cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-dose or better resolution ultrafast cardiac SPECT: NCAT reconstruction and GATE study

SPECT is primarily used in the clinic for cardiac myocardial perfusion imaging. However, for SPECT, sensitivity is impaired due to the need for collimation. System resolution is poor as well. New systems including those with multi-pinhole collimation has shown high sensitive acquisitions. Our previous work showed that using a curved detector instead of flat we can obtain resolution improvements as much as 29% on the average or else can sensitivity gains as much as 2.25 for similar resolutions. Here we use our voxel-driven MLEM reconstruction algorithm on an NCAT phantom for pinhole reconstruction to evaluate a lower dose or a higher resolution setting. The detector behind each pinhole can be flat or curved. We show that with the curved detector system (at the higher sensitivity setting, for equivalent resolution as the flat detector system), we can reduce the dose by about a factor of 1/2 still obtain equivalent image-quality as the flat-detector. Alternatively we have a better resolution compared to flat-detector system. In the second part of the study we investigated a practicable trapezoidal detector with the same height as our paraboloid detector using GATE SPECT simulator for pinhole geometry. Using point sources we investigated the sensitivity of the trapezoidal and an equivalent base flat detector for the same pinhole aperture size of 4mm. We then compared the sensitivity of each point to the approximate expected value for each point We also measured the FWHM of each point and obtained the average resolution gain of the trapezoidal over the flat detector. This constitutes the better resolution design. On the average we obtained a 31.3% improvement of resolution Then we used the trapezoidal detector with a larger pinhole aperture to match the flat-detector resolution on the average to obtain a higher sensitivity design, obtaining a sensitivity gain factor of 2.26, for similar average resolution for the two systems.
Recurrence after neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer: Does the pattern of recurrence differ for patients with complete response and those with partial or no response?

Objective We hypothesized that most relapses in patients with esophageal cancer having neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy would occur outside of the surgical and radiation fields. Methods Recurrence patterns, time to recurrence, and median survival were examined in 267 patients who had esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy at Johns Hopkins over 19 years. Results Of 267 patients, 82 (30.7%) showed complete response to neoadjuvant therapy, with 108 (40.4%) and 77 (28.8%) showing partial response or no response, respectively. Recurrence developed in 84 patients (patients with complete response 18/82, 21.4%; patients with partial response 39/108, 36.1%; patients with no response 27/77, 35.1%; P = .055, respectively). Most patients had recurrences at distant sites (65/84;77.4%) regardless of pathologic response, and subsequent survival was brief (median 8.37 months). Median disease-free survival was short (10 months) and did not differ based on recurrence site for patients with partial response or no response, but was longer for patients with complete response with distant recurrence, whose median disease-free survival was 27.3 months (P = .008). By multivariate analysis, no other factor except for pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy was associated with disease recurrence or death. Patients with partial response or no response were 1.97 and 2.23 times more likely to have recurrence than patients with complete response (P = .024 and P = .012, respectively). Conclusions Most esophageal cancer recurrences after neoadjuvant therapy and surgery are distant, and survival time after recurrence is short regardless of pathologic response. Fewer patients achieving complete response had recurrences, and distant recurrences in these patients manifest later than in patients showing partial response and those showing no response. Only pathologic response is significantly associated with disease recurrence, suggesting that tumor biology and chemosensitivity are critical in long-term patient outcome.
Nano-HPLC-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for arsenic speciation

A nano-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (nano-HPLC-ICPMS) method is developed, using a demountable direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (d-DIHEN), to reduce sample and mobile phase consumption, minimize organic waste generation, decrease analysis time, and enhance separation efficiency. A HPLC column (50 mm × 0.3 mm id), packed with 3.5 μm C18 material, is explored for chromatographic separation of five arsenic species naturally present in the environment or introduced as a pollutant: sodium (meta)arsenite [As(III)], arsenic acid [As(V)], dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), disodium methylarsenate (MA), and p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA). A fast chromatographic separation of five arsenic species is achieved in less than 12 min at a solution flow rate of 0.9 μL min−1 using a 50 nL sample injection. The HPLC-ICPMS interface provides well defined flow injection profiles at various concentrations, giving a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for each individual arsenic species calibration curve. Precision values for peak height and area of five arsenic species range from 0.5 to 6.5% RSD and absolute detection limits are within 0.4 to 5.4 pg arsenic, which are comparable to previously reported data at higher solution uptake rates (20 μL min−1 to 1 mL min−1) and larger sample injection volumes (20–100 μL).
Auditory receptive area in the cerebellar hemisphere is surrounded by somatosensory areas

