cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Martensite-to-martensite transformations in Cu&.sbnd;Zn alloys

Abstract Single crystal specimens of β′ CuZn alloys deformed above M s eventually transform into a single variant of stress-induced martensite (SIM). Specimens cooled to M f initially exhibit domains of four variants, each of which becomes a single variant region upon loading. In both cases (above M s and below M f ), additional loading causes the onset of “advanced deformation”—the formation of “pink” bands in the single crystal regions of the SIM and deformed thermal martensite. These bands are identified as a martensitic phase, α s , which is stress induced and reversible on unloading. The formation of the α s martensite is associated with a second stress plateau in the stress-strain curves of single crystals loaded above M s . This double pseudoelastic phenomenon gives rise to strains up to 17%, which are completely recoverable. In some instances the α s does not completely reverse on unloading, and internal markings appear in the α s bands which are elastic twins that reverse on load cycling. Mechanical properties associated with the double pseudoelastic phenomenon in single crystals, and a crystallographic analysis of the α s martensite are reported and discussed. A mechanism for the transformation from the 9R thermal or stress-induced martensite into the α s martensite is proposed. Also, a stress-temperature phase diagram has been determined, and a triple point for the β′, SIM, and α s phase regions is suggested.
Investigations of charge transfer and photosensitivity in single- and double-doped LiNbO 3 single crystals: an optical-electron paramagnetic resonance study: I

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for specially doped LiNbO3 crystals was determined. Study of the charge transfer and the photosensitivity in these crystals determined the ions, which participate on the charge transfer processes. In doubly doped crystals with Fe:Cr and Fe:Ce the decay of the EPR signal was less than the decay time in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn. some inherited impurities in these crystals like Mn and Fe were detected. The effect of the inherited impurities on the decay and growth of the EPR signal was estimated by comparing the results with homegrown LiNbO3 crystals.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
California declines the nuclear gamble: is such a state choice preempted

The author expands and revises a previous legal memorandum prepared for a California legislative subcommittee on the limits of state authority where there is federal regulaion over an energy activity. A review of California's legislation as it relates to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 deals with recent court treatment of the preemptive doctrine and its application to state regulation of nuclear power plants. Although the state's goals of reducing radiation hazards and controlling power generation and sales could result in the exclusion of nuclear power plants, the author concludes that Congressional and judicial intent has not been to deprive states of the right to make these decisions. (DCK)
Optimization of parthenogenetic activation protocol in porcine

The effects of the electrical field strengths, number of pulses, and post-activation media on chromatin conformation and parthenogenetic development were studied to optimize the activation protocol for porcine nuclear transfer. In experiment 1, electrical field strengths were examined. Oocytes were subjected to square direct current pulses at output voltages of 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 kV/cm for 1 x 30 microsec. The voltage resulting from experiment 1 was 2.2 kV/cm, in which 50.0% of activated oocytes developed to blastocysts in vitro. In experiment 2, the influence of 1, 2, and 3 pulses on blastocyst development was tested using field strengths and post-activation medium described in experiment 1. Oocytes activated by a single 30 microsec pulse of 2.2 kV/cm DC yielded a higher blastocyst rate (56.3%) than oocytes activated by 2 or 3 pulses (<42.5%). In experiment 3 and 4, we investigated the effects of cytochalasin B (CB), cycloheximide (CH), and CB + CH on nuclear development stages and parthenogenetic development following a single 30 microsec pulse of 2.2 kV/cm DC. The percentage of activated oocytes was not different among CB (93.3%), CB + CH (98.3%), control (80.0%), and CH (80.0%) groups 12 hr after activation. Treatment with CB (57.5%) or CB + CH (53.8%) enhanced the blastocyst rate compared with other groups, CH (23.8%) treated- and control group (18.8%). The results demonstrated that a single 30 microsec pulse of 2.2 kV/cm DC followed by culturing in post-activation medium with CB for 5 hr were effective parameters for parthenogenetic activation and blastocyst formation of in vitro matured porcine oocytes which suggests that a single calcium rise is sufficient to activate pig oocytes and to achieve high rate of blastocyst development.
Multiple granular cell tumors (“myoblastomas”). Case report with electron microscopic observations and review of the literature

A case of a 34-year-old woman with three histologically proven coincidental granular cell tumors is reported and documented with electron microscopic observations. The subject of multicentric occurrence of these rumors is reviewed in the literature and the available data and circumstances with a possible bearing on their nature are discussed. From the number of reviewed case reports (550) it appears that the occurrence of multiple granular cell tumors (36) is much more common (7 to 16%) than traditionally believed. Attention is drawn to their benign course. The precise histogenesis of these tumors and the chemical nature of the 160 to 240 A vesicular units of the granules remain unknown. The authors conclude that the granular cells in this instance are of mesenchymal derivation and that the granules of these cells may represent the end result of an obscure metabolic alteration manifested by intracytoplasmic storage of protein and lipoid substances.
Sensitivity and correlation analysis of the physical parameters in absorption, four-wave mixing, and Schlieren experiments

