cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the origin of Hawking mini black-holes and the cold early Universe

A simple argument is outlined leading to the result that the mass of mini black holes exploding today is 10 to the 15th power g. A mathematical model is discussed which indicates that the equation of state is greatly softened in the high-density regime and a phase transition may exist, such that any length (particularly very small sizes) will grow with time irrespective of its relation to the size of the particle horizon. It is shown that the effect of spin-2 mesons with respect to the equation of state is to soften the pressure and make it negative. An analytical expression is given for the probability that any particular region in a hot early universe will evolve into a black hole.
Percutaneous placement of a central venous access device via an intercostal vein.

Long-term central venous access usually is achieved by placing a catheter into the superior vena cava through the upper extremity orjugular veins [1 , 2]. Alternative percutaneous approaches to the central veins are required when the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins no longer are available due to thrombosis related to instrumentation and hypercoagulable states [1]. These alternative approaches include translumbar puncture of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC), transhepatic cannulation of the hepatic veins or intrahepatic IVC, and femoral venous catheterization [1-3]. The use of intercostal veins as alternative conduits for placing central venous catheters previously has required a surgical procedure [4-7]. In this article,we describe the cannulation of an intercostal vein via the basilic vein for placement of a long-term central venous access catheten in a patient with occlusion of the subclavian veins, brachiocephalic veins, and proximal superior vena cava.
Amperometric detection with membrane-based sampling for percent-level determinations of ethanol

Abstract Ethanol present in solutions was determined by extracting ethanol vapor through an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (e-PTFE) membrane into a small volume of aqueous electrolyte (0.1 M H2SO4) and detecting the analyte amperometrically. A pulsed electrochemical detection scheme was employed. Three- and four-step potential waveforms were evaluated for use in quiescent solutions. Cyclic voltammograms and pulsed amperometric detection calibration curves recorded with a platinum rotated disk electrode at 0 and 400 rpm. were used to optimize potential waveforms. A four-step waveform was insensitive to solution hydrodynamics and was suited for ethanol detection in a thin, static solution layer behind a membrane. The four-step waveform was useful for detecting ethanol over a wide concentration range (0.02 mM to 1.7 M). The membrane's ability to block transport of non-volatile species and the method's wide detection range permitted the determination of ethanol directly from non-diluted samples of beer, pre-mixed cocktail, and wine.
School-based children's saving accounts for college: The I Can Save program

Abstract This paper examines an innovative college savings program for public elementary school children. The project is based on the proposition that children will gain financial knowledge and be more likely to view college as an attainable goal because they are accumulating savings to help pay for higher education. As the latest in a long history of school-based savings programs, this program pioneers the idea of matched savings in which children and family savings in the students' accounts are matched one to one up to a maximum of $3000. Findings suggest that the principal, teachers, children, and their families are enthusiastic about the program. Saving patterns show that families can save, but low levels and patterns of saving suggest that structures that encourage regular saving might improve saving rates. The program successfully teaches financial education through an after-school club, but it has been more difficult to incorporate it into classroom teaching and to reach parents. Universal children's savings accounts may circumvent some of the limitations of this program, although more research is required to assess which program components would be the most effective in such a system.
Media labeling versus the US disability community identity: a study of shifting cultural language

This study examines disability terminology to explore how the news media frame cultural representations of the disability community. More specifically, the paper examines the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act on journalist's language choices about disability topics. A content analysis of news stories using disability terms in The Washington Post and The New York Times during the past decade was conducted. The paper illustrates that disability community identity continues to be formed, transformed and maintained through news media presentations of disability terminology. The paper argues that the US Disability Rights Movement had some success during the 1990s in putting forth language that advances its aims, though the study also suggests that some journalists continue to use terms that perpetuate limiting, narrow stereotypes about people with disabilities.
Modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering by concrete specimens

Abstract This paper presents a novel application of finite difference-time domain (FD-TD) modeling to concrete to study the interaction of concrete with electromagnetic waves. The purpose of this work is to visualize the propagation of the electromagnetic fields in a dielectric medium of concrete in an effort to obtain onedimensional images of a concrete target for nondestructive testing purposes. A Gaussian pulse plane wave is directed to laboratory size concrete specimens as an excitation source. Snap shots of computer simulation are shown to display wave propagation and scattering through and by the concrete specimens. Geometry of the targets is varied with different dimensions, and with or without an inclusion.
Temporal variability in urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate and iodide among children

Perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate are ubiquitous in the environment, and human exposure to these chemicals is accurately measured in urine. Biomarkers of these chemicals represent a person's recent exposure, however, little is known on the temporal variability of the use of a single measurement of these biomarkers. Healthy Hispanic and Black children (6-10-year-old) donated urine samples over 6 months. To assess temporal variability, we used three statistical methods (n=29; 153 urine samples): intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Spearman's correlation coefficient between concentrations measured at different timepoints and surrogate category analysis to assess how well tertile ranking by a single biomarker measurement represented the average concentration over 6 months. The ICC measure of reproducibility was poor (0.10-0.12) for perchlorate, nitrate and iodide; and fair for thiocyanate (0.36). The correlations for each biomarker across multiple sampling times ranged from 0.01-0.57. Surrogate analysis showed consistent results for almost every surrogate tertile. Results demonstrate fair temporal reliability in the spot urine concentrations of the three NIS inhibitors and iodide. Surrogate analysis show that single-spot urine samples reliably categorize participant's exposure providing support for the use of a single sample as an exposure measure in epidemiological studies that use relative ranking of exposure.
Long-term significance of postictal psychotic episodes II. Are they predictive of interictal psychotic episodes?

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether postictal psychotic episodes (PIPE) are predictive of the development of interictal psychotic episodes (IPE). Methods This was a retrospective study of 18 consecutive adults with a partial seizure disorder and PIPE (study group) and 36 patients with a partial seizure disorder but without PIPE (control group). These two groups were compared with respect to the likelihood of developing IPE over an 8-year follow-up period and the variables operant in the development of IPE. Statistical analyses consisted of logistic regression models to identify the variables predictive of the development of IPE. Predictors included: number and location of ictal foci, seizure type, etiology, age at seizure onset, duration of seizure disorder, MRI abnormalities, and psychiatric history prior to the index video/EEG monitoring (other than PIPE). Results Seven patients with PIPE and one control patient went on to develop an IPE. Predictors of IPE in univariate logistic regression analyses included a history of PIPE (P = 0.006), male gender (P = 0.028), and having bilateral ictal foci (P = 0.048). Significance disappeared for all of these variables when they were entered into a multivariate analysis. Conclusions A history of PIPE may be a risk factor for the development of IPE. Yet, the disappearance of significance on multivariate analysis indicates that it is not an independent predictor.
Circular dichroism spectra of hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum W5

Abstract Circular dichroism studies of hydrogenase (H 2 : ferredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.1) from Clostridium pasteurianum W 5 has been investigated in both the far-ultraviolet and visible region. The far-ultraviolet spectra indicate about 11–14 % of α-helix in this non-heme iron sulfur protein. Cotton effects associated with iron of hydrogenase were found at 530 (−), 506 (−), 440 (+), 415 (+), 380 (−), 340 (+) nm in the oxidized state, and at 590 (+), 550 (−), 490 (−), 440 (−), 410 (+) 370 (−), 320 (−) nm in the reduced state. A comparison of these spectral features with those observed in spinach ferredoxin and adrenodoxin is presented.
Relationships of Udder Conformation with Labor and Machine Inputs to Milk Harvest in Dairy Cattle

Abstract Udder type and physical measurements of udders and teats of Holsteins and Jerseys were studied to determine associations with labor and milking machine inputs to harvest milk. Among udder traits evaluated in type classification, only udder quality and udder support were associated with labor inputs to milking. Among Holsteins, both udder traits were associated slightly with labor inputs to milking, with udder quality the better predictor. Udder quality of Holsteins accounted for part of the increased labor and machine inputs to milking due to age-parity of survivors. Cows with larger udder (Holstein) and rear teat measurements (both breeds) required more labor and machine inputs to milking than cows having small mammary dimensions. Postmilking dimensions of the udder were associated most closely with labor and machine inputs. Results support the contention by dairymen that less desirable udder conformation means increased cost of milk harvest. Selection for more desirable udder conformation should decrease milking costs slowly.
Exercise-related headache.

Headache related to exercise is present in many active individuals. Prospective studies on exercise-related headache are rare. There are several subtypes of headache either exacerbated or caused exclusively by exercise or exertion. Many descriptors exist, but few clear guidelines have been established to allow the practitioner to easily differentiate and treat these subtypes. Recent research has gained insight into new types of exertional headache, as well as broadened our understanding of known types. Other reviews have recommended careful thorough screening of patients with sudden onset of headache during or shortly after exercise. This article offers a concise overview of current thinking and recent investigation, as well as areas that need continued exploration. Language: en
Ethical concerns about non-active conditions in smoking cessation trials and methods to decrease such concerns

