cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a completely noninvasive technique for the evaluation of the cardiovascular system. With a multi-section technique and the spin echo pulse sequence the entire heart can be examined within six to ten minutes. All our cardiac MR studies were performed with electrocardiographic (ECG) gating, to obtain adequate resolution of the cardiac structures. With this technique, patients and animals with a variety of cardiac abnormalities were studied. The examined pathologic conditions included acute and chronic myocardial infarctions and their complications, hypertrophic and congestive cardiomyopathies, congenital heart diseases and pericardial diseases. MRI offers an enormous potential for cardiovascular diagnosis, even beyond the demonstration of pathoanatomy, because of the capability for direct tissue characterization and blood flow measurements.
Generalized habit formation in an Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System: An application to meat expenditures in the U.S.

The Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System (IAIDS) model of Moschini and Vissa (1992) and Eales and Unnevehr (1994) is extended to include: (1) general, nonlinear, nonadditive habit effects; and (2) a specification for habit stock terms that allows purchases from the distant past to influence current consumption (long memory). The resulting models are compared with a linear habit effects model and a static specification. The empirical estimation is on U.S. quarterly meat expenditures (1961–1993), with each model being subjected to a battery of misspecification tests. Results of these tests, along with tests of homogeneity and symmetry restrictions, indicate clearly that the most generalized dynamic specification-the one with nonlinear, nonadditive long-memory habit stock effects-is preferred. Furthermore, persistence effects are found to be qualitatively important in that flexibility, consumption scale, and habit flexibility estimates differ, in some instances substantially, between alternative specifications.
Prediction of the thermal behavior of blast-cooled generators by use of a digital computer

The electrical rating of a blast-cooled aircraft generator depends on the flow rate and the temperature of the cooling air supplied. At the present time the nature of this dependence, for any particular machine, is obtained by correlating measurements of the thermal characteristics of the generator of that machine. Each distinct design requires a separate set of measurements. In this paper a different approach is discussed whereby a digital computer is programmed to compute the rating of any blast-cooled generator, given a complete description of the machine geometry. The advantage of this approach is that such a computer routine may be used to predict rating data for machines in the design stage.
Medieval and early modern theories of mental illness.

• Historians of medieval and early modern psychiatry have utilized limited source materials in their research. They have focused on printed works, particularly formal treatises by celebrated authors, and neglected manuscript collections. The resulting histories depict early European psychiatric thought as dominated by demonology. Examination of the archives of an early English legal incompetency jurisdiction flatly contradicts this picture. Starting in the 13th century, the English government conducted mental status examinations of psychiatrically disabled individuals, using commonsense, naturalistic criteria of impairment; private, supervised guardians were appointed for such persons. Furthermore, etiological theories entertained by royal officials and laymen relied on physiological and psychological notions of psychiatric illness. These findings raise serious questions about conventional accounts of this period and underline the need for more research using original manuscripts.
Dual Codebooks for MIMO Beamforming with No Direct Channel Estimation

In Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems, beamforming (BF) at the transmitter, and beamcombining (BC) at the receiver are simple spatial diversity techniques that increase the effective signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the system. The optimal BF-BC systems require estimation of the channel at the receiver and transmission of the optimum beamforming vector back to the transmitter. In related research, authors define a codebook of beamforming vectors, and the receiver sends back the index of the vector that maximizes the SNR. In all of these methods channel estimation can be quite complex, time consuming and can lead to more errors especially when strong, unmodeled, interference is present. In this paper, a codebook method that does not require channel estimation at the receiver is proposed. There is a beamforming vector codebook at the transmitter and a beamcombining vector codebook at the receiver. The codebook vector selection algorithm is based on maximizing the received SNR. The losses are minimal when compared to the ideal BF-BC method and the method using a codebook only at the transmitter.
Abstract 2067: BMN 673 potentiates efficacy of temozolomide in sensitive and resistant glioblastoma models.

