cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarse-grained model of water diffusion and proton conductivity in hydrated polyelectrolyte membrane

Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), we simulate nanoscale segregation, water diffusion, and proton conductivity in hydrated sulfonated polystyrene (sPS). We employ a novel model [Lee et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 11(9), 4395-4403 (2015)] that incorporates protonation/deprotonation equilibria into DPD simulations. The polymer and water are modeled by coarse-grained beads interacting via short-range soft repulsion and smeared charge electrostatic potentials. The proton is introduced as a separate charged bead that forms dissociable Morse bonds with the base beads representing water and sulfonate anions. Morse bond formation and breakup artificially mimics the Grotthuss mechanism of proton hopping between the bases. The DPD model is parameterized by matching the proton mobility in bulk water, dissociation constant of benzenesulfonic acid, and liquid-liquid equilibrium of water-ethylbenzene solutions. The DPD simulations semi-quantitatively predict nanoscale segregation in the hydrated sPS into hydrophobic and hydrophilic subphases, water self-diffusion, and proton mobility. As the hydration level increases, the hydrophilic subphase exhibits a percolation transition from isolated water clusters to a 3D network. The analysis of hydrophilic subphase connectivity and water diffusion demonstrates the importance of the dynamic percolation effect of formation and breakup of temporary junctions between water clusters. The proposed DPD model qualitatively predicts the ratio of proton to water self-diffusion and its dependence on the hydration level that is in reasonable agreement with experiments.
Recommending positive links in signed social networks by optimizing a generalized AUC

With the rapid development of signed social networks in which the relationships between two nodes can be either positive (indicating relations such as like) or negative (indicating relations such as dislike), producing a personalized ranking list with positive links on the top and negative links at the bottom is becoming an increasingly important task. To accomplish it, we propose a generalized AUC (GAUC) to quantify the ranking performance of potential links (including positive, negative, and unknown status links) in partially observed signed social networks. In addition, we develop a novel link recommendation algorithm by directly optimizing the GAUC loss. We conduct experimental studies based upon Wikipedia, MovieLens, and Slashdot; our results demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Abstract B08: Retinoblastoma protein orchestrates cellular apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer in response to CDK4/6 inhibition: novel targets and key mechanisms

Introduction: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) is a critical mediator of cell proliferation via its regulation of cell cycle by binding to E2Fs. One of the mechanisms of RB activation is through CDK4/6 inhibition. Currently, multiple selective CDK4/6 inhibitors are being utilized in the clinical setting and are thought to drive cellular cytostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that RB activation not only results in cellular senescence, but for the first time, induces apoptosis by repressing IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis protein). Experimental Procedures: Isogenic pairs of RB knockdown and control cells were interrogated in vitro, and in xenograft tumors for CDK 4/6 inhibitor response. Cellular senescence and apoptosis were quantified. Molecular mechanism was determined using microarray, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Summary: CDK4/6 inhibition diminished cell growth in an RB dependent manner both in in vitro and in vivo models. Immunohistochemistry from the xenografts demonstrated increased levels of apoptosis in the RB proficient isogenic lines. This was confirmed via western blot analysis for Caspase-3. Mechanistically, microarray analysis demonstrated that RB activation downregulated several key anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g. FOXM1, Survivin). ChIP assay and in silico modeling showed that FOXM1 and Survivin are repressed by RB/E2F binding. In the RB deficient setting, immunoprecipitation demonstrates that FOXM1 and Survivin interact directly with Caspase-3 resulting in decreased apoptosis. This was reversed using a competitive assay with overexpression of the SMAC (second mitochondrial) protein. Conclusion: Data from multiple isogenic NSCLC models demonstrate that RB activation via CDK4/6 inhibitors results in apoptosis in an RB dependent manner. Mechanistically, RB represses transcription of multiple IAPs (including FOXM1 and Survivin), which allows pro-apoptotic factors such as SMAC to activate Caspase-3. These findings suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors should be viewed as cytotoxic, as opposed to purely cytostatic, agents and warrant further clinical investigation. Citation Format: Chellappagounder Thangavel, Ettickan Boopathi, Yi Liu, Alex Haber, Maryna Perepelyuk, Sankar Addya, Sunday Shoyele, Adam P. Dicker, Karen E. Knudsen, Robert B. Den. Retinoblastoma protein orchestrates cellular apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer in response to CDK4/6 inhibition: novel targets and key mechanisms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B08.
Guanxi, IT systems, and innovation capability: The moderating role of proactiveness

Abstract In Chinese exporting, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) need to be innovative to develop a competitive advantage. This research explored how these organizations can use two resources: 1) guanxi with customers, distributors, suppliers, and government officials; and 2) IT systems to enhance their innovation capabilities and new product performance. The moderating role of an organization's proactiveness with respect to new product development is also examined. The resource-based view provides the theoretical support for the research. A conceptual model is developed and tested using survey data gathered from 210 Chinese SMEs in manufacturing industries that were analyzed using SmartPLS 2.0. Results show that IT systems are positively related to innovation capability. The relationship between guanxi and innovation capability is significant for firms that exhibit high levels of proactiveness but not when proactiveness is low.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for platelet compatibility testing.

