cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ligand selectivity by seeking hydrophobicity in thyroid hormone receptor

Selective therapeutics for nuclear receptors would revolutionize treatment for endocrine disease. Specific control of nuclear receptor activity is challenging because the internal cavities that bind hormones can be virtually identical. Only one highly selective hormone analog is known for the thyroid receptor, GC-24, an agonist for human thyroid hormone receptor beta. The compound differs from natural hormone in benzyl, substituting for an iodine atom in the 3' position. The benzyl is too large to fit into the enclosed pocket of the receptor. The crystal structure of human thyroid hormone receptor beta at 2.8-A resolution with GC-24 bound explains its agonist activity and unique isoform specificity. The benzyl of GC-24 is accommodated through shifts of 3-4 A in two helices. These helices are required for binding hormone and positioning the critical helix 12 at the C terminus. Despite these changes, the complex associates with coactivator as tightly as human thyroid hormone receptor bound to thyroid hormone and is fully active. Our data suggest that increased specificity of ligand recognition derives from creating a new hydrophobic cluster with ligand and protein components.
Forest health monitoring on the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway: Short-term change and longer-term projections1

Long-term forest health monitoring programs are a valuable means of assessing the impacts of drivers and stressors and making projections about future structure and composition. A comprehensive, long-term forest monitoring program was established at the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway in 2007, and monitoring plots were revisited in 2013. Collectively, these plots spanned six forest types. Sugar maple forests, a climax type in the region, exhibited little change in the six-year interval between sampling periods. Substantial regeneration of Acer saccharum Marsh. and associated species suggests little change is expected in this type in the near future. In upland mixed hardwood-conifer forests, encroachment of Acer rubrum L. and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. in the sapling and small tree layers was indicative of fire suppression and mesophication. Fire suppression was also evident in mixed conifer-red oak forests as plots in this forest type showed decreasing importance of Pinus spp. with increasing density and basal area of Quercus rubra L. These forests are in more well-drained soils than those of upland mixed hardwood/conifer forests; Q. rubra will likely become increasingly important in the coming decades. Mixed oak-aspen forests were in an earlier successional sere than the other five forest types, due to a high wind event in 2011; the high density of aspen observed here reflected clonal shoot growth in response to increased light availability. Both black ash-mixed hardwood forests and silver maple lowland forests supported a substantial amount of Fraxinus nigra Marsh., a species tolerant of saturated conditions. Major recruitment of several species occurred in black ash-mixed hardwood forests in the previous five to ten years and is likely a result of infrequent flooding and relatively shorter durations of inundation. The impending arrival of the emerald ash borer (Agrilis planipennis Fairmaire) poses one of the greatest threats in the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, not only for the forests, but for the entire aquatic-terrestrial interface. As Fraxinus spp. trees begin to die, reduced evapotranspiration and increased flow velocity and water yield may result. Such changes may lead to increased sedimentation as well as decreased habitat quantity and quality for mussels and juvenile fish. Park managers should continue monitoring flow to help understand anticipated changes in riparian forests. In conifer forests, park staff should consider employing surrogate fire measures such as selective thinning and seedbed preparation, which can alter the successional pathways toward those of historic disturbance regimes. This strategy may facilitate northward migration of Quercus spp., Carya spp., and Pinus spp., as is anticipated as climate change continues.
Sustainability Challenges in the Shrimp Industry (B): Policy Alternatives

This case is appropriate for courses that focus on the areas of environmental sustainability and systems thinking. Students explore how the structure and information flows in the shrimp industry can create boom and bust performance. Key decision-making policies by industry participants and public administrators are designed and tested for improving industry performance through an in-class simulation. The A case OM-1388 serves as background.
The Intergovernmental Relations of Water Policy and Management: Florida-Holland Parallels

Comparison of water policy and management in Florida and Holland yields important insights that will prove invaluable in key projects throughout Florida. In this Article, we look for insights primarily in one area of comparison critical to effective implementation of public policy/intergovernmental relations. After a short introduction to the natural history that forges unconscious bonds between Florida and Holland, South Florida and Zeeland, we look for parallels in the recent history of water management in the two jurisdictions. We then turn to a comparison of the formal institutional and informal intergovernmental structures that shape water management. We then show how these processes work in practice by comparing similar innovations linking water management and spatial planning. Finally, we return to a central theme - the overwhelming imperative in both jurisdictions to defend the public safety.
Downstream Biochemical Reactions: Carbon Assimilation

One way to increase light utilization by the single cell would be to reduce excess absorption of light by identifying bottlenecks in downstream electron transfer and biochemical reactions. The main rate-limiting step at increasing light intensity is carbon dioxide assimilation through the Calvin–Benson cycle. Proper supply of carbon dioxide during growth of algae in photobioreactor, coupled to genetic improvement of carbon dioxide fixation, could improve biomass productivity.
Nonlinear combining of laser beams in optical waveguide

