cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demand and supply analysis of community type wind power system at Gurugoda Village in Sri Lanka

Though expansion of the main grid is the principal vehicle for electrification, wind and solar home systems and community-level independent grids are frequently better suited to serve remote, rural communities in an economic and efficient manner. According to present statistics solar and wind home power systems are commonly used for off-grid electrification and solar home systems are much popular in the country. More recently a small wind power system was installed at Gurugoda Village in Northwest region of Sri Lanka. This system was installed to supply electricity for 13 houses. Focal point of this study is analyzing the wind power system with considering available wind resources and electric energy demand. This wind/battery system was analyzed by making energy balance calculations for each of the 8,760 hours in a year simulating the operation of the system. For each hour, the electric demand is compared with the energy that the system can supply, and the flows of energy from each components of the system are calculated. For systems that include batteries, for each hour the simulation process can decide how to charge or discharge the batteries. Time series wind resource data, power curve of wind turbine, battery efficiency, demand pattern and demand variation were considered for this simulation. According to the results of this study, from May to October there is a good wind potential and electric production of wind turbine is sufficient to fulfill the demand. However, there may be an electric supply shortage in February, April and November.
The L2 Rate of Convergence for Event History Regression with Time‐dependent Covariates

Consider repeated events of multiple kinds that occur according to a right-continuous semi-Markov process whose transition rates are influenced by one or more time-dependent covariates. The logarithms of the intensities of the transitions from one state to another are modelled as members of a linear function space, which may be finite- or infinite-dimensional. Maximum likelihood estimates are used, where the maximizations are taken over suitably chosen finite-dimensional approximating spaces. It is shown that the L2 rates of convergence of the maximum likelihood estimates are determined by the approximation power and dimension of the approximating spaces. The theory is applied to a functional ANOVA model, where the logarithms of the intensities are approximated by functions having the form of a specified sum of a constant term, main effects (functions of one variable), and interaction terms (functions of two or more variables). It is shown that the curse of dimensionality can be ameliorated if only main effects and low-order interactions are considered in functional ANOVA models.
Depression and maltreatment as predictors of social competence and social problem-solving skills in school-age children

Childhood depression and child maltreatment have been shown to be important predictors of childhood adjustment problems, including difficulties in the spheres of home, school, and peer relationships. In this study, depression and maltreatment were used to predict social competence and social problem-solving skills, as rated by self, parent, and teacher. The total sample contained 68 children (35 girls, 33 boys), most of whom were at high-risk either due to poverty, physical abuse and neglect (as determined by substantiated Protective Services reports), or exposure to negative life events. Hierarchical multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the contribution of depression and maltreatment to social competence and social problem-solving skills. Depression predicted parents' and teachers' ratings of social competence and parents' ratings of peer rejection. Additionally, depression predicted children's ratings of social competence and both measures of social problem-solving skills. Maltreatment predicted parents' and teachers' ratings of social competence. Gender predicted teachers' ratings of peer rejection and social competence. An additive effect of depression and maltreatment was found such that children who are depressed and maltreated have the lowest social competence as rated by parents and teachers. These children are, therefore, doubly at risk for problems in future relationships.
Plug-Annular Micronozzles: A New Prospect for Microthrusters

Microthrusters with conventional converging–diverging and orifice nozzles experience significant performance degradation when operating at lowReynolds numbers. The direct simulationMonte Carlo method has been applied to design amicronozzle with improved performance through simulation. Thrust performance calculations using this method demonstrated that the coaxial micronozzles can achieve millinewton thrust levels with specific impulses on the order of 45 s using a cold gas expansion of argon. Improved coaxial micronozzle designs are proposed using centerbody geometries to exploit pressure thrust and show a large increase in specific impulse compared with a baseline converging nozzle operating at similar conditions and at low Reynolds numbers. Micronozzle performance for different geometries are also compared for various Reynolds numbers.
Ferroelectric and antiferroelectric films for microelectromechanical systems applications

Abstract In this paper we have introduced several types of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric thin (thickness 1 μm) films developed in our group for sensor, actuator and transducer applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films of up to 12 μm in thickness have been prepared on Pt-buffered silicon substrates, which allows for the conventional, through-thickness polarization, and of up to 5 μm in thickness on insulating layer (ZrO 2 ) passivated silicon substrates, which allows for the novel, in-plane polarization. The in-plane poled films make it possible to develop d 33 -mode rather than d 31 -mode bending devices, which immediately leads to two-times improvement in device performance because d 33 ≈2 d 31 . It also can greatly increase the voltage sensitivity of bending devices because the film thickness and electrode spacing are separated as independent variables, and thus, smaller film capacitance can be obtained by using wider electrode spacing even for fixed film thickness. In addition to PZT ferroelectric films, we have also developed antiferroelectric films as an alternative for high-strain microactuators. The strain level of the antiferroelectric films can reach more than 0.4%, and both digital and analog actuation can be realized by modifying the compositions of the films. As an example for MEMS applications, micromachined, unimorph-type two-dimensional transducer arrays have been fabricated based on both the through-thickness and in-plane polarized PZT films, which can be used for miniaturized, high-resolution acoustic imaging such as hand-held diver's sonar system, medical ultrasound imaging, and non-destructive testing.
Talking about War: Reflections on Doing Oral History and Military History

