cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job insecurity during recessions: effects on survivors’ work stress

Previous studies show a variety of negative health consequences for the remaining workforce after downsizing events. This study examined self-reported work stress from 2009–2012 in the context of a large multi-site aluminum manufacturing company that underwent severe downsizing in 2009. This study examined the association between work stress and working at a work site that underwent severe downsizing. We assessed the level of downsizing across thirty plants in 2009 and categorized seven as having undergone severe downsizing. We linked plant-level downsizing information to individual workers’ responses to an annual work engagement survey, which included three work stress questions. From 2009 to 2012 over 14, 000 employees were asked about their experience of work stress. Though the surveys were anonymous, the surveys captured employees’ demographic and employment characteristic as well as plant location. We used hierarchical logistic regressions to compare responses of workers at severely downsized plants to workers at all other plant while controlling for demographic and plant characteristics. Responses to the work stress questions and one control question were examined. In all yearly surveys salaried workers consistently reported having more work stress than hourly workers. There was no differential in work stress for workers at severely downsized plants in 2009. In 2010 to 2012, salaried workers who remained at severely downsized plants reported significantly higher work stress than salaried workers at all other plants across multiple work stress questions. Examination of the 2006 survey confirmed that there were no pre-existing differences in work stress among salaried employees working at plants that would eventually experience severe downsizing. In addition, there was no difference in responses to the control question at severely downsized plants. Salaried workers at plants with high layoffs experienced more work stress after 2009 than their counterparts at non-high layoff plants. Increased work stress is important to monitor and may be a mediating pathway through which the external economic environment leads to adverse health outcomes.
Smad7 Is Induced by CD40 and Protects WEHI 231 B-lymphocytes from Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis *

Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in B-lymphocytes and is essential for immune regulation and maintenance of self-tolerance. Here we show that concomitant signaling through CD40 sustains proliferation and rescues the premature B cell line WEHI 231 from both TGF-β-induced and anti-IgM-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effect of CD40 is associated with the transcriptional activation of the inhibitory Smad7 protein. The transactivation of Smad7 by CD40 is NFκB-dependent in that pharmacological inhibitors of this pathway, N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, abrogate CD40-induced Smad7 expression. Ectopic overexpression of Smad7 inhibited Smad2 activation, TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition, and apoptosis in WEHI 231 cells. Consistent with this result, dominant negative interference with Smad2 and Smad3 function also inhibited TGF-β-induced apoptosis. The inhibitory effects of Smad7 overexpression were specific to TGF-β-induced apoptosis and were without effect on anti-IgM-induced cell death. These results suggest a mechanism of suppression of TGF-β-induced apoptosis by CD40, mediated through activation of NF-κB and, consequently, induction of Smad7 expression.
A NATIONAL STUDY OF AMERICAN INDIAN EDUCATION

Social scientists have been officially asked to study the education of American Indians several times during the past 45 years. The first major study, made under the direction of Mr. Lewis Meriam at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, was commenced in 1926 and the report published in 1928. 1 Since that time a number of studies of Indian children and youth have been made by anthropologists, sociologists, and psychologists. Most of them have been done on the private initiative of individual scholars of university departments, but some have been made by researchers on the staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and some have been commissioned and paid for by the Bureau of Indian Affairs or the United States Office of Education.
Modeling the self-assembly of lipids and nanotubes in solution: forming vesicles and bicelles with transmembrane nanotube channels.

Via dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), we simulate the self-assembly of end-functionalized, amphiphilic nanotubes and lipids in a hydrophilic solvent. Each nanotube encompasses a hydrophobic stalk and two hydrophilic ends, which are functionalized with end-tethered chains. With a relatively low number of the nanotubes in solution, the components self-assemble into stable lipid–nanotube vesicles. As the number of nanotubes is increased, the system exhibits a vesicle-to-bicelle transition, resulting in stable hybrid bicelle. Moreover, our results reveal that the nanotubes cluster into distinct tripod-like structures within the vesicles and aggregate into a ring-like assembly within the bicelles. For both the vesicles and bicelles, the nanotubes assume trans-membrane orientations, with the tethered hairs extending into the surrounding solution or the encapsulated fluid. Thus, the hairs provide a means of regulating the transport of species through the self-assembled structures. Our findings provide guideli...
Damping and induced damping of a lightweight sandwich panel with simple and complex attachments

