cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Meets Nanoelectronics for Internet of Things Applications

The internet of things (IoT) is quickly emerging as the next major domain for embedded computer systems. Although the term IoT could be defined in a variety of different ways, IoT always encompasses typically ordinary devices (e.g., thermostats and kitchen appliances) augmented with computational power that allows regular communication via the internet. Given the simplicity of typical IoT devices, their on-board computer systems must also be simple in the sense that they be small and consume minimal power. However, the IoT itself presents new privacy and security concerns that must be considered when designing IoT devices. In order to provide robust security with minimal area and power overhead, it is the premise of this paper that IoT security be implemented using nanoelectronic security primitives and nano-enabled security protocols. Such nanoscale security primitives are expected to utilize a very small amount of area and consume a negligible amount of power, all while providing the required levels of security. This paper presents some examples of nanoelectronic security primitives and discusses how such circuits and systems can be of use for inclusion in emerging IoT devices.
Cellular Behaviors Underlying Pattern Formation and Evolution

Organisms display diverse morphological traits, which arise from a myriad of different cell behaviors in response to molecular and environmental cues. From proliferation to migration to differentiation, the control of cell behaviors provides a rich source for evolutionary novelty. This article will discuss the genetic and molecular cues that contribute to embryonic patterning and cell fate specification, with particular focus on morphogenetic gradients in the fruit fly model. We present new paradigms of how gradients scale to size during evolution, and exert cell specification in a dynamically changing field of migrating cells.
E-Mail Distribution Lists in Adult Learning: A Historical Perspective

Online, e-mail-based discussion groups are contemporary examples of an historical tradition of voluntary, informal, learning groups used by adults for topical discussion, fellowship, and learning. Because the discussion among group members takes the form of e-mail exchanges, they are also been likened to historical correspondence networks. This chapter sets the historical context of the e-mail-based discussion groups that preceded the extensive use of bulletin-board style discussion forums in contemporary learning management systems.
Surface wrinkling in generalized Blatz–Ko materials

Abstract The effect of substrate compressibility on surface wrinkling in soft materials is analyzed through theoretical analysis. The generalized Blatz–Ko model, which may reduce to commonly used incompressible and compressible materials such as neo-Hookean, Mooney–Rivlin and Blatz–Ko models, is employed. The wrinkling behavior of a thin film bonded to a soft compressible substrate is analyzed. We also look at wrinkling in slabs of finite thickness, which is admissible (although not necessarily stable) in a subclass of the materials considered.
A novel synthesis of Rent's rule and effective-media theory predicts FEOL and BEOL reliability of self-heated ICs

Precise specification of local temperature, T(x, y, z), in ICs with self-heated surround-gate transistors (SG-FET) is essential to predict transistor and interconnect reliability, especially for Arrhenius-activated degradation modes, such as NBTI, HCI, electromigration, etc. One may calculate T(x, y, z) by 3D Finite element modeling (FEM), but the complex back end of line (BEOL) structure, with 8∼10 layers of multiple-connected percolating interconnects, makes this approach impractical for pre-Silicon design/optimization or fast turn-around reliability modeling. In this context, a physics-based, predictive effective media theory (EMT) for BEOL will transform the reliability modeling of self-heated SG-FET technologies. Therefore, in this paper, we (i) develop a physics based electro-thermal compact model for ICs (including the BEOL), based on an innovative synthesis of Rent's rule, EMT for ellipsoidal inclusion, and thermal image charge theory; (ii) validate the model by comparing against 3D FEM results and experimental data from the industry, and (iii) predict BEOL reliability (i.e., electromigration at the specific metal level) and front end of line (FEOL) reliability (i.e., NBTI, HCI) based on the temperature profile. Since the model anticipates changes in T(x, y, z) with interconnect layout and geometry (e.g., wire length and number distribution, metal volumetric fraction, thermal resistance, etc.), our physics-based model suggests exciting opportunities for reliability-aware optimization of self-heated IC.
Locating French Liberalism

Any historian of modern Europe has probably explained dozens of times that ‘liberalism’ means something different in the European and American contexts. In the former, it refers to a tradition of f...
Phenology and Parasitism of Harlequin Bugs, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Southwest Virginia

Field plots containing broccoli, mustard, and rape were sampled weekly between June and October in 1994 and 1995 to determine parasitism and phenology of the harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Naturally-occurring wild turnips also were sampled in early spring 1995 for harlequin bugs before cultivated crops were planted. Weekly samples of harlequin bug adults, egg masses, and nymphs were field collected and returned to the laboratory. They were maintained in the laboratory until emergence to recover parasitoids and to determine the parasitization rates. No adult or nymphal parasitoids were recovered. Two species, Trissolcus murgantiae Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus johnsoni Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were identified as egg parasitoids. The overall parasitization rates for 1994 and 1995 were 8% and 37%, respectively. Trissolcus murgantiae was more common than O. johnsoni and accounted for 87% and 96% of the parasitization, respectively. This is t...
Measuring and Comparing Hospital Accessibility for Palm Beach County's Elderly and Nonelderly Populations During a Hurricane.

