cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-couple orthodontic appliance systems: torquing arches

Twists placed in an arch wire between incisor brackets are often used in anattempt to obtain root torque. This is only partially effective because of the equal and opposite reciprocals acting on the adjacent teeth. Alternatively, a V-bend in a torquing arch, inserted at only the molar and incisor brackets, may use the bending properties of the arch wire to create dissimilar moments in a two-bracket system. If the greater moment is present at the incisors, all of the incisors are rotated en masse in the same direction, with the associated equal and opposite vertical equilibrium forces directed at the incisors and molars. The lesser moment at the molar also usually has equilibrium forces that may reduce or supplement vertical forces at the molar and incisor depending on the magnitude and direction of the moment present. If the arch wire is unrestrained the resulting tooth movement shows rotation of the incisors around the C Res and movement of the C Res in the direction of the vertical equilibrium force present. The alternative use of a single force to rotate incisor crowns facially results in a reciprocal distal force at the posterior teeth and rotation of the incisors with a center of rotation apical to the C Res .
Effect of solute‐solute correlations on rapid reactions in supercritical fluids

Brownian and molecular dynamics simulations are used to study rapid bimolecular reactions at near-infinite dilution in near-critical and supercritical fluids. We probe the dynamics of both nonreactive and reactive collisions and measure rate constants for reaction and collision. Collision rate constants are nearly independent of bulk solvent density, but affected by local solute-solute density enhancements at a given density: their magnitudes depend on the length scale for molecular encounters (cybotactic radius) in the reaction through the equilibrium solute-solute radial distribution function. In contrast, reaction rate constants asymptotically approach the gas-kinetic limit at low densities and the Smoluchowski liquid-like limit at high densities. They also display the same radial dependence as collision rate constants at lower densities and a direct dependence on the cybotactic radius at higher densities (as in the Smoluchowski theory). Their behavior is explained in terms of a transition from a collision-limited regime at low densities to a diffusion-limited regime at higher densities. The transition between these regimes depends on the cybotactic radius and the density of the system, the interplay of which causes shifts in the transition region which depend not only on the properties of the near-critical solvent: they differ for different reactions, even at the same solvent density. This explains some of the apparent inconsistencies among previous experimental and computational studies of reactions in supercritical fluid media.
Visual Observations of Disordered Solid Helium

We report visual observations of solid helium from experiments conducted near the melting curve in the vicinity of 1.65 K. Given the recent interest in solid helium and the possible role of disorder, these observations conducted in 1974, but never reported in the literature, may be of some current interest. We show an image and sketches from the laboratory notebook from 1974 that document that solid helium can be milky (i.e. cloudy) in appearance and that this behavior persists for lengths of time longer than thirty minutes. We also report differences in the appearance of hcp and bcc solid 4He, with the bcc appearing more lumpy and disturbed by cracks, but also cloudy. These observations suggest that disorder, at least on the length scale of visible light, can be present in solid 4He and can persist for extended periods of time near the melting curve in the vicinity of 1.65 K.
L-name and MK-801 attenuate sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effect of cocaine

Abstract Locomotor activity was tested daily following cocaine injections across 21 consecutive days. Subjects were pretreated 30-min before testing with physiological saline, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME), or the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801. Other rats received daily injections of physiological saline instead of cocaine just prior to testing. Rats pretreated with saline and injected daily with cocaine showed increased locomotor activity across the 21-day test period. L-NAME pretreatment depressed cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity, while MK-801 pretreatment increased locomotor activity. To test for behavioral sensitization to cocaine, rats were injected with cocaine 72 hours after their last daily injections. Sensitization was seen in saline pretreated subjects injected daily with cocaine compared to subjects injected daily with saline only, but both L-NAME and MK-801 pretreatment strongly attenuated cocaine sensitization. This finding is consistent with the proposed roles of nitric oxide and NMDA-receptors in cellular adaptation and learning.
Biological activity of soluble wingless protein in cultured Drosophila imaginal disc cells

The phenotypes caused by mutations in Wnt genes suggest that their gene products are involved in cell-to-cell communication. Wnt genes indeed encode secreted molecules, but soluble active Wnt protein has not been found. We have developed a novel cell culture assay for the Drosophila Wnt gene wingless, using a Drosophila imaginal disc cell line (cl-8; ref. 13), and measured effects on the adherens junction protein armadillo, a known genetic target of wingless. Transfection of a temperature-sensitive wingless complementary DNA into cl-8 cells increases the levels of the armadillo protein. The wingless protein does not affect the rate of synthesis of armadillo, but leads to increased stability of an otherwise rapidly decaying armadillo protein. The wingless protein in the extracellular matrix and soluble medium from donor cells also increases the levels of armadillo protein. The protein in the medium acts fast and is inhibited by an antibody to wingless protein, demonstrating that Wnt products can act as soluble extracellular signalling molecules.
The Efficiency of Shrinkage Estimators with Respect to Zellner's Balanced Loss Function