Experimental data that are used to determine rate coefficients depend not only upon reaction rates but also the physical properties of the measured species. Sensitivity coefficients are presented for the physical parameters of three general experimental techniques: a signal linearly dependent on the concentration of a species, a signal quadratically dependent on concentration, and a schlieren signal, which depends upon a bulk property of the system. With these, both the physical and chemical parameters of a model may be treated on a comparable basis. The similarities and differences between these techniques are illustrated in a simple example of radical formation via first-order precursor decomposition followed by second-order recombination. The results are then applied to two important examples: H2 + O2 and CH3 + CH3. In almost all cases, the experimental data contains more information about the physical parameters, such as the optical cross section, than the kinetic rate coefficients. Furthermore, if a physical parameter is not properly treated; strong correlations between it and rate coefficients will introduce significant systematic biases in the rate coefficient. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neutron contribution to CaF/sub 2/:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeter response in mixed (n//spl gamma/) field environments

Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), particularly CaF/sub 2/:Mn, are often used as photon dosimeters in mixed (n//spl gamma/) field environments. In these mixed field environments, it is desirable to separate the photon response of a dosimeter from the neutron response. For passive dosimeters that measure an integral response, such as TLDs, the separation of the two components must be performed by postexperiment analysis because the TLD reading system cannot distinguish between photon- and neutron-produced response. Using a model of an aluminum-equilibrated TLD-400 (CaF/sub 2/:Mn) chip, a systematic effort has been made to analytically determine the various components that contribute to the neutron response of a TLD reading. The calculations were performed for five measured reactor neutron spectra and one theoretical thermal neutron spectrum. The five measured reactor spectra all have experimental values for aluminum-equilibrated TLD-400 chips. Calculations were used to determine the percentage of the total TLD response produced by neutron interactions in the TLD and aluminum equilibrator. These calculations will aid the Sandia National Laboratories-Radiation Metrology Laboratory (SNL-RML) in the interpretation of the uncertainty for TLD dosimetry measurements in the mixed field environments produced by SNL reactor facilities.
Net transfer of phospholipid by the nonspecific phospholipid transfer proteins from bovine liver.

The nonspecific phospholipid transfer proteins from bovine liver catalyze net transfer of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol from phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylinositol multilamellar vesicles (9 : 1; mol/mol) to either intact or totally delipidated human high density lipoprotein. Under indentical conditions, the phosphatidylcholine-specific exchange protein from bovine liver and the phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef heart do not enhance the net transfer of labeled phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol from multilamellar vesicles to delipidated high density lipoprotein, but do catalyze phospholipid exchange between multilamellar vesicles and intact high density lipoprotein consistent with their reported specificities. In the presence of nonspecific transfer proteins net transfer of mass in also observed from phosphatidylcholine unilamellar vesicles to rat liver inner mitochondrial membranes plus matrix. These are the first exchange proteins demonstrated to have net mass transfer capability.
Timing of Dispersal and Ovarian Development in Goldenrod Leaf Beetles, Trirhabda virgata and T. borealis

The two goldenrod leaf beetles, Trirhabda virgata LeConte and T. borealis Blake (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), flew only during a brief, postteneral period, when each population was at peak density. Cessation of flight coincided with the period of rapid maturation of oocytes. The sex ratio of flying individuals was strongly skewed toward females, although males and females were equally abundant in each population at large. Most beetles were captured just above the goldenrod vegetation (at 1 m above ground); the number of captures decreased with increasing height above ground. Females tended to fly higher than males. The role of dispersal by flight in Trirhabda habitat colonization and population dynamics is discussed.
Electrochemical properties of Fe and steel.

C content and microstructure effect on electrochemical parameters of Fe and steels in dilute sulfuric acid, discussing Tafel constants and current density
Filaments in the division furrow of mouse mammary cells.

Of the various theories that have been advanced to account for the mechanism of furrow formation and cytokinesis in animal cells (9, 21), the notion of active constriction in the equatorial cortex has recently received support from physical measurements such as those reported by Wolpert (22) and Rappaport (13) . A probable structural manifestation of the "contractile ring" has been found through ultrastructural studies of cleaving invertebrate eggs, in which equatorially oriented filaments in the cleavage furrow suggest a region specialized for contraction (3, 7, 15, 17, 18) . These bundles of presumably contractile filaments have not been described in dividing cells of vertebrates or in dividing tissue cells of any organism . The present study reports the presence of a well organized filamentous component in the division furrows of mouse mammary epithelial cells .
Can direct immunofluorescence testing still be accurate if performed on biopsy specimens after brief inadvertent immersion in formalin

