cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on magnetic resonance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in biochemistry.

Publisher Summary Magnetic resonance plays an important role in biophysical spectroscopy of ever increasing importance and diversity. The topic is conveniently and conventionally divided into three domains: (1) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, (2) Mossbauer spectroscopy, and (3) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) methods exemplify evolving techniques where experiment and theory continue to advance. Thus, future developments are anticipated to provide enhancements in sensitivity, spectral and temporal resolution, and the ability to interpret the spectra in terms of the local electronic and metrical structure. EPR spectroscopy at increasingly higher field strengths corresponding to frequencies in the far-infrared is even now beginning to appear. The enhanced spectral dispersion yields single crystal-like spectra from powder like samples. The relaxation times at the higher frequencies can be considerably different than those at the customary lower frequencies, providing a new source of information.
Dephasing of the LH-HH exciton Raman coherence in GaAs quantum wells: distinguishing between phonon and carrier scattering

Three-beam four-wave mixing shows anti-correlated scattering of HH and LH excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells, suggesting that exciton-phonon scattering dominates the exciton dephasing. The correlation increases at higher excitation densities.
Effects of O2 and CO2 on Nonsteady-State Photosynthesis (Further Evidence for Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Limitation).

The effects of CO2 and O2 on nonsteady-state photosynthesis following an increase in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were examined in Spinacia oleracea to investigate the hypotheses that (a) a slow exponential phase (the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase [Rubisco] phase) of nonsteady-state photosynthesis is primarily limited by Rubisco activity and (b) Rubisco activation involves two sequential, light-dependent processes as described in a previous study (I.E. Woodrow, K.A. Mott [1992] Plant Physiol 99: 298-303). Photosynthesis was found to be sensitive to O2 during the Rubisco phase in the approach of photosynthesis to steady state. Analyses of this sensitivity to O2 showed that the control coefficient for Rubisco was approximately equal to 1 during this phase, suggesting that Rubisco was the primary limitation to photosynthesis. O2 had almost no effect on the kinetics (described using a relaxation time, [tau] of the Rubisco phase for leaves starting in darkness or for leaves starting in low PPFD, but [tau] was substantially higher in the former case. CO2 was found to affect both the rate of photosynthesis and the magnitude of [tau] for the Rubisco phase. The [tau] value for the Rubisco phase was found to be negatively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration (ci), and leaves starting in darkness had higher values of [tau] at any ci than leaves starting in low PPFD. The effects of CO2 and O2 on the Rubisco phase are consistent with the existence of two sequential, light-dependent processes in the activation of Rubisco if neither process is sensitive to O2 and only the second process is sensitive to CO2. The implications of the data for the mechanism of Rubisco activation and for the effects of stomatal conductance on nonsteady-state photosynthesis are discussed.
Shape of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands

THE diffuse interstellar bands, which have been known for about 36 years1, are still one of the mysteries of astronomy. One hope has been that with definite identification of these bands will come not only further information about interstellar matter and its condition but, more specifically, more information about the nature of interstellar grains. Even without identification, however, there have been properties of the lines which could conceivably carry information about their origin. When van de Hulst2,3 considered the question of the origin of the diffuse lines from the point of view of the optics of small particles containing absorptive impurities, he noted that the shape of the extinction curve in the neighbourhood of the absorption lines could be one of various possibilities, depending on the size of the particles. Although this result was based on an approximate low index of refraction theory it turned out to be quite correct—at least qualitatively—as confirmed by detailed Mie theory computations4–7. As a consequence of these extensive calculations it was conclusively shown that if the 4430 band (the strongest of the diffuse bands) is symmetric there can be no simple accounting for these bands as originating from absorbing atoms or molecules dispersed through the interior of the grain, because the effective grain sizes needed to account for the shape of the extinction curve are such as to produce highly asymmetric additional extinction about the average. But new observational data on extinction have been reinterpreted8,9 and it now seems that the 4430 band is probably highly asymmetric and indeed may actually consist of a lower extinction at the shorter wavelengths followed by an additional extinction at the longer wavelengths, the whole being similar to a dispersion curve as predicted for the small dielectric or dirty ice particles4 which give rise to the interstellar extinction. We have followed up this idea and have extended the calculations to polarization10 as well as extinction in the 4430 region produced by several of the proposed interstellar grain models including silicates and graphite. In so doing we have found that the polarization may be the more useful and definitive way of getting information about the grains11.
Tensile and fatigue properties of explosively and conventionally formed 2014 aluminum alloy

The relative influence of explosive and conventional forming on the terminal characteristics of a commercial precipitation-hardenable Al-4.5 pct Cu alloy (AA 2014) was investigated. This included the evaluation of microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, fatigue life, and response to heat treatment. Domes of 2014−0 and Alclad 2014−T6 were free-formed explosively with standoff into a 12-in. diam open die. Their isostatically formed counterparts were produced by rubber pressing. Specimens were sectioned from the domes, so that the material itself rather than components was characterized. The terminal behavior of both tempers was determined in the as-formed condition, and of T6 after forming in the 0 temper prior to the full heat treatment. It was found that the aforementioned properties do not depend significantly on the rate of forming. A simple method is presented for adjusting the forming strains mathematically so that it is not necessary to produce precisely equivalent prestrains experimentally before an adequate comparison of tensile properties can be made.
Adenine nucleotide concentrations and turnover rates. Their correlation with biological activity in bacteria and yeast.

