cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fully automatic extraction of magnetic resonance image features in glioblastoma patients

Purpose: Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor. It is characterized by low median survival time and high survival variability. Survival prognosis for glioblastoma is very important for optimized treatment planning. Imaging features observed in magnetic resonance (MR) images were shown to be a good predictor of survival. However, manual assessment of MR features is time-consuming and can be associated with a high inter-reader variability as well as inaccuracies in the assessment. In response to this limitation, the authors proposed and evaluated a computer algorithm that extracts important MR image features in a fully automatic manner. Methods: The algorithm first automatically segmented the available volumes into a background region and four tumor regions. Then, it extracted ten features from the segmented MR imaging volumes, some of which were previously indicated as predictive of clinical outcomes. To evaluate the algorithm, the authors compared the extracted features for 73 glioblastoma patients to the reference standard established by manual segmentation of the tumors. Results: The experiments showed that their algorithm was able to extract most of the image features with moderate to high accuracy. High correlation coefficients between the automatically extracted value and reference standard were observed for the tumor location, minor and major axis length as well as tumor volume. Moderately high correlation coefficients were also observed for proportion of enhancing tumor, proportion of necrosis, and thickness of enhancing margin. The correlation coefficients for all these features were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The authors proposed and evaluated an algorithm that, given a set of MR volumes of a glioblastoma patient, is able to extract MR image features that correlate well with their reference standard. Future studies will evaluate how well the computer-extracted features predict survival.
Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action.

Abstract Although numerous studies have examined the role of sociocultural pressures in the etiology and maintenance of bulimia nervosa, a comprehensive review that synthesizes the current knowledge is needed. The primary aim of the present paper was to review the available evidence implicating sociocultural factors in the promotion of bulimia. Overall, the research supported the contention that sociocultural pressures play a role in perpetuating bulimia. The secondary aim of the paper was to propose a model that links these nebulous pressures to the actual development of bulimic behavior. This model first delineates probable carriers of these cultural messages, including the family, peers, and the media. Second, variables thought to mediate the relation between these societal pressures and eating pathology were examined. Internalization of these pressures, body dissatisfaction, restrained eating, and negative affect were considered as potential mediators. Finally, factors that possibly moderate the enumerated mediational pathways were explored. Implications for prevention and future research are discussed.
One-dimensional mean value methods in iterations

A widely used approach for solving problems consists of recasting them as fixed point problems and then using one-dimensional mean value iterative methods. Such methods are therefore of more than passing interest and deserve to be studied for themselves. The representative member of a class of one-dimensional mean value iterative methods, i.e., its representative algorithm schema, uses a convex and closed subset T of En, a continuous map a(?) from T into T and an infinite sequence of scalars {?i} with ?i in [0;1] for all i.
Conditioning of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli for Enhanced Colonization of Host

While in transit within and between hosts, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) encounters multiple stresses, including substantial levels of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Here we show that UPEC, the primary cause of urinary tract infections, can be conditioned to grow at higher rates in the presence of acidified sodium nitrite (ASN), a model system used to generate nitrosative stress. When inoculated into the bladder of a mouse, ASN-conditioned UPEC bacteria are far more likely to establish an infection than nonconditioned bacteria. Microarray analysis of ASN-conditioned bacteria suggests that several NsrR-regulated genes and other stress- and polyamine-responsive factors may be partially responsible for this effect. Compared to K-12 reference strains, most UPEC isolates have increased resistance to ASN, and this resistance can be substantially enhanced by addition of the polyamine cadaverine. Nitrosative stress, as generated by ASN, can stimulate cadaverine synthesis by UPEC, and growth of UPEC in cadaverine-supplemented broth in the absence of ASN can also promote UPEC colonization of the bladder. These results suggest that UPEC interactions with polyamines or stresses such as reactive nitrogen intermediates can in effect reprogram the bacteria, enabling them to better colonize the host.
Methods of aggregation

Abstract We study a class of methods for accelerating the convergence of iterative methods for solving linear systems. The methods proceed by replacing the given linear system with a derived one of smaller size, the aggregated system. The solution of the latter is used to accelerate the original iterative process. The construction of the aggregated system as well as the passage of information between it and the original system depends on one or more approximations of the solution of the latter. A number of variants are introduced, estimates of the acceleration are obtained, and numerical experiments are performed. The theory and computations show the methods to be effective.
Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.

