cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scratching under positive and negative arousal in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Scratching has been widely used as an indicator of anxiety in many primate species. However, a handful of studies have shown no change in scratching under anxiety-provoking circumstances. In addition, the existing literature has investigated scratching only in relation to negative arousal (i.e., anxiety), even though anxiety and excitement (positive arousal) share important physiological and behavioral correlates, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and locomotion. In the current study, we scored all instances of scratching in 11 outdoor-housed captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) during three contexts that were intended to be negatively arousing and three contexts that were intended to be positively arousing during a baseline, manipulation, and post-induction period. Summed across the three negative arousal contexts, the results showed that subjects exhibited significantly lower scratching rates during the manipulation than during either the baseline or post-induction periods, and the pattern of means was the same for all three of those contexts. Under the three contexts of positive arousal, subjects exhibited different patterns of scratching rates during the manipulation periods (play = increases, foraging = decreases, food anticipation = no change). Data from the current study, and a close examination of data from studies showing no change in scratching under anxiety-provoking circumstances, suggest that the anxiety-scratching relationship may be more complex than has been reported previously. Our results raise a potential concern about the unchallenged use of scratching as a behavioral indicator of anxiety in captive non-human primates, with important implications for welfare and management of these species.
The Behavior of Sponge Larvae

Larvae of Cliona celata and Microciona prolifera swim constantly upward, or at the surface, until 20 to 30 hr old, then always swim vertically downward. This behavior is not oriented by chemical of thermal gradients and is independent of light. See full-text article at JSTOR
Large Scale Parallel Structured AMR Calculations Using the SAMRAI Framework

This paper discusses the design and performance of the parallel data communication infrastructure in SAMRAI, a software framework for structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) multi-physics applications. We describe requirements of such applications and how SAMRAI abstractions manage complex data communication operations found in them. Parallel performance is characterized for two adaptive problems solving hyperbolic conservation laws on up to 512 processors of the IBM ASCI Blue Pacific system. Results reveal good scaling for numerical and data communication operations but poorer scaling in adaptive meshing and communication schedule construction phases of the calculations. We analyze the costs of these different operations, addressing key concerns for scaling SAMR computations to large numbers of processors, and discuss potential changes to improve our current implementation.
GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN ANTECEDENTS OF HABITUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: IMPETUS FACTORS AND HUMAN CAPITAL

This study investigates gender differences in the effects of entrepreneurial impetus and human capital on habitual entrepreneurship, defined as starting multiple new ventures in a serial or portfolio manner. Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II (PSED II) data on nascent entrepreneurs, the effects of three impetus factors (business opportunity, mentors and nature of work) and four human capital factors (education, employment breadth, managerial experience and entrepreneurial capabilities) are explored in terms of the differential effects they have on habitual entrepreneurship in men and women. Results show an overall greater effect of human capital on women's habitual entrepreneurship than on men's, and that different human capital factors appear to drive multiple startups for women and for men. Analyses also show that different impetus factors drive women and men to start new repeat ventures. Results are discussed in the context of learning theory and entrepreneurial activity.
Has provoking microbiota aggression driven the obesity epidemic

Alterations in the gut microbiome have increasingly been implicated in driving obesity and its associated diseases, but underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Herein, in addition to reviewing the field, we hypothesize that a highly significant causative factor of such inflammatory disease-associated microbiome alterations is a more aggressive microbiota that encroaches upon its host, with components having high potential to activate host pro-inflammatory gene expression in a manner that drives metabolic disease. We further hypothesize that a range of societal changes, including use of antibiotics and increasing consumption of food additives, have provoked such microbiota aggression and, consequently, may be contributing factors to the increased incidence of obesity and its associated diseases.
An Introduction to Rare Event Simulation and Importance Sampling

Abstract This chapter provides a relatively low-level introduction to the problem of rare event simulation with Monte Carlo methods and to a class of methods known as variance reduction techniques that have been devised to deal with this problem. Special emphasis is given to importance sampling, but several other techniques are also presented, including the cross-entropy method, rejection sampling, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods such as the Metropolis method and Gibbs sampling. A brief discussion is also given about asymptotic efficiency and the connections with large deviations theory.
Simulation optimization

Simulation optimization has received considerable attention from both simulation researchers and practitioners. In this tutorial we present a broad introduction to simulation optimization and the many techniques that have been suggested to solve simulation optimization problems. Both continuous and discrete problems are discussed, but an emphasis is placed on discrete problems and practical methods for addressing such problems.
Capillary Blood Glucose Measured By the Laboratory Phlebotomy Team

Capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing was developed to replace home urine glucose testing by patients or by the staff in physician offices. CBG testing can also be applied in the hospital laboratory as a cost-effective method to rapidly test blood glucose levels. The published accuracy of the various techniques was validated in the authors' laboratory. The phlebotomy team was trained in the technique, report formats (manual and computerized) were developed, and a schedule for monitoring diabetes four times daily was established. CBG testing provides several advantages: (1) rapid turnaround time facilitates adjusting insulin doses, (2) patient comfort is improved, and (3) capillary puncture is more convenient than venipuncture. If CBG tests are performed by laboratory personnel, the testing is standardized, the quality control is centralized and more regularly monitored, and quality assurance is better documented. This article outlines the establishment of a successful CBG testing program by a clinical laboratory.
A Thermostromuhr Operating on Storage-Battery Current.

