cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congestion avoidance with dynamic rate control in ATM networks

Conventional feedback schemes for available bit rate traffic in asynchronous transfer mode networks require many network parameter settings and use a fixed rate increment regardless of network load level. Determining and setting optimal parameters is a complex and difficult task. A fixed rate increment regardless of network load level could result in underutilization and severe congestion. Therefore conventional feedback schemes could result in poor performance as measured by throughput and queue length metrics. To improve network performance, a congestion avoidance scheme with dynamic rate control is proposed. The scheme provides fairness among contending sources, has high throughput and achieves shorter queue lengths without congestion. Also, the scheme converges quickly and reduces complex dependences of performance on combinations of individual parameters because it has few parameters. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABOUT FACE: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FACIAL APPEARANCE AND STATUS ATTAINMENT AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL

This research assesses the extent to which facial appearance is related to occupational status attainment. Through the use of Internet technology, a diverse random sample of research participants viewed Navy boot camp photographs and rated sailors across nine dimensions. Sailors who were rated highly attractive were also thought to be intelligent and to possess leadership qualities. And, consistent with social expectancy theory and status generalization theory, sailors who were rated high across these three traits advanced to higher ranks, and did so more rapidly, than those rated low on these traits. The findings of this study underscore the sociological significance of facial appearance as a means by which people are stratified within social structural contexts.
Second-Order Nature of the Spin-Reorientation Phase Transitions in YbFe O 3

The specific heat of YbFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in the range 1.5-15 K exhibits spin-reorientation and Schottky anomalies. The magnetic field dependence of the reorientation anomalies is consistent with phenomenological descriptions which predict that two second-order phase transitions occur in the reorientation process. These transitions are quite different from typical first-order or $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-type phase transitions. The Schottky anomalies give values for the exchange splitting of the ground state of the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions.
Delayed effects of juvenile hormone on insect metamorphosis are mediated by the corpus allatum.

EXPOSURE of insect embryos to juvenile hormone or to any of its analogues can result in delayed effects which are realized later at metamorphosis1–5. These have been attributed to: (1) persistence of the applied hormone through larval life2; (2) interference with the overall programming of the embryo for postembryonic development1,3; and (3) the selective interference with the embryonic programming of the corpus allatum3,5,6. This study presents evidence that juvenile hormone disrupts the embryonic programming of the corpus allatum such that it does not cease secretion of the hormone as a prelude to metamorphosis.
The decline of habeas corpus

Although habeas corpus was established to guarantee prisoners the right to petition federal courts to ensure that state courts had not erred in their conviction and sentencing, the recent trend of the federal habeas review appears to restrict those rights. This article first reviews the historical development of habeas corpus. It then explains that the recent habeas decisions of the federal courts have suppressed the federal habeas revolution by limiting successive petitions for federal habeas review, implementing a retroactive threshold requirement, and establishing a procedural default standard and a full and fair rule. The impact of Congress's current movement and the antiterrorism bill signed by the president on habeas corpus is also discussed. The article concludes that the trend of federal habeas review runs counter to the separation of power and indicates an ominous sign for the future of the habeas writ.
Working Toward a Common Goal: A Collaborative Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice

Health care reform in the United States will continue to necessitate creativity in the organization and staffing of health care models. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center has expanded its staff by placing midwives as primary providers for most routine care and much of the specialty care offered within the department. Midwives and attending physicians work collaboratively in outpatient specialty clinics. Inpatient care is provided by a team of midwives, residents, and attending physicians. This model of care is easily replicated, and has resulted in improvements in clinical practice and increased patient and personnel satisfaction.
Issue Saliency and Gender Stereotypes: Support for Women as Presidents in Times of War and Terrorism*

Objective. This article examines how issue saliency affects the public’s perceptions of whether a man or a woman would make a better president when considering the most important problem facing the nation. Method. The study uses telephone survey data of adults in the United States collected by the Annenberg Public Policy Center in September 2003. Multinominial logistic regression models were conducted to parse out the effects of issue saliency on presidential gender preference while taking demographic characteristics and party identification into account. Results. People who said that terrorism, homeland security, and/or U.S. involvement in Iraq was the most important problem facing the nation were more likely to say that a man would do a better job handling the issue as president. Conclusion. This study finds that issue saliency affects presidential gender preference above and beyond demographic and party identification variables. During the 1984 election when Democratic vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro appeared on ‘‘Meet the Press,’’ she was asked: ‘‘[D]o you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman?’’ (Jamieson, 1995:107) and ‘‘Are you strong enough to push the button?’’ (Braden, 1996:110). The questions reflected both the security concerns of the 1980s and the stereotype that men are better at protecting the nation than are women. In this study, we examine how such underlying stereotypes in conjunction with current events may affect attitudes about women in the presidency. Top-line poll results demonstrate that there has been an immense change in attitudes about women in the presidency over the last 70 years. In fact, the percentage of people saying they support a woman president has roughly kept pace with the year. When respondents were asked in 1937 if they
High Fidelity, High Risk, High Reward: Using High-Fidelity Networking Data in Ethically Sound Research

