cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular effects of electrical stimulation of the forebrain in the fetal lamb.

Extract: Modified stereotaxic techniques were applied to fetal lambs during the latter third of gestation. Electrical stimulation in the region of the hypothalamus in 10 acute experiments was associated with three patterns of arterial blood pressure and heart rate changes: a pressor-tachycardia response; a pure tachycardia response (abolished by propranolol); and a pure bradycardia response (abolished by atropine). The pressor-tachycardia response was examined in detail in 13 chronic preparations (115–135 days of gestation at operation). The systolic arterial blood pressure increase was never greater than 35 mm Hg and was probably blunted by the large noninnervated placental circulation. This pressure increase was abolished by phentolamine and was thus mediated by stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The initial tachycardia was prevented by propranolol and was due to β-adrenergic stimulation. The tachycardia was followed in a few seconds by a bradycardia, abolished by atropine and possibly a vagal baroreflex. The pressortachycardia response was accentuated in two lambs who were delivered spontaneously and were studied after birth. These studies indicate that a suprabulbar neural framework exists in the fetal lamb for influencing the cardiovascular system from as early as 90 days of gestation. Speculation: Since electrical stimulation in the region of the hypothalamus is associated with various changes in blood pressure and heart rate, it is possible that the upper brain stem in the late gestation fetus has a role in the central nervous regulation of the circulation. Complex cardiovascular patterns may be organized in this region in response to fetal stress.
Solar‐terrestrial relations

The term “solar-terrestrial relations” (or “solar-terrestrial physics”) has, in recent years, assumed a wide range of meanings. In its broadest interpretation it encompasses the full gamut of space plasma physics (or solar system space physics); in particular, it encompasses the interaction of solar system plasmas with all the planets and their atmospheres, not just the earth and its atmosphere. In its narrowest interpretation it refers to the series of links through which solar activity influences the earth's magnetosphere, upper atmosphere, and troposphere. The term “space plasma physics” refers explicitly to the former, broader topic, i.e., the physics of solar system plasmas and magnetic fields, their myriad manifestations, and their interactions with solar system bodies and their atmospheres.
Multivariate tests of fit using asymptotically sufficient grouping

A sample is taken from a continuous multivariate distribution. The problem is to test the hypothesis that the unknown joint cumulative distribution function is equal to a completely specified function. The observed data are transformed so that the hypothesis being tested is that the distribution is uniform over a unit hypercube. If only neighboring alternatives are considered, it is shown that the numbers of observations falling in a gradually increasing number of subcubes are asymptotically sufficient. It is shown that for all asymptotic probability calculations, we can assume that the joint distribution of the numbers of observations can be considered to be the distribution of slightly rounded off normal random variables. Tests based on these facts are constructed.
Directed Forgetting in Pigeons: The Role of Retention Interval Keypecking on Delayed Matching Accuracy

Abstract Pigeons were trained on a delayed matching task involving presentation, during the delay on each trial, of one of three cues: on some trials a cue that signaled that a memory test would always occur (a remember, R, cue), on other trials a cue that signaled that it would never occur (a forget, F, cue), and on still other trials a cue that signaled that it would occur unpredictably on half of the trials (an ambiguous, A, cue). For birds in the omission group, absence of a memory test meant that the trial was over, whereas for birds in the substitution group, it meant that the trial ended with a simple, simultaneous discrimination. Pigeons in the substitution group pecked all cues equivalently and, relative to accuracy on R-cue trials, showed no decrement in matching accuracy on either A-cue- or F-cue-probe trials. Pigeons in the omission group pecked the R cue more than the A cue but matching accuracy on R- and A-cue trials was comparable. Results from the omission group suggest a dissociation between delay-cue pecking and matching performance.
A note on the generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by sudden surface-curvature change

This note is primarily concerned with the generation of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves by the interaction of very long-wavelength free-stream disturbances with a discontinuity in the curvature of a bounding surface (whose slope may or may not be continuous). The theory is combined with a numerical solution of the local Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and the result is used to predict the Tollmien-Schlichting amplitude in a relevant experiment carried out by Leehey and Shapiro (1980). The calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with their observations.
Control of the IBM 3800 printing subsystem

The IBM 3800 Printing Subsystem is controlled by a high speed multilevel, interrupt-driven microprocessor. The design of this system has included several innovative concepts to take advantage of the flexibility of electrophotographic laser printing. New functions that are introduced include intermixed pitches, fonts, and line spacings; user-alterable character sets; on-line forms generation; and superior retry, fail-soft and diagnostic capabilities. Compatibility with the operational characteristics of IBM 1403 and 3211 printers is maintained. This paper discusses many of the objectives, development tradeoffs, and resultant control implementations for an on-line computer output printing subsystem.
Reduction of Nitrate Leaching with Haying or Grazing and Omission of Nitrogen Fertilizer

