cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stasis and turnover in small shearwaters on Bermuda over the last 400 000 years (Aves: Procellariidae: Puffinus lherminieri group)

The extinct species Puffinus parvus Shufeldt of Bermuda is shown to be synonymous with the living taxon Puffinus boydi of the Cape Verde islands. This species occurred on Bermuda throughout the last 400 000 years, during both glacial and interglacial intervals, and into the Holocene up until the arrival of humans when introduced predators evidently caused its extirpation. Subsequently, the island was colonized briefly by the Caribbean species Puffinus lherminieri, which in turn was extirpated from the island in the 20th Century. The indications are that P. boydi successfully outcompeted P. lherminieri on Bermuda until it was removed through human agency, thus closely paralleling the situation documented for two species of Megadyptes penguins in New Zealand. Thus P. lherminieri and P. boydi have long functioned as biological species and should be considered as full species along with the cold-water species Puffinus baroli of the North Atlantic. Restoration efforts for small shearwaters on Bermuda should now focus on P. boydi rather than P. lherminieri. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 699–707.
Relating the Structure of ATP-Gated Ion Channel Receptors to Their Function

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the current literature that deals with the relationship of structure to function for the P2X receptor family. P2X receptors are ion channels that are opened and closed by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). All of the components necessary to ensure ion flux are contained in a single oligomeric assembly, including the receptor for extracellular ATP and the ion channel pore. Functional receptors are formed from homo- or heteromeric combinations of individual family members that impart unique properties to the ATP response. The functional domains of these receptors are identiﬁed using conventional mutagenesis to alter the phenotypic response of individual family members. Although P2X receptors bear little structural similarity to other ligand-gated ion channels, they do adhere to the general principles governing ion conduction through most transmembrane channels. Thus, as all ionotropic receptors, they assemble in a selective fashion, show a strong preference for some ions over others, and display equilibrium between the open and closed states of the channel that is modulated by selective agonists.
Elementary Theory of Line Broadening and Four-wave Mixing in Nonequilibrium Many-Particle Systems

The basic results of optical line broadening and four-wave mixing are deduced from first principles based on time-dependent many-body pertur- bation theory. The formalism allows us to write all the results in terms of nonequilibrium distribution functions without the need to assume a quasiequi- librium temperature. The connection of these results to the quantum Boltz- mann equation is shown, which is also derived from first principles. Last, specific predictions for electron-electron scattering are reviewed.
On the stability of the convex combinations of the stable irrational polynomials

The method given in E. Zeheb, 'Necessary and sufficient conditions for root clustering of a polytope of polynomials in a simply connected domain' IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Volume AC-34, No. 5, pp. 544-546, 1989, is extended to certain distributed parameter systems in order to check the stability of convex combinations of the irrational polynomials. Illustrative examples are included. >
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland

Abstract Purpose This is a retrospective analysis of the 50-year University of Florida experience treating adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland with radiation therapy. Materials and methods Between 1965 and 2015, 8 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland received radiation therapy with curative intent. Four patients received postoperative radiation therapy and 4 received definitive radiation therapy alone. The median follow-up was 3.3 years (range, 0.3 to 11.2 years). Results All 4 patients who received postoperative radiation therapy received 74.4 Gy. The 4 patients who received radiation therapy alone received a median dose of 72.3 Gy (range, 70.0 to 74.4 Gy). The overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 25% and 13%, respectively. The cause-specific survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 29% and 14%, respectively. The local control and freedom from metastases rates at 5 and 10 years were both 43%. Local recurrences occurred in 50% of patients, and distant metastatic disease occurred in 38% of patients. No patients experienced acute complications of treatment that warranted a treatment break. Two patients experienced bone exposure as late complications of treatment. Conclusions The results of this study illustrate the propensity for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland to recur both locally and with distant metastases despite aggressive local treatment measures. This study also demonstrates the relatively poor outcomes for individuals with this type of tumor.
Partial assignment of disulfide pairs in neurophysins.

The original report assigning the pairing of neurophysin's 14 half-cystine residues (Schlesinger et al. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 69,3350–3353) was based on an incorrect amino acid sequence. In the present study, re-investigation of the results of proteolytic fragmentation of bovine neurophysins indicates that the majority of the original assignments were incorrect. Three disulfide pairs are now assigned as Cys21-Cys44, Cys67-Cys85 and Cys74-Cys79. The pairing pattern indicates that neurophysin's variable carboxyl terminal region, separately encoded by the third gene exon, does not form a self-contained domain.
Selective role of nuclear medicine in evaluating the acute abdomen.

