cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunar Prospector observations of the electrostatic potential of the lunar surface and its response to incident currents

[1] We present an analysis of Lunar Prospector Electron Reflectometer data from selected time periods using newly developed methods to correct for spacecraft potential and self-consistently utilizing the entire measured electron distribution to remotely sense the lunar surface electrostatic potential with respect to the ambient plasma. These new techniques enable the first quantitative measurements of lunar surface potentials from orbit. Knowledge of the spacecraft potential also allows accurate characterization of the downward-going electron fluxes that contribute to lunar surface charging, allowing us to determine how the lunar surface potential reacts to changing ambient plasma conditions. On the lunar night side, in shadow, we observe lunar surface potentials of ∼−100 V in the terrestrial magnetotail lobes and potentials of ∼−200 V to ∼−1 kV in the plasma sheet. In the lunar wake, we find potentials of ∼−200 V near the edges but smaller potentials in the central wake, where electron temperatures increase and secondary emission may reduce the magnitude of the negative surface potential. During solar energetic particle events, we see nightside lunar surface potentials as large as ∼−4 kV. On the other hand, on the lunar day side, in sunlight, we generally find potentials smaller than our measurement threshold of ∼20 V, except in the plasma sheet, where we still observe negative potentials of several hundred volts at times, even in sunlight. The presence of significant negative charging in sunlight at these times, given the measured incident electron currents, implies either photocurrents from lunar regolith in situ two orders of magnitude lower than those measured in the laboratory or nonmonotonic near-surface potential variation with altitude. The functional dependence of the lunar surface potential on electron temperature in shadow implies somewhat smaller secondary emission yields from lunar regolith in situ than previously measured in the laboratory. These new techniques open the door for future studies of the variation of lunar surface charging as a function of temporal and spatial variations in input currents and as a function of location and material characteristics of the surface as well as comparisons to the increasingly sophisticated theoretical predictions now available.
A metadata filter for intranet portal organizational memory information systems

An intranet portal is proposed as an information infrastructure to support organizational learning. Specifically, an agent-like metadata filter for easy information/knowledge retrieval in the intranet portal is suggested and tested. The metadata filter preserves the context of digital objects and presents an uncluttered window by controlling the metadata elements. An experiment using 20 participants examined whether the metadata filter reduces search and retrieval performance time (the dependent variable). The main results indicate that the metadata filter significantly (36%) improved user's performance in identifying information. The results of the study suggest that the proposed metadata filer may be an effective interface tool to improve users' performances in identifying information in an intranet portal organizational memory information system.
Towards the Automatic Recognition of Computational Thinking for Adaptive Visual Language Learning

Visual programming languages can be used to make computer science more accessible to a broad range of students. The evaluative focus of current research in the area of visual languages for educational purposes primarily aims to better understand motivational benefits as compared to traditional programming languages. Often these visual languages claim to teach students computational thinking concepts; however, although the evaluations show that students may exhibit more enthusiasm, it is not always clear what computational thinking concepts students have actually learned. In this paper we attempt to develop a visual semantic evaluation tool for student-created games and simulations that goes towards depicting the computational thinking concepts implemented by the students. Through semantically analyzing a given student’s created projects over time, this visual evaluation tool, called the Computational Thinking Pattern (CTP) graph, can possibly indicate the existence of computational thinking transfer from games to science simulations.
AN APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE OF A CHAMBER

It has been shown that the injury produced in certain plant tissues by freezing is influenced considerably by the rate at which the temperature falls during the freezing process.' In order to obtain a uniform and known rate of temperature fall for experiments of this sort, the writer has developed an apparatus in which the rate of temperature change is automatically controlled by clockwork. Any desired rise or fall of temperature can be obtained, the conditions desired for a ten-hour period being determined and recorded in advance. By repeating the experiment without altering the adjustments, different lots of tissues may be frozen under duplicate temperature conditions. A longitudinal section of the freezing chamber, together with end, top, and side views of the controlling mechanism are shown in Plate I. Details of certain portions of the apparatus, as indicated by lettering analogous to that used in Plate I, are shown in both front and side view in Plate II. The freezer proper consists of three cylindrical galvanized iron cans, placed one within the other, riveted together, and packed in a box of sawdust for insulation. The freezing mixture is placed in the space between the two outside cans (a, Plate I). The innermost can (c, Plate I) is the freezing chamber. The intervening space (b, Plate I) is used as an air space to prevent too rapid cooling unless temperatures lower than-io? C. are desired, in which case it is filled with an additional quantity of ice and salt. The two outside chambers (a and b, Plate I) are fitted with pipes and stopcocks for drawing off the brine. The opening through these must be straight to facilitate removing obstructions. The freezing chamber is fitted with a tight galvanized iron cover, to the center of which a short section of iron pipe is attached firmly by means of an iron collar. All thermometers, recording and control apparatus are introduced through this opening. A steel T-bar is securely clamped to the iron pipe (section BB, Plate II) and extends from slightly above the top of the pipe to within a few inches of the bottom of the chamber. This bar serves as a support for both fan shaft and thermostat, and by means of clamps holds interchangeable racks to which the experimental materials are attached. All three cans are covered by a single galvanized iron cover of circular shape insulated with cork board. The iron pipe from the inner
The calcium channel α2/δ1 subunit is involved in extracellular signalling