Objectives To determine whether, during a hurricane, geographic accessibility to hospitals with emergency care is compromised disproportionately for the elderly than for the nonelderly. Methods The locations of hospitals with emergency health care and a subset of those hospitals functional during a hurricane were compared with the distribution of the elderly population at the block group level in Palm Beach County, Florida. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proximity analysis (minimum distance to closest hospital) and cumulative distribution functions were used to measure and compare hospital accessibility during normal and hurricane conditions for the elderly and nonelderly populations. Results Accessibility to closest functional hospital during a hurricane was compromised disproportionately for the elderly. Conclusion Geographic accessibility to emergency health care is compromised disproportionately for the elderly in Palm Beach County. Compounding the risk is the likelihood of the elderly experiencing a greater health care need during a hurricane. This poses a community public health crisis and calls for effective and collaborative planning between health professionals and disaster planners to address the health care needs of the elderly. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 296-300).
Surface-patterning of polymeric membranes: fabrication and performance

In recent years, surface patterning of membranes has been explored as a new strategy to modify surface properties of polymeric membranes. A variety of methods including template-based micromolding and direct printing have been developed for effective fabrication of surface-patterned membranes. In this review, we compare the underlying pattern replication mechanisms and the advantages and challenges associated with the range of different fabrication methods. The presence of the surface patterns, when properly created, can enlarge the active surface/interfacial area, create more effective conduction pathways, and enhance the hydrodynamic effects. These effects can be harnessed for improving membrane performance for a wide range of applications.
Chemokines as plurifunctional mediators in the CNS: implications for the pathogenesis of stroke.

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries. Despite the enormous social and economic toll that it extracts, there remains no effective therapy for stroke. A very small group of patients have been treated with some benefit with thrombolytics; however, the short therapeutic time window and the potential for life-threatening side effects limit the effectiveness of this approach. Therefore, with the ultimate aim of developing better therapies, a considerable research effort over the past decade was mounted in the quest to better understand the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. The deprivation of oxygen and nutrients in cerebral ischemia initiates a cascade of complex biochemical and neurophysiological alterations in the brain. Consequently, and being the most sensitive brain cells, neurons are injured and die first, followed by glia and endothelial cells. Cerebral ischemia also triggers an inflammatory reaction in the brain with influx of leukocytes and the production of a host of mediators including cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species. One group of molecules that could have a central role in this context are the chemokines.
Visioning and Identity-Building: An Overarching Vision for Heterogeneous Campaigns

For a mobilization to succeed in enrolling people to its cause, the public at large needs to be offered sound, clear, coherent and realistic descriptions of an alternative social order to the status quo in terms that they can readily understand and quickly relate to. In climate actions, visions of durable, desirable, just, emancipatory, sustainable and transformative futures can help build and culture new social identities, where members of the public will ably transform their prior understanding of their worlds and the ways they reflect this new understanding in their own present and future lives. To achieve this, visioning and identity-building in the climate action movement has to move beyond initiating, supporting and sustaining pockets of climate actions in small communities and people’s centers of influence toward creating a larger imaginary that transforms the hegemony that orders contemporary human societies.
Adaptive Batch Size Image Merging Steganography and Quantized Gaussian Image Steganography

In digital image steganography, the statistical model of an image is essential for hiding data in less detectable regions and achieving better security. This has been addressed in the literature where different cost-based and statistical model-based approaches were proposed. However, due to the usage of heuristically defined distortions and non-constrained message models, resulting in numerically solvable equations, there is no closed-form expression for security as a function of payload. The closed-form expression is crucial for a better insight into image steganography problem and also improving performance of batch steganography algorithms. Here, we develop a statistical framework for image steganography in which the cover and the stego messages are modeled as multivariate Gaussian random variables. We propose a novel Gaussian embedding model by maximizing the detection error of the most common optimal detectors within the adopted statistical model. Furthermore, we extend the formulation to cost-based steganography, resulting in a universal embedding scheme that improves empirical results of current cost-based and statistical model-based approaches. This methodology and its presented solution, by reason of assuming a continuous hidden message, remains the same for any embedding scenario. Afterward, the closed-form detection error is derived within the adopted model for image steganography and it is extended to batch steganography. Thus, we introduce Adaptive Batch size Image Merging steganographer, AdaBIM , and mathematically prove it outperforms the state-of-the-art batch steganography method and further verify its superiority by experiments.
Major coagulopathy and "nonpoisonous" snake bites.