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews the correlations, both stoicheiometric and regulatory, that have been reported between the concentrations of the different adenine nucleotides and the occurrence or rates of integrated functions such as growth or production of storage compounds. The roles of the adenine nucleotides may be conveniently classified under three headings. First, they are intermediates in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and histidine, and also of nucleotide cofactors such as Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and coenzyme A. Second, they constitute an energy-transducing system that stoicheiometrically couples all metabolic processes and thus plays the central role in stoicheiometric correlation of metabolism. Third, they kinetically regulate the activities of a large number of enzyme reactions and probably of all metabolic sequences. In serving as intermediates, the adenylate do not differ in principle from dozens of other compounds, but the second and third functional categories are unique. Metabolism is organized around the adenine nucleotides and these compounds must be taken into account in the study of nearly every aspect of functional biology. It has become apparent that the associated role of these nucleotides in kinetic correlation and regulation is equally unique, ubiquitous, and important. All metabolic pathways are stoicheiometrically related through the adenine nucleotide system, because all either utilize or regenerate ATP. It is a logical necessity, if these sequences are to be mutually regulated so as to maintain biological homeostasis, that all sequences must also be kinetically regulated, directly or indirectly, by the same coupling system.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis, 21. Thermotropic aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s: A new class of thermotropic aromatic main‐chain liquid crystalline polymers

Thermotropic aromatic poly(ether sulfone)s (3a — e) were prepared by phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) polyetherification of bis(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl) sulfone (1) with mesogenic aromatic diols. The synthesized polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarization microscopy to determine their phase behavior. All polymers appear to be amorphous. Only the polyethers based on 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2a) and 1 exhibit enantiotropic liquid crystalline behavior. This demonstrates that fully aromatic polyethers can be prepared as thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers.
An Analysis of the Total Quality Movement: In Search of Quality Enhancement through Structural and Strategic Synthesis

This paper analyzes the many constructs of the total quality movement from an analytical, systems, and actors paradigmatic perspective and synthesizes the various total quality movement constructs into an effective change management planning framework. The change management planning framework developed by the author is called the Dynamic Continuous Improvement Model which synthesizes the total quality movement's elements into two specific open systems processes called morphostasis and morphogenesis. The first process called morphostasis is defined as a process that allows the organization to maintain its given form, structure, and state in an open systems environment (Bertalanffy & Rapoport, 1962a, 1962b; Peery Jr, 1972; Reed, 2006; Scott, 2003; Swenson, Malley, & Balsmeier, 1991; Tan Sen, 1994). The second process called morphogensis is defined as a process that changes the system so that it is more adaptive to environmental factors (Bertalanffy & Rapoport, 1962a, 1962b; Peery Jr, 1972; Reed, 2006; Scott, 2003; Swenson et al., 1991; Tan Sen, 1994). The Dynamic Continuous Improvement Model applies the total quality movement concepts developed during the three-way paradigmatic analysis into the two open systems constructs called morphostasis and morphogensis. The goal of the Dynamic Continuous Improvement Model is to develop process driven strategies based on both the total quality movement and open systems theory that aligns sub-systems in a manner that minimizes entropy, attains maximum throughput, and enhances quality throughout the organization's value chain.
Transdifferentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into hepatocytes: a new approach

Background: Several studies have demonstrated techniques in differentiating human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) into hepatocytes. Unfortunately, transdifferentiation is inefficient, and the function of these induced hepatocyte-like cells (which we termed ‘iHeps’) is low compared with that of real hepatocytes. Aims: We aimed to identify transcriptional deficiencies in iHeps that are critical to hepatocyte development, which may provide insights into improving the efficiency of transdifferentiation. Methods: hADSCs were differentiated into iHeps, and iHeps were assayed for hepatocyte-like activity. iHeps were then screened for expression of several growth factors, receptors and transcription factors (TFs) critical to liver development using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Deficient TFs were transduced into hADSCs and hepatocyte function was reassessed after hepatic differentiation. Results: Differentiation of hADSCs into iHeps resulted in the upregulation of hepatic proteins. However, the levels of expression of hepatocyte-specific proteins in these iHeps were well below those of Huh 7.5 hepatoma cells, used in comparison. Five developmental TFs were notably absent on the RT-PCR screen. Lentiviral transduction of these TFs into hADSCs followed by culture in hepatocyte induction medium resulted in increased albumin expression compared with untransduced hADSCs treated in a parallel fashion. Conclusions: These five missing TFs are known to regulate hepatocyte differentiation and some are required to establish the competence of the foregut endoderm. Presumably due to their mesenchymal lineage, hADSCs do not express these endodermal TFs and are not fully competent to respond to critical developmental signals. Supplementation of these TFs may induce competency and enhance the differentiation of hADSCs into hepatocytes.
The narrow and the broad: American environmentalism