Oral history goes naturally with military history. After all, veterans have told their war stories since time immemorial. William Alexander Percy, who saw combat in World War I, explained why war etches the memory of many veterans so deeply. It was "the only heroic thing we all did together.... it, somehow, had meaning, and daily life hasn't. It was part of a common endeavor and daily life is isolated and lonely."1 Wars have understandably received the most attention from military historians as human lives and the fate of nations hang in the balance. In an earlier essay in this series, "Oral History and the Story of America and World War II," Roger Horowitz deftly illustrated how oral history aided in our understanding of the military, political, and social aspects of that era.2 Since the 1940s, many historians have employed oral evidence in their works about recent conflicts and about the social and institutional developments in peace as well as war. Over the years, I have learned much from them and their work. In this essay, I reflect on how I used oral history in my scholarship on World War I and the peacetime American army. I shall also offer a brief guide to some of the rich oral history collections available to military historians. Although World War II marked the beginning of the acceptance of oral history by scholars, journalists and some historians had asked participants about their actions long before that. Almost two and half millennia ago, the Athenian general Thucydides talked with other participants before he wrote his history of the Peloponnesian War. In the nineteenth century, Lyman C. Draper, the famed collector of trans-Appalachian frontier manuscripts, interviewed veterans of the various frontier wars and deposited his notes with the other documents in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Among many others over the years were two American war correspondents in
Mitochondrial metabolism underlies hyperoxic cell damage.

Abstract Exposure of mammals to hyperoxia causes pulmonary and ocular pathology. Hyperoxic damage and cell death may derive from enhanced intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), probably of mitochondrial origin. There is, however, controversy on this point. When wild-type and respiration-deficient (ρ°) HeLa cells were cultured in 80% O2, wild-type cells stopped growing after 5 days and died thereafter whereas ρ° cells survived and grew to confluence. This tolerance of ρ° cells for hyperoxia was not associated with greater resistance to oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide. Under both 20% and 80% O2, ρ° cells exhibited substantially decreased ROS production, and, under 80% O2, ρ° cells showed no suppression of aconitase activity or mitochondrial protein carbonyl formation. Replacement of normal mitochondria in ρ° cells restored ROS production and susceptibility to hyperoxia. Two other approaches that diminished mitochondrial ROS generation also increased tolerance for hyperoxia. HeLa cells constantly exposed to the protonophoric uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which enhances respiration but decreases ROS production, showed preferential survival under 80% O2, as did HeLa cells treated with chloramphenicol, which suppresses both respiration and mitochondrial ROS production. We conclude that interactions between respiring mitochondria and O2 are primarily responsible for hyperoxic cell damage.
Dynamic Mechanism of a Train Suspension System

Nonlinear dynamical behaviors of a train suspension system with impacts are investigated. The suspension system is modelled through an impact model with possible stick between a bolster and two wedges. Based on the mapping structures, periodic motions of such a system are described. To understand the global dynamical behaviors of the train suspension system, system parameter maps are developed. Numerical simulations for periodic and chaotic motions are performed from the parameter maps.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cyber-physical systems opportunities in the chemical industry: A security and emergency management example

The manuscript defines and discusses the products of a successful cyber-physical system in the chemical industry using two examples. The first is the ability to make the correct decision quickly regarding an unforecasted large sale of a product. The second is the automatic availability of critically needed information, accessible anywhere in the world which provides endless possibilities for the chemical industry. Concerns and some resolutions are also discussed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 329–332, 2014
Leonardo da Vinci's foot: historical evidence of concept.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), world-renowned Italian renaissance master, is known for his contributions to, and broad interests in science and art. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the extent of his science by applying the use of his concepts to current models of foot and ankle mechanics. Methods: The art and science of Leonardo Da Vinci were extensively analyzed by reviewing his original drawings and hand written notebooks as well as their English translation. Current medical journals including the topics of foot, ankle, and biomechanics were reviewed for modern evidence and application of his concepts. The library of Michigan State University and the electronic library of the Royal Library at Windsor Castle were extensively utilized. Results: From the depths of Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence and Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome, through his commentary and anatomical drawings of around 30 cadaver dissections he performed, Leonardo da Vinci expressed his concept of...
Isobaric thermal expansion coefficients for water over large temperature and pressure ranges

Abstract Tabular values of the thermal expansion coefficient (Beta) are presented for water for pressure of 0.1 to 50 MPa and temperatures from 0 to 600°C. Currently available Beta values are also reviewed at one atmosphere and one bar for a temperature range of 0 to 100°C.
Retinal pigment epithelial debridement as a model for the pathogenesis and treatment of macular degeneration.