Abstract A setup with r uncorrelated linear models is considered. A generalization of Zellner's balanced loss function is proposed. Zellner's balanced loss function takes both error of estimation and goodness of fit into account. The classical loss function only considers error of estimation. Empirical Bayes and approximate minimum mean square error estimators are derived. The efficiency of these estimators is evaluated averaging over Zellner's balanced loss function. Comparisons are then made with the least square estimator and the analogous estimators for the classical loss function. Three kinds of James–Stein type estimators are considered that are similar to empirical Bayes estimators originally formulated by Rao, Wind and Dempster.
Response: Other factors may contribute to differences between sickle cell and non–sickle cell patients

We appreciate the comments by Dr Mintz concerning the differences in alloimmunization rates reported for sickle cell patients and our findings based on data that excluded sickle cell patients.[1][1] In planning our analysis, we did not expect sickle cell patients to differ from the general
Selective αvβ3-Receptor Blockade Reduces Macrophage Infiltration and Restenosis After Balloon Angioplasty in the Atherosclerotic Rabbit

Background—αvβ3-Integrin receptors are upregulated in atherosclerotic arteries and play a key role in smooth muscle cell and possibly inflammatory cell migration. We hypothesized that after balloon angioplasty (BA) of atherosclerotic arteries, selective inhibition of the αvβ3-receptor by XT199, a small-molecule, non–peptide-selective αvβ3-receptor antagonist, would reduce restenosis. Methods and Results—After induction of focal atherosclerosis, rabbits underwent femoral BA and received XT199 (2.5 mg/kg IV bolus plus 2.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 IV; n=19) or vehicle (n=20) for 14 days. At 28 days after BA, the XT199 group had a larger lumen (0.75±0.26 versus 0.57±0.20 mm2, P=0.03) and a smaller neointimal area (0.49±0.18 versus 0.68±0.25 mm2, P=0.01) than the vehicle group. Angiographic analysis confirmed a 30% to 40% reduction in restenosis. Arteries harvested at 28 days after BA did not show a reduction in intima plus media smooth muscle cell content but did show a 50% reduction in macrophage cell density in the ...
Targeted degradation of TOC1 by ZTL modulates circadian function in Arabidopsis thaliana

The underlying mechanism of circadian rhythmicity appears to be conserved among organisms, and is based on negative transcriptional feedback loops forming a cellular oscillator (or 'clock'). Circadian changes in protein stability, phosphorylation and subcellular localization also contribute to the generation and maintenance of this clock. In plants, several genes have been shown to be closely associated with the circadian system. However, the molecular mechanisms proposed to regulate the plant clock are mostly based on regulation at the transcriptional level. Here we provide genetic and molecular evidence for a role of ZEITLUPE (ZTL) in the targeted degradation of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). The physical interaction of TOC1 with ZTL is abolished by the ztl-1 mutation, resulting in constitutive levels of TOC1 protein expression. The dark-dependent degradation of TOC1 protein requires functional ZTL, and is prevented by inhibiting the proteosome pathway. Our results show that the TOC1-ZTL interaction is important in the control of TOC1 protein stability, and is probably responsible for the regulation of circadian period by the clock.
A continuous analyzer for monitoring potassium concentration in biological fluids

The design, implementation and performance of a continuous potassium analyzer is described. The analyzer uses an ion-selective membrane electrode capable of monitoring large range variations in potassium concentration in biological fluids. Wide variations in the ionic strength of the sample is usually encountered and this prohibits accurate measurement of individual Ionic species. The analyzer Incorporates a means to compensate for large variations in Ionic strength to yield sufficiently accurate measurement of potassium concentration. In addition the continuous analyzer also includes a flow meter by which it is possible to obtain a quantitative measure of potassium over a specified period of time. The capability of the continuous analyzer in monitoring urinary potassium is addressed.
Satellite collision probability estimation using polynomial chaos expansions

Abstract This paper presents the application of polynomial chaos (PC) to estimating the probability of collision between two spacecraft. Common methods of quantifying this probability for conjunction assessment use either Monte Carlo analyses or include simplifying assumptions to improve tractability. A PC expansion, or PCE, provides a means for approximating the solution to a large set of stochastic ordinary differential equations, which includes orbit propagation. When compared to Monte Carlo methods, non-intrusive, i.e., sampling-based, PCE generation techniques may greatly reduce the number of orbit propagations required to approximate the possibly non-Gaussian, a posteriori probability density function. The presented PC-based method of computing collision probability requires no fundamental simplifying assumptions, and reduces the computation time compared to Monte Carlo. This paper considers two cases where the common conjunction assessment assumptions are no longer valid. The results indeed demonstrate a reduction in computation time when compared to Monte Carlo, and improved accuracy when compared to simplified techniques.
Reversibility of left ventricular asynergy by nitroglycerin in coronary artery disease

