cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of driver distraction and secondary tasks with and without other co-occurring driving behaviors on the level of road traffic crashes.

Abstract Driving safety is typically affected by concurrent non-driving tasks. These activities might negatively impact the trips’ outcome and cause near-crash or crash incidents and accidents. The crashes impose a tremendous social and economic cost to society and might affect the involving individuals’ quality of life. As it stands, road injuries are ranked among top-ten leading causes of death by the World Health Organization. Distracted driving is defined as an attention diversion of the driver toward a competing activity. It was shown in numerous studies that distracted driving increase the probability of near-crash or crash events. By leveraging the statistical power of the large SHRP2 naturalistic data, we are able to quantify the preponderance of specific distractions during daily trips and confirm the causality factor of an ubiquitous non-driving task in the crash event. We show that, except for phone usage which happens more frequently in near-crash and crash categories than in baseline trips, both distracted driving and secondary tasks occur almost uniformly in different types of trips. In this study, we investigate the impact of the co-occurrence of distracted driving with other driving behaviors and secondary tasks. It is found that the co-occurrence of distracted driving with other driving behaviors or secondary tasks increase the chance of near-crash and crash events. This study's findings can inform the design and development of more precise and reliable driving assistance and warning systems.
Fundamentals of Gaussian CM Sequences

Markov processes are widely used in modeling random phenomena/problems. However, they may not be adequate in some cases where more general processes are needed. The conditionally Markov (CM) process is a generalization of the Markov process based on conditioning. There are several classes of CM processes (one of them is the class of reciprocal processes), which provide more capability (than Markov) for modeling random phenomena. Reciprocal processes have been used in many different applications (e.g., image processing, intent inference, intelligent systems). In this paper, nonsingular Gaussian (NG) CM sequences are studied, characterized, and their dynamic models are presented. The presented results provide effective tools for studying reciprocal sequences from the CM viewpoint, which is different from that of the literature. Also, the presented models and characterizations serve as a basis for application of CM sequences, e.g., in motion trajectory modeling with destination information.
Chronic Kidney Disease is A Biomarker Rather Than A Risk Factor for Stroke.

Abstract Background Over the last approximate 15 years some have suggested that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for stroke in and of itself. The assertion that CKD is a risk factor for stroke requires more scrutiny. It is possible that CKD is a reflection of severity of conditions such as hypertension and diabetes that are themselves among the most treatable risk factors for stroke or it is possible that the effects of CKD change vascular and related physiological functions and therefor directly contribute to increased risk of stroke and it is also possible that treatments for advance CKD such has hemodialysis could contribute to increased risk of stroke as secondary effects of the treatment methods. To addresses these issues as participant in the Brain & Kidney Conference 2020 debate on this issue we were assigned the task of arguing that “Resolved: CKD is not a risk factor for stroke”. Methods We performed a structured literature review in Pub Med of the currently generally accepted recognized risk factors for stroke as well as publications relating CKD and risk of stroke. Results We found that CKD and stroke is highly confounded by the cause of CKD such that the highest incidence of stroke happens in persons whose CKD is related to HTN and diabetes mellitus. Non-vascular causes of CKD have a much lower stroke incidence than those with vascular causes of CKD. When the major clinical risk factors are controlled for the relative risk of stroke drops dramatically by more than 35% to an odds ratio of only 1.1. We also found that in large population studies looking at the potential benefits of addressing treatable risk factors for stroke to reduce the incidence of stroke, CKD was either not mentioned or had a low contribution margin for treatment benefit. Conclusions In general CKD is not a major risk factor for stroke but we argue that it is a biomarker of severity of vascular injury especially among individuals with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Techniques for managing CKD such as hemodialysis may be related to increased risk of stroke and the contribution of CKD to intracerebral hemorrhage and brain microhemorrhages deserves more study and these were not addressed in detail in this debate.
Association of Thyroid Function with Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Thyroid disease is a very common condition that influences the entire human body, including cognitive function and mental health. As a result, thyroid disease has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and suicide is still controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to describe the association of thyroid function with suicidal behavior in adults. We searched four data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus) from their inception to 20 July 2018. Studies that reported mean values and standard deviation (SD) of thyroid hormone levels [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3)] in patients with suicidal behavior compared with controls were included in this meta-analysis. The abstracts and papers retrieved with our search strategies were reviewed independently and in duplicate by four reviewers for assessment of inclusion criteria and data extraction, as well as for evaluation of risk of bias. Random-effects models were used in this meta-analysis to establish the mean difference on thyroid function tests between groups. Overall, 2278 articles were identified, and 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies involved 2807 participants, including 826 participants identified with suicidal behavior. We found that patients with suicide behavior had lower levels of FT3 (−0.20 pg/mL; p = 0.02) and TT4 (−0.23 µg/dL; p = 0.045) compared to controls. We found no differences in either TSH, FT4, or TT3 levels among groups. With our search strategy, we did not identify studies with a comparison of overt/subclinical thyroid disease prevalence between patients with and without suicide behavior. The studies included in this meta-analysis had a low-to-moderate risk of bias. In the available literature, the evidence regarding the association of thyroid disorders and suicidal behavior is limited. We found that patients with suicidal behavior have significantly lower mean FT3 and TT4 levels when compared to patients without suicidal behavior. The clinical implications and pathophysiologic mechanisms of these differences remain unknown and further research is needed.
ToxPi*GIS Toolkit: Creating, viewing, and sharing integrative visualizations for geospatial data using ArcGIS

