cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Age and Aging in Essential Tremor: An Epidemiological Perspective.

Background With an aging population, it behooves physicians and scientists to gain an understanding of the intersections between aging and human disease. Here, the author reviews the intersections between age, aging, and essential tremor (ET), particularly as these relate to disease epidemiology. Summary The prevalence and incidence of ET both increase with age, and the former, in an exponential fashion with advanced aging. There is evidence that age may independently drive several features of the natural history of ET (e.g., the increase in tremor severity with time, the appearance of head tremor with time). Epidemiological studies clearly show that ET is associated with several conditions of advanced age, including Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Aside from age, age of onset has several important clinical correlates - familial forms of ET are more likely to have younger ages of onset, and older ages of onset are associated with more rapid disease progression. Key Messages: Overall, there are several important intersection points between age, aging, and ET. Potential biological explanations for these observations are discussed. Further knowledge about the basis for these observations will enhance our understanding of this disease and inform our care of patients.
Detachment of the Retina in a Case of Pregnancy with Nephritis

This is the joint report of a case, from the Section on Ophthalmology and the Section on Obstetrics of the Mayo Clinic. Because of edema of the retina and threatened loss of vision, premature labor was induced. In both eyes, detachments of the retinas were found. These disappeared in about ten days and. vision was gradually restored.
Radiology Case 2

The Segond fracture occurs from internal rotation of the knee with an external varus stress. This motion increases tension upon the lateral capsular ligament, which then causes a cortical break at its insertion on the tibia. There is a high association of lateral capsular disruption with ACL and meniscal tears. Patients will complain of pain along the lateral aspect of the tibia with lateral rotational instability (Gottsegen et al. Radiographics 28:1755–1770, 2008). Other injuries associated with a Segond fracture can include trauma to the iliotibial band and anterior oblique band of the fibular collateral ligament Gaillard et al. Segond Fracture. Radiopaedia. Accessed 17 Jun 2018. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/segond-fracture.
Nibbler: debloating binary shared libraries

Developers today have access to an arsenal of toolkits and libraries for rapid application prototyping. However, when an application loads a library, the entirety of that library's code is mapped into the address space, even if only a single function is actually needed. The unused portion is bloat that can negatively impact software defenses by unnecessarily inflating their overhead or increasing their attack surface. Recent work has explored debloating as a way of alleviating the above problems, when source code is available. In this paper, we investigate whether debloating is possible and practical at the binary level. To this end, we present Nibbler: a system that identifies and erases unused functions within shared libraries. Nibbler works in tandem with defenses like continuous code re-randomization and control-flow integrity, enhancing them without incurring additional run-time overhead. We developed and tested a prototype of Nibbler on x86-64 Linux; Nibbler reduces the size of shared libraries and the number of available functions, for real-world binaries and the SPEC CINT2006 suite, by up to 56% and 82%, respectively. We also demonstrate that Nibbler benefits defenses by showing that: (i) it improves the deployability of a continuous re-randomization system for binaries, namely Shuffler, by increasing its efficiency by 20%, and (ii) it improves certain fast, but coarse and context-insensitive control-flow integrity schemes by reducing the number of gadgets reachable through returns and indirect calls by 75% and 49% on average.
Characterization of a Fast-Framing X-Ray Camera With Wide Dynamic Range for High-Energy Imaging

We present first characterization results, with a focus on high-flux measurements, of a fast-framing, wide-dynamic-range x-ray camera intended for high-energy imaging. The MM-PAD-2.1 uses an integrating pixel front-end with a charge removal architecture and in-pixel counter to extend the pixel well depth while maintaining low read noise across the full dynamic range. The charge-removal mechanism is dead-time-less (i.e., incoming signal continues to be integrated by the front-end while charge removal is taking place). The purpose of the high-flux characterization was to determine the maximum sustained incident flux that could be measured while still exhibiting linear behavior. To this end, a 16 × 16 pixel prototype was tested at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory using 10 keV photons generated by an undulator source. The intensity of the incident beam was varied over 3 orders of magnitude using a series of attenuators, and the signal integrated by the MM-PAD-2.1 prototype was compared to that measured by a He-filled ion chamber directly upstream. Initial results indicate linear performance up to ca. 1010 ph/s in a spot spanning approximately 2 × 1.5 pixels (FWHM). The onset of transient radiation damage was observed during these measurements, characterized primarily by failure of digital readout from the detector ASIC. These effects were observed to reverse after annealing at 30° C for several hours, with full recovery of the detector readout.
Cyber-physical Systems Security

Concerns with the security of the cyber-physical systems include the malicious attempts by an adversary to intercept, disrupt, defect or fail cyber-physical systems that may affect a large group of population, an important government agency or an influential business entity by denying availability of services, stealing sensitive data, or causing various types of damages, as well as the security breaches in small scale cyber-physical systems that may affect few individuals or relatively smaller entities.
Speculating on the Role of Context in the Outcomes of Interpretive Programs

