cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture and the Courts in France: the Plaidoirie Sentimentale in the Nineteenth and EarlyTwentieth Centuries

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vital Mareille—a champion of the plaidoirie sentimentale—tried to explain the reasons for its rise in France and its continued popularity into his own era. He defined it in the following terms: “The plaidoirie [defense summation] sentimentale is, precisely, that which seeks to move; one can say: that which comes from the heart of the attorney, to address that of the judges.” The plaidoirie sentimentale had existed in France before 1800, but it entered its golden age in the nineteenth century, and became a specialized form of judicial oratory. It developed chiefly in response to the introduction of trial by jury in 1791. Attorneys had to craft a rhetorical approach that would appeal to these “simple citizens,” and for this, sentimental eloquence was ideal; however, no recent scholar has attempted a systematic study of this important form of courtroom rhetoric from its origins in the early nineteenth century to its gradual replacement after 1890 or thereabouts by a more fact-based, “positivist” approach. This is unfortunate, because the history of the plaidoirie sentimentale reveals much. It includes juridical issues such as how the rhetorical practices of magistrates themselves contributed to the affective nature of French jury trial and the impact of the abolition in 1881 the resume (summing up),which had been the judge's one means of countering the effect on a jury of an eloquent defense summation. It also reveals important changes in the attitudes of judges and jurors toward male mistreatment of women and the sexual “double standard” from the middle of the nineteenth century on and of how attorneys of the era drew on both the “new” emotion of sympathy and the “old” one of honor to persuade jurors to acquit. This adds to the evidence that emotions have a “history.”
Accurate Measurement of the Optical Constants n and k for a Series of 57 Inorganic and Organic Liquids for Optical Modeling and Detection.

For optical modeling and other purposes, we have created a library of 57 liquids for which we have measured the complex optical constants n and k. These liquids vary in their nature, ranging in pro...
Thirty-day perioperative outcomes in resection of cervical lymphatic malformations.

Abstract Introduction Limited information exists regarding short-term morbidity in the resection of lymphatic malformations. In order to make informed collaborative medical decisions, clinicians and families would benefit from information on 30-day outcomes and the expected course associated with surgical excision of lymphatic malformations. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted to develop a case series of patients who underwent resection of lymphatic malformation at a pediatric tertiary care center between June 1, 2007 and September 30, 2016. Demographic data, disease characteristics, operative details, post-operative care, and adverse events in the 30-day post-operative period were analyzed. Primary outcomes included facial nerve dysfunction, seroma formation, re-admission, and overall rate of any complications. Secondary outcomes included operative time, duration of stay, and duration of drain placement. Results Forty-nine excisions were performed in 46 patients (21 male, 25 female). Median age was 5 years. All but 7 cases were performed as the initial primary intervention. Median operative time was 96 min (range 22–224). Higher stage lesions (3-5) were associated with a longer operative time (p = .03). Median length of stay was 2 days (range 0–35). Higher stage lesions were associated with an increased length of stay (p = .0004). Median duration of drain placement was 2 days (range 0–14), and was longer in higher stage lesions (p = .0002). Higher stage lesions (p = .002) and cases ultimately found to have residual disease (p = .019) were associated with an increased overall rate of complications; there was no association between cyst type and rate of complications. Seroma formation (31%) and transient facial nerve weakness (26%) were the two most common complications observed. There was no association between stage or cyst type and likelihood of seroma formation. Seromas resolved after a median duration of 3 months and transient facial nerve weakness resolved after a median duration of 2 months. 3 patients required return to the OR and 1 patient was readmitted. Conclusion The overall rate of adverse events after surgical excision of cervical lymphatic malformations is relatively low. Increased rates of complications can be expected with higher stage. Similarly, for these higher stage lesions, a longer operative time, hospital stay, and duration of drain placement can be expected.
Benefit of Early Invasive Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Randomized Clinical Trials

Benefit of Early Invasive Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Randomized Clinical TrialsAnthony A. Bavry, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Andrew N. Rassi, Deepak L. Bhatt, Arma...
The Love of Neuroscience: A Sociological Account

I make a contribution to the sociology of epistemologies by examining the neuroscience literature on love from 2000 to 2016. I find that researchers make consequential assumptions concerning the pr...
Hydrocarbons and Sulfur

A detailed study of the Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field was preceded by a pilot study conducted by scientists from Texas A&M University. One of the conclusions of the pilot study was that there was sufficient evidence for petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment in the vicinity of the Buccaneer Field to warrant inclusion of a hydrocarbon study in the main project (Giam, 1976). Contracts awarded to the University of Houston enabled it to perform the hydrocarbon study during all four years of the project (1976-1980).
Suspending a physician without a hearing