In some high-fertility, high-stocking-density grazing systems, nitrate (NO(3)) leaching can be great, and ground water NO(3)-N concentrations can exceed maximum contaminant levels. To reduce high N leaching losses and concentrations, alternative management practices need to be used. At the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, OH, two management practices were studied with regard to reducing NO(3)-N concentrations in ground water. This was following a fertilized, rotational grazing management practice from which ground water NO(3)-N concentrations exceeded maximum contaminant levels. Using four small watersheds (each approximately 1 ha), rotational grazing of a grass forage without N fertilizer being applied and unfertilized grass forage removed as hay were used as alternative management practices to the previous fertilized pastures. Ground water was sampled at spring developments, which drained the watershed areas, over a 7-yr period. Peak ground water NO(3)-N concentrations before the 7-yr study period ranged from 13 to 25.5 mg L(-1). Ground water NO(3)-N concentrations progressively decreased under each watershed and both management practices. Following five years of the alternative management practices, ground water NO(3)-N concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 3.9 mg L(-1). Both grazing and haying, without N fertilizer being applied to the forage, were similarly effective in reducing the NO(3)-N levels in ground water. This research shows two management practices that can be effective in reducing high NO(3)-N concentrations resulting from high-fertility, high-stocking-density grazing systems, including an option to continue grazing.
Radiation treatment for the right naris in a pediatric anesthesia patient using an adaptive oral airway technique

Radiation therapy for pediatric patients often includes the use of intravenous anesthesia with supplemental oxygen delivered via the nasal cannula. Here, we describe the use of an adaptive anesthesia technique for electron irradiation of the right naris in a preschool-aged patient treated under anesthesia. The need for an intranasal bolus plug precluded the use of standard oxygen supplementation. This novel technique required the multidisciplinary expertise of anesthesiologists, radiation therapists, medical dosimetrists, medical physicists, and radiation oncologists to ensure a safe and reproducible treatment course.
Socio-economic differences in the use of dairy fat in Russian and Finnish Karelia, 1994–2004

Objectives To determine socio-economic differences from 1994 to 2004 in the use of butter and milk in Pitkaranta in the Republic of Karelia, Russia and North Karelia, Finland.
The utilization of total mass to determine the switching points in the symmetric boundary control problem with a linear reaction term

Abstract The authors study the problem u t = u x x − u , 0 x 1 , t > 0 ; u ( x , 0 ) = 0 , and u ( 0 , t ) = u ( 1 , t ) = ψ ( t ) , where ψ ( t ) = u 0 for t 2 k t t 2 k + 1 and ψ ( t ) = 0 for t 2 k + 1 t t 2 k + 2 , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … , with t 0 = 0 and the sequence t k is determined by the equations ∫ 0 1 u ( x , t k ) d x = M , for k = 1 , 3 , 5 , … , and ∫ 0 1 u ( x , t k ) d x = m , for k = 2 , 4 , 6 , … and where 0 m M . Note that the switching points t k , k = 1 , 2 , 3 , … , are unknown. Existence and uniqueness are demonstrated. Theoretical estimates of the t k and t k + 1 − t k are obtained and numerical verifications of the estimates are presented. The case of u x ( 0 , t ) = u x ( 1 , t ) = ψ ( t ) is also considered and analyzed.
More on Potentiality and Possibilia: A Response to Stone

by alleging that Ihave committed the fallacy of converse accident. As I did not base my judg-ment that fetal rights cannot be grounded on the fetus’s potential to becomean (adult) human person on any inference, let alone a fallacious one, allowme to comment.In this paper I respond to Stone in two ways. First, I will discuss hisconstrual of my position, and I will show that in arguing against it he com-mits the straw man fallacy. Second, I will explore the overall position onpotentiality and the possibility of having rights that emerges from his criti-cism of my views. It will turn out that his reply, for whatever it’s worth,commits him to a counterintuitive position on potentiality and possible pos-session of rights. It takes him right down the slippery slope to the absurdview that even ova and spermatozoa (as long as they exist) must be grantedrights. But before I can get to Stone’s criticism I must first in some detailrestate my view on fetal rights. Hence, I divide this paper into two parts.
The statistical-summation theory of weak flux-line pins in type-II superconductors

Abstract A random array of flux-line-pinning defects is shown to produce a large, bulk-pinning-force density even if the pins individually fail to satisfy the threshold criterion. By using a simplified model defect-FLL interaction, approximate expressions are obtained for the critical pinning-force density F c . The theory predicts that, in materials within narrow peaks near the upper and lower critical fields. The width of the peaks increases as the pinning is made stronger. A broad, dome-shaped peak in F c and scalig-law behavior, both of which are usually associated with large F c materials, is the strong-pinning limit of this theory.
Toward A New Model of Autonomy: Lessons From Neuroscience

