cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground penetrating radar utilization in exploring inadequate concrete covers in a new bridge deck

The reinforced concrete cast in place four span deck of a concrete bridge near Roanoke, Texas, was recently completed. Due to possible construction errors, it was suspected that the concrete covers in the deck did not conform to drawings and specifications. A full scale non-destructive evaluation of the concrete covers was carried out using ground penetrating radar (GPR) equipment. Cover values were determined from the radargram generated from the scan. The estimated covers were plotted on contour maps. Migration data can substitute the drilling based ground truth data without compromising the concrete cover estimations, except for areas with very high cover values. Areas with high water content may result in inaccurate concrete dielectric constants. Based on the results, significant retrofitting of the bridge deck, such as additional overlay, was recommended.
Probability of infancy problems for space launch vehicles

Abstract This paper addresses the treatment of ‘infancy problems’ in the reliability analysis of space launch systems. To that effect, we analyze the probability of failure of launch vehicles in their first five launches. We present methods and results based on a combination of Bayesian probability and frequentist statistics designed to estimate the system's reliability before the realization of a large number of launches. We show that while both approaches are beneficial, the Bayesian method is particularly useful when the experience base is small (i.e. for a new rocket). We define reliability as the probability of success based on a binary failure/no failure event. We conclude that the mean failure rates appear to be higher in the first and second flights (≈1/3 and 1/4, respectively) than in subsequent ones (third, fourth and fifth), and Bayesian methods do suggest that there is indeed some difference in launch risk over the first five launches. Yet, based on a classical frequentist analysis, we find that for these first few flights, the differences in the mean failure rates over successive launches or over successive generations of vehicles, are not statistically significant (i.e. do not meet a 95% confidence level). This is true because the frequentist analysis is based on a fixed confidence level (here: 95%), whereas the Bayesian one allows more flexibility in the conclusions based on a full probability density distribution of the failure rate and therefore, permits better interpretation of the information contained in a small sample. The approach also gives more insight into the considerable uncertainty in failure rate estimates based on small sample sizes.
Meiotic drive in fungi: chromosomal elements that cause fratricide and distort genetic ratios

Fungal Spore killers (Sk), studied most extensively inNeurospora and to a lesser extent inPodospora, Gibberella andCochliobolus, cause the death of ascospores (= meiospores) that do not contain the killer (Skk) element. When a Spore killer is heterozygous (SkK× Sks) inNeurospora, every ascus (= meiocyte) contains four normal-sized, black, viable ascospores (SkK), and four ascospores that are tiny, unpigmented and unviable (SKs). Killing of sensitive nuclei is expressed postmeiotically, and results in gross distortion of segregation ratios forSk-linked genes. A sensitive nucleus that would otherwise die is rescued if a killer nucleus is also enclosed in the same ascospore. InNeurospora, Sk is centromere-linked (linkage group III), and when heterozygous, shows a recombination block in a 30-map-unit region spanning the centromere of linkage group III. There is no ascospore death or recombination block in killer×killer or sensitive×sensitive crosses. Spore killers are fairly common inGibberella fujikuroi andNeurospora sitophila but extremely rare inN. intermedia, and have not yet been found among natural isolates ofN. crassa.
Determining the small solutions to s -unit equations

In this paper we generalize the method of Wildanger for finding small solutions to unit equations to the case of S-unit equations. The method uses a minor generalization of the LLL based techniques used to reduce the bounds derived from transcendence theory, followed by an enumeration strategy based on the Fincke-Pohst algorithm. The method used reduces the computing time needed from MIPS years down to minutes.
The relationship between plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone levels and production of hypertension in the rat.

18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) significantly raises blood pressure in the rat, but its physiologic relevance is challenged by lack of correlation of this effect with steroid blood levels and by relatively low mineralocorticoid potency. In this study, 200 μg/day 18-OH-DOC, a physiologically attainable amount, was continuously infused into uninephrectomized saline-drinking Sprague-Dawley male rats. After week 3, 18-OH-DOC significantly elevated blood pressure (P < 0.005 vs control), to levels statistically indistinguishable from those caused by 125 μg/day DOCA, but in contrast to DOCA, did not significantly affect electrolytes, fluid intake, heart or kidney weight. These effects occurred at plasma levels of 18-OH-DOC significantly higher than unstressed controls but lower than those occurring in animals sacrificed under more stressful conditions. We conclude that (1) 18-OH-DOC, at physio-logically attainable dosage and blood levels, significantly elevates blood pressure, in this study, to levels no different statistically from 63% as much DOCA; (2) 18-OH-DOC caused no measurable mineralocor-ticoid-associated changes; thus (3) the blood pressure-altering and mineralocorticoid effects of 18-OH-DOC are of different orders of magnitude. The finding that 18-OH-DOC produces significant rise in blood pressure without affecting plasma potassium supports a possible role of 18-OH-DOC in production or perpetuation of hypertensive states such as adrenal regeneration hypertension.
Status of the QCDSP project