We combine multiple laser beams with the total power above critical into single diffraction-limited beam by the beam self-focusing (collapse) in the optical waveguide/fiber with the Kerr nonlinearity.
Analysis on surveillance results of antibody levels against Immunization Program-related diseases among floating children in Nantong City

Objective To evaluate the vaccination efficacy and immunity among children aged 0-7 years whose parents were migrant farmers,workers and fishermen in Nantong City,and to provide the evidence for the immunization strategy.Methods Using stratified cluster random sampling method,serum samples were collected from the floating children at gathering places in 9 counties of Nantong City to detect immune antibody levels,and the results were statistically analyzed.Results It was found that the positive rate of Hepatitis B was 76.17%,of poliomyelitisⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,measles,epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis group A and encephalitis B antibody were 96.11%,97.28%,94.94%,76.71%,22.41%,67.87%,94.74%,64.78% and 62.89%,respectively;and the antibody levels were 1: 439.43,1: 295.34,1:93.613,1:10.836,15.976 IU/ml,1:33.644,1105.1mIU/ml,1:11.522,and 1:11.704,respectively.Conclusion The positive rates of poliomyelitisⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and measles antibody were higher,which meant the children were better protected.However,the positive rates of Hepatitis B,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis group A and encephalitis B antibody were lower which indicated that the inadequate immunization coverage rates for these children who were more vulnerable to relevant infections.Therefore,standardized management of vaccination should be further strengthened among the floating children.
Megavoltage grid total body irradiation of C3Hf/SED mice

The effect of a grid on whole-body megavoltage radiation tolerance in C3Hf/SED mice was studied. Adult mice were irradiated beneath a 50% megavoltage grid. LD50 (50% lethality) values were measured at ten and 30 days. LD50/30 day increased by a factor of 1.5 for mice receiving both single and two fraction irradiation beneath the grid. LD50/ten day increased by factors of 1.1 to 1.2 for single, two, and five fraction irradiation beneath the grid.
Human iPSC-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts together promote bone regeneration in 3D biomaterials

Bone substitutes can be designed to replicate physiological structure and function by creating a microenvironment that supports crosstalk between bone and immune cells found in the native tissue, specifically osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) represent a powerful tool for bone regeneration because they are a source of patient-specific cells that can differentiate into all specialized cell types residing in bone. We show that osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be differentiated from hiPSC-mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages when co-cultured on hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) (HA–PLGA/PLLA) scaffolds. Both cell types seeded on the PLGA/PLLA especially with 5% w/v HA recapitulated the tissue remodeling process of human bone via coupling signals coordinating osteoblast and osteoclast activity and finely tuned expression of inflammatory molecules, resulting in accelerated in vitro bone formation. Following subcutaneous implantation in rodents, co-cultured hiPSC-MSC/-macrophage on such scaffolds showed mature bone-like tissue formation. These findings suggest the importance of coupling matrix remodeling through osteoblastic matrix deposition and osteoclastic tissue resorption and immunomodulation for tissue development.
R-Matrix Evaluation of 16O Neutron Cross Sections up to 6.3 MeV

We have evaluated 16O neutron cross sections in the resolved resonance region with the multilevel Reich-Moore code SAMMY. Resonance parameters were determined by a consistent analysis, including both Doppler and resolution broadening effects. To properly treat the α particle exit channel, an algorithm to calculate charged particle penetrabilities and shifts was incorporated into SAMMY.
Single-molecule RNA detection at depth by hybridization chain reaction and tissue hydrogel embedding and clearing.

Accurate and robust detection of mRNA molecules in thick tissue samples can reveal gene expression patterns in single cells within their native environment. Preserving spatial relationships while accessing the transcriptome of selected cells is a crucial feature for advancing many biological areas – from developmental biology to neuroscience. However, because of the high autofluorescence background of many tissue samples, it is difficult to detect single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) signals robustly in opaque thick samples. Here, we draw on principles from the emerging discipline of dynamic nucleic acid nanotechnology to develop a robust method for multi-color, multi-RNA imaging in deep tissues using single-molecule hybridization chain reaction (smHCR). Using this approach, single transcripts can be imaged using epifluorescence, confocal or selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) depending on the imaging depth required. We show that smHCR has high sensitivity in detecting mRNAs in cell culture and whole-mount zebrafish embryos, and that combined with SPIM and PACT (passive CLARITY technique) tissue hydrogel embedding and clearing, smHCR can detect single mRNAs deep within thick (0.5 mm) brain slices. By simultaneously achieving ∼20-fold signal amplification and diffraction-limited spatial resolution, smHCR offers a robust and versatile approach for detecting single mRNAs in situ , including in thick tissues where high background undermines the performance of unamplified smFISH.
Recombinant Protein Expression in Nicotiana

