cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing Headwater Areas

Headwater reconstruction has social and institutional as well as biophysical dimensions. Healthy environmental systems are linked to healthy social and economic systems. Six principles for successful headwater management are proposed. These recognise that: (1) since environmental goals represent social values, they should be determined collectively by stakeholders; (2) an holistic systems viewpoint is needed to manage environmental processes in headwater areas; (3) management systems must operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales; (4) information must be timely, objective, scientifically credible, and easily available to stakeholders; (5) decision making must be participatory and consensual; while (6) management institutions must be adaptable, flexible and open to new ideas. America’s ‘Watershed Councils’ provide illustrations of good practice.
The Spectrum of Voices in the São Paulo Economy

This chapter brings in the voices of different groups of actors on the unemployment crisis and global economic restructuring – workers, community association leaders, union leaders, industrial managers, local government officials, Brazilian middle class and elite, national government officials, and Wall Street bankers. Intended to set the stage for the deeper analysis that follows in subsequent chapters, I present the unedited voices of different groups of actors and thus the different perceptions on the extent of the unemployment crisis as well as the perceived reasons for the crisis. From the outset it brings to bear human agency to the process of global economic change and shows how perceptions of the situation have a great impact on how actors will act.
Some Results From Visual Binary Orbits

Presently orbits of nearly 700 objects are available, covering a considerable range of periods and other parameters, and — naturally — differing also with regard to reliability. Not too many cases, perhaps 25, meet first-class standards so that the elements can be termed ‘definitive’, that is to say, extensive data of good quality determine the elements within narrow limits, at least one-and-a-half revolutions are covered, and the semiaxis major is large enough to render its relative uncertainty small. These objects are nearby systems, most of them have good trigonometric parallaxes, and they supply an important part of the mass data.
Thermal Radiation Absorption by Metals

The interaction of thermal radiation with various metals and alloys is being studied in connection with the design of cryogenic equipment.
A Survey of Relaxations and Approximations of the Power Flow Equations

The power flow equations model the relationship between voltage phasors and power injections at nodes (buses) in an electric power system and are fundamental in their analysis and operation. A wealth of literature exists on these equations, many providing different representations of them. This monograph provides the first comprehensive survey of representations in the context of optimization. To achieve this the power flow representations surveyed are categorized as either relaxations or approximations. The techniques described in here form the basis of running an optimally efficient modern day power system. A Survey of Relaxations and Approximations of the Power Flow Equations is a must-read for all students and researchers working on the cutting edge of electric power systems.
From Disaster Response to Community Recovery: Nongovernmental Entities, Government, and Public Health

In this article, we examine the role of nongovernmental entities (NGEs; nonprofits, religious groups, and businesses) in disaster response and recovery. Although media reports and the existing scholarly literature focus heavily on the role of governments, NGEs provide critical services related to public safety and public health after disasters. NGEs are crucial because of their ability to quickly provide services, their flexibility, and their unique capacity to reach marginalized populations. To examine the role of NGEs, we surveyed 115 NGEs engaged in disaster response. We also conducted extensive field work, completing 44 hours of semistructured interviews with staff from NGEs and government agencies in postdisaster areas in Texas, Florida, Puerto Rico, Northern California, and Southern California. Finally, we compiled quantitative data on the distribution of nonprofit organizations. We found that, in addition to high levels of variation in NGE resources across counties, NGEs face serious coordination and service delivery problems. Federal funding for expanding the capacity of local Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster groups, we suggest, would help NGEs and government to coordinate response efforts and ensure that recoveries better address underlying social and economic vulnerabilities.
Sex differences in the association between amyloid and longitudinal brain volume change in cognitively normal older adults.

Abstract Objective Amyloid positivity is a biomarker of AD pathology, yet the associations between amyloid positivity and brain volumetric changes, especially in the hippocampus, are inconsistent. We hypothesize that sex differences in associations may contribute to inconsistent findings among cognitively normal older adults. Methods Using linear mixed effects models, we examined the association of amyloid positivity with prospective volumetric changes (mean = 3.3 visits) of parahippocampal gyrus (phg), hippocampus, entorhinal cortex (erc), precuneus, and fusiform gyrus among 171 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants aged ≥55 years. Amyloid positivity was defined by a mean 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) distribution volume ratio (DVR) cut-off of 1.062. All analyses included age, race, sex, education, APOE e4 carrier status, and two-way interactions of these covariates with time. Two-way interaction between sex and PiB+/− status and three-way interaction of sex and PiB+/− status with time were added to assess whether sex modified associations. Results PiB+ status was associated with greater volumetric declines in the phg (β = −0.036, SE = 0.011, p = 0.001) and erc (β = −0.019, SE = 0.009, p = 0.045). Sex modified the association of PiB+ status and rates of volumetric declines in fusiform (β = −0.117, SE = 0.049, p = 0.019). PiB+ males had steeper rates of volumetric declines in phg (β = −0.051, SE = 0.013, p Conclusions Amyloidosis is a marker of entorhinal and parahippocampal volume loss. Amyloid positivity is a predictor of volume loss in brain regions affected by early AD pathology in men, but not women.
Depressive symptoms and untreated coronal dental caries among adults ages 21-64 years, NHANES 2013-2014.

