cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of exposure to different types of radiation on behaviors mediated by peripheral or central systems.

The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on behavior may result from effects on peripheral or on central systems. For behavioral endpoints that are mediated by peripheral systems (e.g., radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion or vomiting), the behavioral effects of exposure to heavy particles (56Fe, 600 MeV/n) are qualitatively similar to the effects of exposure to gamma radiation (60Co) and to fission spectrum neutrons. For these endpoints, the only differences between the different types of radiation are in terms of relative behavioral effectiveness. For behavioral endpoints that are mediated by central systems (e.g., amphetamine-induced taste aversion learning), the effects of exposure to 56Fe particles are not seen following exposure to lower LET gamma rays or fission spectrum neutrons. These results indicate that the effects of exposure to heavy particles on behavioral endpoints cannot necessarily be extrapolated from studies using gamma rays, but require the use of heavy particles.
A formulation of portfolio selection problem with multiple criteria

Portfolio-type problems arise in many decision-making situations. In this paper, we consider these problems in the context of multiple criteria model that takes into account two types of criteria, which are used in decision maker's preferences: criteria of the first type are used to characterize both the entire portfolio and its individual elements, whereas criteria of the second type are solely used to evaluate the portfolio as a whole but not its elements. When formulating our multiple criteria model, we assume that criteria of the first type are quantitative and that they represent a higher priority for the decision maker compared to criteria of the second type. While we acknowledge the existence of other approaches, in this paper we focus on those portfolio selection problems that match the above structure of the criteria set. After formulating the portfolio selection problem, we offer a two-phase portfolio selection procedure that allows to choose an optimal portfolio by operating in two separate criteria spaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Collaborative Emergence of Race in Children's Play: A Case Study of Two Summer Camps

This study empirically explores the emergence and use of concepts of race in preadolescents' collaborative peer cultures and interactions. Using an interactionist approach, I show how the ways in which kids established and negotiated race category membership and then evaluated each other's actions accordingly, and informed how they used clique dynamics in structuring peer relations in two racially varied recreational settings. Children in the predominantly white setting and the multiracial setting appropriated, used, and negotiated race somewhat similarly, particularly regarding the invisibility and nascent emergence of whiteness as a racial category and the assumption of a shared culture and connection among kids of color. They differed, though, in how they complicated and resisted race-based clique dynamics. Because of the presence of kids of color, the greater range of relational options available to youths in the multiracial setting introduced a wider range of power dynamics into clique structures and more instability and fluidity into conceptions of race, thus disrupting easy definitions of in-group and out-group membership and affecting the social negotiation of identity in the children's peer cultures.
AMP-activated protein kinase and adipogenesis in sheep fetal skeletal muscle and 3T3-L1 cells

Marbling, or i.m. fat, is an important factor determining beef quality. Both adipogenesis and hypertrophy of existing adipocytes contribute to enhanced marbling. We hypothesized that the fetal stage is important for the formation of i.m. adipocytes and that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a key role in adipogenesis during this stage. The objective of this study was to assess the role of AMPK in adipogenesis in fetal sheep muscle and 3T3-L1 cells. Nonpregnant ewes were randomly assigned to a control (Con, 100% of NRC recommendations, n = 7) or overfed (OF, 150% of NRC, n = 7) diet from 60 d before to 75 d after conception, when the ewes were killed. The fetal LM was collected at necropsy for biochemical analyses. The activity of AMPK was less in the fetal muscle of OF sheep. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, a marker of adipogenesis, was greater in OF fetal muscle compared with Con fetal muscle. To further show the role of AMPK in adipogenesis, we used 3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in a standard adipogenic medium for 24 h and 10 d. Activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-car-boxamide-1-beta-d-ribonucleoside dramatically inhibited the expression of PPARgamma and reduced the presence of adipocytes after 10 d of differentiation. Inhibition of AMPK by compound C enhanced the expression of PPARgamma. In conclusion, these data show that AMPK activity is inversely related to adipogenesis in fetal sheep muscle and 3T3-L1 cells.
Trends in atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen species in the eastern United States for 1989–1995

Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation that they would result in major reductions in the concentrations of atmospherically transported pollutants. This paper investigates the form and magnitude of trends from 1989 to 1995 in atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide, sulfate, and nitrogen at 34 rural sites in the eastern US. Across all sites, there is strong evidence of statistically significant declining trends in sulfur dioxide (median change of -35%) and sulfate concentrations (median change of -26%). In general, trends in nitrogen concentrations were not as pronounced (median change of -8%) as trends in the sulfur compounds. A regional estimate of trend for a cluster of sites in the Ohio River valley showed close correspondence between declining sulfur dioxide concentrations (-35%) and changes in sulfur dioxide emissions (-32%) in this region.
Developing referential communication skills: The interaction of role-switching and difference rule training

Abstract Although both substantive knowledge and enabling skills are important to the development of referential communication, deficits in procedural knowledge may account for a significant portion of preschoolers' communicative failures. The results of this training study with 5-year-olds revealed that they lack two major procedural skills. They do not know the importance of differentiating referents from nonreferents. They also are unaware that the speaking and listening roles are, at least in part, complementary; that is, certain rules are applicable to both. After training which provided specific instruction on the nature of informative messages (in either the speaking or listening mode, but not both) and role-switching experience, performance improved both on tasks in the trained and in the nontrained modalities. Discussion focuses on both the practical implications and the theoretical significance of these results.
The organization of trigeminotectal and trigeminothalamic neurons in rodents : a double-labeling study with fluorescent dyes.

Retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (fast blue and diamidino-dihydrochloride yellow) were used to compare the distributions of trigeminofugal neurons that project to the superior colliculus and/or the thalamus in three rodent species. The objective was to determine what the projection and collateralization patterns of these trigeminofugal pathways are and whether they are similar among different species. In each anesthetized animal, one dye was injected into the superior colliculus and the other into the topographically congruent area of the thalamus. Counts of the numbers of yellow, blue, and double-labeled neurons were made throughout the trigeminal complex: principalis, pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. Trigeminothalamic projections were similar in each of the rodent species studied. The densest concentration of retrogradely labeled neurons was in principalis, with substantially fewer neurons in pars interpolaris, and fewer still in pars oralis and pars caudalis. These neurons were generally small and tended to have round or fusiform somata. A common pattern was also noted among the three species for trigeminotectal neurons. Most trigeminotectal projections originated from neurons in pars interpolaris, somewhat fewer from pars oralis, and the fewest from principalis and pars caudalis. These neurons tended to be the largest in each subdivision and were often multipolar. Following paired injections of the tracers, double-labeled neurons were scattered throughout the sensory trigeminal complex and had morphologies characteristic of single-labeled trigeminotectal neurons. Although comparatively few double-labeled neurons were observed in any species, most of those seen were restricted to the ventrolateral portion of pars interpolaris, a position that corresponds to the representation of the vibrissae. These data indicate that, regardless of the rodent species, the vast majority of labeled trigeminal neurons project either to the superior colliculus or the thalamus, but not to both targets. This might be expected on the basis of the very different behavioral roles these structures play. On the other hand, a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons exists (mainly in pars interpolaris) that does project to both the superior colliculus and the thalamus, perhaps because both structures require some of the same somatosensory information to perform their behavioral functions.
Teaching biologists to compute using data visualization

The accelerating use of computation in all aspects of science continues to widen the gap between student skills and expectations. Currently, computation is taught using one of two approaches: teach students a standard programming language (e.g., FORTRAN, JAVA or C) perhaps augmented by support tools such as Alice or teach them to use a program such as MATLAB by formulating and solving math problems. Both approaches have high failure rates for students hindered by poor mathematics training and weak logic skills. This paper describes an alternative approach that introduces students to computing in the context of data analysis and visualization using MATLAB. Our goal is produce computationally qualified young scientists by teaching a highly relevant computational curriculum early in their college career. The course, which integrates writing, problem-solving, statistics, visual analysis, simulation, and modeling, is designed to produce students with usable data analysis skills. The course is in its third year of implementation and is required of all biology majors at the University of Texas at San Antonio.
Effect of a Circumferential Feeding Groove on the Dynamic Force Response of a Short Squeeze Film Damper

The effect of a circumferential feeding groove on the dynamic force response of a short length, open end squeeze film damper is studied experimentally. Damper configurations with increasing groove depth and journal orbit radii were tested for several conditions of whirl frequency and lubricant viscosity. Significant levels of dynamic pressure were measured at the circumferential groove, and relatively large tangential (damping) forces are produced at the groove which contribute considerably to the damping characteristics of the SFD test articles. Radial forces of substantial magnitude are determined at the groove and at the thin film land where the squeeze film Reynolds number is typically less than 1
User education and information literacy for the next decade: An international perspective

In the Information Age, people become information processors, as they read, listen to news, talk to each other, and watch television or computer screens. Yet many have not developed the appropriate skills to process information effectively. In itself, more information is not necessarily better or helpful; still it requires that information users become adept in dealing with it. Currently, more new information is being produced than ever before (e.g., more new information has been produced in the last 30 years than in the previous 5,000). Approximately 1,000 books are published internationally every day; 9,600 periodical titles are published in the United States each year; and the volume of all printed knowledge doubles every eight years. Add to that the enormous amount of electronic information now available on CD‐ROMs, tapes, discs, and online through the Internet and the concept of information overload and information anxiety gains new meaning.
Clinical Approach to Infertility in Bitches with Primary Anestrus