The α2/δ1 subunit forms part of the dihydropyridine receptor, an essential protein complex for excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in skeletal muscle. Because of the lack of a viable knock-out animal, little is known regarding the role of the α2/δ1 subunit in EC coupling or in other cell functions. Interestingly, the α2/δ1 appears before the α1 subunit in development and contains extracellular conserved domains known to be important in cell signalling and inter-protein interactions. These facts raise the possibility that the α2/δ1 subunit performs vital functions not associated with EC coupling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the α2/δ1 subunit is important for interactions of muscle cells with their environment. Using confocal microscopy, we followed the immunolocalization of α2/δ1 and α1 subunits with age. We found that in 2-day-old myotubes, the α2/δ1 subunit concentrated towards the ends of the cells, while the α1 subunit clustered near the centre. As myotubes aged (6–12 days), the α2/δ1 became evenly distributed along the myotubes and co-localized with α1. When the expression of α2/δ1 was blocked with siRNA, migration, attachment and spreading of myoblasts were impaired while the L-type calcium current remained unaffected. The results suggest a previously unidentified role of the α2/δ1 subunit in skeletal muscle and support the involvement of this protein in extracellular signalling. This new role of the α2/δ1 subunit may be crucial for muscle development, muscle repair and at times in which myoblast attachment and migration are fundamental.
Representing “The World Boiled Down”

Museums are object-rich environments through which very diverse audiences move. When teams of scholars, museum educators, and exhibit designers translate research into museum exhibitions, what ways of seeing do they (un)intentionally encourage, challenge, or disrupt? When representing historic paradigms through museum media, what are the most effective ways to stimulate reflection and critique? These questions are raised in this review of the book 1001 Curious Things: Ye Olde Curiosity Shop and Native American Art and the Washington State History Museum exhibit of the same name. The book and exhibit reviewed here invite us to peer through the windows of a Seattle curio shop to note particular aspects of early-20th-century Northwest Coast and Native Alaskan artifact trade. We learn how Ye Olde Curiosity Shop was a powerful mediator of public perception of indigenous peoples and an unexpected source of artifacts for notable ethnographic collections worldwide.
Chip on Board development for a novel MEMS accelerometer for seismic imaging

HP is developing a MEMS accelerometer that offers high sensitivity and low noise level for seismic application. During the packaging process, it was found that the thermal mechanical stress resulted from the CTE mismatch between the silicon and the substrate can distort the MEMS structure and alter the device performance. A finite element model was established to understand the effect of substrate material, die attach material and package geometry on the scale factor and bias offset of the MEMS. The model predicted that ceramic substrate introduced less variation of the sensor performance over the operating temperature range (−40 to 70°C) than the FR4 substrate. In order to use the low cost FR4 substrate, one can use die attach adhesive with low modulus and/or small die attach area to minimize the gap and displacement. Ceramic packages and Chip on Board (COB) packages on FR4 substrate were built using various die attach adhesives to validate the model. The performance of the MEMS was measured from −40 to 70°C. Results showed that using a low modulus adhesive with full coverage and moderate thickness provides minimum temperature distortion. On the other hand, a high modulus adhesive can be employed if the die attach area is reduced. The model also indicated that by modifying the structure of the substrate, the stress on MEMS can be reduced. MEMS on pillar packages were built and evaluated to confirm the modeling result.
No untoward effects of smoking cues in anti-smoking public service announcements.

Background Anti-smoking public service announcements (PSAs) often include smoking-related cues; however, visual drug cues can trigger acute cravings that may impede cognitive processing of the anti-smoking message. This experiment evaluated effects of smoking cues in PSAs on smoking urges, immediate smoking behavior, and persuasion measures in daily smokers.
Dynamics of excited states in Ni2+ :MgF2

Abstract Spectroscopic measurements on a single crystal of 0.2% Ni 2+ :MgF 2 reveal a new luminescence transition from the 1 T 2 ( 1 D) (O h notation) excited state to the intermediate 3 T 1 ( 3 F) level. The 2.9 K luminescence consists of a series of sharp magnetic dipole (MD) origin transitions to the orthorhombic components of 3 T 1 ( 3 F) accompanied by vibronically induced electric dipole (ED) sidebands. It is shown that this new luminescence potentially provides a second channel for nonradiative excitation energy transfer by cross-relaxation in more concentrated crystals. Using an overall corrected luminescence spectrum spanning the range 6000–21000 cm -1 , in combination with radiative decay measurements, the radiative and nonradiative decay rates of relaxation from 1 T 2 ( 1 D) are accurately determined. Pulsed laser excitation into 3 T 1 ( 3 F) reveals a 12 μs (2.9 K) rise for the 3 T 2 ( 3 F) → 3 A 2 ( 3 F) IR luminescence which corresponds to the lifetime of the 3 T 1 ( 3 F) level.
Focal therapy for prostate cancer: The current status.