Background: Presenting a comprehensive picture of geographic data comprising multiple factors is an inherently integrative undertaking. Visualizing such data in an interactive form is essential for public sharing and geographic information systems (GIS) analysis. The Toxicological Prioritization Index (ToxPi) framework has been used as an integrative model layered atop geospatial data, and its deployment within the dynamic ArcGIS universe would open up powerful new avenues for sophisticated, interactive GIS analysis. Objective: We propose an actively developed suite of software, the ToxPi*GIS Toolkit, for creating, viewing, sharing, and analyzing interactive ToxPi figures in ArcGIS. Methods: The ToxPi*GIS Toolkit is a collection of methods for creating interactive feature layers that contain ToxPi diagrams. It currently includes an ArcGIS Toolbox (ToxPiToolbox.tbx) for drawing geographically located ToxPi diagrams onto a feature layer, a collection of modular Python scripts that create predesigned layer files containing ToxPi feature layers from the command line, and a collection of Python routines for useful data manipulation and preprocessing. We present workflows documenting ToxPi feature layer creation, sharing, and embedding for both novice and advanced users looking for additional customizability. Results: Map visualizations created with the ToxPi*GIS Toolkit can be made freely available on public URLs, allowing users without ArcGIS Pro access or expertise to view and interact with them. Novice users with ArcGIS Pro access can create de novo custom maps, and advanced users can exploit additional customization options. The ArcGIS Toolbox provides a simple means for generating ToxPi feature layers. We illustrate its usage with current COVID-19 data to compare drivers of pandemic vulnerability in counties across the United States. Significance: Development of new features, which will advance the interests of the scientific community in many fields, is ongoing for the ToxPi*GIS Toolkit, which can be accessed from www.toxpi.org.
Distributed Learning and Control for Manufacturing Systems Scheduling

A new distributed learning and control (DLC) approach is presented in this paper which integrates part-driven distributed arrival time control (DATC) and machine-driven distributed reinforcement learning control. This approach is suitable for just-in-time (JIT) production for multi-objective scheduling problem in dynamically changing shop floor environment. While part controllers are adjusting their associated parts' arrival time to minimize due-date deviation, machine controllers equipped with learning components are searching for optimal dispatching policies. The machines' control problem is modeled as Semi Markov Decision Process (SMDP) and solved using one-step Q-learning. The DLC algorithms are evaluated for minimizing the sum of duedate deviation cost and setup cost using simulation. Results show that DLC algorithms achieve significant performance improvement over usual dispatching rules in complex real-time shop floor control problems for JIT production.
The linde argon-oxygen process for stainless steel; A case study of major innovation in a basic industry

The Lecture traces the development of the Linde Argon-Oxygen Process from its conception in 1955 to its full scale and widespread utilization in the specialty steel industry on a worldwide basis at the present time. The basic invention was derived from f i r s t principles of physical chemistry known to all third year college chemistry students. Its long saga of development over a fifteen-year period required a great deal more; namely, a corporation with tremendous resources and, more importantly, almost boundless faith to continue in spite of some devastating reversals , a small company with great vision and engineering ingenuity to evolve a nontraditional process for the manufacture of stainless steel which many larger companies had despaired of, and a marketing effort which was able to do the almost impossible which was to convince a basic industry such as steel of the merits of a revolutionary new process significantly different in method of operation and capital requirements without being a part of that industry itself and without means of proving the process in-house. The development of the Linde Argon-Oxygen Process is a massive tribute to American industry, the dedication of many of its members, and the tremendous ability of different industries to work together in a major development. The Lecture attempts, as any good case history should, to generalize from this specific case the lessons to be learned by industry, by individual engineers and scientists , by government, and the academic community in major process innovation in a basic industry. Such an increased understanding leading to improved implementation of new knowledge into major industry is critically important if the United States is to improve its standing in international markets. Since the Linde Argon-Oxygen Process is an all-American development, its study should lead us to fuller understanding of both the unique advantages our system provides for such innovation and means by which we may accelerate such badly-needed developments in the future.
Treating Electrostatic Shielding at the Surface of Silica as Discrete Siloxide·Cation Interactions

