cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADAPTATION OF SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) TO COPPER-DEFICIENCY: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF PCY1 BUT NOT CPX1

In contrast to the situation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, plastocyanin expression in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kutz. (Chlorophyceae) is regulated by copper ion availability at the level of both protein and mRNA accumulation. To study the mechanism of copper-dependent mRNA accumulation, plastocyanin-encoding genomic and cDNA clones have been isolated and sequenced. The single nuclear S. obliquus Pcy1 gene contains two introns and a bipartite transit peptide sequence typical of plastid lumen-localized proteins. Despite the similarity of the S. obliquus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Pcy1 genes, the S. obliquus Pcy1 gene was not expressed from its own promoter, nor could the S. obliquus Pcy1 promoter drive expression of a C. reinhardtii gene when it was introduced into the genome of C. reinhardtii cells. Using the cDNA clone as a probe, copper-responsive regulation of Pcy1 expression was further characterized in S. obliquus. Experiments examining the time course of Pcy1 degradation on depletion of copper argue against a specific mechanism for Pcy1 mRNA decay in S. obliquus, suggesting that the copper-responsive change in abundance occurs through transcriptional regulation. The Cpx1 gene (encoding coproporphyrinogen III oxidase) also responds differently to changes in cellular copper status in S. obliquus compared to C. reinhardtii. Whereas Cpx1 is highly induced in copper-deficient cultures of C. reinhardtii, in S. obliquus the Cpx1 gene is not copper responsive.
Automatic analysis of nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy clinical research data

A major problem of P-31 nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo applications is that when large data sets are acquired, the time invested in data reduction and analysis with currently available technologies may totally overshadow the time required for data acquisition. An example is out MRS monitoring of exercise therapy for patients with peripheral vascular disease. In these, the spectral acquisition requires 90 minutes per patient study, whereas data analysis and reduction requires 6-8 hours. Our laboratory currently uses the proprietary software SA/GE developed by General Electric. However, other software packages have similar limitations. When data analysis takes this long, the researcher does not have the rapid feedback required to ascertain the quality of data acquired nor the result of the study. This highly undesirable even in a research environment, but becomes intolerable in the clinical setting. The purpose of this report is to outline progress towards the development of an automated method for eliminating the spectral analysis burden on the researcher working in the clinical setting.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Patient whiteboards as a communication tool in the hospital setting: A survey of practices and recommendations

BACKGROUND: Patient whiteboards can serve as a communication tool between hospital providers and as a mechanism to engage patients in their care, but little is known about their current use or best practices. METHODS: We surveyed bedside nurses, internal medicine housestaff, and hospitalists from the medical service at the University of California, San Francisco. A brief survey about self-reported whiteboard practices and their impact on patient care was administered via paper and a commercial online survey tool. RESULTS: Surveys were collected from 104 nurse respondents (81% response rate), 118 internal medicine housestaff (74% response rate), and 31 hospitalists (86% response rate). Nurses were far more likely to use and read whiteboards than physicians. While all respondents highly valued the utility of family contact information on whiteboards, nurses valued the importance of a “goal for the day” and an “anticipated discharge date” more than physicians. Most respondents believed that nurses should be responsible for accurate and updated information on whiteboards, that goals for the day should be created by a nurse and physician together, and that unavailability of pens was the greatest barrier to use. DISCUSSION: Despite differences in practice patterns of nurses and physicians in using whiteboards, our findings suggest that all providers value their potential as a tool to improve teamwork, communication, and patient care. Successful adoption of whiteboard use may be enhanced through strategies that emphasize a patient-centered focus while also addressing important barriers to use. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:234–239. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Overview of vascular disease

Vascular disease in the pediatric population is a poorly understood process which is often underestimated in its incidence. The common beginnings of such ubiquitous diseases as atherosclerosis manifest themselves at a cellular level shortly after birth. Other common systemic disorders, including congestive heart failure and sepsis, are also intricately associated with dysfunctional vasculature. Progress in the understanding of normal and pathophysiologic processes within the vascular system begins with the “control center”– the endothelial cell. The purpose of this review is to consolidate a body of knowledge on the processes that occur at the cellular level within the blood vessel wall, and to simplify the understanding of how imbalances in these physiologic parameters result in vascular disease.
Strong personalities, not social niches, drive individual differences in social behaviours in sticklebacks.