Many have questioned whether it is ethical to assign participants in a research trial to a non-active control condition (e.g., a placebo or attention-only control) when (a) the disorder under study is serious, (b) validated treatment is available, and (c) harm may occur if treatment is not given. This ethical concern may apply to studies of controlled trials of treatments for drug dependence. The current paper examines this concern for trials of nicotine dependence because there are multiple validated treatments available. The major harm from assignment to a non-active condition in such a trial could occur if failure to quit discourages smokers from trying to quit again. Whether this harm actually occurs is unclear. Potential harms from non-active conditions may be mitigated by (a) provision of more explicit information in the consent process, (b) inclusion of only those who have failed optimal treatment, (c) provision of validated treatment via a different modality, (d) tests of the new treatment as an add-on to standard treatment, (e) use of dose–response design, (f) use of unequal randomization designs, (g) use of stopping rules, (h) provision of optimal therapy to those who fail during the study, or (i) comparison of the experimental treatment vs. standard treatment. Empirical research to inform ethical analysis of non-active conditions in drug abuse research is suggested.
Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphocytes in postmortem study of the heart from fatal cases of the eosinophilia myalgia syndrome and of the toxic oil syndrome

Inflammatory lesions of coronary arteries and cardiac neural structures are postmortem histopathologic features of both the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) and the toxic oil syndrome (TOS). The inflammation is primarily lymphocytic. For further definition of the lymphocytes, immunohistochemical analysis was carried out in the hearts of three victims of EMS and four victims of TOS. Many CD45RO+ T cells, OPD4+ helper/inducer T (Th) cells, and CD20+ B cells were observed in these neurovascular lesions, notably in the conduction system and the coronary chemoreceptor. T cells were prominent in EMS around nerves, ganglia, and sometimes around arteries. B cells and Th cells, however, were more prominent in TOS around arteries. The percentage of T cells in EMS (59.6 +/- 2.4%) was significantly higher than in TOS (45.0 +/- 4.2%), whereas that of B cells was significantly higher in TOS (27.7 +/- 4.4%) than in EMS (17.5 +/- 1.3%) (p < 0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference between the syndromes in the percentages of Th cells. Therefore cytotoxic/suppressor T cells are more prominent in EMS than in TOS. These findings suggest that (1) cellular immune mechanisms are involved in cardioneuropathy in victims of both EMS and TOS; (2) cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed against chemoreceptor neural structures and sinus nodal myocytes is prominent in EMS; and (3) some humoral factors may also be involved in the pathogenesis of TOS.
The lpf fimbrial operon mediates adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium to murine Peyer's patches

Abstract We investigated the role of the Salmonella typhimurium fimbrial operon formed by the genes lpfABCDE in infection of mice. A mutant in lpfC, the gene encoding the fimbrial outer membrane usher, had an approximately 5-fold increased 50% lethal dose when administered orally to mice. When mice were infected with a mixture of the lpfC mutant and isogenic wild-type S. typhimurium, the lpfC mutant was recovered in lower numbers from Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. In an organ culture model using murine intestinal loops, lpfC mutants were shown to be associated in lower numbers than wild-type bacteria with Peyer's patches but not with villous intestine. The defect of the lpfC mutant in adhesion to Peyer's patches could be complemented by introducing lpfABCDE on a cosmid. Similarly, heterologous expression of the Salmonella lpf operon in Escherichia coli resulted in an increased adhesion to histological thin sections of Peyer's patch lymph follicles. Electron microscopic analysis of histological sections taken from Peyer's patches after intragastric infection of mice showed that, in contrast to the S. typhimurium wild type, the isogenic lpfC mutant did not destroy M cells of the follicle-associated epithelium. These data show that the Salmonella lpf operon is involved in adhesion to murine Peyer's patches.
Immunologic findings in idiopathic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Thirty-three patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy were studied for evidence of autoimmune disease. Three additional groups of patients were investigated: 12 with other cardiac diseases; 11 with miscellaneous systemic diseases; 25 normal subjects served as controls. Heart muscle antibodies were found in 4 patients with cardiomyopathy (12 per cent), more often than in controls (4 per cent), but less often than in patients with other cardiac diseases ( 33 1 3 per cent). None showed evidence of an antinuclear factor. Total serum globulins exceeded 3.5 Gm. per 100 ml. serum in 5 of 33 cardiomyopathy patients. By immunoelectrophoresis, IgA was increased in 9 of 33 cardiomyopathy patients; IgG was elevated in 4 of the 33 patients. Serum complement levels were normal in the cardiomyopathy group; none had a biologic false positive test for syphilis. Although 4 had a positive latex test for the rheumatoid factor, none had a positive sheep cell agglutination test. These results fail to show evidence of autoimmune disease in the majority of our patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, and do not support the concept that immune mechanisms are responsible for this disease in the majority of instances.
Analysis of Distribution Line Carrier Propagation Using the Bus Impedance Matrix