This work examines the influence of ions in solution on electroosmosis inside a fused silica capillary using capillary electrophoresis; it thereby examines “shielding” at charged interfaces. Theories are reviewed that model ionic solutions as continuous dielectrics: the nonlinear form of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation gives rise to the simplified, more commonly used Debye−Huckel (DH) equation. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used to measure the rate of electroosmotic flow as a function of the concentration of different monovalent and divalent cations in aqueous solution. These data are used to test three specific predictions of DH theory: this theory does not describe these data adequately. The central reason behind the inadequacy of DH theory here is its inability to account for details at the level of individual ions other than by mean-field electrostatics: that is, chemical characteristics of ionsfor example, polarizability, hydrated size, energy of hydration, ability to coordinate other ions by c...
Ovariectomy hinders the early stage of bone-implant integration: Histomorphometric, biomechanical, and molecular analyses

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a contributing factor to alveolar bone atrophy associated with tooth loss in the elderly. The use of dental titanium implants has been increasingly adapted to treat these edentulous patients. This study examines whether female gonadal hormone deficiency interferes with the critical integration process between bone and implants. Two types of experimental titanium implants with acid-treated surfaces were placed in the femurs of ovariectomized (ovx) and sham-operated control rats: T-cell implants with a hollow chamber for histomorphometric and steady-state mRNA expression assays, and unthreaded cylindrical implants for biomechanical push-in tests. At week 2, less bone area was found in the ovx-implant group (p 0.0495) than in the sham-implant group. The implant push-in test showed that the ovx-implant group had approximately half of the withstanding value of the sham-implant group (p 0.009). However, these differences between the ovx and sham groups became diminished at week 4. Total RNA samples were examined by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for col1a1, col3a1, bone sialoprotein (bSP) II, osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, integrin 1 and integrin 3. In untreated bones and in created bone defects without implant placement, ovx did not affect the steady-state levels of the mRNAs tested. When implants were placed, significant upregulation of these genes was observed in the sham-implant group; however, only osteocalcin and integrins were upregulated in the ovx-implant group. The results suggest a biphasic effect of female gonadal hormone deficiency that may temporarily interfere with the early implant-tissue integration process, and which may be associated with a failure to upregulate a selected set of bone extracellular matrix genes. Once established, however, functional bone-implant integration can be achieved even in ovx rats. (Bone 30:137–143; 2002) © 2002 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Abstract 2975: The pluripotency factor LIN28 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis and tumor progression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA LIN28A and LIN28B are RNA-binding protein paralogs expressed in embryonic stem cells and in early developing tissues. Through blocking the terminal processing of let-7 miRNAs and regulating the translation of a number of mRNA binding targets, LIN28 controls an array of targets that mediate proliferation, pluripotency, differentiation and metabolism. While highly expressed in the early embryos, the levels of LIN28A/B are downregulated as differentiation and development proceed. However, aberrant overexpression of LIN28 is often observed in human malignancies especially those with poor prognosis. We have demonstrated that LIN28 promotes cellular transformation in vitro, yet it is unknown how LIN28 regulates tumorigenesis in vivo. Here, we investigate the role of LIN28 in colorectal cancer (CRC) in humans and in mouse models. We first investigated the status of LIN28A/B in 1000 CRC patients and observed 35-60% of the cancer samples express LIN28A and/or LIN28B. Furthermore, we generated intestinal-specific LIN28 overexpressing mice, and observed intestinal adenoma as well as invasive adenocarcinoma that highly resemble the histology of human CRCs. Moreover, in Apcmin/+ animals, additional LIN28 expression significantly increased tumor incidence and accelerated disease onset, as their tumors are poorly differentiated and more invasive compared with Apcmin/+ tumors. Together, our study shows that LIN28 drives intestinal tumorigenesis and further promotes tumor progression in vivo. CRC is one of the major contributors to cancer-related mortality; however, current mouse models seldom progress to later stages of the disease, which greatly impedes efforts to developing more effective therapies. Based on the knowledge gained from this research, we hope to provide novel insights into designing therapeutics targeting late-stage CRC. Citation Format: Sarah Schwitalla, Ho-Chou Tu, Srinivas Viswanathan, Hao Zhu, Zhirong Qian, Samar Shah, Shuji Ogino, George Q. Daley. The pluripotency factor LIN28 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis and tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2975. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2975
How College/University Presidents around the World Make Decisions

