cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Like daughter, like son? Fertility decline and the transformation of gender systems in the family.

BACKGROUND An important question for population research is whether fertility decline transforms gender systems. OBJECTIVE This paper contributes to answering this broad question by examining how fertility decline may change the relative value and roles of daughters and sons in families. First, I outline theoretical pathways, suggesting that a key factor is the gender composition of families. As fertility declines, the proportion of families with children of only one gender increases, which may facilitate greater gender symmetry between daughters and sons. Second, I explore how fertility decline may have contributed to the transformation of the relative value and roles of sons and daughters in practice in one place. METHODS The analysis draws primarily on semi-structured interviews with 30 respondents living in one Indian village. This village is located in a district where fertility has declined to at least the replacement level. RESULTS Respondents perceive changes in the gender system, including less son preference, more equal schooling for sons and daughters, more freedom in marriage and premarital relationships, and perhaps greater daughter support of parents in old age. CONCLUSIONS The results describe changes in the relative value, treatment, and behavior of sons and daughters that are consistent with the theorized effects of fertility decline. Future research is needed, however, to determine whether fertility decline makes a causal contribution to changes in the gender system.
The gap junction proteins

Abstract Gap junctions are ubiquitous structures consisting of paired transmembrane channels which allow for cell-cell exchanges. While the morphological appearance and general physiological properties of gap junctions are surprisingly uniform throughout the animal kingdom there is increasing evidence for the presence of tissue-specific proteins, which are highly conserved species. There is evidence that these proteins may belong to several protein families.
Anonymizing Web services through a club mechanism with economic incentives

Preserving privacy during Web transactions is a major concern for individuals and organizations. One of the solutions proposed in the literature is to maintain anonymity through group cooperation during Web transactions. The lack of understanding of incentives for encouraging group cooperation is a major drawback in such systems. We propose an anonymizing club mechanism, and sequential economic strategy for trusted collaboration. We model the individual transactions as a Prisoners' Dilemma, where two players either cooperate or defect while maintaining each other's anonymity. The activities of the participants over a series of transactions can be modeled as a sequential repeated game. We determine conditions to ensure cooperation among the participants in the sequential repeated game, even if defecting is a dominant strategy in each individual Prisoners' Dilemma game. Our results show that by adopting an appropriate initiation fee and adequate fine for malicious behavior, both enforced through a trusted central authority, we can sustain cooperation in the proposed anonymizing club mechanism.
The Meyer-Neldel rule in emission rates from defects in copper indium diselenide

Abstract The Meyer-Neldel (MN) Rule is an observed relationship in groups of related thermally activated processes, and has been found in a large number of seemingly unrelated phenomena. It is shown here that emission rates of holes from defects in copper indium diselenide follow the MN Rule. A few points stray far from the rule, but they may actually belong to an independent group with its own MN relationship. It is suggested that the MN rule may be helpful in distinguishing between different types of defects.
Cellient™ automated cell block versus traditional cell block preparation: A comparison of morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining

Traditional cell block (TCB) sections serve as an important diagnostic adjunct to cytologic smears but are also used today as a reliable preparation for immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. There are many ways to prepare a cell block and the methods continue to be revised. In this study, we compare the TCB with the Cellient™ automated cell block system. Thirty-five cell blocks were obtained from 16 benign and 19 malignant nongynecologic cytology specimens at a large university teaching hospital and prepared according to TCB and Cellient protocols. Cell block sections from both methods were compared for possible differences in various morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining patterns. In the 16 benign cases, no significant morphologic differences were found between the TCB and Cellient cell block sections. For the 19 malignant cases, some noticeable differences in the nuclear chromatin and cellularity were identified, although statistical significance was not attained. Immunohistochemical or special stains were performed on 89% of the malignant cases (17/19). Inadequate cellularity precluded full evaluation in 23% of Cellient cell block IHC preparations (4/17). Of the malignant cases with adequate cellularity (13/17), the immunohistochemical staining patterns from the different methods were identical in 53% of cases. The traditional and Cellient cell block sections showed similar morphologic and immunohistochemical staining patterns. The only significant difference between the two methods concerned the lower overall cell block cellularity identified during immunohistochemical staining in the Cellient cell block sections.
Mechanisms of nitrosothiol-induced antimitogenesis in aortic smooth muscle cells