Two florid examples of disseminated coagulopathy following the bite of a rear-fanged snake (normally considered "nonvenomous") are reported. The posibility of clinically significant cases of snakebite envenomation due to "harmless" snakes in the United States is raised because of the diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Language: en
Volume of Distribution is Unaffected by Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions.

It has been recognized that significant transporter interactions result in volume of distribution changes in addition to potential changes in clearance. For drugs that are not clinically significant transporter substrates, it is expected that drug–drug interactions would not result in any changes in volume of distribution. An evaluation of this hypothesis proceeded via an extensive analysis of published intravenous metabolic drug–drug interactions, based on clinically recommended index substrates and inhibitors of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. Seventy-two metabolic drug interaction studies were identified where volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) values were available for the CYP index substrates caffeine (CYP1A2), metoprolol (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A4), theophylline (CYP1A2), and tolbutamide (CYP2C9). Changes in exposure (area under the curve) up to 5.1-fold were observed; however, ratios of Vss changes have a range of 0.70–1.26, with one outlier displaying a Vss ratio of 0.57. These results support the widely held founding tenant of pharmacokinetics that clearance and Vss are independent parameters. Knowledge that Vss is unchanged in metabolic drug–drug interactions can be helpful in discriminating changes in clearance from changes in bioavailability (F) when only oral dosing data are available, as we have recently demonstrated. As Vss remains unchanged for intravenous metabolic drug–drug interactions, following oral dosing changes in Vss/F will reflect changes in F alone. This estimation of F change can subsequently be utilized to assess changes in clearance alone from calculations of apparent clearance. Utilization of this simple methodology for orally dosed drugs will have a significant impact on how drug–drug interactions are interpreted from drug development and regulatory perspectives.
Citrate Crosslinked Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) with Tunable Elastomeric Properties

Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer known for its mechanical properties and biocompatibility for soft tissue engineering. However, harsh thermal crosslinking conditions are needed to make PGS devices. To facilitate the thermal crosslinking, citric acid is explored as a crosslinker to form poly(glycerol sebacate citrate) (PGSC) elastomers. The effects of varying citrate contents and curing times are investigated on the mechanical properties, elasticity, degradation, and hydrophilicity. To examine the potential presence of unreacted citric acid, material acidity is monitored in relation to the citrate content and curing times. It is discovered that a low citrate content and a short curing time produce PGSC with tunable mechanical characteristics similar to PGS with enhanced elasticity. The materials demonstrate good cytocompatibility with human umbilical vein endothelial cells similar to the PGS control. The research study suggests that PGSC is a potential candidate for large-scale biomedical applications because of the quick thermal crosslink and tunable elastomeric properties.
High-speed, long-term, 4D in vivo lifetime imaging in intact and injured zebrafish and mouse brains by instant FLIM

Abstract Traditional fluorescence microscopy is blind to molecular microenvironment information that is present in fluorescence lifetime, which can be measured by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). However, existing FLIM techniques are typically slow to acquire and process lifetime images, difficult to implement, and expensive. Here, we present instant FLIM, an analog signal processing method that allows real-time streaming of fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and phasor imaging data through simultaneous image acquisition and instantaneous data processing. Instant FLIM can be easily implemented by upgrading an existing two-photon microscope using cost-effective components and our open-source software. We further improve the functionality, penetration depth, and resolution of instant FLIM using phasor segmentation, adaptive optics, and super-resolution techniques. We demonstrate through-skull intravital 3D FLIM of mouse brains to depths of 300 μm and present the first in vivo 4D FLIM of microglial dynamics in intact and injured zebrafish and mouse brains up to 12 hours.
Problems in Various Subtypes of Malignant Melanoma

Malignant melanoma can simulate a benign nevus or other malignant neoplasm due its various histologic variants. These include nevoid, desmoplastic and neurotropic, lentigo maligna, amelanotic, Spitzoid, and acral lentiginous. In addition, there are the rare malignant blue nevus and melanoma arising in association with a neurocristic hamartoma. This chapter will be devoted to reviewing the problematic issues of melanoma histologic presentations and to suggesting resolution to these diagnostic dilemmas.
Variational Method for Networkwide Analysis of Relative Ligand Binding Free Energies with Loop Closure and Experimental Constraints.

