cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method to acquire CT organ dose map using OSL dosimeters and ATOM anthropomorphic phantoms

Purpose: To present the design and procedure of an experimental method for acquiring densely sampled organ dose map for CT applications, based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters “nanoDots” and standard ATOM anthropomorphic phantoms; and to provide the results of applying the method—a dose data set with good statistics for the comparison with Monte Carlo simulation result in the future. Methods: A standard ATOM phantom has densely located holes (in 3 × 3 cm or 1.5 × 1.5 cm grids), which are too small (5 mm in diameter) to host many types of dosimeters, including the nanoDots. The authors modified the conventional way in which nanoDots are used, by removing the OSL disks from the holders before inserting them inside a standard ATOM phantom for dose measurements. The authors solved three technical difficulties introduced by this modification: (1) energy dependent dose calibration for raw OSL readings; (2) influence of the brief background exposure of OSL disks to dimmed room light; (3) correct pairing between the dose readings and measurement locations. The authors acquired 100 dose measurements at various positions in the phantom, which was scanned using a clinical chest protocol with both angular andz-axis tube current modulations. Results: Dose calibration was performed according to the beam qualities inside the phantom as determined from an established Monte Carlo model of the scanner. The influence of the brief exposure to dimmed room light was evaluated and deemed negligible. Pairing between the OSL readings and measurement locations was ensured by the experimental design. The organ doses measured for a routine adult chest scan protocol ranged from 9.4 to 18.8 mGy, depending on the composition, location, and surrounding anatomy of the organs. The dose distribution across different slices of the phantom strongly depended on thez-axis mA modulation. In the same slice, doses to the soft tissues other than the spinal cord demonstrated relatively small variations, with the maximum COV around 11.4%. This might be attributed to the angular mA modulation, the placement of the dosimeters, the chest cavity of the scanned region, and the size of the phantom. Doses to the spinal cord were consistently lower than those to other soft tissues. Conclusions: The method is suited for acquiring densely sampled organ dose maps, and can be used for studying dose distributions relevant to subject size, organ location, and clinical CT protocols.
Effects of robot capability on user acceptance

In this paper, how capability affects what users want out of a personal robot is explored. This article is focused on two questions: (1) How does a robot's capability affect user's acceptance of a home robot? and (2) What types of tasks in the home would users want assistance from a robot of a certain capability?. These questions are explored by conducting a pilot study where task factors are manipulated. Results indicate that, on average, the more capable robot was more acceptable than a less capable one, with subjects citing speed of motion and the lack of pauses as contributing factors. While this was not surprising, the small effect size was. Some subjects complained that the robot was still not fast enough, while others trusted the robot but still did not want it to perform their task because they would rather do it themselves. Finally, one user disliked the speed, complaining that the robot somehow seemed less deliberate and methodical. This study reveals that manipulating capability is useful, but still very challenging, and opens the door for further research on robot capability.
Identification of degenerative germ cells in semen from a quarter horse stallion

Summary A 3-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was presented for evaluation of potential fertility. An impairment in spermatogenesis was suspected as the stallion produced semen with reduced percentages of progressively motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa. In addition, when semen was collected daily from the stallion, daily spermatozoal output (DSO) was found to be below normal. Semen from this stallion also contained spherical cells of unknown origin. The following report describes the identification of these cells as degenerating spermatids by the use of light and electron microscopy.
Ion exchange properties of the calcium receptor site of troponin.

Abstract 1. The exchangeability of troponin-bound 45Ca2+ with various cations was investigated, using a gel filtration technique. 2. Bound 45Ca2+ was completely exchangeable with non-radioactive Ca2+ and partially exchangeable with Cd2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, and Mn2+, in the order given. There was no significant exchange with Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Co2+. The affinity of divalent cations for the receptor site of troponin was closely related to ionic radius, with 1 A (Ca2+) providing the most favorable fit. 3. The trivalent lanthanide ions, La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ could partially displace 45Ca2+ from troponin but the affinity of these ions for the receptor site of troponin was nevertheless lower than that of Ca2+ despite their similarity to Ca2+ in size and chemical properties. 4. Elevation of the ionic strength to 0.5 with KCl or NaCl caused no dissociation of Ca2+ from troponin.
Enzyme-Mediated Regioselective Acylations of Sophorolipids.

