cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanopipelined threshold network synthesis

Threshold logic gates allow for complex multiinput functions to be implemented using a single gate thereby reducing the power and area of a circuit. Clocked threshold gates are nanopipelined to increase network throughput. It is shown that synthesis methods that do not consider the synchronization of the nanopipeline can produce an enormous amount of buffers. The proposed algorithm synthesizes a Boolean network into a nanopipelined threshold logic network by minimizing not only the number of combinational clusters but also the associated buffer insertion overhead.
Biophilia and biomimicry: evolutionary adaptation of human versus nonhuman nature

Both the concepts of biophilia and biomimicry focus on the human relationship to nature, based on the belief that by better understanding the processes of evolutionary adaptation, we will be able to utilize this knowledge to advance human interests, particularly in the design of the built environment and in fostering a more sustainable world. These two concepts differ, however, in their respective emphases on human evolutionary adaptation versus that of other species and natural processes. This article addresses similarities and differences in these two innovative ideas. First, important differences are examined, followed by areas of convergence in viewpoint and emphasis. The article then concludes by considering how these two perspectives might better collaborate, particularly in the design of human structures and communities.
Bumblebee response thresholds and body size: does worker diversity increase colony performance?

Although models of colony organization in social insects often rely on the assumption that within-group variation increases group performance, empirical support for this is mostly confined to studies of genetic variation. However, workers in ant or bee colonies often vary in behaviour and morphology even when genetic variation is low. Bumblebees provide a unique opportunity to explore the consequences of such variation: colonies have a wide range of worker body sizes compared to other social bee species, and workers also vary in response thresholds (i.e. stimulus levels at which workers respond by performing a task), in spite of queens being singly mated (and thus, low genetic variation). Here we test how body size and response threshold diversity affect colony performance in two unrelated in-nest tasks (thermoregulation and undertaking). We manipulated worker diversity using worker removals to restrict threshold or body size variation within the colony. We also quantified the degree of intracolony variation across colonies and related this to colony performance. In general, colonies took longer to cool the nest after bees were removed, but there was no significant effect of treatment on fanning or undertaking success. Furthermore, when intracolony variation was analysed as a continuous variable, we found no effect on colony-level thermoregulation or undertaking performance. Instead, average threshold was a more useful predictor of thermoregulation success, and colonies with a narrower range of size variation had more success at undertaking. These results emphasize the importance of understanding how different types of variation (e.g. behavioural, morphological, etc.) contribute to colony performance.
SU-FF-T-41: A Simple Algorithm to Account for Inter-Seed Effects in the Dose Calculation of Prostate Implant Brachytherapy

Purpose: For multi‐seed implant, dose calculation (TG‐43) is based on the superposition of doses from each source, i.e. attenuations of neighboring seeds are neglected. Monte Carlo (MC) and measurements showed that inter‐seed effects reduce dose coverage by up to 10%. However, MC is too time‐consuming for clinical practice. We developed a simple algorithm to include inter‐seed effects. Method: Seed is treated as a three‐segment line with different attenuations in the center and edge segment. Attenuation of an active source by a neighboring seed exists in the triangular shadow formed by the seed (line) and the source center (point). Effective lengths and attenuations for each segment (LC, LE, μC, μE) are obtained through best fit to published MC data. I‐125 seeds (model 6702 and 6711) are investigated. For the fit, four parallel coplanar seeds are configured 0.75cm apart, one as active source and other three as neighboring seeds. Doses at forty‐eight grid points are calculated and fitted. To test the generality of fit results, another configuration of four seeds 0.5cm apart is calculated and compared. Results: For 6711, LC=0.38cm & LE=0.11cm and μC=0.47 & μE=0.81. Total effective length (0.60cm) is slightly longer than its physical size (0.46cm) due to perturbation at edge. Averaged over all points, calculated inter‐seed factor is 0.77 as compared with 0.80 from Monte Carlo. For 6702, LC=0.12cm & LE=0.23cm and μC=0.83 & μE=0.71. In contrast to 6711, center segment is shorter and less attenuating because 6702 uses three small spheres while 6711 uses a 3mm wire. Averaged inter‐seed factor is 0.88 (algorithm) as compared with 0.87 (MC). For 0.5cm configuration, fit results lead to inter‐seed factor of 0.64 (0.61 MC) and 0.80 (0.77 MC) for 6711 and 6702 respectively. Conclusion: Neglecting inter‐seed effects may significantly overestimate dose. A simple algorithm was developed and reasonable accuracy is achieved.
Comparison of the presence of immune complexes in Felty's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.