Hospitals are entitled to suspend a physician without a hearing when there is reasonable concern that patient safety is at risk. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Types of oscillations in chemical reactions

Chemical Models Rossler (1970s) Chaos Uncatalyzed Reactions Koros and Orban (1978) In this table 1 L C stands for a single l imit cycle, and M L C indicates mul t ip le l imit cycles. IV Characteristics of Oscillatory Systems Osci l la t ions are special solut ions o f a dynamic system. These solut ions m a y no t only exist bu t also exhibi t cer ta in character is t ics which wou ld different ia te them f r o m
Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage in the CNS

The previous chapters in this book have reviewed the involvement of transition metals in diseases of the central nervous system. While each of the diseases described was unique in its symptoms, one common feature is present: Transition metals contribute to the pathological process by facilitating generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This concluding chapter will examine the cells and organelles at risk for oxidative damage and propose a final common pathway in neural pathogenesis of oxidative stress.
Clinicians' Reasons for Rejecting Private Practice

Much attention has been focused on the attractions of independent social work practice and the motivations of individuals who choose to enter private practice on either a part-time or full-time bas...
Gasoline Price Dispersion and Consumer Search: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

The vast majority of empirical studies examining the link between consumer search and price dispersion focus on how changes in consumer search impact price dispersion. This article does the reverse—it examines how a shock to price dispersion impacts consumer search. A direct measure of search is used and an exogenous shock to price dispersion is found in a refinery fire that caused decades‐old retail gasoline price cycles, and the nonlinear high‐frequency price dispersion pattern generated by them, to stop. Identifying effects from this shock, the results show a substantial response of consumer search to changes in price dispersion.
Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) or autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a heterogeneous group of individuals with early childhood onset of deficits in social interaction and language development, a restricted repertoire of interests and activities, as well as a wide range of cognitive difficulties. The DSM-IV divides the PDDs into five behaviorally defined categories: autistic disorders, Asperger syndrome, Rett Syndrome, disintegrative disorder, and pervasive disorder not otherwise specified (NOS). In a significant minority (20–40 %) of these children, parents report observing deterioration in the child’s language skills, accompanied with deterioration of nonverbal communication and play skills. Behavior often worsens and cognitive decline may also be observed. At least some of these children are entirely healthy prior to the onset of the disorder. In particular Disintegrative Disorder refers to a subgroup of children on the PDD spectrum who were developing entirely normally, including speaking in sentences, in whom deterioration occurred after 2 years of age. In some of these children, onset of deterioration may be as late as mid-childhood attesting to the significant heterogeneity among individuals diagnosed with Autism. Furthermore, while much research into the biological factors contributing to the development of disorders on the spectrum is underway, the constellation of factors necessary for the syndrome to manifest remains far from clear.
Emotion and the Economy of Genre in a Design Presentation

Part of learning a discipline’s genres is learning how one’s work must be presented. Students confronting this economy of genre sometimes chafe at its restrictions, and their apprehension reveals u...
Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Asthma-Related Emergency Department Visits Among World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers and Survivors

Importance Although the association between poor economic or social standing and health is well established, few studies have attempted to examine the mediational pathways that produce adverse outcomes in disadvantaged populations. Objective To determine whether barriers to care mediate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the World Trade Center Health Registry, which comprises rescue and recovery workers and community members who worked, lived, studied or were otherwise present in downtown Manhattan, New York, during or immediately after the September 11, 2001, disaster. Data were matched to an administrative database of ED visits. Those who experienced an asthma-related ED visit and those who did not were compared in bivariate analysis. A mediation analysis was conducted to determine the role of barriers to care in the association between number of ED visits and SES. Exposures Education, income, and race/ethnicity, which were collected at first survey in 2003 to 2004. Main Outcomes and Measures Asthma-related ED visits that occurred after survey responses regarding barriers to care were collected (2006-2007) but before 2016, the latest date that data were available. Results The analytic sample included 30 452 enrollees (18 585 [61%] male; median [interquartile range] age, 42.0 [35.0-50.0] years; 20 180 [66%] white, 3834 [13%] African American, and 3961 [13%] Hispanic or Latino [any race]). Approximately half (49%) had less than a bachelor’s degree, and 15% had an annual income less than $35 000. Those of lower SES were more likely to experience an asthma-related ED visit. Although number of barriers to care mediated this association, they explained only a small percentage of the overall health disparity (ranging from 3.0% [95% CI, 2.3%-3.9%]) of the differences between African American and white individuals to 9.8% [95% CI, 7.7%-11.9%]) comparing those with less than a high school diploma to those with at least a bachelor’s degree. However, the association varied by specific barrier to care. Lack of money, insurance, and transportation mediated up to 11.8% (95% CI, 8.1%-15.9%), 12.5% (95% CI, 8.5%-17.4%), and 4.3% (95% CI, 1.7%-8.4%), respectively, of the association between SES and number of ED visits. Lack of childcare, not knowing where to go for care, and inability to find a health care professional mediated a smaller or no percentage of the association. Conclusions and Relevance The identification of vulnerable subpopulations is an important goal to reduce the burden of asthma-related hospital care. More research is needed to fully understand all of the pathways that lead disaster survivors of lower SES to disproportionately experience ED visits due to asthma.
Do Temporary Extensions to Unemployment Insurance Benefits Alter Search Behavior? The Effects of the Standby Extended Benefit Program in the United States

