cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The infrared and Raman spectra of the pentafluoroethyl halides

The infrared spectra of the pentafluoroethyl halides have been investigated in the gaseous state with double-beam prism spectrometers using NaCl and CaF2 prisms, and the Raman spectra of the compounds have been obtained for both the gaseous and liquid state. Depolarization ratios were determined for the Raman spectra of the liquids. All eighteen fundamental frequencies have been identified and assigned with the help of the correlation among the spectra of the three compounds. The barrier heights of the potentials hindering internal rotation have been calculated from the observed torsional frequencies assuming rigid groups. An empirical correlation has been observed between the amount of overlap of the fluorine and halogen atoms on the two end groups of the molecule and the contribution of the fluorine-halogen interaction to the barrier height.
NMR in superfluid 3He: Hydrodynamic shifts

Abstract Hydrodynamic shifts in the magnetic resonance frequencies of superfluid 3 He near T c are evaluated with Legget's theory. Observable shifts are predicted, except for flow perpendicular and parallel to the static magnetic fields in the A and B phases, respectively.
Hand and upper limb problems in the pediatric musician

Summary Hand injuries in pediatric and adolescent musicians can be difficult to assess. It is useful to categorize the patient based on age, which provides a framework for understanding the child's development and relationship to instrumental music. Watching the child at play and during instrumental practice is imperative because it allows evaluation of both physical factors and the interaction between the child, the instrument, and the parent(s). Non-performance-related injuries are the most common and must be treated in a manner to preserve the span of the hand and maximize hand function. In performance-related injuries, one must consider the size and strength of the child or adolescent. Often simple modifications to the instrument or modifications in technique help greatly. Children are usually excellent patients in terms of rehabilitative potential, and rapid recovery is the rule in both types of injuries. If recovery is prolonged, and no physical basis is apparent, psychosocial factors must be considered. The therapist not only can provide hand rehabilitation expertise, but can supply critical additional insight into the dynamics of the parent-child-instrument interaction.
Trigeminal nerve stimulation for epilepsy.

Epilepsy in many patients remains poorly controlled despite the introduction of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).1 Neurostimulation, including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), is a promising alternative to AEDs.2 The mechanism of VNS involves the locus ceruleus (LC) and nucleus solitarius (NTS).3,4⇓ As the LC and NTS project to the trigeminal nucleus, stimulation of the trigeminal nerve may also activate similar pathways to VNS.4-6⇓⇓ The trigeminal nerve, via cutaneous branches, offers a noninvasive method of neurostimulation. Recently, infraorbital trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) reduced pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats.7 Given the potent antiepileptic effect in animals, we initiated a pilot study of infraorbital TNS for epilepsy. Research committee approval was obtained for a pilot study of TNS. Inclusion criteria were age of 18 to 65 years, four or more complex partial seizures (CPS) or secondarily generalized seizures per month, no significant cardiac or medical conditions, EEG demonstrating focal epileptic discharges, ability to maintain accurate seizure calendars, no trigeminal neuralgia, …
Shifts in the Electronic Band Structure of Metals Due to Non-Muffin-Tin Potentials

The generally neglected potential outside the muffin-tin spheres induces average energy shifts of the order of 0.005 to 0.010 Ry in fully relativistic, high-symmetry levels of fcc palladium, fcc platinum, and bcc uranium. The high band mass of these transition metals combined with such shifts can cause errors of the order of 5% in predicting the Fermi radii. The splitting of the spin-orbit doublets is found to be insensitive to the inclusion of the outside of the muffin-tin potential. By augmenting a phase-shift parameter set with two or three effective pseudopotential coefficients which represent the effect of the weak added potential, an ab initio band structure may be used to fit accurate experimental data.
Individual differences in bait-fishing by the Green-backed Heron Ardeola striata associated with territory quality

Individual differences were found in the feeding sites, frequency of bait fishing, and fishing success in three individual Green-backed Herons in southern Japan. The differences in the use of bait fishing and in fishing success seemed to be related primarily to differences in feeding sites, which were associated with territory quality. Bait fishing was used most frequently by the individual which fished often in open water with fewer suitable rocks, where the heron has to overcome the handicap of being easily seen by fish. Bait fishing was least common in the individual which fished most often from high branches. The leaves and twigs dropped from high branches rarely reached the spot the heron intended, and the fishing success was low. Individuals probably also differed in their skill at bait fishing.
The pituitary stalk transection syndrome: multifaceted presentation in adulthood

