cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ionization and distribution behavior of oleic acid in chylomicrons and chylomicron-like emulsion particles and the influence of serum albumin.

Abstract A reproducible, fairly narrow-sized population of rat lymph chylomicrons, approximately 100 nm, was isolated by centrifugation and combined with low levels of [1-13C]oleic acid for NMR studies. The carboxyl chemical shift was monitored as a function of aqueous pH to characterize the ionization behavior of the fatty acid in these particles. The titration curves were very similar to those for oleic acid in equivalent-sized emulsion particles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine and triolein. A simple partition-ionization model was fitted to the data to derive values for apparent ionization constant, expressed as pKapp, of 7.4-7.5 and the "true" surface to core partition coefficient of approximately 7 for oleic acid in chylomicrons. The fatty acid in chylomicrons thus appeared to be largely associated with the surface regions of these particles. Addition of bovine serum albumin to the samples showed that near physiologic pH much of the fatty acid was bound to the albumin at fatty acid to albumin-binding stoichiometries as high as 5.1 and with mass ratios of greater than 2 in favor of the lipid or lipoprotein particles. Lowering the pH of the medium shifted the distribution of fatty acid away from albumin so that at pH 5 with the emulsion, virtually all the fatty acid was associated with the lipid. The behavior observed under physiologic conditions is consistent with the rapid clearance and redistribution of fatty acid generated in these particles by lipolytic processes. However, under conditions of severe acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia a significant portion of fatty acids might be retained in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants and affect subsequent metabolism.
Ocular motility in Parkinson's disease

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is associated with multiple abnormalities of both the afferent and efferent visual systems. Blepharospasm, paucity of blinking, apraxia of lid opening, visual neglect, reduced vergence, reduced upgaze, and blurred vision are reported findings in these patients. The association of these findings with the disease, and their duration, severity, and treatment have not been systematically investigated. Patients and Methods: Patients with Parkinson's disease were prospectively examined. An age-matched control group was recruited from accompanying family members and volunteers. Data recorded included presence of visual complaint, the severity of the Parkinson's disease by Hoehn and Yahr Stage (scale=1 to 5), duration of disease, pharmacologic therapy, visual acuity, ocular motility, accommodation, convergence amplitudes, and the near point of convergence. Results: Thirty-nine patients were entered into each group, each with 21 men and 18 women. The average patient had had the disease for 8.9 years with a severity index of 2.6. Asthenopia, upgaze deficiency, and convergence insufficiency were significantly more common in the patients with Parkinson's disease than in the controls. Mean geometric visual acuity was poorer in the Parkinson's patients (20/39 compared with 20/28; P<.001). Discussion: Visual complaints were significantly more common in the Parkinson's patients than in the age-matched controls. The frequency of ocular abnormalities was not related to the duration of the disease. Increasing severity seemed to be correlated with the presence of convergence insufficiency and a decline in acuity.
Laparoscopic tubal sterilization.

Abstract Refinement of endoscopic equipment and technique as well as an increased demand for surgical sterilization has resulted in a renewed interest in laparoscopic tubal sterilization. In the past 2 years, 186 patients have had coagulation and cutting of the Fallopian tubes done in association with laparoscopy. To date one pregnancy has occurred. Fifty patients have had postoperative hysterosalpingograms, and all but one have shown bilateral tubal occlusion. Operative complications have been infrequent with immediate bleeding the most serious. To date laparoscopic tubal sterilization has been an effective procedure with its major advantages being shortened hospital stay and postoperative recovery.
Speciation and kinetic study of iron promoted sugar conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA)

Cellulose, a major component of renewable biomass, is a polymer of glucose. Abundant and cheap iron salts promote the conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA). In this study, glucose transformations catalyzed by iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) in aqueous and in biphasic media (water and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF)) were investigated. Speciation via mass spectrometry (MS), UV-Vis, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) show that FeIII is reduced to FeII (over 95%) readily in the early stage of carbohydrate conversion. The reaction time profiles of reactants (glucose and fructose) as well as products (HMF and LA) were modeled using MATLAB to obtain reaction rate constants. The contributions of iron and the intrinsic Bronsted acidity of iron salts in the sugar conversion are discussed. The kinetic study of sugar conversion indicated that the water–MeTHF biphasic system hinders the conversion of sugars to humins and unknown byproducts and increases the yields of HMF and LA. By adjusting concentrations of FeII and Bronsted acidity, yields of 88% LA (FeCl3, pH = 1) or 56% HMF (FeSO4, pH = 2) from glucose in a water–MeTHF biphasic system are achieved. The optimized reaction conditions proved effective in the conversion of milled poplar biomass to LA (53% yield based on glucose content) and furfural (64% yield based on xylan content) using iron salt, outperforming aluminum and chromium salts.
Experiments on the Gamma-Radiation from Lithium and Fluorine Bombarded with Protons

