cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scotsman in Riviera: Thomas Allan and the geology of Nice (French Maritime Alps)

In the early nineteenth century, the Scottish geologist Thomas Allan (1777–1833) stayed for a period of vacation in Nice (Maritime Alps, SE France), the ‘capital’ of French Riviera. Allan had the occasion to run several excursion in the surroundings of the city, thus making numerous original observations about the geological setting of the region, which he reported in a paper published in 1818 in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Making constant reference to the familiar rocks of Great Britain and Ireland, Allan described the stratigraphic succession of the Nice area in one of the earliest geological works on that region—and the first written in the English language. A colour geological sketch map, attached to the paper, represents the first published geological map of the region.
What Parents Know Matters: Parental Knowledge at Birth Predicts Caregiving Behaviors at 9 Months.

Objective To examine the mediating role of socioeconomically disadvantaged parents' knowledge of early cognitive and language development at the first postpartum visit in the relation between education and caregiving behaviors at 9 months. Study design Parental knowledge was assessed at the 1-week newborn visit (n = 468); anticipatory guidance received and desired at 1-month (n = 212) and 6-month (n = 191) visits were reported; and caregiving behaviors toward infants during a teaching task were observed at 9-month visit (n = 173). Results We found substantial variation in knowledge and caregiving behaviors. Parents who had more knowledge of infant development at 1 week were more likely to respond to cues (r = 0.18; P Conclusions This study sheds light on the importance of promoting parental knowledge about cognitive and language development to foster parental cognitive stimulations and language inputs during the first year of life. This study highlights the important role of anticipatory guidance on cognitive and language development during the earliest well-child visits and the need to better understand parental baseline knowledge to tailor anticipatory guidance to the family strengths and needs.
The role of executive functioning in health self-management and the transition to adult health care among college students

Objective: To examine the role of executive functioning (EF) in health self-management and the transition to adult health care among college students. Participants: A total of 378 undergraduate students from a public university participated in the study. Methods: Participants reported on EF, health self-management skills, and their readiness to transition to adult care. Mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate indirect effects of EF on readiness to transition via health self-management skills. Results: Students with greater EF difficulties were less ready to transition to adult care. Specific aspects of health self-management (Medication management/Appointment keeping) mediated the relationship between EF and readiness to transition. Conclusion: EF is a key developmental aspect of health self-management and transition readiness. Assessing EF strengths/weaknesses in students with suboptimal health self-management skills may provide valuable information for informing the development of individually-tailored transition plans in university health centers, thereby enhancing developmentally appropriate care during the college years.
An invasive disease, sylvatic plague, increases fragmentation of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies.

Context A disease can be a source of disturbance, causing population declines or extirpations, altering species interactions, and affecting habitat structure. This is particularly relevant for diseases that affect keystone species or ecosystem engineers, leading to potentially cascading effects on ecosystems. Objective We investigated the invasion of a non-native disease, plague, to a keystone species, prairie dogs, and documented the resulting extent of fragmentation and habitat loss in western grasslands. Specifically, we assessed how the arrival of plague in the Conata Basin, South Dakota, United States, affected the size, shape, and aggregation of prairie dog colonies, an animal species known to be highly susceptible to plague. Methods Colonies in the prairie dog complex were mapped every 1 to 3 years from 1993 to 2015. Plague was first confirmed in 2008 and we compared prairie dog complex and colony characteristics before and after the arrival of plague. Results As expected the colony complex and the patches in colonies became smaller and more fragmented after the arrival of plague; the total area of each colony and the mean area per patch within a colony decreased, the number of patches per colony increased, and mean contiguity of each patch decreased, leading to habitat fragmentation. Conclusion We demonstrate how an emerging infectious disease can act as a source of disturbance to natural systems and lead to potentially permanent alteration of habitat characteristics. While perhaps not traditionally thought of as a source of ecosystem disturbances, in recent years emerging infectious diseases have shown to be able to have large effects on ecosystems if they affect keystone species.
Spin susceptibility, upper critical field, and disorder effect in j = 3 2 superconductors with singlet–quintet mixing

