cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete removal of nonpalpable breast malignancies with a stereotactic percutaneous vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument☆

Abstract Background: Several devices have been developed for sampling nonpalpable mammographic breast lesions. Complete removal of malignancies with a stereotactic percutaneous directional vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument has been reported. Study Design: We reviewed our experience with the percutaneous vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument to identify instances of complete excision of cancers: no residual carcinoma found at surgical excision for malignancies diagnosed by the percutaneous vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument. The radiologic and pathologic characteristics of malignancies completely removed by the percutaneous vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument were compared with those of malignancies with residual carcinoma found at surgical excision. Results: Fifty-two malignancies were diagnosed by the percutaneous vacuum-assisted biopsy instrument: 16 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, 5 infiltrating lobular carcinomas, and 31 ductal carcinomas in situ. No residual carcinoma was found at surgical excision in 9 (17%) of the 52 malignancies. Patients with complete removal of the malignant lesion were younger than patients with incomplete removal (52 versus 58 years; p=0.069). Completely removed malignancies were smaller on mammography (4 versus 17 mm; p=0.213), and more specimens were removed (19 versus 15; p=0.074). All nine completely removed malignancies presented with calcifications without a mass (p = 0.112), and all nine were ductal carcinoma in situ (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Complete removal of nonpalpable breast malignancies is possible with the stereotactic percutaneous directional vacuum-assisted biopsy device. Complete removal is more likely with removal of a large number of specimens from small areas of mammographic calcifications due to ductal carcinoma in situ.
Molecular Characterization of the Non-biotin-containing Subunit of 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase

Abstract The biotin enzyme, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCCase) (3-methylcrotonyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.4), catalyzes a pivotal reaction required for both leucine catabolism and isoprenoid metabolism. MCCase is a heteromeric enzyme composed of biotin-containing (MCC-A) and non-biotin-containing (MCC-B) subunits. Although the sequence of the MCC-A subunit was previously determined, the primary structure of the MCC-B subunit is unknown. Based upon sequences of biotin enzymes that use substrates structurally related to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, we isolated the MCC-B cDNA and gene ofArabidopsis. Antibodies directed against the bacterially produced recombinant protein encoded by the MCC-B cDNA react solely with the MCC-B subunit of the purified MCCase and inhibit MCCase activity. The primary structure of the MCC-B subunit shows the highest similarity to carboxyltransferase domains of biotin enzymes that use methyl-branched thiol esters as substrate or products. The single copy MCC-B gene of Arabidopsis is interrupted by nine introns. MCC-A and MCC-BmRNAs accumulate in all cell types and organs, with the highest accumulation occurring in rapidly growing and metabolically active tissues. In addition, these two mRNAs accumulate coordinately in an approximately equal molar ratio, and they each account for between 0.01 and 0.1 mol % of cellular mRNA. The sequence of theArabidopsis MCC-B gene has enabled the identification of animal paralogous MCC-B cDNAs and genes, which may have an impact on the molecular understanding of the lethal inherited metabolic disorder methylcrotonylglyciuria.
Genetic algorithms: foundations and applications

Genetic algorithms are defined. Attention is directed to why they work: schemas and building blocks, implicit parallelism, and exponentially biased sampling of the better schema. Why they fail and how undesirable behavior can be overcome is discussed. Current genetic algorithm practice is summarized. Five successful applications are illustrated: image registration, AEGIS surveillance, network configuration, prisoner's dilemma, and gas pipeline control. Three classes of problems for which genetic algorithms are ill suited are illustrated: ordering problems, smooth optimization problems, and “totally indecomposable” problems.
Laryngeal initiation of swallowing

Abstract A wide range of mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli were applied to the epiglottis and larynx of decerebrate cats to determine the adequate stimulus (or stimuli) and most responsive sites for swallowing. Water was the most effective stimulus in eliciting swallowing from epiglottis, glottis and internal surface of the larynx. The glottis was the most effective site for the initiation of the reflex. The initiation of swallowing from the epiglottis and larynx is water specific; it is not due to mechanical or osmotic effects. The water effect is facilitated, however, by flow of the water over the receptive fields. Swallowing initiated from sites innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve may serve to guard the larynx from invasion by saliva and liquid bolus residues or clear the larynx of secretions wafted up from the trachea and bronchi.
A model for the bio-oxidation process based on product formation concepts

Abstract Data from the literature suggests that the concentration of organic matter in the effluent from a biological reactor is influenced by the concentration in the influent. Based upon the fact that the majority of the soluble organic matter in the effluent is not the original substrate, the hypothesis is put forth that most of it is microbial in origin, and therefore consists of the products of microbiol metabolism. Using the concept that the activated sludge process is a producer of organic compounds, as well as a user of them, a model is then developed which relates the effluent COD to product formation. Previously published data is then used to establish that the specific rate of product formation is related to the specific growth rate by at least a 2nd order polynomial function. The function is given and its implication to plant design and operation are discussed.
An urban-rural blight? Choledocholithiasis presentation and treatment.