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of a nitrosothiol vasodilator, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), on serum-induced cell proliferation, thymidine uptake, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and thymidine kinase activity in a cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cell line. SNAP decreased the rate of serum-stimulated cell proliferation, thymidine uptake and incorporation, uridine and leucine incorporation and thymidine kinase activity in concentration-dependent fashion. The threshold concentration of SNAP for inhibition of cell proliferation and thymidine uptake was similar and in the range of 1-3 microM. Uridine incorporation, indicative of RNA synthesis, was inhibited beginning at 10 microM SNAP, whereas leucine incorporation, indicative of protein synthesis, and thymidine kinase activity, an enzyme of importance to DNA synthesis, were inhibited beginning at 100 microM SNAP. These results indicate that inhibition of cell proliferation induced by relatively low concentrations of SNAP (1-10 microM) is independent of inhibition of protein synthesis or thymidine kinase activity, whereas higher concentrations of SNAP may inhibit cell proliferation by decreasing protein synthesis.
Ferromagnetic δ‐Mn1−xGax thin films with perpendicular anisotropy

We report the structure and properties of the thermodynamically stable δ‐phase Mn1−xGax single crystal thin films grown on GaAs. X‐ray Θ–2Θ scans and grazing‐incidence scattering measurements confirmed that the unit cell of this phase is tetragonal (a=0.279 nm, c=0.351 nm) and grows with the c‐axis oriented normal to the {001} GaAs substrate surface. X‐ray emission spectroscopy confirmed the composition to be 62±2% Mn. Polar Kerr rotation, SQUID and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements with the field applied along the thin‐film normal showed nearly perfect square hysteresis loops confirming perpendicular anisotropy of the films. The film exhibits a Kerr rotation angle of ∼0.1° at 820 nm, a coercivity of 6.27 kOe and a saturation magnetization of 460 emu/cm3. The optical reflectivity of the film was 65%–70% over a broad range of wavelengths. This unique set of properties make it a very promising material for magneto‐optic recording with the additional potential of integrating semiconductor/magnetic d...
Comparative genomic hybridization for the diagnosis of melanoma

Despite advancements in protocols, a subset of melanocytic lesions continues to pose diagnostic challenges. This is particularly true in the pediatric population where certain congenital nevi mimic melanoma. Recently, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been utilized to support diagnoses of melanocytic lesions based on DNA copy number changes. Because distinct differences in copy number changes have been shown to occur in malignant melanoma and benign nevi, CGH can be a useful adjunct when diagnosis based on histology alone is indeterminate. The authors discuss the benefits of using CGH to aid in the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions that are difficult to characterize as malignant or benign based on clinical and histologic features alone. This paper presents a brief clinical report and review of the literature. A 13-year-old Caucasian male presented to an academic tertiary care medical center after a shave biopsy unexpectedly revealed malignant melanoma with positive deep margins. Following complete excisional biopsy, the diagnosis of malignant melanoma with depth of 0.92 mm was confirmed, both by the home institution's pathologist and by consultant dermatopathologists at two separate academic tertiary medical centers. Sentinel lymph node biopsy revealed a small focus of metastatic melanoma, this lead to a left-sided modified radical neck dissection. All nodes removed were negative for disease, and surgical and postsurgical care was uncomplicated. Before proceeding with interferon therapy, CGH was performed on the tissue from the primary lesion. Other than a slight amplification of chromosome 16p, no other aberrations were detected favoring a benign lesion. Ultimately, the diagnosis was amended to compound melanocytic nevus of the nose with benign nevus cell rest in the sentinel node. While histopathologic evaluation is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of melanoma, there are many cases where it is inaccurate. The use of CGH in the evaluation of histologically equivocal lesions may allow certain patients to avoid invasive procedures and associated morbidities. The authors propose that, in these select diagnostically challenging cases, tissue analyses by CGH may be beneficial before proceeding to more invasive procedures such as sentinel node biopsy and complete lymphadenectomy.
Cold war consumer diplomacy and movie-induced Roman holidays

In the 1950s the US government encouraged American vacation travel to western Europe as a means of bolstering European economies and fighting the cold war through consumer diplomacy.Astrong dollar and new airline classification systems with reduced fares made European tourism accessible for the middle class for the first time, which resulted in record numbers of Americans enjoying European holidays. This essay demonstrates how American motion pictures became part of a cluster of inducements for such travel during the 1950s and early 1960s as a weakened Hollywood film industry found financial reward in producing movies in Europe. Concentrating on the figure of the single woman traveler to Rome, five films released between 1953 and 1961 with female protagonists are analyzed to illustrate how popular culture contributed to the rhetoric of Roman holidays as the site of cultural enrichment and consumer diplomacy for American women.
Proximity to supermarkets associated with higher body mass index among overweight and obese preschool-age children.