Enzymatic synthesis of well-defined sophorolipid analogues for evaluation of their bioactivities and as new building blocks for the preparation of glycolipid-based amphiphilic polymers is described. Lipase Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica has been shown to be an efficient catalyst for acylation of sophorolipids esters. A mixture of sophorolipids produced by Torulopsis bombicola was esterified by reaction with sodium alcoxide. The alkyl esters of sophorose lipids were subjected to Novozym 435 catalyzed acylation in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) with vinyl acrylate and vinyl acetate to diacyl derivatives. The reactions were highly regioselective, and exclusive acylation of the hydroxyl groups on C-6‘ and C-6‘ ‘ took place. Methyl ester in the absence of the acylating agent, or with the agent at a concentration less than equimolar, gave sophorolactone (9). Careful analysis of the spectral data revealed it to be a synthetic analogue of microbially produced macrolactone. Sophorolactone (9) differs in the site a...
Parkinson's disease – molecular mechanisms of disease

It has long been recognized that exposure to environmental influences can increase the risk for developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The recent characterization of several novel gene mutations in mitochondrial and protein handling pathways has shed new light on the underlying cellular disturbances involved in familial Parkinson's disease. These findings point to cellular targets for drug development in Parkinson's disease; however, more studies are needed to identify potential biomarkers that can be used in clinical studies.
Program testing by specification mutation

Abstract Both theoretical and empirical arguments suggest that specifications and implementations are equally important sources of information for generating test cases. Nevertheless, the majority of test generation procedures described in the literature deal only with the program source, ignoring specifications. In this paper we outline a procedure for measuring test case effectiveness using specifications given in predicate calculus form. This method is similar to the mutation analysis method of testing programs.
Direct flight muscles in Drosophila develop from cells with characteristics of founders and depend on DWnt-2 for their correct patterning.

The direct flight muscles (DFMs) of Drosophila allow for the fine control of wing position necessary for flight. In DWnt-2 mutant flies, certain DFMs are either missing or fail to attach to the correct epithelial sites. Using a temperature-sensitive allele, we show that DWnt-2 activity is required only during pupation for correct DFM patterning. DWnt-2 is expressed in the epithelium of the wing hinge primordium during pupation. This expression is in the vicinity of the developing DFMs, as revealed by expression of the muscle founder cell-specific gene dumbfounded in DFM precursors. The observation that a gene necessary for embryonic founder cell function is expressed in the DFM precursors suggests that these cells may have a similar founder cell role. Although the expression pattern of DWnt-2 suggests that it could influence epithelial cells to differentiate into attachment sites for muscle, the expression of stripe, a transcription factor necessary for epithelial cells to adopt an attachment cell fate, is unaltered in the mutant. Ectopic expression of DWnt-2 in the wing hinge during pupation can also create defects in muscle patterning without alterations in stripe expression. We conclude that DWnt-2 promotes the correct patterning of DFMs through a mechanism that is independent of the attachment site differentiation initiated by stripe.
Mind Over Matter: Mental Evolution and Physical Devolution in The Incredible Shrinking Man

Abstract Using the background of cold war politics and the growing toxic environmental concerns of the 1950s, this article reevaluates the film The Incredible Shrinking Man in the context of Donna Haraway's cyborg manifesto. The hero of the film undergoes a transformation into a reflection of Haraway's cyborgs.
PARAMAGNETIC IRON(III) AND DIAMAGNETIC GALLIUM(III) PORPHYRIN COMPLEXES WITH AXIAL ALLYL AND VINYL LIGANDS

Abstract Paramagnetic iron(III) and diamagnetic gallium(III) porphyrin complexes with axial allyl and vinyl ligands have been prepared by the addition of an organo-Grignard reagent to (porphyrin)MIIICl in toluene-d8 solution for in situ observation by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The products are considerably less stable to chromatography and to warming to room temperature than are their alkyl counterparts. The spectral data indicate that the allyl and vinyl groups are coordinated in an η1-fashion for the iron complexes at low temperatures (−80 to −40°C) and for the gallium complexes. Purple blocks of {(tetra(p-anisyl)porphyrin)Ga(vinyl)}·2.5benzene crystallize in the space g P 2 1 n with a = 11.654(3), b = 18.960(6), c = 23.916(6) A , β = 97.69° at 130 K with Z = 4 . Refinement of 9202 reflections, 668 parameters and 18 restraints yielded wR2 = 0.2041 and a conventional R1 = 0.071 for 6434 reflections with l>2σI. The structure shows that the gallium center is five-coordinate with a single, η1-vinyl group as the axial ligand. Remarkably, in view of the tendency of related dioxygen ligands in porphyrin complexes to show four-fold disorder, the vinyl group is fully ordered. Dioxygen reacts with {(tetra(p-tolyl)porphyrin)FeIII(allyl)} at −80°C to produce {(tetra(p-tolyl)porphyrin)FeIII(OH)} and acrolein, OCHCHCH2, the expected products of insertion of dioxygen into an FeC σ-bond.
Optimal Performance Of An Electro-Optical Sampler

An electro-optical sampler is used to measure the electric potential generated by a device under test. However, the sampler actually measures the change in polarization of a laser beam in the electro-optic crystal, caused by the electric field from striplines to which the device has been connected. In order to relate this measured effect to the actual potential produced by the device, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the stripline characteristics. It will be shown that in a typical three strip geometry, the half wave voltage can vary by 10% across the striplines due to curved electric fields.
Stable Sexual Risk Behavior in a Rapidly Changing Risk Environment: Findings from Population-Based Surveys of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Seattle, Washington, 2003–2006