The selection of platelet donors for patients who are refractory to random donor platelets often presents a difficult clinical problem. We describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evaluating alloantibodies in refractory patients. Platelets from prospective donors are immobilized on microtiter plates and, after incubation with test serum and washing, platelet-bound IgG is detected with enzyme- linked anti-human IgG. Platelets from 46 prospective donors were tested. Twenty-two were judged compatible (reciprocal of the antibody titer less than 16) and, of these, 15 were used as platelet donors; each gave a measurable platelet increment after transfusion. The magnitude of the response was roughly proportional to the assay results. Platelets from donors giving antibody titers less than 4 resulted in platelet increments at 1 hr ranging from 4,890 to 22,200 (median 12,600), while platelets from donors giving titers of 8 or 16 resulted in lesser increments (550–4548). Conversely, 5 of the 24 patients found incompatible by the assay (titer greater than 16) gave no platelet increment, and in 3 instances, the recipient developed fever and chills after the transfusion. The assay is sensitive, simple, and adaptable to the clinical laboratory. Platelets from volunteer donor panels can be plated and stored for up to 6 mo.
S-C hemoglobin: a clinical study.

are familiar with the chronically ill, eunuchoid appearance that typifies patients with sickle cell anemia. The subtleties in the clinical expression of hemoglobin S-C disease, however, offer a variety of pictures, sometimes even simulating life-threatening emergencies. Confusion has arisen from the terminology pertaining to this hemoglobinopathy. We believe this state should be designated only by the terms “sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease” or “S-C hemoglobin disease.” The term “sickle cell disease” should be reserved for the homozygous sickle cell anemia. Numerous investigators have helped in elucidating this hemoglobinopathy.186 It was as recent as 1950 that Itano and Neel,4#{176}employing the method of paper electrophoresis, first identified the hemoglobin which was later designated25 hemoglobin C. Shortly before, Pauling,#{176}5 through the use of this method, had established the “molecular basis” of abnormal hemoglobins. In 1951, Kaplan and his co-workers45 described the clinical manifestations in three patients with hemoglobin S-C disease, establishing it as a syndrome with characteristic features. These were the first reports of electrophoretically proved cases of sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, although certainly some of the reports of “sickle trait” and “atypical sickle cell anemia with splenomegaly” made prior to the availability of hemoglobin electrophoretic analysis were examples of this syndrome. The inheritance of hemoglobiris 5, C, and A has been hw’ to be controlled by a pair of allelomorphic genes, so that patients with S-C hemoglobin must receive the gene for S hemoglobin from one parent and the gene for C hemoglobin from the other. This situation is designated as a doubly heterozygous state. In the American Negro, the incidence of S hemoglobin has been estimated at from 8 to 11 per cent and that of C hemoglobin from 2 to 3 per cent.’�”71 Although accurate statistics are not available, Chernoff8 has estimated the number of cases of S-C disease in the United States in excess of 10,000, a figure based on an incidence of 1 1500 in thi3 population.
Continuous and Discrete Reproducing Systems That Arise from Translations. Theory and Applications of Composite Wavelets

Reproducing systems of functions such as the wavelet and Gabor systems have been particularly successful in a variety of applications from both mathematics and engineering. In this chapter, we review a number of recent results in the study of such systems and their generalizations developed by the authors and their collaborators.We first describe the unified theory of reproducing systems. This is a simple and flexible mathematical framework to characterize and analyze wavelets, Gabor systems, and other reproducing systems in a unified manner. The systems of interest to us are obtained by applying families of translations, modulations, and dilations to a countable set of functions. As the reader will see, we can rewrite such systems as a countable family of translations applied to a countable collection of functions. Building in part on this approach, we define the wavelets with composite dilations, a novel class of reproducing systems that provide truly multidimensional generalizations of traditional wavelets. For example, in dimension 2, the elements of such systems are defined not only at various scales and locations, as traditional wavelet systems, but also at various orientations. The shearlet system is a special case of a composite wavelet system that provides an optimally sparse representation for a large class of bivariate functions. This is useful for a number of applications in image processing, such as image denoising and edge detection. Finally, we discuss some related issues about the continuous wavelet transform and the continuous analogues of composite wavelets.
Immune-Related Thyroiditis with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Background: Although immune-related thyroiditis (irT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is a common consequence, its natural course and management recommendations are not well characterized i...
Geriatric assessment (GA) and treatment (Tx) outcomes in older adults with cancer receiving immunotherapy (IO).

e22023Background: Older adults age ≥65 years are the majority of patients (pts) with cancer in the US, yet remain under-represented in clinical trials. Outcomes of older adults with cancer receivin...
Hand Pose Estimation: A Survey.