The world is rapidly changing into a different kind of world where the wealth of a nation is defined by the educational level of its people. Higher education institutions throughout the world provide the means to meet today's information and knowledge requirements dictated by the ever-fluid global marketplace. Colleges and universities offer courses and programmes allowing nations to reap the benefits of an educated workforce and compete globally. College/university presidents by their position wield great power and authority to direct their respective institutions. Decisions made by presidents of colleges/universities have significant consequences on complex transnational tertiary education issues. If college/university presidents around the world are expected to make similar types of decisions to foster a borderless transnational tertiary education system, then it is important to know more about the substance of their work and how they make administrative and fiscal management decisions. The purpose of this global study was to identify 'pre-choice' factors employed by presidents of higher education institutions around the world when making decisions. Seven college/university presidents, one participant on each continent (North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe, with an island representative as a substitute for Antarctica) was selected to accommodate global distribution.
Aortic Homograft for Pharyngeal Closure after Total Laryngectomy: A Case Report of a New Method

Postoperative course for this patient was uneventful and he underwent a modified barium swallow study on POD # 10 which showed no evidence of fistula. The salivary bypass tube was removed in the office 1 month postoperatively. To date (8 months), the patient has no dysphagia to liquids or solids. Aortic homograft provides not only a novel approach to reconstruction of the neopharynx, but may also have potential for pharyngeal stenosis reconstruction. Methods Introduction
Real and complex intersections between potential energy surfaces of the same symmetry in polyatomic systems

Abstract Two different viewpoints of possible intersections between potential energy surfaces of the same symmetry for polyatomic systems are considered and extended to the general framework of complex nuclear coordinates. The results of ab initio calculations for complex nuclear coordinates yield a surface of n -1 complex dimensions, where n is the number of nuclear degrees of freedom. This supports the traditional viewpoint that intersections (real or complex) can exist between potential energy surfaces of the same symmetry.
An Anti-Depressing Discovery for Lung Cancer Treatment

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a subtype of lung cancer with a poor 5-year survival rate (~5%). SCLC is typically treated with combination chemotherapy, which produces impressive initial response rates. Unfortunately, almost all tumors develop resistance to these treatments. Despite extensive efforts, there are currently no targeted therapies approved for SCLC. Jahchan and colleagues used an innovative bioinformatics approach to identify potential therapies for SCLC by analyzing the gene expression signatures of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved compounds and predicting their efficacy against SCLC. Interestingly, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and other compounds that block heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein–coupled receptors (including neurotransmitters) were at the top of the list. This result may not be as surprising as it first sounds, because SCLC is a neuroendocrine tumor that expresses the neurotransmitters blocked by these drugs. The authors showed that two FDA-approved compounds, imipramine and promethazine, caused tumor cell death and inhibited the growth of SCLC in a genetic mouse model and in human SCLC cell lines transplanted into mice. Importantly, imipramine demonstrated efficacy against tumors that were previously exposed to chemotherapy, indicating that it might also be effective against chemoresistant tumors in patients. The results of this study suggest that the tested agents may also be effective against other neuroendocrine tumors, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Merkel cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, and more. On the basis of these findings, a Phase IIa clinical trial testing increasing doses of a related TCA, desipramine, is currently under way for patients with SCLC and other high-grade neuroendocrine tumors. Although results of this trial are years away, if successful, this approach will have greatly expedited the use of these approved drugs for treatment of SCLC. It remains unknown whether TCAs or related drugs could provide protection against SCLC in a preventative setting. Further studies will also be required to elucidate exactly why these drugs are effective, but this knowledge promises to improve treatment options and survival of patients with this deadly disease. N. S. Jahchan et al. , A drug repositioning approach identifies tricyclic antidepressants as inhibitors of small cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Discov ., published online 27 September 2013 (10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0183). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2013/09/16/2159-8290.CD-13-0183.abstract
Interdependence of virtual electrode polarization and conduction velocity during premature stimulation