Evidence has been found to document the presence of circulating immune complexes in all patients with Felty's syndrome. The sera of all 12 patients studied showed intermediate complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. The sera of 9 of 12 patients (75%) showed precipitin lines upon immunodiffusion against IgM rheumatoid factor. Both findings were statistically increased above those in a matched group of patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of circulating immune complexes in the sera of the Felty patients was consistent with the observation that large inclusions containing IgG, IgM, and complement were phagocytized by normal polymorphonuclear cells when incubated with sera of Felty patients. Normal polymorphonuclear cells phagocytosed inclusions from 77% of Felty sera, compared with 27% of classic rheumatoid arthritis sera. It is suggested that the uptake of immune complexes by polymorphonuclear cells plays a role in the neutropenia of Felty's syndrome.
Examining the Durability of Environmental Education Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Preservice Teaching

This research examined the outcome of a year two intervention which aligned two instructional contexts, to impact preservice teachers’ Environmental Education (EE) self-efficacy beliefs and their use of inquiry-based instruction. The intervention immersed candidates in inquiry-based pedagogies and EE content across a science content course and a general methods course. It was found that the teacher candidates’ EE self-efficacy beliefs increased over the first half of the intervention and then decreased towards the end. The analysis of 14 units of instruction showed a lack of certain inquiry-based elements across all units. Practical and theoretical implications are considered.
Reagent-in-film (RIF): a simplified reagent delivery system.

Abstract Water-soluble or dispersible reagents, including antigens, antibodies, enzymes, substrates, stains, antibioties, or nutrient media, can be incorporated into supported or unsupported hydrocolloid films, dried, and stored in this form until ready for use. The “reagent-in-film” can then be placed in contact with a water-containing medium such as agarose, agar, polyacrylamide, gelatin, cellulose acetate, or paper, whereupon the reagent and its hydrocolloid carrier are transferred rapidly and essentially quantitatively into the medium.
Survival after repeat hepatic resection for recurrent colorectal hepatic metastases

Background. This is a retrospective clinical study done to examine survival of patients undergoing repeat hepatic resection for recurrent colorectal hepatic metastases. Methods. The records of 131 patients undergoing hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer were reviewed. Curative resection was performed in 107 of these patients. Thirty-one experienced recurrences confined to the liver. Thirteen (13 of 107, 12%) of them underwent resection and make up the study population. Results. The eight men (62%) and five women (38%) had a median age of 60 years (range, 32 to 75 years). In 30% of patients recurrence developed near the original resection site. In 70% the recurrences were remote from the original site. The patients underwent a total of six wedge resections, two left lateral segmentectomies, three right lobectomies, and two trisegmentectomies. Average blood loss was 2995 cc; average hospital stay was 17.2 days. Morbidity was 23% (3 of 13); mortality was 8% (1 of 13). Four patients died of recurrent disease, with a mean disease-free survival of 9.7 months (median, 7.5 months; range, 3 to 21 months) and mean total survival of 39 months (median, 24 months; range, 8 to 99 months). One of these patients had a second recurrence resected at month 21 and lived an additional 78 months. Seven patients were alive with no evidence of disease, with a mean follow-up time of 34.9 months (median, 14 months; range, 1 to 186 months). Actual 5-year survival was 23% (3 of 13). Actual disease-free 5-year survival was 15% (2 of 13). Conclusions. In properly selected patients morbidity, mortality, and survival after repeat resection are similar to those after initial resection.
The Stability of Holomyoglobin Is Determined by Heme Affinity

The properties of wild-type, V68T, and H97D sperm whale myoglobins were compared to determine the relative importance of heme affinity and globin stability on the resistance of the holoprotein to denaturation. The V68T mutation decreases apoglobin stability by placing a polar side chain in the interior heme pocket. However, this substitution increases hemin affinity by formation of a strong hydrogen bond between coordinated water and the Thr68(E11) side chain. The H97D substitution disrupts favorable contacts with Ser92(F7) and the heme-7-propionate and causes a large increase in the rate of hemin dissociation. The Asp replacement has little affect on apoglobin stability because His97(FG3) is a surface residue. The aquomet, cyanomet, deoxyferrous, and apoglobin forms of each mutant and wild-type myoglobin were unfolded by titration with guanidinium chloride. Even though holomyoglobin denaturation involves the dissociation of heme and should be dependent on protein concentration, nonspecific heme binding to unfolded states makes the overall process appear to be a simple, unimolecular unfolding transition. The equilibrium constants for the denaturation of the holomyoglobin mutants correlate almost exclusively with heme affinity and not with the stability of the globin portion of the molecule. The strong correlation with heme affinity explains quantitatively why the stability of myoglobin is enhanced approximately 60-fold by reduction of iron to the ferrous deoxy state and by another approximately 100-fold with CO coordination. Parameters measured for GdmCl-, urea-, acid-, and heat-induced denaturation of holomyoglobins and hemoglobins reflect heme affinity and not the folding properties of the corresponding apoproteins. This conclusion suggests that (1) many previous studies of the denaturation of intact heme proteins need to be reevaluated in terms of heme affinity and (2) measurements with apoproteins are required for unambiguous determinations of the stability of globin structures.
The ξ (2220) puzzle

