cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Profile of Owners and Investors of Privately Held Businesses in the United States, 1989-1998

This study gives estimates of the number of house holds owning privately held businesses in the United States, compares the demographic and economic characteristics of business owners and non-business owners, and examines the relationship between the growth in the total number of business entities and total business owners from 1989-1998. The analysis is based on the Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances for the years 1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998. This study concludes three things: (1) Between 13 percent and 14 percent of U.S. house holds own privately held businesses. (2) These households have relatively higher income,significantly higher net worth, were in the prime age group of 35 to 60 years of age, and have more education. (3) The increase in the total number of business entities during the 1990s seems to be the result of individual households owning more than one business, not of an increased number of business owners or entrepreneurs. This appears to be the case, given that the ratio of business-owning house holds to total house holds stayed the same or declined slightly during the1989-1998 period, but the total number of business entities relative to total house holds and the non farm labor force rose during the same period.
Duality-based verification techniques for 2D SLAM

While iterative optimization techniques for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) are now very efficient and widely used, none of them can guarantee global convergence to the maximum likelihood estimate. Local convergence usually implies artifacts in map reconstruction and large localization errors, hence it is very undesirable for applications in which accuracy and safety are of paramount importance. We provide a technique to verify if a given 2D SLAM solution is globally optimal. The insight is that, while computing the optimal solution is hard in general, duality theory provides tools to compute tight bounds on the optimal cost, via convex programming. These bounds can be used to evaluate the quality of a SLAM solution, hence providing a “sanity check” for state-of-the-art incremental and batch solvers. Experimental results show that our technique successfully identifies wrong estimates (i.e., local minima) in large-scale SLAM scenarios. This work, together with [1], represents a step towards the objective of having SLAM techniques with guaranteed performance, that can be used in safety-critical applications.
The Exclusion of D2O from the Hydration Sphere of FeSO4· 7H2O Oxidized by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Infrared spectra demonstrate that neither FeSO4 · 7H2O nor its bacterial or abiotic hydrated oxidation products incorporate deuterium in acid D2O solutions. Deuterium exchange occurred as bridging OD when bacterially oxidized iron was precipitated from D2O solutions as ferric hydroxysulfates. The exclusion of deuterium depended upon the stabilization of aquated Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes by sulfate ions in outer-sphere coordination and is consistent with the requirement and postulated role of sulfate in iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
Determining the physiological status of individual bacterial cells

Publisher Summary This chapter determines the physiological status of individual bacterial cells. are used to estimate the physiological status of individual cells in marine and estuarine water samples. (1)The Vital Stain and Probe (VSP) method is an epifluorescent direct microscopy counting technique that combines the general DNA stain DAPI, the vital stain propidium iodide (PI), and 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes to identify bacterial cells in situ . (2) Nucleoid staining technique in which the nucleoid is observed with epifluorescence microscopy when it is stained with a DNA fluorochrome such as DAPI. (3) Microautoradiography is a technique that detects the cellular localization of a radiolabeled substance ill situ. This method combines microautoradiography with 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, which allows simultaneous in situ identification and determination of substrate uptake patterns of individual cells. (4) Live/dead baclight tm bacterial viability kit provides a two-color fluorescent assay of bacterial viability. The kit utilizes mixtures of two nucleic acid stains: SYTO 9 and Propidium Iodide (PI). It is a membrane-impermeant stain that can passively diffuse through a cell wall and act as an indicator of loss in membrane integrity and thus as an indicator of cell viability. (5) Direct viable counting [DVC]: Kogure method utilizes the antibiotic nalidixic acid to interfere with normal cell division. In the presence of this antibiotic, sensitive cells grow but do not divide and can therefore be easily identified microscopically as elongated or enlarged cells.
Communication in Intercultural Marriages: Managing Cultural Differences and Conflicts

This study examined communication in intercultural marriages. A qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with 18 individuals in nine marriages made up of one Caucasian American and one Asian spouse was employed in order to examine their perceptions of communication effectiveness, the communication competence they developed to address cultural differences, and how they manage conflicts. Findings show that intercultural couples’ communication is primarily influenced by personal growth, language fluency, and the differences between high-context and low-context communication styles. Additionally, self-awareness, open-mindedness, mindfulness, showing respect, self-disclosure, and face-support emerged as the most important areas of communication competence developed and used by the couples. Essential strategies for addressing conflicts constructively include changing perspectives and using open communication. Implications for intercultural communication competence theory are discussed and a framework for ...
Pathways to the Aviation Professoriate: An Investigation into the Attributes and Backgrounds of Professional Pilot Education Faculty

