cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the vertical structure of Arctic aerosols using balloon-borne measurements

Abstract. The rapidly warming Arctic is sensitive to perturbations in the surface energy budget, which can be caused by clouds and aerosols. However, the interactions between clouds and aerosols are poorly quantified in the Arctic, in part due to (1) limited observations of vertical structure of aerosols relative to clouds and (2) ground-based observations often being inadequate for assessing aerosol impacts on cloud formation in the characteristically stratified Arctic atmosphere. Here, we present a novel evaluation of Arctic aerosol vertical distributions using almost 3 years' worth of tethered balloon system (TBS) measurements spanning multiple seasons. The TBS was deployed at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's facility at Oliktok Point, Alaska. Aerosols were examined in tandem with atmospheric stability and ground-based remote sensing of cloud macrophysical properties to specifically address the representativeness of near-surface aerosols to those at cloud base. Based on a statistical analysis of the TBS profiles, ground-based aerosol number concentrations were unequal to those at cloud base 86 % of the time. Intermittent aerosol layers were observed 63 % of the time due to poorly mixed below-cloud environments, mostly found in the spring, causing a decoupling of the surface from the cloud layer. A uniform distribution of aerosol below cloud was observed only 14 % of the time due to a well-mixed below-cloud environment, mostly during the fall. The equivalent potential temperature profiles of the below-cloud environment reflected the aerosol profile 89 % of the time, whereby a mixed or stratified below-cloud environment was observed during a uniform or layered aerosol profile, respectively. In general, a combination of aerosol sources, thermodynamic structure, and wet removal processes from clouds and precipitation likely played a key role in establishing observed aerosol vertical structures. Results such as these could be used to improve future parameterizations of aerosols and their impacts on Arctic cloud formation and radiative properties.
Abstract 14331: Patient Outcomes Enhanced by Partner Involvement in Social Cognitive Interventions After an Initial Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

Background: Research points to reciprocal influences that patients and partners may have on one another’s recovery in cardiac illness, yet interventions to enhance recovery after an implantable car...
Influence of Zinc on the Acute Changes in Erythropoietin and Proinflammatory Cytokines with Hypoxia.

Baranauskas, Marissa N., Joseph Powell, Alyce D. Fly, Bruce J. Martin, Timothy D. Mickleborough, Hunter L. Paris, and Robert F. Chapman. Influence of zinc on the acute changes in erythropoietin and...
Expression of Androgen, Estrogen, and Progesterone Receptors in Salivary Gland Tumors

The expression of sex hormone receptors in some tumors suggests a role for these receptors in tumor pathogenesis and therapy. Previous studies of the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in salivary gland tumors have reported conflicting results. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors (AR, ER, and PR) in a series of 78 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded salivary gland tumors. Immunoreactivity for AR was seen in 14 of 14 carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenomas, 6 of 6 salivary duct carcinomas, and 2 of 2 basal cell adenocarcinomas but in only 2 of 10 acinic cell carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and adenoid cystic carcinomas each. AR expression was distributed evenly between the sexes. ER and PR were expressed in only a few cases of salivary gland tumors. All 26 benign salivary gland tumors were negative for AR, ER, and PR. The uniform expression of AR exclusively in a subset of malignant salivary gland tumors suggests a possible role for AR in the histogenesis and possibly in the clinical management of these malignant salivary gland tumors.
A chemical genetics approach to examine the functions of AAA proteins.

The structural conservation across the AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) protein family makes designing selective chemical inhibitors challenging. Here, we identify a triazolopyridine-based fragment that binds the AAA domain of human katanin, a microtubule-severing protein. We have developed a model for compound binding and designed ASPIR-1 (allele-specific, proximity-induced reactivity-based inhibitor-1), a cell-permeable compound that selectively inhibits katanin with an engineered cysteine mutation. Only in cells expressing mutant katanin does ASPIR-1 treatment increase the accumulation of CAMSAP2 at microtubule minus ends, confirming specific on-target cellular activity. Importantly, ASPIR-1 also selectively inhibits engineered cysteine mutants of human VPS4B and FIGL1—AAA proteins, involved in organelle dynamics and genome stability, respectively. Structural studies confirm our model for compound binding at the AAA ATPase site and the proximity-induced reactivity-based inhibition. Together, our findings suggest a chemical genetics approach to decipher AAA protein functions across essential cellular processes and to test hypotheses for developing therapeutics. The authors describe the development of ASPIR-1, a small molecule that specifically inhibits AAA proteins by covalently modifying a cysteine residue introduced by mutagenesis at the AAA ATPase site.
Scleral contact lenses in the pediatric population-Indications and outcomes.

