cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Contingency Avoidance on Programmed Student Achievement.

If it is assumed that student failure in the classroom situation is the result of inadequate performance skills rather than a lack of ability, then the attention of the educator should more properly be directed at teaching the student to develop effective methods of studying. The present experiment employed a Programmed Student Achievement (PA) procedure which required that the student evidence 100% mastery of discrete units of material. Two PA contingencies which differed in the intensity of the consequence of failing to evidence mastery were used, testing the hypothesis that the PA effect is analogous to avoidance conditioning. In addition, generalization of the effect of PA on performance in courses taken concurrently was evaluated. The performance of PA students was found to be significantly superior to that of control students on both weekly quizzes and major exams; however, performance under the two experimental contingencies did not differ. Additionally, the PA effect did not generalize to performance in other courses. The implication of these data for an avoidance hypothesis account of the PA effect is discussed.
Dynamic sequencing of robot moves in a manufacturing cell

Abstract For manufacturing cells that use a robot for loading and unloading all parts, cell efficiency directly depends on the effective sequencing of robot moves. Since traditional sequential control can only direct the robot to react to service requests on a first-arrival-first-served (FAFS) basis, concurrent models are needed to accommodate multiple events occurring at the same time. In this paper, two dynamic sequencing models are developed with the concurrent modelling capabilities of colored and timed Petri nets. In addition to physical activities in the cell, sequencing decision processes are modeled as information flows by non-physical objects and integrated into a unified Petri net framework for cell control. To reduce robot idle time, anticipated moves can be made to the next service location. Several prospective service requests can also be predicted and evaluated simultaneously within a time window, and the best move sequence with minimum total robot move time can be determined by considering the robot pick-up and drop-off locations of the service requests. The effectiveness of the dynamic sequencing models using the concurrent approach is demonstrated by improved cell performance over the sequential control method.
How well do we understand neurotrophic factors and the control of CNS neuronal growth

The review of Hefti et al. (7) presents current theories and concepts about the functions and activities of neurotrophic factors (NTF). The validity of several components and assumptions may be questionable. Should NTFs be divided into small diffusible survival-promoting factors and large, insoluble neurite-promoting factors? How are NTFs and neurotransmitters related? Do neurons need one or several NTFs? Can NTFs be multifunctional trophic factors? Are there endogenous inhibitory modulators of neuronal growth? Answers to these questions may have significant impact on the design of therapies using NTFs.
Lattice thermal conductivity of freestanding gallium nitride nanowires

We report detailed calculations of the lattice thermal conductivity of freestanding gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires with diameters ranging from 20 to 140 nm. Results are compared with experimental data on GaN nanowires grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Calculations are based on the Boltzmann transport equation and take into account the change in the nonequilibrium phonon distribution in the case of diffuse scattering at the surfaces. Phonon dispersion relation is obtained in the elastic continuum approximation for each given nanowire. For valid comparisons with the experimental data, simulations are performed with a dopant concentration and impurity profile characteristic of thermal CVD GaN nanowires. Our results show that the room-temperature thermal conductivity of the nanowires has very low values, ranging from 6.74 W/m K at 20 nm to 16.4 W/m K at 140 nm. The obtained results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. We have also demonstrated that in addition to impurity sc...
Isolation of a Continuous Epithelioid Cell Line, HBT-3, from a Human Breast Carcinoma

SummaryA continuous line of human breast carcinoma cells, HBT-3, was established in culture following collagenase treatment of a mucus producing adenocarcinoma. The cells are epithelioid in appearance, multiply rapidly, have a cloning efficiency of approximately 70%, and exhibit an abnormal karyotype with a mode of 66-69 chromosomes/cell and 3 markers.Tumor material and pathological diagnosis were provided through the courtesy of Dr. J. D. Mashburn, Director of Laboratories, Washington Sanitarium and Hospital, Takoma Park, MD. Dr. C. S. Stulberg, Senior Research Associate, The Child Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, kindly performed the immunofluorescence cell typing tests.A portion of these studies was carried out at Bionetics Research Laboratories, Inc., Bethesda, MD, under contract 69-2160 from the Special Virus Cancer Program of the National Cancer Institute. Technical assistance of Cathy K. Smith, Nancy Tuttle Fuller, and Diane Robertson is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Drs. Peter J....
The Drug Information Center Arthritis Project: Providing Patients with Interactive and Reliable Arthritis Internet Education