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in several DNA repair processes, and previous studies with various PARP inhibitors have demonstrated robust enhancement of sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy in pre-clinical models of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The focus of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of a novel PARP inhibitor, BMN 673, as a single agent and in combination with TMZ in the established U251 glioma cell line, neurosphere cultures from the primary Mayo GBM xenograft line GBM12, and TMZ-resistant cells derived from either line (U251TMZ, GBM12TMZ(MGMT high) and GBM12TMZ(MGMT low)). In a biochemical assay of PARP inhibition, BMN 673 potently suppressed poly-ADP-ribosylation of cellular proteins at concentrations of 3 nM following hydrogen peroxide treatment of U251 cells. Single agent treatment had modest anti-tumor activity with 30 nM BMN 673 reducing absorbance in a CyQUANT cell proliferation assay relative to control treatment in both U251 and U251TMZ cells (Table 1). BMN 673 co-treatment also enhanced the efficacy of TMZ in both U251-derivative lines at a clinically relevant concentration of TMZ. Similarly, treatment with BMN673 alone or in combination with TMZ inhibited primary neurosphere formation in all three GBM12 models. Notably, the addition BMN 673 clearly re-sensitized both resistant GBM12 sub-lines to relatively low concentrations of TMZ. Consistent with a mechanism involving disruption of DNA repair, combined treatment with BMN 673 and TMZ resulted in robust activation of ATM-mediated KAP1 phosphorylation (Ser824) and ATR-mediated Chk1 phosphorylation (Ser345) as compared to TMZ or BMN 673 alone 24 hours after treatment. In conclusion, BMN673 is a promising PARP inhibitor with high potency and cytotoxicity in vitro against both TMZ sensitive and TMZ resistant GBM cells. Citation Format: Sani H. Kizilbash, Ryo Kawashima, Shiv Gupta, Ann C. Mladek, Yuqiao Shen, Jann N. Sarkaria. BMN 673 potentiates efficacy of temozolomide in sensitive and resistant glioblastoma models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2067. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2067
Development in the '80s: The facts of life after tax reform

U.S. hotel development now consists of deals that are built to make money, not tax breaks. Here's a look at the many complications that can beset hotel developers
Silver-Tongued Neandertals?

Neandertal speech capability appears to have become one of the central issues in determining whether they are a distinct branch from the human tree. Milford Wolpoff (Letters, Science 's Compass, 11 Dec. p. [1991][1]) writes that Neandertals “seem human-like” because of the “speech-related
The role of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and synthesis in cholesterol transport across rat intestinal mucosal membrane: a new concept.

Abstract The rate of accumulation of cholesteryl ester in rat intestinal sacs is enhanced up to 3-fold by the addition of porcine cholesterol esterase to the uptake medium. For this the enzyme must be catalytically active and does not exert its effect via its activity in the medium. A mechanism for this rate enhancement is proposed in which the action of cholesterol esterases on both sides of a bilayer membrane can catalyze the net transmembrane movement of cholesterol.
The temporal development and additivity of plant-soil feedback in perennial grasses

Current knowledge of plant-soil feedback is based largely on single end point studies with soils conditioned by monocultures, but accounting for variability in the ecological impacts of feedback effects may require understanding how feedback develops over time and in multi-species plant communities. To examine temporal development and additivity of feedback, two pairs of native and non-native congeneric grasses were grown alone or in mixtures to create six soil conditioning treatments. We measured plant growth and feedback on the soils over 19 months and addressed whether plant biomass was additive or non-additive between soils treated by mixtures and their constituent monocultures. For native grasses, plant-soil feedback either became progressively more negative through time or switched from neutral to negative. Feedback to non-native grasses was variably neutral to positive. Final biomass of the grasses growing on soils conditioned by mixtures was generally an additive function of growth on soils conditioned by the component monocultures, except native grasses growing in soils conditioned by their own congener mixtures, which were non-additive. Temporal variation and non-additivity in feedback suggest that extrapolation to communities may be complex. More work is needed to assess the generality of temporal and scaling effects.
Cyclotron production of radioactive isotopes for medical use

The cyclotron production of radioactive isotopes for medical use is a rapidly advancing area of medical science bringing together physicists, chemists, and physicians in an interdisciplinary field. The role of the cyclotron in medical research is increasing, and the production of labeled compounds with cyclotron-produced shortlived isotopes is increasing rapidly, although the utility of many of these compounds in nuclear medicine has yet to be established. This review is an attempt to place these developments in current perspective.
Interaction of electron acceptors with the excited triplet state of Zn cytochrome c

The decay rate of the excited triplet state of Zn cytochrome c was enhanced by electron acceptors including methyl viologen and ferric complexes of cyanide, oxalate, EDTA and cytochrome c at room temperature. Ferrous compounds were several orders of magnitude less effective than the respective ferric form in quenching the phosphorescence. In the presence of ferricytochrome c and ferricyanide the semilogarithmic plots of the decay curve showed an anomalous decay profile in which the rate of interaction appeared to accelerate after excitation. One explanation is that the quenching process was accelerated by a conformational change of the polypeptide chain around the excited triplet state porphyrin. Another explanation is that quenching occurs via an intermediate.
Multiple criteria approach to the facilities layout problem

Abstract Thin paper presents a multiple criteria model for combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to plant layout. The quantitative factor (work flow) is weighted by the qualitative factor (closeness rating) to form the model. The objective is to minimize the total weighted work flow volume between departments. An heuristic approach is used on an initial layout to improve it in a multiple puss step-by-step pairwise exchange. The results indicate that the model does an excellent job, especially in separating those departments which have an undesirable closeness rating.
Triage in Medicine, Part I: Concept, History, and Types

