cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the term-wise analysis of the glauber eikonal series

Abstract For the case of charged particles colliding with atoms, an analytical procedure, capable of providing quantitative estimates of the Glauber cross section, is proposed.
Bacterial chemoreceptors: high-performance signaling in networked arrays.

Chemoreceptors are crucial components in the bacterial sensory systems that mediate chemotaxis. Chemotactic responses exhibit exquisite sensitivity, extensive dynamic range and precise adaptation. The mechanisms that mediate these high-performance functions involve not only actions of individual proteins but also interactions among clusters of components, localized in extensive patches of thousands of molecules. Recently, these patches have been imaged in native cells, important features of chemoreceptor structure and on–off switching have been identified, and new insights have been gained into the structural basis and functional consequences of higher order interactions among sensory components. These new data suggest multiple levels of molecular interactions, each of which contribute specific functional features and together create a sophisticated signaling device.
Measurement of subpicosecond bunch lengths using coherent Smith-Purcell radiation

We report the use of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation to measure the bunch length of femtosecond-scale, 15 MeV electron bunches produced by a 17 GHz rf accelerator. The Smith-Purcell radiation was produced by passing a train of electron bunches above a metal grating. The radiation was verified as Smith-Purcell radiation by measuring the resonance condition, dependence on beam current, and dependence on beam height above the grating. Measurements of the intensity of the radiation vs emission angle were analyzed to obtain the bunch length. The accelerator was operated in two different modes, producing bunches that were determined to have bunch lengths of 600 and $1000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$. These nondestructive bunch length measurements were found to agree well with an independent, but destructive, measurement using a microwave deflecting cavity.
When identities collide: masculinity, disability and race

This study is part of a larger project that examined the impact of violently acquired spinal cord injuries (VASCI) on identity among racial and ethnic minority men living in a major American metropolis. Like other individuals who sustain a disabling injury, individuals with a VASCI often struggle with the consequences of the injury vis‐a‐vis redefining their identities and their role in society. For the men in this study the negative association between disability and dependency affected the integration of the injury into their sense of self. The injury and resulting disability violated social understandings of what it means to be a man in their environments. The men noted the injury’s impact on their sense of safety, sexual encounters, body image and choice of intimate partners. Their social context shaped what it meant to be a man, played a role in their injuries and increased the challenges inherent in a life‐changing event.
Posterior Infectious Crystalline Keratopathy with Staphylococcus epidermidis

Two cases of infectious crystalline keratopathy located in the posterior stroma after penetrating keratoplasty are presented. Topical steroids and suture removal were risk factors in both cases. In the first case, a moderate anterior chamber reaction was present. Crystalline infiltrates persisted on topical and systemic steroid therapy. In the second case, deep corneal ulceration, hypopyon, and vitreitis were noted. A vitreous aspirate showed rare gram-positive cocci in pairs. The corneal ulceration and crystalline keratopathy persisted despite intravitreal and topical antibiotics. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed in both cases. Staphylococcus epidermidis sensitive to vancomycin was isolated from corneal tissue. Light microscopy documented aggregates of gram-positive bacteria anterior to Descemet's membrane, with an overlying keratitis. Electron microscopy in the second case showed all bacteria within stromal keratocytes. No clinical recurrence was seen using topical vancomycin. As demonstrated in the cases presented, infectious crystalline keratopathy can occur exclusively in the deeper layers of the cornea. Isolation of S. epidermidis, associated inflammation, and intraocular spread of organisms are rare findings.
Risky driving and pedunculopontine nucleus-thalamic cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease

Background It is unknown whether driving difficulty in Parkinson disease (PD) is attributable to nigrostriatal dopaminergic or extranigral non-dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
Design of a multimedia storage server

This paper examines the requirements for a large multimedia storage system, such as one for a movie-on-demand service. It presents the architecture for a storage system based on these requirements. The paper then presents a scheme for the organization, placement, and retrieval of multimedia data from the server. The data organization and retrieval schemes are analyzed and it is shown that their performance is superior to other schemes found in the literature.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conceptions of Self and Performance-Related Feedback in the U.S., Japan and China

Effective international management requires knowledge of culturally patterned self-concepts and concomitant feedback desires. This paper argues that the cultural forces of individualism versus collectivism shape the self-concept, and by extension individual performance evaluation and feedback seeking. We present a comparative study to test the hypotheses that U.S. respondents desire success feedback (whereas Japanese and Chinese desire feedback), show more initiative and perceive more direct workplace feedback than do either Japanese or Chinese respondents. Strong support was found for comparisons between the U.S. and Japan, but the Chinese consistently departed from predictions. We interpret these results in terms of recent reforms in the People's Republic of China, and discuss implications of the study for international management.
Sequence analysis of mouse cDNAs encoding ribosomal proteins L12 and L18.