Background Direct immunofluorescence is useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune, vesiculobullous, and connective tissue diseases. Michel medium is typically indicated for transport, but clinicians may inadvertently place samples into formalin. Objective We set out to determine the amount of time that specimens can remain in 10% buffered formalin and still retain their diagnostic properties. Methods Biopsy samples were examined from cases with established diagnoses of bullous pemphigoid (n = 12), dermatitis herpetiformis (n = 6), and pemphigus vulgaris (n = 6) and exposed to formalin for time points ranging from 2 minutes to 4 hours. Results We found that immunoreactants were detectable in the majority of samples when subjected to 2 minutes of formalin exposure. Dermatitis herpetiformis and pemphigoid samples retained immunogenicity for 10 minutes, whereas pemphigus showed reduced immunogenicity for all samples studied. A nonimmunologic nuclear fluorochroming pattern was noted in some of the specimens after formalin immersion. Limitations Sample size, only examining 3 disease processes, and samples already having been in Michel medium were the major limitations in the study. Conclusion In direct immunofluorescence studies, formalin exposure to biopsy specimens causes two types of artifactual changes: (1) the shortest exposure (2 minutes) causes complete loss of diagnostic markers of pemphigus; and (2) prolonged exposure changes tissue to a form that allows fluorescein-labeled antibodies to give fluorochroming reactions of nuclei (which can be mistaken for in vivo antinuclear antibody reactions of lupus erythematosus). After time intervals of 10 minutes to 2 hours, direct immunofluorescence studies of proven cases of bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis retained variable levels of specific reactivity.
A simple computer circuit for automatic spectrophotometric analysis of binary mixtures by differential reaction rates

Summa~-A simple analogue computer circuit, for application with a continuous reading spectrophotometer to give automatic analysis of binary mixtures of closely related substances using a differential reaction rate technique, is described. The circuit solves the simultaneous equations of the Method of Proportional Equations for the concentrations of the components in the mixture. The method is useful for first- or pseudo-first order competitive reactions. A timing circuit automatically supplies the absorbance (converted as described from the transmittance) of the reacting solution at two chosen times during the reaction, to the computer. The output voltages are adjusted within the circuit to read directly in units of concentration.
In vitro 3' end processing and poly(A) tailing of RNA in Trypanosoma cruzi.

Pre-mRNA in kinetoplastids is processed to maturity following unique pathways requiring a transplicing event that links a common 39 nucleotide leader to the 5' termini of the mature mRNAs. The mechanisms of this reaction and other steps of mRNA processing; i.e., 5' capping and 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, have not been resolved. Herein, we describe a 3' polyadenylation activity in cell-free extracts prepared from nuclei isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi, the kinetoplastid agent of Chagas' Disease. Synthetic RNA transcripts incubated in these extracts in the presence of ATP are 3' polyadenylated. This polyadenylation activity is sensitive to heat or pre-treatment of the extract with Micrococcal nuclease, suggesting that an RNA-protein complex is required. As these are characteristics of polyadenylation activities in other eukaryotes, we believe that this activity may participate in the in vivo trypanosome mRNA polyadenylation system. Several other modification activities specific for RNA 3' termini, including terminal nucleotide transferases, a tRNA CCA maturation activity, and a 3' exonuclease were also identified in these T. cruzi nuclear extracts.
Measuring flow velocity distribution in microchannels using molecular tracers

We demonstrate the capability of a molecular tracer based laser induced fluorescence photobleaching anemometer for measuring fluid velocity profile in microfluidics. To validate the feasibility and accuracy of this measurement system, the velocity profiles of the cylindrical and rectangular microchannels are measured, respectively. We compare our experimental results with theoretical prediction. The theoretical prediction shows a good consistency with practical measurement results. The spatial resolutions are analyzed and validated. Finally, the error source of the presented system is analyzed, which makes it possible to compensate some error quantitatively and guides the application of this system.
Residual VQ (vector quantizaton) with state prediction: a new method for image coding

This paper reports on a current investigation of a new approach to vector quantization (VQ) for image coding. The approach consists of integrating finite state vector quantization (FSVQ) into a binary residual vector quantizer structure. Due to the inherently predictive nature of FSVQ, the quality of image representation is often greatly superior to that of memoryless VQ (for small vector sizes). However, the codebook storage requirements are typically very large by comparison. The objective of this work is to reduce the codebook storage requirement of FSVQ without significantly impairing the reproduction quality of the coded image. Experimental results indicate that low bit rate systems based on a combination of FSVQ and RVQ can be designed with performance approaching the quality of the FSVQ schemes but with only a very small fraction of the storage requirement.
Role of extracellular polymeric substances in metal ion complexation on Shewanella oneidensis: batch uptake, thermodynamic modeling, ATR-FTIR, and EXAFS study.