Understanding the mechanisms responsible for consistent individual differences in behaviour is a recent challenge for behavioural ecology. Although theory is rapidly developing in this area, there are few empirical tests. There are at least two hypotheses to explain why individuals behave differently from one another in a dynamic social environment. The social niche specialization hypothesis proposes that repeated social interactions generate consistent individual differences in social behaviour. The behavioural type hypothesis proposes that an individual's social behaviour reflects its behavioural type. We tested these two hypotheses by manipulating the opportunity for repeated social interactions in groups of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and by measuring the behavioural types of the same individuals in three contexts: when in a novel environment, when presented with an opportunity to associate with conspecifics and when confronted by an intruder. We found no evidence that repeated social interactions increased between-individual variation in social foraging behaviour. Instead, individuals' social foraging behaviour was related to their behavioural type, specifically their shoaling behaviour. In addition, the behavioural types of the members of a group strongly influenced a group's average foraging behaviour. Together, these results do not support the hypothesis that social dynamics within groups generates individual differences in behaviour. Instead, they suggest the reverse: individual differences in behaviour drive group-level dynamics.
Ontogeny of calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity in rat lumbar motoneurons: Delayed appearance and sexual dimorphism in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus

Immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been observed in both adult and embryonic rat motoneurons. However, the developmental pattern of CGRP expression in motoneurons has not been systematically examined and the role of CGRP in neuromuscular development is poorly understood. We have mapped the ontogeny of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in three motoneuron pools of the rat lumbar spinal cord from birth through adulthood. Immunoreactivity was uniformly high in lateral horn motoneurons (the retrodorsolateral nucleus) of males and females at all ages examined. The majority of motoneurons of the dorsolateral nucleus also were positive throughout postnatal development although the percentage of positive motoneurons was slightly higher in males than in females. In contrast, virtually no motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, located in the medial ventral horn, were positive for CGRP in neonatal rats. CGRP-like immunoreactivity was delayed in this nucleus until approximately postnatal day 6 in males and day 27 in females. Because these three motoneuronal nuclei are differentially sensitive to early androgen and differ with respect to the timing of several developmental milestones, these observations have implications for the regulation and possible roles of CGRP in developing motor systems.
Identification of the protein products of the rrnC, ilv, rho region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome.

Two methods have been used to identify the protein products of the Escherichia coli K-12 ilv region at 84 min and the flanking rrnC (counterclockwise) and rho (clockwise) loci. First, a set of λdilv specialized transducing phages, including some phages that carry rho and others that carry part of rrnC, was used to infect UV irradiated cells. The proteins produced by the infecting λdilv phage were selectively labelled with radioactive amino acids and identified by SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Second, restriction enzyme fragments were cloned from the λdilv phage into pBR322 and the plasmid specific gene products produced in maxicells were similarly identified by SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The proteins produced were correlated with specific genes and restriction enzyme fragments present in the λdilv phage and the pBR322 derivatives. Several ilv gene products that have previously been refractory to protein purification attempts have been identified for the first time by this technique. The presence of mutations at the ilvO site is shown to activate the cryptic ilvG gene and to result in the production of a 62,000 dalton protein. A 15,000 dalton protein of unknown function is synthesized from a DNA segment between ilv and rrnC. The rho gene was cloned from λdilv phage into pBR322 and shown to be dominant to a rho mutation on the host cromosome. The rho gene product and four additional proteins coded by genes near or between rho and ilv have been detected.
Issues of in-vehicle ITS informaion management

This paper presents issues associated with the introduction into road vehicles of multiple information sources related to the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Also, an argument is made for an In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS) to manage messages from the associated Intelligent Transportation System Services, as well as other information to be presented to the driver. The IVIS serves as the interface between the driver and all the information sources, including both input from and information display to the driver. Increasingly, aftermarket systems, such as routing and navigation aids, collision avoidance warning systems, yellow pages, can be added to vehicles to aid in travel and/or the conduct of business in the vehicle. The installation of multiple devices, each with its own driver interface, increases the likelihood of driver distraction and thus the risk of an accident. However, introduction of an IVIS raises a number of issues which relate to things such as proprietary messages, message prioritization across devices from different manufacturers, and safe access to the vehicle manufacturer`s proprietary data bus. These issues are the focus of this paper. Sections 1 and 2 of this paper present short summarizes of the efforts in a variety of areas related to in-vehicle information systems. In the first two sections, a summary of two Department of Transportation (DOT) initiatives is followed by a description of US standards development efforts. Next is a brief consideration of institutional, jurisdictional and legal issues associated with in-vehicle systems and the accompanying infrastructure. Section 3 of the paper is devoted to systems integration and driver interface engineering issues.
A fast vortex method for computing 2D viscous flow

