide explorations of NSCLC: microRNA-seq discovery

Background: Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs play important regulatory roles in carcinogenesis. Some key miRNAs may regulate lung carcinogenesis and be useful for lung cancer early detection. For discovery, we used high-throughput next-gen sequencing technology to investigate miRNA expression profiles in a study of 25 lung adeno- and squamous cell carcinomas, paired with far-adjacent noncancerous lung tissues from the same donors. Method: Total RNA was isolated by Trizol from 14 pairs of lung adenocarcinomas, 11 squamous cell cancers, and paired noncancerous lung tissues, from the same patients. Small RNA library of each total RNA was constructed with Illumina's Small RNA Sample Prep Kit, followed by high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina IIa platform. In parallel, transcriptome microarrays (Affymetrix GA 1.0) were run on these same paired samples. Statistical differences in microRNA expression between groups were analyzed by GenePattern software, logistic regression, and other methods. Results: For adeno, 128 micros were differentially expressed and 63 were two-fold differentially expressed between the tumors and non-tumor tissue; for squamous, the numbers of altered microRNAs were 42 overall, and 25 >two-fold. Among adenocarcinoma, the top 10 upregulated were miRs-147b, 577, 877, 556, 449c, and others; and downregulated were miRs 516b, 1251, 486, 139, 516a, and others. Among squamous cell carcinomas, the top up-regulated miRs were 708, 1259, 494, 200a, 216b, and others; and down-regulated miRs were 184, 1251, 144, 516a, 584, and others. MiRs 1259, 135b, 200a, 21, 494, 708 were upregulated in both tumor histologies. When the highest expressed microRNAs were correlated with the most altered mRNA transcripts, putative mRNA targets were more often anti-correlated to the individual microRNAs (Chi Square, p = 4.6 × 10-6), and this anticorrelation generally held true for the top differentially expressed microRNAs and their putative mRNA targets, and within histology strata. Conclusion: The lung cancer microRNA complement differs from non-tumor tissue, adeno- differs from squamous, and many of the most dysregulated miRs appear to be anticorrelated with putative mRNA targets. Which of the putative mRNA targets are actual biological targets awaits experimental functional work. Once constructed, the combined microRNA:mRNA signature of lung cancer is likely to be more informative for biologic potential than either signature alone. [Funding source: NCI 1RC1 CA145422-01; 1K24-CA139054-01]
Narrative Inquiry and Arts-Based Inquiry: Multinarrative Perspectives:

This article introduces narrative inquiry and arts-based research methods and provides a discussion of the applicability of these methods for exploring the marginalized, controversial, and disruptive perspectives that have often been lost in more traditional research methodologies. Narrative and arts-based approaches to research offer the possibility of disruption to the dominant discourses within theory and research. In addition, they also provide an avenue toward reconciliation. The authors explore how these two research approaches can be used. Philosophical groundwork for their application to the work of conflict resolution and practices of reconciliation is offered.
Bone mass and sex steroid concentrations in postmenopausal Caucasian diabetics.

We have evaluated radial bone mass and sex steroid concentrations in a group of postmenopausal white type 2 diabetics, that group at greatest risk of developing osteoporosis. The linear regression of midshaft bone mass on age for 79 patients showed a rate of loss about half the rate for normals. These data suggest that bone is lost at a slower rate by this group, and the difference cannot be explained by obesity or glucose control alone. A subset of 40 of these subjects was chosen for further study. As expected, these women had significantly higher bone mass than normals; in addition, they were significantly heavier (82.4 ± 2.7 kg v 65.3 ± 1.8 kg, P .5) was not significantly different. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the excess level of estrone concentration among diabetics increased with the degree of obesity. The explanation for the lower concentration of the other sex steroids among diabetics is not known.
EFFECT OF ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT ON SKIN COLLAGEN.

