cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging EAP-Sparsity for Compressed Sensing of MS-HARDI in \(({\mathbf {k}},{\mathbf {q}})\)-Space

Compressed Sensing (CS) for the acceleration of MR scans has been widely investigated in the past decade. Lately, considerable progress has been made in achieving similar speed ups in acquiring multi-shell high angular resolution diffusion imaging (MS-HARDI) scans. Existing approaches in this context were primarily concerned with sparse reconstruction of the diffusion MR signal \(S({\mathbf {q}})\) in the \({\mathbf {q}}\)-space. More recently, methods have been developed to apply the compressed sensing framework to the 6-dimensional joint \(({\mathbf {k}},{\mathbf {q}})\)-space, thereby exploiting the redundancy in this 6D space. To guarantee accurate reconstruction from partial MS-HARDI data, the key ingredients of compressed sensing that need to be brought together are: (1) the function to be reconstructed needs to have a sparse representation, and (2) the data for reconstruction ought to be acquired in the dual domain (i.e., incoherent sensing) and (3) the reconstruction process involves a (convex) optimization.
Short CPI STAP for airborne radar

Circular, electronically scanned antenna arrays are currently being considered for use in airborne surveillance systems. These arrays are capable of pointing a beam in any direction at any time. This allows the radar to perform both 360/spl deg/ search and high update rate track modes simultaneously. To manage the radar's resources efficiently, shorter coherent processing intervals (CPIs) should be used for nearby or large targets. However, shortening the CPI effects STAP performance by increasing the amount of Doppler space that is lost to the clutter null. This paper analyzes the useable Doppler space performance of short CPI STAP. It is shown that CPIs as short as 6 pulses can be used to track high velocity targets. Short CPI STAP performance is analyzed theoretically and by simulation.
Model-based actuator fault accommodation for distributed parameter systems represented by coupled linear PDEs

A model-based fault detection and accommodation scheme is introduced for a class of distributed parameter systems (DPS) described by coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). Actuator faults at the boundary condition are considered. A detection observer is proposed based on the linear PDE representation of the DPS by assuming that the state information is available. Upon detecting a fault, an adaptive term is added to the observer to estimate the fault parameter vector which is utilized for fault accommodation by reconfiguring the control input. An update law is proposed to estimate the unknown fault parameter vector. An explicit formula is proposed to estimate the time-to-accommodation (TTA) by using the parameter vector. Finally, an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is included.
An analysis of the motion of pigs through gas pipelines

A one-dimensional, quasi-steady, model describing the motion of a pig moving in a gas pipeline is developed for the cases of a solid pig, which obstructs the cross section of the pipe, and one with a concentric hole through it. The resultant governing equations constitute a set of seven nonlinear differential equations. A numerical solution scheme, implemented by a computer program, is described. Results and discussion are presented for a set of typical cases.
Changes induced in the lipoproteins of Yucatan miniature swine by cholesterol feeding

Abstract Yucatan miniature swine were fed a control low-fat hog chow and were then placed on a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Plasma lipoproteins were characterized as to electrophoretic mobility, particle size, chemical composition, and apoprotein content before and after 8 weeks of cholesterol feeding. The plasma lipoprotein profile of the control Yucatan swine was typical of swine in general, featuring very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins in a protein percentage ratio of 5: 20: 75, respectively. The characteristics of the various lipoprotein classes of control Yucatan swine were similar to those of previously studied Sinclair Farms miniature swine. In the ultracentrifugal fraction of density 1.02–1.063, however, an additional lipoprotein class (besides low density lipoproteins) was discovered in small quantity which lacked the B apoprotein but contained the E and A-I apoproteins. These α 2 -migrating lipoproteins were similar to a class of lipoproteins identified in normal dogs and rats, referred to as HDL 1 . In response to cholesterol feeding, plasma cholesterol increased 2–6 fold, and the hyperlipoproteinemia was characterized by an increase in low density lipoproteins and the appearance of B(β-migrating)-very low density lipoproteins and cholesterol-induced high density lipoproteins (HDL c ) which were similar to those found in cholesterol-fed Sinclair Farms swine. HDL c which contained E but no A-I apoproteins were separable from the other HDL c by Geon-Pevikon block electrophoresis. The Yucatan miniature swine provides an additional useful model for the study of hyperlipoproteinemia and its relation to atherogenesis.
Programming Common Stimuli to Promote Generalized Question-Asking: A Case Demonstration in a Child with Autism

This research is a case demonstration of programming generalized question-asking. A 5-year-old child with autism was taught to ask "What is that?" in the presence of unknown objects and name the objects he did know. In the training task, the experimenter held each item in front of the child and asked, "What is this?" Generalization in the presence of the experimenter was probed across four new tasks: (a) With 4 items on the table, the experimenter instructed the child, "Tell me what you see on the table"; (b) the experimenter held 10 cards face down and fanned out in front of the child and instructed the child, "Pick one"; (c) while pointing to the location of an item, the experimenter said, "Look, [name of participant]"; and (d) the experimenter handed the child an item and instructed the child to either give an object to another person or place an object in another location (i.e., "Give this to [name of third person]" or "Put this on the table/counter/bed"). The child's performance generalized to the fi...
Effect of hypoxia on cerebellar development: morphologic and radioautographic studies.