Abstract We present a fast version of the random vortex method for computing incompressible, viscous flow at large Reynolds numbers. The basis of this method is Anderson's method of local corrections and similar ideas for handling the potential and boundary layer flows. The goal of these ideas is to reduce the cost involved in computing the velocity field at each time step from being quadratic to linear as a function of the number of vortex elements. We present the results of a numerical study of the flow in a closed box due to a vortex fixed at its center. Our results demonstrate that the addition of the viscous portions of the random vortex method to the method of local corrections does not add appreciably to the cost. Furthermore, the cost of the resulting method is linear when O(104) vortex elements are used, in spite of the fact that the majority of these elements lie in a thin band adjacent to the boundary.
Management of hepatic metastasis of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

Background Hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, intra-arterial radiation therapy, and chemoembolization are all potential therapies in the treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors of the liver. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic factors in the management of hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Methods We reviewed our prospective database of 1084 hepato-pancreatico-biliary patients for patients with the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid to the liver from 6/1998 to 9/2006. Results We identified 54 patients, 21 men, 33 women, median age 59 years (range 37–86), median number of tumors 3 (range 1–27), and median size of hepatic metastasis of 4 cm (range 1–13). Hepatic resection was performed in 23 (43%) with 16 (70%) receiving additional hepatic directed therapy. Hepatic resection was found to have a statistically significant improved overall survival (P < 0.05) when compared to nonhepatic resection patients with an actuarial 5 years survival for surgical (75%) compared to nonsurgical (62%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the use of tobacco was a significant factor in poor overall outcome (P = 0.005). Conclusion Multimodality therapy in the management of hepatic carcinoid metastasis can be done safely and effectively. We recommend the use of hepatic resection when feasible as this treatment most likely offers the best long-term outcome. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:253–258. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liquid-phase oxidation of alkylaromatics by a H-atom transfer mechanism with a new heterogeneous CoSBA-15 catalyst

A new pseudo-tetrahedral Co(II) complex has been grafted onto the surface of SBA-15 and successfully utilized for the catalytic oxidization of alkylaromatic substrates with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) via an H-atom transfer mechanism.
Atlas of Venus

The 1990s have been a tremendously exciting time for exploration and science of the planet Venus, the nearest neighbor and, in many ways, near twin of the Earth. The Magellan spacecraft, launched in May 1989 for an August 1990 arrival, was a stunning success, imaging nearly the entire globe at subkilometer resolution. Before Magellan met its end in October 1994, adding its mass to the planet whose study had been its raison d'etre, its radar imager had transformed our view of the Venusian surface from a smattering of murky images and incomplete, grainy maps provided by earlier Russian probes to a crystal clear global portrait of a planet with a long, complex, and ongoing history of volcanism and tectonism. Aesthetically, the Magellan images are of superb quality and they contain a wonderful mix of the familiar and the exotic that will fuel Venus science for decades. A rich menagerie of volcanic features including vast plains of flood basalts, towering shield volcanoes, smaller “pancake domes” formed from more viscous magmas, and even volcanic “river channels” that wind across the plains for thousands of kilometers make Venus a dreamworld for planetary volcanologists. Other volcano-tectonic features, such as the hundreds of crownlike circular “coronae” mapped around the planet, seem unique to Venus.
Financial Wellness of Young Adults Age 18–30

The purpose of this study was to assess young adults’ financial wellness. A comprehensive model was developed that assumed that young adults’ financial wellness was a function of objective determinants (income, credit card debt, and healthcare coverage); satisfaction with their financial situation; their financial behaviors; and their subjective perceptions. Financial wellness was measured using two financial ratios and a combination of those ratios. A sample of 458 young adult households headed by an individual between 18 and 30 years old was selected from the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances. The results showed that 47% met the guideline for the liquidity ratio, 35% met the guideline for the asset allocation ratio, and 28% met the guideline for both ratios. The results suggest that the financial wellness of young adults depends on credit management, healthcare coverage, financial satisfaction, spending behavior, planning horizon, and attitude toward financial risk.
Proof-of-concept investigation of active velcro for smart attachment mechanisms