Abstract We mapped the neuronal discharges in response to sound in the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemisphere of the rat. An auditory receptive area was located in the lateral part of Crus IIb. The size of the auditory area was approx. 1 mm2. It was surrounded by somatosensory receptive areas representing the regions in and around the mouth, particularly the lips, the incisors, and areas inside the mouth. Frequency selectivity of neurons in the auditory area was broad that it resembled the audiogram of the ear of the animal. The auditory responses were not particularly sensitive to binaural intensity differences. On the basis of the response properties of these neurons to sound and the receptive field properties of the adjacent somatosensory areas, we suggest that the function of the auditory area in the cerebellar hemisphere may be in the control of movements involved in vocalization.
Predation by Coelotanypus (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Laboratory Populations of Tubificid Oligochaetes

Laboratory experiments were conducted with sediments and organisms collected from Lake Erie's western basin to examine the effect of Coelotanypus (Chironomidae: Diptera) predation on tubificid oligochaetes. Populations of predator and prey organisms were kept together in replicate laboratory microcosms at densities ranging from 2,500–12,500 predators/m2 and 12,500–62,500 prey/m2 for 15- to 30-day periods. Control populations of predators and prey were maintained separately for comparative purposes. A separate selection experiment showed that larvae preferred sediments containing tubificids or previously settled larvae over sediments that contained neither. Mortality in worm populations kept with predatory Coelotanypus larvae averaged 56.9% (S.D. = 3.9%) and was significantly higher (p < 0.001, t-test) than the 9.7% (S.D. = 3.1%)average mortality in control populations. Simulated effects of chironomid burrowing and burrow irrigation did not cause increased worm mortality. An average predation rate of 0.11 (S.D. = 0.04) prey·predator−1·day−1 was calculated from the data. Based on average Coelotanypus and tubificid densities in western Lake Erie and assuming that natural feeding rates are comparable to those in the laboratory, Coelotanypus may be capable of reducing tubificid populations by about 20% over a 2-month period during the late summer. Natural abundance data indicate that tubificid population declines are associated with periods of peak Coelotanypus density.
Inverse Analysis of Cavitation Impact Phenomena on Structures

A general methodology is presented for in situ detection of cavitation impact phenomena on structures based on inverse analysis of luminescent emissions resulting from the collapsing of bubbles onto surfaces. Following an inverse-analysis approach, luminescent emission signatures are correlated with the general structure of asymmetric bubble collapse onto a surface. This method suggests applications for detection of cavitation that can occur within different types of dynamic water environments of structures. Case study analyses using experimental data are used to demonstrate the fundamentals of various aspects of this methodology. The goal of this methodology is to establish a direct correlation of luminescent emissions with cavitation impact phenomena, and ultimately, with cavitation erosion of structures within turbulent water environments.
Comparative Data Fusion between Genetic Programing and Neural Network Models for Remote Sensing Images of Water Quality Monitoring

Historically, algal blooms have proliferated throughout Western Lake Erie as a result of eutrophic conditions caused by urban growth and agricultural activities. Of great concern is the blue-green algae Microcystis that thrives in eutrophic conditions and generates microcystin, a powerful hepatotoxin. Microcystin poses a threat to the delicate ecosystem of Lake Erie, and it threatens commercial fishing operations and water treatment plants using the lake as a water source. Integrated Data Fusion and Machine-learning (IDFM) is an early warning system proposed by this paper for the prediction of microcystin concentrations and distribution by measuring the surface reflectance of the water body using satellite sensors. The fine spatial resolution of Landsat is fused with the high temporal resolution of MODIS to create a synthetic image possessing both high temporal and spatial resolution. As a demonstration, the spatiotemporal distribution of microcystin within western Lake Erie is reconstructed using the band data from the fused products and applied machine-learning techniques. The performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Genetic Programming (GP) are compared and tested against traditional two-band model regression techniques. It was found that the GP model performed slightly better at predicting microcystin with an R2 value of 0.6020 compared to 0.5277 for ANN.
Composite piezoelectric strip transducer development for structural health monitoring

Piezoelectric fiber composite (PFC) transducers can be used to transmit and receive ultrasonic guided waves for structural health monitoring. Comb-type surface mounted PFC transducer strips are used to excite planar Lamb waves that interact with cracks and corrosion in a plate. Both finite element simulations and experiments examine the wave/defect interaction within a square domain that could be bounded by four strip transducers. In addition to transmitted, reflected, and scattered wave energy, beam spreading is investigated. Boundary conditions are applied in the finite element simulation to eliminate artificial end wall reflections. The experiments use a Doppler laser vibrometer to visualize wave propagation. Parallel PFC strips at wavelength spacing comprise an actuator that generates a wave field that is imaged by the scanning vibrometer. The results of the finite element simulation are qualitatively confirmed by the experiments.
Photoattenuation in the extreme red wings of Xe and Kr resonant lines