Accurately estimating a structure's broadband response is highly dependent on a proper characterization of the system's internal damping as well as induced (or effective) damping when coupled systems are considered. In many aerospace and related applications a primary or master structure is loaded with equipment or substructures. The effects of these attachments on the master structure are often poorly understood and frequently overlooked, but in many cases can dominate the master structure's response. In this work various measures of damping of a lightweight aerospace panel (aluminum sandwich honeycomb core panel) with simple (lumped mass) and complex (electronic equipment) attachments are investigated using experimental techniques and simple statistical energy analysis models. The panel's various measures of damping in steady-state conditions are defined and explored. The panels with simple and complex attachments are experimentally evaluated using power injection methods. The results show that at different frequencies the simple panel's response is controlled by internal and then acoustic radiation damping. The complex attachment's induced damping effects, however, can far exceed both the structure internal and acoustic radiation components. A range of complex attachment configurations are evaluated and general design assessment procedures developed for use by designers. Future work is planned to explore the systems transient response and derived parameters, as well as investigate the effects when the attachment mass varies over a greater range of values, a realistic condition applicable to many aerospace systems.
Extremal edge problems for graphs with given hyperoctahedral automorphism group

For k > 1, let H"k denote the hyperoctahedral group S"k[S"2] of order 2^kk!. An (H"k, n)- graph is a graph on n vertices with automorphism group abstractly isomorphic to H"k. For each k an (H"k, n)-graph exists precisely when n >= 2k; for each n >= 2k the minimum and maximum number of edges possible for such graphs are determined. The analogous results for connected (H"k, n)-graphs are also obtained.
Food uses of peanut protein.

Approximately 19 million metric tons of peanuts (Arachis lypogae L.) are harvested annually, and contribute over 3.5 million tons to the world’s protein pool for food and feed uses. Peanut is the world’s fourth most important source of edible vegetable oil and the third most important source of vegetable protein feed meal. About 70% of the U.S. Crop is consumed domestically or exported as peanut kernels, peanut butter, and confections. Crushing is limited primarily to culls and kernels containing aflatoxin; and to stabilize the market. However, in countries such as India, Senegal, Brazil and Argentina, 75 to nearly 100% of the crop is crushed or exported for use as oil and livestock meal. The peanut is perhaps the world’s most widely researched food protein oilseed. Advantages over other oilseeds include relatively bland flavor, minor color problems, and minimal preparation requirements. Products in use throughout the world include boiled peanuts, roasted full-fat or partially defatted peanuts, peanut butters, grits and flours (full-fat or defatted), defatted peanuts, protein concentrates, and protein isolates. Compounded food applications include fortified breads and bakery products, snacks, meat products, extended milks, cheese and curd type products, and various mass-feeding foods in developing countries. Challenges encountered in peanut utilization include improvement of flavor levels and stability, identification of nutritional adequacy and fortification requirements, elimination of antinutritional factors, development of new products and improved processes, and elimination of aflatoxin problems.
Cerebral Infarction in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by progressive limb-girdle distribution of muscle weakness. Morbidity related to cardiomyopathy (CMO) is common, but cerebral infarction (CI) is relatively rare in these patients. We report a case of a pontine infarct in a patient with DMD and advanced CMO, and review the published data on CMO and CI in patients with DMD.
Consumer Use of Informational Aids in Supermarkets

The behavioral science literature relating to consumer use of informational aids in supermarkets is reviewed. Also examined is research concerned with more general issues such as information overload. The public policy implications of these various research findings are drawn and discussed. The paper concludes with a consideration of three proposed measures to facilitate shopping decisions for consumers concerned with economy and nutritional value.
Potential Economic Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnology

A second green revolution? That's the message from the scientific and business community as a result of biotechnology research. Added to productivity gains expected from the use of computers, information systems, robotics, and automated environments, the resulting economic and structural implications for agriculture may be profound. Over the next twenty years, this "technological revolution" could cause changes in farm production costs, management, asset values, processing and supply industry structure, and rural communities that are more rapid and pervasive than in any previous time period. The extent and diversity of these forthcoming changes make precise forecasting of their economic implications difficult. Identification of trends and the associated implications for private and public decision making is, however, critical to short-run adjustments. In this paper, we review the possibilities for major biotech-related advances in animals and
n -type doping and passivation of CuInSe 2 and CuGaSe 2 by hydrogen

An impurity in a semiconductor can have either amphoteric behavior (no net production of electron or holes), or be an energetically deep center (carriers produced only at high temperature), or a shallow center (carriers produced even at low temperature). In most semiconductors (e.g., Si, GaAs, GaP, InP, and ZnSe) hydrogen impurities do not produce free carriers, being instead an amphoretic center; yet hydrogen does dope n-type some oxides such as ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ and ZnO. We studied theoretically whether or not H could dope chalcopyrite ${\mathrm{I}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ compounds, ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}.$ Based on the first-principles calculations, we find that nonsubstitutionally incorporated hydrogen forms a deep donor in ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2},$ but a relatively shallow donor in ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}.$ The interaction of hydrogen with the abundant defect complex ${(2V}_{\mathrm{Cu}}+{\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}{)}^{0}$ yields an even shallower donor, making ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ n type. In addition, our results show that hydrogen passivates the acceptorlike copper vacancies in both ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2},$ thus eliminating p type behavior. These findings, in conjunction with typical conditions under which ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}$ are grown, indicate that ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ could be doped n type via hydrogen incorporation, whereas ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}$ could not. The reason for the different behavior of ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}$ towards hydrogen is that in the latter case the conduction-band minimum is at a considerably higher energy than in the former case. Despite this difference in electrical properties, it is predicted that hydrogen can be stored in both ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}$ via implantation since the implanted hydrogens decorate copper atoms as well as preexisting copper vacancies.
Training people with HIV disease for involvement in community planning process: Project LEAP