Abstract Background Fiber orientation in the heart plays a crucial role in the anisotropic nature of impulse propagation and the formation of virtual electrode polarization (VEP). The relationship between anisotropic conduction velocity and VEP is not fully understood. Methods and Results We recorded transmembrane potential from the surface of isolated rabbit hearts (N = 7) in the presence of 15 mmol/L of diacetylmonoxime using a video imaging system. We paced each heart at a constant cycle length of 250 milliseconds and delivered a premature stimulus (S2) from the same unipolar electrode. The S2 pulses of either polarity were applied at various coupling intervals (CIs); S2 duration was 10 milliseconds and stimulus amplitude was 40 mA. Impulse propagation at 250 milliseconds occurred via elliptical waves with an anisotropy ratio (AR) of approximately 2.5. Owing to VEP, AR varied dramatically as a function of S2 polarity and CI. At intermediate CIs (∼150 milliseconds), AR was decreased by a factor of 3 for anodal stimulation and increased by a factor of 2 for cathodal stimulation. At slightly shorter CIs (∼115 milliseconds), impulse propagation was blocked, leading to unidirectional block and the initiation of reentrant arrhythmias. Conduction block always occurred along fibers for anodal stimulation and across fibers for cathodal stimulation. Conclusion Fiber orientation plays a prominent role in impulse propagation during premature stimulation such as that which occurs during pacing of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The interdependence of VEP and conduction velocity acts to dramatically alter AR and arrhythmogenesis.
Grain Sorghum and Soybean Cropping Sequence Affect Yield and Fertilizer N Requirement

In the eastern Great Plains, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are commonly grown in rotation, but the effects of cropping sequence on yield and fertilizer N management have not been thoroughly evaluated in this region. A 10-year field study was conducted in southeastern Kansas to evaluate the effects of various grain sorghum and soybean cropping sequences on grain yield of both crops, and to determine the influence of two fertilizer nitrogen rates (75 and 135 lb/acre) on grain yield and N concentration of plant and grain for rotated and non-rotated grain sorghum. Cropping sequences were: (i) 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of each crop after 5 years of the other crop; (ii) an annual rotation of each crop; and (iii) continuous monoculture of each crop. Grain yield of both soybean and grain sorghum were highest for the 1st-year crop after five years of the other crop, averaging 33 and 25% more than yield of the respective monoculture crop. Grain yield of both crops declined with increasing years of consecutive planting. Rotated grain sorghum (1st year and annually) yields were increased only 5% or less with greater than 75 lb of N per acre, whereas non-rotated grain sorghum yields averaged 15% greater when N rate was increased to 135 lb/acre. The addition of higher fertilizer N to non-rotated grain sorghum, however, did not compensate for the rotation effect with soybean. Plant and grain N concentrations also were higher for rotated grain sorghum than for monoculture. The results from this long-term study clearly demonstrate the beneficial effect of crop rotation on soybean and grain sorghum yield and also show that the fertilizer N requirement for grain sorghum is reduced significantly when it is rotated with soybean.
Design of superhydrophobic ultraoleophobic NyCo

The apparent contact angles of dodecane droplets deposited on a 50:50 nylon:cotton blended woven fabric (NyCo) were measured, and the characteristics required for an ultraoleophobic surface were described. The metastable Cassie–Baxter model, a transition status from the original Cassie–Baxter model to the Wenzel model, was investigated to design ultraoleophobic surfaces and to understand the wetting behavior of such surfaces. Using chemical and geometrical modifications of NyCo, a surface having contact angles to dodecane of greater than 150° and water contact angles of greater than 165° has been prepared. Good agreement between the predicted and measured contact angles was obtained. Developing a superhydrophobic ultraoleophobic material has been achieved by two criteria: a low-surface-energy and a properly designed surface morphology.
Direction of Easy Magnetization in Gadolinium

The direction of easy magnetization in Gd is studied as a function of temperature and pressure. The pertinent experimental results have already been given by Robinson, Milstein, and Jayaraman. A Gd sample was used as the core of a small transformer; a constant input voltage was supplied to this transformer. The secondary voltage was monitored as a function of temperature at several constant pressures. The secondary voltage of the transformer, being proportional to the permeability of the sample, is a sensitive indicator of changes in magnetic structure in the Gd sample. Typically, the secondary voltages behave as follows as the temperature of the transformer is lowered: A sharp rise in the secondary voltage occurs at the Curie temperature, followed by another sharp rise at a temperature well below the Curie point. The magnitude of the secondary voltage at this latter transition is from two to three orders of magnitude greater than at the transition from the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic state. This transition is interpreted as a magnetic transition in which the direction of easy magnetization in Gd deviates from the $c$ axis. The angle of deviation is discussed in terms of the (small) anisotropy constants resulting from the weak crystalline field in Gd. In terms of the output voltage, one is able to obtain the relative deviations of the direction of easy magnetization from the $c$ axis. The temperatures, as a function of pressure, at which the maximum deviations occur can also be obtained. As the temperature is lowered further, the direction of easy magnetization starts to approach the $c$ axis again. Comparisons are made with other measurements of this angle of deviation.
Regulatory T cells: stability revisited

