cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 'Background Principles' of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services - Did Lucas Open Pandora's Box?

In his majority opinion in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Justice Scalia established the relevant background principles of state property law as the reference point for testing whether public regulation or private property goes so far as to constitute a categorical taking of property. He also confirmed, however, that those background principles evolve with new knowledge and changed circumstances. Over the past decade, the discipline of ecological economics has produced a burgeoning body of research illuminating the significant economic value that functioning ecosystems, acting as natural capital, supply humans in the form of direct and indirect ecosystem services, such as the capacity of coastal wetlands to mitigate storm surges. This article explores how these findings fit into the Lucas calculus. Based on work by Professor John Sprankling, the Article concludes that the background principles of property law have resisted integrating concepts like natural capital and ecosystem services into property doctrine. On the other hand, based on work by Professor Michael Blumm, the Article confirms that the amassing body of research about natural capital and ecosystem service values is precisely the kind of new knowledge that ought to transform those background principles. The Article concludes by discussing two recent cases in which courts have done exactly that - to integrate knowledge about natural capital and ecosystem service values in order to apply common law property doctrine in ways contrary to the established background principles. If this trend spreads, Lucas will indeed have opened a Pandora's box, with impacts on the common law it is difficult to imagine the Justice Scalia and majority had in mind.
Dose-Response Relation Between Work Hours and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Findings From the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the presence of a dose-response relationship between work hours and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a representative sample of U.S. workers. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 1926 individuals from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1986 to 2011) employed for at least 10 years. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to estimate the dose-response relationship of work hours with CVD. Results A dose-response relationship was observed in which an average workweek of 46 hours or more for at least 10 years was associated with an increased risk of CVD. Compared with working 45 hours per week, working an additional 10 hours per week or more for at least 10 years increased CVD risk by at least 16%. Conclusion Working more than 45 work hours per week for at least 10 years may be an independent risk factor for CVD.
Robust Optimization of Aircraft Design and Airline Network Design Incorporating Economic Trends

Traditionally, aircraft design seeks an aircraft that can perform a specific design mission(s) at minimum cost and/or weight; these metrics serve as surrogates for airline profitability. Here, an approach to evaluate new aircraft for use along with an existing fleet and the optimal choice of routes to be served subject to risk constraints is presented. The framework simulateously considers aircraft design and airline network (routes) served within an investment portfolio context under conditions of uncertainty. The resulting ‘portfolio’ addresses the amount of projected demand the airline should serve and determines an optimal service network to satisfy this demand at an aggregate level. This approach balances the expected reward from using potential yet-to-be introduced aircraft to serve additional routes and demand against the risk associated with demand volatility on each route. A robust optimization method using semidefinite programming (SDP) addresses tractability.
Survival, Feeding, and Growth of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs From Southeastern Alaska Reared at Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT Survival, feeding rates, and growth of individual juvenile Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) were measured over 150 days at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20°C in a laboratory study. Survival was highest at 0°C (79%) and lowest at 20°C (30%), but the number of surviving crabs declined at all temperatures over time. A high number (75%) of crabs survived at 10 and 15°C, temperatures associated with the greatest increases in size. Feeding rates increased with temperature up to 15°C. Crabs at 0°C did not eat and crabs at 5°C had a low but fairly constant feeding rate. Feeding rates at 10, 15, and 20°C increased significantly early on and then decreased to beginning rates; increases in feeding rates occurred after a large percentage of the crabs molted. Growth, measured by the increase in carapace width and wet weight over time, increased with temperature up to 15°C and then declined. Maximum growth occurred at 15°C. However, no significant differences in carapace width or wet weights existed among crabs at 10, 15, and 20°C by the end of the study. Crabs at 0°C did not molt or increase in weight; crabs at 5°C had very long intermolt periods and increased in weight by only 55%. Temperature effects on the size of molt increments were minimal; at 5, 10, and 15°C there were no significant differences in the size of molt increments. At 20°C the molt increment decreased with crab size. The intermolt period was the growth component most affected by temperature. The warmer the water temperature, up to 15°C, the shorter the intermolt period. Our results are consistent with the belief that Dungeness crabs have longer intermolt periods progressively northward along the west coast of North America.
Nuchal cord changes in children with os odontoideum: evidence for associated trauma

We describe nuchal cord changes in four children with os odontoideum who had cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. In these four children, nuchal cord changes consistent with previous trauma were seen. The presence of the nuchal cord changes supports the concept of trauma as an etiologic factor in these four cases. This study supports trauma as an associated factor in patients with os odontoideum.
Earthquakes—a Naturally Occurring Source of Low-frequency Data