Abstract To evaluate the potential reversibility of left ventricular asynergy in patients with coronary artery disease, pre- and postnitroglycerin left ventriculography was performed in 32 subjects. In four other subjects left ventriculography was repeated without intervention of nitroglycerin. Changes in ejection fraction and percentage of systolic shortening of three minor axes from the first to the second angiogram were then calculated. Changes were not significant for the myocardial infarction group or for the control group without the intervention of nitroglycerin. Normal left ventricles showed small but significant changes (p 0.05)-irreversible asynergy; (2) significant change (p
Maxillofacial prosthetics in the dental school curriculum

A survey was sent to all dental schools in the United States to ascertain what type of training in maxillofacial prosthetics was included as a separate course or included within other courses. Eighty-six percent of the questionnaires were returned. The results indicated that, while only 31% of the respondents offered a specific course in maxillofacial prosthetics, much of this information was offered in several other dental school courses. Specific information should be included in the curriculum on subjects such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. However, the emphasis should be aimed at familiarizing the dental student with the objective and scope of maxillofacial rehabilitation without providing details regarding the fabrication of the infinite variety of maxillofacial prostheses. This general information is essential so that dental students realize that appropriate treatment of carcinoma patients includes prosthetic rehabilitation and they can counsel and refer their patients appropriately.
The Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 Noncoding RNA Causes Neurodegeneration and Associates with Staufen in Drosophila

Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 (SCA8) appears unique among triplet repeat expansion-induced neurodegenerative diseases because the predicted gene product is a noncoding RNA. Little is currently known about the normal function of SCA8 in neuronal survival or how repeat expansion contributes to neurodegeneration. To investigate the molecular context in which SCA8 operates, we have expressed the human SCA8 noncoding RNA in Drosophila. SCA8 induces late-onset, progressive neurodegeneration in the Drosophila retina. Using this neurodegenerative phenotype as a sensitized background for a genetic modifier screen, we have identified mutations in four genes: staufen, muscle-blind, split ends, and CG3249. All four encode neuronally expressed RNA binding proteins conserved in Drosophila and humans. Although expression of both wild-type and repeat-expanded SCA8 induce neurodegeneration, the strength of interaction with certain modifiers differs between the two SCA8 backgrounds, suggesting that CUG expansions alter associations with specific RNA binding proteins. Our demonstration that SCA8 can recruit Staufen and that the interaction domain maps to the portion of the SCA8 RNA that undergoes repeat expansion in the human disease suggests a specific mechanism for SCA8 function and disease. Genetic modifiers identified in our SCA8-based screens may provide candidates for designing therapeutic interventions to treat this disease.
An analysis of two recent epidemilogic report in the New England Journal of Medicine associating breast cancer in women with moderate alcohol consumption

Abstract Two cohort studies showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption and breast cancer, with an apparent relative risk of 1.50 Drinkers and nondrinkers already differed in important ways at the initiation of these two studies, precluding a casual interpretation of the associations found. Women in need of the relaxing effect of alcohol may indeed be the group at higher risk for breast cancer. Inasmuch as the studies did not inquire into other cancers, morbidities, mortalities, or total mortality, they leave open the possibility that, on balance, moderate alcohol consumption is beneficial.
Ultrasound findings and multiple marker screening in trisomy 18.

Abstract Objective: To compare detection of trisomy 18 in the second trimester by ultrasound and multiple-marker testing. Methods: A computerized genetics database was used to identify fetuses of 14–22 weeks’ gestation who had comprehensive ultrasound examinations, multiple-marker screening tests (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP]), hCG, unconjugated estriol [E3], and trisomy 18 karyotype. A positive trisomy 18 screen was defined as AFP up to 0.75 multiples of the median (MoM), hCG up to 0.55 MoM, and unconjugated E3 up to 0.60 MoM. A risk of at least 1:190 defined a positive Down syndrome screen. Ultrasound abnormalities were diagnosed prospectively and were confirmed later by retrospective review of sonographic images. Results: From 1988–1997, 30 trisomy 18 fetuses who had comprehensive ultrasounds and multiple-marker testing were identified. Twenty-one (70%) had abnormalities detected by ultrasound, of which the most common isolated finding was choroid plexus cyst. Eleven fetuses (37%) had positive trisomy 18 screens, and two had positive Down syndrome screens, for a total of 13 of 30 (43%) fetuses with positive multiple-marker screening tests. Conclusion: We found that ultrasound was more likely to be abnormal than multiple-marker screening tests in fetuses with trisomy 18 (70%) (95% confidence interval [CI] 54, 86 versus 43% CI 25, 61). However, combining the two testing methods yielded the highest detection rate (80% [CI 66%, 94%]).
Thermochemical hydrogen production with the sulfur dioxide-iodine cycle by utilization of dipraseodymium dioxymonosulfate as a recycle reagent

Abstract Insoluble, dipraseodymium oxide-sulfite monosulfate hydrates were prepared by reaction of dipraseodymium dioxymonosulfate with sulfur dioxide in aqueous media at 340 K. These compositions reacted with iodine to yield sulfate in the solid phase and hydrogen iodide in the gas phase. High yields of hydrogen iodide were measured at 770 K for a reaction time of ten minutes. Yields also depended on the sulfite content of the hydrate compositions, and were highest when the dipraseodymium dioxymonosulfate was 60% neutralized with sulfurous acid. An increased yield of hydrogen iodide was obtained by a second iodine oxidation after separation of the first gaseous products. A water splitting thermochemical cycle utilizing these reactions is described in which hydrogen is produced by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide, and oxygen results from thermal decomposition of the solid product, that also yields sulfur dioxide and dipraseodymium dioxymonosulfate for recycle.
Nature of the 14C compounds recovered in portal plasma after enteral administration of 14C-glucose.