Purpose To determine the effects of the absence of the retinal pigment epithelium on the choriocapillaris and outer retina by performing retinal pigment epithelial cell debridement with mitomycin C to inhibit cell proliferation pharmacologically in the porcine eye. Methods A pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 12 eyes, and two neurosensory retinal detachments per eye were created by injecting 10 –3 mg/ml mitomycin C and 0.25% edetic acid into the subretinal space. Twenty minutes later, the retinal pigment epithelium was debrided, and the retina was reattached with a fluid-gas exchange. Results Bruch's membrane was devoid of native retinal pigment epithelium, and the choriocapillaris was patent immediately after debridement. No proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium occurred 1 week after debridement, and choriocapillaris atrophy was present beneath areas of Bruch's membrane that were devoid of retinal pigment epithelium. Four weeks postsurgery, choriocapillaris atrophy persisted in all debrided blebs, although unpigmented retinal pigment epithelium repopulated portions of Bruch's membrane in one of three blebs. Outer retinal atrophy was present in areas of Bruch's membrane with no retinal pigment epithelium and no choriocapillaris 4 weeks postsurgery. The choriocapillaris was patent in areas of mitomycin C injection without debridement. Conclusion Absence of the retinal pigment epithelium leads to atrophy of the choriocapillaris within 1 week after surgery. This finding provides an animal model to study transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium onto bare patches of Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration and other diseases and provides insight into the pathogenesis of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.
A linkage strategy for detection of human quantitative-trait loci. II. Optimization of study designs based on extreme sib pairs and generalized relative risk ratios.

eral, combining reasonable numbers of both extremely Elston 1994) motivated our current work in design optidiscordant and extremely concordant sib pairs that were mization of human QTL studies based on ESP methods. available in the sample is more powerful and more cost We proposed a test (called ‘‘the EDAC test,’’ which is effective than pursuing only a single type of ESP. We an extension of Blackwelder and Elston’s [1985] t2 test; also found that dividing trait values with a less extreme see Gu et al. 1996) that combines ED pairs with exthreshold at one end or at both ends of the trait distribu- tremely concordant (EC) sib pairs that are available in tion leads to more cost-effective designs. The notion of the same sampling pool from which the ED sib pairs are generalized relative risk ratios (the l method, as de- selected. The EDAC design offers a compromise between scribed in the first part of this series of two articles) is the powerfulness and the availability of ESPs, and, as used to calculate the power and sample size for various compared with the study designs pursuing solely ED sib choices of polychotomization of trait values and for the pairs, the EDAC test is more likely to be cost effective
Varying Correlation Between 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Carotid Atherosclerosis Implications for Plaque Inflammation

Background and Purpose—18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI have been proposed to quantitatively assess plaque inflammation by probing macrophages and neovessels, respectively. We examined their correlation to study the in vivo relationship between macrophage and neovessel activities in atherogenesis. Methods—Forty-one patients (34 men; aged 65±12 years) with a total of 68 carotid plaques (thickness ≥2 mm on ultrasound; 20 symptomatic) were assessed by both 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI within 2 weeks, measured as target-to-background ratio and transfer constant (Ktrans), respectively. Results—Overall, the correlation between target-to-background ratio and Ktrans was weak and marginal (r=0.22; P=0.068). They were correlated in the symptomatic plaques (r=0.59; P=0.006) but not in the asymptomatic plaques (r=0.07; P=0.625; P=0.033 for difference in r). Neither target-to-background rat...
Spontaneous fractures of the long bones in nursing home patients

Six long-term nursing home residents who experienced fractures of the long bones in the absence of obvious trauma are described. All patients had been essentially non-weight-bearing for at least 2 years before the episode. Four patients experienced fractures on more than one occasion. There was no evidence of physical abuse in any of these of patients; indeed, evidence against abuse was fairly good. Nonetheless, physical abuse was alleged by the patients' families in four of the cases. Long bone fracture in the absence of trauma in patients after prolonged bed rest has been well described in the radiologic and orthopedic literature, but not previously in geriatrics. It is important that this phenomenon be recognized, lest all unexplained fractures in nursing home patients automatically be taken as evidence of abuse or neglect.
Abnormal ion permeation through cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelium

The epithelium of nasal tissue excised from subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibited higher voltage and lower conductance than tissue from control subjects. Basal sodium ion absorption by cystic fibrosis and normal nasal epithelia equaled the short-circuit current and was amiloride-sensitive. Amiloride induced chloride ion secretion in normal but not cystic fibrosis tissue and consequently was more effective in inhibiting the short-circuit current in cystic fibrosis epithelia. Chloride ion-free solution induced a smaller hyperpolarization of cystic fibrosis tissue. The increased voltage and amiloride efficacy in cystic fibrosis reflect absorption of sodium ions across an epithelium that is relatively impermeable to chloride ions.
Non-propagated cortical reactions induced by the divalent ionophore A23187 in eggs of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus.

Abstract The divalent ionophore A23187 can induce a non-propagated discharge of cortical granules in sea urchin eggs resulting in the elevation of partial fertilization membranes. This occurs when unfertilized eggs (1) partially overlap the margin of a solid film of the ionophore; (2) touch a Sephadex bead previously infiltrated with the ionophore; or (3) are exposed to solutions of ionophore for short periods (15–30 sec). These results demonstrate that the release of cortical granules does not automatically induce the discharge of neighboring granules.
mRNA Decay during Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections: Protein-Protein Interactions Involving the HSV Virion Host Shutoff Protein and Translation Factors eIF4H and eIF4A

During lytic infections, the virion host shutoff (Vhs) protein of herpes simplex virus accelerates the degradation of both host and viral mRNAs. In so doing, it helps redirect the cell from host to viral protein synthesis and facilitates the sequential expression of different viral genes. Vhs interacts with the cellular translation initiation factor eIF4H, and several point mutations that abolish its mRNA degradative activity also abrogate its ability to bind eIF4H. In addition, a complex containing bacterially expressed Vhs and a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-eIF4H fusion protein has RNase activity. eIF4H shares a region of sequence homology with eIF4B, and it appears to be functionally similar in that both stimulate the RNA helicase activity of eIF4A, a component of the mRNA cap-binding complex eIF4F. We show that eIF4H interacts physically with eIF4A in the yeast two-hybrid system and in GST pull-down assays and that the two proteins can be coimmunoprecipitated from mammalian cells. Vhs also interacts with eIF4A in GST pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Site-directed mutagenesis of Vhs and eIF4H revealed residues of each that are important for their mutual interaction, but not for their interaction with eIF4A. Thus, Vhs, eIF4H, and eIF4A comprise a group of proteins, each of which is able to interact directly with the other two. Whether they interact simultaneously as a tripartite complex or sequentially is unclear. The data suggest a mechanism for linking the degradation of an mRNA to its translation and for targeting Vhs to mRNAs and to regions of translation initiation.
Properties of a bacterial mutant lacking amino acid control of RNA synthesis.

Abstract RNA synthesis has been studied in a strain of Escherichia coli which has lost amino acid control over this process. It was found that this strain is capable of a normal, physiological control of RNA synthesis under most conditions of balanced or unbalanced growth. It exhibits a normal correlation of RNA: protein ratio with growth rate in most media, and can halt RNA accumulation during adjustment to a poorer medim. In several conditions of cultivation, however, regulation of RNA synthesis by these cells breaks down, and they accumulate unusual amounts of RNA. Evidence is presented that all these conditions impose an amino acid restriction on the cells.
A review of nuclear batteries

Abstract This paper reviews recent efforts in the literature to miniaturize nuclear battery systems. The potential of a nuclear battery for longer shelf-life and higher energy density when compared with other modes of energy storage make them an attractive alternative to investigate. The performance of nuclear batteries is a function of the radioisotope(s), radiation transport properties and energy conversion transducers. The energy conversion mechanisms vary significantly between different nuclear battery types, where the radioisotope thermoelectric generator, or RTG, is typically considered a performance standard for all nuclear battery types. The energy conversion efficiency of non-thermal-type nuclear batteries requires that the two governing scale lengths of the system, the range of ionizing radiation and the size of the transducer, be well-matched. Natural mismatches between these two properties have been the limiting factor in the energy conversion efficiency of small-scale nuclear batteries. Power density is also a critical performance factor and is determined by the interface of the radioisotope to the transducer. Solid radioisotopes are typically coated on the transducer, forcing the cell power density to scale with the surface area (limiting power density). Methods which embed isotopes within the transducer allow the power density to scale with cell volume (maximizing power density). Other issues that are examined include the limitations of shelf-life due to radiation damage in the transducers and the supply of radioisotopes to sustain a commercial enterprise. This review of recent theoretical and experimental literature indicates that the physics of nuclear batteries do not currently support the objectives of miniaturization, high efficiency and high power density. Instead, the physics imply that nuclear batteries will be of moderate size and limited power density. The supply of radioisotopes is limited and cannot support large scale commercialization. Niche applications for nuclear batteries exist, and advances in materials science may enable the development of high-efficiency solid-state nuclear batteries in the near term.
Practical experience in the numerical dangers of heterogeneous computing