Seismic reflection data contain information at two very different length scales. The long wavelength or lowfrequency information is derived primarily from move-out velocity analysis and provides information on the order of kilometers (i.e., ~1 to 2 km). The short wavelength (highfrequency) information comes from reflection amplitudes and/or changes in those amplitudes with offset (AVO) and provides information at scales of tens of meters (i.e., ~10 to 250m). Between these two length scales is a gap. This missing information (between 1 and 6 Hz) causes a general uncertainty in all seismic-reflection inversions and creates a challenge for full-waveform inversion methods to properly converge without getting stuck in local mathematical minima. This problem is further compounded in regions with complex structure (e.g., basalt flows, sills and dykes, salt bodies, fold and thrust belts, etc.) where it can be difficult to obtain the long-wavelength information reliably from the data, thereby leading to poor imaging. One possible solution for both of these problems is to use local, regional and teleseismic (far-away) earthquakes as a source of low-frequency energy, exploiting the Earth’s naturally occurring seismicity. This paper describes a field experiment that was designed to test this idea.
The relationship between disorders of K+ and Mg+ homeostasis

Potassium and magnesium balance are frequently altered by common pathological conditions. Isolated disturbances of potassium balance do not produce secondary abnormalities in magnesium homeostasis. In contrast, primary disturbances in magnesium balance, particularly magnesium depletion, produce secondary potassium depletion. This appears to result from an inability of the cell to maintain the normally high intracellular concentration of potassium, perhaps as a result of an increase in membrane permeability to potassium and/or inhibition of Na+-K-ATPase. As a result, the cells lose potassium, which is excreted in the urine. Repletion of cell potassium requires correction of the magnesium deficit. Are such magnesium dependent alterations in potassium balance of any clinical significance? Within the context of electrolyte disturbances, magnesium replacement is often necessary before hypokalemia and potassium depletion can be satisfactorily corrected with potassium supplements. The hyponatremia often seen with chronic diuretic usage may also be related to depleted intracellular potassium stores. In a small group of patients with chronic congestive heart failure, magnesium replacement alone was sufficient to correct this hyponatremia. Finally, magnesium and potassium depletion may play an important role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias in certain select groups of patients, such as those with overt ischemic heart disease. The frequency of magnesium depletion in some clinical disease states warrants renewed interest in the relationship between magnesium and potassium homeostasis.
Frameless MRI image-guided endoscopic transsphenoidal removal of tumor in sellar region

Objective To assess the role of frameless MRI image-guided neuronavigation in assisting endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngioma. Methods 10 endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal operations were performed for 8 patients with pituitary adenomas and 2 with craniopharyngioma. Clinical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results Measurements of the intraoperative accuracy in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes indicated a mean intraoperatively verified system error of 1.5mm, and the continuous information regarding instrument location and trajectory was provided to the surgeon. The mean setup time was 5 minutes, and the operative time was 50 minutes in image-guided procedures. In all cases, we found that the system performed without malfunction. Conclusions Neuronavigation can be applied during endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery and requires a minimal amount of time. It makes the operation easier, faster, and probably safer.
Supradiaphragmatic renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombus: indications for vena caval reconstruction with pericardium.

AbstractSupradiaphragmatic extension of tumor thrombus from a renal cell carcinoma presents a major surgical challenge. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia and cardiac arrest with temporary exsanguination has allowed for successful surgical excision of these tumors. A renal cell carcinoma on the right side with a supradiaphragmatic tumor thrombus still may only partially occlude the vena cava. The collateral venous circulation of the left renal vein may be developed poorly and a pericardial patch can allow successful reconstruction of the inferior vena cava. If the tumor arises on the left side continued venous drainage of the right kidney is mandatory to prevent venous infarction of the right kidney. The entire vena cava also might be reconstructed theoretically with pericardium.
Cultural Differences in the Role of Economic Competitiveness in Prejudice toward Immigrants and Foreign Workers