We assessed trends in behavioral risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Seattle MSM participated in random digit dial telephone surveys in 2003 (n = 400) and 2006 (n = 400). Fourteen percent in 2003 and 9% in 2006 reported unprotected anal intercourse with a partner of different or unknown HIV status (non-concordant UAI; odds ratio [OR] = 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5, 1.2). Compared to participants in 2003, participants in 2006 met a greater proportion of their anal sex partners through the Internet (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.1). Although the proportion of anal sex partnerships formed online increased between 2003 and 2006, Internet partnerships were not more risky than those initiated elsewhere. While the emergence of the Internet as a venue through which men meet partners demonstrates that sexual risk among MSM remains highly dynamic, our findings suggest that sexual risk behavior among MSM is currently stable.
Generation of peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes using allogeneic dendritic cells capable of lysing human pancreatic cancer cells

Background. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells (APCs), able to efficiently induce primary T cell-mediated responses to foreign antigens. In earlier studies we were able to identify a histocompatibilty antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted nine amino acid peptide (GP2, peptide 654-662) from the transmembrane portion of the protooncogene HER2/neu as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in human pancreatic cancer. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A2 + and HLA-A2 - healthy volunteers were isolated. PBMCs were grown with initial anti-CD3, low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2), and peptide-pulsed DC stimulation. T-cell lines were analyzed in functional studies. Results. After 4 weeks, T-cell cultures were more than 50% CD8 + . All peptide-pulsed T cells significantly lysed APC pulsed with the immunizing antigen in an HLA-A2 restricted fashion. Furthermore, HLA-A2 + ,HER2/neu + human pancreatic cancer cells were lysed significantly higher than HLA-A2 - HER2/neu + pancreatic cancer cells. Transfection of an HLA-A2 pancreatic cancer cell line with the HLA-A2 gene resulted in a significantly higher lysis of the transfected cell line compared to the wild type. In HLA-A2 + pancreatic cancer targets, specific lysis was HLA-A2 restricted. Conclusion. The ability to use DCs for presentation of either tumor or peptide antigen in an HLA-restricted fashion to stimulate T-cell proliferation, as well as cytotoxicity, demonstrates the potential of this technology for future development of a pancreatic cancer vaccine.
Displacement and Strain-Energy Distribution in a Longitudinally Vibrating Cylindrical Rod With a Viscoelastic Coating

A numerical solution by R. M. Davies of the Pochhammer frequency equation is used to determine the displacement and strain-energy distribution across the cross section of an infinite elastic circular cylindrical rod for a number of wave lengths of the first, second, and third modes of symmetrical longitudinal wave propagation. With these results the effect of a thin uniform layer of viscoelastic material is investigated. The four viscoelastic parameters of the coating are reduced to one in the definition and computation of upper and lower bounds of the loss factor, and the application of results to experimental work is discussed.
Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History

Abstract We designed an experiment to study trust and reciprocity in an investment setting. This design controls for alternative explanations of behavior including repeat game reputation effects, contractual precommitments, and punishment threats. Observed decisions suggest that reciprocity exists as a basic element of human behavior and that this is accounted for in the trust extended to an anonymous counterpart. A second treatment, social history, identifies conditions which strengthen the relationship between trust and reciprocity.
Convergent models of handedness and brain lateralization

The pervasive nature of handedness across human history and cultures is a salient consequence of brain lateralization. This paper presents evidence that provides a model for understanding the motor control processes that give rise to handedness. According to the Dynamic Dominance Model, the left hemisphere (in right handers) is proficient for processes that predict the effects of body and environmental dynamics, while the right hemisphere is proficient at impedance control processes that can minimize potential errors when faced with unexpected mechanical conditions, and can achieve accurate steady-state positions. This model can be viewed as a motor component for the paradigm of brain lateralization that has been proposed by Rogers and colleagues [1] that is based upon evidence from a wide range of behaviors across many vertebrate species. Rogers proposed a left-hemisphere specialization for well-established patterns of behavior performed in familiar environmental conditions, and a right hemisphere specialization for responding to unforeseen environmental events. The dynamic dominance hypothesis provides a framework for understanding the biology of motor lateralization that is consistent with Roger’s paradigm of brain lateralization.
Distance measurements in nucleic acids using windowless dipolar recoupling solid state NMR