Abstract 1. 1. 14 C-labeled glucose was introduced into loops of small intestine of rats, and the blood draining these loops was collected for 30 to 100 min. Plasma separated from the blood collected from the loop was analyzed radiochromatographically. Practically all of the 14 C was shown to be present in glucose (82–92%), lactate (4–16%), and alanine (1–5%). 2. 2. The intestinal wall of the loop and the cells obtained from the collected blood were also analyzed. Most of the 14 C (62–73%) was present as glucose, and smaller amounts were found in lactate and alanine. Unidentified areas accounted for not more than 9% of the 14 C on the chromatogram.
Experimental Study of Two Phase Flow Behavior Past BWR Spacer Grids

Performance of best estimate codes used in the nuclear industry can be significantly improved by reducing the empiricism embedded in their constitutive models. Spacer grids have been found to have an important impact on the maximum allowable Critical Heat Flux within the fuel assembly of a nuclear reactor core. Therefore, incorporation of suitable spacer grids models can improve the critical heat flux prediction capability of best estimate codes. Realistic modeling of entrainment behavior of spacer grids requires understanding the different mechanisms that are involved. Since visual information pertaining to the entrainment behavior of spacer grids cannot possibly be obtained from operating nuclear reactors, experiments have to be designed and conducted for this specific purpose. Most of the spacer grid experiments available in literature have been designed in view of obtaining quantitative data for the purpose of developing or modifying empirical formulations for heat transfer, critical heat flux or pressure drop. Very few experiments have been designed to provide fundamental information which can be used to understand spacer grid effects and phenomena involved in two phase flow. Air-water experiments were conducted to obtain visual information on the two-phase flow behavior both upstream and downstream of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) spacer grids. The test section was designed and constructed using prototypic dimensions such as the channel cross-section, rod diameter and other spacer grid configurations of a typical BWR fuel assembly. The test section models the flow behavior in two adjacent sub channels in the BWR core. A portion of a prototypic BWR spacer grid accounting for two adjacent channels was used with industrial mild steel rods for the purpose of representing the channel internals. Symmetry was preserved in this practice, so that the channel walls could effectively be considered as the channel boundaries. Thin films were established on the rod surfaces by injecting water through a set of perforations at the bottom ends of the rods, ensuring that the flow upstream of the bottom-most spacer grid is predominantly annular. The flow conditions were regulated such that they represent typical BWR operating conditions. Photographs taken during experiments show that the film entrainment increases significantly at the spacer grids, since the points of contact between the rods and the grids result in a peeling off of large portions of the liquid film from the rod surfaces. Decreasing the water flow resulted in eventual drying out, beginning at positions immediately upstream of the spacer grids.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Recombinant alpha‐2B interferon treatment for childhood t‐lymphoblastic disease in relapse. A pediatric oncology group phase II study

Background. Children with chemotherapy refractory T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma were given alpha-interferon (α-IFN) to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of this biologic response modifier. Methods. Twenty children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-cell ALL) in marrow relapse and one patient with mediastinal recurrence of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-cell NHL) were enrolled. All patients had failed at least two previous multiagent drug trials. Recombinant α-IFN was given at 30 million U/M2/dose intravenously or subcutaneously for 10 doses over 14 days, followed by 3 doses per week until disease progression occurred. Results.. One child had a complete response (<5% blasts) and three patients a partial response (5-25% blasts) in their bone marrow. All patients eventually showed signs of progressive disease. Significant toxicities included cardiac hypofunction in two patients and profound lethargy in two patients. Conclusions. α-IFN is tolerated in children with Tcell ALL and T-cell NHL and has activity against chemotherapy resistant disease.
Fabrication of a Thermally Isolated and Pre-Amplified Transistor Module with Polyimide Micro-Wires for Cryogenic Detectors

We report a pre-amplifying junction field effect transistor (JFET) module on a chip for cryogenic applications such as bolometer and X-ray microcalorimeter. In order to maintain the optimum performance of the JFETs at 130 K, the module has built-in aluminum micro-heaters while the JFETs are thermally isolated from a heat sink. The thermal isolation is achieved by suspending a micromachined silicon support platform (6 μm thick) with polyimide wires. A layer of aluminum electrodes is patterned on top of the polyimide wires for electrical contacts and on top of the silicon platform for the heaters. This process involves reactive-ion-etching (RIE) of silicon and polyimide, patterning of aluminum electrodes over the polyimide, back side deep-reactive-ion-etching (DRIE) of silicon, and releasing of the modules. In this paper, we describe a micromachining process of the JFET modules on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers.
Shock-elicited aggression as a function of shock modality

Three groups of rats received ac, half-wave (pulsating) dc, and full-wave (filtered) dc shock, respectively, in a shock-elicited aggression situation. Results indicated that half-wave dc shock produced significantly more aggressive responses than did the other two shock modalities.
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent the progression of prediabetes to diabetes: getting closer to a recommendation.