Abstract The effect of cell wall-associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the Gram-negative bacterium Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 on proton, Zn(II), and Pb(II) adsorption was investigated using a combination of titration/batch uptake studies, surface complexation modeling, attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Both unmodified (wild-type (WT) strain) and genetically modified cells with inhibited production of EPS (ΔEPS strain) were used. Three major types of functional groups (carboxyl, phosphoryl, and amide groups) were identified in both strains using ATR-FITR spectroscopy. Potentiometric titration data were fit using a constant capacitance model (FITEQL) that included these three functional groups. The fit results indicate less interaction of Zn(II) and Pb(II) with carboxyl and amide groups and a greater interaction with phosphoryl groups in the ΔEPS strain than in the WT strain. Results from Zn(II) and Pb(II) batch adsorption studies and surface complexation modeling, assuming carboxyl and phosphoryl functional groups, also indicate significantly lower Zn(II) and Pb(II) uptake and binding affinities for the ΔEPS strain. Results from Zn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy show that Zn(II) bonds to phosphoryl and carboxyl ligands in both strains. Based on batch uptake and modeling results and EXAFS spectral analysis, we conclude that the greater amount of EPS in the WT strain enhances Zn(II) and Pb(II) uptake and hinders diffusion of Zn(II) to the cell walls relative to the ΔEPS strain.
Further studies on the properties of phospholipase A from honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom.

Abstract The optimum activity of a phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) isolated from honeybee venom, as measured by a hydroxamate assay, occurred at pH 8 and at a temperature of ca . 50°C. Beside the previously reported activation of the enzyme by calcium ions, the enzyme activity was doubled in 3M NaCl. Dansylation, followed by hydrolysis and high voltage paper electrophoresis, gave isoleucine as the N-terminal amino acid. Amino acid analysis showed roughly the presence of 183 amino acid residues per enzyme molecule (18,500± 500). The molar extinction coefficient of this enzyme, measured by dried sample weight, was found to be 36,800, giving E 1% 1cm = 19·9. The gross composition of amino acid showed the presence of 12 half cystine residues.
A Power Approximation for the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test: Simple Hypothesis Case

Abstract The limiting distribution of the chi-square goodness-of-fit statistic Tn under alternatives is noncentral chi-square if the alternative probabilities approach the null probabilities at an appropriate rate as n → ∞. It is shown that for fixed alternative probabilities, the limiting distribution of (Tn − μ n )/σ n is standard normal. Both of these asymptotic results can be used to approximate the power of the goodness-of-fit test. Numerical comparisons between these two approximations indicate that for large values of the true power, the normal approximation is best, but for moderate values of power, the chi-square approximation is best.
Location Advantages, Firm Advantages, and Export Success in the Latin American Automotive Parts Industry

Abstract This paper examines the influence of location advantages and firm-level advantages on the propensity of Latin American firms to export. An empirical test based on Latin American firms in the automobile parts industry suggests that firms in more competitive Latin American country environments are more likely to export than those in less competitive country environments. Also, older and larger firms are more likely to export than are younger and smaller firms, and businesses that are subsidiary companies are more likely to export than are independent companies. Implications for managers and policy makers are presented.
The Los Alamos experiments on the few nucleon systems

A summary of recently studied proton-, pion-, and neutron-induced reactions on nuclei up to /sup 4/He at LAMPF is given. Upgrades to the LAMPF experimental facilities for these studies are described. Some new proton-proton total cross sections in pure helicity states (..delta..sigma/sub L/(pp)) from the ZGS near 3 GeV/c are also presented. 46 refs., 4 figs.
Age, Strain, and Gender as Factors for Increased Sensitivity of the Mouse Lung to Inhaled Ozone

Ozone (O3) is a respiratory irritant that leads to airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction. Animal studies show that neonates are more sensitive to O3 inhalation than adults, and children represent a potentially susceptible population. This latter notion is not well established, and biological mechanisms underlying a predisposition to pollution-induced pulmonary effects are unknown. We examined age and strain as interactive factors affecting differential pulmonary responses to inhaled O3. Male and female adult mice (15 weeks old) and neonates (15–16 days old) from eight genetically diverse inbred strains were exposed to 0.8 ppm O3 for 5 h. Pulmonary injury and lung inflammation were quantified as total protein concentration and total polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) number in lavage fluid recovered 24-h postexposure. Dose-response and time-course curves were generated using SJL/J pups, and 18O lung burden dose was assessed in additional mice. Interstrain differences in response to O3 were seen in neonatal mice: Balb/cJ and SJL/J being most sensitive and A/J and 129x1/SvJ most resistant. The PMN response to O3 was greater in neonates than in adults, specifically for SJL/J and C3H/HeJ strains, independent of dose. Small gender differences were also observed in adult mice. Variation in protein concentrations and PMN counts between adults and pups were strain dependent, suggesting that genetic determinants do play a role in age-related sensitivity to O3. Further research will help to determine what genetic factors contribute to these heightened responses, and to quantify the relative contribution of genes vs. environment in O3-induced health effects.
Pathogenesis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolate (US/Iowa/18984/2013) in 3-week-old weaned pigs