A windowless, homonuclear dipolar recoupling pulse sequence (DRAWS) is described and a theoretical basis for describing its recoupling performance is developed using numerical techniques. It is demonstrated that DRAWS recouples weak dipolar interactions over a broad range of experimental and molecular conditions. We discuss two spectroscopic control experiments, which help to take into account effects due to insufficient proton decoupling, relaxation, and static dipolar couplings to nearby 13C spins at natural abundance. Finally DRAWS is used in combination with selective 13C labeling to measure 13C-13C distances in five doubly labeled DNA dodecamers, [d(CGCGAAT*T*CGCG)]2, which contain the binding site for the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The longest distance reported is 4.8 A. In most cases the distances agree well with those derived from X-ray crystallographic data, although small changes in hydration level can result in relatively large changes in internuclear distances.
THE JUNGLE OF EDEN: KIPLING, WOLF BOYS, AND THE COLONIAL IMAGINATION

THE IDYLLIC FREEDOM OF THE CHILD OF NATURE was a popular notion in both the Romantic and Victorian periods. But the wild child, or what we might call the child of nature taken to extremes, stirs the imagination in deeper ways. This is the child represented as radically orphaned, existing outside of language, and alienated from human social bonds; yet it establishes bonds with the natural world that mimic human object relations and thus suggests an oceanic dyadic connectedness with the non-human. Linking the idea of wildness with the idea of child, the nineteenth-century adult imagination generates a figure of “danger and desire” (1.472), to appropriate Wordsworth’s evocative phrase, one which represents both impossible connection and irremediable alienation.
Selecting the right patient for tumor therapy

Two clinical studies have identified mutations affecting the EGF receptor in lung cancers from patients who respond robustly to gefitinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase. This work highlights the importance of conducting clinical trials with an eye to delivering molecule-targeted therapeutics to those patients most likely to benefit.
Twitter publics: how online political communities signaled electoral outcomes in the 2010 US house election

Online social networks are an important setting for understanding the intersection of online communities and offline political processes. This paper analyzes the different ways that people discuss elections on Twitter. Using data from a random sample totaling 113,985 tweets and 30,995 users, we examine the differences between users who employ various strategies to talk about US 2010 Congressional candidates. We show that users who simply include the text of a candidate's name in a message exhibit different behaviors than those who use platform-specific mechanisms. Users who employ free-text tend to have younger accounts, are less likely to be ‘verified’, and generate fewer messages about candidates. Furthermore, candidates’ share of the free-text Twitter public has a larger correlation with their vote tallies than @mentions or hashtags. This research has methodological implications for studying the dynamics between online discourse and offline behavior. Overall, our findings support the view that forms of...
Estimation and policy implications of rental housing demand

Abstract The demand for rental housing using the Annual Housing Survey SMSA sample for 1977 is estimated. The principal determinants of rental housing demand, namely housing price and permanent/transitory income, are computed through spatially varying hedonic price techniques and instrumental variables methods (relating to human and nonhuman capital), respectively. Based on the demand estimation results, impacts of hypothetical cash and rent subsidy programs are analyzed in terms of “housing” and “welfare” effects. It is found that a rent subsidy achieves considerably larger effects than does a cash subsidy.
SU‐GG‐T‐493: Dosimetric Impact of Beam Energy and Number of Photon Fields On Prostate Dose Distributions: Inverse Planning and Validation Study

Purpose: To examine the quality of various IMRT techniques based on treatment plans that utilize different photon beam energies and beam arrangements for radiotherapy of prostate carcinomas.Method and Materials: For this study, a sample patient diagnosed with prostate cancer was selected. The patient underwent computerized tomography(CT) scans for inverse planning. These CTimages were used to outline the planning target volume (PTV) and several organs at risk (OAR) including bladder, rectum, and femurs for defining dose constraints during the inverse planning process. Using the Pinnacle3 planning system (V. 8.0d), 5‐ and 7‐field IMRT plans were generated using (a) 6 MV, (b) 10 MV, and (c) 15 MV photons. These six plans were scored using dose‐volume‐histograms (DVH) to infer quality index parameters, namely, dose uniformity and conformity in the PTV, dose to OAR, and integral dose in the irradiated normal tissue. Each IMRT beam of the selected treatment plan was transferred on to a homogeneous flat phantom for planar‐dose calculations at 10‐cm depth. These planar dose distributions were measured using MapCHECK and film dosimetry to superimpose on the planned dose distributions for comparison. Results: Our planning studies have shown that: (1) 5‐F vs. 7‐F IMRT plans for all beam energies predict less doses to the normal tissue surrounding the prostate target volume below 3500 cGy level, (2) As expected, superior dose distributions are achieved with all IMRT techniques for all photon beam energies in the 6–15 MV range, (3) Dose uniformity compares fairly well between 106.5 and 108.3% for all plans irrespective of photon energy and beam arrangements. Detailed dosimetric differences between plans will be discussed. Conclusion: We have successfully performed an inverse planning study to examine the effect of photon beam energy and the number of these beams on the quality of IMRT plans to treat prostate patients.
Service Multinationals: Their Past, Present, and Future

