cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Degenerating Sex: Female Sterilisation, Medical Authority and Racial Purity in Catholic Brazil.

This article examines female sterilisation practices in early twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It argues that the medical profession, particularly obstetricians and psychiatrists, used debates over the issue to solidify its moral and political standing during two political moments of Brazilian history: when the Brazilian government separated church and state in the 1890s and when Getulio Vargas's authoritarian regime of the late 1930s renewed alliances with the Catholic church. Shifting notions of gender, race, and heredity further shaped these debates. In the late nineteenth century, a unified medical profession believed that female sterilisation caused psychiatric degeneration in women. By the 1930s, however, the arrival of eugenics caused a divergence amongst physicians. Psychiatrists began supporting eugenic sterilisation to prevent degeneration - both psychiatric and racial. Obstetricians, while arguing that sterilisation no longer caused mental disturbances in women, rejected it as a eugenic practice in regard to race. For obstetricians, the separation of sex from motherhood was more dangerous than any racial 'impurities', both phenotypical and psychiatric. At the same time, a revitalised Brazilian Catholic church rejected eugenics and sterilisation point blank, and its renewed ties with the Vargas regime blocked the medical implementation of any eugenic sterilisation laws. Brazilian women, nonetheless, continued to access the procedure, regardless of the surrounding legal and medical proscriptions.
Some Data on the Market for Data

Firms are collecting more data — about their operations, customers, and markets — in order to improve performance. Some of this data has value beyond a firm's boundary and thus can create value for other firms. Yet, we have relatively few facts about this market for data, its participants, and the types and value of data bought and sold by firms. We present preliminary descriptive evidence about the emerging data market using the information on over 1,600 data exchanges executed by 1,285 of the largest public and private firms. Our findings suggest that nearly 17% of these firms participate in the data market. Furthermore, 80% of the exchanges are for customer data, and over 50% of transactions are structured as mutual data sharing agreements rather than unidirectional sales. Among the firms in our sample, it is the largest firms in terms of valuation and those with significant data capabilities that buy and sell data. Moreover, we find that most exchanges appear to happen among firms in the same industry and with significant data science capabilities. These results suggest that the market for data may be consequential and call for further research.
The Role of Diet in Cancer Prevention and Chemotherapy Efficacy

Despite great advances in treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Diet can greatly impact health, while caloric restriction and fasting have putative benefits for disease prevention and longevity. Strong epidemiological associations exist between obesity and cancer, whereas healthy diets can reduce cancer risk. However, less is known about how diet might impact cancer once it has been diagnosed and particularly how diet can impact cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the links between obesity, diet, and cancer. We explore potential mechanisms by which diet can improve cancer outcomes, including through hormonal, metabolic, and immune/inflammatory effects, and present the limited clinical research that has been published in this arena. Though data are sparse, diet intervention may reduce toxicity, improve chemotherapy efficacy, and lower the risk of long-term complications in cancer patients. Thus, it is important that we understand and expand the science of this important but complex adjunctive cancer treatment strategy.
Ciliate behavior: blueprints for dynamic cell biology and microscale robotics

Place a drop of pond water under the microscope, and you will likely find an ocean of extraordinary and diverse single-celled organisms called ciliates. This remarkable group of single-celled organisms wield microtubules, active systems, electrical signaling, and chemical sensors to build intricate geometrical structures and perform complex behaviors that can appear indistinguishable from those of macroscopic animals. Advances in computer vision and machine learning are making it possible to completely digitize and track the dynamics of complex ciliates and mine these data for the hidden structure, patterns, and motifs that are responsible for their behaviors. By deconstructing the diversity of ciliate behaviors in the natural world, themes for organizing and controlling matter at the microscale are beginning to take hold, suggesting new modular approaches for the design of autonomous molecular machines that emulate nature's finest examples.
Risk of Hospitalized Serious Infection After Initiating Ustekinumab or Other Biologics for Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis.

