cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal, structural, and petrological evidence for 1400-Ma metamorphism and deformation in central New Mexico

Amphibolites from the Manzano Mountains, New Mexico, include two chemically and microstructurally distinct amphibole populations. Petrographic and electron-microprobe studies show that early actinolite is overgrown and crosscut by younger foliation-forming hornblende. An older foliation defined by actinolite porphyroclasts (S 1 ) is discordant to the regionally extensive hornblende foliation (S 2 ). Microstructural relationships both in amphiboles and muscovite-chlorite schists indicate that S 1 and S 2 record two distinct episodes of metamorphism and deformation, rather than a single progressive event. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronologic analyses on hornblende, actinolite, muscovite, and biotite constrain timing of the youngest metamorphic/deformational event. Most amphiboles yield complex 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra, but two hornblende concentrates give preferred ages of 1410 ± 12 Ma and 1399.1 ± 5.4 Ma, and one actionlite has a preferred age of 1391.6 ± 5.0 Ma, suggesting cooling below ∼450°C at this time. These ages are interpreted to record the timing of near-peak metamorphism. Muscovite sampled over a 1.5-km vertical section of muscovite-chlorite schists shows an age discordance, with the structurally highest sample being ∼50 m.y. older than the structurally lowest sample. This age discordance is interpreted to sugest cooling from ∼300°C at 0.5°C/m.y. following the peak of ca. 1400-Ma metamorphism. Biotites from similar structural levels yield variable preferred ages, which range from 1402.6 ± 5.1 to 1267.8 ± 5.7 Ma and corroborate the slow cooling suggested by the muscovite results. Together, the thermochronologic, structural, and petrologic data support a model of regional deformation, metamorphism, and mineral growth at ca. 1450–1400 Ma. These data add to a growing body of evidence from the southwestern United States that ca. 1400-Ma plutonism was not anorogenic, but rather was contemporaneous both with metamorphism and deformation.
Knowledge-based inference engine for online video dissemination

To facilitate easy access to rich information of multimedia over the Internet, we develop a knowledge-based classification system that supports automatic Indexing and filtering based on semantic concepts for the dissemination of on-line real-time media. Automatic segmentation, annotation and summarization of media for fast information browsing and updating are achieved in the same time. In the proposed system, a real-time scene-change detection proxy performs an initial video structuring process by splitting a video clip into scenes. Motional and visual features are extracted in real time for every detected scene by using online feature extraction proxies. Higher semantics are then derived through a joint use of low-level features along with inference rules in the knowledge base. Inference rules are derived through a supervised learning process based on representative samples. On-line media filtering based on semantic concepts becomes possible by using the proposed video inference engine. Video streams are either blocked or sent to certain channels depending on whether or not the video stream is matched with the user's profile. The proposed system is extensively evaluated by applying the engine to video of basketball games.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vehicle configuration design with a packing genetic algorithm

3D packing problems occur in many applications. Exhaustive search methods cannot identify an optimum packing in reasonable time. To improve the search efficiency of such problems, a packing Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a new encoding method and packing GA operators is proposed. The method is applied to a vehicle configuration design problem, in which the goal is to maximise the vehicle survivability, maintainability and minimise vehicle rollover tendency by finding optimal positions of vehicle components. The packing GA is integrated with a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) to search for a non-dominated front, which offers trade-off solutions to the designer.
Hairpin Structure-forming Propensity of the (CCTG·CAGG) Tetranucleotide Repeats Contributes to the Genetic Instability Associated with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2

Abstract The genetic instabilities of (CCTG·CAGG)n tetranucleotide repeats were investigated to evaluate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the massive expansions found in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) patients. DM2 is caused by an expansion of the repeat from the normal allele of 26 to as many as 11,000 repeats. Genetic expansions and deletions were monitored in an African green monkey kidney cell culture system (COS-7 cells) as a function of the length (30, 114, or 200 repeats), orientation, or proximity of the repeat tracts to the origin (SV40) of replication. As found for CTG·CAG repeats related to DM1, the instabilities were greater for the longer tetranucleotide repeat tracts. Also, the expansions and deletions predominated when cloned in orientation II (CAGG on the leading strand template) rather than I and when cloned proximal rather than distal to the replication origin. Biochemical studies on synthetic d(CAGG)26 and d(CCTG)26 as models of unpaired regions of the replication fork revealed that d(CAGG)26 has a marked propensity to adopt a defined base paired hairpin structure, whereas the complementary d(CCTG)26 lacks this capacity. The effect of orientation described above differs from all previous results with three triplet repeat sequences (including CTG·CAG), which are also involved in the etiologies of other hereditary neurological diseases. However, similar to the triplet repeat sequences, the ability of one of the two strands to form a more stable folded structure, in our case the CAGG strand, explains this unorthodox “reversed” behavior.
17-β Estradiol rapidly enhances extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 phosphorylation in the rat brain