Abstract Purpose To report the use of a custom-designed, scleral contact lens (SL) in the treatment of pediatric patients. Methods The medical records of all patients under 15 years of age fitted with SL from March 2018 through February 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Ophthalmic diagnosis, prior surgical intervention, lens wearing failures, and duration of lens use are reported. Results Lenses were dispensed to 18 patients (24 eyes). Main indications for SL fitting were refractive error correction (n = 18: keratoconus (KCN), traumatic corneal scarring, corneal transplant status, and aphakia) and ocular surface protection and optimization (n = 6: neurotrophic keratitis and chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis). Patient age ranged from 16 months to 14 years (mean, 9.9 ± 3.5 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD)). Patients fitted for surface disease indications were significantly younger, 8.8 ± 2.5 years. The mean maximal keratometry reading in patients with keratoconus was 64.0 ± 12.6 diopters (D). In six eyes with advanced KCN (Kmax 71.8 ± 11.0 D) and three eyes with traumatic scarring, SL use obviated the need for keratoplasty. Fifteen patients (83 %) continued scleral lens wear with a mean follow-up period of 9.2 ± 7.4 months. Complications included one case of corneal graft rejection and one corneal abrasion associated with lens insertion. Conclusions The goals of SL fitting in pediatric patients are visual rehabilitation and ocular surface protection. Pediatric patients with advanced keratoconus and traumatic corneal scarring are most appreciative of the benefits of scleral lenses. The challenges associated with SL fitting and the training process did not preclude long-term SL wear.
Regret-optimal Estimation and Control.

We consider estimation and control in linear time-varying dynamical systems from the perspective of regret minimization. Unlike most prior work in this area, we focus on the problem of designing causal estimators and controllers which compete against a clairvoyant noncausal policy, instead of the best policy selected in hindsight from some fixed parametric class. We show that the regret-optimal estimator and regret-optimal controller can be derived in state-space form using operator-theoretic techniques from robust control and present tight,data-dependent bounds on the regret incurred by our algorithms in terms of the energy of the disturbances. Our results can be viewed as extending traditional robust estimation and control, which focuses on minimizing worst-case cost, to minimizing worst-case regret. We propose regret-optimal analogs of Model-Predictive Control (MPC) and the Extended KalmanFilter (EKF) for systems with nonlinear dynamics and present numerical experiments which show that our regret-optimal algorithms can significantly outperform standard approaches to estimation and control.
Painting vs. Sculpture in the Cigoli Letter

This essay is partly a case study of the role of logic in historiography. It is also partly a test case for the thesis of a Galilean correspondence between aesthetic attitude and scientific thought, advanced by Erwin Panofsky, Alexandre Koyre, and John Heilbron. Intrinsically, it is a discussion of the authenticity of the letter to Cigoli dated June 26, 1612, widely attributed to Galileo, containing argumentation about the relative aesthetic merits of painting and sculpture. I undertake a systematic analysis of the letter’s method of argument, comparing and contrasting it with Galileo’s. I argue that the letter does have some Galilean characteristics: critical reasoning; ad hominem argumentation, in the seventeenth-century sense; and appeal to experimentation. However, the letter falls short of the typical Galilean open-mindedness, fair-mindedness, and clarity; crucially, it uses several illative terms which Galileo never uses, and does not use the one he uses most often. The latter features outweigh the former. Moreover, I discuss some aspects of the letter’s substantive content, primarily a theory of vision that disregards the dynamics of perspective and the faculty of binocularity, which Galileo understood and exploited very well.
Evaluating a Model to Predict Primary Care Physician-Defined Complexity in a Large Academic Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network

BACKGROUND Improving the ability to risk-stratify patients is critical for efficiently allocating resources within healthcare systems.
Video-rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) for rapid assessment of fresh surgical margins

Intra-operative surgical margin assessment by pathology is labor-intensive and time-consuming and is not practically capable of sampling the entire specimen. Positive surgical margins (PSMs), or tumor extending to the surface of the excised specimen, are associated with increased tumor recurrence and are accepted as poor independent prognostic indicators. Considering the PSM rate is high for patients with prostate and kidney cancer, residual tumor following radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy remains a significant problem. To address the unmet clinical need for an imaging tool that can provide sub-cellular resolution images of large areas of excised surgical specimens in an intra-operative timeframe, we have developed a video rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) system. We conducted a clinical trial using VR-SIM to create gigapixel mosaics of entire margin surfaces for each specimen. In the ongoing study, 5 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and 4 patients undergoing partial nephrectomy participated to have digital images of their surgical specimens reviewed in comparison to the pathology report. The surfaces of the intact, excised specimens were imaged in an appropriate timeframe and showed visualization of histopathologically relevant structures.
System-Level Analysis of Food Moisture Content Requirements for the Mars Dual Lander Transit Mission

