cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale Prediction and Control at Ultra HTHP

Production from deepwater environment often encounter ultra high temperature, pressure (ultra HTHP) and with more exotic fluid compositions. Most scale prediction programs were developed by semiempirically modeling the thermodynamic parameters using experimentally measured mineral solubilities and other chemical properties. However, the experimental data were limited at temperature, pressure, and ionic strength that were clearly below that typically encountered in deepwater production. Therefore, extending the existing thermodynamic models to HTHP applications is of questionable accuracy. Furthermore, the partitioning of H 2 O, CO 2 , and H 2 S in and out of the gas/oil phases during production can have a significant impact on scaling tendency. The authors have published papers on experimental solubility measurements and thermodynamic modeling to extend the solubility data to HTHP condition. The new thermodynamic parameters and a flash calculator that integrate the latest development of Equation of State (EOS) to model the partition of H 2 O, CO 2 , and H 2 S in hydrocarbon/aqueous phases at temperature and pressure have been incorporated into a scale prediction software that is specifically tailored for oil and gas production application. The objective of this paper is to validate the software’s application range with a set of critically evaluated peer-reviewed mineral solubility data for general oilfield produced water and deepwater HTHP application. A total of 73 selected papers and more than 2,500 individual experimental data points were included in this evaluation. Our model has been shown to be applicable to greater than 95% of produced water compositions with SI prediction of better than 0.03 for halite, 0.05 for gypsum, 0.1 for calcite and anhydrite, and 0.2 for barite at temperature between 32 - 500 °F, and and pressure between 14.7 to 22,000 psia. The newly incorporated flash calculator is capable of predicting how CO 2 ,H 2 S, and H 2 O partition in and out of the gas phase during production. The partitioning of CO 2 ,H 2 S, and H 2 O between the hydrocarbon and aqueous phases has significantly changed the ion composition and pH and therefore, impacted the scaling tendency of the fluids at the production temperature and pressure. This is a particularly important issue for newer wells with high volumes of gas and low water cuts and for CO 2 flooding.
Dimension five interactions, fermion masses and Higgs mediated proton decay in SU(5)

By supplementing the standard SU(5) Lagrangian with nonrenormalizable (dimension five) terms which are needed in any case to obtain acceptable masses for the first two fermion generations, the proton decay predictions can be neatly reconciled with the ongoing experiments. We present a class of such models in which the dominant decay mode of the proton is ..mu../sup +/K/sup 0/. A triplet of colored Higgs bosons of mass approx.10/sup 12/ GeV, required for successfully implementing the inflationary scenario, mediate this and other decays.
Experiences of a Course on the Culture of Whiteness in Counselor Education

This study examined counseling students' experiences of a group course on the culture of Whiteness. The students reported changes in their White racial identities that included a new awareness of personal race, racial privileges, and a commitment to antiracism. Course tenets cited by students as promoting learning are included. Este estudio examino las experiencias de un grupo de estudiantes de consejeria de un curso sobre la cultura de la Blancura. Los estudiantes informaron de un cambio en su identidad racial Blanca que incluia una renovada conciencia personal sobre la raza, los privilegios raciales y un compromiso con el antirracismo. Se incluyen los principios del curso que los estudiantes citaron como promotores del aprendizaje.
Effect of estrogens on rat serum cholesterol concentrations: consideration of dose, type of estrogen, and treatment duration.

Daily sc injections of estradiol (17β-estradiol-3-benzoate) were given to five groups of adult female rats in doses of 0.25 μg, 2.5 μg, 25 μg, 250 μg, and 2 mg. The rats were bled at 0, 2, 5, and 8 weeks after the initiation of hormone treatment. In a second experiment, five groups of rats received daily sc injections of mestranol (ethynyl estradiol-3-methyl ether) in doses of 0.025,0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 μg. These rats were bled after 2 weeks of treatment. In the first experiment, estradiol produced a biphasic effect: high doses (250 μg and 2 mg) lowered serum cholesterol concentrations, whereas lower doses (2.5 and 25 μg) increased serum cholesterol concentrations. Mestranol did not elicit this biphasic response, but was found to be 100 times more potent than estradiol with respect to its cholesterol-lowering ability. Both estradiol and mestranol stimulated hypertriglyceridemia at the same dose level: 2.5 μg. At 250 μg, mestranol caused a marked lowering of serum triglyceride concentrations, which was a...
Effects of Positioning on Functional Reach

This study examined the functional reach of fifty-three elderly persons who use a wheelchair and reside in an extended care facility. Forward, right, and left functional reaches were elicited through a goal-directed activity while the participant sat in a wheelchair with a wedge cushion on a solid-seat insert and on the standard wheelchair sling seat. Participants had a statistically significant greater forward reach when using the wheelchair with a wedge cushion and solid-seat insert compared to the sling seat, but no significant differences in the right and left reaches were found. While the study inclusion criteria did not specifically select individuals with limitations in reach, this difference in forward reach, possibly due to better positioning in a wheelchair, may positively impact the functional ability of elderly persons.
Evidence for turnover of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and continuous transcription of its structural gene throughout the cell cycle of the eucaryote Chlorella.

