cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triadic interaction in clinical task-based interviews with mathematics teachers

A clinical task-based interview can be seen as a situation where the interviewer–interviewee interaction on a task is regulated by a system of explicit and implicit norms, values, and rules. This paper describes how documenting and mapping triadic interaction among the interviewer, the interviewee, and the knowledge negotiated can be used to increase procedural replicability of the interview and accuracy of drawn conclusions about the interviewee’s thinking process. Excerpts from interviews with 25 inservice mathematics teachers working on a task to make up a problem whose solution requires division of two fractions are discussed. The excerpts illustrate the relationship between methodological decisions taken by the interviewer during the interview and the applicability of the interview output to the research questions. A divergent analysis of the interviews with these teachers, which spanned over two years and were conducted by four interviewers, is used to offer a framework for analyzing data collected in clinical task-based interviews.
Laue Crystallography: It's show time

New crystallographic techniques make it possible to observe directly all of the intermediates in an enzymatic reaction. Such a series of structures can be combined to create a detailed movie of enzymatic catalysis.
BEHAVIORAL COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY: TRAINING A COMMUNITY BOARD TO PROBLEM SOLVE1

This study demonstrated the effect of training nine lower socio-economic adults participating as policy board members in a federally funded rural community project to make behaviorally defined statements to increase problem-solving behaviors in board meetings. A multiple-baseline design across subjects and skills was used to analyze the behavioral categories of: (1) stating the problem; (2) finding solutions to the problem, and (3) implementing the action to the solution. Problem-solving responses during board meetings increased for subjects following training and remained higher than baseline during follow-up.
Compact tunable difference-frequency sources in the mid-infrared pumped by single-mode diode lasers

The suitability of III-V single-mode cw diode lasers for difference-frequency generation of tunable IR radiation has been explored by mixing a red single-mode diode laser with a tunable single-mode cw Ti:Al2O3 laser in AgGaS2. More than 1 (mu) W of cw tunable, ((lambda) approximately equals 5 micrometers ), narrowband coherent radiation has been generated by using type I noncritical phasematching. The feasibility of a more compact, solid state cw laser source based on the mixing of two single-mode diode lasers (808 and 690 nm) as pump sources in AgGaS2 has also been demonstrated (infrared power generated approximately equals 3 nW). Techniques to increase the infrared difference-frequency output power level such as the use of a high-power optical semiconductor amplifier or an external buildup cavity for the nonlinear mixing crystal have been investigated. As much as 47 (mu) W of cw infrared radiation and 89 (mu) W of pulsed infrared radiation, tunable around 4.3 micrometers have been generated by mixing the outputs of a high-power tapered semiconductor amplifier at 858 nm and a Ti:Al2O3$ laser at 715 nm in AgGaS(subscript 2. The GaAlAs tapered traveling-wave amplifier delivered up to 1.5 W of diffraction- limited cw power into the nonlinear crystal. Recent progress in generating cw infrared radiation near 3.2 micrometers by mixing the outputs of an extended cavity diode laser near 800 nm (pump wave) and a compact diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm (signal wave) in AgGaS2 with an external enhancement cavity to resonate the signal wave inside the nonlinear mixing crystal is also described.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamics of itinerant magnets in a classical spin-fluctuation model

Thermodynamics of itinerant magnets is studied using a classical model with one parameter characterizing the degree of itinerancy. Monte Carlo simulations for bcc and fcc lattices are compared with the mean-field approximation and with the Onsager cavity field approximation extended to itinerant systems. The qualitative features of thermodynamics are similar to the known results of the functional integral method. It is found that magnetic short-range order is weak and almost independent on the degree of itinerancy, and the mean-field approximation describes the thermodynamics reasonably well. Ambiguity of the phase space measure for classical models is emphasized. The Onsager cavity field method is extended to itinerant systems, which involves the renormalization of both the Weiss field and the on-site exchange interaction. The predictions of this approximation are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo results.
Local-field correction for nonlinear optical coefficients.

We formulate the nonlinear optical coefficients in terms of the Matsubara Green's function and its spectral representation. From this a formula for the ab initio calculation of the local-field effect is derived.
ACUTE URINARY RETENTION IN CHILDREN

Purpose: Acute urinary retention is relatively infrequent in children. There are a variety of causes that are poorly defined in the literature, and they differ greatly from those seen most frequently in adults. We review our experience with pediatric patients presenting with urinary retention to 2 major metropolitan children’s hospitals.Materials and Methods: Records from Egleston and Scottish Rite Hospitals for Children were reviewed for a 6-year period for the diagnosis of urinary retention. Urinary retention was defined as inability to empty the bladder volitionally for greater than 12 hours with a volume of urine greater than expected for age ([age in years + 2] × 30 cc) or a palpably distended bladder. All cases resulting postoperatively and believed secondary to surgical dissection, narcotic use or immobility, and children previously diagnosed with chronic neurological disorders and voiding dysfunction or with reduced mental status were excluded from study. The majority of these encounters were emer...
The Retention of Imagined and Seen Spatial Matrices.