Recently, a new pairing state with the mixing between the s-wave singlet channel and the isotropic d-wave quintet channel induced by centrosymmetric spin–orbit coupling has been theoretically proposed in the superconducting materials with j = 3 2 electrons [J. Yu and C.-X. Liu, Phys. Rev. B 98, 104514 (2018)]. In this work, we derive the expressions of the zero-temperature spin susceptibility, the upper critical field close to the zero-field critical temperature T c, and the critical temperature with weak random non-magnetic disorders for the singlet–quintet mixed state based on the Luttinger model. Our study reveals the following features of the singlet–quintet mixing. (1) The zero-temperature spin susceptibility remains zero for the singlet–quintet mixed state if only the centrosymmetric spin–orbit coupling is taken into account and deviates from zero when the non-centrosymmetric spin–orbit coupling is introduced. (2) The singlet–quintet mixing can help enhance the upper critical field roughly because it can increase T c. (3) Although the quintet channel is generally suppressed by the non-magnetic disorder scattering, we find the strong mixing between singlet and quintet channels can help to stabilize the quintet channel. As a result, we still find a sizable quintet component mixed into the singlet channel in the presence of weak random non-magnetic disorders. Our work provides the guidance for future experiments on spin susceptibility and upper critical field of the singlet–quintet mixed superconducting states and illustrates the stability of the singlet–quintet mixing against the weak random non-magnetic disorder.
Effects of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience Characteristics on Postgraduate Year 1 Residency Match Rates.

Background:Mentors often provide advice to students regarding selection of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) rotations to strengthen their candidacy for a residency position. However, th...
Chapter 5: Unions, Finance, and Labor's Capital

Events in recent decades have dramatized the need for labor attention beyond narrow issues of wages and working conditions. In the face of widespread industrial disinvestment, unions have been hard-pressed to protect the job status or employment, or the future of their members. At the same time, the developing labor law has narrowed the range of bargaining opportunities for unions to affect corporate decisions-the very decisions that result in job dislocations and corporate transformations. The effectiveness of strikes has been undermined by growing use of permanent replacement workers. To thrive in the coming decades, unions must carve out a new and expanded role. A critical component of an expanded labor role is for unions to exercise the rights of capital and to tread on traditional management prerogatives. With an active role in finance and capital and a greater voice for rank-and-file workers in the process, unions can increase workers' say in shaping the changing workplace and the broader political economy.
Tracing your roots: exploring the TLS trust anchor ecosystem

Secure TLS server authentication depends on reliable trust anchors. The fault intolerant design of today's system---where a single compromised trust anchor can impersonate nearly all web entities---necessitates the careful assessment of each trust anchor found in a root store. In this work, we present a first look at the root store ecosystem that underlies the accelerating deployment of TLS. Our broad collection of TLS user agents, libraries, and operating systems reveals a surprisingly condensed root store ecosystem, with nearly all user agents ultimately deriving their roots from one of three root programs: Apple, Microsoft, and NSS. This inverted pyramid structure further magnifies the importance of judicious root store management by these foundational root programs. Our analysis of root store management presents evidence of NSS's relative operational agility, transparency, and rigorous inclusion policies. Unsurprisingly, all derivative root stores in our dataset (e.g., Linuxes, Android, NodeJS) draw their roots from NSS. Despite this solid footing, derivative root stores display lax update routines and often customize their root stores in questionable ways. By scrutinizing these practices, we highlight two fundamental obstacles to existing NSS-derived root stores: rigid on-or-off trust and multi-purpose root stores. Taken together, our study highlights the concentration of root store trust in TLS server authentication, exposes questionable root management practices, and proposes improvements for future TLS root stores.
Analyzing Gas and Electric Convergence Mergers: A Supply Curve is Worth a Thousand Words

The recent trend toward convergence mergers between gas and electric utilities raises questions regarding merger analysis. Standard concentration measures do not capture adequately the ability of the merged firm to raise rivals' costs or impede their access to natural gas supplies. Estimating electricity supply curves for various time periods gives analysts an additional tool for predicting future market outcomes.
Morphogenesis of the somatic musculature in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, the somatic muscle system is first formed during embryogenesis, giving rise to the larval musculature. Later during metamorphosis, this system is destroyed and replaced by an entirely new set of muscles in the adult fly. Proper formation of the larval and adult muscles is critical for basic survival functions such as hatching and crawling (in the larva), walking and flying (in the adult), and feeding (at both larval and adult stages). Myogenesis, from mononucleated muscle precursor cells to multinucleated functional muscles, is driven by a number of cellular processes that have begun to be mechanistically defined. Once the mesodermal cells destined for the myogenic lineage have been specified, individual myoblasts fuse together iteratively to form syncytial myofibers. Combining cytoplasmic contents demands a level of intracellular reorganization that, most notably, leads to redistribution of the myonuclei to maximize internuclear distance. Signaling from extending myofibers induces terminal tendon cell differentiation in the ectoderm, which results in secure muscle-tendon attachments that are critical for muscle contraction. Simultaneously, muscles become innervated and undergo sarcomerogenesis to establish the contractile apparatus that will facilitate movement. The cellular mechanisms governing these morphogenetic events share numerous parallels to mammalian development, and the basic unit of all muscle, the myofiber, is conserved from flies to mammals. Thus, studies of Drosophila myogenesis and comparisons to muscle development in other systems highlight conserved regulatory programs of biomedical relevance to general muscle biology and studies of muscle disease.
Bacterial endocarditis in children with heart disease.