Photoattenuation coefficients are reported for high-pressure xenon and krypton at wavelengths in the red wings of the first resonant lines [$\mathrm{Xe}(^{3}P_{1})$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=1470$ \AA{} and $\mathrm{Kr}(^{3}P_{1})$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=1236$ \AA{}]. The measurements cover the range 2000-20 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from the resonant lines. The photoattenuation spectra are interpreted in terms of Rayleigh scattering and photoabsorption by atoms, Van der Waals molecules, and unbound diatomic molecules---different portions of the spectra are dominated by different species and phenomena. Absorption by unbound diatomic molecules is interpreted via a quasistatic model of the molecule. Analysis of the data in this manner yields information concerning the structure and radiative lifetime of the lowest-bound diatomic states of $\mathrm{Xe}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}$ and $\mathrm{Kr}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}$. The significance of the results reported here in regards to dissociative noble-gas lasers (transition from a bound diatomic level to the repulsive ground level) is discussed.
Investigating the modality specificity of response selection using a temporal flanker task

The neurocognitive architecture for response selection is uncertain. Some theorists suggest that it is mediated by an amodal central mechanism, whereas others propose a set of independent control mechanisms. In a functional neuroimaging experiment, we investigated the nature of response selection by examining how its underlying brain mechanisms are affected by stimulus modality. To do this, we used a modified flanker task, in which the target and flanker (distractor) stimuli differed in time rather than space, making it accessible for both visual and auditory stimuli. As in the traditional flanker task, larger reaction times were observed for incongruent than congruent trials (i.e., a congruency effect) for both modalities. Congruency affected brain activation for both modalities in prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and the putamen. Modality-dependent activation was found in additional prefrontal and parietal regions for the visual modality and in left inferior prefrontal cortex for the auditory modality. Modality-dependent activity specifically related to response congruency was also found in sensory cortical regions. These data suggest that modality affects the brain regions throughout the cortex mediating response selection even for conceptually identical stimuli and tasks. They are consistent with the hypothesis that (at least partially) independent brain networks mediate response selection and that input modality may be a powerful factor for organizing neural activity to support task performance.
Corrosion of ferrous alloys in a flowing lithium environment

Abstract Corrosion data on weight loss and internal penetration are presented for ferritic and austenitic stainless steels exposed for up to 6500 h at 700 and 755 K in a forced-circulation lithium loop. The results indicate that the dissolution rates for austenitic steels approach a steady-state value after an initial period ( ~ 1500 h) of much higher rates. The weight losses for ferritic steels follow a linear increase with time. The autenitic steels develop a porous ferrite layer after exposure to lithium. Measurements of the thickness of the ferrite layer follow the trends indicated by the weight loss data.
“THE NEW MUSLIM WOMAN:” SUDAN'S NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT AND THE INVENTION OF IDENTITY

Etude des strategies politiques soudanaises employees pour obtenir une hegemonie culturelle a travers la manipulation des politiques identitaires (y compris les politiques concernant les categories de sexe). Cette strategie comporte l'invention d'une « nouvelle femme musulmane » et la reinvention du « musulman », separe de l'« Arabe ». Le Nord du Soudan est domine par une culture arabe/nubienne. Avec la tendance islamique des annees 1970, la situation de la femme et les arrangements intersexes dans le travail ont ete modifies aux depends des femmes. Or les femmes islamistes qui travaillent mettent en avant l'image moderne developpe par le Front islamique national. Pour elles, seule l'application de la sharia permettra une plus grande egalite entre les sexes car ce n'est pas l'Islam mais la culture arabe qui entraine l'oppression de la femme par l'homme
Dose rate effects on damage formation in ion-implanted gallium arsenide

Abstract The residual damage in GaAs was measured by ion channeling following implantation of either 100 keV 30 Si + at temperatures of 300 or 77 K, or 360 keV 120 Sn + at 300 K. For room-temperature Si implants and fluences between 1 and 10 × 10 14 Si/cm 2 , the amount of damage created was strongly dependent upon the ion current density, which was varied between 0.05 and 12 μ |A/cm 2 . Two different stages of damage growth were identified by an abrupt increase in the damage growth rate as a function of fluence, and the threshold fluence for the onset of the second stage was found to be dependent on the dose rate. The dose rate effect on damage was substantially weaker for 120 Sn + implants and was negligible for Si implants at 77 K. The damage was found to be most sensitive to the average current density, demonstrating that the defects which are the precursors to the residual dose rate dependent damage have active lifetimes of at least 3 × 10 −4 s. The dose rate effect and its variation with ion mass and temperature are discussed in the context of homogeneous nucleation and growth of damage during ion irradiation.
Signalling between microvascular endothelium and cardiomyocytes through neuregulin