The purpose of this study was to identify the pathways professional pilot program faculty take to reach their positions. Data were collected through a survey that was distributed via the internet using Survey Monkey. Pathways were defined by investigations into the occupational and educational histories of the faculty. Also, demographic attributes of the faculty were collected to create a comprehensive picture of the faculty. Statistical analysis of the survey data was conducted using SPSS Graduate Pack software. The findings of the study indicate that professional pilot faculty take a range of occupational and educational pathways to reach their positions in aviation higher education. Two primary pathways were identified: the military and the non-military (civilian). Each of these sub-groups had unique attributes and distinctive career paths. Although faculty take two primary, separate paths to the professoriate, all faculty reach their current position with similar levels of academic and flight credentials as well as length of industry experience. Aviation faculty of all types were found to have significant academic and industry qualifications and certifications. In addition, these individuals had extensive aviation experience.
Colony‐Stimulating Factors: Clinical Applications

Recombinant human colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have potential for wide use in the areas of oncology and infectious disease. Granulocyte CSF and granulocyte-macrophage CSF currently are approved for use in the treatment of neutropenia associated with standard-dose cancer chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, respectively. Other settings in which these agents have shown promise are dose-intensive chemotherapy, enhancement of progenitor cell support, primary and acquired neutropenias, myelodysplasia, aplastic anemia, and cytopenias associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection or myelosuppressive therapies for such infection or related conditions. Clinical findings in these areas are encouraging, and potential exists for additional applications of the CSFs.
ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION AND CHOLESTEROL STORAGE IN THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THEPREGNANT RAT UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS1

Considerable interest has lately been attached to the interrelationships between cholesterol metabolism and ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex. In that organ a sharp fall in ascorbic acid concentration occurs within an hour after injection of adrenocorticotrophin, followed later by marked depression of cholesterol content (Sayers et al., 1946). A recent report from this laboratory (Everett, 1947) presents evidence whichindicates that in the corpus luteum of the pregnant rat cholesterol is mobilized in similar fashion by action of the lactogenic hormone (luteotrophin). Although the normal rat corpus luteum of pregnancy contains little cholesterol which can be detected in frozen sections by the Schultz histochemical test, rich intracellular deposits are found 18 hours after injection of an ovulating dose of sheep LH. An excess of lactogen (luteotrophin) however, prevents accumulation of sterol if injected at the same time as LH.
Capital Market Imperfections and Financialization of Real Sectors in Emerging Markets: Private Investment and Cash Flow Relationship Revisited

Summary The paper analyzes the impacts of cash flow from multiple investments in real and financial sectors on the new fixed investment spending of real sector firms. The empirical results based on the Euler equation approach and semi-annual firm level data from two major emerging markets, Mexico and Turkey, suggest that profits and rates of returns from fixed and financial assets have differential effects on fixed investment spending of real sector firms. Accordingly, increasing availability and accessibility of alternative investment opportunities in financial markets can become instrumental in channeling real sector savings to short-term financial investments instead of long-term fixed capital formation and thus lead to deindustrialization.
Magnetotransport in field-induced spin density waves in Bechgaard salts

We study theoretically the electrical conductivity in a field-induced spin density wave (FISDW) in Bechgaard salts in a high magnetic field. We find a new contribution to the Hall conductivity, which appears only in a FISDW withN≠0. Furthermore, this Hall conductance has an activated form with an energy gap ω0 at low temperatures, unlike the quantum Hall effect. Therefore, the present theory predicts that the Hall resistance increases exponentially at low temperatures, which can be tested experimentally.
Determination of PAH sources in dated sediments from Green Bay, Wisconsin, by a chemical mass balance model.

Six sediment cores were collected from Green Bay, Wisconsin, in order to identify possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The cores which were obtained in 1995 had total PAH concentrations between 8.04 and 0.460 ppm. 210Pb and 137Cs dating was used to determine historical trends of PAH inputs, and elemental carbon particle analysis was done to characterize particles from combustion of coal, wood and petroleum. The results show that coke burning, highway dust, and wood burning are likely sources of PAHs to Green Bay. The contribution of coke oven emissions (CB) for the Green Bay cores is in the range of 5 to 90%. The overall highway dust (HWY) contribution is between 5 and 70%. There is a maximum (∼67%) contribution of HWY around 1988 which is in agreement with the historical US petroleum consumption. The wood burning (WB) contribution is between 1 to 30%, except in core GB-A where a maximum (∼50%) is found around 1994. The average relative errors of measurement for x2 equal to the number of degrees of freedom, are 52.5, 56.2, 36.2, 52.3, and 42.8 (df = 3) for the Green Bay cores A, B, C, E, and F, respectively. The sums of the contribution factors are less than one, indicating gain of inert biological or other bulk material between source and receptor. The results of carbon particles for Green Bay core D show that coal, oil, and wood burning are consistent with the CMB modeling results.
Trapping saturation of the bump-on-tail instability and electrostatic harmonic excitation in Earth's foreshock