In addition to its more well-known properties of preventing osteomalacia and building bone density, Vitamin D has been touted as a supplement with claims that it can help prevent cancer, treat heart disease and high blood pressure, help to fight tuberculosis and other infectious diseases and most interestingly, prevent or treat diabetes. Vitamin D supplementation improved insulin release in some,1–3 but not all,4,5 small-scale short-term randomized trials. Vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on insulin action either directly, by stimulating the expression of insulin receptor and thereby enhancing insulin responsiveness for glucose transport,6 or indirectly via its role in regulating extracellular calcium and ensuring normal calcium influx through cell membranes.7
Viscoelastic Response of a Strand

A method is presented in which the axial viscoelastic response of a multiple filament strand, constrained by a no-end rotation boundary condition, may be predicted. This method is an initial attempt to describe the time dependent response of the multilayer strand by incorporating the stress relaxation data for a linearly viscoelastic construction material. Specifically, a strand consisting of a core filament, six filaments in the second layer, and twelve filaments in the outer layer is analyzed
Growth velocity during the first postnatal week of life is not related to adiponectin or leptin.

Growth velocity during the first postnatal week of life is not related to adiponectin or leptin.
A Hybrid Meta-Heuristic for the Batching Problem in Just-In-Time Flow Shops

This paper is concerned with a batching problem encountered in the context of production smoothing in just-in-time manufacturing systems. The manufacturing system of interest is a multi-level system with a flow-shop at the final level. We develop a hybrid meta-heuristic method to solve the batching problem, which is known to be NP-hard. We hybridize strategic oscillation (SO) and path re-linking (PR) methods and compare the hybrid method's performance to two benchmark methods: a bounded dynamic programming method developed for the problem earlier and an implementation of robust tabu search (RTS) meta-heuristic. Through a computational study, we show that the proposed hybrid method is effective in solving the problem within several minutes of computer time and yielding near-optimal results.
Remarks on input/output linearization

In the context of realization theory, conditions are given for the possibility of simulating a given discrete time system, using immersion and/or feedback, by linear or state-affine systems.
Efficacy of EMLA Cream to Reduce Fear and Pain Associated with Interferon Beta-1a Injection in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Fear of pain from injections may affect adherence to needed drug therapy. A single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of EMLA cream in reducing the fear and pain associated with intramuscular (IM) injection during administration of interferon beta-1a to patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients rated fear of injection on a visual analog scale before the injection and rated injection pain following the injection. With the application of EMLA cream, the mean pain-of-injection score was found to be significantly lower than the mean fear-of-injection score. The 18 patients who completed the study experienced a statistically significant decrease in both scores. This study suggests that the use of EMLA cream may reduce the pain and fear associated with IM injections.
A COMPOUNDING ALGORITHM FOR 1-FAULT TOLERANT BROADCAST NETWORKS

This theoretical paper presents a new construction algorithm for sparse 1-fault tolerant minimal broadcast networks (1-FTMBNs). To construct a large 1-FTMBN with the algorithm, identical nodes in copies of a broadcast network that is not fault tolerant are connected according to the edge structures of two known 1-FTMBNs with a special property. In most cases, computational results with this algorithm produce the best-known bounds on the cardinalities of the edge sets of the sparsest 1-FTMBNs with an odd number of nodes.
Thomas Denison Wood: Physical Educator and Father of Health Education

(1984). Thomas Denison Wood: Physical Educator and Father of Health Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, Including Leisure Today, pp. 63-68.
WOMEN GEOGRAPHERS IN BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT: A SURVEY

A survey of women AAG members in applied geography shows a geographical concentration in the Washington metropolitan area and an employment concentration in the private sector. The typical educational preparation is a master's degree. Job titles reflect the importance of planning, environmental issues, and cartography; cartography is cited as the most helpful career skill. Respondents want the AAG to promote geography and to help graduates in finding careers.
State-of-the-art treatment of coccidioidomycosis skeletal infections.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection endemic to the southwestern United States. Typically a respiratory illness, coccidioidomycosis can rarely present as extrapulmonary infection. Skeletal coccidioidomycosis occurs in 20% to 50% of disseminated infections. Skeletal coccidioidomycosis is a chronic and progressive infection that eventually results in bone destruction and loss of function and often involves adjacent structures, such as joints, muscles, and tendons and other soft tissues. Sinus tract formation may occur. This infection may be multifocal. Although radiographs, white blood cell count scans, and other imaging methods identify and define relevant abnormalities, histopathologic examination with culture of the involved bone is the only means to confirm the diagnosis. Serologic testing is adjunctive, and complement fixation titers can be evaluated serially to assess response to treatment. A number of studies addressing the efficacy of various antifungal agents have been performed, and the results of these studies as they pertain to skeletal coccidioidomycosis are summarized herein. Among the various studies, response rates ranged from 23% to 100%, but relapse was common. A combination of medical therapy-often, itraconazole or fluconazole-and surgical debridement is often needed to control skeletal coccidioidomycosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to avoid long-term problems with chronically infected bones and joints. Anatomical issues, diagnostic studies, and data related to treatment of this form of extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis are reviewed in this article.
Sabir, patient 4914.