Heterocellular communication in the heart is an important mechanism for matching circulatory demands with cardiac structure and function, and neuregulins (Nrgs) play an important role in transducing this signal between the hearts' vasculature and musculature. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding Nrgs, explaining their roles in transducing signals between the heart's microvasculature and cardiomyocytes. We highlight intriguing areas being investigated for developing new, Nrg-mediated strategies to heal the heart in acquired and congenital heart diseases, and note avenues for future research.
Role of environmental signals and transcriptional regulators in neural crest development

The processes by which undifferentiated cells are assigned to particular fates are far from clear. We review recent work that has examined this problem in the neural crest, a multipotential cell population that gives rise to peripheral neurons in vertebrates. Peripheral neuronal differentiation appears to occur in a series of developmental steps that can be regulated independently by signals in the environment. Furthermore, such steps are reflected by corresponding changes in the pattern of regulatory transcription factor expression in differentiating neural crest cells. The determination of neuronal identity may proceed by a series of parallel regulatory pathways involving transcription factors acting both in cascades and in combinatorial arrays.
Resonance Raman study of annealing in cadmium‐implanted cuprous oxide

A resonance Raman scattering study is presented of the annealing behavior of Cu2O implanted with 180‐keV Cd++ ions to a dose of 1×1014 ions/cm2. As annealing progressed, large changes were observed in the Raman spectra which were obtained with the 488‐ and 476.5‐nm lines of an argon laser to provide excitation nearly resonant with the 1S ’’blue’’ exciton at 480 nm. A detailed comparison is made of the spectra obtained during annealing with spectra previously reported on unannealed samples implanted with doses ranging from 1.5×1011 to 1.5×1015 ions/cm2. The analysis indicates a strong annealing stage at −250°C, after which apparently less than 1% of the implantation‐produced damage remains.
Are women who are treated for hypothyroidism at risk for pregnancy complications

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes that are associated with pregnancy and treated hypothyroidism. Study design This was a retrospective cohort study of all women who received prenatal care and were delivered at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1989 and 2001. All patients with hypothyroidism diagnosed before pregnancy or early in pregnancy were identified. Maternal, fetal, and obstetric outcomes were then collected and analyzed for women with hypothyroidism and compared with women without hypothyroidism. Results Among 20,499 deliveries, there were 419 women (2.1%) who were treated for hypothyroidism during the study period. Hypothyroidism was more common among women ≥35 years old, white women, and women without Medicaid insurance. Treated hypothyroidism was not associated with any increase in maternal, fetal, or neonatal complications. In addition, hypothyroidism did not affect mode of delivery. Conclusion Compared with patients without hypothyroidism, patients with treated hypothyroidism are not at any increased risk for perinatal morbidity.
The structural dynamics of the American five-string banjo

The American five-string banjo is unique among musical instruments in that many significant parameters that effect tone are easily adjusted. This is probably why so many banjo players fiddle with their banjo. The instrument is a combination of canonical vibrating systems (strings, and a circular membrane) and therefore more amenable to analysis and modeling than most other musical instruments (e.g., the violin). Such an analysis is presented here. The model is a harmonically driven string which excites the other strings and a membrane under tension, causing the membrane to radiate sound. Three figures-of-merit, FOMs, are assumed. They are loudness, brightness, and decay of the sound. The effects of a number of parameters on the proposed FOMs are investigated. Among these are the loss factor and tension of the membrane, the mass of the bridge, and the location on the string of the excitation. It is noted that the calculated effects of the changes agree with generally accepted setup practices.
Alteration of oxidative enzymes (LDH and MDH) in perilymph after noise exposure

Chinchillas were exposed to noise (123 dB, 1/2 h, 700–2800 Hz). The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was studied immediately after exposure or 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days later. LDH activity in perilymph doubled immediately after exposure, gradually decreasing to control values in about a month. The activity of MDH not only doubled immediately after the exposure but continued to rise for at least another 24 h, reaching a peak value of 3.5 times normal at 24 h. The activity was still 1.6 times normal even after a month of recovery. The enzyme activity of serum and CSF remained within the control range throughout the experimental period except for an initial increase of serum enzyme activity due to anesthetic. The results demonstrate that the morphological changes induced by a noise exposure that is known to produce permanent threshold shift (PTS) are reflected in a significant elevation of oxidative enzymes in perilymph. Possible mechanisms of the elevation of enzymes in perilymph are discussed.
The Impact of Prehospital Ventilation on Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Prehospital intubation has been challenged on the grounds that it predisposes to hyperventilation, which is detrimental after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and impairs venous return in patients with hypovolemia. We sought to determine the incidence of hyperventilation among a cohort of trauma patients undergoing prehospital intubation and the impact of ventilation on outcome after severe TBI. Methods: Data were prospectively collected for all intubated trauma patients transported directly from the field for a period of 14 months (n = 574). An arrival Pco 2 45 mm Hg were considered severely hypercapneic. Targeted ventilation was defined as a Pco 2 between 30 and 35 mm Hg based on the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. Results: The rate of severe hypocapnea was 18% and women were more likely to be hyperventilated (p < 0.05). Patients with severe hypercapnia had higher Injury Severity Scores and were more likely hypotensive, hypoxic, and acidodic (p < 0.05). Patients in the targeted ventilation range were less likely to die than were those outside the range even after excluding the severe hypercapnea group (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.99). This effect was even greater among patients with isolated TBI (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.96). Conclusion: Targeted prehospital ventilation is associated with lower mortality after severe TBI.
Demonstration of an ulcer niche during arteriography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding

A case of a bleeding stress ulcer of the duodenum is presented in which selective arteriography not only established the site of bleeding but also demonstrated the ulcer crater.
Computational Epidemiology in a Connected World

New technologies help epidemiologists model the socioeconomic context of disease outbreaks. Epidemiologists and computer scientists are developing new data-driven, high-performance-computing-powered inference engines to model the socioeconomic context and strategies necessary to counter disease outbreaks.
TOEPLITZ OPERATORS IN n-DIMENSIONS

The interplay between the theory of Toeplitz operators on the circle and the theory of pseudodifferential operators on the line (i. e. Wiener-Hopf operators) is by now well-known and well-understood. In this article we show that there is a parallel situation in higher dimensions. To begin with, by using pseudodifferential multipliers, one can simplify the composition rules for Toeplitz operators, (§ 3), and describe precisely how Toeplitz operators of “Bergmann type” are related to Toeplitz operators of “Szego type” (§ 9). Furthermore, it turns out that the ring of pseudodifferential operators on a compact manifold, M, is isomorphic with the ring of Toeplitz operators on an appropriate Grauert tube about M (§ § 4–6), and the ring of Weyl operators on ℝn is isomorphic with the ring of Toeplitz operators on the complex ball in ℂn (§ § 7–10).
A Multispectral Cloud Type Identification Method Developed for Tropical Ocean Areas with Nimbus-3 MRIR Measurements

A four-channel multispectral cloud type identification technique is developed on the basis of Nimbus-3 Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) measurements, with the four channels being spectrally located at 0.2-4.0, 6.5-7, 10-11, and 20-23 microns. The technique requires the use of a radiative transfer model with information on the vertical temperature and moisture profiles and climatological knowledge of the upper boundaries of cloud surfaces associated with expected cloud types within a given area. Experimental verification of the technique indicates that deletion of the 20-23 micron channel has no adverse effect on method capability, and that the 6.5-7 micron channel alone is well suited for successful mapping of the areas where cirrus is reasonably dense, while indicating the regions where cirrus is not present.
What's new with hybrid electric vehicles

This article has two main parts. The first part provides examples of recent advancements with advanced battery technologies: nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li ion), lithium metal polymer (Li MP), sodium metal chloride (Zebra) and nickel zinc (NiZn). The next part addresses, in overview form, a selection of significant hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) designs, concepts, and prototypes from Japan, France, and the United States.
Measuring the Role of Central and Eastern European Countries in World Drug Research

This paper explores the sociological behavior of firms in the pharmaceutical industry in Central and Eastern Europe as measured by funding linkages. Using the ISI Web of Science data-base, the number of research papers funded by top American and European pharmaceuticals with at least one author from Central and Eastern Europe are identified. Results indicate that Poland leads in the region by both the number of papers funded and by percentage of a firm’s total papers funded, followed closely by Hungary, Greece and the Czech Republic. Though the percentages of any firm’s linkages with a Central and Eastern European author are small (upper limit being 6.6%), this percentage is skewed due to the fact that the US is cited for 50% of papers for most firms. Roche Corporation is the top funder of papers among both US and European firms. Incidentally, zero top American pharmaceuticals were found to have an R&D center located in Central and Eastern Europe whereas European firms: GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi-Aventis do—possibly indicating a difference in business strategy between European and American pharmaceuticals.
Predictive Models of Duration of Ground Delay Programs in New York Area Airports

Initially planned GDP duration often turns out to be an underestimate or an overestimate of the actual GDP duration. This, in turn, results in avoidable airborne or ground delays in the system. Therefore, better models of actual duration have the potential of reducing delays in the system. The overall objective of this study is to develop such models based on logs of GDPs. In a previous report, we described descriptive models of Ground Delay Programs. These models were defined in terms of initial planned duration and in terms of categorical variables. These descriptive models are good at characterizing the historical errors in planned GDP durations. This paper focuses on developing predictive models of GDP duration. Traffic Management Initiatives (TMI) are logged by Air Traffic Control facilities with The National Traffic Management Log (NTML) which is a single system for automated recoding, coordination, and distribution of relevant information about TMIs throughout the National Airspace System. (Brickman, 2004 Yuditsky, 2007) We use 2008-2009 GDP data from the NTML database for the study reported in this paper. NTML information about a GDP includes the initial specification, possibly one or more revisions, and the cancellation. In the next section, we describe general characteristics of Ground Delay Programs. In the third section, we develop models of actual duration. In the fourth section, we compare predictive performance of these models. The final section is a conclusion.
Increasing viscosity in entangled polyelectrolyte solutions by the addition of salt