In conclusion, a complete workup of the bitch that has not shown a puberal estrus by 24 months of age should include a general screen with hemogram, chemistries profile and urinalysis, karyotype, serum thyroid hormone profile, serum progesterone concentration, and serum luteinizing hormone concentration, if available. If the results of these tests are normal, an exclusion diagnosis of immune-mediated oophoritis, which can be confirmed by ovarian biopsy, should be considered. Bitches with primary anestrus secondary to thyroid insufficiency or chronic debilitating disease may show normal reproductive cycling and performance after successful treatment of these disorders; in other patients, prognosis for future reproduction is poor.
Changes in Cloud-Ceiling Heights and Frequencies over the United States since the Early 1950s

Abstract U.S. weather stations operated by NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) have undergone significant changes in reporting and measuring cloud ceilings. Stations operated by the Department of Defense have maintained more consistent reporting practices. By comparing cloud-ceiling data from 223 NWS first-order stations with those from 117 military stations, and by further comparison with changes in physically related parameters, inhomogeneous records, including all NWS records based only on automated observing systems and the military records prior to the early 1960s, were identified and discarded. Data from the two networks were then used to determine changes in daytime ceiling height (the above-ground height of the lowest sky-cover layer that is more than half opaque) and ceiling occurrence frequency (percentage of total observations that have ceilings) over the contiguous United States since the 1950s. Cloud-ceiling height in the surface–3.6-km layer generally increased during 1951–2003, with more ...
Automated assessment of renal cortical surface roughness from computerized tomography images and its association with age.

Rationale and Objectives Nephrosclerosis occurs with aging and is characterized by increased kidney subcapsular surface irregularities at autopsy. Assessments of cortical roughness in vivo could provide an important measure of nephrosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an image-processing algorithm for quantifying renal cortical surface roughness in vivo and determine its association with age. Materials and methods Renal cortical surface roughness was measured on contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) images of potential living kidney donors. A roughness index was calculated based on geometric curvature of each kidney from three-dimensional images and compared to visual observation scores. Cortical roughness was compared between the oldest and youngest donors, and its interaction with cortical volume and age assessed. Results The developed quantitative roughness index identified significant differences in kidneys with visual surface roughness scores of 0 (minimal), 1 (mild), and 2 (moderate; P < .001) in a random sample of 200 potential kidney donors. Cortical roughness was significantly higher in the 94 oldest (64–75 years) versus 91 youngest (18–25 years) potential kidney donors (P < .001). Lower cortical volume was associated with older age but not with roughness (r = −0.03, P = .75). The association of oldest age group with roughness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8 per standard deviation [SD] of roughness index) remained significant after adjustment for total cortex volume (OR = 2.0 per SD of roughness index). Conclusions A new algorithm to measure renal cortical surface roughness from CT scans detected rougher surface in older compared to younger kidneys, independent of cortical volume loss. This novel index may allow quantitative evaluation of nephrosclerosis in vivo using contrast-enhanced CT.
Determination of arsenic in seagrass using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A study has been conducted for the determination of arsenic in seagrass using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with emphasis on sample digestion procedures and interference reduction. Open-vessel digestion with four different media, HClO4/H2SO4/HNO3, H2SO4/HNO3, HNO3/H2O2, and HNO3, was tested and compared. The HNO3/H2O2 mixture was found to be the most suitable medium for sample digestion. Different inorganic and organic arsenic compounds gave similar ICP-MS responses, indicating that complete conversion from organic form to inorganic form in the sample digestion is not required. Although the HClO4/H2SO4/HNO3 mixture is frequently used in plant sample digestion for other analytical techniques, it is not recommended for the ICP-MS technique. The formation of the polyatomic interference ion, 40Ar35Cl+, hampers the determination of arsenic even when the interference equation is employed. The interference of 40Ar35Cl+ can be accurately corrected only at minimum chlorine concentration (<500 ppm). The concentrations of HNO3 in the final solutions have a significant effect on the arsenic signal. This type of interference cannot be corrected by internal standards (Sc, Y, and In) because the signal suppression due to the use of HNO3 is dependent on the mass number. The ratios of 75As/45Sc, 75As/89Y and 75As/115In vary with the concentrations of HNO3. Standard addition has been found to be an excellent method for reducing this type of matrix effect. The analytical procedure proposed in this paper has been validated by analyzing standard reference material 1572 (citrus leaves), and successfully used for the determination of arsenic in seagrass collected from Florida Bay.
Regime shifts and recruitment dynamics of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, in the eastern Bering Sea

Shifts in climate regime are prominent features of the physical environment of the eastern Bering Sea and in recent years have been documented in approximately 1977 and 1989. Average snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) recruitment decreased sharply after the 1989 fertilization year. Models in which control of snow crab recruitment shifts between drivers dependent on climate ‘regime’ are presented. These models are evaluated using cross-validation and retrospective analysis, both of which indicate that the relationships are relatively robust to varying levels of information. Larval survival as influenced by food availability in the pelagic phase and advection to suitable nursery grounds are the hypothesized mechanisms driving recruitment dynamics.
Approaching complete peroxisome characterization by gas-phase fractionation.