Background Depression has been linked to poor oral health among patients seeking dental care. However, systematic research on the relationship between depressive symptoms and oral health is limited. Objective To examine the association of depressive symptoms with untreated dental caries among adults aged 21-64 years. Basic research design Cross-sectional secondary analysis. Setting The data were extracted national data collected in the United States (2013-2014 National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey). Participants The sample consisted of 3,127 non-institutionalized civilians. Main outcome measure Untreated coronal dental caries (yes, no) was the key outcome variable. Depressive symptom categories (none, moderate, and severe) were derived from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Depression Scale. Results In the study sample, 33.4% of adults had untreated coronal dental caries. Most participants (77.9%) did not report depressive symptoms; 13.9% had mild and 8.2% had moderate or severe depressive symptoms. In unadjusted analyses, individuals with mild (Odds Ratio = 1.62 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.08] and moderate/severe depressive symptoms (Odds Ratio = 2.70 [95% CI: 1.81, 4.02]) were more likely to have untreated coronal caries as compared with individuals without depressive symptoms. When sex, race, age, education, family income-to-poverty ratio, dental visits, history of previous dental restorations, health insurance, and smoking were included into the model, the associations were no longer statistically significant (1.27 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.69] and 1.61 [95% CI: 0.95, 2.73], respectively). Conclusion The relationship between depressive symptoms and untreated coronal dental caries failed to remain significant after the addition of tobacco usage in the analysis.
Relationships between Early Life Victimization, Antisocial Traits, and Sexual Violence: Executive Functioning as a Mediator

ABSTRACTFew research studies examine how the relationship between trauma and executive functioning can influence sexual violence among youth. Knight and Sims-Knight (2004) proposed a Developmental ...
Framework for Measuring the Resilience of Utility Poles of an Electric Power Distribution Network

The utility poles of an electric power distribution system are frequently damaged by wind-related disasters. This study notes that the wooden poles are particularly vulnerable to such disasters and the failures of the poles can cause a network-level failure leading to short- or long-term power outages. To mitigate the problem, this study proposes a framework for measuring the resilience of the wooden utility poles based on the angular deflection of a pole due to the wind force. Given the existing inclination angle of a pole, the angular deflection is measured by finite element analysis using ANSYS® Workbench1 to determine the resilience area under various wind speeds. For this, the conditions of load and support for a pole, which are called boundary conditions in ANSYS®, are generated. The proposed framework also includes an approach to cost–benefit analysis that compares different strategies for corrective action. The results of the case study in which the framework was applied show that the proposed framework can be effectively utilized by electric power distribution companies to increase the resilience of their systems.
A randomized controlled trial of public messaging to promote safe firearm storage among U.S. military veterans.

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to determine whether short-term exposure to firearm safety messaging significantly improved (1) firearm storage practices, and (2) attitudes of safe firearm storage behaviors among U.S. veterans, a group at elevated risk for firearm suicide. Design A three-arm, parallel-group RCT was conducted online in the U.S. nationwide from December 2015 to January 2016. Setting A national random sample of U.S. veterans (N = 358) was recruited from the GfK KnowledgePanel, a probability-based internet panel representative of U.S. adults. All study activities were administered online over a three-week study period. Intervention Participants were randomized and exposed three times (once per week) to either (a) firearm safety message only (n = 115); (b) firearm safety and mental health promotion messages (n = 133); or (c) active control group exposed to mental health promotion message only (n = 110). Each message was less than two minutes long. Measures Assessments were completed at baseline (pre-randomization) and at end-of-trial. Changes in awareness of risk for injuries, attitudes/beliefs related to safe storage practices, behavioral intentions, and storage practices were measured using self-reported surveys. Linear mixed effect models with weighted generalized estimating equations were used to test for exposure effects. Analyses were conducted February 2018. Results Analyses restricted to those with baseline firearm access (n = 195) identified no significant changes for intentions or safe storage practices across exposure groups. At baseline, participants’ attitudes and beliefs were generally supportive of safe firearm storage. The Firearm Safety message yielded small increases in agreement with the concept that secure storage is “important during emotional or stressful times” (0.36; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.64). Other significant changes in awareness and beliefs were found, but across all study conditions. Conclusion Results reinforce the critical need for considerable research and testing prior to the widespread implementation of public messages to increase the likelihood for desired exposure effects.
Dinámicas de trabajo en educación no formal: «El valor de la interacción en el mundo adulto y su papel en las prácticas reflexivas»