Objective To compare the risk of serious infections requiring hospitalization in patients with psoriasis (PsO) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) initiating ustekinumab versus other biologics or apremilast. Methods In this multi-database cohort study, we identified patients with PsO/PsA who initiated adalimumab, apremilast, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, ixekizumab, secukinumab, or ustekinumab between 2009 and 2018. The primary outcome was hospitalized serious infections including bacterial, viral, or opportunistic infections. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) comparing each study drugs with ustekinumab after applying propensity score fine stratification weights for confounding control in each database. Database-specific weighted HRs were combined by meta-analysis. Results We identified 123,383 patients with PsO/PsA who initiated one of the study drugs. During a total of 117,744 person-years of follow-up, 1,514 serious infections occurred with a crude incidence of 1.29 per 100 person-years. After propensity score fine stratification and weighting, the incidence rates of serious infection among ustekinumab initiators ranged from 0.59 to 0.95 per 100 person-years. Compared with ustekinumab, the combined weighted HR (95% confidence interval) for serious infections was 1.66 (1.34-2.06) for adalimumab, 1.42 (1.02-1.96) for apremilast, 1.09 (0.68-1.75) for certolizumab, 1.39 (1.01-1.90) for etanercept, 1.74 (1.00-3.03) for golimumab, 2.92 (1.80-4.72) for infliximab, 2.98 (1.20-7.41) for ixekizumab, and 1.84 (1.24-2.72) for secukinumab. Conclusions Other biologics and apremilast were associated with 1.4- to 3-times higher risk of hospitalized serious infections in PsO/PsA patients when compared with ustekinumab; such safety profile should be considered when selecting appropriate treatment regimens in patients with PsO/PsA.
Health insurance, pediatric asthma, and emergency department usage.

This study synthesized current research on the relationships between type of insurance and emergency department usage for children with asthma in the United States. Thematic analysis is in the context of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). A systematic mapping review yielded 20 articles published in the last 10 years on topics of insurance, emergency department usage, and pediatric asthma. Analysis indicates continued trends of increased emergency department use among asthmatic children since enactment of the ACA, running counter to the goal of fiscal efficiency for the healthcare system and reduction of health inequities. Barriers to care persist, particularly among communities of color, despite provisions to improve access to primary and preventive care. Inadequate access to primary care is associated with poor adherence among asthmatic children with public insurance. Those with health insurance through their parents' employer experience barriers due to cost-sharing expenses. This leads to increased asthma severity and low medication adherence, resulting in the need for emergency care. A disconnect between increased health insurance coverage and utilization of primary care in some populations implies unmet service needs that warrant further investigation. Findings inform policymakers and public health leaders of persistent health inequities resulting in preventable emergency department usage.
Maresin 1 activates LGR6 signaling to inhibit smooth muscle cell activation and attenuate murine abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

The specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator maresin 1 (MaR1) is involved in the resolution phase of tissue inflammation. It was hypothesized that exogenous administration of MaR1 would attenuate abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth in a cytokine-dependent manner via LGR6 receptor signaling and macrophage-dependent efferocytosis of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). AAAs were induced in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and smooth muscle cell specific TGF-β2 receptor knockout (SMC-TGFβr2-/- ) mice using a topical elastase AAA model. MaR1 treatment significantly attenuated AAA growth as well as increased aortic SMC α-actin and TGF-β2 expressions in WT mice, but not SMC-TGFβr2-/- mice, compared to vehicle-treated mice. In vivo inhibition of LGR6 receptors obliterated MaR1-dependent protection in AAA formation and SMC α-actin expression. Furthermore, MaR1 upregulated macrophage-dependent efferocytosis of apoptotic SMCs in murine aortic tissue during AAA formation. In vitro studies demonstrate that MaR1-LGR6 interaction upregulates TGF-β2 expression and decreases MMP2 activity during crosstalk of macrophage-apoptotic SMCs. In summary, these results demonstrate that MaR1 activates LGR6 receptors to upregulate macrophage-dependent efferocytosis, increases TGF-β expression, preserves aortic wall remodeling and attenuate AAA formation. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of MaR1-LGR6-mediated mitigation of vascular remodeling through increased efferocytosis of apoptotic SMCs via TGF-β2 to attenuate AAA formation.
An analysis of abortion demand in Pennsylvania 2000 - 2010

In this paper I expand on previous research of the determinants of abortion demand to examine the demand for abortion in the specific case of Pennsylvania, where precise statistics are available for each county. The data considered is for the years 2000 and 2010, and allows for cross sectional and panel data analysis, specifically, first-difference permitting to look at the effect of changes over time of specific explanatory variables. Careful attention is placed on variable selection techniques to avoid the use of low significance variables. The analysis allows controlling for price, as it is considered to be constant across the state, and for restrictive laws, as they are applied statewide. I also estimate the elasticity of demand for some key variables. The study introduces important demographic variables, such as fertility rate and the rate of women age 20 to 24 over women 15 to 49. Changes in demographic variables appear to have the greatest effect on changes in the abortion ratio, more than economic or behavioral variables.
SU-D-207-07: Implementation of Full/half Bowtie Filter Model in a Commercial Treatment Planning System for Kilovoltage X-Ray Imaging Dose Estimation