The Vlasov simulation is used to examine the trapping saturation of the bump-on-tail instability both with and without mode-mode coupling and subsequent harmonic excitation. It is found that adding the pumped harmonic modes leads to a significant difference in the behavior of the phase-space distribution function near the unstable bump at the saturation time of the instability. The pumped modes permit rapid plateau formation on the space-averaged velocity distribution, in effect preventing the onset of the quasi-linear velocity-diffusion saturation mechanism.
Decomposition techniques for the minimum toll revenue problem

The objective of the minimum toll revenue (MINREV) problem is to find tolls that simultaneously cause users to use the transportation network efficiently and minimize the total toll revenues that must be collected. This article investigates the Dantzig-Wolfe (DW) decomposition as an approach for solving the MINREV problem and establishes its relationships with a cutting plane algorithm and other proposed approaches. The article also identifies the variant of DW decomposition most suitable for implementation. Numerical experiments with real transportation networks suggest that DW decomposition is robust and should be used when the problems are too large for standard linear programming software. Although transportation planning is the application emphasized in this article, it should be noted that the MINREV problem also has applications in telecommunication network design and control. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 44(2), 142–150 2004
Cardiac output determination by simple one-step rebreathing technique.

Abstract We have developed a rebreathing technique for measuring cardiac output in resting or exercising subjects. The data needed are the subject's CO2 dissociation curve, the initial volume and CO2 fraction of the rebreathing bag, and a record of CO2 at the mouth during the maneuver. From these one can obtain all the values required to solve the Fick equation. The combined error due to inaccuracy in reading the tracings and to the simplifying assumptions was found to be small (mean = 0.5%, SD = 2.5%). Cardiac output values determined with this technique in normal subjects were on the average 2% higher than those obtained simultaneously with an acetylene rebreathing method (n = 49, SD = 11%). Among the advantages of the technique are that it requires analysis of a single gas, takes less than thirty seconds per determination, allows one to obtain repeated measurements at rapid intervals, is not affected by the ability of lung tissue to store CO2, and eliminates many of the assumptions usually made in non-invasive measurements of cardiac output.
A feasibility study of using a single Kinect sensor for rehabilitation exercises monitoring: A rule based approach

In this paper, we present a feasibility study for using a single Microsoft Kinect sensor to assess the quality of rehabilitation exercises. Unlike competing studies that have focused on the validation of the accuracy of Kinect motion sensing data at the level of joint positions, joint angles, and displacement of joints, we take a rule based approach. The advantage of our approach is that it provides a concrete context for judging the feasibility of using a single Kinect sensor for rehabilitation exercise monitoring. Our study aims to answer the following question: if it is found that Kinect's measurement on a metric deviates from the ground truth by some amount, is this an acceptable error? By defining a set of correctness rules for each exercise, the question will be answered definitively with no ambiguity. Defining appropriate context in a validation study is especially important because (1) the deviation of Kinect measurement from the ground truth varies significantly for different exercises, even for the same joint, and (2) different exercises have different tolerance levels for the movement restrictions of body segments. In this study, we also show that large but systematic deviations of the Kinect measurement from the ground truth are not as harmful as it seems because the problem can be overcome by adjusting parameters in the correctness rules.
Behavioral responses, rate of mortality, and oviposition of western cherry fruit fly exposed to malathion, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram

Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of sweet and tart cherry, Prunus avium L. (L.) and P. cerasus L., respectively, in western North America. This fly is commonly controlled with spinosad bait sprays. Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is potentially a new pest of cherries in this region that could be a threat to orchards at the same time as R. indifferens. Drosophila suzukii apparently is not controlled using spinosad bait sprays, but may potentially be controlled using malathion, zeta-cypermethrin, and spinetoram. However, how well these last three materials protect fruit against reproductively mature R. indifferens is not known. In laboratory observations, R. indifferens spent the least amount of time on cherries treated with zeta-cypermethrin, possibly because of its toxicity and irritant effects. In laboratory experiments, zeta-cypermethrin killed flies more quickly than malathion and spinetoram, causing up to 100% mortality 2 h after exposure. Zeta-cypermethrin prevented all oviposition when flies walked on dried residues for 20–25 min or were directly sprayed, and then exposed to cherries with dried residues, simulating exposure of mature female flies in a treated orchard. Malathion and spinetoram reduced oviposition compared with controls, but did not prevent it, when flies contacted residues or were directly sprayed at a high volume. Results suggest zeta-cypermethrin is the most effective of the three materials at protecting cherries against mature R. indifferens and could be used in an integrated control program for it and D. suzukii.
Ontogeny of B lymphocyte function. VI. Ontogeny of thymus cell capacity to facilitate the functional maturation of B lymphocytes