In “How the Neuroscience of Decision Making Informs Our Conception of Autonomy,” Gidon Felsen and Peter Reiner (2011) argue that decisions typically regarded as rational and autonomous are in fact ...
Endomyocardial biopsy in the heterotopic heart transplant patient

We present a technique for rapid and easy endomyocardial biopsy of the heterotopic transplanted heart. With a recent resurgence in heterotopic heart transplantation, we believe that ours is a sound technique in obtaining both routine surveillance biopsies as well as evaluating "right-sided pressures" in the "piggy-back" heart.
The Pauperization of Motherhood: Patriarchy and Public Policy in the United States:

In this paper I argue that unequal distribution of the costs of children between men and women has been reinforced by public policies that have served the interests of men as fathers as well as the interests of those employers and taxpayers who are not also mothers. Taking an historical approach, I trace changes in the patriarchal content of policies towards mothers in three separate arenas: family policy, labor market policy, and the welfare system.
Hippocampal μ-receptors mediate opioid reinforcement in the CA3 region

Abstract Dependence on reinforcing chemicals is manifested when drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors come to dominate the response repertoire. Clinical observations suggests that the craving and compulsive drug-seeking that characterize drug depedence are aroused by memories of the reinforcing drug experience. If so, a brain structure intimately associated with memory — the hippocampus — would be a plausible substrate for drug reinforcement effects. We report here that drug-naive rats rapidly learn to self-administer the opioid peptide dynorphin A in the CA3 region of hippocampus, and that this behavior is blocked by co-administration of the non-selective opiate antatgonist naloxone. Subsequent studies demonstrated that coadministration of the μ-, but not κ- or δ-opioid antoganists also blocked self-administration behavior. We conclude that μ-receptors in the CA3 region of hippocampus may be important target sites for opioid dependence.
MR Imaging Assessment of Articular Cartilage Repair Procedures

Articular cartilage injury poses a serious problem for orthopedic surgeons. The associated pain and physical disability can have career-ending consequences in athletes and can restrict the ability to perform activities of daily living in any individual. In two separate studies, consisting of 31,156 and 1000 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy, cartilage lesions were found in greater than 60% of all patients, and approximately 5% of these lesions were classified as deep partial-thickness or full-thickness defects in patients less than 40 years of age.1,2 Because articular cartilage is avascular, the transport of inflammatory mediators and cells to the site of tissue injury is limited; thus, cartilage has no intrinsic capacity to heal itself.3,4 Over the past two decades, there have been many exciting developments in the field of articular cartilage restoration. Patients who were previously offered only symptomatic relief now have a variety of treatment options, including microfracture, osteochondral autografting and allografting, restoration with resorbable synthetic scaffolds, and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) (including matrix-assisted ACI [MACI]). This article reviews the different types of cartilage repair procedures and discusses their assessment using imaging.
Kinetics of the oxygen evolution step in plants determined from flash-induced chlorophyll t a fluorescence

Photosystem II (PS II) of plants and cyanobacteria, which catalyzes the light-induced splitting of water and the release of oxygen, is the primary source of oxygen in the earth atmosphere. When activated by short light flashes, oxygen release in PS II occurs periodically with maxima after the third and the seventh flashes. Many other processes, including chlorophyll (Chl) t a fluorescence, are also modulated with period of four, reflecting their sensitivity to the activity of Photosystem II. A new approach has been developed for the analysis of the flash-induced fluorescence of Chl t a in plants, which is based on the use of the generalized Stern–Volmer equation for multiple quenchers. When applied to spinach thylakoids, this analysis reveals the presence of a new quencher of fluorescence whose amplitude is characterized by a periodicity of four with maxima after the third and the seventh flashes, in phase with oxygen release. The quencher appears with a delay of ≈ 0.5 ms followed by a rise time of 1.2–2 ms at pH 7, also in agreement with the expected time for oxygen evolution. It is concluded that the quencher is a product of the reaction leading to the oxygen evolution in PS II. The same quenching activity, maximal after the third flash, could be seen in dark adapted leaves, and provides the first fully time-resolved measurement of the kinetics of the oxygen evolution step in the leaf. Thus, the non-invasive probe of Chl t a fluorescence provides a new and sensitive method for measuring the kinetics of oxygen evolution with potential for use in plants and cyanobacteria t in vivo.
La Alhambra, un palacio islámico

En este articulo se emplea una variedad de textos con el fin de proponer una nueva lectura de la dama de las pinturas de la la llamada “Sala de la Justicia”, que la vincula con el proyecto de auto-representacion de la dinastia nazari a traves de un idioma simbolico que incluye, ademas de la propia dama, los arboles, la vegetacion, los jardines y evocaciones de la familia del Profeta Mahoma. Se propone que el significado simbolico otorgado a la dama por los nazaries se relaciona con la importancia ortogada a la Virgen en las cortes cristianas con las que los nazaries estaban en contacto.
Antiretroviral Therapy and Central Nervous System HIV Type 1 Infection