SummaryA thermostromuhr is described which differs principally from that of Rein in substituting storage battery for high frequency current. Its use is thereby vastly simplified. It has been calibrated on arteries and veins of living animals and gives promise of yielding quantitative information as to blood flow in unanesthetized animals.We are anxious to express our gratitude to Dr. D. W. Bronk for his frequent helpful advice, and to Mr. A. J. Rawson of his department who has made for us the more perfect models of the instrument.
The potential impacts of 21st century climatic and population changes on human exposure to the virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti

The mosquito Aedes (Ae). aegypti transmits the viruses that cause dengue and chikungunya, two globally-important vector-borne diseases. We investigate how choosing alternate emissions and/or socioeconomic pathways may modulate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti. Occurrence patterns for Ae. aegypti for 2061-2080 are mapped globally using empirically downscaled air temperature and precipitation projections from the Community Earth System Model, for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Population growth is quantified using gridded global population projections consistent with two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), SSP3 and SSP5. Change scenarios are compared to a 1950-2000 reference period. A global land area of 56.9 M km2 is climatically suitable for Ae. aegypti during the reference period, and is projected to increase by 8% (RCP4.5) to 13% (RCP8.5) by 2061-2080. The annual average number of people exposed globally to Ae. aegypti for the reference period is 3794 M, a value projected to statistically significantly increase by 298-460 M (8-12%) by 2061-2080 if only climate change is considered, and by 4805-5084 M (127-134%) for SSP3 and 2232-2483 M (59-65%) for SSP5 considering both climate and population change (lower and upper values of each range represent RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively). Thus, taking the lower-emissions RCP4.5 pathway instead of RCP8.5 may mitigate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti globally, but the effect of population growth on exposure will likely be larger. Regionally, Australia, Europe and North America are projected to have the largest percentage increases in human exposure to Ae. aegypti considering only climate change.
SWOT analysis of carrying out HIV management and voluntary counseling and testing by community health service centers in Xuhui District

Carrying out HIV management and voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)by community health service centers is an important measure for HIV prevention and control.In this study,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and challenges of carrying out HIV management and VCT in community health service centers were explored through SWOT analysis method.And targeted strategies were put forward according to the results of the study.
Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis increases perioperative surgical site infection in a prospective cohort of patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

We hypothesize that use of postoperative heparin deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis influences development of surgical site infection (SSI) after colorectal surgery. From July 2008 to June 2009, pati...
Present Status and Future Magnetic Data Storage

Today’s typical hard disk drive for PC applications provides storage of several hundred mega-bytes in a small 2.5 or 3.5 inch format This is quite impressive when compared to the 5 to 10 mega-bytes in a full height 5.25 inch PC drive of 1984. To continue to achieve these disk drive improvements the areal storage densities will have to grow from the approximate 0.5 Giga-bits per square inch of today, to and beyond, 10 Giga-bits per square inch during the next few years. Scaling projections indicate that submicron track widthsπ and sub-100 nm bit lengths will be required. This places extreme demands on both the physical and magnetic properties of the recording medium.
An Integrated Service Project for Junior and Senior Students

Project-Based Service-Learning (PBSL) offers a unique and rich educational experience for engineering students. The present work highlights some of its aspects through the discussion of a multi-level design and build project. A service project was assigned to two teams of junior and senior students. The project was to design and build a bubble tower for the local children’s museum. The tower was completed in two phases. In the first phase, it was assigned as a final project in a junior level course. In the second phase, another team of seniors was added to lead the design optimization and building of the tower as their capstone experience. The Service-Learning (SL) nature of the project and having two teams at different academic levels added challenges and benefits to the students. The details of this unique experience are discussed and samples from the students’ work are presented. The project was completed successfully with positive feedback from the students, the customer and the local community. Reflections about this project and recommendations for future use of similar SL are also presented.
Foraging Behavior and Success of Golden Eagles

Les aigles (4 couples), sont observes dans la Snake River Birds of Prey Area, Idaho en 1978 et 1979
A Public Health Priority: Disparities in Gynecologic Cancer Research for African-Born Women in the United States

