cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Authentic Leadership of Daniel, Joseph, and David

Modern day leaders can learn lessons of authentic leadership through reviewing the lives of ancient Biblical leaders. Daniel, Joseph, and David were three exemplary leaders in the Old Testament who demonstrated Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, and Peterson’s (2008) four components of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective. The lives of the three leaders were reviewed through an exegetical analysis. In particular, Daniel excelled at the authentic leadership tenant of internalized moral perspective. Joseph demonstrated wise, balanced processing, and David possessed self-awareness and practiced relational transparency. By applying the lives of these men to lessons of authentic leadership, current leaders can further develop their authentic leadership skills.
Racism, Broadly Speaking, and the Work of Bioethics: Some Conceptual Matters

Health care in the United States, being a microcosm of the broader society in which it developed, possesses a sordid legacy concerning racial prejudices, biases, and the perpetuation of health and ...
Synthesis of Highly Near-Infrared Fluorescent Graphene Quantum Dots Using Biomass-Derived Materials for In Vitro Cell Imaging and Metal Ion Detection

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a subset of fluorescent nanomaterials that have gained recent interest due to their photoluminescence properties and low toxicity and biocompatibility features for bioanalysis and bioimaging. However, it is still a challenge to prepare highly near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent GQDs using a facile pathway. In this study, NIR GQDs were synthesized from the biomass-derived organic molecule cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid via one-step pyrolysis. The resulting GQDs were then characterized by various analytical methods such as UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the photostability and stability over a wide pH range were also investigated, which indicated the excellent stability of the prepared GQDs. Most importantly, two peaks were found in the fluorescence emission spectra of the GQDs, one of which was located in the NIR region of about 860 nm. Finally, the GQDs were applied for cell imaging with human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and cytotoxicity analysis with mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 246.7. The results showed that the GQDs entered the cells through endocytosis on the fluorescence images and were not toxic to the cells up to a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Thus, the developed GQDs could be a potential effective fluorescent bioimaging agent. Finally, the GQDs depicted fluorescence quenching when treated with mercury metal ions, indicating that the GQDs could be used for mercury detection in biological samples as well.
IL-4 expressing cells are recruited to nerve after injury and promote regeneration

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has garnered interest as a cytokine that mediates regeneration across multiple tissues including peripheral nerve. Within nerve, we previously showed endogenous IL-4 was critical to regeneration across nerve gaps. Here, we determined a generalizable role of IL-4 in nerve injury and regeneration. In wild-type (WT) mice receiving a sciatic nerve crush, IL-4 expressing cells preferentially accumulated within the injured nerve compared to affected sites proximal, such as dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), or distal muscle. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry confirmed that eosinophils (CD45+, CD11b+, CD64-, Siglec-F+) were sources of IL-4 expression. Examination of targets for IL-4 within nerve revealed macrophages, as well as subsets of neurons expressed IL-4R, while Schwann cells expressed limited IL-4R. Dorsal root ganglia cultures were exposed to IL-4 and demonstrated an increased proportion of neurons that extended axons compared to cultures without IL-4 (control), as well as longer myelinated axons compared to cultures without IL-4. The role of endogenous IL-4 during nerve injury and regeneration in vivo was assessed following a sciatic nerve crush using IL-4 knockout (KO) mice. Loss of IL-4 affected macrophage accumulation within injured nerve compared to WT mice, as well as shifted macrophage phenotype towards a CD206- phenotype with altered gene expression. Furthermore, this loss of IL-4 delayed initial axon regeneration from the injury crush site and subsequently delayed functional recovery and re-innervation of neuromuscular junctions compared to wild-type mice. Given the role of endogenous IL-4 in nerve regeneration, exogenous IL-4 was administered daily to WT mice following a nerve crush to examine regeneration. Daily IL-4 administration increased early axonal extension and CD206+ macrophage accumulation but did not alter functional recovery compared to untreated mice. Our data demonstrate IL-4 promotes nerve regeneration and recovery after injury.
Leveraging area bounds information for autonomous decentralized multi-robot exploration