“He says, ‘Thanks for saving me,’” explains the interpreter as we approach the bedside of patient 4914. His name, which we usually remember to use, is Sabir. Sabir, the Iraqi policeman who has been...
Detailed Characterization of a Purified Type 4 Phosphodiesterase, HSPDE4B2B: Differentiation of High- and Low-Affinity (R)-Rolipram Binding☆

We have overexpressed in a baculovirus expression system, and purified to > 95% homogeneity, milligram quantities of a human recombinant rolipram-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterase, HSPDE4B2B (amino acid residues 81-564). The protein expression levels were approximately 8 mg of HSPDE4B2B (81-564) per liter of Sf9 cells. The Km of the purified enzyme for cAMP was 4 microM and the Ki for the Type 4 phosphodiesterase-specific inhibitor (R)-rolipram was 0.6 microM. The specific activity of the purified protein was 40 mumol/min/mg protein. A nonequilibrium filter binding assay revealed a high-affinity (R)-rolipram binding site on the purified enzyme with a Kd of 1.5 nM and a stoichiometry of 0.05-0.3 mol of (R)-rolipram per mol of HSPDE4B2B (81-564). Equilibrium dialysis experiments revealed a single binding constant of 140 nM with a stoichiometry of 0.75 mol of (R)-rolipram per mol of HSPDE4B2B (81-564). Size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments suggest that the protein exists in multiple association states larger than a monomer. Proteolysis experiments revealed a 43-kDa fragment that contained catalytic and rolipram-inhibitable activities, but the fragment showed no high-affinity (R)-rolipram binding. Based on the proteolytic cleavage studies a 43-kDa protein was constructed, expressed, and purified. This protein, HSPDE4B2B (152-528), had Km and Vmax similar to those of the HSPDE4B2B (81-564) protein, but did not exhibit high-affinity (R)-rolipram binding. The protein did show low-affinity (R)-rolipram binding using the equilibrium binding assay. These results show that a low-affinity binding site for (R)-rolipram is solely contained within the catalytic domain of HSPDE4B2B, whereas high-affinity (R)-rolipram binding requires residues within the catalytic domain and residues flanking N- and/or C-terminal to the catalytic region.
Coherent algebras and the graph isomorphism problem

Abstract In this paper we study the graph isomorphism problem via coherent algebras. We show that any nontrivial graph isomorphism problem reduces polynomially to the problem when an isomorphism of two coherent algebras ι: A→B is a strong isomorphism. By analysing the structure of coherent algebras with a simple spectrum we deduce that any isomorphism of two coherent algebras with a simple spectrum is a strong isomorphism. For the general case we introduce the concept of breaking up coherent algebras which embeds the given coherent algebra into a coherent algebra of a greater dimension and reduces the multiplicity of the algebra. This approach enables us to give a simple criterion when ι is a strong isomorphism for homogeneous algebras of multiplicity two.
β-Carotene inhibition of chemically induced toxicity in vivo and in vitro

In the past several years there has been a great deal of interest in the antioxidant beta-carotene and other micronutrients for their protective potential against various toxic insults. Two studies concerning the protective effects of beta-carotene, which were conducted in our laboratory, are reported here. The first involved the role of beta-carotene in modifying two-stage skin tumorigenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and promoted by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, TPA). In this study, the protective effects of two types of dietary beta-carotene, a beadlet formulation and crystalline beta-carotene, were compared in two strains of mice (Skh:HR-1 and CR:ORL Sencar). Mice were maintained on food fortified with 3% beta-carotene or on control diets. Mice receiving the beta-carotene-supplemented diets had fewer tumours than mice in the control groups. However, only in the Skh strain of mice was this difference statistically significant. In the second study, an in vitro experiment, BALBc 3T3 mouse fibroblasts were used to determine beta-carotene's accumulation in cells and the ability of these cells to metabolize beta-carotene to vitamin A. This in vitro model was also used to show a beta-carotene protective effect towards 8-MOP phototoxicity. These studies contributed to the increasing evidence of in vivo and in vitro protection by beta-carotene against chemically induced toxicity.
The metabolism of phosphoinositide-derived messenger molecules