The recoil electrons ejected from a 2 mm carbon scatterer by the gamma-radiation from Li+${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$ have been investigated and indicate three lines of energies 17, 14.5, and 11.5 and possibly a fourth line of energy 8.5 Mev. Pairs ejected from the same scatterer were also observed. Most of these may be attributed to the 17 Mev line. Recoil electrons ejected from a 1.5 mm carbon scatterer by the gamma-radiation from F+${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$ have been observed, and indicate two lines of energies 5.7 and 4 Mev. Pairs produced by internal conversion of the gamma-radiation from F+${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$ were also observed, and indicate the same two lines. The cross section for this effect is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. It is pointed out that a study of the pairs produced by internal conversion affords an excellent method of determining excitation levels in nuclei.
Arterial elasticity and structural changes of the cardiovascular system in asymptomatic young adults: the bogalusa heart study

Abstract OR-7 Key Words: Carotid Arterial Stiffness, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, Racial (Black-White)
SU‐E‐T‐328: Method for Verifying the Air Kerma Strength of Pre‐Assembled I‐125 Plaques for Ocular Melanoma

Purpose: To develop a method of easily verifying the activity or air kerma strength of pre‐assembled COMS and Eye Physics EP917 eye plaques. Methods: A Capintec CRC‐7 Dose Calibrator with its standard vial/syringe sample holder was used to measure the activity of pre‐assembled eye plaques using IsoAid Advantage I‐125 seeds. Plaque activity measurements were made by placing the plaque face up in the center of a 10 cm tall Styrofoam insert in the source holder. The source holder was rotated to four angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°). The average of these four values was compared to the assay air kerma strength, decayed to the plaque measurement date, to establish a plaque calibration factor. The average and standard deviation of several plaque measurements were then calculated to determine the repeatability of the process. Activity measurements were also made to determine the contribution of each seed position to the total measured activity of the EP 917 plaque. Results: Activity measurements were taken on seven vendor‐preloaded Eye Physics EP917 eye plaques. For the EP917, the average plaque calibration factor was 0.344 with a standard deviation of 0.012. For the COMS plaques with a silastic carrier, the plaque calibration factors ranged from 0.237 for a COMS 16N to 0.281 for a COMS 20. The average plaque calibration factor was 0.256 and the standard deviation was 0.015 The individual seed measurements were made using three different EP‐917 plaques. The data from these measurements show that the contribution of a single seed to the total plaque activity is approximately 5.9% or 1/17th of the total activity. Conclusions: Plaque calibration factors based on this methodology may be used to verify the activity of preassembled plaques to within 5%.
Immediate impact of a robotic kidney surgery course on attendees practice patterns.

Background The object of this study was to evaluate the immediate impact of a robotic kidney surgery course on the practice patterns of participating urologists. Methods Two surveys were administered to the participants of the International Symposium on Robotic Kidney and Adrenal Surgery held at the Cleveland Clinic on October 2009. Returned responses were entered into a database. Results were reviewed and analyzed. Results Twenty-seven participants (60% of total registered) completed the end-of-course questionnaire. Mean age was 44 years (range 33–65). Mean time from completion of residency was 14 years (range 1–30). The majority of the attendees (78%) had familiarity with both laparoscopy and robotics, but only 22% of them had completed a formal fellowship or mini-residency training in laparoscopy or robotics. All course components received a mean score above 4.5. 92% of the participants planned to perform a ‘new’ procedure in their practice immediately after the course. Of the 27 participants contacted, 12 (44.4%) returned the 3-month questionnaire. All of them (100%) had performed robotic surgical procedures after the course. Overall, there was an increase of 56% in the robotic cases in the surgical practice of the participants. The actual impact of attending the course on starting or implementing robotic surgery practice was positively rated by the participants (mean score 4.7 ± 0.45 on scale 1–5). Conclusions A course including lectures, video analysis, live surgery and hands-on session with both simulators and an animal laboratory is an effective educational model for immediately spreading robotic skills. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Éloge: Fred Basolo (1920–2007)

The life and career of Fred Basolo (1920–2007), dean of American coordination chemistry, 1983 President of the American Chemical Society, and contributor to inorganic chemistry, coordination chemistry, physical chemistry, and chemical education over a span of more than half a century, are discussed in this obituary-tribute.
A Model of Stationary Gravity Wave Breakdown with Convective Adjustment

A steady WKB model of gravity wave propagation including convective adjustment is used to investigate approximations used in various gravity-wave parameterization schemes. First, it is shown that estimates of the wave breaking height assuming a single horizontal wavenumber gravity wave can lead to errors if the topography is not sinusoidal. Second, the model results show that the assumption that wave growth ceases with the onset of convection or shear instability is an oversimplification. Since convection appears first over a very limited spatial region of the wave field, the wave is initially unaffected by turbulent mixing. However, when the convection zone spreads over a large portion of the wave field the amplitude is constrained. Estimates of the heat flux by breaking gravity waves are used to develop a simple parameterization of the vertical diffusion in terms of the Reynolds stress.
Performance Evaluation and Compensation Research: An Agency Perspective