Evaluation of the acute abdomen has evolved with the introduction of the high-resolution imaging techniques of CT, ultrasound, and MR imaging, leaving scintigraphic examinations a limited although important role based on their noninvasive, physiologic, and functional nature. Bleeding studies can be used to localize noninvasively sites of bleeding to regions of the large or small bowel. Pertechnetate studies accurately localize sites of ectopic gastric mucosa. Biliary scintigraphy is helpful in diagnosing patients with acute presentation of biliary disease and is invaluable in analyzing complicated post-cholecystectomy patients. Vascular and traumatic injury of the solid organs can be studied by various functional techniques including biliary and renal scintigraphy. A niche for infectious imaging has been found in the evaluation of acute appendicitis.
Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the first two adiabatic ionizations of the water dimer

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital methods have been used to study the first two adiabatic ionizations of the water dimer. Both ionizations cause considerable geometrical rearrangements in the water dimer structure. Good agreement is found with experiment on the difference between the vertical and adiabatic energies for the first ionization.
Autoregulatory escape and post-escape hyperaemia in a capillaron model

Autoregulatory escape and post-escape hyperaemia were studied in a passive hydrodynamic model of the capillaron (ie, one or more soft-walled permeable capillaries enclosed together with extracapillary filtrate in a compliant capsule). Constriction was simulated in the model by reduction of the calibre of an orifice in the arteriole through which flow entered the ‘vascular bed’ of the capillaron. Constriction lowered the intracapillary pressure, and the capillary collapsed partially, with a resultant decrease in flow rate. The rate of filtration across the capillary wall into the extracapillary space of the capsule also declined. The falling extracapillary pressure increased the transmural pressure and reopened the capillary, returning flow to preconstriction values (autoregulatory escape). Reopening of the arterial constrition increased intravascular pressure, distending the capillary, with a transient increase in flow above the control value (post-escape hyperaemia). The time rate of constriction of the arterioles determined the magnitude of the fall in flow. The rate of removal of the arterial constriction determined the magnitude of the post-escape hyperaemia. These results show that the phenomena of autoregulatory escape and of post-escape hyperaemia resemble effects generated by passive changes in transmural capillary pressure. Such passive changes are affected by the rates of change of arteriolar constriction or relaxation. The effects of downstream capillary permeability and of capsular compliance on these phenomena were also examined.
Mixed-mode fatigue-crack growth thresholds in Ti-6Al-4V at high frequency

Multiaxial loading conditions exist at fatigue-critical locations within turbine engine components, particularly in association with fretting fatigue in the blade dovetail/disk contact section. For fatigue-crack growth in such situations, the resultant crack-driving force is a combination of the influence of a mode I (tensile opening) stress-intensity range, {Delta}K{sub I}, as well as mode II (in-plane shear) and/or mode III (anti-plane shear) stress-intensity ranges, {Delta}K{sub II} and {Delta}K{sub III}, respectively. For the case of the high-cycle fatigue of turbine-engine alloys, it is critical to quantify such behavior, as the extremely high cyclic loading frequencies ({approximately}1--2 kHz) and correspondingly short times to failure may necessitate a design approached based on the fatigue-crack growth threshold. Moreover, knowledge of such thresholds is required for accurate prediction of fretting fatigue failures. Accordingly, this paper presents the mixed-mode fatigue crack growth thresholds for mode I + II loading (phase angles from 0{degree} to 82{degree}) in a Ti-6Al-4V blade alloy. These results indicate that when fatigue-crack growth in this alloy is characterized in terms of the crack-driving force {Delta}G, which incorporates both the applied tensile and shear loading, the mode 1 fatigue-crack growth threshold is a lower bound (worst case) with respect to mixed-mode (I + II)more » crack-growth behavior.« less
Highly Efficient Charge Separation and Collection across in Situ Doped Axial VLS-Grown Si Nanowire p–n Junctions

VLS-grown semiconductor nanowires have emerged as a viable prospect for future solar-based energy applications. In this paper, we report highly efficient charge separation and collection across in situ doped Si p–n junction nanowires with a diameter <100 nm grown in a cold wall CVD reactor. Our photoexcitation measurements indicate an internal quantum efficiency of ∼50%, whereas scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements reveal effective minority carrier diffusion lengths of ∼1.0 μm for electrons and 0.66 μm for holes for as-grown Si nanowires (dNW ≈ 65–80 nm), which are an order of magnitude larger than those previously reported for nanowires of similar diameter. Further analysis reveals that the strong suppression of surface recombination is mainly responsible for these relatively long diffusion lengths, with surface recombination velocities (S) calculated to be 2 orders of magnitude lower than found previously for as-grown nanowires, all of which used hot wall reactors. The degree of surface passiva...
Doppler tomography of O-type binaries: The physical properties of seven systems