This 2-article series offers a conceptual, historical, and moral analysis of the practice of triage. Part I distinguishes triage from related concepts, reviews the evolution of triage principles and practices, and describes the settings in which triage is commonly practiced. Part II identifies and examines the moral values and principles underlying the practice of triage.
Gap junctions and cell interactions during development

Abstract One of the major puzzles of development is how cells interact with one another to generate the body plan of the embryo. It has long been proposed that gap junctions may play a role in embryonic patterning by mediating the cell—to—cell transfer of small messenger molecules. Some recent experiments, examining the pattern of gap-junction mediated coupling between cells in both vertebrates and invertebrates, have provided additional evidence in support of this idea, and have demonstrated some new techniques with which to address this issue.
Precision orbit determination for Topex

The ability of radar altimeters to measure the distance from a satellite to the ocean surface with a precision of the order of 2 cm imposes unique requirements for the orbit determination accuracy. The orbit accuracy requirements will be especially demanding for the joint NASA/CNES Ocean Topography Experiment (Topex/Poseidon). For this mission, a radial orbit accuracy of 13 centimeters will be required for a mission period of three to five years. This is an order of magnitude improvement in the accuracy achieved during any previous satellite mission. This investigation considers the factors which limit the orbit accuracy for the Topex mission. Particular error sources which are considered include the geopotential, the radiation pressure and the atmospheric drag model.
A method for evaluation of brain tumor growth using implantable diffusion chambers.

Abstract Major drawbacks associated with in vitro assays for sensitivity of brain tumors to specific chemotherapeutic drugs include uncertainty of end-point validity, the need for large tissue samples, and cost. Furthermore, these assays do not address the question of conversion of the drug to active moeities by metabolic pathways in the host or alteration of drug activity by binding to plasma protein. We propose to develop a technique for growth and quantitation of tumor cells in small-pore diffusion chambers that contain the tumor cells and protect them from the immune system of the immunologically unrelated host. These chambers, fabricated from acrylic rings and membranes of 0.22 μm pore size, are sterilized, filled with a precisely quantitated inoculum of tumor cells, and implanted in the peritoneal cavity of rats. Replication of the cells is determined by enzymatic digestion of the supporting matrix of the cells within the chamber and counting the single cell suspension with a hemocytometer or automated cell counter. Precise comparison can thus be made between different drugs regarding their effect on cell growth in the host. This assay can be performed with the basic equipment and personnel available in most cell culture laboratories and requires a small number of tumor cells. Mass production of the diffusion chambers may make the assay less costly and faster than assays that do not involve exposure of tumor to drug in a living host. In addition, the assay should permit screening of new chemotherapeutic agents against human tumors under physiologic conditions.
Plant reproduction during spaceflight: importance of the gaseous environment.

Plant reproduction is a complex developmental process likely to be disrupted by the unusual environmental conditions in orbital spacecraft. Previous results, reviewed herein, indicated difficulties in obtaining successful seed production in orbit, often relating to delayed plant development during the long-term growth necessary for a complete plant life cycle. Using short-duration exposure to spaceflight, we studied plant reproduction in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. during three flight experiments: CHROMEX-03 on STS-54 (6?d), CHROMEX-04 on STS-51 (10?d), and CHROMEX-05 on STS-68 (11?d). Plants were 13—14?d old (rosettes) at time of launch and initiated flowering shoots while in orbit. Plants were retrieved from the orbiters 2—3?h after landing and reproductive material was immediately processed for in-vivo observations of pollen viability, pollen tube growth, and esterase activity in the stigma, or fixed for later microscopy. Plants produced equal numbers of flowers to those controls growing on the ground but required special environmental conditions to permit fertilization and early seed development during spaceflight. In CHROMEX-03, plants were grown in closed plant growth chambers (PGCs), and male and female gametophyte development aborted at an early stage in the flight material. In CHROMEX-04, carbon dioxide enrichment was provided to the closed PGCs and reproductive development proceeded normally until the pollination stage, when there was an obstacle to pollen transfer in the spaceflight material. In CHROMEX-05, an air-exchange system was used to provide a slow purging of the PGCs with filtered cabin air. Under these conditions, the spaceflight plants apparently had reproductive development comparable to the ground controls, and immature seeds were produced. In every aspect examined, these seeds are similar to those produced by the ground control plants. The results suggest that if the physical environment around the plant under spaceflight conditions meets the physiological demands of the plant, then reproductive development can proceed normally on orbit.
Large temporal window contrast measurement using optical parametric amplification and low-sensitivity detectors