Breakdown in self-tolerance is caused, in part, by loss of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Recently, a controversy has surfaced about whether Treg cells are overwhelmingly stable, or if they can be reprogrammed in inflammatory and autoimmune environments. Those in the instability camp have shown that a fraction of Treg cells lose forkhead box P3 protein and acquire effector arm activities. Instability is coupled with interleukin-2 insufficiency and the inflammatory milieu that promotes reprogramming. Here, we highlight the basic tenets of each viewpoint and discuss technical, biological and environmental differences in the models that might help yield a unifying hypothesis. Also considered is how Treg cell instability could link to development of autoimmune disease and the implications for trials of Treg cell-based therapy.
Cocaine: evidence for supraspinal, dopamine-mediated, non-opiate analgesia

Cocaine (25 mg/kg i.p.) produces analgesia in the rat within 5 min and for a duration of 90 min as determined by the formalin test or for 30 min as determined by the hot plate test. Cocaine analgesia is unaffected by doses of naloxone that are sufficient to attenuate morphine analgesia in both tests. Chlorpromazine (3 mg/kg i.p.), SCH 23390 (100 micrograms/kg i.p.; a D1 dopamine receptor antagonist), and eticlopride (75 micrograms/kg i.p.; a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist) each attenuate cocaine analgesia in both tests at doses that alone do not affect performance in either test. Measurements of blood pressure and heart rate indicate that cocaine analgesia is not due to the activation of baroreceptor reflex afferents. We conclude that cocaine is a supraspinally acting, dopamine-mediated, non-opiate analgesic in the rat.
Second-contact shell mutation diminishes streptavidin-biotin binding affinity through transmitted effects on equilibrium dynamics.

We report a point mutation in the second contact shell of the high-affinity streptavidin–biotin complex that appears to reduce binding affinity through transmitted effects on equilibrium dynamics. The Y54F streptavidin mutation causes a 75-fold loss of binding affinity with 73-fold faster dissociation, a large loss of binding enthalpy (ΔΔH = 3.4 kcal/mol at 37 °C), and a small gain in binding entropy (TΔΔS = 0.7 kcal/mol). The removed Y54 hydroxyl is replaced by a water molecule in the bound structure, but there are no observable changes in structure in the first contact shell and no additional changes surrounding the mutation. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a large increase in the atomic fluctuation amplitudes for W79, a key biotin contact residue, compared to the fluctuation amplitudes in the wild-type. The increased W79 atomic fluctuation amplitudes are caused by loss of water-mediated hydrogen bonds between the Y54 hydroxyl group and peptide backbone atoms in and near W79. We propose that the i...
Inferring local surface orientation from motion fields.

The problem of inferring local surface orientation from changing images is studied computationally by deriving conditions under which the motion information is sufficient for an information-processing system, biological or otherwise, to infer unique descriptions of the local surface orientation. The analysis is based on a shape-from-motion proposition, which states that, given the first spatial derivatives of the orthographically projected velocity and acceleration fields of a rigidly rotating regular surface, then the angular velocity and the surface normal at each visible point on that surface are uniquely determined up to a reflection. The proof proceeds in two steps. First it is shown that surface tilt and one component of the angular velocity are uniquely determined by the first spatial derivatives of the velocity field. Then it is shown that surface slant and the remaining two components of the angular velocity are uniquely determined if the first spatial derivatives of the acceleration field are also available.
A strategic planning approach for developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive urban infrastructure

The guidelines have been developed to inspire change among local governments (and other actors in the field of urban development) in the planning, designing and managing of urban infrastructure. The goal is to encourage an integrated approach, taking into account principles and criteria of eco-efficiency and social inclusiveness. Such an approach will help decision makers and planners identify and prioritise win-win solutions that lead to improved competitiveness of a city and the quality of life of its inhabitants, including the poor, through environmentally sustainable urban development. Such development boosts a city's attractiveness to both investors and residents. The foremost messages of the guidelines have been extracted for the executive summary to inform mayors and other urban decision makers about pressing urban challenges and strategy options to address them. The guidelines provide a framework of approaches and tools that can be applied in different degrees of depth and breath, according to the...
Mechanism for the removal of clusters from nuclei following absorption of stopped K

Abstract The observation of the removal of alpha-particle-like and triton-like clusters from nuclei following the absorption of stopped K− may indicate enhanced three-body forces between the hypercharge-zero baryon resonance, the Y0∗ (1405 MeV), and neighboring nucleons near the nuclear surface.
Detecting Change in the Composition of a Multispecies Community

SUMMARY This paper describes an approach to extracting a trend from a time series of the composition of a multispecies community. The approach is based on a modification of a method for trend extraction from ordinary multiple time series. Two applications to a Northwest Atlantic ecosystem are described.
A concept-oriented approach to introductory computer science