Abstract Among the different interpretations of the newly found ξ (2220), we explore, with special emphasis on its narrow width, the following two options: (a) ξ (2220) is the Regge recurrence of the ƒ′ (1515) with J PC = 4 ++ and (b) ξ (2220) is an S-wave (s s s s ) multi-quark resonance (or bound state) with probable J PC = 0 ++ . The interpretation as a Regge recurrence encounters difficulties, in contrast to the multi-quark interpretation. Possible experimental tests of the multi-quark resonance hypothesis are suggested.
DNA Electrophoresis on a Flat Surface

We report a new approach for performing DNA electrophoresis. Using experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that a perfectly flat silicon wafer, without any surface features, can be used to fractionate DNA in free solution. We determine that the ability of a flat surface to separate DNA molecules results from the local friction between the surface and the adsorbed DNA segments. We control this friction by coating the Si surface with silane monolayer films and show that it is possible to systematically change the size range of DNA that can be separated.
Production of White Leghorn Hens Subjected to High Environmental Temperatures with Wide Diurnal Fluctuations

Abstract Squibb (1959) did not observe any adverse effects on feed utilization, egg size and production, and the physical well-being of New Hampshire chickens housed in 5 distinct environmental areas having ambient temperatures ranging from freezing to tropical. As an explanation for this apparent lack of agreement with published reports, it was reasoned that the extreme widths of the diurnal temperature ranges of Central American areas reduced the stress on the bird. Based on these data, Squibb proposed a working hypothesis that stress would be imposed with increasing intensity as (a) diurnal temperature range narrows as mean temperature departs in either direction from 72°F., and (b) when there is an abrupt change in temperature in either direction from that to which the animals have been acclimated. A flock of 56 White Leghorn hens 9 months of age was divided randomly into 2 groups consisting of 15 and 41 birds, respectively. The …
On the nonthermal excitation and polarization of X-ray lines during solar flares

The energy distributions of nonthermal electrons are derived from hard X-ray spectra taken during the impulsive phase of two 2B flares in February 1969. They are used to calculate the fluxes of nonthermally excited X-ray lines of hydrogen-like and helium-like ions. These fluxes are compared to the total line fluxes observed at the same time with crystal spectrometers. The nonthermal excitation is found to give only small contributions to the total line intensities. This implies that the impact polarization which is to be expected for anisotropic velocity distributions of the energetic electrons, will be low. Nevertheless it should be feasible to detect line polarization during the impulsive phase of strong X-ray flares.
Self‐consistent studies of magnetic thin film Ni (001)

Advances in experimental methods for studying surface phenomena have provided the stimulus to develop theoretical methods capable of interpreting this wealth of new information. Of particular interest have been the relative roles of bulk and surface contributions since in several important cases agreement between experiment and bulk self‐consistent (SC) calculations within the local spin density functional formalism (LSDF) is lacking. We discuss our recent extension of the (LSDF) approach to the study of thin films (slabs) and the role of surface effects on magnetic properties. Results are described for Ni (001) films using our new SC numerical basis set LCAO method. Self‐consistency within the superposition of overlapping spherical atomic charge density model is obtained iteratively with the atomic configuration as the adjustable parameter. Results are presented for the electronic charge densities and local density of states. The origin and role of (magnetic) surface states is discussed by comparison wit...
Short-term memory: Effects of acoustic similarity, presentation rate and presentation mode

The effects of four variables on short-term tremory were studied: Presentation Rate (20, 60 or 180 items/min.), Presentation Mode (visual or auditory), Acoustic Similarity (High, BCDEGPTVZ or Low, HJLOQRWXY), and Length of Sequence (6 or 8 items). Performance varied inversely with the Length of Sequence and Acoustic Similarity and directly with Presentation Rate. A significant Presentation Rate by Presentation Mode interaction was explained on the basis of less available time for rehearsal at the fast presentation rate due to the time required for the implicit translation from visual input to the storage of auditory cues.
An approach to the problem of “chest resonance”

(1927). An approach to the problem of “chest resonance”. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 432-439.
Angular momentum of light and its effect on a birefringent medium

The mechanical torque exerted by a beam of polarized light on a half waveplate that alters the state of polarization is calculated for several laser wavelengths and intensities using electromagnetic theory. The second-order torque that arises through the nonlinear interaction is formulated, and the numerical values are obtained for the 42 m crystal class. The experiment used to detect the existence of the torque is reviewed and a demonstration experiment is suggested.
Handles on custom trays for complete denture master impressions

Handles on complete denture trays have two main purposes: (1) they aid in the development of proper lip contours, and (2) they enable manipulation of the tray during impression making. To help in the development of proper lip contours, the handle for the maxillary tray should simulate the position of the maxillary anterior teeth. The handle should have no horizontal portion because this inhibits proper manipulation of the lip during impression making. A slight depression in the labial and lingual surfaces of the handle aids in holding onto the tray as it is inserted or removed from the mouth (Fig. 1). Some dentists place finger stops over the crest of the ridge hi approximately the first molar region on the mandibular tray. These are placed to allow the tray to be held in place without movement or sliding during the maldng of the master impression. Finger stops are made so that a portion is small and sharp, and to help judge the amount of pressure being applied. While malting an impression with such a tray, a problem with fracture of the tray in the premolar region may occur. This article presents an alternative procedure to form a handle to approximate the occlusal plane.
The role of positive distraction in neonatal intensive care unit settings

The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a stressful environment for both families and caregivers. Positive distraction is a means of mitigating stress. A review of research reveals that several factors in the physical environment can contribute to positive distraction, the most prominent of which are nature, art and music. Design interventions that provide positive distraction and can be introduced into the NICU setting are window views of pleasant
Frequent ED users: are most visits for mental health, alcohol, and drug-related complaints?