The objective of the Drug Information Center Arthritis Project was to create and assess the value of a patient-focused interactive arthritis education program. A multidisciplinary team developed three content areas: an interactive ask-a-pharmacist component with a satisfaction survey; health assessment tools (SF-8™, osteoarthritis [OA] Impact Survey™, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA] Impact Survey™); and disease and drug information. Results: There were 1,800 patients with OA, RA, or both from a collaborating rheumatology practice who were invited to use a personalized, interactive, secured Internet arthritis Web site. During a 6-week pilot, 56 patients accessed the site for a total of 128 visits. Patient satisfaction scores showed that 83% of patients rated the site as useful to very useful; 83 % would both use the site again and recommend the site to a friend. Overall health-related quality of life as measured by the SF-8 physical and mental component scores and the OA and RA Impact Surveys for patients accessing the Web site was slightly higher than the US population norms for patients with arthritis. Conclusions: To our knowledge, there are no other Web sites that provide confidential, patient-specific arthritis Internet information as an extension of a rheumatology practice. Our Web site provided novel access to personalized, evidence-based, and up-to-date information for patients.
An analysis of non-planar crack growth under mixed mode loading

Abstract A method is presented for calculating stress intensity factors at the tip of a slightly wavy three-dimensional crack. The solution is used to calculate the direction of propagation of an initially planar semi-infinite crack, which is subjected to uniform remote loading. In particular, the combinations of remote load which cause the crack to deviate from its original plane are found. For the particular case of a two-dimensional crack subjected to combined mode I and mode II loading, we recover the results of Cotterell and Rice [1980, Int. J. Fract. 16 (2), 155]. For a crack loaded by combined mode I and mode III loading, it is shown that there is a critical ratio of K III / K I which causes the crack to deviate from its original plane. The influence of T -stresses, which act parallel to the crack plane, is also investigated. Finally, the predictions of the perturbation theory are compared with full-field numerical simulations which predict the path of a crack propagating under mixed mode remote loading.
Experimental investigation and visualization on capillary and boiling limits of micro-grooves made by different processes

Micro-grooves with various feature sizes ranged form 200 to 500 μm were fabricated as micro-wick structures by two different processes, including chemical etching and precision milling, for the experimental investigation and visualization on capillary and boiling limits. Pure water was employed as the working fluid, and the surfaces of the micro-wick structures were cleaned to ensure the hydrophile and the same surface conditions of these samples before testing. Various heat fluxes were then applied to these micro-wick structures to measure their thermal performances and capillary and boiling limits by both temperature measurement and experimental visualization. In addition, the experimental results were compared with the simplified analytical models. This study proposes a simple method to determine working limits and thermal performance of micro-structures for designing wick and selecting process.
Constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome.

Abstract A rare case of constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome is reported. After 6 months of procainamide therapy fever, pleuritic chest pain, arthralgia and muscle soreness developed in a 47 year old man. These symptoms were soon followed by the onset of acute pericarditis and rapidly accumulating massive pericardial effusion. After withdrawal of procainamide therapy and administration of corticosteroids in large doses, there was marked subjective improvement and rapid reduction in pericardial effusion. However, constrictive pericarditis with massive leg edema and ascites developed 6 weeks after admission as corticosteroid therapy was gradually discontinued. These manifestations subsided after pericardiectomy was performed.
Association of endometrial tumors with reproductive tract abnormalities in the aged rat.

Abstract The incidence of spontaneous tumors of the endometrium in Fischer 344 rats increased with age to a maximum of 55% at 31 months (n = 2240). The incidence of tumors was associated with an altered endocrine status in these aged rats. Forty-five percent of these endometrial lesions are associated with the presence of ovarian cysts. Vaginal cytology in all of the 31-month-old rats bearing uterine tumors exhibited an acyclic or anestrus pattern. Serum levels of estradiol, testosterone, and LH were lower, whereas those of prolactin were higher in these aged rats than those of young rats. Pituitary cultures derived from the 31-month-old animals exhibited an absence of estrogen-stimulated LH release which was present in cultures derived from cycling 9-month-old Fischer rats. The data indicate a correlation between an anovulatory, acyclic reproductive pattern and etiology of these endometrial tumors. The aged Fischer rat may thus provide an animal model for the study of the hormonal etiology of this class of tumors.
Redescription of Bomolochus Sardinellae Bennet and Its Transfer To Pumiliopsis Gen. Nov. (Copepoda)

[Redescription detaillee de Bomolochus sardinellae Bennet, qui ressemble etroitement a Pumiliopes opisthopteri Shen, mais en differe par plusieurs caracteres importants. L'espece est pour cette raison transferee au nouveau genre Pumiliopsis., Redescription detaillee de Bomolochus sardinellae Bennet, qui ressemble etroitement a Pumiliopes opisthopteri Shen, mais en differe par plusieurs caracteres importants. L'espece est pour cette raison transferee au nouveau genre Pumiliopsis.]
Knowledge-based land-cover classification using ERS-1/JERS-1 composites

