cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical bond lengths and their role in spontaneous magnetostriction of R2Fe17CX (R=Y, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er)

Abstract High-energy high-flux synchrotron X-rays have been used to study the spontaneous magnetostriction of R 2 Fe 17 (R=Y, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er) and their carbides in the temperature range 10–1100 K. Addition of interstitial carbon greatly increases both the Curie temperatures ( T C ) and the spontaneous magnetostrain of the compounds, while reduces the anisotropy of the magnetostrain by expanding the distances between rare-earth and neighboring Fe sites. The increase of T C with carbon is due to the increased spatial separation of the Fe hexagon layers. On the basal plane, the Fe hexagons are squeezed and the contribution of Fe sublattice to spontaneous magnetostriction is attenuated, while that of rare-earth sublattice is enhanced. The average bond magnetostrain around Fe sites are in linear relation with their hyperfine field intensities.
Comparison of test specimen preparation techniques for pervious concrete pavements

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate different pervious concrete test specimen preparation techniques in an effort to produce specimens having properties similar to in-place pervious concrete pavement. Cylinders and slabs were cast using pervious concrete from three different paving projects using different procedures. The comparisons of cast specimens to pavement cores were based on infiltration rate, density, and porosity. Of the cylinder consolidation procedures tested, the standard Proctor hammer provided the least variability of results and yielded properties similar to the in-place pavement. However, 600 mm square slabs were even more consistent with the in-place pavement density and porosity.
The Negative Shadow Cast by Positive Psychology: Contrasting Views and Implications of Humanistic and Positive Psychology on Resiliency

Resiliency is the ability to survive, or even thrive, during adversity. It is a key construct within both humanistic and positive psychology, but each sees it from a contrasting vantage. Positive psychology decontextualizes resilience by judging it as a virtue regardless of circumstance, while humanistic psychology tends to view it in a more holistic way in relationship to other virtues and environmental affordances, clarifying how resiliency can actually be either a virtue or a vice depending upon circumstances. Adolf Hitler is presented as an example of a resilient person who would not be seen as virtuous, and the US Army Comprehensive Soldier Fitness study training warfighters in resiliency illustrates possible ethical problems with a decontextualized view of resiliency.
Internet-based tool for system-on-chip project testing and grading

A tool has been developed to automate the testing and grading of design projects implemented in reprogrammable hardware. The server allows multiple students to test circuits in FPGA hardware over the internet. A web interface allows students to upload their placed and routed designs to the server, which batches the jobs together and (1) sequentially programs an FPGA board, (2) inputs test vectors, (3) generates a report that details the results, and (4) grades the design as either "pass" or "fail." The single server allows an entire class to share the same FPGA board.
The Triggers of Heightened Parental Uncertainty in Chronic, Life-Threatening Childhood Illness

Advances in the treatment of childhood diseases have created a population of technology-dependent and medically fragile children whose life expectancy is unknown and whose future quality of life is unpredictable. Seven commonly occurring events were found to precipitate increased parental anxiety by triggering a heightened awareness of the uncertainty concerning the child's survival. These triggers are presented, with supporting data from parental interviews and published autobiographical accounts, as a set of causes, contexts, conditions, and interactions that account for predictable variation in the intensity of parental awareness of uncertainty. The findings reported here constitute one aspect of the grounded theory of living under conditions of sustained uncertainty for families who have a child with a chronic, life-threatening illness. That theory, it is proposed, is related to the larger chronic illness trajectory framework of Strauss and associates. Implications for practice are suggested.
Studies of the Role of the Drosophila scs and scs′ Insulators in Defining Boundaries of a Chromosome Puff

Insulators are DNA elements that establish independent transcriptional domains within eukaryotic genomes. The Drosophila scs and scs′ insulators localize near the borders of a structural domain in the polytene chromosomes, known as a puff, produced by transcription of the 87A heat shock protein (hsp) genes. It has been suggested that scs and scs′ are boundary elements that delimit this decondensed chromatin domain, reflecting the mechanism by which these sequences act to constrain regulatory interactions. This model was tested using transposons that carried a yellow gene to assess enhancer blocking and an hsp70-lacZ gene to examine the structure of a heat shock puff in the presence and absence of insulators. We found that although scs and scs′ blocked enhancer function, these sequences did not prevent the spread of decondensation resulting from hsp70-lacZ transcription. Further analysis of the endogenous 87A locus demonstrated that scs and scs′ reside within, not at, the borders of the puff. Taken together, our studies suggest that scs and scs′ are not boundary elements that block the propagation of an altered chromatin state associated with puff formation. We propose that these insulators may have a direct role in limiting regulatory interactions in the gene-dense 87A region.
Technologies of Suspicion: Coercion and Compassion in Post-disciplinary Surveillance Regimes