This paper proposes a simple and uniform, decentralized approach to the problem of dispersing a team of robots to explore an area quickly. The Decentralized Space-Based Potential Field (D-SBPF) algorithm is a potential field approach that leverages knowledge of the overall bounds of the area to be explored. It includes a monotonic coverage factor in the potential field to avoid minima, realistic sensor bounds, and a distributed map exchange protocol.The D-SBPF approach yields a simple potential field control strategy for all robots but nonetheless has good dispersion and overlap performance in exploring areas with convex geometry while avoiding potential minima. Both simulation and robot experimental results are included as evidence, and performance, speedup and efficiency metrics for each are presented. A uniform, decentralized, potential-field based approach to dispersing a team of robots to explore an area quickly.Leverages knowledge of the overall bounds of the area to be explored and includes a monotonic coverage factor in the field equations to avoid minima.Allows robot team members to become disconnected from and reconnected with the team and ongoing dispersion strategy.Introduces performance metrics for team speedup and efficiency in the case of adding members to teams.Presents both simulation and experimental robot results.
Abstract 3637: Targeted inhibition of MER tyrosine kinase in the tumor microenvironment decreases tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and other tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived cells are known to support tumor growth, proliferation and metastasis. Increased numbers of TAMs are also associated with poor prognosis in many solid tumors, including breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that targeting TAMs, either by re-programming or depletion, is an effective method to reduce solid tumor growth. MER, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed on macrophages. MER-dependent signaling upon recognition and ingestion of apoptotic material (efferocytosis) suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and increases secretion of immunosuppressive, wound healing cytokines. Recently we have identified MER as a potential therapeutic target in the tumor microenvironment utilizing polyoma middle T (PyVmT) orthotopic and transgenic models of breast cancer in Mertk-/- mice. Genetic deletion of MER in the tumor microenvironment led to a reduction in tumor growth, as well as increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased IL-10 production. To further investigate the utility of MER inhibition in the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic strategy, the efficacy of a first in class MER-selective, orally bioavailable, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (UNC TKI) was evaluated in immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice implanted orthotopically with PyVmT mammary gland tumor cells. These PyVmT tumors cells do not express MER, AXL or TYRO3. Treatment with UNC TKI inhibited phosphorylation of MER in mouse macrophages in vitro, but did not affect survival of macrophages or MER-negative PyVmT tumor cells. However, after four weeks of daily treatment with UNC TKI, primary tumor growth was reduced two-fold compared to vehicle-treated tumor bearing mice. Serum IL-10 and IL-4 levels were reduced by 20% and 30%, respectively, in UNC TKI treated tumor-bearing mice compared to vehicle-treated tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, these data suggest that MER inhibition in the tumor microenvironment reduces tumor growth by altering the immunosuppressive environment and stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, these data validate UNC TKI as a promising strategy for immune-mediated treatment of breast cancer. Citation Format: Kristen M. Jacobsen, Deborah DeRyckere, Weihe Zhang, Xiaodong Wang, Stephen V. Frye, H. Shelton Earp, Douglas K. Graham. Targeted inhibition of MER tyrosine kinase in the tumor microenvironment decreases tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3637. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3637
Single turnover kinetics of the reaction between oxycytochrome P-450cam and reduced putidaredoxin.

A study of the single turnover kinetics of the reaction between oxycytochrome P-450cam and reduced putidaredoxin was performed using the inhibitor metyrapone to trap the cytochrome immediately after release of the product, 5-exo-hydroxycamphor. EPR determinations of the concentrations of reduced putidaredoxin and ferric metyrapone-bound cytochrome at the same time points showed that there is no time lag between the oxidation of reduced putidaredoxin and the appearance of metyrapone-bound cytochrome. This implies that the rate constant for electron transfer is smaller than the rate constant for the later processes involved in product formation and release, lumped into a single step. Taking this restriction into account and doing computer simulation of absorbance versus time curves, previously obtained at various putidaredoxin concentrations using stopped-flow spectrophotometry, allowed bounds to be determined for rate constants of the processes within the reaction. At 4 degrees C in buffer at pH 7.4 with 0.50 M KCl, the rate constant for the bimolecular association of the two enzymes is between 3 and 20/microM.s; the rate constant for dissociation is between 12 and 600/s; the rate constant for electron transfer is between 60 and 100/s; and the rate constant for the later processes is at least 200/s.
Unmasking of an isolated right subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery after device occlusion of a patent arterial duct.

Isolation of the right subclavian artery (RSCA) from the pulmonary artery is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch. We report a case of an isolated RSCA from the right pulmonary artery that was discovered at the time of device occlusion of a patent arterial duct. We review the literature and discuss management options. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monolayer and suspension culture of human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma.