We examined the utility of gas-phase fractionation (GPF) in the m/z dimension to increase proteome coverage and reproducibility of peptide ion selection by direct microliquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (microLC/ESI-MS/MS) analysis of the peptides produced by proteolytic digestion of unfractionated proteins from a yeast whole-cell lysate and in a peroxisomal membrane protein fraction derived from isolated yeast peroxisomes. We also investigated GPF in the relative ion intensity dimension and propose denoting the two types of GPF as GPF(m/z) and GPF(RI). Comparison of results of direct nuLC/ESI-MS/MS analysis of the unfractionated mixture of peptides from proteolysis of a yeast whole cell lysate by DD ion selection from 400-1800 m/z in triplicate and GPF(m/z) from 400-800, 800-1200 and 1200-1800 produced the following results: (i) 1.3 x more proteins were identified by GPF(m/z) for an equal amount of effort (i.e., 3 microLC/ESI-MS/MS) and (ii) proteins identified by GPF(m/z) had a lower average codon bias value. Use of GPF(RI) identified more proteins per m/z unit scanned than GPF(m/z) or triplicate analysis over a wide m/z range. After tryptic digestion of all the proteins from a discontinuous Nycodenz gradient fraction known to be enriched with yeast peroxisomal membrane proteins we detected 93% (38/41) of known peroxisomal proteins using GPF(m/z), but only 73% using a standard wide m/z range survey scan.
Comparison of Gas-Turbine Cycles for Space Applications

On the basis of the radiator area required for rejecting cycle waste heat, Rankine vapor cycles are far superior to the basic Brayton gas cycle for space turbogenerating powerplants. The present analysis considers modifications of the basic Brayton cycle and compares the modified cycles to the basic cycle with radiator area as the criterion of merit. The results indicate that reductions in radiator area attainable by modifying the basic Brayton cycle are small, and thus the competitive position of gasturbine cycles relative to Rankine vapor cycles is unchanged.
A TEN-YEAR RECORD OF ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS IN A KANSAS TALLGRASS PRAIRIE: EFFECTS OF FIRE AND TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION

Measurements of mid-season live and dead aboveground biomass are reported for a 10-yr period (1975-84) in a northeast Kansas tallgrass prairie. Study sites included shallow, rocky upland and deep, non-rocky lowland soils in annually bumed (April) and unbumed watersheds. Lowland sites had significantly greater live biomass than upland sites for both bumed and unbumed prairie for the 10-yr period. Moreover, live biomass was greater on burned than unburned lowland sites, but was not significantly increased by fire on the upland sites. Averaged across upland and lowland sites, mid-season live biomass was 422 g m-2 on annually burned and 364 g m-2 on unburned sites for the 10-yr period. Each site had its lowest live biomass value during the severe drought year of 1980 (range = 185-299 g m-2). During the study period, live biomass was most strongly correlated with seasonal pan water evaporation (r = -0.45 to -0.82), whereas dead biomass was correlated with the previous yr's precipitation (r = 0.61 and 0.90 for upland and lowland sites, respectively). When aboveground biomass was sampled throughout the 1984 season and separated into several components, biomass of the graminoids was 40% lower, whereas that of forbs and woody plants was 200-300% greater in the unburned
The action of human chorionic gonadothropin in vivo upon microsomal enzymes of immature rat testis

Abstract Rats aged 20 days were injected with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during a period of 5 days and the activities of four testicular enzymes were measured. It was found that three microsomal enzymes (desmolas3, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and δ4-5α-reductase) were increased both with respect to total enzyme activity per testis anf activity per mg of microsomal protein. One supernatant enzyme (20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) showed a slight fall in total activity and in specific activity. It is believed that these changes reflect a specific response on the part of the microsomes to HCG. No increase in enzyme activity was observed within 20 h of a single injection of HCG and the hormone was without effect in vitro. These responses to HCG were influenced by the age of the rat in that HCG failed to stimulate the microsomal enzymes when the animals were 22 days old (or older) at the start of the experiment. The observations reported are considered to be compatible with increased activities of the microsomal enzymes in response to increase in the production of substrate (pregnenolone) under the influence of gonadotrophic stimulation.
The Effect of Oral Injection of Vitamins and Neomycin in Newly Hatched Poults

Abstract A HIGH rate of poult mortality during the first week of brooding has been ascribed frequently to a condition of starvation. Many times the rate of poult mortality due to “starve outs” appears to be directly correlated with delays in shipping or other stress. These stress factors may appear between the time the poult is hatched and the time it is presented with its first opportunity to eat. Studies by Harper and Babcock (1953) demonstrated that the inclusion of penicillin in a poult starter diet decreased mortality from nonspecific causes and had a growth promoting effect. Penicillin in the diet appeared to be more effective than oral injection of penicillin in these studies. Early growth of chickens was improved when they were injected with vitamins during the first two weeks after hatching in a study reported by Jensen et al. (1956). The subcutaneous injection of penicillin plus certain B-complex vitamins…
Influence of Complexed Zinc Products on Live Performance and Carcass Grade of Broilers

