cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radical Presence: A Relational Alternative to Mindfulness

This chapter proposes the concept of radical presence as a relational alternative to mindfulness practices that have emerged within a primarily self-contained individualist philosophical stance. Drawing inspiration from Gregory Bateson’s (Steps to an ecology of mind. Ballentine Books, New York, 1972) notion that “mind is social,” radical presence draws our attention toward interactive processes that invite participants into curious inquiry where competing or diverse worldviews can be explored. Through dialogic exploration, new forms of understanding can be coordinated and negotiated. In this way, radical presence offers a departure from the mindfulness focus on the individual and asks, instead, how we can be present in ways that challenge our taken-for-granted social institutions and practices. In an increasingly complex and diverse world, radical presence – as a form of relational mindfulness – challenges us to coordinate multiplicity, embrace complexity, and formulate ways of going on together in a world of differences.
Time-lapse electromagnetic and gravity methods in carbon storage monitoring

Abstract For geologic carbon storage (GCS), monitoring of the storage reservoir and detection of secondary plumes if they accumulate outside of the reservoir are important to confirm that the injec...
An Analytical Framework for Strengthening Social Security

Social Security faces a significant challenge, but by no means its only one, in its projected financing shortfall. The program’s uncontrolled further growth in the absence of reform would reduce its effectiveness in supporting a coherent income security policy. If Social Security is to serve future generations as it has current and past ones, policymakers must not only eliminate its financial shortfall but also ameliorate other problematic effects. Among the problematic trends requiring correction are the following ones: Social Security currently stands to, on balance, substantially reduce future workers’ lifetime incomes; its rising costs depress the after-tax incomes of workers compared to those of program beneficiaries; it deters workforce participation and personal saving; and, in many instances, it redistributes income from those who have less to those who have more. No single reform to Social Security can simultaneously accomplish all the objectives of improving its financial condition, achieving a sustainable rate of cost growth, improving intergenerational equity, restoring work and saving incentives, and better targeting benefits toward the households with the greatest need. A balanced package of reforms, however, can include individual provisions pursuant to these various objectives and, in combination, progress toward all of them.
Uniform domains and hyperbolic distance

The Gehring-Osgood characterization for uniform Euclidean domains asserts that these are precisely the domains in which quasihyperbolic distance is bounded above by a constant multiple of the so-called relative distance. We prove that a hyperbolic plane domain is uniform if and only if its hyperbolic distance is bounded above by a constant multiple of its relative distance. Similar results hold for uniform domains in the Riemann sphere, and also for Euclidean inner uniform domains.
Factors associated with antihypertensive monotherapy among US adults with treated hypertension and uncontrolled blood pressure overall and by race/ethnicity, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018.

Background Treating hypertension with antihypertensive medications combinations, rather than one medication (ie, monotherapy), is underused in the United States, particularly in certain race/ethnic groups. Identifying factors associated with monotherapy use despite uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) overall and within race/ethnic groups may elucidate intervention targets in under-treated populations. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES; 2013-2014 through 2017-2018). We included participants age ≥20 years with hypertension, taking at least one antihypertensive medication, and uncontrolled BP (systolic BP [SBP] ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP [DBP] ≥ 90 mmHg). Demographic, clinical, and healthcare-access factors associated with antihypertensive monotherapy were determined using multivariable-adjusted Poisson regression. Results Among 1,597 participants with hypertension and uncontrolled BP, age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of monotherapy was 42.6% overall, 45.4% among non-Hispanic White, 31.9% among non-Hispanic Black, 39.6% among Hispanic, and 50.9% among non-Hispanic Asian adults. Overall, higher SBP was associated with higher monotherapy use, while older age, having a healthcare visit in the previous year, higher body mass index, and having heart failure were associated with lower monotherapy use. Conclusion Clinical and healthcare-access factors, including a healthcare visit within the previous year and co-morbid conditions were associated with a higher likelihood of combination antihypertensive therapy.
Sum-and Difference-Frequency Wave Loads on a Body in Unidirectional Gaussian Seas

When nonlinear effects are included in the diffraction of waves by a large body, there are, at second order, interactions at the sums and differences of the component frequencies of the incident waves. In this paper, the complete deterministic and stochastic solutions of second-order (sum- and difference-frequency) wave loads in undirectional Gaussian waves are considered. The deterministic results, namely the wave force quadratic transfer function (QTF) in bichromatic incident waves, is complete in the context of second-order diffraction theory in that all the relevant components including those due to the exact second-order potentials are obtained. Statistical properties of second-order wave excitations are then investigated using the QTF results and a two-term Voltera series model. For illustration, the exact second-order force spectra and probability distributions for the simple geometry of a truncated vertical cylinder are obtained and compared with those based on a number of existing approximation methods. It is found that second-order exciting force variances and probability of extreme values may be significantly underestimated by existing approximation methods.
Steeples and Stacks: Ending, Learning, Beginning Anew