Recombinant protein pharmaceuticals are now widely used in treatment of chronic diseases, and several recombinant protein subunit vaccines are approved for human and veterinary use. With growing demand for complex protein pharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, manufacturing capacity is becoming limited. There is increasing need for safe, scalable, and economical alternatives to mammalian cell culture-based manufacturing systems, which require substantial capital investment for new manufacturing facilities. Since a seminal paper reporting immunoglobulin expression in transgenic plants was published in 1989, there have been many technological advances in plant expression systems to the present time where production of proteins in leaf tissues of nonfood crops such as Nicotiana species is considered a viable alternative. In particular, transient expression systems derived from recombinant plant viral vectors offer opportunities for rapid expression screening, construct optimization, and expression scale-up. Extraction of recombinant proteins from Nicotiana leaf tissues can be achieved by collection of secreted protein fractions, or from a total protein extract after grinding the leaves with buffer. After separation from solids, the major purification challenge is contamination with elements of the photosynthetic complex, which can be solved by application of a variety of facile and proven strategies. In conclusion, the technologies required for safe, efficient, scalable manufacture of recombinant proteins in Nicotiana leaf tissues have matured to the point where several products have already been tested in phase I clinical trials and will soon be followed by a rich pipeline of recombinant vaccines, microbicides, and therapeutic proteins.
Evolving Treatment Paradigms for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing in incidence in the United States and in many countries worldwide primarily as a result of increasing rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV-positive OPSCC represents a distinct disease entity from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma caused by traditional risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol, with different epidemiology, patterns of failure, and expected outcomes. Because patients with HPV-positive OPSCC have a younger median age and superior prognosis compared with their HPV-negative counterparts, they live longer with the morbidity of treatment, which can be severe. Therefore, efforts are under way to de-escalate therapy in favorable-risk patients while maintaining treatment efficacy. Additional work is being undertaken to discover new therapies that may benefit both HPV-positive and HPV-negative patient subsets. Herein, we will review the available data for the evolving treatment paradigms in OPSCC as well as discuss ongoing clinical trials.
Multiplexing and Amplification of 2 μm Vortex Beams

The multiplexing and amplification of optical vortices with orbital angular momentum (OAM) is demonstrated in a Ho:YAG rod amplifier. The phase of the amplified vortex is also studied and proven to be well maintained.
Common oscillatory mechanisms across multiple memory systems

The cortex, hippocampus, and striatum support dissociable forms of memory. While each of these regions contains specialized circuitry supporting their respective functions, all structure their activities across time with delta, theta, and gamma rhythms. We review how these oscillations are generated and how they coordinate distinct memory systems during encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. First, gamma oscillations occur in all regions and coordinate local spiking, compressing it into short population bursts. Second, gamma oscillations are modulated by delta and theta oscillations. Third, oscillatory dynamics in these memory systems can operate in either a “slow” or “fast” mode. The slow mode happens during slow-wave sleep and is characterized by large irregular activity in the hippocampus and delta oscillations in cortical and striatal circuits. The fast mode occurs during active waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and is characterized by theta oscillations in the hippocampus and its targets, along with gamma oscillations in the rest of cortex. In waking, the fast mode is associated with the efficacious encoding and retrieval of declarative and procedural memories. Theta and gamma oscillations have similar relationships with encoding and retrieval across multiple forms of memory and brain regions, despite regional differences in microcircuitry and information content. Differences in the oscillatory coordination of memory systems during sleep might explain why the consolidation of some forms of memory is sensitive to slow-wave sleep, while others depend on REM. In particular, theta oscillations appear to support the consolidation of certain types of procedural memories during REM, while delta oscillations during slow-wave sleep seem to promote declarative and procedural memories.
Randomized pilot study of a weight gain prevention intervention for breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

e11090 Background: Weight gain is a common problem after breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, particularly for women who receive chemotherapy. The weight gain has negative effects on quality of life, increases risk for chronic disease, and may increase risk of breast cancer recurrence. This pilot study tested a behavioral weight gain prevention intervention on weight, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3. Methods: Thirty-nine breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were randomized to the weight gain prevention intervention or usual care. The intervention focused on exercise (resistance training, aerobic) and eating a low energy dense diet. Participants received 20 sessions during chemotherapy (14 in person and 6 by telephone) and 9 sessions after surgery (3 in person, 6 by telephone). They completed weight and other assessments at baseline (t0), mid-chemotherapy (T1), post-chemotherapy (t2), post surgical recovery (T3), after the post-surgical intervention (T4) and long term follow-up 6-9 months post su...
Identifying elementary school student opinion leaders for engagement in evidence-based program adaptation and implementation:

Evidence-based programs, such as bullying prevention, often demonstrate disappointing outcomes when widely disseminated. Engaging opinion leaders – those individuals whom others emulate and go to for advice – in the process of adaptation and implementation may improve outcomes. However, opinion leaders have the most influence on individuals who are similar to them, making social groups an important consideration in opinion leader recruitment. In a series of studies we examined the social groups of childhood and whether teacher nominations can be used to identify opinion leaders within these groups. In Study 1, students (N = 35) and school staff members (N = 23) reported on social groups at their school. Results suggest four predominant social groups (Elites, Athletes, Academic, and Deviants), and that students and adults are equally likely to identify these groups. In Study 2, students (N = 29) and school staff members (N = 10) identified opinion leaders from each of the four predominant social groups. St...
PROGNOSTIC VARIABLES AFFECTING PRIMARY TREATMENT OUTCOME FOR MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER

ABSTRACT Objective: Identifying prognostic risk factors and determining the efficacy of common surgical treatments is critical to determine optimal treatment strategies for patients with medullary ...
Influence of train Mach number on the compression wave generated in a tunnel-entrance hood

A continuum theory is proposed to study the influence of distributed windows on the compression wave generated by a train entering a tunnel-entrance hood at high Mach numbers. Longer, acoustically noncompact hoods must be used to control the wave-front characteristics at train Mach numbers M between about 0⋅25 and 0⋅4. A train entering a fully optimized hood of length lh produces a compression wave wherein the pressure increases linearly over a wave front of thickness ∼lh/M. When M exceeds about 0⋅2, the interactions of the train nose with windows at opposite ends of the hood become progressively more independent. For a hood whose windows are optimized for low Mach numbers, we show that high-Mach-number operation produces a rapid increase in pressure at the head of the compression-wave front, generated just as the nose enters the hood portal. The pressure rise becomes substantially smoother and close to linear when the nose is within the body of the hood, within the relatively homogeneous environment provided by the distributed windows. The theory can be extended to permit hood optimization at the high Mach numbers appropriate for magnetically levitated (`Maglev') trains, and to permit the design of `smart' hoods whose window sizes and distribution can be automatically optimized to suit the speed of an entering train.
Low Infection-Related Re-Admission Rates in a Retrospective of 4725 Children with Appendicitis Using a Clinical Pathway in a Tertiary Care Pediatric Center.

Abstract Background: Standardization of antibiotic management of appendicitis in tertiary care pediatric centers has been associated with improved outcomes. Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego implemented an appendicitis clinical pathway in 2005. We evaluated infection-related re-admission risk factors since 2010, when an electronic medical record was established, with the aim to optimize the clinical pathway. Methods: Between January 2010 and August 2015, 4725 children with a diagnosis of appendicitis were evaluated for demographic data, pathology diagnoses, culture results, and inpatient and oral step-down antibiotic therapy regimens. From children originally admitted for appendicitis, those who were re-admitted with infection were compared with those who were not re-admitted for infection. The populations were controlled by severity of infection using a pathology-defined appendicitis severity scale: Grade 0, no appendicitis; grade 1, simple acute appendicitis with gross and microscopic evidence of infla...
Difference between mean gestational sac diameter and crown-rump length as a marker of first-trimester pregnancy loss after in vitro fertilization

Objective To investigate whether the difference between mean gestational sac diameter and crown-rump length (mGSD − CRL) is associated with first-trimester pregnancy loss or adverse pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and to determine if mGSD − CRL is a better predictor of pregnancy loss than either measurement alone. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A total of 1,243 IVF cycles with fresh or cryopreserved autologous embryo transfers resulting in singleton gestations performed at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from January 2005 through December 2014. Cycles included ultrasound measurements of mGSD and CRL at 45–56 days' gestation. Intervention(s) Mean gestational sac diameter to crown-rump length difference. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcomes were first-trimester pregnancy loss and gestational age at delivery. Secondary outcomes were infant birth weight and pregnancy complications. Result(s) First-trimester pregnancy loss rates were significantly higher in pregnancies with mGSD − CRL Conclusion(s) There is a strong inverse relationship between mGSD − CRL and first-trimester pregnancy loss in IVF patients, although the incidence of pregnancy loss with a mGSD − CRL
High Sensitivity Enthalpimetric Determination of Olefins