Abstract Hess, J.B., Bilgili, S.F., Parson, A.M. and Downs, K.M. 2001. Influence of complexed zinc products on live performance and carcass grade of broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 49–60. The influence of supplementing diets with zinc (Zn) amino acid complexes on live performance and carcass quality of female (Experiment 1) and male broiler chickens (Experiment 2) was investigated. In Experiment 1, day-old female chicks were fed, under summer conditions, one of 4 dietary treatments: a control and diets supplemented with Zn (40 ppm) from Zn-methionine, Zn-lysine, or a commercial mixture of Zn-methionine and Zn-lysine. During the rearing period, body weight and feed conversion were measured. Randomly selected birds were processed with subsequent evaluation of foot pad lesions and carcass grades. In Experiment 2, male chicks were fed similar diets as Experiment 1, but under cool weather conditions. Live performance variables were measured and randomly selected- birds were processed to assess carcass defec...
Termination of Nutrient Import and Development of Vein Loading Capacity in Albino Tobacco Leaves

The sink-source conversion in developing leaves of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) was studied to determine whether import termination is caused by the onset of export or is related to achievement of positive carbon balance. Albino shoots were grown in vitro and grafted to detopped stems of green tobacco plants. Termination of import was studied by providing mature leaves of the stock plant with 14 CO 2 and detecting the presence of labeled nutrient in developing albino leaves by whole-leaf autoradiography. In albino leaves, import terminated progressively in the basipetal direction at the same stage of development as in leaves of green shoots. Starch was not present in the plastids of mesophyll cells of mature albino leaves but starch was synthesized when discs were cut from these leaves and incubated on 3 millimolar sucrose. Import ceased progressively in developing green leaves even when photosynthesis was prevented by darkening. It was concluded that cessation of import does not require achievement of positive carbon balance and is not the direct result of export initiation. To determine whether vein loading capacity develops in albino leaves, discs were cut from mature leaves and floated on [ 14 C]sucrose solution. Uptake of label into the veins was detected by autoradiography and this uptake was sensitive to the phloem loading inhibitor p -chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. However, the amount of label taken up by veins in albino leaves was less than that taken up by veins of mature green leaves.
Extent of simultaneous parity and time violation in 182W.

In order to relate nuclear gamma-ray distributions to the fundamental parity-time- (PT-) and parity- (P-) violating meson-nucleon interaction, we analyze the case of the mixed (E1,M2,E3) 1189-keV gamma ray in 182W which is populated in the decay of cryogenically oriented 182Ta. Within the framework of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation we calculate the value of the complex ‘‘irregular’’ mixing ratio ɛ(E2¯/M2) for this transition. We estimate that this mixing ratio will have a P-violating real part of ‖ɛ‖cosη≃5×10-5 which implies an observable forward-backward asymmetry (〈J〉⋅k) in the 1189-keV gamma-ray directional distribution of OP≃2×10^-5 at 10 mK. For the PT-violating imaginary part we find ‖ɛ‖sinη≃200g πNN(I=1), where g πNN(I=1) is the strength of the isovector PT-violating pion-nucleon coupling. An upper limit to this constant of ≲3×10^-10 may be obtained from the electric dipole moment of the neutron. Whence we conclude that at 10 mK one needs to measure the PT-violating correlation (〈J〉⋅k2)(〈J〉⋅k1×k2) to an accuracy of OPT≲2×10^-8 in order to improve the limit on g πNN(I=1) set by the neutron electric dipole moment.
The Worlds of Frantz Fanon's 'L'Algérie se dévoile'

Frantz Fanon's pioneering essay 'L'Algerie se devoile' is enriched by examining the particular situation of a few exceptional Algerian and French women prominent in Algeria during the War of Independence who are not the focus of Fanon's analysis, individuals like the FLN militant Zohra Drif and General Jacques Massu's wife, Suzanne Massu. They were quite unrepresentative of Algerian or French women in Algeria, but crucial figures in representations of activists in each group. Drif, a gifted student from the social elite, had, like Fanon, been exposed in French cultural institutions to a liberation at once proffered and denied. If there is little place for her experience in Fanon's essay, he does show what we can learn about the contemporary French mentalite from assessment of characters inspired by women like Drif in novels about the war. Examination of Suzanne Massu in turn suggests how bourgeois French women empowered in maternalist projects could work to try to impede Algerian women's embrace of national liberation, but not through the putative liberation of women Fanon addresses. The war unveiled a yet more complicated world of imagination and practices than we see in Fanon's essay.
CT features of pulmonary artery sarcoma: critical aid to a challenging diagnosis