The effect of hypoxia on the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum was studied. Five-day-old rats were exposed to a low-oxygen environment (10% O2-90% N2) for 6 consecutive days and killed at 12 or 22 days of age. One hour prior to killing, the rats were injected with tritiated thymidine. The cerebella of the hypoxic rats were smaller than those of the control rats at both time periods. The reduction in cerebellar size was reflected at day 12 in a smaller number of proliferative and postmitotic cells in the external granular layer (EGL), a reduction in width of the molecular layer, and a retardation in the development of the Purkinje cells. At day 22 when the cerebellum of the control rat had attained the adult cytoarchitecture, the development of the hypoxic rat cerebellum was still lagging. This was manifested by the persistence of the EGL with many stem cells incorporating tritiated thymidine, and a narrower molecular layer. The data indicate that hypoxia inhibits the proliferative activity of EGL stem cells and retards the development of neuronal processes, resulting in a smaller cerebellum.
The Ongoing Need for Improved Risk Stratification and Monitoring for Those on Active Surveillance for Early Stage Prostate Cancer

With the recognition of the prevalence of clinically indolent prostate cancer (PCa), the goal of PCa care has shifted from detection and treatment of all men with PCa to identifying and treating only men with clinically significant disease, disease that would put them at risk if left undiagnosed. However, current risk stratification schemes are not perfect. The parameters traditionally used to stratify pretreatment PCa risk (e.g., prostate-specific antigen [PSA], Gleason score (GS), T stage, tumor volume) misclassify some patients [1,2]. As a result, current active surveillance (AS) protocols call for monitoring all patients, even those with very favorable disease characteristics, with serial PSAs, examination, selective use of imaging, and periodic prostate biopsy. However, such a strategy for all patients may neither be safe nor necessary. The potential morbidity and cost of repeat biopsy, as well as other repeated evaluations, is leading clinicians (and their patients) in search of new,more refinedmarkers of risk and the need for eventual treatment. In this month’s issue of European Urology, van den Bergh and colleagues provide an excellent summary of the studies to date examining novel markers in AS for PCa [3]. The authors identified 30 original articles for review assessing a variety of potential markers including magnetic resonance imaging, serum and urinary tests, histopathologic panels, and germline genetic markers. As the authors note, MRI has been the most commonly studied test to date and currently has the most utility in AS. The reported ability ofMRI to predict future biopsy results or surgical pathology results has varied depending on magnet strength, imaging technique, and cohort used. In several
Operating lung volumes are affected by exercise mode but not trunk and hip angle during maximal exercise.

Despite VO2peak being, generally, greater while running compared to cycling, ventilation (V E) during maximal exercise is less while running compared to cycling. Differences in operating lung volumes (OLV) between maximal running and cycling could be one explanation for previously observed differences in V E and this could be due to differences in body position e.g., trunk/hip angle during exercise. We asked whether OLV differed between maximal running and cycling and if this difference was due to trunk/hip angle during exercise. Eighteen men performed three graded maximal exercise tests; one while running, one while cycling in the drop position (i.e., extreme hip flexion), and one while cycling upright (i.e., seated with thorax upright). Resting flow-volume characteristics were measured in each body position to be used during exercise. Tidal flow-volume loops were measured throughout the exercise. V E during maximal running (148.8 ± 18.9 L min−1) tended to be lower than during cycling in the drop position (158.5 ± 24.7 L min−1; p = 0.07) and in the upright position (158.5 ± 23.7 L min−1; p = 0.06). End-inspiratory and end-expiratory lung volumes (EILV, EELV) were significantly larger during drop cycling compared to running (87.1 ± 4.1 and 35.8 ± 6.2 vs. 83.9 ± 6.0 and 33.0 ± 5.7 % FVC), but only EILV was larger during upright cycling compared to running (88.2 ± 3.5 % FVC). OLV and V E did not differ between cycling positions. Since OLV are altered by exercise mode, but cycling position did not have a significant impact on OLV, we conclude that trunk/hip angle is likely not the primary factor determining OLV during maximal exercise.
Spin-isospin SU(4) symmetry in sd- and fp-shell nuclei.