During the 2007-2010 economic downturn, the US temporarily increased the duration of Unemployment Insurance (UI) by 73 weeks, higher than any prior extension, raising concerns about UI’s disincentive effects on job search. This article examines the effect of temporary benefit extensions using a Regression Discontinuity (RD) approach that addresses the endogeneity of benefit extensions and labour market conditions. Using data from the 1991 recession, the results indicate that the Stand-by Extended Benefit (SEB) program has a significant, although somewhat limited, impact on county unemployment rates and the duration of unemployment. The results suggest that the temporary nature of SEB benefit extensions may mitigate their effect on search behavior.
Readiness for Tobacco-Free Policy in a Statewide University System:

Background. Almost 2,000 campuses have adopted tobacco-free (TF) policies across the United States. However, there is not a systematic process to help campuses implement successful policies. Readiness assessments can help provide assistance as campuses work to implement successful policies. Purpose. We assessed readiness for TF policies among campuses of a statewide university system and determined factors associated with readiness. Participants. Stakeholders from 23 campuses without 100% TF policies were invited to participate in an online survey. Method. System administrators provided contacts for five to eight stakeholders per campus. Included in the analysis were 10 of 23 campuses (43.5%) with at least three stakeholders completing the survey. Results. Of the 10 campuses, one was in Preplanning, five were in Preparation, and four were in the Initiation stage of readiness. Political Climate was the highest scored dimension on seven campuses (0.74-1.0); Resources was the lowest on eight campuses (0.0-0.67). Campus size and county rurality were each associated with one dimension score. Conclusions. Despite being part of a statewide university system, campuses are in varying stages of readiness for TF policies. Stage-based strategies to advance TF campus policies must be implemented to set campuses up for successful policies.
New Onset Cardiac Arrhythmias after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.

Background Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) has been shown to improve medical problems; however, there are known arrhythmias that can occur after MBS (i.e., sick sinus syndrome [SSS] and sinus bradyarrhythmias). While the literature in this area contains case reports, there is a lack of published data on a state or national level. We used a large state administrative database to evaluate the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias after MBS. Methods We studied the years 2016 to 2018 using the Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File. Inclusion criteria were patients who had a pacemaker installed and were ≥ 18 years. Quantitative variables were described using mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were described using frequency and proportion. The student's t-test and chi-squared test were used to assess the differences across pacemaker installation. Results There were a total of 79,807 (10.2%) who had a history of MBS and 31,072 (4%) patients who underwent pacemaker insertion, respectively. After excluding all patients < 18 years, the prevalence of pacemakers installed in patients with prior bariatric surgery was 0.8% (n = 257/30,823) or about 8 in every 1000 patients. Of note, bariatric patients who had a pacemaker placed were younger than non-bariatric patients (P < 0.001). The most common reason for pacemaker placement was SSS (51.5%), followed by atrioventricular block (13.1%), and then bradycardia at 8.5%. The most common arrhythmia overall was bradycardia. Conclusions Eight out of every 1000 patients with a pacemaker installed in the study period had a history of MBS. The most common arrhythmia was bradycardia and the most common reason for pacemaker placement was sick sinus syndrome. These results do not indicate causality but may demonstrate an association between MBS and arrhythmias. Bariatric patients undergo pacemaker placement at a younger age. The relationship between bariatric surgery and cardiac arrhythmias warrants further study.
Struggling Together: Examining the Narratives of Interdependence and Healing Within Romantic Relationships After Stroke.