Based on data from 272 live interpretive programs conducted across 24 units of the U.S. National Park Service, we investigate the influence of context upon interpretive programs and visitor outcome...
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Genetic Determinants in Salmonella Typhimurium for Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide

Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects a wide range of hosts. Salmonella Typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in human, and can survive and replicate in macrophages. An essential mechanism used by the macrophages to eradicate Salmonella is production of reactive oxygen species. Here, we used proteogenomic approaches to determine the candidate genes and proteins that have a role in resistance of S. Typhimurium to H2O2. For Tn-seq, a highly saturated Tn5 insertion library was grown in vitro in Luria-Bertani broth (LB) medium as well as LB containing either 2.5 (H2O2L) or 3.5 mM H2O2 (H2O2H). We identified two sets of overlapping genes that are required for resistance of S. Typhimurium to H2O2L and H2O2H, and the result was validated via phenotypic evaluation of 50 selected mutants. The enriched pathways for resistance to H2O2 included DNA repair, aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, iron homeostasis, flagellar genes, H2O2 scavenging enzymes, and DNA adenine methylase. Particularly, we identified aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (aroB, and aroK) and putative iron transporter system (ybbK, ybbL, and ybbM) as novel mechanisms for resistance to H2O2. The proteomics revealed that the majority of essential proteins, including ribosomal proteins, were downregulated upon exposure to H2O2. A subset of the proteins identified by Tn-seq were analyzed by targeted proteomics, and 70 % of them were upregulated upon exposure to H2O2. The identified candidate genes will deepen our understanding on the mechanisms of S. Typhimurium survival in macrophages, and can be exploited to develop new antimicrobial drugs.
Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) plasma biochemistry and hematology reference intervals including blood cell morphology

Plasma biochemistry and hematology reference intervals are integral health assessment tools in all medical fields, including aquatic animal health. As sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) are becoming aquaculturally and economically more important, this manuscript provides essential reference intervals (RI) for their plasma biochemistry and hematology along with reference photomicrographs of blood cells in healthy, fasted sablefish. Blood cell counts and morphology can vary between species, precluding the use of RI’s from other fish species for use in sablefish. Blood was collected for plasma biochemistry and hematology analysis between June 20 and July 18, 2019, from healthy, yearling sablefish, hatched and reared in captivity on a commercial diet. Overnight fast of 16-18 hours did not sufficiently reduce lipids in the blood, which lead to visible lipemia and frequent rupture of blood cells during analysis. Therefore, sablefish should be fasted for 24 to 36 hours before blood is collected to reduce hematology artifacts or possible reagent interference in plasma biochemistry analysis. RI’s may also be influenced by feed, demographics, and production systems, warranting more studies on this topic. In sablefish, lymphocytes are the dominant leukocytes (98%), while eosinophils are rare, and basophils were not detected. Neutrophils are very large cells with Dohle bodies. These bodies are usually signs of toxic changes, but no such association was found in these fish.
On the Use of PRF Dithering for Wide Swath, Fine Resolution InSAR

Wide swath radar imaging implies that the time interval to collect each radar pulse echo is large, and can exceed the interpulse period. As it is difficult to both transmit and receive from the same antenna simultaneously, there will be “blind ranges” when the receive and transmit times overlap. Today most wide swath systems address this by segmenting the swath in range, such as in ScanSAR or TOPS mode operation. Some groups have started experimenting with variations of sweepSAR technology, in which the receive antenna tracks the radar echo across the swath. Here we look at minimizing the effect of blind ranges by varying the radar PRF. If the pulse times are selected randomly, the main effect is to raise the noise floor of the echoes. Geocoded magnitude images, interferograms, and correlation images show strong robustness with respect to dithering, demonstrating that choosing essentially random PRFs allows for accurate generation of SAR and InSAR data products.
Exploratory Data Analysis to Understand Social Determinants Important to Global Neonatal Mortality Rate