IT is now widely accepted, that the uncovered sun-exposed skin of man ‘ages’ more rapidly than covered skin. The most marked effect of such ageing is atrophy of dermal collagen. The mechanism of this atrophy is not known, and we therefore examined the effect of irradiation with ultra-violet light on the collagen fractions of isolated mouse skin.
Decompositions of the Compliance Operator for Analyzing Extreme Elastic Properties

With the aim of exploring extreme elastic properties, decompositions of the compliance tensor are established for various crystal classes. Representations are deduced that lead directly to well-structured forms for analyzing extreme properties. The properties of primary interest are the Lame compliance and the axial compliance (reciprocal Young’s modulus). These exteme values and the corresponding directions play significant role in the study of those for the Poisson’s ratio, in particular the search for a negative minimum.
Pricing of Natural Gas in Developing Countries

The uncertain supply and increasing cost of petroleum products since 1973 has spurred on the development of alternative forms of energy. Natural gas is a major source of energy in over 50 developing countries. In these countries natural gas has many uses as a substitute for other fuels or as a feedstock. This paper discusses the economic concept for pricing of natural gas, in particular marginal costs, and estimates the economic cost of natural gas in developing countries under a wide range of conditions. The marginal cost of natural gas estimated for these countries is far below the border price of competing fuels. Because natural gas is in its early days of development, gas supply costs are not expected to rise in these countries within the next two decades as already proven reserves are tapped.
Avoidance learning at two levels of shock in rats receiving MSH

Abstract Rats receiving MSH or diluent were trained in a two-way shuttle box to avoid shock presented at two levels of intensity. At the low level MSH improved acquisition; at the high level rats given MSH tended to perform more poorly, but were not statistically different from controls. No differences were found in measures of activity or excitability, but higher defecation rates, which may indicate more emotionality, were found in groups receiving high levels of current and in groups receiving MSH. The study suggests that MSH may facilitate learning at low, but not at high, levels of shock.
Seizure Clustering: Risks and Outcomes

Summary: Purpose: Patients with epilepsy often experience seizures in clusters. In this preliminary study, we examined the prevalence of self-reported clustering and identified potential risk factors and outcomes associated with reported clustering for further analysis in an ongoing prospective diary study. Methods: Detailed intake questionnaires were administered. Subjects reporting their typical seizure pattern to be three or more seizures within a 24-h period were classified as clusterers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and EEG data were obtained, and epilepsy was classified by International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria. All subjects completed Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy testing. Results: Overall, 29% of subjects reported typical seizure clustering. Extratemporal lobe epilepsy [p = 0.02; OR, 3.0 (1.1–7.8)] was significantly associated with reported seizure clustering. Remote symptomatic epilepsy was associated with clustering [p = 0.03; OR, 2.3 (1.1–4.3)], particularly in association with a history of head trauma with loss of consciousness before epilepsy onset [p = 0.003; OR, 4.2 (1.6–11.1)], although this analysis was limited. Reported clustering was significantly associated with a history of convulsive status epilepticus (SE) [p = 0.029; OR, 3.0 (1.1–8.3)], other seizure-related hospitalization [p = 0.006; OR, 5.3 (1.5–17.6)], and worse seizure control (p = 0.004). Quality-of-life measures were not significantly associated with reported clustering. Conclusions: These preliminary results identify extratemporal epilepsy and possibly head trauma as potential risk factors for reported seizure clustering and indicate a significant association between reported clustering and convulsive SE. Additionally, seizure clustering appears to be a marker for more intractable epilepsy. The ongoing diary study will refine the definition of seizure clustering and further evaluate specific predictors of poor and favorable outcomes of clustering.
Layer V in rat auditory cortex: Projections to the inferior colliculus and contralateral cortex