Background Exploration of urban-rural (UR) and regional differences is critical to developing effective healthcare delivery systems. Choledocholithiasis (CDL) remains a common problem with a range of therapeutic options and potentially severe complications. This study evaluated UR and regional differences of CDL presentation and treatment. We hypothesized that UR status contributes to differences in treatment of CDL. Methods This study examined patients from the 2007 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project dataset. Inpatient discharges and interventions for CDL patients were identified. UR and regional designations were determined from National Center for Health Statistics guidelines. Patients with pancreatitis or cholangitis were designated as complicated CDL (cCDL) patients. Interventions for CDL were classified as endoscopic, surgical, or percutaneous. Complex-sample proportion analyses were performed. Results A total of 111,021 patients with CDL were identified; 81% of these patients lived in urban areas compared with 19% in rural areas; 61% had uncomplicated choledocholithiasis (uCDL) and 39% had cCDL. The overall distribution of uCDL and cCDL did not differ by UR status or region. A higher proportion of rural patients did not receive an intervention 45.1% (95%CI 41.8%–48.4%) versus urban patients 30.5% (28.8%–32.2%), P P P Conclusion Rural patients received CDL interventions less often and had a higher proportion of surgical interventions regardless of severity of presentation.
Smart materials for high power applications

Various PZT/epoxy 1-3 composites were investigated for high power applications. “Hard” lead zirconate titanates (PZT4 and PZT8) were chosen for active piezoelectrics owing to their high mechanical quality factors, Qms, while the passive polymers were selected based on the desired properties for high power composites - low elastic loss, low elastic modulus and high thermal conductivity. The results demonstrated that the composites with high thermal conductivity polymers generally have degraded electromechanical properties with significantly decreased mechanical quality factors, whereas the composites filled with low loss and low moduli polymers were found to have higher Qms with higher electromechanical coupling factors kt: Qm ~ 200 and kt ~ 0.68 for PZT4 composites; Qm ~ 400 and kt ~ 0.6 for PZT8 composites. The effects of high drive field on the behavior of 1-3 composites were further investigated by varying active and passive components. Improved high power characteristics of 1-3 piezoelectric composites were achieved by selection of optimized composite components, with enhanced electromechanical efficiency and thermal stability under high drive conditions.
Comparative static effects of number of bidders and public information on behavior in second-price common value auctions

Comparative static tests of Nash bidding theory in second-price common value auctions show that bidders fail to respond in the right direction to more rivals and to public information concerning the value of the item. The former provides a clear indication that bidders fail to appreciate the adverse selection forces inherent in common value auctions, while the latter shows that policy prescriptions can fail given out-of-equilibrium behavior. These tests of Nash bidding theory apply to a far wider variety of circumstances than in first-price auctions, so there is less scope to rationalize the failure of the theory.
Visualizing and Tracing: Research Methodologies for the Study of Networked, Sociotechnical Activity, Otherwise Known as Knowledge Work

This article demonstrates, by example, 2 approaches to the analysis of knowledge work. Both methods draw on network as a framework: a Latourian actor–network theory analysis and a network analysis. The shared object of analysis is a digital humanities and digital media research lab that is the outcome of the collective and coordinated efforts of researchers and other stakeholders at North Carolina State University. The authors show how the two methods are drawn to different objects of study, different data sources, and different assumptions about how data can be reduced and made understandable. The authors conclude by arguing that although these methods yield different outlooks on the same object, their findings are mutually informing.
Molecular mobility and dynamic site heterogeneity in amorphous lactose and lactitol from erythrosin B phosphorescence.