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is associated with clinical diarrhea in naive swine of all ages. This report describes timing of antibody generation and disease progression following infection with a US PEDV isolate by assessing fecal viral shedding, morphometric analysis of intestinal lesions, and magnitude of immunohistochemical staining. Sixty-three, 3-week-old pigs were randomly allocated into control (n=27) and challenged (n=36) groups. Challenged pigs were administered 1 mL of 1 × 10(3) PFU/mL of US/Iowa/18984/2013 PEDV isolate by oro-gastric gavage. Three control and four challenged pigs were necropsied on days post-inoculation (dpi) 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and weekly thereafter, until study termination on dpi 35. Clinical disease, fecal shedding, body weight, and temperature were monitored during the study period. Diarrhea was observed in challenged pigs beginning for some on dpi 2, affecting a majority of pigs by dpi 6 and subsiding by dpi 10. Average daily gain was significantly lower (P<0.001) for one week post-infection in challenged pigs. PEDV was detected in feces by PCR on dpi 1 and continued in a subset of pigs until dpi 24. PEDV-specific antigen was detected in villous enterocytes of challenged pigs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on dpi 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. Microscopic lesions included severe diffuse atrophic enteritis with significantly reduced (P<0.001) villous length observed on dpi 3, 4, and 7. Under the conditions of this study, fecal shedding of PEDV and IHC staining can precede and continue beyond the observation of clinical signs, thus increasing the risk of viral transmission.
Effects of Instructions on Pulmonary Function Values

This study examined the influence of specific components of standard forced expiratory maneuver instructions on spirometric values. Thirty-six subjects received instructions and practice in performing the forced expiratory maneuver prior to experimental manipulation of instructions. Instructions to begin with a maximal inhalation and then to blow into the spirometer as hard, fast, and long as possible were reiterated prior to every maneuver. During the instruction manipulation period, subjects were additionally instructed to blow either harder, faster, or longer. Overall, instructions to blow harder resulted in the most stable pattern of increase in all measures (IC, FVC, FEV1, FEF25–75%, and FEV1/FVC); instructions to blow longer consistently led to decreases in some values.
Medical Image Enhancement Based on HVC

Medical image enhancement is to process the image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for analysis and diagnosis. The information of image is acquired by the observer's eyes, so in the image processing, the human visual characteristics (HVC) as an important factor should be well thought of. In the paper, we study HVC from testing the distinguishability of gray scale and the sensitivity to the structure of image, analyze the physiological character and psychological characters of human vision, and summarize the laws of HVC. A new medical image enhancement method is presented based on HVC. It divides the image into the smooth areas and detail areas, and uses different processing methods for the areas according to HVC. Experiment results demonstrate that the method enhances the edge detail information, and improves the image quality, thereby increases the veracity of diagnoses, makes the treatment approach more exact.
Observations on Behavior of the Anthocyan Pigment from Concord Grapes in the Animal Body

ConclusionThe above experiments indicate that the anthocyans are not easily absorbed from the intestine. The small quantity which does pass through to the circulation appears to be excreted by the kidney in its unchanged form.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. R. J. Anderson, who suggested this problem, and Drs. R. W. Jackson and G. R. Cowgill for their valuable advice and assistance.
Improved outcomes in indigent patients with ketosis-prone diabetes: effect of a dedicated diabetes treatment unit.

Objective: To investigate whether a specialized intervention program could improve diabetes-related health outcomes in indigent patients with type 1 diabetes who were prone to occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Methods: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus admitted because of DKA during a 24-month period were invited to receive outpatient care in a diabetes treatment unit (DTU). We compared DKA-related readmission rates, change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, and diabetes-related medical costs in patients who participated in the DTU program (+DTU) and in those who did not (-DTU). Results: During the study period, 115 patients underwent assessment. Of this overall group, 57 patients (49.6%) consented to participate in the DTU program, and 58 (50.4%) did not. After the follow-up period (median duration, 657 days), the following significant improvements were observed in the +DTU group (in comparison with the -DTU group): lower frequency of readmission for DKA (16% versus 43%; P = 0.001), lower nu...
Exploring the When and Why of Schadenfreude

We summarize the empirical work on schadenfreude, or pleasure felt at someone else’s misfortune. Although schadenfreude is a socially undesirable emotion, research reveals at least three conditions in which it commonly arises. One condition is when observers gain from the misfortune. We discuss research showing that gains in ingroup outcomes based on the failures of rival outgroups can create schadenfreude, especially for those highly identified with their ingroups. A second condition is when another’s misfortune is deserved. We focus on research showing that the misfortunes of hypocrites are perceived as highly deserved and therefore create schadenfreude in observers. A third condition is when a misfortune befalls an envied person. We summarize studies showing that the core ingredients of envy prime the envying person for schadenfreude when the envied person suffers.
Non-deterministic Analysis Systems (NDAS)