Abstract and Key Results This focused issue underscores the growing importance of service sector in the global economy and attempts to fill in the lacunae of research in internationalization of service industries. We stress the need for more systematic research both at the conceptual and empirical level to extend the frontiers of knowledge on service multinationals. Given the rising importance of service sector, it is imperative that international business scholars examine the internationalization of service firms in both developed and developing nations. The focused issue presents papers that delve into different aspects on service multinationals, namely surveying recent academic work on non-manufacturing sector, internationalization and performance, determinants of exports for service firms, regional versus global strategies for service firms, offshoring propensity in information technology industry, and value transformation model for location-intensive and information-intensive software services. Each paper offers a distinct insight into the services sector.
Adjoint selmer groups as Iwasawa modules

We fix a primep. In this paper, starting from a given Galois representation ϕ having values inp-adic points of a classical groupG, we study the adjoint action of ϕ on thep-adic Lie algebra of the derived group ofG. We call this new Galois representation the adjoint representation Ad(ϕ) of ϕ. Under a suitablep-ordinarity condition (and ramification conditions outsidep), we define, following Greenberg, the Selmer group Sel(Ad(ϕ))/L for each number fieldL. We scrutinize the behavior of Sel(Ad(ϕ))/E ∞ as an Iwasawa module for a fixed ℤ p -extensionE ∞/E of a number fieldE and deduce an exact control theorem. A key ingredient of the proof is the isomorphism between the Pontryagin dual of the Selmer group and the module of Kahler differentials of the universal nearly ordinary deformation ring of ϕ. WhenG=GL(2), ϕ is a modular Galois representation and the base fieldE is totally real, from a recent result of Fujiwara identifying the deformation ring with an appropriatep-adic Hecke algebra, we conclude some fine results on the structure of the Selmer groups, including torsion-property and an exact limit formula ats=0 of the characteristic power series, after removing the trivial zero.
NEIL DEVOTTA , Blowback: Linguistic nationalism, institutional decay, and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka

Neil DeVotta, Blowback: Linguistic nationalism, institutional decay, and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. Pp. 204. Hb 22.95.In this well-argued analysis of linguistic nationalism and ethnic conflict, Neil DeVotta places more weight on language than do most other accounts of conflict and civil war in Sri Lanka. DeVotta's main argument is that language politics informed by linguistic nationalism was not just one among several forces leading to the breakdown of peaceful coexistence of the Sinhalese and Tamil communities of the island, but indeed the single most important cause of the conflict and its later violent manifestations. Accordingly, the 1956 decision by the Colombo government to declare Sinhala the sole national language of Sri Lanka represents the crucial turning point in the relationship between ethnic Sinhalese and Tamils on the island. DeVotta argues that the 1956 Official Language Act was motivated by a desire among leaders of the Sinhalese majority to facilitate socioeconomic mobility among their ethnic constituency, and that it subsequently prompted further ethnocentric legislation openly favoring the interests of the ethnic majority at the expense of the Tamil minority. This inability of Sinhalese leaders to compromise in turn led to a severe loss of confidence in the government and other state institutions among Tamils, who began to experience the Sri Lankan state as an alien entity. Finally, this process of “institutional decay” set off by the 1956 imposition of Sinhala as sole official language in state institutions and education then provoked separatist Tamil nationalism and a spiral of violence culminating in a devastating civil war.
Motion capture controls negate the violent video-game effect

Considerable research suggests that violent video game play increases players' aggression. However, few studies have investigated this effect in the now ubiquitous context of motion-capture technology. Study 1 used a 2x2 design, with a violent (Soul Calibur) and non-violent (Lego Indiana Jones) game, played under analog (Playstation 3) and motion-capture (Nintendo Wii) conditions. Violent video game play led to less aggression when participants used motion-capture controls. Study 2 eliminated potential confounds by using the only game on the Wii system that can be played identically with or without motion capture (Punch-Out!!). Again, participants who used motion-capture were less aggressive. Study 3 looked for effects of cooperative vs. competitive play during 2-player motion-capture gaming (Soul Calibur, Wii). Participants using motion-capture controls in competitive and cooperative scenarios did not differ from baseline. These results run counter to standard models relating violent video game play to aggressive behavior, highlighting the difficulty in anticipating the effects of newer, more immersive technology.
High angular momentum states in 110Cd from the decay of 4.9 h 110mln

Abstract The high angular momentum states in 110 Cd have been studied from the decay of 4.9 h 110m In. Singles γ-ray spectra were taken with a high resolution and high efficiency Ge(Li) detector. Singles conversion electron spectra were taken with a Si(Li) detector. Extensive γγ coincidence measurements were taken with both NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) and Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) arrangements. From these data it was concluded that levels at 657.73, 1476.60, 1542.45, 2004.24, 2124.55, 2219.76, 2479.94, 2561.2, 3063.90, 3121.46, 3187.3, 3239.5, 3338.2, 3345.0 and 3525.1 keV in 110 Cd are populated in the decay of 4.9 h 110m In. In addition, possible population of known levels at 2078.4, 2162.58 and 2926.58 keV in 110 Cd from the decay of 110m In is discussed. From log ft values determined in this work, from α k values from this work and previously published results and from γ-ray intensity information limits have been placed for the J π values of many levels.
Pose determination of spinning satellites using tracks of novel regions