Purpose In an era of increasing prostate cancer incidence and earlier detection, the assessment of clinical significance of prostate cancer is critical. Minimally invasive therapies are increasingly being investigated in localized prostate cancer.
Weak stability of almost regular contact foliations

We prove that on a compact manifold, a contact foliation obtained by a smallC1 perturbation of an almost regular contact flow has at least two closed characteristics. This solves the Weinstein conjecture for contact forms which areC1-close to almost regular contact forms.
Exact solutions to the time-dependent Lorentz gas Boltzmann Equation: The approach to hydrodynamics

New exact solutions to the time-dependent Lorentz gas Boltzmann equation are presented for two classes of nonequilibrium initial value problems: thedecay of localized disturbances and theresponse to applied electric fields. These exact results are used to gain some insight into the crossover of the nonequilibrium state from the early-timekinetic regime to the late-timehydrodynamic regime.
Status and limitations of multilayer x-ray interference structures

Trends in the performance of x-ray multilayer interference structures with periods ranging from 9 to 130 {angstrom} are reviewed. Analysis of near-normal incidence reflectance data vs photon energy reveals that the effective interface with {sigma} in a static Debye-Waller model, describing interdiffusion and roughness, decreases as the multilayer period decreases, and reaches a lower limit of roughly 2 {angstrom}. Specular reflectance and diffuse scattering from uncoated and multilayer-coated substrates having different roughness suggest that this lower limit results largely from substrate roughness. The increase in interface width with period thus results from increasing roughness of interdiffusion as the layer thickness increases.
Selective resistance of LDL core lipids to iron-mediated oxidation. Implications for the biological properties of iron-oxidized LDL.

Although the nature and consequences of oxidative changes in the chemical constituents of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) have been extensively examined, the physical dynamics of LDL oxidation and the influence of physical organization on the biological effects of oxidized LDLs have remained relatively unexplored. To address these issues, in the present studies we monitored surface- and core-specific peroxidative stress relative to temporal changes in conjugated dienes (CDs), particle charge (an index of oxidative protein modification), and LDL-macrophage interactions. Peroxidative stress in LDL surface and core compartments was evaluated with the site-specific, oxidation-labile fluorescent probes parinaric acid (PnA) and PnA cholesteryl ester (PnCE), respectively. When oxidation was initiated by Cu2+, oxidative loss of the core probe (PnCE) closely followed that of the surface probe (PnA), as indicated by the time to 50% probe depletion (t1/2; 15.5±7.8 and 30.4±12 minutes for PnA and PnCE, respectively). Both probes were more resistant in LDL exposed to Fe3+ (t1/2, 53.2±8.1 and 346.7±155.4 minutes), although core probe resistance was much greater with this oxidant (PnCE t1/2/PnA t1/2, 5.8 vs 2.0 for Cu2+). Despite differences in the rate and extent of oxidative changes in Cu2+- versus Fe3+-exposed LDLs, PnCE loss occurred in close correspondence with CD formation and appeared to precede changes in particle charge under both conditions. Exposure of LDLs to hemin, a lipophilic Fe3+-containing porphyrin that becomes incorporated into the LDL particle, resulted in rapid loss of PnCE and simultaneous changes in particle charge, even at concentrations that yielded increases in CDs and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances similar to those obtained with free Fe3+. These results suggest that oxidation of the LDL hydrophobic core occurs in conjunction with accelerated formation of CDs and may be essential for LDL protein modification. In accordance with the known effects of oxidative protein modifications on LDL receptor recognition, exposure of LDLs to Cu2+ and hemin but not Fe3+ produced particles that were readily processed by macrophages. Thus, the physical site of oxidative injury appears to be a critical determinant of the chemical and biological properties of LDLs, particularly when oxidized by Fe3+.
The influence of heterogeneity in grain boundary sliding resistance on the constitutive behavior of AA5083 during high-temperature deformation