Abstract Physiological doses of 17-β Estradiol (E 2 ) rapidly induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in a variety of cell culture and tissue explant preparations. Rapid MAPK phosphorylation has been implicated as a critical step in estrogen’s effects on neuronal activity, gene transcription and neuroprotection. The present series of in vivo experiments were designed to determine whether acute administration of estrogen rapidly increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 2 phosphorylation. Brains were harvested 20 min after a single i.p. injection of 15 μg/kg of 17-β or 17-α estradiol. Twelve brain structures were micro-dissected, homogenized and processed for Western blotting. E 2 -treated rats exhibited a statistically significant increase in ERK2 phosphorylation in the diagonal band of Broca, rostral nucleus accumbens, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus and anteromedial visual cortex. Administration of the same dose of 17-α estradiol did not enhance ERK phosphorylation in any of the brain regions examined. The in vivo data presented here extend previously published in vitro data indicating that E 2 rapidly activates MAPK in primary neuronal cultures, explants and cell lines. These data also indicate that MAPK activation is a potential mediator of estrogens effects in some but not all estrogen receptor containing regions of the brain.
Thioester hydrolysis promoted by a mononuclear zinc complex.

The mononuclear zinc complex [(bpta)Zn](ClO4)2·0.5H2O promotes the hydrolysis of the thioester PhCH(OH)C(O)SCD3 when dissolved in CH3CN:H2O (50:50 buffered at pH 9.0). This reaction results in the formation of a mixture of CD3SH and a zinc thiolate complex, the latter of which can be protonated to generate additional CD3SH. Kinetic studies revealed an overall second-order reaction with an activation energy that is similar to that found for aqueous OH− promoted thioester hydrolysis. These studies represent the first investigation of chemistry relevant to that occurring in the monozinc-containing form of human glyoxalase II.
Minimum tillage for potatoes

Minimum or reduced tillage has been of much interest because of increased efficiency in use of labor and equipment and reduction in time and costs. The effects of some minimum tillage practices on soil factors affecting the quality and yields of potatoes were studied in Aroostook County, Maine, during 1964 to 1969. Tillage treatments evaluated were: chisel-plant, direct-plant, plow-plant, chisel-plant with large-hill-no-cultivation, control, and control with large-hill-no-cultivation. The six tillage treatments did not appreciably affect yield regardless of some differences in emergence, soil firmness, soil water and soil temperature. Runoff and soil losses were not affected by chiseling. However erosion losses were greater from the chisel-plant treatment with a large-hill-no-cultivation during low rate rainstorms which occurred in 1969. The acceptance or rejection of any of the tillage practices would have to be based on the economics of soil and crop management. The data presented indicate that a chisel-point operation with cultivation is presently the most satisfactory method of reducing tillage.
Multiplicative designs II. Uniform normal and related structures

Abstract We continue the study of multiplicative designs concentrating primarily on uniform, normal designs with two replications. A structure result and consequent finiteness theorem is obtained and certain classes are related to symmetric block designs, supplementary difference sets, and three eigenvalue graphs.
Inactivation of human norovirus using chemical sanitizers.

Abstract The porcine gastric mucin binding magnetic bead (PGM-MB) assay was used to evaluate the ability of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and trisodium phosphate to inactivate human norovirus within 10% stool filtrate. One-minute free chlorine treatments at concentrations of 33 and 189 ppm reduced virus binding in the PGM-MB assay by 1.48 and 4.14 log 10 , respectively, suggesting that chlorine is an efficient sanitizer for inactivation of human norovirus (HuNoV). Five minute treatments with 5% trisodium phosphate (pH ~ 12) reduced HuNoV binding by 1.6 log 10 , suggesting that TSP, or some other high pH buffer, could be used to treat food and food contact surfaces to reduce HuNoV. One minute treatments with 350 ppm chlorine dioxide dissolved in water did not reduce PGM-MB binding, suggesting that the sanitizer may not be suitable for HuNoV inactivation in liquid form. However a 60-min treatment with 350 ppm chlorine dioxide did reduce human norovirus by 2.8 log 10 , indicating that chlorine dioxide had some, albeit limited, activity against HuNoV. Results also suggest that peroxyacetic acid has limited effectiveness against human norovirus, since 1-min treatments with up to 195 ppm reduced human norovirus binding by 10 . Hydrogen peroxide (4%) treatment of up to 60 min resulted in minimal binding reduction (~ 0.1 log 10 ) suggesting that H 2 O 2 is not a good liquid sanitizer for HuNoV. Overall this study suggests that HuNoV is remarkably resistant to several commonly used disinfectants and advocates for the use of chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) as a HuNoV disinfectant wherever possible.
Two Centuries of Christianity in America: An Overview