Land-cover classification based on an ERS-1/JERS-1 composite is explored in the context of eventual world-wide applicability. Since each of these orbiting sensors collect data using different frequencies, polarizations, and look angles, a classification procedure based on data from both sensors should enable a better classification than can either alone, and on a world-wide basis. A simple conceptual model is presented to show how this data relates to the structural features of terrain and vegetation cover. The classification scheme demonstrates an overall accuracy in excess of 90% for five different classes. >
Nutritional quality of food resources for zooplankton (Daphnia) in a tidal freshwater system (Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta)

We examined the relative nutritional values of natural phytoplankton and particulate detritus for zooplankton growth in a detritus-rich environment. Seston was collected seasonally from four different habitat types in a tidal freshwater system and fed to juvenile Daphnia magnaunder controlled culture conditions by use of a flow-through design. Seston particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a contents ranged from ;330 to 3,800 m gL 21 POC and 1.4 to 45 m gL 21 Chl a. A partial residual analysis revealed that detrital carbon concentrations were only weakly related to Daphnia growth, whereas Chl a proved to be highly predictive of Daphnia growth rates across all investigated habitat types. Overall, habitat type had a strong effect on growth rates, whereas season of seston collection did not, but differences among habitats could be attributed to differing Chl a concentrations. The results from this study imply that, even in systems with overwhelming amounts of detrital carbon from a variety of sources, nutritional factors associated with phytoplankton can be dominant in regulating zooplankton growth.
Discretisation of two degree-of-freedom controller and system with state, input and output delays

An interpolation method for discretisation of a two degree-of-freedom analogue controller and system with state, input and output delays is presented. A Newton centre interpolation formula is used for discretisation of a continuous-time system with state, input and output delays. Also, a Newton backward extrapolation formula and Chebyshev quadrature formula are employed to carry out output-feedback digital redesign of a two degree-of-freedom controller for the delayed analogue system. The developed digital redesign method is then extended to perform discretisation of a Smith predictor for an input-delayed analogue system. The newly developed output-feedback state-matching digital redesign method provides an alternative methodology for indirect digital design of a continuous-time system with state, input and output delays.
Evaluation of landscape and instream modeling to predict watershed nutrient yields

The project goal was to loosely couple the SWAT model and the QUAL2E model and compare their combined ability to predict total phosphorus (TP) and NO"3-N plus NO"2-N yields to the ability of the SWAT model with its completely coupled water quality components to predict TP and NO"3-N plus NO"2-N yields from War Eagle Creek watershed in Northwest Arkansas. Model predictions were compared using a statistical approach to identify significant differences between the two modeling methods. Results from two variations of the Pearson product-moment correlation (p<0.05) indicated that correlation coefficients and regression slopes for the two data sets were not significantly different. This implies that neither modeling method was significantly better in predicting monthly TP and NO"3-N plus NO"2-N yields from the watershed. Additionally, no significant differences were present between predicted outputs of the SWAT model with instream components active compared with when instream components were inactive, indicating a need for further testing and refinement of the SWAT algorithms simulating instream processes. We can further infer that the instream processes available in SWAT may not be enhancing its predictive abilities as far as simulating instream components.
Nonlinear inter-core coupling in triple-core photonic crystal fibers.

We have developed a coupled-mode theory to describe light propagation in triple-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) in the nonlinear regime. The propagation equations including nonlinearities have been solved analytically. The nonlinear coupling for symmetric and asymmetric fibers is modeled for different coupling and nonlinear parameters. We investigate nonlinear inter-core coupling experimentally with a single high intensity pump beam. Optical switching of a signal beam in the presence of a control pump beam at a different wavelength is also demonstrated. The self-phase modulation (SPM) parameter γ in the triple-core PCF studied is determined.
Geochemistry of CO2 sequestration in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Colorado Plateau, Utah

The Jurassic Navajo Sandstone on the Colorado Plateau of Utah may be considered for sequestration of CO2, because it is thick, widely distributed, has a high porosity and permeability, is typically horizontal to gently folded, is favorably located with respect to seal strata, and underlies many large point sources of CO2. However, faulting common on the Colorado Plateau may provide pathways for leakage of the CO2 similar to present-day geysers and CO2-charged springs. Natural groundwater present in the Navajo Sandstone includes a range of low-salinity, moderate-salinity with high bicarbonate, and high-salinity waters. Higher salinity waters may have moved from deeper strata under artesian pressures or originated from solution of evaporite in pre-Jurassic rocks. These characteristics make the Navajo Sandstone an excellent analog for examining the geochemistry of CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers. The storativity of CO2 in solution is a function of the solubility of CO2 in these waters, which is dependent on salinity, temperature, and pressure. Geochemical modeling shows that the coolest, least saline water can contain the most CO2 in solution. Dissolving CO2 in the water lowers the pH, so that no minerals precipitate, and the Navajo Sandstone contains only small amounts of mineral that may consume the H+. The reaction of the acidic water produced by dissolving CO2 with K-feldspar and minor clays and calcite in the sandstone throughout 500 yr consumes little H+ and produces only small amounts of product minerals. The Navajo Sandstone likely would not store significant CO2 as mineral precipitate, and thus, stored volumes of CO2 would be limited by its solubility in the in-situ water and storage as free CO2 in pore space.
Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field for Induction Stirring in Continuous Casting