This study investigated cultural differences in the role of economic competitiveness in prejudice toward immigrants and foreign workers between Northern European-heritage and East Asian cultures. Because economic competitiveness and achievement are associated with core cultural values in Northern European-heritage cultures, we hypothesized that economic competitiveness would be associated with prejudice toward immigrants and foreign workers more strongly in Northern European-heritage than in East Asian cultures. Results based on nationally representative samples drawn from the World Values Survey revealed that prejudice toward immigrants and foreign workers was generally higher in East Asian (South Korea and China) than in Northern European-heritage (Norway and the United States) cultures. However, as predicted, a stronger association was found between economic competitiveness and prejudice toward immigrants and foreign workers in Northern European-heritage than East Asian cultures, controlling for sociodemographic backgrounds of participants (gender, age, education, and income), ecological diversity of each country, values of uniqueness and conformity, attitude toward ethnic diversity, and racism. These findings support the hypothesis that the central values of a culture shape the nature of prejudice within it, including prejudice toward immigrants and foreign workers, and highlight the importance of understanding the cultural dynamics of prejudice.
Individuals with intellectual disabilities in the restaurant business: An exploratory study of attributes for success

The restaurant industry has been experiencing consistent growth for the past 15 years and the challenges to hire and retain traditional workers have never been greater. Since the restaurant industr...
Identification of genes implicated in angiogenesis using an automated text mining process

1562 Angiogenesis is the process of building of new blood vessels. In a healthy body, this process is required for wound healing and in cancer, it is essential for solid tumor growth. Having as much knowledge about genes implicated as possibly playing a role in the process of angiogenesis is extremely useful in developing agents to target these as a therapy for controlling cancer. The richest source of gene annotation data exists in the biomedical literature and is constantly expanding (>2,000 new articles/month). However, the unstructured nature of biomedical text poses a challenge for the efficient extraction of useful information. Here, we have demonstrated a method based on text mining to automatically identify a set of genes implicated in angiogenesis. A subset of MEDLINE abstracts selected as being relevant for angiogenesis were annotated with a named entity tagger that can automatically identify mentions of genes and proteins. The tagged genes were normalized against an exhaustive human gene lexicon that was built to contain all gene names and all their aliases. The normalized genes were ranked according to frequency of mention. The resulting gene list was validated by comparing it to a list of angiogenes compiled manually by experts, as well as to online resources listing angiogenesis-related genes. The final gene list contained 2,460 unique official gene names. All but 2 of the genes in the manual list were also identified by the text-mined list [99.2% recall (sensitivity)]. The text-mined list was relevance ranked based on the number of documents in which each gene was mentioned, and the 247 highest-ranking genes were compared with the comparably-sized manual list for precision. All of the 100 highest-ranked text-mined genes were identified as being legitimately associated with angiogenesis after further literature review. Furthermore, article recall was 17-fold higher than for articles linked to genes in Entrez Gene, and gene recall was 95-fold higher than for genes assigned to angiogenesis-related GO terms through AMIGO, demonstrating the current under-annotation of these resources for human genes. The methodâ€™s performance was assessed using a gene expression array-based classifier distinguishing angiogenic from non-angiogenic tumor samples (human). The findings suggest clearly the usefulness of this method in assimilating and annotating genes involved in a biological process from descriptive text.
National Trends and Outcomes in Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery

Abstract Background Severe isolated disease of the tricuspid valve (TV) is increasing and results in intractable right heart failure. However, isolated TV surgery is rarely performed, and there are little data describing surgical outcomes. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate contemporary utilization trends and in-hospital outcomes for isolated TV surgery in the United States. Methods Patients age >18 years who underwent TV repair or replacement from 2004 to 2013 were identified using the National Inpatient Sample. Patients with congenital heart disease, with endocarditis, and undergoing concomitant cardiac operations except for coronary bypass surgery were excluded. Results Over a 10-year period, a total of 5,005 isolated TV operations were performed nationally. Operations per year increased from 290 in 2004 to 780 in 2013 (p Conclusions Isolated TV surgery is rarely performed, although utilization has increased over time. However, despite an increase in surgical volume, operative mortality has not changed. Mortality is greatest in patients undergoing valve replacement. Given the increasing prevalence of isolated TV disease in the population, research into optimal surgical timing and patient selection is critical.
A new hat for librarians: providing REDCap support to establish the library as a central data hub.

Background: REDCap, an electronic data capture tool, supports good research data management, but many researchers lack familiarity with the tool. While a REDCap administrator provided technical support and a clinical data management support unit provided study design support, a service gap existed. Case Presentation: Librarians with REDCap expertise sought to increase and improve usage through outreach, workshops, and consultations. In collaboration with a REDCap administrator and the director of the clinical data management support unit, the role of the library was established in providing REDCap training and consultations. REDCap trainings were offered to the medical center during the library’s quarterly data series, which served as a springboard for offering tailored REDCap support to researchers and research groups. Conclusions: Providing REDCap support has proved to be an effective way to associate the library with data-related activities in an academic medical center and identify new opportunities for offering data services in the library. By offering REDCap services, the library established strong partnerships with the Information Technology Department, Clinical Data Support Department, and Compliance Office by filling in training gaps, while simultaneously referring users back to these departments when additional expertise was required. These new partnerships continue to grow and serve to position the library as a central data hub in the institution.
High-temperature solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) in graphite electrodes

