cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pluperfect in native and non-native English: A comparative corpus study

One of the challenges in characterizing non-native varieties of English is accounting for variant uses of ostensibly standard English forms. The present corpus study examines both quantitative and qualitative aspects of pluperfect use in Indian English (IndE), British English (BrE), and American English (AmE). IndE is found to differ from native usage by associating had + V- ed with present perfect and preterite meanings. Licensing of pluperfect contexts by time adverbials is also found to be significantly lower in IndE. AmE shows the lowest overall use of the pluperfect and the highest use of disambiguating adverbials. Thus, AmE and IndE show distinct patterns of divergence from BrE. Variation within IndE exhibits a tendency for greater non-nativeness in regional (vs. national) press and in bureaucratic (vs. press) registers, suggesting a multidimensional distribution of IndE nonstandardness in India. These nonstandard uses are shown to convey new pragmatic meanings deriving from ambiguity in the native system and reinforcement from substrate languages. Finally, these changes are evaluated in relation to the broader tense–modality–aspect system of IndE as well as those of other non-native Englishes which exhibit similar characteristics.
Comparison of three potato leafroll virus antisera and a single Beet western yellows virus antiserum for luteovirus detection in potato

Three potato leafroll virus (PLRV) antisera, representing European, British Columbian, and Californian isolates, performed similarly in detection of PLRV in ELISA tests of samples collected in three successive years at the Florida certification test plots and in tests of other samples collected in New York State. Although a range of absorbance values occurred, this was probably due to random variation in virus titers of samples rather than the occurrence of different virus strains or differential serological reactions by the antisera. Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) was detected in potato leafroll samples from nine states and provinces in North America. The BWYV-positive samples represented 40% in 1983 and 62.5% in 1984 of the total number of samples tested. These results confirm previous reports on the widespread occurrence of BWYV in potato with symptoms of leafroll.
Mercury Radar Imaging: Evidence for Polar Ice

The first unambiguous full-disk radar mapping of Mercury at 3.5-centimeter wavelength, with the Goldstone 70-meter antenna transmitting and 26 antennas of the Very Large Array receiving, has provided evidence for the presence of polar ice. The radar experiments, conducted on 8 and 23 August 1991, were designed to image the half of Mercury not photographed by Mariner 10. The orbital geometry allowed viewing beyond the north pole of Mercury; a highly reflective region was clearly visible on the north pole during both experiments. This polar region has areas in which the circular polarization ratio (pt) was 1.0 to 1.4; values <∼0.1 are typical for terrestrial planets. Such high values of have hitherto been observed in radar observations only from icy regions of Mars and icy outer planet satellites.
The dielectric properties of the piezoelectric PZT thick films

The piezoelectric PZT thick films were fabricated by spinning and painting techniques in our laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the piezoelectric films that could be used as the sensors in devices, smart materials and structures. The effects of processing methods and processing conditions on dielectric properties of thick films are investigated. The temperature dependencies of the dielectric constants and the loss of the sample are measured before and after poling. Our experimental results might provide a better understanding of the behavior of these types of materials regarding their applications in monitoring, active controlling and diagnosing.
Stereoselective homonucleophilic substitution of 3-O-methyl and 3-O-ethyloxazepam enantiomers by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Enantiomers of 3- O -methyloxazepam and 3- O -ethyloxazepam were resolved by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography (CSP-HPLC). Temperature-dependent and acid-catalysed racemization of 3- O -methyloxazepam enantiomers in methanol and 3- O -ethyloxazepam enantiomers in ethanol were studied by quenching reaction products at various times by neutralization. Enantiomeric contents of reaction product were determined by CSP-HPLC. Thermodynamic parameters in the formation of the activated complex ( E act , Δ H ‡, Δ S ‡ and Δ G ‡) were consistent with those determined by a spectropolarimetric method. A nucleophilically solvated and transient C3 carbocation intermediate resulting from an N4-protonated enantiomer is proposed to be an intermediate and responsible for the acid-catalysed stereoselective homonucleophilic substitution and the resulting racemization.
An Increase in the Cell Component of the Cortical Interstitium Antedates Interstitial Fibrosis in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