Abstract We describe the completed 8,192-node, 0.4Tflops machine at Columbia as well as the 12,288-node, 0.6Tflops machine assembled at the RIKEN Brookhaven Research Center. Present performance as well as our experience in commissioning these large machines is presented. We outline our on-going physics program and explain how the configuration of the machine is varied to support a wide range of lattice QCD problems, requiring a variety of machine sizes. Finally a brief discussion is given of future prospects for large-scale lattice QCD machines.
A kinetic study of rat salivary gland alkaline phosphatase and its inhibition by cadmium

Alkaline phosphatase, confined to myoepithelial cells and blood capillaries in rat submandibular salivary gland (SSG), may participate in the regulation of salivary flow. To determine whether the alkaline phosphatase of SSG has unique properties, comparative kinetic and inhibition studies on enzymes from SSG, intestine and kidney were performed. The Km values (at optimal pH for each tissue) of 0.34, 0.55 and 0.49 mM with p-nitrophenylphosphate for the enzymes from SSG, kidney and small intestine respectively were similar. However, in the presence of cadmium the Ki values of 0.08 and 0.12 microM for the enzymes from SSG and kidney respectively were different from the value of 1.86 microM for the enzyme from small intestine. Differences in Ki values suggest differences in biochemical properties between the enzyme from small intestine and that isolated from SSG or kidney.
Multiplicative and subtractive focal volume engineering in coherent Raman microscopy

Rigorous calculations are performed to study the effective reduction of the nonlinear excitation volumes when using phase-only masks to condition the pump and Stokes driving fields. Focal volume reduction was achieved using both a multiplicative operation of the excitation fields as well as a subtractive operation. Using a tunable optical bottle beam for the Stokes field, an effective reduction of the width of the excitation volume by a factor of 1.5 can be achieved in the focal plane. Further reduction of the focal volume introduces a rapid growth of sidelobes, which renders such volumes unsuitable for imaging applications. In addition, phase sensitive detection was found to provide information from selective sub-divisions of the engineered coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering excitation volume. In the case of isolated nanoparticles, an apparent resolution improvement by a factor of 3 is demonstrated, and it is shown that the size of sub-diffraction-limited particles can be accurately determined using phase sensitive detection.
Results from the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study in selected communities in Northern and Southern California

Abstract Volatile organic compound levels (VOCs) in breath, personal air, fixed outdoor air and drinking water samples were measured and compared for a probability sample of individuals in Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg, California during 1984. In addition, comparisons were made between seasons (winter vs spring) in Los Angeles for individuals sampled in both seasons. The statistics presented to compare the sites and seasons were primarily percent measurable and concentration levels (e.g. sample medians). For most comparisons, 13 VOC levels were examined for breath, personal and outdoor air samples and four VOCs for water samples. In addition to the results for VOC levels, the paper also briefly describes 1. (i) the sampling procedures used to obtain the study participants 2. (ii) the collection of air, breath and water samples 3. (iii) selected results from the quality assurance procedures used in this study. For most chemicals, the percent measurable and concentration levels were 1. (i) higher in personal air samples than in breath or outdoor air samples, 2. (ii) higher in Los Angeles in the winter for air and breath than in the, spring, 3. (iii) higher in Los Angeles for air and breath than in Antioch/Pittsburg, 4. (iv) quite different for water as compared with air and breath. Ubiquitous compounds in water were chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform while in air and breath they were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes. Concentrations were higher in 1. (i) outdoor air vs breath in the winter in Los Angeles (where outdoor air levels were much higher than in the spring), 2. (ii) in personal air vs outdoor air in the upper tails of the concentration distribution (90th percentile) compared to the 50th percentile. For the water samples, relatively high concentrations were noted for chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. In most cases, water concentrations were higher for Los Angeles in the spring. Five VOCs known to be in tobacco smoke (benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes) had significantly higher levels in the breath of smokers.
Cortisol circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and with sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects

Abstract Background: In this study we extended previous work by examining whether disturbances in the circadian rhythms of cortisol during the menstrual cycle distinguish patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) from normal control (NC) subjects. In addition, we tested the differential response to the effects of early and late partial sleep deprivation on cortisol rhythms. Methods: In 15 PMDD and 15 NC subjects we measured cortisol levels every 30 min from 6:00 pm to 9:00 am during midfollicular (MF) and late luteal (LL) menstrual cycle phases and also during a randomized crossover trial of early (sleep 3:00 am –7:00 am ) versus late (sleep 9:00 pm –1:00 am ) partial sleep deprivation administered in two subsequent and separate luteal phases. Results: In follicular versus luteal menstrual cycle phases we observed altered timing but not quantitative measures of cortisol secretion in PMDD subjects, compared with NC subjects: in the LL versus MF phase the cortisol acrophase was a mean of 1 hour earlier in NC subjects, but not in PMDD subjects. The effect of sleep deprivation on cortisol timing measures also differed for PMDD versus NC subjects: during late partial sleep deprivation (when subjects’ sleep was earlier), the cortisol acrophase was almost 2 hours earlier in PMDD subjects. Conclusions: Timing rather than quantitative measures of cortisol secretion differentiated PMDD subjects from NC subjects both during the menstrual cycle and in response to early versus late sleep deprivation interventions.
EXAFS and X-ray crystallographic studies of hemerythrin