Purpose: To implement full/half bowtie filter models in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) to calculate kilovoltage (kV) x-ray imaging dose of Varian On-Board Imager (OBI) cone beam CT (CBCT) system. Methods: Full/half bowtie filters of Varian OBI were created as compensator models in Pinnacle TPS (version 9.6) using Matlab software (version 2011a). The profiles of both bowtie filters were acquired from the manufacturer, imported into the Matlab system and hard coded in binary file format. A Pinnacle script was written to import each bowtie filter data into a Pinnacle treatment plan as a compensator. A kV x-ray beam model without including the compensator model was commissioned per each bowtie filter setting based on percent depth dose and lateral profile data acquired from Monte Carlo simulations. To validate the bowtie filter models, a rectangular water phantom was generated in the planning system and an anterior/posterior beam with each bowtie filter was created. Using the Pinnacle script, each bowtie filter compensator was added to the treatment plan. Lateral profile at the depth of 3cm and percent depth dose were measured using an ion chamber and compared with the data extracted from the treatment plans. Results: The kV x-ray beams for bothmore » full and half bowtie filter have been modeled in a commercial TPS. The difference of lateral and depth dose profiles between dose calculations and ion chamber measurements were within 6%. Conclusion: Both full/half bowtie filter models provide reasonable results in kV x-ray dose calculations in the water phantom. This study demonstrates the possibility of using a model-based treatment planning system to calculate the kV imaging dose for both full and half bowtie filter modes. Further study is to be performed to evaluate the models in clinical situations.« less
Hope for Environmental Action

AbstractEnvironmental consciousness-raising programs tend to emphasize the magnitude of imminent ecological disasters, if humans continue on their current trajectory. While these environmental literacy programs also call for action to avoid cataclysmic ecological changes, psychological research on “learned helplessness” suggests that information on the magnitude of ecological problems may actually present barriers to action, unless it is coupled with hope. We focus here primarily on Christian literature that finds hope for environmental action in the rhythms and beauty of Creation, in the biblical narratives of a people of hope, and in a faith community that worships and acts on behalf of the shalom of God on earth.
Crystal structure of Escherichia coli protein ybgI, a toroidal structure with a dinuclear metal site

Background: The protein encoded by the gene ybgI was chosen as a target for a structural genomics project emphasizing the relation of protein structure to function. Results: The structure of the ybgI protein is a toroid composed of six polypeptide chains forming a trimer of dimers. Each polypeptide chain binds two metal ions on the inside of the toroid. Conclusion: The toroidal structure is comparable to that of some proteins that are involved in DNA metabolism. The di-nuclear metal site could imply that the specific function of this protein is as a hydrolase-oxidase enzyme.
Islamic Banking: Shari'a Governance

This article reviews certain of the corporate governance provisions of the Islamic Banking Framework of the Central Bank of Oman, specifically those pertaining to Shari`a supervisory boards and related Shari`a governance entites and mechanisms. The article considers requirments pertaining to the constitution of Shari`a boards, the qualifications of members of those boards, the roles and responsibilities of Shari`a supervisory boards, fiduciary duty and conflict of interest provisions, and management responsibilities of Shari`a supervisory boards.
Biofeedback Assisted Stress Management in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Feasibility Study

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death for men and women in the United States. NSCLC causes a variety of symptoms which result in significant distress and reduced quality of life for patients. Behavioral and other non-pharmacologic treatment interventions for NSCLC have resulted in improved quality of life, reduced emotional distress, and improved longevity. This study investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of biofeedback assisted stress management (BFSM) to reduce stress in patients with NSCLC. Because of patient dropout, this study was terminated prematurely. Despite this, evaluation of data revealed positive trends, with patients learning to reduce their stress, improve their respiration and heart rate variability, and improve coping. These trends suggest that patients with NSCLC can learn to self-regulate physiology and BFSM may be useful for them, although a less ill patient population may be desirable for future investigations.
Predicting Wingbeat Frequency and Wavelength of Birds

Wingbeat frequencies were observed in the field for 32 morphologically diverse bird species, representing 18 families, and ranging in mass from 20 g to nearly 5 kg. A combination of multiple regression and dimensional analysis was used to show that wingbeat frequency ( f ) may be estimated by: f = 1.08( m 1/3 g 1/2 b −1 S −1/4 p −1/3 where m is the bird's body mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, b is the wing span, S is the wing area and p is the air density. The predicted wingbeat frequency can be used to estimate the power available from a bird's flight muscles, and an estimate of the power required to fly can be obtained for comparison from the computer programs of Pennycuick (1989 a ). Field observations of airspeed are given for 30 of the 32 species. These are combined with the observations of wingbeat frequency to estimate wingbeat wavelength, and the ratio of wavelength to wing span, which is closely related to the ‘advance ratio’ as used by Ellington (1984).
Associations between variants in the cyclooxygenase 2 enzyme gene (PTGS2) and development of benign prostate enlargement.