An increase in the cell component of the cortical interstitium antedates interstitial fibrosis in type 1 diabetic patients . Background Interstitial expansion is important in the progression of a variety of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the interstitial elements that constitute interstitial expansion in DN are unknown and are the subject of this report. Methods Interstitial composition was analyzed in 15 long-standing type 1 diabetic patients, 8 with mild (≈1.5 × normal) and 7 with moderate (≈2 × normal) increases in cortical interstitial fractional volume [Vv(Int/cortex]. The mild group was 29 ± 5 (mean ± SD) years old with diabetes duration of 17 ± 5 years. The moderate group was older (41 ± 7 years; P P = 0.002), lower creatinine clearance (90 ± 14 mL/min/1.73m 2 vs. 109 ± 18 mL/min/1.73m 2 ; P = 0.05) and used antihypertensive medications more frequently (0/8 vs. 4/7; P N = 9) also were studied. Interstitial composition was evaluated by morphometric analysis of electron microscopic (EM) micrographs systematically obtained without bias at high (×7500) and low (×1500) magnification. Results Mild interstitial expansion was associated with an ≈50% increase in fractional volume of interstitial cells ( P P P Conclusions In contrast to early mesangial expansion where matrix accumulation plays a dominant role, mild interstitial expansion in long-standing type 1 diabetic patients is largely due to an increase in the cell component of the interstitium. Increased fractional volume of interstitial fibrillary collagen is only seen at later stages of the disease, when the glomerular filtration rate is already reduced. Different pathogenetic processes may be operative in early diabetic glomerular and interstitial diseases.
Treatment of complications associated with systemic sclerosis

Purpose. Current and emerging drug therapy options for patients suffering from the complications of systemic sclerosis are presented. Summary. Systemic sclerosis is a devastating and rare, chronic, autoimmune disease and is characterized by various disease complications due to skin thickening, vascular damage, and inflammation affecting numerous organs. There are two major subtypes of systemic sclerosis: limited cutaneous scleroderma and diffuse cutaneous scleroderma. Patients suffer from Raynaud’s phenomenon, skin changes, musculoskeletal changes, gastrointestinal complications, pulmonary complications, scleroderma renal crisis, and dryness of the eyes and mouth. Currently, there is no cure for systemic sclerosis, but research is focusing on decreasing the progression and symptoms of this disease. Raynaud’s phenomenon is the temporary vasoconstriction of the small vessels of the fingers, toes, tip of the nose, and earlobes. Skin thickening is the cardinal symptom of systemic sclerosis, with as many as 50% of patients developing digital ulcers. Care of these ulcers is crucial in the prevention of osteomyelitis and other infections. Malabsorption syndrome may also occur in patients, many of whom will eventually require parenteral nutrition to maintain their caloric needs. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension are additional serious complications of systemic sclerosis. The use of prostacyclin analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers, cyclophosphamide, bosentan, and other agents has been investigated in patients suffering from the complications of systemic sclerosis. Conclusion. Systemic sclerosis is characterized by various circulatory, dermatological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and renal complications. Although there is no cure for systemic sclerosis, management of its associated complications can help improve patients’ quality of life.
Preference-Oriented Fixed-Priority Scheduling for Real-Time Systems

Most real-time scheduling algorithms prioritize tasks solely based on their timing parameters and cannot effectively handle them when they have different execution preferences. In this paper, for a set of periodic tasks, where some tasks are preferably executed as soon as possible (ASAP) and others as late as possible (ALAP), we investigate preference-oriented fixed-priority scheduling algorithms. Specifically, following the idea in dual-priority scheduling, we derive promotion times for ALAP tasks (only). Then, we devise a dual-queue based fixed-priority scheduling algorithm that retains ALAP tasks in the waiting queue until their promotion times to delay their executions while putting ASAP tasks into the ready queue immediately once they arrive for early execution. We also investigate online techniques to further expedite (delay) the executions of ASAP (ALAP) tasks, respectively. Our evaluation results show that the dual-queue technique with ALAP tasks' promotion times can effectively address the execution preferences of both ASAP and ALAP tasks, which can be further improved at runtime with wrapper-task based slack management. Our technique is shown to yield clear advantages over a simple technique that periodically inserts idle intervals to the schedule before ALAP tasks are executed.
Radiative quark and lepton masses

Abstract Realistic radiative quark and lepton masses for the first two generations can be obtained in the context of the standard SU(2) × U(1) electroweak gauge model, extended to include a fourth generation and four extra Higgs-boson doublets together with a Z 4 discrete symmetry which is softly broken down to Z 2 .
A framework for blind modal identification using joint approximate diagonalization

In this paper, a second-order statistical method employed in blind source separation (BSS) is adapted for use in modal parameter identification. Modal responses and mode shapes are estimated by the use of second-order blind identification (SOBI) on an expanded and pre-treated dataset. Frequency and damping can be obtained from the modal responses by simple single degree of freedom methods. Using this approach, a class of new non-parametric output-only modal identification algorithms is proposed and examples of its use are provided. It is demonstrated that the proposed methodology provides a novel and robust approach to modal identification. For the example shown, it is deduced that quality of the modal parameters produced by the method is competitive with the state of the art parametric methods.
Benchmarking consumer perceptions of product quality with price: An exploration