The differentiation of the B cell population from fetal mice to produce a normal, adult-like, heterogeneous response, with respect to antibody affinity, has been shown to require (or to be facilitated by) thymus cells. The maturation of the thymus cell population to be capable of facilitating this differentiation of the B cell population was studied. It was found that the thymus cell population acquires the capacity fo facilitate (or induce) this maturation of the B cell population between seven and ten days after birth. Thus, the normal maturation of the B cell population to give a response which is heterogeneous with respect to affinity, appears to be controlled by the maturation of thymus function.
School Nurses’ Knowledge and Beliefs About the Management of Children With ADD*:

The purpose of this study was to examine school nurses' knowledge and beliefs about the management of children with attention deficit disorder (ADD). Seven hundred eighty-six school nurses responded to mailed surveys regarding their attitudes and knowledge about the management of children with attention deficit disorder. Surveys were mailed to school nurses randomly selected from the membership of the National Association of School Nurses. School nurses' knowledge of school management of ADD and their attitudes about physicians' participation as part of a team effort in this care were explored. School nurses responded that physicians should increase their efforts to educate children and parents about ADD. Recommendations for school nurses in the management of children with ADD are offered.
PocketParker: pocketsourcing parking lot availability

Searching for parking spots generates frustration and pollution. To address these parking problems, we present PocketParker, a crowdsourcing system using smartphones to predict parking lot availability. PocketParker is an example of a subset of crowdsourcing we call pocketsourcing. Pocketsourcing applications require no explicit user input or additional infrastructure, running effectively without the phone leaving the user's pocket. PocketParker detects arrivals and departures by leveraging existing activity recognition algorithms. Detected events are used to maintain per-lot availability models and respond to queries. By estimating the number of drivers not using PocketParker, a small fraction of drivers can generate accurate predictions. Our evaluation shows that PocketParker quickly and correctly detects parking events and is robust to the presence of hidden drivers. Camera monitoring of several parking lots as 105 PocketParker users generated 10;827 events over 45 days shows that PocketParker was able to correctly predict lot availability 94% of the time.
NMR Measurement of the Liquid-Vapor Critical Exponents β and β 1

Using a new quenching technique to minimize gravitationally induced density gradients, we find that the shape $\frac{({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{V})}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}$ of the xenon liquid-vapor coexistence curve is described over the reduced-temperature range $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}l\ensuremath{\epsilon}l3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ [where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\frac{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}{{T}_{c}}$] by the pure power law $B{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ with $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.317\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011$. For $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}l\ensuremath{\epsilon}l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ where $B{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ is a poor description of our data, adding the first correction term ${B}_{1}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}}$ provides an improved description with $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.305\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}=0.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ in agreement with lattice-gas, binary-alloy, and $n=1$ magnetic results.
An iterative scheme for numerical solution of steady incompressible viscous flows

Abstract An iterative solution scheme is proposed for application to steady incompressible viscous flows in simple and complex geometries. The iterative scheme solves the vorticity-stream function form of the Navier-Stokes equations in generalized curvilinear coordinates. The flow system of equations are cast into a Newton's iterative form which are solved using the modified strongly implicit procedure. The solution scheme is benchmarked using two test cases, namely: a shear-driven steady laminar flow in a square cavity; and a simple laminar flow in a complex expanding channel. The iterative process to steady-state convergence in both test cases is highly stable and the convergence rate is without spurious oscillations. At convergence, the flow solutions are second-order accurate.
Syndecan-4-Expressing Muscle Progenitor Cells in the SP Engraft as Satellite Cells during Muscle Regeneration

Skeletal muscle satellite cells, located between the basal lamina and plasma membrane of myofibers, are required for skeletal muscle regeneration. The capacity of satellite cells as well as other cell lineages including mesoangioblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and side population (SP) cells to contribute to muscle regeneration has complicated the identification of a satellite stem cell. We have characterized a rare subset of the muscle SP that efficiently engrafts into the host satellite cell niche when transplanted into regenerating muscle, providing 75% of the satellite cell population and 30% of the myonuclear population, respectively. These cells are found in the satellite cell position, adhere to isolated myofibers, and spontaneously undergo myogenesis in culture. We propose that this subset of SP cells (satellite-SP cells), characterized by ABCG2, Syndecan-4, and Pax7 expression, constitutes a self-renewing muscle stem cell capable of generating both satellite cells and their myonuclear progeny in vivo.
Entropy, free energy, work, and other thermodynamic variables in economics