Abstract In order to study the hormonal characteristics of human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, in vitro monolayer and suspension cultures from human pituitary glands were established. Optimal conditions for cultures included enzymatic dispersion into viable single-cell suspensions with the use of 1% collagenase in phosphate-buffered saline solution. After pelleting the dispersed cells by centrifugation (800 rpm for 10 minutes), they were cultured in RPMI medium that contained 20% fetal calf serum and then incubated at 37° C in 5% CO 2 . Cells were subcultured weekly at a ratio of one plate to two. In an attempt to establish whether bromocriptine has a direct inhibitory effect on pituitary secretion of prolactin (PRL), variable doses of bromocriptine were added to duplicate plates. The addition of bromocriptine to the culture medium induced suppression of PRL within 7 days. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that either monolayer or suspension cultures of human PRL secreting adenomas can be established, and that bromocriptine in doses of 1 ng/plate or more has a direct inhibitory effect on the secretion of PRL.
Revisiting the Direct Sum Theorem and Space Lower Bounds in Random Order Streams

Estimating frequency moments and L p distances are well studied problems in the adversarial data stream model and tight space bounds are known for these two problems. There has been growing interest in revisiting these problems in the framework of random-order streams. The best space lower bound known for computing the k th frequency moment in random-order streams is *** (n 1 *** 2.5/k ) by Andoni et al., and it is conjectured that the real lower bound shall be *** (n 1 *** 2/k ). In this paper, we resolve this conjecture. In our approach, we revisit the direct sum theorem developed by Bar-Yossef et al. in a random-partition private messages model and provide a tight *** (n 1 *** 2/k /***) space lower bound for any ***-pass algorithm that approximates the frequency moment in random-order stream model to a constant factor. Finally, we also introduce the notion of space-entropy tradeoffs in random order streams, as a means of studying intermediate models between adversarial and fully random order streams. We show an almost tight space-entropy tradeoff for L *** distance and a non-trivial tradeoff for L p distances.
Array architecture for wideband transmit nulling

The ability to create nulls in the transmit pattern of a phased array antenna has many applications for communication and radar systems, including interference and clutter mitigation. Most nulling techniques introduce small perturbations in amplitude and phase, or phase-only, at each element of the phased array. For ease of implementation, phase-only perturbations are usually desired and provide acceptable null depths. However, the phase shift at each array element will vary with the frequency of the transmitted signal. As a result, the depth and pointing accuracy of the transmit null will not be uniform over the bandwidth of the transmitted signal. A more robust transmit nulling approach is to insert a tapped delay line (TDL) behind each array element instead of a phase shift. As shown in this paper, the null depths achieved over wide signal bandwidths are far superior to conventional phase-only approaches.
Variation of superexchange with interatomic distance. I. The T 2 g system V + + - F − - V + +

The configuration-interaction method is applied to calculate the superexchange in ${\mathrm{V}}^{++}$-${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{V}}^{++}$ system as a function of interatomic distance. It is found that $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}J}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}R}\ensuremath{\simeq}12$ for small variations of the interatomic spacing about an equilibrium ${\mathrm{V}}^{++}$-${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ separation of 2 \AA{}. This may be characteristic of those systems with ground states which transform as the ${T}_{2g}$ irreducible representation of the octahedral group and admit, therefore, of only $d({t}_{2g})\ensuremath{-}{p}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ cation-anion bonding.
Generalized Riccati equations for two-point boundary-value descriptor systems

Abstract : In this paper we present results related to the smoothing problem and related generalized Riccati equations for the two-point boundary value descriptor system (TP3VDS).
High frequency ultrasound evaluation of radial keratotomy incisions

Radial keratotomy is a surgical procedure to correct myopia that involves placing corneal incisions of precise partial thickness to induce flattening. It has yielded positive but sometimes unpredictable results. Many surgical variables influence the final result. Among them, incision depth is probably the most difficult to control and evaluate. In this study, we used very high frequency (50 MHz) ultrasound (HFU) to image radial keratotomy incisions in post-radial keratotomy human corneas to obtain high definition images of the cornea. The images allowed us to measure the depth of incisions as a percentage of corneal thickness.
Regulation of water channel activity of aquaporin 1 by arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide.

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a six-transmembrane domain protein that functions as a water channel, is present in many fluid secreting and absorbing tissues such as kidney, brain, heart, and eye. It is believed that among the five known mammalian aquaporins, kidney aquaporin (AQP2) is the only water channel that is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). The present data suggest that AQP1 may also be regulated by AVP. The application of AVP to Xenopus oocytes injected with AQP1 cRNA increased the membrane permeability to water. In addition, our data reveal that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis, blocks the AQP1-mediated increase in water permeability. Incubation with 8-bromo-cAMP or direct 8-bromo-cAMP injection into oocytes expressing AQP1 cRNA significantly increased membrane permeability to water, suggesting that stimulation of AQP1 activity by AVP may involve a cAMP-dependent mechanism. Regulation of water permeability by AVP and ANP has potential relevance to active water transport in a variety of tissues that express AQP1 including kidney, brain, and eye.
Exchange Potential for Electrons in Atoms and Solids