We have investigated the use of an enforced linear resistance bridge to increase the sensitivity of direct injection enthalpimetry of olefins. Enthalpimetry of olefins, as we have developed it, depends on the exothermic nature of the addition of hydrogen across a double bond in the presence of 5% palladium catalyst on charcoal. The term “direct injection enthalpimetry” indicates that the unknown sample is injected directly into the calorimeter at constant pressure, making the observed temperature rise proportional to the enthalpy change for hydrogenation. If the olefin in question is one component of a mixture containing only saturated or aromatic compounds as the remaining components, the temperature rise, as measured with a thermistor-Wheatstone bridge circuit, is also proportional to the amount of olefin present in the mixture. A knowledge of the molar heat of hydrogenation for the compound, or comparison with a calibration curve of bridge output as a function of olefin concentration, leads directly to the amount of olefin present in an unknown mixture. As implied above, aromatic compounds are not hy-drogenated under the mild conditions described here.
Protection of the Benzoxaborole Moiety: Synthesis and Functionalization of Zwitterionic Benzoxaborole Complexes.

The synthesis and utility of three benzoxaborole protecting groups are reported. These protecting groups improve organic solubility and allow otherwise incompatible reactions (oxidations, substitutions, and mild reductions) to be achieved in the presence of the benzoxaborole moiety. 3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-1-propanol was determined to be useful in one-step sequences and is readily cleaved upon workup. Two other groups, N-methylsalicylidenimine and 2-[1-(methylimino)ethyl]phenol, are suitable for multistep syntheses. Deprotection with mild aqueous acid allows for chromatography-free isolation of the benzoxaborole in high yields.
Rare Earth Magnets

The word magnet landed in English via the Latin magnes, which is derived from the Greek magnēs lithos meaning a stone (lodestone) from Magnesia, a Greek city. Permanent magnets in the form of lodestone, a naturally-occurring weak magnet, were known to the Ancient Chinese, Romans, Greeks and, presumably, to other ancient societies. Lodestone consists mainly of ferrimagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) with inclusions of ferromagnetic maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) that have been magnetized: interestingly, not all naturally-occurring magnetite has been magnetized. Although the magnetized lodestone could be shown to attract iron, Ancient Peoples made no practical use of these permanent magnets. The first practical use of a permanent magnet had to wait until eleventh century China (the Song dynasty) when a mariner’s compass was developed that used a magnetized iron needle. The best current permanent magnets are the so-called Rare Earth Magnets.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Sarafloxacin in Rainbow Trout and Channel Catfish

Sarafloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone potentially effective in controlling a number of bacterial infections in fish. Of the aquaculture therapeutants that are under consideration for approvals in the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies proposal, sarafloxacin was chosen as the best example of an orally administered drug that would be readily metabolized by fish, and therefore a model compound to study the crop grouping concept. The crop grouping concept hypothesizes that species of fish can be grouped based on defining characteristics such as activity level, phylogeny, and temperature preference. As an initial test of the crop grouping concept, the similarities and differences in the pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin after a single intraarterial dose of 5 mg/kg were tested in two surrogate fish species (rainbow trout and channel catfish) that differ greatly in group defining characteristics. The mean apparent volume of distribution of individual trout was approximately 10 L/kg and 4 L/kg for catfish while total body clearance was 0.05 L/kg/h for trout and 0.17 L/kg/h for catfish. Rainbow trout had an extended terminal elimination with a half-life of approximately 158 h when compared to 18 h for channel catfish.
Nasoethmoid orbital fractures. Current concepts and management principles.

The management of nasoethmoid orbital injury has improved dramatically over the last decade. Meticulous attention to anatomy, early diagnosis, and fracture pattern-based treatment has produced optimal aesthetic and functional results. The authors review their experience with the assessment and repair of nasoethmoid orbital fractures.
Amphibamus grandiceps AS A JUVENILE DISSOROPHID: EVIDENCE AND IMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Amphibamus grandiceps , a small labyrinthodont known only from Mazon Creek, has been suggested as a possible frog ancestor. Much of the argument favoring this has been refuted, but interesting similarities remain between A. grandiceps and frogs. A re-interpretation of A. grandiceps , based on high-fidelity latex casts studied under scanning electron microscope, is presented. This is used to discuss the relationships of A. grandiceps , the evolution of life history strategies in amphibians in general and the implications of life history strategy for functional morphology. Major conclusions are: 1. A. grandiceps is a member of the Dissorophidae, as suggested by other workers. 2. The dentition of A. grandiceps is similar to that of Lissamphibia (a collective term for the three living amphibian orders). A. grandiceps may be the earliest “protolissamphibian” known. 3. The dentition of A. grandiceps is probably characteristic of juvenile dissorophids in general, and possibly of other labyrinthodont groups. 4. The lissamphibian order(s) derived from dissorophids probably arose via progenesis, a form of developmental heterochrony. Progenesis may have been due to selective pressure for small size, acting on adults which in ecological terms were coming under increasingly intense r -selection. In contrast, many large aquatic labyrinthonts were neotenic and may have been K -selected at all growth stages. 5. Some of the most strikingly dissorophid-like characters of lissamphibians may be largely the result of progenesis, rather than any selective advantage of the characters per se . 6. Developmental heterochrony may have played a larger role in amphibian evolution than is usually supposed; in particular, evolution of both dentition and vertebral centra was probably influenced. If so, studies of “functional morphology” must pay at least as much attention to ontogeny as to mechanical efficiency.
Predictors of decline in cognitive status, incidence of dementia/cind and all-cause mortality in older latinos: The role of nativity and cultural orientation in the sacramento area latino study on aging