Abstract Study objective To determine whether frequent emergency department (ED) users are more likely to make at least one and a majority of visits for mental health, alcohol, or drug-related complaints compared to non-frequent users. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study exploring frequent ED use and ED diagnosis at a single, academic hospital and included all ED patients between January 1 and December 31, 2010. We compared differences in ED visits with a primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision visit diagnosis of mental health, alcohol or drug-related diagnoses between non-frequent users ( Results Frequent users (2496/65201 [3.8%] patients) were more likely to make at least one visit associated with mental health, alcohol, or drug-related diagnoses. The proportion of patients with a majority of visits related to any of the three diagnoses increased from 5.8% among non-frequent users (3616/62705) to 9.4% among repeat users (181/1926), 13.1% among highly frequent users (62/473), and 25.8% (25/97 patients) in super frequent users. An increasing proportion of visits with alcohol-related diagnoses was observed among repeat, highly frequent, and super frequent users but was not found for mental health or drug-related complaints. Conclusion Frequent ED users were more likely to make a mental health, alcohol or drug-related visit, but a majority of visits were only noted for those with alcohol-related diagnoses. To address frequent ED use, interventions focusing on managing patients with frequent alcohol-related visits may be necessary.
Biovar Specificity And Chronic Lung Disease In Newborns Colonized With Ureaplasma. † 1345

Ureaplasma urealyticum is a common organism of the female urogenital tract and has been implicated as a cause of neonatal pneumonia as well as chronic lung disease (CLD). Chronic lung disease is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen after 28 days of life. Ureaplasma promotes the production of cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8, which trigger the inflammatory cascade causing the release of other inflammatory mediators which may potentiate lung injury and chronic disease. Ureaplasma differ phenotypically in their susceptibilities to manganese and structurally by their surface antigens, and can be separated into 2 biovars by Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR). Biovar 1 is composed of 4 serovars and Biovar 2 is composed of 10 serovars. It has been postulated that Biovars 1 and 2 may differ in invasive potential. PCR can be used to amplify the multiple-banded antigen (MB) gene, which codes for the dominant antigen recognized in ureaplasma and serves as a marker for the different biovars. Between January 1994 and November 1996, 38 ureaplasma positive endotracheal aspirates from intubated very low birth weight newborns (VLBW) were separated into two biovars via PCR. Thirty-two were found to be classified as Biovar 1, and 6 were found to be classified as Biovar 2. Eight of 32 Biovar 1 patients had chronic lung disease versus four of six in Biovar 2 (p<0.05). Biovar 2 patients were more likely than Biovar 1 patients to have CLD. Further subtyping of biovars may reveal those serotypes that are most likely to be invasive to newborns and may be helpful in guiding treatment.
Baboons undergoing orthotopic concordant cardiac xenotransplantation surviving more than 300 days: Effect of immunosuppressive regimen

Abstract Objective: We reviewed long-term survival among hosts in 3 consecutive series of a rhesus monkey-baboon orthotopic cardiac xenotransplantation model with reference to host immune response, including the effectiveness in preventing rejection and limiting toxicity concerning infection, to evaluate specific immunosuppressive regimens for long-term outcomes. Methods: Six juvenile baboons surviving more than 300 days after transplantation were reviewed. Regimen A consisted of splenectomy, FK506, methotrexate, and antilymphocyte globulin. Regimen B consisted of pretransplantation and chronic maintenance with cyclosporine A (INN: ciclosporin), methotrexate, and antithymocyte globulin. Regimen C was the same as regimen B plus pretransplantation total lymphoid irradiation and intraoperative donor bone marrow cell infusion. Rejections were detected by means of echocardiography. Results: Long-term survivors in 3 groups were followed for a range of 332 to 515 days (mean, 436 days). Rejection frequency in regimens A, B, and C was 0.35, 0.58, and 0.18 per month, and rescue therapy days were 23 (4.8%), 123 (9.5%), and 20 (2.4%), respectively ( P P P P Conclusion: Regimen C leads to long-term survival with fewer rejection and infection episodes by means of suppression of the interleukin 2 pathway and xenoantibody production. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:60-70
Generational conflict in the late reformation : The Basel paroxysm

Il est souvent enonce que les conflits de generations ne concernent que l'epoque contemporaine en raison de l'importance des changements sociaux. Pourtant, a la lumiere du concept de generations sociales, enonce par Karl Mannheim, l'A. etudie le cas du paroxysme de Bâle, conflit portant sur la question de l'Eucharistie a Bâle au 16 e siecle. Cet exemple illustre le fosse qui a existe entre les generations au cours des bouleversements ayant accompagne la Reforme
Defining essential stem cell characteristics in adipose-derived stromal cells extracted from distinct anatomical sites