As described in Chap. 1, traditional approaches to drawing analysis follow the process sequence of digitization, noise removal, segmentation, vectorization, recognition of text and graphics, extraction of dimension sets, and semantic analysis using some form of rules. Typically, fixed thresholds are used for each step in the process. As an example of how this process would work ideally, consider the drawing shown in Fig. 4.2. The results of text extraction are shown in Fig. 5.1; Figure 5.2 shows pointer rays from dimension sets; Fig. 5.3 shows pointer lines; Fig. 5.4 shows the circles found in the drawing; Fig. 5.5 shows boxes; and Figs. 5.6–5.9 show the dimension sets in the drawing.
Evolution of a biosynthetic pathway: the tryptophan paradigm.

Article de synthese sur la voie de biosynthese du tryptophane chez les bacteries. Anthranilate synthase. Phosphoribosyltransferase. Indoleglyceral phosphate synthase-N-Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase. Tryptophane synthase. Attenuation. Les sequences conservees des genes Trp des bacteries sont donnees en appendice
The Transporter Classification Database: recent advances

The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB), freely accessible at http://www.tcdb.org, is a relational database containing sequence, structural, functional and evolutionary information about transport systems from a variety of living organisms, based on the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-approved transporter classification (TC) system. It is a curated repository for factual information compiled largely from published references. It uses a functional/phylogenetic system of classification, and currently encompasses about 5000 representative transporters and putative transporters in more than 500 families. We here describe novel software designed to support and extend the usefulness of TCDB. Our recent efforts render it more user friendly, incorporate machine learning to input novel data in a semiautomatic fashion, and allow analyses that are more accurate and less time consuming. The availability of these tools has resulted in recognition of distant phylogenetic relationships and tremendous expansion of the information available to TCDB users.
Study of the Natural History of Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy and Atypical Immunoproliferative Disorders

Twenty-three patients, 9 with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and 14 with atypical immunoproliferative disorders (A1PD), were studied in order to determine their clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features. Diffuse lymphadenopathy was present in all patients. Patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (ILA) had an increased incidence of constitutional signs and symptoms. Radiographic findings in both groups were indistinguishable from those of malignant lymphomas. Of all the clinical characteristics examined to establish a prognostic significance, a positive history of allergies and the presence of polyclonal gammopathy were associated with a worse prognosis. Of the 22 patients treated, 15 initially received single agents and seven combination chemotherapy. The median survival of patients who received combination chemotherapy has not been reached at 38 months, while that of the patients on single agents is 10 months. Of 9 patients who achieved complete remission, 7 remain alive, while all 14 patients w...
The Dawn of a New Era

This paper reviews the scientific events culminating in the fluoridation of communal water supplies. Dental and medical studies completed by 1942 had established the safety and benefits of exposure to drinking water naturally containing fluoride. Researchers and public health workers concluded that it was possible to test the hypothesis that the dental benefits attained where fluoride levels around 1 ppm occurred naturally in drinking water could be safely replicated in low-fluoride areas by raising the level to this optimal concentration. Grand Rapids became the first test site and by the time the demonstration ended in 1959, around 40 million people in about 2,000 communities already were drinking water with fluoride levels that had been adjusted to optimal. The success of fluoridation brought the dawn of the era of caries control and created great opportunities for research and public health.
Microstructure Evolution During Friction Stir Processing and Hot Torsion Simulation of Ti-6Al-4V

Friction stir processing of three variants of Ti-6Al-4V was conducted at processing temperatures both above and below the β-transus. The base metal substrates that were processed included wrought base metal in the α/β-processed and β-processed condition and weld overlay that was deposited using the gas tungsten arc welding process. Friction stir processing below the β-transus for the α/β-processed condition and the weld overlay produced fully equiaxed-α grains with submicron grain size, while in the β-processed condition, elongated equiaxed-α grains and regions of transformed-β with grain size in the 1 to 2 μm range were observed. Friction stir processing above the β-transus was microstructurally evident by a stir zone composed of 10 to 40 μm recrystallized β-grains with either a basket weave or colony structure and a continuous network of α at the grain boundary. Path and normal forces were recorded for in situ processing of Ti-6Al-4V in all three initial conditions. Comparatively, above-transus processing reduced the path force at the tool-to-workpiece interface, while processing below the β-transus caused the path force to increase by ~300 pct. Based on the dimensionless heat input, it appears that the stir zone microstructure is more dependent on spindle speed (RPM) than travel speed and that the heat input parameter is not a good indicator of the processing temperature. Hot torsion testing of α/β-processed Ti-6Al-4V was used as a method for physically simulating the stir zone microstructure produced from friction stir processing. At a strain rate of 2.5 s−1 (250 RPM rotation rate), the transition from equiaxed-α to a transformed beta microstructure occurred at approximately 1223 K (950 °C). A comparison of FSP and hot torsion microstructures revealed nearly identical matching depending on the selection of hot torsion conditions.
An analytical approach to change for the design of reusable real-time software