Objective The objective of this study is to examine associations of proximity to food establishments with body mass index (BMI) among preschool-age children.
The Neglected Intangible Asset: The Influence of the Trade Mark on the Rise of the Modern Corporation

Trade marks are, and have been since the late nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century, vital business assets. The paper argues that they (along with brand names, trade names, and company names) have been of crucial importance to the rise of the modern corporation. US law and the courts have protected these property rights at the same time as the value of these assets to the modern firm has increased. The paper explains the significant role of trade marks in the evolution of the modern enterprise; provides historical data on US laws and court rulings; compares the trade mark and the patent; and indicates how, over time, the trade mark has contributed to efficiency gains in the modern firm.
Cutaneous metastases from prostatic carcinoma

A case of prostatic adenocarcinoma associated with extensive cutaneous metastases and malignant acanthosis nigricans is reported. Pertinent literature is reviewed. The pathogenesis of the possible mechanism of the development of cutaneous metastases in this as well as other related cases is discussed.
Reliability of Spanish Translations of Select Urological Quality of Life Instruments

AbstractPurpose: Many patients with urological disease do not speak English. In medical studies restricting patients to those who speak only English undermines efforts to understand disease because restrictions decrease efficiency of patient recruitment, and because language and culture are associated with variable outcomes. In Spanish speaking locations, such as South Florida, studies would suffer severe selection bias if patients were required to speak English. To allow grouping in future studies of English and Spanish speaking patients we examined the English-Spanish reliability of select instruments that measure health related quality of life in patients with urological disease.Materials and Methods: We assembled available Spanish versions and translated English versions of questions regarding satisfaction, the American Urological Association symptom index, the University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index and a pain inventory. We then examined English-Spanish reliability by asking bilin...
Recognition, segmentation and retrieval of gang graffiti images on a mobile device

In this paper we describe three methods for recognition, segmentation and retrieval of gang graffiti images. The first method is color recognition based on touchscreen tracing, the second method is color image segmentation based on Gaussian thresholding and the third method is content based image retrieval. Our experimental results show an image retrieval accuracy of 92.8% for gang graffiti scene recognition and an image retrieval accuracy of 50.0% for gang graffiti component classification. The experiments also show an average image retrieval time of 0.56 seconds, from which the scoring process takes on average 984 microseconds.
Effect of Mechanical and Thermal Cycling on Shape Memory Properties of High Temperature Cu-Al-Ni Single Crystals

With a view towards applications as actuators, the effect of mechanical cycling followed by thermal cycling on 1.5 mm diameter Cu-13.3%Al-4%Ni (by weight) single crystal wires with high stress-free transformation temperatures: Mf = 96°C, Ms = 105.5°C, As = 111.6°C and Af = 115.8°C (determined by the method of tangents) have been studied at different ambient temperatures in the range 25–125°C. The tests are carried out in an Instron machine with an environmental chamber. Stress cycling at a given ambient temperature was carried out for an overall strain of 9% until the stress-strain curves became fairly repeatable. A total of 35 stress cycles were needed to span the ambient temperature range, 25–125°C. The material showed an excellent retention of the shape memory effect in the range of 25–100°C (this is below the Af = 115.8°C of the as-received sample), excellent pseudoelasticity at 125°C, and no irreversible plastic deformation. A net downward shift of transformation temperatures by about 5°C did occur over the first 11 cycles. This was followed by a reversal of the downward shift and the transformation temperatures stabilized by the 35th cycle close to those of the as-received sample. The stabilized temperatures were: Mf = 95°C, Ms = 106.5°C, As = 110°C and Af = 118.5°C (method of tangents). However, the transformation occurred over a wider temperature range as compared to that of the as-received sample, especially during the austenite to martensite transformation on cooling. These features point to the possibility of the Cu-13.3%Al-4%Ni single crystal as a highly competitive candidate for actuator applications.© 2004 ASME
A general formulation for LMP evaluation

Summary form only given. The evaluation of locational marginal prices or LMPs, which constitute the basis of the new generation of market design in the US, is a critical need in the side-by-side operation of electricity markets and power systems. Their use in various applications such as congestion management and hedging requires specific LMP components in the computations. We provide a general formulation for the evaluation of the LMP components by making explicit use of the important role played by the nodes with generators with capacity that is not fixed at one of its limits. On the other hand, the LMPs of the nodes without generation or with the generators at their limits are a function of the LMPs at the marginal nodes and the impacts of the network constraints, including the losses in the network. In the formulation, we pay special attention to the importance of the assumptions and specifications - the so-called policy specification - in the determination of the components. We obtain a very general formulation that brings under a single framework the different decomposition approaches that exist. The formulation's comprehensiveness brings numerous insights into the various decompositions, provides a platform for their comparative analysis and allows us to understand the direct implications and the role of the policy specified. Moreover, the formulation reveals the limitations of any decomposition into the components due to the underlying structural interdependencies among them, which is clearly shown in the paper. We provide an example to illustrate the capabilities and the insights obtainable with the use of this formulation.
Gold nanoparticles deposited capillaries for in-capillary microextraction capillary zone electrophoresis of monohydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