To address few-shot pulse contrast measurement, we present a correlator coupling the high gain of an optical parametric amplification scheme with large pulse tilt. This combination enables a low sensitivity charge coupled device (CCD) to observe features in the pulse intensity within a 50 ps single-shot window with inter-window dynamic range >107 and <0.5 mJ input energy. We also consider use of optical densities to boost the CCD dynamic range within a single temporal window.
Structures and vibrational spectra for protonated carbonyl sulfide

The HOCS+ form of protonated OCS was identified in 1987 using high-resolution difference frequency laser spectroscopy by assigning the vibrational frequency (ν=3435cm−1) as the O-H stretch. The isomer HSCO+ was not detected in spite of a search of the S-H stretching region. Theoretical calculations indicate, however, that the S-protonated form lies significantly lower than the O-protonated form. To resolve this apparent discrepancy between experiments and theoretical calculations, highly accurate ab initio studies of both species have been carried out. Our results indicate that the S-protonated form lies about 5 kcal/mol below the O-protonated one. The SH stretching frequency is predicted to be found around 2496cm−1. A new search for the ν1 band of HSCO+ using a diode spectrometer showed no evidence of HSCO+.
Private and Public Responses to Flood Risks

People continue to build and live on land subject to flooding. People do this knowing that their property may be flooded, if not totally destroyed, by raging waters and accompanying debris, however, many do not fully understand and appreciate that risk. As a result, each year on average observes increasing property damage, more lives being threatened and increased degradation of floodplain ecological functions. It can be argued that with regard to floodplain development governmental policies are not preventing it, indeed, they may be facilitating it.
Relativity transformation of an oscillation into a traveling wave, and De Broglie's postulate in terms of velocity angle

The author’s previously given method of representation of space-time relationships in restricted relativity, by means of oblique coordinates, is briefly reviewed (J.O. S. A. and R. S. I., 13, p. 155; 1926). The theory is then applied to the following problem: Two observers, S and S′, are moving at a relative velocity q. The S′ observer has in his system a set of pointers distributed parallel to q, and oscillating in synchronism and in phase with one another. It is required to describe the motion as seen by the observer S. By drawing two sine waves in the Lorentzian plane, it is shown graphically that for the S observer the pointers do not swing in synchronism, but form a traveling wave whose velocity of propagation, u, is connected with q by the familiar relationship uq=c2, where c is the velocity of light.Introducing the so-called velocity angle, α, determined by the relationship sin α=q/c, various other properties of the traveling wave, as seen by S, are deduced, such as the apparent frequency at a point in space, the apparent amplitude and its velocity of propagation, the Fitzgerald contraction of the oscillating system, and the slowing down of the frequency of oscillation.By assuming a large number of S′ systems whose velocity angles differ from each other by very small amounts, the group velocity of the “super-light” waves is shown to be equal to the velocity q of the original S′ system. Finally, de Broglie’s quantum principle is stated and transformed in terms of the velocity angle α.
A study of argumentation in a causal probabilistic humanistic domain: Genetic counseling

We present the results of an in-depth qualitative analysis of argumentation in two genetic counseling patient letters. In addition to argumentation techniques designed for medical experts, we found other types of causal argumentation designed for lay readers, reflecting the educational and supportive counseling functions of these letters. Analysis was facilitated by use of a coding scheme for representing causal probabilistic biomedical content of the letters as Bayesian networks. We define the argument techniques used in the letters in terms of Bayesian network, semantic network, argumentation theory, and user model concepts rather than in terms of genetics concepts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 71–93, 2007.
Persistence of the circadian thyrotropin rhythm under constant conditions and after light-induced shifts of circadian phase.

TSH levels in human, which normally peak in the late evening, are augmented by sleep deprivation. Based on prior research, we postulated that TSH secretion is governed by both sleep and circadian processes. However, environmental and behavioral factors known to affect each of those processes were not controlled in prior investigations. Therefore, we evaluated TSH secretory patterns in three different conditions: 1) entrainment to the 24-h day, 2) a constant routine designed to unmask the endogenous component of circadian rhythmicity, and 3) before and after a light-induced phase shift of the circadian timing system. We found that TSH levels rose over the 4-5 h preceding sleep during entrainment, followed by a precipitous drop at sleep onset. When subjects remained awake on a constant routine, TSH levels remained elevated throughout the nighttime hours. Subjects kept awake for 2 consecutive nights on constant routine showed two distinct cycles of nocturnal TSH secretion, despite increasing sleep deprivatio...
Enhancement of the generation of cytotoxic T cells by endogenous opiates.