Drug-use surveillance systems appear in this paper as symptomatic “technologies of suspicion” that constitute a set of empirical modes for producing and interpreting “data” or test results in ways that conflate prediction with prescription, acting as technological forms of supervision, monitoring, supposed deterrence, and ultimately control. Technologies of suspicion are predicated upon a framework of trust; they are deployed within a “system of takings-for-granted” that presupposes trust and thus makes distrust possible. Drug-testing provides an excellent example of the institutionalization of distrust through the deployment of technologies of suspicion not only within institutions but beyond their real and virtual walls. The paper considers the also considers the decentralization and deinstitutionalization of distrust, the capillary dispersion of suspicion throughout the carceral society, and the role of distrust in underwriting the development of certain kinds of knowledge systems and technologies, forms of social and cognitive order, and the functional dispersion of police practices to individuals such as parents, teachers, and peers. Studying why bio-surveillance modalities should diffuse despite their unreliability and their contribution to a generalized climate of suspicion enables the characterization of certain features of the post-sovereign subject in a post-disciplinary regime.
p-Channel, n-Channel Thin Film Transistors and p−n Diodes Based on Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Networks

This paper demonstrates the use of arrays of networks of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and electrical breakdown procedures for building thin film transistors (TFTs) that have good, reproducible performance and high current output. Channel length scaling analysis of these TFTs indicates that the resistance at the source/drain contacts is a small fraction of the device resistance, in the linear regime. When measured with the channel exposed to air or coated by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), these transistors operate in the unipolar p mode. By spin-coating the polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) on the channel region, these transistors can be switched to operate in the unipolar n mode. Patterning the exposure of a single channel to PMMA and PEI yields p -n diodes. These results indicate that SWNT-TFTs can provide the building blocks of complex complementary circuits for a range of applications in macroelectronics, sensors, and other systems.
A fast hardware data compression algorithm and some algorithmic extensions

This paper reports on work at IBM's Austin and Burlington laboratories concerning fast hardware implementations of general-purpose lossless data compression algorithms, particularly for use in enhancing the data capacity of computer storage devices or systems, and transmission data rates for networking or telecommunications channels. The distinctions between lossy and lossless compression and static and adaptive compression techniques are first reviewed. Then, two main classes of adaptive Lempel-Ziv algorithm, now known as LZ1 and LZ2, are introduced. An outline of early work comparing these two types of algorithm is presented, together with some fundamental distinctions which led to the choice and development of an IBM variant of the LZ1 algorithm, ALDC, and its implementation in hardware. The encoding format for ALDC is presented, together with details of IBM's current fast hardware CMOS compression engine designs, based on use of a content-addressable memory (CAM) array. Overall compression results are compared for ALDC and a number of other algorithms, using the CALGARY data compression benchmark file corpus. More recently, work using small hardware preprocessors to enhance the compression of ALDC on other types of data has shown promising results. Two such algorithmic extensions, BLDC and cLDC, are presented, with the results obtained on important data types for which significant improvement over ALDC alone is achieved.
Transfectant CHO cells expressing O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase display increased resistance to DNA damage other than O6-guanine alkylation

BCNU [1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, Carmustine] is a nitrosourea that crosslinks DNA and is useful in cancer chemotherapy. Tumor cells resistant to BCNU produce high levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (AT), a protein that removes the O6-guanine adduct formed by BCNU prior to crosslinking. By the transfection of a human cosmid library into the Chinese hamster ovary cell line AA8, several transgenic cell lines which express the AT gene have been constructed. These 'BR' cells were isolated on the basis of their resistance to G-418 and BCNU. Like human mer+ strains, BR cells (relative to the parental AA8 cells) are approximately 500 times more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of 80 microM BCNU. Treatment with exogenous O6-methylguanine (O6MG), which depletes cellular AT, abolishes their BCNU resistance. Also consistent with the mer+ phenotype, BR cells are resistant to the mutagenic and killing activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Treatment with exogenous O6MG, while reversing the resistance to MNNG mutation, does not reverse the resistance to MNNG killing. Unexpectedly, BR cells also exhibit resistance to killing by dimethylsulfate (DMS). The BR cells are not, however, detectably resistant to UV light. These results suggest that AT activity in mammalian cells is closely linked to the activity of other DNA repair pathways.
Beryllium hypersensitivity and chronic beryllium lung disease.

