cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Doppler Wind Retrieval in the Moving Frame of Reference

Abstract A single Doppler radar analysis scheme is developed, and three-dimensional wind fields am retrieved from single Doppler radar reflectivity and radial velocity fields. The retrieval is based on two assumptions: 1) the Lagrangian conservation of the radar reflectivity and 2) the steadiness of the eddy structures in the wind field. To least violate these assumptions, a moving frame of reference is found where (in the least square sense) the observations are as stationary as possible. Multiple time levels of observations are used to avoid ill-conditioned computations. The retrieval equations, that is, the conservation equation of reflectivity and the relationship between the total wind and its radial component for several time levels, form a simple linear system. This linear system is overdetermined with respect to the three unknown Cartesian components u, v, and w of the vector wind. Thus u, v, and w are solved in the least square sense. Dual Doppler radar analyses are performed to provide verificat...
The sexual health of female rectal and anal cancer survivors: results of a pilot randomized psycho-educational intervention trial

Sexual dysfunction is a frequently reported consequence of rectal/anal cancer treatment for female patients. The purpose of this study was to conduct a small randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a telephone-based, four-session Cancer Survivorship Intervention-Sexual Health (CSI-SH). Participants (N = 70) were stratified by chemotherapy, stoma, and menopause statuses before randomization to CSI-SH or assessment only (AO). Participants were assessed at baseline, 4 months (follow-up 1), and 8 months (follow-up 2). The intervention had medium effect sizes from baseline to follow-up 1, which decreased by follow-up 2. Effect sizes were larger among the 41 sexually active women. Unadjusted means at the follow-ups were not significantly different between the treatment arms. Adjusting for baseline scores, demographics, and medical variables, the intervention arm had significantly better emotional functioning at follow-ups 1 and 2 and less cancer-specific stress at follow-up 1 compared to the AO arm. The data supported the hypothesized effects on improved sexual and psychological functioning and quality of life in CSI-SH female rectal/anal cancer survivors compared to the AO condition. This pilot study (N = 70) of CSI-SH supported the impact of this intervention on sexual and psychological functioning and quality of life on rectal and anal cancer survivors compared with an AO condition. However, intervention effects were stronger at follow-up 1 as compared to follow-up 2 and were stronger for sexually active women. Women may benefit from a brief, four-session, sexual health intervention after treatment from rectal and anal cancer.
Building a Semantic Parser Overnight

How do we build a semantic parser in a new domain starting with zero training examples? We introduce a new methodology for this setting: First, we use a simple grammar to generate logical forms paired with canonical utterances. The logical forms are meant to cover the desired set of compositional operators, and the canonical utterances are meant to capture the meaning of the logical forms (although clumsily). We then use crowdsourcing to paraphrase these canonical utterances into natural utterances. The resulting data is used to train the semantic parser. We further study the role of compositionality in the resulting paraphrases. Finally, we test our methodology on seven domains and show that we can build an adequate semantic parser in just a few hours.
Emotion: A Unified Mechanistic Interpretation from a Cognitive Architecture

This paper reviews a project that attempts to interpret emotion, a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, from a mechanistic point of view, facilitated by an existing comprehensive computational cognitive architecture—CLARION. This cognitive architecture consists of a number of subsystems: the action-centered, non-action-centered, motivational, and metacognitive subsystems. From this perspective, emotion is, first and foremost, motivationally based. It is also action-oriented. It involves many other identifiable cognitive functionalities within these subsystems. Based on these functionalities, we fit the pieces together mechanistically (computationally) within the CLARION framework and capture a variety of important aspects of emotion as documented in the literature.
Risk of Cerebrovascular Accidents and Ischemic Heart Disease in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: It is unclear whether isolated cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) modifies cardiovascular risk. We estimated the cumulative incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in a population-based CLE cohort, and compared the risk with a matched non-CLE cohort. Methods: All incident cases of CLE in Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1965-2005 were followed until December 2013. Cumulative incidence of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA, including stroke, transient ischemic attack), ischemic heart disease (IHD, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina), heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease was derived and compared to an age-, sex- and calendar-year-matched non-CLE cohort using Cox models. Results: There were a total of 155 patients with CLE (age at diagnosis, 48±16 years; 65% females; BMI, 26.3±7.1 kg/m2; 40% smokers, 9% with diabetes). During median follow-up of 14.6 years, 41 CLE patients developed cardiovascular events (15 patients with CVA, 32 patients with IHD), with a 20-year cumulative incidence of 31.6%. As compared to non-CLE subjects, the risk of CVAs (smoking-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-7.78) and PAD (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 0.99-4.32) was increased in patients with CLE, but risk of IHD was not increased (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.57-1.54). There was no increase in cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.76-3.75). The magnitude of risk for any cardiovascular outcome was not significantly influenced by extent of cutaneous involvement. Conclusion: CLE may be associated with an increased risk of CVA and PAD, but not IHD. Factors contributing to increase CVA risk in patients with CLE merit evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Contribution of the 4 f-core-excited states in determination of atomic properties in the promethium isoelectronic sequence