Elderly Mexican Americans are one of the fastest growing groups of elderly in the United States. It is estimated that by 2050 older people of Mexican origin will constitute more than one million persons (Day, 1996). The rapid growth of the Mexican American population in the U.S. is due in part to immigration (Stephen, Foote, Hendershot, and Schoenborn, 1994; Larsen, 2004). Many of the elderly in this ethnic group migrated from Mexico in their youth, yet few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of migration on health status in old age. Some research (Angel, Buckley, and Sakamoto, 2001; Buckley, Angel, and Donahue, 2000) has suggested that duration of residence in the U.S. may be associated with changes in health status and that there may be gender differences in the effects of migration. However, migration does not inevitably lead to adoption of new cultural behaviors, and maintenance of cultural forms in the new context is not only possible but common (Benjamin, 1997; Graves et al., 1999). Further, among those born in the U.S., cultural orientation may still be influenced by the cultural heterogeneity of the context in which the individual resides. Continuing connections to the ancestral country in the form of relatives, visits, property ownership, and maintenance of language can also influence cultural change and mediate the effects of nativity on health. The potential for improvement in economic status is a major motivation for many to immigrate. Success in improving economic status is likely to have an important impact on health status that could alter whatever effects nativity and cultural change may have. This paper focuses on the association between nativity and cultural orientation to three important health outcomes: mortality, cognitive decline, and
Feeling Loved: A Novel Brief Self-Report Health Measure.

Context There is need for a short validated self-report instrument for assessing the feeling of being loved. The Feeling Loved instrument asks: “Do you feel loved?” and “How loved do you feel?” as well as “Do you love yourself?” and “How much do you love yourself?” with 100 mm visual analogue scales assessing the continuous response options. Objective To assess convergent and discriminant validity and to explore psychometric structure for this novel self-report measure. Design Convergent validity comparators include: general mental health, perceived social support, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and positive/negative emotion. Discriminant validity comparators include: gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index. Latent class analysis techniques explore psychometric structure. Setting Baseline evaluation for a randomized controlled trial. Participants Community-recruited adults in Madison, Wisconsin. Intervention This validation study is based on pre-intervention data. Main outcome measures Strength of correlation with comparators is used to assess convergence and discrimination. Goodness-of-fit indicators assess latent class models. Results Of n = 412 respondents, 92% answered positively to both Yes/No questions, and 59% self-rated ≥75/100 on both 0-to-100 VAS scales. Supporting convergent validity, highly significant (p
Metaproteomics reveals persistent and phylum-redundant metabolic functional stability in adult human gut microbiomes of Crohn's remission patients despite temporal variations in microbial taxa, genomes, and proteomes.

The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in the human host’s overall health by contributing key biological functions such as expanded metabolism and pathogen defense/immune control. In a healthy individual, the gut microbiome co-exists within the human host in a symbiotic, non-inflammatory relationship that enables mutual benefits, such as microbial degradation of indigestible food products into small molecules that the host can utilize, and enhanced pathogen defense. In abnormal conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, this favorable metabolic relationship breaks down and a variety of undesirable activities result, including chronic inflammation and other health-related issues. It has been difficult, however, to elucidate the overall functional characteristics of this relationship because the microbiota can vary substantially in composition for healthy humans and possibly even more in individuals with gut disease conditions such as Crohn’s disease. Overall, this suggests that microbial membership composition may not be the best way to characterize a phenotype. Alternatively, it seems to be more informative to examine and characterize the functional composition of a gut microbiome. Towards that end, this study examines 25 metaproteomes measured in several Crohn’s disease patients’ post-resection surgery across the course of 1 year, in order to examine persistence of microbial taxa, genes, proteins, and metabolic functional distributions across time in individuals whose microbiome might be more variable due to the gut disease condition. The measured metaproteomes were highly personalized, with all the temporally-related metaproteomes clustering most closely by individual. In general, the metaproteomes were remarkably distinct between individuals and to a lesser extent within individuals. This prompted a need to characterize the metaproteome at a higher functional level, which was achieved by annotating identified protein groups with KEGG orthologous groups to infer metabolic modules. At this level, similar and redundant metabolic functions across multiple phyla were observed across time and between individuals. Tracking through these various metabolic modules revealed a clear path from carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid degradation to central metabolism and finally the production of fermentation products. The human gut metaproteome can vary quite substantially across time and individuals. However, despite substantial intra-individual variation in the metaproteomes, there is a clear persistence of conserved metabolic functions across time and individuals. Additionally, the persistence of these core functions is redundant across multiple phyla but is not always observable in the same sample. Finally, the gut microbiome’s metabolism is not driven by a set of discrete linear pathways but a web of interconnected reactions facilitated by a network of enzymes that connect multiple molecules across multiple pathways.
Disentangling Conceptual and Embodied Mechanisms for Learning with Virtual and Physical Representations