African-born immigrants comprise one of the fastest growing populations in the U.S., nearly doubling its population size in recent years. However, it is also one of the most underrepresented groups in health-care research, especially research focused on gynecologic and breast malignancies. While the opportunity exists for access to an advanced health-care system, as immigrants migrate to the U.S., they encounter the same health-care inequalities that are faced by the native-born population based on ethnicity and social class, potentiated by limitations of health literacy and lack of familiarity with U.S. health systems. Given the continued influx of African-born immigrants in the U.S., we sought to understand the representation of this population in cervical and breast cancer research, recognizing the population’s high risk for these diseases at baseline while residing in their native countries. We determined that there is limited research in these diseases that disproportionately affect them; yet, there are identifiable and potentially modifiable factors that contribute to this paucity of evidence. This clinical commentary seeks to underscore the clear lack of research available involving African-born immigrants with respect to gynecologic and breast malignancies in the existing literature, demonstrate the need for more robust research in this population, and provide fundamental insights into barriers and solutions critical to the continued health of this growing population.
Psychotic experiences in the context of depression: the cumulative role of victimization

Previous studies have reported an association between depression and psychotic experiences, but little is known about what drives this co-occurrence. This study tests the hypothesis that exposure to trauma and bullying may strengthen the relation between depression and psychotic experiences. A total of 799 college students completed self-report questionnaires on psychotic experiences, depression, bullying, and sexual trauma. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to test the direct relationship between depression and psychotic experiences, as well as interactions. Approximately 20% of respondents reported a history of being bullied, and 7% reported exposure to childhood sexual trauma. There was a significant direct relationship between depression and psychotic experiences. The association between depression and psychotic experiences was significantly stronger among respondents who were victims of both bullying and sexual violence compared to those who experienced either exposure alone, or who were not exposed to either form of victimization. These findings suggest that cumulative exposure to trauma and victimization may contribute to the co-occurrence of depression and psychotic experiences. History of victimization should be assessed among individuals with depressive symptoms to improve treatment plans and outcomes.
Synthesis and characterization of UV-curing epoxy acrylate coatings modified with organically modified rectorite

Epoxy acrylate (EA) coatings modified with organically modified rectorite (OREC) were synthesized employing the ultraviolet-curing technique. Two kinds of alkyl ammonium ions, octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MAOTMA), were used to modify rectorite (REC). The methacrylate functionalities of MAOTMA were capable of reacting with the acrylate groups of EA. The structure of OREC was characterized by FTIR and XRD and the results indicated that the surfactants were successfully intercalated into the REC interlayers via cation exchange process. The morphology of nanocomposites was investigated by SEM and TEM. OREC showed better dispersion in EA matrix compared with unmodified REC. The T g of neat EA obtained by DMA was 75.6°C, while for 5 wt% EA/MAOTMA-REC and EA/OTAC-REC nanocomposites it increased to 76.5 and 80.8°C, respectively. The nanocomposite with 3 wt% loading of OTAC-REC had the highest T g (89.7°C). TGA revealed that the thermal stability of nanocomposites was enhanced by OTAC-REC and MAOTMA-REC and the thermal stability of EA/MAOTMA-REC nanocomposites was better than that of EA/OTAC-REC nanocomposites. The mechanical properties of nanocomposites containing OTAC-REC and MAOTMA-REC were better than those of nanocomposites containing unmodified REC. With increasing OREC content, the adhesive force of nanocomposites decreased slightly and the flexibility increased significantly.
“Not See, Not Hear, Not Speak”: Preschoolers Think They Cannot Perceive or Address Others Without Reciprocity

A curious phenomenon in early social-cognitive development has been identified: Preschoolers deny that they can see others who cannot also see them (Russell, Gee, & Bullard, 2012). The exclusive focus on vision has suggested that this effect is limited to gaze, but children’s negations might reflect a broader phenomenon that extends to vocal communication. In Experiment 1 (N = 24), 3- to 4-year-olds were asked if they could see an agent whose eyes were covered, hear an agent whose ears were covered, and speak to an agent whose mouth was covered. In all cases, negative responses were more frequent than in a control condition in which the facial area was unoccluded. Experiment 2 (N = 24) provided evidence that children’s negations did not result from a misunderstanding of the questions. The findings suggest that young children apply a principle of reciprocal relatedness that is not limited to gaze.
Emergency Department Imaging Modality Effect on Surgical Management of Nephrolithiasis: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose: In the emergency department ultrasonography is emerging as an alternative to computerized tomography for diagnosing patients with nephrolithiasis. In this multicenter randomized clinical trial we examined rates of urological referral and intervention to elucidate whether the initial diagnostic imaging modality affected the management of nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: Patients 18 to 76 years old who presented to the emergency department with renal colic across 15 diverse treatment centers were randomized to receive abdominal ultrasonography by an emergency department physician or a radiologist, or abdominal computerized tomography. We analyzed the 90-day followup for patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis to assess subsequent urological evaluation, procedure type and time to intervention.Results: Of 1,666 patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis in the emergency department 241 (14.5%) had a consultation with urology at initial presentation, 503 (30%) saw a urologist in followup and 192 (12...
Clinical Electron Beam Physics