This article presents the first application of gold nanoparticles deposited capillaries as pre-concentration devices for in-capillary microextraction CZE and their use for the analysis of monohydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in synthetic urine samples. The successful separation of 1-hydroxypyrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHbap), 4-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 5-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene under a single set of electrophoretic conditions is demonstrated as well as the feasibility to obtain competitive ultraviolet absorption LOD with commercial instrumentation. Enrichment factors ranging from 87 (9-OHphe) to 100 (3-OHbap) made it possible to obtain LOD ranging from 9 ng/mL (9-OHphe and 3-OHbap) to 14 ng/mL (4-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene).
Requirement of a Macromolecular Signaling Complex for β Adrenergic Receptor Modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 Potassium Channel

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of cardiac action potential duration (APD) is mediated by beta adrenergic receptor (betaAR) activation, which increases the slow outward potassium ion current (IKS). Mutations in two human I(KS) channel subunits, hKCNQ1 and hKCNE1, prolong APD and cause inherited cardiac arrhythmias known as LQTS (long QT syndrome). We show that betaAR modulation of I(KS) requires targeting of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to hKCNQ1 through the targeting protein yotiao. Yotiao binds to hKCNQ1 by a leucine zipper motif, which is disrupted by an LQTS mutation (hKCNQ1-G589D). Identification of the hKCNQ1 macromolecular complex provides a mechanism for SNS modulation of cardiac APD through IKS.
Evaluation of multiphase flotation models in grid turbulence via Particle Image Velocimetry

Abstract Industrial processes involving multi-phase flows such as flotation require understanding of the relationships between bubbles, solid particles and the flow. Modern experimental tools are employed in this effort to measure with great accuracy the basic features of the motion of all three phases in turbulent flow. We employed a unique Digital Particle Image Velocimeter (DPIV) that can record with great accuracy and kHz temporal resolution, velocity vectors of all three phases, namely the fluid, the solid particles and the air bubbles. The interaction of these three phases was studied in homogeneous isotropic turbulence generated by cylindrical grids. Particles and bubbles were released into the turbulence and the motions of the three phases were monitored. The experimental results obtained in the present work were compared with the predictions of the models published in the literature.
Another Hot Tub Hazard: Toxicity Secondary to Bromine and Hydrobromic Acid Exposure

We describe the clinical course of two patients who developed acute pneumonitis followed by reactive airways dysfunction syndrome after bathing in a hot tub. Additional findings were present and suggested that exposure to a corrosive agent was responsible. Bromine and hydrobromic acid generated from a widely used water disinfectant were implicated as the underlying cause. Physicians should be alert to the possibility that such exposures may initiate or exacerbate inflammatory pulmonary disease.
Surface Modification Energized by FIB: The Influence of Etch Rates & Aspect Ratio on Ripple Wavelengths

Ion beams have been used to modify surface topography, producing nanometer-scale modulations (and even subnanometer ripples in this work) that have potential uses ranging from designing self-assembly structures, to controlling stiction of micromachined surfaces, to providing imprint templates for patterned media. Modern computer-controlled Focused Ion Beam tools enable alternating submicron patterned zones of such ion-eroded surfaces, as well as dramatically increasing the rate of ion beam processing. The DualBeam FIB/SEM also expedites process development while minimizing the use of materials that may be precious (Diamond) and/or produce hazardous byproducts (Beryllium). A FIB engineer can prototype a 3-by-3-by-3 matrix of variables in tens of minutes and consume as little as zeptoliters of material; whereas traditional ion beam processing would require tens of days and tens of precious wafers. Saturation wavelengths have been reported for ripples on materials such as single crystal silicon or diamond (∼200nm); however this work achieves wavelengths >400nm on natural diamond. Conversely, Be can provide a stable and ordered 2-dimensional array of <40nm periodicity. Also ripples <0.4nm are fabricated on carbon-base surfaces, and these quantized picostructures are measured by HR-TEM and electron diffraction. Rippling is a function of material, ion beam, and angle; but is also controlled by chemical environment, redeposition, and aspect ratio. Ideally a material has a constant yield (atoms sputtered off per incident ion); however, pragmatic FIB processes, coupled with the direct metrological feedback in a DualBeam tool, reveal etch rates do not remain constant for nanometer-scale processing. Control of rippling requires controlled metrology, and robust software tools are developed to enhance metrology. In situ monitoring of the influence of aspect ratio and redeposition at the micron scale correlates to the rippling fundamentals that occur at the nanometer scale and are controlled by the boundary conditions of FIB processing.
Facial degloving approach to the midface

The purpose of this article is to describe the facial degloving approach for ablative surgery for various pathologies involving the midface skeleton. The main advantages of the facial degloving procedure are wide exposure of the midface skeleton, the associated low morbidity, and excellent cosmetic outcome that avoids external scars.
Abstract 2026: Co-targeting c-Met and COX-2 leads to enhanced inhibition of lung tumorigenesis in a murine model with heightened HGF signaling in the airways.