The consequences of a brain injury can introduce ripple effects within a family for years after the initial event. In this study, we focused on the experiences of couples negotiating their relation...
Diagnosis and Workup of Intellectual Disability in Adults: Suggested Strategies for the Adult Neurologist

ABSTRACT: Purpose of Review: Etiological investigations for adults with intellectual disability (ID) pose a special challenge to many adult neurologists. The adaptability of pediatric guidelines for workup of ID to adult populations has not been clearly established. We review the current recommendations on etiological workup of ID in children and adults and provide initial guidance for adult neurologists who care for people with ID of unknown etiology. Recent Findings: Etiological workup, including genetic testing, is recommended in people with ID of unknown origin. Workup should be guided by a thoughtful history and physical exam, which can help identify certain causes of ID. Summary: Specific diagnoses may help guide management and surveillance of comorbid conditions in people with ID. Etiological investigations of adults with ID include genetic and metabolic testing, and brain imaging in the appropriate clinical setting.
The “Culture Wars” go global: Three cases of religious conflict in foreign policy

Abstract Religious identities based on both religious tradition and religious commitment have been increasingly influential in domestic U.S. politics for several decades, but the assumption remains that such identities are mostly unrelated to foreign policy. The authors suggest that domestic political incentives to expand the culture wars have combined with other trends, including the increasing use of unilateral executive power in foreign policy, to create an environment in which policymakers increasingly are tempted to make foreign policy based on domestic political incentives. Three case studies are highlighted: the “Mexico City” policy requiring foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) receiving U.S. aid money to pledge not to provide or educate about abortion, moving the U.S. embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and efforts in the Trump administration to ban travel to the United States from majority-Muslim nations.
A KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 paralog in lettuce mediates highly sensitive germination responses to karrikinolide

Karrikins (KARs) are chemicals in smoke that can enhance germination of many plants. Lactuca sativa cv. Grand Rapids (lettuce), germinates in the presence of nanomolar karrikinolide (KAR1). We found that lettuce is much less responsive to KAR2 or a mixture of synthetic strigolactone analogs, rac-GR24. We investigated the molecular basis of selective and sensitive KAR1 perception in lettuce. The lettuce genome contains two copies of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), a receptor that is required for KAR responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. LsKAI2b is more highly expressed than LsKAI2a in dry achenes and during early stages of seed imbibition. Through cross-species complementation assays in Arabidopsis we found that LsKAI2b confers robust responses to KAR1, but LsKAI2a does not. Therefore, LsKAI2b likely mediates KAR1 responses in lettuce. We compared homology models of the ligand-binding pockets of KAI2 proteins from lettuce and a fire follower, Emmenanthe penduliflora. This identified pocket residues 96, 124, 139, and 161 as candidates that influence the ligand-specificity of KAI2. Further support for the significance of these residues was found through a broader comparison of pocket residue conservation among 324 asterid KAI2 proteins. We tested the effects of substitutions at these four positions in Arabidopsis thaliana KAI2 and found that a broad array of responses to KAR1, KAR2, and rac-GR24 could be achieved.
Betrayal of Trust: Clergy Misconduct, Institutional Liability, Ethics and the Law

Banner headlines have born witness to a disturbing trend: Priests accused of child abuse; Ministers charged with having affairs with congregants they have been counseling; and Rabbis and Elders violating the confidences of the faithful. The behavior in and of itself is appalling: The betrayal of trust; and the abuse of the innocent by someone charged with their care. That these acts are perpetrated by a religious leader magnifies the crime. It is a betrayal not only of the individual, but of the faith itself. How should society respond? In this paper I will explore the intersection between professional misconduct, institutional responsibility and religious freedom. I will review the various civil claims used to address the problem of clergy misconduct and the defense offered to religious institutions by the religion clauses of the First Amendment. I will be paying particular attention to the role and position of the religious institution (e.g. church, congregation, etc.) I will explore the justifications for these First Amendment defenses, especially in considering the potential for religious bias in even the most reasonable sounding theory of judging religious behavior.
A Response to the IPCC Fifth Assessment

This collection of essays is the initial product of the second meeting of the Environmental Law Collaborative, a group of environmental law scholars that meet to discuss important and timely environmental issues. Here, the group provides an array of perspectives arising from the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Each scholar chose one passage from one of the IPCC’s three Summaries for Policymakers as a jumping-off point for exploring climate change issues and responding directly to the reports. The result is a variety of viewpoints on the future of how law relates to climate change, a result that is the product not only of each scholar’s individual knowledge but also of the group’s robust discussion.
Does Law Have a Function? A Comment on the Two-Level Theory of Decision