A framework on which a concept-oriented introductory computer science course can be based is presented and our experience in offering such a course to a special group of high school students is described. It is suggested that introductory college-level courses should be based on this or a similar framework and our reasons for this suggestion are given.
Vegetation index suites as indicators of vegetation state in grassland and savanna: An analysis with simulated SENTINEL 2 data for a North American transect

Abstract Grasslands and savannas form a heterogeneous and patchy mosaic of spectral properties that are challenging for characterization of vegetation states. This study examines the potential for use of suites of vegetation indices (VIs) from the proposed Sentinel 2 sensor to describe vegetation states in grasslands and savannas for a North American transect. Hyperion hyperspectral data from the EO-1 satellite were used to simulate Sentinel 2, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) images for field sites in Alberta, North Dakota and Texas that represent the continuum from short grass prairie to oak savanna and are intermingled with agriculture. Indices representing photosynthetic pigments (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Carotenoid Reflectance Index, Anthocyanin Reflectance Index and Red-Green Ratio), vegetation and landscape water content (Normalized Difference Infrared Index), senescent vegetation and soil (Short Wave Infrared Ratio and Plant Senescence Reflectance Index) and herbaceous biomass (Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index) were used. There were distinct differences among sites in the relative sensitivity of different VIs depending upon moisture status, tree cover and type of grassland. Simple multi-variate models based on mean values of VIs showed limited ability to predict land cover classes and nominal vegetation states. However, analysis of sample areas using pixels as individual observations within a statistical distribution indicated that subtle variation and gradients within management or land units could be used to characterize fine differences in selected nominal states at each site. Despite some differences in band locations, all VIs except the anthocyanin reflectance index were scalable between Sentinel 2 and MODIS and VIIRS data. A framework for using suites of VIs as indicators of vegetation states that could be applied to the state and transition model approach applied by the US Natural Resource Conservation Service is described. Land types can be effectively characterized by pixel value distribution histograms, and statistical metrics may be used as indicators of status and change. However, time series are needed to fully capture states and state changes, since grasslands and savannas have such high levels of spectral and phenological variation.
A hybrid ferroelectric and charge nonvolatile memory

We introduce a new nonvolatile memory that incorporates ferroelectric (FE) switching layer and charge-storage floating node in a single gate stack. This hybrid FE-charge design reduces the depolarization field in the FE layer as well as increases the memory window over conventional FE-FET. The magnitude of the electric field in the tunnel dielectric is reduced at retention and enhanced at program/erase from the FE polarization. This paper discusses the working principle, gate stack design, fabrication and experimental results of this hybrid design compared to FE-FET and charge-trap Flash.
Senior Authors' Reply to Invited Commentary: “Beyond the Twinning Effect”

We thank Dr. Thompson for his thoughtful commentary (1) on our paper (2), which analyzed the relation of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in pregnant women and subsequent risk of breast cancer. He asks whether AFP is a causally relevant variable when assessing breast cancer risk in the women from the Child Health and Development Studies cohort. His answer is yes, because we controlled for the known major risk factors in the etiology of breast cancer although, of course, not all possible causal agents. Because understanding of the biologic actions of AFP has advanced in the few years since we started our study, now there are other compelling data showing that AFP is a factor in the risk of breast cancer. For example, laboratory studies have shown convincingly that the conformation of AFP changes under conditions to which we alluded in our paper, that is, different serum concentrations of hydrophobic ligands such as steroidal estrogens and fatty acids (3). Shock and/or stress events are known to induce conformational changes in the human AFP molecule, exposing a site on the protein that then, in a regulatory fashion, inhibits growth of estrogen-sensitive cells (4). The amino acid sequence for this growth regulatory site has been isolated, purified, and studied in several biologic systems and has shown the capability of suppressing the estrogen-supported growth of breast cancer cells (4, 5). These studies provide evidence of a mechanism for a biologic effect of AFP that was reflected in our data.
Evaluation of an Opportunistic Replacement Policy for a 2-Unit System

A probabilistic model represents a robust maintenance circumstance: a scheduled activity and a randomly-occurring activity with cost savings if they are combined. The activities are combined if the elapsed time for either activity exceeds a control limit, called a screen. The long-run rates of single and joint replacements are evaluated when the randomly-occurring activity is uniformly distributed.
Relativistic hartree-fock description of high-density nuclear matter☆

Abstract Relativistic Hartree-Fock equations are solved for an infinite system of nucleons and mesons. At high densities there exists a phase transition from a Fermi “sphere” to a Fermi “shell”, characterized by a discontinuity in the heat capacity. The precise value of the critical density is sensitive to the approximations.
Ion implantation in graphite as a precursor for intercalation