INTRODUCTION How managers and executives are evaluated and rewarded has become an increasingly contentious issue in recent years. The benefits and pitfalls of firms’ compensation practices are routinely featured in the business press and have attracted considerable attention from governments, unions, as well as the investment community.1 In some cases, this increased attention can be attributed to the apparent excessive levels of remuneration paid to U.S. executives.2 More generally, it reflects a heightened awareness that performance evaluation and reward systems are critical because they affect employees’ incentives to increase shareholder value. The link between shareholder value and managerial incentives has also attracted considerable attention in the academic community. Questions regarding the structure of executive compensation contracts and the incentives that these contracts provide have been of interest to researchers for several decades (e.g., Berle and Means 1932; Jensen and Meckling 1976). More recently, financial economists have explored the link between compensation practices and corporate investment and financing decisions (e.g., Smith and Watts 1992). Accountants have studied managerial incentives to manipulate accounting earnings in response to accounting-based compensation schemes (e.g., Healy 1985). Sociologists and psychologists have examined a variety of behavioral issues associated with organizational pay practices such as those concerning pay equity and social comparisons (e.g., O’Reilly et al. 1988). While different paradigms and methods have been used to study how managers are evaluated and rewarded, the overriding
Efficient Switching Power Amplifiers Using the Distributed Switch Architecture

Wireless transmitters employing switching power amplifiers are popular both in RF and mm-wave designs. The efficiency of switching power amplifiers is dictated mainly by the maximum achievable switch size which in turn is governed by the switch transition frequency (tradeoff between switch on-resistance and capacitance). This paper presents a new architecture, the distributed switching power amplifier (DSPA), that helps break this tradeoff by distributing the switch in the nonlinear amplifier design, especially at high frequencies. A comprehensive analytical framework has been developed and the theory has been compared with simulation results.
The optimal carbonate dissociation constants for determining surface water pCO2 from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon

In many numerical ocean chemistry models, total dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC and total alkalinity, TA are transported between subsurface boxes. The partial pressure pCO2 is subsequently calculated from TA and DIC in the surface box in order to account for air–sea exchange of carbon dioxide. The conversion is commonly performed by solving the thermodynamic relationships for equilibria between carbonate, bicarbonate, and aqueous CO2 using carbonate dissociation constants. Four independent determinations of the constants have been made for seawater in the past 50 years. These results have been corrected, refit, and combined by others creating a virtual cottage industry of laboratory and field verification, and cross-checks. Here, we show that, based on field observations in three ocean basins, the calculated surface water pCO2 from TA and DIC corresponds best with the measured pCO2 if the constants proposed by Mehrbach et al. [Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C.H., Hawley, J.E., Pytkowicz, R.M., 1973. Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnology and Oceanography 18, 897–907] as refit by Dickson and Millero [Dickson, A.G., Millero, F.J., 1987. A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Res. 34, 1733–1743] are used. This suggests that the K1/K2 ratio of Mehrbach et al. for a pCO2 range of 280–450 μatm is correct but it does not necessarily imply that the absolute values of K1 and K2 are correct or that these constants work as well at higher pCO2. An independent cross-check with pCO2 measurements made at constant temperature (20°C) is in agreement with these conclusions. The differences in calculated pCO2 can be as great as 30 μatm depending which constants are used. If the models are forced with a prescribed atmospheric pCO2 they will end up having surface concentration of TA that are up to 20 μeq kg−1 too high or DIC concentration up to 20 μmol kg−1 too low if constants other than those of Mehrbach et al. are used. This makes comparisons between observation and models problematic.
Putting G protein―coupled receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C in the limelight

### Summary Phospholipase C (PLC) activation by cell surface receptors has been recognized as a fundamental early transmembrane signaling event that triggers a wide variety of cellular responses. These range from egg fertilization through immune cell activation, hormone secretion, and synaptic
Induction of tolerance to parental parathyroid grafts using allogeneic thymus tissue in patients with DiGeorge anomaly