Blended educational technologies offer new opportunities for students to interact with physical representations. However, it is not always clear that physical representations yield higher learning gains than virtual ones. Separate lines of prior research yield competing hypotheses about how representation modes affect learning via mechanisms of conceptual salience, embodied schemas, embodied encoding, cognitive load, and physical engagement. To test which representation modes are most effective if they differ in terms of these mechanisms, we conducted a lab experiment on chemistry learning with 119 undergraduate students. We compared four versions of energy diagrams that varied the mode and the actions students used to manipulate the representation. We tested effects on students’ learning of three concepts. Representations that induce helpful embodied schemas seem to enhance reproduction. Representations that allow for embodied encoding of haptic cues or makes concepts more salient seem to enhance transfer. Given the high costs of integrating physical representations into blended technologies, these findings may help developers focus on those learning experiences that could most be enhanced by physical interactions.
Universal flows and automorphisms of P(ω)/fin

We prove that for every countable discrete group G, there is a G-flow on ω* that has every G-flow of weight ≤ ℵ1 as a quotient. It follows that, under the Continuum Hypothesis, there is a universal G-flow of weight $$\leq \mathfrak{c}$$ . Applying Stone duality, we deduce that, under CH, there is a trivial automorphism τ of P(ω)/fin with every other automorphism embedded in it, which means that every other automorphism of P(ω)/fin can be written as the restriction of τ to a suitably chosen subalgebra. We give an exact characterization of all trivial automorphisms with this property.
Applications of Systems Thinking for Scooter Sharing Transportation System.

The scooter sharing system is a service that enables individuals to rent electric scooters for short term rides. The scooters are mostly electric motor scooters but there are some that are electric kick start. The purpose of this system is to transport people short distances in a safe and efficient way. This research was done to define and analyze the scooter sharing transportation system. System thinking is applied to understand, engineer and innovate the scooter sharing system. The scooter transportation system is defined as an interdependent constituent system that applies systemic tools and diagrams like systemigrams. These tools allow for the system properties to be studied along with the interrelationships. There will be different models of the scooter transportation system examined. The stakeholders will be examined to view the interconnections within the system.
Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on estrogen level, fat mass, and muscle mass among postmenopausal osteoporotic females.

Objective The life expectancy of women increases with the advancement in modern medicine, leading them to spent about two decades in menopausal state along with its associated complications. The process of aging triggers a deleterious cascade of physiological changes in the body. Hence, the aim of our study is to determine the effects of both aerobic and anaerobic exercises on estrogen level in postmenopausal osteoporotic females. Methodology A randomized control trial was conducted among 94 postmenopausal osteoporotic females, randomly divided into two equal groups. The participants in Group A were assigned to perform aerobic exercise, whereas Group B performed resistance exercises. Each group performed exercises for 12 weeks, whereas reading was collected for blood estrogen level, fat mass, and muscle mass before exercise training and after 12 weeks of training. Results Twelve weeks of aerobic and anaerobic exercise program based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM); frequency, intensity, time, and type protocol has beneficial effect on estradiol level and lean mass, whereas inversely correlated with fat mass of postmenopausal osteoporotic female. Conclusion The study concluded that 12 weeks of exercise programs was found to be effective in improving estradiol level of postmenopausal osteoporotic female. The efficacy of anaerobic exercise was found to be more potent on estradiol level and lean mass than aerobic exercises as only 36 sessions of resisted exercises performed during a period of 12 weeks provided more significant result than 72 session of aerobic exercises.
Chemical-Biological Terrorism and Its Impact on Children