The discovery of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) has created many opportunities for the development of patient-specific cell-based replacement therapies. We have isolated multiple cell strains of ASCs from various anatomical sites (abdomen, arms/legs, breast, buttocks), indicating widespread distribution of ASCs throughout the body. Unfortunately, there exists a general lack of agreement in the literature as to their “stem cell” characteristics. We find that telomerase activity and expression of its catalytic subunit in ASCs are both below the levels of detection, independent of age and culturing conditions. ASCs also undergo telomere attrition and eventually senesce, while maintaining a stable karyotype without the development of spontaneous tumor-associated abnormalities. Using a set of cell surface markers that have been promoted to identify ASCs, we find that they failed to distinguish ASCs from normal fibroblasts, as both are positive for CD29, CD73 and CD105 and negative for CD14, CD31 and CD45. All of the ASC isolates are multipotent, capable of differentiating into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes, while fibroblasts show no differentiation potential. Our ASC strains also show elevated expression of genes associated with pluripotent cells, Oct-4, SOX2 and NANOG, when compared to fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), although the levels were lower than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Together, our data suggest that, while the cell surface profile of ASCs does not distinguish them from normal fibroblasts, their differentiation capacity and the expression of genes closely linked to pluripotency clearly define ASCs as multipotent stem cells, regardless of tissue isolation location.
A re‐staging transurethral resection predicts early progression of superficial bladder cancer

OBJECTIVE To determine whether pathology on a re-staging transurethral resection (TUR) predicts the early progression of superficial bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 710 patients presenting with multiple superficial bladder cancers were evaluated by re-staging TUR and followed for 5 years. Tumours were classified by stage as confined to mucosa (Ta) or invading submucosa (T1), and by grade (low- or high-grade). Pathology on re-staging TUR was correlated with the endpoints of tumour recurrence and stage progression. RESULTS Of the 710 patients, 490 (69%) had a recurrence and 149 (21%) progressed over 5 years. Eighty patients had high-grade invasive (T1G3) cancer on re-staging TUR and 61 (76%) progressed to muscle invasion (median time to progression 15 months), compared with 88 of 630 (14%) who had no evidence of tumour (T0) or other than T1 tumours detected on re-staging TUR. CONCLUSION A re-staging TUR identifies patients with superficial bladder cancer who are at high risk of early tumour progression.
Human nose on a plate

The characterization of odorant receptor responses to ligands in the empty neuron system of Drosophila melanogaster has allowed researchers to choose rationally diverse odorant sets and specifically manipulate subpopulations of ORs to dissect olfactory coding. In contrast, matching mammalian odorant receptors to ligands has seen limited success, and the picture is even worse when considering human odorant receptors; ligands have been published for only 21 of the approximately 400 intact human odorant receptors. This lack of data is a critical bottleneck in the field; matching ligands to odorant receptors is critical for understanding the olfactory system at all levels and is essential for building viable models of olfaction. Matching odorants to human odorant receptors has the advantage that humans can directly communicate their perception of odor intensity, pleasantness, and quality. We have developed a high-throughput screening system capable of screening the entire human olfactory receptor repertoire. In this talk we will explore the technique of cell-based olfactory receptor screening techniques and its applications in probing odor coding.
Energy-limitation of a sodium-independent amino acid transport in ovarian oocytes of the frog.

The frog, Rana pipiens, hibernates through the winter with ovaries containing oocytes which, in size and appearance, are ready for ovulation and maturation. From November through April, the normal time of egg laying, ovulation and maturation can be induced by interrupting hibernation and administering gonadotropic hormones. In the studies reported here, it has been found that oocytes taken from hibernating animals in early winter take up amino acids from a saline medium at a relatively rapid rate. Respiratory inhibition produced by such agents as dinitrophenol (DNP) and anaerobiosis, does not completely stop uptake but slows it down markedly. In late winter, amino acid uptake tends to be slower in normal cells and when DNP or cyanide is added, a marked acceleration of the rate of uptake is observed. The uptake in poisoned cells is accumulative, producing internal concentrations higher than that of the medium. At this concentration of DNP, amino acid incorporation is almost completely stopped. Fluoride abolishes the DNP stimulation of amino acid uptake. Removal of sodium ion from the incubating medium has no effect on either uptake or incorporation. These data are interpreted to mean that a capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in oocytes diminishes during winter hibernation. In the spring either an anaerobic capacity comes into being or becomes capable of being switched on. During this time the rate of amino acid uptake, even in the downhill phase, is limited by energy availability and is not dependent on a sodium gradient.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS BLIDINGIA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN CALIFORNIA1