The atomic properties of Pm-like ions were comprehensively studied using relativistic atomic codes. Excitation energies of the $4{f}^{14}nl$ (with $nl=5s$, $6s$, $5p$, $6p$, $5d$, $6d$, and $5f$) states in Pm-like ions with nuclear charge $Z$ ranging from 74 to 100 are evaluated within the framework of relativistic many-body theory (RMBPT). First- and second-order Coulomb energies and first- and second-order Breit corrections to the energies are calculated. Two alternative treatments of the Breit interaction are investigated. In the first approach we omit Breit contributions to the Dirac-Fock potential and evaluate Coulomb and Breit-Coulomb corrections through second order perturbatively. In the second approach were included both Coulomb and Breit contributions on the same footing via the Breit-Dirac-Fock potential and then treat the residual Breit and Coulomb interactions perturbatively. The results obtained from the two approaches are compared and discussed. The important question of what is the ground state in Pm-like ions was answered. Properties of the $4f$-core-excited states are evaluated using the multiconfiguration relativistic Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore atomic code (hullac code) and the Hartree-Fock-relativistic method (cowan code). We evaluate excitation energies and transition rates in Pm-like ions with nuclear charge $Z$ ranging from 74 to 92. Our large scale calculations include the following set of configurations: $4{f}^{14}5s$, $4{f}^{14}5p$, $4{f}^{13}5{s}^{2}$, $4{f}^{13}5{p}^{2}$, $4{f}^{13}5s5p$, $4{f}^{12}5{s}^{2}5p$, $4{f}^{12}5s5{p}^{2}$, and $4{f}^{12}5{p}^{3}$. Trends of excitation energies as function of $Z$ are shown graphically for selected states. Excitation energies, transition rates, and lifetimes in Pm-like tungsten are evaluated with additional inclusion of the $4{f}^{11}5{s}^{2}5{p}^{2}$, $4{f}^{11}5s5{p}^{3}$, $4{f}^{10}5{s}^{2}5{p}^{3}$, and $4{f}^{10}5s5{p}^{4}$ configurations. This represents an unusual example of an atomic system where the even-parity complex [$4{f}^{14}5s+4{f}^{13}5s5p+4{f}^{12}5s5{p}^{2}+4{f}^{11}5s5{p}^{3}+4{f}^{10}5s5{p}^{4}$] and the odd-parity complex [$4{f}^{14}5p+4{f}^{13}5{s}^{2}+4{f}^{12}5{s}^{2}5p+4{f}^{11}5{s}^{2}5{p}^{2}+4{f}^{10}5{s}^{2}5{p}^{3}$] include so different configurations. Wavelengths of the $4{f}^{14}5s{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}$-$4{f}^{14}5p{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{P}_{J}$ transition obtained by the cowan, hullac, and RMBPT codes are compared with other theoretical results and available measurements.
Rapid Thermal Processing and the Quest for Ultra Shallow Boron Junctions

Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) can minimize processing time and therefore minimize dopant motion during annealing of ion implanted junctions. In spite of the advantage of short time annealing using RTP, the formation of shallow B junctions is thwarted by channeling, transient enhanced diffusion and concentration enhanced diffusion effects all of which lead to deeper B profiles. Channeling and transient enhanced diffusion can be avoided by preamorphizing the silicon before the B implant. However, defects at the original amorphous/crystal boundary persist after annealing. Very low energy B implantation can lead to very shallow dopant profiles and in spite of channeling effects, offers an attractive potential shallow junction technology. In all of the shallow junction formation techniques RTP is required to achieve both high activation of the implanted species and minimal diffusion of the implanted dopant.
Early-Summer Reproductive Curtailment in Wild White-Footed Mice and Reproductive Recovery in the Laboratory