The Hartree-Fock exchange potential for a uniform degenerate electron gas is adapted for use in atomic and solid-state calculations. Results are given for argon and mercury atoms. Energy eigenvalues are quite close to the Hartree-Fock values.
Hexamerization of p97-VCP is promoted by ATP binding to the D1 domain and required for ATPase and biological activities ☆

Abstract The 97-kDa valosin-containing protein (p97-VCP or VCP), a hexameric AAA ATPase, plays an important role in diverse cell activities, including ubiquitin–proteasome mediated protein degradation. In this report, we studied dissociation–reassembly kinetics to analyze the structure–function relationship in VCP. Urea-dissociated VCP can reassemble by itself, but addition of ATP, ADP, or ATP-γS accelerates the reassembly. Mutation in the ATP-binding site of D1, but not D2, domain abolishes the ATP acceleration effect and further delays the reassembly. Using hybrid hexamers of the wild type and ATP-binding site mutant, we show that hexameric structure and proper communication among the subunits are required for the ATPase activity and ubiquitin–proteasome mediated degradation. Thus, ATP-binding site in D1 plays a major role in VCP hexamerization, of which proper inter-subunit interaction is essential for the activities.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A FULL‐POPULATION ESTIMATION METHOD

At present, although the percentages of students with disabilities (SDs) and/or students who are English language learners (ELL) excluded from a NAEP administration are reported, no statistical adjustment is made for these excluded students in the calculation of NAEP results. However, the exclusion rates for both SD and ELL students vary substantially across jurisdictions at a given administration, and, in some cases, have changed substantially over time within a jurisdiction. Consequently, comparisons of performance based on reported NAEP scores may indeed be biased by differential exclusion and identification practices. Using only NAEP data, this report investigates plausible explanations for the observed heterogeneity among jurisdictions in exclusion rates. It also examines the operating characteristics of a particular class of methods that carry out statistical adjustments to NAEP's reported scores to address the possible bias due to differential exclusion rates. The final results of such adjustments are termed full-population estimates (FPEs). The conclusions are that there is both a strong likelihood of bias and that neither the current NAEP procedure nor the FPE methodologies constitutes an ideal solution. The former because it assumes that all excluded students could not meaningfully participate in NAEP, and the latter because they implicitly assume that all students could obtain a proper NAEP score.
Inhomogeneity in the fabrication of InGaAs/GaAs quantum wire arrays by selective-area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

We present the fabrication and experimental characterization of finite-area selectively-grown InGaAs/GaAs metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) quantum well wire (QWR) arrays. The wire patterns studied were obtained by high resolution electron beam lithography using PMMA and etching of SiO2. Growth was performed by atmospheric pressure MOCVD in a vertical reactor configuration. We observed a large non-linear enhancement of growth inside the wire region. The inhomogeneity of fabricated QWR arrays was studied by spatially resolved photoluminescence.
ConPar: a method for identifying groups of concordant subject proximity matrices for subsequent multidimensional scaling analyses

Abstract A common representation of data within the context of multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a collection of symmetric proximity (similarity or dissimilarity) matrices for each of M subjects. There are a number of possible alternatives for analyzing these data, which include: (a) conducting an MDS analysis on a single matrix obtained by pooling (averaging) the M subject matrices, (b) fitting a separate MDS structure for each of the M matrices, or (c) employing an individual differences MDS model. We discuss each of these approaches, and subsequently propose a straightforward new method (CONcordance PARtitioning—ConPar), which can be used to identify groups of individual-subject matrices with concordant proximity structures. This method collapses the three-way data into a subject×subject dissimilarity matrix, which is subsequently clustered using a branch-and-bound algorithm that minimizes partition diameter. Extensive Monte Carlo testing revealed that, when compared to K -means clustering of the proximity data, ConPar generally provided better recovery of the true subject cluster memberships. A demonstration using empirical three-way data is also provided to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Binding of Human Nucleotide Exchange Factors to Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Generates Functionally Distinct Complexes In Vitro

Proteins with Bcl2-associated anthanogene (BAG) domains act as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) for the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). There are six BAG family NEFs in humans, and each is thought to link Hsp70 to a distinct cellular pathway. However, little is known about how the NEFs compete for binding to Hsp70 or how they might differentially shape its biochemical activities. Toward these questions, we measured the binding of human Hsp72 (HSPA1A) to BAG1, BAG2, BAG3, and the unrelated NEF Hsp105. These studies revealed a clear hierarchy of affinities: BAG3 > BAG1 > Hsp105 ≫ BAG2. All of the NEFs competed for binding to Hsp70, and their relative affinity values predicted their potency in nucleotide and peptide release assays. Finally, we combined the Hsp70-NEF pairs with cochaperones of the J protein family (DnaJA1, DnaJA2, DnaJB1, and DnaJB4) to generate 16 permutations. The activity of the combinations in ATPase and luciferase refolding assays were dependent on the identity and stoichiometry of both the J protein and NEF so that some combinations were potent chaperones, whereas others were inactive. Given the number and diversity of cochaperones in mammals, it is likely that combinatorial assembly could generate a large number of distinct permutations.
Apocalypse Now? The Relevance of Religion for Beliefs about the End of the World.