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of targets that the UN hopes all countries will reach by 2030 broadly spanning the range of health, education, racial inequalities, environmental protections, and several other fields. Among these goals includes (Goal 3.2) an aim for all countries to reduce Neonatal Mortality Rates (NMR) to 12 per 1,000 live births. Without properly allocating resources to see the most dramatic shifts in NMR, many countries may be at risk of not meeting these ambitious goals. However, there are many factors which may influence national NMR, and while much previous work has been done to identify factors that influence NMR usually on a nation by nation basis, these factors can tend to vary. The goal of this study is to find factors that consistently lead, by changing them, to a change in NMR for many countries, in order to better inform health policy and resource allocations to the medical sector. This study will serve as an exploratory data analysis step for future studies regarding the impact of several health indicators on NMR per country. Cross-sectional data from the year 2014 were used for this Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). To identify indicators that showed significant differences between the countries with high NMR and countries with low NMR, Mann-Whitney U Tests were performed. The p-value for each mean comparison was less than the 0.01 significance level. We have built a K-means clustering model to observe the variables' contribution to NMR, as well as a K-means clustering model to observe the same data's contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), to see if both NMR and GDP follow similar trends across our target countries. The clustering for NMR groups of countries showed mostly separate clusters, while the clustering for the same data for the GDP classes showed very little separation, as the most points from each class all occupied the same cluster. To determine the actual amount that each indicator contributed to the data, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to understand the strongest contributions to the total data variance. The results of this study will serve to highlight the most important areas which must be improved in order to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by the end of the next decade and to contribute to future studies that utilize longitudinal or more recent data.
1027-P: Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Treatment Factors Associated with Hyperglycemic Emergencies in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Hyperglycemic emergencies are life-threatening acute complications of diabetes. Efforts to prevent these events on the population level are hindered by inability to proactively identify those at highest risk. In this retrospective analysis of claims data of adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes from OptumLabs Data Warehouse between 2014 and 2019, we calculated the adjusted (for age, sex, race/ethnicity, U.S. region) rates of hyperglycemic emergencies and examined their association with sociodemographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income), clinical (comorbidities), and treatment (diabetes medications, HbA1c level) factors using negative binomial regression. Among 16,621 adults with type 1 diabetes (age 46.7 [SD, 16.5] years, 48.9% female, 74.6% White) and 615,371 with type 2 diabetes (age 65.5 [SD, 11.9] years, 50.1% female, 56.4% White), adjusted rates of hyperglycemic emergencies were 47.8 (95% CI 43.9-52.0) and 3.7 (95% CI 3.5-3.8) per 1000 person-years, respectively. Table shows model results. Younger age, lower income, higher HbA1c, prior hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic emergencies, and presence of comorbidities (especially in type 2 diabetes) were associated with heightened risk of hyperglycemic emergencies. Event rates in type 2 diabetes increased over time. Proactive engagement of at-risk patients to address hyperglycemia may prevent these dangerous events. Disclosure R. G. Mccoy: None. K. Swarna: None. R. J. Galindo: Consultant; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi US, Valeritas, Inc., Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Novo Nordisk. H. Van houten: None. P. J. O’connor: None. N. Shah: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK114497)
Experimental monochromatic light-emitting diode fixture impacts Pekin duck stress and eye development.

ABSTRACT Poultry color perception of artificial light-emitting diode (LED) lighting mediates bird physiology and behavior; however, very limited research has focused on how changes in LED light color affect these same parameters in Pekin ducks. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine how four LED bulbs emitting various portions of the visible light spectrum – monochromatic blue (BLUE), monochromatic green (GREEN), monochromatic red (RED), and white (WHITE) - impact the stress, fear responses, eye development, and growth of 768 straight run Pekin ducks. Elevated plasma corticosterone concentration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed in BLUE and RED ducks compared to WHITE and GREEN ducks (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively), and asymmetry scores were highest in BLUE ducks (P 0.05). These results indicate BLUE and RED lighting may not be adequate for Pekin duck growout, and Pekin ducks may require artificial light sources containing a broad range of wavelengths, as seen with WHITE and GREEN lights, rather than lights containing more concentrated ranges such as in RED and BLUE lights, but further investigation is needed to understand how eye weight affects duck light perception and welfare. The current findings emphasize that although Pekin ducks and chickens are both sensitive to light color, species-specific nuances in light perception may cause distinct differences in Pekin duck versus broiler physiological responses and must be considered when selecting artificial light color in Pekin duck growout facilities.
Individual and personality factors that explain selfie behaviors

Among the artifacts of the increasingly digital and social media-saturated world we live in is the rise and proliferation of selfie phenomenon. This study is designed to provide empirical evidence in support of, and to quantify the effect size of, the personality and individual-level factors frequently mentioned in literature as the drivers of selfie behaviors. Results indicate that all of the variables considered in this study — age, gender, time spent on social media, narcissism, extraversion, and impression management — predict and explain 60 percent of the variance in selfie behaviors. Implications are drawn and future avenues are discussed.
The “Invisible” Hispanic? The Representation of Hispanics in Criminal Justice Research: What Do We Know and Where Should We Go?