WHAT, in general, is a good reason for decision by a court of law? This is the question of jurisprudence; it has been asked in an amazing number of forms, of which the classic "What is Law?" is only the briefest. I propose to consider, in this Comment, one recent answer to this question that supplied by Professor Richard Wasserstrom in his book, The Judicial Decision. I do so because Professor Wasserstrom's argument shares with much other recent jurisprudence some dubious and generally unrecognized assumptions about the logic of legal justification. My principal purpose is to expose these assumptions. Wasserstrom's book is distinguished from the bulk of the American literature of legal philosophy by its care and clarity. He writes with full control over his organization and so enables us to study his argument with some confidence that we understand what he is trying to prove and why. This is in refreshing contrast to other recent efforts along the same line much of American jurisprudence has consisted in nothing more rigorous than the translation of homilies into rhetoric, and back again. Wasserstrom's careful articulation of his purposes, and of the assumptions he intends to make, are indispensable aids in identifying and assessing the hidden more powerful assumptions which his argument also involves. Wasserstrom approaches the question, "What is a good reason for a judicial decision," by attempting to construct the model of an "ideal" decisive procedure. His search for this "ideal" is conducted through a sort of tournament. Three principal candidates are introduced. The first two are the procedures of precedent (it "prescribes that all particular cases are to be decided by an appeal to the relevant, extant legal rule, i.e., to precedent")2 and the procedure of equity (it "insists that individual cases be decided by appealing to that which is just or equitable for the particular case").3 The third is Wasserstrom's own two-level procedure, modeled on the ethical doctrine of "restricted utilitarianism." It counsels the judge faced with decision to proceed as follows. He must determine which of the rules of law that he might select to give in the situation, considered as a rule and not simply with respect to its present application, best promotes the function of the legal system. (It is assumed that each legal system ought to have such a function.) In making this determination, he must take *Previously printed, in slightly different form, under the title "Wasserstrom:The Judicial Decision," 75 ETHIcs 47 (1964) -(University of Chicago Press) [Copyright 1964 by the University of Chicago]. tAssociate Professor of Law, Yale University. 1. WASSERSTROM, THE JUDIcIAL DEcISION (1961). 2. Id. at 6. 3. Id. at 7.
Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of site-specific cefazolin delivery using biodegradable implants in the prevention of post-operative wound infections.

Purpose. The study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of cefazolin delivered locally as a glyceryl monostearate (GMS) based biocompatible implant for prevention of post-operative wound infection in Sprague Dawley rats subcutaneously inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus.
Liability issues relating to contract pharmaceutical services

Liability issues of hospitals with contract-managed pharmaceutical services are discussed. The number of hospitals with pharmaceutical services operated by outside organizations is rapidly increasing. Because pharmacy personnel are employed by the contractor rather than the hospital, a hospital's liability for the actions of these employees is related to the specific agreement between the hospital and the contractor. Application of the doctrine of respondeat superior to these contractual arrangements and specific factors determining the degree of control that the hospital has over contracted employees are discussed. Hospitals contemplating the use of contract-managed pharmaceutical services should determine the exact nature of their liability for the actions of contracted employees.
Observations of the volume flux of a seafloor hydrothermal plume using an acoustic imaging sonar

[2] We present a 26 day time series (October 2010) of physical properties (volume flux, flow velocity, expansion rate) of a vigorous deep-sea hydrothermal plume measured using our Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS), which is connected to the Northeast Pacific Time Series Underwater Experiment Canada Cabled Observatory at the Main Endeavour Field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. COVIS quantitatively monitors the initial buoyant rise of the plume from ∼5 m to ∼15 m above the vents. The time series exhibits temporal variations of the plume vertical volume flux ( 1.93−5.09 m3/s ), centerline vertical velocity component ( 0.11−0.24 m/s ) and expansion rate ( 0.082−0.21 m/m ); these variations have major spectral peaks at semidiurnal ( ∼2 cycle/day) and inertial oscillation ( ∼1.5 cycle/day) frequencies. The plume expansion rate (average ∼0.14 m/m ) is inversely proportional to the plume centerline vertical velocity component (coefficient of determination R2∼0.5). This inverse proportionality, as well as the semidiurnal frequency, indicates interaction between the plume and ambient ocean currents consistent with an entrainment of ambient seawater that increases with the magnitude of ambient currents. The inertial oscillations observed in the time series provide evidence for the influence of surface storms on the dynamics of hydrothermal plumes.
Arabic Mention Detection: Toward Better Unit of Analysis

We investigate in this paper the adequate unit of analysis for Arabic Mention Detection. We experiment different segmentation schemes with various feature-sets. Results show that when limited resources are available, models built on morphologically segmented data outperform other models by up to 4F points. On the other hand, when more resources extracted from morphologically segmented data become available, models built with Arabic TreeBank style segmentation yield to better results. We also show additional improvement by combining different segmentation schemes.
Sea Cucumber: A Synthesizing Compiler for FPGAs

Sea Cucumber (SC) is a synthesizing compiler for FPGAs that accepts Java class files as input (generated from Java source files) and that generates circuits that exploit the coarse- and fine-grained parallelism available in the input class files. Programmers determine the level of coarse-grained parallelism available by organizing their circuit as a set of inter-communicating, concurrent threads (using standard Java threads) that are implemented by SC as concurrent hardware. SC automatically extracts fine-grained parallelism from the body of each thread by processing the byte codes contained in the input class files and employs conventional compiler optimizations such as data-flow and controlflow graph analysis, dead-code elimination, constant folding, operation simplification, predicated static single assignment, if-conversion, hyperblock formation, etc. The resulting EDIF files can be processed using Xilinx place and route software to produce bitstreams that can be downloaded into FPGAs for execution.
Interferometric Measurement Of In-Vivo Contact Lens Wetting