While the year 2000 did not prove to be the eschatological blockbuster that some of our bolder Bible prophecy popularizers anticipated, nor the year when all our computers melted down, as some Y2K alarmists predicted, it did provoke some historians to step back from their usual topics of inquiry to attempt to sum up in a broad overview fashion some of the major developments in the century just past. A spate of books like Harvard Sitkoff's edited collection of essays, Perspectives on Modern America, with its subtitle, “Making Sense of the Twentieth Century,” were the result. In that spirit, as 2000 approached, I undertook an even more presumptuous venture: a brief overview of not one but two centuries of Christianity in America, from 1800 to the present, as a kind of outline sketch for a hypothetical book on the subject. The result is this essay. Once I had embarked on such a potentially foolhardy project, the practical question remained: What meaningful generalizations about two centuries of American Christianity could one offer in a relatively short space such as that provided by Church History's “Perspectives” feature? Still, Cotton Mather once boasted that he had boiled down the entire plan of salvation onto a single piece of paper, so from that perspective, five thousand or so words seemed ample indeed.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE NORMAL AND SHAPE DEPENDENT CASIMIR FORCES USING AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

The precision instrumental developments and the modern unification theories using compact dimensions have motivated a resurgence in the field of Casimir force measurements. Here, after a brief discussion of the history of Casimir force measurements, the experimental results of Casimir force measurements using an Atomic Force Microscope will be presented. Precision measurements of the normal Casimir force, demonstration of the shape dependent Casimir force and the lateral Casimir force will be presented.
Direct photon-hadron correlations measured with the PHENIX detector

Abstract Photon tagged jets are an excellent probe of the hot dense matter created in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. Since photons interact weakly and are not modified by the strongly coupled medium, the measured photon momentum approximately balances that of the away-side parton. Therefore, the modification of the fragmentation function can be obtained by comparing the spectra of the away-side yields in direct photon-hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions to those in p+p. Direct photon-hadron correlations are measured with the PHENIX detector in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV at RHIC. We employ a statistical subtraction method to remove the contribution of decay photons from the inclusive photon-hadron correlations. For the p+p analysis, we developed event by event techniques to improve the systematic uncertainty in the baseline measurement. Compared to previous measurements, this Au+Au result extends to higher ξ (lower z T ) where a medium-induced modification of jet fragmentation is observed.
The future of atomic resolution electron microscopy for materials science

Abstract The field of atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy and its application to materials science is reviewed. This technique, whose spatial resolution is now about one Angstrom, is valuable wherever nanoscale characterization of materials is needed. The history of the subject is briefly outlined, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques. Resolution-limiting factors are summarized, together with the underlying theory of image formation. Seven promising approaches to super-resolution are reviewed. The statistical principles of quantitative image analysis and defect modelling are outlined for both HREM and STEM. Methods for obtaining defect energies from images are discussed. The review ends with a summary of some recent applications, including such topics as the Fullerenes, nanotubes, dislocation kink imaging, superconductors, atomic-resolution imaging of whole semiconductor devices, the study of atomic defects in mediating first-order phase transitions, collosal magnetoresistance, ceramic interfaces, quasicrystals, imaging of surfaces, glasses, catalysts and magnetic materials.
Teacher Portraiture: A Timely Proposal for More Effective Teacher Development

Sara Lawrence Lightfoot's The Good High School (1983) is one of the most thoughtprovoking books that either of us have encountered in almost five combined decades of university teaching. Simply stated, Lightfoot identified six outstanding American high schools and then proceeded to study them on-site and in person, much the way that an anthropologist might study life in an obscure, unknown society. She observed classrooms, interviewed students, teachers, and a variety of administrators, talked to assorted parents, taxi drivers, storekeepers, and others with nonprofessional knowledge of the school, examined pertinent documents (school newspapers and magazines, for example), and finally, wrote a series of brillant descriptions of the six schools. Lightfoot's probing analyses revealed a great deal about how these schools were "good": their common (and their often unique) strengths and virtues. In addition, she was perceptive enough to see these good schools' flaws as well, and her portraits included a good deal of incisive criticism, couched usually in terms of questions about a school's goals, curriculum, and teaching practices. The final chapter in Lightfoot's challenging book is titled, "Afterword: The Passion of Portraiture." It focuses on the meaning of her study to the six participating schools. The reader should keep in mind that the original purpose of Lightfoot's book was to examine the nature of agreed-upon "good high schools" so that educators in general might learn and profit from her analysis. However, when the book was completed, Lightfoot's "portraits" found their way back to the schools she studied. Her final chapter describes the reaction of faculty, administrators, alumni, and (sometimes) students to "the Lightfoot Piece." A headmaster of an independent school wrote this insightful, revealing, and fairly typical response:
Pilot study to examine the effect of antibiotic therapy on MRI outcomes in RRMS.