Reproduction is consistently and significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) curtailed during May–July in wild populations of Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis in eastern Virginia. To measure capability of reproductive function, wild mice were captured during the reproductive hiatus and at other times of the year and paired for 100 days in the laboratory with each other or with parous or nulliparous mice from my laboratory colony. Reproduction following pairing with laboratory mates was significantly more frequent ( P ≤ 0.025) for wild males than for wild females, no matter when they were captured. Individuals captured during the reproductive hiatus and maintained as wild pairs rarely reproduced until re-paired with proven laboratory mates; in these trials, wild males reproduced significantly more frequently than wild females ( P ≤ 0.01). The latency to reproduce was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) less for wild males captured other than during May, June, or July and paired with parous females compared to those paired with nulliparous females, no matter when they were captured. Reproductive suppression occurring in the wild is not permanent in the laboratory, particularly among males where 60% reproduced within 100 days after pairing. Reproductive performance of wild pairs prior to and following separation of males and females and pairing with proven mates suggests that female response is a key factor in the delay of reproduction in the laboratory, and perhaps, during the reproductive hiatus in the field.
Efficient Algorithms for Interface Motion and Wave Propagation: Tracking Moving Interfaces in Semiconductor Processing, InkJet Simulations, and Seismic Imaging

Over the past two decades, a large number of advances have been made in numerical techniques to track moving interfaces. These include Level Set Methods, Fast Marching Methods, Ordered Upwind Methods, and Escape Arrival Methods. These techniques rely on recasting the Lagrangian problem of moving interface as a static partial differential equation, most typically in the form of an initial value or boundary value Hamilton-Jacobi-type equation. In this paper, we review some of the most recent applications of these techniques, including applications to jetting devices in inkjets and industrial printing, superconformal deposition in semiconductor manufacturing, and seismic imaging in geophysical imaging.
ATTITUDES OF HETEROSEXUAL STUDENTS TOWARD HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Evidence shows that public attitudes toward homosexuality are generally negative (Levitt & Klassen, 1974) and chat homosexuals are objects of widespread dislike (Storms, 1978). Both choice of sex object and personal style have been cited as a basis for this dislike (Laner & Laner, 1980). This study focused on attitudes toward homosexual behavior. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of attitudes toward and participation in selected heterosexual activities to attitudes toward homosexual behavior in a population of heterosexual university students. Subjects were enrolled in a freshman level course (required within the College of Education) at a major southern university. In a classroom the subjects voluntarily completed a questionnaire concerning their attitudes toward and participation in selected sexual behaviors. Return rate exceeded 95%. Attitudes toward a behavior were assessed
BETA -ADRENOCEPTOR ACTIVATION-INDUCED PLACENTAL PRORENIN SECRETION IS MEDIATED BY INCREASED RENIN MESSENGER RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Activation of beta-adrenoceptors has been shown to promote renin secretion in both human kidney and placenta. In kidney, the enhanced secretion is immediately observed, and mobilization of renin in the storage granules accounts for such a rapid response. In contrast, the enhanced secretion in placenta is delayed for 6-12 hr after receptor activation and consists almost entirely of the renin precursor prorenin. It is hypothesized that newly synthesized rather than stored enzyme is responsible for the enhanced secretion in human placenta. To test this hypothesis, placental explants were cultured in the presence or absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and prorenin concentrations in the tissue and medium were measured. Dobutamine and terbutaline, beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, evoked 17- and 5-fold increases in secretion, respectively. Tissue content of prorenin in response to the treatment was increased by a similar magnitude, yet values were consistently <10% of medium concentrations. The increases in prorenin concentrations in both medium and tissue, however, were markedly attenuated by cycloheximide, suggesting that prorenin synthesis in response to beta-adrenoceptor activation is required. Reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction revealed that renin mRNA levels were increased by 3-8-fold and occurred before increases in tissue and medium prorenin, indicating that increased renin mRNA levels are responsible for the increased synthesis of prorenin. Explants cultured in the presence of actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, did not show the agonist-induced prorenin mRNA levels or enhancement of its secretion. The peak levels of renin mRNA were reached after 6 hr of incubation, were sustained at similar levels after 24 hr, and were not affected by cycloheximide. These findings are consistent with the notion that enhancement of renin mRNA and de novo protein synthesis are required for prorenin secretion induced by activation of placental beta-adrenoceptors.
Community Cultural Wealth: Uyghurs, Social Networks, and Education

ABSTRACTThis article employs Yosso’s framework of ‘community cultural wealth’ to explore the ways in which educated Uyghurs, one of China’s 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, build on social networks like family and friends to improve their own social standing and contribute to the benefit of their communities. Through Yosso’s lens, ethnic minorities have their own cultural capital, which is distinct from the dominant group, and which can also be maximized to garner a successful status within society. This study undertook to discover: (a) In what ways do Uyghurs draw from their own community resources to navigate within a Mandarin Chinese-dominant education and economic system? (b) In what ways do Uyghurs support others within their own community for success? The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork collected within Xinjiang during the fall of 2013, interviews conducted with educated Uyghurs in Xinjiang and eastern China during multiple visits between the years of 2010-2013, and an analysis of ...
Left Ventricular Assist Devices or Inotropes for Decreasing Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Listed for Heart Transplantation.