Abstract Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase was shown to be unstable in vivo with a half-life of 4.4 h during the cell cycle of the eucaryotic microorganism, Chlorellapyrenoidosa . A steady-state between carboxylase synthesis and breakdown appeared to exist even during periods of constant enzyme activity during the cell cycle. Carboxy lase accumulation was dependent upon both protein and RNA synthesis. Synthesis of the enzyme could be repressed in the dark by glucose. This evidence supports the continuous availability of the carboxylase structural gene for transcription during the cell cycle of this eucaryote.
ROLE OF FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS IN THE STUDY OF THERMAL-CONTROL COATINGS FOR SPACECRAFT

Spacecraft thermal control coating experiments, discussing unreliability of degradation results due to failure to measure radiation properties, UV wavelength dependence and micrometeroid damage
Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization using OH, NH and CH vibrational absorption

The matrices succinic acid (butanedioc acid), caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), and 4-nitroaniline were used to obtain matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectra using a Nd:YAG-pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The matrices were used to ionize the protein bovine insulin at wavelengths between 2.6 and 4.0 mm. Protonated insulin was observed between 2.81 and 3.55 mm with succinic acid, between 2.73 and 3.5 mm with caffeic acid, and in two distinct bands with 4-nitroaniline: one from 2.85 to 3.1 mm and another between 3.4 and 3.5 mm. The best signal and mass resolution were found at approximately 2.9 mm for all matrices. The minimum laser fluence required for MALDI (threshold fluence) was compared to the IR absorption spectra of the solid matrix. We found a good correlation between IR absorption and inverse threshold fluence for the NH and CH stretch absorption bands of 4nitroaniline. The threshold fluence was lower than expected between 2.81 and 3.3 mm for succinic acid and between 2.73 and 2.85 mm for caffeic acid. The low threshold fluence and good MALDI performance in the 2.9 mm region can be explained by free OH group or residual water absorption. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helium bubble precipitation at dislocation networks

We report on a study of nanoscale He bubble precipitation and growth at a twist grain boundary in two face-centered cubic materials. Experimentally, the twist boundary in Au captures all the He in the sample, forming equal-sized bubbles at the dislocation intersection junctions. Simulations in Cu reveal a complex structure of the interface and different He pressure in the interface bubbles compared to bulk, providing an explanation for the high efficiency of the boundary to capture all the He in the sample.
An improved electrolyte for the LiFePO4 cathode working in a wide temperature range

Abstract A LiBF4–LiBOB (lithium bis(oxalato)borate) salt mixture was used to formulate an electrolyte for the operation of a LiFePO4 cathode over a wide temperature range (−50 to 80 °C) by employing a solvent mixture of 1:1:3 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC). In comparison with the ionic conductivity of a single salt electrolyte, LiBF4 electrolyte has a higher conductivity below −10 °C while the LiBOB electrolyte is higher above −10 °C. For cell performance, LiBF4 cell has a better low temperature performance and a higher power capability, but it cannot survive above 60 °C. In contrast, the LiBOB cell performs very well at high temperature even up to 90 °C, but it fails to perform below −40 °C. We found that the temperature performance of Li/LiFePO4 cells could be optimized by using a LiBF4–LiBOB salt mixture. At 1C and at −50 °C, for example, a Li/LiFePO4 cell using 90:10 (in mole) LiBF4–LiBOB salt mixture could provide up to ∼30% of capacity at ∼3.0 V and it still could be cycled at 90 °C. In addition, we observed and explained an opposite correlation between the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and the power capability of the cell. That is, the LiBF4 cell at 20 °C discharges at a higher plateau voltage than the LiBOB cell, whereas the LiBF4 electrolyte has a lower ionic conductivity.
Surface-based passive microwave studies of multiyear sea ice