Central nervous system (CNS) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection begins during primary viremia and continues throughout the course of untreated systemic infection. Although frequently accompanied by local inflammatory reactions detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CNS HIV-1 infection usually is not clinically apparent. In a minority of patients, CNS HIV-1 infection evolves into encephalitis during the late stages of systemic infection, which compromises brain function and presents clinically as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex (ADC). Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had a major impact on all aspects of CNS HIV-1 infection and disease. In those with asymptomatic infection, ART usually effectively suppresses HIV-1 in CSF and markedly reduces the incidence of symptomatic ADC. In those presenting with ADC, ART characteristically prevents neurological progression and leads to variable, and at times substantial, recovery. Similarly, treatment has reduced CNS opportunistic infections. With better control of these severe disorders, attention has turned to the possible consequences of chronic silent infection and the issue of whether indolent, low-grade brain injury might require earlier treatment intervention.
Theory for a cylindrical pillbox accelerator cavity using layered structures for reducing skin-effect losses

It is shown that for a cylindrical pillbox accelerator cavity operating in a TM/sub 0n0/ mode, the use of laminated conductors for the flat walls in conjunction with a multilayered dielectric structure for the round walls can decrease skin-effect losses by an order of magnitude over that of a copper cavity having the same accelerating field. The layered dielectric structure for the round walls works in a fashion similar to a quarter-wave interferometer. The laminated conductor on the flat walls reduces the ohmic losses by effectively increasing the skin depth. >
Effects of location of response prevention upon extinction of instrumental avoidance in young and adult rats

Following acquisition of an avoidance response in a straight alley, young and adult rats received response prevention (blocking) either in the startbox or in the runway. For adults, both blocking locations yielded facilitated extinction compared with unblocked (regular extinction) controls, but blocking in the startbox was significantly more effective. In young Ss, only the startbox blocking condition reliably reduced later resistance to extinction.
Standardized work for executive leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe common errors made by business leaders as the foundation of a new approach for improving leadership capabilities and effectiveness. Introduces the concept and practice “standardized work” to the duties of executive‐level leadership.Design/methodology/approach – This paper utilizes a qualitative approach coupled with deductive reasoning and empirical data from the management practitioner community.Findings – A practical framework for implementing standardized work can be created in relation to the strategic and day‐to‐day tasks of executive leadership by providing a new definition of leadership, a precise description of business principles, and a standard skill set for executives.Research limitations/implications – This proposal for applying standardized work to the role of executive leadership has not been validated in actual business conditions, though similar concepts have been in effect at some large corporations for decades, with varying degrees of su...
MATERNAL AGE AS A DETERMINANT OF LARVAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN A MARINE FISH, SEBASTES MELANOPS

Relative body size has long been recognized as a factor influencing repro- ductive success in fishes, but maternal age has only recently been considered. We monitored growth and starvation resistance in larvae from 20 female black rockfish (Sebastes melan- ops), ranging in age from five to 17 years. Larvae from the oldest females in our experiments had growth rates more than three times as fast and survived starvation more than twice as long as larvae from the youngest females. Female age was a far better predictor of larval performance than female size. The apparent underlying mechanism is a greater provisioning of larvae with energy-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) lipids as female age increases. The volume of the oil globule (composed primarily of TAG) present in larvae at parturition increases with maternal age and is correlated with subsequent growth and survival. These results suggest that progeny from older females can survive under a broader range of environmental conditions compared to progeny from younger females. Age truncation commonly induced by fisheries may, therefore, have severe consequences for long-term sustainability of fish populations.
Contaminant exposure and biochemical effects in outmigrant juvenile chinook salmon from urban and nonurban estuaries of puget sound, Washington

Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were sampled in Puget Sound, Washington, for 2 consecutive years from contaminated urban estuaries, a nonurban estuary, and from the respective hatcheries to assess exposure to anthropogenic chemicals and to determine if biochemical changes were occurring as a consequence of exposure. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, and butyltins was determined. The mean concentrations of PAHs and PCBs in stomach contents and PCBs in liver were significantly higher in salmon from the urban estuaries compared to fish from the nonurban estuary in both sampling years. Higher hepatic concentrations of PCBs than DDTs were found in fish from the urban estuaries, but butyltins were rarely detected. Further, mean concentrations of fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile, an estimate of exposure to PAHs, and hepatic cytochrome P4501A and levels of hepatic DNA adducts were also significantly higher in salmon from the urban estuaries compared to either the nonurban estuary or the hatcheries. Results demonstrated increased exposure to chemical contaminants in outmigrant juvenile salmon during their relatively brief residence in urban estuaries of Puget Sound. Moreover, the exposure was sufficient to elicit biochemical responses, which suggest a potential for other biological effects to ensue.
VERISEC: verifying equivalence of sequential circuits using SAT