DiGeorge anomaly can affect both thymic and parathyroid function. Although athymia is corrected by allogeneic thymus transplantation, treatment options for hypoparathyroidism have been unsatisfactory. Parathyroid transplantation offers the potential for definitive cure but remains challenging because of graft rejection. Some allogeneic parathyroid grafts have functioned in adult recipients in the context of immunosuppression for renal transplantation. Other efforts have attempted to reduce the allogenicity of the parathyroid grafts through manipulation of the parathyroid tissues before transplantation (by using encapsulation or special culture techniques). Recently, we demonstrated the efficacy of parental parathyroid transplantation when combined with allogeneic thymus transplantation in an infant with complete DiGeorge anomaly. The recipient developed tolerance toward the parathyroid donor. The parathyroid graft has functioned for 5 years after transplantation without the need for continued immunosuppression or calcium supplementation. We observed that matching of the allogeneic thymus graft to the parathyroid donor HLA class II alleles that are unshared with the recipient appears to be associated with the induction of tolerance toward the parathyroid graft. Further work is needed to determine the optimal means for using combined allogeneic thymus and parental parathyroid transplantation to correct hypoparathyroidism in patients with both complete and partial DiGeorge anomaly.
Loss of Caveolin-3 Results in QtC Prolongation and Causes Delayed Cardiac Repolarization in a Cardiac-Specific Conditional CAV-3 Knockout Mouse Model

Caveolae are discrete microdomains in cardiomyocytes that localize many ion channels and signaling proteins to enable compartmentalized regulation of cardiac signaling and physiology. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) is a muscle specific scaffolding protein integral to caveolae in cardiomyocytes. Previous studies have indicated reduced Cav-3 expression and caveolae in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. These forms of heart disease are associated with prolonged cardiac repolarization, which puts patients at an increased risk for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, mutations in the CAV3 gene are linked to congenital Long QT syndrome (LQTS9). We hypothesize that caveolae provide integrated regulation of cardiac repolarization by controlling the density and functional properties of multiple classes of ion channels. To determine the impact of Cav-3 expression levels on cardiac repolarization we generated a cardiac-specific conditional Cav-3 knockout (Cav-3−/−) mouse. Western blot and transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated reduced expression of Cav-3 (88%) and the absence of caveolae respectively in the ventricular myocytes of Cav-3−/− mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. The Cav-3−/− mice demonstrate a significant increase in the telemetry ECG QT interval. Action potentials durations (APD) measured in ventricular myocytes from Cav-3−/− mice were significantly increased, APD50:30±9 ms and APD90:87±15 ms compared to littermate WT mice (APD50:9±2 ms; APD90:18±6 ms). Furthermore, whole-cell voltage clamp experiments in isolated ventricular myocytes from the Cav-3−/− mice demonstrated changes in a number of ionic currents including reduced peak Ito (19.6±2.4 pA/pF compared to 11±1.4 pA/pF in WT cells) and significantly delayed inactivation of ICa,L. We conclude that loss of Cav-3 expression impacts the function of multiple types of ion channels causing delayed cardiac repolarization and so may be integrally linked to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Harmonic Balance Analysis of Blade Row Interactions in a Transonic Compressor

In this paper we apply the harmonic balance technique to analyze an inlet guide vane and rotor interaction problem, and compare the computed flow solutions to existing experimental data. The computed results, which compare well with the experimental data, demonstrate that the technique can accurately and efficiently model strongly nonlinear periodic flows, including shock/vane interaction and unsteady shock motion. Using the harmonic balance approach, each blade row is modeled using a computational grid spanning just a single blade passage regardless of the actual blade counts. For each blade row, several subtime level solutions that span a single time period are stored. These subtime level solutions are related to each other through the time derivative term in the Euler (or Navier―Stokes) equations, which is approximated by a pseudo-spectral operator, by complex periodicity conditions along the periodic boundary of each blade row's computational domain, and by the interface boundary conditions between the vane and rotor. Casting the governing equations in harmonic balance form removes the explicit dependence on time. Mathematically, the equations to be solved are similar in form to the steady Euler (or Navier―Stokes) equations with an additional source term proportional to the fundamental frequency of the unsteadiness. Thus, conventional steady-state computational fluid dynamics techniques, including local time stepping and multigrid acceleration, are used to accelerate convergence, resulting in a very efficient unsteady flow solver.
Silylcarborane Acrylate Nanoimprint Lithography Resists

The synthesis of a novel silylcarborane acrylate monomer is reported as well as its application as an etch-resistant component for the formulation of imprint layers for UV nanoimprint lithography (NIL). By introduction of 10% by weight of the silylcarborane acrylate monomer into NIL resist formulations, the oxygen plasma etch rate of the resulting film was reduced by nearly a factor of 2. When used in NIL, the patterned resist layer had excellent oxygen plasma etch resistance, leading to effective image transfer to the underlying poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) lift-off layer. The latter allowed for the fabrication of metallic interdigitated electrode patterns via a NIL/lift-off process. This work demonstrates the robustness of silylcarborane-containing resists and paves the way for the investigation of new, high-resolution patterning methods.
Fabry disease: a survey of visual and ocular symptoms