An algorithm for using time sequence video data from a single camera to determine position and orientation (pose) of spin stabilized satellites with respect to a robotic spacecraft is discussed. The system utilizes novelty detection and filtering for locating novel parts and a neural net to track these parts over time. The present paper addresses the estimation of pose from the tracks of the novel regions. The path traced out by a given part (or region) is approximately elliptical in image space, and a psuedoinverse technique is used to find a best-fit ellipse for a set of track points. The position, shape, and orientation of the ellipse are functions of the satellite geometry and its pose. Using this ellipse, and information from a model of the given satellite, an iterative technique is used to perturb an initial guess of pose such that the error between the best-fit ellipse and a predicted ellipse is minimized. Results of using this algorithm on sequences of images of a satellite at various poses and under various lighting conditions are presented.
Pacemaking and acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The incidence, the natural history, and the prognosis of conduction disturbances in association with acute myocardial infarction have been described, and a rational approach to their treatment has been presented in relation to the abnormal anatomy and physiology of the lesions. Methods of undertaking pacemaking have been detailed, including a discussion of the various types of competitive and noncompetitive generators. Although conduction disturbances are common with posterior and inferior myocardial lesions, localized ischemia rather than necrosis is the usual cause and bradycardia with or without lesser degrees of heart block, the common presentation. Pacemaking is therefore rarely needed unless a drug-resistant bradycardia occurs; the conduction disturbance is usually transient and the prognosis good. In contrast, when conduction disturbances occur with anterior infarction, an extensive lesion may be present with infarction of the bundle of His and its branches. The prognosis depends not only on adequate treatment of the conduction disturbances, but also on the integrity of the myocardium and coexistent severe cardiac failure or cardiogenic shock are common. Although complications to pacemaking are not rare, the advantages outweigh the risks and there should be no hesitation in pacing patients in whom the indications exist. Pacemaking may also be of considerable benefit after myocardial infarction even in the absence of any conduction disturbance, for the prevention and management of acute dysrhythmias including the sick sinus syndrome and atrial, junctional, or ventricular tachycardias, or premature beats. The indications for short- or long-term electrical overdrive of the atrium or ventricle have been described, as well as the treatment of tachycardias by selectively timed electrical premature beats at the site of their origin. The place of paired and coupled atrial or ventricular stimulation after myocardial infarction has also been discussed. In general these techniques are of limited use, but coupled ventricular or paired and coupled atrial stimulation will slow a drug-resistant tachycardia. In practice coupled ventricular stimulation is disappointing as a positive inotropic intervention because its beneficial effect usually is rate dependent. Paired ventricular stimulation is contraindicated because of its high risk of precipitating ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction.
Novel Method for the Production of Color-Compatible Ferrous Sulfate-Fortified Simulated Rice through Extrusion

Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FSH), a highly bioavailable water-soluble compound, was used for the production of fortified simulated rice through extrusion of acidified rice flour. The acidic and/o...
The Development of Concepts and Strategies Used in Computational Estimation

Twelve students at each of Grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 were individually given tasks that presented problems with solutions from hypothetical students, accompanied by questions requiring students to contrast and compare the solutions. These tasks were followed by open-response estimation problems. The older children understood better than the younger children what was asked but were uncomfortable with estimation processes and outcomes. Acceptance of multiple estimates and rounding-then-computing rather than computing-then-rounding were both slow to develop. Recognition of the need to compensate for rounding errors increased with grade level. Schooling factors such as emphasis on unique answers and instruction on rounding and computional procedures seemed to influence results. Careful development of foundational concepts is recommended to prevent learning computational estimation as a set of algorithmic rules.
Statin use and prostate cancer risk in a large population-based setting.

Background Statins are a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug, which also have the potential to affect cancer risk and progression. Results from previous studies offer mixed conclusions.
Fostering the Development of Reading Skill Through Supplemental Instruction Results for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Students

This article reports the effects of a 2-year supplemental reading program for students in kindergarten through third grade that focused on the development of decoding skills and reading fluency. Two hundred ninety-nine students were identified for participation and were randomly assigned to the supplemental instruction or to a no-treatment control group. Participants’ reading ability was assessed in the fall, before the first year of the intervention, and again in the spring of Years 1, 2, 3, and 4. At the end of the 2-year intervention, students who received the supplemental instruction performed significantly better than their matched controls on measures of entry-level reading skills (i.e., letter‐word identification and word attack), oral reading fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. The benefits of the instruction were still clear 2 years after instruction had ended, with students in the supplementalinstruction condition still showing significantly greater growth on the measure of oral reading fluency. Hispanic students benefited from the supplemental reading instruction in English as much as or more than non-Hispanic students. Results support the value of supplemental instruction focused on the development of word recognition skills for helping students at risk for reading failure.
The Effects Of Adjudicating And Sentencing Juveniles As Adults Research and Policy Implications