Abstract Mouse cDNAs encoding ribosomal proteins (r-proteins), L12 and L18, were isolated and their sequences determined. The L12 cDNA was found to contain 639 bp, including a coding sequence of 498 nucleotides (nt), 5' (78 nt) and 3' (45 nt) untranslated regions (UTRs), and a poly(A) tail of 18 nt. The L18 cDNA was shown to consist of 648 bp, including a coding sequence of 567 nt, 5' (26 nt) and 3' (39 nt) UTRs, and a poly(A) tail of 16 nt. The nt sequences of the protein-coding region from the mouse L12 and L18 cDNAs were found to exhibit 96% and 92% identity, respectively, with those of the rat. With the use of mouse L12 and L18 cDNA probes, multiple (at least 10) copies of the L12 and L18 gene families were shown to be present in the mouse and rat genomes. However, there was no sequence heterogeneity detected among seven L18 cDNA clones, indicating that only one copy of the L18 gene-related sequences is functional, and the other copies are presumably nonfunctional pseudogenes. The complete amino acid (aa) sequences of the mouse r-proteins, L12 and L18, were deduced from the nt sequences of their cDNA clones. L12 has 165 aa and a Mr, of 17 790, while L18 has 188 aa and a Mr of 21 570. The aa sequences of the mouse r-proteins, L12 and L18, exhibit 98% and 94% identity, respectively, to those of rat.
Factors affecting calculation of L

A detectable extraterrestrial civilization can be modeled as a series of successive regimes over time each of which is detectable for a certain proportion of its lifecycle. This methodology can be utilized to produce an estimate for L. Potential components of L include quantity of fossil fuel reserves, solar energy potential, quantity of regimes over time, lifecycle patterns of regimes, proportion of lifecycle regime is actually detectable, and downtime between regimes. Relationships between these components provide a means of calculating the lifetime of communicative species in a detectable state, L. An example of how these factors interact is provided, utilizing values that are reasonable given known astronomical data for components such as solar energy potential while existing knowledge about the terrestrial case is used as a baseline for other components including fossil fuel reserves, quantity of regimes over time, and lifecycle patterns of regimes, proportion of lifecycle regime is actually detectable, and gaps of time between regimes due to recovery from catastrophic war or resource exhaustion. A range of values is calculated for L when parameters are established for each component so as to determine the lowest and highest values of L. roadmap for SETI research at the SETI Institute for the next few decades. Three different approaches were identified. 1) Continue the radio search: build an affordable array incorporating consumer market technologies, expand the search frequency, and increase the target list to 100,000 stars. This array will also serve as a technology demonstration and enable the international radio astronomy community to realize an array that is a hundred times larger and capable (among other things) of searching a million stars. 2) Begin searches for very fast optical pulses from a million stars. 3) As Moore's Law delivers increased computational capacity, build an omni-directional sky survey array capable of detecting strong, transient, radio signals from billions of stars. SETI could succeed tomorrow, or it may be an endeavor for multiple generations. We are a very young technology in a very old galaxy. While our own leakage radiation continues to outshine the Sun at many frequencies, we remain detectable to others. When our use of the spectrum becomes more efficient, it will be time to consider deliberate transmissions and the really tough questions: Who will speak for Earth? What will they say?
Probabilistic safety assessment development in the United States 1972–1990

Abstract The purpose of this article is to honor F.R. Farmer for his contribution to the creation of the discipline of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) as it applies to nuclear power plant (NPP) safety, and to review some of the important contributions to its development in the United States from the WASH-1400 Reactor Safety Report to NUREG-1150, An assessment of risks for five US nuclear power plants .
The experimental technique for observing the temperatures due to the coupled thermoelastic effect

A system is described which permits routine and easy measurement of the small temperature changes which occur when a material (metal) is deformed in the linearly elastic range. The temperature change produced by a 30-lb/in2 increase in stress in aluminum can be measured. Data are reported for long thin wires and cantilever beams made of aluminum. There is generally excellent agreement with the predictions of linear thermoelasticity which is regarded as demonstrating the accuracy of the method. After 11 cycles of free vibration, the cantilever beam surface temperature leads the strain in time. There is also conduction to the neutral axis region in the case of the beam.
Charge Screening in a Charged Condensate

We consider a highly dense system of helium-4 nuclei and electrons in which the helium-4 nuclei have condensed. We present the condensation mechanism in the framework of low energy effective field theory and discuss the screening of electric charge in the condensate.
A Generalized Load-Penetration Relation for Sharp Indenters and the Indentation Size Effect

