cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hereditary Torsion Theory Counter Equivalences

Abstract One of the main ingredients of a tilting theory, a generalization of Morita equivalence betweenR-Mod andS-Mod that has evolved from the work of S. Brenner and M. C. R. Butler (Lecture Notes in Math.,8321980, 103–170) and D. Happel and C. M. Ringel (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.,2741982, 399–443), is a pair of category equivalences T ⇆ E and F ⇆ S between the members of torsion theories ( T , F ) inR-Mod and ( S , E ) inS-Mod. Recently, we began to investigate this phenomenon as a further generalization of Morita equivalence, in particular showing that such equivalences are induced by pairs of bimodules (R. R. Colby and K. R. Fuller,Comm. Algebra,231995, 4833–4849). Here we are concerned with conditions under which the torsion theories are hereditary. We begin with a characterization of the bimodules, and we apply it to determine just when one or both of the torsion theories are hereditary, to obtain examples, and to investigate global dimensions and Grothendieck groups ofRandS. We assume the notation and conventions of F. W. Anderson and K. R. Fuller (1992, “Rings and Categories of Modules,” 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York) and B. Stenstrom (1970, “Rings of Quotients,” Springer-Verlag, New York/Heidelberg/Berlin). In addition all “subcategories” are full subcategories of modules and all “functors” are additive functors.
Purification and properties of a glutathione-S-transferase from corn which conjugates s-triazine herbicides

Abstract A glutathione-S-transferase involved in atrazine conjugation was purified 43-fold from corn with a total yield of 36%. The purified enzyme has a MW of 45 000 as determined by gel filtration. The estimated activation energy of the enzyme is 6.4 kcal/mol and the optimum pH for activity between 8 and 8.5. Substrate specificity studies with s-triazines indicated that atrazine was the best substrate followed by simazine and propazine. The Cl group at the 2-position was essential for enzyme activity, and replacement by a SCH 3 group resulted in a total loss of activity. The absence of an alkyl group resulted in a reduction of conjugation and 2-chloro-4,6- bis -amino-s-triazine was the poorest substrate. With insecticidal substrates (organophosphates), conjugating activity was observed only with diazinon and little or no activity was observed with ethyl parathion, malathion and etrimfos. No activity was found using methyl iodide as a substrate. The purified enzyme has properties similar to those of an aryl-S-transferase. Quinones were inhibitors of this enzyme.
Neoadjuvant Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Lymph Node Ratio in Patients with Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

The use of neoadjuvant therapy (NAC) for the treatment of potentially resectable pancreatic cancer remains controversial. In this study, we sought to evaluate cancer-specific endpoints in patients undergoing a NAC versus a surgery-first (SF) approach with specific emphasis on lymph node metastases. A total of 222 patients who underwent NAC and 85 patients who underwent SF were identified from 1990 to 2008 and compared for cancer-related endpoints. Peripancreatic lymph nodes from 135 neoadjuvant therapy patients were evaluated for histologic tumor regression. Patients who underwent NAC followed by surgery had improved overall survival and time to local recurrence compared with the SF approach. NAC patients were less likely to have lymph node metastases (p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and had smaller tumors. On multivariate analysis, lymph node positivity was associated with SF, tumor size, and the presence of LVI. NAC patients with N0 disease had equivalent outcomes to patients with a low-LNR (0.01–0.15), whereas patients with a LNR >0.15 had reduced survival, and time to local and distant recurrence. Ten of 135 (7.4 %) NAC patients had evidence of tumor regression in at least one lymph node. Patients with potentially resectable PDAC selected to undergo NAC had improved survival and longer time to recurrence. Although some of these differences may be related to improvements in multimodality therapy completion rates, tumor regression in lymph node metastases exists and may demonstrate a biologic benefit of NAC compared with a SF approach.
Factors influencing Tc in 123 copper-oxide superconductors

Abstract Cosubstitution of Ca 2+ for Y 3+ and La 3+ for Ba 2+ in Y 1- z Ca z Ba 2-2 y La 2 y Cu 3 O 6+ x has demonstrated that, in this system, there is a critical oxygen concentration x c =0.96 + 0.5 n c , where n =2 y - z , such that disordering of the oxygen in the Cu(1)O x planes has no effect on T c for x x c , but creates mobile-hole traps for x > x c . Morever, substitution of La 3+ for Ba 2+ in the Ba 1- y La y O layers creates local disorder of the oxygen neighboring a La 3+ ion, which reduces the orthorhombicity of the structure. These two observations explain why the systems Y 1- z Ca z Ba 2- z La z Cu 3 O 6+ x and LaBa 2-2 y Ca 2 y Cu 3 O 6+ x =La 1- z Ca z Ba 2- z La z Cu 3 O 6+ x maintain a T c > 80 ( ) K through an orthorhombic-tetragonal transition with increasing z whereas LaBa 2-2 y Sr 2 y Cu 3 O 6+ x =La 1- z Sr z (Ba 2-2 y Sr 2 y - z La z )Cu 3 O 6+ x exhibits a T c that decreases monotonically with inc reasing y . They demonstrate that T c is independent of the space-group symmetry where hole trapping does not occur. Decreasing the lattice a -parameter and/or the basic character of the BaO basal “planes” degrades T c in a relatively minor manner. These findings also implicate c -axis oxygen in any oxygen disordering of the BaO-Cu(1)O x -BaO intergrowth layer.
Emerging significance of plasmid DNA nuclear import in gene therapy