Abstract This trial examined the safety and possible MRI and clinical effects of anti-chlamydial antibiotic therapy in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). Newly diagnosed MS patients were selected to participate if they showed Chlamydia pneumoniae gene in their CSF and had one or more enhancing lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After a 4-month run in phase of monthly MRI, patients were randomized to receive rifampin (300 mg twice daily) and azithromycin (500 mg every other day) for 6 months or placebo (PBO). Patients then had monthly MRI on therapy and two additional scans on months 12 and 14. Lumbar punctures were repeated between months 7 and 8 and within 2 weeks of termination of the study. Data on 4 patients on treatment and 4 on PBO were available for analysis. The primary outcome measure of showing a beneficial effect on enhancing lesions was not met. However, there was a significant difference in brain parenchymal fraction loss favoring those patient receiving antibiotics compared with PBO ( p ≤0.02). Three of the four patients on antibiotic therapy cleared the organism from the CSF by month 12; in the PBO group one patient cleared the organism. The reduction in atrophy in patients receiving antibiotics must be viewed with caution, due to the small number of patients studied.
Stellar fibril magnetic systems. I - Reduced energy state

The remarkable fibril structure of the magnetic fields at the surface of the sun (with fibrils compressed to 1,000-2,000 gauss) lies outside existing statistical theories of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. The total energy of the fibril field is enhanced by a factor of more than 100 above the energy for the mean field in a continuum state. The magnetic energy density within a fibril is of the order of 100 times the local kinetic energy density, so that no simple application of equipartition principles is possible. It is pointed out that the total energy of the atmosphere (thermal + gravitational + magnetic) is reduced by the fibril state of the field by avoiding the magnetic inhibition of the convective overturning, suggesting that the formation of the observed intense fibril state may be in response to the associated energy reduction. Calculation of the minimum total energy of a polytropic atmosphere permeated by magnetic fibrils yields theoretical fibril fields of the order of 1-5 kilogauss when characteristics appropriate to the solar convective zone are introduced, in rough agreement with the actual fields of 1-2 kilogauss. The polytrope model, although crude, establishes that a large reduction in total energy is made possible by the fibril state.
Remeasurement of the absolute intensities of CFC11 (CFCl3) and CFC12 (CF2Cl2)

Abstract The absolute intensities of the strong absorption bands of CFC11 (CFCl 3 ) and CFC12 (CF 2 Cl 2 ) have been remeasured at 300 K in view of their importance in global climatic impact and ozone depletion studies. For CFC11, our new values are 1718 ± 17 cm −2 atm −1 (846 cm −1 band) and 671 ± 8 cm −2 atm −1 (1085 cm −1 band). The values we have now obtained for the CFC12 intensities are 1421 ± 12 cm −2 atm −1 (923 cm −1 band), 1129 ± 11 cm −2 atm −1 (1102 cm −1 band), and 717 ± 14 cm −2 atm −1 (1161 cm −1 band).
A Layered Dempster-Shafer Approach to Scenario Construction and Analysis

The ability to support creation and parallel analysis of competing scenarios is perhaps the greatest single challenge for today's intelligence analysis systems. Dempster-Shafer theory provides an evidentiary reasoning methodology for scenario construction and analysis that offers potential advantages when compared to other approaches such as Bayesian nets as it places less conceptual load on the analyst by not requiring the complete specification of joint probability distributions. This paper presents a method that can further reduce the conceptual load by taking advantage of hierarchically structured indicators. We present a novel interface for this layered, Dempster-Shafer evidentiary reasoning approach and demonstrate the utility of this interface with reference to analysis problems focusing on comparing distinct hypotheses.
Radiative Transfer in Hartmann MHD Flow

The high temperatures and gaseous products resulting from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in magnetohydrodynamic generators have provided an impetus to develop more accurate methods for prediction of gas temperature profiles and heat fluxes at the generator walls. One area where an improvement may be realized is in the evaluation of radiative transfer between the gas and surrounding walls. Analyses and results are presented to examine the importance of the radiative transfer term appearing in the gas energy balance for classical Hartmann MHD flow. Results for both real (nongray) and gray gas radiative properties are presented. Inclusion of radiation is found to increase the surface heat flux as well as to alter gas temperature profiles. Furthermore, real gas results differ significantly from those for a gray gas.
A gas mixer for computer calibration of an anesthetic mass spectrometer

To calibrate an anesthetic mass spectrometer without the use of premixed gases and vapors in cylinders, we devised a gas mixer using fixed resistances of capillary needle tubings and adjustable needle valves to dilute test gases and vapors with oxygen. The dilution ratio was determined during each calibration by diluting air with oxygen and noting the reduction in the ratio of nitrogen to oxygen. Empiric correction was made by the computer for the effects of density and viscosity, relative to air, on the flow of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and the saturated vapors of the three anesthetics through the capillary resistor. The computer was programmed to control solenoid valves both for calibration and for the multiplexed sampling of operating rooms. Oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide were used as pure gases, and halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane were vaporized at room temperature in 50-ml vaporizers. The resulting calibrations were found to be accurate to within ±2%.
Reconsidering individual-level heterogeneity in economic voting

