cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors and inpatient outcomes associated with acute kidney injury at pediatric severe sepsis presentation.

Little data exist on acute kidney injury (AKI) risk factors in pediatric sepsis. We identified risk factors and inpatient outcomes associated with AKI at sepsis recognition in children with severe sepsis. Retrospective, cross-sectional study with inpatient outcome description of 315 patients > 1 month to < 20 years old with severe sepsis in a pediatric intensive care unit over 3 years. Exposures included demographics, vitals, and laboratory data. The primary outcome was kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes creatinine-defined AKI within 24 h of sepsis recognition. Factors associated with AKI and AKI severity were identified using multivariable Poisson and multinomial logistic regression, respectively. AKI was present in 42% (133/315) of severe sepsis patients, and 26% (83/315) had severe (stage 2/3) AKI. In multivariable-adjusted analysis, hematologic/immunologic comorbidities, malignancies, chronic kidney disease (CKD), abdominal infection, admission illness severity, and minimum systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤ 5th percentile for age and sex within 24 h of sepsis recognition were associated with AKI. Factors associated with mild AKI were CKD and abdominal infection, while factors associated with severe AKI were younger age, hematologic/immunologic comorbidities, malignancy, abdominal infection, and minimum SBP ≤ 5th percentile. Patients with AKI had increased hospital mortality (17 vs. 8%, P = 0.02) and length of stay [median 20 (IQR 10–47) vs. 16 days (IQR 7–37), P = 0.03]. In pediatric severe sepsis, AKI is associated with age, comorbidities, infection characteristics, and hypotension. Future evaluation of risk factors for AKI progression during sepsis is warranted to minimize AKI progression in this high-risk population.
An Update on the Treatment of Chorea

There are many causes for chorea, including genetic, autoimmune, pharmacological, and structural lesions. Where appropriate, treatment is based on reversing the underlying cause of chorea; many cases are self-limited, resolving when the primary disorder is treated. This review focuses on the management of chorea due to untreatable causes. There are a limited number of double-blind randomized control trials assessing the efficacy of specific chorea treatments. Most therapeutic recommendations are based on small open-label studies, case reports, and expert opinion. This is in part due to the heterogeneity of chorea and chorea-associated syndromes and the variety of neurodegenerative phenotypes with variable progression rates. Chorea can be treated with a variety of medications ranging from antiepileptics to antipsychotics. The recent development of selective vesicular monoamine transporter blocking agents has allowed for targeted chorea management with minimal side effects. Neurosurgical interventions such as deep brain surgery (DBS) and pallidotomy are reserved for medication-refractory chorea. As a symptom of neurodegenerative disease, chorea is only one aspect of the basal ganglia syndromes, and often, a multidisciplinary approach tailored to individual patient needs provides the best management.
Interplay between Composition, Electronic Structure, Disorder, and Doping due to Dual Sublattice Mixing in Nonequilibrium Synthesis of ZnSnN 2 :O

The opportunity for enhanced functional properties in semiconductor solid solutions has attracted vast scientific interest for a variety of novel applications. However, the functional versatility originating from the additional degrees of freedom due to atomic composition and ordering comes along with new challenges in characterization and modeling. Developing predictive synthesis-structure-property relationships is prerequisite for effective materials design strategies. Here, a first-principles based model for property prediction in such complex semiconductor materials is presented. This framework incorporates nonequilibrium synthesis, dopants and defects, and the change of the electronic structure with composition and short range order. This approach is applied to ZnSnN2 (ZTN) which has attracted recent interest for photovoltaics. The unintentional oxygen incorporation and its correlation with the cation stoichiometry leads to the formation of a solid solution with dual sublattice mixing. A nonmonotonic doping behavior as a function of the composition is uncovered. The degenerate doping of near-stoichiometric ZTN, which is detrimental for potential applications, can be lowered into the 1017 cm-3 range in highly off-stoichiometric material, in quantitative agreement with experiments.
David Oliver: When is it time for older drivers to stop?

On 17 January the Duke of Edinburgh was driving his Land Rover when it was in a collision with another car. One of three passengers in the other car was injured, and the duke’s car flipped over.1 The duke, 97, was reportedly left bruised and bewildered. Two days later he was seen driving another Land Rover with no seatbelt and was spoken to by police.2 As this followed recent stories where drivers over 80 had caused deaths,34 it reignited debate.56 Driving is a complex skill that can be compromised by a range of medical conditions or changes that get progressively more …
Metabolite Profiles of Raw Peanut Seeds Reveal Differences between Market‐Types