For the members of the Coalition, who had worked for eighteen months on the Campbell Works project, it was the final piece of bad news. There was some anger mixed with the disappointment, because they felt that, in this round, Washington had not played fair. Their disappointment, their anger, and their concern about yet another round in the Valley's ongoing steel crisis – all are reflected in their telegram of response to Jack Watson: We believe that the March 29 letter reflects a collapse of the pre-1978 election assurances passed out by you on behalf of President Carter to the unemployed of the Mahoning Valley. We believe that your failure to act portends destructive consequences of a most serious nature for Youngstown, Ohio, where another steel mill closing this year will cost 1600 jobs and the imminent closing of U.S. Steel facilities can add 4600 more jobs lost. Mr. Hall's letter reflects a lack of both will and ability on the part of the responsible parties. The enormous efforts by the religious denominations, including the U.S. Catholic Conference, the National Council of Churches, the Synagogue Council of America were undertaken in faithful reliance on the good will and concern of the federal government and, during the past six months, on your own assurances of last fall. We believe now, in the light of the March 29 letter, that we were misdirected in our efforts and our reliance. Robert Hall's letter rejecting the Coalition proposal for reopening the Campbell Works invited the Coalition to meet with federal officials once again, if they desired. A meeting was quickly scheduled for April 3.
Hume on Art Critics, Wise Men, and the Virtues of Taste

In this paper I compare two models of expert judgment: the art critic in Hume's "Of the Standard of Taste" and the "wise man" in "Of Miracles." The art critic is a true judge of beauty because he has made himself into a person who is optimally receptive to beauty. He possesses the virtues of taste: "Strong sense, united to delicate sentiment, improved by practice, perfected by comparison, and cleared of all prejudice" ("Of the Standard of Taste," 241). But the virtues of the art critic, I argue, are also those of the "wise man," the person who consistently "proportions his belief to the evidence" (EHU 10.4; SBN 110). Comparison of these two characters reveals that for Hume the virtues fundamental to the art critic's critical competence are also epistemic virtues. Hume's exposition of aesthetic excellences should thus be of interest for virtue epistemology. Because contemporary virtue epistemologists have tended to focus almost exclusively on the relationships between intellectual and moral virtues, Hume offers something new: an account of epistemic virtues based on aesthetic virtues.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEARNING DISABILITIES

Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous diagnostic category. As a specific disorder learning disabilities include reading disorders, disorders of written expression and mathematics disorders. As a general concept, learning disabilities may be categorised into four symptom complexes, which are not mutually exclusive: 1. dyslexia, 2. motor-perceptual; 3. language delay; 4. hyperactivity. In clinical settings these neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in school-aged children. The most common referral reasons are significant difficulties in school achievement or difficulties in child adjustment and functioning that are manifested through behavioural and emotional difficulties caused by learning disabilities. Since academic achievement is an important aspect of self-esteem in childhood, school failure may result in many short-term and long-term consequences for the child’s functioning in narrow and broader social contexts, development of maladaptive behaviour and also cause the development of psychopathology. The most common short-term consequences include low academic and general self-esteem, lack of motivation for schooling and related obligations, behavioural disorders, a sense of overload in the child, peer relationship problems and a heightened level of family conflicts. The usual long-term outcomes are psychosomatic problems, affective disorders (depression, anxiety) and severe behavioural problems. Furthermore, longitudinal studies show the persistence of certain problems in adulthood. In summary, impairments should be adequately assessed to evaluate the cognitive deficits and strengths, and a precise diagnosis should be established. Once problem areas have been identified, special teaching strategies can be devised in collaboration with the school to circumvent handicaps. Also, an important part of intervention includes counselling of parents and children. Language: hr
Heat-sensitive Step in Deoxyribonucleic Acidmediated Transformation of Bacillus subtilis

Over 90% of the competent cells in a population of Bacillus subtilis lost their competence after being heated to 50 C for 5 min. There was only a slight loss in the number of transformants if the culture was heated for 5 min after the termination of transformation, but 90% of the transformants were lost after 1 hr at 50 C. The population as a whole grew at a slightly faster rate at 50 C than at 32 C. We postulate that a heat-labile factor is required for the uptake or retention (or both) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the cell, since uptake of 32P-DNA into a deoxyribonuclease-resistant form was inversely proportional to the time of exposure to heat. Cells that had lost competence after being heated did not regain their competence for at least several hours, although other cells in the population became competent. These data suggest that the heat-labile factor required for competence is synthesized only once during the period that a cell remains competent.
Effects of cadmium on manganese peroxidase competitive inhibition of MnII oxidation and thermal stabilization of the enzyme.