This study compares the form and distribution within layer V of cells projecting to the inferior colliculus with that of commissural cells of origin in adult rat auditory cortex after horseradish peroxidase injections in the ipsilateral inferior colliculus or auditory cortex. The goal of this work was to determine whether every part of layer V participates equally in both projections, and if the cortical neurons in each pathway were similar. The types of neurons were defined in Golgi-Cox preparations and matched with the profiles of retrogradely labeled cells from architectonically defined cortical area 41. Inferior colliculus and commissural neurons form two populations that differ in their distribution in layer V, in somatic area, and in the form of their apical dendritic arbors. Corticocollicular neurons include the largest pyramidal cells, whose robustly filled apical dendrites ascend into layer II or farther. Commissural cells are smaller and have a more heterogeneous form. Their apical dendrites do not usually extend above layer IV, and a few of these cells may be non-pyramidal. Small pyramidal cells and inverted pyramidal cells project to the opposite cortex, but not to the inferior colliculus. Medium-sized pyramidal cells project in both systems. In addition, certain callosal cells of origin in layers V and III were morphologically similar. More than one-third of the commissural cells originate in the superficial part of layer V, where only 7% of the inferior colliculus projection neurons arise. Most corticocollicular cells lie deeper in layer V, where there are fewer commissural neurons. These findings suggest that the efferent systems projecting to telencephalic and mesencephalic targets are morphologically distinct and spatially segregated in layer V. However, the commissural projection includes similar cells in different cortical layers. The types of these efferent neurons may be more closely related to their target than to their laminar origin.
The square stent-based large vessel occluder: an experimental pilot study.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluation of a square stent-based vascular occlusion device for large vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Square stent-based large vessel occluders (LVO) 5 mm–50 mm in size were constructed from stainless-steel square stents covered by porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS). The LVOs with two back-side barbs were delivered through a guiding catheter. The LVOs with two back-side barbs and two frontal barbs were front-loaded and delivered coaxially. A pusher with a retention mechanism at its end was used for deployment. In vitro testing for competency was performed with use of a flow model with pressure increases. In an experimental pilot study in seven pigs and five dogs, 16 LVOs were placed into the aorta ( n = 4), common iliac artery ( n = 2), pulmonary artery ( n = 4), and medial sacral artery ( n = 6). Four animals received two LVOs in different locations. Angiography was performed before and after placement of each LVO. Animals were followed for as long as 3 months with use of angiography and were then killed for gross and histologic evaluation. RESULTS In vitro LVOs with two and four barbs were easily collapsed and pushed through or front-loaded into guiding catheters (6-F for a 5-mm occluder, 10-F for a 50-mm occluder). A 20-mm LVO adapted to tubular structures 10–15 mm in diameter, forming polygons 17–18.5 mm in length. In the flow model, LVOs endured pressure increases to 300 mm Hg. In vivo, the LVOs self-expanded and adapted to the vessel without migration in all cases. The locking pusher allowed precise LVO placement and engagement of its barbs into the vessel wall before complete deployment, preventing dislodgment by blood flow. Complete arterial occlusion occurred within 10–20 minutes and arteries remained occluded until the animal was killed in all cases. After 2 months, histologic evaluation revealed replacement of SIS by host tissue and its remodeling with variable fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and some inflammatory cells. Complete endothelialization was seen on both sides of the LVO. CONCLUSION The SIS LVO is effective and reliable for acute and chronic occlusion in a high flow model in an experimental animal.
TH-A-BRF-10: Quantification of Subject-Specific Susceptibility-Related Geometric Distortion in Clinical Liver MRI for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Subject-specific susceptibility-induced B0 inhomogeneity affects the geometric accuracy of MRI images, with potential impact on the accuracy of treatment planning and image guidance. This study quantifies individual distortions for patients with intrahepatic tumors. Methods: Liver MRI scans of 13 patients who were enrolled in an IRB approved study were acquired on a 3T scanner (Skyra, Siemens). Clinical contrast-enhanced images were acquired by a 3D Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE) sequence with TE/TR =1.65/4.3ms, voxel size = 2.5×2.5×3mm (axial sets) or 3.5×3.5×5mm (coronal sets), and frequency-encoding (FE) bandwidth of 440Hz/pixel. B0 inhomogeneity was evaluated by acquisition of dual gradient echoes (GRE) with TE1/TE2/TR =4.92/7.38/106ms, a voxel size of 3.5×3.5×3.75mm, a FE bandwidth of 290Hz/pixel and breath-hold. The phase difference maps from the two echoes were unwrapped using a quantitative MRI analysis software package (FSL, FMRIB, Oxford, UK). The resulting calculated B0 inhomogeneity maps (ΔB0 in Hz) were converted to voxel distortion maps in the FE direction (ΔX in mm) corresponding to the VIBE images. Results: Maximum susceptibility-induced distortions were observed in the liver dome near the diaphragm. Using results from coronal VIBE images in this study as examples, we observed clusters of voxels displaced close to or greater than ΔX=3.5mmmore » (440 Hz in ΔB0) in the VIBE images of the liver in 3 patients, and greater than 2 mm but less than 3.5 mm in 12 patients. On average, approximately 14% of imaged liver voxels had distortions ΔX>±1mm (ΔB0>±125Hz) and 1% of the voxels had ΔX>±2mm (ΔB0>±250Hz). Conclusion: Although advanced MRI techniques, like VIBE, permit faster acquisitions allowing for breath-held examinations with limited motion-induced artifacts, this study suggests that localized distortions due to subject-specific susceptibility variations can occur and require additional advanced corrections based on measuring patient-specific B0 inhomogeneity maps. The authors would like to acknowledge funding support from NIH R01EB016079 and NIH/NCI RO1 CA132834.« less
Investigation of domain formation in sphingomyelin/cholesterol/POPC mixtures by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and monte carlo simulations