This empirical study illustrates an extension of the magnitude estimation measurement procedure, coupled with a repeated-measures design, to assess a consumer's perceptual link between product quality and price. Respondents rated 14 competitive chocolate candy bars, with a given average price of 50¢, on two separate sensory measures to evaluate quality and price. The results indicate that consumer judgments about product quality influence the price they are willing to pay. These findings support the validity of the magnitude estimation procedure for product quality and price assessments, providing marketing management with a standardized benchmark to compare competitive products. Extending this experimental methodology to small groups provides an inexpensive approach for marketers to quantify otherwise qualitative focus-group investigations. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Violent Response to Changing the Rules of the Game: The Case of “The Split” in Scottish Premier League Soccer

The Scottish Premier League features the “split,” in which the league separates into two divisions after 33 games. This paper tests whether club behavior related to aggressive play is affected by the split. Our results indicate that there is no difference in the way bottom and top teams use normal fouls during post-split games. However, teams in the top division experience more yellow-card fouls after the split than teams in the bottom division. Thus, the split appears to influence the behavior of teams in the top and bottom divisions differentially with respect to more serious misconduct and aggression.
Ovomucoid Is Not Superior to Egg White Testing in Predicting Tolerance to Baked Egg

Background Children with egg allergy may tolerate baked egg products. Ovomucoid specific IgE (sIgE) antibody levels have been suggested to predict outcomes of baked egg challenges. Objective We determined the relationship of ovomucoid and egg white sIgE levels and egg white skin prick test (SPT) wheal size with baked egg challenge outcome. Methods Retrospective review of 1186 patients who underwent ovomucoid sIgE blood testing. Subset analysis was of 169 patients who underwent baked egg food challenges. Results Egg white sIgE, ovomucoid sIgE, and egg white SPT were different among those eating regular egg, eating baked egg only, or avoiding all egg ( P 90% predictive values for passing baked egg challenge for egg white sIgE, ovomucoid sIgE, and egg white SPT. No patient with egg white SPT wheal P = .301). Conclusion Most children with egg allergy in this study passed baked egg challenges. Ovomucoid sIgE, although a useful clinical predictor of baked egg tolerance, was not superior to egg white SPT or sIgE in predicting outcome of baked egg challenge.
Lessons from the trenches--a high-functioning primary care clinic.

Clinica Family Health Services, a Denver-area community health center serving a low-income population, is on the front lines of a primary care revolution, constructing patient-centered medical homes by focusing on continuity, prompt access, and teamwork.
Lumbar subarachnoid catheterization in rats

An animal model was developed for the study of subarachnoid (spinal) anesthesia and analgesia under unanesthetized, unsedated and unrestrained conditions. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine (75-100 mg.kg-1). A PE10 catheter was inserted under direct vision into the lumbar subarachnoid space, through partial laminectomy of L1 or L2 with or without removal of adjacent intervertebral ligament. One week after surgery, correct position of the catheter was verified by subarachnoid injection of 0.03-0.05 ml of 1.5% lidocaine, which produced temporary hind limb paralysis in all but one animal in 28 consecutive operations. There was neither mortality nor major complication, intraoperatively or postoperatively. Only 2 animals developed minor subcutaneous would infections which responded to incision, drainage and debridement.
Risk of seizures associated with psychotropic medications: emphasis on new drugs and new findings.

Psychotropic medications in the classes of antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilisers have been recognised in the literature and clinical settings as having high epileptogenic potential. Among these three classes, clozapine, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and lithium are agents that clinicians have historically recognised as precipitants of drug-induced seizures. There are few reports that review the epileptogenic risk of newer psychotropic agents; in this qualitative review, the authors provide an update on the most recently published reports on seizures associated with antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics. In general, the epileptogenic risks of the newer psychotropic agents appear to be quite low as long as dosing strategies are consistent with recommended guidelines. Whilst newer psychotropic medications appear to be safe in patients with epilepsy, few studies have specifically addressed this population. In addition, the potential for drug in...
Phospholipase C-independent Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β and C-terminal Src Kinase by Gαq

It is generally thought that activation of phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta) by Galphaq accounts for most of the effects of Gq-coupled receptors. Here we describe a novel effect of Galphaq that is independent of the PLCbeta pathway. Expression of the constitutively active Galphaq mutant Galphaq(Q209L) promoted an increase in glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) activity that was associated with increased phosphorylation of Tyr216 on GSK-3beta. Galphaq(Q209L)-AA, a mutant that cannot activate PLCbeta, also induced GSK-3beta activation and phosphorylation of Tyr216. We speculate that the protein-tyrosine kinase Csk (C-terminal Src kinase), which is also activated by Galphaq(Q209L) and Galphaq(Q209L)-AA, acts upstream of GSK-3beta. Expression of Csk accentuated the activation of GSK-3beta by Galphaq(Q209L), whereas catalytically inactive Csk blocked GSK-3beta activation by Galphaq(Q209L). Recombinant Csk phosphorylated and activated GSK-3beta in vitro, and GSK-3beta coprecipitated with Csk from cell lysates. These results suggest that activation of Csk and GSK-3beta by Galphaq may contribute to the physiological and pathological effects of Gq-coupled receptors.
Use of a Biomimetic Peptide in the Design of a Competitive Binding Assay for Biotin and Biotin Analogues