Abstract Hemerythrin is a respiratory protein in several phyla of marine invertebrates. The active site of the protein contains a binuclear iron center which cycles from the ferrous to the ferric state upon oxygen binding, with a concomitant reduction of oxygen to peroxide [1]. The structure of the binuclear iron center in the oxidized, metazide form of hemerythrin has been revealed by X-ray crystallography [2]. In the 2.2 A resolution structure the two iron atoms are coordinated to 2 and 3 protein histidine residues, respectively. In addition, the irons are bridged by 2 protein carboxylates and an oxo group derived from solvent. The remaining octahedral coordination site on one of the iron atoms is occupied by the exogenous ligand, azide. The present of a μ-oxo-bridged binuclear iron center in methemerythrins was predicted on the basis of spectroscopic and magnetic behavior [1]. Additional evidence has been obtained from the EXAFS above the iron K edge [3].For metazido hemerythrin the first coordination shell data is well fit by 5 nitrogens plus oxygens at an average distance of 2.15 ± 0.05 A and an additional oxygen at 1.80 ± 0.05 A. The short FeO bond is consistent with observed FeO(μ-oxo) distances in model compounds and also with the X-ray crystallographic data for metazidohemerythrin. Oxyhemerythrin shows many similarities to methemerythrins, particularly in the strong anti-ferromagnetic iron center [1]. A comparison of the EXAFS data for oxyhemerythrin and metazidohemerythrin [3] reveals even closer similarity between the two forms than had been expected. They appear to have the same number and types of iron ligands, the same iron–ligand distances, and similar iron–iron distances. The proposed active site structure for oxyhemerythrin is analogous to that of metazidohemerythrin [2], but with peroxide in place of azide at the exogenous ligand site (Fig. 1). Deoxyhemerythrin is distinguished by its loss of antiferromagnetic coupling between the irons atoms [1]. The decreased iron–iron interaction in deoxyhemerythrin is also apparent from the absence of the iron–iron peak in the Fourier transforms of the EXAFS data obtained at 300 K. The iron–iron peak can be observed by lowering the temperature to 80 °K (Fig.2). The increased relative thermal motion of the two iron atoms in deoxyhemerythrin is apparently due to the absence of a μ-oxo bridge in this form of the protein.
Novel magnetic-field sensor using carrier-domain rotation: proposed device design

A bipolar semiconductor device is described in which a mobile domain of current rotates around a circular path at a rate proportional to a magnetic field, when this is perpendicular to the planar structure, or follows the magnetic vector when this is in the same plane. Potentially high sensitivities are possible, since the response is inherently integrating; practical limitations to this are discussed.
Performing Gender in the Workplace: Gender Socialization, Power, and Identity among Women Faculty Members

Organizational cultures shape and reinforce socially appropriate roles for men and women. Drawing on a performativity framework, which assumes that gender is socially constructed through gendered “...
Regulation of homocysteine-induced MMP-9 by ERK1/2 pathway.

Homocysteine (Hcy) induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). We hypothesized that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in Hcy-mediated MMP-9 expressio...
Climate science: The cause of the pause

A global climate model that factors in the observed temperature of the surface ocean in the eastern equatorial Pacific offers an explanation for the recent hiatus in global warming. See Letter p.403 Global warming has largely stalled since the late 1990s, raising concerns regarding our understanding of climate sensitivity, the underlying mechanisms influencing climate variability and the ability of climate models to represent decadal variability. Yu Kosaka and Shang-Ping Xie show that the warming hiatus, including most of its seasonal and spatial aspects, can be resolved when observations of recently observed cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific are directly incorporated into a climate model. The results suggest that the current hiatus is a normal instance of internal climate variability, and that long-term warming is likely to resume as greenhouse gas concentrations continue to increase.
Recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex and mena for the stimulation of actin polymerization in growth cones by nerve growth factor.