Results are presented on surface-based multifrequency passive microwave observations of multiyear (MY) sea ice in the eastern Arctic Basin, the Beaufort Sea, the Canadian archipelago, and the northern Greenland Sea. The analyses of these data show that the magnitude of the spectral gradient of emissivity is directly related to the existence and the thickness of a decomposed surface ice layer with very high porosity. Spectra for melt ponds with a frozen surface layer closely resembled those of lake ice and showed a positive spectral gradient. The variance among emissivity spectra for MY ice was caused primarily by the distributions of melt ponds and by the presence of significant amounts of scattering inhomogeneities in the snow and the upper 20-30-cm layer of the ice.
Transanal endoscopic excision of rectal adenomas.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive surgical technique for performing local excision of rectal lesions in the mid and upper rectum that would otherwise be inaccessible for local excision by the direct transanal approach. In the absence of this approach, low anterior resection would be required, which is major abdominal surgery. The justification for excising adenomas of the colon and rectum is their malignant potential, which correlates with the size of the lesion. This retrospective review examines our experience using TEM for excision of adenomas of the rectum from February 1991 to the present. The decision for using TEM is based on a precise localization of the lesion with particular attention to the upper margin of the lesion and its diameter. A total of 56 adenomas were removed. The average diameter was 4.9 cm (range, 3–8 cm). The average distance from the anal verge was 7.92 cm (range, 5–12 cm). Carcinoma in situ was seen in 7 lesions, and the remaining lesions were benign. Morbidity was minimal, with one conversion to an open procedure for an intraperitoneal perforation that required a low anterior resection. No patient required transfusion and there was no mortality. The hospital stay was short, with half of the patients being discharged the same day. The average cost from July 1996 to December 1999 was $7775 for TEM versus $34,018 for LAR. Subsequent follow-up average was 38.8 months (range, 1–100 months), during which time two patients had recurrence of their adenomas. This was successfully treated with reexcision. In conclusion, TEM is an accurate, safe, and relatively inexpensive technique when compared to low anterior resection. This technique significantly reduces the proportion of adenomas requiring abdominal surgery.
Manufacturing Innovation and American Industrial Competitiveness

An erosion of manufacturing capacities has contributed substantially to America's trade problems. The difficulty lies not in U.S. machines and technology, but in U.S. strategies for automation and the goals American firms seek to achieve through production innovation. Mass production and administrative hierarchies created the basis for American industrial preeminence in the years after World War II. There is substantial evidence that American firms have been unable to adopt or adapt to the production innovations emerging abroad. A sustained weakness in manufacturing capabilities could endanger the technology base of the country.
Scopolamine does not affect footshock sensitivity in the rat

To test the generality of the finding of Feigley, et al. [8] that scopolamine increases sensitivity/reactivity to footshock, rats were tested under either scopolamine or saline conditions for sensitivity to footshock in an automated version of the flinch-jump paradigm. There was no significant trend toward increased sensitivity following scopolamine injection at any of the response magnitudes assessed. Since the previous study included an operant response in the measure of sensitivity, it was suggested that apparent effects of scopolamine on reactivity to footshock are dependent on the inclusion of an operant response in the measure of reactivity, and are not due to changes in sensory thresholds.
Studies on kinetoplast DNA. II. Biophysical properties of minicircular DNA from Leishmania tarentolae.

Abstract Purified kinetoplast DNA minicircles from Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes have been studied in terms of several physical properties: contour length and molecular weight, superhelix density of covalently closed molecules, buoyant density in CsCl, sedimentation coefficients, and thermal melting characteristics. The minicircles studied represented a class of free or loosely bound kinetoplast DNA molecules, but these were found to differ in no significant way from the minicircles isolated from sonicated kinetoplast DNA networks. Naturally occurring open minicircles were found to possess a single nick per molecule. Evidence was obtained for intramolecular heterogeneity in base composition as the cause of an observed multiphasic melting curve of open minicircles.
The role of the lateral intercellular spaces and solute polarization effects in the passive flow of water across the rabbit gallbladder.

Osmotic water flows were measured acrossin vitro preparations of the rabbit gallbladder by a gravimetric technique. The bladders exhibited asymmetrical osmotic behavior, in which theL p (hydraulic conductivity) for water flow from mucosa to serosa was up to four times greater than theL p for water flow in the opposite direction. This result is similar to the effects of osmotic gradients on ion and nonelectrolyte permeability reported in the first paper. As in the case of solute permeability, these changes inL p are accounted for by changes in the dimensions of the lateral intercellular spaces of the epithelium. These spaces are thus a final common pathway for the movement of both solutes and water across the epithelium. We also observed osmotic flow transients in which the initialL p was about an order of magnitude greater than the steady stateL p . These transients are largely explained by solute polarization in the unstirred layers adjacent to the epithelial membranes. A comparison between streaming potentials and water flows showed that streaming potentials are directly proportional to the rate of flow only over a limited range. These observations are readily explained on the basis of structural changes and solute polarization effects. Finally, the routes of water flow across epithelia are discussed in the light of our observations.
Bromide Intoxication due to Propantheline Bromide

An elderly woman presented with pneumonia and mental status changes and was found to have bromide poisoning due to ingestion of propantheline bromide over a 2-month period. The interference of bromide with serum chloride measurements on an ion-selective electrode resulted in spurious hyperchloremia and was crucial in making the diagnosis. To our knowledge, bromide intoxication due to propantheline bromide has not been reported previously.
Reactions Between Ti2AlC, B4C, and Al and Phase Equilibria at 1000 °C in the Al-Ti-B-C Quaternary System