By observing the specular reflectance of monochromatic light from the anterior and posterior boundaries of the tear film on the front surface of a contact lens, optical conditions can be met which allow the observation of interference fringe patterns. Such patterns permit the thickness distribution of the pre-lens tear layer to be seen over a sizable area of the curved lens surface. Since the resulting interference pattern is analogous to a topographical map of the tear film thickness, but which is changing rapidly with time, continuous observation and recording of the patterns allow detailed information to be obtained concerning the time course and dynamics of tear film flow, thinning, and breakup during the interblink periods associated with normal blinking. With a contact lens of a given material, evaporation of the thin anterior tear layer was thought to be the major factor causing lens drying. Use of the tear film interferometer indicates that while this is usually the case for soft, hydrophilic lenses, both hard and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses have much shorter tear film breakup times largely independent of evaporative effects. The prelens tear fluid can be seen to be drawn off as a continuous sheet by the fluid in the tear menisci along the upper and lower lid margin due to surface tension differences, as long as continuity exists between the prelens tear film and either meniscus. This meniscus effect acts more rapidly than thinning by evaporation, and appears to be the primary factor determining the length of time hard or RGP lens surface will remain wet during interblink periods.
Polar stratospheric cloud impacts on Antarctic stratospheric heating rates

The impact of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the stratospheric radiative heating rate is analysed by including a nominal PSC in heating-rate calculations that incorporate realistic atmospheric variables including tropospheric clouds. The use of realistic atmospheric conditions constrains the possible radiative effects of PSCs, which previous studies have shown to be very sensitive to such variables as temperature, tropospheric clouds, and solar zenith angle. Over the pole, winter heating rates within the stratospheric polar vortex are decreased substantially by the presence of a PSC, while a PSC increases the heating rates equatorward of 75-85°S. Although the PSC always increases the short-wave heating, the effect in the long-wave region depends on the ground temperature, the stratospheric temperature, and presence of a tropospheric cloud. For the thickest PSCs (Type II), the effect in August 1994 varies from cooling by 0.25 K d -1 (potential-temperature difference ΔO = 0.5 K d -1 ) at the pole to heating by 0.3 K d -1 (Δθ = 0.6 K d -1 ) at 65°S to slight cooling equatorward of 57°S. September 1994 results are similar. Calculated heating rates over the pole including PSCs are near -0.5 K d -1 (O = -1 K d -1 ) for both months, and positive heating rates of up to 0.25 K d -1 (O = 0.5 K d-') occur near the vortex edge. Thinner PSCs (Type I) have less of an effect; for example, heating rates of 0.375 K d -1 (O = 0.75 K d -1 ) occur over the pole in August when a Type I PSC is included. These results should be viewed as an upper bound to the effect of PSCs since the calculations specify 100% PSC cover; satellite results show that this assumption is not unreasonable within the vortex during winter and early spring, however. The increased latitudinal gradient in descent rates in the presence of a PSC is consistent with the behaviour of long-lived trace-gas observations, and strengthens the vortex relative to a PSC-free case.
Exact correlation functions for non-Markovian laser phase fluctuations

A new model describing laser noise in terms of non-Markovian stochastic phase jumps has been introduced by A.G. Kofman et al. (1988, 1990). An exact expression for the correlation function for the electric field is obtained. This expression, valid for all possible values of the parameters of the stochastic process, reduces to approximations reported by B.R. Mollow (1969). A procedure is described for the inverse problem of determining the stochastic parameters from measured data for real lasers. >
Velocity Estimation from post-stack seismic data and density log by a linearized Inversion

Summary We revisit the problem of inversion of post-stack seismic data with a new application and a new approach to regularized inversion. Inversion of post-stack seismic data generally yields reflection coefficients or impedance as a function of two way time. In our application, we have post stack seismic data and density logs at selected locations along a 2D seismic line and we are interested in estimating seismic velocities. This problem causes additional complexity in the model parameter estimation problem in that changes in velocity cause changes in two way travel time and hence, non-linearity is introduced into the problem. We solve the inverse problem using an iterative least squares approach in which a smooth error functional comprising a data and a model misfit, is minimized using a conjugate gradient scheme. The data covariance matrix CD and the a priori model covariance matrix CM introduce stability and robustness and thus have strong influence on the quality of final inversion solution. Based on the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, we have developed effective methods to determine the constant diagonal elements or the weights to model and data norms using a variant of an L-curve technique. Our experiments demonstrate that there exists a small area in the σdσm plane in which the low cost function values lie. For model smoothing, a second derivative-weighting factor is used. The synthetic examples demonstrated the fast converge properties (less than 10 iterations) and excellent data fittings. For the field data case, the whole inversion process includes two steps of model smoothing and data fitting. Our results show that almost every identified reflector of seismic data is matched by final synthetics very well. The density and calculated velocity profiles can allow identification of major stratigraphic boundaries.
The Macro Sort of the State Electorates

