cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The brain and rhythmicity in earthworms

1. Light-withdrawal reactions and locomotion were timed in earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris,L., from which the supraesophageal ganglia had been removed. These tests were made during periods starting at 12.00 and 19.00, E.S.T. 2. For 367 tests which commenced at noon, locomotion through 10 cm averaged 21.1 seconds and for 359 tests made in the evening, the average was 20.3 seconds. Withdrawal time at 12.00 (443 tests) averaged 24.1 seconds, and for 443 tests of the evening, the average was 24.2 seconds. 3. Comparison of these results with those published earlier proves a major role of the brain in the mediation of indicators of rhythmicity in these worms.
Entailment for measure based belief structures

Abstract We discuss the Dempster–Shafer belief structure on finite universes and note its use for modeling variables that have both probabilistic uncertainty as well as imprecision. We note for these structures the probability that the variable lies in a subset cannot be precisely known but only be known to an interval value. We discuss methods for deducing this uncertainty interval. We next discuss the issue of entailment of belief structures, inferring the validity of additional belief model of a variable from an already established belief model of the variable. We next discuss a more general belief structure were the underling uncertainty rather tha0n being based on a probability distribution is based on a general measure type of uncertainty. We then extend the concept of entailment to the case where the belief structures are these more general measure based belief structures. In order to accomplish this we must extend the idea of containment from classic Dempster–Shafer belief structures to measure based belief structures.
Airway smooth muscle photorelaxation via opsin receptor activation

Nonvisual opsin (OPN) receptors have recently been implicated in blue light-mediated photorelaxation of smooth muscle in various organs. Since photorelaxation has not yet been demonstrated in airwa...
Genetics for the Women's Health Trainee: A Five-Module Curriculum.

Introduction Genetics is ubiquitous in OB-GYN. However, data suggest that trainees feel underprepared to counsel patients about genetic testing, the nuances of which are becoming increasingly compl...
The Asymptomatic AAA: When to Be Concerned and What to Tell Your Patient?

Asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are increasingly common incidental findings and will likely be encountered periodically by the acute care provider. Due to the extremely high morbidity and mortality of AAA rupture, providers must recognize the long-term importance of the asymptomatic AAA, identify risk factors for rupture, and provide patients with education and appropriate follow-up. All patients with an AAA should follow with vascular surgery, but those with AAA > 5.5 cm maximal diameter in men and > 5.0 cm in women should be urgently evaluated by a vascular surgeon, as these aneurysms are high risk for rupture and are frequently considered for elective repair. Those with AAA expansion >0.5 cm in 6 months need the same urgent evaluation. Other risk factors such as female gender, active smoking, COPD, and uncontrolled hypertension also increase the risk of expansion and rupture and should prompt expedited surgical evaluation.
Measurement of 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid and 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid in Boswellia serrata Supplements Administered to Dogs.

Osteoarthritis is a common canine disease frequently treated with nutritional supplements that often lack independent verification of ingredients, active ingredient concentration, efficacy, or safety. Human supplements containing Boswellia serrata extracts (BSE) with high concentrations of active constituents 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) and 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) are bioavailable, safe, and efficacious in the alleviation of symptoms of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in people. Thus, oral AKBA and/or KBA supplementation could be a promising novel therapy for dogs with osteoarthritis. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of AKBA and KBA within six human and seven canine market formulations containing BSE administered to dogs, using a derivation of the previously validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The secondary objective was to compare measured concentrations to label claims. The mean concentrations of AKBA and KBA within the formulations tested were 42.3 mg/g AF (0.1–155.7 mg/g AF) and 5.2 mg/g AF (0–24.8 mg/g AF), respectively, with four of the formulations containing an undetectable amount of KBA. None of the market formulations had a label claim for KBA. For the five tested formulations with a label claim for AKBA, the mean percentage of detected AKBA was 173% of the concentration listed on the label (range: 114–224%). Formulations claiming to contain AKBA had a mean AKBA concentration of 98.2 mg/g AF, significantly higher than formulations claiming only to contain BSE (7.4 mg/g AF; p = 0.01). This study demonstrated a large variation of boswellic acid concentrations in market formulations claiming to contain BSE, with products claiming to contain AKBA containing higher concentrations of AKBA than other products. There was also a large variation in, and overall high, percent difference between label claims and measured concentrations of AKBA. All products met or exceeded label claims. However, differences between label amounts and detected concentrations confirm the need for independent laboratories to quantify concentrations of active ingredients in supplements containing BSE. This would be necessary prior to the use of these formulations in the research or clinical setting.
Positive Peer Pressured Productivity (p-quad) – a Dual Incentive Model to Increase a Division’s Academic Output

Purpose: Faculty often cite insufficient institutional support and mentoring as barriers to academic productivity required for promotion. Evaluate a dual incentive model combining positive peer pressure with a weighted lottery where entries are earned based on degree of productivity. Methods: All junior faculty in the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine were eligible to participate. Pre-intervention, participants reported the …
Relationships Among Executive Dysfunction, Constructive Worrying, and Worry Responses in Older Adults.