Purpose of review This review aims to present the clinician with a synthesis of recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of beryllium hypersensitivity (BeH) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Recent findings Lower occupational limit levels to beryllium exposure and more stringent preventive measures can decrease the risk for development of BeH and CBD. Beryllium sensitization is determined by a positive beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). Longitudinal data suggest that BeH progresses to CBD. Together with a comprehensive history the BeLPT may help identify berylliosis in patients erroneously diagnosed to have sarcoidosis. HLA-DPB1-Glu69 marker is associated with increased susceptibility to development of BeH and CBD but poor positive predictive value limits its use; other genetic markers are being investigated. Recent investigations augment our understanding on the role of T-lymphocytes and chemokines in the pathogenesis of beryllium-associated disease. However, the basis for treatment strategies remains scarce. Summary Our enhanced understanding of beryllium-associated lung disease potentially provides a window to unraveling other granulomatous diseases. However, even more questions beg to be elucidated and additional efforts are needed to translate this body of knowledge into better prevention and treatment.
Risk factors for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation

Objective The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation has proposed a new grading system for primary graft dysfunction based on the ratio of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen measured within 48 hours after lung transplantation. Worsening primary graft dysfunction grade is associated with increased operative mortality rates and decreased long-term survival. This study evaluated donor and recipient risk factors for postoperative International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3 primary graft dysfunction. Methods We reviewed donor and recipient medical records of 402 consecutive lung transplantations performed between 1992 and 2004. We calculated a worst International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation primary graft dysfunction grade in the first 48 hours postoperatively. Severe primary graft dysfunction (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3) was defined by a ratio of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen of less than 200. Associations of potential risk factors with grade 3 primary graft dysfunction in the first 48 hours postoperatively were examined through bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results The 90-day mortality rate associated with the development of International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3 primary graft dysfunction in the first 48 hours postoperatively was 17% versus 9% in the group without grade 3 primary graft dysfunction. Significant bivariate risk factors associated with this end point were increasing donor age, donor smoking history of more than 10 pack-years, early transplantation era (1992-1998), increasing preoperative recipient pulmonary artery pressure, and recipient diagnosis. In the multivariate analysis only recipient pulmonary artery pressure, donor age, and transplantation era were associated with grade 3 primary graft dysfunction in the first 48 hours postoperatively at a P value of less than .05. Conclusions Our analysis of donor and recipient risk factors for severe primary graft dysfunction identified patient groups at high risk for poor outcomes after lung transplantation that might benefit from treatments aimed at reducing reperfusion injury.
Pulmonary…Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

OBJECTIVE To describe pulmonary involvement in Henoch-Schnlein purpura (HSP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with HSP who were seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, during a 6-year period (January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2002). Patients with HSP and pulmonary involvement were identified through a review of clinical records, radiological studies, pulmonary function data, and lung biopsy findings. RESULTS We identified 124 patients with HSP during the study period; 72 (58.1%) were males. The median age was 15 years (range, 8 months to 81 years). Among the 124 patients with HSP, 3 (2.4%), all adults, had pulmonary involvement. Of these 3 patients, aged 20, 67, and 76 years, 2 were women. Pulmonary manifestations consisted of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) (2 patients) and usual interstitial pneumonia that improved with corticosteroid therapy (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary involvement in HSP is rare. It occurs more often in adults and commonly manifests as DAH and occasionally as usual interstitial pneumonia or interstitial fibrosis. Our cases and previously reported cases suggest that DAH is the most common manifestation of pulmonary involvement in HSP.
A Field Study of How Different Numerical Information Formats Influence Charity Support

Psychological research indicates that the perceived importance of numerical information is affected by the format of that information. Specifically, low base rates expressed as frequencies on very large scales (e.g., 6 million Britons) are more influential than the same information in other numerical formats (e.g., a 0.1 probability). Thus, although the above examples are mathematically the same, people's reactions to them vary. The current research attempted to extend these lab findings in an applied, field situation of soliciting support for charities. The pattern of results was similar to past lab research, although the differences between format types were smaller.
Fat mass in predicting resting metabolic rate.

(r 2 = 0.82, P < 0.0001) Ifbody-composition measurements are available, we strongly recommend including FM along with FFM in the prediction equation. Whereas FFM explains 72% of the variance in our prediction equation, FM explains another 8%. The importance ofits inclusion is highlighted bythe finding that sex is a significant
So you want to be a science writer

The Internet destroyed the ecology of traditional science journalism, drying up ad revenues and pushing "old school" mass media toward extinction. But the new technology opened a wider landscape for digital science writers, online "content curators," and scientists to chronicle the wonders and worries of modern science. For those thinking of a career in science writing, here is a flash history, a quick overview, some advice, and a few cautions.
Integrating ontologies of rare diseases and radiological diagnosis.