Abstract Previous reports have shown that endogenous opiates (β-endorphin and met-enkephalin) have effects on cells of the immune system at physiologic concentrations. Using murine spleen cells, we herein report that β-endorphin and met-enkephalin can enhance the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) at suboptimal concentrations of alloantigen in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). This enhancement is seen at levels ranging from 2.9 × 10 −8 M to 2.9 × 10 −14 M and 1.45 × 10 −6 M to 1.45 × 10 −12 M for β-endorphin and met-enkephalin, respectively. This enhancement can be partially blocked by naloxone at 10 −7 M. Furthermore, the simultaneous addition of met-enkephalin and β-endorphin does not increase the enhancement of CTL generation by either opiate peptide alone suggesting that they are acting through the same receptor. This report gives added proof for the regulatory-loop theory between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.
Kinetics of densification by solution-reprecipitation

The densification rate and microstructural evolution of powder compacts densifying by solution-reprecipitation in the presence of a liquid phase are predicted with the assumption that solid particles are equisized spheres randomly packed and pulled together by a liquid that wets perfectly both the solid and its grain boundaries. The influences of applied pressure, initial packing density and of the ''sphering force'' due to changes in solid particle shape are accounted for. The resulting sintering rate retains approximately the one-third power law dependence of linear shrinkage on time predicted by Kingery, and shows good agreement with published experimental data. The analysis is extended to include the role of particle coarsening, so as to assess its importance and influence in densification kinetics. Copyright (C) 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Brownian Dynamics Simulation in a Turbulent Channel Flow

The dynamics of different bead-spring models is investigated in a turbulent channel flow. In particular, the FENE, the FENE-P and the FENE multichain models are compared. In the case of the FENE-P model, both the Brownian Dynamics and the constitutive equations are used. It is shown that the different models produce qualitatively similar results for the mean extension and the mean stresses. This qualitative behaviour is also reproduced for different extensibility parameters. It is also found that the action of polymers is confined in the near wall region where the polymers are mainly oriented in the streamwise direction.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
On the relationship of past to future involvement in crime and delinquency: A behavior genetic analysis

Abstract Purpose Criminologists have devoted much attention to identifying the factors that drive stability in antisocial behavior. This body of research has, however, overlooked the contributions of behavior genetic research. This study sought to blend behavior genetics with the different perspectives used by criminologists to explain stability. Methods Employing a behavioral genetic research design, the current study analyzed the correlation between adolescent and adulthood crime (a 13 year time span was covered between the two time points) among a sample of sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Results The findings revealed that genetic factors accounted for nearly all of the stability in offending behavior from adolescence to adulthood. Environmental factors (particularly, of the nonshared variety) accounted for the majority of the changes in offending. Conclusions The implications of these results for criminological research and theory are discussed.
Post-settlement alteration of spatial patterns of soft shell clam ( Mya arenaria ) recruits

To examine the roles of settlement and early post-settlement processes in patterns of recruitment of the soft shell clamMya arenaria, abundance of juvenileMya at three intertidal sites in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts, was monitored over two settlement seasons. Two peaks of settlement occurred in 1998 (July and September) and one peak was recorded in June 1999, indicating that a late season settlement event is not a consistent feature at this site. Abundance of recent settlers (i.e., early recruits, 3-mm shell length at the end of the settlement season (up to 60 m−2) indicated large losses of individuals during the early post-settlement period. This study demonstrates that spatial patterns inMya abundance can change substantially during the early post-settlement period, and that high mortality rates can result in cohorts contributing little to the population size even when rates of settlement are high.
Tissue remodeling of rat pulmonary artery in hypoxic breathing. II. Course of change of mechanical properties.

When cells and the matrix of a tissue remodel, the mechanical properties of the tissue do change. The mechanical properties are expressed by constitutive equations. In this article the remodeling of the constitutive equation of the pulmonary artery is studied. The remodeling was induced in a rat breathing a gas whose oxygen concentration was suddenly decreased as a step function of time and maintained constant (17.2%, 13.6%, or 10%) afterwards. Since the mathematical form of the constitutive equation has been identified in earlier papers, we need to determine only the elastic constants that change in the process of tissue remodeling. We consider arteries subjected to blood pressure and longitudinal stretch, and limit ourselves to two-dimensional problems involving only circumferential and longitudinal stress and strain. In the neighborhood of an in vivo state, the perturbations of stresses and strains are related by linear, anisotropic, tensor equations involving three elastic constants: the incremental Young's modulus in the circumferential direction Yθ θ, that in the longitudinal direction Yzz, and the cross modulus Yθz Over a 24 h period, changes of Yθ θ between 164 and 187 kN/m2 Yzz between 64 and 92 kN/m2 and Yθ z between 61 and 88 kN/m2 are statistically insignificant. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
A Bayesian Approach for Estimating Mediation Effects with Missing Data.