Worry is a ubiquitous human experience and core symptom of anxiety. The present study examined the extent to which specific aspects of worry are related to perceived executive dysfunction in older ...
Adolescents' Discussion of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Topics With Providers: Findings From a Nationally Representative Probability Sample of U.S. Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose National practice guidelines encourage providers address sexual and reproductive health (SRH) as part of all clinical encounters with adolescents. Yet, no studies provide nationally representative estimates of how frequently adolescents are screened. Methods Data were adolescent participants (aged 14–17 years; N = 826) in the 2018 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, an online, nationally representative study of sexual health experiences of people in the U.S. SRH variables were: (all no/yes) pregnancy prevention, sexual identity, STD/HIV prevention, sexual difficulties, sexually transmitted infections testing, and sexual activity. We used descriptive statistics and weighted logistic regression (Stata 16.0; all p Results The coverage of SRH topics was poor. The most common topic was asking about sexual activity (52.9%), and the least common was being offered a sexually transmitted infection test (21.7%). An adolescent’s sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and age affected the odds of topic screening. Conclusions Health care providers appear to both infrequently and inconsistently address key SRH topics during encounters with young people. Targeted interventions should focus on strengthening the regularity and depth of clinicians’ SRH conversations regardless of adolescent demographic or history.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in a widely disseminated community-based fall prevention program

Abstract Background Fear of falling restricts mobility and increases fall risk among older adults. Fall-related efficacy (i.e. the confidence to perform activities without falling), a construct related to fear of falling, has also been associated with active living and fall prevention. This study statistically synthesized the program effects of A Matter of Balance Volunteer Lay Leader (AMOB/VLL) model, designed to improve fall-related efficacy and promote daily activities among community-dwelling older adults. Methods Research articles and doctoral dissertations that examined the effect of the AMOB/VLL on fear of falling and fall-related efficacy were searched from multiple databases. A random effects model was used to compute mean weighted effect sizes, 95 % CIs, and heterogeneity (I2). Bias was examined through a funnel plot and Egger’s test. Factors associated with heterogeneity were also explored. Results Seventeen AMOB/VLL studies involving 3,860 participants were identified. The pooled effects of the 13 studies with sufficient information for effect size calculation, were −0.29 (95 % CI: −0.40, −0.19) for fear of falling and 0.51 (95 % CI: 0.42, 0.60) for fall-related efficacy. Effect sizes differed partially due to outcome measures of fall-related efficacy. Covariate adjustment and study quality were not associated with differences in effect sizes. No substantial evidence of asymmetry and publication bias was found. Conclusion This study provides evidence supporting AMOB/VLL as an effective intervention for reducing fear of falling and improving fall-related efficacy. A greater consistency in outcome measures is needed to optimally capture changes in fear of falling and fall-related efficacy among community-dwelling older adults.
Scalable randomised benchmarking of non-Clifford gates

Randomised benchmarking is a widely used experimental technique to characterise the average error of quantum operations. Benchmarking procedures that scale to enable the characterisation of n-qubit circuits rely on efficient procedures for manipulating those circuits and, as such, have been limited to subgroups of the Clifford group. However, universal quantum computers require additional, non-Clifford gates to approximate arbitrary unitary transformations. We define a scalable randomised benchmarking procedure over n-qubit unitary matrices that correspond to protected non-Clifford gates for a class of stabiliser codes. We present efficient methods for representing and composing group elements, sampling them uniformly and synthesising corresponding poly(n)-sized circuits. The procedure provides experimental access to two independent parameters that together characterise the average gate fidelity of a group element. A scalable procedure to determine the error of quantum operations has been developed by researchers in the United States. Andrew Cross and colleagues at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center have expanded previously used protocols to a broader range of quantum circuits, thereby enabling error benchmarking for all common logical operations used in leading quantum computing protocols. The standard technique for error characterization in these devices is randomized benchmarking, which provides benefits such as insensitivity to measurement errors, but on the other hand only functions in a limited number of circumstances. In their theoretical study, the researchers demonstrate how randomized benchmarking approaches can be expanded to a much broader range of logical operations. The procedure can be readily implemented experimentally, and provides access to important experimental noise parameters in quantum computing.
Accommodation and formation of {1¯012} twins in Mg-Y alloys