A mathematical statement is developed describing the three-dimensional magnetic field and electromagnetic force field induced in a slab or in a billet, through the application of stirring coils in a continuous casting process. These problems are necessarily three-dimensional because of the inherent features of the system geometry, although two-dimensional simplifications are of course possible.The resultant equations are solved numerically, and results are presented for both a slab with a linear stirrer and a billet with a rotary stirrer. The computed results have shown that within the vertical sections covered by the inductor the electromagnetic force fields obtained were very close to values that would have been obtainable through a two-dimensional approximation. However, on approaching the vertical position corresponding to the outer edge of the inductor, the electromagnetic force field vector decayed quite rapidly and additional force field components appeared. This behavior could not have been predicted on the basis of a two-dimensional analysis.
Immunotherapy of pediatric brain tumor patients should include an immunoprevention strategy: a medical hypothesis paper

Adults diagnosed with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are frequently faced with a 7% chance of surviving 2 years compared with pediatric patients with GBM who have a 26% survival rate. Our recent screen of possible glioma-associated antigen precursor protein (TAPP) profiles displayed from different types of pediatric brain tumors showed that pediatric patients contained a subset of the tumor antigens displayed by adult GBM patients. Adult GBM possess at least 27 tumor antigens that can potentially stimulate T cell immune responses, suggesting that these tumors are quite antigenic. In contrast, pediatric brain tumors only expressed nine tumor antigens with mRNA levels that were equivalent to those displayed by adult GBM. These tumor-associated antigens could be used as possible targets of therapeutic immunization for pediatric brain cancer patients. Children have developing immune systems that peak at puberty. An immune response mounted by these pediatric patients might account for their extended life spans, even though the pediatric brain tumors express far fewer total tumor-associated antigens. Here we present a hypothesis that pediatric brain tumor patients might be the best patients to show that immunotherapy can be used to successfully treat established cancers. We speculate that immunotherapy should include a panel of tumor antigens that might prevent the out-growth of more malignant tumor cells and thereby prevent the brain tumor relapse. Thus, pediatric brain tumor patients might provide an opportunity to prove the concept of immunoprevention.
A new iterative scalar potential method for 3D eddy current calculations in electrical devices

A novel technique for 3D eddy current computations is presented which is based on an iterative scalar potential (ISP) method in general media. The resulting equations were solved using a finite-element method based on a Galerkin procedure. The partial differential equations governing the eddy current problem were solved in a related integral form utilizing Green's theorem. A major advantage of the proposed method is that the numerical problem is solved in terms of electromagnetic field variables which have a physical meaning. Another major advantage is that there is one degree of freedom per node, which results in sizable savings in CPU time. The numerical results utilizing this technique were obtained in less than one-half the CPU time consumed utilizing the A- Phi method for the same 3D grid size. >
A closer examination of sexual trauma during deployment: not all sexual traumas are associated with suicidal ideation

Military personnel can be exposed to a wide range of sexual trauma while deployed, including sexual harassment and sexual assault. We examined whether different types of sexual trauma during deployment associated with recent suicidal ideation among previously deployed OEF/OIF/OND veterans admitted to trauma-focused treatment (n = 199). More severe forms of sexual trauma (e.g., sexual assault) were significantly and positively associated with suicidal ideation. In contrast, sexual trauma involving verbal remarks (e.g., sexual harassment) was not associated with suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest that sexual harassment and sexual assault during deployment may be differentially associated with suicidal ideation.
Using Participatory Workshops to Integrate State-and-Transition Models Created With Local Knowledge and Ecological Data