Abstract Background Fixed pulmonary hypertension is common in patients with advanced heart failure and is a contraindication for heart transplantation. Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and inotropes have been used to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and allow transplantation. However, little is known about the efficacy of this strategy. Methods We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing registry for all adult patients (age ≥18 years) listed for primary heart transplantation (2008–2014) with PVR of >5 wood units (WU) or transpulmonary gradient >16 mmHg who were treated with LVAD or IV inotropes as status 1a, 1b, or 7. We compared waitlist mortality/delisting and absolute changes in hemodynamics between listing and transplantation. Results Of 18,009 patients listed during the study period, 1016 were included in the analysis (393 LVAD, 623 inotropes), with a mean age of 52.9 ± 11.6 years, 74% male, and 38% had ischemic etiology. Mean PVR was 5.7 ± 2.4 WU and transpulmonary pressure gradient 19.3 ± 5.3 mmHg. Compared with the inotrope group, LVAD patients were more likely listed as status 1A (32.8% vs 18.1%, P P = .001), and higher cardiac output (4.1 vs 3.6 L/min, P P = .52). PVR normalization ( P = .228). Waitlist mortality was similar between LVAD and inotropes (adjusted P = .837). Absolute PVR and transpulmonary pressure gradient reductions correlated with time on the waitlist ( P Conclusion Only about one-third of patients with fixed pulmonary hypertension achieve normalization of PVR before transplant with either LVAD or inotropes. Similar waitlist mortality was observed among patients bridged with either strategy.
Abstract 3223: Androgen receptor stimulation decreases PD-L1 expression in androgen-responsive thyroid cancer cells

Women develop thyroid cancer more often than men; however, when men develop thyroid cancer, the disease course is more lethal, with a mortality rate that is two to three fold higher than in females. Immune elimination of nascent tumor cells may explain the differences in disease occurrence/course between men and women. To address this possibility, we examined the effect of androgen on the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in an androgen responsive-thyroid cancer cell line. The undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell line, 8505C, does not express a functional androgen receptor (AR). 84E7 is a clone of 8505C that was transfected with an AR containing plasmid resulting in constitutively expressed AR. Transcriptome analysis was performed on 8505C and 84E7, with and without 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment. Raw sequencing reads were aligned to the UCSC hg19 human reference genome with Tophat, and Cufflinks was used to measure transcript abundances in Reads Per Kilobase of exon model per Million mapped reads (RPKM) as well as to find genes with statistically significant changes in expression as per Trapnell et al (2012). RNASeq data indicated that DHT treatment of 8505C cells does not result in a significant change in gene expression (only 14 of 23,285 genes), consistent with the lack of a functional androgen receptor. In contrast, DHT treatment of 84E7 resulted in >2 fold expression changes in 1,552 genes. Examination of the immune checkpoint molecules CD28, CD80, CD86, CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, TIM-3L, 4-1BB, 4-1BBL, OX40, and OX40L revealed that in DHT-treated 84E7 cells, PD-L1 was the sole immune checkpoint molecule that exhibited a significant expression change with a 1.8 log2 fold decrease (p = 0, q = 0), or 72% reduction in mRNA content. This is potentially significant as PD-L1 is produced by tumor cells as a strategy for subverting and evading the immune response, specifically T cells, allowing for continued tumor growth and metastases. In the thyroid, the presence of androgen-activated androgen receptors could perhaps lead to an environment that is more favorable for the immune system and may help eliminate nascent thyroid cancer cells. Thus, men may experience a decreased incidence of thyroid cancer due to an enhanced (less inhibited) anti-tumor environment. However, failure of this system and a subsequent increase in PD-L1 expression may help to explain the onset and severity of thyroid cancer in males. This finding opens the possibility for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Citation Format: Timmy O’Connell, Melanie Jones, Anvita Gupta, Augustine Moscatello, Raj K. Tiwari, Jan Geliebter. Androgen receptor stimulation decreases PD-L1 expression in androgen-responsive thyroid cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3223.
Fitting Parametric Survival Models with Time-Dependent Covariates

On montre comment la methode de Gauss-Newton pour l'estimation non lineaire des moindres carres peut etre utilisee pour estimer un quelconque modele de survie completement parametrique par la methode du maximum de vraisemblance, comment l'algorithme permet un traitement souple des covariables dependant du temps dans les modeles completement parametriques
Numerical Simulations of the High-Velocity Impact of a Single Polymer Particle During Cold-Spray Deposition