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are prized for their flavor and popular worldwide as food or as food ingredients. The raw peanut seed contains the precursor compounds to roasted peanut flavor and has the potential to be manipulated through traditional breeding methods. However, little is known about the metabolome of the raw seeds. Comprehensive metabolite profiles of both raw runner and Virginia-type peanuts were determined. Using a system incorporating several methodologies including (RP)/UPLC-MS/MS and HILIC/UPLC-MS/MS, along with quantitation of fatty acids, free amino acids, and tocopherols, 365 metabolites were identified and of these, 52 were significantly different between market types (P < 0.05). Higher levels of gamma-glutamylalanine, oxylipins, purine metabolites, and alpha-ketoglutarate derived members of the glutamate family of amino acids defined the Virginia-type, while runner-type peanuts were differentiated by their ethylmalonate and eicosenoate content. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the raw peanut seed, providing knowledge of the range of small molecules present in peanuts. The new information presented here will enable future research for peanut quality improvement. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Peanuts are widely used as snack foods and as food ingredients. Knowledge of the secondary metabolite compounds in raw peanuts is needed to determine their importance in peanut flavor and nutritional quality. This report used a nontargeted analytical approach for the identification of these types of compounds in peanuts for the first time. These data were supplemented with quantitative analysis of free amino acids and tocopherols and discussed as potential flavor precursors and health promoting compounds.
Completion of Adolescent Cancer Treatment: Excitement, Guilt, and Anxiety.

* Abbreviation: AYA — : adolescent and young adult The completion of cancer treatment in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) is a time that many patients and families approach with hope and excitement but is often tinged with anxiety and fear. In 2005, the Institute of Medicine published a report on navigating and optimizing the transition from active treatment to survivorship in which necessary elements of care for adults completing cancer therapy were defined.1 Recognizing the unique needs of AYAs with cancer who may struggle with different medical and psychosocial needs at treatment completion, the Institute of Medicine suggested developing new models for transitioning AYAs with cancer to survivorship care.2 However, many children and AYAs with cancer feel unprepared and unsupported in this transition,3,4 which may have long-term implications for AYA engagement in survivorship screening and care.5 Below, we describe a young man’s (S.P.) personal experience moving from treatment to survivorship as well as that of his oncologist (K.A.G.), and together we offer recommendations for supporting children and teenagers with serious illness at the completion of therapy. Although many other family members and providers played an integral role in this patient’s care and transition to survivorship, in this piece, we focus on our experiences as patient and oncologist. The moment your oncologist tells you the date of your final treatment, you realize that your cancer has an expiration date. Although the excitement and eagerness to finish my treatment kept me restless and energized, what I failed to anticipate were many other challenges and worries that would simultaneously come with finishing treatment. For me, completing treatment and … Address correspondence to Katie A. Greenzang, MD, EdM, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: katie_greenzang{at}dfci.harvard.edu
Shoveling a Path After Star Athletica

Star Athletica purported to tell us the circumstances under which copyright will protect creative features of useful articles, such as items of clothing or cars. While a design carved into the back of a chair would be understood as separable under anyone’s test, disputes arose over things like the overall shape of a belt buckle or the pattern of lines on an outfit that made it clearly a cheerleading uniform. Star Athletica resolved the latter issue while telling us that it answered all questions about separability. This article tries to analyze the decision in a way that helps think about future cases. An object that has a noncommunicative function can be protected by copyright, but copyright should never extend to functional aspects: parts or designs that make the object work. Also, I’ll discuss why design patent law should have been more important to the Court as a way of separating copyrightable and uncopyrightable designs and speculate about art and authorship in the new millennium. One reason that Star Athletica is so confusing is because we lack a coherent account of what kinds of creation copyright should protect, even as the statute tells us that not everything that is creative should be copyrightable “authorship.” Even without a completely coherent theoretical account, however, there are doctrinal tools that courts could employ to make their job easier in deciding individual cases.
Safety-Critical Event Triggered Control via Input-to-State Safe Barrier Functions

The efficient utilization of available resources while simultaneously achieving control objectives is a primary motivation in the event-triggered control paradigm. In many modern control applications, one such objective is enforcing the safety of a system. The goal of this letter is to carry out this vision by combining event-triggered and safety-critical control design. We discuss how a direct transcription, in the context of safety, of event-triggered methods for stabilization may result in designs that are not implementable on real hardware due to the lack of a minimum interevent time. We provide an example showing this phenomena and, building on the insight gained, propose an event-triggered control approach via Input-to-State Safe Barrier Functions that achieves safety while ensuring that interevent times are uniformly lower bounded.
Dose-Response Association of Low-Intensity and Nondaily Smoking With Mortality in the United States.

