cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEEGNER POINTS, CYCLES AND MAASS FORMS

We derive for Hecke-Maass cusp forms on the full modular group a relation between the sum of the form at Heegner points (and integrals over Heegner cycles) and the product of two Fourier coefficients of a corresponding form of half-integral weight. Specializing to certain cycles we obtain the nonnegativity of theL-function of such a form at the center of the critical strip. These results generalize similar formulae known for holomorphic forms.
21st Century Realism: The Past Is in Our Present

Fear of Enemies and Collective Action. By Ioannis D. Evrigenis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 232 pp., $85.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0521886208). The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order. Edited by Louiza Odysseos, Fabio Petito. New York: Routledge, 2007. 258 pp., $41.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0415474771). Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Neibuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent. By Vibeke Schou Tjalve. New York: Palgrave, 2008. 174 pp., $74.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0230602175). “The past is never dead. It's not even the past”– Requiem for a Nun , by William Faulkner, 1951, act I, scene iii. A couple of years ago I wrote about what I termed “reflexive realism,” which I defined as “the attempt to restore classical realist principles of agency, prudence and the recognition of limitations as part of an attempt to provide a practical-ethical view of international politics” (Steele 2007: 273). At the time, however, I was not sure whether this recent trend in IR scholarship was more intellectual history or theory on its own accord. After reading these three impressive books, I would argue that whatever we term them, the recent vibrant re-engagements with realist theory are both, and exist in the space between intellectual history and theory. When one reads these accounts, we are re-reading the historical contexts in which various realist thinkers produced their work, but we recognize how their conditions speak to an unsettled present context, and thus also realize the leverage their wise lessons have upon our contemporary circumstances. All three of these books can be considered contributions to the development of realist thought in International Relations theory. All return to some of the seminal authors of the realist tradition of political thought, but with an eye toward resurrecting some critical elements found in the works of authors who were once considered to be the foundation for otherwise conventional concepts in realist IR theory (survival, fear, anarchy, etc.). And all three helpfully provide an ontology of the present by going into our past: the rereading of seminal texts to “decode” a past which speaks to our present in ways in which the traditional readings of those texts cannot (see also Lebow 2003). The books together provide IR scholars a dilemma, however. How are we …
Detection and Prevention of Flooding Attack Using SVM

Deficiency of infrastructure and dynamic nature of MANET attracts interloper to launch attack, one of them is flooding. Reactive routing for example AODV is more popular than proactive routing as it uses flooding to find out route. In this technique, attackers launch DoS attack like flooding, black hole and gray hole which are the recognized attacks in MA-NET. In this paper we have proposed a new method based on AODV behavioral metrics detect and prevent MANET flooding attacks. In this method we have used the PDER, CO and PMIR as metrics to prediction of flooding attacks. Our proposed method will be implementing on NS-3 test bed.
Single Molecule Study of the Processive Ras/SOS Interaction

Ras is a membrane-anchored small GTPase protein that plays an important role in regulating essential cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Its deregulation is a hallmark of many cancers and developmental defects. Son of Sevenless (SOS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) enzyme that activates Ras by catalyzing the exchange of GDP to the GTP in Ras.Previously, we have shown that in addition to the catalytic site, SOS has a catalytically inactive distal Ras-binding site, which allows SOS to localize and up-concentrate at Ras presenting membranes, dramatically increasing the Ras-GDP turnover rate. Together, the catalytic and allosteric sites form the catalytic core of SOS (SOScat). The existence of the extra binding site for Ras also raises the question of whether SOS is processive, capable of remaining surface bound via the distal binding site while catalyzing the nucleotide exchange of multiple Ras. In this study we employ various fluorescence-based methods such as Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy on Ras functionalized supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) to demonstrate that SOScat is processive. Single molecule tracking of SOScat allows us to correlate the diffusion behavior between Ras and SOScat and further confirms the specific interaction.By confining individual SOScat enzymes to micron-scale two-dimensional Ras-functionalized SLB “reaction chambers” we can simultaneously monitor enzymatic activity from hundreds of single SOScat, probing the variability in catalytic rate and processivity within the enzyme ensemble. Our data indicates that SOScat has a broad range of processivities ranging from a few up to a thousand turnovers.
P188 reduces cell death and IGF-I reduces GAG release following single-impact loading of articular cartilage