Social and political pressure, as well as public health theory, mandate inclusion of PLWHIV in community planning and policy development processes. Barriers to PLWHIV participation may be cognitive, instrumental, and/or affective. The authors report on development, implementation, and initial evaluation of a pilot project testing a psychoeducational intervention to increase organizational participation by people with HIV. Organizational participation by individual increased from a mean of 0.5 organizations at entry to 2.3 at follow-up. Evaluation data indicate that increases in self-esteem, selfconfidence, and specific knowledge, along with demystification of organizational operations, networking, and modeling by project staff contributed to the outcome.
Lend me sugar, I am your neighbor!: a content analysis of online forums for local communities

A variety of online tools have grown as platforms to encourage community development among neighbors. In a study of 22 online forums for local communities, we explored how the content shared on these systems reflects their contribution to their goal of community development and, at the same time, how it affects their sustainability as information systems. Our results show that local forums are primarily used to mobilize resources from local residents. Many mobilization requests seem to rely on users' offline connections, which considerably change the patterns of users' interaction online. These characteristics speak to how the interplay of offline and online connections introduce new challenges and opportunities to maintain thriving online platforms for local communities. Our paper reports on these issues and discusses their implications for the development and study of participatory technologies for community development.
d-cycloserine reverses the detrimental effects of stress on learning in females and enhances retention in males.

Exposure to acute, inescapable stress produces a facilitation of subsequent classical eyeblink conditioning in male rats. The same stress exposure produces a profound deficit in classical eyeblink conditioning in females. Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAr) is necessary for the effect of stress on learning in males while the contribution of NMDAr activation to the deficit in learning after stress is unknown. Here, we tested the influence of d-cycloserine (DCS), a positive modulator of the NMDAr, in stressed or unstressed male and female rats. Groups of males and females were exposed to an acute stressful event. One day later, they began training with four sessions of trace eyeblink conditioning. Each day before training, they were injected with DCS (15 mg/kg) or saline. Females treated with DCS during training responded similarly to those that were untreated. However, those that were stressed and the next day treated with the drug during training did not express the typical learning deficit, i.e. they learned to time the CR very well. Because the drug was administered well after the stressor, these data indicate that DCS reversed the negative effects of stress on learning in females. In males, the effect of DCS was subtle, resulting in higher asymptotic responding, and enhanced retention in a drug-free retention test. Thus, as shown previously, training in the presence of an NMDA receptor agonist enhances associative learning and memory retention. In addition, it can reverse learning deficits that have already been induced.
Managing the side effects associated with commonly used treatments for bipolar depression.

Abstract Background The most commonly used pharmacologic therapies for bipolar depression are mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and antidepressants. This paper reviews common side effects associated with these medications and provides recommendations for managing adverse medication effects in clinical practice. Methods Narrative review based on literature searches of Medline and evidence-based treatment guidelines for agents that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and/or are commonly used to treat bipolar depression. Results Side effects of bipolar depression pharmacotherapies are common and vary by medication, with weight gain, metabolic dysregulation, sedation/somnolence, and akathisia among those observed most frequently. These adverse events (weight gain and sedation/somnolence, in particular) negatively affect treatment adherence in patients with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, endocrine and metabolic comorbidities, weight gain, and obesity may reduce the likelihood of positive clinical responses to pharmacologic therapies. Clinicians may consider switching patients to bipolar depression medication(s) with a lower propensity for sedation or adverse metabolic effects. Lifestyle modification (e.g., dietary changes, exercise) is an important component in the treatment of weight gain/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia; in addition, a wide range of medications are available as therapeutic options for patients in whom non-pharmacologic management strategies are insufficient. The use of adjunctive medication may also reduce treatment-related sedation and somnolence. Limitations The selection of relevant studies from the literature search relied primarily on the author's expertise in the area of bipolar depression and knowledge of the issues addressed. Conclusion Successful treatment of bipolar depression extends beyond managing mood symptoms to also monitoring adverse medication events and managing associated medical disorders.
Silicon and carbon based composite anodes for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Composites comprising silicon (Si), graphite (C) and polyacrylonitrile-based disordered carbon (PAN-C), denoted as Si/C/PAN-C, have been synthesized by thermal treatment of mechanically milled silicon, graphite, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) powder of nominal composition C–17.5 wt.% Si–30 wt.% PAN. PAN acts as a diffusion barrier to the interfacial diffusion reaction between graphite and Si to form the electrochemically inactive SiC during prolonged milling of graphite and Si, which could be easily formed in the absence of PAN. In addition, graphite, which contributes to the overall capacity of the composite and suppresses the irreversible loss, retains its graphitic structure during prolonged milling in the presence of PAN. The resultant Si/C/PAN-C based composites exhibit a reversible capacity of ∼660 mAh g −1 with an excellent capacity retention displaying almost no fade in capacity when cycled at a rate of ∼C/4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates that the structural integrity and microstructural stability of the composite during the alloying/dealloying process appear to be the main reasons contributing to the good cyclability observed in the above composites.
The effect of environmental orientation on salesperson effort and participation: the moderating role of organizational identification