Importance An increasing proportion of US smokers smoke at low intensity and not every day. Some nondaily smokers have always had this pattern, whereas others previously smoked daily. The effect of reducing the level of smoking from daily to nondaily smoking and the dose response at low smoking levels are poorly understood. Objective To evaluate risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among nondaily and daily cigarette smokers, by cigarettes per month, years after reducing from daily to nondaily smoking, and years since quitting. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective cohort study using harmonized data from multiple cycles of the Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS), linked to the National Death Index, were analyzed during the period from 2018 to 2020. Adults completed the 1992-1993, 1995-1996, 1998-1999, 2000, 2001-2002, 2003, 2006-2007, or 2010-2011 TUS-CPS. Cigarette smokers were classified as daily or nondaily users; current nondaily smokers were further categorized by whether they previously smoked every day. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for risks of mortality vs never smoking. Age was the underlying time metric, adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, education, survey year, and household income. Results Among 505 500 participants (aged 18-103 years), approximately 47 000 deaths occurred. The median number of cigarettes smoked per month was 600 (interquartile range, 300-600) (20 cigarettes per day [interquartile range, 10-20 cigarettes per day]) for daily cigarette smokers and 40 (interquartile range, 15-90) for lifelong nondaily smokers. Nevertheless, both current daily (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 2.25-2.38) and lifelong nondaily (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.65-2.01) smokers had higher all-cause mortality risks than never smokers. Associations were observed for 6 to 10 cigarettes per month and increased with greater-intensity use. Nondaily smokers who previously smoked every day had lower mortality risks than daily smokers, with similar HRs after 10 or more years of nondaily smoking as lifelong nondaily smokers (HR vs never smokers, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.56-1.92). Yet, their risks were higher than former smokers who quit 10 or more years before (HR vs never smokers, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15-1.22). Conclusions and Relevance Although reducing smoking from daily to nondaily was associated with decreased mortality risk, cessation was associated with far greater benefit. Lifelong nondaily smokers have higher mortality risks than never smokers, even among those smoking 6 to 10 cigarettes per month. Thus, all smokers should quit, regardless of how infrequently they smoke.
Crystal structure of aqua-(citric acid)(hydrogen citrato)calcium monohydrate, [Ca(HC6H5O7)(H3C6H5O7)(H2O)]·H2O, from synchrotron X-ray powder data, and DFT-optimized crystal structure of existing calcium hydrogen citrate trihydrate, [Ca(HC6H5O7)(H2O)3].

The crystal structure of `aquabis­(di­hydrogen citrato)calcium hydrate', better formulated as aqua­(citric acid)(hydrogen citrato)calcium monohydrate, (I), has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The CaO8 coordination polyhedra are isolated, but occur in layers parallel to the ab plane. Both the Rietveld-refined and DFT-optimized structures indicate that one citrate is doubly ionized and that the other is citric acid. All of the active hydrogen atoms participate in strong (11–16 kcal mol−1) hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen atoms were added to the existing calcium hydrogen citrate trihydrate structure [Sheldrick (1974). Acta Cryst. B30, 2056–2057; CSD refcode: CAHCIT], (II), and a DFT calculation was carried out to assess the hydrogen bonding and compare it to this optimized structure.
Author Correction: Working Style Assessment (WSA): Instrument Adjustment for the Thai Context

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The name of the 2nd author was incorrectly presented. The correct name of the 2nd author is “Oranuch Pruetipibultham.”
Utilization of multimodality therapy with primary radical prostatectomy versus radiation therapy for Gleason 8-10 prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The role of multimodality therapy (MMT) in the treatment of Gleason 8–10 prostate cancer remains controversial. We sought to evaluate factors associated with MMT utilization for primary radical prostatectomy (RP) and primary radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials From the National Cancer Database, we conducted a retrospective review of 81,528 men with National Cancer Center Network Gleason 8–10 prostate cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2015, who underwent (1) primary RP with or without early postoperative external beam RT (EBRT) or (2) primary RT (androgen deprivation therapy + EBRT) with or without brachytherapy (BT) boost. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we evaluated factors associated with the utilization of MMT, defined as early postoperative EBRT for primary RP or BT boost for primary RT. Results For primary RP, the percentages of men who underwent MMT for Gleason 8 and 9–10 disease were 12.2% and 24.1%, respectively. On multivariable logistic regression, men with Gleason 9–10 were more likely to undergo MMT (odds ratio 1.03 [1.02, 1.04]), although adverse pathologic features such as T3b-4 (1.24 [1.23, 1.25]) disease demonstrated the strongest associations. For primary RT, the percentages of men who underwent BT boost for Gleason 8 and 9–10 disease were 11.8% and 9.8%, respectively. On multivariable logistic regression, men with Gleason 9–10 disease were less likely to receive BT boost (0.99 [0.98, 0.99]). Conclusions Men with more aggressive Gleason 9 disease were more likely to undergo MMT if they underwent primary RP but not primary RT. Further blood-based or imaging biomarkers may aid in identifying optimal candidates for MMT, especially for primary RT.
Total recall: episodic memory retrieval, choice, and memory confidence in the rat

Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.
Impaired pulse pressure amplification, augmentation index, and arterial stiffness are associated with reduced limb lean mass in overweight and obese postmenopausal women

Abstract Background The age-related muscle mass loss has been associated with increased arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, baPWV) and wave reflection (augmentation index, AIx). In healthy individuals, pulse pressure (PP) is lower in the aorta compared to the brachial artery (PP amplification, PPA). Postmenopausal women experience elevated aortic stiffness leading to increased AIx and aortic PP causing reduced PPA, an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. It is unknown whether appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), arm (ArmLM) or leg lean mass (LegLM) are negatively associated with PPA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between vascular function (PPA, AIx, and baPWV) and lean mass (ASMI, ArmLM, and LegLM) in postmenopausal women. Methods The study was performed in 93 postmenopausal women (48–71 years; BMI: 30 ± 7 kg/m2). PPA (brachial/aortic PP), aortic AIx, and baPWV were measured. ArmLM and LegLM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ASMI was calculated as (ArmLM+LegLM)/Ht2. Associations between vascular and lean mass measures were analyzed by multiple linear regression. Results PPA was associated with ASMI (β = 0.29, p = .016) and LegLM (β = 0.25, p = .028) after adjustment for age, height, systolic pressure, strength, and heart rate. AIx was associated with ASMI (β = −0.27, p = .011), ArmLM (β = −0.25, p = .023), and LegLM (β = −0.22, p = .026), while baPWV was associated with reduced ASMI (β = −0.23, p = .043) and ArmLM (β = −0.23, p = .045), but not with LegLM (β = −0.19, p = .074) after full adjustment. Conclusions Our findings indicate that impaired pulsatile hemodynamics (PPA and AIx) are negatively associated with ASMI and LegLM, while arterial stiffness is negatively associated with ASMI and ArmLM. Thus, vascular dysfunction may be implicated in muscle mass loss in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.
Intracranial angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma with rhabdoid features: a mimic of rhabdoid meningioma

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is an uncommon soft-tissue neoplasm that arises mostly in the extremities of young people and generally carries a good prognosis. Intracranial location is unusual and frequently associated with myxoid change. EWSR1 gene fusions with members of the CREB family (CREB1, ATF1, and CREM) are well-established events in AFH. These fusions have also been described in other neoplasms including intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumor, and it is still uncertain whether the latter is a distinct entity or if it represents a myxoid variant of AFH. Here, we describe a rare falcine AFH presenting in a 50-year-old woman. The most striking feature of this tumor was its diffuse rhabdoid morphology with focal high mitotic activity, raising the consideration of rhabdoid meningioma (WHO grade III). The tumor cells were moderately positive for EMA and negative for progesterone receptor and SSTR2 prompting additional studies. Desmin was strongly positive and CD99 showed membranous immunoreactivity. BAP1, INI-1, and BRG1 expressions were retained. Next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated an EWSR1-ATF1 gene fusion, supporting the diagnosis of an unusual rhabdoid variant of AFH. After gross total resection of this tumor, the patient remains free of disease 5 months after the surgery without additional treatment.
Inlining of mathematical functions in HP-UX for Itanium® 2

HP-UX compilers inline mathematical functions for Itanium Processor Family (IPF) systems to improve throughput 4X-8X versus external library calls, achieving speeds comparable to highly tuned vector functions, without requiring the user to code for a vector interface and without sacrificing accuracy or edge-case behaviors. This paper highlights IPF architectural features that support implementation of high-performance, high-quality math functions for inlining. It discusses strategies for utilizing the features and developing inlineable sequences on a large scale, and it presents requisite compiler features and language extensions. Also, this paper describes compiler mechanisms that produce inlineable code and inline it.
Evaluating Performance Portability of OpenMP for SNAP on NVIDIA, Intel, and AMD GPUs Using the Roofline Methodology

In this paper, we show that OpenMP 4.5 based implementation of TestSNAP, a proxy-app for the Spectral Neighbor Analysis Potential (SNAP) in LAMMPS, can be ported across the NVIDIA, Intel, and AMD GPUs. Roofline analysis is employed to assess the performance of TestSNAP on each of the architectures. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold: 1) Provide OpenMP as a viable option for application portability across multiple GPU architectures, and 2) provide a methodology based on the roofline analysis to determine the performance portability of OpenMP implementations on the target architectures. The GPUs used for this work are Intel Gen9, AMD Radeon Instinct MI60, and NVIDIA Volta V100.
Using incident reporting to understand and characterize sexual harassment of physicians by patients