Abstract The viscosity of several polyelectrolytes is measured in both salt free solutions and solutions in the high salt limit. At low polymer concentrations, the zero shear rate viscosity decreases as much as 100-fold upon addition of a monovalent salt, namely NaCl. However, as polymer concentration increases, the viscosity difference between polymer in salt free and in monovalent salt solution diminishes. Further, the zero shear rate viscosity becomes independent of added monovalent salt at the critical polyelectrolyte concentration c D . Above c D , the addition of monovalent salt increases the zero shear rate viscosity of the entangled polyelectrolyte solutions. The viscosity increase agrees with viscosity scaling theory for polyelectrolytes in the entangled regime. Polyelectrolytes exhibiting an increase in viscosity above c D in the presence of monovalent salt include three natural anionic polyelectrolytes (xanthan, carrageenan, welan), one synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte (hydrolyzed polyacrylamide), and one natural cationic polyelectrolyte (chitosan). Generally, these polyelectrolytes are relatively high molecular weight (>1 M Dalton), which makes c D experimentally accessible (e.g., c D = 0.2 wt% for xanthan). The magnitude of the viscosity increase is as high as 300% for xanthan and nearly independent of monovalent salt concentration in the high salt limit. The increase in viscosity in monovalent salt solution and magnitude of c D appear to be heavily influenced by the molecular characteristics of the polymers such as monomer weight, molecular structure, and chain conformation.
FAULT TOLERANT SAFE FLIGHT CONTROLLER BANK 1

Abstract This paper examines the issues of safety and certification as they apply to flight control system for commercial planes. Theoretical designs may guarantee stability but some stable trajectories should not be considered safe for human passengers. On the issue of certification, getting acceptance for a control structure may prove challenging if it is not possible to establish a priori the control algorithms that will be used in a particular situation. The approach presented here proposes control structures of reduced complexity that can be exhaustively tested and where the issue of safety can also be addressed. The reduced complexity is achieved by introducing a finite partition of the fault space and designing robust controllers that perform safely within each partition. The transition among controllers is determined by a fault isolation mechanism that uses to advantage the “over-instrumentation” in commercial planes. The concept has been tested with extensive simulations using a 6DOF nonlinear model for B747/200 as a rigid body. This paper presents results for the case of single faults on the control surface actuators. The results support the premises that the structure enables the examination of all possible errors in the fault isolation and that the testing of the controller supplies valuable data for the design of a fault isolation technique.
Present and proposed regulations affecting the marketing of prudent diet foods

Abstract When the questions of the relationship of diet and heart disease are considered, even those most committed must admit a controversy. In the past, the Food and Drug Administration took a position specifically forbidding any kind of statements on fat and fatty acids. Although there are no definitive studies which have demonstrated beyond doubt that a diet modification in the general public with respect to fat and cholesterol is desirable, the Agency has modified its position so that patients may better identify such foods when a “prudent” diet has been recommended by their physicians. This product identification is achieved through labeling where the total fat content, the cholesterol, and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids may be stated. No other statements may be made that implicitly or explicitly claim a value in preventing or treating heart or artery diseases. Responsibility for the education and use of the information by the consumer will remain with the individual physician, health educator, and health organizations.
An All-Consuming History? Recent Works on Consumer Culture in Modern Germany

In a 2001 essay, the introduction to a special journal issue on consumption in twentieth-century Germany, historians Alon Confino and Rudy Koshar noted the relative lack of scholarship on consumption and consumerism in European, especially German, historiography, as compared to the explosion of interest in the topic among historians of the United States. For Confino and Koshar, this disjuncture appears all the more remarkable in view of the centrality of consumption and consumer goods to the political and ideological struggles of the German twentieth century and indeed the potential power of consumption, as a historiographic subject, for linking daily life and individual experience to the sweeping trajectories of the century's history. It turns out that Koshar and Confino did not have to wait very long for this gap to be filled; in the several years since that journal issue appeared, works on consumption in modern Germany have been coming out at a furious pace. In addition to several broad surveys of and edited collections on consumer society in the modern period, over the last few years there has been a wave of specialized studies of consumption and consumer goods in Nazi Germany, in the Federal Republic, and notably in the GDR. The problem of consumption has also been a key concern in recent works on Wilhelmine and Weimar cultural history, although historical studies of the period's consumer culture—or the institutions and mechanisms for its dissemination—remain fairly rare.
Power and Pragmatics