The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway is often dysregulated in lung cancer. We previously showed that HGF activation of c-Met in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells led to a significant induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) followed by secretion of PGE 2 . PGE 2 caused secretion of TGFα by NSCLC cells, followed by both phosphorylation of EGFR and later, delayed phosphorylation of c-Met that does not require HGF. Secretion of PGE 2 also appears to boost c-Met pathway signaling downstream via cross-activation by EGFR, in a reinforcing loop that is independent of HGF. We hypothesized that targeting of both c-Met and COX-2 might lead to enhanced anti-tumor effects by blocking both upstream and downstream pro-tumor events. Maximum effects on cell proliferation, invasion and EMT markers were observed in vitro in NSCLC cell lines with combination celecoxib and crizotinib treatment. We next tested whether targeting c-Met with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib combined with celecoxib to target COX-2 would result in enhanced anti-tumor effects in an animal model with heightened HGF/c-Met pathway signaling in the airways. Mice transgenic for airway expression of human HGF were treated with the tobacco carcinogen, 4-(methylnitroso-amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, from weeks 1-4. Crizotinib (40mg/kg), celecoxib (50mg/kg), combined crizotinib and celecoxib or placebo control was administered by oral gavage daily from week 3 until week 15, at which time lung tumors were evaluated. A highly significant decrease in the number of lung tumors per animal was observed with crizotinib treatment (mean 3.6, range 2-6), celecoxib treatment (mean 4.3, range 3-6) and combination treatment (mean 1.5, range 0-3) compared to placebo control (mean 9.9, range 6-13; P 2 ), celecoxib (mean 0.22mm 2 ) and combination (mean 0.15mm 2 ) compared to placebo (mean 0.38mm 2 , P 2 , and P-MAPK) were optimally down-modulated by combination treatment, compared to single treatment. Additionally, E-cadherin expression was up-regulated while the E-cadherin repressor, snail, was down-regulated with dual treatment. In a pulmonary environment with heightened HGF/c-Met pathway activity, dual inhibition of the c-Met and COX-2 pathways may enhance anti-tumor effects by targeting reinforcing up- and downstream signaling. Such a combination has potential clinical benefit for lung cancer patients with dysregulated c-Met/COX-2 pathways. Supported by R01 CA79882 and P50 CA090440. Citation Format: Laura P. Stabile, Mary E. Rothstein, Christopher T. Gubish, Nathan Lee, Diana E. Cunningham, Jill M. Siegfried. Co-targeting c-Met and COX-2 leads to enhanced inhibition of lung tumorigenesis in a murine model with heightened HGF signaling in the airways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2026. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2026
The Influence of Supervisory Behavioral Integrity on Intent to Comply with Organizational Ethical Standards and Organizational Commitment

We examined cynicism as a mediator of the influence of managers’ mission-congruent communication and behavior about ethical standards (a form of supervisory behavioral integrity) on employee attitudes and intended behavior. Results indicated that cynicism partially mediates the relationship between supervisory behavioral integrity and organizational commitment, but not the relationship between supervisory behavioral integrity and intent to comply with organizational expectations for employee conduct.
Treatment integrity and treatment effects vary for the Corrective Reading Decoding program when implemented with middle school students with reading difficulties

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Benner, G. J., Nelson, J. R., Stage, S. A., & Ralston, N. C. (2011). The influence of fidelity of implementation on the reading outcomes of middle school students experiencing reading difficulties. Remedial and Special Education, 32, 79–88. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This research was supported in part by funding from the Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board using Title II, Part A (Improving Teacher Quality) funds from the U.S. Department of Education; the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Effect of fictive temperature on mechanical strength of soda-lime glasses

Mechanical strength and surface fictive temperature of soda-lime glass were measured as a function of heat-treatment time and temperature below the glass transition temperature. The mechanical strength of rod samples was measured using a four-point bend test and surface fictive temperature was measured by the IR reflection method. Both mechanical strength and surface fictive temperature changed with heat-treatment time and temperature in the same manner, supporting the view that the mechanical strength is dictated by fictive temperature.
Incremental unsupervised topological place discovery