This paper proposes a general theory of individual-level heterogeneity in economic voting based on the perspective that the strength of the relationship varies with factors that influence the relevance of the economic evaluation to the vote choice. We posit that the electoral relevance of the economic evaluation increases with the strength of partisanship as well as political sophistication. Given the strong correlation between partisanship and sophistication, this theoretical perspective casts doubt on extant evidence that more sophisticated voters are more likely to hold the incumbent party electorally accountable for macroeconomic performance since this result might be an artifact of failing to control for the economic evaluation being more relevant to the vote choice of stronger partisans. Our statistical investigation of this question finds no significant evidence that sophistication conditions the economic voting relationship once the conditioning effect of partisanship is included in the model. This finding suggests that individual-level heterogeneity in the strength of the economic voting relationship is largely due to stronger partisans voting more consistently with their national economic evaluation than to more sophisticated voters being more policy-oriented by holding the incumbent party more electorally accountable for macroeconomic performance.
California Lomatiums, Part IV: Composition of the Essential Oils of Lomatium rigidum (M.E. Jones) Jepson. Structures of Two New Funebrene Epimers and a Tridecatriene

Abstract Oils produced from the fruits, stems and leaves and roots of Lomatium rigidum were subjected to analysis by GC, GC/MS and other spectroscopic techniques. The oils of fruits as well as the stems and leaves of L. rigidum were found to contain β-phellandrene/limonene (9.1–25.7%), δ-cadinene (7.5–12.9%), α-cadinol (16.4–18.6%), epi-α-cadinol and epi-α-muurolol (8.2–9.0%) as major components. The root oils were found to be rich in (Z)-falcarinol (10.8–14.9%), 2-epi-β-funebrene (48.2%), a new funebrene epimer, as well as the new (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tridecatriene.
Effects of thyroxine and low oxygen tension on chondrogenic expression in cell culture.

Abstract The effects of thyroxine and low oxygen tension on embryonic chick chondrocytes in cell culture were investigated. The assays for chondrogenic expression involved (1) morphological and histological observations for a resemblance between the cultured cells and hyaline cartilage in vivo, (2) measurements of the rates of polysaccharide synthesis by monolayers, and (3) analysis of the polysaccharides for the presence of chondroitin sulfate. Thyroxine (10−6 M) was markedly stimulatory to both monolayers and clones; a delayed addition of the hormone to clones caused the conversions of some non-CMC's into CMC's. Low oxygen tension stimulated the rate of chondroitin sulfate synthesis by monolayers but had no apparent effect on clones. The effects of low oxygen tension, which were reversible, were apparent only in the presence of added thyroxine. Relatively short-term exposures to BUdR (10 μg/ml) strongly inhibited chondrogenic expression, even in the presence of thyroxine and low oxygen tension. The results support previous reports that thyroxine and low oxygen tension may play a physiological role in chondrogenesis in vivo.
African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 for Famine Early Warning Systems

AbstractThis paper describes a new gridded, daily 29-yr precipitation estimation dataset centered over Africa at 0.1° spatial resolution. Called the African Rainfall Climatology, version 2 (ARC2), it is a revision of the first version of the ARC. Consistent with the operational Rainfall Estimation, version 2, algorithm (RFE2), ARC2 uses inputs from two sources: 1) 3-hourly geostationary infrared (IR) data centered over Africa from the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and 2) quality-controlled Global Telecommunication System (GTS) gauge observations reporting 24-h rainfall accumulations over Africa. The main difference with ARC1 resides in the recalibration of all Meteosat First Generation (MFG) IR data (1983–2005). Results show that ARC2 is a major improvement over ARC1. It is consistent with other long-term datasets, such as the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), wit...
A topological aspect of Sobolev mappings

Let $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be a connected open set, $n \ge 2$ . We give a sufficient condition for a mapping $f \in W^{1,p}(\Omega;\mathbb{R}^n)$ , $p > n-1$ , to have the property that sgn $Jf$ is almost everywhere of one sign. Following the work of Muller, Spector, and Tang [MST], we give an application of our results to the theory of non-linear elasticity.
Establishment of duck cell line derived from experimental tumor induced by 20-methylcholanthrene

Experimental tumors developed in white Pekin ducks after intramuscular implantation of 20-methylcholanthrene. Cells derived from the primary tumor were adapted successfully to grow in vitro and have growth characteristics similar to that of established cell lines of mammalian origin. The cell density rises rapidly and the doubling time is approximately 17 hr. The duck cells have been cultured successfully for at least 80 passages in votro. The continuously cultured cells have the characteristic chromosome pattern of duck, and the DNA of the duck cell line hybridized with duck liver DNA. We believe we have established a continuous cell line of avian origin. Electron-microscopic examinations of the tumor cells and RNA-directed DNA polymerase of the cell-free supernate show no evidence of endogenous virus production.
Binary subtraction by double complemented addition