We describe an efficient method for the simultaneous solution of all free energies within a relative binding free-energy (RBFE) network with cycle closure and experimental/reference constraint cond...
Does coating an intramedullary nail with polymethylmethacrylate improve mechanical stability at the fracture site

Abstract Background Treatment of tibia diaphyseal fractures with intramedullary nail fixation has proven to be effective. An increasingly popular practice is to coat the nail with bone cement incorporating antibiotics for the purpose of treating and/or preventing infection. To date, the effect of coating on the mechanical performance of the intramedullary nail once implanted is unknown. We hypothesize that cement coating does not change the cross-sectional stiffness of the nail, so that, when fixing tibia diaphyseal fracture with gapping, cement coated intramedullary nail provide stiffness comparable to that of standard conventional uncoated ones. Methods Tests of 4-point bending were conducted to compare the cross-sectional stiffness of uncoated to coated nails. In addition, mechanical tests of compression and torsion on tibia bone phantoms instrumented with coated and uncoated nails were performed, and the proximal-to-distal bone fragment rotations were compared. Findings The 4-point bending tests indicated that the cross-sectional stiffness of coated nails was not significantly different from that of the uncoated ones (p-value >0.05). Mechanical tests of compression and torsion corroborated these results by showing no statistical difference in the proximal-to-distal bone rotations attained with uncoated nails when compared to those measured for the coated ones (p-value >0.05). Interpretation Cement coating on the nail cannot be relied upon for increased mechanical stiffness of the implant, and should be solely considered as a vehicle for topic delivery of antibiotics.
3083 – THE MURINE BONE MARROW NICHE DOES NOT SUPPORT A DIVERSE ARRAY OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS UNTIL BIRTH

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are thought to migrate from the fetal liver (FL) to the fetal bone marrow (FBM) beginning around embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) to E16.5. The dynamics of hematopoiesis in FBM is largely unexplored. To better understand hematopoiesis in the FBM, we catalogued the phenotype and function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in murine fetal and neonatal BM throughout ontogeny. Surprisingly, the most prevalent HSPC population within the Lineage-Sca-1+c-Kit+ compartment in E15.5-E18.5 FBM were MPP2s. However, right at birth (E19-P0) the frequency of other HSPCs markedly rose, more closely mirroring that seen in adult BM. At E16.5, E18.5, and P0, FBM MPP2s displayed a dramatic loss of both CFU and in vivo repopulating activity, relative to FL and adult MPP2s. Thus, we show for the first time that early FBM MPP2s—which are potentially seeded directly from the FL—are an immunophenotypically identical but functionally distinct population of HSPCs compared to their FL and adult MPP2 counterparts. To better understand the FBM and neonatal BM niche, we used 10x Genomics to acquire the single cell gene expression profiles of hematopoietic progenitors and stromal cells across ontogeny (E16.5, E18.5, P0, P6, P14, and adult). Our analyses reveal pronounced transcriptional heterogeneity within multiple HSPC subtypes and a dramatic reorganization of hematopoietic and stromal cell lineages across development. In sum, our study suggests that the BM niche does not support a diverse array of HSPCs until E19-P0. We are now focused on using our single cell gene expression resource to identify putative factors and cells in the neonatal BM critical to establishing a supportive niche for HSPCs.
Ethical Failure and Leadership: Treatment and Selection

Leadership introduces distinctive risks of ethical failure. These risks are often associated with the heightened responsibilities of leadership and the necessary inequality that leading a group often involves. But people who are prone to ethical failure are also prone to self-selection into leadership positions. In order to understand and prevent ethical failure in leadership, it is not enough to take steps to address and prevent ethical failure among existing leaders. Rather, avoiding ethical failure may also require rethinking the ways that leaders are selected.
FRACTAL SURFACE OF ROCK OR ORE PARTICLES AND RELATED COMMINUTION ENERGY

Semi-automatic image analysis system is used for fractal dimension measurement of the outline of a rock or ore particle in comminution. The experimental data show that the fractal dimension of particle surface is in the range of 2.033--2.110, which is slightly higher with finer in particle size. Therefore, according to the theory that energy in comminution is proportional to the fractal surface area of particle, the formula which is same as Hukki's empirical equation is obtained and is stated as general form of three expressions based on the Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's theory.
Growth Factor Antagonists in Prostatic Cancer: Suramin and Cytotoxic Polyamines as Potential Therapy

Prostatic Cancer is the leading site for cancer in men over 50 years of age and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US (1). Clinically manifest prostatic cancer is more common in the US than in Japan while the incidence of latent cancer is similar between the two countries. The incidence of prostatic cancer of first generation males of Japanese living in the US is the same as that of US males. The implication is that life style differences are important for the progression of the disease. As prostatic cancer is refractory to most standard chemotherapeutic agents and hormone therapy is only palliative it may be that it will be easier to prevent the progression of prostatic cancer than to cure it. Consideration should be given to 3 omega unsaturated fatty acids, which are common in fish oils, as possible agents in a study of prevention of progression. The 3 omega unsaturated fatty acids have proven beneficial in the prevention of cancer and reduced the growth of prostatic cancer in nude mice (2,3). Other cultural differences in nutrition such as the use of green tea should be investigated to identify other potential anti-tumor progression factors.
Modeling Grain Boundary Interfaces in Pure Nickel