We have recently proposed a phase diagram for mixtures of porcine brain sphingomyelin (BSM), cholesterol (Chol), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) on the basis of kinetics of carboxyfluorescein efflux induced by the amphipathic peptide δ-lysin. Although that study indicated the existence of domains, phase separations in the micrometer scale have not been observed by fluorescence microscopy in BSM/Chol/POPC mixtures, though they have for some other sphingomyelins (SM). Here we examine the same BSM/Chol/POPC system by a combination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and Monte Carlo simulations. The results clearly demonstrate that domains are formed in this system. Comparison of the FRET experimental data with the computer simulations allows the estimate of lipid-lipid interaction Gibbs energies between SM/Chol, SM/POPC, and Chol/POPC. The latter two interactions are weakly repulsive, but the interaction between SM and Chol is favorable. Furthermore, those three unlike lipid interaction parameters between the three possible lipid pairs are sufficient for the existence of a closed loop in the ternary phase diagram, without the need to involve multibody interactions. The calculations also indicate that the largest POPC domains contain several thousand lipids, corresponding to linear sizes of the order of a few hundred nanometers.
Differential effects of galanin and neuropeptide Y on extracellular norepinephrine levels in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the rat: a microdialysis study

Evidence suggests that the peptides galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interact with the amine norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to stimulate feeding behavior. To directly investigate the nature of these interactions, extracellular levels of PVN NE were monitored in freely-moving rats using the microdialysis/HPLC technique. Following PVN administration of GAL (0.3 nmol), NPY (78 pmol) or Ringer's solution, local NE levels were measured at 20-min intervals for 2 hrs postinjection, under two feeding conditions, namely, in the presence or absence of food. The results demonstrate different effects of these peptides on endogenous NE levels. Following GAL administration, PVN NE levels were enhanced by 80 to 90%, up to 40 min postinjection, independent of food availability. In contrast, following NPY injection, NE levels were significantly reduced 20 min postinjection with food absent, and when food was available, NE levels tended to be enhanced. These results, consistent with pharmacological and biochemical studies, reveal different patterns of peptide-amine interactions in the PVN.
Problems of early infancy, formula changes, and mothers' beliefs about their infants

Problems of early infancy are sometimes managed by changing an infant's formula from a cow milk formula to a soy protein or casein hydrolysate formula (“special formulas”). This study was designed to determine the frequency of formula changes, mothers' reports of problems that lead to such a change, and mothers' beliefs about the causes of these problems. Mothers of 189 breast-feeding (BF) and 184 formula-feeding (FF) infants were enrolled postpartum. Follow-up data were obtained by telephone interviews at 4 months. After starting a cow milk formula, 11% of the BF and 25% of the FF infants were given special formulas. Mothers frequently reported problems related to feeding, bowel movements, and crying behavior; 32% of infants with such problems were given special formulas. Excessive crying and colic were the most common problems leading to a formula change. When a formula was changed, mothers more frequently believed that the cause of the problem was intrinsic to the child (P
On surface-wave diffraction by a trench

The two-dimensional diffraction of a long surface wave by a deformation of the bottom is calculated through a conformal-mapping algorithm (Kreisel 1949). The result is applied to obtain the complex reflection coefficient for a rectangular trench. The corresponding reflection coefficient for oblique incidence is obtained through a variational formulation.
Crystal structure of rabbit phosphoglucose isomerase complexed with 5-phospho-D-arabinonate identifies the role of Glu357 in catalysis.

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; E.C. 5.3.1.9) catalyzes the second step in glycolysis, the interconversion of D-glucose-6-phosphate and D-fructose-6-phosphate. We determined the X-ray crystal structure of rabbit PGI complexed with a competitive inhibitor of isomerase activity, 5-phospho-D-arabinonate (5PAA), at 1.9 A resolution. 5PAA is a better mimic of the proposed cis-enediol(ate) intermediate than 6-phospho-D-gluconate, which was used in a previously reported crystal structure of rabbit PGI. The orientation of 5PAA bound in the enzyme active site predicts that active site residue Glu357 is the residue that transfers a proton between C2 and C1 of the proposed cis-enediol(ate) intermediate. Amino acid residues Arg272 and Lys210 are predicted to be involved in stabilizing the negative charge of the intermediate.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIZATION IN EXCHANGE-COUPLED Co/TbFeCo DOUBLE-LAYERED FILMS