Inhibition of manganese peroxidase by cadmium was studied under steady-state and transient-state kinetic conditions. CdII is a reversible competitive inhibitor of MnII in the steady state with Ki ≈ 10 µm. CdII also inhibits enzyme-generated MnIII–chelate-mediated oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol with Ki ≈ 4 µm. CdII does not inhibit direct oxidation of phenols such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol or guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) in the absence of MnII. CdII alters the heme Soret on binding manganese peroxidase and exhibits a Kd ≈ 8 µm, similar to Mn (Kd ≈ 10 µm). Under transient-state conditions, CdII inhibits reduction of compound I and compound II by MnII at pH 4.5. However, CdII does not inhibit formation of compound I nor does it inhibit reduction of the enzyme intermediates by phenols in the absence of MnII. Kinetic analysis suggests that CdII binds at the MnII-binding site, preventing oxidation of MnII, but does not impair oxidation of substrates, such as phenols, which do not bind at the MnII-binding site. Finally, at pH 4.5 and 55 °C, MnII and CdII both protect manganese peroxidase from thermal denaturation more efficiently than CaII, extending the half-life of the enzyme by more than twofold. Furthermore, the combination of half MnII and half CdII nearly quadruples the enzyme half-life over either metal alone or either metal in combination with CaII.
Adsorption and contact angle studies: III. Organic substances on polished polyethylene

Abstract Ellipsometrically determined adsorption isotherms are reported for ethanol, propanol, butanol, amyl alcohol, n -hexane, and diethyl ether on optically smooth polyethylene at 20°C. The contact angle behavior of the corresponding liquid substrates on the same surface was also determined. For the first four, nonwetting, cases, the film pressure of the adsorbed film is not negligible, and could not be neglected in semiempirical treatments of contact angle. Further, it appears that polyethylene surface is modified structurally by the adsorbates. The isotherms fit the potential-distortion model; they also fall on the same characteristic isotherm that previous nonwetting systems obeyed. The surfaces show microscopic roughness under scanning electron microscope examination, and the possibility that adsorption is mainly due to capillary condensation in surface dimples is examined.
Aortic dissection: a 250-year perspective.

Two hundred fifty years have passed since Frank Nicholls' history-making, accurate observations on the anatomic findings and cause of death of King George II were published.6 Several decades later, the disease was named, using—for the first time—the terms dissection and dissecting attached to an aortic disease process. Another century went by before effective surgical treatment was developed. In sharp contrast, the evolution of the last 20 years has been nothing short of amazing. Our understanding of AD, while not yet complete, has improved dramatically. In addition, the introduction of nonsurgical endovascular therapy has had a profoundly transformative impact—and we are just at the beginning! It would not be unreasonable to predict that stent-graft repair will likely replace (or nearly replace) open surgery in the treatment of complicated type B dissection in the near future,29,30 especially as technologies continue to improve and indication-specific designs are developed and tested in the clinical setting. Moreover, it is predictable that endovascular solutions for some patients with type A aortic dissection will become available in the years to come as surgical results continue to be suboptimal.31 Finally, and amidst this plethora of “good news,” it is appropriate to reflect on the formidable challenge that endovascular therapies face as they gear to “compete” with optimal medical therapy in the management of patients with acute uncomplicated type B dissection, because it will obviously be difficult (if not impossible) to improve on the already-achieved 30-day mortality rate of less than 10%. Long-term gains may well become the winning card when and if the late results of TEVAR can be shown to improve on the rather compromised outlook of medically treated dissection patients. Stay tuned.
Managing vulnerabilities in your commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems using an industry standards effort

Organizations around the world, in every type of industry and market, are moving towards networks that are based on the Internet protocols. In addition, third-party commercial and open source software has become a critical element to these organizations and the infrastructure of networks, utilities, and services they rely upon to function. That means the software problems in these commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software products can quickly cause significant difficulties for any organization. When such software problems have security implications, they are referred to as "vulnerabilities." This paper discusses the ways of finding out about the vulnerabilities that exist in the COTS and open source software products used by an organization, or by the infrastructures that the organization is dependent upon. CVE, the common vulnerabilities and exposures initiative [cve.mitre.org], is a new international, community-based effort from industry, government, and academia that is working to create an organizing mechanism to make finding and fixing these COTS and open source software product vulnerabilities more rapid and efficient.
Supportive Residential Settings for Older People