In this paper we propose a framework to verify equivalence of sequential circuits using Boolean satisfiability (SAT). We tackle a problem that is harder than the traditional sequential hardware equivalence; specifically, we address the uninvestigated problem of verifying delay replaceability as stated in V. Singhal et al. (2001) of two sequential designs. This notion of sequential equivalence does not make any assumptions either about the design-environment or about the design's steady state behavior. Thus, verifying delay replaceability is considered as hard as verifying safe replaceability according to V. Singhal et al. (2001) of sequential circuits (conjectured as EXPSPACE complete). Our SAT-based framework has the following salient features: (a) a methodology to inductively prove equivalence (delay replaceability) of sequential circuits with no assumptions about any initial state; (b) a scheme to include sequential logic implications into the framework; and (c) a low-cost scheme to identify equivalent flip-flop pairs on the fly. We used our tool to successfully verify several sequential benchmark circuits. Low execution times make our framework practical and scalable.
Esther Duflo: 2010 John Bates Clark Medalist

Esther Duflo, winner of the 2010 John Bates Clark Medal, has made extraordinary contributions to development economics. She exemplifies and has played a vital role in the renaissance of development economics over the past decade. She has erected and inspired a research apparatus all over the developing world that integrates large-scale field experiments with economic theory to yield important insights for development policy and our understanding of behavior and institutions in developing countries. I'll divide my discussion of Esther's work into four categories: educational production, the economic lives of the poor, women as decisionmakers, and a broad category of market and policy failures. I will then offer some thoughts on Esther's role as a scholar-activist.
Flow-sensitive pointer analysis for millions of lines of code

Many program analyses benefit, both in precision and performance, from precise pointer analysis. An important dimension of pointer analysis precision is flow-sensitivity, which has been shown to be useful for applications such as program verification and static analysis of binary code, among many others. However, flow-sensitive pointer analysis has historically been unable to scale to programs with millions of lines of code. We present a new flow-sensitive pointer analysis algorithm that is an order of magnitude faster than the existing state of the art, enabling for the first time flow-sensitive pointer analysis for programs with millions of lines of code. Our flow-sensitive algorithm is based on a sparse representation of program code created by a staged, flow-insensitive pointer analysis. We explain how this new algorithm is a member of a new family of pointer analysis algorithms that deserves further study.
Comprehensive first-day handouts [engineering education]

Many universities require instructors to provide students with a written statement of course requirements. Many instructors respond with a bare minimum of information, offering explanations such as wanting "flexibility". Here, the author describes how the use of a comprehensive first-day handout (CFDH) in engineering courses is of benefit, and how a CFDH helps both student and instructor to work efficiently during the semester.
Physicians’ Cultural Competency as Perceived by African American Patients

The purpose of the study was to determine the association between African American patients' perceptions of physician cultural competency and patient satisfaction with the visit, independent of other factors, including physician and patient race concordance. African American participants were surveyed at urban clinics. Cultural competency (Perceived Cultural Competency scale) was based on the 3-factor model that includes patients' perception of (1) physicians' cultural knowledge, (2) physicians' cultural awareness, and (3) physicians' cultural skill. The results confirmed that patients' perceptions of physician cultural competency are independently associated with satisfaction with the visit. These results further validate use of the Perceived Cultural Competency scale as a tool to measure patients' perceptions of physicians' cultural competency.
Basis: a genesis in musical interfaces

This paper is a demo proposal for a new musical interface based on a DNA-like double-helix and concepts in character generation. It contains a description of the interface, motivations behind developing such an interface, various mappings of the interface to musical applications, and the requirements to demo the interface.
Empirically based analysis of failures in software systems

An empirical analysis of failures in software systems is used to evaluate several specific issues and questions in software testing, reliability analysis, and reuse. The issues examined include the following: diminishing marginal returns of testing; effectiveness of multiple fault-detection and testing phases; measuring system reliability versus function or component reliability; developer bias regarding the amount of testing that functions or components will receive; fault-proneness of reused versus newly developed software; and the relationship between degree of reuse and development effort and fault-proneness. Failure data from a large software manufacturer and a NASA production environment were collected and analyzed. >
Congressionally Directed Research Will Improve Outcomes Through Funding Opportunities for Orthopaedics

The large funding opportunities created by the US Congress have allowed the military and civilian orthopaedic communities to collaborate to define clinical problems and develop solutions. It is believed that this research effort will be constructive in the short term because of emphasis placed on funding projects that used relevant populations and approaches that will benefit patients soon. The immediate results will define best practice guidelines. Additionally, new therapies will be fielded that will reduce complications and improve the outcomes of both injured service personnel and civilians.
A node-disjoint multi-path extension of the location prediction based routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