Abstract We have used phosphorescence from erythrosin B to characterize the molecular mobility and dynamic heterogeneity in dry films of amorphous lactose and lactitol from − 25 to 120 °C. The phosphorescence emission spectra red-shifted and broadened with temperature in both sugars, indicating that both the rate of dipolar relaxation and the extent of inhomogeneous broadening increased dramatically at higher temperature. Phosphorescence intensity decays were well fit using a stretched exponential decay model; the rate constant for non-radiative quenching due to collisions with the matrix was calculated from the lifetimes. Arrhenius plots of this rate were non-linear, increasing very gradually at low and dramatically at high temperatures in both sugars. The rate of quenching was significantly lower in a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of lactose/lactitol in both the glass and the melt, providing strong evidence that specific interactions within the mixture lowered the matrix mobility. The lifetimes varied systematically with emission wavelength in both matrixes; analysis of the temperature dependence indicated that the activation energy for non-radiative quenching of the triplet state varied somewhat with emission wavelength. Time-resolved emission spectra collected as a function of delay time following pulsed excitation exhibited significant shifts to higher energy as a function of time. These data support a photophysical model in which erythrosin B molecules are distributed among matrix sites that vary such that blue-emitting sites with slower rates of matrix dipolar relaxation also have slower rates of molecular collisions. The amorphous matrixes of lactose and lactitol in both the glass and the melt state are thus characterized by dynamic site heterogeneity in which different sites vary in terms of their overall molecular mobility.
Prediction of anticholinergic drug response using a thermoregulatory exchange index

Abstract : Among the drugs used for treatment of psychoses are those compounds which have a degree of anticholinergic action directly on eccrine sweat glands which disrupts thermoregulation. Atropine (a potent nerve agent antidote) reduces thermoregulatory sweating causing intense heat storage often leading to hyperpyrexia. A heat exchange analysis was carried out using a database of previous studies in our Institute in which saline and atropine (2 mg im) were injected in 14 healthy male subjects before and after heat acclimation. Subjects walked on a treadmill in hot-dry and hot-wet environments. A new effective temperature (ET*) was generated that can be implemented in any heat exchange evaluation utilizing biophysical and physiological data including mean skin temperature, rectal temperature, heart rate, metabolic activity, and skin evaporative heat loss. Heat acclimation reduced ET* by some 2.5 degrees C when compared with the unacclimated state after atropine injection. Heat acclimation thereby potentially lessens the hazards of heatstroke caused by exercise in the heat with atropine injection. Such a heat exchange model can be used to predict responses to other anticholinergic agents and has potential relevance applied in understanding psychotropic drug-related hyperthermia.
A token-based synchronization scheme for distributed real-time databases

Abstract Schedulers for real-time replicated database systems must satisfy two major requirements: transactions should meet their timing constraints, and mutual consistency of replicated data should be preserved. In this paper, we present a synchronization scheme, prove its correctness, and evaluate its performance in a distributed real-time database system. The algorithm adopts a token-based scheme for replication control and attempts to balance the urgency of real-time transactions with the conflict resolution policies. In addition, the algorithm employs epsilon-serializability (ESR), a new correctness criterion which is less stringent than conventional one-copy-serializability. The algorithm is flexible and very practical, since no prior knowledge of the data requirements or the execution time of each transaction is required.
Design of a harmonic generation FEL experiment at BNL

Abstract We present the design parameters of a harmonic generation FEL experiment to be carried out at the accelerator test facility (ATF) at BNL. This experiment will be carried out as a proof-of-principle for the proposed UV-FEL user's facility at BNL. In the experiment we plan to triple the frequency of a CO2 seed laser by utilizing two superconducting wigglers and a dispersive section. The first wiggler will be used in conjunction with the CO2 seed laser to generate a ponderomotive force that will bunch the electron beam. The bunching will then be enhanced by the dispersion section. The second wiggler, tuned to the third harmonic of the seed laser will follow. In the beginning of the second wiggler the bunched beam will produce superradiant emission (characterized by a quadratic growth of the radiated power), then the radiation will be amplified exponentially. The last part of the wiggler will be tapered. We plan to study the evolution of the various radiation growth mechanisms as well as the coherence of the tripled and exponentially amplified radiation.
Characterizing low affinity epibatidine binding to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with ligand depletion and nonspecific binding