It is difficult to obtain accurate figures, but it is estimated that about 10% of the 24 million Americans over the age of 65 reside in specialized residential settings (Lawton, 1979; National Center for Health Statistics, 1979). These settings include nursing homes, which house about 1.1 million older poeple, and foster family and board and care homes, residential care facilities, congregate apartment housing, and some single room occupancy (SRO) hotels, which together house over one million older people. Some of these settings provide a full range of medical and personal care (skilled nursing facilities), some provide a moderate level of supportive services (residential care settings), and others offer only limited services, such as a meal plan (most congregate apartment houses and selected SRO hotels).
ATTACHMENT OF THIOBACILLUS THIOOXIDANS TO SULFUR CRYSTALS

Schaeffer, W. I. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), P. E. Holbert, and W. W. Umbreit. Attachment of Thiobacillus thiooxidans to sulfur crystals. J. Bacteriol. 85:137-140. 1963.-Electron micrographs of replicas of sulfur crystals before and after attack by Thiobacillus thiooxidans show that the microorganisms erode the crystal in the area immediately adjacent to the cell. When there are many cells, the entire crystal surface appears eroded.
Induction of labour at 37–38 weeks in women with large fetuses decreases the likelihood of shoulder dystocia; however, overall benefit of early-term delivery has not been demonstrated

Commentary on : Boulvain M, Senat MV, Perrotin F, et al., Groupe de Recherche en Obstetrique et Gynecologie (GROG). Induction of labour versus expectant management for large-for-date fetuses: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:2600–5.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Labour induction for large for gestational age (LGA) infants in women without gestational diabetes (GD) has not been recommended due to concern for increasing the likelihood of caesarean delivery and lack of fetal benefit. Some studies comparing labour induction with spontaneous labour have demonstrated higher caesarean rates with induction. However, recent studies using expectant management as the comparison group have not demonstrated an increase of caesarean delivery.1 Studies evaluating term induction for LGA have not shown decreased neonatal morbidity, even though macrosomic fetuses are at increased risk. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.volume%253D385%26rft.spage%253D2600%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252814%252961904-8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25863654%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61904-8&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25863654&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2Fearly%2F2015%2F09%2F04%2Febmed-2015-110223.atom
The electromagnetic compatibility principles for the assessment of the solutions for equipment protection

The technical solutions that allow the achievement of electromagnetic compatibility of a device, of a system or of an instalations are numerous and often aparently conflicting. This paper insists on the need that these technical solutions should be used only within the framework of a well-developed outlook, which beggins by stating the scope and which elaborates a comparative, quantitative study of the performance of competing solutions in their key points.
Exceedance probability for wave overtopping on a fixed deck

Abstract Detailed laboratory measurements were made of the instantaneous free surface elevation in front of a fixed deck and the instantaneous free surface elevation, velocity, and overtopping rate at the leading edge of the deck. The study showed that the exceedance probabilities for the normalized maximum instantaneous overtopping rate and the normalized overtopping volume were predicted by a simple exponential curve. The measured exceedance probability seaward of the deck compared well with the nonlinear theory of Kriebel and Dawson (Kriebel D.L., Dawson T.H., 1993. Nonlinearity in wave crest statistics. In: Proceedings Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 61–75). Conditional sampling of the crest heights seaward of the deck gave a normalized probability distribution similar to that of the maximum water level measured on the deck for each overtopping event. However, the values used to normalize each distribution were not the same.
Children's Challenges to Efforts to Save Them: Competing Knowledges in the Child Welfare System

The child welfare system is founded on a belief that children are sometimes endangered by their parents or caregivers and must be saved by agents of the state. Children are perceived as objects to be saved, but they are rarely seen as active strategists in their interactions with child welfare system social workers. Using ethnographic data collected during observations of social workers and juvenile court proceedings, this article shows how children have their own complex understandings of state intervention and strive—to varying degrees of success—to contest official views of their lives and provide competing forms of knowledge. Specifically, children attempt to rework state actors' perceptions of their families and familial problems, use state actors as an audience for their versions of their lives, and attempt to mobilize state power for personal or material gain.
Subsurface Facies Analysis of the Late Cambrian Mt. Simon Sandstone in Western Ohio (Midcontinent North America)