Purpose The author sought to integrate an ontology of rare diseases with a large ontological model of radiological diagnosis. Materials and Methods The Orphanet Rare Disease Ontology (ORDO) comprised 6794 rare diseases. The Radiology Gamuts Ontology (RGO) incorporated 16 197 terms and 53 425 causal relations linking disorders to imaging manifestations. Semi-automated string-matching was used to match ORDO terms to RGO terms. Results Of 6794 ORDO terms, 1587 (23.3%) were matched to RGO terms. An additional 700 ORDO terms whose names were hyphenated lists of phenotypic features were added to RGO with causal links from the disease name to the various features. Matched terms were more likely to have higher disease prevalence. Conclusions Integrating these ontologies expanded the set of terms and scope of knowledge available for radiological differential diagnosis, and can support translational rare-disease research by linking knowledge of genetics and imaging phenotypes.
The Peano-Gosper fractal array

This paper investigates the radiation characteristics of a new type of array that is based on the family of space-filling and self-avoiding fractals known as Peano-Gosper curves. The elements of the fractal array are uniformly distributed along a Peano-Gosper curve, which leads to a planar array configuration with parallelogram cells that is bounded by a closed Koch curve. These unique properties are exploited in order to develop a design methodology for deterministic arrays that have no grating lobes even when the minimum spacing between elements is increased to at least one wavelength. This leads to a class of arrays that are relatively broad-band when compared to more conventional periodic planar arrays with square or rectangular cells and regular boundary contours. An efficient iterative procedure for calculating the radiation patterns of these Peano-Gosper fractal arrays to arbitrary stage of growth P is also introduced in this paper.
Use of multiple data sources and analytical approaches to derive a marine protected area for a breeding seabird

Designating Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is seen to be fundamental to future seabird conservation. In accordance with European Union legislation, the UK proposes to extend Special Protection Areas (SPAs) into the offshore zone for seabirds. This study provides the basis of a foraging range extension to the main UK SPA colony of breeding little tern (Sternula albifrons). We applied several established analytical approaches to identify MPAs to multiple data sources including boat-based surveys and individual tracking, alongside a ‘foraging radius’ approach derived from published foraging range. We pooled data from multiple seasons to account for any inter-annual variation in foraging range and distribution. Minimum convex polygon (MCP), kernel density contours and a linked distance cluster method were performed on tracking data, whereas Generalised Additive Models and kernel density estimation were applied to boat-based survey data. The shape and size of the MPAs produced from analyses of the different datasets were broadly similar to each other, generating confidence in the outputs and suggesting that an integrated approach may have widespread applicability. In contrast, generic foraging radii did not produce representative areas, suggesting restricted use as a preliminary scoping tool. Tracking reflected habitat use of birds of known provenance and a simple approach using 100% MCP provided a clearly defined boundary to feed into marine spatial planning that incorporated all important foraging habitats, embraced threats from anthropogenic development and could ‘future-proof’ changes in colony location. Where resources are limited, tracking over multiple seasons may be the most efficacious means of deriving seabird MPAs.
The gut-immune-brain interactome and microbial dysbiosis in psychiatric disorders

Risk factors for psychiatric disorders (inflammation, food sensitivity, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, endothelial barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that are operant in the body’s largest immune organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community. In updated analyses of our case-control psychiatric cohort, we present data regarding gut dysbiosis in psychiatric disorders and discuss its applicability to brain processes. We found significant elevations of two well-documented markers of bacterial translocation, soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), in schizophrenia ( n = 267) vs. controls ( n = 281, p 0.0001). sCD14 but not LBP levels were also elevated in mania ( n = 95) vs. controls ( p 0.0001). In schizophrenia, LBP was strongly associated with endocrine disturbances ( p 0.0001) and sCD14 with GI symptoms ( p 0.01). The presence of bacterial DNA in blood plasma was then examined in 247 samples by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. In preliminary analyses, gut-related bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes was documented in 6% of the samples, with possible case-control differences in those that were positive for bacterial translocation. Activation of the complement pathway coincided with bacterial DNA measures ( p 0.007 ), supporting our clinical and experimental animal models linking gut-related psychiatric risk factors to immune factors such as complement components that function in synaptic plasticity. Ongoing discoveries of novel gut-brain physiological pathways advocate consideration of GI-corrective measures as adjunctive treatments of complex brain disorders.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Bull’s Reproductive System

The bull's reproduction control is a finely orchestrated system; however, the mechanism has already been predetermined. The bull's genetics, and to a lesser extent, the environment have already established the biological limits. Furthermore, whereas the endocrine system appears robust, excessive pressures caninhibit or arrest the process. Similarly, there are structural limits to the bull's anatomy; indeed, a thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology will allow for successful management of the breeding bull.
Nannizzia racemosa. Chrysosporium lobatum. Penicillium dendriticum y hyalodendron lignicola. Cuatro aislamientos de interes en suelos chilenos