We present an analytical method for incorporating knowledge about change into the design of reusable real time software components. We apply this method to the construction of algorithmic software solutions that minimize the effect of anticipated changes in the solution. The motivation for our research is based on two premises: software solutions that can easily be adapted to changes in the problem and solution domains are more readily reused; and the reuse of reliable software promotes the construction of high quality software systems and reduces development costs. The paper also briefly overviews our current research goals involving analysis and design methods to enable software engineers to rapidly adapt their real time software solutions to changing application requirements.
Functional characterization of integrin alpha6beta4 adhesion interactions using soluble integrin constructs reveals the involvement of different functional domains in the beta4 subunit.

Integrin α6β4–mediated adhesion interactions play key roles in keratinocyte and epithelial tumor cell biology. In order to evaluate how α6β4 adhesion interactions contribute to these important cellular processes, the authors generated soluble versions of the integrin by recombinant expression of the subunit ectodomains fused to a human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc constant domain. Coexpression of the appropriate subunits enabled dimerization, secretion and purification of stable Fc-containing α6β4 heterodimers. The soluble proteins exhibited the same metal ion and ligand dependency in their binding characteristics as intact α6β4. Using these reagents in combination with anti-β4 antibodies, the authors identified two distinct functional epitopes on the β4 subunit. They demonstrated the involvement of one epitope in adhesion interactions and the other in regulating adhesion-independent growth in α6β4-expressing tumor cell lines. The availability of these soluble integrin reagents and the data provided herein h...
Children’s Recognition of Dangerous Household Products: Child Development and Poisoning Risk

OBJECTIVE: Preliterate children may be poisoned because they fail to distinguish safe versus hazardous household products. METHODS: Study 1: A total of 228 children aged 18-54 months completed four tasks assessing ability to recognize product safety. Study 2: A total of 68 children aged 17-31 months chose products to drink from pairs of dangerous versus beverage bottles. Study 3: A total of 119 children aged 18-42 months sorted 12 objects into toys, things you can drink, and things that are bad/dangerous. RESULTS: Left alone, children frequently touched dangerous household products. Children frequently misidentified poisonous products as safe. Some developmental trends emerged. The following packaging features apparently helped children recognize danger: black bottle color; opaque packaging; salient symbols like insects; lack of pointy spouts; squared, not round, bottles; and metal, not plastic, containers. CONCLUSIONS: Developing cognition helps preliterate children distinguish safe from dangerous household products. Multiple aspects of product packaging may reduce child poisoning risk if implemented by industry or policy. Language: en
The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures questionnaire: a method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships.

Most research on adult attachment is based on the assumption that working models are relatively general and trait-like. Recent research, however, suggests that people develop attachment representations that are relationship-specific, leading people to hold distinct working models in different relationships. The authors report a measure, the Relationship Structures questionnaire of the Experiences in Close Relationships—Revised (ECR-RS; R. C. Fraley, N. G. Waller, & K. A. Brennan, 2000), that is designed to assess attachment dimensions in multiple contexts. Based on a sample of over 21,000 individuals studied online, it is shown that ECR-RS scores are reliable and have a structure similar to those produced by other measures. In Study 2 (N 388), it is shown that relationship-specific measures of attachment generally predict intra- and interpersonal outcomes better than broader attachment measures but that broader measures predict personality traits better than relationship-specific measures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that differentiation in working models is not related to psychological outcomes independently of mean levels of security.
Webwatch: visualizing web page histories and social monitoring habits

Much data exists about both web pages and people's browsing behaviors that could be useful, but which is too large and difficult to digest in pure text form. Developing a way to harness this information has the potential to enhance the web browsing experience. I am designing information visualizations and a broader system that allow people to access, review, and analyze such information.
Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA

Factors controlling the partitioning of old and new water contributions to stream flow were investigated for three events in four catchments (three of which were nested) at Sleepers River Research Watershed in Danville, Vermont. In the 1993 snowmelt period, two-component isotopic hydrograph separations showed that new water (meltwater) inputs to the stream ranged widely from 41 to 74%, and increased with catchment size (41 to 11 125 ha) (with one exception) and with open land cover (0–73%). Peak dissolved organic carbon concentrations and relative alkalinity dilution in stream water ranked in the same order among catchments as the new water fractions, suggesting that new water followed shallow flow paths. During the 1994 snowmelt, despite similar timing and magnitude of melt inputs, the new-water contribution to stream flow ranged only from 30 to 36% in the four catchments. We conclude that the uncommonly high and variable new water fractions in streamwater during the 1993 melt were caused by direct runoff of meltwater over frozen ground, which was prevalent in open land areas during the 1993 winter. In a high-intensity summer rainstorm in 1993, new water fractions were smaller relative to the 1993 snowmelt, ranging from 28 to 46%, but they ranked in the identical catchment order. Reconciliation of the contrasting patterns of new–old water partitioning in the three events appears to require an explanation that invokes multiple processes and effects, including: 1. topographically controlled increase in surface-saturated area with increasing catchment size; 2. direct runoff over frozen ground; 3. low infiltration in agriculturally compacted soils; 4. differences in soil transmissivity, which may be more relevant under dry antecedent conditions. These data highlight some of the difficulties faced by catchment hydrologists in formulating a theory of runoff generation at varying basin scales. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damage prediction in graphene thermoplastics for potential electronic packaging applications