Special challenges exist in writing reliable numerical library software for heterogeneous computing environments. Although a lot of software for distributed-memory parallel computers has been written, porting this software to a network of workstations requires careful consideration. The symptoms of heterogeneous computing failures can range from erroneous results without warning to deadlock. Some of the problems are straightforward to solve, but for others the solutions are not so obvious, or incur an unacceptable overhead. Making software robust on heterogeneous systems often requires additional communication. We describe and illustrate the problems encountered during the development of ScaLAPACK and the NAG Numerical PVM Library. Where possible, we suggest ways to avoid potential pitfalls, or if that is not possible, we recommend that the software not be used on heterogeneous networks.
CP Violation in Higgs Diphoton Decay in Models with Vectorlike Heavy Fermions

The amplitude of the diphoton decay of the Higgs boson is considered in an extension of the Standard Model involving heavy vectorlike fermions, which was recently suggested in the literature in order to explain a possible enhancement of the $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay rate. It is pointed out that generally in such models the decay amplitude acquires a sizable $CP$-odd contribution from the complex phases in the mass matrix of the new heavy fermions. The resulting $CP$ violation in the diphoton decay can be studied experimentally when both photons are converted into ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs by measuring the distribution over the angle between the planes of the pairs. Such measurement, if feasible, would be of great interest on its own, regardless of specific models.
Credit Effects in the Monetary Mechanism

A paper presented at the April 2001 conference "Financial Innovation and Monetary Transmission," sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Soybean seed composition in cultivars differing in resistance to charcoal rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina )

Seed composition in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] has not been well investigated under charcoal rot infestation under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The objective of the present experiment was to assess seed composition and nitrogen fixation under these conditions. No significant differences in protein levels in the moderately resistant germplasm line DT97-4290 were observed under these conditions. Under irrigation, protein concentration was significantly (P<or=0·05) higher for the susceptible cultivars Egyptian and Pharaoh under non-infested than infested conditions. The opposite response for protein was observed under non-irrigated conditions for Pharaoh. Oleic acid concentration was significantly (P<or=0·001) higher in susceptible cultivars under infested conditions. The concentration of linolenic acid in susceptible cultivars was significantly lower under infested conditions. The enrichment of Delta 15N in susceptible cultivars under infested conditions indicated that nitrogen fixation was substantially inhibited, but soil nitrogen was used for compensating for atmospheric nitrogen inhibition. These results indicate that charcoal rot infection may alter seed composition and nitrogen fixation in soybean. The alteration in seed composition depended on cultivar susceptibility to charcoal rot and irrigation management.
Absorption of Ethanol by the Common guppy (Lebistes Reticulatus)

The uptake of ethanol by guppies ( Lebistes reticulatus ) from solutions of varying concentrations has been observed at 25°. Results of the observations were compared with those obtained with goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) at 20° and 25°. Both time of death and time of overturn were used as criteria of pharmacological effect. Plots of the reciprocal time of effect against ethanol concentration failed to intersect the origin in all cases, except for goldfish at 20° where time of death was observed. The experimental demonstration of a threshold concentration for each fish implies that the actual plot should be a sigmoid curve. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of Levy and Gucinski. Guppies appear to be suitable for drug absorption studies.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONCEALED CONDUCTION.

Abstract Entry of the A-V node by impulses which fail to emerge was demonstrated by delay or block of a subsequent impulse, or by displacement of an A-V nodal pacemaker. Concealment of nonpropagated responses from either the atrium or the ventricle appeared to be the rule rather than the exception; clear evidence of block without nodal penetration was not obtained. Concealment was regularly demonstrable after thoracic sympathectomy, during vagal stimulation, or when the heart was driven at close to the maximum 1:1 frequency.
EXTREME VALUE FLIGHT DURATION ANALYSIS OF FOUR-ENGINE SPACECRAFT