A competitive binding assay for biotin, biocytin, and desthiobiotin utilizing a genetically engineered enzyme-ligand conjugate is described herein. This assay is unique in that the enzyme-ligand conjugate consists of the streptavidin binding peptide Strep-tag II, which mimics the binding of biotin to streptavidin, rather than biotin itself. This allows for the construction of a well-defined, oligosubstituted enzyme-ligand conjugate for which the site of attachment of the ligand on the enzyme is known precisely. The assay has detection limits of 5 x 10(-8) M for biotin, 1 x 10(-7) M for biocytin, and 2 x 10(-6) M for desthiobiotin, and it serves as a model system in that it demonstrates the feasibility of using enzyme-ligand conjugates in which a peptide mimic of the analyte ligand is genetically fused to the enzyme. This avoids the problems associated with covalent attachment of the ligand to the enzyme, such as multiple substitution of the ligand and variability of the site of attachment. To our knowledge, this is the first example of using an enzyme-peptide mimic conjugate to detect a nonpeptide analyte.
Results Accountability: A Critical Component of Community Support for Children and Families

This article describes the results accountability framework for managing public social service systems and achieving better outcomes for communities. The aesults accountability process includes rigorous use of language and developing and sustaining community ownership. The results accountability framework stipulates a decision- making process. Finally, results accountability advocates for outcome-based budgeting.
Management of Retrobulbar Hematoma

BackgroundRetrobulbar hematoma (RH) is a complication that can result from both otolaryngic and ophthalmologic procedures. RH can occur during endoscopic sinus surgery and improper treatment can re...
Adjustment Policies and Economic Development

The principal objective of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as defined by its articles of agreement, is the correction of balance of payments disequilibrium in member countries. The policies the IMF recommends to reduce the degree and duration of external and internal imbalances that give rise to balance-of-payments difficulties must, however, be set within the context of achieving and maintaining price stability and satisfactory rates of economic growth. In analyzing IMF policies designed to achieve these multiple objectives, it is useful first to consider the circumstances in which the IMF is
Long-Term, Reversible Contraception Use Among High-Risk Women Treated in a University-Based Gynecology Clinic: Comparison Between IUD and Depo-Provera

Abstract Background: The study was conducted to compare rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and side effects in a cohort of high-risk women who received either an intrauterine device (IUD) or depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review study of women seeking contraception at an innercity resident obstetrics/gynecology clinic. We compared 194 women with IUDs vs. 191 women receiving DMPA. Mean age was 31.9 years, with 75.1% and 69.2% being nonwhite and single, respectively. More white women received the IUD (34.5% vs. 15.0%, p < 0.001), and significantly more single women received DMPA (85.2% vs. 53.9%, p < 0.001). Results: After controlling for potentially confounding variables, DMPA women were significantly more likely to have a subsequent STD, although this effect disappeared when interaction terms were added to the model. Overall, duration of contraception use and being black were the best predictors of subsequent STD infection. Women who received...
Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in chronic left ventricular dysfunction in the conscious dog

In seven dogs with long-standing left ventricular dysfunction induced 16 weeks earlier by repetitive transmyocardial direct current (DC) shock, the acute hemodynamic effect of the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist urapidil was studied. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was significantly increased from preshock levels at the time of study and cardiac output was reduced. Plasma norepinephrine was significantly increased from control levels and was not altered by urapidil infusion. The mean arterial pressure fell in response to α1-blockade from 111 to 85 mm Hg, the LVEDP fell from 16 to 9 mm Hg, and cardiac output increased from 2.90 to 3.70 L/min (all p < 0.01). Regional blood flows measured by microsphere injection revealed an increase in blood flow to skeletal muscle, which had not been significantly decreased by the left ventricular dysfunction in this model, and further decreases in splanchnic flow, which was already depressed compared with that in normal dogs. Therefore acute α-adrenoceptor blockade improves central hemodynamics in experimental heart failure but does not normalize the resting blood flow maldistribution in this model.
MANAGEMENT OF LATE SECOND OR LATE RECURRENT SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX UTERI AFTER SUCCESSFUL INITIAL RADIATION TREATMENT

Abstract Late second or late recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri after successful initial radiation treatment is a very rare disease. Surgery is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for late second or recurrent invasive cervical cancer. We have re-irradiated six of eight patients with very late invasive cervical cancer; three survived more than 5 years with no evidence of disease (NED); two achieved good palliative results without major complications. The treatment of choice for second in situ cervical cancer is surgery with excellent results. It is felt that there is a definite need for continued follow-up over many years, especially in the young age group to obtain early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Extending the frequency range of a Wien-bridge oscillator using composite operational amplifiers