Distribution line carrier (DLC) is a communication system used in automated distribution systems to transmit data between the substation and certain locations on the distribution primary and secondary. Extensive DLC propagation measurements have shown that the propagation of signals on a power distribution line is difficult to predict because of the complexity and variability of distribution systems. This paper presents an efficient and comprehensive analytical tool for predicting DLC signal propagation over complex distribution systems. This paper develops a three-phase bus impedance matrix, which consists of 3×3 transfer impedance submatrices. These submatrices represent the general transfer function which relates the three-phase received voltage vector at any point of interest to any three-phase transmitted (injected) current vector at any point of interest. The method described here is an extension of the three-phase bus impedance approach used for 60 Hz power distribution.
Trait Empathy as a Predictor of Individual Differences in Perceived Loneliness

Loneliness has been shown to be inversely correlated with empathy in younger adults. The present study extends previous research by investigating the association between empathy and loneliness across the adult lifespan and examining the role of relevant demographic and personality factors. 110 community-dwelling adults (18 to 81 years old) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Empathy Quotient. Empathy scores were inversely associated with rated loneliness and predicted 8.7% of variance in loneliness scores after accounting for sex, age, relationship status, education, and neuroticism. The Social Skills factor of the Empathy Quotient was the strongest predictor of the association between perceived empathy and loneliness. Previous research is extended by the finding that rated loneliness was inversely associated with empathy scores across the adult lifespan. Underlying this relationship may be negative perceptions of personal social proclivity as a function of difficulty in understanding the mental states of others and high trait neuroticism.
Parvovirus B-19 Infection During Pregnancy

The development of an acute parvovirus B-19 infection during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications ranging from early pregnancy loss to nonimmune hydrops. There is no treatment, but preventive measures can be used to decrease perinatal mortality. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical suspicion and serology. If the fetus exhibits hydrops in the latter part of pregnancy, the main treatment options include either correcting the associated anemia with intrauterine blood transfusion or birth with extrauterine management. Although the serious problems associated with this virus during pregnancy are uncommon, they can be fatal. In view of this, a pregnant woman who is antibody negative should try to avoid contact with large groups of young children in order to decrease contact with potential vectors.
Commentary on the “Bridges to Health” Model

The complex U.S. health system is currently organized around the needs and interests of providers. The “Bridges to Health” model offers a way to think about developing programs for segments of the population that meet patients' needs for coordinated, integrated care. When these programs are aggregated, they should improve the quality and efficiency of care for the entire population. Three examples are given to illustrate the possibility of conceptualizing integrated care and its advantages.
Probing enzyme-mediated oxidation reactions in crystallo

Reaction intermediates define the chemical steps of transformation from substrates to products, and capture of intermediates along catalytic pathways remains one focal point in the studies of enzymatic mechanisms. Performing enzymatic reactions in protein single crys- tals has been shown to be very effective in trapping and identifying unstable intermediates. In this critical review, we provide several examples of in crystallo approaches to trap reactive oxidation intermediates, thereby allowing the studies of enzymatic oxidation mechanisms.
The role and challenges of biomarkers in spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia

Biomarkers associated with spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia have been discovered in patients who experience these adverse obstetrical outcomes. The identification of such biomarkers holds promise in both facilitating the early identification of those patients at greatest risk and enhancing our understanding of these disease processes to determine therapeutic interventions. To that end, our objective was to review the existing literature to determine the utility of biomarkers in the risk stratification of spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia. We found that despite the promise of some biomarkers in identifying patients at increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth and/or preeclampsia, the use of biomarkers in clinical practice to predict adverse obstetrical outcome remains challenging. Although data from small discovery studies may be encouraging, progress with biomarker research remains limited by the lack of validation of these discovered biomarkers. Furthermore, owing to the heterogeneity of existing studies, generalizable conclusions are difficult to understand, meta-analyses are challenging to perform, and agreement on cut-point standardization is difficult. The identification of an abnormal biomarker level does not guarantee whether or when an adverse clinical event might occur. Our lack of understanding of the true etiologies of these disease processes leaves us without definitive interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia from occurring.
TWO DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR KNOWLEDGE‐BASED SYSTEMS*

This paper discusses two principles that have become increasingly important in the design of knowledge-based systems: domain-specific knowledge used to support opportunistic reasoning and hierarchical organization structure used to control and coordinate problem-solving activity. We propose a design framework that embodies these two principles and describe how this framework has been used to develop a knowledge-based job-shop scheduling system. This system, called OPIS 0, has undergone limited testing in an experimental environment modeled after an actual job shop. Its performance has been very good compared to ISIS and to the more traditional approach of constructing a schedule by dispatching jobs using the COVERT priority rule. The resulting design also shows potential for use in a decision support role.
Expression of bovine trophoblast interferons by in vitro-derived blastocysts is correlated with their morphological quality and stage of development.