Abstract Contrary to recent work by Gillett, it is entropy change, not free energy change, which in general determines the direction of spontaneous change both of isolated thermodynamic systems and nonisolated subsystems of isolated thermodynamic systems. This is formally shown here, in a proof that allows the heat evolved from a chemical reaction to be (partially) turned into work. Due to Gibbs' equivalence of energy minimization and entropy maximization, entropy maximization can actually be used to characterize the equilibrium of all thermodynamic systems. Next, it is shown that changes in free energy as traditionally defined are not, in general, related to the amount of work a system can perform (although they are so related in special cases). Even if free energy were always related to the work a system can perform, the “work a system can perform” is not related to economic value. Hence it is unclear how free energy could have any economic importance. This in turn confirms much (though not all) of what past authors in ecological economics have written about the importance of the entropy law for economics.
Rhinoplasty for middle eastern noses

Background: Rhinoplasty remains one of the most challenging operations, as exemplified in the Middle Eastern patient. The ill-defined, droopy tip, wide and high dorsum, and thick skin envelope mandate meticulous attention to preoperative evaluation and efficacious yet safe surgical maneuvers. The authors provide a systematic approach to evaluation and improvement of surgical outcomes in this patient population. Methods: A retrospective, 3-year review identified patients of Middle Eastern heritage who underwent primary rhinoplasty and those who did not but had nasal photographs. Photographs and operative records (when applicable) were reviewed. Specific nasal characteristics, component-directed surgical techniques, and aesthetic outcomes were delineated. Results: The Middle Eastern nose has a combination of specific nasal traits, with some variability, including thick/sebaceous skin (excess fibrofatty tissue), high/ wide dorsum with cartilaginous and bony humps, ill-defined nasal tip, weak/thin lateral crura relative to the skin envelope, nostril-tip imbalance, acute nasolabial and columellar-labial angles, and a droopy/hyperdynamic nasal tip. An aggressive yet nondestructive surgical approach to address the nasal imbalance often requires soft-tissue debulking, significant cartilaginous framework modification (with augmentation/strengthening), tip refinement/rotation/projection, low osteotomies, and depressor septi nasi muscle treatment. The most common postoperative defects were related to soft-tissue scarring, thickened skin envelope, dorsum irregularities, and prolonged edema in the supratip/tip region. Conclusions: It is critical to improve the strength of the cartilaginous framework with respect to the thick, noncontractile skin/soft-tissue envelope, particularly when moderate to large dorsal reduction is required. A multitude of surgical maneuvers are often necessary to address all the salient characteristics of the Middle Eastern nose and to produce the desired aesthetic result.
N-Acyloxymethyl carbamate linked prodrugs of pseudomycins are novel antifungal agents

We describe herein the synthesis, bioconversion, antifungal activity, and preliminary toxicology evaluation of a series of N-acyloxymethyl carbamate linked triprodrugs of pseudomycins. The syntheses of these prodrugs (3-6) were achieved via simple N-acylation of PSB (1) or PSC' (2) with various prodrug linkers (7-9). As expected, upon incubation with mouse and/or human plasma, many of these prodrugs (3, 5, and 6) were converted to the parent compound within a few hours. Of particular significance, two pseudomycin triprodrugs (5 and 6) showed excellent in vivo efficacy against systemic Candidiasis without tail vein irritation being observed.
Review of the embryologic development of the pituitary gland and report of a case of hypophyseal duplication detected by MRI

We describe the clinical manifestations, associated abnormalities, MRI appearances and pathologic significance of a case of hypophyseal duplication. A 16-year-old girl presented with delayed sexual development and history of midline craniofacial anomalies. MRI revealed paired infundibula extending inferiorly to two small pituitary glands, a midline hypothalamic mass, and a midline cleft in the basisphenoid. Twelve cases of pituitary duplication have previously been described. The suggested pathogenesis is duplication of the prechordal plate and anterior end of the notochord during early embryologic development.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of N6- (n -Alkylureido) purine Ribonucleosides and Their 5′-Phosphates

Syntheses and biological activities of 12 N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (alkyl chain length of 1--10, 16, and 18 carbons) and three N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates (chain length of 4, 9, and 10 carbons) are described. The N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides were prepared by a reaction of (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-9H-purine-6-carbamate and n-alkylamine in refluxing pyridine. The 5'-nucleotides were prepared by direct phosphorylation of the corresponding ribonucleoside with phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phosphate. Some N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl) and their nucleotides showed a marked antiproliferative activity against L-1210 cells in culture.
Aortic calcification in a patient with hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome.