This study considers how religious individuals may be more likely to entertain doomsday scenarios, such as the December 21, 2012 Mayan prophecy, particularly when juxtaposed with the occurrence of several recent adverse and cataclysmic events. One hundred forty two undergraduates were asked to assess their belief as to whether they believed that December 21, 2012 represents an Apocalypse or the ‘End of the World’ before and after writing and thinking about four troubling seminal events from the past several years (9/11, the economic crisis, Hurricane Katrina, and Middle East tensions). Self-identified religious subjects were significantly more likely than non-religious subjects to believe that they would personally witness the end of the world. Moreover, of the four events described above, Middle East tensions were deemed to be the event that could potentially signify or bring about the ‘end of the world’. The larger implications of this study are further addressed.
Influence of Tissue Density-specific Mechanical Properties on the Scaling of Plant Height

Abstract Tissue density, ρ, Young's modulus, E, breaking stress, σ, density-specific stiffness (E/ρ), and density-specific strength (σ/ρ) were determined for specimens of parenchyma, collenchyma, primary tracheids, sclerenchyma, and wood. E and σ were positively correlated with ρ for parenchyma and wood. Although no correlation between E or σ and ρ was seen for the other tissue-types, E and σ were correlated for each tissue-type (an inverse proportionality was observed for parenchyma in contrast to the other four tissue-types). Comparisons among the five tissue-types showed that E and σ are inversely proportional to ρ. Parenchyma tissue samples had the lowest E and σ and the highest ρ; wood sample had the highest E and σ and the lowest ρ. Comparisons among tissue-types indicated that σ scales roughly to the square root of E (i.e., σ = 0·69 1·51, r2 = 0·98; units in MN m-2). Also, σ/ρ = 0·03 (E/ρ)0·52 (r2 = 0·99). The interspecific scalling of plant height h with respect to stem diameter d (data taken from Niklas, 1993) was evaluated in terms of E /ρ and σ/ρ by assuming that certain tissue-types characterized the anatomy of the vertical stems of different plant groups (e.g., parenchyma for moss setae, primary tracheids for herbaceous dicotyledon stems, and wood for gymnosperm and dicotyledon tree trunks). The mean E /ρ or σ/ρ for each tissue-type was used to estimate h based mean d for each plant group. Regression of predicted h vs. d gave h ∝ d1·01. Regression of observed average h vs. observed average d showed that h ∝ d1·00. Based on the similarity of the scaling exponents, it is argued that the interspecific scaling of plant height reflects interspecific differences in the anatomy and density-specific mechanical properties of the principle tissue used to provide mechanical support to vertical stems.
Prostaglandins Modulate Baroreflex-Induced Changes in Blood Pressure and Myocardial Function in Anesthetized Dogs

The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of prostaglandins in the changes in myocardial function and peripheral and coronary vascular resistance which accompany a generalized increase in sympathetic tone caused by carotid baroreflex unloading in the anesthetized dog. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCO) with heart rate held constant by electrical pacing (150 beats/min) resulted in increases in systolic, (33%) diastolic (40%), and mean (35%) arterial pressures, LV systolic pressure (33%) and left ventricular (LV) dP/dt (37%). After blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin (N = 11) or meclofenamate (N = 6) the increases in systolic (41%), diastolic (45%), and mean (41%) arterial pressures, LV systolic pressure (39%), LV dP/dt (52%), and cardiac work caused by BCO were significantly greater, in spite of the initially higher baseline values (11-18%) following the administration of the drugs. In contrast, the changes in circumflex coronary blood flow and coronary vascular resistance to BCO were essentially the same before and after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Systemic prostaglandin synthesis may, therefore, play a significant role in the control of systemic arterial pressure and myocardial function, most probably by modulating the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals, without adversely affecting coronary blood flow regulation.
Description of the Dedicated Gravitational Satellite Mission (GRAVSAT)