The success of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in recent years in almost all the Computer Vision tasks on one hand, and the popularity of low-cost consumer depth cameras on the other, has made Hand Pose Estimation a hot topic in computer vision field. In this report, we will first explain the hand pose estimation problem and will review major approaches solving this problem, especially the two different problems of using depth maps or RGB images. We will survey the most important papers in each field and will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each. Finally, we will explain the biggest datasets in this field in detail and list 22 datasets with all their properties. To the best of our knowledge this is the most complete list of all the datasets in the hand pose estimation field.
Variable structure-based control of fuel cell-supercapacitor-battery based hybrid electric vehicle

Abstract Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are getting attention due to their importance in the transport Industry. Clean energy generation and effective utilization is rapidly growing research area. Fuel cell based electric vehicles have many advantages over conventional vehicles. The fuel cell is a massive source of clean energy that overcomes the issues of conventional vehicles such as; global warming and high fuel cost. The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of the proposed vehicle consists of three power sources; fuel cell (FC), battery, and a supercapacitor (SC) which are connected to the DC bus through the DC-DC power converters. DC bus is further connected to DC-AC inverter which is used to run the electric motor of vehicle. In this paper, three nonlinear controllers namely; Sliding Mode Controller (SMC), Integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) and Double integral sliding mode controller (DISMC) have been proposed to achieve the desired control objectives. The purpose of ISMC and DISMC is to eliminate the steady-state error and mitigate the chattering effect inherent in SMC. The main objectives of proposed controllers are; tracking of battery and supercapacitor currents to their reference values, voltage regulation of DC bus and the global stability of the system. The proposed controllers have then been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze their comparative performance. It is noted that DISMC could alleviate the steady-state error significantly.
FKBP12 dimerization mutations effect FK506 binding and differentially alter calcineurin inhibition in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.

Abstract The 12-kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP12) is the target of the commonly used immunosuppressive drug FK506. The FKBP12-FK506 complex binds to calcineurin and inhibits its activity, leading to immunosuppression and preventing organ transplant rejection. Our recent characterization of crystal structures of FKBP12 proteins in pathogenic fungi revealed the involvement of the 80’s loop residue (Pro90) in the active site pocket in self-substrate interaction providing novel evidence on FKBP12 dimerization in vivo. The 40’s loop residues have also been shown to be involved in reversible dimerization of FKBP12 in the mammalian and yeast systems. To understand how FKBP12 dimerization affects FK506 binding and influences calcineurin function, we generated Aspergillus fumigatus FKBP12 mutations in the 40’s and 50’s loop (F37 M/L; W60V). Interestingly, the mutants exhibited variable FK506 susceptibility in vivo indicating differing dimer strengths. In comparison to the 80’s loop P90G and V91C mutants, the F37 M/L and W60V mutants exhibited greater FK506 resistance, with the F37M mutation showing complete loss in calcineurin binding in vivo. Molecular dynamics and pulling simulations for each dimeric FKBP12 protein revealed a two-fold increase in dimer strength and significantly higher number of contacts for the F37M, F37L, and W60V mutations, further confirming their varying degree of impact on FK506 binding and calcineurin inhibition in vivo.
SARS-COV-2 Presenting as New Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Case Report

Current literature has documented numerous different presentations of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19). Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, however, lack of these symptoms does not exclude COVID-19. Given the incomplete understanding of the virus at this time, healthcare professionals must continue to remain informed of the vast number of clinical presentations of the virus to ensure early supportive treatment, ideally leading to improved outcomes.
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury

We present here a 50-year-old male with a past medical history of aplastic anemia secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome who presented to the hospital with the chief complaint of severe generalized weakness due to acute anemia. He was transfused one unit of blood and developed ARDS 4 hours later. He was diagnosed with transfusion-related acute lung injury and discharged home after symptomatic management. This case report is a typical case of TRALI and deserves to be published in order to inform the general public of clinicians about TRALI, with the goal to improve the notification rate to hemovigilance which remains very low.
Self-rated Physical, Mental, Oral, and Cognitive Health in Older Korean Immigrants: The Role of Health Indicators and Sociocultural Factors

Guided by the models of health assessment and social determinants of health, we examined predictors of self-rated physical, mental, oral, and cognitive health of older Korean immigrants. Data came from the Study of Older Korean Americans (SOKA; N = 2,061, Mean age = 73.2). Multivariate regression models of self-ratings of health were tested with health indicators (both domain-specific and other health indicators including chronic disease, functional disability, mental distress, problems with teeth or gums, and cognitive function) and sociocultural factors (acculturation, social network, and ethnic community social cohesion). For self-rated physical, mental, and oral health, indicators specific to the targeted domain played a primary role, with those of other health domains playing a secondary role. Acculturation and social network were significant predictors of all four measures. Findings highlight the importance of holistic health assessment that considers a wide range of health domains as well as sociocultural contexts.
Nonaxisymmetric Effects in Black Hole Accretion Inviscid Hydrodynamics: Formation and Evolution of a Tilted Torus