The pituitary stalk transection syndrome was characterized after introducing the MRI scan in the evaluation of children with hypopituitarism. Its prevalence and natural history into adulthood have not been clearly established. We present 4 cases of stalk transection syndrome diagnosed by the adult endocrinologist that reflect its pleiotropic manifestations. In all cases, MRI showed pathognomonic findings with small anterior pituitary, diminutive or absent infundibulum and ectopic posterior pituitary at the median eminence. Clinical presentation occurred in childhood or the second decade of life. The hormonal deficits were variable in severity and onset, with adrenal insufficiency diagnosed in the second and forth decade in three patients, and absent in another. Growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed before age 10 in three cases and at age 20 in one case with normal spontaneous linear growth. Hypothyroidism had onset in the first or second decade of life and hypogonadism was diagnosed during work-up for lack of pubertal development in all cases. The pituitary stalk transection syndrome should be considered in patients who were previously thought to have idiopathic GH deficiency or multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. Presence of MRI characteristics compatible with the pituitary stalk transection syndrome should prompt a full pituitary hormonal evaluation. Long-term follow-up by the adult endocrinologist is warranted as new hormone deficiencies might appear later in life.
Low intensity conflict

Two experiments were designed to demonstrate the effect of low intensity conflict on cognitive-motor performance. Ss working for small positive reinforcers were periodically required to make decisions under conditions of uncertainty. It was found that the performance of more highly motivated Ss was significantly impaired by a signal which required a decision. Results were related to previous studies on conflict.
Plane flow of a fluid containing rigid structures

Abstract The plane flow between two plates of a fluid containing rigid structures is examined analytically. An argument is presented for more general boundary conditions than have previously been applied. Two simple problems are solved and profiles of the velocity and micro-rotation for a wide range of values are given. It is found that the velocity profiles can have convex portions near the boundaries and that they may resemble profile characteristics of high Reynolds number Navier-Stokes flow.
Responsible Speech in Crisis Communication: The Case of General Motors v. Dateline NBC

Abstract Organizational crises are by definition uncertain and complex social situations. The communication surrounding these events typically creates multiple interpretations regarding critical crisis information. The need for accurate and complete information regarding these events is bolstered by free speech. This paper argues that responsible communication is one important characteristic of effective crisis accusations and responses. This analysis suggests that organizations can use their free speech rights to refute accusations, absolve themselves from blame, and provide stakeholders with critical information in order to make informed choices.
Visualizing the crowds at a web site

A visualization of the crowds of people visiting a web site is developed. Visitors are drawn as icons on a map of the web site; the animation of people's movements conveys the crowd dynamics of visitors. The visualization combines three pieces: a map of the web site, an iconic representation of individual visitors, and an interpretation of the dynamics of visitor patterns to show crowd phenomena. The effect is to make a web site look like a social, active space.
Development of Large-Aperture, Light-Weight Fresnel Lenses for Gossamer Space Telescopes

In order to examine more distant astronomical objects, with higher resolution, future space telescopes require objectives with significantly larger aperture than presently available. NASA has identified a progression in size from the 2.4m aperture objective currently used in the HUBBLE space telescope[1,2], to 25m and greater in order to observe, e.g., extra-solar planets. Since weight is a crucial factor for any object sent into space, the relative weight of large optics over a given area must be reduced[3]. The areal mass density of the primary mirror for the Hubble space telescope is ~200 kg/m. This is expected to be reduced to around 15 kg/m for the successor to Hubble – the next generation space telescope (NGST)[4]. For future very large aperture telescopes needed for extra-solar planet detection, the areal mass density must be reduced even further. For example, the areal mass density goal for the Gossamer space telescopes is 10m size is also an enabling technology for many other applications such as Earth observation, power beaming, and optical communications.
Finite element analysis of linear and nonlinear heat transfer

Abstract The finite element method is rapidly becoming a popular procedure for the evaluation of thermal stresses in complex structures. In linear analysis the method has been used extensively and has been coupled with stress analysis computer programs in order to automate thermal stress analysis. However, for the method to be effective, efficient numerical techniques need to be used. The purpose of this paper is to survey the recent developments in linear heat transfer analysis and, specifically, to present the techniques that permit the practical analysis of large and complex three-dimensional heat conduction problems. Typical practical problems are described and solution times are presented. In the analysis of systems with nonlinear thermal properties the method has had limited application. In this paper the general formulation of the incremental equations used in nonlinear heat transfer analysis are presented. An efficient numerical solution of the equations is given. Several types of nonlinearities are discussed and the solutions of some typical problems are presented.
A system of transposon mutagenesis for bacteriophage T4.