Author(s): Hemmat, Shirin; Khoong, Elaine C; Olazo, Kristan; Sharma, Anjana E; Mangurian, Christina; Fernandez, Alicia; Sarkar, Urmimala
Individual Differences in Adolescent Coping: Comparing a Community Sample and a Low-SES Sample to Understand Coping in Context

Coping that is adaptive in low-stress environments can be ineffective or detrimental in the context of poverty. Identifying coping profiles among adolescents facing varying levels of stress can increase understanding of when and for whom coping may be most adaptive. The present study applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify coping profiles in two distinct samples of adolescents: a community sample of youth aged 11–16 years (N = 374, Mage = 13.14, 53% girls), and a low-SES sample of youth aged 12–18 years (N = 304, Mage = 14.56, 55% girls). The ten coping subscales of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire were included as indicators in the LPAs (problem solving, emotion regulation, emotion expression, acceptance, positive thinking, cognitive restructuring, distraction, denial, wishful thinking, and avoidance). Five profiles were identified in the community sample: Inactive, Low Engagement, Cognitive, Engaged, and Active Copers. All but the Low Engagement Copers profile were also identified in the low-SES sample, suggesting that adolescents employ similar coping strategies across contexts, but fewer low-SES adolescents engage in lower levels of coping. Profiles differed by gender and symptoms of internalizing psychopathology. Inactive copers in both samples were more likely to be male. Engaged Copers reported the lowest symptom levels whereas Active Copers reported higher symptoms. Cognitive Copers reported higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms in the low-SES sample only, suggesting that this pattern of coping may be protective only in less stressful contexts. Elucidating within-person coping patterns is a promising avenue for targeting interventions to those most likely to benefit.
Learning from Complexity: Effects of Prior Accidents and Incidents on Airlines' Learning:

Using data on accidents and incidents experienced by U.S. commercial airlines from 1983 to 1997, we investigated variation in firm learning by examining whether firms learn more from errors with heterogeneous or homogeneous causes. We measured learning by a reduction in airline accident and incident rates, while controlling for other factors related to accidents and incidents. Our results show that heterogeneity is generally better for learning, as prior heterogeneity in the causes of errors decreases subsequent accident rates, producing a deeper, broader search for causality than simple explanations like “blame the pilot.” The benefits of heterogeneity, however, apply mainly to specialist airlines. Generalist airlines learn, instead, from outside factors such as the experience of others and general improvements in technology. These results suggest a theory of learning across organizational forms: complex forms benefit from simple information, and simple forms benefit from complex information. The implica...
How Well can the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Distinguish between Two Very Similar Molecules

A decade has passed since the concept of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was first demonstrated.1 After early use primarily by surface scientists seeking to characterize semiconductor2 and metal3 surfaces in the well controlled confines of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), the STM has evolved into a broad range of related scanning probe microscopies4 (SPMs) which are increasingly employed to investigate complex molecular systems in relevant ambient environments such as air and water.5 Unfortunately, the simplicity of the method of acquiring ultrahigh resolution images belies the difficulties inherent in the interpretation of those images. The increasing commercial availability of scanning probe microscopes engenders the notion that these techniques are well understood when, in fact, there remain a large number of crucial questions about the imaging process.
The Bumpy Road from Accra to Addis Ababa: Recollections of an Observer/Participant La route bosselée d'Accra vers Addis Ababa El camino bacheado de Accra a Addis Ababa

This article tells the story of the creation of the first pan-African organization – the Organization of African Unity (OAU) – and of some of the most crucial political events of postcolonial African a airs that preceded its establishment, notably the All-African Peoples Conference (AAPC) convened by Ghana's first President Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Taking the form of an account of an observer-cum-participant of some momentous events in modern African history (such as the AAPC and OAU), it gives a sense of the passionate commitment to African freedom and dignity as well as the desire, on the part of some African leaders, notably Kwame Nkrumah, for African unity. The description of the proceedings of the first (founding) conference of the OAU catches the mood of the times. Cet article raconte l'histoire de la creation de la premiere organization panAfricaine – l'Organisation de l'Unite Africaine (OUA) – et des certains evenements politiques les plus important des a aires africaines post-coloniales qui ont precede leur existence, notamment la Conference des Africains (CA) qui s'est assemblee par le premier President de Ghana Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Prenant la forme d'un compte d'un observateur et participant aux evenements importants dans l'histoire africaine moderne, il communique l'engagement passionne a la liberte africaine et la dignite aussi bien que le desir de la part des chefs africains, notamment Nkrumah, de l'unite africaine. La description des demarches de la premiere conference (la fondation) de la OUA re ete l'humeur en ce temps-la Este articulo cuenta la historia de la creacion de la primera organizacion panafricana – la Organizacion para la Unidad Africana (OUA) – y de algunos de los acontecimientos politicos mas cruciales de los la epoca poscolonial que precedieron a su establecimiento, especialmente la Conferencia de Paises Africanos (CPA), convocada por el primer presidente de Ghana, el Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Escrita desde el punto de vista de la posicion de observador-participe de algunos de los momentos mas importantes de la historia moderna de Africa, (como la de CPA y OUA), proporciona un sentido de compromiso apasionado por la libertad y la dignidad africanas, al tiempo que el deseo de parte de sus lideres, en especial Kwame Nkrumah, por conseguir la unidad. La descripcion de la primera conferencia de la OUA captura el clima existente en aquel entonces.
Conversations Amidst Computing: A Study of Interruptions and Recovery of Task Activity