Abstract Purpose To investigate and to identify endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Design Observational case series. Participants Twenty-four patients with CSCR. Methods Serum and urinary catecholamines, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, serum testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) function were evaluated prospectively. Results Fifty percent (12 of 24) of patients with active acute CSCR showed elevated 24-hour urine cortisol or tetrahydroaldosterone levels. Serum aldosterone levels were low in 7 of 24 (29.1%) patients. Single morning plasma catecholamine levels were elevated in 7 of 24 patients, although 24-hour urine metanephrines (catecholamine breakdown products) were normal. Serum testosterone and TSH levels were normal in nearly all (23 of 24) patients. Conclusion Many patients with acute CSCR have elevated 24-hour urine corticosteroids, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disorder. Endogenous mineralocorticoid dysfunction is a newly described feature of CSCR.
A modification of the altered cast technique

Abstract The modification of the altered cast tehnique as described permits the dentist to determine the correct extension of the denture base, control the relationship of tooth and tissue-bearing areas of the prosthesis, and make centric jaw relation records in a single clinical visit.
Neurofilament phosphorylation is modulated by myelination

Axons undergo substantial changes in radial growth during the course of development. Recent evidence suggests that axonal diameter may be controlled by the state of neurofilament (NF) phosphorylation. Using dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-Schwann cell co-cultures, we provide direct evidence that phosphorylation of NF is regulated by myelination. NF phosphorylation increased upon myelination of DRG neurons by Schwann cells. The increase in NF phosphorylation was reflected both as an increase in immunoreactivity with the antibody SMI31, specific for phosphorylation-dependent NF epitopes, and a concomitant decrease in immunoreactivity with SMI32, specific for nonphosphorylated NF epitopes. The increase in NF phosphorylation induced by myelination in the neuron-glia co-cultures was similar to NF phosphorylation seen in sciatic nerve extracts of mice with normal myelination compared to Trembler J mouse litter-mates in which myelination of peripheral nerves is compromised. Using an in situ gel kinase assay, we have detected changes in individual NF kinase activities during myelination. In particular, a 35-kDa kinase activity was induced by myelination, whereas a 42-kDa kinase decreased in activity. We discuss the possibility that these and other kinases may be involved in signaling processes between neurons and glia during myelination. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of MTAD on the Bond Strength to Enamel and Dentin

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of MTAD (a mixture of a tetracycline isomer [doxycycline], an acid [citric acid], and a detergent [Tween 80]) and phosphoric acid on the bond strength to enamel and dentin using a conventional OptiBond Solo Plus dentin adhesive system. One hundred flat surfaces (50 enamel/50 dentin) were prepared for bonding. Specimens were embedded in acrylic with the flat surface exposed. One of the following surface treatments was applied before bonding composite with Optibond Solo Plus (Kerr Corp): 1 min NaOCl/1 min EDTA; 1 min NaOCl/1 min MTAD; 30 s etch with H 3 PO4 (positive control), 2 min saline (negative control), or 20 min NaOCl/5 min MTAD (clinical protocol for MTAD). Shear bond strength was tested 30 min after bonding. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison method. Surface pretreatment with acid etch resulted in the greatest enamel bond strengths (p
Application of the transition matrix to a ribbon‐shaped scatterer

The transition matrix for scalar waves scattered by a ribbon‐shaped obstacle with Neumann boundary conditions is derived using a basis set for the surface field expansion chosen to facilitate convergence. An analytic expression for the scattering amplitude in arbitrary directions exact to order (ak)6 is derived from the transition matrix. Comparisons with the results based on the geometrical theory of diffraction and solutions for the integral equation at low frequencies indicate that valid numerical results are obtained throughout the range of frequencies considered (0<ak<10).
A novel approach to improving search efficiency in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

The decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) technique has been widely used to implement scalable file sharing systems. It organizes nodes in a system into a structured or unstructured network. The advantages of the unstructured P2P systems are that they have lower maintenance complexity and can better adapt to node heterogeneity as well as network dynamics. However, the search process in unstructured systems is not as efficient as in structured P2P systems because the same search message may go through a node multiple times. To facilitate the complex search and improve the search efficiency, we propose a novel approach of assigning identifications to nodes in an unstructured system. Our method can prevent a node from receiving duplicate search messages and retain the low maintenance overhead for the system. The performance evaluations demonstrate that the proposed approach can improve the search efficiency of unstructured P2P systems while keeping the maintenance overhead at a comparable or even lower level, compared with the traditional unstructured systems.
Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles and cells using insulating ridges in faceted prism microchannels

This paper presents a novel device for the dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles and cells. A two-level isotropic etch of a glass substrate was used to create three-dimensional ridge-like structures in micrometer-sized channels. Due to the insulating properties of glass, locally patterned regions of nonuniform electric field form near the ridges when a dc field is applied along the channel. The ridges are designed using the method of faceted prisms, such that substantially uniform fields are produced on each side of the faceted interfaces that form each ridge. The dielectrophoretic force that results from the electric field gradient near the ridges is used to affect particle motion parallel to the ridges in the absence of a bulk pressure-driven flow. Trapping and deflection of particles and continuous concentration and separation of Bacillus subtilis from a two-component sample mixture are demonstrated. The flow of B. subtilis is restricted to a selected channel of a planar, multichannel device as a result of negative dielectrophoresis arising from the presence of the insulating ridges when the applied electric field exceeds a threshold of 30 V/mm. Dielectrophoresis has a negligible impact on 200-nm-diameter polystyrene particles under the same conditions.
Nonlinear Electron Acoustic Waves, Part II