A series of 24 cases of bacterial endocarditis occurring in younger individuals, with either congenital or rheumatic heart disease, is presented. A recovery rate of 83% was obtained. The clinical features, bacteriology and therapy are discussed along with complicating factors arising during therapy. In the group with cyanotic congenital heart disease, bacterial endocarditis occurred most commonly in those with tetralogy of Fallot. In the acyanotic group there was a slight predominance of those with ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta. In the patients with rheumatic heart disease, mitral insufficiency was the predominant lesion.
Inside the Capitalist Firm: An Evolutionary Theory of the Principal-Agent Relation

Scientific progress in economics often expresses itself in the repeated discovery of one and the same issue. On the upside, while the terminology and the methodology used to capture a certain pheno...
Potency of Agonists and Competitive Antagonists on Adult- and Fetal-Type Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

1. The potency of agonists and competitive antagonists on the two expressed forms of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (adult or junctional subtype, e-AChR; fetal or extrajunctional subtype, γ-AChR) have not previously been compared systematically in homogeneous receptor preparations.
Micro-spring force characterization and applications in integrated circuit packaging and scanning probe MEMS metrology

Micro-springs are characterized and demonstrated in integrated circuit (IC) packaging and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) metrology applications. The springs are based on lithographically defined stress-engineered films and are compliant, electrically conducting and have micrometer scale dimensions. The force-displacement is experimentally measured and found to have constant stiffness through the majority of compression. Fretting experiments are performed to investigate the potential for intermittent electrical contact when the springs are used as a solder-less pressure contact for integrated circuit packaging. While operating at <1 mN of force, orders of magnitude lower than macroscopic connectors, no glitches slower than 4 nsec are observed for thousands of shake cycles. The springs are also demonstrated as scanning probes for non-destructive imaging of high-aspect ratio MEMS structures. Sidewall line-scans and tapping mode images in deep silicon trenches are presented using tip heights over ten times taller than commercial probes.
The oral and facial manifestations of dermatomyositis with calcinosis: Report of a case

Abstract A unique case of advanced dermatomyositis with calcinosis is presented, with a review of the literature and discussion of the differential diagnosis. The oral and facial manifestations are described. These changes are expected but rarely observed because acute disease in children had a high mortality rate before the more recent success with extensive corticosteroid therapy. A brief discussion of these findings as an extension of the generalized disease is also presented. In addition, intrinsic staining of dentition, previously unreported in this disease, is described and discussed.
Boundary stabilization of wave systems

It is shown that the coupled wave equations in bounded parallel domains can be uniformly stabilized if each wave equation is exposed to the dissipative boundary controller, and only strong stability will be achieved if the boundary controller is removed from either one.
CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo

Chemotherapy in cancer patients can be associated with serious short- and long-term adverse neurological effects, such as leukoencephalopathy and cognitive impairment, even when therapy is delivered systemically. The underlying cellular basis for these adverse effects is poorly understood. We found that three mainstream chemotherapeutic agents – carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, and cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine), representing two DNA cross-linking agents and an antimetabolite, respectively – applied at clinically relevant exposure levels to cultured cells are more toxic for the progenitor cells of the CNS and for nondividing oligodendrocytes than they are for multiple cancer cell lines. Enhancement of cell death and suppression of cell division were seen in vitro and in vivo. When administered systemically in mice, these chemotherapeutic agents were associated with increased cell death and decreased cell division in the subventricular zone, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the corpus callosum of the CNS. In some cases, cell division was reduced, and cell death increased, for weeks after drug administration ended. Identifying neural populations at risk during any cancer treatment is of great importance in developing means of reducing neurotoxicity and preserving quality of life in long-term survivors. Thus, as well as providing possible explanations for the adverse neurological effects of systemic chemotherapy, the strong correlations between our in vitro and in vivo analyses indicate that the same approaches we used to identify the reported toxicities can also provide rapid in vitro screens for analyzing new therapies and discovering means of achieving selective protection or targeted killing.
Estimation of Wind Load Effects with Various Mean Recurrence Intervals with a Closed-Form Formulation