For all even-A nuclei in the sd shell we evaluate the overlap between several low-lying states, obtained by diagonalizing the realistic Wildenthal interaction, and the eigenstates of the SU(4) Casimir operator. We find that the J=0+ ground states of even-even nuclei near the middle of the shell have rather small overlaps (less than 0.5) with the lowest SU(4) Young tableaux, while the J=0+ and 1+ lowest states of odd-odd nuclei have noticeably larger overlaps (0.6–0.7). We also find that the expansion in the SU(4) Young tableaux converges quite rapidly, and that the two or three lowest tableaux usually account for more than 90% of the nuclear wave function. We then extend the calculation to the fp shell and evaluate the overlaps between the J=0+ ground states obtained by diagonalizing a realistic interaction and the SU(4) eigenstates for even-even nuclei with maximum isospin. For the fp shell the overlaps are even smaller than in the sd shell. Since we observe such sizable SU(4) symmetry breaking effects in the relatively simple sd and pf nuclei, we are rather pessimistic about the prospects of using conclusions based on SU(4) in heavier, more complex nuclei.
Hypothesis testing with Rao's quadratic entropy and its application to Dinosaur biodiversity

Entropy indices, such as Shannon entropy and Gini-Simpson index, have been used for analysing biological diversities. However, these entropy indices are based on abundance of the species only and they do not take differences between the species into consideration. Rao's quadratic entropy has found many applications in different fields including ecology. Further, the quadratic entropy (QE) index is the only ecological diversity index that reflects both the differences and abundances of the species. The problem of testing of hypothesis of the equality of QEs is formulated as a problem of comparing practical equivalence intervals. Simulation experiments are used to compare various equivalence intervals. Previously analyzed dinosaur data are used to illustrate the methods for determining biodiversity.
Overlapped Stark profiles of coincident x-ray lines as possible diagnostics of core-shell mixing in spherical plasma implosions

One of the most serious obstacles to the attainment of high-gain inertial confinement fusion is the loss of implosion symmetry and mixing of core and shell material, principally as a result of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. As a diagnostic of such instabilities, we have investigated the consequences of such mixing on the emergent composite Stark profile of the heliumlike potassium 1{ital s}{sup 2}--1{ital s}2{ital p} {sup 1}{ital P}{sub 1} and hydrogenic chlorine 1{ital s}-3{ital p} lines that are coincident at 3.53 A (3.51 keV). For the case of a chlorine-filled core compressed by a potassium-bearing shell, detailed radiative transfer calculations with self-consistently calculated Stark profiles reveal changes in the overlapped emission profile of these lines when the potassium is assumed mixed into the core. When the potassium remains localized in a distinct shell, its major effect on the chlorine profile is to produce an absorption feature. When the two elements mix to various degrees, the depth of this feature is reduced. This is explained by pumping of the K XVIII 1{ital s}2{ital p} {sup 1}{ital P}{sub 1} state by the Cl L{sub {beta}} line, and obscuration of the potassium emission by the chlorine opacity. Experimental detection of this effect would require spectralmore » resolution of about 2 eV and the ability to discriminate intensity differences of 15% in nearby spectral regions.« less
An Explanation of Size Effect in Fatigue of Metals

Explanation is based on assumption that cyclic slip in the group of neighbouring crystals involved is initiated when the shear stress on the entire active plane reaches a critical value.
Environmental Impact of Dutch Military Activities

Mostly for political reasons, rather little research has been done on the environmental impacts of military activities. However, some data on this theme have been collected, especially in North America, the Federal Republic of Germany, and The Netherlands. In this last-mentioned country the overall military environmental impact appears to be considerable, and can be compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the pressures on the environment which other economic sectors impose.The contribution of the military sector to the world-wide environmental degradation problem is estimated at more than 6%, resulting from its share in the gross international product and the heavy character of military practice in both war and peace-time. In The Netherlands this share appears to be about 2 to 5%, which can be deduced from the military share in the national total consumption of energy. The military use of such poisonous and often rare elements as thallium, thorium, copper, beryllium, cadmium, zinc, and lead, varies from about 10 to 40% of their total national use.
Moyal Quantization, Holography and the QuantumGeometry of Surfaces

Abstract An elementary introduction is provided to the phase space quantization method ofMoyal and Wigner. We generalize the method so that it applies to 2-dimensional surfaces, whereit has an interesting connection with quantum holography. In the case of Riemann surfaces theconnection between Moyal quantization and holography provides new insights into the Torellitheorem and the quantization of non- linear integrable models. Quantum holography may alsoserve as a model for a quantum theory of membranes. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Structure-based design of a cyclophilin-calcineurin bridging ligand

The affinity of a flexible ligand that adopts a specific conformation when bound to its receptor should be increased with the appropriate use of conformational restraints. By determining the structure of protein-ligand complexes, such restraints can in principle be designed into the bound ligand in a rational way. A tricyclic variant (TCsA) of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), which inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes by forming a cyclophilin-CsA-calcineurin complex, was designed with the known three-dimensional structure of a cyclophilin-CsA complex. The conformational restraints in TCsA appear to be responsible for its greater affinity for cyclophilin and calcineurin relative to CsA.
Victim's perceptions of initial police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: Does race matter?