Bovine embryos, whether produced naturally or by in vitro techniques, exhibit considerable variability in morphological quality and develop at different rates. Our objectives have been to determine whether initial expression of trophoblast interferon (IFN-τ) was a reflection of conceptus stage of development or age and whether there was an effect of embryo quality on the amount of IFN-τ produced. Early blastocysts (N =187) were selected at the onset of blastocoele formation and cultured individually. Embryo quality (excellent, good, or fair: E, G, or F) and developmental stage (early, expanded and hatched blastocysts: BL, EBL, and HBL, respectively) were used in a 3 x 3 factorial complete randomized block design, each block (n = 4) consisting of batches of embryos produced from oocytes in different collections. Quality and developmental stage of embryos and IFN-τ released into the medium were assessed every 24 h. Production of IFN-τ (units/embryo/24 h) was greater (P < 0.01) among hatched blastocysts (HBL; 0.91 ± 0.08) than expanded blastocysts (EBL; 0.23 ± 0.04) and early blastocysts (BL; 0.05 ± 0.08). Embryos of similar developmental stage but differing by 2 days in age released equal amounts of IFN-τ. Expression of antiviral activity increased (P < 0.05) from 27% to 57% to 100% as development proceeded from BL to EBL and to HBL respectively. More IFN-τ was produced by HBL graded G (1.0 ± 0.1) or E (1.3 ± 0.1) than by those of F quality (0.5 ± 0.1). All blastocysts, whatever their quality and developmental stage, contained IFN-± mRNA. Therefore, developmental stage and quality of the embryos significantly influence the expression of IFN-±. The amount produced may be a useful objective indicator of embryo quality. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stepped current stressing of line/stud structures

We have used stepped-current stressing to look at the stability of refractory liners used in Al-based interconnects. These redundancy layers play a critical role in the reliability of Al-based interconnects by allowing current flow even when the Al portion of the line is damaged by electromigration or stress migration. For this work, we have used line/stud structures, both as-received and previously damaged, and analyzed results with respect to a simple model that describes temperature increase in terms of material properties and thermal conduction. We discuss the difference in behavior of damaged and undamaged lines, the temperature associated with failure, and the implications for current-limit design rules.
Environmental Politics: the Structuring of Partisan and Ideological Cleavages in Mass Environmental Attitudes*

This paper explores the impacts of political party identification and political ideology on two dimensions of mass environmental beliefs—awareness of environmental problems and support for environm...
Porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite electrodes for lithium/sulfur cells

Sulfur (S) encapsulated in porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was synthesized viaelectrospinning, carbonization and solution-based chemical reaction–deposition method. The chemical reaction–deposition strategy provides intimate contact between the S and the CNFs. This would not necessarily be the case for other reported methods, such as ball milling and thermal treatment. These novel porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur (CNF–S) nanocomposites with various S loadings showed high reversible capacity, good discharge capacity retention and enhanced rate capability when they were used as cathodes in rechargeable Li/S cells. We demonstrated here that an electrode prepared from a porous CNF–S nanocomposite with 42 wt% S maintains a stable discharge capacity of about 1400 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C, 1100 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and 900 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C. We attribute the good electrochemical performance to the high electrical conductivity and the extremely high surface area of the CNFs that homogeneously disperse and immobilize S on their porous structures, alleviating the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. SEM measurements showed that the porous CNF structures remained nearly unchanged even after 30 cycles' discharging/charging at 0.05 C.
Bit allocation for joint source and channel coding of progressively compressed 3-D models

This work presents a joint source and channel coding method for transmission of progressively compressed three-dimensional (3-D) models where the bit budget is allocated optimally. The proposed system uses the Compressed Progressive Mesh (CPM) algorithm to produce a hierarchical bitstream representing different levels of detail (LODs). In addition to optimizing the transmitted bitstream with respect to the channel characteristics, we also choose the optimum combination of quantization and tessellation to maximize the expected decoded model quality. That is, given a 3-D mesh, a total bit budget (B) and a channel packet-loss rate (P/sub LR/), we determine the optimum combination of: 1) the geometry coordinates quantizer step size (l-bit); 2) the number of transmitted batches (L); 3) the total number of channel coding bits (C); and 4) the distribution of these channel coding bits among the transmitted levels (C/sub L/). Experimental results show that, with our unequal error protection approach that uses the proposed bit-allocation algorithm, the decoded model quality degrades more gracefully (compared to either no error protection or equal error protection methods) as the packet-loss rate increases.
Measurement Error and Regression to the Mean in Matched Samples