This work presents a three tiered modeling approach to examine grain boundary interfaces in a pure Nickel foil material utilizing a crystal plasticity based finite element model (CPFEM). The goal of this work is to calibrate a modeling approach through comparison to experimental data, and then use the models to gain insight into deformation at grain boundaries in Nickel and Nickel-base superalloy polycrystals. The first study utilizes a multi-crystal micro-tension specimen and simulations to calibrate the CPFEM model and examine the development of “hot-spots” or localized plasticity near the grain boundaries. Some orientation combinations exhibit localized plasticity along the boundary (bad-actor boundaries) while others do not. Insight from the deformation of this model is then used to instantiate simulations of Nickel bi-crystals which exhibit localized plasticity near the boundary. The third study embeds the grain boundary interfaces of interest, as determined from the bi-crystal simulations, into a larger polycrystalline simulation utilizing the same CPFEM framework. Using these interfaces we study deformation at these “characteristic” interfaces when subjected to the generalized loading conditions present in a polycrystalline microstructure.
How Commonly Are Known Medical Conditions Associated with Autism

Recent research has yielded increasing support for neurobiologic theories of autism. A number of family and twin studies support the role of genetics and have led to wide acceptance of autism as an organically based disorder. Controversy persists, however, over the role of congenital medical conditions in the etiology of autism. Two rather divergent views have emerged. One, advocated by Gillberg and colleagues, proposes that up to 30% of cases of autism are associated with a known medical condition. On the other hand, research by Rutter and colleagues suggests the incidence may be closer to 10%. In this retrospective study records on 211 subjects with autism and other developmental disorders are reviewed to determine the prevalence of associated medical conditions and its variability related to the system used to diagnose autism. Results suggest the prevalence of medical conditions with suspected etiologic relationship with autism varies between 10 and 15%, depending on the diagnostic system employed. Further variability in prevalence rates results from a less strict definition of "medical condition" and yields rates between 25 and 37%. Disparate findings in previous research may stem from variability in both diagnostic system employed and which medical conditions are considered significant in the etiology of autism.
Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

We discuss some historical features of the circadian in Drosophila melanogaster. We then describe some recent progress from our laboratory in three different areas. First, we discuss the regulation of circadian gene expression as assayed with microarrays. Results are discussed that verify and extend published data, both with respect to the previously identified cycling mRNAs as well as some clustering within the genome of some of the genes that give rise to these circadian transcripts. Also discussed are experiments that attempt to identify transcripts that are enriched in lateral neurons, the key circadian pacemaker cells in the Drosophila brain. Second, the issue of damping within the brain is addressed, by assaying molecular oscillations after many days in constant darkness. Third, the identification of a new circadian mutant is described, which is a fully recessive allele of the gene Clock. The previous allele in flies, as well as the single mutant allele in mice, is a dominant allele. This limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the genetic and molecular analyses in these mutant strains. Results with the new recessive allele not only support the notion that Clock is an important clock gene but also indicate that it contributes more to the amplitude of the rhythm rather than the period.
Effect of intermetallic compounds on reliability of Sn-Ag-Cu flip chip solder interconnects for different substrate pad finishes and Ni/Cu UBM

Twin demands on Pb-free solder interconnects for process compatibility and the decreasing pitch size of the bumps introduce enormous stresses on the joint quality of the solder-Under Bump Metallurgy (UBM) and the solder - pad interface. The joint quality is governed by the IMC formation. The objective of this study is two fold. First is to compare the near eutectic Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu lead-free solder with standard eutectic (63Sn-37Pb) lead based solder for IMC formation on the UBM-solder pad and solder-substrate pad interface. And second is to investigate the lead free flip chip solder joint for different surface pad finishes. The paper focuses on 4 different surface pad finishes namely, Electroless Nickel Immersion gold (ENIG), Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP), Direct Immersion Gold (Cu/Au), and Direct Immersion Silver (Cu/Ag) and its flip chip reliability. The UBM studied has Al as the adhesion layer, Ni (7% V) as the diffusion barrier layer and Cu as the wetting layer. Die shear, ball shear and electrical continuity are carried to evaluate the solder bump integrity and the failure mode. IMC formation at the interfaces is observed with optical and Electron microscopy. The results obtained in this paper will provide understanding of the fracture, shear strengths and electrical resistance of the solder bumps in flip-chips. Results correlating IMC growth and morphology for different thermal aging hours with electrical resistance and ball shear would be discussed in the paper.
The Blackness of “Broken English”