Environmental orientation has emerged as a noteworthy strategy for firms attempting to provide an authentic, unified image of environmental commitment to stakeholders. However, it is yet to be assessed from those employees most responsible for conveying an environmental image. This research examines the construct from the salesperson's point of view. Integrating social identity theory within a traditional Input-Process-Output framework, we demonstrate the importance of aligning firm ideals with individual boundary spanner identity in an environmental context. Our findings suggest that salespersons' perceptions of a firm's environmental orientation directly influence their effort and participation. Further, this relationship is amplified when the salesperson also has strong organizational identity. Finally, when salespeople put more into their work or actively engage in improving their company's environmental image, this increased effort and participation ultimately contributes to individual sales performa...
Photometry and spectroscopy of a newly discovered polar - Nova Cygni 1975 (V1500 CYG)

The paper reports photometric and spectroscopic observations which led to the conclusion that Nova Cygni 1975 (V1500 Cyg) is a polar (of AM Her-type).The CCD photometry confirms the constancy of the photometric period which is again interpreted as an orbital cycle. The time-resolved MMT spectra make it possible to reconstruct, under several assumptions, the basic system parameters: M1=0.9M solar mass and M2=0.31M solar mass.
Osmotic Flow of Water across Permeable Cellulose Membranes

Direct measurements have been made of the net volume flow through cellulose membranes, due to a difference in concentration of solute across the membrane. The aqueous solutions used included solutes ranging in size from deuterated water to bovine serum albumin. For the semipermeable membrane (impermeable to the solute) the volume flow produced by the osmotic gradient is equal to the flow produced by the hydrostatic pressure RT ΔC, as given by the van't Hoff relationship. In the case in which the membrane is permeable to the solute, the net volume flow is reduced, as predicted by the theory of Staverman, based on the thermodynamics of the steady state. A means of establishing the amount of this reduction is given, depending on the size of the solute molecule and the effective pore radius of the membrane. With the help of these results, a hypothetical biological membrane moving water by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients is discussed.
Implementing Setup Optimization on the Shop Floor

We develop a model and solution algorithm for sequencing production on a flexible assembly line. The model incorporates the practical considerations of printed circuit board PCB assembly where the goal is to reduce the time spent in setup. We discuss the practical implementation problems of integrating optimization software on the shop floor-both from an operations research and systems perspective. We describe Hewlett-Packard's successful use of the software and the limitations of production sequencing in PCB assembly.
A Note on Some Monte Carlo Results on Non-Negative Variance Estimators for a Random Coefficient Regression Model

A consistent estimator is used as a first step in estimating variances. Since this procedure frequently gives negative values, alternatives are proposed. One of these, the quadratic programming estimator, was believed to be superior to both of the others examined in this study. The experiment does not support this conjecture.
Assessment of phonation threshold pressure: a critical review and clinical implications.

Purpose To describe the origins of the task elicitation procedure for determining phonation threshold pressure and, through a literature review and online survey, describe published procedural, env...
Mortality After Discharge From Acute Care Hospitalization With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-Based Study

Abstract Ventura T, Harrison-Felix C, Carlson N, DiGuiseppi C, Gabella B, Brown A, DeVivo M, Whiteneck G. Mortality after discharge from acute care hospitalization with traumatic brain injury: a population-based study. Objective To characterize mortality after acute hospitalization with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a socioeconomically diverse population. Design Population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting Statewide TBI surveillance program. Participants Colorado residents with TBI discharged alive from acute hospitalization between 1998 and 2003 (N=18,998). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Vital status at the end of the study period (December 31, 2005) and statewide population mortality rates were used to calculate all-cause and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and life expectancy compared with population mortality rates. The influence of demographics, injury severity, and comorbid conditions on time until death was investigated using age-stratified Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results Patients with TBI carried about 2.5 times the risk of death compared with the general population (SMR=2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.31–2.65). Life expectancy reduction averaged 6 years. SMRs were largest for deaths caused by mental/behavioral (SMR=3.84; 95% CI, 2.67–5.51) and neurologic conditions (SMR=2.79; 95% CI, 2.07–3.77) and were smaller but significantly higher than 1.0 for an array of other causes. Injury severity and older age increased mortality among young people (age Conclusions TBI confers an increased risk of mortality in the months and years after hospital discharge. Although life expectancy is reduced across the population, the excess in mortality lessens as time since injury increases. Specific risk factors (eg, high injury severity, poor general health) pose an especially high threat to survival and should prompt an increased vigilance of health status, especially among younger patients.
Mid-Infrared Filters Using Metallic Crossed Dipoles And Dielectric Films