A dimensional analysis has been made of elastic-plastic indentation of an anisotropic solid, and of a solid showing pressure-sensitive yield behavior. It is found that, P2, for indentation with sharp, self-similar indenters, where P is the load applied by the indenter and is the corresponding distance of penetration of the indenter into the solid. This extends and generalizes a similar result obtained for isotropic solids showing conventional plastic behavior. When a strain-gradient plasticity is incorporated into the material model, then it is found that P is no longer proportional to 2. Implications of the results for the indentation size-effect and for the determination of stress-strain curves from indentation are discussed. ©2002 ASME
Vorticity dynamics of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve in an axisymmetric aorta

We present comprehensive particle image velocimetry measurements and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of physiological, pulsatile flow through a clinical quality bileaflet mechanical heart valve mounted in an idealized axisymmetric aorta geometry with a sudden expansion modeling the aortic sinus region. Instantaneous and ensemble-averaged velocity measurements as well as the associated statistics of leaflet kinematics are reported and analyzed in tandem to elucidate the structure of the velocity and vorticity fields of the ensuing flow-structure interaction. The measurements reveal that during the first half of the acceleration phase, the flow is laminar and repeatable from cycle to cycle. The valve housing shear layer rolls up into the sinus and begins to extract vorticity of opposite sign from the sinus wall. A start-up vortical structure is shed from the leaflets and is advected downstream as the leaflet shear layers become wavy and oscillatory. In the second half of flow acceleration the leaflet shea...
GRAPH PRODUCTS AND CANNON PAIRS

A pair (G, A) consisting of a group G and a finite generating set A is a Cannon pair if the language of all geodesics in the associated Cayley graph is regular. We prove that the Cannon pair property is preserved by graph products and indicate applications of this result to the geodesic and spherical growth series of graph products.
Stabilization of the vitamin D receptor in rat osteosarcoma cells through the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

A regulatory mechanism for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8) is stabilization of the receptor through binding of its ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Increased transcription of the gene encoding VDR does not occur upon treatment of these osteoblast-like cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3. When 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 was administered to confluent cultures of ROS 17/2.8 cells, no change in receptor mRNA was detected, as measured by a ribonuclease protection assay. VDR abundance was measured using an immunoradiometric assay at varying time points within a 24-h period after 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. Receptor protein levels increased rapidly and continued to rise over 24 h. By 2 h, the level of receptor increased 2.5-fold, achieving a maximum level of 8-fold above the baseline at 18 h. The half-life of the receptor protein is 2 h in the absence of hormone, as determined by blockage of translation in cycloheximide-treated cells. In the presence of hormone, however, receptor leve...
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy method for determination of the backbone torsion angle psi in peptides with isolated uniformly labeled residues.

We demonstrate a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance technique, with the acronym ROCSA-LG, for the determination of backbone torsion angles ψ in peptides with multiple, but isolated, uniformly labeled residues. The method correlates the 13C‘ chemical shift anisotropy and the 13Cα−1Hα heteronuclear dipolar tensors within a single uniformly labeled residue in a two-dimensional (2D) experiment. The technique requires the measurement of only five 2D spectra and is compatible with high-speed magic-angle spinning. Experimental results are presented for the 17-residue α-helical peptide MB(i+4)EK and for amyloid fibrils formed by the 15-residue peptide Aβ11-25.
Designing and Delivering Learning Center Instruction

Educators are challenged to provide instruction for learners with diverse needs in general and special education settings. Learning centers are one organizational method that can be used to provide students with small-group instruction, practice and review activities, and increased active engagement in learning. Educators must be organized and focused to implement learning centers. In this article, the author explores basic questions and suggestions about how to design and deliver learning center activities.
Improved asthma quality of life in parents/caregivers of inner-city school children enrolled in a school-based asthma management program (SBAMP)

Abstract Rationale To assess the improvement in quality of life in parents/caregivers of children in an SBAMP. Methods Parents of 106 SBAMP enrollees with mild to moderate persistent asthmatic students were assessed, pre- and post-intervention, using a validated parent/caregiver Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire in the spring of 2002. Domains of the QOL questionnaire included the Activities (AD) and Emotional (ED) Domains and Total Quality of Life (TQL). The QOL instrument required a two-month time period to determine the impact of intervention using a repeated t-test measure. Results Forty-four parents who completed at least 60 days post-baseline QOL assessment were included in the present analysis. The mean age of the children was 9.8 ± 2.7; 56.2% female, 93.2% African American. All domains of QOL improved significantly (AD from 5.2 ± 1.5 to 6 ± 1.4, p Conclusions The School-Based Asthma Management Program significantly improved parental QOL parameters: frustration, worry, missed days from work, night time wakefulness, and changes in family outing plans due to asthma. Significant improvements in QOL for parents are fundamental to a successful asthma intervention program.
Differential Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy

Multifocal multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (mfMPLSM) in the biological and medical sciences has the potential to become a ubiquitous tool for obtaining high-resolution images at video rates. While current implementations of mfMPLSM achieve very high frame rates, they are limited in their applicability to essentially those biological samples that exhibit little or no scattering. In this paper, we report on a method for mfMPLSM in which whole-field detection with a single detector, rather than detection with a matrix of detectors, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, is implemented. This advance makes mfMPLSM fully compatible for use in imaging through scattering media. Further, we demonstrate that this method makes it possible to simultaneously obtain multiple images and view differences in excitation parameters in a single scan of the specimen.
Middle ultraviolet emission from ionized iron

[1] We present middle ultraviolet spectra between 2300 and 2700 A showing emissions due to singly ionized iron and magnesium. The spectra were observed by the Ionospheric Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Chemistry (ISAAC) instrument on the United States Air Force's Advanced Research and Global Observing Satellite (ARGOS). The emission from ionized magnesium has been previously observed and studied; however, the ionized iron lines near 2400 and 2600 A are newly identified in the Earth's middle ultraviolet dayglow spectrum. Newly calculated fluorescence efficiencies for excitation of the optical emissions are also presented.
Health Behaviors of Students Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Results From the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey

The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a convenience sample of students at 8 historically Black colleges and universities in 7 states. Analyses showed major differences in the men's and women's responses. The men were significantly more likely than the women to be current smokers. Also, they more frequently reported heavy drinking, drinking and driving in the past days 30 days, and carrying a weapon. The women were significantly more likely to view themselves as overweight, and more than one third reported they were trying to lose weight. More than one third of the students had not exercised or participated in sports activities for more than 20 minutes in the past 7 days. Because historically Black colleges and universities educate the majority of undergraduate Black college students, multidimensional programs to promote disease prevention and health promotion for Black college students must be expanded and evaluated.
Three-systems theory of human visual motion perception: review and update: comment.

This comment addresses two issues raised by Lu and Sperling [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A18, 2331 (2001)]. These authors stated that stereomotion (movement of binocular disparity) is processed exclusively by a third-order motion system that involves feature tracking. This comment discusses evidence that clearly shows that stereomotion is processed by a low-level mechanism that does not track features. Lu and Sperling also claimed that motion signals from binocular rivalry have confounded many stereomotion experiments in the past. This comment discusses how stimuli employed in most previous studies of stereomotion processing would not produce rivalry.
A Nowcast/Forecast System for Coastal Ocean Circulation Using Simple Nudging Data Assimilation

Abstract This study describes the establishment of a Nowcast/Forecast System for Coastal Ocean Circulation (NFS-COC), which was run operationally on a daily basis to provide users ocean surface currents and sea levels that vary with synoptic winds, and seasonal and mesoscale variability intrinsic to the Florida Current. Based on the requirements of users, information about possible oil spills, trajectories, etc., is also provided by NFS-COC. NFS-COC consists of two parts: a 3D ocean nowcast/forecast circulation model, Princeton Ocean Model (POM), and a 2D trajectory model. POM is automatically run to forecast ocean variables for up to 2 days under forcing of the Florida Current inflow/outflow and the predicted surface winds, which are automatically transferred (by ftp) from a file server at the National Meteorological Center (now known as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction). The winds from the mesoscale Eta Model are called Eta winds. Then the trajectory model is run to predict the path due...
Failure in organization and planning: a case study of a treatment agency

Substance use treatment for adolescents probably fails more often than it succeeds, yet reasons for these failures are seldom reported in the literature. Much can be learned from failure so that mistakes need not be repeated. A case study of one treatment center is presented with a discussion about the failures that can occur in five primary areas: facility/environment, administrative, staffing, treatment, and cultural application. Incidents that are not addressed immediately can create a cascade of critical incidents that lead quickly to treatment failure. Too often, clients are assigned the responsibility of treatment failure when, in fact, the treatment system is the true problem. Suggestions are made for timely interventions that may divert treatment failure.
Precise image registration and occlusion labeling

Image registration has traditionally been performed by estimating parametric transformation between two images. In this paper, we extend the standard approach to multiple images and adopt the photogrammetric process to improve accuracy of registration. In particular, we use a multi-head camera mount providing multiple non-overlapping images per time epoch and use multiple epochs which increase the number of images to be considered during the estimation process. The existence of a dominant scene plane in 3-space visible in all the images acquired from the multi-head platform formulated in a bundle block adjustment framework in the image space provides precise registration between the images.
In vivo blood flow imaging by a swept laser source based Fourier domain optical Doppler tomography

A swept source based Fourier domain optical Doppler tomography (FDODT) system was developed. The technique is based on a phase-resolved method where phase information was retrieved from the reconstructed complex fringe signals. The aliasing effects and artifacts caused by lateral scanning and sample movement were removed with a signal processing technique. The standard deviation of the phase shift of the system was reduced from 49 to 1.8 degrees with the signal processing method employed. Structural, Doppler and Doppler variance images of fluid flow through glass channels were quantified, and blood flow through vessels of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was demonstrated in vivo.
Microstructure-dependent couple stress theories of functionally graded beams