Abstract The { 1 ¯ 012 } tensile twins terminating inside the grains of a deformed Mg-Y alloy were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The crystallographic features of terminating twins and associated slip structures were quantified and correlated. The local stresses developed at a terminating { 1 ¯ 012 } twin were computed using crystal plasticity simulations in order to interpret the observed slip patterns. Results indicate that both basal 〈 a 〉 and 〈 c + a 〉 matrix glide were involved in accommodating the plastic stresses developed in the vicinity of terminating twins. Along the twin boundary, the defect contrast consistent with that of lattice dislocations and twinning partials was observed. Based on these observations, a dislocation reaction is proposed that establishes an interrelationship between the observed matrix glide and { 1 ¯ 012 } twinning in Mg-Y alloys.
224 Outcomes of stage IV melanoma in the era of immunotherapy: a national cancer database (NCDB) analysis

Background Immunotherapy (IO) has revolutionized the treatment landscape for metastatic melanoma and is now the mainstay of treatment since the approval of ipilimumab in 2011 and anti-PD-1 therapies (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) in 2015. The majority of data stems from trials that have specific inclusion criteria, and often exclude important populations. In this analysis, we present the first real-world evidence of outcomes for stage IV patients with cutaneous melanoma receiving IO from 2015–2016 and factors associated with receipt of IO, and compare these outcomes with patients receiving IO (likely interferon and interleukin-2) from 2004–2010, and IO (addition of ipilimumab) from 2011–2014. Methods NCDB was analyzed to identify stage IV patients with melanoma from 2004–2016. Patients were categorized into receipt of IO or not during time periods from 2004–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2016. Patients treated with and without IO were propensity matched on age, gender, and stage. Overall survival (OS) analysis was done by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models; log-rank test was used for between-group OS comparisons. Results A total of 21,696 patients with stage IV melanoma were analyzed from 2004–2016. Overall, patients (n = 3,852) who received IO had improved median survival (mOS 17.2 vs. 7.3 mos; p Conclusions Survival was improved in stage IV patients with melanoma receiving IO, especially in 2015, with the approvals of pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Our findings are consistent with recent trials, like KEYNOTE 006 and CheckMate 067 where 2-year OS for anti-PD-1 therapy was 55% and 60%, respectively.1, 2 Significant socioeconomic factors may impact receipt of IO and survival. References Robert C, Ribas A, Schachter J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-006): post-hoc 5-year results from an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20: 1239–1251. Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 1345–1356.
Functional selectivity for naturalistic social interaction perception in the human superior temporal sulcus

Abstract Recognizing others’ social interactions is a crucial human ability. Using simple stimuli, previous studies have shown that social interactions are processed in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, it remains unknown to what extent social interaction selectivity is observed for real world stimuli where social interactions covary with other perceptual and social information, such as faces, voices, and theory of mind. By using a naturalistic fMRI movie paradigm and advanced machine learning methods, we found that broad social-affective features predict neural responses in social brain regions, including the STS and mPFC. However, only the STS showed robust and unique selectivity specifically to social interactions, independent from other covarying features. This selectivity generalized across two separate fMRI datasets. These findings suggest that naturalistic social interaction perception recruits dedicated neural circuity in the STS and is a critical dimension of human social understanding.
Historical Perspectives on Academic Fundraising

Historical references to philanthropy can be especially useful in the process of raising major gifts. Faculty and academic leaders in particular can incorporate past gift examples into current gift discussions to help demonstrate their impact on institutional missions in general, and students in particular. Examples from some of America’s earliest colleges also demonstrate significant fundraising and campaign principles that are still observed in present day. These examples all serve to educate potential donors about how giving addresses not just current needs, but the institutions’ ongoing academic mission. Examples are also provided to illustrate how several institutions, public and private, tie historical narratives to fundraising efforts and further build institutional identity.
The applications of protein electrospinning in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery

Electrospinning technologies (e.g traditional electrospinning and near-field electrospinning) have been widely considered for the design of biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering and wound healing. The great advantage of electrospinning technologies lies in the possibility of controlling the surface area, porosity and pore size of the final materials as well as the loading and the release kinetics of the drugs. In addition, the processing of proteins by electrospinning technologies is a promising approach to design functional scaffolds offering better bioctivity (ability to support cell adhesion and growth), better drug stability and safer applicability on skin. In this work, keratin proteins of mammal origin, obtained from wool wastes were processed into electrospun mats. In particular, electrospun mats made of keratin nanofibers, keratin/hydrotalcites hybrid nanofibers and keratin/poly- (butylene succinate) blend nanofibers, loaded with diclofenac were compared as drug delivery systems and scaffolds for cell growth. All the electrospun mats are characterized by layers of interconnected web of nanofibers having a mean diameter of about 200 nm. They are able to adhere to wet skin to support fibroblast cells adhesion and growth. The diclofenac is almost totally released from the keratin nanofibers through a matrix swelling controlled mechanism and from keratin/hydrotalcites hybrid nanofibers through a totally Fickian diffusion mechanism. Instead, only the 50% of drug is released from the keratin/PBS blend nanofibers through a totally Fickian diffusion mechanism. These preliminary obtained results can be exploited to design functional patches with desired bioactivity and drug release profiles through an additive electrospinning process, to be applied in tissue engineering and wound healing. Moreover, the use of a chemical sensors in addition to drugs could be a promising strategy to develop functional patches acting as drug delivery and sensors systems.
Convergence of oncogenic cooperation at single-cell and single-gene levels drives leukemic transformation