State-and-transition models (STMs) depict current understanding of vegetation dynamics and are being created for most ecological sites in the United States. Model creation is challenging due to inadequate long-term data, and most STMs rely on expert knowledge. There has been little systematic documentation of how different types of knowledge have been integrated in STMs, or what these distinct knowledge sources offer. We report on a series of participatory workshops where stakeholders helped to integrate STMs developed for the same region using local knowledge and ecological field data. With this exploratory project, we seek to understand what kinds of information local knowledge and ecological field data can provide to STMs, assess workshops as a method of integrating knowledge and evaluate how different stakeholders perceive models created with different types of knowledge. Our analysis is based on meeting notes, comments on draft models, and workshop evaluation questionnaires. We conclude that local knowledge and ecological data can complement one another, providing different types of information at different spatial and temporal scales. Participants reported that the workshop increased their knowledge of STMs and vegetation dynamics, suggesting that engaging potential model users in developing STMs is an effective outreach and education approach. Agency representatives and ranchers expressed the value of both the local knowledge and data-driven models. Agency participants were likely to critique or add components based on monitoring data or prior research, and ranchers were more likely to add states and transitions based on personal experience. As STM development continues, it is critical that range professionals think systematically about what different forms of data might contribute to model development, how we can best integrate existing knowledge and data to create credible and useful models, and how to validate the resulting STMs.
Frequency selective surface design using neural networks inversion based on parametrized representations

A parametric model of a frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. By using a parametric representation of the FSS, one can simplify the process of designing an FSS for a given response by embedding constraints into the input data representation, thus avoiding the need for the constraint satisfaction mechanism. A parametric representation of an FSS made up of a dipole array is considered as an example. >
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Applications

SNPs are highly abundant in the human genome, explaining most of sequence variation. This makes them a valuable resource for population genetics, evolution, and gene mapping. In this article we have given an overview of the major issues arising in their application to haplotype and haplotype block estimation and genetic association. The discussion should make clear that many statistical methods have been developed for these problems, but there is still much more to understand about the relative merits of the competing methods. Perhaps more important is further understanding of the practical utility of the methods.
Retirement Savings Shortfalls for Today’s Workers

Earlier this year, EBRI updated its Retirement Security Projection Model and determined that the overall retirement income adequacy for households currently ages 36-62 had substantially improved since 2003. EBRI has received several requests since the publication of the updated RSPM results to focus on what the average present values of retirement income deficits would be for various cohorts of future retirees, and what the aggregate value of those deficits are likely to be in current dollars. This paper attempts to answer both questions and also provide a first approximation of the importance of nursing home costs and home health care expenses in the deficit numbers, as well as the value of current Social Security retirement benefits. Using its unique Retirement Security Projection Model,® EBRI can estimate the total national aggregate and individual retirement deficits at age 65 for Early Boomers (born between 1948-1954, now ages 56-62), Late Boomers (born between 1955-1964, now ages 46-55), and Generation Xers (born between 1965-1974, now ages 36-45). This paper reports these 2010 Retirement Savings Shortfalls (RSS). The aggregate RSS for these age cohorts expressed in 2010 dollars is $4.55 trillion, for an overall average of $47,732 per individual. The average RSS varies by age cohort as well as gender and marital status. The RSS per individual is always lowest for households, somewhat higher for single males, and more than twice as large for single females. The estimated retirement shortfall for any gender/marital status combination increases for younger cohorts, largely due to the impact of health care-related costs rising faster than the general inflation rate. Adding nursing home and home health care expense increases the average individual RSS for married households by $25,317. Single males experience an average increase of $32,433, while single females have an increase of $46,425. The PDF for the above title, published in the October 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another October 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “The Impact of the COBRA Premium Subsidy on Coverage.
Detection and Acceptance of Demand-Responsive Lighting in Offices with and without Daylight

AbstractParticipants (N = 33) in an office laboratory were exposed to an initial baseline electric lighting level of 400 lx on the desktop. The electric lighting was dimmed smoothly over 10 seconds. During the dim, and for 30 seconds afterwards, the participant performed a computer-based proofreading task. The participants indicated if they had noticed the change, and whether the lighting conditions were acceptable. This was repeated over multiple trials, with dimming from 0 to 80 percent, and with or without daylight. The level of dimming not noticed by occupants was 20 percent with no daylight, 40 percent with relatively low prevailing daylight, and 60 percent with high prevailing daylight (or, alternatively, an amount which represents 20 percent of total light level). The level of dimming that resulted in conditions that were still acceptable was 40 percent with no or low daylight, and 80 percent with high prevailing daylight These results may be used to develop guidelines for using lighting in demand ...
Grote’s Idealism

In dealing with Grote’s personalism it was shown that his idealism as personalism was idea-ism rather than ideal-ism. Here we saw evidence of Grote’s epistemological personalism in that thought and ‘thing’ or idea and ‘object’ have a common source in deity mediated through human personality. Here we saw, also, that Grote presented a metaphysical personalism inasmuch as the personal nature of reality is revealed in conjunction with epistemological personalism where the common source of thought and ‘thing’ manifests itself through persons.
Fracture-dislocation of the humerus with intrathoracic displacement of the humeral head. A case report.