Stop-band filters were made from metallic crossed dipoles on two types of substrates. The dipoles were fabricated using electron beam lithography on a ZnSe substrate and a surface-modified ZnSe substrate. A thin film of CaF, modified the ZnSe surface by providing a buffer layer between the crossed dipoles and the ZnSe.
Researching volunteer associations and other nonprofits: An emergent interdisciplinary field and possible new discipline1

ARNOVA is alive and well and living in Indianapolis as housed by the Center for Philanthropy at Indiana University, Indianapolis. ARNOVA had over 1,000 members from more than 55 different nations and from 16 fields and disciplines in its membership as of 1999. It is in very sound financial shape for the next three years at least, pursuing a variety of initiatives, both existing and new (e.g., more diversity in membership and leadership). Its annual conference attendance climbs each year now, as does its membership, with aggressive marketing through direct mail to lists of potentially interested scholars as well as by word of mouth.
OXIDATION OF GUANINE IN DNA BY RU(PHEN)2(DPPZ)3+ USING THE FLASH-QUENCH TECHNIQUE

A flash-quench method has been developed to probe oxidative damage to DNA. A photoexcited Ru(II) intercalator is quenched in DNA by a weakly bound, electron-transfer quencher to generate Ru(III), a powerful ground-state oxidant. Once generated, Δ-Ru(phen)2(dppz)3+ bound to poly(dG-dC) rapidly oxidizes guanine within the DNA duplex. Transient absorption spectroscopy indicates rapid formation of the neutral guanine radical within the DNA duplex. Permanent damage resulting from the flash-quench experiment is monitored by gel electrophoresis of synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes. Oxidative damage, visualized by treatment with piperidine, occurs selectively at the 5‘-G of 5‘-GG-3‘ sites and at the 5‘- and central G of 5‘-GGG-3‘ triplets; enzymatic digestion in the absence of piperidine treatment shows formation of 8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine with Ru(NH3)63+ as quencher. The yield of base damage is, furthermore, modulated by the choice of electron-transfer quencher. Quantum yields for damage vary in the order Ru(NH...
Parametric Investigation of Gas Permeability in Cross-Ply Laminates Using Finite Elements

Three-dimensional finite element models are used to study the influence of various parameters on the gas permeability of cross-ply composite laminate. It is shown that the intersection area, which is formed between two adjacent plies due to crack opening, is the most crucial factor in determining the permeability. It is found that the intersection areas obtained by superposing crack opening displacements of two-dimensional models are not accurate. A full three-dimensional model is required to obtain a detailed and precise prediction. The intersection area is found to be related not only to the resultant forces and thermal loads but also to the delamination shape and the delamination length. Laminates with different stacking sequence are studied, and it is found that for the same number of plies the laminate with dispersed plies shows lower permeability. Effect of temperature-dependent material properties is investigated as well.
The differential CEO dominance–compensation and corporate governance–compensation relations: Pre- and post-SOX

Abstract We examine the relationship between corporate governance (as measured by traditional corporate governance variables and a new measure of corporate governance, called CEO dominance) and executive compensation, pre- and post-SOX. We conceptualize CEO dominance as a measure of a CEO's power and define it as the difference between CEO pay and the next highest executive's pay divided by the CEO's pay. We argue that for traditional corporate governance variables, the inverse governance–compensation relation that exists pre-SOX will improve post-SOX. On the other hand, we expect a strong and positive CEO dominance–compensation relation to exist both pre- and post-SOX. Consistent with expectations, our results indicate that SOX has changed the relationship between CEO duality and compensation relation, but it has not changed the CEO dominance–compensation relation. This suggests that SOX regulatory reforms do not limit the ability of CEO power to obstruct traditional corporate governance mechanisms in extracting compensation-related rents.
Debating anti‐Semitism: Ernestine Rose vs. Horace Seaver in the Boston Investigator, 1863–1864

Jewish women have struggled to develop identities that allow them to meet the needs of their various communities and remain true to themselves. Ernestine Rose has been described as having disavowed her Jewish heritage; yet, she is included as “the Jewish woman's rights advocate.”; This analysis focuses on an 1863–1864 debate with editor Horace Seaver about anti‐Semitism and the Jews published in the Boston Investigator. This single encounter is rhetorically significant, because it illustrates the subtle, non‐institutional character of anti‐Semitism among mid‐nineteenth century liberal intellectuals. It also illustrates that Rose's Jewish identity was neither elusive nor conflicted, but a basis for her advocacy of human rights which has historic as well as contemporary relevance for the understanding identity development.
Recurrence rates of herpes simplex virus keratitis in contact lens and non-contact lens wearers.