We have analyzed UV photospheric lines of seven O-type binaries, by means of cross-correlation and Doppler tomographic methods, with the goal of estimating the physical properties of the individual stars. These systems are HD 1337 (AO Cas), HD 47129 (Plaskett’s star), HD 57060 (29 UW CMa), HD 37043 (Iota Ori), HD 215835 (DH Cep), HD 152218, and HD 152248. Mass ratios have been obtained primarily from a cross-correlation technique, but also by several other techniques. The tomographic techniques allow us to separate the spectra of the components. We then can estimate the individual spectral types and luminosity classes of the stars (and hence T eff and log g, respectively), the luminosity ratio, and projected rotational velocities.
Spontaneous emission of an excited atom in a randomly occupied optical lattice

Abstract The problem of spontaneous emission of an excited atom embedded inside a randomly occupied optical lattice is discussed herein by explicitly calculating the emission rate of the atom. After separately analyzing two properties of the lattice, a long range of regularity and randomness, we find that since the statistics of the density fluctuations of the trapped atoms on the lattice favor higher-order correlations whose numerical values are nevertheless rather small, the randomness merely plays a weak role, compared with the regularity, in determining the atom’s spontaneous emission rate. We also find that the number of multiple scattering channels, previously defined [Phys. Rev. E 69 (2004) 036602] to describe light propagation inside a discrete medium with a long range of regularity, is still important in the atom’s radiative evolution: As it changes from one value to another, the atom’s spontaneous emission rate is brought to local extreme values.
PLANNING PROCESS ARCHETYPES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

Case studies of planning were profiled to identify how practitioners carry out a planning process. Five archetype processes emerged from the analyses which were named evaluative, historical model, off-the-shelf, search, and nova. These five processes were compared in terms of their adoption rate and perceived quality. The evaluative process was found to be the most successful, followed by the historical model and off-the-shelf processes. Nova and search processes had the least success. Contextual factors, such as time pressure and resources available, were included in the analyses to identify conditions of use for each process type. In situations where time pressure was high or the planning concerned services, the off-the-shelf model produced the best results; in situations where time pressure was low or the planning concerned internal operations, the historical model produced the best results. Most of the planning activity in organizations appears to be informal and heuristic, ignoring the methods described in the planning literature.
Performance of Optically Microwave Switching Devices Coupled

The performance of optically coupled microwave switching devices for pulse generation or other applications is detailed. The bias dependence of the RF power transfer is presented for a range of operating frequencies, thereby establishing the bias conditions required for a given ON/OFF ratio and insertion loss. Limits on peak RF power level and pulse repetition rate, as well as limitations arising from harmonic distortion and shot noise, are also examined.
The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga

Worldwide amphibian declines have been a concern for biologists for the past several decades. The causes of such declines may include habitat loss, invasive species, pathogens, and man-made chemicals. Agricultural herbicides, in particular, are known to interfere with reproduction in amphibians and are likely contributing to population declines. We tested the effects of the herbicide atrazine on developing spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and their symbiotic green alga Oophila amblystomatis. We exposed spotted salamander egg masses to atrazine at concentrations of 0 μg/L (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/L. Algae were eliminated in all atrazine treatments. Hatching success was significantly lower for atrazine-treated egg masses than for the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. The highest developmental stage reached by the embryos was significantly lower in the atrazine treatments than in the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. These results indicate that atrazine exposure affected spotted salamanders both directly by causing pathologies and mortality in embryos and indirectly by eliminating their symbiotic alga.
Synthesis and structural characterization of 3-thienyl alkyl imides

Abstract Five new thiophene imides having the structures C4H3SC(O)N(H)C(O)R (where R=Me, Et, Pr, t-Bu, 1–4 ) and C4H3SCH2C(O)N(H)C(O)CH3 5 have been prepared. Control over the orientation of the carbonyl groups was achieved by the introduction of a bulky group in the terminal position of the side chain, and molecular modeling calculations indicated that the energy difference between the ct and tt conformations is small. The acidity of 1–4 decreases from Me to t-Bu, and, although 1–4 will not undergo oxidative polymerization, the introduction of a single spacer CH2 group allows 5 to polymerize.
Subpicosecond Spectroscopy of Charge Separation in Rhodobacter capsulatus Reaction Centers