The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement 1962–1992 by Kirkpatrick Sale. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. Pp. xx + 124; index. $7.95. ISBN 0 8090 1551 X A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement by Philip Shabecoff. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. Pp. xv + 352; index. $25.00. ISBN 0 8090 8459 7 Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement by Robert Gottlieb. Washington DC: Island Press, 1993. Pp. xi + 413; index. $27.50. ISBN 1 55963 123 6
Platelet-rich plasma does not reduce blood loss or pain or improve range of motion after TKA.

Background Numerous reports suggest the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) during TKA may decrease postoperative bleeding. Because excessive bleeding can increase postoperative pain and inflammation, use of PRP also reportedly decreases the need for narcotics and increases speed of recovery after TKA. Because previous investigations of PRP and TKA reflect a weak level of medical evidence, we sought to confirm these findings.
Corticifugal influences on the activity of reticular formation neurons in cats

Abstract Corticifugal influences descending through the subthalamus have been shown to regulate the excitability of the reticular formation (RF) and maintain attentive behavior. Previous work demonstrated that cooling the secondary somatosensory cortex (SSII) modified RF sensory-evoked potentials. The present experiments indicate that the primary sensorimotor cortex (SSI) also projects to single neurons at those levels of the RF which have been shown to receive subthalamic influences. In acutely prepared, unanesthetized, immobilized cats, bilateral cooling of SSI caused a reduction in the response of midbrain and medullary RF neurons to sciatic stimulation. In some RF cells which responded to both sciatic and forepaw stimulation, cortical cooling decreased responses to both inputs. The generalized, tonic nature of these corticifugal influences was also illustrated by showing that cooling reduced spontaneous activity. Rewarming led to a recovery of reticular responsiveness and background activity. If care was taken to prevent cortical deterioration, cooling could be repeated with subsequent response recovery back to control levels upon rewarming. In some reticular neurons which had both early and late responses it was possible to show that the cortex could also exert differential effects on these responses. Thus, corticifugal projections from both SSI and SSII are important in determining the excitability of neurons along the length of the RF to somatosensory input. Although these influences were usually tonic and generalized in nature, in some cases they could be shown to exert more specific effects.
Kinetic characterization of barley root plasma membrane-bound Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activities.

A plasma membrane-rich microsome fraction isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conquest) roots contained considerable divalent cation-dependent ATPase activity when assayed at 16°C. The maximal divalent cation-stimulation of the apparent basal ATPase activity varied as Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+= Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+, with all other divalent cations tested being inhibitory. Double reciprocal plots of the Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase velocities as a function of substance concentration were nonlinear, suggesting the presence of multiple catalytic sites. Both MgATP2- and CaATP2- served as the true substrates and apparently bind to the same catalytic sites. Free ATP and Ca2+ could inhibitit the Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase. Increasing free Mg2+ levels enhanced the affinity of the Mg2+-dependent ATPase for MgATP2-, while slightly inhibiting the Vmax values. Other divalent cation-nucleoside triphosphate complexes produced maximal enzyme velocities equal to or greater than those generated by CaATP2- and MgATP2-. However, the ATPase had significantly higher affinities for CaATP2- and MgATP2-, than for the alternative substrates. The high and low affinity components of the Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase exhibited optimal Vmax values at pH 5 and 6, respectively. Analysis of the pH-dependence of the enzyme Km values indicated enzyme-substrate binding with charge neutralization at neutral and alkaline pH's. Nonlinear double reciprocal plots were obtained at all assay temperatures. However, the complexity of the enzyme kinetics became less apparent at the higher assay temperatures. The kinetics of the barley root divalent cation-dependent ATPase activities are discussed in terms of the kinetics of ATPases from other plants and the methods used to obtain them, and compared to the kinetics of ion transport ATPases from animal membranes.
Mathematical Modeling for the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease

Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease (AD) still eludes our comprehension. This is largely due to complex and dynamic cross-talks that occur among multiple cell types throughout the aging process. We present a mathematical model that helps define critical components of AD pathogenesis based on differential rate equations that represent the known cross-talks involving microglia, astroglia, neurons, and amyloid-β (Aβ). We demonstrate that the inflammatory activation of microglia serves as a key node for progressive neurodegeneration. Our analysis reveals that targeting microglia may hold potential promise in the prevention and treatment of AD.
Anatomical and physiological considerations in cardiac preservation.