The growth of axons and dendrites during development and regeneration is regulated by cues in the environment. Many of these cues regulate the actin cytoskeleton of the protrusive structures (like filopodia) of the growth cone that are essential for detecting and responding to cues. Nerve growth factor, which promotes the formation of protrusive structures, stimulated actin polymerization in rat sympathetic growth cones, resulting within 1–2 min in accumulations of F-actin at the distal edge and in splotches of F-actin farther back. We examined the potential involvement of a protein machinery important in at least certain types of actin polymerization in non-neuronal cells. Members of the Arp2/3 complex, p34-Arc and p21-Arc, heavily concentrated in the early accumulations of F-actin, as did one member of the Ena/VASP family (Mena) but not another (VASP). Retention of Arc proteins at preferred sites of actin polymerization did not require polymerization itself. Growth cones of differentiated PC12 cells were similar to sympathetic growth cones in their response to NGF. Introduction into these cells of a peptide that should block the binding of Ena/VASP family proteins to the protein complex at sites of actin polymerization reduced the formation of splotches and filopodia in response to NGF. These results point to the early involvement of the Arp2/3 complex and the Ena/VASP family in growth factor-stimulated actin polymerization that gives rise to protrusive structures at the growth cone. J. Neurosci. Res. 4:458–467, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
X-ray topography of single crystal NiO

Abstract A reflection and transmission x-ray study of single crystal NiO was made below the Neel temperature. Anti-ferromagnetic domains separated by several types of twin boundaries were clearly observed. The indices of diffraction planes which must be used to show the presence of the twin boundaries in x-ray topographs were derived. Non-crystallographically oriented sub-grain boundaries were also observed in the topographs. These boundaries seem to have little effect on domain walls passing through them. The average sub-grain misorientation was measured to be about 10′ of are. Although the domain walls were moved by mechanical stress, the sub-grain boundaries were immobile, even upon heating the crystal to 300°c.
Shifting shares of the population and U.S. fertility

American fertility, as measured by the total fertility rate, apparently has been climbing since 1988 and could approach replacement level in 1990. Three possible explanations are explored: incorrect denominators, actual fertility increase, and changing ethnic proportions of the population. Using California data as a surrogate for the nation, it is found that at least part of the gain in fertility is attributable to what is called "shifting shares." Given that minorities have higher fertility than the majority, as these groups increase their share of the population, the nation's fertility can be expected to continue climbing. Any attempt to attain zero population growth must therefore be postponed indefinitely.
Ex vivo cytokine production by whole mid-trimester amniotic fluid

We hypothesized that ex vivo measurement of intraamniotic production of immune mediators differed from analysis of these mediators within unincubated amniotic fluid. Mid-trimester amniotic fluid from 72 women were incubated ex vivo with or without 50 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants and the corresponding unincubated amniotic fluids were tested for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-10 and nitric oxide. Ex vivo culture resulted in increased release of IL-6, IL-10 and nitric oxide; IL-1ra levels were decreased following the incubation. A spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) occurred in 12 (16.7%) of the subjects. Women with a subsequent SPTB had decreased IL-6 and increased IL-10 production following ex vivo culture compared to women with a term delivery. This association was not evident with unincubated amniotic fluids. Conversely, IL-1ra concentrations were elevated in women with subsequent SPTB only in unincubated amniotic fluids. Immune mediator production by ex vivo amniotic fluid culture differs from that present in amniotic fluid supernatants and may provide a more accurate indication of the immune potential of the intraamniotic environment.
5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Increases Prolactin Release from Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells*

The enzymatic breakdown of phospholipids to form arachidonic acid and its subsequent conversion to metabolites produced via the lipoxygenase pathway in anterior pituitary cells may contribute to the process of PRL release. The incubation of primary cultures of pituitary cells from female rats with the lipoxygenase product 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE; 5–100 μm) significantly increased PRL release in a concentration-dependent manner. The release of PRL induced by 45 μm 5-HETE was completely blocked by 1 μm dopamine. Penfluridol, an agent that binds to and inactivates several Ca+2- binding proteins, including calmodulin, decreased (P < 0.01) basal and 5-HETE-stimulated PRL release. Similarly, 50 μm D-600, a Ca+2 channel antagonist, significantly (P < 0.01) reduced basal and 5-HETE-induced PRL release. BW755c or RHC 80267, both of which reduce the production of arachidonic acid metabolites, including 5-HETE, significantly reduced basal PRL release. The inhibitory effects of BW755c and RHC 80267 on ...
Changes in protein synthesis during myogenesis in a clonal cell line

Abstract Methods of quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis have been used to study the changes in protein synthesis that occur during myogenic differentiation in the L6 clonal line of rat skeletal muscle cells. Pure populations of myoblasts were obtained by maintaining the cells at subconfluent densities, and virtually pure populations of fused myotubes have been obtained by sedimentation at 1 × gravity through a serum gradient. The gel analysis reveals major qualitative differences between myoblasts and myotubes, as well as numerous quantitative changes. Both the α and the β forms of tropomyosin and the LC2 myosin light chain were increased in rate of synthesis by at least 1000-fold during myogenesis. Other proteins were detectable in myoblasts but were not synthesized at a detectable rate in myotubes. One of these is a form of tropomyosin which comigrates under several electrophoretic conditions with smooth muscle tropomyosin. Another protein, which is repressed in rate of synthesis by at least 1000-fold during myogenesis, appears to be a major form of collagen. Computer analysis has been used to analyze in detail a particular region containing about 300 spots from the two-dimensional patterns representing protein synthesis in L6 myoblasts, L6 myotubes, and a rat nerve cell line. Quantiative comparisons have shown that, with respect to this set of proteins, the L6 myoblasts and myotubes are no more alike at the level of protein synthesis than are L6 myoblasts and the cells of the nerve line. Therefore, these studies show that L6 differentiation involves not only the qualitative switching on and off of major gene products but also the quantitative alteration of synthetic rates of many of the common proteins.
Stark Hole-Burning Studies of Three Photosynthetic Complexes