In order to ensure that adequate water resources are available during a mission, any net water loss from the habitat must be balanced with an equivalent amount of required makeup water. Makeup water may come from a variety of sources, including water in shipped tanks, water stored in prepackaged food, product water from fuel cells, and in-situ water resources. This paper specifically addresses the issue of storing required makeup water in prepackaged food versus storing the water in shipped tanks for the Mars Dual Lander Transit Mission, one of the Advanced Life Support Reference Missions. In this paper, water mass balances have been performed for the Dual Lander Transit Mission, to determine the necessary requirement of makeup water under nominal operation (i.e. no consideration of contingency needs), on a daily basis. Contingency issues are briefly discussed with respect to impacts on makeup water storage (shipped tanks versus storage in prepackaged food). The Dual Lander Transit Mission was selected for study because it has been considered by the Johnson Space Center Exploration Office in enough detail to define a reasonable set of scenario options for nominal system operation and contingencies. This study also illustrates the concept that there are multiple, reasonable life support system scenarios for any one particular mission. Thus, the need for a particular commodity can depend upon many variables in the system. In this study, we examine the need for makeup water as it depends upon the configuration of the rest of the life support system.
Pkd2 affects the architecture of zebrafish left-right organizer

Background Dorsal anterior clustering (DAC) of motile cilia in the left-right organizer (LRO) is crucial for normal fluid flow dynamics and correct laterality in zebrafish [1]. We directly demonstrated that charon/dand5 transcription is negatively regulated by strong flow in zebrafish LRO [1] which suggests that LRO cells have the ability to sense fluid flow and influence gene expression patterns, but how? Pkd2 ion channel is a good candidate because it participates in a mechanosensory complex that senses fluid flow and induces a calcium inward flux in kidney cells [2] and in nodal cells [3]. In agreement, mouse and zebrafish mutants for Pkd2 have LR defects [4,5]. However, Pkd2 is also involved in cell polarity during migration [6] and in extracellular matrix deposition [7] implying a role for Pkd2 in cell morphogenesis.
Gene therapy in an era of emerging treatment options for hemophilia B

Factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) is less common than factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A), and innovations in therapy for hemophilia B have generally lagged behind those for hemophilia A. Recently, the first sustained correction of the hemophilia bleeding phenotype by clotting factor gene therapy has been described using recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver factor IX. Despite this success, many individuals with hemophilia B, including children, men with active hepatitis, and individuals who have pre-existing natural immunity to AAV, are not eligible for the current iteration of hemophilia B gene therapy. In addition, recent advances in recombinant factor IX protein engineering have led some hemophilia treaters to reconsider the urgency of genetic cure. Current clinical and preclinical approaches to advancing AAV-based and alternative approaches to factor IX gene therapy are considered in the context of current demographics and treatment of the hemophilia B population.
Sand aggradation alters biofilm standing crop and metabolism in a low-gradient Lake Superior tributary

Sediment deposition changes the physical characteristics of river beds, and may alter the production and/or processing of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter, with potential consequences for stream food webs. We conducted a comparative study of biofilm standing crop and metabolism in the Salmon Trout River, a tributary of Lake Superior where watershed disturbances have led to 3-fold increases in streambed fine sediments, predominately sand, in the past decade. We compared biofilm standing crop and metabolism rates using light–dark chambers in reaches where substrate consisted of predominately exposed rock or sand substrates. Biofilm chlorophyll a was 4.2-fold greater on rock substrates, but ash-free dry mass was 8-fold greater on sand substrates. Rates of gross primary production were 2 to 25-fold greater on rock versus sand substrates, and differences persisted whether rates were scaled for area or biofilm standing crop. In contrast, rates of respiration were similar on rock and sand substrates when scaled per unit area but 7–13 times lower on sand when scaled for biofilm standing crop. Together, these results suggest that sand aggradation in this river alters organic matter processing during the summer from net production to net consumption and storage of organic matter. Sand aggradation may alter the availability and processing of both allochthonous and autochthonous food resources in this forested river, with potential far-reaching impacts on the food web.
Fundamental Studies Concerning Calcium-Based Sorbents

Sorbent preparation techniques used today have generally been adapted from techniques traditionally used by the lime industry. Traditional “dry” hydration and slaking processes have been optimized to produce materials intended for use in the building industry. These preparation techniques should be examined with an eye to optimization of properties important to the SO2 capture process.
RAG-3D: a search tool for RNA 3D substructures

To address many challenges in RNA structure/function prediction, the characterization of RNA's modular architectural units is required. Using the RNA-As-Graphs (RAG) database, we have previously explored the existence of secondary structure (2D) submotifs within larger RNA structures. Here we present RAG-3D-a dataset of RNA tertiary (3D) structures and substructures plus a web-based search tool-designed to exploit graph representations of RNAs for the goal of searching for similar 3D structural fragments. The objects in RAG-3D consist of 3D structures translated into 3D graphs, cataloged based on the connectivity between their secondary structure elements. Each graph is additionally described in terms of its subgraph building blocks. The RAG-3D search tool then compares a query RNA 3D structure to those in the database to obtain structurally similar structures and substructures. This comparison reveals conserved 3D RNA features and thus may suggest functional connections. Though RNA search programs based on similarity in sequence, 2D, and/or 3D structural elements are available, our graph-based search tool may be advantageous for illuminating similarities that are not obvious; using motifs rather than sequence space also reduces search times considerably. Ultimately, such substructuring could be useful for RNA 3D structure prediction, structure/function inference and inverse folding.
Agent-Based Wave Computation: Towards Controlling the Resource Demand