Abstract The size of the Hispanic population in the United States has grown to the point that they now comprise the largest minority group. While much research has been conducted to explore the effects of race and ethnicity on various aspects of the criminal justice system, most of these studies focus on African Americans. The purpose of this study is to assess the representation of Hispanics in criminal justice literature and to summarize the findings. The results suggest that while many studies contained Hispanic subjects, few articles focused specifically on His-panics and fewer articles focused on Hispanic women. When analyzed separately, Hispanics were found to be statistically different from other groups. Much of the Hispanic-focused research centered on drug use, gang involvement, and violence. Given the size and growth of this important group, criminologists must consciously recognize and proactively seek to include the views and experiences of Hispanics in their research.
Acute Fluoride Poisoning

Fluoride poisoning is a potentially severe environmental hazard for children. A case of fluoride poisong is presented which was manifested by severe hypocalcemia, ventricular arrhythmias, and respiratory failure. Treatment of this poisoning, including peritoneal dialysis, is discussed. The kinetics of fluoride distribution as measured in this patient suggest a rapid binding of ingested fluoride to bone, followed by gradual release and excretion. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in no significant fluoride removal.
A Lagrangian method for the numerical solution of the Euler equations for transonic flows

The main purpose of the present study was to show that a Lagrangrian approach can simultaneously solve the problem of grid generation and the complication of the present method can solve the compressible flow field around arbitrary aerodynamic configurations for both steady and unsteady flows for a wide range of Mach numbers. In principle the method can be easily extended to three-dimensions. Although the present method is solved by an explicit method, implicit method can also be employed.
Objectivity, relativism, and truth: Unfamiliar noises: Hesse and Davidson on metaphor

We speak of one thing being like some other thing, when what we are really craving to do is to describe something that is like nothing on earth. Vladimir Nabokov Philosophers of science like Mary Hesse have helped us realize that metaphor is essential to scientific progress. This realization has encouraged Hesse and others to argue for ‘the cognitive claims of metaphor’. She is concerned to give metaphorical sentences truth and reference – to find worlds for them to be about; “imaginative symbolic worlds that have relations with natural reality other than those of predictive interest … utopias, fictional exposes of the moral features of this world by caricature and other means, and all kinds of myths symbolic of our understanding of nature, society and the gods’. Like many other philosophers of this century (e.g., Cassirer, Whitehead, Heidegger, Gadamer, Habermas, Goodman, Putnam) she sees over-attention to the natural sciences as having distorted modern philosophy. Following Habermas, Hesse sees cognition as wider than the satisfaction of our ‘technical interest’ and as extending to ‘the practical interest of personal communication and the emancipatory interest of critique of ideology’. In discourse which satisfies these interests, Hesse says, ‘metaphor remains the necessary mode of speech’. So she believes that metaphor ‘poses a radical challenge to contemporary philosophy’ and that we need ‘a revised ontology and theory of knowledge and truth’ in order to do justice to metaphor as an instrument of cognition.
Applications of Distributed Computing to Conformational Searches

Distributed Computing, as opposed to Parallel Computing, separates the overall goal of the calculation into isolated tasks and performs some or all of the tasks concurrently on different computers. This is very different from the data-parallel computing that is currently performed on shared-memory, or single-image, multiple-processor architectures, and provides an opportunity to try new techniques for problems important to Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery. In this paper, two applications of distributed computing to conformational searches of molecules are described. The first application finds all low-energy, stable conformations of molecules that show varying degrees of activity as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The goal is to find a 3-dimensional arrangement of certain atoms in one or more low-energy conformations of all active inhibitors that are absent from all low-energy conformations of molecules that are inactive. If such an arrangement is found, this putative pharmacophore can be used to test other compounds of unknown activity. The second application of distributed computing is to find the lowest-energy conformation (e.g. the global minimum) for a series of enkephalins; Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, and (D)Ala(2)-(D)Leu(5)-enkephalin (DADLE). The conformational searches are performed using three different genetic methods; the first is a “standard” Genetic Algorithm (GA) that only marginally qualifies as a distributed program as it is applied here, the second uses Evolutionary Programming (EP) and produces more of a distributed program, and the third uses a Parallel Genetic Algorithm (PGA) which is almost purely a distributed computing procedure.
Effect of temperature and strain rate on tensile mechanical properties of ARALL-1 laminates

The combined effect of temperature and strain rate of the mechanical properties for unidirectional 3/2 ARALL®-1 laminates was studied. In this paper, the effect of strain rates from 0.00083–0.833 min−1 on tensile behaviour at temperatures up to 250°F (∼121 °C) has been conducted. It is demonstrated that tensile strength, tensile modulus, and fracture strain are found to depend on temperature and strain rate. However, the effect of strain rates at 75 °F (∼24 °C) and 180 °F (∼82 °C) was found to be insignificant except the lowest strain rate at 180 °F. It was also observed that the tensile yield strength decreased as the strain rate decreased. The tensile properties were moderately reduced at high temperatures and were higher at high strain rates than at low strain rates. The temperature effect is more significant than that due to the strain rate. Scanning electron photomicrographs of the fracture surfaces observed in the aramid/epoxy layer of ARALL-1 laminates at the lowest strain rate are shown to be significantly different only at 250 °F (∼121 °C). But this phenomenon is not obvious when the highest strain rate is employed.
Infants’ cries in the process of normal development