En el presente articulo se da cuenta de una mirada situada y reflexiva acerca de la importancia y valorizacion de la interaccion que acontece en el mundo adulto, al momento de disenar intervenciones educativas de practicas no formales. Se contextualizan instancias de formacion interactivas a partir del proyecto «Inclusion y Sexualidad: Intercambio de Saberes - Yo acepto, yo incluyo, yo respeto», vinculado al Espacio de Formacion Integral 2017 (efi) del Taller de Practica Docente de Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion (FHCE) de la Universidad de la Republica (Udelar), Uruguay. Sobre la base de la experiencia vivida en cada encuentro experiencial se narran y analizan las interacciones surgidas desde un «clima de bajo riesgo» y adquiere relevancia lo constructivo al momento de establecer acuerdos que generen conocimientos.Se aborda la interaccion en el mundo adulto como una manera innovadora al momento de pensar posibles cambios educativos, cambios que hacen foco en el concepto de comunidad de aprendizaje, en el entendido que saber mucho no asegura una practica reflexiva que favorezca procesos de construccion interactivos capaces de generar y habilitar nuevos conocimientos. Finalmente, se transita hacia la busqueda de nuevos procesos reflexivos que nos situen en un lugar distinto para pensar la ensenanza universitaria desde intervenciones e interacciones con otras comunidades educativas no formales; comunidades que en parte se alejan de la mirada que poseen las instituciones formales respecto al aprendizaje y a la ensenanza.
Structure-Based Adaptive Radar Processing for Joint Clutter Cancellation and Moving Target Estimation

During his many years with the Radar Division of the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Dr. Karl Gerlach made significant contributions to adaptive interference cancellation for radar. For this memorial tribute special session, this paper leverages the reiterative minimum mean square error (RMMSE) estimator, which he also helped to develop, to formulate two techniques whereby interference cancellation is performed jointly with signal estimation as a way to enhance the subsequent range-Doppler response. Experimental results are demonstrated using free-space measurements from pulsed, nonrepeating waveforms at S-band and standard FMCW at W-band.
Genomic Database Analysis for Head and Neck Cancer Prevention Targets: MTOR Signal Transduction Pathway.

BACKGROUND Type II diabetes agents have anticancer effects on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathway represents a putative target. MATERIALS AND METHODS We interrogated an Affymetrix HNSCC dataset for MTOR-related gene expression. RESULTS MTOR expression itself was unchanged, but various related genes demonstrated differential expression. Pathway promoters ras homolog (RHEB), MTOR-associated protein (MLST8), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1) were up-regulated. Expression of growth suppressors tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), and BCL2 apoptosis regulator-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) were reduced in HNSCC. Upstream, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were up-regulated in cancer. CONCLUSION Several MTOR pathway promoters and tumor suppressors were found to be differentially expressed, favoring MTOR pathway up-regulation in HNSCC. Genomic databases can be interrogated to identify intervention targets and endpoints in HNSCC trials.
Merging Machine Learning with Quantum Photonics: Rapid Classification of Quantum Sources

Single quantum emitters offer useful functionalities for quantum optics, but measurements of their properties are time-consuming. We demonstrate that machine learning dramatically reduces data collection time (1s), increasing the accuracy of second-order autocorrelation measurements (>90%).
A Brief History of the Journal of Progressive Human Services 1976-2020

In 1976 a group of about a dozen self-defined radical social workers embarked on an effort to create a journal that would articulate a radical critique of the human services and serve as a tool for...
Improved Automatic Bone Segmentation Using Large-Scale Simulated Ultrasound Data to Segment Real Ultrasound Bone Surface Data

Automatic segmentation of bone surfaces from ultrasound images is of great interest in the ultrasound-guided computer assisted orthopedic surgery field. These automatic segmentations help the system locate where the bone surface is in the image which can allow for proper surgical manipulation. Most recently, methods based on deep learning have achieved promising results. However, a drawback is that these methods require a large number of training dataset. Therefore, the main objective of this work is the investigation of how large-scale simulated ultrasound data can be used to improve the accuracy of deep learning-based segmentation methods. A transfer learning network and a mixed network approach were used to evaluate how well the large-scale simulated data worked to segment ultrasound bone surfaces. The Sorensen-Dice Coefficient and Average Euclidean Distance values were calculated to determine that by using simulated bone ultrasound data, the success of traditional deep learning methods increases compared to using small-scale real ultrasound data only. Initial results show improvements in segmentation performance can be obtained by combining simulated ultrasound data with in vivo ultrasound scans.
Library Technical Services: Adapting to a Changing Environment