This is a treatment of "regression to the mean" in matched samples produced by measurement error in matching variables. An equation expressing the respective contributions of regression and treatment effects to a difference of Y-means for two matched groups is derived, followed by an intuitive picture of regression effects showing their dependence on the variance in error and the normal distribution of error and of X. An illustration of a crude estimate of regression effects produced by measurement error in occupational prestige completes the paper. Analyses of data from matched samples (and panel studies) have long been considered vulnerable to the "regression fallacy" (or regression effects or "regression to the mean") (McNemar, 1940a, 1940b; Rulon, 1941; Thorndike, 1942). The problem is said to arise because groups under study (e.g., matched groups) have been "selected for their extremity" (Campbell and Stanley, 1966:11) on certain variables. (These variables are sometimes considered fallible; at other times considered error-free.) * We are grateful to the following for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper: James Posner, Charles Werts, Robert Linn, H. M. Blalock, and Robert McGinnis. We are also indebted to the following organizations who supported the study which drew our attention to regression effects and which provided the illustrative data discussed in the latter part of this paper: the College Entrance Examination Board, and the Ford, Carnegie, Esso Education, Alfred P. Sloan, New York, Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship, Seth Sprague Education, John Hay Whitney, Field and Roger Williams Straus Memorial Foundations. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.22 on Sat, 16 Jul 2016 04:56:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Measurement Error and Regression / 207 When we match, for example, we attempt to "equalize" the members of two or more experimental or natural groups with respect to one or more characteristics or matching variables.1 In doing this we usually oversample members of each group who are decidedly above or below the average values of each characteristic; because prior to matching, the average characteristics of the respective groups differ. As a result, the values of the matching variables of each matched group "regress" toward different and respectively less extreme population means of Y, a dependent variable or post-test, creating a difference of Y-means which is in part arti-
Security and Privacy Trust in E-Government: Understanding System and Relationship Trust Antecedents

This research proposes an E-Government security trust model and develops a typology of antecedents in the context of citizen tax software use and e-filing. We propose that tax software use and electronic filing (e-filing) offer a novel and interesting research setting that is relevant to E-Government and security because of (1) the use of software to complete tax returns by a large portion of the citizenry, (2) the necessity of security for transmittal of information during e-filing, (3) the privacy of the subject matter, (4) the current promotion of e-filing by the American tax collection agency (IRS), and (5) individual taxpayer ambivalence or negative attitude toward taxes and the government in general. We suggest that when the information system serves as surrogate for a tax domain expert several antecedents to security and privacy trust are potential determinants of use.
Mammalian community structure in lowland, tropical Peru, as determined by removal trapping

Amazonian lowland rain forests are complex three-dimensional formations consisting of a variety of arboreal and terrestrial habitats. The small mammal faunas, particularly of arboreal habitats, are poorly studied, and field research generally has been limited to a few faunal inventories. We sampled the terrestrial and arboreal small mammal fauna in two floodplain forest study zones at Reserva Cuzco Amazonico, southeastern Peru, by removal trapping for 12 consecutive days in dry (June–July 1989) and rainy seasons (January–February 1990). Nineteen taxa of marsupials and rodents were captured. Small mammals were more abundant in the rainy season than in the dry season, but the relative proportions of the 11 most abundant species remained stable between seasons and study zones. Most species showed no decline in capture rates through the 12-day period, indicating that either population densities were high or animals were quite mobile. The small mammal fauna exhibited strong vertical stratification; among the 11 most abundant species, four exhibited strong biases toward terrestrial and five toward above-ground captures. The distinct arboreal small mammal community is grossly underrepresented if traps are placed only at ground level.
How To Motivate Knowledge Workers To Impact The Bottom Line

Budget reductions, less volunteerism, increased needs for services, new governmental regulations, and downsizing have left non-profit organizations struggling to meet goals and objectives with fewer resources. One way non-profit organizations can increase effectiveness is to tap into their own intellectual resources and implement an employee suggestion/involvement program. The labor force has emerged from a ‘hired hands’ concept to one of knowledge workers. It is estimated that approximately 35% of suggestions submitted by employees save time, money or identify strategies and/or processes for increased effectiveness (“Promote Your Employee Involvement Program”, 2003). Every workforce has creativity and experience within its ranks and if leaders properly tap their employee talent pool, there is potential to increase productivity. Many organizations have downsized and re-engineered to the point that the next evolution of productivity gains will emerge from an organization’s own pool of knowledge workers. This article provides examples from various organizations that have benefited from using employee suggestions, provides 15 strategies to build an effective program, and offers ideas to increase employee participation.
Invertible micellar polymer nanoassemblies target bone tumor cells but not normal osteoblast cells

Aim: To demonstrate the capability of the invertible micellar polymer nanoassemblies (IMAs) to deliver and release curcumin using the recently discovered mechanism of macromolecular inversion to treat bone tumor cells. Materials & Methods: The effect of IMA-mediated delivery of curcumin on osteosarcoma cell survival was investigated using MTS assays. To assess the effect of IMAs-delivered curcumin on osteosarcoma cell growth, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed. The uptake of micellar nanoassemblies was followed using confocal microscopy. Results & Discussion: IMAs-delivered curcumin is effective in blocking osteosarcoma cell growth. It decreases cell viability in human osteosarcoma (MG63, KHOS, and LM7) cells while having no effect on normal human osteoblast cells. It indicates that curcumin-loaded IMAs provide a unique delivery system targeted to osteosarcoma cells.
Saw1 localizes to repair sites but is not required for recruitment of Rad10 to repair intermediates bearing short non-homologous 3' flaps during single-strand annealing in S. cerevisiae.