As in all treatment planning, the aim of the procedure is to derive a plan for irradiating the target tissues while ensuring optimum sparing of nontarget tissues. With photon beam planning, the beam is exponen­tially absorbed by the tissues beyond the target depth, whereas the finite range of electrons provides a powerful tool for limiting the dose to deep-seated tissues. As always, with any advantage comes disad­vantage. With electrons, these disadvantages involve the rapid decrease in field uniformity as one moves farther away from the point of final collimation. With electrons, one also experiences rapid and significant changes in the depth-dose curves for very small field sizes, and the rapid change in depth of dose penetration when traversing inhomogeneities. There are also difficulties in accurately predicting a virtual source position and subsequently predicting output at extended source-to-surface distances (SSDs). Furthermore, output for irregularly shaped fields is difficult to predict.
“TrkA”cking why “no pain, no gain” is the rule for bone formation

Peripheral sensory nerves expressing TrkA innervate long bones and stimulate bone formation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway when placed under stress.
Binary partitions and binary partition polytopes

This paper delves into the number of partitions of positive integers n into powers of 2 in which exactly m powers of 2 are used an odd number of times. The study of these numbers is motivated by their connections with the f-vectors of the binary partition polytopes.
Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient and Left Ventricular Posterior Wall Thickening Are Associated with Outcomes for Anatomic Repair in Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries

Background Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare form of congenital heart disease. Management is controversial; options include observation, physiologic repair, and anatomic repair. Assessment of morphologic left ventricle preparedness is key in timing anatomic repair. This study's purpose was to review the modalities used to assess the morphologic left ventricle preoperatively and to determine if any echocardiographic variables are associated with outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries eligible for anatomic repair at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2016 was conducted. Inclusion criteria were (1) presurgical echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac catheterization and (2) clinical follow-up information. Echocardiographic measurements included left ventricular (LV) single-plane Simpson's ejection fraction, LV eccentricity index, LV posterior wall thickening, pulmonary artery band (PAB)/LV outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradient, and LV and right ventricular strain. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements included LV mass, ejection fraction, eccentricity index, and LV thickening. LV pressure, PAB/LVOT gradient, right ventricular pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and Qp/Qs constituted catheterization data. Outcomes included achieving anatomic repair within 1 year of assessment in patients with LVOT obstruction or within 1 year of pulmonary artery banding and freedom from death, transplantation, or heart failure at last follow-up. Results Forty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. PAB/LVOT gradients of 85.2 ± 23.4 versus 64.0 ± 32.1 mm Hg ( P = .0282) by echocardiography and 60.1 ± 19.4 versus 35.9 ± 18.9 mm Hg ( P = .0030) by catheterization were associated with achieving anatomic repair and freedom from death, transplantation, and heart failure. Echocardiographic LV posterior wall thickening of 35.4 ± 19.8% versus 20.6 ± 15.0% ( P = .0017) and MRI LV septal wall thickening of 37.1 ± 18.8% versus 19.3 ± 18.8% ( P = .0306) were associated with achieving anatomic repair. Inter- and intraobserver variability for echocardiographic measurements was very good. Conclusions PAB/LVOT gradient and LV posterior wall thickening are highly reproducible echocardiographic measurements that reflect morphologic LV performance and can be used in assessing patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries undergoing anatomic repair.
Graphene Oxide Nanoprisms for Sensitive Detection of Environmentally Important Aromatic Compounds with SERS

Recent advances in graphene-based sensors have shown that heavily oxidized (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are attractive materials for environmental sensing due to their unique chemical and physical properties. We describe here the fabrication of nanostructured GO assemblies with Ag nanoprisms for improved detection with surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Specifically, 100-μm-sized, periodic-nanoprism-array domains were fabricated on top of the GO layers by GO-assisted lithography (GOAL). The atomically thin GO underlayers are shown to attract cyclic aromatic molecules to the surface, likely via π–π stacking interactions. The close proximity of the analyte to GO and nanoprism (NP) tips effectively suppresses fluorescent background and affords a plausible tertiary enhancement of photon emissions via an electron charge transfer (CT) process. The adsorption of analyte to rGO-NP leads to the appearance and/or shift of several Raman bands, which provided a means to gain molecular insights into th...
English comparatives as degree-phrase relative clauses