Abstract The nature of imagery and its relationship to perception were probed by having students recall the contents of 4 × 4 spatial matrices after they constructed the matrices through processes of imagery, seeing, or verbal coding. In the imagery and verbal conditions, students listened to auditory messages which described the matrices. Students in the imagery condition were instructed to imagine the matrix being described; students in the verbal condition received no imagery instructions; and students in the seeing condition saw the matrix for an inspection period prior to recall. Recall was best when students saw the matrices, intermediate in the imagery situation, and poorest in the verbal situation. Recall was best for the corner cells of seen and imagined matrices, indicating the spatial nature of these processes; no such effect was found for verbal processing. Forgetting over a 10-sec interval occurred only for verbal processing. Implications for understanding the nature of visual imagery and perception are discussed.
Relational leadership and team climates: Pitting differentiation versus agreement

There is an increasing interest in within-group agreement in organizations, in response to evidence that agreement is predictive of various organizational outcomes of interest. The model in this study suggests that within-group agreement on climate is predicted by the quality of exchange relationships, specifically team–member exchange (TMX), leader–member exchange (LMX), social interaction and work interdependence. Results suggest that average high quality LMX and TMX relationships are both predictive of within-group agreement on some measures of climate. The results also support the notion that differentiation in TMX relationships within a team is deleterious to within-group agreement on climate. Contrary to existing literature, social interaction and work interdependence were not significantly related to any of the other variables in the model.
The Use of Specific Practice and Performance Strategies in Sight-Singing Instruction:

Because sight-reading, along with almost all other instruction in the choral classroom, occurs in a group setting, individual skill development is often overlooked. This study examined the effectiv...
Synthetic studies with [18F]p-fluorobenzenediazonium chloride application to the synthesis of a radiolabelled glucocorticoid: [18F]WIN 44577

A, route was devised to synthesize no-carrier-added or carrier-added [10F]p-fluorophenylhydrazine from aqueous [18F]fluoride. Key reaction in this three-step sequence is the reduction of [18F]p-fluorobenzenediazonium chloride with sodium cyanoborohydride. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of [10F]WIN 44577, an N-(pfluorophenyl)pyrazole-containing corticosteroid, which exhibits exceptionally high in vitro binding affinity for type-II glucocorticoid receptors, and which is currently under evaluation as a possible radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies.
Evolutionary conservation of antigen recognition: the chicken T-cell receptor beta chain.

Abstract T cells play important regulatory roles in the immune responses of vertebrates. Antigen-specific T-cell activation involves T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of a peptide antigen presented by a major histocompatibility complex molecule, and much has been learned about this antigen-recognition process through structural and genetic studies of mammalian TCRs. Although previous studies have demonstrated that avian T cells express cell-surface molecules analogous to the mammalian TCR heterodimers, TCR genes have not been identified in nonmammalian species. We now report the cloning of a cDNA that encodes the beta chain of the chicken TCR. Southern blot analysis using this TCR beta cDNA probe demonstrated that the chicken TCR beta locus was clonally rear-ranged in chicken T-cell lines. TCR beta mRNA was expressed in cells isolated from the thymus but not in cells from the bursa of Fabricius where B cells are generated. Sequence analysis of six additional TCR beta cDNAs suggested the existence of at least two variable (V) region families, three joining (J) elements, and single diversity (D) and constant (C) elements. As in mammals, considerable nucleotide diversity was observed at the junctions of the variable, diversity, and joining elements in chicken TCR beta cDNAs. Genomic V beta and J beta elements were also cloned and sequenced. Both elements are flanked by classical heptamer/nonamer recombination signal sequences. Although the chicken and mammalian TCR beta chains displayed only 31% overall amino acid sequence identity, a number of conserved structural features were observed. These data indicate that (i) the chicken TCR beta repertoire is generated by combinatorial and junctional diversity and (ii) despite divergent evolution at the level of nucleotide sequence, important structural features of the TCR beta polypeptide are conserved between avian and mammalian species.
Response of colo-rectal hepatic metastases to concomitant radiotherapy and intravenous infusion 5 fluorouracil.