In Library Technical Services: Adapting to a Changing Environment, Stacy Marien, Acquisitions Librarian at American University, and co-editor of the Against the Grain column, “Let’s Get Technical,”...
Home Remedies to Cure PCOS Naturally

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrinal disorder of reproductive age, characterized by heterogeneous complications, is nowadays prevailing among females at the adolescent stage. In adolescents, infrequent or absence of menstruation may raise chances for this condition. The increased prevalence of PCOS among general population throughout the world is found to be 5%-10% in the women of reproductive age, and about 40% of women with PCOS experience depression, particularly young girls. There are many options for potentially managing and/or reversing this condition by natural PCOS, and this not only has problems associated with reproduction but also has associated crucial metabolic and psychological health risks with increasing age of the patients. Nowadays, most of the adolescent girls commonly have PCOS, and it creates many problems in family life. So, we have to educate the adolescent girls about the home remedies of PCOS, those who have and those who are at risk of PCOS.
Community-based Lung Cancer Screening Results in Relation to Patient and Radiologist Characteristics: the PROSPR Consortium.

Rationale: Lung-RADS classification was developed to standardize reporting and management of lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). While variation in Lung-RADS distributi...
Phosphodiesterase 4 mediates interleukin-8-induced heterologous desensitization of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening illness characterized by decreased alveolar-capillary barrier function, pulmonary edema consisting of proteinaceous fluid, and inhibition of net alveolar fluid transport responsible for resolution of pulmonary edema. There is currently no pharmacotherapy that has proven useful to prevent or treat ARDS, and two trials using beta-agonist therapy to treat ARDS demonstrated no effect. Prior studies indicated that IL-8-induced heterologous desensitization of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) led to decreased beta-agonist-induced mobilization of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Interestingly, phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors have been used in human airway diseases characterized by low intracellular cAMP levels and increases in specific cAMP hydrolyzing activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that PDE4 would mediate IL-8-induced heterologous internalization of the β2 -AR and that PDE4 inhibition would restore beta-agonist-induced functions. We determined that CINC-1 (a functional IL-8 analog in rats) induces internalization of β2 -AR from the cell surface, and arrestin-2, PDE4, and β2 -AR form a complex during this process. Furthermore, we determined that cAMP associated with the plasma membrane was adversely affected by β2 -AR heterologous desensitization. Additionally, we determined that rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, reversed CINC-1-induced derangements of cAMP and also caused β2 -AR to successfully recycle back to the cell surface. Finally, we demonstrated that rolipram could reverse CINC-1-mediated inhibition of beta-agonist-induced alveolar fluid clearance in a murine model of trauma-shock. These results indicate that PDE4 plays a role in CINC-1-induced heterologous internalization of the β2 -AR; PDE4 inhibition reverses these effects and may be a useful adjunct in particular ARDS patients.
Laser spot size and scaling laws for laser beam additive manufacturing

Abstract Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) requires the careful selection of laser process parameters for each feedstock material and machine, which is a laborious process. Scaling laws based on the laser power, speed, and spot size; melt pool geometry; and thermophysical properties can potentially reduce this effort by transferring knowledge from one material and/or laser system to another. Laser spot size is one critical parameter that is less well studied for scaling laws compared to laser power and scan speed. Consequently, single track laser scans were generated with a spot size (D4σ) range of 50 μm to 322 μm and melt pool aspect ratio (depth over spot radius) range from 0.1 to 7.0. These were characterized by in-situ thermography, cross-sectioning, and optical microscopy. Scaling laws from literature were applied and evaluated based on melt pool depth predictions. Scaling laws that contain a minimum of three dimensionless parameters and account for changing absorption between conduction and keyhole mode provide the most accurate melt pool depth predictions (
My direct reports: Office toys for young adults.

Today, working in an office is more challenging than ever. The space is often filled with tension and the work requires people to make decisions and perform their duties in a fastpaced environment. To ease anxiety and keep productivity high, companies often encourage employees to bring toys to their office. However, in the current market, toys for grownups often miss the mark: most of them still use the same design language as children’s toys. As adults, we appreciate objects differently. How can we as designers extract the spirit of a toy, then incorporate it into products that appeal to grown-ups and successfully bring joy to users and ease anxiety in this unique scenario? I begin by analyzing the three key elements in this scenario: user, object, and environment. In order to understand more deeply how users feel about toys and what they need from toys, I conducted a questionnaire. Based on feedback, I summarized the objectives and used them to guide my design process. The outcome is refreshing, unique, and provides innovative solutions when compared to current toys. The design incorporates the need to fit into the environment, elements that are greatly appreciated by users, positive thinking, and stress relief. Users confirm they receive the intended message of the design and the product meets the objectives beautifully. The project sheds light on a new direction of toy design that targets young adults, and demonstrates a series of successful designs.
Reforming the World Monetary System

