cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geotrichum candidum NRRL Y-553 lipase: purification, characterization and fatty acid specificity.

Lipases fromGeotrichum candidum NRRL Y-553 are of interest because of their unique specificity forcis-9-unsaturated fatty acids relative to both stearic and palmitic acids. The lipases were partially purified by chromatography on Octyl Sepharose, AG MP-1 macroporous anion exchanger, and chromatofocusing resin. The preparation was found to contain multiple, glycosylated lipases varying slightly in pI (pI 4.88, 4.78, 4.65, 4.57 and 4.52) as judged by both activity and silver staining. The molecular mass determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 64 kilodaltons for the main species, with minor species of 60 and 57 kilodaltons present as well. The specificity of the crude lipases for hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl esters of oleicvs. palmitic acid was 20-to-1. The specificity of the purified, partially separated lipases was similar to that of the crude preparation. Thus the lipases could be used even in crude form for the hydrolysis and restructuring of triacylglycerols on a large scale.
Marital locus of control as a modifier of the relationship between the frequency of provocation by spouse and marital satisfaction

Abstract Existing research suggests that individuals' locus of control orientations specific to the marital context (marital locus of control) may moderate the relationship between the frequency of stressful marital events and marital satisfaction. The present study examined this hypothesis for one type of marital stressor—the level of provocative marital behavior exhibited by the spouse-in 75 married couples. As hypothesized, the results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that the relationship between provocation by spouse and marital satisfaction was stronger in husbands with low internality for marital locus of control than in husbands with high internality. However, the hypothesis was not supported for wives, whose marital satisfaction was found to be strongly associated with the frequency of provocation by the husband.
Anorthositic magmas and the origin of proterozoic anorthosite massifs

Many anorthositic plutons of the Nain complex were formed from highly feldspathic parental magmas, which were probably generated by melting or factional crystallization of tholeiite at 15–22 kbar. Their existence suggests a high geothermal gradient and thick continental crust during the mid-Proterozoic.
Developmental studies of lethality associated with the Antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract A number of dominant homoeotic mutations are localized to the proximal right arm of chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster and are thought to represent members of a gene complex that controls normal determinative decisions in the head and thorax. We have designated this complex the Antennapedia gene complex (ANT-C). Developmental studies were done to investigate the nature of the lethality associated with members of two of the complementation groups within ANT-C. The first complementation group, represented by the mutant Multiple Sex Combs (Msc) is characterized by embryonic lethality when heterozygous with a deletion of the ANT-C. The second complementation group consists of Antennapedia (Antp), Antennapedia-Extra Sex Combs (AntpScx), and the lethals recovered as revertants of AntpNs. When heterozygous for a deletion of the ANT-C or in heterozygous condition with each other, the members of this group show effective lethal phases spanning from embryo-larval boundary to late larval stages. Wakimoto and Kaufman (1981) show that the Antp+ gene acts to establish normal determinative states in the thorax. In the present work, transplantation of eye-antennal disks from lethal individuals heterozygous for two different AntpNs revertant chromosomes into wild-type hosts allowed the assessment of the function of the Antp+ allele in the antenna. Since these transplants formed only antennal structures and showed no evidence of the antennal → leg transformation seen in AntpNs controls, we conclude that the wild-type function of the Antp locus is not necessary for the establishment and/or maintenance of the antennal determined state. We suggest that regulatory mechanisms associated with the Antp+ structural gene normally function both to allow its expression in the thorax and to repress it in the antenna.
How do on-the-job injuries and illnesses impact wealth?

Abstract This research focuses on one neglected area of workers' compensation research, the effect of injury and illness on net worth. We track participants in the NLSY79: one-third of these baby boomers were hurt at work, but 38% of them did not file for workers' compensation. We find that the typical young baby boomer who is never injured has both much higher absolute wealth and wealth growth rates than boomers who are ever injured. Regression results that control for unobserved heterogeneity suggest, however, that the injury does not predict lower wealth unless workers have reported wage losses or spells off work because of their accidents. For these employees wealth is dramatically reduced, regardless of their participation in the workers' compensation system. We also find that injured workers significantly reduce their consumption over time. These results raise new questions about the adequacy of workers' compensation benefits and the quality of jobs injured workers are able to return to. They suggest that sudden health problems caused by occupational injuries may affect more than employers' costs and individuals' incomes; they may have also wider and longer lasting consequences in term of families' wealth and well-being.
The Neuroscience Display Processor