Abstract Continuum finite element simulations are used to investigate the influence of heterogeneity in grain boundary sliding resistance on the creep response of aluminum alloy AA5083 when deformed at 450 °C. Previous simulations and experiments have demonstrated that under these conditions, grain boundary sliding (GBS) is the dominant deformation mechanism at strain rates below 0.001 s −1 , and dislocation creep (DC) is the dominant mechanism for higher strain rates. These simulations assumed a uniform resistance to sliding on all grain boundaries. Molecular dynamic simulations indicate that sliding resistance is strongly sensitive to the character of the boundary: high angle boundaries have resistance up to an order of magnitude lower than low angle boundaries. To investigate the effects of this heterogeneity, finite element simulations are used to compute the influence of the fraction of freely sliding boundaries f in a polycrystal on its creep response and operative deformation mechanisms. Our computations show that (i) The critical strain rate at which the deformation mechanism transitions from GBS to DC varies from 2 × 10 −5 s −1 to 10 −3 s −1 as f is increased from 20% to 100%. (ii) The stress exponent in the GBS regime decreases from approximately 3.25 to 1.5 as f increases from 0% to 100%. The stress exponent in the DC regime is less sensitive. (iii) The flow stress at a strain rate of 10 −4 s −1 (GBS regime) increases from 6 MPa to 14 MPa as f varies from 100% to 0%; in contrast the flow stress at strain rate of 0.01 s −1 increases from 33 MPa to 42 MPa (DC regime). (iv) A sudden increase in GBS and a corresponding reduction in flow stress occur as f is increased from 67% to 77%, suggesting the presence of a percolation threshold. (v) A second (but smaller) increase in grain boundary sliding occurs when f is increased from 39% to 46%. Microstructures with f = 39% appear to contain at least one grain which is completely surrounded by sliding resistant boundaries; microstructures with f = 46% do not. We speculate that the blocked grains may act as reinforcing particles. (vi) The flow stress and deformation mechanism are determined by the fraction of freely sliding grains, and are not sensitive to the detailed spatial distribution of sliding resistance in the polycrystal.
Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly-formed pairs

Abstract Scent-marking was studied in wolves ( Canis lupus ) along 133 km of tracks in northern Minnesota during winters of 1975 to 1976 and 1976 to 1977 and in two captive packs and four captive pairs for various periods. Lone wolves, which possess neither mates nor territories, rarely marked by raised-leg urination and defaecated and urinated less along roads and trails, where territorial pairs and packs generally marked. Newly formed pairs marked the most, eventually decreasing their rates to those of established packs. Generally, wolves that scent-marked also bred, whereas non-marking wolves usually did not breed. Scent-marking apparently is important to the success of courtship in new pairs and to reproductive synchrony in established pairs, as well as serving a territorial function.
Next-generation information system for Earth science data

Many scientific data archives today are highly inflexible collections of static data objects that can be retrieved and distributed, but not easily manipulated to suit the users' requirements. Scientists, as well as their analysis and visualization tools, are significantly restricted by the limitations of data archive centers. These limitations include inability of the data centers to search archives based on the data content, inaccurate and ineffective geographic searches on swath data, inability to subset data products, lack of custom data products, lack of choices for gridding schemes and limitation of format choices. The Next Generation Information System being developed under the auspices of NASA's Passive Microwave Earth Science Information Partner (PM-ESIP) will address all the above limitations. This innovative system is being built around the flexible and extensible Algorithm Development and Mining System (ADaM) developed by the Information Technology and Systems Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. ADaM provides an extensible framework for data mining and other types of processing including subsetting, gridding and mapping. The main emphasis for the design of the new PM-ESIP information system is to allow the user flexibility and ease in accessing and utilizing data. The PM-ESIP's next generation information system will be a scaleable distributed processing system that can grow as the need of the user community for on-demand processing increases. This paper will discuss the design of this system along with some of the technology being used to build it.
Communication Complexity of Simultaneous Messages

In the multiparty communication game (CFL game) of Chandra, Furst, and Lipton [Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Boston, MA, 1983, pp. 94--99] k players collaboratively evaluate a function f(x0, . . . , xk-1) in which player i knows all inputs except xi. The players have unlimited computational power. The objective is to minimize communication. In this paper, we study the SIMULTANEOUS MESSAGES (SM) model of multiparty communication complexity. The SM model is a restricted version of the CFL game in which the players are not allowed to communicate with each other. Instead, each of the k players simultaneously sends a message to a referee, who sees none of the inputs. The referee then announces the function value. We prove lower and upper bounds on the SM complexity of several classes of explicit functions. Our lower bounds extend to randomized SM complexity via an entropy argument. A lemma establishing a tradeoff between average Hamming distance and range size for transformations of the Boolean cube might be of independent interest. Our lower bounds on SM complexity imply an exponential gap between the SM model and the CFL model for up to $(\log n)^{1-\epsilon}$ players for any $\epsilon > 0$. This separation is obtained by comparing the respective complexities of the Generalized Addressing Function, GAFG,k, where G is a group of order n. We also combine our lower bounds on SM complexity with the ideas of Hastad and Goldmann [Comput. Complexity, 1 (1991), pp. 113--129] to derive superpolynomial lower bounds for certain depth-2 circuits computing a function related to the GAF function. We prove some counterintuitive upper bounds on SM complexity. We show that {\sf GAF}$_{\mathbb{Z}_2^t,3}$ has SM complexity $O(n^{0.92})$. When the number of players is at least $c\log n$, for some constant c>0, our SM protocol for {\sf GAF}$_{\mathbb{Z}_2^t,k}$ has polylog(n) complexity. We also examine a class of functions defined by certain depth-2 circuits. This class includes the Generalized Inner Product function and Majority of Majorities. When the number of players is at least 2+log n, we obtain polylog(n) upper bounds for this class of functions.
Hydroxylase Activity of Met471Cys Tyramine β-Monooxygenase