As automotive, aerospace and the power industries increasingly look to carbide and boride based aluminum, Al, composites for their high specific strengths and increased thermal stability, it is important to characterize the equilibrium phase relations at temperatures common for processing these composites. Herein, two composites were fabricated starting with Al, Ti2AlC, and B4C. The Ti2AlC/B4C powders were mixed in both 50/50 and 75/25 vol.% ratios and cold pressed into 53% dense preforms. The preforms were pressureless melt infiltrated in the 900-1050 °C temperature range with Al. Ten hour equilibration experiments were also conducted at 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that neither Ti2AlC nor B4C was an equilibrium phase. A number of reaction phases—AlB2, Al3BC, TiB2, TiC, TiAl3 and Al4C3—could be found in the non-equilibrated samples. However, the equilibrium phases were found to be Al, TiB2, Al3BC, and Al4C3 for the more B-rich composite and Al, TiB2, TiC, and Al4C3 for the Ti-rich composite. From these results, the 1000 °C quaternary phase diagram adjacent to the Al-TiB2-Al4C3 triangle and in the Al-rich corner was developed for the first time. This study is a requisite first step for the development and use of advanced composites in the Al-Ti-B-C system.
The Generalized Even Clifford Algebra

Abstract For a central simple algebra A with an orthogonal involution ∗ over a field F of characteristic not equal to two, we associate to it the generalized even Clifford algebraC0(A, ∗). We will present results on the structure of this algebra C0(A, ∗), some of which are due to Jacobson in (J. Algebra1 (1964), 288-300). Using a generic method, we then give a formula for computing C0(A, ∗) when (A, ∗) is decomposable as algebras with involution. Using these results, a necessary condition for decomposability of an algebra with orthogonal involution compatible with the involution is then obtained.
MBE Of ZnSe On GaAs Epilayers

The heteroepitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy is found to occur via a two-dimensional growth mechanism. Alternatively, nucleation on a GaAs substrate exhibits three dimensional growth characteristics. The differentiation of the type of nucleation is evidenced by reflection high energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations, as well as the dynamic behavior of the diffraction patterns. Photoluminescence measurements of pseudomorphic ZnSe epilayers grown on GaAs epilayers provides a direct measurement of ZnSe deformation potentials.
Ultrafast relaxation of the fundamental vibrations of SH- and OH- in potassium halides

Abstract The vibrational relaxation times of SH- and OH- in potassium halides, measured by incoherent laser saturation, vary from 0.8 to 7 ns at 1.7 K. A librational side band at +300 cm-1 provides a possible decay channel. The strength of this mode is strongly temperature dependent, possibly owing to barrier hopping.
Ultrastaging of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) vs. non-SLNs in colorectal cancer—do we need both?

Abstract Background The aim of this study to analyze whether ultrastaging of initially negative nonsentinel lymph nodes (non-SLNs) would increase nodal positivity in colon cancer and rectal cancer. Methods After SLN mapping (SLNM), SLNs were ultrastaged by 4 hematoxylin and eosin and 1 immunohistochemistry sections. A blinded pathologist reexamined initially negative non-SLNs by 3 additional hematoxylin and eosin and 1 immunohistochemistry sections. Results In 156 colon cancer and 44 rectal cancer patients, 2,755 nodes were identified (494 SLNs and 2,261 non-SLNs). Metastases were detected in 20.9% of SLNs and 8.6% of non-SLNs ( P Conclusions The chance of finding additional metastases by ultrastaging of all non-SLNs is extremely low (
Border Patrol: Professional Jurisdictions in Sustainable Urban Environments

According to the United Nations, our world is becoming more populated, more urban, more connected, more globalized, and more complex. With this physical and social complexity comes a need for increased coordination in negotiating our urban futures. Environmental design and planning professionals have worked for decades according to traditional institutionalized role structures. Sustainability”in considering a wider variety of stakeholders”promises not only to include more members in the typical design and construction team (e.g., sustainability consultants, community representatives, technical specialists, etc.), but also to change the jurisdiction of tasks (e.g., project management, decision making, design leadership, etc.) taken on by actors in traditional roles (e.g., owner, architect, contractor, etc.). This paper examines how a wider social concern for environmental and social sustainability has affected the design and construction industry. Organizational and sociological theories suggest that professions are "bound to a set of tasks by ties of jurisdiction... [P]rofessions make up an interacting system... and a profession's success reflects as much the situations of its competitors and the system structure as it does the profession's own efforts” (Abbott 1988: 33). Abbott also suggests that "larger social forces” affect the structuring of professional boundaries. Treating sustainability as a "larger social force,” this paper examines current understandings of professional boundaries in the planning, design, and construction of our environments. It answers questions of how professionals renegotiate roles, responsibilities, and compensation when dealing with an uncertain change in traditional processes.The qualitative data stem from three university building projects. Each project was proposed ab initio without a mandate to achieve LEED Certification, but this complex criterion was subsequently added at different phases of design for each project. The in situ reconfiguration of existing responsibilities”and assignment of new responsibilities”shows how professionals integrate new practices and processes to achieve both environmentally and professionally sustainable futures.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF BUBBLY/SLUG FLOW REGIME TRANSITION