A description of the dedicated gravitational satellite (GRAVSAT) mission is presented. Scientific objectives are to substantially improve our knowledge of solid earth geophysics and oceanography by determining a more accurate geopotential. The most stringent requirement is determination of mean gravity anomalies over regions- 100-km square to an accuracy of 2.5 mgal (1 gal = 1 cm/s2). Fundamental geodetic data will be satellite-to-satellite measurement of relative range rate. Orbital characteristics are discussed. An error budget is presented which indicates that the requisite measurement precision can be achieved by closed-loop RF doppler measurements. Implicit in the discussion of the error budget is a description of the spacecraft and systems components.
Bridging the Nano- gap : From Scientific Discovery to Real World Products

Going from a small scale laboratory invention or discovery to a large scale application is not a trivial task and incorporating them into a product for a viable business is even more difficult. As technologies approach final products and applications, the number of criteria it must meet increases exponentially. Economics of the manufacturing process, environmental issues, intellectual property management, etc. needs to be assessed and monitored carefully. Bridging the gap from research to business not only needs multi-disciplinary understanding of the various aspects of the technology, but also how and what it could potentially enable or replace in current technologies and how to go about it through partnerships with global business entities. Especially with new materials, such as nano-scale materials, technology push needs to be rigorous and often the end results are uncertain. One needs to start from a large number of end user applications and narrow down to 1-2 high value-add or high volume opportunities. This process also requires constant development of the existing products to meet the exact needs for the high opportunity end markets. Timing for such efforts is crucial and the resources needed for such activities are often under-estimated by small start-up firms. Even for materials with well understood end products and established markets, significant market pull requires huge investments in product reliability demonstrations, cost of manufacturing, etc. Innovation, flexibility, change, educated risk, adaptability, focus and excellence are all key drivers and necessary ingredients for a successful and sustainable start-up venture. While scientific and engineering innovations are absolutely necessary, the metric for success for any business is revenue generation. Finding the right mechanisms for closing this gap (so-called the valley of death ) is where the innovations of entrepreneurs lies. In this paper, I will share some of my personal learning experiences through the start-up company Applied Nanoworks Inc., (now Auterra Inc.).
Straightforward Process for Removal of Milk Fat Globule Membranes and Production of Fat-free Whey Protein Concentrate from Cheese Whey

A straightforward method for the separation of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and production of fat-free whey protein concentrate/isolate from cheese whey has been developed. Lowering of the conductivity of the whey from its initial value of about 5600 μS cm(-1) to about 2000-500 μS cm(-1) via diafiltration with water caused selective precipitation of MFGM when incubated for 30 min at pH 4.2 and 35 °C. The whey proteins remained soluble in the supernatant under these conditions. Experimental evidence suggested that precipitation of MFGM at pH 4.2 was not due to a nonspecific effect of lowering of the conductivity of the whey but due to the specific effect of removal of Ca2+ from the whey. The lipid content of whey protein isolate obtained by this process was <0.2%, and the protein loss was <14%. The method provides an industrially feasible process for the production of fat-free whey protein concentrate/isolate. The MFGM, which is reported to contain bioactive/nutraceutical lipids and proteins, is a valuable byproduct of the process.
Linguistic Styles of Eminent Writers Suffering From Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorder

Past research has shown that the styles of drawings by patients with unipolar and bipolar mood disorder differ, the latter expressing more positive and fewer negative emotions (Wadeson, 1980). In the first study presented here, it was expected that prose texts by eminent writers who suffered from unipolar versus bipolar mood disorder would show this same effect. One novel per writer was analyzed, using Pennebaker, Francis, and Booth's (2001) Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Results disconfirmed the hypothesis, but indicated 3 other differences that were then replicated in Study 2, using a second set of novels by the same authors. Results indicated that: (a) Bipolar writers referred to death more than did unipolar writers; (b) unipolar writers referred to people other than themselves more than did control writers; (c) unipolar writers used more words describing cognitive mechanisms (e.g., understand, know) than did both other groups. The fact that the unipolar and bipolar groups did not differ from contr...
Gravity and Gauge: A New Perspective

Realization of the Poincare groupP10 as a subgroup ofGL(5,R) that maps a 4-dimensional affine set into itself has been shown to lead to a direct Yang-Mills gauging process. This paper discusses the differences between direct gauge theory forP10 and previously published works. These differences are fundamental, both physically and mathematically, and lead to marked departures from previous concepts and interpretations. The translation subgroup is correctly gauged; the metric structure and metric compatibility are derived from the gauging process rather than assumed; spin structures are automatically incorporated in a consistent manner; the local holonomy group is shown to be the component of the Lorentz group connected to the identity; the geometric analog of Yang-Mills minimal coupling precludes dependence of the free gauge field Lagranian on torsion; and the theory reduces exactly to general relativity when the momentumenergy complex is symmetric and all matter fields are spin-free. Gravitational effects on neutral test particles are shown to arise from the compensating 1-forms for local action of Lorentz boosts. The compensating 1-forms for local action of the translation subgroup may be interpreted as space-time dislocations, while the compensating 1-forms for the rotation subgroup can be viewed as space-time disclinations. Unfortunately, there are no clear physical meanings that can be ascribed to space-time dislocations or disclinations.
Evolution of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a tale of two species