Abstract A microstructure-dependent nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories which account for through-thickness power-law variation of a two-constituent material are developed using the principle of virtual displacements. The formulation is based on a modified couple stress theory, power-law variation of the material, and the von Karman geometric nonlinearity. The model contains a material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in a functionally graded material, unlike the classical Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. The influence of the parameter on static bending, vibration and buckling is investigated. The theoretical developments presented herein also serve to develop finite element models and determine the effect of the geometric nonlinearity and microstructure-dependent constitutive relations on post-buckling response.
Beauty at the Ballot Box Disease Threats Predict Preferences for Physically Attractive Leaders

Why does beauty win out at the ballot box? Some researchers have posited that it occurs because people ascribe generally positive characteristics to physically attractive candidates. We propose an alternative explanation-that leadership preferences are related to functional disease-avoidance mechanisms. Because physical attractiveness is a cue to health, people concerned with disease should especially prefer physically attractive leaders. Using real-world voting data and laboratory-based experiments, we found support for this relationship. In congressional districts with elevated disease threats, physically attractive candidates are more likely to be elected (Study 1). Experimentally activating disease concerns leads people to especially value physical attractiveness in leaders (Study 2) and prefer more physically attractive political candidates (Study 3). In a final study, we demonstrated that these findings are related to leadership preferences, specifically, rather than preferences for physically attractive group members more generally (Study 4). Together, these findings highlight the nuanced and functional nature of leadership preferences.
False sharing and spatial locality in multiprocessor caches

The performance of the data cache in shared-memory multiprocessors has been shown to be different from that in uniprocessors. In particular, cache miss rates in multiprocessors do not show the sharp drop typical of uniprocessors when the size of the cache block increases. The resulting high cache miss rate is a cause of concern, since it can significantly limit the performance of multiprocessors. Some researchers have speculated that this effect is due to false sharing, the coherence transactions that result when different processors update different words of the same cache block in an interleaved fashion. While the analysis of six applications in the paper confirms that false sharing has a significant impact on the miss rate, the measurements also show that poor spatial locality among accesses to shared data has an even larger impact. To mitigate false sharing and to enhance spatial locality, we optimize the layout of shared data in cache blocks in a programmer-transparent manner. We show that this approach can reduce the number of misses on shared data by about 10% on average. >
The Blank-Page Technique: Reinvigorating Paper Prototyping in Usability Testing

Arguably, usability testing is most effective when integrated into the user-centered design process. One way to encourage this integration is to reemphasize the value of paper prototyping. In a recent test of a university library website, we married low-fidelity paper prototyping with medium-fidelity wireframe prototyping. When user navigation led to nonexisting pages or dead ends, users were encouraged to create what they thought should be where there was nothing. This blank-page technique gave us insights into users' mental models regarding site content and design, providing developers with useful data concerning how users conceptualized information they encountered.
Nonlinear cooperative control for consensus of nonlinear and heterogeneous systems

In this paper, the consensus problem is considered for nonlinear and heterogeneous systems. Topology of their sensing/communication network is allowed to change in an arbitrary and intermittent way. A matrix-theoretical approach is used to reveal the necessary and sufficient condition of cooperative controllability. The condition is then used to search for cooperative control Lyapunov function (with the same Lyapunov function components) for linear cooperative systems. It is shown that, although finding cooperative control Lyapunov function is often too difficult for nonlinear systems, their cooperative stability can be concluded if the Lyapunov function components satisfy certain differential inequalities along system trajectory. This new result enables an explicit Lyapunov argument with respect to topology changes and a constructive procedure of designing nonlinear cooperative controls for a class of nonlinear and heterogeneous systems. Examples are presented to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear cooperative controls.
Papular dermatitis and a persistent patch test reaction to gold sodium thiosulfate

The role of gold in allergic contact dermatitis is poorly understood and is a subject of increasing interest. Recent studies demonstrate that gold-positive patch testing is not uncommon, but persistent patch test reactions are rarely reported. We present a case of a 53-year-old woman with a 7-year history of a scattered, pruritic papular dermatitis. Patch testing demonstrated a persistent, positive reaction to gold sodium thiosulfate. The histopathology of the patch test site and that of the cutaneous eruption were similar in nature but differing in severity. No other allergens have been identified, but gold avoidance has not yet resulted in the clearing of her eruption. This case underscores the difficulty in making a clinical correlation despite suggestive clinical pathologic evidence.
Optical nonlinearities due to carrier transport in semiconductors