This study introduces closed-form formulation for estimating wind load effects with various mean recurrence intervals (MRIs), which was originally derived for assessing probabilistic seismic performance of structures, but has not been adopted in wind engineering community. The accuracy of the closed-form formulation is verified by comparing its estimations with those from traditional numerical integration for a wide range of probabilistic responses of both rigid and flexible structures. The closed-form formulation sheds more physical insights regarding the influence of uncertainties in wind speed and extreme response coefficient. It results in a more convenient and accurate definition of design response for a target MRI over the widely used Cook–Mayne coefficient in wind engineering. With this closed-form framework, the influence of epistemic uncertainties attributed to limited knowledge and data is also quantified in terms of confidence interval of estimation in closed-form formulation.
Teacher authority as practical action

Abstract Working from a collection of videotape records of high school classrooms, sequences of reproach are examined as interactional organizations of authority, and practical action. The phrase “practical action” is most familiar in ethno-methodological studies, and promises an analysis of ordinary affairs for their accomplished character, for how sense, meaning, and action are produced and witnessed. The report details the endogenous relevance of sequential position for the organization of reproach, and the exercise of teachers' authority.
Transient ischemic dilation

Abidov et al. [(1)][1]note an increased cardiac event rate in follow-up of patients found to have transient ischemic dilation (TID) as the sole abnormality on stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the finding of severe coronary disease in only a
Method for efficient flash bit cell current compression in deeply erased bits

Embedded flash endurance and data retention are the key reliability concerns for numerous microcontroller applications. Consumers require memory endurance on the order of 106 to 107 cycles and storage life of greater than a decade. In order to manufacture reliable products screens must be developed that are capable of testing for end of life (EOL) conditions while the bits are in a fresh or uncycled state. Manufacturing reliability tests are based upon the concept of observing the bit cell current (BCC) or threshold voltage (VT) of the distribution of bits before and after stress conditions. However the spread in distributions of BCCs and VTs in a flash bank can vary widely on uncycled parts. These wide distributions are a result of deeply erased bits. They can prevent successful screening of deviant bits as stress conditions fail to move failing bits out of the distribution of good bits. This paper presents a manufacturable method for compressing erased bits into a tight distribution to allow for short duration stresses to successfully screen deviant bits.
Organizational context, sponsorship and policy research output

Over the last several decades a significant capacity to produce policy research has been institutionalized across government and academe and around their borders. Diverse organizational settings and sponsors yield a wide array of forms of policy research and analysis. Yet little is known about the influence of organizational context and sponsorship on research output. Implications for knowledge accumulation and the use of research in policy-making also are uncertain. In this study a random sample of 1,291 cases of policy research and analysis from 1975–1990 and the organizational conditions surrounding their production is described. Log linear analysis suggests that organization and sponsorship are directly related to the type and breadth of research performed. A considerable range of two-way interactions link specific producer and sponsor types to characteristics of research output.
Should all service firms follow the recessionary advertising prescription

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate whether different types of service firms, experience-based or credence-based, benefit equally from the prescription to increase advertising during recessions. Design/methodology/approach – The research consists of three steps: using the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter to extract the cyclical component of the time series, estimating the level of cyclical comovement and estimating the relationship between comovement and stock price. Findings – The results suggest that experience-based service firms benefit financially from adopting the advertising “prescription” that encourages firms to increase advertising during recessions. Credence-based firms, however, experience negative financial returns when they implement the advertising “prescription”. Research limitations/implications – The limitations are data from US firms and a smaller sample size. The use of the HP filter may be considered a limitation, as other filtering methods may be utilized. The results s...
Practical applications for systematics and taxonomy in North American freshwater gastropod conservation

AbstractThe roles of systematics in the field of conservation biology are well understood and accepted for many organisms. However, the role of systematics and taxonomy has not been reviewed in the context of species protection and management of freshwater gastropods. We provide a thorough review of the relevant theoretical literature in systematics and taxonomy and illustrate with recent examples of species delineation and taxonomy in North American freshwater gastropods that these fields play key roles in the practical designation of conservation management units. We summarize some aspects of the biology of freshwater gastropods that can confound taxonomic and management efforts. Based on our review, we recommend that effective conservation plans include the systematic research necessary to recognize unique organismal lineages as primary conservation management units. This strategy must be combined with consistent and rigorous nomenclature, taxonomy, and dissemination of research findings so that all pa...
Strengthening the ethics content of accounting courses

Abstract This article describes a case approach to strengthening the ethics content of accounting courses. Most existing guidance ignores centuries of ethics literature and deals with accounting ethics on an a priori basis, often in the context of adherence to professional codes. In contrast, this article uses a brief survey of the development of ethical thought as a springboard for case discussions. In addition, the efficacy of and incentives behind professional codes are questioned. An illustrative case based on the ESM Securities fraud is presented.
Benefits of saccharin: A review