Cancers develop from the accumulation of somatic mutations, yet it remains unclear how oncogenic lesions cooperate to drive cancer progression. Using a mouse model harboring NRasG12D and EZH2 mutations that recapitulates leukemic progression, we employ single-cell transcriptomic profiling to map cellular composition and gene expression alterations in healthy or diseased bone marrows during leukemogenesis. At cellular level, NRasG12D induces myeloid lineage-biased differentiation and EZH2-deficiency impairs myeloid cell maturation, whereas they cooperate to promote myeloid neoplasms with dysregulated transcriptional programs. At gene level, NRasG12D and EZH2-deficiency independently and synergistically deregulate gene expression. We integrate results from histopathology, leukemia repopulation, and leukemia-initiating cell assays to validate transcriptome-based cellular profiles. We use this resource to relate developmental hierarchies to leukemia phenotypes, evaluate oncogenic cooperation at single-cell and single-gene levels, and identify GEM as a regulator of leukemia-initiating cells. Our studies establish an integrative approach to deconvolute cancer evolution at single-cell resolution in vivo. Identifying how genetic alterations cooperate in cancer is challenging. Here the authors analyze leukemia mouse models with both oncogenic NRAS and EZH2 mutations using single-cell RNA-sequencing, evaluate oncogenic cooperation, and identify GEM as a regulator of leukemia-initiating cells.
Mössbauer-Effect Spectroscopy as a Probe for Surface Interactions

Since the Mossbauer effect is very sensitive to small changes in the electronic environment of Mossbauer active nuclei, Mossbauer-effect spectroscopy may be used to investigate interactions on surfaces. These include adsorption phenomena and heterogeneous catalytic reactions. A critical literature review on the subject matter will finally lead to a discussion on some of our preliminary results on interactions of gas molecules with an adsorber of large surface area.
Human fetal brain response to sound during labor.

Abstract The human fetal auditory evoked response (AER) to a sound stimulus is obtained early in labor and serially studied throughout childbirth. Considerable intersubject variation exists. The fetal AER latency interval is similar to that obtained in the neonate and is in the range of 200 to 500 msec. with an average amplitude of 10 μV. The response is confirmed in the neonate and has a similar latency interval but an increased amplitude of response when compared to the same fetus in utero.
E-discovery regulations and information technology management

This paper presents a summary of the laws related to electronic discovery as they apply to civil litigation and the implications of these laws as to how information assets need to be managed in an organization. The paper discusses the consequences of non-compliance and offers guidelines for information technology managers to address discovery requests related to electronically stored information.
Approximating the best-fit tree under L p norms

We consider the problem of fitting an n× n distance matrix M by a tree metric T. We give a factor O( min {n1/p,(klogn)1/p}) approximation algorithm for finding the closest ultrametric T under the Lp norm, i.e. T minimizes ||T,M||p. Here, k is the number of distinct distances in M. Combined with the results of [1], our algorithms imply the same factor approximation for finding the closest tree metric under the same norm. In [1], Agarwala et al. present the first approximation algorithm for this problem under L∞. Ma et al. [2] present approximation algorithms under the Lp norm when the original distances are not allowed to contract and the output is an ultrametric. This paper presents the first algorithms with performance guarantees under Lp (p<∞) in the general setting. We also consider the problem of finding an ultrametric T that minimizes Lrelative: the sum of the factors by which each input distance is stretched. For the latter problem, we give a factor O(log2n) approximation.
Finding Copyright's Core Content

Copyright laws are conventionally justified on consequentialist grounds. As a result, value judgements about the viability of copyright laws are often based on their social or economic consequences. However, despite longstanding conversations among scholars about the nature of copyright and its purported effects on societies and markets, a consensus of how copyright laws ought to be structured to encourage authorship and other forms of creative endeavor has yet to emerge. Framing the analysis of copyright laws within consequentialist frameworks as intellectual property scholars have conventionally tended to do, while important in studying the consequences of laws from a socio-economic perspective, has not yielded satisfactory answers to a more fundamental question about the proper content and scope of copyright laws. For many communities and societies with increasing humanistic interests and goals, this question about the law’s proper content is a perennial one. To answer this question, this paper draws from two sources. First, legal theories on natural law, which require as a general rule that man-made laws satisfy an objective moral standard, support a proposition that copyright laws have essential moral content that may be identified through reason. Second, catholic social teachings on the common good, respect for the life and dignity of the human person, and correlation of rights and responsibility offer a framework to inform and shape appropriate copyright laws and policies. This paper proposes that for the progress of science to be sustained, the core content of copyright laws must protect the conditions that contribute towards authentic forms of authorship and support the flourishing and thriving of relationship-oriented communities. By identifying core moral content to inform and guide the development of copyright law and policy, a healthy ecology for the production and distribution of creative works may emerge to produce greater equity in how literary and artistic resources are ultimately used in the information economy.
Secure, Consumer-Friendly Web Authentication and Payments with a Phone