PURPOSE To evaluate a visual symptoms survey on patients with a known diagnosis of Fabry disease, and to compare the scores to those from a group of healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ocular symptom survey instrument was used to evaluate the symptoms of general ocular problems like itching, tearing, dryness, burning sensation, sensation of foreign body, difficulty in scotopic and photopic vision, and asthenopic symptoms. The survey instrument was administered to 95 participants (75 patients with Fabry disease and 20 healthy controls; median age: 32.5 years [standard deviation: 19.1 years] and 42.6 years [standard deviation: 14.7 years], respectively). A Mann-Whitney test was performed to evaluate the difference between the Fabry group and the healthy controls for each symptom survey severity score. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Of the survey instrument items, it was found that compared to the control group, the mean severity score of the Fabry disease group was significant for "dryness" of the eyes (P=0.02), "blurry/dim vision" (P=0.02), "hard to see in dark places" (P=0.01), and "halos around light" (P=0.01). The Fabry group also had a mean severity score for "soreness/tiredness" that was significantly higher than that of the control group (P=0.009). CONCLUSION The patients with Fabry disease may be suffering from ocular and visual symptoms related to manifestations of the disease. Further quantitative testing is needed to investigate the ocular and visual symptoms.
Conformation of sequential and random copolypeptides of lysine and alanine in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution.

A series of sequential polypeptides, (Lysi-Alaj)n, and random copolypeptides, (Lysx, Alay)n, were synthesized. The competitive effect of Ala, a helix former, and Lys, whose homopolymer has a β-form in neutral NaDodSO4 solution, was determined by CD and absorption spectroscopy. All the polypeptides studied were unordered in neutral solution without the surfactant. Of the six sequential polypeptides only (Lys-Ala)n adopted a stable β-form in NaDodSO4 solution. Most striking is the difference between this polypeptide, (Lys2-Ala2)n and (Lysx, Alay)n, even though they all have equimolar Lys and Ala. (Lys2-Ala2)n was partially helical in 2.5–5 mM NaDodSO4 but approached the unordered form in 50 mM NaDodSO4, whereas (Lys50, Ala50)n was completely helical in all NaDodSO4 concentrations. Even Lysrich (Lys2-Ala)n and (Lys3-Ala)n formed a partial helix and a trace of the β-form, respectively, in low NaDodSO4 concentrations; both reverted to the unordered form in high NaDodSO4 concentrations. These results can be explained by Pauling-Corey's model for β-pleated sheets. Only (Lys-Ala)n has all DodSO-bound Lys+ residues on one side and Ala residues on the other side of the polypeptide chain. They can nestle quiet efficiently in a β-sheet and between neighboring β-sheets. Our results further imply that random copolypeptides are not completely random; they comprise varying segments of (Lysk-Alam), where k and m could vary from zero to a small integer.
A virtual death and a real dilemma: Identity, trust, and community in cyberspace

This essay examines the rhetorical discourse of an online blogging community attempting to make sense of a member's act of betrayal and its aftermath. The community members debated fundamental online issues such as the nature of virtual identity, the relationship between trust and authority online, and the prospects for virtual community in the wake of their experience. An examination of these community members’ own statements provides insight into how Internet users conceive of virtual community, the importance rhetorical communication plays in shaping users’ relationships with each other and the medium itself, and persistent obstacles to community building in online environments.
Evaluating TweetBubble with Ideation Metrics of Exploratory Browsing

We extend the Twitter interface to stimulate exploratory browsing of social media and develop a creative cognition method to establish its efficacy. Exploratory browsing is a creative process in which users seek and traverse diverse and novel information as they investigate a conceptual space. The TweetBubble browser extension extends Twitter to enable expansion of social media associations@usernames and #hashtags-in-context, without overwriting initial content. We build on a prior metadata type system, developing new presentation semantics, which enable an integrated look and feel consistent with Twitter.We show how exploratory browsing constitutes a mini-c creative process. We use prior ideation metrics as a basis for new ideation metrics of exploratory browsing. We conducted a mixed methods crowdsourced study, with data from 54 participants, amidst the 2014 Academy Awards. Quantitative and qualitative findings validate the technique of in-context exploratory browsing interfaces for social media. Their consistency supports the validity of ideation metrics of exploratory browsing as an evaluation methodology for interactive systems designed to promote creative engagement.
Anti-HIV drugs: Comparative toxicities in murine fetal liver and bone marrow erythroid progenitor cells

Summary The toxicity of anti-HIV drugs, 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, AZT), 2′, 3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC), 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′, 3′-didehydrothymidine (d4T) and ribavarin was studied in vitro in murine fetal liver cells (FLC) and in bone marrow cells. These studies indicate that d4T is the least toxic drug and ribavarin is the most toxic agent in both models. However, the murine FLC system was found to be a more sensitive model for the assessment of toxicity of anti-HIV agents towards erythroid progenitor cells as indicated by the IC 50 values.
Galanin within the normal and hyperplastic anterior pituitary gland: localization, secretion, and functional analysis in normal and human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mice.