Individual-level studies of partisan and ideological change find that individuals generally adjust their ideological preferences to match their partisan affiliation. In examining this process among the state electorates, we find that contrary to these studies, states have adjusted their partisanship to match their ideology. In addition, we use a measure of state elite ideology to show that state parties have a role in the character of the partisan sort of the states. These results are consistent with political explanations of party strategy and rational mass responses for the character of macro-political change in the states over the last half century.
Perineural extension to the skull base from early cutaneous malignancies of the midface.

Objective To document the clinical progression of four patients with a past history of complete removal of early midface cutaneous malignancies that presented years later with isolated recurrence along the distribution of the infraorbital nerve, and to discuss the diagnostic role of early imaging to identify perineural invasion. Study Design The study is a retrospective chart review, review of radiographic findings, and review of the literature. Results The authors report four cases of isolated perineural invasion along the infraorbital nerve resulting from previously excised cutaneous malignancies. Conclusions Pain followed by anesthesia in the distribution of second division of the trigeminal nerve should alert the practitioner about possible perineural recurrence that may require imaging and open exploration to establish the diagnosis.
The mechanism of bioactivation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine.

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) (Structure 1), is one of the most widespread nitrosamines in the human environment because it forms from diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and various derivatives the...
UR Magnitude as a Predictor of Conditioned Alpha Blocking

Classical conditioning of the EEG response system was examined by considering the influence of US intensity, perceived US intensity, UR magnitude, and awareness of the CS-US contingency on conditioned alpha blocking. Results indicated that conditioned alpha blocking occurred only for those subjects who had low and not high UR magnitudes in pseudoconditioning. Regression analyses showed that UR magnitude was a better predictor of conditioned alpha blocking than either US intensity or perceived US intensity. Conditioned alpha blocking was unrelated to a subject's awareness of the conditioning process. The influence of cognitive control on CRs for the EEG and GSR response systems is discussed.
Specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed against human and murine class II histocompatibility antigens as analyzed by binding to HLA-deletion mutant cell lines.

Abstract The specificity of 70 monoclonal anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) (18 mouse allo-induced and 52 rodent anti-human) was studied with a panel of 17 HLA-deletion mutants that were derived from a single parent line and vary in expression of Ia antigens due to deletion of different subregions of HLA. MoAb binding was analyzed both by ELISA and flow microfluorometry. Characterization of the MoAbs with respect to specificity for products of subregions of a DR1-DC1-SB2 haplotype revealed great complexity. Many antibodies were quite specific for DR-linked determinants (26 MoAbs), DC-linked determinants (5 MoAbs), or determinants indistinguishable from SB (4 MoAbs). However, many MoAbs bound to products of more than one subregion: DR + SB (± weak DC) (22 MoAbs); Dr + DC (3 MoAbs); or DR + DC + SB (1 MoAb). Furthermore, a number of the MoAbs bound unequally to products of the two HLA haplotypes analyzed, particularly among those recognizing DC1-linked determinants and the murine alloinduced MoAbs. Finally, despite strong structural homologies of murine I-A to human DC and murine I-E to human DR, the intraspecies cross-reactions of MoAbs do not closely follow that pattern. These data: (1) illustrate the usefulness of HLA-deletion mutant cell lines for analysis of the specificity of MoAbs and for delineation of HLA subregions; (2) demonstrate the great diversity of MoAbs specific for class II molecules and the high frequency of MoAbs that bind to products of more than one Ia subregion, particularly DR and SB. In view of such complexity, many (perhaps most) MoAbs cannot be relied on to unambiguously identify products of a particular Ia subregion, without extensive characterization.
Proton Decay in the Super-World

One of the most dramatic predictions of any grand unified theory (GUT) is for the decay of the nucleon.1 The experimental observation of this decay could illuminate the physical principles operating on scales as small as 10−30 cm. In this talk we shall elaborate on the predictions for nucleon decay in supersymmetric (SUSY) GUTs.
Diagnostic performance of clinical motor and non-motor tests of Parkinson disease: a matched case-control study.