A new mathematical modeling approach has been applied to the analysis of bubbly vapor/liquid flows. In particular, an integro-differential equation has been formulated which describes the bubble si...
Moses: The Face of Fear

Moses is the only prophet in the tradition to see God “face-to-face,” and this intimate contact transforms his very body – when he comes down from the mountain, his face is altered, and he must veil (Exod. 34:29–35). Both the altered face and the veiled face have strange interpretive histories. What may have begun in Hebrew as rays of light streaming from Moses’ visage become in Greek and Latin horns sticking out of his head; thus a history of interpretation begins which first avers the horns as symbols of power and divinity but later shifts to associate the horns with animals and demons. The veil may have also begun as a powerful symbol of prophecy, but its meaning also shifts, and it later becomes associated with passivity and femininity. These multivalent images reveal deeper realities and resonances. Moses is something other than, something beyond, the human and its gendered bifurcation. He is at the nexus where the human, the animal, and the divine meet and converge. And between the glowing face/horns and the veil lies fear, the fear of the Israelites when they behold their leader, and the fear of the Bible’s readers when they are faced with Moses’ ambiguities. Using affect theory, especially Sara Ahmed’s critical work on emotion, this paper will explore the meanings of Moses’ face, covered and uncovered, as it moves through time and community.
Total Synthesis and Structural Revision of the Piperarborenines via Sequential Cyclobutane C - H Arylation

A strategy for the construction of unsymmetrical cyclobutanes using C–H functionalization logic is demonstrated in the total synthesis of piperarborenine B and piperarborenine D (reported structure). These syntheses feature a new preparation of cis-cyclobutane dicarboxylates from commercially available coumalate starting materials and a divergent approach to the controlled cis or trans installation of the two distinct aryl rings found in the natural products using the first example of cyclobutane C–H arylation. The structure of piperarborenine D is reassigned to a head-to-head dimer, which was synthesized using an intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition strategy.
A new mixed disulphide: penicillamine-cysteine.

AS part of a study of skin sensitization to penicillin and its derivatives, we have been investigating the behaviour of penicillamine (β,β′-dimethylcysteine). Since D-penicillamine proved capable of eliciting allergic skin responses1, it was expected that it would react with epidermal proteins2, possibly through cystine or cysteine residues. Accordingly, it was of interest to determine whether this sulphydryl compound reacts with cystine or cysteine. It was found that a reaction occurs readily with cystine with the formation of a mixed disulphide which is here designated penicillamine–cysteine.
Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans

Experimental modulation of capsule size is an important technique for the study of the virulence of the encapsulated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In this paper, we summarize the techniques available for experimental modulation of capsule size in this yeast and describe improved methods to induce capsule size changes. The response of the yeast to the various stimuli is highly dependent on the cryptococcal strain. A high CO2 atmosphere and a low iron concentration have been used classically to increase capsule size. Unfortunately, these stimuli are not reliable for inducing capsular enlargement in all strains. Recently we have identified new and simpler conditions for inducing capsule enlargement that consistently elicited this effect. Specifically, we noted that mammalian serum or diluted Sabouraud broth in MOPS buffer pH 7.3 efficiently induced capsule growth. Media that slowed the growth rate of the yeast correlated with an increase in capsule size. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used media that induce capsule growth in C. neoformans.
Three-dimensional finite element model for lesion correspondence in breast imaging

Predicting breast tissue deformation is of great significance in several medical applications such as biopsy, diagnosis, and surgery. In breast surgery, surgeons are often concerned with a specific portion of the breast, e.g., tumor, which must be located accurately beforehand. Also clinically it is important for combining the information provided by images from several modalities or at different times, for the detection/diagnosis, treatment planning and guidance of interventions. Multi-modality imaging of the breast obtained by X-ray mammography, MRI is thought to be best achieved through some form of data fusion technique. However, images taken by these various techniques are often obtained under entirely different tissue configurations, compression, orientation or body position. In these cases some form of spatial transformation of image data from one geometry to another is required such that the tissues are represented in an equivalent configuration. We propose to use a 3D finite element model for lesion correspondence in breast imaging. The novelty of the approach lies in the following facts: (1) Finite element is the most accurate technique for modeling deformable objects such as breast. The physical soundness and mathematical rigor of finite element method ensure the accuracy and reliability of breast modeling that is essential for lesion correspondence. (2) When both MR and mammographic images are available, a subject-specific 3D breast model will be built from MRIs. If only mammography is available, a generic breast model will be used for two-view mammography reading. (3) Incremental contact simulation of breast compression allows accurate capture of breast deformation and ensures the quality of lesion correspondence. (4) Balance between efficiency and accuracy is achieved through adaptive meshing. We have done intensive research based on phantom and patient data.
Confocal microscopy of biological tissues