We present results from a field study investigating the influence of conversations on the multitasking behavior of computer users. We report on several findings, including the timing of the resumption of tasks following conversational interruptions and on the nature and rate of computing activities that are performed concurrently with conversation.
Dynamic Tensile Characterization of Foam Materials

Polymeric foams have been widely utilized in packaging and transportation applications due to their light weight but superior energy absorption capabilities. Here the superior energy absorption is usually recognized when the foams are subjected to compression. The polymeric foams possess load-bearing capability under large deformation in compression; whereas, such a load-bearing capability may be lost when the foams are subjected to tensile loading [1]. Dynamic compressive response of foam materials has been extensively characterized, mostly with Kolsky compression bar techniques. However, dynamic tensile characterization of foam materials has been less touched due to the difficulties in dynamic tension techniques. In this study, we employed a 0.26×103 kg/m3 PMDI foam as an example to explore the dynamic tensile characterization of foam materials with our newly developed Kolsky tension bar [2, 3].
Calculating exact ground states of spin glasses: A polyhedral approach

In this paper we describe recent developments in the theory and algorithm design of combinatorial optimization that are related to questions concerning ground states of spin glasses. In particular, we outline an approach, based on polyhedral combinatorics, that has led to the implementation of a cutting plane method for calculating exact ground states of spin glasses in the Ising model. With this method exact ground states for planar grids of size up to 40 x 40 with periodic boundary conditions and exterior magnetic field can be determined in reasonable running times.
Cooperation in Single Play, Two-Person Extensive form Games between Anonymously Matched Players

Experimentalists have long observed that many subjects in two-person extensive form games choose cooperative strategies even when they will be played only once matched with another person whose identity will never be revealed to them.1 This phenomenon has been observed most prominently, and replicated many times, in the large literature on ultimatum (and dictator) games, beginning with Guth, Schmittberger and Schwartz (1982). In the ultimatum game two anonymously paired subjects split k units of money. Player 1 proposes a split of x for Player 2 and k−x for Player 1. If Player 2 accepts, the money is split as proposed; if rejected, each gets zero. The modal outcome in these experiments is for Player 1 to offer half of the pie represented by k units of money; the mean offer is about 0.47k. Players 2 rarely reject offers as high as x = 0.4k and regularly reject offers of 0.1k, 0.2k and even 0.3k, where k = $10 2. These results are little changed when the stakes are greatly increased to k = $100 (Hoffutan, McCabe and Smith, 1996). Yet game theory predicts that Player 1 will offer the minimum unit of account, say $1, when k consists of 10 one-dollar bills, and Player 2 will accept.
Controlling the Turnover Problem: The Use of the Realistic Job Preview “Experience”

Faced with the paradoxical relationship between a tight labor market and a high turnover rate, one potential solution is the realistic job preview (RJP). The RJP occurs when an organization makes sure that a potential employee receives a total picture of what is involved once hired by the organization. Although many organizations use what might be considered realistic job previews, they all do not go by the name RJP. The RJP usually involves presenting an overview of the job. Such an overview is usually conveyed by way of a third party, through a verbal presentation, an audio or video tape, or described in print.This paper focuses on a hybrid of the RJP where the applicants are asked to a sample of the job they will perform if hired. This variation of the RJP might be considered a realistic job preview experience (RJPE). Where as the RJP has been frequently discussed, there is very little known concerning the RJPE. Unlike the RJP, the RJPE, first, provides an opportunity for the organization to assess the...
Redox signaling of NF-κB by membrane NAD(P)H oxidases in normal and malignant cells