Background and purpose: The diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is made typically on the basis of motor abnormalities. PD is now recognized to have both motor and non-motor manifestations, indicating a need for the development of reliable non-motor diagnostic tests for PD. The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of various clinical motor and non-motor tests for the diagnosis of PD. Methods: Forty-five PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–3; mean age 59.5 ± 10.0 years) and 45 healthy controls matched for gender and age completed a clinimetric motor test battery to assess limb bradykinesia, tremor and balance. Non-motor tests consisted of depression, anxiety and smell identification ratings. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used. Results: We found that smell identification was the most accurate predictor of the presence of PD within the overall group of patients and matched control subjects (AUC = 0.886) and also in the subgroups of mild severity (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1–1.5; AUC = 0.923), young-onset (AUC = 0.888) and female PD patients (AUC = 0.797). The second best diagnostic test was the grooved pegboard test for the clinically most affected body side. Conclusions: We conclude that olfactory function is the most accurate diagnostic predictor within a heterogeneous sample of patients with PD.
Description of Exemplar Cases in the Intensive Mental Health Program: Illustrations of Application of the Therapeutic Model

We describe cases from the clinical records in the Intensive Mental Health Program to illustrate the diverse presenting problems, intervention strategies, therapeutic process, and outcomes for children receiving services in this school-based, community-oriented treatment model. Cases reflect varying degrees of treatment response and potential factors that influence the fluctuating levels of emotional disturbance and impaired functioning in the home, school, and community.
STUDIES IN THE INTELLIGENCE OF YOUNG JEWS

*The present study is a chapter in the writer's forthcoming book “Psychology of the Jewish Child.” The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Joseph Zubin and Miss Pearl Maxwell in the preparation of the material for this study.
Differential Predictability in a Selection Model for Graduate Students: Implications for Validity Testing

The purpose of the paper was to present a method for testing differential predictability in a selection model. The method was illustrated on data from 227 graduate students. Regression models for males and females were developed based upon 103 male and 24 female graduates. The models were then tested for equivalence of variance, intercept, and slope. Since the models were not homogeneous in the variance, a method for adjusting for heterogeneity was presented. It was concluded that differential predictability was not present. The resulting common regression model was subsequently cross validated to the remaining 100 subjects.
Cadmium enriched stable isotope uptake and addition experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages in the Costa Rica Upwelling Dome

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) can function as either a nutrient or toxin in the marine environment. This duality has been demonstrated in phytoplankton cultures where Cd has been shown to have toxic effects to cyanobacteria, but acts as a nutrient in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii by biochemically replacing zinc (Zn). In July of 2005, Cd bioavailability and uptake in the Costa Rica Upwelling Dome in the eastern Pacific Ocean were examined using Cd addition and enriched stable isotope uptake experiments. This dome is known to support particularly high densities of the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus. Bottle incubation experiments with Cd additions ranging from 0.5 to 5 nM resulted in reduced chlorophyll a outside and at the edge of the dome relative to control treatments, but showed no reduction in chlorophyll a inside the dome. Total dissolved Cd showed depletion of Cd in the surface waters and increased concentrations with depth. 110Cd stable isotope tracer uptake experiments were conducted at stations inside and outside the dome, in which variations with depth and time were examined. Cd uptake was greatest within the upper 40 m of water inside the dome, decreased with depth, and increased with time. Uptake trended positively with chlorophyll a concentrations. Together, these experiments demonstrate Cd uptake into the microbial loop in the upper water column both inside and outside of the dome, but show that Cd toxicity was not induced within the dome. This greater Cd tolerance within the Costa Rica Dome relative to oligotrophic waters was likely due to a combination of higher quantities of biomass, resultant greater ligand production inside the dome, metallothionein production by Synechococcus, and different toxicity thresholds and coping mechanisms of the microbial communities.
A simple modeling of carbon contamination on EUV exposure tools based on contamination experiments with synchrotron source

Contamination control of optics is one of critical issues for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. EUV irradiation under a carbon-containing environment causes carbon contaminations on mirror surfaces. We investigated irradiance dependency of contaminating rates of some contaminants using a synchrotron radiation of Saga Light Source (SAGALS). Decane's contaminating rate increased proportionally with irradiance, while perfluorohexane's contaminating rate was almost constant at a higher irradiance than 10 mW/cm2. We then introduced a simple model: contamination reaction occurs when photons are supplied onto contaminants which are supplied and adsorbed on mirrors, and the lesser of their supplying rates determines the contaminating rate. At a lower irradiance, since contaminants are sufficiently supplied, the photon supply determines the contaminating rate. At a higher irradiance, since photons are sufficiently supplied, the contaminant supply determines the contaminating rate, which is independent of irradiance and depends on contaminant's partial pressure. We also investigated irradiance dependency of cleaning rates of carbon contamination by oxidative gas and incorporated it into the model. We applied the contamination/cleaning model to an existing exposure tool, EUV1. The transmittance degradation history agreed well with the calculation.