A noncontinuum model was used to calculate the magnetization distribution in exchange-coupled Co/TbFeCo double-layered films from a given set of individual (single-layered) film properties. The perpendicular remanent magnetization was found to be stable in the Co layer on top of a 500 A -layer of TbFeCo when the thickness of the Co layer was less than a critical value of 22.5 A. The result was compatible with the experimentally observed value of 25 A. The applied field dependence of the Co layer magnetization was also found to be consistent with the observed Kerr hysteresis loop. On the basis of this model, a multilayered structure was suggested as a means of further enhancing the Kerr rotation.
Explicit formalism for acousto-optic multiple plane-wave scattering

In a previous article, a plane-wave model for strong acousto-optic interaction was developed. In this earlier model, any particular order is contributed to by a multiple-scattering process, involving all other orders. The model involves “direct” scattering paths and “feedback” paths and, in general, provides an implicit solution. The present article describes a variant of this multiple-scattering formalism, in which feedback paths and direct paths are combined so that all orders are explicitly derivable from the incident-light field. We show the usefulness and validity of this approach by rigorously deriving the well-known expressions for Raman-Nath and Bragg diffraction.
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with bilateral intradiploic epidermoid tumors: a case report

Bilateral large intradiploic epidermoid tumors of the occipital bone presented clinically with CSF rhinorrhea are presented.
Predicted rate enhancements of dephosphorylation in functional oximate comicelles

Abstract The rate enhancements of dephosphorylation of p-nitrophenyldiphenyl phosphate by comicelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with a functional cosurfactant are due wholly to increased concentration of the nucleophile in the micelle.
Mechanistic Cause of Hydrocarbon Specificity over Cu/ZSM-5 and Co/ZSM-5 Catalysts in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx

Abstract The nature of adsorbed nitrogen oxide complexes (NO y ) has been identified by FTIR spectroscopy. Nitrito groups are most prominent on Co/ZSM-5. These complexes are stable at 150°C in He but are reduced upon exposure to either C 3 H 8 or CH 4 leading to the formation of N 2 . Conversely, Cu/ZSM-5 forms nitro and nitrate groups which are stable at 200°C. At this temperature these complexes are chemically reduced to N 2 upon exposure to C 3 H 8 yet remain inert to CH 4 . At higher temperatures, thermal decomposition yields NO/NO 2 , O 2 , and H 2 O. The specific rate of NO reduction over Cu/ZSM-5 decreases with Cu loading indicating that isolated Cu 2+ ·NO 2 complexes pay a significant role in the mechanism. The hydrocarbon specificity of these complexes thus matches the known catalytic specificity of NO x reduction over Cu/ZSM-5 and Co/ZSM-5. The mechanistic cause for the catalytic specificity of the ZSM-5 hosted metals in NO x reduction thus is traced back to the structure and reactivity of the specific NO y adsorption complexes which these metals produce upon interacting with NO + O 2 . The consumption of CH 4 when feeds containing NO, CH 4 , and O 2 are exposed to Cu/ZSM-5 can be attributed to nonselective combustion with adsorbed oxygen and not to reactions with NO y .
Cloak and Dagger: Man-In-The-Middle and Other Insidious Attacks

One of the most devastating forms of attack on a computer is when the victim doesnâ€™t even know an attack occurred. After some background material, various forms of man in the middle (MITM) attacks, including ARP spoofing, fake SSL certificates, and bypassing SSL are explored. Next, rootkits and botnets, two key pieces of crimeware, are introduced and analyzed. Finally, general strategies to protect against such attacks are suggested.
Experimental analysis of embryogenesis of cerebellum in rat. I. Subnormal growth following X-ray irradiation on day 15 of gestation