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of nonlinear electron acoustic waves. In a world with large amounts of quickly disposable energy, a wealth of dynamical phenomena has come to light marked by a very high propagation speed, approaching that of electromagnetic waves. In most cases, the observation is based on a moving luminous domain in a gas, and the domain's initial boundary is remarkably sharp, suggesting something of a discontinuity. Simultaneous observations of ionization have shown discontinuities to be present that are closely co-spatial with those of the luminosity. It can be hypothesized that all these fast waves involve organized electron motion, and hence all have electron acoustic speed as their reference speed in the Machian sense. In this chapter, the entire subject is elaborated and new evidences for the validity of the fluid dynamical viewpoint of this phenomenon are reviewed. Laboratory experiments related to breakdown waves, secondary breakdown waves, electric shock tube precursors, laser precursors, and slow proforce waves are discussed. Fundamental equations in one dimension are elaborated. Solution of the electron equations for proforce waves is also discussed.
Identification and functional analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium PmrA-regulated genes.

The PmrA–PmrB two-component regulatory system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is activated in vivo and plays an important role in resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Resistance is partly mediated by modifications to the lipopolysaccharide. To identify new PmrA-regulated genes, microarray analysis was undertaken comparing cDNA derived from PmrA-constitutive and PmrA-null strains. A combination of RT-PCR and transcriptional analysis confirmed the inclusion of six new loci in the PmrA–PmrB regulon: STM1253, STM1269, STM4118, STM0459, STM3968 and STM4568. These loci did not affect the ability to grow in high iron conditions, the ability to modify lipid A with aminoarabinose, or virulence. STM4118, a putative phosphoethanolamine phosphotransferase, had a minor effect on polymyxin resistance, whereas the remaining genes had no role in polymyxin resistance. Although several of the identified loci lacked the consensus PmrA binding site, PmrA was demonstrated to bind the promoter of a PmrA-activated gene lacking the consensus site. A more complete definition of the PmrA–PmrB regulon will provide a better understanding of its role in host and non-host environments.
Influence of acid dyes on the thermal behavior of nylon 66

To reveal the effect of acid dyes on the melt processing of recycled nylon 66, 17 acid dyes with different chemical structures were used to dye a nylon 66 yarn. The thermal stability of dyestuffs, the thermal degradation of the dyed nylon 66 during compression molding, and the melting and crystallization of the dyed nylon were investigated. During melt processing, most dyed nylon 66 changed color strength and color pattern. This is attributed to the migration and chemical reactions of dyestuffs. Acid dyes containing metal ions, such as C.I. Acid Black 60, C.I. Acid Red 186, C.I. Acid Yellow 151, and C.I. Acid Black 107, have severe impact on the thermal stability of nylon 66. The influence of metal complex acid dyes on the thermal stability of nylon 66 can be explained by a mechanism of acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution. It was observed that the existence of acid dye in nylon 66 does not influence the melting temperature of nylon. However, some metal complex dyes reduce the crystallization temperature of molten nylon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 371–382, 1998
Improved destriping of GOES images using finite impulse response filters

Abstract GOES data are known to be contaminated with stripes whose presence affects the usefulness of the data in quantitative studies. This article: 1) reviews the causes of the striping; 2) develops frequency domain and spatial domain finite impulse response (FIR) filters for minimizing the stripes in the data while simultaneously introducing minimum distortion into the filtered data; and 3) quantitatively compares the results obtained with these new filtering methods with those produced by traditional destriping methods (e.g., simple smoothing, moment matching, histogram matching). Results from 81 GOES scenes show that a finite impulse response filter (i.e., target filter), implemented in either the spatial or Fourier domain, is superior to all other methods evaluated. The importance of proper destriping of GOES data for both accurate cloud detection and radiative flux computations also is demonstrated. The sensitivity of histogram matching to the choice of reference state is evaluated, and a way to minimize the sensitivity is presented.
Comparison of antioxidants for fats on an equivalent molar basis

An oven incubation method for determining the relative effectiveness of antioxidants is described, which has yielded results with an over-all average variation of 2.07%. The antioxidants were compared on an equivalent molar basis, and potencies are expressed as a “catechol index”.
Global stabilization for a class of integrator chain with bounded control

In this paper, a class of integrator chain systems with bounded control is considered. A nested control law is proposed so that the closed-loop system is globally stabilized with the bounded control. Effectiveness of the proposed control law will be shown through simulation.
A Single-Molecule Approach to Tau