Pulmonary artery sarcoma is an uncommon and highly malignant neoplasm that presents a diagnostic challenge to radiologists due to its tendency to mimic the more common condition of pulmonary thromboembolism. Presented in this case report is a patient with pulmonary artery sarcoma who was initially diagnosed with saddle pulmonary embolism based upon computed tomography (CT) findings. The case emphasizes the importance of including pulmonary artery sarcoma in the differential diagnosis of a large filling defect in the pulmonary arteries when specific CT findings are identified in the appropriate clinical setting.
Interrelationships between ethanol and phenylethylbiguanide on hepatic gluconeogenesis in vitro

Abstract The actions of ethanol and phenylethylbiguanide on hepatic gluconeogenesis were studied in vitro with rabbit liver slices and alanine-U-C14. Other aspects of alanine disposition were evaluated concurrently to assess the sites of action of these agents. The data indicated that ethanol and phenylethylbiguanide may inhibit gluconeogenesis via different mechanisms and that additive depression of gluconeogenesis can occur when these agents are present in combination.
Consciousness in Extremity: Discourse on Madness Among the Tabwa of Zaire

The madman makes it possible for us to grasp the radical potential of consciousness at its limits. He contradicts the other person's discursive thinking towards the virtually inarticulable or unthought self. The Lakeside Tabwa of Shaba, Zaire, apprehend madness in three rather different, discursive domains. There is, firstly, wazimu, or its ‘mature’, incurable form, kizenzezia, considered as a fact of social life. It is seen as inverting the norms or functions of personhood and undoing those of mentality. It breaks down reciprocity, it is the negative function of ‘Death’. Secondly, it is in the prodromal illness, mubulibuli, and certain related emotion states, that madness appears as the artefact of another's malicious and intrusive ‘Desire’: the madman is said to have ‘closed anger’ in his heart alienating him from ongoing experience and interaction. Finally, in the diviner, the ‘otherness’ of gaze and speech is transformed into the normative power of clairvoyance bringing about its own logic and historicity. Here, the inversion of personhood becomes an emblem of insight and ‘Law’, but at the risk of insanity. The ethnographic encounter with the very otherness of the thinking of madness and of another culture toward the unthought itself is, in a sense, epistemogenic. Le fou permet d'apprehender les possibilites-limites de la prise de conscience: il confronte la pensee discursive avec ce qui virtuellement se derobe a l'articulation et a la reflexion. Les Tabwa riverains du Lac au Shaba (Zaire) apprehendent la folie sous un triple angle discursif. Wazimu, et kizenzezia qui en constitue la forme parvenue ‘a maturite’ et incurable, est consideree d'emblee sous l'angle social, en tant qu'elle invertit les normes et les fonctions de la personnalite, defait celles de la mentalite et desarticule la reciprocite: cette forme de folie prefigure la ‘Mort’. Deuxiement, c'est dans l'atteinte mubulibuli, et dans les etats emotifs associes, que la folie apparait comme le produit du ‘Desir’ malicieux et intrusif de l'autre: le fou, dit-on, s'enferme dans son coeur pris de colere et se voit coupe de toute interaction et experience en cours. Finalement, c'est dans le devin que ‘l'alterite’ du regard et du parler est transformee en une clairvoyance fondatrice de logique, d'histoire et de normes. L'inversion des attributs de la personne se mue ici en embleme de regard devoileur et de ‘Loi’, tout en frolant l'insanite. La rencontre ethnographique avec cette veritable alterne de la folie, ainsi qu'avec la pensee qu'une autre culture developpe au sujet de l'impense, s'avere ětre, dans un certain sens, epistemogenique.
Gastroenterologist-Directed Propofol: An Update

Gastroenterologist directed propofol has been proven safe in more than 220,000 published cases. Administration of low doses of opioid and/or benzodiazepine ("balanced propofol sedation") is the safest format for gastroenterologist directed propofol. Specific training is needed to undertake gastroenterologist directed propofol administration.
Transaction-level modeling for architectural and power analysis of PowerPC and CoreConnect-based systems

Transaction-Level models have emerged as an efficient way of modeling systems-on-chip, with acceptable simulation speed and modeling accuracy. Nevertheless, the high complexity of current architectures and bus protocols make it very challenging to develop and verify such models. This paper presents the transaction-level models developed at IBM for PowerPC and CoreConnect-based systems. These models can be simulated in a SystemC environment for functional verification and power estimation. Detailed transaction-based power models were developed. Comparisons between the simulated models and real hardware resulted in errors below 15% in timing accuracy, and below 11% in power estimation compared against gate-level power. These results demonstrate the efficiency of our transaction-level models for early analysis and design space exploration.
Interior permanent magnet synchronous machine rotor demagnetization characteristics under fault conditions