Study Type – Aetiology (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Inflammatory processes may be associated with benign prostatic enlargement. Variants in the PTGS2 gene may increase the risk of prostate enlargement through increases in inflammatory processes. However, this increased risk may be minimized by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). OBJECTIVE • To determine if polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme gene (prostaglandin synthase 2; PTGS2) were associated with development of benign prostate enlargement (BPE), and whether associations were modified by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS • Participants were men residing in Olmsted County, MN, who were between 40 and 79 years of age in 1990 (N= 356). • Prostate volume was measured by transrectal ultrasound and men reported all the medications that they were taking at the time of the examination. Men were followed biennially for 16 years. • Ten tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PTGS2 gene were typed using the Illumina GoldenGateTM Assay. • Associations between SNPs and development of BPE (volume >30 mL) were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. Models were also stratified by NSAID use. RESULTS • We observed significant associations between four polymorphisms in the PTGS2 gene and development of BPE (all P < 0.05). • These associations were not observed among men who used NSAIDs. CONCLUSION • Variants in the PTGS2 gene may increase the risk of prostate enlargement, but the increased risk may be minimized by use of NSAIDs.
Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I hybrid receptor abundance decreases with development in suckling pigs

The activation of the insulin signaling pathway that leads to translation initiation is enhanced in skeletal muscle of neonates, and decreases with development in parallel with the developmental decline in muscle protein synthesis. Because the elevated expression of insulin receptor (IR)/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) hybrids has been associated with insulin resistance in some studies, we hypothesized that IR/IGF-IR hybrid abundance and binding affinity increase with development. To test this hypothesis, we determined the abundances and binding affinities of the IR, IGF-IR and hybrid receptor in skeletal muscle of 7- and 26-d-old pigs. We found that the abundances of IR, IGF-IR and hybrid receptor were higher in muscle of 7- than 26-d-old pigs. However, the relative proportions of hybrid receptor abundance compared with IR abundance and IGF-IR abundance were similar at both ages. The binding affinities of the IR, IGF-IR and hybrid receptor also were similar at both ages. Overall, the results suggest that insulin/IGF-I hybrid receptor abundance and binding affinity do not contribute to the developmental decline in the activation of the insulin signaling pathway.
Beta-delayed proton decays of 27P and 31Cl: Gamow-Teller decays with large Q values.

The beta-delayed proton emissions of the odd-Z, T/sub z/ = -(3/2) nuclei /sup 27/P and /sup 31/Cl have been studied. This work represents the first observation of the decay of /sup 27/P, yielding a half-life of 260 +- 80 ms, and completes the series of beta-delayed proton emitters with T/sub z/ = -(3/2) in the sd shell. Several new proton groups were attributed to the decay of /sup 31/Cl; their half-lives are consistent with a previous observation. The estimated logft values of the observed transitions for both /sup 27/P and /sup 31/Cl are consistent with clustering of the beta strength above the isobaric analog states in the daughter nuclei as predicted by a complete (1s,0d)-space shell-model calculation. The observed half-lives are in good agreement with the shell-model predictions which include a quenching of the Gamow-Teller strength by a factor of 0.6, in accordance with earlier observations.
Fuzzy amplitude densities and stochastic quantum mechanics

Fuzzy amplitude densities are employed to obtain probability distributions for measurements that are not perfectly accurate. The resulting quantum probability theory is motivated by the path integral formalism for quantum mechanics. Measurements that are covariant relative to a symmetry group are considered. It is shown that the theory includes traditional as well as stochastic quantum mechanics.
Trauma to male genital organs: a 10-year review of 156 patients, including 118 treated by surgery.

OBJECTIVE To assess testicular rupture, scrotal haematoma, penile fracture and penile injury, comparing the prognoses of surgery and conservative management, as trauma to male external genital organs can cause devastating effects on patients and their partners. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 156 male patients who presented to our emergency centre with trauma to the external genital organs between January 1996 and March 2006. RESULTS In all, 74 patients had testicular rupture, 32 penile fracture, 26 a penile injury and 24 a scrotal haematoma (mean age 27.8 years). The main cause of trauma was assault (52, 33%). Four of 14 patients with penile trauma who were managed conservatively had complications. Of 20 patients, 17 had a partial orchidectomy and were followed for a month after surgery; scrotal ultrasonography showed three cases of testicular atrophy. The mean hospital stay was less for patients with surgical intervention, at 6.4 days, than for those managed conservatively, at 8.7 days (P < 0.05). A visual analogue pain scale showed less pain in patients who were surgically treated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Prompt surgical intervention is crucial; it should be considered by urologists, and is strongly recommended. Ultrasonography was highly sensitive and specific, and should be used in all patients with trauma to the external genital organs, to aid diagnosis and evaluation before surgery.
Teaching with Style to Manage Student Perceptions: The Effects of Socio-Communicative Style and Teacher Credibility on Student Affective Learning