Summary We have developed a system of transposon mutagenesis for bacteriophage T4. The transposon is a plasmid derivative of Tn5 which contains the essential T4 gene 24, permitting a direct selection for transposition events into a gene 24-deteted phage. The transposition occurred at a frequency of only 10-7 per progeny phage, even though a dam- host was used to increase transposition frequency. Phage strains with a transposon insert were distinguished from most pseudorevertants of the gene 24 deletion by plaque hybridization using a transposon-specific probe. Mapping analysis showed that the transposon inserts into a large number of sites in the T4 genome, probably with a preference for certain regions. The transposon insertions in four strains were analysed by DNA sequencing using primers that hybridize to each end of the transposon and read out into the T4 genome. In each case, a 9 bp T4 target sequence had been duplicated and the insertions had occurred exactly at the IS50 ends of the transposon, demonstrating that bona fide transposition had occurred. Finally, the transposon insert strains were screened on the TabG Escherichia coli strain, which inhibits the growth of T4 motA mutants, and a motA transposon insert strain was found.
Diffusion Mechanism of Chemical Contaminator in the Environment Medium and Interaction between them

In the underground repositories, the microstructure change of surrounding rock mass under the chemical reaction will cause the porosity change in medium. Aiming at the chemical reaction effect on the environment medium, the porosity of sandstone specimens, along with Ca2+ concentration of solution were tested. Based on the analysis of test results and the theory of chemical thermodynamics, the chemical action mechanism was concluded for absorption of Ca2+. With the combination of the theories of chemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and solute transportation, a reactive-transport model to describe porosity change under chemical reaction was established. Finally a simplified chemical model was advised to describe microstructure change of rock under chemical reaction. And the numerical simulation analysis was performed. The simulation result indicates that with the reaction time increasing, the porosity reduces firstly and then is driven to stabilization in the end. The study results can be used as a valuable reference to understand the mechanism of the chemical reaction effect on the microstructure change of sand rock.
Next-generation spaceborne Cloud Profiling Radars

One of the instruments recommended for deployment on the Aerosol/Cloud/Echosystems (ACE) mission is a new advanced Cloud Profiling Radar (ACE-CPR). The atmospheric sciences community has initiated the effort to define the scientific requirements for this instrument. Initial studies focusing on system configuration, performance and feasibility start from the successful experience of the Cloud Profiling Radar on CloudSat Mission (CS-CPR), the first 94-GHz nadir-looking spaceborne radarwhich has been acquiring global time series of vertical cloud structure since June 2, 2006. In this paper we address the significance of CloudSat's accomplishments in regards to the design and development of radars for future cloud profiling missions such as EarthCARE and ACE.
Vancomycin Forms Ligand-Mediated Supramolecular Complexes

Abstract The emergence of resistance to vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics is spurring efforts to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics. High-resolution structural information about antibiotic–ligand recognition should prove valuable in the rational design of improved drugs. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of vancomycin with N -acetyl- d -Ala- d -Ala, a mimic of the natural muramyl peptide target, and refined this structure at a resolution of 1.3 A to R and R free values of 0.172 and 0.195, respectively. The crystal asymmetric unit contains three back–back vancomycin dimers; two of these dimers participate in ligand-mediated face–face interactions that produce an infinite chain of molecules running throughout the crystal. The third dimer packs against the side of a face–face interface in a tight “side–side” interaction that involves both polar contacts and burial of hydrophobic surface. The trimer of dimers found in the asymmetric unit is essentially identical to complexes seen in three other crystal structures of glycopeptide antibiotics complexed with peptide ligands. These four structures are derived from crystals belonging to different space groups, suggesting that the trimer of dimers may not be simply a crystal packing artifact and prompting us to ask if ligand-mediated oligomerization could be observed in solution. Using size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and small-angle X-ray scattering, we demonstrate that vancomycin forms discrete supramolecular complexes in the presence of tripeptide ligands. Size estimates for these complexes are consistent with assemblies containing four to six vancomycin monomers.
Geometrical perturbation of graphene electronic structure

We discuss low-energy electronic properties of distorted graphene sheets from a local geometric viewpoint, treating curvature and strain as perturbations of a smooth surface. This allows a unified description of the variety of deformations to which carbon nanotubes are susceptible. By using a general symmetry analysis in conjunction with a four-orbital, nonorthogonal tight-binding model, we calculate accurate values of the relevant couplings. Carbon nanotubes 1 have a high Young’s modulus, but are not otherwise mechanically strong, being easily bent, or deformed by van der Waals interactions with a substrate. 2 Hence, the electronic repercussions of mechanical deformations are of interest for both fundamental and device-oriented reasons. Kane and Mele 3 have studied this issue with the aid of a tight-binding model incorporating only p electrons. We use a model-independent group-theoretical analysis to reveal the relevant couplings, which are then evaluated with a fourorbital non-orthogonal tight-binding model that takes into account the strong effects of rehybridization. By expressing curvature and strain as a modification of the Hamiltonian and overlap, we avoid the use of the large unit cells implied by small deformations. The response of electronic structure to curvature and strain is essentially a local coupling, largely independent of boundary conditions or global topology. We therefore isolate the effects of geometric deformation by first studying a single graphene sheet. Although our perturbative approach is in principle limited to gentle distortions, the results are in good agreement with full tight-binding calculations for a radius of curvature as small as two graphene lattice spacings @i.e., a ~12,0! tube#. The conformation of a surface in space ~e.g., a single graphene sheet! is described by a vector-valued embedding function X(x m ), specifying the location of the point with coordinates x m ,m51,2. The pair of vectors tm5]X/]x m ,(m 51,2) provide a basis for the tangent space and determine the metric g mn 5t m it n , which converts coordinate differences into physical distances. If the coordinates are determined relative to a flat unstretched state, the metric carries information about strain. The inverse of this matrix is denoted g ls , so that g lm gmn5d l n . Curvature is detected by second derivatives 4,5 of the embedding function X,
Manipulation and compositing of MC-DCT compressed video

Many advanced video applications require manipulations of compressed video signals. Popular video manipulation functions include overlap (opaque or semitransparent), translation, scaling, linear filtering, rotation, and pixel multiplication. We propose algorithms to manipulate compressed video in the compressed domain. Specifically, we focus on compression algorithms using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with or without motion compensation (MC). Such compression systems include JPEG, motion JPEG, MPEG, and H.261. We derive a complete set of algorithms for all aforementioned manipulation functions in the transform domain, in which video signals are represented by quantized transform coefficients. Due to a much lower data rate and the elimination of decompression/compression conversion, the transform-domain approach has great potential in reducing the computational complexity. The actual computational speedup depends on the specific manipulation functions and the compression characteristics of the input video, such as the compression rate and the nonzero motion vector percentage. The proposed techniques can be applied to general orthogonal transforms, such as the discrete trigonometric transform. For compression systems incorporating MC (such as MPEG), we propose a new decoding algorithm to reconstruct the video in the transform domain and then perform the desired manipulations in the transform domain. The same technique can be applied to efficient video transcoding (e.g., from MPEG to JPEG) with minimal decoding. >
Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students.

The present study examined whether maladaptive perfectionism (i.e., discrepancy between expectations and performance) and length of time in the United States moderated the association between acculturative stress and depression. Data were collected through online surveys from 189 Chinese international students from China and Taiwan attending a midwestern university. Results from a hierarchical regression showed that there were significant main effects of acculturative stress and maladaptive perfectionism on depression, no significant two-way interactions, and a significant three-way interaction, indicating that acculturative stress, maladaptive perfectionism, and length of time in the United States interacted to predict depression. Low maladaptive perfectionism buffered the effect of acculturative stress on depression only for those who had been in the United States for a relatively longer period of time. Implications for counseling and future research directions are discussed.
Depression and unwanted first pregnancy: longitudinal cohort study

Abstract Objective To examine the outcomes of an unwanted first pregnancy (abortion v live delivery) and risk of depression and to explain discrepancies with previous research that used the same dataset. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Nationally representative sample of US men and women aged 14-24 in 1979. Participants 1247 women in the US national longitudinal survey of youth who aborted or delivered an unwanted first pregnancy. Main outcome measures Clinical cut-off and continuous scores on a 1992 measure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale. Results Terminating compared with delivering an unwanted first pregnancy was not directly related to risk of clinically significant depression (odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.66). No evidence was found of a relation between pregnancy outcome and depression in analyses of subgroups known to vary in under-reporting of abortion. In analyses of the characteristics of non-respondents, refusal to provide information on abortion did not explain the lack of detecting a relation between abortion and mental health. The abortion group had a significantly higher mean education and income and lower total family size, all of which were associated with a lower risk of depression. Conclusions Evidence that choosing to terminate rather than deliver an unwanted first pregnancy puts women at higher risk of depression is inconclusive. Discrepancies between current findings and those of previous research using the same dataset primarily reflect differences in coding of a first pregnancy.
A virtual rat for simulating environmental and exertional heat stress.

Severe cases of environmental or exertional heat stress can lead to varying degrees of organ dysfunction. To understand heat-injury progression and develop efficient management and mitigation strat...
The Scales and Equilibration of Midocean Eddies: Forced–Dissipative Flow

The statistical dynamics of midocean eddies, generated by baroclinic instability of a zonal mean flow, are studied in the context of homogeneous stratified quasigeostrophic turbulence. Existing theory for eddy scales and energies in fully developed turbulence is generalized and applied to a system with surface-intensified stratification and arbitrary zonal shear. The theory gives a scaling for the magnitude of the eddy potential vorticity flux, and its (momentum conserving) vertical structure. The theory is tested numerically by varying the magnitude and mode of the mean shear, the Coriolis gradient, and scale thickness of the stratification and found to be partially successful. It is found that the dynamics of energy in high ( m . 1) baroclinic modes typically resembles the turbulent diffusion of a passive scalar, regardless of the stratification profile, although energy in the first mode does not. It is also found that surface-intensified stratification affects the baroclinicity of flow: as thermocline thickness is decreased, the (statistically equilibrated) baroclinic energy levels remain nearly constant but the statistically equilibrated level of barotropic eddy energy falls. Eddy statistics are found to be relatively insensitive to the magnitude of linear bottom drag in the small drag limit. The theory for the magnitude and structure of the eddy potential vorticity flux is tested against a 15-layer simulation using profiles of density and shear representative of those found in the mid North Atlantic; the theory shows good skill in representing the vertical structure of the flux, and so might serve as the basis for a parameterization of eddy fluxes in the midocean. Finally, baroclinic kinetic energy is found to concentrate near the deformation scale. To the degree that surface motions represent baroclinic eddy kinetic energy, the present results are consistent with the observed correlation between surface eddy scales and the first radius of deformation.
The art of deliberalizing: A handbook for the true professional

College ranking scales, projects for image enhancement, and similar paraphernalia that preoccupy today's university administratiors detract from the main business of undergraduate teaching and liberal education.
Correction of locality records for the endangered arroyo toad (Anaxyrus californicus) from the desert region of southern California

Abstract The recovery strategy for an endangered species requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and geographic range. Although the best available information is used when developing a recovery plan, uncertainty often remains in regard to a species actual geographic extent. The arroyo toad (Anaxyrus californicus) occurs almost exclusively in coastal drainages, from Monterey County, California, south into northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Through field reconnaissance and the study of preserved museum specimens we determined that the four reported populations of the arroyo toad from the Sonoran Desert region of Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial counties, California are in error. Two additional sites in the Sonoran Desert are discussed regarding the possibility that the arroyo toad occurs there. We recommend the continued scrutiny of arroyo toad records to maintain a high level of accuracy of its distribution and geographic extent.
Work in Progress - A K-12 Video for Recruitment and Education in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

The Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Cinema and Photography at Southern Illinois University Carbondale have collaborated to produce a digital video that highlights careers and opportunities in water resources and environmental engineering. The video is targeted to K-12 students and first- or second-year undergraduates and thus serves as a recruitment and retention tool for related degree programs. Production of the video is being supported by a grant funded by the National Science Foundation, Division of Undergraduate Education
A System for the Enhancement of Adenovirus Mediated Gene Transfer to Uro-Epithelium

Purpose: Recombinant adenovirus has been used widely as an in vivo gene transfer vector, although its transfection efficiency in bladder tissue is limited. Several studies have indicated that the bladder surface glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer functions as a nonspecific anti-adherence factor and possibly as a first line anti-infection defense mechanism. We determined whether recombinant adenovirus mediated gene transfer could be enhanced in intact bladders by HCl pretreatment and by alterations in the GAG layer.Materials and Methods: In vitro viral transfection efficiencies with and without the GAG analog pentosan polysulfate (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri) were determined in bladder muscle and urothelial cells. Immunocytochemical studies and Western blot analysis were performed to determine whether urothelial cells possessed the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. Rat bladders were intravesically pretreated with HCl at various concentrations and for various periods. After 60 mM. HCl pretreatm...
Zero-point oscillations, local stability, and the effective action

We define a gauge-invariant action functional for non-Abelian gauge theories by deriving 't Hooft's generating functional from the vacuum-to-vacuum transition amplitude, and we explicitly demonstrate its gauge-invariance properties. We then examine the effective action in the loop expansion and show that in the presence of a nonvanishing background field the unrenormalized one-loop term can be written as the change in the zero-point energy of the theory. Finally, we consider the interpretation of an imaginary part of the effective action and its relation to local stability by examining the source of such an imaginary part within the Euclidean theory.
Using Ethical Dilemma Case Studies to Develop Pharmacy Students' Moral Reasoning

Moral reasoning has been shown to be of consequence to professional behaviors such as the clinical performance of health pro- fessionals. Thus, it is important that schools and colleges of pharmacy graduate students who are high in moral reasoning. The major objective of this study was to assess the impact of ethical dilemma case discus- sion on the moral reasoning of second-year pharmacy students taking a required communications course at a large northeastern university. Rest's Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used as a surrogate measure of a stu- dent's moral reasoning. Fifty-nine students were administered the DIT at the beginning of the semester in which they took a required commu- nications course and again at the end of the semester. A paired T-test revealed that students scored significantly higher on the posttest than on the pretest. However, the second-year students scored significantly lower than first-year pharmacy students at a large southeastern univer- sity. The study concludes that moral reasoning skills are both teachable and measurable, and that ethical dilemma case discussions may en- hance moral development. Additional studies are needed to increase the generalizability of these findings. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com)
Southern Political Exceptionalism? Presidential Voting in the South and Non‐South*

Objective. This study develops and tests a model of political regionalism that posits that if regions are politically exceptional, then individuals sharing the same profile but living in these different regions will have divergent presidential voting patterns (King, 1996). Methods. Analyzing presidential voting behavior from 1952 to 2004, I use logistic regression techniques to test a regional model of homogeneity (southern exceptionalism) versus a unit model of homogeneity (South and Non-South are statistically similar). Results. The findings show that the South's presidential voting patterns are exceptional in the 1950s and during the civil rights era but, starting in the Reagan era, southern exceptionalism waned. These findings also show that the South is converging with the non-South (northernization) relative to the influences of race, family income, union membership, in-migrants, and gender, and the non-South is converging with the South (southernization) relative to the influences of education, blue-collar workers, and age. Conclusions. Both economic class and race variables contribute to the demise of regional exceptionalism; however, race plays a more persistent role. Given the process of “southernization” and the instability of the predictors of presidential voting for the South over time, I conclude that the study of the South as a region should continue until the process of change subsides and a new equilibrium is found.
The control of multivariable processes in the presence of pure transport delays

This paper presents a digitally oriented technique for the control of processes in which a primary characteristic of the process is a set of pure transport delays associated with the input/output dynamics of the process. The paper is divided into two major sections: A section which formulates the continuous control problem into discrete form. Thus the problem becomes amenable to computational solution on a digital computer. A section which provides a theoretical solution to the minimum-finite-settling-time regulating problem. The development of the theory indicates the similarities between control of processes with and without pure transport delays. In this respect, the paper represents an extension of recent ideas presented in the area of multivariable saturating systems.
An exploratory analysis of the impact of global telecommunications on electronics manufacturing site selection

The increased cost of doing business domestically and the impact of global competition are two reasons companies establish plants in foreign locations. To have a successful global business, manufacturers must have an effective global supply chain infrastructure, which requires effective information technology. Firms now routinely consider remote domestic and international locations when evaluating potential sites. Many factors must be considered when choosing the right location for manufacturing facilities. These include: physical infrastructure, proximity to suppliers and customers, tax considerations, international trade conditions, and as this research explored, telecommunications infrastructure. This study examined the degree to which the telecommunications infrastructure impacts the decision to select a specific foreign manufacturing site for the organisation. The results of four case studies of electronics firms indicated that telecommunications is a necessity to conduct business. Two of the firms indicated that telecommunications was considered in their most recent site selection. Although the other two firms did not overtly consider telecommunications in the site selection criteria, they did indicate that it is critical to the success of the company in a global market.
Joining With Resistance: Addressing Reluctance to Engage in Group Therapy Training

Although research has documented the effectiveness of group psychotherapy, trainees are often reluctant to embrace this modality. This reluctance may reflect an informed choice based on knowledge, interest, and skill. Alternatively, reluctance may reflect misinformation or resistance due to conflicted feelings that arise from group dynamics. The latter are a major obstacle to the success of group therapy training and treatment programs. Understanding the origins of this reluctance and the developmental challenges of group therapy for trainees better equips supervisors to address this difficulty. This article uses case examples to illustrate how trainee reluctance emerges. It also provides strategies for working with hesitant trainees. The success of group therapy programs rests on the supervisor's ability to manage trainees' inhibitions to group therapy.
The Influence of Urbanization on the Climate of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area: A Numerical Study

AbstractIn this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and its embedded land surface and urban canopy model are used to simulate effects of urbanization on the local climate of the Las Vegas, Nevada, metropolitan area. High-resolution simulations are performed with a 3-km horizontal resolution over the city. With identical lateral boundary conditions, three land use/land cover (LULC) maps for 2006, 1992, and hypothetical 1900 are used in multiple simulations. The differences in the simulated climate among those cases are used to quantify the urban effect. The study found that urbanization in Las Vegas produces a classic urban heat island (UHI) at night but a minor cooling trend during the day. An analysis of the surface energy balance helps illustrate the major roles of the decreases in surface albedo of solar radiation and increases in the effective emissivity of longwave radiation in shaping the local climate change in Las Vegas. In addition, the emerging urban structures are found to h...
The Effects of Environmental Scanning On Creativity