Despite the fact that police officers are usually the first persons within the criminal justice system to respond to a criminal victimization, the majority of research investigating racial discrimination within the system has examined primarily the effects of race on adjudication outcomes which occur after initial police interventions, such as conviction decisions and sentences. Very little empirical effort has been devoted to examining the effects of race on early police responses to a reported victimization. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey from 1987 to 1992, this paper investigates the effects of both the victim's and the offender's race on three police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: (1) police response time to the scene, (2) effort exerted by the police at the scene, and (3) likelihood of arrest. It was found that police were quicker to respond and also exerted more effort at the scene such as searching and taking evidence to incidents of black on white robbery compared to all other racial dyads. This relationship held even after controlling for other factors such as victim-offender relationship, poverty, injury to the victim, and victim's gender. No significant effects of race, however, were found when predicting the probability of arrest in cases of robbery. The effects of race on police responses to aggravated assault were more complicated. For assaults involving strangers, police were significantly more likely to exert additional effort at the scene if the victim was white and the offender was perceived to be black. This effect was reversed, however, for nonstranger assault victimizations. Police were significantlyless likely to exert effort at the scene or to make an arrest in black on white assaults involving nonstrangers. The most consistent predictors of arrest in both stranger and nonstranger assault victimizations were police response time, injury to the victim, and the incident occurring in a public setting.
Russian/Soviet screened sexuality: An introduction

AbstractThe introduction to this cluster on ‘Screened, sexuality: desire in Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet Cinema’ addresses the question of what the term ‘sexuality’ might mean when applied to Russian/Soviet cinema, and the ways in which the term is used in the articles that follow in this cluster. The infamous phrase, ‘There is no sex in the USSR!’ should be understood to suggest that Soviet cinema employed mechanisms of sexualizing carnal desire that were different to those of Hollywood, mechanisms that did not engender the utopian fantasy of sexuality's full presence in the maximum visibility of the unsimulated sex act. Screening sexuality necessarily involves a historically articulated combination of showing and concealment, and Soviet cinema's relative deficiency of sexual explicitness does not make it a less suitable object for the research into cinematic sexuality; it does, however, necessitate a different approach to the theme, in that such research would have to emphasize the social, cultural a...
Pharmacokinetics of Levonantradol in Laboratory Animals and Man

Levonantradol exhibits potent analgetic activity in standard animal tests and appears not to act directly at opiate receptors. It is currently in clinical trials as an analgesic and antiemetic. The pharmacokinetic behavior of levonantradol, administered orally or intramuscularly, has been investigated in man at dose levels of 0.25 to 3.0 mg and in animals at 0.03 to 10 mg/kg, using a specific HPLC/electrochemical assay. Only desacetyllevonantradol is detected in plasma, due to rapid in vivo deacetylation of levonantradol. In man, at the various doses tested, plasma concentrations of desacetyllevonantradol range from less than 5 to 51 ng/ml. Comparable plasma levels and clinical activity occur at nearly identical doses after oral and intramuscular dosing, suggesting good oral absorption in man. In animals, desacetyllevonantradol has a time of peak concentration of 1 to 2 hours and an elimination half-life of 1 to 2 hours. In animals, a tenfold higher oral dose is needed to achieve the same plasma drug levels as that after an intramuscular dose, suggesting extensive first-pass metabolism following oral administration. Little or no evidence for drug accumulation and sex differences in plasma concentrations of desacetyllevonantradol is noted during chronic intramuscular dosing in laboratory animals.
Moment normalization of handprinted characters

Handprinted characters can be made more uniform in appearance than the as-written version if an appropriate linear transformation is performed on each input pattern. The transformation can be implemented electronically by programming a flying-spot raster-scanner to scan at specified angles rather than only along specified axes. Alternatively, curve-follower normalization can be achieved by transforming the coordinate waveforms in a linear combining network. Second-order moments of the pattern are convenient properties to use in specifying the transformation. By mapping the original pattern into one having a scalar moment matrix all linear pattern variations can be removed. Comparison experiments with three sets of handprinted numerals showed that error rates were reduced by integral factors if the patterns were normalized before scanning for recognition.
The Curious History of Faà di Bruno's Formula

(2002). The Curious History of Faa di Bruno's Formula. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 217-234.
Fortuitous convergences: the beginnings of JUN

The oncogenic cellular phenotype reflects transcriptional and post-transcriptional changes in gene expression. The popular technique of expression profiling with microarrays highlights that changes in messenger RNA levels are important determinants of oncogenicity. The idea that upregulation and downregulation of specific crucial target genes can cause cancer derives from the discovery of oncogenic transcription factors. So, how was JUN — the first oncogenic transcription factor — discovered?
Extrapolation of animal toxicity data to man.