The Cambrian Mt. Simon Sandstone (MSS) is a possible unconventional gas reservoir in the Illinois, Michigan, and Appalachian Basins, but comparatively little is known about the unit. This study used core and well logs from two deep exploratory wells to interpret the depositional environment of the MSS under western Ohio, where the MSS is about 120 m thick and found 1060 m below ground surface. In western Ohio, the MSS unconformably overlies the Precambrian Middle Run Formation, is conformably overlain by the Cambrian Eau Claire Formation, and has a distinctive gamma-ray log-signature. In well DGS-2627, the MSS consists of tan, friable, moderately sorted, rounded, coarse- to very coarse-grained siliceous quartz arenite with minor heterolithic sandstone-mudstone couplets (rhythmites) and quartz granule conglomerate. Features indicative of tidally-influenced, shallow marine settings include tidal rhythmites, lenticular-, flaser-, and wavy-bedding, herringbone cross-bedding, mud-drapes, tidal bundles, reactivation surfaces, intraclasts, and bioturbation. The unit generally coarsens- and thickens-upward, and is interpreted as migration of a tidally-influenced transgressive barrier sequence. A subsurface facies model for the MSS is developed by interpreting geophysical logs and cores from DGS-2627l, and this model is semi-quantitatively tested by first interpreting well BP-4 using geophysical logs alone, then confirming the results using core.
Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) Transcranial Doppler Flow Grades Predict Clinical Severity, Early Recovery, and Mortality in Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background and Purpose—TIMI angiographic classification measures coronary residual flow and recanalization. We developed a Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) classification by using transcranial Doppler (TCD) to noninvasively monitor intracranial vessel residual flow signals. We examined whether the emergent TCD TIBI classification correlated with stroke severity and outcome in patients treated with intravenously administered tPA (IV-tPA). Methods—TCD examination occurred acutely and on day 2. TIBI flows were determined at distal MCA and basilar artery depths, depending on occlusion site. TIBI waveforms were graded as follows: 0, absent; 1, minimal; 2, blunted; 3, dampened; 4, stenotic; and 5, normal. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were obtained at baseline and 24 hours after administration of tPA. Results—One hundred nine IV tPA patients were studied. Mean±SD age was 68±16 years; median NIHSS score before administration of tPA (pre-tPA) was 17.5. The tPA bolus was administer...
Levetiracetam (ucb LO59) affects in vitro models of epilepsy in CA3 pyramidal neurons without altering normal synaptic transmission

Previous behavioural and electrophysiological studies have indicated that levetiracetam (ucb LO59) acts as an anticonvulsant drug in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of levetiracetam on normal synaptic transmission and epileptiform activity in vitro. Intracellular recordings were obtained from the CA3 subfield of the rat hippocampal slice preparation. Levetiracetam in a concentration of 10 microM did not influence basic cell properties or normal synaptic transmission evoked by subthreshold and suprathreshold stimuli to the commissural pathway. However, it strongly inhibited the development of epileptiform bursting by the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A-receptor antagonist bicuculline (1-30 microM). Levetiracetam also decreased the size of bursts previously established by bicuculline. In experiments in which the glutamate-receptor agonist N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) was used to generate spontaneous bursting, levetiracetam had no effect on the size of the bursts but decreased bursting frequency. The difference in effects of levetiracetam on bicuculline- and NMDA-induced bursting appeared to be dependent on the convulsant used, since in the presence of 10 microM bicuculline, levetiracetam decreased the size of NMDA-bursts to the same extent as the size of synaptically evoked bicuculline-bursts but had little effect on bursting frequency. The results show that under our experimental conditions, levetiracetam did not alter the components of normal synaptic transmission. However, levetiracetam at the concentrations studied inhibited epileptiform bursting induced by bicuculline and NMDA in vitro in a manner consistent with the profile of an antiepileptogenic drug.
The kinetics of drug cleavage and release from matrices containing covalent polymer-drug conjugates

Abstract The kinetic expressions for release of a drug formed by the first-order cleavage of drug-polymer conjugates in a solid polymer film are derived from Fick's second law. It is shown that nearly zero order kinetics can be achieved with certain combinations of the drug diffusion coefficient, the cleavage rate constant and the film dimensions.
MALE RED-BACKED SALAMANDERS CAN DETERMINE THE REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF CONSPECIFIC FEMALES THROUGH VOLATILE CHEMICAL SIGNALS

Previous research suggests that female red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus )i n Virginia court biennially whereas males court annually. Therefore, males may face a choice to court either gravid or nongravid females. Because gravid females represent an immediate insemination opportunity (whereas nongravid females do not), male red-backed salamanders may be under selection to be able to distinguish the reproductive status of conspecific females. We conducted an experiment to determine if males could discriminate between gravid and nongravid conspecific females through volatile chemical signals. Focal males were allowed to establish territories in testing arenas for 5 d and then were exposed to three treatments in a randomized order: volatile chemical signals from gravid females, nongravid females, and a control (blank filter paper). Randomization tests revealed that focal males exhibited significantly more aggressive behavior when they were exposed to volatile chemical signals from nongravid females than when they were exposed to those from gravid females and the control. We infer that male red-backed salamanders can determine the reproductive status of conspecific females through volatile chemical signals, which may influence their social associations.
Renormalizing systems with strong quenched randomness