Se informa y describen los hallazgos de cuatro especies fungicas: Nannizzia racemosa, Penicillium dendriticum y Hyalodendron lignicola aisladas desde el suelo y Chrysosporium lobotum desde el pelaje de un perro.
Handling the Inverse Spherical Fourier Transform

We use the standard notation and refer to [GV], [H] for more details. Let X = G/K be a Riemannian symmetric space of the noncompact type.
Pulsatile insulin secretion accounts for 70% of total insulin secretion during fasting

The purpose of the present study was to determine the contributions of discrete insulin secretory bursts vs. basal insulin release to total insulin secretion in vivo. Quantification of the partitioning of pulsatile and basal insulin secretion is complicated by physiological delivery of these pulses into the portal vein and the absence of validated methods of measuring the rates of pulsatile and basal insulin secretion in vivo. We therefore 1) developed a canine model with chronically implanted portal vein catheters, 2) validated an established deconvolution technique as well as a novel direct catheterization technique (Clustcath) for measurement of pulsatile and nonpulsatile insulin secretion rates in this model, and 3) applied these methods to study insulin secretion in the overnight-fasted dog in vivo to determine the contribution of pulsatile vs. basal insulin secretion to total rates of endogenous insulin secretion. Rates of total, pulsatile, and nonpulsatile endogenous insulin secretion measured by Cluscath closely parallel those measured by deconvolution analysis (54 +/- 15 vs. 51 +/- 11, 38 +/- 12 vs. 36 +/- 11, and 16 +/- 4 vs. 14 +/- 4 pmol/min, respectively). Clustcath and deconvolution indicated that the majority of insulin was secreted as pulses (70 +/- 6 and 66 +/- 7%, respectively). These data infer that any process that selectively decreases the pulsatile component of insulin secretion (e.g., diabetes mellitus) will likely have a major impact on total insulin secretion.
Historical discrimination and optimal remediation

I consider a society which is jointly committed to ensuring equal opportunity and to increasing aggregate wealth but is faced with the vestiges of past discrimination in the form of a historically skewed distribution of social resources. Focusing on the problem of allocating the existing (fixed) quantity of social inputs, I consider two policy instruments: directly transferring resources from the advantaged to the disadvantaged or affording preferential treatment in employment to the disadvantaged group (affirmative action). After describing the general procedure for determining an optimal policy, I demonstrate by means of an example that either of the instruments might constitute an optimal remediation policy and I identify conditions which favor each.
Stealing Fannie and Freddie

"The housing market accounts for nearly 20 percent of the American economy, so it is critical that we have a strong and stable housing finance system that is built to last," declares the Senate Banking Committee Leaders’ Bipartisan Housing Finance Reform Draft. The proposed legislation’s first step towards this laudable goal, however, is to liquidate the government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac – in defiance of the rule of law. This paper analyzes the current House and Senate housing finance reform proposals and faults their modes of liquidation for departing from legal norms, thereby harming investors and creditors, taxpayers, and the broader economy. Under proposals before Congress, virtually everyone loses. First, the GSEs’ shareholders’ property rights are violated. Second, taxpayers face the potential burden of the GSEs’ trillions in liabilities without dispensing via the orderly and known processes of a traditional bankruptcy proceeding or keeping the debts segregated as the now-profitable GSEs seek to pay them down. Finally, the rule of law is subverted, thereby making lending and business in general a riskier proposition when the country and global economy are left to the political whims of the federal government.
Sexual dimorphism in activation of placental autophagy in obese women with evidence for fetal programming from a placenta-specific mouse model

The incidence of maternal obesity and its co-morbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease) continues to increase at an alarming rate, with major public health implications. In utero exposure to maternal obesity has been associated with development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the offspring as a result of developmental programming. The placenta regulates maternal-fetal metabolism and shows significant changes in its function with maternal obesity. Autophagy is a cell-survival process, which is responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Here we show an activation of autophagosomal formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion in placentas of males but not females from overweight (OW) and obese (OB) women vs. normal weight (NW) women. However, total autophagic activity in these placentas appeared to be decreased as it showed an increase in SQSTM1/p62 and a decrease in lysosomal biogenesis. A mouse model with a targeted deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg7 in placental tissue showed significant placental abnormalities comparable to those seen in human placenta with maternal obesity. These included a decrease in expression of mitochondrial genes and antioxidants, and decreased lysosomal biogenesis. Strikingly, the knockout mice were developmentally programmed as they showed an increased sensitivity to high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased adiposity, and cardiac remodeling. In summary, our results indicate a sexual dimorphism in placental autophagy in response to maternal obesity. We also show that autophagy plays an important role in placental function and that inhibition of placental autophagy programs the offspring to obesity, and to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Devitrification of an FE43 CR25NI20 B12 Glass