This paper proposes a challenge-response authentication system for web applications called Snap2Pass that is easy to use, provides strong security guarantees, and requires no browser extensions. The system uses QR codes which are small two-dimensional pictures that encode digital data. When logging in to a site, the web server sends the PC browser a QR code that encodes a cryptographic challenge; the user takes a picture of the QR code with his cell phone camera which results in a cryptographic response sent to the server; the web server then logs the PC browser in. Our user study shows that authentication using Snap2Pass is easy to learn and considerably faster than existing one-time password and challenge-response systems. By implementing our solution as an OpenID provider, we have made this scheme available to over 30,000 websites that use OpenID today. This paper also proposes Snap2Pay, an extension of Snap2Pass, to improve the usability and security of online payments. Snap2Pay allows a consumer to use one-time credit cards as well as the Verified by Visa or Mastercard SecureCode services securely and easily with just a snap of a QR code.
Dimorphism in La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3? How Exploratory Syntheses Led to Surprising New Finds in the La–Ge and Ce–Ge Binary Phase Diagrams

Reported are the synthesis, the crystal structures, and the electronic structures of two new tetragonal phases, La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3. Both title compounds crystallize in the Pu5Rh3 (P4/ncc) structure type, which has close structural relationship with the W5Si3 (I4/mcm) structure type. The synthetic results, supported by thermal analysis suggest that this tetragonal phase is only stable at relatively low temperature and it transforms to the hexagonal form (Mn5Si3 structure type, P63/mcm) at above 850 °C. The structural relationship between La5Ge3 (Pu5Rh3 type) and La5Sn3 (W5Si3 type) is discussed as well. Temperature dependent DC magnetization and resistivity measurements indicate that the tetragonal phase La5Ge3 exhibits Pauli-like paramagnetism and is a good metallic conductor. For the tetragonal phase Ce5Ge3, the magnetic behavior obeys the Curie–Weiss law in the high-temperature regime, while it deviates from the Curie–Weiss law at low temperature. No long-range magnetic ordering was observed down to 5 K, although short-range correlations can be inferred below ca. 50 K. The resistivity measurements of Ce5Ge3 also show metallic-like temperature dependence, although the low-temperature behavior resembling a T2 law could signify anomalous electron-scattering (e.g., Kondo-like effect). The electronic structures of multiple phases with the same nominal compositions, computed by the TB-LMTO-ASA method, are compared and discussed.
Toward Understanding the Assembly and Structure of KATP Channels

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple metabolic events to membrane electrical activity in a variety of cell types. The cloning and reconstitution of the subunits of these channels demonstrate they are heteromultimers of inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits (KIR6.x) and sulfonylurea receptors (SUR), members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. Recent studies indicate that SUR and KIR6.x associate with 1:1 stoichiometry to assemble a large tetrameric channel, (SUR/KIR6.x)4. The KIR6.x subunits form the channel pore, whereas SUR is required for activation and regulation. Two KIR6.x genes and two SUR genes have been identified, and combinations of subunits give rise to KATP channel subtypes found in pancreatic beta-cells, neurons, and cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Mutations in both the SUR1 and KIR6.2 genes have been shown to cause familial hyperinsulinism, indicating the importance of the pancreatic beta-cell channel in the regulation of insulin secretion. The availability of cloned KATP channel genes opens the way for characterization of this family of ion channels and identification of additional genetic defects.
An examination of the relationships among recalled, expected, and actual intensity and unpleasantness of delayed onset muscle pain.