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Fritz Machlup's method and use of scenario analysis in the policy discussions around exchange rate solutions to balance of payments problems.Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative research on which this paper is based is the sociohistorical biographical approach, based on a close examination of published works and archival materials.Findings – What makes Machlup unique is his focus on the impact to an economic system of discrete human actions, each set of actions associated with a change in exchange rate policy and the operations and institutions necessary to implement it. Impact on the system was evaluated in terms of three values – balance of payments adjustment, liquidity and confidence. In his use of a system's approach, his focus on change and adjustment to change, and most particularly his focus on human action, Machlup is also distinctively Austrian.Research limitations/implications – This is the first paper generated from the author's far la...
Video game technologies and virtual design: a study of virtual design teams in a metaverse

Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) are no longer just games. "Metaverses," a variant of these games, which include Second Life and Active Worlds, represent some of the most immersive, interactive possibilities for learning, simulation, and digital design in use today. They also increasingly blur distinctions between work and play, as well as user and designer, prompting questions about the nature and practice of virtual design, that is, design that is practiced inside virtual reality by and on 3D avatars. This paper describes results from a qualitative study of collaborative design practices within Second Life, a popular metaverse and design environment. We analyze design processes, including the artifacts that avatar-designer create and use in the design activities.
The role of agriculture and its prerequisites in economic development: A vision for foreign development assistance

Abstract The aim of this paper is to establish a vision for foreign development assistance based upon the evolution of thought and empirical evidence found in the development literature. The paper spotlights the agricultural-led approach. The empirical record shows that agricultural growth had a more pronounced impact on increases in developing-country income than did growth in the nonagricultural sector. The reason for the differential impact is that developing countries focusing on agricultural development experienced more broad-based income growth and increases in the demand for domestically-produced goods; whereas the developing countries promoting rapid industrialization experienced narrow-based income growth, with a demand pattern oriented toward nonfood and capital-intensive products. A precondition for agriculture to play its proper role is the existence of a conducive environment in which private enterprise can flourish. Developing-country governments need to assume responsibility for the creation and maintenance of essential institutions. Government investments are required in education, infrastructure, and other areas where the commercial market is not capable of delivering critical services. Finally, governments must responsibly manage the macroeconomy, pursuing sustainable pricing policies and fiscal and monetary policies that are consistent with real equilibrium exchange rates.
A Model for Determining the Optimal Capacity Investment for Utility Computing

Utility computing has emerged as a new IT model for future computing and storage resource management for enterprises. Utility computing has drawn attention from enterprise customers who seek to reduce upfront IT investment and enhance computing agility. Major IT service providers envisioned that the commoditization and standardization of IT resources would usher in the shift of the IT paradigm towards utility computing. In this paper, a decision model is presented for determining the optimal capacity of a utility computing which maximizes the total profit for a utility computing service provider. The model considers both capacity investment cost and demand level, and derives closed from solutions for the investment.
System challenges and hardware requirements for future consumer devices: From wearable to ChromeBooks and devices in-between

Internet and mobile application have been the driving force for semiconductor innovation in the past 10 years. In this paper, we will focus on the system requirement for today's and tomorrow's consumer gadgets from productivity laptop computers to wearable glasses or watches. We will start with everyone's favorite activity such as taking pictures and sharing with friends, listening to the YouTube music, having a Hangouts video chat, browsing the web for research or monitoring the fitness. We will break these activities into requirements for the software programmers, system architects, technologists and hardware engineers. The well-known memory and energy walls have been limiting the ever increasing compute horsepower and the performance perceived by the user. We will describe areas where hardware and software communities can work together to deliver the ultimate user satisfaction. Finally, a few future research areas in memory architecture, technology and circuit design will be discussed.
MR Imaging of the Penis and Scrotum.

Given the increasing use of MR imaging for evaluation of the penis and scrotum, it is imperative that radiologists be familiar with the anatomy of the penis and scrotum, common pathologic processes affecting these structures, and the MR imaging appearances of these processes.
The relation of chain length to chain curvature in natural channel networks

Analyses of three different areas indicate that chain curvature controls chain length indirectly through valley-side plan form. It follows that, since concave chains on one side of a stream are usually matched by convex chains on the other side, tributary development and abstraction do not occur independently along either side of a stream, as has hitherto been assumed.
The formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene

The facts related to the formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene are re-examined. The preponderance of evidence from many sources makes the presence of benzene in the products of decomposition almost certain. It is pointed out how the benzene spectrum may be overlooked in the ultra-violet region unless care is taken to remove strongly absorbing materials that mask its presence.
An ion trajectory model for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract Equations for the x and y velocity and position of an ion as it undergoes excitation in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) experiment are presented. A model is developed which calculates the motion of ions as they are excited translationally. Several different applications of the model, useful in gaining a better understanding of the excitation process in FTICR mass spectrometry, are presented. Applications investigated include: (1) the calculation of coherent radii for ions as a function of mass and excitation voltage on excitation by a chirp waveform over a wide frequency range; (2) a comparison of ion motion produced by chirp and stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) excitation over similar mass ranges; and (3) a mapping of the trajectories of ions on and off resonance as they are excited by a SWIFT waveform.
On the properties of directed switching networks

The theory of directed switching networks is developed. After the fundamental concepts are defined, the rank of the path matrix of a Directed Single-Contact (Di-SC) network is discussed. The theorem which gives the essential relationship between the SC and Di-SC networks is proved. Then the Odd-Addition-Subtraction (OAS) condition is given as a necessary condition for Di-SC functions. The analysis of directed switching networks and the synthesis of Di-SC networks are also given for practical applications. The results could be used in the design of electrical and computer systems with directed elements.
Open quantum systems approach to atomtronics

We derive a quantum master equation to treat quantum systems interacting with multiple reservoirs. The formalism is used to investigate the atomic transport of bosons across a variety of lattice configurations. We demonstrate how the behavior of an electronic diode, a field-effect transistor, and a bipolar junction transistor can be realized with neutral, ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices. An analysis of the current fluctuations is provided for the case of the atomtronic diode. Finally, we show that it is possible to demonstrate and logic gate behavior in an optical lattice.
Logic-on-logic partitioning techniques for 3-dimensional integrated circuits

Diminishing returns from transistor scaling, increasing interconnect delay, and the need for high device density and high energy efficiency are pushing the semiconductor industry in the direction of 3-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs). A homogeneously integrated, logic-on-logic stacked 3DIC has the potential to be a cost-effective solution for these challenges as well as for chip security. However, this emerging integration platform currently suffers from a lack of standard CAD tool support and a 3DIC design flow to build efficient 3DICs. The work presented in this paper proposes new design partitioning techniques to smartly split any given design across various layers to build a 3DIC. These techniques reduce the search space for optimal partitioning by several times depending on the design. Further, a “design for 3D” approach is introduced, which can be used to build powerful custom 3DICs. Finally, as an example, two different 3DICs of a floating point unit are implemented using the proposed partitioning methods and the design flow. Results show an increase in speed of up to 7% and 41.5% reduction in chip footprint for even this small design.
Separation and quantitation of saccharides by ion-exchange chromatography utilizing boric acid-glycerol buffers.

Abstract Two chromatographic systems for the separation and quantitation of saccharides have been described. These separations are based on the ion-exchange of the sugar-borate complexes, elution being performed using boric acid/glycerol buffers at pH 6.7 and elevated operating temperatures. The use of a lower cross-linked resin, Dowex 1-X4, has permitted the chromatographic separations to be performed at increased flow rates and has demonstrated the applicability of this technique to the separation of di- and trisaccharides. Analysis of the column effluents utilizing the aniline/acetic, orthophosphoric acid reagent permits quantitation of the saccharides with a precision of ±5%.
Clinical depression in paediatric burn patients

Two hundred and eighty-six patients admitted to a paediatric burn unit over a 5-year period were investigated for rates of depression. Race, burns to the buttocks and/or genitals were associated with significantly increased rates of depression. The data also suggest that abuse victims may have a higher incidence of depression then other burned patients.
An Analysis of the Program of the Mexican Liberal Party, 1906

The Mexican nation has been incessantly plagued with revolutionary plans since the “grito of demoralization” by Guerrero in 1829. The word “plagued” is used advisedly, for very few of the revolutionary plans were more than expressions of personalismo, the bane of Latin-American politics. The immense majority of these so-called “programs” have had very little in the way of social and economic reforms embodied in them, either by word or implication; for the most part they have been political rather than socio-economic in character. Early in the twentieth century, however, a small group developed one of the few socio-economic programs to be found in Mexican history. On July 1, 1906, while the Diaz government was still firmly entrenched, Ricardo Flores Magon and his little group of followers, almost unnoticed by the majority of the Mexicans, published a program of reform which at the time was one of the most sweeping ever outlined in Mexico. Announced as the philosophy of the Mexican Liberal Party, in it were all the elements of a vast socio-economic plan for the Mexican nation, with only a small part of the program dealing with political change. The Liberals well realized that curing only the political sore would not heal the sick nation.
Finite difference analysis of forced-convection heat transfer in entrance region of a flat rectangular duct