This paper presents the dynamic response of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drive to various fault conditions and their effects on the PM demagnetization characteristics. Attention is focused on modeling the IPMSM drive including nonlinear magnetic behavior under asymmetrical inverter fault conditions, demonstrating the significant risks of irreversible demagnetization caused by the large transient fault currents. Other types of inverter faults are discussed, including phase-leg open-circuit fault and uncontrolled generator (UCG) mode fault. Finite element (FE) analysis is used to simulate the demagnetization characteristics under a variety of fault conditions. Three-phase symmetrical short circuit fault characteristics for several different IPM machine designs are discussed.
Abstract 360: Erlotinib inhibits growth of a patient derived chordoma tumor xenograft.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Chordomas are rare primary bone tumors that occur along the neuraxis. Current treatment includes surgical resection and often postoperative radiotherapy. Despite treatment, local recurrence occurs in the majority of patients and metastasis is frequent. Treatment options for patients with recurrence is limited and, notably, there are no FDA approved chemotherapeutic agents. Median survival is approximately 7 years. The lack of treatment options is in part due to the paucity of preclinical model systems for this tumor. We have previously established a serially transplantable animal model directly from human chordoma tissue. Further analysis of this patient derived xenograft demonstrates that subsequent passages continue to resemble the original patient tumor histologically and immunohistochemically and maintain nuclear expression of brachyury, a marker for chordoma. Genome wide variation between the patient's tumor and xenografts continues to be more than 99% concordant. To further characterize this model, a receptor tyrosine kinase screen of more than 70 kinases was evaluated and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was found to be the most activated kinase. In vitro studies demonstrate that EGFR inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, inhibit growth of a validated human chordoma cell line, U-CH1. In vivo studies demonstrate that erlotinib significantly inhibits growth of this patient derived chordoma xenograft. Evaluation of tumors post-treatment reveals that erlotinib reduces tumor proliferation and phosphorylation of EGFR. Taken together, these findings demonstrate targeting EGFR can inhibit chordoma growth in vivo and support further clinical evaluation of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of this disease. Citation Format: I-Mei Siu, Peter C. Burger, Qi Zhao, Jacob Ruzevick, Nick Connis, Christine L. Hann, Gary L. Gallia. Erlotinib inhibits growth of a patient derived chordoma tumor xenograft. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 360. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-360
Lysosome-damage-induced scattering changes coincide with release of cytochrome c

Light scattering measurements made at visible wavelengths have the ability to quantify subcellular morphology. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is associated with distinct morphological signatures such as mitochondrial swelling and nuclear condensation as well as characteristic biochemical signaling pathways, many of which are initiated by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. In this Letter, we examine the time course of mitochondrial morphology changes as reported by light scattering and the subcellular location of cytochrome c measured by immunofluorescence microscopy in response to intracellular cell death signaling induced by photodynamic damage to lysosomes. We report that within this system, release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol occurs approximately simultaneously with mitochondrial-morphology-induced light scattering changes, providing further evidence that light scattering has the potential to play an important role in future studies of cell death biology.
Representing reciprocity, reproducing domination: Ideology and the labour process in Latin American contract farming

This article examines conflicting representations of contract farming in Latin America. Contract farming addresses many of the contradictions of wage labour in agriculture, but generates its own. For the company these contradictions include indirect control of the labour process and the problem of uncertain supply; for the farmer they include disguised proletarianization and self‐exploitation. The indirect nature of control makes the understanding and reliability of each partner crucial; the understanding of the contract is therefore the subject of muted but pervasive struggle. A moral economy of the contract offers one framework for understanding the politics of representation in contract farming.
Multinucleate spores contribute to evolutionary longevity of asexual glomeromycota.

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) are the dominant symbionts of land plants and one of the oldest multicellular lineages that exist without evidence of sexual reproduction. The mechanisms that protect these organisms from extinction due to accumulation of deleterious mutations in the absence of sexual recombination are unclear. Glomeromycota reproduce by spores containing hundreds of nuclei, which represents a departure from the typical eukaryotic developmental pattern, where a multicellular organism is re‐created from a uninucleate propagule. To understand whether the multinucleate spore makeup may have contributed to the evolutionary success of Glomeromycota, we examined the dynamics of spore nuclei in Glomus etunicatum using live three‐dimensional imaging and mathematical models. We show that the spores are populated by an influx of a stream of nuclei from the surrounding mycelium rather than by divisions of a single founder nucleus. We present evidence that mechanisms of selection...
Calculation of hydrophobic interactions from molecular dynamics, surface areas, and experimental hydrocarbon solubilities