After five years of experience meeting neuroscientists' display requirements, a university computer center constructed a low-cost, special-purpose, highly successful graphics processor.
Plate boundary segmentation by stress directions: Southern San Andreas Fault, California

We propose a new method for defining segmentation of plate boundaries and faults, based on the directions of the stress tensor. Estimates for these directions are obtained by minimizing the average misfit between the theoretical and observed slip directions on fault planes of earthquake focal mechanisms. The misfit, f, for an individual earthquake is the parameter we use for defining the segmentation of plate boundaries. We hypothesize that the stress directions along plate boundaries, and faults, are uniform within segments, but different from other segments. If this is true, a cumulative plot of f as a function of space along strike will show constant, but different, slopes for each segment. The significance of the difference between segment-slopes can be estimated by the standard deviate z-test. Applying this method to the San Andreas fault from the Carrizo plains to its southern end, we identify quantitatively the same four boundaries between segments as proposed based on non-quantitative tectonic considerations, plus one additional segment boundary. We interpret the relatively uniform, but segmented, distribution of stress directions as due to the changing strike, and possibly changing fault surface properties. Whether great earthquake ruptures, or their major asperities, may terminate at segment-boundaries, should be determined along faults that recently generated large earthquakes. This method of defining fault segmentation also allows identification of volumes with uniform stress directions, suitable for inversion for stress orientations, with a minimum of computing time. And finally the method affords an alternative estimate of the significance of differences in stress directions.
Multifocality and multicentricity in breast cancer and survival outcomes

BACKGROUND The clinicopathological characteristics and the prognostic significance of multifocal (MF) and multicentric (MC) breast cancers are not well established. PATIENTS AND METHODS MF and MC were defined as more than one lesion in the same quadrant or in separate quadrants, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier product limit was used to calculate recurrence-free survival (RFS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine independent associations of MF/MC disease with survival outcomes. RESULTS Of 3924 patients, 942 (24%) had MF (n = 695) or MC (n = 247) disease. MF/MC disease was associated with higher T stages (T2: 26% versus 21.6%; T3: 7.4% versus 2.3%, P < 0.001), grade 3 disease (44% versus 38.2%, P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (26.2% versus 19.3%, P < 0.001), and lymph node metastases (43.1% versus 27.3%, P < 0.001). MC, but not MF, breast cancers were associated with a worse 5-year RFS (90% versus 95%, P = 0.02) and BCSS (95% versus 97%, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis shows that MF or MC did not have an independent impact on RFS, BCSS, or OS. CONCLUSIONS MF/MC breast cancers were associated with poor prognostic factors, but were not independent predictors of worse survival outcomes. Our findings support the current TNM staging system of using the diameter of the largest lesion to assign T stage.
Knowledge, Perception, and Performance of Assertive Behavior in Children with Learning Disabilities

The relationships among knowledge, perception, and performance of assertive behavior in children with learning disabilities were examined. Thirty-two boys were administered a self-report assertiveness inventory to assess social knowledge. Social performance was measured via an unobtrusive role-play test. The youngsters' teachers also rated the youths' social skill level. Subjects rated videotapes of peers displaying assertive and unassertive behavior. This served as a measure of social perception of assertiveness. Lastly, sociometrics were collected. Data analyses revealed no significant interrelationship among the three components of social competence. Teacher ratings of subject assertive behavior were positively and significantly related to likeability as rated by sociometrics, but the relationship between subject response to the unobtrusive role-play test and likeability was nonsignificant. Despite these equivocal findings, assertive behavior was more highly valued than nonassertive behavior. Cognitive...
Computing Admissble Transformation Volume

The ability to quantify part dimensional quality with respect to design specifications is of fundamental importance in product design and manufacturing. Our earlier work has proposed the use of admissible transformation volume as a part dimensional quality metric. That is, part quality is quantified based on how much an as-manufactured part shape can move while still remaining within a tolerance zone. A transformation is admissible if upon such a transformation a manufactured part shape falls within the design tolerance zone. A collection of such transformations in the transformation space forms an admissible transformation volume (ATV). In this paper, we present two properties of ATV: transformation invariant and decomposability. We then describe algorithms for computing ATV and how ATV properties facilitate complex tolerance check and reveal new insight on part producibility.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The theory and practice of thinking outside the box: interfacing abstractions with practical communication puzzles