A nonlocal nonlinearity results when optically excited carriers move within the internal electric fields of depletion regions, causing field-dependent changes in absorption and/or refractive index. We review some recent experimental results and use these concepts in hetero-Schottky barriers and hetero-n-i-p-i structures. We show that extremely sensitive, rather large nonlinearities result.
A more robust version of the Arginine 210-switched mutant in subunit a of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase

Abstract Previous work has shown that the essential R210 of subunit a in the Escherichia coli ATP synthase can be switched with a conserved glutamine Q252 with retention of a moderate level of function, that a third mutation P204T enhances this function, and that the arginine Q252R can be replaced by lysine without total loss of activity. In this study, the roles of P204T and R210Q were examined. It was concluded that the threonine in P204T is not directly involved in function since its replacement by alanine did not significantly affect growth properties. Similarly, it was concluded that the glutamine in R210Q is not directly involved with function since replacement by glycine results in significantly enhanced function. Not only did the rate of ATP-driven proton translocation increase, but also the sensitivity of ATP hydrolysis to inhibition by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) rose to more than 50%. Finally, mutations at position E219, a residue near the proton pathway, were used to test whether the Arginine-switched mutant uses the normal proton pathway. In a wild type background, the E219K mutant was confirmed to have greater function than the E219Q mutant, as has been shown previously. This same unusual result was observed in the triple mutant background, P204T/R210Q/Q252R, suggesting that the Arginine-switched mutants are using the normal proton pathway from the periplasm.
It's all relative: Spatial positioning of parties and ideological shifts

The usefulness of the general class of spatial econometric models, which relaxes the assumption that the observations are independent, has only recently been realised. One particularly fruitful application includes models of parties' ideological change as well as the electoral consequences of party competition. In these studies, scholars can explicitly model the spatial interconnectedness of political parties in theoretically pleasing ways, producing inferences that are consistent with formal models of party competition, but are beyond the grasp of traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models.To illustrate these benefits, this article replicates Adams and Somer-Topcu's 2009 study of parties' responses to ideological shifts by rival parties to show that appropriately modeling patterns of interconnectivity between parties via weights matrices provides more realistic inferences that are more consistent with formal models of party competition.
Anisotropic singular perturbations—the vectorial case

We obtain the Γ(L1(Ώ))-limit of the sequencewhere Ee is the family of anisotropic perturbationsof the nonconvex functional of vector-valued functionsThe proof relies on the blow-up argument introduced by Fonseca and Muller.
Adolescent mothers' breastfeeding social support needs.

ABSTRACT Objective: To define aspects of social support that adolescents need from nurses when initiating breastfeeding in the early postpartum. Data Sources: MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for years 2000 to 2009. Data Extraction: Three searches were done using the following subject terms: adolescent mothers and breastfeeding (12 studies), adolescent mothers and breastfeeding and support (24 studies), and breastfeeding and adolescent mothers and attitudes (15 studies). The 18 studies that were chosen for this synthesized review illuminated the dimensions of social support identified by House. Data Synthesis: The four types of supportive behavior categories identified by House were described in these studies (informational, instrumental, emotional, and appraisal). Esteem support as defined by Sarafino seemed to be synonymous with appraisal support. Many studies identified the importance of network support as a fifth category of supportive behavior in increased breastfeeding duration among adolescents; network support was included in this synthesis. These five types of social support provide a framework for defining supportive nurse behaviors. Conclusions: Nurses in the early postpartum can promote the long‐term health of adolescents and their children through the social support they offer adolescent mothers as they initiate breastfeeding. Network support appears to be essential to adolescents' breastfeeding experiences and needs to be included with informational, instrumental, emotional, and esteem/appraisal support when investigating support for this population. By integrating the five dimensions of social support into their care, nurses play an essential role in providing adolescents with the positive experiences that are so important to establishing breastfeeding.
Mistakes pertaining to undesired (relative to desired) self-standards elicit immediate enhanced electrocortical signals of error processing

Past research provides initial evidence that errors pertaining to undesired (vs. desired) self-standards are of greater motivational significance, but little is known about how quickly people recognize and respond to such errors. To examine immediate responses to errors pertaining to desired and undesired self-standards, we assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants judged self-attributes as personally desirable or undesirable. No discernible differences emerged in ERPs associated with correct responses to undesired compared to desired self-standards. Error-related negativities, shown in past work to index motivational significance, and error positivities, shown in past work to index post-error adjustment, were more pronounced when participants erroneously endorsed undesirable self-standards than when they erroneously failed to endorse desirable self-standards. These electrophysiological correlates of differences in the motivational significance of undesired versus desired self-standards emerged within 400 ms of making an error, suggesting that the impact of these errors does not require extensive deliberation.
Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science