Studies evaluating estrogen-induced anterior pituitary tumors revealed a strong direct correlation between expression of the peptide galanin and tumor growth. To evaluate further the potential roles of galanin in the hyperplastic pituitary, we used a model of estrogen-independent anterior pituitary tumor formation, the male human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) transgenic mouse. Pituitaries of hGHRH transgenic mice are characterized by a hyperplasia of somatotrophs and contain markedly elevated levels of galanin. We examined the population of galanin-producing pituitary cells in 4- to 6-month-old male hGHRH transgenic mice and their nontransgenic siblings. The percentage of galanin-containing pituitary cells was significantly increased within the anterior pituitaries of hGHRH transgenic mice. By using the cell immunoblot assay we found that the basal secretion of galanin and GH from individual pituitary cells of hGHRH transgenic mice was significantly greater than that from pituitary cells of nontransgenic m...
K+- and Na+-gradient-dependent transport of l-phenylalanine by mouse intestinal brush border membrane vesicles

Abstract In the presence of an Na+- or a K+-gradient ( outside > inside ), l -phenylalanine uptake exhibited an overshoot phenomenon indicating active transport. The amplitudes of the overshoots were increased by increasing either Na+ or K+ concentrations in the incubation media, indicating that binding alone cannot account for the K+ effect. The K+-induced overshoot is not due to the presence of a membrane potential alone, as a gradient of choline chloride failed to produce it. Li+ could also substitute for Na+ though less potent than Na+ in inducing an overshoot. Uptake of l -leucine also showed Na+- and K+-effects and l -leucine and l -alanine could inhibit the Na+- and K+-overshoots obtained with phenylalanine. These results lead us to postulate the presence of a carrier for neutral amino acids dependent on monovalent cation with higher affinity for Na+ in mouse intestine. The Na+- and K+-driven active transport of l -phenylalanine were shown to be dependent on the presence of a membrane potential, as short-circuiting the membrane with FCCP reduced the amplitude of the overshoots seen with both ions. However, substitution of Cl− by more lipophilic anions (NO3−, SCN−) produced an inhibition of uptake. A preliminary analysis of the interrelations between Na+ and K+ for l -phenylalanine uptake showed complex interactions which can be best explained by mutual competition for a common carrier at both sides of the membrane. These results suggest the presence of a new transport system or a variant of an ASC-type system for l -phenylalanine (and neutral amino acids) in the mouse intestine. However, our studies do not rule out the possible involvement of more than one system for neutral amino acid uptake.
Looking for sources of coherence in a fragmented world: Notes toward a new assessment design

Assessing digital texts requires criteria and processes responsive to the texts as compositions. In this article, I note that current software already assesses digital texts, and I suggest ways to become aware of and to use such assessments as sites of invention. In addition, for assessment I propose a four-part heuristic keyed to the multiple patterns that both composers and readers use to create coherence.
Abstract 2486: Plasma proteomic changes induced by effective chemopreventive ratios of N-3:N-6 fatty acids against MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis of the rat.

The development of sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer and the discovery of novel chemopreventive agents are two strategies with promising clinical applications. It has been postulated that the risk of breast cancer can be influenced by certain dietary compounds such as the type and amount of dietary fats ingested. We have shown that a diet high in an n-3:n-6 ratio (10:1 and 25:1), that provided 30% calories from fat (10% monounsaturated, 10% polyunsaturated, and 10% saturated fatty acids), significantly reduced rat mammary cancer induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea(MNU). In the present study we used a proteomic approach to gain insights into the mechanisms of protection by a high n-3:n-6 ratio with the goal of identifying biomarkers that can be employed to monitor efficacy of chemopreventive agents. The plasma from six rats from each of three groups, a control group(n-3:n-6=1:1) and two groups fed a high n-3 diet(n-3:n-6=10:1 and 25:1) was pooled and submitted to the isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation(iTRAQ) method, which includes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectroscopy(MALDITOF/TOF) to identify and quantify proteins that were regulated as a result of n-3 fatty acid supplementation. There were 148 proteins identified in our study with 95% confidence(unused score 1.3 or greater) by ProteinPilot 4.0. In plasma of rats fed 10:1 n-3:n-6, and 25:1 n-3:n-6 the number of proteins that met our criteria(p Citation Format: Christine G. Skibinski, Henry J. Thompson, Arunangshu Das, Andrea Manni, Karam El-Bayoumy. Plasma proteomic changes induced by effective chemopreventive ratios of N-3:N-6 fatty acids against MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis of the rat. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2486. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2486
Psychological Assessment of Symptom and Performance Validity, Response Bias, and Malingering: Official Position of the Association for Scientific Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law