Abstract Thermal fragility of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a major source of performance decay in graphite anodes, and efforts to overcome the issues offered by extreme environments to Li-ion batteries have had limited success. Here, we demonstrate that the SEI can be extensively reinforced by carrying the formation cycles at elevated temperatures. Under these conditions, decomposition of the ionic liquid present in the electrolyte favored the formation of a thicker and more protective layer. Cells in which the solid electrolyte interphase was cast at 90 °C were significantly less prone to self-discharge when exposed to high temperature, with no obvious damages to the formed SEI. This additional resilience was accomplished at the expense of rate capability, as charge transfer became growingly inefficient in these systems. At slower rates, however, cells that underwent SEI formation at 90 °C presented superior performances, as a result of improved Li+ transport through the SEI, and optimal wetting of graphite by the electrolyte. This work analyzes different graphite hosts and ionic liquids, showing that this effect is more pervasive than anticipated, and offering the unique perspective that, for certain systems, temperature can actually be an asset for passivation.
The Wiener Number – Some Applications and New Developments

Some results from the Wiener number theory and applications are summarized. The Wiener number enables the identifying of three basic features of molecular topology, branching, cyclicity, and centricity (or centrality) and their specific patterns, which are well reflected by the physicochemical properties of chemical compounds. The Wiener-index-inspired concepts for information-theoretic analogues of topological indices, more elaborate graph center definition, and comparability graphs are discussed. The application of the Wiener number as a topological criterion for the stability of crystals and small clusters, as well as for finding the locations of crystal vacancies and defects is analyzed. In the area of polymer research the Wiener number is shown to correlate well with polymer properties, and to be directly related to the radius of gyration and viscosity of polymer melts and solutions. Thus, the Wiener number appears as the first topological index that can be measured experimentally. The novel concept of the overall Wiener number, which extends the original Wiener number to all connected subgraphs of a graph, is introduced, and its potential importance for QSPR/QSAR is discussed.
Board Diversity and Corporate Investment Monitoring

This study examines the association between board diversity, measured in both relation-oriented dimension (i.e., gender, race, and age) and task-oriented dimension (i.e., tenure and expertise), and board performance in corporate investment monitoring. We assess sub-optimal investment by measuring how much firms deviate from the expected level of capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and acquisition spending within their industry. Using a sample of 15,125 firm-year across 1,898 firms from 1998 to 2014, we find that task-oriented diversity attributes, such as tenure and expertise, are negatively associated with sub-optimal investment, suggesting that diverse boards in terms of firm specific experience and functional expertise are more effective in overseeing corporate investment activities than homogeneous boards. Our results shed light on the recent regulatory requirements on board diversity and recommend greater task-oriented diversity in corporate boardrooms.
Experimental investigation of boiling regimes in a capillary-fed two-layer evaporator wick

Abstract Vapor chambers with transformative evaporator wick designs capable of passively dissipating high heat fluxes over large areas, while maintaining low thermal resistances, can meet the thermal management needs of next-generation power semiconductor devices. Our prior work proposed a two-layer evaporator wick structure to enhance the performance of vapor chambers operating at high heat fluxes. The current study experimentally characterizes the capillary-fed boiling heat transfer behavior in such a two-layer evaporator wick, compared to a homogeneous (single-layer) wick, over a 1 cm2 evaporator area. The two-layer design comprises a thin base wick layer that is fed with liquid from a thick cap wick layer above using an array of vertical posts. The two-layer wick is fabricated using a sequence of sintering and laser-machining steps to form the base wick layer (200 µm), array of liquid-feeding posts, and cap wick layer (800 µm) using 90–106 µm copper particles. A test facility is constructed to replicate the conditions that exist at the evaporator of a vapor chamber; the novel facility design uses a physical restriction to prevent flooding of the wicks during testing. Two-layer wicks having 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 arrays of liquid feeding posts are characterized, along with a 200 µm-thick single-layer evaporator wick. The 10 × 10 array provides a >400% enhancement in the dryout heat flux compared to the single-layer wick. High-speed visualizations are used to identify the characteristic regimes of boiling operations for the wicks. The single-layer wick exhibits a partial dryout mode of operation, where a dry spot formed in the center of the heated evaporator area causes an increase in the thermal resistance with heat flux. In contrast, the distributed feeding provided by the two-layer wicks mitigates the development of this partial dryout regime and maintains a constant low resistance (∼0.1 K/W) during capillary-fed boiling until a complete dryout event occurs. This study demonstrates the significant enhancement in dryout heat flux offered by the liquid-feeding approach realized in the two-layer evaporator wicks characterized here.
A 3-D potential model to assess DC characteristics of Si FinFETs