In this paper, deposition of polymer powders was studied numerically for the cold-spray deposition technique. In cold spray, a solid particle is impacted on a substrate at high velocity. The deformation and heating upon impact have been shown to be enough to result in particle deposition and adhesion even without melting the particle. Here, a systematic analysis of a single high-density polyethylene particle impacting a semi-infinite high-density polyethylene substrate was carried out for initial velocities ranging between 150 and 250 m/s using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS Explicit. A series of numerical simulations were performed to study the effect of a number of key parameters on the particle impact dynamics. These key parameters include particle impact velocity, particle temperature, particle diameter, composition of the polyethylene particle, surface composition and the thickness of a polyethylene film on a hard metal substrate. The effect of these parameter variations on the particle impact dynamics were quantified by tracking the particle temperature, deformation, plastic strain and rebound kinetic energy. The trends observed through variation of these parameters provided physical insight into the experimentally observed window of deposition where cold-sprayed particles are mostly likely to adhere to a substrate.
Enabling deep conceptual learning in computing courses through conflict-based collaborative learning

Piaget's classic work on cognitive development showed that engaging learners in critical discussions with peers about ideas that are different than theirs leads to deep conceptual understanding. Implementing such an approach in computer science and, more generally, STEM, courses has some specific challenges. Based on Piaget's theory, we have developed a highly innovative collaborative learning approach that exploits specific affordances of web technologies to address these challenges. It allows small groups of students with different ideas about the topic in question, to engage in a highly-structured discussion that enables each student in the group to develop deep understanding. While a number of researchers have explored approaches to collaborative learning, a key difference with our work is that our focus is helping individual students develop deep understanding, whereas the focus of much of this other work is on developing students' team skills, effective communication abilities, and the like. We have tested our approach in an undergraduate CS course and the effect on student performance was encouraging; moreover, about two-thirds of the students in the course, based on a post-activity survey, felt that the approach was effective in helping them develop conceptual understanding.
Intended Treatment of Fractions and Fraction Operations in Mathematics Curricula from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan

In spite of extensive research efforts, teaching and learning fractions remain challenging throughout the world. Although students’ mathematics learning is influenced by many factors, one important factor is the learning opportunities afforded by their textbooks. Therefore, we examined how textbooks from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan—three high-achieving countries prominent in comparative studies—introduced and developed fraction concepts and fraction arithmetic. We used the content analysis method (National Research Council, On evaluating curricular effectiveness: Judging the quality of K-12 mathematics evaluations, 2004) to analyze the problems presented in the textbooks. Our analysis revealed that there were many similarities among the textbooks from these three countries, including the overall flow of the topics related to fraction concepts and fraction arithmetic. However, significant differences included how various fraction subconstructs were integrated in the textbooks and how fraction multiplication and division were discussed. These similarities and differences among high-achieving countries suggest fruitful directions for future research in the area of fraction teaching and learning.
Clinical outcomes of systemic therapy for patients with desmoids

10585 Background: Desmoids are rare, slow growing, histologically benign tumors without metastatic potential. Methods: We examined outcomes of patients with desmoid tumors receiving systemic therap...
Teaching for Social Justice in a New ED.D. Program

This collaborative self-study documents the change process within the first author’s personal and professional demeanor as the co-authors worked together for a second year in an intensive, social-justice oriented Ed.D. program. This self-study of our teaching practice focused on a single cohort of 16 doctoral students.
What Did You Know and When Did You Know It? Data's Potential for Institutional Legal Issues

Data continues to grow in both importance and quantity within colleges and universities. IR professionals need to know ways data can create potential legal issues in order to be proactive rather than reactive to these situations.
Improving practice through neurovascular board.

Management of cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis remains contentious despite numerous randomized trials and observational studies over the decades since the first report of carotid endarterectomy. Rimmele et al.1 in this issue of Neurology® summarize the 53-month experience of deliberations by a Neurovascular Board at the University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), on management of ICA disease. The multidisciplinary board of senior vascular specialists reviewed 614 cases. The board recommended revascularization in 76% of symptomatic cases and in 27% of asymptomatic cases and encouraged trial participation for a subset of asymptomatic cases. Recommendations appeared well-supported by evidence-based practice guidelines. The authors conclude that the board recommendations provided a helpful and transparent tool to assure adherence to guidelines. However, the study lacked a control group; therefore it is not possible to determine if the board actions truly helped promote evidence-based practice or trial participation. Cluster randomization design might have provided robust evidence for neurovascular boards in a sufficiently brief time frame to avoid the challenge of guideline drift during the study.
Functional divergence of paralogous transcription factors supported the evolution of biomineralization in echinoderms