A developmental process model is presented for studying the relations among infant crying, social interaction, and development. The model focuses on how cry‐initiated social interactions may foster aspects of normal social, communicative, and cognitive development. Data from both laboratory and home studies are presented to support the main postulates of the model. The process model is contrasted with the more familiar developmental prediction model, which focuses on how cry‐related interactions may mediate individual differences in developmental outcomes.
PRESSURE BROADENING OF HNO3 BY N2 AND O2 : AN INTERCOMPARISON OF RESULTS IN THE MILLIMETER WAVE REGION

Abstract It is well known that systematic effects make the evaluation of absolute uncertainties in pressure broadening parameters difficult. In many cases, especially in the retrieval of remote sensing information, it is important that these uncertainties be well understood. In response, the pressure broadening of HNO3 by N2 and O2 has been studied in the millimeter-wave region by two different methods in two different laboratories. The focus of this work has been on the strong lines near 206 GHz which are used by the Microwave Limb Sounder for measurement of HNO3 in the Earth's atmosphere.
Preformed frozen sucrose gradients—A new laboratory aid

Abstract A useful method for preparing large numbers of virtually identical gradients of sucrose has been described. This technique involves storage of preformed gradients at −60°C for future use after a 90 min thaw at room temperature. The method is applicable to salt-containing sucrose gradients with certain limitations, noted above.
Elucidation of reaction mechanisms for thermal eliminations and ring closures by pyrolysis—gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

Abstract A pyrolysis—gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric analysis system has been used to study the course of certain thermolytic reactions involving eliminations and ring closures. Reaction conditions for the difficultly prepared isoindoles have been established and the products have been characterized in the gas phase by mass spectrometry. A possible synthetic route to benzofurazans and related heterocycles has been indicated by studies of thermally induced ring closure reactions.
Promoting Neonatal Staff Nurses' Comfort and Involvement in End of Life and Bereavement Care

Background. Nurses who provide end of life and bereavement care to neonates and their families are potentially at risk for developing stress-related health problems. These health problems can negatively affect nurses' ability to care for their patients. Purpose. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about end of life and bereavement issues to provide quality care. This study sought to evaluate the effect of a bereavement seminar on the attitudes of nurses regarding end of life and palliative care of neonates. Design. A convenience sample of fourteen neonatal nurses completed a Bereavement/End of Life Attitudes about Care of Neonatal Nurses Scale after a bereavement seminar designed to provide information on end of life care. A pre- and posttest design with an intervention and control group was used to assess changes in nurse bereavement attitudes in relationship to comfort, role, and involvement. Results. After bereavement seminar, the seminar attendees had higher levels of comfort in providing end of life care than nurses in the control group (t = -0.214; P = 0.04). Discussion. Nurses' comfort levels can be improved by attending continuing education on end of life care and having their thoughts on ethical issues in end of life care acknowledged by their peers.
General Amplitudes for Three Gauge Boson Production and Cross-sections and Polarization Analysis at an $e^+ e^-$ Collider

We give matrix elements for triple-gauge-boson production, including decays to massless-fermion final states. Production of three gauge bosons at high-energy ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ colliders is computed, with emphasis on cross sections and longitudinal-polarization content as a function of the standard-model Higgs-boson mass.
Chambers Receives 2008 Geodesy Section Award

Don P. Chambers received the 2008 Geodesy Section Award at the 2008 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given in recognition of major advances in geodesy.
Challenges Facing Atmospheric, Earth, and Space Science Departments in Higher Education

In final form 14 June 2007 © 2007 American Meteorological Society he 15th biennial meeting of the heads and chairs of programs in atmospheric, oceanic, hydrologic, and related sciences was held in the fall of 2006. The intent of these meetings is to provide a forum for heads and chairs to come together to share and discuss experiences, concerns, and trends of broad relevance to university geoscience programs. The 2006 meeting was held jointly between the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and American Geophysical Union (AGU), with sponsorship from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). The meeting addressed several contemporary departmental issues and challenges with presentations and breakout sessions. Science presentations provided heads and chairs with a look at new directions in the geosciences. Archives of the meeting presentations are available on the UCAR Web site (online at www.ucar.edu/governance/meetings/ oct06/followup/ams.html). Rick Anthes (incoming AMS President and UCAR President) welcomed meeting attendees and encouraged everyone, especially those representing minority-serving institutions, to become academic affiliates of UCAR and active members of the community. Anthes also informed attendees that the National Research Council (NRC) decadal study Earth science and applications from space: Urgent needs and opportunities to serve the nation was complete. Recommendations from an interim report were incorporated and the final report was released in December 2005. Gene Bierly of AGU described AGU’s work in building stronger partners outside of science via their involvement in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellows Program and Congressional Science Fellowship. Outgoing AMS President Franco Einaudi [National Challenges Facing Atmospheric, Earth, and Space Science Departments in Higher Education
Autoimmunity: Is antigen-specific suppression now unsuppressed?