3Mason, W. H., and Lee, J., “Aerodynamically Blunt and Sharp Bodies,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1994, pp. 378–382. 4Mason,W. H., andLee, J., “Minimum-DragAxisymmetric Bodies in the Supersonic/Hypersonic Flow Regimes,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1994, pp. 406–413. 5Eggers, A. J., Jr., Resnikoff, M. M., and Dennis, D. H., “Bodies of Revolution Having Minimum Drag at High Supersonic Airspeeds,” NACA TN 3666, 1956. 6Jaslow, H., “Aerodynamic Relationships Inherent in Newtonian Impact Theory,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1968, pp. 608–612. 7Pike, K., “Newtonian Aerodynamic Forces from Poisson Equation,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1973, pp. 499–504. 8Dubinsky, A., and Elperin, T., “A Simple Method for Calculating Force Coef cients of Bodies of Revolution,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 33, No. 5, 1996, pp. 665–669. 9Bunimovich,A. I., andDubinsky,A.V.,MathematicalModelsandMethods of Localized Interaction Theory, 1st ed., World Scienti c, Singapore, 1995, pp. 1–45.
Quantum-well-intermixed monolithically integrated widely tunable all-optical wavelength converter operating at 10 Gb/s

This letter reports on an InP Mach-Zehnder interferometer semiconductor optical amplifier all-optical wavelength converter monolithically integrated with a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector laser. The device is fabricated using centered quantum wells to achieve a high modal overlap with the active region. The active and passive waveguide regions are defined using an impurity-free quantum-well intermixing technique. The device is shown to perform error-free at 10-Gb/s data rates with a 30-nm output tuning range. The device's output power is also measured to be >3 dBm across the range.
HYPER: an interactive synthesis environment for high performance real time applications

A synthesis system called HYPER is proposed for real-time applications. HYPER takes a flow graph description of an algorithm as the input and performs scheduling, resource allocation, optimizations, and transformations. A dedicated bit-sliced data path cluster is generated by the system and the layouts can be further generated through the LAGER IV system. >
Manually locating physical and virtual reality objects.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared how users locate physical and equivalent three-dimensional images of virtual objects in a cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) using the hand to examine how human performance (accuracy, time, and approach) is affected by object size, location, and distance. BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) offers the promise to flexibly simulate arbitrary environments for studying human performance. Previously, VR researchers primarily considered differences between virtual and physical distance estimation rather than reaching for close-up objects. METHOD: Fourteen participants completed manual targeting tasks that involved reaching for corners on equivalent physical and virtual boxes of three different sizes. Predicted errors were calculated from a geometric model based on user interpupillary distance, eye location, distance from the eyes to the projector screen, and object. RESULTS: Users were 1.64 times less accurate (p CONCLUSION: Target size, location, and distance, in addition to binocular disparity, affected virtual object targeting inaccuracy. Observed virtual box inaccuracy was less than predicted for farther locations, suggesting possible influence of cues other than binocular vision. APPLICATION: Human physical interaction with objects in VR for simulation, training, and prototyping involving reaching and manually handling virtual objects in a CAVE are more accurate than predicted when locating farther objects. Language: en
Hematopoietic cell transplantation: progress and obstacles

The use of hematopoietic cell transplantation has expanded and evolved substantially in the last decade. New stem cell sources and stem cell mobilizing agents have been introduced in clinical practice. The incidence of life-threatening complications following autologous stem cell transplant procedures has decreased dramatically. Understanding the immune mediated effect of allogeneic stem cell transplantation has resulted in the development of reduced intensity and non-myeloablative conditioning regimens, allowing transplantation of elderly patients. Long-term complications are starting to emerge, and will gain in importance in the near future.
Excited State Dynamics of Two New Ru(II) Cyclometallated Dyes: Relation to Cells for Solar Energy Conversion and Comparison to Conventional Systems

The preparation, characterization, and photophysical properties of a series of ruthenium(II) complexes possessing the cyclometallating deprotonated 2-phenyl pyridine ligand, phpy–, together with dppn (benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine), a ligand with an extended π-system, are reported. Related complexes have been used as efficient dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and the Ru→dppn metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption of the new complexes [Ru(phpy)(bpy)(dppn)]+ (4) and [Ru(phpy)(dppn)2]+ (5) is red-shifted relative to the Ru→bpy MLCT peak in [Ru(phpy)(bpy)2]+ (3). These new compounds are compared to conventional complexes where phpy– is replaced by 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), including [Ru(bpy)3]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(dppn)]2+ (1), and [Ru(bpy)(dppn)2]2+ (2). Unlike 1 and 2, with long-lived dppn-centered 3ππ* excited states (τ ∼ 20 μs), the corresponding cyclometallated complexes 4 and 5 exhibit weakly emissive Ru→dppn 3MLCT states with transient absorption lifetimes of 25 and 45 ps, respect...
Reactivity of monoclonal antibody DF3 with a high molecular weight antigen expressed in human ovarian carcinomas.