Abstract This paper reviews the purported benefits of saccharin use. It examines saccharin's efficacy in the treatment and/or prevention of diabetes, excessive body weight, dental caries, hyperlipidemia, and hypoglycemia and its role in drug formulation. It concludes that there is no objective documentation of saccharin's benefits. The present plans of the Food and Drug Administration to limit its use to an over-the-counter drug should not adversely affect any possible benefits that its use might bestow on certain well-defined groups of individuals.
Image Enhancement For The Visually Impaired

Application of image processing for the visually impaired is discussed. Image degradation in the low vision patient's visual system can be specified as a transfer function obtained by measurements of contrast sensitivity. The effectiveness of adaptive image enhancement for printed pictures is demonstrated using an optically simulated cataractous lens.
Intersectional properties concerning planarm-convex sets

LetC be a collection of closed sets in the plane, and letS=∩C. (1) If IncC ⊆ kerS for allC inC and if dim kerS≧1, thenS is a union of three (or fever) convex sets. In particular, the results holds when the members ofC are 3-convex sets, all having the same kernelK, provided dimK≧1. (2) IfC is a finite collection ofm-convex sets such that ∩{kerC:C inC inC} ≠ ⊘,S~ IncS is connected, and for someZ inC, lncC⊆ lncZ for allC inC, thenS ism-convex.
Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the central nervous system by anaerobiosis

Abstract Subjecting either P 2 fraction or purified synaptosomes isolated from rat brain to periods of anoxic incubation at 30° resulted in activation of dopamine synthesis from tyrosine. This activation was approximately 2.5-fold when the anoxic incubation was carried out at pH 6.2 but was not significant when the pH was 7.4. Measurements of the tyrosine hydroxylase activity at pH 6.2 in Triton X-100-treated preparations of the P 2 fraction showed that, after 20 min of anaerobiosis, the K m for pterine cofactor decreased by 39% and the K i for dopamine increased by 44%; there was no change in the K m for tyrosine. Half-maximal activation of dopamine synthesis occurred in 10 min of anaerobic incubation, and the reversal upon addition of oxygen had a half-time of 15 min. Addition of forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP to anaerobic incubations of P 2 fraction did not result in significant activation of dopamine synthesis. Either the removal of calcium or the addition of calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine, substantially decreased the activation of dopamine synthesis induced by periods of anaerobiosis. It appears that during anoxic incubation tyrosine hydroxylase underwent an activation which occurred over a period of minutes, was stable to detergent treatment, and was fully reversed over a period of minutes following reoxygenation. This activation was, at least in part, dependent on the presence of calcium and was sensitive to the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine.
Nobody but you: MAC scheduling for voltage regulation in smart grid

The increasing availability of distributed energy resources (DERs) and sensors in smart grid, as well as overlaying communication network, provides substantial potential benefits for improving the power system's reliability. In this paper, the problem of sensor selection is studied for the MAC layer design of wireless sensor networks for regulating the voltages in smart grid. The framework of hybrid dynamical system is proposed, using Kalman filter for voltage state estimation, and linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) feedback controller for voltage adjustment. The approach to obtain the optimal sensor selection sequence is studied. A sub-optimal sequence is obtained by applying the sliding window algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed sensor selection strategy achieves a 40% performance gain over the baseline algorithm of the round-robin sensor polling.
The numerical solution of elliptic equations by the method of lines

Abstract Method of lines solutions previously obtained for elliptic problems of the boundary value type are summarised and the application of the method to eigenvalue problems is discussed in some detail.
The elastic field for an upright or tilted sliding circular flat punch on a transversely isotropic half space

Abstract This paper gives closed form expressions for the displacement and stress fields in a transversely isotropic half space when the surface is loaded in shear by a sliding circular flat punch in either an upright or inclined position. The shear traction on the surface is taken as a friction coefficient multiplied by the frictionless contact pressure. The solution derived here for shear loading is generally approximate since the interaction between the normal and shear loading is ignored and the relative displacements do not necessarily align to the direction of shear traction. However, it is shown that the interaction between the surface stresses vanishes for a particular value of the elastic constants and it is also shown that in some instances the tangential displacments do align with the shear traction thus yielding an exact solution. It is furthermore shown that the solution for a sliding flat upright indenter is an exact solution to the problem of a circular external crack in an infinite transversely isotropic body subjected to uniform tangential displacement loading at infinity. Numerical results for the subsurface stress fields are given to illustrate the effects of sliding and transverse isotropy.
Unified medical language system coverage of emergency-medicine chief complaints.