The time-evolution of the near-infrared absorption changes accompanying the conversion of the excited primary electron donor, P*, to the radical pair state, P+BPhL−, has been examined in detail in Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers. In a series of spectra spanning the time interval from about 600 fs to 15 ps, two isosbestic points occurring at 765 run and 798 nm are maintained throughout. The finding of an isosbestic point at 798 nm in this series of spectra, which encompass the time during which P* decays and BPhL− forms, places severe constraints on the possible reduction of the 800-nm-absorbing monomeric BChlL in the initial stage of the charge-separation process. The near-infrared P* spectrum, which is revealed clearly only when P is excited directly in its long-wavelength absorption band, contains bleaching only of the 855-nm band and a broad featureless transient absorption below 810 nm. This spectrum shows that P does not contribute any significant oscillator strength to the 800-nm ground state absorption band.
Measurement of bone density in the pediatric population.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of pediatric bone density. Osteoporosis of the adult is a well established clinical problem, and algorithms to diagnose and treat this disease are recognized throughout the medical community. Osteoporosis or ‘low bone mass’ in pediatrics, on the other hand, is a rather new and evolving area, with certain unique diagnostic and clinical challenges. Recent findings Recent findings in the literature include benefits and limitations of pediatric bone densitometry techniques, proper interpretation of the results of these various techniques, efforts to establish standards and guidelines for diagnosing low bone mass in children and adolescents, optimization of bone growth and mineral accrual for life, pediatric bone mineral density and fracture risk prediction, as well as a clearer awareness of bone fragility in children. Summary Throughout the last decade, great strides have been made in our understanding of pediatric metabolic bone disease. These will be the focus of this review.
Social Behaviors and Gender Differences Among Preschoolers: Implications for Science Activities

Abstract Ethnographic studies involving the learning of science by younger children are fewer in number compared with other science education studies. This two-year study focused on the social behaviors and gender differences among preschoolers (4 to 5 years old) engaging in science activities. Findings indicate that the social behaviors of boys and girls were stereotypical. Boys tended to exhibit curiosity, spontaneity, and extensive prior knowledge about nature (vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants). Boys also tended toward aggressive, competitive, and sometimes violent behavior. Girls tended to display a submissive countenance, fear of arthropods, yet caring for the welfare of other animals. During free time, preference for same-gender peer interactions was observed while boys played with Legos, blocks, and cars, whereas girls played with puzzles, books, and the housekeeping center. These toy preferences have implications for science education. The science concepts learned during group time the previ...
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DUMAS, MOORE COUNTY, TEXAS, AEROLITE (CN = 1017,357:)*

An account is presented of the circumstances relating to the finding and identification of the Dumas, Moore County, Texas, aerolite (CN = 1017,357:). A chemical analysis and details concerning the surface features and the internal structure of this interesting 46.05-kg. stone are given. The meteorite is notable for the high content of nickel-iron (about 19.50%) that it contains. The metal not only occurs as widely disseminated individual grains, but also is concentrated in lenses and irregular nuggets, and in extended, branching veins, often of great delicacy. The Dumas aerolite is classified as a veined, crystalline, spherulitic chondrite, C(ckv).
Food habits of California voles, Microtus californicus, in artichokes, Cynara scolymus

Abstract The California vole (Microtus californicus) is the most serious vertebrate pest of artichokes (Cynara scolymus) in California. A microhistological analysis of the stomach contents of 45 voles collected at intervals from November 1983 to July 1985 from seven different artichoke fields indicated that artichoke was a significant and the major component of their diet during all seasons. In the spring (April) collections, the amount of artichoke consumed was somewhat reduced and about equal to all other food items combined due to increased consumption of grasses (wild oat, Avena fatua, and common foxtail, Hordeum leporinum) and/or oxalis (Oxalis pes-caprae) at that time of year. Other items consumed in relatively minor amounts by voles in artichoke fields were cheeseweed (Malva parviflora), chickweed (Stellaria media), mustard (Brassica spp.), and insects. This study clearly illustrates that artichoke may comprise the bulk of the diet of California voles and in part explains the severity of the damage they often cause. The reasons for apparent seasonal dietary shifts are discussed.
Calonectria pseudonaviculata can cause leaf spot and stem blight of Pachysandra procumbens.

The authors' objective in this study was to determine the susceptibility of P. procumbens to C. pseudonaviculata. This is the first report of C. pseudonaviculatum causing a leaf spot and stem lesio...
The Thermal Deprotection Process in an E-Beam Exposed, Phenolic-Based Polymer.

In our current work, we have examined the e-beam sensitivity and thermal processing behavior of pure PBOCST [poly(tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene)]. An alkali soluble latent image can be generated in the PBOCST by e-beam exposure followed by a post-exposure bake (PEB) at relatively high temperatures (140 to 150 o C). Pattern wet development operates on the same basis as a PBOCST/acid generator two component system. Deprotection, accelerated by the exposure, yields alkali soluble areas, while unexposed areas remain insoluble. Sensitivities of 5 to 10 μC/cm 2 and contrasts of 6 to 10 have been measured
Colonic Villous Adenoma: Monoclonal Origin

A colonic villous adenoma removed from a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) heterozygous patient was studied. The mucosal cells were separated to eliminate the contaminating nonadenoma cells by enzymatic disaggregation followed by isokinetic gradient centrifugation. The mucosal cells from this colonic polyp contained a single G6PD isoenzyme. Our study demonstrates clonality of this type of polyp and the value of the cell separation techniques in the experimental oncology. (JAMA1982;247:829-830)
The shape of the hazard function in breast carcinoma: curability of the disease revisited.