A series of mutations was targeted at the methionine residue, Met471, coordinating the CuM site of tyramine β-monooxygenase (TβM). The methionine ligand at CuM is believed to be key to dioxygen activation and the hydroxylation chemistry of the copper monooxygenases. The reactivity and copper binding properties of three TβM mutants, Met471Asp, Met471Cys, and Met471His, were examined. All three mutants show similar metal binding affinities to wild type TβM in the oxidized enzyme forms. EPR spectroscopy suggests that the CuII coordination geometry is identical to that of the WT enzyme. However, substrate hydroxylation was observed for the reaction of tyramine solely with Met471Cys TβM. Met471Cys TβM provides the first example of an active mutant directed at the CuM site of this class of hydroxylases. The reactivity and altered kinetics of the Met471Cys mutant further highlight the central role of the methionine residue in the enzyme mechanism. The sole ability of the cysteine residue to support activity amon...
Angiogenesis in gynecological oncology—mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic targets

The purpose of this article is to review the current literature pertaining to various angiogenic stimulators and angiogenesis inhibitors in gynecological malignancies and the relevance of these markers in the prognosis of these diseases. We also summarize the antiangiogenic drugs currently in development and in clinical use in gynecological oncology. The information was obtained from a computer search of MEDLINE for studies published in the English language regarding angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibitors in gynecological malignancies between 1970 and December 2003; additional sources were identified through cross-referencing. In ovarian cancer, various different angiogenic activators have been found to correlate with microvessed density (MVD), stage, lymph node and peritoneal metastasis, and survival. In cervical cancer, correlation has been seen between increased angiogenic markers and stage, grade, tumor size, and survival. Studies in endometriat cancer show correlation of angiogenic markers with stage, grade, MVD, and survival. Whereas, in gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTD) only few markers have been studied, and some correlated with progression. Information on anti angiogenic drugs currently in ongoing and upcoming trials in gynecological malignancies is also presented. Angiogenesis factors may have a prognostic role to play in patients with gynecological cancers and should continue to be investigated as clinically useful tumor markers. Antiangiogenic-targeted therapies offer an attractive strategy for clinical investigation in gynecologic oncology.
On the tenuous nature of passivity and its role in the isolation of HLNW

Abstract The use of reactive metals and their alloys (e.g., Ni–Cr–Mo–W–Fe and Fe–Cr–Ni alloys) for isolating high level nuclear waste (HLNW) from the biosphere relies upon a continuing state of kinetic passivity of the metal surface. Without this state, which is due to the formation and continued existence of a ‘passivating’ oxide film, the alloy would react rapidly with components of the ambient environment (oxygen, water) and the structural integrity of the container would be compromised. The stability of the barrier oxide layers of bilayer passive films that form on metal and alloy surfaces, when in contact with oxidizing aqueous environments, is explored within the framework of the point defect model (PDM) using phase-space analysis (PSA), in which the rate of growth of the barrier layer into the metal, (d L + / d t ), and the barrier layer dissolution rate, (d L − / d t ), are plotted simultaneously against the barrier layer thickness, assuming that both processes are irreversible. A point of intersection of d L − / d t with d L + / d t indicates the existence of a metastable barrier layer with a steady state thickness that is greater than zero. If d L − / d t > (d L + / d t ) L=0 , where the latter quantity is the barrier layer growth rate at zero barrier layer thickness, the barrier layer cannot exist, even as a metastable phase, as the resulting thickness would be negative. In any event, phase space analysis of the PDM permits specification of the conditions over which reactive metals will remain passive in contact with aqueous systems and hence of the conditions that must be met for the viable use of reactive metals and alloys for the isolation of HLNW.
Citation Training: Why and How

Properly citing material in footnote or bibliography formats is an art and/or skill. It requires a thorough knowledge of (1) publication types (books, periodicals, symposia, research reports, dissertations, government documents, etc.), (2) formats in which the publications appear (paper, microfiche, microfilm, computer data file, floppy disk, etc.), and (3) an understanding of what information in a citation permits these materials to be retrieved (author, title, report number, accession number, publisher, date, etc.). Unfortunately, rules for citing publications are developed by publishers whose interests are oriented more toward economy of printing than in the direction of scholarship or research.
Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanic rocks from southwestern Arizona: Tectonic implications

Paleomagnetic data were acquired from 58 Miocene volcanic units exposed in five mountain ranges in southwestern Arizona. Unlike results of similar paleomagnetic studies west of the San Andreas fault, no clockwise rotations of the paleomagnetic vectors are observed. In fact, the data indicate a statistically significant counterclockwise rotation of 13.7° ± 12.2°. This counterclockwise rotation is consistent with Garfunkel's tectonic model for the Mojave block. The paleomagnetic data from southwestern Arizona could indicate that a similar counterclockwise rotation during Basin and Range crustal extension has also occurred in southwestern Arizona.
Millimetre-wave second harmonic generation on a nonlinear transmission line