The author describes the use of composite operational amplifiers to extend the useful operating frequency range of an operational amplifier-based Wien-bridge oscillator. The effect of the finite gain-bandwidth product (GB) of the operational amplifier (OA) is analyzed. This analysis shows that for a certain GB the frequency of oscillation is less than the theoretical value and that the error increases with frequency. A composite OA is then used to decrease the errors due to GB. This is verified theoretically and experimentally. Although the composite OA improves the frequency performance of the oscillator, the amplitude of the output decreases with frequency. An automatic-gain control circuit is incorporated to keep an output amplitude constant over the useful frequency range. Distortion measurements are presented. >
Fractography of induction-hardened steel fractured in fatigue and overload

The fracture surfaces of induction-hardened steel specimens obtained from an auto axle were characterized, macroscopically and microscopically, after being fractured in fatigue and monotonic overload. Specimens were tested in cyclic three-point bending under load control, and the S-N curve was established for specimens that had been notched by spark machining to facilitate fractography. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces obtained for lives spanning the range 17,000 to 418,000 cycles revealed diverse fracture morphologies, including intergranular fracture and transgranular fatigue fracture. The results are being offered to assist in the analysis of complex field failures in strongly hardened steel.
Is a cleft in the anterior leaflet of an otherwise normal mitral valve an atrioventricular canal malformation

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to ascertain the surgical anatomy of a cleft in the left atrioventricular (AV) valve.Background. Important morphologic differences exist between hearts with a ...
Alterations in adrenal cortical function in fasting obese subjects.

Abstract The effect of short periods of starvation on adrenal function was evaluated in a group of obese females. Normal plasma cortisol levels were maintained during the fast period, while urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids, 17-ketosteroids, and unconjugated 11-hydroxycorticoids fell. Evidence indicates that a reduction of cortisol secretion occurs during brief periods of fasting. In addition, the measurement of urinary 11-hydroxycorticoids may be a rapid and efficient method for differentiating exogenous obesity from Cushing's syndrome.
Dihydro-CDDO-Trifluoroethyl Amide (dh404), a Novel Nrf2 Activator, Suppresses Oxidative Stress in Cardiomyocytes

Targeting Nrf2 signaling appears to be an attractive approach for the treatment of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction; however, pharmacological modulation of the Nrf2 pathway in the cardiovascular system remains to be established. Herein, we report that a novel synthetic triterpenoid derivative, dihydro-CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide (dh404), activates Nrf2 and suppresses oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Dh404 interrupted the Keap1-Cul3-Rbx1 E3 ligase complex-mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation saturating the binding capacity of Keap1 to Nrf2, thereby rendering more Nrf2 to be translocated into the nuclei to activate Nrf2-driven gene transcription. A mutant Keap1 protein containing a single cysteine-to-serine substitution at residue 151 within the BTB domain of Keap1 was resistant to dh404-induced stabilization of Nrf2 protein. In addition, dh404 did not dissociate the interaction of Nrf2 with the Keap1-Cul3-Rbx1 E3 ligase complex. Thus, it is likely that dh404 inhibits the ability of Keap1-Cul3-Rbx1 E3 ligase complex to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination and degradation via modifying Cys-151 of Keap1 to change the conformation of the complex. Moreover, dh404 was able to stabilize Nrf2 protein, to enhance Nrf2 nuclear translocation, to activate Nrf2-driven transcription, and to suppress angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Knockdown of Nrf2 almost blocked the anti-oxidative effect of dh404. Dh404 activated Nrf2 signaling in the heart. Taken together, dh404 appears to be a novel Nrf2 activator with a therapeutic potential for cardiac diseases via suppressing oxidative stress.
ALCOHOLIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY.

Abstract Histochemical observations were made on samples of myocardium obtained at autopsy in a series of 8 patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The changes found consisted of an accumulation of neutral lipid in the myocardial fibers and varying degrees of mitochondrial damage, manifested by a pronounced decrease in the histochemical staining reaction for several mitochondrial oxidative enzymes. These observations were correlated with electron microscopic data obtained on the same patients and interpreted as being indicative of a process of myocardial degeneration, the end result of which is cell death and healing by fibrosis.
One and two dimensional 1H-NMR studies of pressure and tetracaine effects on sonicated phospholipid vesicles

Abstract One and two dimensional 1 H-NMR experiments have been performed to study the molecular order and dynamics of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) unilamellar vesicles under the influence of high pressure and the local anesthetic, tetracaine (TTC), which can also be considered as a model-charged amphiphile. The TTC molecules have an ordering effect on the headgroups but a disordering effect on the acyl chains, whereas, pressure has an ordering effect on the acyl chains. The results from 2D NOESY experiments on pure DPPC vesicles show that the intensities of NMe 3 /CH 3 , NMe 3 /(CH 2 ) n and CH 3 /(CH 2 ) n cross-peaks increase with increasing pressure in the liquidcrystalline phase but decrease with pressure in the gel phase, further suggesting that the appearance of the cross-peaks between the two extremes of the DPPC molecules is due to spin-diffusion. For the DPPC/TTC vesicles, the 2D NOESY experiments confirm that charged TTC molecules are located in the headgroup region of the DPPC bilayers and, in the gel phase, also suggest the formation of an interdigitated gel phase.
Integrins and the Development of Three-Dimensional Structure in the Drosophila Compound Eye