Summary The function of the heart is dependent upon the interaction of many complex sturctures. The basic mechanical act of shortening is a property of the sarcomere. The proper relationship of the actin to myosin filaments within the sarcomere is a matter not only of the architecture of the sarcomere itself but also of the elastic tissue components which adjust the transmission of forces between the active contractile component and the environment. The mechanical shortening of the sarcomere requires a high level of energy delivered to it by the mitochondria after various enzymatic processes utilize the substrates—glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. A fault in this energy supply system, which, particularly in the instance of the supply of oxygen, is dependent upon an intact vasculature, induces severe, frequently intolerable limitations on the function of the sarcomere. The repetitive, synchronous, excitation of myocardial fibers is a function of a specialized tissue influenced by the autonomic nervous system, by circulating hormones, by metabolites and electrical and mechanical forces in the heart itself. The terminal relationship of this system to the sarcomere is a most critical one involving ion transport across the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although gross alterations in the autonomic nervous supply to the heart and to the higher levels of the specialized conduction system itself are tolerable and compensible, proper function of excitation-contraction coupling is essential. Disruption of this system is a likely consequence of some preservation techniques. Although the heart can withstand the imposition of many gross injuries to many of its systems, there are several critical areas where the preservation of structure and function are essential. Investigation of techniques of preservation of these critical functions would appear to be the fruitful area to pursue.
CD1d-restricted NKT cells regulate the inflammatory phase of cutaneous wound healing

INTRODUCTION: NKT cells are innate lymphocytes known for their regulation of immune responses in cancer, autoimmunity, and microbial infection. Here, we present the novel finding that NKT cells are key regulators of cutaneous wound repair. Using an in vivo mouse model of cutaneous injury in conjunction with antibodies that block NKT cell activation, we show that NKT cells critically regulate the wound inflammatory milieu and the overall kinetics of wound closure.
Linear-size nonobtuse triangulation of polygons

We give an algorithm for triangulatingn-vertex polygonal regions (with holes) so that no angle in the final triangulation measures more than ?/2. The number of triangles in the triangulation is onlyO(n), improving a previous bound ofO(n2), and the running time isO(n log2n). The basic technique used in the algorithm, recursive subdivision by disks, is new and may have wider application in mesh generation. We also report on an implementation of our algorithm.
The biodegradation of blends of polycaprolactone and polyethylene exposed to a defined consortium of fungi

Polycaprolactone, polyethylene, and blends of polycaprolactone and polyethylene—in which the portion of polycaprolactone was 80 and 10%—were exposed for periods of from 1 to 16 weeks to a consortium of five fungi in a nutrient salt medium containing 0.8 mg/ml potato dextrose. After exposure the samples were cleaned, dried, and analyzed for weight loss, changes in their molecular weight distribution as determined by gel permeation chromatography, molecular changes as seen by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), and changes in tensile strength. Tensile strength of polycaprolactone began to decrease after 1 week of exposure, even though the molecular weight distribution showed no change. FT-IR spectra indicated a loss of amorphous polycaprolactone from the surface of samples.
A selective role of NKG2D in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

The NKG2D activating receptor has been implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases. We tested the role of NKG2D in models of autoimmunity and inflammation using NKG2D knockout mice and antibody blockade experiments. The severity of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) was decreased in NKG2D-deficient mice when the disease was induced with a limiting antigen dose, but unchanged with an optimal antigen dose. Surprisingly, however, NKG2D deficiency had no detectable effect in several other models, including two models of type 1 diabetes, and a model of intestinal inflammation induced by poly(I:C). NKG2D antibody blockade in normal mice also failed to inhibit disease in the NOD diabetes model or the intestinal inflammation model. Published evidence using NKG2D knockout mice demonstrated a role for NKG2D in mouse models of atherosclerosis and liver inflammation, as well as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, our results suggest that NKG2D plays selective roles in inflammatory diseases.
Epitaph for the Lone Ranger, MD: Adapting Continuing Medical Education to the Twenty-First Century.