Recent studies suggest that putative regulatory lymphocytes can effect antigen-specific down-regulation of autoimmunity. But we have yet to see how much this improves our picture of autoimmune disease progression.
Volcano hazards and potential risks on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska

Abstract Volcano hazards and potential risks on St. Paul Island, Alaska, are assessed on the basis of the recent volcanic history of the island. The long-term frequency of volcanic eruptions is estimated using a count of 40 identifiable vents considered to represent separate eruptions. Assuming regular temporal spacing of these events during the period 360,000 to 3230 y.b.p., the estimated mean recurrence time is 0.11 × 10 − 3 eruption/year and the eruptive interval is approximately 8900 years. Volcano hazards on St. Paul are associated exclusively with the eruption of low viscosity alkali basaltic magma. The most important are lava flows, tephra fallout, and base surges. Other hazards include volcanic gases, seismicity and ground deformation associated with dike intrusion beneath rift zones, and explosive lava–water interactions along coastal regions and water-saturated ground. The general characteristics of past volcanism on St. Paul indicate that the most likely styles of future eruptions will be (1) Hawaiian-style eruptions with fire fountains and pahoehoe lava flows issuing from one of two polygenetic shield volcanoes on the island; (2) Strombolian-style, scoria cone-building eruptions with associated tephra fallout and eruption of short pahoehoe lava flows; and (3) explosive Surtseyan-style, phreatomagmatic eruptions initiating at some point along St. Paul's insular shelf. Given the relatively restricted range in volcanic phenomena on St. Paul, the most significant question regarding volcano hazard and risk assessment is whether future eruptions will be confined to the same region on the island as the most recent activity. If future activity follows the recent past, resulting volcano hazards will most likely be located at inland areas sufficiently far from habitation that they will pose little threat to life or property. An important caveat, however, is that St. Paul is constructed almost entirely from the products of volcanic eruptions with vents located all over the island. Thus, a new vent could form at any place on the island, including St. Paul's insular shelf and areas farther offshore. Because of the remote location of St. Paul in the storm-lashed Bering Sea, risks related to volcano hazards may be greater than they would be in a different setting where more stable meteorological conditions prevail and access by monitoring and relief groups is less challenging.
Enhancement of convective heat transfer by electrically-induced swirling effect in laminar and fully-developed internal flows

Abstract A computational and experimental approach is undertaken to study the enhancement of convective heat transfer in fully-developed internal flows by an electrically-induced secondary flow field. Using longitudinal flat electrodes along a parallel-plate configuration, the corona discharge is employed to generate an electrically induced secondary flow on the cross section of the flow passage. The electrically-induced secondary flow forms a swirling flow field in the fully-developed condition and enhances the heat transfer significantly. The flow field was solved computationally and the results were verified and validated by grid refinement study and computational error analysis.
The use of Behavior Modification Techniques for the Treatment of Hemodialysis Patient Non-Compliance: A Case Study

This study concerns a renal patient who was non-compliant to staff requests to monitor his blood clotting times. The non-compliant behavior was resolved within six treatment sessions through the combined use of contracting, shaping, stimulus control, discrimination training and social and material reinforcement. Follow-ups at 30, 60 and 90 days revealed a high degree of patient compliance and accuracy in taking and recording his blood clotting times. Implications for behavior modification techniques in the field of hemodialysis are briefly discussed.
Two new xenicin diterpenoids from the octocoral anthelia edmondsoni

Abstract From the soft coral Anthelia edmondsoni two new diterpenoids, waixenicin-A ( 1 ) and -B ( 2 ) have been Isolated. Their structures were elucidated by1H and13C NMR analysis and the relative stereochemistry was determined by x-ray diffraction of crystalline waixenicin-B ( 2 ).
Soliciting strain: examining both sides of street prostitution through General Strain Theory

This article explores the possible factors contributing to prostitution through an exploration of Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) in a sample of current and former female prostitutes and a sample of male ‘johns.’ By understanding the factors that lead women to engage in prostitution along with the factors that lead men to solicit prostitution, a better understanding of the entire criminal interaction can be achieved. Furthermore, examining prostitution through an application of GST allows for a critical review of the theory through identifying strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately the study shows that both the men and women involved in prostitution experience strain, although different strains motivate their behaviors, and while their emotional and behavioral responses are different – the difference leads to participation in the same criminal event.
Novel Nitro-PAH Formation from Heterogeneous Reactions of PAHs with NO2, NO3/N2O5, and OH Radicals: Prediction, Laboratory Studies and Mutagenicity