Language is an important means through which power relations are created and negotiated. In addition to everyday choices speakers make about their own language use, variations in ways of talking are related to local theories of power, status, identity, self, ethnicity, class, and gender. Grammatical and lexical choices, choices in forms of address and reference, turn-taking, narratives of cause and effect, genre, and stylistic performance, as well as the organization of space for talk and participation, embodied behaviors, and silence are used as elements in the distribution of power. Power and language are connected through the marking of certain encounters and contexts as requiring particular types of language use, the privileging of certain types of language, who may or may not speak in certain settings, which contexts are appropriate for which types of speech and which for silence, what types of talk are appropriate to persons of different statuses and roles, norms for requesting and giving information, and practices for alternating between speakers. Pragmatic uses of language are an important tool for constructing social difference and distinctions between individuals in terms of efficacy and power.
Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy with RF Gradients

Abstract The applicability of RF gradients for suppressing the resonances of uncoupled spins in inverse-detected heteronuclear spectroscopy has been investigated. Pulse sequences were designed which incorporate RF gradients in heteronuclear single-quantum-correlation experiments (HSQC), and they can be divided into three categories based on how the RF gradients are used. In the first type of experiment, the desired coherences are spin locked in the RF-gradient held, while unwanted terms, placed perpendicular to the direction of the RF-gradient held, are dephased. In a second type of experiment, the dephasing action of the gradient and the coherence-transfer RF pulses are combined into a single RF-gradient pulse. A second RF-gradient pulse is then used to rephase the desired spin terms. The third type of experiment uses a period of longitudinal storage of the heteronuclear magnetization, during which time the magnetization of the uncoupled spins is destroyed by an RF-gradient pulse. Experimental results are shown from all three techniques, and the techniques are compared.
Regimes of coalescence and separation in droplet collision

An experimental investigation of the binary droplet collision dynamics was conducted, with emphasis on the transition between different collision outcomes. A series of time-resolved photographic images which map all the collision regimes in terms of the collision Weber number and the impact parameter were used to identify the controlling factors for different outcomes. The effects of liquid and gas properties were studied by conducting experiments with both water and hydrocarbon droplets in environments of different gases (air, nitrogen, helium and ethylene) and pressures, the latter ranging from 0.6 to 12 atm. It is shown that, by varying the density of the gas through its pressure and molecular weight, water and hydrocarbon droplets both exhibit five distinct regimes of collision outcomes, namely (I) coalescence after minor deformation, (II) bouncing, (III) coalescence after substantial deformation, (IV) coalescence followed by separation for near head-on collisions, and (V) coalescence followed by separation for off-centre collisions. The present result therefore extends and unifies previous experimental observations, obtained at one atmosphere air, that regimes II and II do not exist for water droplets. Furthermore, it was found that coalescence of the hydrocarbon droplets is promoted in the presence of gaseous hydrocarbons in the environment, suggesting that coalescence is facilitated when the environment contains vapour of the liquid mass. Collision at high-impact inertia was also studied, and the mechanisms for separation of the coalescence are discussed based on time-resolved collision images. A coalescence/separation criterion defining the transition between regimes III and IV for the head-on collisions was derived and found to agree well with the experimental data.
Abstract 2350: Discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is overexpressed and amplified in various cancers and promotes the aberrant survival of tumor cells that otherwise would undergo apoptosis. Overexpression of Mcl-1 is also a resistance mechanism that prevents tumor cells from being effectively treated by existing chemotherapies. Thus, inhibition of Mcl-1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, Mcl-1 exerts its effects through protein-protein interactions and is thought to be very challenging to target with small molecules. Here we describe the discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. From an NMR-based screen of a large fragment library, over 130 hits were identified. Two distinct chemical hit series were found that bind to two different sites on Mcl-1 as revealed by NMR-derived model structures. Members of the two fragment classes were merged together to produce compounds that bind to Mcl-1 with greater than two orders of magnitude improved binding affinity. Structures of these compounds when complexed to Mcl-1 were obtained by X-ray crystallography and provide detailed information about the molecular recognition involved in small-molecule binding to Mcl-1. Lead compounds exhibited a dissociation constant of <100 nM, with selectivity for Mcl-1 over Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. These compounds represent useful starting points for the discovery of clinically useful Mcl-1 inhibitors for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Citation Format: Taekyu Lee, Anders Friberg, Dominico Vigil, Bin Zhao, R. Nathan Daniels, Jason P. Burke, Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes, DeMarco Camper, Brian A. Chauder, Edward T. Olejniczak, Stephen W. Fesik. Discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2350. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2350
Plankton 13C: 12C ratio changes with latitude: differences between northern and southern oceans