Using survey data from students in a large, public university in the south (N = 278), a model is tested incorporating the character and competence dimensions of teacher credibility, as well as the assertiveness, responsiveness, and cognitive flexibility (i.e., versatility) dimensions of socio-communicative style (SCS) to determine how these dimensions predict affective learning. Results indicated that both teacher credibility and SCS significantly predicted affective learning (R2 = .54). Interpretations and implications for teaching and future research are discussed.
Gene transfection and expression in resting and activated murine CD4 T cell subsets

It has been difficult to assess the role of specific genes in activation and differentiation of peripheral T cell subsets such as naive, effector and memory T cells due to the impairments in T cell development and immune pathologies often observed in genetically manipulated mouse models, and the lack of reliable methods for introducing genes into primary mouse T cells. In this study, we demonstrate transient transfection of genes into resting and activated mouse CD4 T cell subsets using "Nucleofection", a modified electroporation technique. Using this approach, cDNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) is efficiently taken up and expressed by purified polyclonal and antigen-specific mouse naive, effector and memory CD4 T cells isolated from BALB/c or TCR-transgenic mice. The resultant transfected resting T cells are fully amenable to TCR-mediated activation. We also demonstrate that expression of endogenous gene can be turned on in resting T cells by transfection of a transcriptional transactivator. Our results demonstrate for the first time, the expression of exogenously transfected genes and the modulation of endogenous gene expression in primary mouse T cell subsets. This technology will enable a variety of mechanistic questions on T cell activation, function and signaling to be addressed in T cells that differ in activation history and functional capacities.
Detection of perforin in human peritoneal fluid T-lymphocytes

Objective Perforin is a specific marker of functionally active cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. The purpose of this study was to detect perforin-positive lymphocytes in ascites secondary to various gynecologic malignancies and nonneoplastic conditions. Study design Fifty-three unselected peritoneal fluid specimens submitted for cytopathologic diagnosis were used. A monoclonal antibody to human perforin was used to examine its expression in mononuclear cells from ascites specimens using a standard immunoperoxidase technique. Results Strong perforin expression by 15-30% of mononuclear cells was detected in 10 of the 13 patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, 3 of the 5 patients with chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis and 1 patient with an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology. The lymphocytes showed variable positivity for T cell markers (CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD56). Perforin was not detected in ascites specimens obtained from patients with such nonneoplastic disorders as cirrhosis or end stage renal or cardiac failure. Similarly, ascites specimens from patients with various gynecologic malignancies were negative for perforin-positive lymphocytes. Conclusion The detection of cytotoxic lymphocytes in peritoneal fluid obtained from patients with liver injury may have implications for the pathogenesis of this disease.
A Rare Presentation of Sciatic Palsy Due to Hematoma After Use of the Kocher-Langenbeck Approach to the Acetabulum

Case: A delayed sciatic palsy caused by compression due to hematoma formation is a rare complication of total hip arthroplasty. We report the case of a twenty-seven-year-old man who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of transverse and posterior wall acetabular fractures with posterior hip dislocation and had development of a delayed sciatic palsy due to the formation of a hematoma five days after the procedure. Conclusion: A patient who presents with a delayed-onset sciatic palsy with signs and symptoms of a hematoma after an acetabular surgery represents a surgical emergency. Early recognition and urgent decompression offers the best chance of nerve recovery.
Nonreciprocal Magnetostatic Wave Propagation in Micro-Patterned NiFe Thin Films

Nonreciprocal magnetostatic wave propagation in micro-patterned ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ thin film has been investigated. The nonreciprocal devices consist of a set of coupled microstrip transmission lines acting as antennae on the top of the micro-patterned ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ films. The ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ films were structured into an array of rectangular prisms. Nonreciprocal wave propagation was observed in the patterned ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ film. Compared to the control device with a continuous ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ film, the micro-patterned ${\rm Ni}_{80}{\rm Fe}_{20}$ films led to a weaker non-reciprocity.
Some One Parameter Models for Continuous Random Variables Defined on the Interval (0, 1)

The Beta Distribution is almost exclusively used for situations, after range normalization, wherein a continuous random variable is defined on the closed range [0, 1]. Since the beta distribution is intrinsically a two parameter distribution, this creates problems in some applications where specification of more than one parameter is difficult. In this note, two new classes of single parameter continuous probability distributions on a closed interval are introduced. These distributions remove some of the theoretical and practical problems of using the Beta Distribution for applications. The Burr Type XI Distribution has desirable characteristics for many applications especially when there is ambiguity in the definition of the specified parameter.
Paleomagnetism of ordovician lamprophyres from Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica

Paleomagnetic study of specimens from four lamprophyric dykes on the Kukri Hills, Taylor Valley (77.64°S, 163.35°E) has yielded a primary mean direction of magnetization ofD=222.6 andI=+0.6 with α95=10.9° after AF cleaning. The magnetization of five other dykes and of the amphibolitic basement was either unstable or not fully reliable.
Pain Management in the Pediatric Surgical Patient

Surgeons performing painful, invasive procedures in pediatric patients must be cognizant of both the potential short- and long-term detrimental effects of inadequate analgesia. This article reviews the available tools, sedation procedures, the management of intraoperative, postoperative, and postprocedural pain, and the issues surrounding neonatal addiction.
Transparency in metabolic network reconstruction enables scalable biological discovery

Reconstructing metabolic pathways has long been a focus of active research. Now, draft models can be generated from genomic annotation and used to simulate metabolic fluxes of mass and energy at the whole-cell scale. This approach has led to an explosion in the number of functional metabolic network models. However, more models have not led to expanded coverage of metabolic reactions known to occur in the biosphere. Thus, there exists opportunity to reconsider the process of reconstruction and model derivation to better support the less-scalable investigative processes of biocuration and experimentation. Realizing this opportunity to improve our knowledge of metabolism requires developing new tools that make reconstructions more useful by highlighting metabolic network knowledge limitations to guide future research.
Grand rounds at the National Institutes of Health: HDAC inhibitors as radiation modifiers, from bench to clinic

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumour. Patients afflicted with this disease unfortunately have a very poor prognosis, and fewer than 5% of patients survive for 5 years from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, improved therapies to treat this disease are sorely needed. One such class of drugs that have generated great enthusiasm for the treatment of numerous malignancies, including GBM, is histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Pre-clinical data have demonstrated the efficacy of various HDAC inhibitors as anticancer agents, with the greatest effects shown when HDAC inhibitors are used in combination with other therapies. As a result of encouraging pre-clinical data, numerous HDAC inhibitors are under investigation in clinical trials, either as monotherapies or in conjunction with other treatments such as chemotherapy, biologic therapy or radiation therapy. In fact, two actively studied HDAC inhibitors, vorinostat and depsipeptide, were recently approved for the treatment of refractory cutaneous T cell lymphoma. In this review, we first present a patient with GBM, and then discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology and current treatment options of GBM. Finally, we examine the translation of pre-clinical studies that have demonstrated HDAC inhibitors as potent radiosensitizers in in vitro and in vivo models, to a phase II clinical trial combining the HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid, along with temozolomide and radiation therapy for the treatment of GBM.
Exact analytic expressions for NQR parameters in terms of the transition frequencies

Abstract Exact solutions of the nuclear electric quadrupole interaction Hamiltonian are obtained for spins 5 2 , 7 2 , and 9 2 . These solutions express the conventional nuclear quadrupole interaction parameters (coupling constant and asymmetry parameter) as closed-form functions of the measured transition frequencies.
Assessing Changes in Counselor Trainees' Multicultural Competence Related to Service Learning

This mixed methods study examined changes in self-reported multicultural competence and distress reactions of 32 counselor trainees engaged in service learning. Whereas 3 trainees significantly increased in self-reported multicultural competence, 5 significantly decreased. Trainees who significantly increased in multicultural competence reported less distress; those who significantly decreased reported greater distress. However, changes in multicultural competence appeared to be unrelated to themes uncovered in the qualitative data. Implications for training and practice are discussed. Este estudio de metodos mixtos examino los cambios en competencia cultural y reacciones de afliccion reportados por 32 consejeros en formacion que realizaban practicas para su aprendizaje. A pesar de que 3 consejeros en formacion comunicaron un aumento significativo de su competencia cultural, 5 de ellos reportaron una disminucion significativa. Los consejeros en formacion que aumentaron considerablemente su competencia cultural reportaron un nivel menor de afliccion; aquellos que disminuyeron considerablemente reportaron mayor afliccion. Sin embargo, los cambios en la competencia cultural no tenian relacion aparente con los temas desvelados en los datos cualitativos. Se discuten las implicaciones para la formacion y practicas.
Trigeminal and pretectal influences upon slow-wave activity of the ventral tegmental area in the cat

Abstract The influence of the posterior brain stem on the 6 to 10 per sec slow-wave rhythm of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) associated with barbiturate anesthesia in cats was investigated. The VTA slow-wave activity was augmented by stimulation (6–10/sec) of the descending trigeminal tract or trigeminal ganglion. Augmentation of the VTA rhythm was also observed during stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve, the supraorbital nerve and the greater occipital nerve, but not the infraorbital nerve. Lesions in the caudal part of the descending tract of the trigeminal nerve, in the medial forebrain bundle, the lateral habenular nucleus, or brain-stem transection at a rostral pontine level had no effect upon the VTA rhythm. Lesions in the pretectal region or centrum-medianum-parafascicular nucleus complex markedly diminished or abolished the rhythm.
PSYCHIATRIC DISTRESS AND OTHER CORRELATES ASSOCIATED WITH BEING A VICTIM OF PHYSICAL ABUSE IN FEMALE INMATES