Abstract This is a brief review of recent work using the renormalization group for systems with strong quenched randomness. A short annotated bibliography (not claimed to be complete) is included.
Species differences and d rug metabolism

Abstract In this report three types of drug oxidation reactions were studied in mice, rats and guinea pigs, e.g. aminopyrine N -demethylation, p -nitroanisole O -demethylation and aniline hydroxylation. The studies in vitro show that no species emerged as a rapid or slow metabolizer of these prototype drug substrates. The determination of the activity and quantity of liver microsomal electron transport components indicate that cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome P-450 reduetase are important factors in determining the activity of overall drug oxidation. However, the level of cytochrome b 5 and activity of NADPH cytochrome c reduetase as well as the apparent affinity of the microsomal system for NADPH could not account for the observed differences in drug metabolism. A study of the binding of drug substrates to cytochrome P-450 indicates that there are qualitative differences in this cytochrome which may contribute to species variation in drug metabolism. Species differences in cytochrome P-450 are not apparent in the reduced cytochrome P-450-CO complex or the typical type I (aminopyrine) and type II (aniline) substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding spectra. However, prolonged treatment of microsomes with aminopyrine or aniline results in an atypical type Ia or type IIa spectrum which has a maximum absorption at different wavelengths in various species. Studies employing phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene to induce individual electron transport components indicate that N -demethylase and O -demethylase activities are dependent upon the level of cytochrome P-450 and that aniline hydroxylase activity is dependent upon the level of cytochrome P-450 reduetase activity.
On generalized Schur and Levinson-Szego algorithms for quasistationary processes

We show how the well known reflection-coefficients parametrization of stationary second-order processes can be extended to quasi-stationary processes (i.e., whose covariance functions have finite displacement rank) by introducing sets of so-called generalized Schur parameters. Several properties of these generalized parameters will be studied, including covariance matching properties, generalized orthogonal polynomials, and the nontrivial question of when they can be used to specify whitening and modeling filters in lattice (or ladder) filter form.
The Regulation of Filamentous Growth in Yeast

Filamentous growth is a nutrient-regulated growth response that occurs in many fungal species. In pathogens, filamentous growth is critical for host-cell attachment, invasion into tissues, and virulence. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes filamentous growth, which provides a genetically tractable system to study the molecular basis of the response. Filamentous growth is regulated by evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways. One of these pathways is a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A remarkable feature of the filamentous growth MAPK pathway is that it is composed of factors that also function in other pathways. An intriguing challenge therefore has been to understand how pathways that share components establish and maintain their identity. Other canonical signaling pathways-rat sarcoma/protein kinase A (RAS/PKA), sucrose nonfermentable (SNF), and target of rapamycin (TOR)-also regulate filamentous growth, which raises the question of how signals from multiple pathways become integrated into a coordinated response. Together, these pathways regulate cell differentiation to the filamentous type, which is characterized by changes in cell adhesion, cell polarity, and cell shape. How these changes are accomplished is also discussed. High-throughput genomics approaches have recently uncovered new connections to filamentous growth regulation. These connections suggest that filamentous growth is a more complex and globally regulated behavior than is currently appreciated, which may help to pave the way for future investigations into this eukaryotic cell differentiation behavior.
The relative acidities of gas phase acids for displacement of surface intermediates

Abstract The recent work of Barteau and Madix [Surface Sci. 120 (1982) 262] indicated that the stability of surface intermediates with respect to displacements by other species is related to the gas phase acidity difference of the molecules. To further test the generality of this hypothesis, experiments similar to those of Barteau et al. conducted on Ag(110) were performed on Cu(110). The results of those experiments are presented here.
ERRATUM FOR FINITE GENERATION OF SYMMETRIC IDEALS

Multiplication is given by fσ · gτ = f(σg)(στ) for f, g ∈ R, σ, τ ∈ SX , and extended by linearity. The natural multiplication in R[SX ] does not make R into an R[SX ]-module as claimed in [1], which is why one must use R ∗SX instead. This change affects none of the results in the paper since the multiplicative structure of R[SX ] was never used except to simplify the statement of our main result [1, Theorem 1.1]. The proper statement is as follows.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Guanine Oxidation: Effects of Isotope, Solvent, and Chemical Modification

The proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions of guanine and other modified purine nucleobases have been investigated by electrochemistry and stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The rate of oxidation ...
A Framework for a Standardization Effort for Fatigue Crack Growth Testing Under Variable Amplitude Spectrum Loading

Fatigue crack growth testing under variable amplitude loading conditions is currently not standardized. Without standardization, the methods and techniques applied by different laboratories vary, and as such, lab-based bias can occur readily. The goal of this paper is to discuss in detail the experience developed and lessons learned during years of spectrum crack growth testing. Issues concerned with specimen geometry, crack geometry, precracking methodology, crack length measurement, spectrum content, load magnitude control, and interpretation of results are addressed herein. Although the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, E 647, provides guidance that is useful to this test, the specialized nature of spectrum testing does provide its own unique set of issues different from da/dN versus ΔK testing.
Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction methods for determination of trace concentration aldehydes in aqueous solution.