BACKGROUND The question of curability of breast carcinoma remains controversial. Because the probability of cure essentially is an asymptotic notion, the corresponding estimation problems call for special statistical methods. Such methods should account for an intimate connection between the probability of cure and the shape of the hazard function. METHODS The study was performed on survival data for 13,166 women with breast carcinoma identified through the Utah Cancer Registry and stratified by clinical stage and age at diagnosis. For these patients, the follow-up period was 30 years. Three estimation procedures were used for estimating the hazard function from the data: the life table estimator, a kernel counterpart of the Nelson-Aalen estimator, and a parametric estimator specifically designed for two-component hazards. The parametric estimate of the hazard function was used to provide estimates of cure rates for each category of patients. RESULTS For all categories of patients under study, the estimated hazard functions passed through a clear-cut maximum, showing a tendency to decrease as time approached the end of a follow-up period. The hazards appeared to be nonproportional across the strata. The estimated values of the cure rate and the corresponding confidence intervals were determined for each stratum of patients with breast carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study strongly suggest that cure is a possible outcome of breast carcinoma treatment. The condition of proportionality of risks is not met in breast carcinoma survival data. Cancer 1999;85:1789–98. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Chronic, Topical Administration of 4-Aminobiphenyl Induces Tissue-Specific DNA Adducts in Mice

Abstract While current human exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is mainly through inhalation, historically, occupational exposure occurred most often through the skin. 4-ABP targets the urinary bladder in humans, dogs, and rats and the liver and urinary bladder in mice. This study examines the time course of DNA adduct levels in mouse target tissues, liver and urinary bladder, and nontarget tissues, lung and skin, after repeated dermal exposure to subcarcinogenic doses of 4-ABP. It was found that, in female mice dermally treated with 50 nmol of 4-ABP twice weekly for 21 weeks, DNA adduct levels measured by 32 P-postlabeling increased over time in target and nontarget tissues, but the greatest rate of accumulation occurred in urinary bladder. At 21 weeks liver, urinary bladder, and skin reached their highest median adduct levels of 55, 82, and 58, respectively. Median adduct levels in lung reached a maximum of 3.2 at 3 weeks of exposure. An adduct which had similar chromatographic properties to a standard previously identified as N -(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)–4-aminobiphenyl was the primary adduct detected in all tissues. There were significant correlations in adduct levels between liver and urinary bladder and liver and skin, but not between skin and urinary bladder. These data suggest that urinary bladder adducts are the result of hepatic and not dermal activation. However, adducts were detected at relatively high levels in skin but not in lung, suggesting that skin may have the metabolic capacity to activate 4-ABP when it is applied topically.
Overall population growth in periodic environment

We consider populations with an exponential growth or decay and random life time. We assume that the calendar time is subdivided into consecutive time periods of equal length. After successive completion of the nth growth period, with probability α, there will be an accumulated overall population cn, (c>1 means growth, c 1. We elaborate on the properties of the random variable M and discuss possible applications to environmental studies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speech without a speaking body: “Japanese women's language” in translation

Abstract Central to the way in which “women's language” is experienced in the Japanese everyday is a profound cognitive dissonance: The majority of women do not speak “women's language” and, yet, they recognize it as their own language. This article seeks to understand how metalinguistic devices—such as reported speech and quotation—and the intertextuality that they create serve both to produce and at the same time to normalize such dissonance, and thus women's language as language ideology. To make my point, I will focus on reported speech in interlingual translation, and its role in the reproduction of the idea of women's language.
Social Work Faculty and GLBT Diversity Content: Findings from a National Sample of Social Work Faculty

Multicultural diverse groups are defined as a group of individuals possessing shared life experiences peculiar to that group, or possessing unique social status, rules, or languages (Gilson & DePoy, 2001). The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) has mandated teaching gay and lesbian multicultural content since 1992 (CSWE, 1992). Approximately 326 regionally stratified national social work instructors were surveyed during January and February 2006. An exploratory survey was constructed to measure teaching the two constructs of knowledge and attitudes of multicultural competency as adapted from Crisp and DiNitto (2004). This descriptive study measures opinions of social work (SW) faculty/instructors’ knowledge and values relating to teaching nine identified multicultural diverse groups when compared to teaching gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered (GLBT) content. This study uses a stratified random sample and attempts to measure how well instructors are teaching multicultural content within 10 identifi...
A weakly definable type which is not definable

For each completion of Peano Arithmetic there is a weakly definable type which is not definable.
Series Solution for Finite Displacement of Planar Four-Bar Linkages