Methodologists have developed mediation analysis techniques for a broad range of substantive applications, yet methods for estimating mediating mechanisms with missing data have been understudied. This study outlined a general Bayesian missing data handling approach that can accommodate mediation analyses with any number of manifest variables. Computer simulation studies showed that the Bayesian approach produced frequentist coverage rates and power estimates that were comparable to those of maximum likelihood with the bias-corrected bootstrap. We share an SAS macro that implements Bayesian estimation and use 2 data analysis examples to demonstrate its use.
The Relation Between Cardiac Function and Cerebral Blood Flow in Stroke Patients. 1. Effect of CO2 Inhalation

The effects of CO2 inhalation were determined on 23 stroke patients with and without hypertension who underwent clinical, cardiohemodynamic, cerebral blood flow (hemispheric mean and regional), cerebral metabolic rate and cerebral angiographical studies. Cardiac output, heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures and cardiac work rose in essentially all patients during CO2 inhalation, and fell to below baseline levels in approximately half of the patients studied after CO2, inhalation was discontinued. Baseline cardiac output was normal in normotensive stroke patients without cardiac dysfunction, but was low in hypertensive stroke patients. A statistically significant increase in cerebral blood flow occurred during CO2, inhalation, with an observed decrease in cerebrovascular resistance. The percentage increase in cerebral blood flow exceeded the increase in cardiac output. Since hypercarbia causes a rise in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, CO2 inhalation should be used caut...
Politeness theory and computer-mediated communication: a sociolinguistic approach to analyzing relational messages

This conceptual paper suggests how politeness theory by P. Brown and S. Levinson (1987) - well known in anthropological and linguistic literatures -can contribute to the study of role relations in computer-mediated communication. Politeness, phrasing things so as to show respect and esteem for the face of others, occurs throughout social interchange. The paper reviews politeness theory and enumerates specific linguistic indices of politeness. It then discusses how recognition of the central role of face-work in social interchange can enhance understanding of why and where emotion-work might occur in CMC, how such emotion-work (in the form of politeness) can be reliably observed and quantitatively measured at a linguistic level of analysis, and how the distribution of politeness phenomena is systematically related to variables of interest in CMC research - such as status, cohesion, impersonality, friendship, and communicative efficiency.
Colonic Bacterial Flora: Changing Understandings in the Molecular Age

The human intestinal microbiota is a complex bacterial consortium that is critical to normal health. The microflora is present at concentrations of 10 11 -10 12 cells/g of intestinal contents; the number of species present may exceed 500, although exact numbers remain to be defined, due in part to the fact that <30% of microorganisms are culturable with current microbiologic methods. Molecular tools based on 16S rDNA sequence similarities such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), quantitative dot blot hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and large scale 16S rDNA sequencing have helped to overcome limitations of conventional microbiological plating methods in studying the fecal microflora composition. However, these tools are just now beginning to be applied to understand the dynamics of this complex community, and its relationship to diet and human health. There is a need to understand both the limitations of the current data and the importance of moving forward with the best possible molecular and epidemiologic techniques as we deal with these critical questions.
Examination of factors related to kindergarten readiness

This study provides information on various factors impacting kindergarten readiness. Survey information from six teachers and the families of 69 children is included. The study examines correlations among age at kindergarten entry and later academic and social skills, parent and teacher ratings of the importance of various dimensions of readiness, the relationship between parental characteristics and views on readiness, and the acceptance of transitional versus pre-kindergarten programs. Results indicate that age at entry had little effect on future academic performance or social skills. Parents and teachers differed in the ratings of the importance of four out of 14 readiness factors and three out of 13 home activities. Alternatives to current transitional and/or pre-kindergarten programs (such as lengthening the program, and providing transportation and/or wrap around child care) would not have changed interest levels for a majority of participants. Future implications are also discussed.
Asymmetric shock heating and the terrestrial magma ocean origin of the Moon.

(Communicated by Ikuo KUSHIRO, M.J.A.) Abstract: One of the difficulties of the current giant impact model for the origin of the Moon is to explain the marked similarity in the isotopic compositions and the substantial differences in the major element chemistry. Physics of shock heating is analyzed to show that the degree of heating is asymmetric between the impactor and the target, if the target (the proto-Earth) had a magma- ocean but the impactor did not. The magma ocean is heated much more than the solid impactor and the vapor-rich jets come mainly from the magma-ocean from which the Moon might have been formed. In this scenario, the similarity and differences in the composition between the Moon and Earth would be explained as a natural consequence of a collision in the later stage of planetary formation. Including the asymmetry in shock heating is the first step toward explaining the chemical composition of the Moon.
Reaping the Rewards of Diversity: The Role of Identity Integration