Abstract We have previously described the monoclonal antibody (MAb) DF3, prepared against a human breast carcinoma. MAb DF3 reacts with a high molecular weight glycoprotein detectable in human breast carcinomas and in human milk. Previous studies have demonstrated that DF3 antigen levels are elevated in the plasma of patients with breast and ovarian cancer. The present study has further examined the reactivity of MAb DF3 with human ovarian carcinomas. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated reactivity of MAb DF3 with 95% of benign, borderline, and malignant tumors (serous, mucinous, and endometrioid) of the ovary. Furthermore, malignant tumors contained cytoplasmic DF3 antigen while benign tumors expressed the antigen only on apical surfaces. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the MAb DF3 reactive ovarian antigen (DF3-O) was a glycoprotein with a heterogenous molecular weight ranging between 300,000 and 450,000. This antigen was detectable by immunofluorescence on the cell surface of five of six cultured human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. The extent of cell surface reactivity with MAb DF3 was equivalent to or greater than that obtained with MAb OC125, an antibody generated against coelomic epithelium and developmental amnion. Furthermore, uptake of 125 I-labeled MAb DF3 by human ovarian carcinoma xenografts in athymic mice was 5.4- and 6.2-fold higher than the respective uptake noted in liver and control tumor ( P = 0.031). These findings suggest that DF3-O antigen is similar if not identical to the antigen detected in human breast carcinomas by MAb DF3. Thus, MAb DF3 may be a useful reagent in immunodiagnostic evaluation of patients with ovarian cancer.
GLOBAL SYSTEMATIC AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF SARGASSUM IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC BASIN

Sargassum is one of the most species-rich genera in the brown algae with over 400 described species worldwide. The bulk of these species occurs in Pacific-Indian ocean waters with only a small portion found on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama. Sargassum also has one of the most subdivided and complex taxonomic systems used within the algae. Systematic distinctions within the genus are further complicated by high rates of phenotypic variability in several key morphological characters. Molecular analyses in such systems should allow testing of systematic concepts while providing insights into speciation and evolutionary patterns. Global molecular phylogenetic analyses using both conserved and variable regions of the Rubisco operon (rbcL and rbcL-IGS-rbcS) were performed with species from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Pacific basin. Results confirm earlier analyses based on rbcL-IGS-rbcS from Pacific species at the subgeneric and sectional level while providing additional insights into the systematics and phylogenetics on a global scale. For example, species east of the Isthmus of Panama form a distinct well-resolved clade within the tropical subgenus. This result in sharp contrast to traditional systematic treatments but provides a window into the evolutionary history of this genus in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins and a possible means to time speciation events.
Spirometry Can Be Done in Family Physicians’ Offices and Alters Clinical Decisions in Management of Asthma and COPD

Background Spirometry is recommended for diagnosis and management of obstructive lung disease. While many patients with asthma and COPD are cared for by primary care practices, limited data are available on the use and results associated with spirometry in primary care. Object To assess the technical adequacy, accuracy of interpretation, and impact of office spirometry. Design A before-and-after quasiexperimental design. Setting Three hundred eighty-two patients from 12 family medicine practices across the United States. Participants Patients with asthma and COPD, and staff from the 12 practices. Measurements Technical adequacy of spirometry results, concordance between family physician and pulmonary expert interpretations of spirometry test results, and changes in asthma and COPD management following spirometry testing. Results Of the 368 tests completed over the 6 months, 71% were technically adequate for interpretation. Family physician and pulmonary expert interpretations were concordant in 76% of completed tests. Spirometry was followed by changes in management in 48% of subjects with completed tests, including 107 medication changes (>85% concordant with guideline recommendations) and 102 nonpharmacologic changes. Concordance between family physician and expert interpretations of spirometry results was higher in those patients with asthma compared to those with COPD. Discussion and conclusions US family physicians can perform and interpret spirometry for asthma and COPD patients at rates comparable to those published in the literature for international primary care studies, and the spirometry results modify care.
On the impact of quality of protection in wireless local area networks with IP mobility

Wireless local area networks (LANs) are vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their shared medium in unlicensed frequency spectrum, thus requiring security features for a variety of applications even at the cost of quality of service (QoS). However, there is very little work on investigating to what extent system performance is affected by security configurations with respect to mobility scenarios, heterogeneous networks, and different applications. In order to exploit the full potential of existing security solutions, we present a detailed experimental study to demonstrate the impacts of security features on performance by integrating cross-layer security protocols in a wireless LAN testbed with IP mobility. We introduce a quality of protection (QoP) model to indicate the benefits of security protocols and then measure the performance cost of security protocols in terms of authentication time, cryptographic overhead and throughput. Our measurements demonstrate that the effects of security protocols on QoS parameters span a wide range; for example, authentication time is between 0.11 and 6.28 s, which can potentially affect packet loss dramatically. We also find that for the same security protocol throughput in nonroaming scenarios can be up to two times higher than that in roaming scenarios. However, some protocols are robust against mobility with little variation in system performance; thus, it is possible to provision steady service by choosing security protocols when users' mobility pattern is unknown. Furthermore, we provide observations on cross-layer security protocols and suggestions to the design of future security protocols for real-time services in wireless LANs.
A model for post-CMP cleaning effect on TDDB