Continuing medical education (CME) is plagued by outdated ideas about how physicians should use information in treating their patients. To maintain relevance, CME programs must develop a new approach to teaching that acknowledges the realities of twenty-first century health care and offers physicians a better way to learn.
Positive Psychology and Physical Health Research and Applications

Positive psychology is the scientific study of a healthy and flourishing life. The goal of positive psychology is to complement and extend the traditional problem-focused psychology that has proliferated in recent decades. Positive psychology is concerned with positive psychological states (eg, happiness), positive psychological traits (eg, talents, interests, strengths of character), positive relationships, and positive institutions. We describe evidences of how topics of positive psychology apply to physical health. Research has shown that psychological health assets (eg, positive emotions, life satisfaction, optimism, life purpose, social support) are prospectively associated with good health measured in a variety of ways. Not yet known is whether positive psychology interventions improve physical health. Future directions for the application of positive psychology to health are discussed. We conclude that the application of positive psychology to health is promising, although much work remains to be done.
Some aspects of the turbulence kinetic energy and fluxes above and beneath a tall open pine forest canopy

Abstract We examine the average contributions from shear generation, buoyancy production and vertical turbulent transport to the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) tendency for two vertical layers of a tall open pine forest: a lower layer in the subcanopy space in contact with the understory and the surface, and an upper layer extending from the top half of the open subcanopy trunk space upwards to about twice the canopy height. The subcanopy TKE is strongly related to the TKE above the canopy, with approximately one-tenth the magnitude. In the upper layer, shear generation of turbulence dominates, while in the lower layer the vertical turbulent transfer of TKE is the largest of the three terms. The vertical turbulent transport in the lower layer is of similar magnitude but opposite sign to that in the upper layer. The observations suggest that a significant fraction of the subcanopy turbulence is driven by shear generation of turbulence above the canopy that is subsequently transported downward by turbulence into the subcanopy. In addition, we evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of the TKE, the three TKE tendency terms, the CO 2 flux, moisture flux, heat flux and the friction velocity in the subcanopy. In terms of fluxes, the heterogeneity is by far the largest for the CO 2 flux. Based on the observed weak heterogeneity of the turbulence and the strong heterogeneity of the CO 2 flux, we conclude that significant variations in the CO 2 source terms occur on scales smaller than our network, where the distance between measurement sites is 87 m. We also observe large systematic differences in the long-term average subcanopy moisture and especially CO 2 flux depending on location within the network of measurement sites despite the lack of any clear differences in soils, exposure, vegetation, elevation or terrain slope.
Effects of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-Releasing Hormone Pulse Amplitude and Frequency on LH Secretion by Perifused Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells

Recent studies have shown that LH secretion in vivo is pulsatile. In the present study, a cell perifusion system was employed to characterize the pituitary response to changes in LHRH pulse amplitude and frequency. Increases in pulse amplitude consistently elevated both mean LH levels and the amount of LH released in response to individual LHRH pulses. The EC50 for LHRH was approximately 3 nM. Increases in pulse frequency also increased mean LH levels, but frequencies of three or more pulses per h were associated with a decrease in the amount of LH released per pulse. Alterations in LHRH pulse characteristics changed qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of LH secretion, with high frequency, high amplitude pulses producing a biphasic response to LHRH. Initially a self-priming response was seen during the second and third hours of stimulation; this was followed by increasing desensitization of the cultures to LHRH. These results, by defining the pituitary response to specific conditions of stimulation, will help to clarify the relationship of LHRH stimulation to LH secretion in vivo.
Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis with the Herbert screw

Numerous fixation techniques have been described to obtain successful proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis. By use of the Herbert screw for compression, 50 (98%) out of 51 PIP joints were fused within 6 weeks. Biomechanically, PIP joint arthrodeses using the Herbert screw in cadaver joints were comparable to tension band arthrodeses evaluated by three-point bending. Herbert screw arthrodesis of the PIP joint achieves a high fusion rate with minimal external protection provided certain technical details are followed.
Validation of ASHRAE Equation to Find Evaporation Rates in Humid Cavity

Presence of Humidity has many undesired effects in many applications. Moisture balance of the air has become an important task and dehumidification has become a necessity for many applications in many industries. This paper discusses about the study of the factors affecting the evaporation rate of water in cavities exposed to humid conditions. The ASHRAE equation to find the evaporation rate in swimming pools is considered and validated for a small pool of water in humid conditions in humid cavity with fixed dimensions. The equation states that, the evaporation rate, W = (95+0.425*V)*(Pw-Pa)/Y, where W is the Evaporation rate in lb/h-ft2 ; V is the air velocity at water surface; ft/min; Pw is the saturation vapor pressure at water temperature, in. Hg; Pa is saturation vapor pressure at air dew point, in. Hg; and Y is latent at water temperature, Btu/lb. The evaporation rate inside the humid cavity is found and compared with that of the equation. The evaporation rate obtained inside the humid cavity is 95% of the evaporation rate obtained by the use equation. The factors responsible for the low evaporation rate are identified. A CFD Model is developed using FLUENT to represent the time averaged steady state condition of the humid cavity. The temperature and velocity values at particular points are probed in CFD model and are obtained. The results are compared with the actual physical model. These values are used to find the evaporation rate occurring inside the cavity using the ASHRAE equation. The evaporation rate found in the humid cavity is found to be 76% of the evaporation rate that is calculated from the values of the CFD model, using the equation. Factors affecting the evaporation rate inside the humid cavity are discussed and the effects of these factors are illustrated using the CFD Model. Propositions are made to improve the evaporation rates inside the humid cavity. Future studies are planned to do a multi species modeling to include humidity in the CFD analysis for humid cavity.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Metatarsal robusticity in primates and a few other plantigrade mammals