How does diversity affect individuals and the groups in which they are embedded? This article examines this question using recent theory and research on Identity Integration (II). II refers to an individual’s perceptions about whether two distinct social identities, or social groups to which individuals belong, are viewed as compatible (high II) or not (low II). A review of extant research suggests that individuals with high II are better at simultaneously accessing multiple identities and identity-related knowledge and have improved well-being and social outcomes. Expanding on this work, we argue that individuals who have higher II, and social collectives that foster II within their members, are more likely to reap the benefits of diversity. In the last few years, much of the public discourse in American society has focused on the advantages or disadvantages of diversity in one manner or another (Schlesinger, 1992; Wolsko, Park, & Judd, 2006). For example, in higher education, there have been several court cases and legal referendums on the legality of using affirmative action as a basis of admissions. In the business world, female and racial minority workers remain under-represented long after federal equal employment opportunity laws were put in place, prohibiting employment discrimination (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). One of the top business news topics over the last 2 years has been Hewlett-Packard’s public firing of the high-profile chief executive Carly Fiorina. Many business experts, including Fiorina herself, attributed her fall to being a woman working in an industry highly dominated by male culture (Fiorina, 2006). More recently, the government, the media, and the American public at large have been consumed with issues concerning immigration, specifically on the questions of whether and how undocumented immigrants can be incorporated into American society. Central in all these issues is whether diversity is beneficial for the individual and the social collective at large. For instance, in the legal
Sweatshops Here and There: The Garment Industry, Latinas, and Labor Migrations

From the post-World War II era to the present, the US garment industry has turned to Latinas as a source of low-wage workers in their countries of origin and as migrants to the United States. The globalization of the garment industry has meant the proliferation of export processing zones overseas and of sweatshops in US cities. Sweatshops, here and there, have become a locus of Latinas' labor in the global economy. This essay examines the impact of this evolving process on Puerto Rican and Dominican women, in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and as labor migrants to New York City. The globalization of the garment industry provides an example of the economic and political connections between the United States and countries of origin that shape migrations, as well as a lens for understanding deteriorating economic conditions in the inner cities.
Two interconnected kernels of reciprocally inhibitory interneurons underlie alternating left-right swim motor pattern generation in the mollusk Melibe leonina.

The central pattern generator (CPG) underlying the rhythmic swimming behavior of the nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) has been described as a simple half-center osci...
The terminal control language for the madcap programming language

This paper describes the hardware and software associated with a keyboard based, storage scope terminal interactive facility currently under development at Los Alamos. The terminal commands are given by single character operators. Editing on a line or character basis and interaction with an executing program is included. The overall approach has been one of command language and source language unification.
The alteration of plasma lipoproteins by cremophor EL

Cremophor EL (CRM) is a non-ionic amphipathic emulsifier which has been used as a parenteral vehicle for many hydrophobic drugs. At concentrations above 0.4 mg ml−1, CRM alters lipoproteins so as to reduce their electrophoretic mobility; high density lipoprotein (HDL) is somewhat more sensitive than low density lipoprotein (LDL) in this regard. The same phenomenon was observed with Triton X-100 and Tween-80, two other non-ionic detergents. Ultracentrifugation experiments show that CRM alters the density of HDL resulting in a product with approximately the same specific gravity as LDL. Administration of mesoporphyrin solubilized with CRM to the mouse resulted in a rapid clearance of porphyrin bound to this new HDL species. Such a phenomenon may account for reports which indicate that CRM promotes the distribution of photosensitizing agents to neoplastic tissues.
Help Seeking and Help Receiving for Emotional Distress Among Latino Men and Women

In this study, we examined help-seeking pathways and help-receiving experiences among Latinos, a population that has been shown to underutilize mental health services. We used the qualitative approach of dual mode of analysis to explore the experiences of 13 Latino men and women who utilized formal as well as informal treatment and support resources. We explored three specific themes: (a) individual and family help-seeking perspectives intersecting with Latino cultural norms; (b) referral source and style, needs identification, and prior help-seeking experiences as key motivational factors for help seeking; and (c) client—therapist match and client—therapist relational style as integral to mental health treatment satisfaction. We discuss clinical implications for efforts to improve the cultural sensitivity and accessibility of mental health services.
Sigmoid colon ureteral fistula presenting with urosepsis