Lateral puzzles of the "thinking outside the box" type can only be solved by going outside the boundaries of the original problem statement. A parallel is here drawn between the solution heuristic for these puzzles and for the kinds of communication puzzles encountered by technical communication professionals. I argue that abstract theories, once properly understood, are indispensable tools for explanation and problem solving, just as experimental questioning and hypothetical reasoning must likewise be employed to solve lateral puzzles.
A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets

Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, aw, which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, Jhet, to be uniquely expressed by T and aw, a result we term the aw based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, Jhet, frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(Jhet) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by T and aw, provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
Integrated concurrency-coherency controls for multisystem data sharing

The authors propose an integrated control mechanism and analyze the performance gain due to its use. An extension to the data sharing system structure is examined in which a shared intermediate memory is used for buffering and for early commit processing. Read-write-synchronization and write-serialization problems arise. The authors show how the integrated concurrency protocol can be used to overcome both problems. A queueing model is used to quantify the performance improvement. Although using intermediate memory as a buffering device produces a moderate performance benefit, the analysis shows that more substantial gains can be realized when this technique is combined with the use of an integrated concurrency-coherency control protocol. >
Extracting new information from the shape of the blood pressure pulse

Presented is a model which characterizes the shape of the blood pressure pulse in terms of the mechanical properties of the arterial system. The feasibility of extracting useful physiologic information from the waveform is examined. The responses of five healthy subjects to the Valsalva maneuver have been studied. The waveshape changes during the different phases of the maneuver were consistent in all subjects, showing increased oscillatory behavior during the strain phase. The model attributed the shape changes primarily to an increase in peripheral resistance and a decrease in distal compliance. It is concluded that the blood pressure waveshape carries significant physiologic information and that this model may be useful for extracting this information. In particular, this technique may provide a method for the non-invasive monitoring of beat-by-beat changes in peripheral vascular resistance. >
Continental drift and true polar wandering

Summary. Evidence in the form of 75 yr of ILS data is accumulating which suggests that true polar wander may be currently taking place. It seems likely that true wander of some magnitude must always accompany plate motions, but the extrapolated ILS rate is an order of magnitude larger than the rate of true polar wander deduced from palaeomagnetic data over the past 55 Myr. The conflict between palaeomagnetic and latitude data provides the motivation for investigating one possible excitation of polar wander, the mass redistribution which accompanies continental drift. The mass redistribution arises mainly because of the contrasting density structure of oceanic and continental regions. The change in the inertia tensor resulting from 106yr of plate motions is found to be negligibly small; even consideration of episodic plate movements, anelasticity, or a decoupled lithosphere cannot boost the effect to the ILS rate of polar wander. These conclusions are strengthened by the fact that any one of several absolute plate velocity models, based on extremely diverse assumptions, yields the same results. In contrast, preliminary findings regarding the effect of Pleistocene deglaciation activities on the inertia tensor reveal that such non-isostatic phenomena may have a large influence on polar wander.
Design and performance of SOI pass transistors for 1 Gbit DRAMs

Both partially and fully depleted NMOS pass transistors were designed and fabricated on SIMOX substrates. Using a p+ gate design, V/sub th/=1 V and I/sub off/<1 fA//spl mu/m was achieved on ultra thin film SOI pass transistors. With less than 1 fA//spl mu/m off-state leakage, the SOI pass transistor provides excellent DRAM cell retention time and low stand-by power. The pass transistor's junction voltage decay after precharge is much slower on the thin film SOI than on thicker film SOI. In addition, the SOI pass transistors were found to have higher DRAM charging efficiency than the bulk pass transistor due to the elimination of the body effect. The higher charging efficiency of SOI pass transistors allows a reduction in the word line voltage during the charging state, avoiding the need for the usual boosting of the DRAM word line voltage, thereby increasing the gate oxide integrity and decreasing the active power.
Predicting dependability by testing

In assessing the quality of software, we would like to make engineering judgements similar to those based on statistical quality control. Ideally, we want to support statements like: "The confidence that this program's result at X is correct is p," where X is a particular vector of inputs, and confidence p is obtained from measurements of the software (perhaps involving X). For the theory to be useful, it must be feasible to predict values of p near 1 for many programs, for most values of X.Blum's theory of self-checking/correcting programs has exactly the right character, but it applies to only a few unusual problems. Conventional software reliability theory is widely applicable, but it yields only confidence in a failure intensity, and the measurements required to support a correctness-like failure intensity (say 10-9/demand) are infeasible. Voas's sensitivity theory remedies these problems of reliability theory, but his model is too simple to be very plausible. In this paper we combine these ideas: reliability, sensitivity, and self-checking, to obtain new results on "dependability," plausible predictions of software quality.
The Lyme Disease Vaccine—A Public Health Perspective

Lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochetal agent Borrelia burgdoferi, is the most common vector-borne illness in the United States. In 1998, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a recombinant Lyme disease vaccine that was later voluntarily withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer. Current Lyme disease prevention efforts focus on a combination of methods and approaches, including area acaricides, landscape management, host-targeted interventions, management of deer populations, and personal protective measures, such as the use of insect repellant and tick checks. Although these methods are generally safe and relatively inexpensive, the primary limitations of these methods are that their effectiveness has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively and that rates of compliance are generally poor. An effective human Lyme disease vaccine that has been adequately evaluated in the highest-risk population groups could be very beneficial in preventing Lyme disease; however, it would need to meet high standards regarding safety, efficacy, cost, and public acceptance.
An exploratory study of website information content

This study describes and demonstrates the Website Information Content Survey (WICS), which is intended to provide practitioners and researchers with a means of systematically describing website information content. In an exploratory survey of twenty business-to-consumer websites across five e-commerce domains, we demonstrate how the survey can be used to make cross-website comparisons that can identify potential gaps in a website's information content. The results of this study offer actionable guidance to practitioners seeking to match their website's information mix to customer's demands for product, company, and channel information. The WICS tool enables future investigation of hypothesized relationships between website information content and user-website interaction outcomes.
Selective removal of residual composite from dental enamel surfaces using the third harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

Background and Objective Conventional methods of residual composite removal after the debonding of orthodontic brackets involve the use of abrasives that damage the underlying enamel. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that 355-nm laser pulses with a pulse width of 10 ns are well suited for the removal of composite through selective laser ablation. Study Design/Materials and Methods The residual composite remaining on the surface of extracted human third molars and bovine incisors was removed using multiple laser pulses from the third harmonic (355-nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Results There is selective ablation of composite from the enamel surface without any discernable damage to the underlying enamel. Conclusion This study demonstrates that 355-nm, 10 ns laser pulses can be used for the selective ablation of dental composite without thermal or mechanical damage to the underlying enamel. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:240-245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phenomenology and classification of tics

Motor and phonic tics represent the clinic hallmark of Tourette syndrome. Since there is no diagnostic test for tics, the clinical recognition of phenomenology is essential for proper diagnosis. Some, and possibly most, motor tics are preceded by a premonitory urge or sensation that is relieved by the execution of the tic and thus can be difficult to differentiate from compulsions, hence the term compulsive tic. In the schema of categorization of movements, most tics can be classified as either unvoluntaryin response to an inner sensory stimulus or to an unwanted feeling compulsionor involuntarytics that are usually suppressible. Further studies are needed to elucidate the clinical, anatomical, and physiologic substrates for the different forms of tics. Finally, the relationship between tics and comorbid conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit with hyperactivity needs to be further explored.
Decrease in central venous catheter placement due to use of ultrasound guidance for peripheral intravenous catheters

Abstract Study Objectives Obtaining intravenous (IV) access in the emergency department (ED) can be especially challenging, and physicians often resort to placement of central venous catheters (CVCs). Use of ultrasound-guided peripheral IV catheters (USGPIVs) can prevent many “unnecessary” CVCs, but the true impact of USGPIVs has never been quantified. This study set out to determine the reduction in CVCs by USGPIV placement. Methods This was a prospective, observational study conducted in 2 urban EDs. Patients who were to undergo placement of a CVC due to inability to establish IV access by other methods were enrolled. Ultrasound-trained physicians then attempted USGPIV placement. Patients were followed up for up to 7 days to assess for CVC placement and related complications. Results One hundred patients were enrolled and underwent USGPIV placement. Ultrasound-guided peripheral IV catheters were initially successfully placed in all patients but failed in 12 patients (12.0%; 95 confidence interval [CI], 7.0%-19.8%) before ED disposition, resulting in 4 central lines, 7 repeated USGPIVs, and 1 patient requiring no further intervention. Through the inpatient follow-up period, another 11 patients underwent CVC placement, resulting in a total of 15 CVCs (15.0%; 95 CI, 9.3%-23.3%) placed. Of the 15 patients who did receive a CVC, 1 patient developed a catheter-related infection, resulting in a 6.7% (95 CI, 1.2%-29.8%) complication rate. Conclusion Ultrasound prevented the need for CVC placement in 85% of patients with difficult IV access. This suggests that USGPIVs have the potential to reduce morbidity in this patient population.
Base Pairing between cis-Acting Sequences Contributes to Template Switching during Plus-Strand DNA Synthesis in Human Hepatitis B Virus