Abstract The history of the disease tuberculosis is briefly discussed. Now human societal failures have potentiated the evolution of drug-resistant strains of the tubercle bacillus in the United States and around the world. Until recently, this evolutionary change largely posed a threat to the health and survival of the individual in whom inadequate therapy promoted the drug resistance. However, the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic threatens to promote wholesale transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with the potential for immense morbidity and mortality. Reinforced treatment and control programs for tuberculosis are vital.
The loss of poliovirus 1 infectivity in marine waters

Abstract The loss of infectivity (LOI) of poliovirus 1 in marine water from the Gulf of Mexico was studied. Typically, three logs of infectivity were lost in 5–6 days at 24°C. Experiments described in this report suggested that this LOI was not a result of container adsorption or virion aggregation: nor was a resistant component within the stock virus found that would have explained the two-component curves often observed with the virus loss. Viral infectivity loss occurred in raw, filter-sterilized, and autoclaved marine water. Loss was also observed when the virus was suspended in artificial seawater of 1, 10 and 20 g kg −1 salinity. No explanation for the LOI other than true inactivation of the virion was found. The specific component(s) of marine water responsible for virion inactivation remains to be ascertained.
Designing claims for reuse in interactive systems design

Claims have been proposed as a means of expressing HCI knowledge that is associated with a specific artifact and usage context. Claims describe design trade-offs and record HCI knowledge related to a specific design, or artifact, as psychological design rationale. Claims are created in the task-artifact cycle of interactive design and evaluation. Usability evaluation establishes a claim for a specific usage context, but this can restrict subsequent reuse of claims-related knowledge. To widen the scope of reuse the knowledge contained within claims and their associated artifacts has to be classified and generalized. To address this problem a schema and method for classifying claims is introduced. The schema elaborates the description of HCI knowledge in claims and enables reuse by describing the assumptions and dependencies upon which a claim rests. Methods for generalising claims and discovering new claims from existing claims and artifacts were investigated. A factoring method for evolving child claims from parent claims and their usage scenarios is described. This employs a walkthrough technique based on Norman's model of action with questions directed at the contributions a claim makes to usability at different stages in interaction. Factoring promotes evolution of child claims that either address different aspects of task support in the same domain as the parent claim, or development of more general child claims for user-interface design. The relationships between claims are represented in maps to illustrate histories of task-artifacts investigation that lead to claims evolution either via the factoring process or by empirical investigation. The schema and method for claims evolution are illustrated by case studies of claims development in tutoring systems and claims for functional requirements for specification reuse support tools. The paper concludes with a discussion of the contribution that reusable claims can make as a repository of HCI knowledge.
Why do hubs tend to be essential in protein networks

The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network has a small number of highly connected protein nodes (known as hubs) and many poorly connected nodes. Genome-wide studies show that deletion of a hub protein is more likely to be lethal than deletion of a non-hub protein, a phenomenon known as the centrality-lethality rule. This rule is widely believed to reflect the special importance of hubs in organizing the network, which in turn suggests the biological significance of network architectures, a key notion of systems biology. Despite the popularity of this explanation, the underlying cause of the centrality-lethality rule has never been critically examined. We here propose the concept of essential PPIs, which are PPIs that are indispensable for the survival or reproduction of an organism. Our network analysis suggests that the centrality-lethality rule is unrelated to the network architecture, but is explained by the simple fact that hubs have large numbers of PPIs, therefore high probabilities of engaging in essential PPIs. We estimate that ~ 3% of PPIs are essential in the yeast, accounting for ~ 43% of essential genes. As expected, essential PPIs are evolutionarily more conserved than nonessential PPIs. Considering the role of essential PPIs in determining gene essentiality, we find the yeast PPI network functionally more robust than random networks, yet far less robust than the potential optimum. These and other findings provide new perspectives on the biological relevance of network structure and robustness.
Representative Curves for Longitudinal Data via Regression Trees

Abstract Simple superposition of individual curves, as arise in longitudinal studies, makes the detection of structure difficult due to clutter. This is especially true when the number of curves is large, but can even be exhibited in moderate sample settings when variability is high. Both Jones and Rice and Diggle, Liang, and Zeger proposed methods for identifying representative curves from a large collection that display the form and extent of variation of the curves. Here we propose the use of tree-structured regression, as adapted to longitudinal data, for this purpose. Properties of each method are described. A re-examination of atmospheric ozone data, analyzed by Jones and Rice, is also presented.
The application of Lean Six Sigma to provide high-quality, reliable pediatric care