Network tap data can provide researchers with access to every packet flowing into or out of an organization. However, building a sound ethical framework around using this data is a necessary task before the community can embrace this data source. Here we describe the ethical issues, present example use cases, and suggest strategies for creating a strong ethical footing for this research while maintaining some level of utility to the researchers.
SWItching On Epidermal Cell Fate

Chromatin regulatory complexes are well known regulators of stem cell fate; however, the mechanisms regulating their activity are not well understood. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Bao et al. (2013) show that ACTL6a inhibits targeting of the SWI/SNF complex to differentiation genes, thereby preserving the epidermal progenitor state.
Chest Radiography and the Evaluation of the Neonate for Congenital Heart Disease

We assessed the utility of the chest film as a screening tool for term and preterm neonates with suspected structural heart disease. Three independent observers, blinded to patient diagnosis, retrospectively evaluated the initial chest film for each of 128 consecutive neonates with suspected heart disease (gestational age, 23-42 weeks; birth weight, 500-4,621 g) who had undergone both chest radiography and echocardiography. These evaluations were subsequently compared with the results of the respective echocardiograms, read by board-certified pediatric cardiologists blinded to the chest film and chest film interpretation. Kappa statistics demonstrated moderate correlation (0.42-0.48) among different observers in their interpretation of the chest films but poor correlation (0.15-0.34) between chest radiography and echocardiography. The chest film had a low sensitivity for structural heart disease (26-59%), with a negative predictive value of 46-52%. Among neonates less than 2 kg or younger than 35 weeks of gestation, the chest film had still lower sensitivity for detecting heart disease. Despite agreement among observers in chest film interpretation, the chest film does not function as a screening test for neonates with suspected heart disease, particularly in small or premature neonates. In neonates with suspected heart disease, echocardiography should be considered, even in patients with chest films that do not suggest congenital heart disease.
Federal Agency Blogs: Agency Mission, Audience, and Blog Forms

ABSTRACT This article reports on a systematic investigation of every federal department and independent agency for evidence of a current or past blog with a focus on three questions: Which agencies are using blogs, how are they using them, and why are agencies blogging? The question of why becomes particularly important as more agencies establish this online presence. We examine the relationships among the mission of the agency, the audience of the blog, and the form of the blog to address these questions. We also explore the relationship between blogging and the technological sophistication of the agency generally, and portray patterns of duration and density of traffic on the blogs. A number of hypotheses related to agency constituency-building and communication are examined.
Neurology Was There in 1865

In 1865 Americans saw the end of the Civil War, and their president, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated. Slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment. The Atlantic cable linking Europe and the United States was completed. Bismarck and Napoleon III had a meeting resulting in Prussian supremacy in Germany. Lister had shown that antiseptic surgery was feasible and great surgical advances were made possible. Maxwell published his treatise defining the laws that related electricity to magnetism. Mendel's laws of heredity were formulated, and Pasteur saved the silk industry by curing silkworm disease. Alice in Wonderland was written by Lewis Carroll; Twain, Whitman, Homer, Inness, Wagner, and Rimsky-Korsakov all added to our cultural heritage.
Endocrine correlates of sexual development in the male monkey, Macaca fascicularis.

To increase our understanding of the physiology of sexual maturation in the primate, we have studied various endocrine correlates of reproductive development in the male monkey, Macaca fascicularis. In a cross-sectional study, we examined 80 monkeys, ranging in age from 2 weeks to more than 8 yr. We weighed, measured testis size, and obtained a single morning blood sample from all animals. Serum LH and testosterone (T) levels were measured by bioassay and RIA, respectively. Based on the criteria of age and testis size, we classified the monkeys into five study groups: neonates, older infants, juveniles, peripubertals, and adults. To characterize hormone secretory patterns and to search for evidence of episodic LH and T secretion during development, we selected animals at random (n ≥ 6) from each study group and bled them at 20- to 30-min intervals during evening hours (between 1900–2300 h). To assess pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during development, we administered LHRH (5 μg/kg, iv bolus) to groups of...
An Arsenate Reductase from Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 Exhibits a Novel Combination of Catalytic Characteristics