In recent years, the mobile agent paradigm has received significant consideration in the context of large complex decentralized systems. Tasks such as system monitoring, load balancing and resource management have been successfully mapped onto this paradigm. Although the significance of the agents' resource demand has been recognized and discussed, few mechanisms have been developed to control the demand as a function of resource availability. In this paper, we propose an agent based computing model that incorporates the concepts of wave computation. In particular, mechanisms to dynamically adapt the agent population are investigated. Related issues, such as wave propagation and termination are discussed. Further, we present the results of a variety of simulation experiments used to investigate the properties of the proposed algorithms.
The quotient of two Glauberman–Isaacs correspondences

Let a finite group A act coprimely on a finite group G. The Glauberman–Isaacs correspondence π(G, A) is a bijection from the set of A-invariant irreducible characters of G onto the set Irr(CG(A)) of irreducible characters of the centralizer of A in G. Let B be a subgroup of A. Composing from left to right, it follows that π(G, A)-1π(G, B) is an injection from Irr(CG(A)) into Irr(CG(B)). We show that, in some cases, the map can be defined via the actions of some subgroups of A containing B on the centralizers in G of some other such subgroups. We also show in many instances, such as |G| odd or A supersolvable and G solvable, that this map is independent of the overgroup G.
The role of ligand covalency in the selective activation of metalloenediynes for Bergman cyclization.

Abstract One of the key concerns with the development of radical-generating reactive therapeutics is the ability to control the activation event within a biological environment. To that end, a series of quinoline–metalloenediynes of the form M(QuiED)·2Cl (M = Cu(II), Fe(II), Mg(II), or Zn(II)) and their independently synthesized cyclized analogs have been prepared in an effort to elucidate Bergman cyclization (BC) reactivity differences in solution. HRMS(ESI) establishes a solution stoichiometry of 1:1 metal to ligand with coordination of one chloride counter ion to the metal center. EPR spectroscopy of Cu(QuiED)·2Cl and Cu(QuiBD)·2Cl denotes an axially-elongated tetragonal octahedron (g|| > g⊥ > 2.0023) with a d x 2 - y 2 ground state, while the electronic absorption spectrum reveals a pπ Cl→Cu(II) LMCT feature at 19,000 cm−1, indicating a solution structure with three nitrogens and a chloride in the equatorial plane with the remaining quinoline nitrogen and solvent in the axial positions. Investigations into the BC activity reveal formation of the cyclized product from the Cu(II) and Fe(II) complexes after 12 h at 45 °C in solution, while no product is observed for the Mg(II) or Zn(II) complexes under identical conditions. The basis of this reactivity difference has been found to be a steric effect leading to metal–ligand bond elongation and thus, a retardation of solution reactivity. These results demonstrate how careful consideration of ligand and complex structure may allow for a degree of control and selective activation of these reactive agents.
Experimental salicylate intoxication. I. Comparison of exchange transfusion, intermittent peritoneal lavage, and hemodialysis as means for removing salicylate.

Exchange transfusion, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis with albumin and conventional dialysis solutions was carried out in dogs following the administration of a standard dose of sodium salicylate intravenously. Hemodialysis was the most efficient method of removing salicylate, about 50% of the dose injected being removed during a 4-hour period. Exchange transfusion and peritoneal lavage were considerably less efficient. Peritoneal lavage with 5% albumin solution was more effective than lavage with an equal volume of conventional dialysis solution, but absorption of albumin from the peritoneum took place unless additional dextrose was added to the solution. The amount of salicylate excreted in the urine during the period of study sometimes exceeded that removed by peritoneal dialysis or exchange transfusion. Some clinical implications of these studies are discussed.
On the dissociation energy of CaOH and LiOH

A technique for computing the dissociation energy of ionic diatomics is extended to the ionic triatomics LiOH and CaOH. The calculated Do values (with the recommended experimental values in parentheses) are 4.72 plus or minus 0.06 eV (4.53 plus or minus 0.04) for LiOH and 4.13 plus or minus 0.07 (4.23 eV) for CaOH.
Multiplicative mismatched filters for sidelobe suppression in Barker codes

A mismatched filter, comprised of a matched filter in cascade with a parameterized multiplicative finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filter, is proposed. For a given mainlobe to sidelobe ratio, the proposed filter is longer than the length-optimal filters but uses fewer multipliers and adders. Results are shown for Barker codes of length 5, 7, 11, and 13 and extended to compound Barker codes.
Dependency of COD on ground motion intensity and stiffness distribution