The signal-mediated import of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nondividing mammalian cell nuclei is one of the key biological obstacles to nonviral therapeutic pDNA delivery. Overcoming this barrier to pDNA transfer is thus an important fundamental objective in gene therapy. Here, we outline the rationale behind current and future strategies for signal-mediated pDNA nuclear import. Results obtained from studies of the nuclear delivery of pDNA coupled to experimentally defined nuclear localisation signal (NLS) peptides, in conjunction with detergent-permeabilised reconstitution cell assays, direct intracellular microinjection, cell-based transfection, and a limited number of in vivo experiments are discussed.
Psychiatrists' views of managed care and the future of psychiatry.

Abstract Managed care aims to insure the health of a population rather than that of an individual. This paper compiles opinions of psychiatrists and others on managed care and lists ways managed care potentially affects psychiatry. Managed care reverses the economic incentives indemnity insurance gave doctors to prolong treatment. It encourages psychiatrists to spend less time on empathic discussion and to use more standardized, less costly treatments. Many psychiatrists feel distressed about how managed care has changed their practices. Capitation care will change it further. Current trends suggest the U.S. will use and train fewer psychiatrists. Psychiatrists will spend less time with individual patients and more time planning and guiding the treatment of severely impaired patients. Many more psychiatrists will likely have unprecedented changes imposed on their careers.
Cultivating the Academic Integrity of Urban Adolescents with Ethical Philosophy Programming

This mixed-methods study considered the effects of ethical philosophy programming at a high-performing, high-poverty urban high school upon the academic integrity of participating adolescents (n = 279). Analyses of pre–post survey data revealed that participating adolescents reported significantly higher levels of academic integrity than their peers at a matched comparison school. Field notes from observations of ethical philosophy lessons and qualitative interviews with participating students revealed that this programming offered students frequent opportunities to practice moral reasoning and introduced philosophical perspectives that influenced students’ conception of and commitment to academic integrity.
Fundamental Limits in Linear One-Dimensional Slow Light Structures

An upper limit can be deduced for the number of bits of delay, depending only on the materials used and independent of detailed design. The proof and applications of this limit will be discussed.
Outbreak of Brown Spot of Tobacco Caused by Alternaria alternata in Connecticut and Massachusetts.

In early August 2000, a leaf spot disease of broadleaf tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was widespread and severe in Connecticut and Massachusetts. The spots were roughly circular, with necrotic centers and concentric rings and often surrounded by a yellow halo. Spots ranged in size from small fleck symptoms (approximately 1 mm) to large lesions 1 to 3 cm in diameter. The putative tobacco brown spot pathogen, Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl., was isolated on potato-dextrose agar from symptomatic tissues after surface-sterilization for 30 s in 0.525% NaOCl. Brown conidia were produced in culture, often in chains. Conidia were variable in size, but tapered to a lighter colored short beak that was usually less than one quarter the length of the conidia (1). Healthy, detached broadleaf leaves (the first fully expanded leaves) were inoculated with 25 drops (45:1 each) of water alone or water containing 5.0 × 104 conidia combined from ten cultures (four leaves for each treatment). Drops were placed in the area between veins and allowed to air-dry for 3 h. Leaves were then misted and placed in a plastic bag in a growth chamber maintained at 24°C with 8 h light per day. Brown spot symptoms developed in 25% of the inoculated spots but not in areas of water controls after 11 days. Symptomatic tissue was surface-sterilized and A. alternata was consistently reisolated on potato-dextrose agar. Brown spot commonly occurs in the Connecticut River Valley on senescent leaves near the soil; however, in August 2000, symptoms were present on leaves of all ages. The greatly increased incidence and severity of brown spot were likely due to unusually wet conditions during the 2000 cropping season (2). In Windsor, CT, an average of 3 days per week of rain was recorded throughout the growing season. Brown spot symptoms render broadleaf tobacco leaves unsuitable for use as a natural leaf cigar wrapper and result in a complete loss of value. Data released by the New England National Agricultural Statistics Service on 1 September 2000 indicated that broadleaf tobacco losses in Connecticut and Massachusetts were at least 75 and 89% of the total acreage, respectively. References: (1) G. B. Lucas. Tob. Sci. 15:37,1971. (2) J. R. Stavely and C. E. Main. Phytopathology 60:1591, 1970.
Clinical utility of peripheral nerve biopsy

Histopathologic evaluation of nerve biopsy specimens provides important diagnostic information in some patients with peripheral neuropathy. The role of nerve biopsy is more restricted than that of muscle biopsy. Nerve biopsy is utilized mainly for diagnosis of vasculitis and infiltrative neuropathies. It is also utilized in diagnosis of atypical inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies in which the clinical, electrodiagnostic, and laboratory features are inconclusive. In addition, the study of nerve histopathology can also enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis.
The pollen content of the air and its relation to hay fever in Baltimore, Maryland, during 1930

Abstract The pollinating season of 1930 may be divided into three seasons: the tree, plantain-grass, and ragweed seasons. The oaks, pines and hickories were the most prolific pollinators during the tree season, the greatest number of pollen grains coming from the oaks. The plantains and grasses were the chief pollinators during the plantain-grass season. Characteristically low, the counts were lower during 1930, because of the drought of this period, than during the corresponding period of 1929. The ragweed season commenced the middle of August and extended to the end of September. The season was shorter and less pollen was produced than during the preceding season. The numbers per day of the conidia of the two dominant molds, Alternaria and Cladosporium were determined, but their relation to hay fever and asthma is problematical. Allergic symptoms were manifest by control patients throughout the season from the time box elder began to pollinate. Close correlation between the number of allergic cases and the output of pollen of any plant is observed by this method only in the case of the ragweeds.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Establishment

Determining the success or failure of rare plant establishment requires long-term monitoring, but such monitoring is seldom conducted. A 2004 census of Venus flytrap populations created by seeding and transplanting was compared to a similar census in 2010. Of the 18 original populations, three were destroyed by logging operations, 12 decreased and three increased. Venus flytraps face several limitations keeping populations small. Consistent soil moisture and the presence of population remnants improved the long-term management outcomes.
Intraperitoneal Bladder Rupture and Bowel Injury From Perirectal Impalement

Intraperitoneal bladder and bowel trauma from impalement injuries of the perineum is exceedingly rare. Most intraperitoneal bladder ruptures result from blunt trauma. The first case of bladder injury with intraperitoneal communication from rectal impalement was described in a child.1 To our knowledge this injury has not previously been reported in an adult. We report a rare case of through-and-through bladder rupture with concomitant bowel injury in an adult, and discuss diagnostic and management strategies.
Time-dependent two-fluid calculation of magnetic field exclusion related to the Meissner effect in superconductors

Summary form only given, as follows. The ANTHEM 2D implicit plasma simulation code has been modified to represent the transport of a cold electron fluid penetrating and replacing a warmer background fluid near absolute zero temperature. The ions are fixed. A weak magnetic field (/spl les/ 1 kG) is initially associated with the background. The electrons have a reduced mass characteristic of transport through a crystal lattice. Both electron fluids retain inertia. The cooled external fluid has an infinite mean free path and infinite conductivity. The internal background electron fluid is collisional. The electron description contains the London equations as a subset. The time-dependent calculations trace exclusion of the initial magnetic field as the infinitely conducting electrons replace the background electrons, as seen in the Meissner effect.
Dual vortices and gauge choice in Abelian projected SU(2) lattice gauge theory

We explore vortex formation for Abelian projected SU(2) in the Polyakov gauge and compare the results with those calculated in the maximal Abelian gauge. In both gauges, a nonzero vacuum expectation value of a monopole field operator signals confinement. We find vortices in the Polyakov projection, confirming the connection between the dual superconductor order parameter and the existence of vortices. However, we find that the Polyakov Abelian projection is problematic, leaving the maximal Abelian projection as the best candidate to define an effective theory of confinement in this scenario. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Development of a test-tube stress-ethylene bioassay for detecting phytotoxic gases

Abstract A rapid, quantitative bioassay for detecting phytotoxic air pollutants has been developed. The technique uses wheat Triticum aestivum L. or tomato Lycopersicon esculentum L., seedlings growing on an agar medium in test-tubes. The seedlings are exposed to a pollutant in the test-tube and stress-ethylene induced by the pollutant is quantitatively measured by gas chromatography. Increases in ethylene production from seedlings exposed to a phytotoxic air pollutant as compared with controls not exposed to pollutants were related to the pollutant concentration.
β-Cyanoethyl Anion: Lusus Naturae

A stable E1cb intermediate, β-cyanoethyl anion (1β), has been synthesized in the gas phase at room temperature under thermal conditions via the fluoride-induced desilylation of 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionitrile. The reactivity and thermodynamic properties of this ion are reported. The cyano group is found to lower the proton affinity of 1β by 29 ± 6 kcal/mol, which represents a particularly large substituent effect. High-level ab initio and density functional calculations have been carried out on 1β and several related species. The computational results are compared to each other, and their accuracy is evaluated.
Framework for a Landing-Gear Model and Acoustic Prediction

numbers. The initial landing-gear-model-and-acoustic-prediction predictions for dressed configurations show an increase in noise in the frequency range representative of the added landing-gear components. The landing-gear model and acoustic prediction is also compared with wind-tunnel measurements for much larger landing-gear geometry,measuredintheVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityacousticwindtunnel.Predictionsshow the ability of the landing-gear model and acoustic prediction to predict the contribution of each component to the overall values. Although the landing-gear model and acoustic prediction is in an early stage of development, the present agreement between the calculations and measurements suggests the method has promise for future application in the prediction of airframe noise.
Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB Activity by Indomethacin Influences Aβ Levels but Not Aβ Precursor Protein Metabolism in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Epidemiological studies show that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nonspecific inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We determined the impact of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on Aβ levels, deposition, and metabolism in a mouse model (the Tg2576) of AD-like amyloidosis. To this end, mice were treated with indomethacin and nimesulide continuously from 8 months of age until they were 15 months old. At the end of the study, indomethacin significantly reduced Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 levels in both cortex and hippocampus. This decrease was coincidental with a significant reduction of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity. By contrast, nimesulide had no effect on both Aβ peptides and NF-κB. Consistently, mice receiving indomethacin, but no nimesulide, showed a significant reduction in the amyloid burden compared with placebo. Neither drug had an effect on plasma levels of Aβ peptides or the Aβ precursor protein metabolism. In vitro studies confirmed that genetic absence of this factor reduces the anti-amyloidogenic effect of indomethacin. These findings indicate that chronic administration of indomethacin by blocking the activation of the NF-κB significantly reduces the amyloid pathology in Tg2576 mice, and provide insights into the mechanisms by which this drug could slow progression of AD.
A management science approach to contingency models of organizational structure.

This study demonstrates the applicability of a quantitative modeling approach, specifically goal programming, in operationalizing the relationship between environmental variables and specific organ...
HIGH-SPEED PHOTOMETRY OF, AND SPECULATIONS ON, THE CENTRAL STAR OF M 1-2.

Photometric observations of the planetary nebula Minkowski 1-2, the central star of which is believed to be an eclipsing binary, are presented. High-speed photometry with a time resolution of 5 sec was obtained for 10 hours over a two-night period with the No. 2 0.9-m reflector at Kitt Peak National Observatory in the standard B filter. Results show no eclipses or other evidence of variability although it was observed continuously for time periods longer than the 4.0002-hour period proposed by Drummond (1980). The findings support the view that the central star of M 1-2 must be either a wide binary or a very unusual single star. A wide-binary model of the system is then suggested which consists of a hot subdwarf and a G-type giant with peculiar abundances surrounded by nebular debris, possibly representing the stage immediately following large-scale mass transfer in the formation of a barium star.
Estrogen receptor determination in percutaneous bone marrow biopsies of patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Because material for biopsy among breast cancer patients is often scarce a new procedure using material obtained from percutaneous bone marrow biopsy was developed and is presented. Bone marrow biopsy was the source of neoplastic material in 42 patients and was used to determine whether percutaneous bone marrow biopsy specimens could provide the necessary neoplastic tissue for estrogen receptor (ER) determination. Of the 42 patients specimens from 11 (26%) were found to have insufficient tumor material for further evaluation; of the remaining 31 patients 12 (39%) contained quantitatively ( > 7 fmol) or qualitatively significant estrogen binding. All 12 patients were treated with endocrine therapy alone. Of the 12 patients 8 (67%) responded to hormonal manipulation. The majority of patients evaluated were without other measureable signs of recurrent disease. All data obtained served to corroborate the usefulness of routine percutaneous bone marrow specimen for receptor analysis. This use of bone marrow represents an important application of improved technology to clinical practice.
Murine islet cryo preservation and corticosteroids: Functional studies

Knowledge of protective effects of corticosteroids on traumatized cells prompted us to test the potential benefit of islet cryopreservation in the presence of hydrocortisone. Neonatal murine islets were isolated by collagenase, followed by 2- to 3-day tissue culture. Precryopreservation glucose-stimulated (50–500 mg/dl) insulin release was 25–388% above basal (mean = 113%) in 1820 fresh islet preparations. Subsequent freezing was done in RPMI 1640 medium plus 10% (vv) heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and 10% (vv) Me2SO with or without 1 mg/ml hydrocortisone at 0.25 °C per minute in a programmed freezing system, to −80 °C, and stored for >60 days at −196 °C. Thawing, by transfer to room air, was followed by dilution, 4 × (vv), in 4 °C RPMI plus 10% protein, after which glucose-stimulated insulin release was reassessed, showing 56–280% response over basal in 38 steroid-treated preparations and 20–220% response in 310 control preparations. Basal insulin release was 0.72 ng/μg protein/hr in fresh islets (N = 20) and 0.22 ng/μg protein/hr after freeze-thawing. We conclude that functional islet survival by this method is approximately 30% and that hydrocortisone did not improve viability.
Stereocomplexes Formed From Select Oligomers of Polymer d-lactic Acid (PDLA) and l-lactate May Inhibit Growth of Cancer Cells and Help Diagnose Aggressive Cancers—Applications of the Warburg Effect

It is proposed that select oligomers of polymer d-lactic acid (PDLA) will form a stereocomplex with l-lactate in vivo, producing lactate deficiency in tumor cells. Those cancer cells that utilize transport of lactate to maintain electrical neutrality may cease to multiply or die because of lactate trapping, and those cancer cells that benefit from utilization of extracellular lactate may be impaired. Intracellular trapping of lactate produces a different physiology than inhibition of LDH because the cell loses the option of shuttling pyruvate to an alternative pathway to produce an anion. Conjugated with stains or fluorescent probes, PDLA oligomers may be an agent for the diagnosis of tissue lactate and possibly cell differentiation in biopsy specimens. Preliminary experimental evidence is presented confirming that PDLA in high concentrations is cytotoxic and that l-lactate forms a presumed stereocomplex with PDLA. Future work should be directed at isolation of biologically active oligomers of PDLA.
Composites with periodic microstructure

For an elastic body containing periodically distributed inhomogeneities, a general procedure is developed for estimating the overall properties of the composite in terms of several infinite series which, for the isotropic matrix (but anisotropic inclusions), depend only on the geometry of the inhomogeneities and hence can be calculated once and for all for each geometry. These infinite series are obtained and tabulated for ellipsoidal inhomogeneities, and the results are used to estimate the overall elastic moduli of composites which contain spherical or ellipsoidal voids or elastic inclusions.
In situ fixation of the neonatal brain and spinal cord.

A delay in the autopsy can result in significant tissue autolysis, especially in the central nervous system. We have developed a rapid technique of in situ fixation that preserves central nervous system tissues until the formal autopsy can be performed. Through the lateral margin of the anterior fontanelle, Zamboni's solution is injected percutaneously into the lateral venticles and allowed to exit via an intrathecal spinal needle. The choice of fixative allows a wide array of postmorten studies to be done.
The stability of foam: Comparison of experimental data and computed results

Abstract The rate of loss of total surface area of a foam contained in a fixed volume at constant temperature may be determined from the measured rate of increase of gas pressure in the head space above the foam. The rate of loss of surface area of foams with different drainage characteristics is reported and compared with computed results based on a model proposed by Lemlich. Lemlich's model can be adapted to compute the decline of total surface area of a foam with time due solely to interbubble gas diffusion. Reasonable agreements between computed and observed data are obtained even when a constant thickness of foam lamellae is assumed; better agreements are obtained if the effects of capillary drainage of interstitial liquid are taken into account.
Structure and Dynamics of the Human beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are remarkably versatile signaling molecules. The beta 2 adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is a prototypical Family A GPCR that mediates physiologic responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. The function of the beta2AR can be modulated by a spectrum of synthetic ligands ranging from full agonists, which maximally activate the receptor, to inverse agonists, which inhibit basal, agonist-independent receptor activity. We have used crystallography to determine the three-dimensional structure of the beta2AR, and spectroscopic methods to map ligand-induced conformational changes, and characterize the structure and organization of beta2AR oligomers in lipid bilayers. I will discuss what we these studies have taught us about the structural basis of beta2ARs function.
The carboxypeptidase ACE shapes the MHC class I peptide repertoire

Production of MHC class I epitopes involves the proteasome and multiple peptidases. Bernstein and colleagues show that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) contributes to the generation of this peptide repertoire by trimming carboxyl termini.
Alkenylsilane Structure Effects on Mononuclear and Binuclear Organotitanium-Mediated Ethylene Polymerization: Scope and Mechanism of Simultaneous Polyolefin Branch and Functional Group Introduction

Alkenylsilanes of varying chain lengths are investigated as simultaneous chain-transfer agents and comonomers in organotitanium-mediated olefin polymerization processes. Ethylene polymerizations were carried out with activated CGCTiMe2 and EBICGCTi2Me4 (CGC = Me2Si(Me4C5)(NtBu); EBICGC = (mu-CH2CH2-3,3'){(eta5-indenyl)[1-Me2Si(tBuN)]}2) precatalysts in the presence of allylsilane, 3-butenylsilane, 5-hexenylsilane, and 7-octenylsilane. In the presence of these alkenylsilanes, high polymerization activities (up to 107 g of polymer/(mol of Ti.atm ethylene.h)), narrow product copolymer polydispersities, and substantial amounts of long-chain branching are observed. Regardless of Ti nuclearity, alkenylsilane incorporation levels follow the trend C8H15SiH3 < C6H11SiH3 approximately C4H7SiH3 < C3H5SiH3. Alkenylsilane comonomer incorporation levels are consistently higher for CGCTiMe2-mediated copolymerizations (up to 54%) in comparison with EBICGCTi2Me4-mediated copolymerizations (up to 32%). The long-chain branching levels as compared to the total branch content follow the trend C3H5SiH3 < C4H7SiH3 approximately C6H11SiH3 approximately C8H15SiH3, with gel permeation chromatography-multi-angle laser light scattering-derived branching ratios (gM) approaching 1.0 for C8H15SiH3. Time-dependent experiments indicate a linear increase of copolymer Mw with increasing polymerization reaction time. This process for producing long-chain branched polyolefins by coupling of an alpha-olefin with a chain-transfer agent in one comonomer is unprecedented. Under the conditions investigated, alkenylsilanes ranging from C3 to C8 are all efficient chain-transfer agents. Ti nuclearity significantly influences silanolytic chain-transfer processes, with the binuclear system exhibiting a sublinear relationship between Mn and [alkenylsilane](-1) for allylsilane and 3-butenylsilane, and a superlinear relationship between Mn and [alkenylsilane](-1) for 5-hexenylsilane and 7-octenylsilane. For the mononuclear Ti system, alkenylsilanes up to C6 exhibit a linear relationship between Mn and [alkenylsilane](-1), consistent with a simple silanolytic chain termination mechanism.
The induction of HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells by transfected DNA.

Abstract High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that can activate innate immunity when in an extracellular location. As shown in in vitro studies, while polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] and LPS, TLR3 and TLR4 ligands, respectively, can induce HMGB1 release from macrophages, CpG DNA, a TLR 9 ligand, does not. Since DNA displays distinct immunostimulatory activity when transfected into cells, we investigated whether transfected DNA can induce HMGB1 release from macrophages. In these experiments, using RAW 264.7 cells as model, we show that DNA, either natural DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides, can induce HMGB1 release when used to stimulate cells with the transfection reagent Lipofectamine 2000®; release occurred irrespective of the intrinsic activity of the DNA. The induction of HMGB1 release by transfected DNA was dependent on IFN-β as shown by the inhibitory effects of an antibody. In addition, JNK activation mediated HMGB1 release induced by a transfected phosphorothioate oligonucleotide but not by transfected natural DNA. Together, these findings indicate that transfected DNA can stimulate macrophages to release HMGB1 under conditions in which free DNA is inactive and suggest a role of DNA in inducing inflammation when bound to molecules that influence its entry into cells.
Hydrogels from polysaccharides. I. Cellulose beads for chromatographic support

Cellulosic hydrogels in bead form were prepared by dropwise addition of cellulose solutions in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and lithium chloride (LiCl) to azeotropic methanol or isopropanol as nonsolvent. Bead properties were examined in relation to cellulose solution concentration, viscosity, and molecular weight. Bead properties were defined in terms of solids content, flow characteristics, mechanical strength, bead size, and pore dimensions. Results suggest that (a) beads can be prepared with solids content ranging from 2 to 12 wt %, depending on solution concentration; (b) uniform spherical shapes require a viscosity range between 100 and 300 cS: (c) beads can be produced in different sizes, within the diameter range of 100 to 1,500 μm; (d) linear flow velocities of packed bead columns are in the range of 70 to 350 cm/min; and (e) pore sizes of beads vary between 8 to 200 A. Beads with low cellulose concentration show a wide fractionation range of up to 200,000 g/mol for polyethylene oxide. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

(1987). Development of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 13, No. 4-5, pp. 589-651.
HORMONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN PARTURITION IN THE RAT

Certain theories which have been suggested to explain the onset of parturition on a hormonal basis were tested by the injection of various hormones and hormone combinations. It was thought that if the average length of the gestation period could be shortened significantly as compared with a large group of controls, this would be evidence that the hormone producing such results was involved in normal parturition. 361 rats, exclusive of controls, were used. The theories tested, and the results obtained, follow. 1. Theory.—Parturition occurs as the result of an increased concentration of estrin late in pregnancy. Results.—Large doses of estrin terminate pregnancy by killing the fetuses. Doses which do not have this effect do not significantly affect the gestation period. 2. Theory.—Parturition occurs as the result of the sensitization of the uterus to pitocin by estrin. Results.—No evidence supporting this theory was discovered. 3. Theory.—The anterior lobe of the pituitary is involved, either directly or by stimulating estrin secretion in the follicles. Results.—Large doses of anterior lobe extract delay parturition. The fetuses die eventually and are either aborted or resorbed. Smaller doses, either with or without pitocin, have no effect. 4. Theory.—Some substance in follicular fluid, placentae, or blood is responsible. Results.—No such substance could be demonstrated.
Semigroups for which every S-system has the natural partial order

In this note we characterize semigroups S having the property that the relation ≤, defined by x ≤ y iff x e yS U {y}, partially orders every S-system.
Adolescent Environmental Behaviors Can Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Make a Difference?

This article examines the relationships among adolescent environmental behaviors and self-efficacy, knowledge, and attitudes. It was hypothesized that adolescents who demonstrate more proenvironmental attitudes are more likely to demonstrate proenvironmental behaviors. It was further hypothesized that perceived self-efficacy would have a moderating effect on the environmental attitude-behavior relationship in that the relationship between proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors would be stronger among adolescents with high levels of self-efficacy. Participants were 848 students from three academically achieving high schools on the West coast. Hierarchical regression analyses were used for all subsequent analyses. Results indicated that proenvironmental attitudes significantly predicted proenvironmental behaviors and that environmental knowledge was a significant moderator for the relationship between environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors. This was especially true for males.
New Methods for Preparing Submicrometer Powders of The Tungstate-Ion Conductor Sc2(WO4)3 and its Al and In Analogs

Two new methods for preparing submicrometer powders of M2(WO4)3, M = Sc, In, and Al via combustion synthesis are reported. Stoichiometric combinations of trivalent metal nitrates, ammonium metatungstate, and either urea or carbohydrazide as the fuel were reacted at 550°C, producing amorphous or poorly crystallized powders with an average particle size ranging from 164 to 350 nm. Calcining the powders at 800°C for 1 h produced well-crystallized, phase-pure powders with an average particle size ranging from 210 to 711 nm. Powders sintered at 1000°C for 14 h resulted in pellets that were 87%–95% of the theoretical density, which is notably higher than typically obtained from powders prepared by solid-state reaction. Whereas there was little difference in the microstructure of Al2(WO4)3 pellets prepared with the two different powders, the carbohydrazide-derived powders resulted in In2(WO4)3 and Sc2(WO4)3 pellets with a larger grain size than those prepared with urea-derived powders. The electrical conductivity of the sintered pellets, while comparable to that reported for polycrystalline M2(WO4)3 prepared by solid-state reaction, was strongly influenced by grain-boundary effects.
An update on treatment strategies for acromegaly.

Background: Acromegaly is an insidious disease due to growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion from a pituitary adenoma, and is associated with multiple comorbidities and risk of premature mortality. Objectives: To review the therapeutic goals and options for acromegaly. Methods: Literature review. Results/conclusion: Surgery is the mainstay of therapy, but a role for primary medical therapy using somatostatin analogs is described as well. Somatostatin analogs are the mainstay for medical therapy, largely in an adjuvant setting. The GH receptor antagonist is also used and may be considered in addition to the somatostatin analogs, or as second line therapy. Based on these multiple modalities of therapy, it should be possible to achieve biochemical control in almost all patients.
Breath Alcohol Estimation Training: Behavioral Effects and Predictors of Success

AIMS: Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) estimation training has been effective in increasing estimation accuracy in social drinkers. Predictors of estimation accuracy may identify populations to target for training, yet potential predictors typically are not evaluated. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy of estimation training as a preventive strategy for problematic drinking is unknown. METHODS: Forty-six social drinkers with a recent binge history were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group (n = 23 per group). In each of three sessions (pretraining, training, testing), participants consumed alcohol (0.32, 0.24, 0.16 and 0.08 g/kg, in random order) every 30 min (total dose: 0.8 g/kg). Participants provided five BrAC estimates within 3 h of alcohol administration. The intervention group, but not control group, received internal and external training. During testing, participants provided BrAC estimates, but received no feedback. Participants returned for two follow-up visits to complete self-report measures. RESULTS: BrAC estimation training improved intervention group estimation accuracy within the laboratory. Together, training, low trait anxiety and low risk expectancy predicted high testing accuracy. There were no significant group differences in subsequent alcohol consumption, behavior under the influence or risk expectancy regarding potentially hazardous behaviors. CONCLUSION: BrAC estimation training is effective in the laboratory but may not translate into naturalistic settings. Language: en
Liver inflammation is a risk factor for prediabetes in at-risk latinos with and without hepatitis C infection.

Background & Aims Early recognition of prediabetes can lead to timely clinical interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. Both Latino ethnicity and chronic hepatitis C (HCV) have been identified as diabetic risk factors. We aimed to investigate predictors of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), a common prediabetic state, among Latinos with and without HCV. Methods One hundred Latino adults with no history of diabetes or cirrhosis underwent clinical, laboratory, and metabolic evaluation, including oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and insulin suppression testing to quantify directly measured insulin resistance (IR). Isolated IFG was defined as fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl and <140 mg/dl at 2 h during normal glucose tolerance during OGTT. Results Overall subject characteristics included median age 44 years, 64% male, 40% HCV-positive and 32% with isolated IFG. Factors associated with isolated IFG included subject age (OR 2.42 per decade, 95%CI 1.40–3.90, P = 0.001), HCV infection (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.71–9.72, P = 0.002) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR 2.35 per doubling, 95%CI 1.46–3.77, P < 0.0001). Multipredictor logistic regression analysis identified ALT (OR 2.05 per doubling, P = 0.005, 95% CI 1.24–3.40) and age (OR 2.20 per 10 years, P = 0.005, 95%CI 1.27–3.80) as factors independently associated with IFG. While HCV was associated with 4-fold higher odds of IFG, this entire effect was mediated by ALT. Conclusions We found strong evidence that liver inflammation is a risk factor for prediabetes among Latinos with and without HCV. Among HCV-infected individuals, early antiviral therapy could mitigate the effect of inflammation and represent an important intervention to prevent diabetes in this at-risk population.
Neural Representations of Nondeclarative Memories

Nondeclarative learning refers to abilities characterized by a lack of awareness of what has been learned and an independence from medial temporal lobe structures that support conscious memories of facts and events. Neuroimaging approaches have been used extensively in two domains of nondeclarative learning—priming and skill learning—to investigate the neural substrates supporting performance. Recent neuroimaging studies have attempted to understand what is being learned in different tasks in order to inform psychological theories of nondeclarative memory. For example, priming may be considered a form of perceptual learning or a form of stimulus–response learning, and correlations between performance and activation patterns in different regions may suggest the nature of the brain changes that support behavior. The attainment of expertise in a skill has been characterized as greater efficiency of processing in the same neural structures that support novice performance or, alternatively, as the recruitment ...
The strong presence of REM sleep behavior disorder in PD: clinical and research implications.

This issue of Neurology ® contains a landmark study in which an unprecedented number of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) (n = 457) at one institution underwent video-polysomnography (vPSG) for nocturnal complaints.1 A robust 46% were diagnosed with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) by recognized criteria,2 suggesting a strong association with PD; there is a similar association with dementia with Lewy bodies and MSA.3,4 RBD is deeply embedded within these 3 major synucleinopathies. Limitations of this retrospective study should be noted. There is sampling bias, as patients with acute psychosis, patients with severe dementia, and noncooperative patients were excluded. The study lacks an untreated gender- and age-matched control group, and there was no randomization for subjectively disturbed vs undisturbed sleep. Diagnosis of RBD did not rely on the usual behavioral histories of patients, spouses, or other caregivers (dream-enacting behaviors, sleep-related injury, or behaviors causing sleep disruption), but rather was based exclusively on vPSG findings, the combination of REM sleep without atonia (RWA) and RBD behaviors. Consequently, the 46% RBD frequency may have been an underestimate of RBD in PD, since RBD can be diagnosed in the absence of vPSG behavioral findings if there is RWA and a history of RBD.2 The authors address this issue and provide insights into the difficulties with RBD assessment in treated patients with PD. This study thus alerts clinicians managing patients with PD about RBD, particularly since there is increased risk for recurrent injury or death.5 In this study, RBD appeared to be of mild to moderate severity, although the retrospective design and lack of historical information limit …
The characterization of Mustang in chondrogenesis in vitro

The Musculoskeletal Temporally Activated Novel Gene (Mustang) was identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization comparing bone fracture callus to intact bone. Mustang's peak in expression (50-fold over intact levels) was localized temporally to early time points during the Bone Fracture Repair (BFR) process that correspond to proliferation of chondrocyte progenitor cells and chondrogenesis at the fracture site. Further, this small protein contains a nuclear localization sequence and spatially localized to proliferating chondrocytes within the adult rat knee joint. These data suggests that Mustang may act as a transcriptional co-activator or co-repressor. The elucidation of Mustang's expression during the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro could help shed light on Mustang's function. To this end, Mustang was over expressed by stable transfection and silenced via RNAi in the RCJ 5.18 chondrocytic cell line. The over expression of Mustang up to six-fold in the RCJ cells showed no significant effect on either cell growth or matrix production. However, reduction of Mustang expression by 52-66% resulted in both a significant decrease in proliferation rate as well as diminished matrix production. This suggests that Mustang is necessary for chondrocyte proliferation as well as differentiation and possibly functions as a regulator of chondrogenesis.
Variation in Wild Proso Millet (Panicum Miliaceum) Fecundity in Sweet Corn Has Residual Effects in Snap Bean

Bioeconomic models are predicated upon the relationship between weed fecundity and crop yield loss in consecutive growing seasons, yet this phenomenon has received few empirical tests. Residual effects of wild proso millet (WPM) fecundity in sweet corn upon WPM seedling recruitment, weed management efficacy, and crop yield within a subsequent snap bean crop were investigated with field experiments in Urbana, IL, in 2005 and 2006. WPM fecundity in sweet corn showed strong positive associations with WPM seedbank density, seedling recruitment, and demographic transitions within snap bean. A negative exponential relationship between WPM initial seedling density and seedling survival of a single rotary hoe pass indicated that the rotary hoe was ineffective at low weed population densities, but its efficacy increased with increasing weed population density to a maximum of 75% seedling mortality. Efficacy of postemergent chemical control of WPM was unaffected by WPM population density. Path analysis models demonstrated dependence between WPM fecundity in sweet corn, WPM seedling recruitment in snap bean, and reductions in snap bean yield in subsequent growing season, mediated by negative impacts of WPM seedling establishment on snap bean stand. These results underscore the importance of expanding integrated weed management programs to include management of annual weed populations both at the end of their life cycle, by reducing fecundity and seed survival, and at the very beginning of their life cycle, by reducing seedling recruitment and establishment. Nomenclature: Wild proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L.; sweet corn, Zea mays L., ‘GH2547’, ‘Spirit’, ‘WHT2801’; snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., ‘Caprise’ and ‘Charon’.
An overview of power quality

The quality of the electric power available to the end user is a matter of increasing concern to the power systems engineer. In many ways most of electric power engineering has been devoted to the enhancement of the quality of the power supply since the beginning of the use of electricity as a primary source of energy. However, in recent times, the proliferation of a wide variety of microelectronic devices into the electric power system has caused the issue of power quality to become one of critical importance to both the supplier and the user of electricity. This presentation reviews the power quality problem. its causes, proposed methods for mitigation of the problem and current and future associated research activities. >
The Effects of Cheese Snacks on Caries in Desalivated Rats

Rats that had had their submandibular/sublingual glands removed surgically, and their parotid ducts tied, developed fewer and less severe caries lesions on coronal and root surfaces when fed cheese snacks in addition to a cariogenic diet than when fed additional cariogenic snacks or no additional snacks. The effects of cheese snacks were particularly dramatic on root-surface caries. These observations may be relevant for elderly humans who are most likely to develop root surface caries. Populations of Streptococcus mutans did not differ among the groups. Actinomyces viscosus was not detected at the end of the experiment in any of the groups. The results of this study demonstrate that cheese exerts a protective effect against coronal and root-surface caries in rats with a severely limited salivary function.