Abstract The end-around-carry method of binary subtraction fails when the two binary coded integers are equal. This flaw is avoided by its corollary, the two's complement method. The missing double complement method is presented and its corollary is the one's complement method with sharp inequality. Serial subtractor and decumulator constructions are possible applications.
Improved solution for system identification equations by Epsilon-Decomposition

Matrix eigenvalue theory is used to examine the source of ill-conditioning in linear algebraic equations. This approach highlights the crucial role played by the zero and near-zero eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of poorly conditioned systems. Insight gained from this approach is used to significantly improve a recently developed solution procedure called Epsilon-Decomposition (E-D). E-D is an efficient alternative to Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for ill-conditioned systems arising in parameter estimation and system identification studies. The efficiency of the improved E-D over SVD resides in the need to only obtain the zero and near-zero eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix as opposed to all of its eigenvalues and vectors (as required by SVD). Thus, the efficiency of E-D is significant for large matrices with small rank deficiency.
Nicotinalviide and Related Compounds as Essential Growth Substances for Dysentery Bacilli

In previous communications it was shown that certain fractions of veal infusion and of extracts of spleen, liver and other tissues supplied a growth factor needed by several strains of dysentery bacilli for development in a synthetic medium.' It was later found that the addition of nicotinic acid or its amide to the synthetic medium caused prompt growth of the dysentery bacilli.2 The growth-promoting activity of certain compounds related to nicotinic acid was also reported in preliminary form.3 It is the intention in this paper to report the isolation of nicotinic acid and its amide from spleen, together with a more detailed discussion of the activity of nicotinic acid and related compounds on a larger number of strains of the dysentery bacillus.
Synthesis of thermosetting polymers from the by‐products of coal conversion processes

The use of coal conversion by-products as raw materials in the synthesis of thermosetting polyesters has been investigated. Heavy tar residues were oxidized by gaseous oxygen in an alkaline medium, yielding a complex mixture of benzenecarboxylic acids and smaller amounts of aliphatic carboxylic acids. The mixture was polymerized by condensation with tetraethylene glycol bottoms, a byproduct of the synthesis of ethylene glycol. The resultant polyesters were cured by reacting them with epoxy resins in the presence of basic catalysts. Molded sheets and laminates were fabricated and tested. Tensile strength was found to increase with increasing curing time and with increasing concentration of epoxy crosslinking agent. Glass-reinforced composites fabricated by the autoclave process showed an increase in flexural and shear strength with decreasing autoclave pressure.
An assessment of animal models for testing the effect of photochemical oxidants on pulmonary susceptibility to bacterial infection.

Animal models provide important information delineating the pathophysiologic lesions accounting for pollutant-induced enhancement in human susceptibility to bacterial infections. A review of studies which describe the ability of photochemical oxidants to induce these physiologic abnormalities is presented. It is concluded that: sufficient similarity exists between defense mechanisms in rodent and humans to permit use of the rodent as a surrogate; detection of pollutant-induced abnormalities in individual components of the pulmonary antibacterial system is a sensitive means of assessing potential toxicity; pollutant-induced abnormalities in individual components of the antibacterial defense systems results in diminished overall effectiveness of the system, and this in turn permits bacterial proliferation and the initiation of disease; at present these relationships are qualitative. Epidemiologic and human volunteer studies are needed to determine the likelihood of a specific pollutant exposure provoking bacterial proliferation and disease in humans.
REACTING TO A TEXTILE & APPAREL TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACT

Protectionist legislation has experienced a resurgence in the US. The legislation aimed at the textile and apparel industry has proceeded the furthest. It serves as an excellent case to examine the arguments for and against protectionism, the strategies for textile and apparel marketers should such legislation be enacted and alternatives to protectionist legislation. The possibility that some form of legislation may succeed is high. Both policy‐makers and managers in potentially affected industries need to be aware of strategies and problems after a trade enforcement act.
Mitigation of Si nanocrystal free carrier absorption loss at 1.5 μm in a concentric microdisk structure

We study the mitigation of Si nanocrystal (Si-nc) free carrier absorption (FCA) loss at telecom wavelengths in a concentric microdisk design. The concentric microdisk design relies on using the Si-nc emission as an optical pump for the surrounding Er-based lasing media without subjecting the lasing mode to the FCA loss present in the Si-ncs. We analyze the FCA loss as a function of overhang width in this design and show that for large enough overhang width the FCA loss is negligible. We also compute the FCA cross section from the FCA loss and number of excited Si-ncs, modeled by a four-level system, and show σFCA=1.08 ± 2.3 × 10−17 cm2, which is in good agreement with reported cross sections for similar films.
ELECTRICALLY CHARGED DROPS FROM BUBBLES IN SEA WATER AND THEIR METEOROLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract A modification of Millikan's classic oil-drop experiment was used to determine the electric charge and radius of drops that were ejected from a bursting bubble at an air-sea water interface. Charge measurements were made of both the natural and the induced charge. Drops of 2 to 20 microns in radius carry natural charges of at least 2 × 102 to 5 × 103 elementary units, respectively. The induced charges are considerably higher, reaching 106 elementary units on drops of 50 microns radius. The sign of the natural charge is positive on drops < about 4 microns. For larger drops both the sign and magnitude of the charge appear to be a function of the depth of water through which the bubble rises. The meteorological significance stems from the fact that rain and snow, as well as whitecaps, can produce great numbers of small bubbles in the surface waters of the oceans. Both laboratory and field work suggest that the majority of these bubbles produce positively charged drops that contribute to the atmosphe...
Theory and practice in state administrative organization