Large changes in stiffness associated with cracking and yielding of reinforced concrete sections may be expected to occur during the dynamic response of reinforced concrete frames to earthquake ground shaking. These changes in stiffness in stories that experience cracking might be expected to cause relatively large peak interstory drift ratios. If so, accounting for such changes would add complexity to seismic design procedures. This study evaluates changes in an index parameter to establish whether this effect is significant. The index, known as the coefficient of distortion (COD), is defined as the ratio of peak interstory drift ratio and peak roof drift ratio. The sensitivity of the COD is evaluated statistically for five- and nine-story reinforced concrete frames having either uniform story heights or a tall first story. A suite of ten ground motion records was used; this suite was scaled to five intensity levels to cause varied degrees of damage to the concrete frame elements. Ground motion intensity was found to cause relatively small changes in mean CODs; the changes were most pronounced for changes in suite scale factor from 0.5 to 1 and from 1 to 4. While these changes were statistically significant in several cases, the magnitude of the change was sufficiently small that values of COD may be suggested for use in preliminary design that are independent of shaking intensity. Consequently, design limits on interstory drift ratio may be implemented by limiting the peak roof drift in preliminary design.
Occurrence and distribution of substance P-related immunoreactivity in the brain of adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus tridentatus.

Abstract The occurrence and distribution of substance P (SP)-related immunoreactivity were examined in the adult brains of two species of lampreys, Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus tridentatus, by using the PAP technique and three different anti-SP sera (anti-SP#1, anti-SP#2, and anti-SP#3). (1) In both species of lampreys, anti-SP#1 and anti-SP#2 yielded positive reactions in the brain, while there was no, or slight immunoreaction there to anti-SP#2. The positive reactions toward anti-SP sera in the lamprey brain were not eliminated, or insufficiently reduced by preabsorption with SP, but the were completely abolished by preabsorption with eledoisin-related peptide. Thus, SP-positive material in the lamprey brain is more closely related, in terms of immunological determinants, to eledoisin than to SP. (2) In Petromyzon, SP-positive perikarya were found in the ventrolateral telencephalon and the ventral hypothalamus, whereas in Entosphenus they were found in the ventral thalamus, tegmentum motoricum mesencephali (two locations), and rostral rhombencephalon, as well as in the above-mentioned two regions. Nevertheless, the distributions of SP-positive fibers in the regions of the brain other than the neurohypophysis were very similar between the two species: SP-positive fibers were found at many locations of the brain, and were especially rich in the periventricular subependymal zone of the ventral telencephalon and in the diencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, and interpeduncular nucleus. (3) In Petromyzon, a heavy accumulation of positive fibers was observed in the rostral part of the anterior neurohypophysis, whereas in Entosphenus no such fibers were observed there. These results clearly suggest the presence of a neuronal system of unknown function containing a SP-related peptide in the brain of lampreys.
Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Decreased Antioxidant Activity Correspond With Death After Smoke Exposure in the Rat

Oxidants are released directly from smoke and also as a result of the airways inflammation that occurs after smoke injury. We determined the relation between the degree of tissue oxidant change with the use of malondialdehyde content to measure lipid peroxidation and the degree of lung and systemic organ damage and resulting damage mortality 24 hours after a controlled smoke exposure in a rat model. We also monitored changes in the key tissue antioxidant catalase. We found that the degree of lung lipid peroxidation and the decrease in catalase activity directly correlated with mortality caused by respiratory failure and with the degree of lung inflammation but that they did not correlate with the peak carboxyhemoglobin level, a marker of smoke gas phase exposure. The lung oxidant changes also directly correlated with increased systemic lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase in liver and kidney tissue. We conclude that the initial smoke insult causes lung and in turn systemic inflammation with resulting release of oxidants, which leads to tissue oxidant injury. The degree of lung oxidant change significantly correlates with the degree of lung tissue injury, respiratory failure, and mortality, and the major source of the oxidant changes is tissue inflammation rather than oxidants in the smoke itself.
‘Food desertification’: The loss of a major supermarket in New Haven, Connecticut

Abstract In March of 2010, the only full-service supermarket centrally located in New Haven, Connecticut closed, stranding many of the city’s residents in a food desert. A food desert is an urban or rural area with significantly limited access to retail sources of healthy and affordable food, due to a combination of socioeconomic disadvantages and physical distance. This article considers the pivotal and causative role of the business model of supermarkets in the creation of new or exacerbation of current urban food deserts, as well as in the impact the loss of one market has on the resilience of the community’s food system. Using the events of New Haven as a case study, the form and severity of the food desert in New Haven is analyzed by mapping ¼ mile, ½ mile, and 1 mile road network service areas of the major supermarkets and grocery stores of the area. These are compared against Census block group data of the New Haven population’s median household income, poverty level, and access to a personal vehicle. The results show certain parts of the city with low income, high poverty, and low vehicle access to exist in hardship outside the service areas of nearby stores. GIS methodology aids in illustrating the conclusion that the loss of just one supermarket has had significantly detrimental effects on the geographical food access of the city’s residents. The ongoing lack of a full-service supermarket in the city not only raises concerns about the value of a new supermarket coming in, but also creates possibilities for seeking alternative food system solutions.
Impact of Soil Applications ofBeauveria bassianaandMariannaeasp. on Nontarget Forest Arthropods