It has been observed (e.g. Chomsky 1977) that English questions allow wh-movement of adjective phrases, but relative clauses do not, which is cited as a notable difference between two types of constructions that are otherwise very similar. However, I argue that relative clauses actually can arise from the whmovement of adjective phrases (which I here treat as degree phrases headed by a degree element) and that comparative clauses are the result; i.e., comparatives are actually relative clauses headed by degree phrases. This analysis removes the discrepancy between questions and relative clauses with regard to adjective movement, thereby further uniting the syntactic analysis of the two constructions.
Actigraphy scoring for sleep outcome measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Background Actigraphy is commonly used to measure sleep outcomes so that sleep can be measured conveniently at home over multiple nights. Actigraphy has been validated in people with sleep disturbances; however, the validity of scoring settings in people with chronic medical illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains unclear. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare actigraphy-customized scoring settings with polysomnography (PSG) for the measurement of sleep outcomes in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who have insomnia. Methods Participants underwent overnight sleep assessment simultaneously by PSG and actigraphy at the University of Illinois of Chicago Sleep Science Center. Fifty participants (35 men and 15 women) with mild-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and co-existing insomnia were included in the analysis. Sleep onset latency, total sleep time (TST), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE) were calculated independently from data derived from PSG and actigraphy. Actigraphy sleep outcome scores obtained at the default setting and several customized actigraphy settings were compared to the scored PSG results. Results Although no single setting was optimal for all sleep outcomes, the combination of 10 consecutive immobile minutes for sleep onset or end and an activity threshold of 10 worked well. Actigraphy overestimated TST and SE and underestimated WASO, but there was no difference in variance between PSG and actigraphy in TST and SE when the 10 × 10 combination was used. As the average TST and SE increased, the agreement between PSG and actigraphy appeared to increase, and as the average WASO decreased, the agreement between PSG and actigraphy appeared to increase. Conclusion Results support the conclusion that the default actigraphy settings may not be optimal for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and co-existing insomnia.
Court strategies in the appropriations process: the Oklahoma case

Little is known about the strategies used by state courts during the appropriations process. This article examines court budgetary practices in the state of Oklahoma. It reveals how court funding works in Oklahoma, what strategies are used by the state courts, and which factors are most important in determining the success of the courts in getting the funds they need. It shows that the judiciary is not necessarily at the mercy of the other branches of government when seeking resources. The findings provide the first glimpse at court budgeting strategies and determinants of these strategies’ success at the state level.
A Disturbance-Free Built-In Self-Test and Diagnosis Technique for DC-DC Converters

Complex electronic systems include multiple power domains and drastically varying dynamic power consumption patterns, requiring the use of multiple power conversion and regulation units. High-frequency switching converters have been gaining prominence in the DC-DC converter market due to their high efficiency and smaller form factor. Unfortunately, they are also subject to higher process variations, and faster in-field degradation, jeopardizing stable operation of the power supply. This article presents a technique to track changes in the dynamic loop characteristics of DC-DC converters without disturbing the normal mode of operation using a white noise–based excitation and correlation. Using multiple points for injection and analysis, we show that the degraded part can be diagnosed to take remedial action. White noise excitation is generated via a pseudo-random disturbance at reference, load current, and pulse-width modulation (PWM) nodes of the converter with the test signal energy being spread over a wide bandwidth, without significantly affecting the converter noise and ripple floor. The impulse response is extracted by correlating the random input sequence with the disturbed output generated. Test signal analysis is achieved by correlating the pseudo-random input sequence with the output response and thereby accumulating the desired behavior over time and pulling it above the noise floor of the measurement set-up. An off-the-shelf power converter, LM27402, is used as the device-under-test (DUT) for experimental verification. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can estimate converter natural frequency and quality factor (Q-factor) within ±2.5% and ±0.7% error margin respectively, over changes in load inductance and capacitance. For the diagnosis purpose, a measure of inductor's DC resistance (DCR) value, which is the inductor's series resistance and indicative of the degradation in inductor's Q-factor, is estimated within less than ±1.6% error margin.
Mapping ecosystem services supply chains for coastal Long Island communities: Implications for resilience planning