A stereotyped, three-dimensional network of cell-cell contacts mediated by adherens junctions and cell-extracellular matrix contacts mediated by focal adhesions defines the architecture of the Drosophila ommatidium. Developmental reconstruction shows that this network is built in an incremental and generally conservative sequence; contacts established early in eye development typically persist into adulthood. Reconstructions show that photoreceptor apical surfaces are involuted into the retinal epithelium and are subsequently elaborated to form the photosensitive rhabdomeres. Rhabdomeres become aligned to the ommatidial optical axis via their anchorage to the retinal floor at the cone cell plate, a specialized nexus of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts. Parallel reconstructions of retinal development in integrin mutants show that several eye phenotypes trace their origin to the structural failure of the cone cell plate.
Stability of Lotka-Volterra systems

NONLINEAR systems are very often studied in terms of simple mathematical models. The Lotka–Volterra equations provide such a model and have been used to study physical, chemical, ecological and social systems1. An important question in the analysis of these equations is the stability of the equilibrium values of the interacting variables. Most work with Lotka–Volterra models has considered only neighbourhood stability against small perturbations away from equilibrium. The question of global stability when large perturbations from equilibrium are involved has only been analysed in a few special cases2. We establish here that for the general Lotka–Volterra models local stability ensures global stability (asymptotic stability in the large). This result provides justification for the work that has been and is being done2,3 on linearised versions of the Lotka–Volterra models.
Manipulating substrate and pH in zymography protocols selectively distinguishes cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity in cells and tissues

Cathepsins K, L, S, and V are cysteine proteases that have been implicated in tissue-destructive diseases such as atherosclerosis, tumor metastasis, and osteoporosis. Among these four cathepsins are the most powerful human collagenases and elastases, and they share 60% sequence homology. Proper quantification of mature, active cathepsins has been confounded by inhibitor and reporter substrate cross-reactivity, but is necessary to develop properly dosed therapeutic applications. Here, we detail a method of multiplex cathepsin zymography to detect and distinguish the activity of mature cathepsins K, L, S, and V by exploiting differences in individual cathepsin substrate preferences, pH effects, and electrophoretic mobility under non-reducing conditions. Specific identification of cathepsins K, L, S, and V in one cell/tissue extract was obtained with cathepsin K (37 kDa), V (35 kDa), S (25 kDa), and L (20 kDa) under non-reducing conditions. Cathepsin K activity disappeared and V remained when incubated at pH 4 instead of 6. Application of this antibody free, species independent, and medium-throughput method was demonstrated with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts, endothelial cells stimulated with inflammatory cytokines, and normal and cancer lung tissues, which identified elevated cathepsin V in lung cancer.
On cavity modification of stimulated Raman scattering

We study theoretically stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a nonlinear dielectric microcavity and compare SRS thresholds for the cavity and the bulk material it is made of. We show that cavity SRS enhancement results solely from the intensity build up in the cavity and from the differences of the SRS dynamics in free and confined space. There is no significant modification of the Raman gain due to cavity QED effects. We show that the SRS threshold depends significantly on the nature of the dominating cavity decay as well as on the coupling technique with the cavity used for SRS measurements.
Governing population, public health, and malaria in the early Turkish republic

Abstract In the early Turkish republic of the 1920s, population was a central question of concern for the leadership of the Kemalist state. This article focuses on how a demographic discourse concerning population – in terms both numerical and medical – provided a basis for emerging programs in public health, confronting the very real threats posed by disease. Employing the example of the nascent republic’s anti-malarial campaigns, this study thus examines the discursive, cartographic, and legislative measures employed in combating this widespread disease in the wider contexts of nation-building. In doing so, it traces one vital trajectory of the development of modern governmentality (i.e., that of public health) in the case of Turkey during the 1920s and 1930s, prior to the wartime slowing of state investments (due to national defense priorities), the post-World War II infusions of foreign aid and the incorporation of DDT in confronting malaria.
Patients with cystic fibrosis have inducible IL-17+IL-22+ memory cells in lung draining lymph nodes