We present chest radiographs, echocardiographic image, and selective coronary angiogram of an 18-year old patient with Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.
Efficient Barrier and Allreduce on Infiniband clusters using multicast and adaptive algorithms

Popular algorithms proposed in the literature for doing Barrier and Allreduce in clusters, such as pair-wise exchange, dissemination and gather-broadcast do not give an optimal performance when there is skew among the nodes in the cluster. In pair-wise exchange and dissemination, all the nodes must arrive for the completion of each step. The gather-broadcast algorithm assumes a fixed tree topology. We propose to use hardware multicast of InfiniBand in the design of an adaptive algorithm that performs well in the presence of skew. In this approach, the topology of the tree is not fixed but adapts depending on the skew. The last arriving node becomes the root of the tree if the skew is sufficiently large. We have carried out in-depth evaluation of our scheme and use synchronization delay as the performance metric for Barrier and Allreduce in the presence of skew. Our performance evaluation shows that our design scales very well with system size. Our designs can reduce the synchronization delay by a factor of 2.28 for Barrier and by a factor of 2.18 in the case of Allreduce. We have examined different skew scenarios and showed that the adaptive design performs either better or comparably to the existing schemes.
A Study of Current Trends in Database Forensics

ABSTRACT The growth of databases as a means of storing critical data has made them an inviting target for criminal activity, which in turn has brought about the emerging area of database forensics. However, research in this area is just beginning, and few methods and tools designed for database forensic analysis exist at this time. Following a database security incident, it is essential to learn what data was exposed or damaged so that steps can be taken to mitigate the situation. The data cache, Structured Query Language (SQL) cache, and transaction log may contain important database forensic information. Research into database forensics has resulted in the development of some practical methods, as well as opened up potential areas for future database design. The future of database forensics lies not just in development of methods and tools but also in developing a thorough knowledge of database processes in order to advance the developing area of database forensics.
A Population Based Study of Seasonality of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Implications for the Spread of CA-MRSA

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is currently a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in the United States. Seasonal variation of MRSA infections in hospital settings has been widely observed. However, systematic time-series analysis of incidence data is desirable to understand the seasonality of community acquired (CA)-MRSA infections at the population level. In this paper, using data on monthly SSTI incidence in children aged 0–19 years and enrolled in Medicaid in Maricopa County, Arizona, from January 2005 to December 2008, we carried out time-series and nonlinear regression analysis to determine the periodicity, trend, and peak timing in SSTI incidence in children at different age: 0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, and 15–19 years. We also assessed the temporal correlation between SSTI incidence and meteorological variables including average temperature and humidity. Our analysis revealed a strong annual seasonal pattern of SSTI incidence with peak occurring in early September. This pattern was consistent across age groups. Moreover, SSTIs followed a significantly increasing trend over the 4-year study period with annual incidence increasing from 3.36% to 5.55% in our pediatric population of approximately 290,000. We also found a significant correlation between the temporal variation in SSTI incidence and mean temperature and specific humidity. Our findings could have potential implications on prevention and control efforts against CA-MRSA.
The Tipping Point

The Tipping Point is an interactive installation exploring the hierarchies of relationships by sonically representing power dynamics. Entering the tent, one finds headphones on two cushions on a rug, with wooden bowls of stones facing one another and the space lit only by a video monitor showing a flickering candle. Participants each sit on a cushion, put the headphones on, and move the stones between the bowls, causing a sound tinged with slight feedback. The more imbalanced the stones become (between the two bowls) or the louder the sounds become, the more the candle flickers. At a certain point -- the tipping point -- the sonic or power imbalance will trigger a sudden change in the sound and video: a flashing red light and the sound of a heartbeat. After a random period of time (less than a minute), the sound and video will return to where they were before the interruption. It's up to the participants to find a sonically pleasing balance.
Nicotine’s Enhancing Effects on Responding Maintained by Conditioned Reinforcers are Reduced by Pretreatment with Mecamylamine, but not Hexamethonium, in Rats

Several studies have indicated that nicotine increases responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers. We assessed the effects of subcutaneous injections of 0.3 mg/kg nicotine and two nicotinic antagonists on responding maintained by conditioned and primary reinforcers and responding during extinction in 8 Long Evans rats. Mecamylamine, a central and peripheral nicotinic antagonist, and hexamethonium, a peripheral nicotinic antagonist, were administered prior to a subset of the experimental sessions. Nicotine selectively increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers and mecamylamine, but not hexamethonium, attenuated this effect. These results suggest that nicotine’s enhancing effect on responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers is mediated in the central nervous system.
Cognitive Functions in Negro and White Children in a Child Guidance Clinic

Stmmary.-The IQs of Negro and white children attending an inner-ciry child guidance clinic were examined. The tests employed were the WISC and the Harris modification of the Goodenough Draw-A-Man test. The white males (N = 22) scored significantly higher (p < .001) than the Negro males (N = 34) only on the Verbal part of the WISC. The Similarities score of Negro males with low Vacabulary scores was significantly higher (p < ,001) than their Vocabulary scores. White females (N = 18), however, achieved significantly higher scores (9 < ,001) than Negro females (N = 17) on Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs as well as on Harris scores. The differences in presenting symptomatology of Negro and white girls is seen as a determinant of these cognitive differences. The capacity for abstrzct reasoning is considered a major determinant of the ability to profit from psychotherapy. Low general intelligence and low
General considerations in building regional input—output tables