Phase-matching between two forward waves on a monolithic nonlinear transmission line is achieved by alternating the length of the interconnecting transmission lines. With an input of 20dBm at 50GHz, amplitudes up to 1 V at lOOGHz have been measured by direct electro-optic sampling.
GLC Determination of Meperidinic and Normeperidinic Acids in Urine

A GLC procedure for the determination of meperidinic and normeperidinic acids in human urine is described. After the extraction of any interfering meperidine or normeperidine, the urine samples are dried and the acids are reesterified using ethanol-sulfuric acid. The resulting meperidine and normeperidine are then extracted and quantified. With this method, the urinary excretion of these metabolites was followed in five subjects who received a single meperidine dose of 36 mg/m2 im. This method represents an improvement over the previously described methods for meperidinic and normeperidinic acids and can be applied to clinical situations.
Product yield for ECAE processing

Abstract The fully worked volume and shape of bars processed via equal channel angular extrusion through a 90 die and different multipass routes are reported. Results are given for square cross-section bars with an aspect ratio range of 3–20 for up to 16 passes.
Holes in the reticular lamina after noise exposure: Implication for continuing damage in the organ of Corti

Abstract Three different histological techniques (scanning electron microscopy, phase contrast microscopy and light microscopy) were used to examine the organ of Corti after a damaging noise exposure. In the region of maximal injury, all outer hair cells were missing 1–2 h after the exposure had ended. Degenerated hair cells are eventually replaced by phalangeal scars. However, in these short-term recovery ears, a series of holes which were the exact size and shape of the missing outer hair cell apices were found in the reticular lamina. These holes may provide a communication route between the endolymphatic space and the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti for a period of time following a damaging noise exposure. The noise-related degeneration of supporting cells, nerve fibers and even some sensory cells may be secondary to contamination of the fluid spaces with potassium-rich endolymph.
Food and energy requirements of captive barn owls Tyto alba.

Abstract 1. 1. Food and energy requirements of captive barn owls were determined at 5, 15 and 25°C. 2. 2. Food consumption, gross energy intake, dry matter intake, and existence metabolism increased as ambient temperature decreased. 3. 3. Barn owl energy assimilation efficiencies at the three test temperatures were approximately 78%. 4. 4. An increase in bioenergetic parameters might be anticipated when a bird is cold-stressed and must increase its metabolism for thermoregulation.
Children's use of transitional objects: parental attitudes and perceptions

Parental attitudes and perceptions toward children's use of transitional object among 75 sets of parents were examined. Overall, parents appear to understand the significance and importance of children's attachment to transitional objects, thus providing consistency in childrearing. Parental differences emerged in the following areas: situations when children want their transitional object, age children should give up transitional object use, and age parents gave up their own transitional object. Some racial and socioeconomic differences were found, however these differences must be viewed within the context of a broader cultural perspective. The study suggests that parents are perceptive and, for the most part, respectful of the significance of transitional objects in the lives of children.
External Liberalization, Stabilization, and the Labor Market in Brazil

The process of external liberalization in Brazil must be seen as the result of the exhaustion of the heterodox stabilization plans of the 1980s and the lost decade that followed the 1982 debt crisis. The debt crisis led to a revision of the conventional wisdom on development that culminated in the so-called Washington Consensus (Williamson, 1990). According to this view, inwardoriented strategies produced tremendous inefficiencies associated with excessive state intervention, leading to lower rates of growth and increasing inequality. The successful experience of East Asian countries led many (e.g., World Bank, 1993; Edwards, 1995) to conclude that outward-oriented development strategies were conducive to rapid and sustainable development. Brazil, however, was a late convert to the liberalization, deregulation, and privatization creed of the Washington Consensus. Although trade and capital-account liberalization started in the early 1990s under the Collor administration, it was only after the Real Plan of July 1994 that Brazil clearly adopted the set of policies promoted by Washington. The reasons for its late move toward external liberalization may have to do with the success of the industrialization experience in Brazil and the existence of a broad coalition in defense of the domestic industrial sector. It took a decade of high inflation and stagnation to create the conditions for liberalization. In this article I will discuss the causes and the characteristics of the Brazilian liberalization experience, describe the process of trade liberalization, and examine the effects of the liberalization on employment and wages.
THE MODE OF ADMINISTRATION AS AN INFLUENCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MARE SERUM IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED IMMATURE FEMALE RATS11