We propose a node-disjoint multi-path extension to the location prediction-based routing protocol (LPBR-M) to reduce the number of broadcast multi-path route discoveries for mobile ad hoc networks. During a broadcast route discovery, the intermediate forwarding nodes include their location and mobility information in the Route-Request messages. Upon failure of all the node-disjoint paths learnt from the latest route discovery, the destination runs the algorithm to determine the set of node-disjoint paths on a predicted global topology, constructed from the location and mobility information collected during the latest broadcast route discovery, and sends a sequence of Route-Reply messages on each of the predicted paths. If the source receives at least one Route-Reply message within certain time, it continues to send the data packets along the newly learnt node-disjoint paths. Otherwise, the source initiates another broadcast route discovery. Simulation results of LPBR-M along with the link-disjoint path based AOMDV and node-disjoint path based AODVM routing protocols indicate that LPBR-M incurs the longest time between successive broadcast route discoveries and a hop count close to that incurred by the minimum hop count based multi-path protocols.
The Effects of Three Participative Goal Setting Strategies on Task Goal Attributes and Perfor Mance

Historically, goal-setting research has included attempts to gauge the importance of participation on perfor Mance and other task-goal attributes such as satisfaction. But much of the prevailing research has failed to recognise the dynamics of the process itself. In an attempt to determine if variation in the level of participation would have any impact, a laboratory experiment using clerical-type tasks was conducted with 72 students separated into participative and assigned goal-setting conditions. Those in the participative condition were assigned to one of three strategies which varied the actual participation allowed. It was hypothesized that both condition and strategies would affect such factors as perfor Mance and satisfaction. Results indicated that the participative condition did not have a significant impact but that there were some differences created by using different participative strategies. Discussion centered on the implications for organisations considering a participative management phi...
Readout ASIC for 3D Position-Sensitive Detectors

We describe an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for 3D position-sensitive detectors. It was optimized for pixelated cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) sensors, and it measures, corresponding to an ionizing event, the energy and timing of signals from 121 anodes and one cathode. Each channel provides low-noise charge amplification, high-order shaping, along with peak- and timing-detection. The cathode's timing can be measured in three different ways: the first is based on multiple thresholds on the charge amplifier's voltage output; the second uses the threshold crossing of a fast-shaped signal; and the third measures the peak amplitude and timing from a bipolar shaper. With its power of 2 mW per channel the ASIC measures, on a CZT sensor connected and biased, charges up to 100 fC with an electronic resolution better than 200 e- rms. Our preliminary spectral measurements applying a simple cathode/anode ratio correction demonstrated a single-pixel resolution of 4.8 keV (0.72 %) at 662 keV, with the electronics and leakage current contributing in total with 2.1 keV.
Monte Carlo modeling of spin FETs controlled by spin-orbit interaction

A method for Monte Carlo simulation of 2D spin-polarized electron transport in III-V semiconductor heterojunction (FETs) is presented. In the simulation, the dynamics of the electrons in coordinate and momentum space is treated semiclassically. The density matrix description of the spin is incorporated in the Monte Carlo method to account for the spin polarization dynamics. The spin-orbit interaction in the spin FET leads to both coherent evolution and dephasing of the electron spin polarization. Spin-independent scattering mechanisms, including optical phonons, acoustic phonons and ionized impurities, are implemented in the simulation. The electric field is determined self-consistently from the charge distribution resulting from the electron motion. Description of the Monte Carlo scheme is given and simulation results are reported for temperatures in the range 77-300 K.
A stable state-space realization in the formulation of H &#8734; norm computation

In the two block Hinftyoptimization problem, usually we are given the state-space realizations of the proper rational matrices R_{1}(s) and R_{2}(s) whose poles are all the open right-half plane. Two problems are studied in the note. The first is the evaluation of \phi(s)R_{1}(s) at s = s_{k}, k = 1, 2, ..., n , where \phi(s) is an inner function whose zeros {s_{k}, k = 1, 2, ..., n } are the poles of R_{1}(s) . This evaluation is essential if Chang and Pearson's method is used for computing the optimal Hinftynorm. The problem is solved in state space via the solutions of Lyapunov equations. Neither polynomial matrix manipulations nor numerical pole-zero cancellations are involved in the evaluation. The second problem is to find a stable state-space realization of S(s) = U(s)R_{2}(s) where U(s) is an inner matrix. This problem arises in the spectral factorization of \gamma^{2} - R_{2}^{\ast}R_{2} . Doyle and Chu had a method for constructing stable S(s) based on a minimal realization of R_{2}(s) . An alternate method is proposed. The alternate method does not require a minimal realization of R_{2}(s) and only a Lyapunov equation is involved.
Optimal Turn Prohibition for Deadlock Prevention in Networks With Regular Topologies