The potential distribution inside the channel of a Si FinFET is usually determined by a 2-D Poisson equation which does not truly describe its variation. Due to the 3-D structure of a FinFET, the geometry of the channel plays an important role in determining its output characteristics. In this paper, a 3-D Poisson equation is solved to find the potential distribution inside the channel. By using the channel potential, an I–V model is presented which can predict the characteristics of Si FinFETs. It is observed that by adding the third dimension to the Poisson equation, the accuracy of the model is improved. Devices of various dimensions are selected to test the validity of the proposed technique, and 6–45% improvement is observed in predicting the I–V characteristics of Si FinFETs with respect to the best reported model in the literature. Thus, the proposed technique can potentially be employed in software tools meant to predict the I–V characteristics of Si FinFETs.
Association of Increasing Use of Spinal Anesthesia in Hip Fracture Repair With Treating an Aging Patient Population

This study assesses the use of spinal anesthesia as the primary anesthetic strategy for operative repair of hip fracture using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.
ERP data on auditory imagery of native and non-native English speech during silent reading

This article presents the data analyzed in the paper "Is imagining a voice like listening to it? Evidence from ERPs" [1]. The data include individual ERP data when participants were performing auditory imagery of native and non-native English speech during silent reading vs. normal silent reading, and behavioral results from participants performing the Nelson-Denny Reading Comprehension task and Bucknell Auditory Imagery Scale (BAIS). The repository includes the R scripts used to carry out the statistical analyses reported in the original paper.
Theory for undercompressive shocks in tears of wine

Tears of wine, in which a thin layer of a water-ethanol mixture travel up an inclined surface against gravity and then fall down in the form of tears, have been observed in wine glasses for centuries. It has been modeled with a conservation law with a nonconvex flux and higher order diffusion due to the bulk surface tension. The resulting nonclassical ``undercompressive'' shock solutions are the main driver of the destabilizing front forming the ``wine tears''. Prior modeling did not address the wine tears but rather the behavior of the film at earlier stages and the behavior of the meniscus.
Structural and kinetic basis for the regulation and potentiation of Hsp104 function

Hsp104 provides a valuable model for the many essential proteostatic functions performed by the AAA+ superfamily of protein molecular machines. We developed and used a powerful hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX MS) analysis that can provide positionally resolved information on structure, dynamics, and energetics of the Hsp104 molecular machinery, even during functional cycling. HX MS reveals that the ATPase cycle is rate-limited by ADP release from nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1). The middle domain (MD) serves to regulate Hsp104 activity by slowing ADP release. Mutational potentiation accelerates ADP release, thereby increasing ATPase activity. It reduces time in the open state, thereby decreasing substrate protein loss. During active cycling, Hsp104 transits repeatedly between whole hexamer closed and open states. Under diverse conditions, the shift of open/closed balance can lead to premature substrate loss, normal processing, or the generation of a strong pulling force. HX MS exposes the mechanisms of these functions at near-residue resolution.
Pharmacological approaches for targeting cystic fibrosis nonsense mutations.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder. The clinical manifestations of the disease are caused by ∼2,000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. It is unlikely that any one approach will be efficient in correcting all defects. The recent approvals of ivacaftor, lumacaftor/ivacaftor and elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor represent the genesis of a new era of precision combination medicine for the CF patient population. In this review, we discuss targeted translational readthrough approaches as mono and combination therapies for CFTR nonsense mutations. We examine the current status of efficacy of translational readthrough/nonsense suppression therapies and their limitations, including non-native amino acid incorporation at PTCs and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), along with approaches to tackle these limitations. We further elaborate on combining various therapies such as readthrough agents, NMD inhibitors, and corrector/potentiators to improve the efficacy and safety of suppression therapy. These mutation specific strategies that are directed towards the basic CF defects should positively impact CF patients bearing nonsense mutations.
“Dangling” Accelerated Approvals in Oncology

“Dangling” Accelerated Approvals in Oncology The FDA recently reevaluated accelerated approvals for 35 oncology indications for anti–programmed death ligand 1 antibodies, revealing that for 10 indi...
Demon: Improved Neural Network Training with Momentum Decay