THE OVARIAN RESPONSE to gonadotropic hormones may be markedly influenced by the frequency or route of injection. A single injection of human chorionic or anterior pituitary gonadotropin is not as effective as the administration of the same total dose in divided quantities. However, the gonadotropic material from regnant mare serum has been shown to be just as effective on the immature rat ovary when administered as a single subcutaneous injection as when the injections are divided (1–4). Hamburger and Pedersen-Bjergaard (5) have shown that in experiments terminated at 100 hours a single subcutaneous or even a single intravenous injection, of a low dose of mare serum, was as effective as 5 subcutaneous injections spread over the first 48 hours. Evans, Korpi, Penchars and Simpson (6) obtained no difference in potency of mare serum hormone when administered either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously.
BTeV detached vertex trigger

Abstract BTeV is a collider experiment that has been approved to run in the Tevatron at Fermilab. The experiment will conduct precision studies of CP violation using a forward-geometry detector. The detector will be optimized for high-rate detection of beauty and charm particles produced in collisions between protons and anti-protons. BTeV will trigger on beauty and charm events by taking advantage of the main difference between these heavy quark events and more typical hadronic events—the presence of detached beauty and charm decay vertices. The first stage of the BTeV trigger will receive data from a pixel vertex detector at a rate of 100 gb s −1 , reconstruct tracks and vertices for every beam crossing, reject 99% of beam crossings that do not produce beauty or charm particles, and trigger on beauty events with high efficiency. An overview of the trigger design and its influence on the design of the pixel vertex detector is presented.
The pleasure of unadulterated sadness: Experiencing sorrow in fiction, nonfiction, and "in person."

Weoftenexperienceintenseemotionswhenweenterfictionalworldsinfilmandliteratureandoftenshedreal tears. The goal of this study was to determine whether emotional reactions (sadness and anxiety) tofiction are distinguishable from emotional reactions to fact. Fifty-nine young adults rated their sadnessand anxiety levels in response to 4 film clips, 2 presented as fiction, 2 as nonfiction, and in response tothe recall of an actual sad event personally experienced. Participants experienced equivalent levels ofsadness and anxiety in response to films presented as fictional or factual. They also experiencedequivalent levels of sadness in response to films and in response to a sad personal event. Anxiety levels,however, were significantly higher in response to personally experienced events. The fact that sadnesselicited by films is unadulterated by the anxiety that accompanies the sadness of personal experience mayexplain, in part, the pleasure we derive from watching sad films.Keywords: fiction, nonfiction, film, emotion
PHLEBOTOMY AND IRON-OVERLOAD IN PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA

Abstract The part played by haemosiderosis in porphyria cutanea tarda (P.C.T.) has been investigated in three patients with the syndrome. Iron storage was evaluated before and after remission of the porphyria had been induced by multiple phlebotomies. Liver-biopsy specimens showed residual hepatic siderosis in two patients after remission. The liver of the third had become free from stainable iron, but her serum iron and transferrin levels were normal. In two patients iron excretion was determined after test doses of intramuscular deferoxamine, and in both it fell from a slightly raised level before therapy to a normal level after therapy. A separate study in rats with experimental (hexachlorobenzene-induced) porphyria showed that the superimposition of hepatic siderosis did not increase the severity of the porphyria. It is concluded that hepatic siderosis may not play as crucial a role in the pathogenesis of P.C.T. as has previously been surmised, and that the response to phlebotomy therapy depends probably on a more complex mechanism than simple elimination of iron.
Childhood Violence: A Nursing Concern

This article reviews the salient features of juvenile violence as they pertain to the factors contributing to the rise of violence and the impact of violence on public safety and health care. An overview of this pediatric health concern is addressed as well as its implications for pediatric nursing care and practice.
Application of a coincidence counting technique in a fixed geometry whole-body counter.

Abstract The coincidence counting technique has been applied to the Brookhaven 54-detector whole-body counter for the localization of positron-emitting radionuclides. With the spatial resolution limited by detector size, administered isotopes can be located to within 85 (17 × 5) compartments or grid-points. The dose required for a study can be as low as 1 μCi. Because of the fast data handling facilities available with the “on-line” computer, the technique is most suitable for studies involving rapidly distributed radionuclides.
4.3 Fine-grained adaptive power management of the SPARC M7 processor

The goal of the power management system of Oracle's SPARC M7 CPU [1] is to maximize the performance of commercial, cloud and big-data workloads subject to thermal and electrical constraints in a variety of system environments. Under thermal constraints, the goal is to maintain silicon die temperature within a target limit with a time constant of milliseconds to seconds, and under electrical constraints the current draw on a supply must be maintained below a threshold with a time constant of microseconds. The processor is designed to run a range of commercial workloads, potentially in virtualized environments, resulting in widely varying activity factors across the chip. Thus, the system must implement a fine granularity of control to achieve maximum performance across the entire range of workloads. These challenges are addressed with a number of advances over the previous generation processors [2] by implementing a low-latency on-die hardware power management system comprised of fast, accurate sensor designs (dynamic power meters and thermal sensors), a proportional feedback control system implementing thermal, current and chip power capping algorithms (Fig. 4.3.1), and actuation mechanisms with different latencies and structural granularities. The 32 cores and 64MB L3 cache are organized as 8 SPARC cache clusters (SCCs) each comprising 4 cores and an 8MB L3 Cache partition. Each SCC includes 6 dynamic power meters and 2 temperature sensors. The granularity of actuation for power management includes SCC-level clock cycle skipping, SCC level frequency scaling and voltage scaling for groups of 2 or 4 SCCs, as shown in Fig. 4.3.2. The power management system supports multiple DVFS power domain configurations.
Flux vector splitting and approximate Newton methods