Alx1 is a pivotal transcription factor in a gene regulatory network that controls skeletogenesis throughout the echinoderm phylum. We performed a structure-function analysis of sea urchin Alx1 using a rescue assay and identified a novel, conserved motif (Domain 2) essential for skeletogenic function. The paralogue of Alx1, Alx4, was not functionally interchangeable with Alx1, but insertion of Domain 2 conferred robust skeletogenic function on Alx4. We used cross-species expression experiments to show that Alx1 proteins from distantly related echinoderms are not interchangeable, although the sequence and function of Domain 2 are highly conserved. We also found that Domain 2 is subject to alternative splicing and provide evidence that this domain was originally gained through exonization. Our findings show that a gene duplication event permitted the functional specialization of a transcription factor through changes in exon-intron organization and thereby supported the evolution of a major morphological novelty.
James M. Buchanan’s 1981 visit to Chile: Knightian democrat or defender of the ‘Devil’s fix’?

Nobel Prize winning economist James M. Buchanan has repeatedly argued that the “political economist should not act as if he or she were providing advice to a benevolent despot” (Boettke Constitutional Political Economy, 25, 110–124, 2014: 112), but an increasingly influential body of scholarship argues that Buchanan provided a wealth of early 1980s policy advice to Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship in Chile (e.g., Fischer 2009; Maclean 2017). In particular, Buchanan reportedly provided an analytical defense of military rule to a predominantly Chilean audience when he visited the country in late 1981. This paper draws upon largely ignored archival evidence from the Buchanan House Archives and Chilean primary source material to assess whether Buchanan provided a defense of Pinochet’s “capitalist fascism” (Samuelson 1983) or whether he defended democracy when he visited Chile in 1981. Aside from the importance of this for assessing Buchanan’s own legacy, his constitutional political economy arguments presented in Chile also provide an interesting and distinct perspective on the connection between democracy and growth, which remains highly relevant to current debates. Despite a general agreement about the desirability of democracy, the view that authoritarian regimes can spur “growth miracles”, or might even be a necessary stage in political-economic development, still has prominent supporters (e.g. Sachs 2012).
Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2378 fatty acids in frozen human serum. Certification of a clinical SRM based on endogenous supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Dietary fatty acids can be both beneficial and detrimental to human health depending on the degree and type of saturation. Healthcare providers and research scientists monitor the fatty acid content of human plasma and serum as an indicator of health status and diet. In addition, both the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health – Office of Dietary Supplements are interested in circulating fatty acids (FAs) because they may be predictive of coronary heart disease. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a wide variety of reference materials (RMs) and Standard Reference Materials® (SRM®s) including blood, serum, plasma, and urine with values assigned for analytes of clinical interest. NIST SRM 2378 Fatty Acids in Frozen Human Serum was introduced in 2015 to help validate methods used for the analysis of FAs in serum, and consists of three different pools of serum acquired from (1) healthy donors who had taken fish oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 1 material), (2) healthy donors who had taken flaxseed oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 2 material), and (3) healthy donors eating “normal” diets who had not taken dietary supplements containing fish or plant oils (level 3 material). The use of dietary supplements by donors provided SRMs with natural endogenous ranges of FAs at concentrations observed in human populations. Results from analyses using two methods at NIST, including one involving a novel microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis procedure, and one at the CDC are presented here. These results and their respective uncertainties were combined to yield certified values with expanded uncertainties for 12 FAs and reference values with expanded uncertainties for an additional 18 FAs.
Jainism's Intersection with Contemporary Ethical Movements: An Ethnographic Examination of a Diaspora Jain Community

As the second generation of Jain immigrants in the United States transition from youth to full-fledged adults, significant changes to the interpretation and practice of Jainism in diaspora have begun to emerge. Relying on participant observation at the Jain Study Center of North Carolina community and eight interviews with members of this community, my research investigates the critical shift present between the younger generation and the older generation of this population and examines its potential causes. I argue that the absence of religious authority in diaspora and the increase of Western influence have redirected emphasis from ritual to ethical practice, particularly within the younger generation. This increased focus on ethical practice has presented itself through the incorporation of elements from contemporary Western environmental and animal rights movements. Additionally, it has increased the prominence of the core Jain values of ahimsa (non-violence), aparigraha (nonattachment or non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (non-one-sidedness), as well as their corresponding day-to-day actions, at the expense of traditional ritual practices such as puja (worship).
The escalating importance of clinical research.