The phosphoinositides are minor phospholipids present in all eukaryotic cells. They are storage forms for messenger molecules that transmit signals across the cell membrane and evoke responses to extracellular agonists. The phosphoinositides break down to liberate messenger molecules or precursors of messenger molecules. Many different compounds are formed, although the functions of only a few are understood. Recent studies elaborating the pathways for formation of products from phosphoinositides and the factors controlling their metabolism are summarized here.
Optimization of Diarylazines as Anti-HIV Agents with Dramatically Enhanced Solubility

Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are reported that have ca. 100-fold greater solubility than the structurally related drugs etravirine and rilpivirine, while retaining high anti-viral activity. The solubility enhancements come from strategic placement of a morpholinylalkoxy substituent in the entrance channel of the NNRTI binding site. Compound 4d shows low-nanomolar activity similar to etravirine towards wild-type HIV-1 and key viral variants.
Factoring 111 ... 11 — A stimulating problem

The problem of factoring numbers like 111, 111, 111, 111 is a very productive one. It is beguiling, for in spite of its trivial appearance, this factoring problem leads immediately to considerations of the algebra of polynomials, ring homomorphisms, roots of unity, programming, repeating decimals, and recreational mathematics. This article shows how a pre‐calculus class can be introduced naturally to such ideas. Many of these applications are traditionally considered advanced, and will reappear in a student's curriculum. A table of 56 factorizations is presented ; the largest is R45 =111, 111, ..., ..., 111. The article follows with an annotated list of applications of the factoring problem (focusing on 111, 111, 111, 111), which have been used successfully with pre‐calculus students. The techniques and comments are geared to the teacher of such a course.
Optimal Time-Varying ILC Design to Monotonically Minimize Converged Error

This paper presents a design method for Iterative Learning Control (ILC) algorithms using time-varying Q-filters. The design of an optimal bandwidth profile for a given plant model is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. The resultant time-varying ILC algorithm generates the lowest converged error norm possible while guaranteeing monotonic convergence. The time-varying ILC background, problem setup to optimize the time-varying Q-filter bandwidth, as well as results obtained using computational methods are presented. A simulation example is used to demonstrate the potential benefits of the algorithm in comparison with LTI ILC. Lastly, experimental validation is provided by application of the ILC algorithm developed here on a Microscale Robotic Deposition system for precision motion control.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Thermodynamics of multicomponent pyroxenes: III. Calibration of Fe 2+ (Mg) -1 , TiAl 2 (MgSi 2 ) -1 , TiFe 2 3+ (MgSi 2 ) -1 , AlFe 3+ (MgSi) -1 , NaAl(CaMg) -1 , Al 2 (MgSi) -1 and Ca(Mg) -1 exchange reactions between pyroxenes and silicate melts

A thermodynamic model for the Gibbs free energy of igneous pyroxenes with the general formula [Na, Ca, Fe2+, Mg]M2[Fe2+, Mg, Ti, Al, Fe3+]M1[Al, Fe3+, Si]TetSiO6 is calibrated from experimentally determined compositions of coexisting pyroxene and silicate melt. The model is based upon the general formulation, and relies upon the calibration of the “quadrilateral” subsystem, previously published by the present authors. The calibration database of pyroxene-liquid equilibria spans a broad spectrum of temperature, pressure and oxygen fugacity conditions, ranging from 1000°–1600°C, 0.001–30 kbar and iron-wustite to air. Chemical potentials of endmember pyroxene components as well as exchange potentials between pyroxenes and coexisting liquids are defined utilizing the present authors' thermodynamic melt model. Model parameters are extracted from these relations by regression analysis. The resulting model and derivative endmember properties are internally consistent with an existing standard state thermodynamic database. The success of the model and its applicability to igneous petrogenesis are demonstrated by comparing calculated and experimentally determined liquidus compositions, temperatures and symmetry states for pyroxenes crystallizing from a variety of silicate melts, ranging in composition from tholeiites and angrites through rhyolites to potash ankaratrites.
Measuring the Economic Racial Divide Across the Course of American Lives

This article examines the racial divide in America with respect to three key aspects of economic well-being across the life course: (1) the likelihood of attaining affluence and avoiding poverty; (2) the probability of owning a home and acquiring significant levels of financial equity; and (3) the likelihood of possessing enough assets to protect oneself through a spell of economic turmoil. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics data set is used to construct a series of life tables that provide adulthood estimates into the occurrence of these events. The results indicate that within each area, the economic racial divide across the American life course is immense. Blacks are many times more likely than whites to experience poverty while never achieving affluence, less likely to purchase a home at an early age and build up significant levels of home equity, and more likely to experience asset poverty across the stages of the life course. The concept of cumulative advantage/disadvantage is discussed as a way of understanding the widening effect of race upon the economic trajectories of whites and blacks across the American life course.
Acute effect of alcohol on inhibitory control and subsequent tobacco use in young adult occasional smokers

deficit in cognitive perseveration, whereas the tendency to choose immediate rewardsmay bemediated by increased responses in the striatum. Selection of difficult over easy choices appears to engage both ventral striatal and prefrontal areas. Greater amygdala activation during difficult and delayed reward choices suggests a possible role of emotional responses to monetary rewards among PGs. Financial support: Ontario ProblemGambling Research Centre.
Heated atomic force microscope cantilever with high resistivity for improved temperature sensitivity