Of the glenohumeral fracture-dislocations that have been described in the orthopaedic literature, those involving intrathoracic displacement of the humeral head are the least common3. We describe here the case of an adolescent patient who sustained a fracture-dislocation of the proximal part of the humerus with intrathoracic displacement of the humeral head when she was struck by a motor vehicle. A fourteen-year-old girl was running across the road when she was struck on her left side by a motor vehicle that was traveling at a speed of approximately thirty-five miles (fifty-six kilometers) per hour. She was thrown about twenty feet (six meters) and landed on her right side. When she was seen in the emergency department at the University of Kansas Medical Center, she had pain in the right shoulder and upper extremity and she resisted attempts to move the extremity. The vital signs included a pulse of seventy-two beats per minute, a blood pressure of 130/70 millimeters of mercury (17.33/9.33 kilopascals), a temperature of 36.6 degrees Celsius, and a respiratory rate of eighteen breaths per minute. Physical examination revealed the right arm to be rigidly held in 80 degrees of abduction and 70 degrees of internal rotation. The proximal portion of the upper extremity appeared to be foreshortened. There was no neurovascular deficit, and the skin was intact. The lungs were clear on auscultation. The patient was also found to have a minimally displaced fracture of the tibial plateau. Physical examination was difficult because the patient was combative and obese. An anteroposterior radiograph of the chest, made with portable equipment, was interpreted as demonstrating a posterior subscapular glenohumeral dislocation …
Community Colleges and Public Health New Opportunities for Health Education

The Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health’s Framing the Future Task Force and the League for Innovation in the Community College (the League) cosponsored the Community Colleges and Public Health report. The report recommends that community colleges consider offering public health associate degrees and academic certificate programs including two prototype curricular models developed with support from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. These include Public Health: Generalist & Specializations and Health Navigator. Each model includes 30 semester hours of coursework in public health core, required courses, experiential learning, and electives along with content outlines for public health core and specialty coursework. The report has been approved by the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health’s Board and widely disseminated by the League. The League is currently implementing a planning and recognition process to en...
Malathion Resistance in Field Strains of the Warehouse Pirate Bug (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and a Prey Species Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

A filter paper bioassay was used to determine sensitivity of laboratory strains of the warehouse pirate bug, Hylocoris flavipes (Reuter), and one of its prey, larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to malathion. LD 50 for adult X. flavipes were estimated to be 51.4 μm (AI) per filter for males and 45.9 μm (AI) per filter for females. Larvae from a laboratory strain of T. castaneum with a mean weight of 0.42 ± 0.01 mg, similar to the weight of adult X. flavipes, had an LD 50 of 15.0 μg (AI) per filter. The predator X. flavipes was 4.3- and 10.2-fold more tolerant of malathion than laboratory strains of the parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), respectively. F 3 -F 5 progeny of a field strain of X. flavipes collected from a bin of corn on a farm near blackville, SC, in May and June 1993 were 33-fold (males) and 31-fold (females) resistant to malathion, relative to the laboratory strain, at the LD 50 . Triphenyl phosphate, a carboxylesterase inhibitor, in combination with the LD 99 of malathion for the susceptible laboratory strain, abolished the resistance in both males and females. Larvae of T. castaneum with a mean weight of 0.37 ± 0.01 mg collected from the Blackville farm (F 2 progeny) were estimated to be 740-fold resistant to malathion. We discuss development of the naturally occurring malathion resistance in X. flavipes, a generalist predator in the stored-product ecosystem, in terms of the preadaptation and food limitation hypotheses
The Energy Crisis and the Media: Mobil Oil Corporation's Debate with the Media 1973–1983

Abstract During the 1970s, Mobil Oil Corporation launched a public relations effort that set off a clash of titans—with the oil company on one side and the nation's media on the other—over who would set the agenda for public debate on energy policy. Although the campaign's purposes fell within the traditional schema of public relations, the way the company carried it out set a new benchmark for corporate communications. By taking on media giants such as the New York Times and CBS via contentious issue advertising, the corporation broke away from traditional and more diplomatic media relations efforts and pioneered a public relations approach involving an aggressive attempt to influence media coverage and public opinion. The company tried to tell journalists and the public how to think about energy issues by establishing itself as an expert and editorial commentator and then aggressively refuting what it perceived to be unfair or inaccurate news media coverage. This article examines Mobil's uncompromising ...
Hyperspectral image band grouping and reordering based on fuzzy similarity and improved Prim algorithm

Traditional hyperspectral image band grouping and reordering algorithms based on Prim require calculating the correlation coefficients between all bands,and full rank correlation coefficient matrix is used as the adjacent matrix for comparison,which causes high computational complexity. Combining the similarity measurement of fuzzy mathematics theory with the characteristics of the hyperspectral image,the maximum and minimum closeness( MMC) which possesses the characteristics of less computation is used as a parameter for measuring the correlation of the hyperspectral image bands. Then the adjacent matrix of MMC is processed into a sparse matrix and the effective bands is extracted for reordering. In this way,the number of bands used for ordering and the required times for band comparison will be significantly reduced. Experimental results show that,compared with the traditional Prim algorithm,the proposed algorithm greatly reduces the calculation complexity of the hyperspectral image band ordering while maintaining compression efficiency,and the average running time for band ordering has been reduced by 27%.
Simulation-Based Optimization on RFID-Enabled Push/Pull Control Strategy for Supply Chain