Hepadnaviruses utilize two template switches (primer translocation and circularization) during synthesis of plus-strand DNA to generate a relaxed-circular (RC) DNA genome. In duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) three cis-acting sequences, 3E, M, and 5E, contribute to both template switches through base pairing, 3E with the 3' portion of M and 5E with the 5' portion of M. Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) also contains multiple cis-acting sequences that contribute to the accumulation of RC DNA, but the mechanisms through which these sequences contribute were previously unknown. Three of the HBV cis-acting sequences (h3E, hM, and h5E) occupy positions equivalent to those of the DHBV 3E, M, and 5E. We present evidence that h3E and hM contribute to the synthesis of RC DNA through base pairing during both primer translocation and circularization. Mutations that disrupt predicted base pairing inhibit both template switches while mutations that restore the predicted base pairing restore function. Therefore, the h3E-hM base pairing appears to be a conserved requirement for template switching during plus-strand DNA synthesis of HBV and DHBV. Also, we show that base pairing is not sufficient to explain the mechanism of h3E and hM, as mutating sequences adjacent to the base pairing regions inhibited both template switches. Finally, we did not identify predicted base pairing between h5E and the hM region, indicating a possible difference between HBV and DHBV. The significance of these similarities and differences between HBV and DHBV will be discussed.
The Elders’ Oral Health Summit: Introduction and Recommendations

Disparities in oral health and access to dental care among older Americans will become more critical with the aging of the seventy-six million baby boomers—a generation that will begin to retire in 2006 and start reaching age sixty-five in 2011.[1][1] At a time when the elderly are an ever-larger
Vocal fold pseudocyst: A prospective study of surgical outcomes

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine rates of lesion recurrence and functional impairment after surgical removal of vocal fold pseudocysts and determine factors predictive of recurrence. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Patients who underwent surgical removal of pseudocyst were recruited for 12 months of postoperative follow-up. A clinical consensus cohort of 10 laryngologists blindly reviewed pre- and postoperative videostroboscopic examinations to determine presence of pseudocyst and concurrent clinical variables (reactive lesion, varix, paresis). Patients completed a postoperative Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and follow-up questionnaire. Results were analyzed to determine lesion recurrence rates, degree of postoperative functional impairment, and predictors of recurrence. Results Eighteen surgeries on 17 patients (15F:2M) with pseudocyst were examined. All underwent perioperative behavioral treatment. Lesion recurrence rates were 22% (per treating laryngologist) to 33% (per clinical consensus cohort). No demographic variables proved predictive of lesion recurrence. No clinical variables predicted recurrence, although there was suggestion of paresis as a contributing factor. Postoperative VHI-10 scores were within normal limits for all patients, but 12% of patients experienced recurrent functional impairment requiring further treatment. Conclusion Most individuals (15/17) returned to normal voice use without limitation after surgery. Some individuals appear predisposed to lesion recurrence, which occurs relatively swiftly. Demographic features and clinical variables are not predictive of recurrence. The role of glottic insufficiency related to recurrence warrants further study. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 125:913–918, 2015
Phakic IOLs:*A photo finish?