Tau is a protein associated with bundles of microtubules, while tau/tau interactions can lead to aggregates thought to underlie Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigate the utility of a multiplexed single-molecule manipulation approach to give information on tau structure and tau/tau interactions: Previously we demonstrated the ability to perform several single molecule measurements in parallel in a multiplexed magnetic tweezers assay (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 094301 (2008)), enhancing the statistical significance of the data. For testing the capability of this tool in protein folding studies, we present data on nucleic acid hairpins as a model system. We directly observe high resolution hairpin opening and closing events on several single molecule tethers simultaneously subject to the same critical force. We then describe experiments to observe the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein aggregation by i) immobilizing and studying tau in isolation then ii) studying interactions between immobilized tau with tau free in solution.
A STUDY OF THE PROTEOLYTIC FERMENTS OF THE LARGE LYMPHOCYTES IN A CASE OF ACUTE LEUKÆMIA

The leucocytes of the blood of normal individuals and of patients showing a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis contain enzymes capable of digesting coagulated blood serum in neutral, alkaline or acid solutions. The cells in pus that is composed principally of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the leucocytes of the circulating blood in myelogeneous leukaemia contain similar proteolytic enzymes, which act best when the reaction is alkaline. The leucocytes of the circulating blood and of the enlarged lymph nodes from a case of large cell, acute, lymphatic leukaemia contain proteolytic enzymes that act qualitatively in much the same way as the leucocytes of pus and as the white corpuscles of the blood in myelogenous leukaemia. These large lymphocytes in acute lymphatic leukaemia can be differentiated biologically from the small lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukaemia which possess no proteolytic enzymes, and from the large endothelioid cells of the hyperplastic lymph glands which are proteolytic only in the presence of acid. These results seem to show that the large cells of the so-called acute lymphatic leukaemia are not true lymphocytes, but are nearly related to the granular myelocytes and should probably be considered as the forerunners to these cells.
Protein-Level Fluctuation Correlation at the Microcolony Level and Its Application to the Vibrio harveyi Quorum-Sensing Circuit

Gene expression is stochastic, and noise that arises from the stochastic nature of biochemical reactions propagates through active regulatory links. Thus, correlations in gene-expression noise can provide information about regulatory links. We present what to our knowledge is a new approach to measure and interpret such correlated fluctuations at the level of single microcolonies, which derive from single cells. We demonstrated this approach mathematically using stochastic modeling, and applied it to experimental time-lapse fluorescence microscopy data. Specifically, we investigated the relationships among LuxO, LuxR, and the small regulatory RNA qrr4 in the model quorum-sensing bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Our results show that LuxR positively regulates the qrr4 promoter. Under our conditions, we find that qrr regulation weakly depends on total LuxO levels and that LuxO autorepression is saturated. We also find evidence that the fluctuations in LuxO levels are dominated by intrinsic noise. We furthermore propose LuxO and LuxR interact at all autoinducer levels via an unknown mechanism. Of importance, our new method of evaluating correlations at the microcolony level is unaffected by partition noise at cell division. Moreover, the method is first-order accurate and requires less effort for data analysis than single-cell-based approaches. This new correlation approach can be applied to other systems to aid analysis of gene regulatory circuits.
Condition Of Finite Element Matrices

The spectral condition number of the global stiffness and mass matrices set UD with finite elements for the Laplace or Poisson problems is examined in terms of element size and geometry.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION CAUSES OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE IN BALB/C MICE, AS DETECTED BY PLETHYSMOGRAPHY. |[utrif]| 1107

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and infants. Since possibilities to study RSV infection in humans are limited, various animal models have been developed. Balb/C mice permit spread of RSV in the lungs upon nasal inoculation with the virus, but they have not been found to develop signs of respiratory distress. However, inflammatory infiltrates have been observed in the lung after infection. The aim of the present study was to determine if mice infected with RSV developed evidence of respiratory illness detectable by plethysmography.
Trends in Developing Countries’ Commodity Terms-of-Trade since 1970:

Trends in commodity terms-of-trade since 1970 are estimated for a sizable sample of countries. The predominant pattern for developing countries is that of negative trends, but there is some improvement since 1980, and an increase in the share of manufactures in exports appears helpful. The estimates seem generally supportive of the spirit of Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. Establishment of an international organization to generate and disseminate technology for developing countries might mitigate their disadvantage in international exchange.
Simulated Forecast Error and Climate Drift Resulting from the Omission of the Upper Stratosphere in Numerical Models

Using an NCAR community climate model, Version I, the forecast error growth and the climate drift resulting from the omission of the upper stratosphere are investigated. In the experiment, the control simulation is a seasonal integration of a medium horizontal general circulation model with 30 levels extending from the surface to the upper mesosphere, while the main experiment uses an identical model, except that only the bottom 15 levels (below 10 mb) are retained. It is shown that both random and systematic errors develop rapidly in the lower stratosphere with some local propagation into the troposphere in the 10-30-day time range. The random growth rate in the troposphere in the case of the altered upper boundary was found to be slightly faster than that for the initial-condition uncertainty alone. However, this is not likely to make a significant impact in operational forecast models, because the initial-condition uncertainty is very large.
Neoplastic transformation of C3H mouse embryo cells, 10T1/2: cell-cycle dependence for 50 kV X-rays and UV-B light.