In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing minimal cycle-breaking connectivity preserving sets of turns for graphs that model communication networks, as a method to prevent deadlocks. Cycle-breaking provides for deadlock-free wormhole routing constrained by turns prohibited at some nodes. We present lower and upper bounds for minimal cardinalities of cycle-breaking connectivity preserving sets for several classes of graphs such as homogeneous meshes, \mbi p-ary \mbi n-cubes, cube-connected cycles, hexagonal and honeycomb meshes, tori, etc.
Pulse Pressure, Prehypertension, and Mortality: The San Antonio Heart Study

BACKGROUND Prehypertension increases mortality risk. Pulse pressure is also associated with increased mortality. Nevertheless, the impact of pulse pressure on the relationship between prehypertension and mortality is not known in individuals who are free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. METHODS Cox regression analysis was used to examine mortality risk among 3,632 (97.0%) participants in the San Antonio Heart Study (age range, 25-64 years; mean follow-up, 15.2 years). Results were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and total cholesterol concentration. The Seventh Report of the Joint Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) categories were used for blood pressure staging: normal, <120/80 mm Hg; prehypertension, 120-139/80-89 mm Hg. RESULTS Prehypertension prevalence was 31.6% at baseline. There were 218 deaths during the follow-up period. Prehypertension-predicted mortality (all-cause, hazard ratio (HR) 1.49 (1.12-1.99); cardiovascular, HR 1.79 (1.07-3.02)). Relative to normal blood pressure plus pulse pressure in the lower tertile, prehypertension plus pulse pressure in the upper tertile was associated with increased mortality (all-cause, HR 2.14 (1.38-3.32); cardiovascular, HR 2.47 (1.13-5.39)); however, prehypertension plus pulse pressure in the lower tertile was not significantly associated with mortality (all-cause, HR 1.19 (0.52-2.67); cardiovascular, HR 0.43 (0.05-3.40)). CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension increases mortality risk (all-cause and cardiovascular) in individuals who are free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, this relationship is not evident in individuals with narrow pulse pressure. Therefore, pulse pressure may be a relevant measure of blood pressure for the definition of normal blood pressure.
Bandpass filters for use in millimeter wave quasi-optical systems

Techniques are developed to model the behavior of grids of annular apertures and to analyze stacks of grids separated by layers of dielectric. The resonant properties of annular rings make them well suited for filter and oscillator circuits in the millimeter-wave region. Two-dimensional, periodic arrays of annular apertures in a metallic screen can be used as bandpass filters with 100% transmission, occurring when the wavelength is equal to the ring circumference. The shape and location of the passband are a function of the inner and outer ring radius and the period of the mesh. By stacking planar filters and using dielectric slabs, sharp filtering can be achieved. Narrow rings can have relatively high quality factors, making them particularly appropriate for the incorporation of active devices. A theory for designing bandpass filters with annular rings is presented, and compared with measurements in the range of 29-40 GHz. >
Path planning in image space for autonomous robot navigation in unstructured environments

Path planning systems using graph-search algorithms such as A* usually operate in uniform plan-view occupancy grids. However, the sensors used to construct these grids observe the environment in their own sample space based on sensor type and viewpoint. In this paper we present an image space technique for path planning in unknown unstructured outdoor environments. Our method differs from previous techniques in that we perform path search directly in image space—the native sensor space of the imaging sensor. After an image space path has been found, it is used for navigation in the real world. By operating at the resolution of the image sensor, image space planning facilitates accurate robot vs. obstacle localization and enables a high degree of movement precision. Our image space planning techniques can potentially be used with many different kinds of sensor data, and we experimentally evaluate the use of stereo disparity and color information. We present an extension to the basic image space planning system called the cylindrical planner that simulates a 2π field of view with a cylindrically shaped occupancy grid. We believe that image space planning is well suited for use in the local subsystem of a hierarchical planner and implement a hybrid hierarchical planner that utilizes the cylindrical planner as a local planning subsystem and a two-dimensional Cartesian planner as the global planning subsystem. All three systems are implemented and experimentally tested on a real robot. We evaluate the failure modes of image space planning and discuss how to avoid them. We find that image space enables precise real-time, near-field planning. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
XYY syndrome: a 13-year-old boy with tall stature

When evaluating the underlying causes of tall stature, it is important to differentiate pathologic tall stature from familial tall stature. Various pathologic conditions leading to adult tall stature include excess growth hormone secretion, Marfan syndrome, androgen or estrogen deficiency, testicular feminization, and sex chromosome anomaly, such as Klinefelter syndrome and XYY syndrome. Men with 47,XYY syndrome can exhibit multiple phenotypes. A 13-year-old boy visited the hospital for evaluation of tall stature. The boy had no other physical abnormalities except tall stature. All biochemical and imaging studies were within the normal ranges. He was diagnosed with XYY syndrome in this chromosome study. When evaluating men with tall stature, XYY syndrome should be ruled out.
A compound optofluidic lens for switchable 2D/3D imaging