T HE OPTICAL CORRECTION OF HIGH MYOPIA PREsents formidable challenges to the ophthalmologist. Spectacle lenses must be thick, causing distortion of peripheral vision, prismatic effects, and spherical aberrations. Contact lenses reduce these problems, but the necessary peripheral thickness of the contact lens can cause discomfort and decentration of the contact lens. Not surprisingly, highly myopic patients are the most motivated group of patients seeking refractive surgery. Highly myopic patients have also been some of the most disappointed patients after corneal refractive surgery. Aggressive radial keratotomy, with very deep incisions and small optical zones, led to early complications of glare, irregular astigmatism, and corneal perforations and late complications of persistent diurnal fluctuation and a high rate of progressive myopia. With the introduction of excimer laser photoablation, surgeons turned to photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). With increasing depth of tissue removal came higher rates of optically disruptive corneal haze and scarring, regression of the initial correction, and substantially less predictability of the final correction compared to lower levels of myopia. Performing the laser ablation underneath a corneal flap created by a microkeratome (laser in-situ keratomileusis, or LASIK) first developed as an answer to these problems, removing most of the vexing problems of the wound healing response to the surface injury of PRK. Initial enthusiasm of refractive surgeons for LASIK as an answer to the challenge of high myopia gradually tempered when some patients with anatomically excellent results were unhappy with the quality of their vision. The most common complaints were glare and haloes, particularly at night. As understanding of sophisticated optics entered into clinical ophthalmology, surgeons came to appreciate that the problem was not the simple issue of pupil size, but instead the optics of the mid-peripheral cornea. Wavefront technology has demonstrated the deleterious impact of imposing a simple spherical correction on the cornea, with increased aberrations as the level of corneal flattening increased. While wavefront-guided aspheric ablation patterns may reduce these negative optical side effects, these patterns inherently consume more corneal tissue than
Differential effects of nicotine on alcohol consumption in men and women.

Nicotine and alcohol are frequently co-used, suggesting that use of one drug may facilitate use of the other. Furthermore, because men and women differ in their responses to both drugs, it is possible that men and women also differ in their responses to the combination of nicotine and alcohol. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of nicotine on consumption and subjective and physiological effects of alcohol in healthy male and female social drinkers. Healthy light smoking, social drinkers (22 men and 12 women) participated in a three-session, double-blind within-subject study. They were pretreated with transdermal nicotine (7 or 14 mg) or placebo, followed two h later by an alcoholic beverage, and subsequent opportunities to “purchase” and consume more of the same drink. Outcome measures included the number of alcoholic beverages consumed and subjective and physiological effects. Nicotine increased alcohol consumption in men, whereas it decreased alcohol consumption in women. These effects were even more pronounced after excluding participants reporting nausea after nicotine administration. Nicotine alone increased subjective arousal in men but decreased positive mood in women. Nicotine increased the sedative-like effects of alcohol in both sexes. These findings indicate that both the subjective effects of nicotine and the effects of nicotine on alcohol consumption differ markedly in men and women. The findings extend existing data on sex differences in the effects of either nicotine or cigarette smoking on alcohol consumption, and support the idea that the pharmacological effects of nicotine may differ in men and women.
Over a decade of research on children's eyewitness testimony: what have we learned? Where do we go from here?

Scientific understanding of children's eyewitness memory has advanced colossally over the last 15 years. After more than a decade of intense research, it is possible to reflect on empirical knowledge gained about memory accuracy and interviewing strategies, and to propose directions for future inquiry. In the present article, past studies of the effects of leading questions, repeated interviews, and interview context are reviewed. The contribution of leading questions to allegations of satanic ritual abuse is addressed, as is the contribution of individual-difference factors, such as abuse history, to memory performance. The dilemma of designing an interview for children which simultaneously reduces both the dangers of false reports and the dangers of lack of disclosure is discussed. It is proposed that interviews should not be judged dichotomously as either leading or non-leading, but rather viewed as falling along a ‘leadingness continuum’. To guide future research, a call is made to integrate complex applied and theoretical issues in the study of child witnesses. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solder bump on copper stud (SBC) method of forming the solder joint in flip chip

There are several processes in growing solder bumps in a wafer intended for flip chip applications. To mention a few are "electroplated", "ball placed" and "screen-printed" bumps. Upon flip chip attach, some manufacturing assemblies require a solder dispensing process on the leadframe to complete the interconnection between the bumps and the leadframe substrate, while others re-melt the bump on the chip to directly solder onto the substrate. For small-pitch bumping, i.e. <150/spl mu/m, with several number of =150/spl mu/m-sized bumps, solder dispensing on the leadframe substrate prior to flip chip attach is a major source of yield and reliability problem on the product if the dispensing results to non-uniform volume for the solder dots, not withstanding the productivity loss during dispensing due to mandatory vision system monitors to ensure completeness and volume consistency of solder dispensed on the leadframe. It is the reason why some assemblies are trying to find ways to mitigate or eliminate these limitations. On the other hand, directly re-melting the bumps to form the joint is a faster process, but has its share of disadvantages in maintaining the stand-off height after reflow, which results to poor performance during temperature and power cycling tests. The solder bump on copper stud (SBC) method defined in this paper resolved the problems mentioned and is a better solution to the manufacturability of assemblies requiring flip chip attach. This paper outlines a new method of forming a solder joint between a metal substrate and the bumps attached to the silicon in flip chip applications by solder bump on copper stud (SBC) process. This new method makes use of copper stud bumping technology coupled with solder screen-printing on wafer-level to pre-form the bumps on the silicon. This is a cost-effective alternative to electroplated bumps. The process eliminates solder dispensing process during flip chip assembly to form the final interconnection between substrate and silicon. The target applications are those that require stand-off control after flip chip attach for better reliability performance and maintain a highly conductive path for products requiring very low Rds(on) applications. Another merit of the SBC process is for applications where leadframes require deep downset or step-down and screen-printing is not an option. The process also addresses the low productivity of the solder dispensing process, consequently decreasing the overall product cost as a result of the improved equipment UPH.
Establishing Corporate Evaluation Policy — Cost Versus Benefit