Twenty-three patients with colo-rectal hepatic metastases were retrospectively reviewed after completing treatment with split course liver irradiation and continually infused concomitant intravenous 5-fluorouracil. Although no patient attained a complete response, an objective partial response was documented in 15 (Responders). The Responders had a median survival of 45 weeks whereas Non-responders had a median survival of 17 weeks. Patients with metastatic disease solely in the liver or those with a Karnofsky performance score (k.p.s) of over sixty, had a median survival of 49 weeks. Patients with multiple organ metastatic involvement had a median survival of 25 weeks and those with a Karnofsky with less than 60 had a median survival of 27 weeks. (p values of 0.006 and 0.03, respectively.) The overall survival of the group completing treatment was 30 weeks, and 19 patients (83%) achieved subjective palliation. The patients tolerated therapy well. There was minimal hematological toxicity; 3 patients developed a leucocyte count of less than 2000 and 1 developed a platelet count of 30,000. The palliation and prolongation of survival attained with minimal complications suggest that adjuvant liver irradiation with concomitant infusion 5-fluorouracil radiosensitization may be an option to offer patients identified to be at high risk of developing subclinical liver disease.
Flow Microcalorimetric Estimation of Energy Changes During Surface Reactions of Glass Powders with Aqueous Media

Flow microcalorimetry was used for an investigation of the surface chemical nature of glass surfaces. A commercially available flow microcalorimeter allowed for the measurement of heat energy changes during surface reactions of two different glass powders with pyridine and water solutions. Pure fused silica glass and a fluorozirconate glass were the materials studied by flow microcalorimetry.
Die Addition aromatischer Isocyanate an N‐substituierte Amidine

Aromatische Isocyanate lagern sich an die CN-Doppelbindung vollstandig substituierter Amidine im Verhaltnis 2:1 zu Hexahydro-s-triazin-Derivaten an.
Lattice and grain boundary diffusion in polycrystalline thoria-urania

Abstract Recently-measured uranium concentration distributions in air-annealed mixed uranium-thorium oxides were analyzed by a model incorporating simultaneous direct volume diffusion and grain boundary diffusion. The diffusivities for these two processes were strongly affected by the uranium content of the mixed oxide; mobility increased with the cation fraction of uranium. This effect is attributed to the increase in hyperstoichiometry which accompanies replacement of thorium by uranium. Porosity which developed as a result of depleting the solid of uranium did not appear to have a significant effect on grain boundary diffusion.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation into Oxalacetate in Higher Plants.

of this "Wood-WVerkman reaction." It was recognized early that simple addition of CO2 to pyruvate occurred with such an unfavorable free energy change that some device for supplying chemical energy was essential if the reaction was to play a quantitatively important role in intermediary metabolism (7). Three different C02-fixing processes whereby this end can be achieved have been described to date. These are: a) the malic enzyme (or Ochoa) reaction, b) the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (or pepearboxykinase) reaction, and c) the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (or pepearboxylase) reaction. All of these reactions involve the addition of CO2 to a C-3 unit, to form a C-4 dicarboxylic acid; and all three reactions must be combined with some other reaction to give the net result shown in equation (1). The focus of current interest has been partially on the detailed mechanism of these different enzvme reactions, and partially on their physiological interrelationships. Although the "malic" enzyme had been shown to be widely distributed (24), only limited information was available about the distribution of the other enzymes. The work described in the present paper was concerned mainly with the problems of assaying pepearboxylase and pepearboxykinase, and determining their reaction characteristics and distribution in higher plants. The reaction catalyzed by pepearboxykinase, first described by Bandurski and Greiner (3, 4), is shown in equation (2). The pepcarboxykinase reaction was first clearly defined by Utter and Kurahashi (22, 23), who showed that the enzyme from bird liver catalyzed the reaction shown in equation (3).
Attacker behavior analysis in multi-stage attack detection system

Today’s internet world is facing attacks from different types of attackers who launch is multistage attack. Besides discovering, visualizing, and predicting multi-stage attacks, a method to understand and profile behaviors of attackers is important to protect network security. We use the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to analyze and predict the attacker behavior based on what was learned from observed alerts and intrusions. We use data mining to process alerts to generate input for the HMM to calculate the required probability distribution. Our system is able to stream real-time Snort alerts and predict intrusions based on our learned rules. Our system is able to automatically discover patterns in multistage attack, classify attackers based on their behavior pattern. By doing this, our system can effectively predict behavior and attackers and assess danger level of different groups of attackers.
Beyond Expectations: The Experiences of Two African American Bisexual Women

There is more research pertaining to African American bisexual men than there is pertaining to African American bisexual women. Most of this research, however, does not specifically address bisexual identity development as much as bisexual behavior and associated risks. Based on the experiences of two African American bisexual women, this article briefly explores the impact of culture on the development of a bisexual identity and the development of a more consistent sense of self as a sexual being.
Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress

SUMMARY Estuaries are characterized by extreme fluctuations in CO 2 levels due to bouts of CO 2 production by the resident biota that exceed its capacity of CO 2 consumption and/or the rates of gas exchange with the atmosphere and open ocean waters. Elevated partial pressures of CO 2 ( P CO 2 ; i.e. environmental hypercapnia) decrease the pH of estuarine waters and, ultimately, extracellular and intracellular pH levels of estuarine organisms such as mollusks that have limited capacity for pH regulation. We analyzed proteomic changes associated with exposure to elevated P CO 2 in the mantle tissue of eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) after 2 weeks of exposure to control (∼39 Pa P CO 2 ) and hypercapnic (∼357 Pa P CO 2 ) conditions using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Exposure to high P CO 2 resulted in a significant proteome shift in the mantle tissue, with 12% of proteins (54 out of 456) differentially expressed under the high P CO 2 compared with control conditions. Of the 54 differentially expressed proteins, we were able to identify 17. Among the identified proteins, two main functional categories were upregulated in response to hypercapnia: those associated with the cytoskeleton (e.g. several actin isoforms) and those associated with oxidative stress (e.g. superoxide dismutase and several peroxiredoxins as well as the thioredoxin-related nucleoredoxin). This indicates that exposure to high P CO 2 (∼357 Pa) induces oxidative stress and suggests that the cytoskeleton is a major target of oxidative stress. We discuss how elevated CO 2 levels may cause oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) either indirectly by lowering organismal pH, which may enhance the Fenton reaction, and/or directly by CO 2 interacting with other ROS to form more free radicals. Although estuarine species are already exposed to higher and more variable levels of CO 2 than other marine species, climate change may further increase the extremes and thereby cause greater levels of oxidative stress.
Additive and independent responses in a single receptor: aspartate and maltose stimuli on the tar protein.

Abstract The aspartate and maltose responses of E. coli are mediated through a single membrane receptor, yet the responses are independent and additive. Both stimuli cause methylation of the same 4 glutamic acid residues. More extensive methylation occurs when a cell that has adapted to one stimulus is exposed to the second, or when both stimuli are added simultaneously. The degree of methylation, as well as receptor migration on two-dimensional gels, demonstrates that only one type of protein is involved, rather than two different receptors arising from differential processing of a single gene. A conformational "push-pull" mechanism in which binding of stimulus and covalent modification, producing opposing stresses, can explain these diverse results.
Integration of suspended carbon nanotube arrays into electronic devices and electromechanical systems

A synthetic strategy is devised for reliable integration of long suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes into electrically addressable devices. The method involves patterned growth of nanotubes to bridge predefined molybdenum electrodes, and is versatile in yielding various microstructures comprised of suspended nanotubes that are electrically wired up. The approach affords single-walled nanotube devices without any postgrowth processing, and will find applications in scalable nanotube transistors (mobility up to 10 000 cm2/V s) and nanoelectromechanical systems based on nanowires.
Intrinsic defects in II–VI semiconductors

Abstract The properties of vacancies and host interstitials in II–VI semiconductors as determined from magnetic resonance studies are reviewed. A pattern for their electronic structures is shown to follow from a simple one-electron molecular (or atomic) orbital treatment which explains in a natural way the tendency for some to retain full T d symmetry and for others to distort and become highly localized in low symmetry configurations. It is argued that those that distort are candidates for migration under electronic excitation and involved therefore in II–VI laser degradation. Experiment suggests that the culprits are the interstitials on the two sublattices.
Unexplained enhancements of CH3Br in the Arctic and sub-Arctic lower troposphere during TOPSE spring 2000

[1] Elevated concentrations of methyl bromide (CH3Br) were observed in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (BL) during periods of widespread BL ozone (O3) depletion episodes (ODEs: O3 mixing ratios < 20 × 10−9 or parts per billion by volume, ppbv) particularly during major ODEs (MODES: O3 < 4 ppbv). No other organic gases measured during TOPSE (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox) exhibited anti-correlations with O3 during these ODEs. Methyl bromide has both natural and anthropogenic sources and contributes ∼ half of the bromine (Br) to the stratosphere, where it can catalytically destroy O3. Several known CH3Br sources are evaluated, but the current knowledge cannot explain the observed enhancements. If the mechanism is direct gas-phase photochemical production, a significant portion of the unknown CH3Br source may be found.
Electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of experimental porphyria in the rat

Abstract This investigation was made to assess the relationship of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA)-induced porphyria with changes in biochemical, behavioral and central nervous system function. The possible central effect of the porphyrin precursor δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was also studied. EEG and behavior were observed and urine collected from freely moving female Long-Evans rats with chronically implanted cortical electrodes. A single dose of 400–500 mg/kg of AIA induced a reversible progression of EEG changes characteristics of CNS excitation and elevated urinary levels of ALA and porphobilinogen (PBG). Repeated daily injections of 400 mg/kg of AIA led to a progressive reduction in the duration and degree of EEG and behavioral changes and a reduction of porphyria. ALA, 400 mg/kg, did not produce any abnormal EEG or behavioral effects.
Incidental appendectomy during radical cystectomy: an interdepartmental survey and review of the literature.