Abstract Replicated plots were established in pear thrips-infested sugar maple stands. They were treated withBeauveria bassianaas an emulsifiable concentrate and a nutrient-based granular formulation and withMariannaeasp. as a wettable powder. Postapplication invertebrates moving across plots were collected daily for 10 days in pitfall traps. Collected individuals were identified, held for 10 days, and then evaluated for the presence of fungal infection and other potential pathogenic microorganisms. A total of 3615 invertebrates were collected and identified. Of the invertebrate population in treated plots that fell into pitfall traps, 2.8% became infected with eitherB. bassianaorMariannaeasp. The fungi applied also occur naturally in sugar maple forest soils; therefore, it was impossible to confirm whether the infection we observed in treated plots was a result of contact with the spores we applied. Because we obtained infection among invertebrates collected from control plots, it is likely that these fungi do attack invertebrates under natural forest conditions. Of the 2584 invertebrates examined further for obligate internal pathogens, 2.5% were infected with entomophthoralean fungi, protozoans, and/or nematodes. Results suggest thatB. bassianaandMariannaeasp. could be applied to forest soil without a significant negative impact on the forest-dwelling invertebrate population.
Where does legislation originate

A study of the place of origin of measures introduced into the Ohio Senate at the last session.
New Isotopes of Interest to Explosive Nucleosynthesis

A number of new isotopes in the iron region, both neutron-rich and proton-rich, have been produced at the Argonne FN tandem using heavy-ion beams. On the neutron-rich side, masses and beta-decay schemes have been obtained, and the masses will be compared with various mass formulae used in nucleosynthesis calculations. Several heavy proton-rich N = Z odd-odd nuclei extending up from 62Ga have been investigated with the aim of measuring the ft-values of their superallowed Fermi decays. The resulting ft-values will be compared with those found for the well-studied lighter nuclei between 14O and 54Co.
Optimal bispectral detection of weak, quadratic nonlinearities in structural systems

Abstract This work derives the expressions for the bispectrum and bicoherence functions for multi-degree-of-freedom spring–mass systems with quadratic nonlinearities subject to inputs described by a wide class of random processes. The derivation uses a Volterra series model for the system response and yields expressions for both “homogeneous spectra”, where the output of only one degree of freedom is used, and “mixed spectra” where the bispectral density contains multiple response time series. This expression is then used to determine the optimal probability distribution of the input and the optimal bispectrum to compute for the goal of maximizing the probability of detecting the nonlinearity.
Gene Transfer in Haematological Malignancy

Although gene transfer was first suggested to treat inherited monogenic disorders, at present most clinical protocols are intended to treat patients with malignant disease. Although current vector technologies profoundly limit the potential therapeutic applications of gene transfer, the technique is already being successfully used to complement longer established therapies. This article reviews current and forthcoming applications of gene transfer to treat haematological malignancies.
Ascaridole in chenopodium oil. IV. The synthesis of ascaridole.

Ascaridole, the active ingredient of chenopodium oil, was synthesized from terpediene. The physical and chemical properties of the reaction product and its intermediates are presented. The reaction is discussed as a possible means of biosynthesis of this compound in the plant.
Stress experienced by stroke survivors and spousal caregivers during the first year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.

AbstractPurpose: This study describes levels of stress in stroke survivors and spousal caregivers and identifies predictors of stress in couples during their first year at home. Method: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered to 159 stroke survivors and caregivers at discharge and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Other variables tested included stroke survivor function (FIM™), health status, mutuality, stroke impact (SIS), caregiver coping (F-COPES), support (MOS Social Support Survey), and preparedness. Repeated measures analyses of PSS scores were conducted with linear mixed models for stroke survivors and caregivers. Results: PSS scores for stroke survivors and caregivers were positively correlated (p < .01). Scores decreased significantly over the year, but caregivers had higher scores initially and decreased less. Stroke survivor function was a significant predictor of stress for both survivors and caregivers. Preparation was the most powerful predictor of stress in caregivers, whereas mutuality ...
The Limits of Metrological Performativity: Valuing Equities in the London Stock Exchange:

This article critically engages with metrological performativity as an approach to conceptualising and investigating the social aspects of markets. In its simplest form, it conceives economics (and related professions) as a set of practices that go beyond the measurement of economies and economic agents to also shape, format and discipline them. The approach has a number of implications for the way actors and social relations in markets are researched. It has found many advocates especially from within the emerging field of cultural economy. This piece finds that such an approach has a number of limitations that hinder and restrict empirical investigation. Objections are illustrated by case study material focusing on the way company shares are promoted and valued in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Here, the evidence suggests that metrological performativity can only be applied in a limited way.
Mechanism of changes in the second heart sound in aortic stenosis