Abstract This paper contrasts the industry-by-industry accounting scheme used in most survey-based regional input-output tables to the standardized, or commodity-by-industry, format proposed by the United Nations. It outlines and compares the procedures used in the U.S.A. in constructing recent regional tables based on both full and limited surveys and then, more specifically, examines the construction procedures for a commodity-by-industry table in Nova Scotia.
Risk factors and prognosis in stage II endometrial cancer.

Abstract Ninety-seven patients with Stage II endometrial cancer were analyzed by life table analysis for survival as a function of patient age, cell type, grade of tumor, depth of invasion, treatment, surgical stage, and extent of cervical involvement. The corrected 5-and 10-year survival was 65.9% and 57.9%, respectively. Cumulative 5-year survival of patients treated with radiation was 77.0%, with surgery 66.1%, and with combined therapy 58.5%. The extent of tumor, including depth of invasion, degree of cervical involvement, and presence of occult distant metastases, was most important in assessing prognosis. Of 36 patients without preoperative radiation, all those with superficial tumors lived at least 5 years, as compared with 57.9% of patients with deeply invasive tumors. These factors were less valuable in patients treated initially with radiation therapy where 30% of patients without residual tumor in the uterus died with recurrence within 5 years. The accuracy of endocervical curettage in determining cervical extension from an endometrial cancer and the patterns of recurrence were also analyzed. Less than half of patients with a normal-appearing cervix and positive endocervical curettage had tumor found in the nonirradiated hysterectomy specimen. There was poor correlation between the stage of disease and the extent of tumor found at operation. Agreement between the stage and operative findings was found in only half the patients treated initially with surgery.
Confidence intervals for steady state availability of a system with exponential operating time and lognormal repair time

Long-run availability of a system assuming lognormal repair times and exponential failure times is considered. With many repairable systems, the time to repair is well characterized by a lognormal distribution. However, due to the difficulties associated with the lognormal distribution, repair times are often modeled using the lognormal distribution assuming that the variance of the lognormal distribution is known or by using some other distribution such as the exponential distribution instead of the lognormal distribution. In this paper using the generalized p-value approach, we propose confidence intervals and exact tests for steady state availability of systems using the two-parameter lognormal distribution for repair time and exponential distribution for operating time. Here, both parameters of the lognormal distribution are assumed to be unknown. A couple of examples are given to illustrate the proposed procedures. A simulation study is given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed procedure. Results are extended for the long-run availability of a system consisting of several independent parallel sub-systems.
Sensitivity and specificity of salamandrid integumental transepithelial potential to prolactin.

The effects of ovine prolactin (oPRL), bovine growth hormone (bGH) and human placental lactogen (hPL) on in vivo integumental transepithelial potential (TEP) were examined in two salamandrid urodeles, adult terrestrial-phase Taricha granulosa and the juvenile redeft stage of Notophthalmus viridescens. TEP in efts treated with 1.0 μg oPRL/2 days fell from 73.3 ± 6.1 to 15.2 ± 5.5 mV by Day 7 (P < 0.001), whereas the TEP of efts treated with either 1.0 or 10 μg bGH/2 days remained at control levels for as long as 24 days. TEP in efts treated with a single dose of 10 μg oPRL dropped from 65.74 ± 4.1 to 23.0 ± 3.4 mV (P < 0.01) in 3 days. Efts treated with various doses of oPRL showed a linear log total dose response over the range of 0.05 to 10.0 μg oPRL/animal, with a minimum detectable total dose of 0.4 μg/g (0.01 IU/g). In the same experiments, tail height increased by Day 7 in efts treated every other day with 10.0 μg oPRL, but not 1.0 μg oPRL or either 1.0 or 10.0 μg bGH/2 days. In Oregon newts injected every other day with 10 μg oPRL, TEP decreased by 33% in 8 days (P < 0.05), whereas in animals treated with 10 μg bGH/2 days, TEP did not change from control values even after 23 days. TEP in Oregon newts receiving a single dose of 100 μg oPRL dropped to 68% of initial values within 2 days (P < 0.05), but subsequently recovered to control values 3 weeks after the last injection. Oregon newts treated with various doses of oPRL showed a linear log total dose response over the range of 0.1 to 100 μg oPRL/animal, with a minimum detectable total dose of 0.4 μg/g (0.01 IU/g). The effect of hPL on in vivo TEP in the Oregon newt was similar to that of oPRL, with significant (P < 0.01) dose-dependent decreases in TEP found after 11 days of treatment with 1.0 and 10.0 μg hPL/2 days. By virtue of its sensitivity, specificity, and speed and ease of measurement, the salamandrid TEP response appears to compare very favorably with other prolactin bioassay systems.
A comparison of experimental and computer model results on the charge-exchange plasma flow from a 30 cm mercury ion thruster