SAW1 is required for efficient removal by the Rad1–Rad10 nuclease of 3′ non-homologous DNA ends (flaps) formed as intermediates during two modes of double-strand break (DSB) repair in S. cerevisiae, single-strand annealing (SSA) and synthesis-dependent strand annealing. Saw1 was shown in vitro to bind flaps with high affinity, but displayed diminished affinity when flaps were short (<30 deoxynucleotides [nt]), consistent with it not being required for short flap cleavage. Accordingly, this study, using in vivo fluorescence microscopy showed that SAW1 was not required for recruitment of Rad10-YFP to DNA DSBs during their repair by SSA when the flaps were ~10 nt. In contrast, recruitment of Rad10-YFP to DSBs when flaps were ~500 nt did require SAW1 in G1 phase of cell cycle. Interestingly, we observed a substantial increase in colocalization of Saw1-CFP and Rad10-YFP at DSBs when short flaps were formed during repair, especially in G1, indicating significant recruitment of Saw1 despite there being no requirement for Saw1 to recruit Rad10. Saw1-CFP was seldom observed at DSBs without Rad10-YFP. Together, these results support a model in which Saw1 and Rad1–Rad10 are recruited as a complex to short and long flaps in all phases of cell cycle, but that Saw1 is only required for recruitment of Rad1–Rad10 to DSBs when long flaps are formed in G1.
A Critical Review of the Literature on Nitrobenzene Toxicity

This literature review encompassing information available through 1980 and limited coverage in 1981, emphasizes results useful in assessing the potential toxic effects of nitrobenzene to man. Nitrobenzene exposure in man or experimental animals is most often associated with methemoglobinemia. Histopathologic changes also are observed in the hemato-lymphoreticular system, central nervous system, and liver. In addition, lesions have been reported in adrenals and testes. No information was found on carcinogenic or teratogenic potential, fertility, or reproductive effects of nitrobenzene. Results from Ames Salmonella assay are negative but test procedures are questionable; metabolites give positive results. Metabolism of nitrobenzene involves either oxidation or reduction yielding p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol, and other reduced intermediates. From the foregoing, several aspects of nitrobenzene toxicity have been identified which warrant further study. Recommendations are made for chronic and subchronic exposure of test animals via inhalation to assess various toxicological endpoints. In addition, the relationship of nitrobenzene metabolism to its toxicity needs to be established. Genotoxic effects of nitrobenzene also need study.
Acute toxicity of veratrum derivatives.

Summary(1) The acute toxicity in mice by the intraperitoneal route for several pure veratrum alkaloids and several alkaloidal mixtures from veratrum are presented. (2) The results suggested that predictive correlation did not occur between acute toxicity and hypotensive potency. (3) The influence of route of administration and species of animal on lethal dosage was demonstrated. Oral administration did not produce lethality in species capable of emesis.
Critical pedagogy, internationalisation, and a third space: cultural tensions revealed in students’ discourse†

ABSTRACTSet within the context of a global pursuit towards the internationalisation of higher education, this paper critically examines student discourse in a globally connected classroom between learners in the USA and Singapore. It makes salient some of the cultural assumptions and tensions that undergird students’ discourse in collaborative international exchanges. We argue that technological innovation can enhance campus internationalisation efforts by providing opportunities for groups of students to intersect and interact across cultures. Such opportunities for social connection can bring about a transformative third space wherein domestic students and their international peers can engage in meaningful and productive dialogic exchanges. However, as this analysis suggests, the mere opportunity for connection will not necessarily manifest outcomes consistent with ideals of internationalisation and may instead result in superficial exchanges and reified stereotypes. Specifically, findings from this stu...
Baylis–Hillman Reaction as a Versatile Platform for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Polymers by Chain and Step Polymerization

The Baylis–Hillman reaction, which is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction between an aldehyde and an activated alkene, was utilized to prepare densely functionalized monomers suitable for chain and step polymerization. By reacting formaldehyde with various alkyl acrylates, a series of alkyl α-hydroxymethyl acrylate monomers were synthesized. These monomers efficiently underwent RAFT polymerization to provide α-hydroxymethyl-substituted polyacrylates with well controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity. The resulting homopolymers were also efficient macro-chain transfer agents for further RAFT polymerization. The Baylis–Hillman reaction was also utilized to synthesize alkene functionalized diols which underwent step-growth polymerization to provide polyesters and poly(ester urethane)s. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the alkene group can be quantitatively functionalized by thiol–ene click chemistry to provide a series of polymers with diverse physical properties.
X-linked recessive inheritance of a syndrome of mental retardation with hyperuricemia.