Objective To evaluate the recurrence rates of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis in contact lens wearers compared with non-contact lens wearers. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Charts of patients diagnosed with HSV keratitis seen at the Cleveland Clinic between January 2001 and December 2004 were reviewed. Results One hundred seventeen patients were included in this study: 21 contact lens wearers and 96 non-contact lens wearers. Contact lens wearers were found to have a higher median recurrence rate (0.4 episodes/year) compared with non-contact lens wearers (0.2 episodes/year) (P=0.02). A multivariate regression evaluating factors predictive of the number of recurrences found that contact lens use remained a significant predictive variable (P=0.02) when accounting for patient demographic and disease factors and variable follow-up time. Conclusions Patients with a history of HSV keratitis should be counseled about the potential increased risk of recurrence that may be associated with contact lens wear.
A Percutaneous Epidural Screw Electrode for Intracranial Electroencephalogram Recordings

A new epidural electrode for monitoring brain electrical activity is described. The electrode is a tapered screw that is easily inserted percutaneously and removed without general anesthesia. The epidural screw has been used without complications for ictal and interictal electroencephalogram recordings in four patients with medically refractory complex-partial seizure disorders. The epidural screw electrode offers the advantages of easy insertion and removal, patient comfort, artifact-free electroencephalogram recordings, and minimal risk of intracranial infection or hemorrhage.
The clustering of poor urban, Chicago residents: An empirical analysis of social differentiation

In the early to mid-1900s, ethnographers find social differentiation in poor urban neighborhoods and present detailed accounts of diverse attitudes and behavior based on economic, social, and cultural dynamics (Drake & Cayton, [1945] 1962; Hannerz, 1969; Williams, 1981). However, much of urban research has shifted its emphasis from descriptions of the urban experience to the effects of urban poverty. Such studies suggest continued nuanced lifestyles, but often focus on the challenges associated with extreme poverty (Anderson, 1997; Feagin, 1998; MacLeod, 1995; Wilson, 1987, 1996). Less research emphasizes specific typologies as in earlier ethnographies. My research is in the spirit of earlier studies and investigates diversity for poor urban Chicago residents relative to theoretical perspectives that suggest mainstream dictates among residents. This work informs literature on urban living using cluster and multinomial logistic regression analyses to examine the types of descriptive profiles that emerge and whether variables linked to prevailing urban frameworks are more or less likely among clusters. The study benefits from the use of a large sample of 2,490 residents that Using duster and
A simplified electrohydrodynamic treatment of threshold effects in nematic liquid crystals

The threshold for instability (domain-formation dynamic scattering) was measured for p-azoxyanisole (PAA) and N-(p-methoxybenzylidene(-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA) as a function of sample thickness and conductivity. This parameter was found to be relatively independent of sample thickness and conductivity, having a value in the range of 6 to 8 V for an 8:1 variation in thickness and a 100:1 variation in sample conductivity. These findings were shown to be in agreement with predictions made by a simplified electrohydrodynamic model.
Evaluation of "magnet journey to nursing excellence program" in Russia and Armenia.

Objective To provide an outcomes-evaluation of an intervention to strengthen professional nursing practice in Russian and Armenian hospitals.
Crystal Chemistry and Luminescence of Ce3+-Doped Lu2CaMg2(Si,Ge)3O12 and Its Use in LED Based Lighting

In this paper, we describe the formation and luminescence of a new garnet phosphor for light emitting diode (LED) based lighting, Lu2CaMg2(Si,Ge)3O12:Ce3+. The regions for garnet phase formation are initially described with respect to larger rare earth substitution and show reasonable correlation to previous crystal chemistry studies for the garnet parent structure. While the pure silicate phosphor also has apatite second phases, a significant amount of Ce3+ enters the garnet phase, giving Ce3+ luminescence that is significantly redder when compared to typical Al3+ garnet phosphors with quantum efficiencies comparable to commercial Ce3+ garnet phosphors. Potential reasons for the emission red shift and the high quantum efficiency are discussed. Finally, the performance of these new phosphors is tested within LED based lamps. Lamps using these phosphors can reach color temperatures required for general illumination lighting and also have comparable phosphor conversion efficiencies when compared to lamps us...
A Comparative Anatomical Study of Organogenesis in Cultured Tissues of Maize, Wheat and Oats