Abstract Laboratory animals are used as models for humans in toxicity studies. This use is based on the assumption that extrapolation of biological data from animals to humans is valid. Three methods of extrapolation are considered: the use of body mass equivalence, caloric scaling across species, and the use of the surface area equivalence. Allometry, defined as the study of size and its consequences, is considered. There is still controversy whether there is an allometric relationship for energy metabolism. Allometry offers, among others, the concept that not all of the mass of the animal is equally involved in metabolism. In recent years the principles of pharmacokinetics have been applied to interspecies scaling; pharmacokinetic short-term studies can be used to determine whether allometric scaling is justified. Considerations, however, should be given to (pharmacokinetic) differences in the same species and to species to species variability. It would be useful to develop a set of criteria for deciding when the pharmacokinetic model is needed and when simpler models will suffice.
Type conversion of epitaxial GaAs layers after heavy ion MeV implantation and annealing

Abstract Heavy ion (erbium, 167Er) MeV implantation and annealing of thick epitaxial layers of n-type GaAs has been found to result in the conversion of a surface layer within the erbium profile to p-type. Similar effects in originally p-type and undoped, high resistivity layers are not observed. In addition, no active role is ascribed to the erbium in providing mobile holes. The source of the type conversion is attributed to the transfer of SiGa donors to SiAs acceptor sites as the result of the implantation and annealing.
Individual and sex differences in the use of the push-up display by the sagebrush lizard, Sceloporus graciosus

Abstract Repeatable differences among individuals or among groups of individuals within a population may be used to describe the existence of alternative ‘strategies’ or social roles in behaviour and constitute the raw material on which phenotypic selection can act. Communicative displays that show consistent differences among individuals or between the sexes may also be used as mechanisms for individual or sexual recognition. In this study, individual and sex differences in several aspects of the push-up display were examined in a field study of Sceloporus graciosus . Previous studies have looked primarily at specifics of the head-bob pattern of adult male lizards in captivity. This study investigated several other measures of the push-up display, including display frequency, display perch height and number of legs flexed in displays as well as the head-bob pattern. It also examined the behaviour of both adult male and female lizards in the field. Repeatable individual differences occurred in all of the variables examined. These differences may be indicative of differences in home-range quality, motivational state, or may be used for individual recognition. Differences between the sexes occurred in display frequency, number of head-bobs per display and display duration, but not in display perch height, nor in number of legs flexed per display. Sex differences in the head-bob pattern suggest that the push-up displays of males and females may be qualitatively different, and possibly used for different purposes.
Personas in the middle: automated support for creating personas as focal points in feature gathering forums

Many software systems utilize forums to allow a broad set of stakeholders to request features. However the resulting mass of ideas and comments can make prioritization and management of feature requests challenging. In this paper we propose a novel approach for partially automating the creation of personas from a set of feature requests in open forums. Our approach utilizes topic clustering, classification, and association rules to identify meaningful groupings of feature requests and then uses them to guide the construction of personas. Once created, these personas are leveraged to coordinate feature requests, track changes, and to provide stakeholder communication mechanisms. We illustrate our approach with examples taken from the health-insurance domain and then evaluate it against feature requests in the SugarCRM project.
Effect of the Chemical Equilibrium Constant on the Design of Reactive Distillation Columns

This paper explores how the chemical equilibrium constant, KEQ, affects the design of reactive distillation columns for exothermic reversible reactions. The steady-state optimum economic design of ...
Wavelength-beam-combined quantum-cascade-laser array for remote spectroscopy

We demonstrate transmission spectroscopy between a monostatic transceiver based on a wavelength-beam-combined quantum-cascade-laser array and a retroreflector placed at 35 meters.
Social constructions of dependency by blunts smokers: Qualitative reports

Concerns about the risk of cannabis dependence have been renewed in recent years by changing patterns of consumption, including increased levels of use, easier access to high-potency strains of cannabis and the rising popularity of blunts (tobacco cigar shells filled with cannabis). Such concerns have been reinforced by a number of studies suggesting that cannabis dependence, as measured by DSM criteria, has indeed increased. However, there are reasons to question these findings. First, the studies may not accurately reflect users' experiences, for a number of methodological and conceptual reasons. Equally important, they do not examine the practice of smoking blunts, which exposes cannabis users to nicotine and has obvious implications for dependence (and other health problems). In this paper we reveal social understandings of dependence by analysing in-depth interviews with 92 users of blunts and cannabis in other forms in New York City. We also discuss ethnographic observations of these users and others that reveal practises and norms relevant to the risk of cannabis dependence. We find that users' experiences and descriptions do not correspond to official dependence criteria and that some use practices, such as smoking blunts in groups, promote moderate consumption rather than compulsive use. Respondents also associated nicotine with dependence, suggesting that research on cannabis dependence should be designed to include blunt smoking.
SNOEK AND GORSKY RELAXATIONS IN HYDROGENATED METALLIC GLASSES

On a observe deux relaxations dans Ni 64 Zr 36 amorphe contenant jusqu'a 20% at. d'hydrogene: l'une est due a une reorientation atomique a courte distance, l'autre a un effet Gorsky a longue distance. Les caracteristiques complementaires de ces deux relaxations montrent qu'elles sont du type Snoek
Board-level optical clock signal distribution based on guided-wave optical interconnects in conjunction with waveguide holograms

In this paper, we represent our effort to construct an optoelectronic interconnection layer for high-speed optical clock signal distribution in a Cray supercomputer board. The optoelectronic interconnection layer under investigation employs optical channel waveguides and 3 dB waveguide splitters in conjunction with surface-normal waveguide couplers. The difficulties associated with the complicated 3D multiple alignments are significantly reduced by the surface-normal fanout beams and the unique planar device feature. 1-GHz clear optical clock signal is demonstrated experimentally with a guided-wave interconnection length of 45 cm. Some new techniques to fabricate large-area optical channel waveguides and surface-normal waveguide grating couplers are also presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Galilean invariance and the Schrödinger equation

Abstract The Schrodinger equation is derived from the assumptions of Galilean invariance and the existence of a momentum operator acting within an irreducible representation of the Galilei group.
Measuring growth of a phenanthrene-degrading bacterial inoculum in soil with a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction method.

We measured growth of a phenanthrene-degrading bacterium, Arthrobacter, strain RP17, in Forbes soil, amended with 500 μg g−1 phenanthrene using a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction method. The inoculum, which was not indigenous to Forbes soil, grew from 5.55×105 colony forming units (cfu) g−1 to 1.97×107 cfu g−1 within 100 h after the cells were added to the soil. Maximum population density was reached before the highest degradation rate was observed 150 h after the cells were added to soil. Population density remained stable even after 56% of the phenanthrene had mineralized. This study is one of the few documented examples of growth by a non-indigenous bacterium in a non-sterile soil amended with a pollutant.
Effect of irrigation and harvest timing on peppermint oil yield in California

Abstract The effect of delay of onset of spring irrigation and harvest date of peppermint ( Mentha piperita L. cv black mitcham ) grown in Western Lassen County was studied in 2003 and 2004. We measured applied water in sprinkler-irrigated plots with catch cans and related applied water and rainfall to local CIMIS reference ETo. Highest oil yields of 118.9 kg ha −1 in 2003 and 119.2 kg ha −1 in 2004 occurred for harvest dates of July 29 and August 13, respectively. Date of onset of irrigation had no impact the first year, but did cause a reduction the second year in relation to length of delay. Soil water sensors at the 152 and 305 mm depth provided similar results in measuring water potential in response to crop use and water application by both rainfall and irrigation. Yield reductions were strongly associated with the time intervals during which soil water potentials were less than −20 kPa and the sum of total irrigation + rainfall was less than reference ETo. Measurement of canopy temperatures and plant height were useful only as indicators of severe crop water stress. Both menthol and menthofuran increased steadily with date of harvest. Menthol levels of 42–44% were associated with highest yields. Pulegone peaked with the mid-August harvest in both years.
Hamburger’s Achievement with Early Renal Transplants

In 1947 Hamburger mapped out his course of action to achieve successful renal transplantation and then undertook what he had predicted. His steps were as follows: in 1952, graft of a kidney from a mother to her son, a failure providing more information than any experimental attempt; in 1959, a transplantation from a non-identical twin to his irradiated brother, a rare success with this dangerous immunosuppression; in 1964, a successful graft from a dead donor, with Dausset’s introduction of HLA typing to match the donor and the recipient. Hamburger’s and Crosnier’s endeavours were interwoven with those of other physicians and surgeons: in Paris, Kuss and Legrain, in Boston, Murray and, especially, Merrill, with whom Hamburger shared more than a friendship.
Oxyradical Mediated Tissue Injury

Since the beginning of this century, phagocytes have been recognized for their critical role in the inflammatory response. In addition to their functions in host defense, phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and maerophages) can mediate tissue injury through a variety of mechanisms (3). Traditionally, attention has been focused on the potential for leukocytic lysosomal proteases to damage tissue. In recent years, it has been recognized that lysosomal enzymes cannot completely account for the tissue-damaging effects of phagocytes. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that oxygen-derived free radicals are important mediators of tissue injury. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that possess unpaired electrons. Through a variety of reactions, oxygen free radicals can participate in the generation of additional reactive oxygen-derived metabolites. The focus of this article will be how phagocytes, particularly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), generate these substances. We will examine the in vitro and in vivo evidence that oxygen radicals and their metabolites are important mediators of tissue injury.
Etodolac kinetics in the elderly.