Evidence is rapidly accumulating that low-activity NAD(P)H oxidases homologous to that in phagocytic cells generate reactive oxygen species as signaling intermediates. In this review we discuss evidence that signaling NAD(P)H oxidases in part influence normal and malignant cell division by activating the redox-regulated transcription factor nuclear factor κB. The roles of growth-regulatory NAD(P)H oxidases in human airway smooth muscle and malignant melanoma are used as examples.
Determination of the photodegradation products of basic yellow 2 by thermospray high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Like most dyes, Basic Yellow 2 (BY-2) fades upon prolonged exposure to light. Light-induced fading is a complex process that is also affected by heat and humidity. In order to better understand the photodegradation process and to identify the various photodegradation products of BY-2, fabric samples and solutions containing BY-2 were exposed to a variety of fading conditions. The analysis of faded BY-2 dyed fabric extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) indicated the reduction and hydrolysis of the CNH2+ group to form primarily benzophenone derivatives, as well as various demethylated products. Due to the absence of fragmentation in the thermospray spectra (only [M + H]+ ions were observed) the dye extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to confirm the identity of the degradation products. Many of the degradation products were sufficiently volatile for analysis by GC/MS. Mass spectra of the photodegradation products of BY-2 exhibited molecular ions and structurally important fragment ions to complement the thermospray data. The mass spectral data indicated that the most prevalent degradation product formed was ((CH3)2NC6H4)2C0 (Michler's ketone). Hydrolysis of the CNH2+ group to C0 is the main color-destroying reaction in the fading of BY-2. Demethylation products which can alter the shades of color were also detected in the faded BY-2 samples.
Molecular orientation, “Region I” shear thinning and the cholesteric phase in aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose under shear

Birefringence and flow visualization are used to study molecular orientation, texture, and the cholesteric nature of a 60 wt% aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose solution at low to moderate shear rates. There is a sharp transition in behavior at a shear rate near 0.5 s–1. Below this rate, the sample shows “Region I” shear thinning, takes on a frosted appearance, has low flow-induced orientation, and exhibits faint optical diffraction characteristic of cholesteric liquid crystals. Upon flow cessation from low rates, a highly organized cholesteric phase showing bright optical diffraction is re-formed in around 5min. Above the critical shear rate, the sample exhibits much higher orientation and a striped texture which is readily apparent with or without polarized light illumination. Upon flow cessation, molecular orientation decays significantly for up to around 400 s; however, the striped textures established during shear persist. It is suggested that persistence of the cholesteric phase under shear is responsible for the occurrence of Region I shear thinning at low shear rates in this solution.
Determination of polyamines by precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of picomole levels of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) is described. Amino groups in polyamines react with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) to form stable and highly fluorescent derivatives which can be separated and quantitatively estimated by HPLC in about 12 min. The mean relative elution times (n = 14) for putrescine, spermidine and spermine are 4.21 +/- 0.02, 10.09 +/- 0.02 and 11.19 +/- 0.04 min, respectively. The method has been applied to determine polyamine concentration in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) without interference with endogenous amino acids. Polyamine content of individual rat DRG has been calculated and the values are as follows: putrescine, 36.8 +/- 2.01, spermidine, 1652 +/- 131.0 and spermine 388.5 +/- 38.4 pmol/DRG. Information on polyamine concentrations in DRG may be useful in understanding the mechanism of action of toxic chemicals on nervous system.
Wigner high-electron-correlation regime of nonuniform density systems: A quantal-density-functional-theory study.

The Wigner regime of a system of electrons in an external field is characterized by a low electron density and a high electron-interaction energy relative to the kinetic energy. The low-correlation regime is in turn described by a high electron density and an electron-interaction energy smaller than the kinetic energy. The Wigner regime of a nonuniform-electron-density system is investigated via quantal density functional theory (QDFT). Within QDFT, the contributions of electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle, Coulomb repulsion, and correlation-kinetic effects are separately delineated and explicitly defined. The nonuniform-electron-density system studied is that of the Hooke’s atom in the Wigner regime, for which the exact wave function is derived. As such, the results of the QDFT analysis are exact. It is observed that in comparison to the low-correlation case, not only is the electron-interaction energy greater than the kinetic energy as a fraction of the total energy, but so are its individual Hartree, Pauli, and Coulomb components. The ionization potential as a fraction of the total energy too is greater. But most significantly, in the Wigner regime, the correlation-kinetic energy as a fraction of both the electron-interaction and the total energy is substantially greater than in the low-correlation case. Hence, we propose that the Wigner regime now also be characterized by a high correlation-kinetic energy. The kinetic energy as a fraction of the total energy, however, is less than in the low-correlation case. This fact and the high correlation-kinetic energy value in the Wigner regime is explained by the concept of “quantal compression” of the kinetic energy density derived from QDFT. The corresponding results for the low-correlation case are in turn a consequence of a “quantal decompression” of the kinetic energy density. From the QDFT analysis, the exact values for the Kohn-Sham theory “exchange-correlation” and “correlation” energy functionals of the density and their respective functional derivatives are also obtained. These results ought to be of value in the construction and testing of approximate energy functionals valid for the Wigner regime.
Selective labeling of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B binding sites in bovine brain