Editor’s introduction to the April issue of Virtual Mentor on the topic of clinical-research ethics. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections in children

### What you need to know Acute respiratory infections account for about a third of all paediatric consultations to primary care and 8-18% of acute hospital admissions in the UK.12 Children, especially preschool children, may have up to 6-10 viral colds a year.13 Parents often seek reassurance that all is well, or they may have concerns about a serious illness, sometimes prompted by the family history or a disturbing diagnosis in a friend’s child (see Patient’s perspective box). Sleep disturbance and the time carers may have to be away from work can lead to stress and impaired quality of life. When consulting with families, distinguish children with recurrent self limiting or minor problems—the majority of cases—from those with a more serious underlying condition who may need investigation and treatment. Differentiate lower and upper respiratory tract infections, which may be difficult because symptoms and signs overlap and both may be present at the same time.34 This article presents a practical approach to diagnosis and management of the otherwise apparently healthy child with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Acute respiratory infections and the management of children with …
Abl Family Kinases in Mammalian Development

Abl and Arg nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are widely expressed in mammals, where they contribute to the development of diverse organ and tissue systems. Deletion of abl or arg in mice reveals roles for the kinases in B and T lymphocyte development, neurulation, neuronal dendrite maintenance, synaptic plasticity, and osteoblast development. Double knockout abl -/- arg -/- mice die as embryos, indicating that Abl and Arg also perform essential and overlapping functions during embryonic development. Abl and Arg contain domains for protein-protein interactions (SH3, SH2, proline-rich sequences, PY sequences), cytoskeleton binding (filamentous actin and microtubule binding domains), nuclear translocation (nuclear localization and export sequences), and DNA binding. Although a full understanding of their molecular interactions is still forthcoming, it is clear that Abl and Arg provide many cell types with all-in-one multifunctional signaling tools that serve as links between the cell surface and downstream pathways to both the cytoskeleton and nucleus.
Evidence of embryonic regulation of maternally derived yolk corticosterone.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the potential for maternal stress effects to adaptively alter offspring phenotype has received considerable attention. This research has identified offspring traits that are labile in response to maternal stress; however, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects is lagging and is crucial to appreciating the significance of this maternal effect. In the present study, we sought to better understand maternal stress effects by examining the potential for embryonic regulation of corticosterone exposure, determining the phenotypic consequences of elevated corticosterone during development, and characterizing the levels of maternally transferred corticosterone in unmanipulated eggs using Trachemys scripta . By dosing eggs with tritiated corticosterone and tracking the steroid throughout development, we found that most corticosterone is metabolized, and less than 1% of the corticosterone dose reaches the embryo as free corticosterone. We also found that exogenous dosing of corticosterone, in concentrations sufficient to overwhelm embryonic metabolism, reduces embryonic survival and negatively impacts hatchling traits important to fitness. Our results demonstrate that concentrations of maternal corticosterone in the yolks of unmanipulated eggs are low and are significantly lower than the doses of corticosterone required to elicit phenotypic effects in hatchlings. Taken together, these results provide evidence that both the embryo and the female may minimize corticosterone accumulation in the embryo to avoid reductions in embryonic survival and negative impacts on offspring phenotype and fitness.
Tufted Angioma and Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma

Tufted angiomas (TA) and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) are classified as benign vascular tumors with locally aggressive potential. They share many similar histologic and clinical features and are believed to be two entities that lie along a spectrum (Le et al, Am J Surg Pathol 34:1563–1573, 2010; Osio et al, Arch Dermatol 146:758–763, 2010). Within the same tumor, there are focal areas of both KHE and TA histopathologic phenotype, and longitudinal transformation from TA to KHE has been described (Chu et al, Dermatology 206:334–337, 2003). A unique feature of these tumors is their potential to develop a severe, life-threatening coagulopathy called Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) (Croteau SE and Gupta D, Semin Cutan Med Surg 35:147–52, 2016).
A New Species of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) from Montana, with a Correction of the Application of Limonius consimilis Walker, 1866

Limonius seibertae Etzler, new species (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae), is described from Petroleum Co., Montana. The application of Limonius consimilisWalker, 1866 is amended to align with the concepts proposed by M. C. Lane in 1971. Limonius consimilis is the correct name for the North American species traditionally treated as Limonius nitidulusHorn, 1871, which is returned to synonymy, and L. consimilis auct. is corrected to Limonius leconteiLane, 1971. A key to members of the Limonius consimilis species-group is provided.
A new risk to the axillary nerve during percutaneous proximal humeral plate fixation using the Synthes PHILOS aiming system.