The effects of age and chronic dosing on the pharmacokinetics of the anti-inflammatory drug etodolac were evaluated in healthy young subjects, healthy elderly subjects, and elderly patients with Osteoarthritis. After either single or chronic (7 days) dosing, both the healthy elderly subjects and the elderly patients with Osteoarthritis had values for etodolac peak concentration, time to reach peak concentration, the AUC from 0 to 24 hours, elimination t½, and free fraction that did not differ significantly from those in the young (control) subjects. Despite the expected increases in the peak concentration and AUC from 0 to 24 hours for all groups after chronic dosing, there were no changes in etodolac free fraction, time to peak concentration, or t½. Because significant accumulation of etodolac was not observed in our elderly participants, adjustment of dosage when elderly subjects receive etodolac therapy is not indicated. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 39, 550–553; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.94
FIXED-RANGE OPTIMUM TRAJECTORIES FOR SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT

An algorithm, based on the energy-state method, is derived for calculating optimum trajectories with a range constraint. The basis of the algorithm is the assumption that optimum trajectories consist of, at most, three segments: an increasing energy segment (climb); a constant energy segment (cruise); and a decreasing energy segment (descent). This assumption allows energy to be used as the independent variable in the increasing and decreasing energy segments, thereby eliminating the integration of a separate adjoint differential equation and simplifying the calculus of variations problem to one requiring only pointwise extremization of algebraic functions. The algorithm is used to compute minimum fuel, minimum time, and minimum direct-operating-cost trajectories, with range as a parameter, for an in-service CTOL aircraft and for an advanced STOL aircraft. For the CTOL aircraft and the minimum-fuel performance function, the optimum controls, consisting of air-speed and engine power setting, are continuous functions of the energy in both climb and descent as well as near the maximum or cruise energy. This is also true for the STOL aircraft except in the descent where at one energy level a nearly constant energy dive segment occurs, yielding a discontinuity in the airspeed at that energy. The reason for this segment appears to be the relatively high fuel flow at idle power of the engines used by this STOL aircraft. Use of a simplified trajectory which eliminates the dive increases the fuel consumption of the total descent trajectory by about 10 percent and the time to fly the descent by about 19 percent compared to the optimum.
Hypertension Produced by Placental Ischemia in Pregnant Rats Is Associated With Increased Soluble Endoglin Expression

Recent clinical studies indicate that an excess of angiostatic factors, such as soluble endoglin (sEng), is related to the occurrence of preeclampsia. Although recent clinical studies report that sEng is increased in preeclamptic women, the mechanisms underlying its overexpression remain unclear. Evidence suggests that hypoxia and induction of heme oxygenase-1 have opposing effects on sEng expression, the former stimulatory and the latter inhibitory. Hence, we hypothesized that placental ischemia because of reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) in the pregnant rat would increase sEng expression and decrease heme oxygenase-1. Mean arterial pressure was obtained via arterial catheter, and serum and placental proteins were measured by Western blot. Mean arterial pressure was increased (132+/-3 mm Hg versus 102+/-2 mm Hg; P<0.001), and fetal (2.35+/-0.05 g versus 1.76+/-0.08 g; P<0.001) and placental weight were decreased (0.47+/-0.04 g versus 0.58+/-0.03 g; P<0.01) in the RUPP compared with normal pregnant controls. Serum sEng (0.10+/-0.02 arbitrary pixel units [apu] versus 0.05+/-0.01 apu; P<0.05) and placental endoglin (4.7+/-2.3 apu versus 1.45+/-0.42 apu; P<0.05) were increased along with placental hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (1.42+/-0.25 apu versus 0.68+/-0.09 apu; P<0.05) expression in the RUPP versus the normal pregnant dams. Placental HO-1 (1.4+/-0.3 apu versus 2.5+/-0.1 apu; P<0.05) expression decreased in the RUPP compared with normal pregnant dams. The present findings support our hypothesis that placental ischemia because of RUPP increases the expression of sEng and shifts the balance of angiogenic factors in the maternal circulation toward an angiostatic state. The present study provides further evidence that placental ischemia is a strong in vivo stimulus of angiostatic factors during pregnancy.
Deep turbidity currents in shallow channels

Experimental results presented here quantify how the thickness of turbidity currents affects the evolution of an aggrading subaqueous channel. Ten sediment-laden currents with identical initial conditions were released into a tank to determine how depositional flows interact with and modify a pre-existing channel form. Deposition was always greatest on the channel floor, systematically reducing channel depth and causing the ratio of initial current thickness to channel depth to increase with each flow. The ratio of longitudinal to lateral current velocity decreased exponentially with increasing relative current thickness. This change in lateral spreading demarcated regimes of channelized, quasi-channelized, and unconfined flow. Channelized currents have thicknesses that are less than 1.3 times local channel depth; unconfined currents are greater than five times channel depth; and quasi-channelized currents occur in between. The unconfined cases were consistent with prior experiments and theory defining the flow field for nonchannelized turbidity currents. Sedimentation patterns for even the thickest currents were influenced by subdued channel topography.
TU-FF-A1-03: Comparison of Surface Dose Resulting From SMLC and Compensator-Based IMRT for Breast Radiotherapy