Stark hole-burning spectroscopy at 1.8 K was used to determine the dipole moment changes fΔμ (f, the local field correction factor) for the B800 absorption band of the light harvesting 2 (LH2) complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila (strain 10050), and Rhodospirillum molischianum. Hole-burning values of fΔμ for the lowest energy exciton level (B870) associated with LH2's B850 band have recently been reported (Ratsep et al. Spectrochim. Acta, in press). Values for the lowest energy exciton level (B896) associated with the B875 band of the LH1 complex of Rb. sphaeroides (wild-type chromatophores and an LH1-only mutant) and the 825 nm band of the bacteriochlorophyll a (FMO) antenna complex of Chlorobium tepidum are also reported. For each band, fΔμ was determined for burn laser polarization parallel and perpendicular to the Stark field ES and several burn frequencies. The dependencies on laser polarization and burn frequency are typically quite weak. Importantly, fΔμ values for the ab...
Bimodal Distribution of pH Values of Thermal Springs of the World

Frequencies of thermal springs of various pH values are given for the main thermal areas in Yellowstone Park, other parts of the western United States, New Zealand, and Iceland. A bimodal distribution curve was obtained for many springs with pH values of 2-4 and 7-9 but relatively few in between. These data provide quantitative evidence for the existence of two main kinds of thermal springs: acid sulfate and neutral bicarbonate.
Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by novel fungi isolated from unexploded ordnance contaminated marine sediment.

Undersea deposition of unexploded ordnance (UXO) constitutes a potential source of contamination of marine environments by hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Using sediment from a coastal UXO field, Oahu Island, Hawaii, we isolated four novel aerobic RDX-degrading fungi HAW-OCF1, HAW-OCF2, HAW-OCF3 and HAW-OCF5, tentatively identified as members of Rhodotorula, Bullera, Acremonium and Penicillium, respectively. The four isolates mineralized 15–34% of RDX in 58 days as determined by liberated 14CO2. Subsequently we selected Acremonium to determine biotransformation pathway(s) of RDX in more details. When RDX (100 μM) was incubated with resting cells of Acremonium we detected methylenedinitramine (MEDINA), N2O and HCHO. Also we detected hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) together with trace amounts of hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX). Under the same conditions MNX produced N2O and HCHO together with trace amounts of DNX and TNX, but we were unable to detect MEDINA. TNX did not degrade with Acremonium. These experimental findings suggested that RDX degraded via at least two major initial routes; one route involved direct ring cleavage to MEDINA and another involved reduction to MNX prior to ring cleavage. Nitrite was only detected in trace amounts suggesting that degradation via initial denitration did take place but not significantly. Aerobic incubation of Acremonium in sediment contaminated with RDX led to enhanced removal of the nitramine.
Social connection enables dehumanization

Abstract Being socially connected has considerable benefits for oneself, but may have negative consequences for evaluations of others. In particular, being socially connected to close others satisfies the need for social connection, and creates disconnection from more distant others. We therefore predicted that feeling socially connected would increase the tendency to dehumanize more socially distant others. Four experiments support this prediction. Those led to feel socially connected were less likely to attribute humanlike mental states to members of various social groups (Experiments 1 and 2), particularly distant others compared to close others (Experiment 3), and were also more likely to recommend harsh treatment for dehumanized others (i.e., terrorist detainees, Experiment 4). Discussion addresses the mechanisms by which social connection enables dehumanization, and the varied behavioral implications that result.
Burrow morphologies in north-central Pacific sediments

Abstract An examination of split core photographs from the north-central Pacific reveals the presence of three different burrow morphologies. Simple burrows occur throughout the region. Halo burrows are present in water deeper than 4,000 m (3,000 m along the equator) and removed from continental areas. Imbricate burrows are uncommon and have an irregular distribution. Organisms responsible for the burrows are interpreted as surface to near-surface feeders which do not penetrate deeply into the sediments. Thus, the zone of sediment mixing caused by burrowing ranges from 10 to 30 cm and averages 20 cm.
Enhancing GMTI Performance in Non-Stationary Clutter Using 3D STAP