Abstract The dynamic correlates of the second heart sound were studied by right and left heart catheterization in 15 subjects with pure aortic valve stenosis and in 6 subjects who had no cardiac lesion. The duration of left ventricular systole is not, as previously thought, prolonged in aortic stenosis. Left ventricular ejection is prolonged because of late closure of the aortic valve related to the higher level of left ventricular pressure compared to that of aortic pressure (pressure gradient). In addition, there is a delay in the time of occurrence of the aortic incisura in relation to valve closure. The sum of both these delays (aortic valve closure in relation to end of systole; incisura in relation to valve closure) explains the delay of the aortic component of the second heart sound, which occurs either at the time of the pulmonary component or after it (reverse splitting). The changes of the second heart sound were found to be grossly proportional to the magnitude of the pressure gradient across the aortic valve and, therefore, significant in evaluating the severity of the lesion.
Flexural-torsional buckling of fiber-reinforced plastic composite open channel beams

Abstract A combined analytical and experimental study for flexural–torsional buckling of pultruded fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite open channel beams is presented. Based on the second variational principle and nonlinear plate theory, the total potential energy of the channel beam including shear effect and beam bending–twisting coupling is derived. The stress resultants and displacement fields for flexural–torsional buckling of open channel beams under combined sideway flexural and torsional effects are given. The analytical eigenvalue solutions for cantilever open channel beams are obtained through the transcendental shape function. An experimental study of three different geometries of FRP cantilever open channel beams is performed, and the critical buckling loads for different span lengths are measured and compared with the analytical solutions and numerical finite element results. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of load location, fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction on the buckling behavior, and it sheds light on optimal design of FRP channel beams for flexural–torsional buckling. The proposed analytical solutions can be used to predict the buckling loads of FRP channels, to formulate simplified design equations, and optimize efficient sections.
Motor Transient Analysis on a Small Digital Computer

This paper presents the results of a study the objective of which was the high-speed solution of the differential equations characterizing induction motors. It was found possible to reduce the time required for the solution by a factor of about ten with no loss of accuracy. Details of two sample problems and the techniques used are presented.
Estimation of body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in Native American children.

Estimation of body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in Native American children
Equivalent biochemical failure-free survival after external beam radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy in patients with a pretreatment prostate specific antigen of > 4-20 ng/ml

Purpose: Biochemical failure-free survival stratified by the pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and biopsyleason score (bG1) is determined for prostate cancer patients managed definitively with external beam radiation therapy or radical retropubic prostatectomy. Methods and Materials: A Cox regression multivariable analysis evaluating tbe variables of PSA, bGI, and clinical stage was used to evaluate the end point of time to PSA failure in 867 and 757 consecutive prostate cancer patients managed definitively wltb external beam radiation therapy or radical retropubic prostatectomy, respectively. PSA failure-free survival was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Comparisons were made using the log rank test. Results: The pretreatment PSA, bG1, and clinical stage (T3,4 vs. Tl,T2) were found to be independent predictors of to post-treatment PSA failure for both surgically and radiation managed patients using Cox regression multivariable analysis. Patients with a pretreatment PSA of > 4 rig/ml and 5 20 rig/ml could be classified into risk groups for time to post-therapy PSA failure: low = PSA > 4-10 rig/ml and bG1 -= 4; intermediate = PSA > 4-10 and bG15-7; or PSA > lo-20 rig/ml and bGI 5 7; high = PSA > 4-20 rig/ml and bG1 2 8. Two-year PSA failure-free survival for surgically managed and radiation-managed patients, respectively, were 98% vs. 92% (p = 0.45), 77% vs. 81% (p = 0.86), and 51% vs. 53% (p = 0.48) for patients at low, intermediate, and high risk for post-therapy PSA failure. Conclusions: There was no statistical difference in tbe 2-year PSA failure-free survival for potentially curable patients managed definitively with surgery or radiation therapy when a retrospective comparison stratifying for the pretreatment PSA and bG1 was performed. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. Prostate cancer, Prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, Radiation therapy, Radical prostatectomy.
Improving mobile robot control — Negative feedback for touch interfaces

Touch screen technology has become pervasive in the consumer product arena over the last decade. It offers some distinct advantages over traditional interfaces, including the removal of space consuming peripherals such as mice, keyboards, and joysticks from a system's design. However, there are significant drawbacks to these devices that have limited their adoption by so-called power users. Most notably, touch screens demand the user's visual attention and require them to look at the input device to avoid pressing the wrong button. Based on these observations we propose a simple system that augments an existing touch screen device to provide the user with negative feedback for touch interfaces (NFTI). This is accomplished by vibrotactile feedback that is triggered when an inactive part of the screen is accidentally touched. The goal is to simulate a touch-typing experience that could traditionally be found on a hard keyboard interface, while simultaneously retaining many of the benefits of touch screen technology. The primary contribution of this paper is to present the results of a usability study, which considers a benchmark task of tele-operation that demands the user's visual attention. We found that in nearly all cases, performance improved with NFTI. Perhaps more importantly, the addition of negative feedback did not adversely impact the user's workload. In fact, according to the exit survey, nearly 90% users prefer NFTI over conventional touch screen devices.
From Participatory Reform to Social Capital: Micro‐Motives and the Macro‐Structure of Civil Society Networks