Graphene is a promising material for electronics industry due to its unique mechanical and electronic properties. In this study, the failure analysis of the graphene sheets is performed by using Peridynamic theory due to its unique capability in failure prediction at the continuum level and the similarity of its mathematical structure to the molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The current approach is validated against MDS predictions by considering zig-zag and armchair type single layer graphene sheets with an initial edge notch subjected to tension loading. Finally, a similar analysis is performed for multi-layered graphene layers which are either commensurate or incommensurate to investigate the effect of number of zigzag and armchair type graphene sheets and their stacking sequence on failure modes.
Characterization of Latent Transforming Growth Factor‐β From Human Seminal Plasma

PROBLEM: Human seminal plasma is known to exhibit immunosuppressive activity. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been identified as an immunosuppressive factor in human seminal plasma. Biologically active TGF-beta represents a family of 25-kDa homodimeric proteins linked with disulfide bonds. TGF-beta associates with high molecular weight proteins noncovalently to form a type of latency that is biologically inactive. Quantitative distribution of active form of TGF-beta versus inactive latent form of of TGF-beta, and mechanism of the TGF-beta activation in human seminal plasma remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE: To characterize seminal plasma latent form of TGF-beta, including its concentration, and the mechanism underlying the activation of TGF-beta. METHOD: Gel filtrations on ACA-34 and Biogel P-60 were used to fractionate seminal plasma. TGF-beta was measured by enzyme immunoassay using antibodies specific for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, respectively. Radioreceptor assay with recombinant human [125I]-TGF-beta 1 was applied to qualitatively identify TGF-beta 1. Kinetic experiments with various pH, temperature and time, along with protease inhibitors, were performed to delineate the activation mechanism of latent TGF-beta 1. RESULTS: Human seminal plasma contained both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, predominantly in latent form. The total concentration of TGF-beta 1 averaged 238 ng/ml versus an average of 18 ng/ml for TGF-beta 2. The in vitro activation or release of TGF-beta 1 from latent TGF-beta 1 was achieved only at acidic pH of < 4.0, and was time and temperature dependent. At pH 3.7 and 37 degrees C, a significant activation of latent TGF-beta 1 was achieved after an incubation of only 15 min, reached the maximum at 120 min, and the activated TGF-beta 1 remained relatively stable for at least 24 h. The activation was not inhibitable by a series of protease inhibitors examined, alone or in combination (e.g., phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride, E-64, pepstatin, leupeptin, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid). Competitive radioreceptor assay established the functional identity of TGF-beta 1 in human seminal plasma with recombinant human TGF-beta 1. CONCLUSION: Human seminal plasma TGF-beta is biologically activated from high molecular weight latent TGF-beta by acid pH. The acidic environment of female lower genital tract could represent an in vivo physiological condition for activation of seminal plasma TGF-beta that may immunologically protect the integrity of sperm.
Does attraction to conspecifics explain the patch-size effect? An experimental test

Recent theory suggests that attraction to conspecifics during habitat selection can be one potential, yet untested, mechanism for animal sensitivity to habitat fragmentation. The least flycatcher Empidonax minimus, a highly territorial migratory bird, has previously been shown to be attracted to conspecifics and sensitive to patch size by avoiding small patches of riparian forest in Montana, USA. I used a large-scale field experiment in this region to test the conspecific attraction hypothesis for explaining sensitivity to patch size, and I supplemented this experiment by estimating whether vegetation structure, nest predation, or nest parasitism rates could better explain patterns of sensitivity to patch size. Vegetation structure did not vary consistently with patch size, based on a random sample of patches across 150 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana. Nest predation and parasitism rates by brown-headed cowbirds Molothrus ater also did not vary with patch size during the experiment. However, when conspecific cues were simulated across a gradient of patch sizes, flycatchers settled in all patches and their sensitivity to patch size vanished providing strong support for the conspecific attraction hypothesis. These results provide the first experimental evidence that attraction to conspecifics can indeed help explain area sensitivity in nature and highlight how understanding the role of animal behavior in heterogeneous landscapes can aid in interpreting pressing conservation issues.