Abstract Drug interactions with serotonin(1A) 5-HT 1A and serotonin(1B) (5-HT 1B ) binding sites were analyzed in bovine brain membranes. 5-HT 1A binding sites were directly labeled with [ 3 H]8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in bovine hippocampal membranes. 5-HT 1B binding sites were labeled by [ 3 H]5-HT in bovine striatal membranes where less than 15% of specific binding sites are sensitive to nanomolar concentrations of 8-OH-DPAT. Each of the 12 agents tested was more potent at the 5-HT 1A than 5-HT 1B binding site. 5-HT, bufotenine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and quipazine were only slightly more potent at the 5-HT 1A binding site. By contrast, 8-OH-DPAT, TVX Q 7821 and buspirone were significantly more potent at [ 3 H]8-OH-DPAT binding sites in bovine hippocampus than at [ 3 H]5-HT binding sites in bovine striatum. These findings suggest that 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1B binding sites have distinct pharmacological profiles and can be directly labeled with appropriate [ 3 H]ligands in specific brain regions.
Boundary conditions which lead to excitation of instabilities in plasma simulations

Two examples of two-dimensional electrostatic particle-code simulations are shown in which one exhibits characteristics of a stable plasma while the other exhibits unstable, long wavelength plasma oscillations. The only difference between the two simulations is a change in the boundary condition on the electrostatic potential. An energy theorem is derived which shows that the rate of change of field and particle energy within a closed volume is related to a surface integral involving the electrostatic potential and the normal component of the electric current. An analytic theory is developed for a one-dimensional plasma to show how boundary effects can excite spurious plasma instabilities. The theory is tested with a series of one-dimensional plasma simulations. Finally, practical considerations on means of avoiding the non-physical instabilities in simulation plasmas are given.
Pneumomediastinum simulating a panic attack in a patient with anorexia nervosa.

Objective Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of anorexia nervosa. Although the mechanism is unknown, severe malnutrition may affect lung mechanics by altering the connective tissue, predisposing to pneumomediastinum. Method We describe a young male with anorexia nervosa and panic disorder who presented with symptoms similar to those of a panic attack and was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Results This case illustrates the importance of considering pneumomediastinum in the differential diagnosis of panic attack in patients with eating disorders. Discussion Although spontaneous pneumomediastinum has a generally benign course, it must be differentiated from the potentially life-threatening secondary pneumomediastinum due to an esophageal tear. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 104–107, 2003.
Living with HIV infection

By its chronic nature, HIV infection represents a period of time where persons are coping with the social and physiological changes of the infection across the spectrum of acute infection, illness, and death. As a person moves through the stages of infection, he or she also experiences different psychological states, whether they be a reaction to the disease process itself, to social reactions to HIV/AIDS, or to the threat of developing AIDS in the future. The purpose of this article is to describe in both quantitative and qualitative terms the psychosocial functioning of infected men from the time they learn they are seropositive to their demise, and to contrast this to seronegative men. This paper specifically examines the longitudinal patterns of psychological states, social support, social conflict, and HIV-risk behavior as measured prospectively in a cohort of homosexual men in Chicago. The men participating in the Chicago Multicenter AIDS Cohort and Coping and Change Studies enrolled in 1984, before...
Global Tectonics and World Resources

The foundations of geology were based on exposed rocks--their lithology, stratigraphy, and structures. However, these rocks cover less than 30 percent of the surface of the earth. In the last few decades much of the remaining 70 percent of the earth has been studied by less direct means, with the result that what we have seen on land does not seem to fit with what we are discovering beneath the world's oceans. However, it seems reasonable that the ultimate forces that have shaped the earth are the same beneath the oceans and within the continents. These new marine data have aroused serious considerations of the possibility, geometry, and mechanics of continental drift, plate and mantle convection. These concepts seem to account well for the geology of many exposed rocks and for most marine data, but they presently appear to be unrelated to the deformation of large areas of the continents and oceans. It is important at this stage that we carefully examine the history of the continents (and particularly of the present and past continental margins) in light of these growing concepts of global tectonics. Equally obvious is the importance of directly sampling the rocks beneath the deep oceans (through such programs as the Deep-Sea Drilling Project). The successful exploration and development of natural resources depend ultimately on the soundness of our understanding of the history and structure of the earth. Anything which might improve this understanding is of obvious importance to the economic geologist of today and, perhaps, even more so to the meeting of the immense resource challenges of the future.