Abstract Ecosystem services have become an important component of planning discussions at local, state, national and international levels. These services have also more recently figured into discussions of community resilience to hazard events. For the majority of ecosystem services, some contribution of human capital inputs, which we term Enabling Economic Inputs (EEIs) in this paper, are necessary to convert the raw ecosystem service flow into an ecosystem service benefit obtained by people. This paper evaluates a subset of EEIs related to coastal ecosystem services associated with (1) fishing and shellfishing; (2) recreational boating; and (3) recreational beach use. After developing a conceptual approach for EEIs, this research develops a methodology for spatially evaluating EEIs. Using a hot-spot analysis of establishments based on the North American Industrial Classification System codes, nodes in the supply chain for ecosystem services within the Long Island region are identified and analyzed. The paper concludes with an evaluation of how information on the supply chain of ecosystem services may assist in resiliency planning in coastal communities. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the conveyance system that translocates ecosystem services from supply areas to demand areas, and this research is an initial step in that direction.
Success varies when using subirrigation instead of mist to root softwood cuttings of woody taxa

Abstract A subirrigation method for rooting softwood cuttings of seven woody taxa was compared to use of intermittent mist. Both methods resulted in >90% rooting of ‘Goldflame’ spirea (Spiraea x bu...
Behavioral Strategies, Including Exercise, for Addressing Insomnia.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia is superior to sleeping pills for treating insomnia, and its accessibility is rapidly improving. Exercise can also promote sleep in insomnia. A list of recommendations on good sleep practices can be applied prior to consulting with a clinician and can often resolve insomnia symptoms. Summary statement Insomnia is associated with negative psychological and physiological health outcomes. Established behavioral strategies for addressing insomnia such as adoption of good sleep habits and engagement in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia have documented efficacy. Exercise is also efficacious with unique health benefits.
From research to licensure and beyond: clinical development of MenB-FHbp, a broadly protective meningococcal B vaccine.

Introduction: Given the characteristics of meningococcal carriage and transmission and the sudden, often severe onset and long-term consequences of disease, vaccination can most effectively provide...
Effects of divertor geometry on H-mode pedestal structure in attached and detached plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak

Dedicated experiments have been performed in the DIII-D tokamak to assess the influence of divertor geometry on the H-mode pedestal structure. It has been found that in both attached and detached plasmas, compared to the open divertor, the more closed divertor results in lower density at the pedestal top. Higher pedestal performance can be achieved with the closed divertor in detached plasmas, as manifested by a higher pedestal temperature at the same pedestal density, by about a factor of two, than the open divertor. In addition, approaching divertor detachment by increasing the gas-puffing rate, for different divertor geometries, the pedestal width exhibits different trends. In the attached plasma, the pedestal width agrees well with the theoretical and empirical pedestal-poloidal-beta scaling. However, during divertor detachment, in the open divertor the pedestal width is significantly reduced. In contrast, for detached plasmas with the more closed divertor, the pedestal is significantly wider, by up to 50%, compared to the theoretical scaling. Moreover, near divertor detachment, the open diverted plasma exhibits a more aligned density and temperature pedestal profile, while in the closed divertor the detachment results in a relative shift (up to 50% of the pedestal width) between the density and temperature pedestal profiles.
Slope-stability Analysis and Creep Susceptibility of Quaternary Sediments on the Northeastern United States Continental Slope

The continental slope off the northeastern United States is a relatively steep, morphologically complex surface which shows abundant evidence of submarine slides and related processes. Because this area may be developed by the petroleum industry, questions arise concerning the potential for further slope failures or unacceptable deformations and the conditions necessary to cause such instabilities. Accordingly, a generalized analysis of slope stability and the stress—strain—time-dependent behavior of the sediments is being conducted.
Über den Mechanismus der Entstehung der Befruchtungsmembran

Die bisher mitgeteilten Versuche haben bereits die Bedeutung des Membranbildungsprozesses dargetan, und weitere Tatsachen in derselben Richtung werden in spateren Kapiteln angegeben werden. Dieser Prozes, den man fruher fur etwas Nebensachliches angesehen hatte, stellt sich demnach als der wesentliche Akt bei der Entwicklungserregung heraus. Wir wollen nunmehr versuchen, einige weitere Daten uber den Mechanismus dieses Vorgangs zu erlangen.
Identification Techniques for Control Oriented Models of Internal Combustion Engines

The use of mathematical models is widespread in the design process of modern internal combustion engines. A driving factor for this trend is the rising complexity of engine systems due to tightening emission limits and increasing demands on fuel efficiency. This chapter focuses on control oriented models for turbocharged diesel engines which were specifically developed for use in an advanced model based control design process. A number of challenges had to be overcome to guarantee stability of these models both in simulation and during identification. The solutions for these issues are presented in this chapter together with an innovative identification approach which performs the calibration of the overall engine model on top of the previously executed identification of individual engine components. Example modeling results are included for a six cylinder commercial diesel engine with EGR and dual stage turbocharging.
When does the heart fail during shock