This investigation assessed the relationships among recalled, expected, and actual muscle pain intensity and unpleasantness during a period of 48 hours. We hypothesized that (1). specific expectations of pain after 24 hours would account for a significant amount of variance in actual pain, (2). recalled pain from the most recent episode of naturally occurring muscle pain would be significantly associated with expected pain, and (3). the accuracy of expectations (ie, the difference between expected and actual pain) would increase across time as the onset of muscle pain occurred. Ninety-five students completed 3 sessions. In Session 1, recalled muscle pain and expected muscle pain in the next 24 hours were collected before exercise. In Sessions 2 and 3, muscle pain during movement and expected pain in the next 24 hours were collected. Recalled muscle pain was associated with expectations at baseline, r values [equals].26 to.47, P [lt ].05. The accuracy of expected intensity increased during the study, t [equals] 3.20, P [lt ].01, and the accuracy of expected unpleasantness was associated with change in expected unpleasantness, r values [equals] [minus ].28, P [lt ].01. The amount of variance in actual intensity and unpleasantness accounted for by expectations increased up to 55% and 52%, respectively, during the study. Expected unpleasantness did not account for variance in actual intensity. Expected intensity accounted for 3% of the variance in actual unpleasantness, but only in the second 24-hour period. Thus, our hypotheses were generally supported, but unanticipated findings regarding changes across time in the relationships among recalled, expected, and actual muscle pain were also detected.
Treatment of 283 Consecutive Patients With Metastatic Melanoma or Renal Cell Cancer Using High-Dose Bolus Interleukin 2

Objective. —To determine the efficacy of treatment using high-dose bolus Interleukin 2 (IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer. Design and Setting. —Consecutive series of all patients treated with high-dose IL-2 in the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute from September 1985 through December 1992. Patients. —Two hundred eighty-three patients with metastatic melanoma or metastatic renal cell cancer who had failed standard treatment for their cancers. Interventions. —Patients received IL-2 at a dose of 720 000 lU/kg intravenously every 8 hours for a maximum of 15 doses per cycle. Two cycles constituted a treatment course, and patients with stable or responding disease received additional treatment courses. A total of 447 courses of treatment were administered. Main Outcome Measures. —Regression of measurable tumor, durability of response to treatment, and survival. Results. —Nine patients (7%) with metastatic melanoma achieved complete regression of all disease and 14 patients (10%) had partial regression. Ten patients (7%) with metastatic renal cell cancer experienced complete regression and 20 patients (13%) had partial regression. Of the 19 patients with complete regression, 15 have remained in complete remission from 7 to 91 months after treatment. Three treatment-related deaths (1.1%) occurred early in this series, but as experience with the administration of this IL-2 regimen increased, no treatment-related deaths occurred in 214 patients treated during the last 5 years of the study. Conclusion. —Biologic therapy with IL-2 can cause significant antitumor effects in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer. Because IL-2 does not have a direct effect on cancer cells but rather mediates its antitumor activity by altering host immune reactions, these data represent the best available evidence that immunologic therapy for cancer can be effective in selected patients. (JAMA. 1994;271:907-913)
Multidetector-row CT diagnosis of cholecystocolic fistula

Abstract Spontaneous fistula formation between the gallbladder and colon is an unusual complication of calculous cholecystitis and may be difficult to diagnose clinically because of its non-specific clinical signs and symptoms. This report describes a case of spontaneous cholecystocolic fistula in a 68-year-old man complicated by peritonitis from chronic calculous cholecystitis that was diagnosed pre-operatively by multidetector-row CT (MDCT).
Comanagement and Collaborative Care of a 20-Year-Old Female With Acute Viral Torticollis

Abstract Objective This case study describes a patient diagnosed with acute viral torticollis and illustrates the relevant aspects of differential diagnosis and the collaborative efforts between the chiropractic and allopathic disciplines in establishing an optimum treatment protocol provided by comanagement of the case. Clinical Features A 20-year-old female student experienced a sudden onset of neck pain and inability to move her neck in conjunction with an antalgic attitude of her cervical spine in lateral flexion and rotation. Physical examination revealed an elevated temperature indicating the possibility of infection. Associated symptoms included headache, nausea, vomiting, and malaise. Intervention and Outcome The patient was initially assessed in a teaching clinic of a university medical health center for acute meningitis. A consultation was requested by the senior attending physician for an opinion by the chiropractic services of the university health center to assess the patient for nuchal rigidity and to provide treatment of the torticollis. After an evaluation of the status of the patient, a diagnosis of acute viral torticollis was established, and chiropractic manual therapy was initiated with a significant improvement in the ability of the patient to execute cervical ranges of motion without undue limitation and pain. Follow-up chiropractic care resulted in resolution of the torticollis without residual symptoms. Conclusion Acute viral torticollis occurring in a young adult with associated symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting presents a diagnostic challenge in excluding the possibility of meningitis. Appropriate clinical and physical examination procedures are essential to exclude the latter while providing the clinician with the confidence to proceed with conservative management of the patient. Comanagement and collaborative care between the medical and chiropractic disciplines offered the patient a treatment plan with prompt resolution of symptoms.
Imaging of features on surfaces by condensation figures