We report on the fourth phase of our study of slightly rotating accretion flows onto black holes. The main new element of this study is that we used fully three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. We consider the hydrodynamics of inviscid accretion flows, assuming a spherically symmetric density distribution at the outer boundary, but braking the flow symmetry by introducing a small, latitude-dependent angular momentum. We also consider cases in which angular momentum at large radii is latitude- and azimuth-dependent. For the latitude-dependent angular momentum, 3D simulations confirm axisymmetric results: the material that has too much angular momentum to be accreted forms a thick torus near the equator. Consequently, accretion proceeds only through the polar funnel, and the mass accretion rate through the funnel is constrained by the size and shape of the torus, not by the outer conditions. In 3D simulations, we find that the torus precesses even for axisymmetric conditions at large radii. For the latitude and azimuth-dependent angular momentum, the nonrotating gas near the equator can also significantly affect the evolution of the rotating gas. In particular, it may prevent the formation of a proper torus (i.e., its closing, in the azimuthal direction). In such models, the mass accretion rate is only slightly less than the corresponding Bondi rate.
Progressive Dyspnea and Hypoxemia With Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrates in a Previously Healthy Woman.

Case Presentation A 50-year-old woman presented with 3 months of cough, dyspnea, and fatigue. She also reported new fevers, night sweats, and a rash on her face and torso. On presentation she was tachycardic and tachypneic, with oxygen saturation of 81% on 2 L/min of oxygen. She was in mild respiratory distress. Results of the physical examination were remarkable for tender left cervical and axillary adenopathy and bibasilar pulmonary crackles. She had an acneiform rash on her face, chest, and back, consisting of multiple nonblanching erythematous or violaceous macules and papules ( Fig 1 ) and had conjunctival edema. Admission laboratory test results were significant for a WBC count of 56,000, of which 79.5% were lymphocytes. Hemoglobin and platelet levels were normal. She was admitted for further management.
Standardizing statistics and data reporting in orthopaedic research

As the demand for research within orthopaedic surgery continues to grow, it is important to emphasize appropriate data reporting. Insufficient statistical reporting confounds data interpretation and makes it difficult to compare results. Currently, there are no guidelines for reporting results within the orthopaedic literature. This article discusses the importance of appropriate data reporting and proposes guidelines for presenting orthopaedic data to highlight clinical relevance rather than statistical significance.
Abstract IA17: Challenges and opportunities in environmental carcinogenesis: The NIEHS perspective

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) embraces a mission to understand how the environment influences a wide range of health outcomes, but cancer has been a major focus of the Institute’s work since its early days. Last year, NIEHS published a new iteration of its strategic plan, streamlining its work into three interrelated themes: advancing environmental health sciences; translating those advances from data to knowledge to action; and supporting the training, processes, partnerships, and infrastructure to make the mission possible. “Advancing environmental health sciences” includes studying not just effects of acute exposures, but also of chronic low level exposures to environmental agents that happen over time; discovering the mechanisms that govern susceptibility during different time periods over the lifespan; understanding the effects of exposure to complex real-world mixtures or even of the full exposome; and most recently, learning about how environmental exposures can impact health and cancer outcomes by changing the microbiome in the gut. All these research areas are key components to understanding how factors in the environment can impact carcinogenesis. Additionally, the institute has embraced new advances to study how genetic and epigenetic variability in the host impacts carcinogenesis. For example, use of the Diversity Outcross resource of outbred mice provides an opportunity to overcome the difficulties inherent in using genetically uniform inbred strains of mice to understand genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. Another exciting direction for the Institute is the use of archived tumor tissues from the National Toxicology Program to determine whether there are specific mutagenic signatures associated with different environmental agents. Along these lines, the Institute collaborated with Agilent to develop the first rat exome probe set that is being used to sequence the exons from material derived from FFPE samples. This research was supported by the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Citation Format: Richard Woychik. Challenges and opportunities in environmental carcinogenesis: The NIEHS perspective [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA17.
Evaluation of Barricade® to enhance survival of entomopathogenic nematodes on cowhide.