The deduced protein product of open reading frame slr0946 from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, SynArsC, contains the conserved sequence features of the enzyme superfamily that includes the low-molecular-weight protein-tyrosine phosphatases and the Staphylococcus aureus pI258 ArsC arsenate reductase. The recombinant protein product of slr0946 , rSynArsC, exhibited vigorous arsenate reductase activity ( V max = 3.1 μmol/min · mg), as well as weak phosphatase activity toward p -nitrophenyl phosphate ( V max = 0.08 μmol/min · mg) indicative of its phosphohydrolytic ancestry. pI258 ArsC from S. aureus is the prototype of one of three distinct families of detoxifying arsenate reductases. The prototypes of the others are Acr2p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and R773 ArsC from Escherichia coli. All three have converged upon catalytic mechanisms involving an arsenocysteine intermediate. While SynArsC is homologous to pI258 ArsC, its catalytic mechanism exhibited a unique combination of features. rSynArsC employed glutathione and glutaredoxin as the source of reducing equivalents, like Acr2p and R773 ArsC, rather than thioredoxin, as does the S. aureus enzyme. As postulated for Acr2p and R773 ArsC, rSynArsC formed a covalent complex with glutathione in an arsenate-dependent manner. rSynArsC contains three essential cysteine residues like pI258 ArsC, whereas the yeast and E. coli enzymes require only one cysteine for catalysis. As in the S. aureus enzyme, these “extra” cysteines apparently shuttle a disulfide bond to the enzyme9s surface to render it accessible for reduction. SynArsC and pI258 ArsC thus appear to represent alternative branches in the evolution of their shared phosphohydrolytic ancestor into an agent of arsenic detoxification.
Aromatization of Androstenedione by the Anterior Hypothalamus of Adult Male and Female Rats

Homogenates of fresh tissue from adult male and female rats were incubated with appropriate co-factors and androstenedione-3H for one hour at 37° C. Extraction and identification of reaction products demonstrated the aromatization of androstenedione to estrone by anterior hypothalamus but not by posterior hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland or frontal cortex. This finding confirms and expands the previous preliminary report of aromatization by human fetal hypothalamus to include adults of both sexes in a second species, the rat. Further localization of this reaction is consistent with concepts derived from experimental evidence which indicate central aromatization of androgens to be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain, initiation and maintenance of sexual behavior, control of gonadotropin secretion and “peripheral conversion” of circulating androgens to estrogens. (Endocrinology 90: 295, 1972)
Method for Determining the Response Function of a High-Resolution Infrared Spectrometer*

A method has been developed for determining the response function of an infrared spectrometer under the usual running condition of partially coherent illumination from a thermal source. The method consists of deconvolving observed absorption lines of known Doppler shape. Only the sample-gas temperature, molecular weight, absorption-line frequency, and equivalent width are needed to construct the true absorptance profile. The response function of a high-resolution spectrometer has been determined by this method at several frequencies in the 3-μ region. It ranged from 0.014 cm−1 to 0.020 cm−1 in width and was typically 6%–20% narrower than the observed absorption line. The entire process was carried out automatically in the computer, with absorptance data in digital form. A procedure due to P. H. van Cittert, which is often used for resolution enhancement, is shown to be a special case of the more-general and efficient relaxation technique used in this study.
Unilateral function and the temporomandibular joint in rhesus monkeys

Abstract The left mandibular teeth were extracted in five adult rhesus monkeys, and the monkeys were killed after 3 weeks and 3, 6, 14, and 18 months, respectively. Serial sections of all temporomandibular joints were studied and compared with similar sections from five control monkeys without occlusal alterations. There was no evidence of trauma or altered joint morphology as a result of the induced unilateral function. Osteoarthritic changes within the joint did not seem to be related to functional stress or trauma.
Microwave spectrum, conformation, quadrupole coupling constants, and barrier to internal rotation of methoxyamine

Abstract The microwave spectra of three isotopic species of methoxyamine (CH 3 ONH 2 ) have been studied. For the normal species the ground-state rotational constants are A = 42488 ± 150 MHz, B = 10049.59 ± 0.03 MHz, and C = 8962.85 ± 0.03 MHz. From these data and those from the -NHD and -ND 2 species, the amino protons have been shown to occupy a symmetrical trans position relative to the methyl group. The barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group has been found to be 873 ± 15 cm −1 by analysis of ground-state splittings. Analysis of hyperfine splittings has yielded the 14 N quadrupole coupling constants, which have the following values for the normal isotopic species: χ aa = 3.63 ± 0.03 MHz, χ bb = −3.69 ± 0.07 MHz, and χ cc = 0.06 ± 0.07 MHz.
Evidence of a turbidity current in Monterey Submarine Canyon associated with the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Abstract Evidence of a turbidity current sweeping through the Monterey Submarine Canyon following the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was documented by the movement of bottom-deployed acoustic transponders used to navigate free-falling oceanographic instrumentation. Measuring sites located along the Canyon at distances of 55, 130 and 190 km from the Canyon head off Moss Landing, CA, all showed evidence of tectonically induced sediment transport. At the site 55 km from the Canyon head, one transponder, located in the axis of the Canyon, was carried 1.9 km down the axis and was deposited among a field of rocks. The other three transponders had been deployed on the sides of the canyon and showed evidence of sediment slumping toward the Canyon axis. Circumstantial evidence from the site 130 km down the canyon suggests that sediment deposition occurred outside the channel axis. Sediment slumping or erosional cutting moved one transponder deeper at the site 190 km from the canyon head.
Dynamics of Gonadotropin Release Following Ovariectomy and Injection of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Early Postpartum Dairy Cows