For 45 nm and beyond, direct polished porous type ultra low-K film (ULK) is integrated in Cu interconnects. Post-cleaning of Cu CMP effect on Time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) was investigated. Cu ions remaining on dielectrics and Cu roughness are found as two dominate factors at different clean time region. High Cu roughness induced capping layer seam results in the degradation of TDDB. A statistical model, said weak element model, was proposed to illustrate the correlation of Cu roughness on TDDB as well.
Motor neuronopathy with dropped hands and downbeat nystagmus: A distinctive disorder? A case report

Eye movements are clinically normal in most patients with motor neuron disorders until late in the disease course. Rare patients are reported to show slow vertical saccades, impaired smooth pursuit, and gaze-evoked nystagmus. We report clinical and oculomotor findings in three patients with motor neuronopathy and downbeat nystagmus, a classic sign of vestibulocerebellar disease. All patients had clinical and electrodiagnostic features of anterior horn cell disease. Involvement of finger and wrist extensors predominated, causing finger and wrist drop. Bulbar or respiratory dysfunction did not occur. All three had clinically evident downbeat nystagmus worse on lateral and downgaze, confirmed on eye movement recordings using the magnetic search coil technique in two patients. Additional oculomotor findings included alternating skew deviation and intermittent horizontal saccadic oscillations, in one patient each. One patient had mild cerebellar atrophy, while the other two had no cerebellar or brainstem abnormality on neuroimaging. The disorder is slowly progressive, with survival up to 30 years from the time of onset. The combination of motor neuronopathy, characterized by early and prominent wrist and finger extensor weakness, and downbeat nystagmus with or without other cerebellar eye movement abnormalities may represent a novel motor neuron syndrome.
Discharge before noon: An achievable hospital goal

BACKGROUND Late afternoon hospital discharges are thought to contribute to admission bottlenecks, overcrowding, and increased length of stay (LOS). In January 2012, the discharge before noon (DBN) percentage on 2 medical units was 7%, below the organizational goal of 30%. OBJECTIVE To sustainably achieve a DBN rate of 30% and to evaluate the effect of this intervention on observed-to-expected (O/E) LOS and 30-day readmission rate. DESIGN Pre-/post-intervention retrospective analysis. SETTING Two acute care inpatient medical units in an urban, academic medical center. PATIENTS All inpatients discharged from the units. INTERVENTION All staff helped create a checklist of daily responsibilities at a DBN kickoff event. We initiated afternoon interdisciplinary rounds to identify next-day DBNs and created a website for enhanced communication. We provided daily feedback on the DBN percentage, rewards for success, and real-time opportunities for case review. MEASUREMENTS Calendar month DBN percentage, O/E LOS, and 30-day readmission rate. RESULTS The DBN percentage increased from 11% in the 8-month baseline period to an average of 38% over the 13-month intervention (P = 0.0002). The average discharge time moved 1 hour and 31 minutes earlier in the day. The O/E LOS declined from 1.06 to 0.96 (P = 0.0001), and the 30-day readmission rate declined from 14.3% to 13.1% (P = 0.1902). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that increased DBN is an achievable and sustainable goal for hospitals. Future work will allow for better understanding of the full effects of such an intervention on patient outcomes and hospital metrics. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:210–214. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Osmotic threshold and sensitivity for vasopressin release and Fos expression by hypertonic NaCl in ovine fetus

In adults, hyperosmolality stimulates central osmoreceptors, resulting in arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. Near-term fetal sheep have also developed mechanisms to respond to intravascular hype...
Rasmussen’s Syndrome

Rasmussen’s syndrome (chronic encephalitis with epilepsy) is a rare neurological disorder characterised by progressive dysfunction of one cerebral hemisphere. Clinical and radiological features of the syndrome include intractable epilepsy, cognitive and motor decline, progressive unilateral cortical atrophy and the occurrence of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) in many cases. Histopathological findings include the presence of perivascular cuffing, microglial nodules, gliosis and spongiosis. The aetiology of Rasmussen’s encephalitis is unknown but viral, autoimmune and genetic mechanisms have been postulated. Proposed therapies have included anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, antiviral agents, interferona, immunogobulin and plasmapheresis. The mainstay of therapy is hemispherectomy. To date, no medical therapies have permanently halted neurological deterioration. A better understanding of pathogenesis is required to develop safe and effective medical therapies.
Solvent Swelling of Coals

The literature on solvent swelling of coals up to the end of 1985 has been reviewed and discussed.