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema riobrave and Heterorhabditis floridensis are under evaluation for eradication of the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus infesting nilgai antelope, in South Texas. Cattle fever ticks are a significant threat to the U.S. livestock industry. Although they have been eradicated in the U.S. they frequently re-invade along the Texas-Mexico border. Remotely operated field sprayers have been developed to directly treat nilgai antelope with EPNs as they transit fence crossings and as they contact wetted foliage and soil from the surrounding area. EPNs are known to be susceptible to mortality from ultraviolet light (UV) and desiccation. A sprayable fire gel, Barricade®, has been reported to protect EPNs from UV and desiccation but has not been tested on animal hides. Barricade® at 1 and 2 percent rates was mixed with the water solution of S. riobrave and H. floridensis and applied to cowhides (to mimic direct treatment of nilgai) and filter paper and then these substrates were placed out of doors in 0, 30, 60 or 120 min of sunlight. Wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, were exposed to the cowhides and filter paper to determine efficacy of the EPNs. Efficacy of S. riobrave with 1 and 2% Barricade® gel applied to cowhides was significantly improved at 30 and 60 min as compared to the control. At 120 min mortality of the wax moth larvae was near zero for both the control and the treatments. Similar results were found with the filter paper test. In contrast, efficacy of H. floridensis with Barricade® applied to cowhides or filter paper was not significantly improved at 30, 60 or 120 min as compared to the water only control. Barricade® has the potential to improve the efficacy of S. riobrave and other EPNs by reducing mortality and desiccation, especially when used in the remotely operated sprayer developed for treatment of cattle fever tick infested nilgai.
SIGIRR Mutation in Human Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) Disrupts STAT3-Dependent microRNA Expression in Neonatal Gut.

Background & Aims Single immunoglobulin interleukin-1–related receptor (SIGIRR) is a major inhibitor of Toll-like receptor signaling. Our laboratory identified a novel SIGIRR stop mutation (p.Y168X) in an infant who died of severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Herein, we investigated the mechanisms by which SIGIRR mutations induce Toll-like receptor hyper-responsiveness in the neonatal gut, disrupting postnatal intestinal adaptation. Methods Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 was used to generate transgenic mice encoding the SIGIRR p.Y168X mutation. Ileal lysates, mouse intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lysates, and intestinal sections were used to assess inflammation, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, microRNA (miRNA), and interleukin-1–related–associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) expression. Western blot, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR), and luciferase assays were performed to investigate SIGIRR–STAT3 signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC) expressing wild-type or SIGIRR (p.Y168X) plasmids. Results SigirrTg mice showed increased intestinal inflammation and nuclear factor-κB activation concomitant with decreased IEC expression of miR-146a and miR-155. Mechanistic studies in HIECs showed that although SIGIRR induced STAT3-mediated expression of miR-146a and miR-155, the p.Y168X mutation disrupted SIGIRR-mediated STAT3-dependent miRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays showed that SIGIRR activation of STAT3-induced miRNA expression is dependent on IRAK1. Both in HIECs and in the mouse intestine, decreased expression of miR-146a observed with the p.Y168X mutation increased expression of IRAK1, a protein whose down-regulation is important for postnatal gut adaptation. Conclusions Our results uncover a novel pathway (SIGIRR–STAT3–miRNA–IRAK1 repression) by which SIGIRR regulates postnatal intestine adaptation, which is disrupted by a SIGIRR mutation identified in human NEC. These data provide new insights into how human genetic mutations in SIGIRR identified in NEC result in loss of postnatal intestinal immune tolerance.
Bufodienolides in the Rat Adrenal Gland

Intracellular water and electrolyte balance is regulated in large part by Na/K ATPase. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to cellular depolarization, a rise in extracellular K and intracellular Na, ce...
Functional Properties of Hemoglobin Kempsey

Abstract Functional studies have been performed on hemoglobin Kempsey (α2β299 asp→asn), a variant associated with familial erythrocytosis. In most experiments, the properties of hemoglobin Kempsey were compared to those of hemoglobin A, isolated from the same chromatography column. Hemoglobin Kempsey had high oxygen affinity (p50 at pH 7.2 was 10% that of hemoglobin A) and nearly absent subunit cooperativity. Its alkaline Bohr effect was less than one-half normal. The addition of organic phosphates (2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and inositol hexaphosphate) resulted in a lowering of oxygen affinity and an increase in subunit cooperativity. The dissociation of oxygen from partially saturated intermediates of hemoglobin Kempsey was slow and monophasic with no wavelength dependency indicative of subunit heterogeneity. The combination of carbon monoxide with deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey in a solution of low ionic strength was explained best by the presence of three hemoglobin species in equilibrium: one slowly reacting form which was probably hemoglobin in the T state and comprised 10% of the total; and two rapidly reacting forms, hemoglobin dimer and tetrameric hemoglobin in the R state. The dimer-tetramer equilibrium is shifted to favor the tetramer by inositol hexaphosphate which also converts the rapidly reacting deoxytetramer to a slowly reacting form. The existence of a substantial proportion of deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey in the form of a dimer was supported by the following experiments. (a) The change in absorbance (430 nm) following the addition of inositol hexaphosphate to deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey was dependent upon hemoglobin concentration, and indicated a tetramer to dimer dissociation constant (K4, 2) of about 5 µm. (b) Haptoglobin bound to deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey about as rapidly as to oxyhemoglobin A. The former reaction was inhibited strongly by inositol hexaphosphate. (c) The rapid component in the reaction of deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey with carbon monoxide and inositol hexaphosphate (in the same syringe) was increased at low hemoglobin concentration. (d) The hybrid hemoglobin α2βaβKempsey was relatively less stable than α2βaβs. Deoxyhemoglobin Kempsey resembled oxyhemoglobin A in reacting rapidly with p-mercuribenzoate. However after the addition of inositol hexaphosphate, this reaction was slowed 30-fold, indicating a partial transition to the T state. These results support the general conclusion that p-mercuribenzoate reactivity is a probe of over-all quaternary conformation. The interaction of hemoglobin Kempsey with ligands is consistent with a two-state allosteric model. Its functional abnormalities can be explained by a shift in the conformational equilibrium toward the R state. In contrast to hemoglobin A, the transition between conformers occurs at an earlier stage in ligand binding and is relatively slow in solutions of low ionic strength.
K. Wayne Smith: OCLC's New Orleans Meeting