By using a new technique for determining relative metatarsal robusticity, the distribution of the 1+5 pattern (in which M5 is the second most robust metatarsal after M1) and 1→5 pattern (in which M5 is the least robust of all metatarsals) was established in primates and a few other plantigrade mammals. The first pattern is associated with a terrestrial and the second with an arboreal substrate. Robusticity formulae are not connected with specific locomotor patterns, but a total robusticity quotient is associated with these patterns and substrate preference as well. Changes in substrate preference are accompanied by changes of total robusticity, an increased number of permutations and ultimately a change of the robusticity pattern. Intermetatarsal robusticity gradients are related to the direction and intensity of muscular activity. A combined analysis of all factors can reveal a great deal of the locomotor history of a taxon.
Uncertainty quantification of acoustic emission filtering techniques

This paper compares six different filtering protocols used in Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring of fatigue crack growth. The filtering protocols are combination of three different filtering techniques which are based on Swansong-like filters and load filters. The filters are compared deterministically and probabilistically. The deterministic comparison is based on the coefficient of determination of the resulting AE data, while the probabilistic comparison is based on the quantification of the uncertainty of the different filtering protocols. The uncertainty of the filtering protocols is quantified by calculating the entropy of the probability distribution of some AE and fracture mechanics parameters for the given filtering protocol. The methodology is useful in cases where several filtering protocols are available and there is no reason to choose one over the others. Acoustic Emission data from a compact tension specimen tested under cyclic load is used for the comparison.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Insulating Films Induced with a Perpendicular Electron Beam

SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 thin films have been deposited at a substrate temperature of 350° using a glow discharge electron beam irradiating perpendicular to the wafer surface. Deposition rates up to 1000 A/min and 250 A/min respectively have been obtained. Films deposited over 4 inch diameter silicon wafers show uniformity of 5 percent. The deposition conditions and film properties are discussed.
Phage shock protein, a stress protein of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Filamentous phage infection induces the synthesis of large amounts of an Escherichia coli protein, phage shock protein (Psp), the product of a previously undescribed gene. This induction is due to the phage gene IV protein, pIV, an integral membrane protein. The uninduced level of Psp is undetectable, but when induced by prolonged synthesis of pIV, it can become one of the most abundant proteins in the cell. Psp is also synthesized transiently in response to several stresses (heat, ethanol, and osmotic shock). High-level synthesis occurs only after extreme treatment. Unlike the members of the heat shock regulon, Psp induction does not require the heat shock sigma factor, sigma 32; some stimuli that elicit sigma 32-dependent heat shock proteins do not induce Psp synthesis. The level of Psp induction after extreme stress is even higher in sigma 32 mutant cells, which are unable to mount a normal heat shock response, suggesting that these parallel stress responses are interrelated.
Effects of Structured Preshot Behaviors on Beginning Golf Performance

Male and female students of beginning golf participated in a “preshot routine” study. 8 men and 7 women learned and practiced a specific routine of actions prior to performing a full swing while 9 ...
Random Forests on Ubiquitous Data for Heart Failure 30-Day Readmissions Prediction

Heart failure is the most common reason for unplanned hospital readmissions. Typical 30 day readmission prediction models either use data that are not readily available at the majority of US hospitals or use modeling techniques that do not provide adequate prediction accuracy. Moreover, the tendency of ongoing studies is to incorporate clinical data that is only present in the most modern electronic health record systems (EHRs). This is problematic as the population most affected by heart disease, the rural poor, is also the same population whose hospitals have the slowest adoption rates of advanced EHR systems. We apply the machine learning technique random forests to administrative claims data to predict unplanned all-cause 30 day readmissions for congestive heart failure patients in a hospital system located in central Virginia, USA. We form two random forests model variants based on datasets comprised of procedure data, diagnosis data, a combination of both, and basic demographic data. Our results show significant predictive performance, yield importance rankings for candidate variables, and address heart failure readmissions in high-need areas.
Ultrastructure of traumatic cataractogenesis in the frog: A comparison with mouse and human lens†