Abstract The influence of the ovary and of injection of low doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on secretion and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of gonadotropins in early postpartum cows was examined in a 2×2 factorial design (6 cows/group). Twelve cows were ovariectomized 2 d postpartum (calving = d 0; groups 1 and 2) and 12 cows were left intact (groups 3 and 4). Groups 1 and 3 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (5 μ g) every 120min for 70h from d 6 to d 9; groups 2 and 4 saline by the same regimen. All animals 50 μ g gonadotropin-releasing hormone on d 9. Mean concentrations of FSH were higher following ovariectomy compared with those of intact cows 6 to 8 d postpartum, whereas no differences in FSH were observed between cows receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone or saline during this period. Concentrations of LH were similar in intact and ovariectomized cows on d 6 to 8 but were increased in cows receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone compared with cows receiving saline. Ovariectomy did not alter the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of gonadotropins on d 9. Injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on d 6 to 8 resulted in a decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of gonadotropins on d 9. It was concluded that removal of ovarian influence resulted in increased secretion of FSH but did not affect gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of LH and FSH during the early postpartum period.
Impurity Effects on the Phase Transformations and Equations of State of Zirconium Metals

The in situ high P-T X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted at pressures up to 17 GPa and temperatures up to 1273 K to study the phase transformations and equations of state for two grades of zirconium metals. At ambient temperature, our results reveal significant differences in both the transition pressure and kinetics of the {alpha}-{omega} phase transformation between the ultra-pure Zr (35 ppm Hf and <50 ppm O) and impure Zr (1.03 at% Hf and 4.5 at% O). These observations indicate that impurities, particularly oxygen ions, play important roles in the transformation mechanisms as well as crystal stability. On the other hand, impurities have no measurable effects on either the elastic bulk moduli of both {alpha} and {omega} phases or the volume change across the {alpha}-{omega} phase transformation. At elevated temperature, both impure and ultra-pure Zr show similar transition temperatures for the {omega}-{beta} phase boundary over a pressure range of 6-16 GPa, suggesting that impure oxygen and hafnium ions can only be an {alpha}-Zr stabilizer; they do not seem to significantly increase the stability of the {omega}-Zr relative to the {beta}-Zr.
Characterization of more than 85% of cystic fibrosis alleles in the Greek population, including five novel mutations.

To completely characterize the spectrum of mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene in Greek cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, we screened 500 CF chromosomes by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by direct sequencing. We identified 48 mutations, accounting for 85.6% of CF chromosomes. They included eight novel mutations, three of which we have described before and five (E822X, Y247X, 2752–26A→G, 3152delT, and 2751+T→A), which are described in this report. The detection of such a high proportion of Greek CF mutations is important for improving prenatal and genetic diagnosis of CF in Greece.
Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the baboon.

Abstract Baboon liver has detectable aldehyde dehydrogenase (A1DH) activity in the mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions. Based on kinetic data, the mitochondrial and soluble fractions each appear to contain two forms of A1DH, one with a high, and another with a low, K m for acetaldehyde. In the microsomes there was activity only with millimolar concentrations of acetaldehyde. In the baboon liver, about 75 per cent of total A1DH activity resides in the mitochondria and 20 per cent in the soluble faction. Chronic ethanol consumption decreased total and low K m mitochondrial A1DH activity in baboon liver. In rats, ethanol consumption also resulted in decreased mitochondrial low K m A1DH activity.
Analysis of BioOne Journal Collections: Their Quality, Indexing Coverage, and Scholarly Content

This study examined the 130 current full-text titles in the BioOne.1 and BioOne.2 collections to determine whether they are peer-reviewed, contain book reviews, and are supplied by document delivery vendors. We identified indexing coverage in 11 major databases in agriculture and life sciences: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), AGRICOLA, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Abstracts, GeoRef, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Zoological Record. We concluded that the majority of the titles in BioOne collections are refereed and scholarly, indexed in several of the major indexing and abstracting journals in the field of agriculture and life sciences, and available via several major document delivery vendors. We find both BioOne collections to be valuable, useful, cost-effective journal aggregations.
An operator‐splitting algorithm for two‐dimensional convection–dispersion–reaction problems