Prior joint injury predisposes an individual to developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis, for which there is presently no disease modifying treatment. In this condition, articular cartilage degenerates due to cell death and matrix breakdown, resulting in tissue with diminished biomechanical function. P188, a nonionic surfactant, and the growth factor IGF-I have been shown to decrease cell death. Additionally, IGF-I is known to have beneficial effects on cartilage matrix. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of P188, IGF-I, and their combination following articular cartilage impact injury with two energy levels, 1.1 J ("low") and 2.8 J ("high"), at 24 h and 1 week. Bovine articular cartilage with attached underlying bone was impacted at the low or high level. Impact sites were explanted and examined immediately, or cultured for 24 h or 1 week in serum-free media supplemented with P188 (8 mgml), IGF-I (100 ngml), or their combination. Gross morphology, cell viability, GAG release to the media, and tissue mechanical properties were assessed. Immediately postimpact, high level impacted tissue had significantly increased gross morphology scores, indicating tissue damage, which were maintained over 1 week. Gross scores following low impact were initially similar to nonimpacted controls, but, at 24 h and 1 week, low impact gross scores significantly increased compared to nonimpacted controls. Additionally, at 24 h, high impact resulted in increased cell death, and both low and high impacts had increased GAG release compared to nonimpacted controls. Furthermore, high impact caused decreased tissue stiffness at 24 h that appeared to worsen over 1 week, evident by the percent decrease from nonimpacted controls increasing from 16% to 26%. No treatment type studied mitigated this loss. The combination did not perform better than either individual treatment; however, following low impact at 1 week, P188 reduced cell death by 75% compared to no treatment and IGF-I decreased GAG release from the tissue by 49%. In conclusion, high impact resulted in immediate tissue changes that worsened over 1 week. Though not causing immediate changes, low impact also resulted in tissue degeneration evident by 24 h. No treatment studied was effective at 24 h, but by 1 week P188 and IGF-I ameliorated established detrimental changes occurring in articular cartilage postimpact. However, further work is needed to optimize treatment strategies to prevent and/or reverse cell death and matrix destruction in a way that maintains tissue mechanical properties, and hence its functionality.
Optimizing software product integrity through life-cycle process integration

Abstract Managed and optimized—these are the names for the levels 4 and 5 of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) respectively. With that the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) pays tribute to the fact that, after the process has been defined, higher process maturity, and with that higher product maturity, can only be achieved by improving and optimizing the life-cycle process itself. In the last three years, we had had the opportunity to observe more than 50 software development teams in planning, specifying and building library related, real-world applications. This environment provided us with a unique way of introducing, validating and improving the life cycle process with new principles such as the WinWin approach to software development. This paper summarizes the lessons we have learned in our ongoing endeavor to integrate the WinWin life-cycle process. In doing so, we will not only describe what techniques have proven to be useful in getting the developer's task done but the reader will also get some insight on how to tackle process improvement itself. As more and more companies are reaching CMM levels two or higher this task, of managing and optimizing the process, becomes increasingly important.
CARCINOGENESIS AS AN EVOLUTIONARY GAME

Human cancer may be thought of as Darwinian evolution of cells within the body (somatic evolution). As such, it may be modeled using evolutionary game theory. Winners in this game are able to maintain viable population numbers while losers go extinct. A model for somatic evolution is presented that shows how cancer can evolve to become a winner in this game. Associated with the model is an adaptive landscape that illustrates the evolutionary potential of cells as a function of adaptive parameters used by cells. Normal cells have a novel adaptive landscape that permits coexistence of invading mutant phenotypes. A mutant cellular population needs not immediately form a malignancy due to the existence of cellular constraints that results in limited growth and non-lethal coexistence. However, this coexistence deforms the local adaptive landscape resulting in an unoccupied fitness peak. The existence of this peak provides the potential for evolution to drive the mutant cells from simple coexistence to an evasive cancer. The model presented here suggests all that is required to accomplish this result is the relaxation of constraints that normally prohibit cells to evolve.
Interferometric 2D imaging amplitude correlator for ultrashort pulses

Abstract A new and convenient method is demonstrated to measure the amplitude correlation and crosscorrelation for either single or multiple ultrashort pulse operation using diffraction grating and a two-dimensional CCD array. A single-shot crosscorrelation detection of a femtosecond pulse train is experimentally demonstrated.
The structure of nanocrystalline NiAl powders prepared by high-energy ball-milling

Abstract Micronmeter-sized powders of NiAl were mechanically worked in a high-energy ball-mill for times up to 40 h. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the powders retained the CsCl-type (B2) structure when milled up to 40 h. The broadening of the powder pattern peaks increased with increasing ball-to-powder ratio. For a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1, the particle sizes, 〈D〉110, decreased continuously from 95 A to 38 A, and the microstrains increased from 0.75% to 1.10% after milling from 2 to 40 h, determined by Fourier analysis of the line profiles. The entire diffraction pattern was used to evaluate the total structure factor, I(Q), of the sample milled for 40 h, which consists of broad peaks and a diffuse background due to the thermal and static displacements of the atoms. The atomic distribution function, G(r), clearly shows the CsCl (or bcc) coordination and becomes zero at about 40 A, corresponding to the particle size determined from the line broadening.
Laser Dopplers to determine cutaneous blood flow