Physicians and health administrators face an increasingly competitive practice environment that challenges financial survival. Only through increasing clinical quality and administrative efficiency will practitioners be able to navigate the changes in health care that are sweeping the industry. This paper describes an approach that can prove crucial to improving patient care, reducing costs, and ensuring sustainability.
Essential sequences and Rees rings

Abstract It is shown that if b 1 ,…, b s is a u -essential sequence over an ideal I in at Noetherian ring R , then certain permutations of u, tb 1 ,…, tb i , b i +1 ,…, b s are a u -esential sequence of IR(R,B i ) and over tIR(R, I+B i ), where B i = ( b 1 , h ., b i ) R (0 ⩽ i ⩽ s ) andR(R, J) is the Rees ring of R with respect to its ideal J . A number of related results are also given concerning: u -essential sequences over I and over ID or I/b k ) D , where D is the monadic transformation ring R [ B i / b k ] or R [( I + B i )/ b k ]; when R is local, the u -essential cograde of I ; a containment relation between the essential prime divisors of B i and the u -essential prime divisors of I + B i ; and the fact that every permutation of b 1 ,…, b s is a u -essential sequence over I and is an essential sequence in R .
PSST: The Planet Search Survey Telescope

ABSTRACT The Planet Search Survey Telescope is an automated small‐aperture CCD imaging photometer designed to search for transits by extrasolar planets across the disks of their parent stars. It simultaneously observes thousands of stars with apparent R magnitudes between 10 and 13 in a field approximately \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $6^{\circ }\times 6^{\circ }$ \end{document} . Stars in this brightness range are well within the capability of the high‐precision radial velocity systems that have successfully d...
Extrapyramidal symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Extrapyramidal (EP) symptoms and neuropsychological (NP) deficits are both frequently present among schizophrenia patients. EP symptoms, such as motor slowing, could hinder performance on NP tests, yet little is known about the relationship between EP symptoms and NP functioning among schizophrenia patients. Methods: Using a comprehensive NP test battery and standard ratings of EP symptoms and other psychiatric characteristics, we conducted a cross-sectional exploration of the association between EP symptoms and NP functioning among 96 middle-aged and elderly outpatients with schizophrenia. Results: Severity of EP symptoms was associated with worse NP performance, particularly the areas of learning and motor skills. Regression analyses indicated that the relationship between EP symptoms and NP deficits was not accounted for by slowed motor or mental processing, demographic characteristics, severity of psychopathology, dyskinesia, or medication status. Conclusions: The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying EP symptoms and some NP deficits in schizophrenia may overlap.
The Structure of Actinide Ions Exchanged into Native and Modified Zeolites and Clays

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to investigate the structure and valence of thorium (Th{sup 4+}) and uranyl (UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}) cations exchanged into two classes of microporous aluminosilicate minerals: zeolites and smectite clays. XAS is also employed to examine the fate of the exchanged cations after modification of the mineral surface using self-assembled organic films and/or exposure to hydrothermal conditions. These treatments serve as models for the forces that ultimately determine the chemical fate of the actinide cations in the environment. The speciation of the cations depends on the pore size of the aluminosilicate, which is fixed for the zeolites and variable for the smectites.
IAHS/AGU Symposium on Groundwater Contamination

Papers presented at a two-day jointly sponsored IAHS/AGU symposium on groundwater contamination are briefly summarized. This international symposium was held 11–12 May, 1989, in Baltimore, Maryland. Presentations encompassed recent research developments in three general areas: abiotic and biotic processes governing contaminant transport; aquifer rehabilitation; and the influence of agricultural practices and nonpoint sources on aquifer quality. Contributions offered an interesting mixture of theoretical, mathematical, laboratory, and field studies. In the first session, transport processes explored ranged from dispersion and fingering to nonequilibrium sorption, metals complexation, and bacteria migration. The use of optimization modeling in the design of remediation strategies was the focus of another session. Here theoretical studies were presented alongside case histories of aquifer rehabilitation. In a final session, a number of models for agricultural management were described. These presentations were complemented by case studies of actual aquifer degradation resulting from land-use and management practices.
Effect of myocardial hypertrophy on systolic and diastolic function in children: insights from the force-frequency and relaxation-frequency relationships

AbstractObjective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of myocardial hypertrophy on systolic and diastolic properties of the left ventricle in children.Background. In children wi...