SUMMARY The green algal genus Blidingia (Ulvales), reported for the first time in California only 4 years ago, is now found to be fairly widely distributed there as B. minima (Nageli ex Kutzing) Kylin var. minima. B. minima var. subsalsa (Kjellman) Seagal is now recorded for California. Ulva vexata Setchell and Gardner [Enteromorpha vexata (Setch. & Gardn.) Doty] is reduced to varietal status as B. minima var. vexata, and is reported, to be found in 2 ecological forms. Forms with expanded, ulvoid blades are common to exposed localities and is the form described by Setchell & Gardner. Smaller, narrower, enteromorphoid forms are found near river mouths and are the kind referred to by Doty. There are many intermediate forms of this variety. Characters which are used to separate Blidingia from Enteromorpha are critically evaluated.
Primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangiopathy

AMA are detected in the serum of 92% to 95% of patients with PBC using indirect immunofluorescent methods. AIC is the term used to describe the 5% to 8% of AMA-negative PBC patients who uniformly have ANA and SMA. Recent applications of more sensitive and specific tests to detect serum AMA have shown that most, if not all, patients with AIC actually do have AMA. Emerging evidence that AMA and mitochondrial autoantigens play important roles in the immunopathogenesis of NSDC also suggests that AIC and PBC are likely to be a single disease, exhibiting variation in the types of autoantibodies and in both the concentrations and immunoglobulin isotypes of AMA.
Reversal of the novel oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivoraxaban, and apixaban.

Purpose of reviewWe summarize the available data related to reversing the anticoagulant effect of the oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors and provide our opinion on treating patients presenting with severe and life-threatening hemorrhage related to these agents.Recent findingsNo specific a
SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes in Melanocyte Differentiation and Melanoma

Epidermal melanocytes are pigment-producing cells derived from the neural crest that protects skin from the damaging effects of solar radiation. Malignant melanoma, a highly aggressive cancer, arises from melanocytes. SWI/SNF enzymes are multiprotein complexes that remodel chromatin structure and have extensive roles in cellular differentiation. Components of the complex have been found to be mutated or lost in several human cancers. This review focuses on studies that implicate SWI/SNF enzymes in melanocyte differentiation and in melanoma.
In situ IR investigation of activation and catalytic ignition of methane over Rh/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract Catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane to syngas has received considerable interest recently as a way to utilize remote natural gas resources. Despite this interest, the mechanism of methane CPO is not completely understood. Investigation of the catalytic ignition of methane CPO can provide insight into the mechanism of CPO, particularly on the role of the chemical and physical state of the noble metal catalyst. In this work, ignition of methane CPO and methane activation on Rh/Al 2 O 3 catalysts was studied using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Different catalysts were studied in this research: fresh, aged, sintered and oxidized catalysts. The ignition temperature when the CH 4 to O 2 ratio was two is lowest on reduced fresh catalysts. The ignition temperature decreased with an increase in oxygen concentration in the reactant mixture, which is the opposite trend previously noted for Pt/Al 2 O 3 . To explain these results, methane activation on different catalysts was explored and the oxidation state of rhodium was characterized by using CO as a probe molecule. Methane activation was found to occur at different temperatures depending on the catalyst state. As the reactant mixture flowed over the catalyst and the temperature was raised towards the ignition temperature, the oxidation state of the catalyst changed and an oxidized rhodium state, Rh n + (1 ≤ n ≤ 3), progressively formed. In addition, a greater amount of Rh n + was found when the oxygen concentration in the feed was higher. From these results, it is hypothesized that ignition of methane CPO on Rh/Al 2 O 3 is potentially related to the amount of the higher oxidation state Rh. Different Rh sites play different roles in the heating process during methane activation. Rh 0 sites covered by O 2 are responsible for C 2 species formation at low temperatures while bare Rh 0 sites are preferred for CO production. Rh n + sites are also presumed active for CH 4 dissociation. They are then progressively reduced into lower oxidation state of Rh under CH 4 /He environment with increasing temperature.
The treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Kenya and Nigeria with tris (p-aminophenyl) carbonium pamoate