An operator-splitting algorithm for the two-dimensional convection–dispersion–reaction equation is developed. The flow domain is discretized into triangular elements which are fixed in time. The governing equation is split into three successive initial value problems: a pure convection problem, a pure dispersion problem and a pure reaction problem. For the pure convection problem, solutions are found by the method of characteristics. The solution algorithm involves tracing the characteristic lines backwards in time from a vertex of an element to an interior point. A cubic polynomial is used to interpolate the concentration and its derivatives on an element. For the pure dispersion problem, an explicit finite element algorithm is employed. Analytical solutions are obtained for the pure reaction problem. The treatment of the boundary conditions is also discussed. Several numerical examples are presented. Numerical results agree well with analytical solutions. Because cubic polynomials are used in the interpolation, very little numerical damping and oscillation are introduced, even for the pure convection problem.
Initial Results from the Donner 600 Crystal Positron Tomograph

We describe a positron tomograph using a single ring of 600 close-packed 3 mm wide bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to 14 mm phototubes. The phototube preamplifier circuit derives a timing pulse from the first photoelectron, and sends it to address and coincidence circuits only if the integrated pulse height is within a pre-set window. The timing delays and pulse height windows for all 600 detectors and the coincidence timing windows are computer adjustable. An orbiting positron source is used for transmission measurements and a look-up table is used to reject scattered and random coincidences that do not pass through the source. Data can be acquired using a stationary mode for 1.57 mm lateral sampling or the two-position clam sampling mode for 0.79 mm lateral sampling. High maximum data rates are provided by 45 parallel coincidence circuits and 4 parallel histogram memory units. With two-position sampling and 1.57 mm bins, the reconstructed point spread function (PSF) of a 0.35 mm diam 22Na wire source at the center of the tomograph is circular with 2.9 mm full-width at half-maximum (fwhm) and the PSF at a distance of 8 cm from the center is elliptical with a radial fwhm of 4.0 mm and tangential fwhm of 3.0 mm.
Temperature effects on tocopherol composition in soybeans with genetically improved oil quality.

Tocopherol, a natural antioxidant, typically accounts for a small percentage of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) oil. Alleles that govern the expression of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean germplasm are influenced by temperature. However, little is known about the environmental influences on tocopherol expression. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on tocopherol composition in soybean germplasm that exhibit homozygous recessive and dominant alleles that govern the predominant ω-6 and ω-3 desaturases. The control cv. Dare and three low-18:3 genotypes (N78-2245, PI-123440, N85-2176) were grown under controlled-temperature environments during reproductive growth. Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature. The relative strength of this correlation was greater in the germplasm that exhibited homozygous alleles governing the ω-6 desaturase than those governing the ω-3 desaturase. The decline in total tocopherol with reduced temperature was attributed predominantly to loss of γ-tocopherol. However, γ-tocopherol concentration also was directly related to 18:3 concentration in all genotypes. Thus, low-18:3 oils contained both a lower content and a lower concentration of γ-tocopherol. Although the biochemical basis for this observation is unknown, the antioxidant capacity of γ-tocopherol appeared to be directly associated with changes in oil quality that were mediated more by genetic than by environmental influences on 18:3 concentration. Another aspect of this work showed that low-18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α-tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments. This condition should be regarded as another beneficial aspect of plant breeding approaches to the improvement of soybean oil quality.
Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone β Gene Promoter Activity by the Orphan Nuclear Receptor, Steroidogenic Factor-1 (∗)

The orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), is expressed in the pituitary and in the gonadotrope precursor cell line, αT3-1, where it is believed to enhance expression of the common gonadotropin α-subunit gene through transactivation of the gonadotrope-specific element (GSE). Sequence analysis of the rat luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ) gene promoter revealed the presence of a consensus GSE at −127 to −119 (TGACCTTGT). We have demonstrated the ability of SF-1 to bind specifically to this putative GSE sequence by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, utilizing both αT3-1 nuclear extracts and in vitro translated SF-1. In addition, mutation of the putative LHβ-GSE (TGAAATTGT) eliminated specific DNA binding. To examine the ability of SF-1 to enhance LHβ promoter activity, CV-1 cells, which lack endogenous SF-1, were cotransfected with an SF-1-containing expression vector and an LHβ-luciferase reporter construct. When cotransfected with −209/+5 of the LHβ promoter, SF-1 increased luciferase activity by 56-fold. SF-1 responsiveness was markedly diminished with loss of the putative GSE region in deletion constructs and in the presence of a two base pair mutation, analogous to the mutation which eliminated DNA binding. Finally, the LHβ-GSE was able to confer SF-1 responsiveness on a heterologous minimal growth hormone promoter, GH50 (57-fold). We conclude that SF-1 both binds to and transactivates the rat LHβ promoter. These data suggest that SF-1 may participate in the expression of the LHβ gene by the gonadotrope.
N-Polar AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs on SiC with a 16.7 W/mm power density at 10 GHz using an Al 2 O 3 based etch stop technology for the gate recess