Background Emergency department (ED) chief-complaint (CC) data increasingly are important for clinical-care and secondary uses such as syndromic surveillance. There is no widely used ED CC vocabulary, but experts have suggested evaluation of existing health-care vocabularies for ED CC. Objectives To evaluate the ED CC coverage in existing biomedical vocabularies from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). Methods The study sample included all CC entries for all visits to three EDs over one year. The authors used a special-purpose text processor to clean CC entries, which then were mapped to UMLS concepts. The UMLS match rates then were calculated and analyzed for matching concepts and nonmatching entries. Results A total of 203,509 ED visits was included. After cleaning with the text processor, 82% of the CCs matched a UMLS concept. The authors identified 5,617 unique UMLS concepts in the ED CC data, but many were used for only one or two visits. One thousand one hundred thirty-six CC concepts were used more than ten times and covered 99% of all the ED visits. The largest biomedical vocabulary in the UMLS is the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which included concepts for 79% of all ED CC entries. However, some common CCs were not found in SNOMED CT. Conclusions The authors found that ED CC concepts are well covered by the UMLS and that the best source of vocabulary coverage is from SNOMED CT. There are some gaps in UMLS and SNOMED CT coverage of ED CCs. Future work on vocabulary control for ED CCs should build upon existing vocabularies.
Modern Turtle Origins: The Oldest Known Cryptodire

The discovery of a turtle in the Early Jurassic(185 million years before present) Kayenta Formation of northeastern Arizona provides significant evidence about the origin of modern turtles. This new taxon possesses many of the primitive features expected in the hypothetical common ancestor of pleurodires and cryptodires, the two groups of modern turtles. It is identified as the oldest known cryptodire because of the presence of a distinctive cryptodiran jaw mechanism consisting of a trochlea over the otic chamber that redirects the line of action of the adductor muscle. Aquatic habits appear to have developed very early in turtle evolution. Kayentachelys extends the known record of cryptodires back at least 45 million years and documents a very early stage in the evolution of modern turtles.
Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) to calibrate advanced very high resolution radiometer reflectance channels

[1] A series of 10 advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRRs) flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s polar-orbiting satellites for over 20 years has provided data suitable for many quantitative remote sensing applications. To be useful for geophysical research, each radiometer must be accurately calibrated, which poses problems in the AVHRR reflectance channels because they have no onboard calibration. Previous studies have shown that values of the reflectance channel calibrations, accurately measured during preflight, change abruptly immediately after launch and then change slowly during the satellite's lifetime. The presence of the dual-gain reflectance channels on the current series of AVHRRs also complicates the application of previous calibration techniques. A technique is presented here for calibrating the AVHRR dual-gain reflectance channels using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data. This method employs selective criteria to reproduce a laboratory type calibration where instrument counts observed by AVHRR are matched to reflectances measured by MODIS on a pixel by pixel basis for coincident and co-located scenes. Unlike AVHRR, MODIS employs onboard calibration of its reflectance channels. The goal here was to explore the utility of using MODIS to calibrate the new dual-gain reflectance channels of the AVHRR. The AVHRRs in the NOAA-KLM series of spacecraft employ a dual-gain approach to increase the sensitivity to dark scenes. Traditional methods using radiometrically stable targets to calibrate the reflectance channels of AVHRR typically do not provide data for both gain settings. The data from two scenes that met the over-pass criteria are analyzed. The regression of the MODIS reflectances versus the AVHRR counts for these scenes were able to produce calibration slopes and intercepts in both the low and high gain regions. The reflectance differences using the MODIS-derived calibration compared to preflight calibration are well within the expected behavior of the AVHRR during its first year in orbit. Comparison with reference ch1 and ch2 reflectance values from NOAA 9 for a Libyan Desert Target were within 5% of those using the MODIS-derived calibration. While the determination of the absolute accuracy this approach needs further study, it clearly offers the potential for calibration of the AVHRR dual-gain reflectance channels.
Development of rabbit hippocampus: anatomy

The postnatal development of the CA1 region of rabbit hippocampus was studied using a variety of light and electron microscopic (EM) techniques. Nissl and Golgi stains showed high cellular density, small cell soma area, and sparse dendritic branching in neurons of immature animals (less than 1 week old); dendritic spines were also relatively infrequent during this period. Cell branching and spine frequency reached near-adult levels by 3 weeks, with the major area of hippocampal expansion seen in the apical dendritic layer. EM examination of synapse patterns was made using osmicated and E-PTA-treated tissue. Both techniques showed that the vast majority of synapses in immature animals (less than 2 weeks old) occurred in the dendritic region and were of the asymmetric type. Axosomatic synapses became less rare by 2 weeks; they were usually of the symmetric synapse type. The pattern of synaptic contacts in immature hippocampus resembled the mature pattern by 3-4 weeks. These data suggest a relatively late development of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in CA1 pyramidal cells.
Visualizing spatial data uncertainty using animation