The effect of environmental scanning on creativity test performance of 49 fourth and sixth graders was assessed. Four groups were tested under different conditions of environmental richness and instructions to search for cues for responses. Significant differences between groups were found on each of three creativity tests used in the experiment. These results suggested that the utilization of environmental cues might be an important aspect of creativity testing. The results also suggest that the results of creativity testing must be interpreted in light of specified environmental conditions.
Canadian Hymenoptera. No. 2

C oleocentrus canadensis , n. sp. Female.—Length, 20 mm. Black, with red legs. Head transverse, as wide as thorax; cheeks as wide as eyes; face slightly swollen below antennae, clothed with short pubescence, and with the inner orbits faintly yellowish below; palpi and inner edges of mandibles and labrum rufous; vertex and cheeks polished, the area of the ocelli without noticeable depressions or sutures; antennae long and moderately thick, the joints about forty and subsequal. Thorax polished above; the lobes of the mesothorax prominent, the central sulcate; pleurae and pectus rugose or subaciculate, but without definite striae; scutellum moderately large and elevated; metathorax with acute carinae; the area enclosed by the two discal carinae about twice as long as wide; in the area enclosed by the two lateral carinae the elongate spiracle may be plainly seen almost in centre; the areas between lateral and discal carinae transversely rugose; legs slender with robust coxae, entirely rufous with exception of hinder tibiae and tarsi, which are somewhat brownish; wings faintly yellowish, stigma and nervures brown, areolet small, triangular and pedicellate, receiving the recurrent nervue at outer angle.
A calibration approach for single-energy x-ray absorptiometry method to provide absolute breast tissue composition accuracy for the long term

We report on development of a new calibration approach for the Single-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry method (SXA) to provide absolute breast tissue composition accuracy in clinical conditions for the long term and realize cross-calibration between machines, sites and manufacturers. The proposed method takes into account both geometric and image related factors that impact the calibration of grayscale image into absolute tissue composition. A specially designed phantom (GEN III) is imaged in place of the breast and analyzed as if it were a breast. An automatic algorithm was developed to extract all necessary parameters for recalibration. Subsequently, the thickness correction factors and recalibration procedures were applied during calculations of density. A breakpoint stepwise approach was used to correct the thickness variations. It provides the thickness measurement variations over time with a typical standard deviation of 0.2-0.3 mm. After recalibration, the recalculated %FGV of the GEN III region of interests are consistent over time, with a typical standard deviation around 1%.
Investigating charge carrier mobilities in nanocrystal-polymer hybrid photovoltaic devices

We investigate the properties of charge separation and photo-carrier transport in P3HT/PbSe composites by employing ToF method under selective excitation conditions to study the ligand-effect on the photocarrier-trapping kinetics at the P3HT/PbSe interfaces.
Cognitive and motor function of neurologically impaired extremely low birth weight children.

BACKGROUND Rates of neurological impairment among extremely low birth weight children (ELBW [<1 kg]) have decreased since 2000; however, their functioning is unexamined. OBJECTIVE To compare motor and cognitive functioning of ELBW children with neurological impairment, including cerebral palsy and severe hypotonia/hypertonia, between two periods: 1990 to 1999 (n=83) and 2000 to 2005 (n=34). METHODS Measures of function at 20 months corrected age included the Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Indexes of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Gross Motor Functional Classification System as primary outcomes and individual motor function items as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Analysis failed to reveal significant differences for the primary outcomes, although during 2000 to 2005, sitting significantly improved in children with neurological impairment (P=0.003). CONCLUSION Decreases in rates of neurological impairment among ELBW children have been accompanied by a suggestion of improved motor function, although cognitive function has not changed.
Fault-Tolerance Verification of the Fluids and Combustion Facility of the International Space Station

This article describes our experience with faulttolerance verification of the Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) of the International Space Station (ISS). The FCF will be a permanent installation for scientific microgravity experiments in the U.S. Laboratory Module aboard the ISS. The ability to withstand faults is vital for all ISS installations. Currently, the FCF safety specification requires one-component faulttolerance. In future versions, even greater robustness may be required. Faults encountered by ISS modules vary in nature and extent. Self-stabilization is an adequate approach to tolerance design of the FCF. However, for systems as complex as the FCF, analytical tolerance verification is not feasible. We use automated model-checking. We model the FCF in SPIN and specify stabilization predicates to which the FCF must conform. Our model of the FCF allows us to inject component faults as well as hazardous conditions. We use SPIN to automatically verify the convergence of the FCF model to legitimate states.
The piggyBac transposon mediates germ-line transformation in the Oriental fruit fly and closely related elements exist in its genome.