SummaryA pedigree of a heritable metabolic disorder of uric acid overproduction indicated an x-linked recessive mode of inheritance. Affected members had mental and motor retardation, a gravel-like...
Uterine and nonuterine vascular responses to angiotensin II in ovine pregnancy

The uteroplacental vasculature is more refractory to angiotensin II (ANG II) than the systemic vasculature as a whole. To ascertain the differences in responses between reproductive and nonreproduc...
Surgical Options for Uncontrolled Epilepsy

Surgical management of refractory epilepsy has undergone many modifications since it was instituted for the treatment of post-traumatic seizures many decades ago. Localization of onset of all seizures to a single resectable area of brain by various noninvasive and invasive recording methods is a complicated and controversial area, but guidelines are available. Success is correlated with accurate location and complete resection of the focus. When this is accomplished, resective surgery for epilepsy can provide cure or over 95 per cent reduction in seizure frequency in 60 to 90 per cent of patients undergoing these procedures. Although most often applied to temporal lobe foci, resections may be done in any cerebral lobe in the dominant or nondominant hemisphere with appropriate modifications of the evaluation and surgical procedure. When patients have unlocalizable or unresectable foci, depending on their exact pattern of seizures, electrical abnormalities, and neurologic status, other procedures may be used for surgical control of seizures. These include hemispherectomy, corpus callosum section, or stereotaxic procedures. The risks of all evaluation and surgical approaches are well balanced by the benefits obtained in a large proportion of patients.
G313 Five year review of a hospital @ home service: Early discharge and improved patient experience

Aims Hospital @ Home (H@Home) was established as a virtual ward of the children’s hospital with the aim of delivering high quality care in the home, facilitating discharge, and reducing the length of admission. Care is delivered by a team of five nurses who visit a child up to 3 times a day and is overseen by a senior nurse and consultant. Children are identified as suitable for H@Home by acute service teams and a daily ward round is undertaken with a consultant to ensure robust ongoing care. The service has been operational for 5 years and has evolved significantly to develop nursing skills and enhance retention, respond to bed pressures, and cater for children with a variety of medical needs. Methods Activity and patient experience data has been analysed to evaluate the position of the service after 5 years. Results Over 12 months, 477 patients were admitted to H@Home resulting in 1450 bed days being released. 72% (347/477) patients were from general paediatrics. Other sources were medical and surgical specialties. The majority of admissions (66%) were for intravenous antibiotic administration but the service accommodates other patients, for instance ACTH in infantile spasms. Re-attendance rates are low (49/447), the majority being for intravenous access. Patient feedback has been very positive and recent data has demonstrated that 92% would be likely or extremely likely to recommend the service to friends and family. No patients would choose to remain in hospital rather than being admitted to H@Home after using the service. They valued the benefits to the child, to siblings, and an earlier return to work. Areas for ongoing improvement include cannulation at home, training ward nurses to facilitate expansion during winter pressures, and microbiology ward rounds to identify suitable patients. Conclusion H@Home has become an important part of delivery of paediatric care in the children’s hospital. The care delivered is highly rated by families, effectively facilitating early discharge and improving patient experience. Over 5 years, the service has expanded and continues to develop, playing a vital role in increasing bed capacity.
Associations of iron overload in Africa with hepatocellular carcinoma and tuberculosis: Strachan's 1929 thesis revisited

We analyzed data from the first study of iron overload in Africans, conducted between 1925 and 1928, to determine whether this common condition is associated with death from hepatocellular carcinoma and/or tuberculosis. In the original study, necropsies were performed on 714 adult blacks from southern Africa. Hepatic and splenic iron levels were measured semiquantitatively in 604 subjects and one of five iron grades was assigned. We examined death from hepatocellular carcinoma or from tuberculosis and the variables of age, sex, the presence of cirrhosis or other diagnoses that might be influenced by iron status, and tissue iron grades. Nineteen percent of men and 16% of women had the highest grade of hepatic iron. After adjustment for the presence of cirrhosis, hepatic iron grade was the variable most significantly associated with death from hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .021). The odds of death from hepatocellular carcinoma in subjects with the highest grade of hepatic iron was 23.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 225) times the odds in subjects with the three lowest grades. Splenic iron was the variable most significantly associated with death from tuberculosis (P <.0001). The odds of death from tuberculosis with the highest grade of splenic iron was 16.9 (4.8 to 59.9) times the odds with the two lowest grades. These findings suggest that iron overload in black Africans may be a risk factor for death from hepatocellular carcinoma and for death from tuberculosis.