Inspired by Jane Hill's analyses of the racial and national implications of Mock Spanish and other forms of linguistic appropriation, this paper analyzes the use and nonuse of Nigerian Pidgin (NP) by Nigerian popular singers. Their performances combine elements of coastal west African musical styles with hip hop and/or reggae, and their lyrics variably juxtapose NP and various Nigerian languages with African American English and occasionally Jamaican Creole. By aligning Nigerians' cultural and political experiences with those of African Americans and Jamaicans—whose languages have also been stigmatized as “broken English”—these artists engage a Black Atlantic cultural tradition while simultaneously indexing a distinctly Nigerian public within that imagined transnational space. The formation of this public is complicated, however, by (among other things) the fact that Hausa-speaking Muslims from northern Nigeria are less likely than other Nigerians to use and affiliate with NP. [Nigeria, creole, nation, music, race]
Heterostructure bipolar transistors and circuits

The author reviews the progress and basic considerations, and investigates the trends, for the heterostructure bipolar transistor and its digital and analog circuits. The state of the art is reviewed, with attention given to the highest speeds of any semiconductor device and a large level of integration, including the first implementations of compound semiconductor devices in microprocessors. This is followed by a critique of technology trends and future directions, and a summary of scaling considerations of the device. Emphasis is placed on the GaAlAs-GaAs heterostructure system. >
Computerized Diagnosis of Breast Fine‐Needle Aspirates

Abstract: The goal of this work is to determine the accuracy of computer-based image analysis in diagnosing breast fine-needle aspirates (FNA). On 192 FNAs, the computer-based diagnostic accuracy was 97.9%. This is consistent with the 97.5% accuracy projected by machine learning methods during the initial training in 1994 with 569 FNAs. One of the attributes of this system is the rendering of a value that estimates the probability of malignancy. We consider estimated probability of malignancy values between 0.30 and 0.70 to be equivocal. Eleven of our samples (5.7%) fell into this equivocal category. All computer misclassified FNAs were correctly diagnosed visually based on contextual features. We propose this computer-based system as a diagnostic adjunct rather than as a stand-alone system.
CREEPING COMPETENCE: THE EXPANDING AGENDA OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

The article attempts to explain the expansion of the European Community (EC) policy agenda to new policy areas such as the environment, regional development and research and technological development, and the variations in policy development from one area to another. Lowi's classification of policy types - regulatory, redistributive and distributive - is adapted for use in the EC context. Each policy type, it is argued, deals with a distinct arena featuring different actors, different institutional decision rules, and different types of Council bargaining, and each therefore corresponds to a distinctive pattern of task expansion. Thus, regulatory policies can be explained in terms of functional spillover from the Internal Market, while redistributive policies can be understood as side-payments in larger intergovernmental bargains, and distributive policies are the result of the Commission's policy entrepreneurship and log-rolling Council bargaining. These three patterns of task expansion .are examined in an empirical study of policy development across six areas. At its founding, the European Economic Community had no environment policy, no consumer protection policy, no regional policy, no education policy, no cultural policy, and a technology policy confined largely to nuclear research. Today, less than four decades latei, the European Community pursues policies in all of these areas. Yet these policies are wildly diverse, and have evolved in very different ways. Environment and consumer protection polices, for example, developed incrementally since the early 1970s, and are composed almost entirely of Community Regulations and Directives regulating the activity of private actors. By contrast, the Community has engaged in only minimal regulation in the area of regional development, while spending tens of billions of ECU in this area. Technology, education and cultural policies, finally, are characterized by a smattering of Regulations and Directives adopted over the past two decades, as well as
The myelodysplastic syndromes: a personal recollection of four decades of classification and prognostic scoring systems

AbstractIn 1976 the French–American–British (FAB) Leukemia Working Group proposed the first definitions of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), namely refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Subsequent publications resulted in additional subgroups that had prognostic significance. Incorporation of the subgroupings by the World Health Organization and additional fine tuning of the degrees of morphologic dysplasia and percentage of blasts have enhanced the classification. Several prognostic scoring systems have added degrees of cytopenia, cytogenetic aberrations and molecular genetic mutations that allow care providers to subdivide cases into lower, intermediate and higher grade categories.
Electroconvulsive shock: Effects on biochemical correlates of neurotransmitter receptors in rat brain

The effects of electroconvulsive shock on neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in rat brain have been studied. Electroconvulsive shock decreased beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the striatum, hypothalamus or cerebellum. The decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites was highly selective and was similar to the decrease in these receptors seen after chronic treatment of rats with tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Electroconvulsive shock selectively increased serotonin-2 receptor binding sites in the cerebral cortex. This effect was opposite to that of antidepressant drugs.
Cellular Toxicities and Membrane Binding Characteristics of Insecticidal Crystal Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis toward Cultured Insect Cells