This paper presents the X-band and C-band power performance of MOCVD grown N-polar AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs grown on semi-insulating SiC substrates. Additionally, an Al 2 O 3 based etch stop technology was demonstrated for improving the manufacturability of N-polar GaN HEMTs with Si x N y passivation. The reported output power densities of 16.7 W/mm at 10 GHz and 20.7 W/mm at 4 GHz represent the highest reported values so far for an N-polar device, at both of these frequencies.
Benzo[A]Pyrene and Dibenzo[A, L]Pyrene do not Alter gap Junction Communication in Rat Liver Epithelial Cells

Abstract Dibenzo[a, l]pyrene (DB[a, l]P) is more potent than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in causing tumors in rodents. We investigated the possibility that this higher DB[a, l]P potency involves alterations in gap junction communication (GJC), a cell activity associated with cancer promotion processes. Rat liver epithelial cells, treated with various concentrations up to 50 μM (0.0126 mg/ml) B[a]P or 40 μM (0.0121 mg/ml) DB[a, l]P for 24 hours, were examined for changes in GJC; no changes were observed. However, cells treated with the maximum soluble concentrations of these chemicals had between 213 and 378 attomoles of DNA adduct per μg of DNA. Thus the observed lack of GJC alteration is not attributable to an inability of these cells to metabolize PAHs, and indicates that the different potency exhibited by the two chemicals is not associated with alterations in GJC.
Die Entwicklung der Atombombe in Amerika, Deutschland und der Sowjetunion

Die Projekte zum Bau der ersten Atombombe liefen in den USA, Deutschland und der UdSSR etwa zur selben Zeit an. Unabhangig von der jeweiligen politischen Ideologie engagierten sich die Wissenschaftler fur dieses Ziel. Lediglich die Direktiven der Politiker waren ausschlaggebend dafur, das Amerika als erste Nation das nukleare Feuer zundete.
Analysis, Design, and Prototyping of Temperature Resilient Clock Distribution Networks for 3-D ICs

The 3-D integrated circuits (3-D ICs) overcome the bottlenecks in system performance and circuit density. However, their increased power and thermal density cause temperature gradients in the chip that significantly affect signal and power integrity. Temperature gradients significantly degrade the clock signal, a key signal in digital systems, which in turn degrades system performance. In this paper, we investigate the effect of thermal gradients on the clock distribution network in the 3-D ICs along with the power distribution network. We also present power-efficient compensation methods for minimizing temperature-induced skew using the thermoelectrical analysis and use them to design a custom IC in which we compare the skew, the power, and the area. Finally, using measurements, we validate the design with a field-programmable gate array-based test vehicle.
Short-Term Metabolism of Radioactive Kinetin during Lettuce Seed Germination

Exogenously applied 8-14C-kinetin is rapidly taken up by seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids). Radioactive metabolites were extracted and purified by solvent fractionation, column and paper chromatography. The primary metabolite was identified as the 9-riboside-5′-monophosphate. As germination proceeds, some kinetin is released from this bound storage form, giving a maximum level of free kinetin at 12 hours after imbibition. After this time the concentration of ribotide increases while the concentration of free base decreases. Other metabolites are the 9-riboside, AMP and IMP. It is suggested that a required amount of free base cytokinin is necessary by 12 hours after imbibition. This concentration of free cytokinin may act as a physiological trigger for later events during germination.
Admission duration model for infant treatment (ADMIT)

In today's healthcare environment, nurses play an integral role in determining patient outcomes. This role becomes especially clear in intensive care units such as the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In the NICU, critically ill infants rely almost completely on the care of these nurses for survival. Given the importance of their role, and the volatile conditions of the infants, it is imperative that nurses be able to focus on the infants in their charge. In order to provide this level of care there must be an appropriate infant to nurse ratio each day. However traditional staffing models often utilize a number of factors, including historical census counts, which when incorrect leave a NICU at risk of operating barely reaching, or even below the recommended staffing level. This work will present the novel ADMIT (Admission Duration Model for Infant Treatment) model, which yields personalized length of stay estimates for an infant, utilizing data available from time of admission to the NICU.
Experimentally Derived Musculotendon Parameters for the Human Soleus: Fiber Length, Pennation Angle and Isometric Force

The soleus is one of the strongest muscles in the human body. It is the dominant plantarflexor at the ankle and plays a key role in maintaining posture and balance [1]. The soleus has been associated with risk of falls in the elderly and it is prone to contracture resulting in reduced range of motion and potentially adverse affects on gait and balance. Accurately characterizing the force-length properties of the human soleus is important for basic clinical research and critical for those constructing musculoskeletal models if such models are to further our understanding of gait and posture in healthy and pathological populations.© 2009 ASME
Interface strength measurement of tungsten coatings on F82H substrates