Children are potential victims of chemical or biological terrorism. In recent years, children have been victims of terrorist acts such as the chemical attacks (2017-2018) in Syria. Consequently, it is necessary to prepare for and respond to the needs of children after a chemical or biological attack. A broad range of public health initiatives have occurred since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, in many cases, these initiatives have not ensured the protection of children. Since 2001, public health preparedness has broadened to an all-hazards approach, in which response plans for terrorism are blended with those for unintentional disasters or outbreaks (eg, natural events such as earthquakes or pandemic influenza or man-made catastrophes such as a hazardous-materials spill). In response to new principles and programs that have evolved over the last decade, this technical report supports the accompanying update of the American Academy of Pediatrics 2006 policy statement "Chemical-Biological Terrorism and its Impact on Children." The roles of the pediatrician and public health agencies continue to evolve, and only their coordinated readiness and response efforts will ensure that the medical and mental health needs of children will be met successfully. In this document, we will address chemical and biological incidents. Radiation disasters are addressed separately.
Judgment and Decision Making

The science of judgment and decision making involves three interrelated forms of research: analysis of the decisions people face, description of their natural responses, and interventions meant to ...
Neurodevelopmental deficits and cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency

Heterozygous de novo loss-of-function mutations in the gene expression regulator HNRNPU cause an early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. To gain insight into pathological mechanisms and lay the groundwork for developing targeted therapies, we characterized the neurophysiologic and cell-type-specific transcriptomic consequences of a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency. Heterozygous mutants demonstrated neuroanatomical abnormalities, global developmental delay and impaired ultrasonic vocalizations, and increased seizure susceptibility, thus modeling aspects of the human disease. Single−cell RNA-sequencing of hippocampal and neocortical cells revealed widespread, yet modest, dysregulation of gene expression across mutant neuronal subtypes. We observed an increased burden of differentially-expressed genes in mutant excitatory neurons of the subiculum− a region of the hippocampus implicated in temporal lobe epilepsy. Evaluation of transcriptomic signature reversal as a therapeutic strategy highlighted the potential importance of generating cell-type−specific signatures. Overall, this work provides insight into HNRNPU−mediated disease mechanisms, and provides a framework for using single−cell RNA−sequencing to study transcriptional regulators implicated in disease.
The New Frontier for Human Cybersecurity: Russia’s Cybersecurity Policies in the Arctic

This chapter examines the development of Russia’s official cybersecurity policies with regard to the Arctic since the early 2000s, which is when the first Strategy for the Development of an Information Society was adopted. The primary focus is on examining how the notion of cybersecurity is framed at the official level and determining who its major target groups are. More specifically, this chapter analyses whether the issues associated with human security are included in Russia’s official cybersecurity discourse. The subject of Russia’s official discourse on cybersecurity in the Arctic is important in terms of revealing the critical actors who will enforce and benefit from cybersecurity at a time characterised by the increasing digitalisation of the Arctic.
Safety Profile of Apixaban For Peri-Procedural Anticoagulation In Heart Transplant Recipients Undergoing Endomyocardial Biopsy

Introduction Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is routinely performed for surveillance of allograft rejection following heart transplantation (HTx). HTx recipients who are on anticoagulation are at higher risk for complications such as bleeding at access site, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. The safety of apixaban for periprocedural anticoagulation in heart transplant recipients undergoing EMB is not well characterized. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of all EMBs performed within one year from transplant of 102 HTx recipients from 2016 to 2019. Patients on apixaban were compared to patients not on anticoagulation at the time of EMB. Apixaban was held two days prior to EMB and restarted the evening after EMB if there were no bleeding events. The primary endpoint was major bleeding, defined as life threatening bleeding resulting in death or cardiac tamponade or ≥3 g/dl hemoglobin drop and/or ≥2 units packed red blood cell transfusion. Secondary endpoints included minor bleeding events and thromboembolic events. Results Of the 1189 EMB performed, 474 EMBs occurred with patients taking apixaban while 715 EMBs occurred without anticoagulation. Baseline demographics were similar between groups, though there were more cases utilizing internal jugular vein for the non-anticoagulated group (80% vs 91%, p 0.99). Additionally, the rates of minor bleeding and thromboembolic events were not significant between the two groups. Conclusion Periprocedural anticoagulation with apixaban for patients undergoing EMB following HTx is relatively safe, with very low risk of major or minor bleeding events as well as thromboembolism.
The cultural improvement theory and the social sciences’ intellectual crisis

The concept of culture continues to be studied from many different approaches and fields. This investigation focuses on answering the following two research questions: (1) Can cultures be improved? and (2) Should cultures be improved? Interviews were conducted with families, high school and college students and with professional adults. The cultural improvement theory is offered as a more objective method to analyse reality than the ideas suggested by the oppression theory. Most participants were not able to identify the importance of culture for a society or its possible connections to social well-being, economic development or the thinking processes of the brain. The interviews conducted with four families and the historical cases analysed in this project suggested that culture can be improved in order to facilitate social well-being and economic development. Keywords: Culture, well-being, mentality, brain, oppression.