BACKGROUND Laser Dopplers can be useful in determining the relative amount of blood flowing through superficial skin. These instruments may be useful in assessing blood flow in healing wounds, flaps, and grafts. OBJECTIVE To review the theory and types of laser Dopplers available. METHODS This work includes a review of the literature. RESULTS Laser Dopplers potentially have a broad range of applications in dermatologic surgery and dermatology. Because laser Dopplers can quantify blood flow, the course of wound healing over time can be studied; however, for predicting viability of skin flaps and grafts, laser Dopplers have not been able to supplant clinical assessment. CONCLUSION Laser Dopplers provide an additional means of assessing superficial blood flow in the skin. This blood flow, which can be quantified, may be useful in studying wound and flap and graft healing.
A new age for type-II superconductors?

Many superconductors are rendered almost useless by the motion of string-like magnetic vortices. But because these vortices are hard to cut, it may be possible to pin them down using some very old techniques.
Correlative imaging in abdominal infection: an algorithmic approach using nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and computed tomography

A wide variety of focal and diffuse infectious processes involved the abdomen. At one extreme are diseases such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease, conditions usually diagnosed without imaging studies and treated without complications. At the other extreme are abdominal abscesses, which may defy clinical diagnosis, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and may remain undetected or insufficiently characterized in spite of multiple imaging studies. The limited diagnostic value of clinical evaluation and plain film radiography in abscess detection has lead to widespread use of sophisticated imaging techniques including Gallium-67 ( 67 Ga) scintigraphy, Indium-111 WBC ( 111 In-WBC) scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasonography (US). Abdominal abscesses occur in a wide variety of anatomic sites, may involve any abdominal organ system, and have a number of different causes. The heterogeneity of the disease process and the varying capabilities of the different imaging techniques (with respect to site and organ system) make reliance on a single technique undesirable. An algorithmic approach using 67 Ga or 111 In-WBC scintigraphy, CT, and US provides a logical and clinically practical approach to complicated abdominal infection. By recognizing differences in clinical presentation and by appreciating the diagnostic strengths and weaknesses of nuclear medicine, CT, and US, the algorithm provides a reliable and direct route to accurate diagnosis while minimizing unncessary examinations.
BZL101, a phytochemical extract from the Scutellaria barbata plant, disrupts proliferation of human breast and prostate cancer cells through distinct mechanisms dependent on the cancer cell phenotype.

BZL101 is an aqueous extract from the Scutellaria barbata plant shown to have anticancer properties in a variety of human cancers. In order to determine its efficacy on human reproductive cancers, we assessed the responses of two human breast cancer cell lines, estrogen sensitive MCF7 and estrogen insensitive MDA-MB-231, and of two human prostate cancer cell lines, androgen sensitive LNCaP and androgen insensitive PC3 which are human cell lines that represent early and late stage reproductive cancers. BZL101 inhibited reproductive cancer growth in all cell lines by regulating expression levels of key cell cycle components that differ with respect to the cancer cell phenotypes. In early stage estrogen sensitive MCF7 cells, BZL101 induced a G1 cell cycle arrest and ablated expression of key G1 cell cycle regulators Cyclin D1, CDK2 and CDK4, as well as growth factor stimulatory pathways and estrogen receptor-α expression. Transfection of luciferase reporter plasmids revealed that the loss of CDK2, CDK4 and estrogen receptor-α transcript expression resulted from the BZL-dependent ablation of promoter activities. BZL101 growth arrests early stage androgen sensitive LNCaP cells in the G2/M phase with corresponding decreases in Cyclin B1, CDK1 and androgen receptor expression. In late stage hormone insensitive breast (MDA-MB-231) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells, BZL101 induced an S phase arrest with corresponding ablations in Cyclin A2 and CDK2 expression. Our results demonstrate that BZL101 exerts phenotype specific anti-proliferative gene expression responses in human breast and prostate cancer cells, which will be valuable in the potential development of BZL-based therapeutic strategies for human reproductive cancers.
Continuum description of rarefied gas dynamics. I. Derivation from kinetic theory