In the current work, hot isostatic pressing is adopted to deposit tungsten coatings on F82H substrates. The interface strength of the W/F82H samples is measured using the Laser Spallation technique and the microstructure is analyzed to determine the strength of the coating. Finally, the failure mechanisms of the hot isostatic pressing versus vacuum plasma spraying tungsten coatings and their different failure strengths are compared. It is concluded that the hot isostatic pressing process ensures a good adhesion for the W/F82H interface while the vacuum plasma spraying process results in relatively lower failure strength for the W-coating itself due to the high porosity in the coating.
The stopping power of 1 to 3 MeV hydrogen and helium in polystyrene

Abstract The stopping powers of 1 to 3 MeV hydrogen ( 1 H) and helium ( 4 He) in polystyrene are measured using the thin-film backscattering method. As the incident energy increases from 1 to 3 MeV, the hydrogen stopping power decreases from 3.1 to 1.3 eV/(10 15 atoms/cm 2 ), whereas the helium stopping power decreases from 27.4 to 14.1 eV/(10 15 atoms/cm 2 ). The hydrogen stopping power is in quantitative agreement with values predicted by Bragg's rule and the cores-and-bonds model. The helium stopping power agrees with the cores-and-bonds model at low energies, but obeys Bragg's rule at energies above 1.5 MeV. This result suggests that the stopping power is less sensitive to the details of chemical bonding at higher energies.
Behavior of Si:As and Si:Sb detectors in space

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the behavior of the detectors on the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) 1 onboard Spitzer. 2 The detectors of the IRS have been subjected to a 2.5 years of harsh space environments. We found that thenumber of protons hitting the IRS detectors is approximately 1 every second. We also present a simple analysisthat shows that the Si:Sb detectors are about a factor 3 to 6 times more sensitive to the space environment thanthe Si:As detectors.Keywords: Spitzer Space Telescope, Infrared Spectrograph, Arsenic doped detectors, Antimony doped detectors 1. INTRODUCTION Spitzer is the fourth of NASAs great observatories and is the third telescope dedicated to mid-infrared (MIR) tofar-infrared (FIR) capabilities launched in a stable orbit in space. It has three instruments onboard that provideimaging and spectroscopic capabilities. The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 3 performs imaging only at specicwaveband in the MIR part of the spectra while the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS)
Scrappage and survival rates of passenger cars and light trucks in the U.S., 1966-1977

Abstract In recent years sales of light trucks have increased dramatically raising their market share of new light duty vehicle sales from 12% in 1967 to 24% in 1978. Because light trucks are typically less fuel efficient than automobiles and because they have longer lifetimes, there is concern about the long run impact of this trend on the fuel efficiency of the light duty vehicle population. This paper investigates the scrappage patterns of imported and domestic automobiles and light duty trucks over the period 1966–1977. Estimated scrappage functions for the three vehicle types differ significantly, the most striking difference being the longer lifetimes of light trucks as compared to passenger cars (median lifetimes were 14.5 and 9.9 years respectively). A comparison of pre and post 1973 time periods does not alter this conclusion. The long run effect of this is likely to be a vehicle population share about 5 percentage points higher than the light truck market share of new vehicles and a 3% reduction in overall fleet fuel economy.
When Are Ideologies Irreconcilable? Case Studies in Diachronic Anthropology

Dans le cadre du colloque consacre a l'essai de Wittgenstein sur «La certitude», organise par H. E. Mason a l'universite du Minnesota en octobre 1996, l'A. etudie les differents scenarios utilises par Wittgenstein comme experience de pensee en reponse a l'argument de Moore. Soulevant la question de l'irreconciliabilite des ideologies au fondement de l'incomprehension mutuelle des tribus et du penseur, l'A. propose de considerer les problemes praxis/theoria et marxisme/christianisme au sein d'une anthropologie diachronique dont l'objet est le conflit des cultures. La solution consiste a comprendre les systemes de croyances non plus comme des entites isolees, mais comme des ensembles vivant en interaction
Live to Win Another Day: Why Many Militant Organizations Survive Yet Few Succeed

Militant organizations pursue two common aims: to survive and to achieve the goals that define their raison d’etre. Yet, elements that sustain the life spans of militant organizations are not necessarily the same components that advance the accomplishment of their core, or “outcome,” goals. Further, some organizational practices, such as the use of suicide attacks, generate a tradeoff that bolsters survivability while detracting from the effective pursuit of outcome goals. This study demonstrates that three operating conditions explain variation in the duration and achievement of contemporary militant organizations: receptiveness to tradeoffs, levels of external support, and the nature of adversaries. As such, the unique effects of different operating conditions reveal why many militant organizations survive for long periods of time but only a few achieve the goals that justify their existence.
Extended hildebrand solubility approach: Solubility of theophylline in polar binary solvents