Abstract Objectives. To survey and review the incidence of appendectomy performed during radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. We were interested in the reasons behind the decision and if continent diversions have changed the policy. Methods. We performed a selective survey among urologists in academic centers throughout the United States regarding their practice of incidental appendectomy during radical cystectomy. We also reviewed the literature regarding the rationale for incidental appendectomy in general and during radical cystectomy in particular. Results. Among the 13 departments and 26 urologists replying to the survey, 9 (69%) departments and 20 (77%) individual clinicians are not performing routine incidental appendectomy. In 2 departments, it is considered a matter of choice, and, in 4 (31%) departments, appendectomy is performed routinely. Many believe that the low risk of subsequent appendicitis does not justify the procedure and that the appendix may be useful for future reconstruction. A review of the literature suggests that incidental appendectomy during radical cystectomy is not necessary. Conclusions. Incidental appendectomy during radical cystectomy is not necessary and is no longer being performed in many academic centers. The risk of subsequent appendicitis is extremely low. The decision may depend on the form of urinary diversion planned.
Decision Analysis of Preferred Methods for Locating Underground Conduits

AbstractThe New Jersey DOT (NJDOT) operates and maintains a network of thousands of kilometers of conduits, many carrying fiber-optic cables that are vital to the state’s communication system. These primarily nonmetallic conduits frequently must be located and marked to avoid damage from construction. By design they can be located using a system of trace wires (TW) and radio-frequency detection. However, for various reasons the TW are missing and thus not functioning over a significant portion of the network. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to analyze and improve the inventory information base, and find and compare effective methods for locating these conduits. Any candidate solution had to meet requirements for accuracy and depth sensitivity, be practical to implement, cost-effective, work with both metallic and plastic conduits, and be reliable. Innovative methods for locating underground conduits were investigated and evaluated with respect to various conditions. Validated approa...
Intertemporal Effects of Environmental Mandates

Environmental mandates can impose large costs on the businesses that must comply with them. Understanding the effects of those costs on production decisions may require a dynamic framework if environmental damages (and the costs of complying with mandates) depend on cumulative production or the passage of time. This paper focuses on the time dimension of general categories of fixed and variable costs arising from different types of mandates. The paper develops an optimal control model to predict how such costs may jointly affect current production rates, plant closure dates, and cumulative production. Theoretical results, derived from the comparative statics of the system of equations describing the solution to that model, identify circumstances in which the policy goals of greater production and greater environmental protection may not allways be at odds.
Early experience with cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts as a conduit for complex limb-salvage procedures.

Abstract Purpose: The lack of a suitable alternative to autogenous vein is often the limiting factor for complex lower extremity vascular reconstruction, especially when previously placed grafts have failed. Cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts have been used as an alternative conduit. This report reviews our early experience with this conduit in a series of complex redo revascularization procedures for limb salvage when no suitable autogenous vein was available. Methods: Thirty-five patients underwent 39 lower extremity bypass grafts on 36 limbs. These patients had undergone a combined total of 72 prior revascularization procedures on the symptomatic limb, an average of two procedures per patient. Only five bypasses were performed as a primary procedure. There were 18 men and 17 women with a mean age of 71 years. Sixteen of the patients had diabetes. Thirty-four bypasses were performed for rest pain or ulceration, four for disabling claudication, and one for replacement of an aneurysmal vein graft. There were 35 femorotibial, three below-knee femoropopliteal, and one femoropedal reconstruction. Twenty-five grafts were constructed with cryopreserved vein only, whereas 14 were composite grafts; 10 were constructed with polytetrafluoroethylene, one with Dacron, and three with spliced native saphenous vein. The mean follow-up was 9 months (range 1 to 25 months). Results: There was one early death ( Conclusions: Because of the poor overall graft patency rates, cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts should be used only as a last resort when no alternative autogenous conduit is available. Unless patency rates superior to those achievable with currently available prosthetic or biologic conduits can be attained by adjunctive measures such as routine anticoagulation or immunosuppressive therapy, the use of cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts for lower extremity revascularization should be deferred until improved preparation techniques provide a more durable conduit. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:561-9.)
Stimulation of DNA synthesis by an adenovirus type 12 T antigen fraction containing protein kinase activity and encapsulated in liposomes

Abstract Adenovirus type 12 T antigen extracted from transformed BHK21 cells (line T637) binds to double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) and is eluted from a ds-DNA cellulose column in two fractions, at pH 6.2 and pH 8.0. The fraction eluting at pH 8.0, when encapsulated in large unilamellar phosphatidylserine vesicles, stimulates DNA synthesis in BHK21 cells arrested in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle by serum deprivation. Unencapsulated material has no stimulatory effect. The pH 8.0 fraction also contains protein kinase activity which is immunoprecipitated by antisera reactive with T antigen. The fraction eluting at pH 6.2 contains no detectable protein kinase activity and, whether encapsulated or unencapsulated, does not stimulate DNA synthesis in growth-arrested BHK21 cells.
Long-term outcomes of nonconditioned patients with severe combined immunodeficiency transplanted with HLA-identical or haploidentical bone marrow depleted of T cells with anti-CD6 mAb.

Background Between 1981 and 1995, 20 children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID; median age at transplant, 6.5 [range, 0.5-145] mo, 12 with serious infection) were treated with haploidentical T cell–depleted (anti-CD6 antibody) bone marrow (median number of 5.7 [0.8-18.8] × 10 8 nucleated cells/kg) from mismatched related donors (MMRDs), and 5 children with SCID (median age at transplant, 1.8 [0.5-5.0] mo, 1 with serious infection) were given unmanipulated bone marrow from matched related donors (MRDs). No conditioning or graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis was used. Objective To assess the outcomes of patients with SCID who received bone marrow from MMRDs or MRDs. Methods We reviewed the medical records of these 25 consecutive patients with SCID (4 with Omenn syndrome). Results Of the 20 patients who received bone marrow from MMRDs, 12 engrafted, 10 survived at a median age of 15.2 [10.0-19.1] years, 4 had chronic GvHD (lung, intestine, skin), 5 required intravenous immunoglobulin, and 8 attended school or college. Two of 5 patients who died had chronic GvHD, and 2 developed lymphoproliferative disease. Of the 5 patients who received bone marrow from MRDs, 5 engrafted, 5 survived at a median age of 23.3 [18.5-26] years, 1 had chronic GvHD (lung, skin), 2 required intravenous immunoglobulin, and 4 attended school or college. Conclusions Treatment of critically ill patients with SCID with anti-CD6 antibody T cell–depleted MMRD marrow resulted in an overall 50% long-term survival of patients (83% survival of those engrafted). The principal barriers to long-term survival were delay in diagnosis, life-threatening infection, failure to engraft, and chronic GvHD. Educational goals were achieved in most of the survivors.
Intracellular delivery of protein and peptide therapeutics.

Many proteins and peptides are used as highly specific and effective therapeutic agents. Their use is, however, complicated by their instability and side effects. Because many protein and peptide drugs have their therapeutic targets inside cells, there is also an important task to bring these drugs into target cells without subjecting them to the lysosomal degradation. This review describes current approaches to the intracellular delivery of protein and peptide drugs. Various drug delivery systems and methods are considered allowing for safe and effective transport of protein and peptide drugs into the cell cytoplasm.
Differential healing periods of the acetic acid ulcer model in rats and cats

Methode zur experimentellen Erzeugung eines Magengeschwures beim Tier, das weitgehend mit dem menschlichen Magengeschwur ubereinstimmt.
Macrocyclic triamines as linkers in two-armed receptors for peptides

Abstract Commercially available triazamacrocycles have been substituted with trimesic acid/1,2-diamine cyclooligomers to create a new class of sequence-selective receptors for peptides. Screening of these compounds against a 3375-member library of N-acetyl tripeptides revealed novel peptide-binding properties.
Depressive symptoms and measures of disability: a prospective study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that decreases in severity of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic tinnitus would correlate with reductions in measures of functional disability. Method: This study describes the correlations between several measures of functional disability and Hamilton depression scores in two groups of patients with major depression and depressive symptoms (D-NOS) who were patients enrolled in a 12-week placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of nortriptyline. These patients had chronic severe tinnitus which was associated in most patients with high frequency hearing loss. The effect of whether affective symptoms improved and the patient's initial depression status (major depression versus depressive symptoms) are examined in order to increase understanding about the correlations between depressive symptoms and functional disability. Results: Most measures of functional disability decreased synchronously with Hamilton Depression Scale scores in both patients with major depression and those with subclinical depressive symptoms. Patients whose depression improved had a significantly greater change in each disability measure than patients whose depression did not improve. This significant decrease in functional disability was seen in 11 of 13 scales in the improved D-NOS group, versus only 3 of the 13 scales in the unimproved D-NOS group; 9 of 13 scales of functional disability significantly decreased in the improved major depression group, versus 3 of 13 scales in the unimproved major depression group. Conclusions: The results suggest that there was a significant correlation between improvement in both major depression and depression-NOS symptoms, and decreases in measures of functional disability in an aging population with a chronic medical illness.
Surface Texture Improvement in the Turning Process Via Application of a Magnetostrictively Actuated Tool Holder

An active vibration control system for a turning process is presented. The system employs a magnetostrictive actuator and a rate feedback control scheme to suppress the vibration caused by random excitation in the turning process. A specially designed tool holder is developed to implement the actuation and the control scheme effectively. A model which accounts for both the dynamic response of the cutting process and the control system is described. The effectiveness of the vibration control system is studied via simulation and a series of experiments. A disturbance force is applied to the system by a shaker and the dynamic response of the system is observed. The experimental data shows that the rate feedback control scheme adds additional clamping to the system and reduces the vibration. A complete set of 2 4 factorial design cutting experiments were also conducted using the tool holder and experimentally obtained surface profiles were compared to surface profiles obtained without the vibration control. It is shown that the system can improve the surface texture generated by the turning process.
Heterogeneous distribution of soluble guanylate cyclase in the pulmonary vasculature of the fetal lamb

Background Vascular segments in the fetal lung differ anatomically and functionally from one another. At birth, the nitric oxide (NO) pathway plays an integral role in reducing pulmonary vascular resistance through a marked vasodilation. However, the contributions of each vascular segment to this dilation are unclear. We sought to determine the distribution of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the enzyme NO activates to induce vasodilation across the pulmonary vasculature. Methods Pulmonary airspaces were expanded with freezing compound and the pulmonary arterial tree was infused with barium sulfate gelatin. Soluble guanylate cyclase was localized by immunohistochemistry across the pulmonary vasculature of four near-term fetal lambs and its immunoreaction product was assessed by a semiquantitative method. The physiologic response of fourth- and fifth-generation arteries and veins isolated from age-matched lambs to NO was measured using standard tissue bath techniques. Results Clear differences in sGC immunostaining were present throughout the pulmonary vasculature: very weak to absent in large arteries accompanying bronchi, but intensely positive for veins. This pronounced staining for sGC in preacinar veins correlated with a 100-fold greater sensitivity to NO in veins compared to arteries of the same generation. The percentage of arteries staining positively approached 100% at the level of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Conclusions These findings suggest that the increased response to NO in preacinar veins compared to that of arteries is in part due to increased sGC within venous vascular smooth muscle. Furthermore, intense staining within distal arteries implies a greater role for NO-mediated vasodilation within these segments. Anat. Rec. 250:62–69, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rational approximations of fluid properties

Abstract We report on recent efforts to develop a systematic method, based on the technique of rational approximation, for creating mathematical models of real-fluid equations of state and related properties. Equation-of-state models for real fluids are usually created by selecting a function p ∗ (T,n) that contains a set of parameters &{;γ i &}; chosen such that p ∗ (T,n) provides a good fit to the experimental data. (Here p is the pressure, T is the temperature, and n is the density.) In most cases a nonlinear least-squares numerical method is used to determine {γ i }. There are several drawbacks to this approach: (1) one has essentially to guess what p ∗ (T,n) should be; (2) the critical region is seldom fit very well; and (3) nonlinear numerical methods are time consuming and sometimes not very stable. The rational approximation approach we describe may eliminate all of these drawbacks. In particular the function p ∗ (T,n) is dictated by the data, and its numerical implementation involves only linear algorithms.
Response properties of neurons in the caudate–putamen and globus pallidus to noxious and non-noxious thermal stimulation in anesthetized rats

To investigate the possible mechanisms by which neurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and globus pallidus (GP) participate in pain and nociception, the present study characterized the response properties of CPu and GP neurons to non-noxious and noxious thermal stimuli in anesthetized rats. Nociceptive CPu and GP neurons were capable of encoding noxious thermal stimuli and 79% of these thermally responsive neurons also responded to noxious mechanical stimuli. Thermally responsive neurons were activated during the phasic rise and fall of the thermal shift in addition to the plateau temperature. The ability of CPu and GP neurons to encode noxious thermal stimulation intensity and respond during the dynamic phase of the stimulus suggests that these neurons may contribute to the behavioral response to minimize bodily harm.
Adaptive reasoning: Componential and eye movement analysis of geometric analogy performance ☆

Abstract The present study explored individual differences in performance of a geometric analogies task. Whereas past studies employed true/false or two-alternative items, the present research included four-alternative items and studied eye movements and confidence judgements for each item performance as well as latency and error. Item difficulty proved to be a function of an interaction between the number of response alternatives and the number of elements in items, especially for subjects lower in fluid-analytic reasoning ability. Results were interpreted using two hypothesized performance strategies: constructive matching and response elimination. The less efficient of these, response elimination, seemed to be used more by lower ability subjects on more difficult items. While two previous theories resemble one or the other of these strategies, neither alone seems to capture the complexity of adaptive problem solving. It appears that a comprehensive theory should incorporate strategy shifting as a function of item difficulty and subject ability. Componential models, based in part on past research, revealed that a justification component was activated and deactivated depending upon the nature of the analogy being solved. In addition, two new components, spatial inference and spatial application, were identified as important on some items, suggesting that different geometric analogy items invoke different cognitive processing components. Thus, a comprehensive theory should also describe component activation and deactivation.
Theory of Quadratic Response Functions

The general quantum theory of quadratic response functions, such as the optical-frequency quadratic polarizability of dielectrics, is developed on the lines of Kubo's density matrix---Green's function theory of linear response functions. Sum rule series are obtained, and applied to the quadratic polarizability. A suitable form of Kramers-Kronig relations for quadratic response functions is developed.
Learning semantics-preserving distance metrics for clustering graphical data

In mining graphical data the default Euclidean distance is often used as a notion of similarity. However this does not adequately capture semantics in our targeted domains, having graphical representations depicting results of scientific experiments. It is seldom known a-priori what other distance metric best preserves semantics. This motivates the need to learn such a metric. A technique called LearnMet is proposed here to learn a domain-specific distance metric for graphical representations. Input to LearnMet is a training set of correct clusters of such graphs. LearnMet iteratively compares these correct clusters with those obtained from an arbitrary but fixed clustering algorithm. In the first iteration a guessed metric is used for clustering. This metric is then refined using the error between the obtained and correct clusters until the error is below a given threshold. LearnMet is evaluated rigorously in the Heat Treating domain which motivated this research. Clusters obtained using the learned metric and clusters obtained using Euclidean distance are both compared against the correct clusters over a separate test set. Our results show that the learned metric provides better clusters.
Differential Cross Sections for Electron Capture from Argon by 6-MeV Protons

Differential cross sections for the capture of electrons from argon by 6- MeV protons have been measured as a function of the hydrogen-atom scattering angle between 0.02$sup 0$ and 0.14$sup 0$. Cross sections were measured for capture from all shells and from the argon K shell alone. The differential cross section for K-shell capture does not agree with theoretical results obtained using either the Oppenheimer--Brinkman--Kramers approximation or a Born calculation which includes a contribution from the core--core interaction. (AIP)
Thermal denaturation and photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium cutirubrum as monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract Resonance Raman studies of the thermal denaturation of bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium cutirubrum show that the N- retinylidenelysine moiety present in the chromophore is N-protonated. This corroborates an earlier suggestion of Lewis et al. ((1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., 71, 4462–4466). The widely differing excitation profiles of two −CC- stretching modes are explained in terms of the light-initiated reaction cycle in the molecule. Glutaraldehyde fixation of bacteriorhodopsin has no effect on the intensity ratio of the two modes, suggesting that no large motion of the protein is necessary for the photoreaction cycle to occur.
Growth in Tobacco Control publications by authors from low- and middle-income countries

Background Research has contributed significantly to tobacco control in high-income nations, but has not yet played a comparable role in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In recent years, efforts have been devoted to building research capacity in LMICs. Using publication in Tobacco Control as a proxy for all tobacco control research, we examine whether research articles authored by scholars from LMICs and about LMIC issues have increased over the Journal9s history. Methods We examined every issue of Tobacco Control from 1992 to 2011, coding contributions as to their authorship (LMIC, high-income country, or both), and whether they covered tobacco control issues in LMICs. We included all the following journal categories: Original/Research articles, Brief reports, Reviews, Letters to the editor, Special communications, Commentaries, and Editorials. Results We divided the Journal9s first 20 years into four 5-year periods. There was no statistically significant change in LMIC authorship or LMIC issue coverage during the first three periods. From those three periods combined (1992–2006), to the most recent 5-year period (2007–2011), articles including any LMIC authors increased from 7.2% to 22.7% (p Conclusions Efforts to expand research by LMIC authors and about LMIC issues have begun to bear fruit, with a recent substantial increase. Still, the centrality of LMICs in the global tobacco pandemic implies that this progress only begins to address the enormous need.
Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife ☆

Abstract People have always relied on their friends, neighbors, and co-workers as well as family members for social support, but support from outside the family may be increasingly important as high divorce rates persist and high levels of residential mobility continue to take people away from their relatives. Past research suggests that women give and receive more emotional support than do men, but little research has explored gender differences in overall patterns of exchanging social support. We use latent class analysis of data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to show that there are four major patterns of social support exchange for both men and women at midlife. Three of these patterns—high exchange, emotional support exchange, and low exchange—are very similar for men and women. However, almost half of men can be characterized as low exchangers while almost half of women can be characterized as emotional support exchangers. Around 10% of both men and women are high exchangers. Multivariate analyses show that among both men and women, the unmarried are the most likely to be high exchangers after controlling for other factors that might possibly be related to the exchange of social support.