Germ-line transformation of a white eye strain of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis , was achieved with the piggyBac vector, derived from a transposon originally isolated from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni . The vector was marked with the medfly white + gene cDNA, and three transgenic lines were identified at a frequency of approximately 2% per fertile G 0 . Vector integrations were verified by Southern DNA hybridization, which also revealed the presence of endogenous genomic elements closely related to piggyBac . Approximately 10‐20 elements per genome were evident in several B. dorsalis strains, and sequence analysis of 1.5 kb gene amplification products from two wild strains and the white eye host strain indicated 95% nucleotide and 92% amino acid sequence identity among resident elements and the T. ni element. PiggyBac was not evident by hybridization in other tephritid species, or insects previously transformed with the transposon. This is the first discovery of piggyBac beyond T. ni , and its existence in a distantly related species has important implications for the practical use of the vector and insects transformed with it.
Introduction to session 1A

Understanding and overcoming the natural resistance of plant cell walls to enzymatic hydrolysis remains one of the most active research areas in biofuels production (as indicated by the number of abstracts and papers submitted to this session). A number of the oral presentations given during the Enzyme Catalysis and Engineering session highlighted the use of new and innovative tools for advancing our understanding of plant cell wall deconstruction. The oral presentations and posters given for this session included applications of imaging tools and computational models to advance our understanding of biomass recalcitrance relative to enzymatic deconstruction. This session was opened with a presentation by Dr. Danny Akin, who outlined the structural and chemical barriers for the bioconversion of grasses to sugars. Lignocelluloses from grasses, such as switch grass, are resistant to bioconversion by various aromatic constituuents, which include both lignins and phenolic acid esters. However, Akin and coworkers demonstrated the use of selected white rot fungal enzymes, which lack cellulases that could be used to produce delignified lignocellulosic materials, resulting in improved bioconversion.
Neotyphodium interactions with a wild grass are driven mainly by endophyte haplotype

Summary 1Strong mutualistic associations are expected to arise between host and microbial symbionts when symbionts lose sexuality, and rely strictly on their host for reproduction via vertical transmission. The Neotyphodium endophyte is a vertically transmitted, asexual symbiont of pooid grasses. In agronomic grasses, Neotyphodium typically interacts mutualistically with its host by increasing drought resistance and other properties. However, the interaction likely depends on host and endophyte genotypic variation, yet little is known how this variation influences host physiological and morphological responses, especially in wild grasses. 2We used four different Neotyphodium-infected maternal lines of a wild grass, Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica). Two lines harboured one haplotype and two lines harboured a different haplotype. We experimentally removed the endophyte from some ramets of the four lines. We grew infected (E+) and uninfected (E−) plants in a greenhouse under varying water availability. 3We examined the effect of endophyte infection, endophyte and host plant maternal genotype, and water availability on traditional growth parameters. We also measured leaf net photosynthesis and dark respiration, leaf conductance to water vapour, leaf water potential, leaf rolling and stomatal density to provide explanations for differences in biomass production and relative growth rates (RGR). 4Our general findings show that Neotyphodium infection, Neotyphodium haplotype and its interaction with host maternal genotype, and varying water availability influence Arizona fescue physiology, growth and biomass production. Based only on infection status, the direction of interaction between endophyte and host is not mutualistic in terms of host growth. Overall, endophyte haplotype and its interaction with host maternal genotype is the most critical, and consistent factor in influencing host growth and physiological outcomes. Variation due to endophyte haplotype in terms of growth and physiological parameters is often greater than that between infected and uninfected hosts. 5Endophyte–host interactions are likely to be enormously complex because of the genetic and environmental variation that exists in natural populations. The outcome of these interactions in natural grass–endophyte systems is exceedingly difficult to predict based simply on the presence or absence of the endophyte.
Geologic setting of selected copper deposits of China

Seven selected major copper deposits of China are described: Baiyin of Gansu province, Dexing of Jiangxi province, Yulong of Xizang (Tibet) autonomous region, Zhongtiaoshan of Shanxi province, Daye of Hubei province, Tongling of Anhui province, and Dongchuan of Yunnan province. These copper deposits can be classified into four types according to their geologic settings: (1) volcanogenic deposits--Baiyin, (2) porphyry copper deposits--Dexing, Yulong and Zongtiaoshan, (3) skarn deposits--Daye and Tongling, and (4) strata-bound deposits--Dongchuan. The Dexing mines have by far the largest proven reserves--1.5 billion tons of copper ores.