In side-looking ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar, the 2-dimensional (2D) space time (azimuth-Doppler) domain can adequately define a clutter spectrum which is accurate for all range gates. However, in applications where the array boresight is not perpendicular to the velocity vector (e.g. forward-looking radar), the azimuth-Doppler clutter spectrum exhibits a dependence on elevation angle-of-arrival, creating range-varying (but elevation-dependent) clutter statistics, or non-stationary clutter. Classical space time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms suffer substantial performance losses in non-stationary clutter since classical STAP assumes clutter stationary along the range (training) dimension. Planar arrays are inherently able to observe the azimuth-Doppler clutter spectrum as a function of the elevation angle, a capability which linear arrays lack. The incorporation of the planar array's vertical dimension into the joint azimuth-Doppler (2D) STAP domain has previously resulted in 3D STAP. This paper demonstrates the ability of 3D STAP to solve the non-stationary clutter problem by accounting for the elevation-dependent clutter statistics in a 3D covariance matrix. A forward-looking array is used to provide non-stationary clutter, and the performance of 2D and 3D versions of the adaptive matched filter (AMF) and joint domain localized (JDL) are used in a close-in sensing paradigm. The results show a >55 dB improvement in output SINR near the clutter null using 3D STAP algorithms in lieu of 2D STAP algorithms applied to the same (subarrayed) data.
The impact of current and future polar-orbiting satellite data on numerical weather prediction at NASA/GSFC

The lack of adequate observational data continues to be recognized as a major factor limiting both atmospheric research and numerical prediction on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Since the advent of meteorological satellites in the 1960's, a considerable research effort has been directed toward the design of space-borne meteorological sensors, the development of optimal methods for the utilization of these data, (and an assessment of the influence of existing satellite data and the potential influence of future satellite observations on numerical weather prediction. This has included both Observing System Experiments (OSEs) and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs). OSEs are conducted to evaluate the impact of specific observations or classes of observations on analyses and forecasts. While OSEs are performed with existing data, OSSEs are conducted to evaluate the potential for future observing systems to improve-NWP, as well as to evaluate trade-offs in observing system design, and to develop and test improved methods for data assimilation. At the conference, results from OSEs to evaluate satellite data sets that have recently become available to the global observing system, such as AIRS and Seawinds, and results from OSSEs to determine the potential impact of space-based lidar winds will be presented.
Automatic coulometric titration of acids

Abstract An apparatus is described for the automatic titration of acids by the constant current coulometric technique. The generator electrodes comprise a platinum cathode and a silver/silver bromide anode. The increase in pH resulting from the reduction of hydrogen ion at the cathode is indicated by a glass electrode, in conjunction with a Beckman Automatic Titrator which automatically monitors the titration and interrupts the generating current when the equivalence point pH is reached. Quantities of hydrochloric acid in the neighborhood of 0.12 millimole in 50 ml were titrated with a mean error of - 0.07% and an average deviation from the mean of ±0.15%. The technique is applicable to any strong or weak acid, and to acid mixtures, provided that no substance is present which is either reducible at the platinum cathode or reactive in any way at the silver anode.
A Study on the Interaction of the Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor and L-Triiodothyronine: Effects of Puromycin and Cycloheximide

Interaction between thyrotropinreleasing factor (TRF) and L-triiodothyronine (T3), which controls the release of thyrotropin (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, has been studied in mice with the use of inhibitors of protein synthesis, puromycin and cycloheximide. Neither puromycin nor cycloheximide altered the increase in release of TSH which follows the administration of TRF. On the other hand, eachof these agents prevented the inhibition of the TRF-TSH release response by T3. A special characteristic of the effects of puromycin and cycloheximide on the T3 block is that larger amounts of T3 overcame the effects of these inhibitors of protein synthesis. A hypothesis is presented on the mechanism by which TRF and the thyroid hormones regulate TSH secretion.(Endocrinology 82: 75, 1968)
Chemical emissions from residential dryer vents during use of fragranced laundry products

Common laundry products, used in washing and drying machines, can contribute to outdoor emissions through dryer vents. However, the types and amounts of chemicals emitted are largely unknown. To investigate these emissions, we analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) both in the headspace of fragranced laundry products and in the air emitted from dryer vents during use of these products. In a controlled study of washing and drying laundry, we sampled emissions from two residential dryer vents during the use of no products, fragranced detergent, and fragranced detergent plus fragranced dryer sheet. Our analyses found more than 25 VOCs emitted from dryer vents, with the highest concentrations of acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol. Seven of these VOCs are classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and two as carcinogenic HAPs (acetaldehyde and benzene) with no safe exposure level, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. As context for significance, the acetaldehyde emissions during use of one brand of laundry detergent would represent 3% of total acetaldehyde emissions from automobiles in the study area. Our study points to the need for additional research on this source of emissions and the potential impacts on human and environmental health.
Strain measurement with microsensors

A model is developed for determining the farfield strains in laminated composites from the strain values indicated by a microsensing device embedded inside the material. The microsensing device con...
Identification of uPAR-positive chemoresistant cells in small cell lung cancer.