A quantitative approach is presented for predicting solubilities of crystalline compounds in binary solvent systems. The solubility of theophylline in mixed solvents consisting of dioxane and water was determined at 25 ± 0.1°. The solubilities across this range of polar solvents were back-calculated using a technique involving an interaction energy term, W. This parameter is regressed against a polynomial expression in δ1, the solubility parameter for the mixed solvents. Except for the end-points, solubilities were predicted within <12% and with considerably better accuracy in most cases. The new approach modifies the well-known Hildebrand solubility equation to make it applicable to polar systems. Although the method may be used with solutes in pure solvents, its greatest application appears to be the prediction of drug solubility in binary solvent mixtures.
Responses of cells of the rat fascia dentata to prolonged stimulation of the perforant path: sensitivity of hilar cells and changes in granule cell excitability.

Abstract Recent studies have shown that prolonged stimulation of afferents of the rat fascia dentata in vivo leads to the development of chronic epileptiform activity of the dentate granule cell region, and degeneration of certain cell types in the adjacent hilus. To investigate the development of dentate hyperexcitability and the selective vulnerability of hilar cells, the hippocampal slice preparation offers an in vitro model in which cellular mechanisms can be examined. We have recorded intracellularly from granule cells and hilar cells in tissue slices from rat before, during, and following sustained stimulation of the major afferent input to the dentate gyrus, the perforant path. Results from intracellular studies in slices were consistent with the in vivo studies. Hilar cells were far more sensitive to short-term or prolonged perforant path stimulation than granule cells. At a time when the granule cell population response was not affected by prolonged stimulation, simultaneous recordings from hilar cells and some granule layer interneurons showed that these cells were already depolarized, had very low input resistance, and showed other electrophysiological changes indicative of deterioration. In contrast, granule cells generally hyperpolarized during stimulation and their input resistance increased; no signs of injury were evident in granule cells. Some stimulus-induced changes in the physiological characteristics of granule cells, such as decreased spike frequency adaptation and reduced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, may contribute to the development of dentate hyperexcitability.
Biocompatible poly (vinylidene fluoride)/cyanoacrylate composite coatings with tunable hydrophobicity and bonding strength

Biocompatible composite coatings are produced from solution processable poly(vinylidene fluoride)/cyanoacrylate blends prepared in the presence of rosin and ZnO particle fillers, the latter for control of coating surface microstructure. Dispersions are spray coated and cured at 100 °C onto aluminum foils and fiberglass cloths suitable for tissue engineering applications. The elastic modulus of the composite films matches or exceeds that of polyethylene-based orthopedic implant materials. Contact angle measurements on coated fiberglass cloths reveal that wettability of hydrophobic coatings is maintained under strain for applied mechanical stress levels up to ∼15 kN/m2, whereas ultrahydrophobic coatings fail at ∼5 kN/m2.
An analysis of outcomes and treatment costs for children undergoing splenectomy for chronic immune thrombocytopenia purpura.

Abstract Purpose Indications and timing for splenectomy in pediatric chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (cITP) are controversial because of high spontaneous remission rates and concern for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. The objective of this study was to assess the risks, costs, and benefits of medical and surgical intervention for children with cITP. Methods After receiving institutional review board approval, medical records for all children with cITP who underwent splenectomy from 2002 through 2009 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 22). Preoperative and postoperative data were collected. Medical and surgical costs were calculated based on pharmacy charges per dose and hospital charges, respectively. Results The median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 3-16 years). Medical management included steroids (n = 21), intravenous gamma globulin (n = 19), anti-D antibody (n = 19), or a combination of these therapies (n = 22). Nineteen patients (86%) reported side effects from medical therapy. Median age at splenectomy was 13 years (range, 6-18 years), and time to surgery was 23 months from diagnosis (range, 6-104 months). Splenectomy increased platelet counts in all children from a median of 25,500 to 380,000 postoperatively ( P P Conclusion Earlier surgical consultation for children with cITP may be justified given the high success rate and low morbidity, particularly given the significant complication rate and cost of continued medical treatment.
Ultrastructure of Ureaplasma urealyticum, serotype 8 and the use of immunogold to confirm the localisation of urease and other antigens

Abstract Thin sections of Ureaplasma urealyticum were examined by electron microscopy. Most cells were spherical or ovoid, 0.4–0.8 μm in diameter. Utilising previously described monoclonal antibodies and protein A-gold, three major antigens were located either on membranes (the 16/17 kDa and 96 kDa antigens) or in the cytoplasm (urease).