The research on control methods of multi-echelon inventory systems is very important in reducing inventory cost,improving service level and enhancing the key competitive abilities.Radio frequency identification( RFID) technique provides an effective way in the innovation of inventory control strategies. The Push / Pull control strategy based on RFID was applied to multiechelon inventory of supply chain,and a three-echelon inventory of supply chain was exemplified and eight kinds of RFID-enabled hybrid Push / Pull control strategies were designed. These strategies are optimized using the simulation-based particle-swarm optimization method. The results demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the method. The simulation results after optimization showthat the hybrid Push / Pull control strategy that manufactures are controlled by the Push strategy,the distributions and retailers are controlled by the Pull strategy performs best among the eight kinds of strategies.
Association between early iron deficiency and emotional development of the infants

Iron deficiency(ID) is the most common single nutrient deficient disorder in the world.Among pregnant women and preschoolers,its prevalence is the highest.Early iron deficiency may lead to not only anemia,but also brain developmental disorders of the children which can affect children's development in perception,motion,cognition and social emotional function.At present,the effects of early iron deficiency on psychomotor development have been well elucidated,but the study on influence of early iron deficiency on social affective or emotional development is less and preliminary.Alterations in dopamine and dopamine receptor caused by ID are thought to be closely associated with changes in emotion-directed behaviors.This article reviewed association between early iron deficiency and emotional development of the infants.
Sources of Noise and Methods of Coupling

Clearly the lowest level noise present on semiconductor chips is due to electronic device noise caused by the random movement of charges through resistances, across transistor junctions, and random fluctuations in the charge recombinations in surface states and the semiconductor bulk. The level of noise generated and coupled by thermal noise, avalanche noise, shot noise, and 1/f noise represents a minimum level in coupled noise and all other noise mechanisms treated are usually orders of magnitude worse than these without special design. It is difficult enough to produce an amplifier with a rating of lnano-volt/root Hz or less with device noise alone. Their control is accomplished mainly through optimum circuit design and topology with bandwidth limiting of signals and semiconductor process control. The circuit effects of chip thermal gradients, mechanical or piezoelectric stress, hot electrons effects, and mobile Ionics such as sodium, can be considered very low frequency noise or noise coupling. Their control is usually accomplished with careful consideration of chip isotherms and mechanical stress lines, circuit design and biasing, balanced physical layout, and process control.
Social, Personality, and Affective Constructs in Driving

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the importance of personal and social influences on driving outcomes. There are numerous categories of individual differences that can impact driving; traffic psychology has often focused on personality variables. One of the most widely studied personality predictors of negative driving behavior is sensation seeking, which is defined as a trait characterized by the pursuit of novel, diverse, and extreme experiences. To achieve these goals, high sensation seekers often display a willingness to take disproportionate physical and social risks. Driving provides an excellent opportunity for high sensation seekers to satisfy the desire for sensation given the inherent potential for arousal, excitement, danger, speed, and competition. In addition the issue of aggressive driving has received a great deal of attention from both scientific and public communities. However, there are differing conceptualizations of the term “aggressive,” which has made it difficult to interpret and compare conclusions in this area. Following the motivational approach to aggression, many have treated traffic aggression as actions intended to physically, psychologically, or emotionally harm another within the driving environment, including drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Also most traffic research has treated driver stress as the outcome of a negative cognitive appraisal of driving situations. Each driver brings a unique and rich experience base, skill set, expectation, interpretation, and reaction to the distinctive state driving context, yet research has been successful in identifying consistent patterns that can heighten the likelihood of negative driving outcomes.
The role of ethnic identity, self-concept, and aberrant salience in psychotic-like experiences.