BackgroundThe urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR/CD87) are major regulators of extracellular matrix degradation and are involved in cell migration and invasion under physiological and pathological conditions. The uPA/uPAR system has been of great interest in cancer research because it is involved in the development of most invasive cancer phenotypes and is a strong predictor of poor patient survival. However, little is known about the role of uPA/uPAR in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive type of lung cancer. We therefore determined whether uPA and uPAR are involved in generation of drug resistant SCLC cell phenotype.Methods and FindingsWe screened six human SCLC cell lines for surface markers for putative stem and cancer cells. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), fluorescence microscopy and clonogenic assays to demonstrate uPAR expression in a subpopulation of cells derived from primary and metastatic SCLC cell lines. Cytotoxic assays were used to determine the sensitivity of uPAR-positive and uPAR-negative cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The uPAR-positive cells in all SCLC lines demonstrated multi-drug resistance, high clonogenic activity and co-expression of CD44 and MDR1, putative cancer stem cell markers.ConclusionsThese data suggest that uPAR-positive cells may define a functionally important population of cancer cells in SCLC, which are resistant to traditional chemotherapies, and could serve as critical targets for more effective therapeutic interventions in SCLC.
The lack of effect of glucose ingestion upon electrocardiograms in children.

Summary Serial electrocardiograms and serum glucose and potassium concentrations were compared in 17 pediatric patients following ingestion of a standard glucose meal and in 12 patients following ingestion of a regular hospital breakfast. A consistent negative correlation between potassium and glucose concentrations was demonstrated in both groups. Insignificant S-T segment and T wave changes were observed in electrocardiograms of both groups. No correlation between electrocardiographic changes and glucose or potassium concentrations was evident.
WOOD ANATOMY OF PHRAGMOTHECA (BOMBACACEAE)

The wood anatomy ofPhragmotheca (Bombacaceae) is described based on three species and three specimens. The wood features ofPhragmotheca, Matisia, andQuararibea are very similar and differ only in the size of the intervascular pits and vessel diameters. Based on wood anatomical characteristics, these three genera form a distinct and homogeneous group within both the tribe Quararibeae and the family Bombacaceae.
Noncommutative gauge dynamics from the string worldsheet

We show how string theory can be used to reproduce the one-loop two-point photon amplitude in non-commutative U(1) gauge theory. Using a simple realization of the gauge theory in bosonic string theory, we extract from a string cylinder computation in the decoupling limit the exact one loop field theory result. The result is obtained entirely from the region of moduli space where massless open strings dominate. Our computation indicates that the unusual IR/UV singularities of non-commutative field theory do not come from closed string modes in any simple way.
Bilateral Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Adrenocorticotropic Dependent Cushing's Syndrome

ABSTRACTPurpose: We report our experience with bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for total adrenal ablation in patients with Cushing's syndrome.Materials and Methods: Four women (mean age 63 years) with Cushing's syndrome secondary to nonlocalized ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production in 3 and pituitary microadenoma after failed transsphenoidal ablation in 1 underwent bilateral transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Preoperatively risk was III or IV according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification.Results: In all cases bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successfully performed. Operative time ranged from 375 to 475 minutes (mean 404) and mean blood loss was 162 cc. All patients resumed oral intake on postoperative day 1, mean number of postoperative parentral narcotic doses was 2.25 and mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.75 days (range 3 to 8). Complications included an abdominal wall hematoma. All patients resumed baseline activity by postoperative day 14.Con...
Recruiting cyber townspeople: local government and the Internet in a rural Japanese township

Abstract This paper examines a unique way whereby local bureaucrats in a rural Japanese township have made use of the Internet to serve their constituents by recruiting ‘on-line residents’. Many scholars have argued that successful e-government requires not only rethinking the potential uses of computer technology, but also adopting new patterns of decision making, power sharing, and office management which many bureaucrats may not be predisposed to consider. This research found that necessity can play a powerful role in facilitating the creative adjustments required to incorporate information technology meaningfully at the level of local government. This is demonstrated by bureaucrats in Towa-cho, a small agricultural town in northeastern Japan, quite similar to many rural communities in Europe and North America today.
On the origin of the order Artiodactyla

Abstract The first known members of the order Artiodactyla appeared suddenly throughout the Holarctic region at the beginning of the Eocene. They are characterized by distinctive cursorial skeletal specializations. Owing to their abrupt appearance and the lack of transitional forms, the origin of the order is problematic. Descent from a "condylarth," specifically the arctocyonid Chriacus, has been suggested based on dental resemblances, but until now postcranial anatomy seemed to preclude close relationship between Arctocyonidae and Artiodactyla. A middle Paleocene specimen of a small arctocyonid (?Chriacus) reported here is much more similar to the oldest artiodactyl, Diacodexis, in the derived condition of the hindlimb, reviving the possibility that Artiodactyla evolved from an arctocyonid.
Automatic Transmission Systems for Television

It is expected that the FCC will soon authorize the use of automatic transmission systems for television. A microprocessor-based automatic transmitter controller is the heart of such a system. Expected provisions of the coming regulations include: (1) automatic monitoring and control of aural and visual rf output power, aural modulation level, and several visual modulation parameters; (2) automatic shutdown in the event of equipment failure (fail-safe provision); and (3) absolute executive on/off control from an attended monitoring/alarm site. A block diagram of an automatic transmission system is given, and a comparison is made of the VIR and VIT waveforms for facilitating reference measurements. Possible future developments are considered.
Mast Cells Present Protrusions into Blood Vessels upon Tracheal Allergen Challenge in Mice