Although a wide-ranging literature explores the favorable effects of social capital, it is only relatively recently that systematic attention has been directed to the manner in which social networks emerge and the consequent implications for civic engagement and collaborative governance. This article employs advanced social network statistical models to examine civic network emergence following a participatory reform in Los Angeles. Findings suggest that the reform fostered a number of favorable network attributes supportive of democratic participation. At the same time, subtle but ubiquitous effects of socioeconomic sorting had the unintended and undesirable effect of elevating higher-status actors within the emergent civic network. These findings suggest that macro-level policy interventions are required to foster the development of ties that promote cross-talk among socioeconomically distinct community groups.
Pathological characteristics of prostate cancer detected through prostate specific antigen based screening.

Purpose: Since the introduction of PSA testing for CaP, there has been an increase in CaP detection. However, it is uncertain to what extent clinically insignificant tumors are being diagnosed and treated. In a large, community based population we determined the pathological characteristics of screening detected cancers.Materials and Methods: From 1989 to 2001, 35,661 men were enrolled in a longitudinal prostate cancer screening study. Data were available on 3,492 of the 3,568 men (98%) diagnosed with CaP during this study period. Radical prostatectomy was performed in 2,254 men (63%). Clinical stage, Gleason score and pathological analysis were recorded and analyzed in the context of preoperative PSA, digital rectal examination findings, PSA velocity and the year of cancer detection.Results: CaP was detected in 10% of men. Virtually all cases were clinically localized (99.8%) and approximately 70% treated with radical prostatectomy were pathologically organ confined disease. Fewer than 10% of tumors woul...
TU-D-330A-01: Computerized Lesion Detection On Breast MR Images

Purpose: To develop a computerized lesion detection method for DCE‐MRI breast images using the fuzzy c‐means clustering algorithm. Method: Contrast‐enhanced MR imaging is increasingly being incorporated into procedures for the screening of women at high risk of developing breast cancer. Such screening programs may potentially benefit from computer prompts that indicate potential lesion sites. In addition, analysis of other enhancing regions in the breast may reduce the number of false detections. Thus, we are developing an automated computerized lesion detection method based on the fuzzy c‐means clustering algorithm. The proposed method consists of four stages: (1) Breast volume segmentation based on a volume growing method; (2) Fuzzy c‐means clusteringanalysis on voxel‐based kinetics within the 4D breast image data (3D over time); (3) Voxel‐by‐voxel membership assignment to the most‐enhancing categories; and (4) Connectivity & size criteria for eliminating some false‐positive detections. Methods were evaluated by calculating detection sensitivity for malignant lesions, detection sensitivity for all lesions, and number of false‐positive detections per breast volume for output from the most‐enhancing kinetic categories. Results: Our preliminary studies are based on 20 MRI cases including 21 lesions (9 biopsy‐proven malignant cases, 5 biopsy‐proven benign cases; 6 cases without pathological proof). Based on computer‐identified regions from the most enhancing membership category, the proposed method correctly detected 16 lesions, including all nine malignant ones. In addition, most of the benign cases fell into either the most‐enhancing or second‐most‐enhancing categories. Preliminary results yielded, on average, 9 false‐positive detections per breast volume, which will subsequently be input to the classifier stage that exams morphological and kinetic characteristics for false positive reduction. Conclusion: The preliminary results with our FCM‐based computerized MRI lesion detection method are promising for potential use in breast cancer screening. Conflict of Interest: M.L.G. is a shareholder in R2 Technology, Inc.
An evaluation of manual vacuum aspiration instruments

Objectives: Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) instruments vary in quality, cost, and availability. This evaluation of MVA instruments was conducted to provide decision-makers with information to assist them in determining which instruments to purchase for their specific health care settings. Methods: Nine MVA devices were evaluated for durability, quality, safety, and usability. Study data came from device specifications, laboratory-based technical studies, and field evaluations. Results: Equipment durability is compromised by high temperatures, quality is compromised by manufacturing defects, and design is key to safe reuse. All MVA instructions are written at advanced reading levels, and device assembly was difficult for most study participants. Conclusions: No single brand of MVA instrument is perfectly suited for every setting. Users can evaluate the appropriateness of MVA instrument characteristics by reviewing the elements assessed in this evaluation, which, by complementing the experience of administrators and clinicians, should enable them to determine which MVA is best for their environment.