We describe an asymptotic procedure for deriving continuum equations from the kinetic theory of a simple gas. As in the works of Hilbert, of Chapman, and of Enskog, we expand in the mean flight time of the constituent particles of the gas, but we do not adopt the Chapman-Enskog device of simplifying the formulas at each order by using results from previous orders. In this way, we are able to derive a new set of fluid dynamical equations from kinetic theory, as we illustrate here for the relaxation model for monatomic gases. We obtain a stress tensor that contains a dynamical pressure term (or bulk viscosity) that is process dependent and our heat current depends on the gradients of both temperature and density. On account of these features, the equations apply to a greater range of Knudsen number (the ratio of mean free path to macroscopic scale) than do the Navier-Stokes equations, as we see in the accompanying paper. In the limit of vanishing Knudsen number, our equations reduce to the usual Navier-Stokes equations with no bulk viscosity.
Label-Free DNA Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Based on Modified Conducting Polypyrrole Films at Microelectrodes and Atomic Force Microscopy Tip-Integrated Electrodes

We present a new strategy for the label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization for detecting hepatitis C virus based on electrostatic modulation of the ion-exchange kinetics of a polypyrrole film deposited at microelectrodes. Synthetic single-stranded 18-mer HCV genotype-1-specific probe DNA has been immobilized at a 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)-N-(3-phosphoryl-n-alkyl)pyrrole film established by electropolymerization at the previously formed polypyrrole layer. HCV DNA sequences (244-mer) resulting from the reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction amplification of the original viral RNA were monitored by affecting the ion-exchange properties of the polypyrrole film. The performance of this miniaturized DNA sensor system was studied in respect to selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The limit of detection was determined at 1.82 × 10-21 mol L-1. Control experiments were performed with cDNA from HCV genotypes 2a/c, 2b, and 3 and did not show any unspecific binding. Additionally, th...
A highly selective method for 11β-OH protection of steroidal 11β, 17α-diols

A highly selective method to protect the 11β-OH position of steroid (1) has been developed. This is achieved via double silyl protection of the 11β, 17α-diol, followed by selective desilylation of the 17α-OH under basic conditions without the need for a fluoride source.
Potentiated hormonal responses in a model of traumatic injury

Abstract Although major trauma often involves repeated insults, few studies have examined the endocrine response to repeated injury. In earlier work, we described potentiated responses of circulating adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and adrenal secretion of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to the second of two small hemorrhages separated by 24 hr. To investigate the response of other hormones to repeated hemorrhage and to examine possible hormonal interactions in a shorter, more clinically relevant time frame, we placed chronic adrenal vein cannulas in eight splenectomized, trained dogs. Each animal was bled 10% of measured blood volume with reinfusion of shed blood at 30 min. The hemorrhage was repeated 5 hr later. Initial hemorrhage led to a small but significant increase in adrenal cortisol secretion and circulating ACTH, vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (AII), and plasma renin activity (PRA). Although a 5-hr time interval between stimuli is commonly thought to lead to cortisol feedback, the circulating ACTH and adrenal cortisol secretory responses to the second hemorrhage were exaggerated in comparison to their initial responses. Similarly, the AVP response to the second hemorrhage was also increased. In contrast, the responses of PRA and AII to the second hemorrhage were not greater than their responses to the initial hemorrhage. No differences in measured blood volume before each hemorrhage or in the heart rate and arterial pressure responses to hemorrhage were observed that could explain the potentiated hormonal responses. Thus, potentiated responses of cortisol, ACTH, and AVP, but not of PRA and AII, were observed in a model of trauma that emphasizes repeated injury in a clinically relevant time frame. Although the physiologic significance of this endocrine phenomenon is unclear, potentiated humoral responses may have important clinical implications.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the isomers of butylated hydroxyanisole

Separation chromatographique des t-butyl-1 et -3 methoxy-4 phenols sans derivatisation prealable
5-Hydroxytryptophan Plus SSRIs for Interferon-Induced Depression: Synergistic Mechanisms for Normalizing Synaptic Serotonin

Summary Interferon-a (IFN) is widely used in the treatment of certain cancers and viral infections, including hepatitis C (HCV). Unfortunately, depression is a common side effect of IFN therapy, affecting approximately a third of HCV patients receiving IFN therapy. Studies have shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can effectively treat IFN-induced depression in only 63–75% of cases. For the remaining percentage, depression often necessitates dose reduction of or discontinuation from IFN therapy. Emerging evidence indicates that IFN may cause depression by affecting brain serotonin. IFN has been shown to increase serotonin reuptake and to decrease serotonin synthesis. We hypothesize that SSRIs are not fully effective because they affect only serotonin reuptake, not serotonin synthesis, and that effective treatment must address both uptake and synthesis. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) effectively increases central nervous system synthesis of serotonin. It is the immediate precursor of serotonin and is widely available as a dietary supplement, which is well absorbed after an oral dose. Several double-blind studies have shown 5-HTP to be effective in the treatment of nondrug-induced depression. We hypothesize that patients who become depressed on IFN will respond to the synergistic combination of SSRIs plus 5-HTP. c 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Role of The Gentleman's Magazine in the Dissemination of Knowledge About Electric Fish in the Eighteenth Century