Evidence-based forensic psychological opinions require thorough and accurate information about examinees. Psychometric instruments can facilitate diagnostic decision making, but they rely on examinees to respond honestly to questions and put forth good effort on cognitive tests. Given the strong incentives for examinees in psychological injury cases to minimize prior problems and emphasize postaccident or posttrauma problems, the assessment of validity as part of forensic psychological evaluations is essential. Best practices in forensic psychology have their foundation in ethical principles. The purpose of this position statement is to promote ethical psychological practice in legal contexts by reviewing validity assessment issues and their ethical foundations. Because no previously published document focused specifically on symptom and performance validity assessment in psychological injury evaluations performed in forensic contexts, such a position statement provided by a professional organization devoted to the interface of psychological injury and law was needed to inform and guide practitioners and to educate other interested parties. The position statement emphasizes (a) the need for ethical practice in assessing validity, (b) consideration of factors such as culture and functional limitations, and (c) the importance of adopting a comprehensive, impartial, and scientific approach to validity assessment. The position statement acknowledges areas of differing opinions and the need for further research.
A Non-Iterative Precise Method for Open Gas Turbine Cycle Calculation

A non-iterative solution of the gas turbine combustion chamber energy balance equation is developed which accounts for the effects of temperature and fuel-air ratio on the enthalpies of the working media. Based on this solution an efficient precise procedure for calculating open gas turbine cycle can be outlined using available gas tables of stoichiometric combustion products for the consideration of different hydrocarbon fuels. Order of computational accuracy comparable to that of steam cycle calculation using modern steam table may be expected.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
International Trade And Foreign Diplomacy In Early Medieval South India

This chapter examines the interaction between the entrepot of the intermediate region, the domain of the south Indian Cola state, and international maritime trade during the tenth through the twelfth centuries A.D. Past research on the international trade of Asia has relied heavily upon the historical sources of China and the West, sources which suggest economic interaction but which are in general vague lists of geographical landmarks and ports encountered while on voyages, and has thus itself been vague in its treatment of international trade, the trade's organization, and the trade's relationship to the indigenous societies with which the trade came into contact. The chapter reexamines these foreign sources, to substantiate them through the examination of contemporary indigenous sources, and attempts a reconstruction of Asian maritime trade and its role within one sector of Asian society. Keywords: Asian maritime trade; Asian society; economic interaction; foreign sources; international maritime trade; international trade; south Indian Cola state; trade organization
Song of the finch Lagonosticta senegala: Interspecific mimicry by its brood-parasite Vidua chalybeata and the role of song in the host's social context

Abstract The African village indigobird Vidua chalybeata mimics the song of its brood-host, the Senegal firefinch Lagonosticta senegala . Firefinches in large aviaries did not respond to mimicry of their song and calls by indigobirds in the same aviaries. The lack of agonistic reaction by the firefinches is related to the non-agonistic meaning of song in the social behaviour of the firefinches. Song was not given during experimentally induced aggressive behaviour in the firefinches, but was given during courtship and by both male and female firefinches separated from their mates. Thus the main communicative function of song in L. senegala is in pair-bond maintenance.
Complicated urinary tract infection is associated with uroepithelial expression of proinflammatory protein S100A8.

ABSTRACT F344 rats chronically infected with Ureaplasma parvum develop two distinct profiles: asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and UTI complicated by struvite urolithiasis. To identify factors that affect disease outcome, we characterized the temporal host immune response during infection by histopathologic analysis and in situ localization of U. parvum. We also used differential quantitative proteomics to identify distinguishing host cellular responses associated with complicated UTI. In animals in which microbial colonization was limited to the mucosal surface, inflammation was indistinguishable from that which occurred in sham-inoculated controls, and the inflammation resolved by 72 h postinoculation (p.i.) in both groups. However, inflammation persisted in animals with microbial colonization that extended into the deeper layers of the submucosa. Proteome profiling showed that bladder tissues from animals with complicated UTIs had significant increases (P
Conservation of nucleic acids by Ehrlich ascites-tumor cells. II. Conservation of ribonucleic acid purines.

Abstract Ehrlich mouse ascites-tumor cells have been labelled in vivo by the intraperitoneal injection of [8-14C]adenine. 1 to 2 days after labelling the cells are transplanted into new host animals. The radioactivity of the RNA-purines of the transplanted cells is completely retained over a period of 9-days growth. Determination of the radioactivity of the separated purines of RNA shows that from the 3rd to the 9th day of growth there is no change in the ratio of either specific or total activities of the RNA-purines. The total radioactivity contained in the acid-soluble purine nucleotides during this period is of the order of 1% of the radioactivity in the RNA. Between day 0 and day 3 of growth there is a consistent fall in the ratio of specific activities of RNA-purines which is not found after a second transplantation of labelled cells. If cells are allowed to remain in animals into which the labelled precursor has been injected there is a steady decline in the ratio of specific activities which ceases when the cells are transferred into hosts which have received no isotope. These findings suggest that: i, the RNA which is labelled on day 3 is stable; ii, there is some fraction of RNA still labelled 2 days after exposure to the precursor which is depleted of label within 3 days after transplantation; iii, there is a measurable effect of contribution of purine precursors by the host to the nucleic acids of the tumor.
The a.c. indentation technique and its applications