Using experimental solubilities and partial pressures for hydrocarbon solution in water and molecular dynamics calculations of hydrocarbon water interaction energies, hydrocarbon-water cavity potentials are obtained and then plotted vs. accessible surface area. The data used is mainly for aliphatic hydrocarbons, but benzene is included. Molecular dynamics calculations of pairs of hydrocarbon molecules together with the cavity potential curve are then used to obtain hydrophobic interaction free energies between the hydrocarbon pairs. While the cavity potential change is related to a change in surface area for hydrocarbon systems, the hydrocarbon-water interaction energy is not, so that the hydrophobic binding energy is not
Ventral hernia repairs in the oldest-old: high-risk regardless of approach

Background Ventral hernia repairs (VHR) are among the most common procedures performed by general surgeons. Even though the US population is aging, outcomes of VHR in the elderly and oldest-old (≥80 years) are not well documented. Our study aims to evaluate the short-term outcomes of VHR in the oldest-old patients.
Plasma QconCATs reveal a gender-specific proteomic signature in apheresis platelet plasma supernatants.

Abstract Clinical translation of proteomic technologies is often hampered by technical limitations, including inter-laboratory inconsistencies of label-free derived relative quantification, time-consuming analytical approaches and the subsequent challenge of performing proteomic analyses on large cohorts of subjects. Here we introduce plasma QconCAT-based targeted proteomics, an approach that allows the simultaneous absolute quantitation down to the picogram level of hundreds of proteins in a single liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry run. We demonstrate the robustness of the approach by analyzing apheresis platelet concentrate supernatants at storage day 1 and the end of the shelf life for this blood-derived therapeutic, day 5. The targeted approach was repeatable and robust revealing potential gender-specific signatures across a set of three male and female donors. This technical note represents a proof-of-principle of the application of QconCAT-based MRM strategies to transfusion-medicine relevant issues, such as storage and gender-dependent proteomic signatures in blood-derived therapeutics. Biological significance Gender differences in the proteome composition of apheresis platelet supernatants have always been postulated, and might underlie a higher risk of adverse reactions when transfusing apheresis products from female donors. Preliminary proteomic studies provided an overview of gender-dependent relative compositional differences in the proteome of apheresis platelet supernatants during routine storage in the blood bank. Here we apply a proteomics approach for absolute quantitation of approximately 100 proteins in apheresis platelet supernatants from male and female donors at storage days 1 and 5. Absolute quantitative proteomic analyses allowed us to confirm and expand on previous observations about gender and storage-dependency of platelet supernatant protein profiles.
SU‐FF‐T‐276: Utilization of Conebeam CT to Accurately Assess TLD Placement for In‐Vivo Dosimetry

Purpose: Assessing the predicted dose at the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) location is one of difficulties when utilizing in‐vivo TLDdosimetry. Accurate dose prediction at the exact TLD location increases confidence in the measured TLD results. Method and Materials: Prior to localization and treatment,TLDs are placed according to physician's direction. A conebeam CT(CBCT)image set, in treatment position and encompassing all TLD locations, is obtained. The patient's treatment is delivered and the TLDs are sent for analysis (University of Wisconsin, Radiation Calibration Laboratory). The acquired CBCTimage set is imported into the Eclipse treatment planningcomputer and the data set is rigidly fused with the initial treatment planning simulation CT data set. The TLDs are visible on the CBCT data set, allowing for visualization of the TLD location on initial planning CT which contains the calculated dose distribution. The calculated dose at the exact location of the TLD is obtained for comparison to the measured TLDs. Thus, the calculated dose at the exact TLD position is obtained for comparison to the measured TLD results. From 2008 – 2009, three patients underwent treatment for scalp lesions, resulting in twelve TLD measurements from the above described technique. Results: All TLD results were corrected for contribution from the CBCT acquisition. The percentage agreement of measured vs. predicted TLDdoses was 0.2 ± 7.5 %. Conclusion: These results indicate that CBCT can be used to predict the dose at the exact TLD location during treatment within 10%. Additionally, CBCT removes uncertainty in TLD location on the patient at the time of exposure.
Negative Urgency, Distress Tolerance, and substance abuse among college students.

Abstract Objective Negative affect has been consistently linked with substance use/problems in prior research. The present study sought to build upon these findings by exploring how an individual's characteristic responding to negative affect impacts substance abuse risk. Trait negative affect was examined in relation to substance abuse outcomes along with two variables tapping into response to negative affect: Distress Tolerance, an individual's perceived ability to tolerate negative affect, and Negative Urgency, the tendency to act rashly while experiencing distress. Method Participants were 525 first-year college students (48.1% male, 81.1% Caucasian), who completed self-report measures assessing personality traits and alcohol-related problems, and a structured interview assessing past and current substance use. Relations were tested using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression models, and each of the personality variables was tested in a model on its own, and in a model where all three traits were accounted for. Results Negative Urgency emerged as the best predictor, relating to every one of the substance use outcome variables even when trait negative affect and Distress Tolerance were accounted for. Conclusions These findings suggest that Negative Urgency is an important factor to consider in developing prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing substance use and problems.