Purpose: To compare the surface dose to the ipsilateral breast between compensator and MLC‐based IMRT for breast radiotherapy both with and without simulated respiratory motion. Methods & Materials: An anthropomorphic polystyrene breast phantom mounted on a moving platform was used to simulate the human breast and its respiration‐induced motion during radiotherapy.MOSFETdosimeters were placed on the surface of the phantom at 5 approximately uniformly spaced positions in the central axial plane. Two common IMRT treatment techniques were then used to deliver a uniform dose of 1.8 Gy to the simulated breast both with and without simulated respiratory motion with 1 cm amplitude and a period of 4 seconds. Both techniques used the same parallel‐opposed half‐beam‐blocked tangential beams, but one used bismuth polyethylene compensators to create the modulation while the other used the segmental MLC (SMLC) delivery technique to create the modulation. The segment shapes and weights for the SMLC delivery were created from the fringe lines of the compensator maps so that the plans delivered essentially identical dose distributions to the phantom beyond the build‐up region. Results: Respiratory motion did not significantly alter the surface dose for either technique. All five dosimetersmeasured lower surface doses from the SMLC plans in comparison to the compensator plans. The average surface dose for SMLC delivery of 127 cGy was 6% lower than the average dose of 135 cGy measured for compensator delivery. Conclusion: The secondary and scatteredradiation produced in the compensator increases surface dose. The use of SMLC IMRT results in lower dose to the skin than that from compensator‐based IMRT and this fact should be considered when planning breast IMRT cases.
A Tale of Two Toxins: Helicobacter Pylori CagA and VacA Modulate Host Pathways that Impact Disease

Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacterium that colonizes more than 50% of the world’s population, which leads to a tremendous medical burden. H. pylori infection is associated with such varied diseases as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and two forms of gastric cancer: gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. This association represents a novel paradigm for cancer development; H. pylori is currently the only bacterium to be recognized as a carcinogen. Therefore, a significant amount of research has been conducted to identify the bacterial factors and the deregulated host cell pathways that are responsible for the progression to more severe disease states. Two of the virulence factors that have been implicated in this process are CagA and VacA, which are cytotoxins that are injected and secreted by H. pylori, respectively. Both of these virulence factors are polymorphic and affect a multitude of host cellular pathways. These combined facts could easily contribute to differences in disease severity across the population as various CagA and VacA alleles differentially target some pathways. Herein we highlight the diverse types of cellular pathways and processes targeted by these important toxins.
The Effects of Dexamethasone on Plasma Homovanillic Acid and 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol: Evidence for Abnormal Corticosteroid-Catecholamine Interactions in Major Depression

• We investigated the possible interactions between corticosteroids and catecholamines in depression by studying the effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone on plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4--hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in a group of depressed patients and normal controls. In comparison with metabolite levels on a control day, normal controls showed a significant dexamethasone-induced increase in the plasma HVA level and a trend toward a decrease in the plasma MHPG level at 4 PM following dexamethasone administration (1 mg orally at 11 PM). Conversely, depressed patients, particularly those with psychotic features, showed a significant dexamethasone-induced increase in the plasma MHPG level and a blunting of the plasma HVA response relative to the normal controls. Dexamethasoneinduced increases in the plasma MHPG level were directly correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms and with postdexamethasone cortisol levels in the depressed patients. These data suggest abnormal corticosteroid-catecholamine interactions in depression and, specifically, in depressed patients with psychotic features.
Comparison of microvascular pressures and diameters in the innervated and denervated rat intestine

Abstract Direct pressure and diameter measurements were recorded in the innervated and denervated microcirculation of rat intestinal muscle at control (100–110 mm Hg) and reduced systemic arterial pressures. The measurements were made with a servo-null pressure transducer and video micrometer system. The goals of the study were (1) to determine if significant differences exist between the pressure distributions in innervated and denervated intestinal muscle microvessels at normal and reduced systemic pressures; (2) to see if neural and local vascular mechanisms influence capillary pressures and microvascular pressure distributions in intestinal muscle; and (3) to ascertain the relative contribution of individual microvascular segments to the pressure distribution within the intestinal microcirculation. The results indicate that there is a simple, linear relationship between microvascular pressures and systemic pressure, with no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between the results from innervated and denervated tissues, except for second-order venules. Denervation did not alter the pressure distribution within the microcirculation. However, denervation did cause a significant dilation ( P P > 0.05) at normal or reduced systemic pressures, but changed in direct linear proportion to changes in systemic arterial pressure. This result is in direct opposition to the idea of an “autoregulatory” mechanism for local control of capillary hydrostatic pressure, but is consistent with the concepts of local blood flow regulation.