Along with high affinity binding of epibatidine (Kd1≈10 pM) to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), low affinity binding of epibatidine (Kd2≈1-10 nM) to an independent binding site has been reported. Studying this low affinity binding is important because it might contribute understanding about the structure and synthesis of α4β2 nAChR. The binding behavior of epibatidine and α4β2 AChR raises a question about interpreting binding data from two independent sites with ligand depletion and nonspecific binding, both of which can affect equilibrium binding of [3H]epibatidine and α4β2 nAChR. If modeled incorrectly, ligand depletion and nonspecific binding lead to inaccurate estimates of binding constants. Fitting total equilibrium binding as a function of total ligand accurately characterizes a single site with ligand depletion and nonspecific binding. The goal of this study was to determine whether this approach is sufficient with two independent high and low affinity sites. Computer simulations of binding revealed complexities beyond fitting total binding for characterizing the second, low affinity site of α4β2 nAChR. First, distinguishing low-affinity specific binding from nonspecific binding was a potential problem with saturation data. Varying the maximum concentration of [3H]epibatidine, simultaneously fitting independently measured nonspecific binding, and varying α4β2 nAChR concentration were effective remedies. Second, ligand depletion helped identify the low affinity site when nonspecific binding was significant in saturation or competition data, contrary to a common belief that ligand depletion always is detrimental. Third, measuring nonspecific binding without α4β2 nAChR distinguished better between nonspecific binding and low-affinity specific binding under some circumstances of competitive binding than did presuming nonspecific binding to be residual [3H]epibatidine binding after adding a large concentration of cold competitor. Fourth, nonspecific binding of a heterologous competitor changed estimates of high and low inhibition constants but did not change the ratio of those estimates. Investigating the low affinity site of α4β2 nAChR with equilibrium binding when ligand depletion and nonspecific binding are present likely needs special attention to experimental design and data interpretation beyond fitting total binding data. Manipulation of maximum ligand and receptor concentrations and intentionally increasing ligand depletion are potentially helpful approaches.
Exchange instabilities in an n-type silicon inversion layer

We investigate the possibility that in a semiconducting surface inversion layer the ground state has charge-density waves in each of the two equivalent subbands. The two charge-density waves are identical except that they are completely out of phase with each other. Such a state, referred to as a valley-density wave (VDW), need not be accompanied by a lattice distortion. A density-functional formalism is used to study the instability toward formation of a VDW ground state. It is found that under certain conditions the VDW state has a lower energy than the paramagnetic state. A similar conclusion is drawn on the basis of Hartree-Fock treatment of VDW state.
The Disintegration of Lithium by Deuterons

The following disintegrations have been studied in the range of deuteron energy from 100 to 250 kv: ${_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{2}\mathrm{He}^{4}+_{2}\mathrm{He}^{4}+_{0}n^{1}+{Q}_{1}}{_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{6}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{2}\mathrm{He}^{4}+_{2}\mathrm{He}^{4}+{Q}_{2}}{_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{6}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{1}+{Q}_{3a}}{_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{6}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7*}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{1}+{Q}_{3b}}{_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7*},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7}+h\ensuremath{\nu}}{_{3}\mathrm{Li}^{7}+_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}_{2}\mathrm{He}^{5}+_{2}\mathrm{He}^{4}+{Q}_{4}}$ Efficiency curves for (1), (2) and (3a) are regular. It is concluded that the Oppenheimer-Phillips process is not applicable to (3a). The relative yield of (3b) to (3a) increases with increasing deuteron energy. The return of the excited Li nucleus in (3b) to its normal state is shown by the emission of a gamma-ray of 400 kv energy as determined by absorption measurements. The existence of a homogeneous group of particles from (4) is interpreted as evidence for the instability of ${\mathrm{He}}^{5}$, which has a mean life of approximately 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ sec. and is unstable by 0.93 Mev, disintegrating into an alpha-particle and a neutron. Absolute yields for the five disintegrations studied are given for a deuteron energy of 212 kv.
Chapter 5 Profiles of practice: Elementary school teachers' views of their mathematics teaching

Abstract In light of changes called for in elementary mathematics teachers' practices, we surveyed 493 elementary teachers in California, Florida, and Michigan about their current goals and activities in teaching mathematics. Cluster analysis of survey responses yielded five clusters of teachers: (a) primary teachers who had students use manipulatives extensively; (b) teachers, most of whom used Math their Way , who had students use manipulatives and discuss problem solving extensively; (c) modal teachers whose profile reflected a softened version of drill-and-practice teachers; (d) drill-and-practice teachers; and (e) teachers in a cluster with three expert teachers, whose profile represented a more moderate version of the manipulative using and problem solving-oriented Cluster B teachers.
Estimating phonation threshold pressure.

Phonation threshold pressure (PTP) is the minimum subglottal pressure required to initiate vocal fold oscillation. Although potentially useful clinically, PTP is difficult to estimate noninvasively...
Thermolysis and photolysis of (cyclopentadiene)iron tricarbonyl. Evidence for a radical mechanism involving iron(I)

Abstract The thermolysis and photolysis of (η 4 -cyclopentadiene)iron tricarbonyl to yield (principally) cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer has been studied using the 5- exo deuterated compound (produced by cyanoborodeuteride reduction of cyclopentadienyliron tricarbonyl cation) as the principal mechanistic probe. The results of this study are interpreted in terms of a stereospecific free-radical chain abstraction of the deuterium by an Fe species as the major pathway for the thermal process. The photochemical process, on the other hand, seems to involve the intramolecular hydrogen transfer pathway previously proposed for the thermal reaction.
HoxA5 Stabilizes Adherens Junctions via Increased Akt1