Normal and needle-punctured lenses of Rana pipiens were examined with the electron microscope in order to characterize the sequence of ultrastructural changes that follow the injury over a 5-month period. Results were compared with those obtained previously in experimentally injured mouse and accidentally injured human lenses. The normal adult frog lens was found to have a morphology similar to that of mammalian lenses. As in the human, frog lens epithelial cells contained scattered microfilaments and were connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. They differed from mouse cells, which had been shown to lack desmosomes and to have microfilaments organized into dense bundles. These differences are postulated to be related to the degree of accommodative deformation of the lens displayed by these species. After injury, cellular debris and fibrin, accumulated in the wound, were phagocytized by extrinsic cells derived from the blood and ocular tissues. Leucocytes, pigmented cells and fibroblasts remained in the wound for eight weeks, along with epithelial cells which proliferated and migrated from the wound margins.Epithelial cells showed an increase in those organelles associated with protein synthesis and transport, and in microfilaments. In cataractous lenses, epithelial cells showed changes in matrix, and lens fibers became organized into smaller, denser compressed units. At five months, considerable healing had taken place, but localized opacities persisted in many frog lenses.
The egg, sperm, and beyond: gendered assumptions in gynecology textbooks.

In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn put forth the idea that rather than an objective endeavor, science is subjective. Researchers work within taken-for-granted paradigms, or the...
Presurgical Weight Is Associated with Pain, Functional Impairment, and Anxiety among Gastric Bypass Surgery Patients

Chronic pain and obesity are significant public health concerns in the United States associated with significant levels of health-care expenses and lost productivity. Previous research suggests that obesity is a risk factor for chronic pain, mainly due to excessive weight placed on the joints. However, the obesity-pain relationship appears to be complex and reciprocal. Little work to date has focused on the relationship between weight and pain among patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for weight loss. Patients scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery for weight loss at a large southeastern academic medical center (N = 115) completed the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies 10-item Depression scale (CESD-10), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Higher presurgical weight was associated with higher pain-on-average ratings, higher functional impairment due to pain across the domains of physical activity, mood, walking ability, relationships, and enjoyment of life. Higher presurgical weight was associated with higher BAI scores, but weight was not related to depression. Findings suggest that bariatric surgery candidates report a moderate amount of pain prior to surgery and that presurgical weight is associated with higher pain, increased functional impairment due to pain, and increased anxiety. Anxiety was found to mediate the relationship between increased weight and pain.
Multiphoton induced x-ray emission from Kr clusters on M -shell (∼100 Å) and L -shell (∼6 Å) transitions

Experiments demonstrating the role of cluster formation on multiphoton-induced x-ray emission and the scaling of this phenomenon into the kilovolt range have been performed on Kr. For the Kr M shell, augmentation of ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{\mathit{n}}$ formation leads to a large increase in ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{9+}$ (4p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d) emission (\ensuremath{\sim}100 \AA{}) and the appearance of a strong band at \ensuremath{\sim}90 \AA{}. The observation of L-shell transitions (\ensuremath{\sim}5--7.5 \AA{}) demonstrates the scaling of this phenomenon into the kilovolt region and leads to the conclusion that the interaction produces direct inner-shell excitation with the emission of prompt x rays.
Bistable Photochromic Organometallics Based on Linkage Isomerization: Photochemistry of Dicarbonyl(η5-methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese(I) Derivatives with a Bifunctional, Nonchelating Ligand

Cyclopentadienylmanganese complexes of the general formula (η5-C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)2L, where L is a nonchelatable, bifunctional ligand, were found to be photochromic. Irradiation of (η5-C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)2L(3-cyanomethylpyridine) with alternating visible and UV light produced alternating yellow and red solutions, and fatigue of this response was inhibited when free 3-(cyanomethyl)pyridine was present during irradiation. Similar results were observed when L is pyridine in the presence of dispersed acetonitrile. Irradiation of (η5-C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)3 and a pyridine derivative RC5H4N (R = 3-CH2CN, 2-CH2CN, 4-CHCHPh, 4-CHCH2) generated (η5-C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)2L in situ, which likewise showed a photochromic response. The results demonstrate that the linkage isomerization occurs by unimolecular and bimolecular processes and that linkage isomerization is an effective photochromic mechanism for organometallics.
The Theory of Multimarket Competition: A Synthesis and Implications for Marketing Strategy:

Multimarket competition refers to competitive situations in which the same firms compete against each other in multiple markets. The theory of multimarket competition suggests that the phenomenon o...
The application of linear sweep voltammetry to a rotating disk electrode for a first-order irreversible reaction