Momentum is a widely used technique for gradient-based optimizers in deep learning. In this paper, we propose a decaying momentum (\textsc{Demon}) rule. We conduct the first large-scale empirical analysis of momentum decay methods for modern neural network optimization, in addition to the most popular learning rate decay schedules. Across 28 relevant combinations of models, epochs, datasets, and optimizers, \textsc{Demon} achieves the highest number of Top-1 and Top-3 finishes at 39\% and 85\% respectively, almost doubling the second-placed learning rate cosine schedule at 17\% and 60\%, respectively. \textsc{Demon} also outperforms other widely used schedulers including, but not limited to, the learning rate step schedule, linear schedule, OneCycle schedule, and exponential schedule. Compared with the widely used learning rate step schedule, \textsc{Demon} is observed to be less sensitive to parameter tuning, which is critical to training neural networks in practice. Results are demonstrated across a variety of settings and architectures, including image classification, generative models, and language models. \textsc{Demon} is easy to implement, requires no additional tuning, and incurs almost no extra computational overhead compared to the vanilla counterparts. Code is readily available.
Is local recurrence higher among patients who downstage to breast conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND In early studies, local recurrence (LR) rates were higher after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in comparison with upfront surgery. Modern outcomes are uncertain, particularly among those who are initially breast-conserving surgery-ineligible (BCSi) and downstage to being breast-conserving surgery-eligible (BCSe). METHODS Among patients with cT1-3 breast cancer treated from 2014 to 2018 who were BCSe after NAC, clinicopathologic characteristics and LR were compared between initially BCSe patients and BCSi patients who downstaged. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) eligibility was determined prospectively. RESULTS Among 685 patients, 243 (35%) were BCSe before and after NAC and had BCS; 282 (41%) were BCSi before NAC, downstaged to BCSe, and had BCS; and 160 (23%) were BCSi before NAC, downstaged to BCSe, and chose mastectomy. The median age was 52 years, and most cancers were cT1-2 (84%), cN+ (61%), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+; 38%) or triple-negative (34%). Those who were BCSe before NAC had a lower cT stage, whereas those who chose mastectomy were younger (P < .05). NAC was usually ACT (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and a taxane)-based (92%), 99% of HER2+ patients received dual blockade, and 99% of BCS patients received adjuvant radiation. At a median follow-up of 35 months, 22 patients (3.2%) had developed LR. The Kaplan-Meier 4-year LR rates were not different among the groups (1.9% for those who were BCSe before and after NAC, 6.3% for those who downstaged to being BCSe and underwent BCS, and 2.7% for those who downstaged and underwent mastectomy; P = .17). CONCLUSIONS LR rates are low after NAC and BCS, even among BCSi patients who downstage, and they are not improved in patients who downstage and choose mastectomy. Mastectomy can be safely avoided in BCSi patients who downstage with NAC.
Endocannabinoid Metabolism and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of morbidity and disability and is a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, no effective therapies are currently available for TBI-induced AD-like disease. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid mediators involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The compound 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid with profound anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. This molecule is predominantly metabolized by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a key enzyme degrading about 85% of 2-AG in the brain. Studies using animal models of inflammation, AD, and TBI provide evidence that inactivation of MAGL, which augments 2-AG signaling and reduces its metabolites, exerts neuroprotective effects, suggesting that MAGL is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we provide an overview of the inhibition of 2-AG metabolism for the alleviation of neuropathology and the improvement of synaptic and cognitive functions after TBI.
Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community

Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community. Steven Gregory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. xii. 282pp. (Cloth US$29.95)
Permanent Stained Agar Preparation of Mycoplasma and of L Forms of Bacteria

A procedure is described that permits the preparation of permanent stained mounts of Mycoplasma and of bacterial L forms grown on the surface of and within agar media. These preparations are especially useful for making representative photographs. The cultures are fixed with Formalin vapor. Thin slices of agar are stained at elevated temperature between 50 and 60 C and at a low pH, are dried rapidly, and are mounted in Canada balsam. The results with this staining procedure are illustrated by photographs of various strains of Mycoplasma and of bacterial L forms.
Nonoperative treatment of urinary incontinence in women