Abstract An a.c. microindentation technique, namely indenting with a small displacement modulation superimposed on an otherwise linear indenter motion, will be introduced. The working principle and theory will also be illustrated by using a mechanical model to simulate the indenter behavior. Other than being as capable as conventional indentation, the a.c. technique acquires the unloading slope simultaneously and continuously with the penetration depth and applied load during an entire indentation process. With this extra information, the conversion between the total depth and plastic depth can be executed right after a single indentation, and in turn the hardness as well as contact modulus depth profiles can be calculated. This is in contrast to the conventional indentation technique where a group of indentations associated with different maximum loads are required in order to achieve the same purpose. Furthermore, it also avoids the subjectivity in the selection of the fitting portions from the unloading stages of indentation loading curves to extract the unloading slopes as well as the plastic penetration depths. Another important advantage of using this a.c. technique is the high sensitivity in detecting the indenter/ surface contact. This advantage is very useful in the determination of the origins of penetrations depths as well as in the investigation of the evolution of the indenter contact area during unloading, and both issues are very crucial in the microhardness calculations. The strain rate effect on the hardness measurements of a 1 μm thick Al-2% Si coating has been demonstrated by using the a.c. technique. As the indenter loading speed increases from 2.5–10 nm s−1, the measured hardness of the coating can be increased from ~20 to ~80% depending on the penetration depth, and the shallower the penetration depth the larger the increment is. However, the contact modulus depth profiles remain unchanged for all the indentation rates.
Anatomical Study of the Surgical Approaches to the Radial Tunnel.

Purpose To provide a cadaveric analysis of 3 surgical approaches (anterior, anterolateral, posterior) used for decompression of the posterior interosseous nerve within the radial tunnel. The aim of the study was to determine whether the number of compression sites visualized and safely released differed between approaches. We hypothesized that no single approach is adequate for visualization of all key compression sites. Methods Thirty fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used to perform 10 anterior, 10 anterolateral, and 10 posterior approaches to the radial tunnel. For each approach, key anatomical structures and the 5 documented anatomical sites of nerve compression that were clearly visualized within the surgical exposure were recorded. The portion of the supinator that was directly visualized in each approach was released. A second window was then created to expose the remaining uncut portion of the supinator. Measurements were taken from each specimen. Results Statistical analysis demonstrated that the anterior and anterolateral approaches were best for visualizing the fibrous bands of the radial head, the leash of Henry, the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis, and the arcade of Frohse. The posterior approach was best for visualizing the distal border of the supinator. The relative uncut supinator distance varied with approach. The anterior approach left a larger relative uncut portion than the posterior approach. Conclusions No single approach was adequate for complete visualization and release of all compression points of the radial tunnel. In cases of radial tunnel release, complete visualization of the posterior interosseous nerve compression sites is best achieved through multiple windows. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Criminal justice students' understanding, or misunderstanding, of issues facing elderly persons

This research compares the attitudes of criminal justice students about nine issues of concern to older persons to the attitudes of members of three occupational groups—nursing home administrators, nursing home professionals, and police chiefs. In all, 395 individuals from the four groups were asked to rate and rank the importance of the following issues: health care needs, property crime, violent crime, war on drugs, fraud, transportation needs, personal finances, taxes, and environmental issues. Results indicate that students' perceptions about the importance of these problems are similar to the other groups' on six of the nine issues. The areas where students differed concerned their perceptions about the importance of the war on drugs, violent crime, and fraud. Implications are provided.
7.2.2 Agile Development of Tractable Analyses and Simulations of Complex Systems

Agile development differs from other engineering processes in the manner in which each task is performed, and the ability to respond to changes in scope or requirements. The agile model permits continual feedback after a complete pass through each of the disciplines. Agile development enables the system to be built in a series of cycles from a set of rudimentary capabilities to the full system capability. When agile development is applied to the analysis of complex systems and “wicked problems,” the inherent conflicts and inconsistencies of those systems can be resolved. The result of applying “agile” to analysis of a wicked problem is the Design for Tractable Analysis (DTA) framework. DTA analyzes the system (or enterprise) of interest as a whole, in conjunction with decomposing the system into constituent elements for domain specific analyses that are informed by the whole. The use of DTA is demonstrated through a case study of a complex security system.
The role of partial sigmoid colectomy for debulking epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Forty women underwent partial sigmoid colectomy during cytoreductive surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-one (53%) and nineteen (47%) received this as part of primary or secondary debulking procedures, respectively. Fifty-four percent had postoperative residual disease
Malignant lymphoma of the skin: a review of recent advances in diagnosis and classification.

“The histopathological changes and clinical disorders associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the skin have generated more confusion among dermatologists and pathologists than virtually any other area of cutaneous disease”. Clark et al. (1974)