Background IL-17 is an important cytokine signature of the T H differentiation pathway T H 17. This T-cell subset is crucial in mediating autoimmune disease or antimicrobial immunity in animal models, but its presence and role in human disease remain to be completely characterized. Objective We set out to determine the frequency of T H 17 cells in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease in which there is recurrent infection with known pathogens. Methods Explanted lungs from patients undergoing transplantation or organ donors (CF samples = 18; non-CF, nonbronchiectatic samples = 10) were collected. Hilar nodes and parenchymal lung tissue were processed and examined for T H 17 signature by using immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR. T cells were isolated and stimulated with antigens from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus species. Cytokine profiles and staining with flow cytometry were used to assess the reactivity of these cells to antigen stimulation. Results We found a strong IL-17 phenotype in patients with CF compared with that seen in control subjects without CF. Within this tissue, we found pathogenic antigen–responsive CD4 + IL-17 + cells. There were double-positive IL-17 + IL-22 + cells [T H 17(22)], and the IL-22 + population had a higher proportion of memory characteristics. Antigen-specific T H 17 responses were stronger in the draining lymph nodes compared with those seen in matched parenchymal lungs. Conclusion Inducible proliferation of T H 17(22) with memory cell characteristics is seen in the lungs of patients with CF. The function of these individual subpopulations will require further study regarding their development. T cells are likely not the exclusive producers of IL-17 and IL-22, and this will require further characterization.
Synthesis and in vitro profile of 7-substituted quinoline chromanols as novel, non-acidic LTB4 antagonists

Abstract The development of novel LTB 4 antagonists from a class of quinolylmethyl LTD 4 antagonists is described. These α-methyl quinolylmethyl chromanols were found to have good vitro activity.
"Learnability" testing in learner-centered design

In this SIG, we will provide a forum for discussing issues in learner-centered design and learner-centered usability testing.
Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background—Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) in generally healthy populations. We assessed prospectively the association between moderate alcohol intake and CHD risk in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a group at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results—We studied women in the Nurses’ Health Study who reported a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus at ≥30 years of age. During 39 092 person-years of follow-up from 1980 to 1994, there were 295 CHD events documented among this population, including 194 cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction and 101 cases of fatal CHD. Odds ratios derived from logistic regression were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) for CHD as a function of usual alcohol intake, with adjustment for potential confounders. Compared with diabetic women reporting no alcohol intake, the age-adjusted RR for nonfatal or fatal CHD among diabetic women reporting usual intake of 0.1 to 4.9 g (<0.5 drinks) of alcohol daily...
Localized 7Li MR spectroscopy and spin relaxation in rat brain in vivo.

Localized 7Li MR point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) was developed as a technique to measure lithium (Li) concentration in rat brain in vivo. Localized 7Li spectra could be obtained at 4.7 T in a 0.7-ml voxel in rat brain over the entire therapeutic range of serum Li for humans. Localized 7Li spin-lattice (T1) and spin–spin (T2) relaxation times were measured. Measured intensities were corrected for spin relaxation effects and 7Li MR visibility in vivo. The average T1 was 3.3 ± 0.9 sec, and the average T2 was 82 ± 20 ms. Neither T1 nor T2 correlated with brain concentration. No statistically significant change was found in either T1 or T2 from ∼7–17 days of Li dosing. Magn Reson Med 52:164–168, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ecological hindcasting of biogeographic responses to climate change in the European intertidal zone

Intertidal organisms are often assumed to live close to their thermal limits, and have emerged as potential early indicators of the effects of climate change. We compared our survey of the 2004–2006 geographic distribution of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides to its distribution in 1872, 1955, 1963, 1971, and 1985, from surveys by Fischer, Crisp, Fischer-Piette, Barnes, Powell, and Southward. The southern geographic limit has retreated 300 km in France since 1872, at a rate of 15 to 50 km per decade. We compared our 2006 survey of the geographic distribution of the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana to its distribution in 1893–1923, from surveys by Saint-Joseph and Fauvel, and its distribution in 1969–1976 from surveys by Glemarec. The northern geographic limit of this species has advanced 300 km in France since 1893 at similar rates to Semibalanus. We used NOAA weather reanalysis data and our mechanistic simulation model of intertidal animal body temperatures to hindcast the thermal environmental change near historical geographic limits in Europe for the past 55 years. Results indicate that changes in the southern limit of S. balanoides are due to intolerance of winter body temperatures above 10°C, leading to reproductive failure. Results for Diopatra are ambiguous: based on the northern extension of its range, either cold winters or cool summers limit its range, while gaps in its distribution are consistent with limitation by cooler summer conditions. The parallel shifts of D. neapolitana on sedimentary shores and Semibalanus on rocky shores suggest that similar climatic factors control the geographic limits of both species. The intertidal zone is a model system for examining the effects of climate change on biogeographic change both because of the rapidity of its response, and because the rich historical record allows direct tests of hypotheses.
The Prescription Opioid Epidemic: Repercussions on Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Among other developed and developing nations, the United States is experiencing an unprecedented epidemic of prescription opioid misuse. The prescription opioid epidemic clearly continues to have significant and widespread adverse effects on pediatric and adult populations alike. Prescription opioids have had the single greatest impact on pediatric emergency department visits, with visits increasing by 101% from 2001 to 2008, and an 86% increase in rates of admission, with rates of injury increasing by 92%. This article provides readers with an overview of the epidemiology, history, basic science, and advocacy interventions associated with this public health calamity. It discusses the increased susceptibility of young children to the adverse effects of these drugs and the neonatal abstinence syndrome, an opioid withdrawal syndrome. A multifaceted approach will be needed to contain the problem including comprehensive prescriber and patient education, expanded prescription drug monitoring programs, increased protection against accidental ingestion, increased law enforcement efforts, and stringent regulation and oversight of pharmaceutical companies.
A validity-based approach to quality control and assurance of automated scoring