Five cereals and two related grasses were tested for adventitious shoot production from tissue cultures using methods concordant with those reported to be successful for cereals. The five cereals I wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) Pioneer hybrid 3369A, the Bolivian race Pororo and the Equadorian race Chococenol were all found to proliferate in culture through an aberrant root-like mechanism of growth which had the external appearance of callus. Two related species, teosinte (Zea mexicana Reeves and Mangelsdorf) and tripsacum (Tripsacum dactyloides L.), were less successful in culture, but grew in the same way. Oats, and probably Pororo and Chococeno, initiated presumptive shoot meristems directly from root vascular tissues within this root-like growth. Hybrid maize and wheat initiated no shoot meristems and produced only roots. The occasional shoot production observed in wheat was discounted as simple carryover of existing shoot apices from the primary embryo cultures. This study suggests that the incidence of shoot regeneration in cultures of these cereals may be related more directly to adventitious bud formation on roots than to any controlled de novo organogenesis from undifferentiated callus.
A Randomized, Prospective Trial of Electrosurgical Incision Followed By Rabeprazole Versus Bougie Dilation Followed By Rabeprazole of Symptomatic Esophageal (Schatzki's) Rings

Background Lower esophageal (Schatzki's) rings are a common cause of solid food dysphagia. Standard treatment involves passage of a single large bougie to disrupt the ring, but symptoms recur in the majority of patients. Electrosurgical incision of the ring may provide a longer duration of symptom improvement. There are no data on the treatment of Schatzki's rings in the presence of acid suppression treatment. Objective Our purpose was to compare the efficacy of bougie dilation with electrosurgical incision of symptomatic Schatzki's rings at 1-year follow-up in the presence of rabeprazole treatment. Design Randomized, prospective trial. Setting University of Utah Health Sciences Center and the Veterans Affairs Salt Lake. Patients Fifty patients referred for endoscopic evaluation of dysphagia between January 2002 and March 2005. Main Outcome Measurements Symptom-free survival time (in months), dysphagia, and GERD scores. Results Twenty-five patients each underwent bougie dilation and electrical incision and were followed up for 12 months. Symptom-free survival times were significantly longer in the incision group (7.99 months) compared with the bougie dilation group (5.86 months) ( P = .03). Dysphagia and GERD scores significantly improved in each group comparing baseline with each time interval. The incision group had greater relief of dysphagia at 1 month ( P = .05) compared with the bougie group. There was no difference between GERD scores in both groups. Limitations Dysphagia and GERD symptoms were self-reported. Conclusions Electrosurgical incision of Schatzki's rings is safe and offers longer symptom-free survival compared with bougie dilation. The addition of rabeprazole offered significant improvement in GERD scores in both groups.
Tunneling devices and applications in high functionality/speed digital circuits

Abstract Tunneling phenomena can be used to realize devices with unique I-V characteristics (negative differential resistance) which can be employed to design various types of digital circuits with a significantly lower number of transistors, extremely fast switching speeds, very low power consumption and pipelining capability at the basic gate level (nanopipelining) which results in higher system throughput. In this article, we will present the basic properties of various types of devices which have been proposed for these applications including resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), Esaki tunnel diodes (ETDs), and various types of transistors including resonant hot electron transistors (RHETs) and tunneling bipolar transistors (TBTs). We will also compare the anticipated performance of various types of logic gates and digital circuit implementations utilizing these devices with conventional CMOS circuits.
The physical Hamiltonian in nonperturbative quantum gravity.

A quantum Hamiltonian which evolves the gravitational field according to time as measured by constant surfaces of a scalar field is defined through a regularization procedure based on the loop representation, and is shown to be finite and diffeomorphism invariant. The problem of constructing this Hamiltonian is reduced to a combinatorial and algebraic problem which involves the rearrangements of lines through the vertices of arbitrary graphs. This procedure also provides a construction of the Hamiltonian constraint as a finite operator on the space of diffeomorphism invariant states as well as a construction of the operator corresponding to the spatial volume of the Universe.
A preprocessor based implementation of common Lisp

The Hewlett-Packard company developed aCommon Lisp product, based on a preprocessor model to ensure consistent semantics between compiled and interpreted code. This implementation is unique in that it combines aspects of a “compile only” system with those of a traditionally interpreted system. This paper presents a short description of the operation of the preprocessor, and then goes on to present areas where the definition ofCommon Lisp (as presented inCommon Lisp,the Language) is inconsistent or incorrect in light of such an implementation. Finally, we present some suggestions which we hope will be helpful in improving future specifications ofCommon Lisp.
Nitrogen bases in solvent-refined coal