A time-varying instantaneous screw characterizes the motion of a rigid body. The kinematic differential equation expresses the path taken by any point on that rigid body in terms of this screw. Therefore, when a revolute joint is attached to a moving link in a planar kinematic chain, the path taken by the center of that revolute joint is the solution to such an equation. The instantaneous screw of a link in that chain is in turn determined by the action of the joints connecting that link to ground, where the contribution of each joint to that instantaneous screw is determined by its actuation rate and center point. Substituting power series expansions for joint rates into the kinematic differential equations for joint centers, and expressing loop closure as a linear constraint on the instantaneous screws of the links, a recurrence relation is established that solves for the coefficients in those power series. The resulting solution is applied to determine the equilibrium pendulum tilt of the United Aircraft TurboTrain. Comparing that power series approximation with an exact kinematic analysis shows convergence properties of the series.
The analysis of consolidation by a quasi‐Newton technique

A quasi-Newton algorithm is implemented for the solution of multi-dimensional, linear consolidation problems. The study is motivated by the need to implement an efficient equation-solving technique for the solution of large systems of equations typical in problems of consolidation of saturated porous media. The proposed procedure obviates the need to reassemble and re-factorize the global coefficient matrix every load increment, albeit the time step may be held variable in the analysis. The method employs the combined techniques of ‘line search’ and BFGS updates applied to the coupled equations. A numerical example is presented to show that the proposed method is computationally more efficient than the conventional direct equation-solving scheme, particularly when solving large systems of finite element equations.
Application of Cross-Flow Microfiltration for the Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflow Wastewater

Application of cross-flow microfiltration with and without backpulsing is evaluated for the treatment of dilute primary sewage effluent simulating combined sewer overflow wastewater. Four alpha alumina ceramic membranes of various pores sizes (0.2-5.0μm) were tested to understand the impact of cross-flow velocity and transmembrane pressure on the permeate water quality and flux rate. The 0.2 and 0.8μm membranes produced a permeate water quality that is likely to be suitable for surface water discharge. The combination of permeate chemical and biological water quality and long-term flux rates suggest that a 0.2μm membrane would be the most appropriate membrane for the treatment of combined sewer overflow wastewater within sewersheds.
JAK2, Ras, and Raf are required for activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase by growth hormone.

Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the JAK family have been characterized on the basis of their ability to mediate the rapid induction of transcription of interferon-responsive genes through the stimulation of a class of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). STAT activation, which has been described as being Ras-independent, requires tyrosine phosphorylation, but STAT transactivating activity is enhanced by phosphorylation on serine as well, probably by extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase(s) (ERK/MAPK). STATs can be activated upon binding of ligands to receptor PTKs, to G-protein-linked receptors, and to cytokine receptors. Whether JAKs are required for the activation of signaling pathways other than that leading to STAT activation is not known. The binding of growth hormone (GH) to its receptor (GHR) activates JAK2 and STATs as well as ERK/MAP kinases. We have used a transient transfection system in 293 cells to evaluate the requirement for JAK2 in the activation of ERK2/MAPK by GH. We found that JAK2 is required for GH-stimulated activation of ERK2/MAPK. Employing the transient expression of dominant negative forms of H-Ras and Raf-1, we determined that the GHR/JAK2-mediated activation of ERK2/MAPK is dependent on both Ras and Raf. Thus, JAK protein-tyrosine kinases may represent a common component in the activation of the ERK2/MAPK and STAT signaling pathways, which appear to bifurcate upstream of Ras activation but converge with ERK/MAPK phosphorylation of STATs.
Runaway particle production in de Sitter space

We examine a particle-production mechanism for scalar lambdacphi/sup 4/ theory in de Sitter space which has the feature that the rate of particle production is proportional to the number of particles present, yielding an exponentially increasing rate of production. General arguments strongly suggest that this process is generic to any renormalizable interacting theory on de Sitter space. The interpretation of this process and its relation to the response of freely falling ''particle detectors'' is discussed.
How memory for an event is influenced by related events: Interference in modified recognition tests.

How is memory for a target event impaired by learning related events? The present experiment addressed the question by showing nature pictures (targets) that were followed by related pictures (experimental items) or by unrelated pictures (control items)
Sustainability and Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia

“Sustainable development” currently has a firm grip on the lexicon of development agencies from the World Bank to small nongovernmental organizations, but it offers little practical guidance for tackling diverse problems in specific places. The concept is of particular importance to pastoral populations throughout the world—those people dependent on livestock raising in arid or semiarid lands whose survival depends on their ability physically and politically to maintain access to their pastures. This paper compares two pastoralist populations—East African Maasai and pastoralists of Mongolia—to discuss recent changes in the pastoral way of life and to describe what sustainability has meant in the past and what sustainability needs to mean in the future for pastoralist populations.
Apparent Germline Mosaicism for a Novel 19p13.13 Deletion Disrupting NFIX and CACNA1A