Abstract The response of a first-order irreversible reaction occurring on a rotating disk electrode to a linear sweeping of the potential is analyzed with the aid of a Nernst diffusion model. The peak current density normalized with respect to the diffusion-limiting current density is shown to be a linear function of a dimensionless sweep rate, when the latter assumes high values. The slope depends on the transfer coefficient of the reaction. The position of the potential at which the current peak appears is calculated and shown to depend on the sweep rate. A model is developed for the determination of the transfer coefficient and the dimensionless rate constant at the initial state.
How good are the best papers of JASIS

A citation analysis examined the 28 best articles published in JASIS (Journal of the American Society for Information Science) from 1969-1996. Best articles tend to be single-authored works twice as long as the average article published in JASIS. They are cited and self-cited much more often than the average article. The greatest source of references made to the best articles is from JASIS itself. The top five best papers focus largely on information retrieval and online searching.
Autonomy and insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Research concerning adolescent development and diabetes that considers the impact of various new treatment modalities has valuable implications for the development of appropriate education and intervention strategies for this population. The recommendation for intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in adolescence has resulted in a number of studies demonstrating the medical benefits of the various modalities of such treatment (1–3). However, fewer studies explore the psychosocial impact of this intensive therapy on adolescents and families (4). In this article, we examine the research on autonomy in adolescents with T1D and consider the ‘pump vs. injections’ debate from a developmental perspective. The final section of this article includes general recommendations and pump-specific considerations for diabetes health-care providers to encourage safe autonomy development in adolescents with T1D. T1D is a genetic disease of the immune system characterized by pancreatic beta cell destruction and a consequent lack of insulin. Recent data suggest that 15 000 youth in the USA are diagnosed with T1D each year, and the incidence rate is highest in children aged 10–14 (5). The recommendations by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) support the use of an intensive insulin regimen that involves a ‘basal/bolus’ pattern of insulin administration to maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible, with a target hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of less than 7.5% for adolescents (aged 13–19) (6). This pattern can be achieved by either multiple daily injections (MDI), which involve a daily injection of a long-acting (basal) insulin and injections of rapid-acting (bolus) insulin to cover meals and to correct high-blood sugars, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), in which basal insulin is delivered by the constant infusion of small amounts of rapid-acting insulin through an insulin pump (6–8). Both types of basal/bolus therapy require frequent blood glucose monitoring (at least four/day) and tracking carbohydrate intake and exercise in order to make insulin dosing decisions (9). The ADA also emphasizes the need for developmentally appropriate interventions that include adolescents and their caregivers (6).
Optically Powered Sensors For EMI Immune Aviation Sensing Systems

ABSTRACT Next generation digital flight control systems will require optical fiber technology to gain immunityto electromagnetic interference. A family of optically powered sensors currently in developmentand production will provide rugged, cost -effective alternatives for a variety of flight control andinstrumentation needs. 1. INTRODUCTION The need for electrically passive fiber optic sensors for aircraft controls is well recognized. Withincreased use of digital flight control systems, these sensors will be needed for lighter weight andsafer operation of aircraft. The need to use EMI -immune fiber optic technology is furthermotivated by the increasing use of lightweight composites to replace metal aircraft skins. Thesecomposites will not provide the electro- magnetic shielding afforded by metal skins.Volumes of research and development work have been published on fiber optic sensorinvestigations. However, not very many of these sensors are available as products. The reasonfor this is that most of the effort has been concentrated on demonstrating new ideas andconfigurations of fiber sensors rather than on their producibility and reliability over environmentalconditions. This generally happens with a new technology, and product availability dependslargely on the economics of replacing the existing technology. This means that the new fibersensor technology must be cost -competitive with existing electrical sensors. As of now, most fibersensor designs reported do not lend themselves easily to mass production techniques and will beexpensive.At the present time and state of the art it is very difficult to achieve standardization of interfacesamong the various types of fiberoptic sensing functions. Optically Powered Sensors (OPS) havethe potential of achieving this standardization because of the true digital communication andfunctional modularity of the wide variety of sensors that can be designed with this concept.Standardization resulting from the "off- the -shelf' nature of OPS systems in development atHoneywell will help achieve design simplicity, producibility, and maintainability in future flightcontrol and instrumentation systems.
Proteolytic and non-proteolytic roles of ubiquitin and the ubiquitin proteasome system in transcriptional regulation ☆

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates perhaps the most intriguing balance in all of biology: how cells control protein function and malfunction in order to regulate, and eventually eliminate, the old and error prone while simultaneously synthesizing and orchestrating the new. In light of the growing notion that ubiquitination and the 26S proteasome are central to a multiplicity of diverse cellular functions, we discuss here the proteolytic and non-proteolytic roles of the UPS in regulating pathways ultimately involved in protein synthesis and activity including roles in epigenetics, transcription, and post-translational modifications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The 26S Proteasome: When degradation is just not enough!