Across the nation, serious and chronic juvenile offenders are increasingly being tried as adults in criminal court and incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This trend raises important questions for policy makers. To what extent do trials in criminal courts and incarceration in adult prisons promote or inhibit community protection and the accountability and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders? This article discusses the legal consequences of adjudication in criminal court and offers a comprehensive review of research findings on the deterrent effects of transfer laws, conviction and sentencing patterns and recidivism rates in juvenile versus criminal courts, and conditions and programming in juvenile versus adult correctional facilities. The implications of these research findings for juvenile justice policies on adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults and directions for future research are discussed.
The Role of Sulfur in the Thermal Stability of Jet Fuel

The autoxidation of Jet A, dodecane, and a dodecane-15%-cumene blend doped with sulfur compounds were studied at 433 K. Oxygen, hydro peroxide and soluble gum were monitored during the autoxidation. Dodecane, cumene, and the dodecane-15%-cumene blend autoxidized rapidly, while Jet A had an induction period followed by a relatively slow post autoxidation. The results suggest that an inhibitor formed early in the post autoxidation of Jet A. Gum formed in the autoxidation of Jet A, whereas none was detected in dodecane, cumene, or dodecane-15% cumene. However, gum was detected in dodecane and dodecane-15% cumene doped with thiols and disulfides. Alkyl thiols and disulfides reduced the rate of autoxidation of dodecane, and there was an induction period in the formation of gum. Traces of sulfur (≈4 ppm) inhibited the autoxidation of dodecane-15% cumene in a way that resembled the post autoxidation of Jet A. Adding an organic base increased the rate of post autoxidation in Jet A and prevented formation of the oxidation inhibitor. An inhibition mechanism is proposed in which phenois are formed via acid-catalyzed decomposition of benzylic hydro peroxides.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Cholera and other enterotoxin-related diarrheal diseases.

The enterotoxin responsible for fluid loss through the intestines in cholera has been purified, its mechanism of action has been determined and its antigenic properties have been carefully studied. On the basis of the information obtained, a simple and uniformly effective therapeutic approach has been delineated, and the development of a better vaccine appears likely. Since enterotoxins are produced by a number of enteric bacteria, other than Vibrio cholerae, and since diseases produced by such noncholera bacteria appear to be responsible for greater world-wide morbidity and mortality than cholera itself, the investigative approaches that have been applied to cholera are now being employed in the study of such choleralike diseases. Data to date have indicated that the enterotoxin of Escherichia coli has certain similarities to cholera enterotoxin, both in its mechanism of action and its antigenic properties. The mechanism of action of the shigella enterotoxin appears, on the other hand, to be radically different from that of V. cholerae and E. coli enterotoxins. Further studies of the enterotoxins of E. coli, Shigella, Clostridium perfringens and Vibrio parahemolyticus should lead to major improvements in prophylaxis against, and treatment of, the illnesses associated with these bacteria.
Efficient and Secure Multicast in WirelessMAN

Multicast delivery of data is a powerful mechanism that has strong potential in next generation networks. The increased efficiency over unicast is a definite advantage, but the use of multicast poses many security risks. Effectively adding security measures to a multicast service is an intriguing problem, especially when the service is deployed in a wireless setting. Next generation IEEE 802.16 standard WirelessMAN networks are a perfect example of this problem, and the latest draft specification of the standard includes a secure protocol solution called multicast and broadcast rekeying algorithm (MBRA). In this paper, we expose the security problems of MBRA, including non-scalability and omission of backward and forward secrecy, and propose a new approach, ELAPSE, to address these problems. We analyze the security property of ELAPSE and use Qualnet simulations to show its efficiency
AN INTEGRATED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS CASE STUDY

The Defense Systems and Electronics Group of Texas Instruments has developed and is using the Integrated Product Development Process (IPDP™). This paper describes how the process was developed, how it is deployed and the resulting success of the programs it has been used on. This method for creating an integrated product development process may be useful for your organization.
The EIIABMan Phosphotransferase System Permease Regulates Carbohydrate Catabolite Repression in Streptococcus gordonii