We report on a case of apparent germline mosaicism in a family of two sisters carrying a novel 19p13.13 deletion. The 11-year-old proposita was referred for evaluation of macrocephaly, moderate intellectual disability (ID), and episodic ataxia. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) detected a 399 kb microdeletion with breakpoints within genes NFIX and CACNA1A. A similar deletion was also seen in the elder sibling who presented with macrocephaly, ID, and strabismus. The deletions were confirmed to be de novo after the parental aCGH analysis suggesting that this is an example of germinal mosaicism. This study contributes additional information for the newly identified 19p13 deletion syndrome and clarifies the clinical roles of genes in the involved region. This case of apparent germline mosaicism represents the only known family in the cohort of 1,800 patients analyzed by our group. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resonance topology of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Equations for the determination of the number of unexcited resonance forms (N) for several lattice systems of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have been developed, e.g., for the square (parallelogram) model, S[m, n], the symmetric circular systems C[m,n], and the rectangular model R[m, n], using combinatorial mathematics. Equations for the three major classes (R, C, S) of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons can be reduced to a generalized formula. An additional form, the skew strip model, Z[m, n], is also described, for which N may be determined by an independent formula. However, an addition of one ring to the R[m, n] series will result in a Z[m + 1, n] series. Thus, ring addition may transfer a lattice from one geometrical system to another, both subject to description by the same set of internally consistent equations for the calculation of N. The successive coupling of benzene rings to a specific series is general, so that an explicit formula for N of an intermediate lattice, e.g., the peropyrene type molecule, PP[m, n], can be derived from a known model type, e.g., C[m, n]. The four major models (R, C, S, and Z) discussed are descriptive of most polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons frequently encountered.
Lip-reading and the ventilated patient.

Objective:To present a clinical ethics case report that illustrates the benefits of using lip-reading interpreters for ventilated patients who are capable of mouthing words.Design:Case report.Setting:The burn unit of a university teaching hospital in New York City.Patient:A 75-yr-old man was admitte
Non-cell autonomous influence of the astrocyte system xc- on hypoglycaemic neuronal cell death.

Despite longstanding evidence that hypoglycaemic neuronal injury is mediated by glutamate excitotoxicity, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved remain incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that the excitotoxic neuronal death that follows GD (glucose deprivation) is initiated by glutamate extruded from astrocytes via system xc−– – an amino acid transporter that imports L-cystine and exports L-glutamate. Specifically, we find that depriving mixed cortical cell cultures of glucose for up to 8 h injures neurons, but not astrocytes. Neuronal death is prevented by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonism and is partially sensitive to tetanus toxin. Removal of amino acids during the deprivation period prevents – whereas addition of L-cystine restores – GD-induced neuronal death, implicating the cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc−–. Indeed, drugs known to inhibit system xc−– ameliorate GD-induced neuronal death. Further, a dramatic reduction in neuronal death is observed in chimaeric cultures c...
Reply to "Comment on 'Semimetal-to-semiconductor transition in bismuth thin films' "

The suppression of intrinsic carrier generation does not in itself constitute proof that a semimetal-to-semiconductor transition has occurred. However, we present a realistic statistical analysis that demonstrates that the Bi film data do in fact imply the opening of a \ensuremath{\approxeq}56-meV energy gap in the thinnest sample (200 \AA{}) studied. The standard vanishing-wave-function model accounts for the experimental observations, whereas the alternative vanishing-gradient model yields results that are inherently inconsistent with the data.
Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoproteins in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Objectives Our aim was to determine if chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurring in childhood impairs the normally vasoprotective functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Materials and methods HDLs were isolated from children with end-stage renal disease on dialysis (ESRD), children with moderate CKD and controls with normal kidney function. Macrophage response to HDLs was studied as expression of inflammatory markers (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β) and chemotaxis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used for expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) and adhesion. Cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis of endothelial cells were measured by MTS/PMS reagent-based assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA. Cholesterol efflux was assessed by gas chromatographic measurements of cholesterol in macrophages exposed to HDLs. Results Compared with HDL Control , HDL CKD and HDL ESRD heightened the cytokine response and disrupted macrophage chemotaxis. HDL Control reduced endothelial expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, whereas HDL CKD and HDL ESRD were less effective and showed reduced capacity to protect endothelial cells against monocyte adhesion. Compared with a dramatically enhanced endothelial proliferation following injurious stimulus by HDL Control , neither HDL CKD nor HDL ESRD caused proliferative effects. HDLs of all three groups were equally protective against apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry and cleaved caspase-3 activity. Compared to HDL Control , HDL CKD and HDL ESRD trended toward reduced capacity as cholesterol acceptors. Conclusion CKD in children impairs HDL function. Even in the absence of long-standing and concomitant risk factors, CKD alters specific HDL functions linked to control of inflammation and endothelial responses.
Counterpoints in the sociology of leisure