Abstract A method for trace analysis of a wide range of aldehydes (saturated/unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic aldehydes, including hydroxylated species, and dialdehydes) in an aqueous solution was optimized. An evaluation of three solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques (headspace, liquid-phase, and on-fiber derivatization) with o -(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) aldehyde derivatization was performed focusing on the optimization of the main extraction parameters (temperature and time). The optimized method employed the liquid-phase SPME (D-L-SPME) of derivatized aldehydes at 80 °C for 30 min. Limits of detection (LODs) using this optimal method were in the range of 0.1–4.4 μg/L for the majority of aliphatic (saturated, unsaturated), aromatic aldehydes and dialdehydes. Formaldehyde LODs and those of some hydroxylated aromatic aldehydes were between 32 and 55 μg/L. Headspace SPME using an on-fiber derivatization generally showed a lower sensitivity and several compounds were not detected. Another technique, the optimized headspace SPME of aldehydes derivatized in aqueous solution, was not as sensitive as D-L-SPME for hydroxylated aromatic aldehydes. The developed method was used to analyze aqueous particulate matter extracts; this method achieved higher sensitivities than those obtained with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 556.
Maternal azithromycin therapy for Ureaplasma intraamniotic infection delays preterm delivery and reduces fetal lung injury in a primate model

Objective We assessed the efficacy of a maternal multidose azithromycin (AZI) regimen, with and without antiinflammatory agents to delay preterm birth and to mitigate fetal lung injury associated with Ureaplasma parvum intraamniotic infection. Study Design Long-term catheterized rhesus monkeys (n = 16) received intraamniotic inoculation of U parvum (10 7 colony-forming U/mL, serovar 1). After contraction onset, rhesus monkeys received no treatment (n = 6); AZI (12.5 mg/kg, every 12 h, intravenous for 10 days; n=5); or AZI plus dexamethasone and indomethacin (n = 5). Outcomes included amniotic fluid proinflammatory mediators, U parvum cultures and polymerase chain reaction, AZI pharmacokinetics, and the extent of fetal lung inflammation. Results Maternal AZI therapy eradicated U parvum intraamniotic infection from the amniotic fluid within 4 days. Placenta and fetal tissues were 90% culture negative at delivery. AZI therapy significantly delayed preterm delivery and prevented advanced fetal lung injury, although residual acute chorioamnionitis persisted. Conclusion Specific maternal antibiotic therapy can eradicate U parvum from the amniotic fluid and key fetal organs, with subsequent prolongation of pregnancy, which provides a therapeutic window of opportunity to effectively reduce the severity of fetal lung injury.
Corrective osteotomy for procurvatum deformity caused by distal femoral physeal fracture malunion stabilised with String-of-Pearls locking plates: results in two dogs and a review of the literature

Background This report describes the treatment of severe procurvatum because of distal femoral physeal fracture malunion in two skeletally immature dogs. Case reports Both dogs presented with severe right hindlimb lameness and markedly reduced stifle extension at less than 5 months of age. Severe distal femoral procurvatum and mild-to-moderate femoral shortening secondary to distal femoral physeal fracture malunion were evident on radiographs. The sagittal plane deformities were addressed with a caudal opening-wedge osteotomy in one dog and cranial closing wedge ostectomy in the other dog. String-of-Pearls locking plates were used to stabilise the osteotomies. Functional stifle extension range of motion and femoral length were improved post surgery in both dogs. Explantation of the plates was required in both dogs because of local soft tissue irritation. Both dogs had excellent outcomes based on subjective and objective measures (pressure sensitive walkway, force platform analysis) when assessed at skeletal maturity. Conclusions Corrective osteotomy stabilised with String-of-Pearls locking plates is a viable treatment option for improving limb function in dogs with severe procurvatum deformities caused by distal femoral physeal fracture malunion.
Influence of shock prestraining on the formation of shear localization in 304 stainless steel