Although torpedoes and Malopterurus, a Nile catfish, had been described and even used medically in antiquity, their discharges were poorly understood before the second half of the eighteenth century. It was then that their actions, along with those of certain South American “eels,” became firmly associated with electricity. The realization that an animal could produce electricity marked a turning point in the history of neurophysiology, which had long described nerve actions with recourse to animal spirits. By examining The Gentleman's Magazine during the period when electric fish were becoming electrical, one can begin to appreciate how new discoveries about these unusual creatures captured the imagination of scientists and were filtered down to the literate public.
A confounding effect of missing data on character conflict in maximum likelihood and Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic analyses

Contrived and simulated examples were used to quantify the range of conditions in which maximum likelihood and Bayesian MCMC methods are biased in favor of phylogenetic signal present in globally sampled characters over that present in conflicting locally sampled characters (those with missing data). The bias occurs in both the optimal tree identified as well as branch supports even when there are more locally sampled characters supporting the conflicting topology. The bias can lead to high bootstrap, SH-like aLRT support (up to 100%), and posterior probabilities for the conflicting clades. The bias can occur even when only a single terminal has missing data. The bias is not limited to likelihood methods that only ever present a single optimal tree that is fully resolved (as in PhyML and RAxML)—it can also occur in branch-and-bound PAUP∗ searches. The bias persists despite sampling numerous characters, and the bias is consistently unidirectional. The bias may occur in the context of incongruence between gene trees as well as within a single gene wherein terminals have different sequence lengths caused by DNA-amplification differences or gaps caused by indels. This bias is another example wherein commonly implemented parametric phylogenetic methods interpret ambiguity as support. In contrast, parsimony is robust to the bias.
State-to-state studies of intramolecular dynamics

Infrared-optical double resonance incorporating vibrational overtone excitation of a light atom stretch mode prepares reactant molecules in single quasibound rovibrational states at energies above their decomposition threshold on the ground potential surface. When combined with laser induced fluorescence detection of the dissociation fragments, this approach permits fully quantum state resolved studies of unimolecular dissociation reactions. This report describes the application of this technique to study the unimolecular dissociation of hydrogen peroxide from a variety of vibrational and rotational states. We emphasize here the spectroscopy associated with the reactant excitation process and demonstrate how highly resolved excitation spectra provide detailed information about the dynamics of the ensuing dissociation. We then describe a new spectroscopic technique for detecting vibrational overtone excitation in low pressure environments based upon selective CO 2 laser infrared multiphoton dissociation of highly vibrationally excited molecules. We show preliminary results applying this approach to CH 3 OH.
Analysis of the functional activity of the 1.4-kb 5′-region of the rice actin 1 gene in stable transgenic plants of maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract The activity of the 5′-region of the rice actin 1 gene (Act1), covering a region 1.4 kb upstream of the Act1 translation initiation codon, was extensively analyzed in transgenic maize plants. The 5′-region of Act1 fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gus) coding region was co-transformed to maize with the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene (bar) and the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene (pin2). One and 29 independent transformation events with expression of both bar and gus were recovered from bombardment of immature embryo-derived embryogenic callus of Hi-II derivative and bombardment of shoot tips of Honey N Pearl and Illinois Golden Extra Sweet, respectively. Expression of gus in tissues of transgenic plants was examined by histochemical assay, immunoblot analysis, and fluorometric GUS specific activity assay. A constitutive expression of the introduced gus was observed throughout the evelopmental stages of the vegetative and reproductive organs in transgenic maize plants. Quantitative analysis of GUS in transgenic plants showed that GUS, as percent of total soluble protein, was as much as 3.1% in leaves and 2.8% in roots. The functional activity of the 5′-region of Act1 was inherited to transgenic progeny. The results indicate that the 1.4-kb 5′-region of Act1 is an efficient and strong promoter for gene expression in stable transgenic maize plants.
A comparative study of partition coefficients determined by sorption and by liquid chromatography in alcohol-water-cellulose acetate systems

Abstract Partition coefficients obtained from liquid chromatography are compared to those obtained from equilibrium sorption experiments for various alcohol-water-cellulose acetate systems. In the liquid chromatography experiments cellulose acetate powder was used as the stationary phase with water as the mobile phase and alcohols injected into the mobile phase. In the equilibrium sorption experiments, cellulose acetate power was equilibrated with an alcohol-water solution. The distribution coefficients determined using liquid chromatography and those determined using liquid phase sorption exhibit similar trends with changing solute structure. However, the chromatographic distribution coefficients are, in general, smaller than the equilibrium distribution coefficients. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that equilibrium is not attained in the chromatographic column. The fact that the distribution coefficients are in reasonable agreement indicates that while the kinetics of diffusion prevent a true equilibrium distribution coefficient from being obtained from the chromatography column, the results of the chromatographic experiments give a qualitative representation of the affinity of the polymer phase for each solute.
Underwater behavioural thermoregulation in the adult stonefly, Zapada cinctipes