Abstract In this article I develop three themes in the contemporary sociological study of leisure: (1) Leisure is complex, despite the deceptive appeal of simplification. (2) Leisure is social, embedded in the roles and conflicts of a divided social system. (3) Leisure is contextual without being determined. Leisure should not be trivialized; it is important just because it is complex, social and contextual.
Ab initio study of CNT NO2 gas sensor

Abstract NO 2 gas adsorption, diffusion, and reaction on a single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) surface are studied using ab initio simulations. The small diffusion barriers of NO 2 on SWNT surface suggest that NO 2 molecules can produce NO and NO 3 through chemical reactions. From the estimation of diffusion barriers and binding energies of NO 2 , NO, and NO 3 on a SWNT surface, we show that NO 3 is the most likely long-lived species on SWNT. This finding enables us to explain why the experimental recovery times of NO 2 gas sensors have been measured to be as long as 12 h.
Gas-Phase Study of the Formation and Dissociation of Fe(CO)4H2: Kinetics and Bond Dissociation Energies

Time-resolved IR spectroscopy has been used to study the oxidative addition of H2 to Fe(CO)4 and its reverse reaction, the reductive elimination of H2 from Fe(CO)4H2, in the gas phase. The rate con...
Nonequilibrium solidification of poly(ethylene oxide)-sodium thiocyanate mixtures

Mixtures of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) were isothermally crystallized at temperatures between 7 and 37° C, below the eutectic temperature Te=63° C. The stable phases are semicrystalline polyethylene oxide, SPEO, and a crystalline complex, CC, with the formula PEO3 NaSCN; these two solids grow by different mechanisms. Salt mole fraction was varied between 0.067⩽X⩽0.143 for studies by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Solidification was observed to proceed by primary growth followed by coupled growth at a nonequilibrium composition X′e much greater than the equilibrium eutectic composition Xe=0.026. The boundaries of this skewed coupled zone could not be determined because of a dependence of X′e on the nature of the primary phase.
Negative regulatory regions are present upstream in the three mouse neurofilament genes

Abstract We have cloned and examined the 5′ flanking regions of the heavy (NF-H), light (NF-L) and mid-sized (NF-M) mouse neurofilament (NF) genes in order to begin to characterize the regions of each gene that regulate NF transcription. Chimeric plasmids bearing the CAT reporter gene and deletion mutants of the upstream NF genes were transiently transfected into neuronal (PC12 and Neuro 2A) and non-neuronal (HeLa) cell lines. Constructs bearing upstream regions to −4000 in NF-H, to −5600 in NF-L and to −4500 in NF-M were expressed at low levels in neuronal and in non-neuronal cells. Progressive deletion of 5′ flanking sequence to −385 in NF-H, to −325 in NF-L and to −505 in NF-M caused a several-fold increase of transcription from the transfected plasmids. Increases of transcription by deletion mutants followed a similar pattern in neuronal and in non-neuronal cell lines. Negative upstream regions are located between −1314 and −385 in NF-H, between −936 and −325 in NF-L and between −874 and −505 in NF-M. Additional negative regions are present further upstream in NF-L and in NF-H. The negative regions of NF-H and of NF-L suppress transcription when placed in either orientation in front of the SV40 or a heterologous NF promoter. These studies demonstrate that the three mouse NF genes possess similar functional features, namely, that of a relatively strong and promiscuous promoter with negative upstream elements. The role of the negative elements in regulating NF expression remains unclear
BIOENERGETIC STUDIES OF CELLS WITH SPIN PROBES

Nitroxide spin labels have been used successfully for a diversity of biological studies. Recently another application of spin labels has evolved - the measurement of bioenergetic parameters. These bioenergetic parameters are: cell volumes, pH and electrical gradients across membranes, electrical surface and boundary potentials, and one-electron reduction/oxidation potentials within specific cellular domains. Two basic approaches for bioenergetic measurements have been elaborated: in the first, membrane binding of certain nitroxides is exploited to relate partitioning of these probes between aqueous and membrane domains to energized states; the second consists of quantitating probe concentrations by direct measurements of spectral lines in all of the relevant cellular compartments. The latter approach avoids difficulties associated with model system calibrations by virtue of performing direct measurements of probe concentrations using membrane-impermeable paramagnetic broadening agents to selectively eradicate signals for the extracellular water. Here the authors present the technique that uses paramagnetic broadening agents for bioenergetic measurements.
Effects of salsolinol, a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, on multiple schedule performance in rats

Rats were trained to lever press under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Intracerebroventricular injections of salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline), a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, caused a dose-related decrease in fixed-ratio responding over a dosage range of 15-120 microgram. In contrast, fixed-interval responding was only reduced at the 120 microgram dose and was increased in two of the animals after injection of 15-30 microgram of salsolinol.