The kinetics of bec crystallization and subsequent transformations in an Fe43Cr25Ni20B12 glass were monitored by magnetic measurements and X-ray diffraction. The metastable bcc phase (ferrite) which forms first transforms to austenite and a boride during isothermal annealing. At low temperatures the ferrite grows without significant partitioning of Fe, Cr and Ni. Increasing the annealing temperature results in alloy partitioning which is directly linked with the ferrite decomposition.
Leveraging Community Resources: Creating Successful Partnerships to Improve Schools.

AbstractEducational leaders increasingly acknowledge the importance of developing partnerships to address pressing and persistent educational concerns. This article reports the results of a qualitative case study that examined an exurban district's efforts to improve educational outcomes through the development of multisector partnerships with community organizations and private-sector businesses. The results highlight key aspects of successful collaborations and suggest a need to include the study of partnership development in preparation programs for educational leaders.
Phenol Sulfotransferase: Purification and Characterization of the Rat Brain Enzyme

Phenol sulfotransferase (PST, E.C.2.8.2.1) catalyzes the transfer of a sulfate group from 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a phenolic acceptor substrate resulting in the formation of the corresponding sulfate ester. This PST catalyzed reaction appears to represent a major mechanism for detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds bearing phenolic functional groups (Roy and Trudinger, 1970; DeMeio, 1975; Jakoby, et al., 1980). Endogenou substrates include catecholamine neurotransmitters, e.g., dopamine (Rutledge and Hoehn, 1973), as well as the deaminated and/or O-methylated metabolites of catecholamines,e.g., 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (Schanberg, et al., 1968). Sulfate conjugation also represents a major pathway for metabolism of drugs, e.g., salicylamide, α-methyldopa (Williams, 1979).
A distributed cellulosic biorefinery system in the US Midwest based on corn stover.

Corn stover supply chains in a distributed biorefinery system are explored. The distributed cellulosic biorefinery uses pre-processed and densified cellulosic feedstock from a geographically separated facility (a depot) as raw material. A network of small-scale depot facilities supplies pre-processed feedstock to a distributed biorefinery. Depot facilities are assumed to be located at existing grain elevators, while distributed biorefineries are located adjacent to coal-fired power plants in areas with high gasoline consumption (urban areas) in the Midwest. The county level corn stover projections in 2022 by the US Billion-Ton Update report (2011) are used to estimate ethanol selling price and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the ethanol fuel. The supply chain for each distributed biorefinery is determined by minimizing the ethanol selling price. Approximately ten distributed biorefineries based on corn stover could be established in the Midwest. Over 700 individual depot facilities participate in supplying the distributed biorefinery systems which collectively can produce greater than 12 hm3 of ethanol (3.3 billion gallons) per year. Ethanol selling price in the distributed system ranges from US$0.66 to US$1.03 per liter. Some distributed biorefineries are economically competitive with a centralized biorefinery. However, not every region can support a distributed biorefinery system due to inadequate corn stover availability. Cradle-to-gate GHG emissions of ethanol in the distributed systems are 22.1–46.6 g CO2 per MJ. The external energy consumption in the depot facilities is the major GHG source. Optimizing process energy use in the depot facility is required to reduce both operation costs and GHG emissions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The 2015 Joint Mathematics Meetings exhibition of mathematical art

Amidst the frenetic pace of the Joint Mathematics Meetings, each year one can find intellectual and visual excitement blended with tranquility by stepping inside the Mathematical Art Exhibition. Th...
Endothelial Progenitor Cell Marker CD133 Identifies Tumor Endothelium