Some adult insects survive extremely. low temperatures using various physiological mechanisms1,2. Here I report that the adult stonefly, Zapada cinctipes (Banks) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), behaviourally thermoregulates at subzero night temperatures by entering the water.
The effects of aging and calorie restriction on plasma nutrient levels in male and female Emory mice

We examined the effect of diet, age (4.5, 13 and 23 months), and sex on plasma levels of retinol, tocopherol, ascorbate, cholesterol, glucose and glycohemoglobin in male and female Emory mice which were fed control (C) and 50% calorie restricted (R) diets. Results showed that C fed animals tended to have higher levels of plasma ascorbate (50-71%), cholesterol (23-71%), glucose (38-81%) and glycohemoglobin (50%). However, these diet differences varied with the age and sex of the animals. Plasma retinol levels were lower only in R males vs. C males (50%). Novel sex-related differences in levels of plasma retinol (2-fold higher in C male mice than in C or R female mice) are described. Aging was associated with trends towards lower levels of plasma ascorbate (14-25%), glucose (34-36%) and glycohemoglobin (47-57%) from 4.5 to 23 months of age. However, these age differences depended upon the diet and sex of the animals. These data suggest that lower plasma levels of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and cholesterol may be causally related to the life extension noted in R animals since elevated levels of these moieties have been related to aging. Since oxidative stress is thought to be causally related to aging it appears unlikely that retinol, tocopherol and ascorbate are causally related to R-induced life-extension.
Refinement Indicator for Mesh Adaption in Shallow-Water Modeling

Automatic mesh refinement can create suitable resolution for a hydrodynamic simulation in a computationally efficient manner. Development of an automatic adaptive procedure will rely on estimating and/or controlling computational error by adapting the mesh parameters with respect to a particular measurement. Since a primary source of error in a discrete approximation of the shallow-water equations is inadequate mesh resolution, an adaptive mesh can be an efficient approach to increase accuracy. This paper introduces a simple indicator for the shallow water equations that measures the error in a norm of mass conservation to determine which elements require refinement or coarsening. The resulting adaptive grid gives results comparable to a much higher resolution (uniformly refined) mesh with less computational expense.
Client Hospitalization: Issues and Considerations for the Counselor

The author discusses the process of hospitalizing clients both voluntarily and involuntarily. Legal, ethical, and procedural aspects of the commitment process are examined, and the counselor's role in this process is highlighted.
The development and testing of a numerical method for computation of laminar natural convection in enclosures

Abstract The model represents two-dimensional, laminar, natural convection in a rectangular cross-section of a long channel and is developed in terms of the stream-function and the vorticity. The Grashof number, the Prandtl number, the aspect ratio and the boundary conditions are adjustable parameters. The ADI (alternating-direction-implicit) method was utilized for the numerical integration together with a fictitious unsteady state term for the streamfunction. The effects of initial conditions, grid-size, time-step-size, edge-element formulation and the order of the various finite-difference representations were investigated. Computed values of the steady-state heat flux over various planes were compared.
Activity and Morale: A Longitudinal Study of Selected Elderly Subjects

It is frequently reported that, among elderly persons, contact with the environment decreases with age. Since activity is a positive correlate of morale, morale also reportedly decreases with age. This argument is supported, with qualification, by data from a longitudinal study of the relationship between activity and morale among 182 non-institutionalized subjects sixty years of age and over. Analysis focuses on the deviant case and on factors which modify the expected relationship among age, activity, and morale. Selected health, attitudinal, and "type of activity" factors are shown to be related to the probability of observing elderly subjects with low activity but high morale or with high activity but low morale. T he relationiship between activity and morale has been a perennial subject of research in the field of gerontology?I Whether or not (lifferences in the degree and kind of contact which elderly persons have with the environment tend to be associated with predictable differences in morale (variously defined in terms of feelings of control, purposiveness, satisfaction, optimism, belonging, identification with some normative order, or self-esteem) is of interest to sociologists and social psychologists, regardless of their interest in gerontology. For this question is related generically to clarification of the relationship between activity and sentiments and * Revision of a paper presented to the Section on Old Age and Social Structure, American Sociological Association, Washington, D. C., 1962. The research on which this paper is based was supported in part by Grant M-900, National Institute of Health. The computations involved were carried out in the Duke University Computing Laboratory, which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation. 1 For example, Ruth S. Cavan, et al., Personal Adjustment in Old Age (Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1949), p. 50ff.; R. J. Havighurst, et al., Older People (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1953), p. 285ff.; Bernard Kutner, Five Hundred Over Sixty (New York: Russell Sage Fotindation, 1956), p. 104ff.; Elaine Cumming and W. E. Henry, Growing Old (New York: Basic Books, 1961); Sheldon Tobin and Bernice Neugarten, "Life Satisfaction and Social Interaction," Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 16 (October 1961), pp. 344-346; and George Maddox and Carl Eisdorfer, "Some Correlates of Activity and Morale Among the Elderly," Social Forces, Vol. 26 (March 1962), pp. 254-260. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.21 on Tue, 27 Sep 2016 05:01:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Agreement and understanding about honesty and deception rules in romantic relationships