Abstract A brief review is presented of studies on ion implantation in graphite. The basic parameters of importance to the ion implantation process are reviewed as are the princcipal characterization tools. Ion implantation studies aimed at elucidating the graphitization process are then summarized. Attempts to modify the near surface properties of graphite by ion implantation are discussed, with particular emphasis given to magnetic implants. Finally, a that do not readily intercalate into graphite.
Platelet Count After Splenectomy and Other Operations

ConclusionsIncrease in the number of platelets after splenectomy or other operations, according to certain observers,1 appear to be rather constant in rabbits. The behavior of platelets after splenectomy in humans is very different from that after other operations. After splenectomy there is usually an abrupt rise to a high level beginning immediately after operation. After other surgical procedures the variations are inconstant. The number of platelets may decrease or increase.
On the Importance of Organic Oxygen for Understanding Organic Aerosol Particles

This study shows how aerosol organic oxygen data could provide new information about organic aerosol mass, aqueous solubility of organic aerosols, formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and the relative contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. For more than two decades, atmospheric aerosol organic mass (OM) concentration has been estimated by multiplying the measured carbon content by an assumed (OM)-to-organic carbon (OC) factor, usually 1.4. However, this factor can vary from 1.0 to 2.5 depending on location. This large uncertainty about aerosol organic mass limits our understanding of the influence of organic aerosol on climate, visibility and health. New examination of organic aerosol speciation data shows that the oxygen content is responsible for the observed range in the OM-to-OC factor. When organic oxygen content is excluded, the ratio of non-oxygen organic mass to carbon mass varies very little across different environments (1.12 to 1.14). The non-oxygen-OM-to-OC factor for all...
miR-122 regulates collagen production via targeting hepatic stellate cells and suppressing P4HA1 expression

Background & Aims MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be involved in many biological processes by affecting their target gene expression. miR-122 has been extensively studied in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the role of miR-122 in liver fibrosis remains unknown. Methods The mRNA expression levels of miR-122 , prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 ( P4HA1 ), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha ( C/EBPα ) were assessed by real-time PCR. The protein expression levels of P4HA1, C/EBPα and collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1) were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. MTT assay was used to assess cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to examine the binding activity of C/EBPα to miR-122 promoter. Results miR-122 expression was significantly reduced in transactivated HSCs and in the livers of mice treated with CCl 4 . Overexpression of miR-122 inhibited the proliferation of LX2 cells. We also demonstrated that P4HA1 was a target gene of miR-122. The mRNA expression level of PAHA1 inversely correlated with that of miR-122 in HSCs and in the mouse liver . Overexpression of miR-122 markedly attenuated the expression of P4HA1 via targeting a binding site located at 3′-UTR of P4HA1 mRNA. We further showed that miR-122 overexpression led to decreased collagen maturation and ECM production. Finally, the binding activity of C/EBPα to miR-122 promoter was significantly decreased in activated HSCs. Conclusions Our study suggests that miR-122 may play an important role in negatively regulating collagen production in HSCs and that targeted expression of miR-122 in HSCs may represent a new strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Enhanced Fabry-Perot resonance in GaAs nanowires through local field enhancement and surface passivation

We report substantial improvements in the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency and Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance of individual GaAs nanowires through surface passivation and local field enhancement, enabling FP peaks to be observed even at room temperature. For bare GaAs nanowires, strong FP resonance peaks can be observed at 4 K, but not at room temperature. However, depositing the nanowires on gold substrates leads to substantial enhancement in the PL intensity (5X) and 3.7X to infinite enhancement of FP peaks. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations show that the gold substrate enhances the PL spectra predominately through enhanced absorption (11X) rather than enhanced emission (1.3X), predicting a total PL enhancement of 14X in the absence of non-radiative recombination. Despite the increased intensity of the FP peaks, lower Q factors are observed due to losses associated with the underlying gold substrate. As a means of reducing the non-radiative recombination in these nanowires, the surface states in the nanowires can be passivated by either an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM TFSI)) or an AlGaAs surface layer to achieve up to 12X enhancement of the photoluminescence intensity and observation of FP peaks at room temperature without a gold substrate.
Cycle Analyses of 5 and 20 MWe Biomass Gasifier-Based Electric Power Stations in Hawaii

Thermodynamic cycle analyses of biomass gasifier-based electric power stations at two scales, nominally 5 and 20 MWe (net electric power output), were performed to assess process performance and viability. Various configurations (Rankine, simple, steam-injected gas turbine, and combined cycles) of a 5 MW stand-alone power station were modeled and a 20 MW biomass-based integrated gasifier combined-cycle cogeneration facility at a sugar factory was simulated. Information gained from these analyses will be applied to determine whether biomass gasification based electricity production is practicable in Hawaii and other sugar producing locales.