Abstract CD133, a pentaspan surface antigen, is considered a marker of tissue-specific stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitors. We and others have previously shown that CD133 expression is high on endothelial progenitor cells; that it is downregulated during their differentiation and that it is not found on mature endothelium. In addition, CD133+ cells in brain tumors were shown to exhibit features of cancer stem cells. Recent report showed that CD133+ tumor cells are located in perivascular niches in astrocytomas and glioblastomas. It was also demonstrated that in glioblastomas, CD133+ cancer stem cells are tightly associated with tumor vasculature and that signals from endothelial cells are the key factors in self-renewal and proliferation of cancer stem cells. However, the contribution of CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells to tumor angiogenesis remains unknown. We sought to investigate the role of CD133+ cells in human brain tumors and their relation to endothelial progenitor cells and to the mature endothelium. To this end we examined tumor samples resected from patients with glioblastomas. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that CD133+ cells in these tumors are predominantly endothelial cells as demonstrated by co-staining with CD31 and CD133. We further analyzed a population of endothelial cells using multicolor flow cytometry analysis and we demonstrated that on average 60% of endothelial cells, as defined by the expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin, also express CD133. However, we also found significant heterogeneity between glioblastomas obtained from different patients. Additionally, CD133 was not expressed on CD45−CD31+ subpopulation in meningiomas. Taken together, we demonstrated that high percentage of endothelial cells in glioblastomas expresses CD133, while CD133 could also be found on other cell types within the tumor. Furthermore, our data suggest that tumor vasculature might be enriched with bone marrow derived hemangiogenic progenitors.
Errors in Diagnosis of Spinal Epidural Abscesses in the Era of Electronic Health Records

Abstract Purpose With this study, we set out to identify missed opportunities in diagnosis of spinal epidural abscesses to outline areas for process improvement. Methods Using a large national clinical data repository, we identified all patients with a new diagnosis of spinal epidural abscess in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) during 2013. Two physicians independently conducted retrospective chart reviews on 250 randomly selected patients and evaluated their records for red flags (eg, unexplained weight loss, neurological deficits, and fever) 90 days prior to diagnosis. Diagnostic errors were defined as missed opportunities to evaluate red flags in a timely or appropriate manner. Reviewers gathered information about process breakdowns related to patient factors, the patient–provider encounter, test performance and interpretation, test follow-up and tracking, and the referral process. Reviewers also determined harm and time lag between red flags and definitive diagnoses. Results Of 250 patients, 119 had a new diagnosis of spinal epidural abscess, 66 (55.5%) of which experienced diagnostic error. Median time to diagnosis in error cases was 12 days, compared with 4 days in cases without error ( P Conclusion Despite wide availability of clinical data, errors in diagnosis of spinal epidural abscesses are common and involve inadequate history, physical examination, and test ordering. Solutions should include renewed attention to basic clinical skills.
Significant and sustained reduction in chemotherapy errors though improvement science.

37Background: The majority of children with cancer are now cured with highly complex chemotherapy regimens incorporating multiple drugs and demanding monitoring schedules. The risk for error is high and can occur at any stage in the process, from order generation through pharmacy formulation to bedside drug administration. Our objective is to describe a program to eliminate errors in chemotherapy use among children. Methods: To increase reporting of chemotherapy errors, we supplemented the hospital-reporting system with a new chemotherapy near-miss reporting system. Following the model for improvement, we then implemented several interventions, including a daily chemotherapy huddle, improvements to the preparation and delivery of intravenous therapy, headphones for clinicians ordering chemotherapy, and standards for chemotherapy administration throughout the hospital. Results: Twenty-two months into the project, we saw a centerline shift in our U Chart of chemotherapy errors that reached the patient from ...
A controlled trial of a yoga-based prevention program targeting eating disorder risk factors among middle school females.

This study investigates outcomes of a revised version of a yoga-based, eating disorder prevention program, targeting eating disorder risk factors, among fifth grade girls (i.e., Girls Growing in Wellness and Balance: Yoga and Life Skills to Empower [GGWB]). The program is designed to decrease eating disorder risk factors and bolster self-care and includes revisions not yet studied that extend the program to 14 weeks and enhance content addressing self-care. Efficacy was assessed using a controlled, repeated measures design. Results indicate that participation in the GGWB program significantly decreases drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction while significantly increasing self-care when compared to a control group. As expected, the program did not have significant effects on eating disordered behaviour likely due to low baseline rates among participants. Implications of findings as well as directions for future research on prevention are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF TESTING PROCEDURE AND LVDT LOCATION ON RESILIENT MODULUS OF SOILS

Several transportation agencies use the AASHTO-recommended resilient modulus as the fundamental parameter in the mechanistic analysis and design of pavements. At present there are several types of dynamic testing devices calibrated to measure resilient modulus. The repeated triaxial device is popular because of its repeatability, reliability, and ease of operation. Testing procedures and internal deformation measurements play a crucial role in testing. A statistically designed experiment was used to compare the influence of these factors. Two testing procedures, AASHTO T-294-1992 and AASHTO T-292-1991, were evaluated, and two separate measurement systems inside the triaxial cell were used to measure the axial deformations. Both cohesive and granular soils were tested. The influence of testing procedures and measurement systems are presented in the form of normalized factors, which are discussed with respect to the test variables and confining and deviatoric stresses. The testing procedure appears to influence test results for sand specimens, possibly due to the variation in magnitudes of testing stresses. The measurement system has a greater influence on clay specimens due to a combination of several factors such as soil fabric, stress dependency behavior, and end friction effects. The type of soil, testing procedures, and location of the internal, linear variable differential transformers and their influence on the regression model constants are discussed and graphically presented.
Memories of exclusion: Hannah Arendt and the Haitian Revolution