Condensation of a vapor to a liquid on a cold surface that is not wet completely by this liquid leads to the formation of an array of droplets. If the surface is heterogeneous in its physical properties (especially its interfacial free energy), the patterns of these arrays reflect this heterogeneity. The distribution of droplets of water (condensation figures or CFs) observed by optical microscopy on a surface can be correlated with the molecular structure of that surface. The substrates used to investigate the formation and morphology of the CFs were patterned, self-assembled monolayers of different alkanethiolates on gold and of alkyl siloxanes on glass. Analysis of CFs is a valuable nondestructive technique for characterizing heterogeneities in surfaces.
Computing with Impure Numbers: Automatic Consistency Checking and Units Conversion Using Computer Algebra

This note shows how computer-algebra systems may be used to include symbolic physical units in computer calculations, with automatic detection of dimensionally-inhomogeneous formulas and automatic conversion of inconsistent units in a dimensionally-homogeneous formula. Inhomogeneity errors are a prevalent type that is undetected in traditional programming languages, and the user is relieved of the tedious, error-prone units-conversion process.
Estimating Pore-size Distributions of Moderately Hydrophobic Mesoporous Solids

In this paper, standard reduced data for adsorption of nitrogen on moderately hydrophobic surface are reported. This surface was obtained by chemical modification of macroporous silica with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. In addition, the statistical film thickness, t curve, is derived using these data and nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured on two large-pore ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 samples modified with the same organosilane. The application of these reference adsorption data is shown in the evaluation of pore-size distribution and in the related characterization of mesoporous materials with moderate surface hydrophobicity.
Treatment Retention of Crack and Cocaine Users in a National Sample of Long Term Residential Clients

Clients entering treatment with cocaine problems are difficult to engage and retain in treatment. Crack users, a subset of cocaine users, are especially difficult to treat. This study investigated whether type of cocaine used (crack or non-crack) was related to retention in treatment. The sample consisted of 900 clients in 13 long-term residential (LTR) programs participating in the national Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS). Clients met the DSM-HI-R criteria for cocaine dependence and were at least weekly users of cocaine (including crack). Hierarchical logistic model regression analysis was used to test the relationship between type of cocaine preference and retention. Crack users had lower retention rates than non-crack cocaine users, even after adjusting for covariates. Higher retention was also related to being older, a high school graduate, unmarried, not depressed, alcohol dependent, more motivated for treatment, and having fewer arrests. New strategies to improve retention for crack use...
Kinship and behavior in nonhuman primates

Nonhuman primates show significantly more social interaction with matrilineal kin than nonkin. There is little evidence for kin recognition per se, and long-term association, fostered by long periods of biological dependency, strong sociality, and impressive cognitive capacities, is sufficient to account for the correlation between kinship and sociality. Association, as a proximal mechanism, in no way detracts from the adaptive significance of sociality strongly biased toward kin.
Training in law and behavioral sciences: Issues from the criminal justice perspective

Interdisciplinary training in behavioral sciences and the law should be appropriate for a criminal justice education program. However, adopting such an interdisciplinary goal is problematic because the divisions in the types of educational curricula need to be confronted. The relationships of the criminal justice academic community with the profession, and of the behavioral sciences with present criminal justice policies, must also be addressed in the attempt to develop familiarity with behavioral sciences and their legal relevance in shaping the criminal justice system. These factors may hinder extensive implementation of such training. Suggestions are made for incorporating this raining in a criminal justice curriculum.
Dolphin research: arguing against captivity.

I would like to respond to M. Menard's statements (“Dolphin research: Continue captivity,” Letters, 24 June, p. [1501][1]) about the News Focus story “Are dolphins too smart for captivity?” (D. Grimm, 29 April, p. [526][2]). Menard claims that the research we propose with lone, sociable,
The economics of producing algae and bivalve seed in hatcheries

Abstract A computer program to estimate variable production costs in a bivalve hatchery was developed by using data from a working hatchery and from current literature. The empirical analysis focused on estimating algae costs to produce Atlantic oyster seed, because data on the algae process were more readily isolated from other hatchery processes and because feeding costs are recognized as a large proportion of total costs. Twelve simulations were made using different values for important parameters. Feed costs per bivalve were sensitive to the alternative specifications of feed cost functions, but not to assumptions about survival rates. To explore the implications of these feed cost simulations for the marketing of bivalve seed, total costs of production per bivalve were estimated on the basis of estimates of the proportion that feed costs are of total costs from an economic engineering study. Under optimistic assumptions, bivalve seed can be produced and marketed profitably. Within a given scenario, the “break-even” marketing period varied only by a week or two across the diverse assumptions made about the fraction that feed costs are of total costs.
DNA: insulator or wire?