This paper describes an online place discovery and recognition engine that fuses information over time to create topologically distinct places. A key motivation is the recognition that a single image may be a poor exemplar of what constitutes a place. Images are not ‘places’ nor are they ‘documents’. Instead, by treating image-sequences as a multimodal distribution over topics – and by discovering topics incrementally and online – it is possible to both reduce the memory footprint of place recognition systems, and to improve precision and recall. Distinctive key-places are represented by a cluster topics found from the covisibility graph of a relative simultaneous localization and mapping engine – key-places inherently span many images. A dynamic vocabulary of visual words and density based clustering is used to continually estimate a set of visual topics, changes in which drive the placerecognition process. The system is evaluated using an indoor robot sequence, a standard outdoor robot sequence and a longterm sequence from a static camera. Experiments demonstrate qualitatively distinct themes associated with discovered places – from common place types such as ‘hallway’, or ‘desk-area’, to temporal concepts such as ‘dusk’, ‘dawn’ or ‘mid-day’. Compared to traditional image-based place-recognition, this reduces the information that must be stored without reducing place-recognition performance.
Geometrical effects in conduction electron spin resonance in metals

Abstract We present measurements of two sample geometry effects observed via the microwave transmission electron spin resonance in metals. One of these effects, termed “inhomogenous rf broadening,” is discussed for the first time in the resonance literature and may be important under appropriate circumstances in the NMR of gases or liquids. Our observations are in quantitative agreement with theoretical calculations. The second effect is a consequence of surface relaxarion, not in the regionof the sample exposed to the rf field, but at the periphery where the sample is bonded to the microwave cavities. The temperature dependence of the spin relaxation rate is determined for Na under conditions where the above effects are rendered negligible.
Comparison of procedures for co-registering scalp-recording locations to anatomical magnetic resonance images

Functional brain imaging techniques require accurate co-registration to anatomical images to precisely identify the areas being activated. Many of them, including diffuse optical imaging, rely on scalp-placed recording sensors. Fiducial alignment is an effective and rapid method for co-registering scalp sensors onto anatomy, but is quite sensitive to placement errors. Surface Euclidean distance minimization using the Levenberq-Marquart algorithm (LMA) has been shown to be very accurate when based on good initial guesses, such as precise fiducial alignment, but its accuracy drops substantially with fiducial placement errors. Here we compared fiducial and LMA co-registration methods to a new procedure, the iterative closest point-to-plane (ICP2P) method, using simulated and real data. An advantage of ICP2P is that it eliminates the need to identify fiducials and is, therefore, entirely automatic. We show that, typically, ICP2P is as accurate as fiducial-based LMA, but is less sensitive to initial placement errors. However, ICP2P is more sensitive to spatially correlated noise in the description of the head surface. Hence, the best technique for co-registration depends on the type of data available to describe the scalp and the surface defined by the recording sensors. Under optimal conditions, co-registration error using surface-fitting procedures can be reduced to ~ 3 mm.
Catalytic hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty derivatives with cobalt carbonyl

Two cobalt-carbonyl oxo processes were developed to prepare useful products in high yield from fatty derivatives. In one process, hydroformylation in the presence of MeOH at 120 C gives dimethyl acetal esters from either methyl oleate or oleic acid. In the other, a two-step process, hydroformylation (120 C) followed by hydrogenation (180 C) gives better yields of hydroxymethyl esters from both mono- and polyunsaturated fatty substrates. Recycling the cobalt catalyst was demonstrated for the second process. The acetal and acetoxymethyl derivatives of the oxo products have utility as polyvinyl chloride plasticizers.
Decreased Skin-Test Reactivity Associated with Influenza

Eleven patients with influenzalike illnesses were skin tested with tuberculin, histoplasmin, coccidioidin, trichophytin, and Candida antigens during the acute phase of their illness and again one month later. Seven patients had serologically proven influenza and four had noninfluenzal febrile respiratory diseases. Only the group with influenza manifested significant hyporeactivity to the skin-test antigens during illness. Despite the decrease in skin reactivity during influenza, phytohemagglutinin stimulated the lymphocytes of the four patients who were studied during both the acute and convalescent phases. No decrease in skin-test reactivity was observed after immunization against influenza in four patients.
The ALS5 gene of Candida albicans and analysis of the Als5p N-terminal domain.