The author questins the dogma of state administrative reorganization through concentration of power adn integration offunctions under the governor
Using a Combination of Experimental and Computational Methods to Explore the Impact of Metal Identity and Ligand Field Strength on the Electronic Structure of Metal Ions.

In this exercise, students apply a combination of techniques to investigate the impact of metal identity and ligand field strength on the spin states of three d5 transition-metal complexes: Fe(acac)3, K3[Fe(CN)6], and Ru(acac)3, where acac– is acetylacetonate. Students first use crystal field theory to predict the most likely spin state based on the metal identity (3d versus 4d metal) and the ligand field strength of the acac– and CN– ligands (weak-field versus strong-field ligands). Next, students use density functional theory (DFT) to determine the geometries and the energies of the high- and low-spin electronic configurations of each complex, allowing them to predict the most energetically favorable configuration and to compare their computed geometries with X-ray structural data. Finally, students experimentally determine the magnetic susceptibility and spin state of each complex and compare these results with their predictions. This combined application of basic chemical principles, computational che...
Sex Differences in Suicide Notes

In a sample of 40 German suicide notes, men and women did not differ in the presence of motives of disrupted interpersonal relationships or of work/career/financial crises.
Balancing Open Access with Academic Standards: Implications for Community College Faculty.

Community colleges act as the gateway for students to higher education. Many of these colleges realize this mission through open-door policies where students lacking in basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills can enroll. But, this open-access policy often creates challenges when meeting academic standards. Based on data collected from selected community colleges in the United States, this article examines the balancing of open access with academic standards. The article reviews open-door admission policies, describes methods used to maintain academic standards, and it balances this with open admission and implications for community college faculty.
Finite size effects in shell nanoparticles

Abstract The finite size effects on magnetic properties of shell particles in the shape of truncated octahedron are studied using classical O(3) Heisenberg model. Both considered cases with nearest neighbor ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange interactions show the existence of the well-defined ground state. The FM particles show FM order, while AFM particles show freezing in the non-collinear structure with very low magnetization due to the presence of frustrated triangular facets. The variation of magnetization, susceptibility and specific heat as a function of size shows considerable differences from that in the three-dimensional (3D) particles. We also observe effects of shell geometry, i.e. the fraction of sites in facets, edges and vertexes, which affects the apparent ordering temperature.
Turning it off.

Her life was enviable-one filled with abundant giving, a love for others, and a deep spirituality. In her 90 plus years she had forged great bonds with her many siblings, met and married her soul mate, cultivated friendships spanning 80 plus years, raised five children, and lovedher grandchildren in away that earned her a special place in all of our hearts. And even in times when she encountered great duress and hardship, the passing of her husband or the premature deaths of her sons, her indomitable spirit and enduring faith made her strong. Indeed, she was the matriarch of our family and for me the inspiration to become a geriatrician. Never one to equivocate, she was clear in her wishes aroundherhealth care. As her siblings and spouse fell to chronic illnesses, she was proactive in drafting her living will, appointing a health care agent, and clearly outlining her wish for a natural death without invasive care, particularly in the event her memory failed. True to her words she was unsure about the pacer from the start. At the age of 90 she fainted while performing her usual morning ritual of making the bed. Her daughter, a nurse, counted the pulse at 30 and the monitor in the ER showed third degree heart blockwith a tenuous blood pressure. We lobbied strongly for her to allow the pacer insertion, assuringher that itwouldmakeher feel better and allowher to continue living in her own home where she could carry on with those most comforting rituals. Moreover, we implored, there were great grandchildren on the way, family reunions at the beach, weddings to attend, and seemingly unlimited opportunities for ongoing joy. Surely this was not her time. She remained skeptical but finally relented and allowed pacemaker insertion after we promised to turn it off if her health deteriorated. Never once did we think that this would be necessary. In the ensuing years her memory began to falter. She continued to welcome new great grandchildren but would often have trouble remembering their names or who they belonged to. The beach vacations were aborted as the change in environment was too disruptive and upsetting. Even her home, once a bastion of comfort, became fraught with danger–steps proved treacherous, the stove always seemed to be left on, doors were left open in the winter, and there was the endless awaiting for her deceased husband to come home fromwork. Despite all the extensive training I had in dementia care and palliative care, and an aunt who worked tirelessly as a geriatric nurse, my family had no answer for how to fund the home care she needed and certainly no panacea for her fruitless searches for Pa. We struggled with our aforementioned vow. Was it time to consider turning off the pacer? Were the periods when she still
Nmp4/CIZ suppresses the parathyroid hormone anabolic window by restricting mesenchymal stem cell and osteoprogenitor frequency.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) anabolic osteoporosis therapy is intrinsically limited by unknown mechanisms. We previously showed that disabling the transcription factor Nmp4/CIZ in mice expanded this anabolic window while modestly elevating bone resorption. This enhanced bone formation requires a lag period to materialize. Wild-type (WT) and Nmp4-knockout (KO) mice exhibited equivalent PTH-induced increases in bone at 2 weeks of treatment, but by 7 weeks, the null mice showed more new bone. At 3-week treatment, serum osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, peaked in WT mice, but continued to increase in null mice. To determine if 3 weeks is the time when the addition of new bone diverges and to investigate its cellular basis, we treated 10-week-old null and WT animals with human PTH (1–34) (30 μg/kg/day) or vehicle before analyzing femoral trabecular architecture and bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood phenotypic cell profiles. PTH-treated Nmp4-KO mice gained over 2-fold more femoral trabecular bone than WT b...
Experiments and comprehensive simulations of the formation of a helical turn.

We investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of a helical turn formation in the peptide Ac-WAAAH-NH2. NMR measurements indicate that this peptide has significant tendency to form a structure of a helical turn, while temperature dependent CD establishes the helix fraction at different temperatures. Molecular dynamics and milestoning simulations agree with experimental observables and suggest an atomically detailed picture for the turn formation. Using a network representation, two alternative mechanisms of folding are identified: (i) a direct co-operative mechanism from the unfolded to the folded state without intermediate formation of hydrogen bonds and (ii) an indirect mechanism with structural intermediates with two residues in a helical conformation. This picture is consistent with kinetic measurements that reveal two experimental time scales of sub-nanosecond and several nanoseconds.
Ultrastructure of dissociated adult mammalian myocytes

Abstract The ultrastructure of enzymatically isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Cells which appeared undamaged possessed an ultrastructure in common with myocytes of undissociated, ventricular tissue. Many cells were damaged and could be classified into one of three groups on the basis of damage incurred during dissociation: (1) fragmented, partially digested cells; (2) blebbing cells; (3) rounded cells with disorganized filaments. The presence of large surface blebs, observed by phase-contrast microcinematography, did not consistently impair spontaneous contractions. At the ultrastructural level, cells damaged in one region were frequently normal in other areas. A discrepancy exists between the viability of dissociated adult myocytes, as determined by trypan blue exclusion, and the per cent of cells damaged as indicated by transmission electron microscopy. The per cent of cells taking up trypan blue is less than the number observed to be damaged by transmission electron microscopy. Several possible explanations are put forward to explain the reasons why dissociated adult mammalian myocytes cannot survive for long periods of time in tissue culture.
Authentication in wireless communications

Easy access to radio links makes wireless communication susceptible to the exposure of sensitive information and fraudulent use of the services. These threats may come from outsiders who can only collect information on the radio links, or insiders who can somehow access a system's secret information. Through an authentication protocol, which verifies the identities of both parties over the wireless link and then establishes a common secret key between them, these threats can be reduced or even completely eliminated. With emphasis on the PCS- and GSM-like communication environments where users roam among multiple service domains and portable units are equipped with only limited battery power, the authors propose two efficient authentication protocols to provide services such as message confidentiality, caller ID confidentiality, call intractability, and fraud control. >
Adaptive coherence estimation reveals nonlinear processes in injured brain

Severe injury to the brain may be expected to produce a nonlinear response in evoked potentials (EPs). The authors present a coherence function based method which readily detects an altered brain function resulting from extraneous injury. The coherence function is used to measure the degree of linear association between the EP signals recorded during normal and abnormal experimental conditions. An adaptive coherence estimation algorithm is developed to estimate time-varying model parameters responsive to the brain injury. A linearity index is devised to obtain a single measure of the brain's departure from linearity. Analyses of somatosensory EP show a very sharp drop in the magnitude coherence estimates during hypoxic injury and a corresponding rapid decline in the linearity index at the very early stages of the hypoxic injury. >
Robust token management for unreliable networks

Token passing can provide efficient medium access control in heavily loaded networks. However, it has been perceived to be too fragile for use in networks with non-negligible packet loss rates. In this paper, we present a novel token management approach that quickly recovers from common token loss and duplication scenarios, and that deals efficiently with changes in network connectivity and membership. This token management scheme was developed for use in military high frequency radio networks, and may also be appropriate for other networks that experience significant packet loss rates and relatively long link turnaround times.