Abstract Tris ( p -aminophenyl) carbonium pamoate, referred to as CI-403 pamoate, was administered orally to 142 patients with urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas in Kenya and Nigeria. CI-403 pamoate was given and well tolerated in doses of 23.4 to 60 mg. per kg. body wt. per 24 hours in three studies with durations of 10 days, 14 days, and 18 days. Two pre-therapy urine specimens were examined and egg counts per ml. made. These egg counts were made on weekly post-therapy examinations for 8 consecutive weeks in all cases. The average percentage egg reduction for weeks 2–5 of Group I (10 days therapy) was 68.4, and for week 8 it was 44.2. For Group II (14 days therapy) the 2–5 week post-therapy average percentage egg reduction was 89.2, and for week 8 it was 76.4. In the third group (18 days therapy), the 2–5 week average percentage egg reduction was 82.7, and for week 8 it was 81.0. Peripheral blood studies and urine analysis pre-therapeutically and 2 weeks post-therapeutically revealed no toxicity. CI-403 pamoate seems to be worthy of further study as a potentially practical oral anti-schistosomal drug.
Hierarchies and the Sloshing Bucket: Toward the Unification of Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary biology presents a bewildering array of phenomena to scientists and students alike—ranging from molecules to species and ecosystems; and embracing 3.8 billion years of life’s history on earth. Biological systems are arranged hierarchically, with smaller units forming the components of larger systems. The evolutionary hierarchy, based on replication of genetic information and reproduction, is a complex of genes/organisms/demes/species and higher taxa. The ecological hierarchy, based on patterns of matter–energy transfer, is a complex of proteins/organisms/avatars/local ecosystems/regional ecosystems. All organisms are simultaneously parts of both hierarchical systems. Darwin’s original formulation of natural selection maps smoothly onto a diagram where the two hierarchical systems are placed side-by-side. The “sloshing bucket” theory of evolution emerges from empirical cases in biological history mapped onto this dual hierarchy scheme: little phenotypically discernible evolution occurs with minor ecological disturbance; conversely, greatest concentrations of change in evolutionary history follow mass extinctions, themselves based on physical perturbations of global extent. Most evolution occurs in intermediate-level regional “turnovers,” when species extinction leads to rapid evolution of new species. Hierarchy theory provides a way of integrating all fields of evolutionary biology into an easily understood—and taught—rubric.
ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MOLECULAR MODELING OF SEC13: A WD REPEAT PROTEIN INVOLVED IN VESICULAR TRAFFIC

WD repeat proteins are a family of proteins that contain a series of highly conserved internal repeat motifs, usually ending with WD (Trp-Asp). The G beta subunit of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein is a member of this family, and its crystal structure has been recently solved at high resolution (Wall et al. (1995) Cell 83, 1047-1058; Sondek et al. (1996) Nature 379, 369-374). Based on the coordinates of G beta, we have constructed a model for the structure of Sec13, a 33 kDa WD repeat protein from Saccharomyces cerevesiae essential for vesicular traffic. The model has been tested using a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods. Sec13 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a hexa-His-tagged protein (H6Sec13) and purified to homogeneity. In contrast to some other WD repeat proteins that are unable to fold into monomeric structures when expressed in E. coli, H6Sec13 was soluble and monomeric in the absence of detergent. The far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of H6Sec13 indicated less than 10% alpha-helix consistent with the model which predicts primarily beta-sheets. H6Sec13 shows a cooperative and irreversible thermal denaturation curve consistent with a tightly packed structure. The CD spectrum shows an unusual positive ellipticity at 229 nm that was attributed to interactions of surface tryptophans since the 229 nm maximum could be abolished by modification of 6.3 +/- 0.3 (n = 3) tryptophans (out of 15 total in the molecule) with N-bromosuccinimide. Our model predicts that three sets of tryptophans are clustered near the surface. As predicted by the model, purified H6Sec13 was completely resistant to trypsin digestion. The concordance of the model of Sec13 presented in this paper with the biochemical and biophysical studies suggests that this model can be useful as a guide to further experiments designed to elucidate the function of Sec13 in vesicular traffic.
Food restriction and lipid metabolism in pregnancy

Abstract In order to study the effects of reduced food intake during pregnancy on tissue and serum lipids, a paired feeding experiment was carried out on pregnant rats in which deprived rats were given 30 per cent of the daily intake of their freely eating controls. When they were sacrificed at term, the deprived rats contained 6 to 8 live young. Dry residue values in liver, kidney, placenta and depot fat were significantly lower in the deprived animals except in the placenta. Total lipid was reduced in all organs except the placenta. In the deprived rats, serum total lipid, triglycerides, phospholipid, free and total cholesterol, and free fatty acids were held to levels previously observed in nonpregnant fully fed rats. Palmitate levels were lower in all organs except liver in the deprived rats; palmitoleate was lower in all tissues; oleate was lower in liver, kidney and serum. Arachidonate levels were higher in all tissues. It was concluded that, during the period of rapid mobilization and utilization of depot fat, palmitate was selectively metabolized. The higher tissue arachidonate levels in the deprived rats were interpreted as an expression of relatively higher phospholipid levels. Evidence is presented that normal pregnancy itself is accompanied by alterations in the triglyceride types found in the depot fat.
Simulations of APEX accelerator performance in the new nonthermalized photoinjector regime

Abstract The Los Alamos accelerator FEL facility APEX is the first photoinjector-driven machine operating in the high-charge (greater than one nC), low-emittance (normalized rms emittances less than 5π mm mrad) regime. Because the electron beam is accelerated quickly and does not have a chance to thermalize, surprising effects are seen. We will analyze and provide numerical examples showing the emittance degradation caused by transverse wakefields and transverse quadrupole rotations. We will also show the formation of a virtual cathode as the injection phase is brought closer to the rf zero-crossing. FEL interaction simulations will be included to differentiate emittance growth mechanisms that degrade FEL performance from those that are transparent to the lasing.
Recoil of Electrons from Scattered X-Rays