Abstract The basic components contained in a coal liquefaction product obtained from the Wilsonville, Alabama coal liquefaction pilot plant were examined by means of capillary-column Chromatographic-mass spectroscopy. A total of 62 of the 150 components observed were identified. The most interesting of the newly identified compounds are phenoxazine, butyl quinolines and isoquinolines, diarylamines and aminobiphenyl derivatives. The possibility of removing amino aromatics from coal liquefaction products by condensing them with the phenols in the mixture is discussed.
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of astrocyte function by transforming growth factor-β

Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes have a wide range of functions, usually attributed to cells of the immune system, which are critical for maintaining a balanced homeostatic environment in the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, these cells are known to participate in inflammatory events within the CNS by secreting cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In this study we have investigated the ability of TGF-beta to influence astrocyte functions. TGF-beta 1 mRNA is constitutively expressed by astrocytes in vitro, and when cultures are stimulated with exogenous TGF-beta 1 an increase in the expression of this mRNA can be shown, suggesting both autocrine and paracrine regulation. In in vitro assays, TGF-beta 1 is chemotactic for astrocytes in a dose-dependent fashion and inhibits astrocyte proliferation. These results indicating signal transduction by TGF-beta 1-prompted studies to explore receptor-ligand interactions on isolated astrocyte populations. In a receptor binding assay, we demonstrate that astrocytes appear to express three distinct TGF-beta receptor subtypes with nearly 10,000 receptors per cell. Thus, TGF-beta may play an important role in regulating astrocyte functions pivotal to the evolution of intracerebral immune responses including recruitment and activation of glial cells at local inflammatory sites within the CNS.
Advanced glycation endproducts in diabetes and diabetic complications

This review presents insights from studies of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in humans and mice. Although the emphasis is on the effects of exogenous AGEs and the suppression of specific host defense mechanisms, AGEs are also formed intracellularly, where they may contribute to several normal intracellular functions. It is only when the overall levels of AGEs in the extracellular and the intracellular spaces exceeds the ability of the native antioxidant (and AGE) defenses that they pose a problem.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. VIII. Effect of method of preparation upon the activity of a copper-silica catalyst

A copper-silica catalyst was prepared by adding copper nitrate solution to sodium silicate. The precipitated copper-silica catalyst was washed, dried, and heat-treated at high temperatures. The effect of preparational variables upon catalyst activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of soybean oil was investigated. The optimum conditions were precipitation at 25 to 55 C, drying the catalyst by freeze drying, and heat treatment at 500 C. The catalyst obtained under these conditions is more than three times as active as a commercial copper-chromite catalyst.
Integrazione internazionale e sviluppo interno. Stati uniti e Italia nei programmi di riarmo del blocco atlantico, 1945–1955

Simone Selva (2009) Integrazione internazionale e sviluppo interno. Stati uniti e Italia nei programmi di riarmo del blocco atlantico, 1945–1955 (Rome: Carocci), 383 pp., ISBN 9788843052530, [euro]...
Remote sensing through reduced Mueller matrix elements

Measurements of a reduced Mueller matrix in backscattering from diffusive, dielectric targets are reported as a function of the angle of incidence. It was found that the off-diagonal elements depend greatly on the angle of incidence, increasing to a maximum near grazing incidence. A theoretical model that accounts for the non-trivial behavior in the off-diagonal elements of the Mueller matrix is presented. We comment on the applicability of this model to the determination of the shape of the targets.
INK4a / ARF : A multifunctional tumor suppressor locus

The INK4a/ARF locus encodes two physically linked tumor suppressor proteins, p16(INK4a) and ARF, which regulate the RB and p53 pathways, respectively. The unusual genomic relationship of the open reading frames of these proteins initially fueled speculation that only one of the two was the true tumor suppressor, and loss of the other merely coincidental in cancer. Recent human and mouse genetic data, however, have firmly established that both proteins possess significant in vivo tumor suppressor activity, although there appear to be species- and cell-type specific differences between the two. For example, ARF plays a clear role in preventing Myc-induced lymphomagenesis in mice, whereas the role for p16(INK4a) is human carcinomas is more firmly established. In this review, I discuss the evolutionary history of the locus, the relative importance of these tumor suppressor genes in human cancer, and recent information suggesting novel biochemical and physiologic functions of these proteins in vivo.
Autonomic and somatomotor effects of amygdala central N. stimulation in awake rabbits

Low level stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus was found to produce bradycardia responses in awake rabbits. Within the central nucleus the most sensitive sites were located within the medial component. The bradycardia response was accompanied by changes in respiration, most commonly an increase in frequency and a decrease in tidal volume, as well as by pupillodilation. Somatomotor responses to central nucleus stimulation were an arrest of ongoing behavior and movements of the mouth and tongue. The pattern of responses observed following stimulation of this nucleus is similar to that observed in response to threatening stimuli and suggests a contribution for this nucleus in the integration of a species-appropriate emotional response in the rabbits.