ABSTRACT A new, real-time, flying slit confocal microscope, that has uniquefeatures and imaging characteristics for in vivo human ocular imagingis described. The use of scanning slit confocal microscopes has unique advantages over other instrumental systems based on pinhole- containing Nipkow disks (tandem-scanning confocal microscopes) for clinical in vivo confocal microscopy. The use of laser based confocalmicroscopy to investigate the metabolic state of biological tissues is described as a complementary technique to the reflected light imaging methods based on the flying slit confocal microscope. Keywords: confocal microscopy, cornea, ocular imaging, scanning slit confocal microscope, redox metabolic imaging. 1. INTRODUCTION The development of optics is closely linked to the development of noninvasive optical instruments for diagnostic purposed in ophthalmology. Diagnostic techniques based on new optical designs are evolving at a rapid pace. The benefit to the patient and to our understanding of normal and diseased ocular function and structures
Production of phytate-hydrolysing enzyme by some fungi

Abstract Eighty-four fungi from twenty five species have been examined for the production of extracellular enzymes capable of hydrolysing phytate (3-phytase, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.8, and 6-phytase, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate 6-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.26) when grown in: (1) rapeseed meal (RSM); (2) a semisynthetic medium containing phytate as the sole phosphorus source (PSM); (3) potato dextrose broth (PDB). Although 58 active strains showed substantial activity, results in either of the media were of no value in indicating activity in RSM. There was no relationship between the ability of a fungus to hydrolyse phytate and its taxonomic position. Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135 had the greatest activity in the synthetic medium, and was relatively active in RSM. The extracellular enzyme had maximum activity after 10 days growth in PSM and had a temperature optimum of 55°C. Two pH optima were noted at pH 2.0 and 5.5. Inorganic phosphate inhibited enzyme production; ammonia ions were a better nitrogen source than nitrate or urea.
On the optimum temperature progression for irreversible non-catalytic gas—solid reactions

Abstract Non-catalytic gas—solid reactions are examined, where both pore diffusion and chemical kinetics may affect the overall rate. At low temperatures the system is chemically controlled, whereas at high temperatures the reacted shell sinters, which causes the reaction to slow down appreciably. The system is represented by an appropriate mathematical model and it is shown that in this instance an optimal temperature progression would offer little advantage over operating at a constant optimal temperature throughout the reaction. A physical explanation is suggested for this behavior.
Neurologic complications of pediatric liver transplantation

Abstract The neurologic complications of 24 children, ages 5 months to 18 years, following orthotopic liver transplantation at the Indiana University hospitals are reported. Biliary atresia (14 patients) was the most common cause for orthotopic liver transplantation. Three children died. Seventeen children (70%) had no neurologic deficit on follow-up 6 months or longer after transplantation. Eleven children (46%), including 4 of 16 patients (25%) who had received OKT3, had neurologic complications. Seven children (29%) had newonset seizures; 4 of these patients had status epilepticus. Two children had intracranial hemorrhage. Seizures occurred later in children than in adults following orthotopic liver transplantation and were not associated with poor prognosis. Longer term follow-up is indicated to assess subtle, cognitive deficits following liver transplantation in children.
A model for the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of chiorophenoxy acid herbicides in the rat: The effect of enterohepatic recycling