This research describes perceived rules pertaining to honesty in romantic relationships, identifies sources of accuracy and bias affecting consensus on rules, and clarifies implications for couple conflict. Couples typically idealize honesty; yet, situational rules are vulnerable to different interpretations due to ambiguous properties of deception and pressures to balance openness with discretion. The research distinguishes obligatory rules, which prescribe disclosure or proscribe deception, and discretionary rules, which grant flexibility. Couples agreed on obligatory rules more than discretionary rules, although females endorsed obligatory rules more than males. Individuals overestimated agreement, overattributed sex-stereotypic rule endorsement to the partner, and showed minimal understanding of expectations unique to the partner. Agreement on obligatory rules was associated with lower conflict, whereas understanding predicted greater conflict.
Clutter or content?: how on-screen enhancements affect how TV viewers scan and what they learn

The influence of "on-screen enhancements" such as headline bars and bottom-of-the-screen crawlers on viewing of TV was tested using television news stories. Eye-movement data were recorded for participants' viewings of three news stories in three design levels: a standard screen, a screen with crawler; and a screen with headline bar and crawler. The influence of screen design on distribution of fixations was measured in a 3x3 MANOVA (screen design x story topic) with the ratios of fixation time in defined areas of interest (AOIs) to overall story length as dependent variables. The influence of screen design on the sequential resemblance of eye-path sequences was examined with a string-edit method; multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to group sequences according to their intersequence resemblances as measured by Levenshtein distance. The influence of screen design on processing of story content was measured by story content recall.Results indicated screen design influenced distribution of fixation time across AOIs. Fixation sequence length was unrelated to screen design but was a strong influence on sequence resemblances; however, fixations in the headline and crawler AOIs also contributed to eye-path groupings, Screen design's influence on story content recall was limited to enhanced recall of key story points when headlines related to those points were present, although recall for other story points diminished.
The Role of Photodegradation in Surface Litter Decomposition Across a Grassland Ecosystem Precipitation Gradient

Differences in litter decomposition patterns among mesic, semiarid, and arid grassland ecosystems cannot be accurately explained by variation in temperature, moisture, and litter chemistry alone. We hypothesized that ultraviolet (UV) radiation enhances decomposition in grassland ecosystems via photodegradation, more so in arid compared to mesic ecosystems, and in litter that is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition (with high compared to low lignin concentrations). In a 2-year field study, we manipulated the amount of UV radiation reaching the litter layer at three grassland sites in Minnesota, Colorado, and New Mexico, USA, that represented mesic, semiarid, and arid grassland ecosystems, respectively. Two common grass leaf litter types of contrasting lignin:N were placed at each site under screens that either passed all solar radiation wavelengths or passed all but UV wavelengths. Decomposition was generally faster when litter was exposed to UV radiation across all three sites. In contrast to our hypothesis, the contribution of photodegradation in the decomposition process was not consistently greater at the more arid sites or for litter with higher lignin content. Additionally, at the most arid site, exposure to UV radiation could not explain decomposition rates that were faster than expected given climate constraints or lack of N immobilization by decomposing litter. Although photodegradation plays an important role in the decomposition process in a wider range of grassland sites than previously documented, it does not fully explain the differences in decomposition rates among grassland ecosystems of contrasting aridity.
Plant diversity controls arthropod biomass and temporal stability