Early reports have attributed cardiac failure during acute and chronic models of shock to peripheral vascular dysfunction and decreased venous return. More recently interest has focused on the heart as a primary target responsible for cardiovascular changes associated with acute endotoxin or hemorrhagic shock. At present, it remains controversial whether the heart fails early following the induction of experimental hypodynamic shock. Data from our laboratory have shown that myocardial contractility was increased early following acute endotoxin and splanchnic artery occlusion shock, and it was not until the agonal or terminal phase that contractility was depressed. We have used the slope of the left ventricular pressure-dimension relationship (Ees) as our index of contractile function. This technique is preferential since it is not affected by changes in the loading conditions on the heart. Unlike most reports that have used LV dP/dt as an index of contractility in the intact animal, we have shown that Ees and LV dP/dt do not uniformly reflect changes in contractility. LV dP/dt and related measures do, however, reflect the overall global changes in myocardial performance, which are affected by changes in preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility. The reductions in LV dP/dt therefore mainly reflect the changes in arterial blood pressure associated with acute hypodynamic shock. The increase in contractility reported during endotoxin shock were shown to be induced by stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors--when the beta-blocking drug, propranolol, was given to animals during shock, contractility decreased. The mechanism(s) responsible for the failure of the heart during the late or agonal periods of shock is (are) unknown. We have shown in dogs who die as a result of endotoxin shock that the hearts exhibit a progressive energy deficit, whereas animals surviving the experimental protocol maintained levels of ATP and creatine phosphate. It is unclear if the changes in high-energy phosphates during endotoxin shock cause irreversibility. Other potential mediators of cardiac failure have included ischemia/hypoxia, toxic myocardial depressant factors, deterioration of sympathetic influences on the heart, electrophysiologic and ionic disturbances, etc. The relationship between these factors and failure of the heart in vivo during various shock paradigms remains to be elucidated.
BACK SURFACE FIELD SOLAR CELLS: A SENSITIVITY STUDY OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

ABSTRACT Sensitivity analyses were conducted for key design parameters of back-surface-field solar cells, using a one-dimensional device model SPCOLAY. Quantitative results obtained reveal several design guides to help make back surface field useful in mid-to-high bulk resistivity cells.
Collective Search as Human Computation

Many of the problems that are addressed by human computation systems can be framed as search problems: exploring values of input parameters and evaluating the resulting output of the system. For example, finding the correct labels for a set of objects can be framed as searching the sets of possible label-object pairings for the best matchings. By framing it in this way, research on collective search can be brought to bear on the understanding of human computation. In this chapter, I draw the comparison between problem solving and search, and then describe research on collective search and how the results pertain to human computation. I conclude by discussing future directions for research that integrates human computation and collective search.
Re-expression of SynGAP Protein in Adulthood Improves Translatable Measures of Brain Function and Behavior in a Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background: Neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk genes have pleiotropic biological functions, such as control over both developmental and non-developmental processes that influence disease-related phenotypes. Currently, it remains unclear how developmental versus non-developmental processes influence the duration and/or effectiveness of permissive treatment windows for NDDs. SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency causes an NDD defined by autistic traits, cognitive impairment, and epilepsy. Syngap1 heterozygosity in mice disrupts a developmental critical period, and, consistent with this, certain behavioral abnormalities are resistant to gene therapy initiated in adulthood. However, the Syngap1 endophenotype is extensive and this protein has diverse cell biological functions. Therefore, SynGAP pleiotropy may influence the permissive treatment window for previously untested disease-relevant phenotypes. Methods: A whole-body gene restoration technique was used to determine how restoration of SynGAP protein in adult heterozygous mice impacted previously untested phenotypes, such as memory, seizure susceptibility, systems-level cortical hyperexcitability, and hippocampal oscillations linked to mnemonic processes. Results: Adult restoration of SynGAP protein in haploinsufficient mice reversed long-term contextual memory deficits and behavioral measures of seizure susceptibility. Moreover, SynGAP re-expression in adult mice eliminated brain state-dependent, patient-linked paroxysmal interictal spiking and increased the amplitude of hippocampal theta oscillations. Conclusions: SynGAP protein in the mature brain dynamically regulates neural circuit function and influences disease-relevant phenotypes. The impact of these findings is that treatments targeting certain debilitating aspects of SYNGAP1-related disorders may be effective throughout life. Moreover, the efficacy of experimental treatments for SYNGAP1 patients may be quantifiable through changes in species-conserved, state-dependent pathological electroencephalogram signals.
Rethinking Efforts to Ground the Helicopter Parent: Parent Experiences Providing Support to Young Adults With Disabilities:

Transitioning out of school is often challenging, especially for young adults with disabilities. Fortunately, parent involvement can enhance the transition process and student outcomes following gr...
Ultra-wide-bandgap AlGaN homojunction tunnel diodes with negative differential resistance