Having a history of physical abuse is found in a large proportion of women in jails. Nearly 60% of female inmates recruited into Project Success, a NIAAA-funded randomized controlled trial which tested the efficacy of an intervention to reduce the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancy, reported having been a victim of physical abuse in the year before coming to jail. The purpose of this study was to examine current psychiatric distress and to identify demographic characteristics and various life situations (i.e., homelessness, standard of living) associated with having been a victim of abuse in these female inmates. Secondary data analyses were conducted on baseline data from women recruited into Project Success two weeks prior to release from urban jails. Women reporting at least one occurrence of physical abuse in the year before coming to jail (n=122) were compared to women reporting no occurrence (n=83). Profile Analysis was used to examine the differences in current psychiatric distress, as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory, between the women reporting abuse and those reporting no abuse. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore variables that were correlated with membership in the group of women with a recent history of abuse. For the BSI profiles, significant differences were found on the overall mean level of distress (p=.002) between the abused and not abused groups. The women with a recent history of abuse showed significantly more distress with higher mean scores on the obsessive-compulsive (p= .030), interpersonal sensitivity (p= .026), depression (p=.012), hostility (p= .025), paranoid ideation (p= .009) and psychoticism (p= .007) subscales. In addition, women who reported homelessness in the year before coming to jail had almost five times greater likelihood of having a history of abuse (O.R. 4.81, 95% C.I. 1.66, 13.94).The odds of being in the abuse category were nearly two to one for women who had a partner who drinks excessively (O.R. 2.00, 95% C.I., 1.11, 3.60). Women who reported a poor or near poor standard of living were over two times as likely (O.R., 2.26, 95% C.I., 1.08, 4.69) and inmates with a history of sex abuse were almost four times as likely to have been physically abused (O.R. 3.78, 95% C.I., 1.22, 11.68). These findings suggest that large numbers of female inmates could benefit from increased mental health services in jail and interventions aimed at supporting successful reintegration into the community by addressing the myriad of stressful life situations that place these women at risk.
Asthma in patients hospitalized with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection-United States, 2009.

Background Asthma was the most common co-morbidity among patients hospitalized with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 [pH1N1] infection. The objective was to compare characteristics of hospitalized pH1N1 patients with and without asthma and assess factors associated with severity among asthma patients.
On the regulation of sediment phosphorus release by calcium—phosphorus minerals in Onondaga Lake, N.Y. (USA)

Redox conditions at the sediment—water interface are widely accepted as the principal regulator of sediment phosphorus (P) release in lakes. Under aerobic conditions, P is believed to be sorbed to oxidized forms of iron in a microzone at the sediment surface and the release of reduced species (e.g. Fe2+) and associated dissolved P is prevented. With the onset of hypolimnetic anoxia, the microzone is lost and abrupt release of Fe2+ and dissolved P are observed.
Toward a more integrated view of technical communication

For the past few years, I have attended a number of industry conferences focused on content management (CM); reviewed a wealth of CM-focused publications, including trade books, white papers, newsletters, and blogs; and followed numerous CM-focused online discussions. Through these experiences and readings I have learned a great deal about the affordances and challenges of CM. But the message that has most impacted my thinking about CM---and what it means for the field of Technical Communication (TC)---is this: the era of document-based information development (ID), which has shaped all aspects of TC research, training, and practice since the field's inception, is coming to an end.
An autonomous payload controller for the Space Shuttle

The Autonomous Payload Control (APC) system discussed in the present paper was designed on the basis of such criteria as minimal cost of implementation, minimal space required in the flight-deck area, simple operation with verification of the results, minimal additional weight, minimal impact on Orbiter design, and minimal impact on Orbiter payload integration. In its present configuration, the APC provides a means for the Orbiter crew to control as many as 31 autononous payloads. The avionics and human engineering aspects of the system are discussed.
The adoption and design methodologies of component-based enterprise systems

One of the major investments of information technologies in large companies in the past decade has been the enterprise system. Although the enterprise system has the advantages of managing and integrating almost all of the business processes in the whole company, there have been strong criticisms that the enterprise system often imposes its own logic or business process on a company and lacks flexibility and adaptability in today's dynamic business environment. The goal of this paper is to outline a new approach in enterprise system development. We analyse the factors that affect the adoption of enterprise systems. Market and business changes, and advances in information technologies call for a more flexible, open, and scalable enterprise architecture. We describe the process that Dell Computer Corporation took in adopting its component-based enterprise system architecture. The Dell example has demonstrated the importance of fit between business information systems and fundamental organizational dimensions of the company including strategy, business environment, and organizational structure. We also discuss the design methodologies for component-based enterprise system design. We take a coordination perspective, both at the software level and the organizational level, in addressing the design methodologies for component-based enterprise system development.
How Including Prior Knowledge As a Subject Variable May Change Outcomes of Learning Research