Today I want to give you a brief state‐of‐OCLC report. I want to begin with finances, because a financially strong OCLC is absolutely critical to the pursuit of our public purposes.
Dual response to bumetanide in avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (1092.1)

IPC in avian lungs display unique chemosensitive properties: they respond rapidly (ms) and inversely to changes in lung PCO2, have very consistent spike train responses, and help terminate inspiration. We recorded action potentials from single vagal IPC afferents exposed to inspired CO2 stimuli (7%-0% on-off CO2 step, T=11s) in anesthetized Anas platyrhynchos. Bumetanide, a predictable sulfamyl loop diuretic that blocks NKCC and KCC cation-chloride co-transporters with about 500-fold greater affinity for NKCC than for KCC, excited IPC at low doses (0.025 - 0.125mg•kg-1) and inhibited IPC at high doses (1.0 - 40 mg•kg-1), p<0.0001, n=6. Results suggest that both KCC and NKCC are expressed in IPC, and together modulate IPC pH and CO2 chemosensitivity, perhaps by controlling mean intracellular [Cl-]. Grant Funding Source: Supported by: NIH R15 HL087269-02, R25 GM056931-15
Capacity/modulation tradeoffs in going from 64 QAM to 256 QAM

Summary form only given. Increasing the modulation complexity permits significant improvements in bandwidth efficiency. However, the higher level modulation schemes must include additional countermeasures to minimize increased susceptibility to dispersion, loss of threshold, further transmitter power backoff, and increased interference susceptibility. >
The Cretaceous–Tertiary Mass Extinction, Chicxulub Impact, and Deccan Volcanism

After three decades of nearly unchallenged wisdom that a large impact (Chicxulub) on Yucatan caused the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, this theory is facing its most serious challenge from the Chicxulub impact itself, as based on evidence in Texas and Mexico and from Deccan volcanism in India. Data generated from over 150 Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) boundary sequences to date make it clear that the long-held belief in the Chicxulub impact as the sole or even major contributor to the KT mass extinction is not supported by evidence. The stratigraphic position of the Chicxulub impact ejecta spherules in NE Mexico and Texas and the impact breccia within the crater on Yucatan demonstrate that this impact predates the KTB by about 300,000 years. Planktic foraminiferal and stable isotope analyses across the primary impact ejecta layer reveal that not a single species went extinct as a result of this impact and no significant environmental changes could be determined. The catastrophic effects of this impact have been vastly overestimated. In contrast, recent advances in Deccan volcanic studies indicate three volcanic phases with the smallest at 67.5 Ma, the main phase at the end of the Maastrichtian (C29r), and the third phase in the early Danian C29r/C29n transition (Chenet et al. 2007). The main phase of eruptions occurred rapidly, was marked by the longest lava flows spanning 1500 km across India, and ended coincident with the KT boundary. The KT mass extinction may have been caused by these rapid and massive Deccan lava and gas eruptions that account for ∼80% of the entire 3500 m thick Deccan lava pile.
THE INFLUENCE OF ACCOUNTS ON PERCEIVED SOCIAL LOAFING IN WORK TEAMS

This study used a critical incidents methodology to examine the influence of accounts on perceived social loafing and evaluations of team member, and to investigate the face management and responsibility explanations of account‐giving. The results of this study suggest that communicative acts such as accounts may reduce perceived loafing. In addition, perceived loafing and evaluations of the team member were influenced by the type of account provided; concessions were more effective in decreasing perceptions of social loafing and increasing evaluations of the team member than excuses and justifications which, in turn, were more effective than refusals. These findings indicate tentative support for the face management explanation of account effectiveness.
Impedance Control Based on a Position Sensor in a Rehabilitation Robot

We examine the implementation of impedance control based on a position sensor in a wearable robot designed for rehabilitation. The first goal is to achieve the lowest possible impedance for the robot, with only a position sensor and an ON/OFF type pressure sensor, so that it is dynamically transparent to the user. We built a wearable robot for controlling the user’s arm with a brushless DC motor and a two-stage gearing system involving a planetary gearbox and a Capstan drive. We designed and implemented a controller to compensate for the inherent friction and reflected inertia using joint angle feedback from the robot, and for the stiction using the user’s intended direction detected by a pressure sensor. Stability conditions are analyzed first for the robotic system alone and then for the coupled human-robot system. Experiments with the robot show that the apparent impedance was significantly reduced with compensation. Experiments involving free motions driven by a user proved that the user’s physical effort to move the robot is dramatically decreased with compensation, thus making the robot feel lighter to the user.© 2014 ASME
Superoxide production and oxygen consumption in endothelium-intact and -denuded artery stimulated by angiotensin II.