Abstract This paper examines methodologies for dynamically displaying information about uncertainty. Modeling uncertainty in elevation data results in the generation of dozens or hundreds of realizations of the elevation surface. Producing animations of these surfaces is an approach to exploratory data visualization that may assist the researcher in understanding the effect of uncertainty on spatial applications as well as in communicating the results of the research to a wider audience. A nonlinear method for interpolation between the surface realizations is introduced which allows for smooth animation while maintaining the surface characteristics prescribed by the uncertainty model.
Identifying gene copy number variants associated with colorectal adenoma recurrence

Background Colorectal cancer is the third leading cancer cause and represents the final stage of a progressive, multi-step, carcinogenic process of evolution through an adenoma stage [1]. Removing colorectal adenomas at colonoscopy significantly decreases cancer risk [2,3]. One-third of colorectal cancer occurs in familial clusters and increases risk to family members [4]; however, most causative genetic factors are unknown. Here we seek genetic factors associated with metachronous adenoma occurrence, hypothesizing that genetic risk factors have been missed because association studies have sought risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, while ignoring structural variation causing gene copy number changes. We used the Database of Genomic Variants [5] to identify gene copy number variation (CNV) in candidate genes from the vitamin D, polyamine, and selenium pathways (Table 1). We re-analyzed Illlumina genotyping data (Figure 1), and experimentally determined candidate gene copy number status for individuals from two interventional trials using MLPA and TaqMan assays. CNV genotypes are compared between individuals who did and did not develop metachronous adenoma to identify associated variants.
Combinatorial optimization problems in the analysis and design of probabilistic networks

This paper presents some results regarding the design of reliable networks. The problem under consideration involves networks which are undirected graphs having equal and independent edge failure probabilities. The index of reliability is the probability that the network fails (becomes disconnected). For “small” edge failure probabilities and given p and q there exists a class of p vertex, q edge graphs with the property that any graph in the class has a smaller probability of disconnection than any graph outside of the class. We solve the problem of synthesizing graphs in this class.
Detecting terahertz signatures using Guided Under-determined Source Signal Separation

Terahertz technology has seen many advances over the past decades. Special interest for the use of this technology is directed to the detection of illegal drugs, explosives and other hazardous materials. These materials exhibit characteristic signatures at terahertz wavelengths which may be used to identify them. In this paper we present a method for detecting the presence of chemicals and other materials using their terahertz signatures and a technique for signature recognition called Guided Under-determined Source Signal Separation (GUSSS). The method was tested using a public THz database, achieving high true positive and true negative percentages.
Application of Interface Technology in Nonlinear Analysis of a Stitched/RFI Composite Wing Stub Box

A recently developed interface technology was successfully employed in the geometrically nonlinear analysis of a full-scale stitched/RFI composite wing box loaded in bending. The technology allows mismatched finite element models to be joined in a variationally consistent manner and reduces the modeling complexity by eliminating transition meshing. In the analysis, local finite element models of nonlinearly deformed wide bays of the wing box are refined without the need for transition meshing to the surrounding coarse mesh. The COMET-AR finite element code, which has the interface technology capability, was used to perform the analyses. The COMET-AR analysis is compared to both a NASTRAN analysis and to experimental data. The interface technology solution is shown to be in good agreement with both. The viability of interface technology for coupled global/local analysis of large scale aircraft structures is demonstrated.
POROSITY: I. PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION II. POROSITY AND THE MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION1

Significance of porosity.—This is briefly outlined. Standard reference method.—The requirements of an engineering testing method are simplicity, rapidity and convenience with no more accuracy than practical considerations justify. There should, however, be also available a standard reference method, that is, a laboratory method where accuracy is the main requirement. Types of pores.—Six types of pores are described and the process of absorption under various conditions is analyzed. Defitions.—Definitions are proposed for the terms, permeability, penetrability, absorptivity, porosity. bulk density, closed-pore space and “cracks” and “holes,” and methods of measurement are suggested.
Partial Hedging in Financial Markets with a Large Agent

Abstract We investigate the partial hedging problem in financial markets with a large agent. An agent is said to be large if his/her trades influence the equilibrium price. We develop a stochastic differential equation (SDE) with a single large agent parameter to model such a market. We focus on minimizing the expected value of the size of the shortfall in the large agent model. A Bellman-type partial differential equation (PDE) is derived, and the Legendre transform is used to consider the dual shortfall function. An asymptotic analysis leads us to conclude that the shortfall function (expected loss) increases when there is a large agent, which means that one would need more capital to hedge away risk in the market with a large agent. This asymptotic analysis is confirmed by performing Monte Carlo simulations.
Defining smooth muscle cells and smooth muscle injury