The laminar forced convection heat transfer in the entrance region of a flat rectangular duct is studied. In this region temperature and velocity profiles are simultaneously developed. The basic governing equations of momentum, continuity, and energy are expressed in finite difference form and solved numerically by use of a high speed computer for a mesh network superimposed on the flow field. All fluid properties are assumed to be constant. The cases of uniform constant wall temperature and of uniform constant heat flux from wall to fluid are considered. Nusselt numbers are reported for Prandtl numbers in the range of 0.01 to 50. The exact solution of the energy equation obtained by means of the numerical method is compared with the results of approximate solutions.
Decorating with Arrows: Toward the Development of Representational Competence in Organic Chemistry

Much effort has been expended in developing improved methods for presenting mechanistic thinking and the curved-arrow notation to organic chemistry students; however, most of these techniques are not research-based. The little research that has been conducted has mainly focused on understanding the meaning that students associate with the curved-arrows during a single moment in time. The current research uses OrganicPad, an innovative, tablet person computer-based structure drawing program, to document our efforts to understand how second-year-level organic chemistry students’ mechanism use changes over their study of the subject. Our results reveal a dramatic evolution of mechanistic strategies during the academic year, including a large proportion of students who elect not to use the mechanistic convention in their work.
Dual mode of corticothalamic synaptic termination in the mediodorsal nucleus of the rhesus monkey

Electron microscopic autoradiography (EM-ARG) was used to assess the synaptic organization of corticothalamic terminals in the parvicellular division of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Examination of the synaptic organization in unreacted tissue revealed several distinct synaptic types distributed among glomerular and nonglomerular regions of the neuropil. Within glomeruli, three presynaptic terminal classes were found. The majority of profiles (as many as eight to ten per glomerulus) were presynaptic dendrites (PSDs) forming symmetric synaptic contacts with a central dendrite, and occasionally with other PSDs. One or two largo terminals densely packed with round vesicles (LR terminals) were also present in each glomerulus. This terminal class made multiple asymmetric contacts with the central dendrite, as well as with many PSDs within the glomerulus. Finally, small terminals with round vesicles (SR terminals) formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with PSDs in some glomeruli. PSDs and SR terminals were also found in the extraglomerular neuropil, although in different proportions than in the glomeruli. In the extraglomerular neuropil SR terminals were the most abundant terminal class and these terminals made synaptic contacts with dendrites of all sizes. PSDs were seen in considerably smaller numbers than in the glomeruli. Finally, the extraglomerular neuropil contained a moderate number of small to medium terminals that formed, symmetric synaptic junctions (SF terminals) with cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes. Synaptic profiles related to corticothalamic inputs were identified by injecting the prefrontal cortex of two rhesus monkeys with 3H-leucine and -proline and analyzing the distribution and morphology of radiolabeled terminals. Quantitative analysis of the density of silver grains over different tissue compartments revealed a positive labeling index for two terminal classes: SR and LR terminals. Labeled SR terminals were concentrated in the extraglomerular neuropil and labeled LR terminals were found within glomeruli where they formed synaptic contact with the central dendrite, as well as with presynaptic dendrites of the glomerulus. In contrast to many other thalamic nuclei, cortical input to the mediodorsal nucleus arrives via two distinctive synaptic pathways, one terminating extraglomerularly and the other terminating within the synaptic glomeruli. The dual mode of corticothalamic terminations in the mediodorsal nucleus suggests a more potent and possibly different role for cortical input in the regulation of neuronal activity in this association nucleus than in sensory nuclei of the thalamus.
Suicide rates in birth cohorts in England and wales

5u1n1nav.-In an analysis of birth cohorts in England and Wales, no support was found €or the hypothesis that birch cohorts with high suicide races at one poinr in their lives would have lower suicide rates at times 20 years or more distant. Lester (1984) showed that female birth cohorts in the USA who had a high suicide rate at one point in their lives had low rates at other points. In contrast, male birth cohorts were characterized by high or low suicide rates consistently throughout their lives. The present note reports a similar analysis of data from England and Wales for 1841 to 1965 published by Murphy, Lindesay, and Grundy (1986). The data of Murphy, et al. permit examination of suicide rates of birth cohorts followed for up to 20 years. The average Pearson correlation for male birth cohorts after 5 years was .40, after 10 years 38, after 15 years .74, and after 20 years -.35. The average Pearson correlation for female birth cohorts after 5 years was -.07, after 10 years -.06, after 15 years .42, and after 20 years -.67. These correlations do not show a pattern similar to that reported earlier for American women for whom Lester ( 1984) found a strong positive correlation for a >-year interval and a strong negative correlation for a 20-yr. interval. For men, the correlations were positive regardless of the time interval. These values do not support the hypothesis that birth cohorts have a hited proportion of suicidal individuals who, if they kill themselves at a h~gh rate at some point in their lives, wdl have a low suicide rate at other poutts
Electronic structure and magnetic interactions in MnN and Mn 3 N 2