Arteries stimulated by angiotensin II (AII) to contract do not display the expected augmentation of O2 consumption seen with other cardiovascular contractile agonists. We tested the hypothesis that superoxide (O2−) or other reactive oxidant species generated by AII played a role in the paradoxical O2 consumption response in porcine carotid artery, with or without an intact endothelium. Endothelium-denuded arteries were incubated with either 1 μM diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, 300 u/ml superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of O2−, or 20 U/ml catalase, an enzyme which promotes conversion of O2− (scavenged in the form of H2O2) to O2. DPI treatment resulted in the expected increase in O2 consumption upon contractile activation with AII challenge (1.05± 0.23 μmol/g/min; n = 6, p < .01), as did treatment with SOD (0.67± 0.20 μmol/g/min; n = 4, p < .05). Catalase incubation resulted in a burst of O2 generation upon AII challenge (1.30 ± 0.21 μmol/g/min; n = 10, p < .001). In endothelium-intact arteries, O2 consumption was again not augmented with AII challenge; instead, a burst of O2 production was observed (0.66 ± 0.22 μmol/g/min; n = 9, p < .05), which was not affected further by addition of catalase. Thus, the absence of apparent augmentation of O2 consumption during contractile activation of endothelium-denuded arteries was attributed to simultaneous NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent production of O2−, and attendant H2O2 and O2 generation which either and masked the detection of O2 consumed or suppressed mitochondrial uptake of O2, or both. An intact endothelium was required to manifest the burst of O2 generation with AII stimulation under normal conditions. (Mol Cell Biochem xxx: 235–239, 2005)
Discussion on “Quickest Detection Problems: Fifty Years Later” by Albert N. Shiryaev

Professor Shiryaev gave an excellent overview of the modern theory and applications of quickest detection problem. This discussion contains possible extensions based on Bayesian and nonparametric curve estimation approaches. Asymptotically pointwise optimal solution, detection of changes in mixing proportions, challenges of settings in the presence of auxiliary variables, and the use of wavelets are discussed.
Criteria of language learning

A language is called natural just in case it can be internalized by human infants on the basis of the kind of casual linguistic exposure typically afforded the young. A theory of natural language will specify (a) the kind of linguistic input available to children, (b) the process by which children convert that experience into successive hypotheses about the input language, and (c) the criteria for "internalization of a language" to which children ultimately conform. From (a)-(c) it should be possible to deduce (d) the class of languages that can be internalized in the sense of (c) by the learning mechanism specified in (b) operating on linguistic input of the kind characterized in (a). Such a theory is correct only if (d) contains exactly the natural languages. Wexler and his associates (Hamburger and Wexler, 1973; Wexler and Culicover, 1980, Chap. 1) provide detailed discussion of theories of natural language in the present sense. Gold (1967) has provided specifications of (a)--(c) that have played major roles in subsequent evaluation of theories of natural language. ~ In Gold's model, linguistic input is construed as an enumeration of the sentences of the target language, arranged in arbitrary order; the process embodied by the human language learner is assumed to be "mechanical" in the sense of realizing a computable function of some sort; and the learner is credited with the capacity to acquire a language L just in case for every order of presen-
Detection and characterization of filterable heterotrophic bacteria from rural groundwater supplies