The heterogeneous reactions of benzo[a]pyrene-d12 (BaP-d12), benzo[k]fluoranthene-d12 (BkF-d12), benzo[ghi]perylene-d12 (BghiP-d12), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene-d14 (DaiP-d14), and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DalP) with NO2, NO3/N2O5, and OH radicals were investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in an indoor Teflon chamber and novel mono-NO2-DaiP and mono-NO2-DalP products were identified. Quartz fiber filters (QFF) were used as a reaction surface and the filter extracts were analyzed by GC/MS for nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and tested in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 (with and without metabolic activation). In parallel to the laboratory experiments, a theoretical study was conducted to rationalize the formation of NPAH isomers based on the thermodynamic stability of OH-PAH intermediates, formed from OH-radical-initiated reactions. NO2 and NO3/N2O5 were effective oxidizing agents in transforming PAHs to NPAHs, with BaP-d12 being the most readily nitrated. Reaction of BaP-d12, BkF-d12, and BghiP-d12 with NO2 and NO3/N2O5 resulted in the formation of more than one mononitro isomer product, while the reaction of DaiP-d14 and DalP resulted in the formation of only one mononitro isomer product. The direct-acting mutagenicity increased the most after NO3/N2O5 exposure, particularly for BkF-d12 in which di-NO2-BkF-d10 isomers were measured. The deuterium isotope effect study suggested that substitution of deuterium for hydrogen lowered both the direct and indirect acting mutagenicity of NPAHs and may result in an underestimation of the mutagencity of the novel NPAHs identified in this study.
A Comparison of the Response of Isotropic Inhomogeneous Elastic Cylindrical and Spherical Shells and Their Homogenized Counterparts

All real bodies are inhomogeneous, though in many such bodies the inhomogeneity is “mild” in that the response of the bodies can be “approximated” well by the response of a homogeneous approximation. In this study we explore the status of such approximations when one is concerned with bodies whose response is nonlinear. We find that significant departures in response can occur between that of a “mildly” inhomogeneous body and its homogeneous approximation (if the approximate model is restricted to a certain class), both quantitatively and qualitatively. We illustrate this fact within the context of a specific boundary value problem, the inflation of an inhomogeneous spherical shell. We also discuss the inappropriateness of homogenization procedures that lead to a homogenized stored energy for the body when in fact what is required is a homogenized model that predicts the appropriate stresses as they invariably determine the failure or integrity of the body.
The subsynaptosomal localization of histamine, histidine decarboxylase and histamine methyltransferase in rat hypothalamus.

— We have examined the subcellular localization of histamine, histamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8) (HMT) and histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) in rat hypothalamus after osmotic lysis of synaptosome-containing primary particulate fractions. When crude mitochondrial fractions are subjected to osmotic lysis, histamine is retained within particulate structures, while HMT is released into the supernatant fluid. The majority of histidine decarboxylase activity is also recovered in the supernatant fluid, although more histidine decarboxylase than HMT is retained in particulate fractions. After sucrose gradient fractionation of osmotically lysed crude mitochondrial or microsomal pellets, histamine is also retained in particulate structures, with the greatest amount occurring in a fraction enriched in synaptic vesicles. In these sucrose gradients histidine decarboxylase activity shows a greater particulate localization than does HMT activity.
Geomagnetic record in Minnesota lake sediments—Absence of the Gothenburg and Erieau excursions

Several excursions of the geomagnetic field during the Brunhes epoch have been postulated on the basis of paleomagnetic data from sediments. It has further been suggested that these excursions may represent sudden fluctuations of the geomagnetic field, manifested especially in fluctuations of the local geomagnetic inclination. In this study we present high-resolution data of inclination variations recorded in the sediments of two Minnesota postglacial lakes. To the best of our knowledge, our data cover two overlapping time windows, 0 to 9600 B.P. and about 9000 to 16,000 B.P. The results strongly suggest that no excursions have occurred in Minnesota over the past 16,000 yr. Thus, it appears that the Gothenburg (Sweden) excursion at about 12,500 B.P. is not worldwide and that the regional Erieau (Lake Erie) excursion does not extend to Minnesota. We suggest that these two previously claimed excursions might not reflect geomagnetic field behavior but merely poor paleomagnetic “recording” within the sediments used for these studies.
Obstructive sleep apnea and ocular disorders

Purpose of reviewObstructive sleep apnea is a diagnosis that ophthalmologists can screen for when a patient presents with certain risk factors. Recent literature provides strong data for associations between sleep apnea and ocular disorders.Recent findingsA potentially serious disorder, sleep apnea
The Effects of Steroids on Final Maturation and Ovulation of Oocytes From Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)

The effects of various steroids on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and ovulation were investigated in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) oocytes using an in vitro incubation technique. Both progestogens and 1 1-deoxycorticosteroids induced GVBD in brook trout. Progestogens and 11-deoxycorticosteroids also induced GVBD in yellow perch oocytes, however, at higher concentrations they induced a significant percentage of ovulation with or without germinal maturation. At lower concentrations only 20P-dihydroprogesterone continued to induce ovulation while only 1 1-deoxycortisol was very effective in inducing GVBD. In both yellow perch and brook trout, 11-oxygenated corticosteroids or androgens were relatively ineffective in inducing either GVBD or ovulation.
Constraining the equation of state of fluid H2O to 80 GPa using the melting curve, bulk modulus, and thermal expansivity of Ice VII