The variation of neoplastic transformation induced by 50 kV X-rays, and by solar-simulating UV-B light, was studied through the cell cycle of C3H mouse embryo cells designated 10T1/2. A mitotic shake-off method was used to harvest mitotic cells. The progression through the cell cycle of initially mitotic cells was followed as a funciton of time by flow cytometry, DNA labelling for passage through S-phase, and growth curves for cell number. At 2–3 h after shake-off, about 90% of the cells were in early G1-phase and by 15 h 60–70% of cells had reached S-phase. For 2·5 Gy, the transformation frequency per viable cell in M-phase was some five times higher than in S-phase. In contrast, at similar survival levels, UV-B light is less efficient in transforming mitotic cells. For both types of radiation, the frequency of neoplastic transformation per viable cell was roughly inversely proportional to survival.
Multi-level systems

Some layer structures of multi-level systems are studied. The concepts of the n-level similarity of systems, the n-level similarity of linked time systems, and ihe hereditary parts of linked time systems are introduced. Some equivalent conditions for the n-level similarity of systems and for the n-level similarity of linked time systems are also given. Some unsolved questions are posed. A philosophic (or epislemological) axiom is put forward: the existence of any real matter is known by the existences of all particles of some level of the matter, and some relations between the particles. In the final section, several elementary applications of the results are given.
Microphysical and macrophysical responses of marine stratocumulus polluted by underlying ships: Evidence of cloud deepening

[1] Ship tracks observed by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) were analyzed to determine the extent to which aerosol plumes from ships passing below marine stratocumulus alter the microphysical and macrophysical properties of the clouds. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery was used to distinguish ship tracks embedded in closed, open, and undefined mesoscale cellular cloud structures. The impact of aerosol on the microphysical cloud properties in both the closed and open cell regimes were consistent with the changes predicted by the Twomey hypothesis. For the macrophysical changes, differences were observed between regimes. In the open cell regime, polluted clouds had significantly higher cloud tops (16%) and more liquid water (39%) than nearby unpolluted clouds. However, in the closed cell regime, polluted clouds exhibited no change in cloud top height and had less liquid water (−6%). Both microphysical (effective radius) and macrophysical (liquid water path) cloud properties contribute to a fractional change in cloud optical depth; in the closed cell regime the microphysical contribution was 3 times larger than the macrophysical contribution. However, the opposite was true in the open cell regime where the macrophysical contribution was nearly 2 times larger than the microphysical contribution because the aerosol probably increased cloud coverage. The results presented here demonstrate key differences aerosols have on the microphysical and macrophysical responses of boundary layer clouds between mesoscale stratocumulus convective regimes.
The ecology of invasion: acquisition and loss of the siphonal canal in gastropods

Most evolutionary innovations—power-enhancing phenotypes previously absent in a lineage—have arisen multiple times within major clades. This repetition permits a comparative approach to ask how, where, when, in which clades, and under which circumstances adaptive innovations are acquired and secondarily lost. I use new and literature-based data on the phylogeny, functional morphology, and fossil record of gastropods to explore the acquisition and loss of the siphonal canal and its variations in gastropods. The siphonal indentation, canal, notch, or tube at the front end of the shell is associated in living gastropods with organs that detect chemical signals directionally and at a distance in an anteriorly restricted inhalant stream of water. Conservative estimates indicate that the siphonate condition arose 23 times and was secondarily lost 17 times. Four siphonate clades have undergone prodigious diversification. All siphonate gastropods have a shell whose axis of coiling lies at a low angle above the plane of the aperture (retroaxial condition). In early gastropods, the siphonal canal was short and more or less confined to the apertural plane. Later (mainly Cretaceous and Cenozoic) variations include a dorsally deflected canal, a long canal, and a closed canal. The closed siphonal canal, in which the edges join to form a tube, arose 15 times, all in the adult stages of caenogastropods with determinate growth. Gastropods in which the siphonate condition arose were mobile, bottom-dwelling, microphagous animals. Active predaceous habits became associated with the siphonate condition in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Purpurinidae-Latrogastropoda clade. Loss of the siphonate condition is associated with nonmarine habits, miniaturization, and especially with a sedentary or slow-moving mode of life. The siphonate condition arose seven times each during the early to middle Paleozoic, the late Paleozoic, and the early to middle Mesozoic, and only once each during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Well-adapted incumbents prevented most post-Jurassic clades from evolving a siphonal indentation and its associated organs. Dorsally deflected, long, and closed canals are known only from Cretaceous and Cenozoic marine gastropods, and represent improvements in sensation and passive armor. In a discussion of contrasting ecologies of clades that gained and lost the siphonate condition, I argue that macroevolutionary trends in the comings and goings of innovations and clades must incorporate ecological and functional data. Acquisitions of energy-intensive, complex innovations that yield greater power have a greater effect on ecosystems, communities, and their resident clades than do reversals, which generally reflect energy savings.
Alterations in plasma total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic rats fed diets with varied content of selenium and vitamin E.

The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on plasma total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was evaluated in 54 Sprague Dawley rats fed cholesterol/cholic acid enriched diets. Diets 1, 2, and 3 had no added selenium (low Se) and 0 (low), 60 (adequate), and 600 (high) mg/kg dL alpha tocopheryl acetate added respectively. Sodium selenite at 0.2 mg/kg (adequate Se) was added to diets 4, 5, and 6 and at 4.0 mg/kg (toxic Se) to diet 7, 8, and 9 with the same pattern of vitamin E added to the diet as described above. TC and HDLC were measured using the Kodak Ectachem system. Rats in the low and adequate Se groups fed high vitamin E had lower TC values than rats fed lower vitamin E levels but differences were not significant. In the toxic Se groups, rats fed high vitamin E had significantly (p<0.05) higher plasma TC values than did lower Vitamin E groups. Rats on the high vitamin E diets with low or adequate Se had significantly (p<0.05) higher mean plasma HDLC values when compared to rats fed low or adequate vitamin E diets. HDLC values for animals on Se toxic diets were significantly (p<0.05) lower in rats fed a low vitamin E diet. In rats fed Se deficient and adequate diets, a high vitamin E intake resulted in a decrease in TC and an increase in HDLC. In Se toxic rats, TC was elevated by a high dietary intake of vitamin E as was HDLC with both values being significantly higher than values found in the vitamin E deficient rats. Vitamin E deficiency resulted in a plasma lipid pattern that has been associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk.
Environmental risk and optimum rate of oil recovery

This paper presents a mathematical programming model for optimal rate of oil recovery when a firm faces potential environmental costs. Environmental impacts of applying enhanced oil recovery projects have been recorded as risks of water contamination, air quality degradation and chemical hazards. The dynamic stochastic model in this paper maximizes the expected present value of net returns from the oil reserves and provides a time path for oil recovery projects. This model has been applied to 100 oil recovery projects in the state of Wyoming to determine, first, the optimal rate of oil recovery, and, second, the cost and benefit analysis of these projects given risk of groundwater contamination. The result is that including environmental costs in the model alters the time path and the optimal rate of oil recovery relative to an engineering cost and benefit analysis.
Crystallization of Fe-B amorphous alloys: A NMR and x-ray study

Based on a knowledge of the NMR spectra for FeB, Fe2B, orthorhombic Fe3B (o‐Fe3B), and body‐centered‐tetragonal Fe3B (bct‐Fe3B), the phases produced during the annealing of Fe‐B amorphous alloys can be identified with greater sensitivity by NMR techniques than by x‐ray diffraction. In the present work, a combination of x‐ray diffraction experiments and spin‐echo NMR measurements of the hyperfine field distributions for the 10B, 11B, and 57 Fe nuclei has been performed on both as‐quenched and annealed Fe100−xBx (14≤x≤25) amorphous alloys. In general terms, it was found that annealing at temperatures near 400 °C resulted in crystallization products which included bct‐Fe3B, while annealing at approximately 800 °C leads to the formation of o‐Fe3B. The behavior of the B hyperfine field indicates that, for the Fe100−xBx amorphous alloys, an o‐Fe3B‐like local order is favored in the low B concentration regime, and a bct‐Fe3B‐like local order is favored in the high B concentration regime.
Distribution and morphology of transgenic mouse oligodendroglial-lineage cells following transplantation into normal and myelin-deficient rat CNS.