Automated scoring of constructed responses is already operational in several testing programmes. However, as the methodology matures and the demand for the utilisation of constructed responses incr...
Computers that recognise and respond to user emotion: theoretical and practical implications

Abstract Prototypes of interactive computer systems have been built that can begin to detect and label aspects of human emotional expression, and that respond to users experiencing frustration and other negative emotions with emotionally supportive interactions, demonstrating components of human skills such as active listening, empathy, and sympathy. These working systems support the prediction that a computer can begin to undo some of the negative feelings it causes by helping a user manage his or her emotional state. This paper clarifies the philosophy of this new approach to human–computer interaction: deliberately recognising and responding to an individual user's emotions in ways, that help users meet their needs. We define user needs in a broader perspective than has been hitherto discussed in the HCI community, to include emotional and social needs, and examine technology's emerging capability to address and support such needs. We raise and discuss potential concerns and objections regarding this technology, and describe several opportunities for future work.
Optimum Stand Density of Spring Triticale for Grain Yield and Alfalfa Establishment

Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) has potential as a feed crop in the north central United States and could also function as a companion crop for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) establishment. The objectives of this research were to assess the suitability of a short-statured spring triticale as a companion crop and determine optimum triticale seeding rates for grain yield and alfalfa establishment. Spring triticale 'Trimark 37812' and alfalfa were grown in companion at Ames and Sioux Center, IA during 2004 and 2005. Triticale was seeded at 198, 297, 396, 495, and 594 pure live seeds (PLS) m -2 and alfalfa was seeded at 600 PLS m -2 . The grain yield response to changes in stand density was quadratic with maximum yield occurring at 516 plants m -2 . A plant density of 325 plants m -2 and a seeding rate of 374 seeds m -2 resulted in maximum profit. The grain yield at the stand density for maximum profit was 4.4 Mg ha -1 . Increasing the triticale seeding rate had no effect on alfalfa stand density or dry matter yield. Alfalfa stand densities exceeded the 130 plants m -2 threshold required for maximum long-term productivity suggesting the short-statured spring triticale cultivar used in this study was well suited for companion cropping with alfalfa.
Dreaming in Russia

This is the account of two anthropologists who went to Moscow for a conference on dreaming in 1991 and found themselves caught up in the August Revolution. Their colleagues from Russia, Lithuania, Armenia, and America ventured a wide range of reactions to the events, by way of opinions, anecdotes, jokes, rumors, fairy tales, and dreams.
Using microcomputer-based eeg to enable and encourage student-designed projects

Microcomputer-based electrophysiological recording systems enhance undergraduates’ understanding of neural activity and enable them to design independent research projects. The physiological psychology class at Alma College has employed BIOPAC Systems MP100 hardware with Acq-Knowledge software and Macintosh computers to record and analyze electroencephalograms (EEG). After examining progressive changes in brain waves during sleep, student researchers have proceeded to study the effects of a variety of factors such as caffeine, cognitive tasks, and prior experiences. The simplicity of the system allows undergraduates to concentrate on experimental design and data analysis rather than instrumentation.
Design and Simulation of an Agile, Fast and Broad-Angle Electronically Tunable Beam Steerer Based on Cascaded Photonic Crystals

An agile, fast, and broad-angle electronically tunable beam steerer based on cascaded photonic crystal superprisms is designed. Firstly, an electronically tunable prism is used to expand the beam to have a divergence angle of a few decidegrees by its refraction index variation. The apex angle of the electronically tunable prism and the incident angle of beam are optimized to get an initial beam expansion. Then, a cascade photonic crystals (PCs) superprism system, consisted of two sets of PCs structures with an angle multiplication factor of about a hundred in total, steers the beam over 10° in angle of divergence.
A survey of toughness in ductile phase composites

The available literature data on toughness in ductile phase composites are overviewed, and the known theoretical toughness models are assessed for their usefulness for predicting fracture toughness in ductile phase composites. It is shown that the predictions of simple equations incorporating ductile phase properties agree with the measured fracture toughness of ductile phase composites. It was found that the fracture toughness of ductile phase composites is governed by the modulus of the composite, the flow stress, and the plastic rupture displacement of the ductile phase. It is suggested that these equations should be useful for the alloy design of high-temperature materials consisting of ductile phases. 32 refs.