IN a recent paper before the Royal Society (as reported in NATURE, July 7, p. 26), C. T. R. Wilson announced that in his cloud expansion pictures of secondary -rays produced by X-rays shorter than 0.5 A, tracks of very short range appear. These electrons, he says, “are ejected nearly along the direction of the primary X-rays”.
Systemic Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer

An intriguing, yet highly logical area of research for breast cancer therapy is the exploration of growth factor pathways. Areas of investigation include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting. Although results of these studies to date have been less than promising, they have yielded important insights into critical factors that must be taken into consideration when devising growth factor-targeted therapies. Even though the results of EGFR and VEGF studies have not met with expectations, several preclinical models assessing new combinations of biologic agents with either hormonal therapy or chemotherapy are beginning to show promise.
Inhibition of general acyl CoA dehydrogenase by electron transfer flavoprotein semiquinone.

Summary The kinetics of reduction of the electron transfer flavoprotein were investigated by fluorimetric analysis of kinetic single progress curves. The steady state reaction was catalyzed by the general acyl CoA dehydrogenase and-butyryl CoA under anaerobic conditions. The results of these experiments show that the semiquinone form of the electron transfer flavoprotein is a product inhibitor of the dehydrogenase. It is suggested that such product inhibition may modulate flux through the electron transfer flavoprotein-linked flavoprotein dehydrogenases.
Tracheal Stenting of Iatrogenic Tracheal Injury: A Novel Management Approach

We report the case of a patient who had an intubation-related tracheal injury who we treated by deployment of a covered tracheal stent. This approach may be preferable to other alternatives in patients with a prohibitive risk of mortality with surgical repair or in an injury with sequelae not suitable for conservative management.
Management and querying of morphological, physiological, biochemical and chromatographic data describing microbial strains

Abstract An interactive information system, MICRO-IS, is described. It comprises morphological, physiological, biochemical, and Chromatographic data describing microbial strains. A wide variety of retrieval, management, and editing functions can be invoked with easy-to-learn, user-oriented commands.
Effect of estrogen therapy on carbohydrate metabolism in acromegaly.

ABSTRACT The effects of high-dose estrogen therapy upon carbohydrate and insulin metabolism in 4 female acromegalic patients were evaluated. The effects of treatment with estrogen on oral glucose disposal rates were different between patients and in each patient varied with either the dose, duration, or nature of the estrogen. A reduction in the concentration of the fasting blood glucose or an improvement in oral glucose tolerance or both was initially observed. More prolonged estrogen therapy reversed the initial beneficial effects. Estrogen therapy inhibited the augmented plasma insulin response to both glucose and arginine stimulation, increased, the plasma growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and appeared to increase the sensitivity to endogenous insulin. During estrogen therapy, the concentration of fasting plasma growth hormone was consistently and significantly reduced in only one of the patients. These observations indicate that the initial effects of estrogen therapy upon carb...
Non-ribosomal incorporation of arginine into a specific protein by a cell-free extract of parathyroid tissue

Abstract Both cell-free extracts and postribosomal supernatants of bovine parathyroid glands incorporated [14C] arginine from a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids into protein and specifically into a protein with electrophoretic properties similar to those of parathyroid hormone. A single-step Edman degradation removed 75% of the [14C] arginine from radioactive proteins. These observations indicate that parathyroid tissue contains a soluble enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of arginine into the amino terminus of parathyroid proteins including either parathyroid hormone or a closely related protein.
Bone mineral status in children with phenylketonuria under treatment

Bone mineral status was assessed in 48 children with phenylketonuria (PKU) (20M, 28 F, aged 2.5-17 y). Bone density was measured in the distal third of the right forearm using single photon absorptiometry and was expressed as +/-SD with respect to age- and gender-matched controls. Serum calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured in morning samples. The ratios of urinary Ca/creatinine (UCa/UCr), UP/UCr, UMg/UCr and hydroxyproline (OH-Pr)/UCr were calculated in urine samples collected over a period of 3 h. Patients' data were compared with those of 50 controls (22 M, 28 F, aged 3-15 y). The data showed severe osteopenia (below -2SD) in 22/48 patients. Bone loss was more prominent in patients over 8 y old. Bone density correlated significantly with age (r=-0.56,p 10mgdl(-1), in contrast to 21/26 in the older group. It is clear from the data that osteopenia is commonly found in PKU patients from early life. The biochemical data indicate a metabolic state of low bone turnover in PKU patients. In conclusion, a better, more restricted diet may correct osteopenia.
Composable specifications for asynchronous systems using UNITY

Using UNITY as a model for asynchronous hardware systems, we give a generic specification of a device that obeys a four phase protocol. The specification is general enough to allow devices with bundled data as well as dual-rail coded ports, and two phase signalling can be seen as a special case. We give a generic implementation of a function cell and show that A. Martin's Adder cell is an instance. Finally, we prove two composition theorems that allow four phase devices to be combined into larger four phase devices. All stated theorems were checked using a mechanical theorem prover and we give complete definitions for all the concepts used in the generic specification.