Adiabatic shear localization was studied in both annealed (as-received) and shock-prestrained 304 stainless steels (304 SS). A forced shear technique was used to probe the evolution of shear localization under high-strain-rate loading using a compression split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and hatshaped specimens. The shearing responses of the shock-prestrained steel at high strain rate indicate that they exhibit a higher initial yield strength but a lower work-hardening rates than those observed in the annealed steel. The shock-prestrained specimens, having achieved an unstable condition at a smaller plastic displacement and a lower flow stress, were seen to exhibit distinct sharp-edged bands. Corresponding comparisons between the mechanical responses and the deformed microstructures demonstrate that loading-path dependency exerts a strong influence on shear-band formation. The shock-prestrained 304 SS displayed a higher incidence of deformation twins, slip bands, and dislocation debris prior to the shear tests, this substructure suppressed further dislocation storage (work hardening) and thereby facilitated the propensity for shear localization.
Modeling the combined effect of high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat on the inactivation kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in whole milk

Abstract The survival curves of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure were obtained at four temperatures (22, 40, 45 and 50 °C) and two pressure levels (400 and 500 MPa) in UHT whole milk. Elevated temperatures substantially promoted the pressure inactivation of L. monocytogenes. A 5-min treatment of 500 MPa at 50 °C resulted in a more than 8-log10 reduction of L. monocytogenes, while at 22 °C a 35-min treatment was needed to obtain the same level of inactivation. Tailing was observed in all survival curves, indicating that the linear model was not adequate for describing these curves. The log-logistic model consistently produced best fits to all survival curves and the modified Gompertz model the poorest. The Weibull model produced fits as good as the log-logistic model at the temperature range of 40–50 °C. The Weibull model provided reasonable predictions of inactivation of L. monocytogenes at temperature levels other than the experimental temperatures; however, the log-logistic model was found to be inferior at predicting inactivation.
Input/output characterization of highly-nonlinear systems

Abstract This paper presents a computer-aided engineering (CAE) environment for input/output characterization of highly nonlinear systems. The approach is based on obtaining the sinusoidal-input describing function (SIDF) models of the nonlinear plant. These models are obtained by exciting the plant with a sinusoid of known amplitude and frequency, integrating the dynamic equations of motion to obtain system output, and finally evaluating Fourier integrals when system output is at steady-state. A software utility based on this technique is developed and outlined. The software is written in standard FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN) 77, and it is developed on a Harris-800 super-minicomputer and a Tektronix 4115B high resolution, raster, and color graphics terminal. At present, the characterization approach and the associated software is limited to single-input single-output, nonlinear, time-invariant, deterministic, and stable systems.
THE DILEMMAS OF BUILDING A PROGRESSIVE URBAN COALITION: The Linked Development Debate in Chicago

: In 1983 Chicago elected its first black mayor, Harold Washington. During Washington's first term of office, his administration not only reordered municipal priorities in such a fashion as to benefit his core, minority voting constituency, but also defined a municipal agenda emphasizing greater attention to neighborhood needs and more open government. In 1984 an important neighborhood coalition, the Save Our Neighborhoods/Save Our City Coalition (SON/SOC), proposed a linked development policy to tap downtown investment for neighborhood projects. Although SON/SOC's proposal was compatible with the Washington neighborhood agenda, this mainly white organization and the Washington administration experienced considerable difficulty in forging a mutually acceptable proposal The linked development debate in Chicago demonstrates the salience of race, class-cultural factors, and alternative approaches to neighborhood mobilization as barriers to the development of progressive coalitions in city politics.
Lifespan extension of rotifers by treatment with red algal extracts.

Aging results from an accumulation of damage to macromolecules inhibiting cellular replication, repair, and other necessary functions. Damage may be due to environmental stressors such as metal toxicity, oxidative stress caused by imperfections in electron transfer reactions, or other metabolic processes. In an effort to discover medical treatments that counteract this damage, we initiated a search for small molecule drugs from natural sources using life table experiments which, through their unbiased approach, present the opportunity to discover first-in-class molecules. We have identified marine red algae as a source of natural products that slow aging of the invertebrate rotifer Brachionus manjavacas. Rotifers are a promising model organism for life extension studies as they maintain a short, measurable lifespan while also having an extensive literature related to aging. Rotifer lifespan was increased 9–14% by exposure to three of a total of 200 screened red algal extracts. Bioassay guided fractionation led to semi-purified extracts composed primarily of lipids responsible for rotifer life extension. The life extending mixture from the red alga Acanthophora spicifera contained eicosanoic, octadecanoic, and hexadecanoic acids as well as several unidentified unsaturated fatty acids. The life extending effects of these small molecule mixtures are not a result of their direct antioxidant capacity; other unknown mechanisms of action are likely involved. An understanding of how these natural products interact with their molecular targets could lead to selective and effective treatments for slowing aging and reducing age related diseases.