In determining the yield from training evaluation, it is essential to review how the training will be accounted for — as productivity improvement or as capital investment. And, it is important to assess the significance of existent curriculum models and evaluation strategies as well as the market for evaluation information.
Chapter 13 The Role of Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Lymphocyte Activation and Function

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites affect lymphocyte activation and function and evaluates their immunoregulatory potential. The potential in vivo effects of AA metabolites on lymphocytes have not been adequately studied; this is in part due to the rapid clearance of these molecules as well as uncertainty concerning their cellular source, rates of synthesis, and physiologic levels at sites of immunologically initiated inflammation. These factors should be borne in mind when the pharmacologic properties and effects of AA metabolites on in vitro lymphocyte function are described. Measurement of AA metabolite levels in the in vivo inflammatory milieu together with the functional responses of lymphocytes in this environment help to address this. The specific role assumed by AA metabolites in the process of lymphocyte activation is still unclear. These mediators may exert positive and negative effects on lymphocyte function, depending upon the source of the mediator, the nature of the activating lymphocyte agent, and the particular lymphocyte subset in question.
Plant spatial distribution and predator–prey ratio affect biological control of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

ABSTRACTA greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of plant spacing and predator–prey ratio on dispersal and foraging efficiency of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, on the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. When predators were released at the end of spider mite-infested arrays of lima bean plants that had either no spacing or two different patterns of spacing among plant rows, plant damage was uniformly low throughout the experiment at both predator–prey ratios (1:10 and 3:10) in the treatment with no spacing. In contrast, damage was higher in both treatments where plant rows were interrupted by spacing. At the 1:10 ratio, more plants closer to the predator release point experienced moderate damage than at the 3:10 ratio where only the plant rows farthest from the release point had unacceptable damage. Our findings suggest that point releases of P. persimilis at the standard 1:10 predator–prey ratio should be effective within a diameter of at least 65 cm on mite-in...
Fluoxetine effects on retention of inhibitory avoidance: Enhancement by systemic but not intra-amygdala injections

Male Sprague-Dawley rate were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task and injected with saline or fluoxetine (15.0 mg/kg i.p.) immediately after training. Fluoxetine significantly facilitated retention assessed on a retention test 48 h later. In contrast, posttraining intra-amygdala injections of fluoxetine (1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 µg) did not modify retention of the inhibitory avoidance task. The findings suggest that the amygdala serotonergic system is not involved in the modulation of memory in this task.
After Hegemony Cooperation is Still Possible

This paper, which appeared in The International Spectator in January 1984, previewed many of the themes of my book, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy.1 I argued...
CES1P1 variant −816A>C is not associated with hepatic carboxylesterase 1 expression and activity or antihypertensive effect of trandolapril

Purpose The majority of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are synthesized as ester prodrugs that must be converted to their active forms in vivo in order to exert therapeutic effects. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is the primary enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of ACEI prodrugs in humans. The genetic variant −816A>C (rs3785161) is a common variant located in the promoter region of the CES1P1 gene. Previous studies report conflicting results with regard to the association of this variant and therapeutic outcomes of CES1 substrate drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the variant −816A>C on the activation of the ACEI prodrug trandolapril in human livers and the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of trandolapril in hypertensive patients.
Quantifying In-Use PM Measurements for Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles

Heavy duty emissions regulations have recently expanded from the laboratory to include in-use requirements. This paradigm shift to in-use testing has forced the development of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for particulate matter (PM). These PM measurements are not trivial for laboratory work, and are even more complex for in-use testing. This study evaluates five PM PEMS in comparison to UCR’s mobile reference laboratory under in-use conditions. Three on-highway, heavy-duty trucks were selected to provide PM emissions levels from 0.1 to 0.0003 g/hp-h, with varying compositions of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate. The on-road driving courses included segments near sea level, at elevations up to 1500 m, and coastal and desert regions. The photoacoustic measurement PEMS performed best for the non-aftertreatment system (ATS)-equipped engine, where the PM was mostly EC, with a linear regression slope of 0.91 and an R2 of 0.95. The PEMS did not perform as well for the 2007...
Computational wing design in support of an NLF variable sweep transition flight experiment

A natural laminar flow outer panel wing glove has been designed for a variable sweep fighter aircraft using state-of-the-art computational techniques. Testing of the design will yield wing pressure and boundary-layer data under actual flight conditions and environment. These data will be used to enhance the understanding of the interaction between crossflow and Tollmien-Schlichting disturbances on boundary-layer transition. The outer wing panel was contoured such that a wide range of favorable pressure gradients could be obtained on the wing upper surface. Extensive computations were performed to support the design effort which relied on two- and three-dimensional transonic design and analysis techniques. A detailed description of the design procedure that evolved during this study is presented. Results on intermediate designs at various stages in the design process demonstrate how the various physical and aerodynamic constraints were integrated into the design. Final results of the glove design analyzed as part of the complete aircraft configuration with a full-potential wing/body analysis code indicate that the aerodynamic design objectives were met.
Exploration of Malaria Monitoring after Elimination of malaria

[Objective]To understand the epidemic features of malaria after its elimination,and provide evidence for further implementation of malaria control. [Methods]Retrospective analysis was performed on malaria surveillance data in Beiliu City during 1995-2010. [Results]A total of 25 malaria cases were reported in 16 years in Beiliu City,all were imported cases;the most were young adults,males were more than female;88% cases appeared from March to September. [Conclusion]To strengthen surveillance of floating population,to timely identify and treat patients,and to enhance malaria prevention and treatment knowledge are the focus of malaria control.
Early harvest to manage greenhouse thrips in avocado.

Aesthetic surface scarring of the fruit of avocado caused by the feeding of greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (GHT), is cumulative, increasing through the season as both the colony size and duration of feeding increase. Research reported here demonstrates that an early harvest strategy for GHT management in ‘Hass’ avocados reduced current season damage and fruit damage in the following season. Early season harvesting limits economic losses to the current season’s crop by removing most of the actively feeding GHT. This prevents GHT movement from the current year’s crop to the following year’s crop by limiting the amount of crop “overlap time.”
Jahn-Teller assisted Na diffusion for high performance Na ion batteries

Na energy storage technology is strategically attractive for large scale applications such as grid energy storage. We show in this paper that there is a clear relation between the Jahn–Teller activity of a transition metal ion at the end of charge and the mobility of Na in a cathode material. This is particularly important as mobility at the end of charge limits the capacity of current materials. Hence, by using this classical piece of physics in the battery world, it is possible to create higher capacity Na-cathode materials. Even more exciting is that the ideal element to impart this effect on cathodes is Fe, which is the least expensive of the transition metal oxides and can therefore enable low cost cathode materials.
IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY ADJUSTMENT COSTS FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Optimal policy recommendations from natural resource management models can involve fast-changing management interventions. Actual policies often change more gradually, potentially reflecting costs associated with policy adjustment. We examine how including policy adjustment costs changes policy recommendations in models of fishery management. Specifically, we examine cases where policy adjustment costs increase at an increasing rate with the rate of change of fishing effort levels. We examine how accounting for these costs changes optimal management strategies in static and time-varying environments. Increasing policy adjustment costs results in optimal approach paths to stationary optimal solutions that are more gradual but that rely on oscillatory convergence. In time-varying environments, including policy adjustment costs smoothes optimal management recommendations, resulting in decreased variation in effort levels on the stationary part of the optimal solution, but increased variation in optimal stock sizes. We conclude that accounting for policy adjustment costs in this way leads to management recommendations that in some ways would be simpler for managers to implement (more gradual approach paths), but in other ways more challenging (oscillatory convergence) and that can affect where environmental variability is expressed in model predictions (stock sizes versus effort levels) while not suppressing this variability altogether.
Social conflict within and between groups by De Dreu, C. K. (Ed.)

This book is an edited compilation of research findings by Dutch social psychologists about the dynamics of social conflict between groups as well as within groups. It contains 10 chapters that ext...