Normal vascular development and angiogenesis is regulated by coordinated changes in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. The Homeobox (Hox) family of transcription factors coordinately regulate expression of matrix degrading proteinases, integrins and ECM components and profoundly impact vascular remodeling. Whereas HoxA5 is downregulated in active angiogenic endothelial cells (EC), sustained expression of HoxA5 induces TSP-2 and blocks angiogenesis. Since HoxA5 is also lacking in EC in proliferating hemangiomas, we investigated whether restoring expression of HoxA5 could normalize hemangioma cell morphology and/or behavior. Sustained expression of HoxA5 in the murine hemangioma cell line (EOMA) reduced their growth in vivo and promoted branching morphogenesis in 3D BM cultures. Moreover, restoring HoxA5 expression increased the retention of β-catenin in adherens junctions and reduced permeability. In addition we also show that the HoxA5 mediated increase in stability of adherens ju...
L-374,087, an efficacious, orally bioavailable, pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor

Replacement of the amidinopiperidine P1 group of 3-benzylsulfonylamino-6-methyl-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-373,890 (2) with a mildly basic 5-linked 2-amino-6-methylpyridine results in an equipotent compound L-374,087 (5, Ki = 0.5 nM). Compound 5 is highly selective for thrombin over trypsin, is efficacious in the rat ferric chloride model of arterial thrombosis and is orally bioavailable in dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. The structural basis for the critical importance of both methyl groups in 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
A Concise and Scalable Synthesis of High Enantiopurity (−)-d-erythro-Sphingosine Using Peptidyl Thiol Ester−Boronic Acid Cross-Coupling

A short and efficient synthesis of high enantiopurity (−)-d-erythro-sphingosine has been achieved in 71% yield over 6 steps from N-Boc-l-serine. The key steps are high yield, racemization-free, palladium-catalyzed, copper(I)-mediated coupling of the thiophenyl ester of N-Boc-O-TBS l-serine with E-1-pentadecenyl boronic acid and the highly diastereoselective reduction of the resulting peptidyl ketone with LiAl(O-t-Bu)3H. By using this concise route (−)-d-erythro-sphingosine can be prepared on large scale and in high enantio- and diastereopurity (ee >99%, de up to 99%).
Synthesis of macromolecules and rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum.

The relationship between primary metabolism and biosynthesis of rubratoxin was studied with replacement cultures of Penicillium rubrum 3290. Synthesis of protein and RNA was measured by determining incorporation of [U14C]L-leucine and [214C]-uridine into the respective components of the fungal biomass. Rubratoxin formation was measured by determining incorporation of [114C]acetate into the toxin. Both protein and RNA were synthesized rapidly with synthesis increasing during 108 h of incubation and then decreasing rapidly. Rubratoxin formation increased up to 72 h, declined through 96 h, became maximal at 108 h, and then decreased rapidly. Cycloheximide, at 100 μg/ml, moderately blocked accumulation of dry weight and protein synthesis by the mold; at 150 μg/ml, cycloheximide completely blocked in vivo synthesis of protein. When cycloheximide was added to cultures after synthesis of toxin had begun, protein synthesis, but not toxin formation, was blocked. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide was reversed by washing the drug out of mold cultures. Rubratoxin was formed throughout the incubation; a transitional phase, characteristic of secondary biosynthesis, was not observed.
Discovering Subsumption Relationships for Web-Based Ontologies

As search engines are becoming smarter at interpreting user queries and providing meaningful responses, they rely on ontologies to understand the meaning of entities. Creating ontologies manually is a laborious process, and resulting ontologies may not reflect the way users think about the world, as many concepts used in queries are noisy, and not easily amenable to formal modeling. There has been considerable effort in generating ontologies from Web text and query streams, which may be more reflective of how users query and write content. In this paper, we describe the LATTE system that automatically generates a subconcept--superconcept hierarchy, which is critical for using ontologies to answer queries. LATTE combines signals based on word-vector representations of concepts and dependency parse trees; however, LATTE derives most of its power from an ontology of attributes extracted from the Web that indicates the aspects of concepts that users find important. LATTE achieves an F1 score of 74%, which is comparable to expert agreement on a similar task. We additionally demonstrate the usefulness of LATTE in detecting high quality concepts from an existing resource of IsA links.
Left ventricular mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy

Summary LV mass by CMR is a powerful predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients treated with anthracyclines. Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients. However, limited data exist on the role of LGE, the characteristic CMR findings, and the prognostic variables in patients who develop a cardiomyopathy after treatment with anthracyclines. Methods LGE-CMR imaging was performed in patients with stage B and C heart failure after anthracycline-based chemotherapy. We assessed the association between CMR, EKG, echocardiographic, serum, and clinical variables with adverse outcomes (cardiovascular death and admission for heart failure). Results We performed a clinically-indicated CMR study on 50 patients (52% male, mean age of 49 ± 16 years, anthracycline dose of 286 ± 89 mg/m2, and ejection fraction of 38 ± 9%) with AC-mediated cardiomyopathy. Patients presented a median of 45 months after chemotherapy and were followed for a median period of 28 months. LGE was an uncommon finding (3 patients, 6%). There was a strong inverse association between anthracycline dose and indexed left ventricular mass by CMR (r = -.75, p < 0.001, Figure 1). In univariate analysis, indexed LV-mass by CMR demonstrated the strongest unadjusted association with adverse events (hazard ratio: 0.75, chi-squared 26.2, p < 0.001). In a multivariable model, indexed LVmass demonstrated the strongest association with the primary outcome (Figure 2). Conclusions
The effects of four weeks of ribose supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in healthy, young, male recreational bodybuilders: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract Background: Ribose is a pentose sugar that is present in ribonucleic acids, riboflavin, nucleotides, and adenosine triphosphate. Whether exogenous ribose administration affects skeletal muscle concentrations of total adenine nucleotides is unknown. Whether supplementation with ribose positively affects body composition or exercise performance in recreational bodybuilders also is unknown. Objective: The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to determine the effects of 4 weeks of ribose supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in healthy, young, male recreational bodybuilders. Methods: Healthy, male recreational bodybuilders aged 18 to 35 years were recruited and randomized to a ribose-supplemented group (10 g/d in powder formulation) or a placebo group (dextrose). Each subject participated in a heavy-resistance training program designed to increase skeletal muscle mass. Body composition (ie, body weight, body fat, lean body mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content) was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry analysis. Muscular strength (as measured by a 1-repetition maximum-strength [1-RM] bench press) and total work performed (as measured by total repetitions for 10 sets of bench presses before muscular failure; 1-minute resting interval between sets) to muscular failure at a submaximal load (100% of pretest body weight) were ascertained. In addition, 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained before and after the study. Results: Twenty men (mean age ± SE, 23.9 ± 1.4 years) were enrolled; 19 subjects completed 24-hour dietary recalls and exercise performance testing; 12 subjects completed the study (24-hour dietary recalls, exercise performance, and body composition). No baseline differences were found between the 2 groups for any of the measured parameters. The ribose-supplemented group experienced a significant pretreatment-to-posttreatment increase in the total work performed, whereas the placebo group did not change significantly (24.5 ± 7.6 to 29.3 ± 7.5 repetitions; 19.6% ribose [ P = 0.028] vs 34.1 ± 8.6 to 38.2 ± 8.0 repetitions, 12.0% placebo). In addition, the ribose-supplemented group experienced a significant increase in 1-RM bench press strength, whereas the placebo group did not change significantly (114.1 ± 13.6 to 117.7 ± 14.0 kg, 3.2% ribose [ P = 0.008] vs 129.6 ± 14.2 to 131.8 ± 14.5 kg, 1.7% placebo). No pretreatment-to-posttreatment within-group or between-group differences were found for any of the measures of body composition or the 24-hour dietary data. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that supplementation with ribose 10 g/d for 4 weeks resulted in significant increases in muscular strength and total work performed in recreational bodybuilders in this study, although no significant changes in body composition or 24-hour dietary data were found.
THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS

The insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
Heavy electrons: The gathering storm of data

The nature of the 'hidden order' in URu2Si2 has resisted characterization for the past twenty-five years. Recent photoemission results report the observation of a narrow heavy-fermion band that sharpens below the mysterious transition and provides new clues about its origins.
What's Key for Key? The Krumhansl-Schmuckler Key-Finding Algorithm Reconsidered