A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model has been developed to describe the time course of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T), and 2- [2,4,5- trichlorophenoxy]propionic acid (2,4,5-TCPPA), in the plasma, urine, and bile of rats. The model assumes that saturable renal transport and extensive enterohepatic circulation are operative during the distribution and elimination of these compounds. The model was validated by comparing the predicted plasma concentrations and urinary and biliary excretion rates with those reported previously in the literature. The model is capable of predicting the changes in plasma and urinary elimination during bile duct cannulation and suggests that the nonlinear elimination of these compounds is dramatically influenced by enterohepatic circulation.
Abstract 3305: Trim3, the human homolog of Drosophila brat, regulates asymmetric division in glioblastoma stem cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. The recently described stem cell component of malignant gliomas is biologically critical, yet mechanisms that underlie its regulation are not understood. Mutations in Drosophila Brain tumor (brat) result in a massively enlarged fly brain that consists of a neuroblast cell population with neoplastic growth properties that has lost the ability to divide asymmetrically. Brat has been shown to promote asymmetric cell division and direct neural differentiation at least partially through its translational suppression of Myc. Here we investigated the role of brat homologs for their regulation of glioma behavior, especially as related to asymmetric division of glioma stem cells. We found that the human brat homolog, Trim3, is highly expressed in normal brain and that a substantial subset of GBMs (25-30%) show loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 11p15.5, the site of Trim3. Trim3 expression was markedly reduced in human GBM cell lines compared to human astrocytes and reduced in human GBMs specimens compared to normal brain, consistent with results from mining existing gene expression data sets (oncomine). Since Drosophila brat is critical to neural differentiation and regulates Myc, we explored whether human Trim3 might regulate glioma stem cell properties by its regulation of Myc. We found that the forced expression of Trim3 in human GBM cell lines led to reduced Myc protein expression. This inverse relationship between Trim3 and Myc also held true in GBM samples. We used a lentiviral system to stably express Trim3 in GBM cell lines and neurospheres and found that Trim3 expression reduced glioma proliferation and colony formation in vitro and also led to smaller and less frequent neuropheres. In vivo, Trim3 suppressed tumor growth in an orthotopic xenograft model and led to prolonged survival. Trim3 expression was associated with reduced expression of nestin and CD133 by GBM neurosphere cultures, suggesting that its loss may enrich the stem cell compartment. Moreover, Trim3 expression by neurosphere stem cells favored a pattern of asymmetric cell division in GBM. Thus, Trim3 appears to direct asymmetric cell division in glioma stem cells and its loss is associated with stem cell enrichment and greater biologic potential. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3305. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3305
The Phage T4 Protein UvsW Drives Holliday Junction Branch Migration

The phage T4 UvsW protein has been shown to play a crucial role in the switch from origin-dependent to recombination-dependent replication in T4 infections through the unwinding of origin R-loop initiation intermediates. UvsW also functions with UvsX and UvsY to repair damaged DNA through homologous recombination, and, based on genetic evidence, has been proposed to act as a Holliday junction branch migration enzyme. Here we report the purification and characterization of UvsW. Using oligonucleotide-based substrates, we confirm that UvsW unwinds branched DNA substrates, including X and Y structures, but shows little activity in unwinding linear duplex substrates with blunt or single-strand ends. Using a novel Holliday junction-containing substrate, we also demonstrate that UvsW promotes the branch migration of Holliday junctions efficiently through more than 1000 bp of DNA. The ATP hydrolysis-deficient mutant protein, UvsW-K141R, is unable to promote Holliday junction branch migration. However, both UvsW and UvsW-K141R are capable of stabilizing Holliday junctions against spontaneous branch migration when ATP is not present. Using two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis we also show that UvsW acts on T4-generated replication intermediates, including Holliday junction-containing X-shaped intermediates and replication fork-shaped intermediates. Taken together, these results strongly support a role for UvsW in the branch migration of Holliday junctions that form during T4 recombination, replication, and repair.
Clinical Pharmacology of Carvedilol.

Background: There is now a wealth of data supporting the use of beta-blockers in heart failure and the additional pharmacological properties of carvedilol are thought to play an important role in the therapeutic efficacy of carvedilol in this disease.Methods and Results: Carvedilol is licensed for the treatment of essential hypertension, chronic stable angina, and mild to moderate chronic heart failure. This article provides an up-to-date review of the clinical pharmacology of carvedilol, with particular emphasis on its clinical effects in heart failure.Conclusion: Carvedilol is a multiple-action neurohormonal antagonist that offers non selective beta-blockade, alpha-1 blockade, antioxidant, anti-ischemic mortality, and anti proliferative properties. In addition to reductions in hospitalization and mortality rates, benefits of carvedilol in heart failure include dramatic improvements in left ventricular function and other parameters of cardiac remodeling.
NMR in lead-containing compounds☆

Abstract 207 Pb NMR spectra for seven lead-containing compounds have been obtained in the absorption mode. The lineshapes, linewidths, and chemical shifts have been analyzed and the results correlated with the bonding character, site symmetry, and relaxation processes of the lead atoms.
Functional analysis of pre and post-knee surgery: Total knee arthroplasty and ACL reconstruction

This paper examines the biomechanics of total knee arthroplasty as a treatment for arthritis and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction for repair of torn anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee. These are two of the most frequent reconstructive procedures for the knee joint. Functional testing of patients while performing various activities of daily living was used to study the relationship between the intrinsic biomechanics of the knee and function. The results of the study of patients following total knee replacement demonstrated a dynamic interaction between the posterior cruciate ligament and quadriceps function during stairclimbing. The study of patients with ACL-deficient knees demonstrated that loss of the anterior cruciate ligament can cause the avoidance of quadriceps contraction during activities when the knee is near full extension. Other studies demonstrated a relationship between tibiofemoral joint mechanics and patellofemoral mechanics. In addition, the importance of combined ligamentous laxity with higher than normal adduction moments during gait was examined in relationship to progressive degenerative changes to the medial compartment of the knee. In summary, functional testing such as gait analysis has proven to be an important basic research tool as well as extremely effective for clinical testing of new procedures and devices.
The Influence of Extraneous Elements on Line Intensity. IV. Extraneous Element Effects in the Direct-Current Arc*