Abstract The study presented here sought to determine the PVT properties of Ice VII at elevated temperatures and pressures up to 60 GPa using a Mao-Bell type diamond anvil cell with an external Mo-wire resistance heater. The unit cells of Ice VII and gold were monitored during the experiment with gold being used as an internal pressure calibrant. Additionally, the melting curve of Ice VII was determined to greater than 40 GPa by using the disappearance of the diffraction pattern of Ice VII to monitor melting in the system. The melting curve for Ice VII from 3 to 60 GPa was found to be accurately related by a Simon equation: (P−2.17) 0.764 = T 355 4.32 −1 where pressure and temperature are denoted by P (GPa) and T (kelvin), respectively. These results were used further to constrain the PVT properties of fluid H2O at elevated pressures and temperatures by taking the pressure derivative of the Gibbs free energy difference between Ice VII and fluid H2O along the Ice VII melting curve. Comparison of these results suggests that the previously stated equations of state of fluid H2O overestimate the molar volume of fluid H2O at pressures greater than 20 GPa. Although the data presented in this study is not enough to provide an independent EOS for fluid H2O, future work should take account of our data.
The cue value of illumination change in anticipatory general activity

Abstract Rats in activity wheels were fed regularly once a day. All animals were maintained under 12-hr light, 12-hr dark environmental conditions, but different groups were fed 20, 60, or 180 min after a change from light to dark or from dark to light. The results indicated that prevailing illumination conditions had a marked effect upon activity level, but that there was no cue effect of changing illumination. Most subjects demonstrated an anticipation of feeding which was quite independent of the environmental cue.
A simplified method for the calculation of left ventricular volume by equilibrium radionuclide angiography

We have recently reported on the relationship between left ventricular (LV) volume (V) determined by contrast ventriculography (CV) and corresponding volume units calculated from LV region-of-interest counts obtained from ECG gated equilibrium radionuclide angiographic (EQ) time-activity curves. We corrected the absolute number of counts at end-diastole (ED) and end-systole (ES) for the number of processed cardiac cycles, acquisition time, and counts in plasma at the time of the data acquisition. To evaluate a simpler method, which merely involves correcting for counts in whole blood rather than plasma, we studied 15 patients prospectively prior to CV. Each patient underwent EQ using 15–20 mCi of 99mTc-human serum albumin. Ten ml of blood were withdrawn at the midpoint of each study. Four ml were suspended above the scintillation camera detector to determine the “blood” radioactivity concentration. For comparison, the remaining 6 ml were centrifuged to yield 0.1 ml of plasma and counted separately in a well counter. ED and ES counts were obtained by using a standard commercial semi-automatic computer program with a varying LV region-of-interest edge tracking algorithm. Radionuclide derived volume units by both methods were correlated with CV volume, yielding the following results: when counting plasma, for EDV, r = 0.94, and for ESV, r = 0.95; using the simpler blood counting method, for EDV, r = 0.93, and for ESV, r = 0.94. We conclude that LV volume can be calculated using count-derived radionuclide volume units.
Log-Grounds and Teredolites in Transgressive Deposits, Eocene Tallahatta Formation (Southern Alabama, USA)

Abstract Bored relict log-grounds are locally abundant in hybridized glauconitic fossiliferous muddy sands and associated carbonate concretions in the Eocene Tallahatta Formation, southern Alabama. Log-ground ichnofabrics are dominated by commonly stenomorphic, calcite-lined, variably filled clavate borings assigned to Teredolites longissimus and attributed to teredinid bivalves. Differences in axial morphology and occurrence of accessory tube features (e.g., retrusive calcite caps, concamerations, etc.) within and between borings (1) reflect ontogeny and variable behavioral responses to substrate overcrowding and/or degradation and (2) help to assess previously proposed models for teredinid bivalve life histories. Wood preservational state and significant textural variability among tube-filling sediments reflect extended residence time of log-grounds at or near the sediment-water interface. Like similar accumulations in other marine shelf sequences, the abundance of Teredolites-bearing log-ground accumul...
The Spatial Dialectics of Modernity and Retail Affect at Abasto Shopping, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Abstract The paper is about the political life of a building: the Abasto. Located in what was called the “most porteno” neighborhood in the first part of the 20th century (“porteno” is someone from central Buenos Aires) when it functioned as the city's main food market, the Abasto became a massive shopping mall in 1998 amid rapid neoliberal restructuring. This paper charts the political life of this building in two steps. First, by drawing on theories of socio-spatial dialectics, this paper charts the history of the Abasto as an urban object in a wider political landscape of porteno modernity. Second, by incorporating recent theories of affect and presenting findings from field work carried out at the mall in 2010 and 2011, this paper develops a framework for understanding the politics of consumption in a “post-neoliberal” urban landscape.