Abstract We report a heated atomic force microscope cantilever with a heater region engineered to have high temperature sensitivity. The high resistivity (HR) heater region is phosphorous-doped silicon with a doping concentration of 1 × 1016 cm−3 and a resistivity of 0.53 Ω-cm. The heater has a temperature coefficient of resistance of 102 Ω C−1 over the temperature range 100–300 °C, which is more than one order magnitude higher compared to heated cantilevers from previous publications. When used for thermal sensing of substrate nanotopography, the HR cantilever has a sensitivity of 0.37 mV/nm at 300 °C. Because the HR cantilever has high sensitivity at relatively low temperatures, it can be used to measure substrates that cannot withstand high temperatures, demonstrated here as a polymer film grating of thickness 110 nm.
From Hopelessness to Hope: Social Justice Pedagogy in Urban Education and Youth Development

This article reviews the social justice youth development (SJYD) model conceptualized to facilitate and enhance urban youth awareness of their personal potential, community responsibility, and broader humanity. The SJYD requires the healing of youth identities by involving them in social justice activities that counter oppressive conditions preventing healthy selfidentification. Data from a school-based organization in Tucson called the Social Justice Education Project (SJEP) describe the objectives and outcomes of the curricula employed by the SJEP. While urban youth engage in social justice activities and become committed agents of change, positive educational and development experiences will emerge.
Faulted Limestone Block Dredged from Blake Escarpment

An in-place limestone block dredged from the upper part of the Blake escarpment (1630 to 2000 m) has two distinct shear planes at an acute angle with well-developed slickensides. The orientation of the slickenside grooves parallel to bedding defined by miliolid foraminifera and lips on the slickenside surface indicate that strike-slip displacement, probably right-lateral, was involved in the faulting. Paleontological and outcrop depth evidence suggest a Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian ?) age for the dredged boulder. This faulting of Cretaceous strata at the Blake escarpment is believed to be associated with the Great Abaco fault, a presumed extension from transform faulting along a fracture zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
A refinement of Kolmogorov's inequality

Abstract For any n -times differentiable function f with uniform bounds on f and f ( n ) , we study the pair of values ( f ( j ) ( t ), f ( j + 1) ( t )) for an arbitrary real t and a prescribed j = 0,…, n − 1. A given value of f ( j ) ( t ) determines admissible values for f ( j + 1) ( t ). These values are exactly determined in terms of the Euler spline E n ( t ). Special differentiation formulas of cardinal interpolation type are developed to solve the problem.
All-Semiconducting Nanotube Networks: Towards High Performance Printed Nanoelectronics

In this work, we present progress towards devices fabrication using all semiconducting nanotubes as the starting material. Individual nanotubes are known to have intrinsic mobility of more than 10,000 cm 2 /V-s but using a network of nanotubes will decrease this mobility because of tube-tube screening effect and junction resistance. Here we are using solution-based deposition of purified 99% semiconducting single-walled nanotubes as the channel in field effect transistors. DC analysis of devices’ characterization shows a high mobility, more than 50 cm 2 /Vs, and good on/off ratio in the range of more than 10 3 and 10 4 . A critical issue is the ink formulation and dependence of electronic properties on the nanotube density after deposition. In addition, the channel length also plays an important role in controlling both mobility and on/off ratio.
Open-loop control of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) based underwater actuator using a network of neural oscillator

In this paper, we introduce the open-loop motion planning and control strategy for an underwater vehicle actuated by a soft artificial muscle actuator. The artificial muscle used for this underwater application is an ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) which can generate bending motion in aquatic environments. In this research, the double ring structured nonlinear neural oscillator is proposed for generating undulatory motions in the water. The overall dynamic model of the flexible IPMC actuator including its fluid interaction terms is used for the motion planning and open-loop controller design. The IPMC used in this study is a patterned or segmented type where the electrode surface of the actuator is encoded such that each segment can be controlled independently for effectively generating an undulatory motion. Computer simulations show that the proposed neural oscillator based controller can be effectively used for the underwater locomotion applications, and can be extended to the closed-loop controller where the precise maneuver is needed in the unstructured aquatic environments. Experimental results are also presented to validate the proposed scheme.
Tritium Gas Exposure Labeling

The exposure of organic compounds to tritium gas [1] has received considerable attention in the past few years and has become an accepted method for tritium labeling. Experience has confirmed the initial report that activities in the range of 1–100 mc/g are generally obtained by exposure to curie amounts of tritium for several days, and that labeling is accompanied by the formation of tritiated by-products of high specific activity. Information on the distribution of tritium in labeled products and on the nature of the by-products has also been accumulated. Results obtained are summarized here to provide a firmer basis for assessing the limitations and the area of usefulness of the method.