This 72-year-old white male presented in the emergency room with symptoms of urosepsis. He had been sick for about ten days, reporting in-creasing malaise, temperature elevation, left flank pain, and “foul-smelling” urine. He had three prior episodes of left lower quadrant pain associated with diarrhea; which his physician had diagnosed as di-verticulitis and treated with antibiotics and dietary restrictions.At admission, vital signs of the cachec-tic patient were recorded as BP 160/78, pulse rate 92, respiration 22, and temperature of 38.4 Celsius. Physical exam demonstrated the lungs clear to aus-cultation and percussion; tenderness to percussion in the left back, and rebound tenderness in the left lower abdominal quadrant. Laboratory data were: RBC 3.8, Hb 9.4, HCT 36, WBC 24,000, BUN 28, Creatinine 2.6; K 4.2, and Na & Cl within normal limits. Urinanalysis and cytology demonstrated a murky appearance, specific gravity of 1.024, cellu-lar debris, WBC 120/hpf, RBC 80/hpf, gram negative bacteria, and vegetable fibers. An admission chest radiograph was negative.A three-phase contrast-enhanced CT (with intravenous contrast medium reduced to 60 mL, because of elevated creatinine) was performed with both coronal and sagittal reconstructions. An axial slice showed a hugely dilated left ureter with an air fluid level (Figure-1). A coronal reconstruction ( the area of interest enlarged to156%) demonstrates gas in the fistula to the thickwalled segment of the sig-moid colon as well as at the level of the UPJ (Fig-ure-2). Diverticula are shown in the third portion of the sigmoid colon. An aneurysm of the infra-renal segment of the aorta was noted. Another coronal re-construction (206% enlargement of area of interest) at a slightly more posterior level shows the entire left ureter dilated by gas (Figure-3). A sagittal re-construction shows the dilated gas-filled left ureter (Figure-4).Fistula from the GI tract to the ureter is un-common. Uretero-ileal fistulae as consequence of Crohn’s disease occur with higher frequency then uretero-colonic fistulae (1,2). Uretero-colonic fistu-lae may be secondary to inflammatory disease of the large bowel, such as diverticulitis, obstructing ureteral calculi, or neoplasm of the colon that con-tiguously involves the ureter (3,4). A non-function-ing kidney and ureter are often the consequence. CT is the modality of choice in working up uro-sepsis or renal colic, while antegrade or retrograde ureterogram is the most sensitive in the detection and characterization of a fistulous tract (5). In a like pathologic process, fistulization to the fallopian tubes can occur from diverticular abscesses. How-ever, the incidence of colo-vesical fistulae caused by diverticulitis is higher (6).
Transient Response Of A Distributed RLC Interconnect Based On Direct Pole Extraction

With higher operating frequencies, transmission lines are required to model global on-chip interconnects. In this paper, an accurate and efficient solution for the transient response at the far end of a transmission line based on a direct pole extraction of the system is proposed. Closed form expressions of the poles are developed for two special interconnect systems: an RC interconnect and an RLC interconnect with zero driver resistance. By performing a system conversion, the poles of an interconnect system with general circuit parameters are solved. The Newton–Raphson method is used to further improve the accuracy of the poles. Based on these poles, closed form expressions for the step and ramp response are determined. Higher accuracy can be obtained with additional pairs of poles. The computational complexity of the model is proportional to the number of pole pairs. With two pairs of poles, the average error of the 50% delay is 1% as compared with Spectre simulations. With ten pairs of poles, the average error of the 10%-to-90% rise time and the overshoots is 2% and 1.9%, respectively. Frequency dependent effects are also successfully included in the proposed method and excellent match is observed between the proposed model and Spectre simulations.
Solar power for near-sun, high-temperature missions

Existing solar cells lose performance at the high temperatures encountered in Mercury orbit and inward toward the sun. For future missions designed to probe environments close to the sun, it is desirable to develop array technologies for high temperature and high light intensity. Approaches to solar array design for near-sun missions include modifying the terms governing temperature of the cell and the efficiency at elevated temperature, or use of techniques to reduce the incident solar energy to limit operating temperature. An additional problem is found in missions that involve a range of intensities, such as the Solar Probe + mission, which ranges from a starting distance of 1 AU from the sun to a minimum distance of 9.5 solar radii, or 0.044 AU. During the mission, the solar intensity ranges from one to about 500 times AM0. This requires a power system to operate over nearly three orders of magnitude of incident intensity.
Block adaptive techniques for channel identification and data demodulation over band-limited channels

A new approach to the problem of data detection for communications over band-limited channels with unknown parameters is introduced. We propose a new way to implement the Viterbi algorithm (VA) for maximum-likelihood data sequence estimation (MLSE) in a known channel environment and utilize it to derive block adaptive techniques for joint channel and data estimation, when the channel-impulse response (CIR) is unknown. We show, via simulations, that we can achieve a probability of error very close to that of the known channel environment and nearly reach a mean-square error in the channel estimate as predicted by analytical bounds, operating on static channels, which exhibit deep nulls in their magnitude response and nonlinear phase. The proposed schemes accomplish channel acquisition after processing a few hundred symbols while operating without a training sequence, whereas linear blind equalizers, such as Sato's (1975) algorithm, fail to converge at all. The application of block processing to adaptive MLSE is also investigated for time-varying frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channels, which are used for modeling mobile communication systems. In such environments it is shown that the proposed scheme exhibits improved performance compared to the conventional adaptive MLSE receiver using tentative delayed decisions.