Prior knowledge has a marked effect on learning outcomes. Researchers typically rely on a number of methodologies to control for that factor in learning research, including the use of fictional stimuli and domain-novice subjects. The experiments reported here demonstrate that such methodological controls may be insufficient. In Experiment 1, students read texts about fictional places and events. In Experiment 2, novice students in a cognition course were asked to read several advanced texts. In both experiments, prior knowledge accounted for a large portion of the subjects’ posttest performance. The data demonstrate that methodological approaches intended to control for prior knowledge may be insufficient to prevent that variable from influencing learning outcomes. Thus researchers are urged to include measures of prior knowledge in their analyses.
Measurement and correlation of sorption and transport properties of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) elastomers

Abstract The diffusivity and solubility of argon, methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in two EPDM-based polymers, one formulated with 34 wt% carbon black and the other formulated without carbon black, have been measured at 20 °C and at a range of pressures up to 266.448 × 10 2 Pa (2000 Torr). A linear relationship was observed between the amount sorbed and pressure for all gases, indicative of Henry's law behavior. The uptake kinetic measurements were well represented by a Fickian diffusion model and the resulting diffusivity was found to be independent of pressure. Analysis of solubility data revealed that the carbon black filler appeared to uptake negligible quantities of gas. The observed effect of non-porous filler on diffusivity and permeability was compared with Maxwell theory prediction and fell within experimental error. The experimental results were used to assess the applicability of a corresponding-states based correlation for predicting gas diffusivity and solubility in polymers. This correlation was found to adequately represent an order of magnitude estimate of the data for all gases, allowing estimates to be made for other gases not considered in this investigation.
Relapse of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Pregnancy: Survival Following Chemoirradiation and Autologous Transfer of Interleukin-2-Activated Stem Cells

Four cases of relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in pregnancy have been reported previously. During the past 2 decades, ALL has become curable in a majority of children, many of whom have entered their reproductive years. Thus, additional occurrences of relapsing ALL during pregnancy can be anticipated. We present the fifth case in the English-language medical literature of recurrent ALL in pregnancy. A 20-year-old woman with ALL experienced a relapse during the third trimester of her first pregnancy. Reinduction therapy was started with vincristine and prednisone and the baby was delivered 3 weeks later. Umbilical cord blood was collected and stored. The patient then received intensive chemotherapy with whole body radiotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell rescue. The ALL has been in second remission for 22 months. Our patient is the only current survivor of a relapse of ALL during pregnancy. In addition, the collection of umbilical cord blood from a pregnant woman with leukemia has not been reported previously.
Criminal Foreplay: The Process from Target Selection to Victimization

The purpose of this article is to present a model of criminal victimization as the final stage in a process of events that can be anticipated, recognized, and managed. Criminal victimization is viewed as the last link in a chain of progressively dangerous, purposeful, and highly visible interactions between the target and the aggressor. The process starts with the criminals selecting attractive, accessible, and vulnerable targets. These targets are enticed to cooperate with criminal foreplay that helps to fabricate trust and build rapport. Once their targets are drawn close, criminals attempt to distract them from recognizing their increasingly aggressive behaviors. As the attacks become more imminent, criminals employ tactics to establish control over their targets. Individuals can influence the flow of events by limiting criminal opportunity and reducing vulnerability. Those that recognize criminal foreplay and take proactive self-defense measures early in the process, may cause the criminals to withdra...
Interaction of H+ with the extracellular and intracellular aspects of hMATE1

Human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (hMATE1, SLC47A1) is a major candidate for being the molecular identity of organic cation/proton (OC/H+) exchange activity in the luminal membrane of renal pro...
Programs as data for their help systems

The goal of this research is to develop ways of representing the knowledge available to a help system in such a way that the system can actually reason with the knowledge rather than being restricted to simply retrieving and presenting stored answers to a restricted and anticipated class of questions. One kind of information that is useful to such an intelligent help system is knowledge of how the underlying system operates. This knowledge is contained in the code for the system. By exploiting system code as part of the help database, many problems of inconsistency between programs and their documentation can be avoided. In our initial investigations of this problem, we are representing the system code as a set of productions that are easier to manipulate than is code in most standard languages. As we develop techniques for answering questions by reasoning with knowledge about the system, we become increasingly able to answer the growing variety of questions that will occur as the language interface to a help system becomes more flexible.