ALS genes of Candida albicans encode a family of cell-surface glycoproteins with a three-domain structure. Each Als protein has a relatively conserved N-terminal domain, a central domain consisting of a tandemly repeated motif, and a serine-threonine-rich C-terminal domain that is relatively variable across the family. The ALS family exhibits several types of variability that indicate the importance of considering strain and allelic differences when studying ALS genes and their encoded proteins. Analysis of ALS5 provided additional evidence of variability within the ALS family. Comparison of the ALS5 sequence from two strains indicated sequence differences larger than strain or allelic mismatches observed for other C. albicans genes. Screening a collection of commonly used C. albicans strains and clinical isolates indicated that ALS5 is not present in several of these strains, supporting the conclusion that the Als protein profile is variable among C. albicans isolates. Physical mapping of ALS5 showed that it is located close to ALS1 on chromosome 6. The N-terminal domain of Als5p was produced in Pichia pastoris to initiate structural analysis of this portion of the protein. The hydrophobic character of this portion of the protein was exploited in the purification scheme. Circular dichroism analysis of the purified, authenticated protein yielded a high content of antiparallel beta-sheet and little to no alpha-helical structure. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the N-terminal domain of Als5p has an immunoglobulin fold structure similar to that found in many cell adhesion molecules. Gene sequences of C. albicans ALS5 (Accession No. AF068866) and TPI1 (Accession No. AF124845) have been deposited in the GenBank database.
Solar energy conversion via hot electron internal photoemission in metallic nanostructures: Efficiency estimates

Collection of hot electrons generated by the efficient absorption of light in metallic nanostructures, in contact with semiconductor substrates can provide a basis for the construction of solar energy-conversion devices. Herein, we evaluate theoretically the energy-conversion efficiency of systems that rely on internal photoemission processes at metal-semiconductor Schottky-barrier diodes. In this theory, the current-voltage characteristics are given by the internal photoemission yield as well as by the thermionic dark current over a varied-energy barrier height. The Fowler model, in all cases, predicts solar energy-conversion efficiencies of <1% for such systems. However, relaxation of the assumptions regarding constraints on the escape cone and momentum conservation at the interface yields solar energy-conversion efficiencies as high as 1%–10%, under some assumed (albeit optimistic) operating conditions. Under these conditions, the energy-conversion efficiency is mainly limited by the thermionic dark current, the distribution of hot electron energies, and hot-electron momentum considerations.
A Tentative Mechanism for Inferior Punctate Keratopathy

We analyzed the blinking motions of ten patients with inferior punctate keratopathy and ten normal subjects by means of time-lapse motion pictures. We also determined the frequency of blinking during one-minute intervals for each individual. Four types of blinking were distinguished: complete, incomplete, twitch, and forced blink. The average blinking frequency was about the same for both groups: 16 to 17 blinks per minute. The relative proportion of complete blinks, however, was much lower in patients with inferior punctate keratopathy than in normal subjects. The impaired blinking motion may be responsible for the punctate staining of the inferior corneal epithelium by producing exposure and inadequacies in the tear film. For this reason, these patients may benefit from blink training, application of tear substitutes, or soft contact lenses more than from the customary prescription of topical cortisone eyedrops.
Lasting leadership: Toward sustainable school improvement

After decades of meager results in school improvement efforts that work and that last, it may seem irrational to hope that this time it could be different—that we could learn and apply approaches to lasting school improvement. Obama (2006, The audacity of hope. New York: Crown publications) might refer to such hope as audacious. What gives us the impulse for hope in the face of continued disappointment? This is not to suggest that all of our efforts have come to naught. Having witnessed and participated in hopeful approaches for more than 40 years, I’ve seen noteworthy programs and heard exceptionally wise ideas. Islands of hope existed in each decade, yet even these remarkable islands drop below sea level when founders, principals or key teachers leave. As long as any one individual is indispensable, sustainability is a distant dream. As I’ve talked with educators, parents, students and community members over these years, I’ve been bombarded with questions. The question I find most compelling is: “We can now understand our schools as they exist. And, we have an improving image of what sustainable schools look like, but how do we get there from here? How do we find our way to the sustainability we yearn for?
The origin of diastereofacial control in allylboration reactions using tartrate ester derived allylboronates: attractive interactions between the Lewis acid coordinated aldehyde carbonyl group and an ester carbonyl oxygen.

Transition-state structures for the allylboration reaction between the tartrate ester and tartramide modified allylboronates and acetaldehyde are located at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. An attractive interaction between the boron-activated aldehyde and the ester or amide carbonyl oxygen lone pair is found to play a major role in the favored transition states 11a and 13. This attractive interaction appears to be electrostatic in origin. However, an n → π* charge-transfer type of interaction has not been ruled out. The distance (2.77 A) between the aldehydic hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen in transition state 13 is beyond the sum of van der Waals radii. The formyl C−H···O bond angle (109°) in this transition structure deviates far from linearity. Therefore, hydrogen-bonding interactions between the formyl C−H and the amide carbonyl oxygen are considered negligible. The distance (3.81 A) between the aldehydic oxygen and the amide carbonyl oxygen in the diastereomeric, disfavored transition state 14 is ...
Why you're probably less popular than your friends.