Understanding the linkages among species diversity, biomass production and stability underlies effective predictions for conservation, agriculture and fisheries. Although these relationships have been well studied for plants and, to a lesser extent, consumers, relationships among plant and consumer diversity, productivity, and temporal stability remain relatively unexplored. We used structural equation models to examine these relationships in a long-term experiment manipulating plant diversity and enumerating the arthropod community response. We found remarkably similar strength and direction of interrelationships among diversity, productivity and temporal stability of consumers and plants. Further, our results suggest that the frequently observed relationships between plant and consumer diversity occur primarily via changes in plant production leading to changed consumer production rather than via plant diversity directly controlling consumer diversity. Our results demonstrate that extinction or invasion of plant species can resonate via biomass and energy flux to control diversity, production and stability of both plant and consumer communities.
MYD88 L265P Somatic Mutation Its Usefulness in the Differential Diagnosis of Bone Marrow Involvement by B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Objectives: To examine the usefulness of the MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in identifying cases of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) from other lymphoplasmacytic neoplasms in bone marrow biopsy specimens. Methods: We studied 64 bone marrow biopsy specimens with involvement by various small B-cell lymphomas or plasma cell myeloma. Results: The MYD88 L265P somatic mutation was present in 13/13 cases of LPL, 1/13 cases of hairy cell leukemia, and absent in the other mature B-cell neoplasms tested. A test set of diagnostically challenging bone marrow cases with lymphoplasmacytoid morphology (B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified) was selected for additional review and reclassified, without knowledge of the MYD88 L265P status. Of those 16 cases, 7 were positive for MYD88 , including 4/4 cases that were reclassified as LPL during the review. Conclusions: Although not entirely specific, MYD88 L265P is a useful adjunct for bone marrow diagnosis in separating LPL from other small B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell myeloma.
Nonlinear observer design via convex optimization

This paper presents a nonlinear observer design technique based on Lyapunov's second method which provides an observer gain matrix that stabilizes the error dynamics for a class of nonlinear systems. It is also shown how the observer gain matrix can be optimally chosen, via convex optimization, with respect to three different costs; specifically, the maximum singular value of the gain matrix, the decay rate of the error dynamics, and the H/sub /spl infin// norm between disturbances and the estimation errors. Furthermore, the paper discusses how these different optimization criteria can be combined to provide Pareto optimal observer gain matrices. Simulation results for a representative problem is also given.
Reply to Korshing's “The Ecology of an Ecological Study: Comments on Marple's “Technological Innovation and Organizational Survival”

(1983). Reply to Korshing's “The Ecology of an Ecological Study: Comments on Marple's “Technological Innovation and Organizational Survival”. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 155-157.
Synthesis and Characterization of PVDF-Based SWNT/GO Hybrid Films

Hybrid nanocomposites with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and graphene oxide (GO) as nanofillers and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a polymer were synthesized as potential electronic active polymers (EAPs) with high breakdown strength. A co-solvent method was developed to achieve exfoliation and dispersion of GO in PVDF. The microstructure of the PVDF was found to be predominantly γ phase. Percent crystallinity of PVDF increased due to the addition of the hybrid nanofillers. And, at room temperature, the storage modulus is increased by 56.26% over the pure PVDF. The dielectric constant increased from ∼7 to ∼25 for the hybrid nanocomposites as compared to pure PVDF at 1KHz measurement frequency. Dielectric loss of the hybrid nanocomposite is found less than 0.6 for the frequency range from 20 Hz–1MHz. Electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanocomposite increase by nearly two orders of magnitude at 1KHz when compared to pure PVDF. The effect of the presence of these hybrid nanofillers on microstructure and properties of PVDF are discussed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
SAGA: Tracking and Visualization of Building Energy

In this paper, we present SAGA, a system for building energy management that provides robust multi-hop wireless sensing, actuation, device management, plotting of historical data and a server backend API to support remote access. Information collected from sensor nodes is stored locally for quick retrieval even if outside network connectivity is lost or unavailable. When network connectivity is available, data is pushed using the extensible Message Passing Protocol (XMPP). This enables external server-side archiving of historical events and additional processing as well as secure bi-directional communication from gateways behind firewalls or with dynamic IP address like those found in broadband connected homes. SAGA provides a web interface that allows devices to be easily configured with aliases and grouped together based on sensor type. Individual and groups of sensors can be plotted to show relative comparisons of different sensor values. For example, selecting to plot a group of energy metering devices shows the overall distribution of energy consumption per-device. A local multi-resolution storage system provides optimized access to recent high-resolution data along with quick retrieval of pre-computed long-term averages. SAGA has been deployed in three homes around the Pittsburgh area, collecting data for more than two years.
Preparing Inner-City Adolescents to Transition into High School:

The study in this article investigated how academic preparation, career development skills, parental assistance, and social/environmental barriers predicted inner-city adolescents' psychological preparation to transition into high school. Results showed that academic preparation, parents' instrumental assistance, adolescents' career development skills efficacy, lack of teacher and peer support, and teenage pregnancy were predictive for both boys and girls. Suggestions appropriate to assist inner-city youth in preparing for high school are offered.