Background Percutaneous aiming arms have been developed to minimize injury during placement of submuscular proximal humerus plates. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of axillary nerve injury during percutaneous proximal humeral plate fixation using the Synthes PHILOS aiming system. Methods By use of 10 fresh-frozen cadavers (20 shoulders), a 3.5-mm locking compression proximal humeral plate was fixated percutaneously to the humerus through a lateral deltoid-splitting approach using the PHILOS aiming guide. Dissection of the axillary nerve was then carried out, and measurements of its relation to the screw holes in row A through row G of the plate were taken. The lateral acromion–to–axillary nerve distance was also measured. Results The axillary nerve traversed row D in every shoulder, whereas it crossed over row C in 11 shoulders and both holes in row E in 16 shoulders. The closest distance to the axillary nerve achieved was 4.5 mm, corresponding to the distal (left) screw in row B. A significant negative correlation was found for the distance from the nerve to the closest proximal and distal screws (row B and row G, respectively) in both right shoulders (ρ = –0.797; 95% confidence interval, –0.916 to –0.548) and left shoulders (ρ = –0.615; 95% confidence interval, –0.831 to –0.237). Conclusion The axillary nerve traverses rows C, D, and E of the proximal humeral plate using the PHILOS aiming system. Importantly, our study is the first to demonstrate that the axillary nerve crosses over row C. Left-sided plate screws also came in closer proximity to the axillary nerve than right-sided plate screws.
Dialysis or Death: A Qualitative Study of Older Patients' and Their Families' Understanding of Kidney Failure Treatment Options in a US Public Hospital Setting.

Rationale & Objective Conservative management (medical management without dialysis) may be an appropriate treatment option for some older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Patients' and family members' perspectives about conservative management in the United States have been relatively unexplored. Study Design Qualitative study with individual semi-structured interviews. Setting & Participants We recruited patients 65 years and older and their family members from a public hospital system in the United States. Analytical Approach Participants were asked about perspectives of kidney failure treatment options. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative approach to thematic analysis. Results Among 15 patient and 6 family member interviews, we identified 3 themes. Participants: (1) do not view conservative management as a viable personal option for their own (or their family members') care, (2) understand the realities of dialysis only abstractly, and (3) consider dialysis the only treatment option for kidney failure and any alternative as death. Limitations Single site, public hospital setting. Included patients younger than 75 years for whom dialysis likely has survival benefit. Changed the definition of conservative management partway through the study. Conclusions Older patients and family lack full understanding of kidney failure treatment options and are therefore unable to make truly informed care decisions.
Diplomacy at the end of empire: evolving French perspectives on Portuguese colonialism in the 1950s and 1960s

Diverging French and Portuguese approaches to imperialism complicated French diplomats’ assessment of Portugal in the 1960s. As France relinquished the last of its African empire, Portugal fought t...
Rapid Biological Monitoring System for Determining Aquatic Community Structure in Receiving Systems

Biological monitoring plays an important role in a pollution monitoring program providing information not available through conventional physical and chemical monitoring. The saprobic system and the use of structural and functional changes in aquatic communities are two approaches utilized in assessing the effects of pollutants on aquatic communities. The feedback of information from conventional instream biological monitoring has been too slow for the most effective management of an aquatic system. Two rapid biological monitoring systems (the Sequential Comparison Index, and an automated community structure analysis using laser holography) have been developed to increase the speed of data collection and data analysis.
Psychopathic boldness: Narcissism, self-esteem, or something in between?

Abstract Although psychopathy is one of the most studied and well-validated personality disorders, debate remains regarding the necessity and sufficiency of fearless dominance/boldness. This debate revolves around the robust relations boldness shares with adaptive outcomes (e.g., self-esteem) and the limited relations it evinces with psychopathy's other features and outcomes. Although boldness exhibits moderate to large relations with grandiose narcissism, these relations are less frequently examined at the factor level. The present study examines the relations between psychopathic boldness, narcissism, and other adaptive features in a large, MTurk sample (N = 591). While boldness exhibited moderate to large relations with grandiose narcissism, the use of a three-factor model of narcissism revealed this relation was driven by the agentic extraversion component of narcissism not the antagonistic or neuroticism components. Boldness similarly evinced large, positive relations with self-esteem, and shared nearly identical trait profiles with self-esteem.
Intravenous Fluid Management Practices in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Pilot Study.

BackgroundLimited evidence exists with regard to best practices in fluid management during kidney transplantation, which may directly affect the incidence of DGF. The authors of this study embarked...
Association of cigarette smoking and adverse events in left ventricular assist device patients

Introduction:Adverse events (AEs) associated with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) cause significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known about patient-specific factors that contribute t...
Sparse Approximation, List Decoding, and Uncertainty Principles

We consider list versions of sparse approximation problems, where unlike the existing results in sparse approximation that consider situations with unique solutions, we are interested in multiple solutions. We introduce these problems and present the first combinatorial results on the output list size. These generalize and enhance some of the existing results on threshold phenomenon and uncertainty principles in sparse approximations. Our definitions and results are inspired by similar results in list decoding. We also present lower bound examples that bolster our results and show they are of the appropriate size.