If we are to make the transition from the philosophy of science to a full-fledged philosophy of medicine, our first task will be to find a way of distinguishing between medicine and science; and of doing so in completely general terms. How is this to be done? And, once it is done, how are we then to describe the relations between the two enterprises, again in completely general terms? Is a knowledge of medicine something different in kind from a knowledge of the sciences whose results find application in medical practice? Or does the difference between the two enterprises, such as it is, lie in the nature of the applications to which that knowledge is put, rather than in the knowledge itself? When, for instance, Claude Bernard published his great methodological treatise 109 years ago, and called it An Introduction to Experimental Medicine, was this title appropriate or was it a misnomer? Should he have called it instead, say, An Introduction to Experimental Physiology as Applicable to Medicine?
Asymptotic Sum Rules at Infinite Momentum

By combining the ${q}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}i\ensuremath{\infty}$ method for asymptotic sum rules with the $P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ method of Fubini and Furlan, we relate the structure functions ${W}_{2}$ and ${W}_{1}$ in inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering to matrix elements of commutators of currents at almost equal times at infinite momentum. We argue that the infinite-momentum limit for these commutators does not diverge, but may vanish. If the limit is nonvanishing, we predict $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}(\ensuremath{\nu}, {q}^{2})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{2}(\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{{q}^{2}})$ and ${W}_{1}(\ensuremath{\nu}, {q}^{2})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{1}(\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{{q}^{2}})$ as $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and ${q}^{2}$ tend to $\ensuremath{\infty}$. From a similar analysis for neutrino processes, we conclude that at high energies the total neutrino-nucleon cross sections rise linearly with neutrino laboratory energy until nonlocality of the weak current-current coupling sets in. The sum of $\ensuremath{\nu}p$ and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}p$ cross sections is determined by the equal-time commutator of the Cabibbo current with its time derivative, taken between proton states at infinite momentum.
Structural asymmetry of the human cerebral cortex: Regional and between-subject variability of surface area, cortical thickness, and local gyrification

Structural asymmetry varies across individuals, brain regions, and metrics of cortical organization. The current study investigated regional differences in asymmetry of cortical surface area, thickness, and local gyrification, and the extent of between-subject variability in these metrics, in a sample of healthy young adults (N=200). Between-subject variability in cortical structure may provide a means to assess the extent of biological flexibility or constraint of brain regions, and we explored the potential influence of this variability on the phenotypic expression of structural asymmetry. The findings demonstrate that structural asymmetries are nearly ubiquitous across the cortex, with differing regional organization for the three cortical metrics. This implies that there are multiple, only partially overlapping, maps of structural asymmetry. The results further indicate that the degree of asymmetry of a brain region can be predicted by the extent of the region's between-subject variability. These findings provide evidence that reduced biological constraint promotes the expression of strong structural asymmetry.
A Threshold Model

In the model discussed in the previous section, the function T(t) was prescribed a priori. Except for the case of constant delay, it is by no means clear how one would expect to know this function. In this section we add a phenomenon to the model, a threshold effect, which yields the delay as a function of I(t). In order to allow for variations in the infection rate, we now allow r, of the previous models, to be a function r(t). For example, it might be periodic to account for seasonal variations.
The effect of body weight support on kinetics and kinematics of a repetitive plyometric task

Though essential to athletic performance, the ability to land from a jump often remains limited following injury. While recommended, jump training is difficult to include in rehabilitation programs due to high impact forces. Body weight support (BWS) is frequently used in rehabilitation of gait following neurological and orthopedic injury, and may also allow improved rehabilitation of high-impact tasks. There is a differential effect of BWS on walking and running gaits, and the effect of BWS on movements with relatively large vertical displacement is unknown. The current study evaluates the effect of BWS on a replicable single-leg hopping task. We posited that progressive BWS would decrease limb loading while maintaining the joint kinematics of the task. Twenty-eight participants repetitively hopped on and off a box at each of four BWS levels. Peak vertical ground reaction forces decreased by 22.5% between 0% and 30% BWS (P < .001). Average hip, knee, and ankle internal moments decreased by 0.5 N·m/kg each. Slight kinematic changes across BWS levels were clinically insignificant. The high level of task specificity evidenced by consistent kinematics coupled with a similar reduction of internal moment at each joint suggests that BWS may be a useful strategy for rehabilitation of jumping tasks.
Highly effective strain-induced band-engineering of (111) oriented, direct-gap GeSn crystallized on amorphous SiO2 layers

We demonstrate highly effective strain-induced band-engineering of (111) oriented direct-gap Ge1−xSnx thin films (0.074 < x < 0.085) crystallized on amorphous SiO2 towards 3D photonic integration. Due to a much smaller Poisson's ratio for (111) vs. (100) orientation, 0.44% thermally induced biaxial tensile strain reduces the direct-gap by 0.125 eV towards enhanced direct-gap semiconductor properties, twice as effective as the tensile strain in Ge(100) films. Correspondingly, the optical response is extended to λ = 2.8 μm. A dilatational deformation potential of a = −12.8 ± 0.8 eV is derived. These GeSn films also demonstrate high thermal stability, offering both excellent direct-gap optoelectronic properties and fabrication/operation robustness for integrated photonics.
Activity and stoichiometry of Na+:HCO3- cotransport in immortalized renal proximal tubule cells.