The pattern of in vitro toxicity of activated toxins from several classes of entomocidal inclusion genes from Bacillus thuringiensis was measured using eight established cell lines from lepidopteran insects. Protoxins representing CryIA(b), CryIA(c), and a mixture of all three CryIA toxins (subtypes a, b, and c; from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1) were compared with the protoxin representing CryIC in a bioassay which measured the viability of cultured insect cells upon exposure to entomocidal toxin proteins. The responses of the various cell lines were very specific toward the individual toxin proteins. CryIC activated protoxin was toxic for cells of Manduca sexta, Plodia interpunctella, and to a lesser extent Spodoptera frugiperda. CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) proteins were toxic toward M. sexta but relatively non-toxic for P. interpunctella or S. frugiperda. The toxicity of CryIA(b), CryIA(c), and the composite CryIA activated toxins toward cells of Choristoneura fumiferana varied substantially, with the CryIA mixture being slightly more toxic than CryIA(c) alone. CryIC toxin had no effect toward C. fumiferana cells. Probit regression analysis of dose-response relationships between insect species and crystal protein composition demonstrated specific patterns of toxicity which may be related to membrane-receptor site binding by specific toxins. Membrane binding analysis of 125I-labeled CryIA(b), CryIA(c), and CryIC toxins to insect cells from three of the cell lines yielded high specific binding only with M. sexta cells toward CryIA(c) toxin. Lower levels of binding were observed with CryIA(b) and CryIC toward cells of C. fumiferana and P. interpunctella. Although relatively low binding levels for CryIC were observed with P. interpunctella cells, toxicity was high for these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Active-Layer Hydrology in Nonsorted Circle Ecosystems of the Arctic Tundra

Patterned-ground features are common throughout arctic tundra ecosystems and develop as a result of intricate relationships among climate, hydrology, vegetation, and soil processes. Changes in the annual energy budget induced by climatic warming could likely affect the arctic freeze‐thaw cycles, altering biogeochemistry and soil processes, which in turn could change the patterned-ground ecosystem. In this study, we concentrate on the hydrology of the nonsorted circle system, an example of arctic tundra patterned ground in a relatively stable condition. Our objective was to model the processes governing liquid water movement in the active layer during freezing in order to identify the driving forces that alter the balance within this system. Our model simulations demonstrate that water redistributes within the active layer during freezing as an indirect result of horizontal differences in soil temperature. Soil surface insulation (such as that imposed by vegetation or snow) causes preferential ice accumulation in adjacent noninsulated areas, which inhibits vegetation from colonizing these areas. Both lower soil freezing rates and increased vegetation on nonsorted circles reduce water movement to the center of these features, potentially altering the equilibrium condition of these systems.
Periodontosis: Treatment Results in 15-Year-Old Girl

Extraction of the mandibular incisors and the maxillary second premolars in a 15-year-old girl was part of the treatment to stop bone loss. Follow-up treatment included retaining the maxillary incisors and maxillary and mandibular first molars.
Intrinsic Fibrinolytic Capacity and Systemic Inflammation: Novel Risk Factors for Arterial Thrombotic Disease

Traditional risk factors, e.g. hyperlipidemia, cigarette consumption, blood pressure, family history, and diabetes, predict
CB2 cannabinoid receptors in trabecular meshwork cells mediate JWH015-induced enhancement of aqueous humor outflow facility.

Purpose To study the effects of JWH015, a CB2-selective agonist, on aqueous humor outflow facility, to investigate whether functional CB2 cannabinoid receptors are expressed in trabecular meshwork cells, and to study whether these receptors are involved in the enhancement of outflow facility induced by JWH015. Methods A porcine anterior segment perfused organ culture model was used to measure the effects of JWH015 on aqueous humor outflow facility. Immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot analysis, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity assays were used to study the expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptors on cultured porcine trabecular meshwork cells and the coupling of these receptors to p42/44 MAP kinase. Results The outflow facility was increased dose dependently within 1 hour after adding 10, 30, and 100 nM of JWH015, a CB2 agonist. In addition, the effect of 100 nM of JWH015 was completely blocked by SR144528, a selective CB2 antagonist. Furthermore, the outflow-enhancing effect of JWH015 was blocked by pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of the p42/44 MAP kinase pathway. In immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot studies, positive signals were detected on cultured porcine trabecular meshwork cells with an anti-CB2 antibody. In MAP kinase assays, treatment of porcine trabecular meshwork cells with 100 nM of JWH015 activated p42/44 MAP kinase activity. Pretreatment with SR144528 blocked the effect of JWH015 on p42/44 MAP kinase activity. Conclusions The data from this study demonstrate that the CB2-selective cannabinoid agonist JWH015 increases aqueous humor outflow facility. The results also indicate that functional CB2 cannabinoid receptors are expressed in trabecular meshwork cells, and these receptors are involved in the enhancement of outflow facility induced by JWH015.
Octreotide in the Treatment of Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

Octreotide is a long acting synthetic analogue of native somatostatin that exerts a potent inhibitory effect on the release of a wide variety of peptide hormones from the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system. It represents a new dimension to traditional therapies in the treatment of various conditions characterised by excessive peptide production and secretion, particularly when conventional therapeutic approaches have either been exhausted or have provided suboptimal symptomatic control.
Long-term follow-up of patients with echocardiographically detected mitral anular calcium and comparison with age- and sex-matched control subjects.