This study examines the Krumhansl-Schmuckler key-finding model, in which the distribution of pitch classes in a piece is compared with an ideal distribution or "key profile" for each key. Several changes are proposed. First, the formula used for the matching process is somewhat simplified. Second, alternative values are proposed for the key profiles themselves. Third, rather than summing the durations of all events of each pitch class, the revised model divides the piece into short segments and labels each pitch class as present or absent in each segment. Fourth, a mechanism for modulation is proposed; a penalty is imposed for changing key from one segment to the next. An implementation of this model was subjected to two tests. First, the model was tested on the fugue subjects from Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; the model's performance on this corpus is compared with the performances of other models. Second, the model was tested on a corpus of excerpts from the Kostka and Payne harmony textbook (as analyzed by Kostka). Several problems with the modified algorithm are discussed, concerning the rate of modulation, the role of harmony in key finding, and the role of pitch "spellings." The model is also compared with Huron and Parncutt's exponential decay model. The tests presented here suggest that the key-profile model, with the modifications proposed, can provide a highly successful approach to key finding.
Stimulation of naive T-cell adhesion and immunological synapse formation by chemokine-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Chemokines adsorbed to the cell surface play an important role in the initial interactions of T cells with endothelial cells, and may also have a role in T-cell interactions with dendritic cells. Therefore, we examined the effect of surface-adsorbed chemokines on the interaction of naive murine splenic T cells with supported bilayers containing intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, or with bone marrow-derived cultured dendritic cells in the presence and absence of relevant MHC-peptide complexes. Naive T cells formed immunological synapses, defined as a ring of lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-1-ICAM-1 interactions surrounding a central cluster of MHC-peptide complexes, on supported planar bilayers containing ICAM-1 and relevant MHC-peptide complexes. Chemokines stimulated an increase in the percentage of naive cells that adhered to ICAM-1, but did not increase the average number of LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in the contact area. In contrast, relevant MHC-peptide complexes resulted in a small increase in the proportion of interacting T cells, but stimulated an 8-fold increase in the number of LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in each contact formed. Naive T cells displayed a significant basal adhesion to bone marrow dendritic cells that was further increased when relevant chemokines were adsorbed to the dendritic cell surface. However, basal and antigen-stimulated T-cell adhesion to dendritic cells was not sensitive to pertussis toxin. Thus, there are chemokine-independent mechanisms that initiate adhesion between T cells and dendritic cells.
Ethnography of a Sustainable Agriculture Program: A Case Study of a Social Movement's Inception and Growth on a University Campus.

This ethnography documents how the message of sustainability was interpreted and communicated through a sustainable agricultural (SAG) program at an American higher education institution. The ethnography documents the evolution of the program as the program tackled obstacles and accomplished its goals during the initial phases of the program’s development. A cultural communication framework is established in order to analyze the agitative, oppositional, intracommunal, and ritual communication utilized by the program’s members. The ethnography argues that the strategies and tactics employed by the SAG program alongside its curriculum and instruction are similar to the choices made by oppositional social movements. Findings reveal that when chosen and implemented intelligently, these strategies are as useful for a social movement within established academic institutions as they are for groups outside of them. The ethnography also highlights the importance of ritual communication as part of both education an...
Electrical Switchgear for Large Nuclear Space Power Systems

The basic technology has been developed for high temperature (>1000°F) radiation resistant (>109 rad) space power switchgear under NASA's contract NAS 3-2546 with General Electric. The vacuum insulated switch has been selected to meet these requirements and the megawatt level high frequency (2000 cps) application. Refractory electrodes, tested at 1200°F in a radiant heated ceramic chamber, have cleared 2000 cps alternating currents of 4300 A at 2200 V. DC currents of 21 A have been chopped at 10.8 KV.
Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States.

Air pollution control in the United States for five common pollutants--particulate matter, ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide--is based partly on the attainment of ambient air quality standards that represent a level of air pollution regarded as safe. Regulatory and health agencies often focus on whether standards for short periods are attained; the number of days that standards are exceeded is used to track progress. Efforts to explain air pollution to the public often incorporate an air quality index that represents daily concentrations of pollutants. While effects of short-term exposures have been emphasized, research shows that long-term exposures to lower concentrations of air pollutants can also result in adverse health effects. We developed an aggregate index that represents long-term exposure to these pollutants, using 1995 monitoring data for metropolitan areas obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System. We compared the ranking of metropolitan areas under the proposed aggregate index with the ranking of areas by the number of days that short-term standards were exceeded. The geographic areas with the highest burden of long-term exposures are not, in all cases, the same as those with the most days that exceeded a short-term standard. We believe that an aggregate index of long-term air pollution offers an informative addition to the principal approaches currently used to describe air pollution exposures; further work on an aggregate index representing long-term exposure to air pollutants is warranted.
Decision and information systems for strategic planning

Abstract Most modern organizations are concerned with how well their strategic planning systems guide the organization. The authors hold that effective strategic planning can be carried on only through the development and implementation of a strategic planning decision and information system (SPDIS). The concept suggests that strategic planning, the management information system, and the organizational structure and management processes are so interdependent that one subsystem cannot be effectively implemented without making appropriate changes in the others. The authors discuss the five critical elements of the SPDIS, recognizing the operational inter-dependence of the subsystems, focusing on support of the strategic decision-making aspect of the manager's job, and emphasizing the role of the manager.
Sub-harmonic resonance and multi-annual oscillations in northern mammals: A non-linear dynamical systems perspective