Mast cells (MC) and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) act proximally in detecting and processing antigens and immune insults. We sought to understand their comparative dynamic behavior with respect to the airway epithelium in the steady state and in response to an allergic stimulus in mouse trachea. We devised methods to label MC in living trachea and to demonstrate that MC and DC occupy distinct layers of the tracheal mucosa, with DC being closer to the lumen. DC numbers doubled after allergen challenge, but MC numbers remained stable. MC and DC migrated minimally in either steady state or allergen-challenge conditions, and their interactions with one another appeared to be stochastic and relatively infrequent. While DC, unlike MC, exhibited probing behaviors involving dendrites, these projections did not cross the epithelium into the airway lumen. MC typically were located too far from the epithelial surface to contact the tracheal lumen. However, MC had protrusions toward and into blood vessels, likely to load with IgE. Thus, DC and MC occupy distinct niches and engage in sessile surveillance in the mouse trachea. Little or no access of these cell types to the airway lumen suggests that trans-epithelial transport of proteins in the steady state would be required for them to access luminal antigens.
God, games and national glory: thanksgiving and the ritual of sport in American culture, 1876–1926

(1993). God, games and national glory: thanksgiving and the ritual of sport in American culture, 1876–1926. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 242-249.
Fighting and flying: archival analysis of threat, authoritarianism, and the north american comic book

In this archival study, themes of authoritarianism (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950) were content coded in American comic books. Comic books produced during years of relatively high social and economic threat (1978-82 and 1991-92) contained more aggressive imagery, more conventional themes, less intraception, and fewer spoken lines by women characters relative to comic books produced during years of relatively low threat (1983-90). Unexpectedly, speaking roles for characters of color did not differ due to the influence of threat. Discussion focused on the theoretical relationship between threat and manifestations of authoritarianism at the societal and individual levels. Language: en
Photo-aided reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Donnees sur la reduction photoelectrochimique de CO 2 en CO, en presence d'une electrode de CdTe-type p, dans une solution de perchlorate de tetrabutylammonium 0,1 M dans du DMF, contenant 5% d'eau, sous irradiation par un rayonnement monochromatique (λ=600 nm)
Duplication of the upstream regulatory sequences increases the transformation potential of human papillomavirus type 11.

Infections with certain types of papillomaviruses, e.g., human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16), often progress to cancer. Malignant lesions associated with the closely related HPV-11 are extremely rare. Additionally, HPV-11 DNA, unlike HPV-16, does not normally transform cells in vitro. We determined that HPV-11 DNA was able to transform baby rat kidney cells in a ras-dependent focus assay when the upstream regulatory region (URR) was present in two copies. Addition of a second HPV-11 URR or an HPV-16 URR was equally effective and was position and orientation independent. The transformation was enhanced by dexamethasone. On passage the HPV-11 genome was not retained at a detectable level. This analysis supports isolated observations in vivo that duplications of regulatory sequences in HPV-11 increase the transformation potential of this virus type.
Traumatic dislocations of the peroneal tendons

Traumatic dislocation of the peroneal tendons is an often unrecognized injury which has been reported to occur most commonly during snow skiing. The strength of the peroneal retinaculum is exceeded during resist ance to violent passive dorsiflexion or to inversion stress. Pain, swelling, and ecchymosis may hinder early diagnosis; however, intense retromalleolar pain on ac tive eversion is a specific, highly suggestive finding. Fracture of a thin shell of the lateral malleolar cortex is diagnostic. In chronic cases, marked dislocation of the tendons is frequently demonstrable, with more than the usual degree of snapping. Surgical repair is advocated, using one of several procedures available. Most acute cases can be treated by simple repair of the torn or fractured structures. In chronic cases, or in acute cases with deficient structures predisposing to dislocation, it is necessary to reconstruct the peroneal retinaculum and/or deepen the peroneal groove. Longitudinal split ting of the peroneous brevis ten...
Engineering of Therapeutic Polypeptides through Chemical Synthesis: Early Lessons from Human Parathyroid Hormone and Analogues

Application of chemical synthesis to gain access to high purity hPTH as well as more stable analogues was accomplished through a menu of extended NCL followed by metal free dethiylation.
Cardiac dysrhythmias before and after balloon aortic valvuloplasty in children.

Recent reports document the success of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in children with congenital aortic stenosis.1 Conduction system abnormalities including severe bradycardia,2 prolongation of the corrected QT interval3 and ventricular arrhythmias,1,4 have been reported during and after BAV. There have been no reports documenting the frequency of dysrhythmias both immediately before and after BAY. This study assesses rhythm abnormalities by Hoher monitor recordings before and after BAV in children.