DNA-based electron transfer reactions are seen in processes such as biosynthesis and radiation damage/repair, but are poorly understood. What kinds of experiments might tell us how far and how fast electrons can travel in DNA? What does modern theory predict?
Science in the age of mechanical reproduction: moral and epistemic relations between diagrams and photographs

Sociologists, philosophers and historians of science are gradually recognizing the importance of visual representation. This is part of a more general movement away from a theory-centric view of science and towards an interest in practical aspects of observation and experimentation. Rather than treating science as a matter of demonstrating the logical connection between theoretical and empirical statements, an increasing number of investigations are examining how scientists compose and use diagrams, graphs, photographs, micrographs, maps, charts, and related visual displays. This paper focuses on diagrams in biology, and tries to demonstrate how diagrams are an integral part of the production of scientific knowledge. In order to disclose some of the distinctive practical and analytical uses of diagrams, the paper contrasts the way diagrams and photographs are used in biological texts. Both diagrams and photographs are shown to be “constructions” that separately and together mediate the investigation of scientific phenoman.
Comunicación eficaz para los negocios: Curso de conversación, recursos y vocabulario by DE PRADA, MARISA, & PILAR MARCÉ

A review of the book "Comunicacion eficaz para los negocios: Curso de conversacion, recursos y vocabulario," by Marisa De Prada and Pilar Marce is presented.
Prenatal maternal phenobarbital alters plasma concentrations of corticosterone in developing offspring.

Abstract Offspring of mice injected daily with phenobarbital for the last third of pregnancy had elevated concentrations of corticosterone on the day of birth and reduced concentrations 21 days after birth. The high concentration at birth is compatible with literature suggesting a compensatory increase in fetal corticosterone due to reductions in maternal corticosterone. The lower concentration of corticosterone at 21 days of age is compatible with reports on the effects of neonatal injections of corticosterone on plasma concentrations of the glucocorticoid in young rats.
Maintaining stability in the face of change.

How does the brain orchestrate the integration of new neurons into mature circuitry, without disrupting those circuits in the process? Mizrahi and Katz provide a new perspective on how the brain manages this dilemma, by showing that the dendritic backbone of mitral/tufted cells in the adult olfactory bulb is remarkably stable despite learning and neuron turnover.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha −238G/A (rs 361525) gene polymorphism predicts progression to type-2 diabetes in an Eastern Indian population with prediabetes

Abstract Prediabetes (IPD; n =122) and normoglycemic individuals ( n =100) underwent assessment of polymorphisms of TNFα (−238, −308) and IL6 (−174). After 27.25±5.64 months, 16 IPD had reverted to normoglycemia and 18 progressed to diabetes. TNFα −238AA/GA genotypes were significantly more common in IPD, had higher TNFα, higher progression to diabetes and lower reversal.
Robust estimation and testing of haplotype effects in case‐control studies

Haplotype-based analyses are thought to play a major role in the study of common complex diseases. This has led to the development of a variety of statistical methods for detecting disease-haplotype associations from case-control study data. However, haplotype phase is often uncertain when only genotype data is available. Methods that account for haplotype ambiguity by modeling the distribution of haplotypes can, if this distribution is misspecified, lead to substantial bias in parameter estimates even when complete genotype data is available. Here we study estimators that can be derived from score functions of appropriate likelihoods. We use the efficient score approach to estimation in the presence of nuisance parameters to a derive novel estimators that are robust to the haplotype distribution. We establish key relationships between estimators and study their empirical performance via simulation. Genet. Epidemiol. 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy dependence of electron pitch angle distribution widths in solar bursts

[1] Solar activity regularly produces suprathermal electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV. At 1 AU, these bursts have been detected at energies as low as 73 eV. The characteristics of such bursts vary considerably from event to event due in part to the physical processes involved in their propagation to Earth. In 2002, Advanced Composition Explorer/Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (ACE/SWEPAM) observed 101 solar electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV, 40 of which exhibited broader pitch angle distributions than the preburst strahl. In general, the width of the pitch angle distribution from 73 to 1370 eV is a function of energy. In ∼65% of the events the pitch angle distribution width increased with energy during the burst, in ∼10% of the events it decreased with energy, and ∼25% of the cases demonstrated no clear energy dependence. The delay time between the onset of the burst and the onset of pitch angle distribution broadening also showed energy dependence. At 987 eV broadening almost always occurred after onset of the burst; however, at energies less than 519 eV broadening of the pitch angle distribution sometimes preceded the burst onset. Although energy dispersion was observed in the burst onset times, several events revealed nearly simultaneous broadening over an extended range of energies, in one case from 197 to 1370 eV. Broadening of the pitch angle distribution function during solar electron bursts almost certainly results from wave-particle scattering. Scattering, in turn, should depend on solar wind plasma and magnetic field conditions. Nevertheless, we were not able to find any general statistical correlations between ACE plasma and magnetic field parameters and the burst pitch angle distribution width. Because ACE measurements are inherently local, whereas scattering can occur anywhere between the Sun and Earth, we also examined five bursts that we infer underwent relatively local scattering. These bursts exhibited maximum pitch angle distribution widths greater than 75°. Even these special cases failed to manifest any correlation with local plasma or magnetic field measurements.