The article discusses mathematics and individual popularity in terms of the number of friends an individual has.
HRM perspectives on addiction to technology and work

Purpose – The aim of this study is an exploration of the behavioural addictions to work (workaholism) and to use of technology (technolophilia), particularly as they overlap in managers' work routines and expectations placed on their employees.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a qualitative analysis of managers' comments from structured interviews and focus groups in several countries.Findings – This research culminated in a model of various adaptations to both work pressure and need to use technology in today's business work, including the potential to over‐adapt or lapse into a pattern of addiction.Research limitations/implications – The consolidation of multi‐disciplinary literature and the framework of the model will serve as a reference points for continuing research on behavioural addictions related to work and technology.Practical implications – Human resource professionals concerned with employee well‐being can utilize the components of this model to proactively recognize problems a...
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during morphine-induced stimulation of breathing movements in fetal lambs

Brain blood flow increased in the fetal lamb during morphine-induced stimulation of breathing. The increase in flow was 60% in the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, and 100% in the midbrain plus rhinencephalon, pons, medulla and cervical spinal cord. Oxygen content of arterial blood decreased in all experiments and the arterial carbon dioxide tension increased in all but one of the experiments. The increase in cerebral blood flow observed is predicted by the changes in arterial oxygen content and carbon dioxide tension. Cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilization were not changed by morphine treatment. These results suggest that there is no direct effect of morphine upon cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the fetal lamb during morphine-stimulated breathing.
Geography, Race, and Quantification

This article reviews how race, quantification, and raced quantification have been used and written about in geography. Its two primary arguments are that race should be more central in the discipline and that a reluctance to address ontological and epistemological issues has left quantitative geography methodologically impoverished. These two issues merge in an examination of two cases where race is employed as a variable in quantitative models. The critique of these cases is not meant as a condemnation of quantitative geography but as an instructive example on which to construct a critical quantitative geography. The article ends by stressing the importance of quantification in geography and by presenting exemplars of race-critical quantification.
Thoughts on ‘MgSO4 ion association in seawater’ by Fisher, Gieskes and Hsu

Abstract The correct values of the association constants of MgSO4 and the adequacy of using the Debye—Huckel equation are considered.
A secreted Delta1-Fc fusion protein functions both as an activator and inhibitor of Notch1 signaling.

Signaling induced through interactions between DSL (Delta, serrate, LAG-2) ligand-signaling cells and Notch-responding cells influences the developmental fate of a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate cell types. Consistently with a requirement for direct cell-cell interactions, secreted DSL ligands expressed in flies do not appear to activate Notch signaling but rather produce phenotypes reminiscent of losses in Notch signaling. In contrast, secreted DSL ligands expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans or supplied to mammalian cells in culture produce effects indicative of Notch activation. In fact, engineered secreted DSL ligands have been used to study Notch signaling in neurogenesis, gliogenesis, hematopoeisis, neurite morphogenesis and ligand-induced nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain. Using a recombinant, secreted form of the DSL ligand Delta1, we found that antibody-induced oligomerization (termed "clustering") was required for this soluble ligand to bind specifically to Notch1-expressing cells, undergo internalization, and activate downstream signaling. Interestingly, clustering with either limiting or excess antibody led to ligand binding in the absence of Notch signaling, indicating that ligand binding is necessary but not sufficient for activation of Notch signaling. Moreover, such antibody clustering conditions blocked Notch1 signaling induced by membrane-bound DSL ligands. We propose that multimerization influences whether ligand binding to Notch results in activation or inhibition of downstream signaling and suggest that differences in ligand presentation might account for why secreted forms of DSL ligands have been reported to function as agonists and antagonists of Notch signal transduction.
Predictors of outcome and recidivism in smoking cessation treatment.

Abstract In an attempt to determine predictors of success in a multicomponent behavioral treatment program for smoking, data generated from a pre-treatment history questionnaire and treatment records for 100 participants were analyzed by computer. Participants who abstained after eight weeks of treatment were those who had smoked at lower rates and for shorter periods of time, who were less overweight, and who were more compliant with treatment instructions (keeping daily records). In a separate analysis of recidivism, participants who were less likely to have relapsed by the one-year follow-up were those who, prior to treatment, had reported smoking a greater proportion of cigarettes in non-dysphoric (positive or neutral affect) states. The variables which predicted outcome were independent from those which predicted recidivism and vice versa. The research suggests that treatment effectiveness might be enhanced by providing components which take into account individual subject characteristics.