Abstract 1. 1. False incontinence due to irritative lesions of the urethra, vesical neck, and bladder is frequently encountered in women. False incontinence is often confused by the doctor and patient and considered to be stress incontinence. The two conditions may co-exist. 2. 2. No adequate tests have been described to differentiate these two types of incontinence. The so-called continence test cannot be used as a reliable index to measure incontinence. 3. 3. It has been found that dilatation of the urethra, topical applications of silver nitrate, and the use of ephedrine will usually cure false incontinence. The method described may be used, therefore, as a therapeutic test to differentiate false from true stress incontinence prior to surgery. 4. 4. This method may at times be used successfully in preventing unnecessary operations on patients with false incontinence, and in the salvage of patients suffering from incontinence unimproved by surgery; or following operations on the anterior vaginal wall. 5. 5. Of 68 cases of urinary incontinence with adequate therapy and follow-up, 27 (or 40 per cent) were cured; 28 (or 41 per cent) were improved, while 13 (or 19 per cent) were not helped by this form of therapy.
Doctor of Psychology Degree (PsyD)

The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree is the doctoral degree that was developed for individuals whose career ambitions were to provide direct clinical services. Affirmed at the Vail Conference in 1973, PsyD training is primarily focused on the development of skilled clinical practitioners who can effectively use scientific research in their psychology practice. Based on the scholar-practitioner model, PsyD practitioners are trained to provide competent assessment, intervention, consultation, and supervisory-management related psychological services while effectively applying the findings of current psychological science research to their daily practice endeavors. Keywords: practice in clinical psychology; PsyD; teaching and research in psychology; teaching; training
On the Hanna Neumann Conjecture

The Hanna Neumann conjecture states that if F is a free group, then for all nontrivial finitely generated subgroups H, K6 F, rank(H \ K) 16 [rank(H) 1][rank(K) 1] Where most papers to date have considered a direct graph theoretic interpretation of the conjecture, here we consider the use of monomorphisms. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach with two results. First, we show that for any finitely generated groups H, K6 F either the pair H, K or the pair H , K satisfy the Hanna Neumann conjecture; here denotes the automorphism which sends each generator of F to its inverse. Next, using particular monomorphisms from F to F2, we obtain that if the Hanna Neumann conjecture is false then there is a counterexample
Growing Old Together: Similarities/Differences in Families of Adults with and without Down Syndrome

Abstract As persons with intellectual disabilities live increasingly long lives, issues arise concerning aging-related health problems, where these individuals will live, and who will be responsible for their care. Such issues become particularly salient when adults have Down syndrome (DS). By their late 40s and 50s, adults with DS often show multiple health problems and cognitive adaptive declines, and there are greater percentages of older parents who (if alive) are more often elderly. After examining aging in offspring with intellectual disabilities more generally, we examine issues of health, parental demographics, and family caregiving in families of adults with DS. Reviewing open-ended comments from over 600 sibling respondents of adults with DS versus with (non-DS) intellectual disabilities, we note similarities and differences in cross-sectional analyses across adulthood. In both the DS and (non-DS) intellectual disability groups, by the time that the brother/sister with disabilities was in their 50s, respondents reported increased sibling caregiving. In the DS group, respondents also reported that their brothers/sisters exhibited increased health problems during the 40s; these respondents themselves also showed higher rates of pessimistic comments during the 50s. When adults have intellectual disabilities, all families need to engage in future planning; in families of adults with DS, however, such planning may need to begin earlier (when adults are in their late 30s or early 40s), be more health-related, and feature more sibling involvement.
The Ordinary Meaning of Rules

Judges typically claim that rules contained in legal texts are interpreted in accordance with their ordinary meaning. It follows that the constituent question of what makes some meaning the ordinary one and the evidential question of how the determinants of ordinary meaning are identified and conceptualized are of crucial importance to the interpretation of legal texts. While a comprehensive analysis of these questions is beyond the scope of this chapter, it is possible as well as important to outline how such questions must necessarily be approached. Certainly, there are a variety of ways in which courts habitually go beyond or reject the linguistic meaning of the relevant text. Normatively based desires to, for example, ensure fair notice or avoid constitutional questions may cause a court to give a text a legal meaning that does not correspond with its linguistic meaning. The ordinary meaning principle, though, is necessarily concerned with the linguistic meaning of the text and not normative matters. As such, certain views about meaning and interpretation can be rejected as being incorrect. In particular, certain claims made by actual intentionalists are fundamentally inconsistent with how the ordinary meaning doctrine must be conceptualized. In short, the intentionalist position that a text means what its author intended it to mean, as well as the associated claims about the nature of natural language that often accompany this assertion, must be rejected. Instead, the ordinary meaning doctrine must be explicated on the basis of systematicities and conventions of language.
On the essential commutant of ()