The proximal tubule Na+-HCO− 3 cotransporter is located in the basolateral plasma membrane and moves Na+, HCO− 3, and net negative charge together out of the cell. The presence of charge transport implies that at least two HCO− 3 anions are transported for each Na+ cation. The actual ratio is of physiological interest because it determines direction of net transport at a given membrane potential. To determine this ratio, a thermodynamic approach was employed that depends on measuring charge flux through the cotransporter under defined ion and electrical gradients across the basolateral plasma membrane. Cells from an immortalized rat proximal tubule line were grown as confluent monolayer on porous substrate and their luminal plasma membrane was permeabilized with amphotericin B. The electrical properties of these monolayers were measured in a Ussing chamber, and ion flux through the cotransporter was achieved by applying Na+ or HCO− 3 concentration gradients across the basolateral plasma membrane. Charge flux through the cotransporter was identified as difference current due to the reversible inhibitor dinitro-stilbene disulfonate. The cotransporter activity was Cl− independent; its conductance ranged between 0.12 and 0.23 mS/cm2 and was voltage independent between −60 and +40 mV. Reversal potentials obtained from current-voltage relations in the presence of Na+ gradients were fitted to the thermodynamic equivalent of the Nernst equation for coupled ion transport. The fit yielded a cotransport ratio of 3HCO− 3:1Na+.
Commentary: Missing the elephant in my office: recommendations for part-time careers in academic medicine.

Abstract Several recent articles in this journal, including the article by Linzer and colleagues in this issue, discuss and promote the concept of part-time careers in academic medicine as a solution to the need to achieve a work-life balance and to address the changing demographics of academic medicine. The article by Linzer and colleagues presents the consensus of a task force that attempted to address practical considerations for part-time work in academic internal medicine. Missing from these discussions, however, are a consensus on the definition of part-time work, consideration of how such strategies would be available to single parents, how time or resources will be allocated to part-time faculty to participate in professional associations, develop professional networks, and maintain currency in their field, and how part-time work can allow for the development of expertise in research and scholarly activity. Most important, the discussions about the part-time solution do not address the root cause of dissatisfaction and attrition: the ever-increasing and unsustainable workload of full-time faculty. The realization that an academic full-time career requires a commitment of 80 hours per week begs the question of whether part-time faculty would agree to work 40 hours a week for part-time pay. The historical underpinnings of the current situation, the implications of part-time solutions for the academy, and the consequences of choosing part-time work as the primary solution are discussed. Alternative strategies for addressing some of the problems facing full-time faculty are proposed.
Influence of Filled dπ-Manifold and L/L‘ Ligands on the Structure, Basicity, and Bond Rotations of the Octahedral and d6 Amido Complexes TpRu(L)(L‘)(NHPh) (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate; L = L‘ = PMe3 or P(OMe)3, or L = CO and L‘ = PPh3): Solid-State Structures of [TpRu(PMe3)2(NH2Ph)][OTf], [TpRu{P(OMe)3}2(NH2Ph)][OTf], and TpRu{P(OMe)3}2(NHPh)

It has been suggested that the reactivity of π-donating ligands bound to late-transition-metal complexes is heightened due to high d-electron counts. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of the Ru(II) amine and Ru(II) amido complexes [TpRuL 2 (NH 2 Ph)][OTf] (OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) and TpRuL 2 (NHPh) (L = PMe 3 or P(OMe) 3 ) are presented, including solid-state X-ray diffraction studies of [TpRu(PMe 3 ) 2 (NH 2 Ph)][OTf], [TpRu{P(OMe) 3 } 2 (NH 2 -Ph)][OTf], and TpRu{P(OMe) 3 } 2 (NHPh). The pK a 's of the Ru(II) amine complexes and the previously reported [TpRu(CO)(PPh 3 )(NH 2 Ph)] + have been estimated to be comparable to that of malononitrile in methylene chloride. In addition, the impact of the filled dπ-manifold (i.e., Ru(II) and d 6 octahedral systems) on barriers to rotation of the Ru-NHPh moieties has been studied. For TpRu(PMe 3 ) 2 (NHPh) and TpRu{P(OMe) 3 } 2 (NHPh), evidence for hindered rotation about the amido nitrogen and phenyl ipso carbon has been observed, and the relative N-C and Ru-N bond rotational barriers for the series of three amido complexes are discussed in terms of the π-conflict.