The effect of varying amounts of extraneous element upon the line intensity of different elements has been investigated. Slavin’s total energy method was used to make possible a more direct correlation than has been achieved using the internal standard method. The results of this study indicate that the effect of the extraneous element varies with the amount of extraneous element, but not in a simple linear fashion. The effect of an extraneous element on a group of lines of an element ending at the same energy level or beginning at the same energy level, is the same.The experimental results show that the elements can be arranged in a series bases on their interelement effects in the d.c. arc. An arrangement of the elements in a series based on their boiling points and excitation potentials is in agreement with that found experimentally.
Ternary phase equilibria of tetrahydrofuran-polystyrene-polytetrahydrofuran

Phase diagrams including tie lines for three ternary solvent-polymer-polymer systems consisting of tetrahydrofuran-polystyrene-polytetrahydrofuran at 30°C have been obtained using size exclusion chromatography. The effect of molecular weight on polymer-polymer compatibility has been investigated. A liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) database has been used to compare UNIQUAC and a modified Flory-Huggins model with respect to their ability to correlate LLE data. Both models contain six adjustable parameters. As previously observed in the literature, the estimation of the UNIQUAC parameters is troublesome due to the model's complexity and the intercorrelation of the parameters. On the basis of better performance and ease of use, the Flory-Huggins model is recommended. The Flory-Huggins model is capable of accurately describing LLE of systems which exhibit quite complex tie line behavior. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The social context of syphilis persistence in the Southeastern United States

In light of the racial-ethnic and poverty composition of the United States population and the distribution of syphilis morbidity across population subgroups, it is important to determine how race-ethnicity and poverty jointly and independently affect transmission dynamics of syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases. Populations of minority race ethnicity and populations of poverty are both marked by youthful age composition and relative scarcity of men, and both populations live in areas of high poverty concentration. Sexually transmitted disease morbidity, particularly syphilis morbidity, is concentrated in these populations, which are neither purely racial-ethnic groupings nor purely economic groupings. This social context creates potential sex partner pools of high risk and high sexually transmitted disease prevalence, which carry a higher probability of exposure to infection for each sex act. The combined effects of poverty, minority race-ethnicity, and geographic clustering apparently contribute to persisting syphilis morbidity, particularly in the southeastern United States.
Sterilization, Catholic health care, and the legitimate autonomy of culture.

Disagreement over the legitimacy of direct sterilization continues within Catholic moral debate, with painful and at times confusing ramifications for Catholic healthcare systems. This paper argues that the medical profession should be construed as a key moral authority in this debate, on two grounds. First, the recent revival of neo-Aristotelianism in moral philosophy as applied to medical ethics has brought out the inherently moral dimensions of the history and current practice of medicine. Second, this recognition can be linked to Catholic morality through Vatican II’s affirmation of the legitimate autonomy of culture, including the sciences. A partial precedent for understanding the moral authority of medicine can be found in the recent history of Catholic medical morality, and we further argue that a full contemporary recognition of that authority would weigh against an absolute prohibition of direct sterilizations. Institutionally, we propose the allowance of direct sterilizations in cases where the...
Effects of parasitic transformer capacitances on switching transients at a HV capacitor bank

ATP-EMTP simulations were conducted to investigate the cause of failure of a 4.5 MVAR capacitor bank at a high voltage switching station. To include the possible role of ferroresonance and other high frequency resonance effects, models of the 161 kV/34.5 kV transformer and the circuit breaker at the switching station included non-linear inductance and various appropriate parasitic capacitances. The simulation results for the capacitor bank phase currents and their Fourier frequency spectra suggest that excessive switching transients due to resonance effects involving transformer high voltage earth capacitance and inter-winding capacitance, rather than ferroresonance, may be associated with the capacitor bank failure.
An integrated theory of list memory.

The ACT-R theory (Anderson, 1993; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) is applied to the list memory paradigms of serial recall, recognition memory, free recall, and implicit memory. List memory performance in ACT-R is determined by the level of activation of declarative chunks which encode that items occur in the list. This level of activation is in turn determined by amount of rehearsal, delay, and associative fan from a list node. This theory accounts for accuracy and latency profiles in backward and forward serial recall, set size effects in the Sternberg paradigm, length ‐ strength effects in recognition memory, the Tulving ‐ Wiseman function, serial position, length and practice effects in free recall, and lexical priming in implicit memory paradigms. This wide variety of effects is predicted with minimal parameter variation. It is argued that the strength of the ACT-R theory is that it offers a completely specified processing architecture that serves to integrate many existing models in the literature. q 1998 Academic Press