Abstract Latitudinal trends in plankton 13 C: 12 C significantly differ between northern and southern oceans. The results corroborate previous that (1) a strict temperature-plankton 13 C: 12 C relationship common to all oceans does not exist, and (2) geographic differences in plankton biosynthesis or metabolism are important in causing latitudinal variations in plankton carbon isotope abundance.
A Model of ICU Bumping

Many intensive care units (ICUs) face overcrowding. One response to this overcrowding is to bump ICU patients to other departments of the hospital to make room for new patient arrivals. Such bumping clearly has the potential to reduce quality of care. In this paper we develop a stochastic model of a single ICU with patient bumping. The purpose of this model is to enable planners to predict performance, in terms of bumping, under differing arrival patterns and capacity. We develop a Markov chain model and a new aggregation-disaggregation algorithm for this problem that enables us to keep track of the time in system for each patient despite the high dimensionality of the problem. Our approach allows for more accurate modeling of the system than previous work that assumed an exponential distribution for length of stay (LOS). We also demonstrate the superior computational efficiency of our approach over the Gauss-Seidel iterative method for solving the Markov chain. Finally, we use the model to explore how different surgery schedules influence bumping rates.
Fixed width interval estimation for the reciprocal drift of Brownian motion

Let b(t), 05 t< 03, denote Brownian motion with unknown positive drift p. The problem of setting a fixed width confidence interval for B= l/p is considered. The intervals studied are of the form (gC - h, e, + h), where { is a stopping time and & = (/b(c). Stopping times rh are derived so that these intervals have coverage probabilities converging to a set value y as h + 0. This convergence is uniform for p near 0. Asymptotic optimality of r/, is also addressed.
Developmental changes in the fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of chicken heart plasma membrane

1. The fatty acid composition and cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of lipids extracted from subcellular fractions of 5–6, 10, and 20 day chick embryo heart and from adult chicken heart were determined. 2. The fraction of saturated fatty acids decreases steadily during embryonic and post-hatching development. 3. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio decreases between 5–6 and 10 days of embryonic life, increases somewhat between 10 and 20 days of incubation, and decreases again during post-hatching development. 4. The pattern of changes in lipid composition is similar in the plasma membrane enriched fraction, the fraction enriched in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and in the homogenate. 5. The changes in the fatty acid composition and cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio that occur during development are consistent with developmental changes in the microviscosity of the plasma membrane enriched fraction that we previously reported.
Electrophysiological response properties of spinoreticular neurons in the monkey

Extracellular recordings were made from 29 spinoreticular cells in the spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys. The cells were in either the cervical or the lumbar enlargement, and they were identified by antidromic activation from the medial part of the pontomedullary reticular formation. More spinoreticular neurons were sampled in the cervical than in the lumbar cord. Most of the cells were contralateral to the side from which antidromic activation was observed, but a higher proportion of the spinoreticular neurons in the cervical enlargement than in the lumbar enlargement was ipsilateral to the antidromic stimulus. Three cells in the lumbar cord were antidromically activated not only from the reticular formation but also from the contralateral thalamus, confirming that some spinoreticular projections are formed by collaterals from spinothalamic cells. Most of the spinoreticular neurons were in the ventral horn in laminae VII and VIII, although a few were in laminae IV-VI. Nearly half of the spinoreticular cells in the sample could not be activated by any form of peripheral stimulation tested. The other cells could be activated by stimulation of receptive fields that varied from small to large, that were sometimes bilateral regions of the skin or deep tissues. Although some spinoreticular cells could be classified as low threshold or wide dynamic range, the largest proportion were high threshold, requiring noxious stimulation for their activation. Descending volleys resulting from stimulation in the reticular formation could often be shown to inhibit or to excite spinoreticular neurons. It can be concluded that at least some spinoreticular neurons may play a role in nociception.
Spirit Fruit: A Gentle Utopia

The dream of an ideal social order has inspired the formation of experimental communities in America since colonial times. One of the most successful of these was the Spirit Fruit Society, founded in the late 1890s by Jacob Beilhart. In 1901, after purchasing a small farm outside Lisbon, Ohio, the Spirit Fruit society settled into a peaceful and industrious, if morally unorthodox, way of life that won the bemused affection of their neighbors. Unfortunately, the society experienced throughout its existence hostility from journalists and, despite the agricultural and domestic skills possessed by its members, financial hardship. These factors, among others, precipitated moves to Illinois in 1904 and to California in 1914.
Acropetal Development in the “Chain” Formation of Chlamydospores of Thielaviopsis Basicola

Unlike the type species, Thielaviopsis paradoxa (de Seyn.) v. Hohn, which produces chlamydospores in a basipetal chain, the formation of chlamydospores in Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferr....