cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frame-breaking Then and Now

I imagine many historians of social movements could trace turning points in their intellectual development to encounters with the works of E.P. Thompson.1 I know that I can. Needless to say, each of those reading encounters occurs in moments not of the reader’s own making. Re-reading The Making of the English Working Class in 2013 I had expected to gain a retrospective perspective on “where we are now” in cultural history, but was instead impressed by the immediate applicability and indeed necessity of Thompson’s arguments with the neoliberal historical analysis of Frederick Hayek and others regarding the “standard of living debate” of the 1950s. What Thompson described as the “polarization of human consciousness” peculiar to the 1950s did not end with that decade, or even with the end of the Cold War. 2 It was at the edge of the supposed “End of History” that I first encountered Thompson’s The Making. It was the spring of 1988. I was a sophomore in college, enrolled in a European history seminar that pitted Thompson’s chapters on starving weavers and framework knitters against Peter Laslett’s “scientific” The World We Have Lost. I much preferred Thompson and was told I would probably not like social history. The reading of songs and poems was a more complete way to understand the world, I said, than numbers and graphs. As it turns out, I was primed for Thompson before I arrived at university. In a high school history class, I had begun an essay on English industrialization with an epigraph of lyrics from Billy Bragg’s “The Home Front.” Charting a course of study and deciding to major in History, I was inspired by The Making. I rejected the required concentration of courses defined by time or place, and instead constructed my major around the approach of “history from the bottom up.” This orientation, deemed lacking in rigor by some of the faculty, allowed me to take courses in Latin American, African American, and French Medieval, as well as British history with the incomparable Henry Abelove. This was my secret strategy for taking classes from the people I understood to be the most radical and stimulating professors in the department. It is amusing, given the caricature of Thompson as a parochial nationalist, that his
Radar imaging of moving targets in foliage using multifrequency multiaperture polarimetric SAR

Because of the low signal-to-clutter ratio, it is a difficult problem to detect and image moving targets in foliage. In this paper, a multifrequency multiaperture polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (MFMA POLSAR) system is proposed for imaging of moving targets in foliage. The MFMA POLSAR extends the multifrequency antenna array SAR (MF-SAR) system to multiple polarizations. Full polarization is used in MFMA POLSAR to achieve an optimal polarization adaptive to the environment such that the images obtained by different apertures are of the best coherence that is used to obtain the highest accuracy of the phase estimation. It is also shown that the MFMA POLSAR cannot only accurately locate both the slow and the fast moving targets but also reveal moving targets in foliage.
Eicosanoid signalling pathways in the heart

Myocardial phospholipids serve as primary reservoirs of arachidonic acid (AA), which is liberated through the rate-determining hydrolytic action of cardiac phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). A predominant PLA2 in myocardium is calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β), which, through its calmodulin (CaM) and ATP-binding domains, is regulated by alterations in local cellular Ca2+ concentrations and cardiac bioenergetic status, respectively. Importantly, iPLA2β has been demonstrated to be activated by ischaemia through elevation of the concentration of myocardial fatty acyl-CoA, which abrogates Ca2+/CaM-mediated inhibition of iPLA2β. AA released by PLA2-catalysed hydrolysis of phospholipids serves as a precursor for eicosanoids generated by pathways dependent on cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochromes P450 (CYP). Eicosanoids initiate and propagate diverse signalling cascades, primarily through their interaction with cellular receptors and ion channels. However, during pathologic states such as ischaemia or congestive heart failure, eicosanoids contribute to multiple maladaptive changes including inflammation, alterations of cellular growth programmes, and activation of multiple transcriptional events leading to the deleterious sequelae of these pathologic states. This review summarizes the central roles of myocardial PLA2s in eicosanoid signalling in the heart, the major COX, LOX, and CYP pathways of eicosanoid generation in the myocardium, and the effects of important eicosanoids on receptor-, ion channel-, and transcription-mediated processes that facilitate cardiac hypertrophy, mediate ischaemic preconditioning, and precipitate arrhythmogenesis in response to pathologic stimuli.
Relax: an architectural framework for software recovery of hardware faults

As technology scales ever further, device unreliability is creating excessive complexity for hardware to maintain the illusion of perfect operation. In this paper, we consider whether exposing hardware fault information to software and allowing software to control fault recovery simplifies hardware design and helps technology scaling. The combination of emerging applications and emerging many-core architectures makes software recovery a viable alternative to hardware-based fault recovery. Emerging applications tend to have few I/O and memory side-effects, which limits the amount of information that needs checkpointing, and they allow discarding individual sub-computations with small qualitative impact. Software recovery can harness these properties in ways that hardware recovery cannot. We describe Relax, an architectural framework for software recovery of hardware faults. Relax includes three core components: (1) an ISA extension that allows software to mark regions of code for software recovery, (2) a hardware organization that simplifies reliability considerations and provides energy efficiency with hardware recovery support removed, and (3) software support for compilers and programmers to utilize the Relax ISA. Applying Relax to counter the effects of process variation, our results show a 20% energy efficiency improvement for PARSEC applications with only minimal source code changes and simpler hardware.
Properties and Plasticity of Excitatory Synapses on Dopaminergic and GABAergic Cells in the Ventral Tegmental Area

Excitatory inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) influence the activity of both dopaminergic (DA) and GABAergic (GABA) cells, yet little is known about the basic properties of excitatory synapses on these two cell types. Using a midbrain slice preparation and whole-cell recording techniques, we found that excitatory synapses on DA and GABA cells display several differences. Synapses on DA cells exhibit a depression in response to repetitive activation, are minimally affected by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, and express NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). In contrast, synapses on GABA cells exhibit a facilitation in response to repetitive activation, are depressed significantly by baclofen, and do not express LTP. The relative contribution of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors to the synaptic currents recorded from the two cell types is the same as is the depression of synaptic transmission elicited by the application of adenosine, serotonin, or methionine enkephalin (met-enkephalin). The significant differences in the manner in which excitatory synaptic inputs to DA and GABA cells in the VTA can be modulated have potentially important implications for understanding the behavior of VTA neurons during normal behavior and during pathological states such as addiction.
Modelling diffusion in crystals under high internal stress gradients

Diffusion of vacancies and impurities in metals is important in many processes occurring in structural materials. This diffusion often takes place in the presence of spatially rapidly varying stresses. Diffusion under stress is frequently modelled by local approximations to the vacancy formation and diffusion activation enthalpies which are linear in the stress, in order to account for its dependence on the local stress state and its gradient. Here, more accurate local approximations to the vacancy formation and diffusion activation enthalpies, and the simulation methods needed to implement them, are introduced. The accuracy of both these approximations and the linear approximations are assessed via comparison to full atomistic studies for the problem of vacancies around a Lomer dislocation in Aluminium. Results show that the local and linear approximations for the vacancy formation enthalpy and diffusion activation enthalpy are accurate to within 0.05 eV outside a radius of about 13 A (local) and 17 A (linear) from the centre of the dislocation core or, more generally, for a strain gradient of roughly up to 6 × 10^6 m^-1 and 3 × 10^6 m^-1, respectively. These results provide a basis for the development of multiscale models of diffusion under highly non-uniform stress.
HINTON ROWAN HELPER: THE LOGICAL OUTCOME OF THE NON-SLAVEHOLDERS' PHILOSOPHY?

A valuable window into the world of non-slaveholding whites is provided by Hinton Rowan Helper's The impending crisis of the South (1857). This native North Carolinian purported to articulate the views and concerns of his class in a devastating critique of slaveholders and southern society. Helper was the only southern intellectual to theorize and conceptualize non-slaveholders fully as a distinct class and this article examines his arguments and evaluates his claim to be representative of their thinking. It suggests that although this group was far too diverse for any one opinion to be truly representative, The impending crisis recorded a sense of discontent found within certain sections of the non-slaveholding ranks ignored by consensus interpretations of the Old South reliant upon elite sources of evidence.
Scheduler-based DRAM energy management

Previous work on DRAM power-mode management focused on hardware-based techniques and compiler-directed schemes to explicitly transition unused memory modules to low-power operating modes. While hardware-based techniques require extra logic to keep track of memory references and make decisions about future mode transitions, compiler-directed schemes can only work on a single application at a time and demand sophisticated program analysis support. In this work, we present an operating system (OS) based solution where the OS scheduler directs the power mode transitions by keeping track of module accesses for each process in the system. This global view combined with the flexibility of a software approach brings large energy savings at no extra hardware cost. Our implementation using a full-fledged OS shows that the proposed technique is also very robust when different system and workload parameters are modified, and provides the first set of experimental results for memory energy optimization with a multiprogrammed workload on a real platform. The proposed technique is applicable to both embedded systems and high-end computing platforms.
Experimental cerebral zygomycosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits: Variation in virulence among zygomycetes

We investigated the potential of 33 different zygomycete isolates to cause cerebral disease following the intranasal instillation of their spores into ketotic rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes. The isolates represented six thermotolerant species of Rhizopus (R. arrhizus, R. chinensis, R. microsporus, R. oligosporus, R. oryzae, and R. rhizopodiformis), Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizomucor pusillus. All 13 isolates of the thermotolerant Rhizopus species proved to be cerebral pathogens as confirmed by culture and histopathology. One isolate of R. oligosporus and one isolate of R. rhizopodiformis, however, were less pathogenic than isolates of other Rhizopus species tested. Cerebral pathogenicity was noted with 2 of 5 isolates of Rh. pusillus and only 1 of 13 A. corymbifera isolates. Two thermotolerant C. bertholletiae cultures, recovered from human lesions, did not cause either cerebral or pulmonary disease in ketotic rabbits. The incidence of pulmonary zygomycosis caused by ...
Understanding Network Security Data: Using Aggregation, Anomaly Detection, and Cluster Analysis for Summarization

This chapter discusses the use of off-line analysis techniques to help network security analysts at the ACME Corporation review network alert data efficiently. Aggregation is used to summarize network events by source Internet Protocol (IP) address and period of activity. These aggregate records are referred to as meta-session records. Anomaly detection is then used to identify obvious network probes using aggregate features of the meta-session records. Cluster analysis is used for further exploration of interesting groups of meta-session records.
Field testing of flat-plate and concentrator photovoltaic systems at the Solar Technology Acceleration Center

Eight flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) systems and two concentrator PV (CPV) systems are undergoing side-by-side field testing at the Solar Technology Acceleration Center in Colorado, USA. Comparative analysis reveals operational differences due to technology attributes, site characteristics, weather, and other variables. This paper presents typical operating profiles, seasonal trends, snow recovery analysis, selection of normalization parameters for energy performance analysis, temperature correlation, and a review of equipment reliability.
Why Governments That Fund Elective Abortion Are Obligated to Attempt a Reduction in the Elective Abortion Rate

If elective abortion is publicly funded, then the government is obligated to take active measures designed to reduce its prevalence. I present two arguments for that conclusion. The first argument is directed at those pro-choice thinkers who hold that while some or all elective abortions are morally wrong, they still ought to be legally permitted and publicly subsidized. The second argument is directed at pro-choice thinkers who hold that there is nothing morally wrong with elective abortion and that it should be both legally permitted and publicly subsidized. The second argument employs premises that generalize beyond the abortion debate and that may serve to shed light on broader questions concerning conscience and the requirements of political compromise in a democracy.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Interface Formation Between poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)- 1,4-phenylene vinylene) and Aluminum

Al was thermally evaporated onto the conjugated semiconductor polymer, poly(2-methoxy-5,2′- ethyl-hexyloxy-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) in successive steps. Interface formation and chemical interactions between the polymer and Al were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron source Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). XPS analyses (angle resolved and sputtering depth profile) proved the formation of an insulating aluminum oxide layer at the polymer metal interface. The C-O bonds in the polymer decreased as more Al was evaporated on the MEH-PPV. Also reaction between Al and the carbon backbone of the polymer leading to the creation of carbon-metal bonds was observed. UPS analysis suggested the possibility of Al reacting with the phenylene ring of the polymer.
FTC, Robinson-Patman, and Cooperative Promotional Activities

Can the FTC gain greater compliance with existing provisions of the Robinson-Patman Amendment through education, guidance, and advice? This article describes how the Commission seeks to gain volunt...
Metabolism of fluenethyl acaricide in the mouse, house fly, and twospotted spider mite.

The metabolic fate of fluenethyl (FIU) or 2-fluoroethyl (4-biphenylyl) acetate was studied in the mouse, the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Excretion balance data indicated that FlU-3H equivalents were eliminated at a moderate rate in mouse urine and feces, following intraperitoneal injection of the acaricide. FIU metabolites identified in mouse urine included biphenylacetic acid, 2-hydroxybiphenyl, 4-hydroxybiphenyl, and 4, 4′-dihydroxybiphenyl; biphenyl and 3, 4-dihydroxybiphenyl were tentatively identified. Biphenylacetic acid and the hydroxylated biphenyls occurred in mouse urine in the free form and as glucuronides and ethereal sulfates. FIU also was degraded enzymatically by subcellular fractions prepared from a mouse liver homogenate, and nonenzymatically by a model hydroxylation system. Degradation products were biphenylacetic acid and the hydroxylated biphenyls. Metabolism of FIU-3H was effected in vivo and in vitro by house flies and twospotted spider mites. Although quantitative differences were apparent, qualitatively the metabolites were identical to the free compounds isolated from mouse urine, with the exception that 2-hydroxybiphenyl was not detected in spider mites. Plasma from the human, mouse, sheep, and pig also catalyzed the degradation of FIU-3H. Biphenylacetic acid was the major product, and its formation in this and the other in vitro studies was inhibited by DFP (di iso propyl phosphorofluoridate).
Fat mobilization by purified corticotropin in the mouse.

SummaryPurified corticotropin and growth hormone both stimulate lipid mobilization from the epididymal fat depots of fasting mice. Hydrocortisone failed to induce lipid loss in intact mice and inhibited fat mobilization in adrenalectomized mice, indicating that the lipid mobilizing effect of corticotropin is not mediated by adrenal stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of fat loss by hydrocortisone in adrenalectomized mice could be overcome by simultaneous administration of corticotropin. The results demonstrate an extra-adrenal action of corticotropin on fat mobilization in the intact animal similar to that induced by growth hormone.
Reflections on ethics consultation in critical care settings.

The author’s background in ethics consultation in critical care settings is used to discuss ethical questions that arise in nursing practice.
The role of influenza in the epidemiology of pneumonia

Interactions arising from sequential viral and bacterial infections play important roles in the epidemiological outcome of many respiratory pathogens. Influenza virus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory bacterial pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Though clinical evidence supporting this interaction is unambiguous, its population-level effects-magnitude, epidemiological impact and variation during pandemic and seasonal outbreaks-remain unclear. To address these unknowns, we used longitudinal influenza and pneumonia incidence data, at different spatial resolutions and across different epidemiological periods, to infer the nature, timing and the intensity of influenza-pneumonia interaction. We used a mechanistic transmission model within a likelihood-based inference framework to carry out formal hypothesis testing. Irrespective of the source of data examined, we found that influenza infection increases the risk of pneumonia by ~100-fold. We found no support for enhanced transmission or severity impact of the interaction. For model-validation, we challenged our fitted model to make out-of-sample pneumonia predictions during pandemic and non-pandemic periods. The consistency in our inference tests carried out on several distinct datasets, and the predictive skill of our model increase confidence in our overall conclusion that influenza infection substantially enhances the risk of pneumonia, though only for a short period.
An Image Analysis Study on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Hepatic Encephalopathy

A microcomputer-based imaging system for acquisition and analysis has become available to fulfill the clinical demands. The high intensity lesions due to hepatic encephalopathy have been demonstrated markedly through the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences with Tl weighting (TR 600 msec /TE 20 msec) of the brain. Based upon eleven patients with clinically proven hepatic encephalopathy, the data have been collected. In the meantime, three sets of normal brain MRI which were identified with no evidence of brain or liver diseases were also included in this study. After the brain MRI slices have been identified, it showed that the affected regions of interest (ROI) were around the largest third ventricle. The histograms which were followed and generated out of those particular slices were composed of two distinguished peaks which were lumped together. After the decomposition and curve fitting procedures, the Gaussian distributions were identified with the mean value and the standard deviation. One was assumed to be gray index region for gray and white matter, the other with higher gray index value was the contribution of hepatic encephalopathy. Once the gray index range of the distribution has been determined, the affected portion can be marked out and highlighted. This mechanism of histogram decomposition and curve fitting techniques shows the valuable correlation with the clinical status of MR imaging findings. The Tl-weighted brain images from MRI shows those patients had the shorter Tl than that of the normal people. The hypothesis may be due to the molecular change in myelin protein, paramagnetic effect and other unknown reasons. This study suggests that Ti signal abnormalities (positive magnetic susceptibility) are present throughout the subcortical and periventricular white matter and that these changes extend into the basal ganglia, particularly the pallidum and along the tectum and tegmentum of the brain stem. The present work will be continuously conducted in the three dimensional scale since the consistency among the adjacent slices must be defined. The comparison of the standard deviation and mean value for individual patient in the specific location of the brain has been done. This statistical results did not show the same m and d for the abnormalities of hepatic encephalopathy.
Abstract 230: The role of integrated stress response (ISR) transcription factor ATF4 in metabolic adaptation of tumors to c-Myc activation

The ability of cancer cells to adapt to non-cell autonomous (extrinsic) and cell autonomous (intrinsic) stresses is critical for maintaining cell viability and growth. The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway is essential in cancer cell adaptation to extrinsic stresses such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation both in vitro and in vivo. The ISR kinases, PERK and GCN2, phosphorylate eIF2α, transiently inhibiting protein translation during times of stress. Phosphorylation of eIF2α promotes the preferential translation of the transcription factor ATF4, which activates a gene expression program that enhances uptake and synthesis of amino acids, antioxidant defense and chaperone expression to promote recovery from nutrient deprivation and ER stress. Here, we demonstrate the importance of ISR signaling in MYC oncogene induced intrinsic stress both in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported that activation of PERK, during c-Myc induction is vital for activating cytoprotective autophagy and suppressing c-Myc induced apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate GCN2 is also robustly activated during c-Myc induction. GCN2 activation after c-Myc induction regulates ATF4 transcription and translation. ATF4 was necessary for survival and suppression of oxidative stress during c-Myc activation. We have identified ATF4 targets that regulate amino acid uptake and involved in amelioration of oxidative stress. Furthermore, siRNA mediated knockdown or genetic knockout of GCN2 was synthetic lethal with c-Myc activation. Interestingly, PERK is still able to phosphorylate eIF2α in the absence of GCN2. However, eIF2α phosphorylation was completely inhibited in the absence of both kinases suggesting that these kinases compensate for each other and both are required for optimal phosphorylation of eIF2α after c-Myc activation. Consistent with our in vitro data, we observe higher levels of p-eIF2α and ATF4 in lymphoma cells compared to WT B cells in vivo in a mouse model of Myc driven lymphoma. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of stress response pathway activation to support c-Myc driven tumorigenesis involving an amino acid sensor kinase GCN2. Citation Format: Feven Tameire, Maria A. Monroy, Constantinos Koumenis. The role of integrated stress response (ISR) transcription factor ATF4 in metabolic adaptation of tumors to c-Myc activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 230.
Ratis Avdax: Valerius Flaccus' Bold Ship

Surprises await the reader who approaches the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus expecting to find a pleasant but unchallenging version of the content of Apollonius Rhodius' epic retold in Vergilian style. The poem is much more than ‘a thrilling tale that has absorbed and delighted readers and hearers’ and much more than an imitation of the work of two great predecessors. If we consider the matter of story line alone, Valerius differs from Apollonius. He included the rescue of Hesione by Hercules, which was part of the myth of Argo but not used by Apollonius, and he created an entire book (Book 6) full of new material by recounting how Jason and the Argonauts joined Aeetes in a civil war at Colchis. The syntax, long supposed to be Vergilian, on closer examination appears to have departed from Vergil's ways. Valerius made his individuality clear from the beginning of his epic: prima deum magnis canimus freta peruia natis fatidicamque ratem, Scythici quae Phasidis oras ausa sequi mediosque inter iuga concita cursus rumpere flammifero tandem consedit Olympo. ( Arg. 1.1-4) I sing the straits first navigable for great sons of gods and the prophetic ship that dared to seek the shores of Scythian Phasis, that dared to burst a course between clashing rocks, that settled down at last on fiery Olympus.
Optimizing PiB-PET SUVR change-over-time measurement by a large-scale analysis of longitudinal reliability, plausibility, separability, and correlation with MMSE.

Abstract Quantitative measurements of change in β-amyloid load from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images play a critical role in clinical trials and longitudinal observational studies of Alzheimer's disease. These measurements are strongly affected by methodological differences between implementations, including choice of reference region and use of partial volume correction, but there is a lack of consensus for an optimal method. Previous works have examined some relevant variables under varying criteria, but interactions between them prevent choosing a method via combined meta-analysis. In this work, we present a thorough comparison of methods to measure change in β-amyloid over time using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET imaging. Methods We compare 1,024 different automated software pipeline implementations with varying methodological choices according to four quality metrics calculated over three-timepoint longitudinal trajectories of 129 subjects: reliability (straightness/variance); plausibility (lack of negative slopes); ability to predict accumulator/non-accumulator status from baseline value; and correlation between change in β-amyloid and change in Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) scores. Results and conclusion From this analysis, we show that an optimal longitudinal measure of β-amyloid from PiB should use a reference region that includes a combination of voxels in the supratentorial white matter and those in the whole cerebellum, measured using two-class partial volume correction in the voxel space of each subject's corresponding anatomical MR image.
Microbial community analysis of pH 4 thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park.

The pH of the majority of thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is from 1 to 3 and 6 to 10; relatively few springs (~5%) have a pH range of 4–5. We used 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to investigate microbial communities sampled from four pH 4 thermal springs collected from four regions of YNP that differed in their fluid temperature and geochemistry. Our results revealed that the composition of bacterial communities varied among the sites, despite sharing similar pH values. The taxonomic composition and metabolic functional potential of the site with the lowest temperature (55 °C), a thermal spring from the Seven Mile Hole (SMH) area, were further investigated using shotgun metagenome sequencing. The taxonomic classification, based on 372 Mbp of unassembled metagenomic reads, indicated that this community included a high proportion of Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Functional comparison with other YNP thermal spring metagenomes indicated that the SMH metagenome was enriched in genes related to energy production and conversion, transcription, and carbohydrate transport. Analysis of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism revealed assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways, whereas the majority of genes involved in sulfur metabolism were related to the reduction of sulfate to adenylylsulfate, sulfite, and H2S. Given that pH 4 thermal springs are relatively less common in YNP and thermal areas worldwide, they may harbor novel microbiota and the communities that inhabit them deserve further investigation.
Deep learning for SAR image formation

The recent success of deep learning has lead to growing interest in applying these methods to signal processing problems. This paper explores the applications of deep learning to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation. We review deep learning from a perspective relevant to SAR image formation. Our objective is to address SAR image formation in the presence of uncertainties in the SAR forward model. We present a recurrent auto-encoder network architecture based on the iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (ISTA) that incorporates SAR modeling. We then present an off-line training method using stochastic gradient descent and discuss the challenges and key steps of learning. Lastly, we show experimentally that our method can be used to form focused images in the presence of phase uncertainties. We demonstrate that the resulting algorithm has faster convergence and decreased reconstruction error than that of ISTA.
Effect of spinal cord injury on nonlinear complexity of skin blood flow oscillations

This study investigated the effect of spinal cord injury (SCI) on nonlinear complexity of skin blood flow oscillations (BFO). Complexity of the characteristic frequencies embedded in BFO was described by the scaling coefficient derived by detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and the range of scaling coefficients derived from multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MDFA) in specific scale intervals. 23 subjects were recruited into this study, including 11 people with SCI and 12 healthy controls. Local heating-induced maximal sacral skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. The results showed that metabolic BFO (0.0095-0.02 Hz) exhibited significantly lower complexity in people with SCI as compared with healthy controls (p<0.01) during maximal vasodilation. This study demonstrated that complexity analysis of BFO can provide information of blood flow dynamics beyond traditional spectral analysis.
Chapter 12 – Understanding the Technical and Social Complexity of the Internet: A Cognitive Developmental Resource Perspective

Abstract The Internet is a complex artifact system that reflects both technical and social complexity. In this context, technical complexity reflects that the Internet connects millions of computers and billions of users; social complexity reflects both the positive and negative social effects of the Internet (e.g., allowing people to easily communicate with one another online thereby providing a new avenue for cybercrimes). This chapter synthesizes recent studies concerning developmental differences in how children understand the technical and social complexity of the Internet. As part of this synthesis, we highlight the contributions of age, and direct and indirect online experience using the Internet. We also highlight that although understanding of the Internet's technical and social complexity improves with age, older adolescents and adults still show, for the most part, an incorrect understanding of the Internet. Possible explanations for this observation are explored, including the limited availability of internal and external resources that would lead to development of that understanding.
Relationships of Muscle Function and Subjective Knee Function in Patients After ACL Reconstruction.

Background:After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), relationships between objective measures of muscle function and patient-reported outcomes may change over time. Examining these measures at different time frames after surgery may help develop individualized approaches to improve post-ALCR analysis.Purpose:To examine the associations between subjective knee function and lower-extremity muscle function in individual patients at various time points after ACLR.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Fifty-one participants who underwent primary, unilateral ACLR (15 males, 36 females; mean age, 22.9 ± 4.5 years; mean height, 172.4 ± 10.1 cm; mean weight, 68.7 ± 13.1 kg) were separated into 3 groups depending on time since surgery (early, 5 years). Subjective knee function was quantified using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Isometric knee extensio...
Towards Patient Safety: Promoting Clinical Empathy Through an Experiential Curriculum in Care Transitions Among the Underserved

Improving outcomes for patients undergoing transitions of care has become an international priority. A key ingredient of effective care transitions is compassionate care provided by healthcare providers with a good understanding of patients’ post-discharge needs. Enhancing empathy in future physicians is a critical task of medical education best promoted by experiential methods of training that allow for student interaction with patients across care settings. Our curriculum aimed at promoting understanding of the risks associated with care transitions, clinical empathy, and positive attitudes towards patient safety in transitions. The curriculum was delivered to 140 fourth year medical students during their required 4-week inpatient medicine clerkship, using a multimodal approach that combined didactic, experiential, and web-based study. This paper describes a qualitative evaluation of students’ responses to their experiences while monitoring the transition of their patients across care settings. Findings reflect development of empathetic insight among students, as well as increased ability to identify and address post-discharge needs of at-risk patients. Of the 140 students who participated in the curriculum, 64 students identified three potential areas of lapses during the transition of their patients from the inpatient to the outpatient setting within the following categories: (1) system-related issues, (2) provider-related issues, (3) patient-related issues. Curricular methods that provide direct patient exposure along with reflection will be helpful in promoting empathy and positive attitudes towards best practices in care transitions.
Asset redeployability and capital structure choice: therole of competition

Asset specificity and the availability of purchasers for the asset in liquidation are not merely additive factors. These factors interact in interesting ways to contribute to the underlying collateral value of assets. This paper focuses on asset redeployability, the role of competition and firms’ leverage decisions. Competition captures the availability of potential purchasers of a firm’s assets in liquidation. For firms in more competitive domestic industries, there exist a wider array of potential purchasers for their assets in liquidation as compared to firms operating in industries that face competition mainly from imports. It is relatively easier for firms in competitive domestic markets to sell off their assets to competing firms due to commonalities in production technologies. Thus the assets of these firms inherently have a higher collateral value. This results in these firms having a higher leverage as compared to firms operating in import intensive industries.
Penetrating Crohn disease: does it occur in the absence of stricturing disease?

To establish the relationship between penetrating complications and bowel luminal narrowing/stricturing disease in pediatric Crohn disease (CD). This retrospective study was IRB-approved and HIPAA compliant with waiver of informed consent. CT and MRI examinations describing intra-abdominal penetrating complications in CD patients ≤ 18 years old between January 1, 2009 and March 31, 2016 were reviewed to document: type of complication, affected bowel segment, minimum bowel luminal diameter, maximum upstream diameter, location of penetrating complication relative to luminal narrowing, length of narrowed bowel segment, and the presence of active bowel wall inflammation. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations, as well as counts and percentages. A total of 52 penetrating complications were identified in 45 patients. Mean patient age was 15.7 ± 2.2 years (range 11–18 years) with 25/45 (56%) boys. Nearly all penetrating complications (51/52, 98%) were associated with a minimum bowel luminal diameter of ≤ 2 mm, with no visible lumen in 26/52 (50%). Mean maximum upstream diameter was 2.8 ± 0.8 cm (range 1.2–5.2 cm), and 17/52 (33%) penetrating complications were associated with > 3 cm upstream diameter. The mean ratio of maximum to minimum luminal diameter was 26.2 ± 8.8 (range 3.6–52.0). Active intestinal inflammation was associated with 100% (52/52) of penetrating complications. Nearly every penetrating complication (51/52, 98%) involved the terminal or distal ileum. Penetrating complications in pediatric CD nearly always occur in the setting of considerable luminal narrowing or stricture and active intestinal inflammation.
Secure Mobile Edge Computing in IoT via Collaborative Online Learning

To accommodate heterogeneous tasks for the Internet of Things (IoT), the emerging mobile edge paradigm extends computing services from the cloud to the edge, but at the same time exposes new challenges on security. In this context, the present paper deals with online security-aware edge computing under jamming attacks. Leveraging online learning tools, novel approaches are developed to cope with adversarial worst-case attacks, and stochastic attacks with random attack strategies. Rather than relying on extra bandwidth and power resources to evade jamming attacks, the resultant algorithms select the most reliable server to offload computing tasks with minimal security concerns. It is analytically established that without any prior information on future jamming and server security risks over a time horizon $T$ , the proposed schemes can achieve ${\mathcal O}\big (\sqrt{T}\big)$ regret. Information sharing among devices can accelerate the security-aware computing tasks, quantified by what is termed “value of cooperation.” Effectiveness of the proposed schemes is tested on synthetic and real datasets.
Harnessing immune history to combat influenza viruses

Individuals are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their lifetime. Accumulating evidence shows the first viruses an individual is exposed to leaves an imprint on the antibody response induced by subsequent drifted and novel influenza viral exposures. Imprinted humoral immunity against influenza viruses relies on biased immune memory to influenza viruses for which memory B cell responses were initially generated against. Imprinting allows for antibodies to adapt to drifted influenza viruses while maintaining binding potential for the first influenza viruses an individual is exposed to. However, imprinting can increase susceptibility to non-imprinted influenza viruses and mismatched influenza viruses. This review highlights the role of imprinting on the regulation of antibody responses induced by influenza viruses and explores potential vaccine strategies to harness imprinted antibody responses to increase protection against influenza.
The LUVOIR coronagraph instrument (Conference Presentation)

In preparation for the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey NASA has commissioned the study four flagship missions spanning to a wide range of observable wavelengths: the Origins Space Telescope (OST, formerly the Far-Infrared Surveyor), Lynx (formerly the X-ray Surveyor), the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanet Imager (HabEx). One of the key scientific objectives of the latter two is the detection and characterization of the earth-like planets around nearby stars using the direct imaging technique (along with a broad range of investigations regarding the architecture of and atmospheric composition exo-planetary systems using this technique). As a consequence dedicated exoplanet instruments are being studied for these mission concepts. This paper discusses the design of the coronagraph instrument for the architectures “A” and “B” (respectively 15 and 9 m apertures) of LUVOIR. The material presented in this paper is aimed at providing an overview of the LUVOIR coronagraph instrument for both architectures. It is the result of a year and a half of discussions and with various community stakeholders (scientists and technologists) regarding the instrument’s basic parameters followed by meticulous design work by the the GSFC Instrument Design Laboratory team. In the first section we review the main science drivers and presents the overall parameters of the instrument (general architecture and backend instrument). We then delve into the details of the currently envisioned coronagraph masks along with a description of the wavefront control system. Throughout the manuscript we describe the trades we made during the design process. Because the vocation of this study is to provide a baseline design for the most ambitious earth-like finding instrument that could be possibly launched into the 2030’s, we have designed an complex system that meets the ambitious science goals out team was chartered by the LUVOIR STDT exoplanet Working Group. We minimized technological risk by emphasizing technologies that will be matured by the WFIRST coronagraph instrument.
Ergonomics in microsurgery

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that surgeon posture while operating contributes to cervical musculoskeletal strain, discomfort, and chronic pain. Microsurgeons may be particularly susceptible to this risk due to persistent neck flexion, long periods of static posture, and the use of heavy, high-power loupe magnification. Several techniques are thus presented that may help in obviating the cervicospinal repercussions of performing microsurgery.
Centrilobular emphysema and coronary artery calcification: mediation analysis in the SPIROMICS cohort

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a two-to-five fold increase in the risk of coronary artery disease independent of shared risk factors. This association is hypothesized to be mediated by systemic inflammation but this link has not been established. We included 300 participants enrolled in the SPIROMICS cohort, 75 each of lifetime non-smokers, smokers without airflow obstruction, mild-moderate COPD, and severe-very severe COPD. We quantified emphysema and airway disease on computed tomography, characterized visual emphysema subtypes (centrilobular and paraseptal) and airway disease, and used the Weston visual score to quantify coronary artery calcification (CAC). We used the Sobel test to determine whether markers of systemic inflammation mediated a link between spirometric and radiographic features of COPD and CAC. FEV1/FVC but not quantitative emphysema or airway wall thickening was associated with CAC (p = 0.036), after adjustment for demographics, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, statin use, and CT scanner type. To explain this discordance, we examined visual subtypes of emphysema and airway disease, and found that centrilobular emphysema but not paraseptal emphysema or bronchial thickening was independently associated with CAC (p = 0.019). MMP3, VCAM1, CXCL5 and CXCL9 mediated 8, 8, 7 and 16% of the association between FEV1/FVC and CAC, respectively. Similar biomarkers partially mediated the association between centrilobular emphysema and CAC. The association between airflow obstruction and coronary calcification is driven primarily by the centrilobular subtype of emphysema, and is linked through bioactive molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov: Identifier: NCT01969344 .
A Pilot Study to Assess Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Individuals Who Work in Perinatal Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Settings

Background: Although current evidence suggests that there are unique benefits of breastfeeding for mothers receiving comprehensive treatment, including counseling and pharmacotherapy, for opioid use disorder (OUD) and their infants, breastfeeding rates in this population are low. Support and counseling about breastfeeding are key predictors of infant feeding behaviors. Thus, identifying knowledge and attitudes regarding breastfeeding of individuals who work in OUD treatment facilities could offer insight into targets for breastfeeding-promotion interventions in such settings. Materials and Methods: Individuals who work at two urban perinatal OUD treatment centers were e-mailed a link to complete a questionnaire electronically. Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of those who completed the questionnaire were described using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 24 survey respondents, most correctly identified the health benefits of breastfeeding for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome, whereas less than half correctly identified the health benefits of breastfeeding for all infants. Only 16% reported receiving work-related breastfeeding education. The leading perceived breastfeeding challenges for women in treatment for OUD were (1) concern with transfer of medication (e.g., methadone) through breast milk, (2) daily commutes for treatment, and (3) beliefs that formula is better than breastfeeding. Conclusions: Professionals who work in perinatal OUD treatment centers could benefit from education regarding breastfeeding in mothers in treatment for OUD.
Should online doctoral instructors adopt audio feedback as an instructional strategy? Preliminary Evidence.

Literature supports that feedback is central to the learning process, and technology is central in the delivery of online education. Critical lines of research consistently identify two crucial variables associated with effective online higher education: community and learning. Thus, the current study examined how audio and text feedback as compared written feedback can contribute to 125 online doctoral students’ sense of community and learning. The findings show that doctoral students who received audio and text feedback had better perceptions of their instructor and cognitive development than those who received written feedback. The students who received audio and text feedback also had better learning outcomes. There was no difference in social presence between the two groups. These results are consistent with qualitative research on audio and text feedback and are explained by media theory.