Glial cells from neonatal MβP5 transgenic mice, which express bacterial β-galactosidase (lacZ) under control of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (Gow et al, 1992), were transplanted into the spinal cord or cerebral hemisphere of immunosuppressed normal and myelin-deficient (md) rats in order to assess the ability of the donor cells to survive, migrate, and differentiate within normal compared with myelin-deficient central nervous system (CNS). LacZ+ cells were detected as early as 6–7 days after transplantation into the low thoracic cord and by 10 days had spread rostrally to the brainstem and caudally to the sacral spinal cord. Initially, compact lacZ+ cells, lacking processes, were found associated with small blood vessels and with the glia limitans. Cells of this type persisted throughout the experiment. Later, lacZ+ cells with processes were seen along fiber tracts in the dorsal columns and, after intracerebral injection, subjacent to ventricular ependyma, as well as scattered in cerebral white and gray parenchyma. The extent of spread was comparable in md and normal rats, but in the md group, the success rate was higher, and more cells differentiated into process-bearing oligodendrocytes. Acceptance of xenografts in immunosuppressed recipients equaled that of allografts. The overall spread of grafted cells exceeded that of injected charcoal, indicating active migration. In contrast to earlier studies that identified oligodendrocytes based on morphology alone, this study has allowed us to identify and track oligodendrocytes based on myelin gene expression. We show some oligodendrocytes whose morphology is consistent with classical morphological descriptions, some that resemble astrocytes, and a class of compact perivascular oligodendrocyte-lineage cells that we suggest are migratory. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:46–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Excitation of left-hand-polarized nonlinear Alfvén waves by an ion beam in a plasma

[1] The nonlinear problem of MHD wave excitation in plasma by an ion beam with a ring distribution function was solved. We studied how the steepened wave profiles grew out of low-frequency Alfven fluctuations excited by the ion beam in plasma. Two types of nonlinearities are taken into account: (1) strong nonlinearity of resonant ions (beam ions) due to trapping and bounce-oscillation effects and (2) weak nonlinearity of nonresonant particles (plasma particles) that leads to mode coupling and steepening of the wave profile. The spectral method in concert with a hybrid method of resonant simulation was used in this study. The wave excitation, saturation, and subsequent nonlinear evolution were studied.
Soil carbonate decomposition by acid has little effect on δ13C of organic matter

Abstract The δ13C of soil organic C is often utilized to document vegetation changes and to estimate rates of soil organic C turnover. Soil carbonate C is isotopically distinct from organic C, and must be removed by acidification prior to isotopic analysis of soil organic matter. We determined the effects of acid concentration (0.1, 0.5, 1, or 6 m HCl) and duration of treatment (1, 2, 3, or 8 d) on soil δ13C and the concentration of C and N in a carbonate-free entisol and a calcareous vertisol both obtained from Texas. δ13C values of organic C in the entisol were reduced significantly by treatment with 6 m HCl for more than 1 d; however, all other combinations of acid strength and treatment duration had no effect on δ13C of organic C in that soil. In the calcareous soil, δ13C of organic C was largely unaffected by acid concentration or duration of treatment; however, soils treated with 0.1 m HCl required 3 d to fully remove all carbonate and achieve δ13C values comparable to those in other treatment combinations. Treatment of calcareous soils with 0.5 m HCl for 24 h appears sufficient to remove all carbonate C prior to isotopic analysis, and this treatment has no discernible effect on the δ13C of the soil organic matter.
A new vision for the field: Introduction to the second special issue on the unified theory

This is the second of two issues of the Journal of Clinical Psychology focused on the validity and usefulness of a new theoretical vision for the field (Henriques, 2003). The first two contributions from Rand and Ilardi and Geary both enrich the argument that psychology needs to be effectively connected with biology and physics and that the unified theory (via Behavioral Investment Theory) is highly successful in this way. The authors of the subsequent three articles—Shaffer, Quackenbush, and Shealy—show that the Tree of Knowledge System (through the Justification Hypothesis) is deeply commensurate with the dominant paradigms in the social sciences. Thus, the group of authors of these five articles demonstrates the viability of the unified theory both from bottom-up and top-down viewpoints. In the sixth article, the author addresses some important problems that potentially arise with the development of a clearly defined discipline. In the concluding article I address the concerns about the proposal raised by the contributors to the two special issues and articulate how the unified theory lays the foundation for the development of a useful mass movement in psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness, and Suitability (The CMRS Scales): Predicting Retention in Therapeutic Community Treatment

Based upon clinical considerations, scales were developed measuring client perceptions across four interrelated domains: circumstances (external pressures), motivation (intrinsic pressures), readiness, and suitability (CMRS) for residential TC treatment. This paper, the first in a series, reports findings on the reliability of the CMRS and its validity as a predictor of retention in TC treatment in three cohorts of consecutive admissions to a long-term residential TC. The main findings show that: (a) discriminant and factor analyses confirm the face validity of the original four rationale scales; (b) scores distribute into four groups, with most clients in the moderately low to moderately high range; (c) two cross-validation studies confirm the internal consistency of the scales, and a linear relationship between the separate and total CMRS scores and short-term retention in all three cohorts and long-term retention in two cohorts. The present psychometric study provides impressive findings on the reliability and validity of the CMRS scales as predictors of retention in long-term TCs. Although still considered experimental, awaiting replicational studies and firm conclusions concerning generalizability, the CMRS holds considerable promise for research, theory, and practice.
Ferromagnetic domains in uniaxial materials