In the present investigation, the basic approach is employed to view an iterative scheme as Newton's method or as a modified Newton's method. Attention is given to various modified Newton methods which can arise from differencing schemes for the Euler equations. Flux vector splitting is considered as the basic spatial differencing technique. This technique is based on the partition of a flux vector into groups which have certain properties. The Euler equations fluxes can be split into two groups, the first group having a flux Jacobian with all positive eigenvalues, and the second group having a flux Jacobian with all negative eigenvalues. Flux vector splitting based on a velocity-sound speed split is considered along with the use of numerical techniques to analyze nonlinear systems, and the steady Euler equations for quasi-one-dimensional flow in a nozzle. Results are given for steady flows with shocks.
Solid state characterization of the structure of rod-like micelles and their mixtures with associating polymers

Abstract The supermolecular structure or morphology of a series of solid state films of colloidal rod-like micelles, covering a range of hydrophobic activity, i.e. methylene chain length, was studied by small angle light scattering (SALS) complemented by polarized light microscopy. The SALS results on the colloidal rod-like micelles parallel those formed in rod-like polymers. A comparison with theoretical calculations shows that the individualized rod-like structures in solution aggregate into a supermolecular rod-like structure which is preserved in the concentrating process. The experimentally observed anisotropic patterns are discussed in terms of scattering models and are related to the way in which the rod-like entities are oriented in the supermolecular rod-like morphology. The analysis is extended to include intimate mixtures of colloidal rod-like micelles and hydrophobically (and nonhydrophobically) associating water soluble copolymers.
New mechanisms of interaction for even harmonic generation in free electron lasers

A systematic search for new mechanisms of interaction is carried out by including electromagnetic field components that were previously neglected in FEL theory. Two new mechanisms are discovered that have major effect on even harmonic generation in FELs with planar wiggler. A classification of mechanisms of interaction is introduced and a new formulation of FEL equations is developed in order to treat the more complicated new phenomena.
Inscrição e circulação: novas visibilidades e configurações do espaço público em São Paulo

Uma serie de intervencoes produzidas por homens jovens estao transformando os espacos publicos de Sao Paulo e rearticulando as profundas desigualdades sociais que sempre marcaram a cidade. O artigo analisa dois modos de intervencao: a producao de inscricoes e o deslocamento pelo espaco urbano. A "producao de inscricoes" refere-se a proliferacao de grafites e pixacoes, ambos em estilos tipicos de Sao Paulo. Ja o deslocamento espacial alude as novas praticas de circulacao pela cidade, como o motociclismo, o skate e o parkour. Essas intervencoes garantem uma nova visibilidade a jovens vindos das periferias, desafiam nocoes previas sobre o funcionamento dos espacos publicos, e revelam novas contradicoes da esfera publica democratica.
Two approaches for the numerical determination of electromagnetic fields near material interfaces using radial basis functions in a meshless method

This article discusses the use of radial basis functions in the solution of partial differential equations. In particular, an investigation of how to implement boundary conditions at material interfaces is presented. A comparison is made of solutions obtained using only radial basis functions with those obtained using either jump functions or elliptical functions in conjunction with standard radial basis functions. The purpose of adding either jump functions or elliptical functions is to alleviate the inaccurate handling of the boundary conditions at material interfaces. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Ethical and Epistemic Dilemmas in Empirically-Engaged Philosophy of Education

This essay examines several ethical and epistemological issues that arise when philosophers conduct empirical research focused on, or in collaboration with, community groups seeking to bring about systemic change. This type of research can yield important policy lessons about effective community-driven reform and how to incorporate the voices of marginalized citizens in public policy debates. Community-based reform efforts are also particularly ripe for philosophical analysis since they can demonstrate the strengths and shortcomings of democratic and egalitarian ideals. This type of research also raises unique ethical dilemmas that challenge central tenets of research ethics. We focus on two foundational questions: What does informed consent mean in the context of community-based research (CBR) when CBR may dissolve differences between researcher and research participant, and its parameters can be hard to delineate? And what ethical, democratic, and epistemic issues arise when conducting research with and on community groups, given potentially competing commitments to respect the epistemological contributions of all participants while also meeting research norms to warrant findings and conclusions? Our examination has two aspects: we grapple with these issues through examples from our work to reveal their significance in our own philosophic practice, and more broadly, to reveal their significance as problems within traditional research ethics. We believe that this approach will demonstrate the utility of philosophic engagement with dilemmas in research ethics as a reflective matter, and in the course of empirical research itself.