This article examines Hannah Arendt’s concern for remembrance in political life in light of contemporary discourses regarding the memory of slavery and colonization in the African diaspora. Arendt’...
Review of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Related Technologies for Mobile Applications

This chapter will provide an overview of the major legislative and technology developments related to SCR for mobile applications. Regulatory initiatives are moving forward in all markets in the light-duty (LD), heavy-duty (HD), and non-road (NR) (agriculture and construction) sectors. NOx regulations are quite tight, forcing deNOx aftertreatment in all US LD diesel applications, and most HD and NR applications in the US, Europe, and Japan. CO2 regulations are also tightening worldwide, driving deNOx technologies on diesel engines. Knowledge of engine technologies will help define required deNOx aftertreatment needs. In the HD sector, because of the fuel consumption versus NOx trade-off, deNOx means deCO2. As such, 98 % selective catalytic reduction (SCR) deNOx to result in elimination of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and minimum operating cost and CO2 emissions is desired. The situation is similar on the LD side. Once SCR is added to the vehicle to meet the NOx regulations, it will likely be used to maximum efficiency in the context of consumer acceptance of ammonia consumption and replacement. On-board ammonia delivery systems for the SCR catalyst principally comprises liquid urea and gaseous ammonia types. Liquid ammonia systems are in their third generation of cost reduction and simplification. The gaseous ammonia system is attractive in LD applications due to the heavy weighting of cold start emissions in the regulations, and the ability to deliver ammonia at low exhaust temperatures. The field of catalysts, including oxidation catalysts, SCR catalysts, and ammonia slip catalysts is very dynamic. Oxidation catalysts are used to generate NO2 for better low-temperature performance of certain SCR catalysts (like Fe-zeolites). However, they can have undesirable N2O emissions, and NO2 production decreases with palladium content, when replacing platinum. Zeolite SCR catalysts are evolving beyond the copper and iron varieties into other formulations with better low-temperature and/or high-temperature performance. Vanadia catalysts have made recent impressive gains in high-temperature durability. High-efficient SCR systems generally are run with excess ammonia. Ammonia slip catalysts (ASC) are becoming more selective towards nitrogen, minimizing N2O, and NOx by-product formation. Finally, system design considerations are discussed, as well as emerging technologies. The author closes with comments on the future outlook and opportunities.
An empirical investigation of the effect of variations in expert system explanation presentation on users' acquisition of expertise and perceptions of the system

Expertise constitutes the foundation of an organization's ability to benefit from competitive and comparative advantage. Expert systems are the principal form of technology promising enhanced propagation of expertise, yet have been accused of fostering its extinction. The critical feature distinguishing expert systems from other computer-based information systems is their potential to furnish explanations. Prior studies demonstrated that explanations enhance user confidence in expert system recommendations, discovering that explanation presentation affects user acquisition of several forms of domain knowledge. This study extends prior findings by integrating earlier results within a proposed framework for expert system explanations, the core of which was empirically tested and confirmed. The framework establishes a link among explanation content and intended function. Relationships among explanation content, presentation format, acquisition of expertise, invocation mode, and various user perceptions regarding the system and explanations were hypothesized. A simulated expert system interface, with variations in explanation features, was written to conduct a controlled experiment employing 260 student subjects. The problem task was product/process matching, within the domain of manufacturing strategy. The principal content/function associations stipulated in the framework were confirmed: Facts content promotes clarification, trace content promotes duplication, and justification content promotes ratification. The critical importance of justification explanations was highlighted through numerous significant findings. The impact of the presence or absence of justification explanations was pervasive, spreading to measures that were not affected by this feature, such as ease of use. Most subject perceptual measures were strongly linked to this one characteristic, indicating that user acceptance of an expert system may hinge on the presence of justification explanations. Differences were also found between optional and automatic invocation of explanations, indicating that even a single keystroke for invocation may affect a user's decision to view an explanation, and thereby indirectly affect their perceptions of the system's adequacy.
Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216–1227

Historians of the medieval papacy have tended to view Pope Honorius III (r. 1216–1227) in a less than flattering light. Sandwiched between two great university-educated lawyer-popes, Innocent III (...
Initial Care of the Severely Injured Patient.

Initial Care of the Severely Injured Patient Trauma care has improved owing to interventions first used on the battlefield. Recent advances include the use of tourniquets, permissive hypotension, t...