The two basic remanent domain structures (RDS) observed in magnetically uniaxial platelets and their variations as a function of the thickness of the platelet and the value of the rotational susceptibility 2\piM_{s}^{2}/K_{1} of the material is discussed. The parallel-plate structure (PPS) first proposed by Landau and Lifshitz represents the lowest energy configuration or ground state for the given geometry, i.e., the easy axis normal to the platelets. The validity of their half-power law connecting the domain width with the thickness of the platelet is discussed in the light of subsequent theories and experiments and is shown to be correct over a limited thickness range only. The honeycomb domain structure (HCS) consisting of a closely packed array of circular cylindrical domains, found later experimentally, is shown by the latest calculations to be a RDS having a total free energy only about 0.4 percent higher than that of the PPS. The domain spacing is found to obey a similar thickness dependence as that in the PPS.
Large Margin Multi-Task Metric Learning

Multi-task learning (MTL) improves the prediction performance on multiple, different but related, learning problems through shared parameters or representations. One of the most prominent multi-task learning algorithms is an extension to support vector machines (svm) by Evgeniou et al. [15]. Although very elegant, multi-task svm is inherently restricted by the fact that support vector machines require each class to be addressed explicitly with its own weight vector which, in a multi-task setting, requires the different learning tasks to share the same set of classes. This paper proposes an alternative formulation for multi-task learning by extending the recently published large margin nearest neighbor (1mnn) algorithm to the MTL paradigm. Instead of relying on separating hyperplanes, its decision function is based on the nearest neighbor rule which inherently extends to many classes and becomes a natural fit for multi-task learning. We evaluate the resulting multi-task 1mnn on real-world insurance data and speech classification problems and show that it consistently outperforms single-task kNN under several metrics and state-of-the-art MTL classifiers.
Racial Disparities in Patients Bridged to Heart Transplantation with a Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose Studies examining the impact of race on orthotopic heart transplantation(OHT)outcomes in patients bridged to transplant(BTT) with ventricular assist device(VAD) therapy are limited. We evaluated the impact of race on OHT outcomes in BTT patients. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed all primary adult(age>17) OHT recipients who underwent BTT in the United Network for Organ Sharing(UNOS) database. Primary stratification was by race. Secondary stratification by VAD type and patient acuity were also performed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess mortality. Results From 2000-2011, 20,687 patients underwent OHT. 4,826(23.3%) were BTT, of which 3,475(72.0%) were white, 911(18.9%) were black and 279(5.8%) were hispanic. On unadjusted analysis, 30 day and 1 year survival were similar amongst races(p>0.05); however, non-white race was associated with a decreased 5 year survival (p=0.001). figure 1 ] When examining patients bridged specifically with Heartmate II devices, survival was similar at all time points. In high acuity patients, non-white race was associated with significantly decreased survival at all time points(30 day:p Conclusions In this study evaluating the effect of race in OHT survival outcomes in BTT patients, racial disparities exist. These disparities are exacerbated when patient acuity increases. Further study is needed to identify the causes of these differential outcomes.
Spectrin-based membrane skeleton: a multipotential adaptor between plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Pages 1029–1065: Vann Bennett. “Spectrin-Based Membrane Skeleton: A Multipotential Adaptor Between Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm.” Page 1056: Ref. 36 should read BENNETT, H., and J. CONDEELIS. Isol...
Dependent optimal stopping framework for wireless multimedia transmission

In this paper, we formulate the cross-layer optimization for delaysensitive media transmission over time-varying wireless channels as a finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) by explicitly considering the users' heterogeneous multimedia traffic characteristics (e.g. delay deadlines, distortion impacts and dependencies etc.) and time-varying network conditions. Based on the heterogeneous characteristics of the media packets, we are able to express the transmission priorities between packets as a new type of directed acyclic graph (DAG). This DAG provides the necessary structure for determining the optimal cross-layer actions in each time slot. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution significantly outperforms existing state-of-theart cross-layer solutions.
Optimization of the Information Content of Multitemporal Landsat Tm Data Sets for Monitoring Forest Cover Disturbance

Procedures that were developed to optimize the information content of multitemporal thematic mapper (TM) data sets for forest cover disturbance monitoring in Minnesota are described. TM imagery from three different years was calibrated to exoatmospheric reflectance. An atmospheric correction routine was applied combining two major components, atmospheric normalization over time and transformation to ground reflectance. Atmospheric conditions were modeled over time using regression functions derived from five ground features known to be unchanged over the time interval of interest and spanning the entire image reflectance range. The correlation between digital data and the forest cover was subsequently maximized and irrelevant information content was reduced by converting the band-specific reflectances into seven vegetation indices that were assumed to carry unique information. The application of two change detection algorithms to these seven indices ultimately resulted in 14 change features for each time interval of interest. Results show that the preprocessing sequence is vital to forest cover monitoring methodology.