The power efficiencies of state-of-the-art AlxGa1-xN deep-ultraviolet (UV) emitters operating in the <300 nm wavelength region are currently limited to a few percent in part due to limitations in the series and contact resistance which result in excessive drive voltages. AlxGa1-xN tunnel contacts and tunnel junctions in deep-UV devices are a promising route toward increasing these efficiencies by improving the contact resistances, hole injection, and reducing optical absorption by removing undesirable p-GaN contact layers. However, due to doping inefficiencies, standalone tunnel diodes have not been realized in the form of homojunction AlxGa1-xN. In this work, AlxGa1-xN (0.19 ≤ x ≤ 0.58) homojunction tunnel diodes are fabricated with high reverse bias current densities, and one device with x = 0.19 demonstrates a negative differential resistance at ∼2.4 V. AlxGa1-xN p++/n++/n tunnel diodes are compared to reference p++/i/n diodes to provide clarity about the role of tunneling conduction vs leakage conduction. Transmission electron microscopy verifies that heavy doping does not result in visible defects such as Mg precipitates and allows for subsequent epitaxy, critical for buried tunnel junction structures. Increasing the bandgap energy of AlxGa1-xN for higher Al content tunnel junctions decreases the tunnel current, but still allows sufficient conduction necessary for future improvements in deep UV emitter efficiencies.The power efficiencies of state-of-the-art AlxGa1-xN deep-ultraviolet (UV) emitters operating in the <300 nm wavelength region are currently limited to a few percent in part due to limitations in the series and contact resistance which result in excessive drive voltages. AlxGa1-xN tunnel contacts and tunnel junctions in deep-UV devices are a promising route toward increasing these efficiencies by improving the contact resistances, hole injection, and reducing optical absorption by removing undesirable p-GaN contact layers. However, due to doping inefficiencies, standalone tunnel diodes have not been realized in the form of homojunction AlxGa1-xN. In this work, AlxGa1-xN (0.19 ≤ x ≤ 0.58) homojunction tunnel diodes are fabricated with high reverse bias current densities, and one device with x = 0.19 demonstrates a negative differential resistance at ∼2.4 V. AlxGa1-xN p++/n++/n tunnel diodes are compared to reference p++/i/n diodes to provide clarity about the role of tunneling conduction vs leakage conduct...
Amphetamine Use in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective To systematically review the literature on the therapeutic use of amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate in elderly population with and without dementia. Methods We conducted two researches on the PubMed, Scopus and Embase using the keywords ("elderly") AND ("amphetamine" OR "methylphenidate" OR "lisdexamfetamine") and then ("Alzheimer" OR "dementia") AND ("amphetamine" OR "methylphenidate" OR "lisdexamfetamine"). Results Twenty-nine papers met all the eligibility criteria. The results are encouraging as 81.5% of the studies showed clinical improvement of the investigated condition. Conclusion Amphetamines and methylphenidate are probably effective strategies for different conditions in the elderly population. However, further studies are needed to provide more robust evidence on efficacy, dosage and safety for this population.
Evaluation of non‐target effects of OMRI‐listed insecticides for management of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura in berry crops

The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive pest of many fruit crops throughout North America, South America and Europe. The presence of this destructive pest has led to an increase in the number of insecticide applications. While conventional growers have an arsenal of different insecticides at their disposal, organic growers have a limited selection of effective options and rely heavily on applications of Entrust®, the organic formulation of spinosad. An important part of research is to develop more tools for organic growers and evaluate the effects of insecticides intended to target D. suzukii on natural enemies in the system. The effects of six organic pesticides alone and in combination with three adjuvants and two phagostimulants were tested in laboratory bioassays on three common natural enemies in berry production systems including two predators, Chrysoperla rufilabris and Orius insidiosus, and a parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani. Under the IOBC toxicity rating scale, spinosad was rated consistently from slightly harmful to harmful across natural enemy species and residue age (the effects of pesticides over time). Sabadilla alkaloids caused mortality to O. insidiosus equal to that of spinosad. All tested pesticides were at least slightly harmful to A. colemani, and the adjuvant polyether‐polymethylsiloxane‐copolymer polyether caused mortality that was not significantly different from spinosad. In general, neither the addition of adjuvants nor phagostimulants increased the mortality of the insecticides tested. The exception was polyether‐polymethylsiloxane‐copolymer polyether, but it is unclear whether it increased the toxicity of the pesticides or was simply toxic itself since it caused high mortality to A. colemani when applied alone. Sublethal effects were measured for two predatory species by measuring eggs laid and % egg hatch. Minimal sublethal effects were observed in C. rufilabris. In contrast, all tested insecticides caused reduced egg hatch in O. insidiosus compared with the control.