Electronic structure calculations were performed for MnN and ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ using a full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method in the local spin density approximation. Structural relaxation by energy minimization and calculations for various different magnetic configurations were performed. Antiferromagnetic ordering along the [001] direction was found to have the lowest energy in both materials in agreement with experimental neutron diffraction data. The magnetic moments were found to be about $3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ in good agreement with experiment. Analysis of the partial densities of states reveals that the magnetic moments arise primarily from the ${t}_{2g}$ orbitals. In ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ the magnetic moment was found to be slightly larger on the ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{1}$ atoms, i.e., the Mn atoms in planes without N than on ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}$ atoms. Band structures and densities of states are presented. The energy differences between different magnetic configurations were analyzed in terms of a Heisenberg Hamiltonian. We find strong second-nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactions for Mn connected collinearly with N, indicative of a double exchange mechanism and about four times weaker nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions in MnN. In a perfect rocksalt structure, this situation would lead to a multiply degenerate ground state. However, we find that the $c/a$ reduction of about 2% is due to the AFM coupling (it is absent in FM and nonmagnetic MnN) and leads to stronger inter-(001)-plane exchange interactions than intraplane exchange interaction. In ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ the Mn connected via a vacancy lack the strong ferromagnetic interaction. This would suggest a lower N\'eel temperature for MnN with increasing concentration of N vacancies. However, the nearest-neighbor direct exchange interaction in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is found to be about two times as large in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ than in MnN which partially compensates for the lack of fewer indirect second-nearest exchange interactions. These changes in the exchange interactions are related to the structural relaxations. Nevertheless, the mean field approximation predicts a slightly lower N\'eel temperature in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ than in MnN in contrast with experiment. Effects beyond mean field are discussed and are deemed not to be able to provide an explanation for this discrepancy. We suggest that the observed phase transition in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ previously interpreted as the AFM-paramagnetic phase transition may in reality be an order-disorder transition of the N vacancies.
Propellant Burning Rate Uniformity Identified by Ultrasonic Acoustic Emissions

The objectives of the study were to develop a methodology for measuring solid propellant burning rates and burning rate nonuniformities at high pressures. Burning rate variations of nitrocellulose-based propellants (Ml and M26), burning at pressures between 10,000 and 40,000 psi, are recognized by examining the level of the combustion-genera ted acoustic emissions. Multiperf orated propellant grains are burned lengthwise (1 to 1.5 cm) and the rms levels of ultrahigh-frequency acoustic emissions are recorded. The burning rate variations of singlebase propellants are attributed to incomplete dispersion of fibrous nitrocellulose. The double-base propellants produced neither irregularities in their acoustic emissions nor unusual variations in burning rate. These uniformities are attributed to the nitroglycerin, which acts to disperse the nitrocellulose and to enhance burning rate.
A comparison of radiosensitization by etanidazole and pimonidazole in mouse tumors.

Radiosensitization by pimonidazole (Ro 03-8799) was tested in three murine tumors, EMT6/SF using the excision assay, SCC-VII/SF using the excision and growth delay assays, and MDAH-MCa-4 using TCD50 assays with both single doses and 6 fractions of radiation with a 24-hr interfraction interval. Results were compared with those using etanidazole (SR-2508), both at equitoxic doses and at doses giving tumor concentrations similar to those achievable in the clinic. In excision assays with EMT6/SF and SCC-VII/SF tumors, pimonidazole and etanidazole gave similar radiosensitization at similar concentrations in the tumors. Pimonidazole, however, did not demonstrate radiosensitization in SCC-VII/SF tumors in the growth delay assay, despite tumor concentrations that gave maximum sensitization in the excision assay. Furthermore, pimonidazole gave less than expected sensitization in single dose and 6-fraction TCD50 assays with MDAH-MCa-4 tumors, and less sensitization than comparable levels of etanidazole in this tumor line. When the concentration of pimonidazole in the tumors was approximately 0.36 mumoles/g the dose modification factor (DMF = dose without sensitizer/dose with sensitizer to give an isoeffect) was 1.56 (1.40-1.74, 95% c.l.) in single dose TCD50 assays. Etanidazole, however, gave a DMF of 1.92 (1.59-2.32) with a tumor concentration of approximately 0.32 mumoles/g and 1.69 (1.46-1.96) with a tumor concentration of approximately 0.21 mumoles/g. Thus, etanidazole gave more consistent sensitization for different tumors and different endpoints than did pimonidazole. The results appear to confirm the disappointing performance of pimonidazole in the clinic.