For 3 decades, terms such as synthetic phenotype and contractile phenotype have been used to imply the existence of a specific mechanism for smooth muscle cell (SMC) responses to injury. In this issue of the JCI, Hendrix et al. offer a far more precise approach to examining the mechanisms of SMC responses to injury, focused not on general changes in phenotype but on effects of injury on a single promoter element, the CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] box, in a single gene encoding smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin. Since CArG box structures are present in some, but not all, SMC genes, these data suggest that we may be progressing toward establishing a systematic, molecular classification of both SMC subsets and the response of SMCs to different injuries.
Runx2 association with progression of prostate cancer in patients: Mechanisms mediating bone osteolysis and osteoblastic metastatic lesions

Runx2, a bone-specific transcriptional regulator, is abnormally expressed in highly metastatic prostate cancer cells. Here, we identified the functional activities of Runx2 in facilitating tumor growth and osteolysis. Our studies show that negligible Runx2 is found in normal prostate epithelial and non-metastatic LNCaP prostate cancer cells. In the intra-tibial metastasis model, high Runx2 levels are associated with development of large tumors, increased expression of metastasis-related genes (MMP9, MMP13, VEGF, Osteopontin) and secreted bone-resorbing factors (PTHrP, IL8) promoting osteolytic disease. Runx2 siRNA treatment of PC3 cells decreased cell migration and invasion through Matrigel in vitro, and in vivo shRunx2 expression in PC3 cells blocked their ability to survive in the bone microenvironment. Mechanisms of Runx2 function were identified in co-culture studies showing that PC3 cells promote osteoclastogenesis and inhibit osteoblast activity. The clinical significance of these findings is supported by human tissue microarray studies of prostate tumors at stages of cancer progression, in which Runx2 is expressed in both adenocarcinomas and metastatic tumors. Together these findings indicate that Runx2 is a key regulator of events associated with prostate cancer metastatic bone disease.
Monitoring the effect of computers on education

Before making recommendations for national policy priorities, it is fundamental to assess why these actions should be taken. In the first working session of the Task Group on National Educational Computing Policy Alternatives a discussion took place toward identifying assumptions about underlying values for education and computers. While a total consensus was never attained within the group, there was general agreement on a number of basic assumptions. These assumptions were included in my Statement on September 29, 1983 at the Hearings before a Subcommittee of the U. S. House of Representatives (1). These premises are outlined below in two groups: those that apply to education in general and those that apply to the use of computers in education. Taken as a whole they provide a rationale for interpreting the results of educational evaluations and for planning ways to monitor the impact of computers on education.
Electrostatic electron lens in the ballistic regime.

Electrostatic focusing of ballistic electrons in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas is discussed and experimentally demonstrated. The focusing is achieved by a spatial modulation of the electrostatic potential along the electrons' trajectories, in analogy with the modulation of the dielectric constant in conventional light-wave optics.
Tight inclusion complexation of 2,7-dimethyldiazapyrenium in cucurbit[7]uril

The dicationic guest 2,7-dimethyldiazapyrenium is bound inside the host cucurbit[7]uril, forming a very stable inclusion complex in which the host undergoes structural distortions to accommodate the guest.
A Comparison of Moral Reasoning of Groups and Individuals on the “Defining Issues Test”

The article presents a study which compared the moral reasoning of interacting groups and the reasoning of individual members of the group using the defining issues test (DIT) of moral judgement development. The results showed that interacting groups reason at a significantly higher level, as measured by the DIT, than the average of the members of the groups. Although the results are interesting and perhaps promising, at this stage they are subject to limitations. Thus, additional research on the issue seems justified.
Ambient noise impact on accuracy of automated hearing assessment

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ambient noise on the accuracy of thresholds obtained using the KUDUwave portable clinical audiometer as compared to those obtained using a GSI-61 clinical audiometer in a sound booth. Design: Pure-tone air conduction thresholds were obtained in three conditions: (1) with a clinical audiometer in a quiet sound booth, (2) with the KUDUwave in a quiet sound booth, and (3) with the KUDUwave with 40 dBA of background noise. Study sample: A total of 31 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 80 years participated in the study, 21 with normal hearing and ten with hearing loss. Results: Eighty-nine percent of thresholds obtained with the KUDUwave in quiet, and 92% of thresholds obtained with the KUDUwave in background noise were within 5 dB of those obtained with the clinical audiometer. Accuracy was poorer at 250 Hz and 8000 Hz. Conclusion: Ambient noise typical of that found in a non-sound-treated room, did not affect the accuracy of air cond...