We report an adaptive optofluidic lens system that configures an elastomer-liquid singlet lens with 10 mm in diameter and a pair of elastomer-liquid binocular lenses where each single lens is with 3 mm in diameter for switchable two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The singlet and the binoculars share the same optical channel and are arranged axially with the image sensor. The singlet enables 2D imaging with higher resolution, while the binoculars help to generate a stereoscopic image pair for 3D vision and depth perception. This study addresses the current difficulties of implementing both stereoscopic imaging capability and high optical resolution into small imaging devices, such as laparoendoscopes and miniaturized autofocus/zoom systems.
Complexity, robustness, and trade-offs in evaluating large scale STEM education programs

This study explores the application of the complex systems lenses of robustness and trade-offs to evaluate the success of a STEM education program in terms of sustainability. A mixed methods approach is used to document contextual constraints, trade-offs considered such as modularity vs. one-size-fits-all, and actions taken by the project team to build toward adaptive capacities.
Effect of tubular inhomogeneities on feedback-mediated dynamics of a model of a thick ascending limb

One of the key mechanisms that mediate renal autoregulation is the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system, which is a negative feedback loop in the kidney that balances glomerular filtration with tubular reabsorptive capacity. Tubular fluid flow, NaCl concentration and other related variables are known to exhibit TGF-mediated oscillations. In this study, we used a mathematical model of the thick ascending limb (TAL) of a short loop of Henle of the rat kidney to study the effects of (i) spatially inhomogeneous TAL NaCl active transport rate, (ii) spatially inhomogeneous tubular radius and (iii) compliance of the tubular walls on TGF-mediated dynamics. A bifurcation analysis of the TGF model equations was performed by deriving a characteristic equation and finding its roots. Results of the bifurcation analysis were validated via numerical simulations of the full model equations. Model results suggest that a higher TAL NaCl active transport rate or a smaller TAL radius near the loop bend gives rise to stable oscillatory solutions at sufficiently high TGF gain values, even with zero TGF delay. In addition, when the TAL walls are assumed to be compliant, the TGF system exhibits a heightened tendency to oscillate, a result that is consistent with predictions of a previous modelling study.
Ab-Initio Modeling of Arsenic Pile-Up and Deactivation at the Si/SiO2 Interface

Two recent papers by Pei et al. and Steen et al. have shown that the observed pile-up of arsenic at Si/SiO2 interfaces surprisingly does not seem to involve point defects as a major factor, causes local distortions that strain the Si in the pile-up region locally, and that the segregated arsenic atoms are deep donors. In this paper, we use ab-initio modeling to study possible configurations for high As concentrations that may fulfill these criteria. We find for a simple model structure that As nearest neighbors become stable in Si in the vicinity of the interface. We also have stud-ied dopant deactivation using bulk-Si models. Even without invoking point defects explicitly and starting from a purely substitutional arrangement, we find that the energetically most favorable configurations are most stable in the neutral charge state, indicating that high enough concentra-tions of arsenic atoms make them electrically inactive and hence result in dopant dose loss.
Methods forAssessment on Environmental Burden of Disease

Diseases have multiple courses. Some studies suggested that the magnitude of the health problem were caused by environmental factors. The public are putting increasing attention to the burden of disease to environmental risk factors. It is necessary to provides a standard,formalized,explicit approach for assessing environmental burden of disease. Evaluative methods of this area are reviewed in this paper.
Numerical Simulation on Mass Transfer of Wet Lime Desulfurization

In order to know about the change between the concentration of SO_2 and desulfurization effect in the spray scrubber,the absorbing model of SO_2 is set up based on the bio-film theory and madd transfer theory.Matlab method is used to analyze the change of the comcentra- tion of SO_2 and desulfurization effect with the change of beight and we can wdd that desulfurization dffect show slow curve increase with the in- crease of height and it agrees with the experimental results.
Determination of residual methyl methacrylate in the PMMA denture base materials by high performance liquid chromatography and its dissolving characteristic

Objective:To develop a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of residual methyl methacrylate(MMA) in PMMA denture base materials,and analyse its dissolving characteristics in the three extract solutions respectively.Methods: Agilent TC-C18 column was used target analytes separation and acetonitrile-H2O mixture(70+30) was used as mobile phase in the separation.MMA was determined at 210 nm.Results: Linear relationship between values of peak area and mass concentration of MMA was obtained in the range of 0.05 μg/ml～100 μg/ml with detection limit of 0.03 μg/ml.Values of recovery ranged from 99.5% to 102%.Conclusion: The method was sensitive and accurate.The dissolving out amount of MMA was very large in the 52° wine,lesser in the physiological saline and minimum(≤0.44 mg/g) in the water.