OBJECTIVES Social-cognitive models of psychosis suggest that aberrant salience and self-concept clarity are related to the development and maintenance of psychoticlike experiences (PLEs). People with high aberrant salience but low self-concept clarity tend to have the highest levels of PLEs. Ethnic identity may also be related to PLEs. The current research aimed to (a) replicate the interaction between aberrant salience and self-concept clarity in their association with PLEs in an ethnically diverse sample, (b) examine whether ethnic identity and aberrant salience interact in their association with PLEs, and (c) determine if self-concept clarity and ethnic identity independently interact with aberrant salience in their association with PLEs. METHOD An ethnically diverse group of undergraduates (n = 663) completed self-report measures of aberrant salience, self-concept clarity, ethnic identity, and PLEs. RESULTS There was an interaction between aberrant salience and self-concept clarity such that people with high levels of aberrant salience and low levels of self-concept clarity had the highest levels of PLEs. Similarly, there was an interaction between aberrant salience and ethnic identity such that people with high aberrant salience but low ethnic identity had the highest PLEs. These interactions independently contributed to explaining variance in PLEs. This interaction was present for the Exploration but not Commitment subscales of ethnic identity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, in addition to low self-concept clarity, low ethnic identity may be a risk factor for the development of psychosis. (PsycINFO Database Record
A microfluidic oxygen gradient demonstrates differential activation of the hypoxia-regulated transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α

Gas-perfused microchannels generated a linear oxygen gradient via diffusion across a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The device enabled exposure of a single monolayer of cells sharing culture media to a heterogeneous oxygen landscape, thus reflecting the oxygen gradients found at the microscale in the physiological setting and allowing for the real-time exchange of paracrine factors and metabolites between cells exposed to varying oxygen levels. By tuning the distance between two gas supply channels, the slope of the oxygen gradient was controlled. We studied the hypoxic activation of the transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α in human endothelial cells within a spatial linear gradient of oxygen. Quantification of the nuclear to cytosolic ratio of HIF immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that the threshold for HIF-1α activation was below 2.5% O2 while HIF-2α was activated throughout the entire linear gradient. We show for the first time HIF-2α is subject to hyproxya, hypoxia by proxy, wherein hypoxic cells activate HIF in close-proximity normoxic cells. These results underscore the differences between HIF-1α and HIF-2α regulation and suggest that a microfluidic oxygen gradient is a novel tool for identifying distinct hypoxic signaling activation and interactions between differentially oxygenated cells.
Validation of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, 1990-2014.

Background Prior studies have reported that the validity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) was high; however, diagnostic criteria and screening practices have changed since the last study was published in 2004. Objectives 1) To calculate the positive predictive value (PPV) of ASD diagnoses recorded in the CPRD compared to original medical records and 2) to describe characteristics of cases and use of clinical codes that support the ASD diagnosis as recorded in the electronic data by general practitioners over time. Methods We identified children with a code for ASD (autism spectrum disorder, autism, Asperger's, or pervasive developmental disorder) in the CPRD from 1990 to 2014. We evaluated presence of codes in the electronic medical record indicating the presence of developmental delay, speech delay, behavioral problems, and other supporting clinical codes (e.g., therapy, referrals, etc.). We also evaluated changes in recording of these clinical codes over time. We compared the information present in the electronic medical record to original medical records for a sample of cases and calculated PPVs of ASD diagnoses recorded in the CPRD. Results We identified 2154 children with a code for ASD. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.8 years, and 84% of cases were male. The majority (78.4%) had 1 ASD diagnosis code in their electronic medical record. Approximately half of the cases had a code indicating behavioral problem, developmental delay, or speech delay, and 24.7% had a code indicating specialist referral or visit. After review of original medical records, the PPV of ASD diagnoses recorded in the CPRD was 91.9%. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that ASD diagnoses recorded in the CPRD are reliable and can be used with confidence to study ASD.
Schrittmacher, Defi & Co

Die Zahl der Patienten, die mit komplexen „cardiac implantable electronic devices“ (CIED) versorgt sind, nimmt stetig zu. Fur die sichere perioperative Betreuung dieses Patientenguts ist das Verstandnis der medizinischen Indikationen und technischen Funktionsweisen dieser Gerate Grundvoraussetzung. Es gibt eine Vielzahl an Storeinflussen, denen CIED im perioperativen Setting ausgesetzt sind. Folgen konnen potenziell bedrohliche Komplikationen wie „exit block“ oder „oversensing“ sein. Die sichere Durchfuhrung von Eingriffen ist moglich, sofern einige grundlegende Regeln beachtet werden. Ein interdisziplinarer Ansatz aller beteiligten Fachdisziplinen ist hierbei zu fordern, um den hohen logistischen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden.
Manaus, 1910: Portrait of a Boom Town

Boom and collapse characterized the history of the Brazilian rubber industry. Its rise and fall followed a pattern well established by dyewood, sugar, gold, diamonds, tobacco, cotton, and cacao. The story of these industries points out one of the major themes in Brazilian history: the recurrence of economic cycles during which one product of the soil dominates the development of the entire country or a large part of it. This cyclical development prompted the Brazilian economist J. F. Normano to conclude: “The history of Brazilian economy is a sensational record with amazing fluctuations. It is a history of the appearance and disappearance of entire industries.” A team of American economists sent to study the economy in the late forties concurred.