Commensal oral streptococci play critical roles in oral biofilm formation and promote dental health by competing with, and antagonizing the growth of, pathogenic organisms, such as Streptococcus mutans. Efficient utilization of the spectrum of carbohydrates in the oral cavity by commensal streptococci is essential for their persistence, and yet very little is known about the regulation of carbohydrate catabolism by these organisms. Carbohydrate catabolite repression (CCR) in the abundant oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii strain DL-1 was investigated using the exo-β-D-fructosidase gene (fruA) and a fructose/mannose sugar:phosphotransferase (PTS) enzyme II operon (levDEFG) as model systems. Functional studies confirmed the predicted roles of FruA and LevD in S. gordonii. ManL, the AB domain of a fructose/mannose-type enzyme II PTS permease, contributed to utilization of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fructose and exerted primary control over CCR of the fruA and levD operons. Unlike in S. mutans, ManL-dependent CCR was not sugar specific, and galactose was very effective at eliciting CCR in S. gordonii. Inactivation of the apparent ccpA homologue of S. gordonii actually enhanced CCR of fruA and levD, an effect likely due to its demonstrated role in repression of manL expression. Thus, there are some similarities and fundamental differences in CCR control mechanisms between the oral pathogen S. mutans and the oral commensal S. gordonii that may eventually be exploited to enhance the competitiveness of health-associated commensals in oral biofilms.
Exploring High Bandwidth Pipelined Cache Architecture for Scaled Technology

In this paper, we propose a design technique to pipeline cache memories for high bandwidth applications. With the scaling of technology, cache access latencies are multiple clock cycles. The proposed pipelined cache architecture can be accessed every clock cycle and, thereby, enhances bandwidth and overall processor performance. The proposed architecture utilizes the idea of banking to reduce bit-line and word-line delay, making word-line to sense amplifier delay fit into a single clock cycle. Experimental results show that optimal banking allows the cache to be split into multiple stages whose delays are equal to the clock cycle time. The proposed design is fully scalable and can be applied to future technology generations. Power, delay and area estimates show that on average, the proposed pipelined cache improves MOPS (millions of operations per unit time per unit area per unit energy) by 40-50% compared to current cache architectures.
College Student Attendance at Sporting Events and the Relationship Between Sport Team Identification and Social Psychological Health

Consistent with the Team Identification—Social Psychological Health Model (Wann, 2006a), past research indicates college students’ levels of identification with university teams is positively correlated with social psychological health. The current investigation was designed to examine how attendance may impact this relationship. The sample contained 148 college students who completed a questionnaire packet assessing identification with their school’s men’s basketball team, amount of attendance at the team’s games, and two measures of social well-being (loneliness and collective self-esteem). Regression analyses revealed that level of team identification (i.e., private involvement), but not attendance (i.e., public involvement), accounted for a significant proportion of unique variance in well-being. Therefore, it appears that private involvement with a college sport team is more strongly associated with college students’ social well-being than is public involvement.
Success––A Dream With an Outline: A 9-Week Program for Couples

Attachment is a core human need. A safe and rewarding emotional connection is a need and desire. With couplehood being an important part of the attachment process, success in relationships could be vital to an individual’s well-being. This article addresses four core relationship challenges, provides a brief description of diverse theoretical approaches used in couple work, identifies how therapists can affect the therapeutic alliance, and offers a theoretically integrated approach through a 9-week couples program in an outline format.
Control of Reaction-Convection Processes with Fast and Slow Reactions

This paper considers the control of reaction-convection processes with fast and slow reactions. Such systems are modeled by stiff hyperbolic partial differential equations which are inadequate for controller design. We apply the model reduction method we proposed in (2004) to a representative chemical reaction process to show how the reduced-order model can be effectively used for control purposes
Parallel Computation of Unsteady Flows on Network of Workstations

A parallel algorithm is presented for explicit solution of compressible Euler equations. Upwinded forms of the equations are used in conjunction with the finite element formulation. The solution domain is subdivided into overlapped blocks which are distributed to available workstations. Parallelization is achieved by using a machine portable parallel library. This, together with the usage of an explicit time-integration scheme, makes the implementation of the algorithm on distributed systems a rather straight-forward task. Furthermore, it provides a very flexible platform for load balancing of available computers.
Src Substrate Surprise

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Lowy and colleagues show that the SH2 domain of tensin-3 is regulated by phosphorylation by Src and that this phosphorylation promotes the oncogenic function of tensin-3. Phosphorylation of the SH2 domain represents a novel mechanism for the regulation of SH2 ligand binding.
The Use of Generalization Gradients for the Study of Mediational Processes

In Experiment I three groups (N = 60 college students) were presented with a 60° training stimulus (TS) and subsequently tested for generalization along a line-tilt dimension with the use of an asymmetrical test series. During training, one group labeled the TS with a high-imagery word, another with a low-imagery word, while a third served as a no-label control. While the control group showed an expected central tendency shift, the shift was completely inhibited for the high-imagery group. The low-imagery group's gradient appeared to show a partial inhibition effect, although statistical confirmation for a differential imagery effect was not obtained. In Experiment II (N = 180 college students) three words of high and three of low imagery were employed as labels. While the control condition resulted in a central tendency shift, both labeling conditions produced complete inhibition, indicating that verbal pretraining produces inhibitory effects regardless of the labels employed. The findings were discussed in terms of the acquired-distinctiveness-of-cues hypothesis.