Aims: The chemical/physical environment of groundwater may contribute to the existence of a subpopulation of small-sized bacteria (filterable bacteria) that fails to be trapped on conventional 0·45 μm-pore-size membrane filters during routine bacteriological water quality analyses. Efforts were directed to determining an efficient recovery method for detection of such cells. Methods and Results: Individual groundwater supplies in a rural setting were examined by a double membrane filtration procedure to determine the presence of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria capable of escaping detection on conventional pore size (0·45 μm) membrane filters but retained on 0·22 μm-pore-size filters. Since optimum cultural conditions for recovery of filterable bacteria are not well defined, initial efforts focused on evaluation of various media (R2A, m-HPC and NWRI) and incubation temperatures (15, 20, 28 and 35°C) for specific recovery of filterable bacteria. Maximum recovery of small-sized HPC bacteria occurred on low-nutrient concentration R2A agar incubated for 7 d at 28°C. Similarly, identical cultural conditions gave enhanced detection of the general HPC population on 0·45 μm-pore-size filters. A 17-month survey of 10 well water supplies conducted with the cultural conditions described above resulted in detection of filterable bacteria (ranging in density from 9 to 175 cfu ml−1) in six of the groundwater sources. The proportion of filterable bacteria in any single sample never exceeded 10% of the total HPC population. A majority of the colonies appearing on the 0·22 μm membrane filters was pigmented (50–90%), whereas the proportion of colonies demonstrating pigmentation on the larger porosity filters failed to exceed 50% for any of the samples (19–49%). Conclusions: A reliable recovery method was developed for the detection of filterable bacteria from groundwater. During a subsequent survey study using this procedure, filterable bacteria were detected in a majority of the groundwater supplies examined; however, the density of filterable bacteria in any single sample never exceeded 10% of the total HPC population. Identification of randomly selected isolates obtained on the 0·22 μm filters indicated that some of these filterable bacteria have been implicated as opportunistic pathogens. Significance and Impact of the Study: We have determined the presence of small-sized HPC bacteria in ground water that may go undetected when using standard porosity membrane filters for water quality analyses. Further study is needed to assess the significance and possible health risk associated with presence of filterable bacteria in drinking water supplies from groundwater sources.
Study of the stability and unfolding mechanism of BBA1 by molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures

BBA1 is a designed protein that has only 23 residues. It is the smallest protein without disulfide bridges that has a well-defined tertiary structure in solution. We have performed unfolding molecular dynamics simulations on BBA1 and some of its mutants at 300, 330, 360, and 400 K to study their kinetic stability as well as the unfolding mechanism of BBA1. It was shown that the unfolding simulations can provide insights into the forces that stabilize the protein. Packing, hydrophobic interactions, and a salt bridge between Asp12 and Lys16 were found to be important to the protein's stability. The unfolding of BBA1 goes through two major steps: (1) disruption of the hydrophobic core and (2) unfolding of the helix. The beta-hairpin remains stable in the unfolding because of the high stability of the type II' turn connecting the two beta-strands.
Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain

Dopamine receptors are the principal targets of drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Among the five mammalian dopamine-receptor subtypes, the D4 subtype is of particular interest because of its high affinity for the atypical neuroleptic clozapine. Interest in clozapine stems from its effectiveness in reducing positive and negative symptoms in acutely psychotic and treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients without eliciting extrapyramidal side effects. We have produced a subtype-specific antibody against the D4 receptor and localized it within specific cellular elements and synaptic circuits of the central nervous system. The D4-receptor antibody labelled GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamic reticular nucleus, globus pallidus and the substantia nigra (pars reticulata). Labelling was also observed in a subset of cortical pyramidal cells. Our findings suggest that clozapine's beneficial effects in schizophrenia may be achieved, in part, through D4-mediated GABA modulation, possibly implicating disinhibition of excitatory transmission in intrinsic cortical, thalamocortical and extrapyramidal pathways.
INTEGRATING CONSUMER INVOLVEMENT AND PRODUCT PERCEPTIONS WITH MARKET SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING STRATEGIES

Marketers must be aware that consumers do not evaluate all products in the same way. Even brands that are perceived as very similar overall are often selectively evaluated. Consumer product involvement, or concern with the actual purchase or use of the product, affects these selective perception processes in several ways. Implications for market segmentation, product differentiation, and communication strategies are discussed.
Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: emergency management of orbital compartment syndrome.

Abstract Background Orbital compartment syndrome is a sight-threatening emergency. Vision may be preserved when timely intervention is performed. Objective To present a case of orbital compartment syndrome caused by traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage and the procedure of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis, reviewed with photographic illustration. Discussion Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis are readily performed at the bedside with simple instruments. The procedure may prevent irreversible blindness in cases of acute orbital compartment syndrome. Conclusions Emergency physicians should be familiar with lateral canthotomy and cantholysis in the management of orbital compartment syndrome to minimize the chance of irreversible visual loss.
Dansylcadaverine specific staining for transamidating enzymes

Abstract Versatile fluorescent staining methodologies, based on the incorporation of dansylcadaverine[ N -(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylamino-l-naphthalenesulfonamide] into N,N -dimethylcasein, are described for the detection of transamidating enzymes of the endo - γ -glutamine:e-lysine transferase type. Activity staining was employed for comparing the electrophoretic behaviors of such transamidating enzymes derived from human and guinea pig tissues. Two enzymatically active forms of guinea pig liver transglutaminase were found.
Unsynchronized Fault Location Based on Distributed Parameter Line Model

Abstract This article presents a transmission line fault location algorithm based on distributed parameter line model by utilizing unsynchronized voltage and current measurements from two terminals of the line. The new solution fully considers the impacts of the shunt capacitance of the line and is virtually independent of fault resistance and source impedance. Evaluation studies based on simulation studies for verifying the accuracy of the algorithm are reported, and quite promising results have been achieved.