Rat embryos of 15 days gestation were exposed in utero to 170 R of X-ray irradiation. Embryos collected 6 hours, 1, 2 and 3 days after irradiation, and animals of 2, 6, 15 and 30 days postnatal age were used for this study. Six hours after irradiation cells in the neuroepithelium and mantle layer along the roof of fourth ventricle were observed destroyed. Neuroepithelium showed only fragmentary regeneration during next two days, and it contributed to a small number of Purkinje cells. During postnatal development of cerebellum the external granular layer, the zone of proliferative cells that gives rise to neurons of postnatal origin, was found reduced. Other structures such as internal granular layer, molecular layer and medullary layer also were reduced. These multiple temporally sequenced developmental events resulted in a subnormal-sized cerebellum. Various quantitative measures helped establish that grossly the cerebellum in the X-ray irradiated animals was about half of that in the normal animals. Problems related to regeneration in the embryonic cerebellum, and to the factors determining the subnormal size of the adult cerebellum are discussed. Viewing this as an experimental approach to the study of neuroembryogenesis of cerebellum, the role of Purkinje cells in the regulation of development of cerebellum is brought out.
An analysis of credit risk spreads for high yield bonds

The overall growth and volatility in the high yield (HY) bond market has provided a viable source of capital and an interesting investment asset class. The result has been strong interest in the HY bond credit risk spread (CRS) because this series is very volatile and has a significant impact on the availability of capital to issuers and the rates of return and risk results for investors. Given these trends in the HY bond market, our study has two purposes. The first is to examine statistical properties of the CRS series for the aggregate HY bond market and the three rated components. The second purpose is to interpret the influence that a set of variables are expected to have on future CRSs and, therefore, HY bond performance. In summary, the statistical analysis indicates a significant business cycle effect, but does not show a monetary policy impact. Additionally, the study finds significant differences in characteristics among bonds with alternative ratings. The analysis of specific variables highlights the strong influence of direct and indirect measures of default risk, capital market risk factors, a specific measure of monetary policy, and an impact from liquidity within the HY bond market. There was also evidence of segmentation within the HY bond market because the empirical results indicate that we should consider separate models across rating classes that employed different variables as well as coefficients that were significantly different for the same variables.
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Detection and Quantity Determination

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures provides the means to recycle the existing roadway and use that material, in a limited amount, in the construction of new pavements. This is an environmentally friendly method to recycle the existing pavement and provide a new pavement surface. While this is a most economical means of pavement rehabilitation, the life of the overlay is generally 10 to 20 years before rehabilitation is pursued. As a new overlay is placed, the previous overlay is milled, creating RAP. The amount of available RAP material in the U.S. is considerable and continually increasing, and the use of RAP as a component in new mixes is strongly supported by the asphalt industry. However, currently, there seems to be no method to control the quantity of RAP in an asphalt mix. This is due to the differences in plant readout units that vary based on plant types and contractor practices. As part of a larger research project to devise a test that can identify the presence and quantity of RAP in hot-mix asphalt pavements, this paper presents the state of the art research conducted on RAP and RAP detection. The paper also presents the results of a survey conducted to investigate the availability of a RAP detection and quantity determination method used by the various states. It was concluded that at the current time, there is no specific test available that would accurately determine the presence and quantity of RAP in hot-mix asphalt.
A natural source of fluorescence depolarization in dye-DNA complexes

Abstract The interaction of ethidium bromide with intraphage (T 4 ) DNA and isolated phage (T 4 ) DNA has been studied. The partial polarizations of fluorescence of the dye-complexes have been measured at thermal equilibrium at various temperatures and by fast cooling to a constant lower temperature. A close comparison of the results at these two conditions and an additional analysis of them from Perrin's theorem prove that a natural source of depolarization is exhibitant in DNA-dye complexes at ordinary temperatures. This depolarization effect may be attributed to some internal motions or rotations in DNA. Alternatively, the effect may be due to conformational changes within the framework of the DNA double helix, which provide a different environment for the dye. The above depolarization effect is most effective in the temperature range 37–64°.
Risk factors for homelessness in adolescents released from psychiatric residential treatment.

ABSTRACT Objectives To measure the incidence of homelessness among youths discharged from an inpatient facility as well as to identify factors that place these youths at risk for homelessness. Method Reports of homelessness during 5 years of follow-up interviews with 83 adolescents consecutively discharged from an inpatient facility were used in conjunction with chart reviews. Results One third of youths experienced at least one homeless episode after discharge. Youths who had a history of substance use, physical abuse, running away, or being in state custody were more likely to become homeless than those without such factors. Having a thought disorder, however, was inversely related to becoming homeless after hospital discharge. Conclusions Youths discharged from a residential treatment facility are at high risk for becoming homeless. Interventions to prevent homelessness among adolescent inpatients should be targeted to those with a history of substance abuse, physical abuse, running away, and being in state custody.