Abstract One hundred seven patients with echocardiographically documented mitral anular calcium (MAC) and 107 age- and sex-matched control subjects without MAC were studied and followed for a mean of 4.4 ± 2.4 (standard deviation) years. Fourteen (7%) patients were lost to follow-up. Compared with the control group, patients with MAC had higher frequency of precordial murmurs (p Thus, patients with MAC have higher frequencies of precordial murmurs, cardiomegaly, left atrial and ventricular enlargement, rhythm and conduction disturbances. They more frequently undergo valve replacement and permanent pacemaker implantation, develop congestive heart failure and die of cardiac causes than age- and sex-matched control subjects.
Interference Effect Between Magnetic-Dipole and Electric-Quadrupole Radiation in the Atomic Spectra of Lead*

When a transition is of a mixed type, that is allowed for magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole radiation, the corresponding intensities of Zeeman components are not simply additive but are modified by interference terms which are different for different components and vary with direction of observation. The only instance in which this interference effect has been observed is the case of the transverse Zeeman effect in the line 7330 A of Pb i (Jenkins and Mrozowski, 1941). In the present work both the transverse and the longitudinal Zeeman effects were investigated in two lines of lead using a Fabry–Perot interferometer and a three-prism spectrograph. The relative intensities of the π components of the line 7330 A. (1D2−3P1) of Pb i were found to be about 20:20:10 and 38:11:2 for the transverse and longitudinal views, respectively, and for the line 7099.8 A ( P212°-P212°) of Pb ii about 29:21 for the longitudinal view. The reproducibility of these relative intensity values was about ±10%. Using theoretical formulas developed by Gerjuoy for the Pb i line 7330 A, good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for 4%±1% electric-quadrupole radiation relative to total radiation intensity. For the Pb ii line 7099.8 A the contribution of the electric-quadrupole radiation is found to be 3%±1%, the interference effect being inverted in comparison to the effect in the line 7330 A.
Assessing Prospective Elementary School Teachers' Beliefs About Mathematics and Mathematics Learning: Rationale and Development of a Constructed-Response-Format Beliefs Survey

Because of the role beliefs play in the teaching and learning of mathematics, mathematics educators need to consider ways to assess beliefs and belief change. Beliefs, because they must be inferred, can be difficult to measure, particularly with a common metric that enables a comparison of individuals. Because of the limitations of Likert scales, a computer-based survey was developed to assess beliefs. In this survey, prospective teachers interpret scenarios in a free-response format. The survey, used with more than 150 participants, captures qualitative data that are later quantified for purposes of comparison. A systematic method for creating research rubrics was developed in an effort to quantify the qualitative data. Results from a pre/post administration of the survey demonstrated that it is an effective tool for assessing belief change. In this article the theory behind the development of the survey is discussed, as well as some specific information about the survey and the way responses are coded and a description of the process used for developing rubrics. Recommendations are included for researchers interested in developing similar surveys.
New bounds for the Relaxed Traveling Tournament Problems using an artificial immune algorithm

In this paper we tackle the Relaxed Traveling Tournament Problem by an artificial immune algorithm. We introduce new moves that allow the algorithm to group byes when it is useful. We have tested the algorithm in the recently proposed instances of the problem, the results obtained are very encouraging.
La construction provinciale comme mécanisme : le cas de l’immigration au Manitoba

Dans le cadre d’une analyse de la croissance des activites en immigration et en integration de tous les gouvernements provinciaux depuis le debut des annees 1990, cet article propose une revitalisation de la notion de « construction provinciale ». En prenant comme point de depart les critiques de Robert A. Young, Philippe Faucher et Andre Blais (1984), il y est suggere de repositionner la construction provinciale en tant que mecanisme social. Par le biais de cette approche mecanistique et suivant l’observation du mecanisme dans dix cas, il est avance que le mecanisme de construction provinciale opere par le biais de trois composantes a l’echelle d’une province – l’activation, la consensualisation et l’institutionnalisation – et produit des effets variables, en fonction du contexte dans lequel il est enclenche. Le potentiel heuristique de cette approche est illustre en retracant comment un mecanisme de construction provinciale centre sur l’immigration s’est mis en mouvement au Manitoba a partir des annees 1990.