Abstract We conjecture that the well-known oscillations (3- to 5-yr and 10-yr cycles) of northern mammals are examples of subharmonic resonance which obtains when ecological oscillators (predator-prey interactions) are subject to periodic forcing by the annual march of the seasons. The implications of this hypothesis are examined through analysis of a bare-bones, Hamiltonian model which, despite its simplicity, nonetheless exhibits the principal dynamical features of more realistic schemes. Specifically, we describe the genesis and destruction of resonant oscillations in response to variation in the intrinsic time scales of predator and prey. Our analysis suggests that cycle period should scale allometrically with body size, a fact first commented upon in the empirical literature some years ago. Our calculations further suggest that the dynamics of cyclic species should be phase coherent, i.e., that the intervals between successive maxima in the corresponding time series should be more nearly constant than their amplitude—a prediction which is also consistent with observation. We conclude by observing that complex dynamics in more realistic models can often be continued back to Hamiltonian limits of the sort here considered.
Use of wavelet transform to the method-of-moments matrix arising from electromagnetic scattering problems of 2D objects due to oblique plane-wave incidence

An efficient method is presented for transforming the matrix of the method of moments obtained by the expansion of the unknown surface currents with pulse basis function and the use of point match testing to a matrix with wavelet basis and testing functions. When the electromagnetic scattering object is a dielectric or object under oblique plane-wave incidence, more than one equivalent surface current component exists at the object surface. When these currents are connected into one current vector in the method of moments, there must be some discontinuities between the current components. These discontinuities make the direct wavelet transform to the whole MoM matrix inefficient and not equivalent to the use of the wavelet functions in the expansion of the unknown currents and the testing. Therefore, the wavelet transform must be constructed in a different way to avoid these discontinuities. Here, the proper wavelet transform that is equivalent to the use of the wavelet functions in the MoM, which avoids such discontinuities, is presented. This transform is referred to as wavelet subtransform. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 130–134, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10394
Regulation of Growth in Avena Stem Segments by Gibberellic Acid and Kinetin

Kinetin at physiological concentrations causes significant reduction of GA3-promoted growth in excised Avena stem segments. Kinetin is therefore considered to be a gibberellin-antagonist in this system. A Lineweaver-Burke plot reveals that kinetin acts non-competitively with GA3. The kinetin inhibition of GA3-promoted growth can be seen within 6 hours. It was found that soluble protein is markedly increased by kinetin in the tissue during the first 3 hours, thus preceding the inhibition of GA3-promoted growth by several hours. At the cellular level, kinetin negated the blocking effect of GA3 on cell division in the intercalary meristem portions of these segments. In fact, kinetin promotes both lateral and longitudinal cell divisions in intercalary meristem cells.
Taste thresholds and food dislikes.

ALTHOUGH food likes and aversions are influenced by cultural, social and idiosyncratic variables1, individual differences in the ability to taste certain classes of compounds may be one determinant of food rejections2.
Remote sensing of phytoplankton pigment distribution in the United States northeast coast

Abstract Phytoplankton pigments constitute many more compounds than chlorophyll a that can be applied to study phytoplankton diversity, populations, and primary production. In this study, field measurements were applied to develop ocean color satellite algorithms of phytoplankton pigments from in-water radiometry measurements. The match-up comparisons showed that the satellite-derived pigments from our algorithms agree reasonably well (e.g. 30–55% of uncertainty for SeaWiFS and 37–50% for MODIS-Aqua) to field data, with better agreement (e.g. 30–38% of uncertainty for SeaWiFS and 39–44% for MODIS-Aqua) for pigments abundant in diatoms. The seasonal and spatial variations of satellite-derived phytoplankton biomarker pigments, such as fucoxanthin, which is abundant in diatoms, peridinin, which is found only in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, and zeaxanthin, which is primarily from cyanobacteria in coastal waters, revealed that higher densities of diatoms are more likely to occur on the inner shelf and during winter–spring and obscure other abundant phytoplankton groups. However, relatively higher densities of other phytoplankton, such as dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria, are likely to occur on the mid- to outer-continental shelf and during summer. Seasonal variation of riverine discharge may play an important role in stimulating algal blooms, in particular diatoms, while higher abundances of cyanobacteria coincide with warmer water temperatures and lower nutrient concentrations.