Let T(QC) (resp. T) be the C * -algebra generated by the Toeplitz operators {T φ : φ ∈ QC} (resp. {T φ : φ ∈ L∞}) on the Hardy space H 2 of the unit circle. A well-known theorem of Davidson asserts that T(QC) is the essential commutant of T. We show that the essential commutant of T(QC) is strictly larger than T. Thus the image of T in the Calkin algebra does not satisfy the double commutant relation. We also give a criterion for membership in the essential commutant of T(QC).
Behavioral Deficits in Juveniles Mediated by Maternal Stress Hormones in Mice

Maternal depression has been shown to negatively impact offspring development. Investigation into the impact of maternal depression and offspring behavior has relied on correlative studies in humans. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms has been hindered by the lack of useful animal models. We previously characterized a mouse model which exhibits depression-like behaviors restricted to the postpartum period and abnormal/fragmented maternal care (Gabrd (-/-) mice). Here we utilized this unique mouse model to investigate the mechanism(s) through which maternal depression-like behaviors adversely impact offspring development. Cross-fostering experiments reveal increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in mice reared by Gabrd (-/-) mothers. Wild type and Gabrd (-/-) mice subjected to unpredictable stress during late pregnancy exhibit decreased pup survival and depression-like behavior in the postpartum period. Exogenous corticosterone treatment in wild type mice during late pregnancy is sufficient to decrease pup survival and induce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in the offspring. Further, the abnormal behaviors in juvenile mice reared by Gabrd (-/-) mice are alleviated by treatment of the mothers with the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist, Antalarmin. These studies suggest that hyperresponsiveness of the HPA axis is associated with postpartum depression and may mediate the adverse effects of maternal depression on offspring behavior.
Group exercise mode and health-related quality of life among healthy adults

mcgrath j.a., o’malley m. & hendrix t.j. (2011) Group exercise mode and health-related quality of life among healthy adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(3), 491–500. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to identify the difference between mode of group exercise and health-related quality of life (HRQOL), to determine the associations between mode of group exercise chosen by participants and their demographic characteristics, and to identify themes from narrative comments for each group exercise modality. Background. Regular exercise has been shown to improve HRQOL in the general population. However, few studies have compared mode of exercise – Pilates, step aerobics, and strength training – and their impact on HRQOL. Method. A comparison was conducted in 2009 between three groups of participants who met regularly at a fitness facility. The English version of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) was used to collect data. One open-ended question was analysed by content analysis. Results. In total, 143 adults participated in the study. There was a statistically significant association between mode of exercise and length of time the participants had been exercising (χ2 = 33·42, d.f. = 4, P < 0·001). There was a statistically significant difference in the Energy/Fatigue domain of the SF-36 between two modes of exercise: Strength Training and Pilates (z = −2·67, d.f. = 2, P = 0·008). Qualitative data revealed two themes that motivated healthy behaviours: personal, and interpersonal. Conclusion. Modes of group exercise influence HRQOL domains among adults. Healthcare providers need to understand what mode of exercise people are participating in order to educate them to achieve a better quality of life and to motivate those who are inactive.
Initial impacts of a wildfire on hydrology and suspended sediment and nutrient export in California chaparral watersheds

Stream and rainfall gauging and runoff sampling were used to determine changes in hydrology and export of nutrients and suspended sediment from a June 2004 wildfire that burned 3010 ha in chaparral coastal watersheds of the Santa Ynez Mountains, California. Precipitation during water year 2005 exceeded average precipitation by 200–260%. Burned watersheds had order of magnitude higher peak discharge compared with unburned watersheds but similar annual runoff. Suspended sediment export of 181 mt ha−1 from a burned watershed was approximately ten times greater than from unburned watersheds. Ammonium export from burned watersheds largely occurred during the first three storms and was 32 times greater than from unburned watersheds. Nitrate, dissolved organic nitrogen, and phosphate export from burned watersheds increased by 5.5, 2.8, and 2.2 times, respectively, compared with unburned chaparral watersheds. Storm runoff and peak discharge increase in burned compared with unburned sites were greatest during early season storms when enhanced runoff occurred. As the winter progressed, closely spaced storms and above average precipitation reduced the fire-related impacts that resulted in significant increases in annual post-fire runoff and export in other studies in southern California chaparral. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monotone sequences of graphical invariants

We investigate the extent to which certain graphical parameters can vary in successive point-deleted subgraphs. In particular we identify one group of invariants which can be made to conform to an arbitrary monotone nondecreasing sequence and another group to a given nonincreasing sequence. Curiously, the two sets are not disjoint, as the line connectivity is in both. Finally we determine the most general sequences which can appear in this context.