Ion thrusters can be used in a variety of primary and auxiliary space-propulsion applications. A thruster produces a charge-exchange plasma which can interact with various systems on the spacecraft. The propagation of the charge-exchange plasma is crucial in determining the interaction of that plasma with the spacecraft. This paper compares experimental measurements with computer model predictions of the propagation of the charge-exchange plasma from a 30 cm mercury ion thruster. The plasma potentials, and ion densities, and directed energies are discussed. Good agreement is found in a region upstream of, and close to, the ion thruster optics. Outside of this region the agreement is reasonable in view of the modeling difficulties.
Abnormal copper metabolism in Menke's steely-hair syndrome

Copper (Cu) metabolism was selectively studied in seven infants with Menke's steely-hair syndrome (SHS). A daily oral regimen of CuSO4 (584 microgram Cu/kg) and L-histidine (100 mg/kg) in three infants produced an increase in serum Cu concentrations ranging from 33-95% of normal, but without the formation of ceruloplasmin. Cohn serum protein fractionation after oral Cu/L-histidine loading showed a disproportionate accumulation of Cu in the albumin fraction (V). The electron spin resonance spectrum of fraction V showed a heightened signal for the SHS patients, suggesting that an increased concentration of a radical Cu species is present after oral loading. The Sephadex G-150 chromatographic profile of serum fraction V in SHS did not differ significantly from controls. These results suggest that, in SHS, Cu absorbed in the presence of L-histidine is in an abnormal complex involving albumin, which does not allow for holoceruloplasmin biosynthesis. Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations in the cord blood specimen of an infant who went on to develop SHS were normal, a finding which may account for the transient period of seemingly normal development after birth in SHS patients. An almost 6-fold difference in mean Cu concentration was observed in SHS fibroblasts compared to controls. Fibroblast Cu concentration was elevated in one to two possible maternal heterozygotes, a finding which may permit diagnosis of the carrier state for some SHS heterozygotes.
Children's strategies and difficulties while using a map to record locations in an outdoor environment

A foundational skill for all field-based sciences is the ability to accurately record the location of field observations onto a map. To investigate the strategies children use when recording their observations during field-based inquiries, fourth graders were asked to indicate the location of colored flags by placing similarly colored stickers on a map and, after each placement, to write down what clues they used to decide where to place each sticker. This flag–sticker task simulates the way field scientists use maps, as, for example, when ecologists record animal sightings. Participants used a rich vocabulary of spatial descriptors, drawing on topological and projective spatial concepts. No one reported using the available graphic scale or directional arrow. For inaccurately placed stickers, the accompanying verbal reports suggest that, most commonly, students attended to irrelevant or insufficient information in the environment. The hypothesized interpretation is that students have not fully mastered th...
Treatment of subungual hematomas with nail trephination: A prospective study☆

Subungual hematoma is a commonly encountered problem in the emergency department. We designed a prospective, observational study to determine if treatment of simple subungual hematomas (SUH) by nail trephination alone is without cosmetic or infectious complications. Over a 2-year study period, 48 patients met inclusion criteria. Radiographs of all digits were taken to detect distal phalangeal fracture and SUH size was measured. Nail trephination was performed using electrocautery, and all patients reported relief of pain after the procedure. Follow-up was achieved in 45 of 48 patients with a total of 47 SUH. Average follow-up period was 10.3 +/- 4.3 months. By patient history, average time for the nail to grow back was 4.0 +/- 2.6 months. No complications of infection, osteomyelitis, or major nail deformities occurred in any patients treated by nail trephination, regardless of SUH size or presence of fracture. In simple SUH, regardless of size, nail removal with suture repair of the nail bed, as suggested in previous studies, is unnecessary.
The thermal ion and electron trap experiments on the explorer XXXI satellite

The planar thermal ion and electron trap experiments on the Explorer XXXI satellite are described. These are capable of measuring ion and electron density and temperature and ionic composition at the satellite. Instrumentation, principles of operation, data analysis procedures, and sources of error are discussed.
Precipitation Chemistry Trends in the Northeastern United States

Gases and particles injected into the atmosphere by natural or anthropogenic sources are returned to the earth’s surface through wet and dry removal processes. Therefore historical trends of the concentrations of the various trace substances in precipitation can serve as an indication of the changes in the levels of these substances in the air.