A Smart Attachment Mechanism (SAM) possesses the ability to attach two surfaces and effect relative motion between the surfaces upon command. This paper introduces a new SAM technology called Active Velcro which exhibits these capabilities. The conceptual design and its operation are explained along with a brief discussion of several key design issues that govern its architecture. Proof-of-concept prototypes were fabricated at two scales: one at a large-scale (26 x 22.5 x 6 cm) using off-the-shelf components, and a second at a reduced-scale (0.55 x 0.63 x 0.21 cm) utilizing stereolithography. In bench-top tests, the prototypes demonstrated planar translation and rotation capabilities while retaining the part being manipulated thereby proving the Active Velcro concept.
The effect of substrate temperature on the magnetic properties of FeAlN thin films for recording heads

The soft magnetic properties of FeAlN films have been shown to be strongly dependent on the temperature of the substrate during deposition. Films of FeAlN were sputtered deposited onto Alumina/Titanium Carbide (ALTIC) ceramic substrates at substrate temperatures between 20 and 200/spl deg/C. In the range of 150 to 200/spl deg/C, the films display a well oriented easy axis with coercivities less than 1.5 Oe, and a hard axis coercivity of less than 1 Oe. Deposition at temperatures below 150/spl deg/C resulted in high coercivities and no in-plane anisotropy. This behavior is explained in terms of the temperature dependence of the formation of the /spl gamma/'-Fe/sub 4/N phase (identified by x-ray diffraction), which is necessary for the soft magnetic properties. A discussion of heating transients due to substrate thermal mass is also included.
Imaging radar polarimetry: a review

Presents a tutorial review of the broad sweep of topics relating to imaging radar polarimetry, ranging from mathematical foundations to hardware and from implementation approaches to signal processing and calibration. The authors examine current developments in sensor technology and implementation for recording polarimetric measurements, and describe techniques and areas of application for this form of remotely sensed data. Those aspects of ground signal processing and calibration peculiar to the polarimetric signals are addressed. Several of the currently operating instruments and some of the implementations planned for future use are discussed. >
Is early internal fixation preferred to cast treatment for well-reduced unstable distal radial fractures?

Background: In the treatment of distal radial fractures, physicians often advocate internal fixation over cast treatment for potentially unstable fracture patterns, citing the difficulties of successful nonoperative treatment and a decrease in patient tolerance for functional deficiencies. This study was performed to evaluate whether early internal fixation or nonoperative treatment would be preferred for displaced, potentially unstable distal radial fractures that initially had an adequate reduction. Methods: A decision analytic model was created to compare early internal fixation with use of a volar plate and nonoperative management of a displaced, potentially unstable distal radial fracture with an acceptable closed reduction. To identify the optimal treatment, quality-adjusted life expectancy was estimated for each management approach. Data from the literature were used to estimate rates of treatment complications (e.g., fracture redisplacement with nonoperative treatment) and of treatment outcomes. Mean health-state utilities for treatment outcomes of painless malunion, functional deficit, and painful malunion were derived by surveying fifty-one adult volunteers with use of the time trade-off method. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine which model parameters would change the treatment decision over a plausible range of values. Results: Early internal fixation with volar plating was the preferred strategy in most scenarios over the ranges of parameters available, but the margins were small. The older patient (mean age, 57.8 years) who sustains a distal radial fracture can expect 0.08 more quality-adjusted life years (29.2 days) with internal fixation compared with nonoperative treatment. Sensitivity analysis revealed no single factor that changed the preferred option within the reported ranges in the base case. However, the group of patients sixty-five years or older, who had lower disutility for painful malunion, derived a very small benefit from operative treatment (0.01 quality-adjusted life year or 3.7 days) and would prefer cast treatment in some scenarios. Conclusions: Internal fixation with use of a volar plate for potentially unstable distal radial fractures provided a higher probability of painless union on the basis of available data in the literature. This long-term gain in quality-adjusted life years outweighed the short-term risks of surgical complications, making early internal fixation the preferred treatment in most cases. However, the difference was quite small. Patients, especially those over sixty-four years old, who have lower disutility for the malunion and painful malunion outcome states may prefer nonoperative treatment. Level of Evidence: Economic and decision analysis Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Experimental studies of noise in isotropic longitudinal CoCrTa/Cr thin-film media

The authors review some experimental studies of the intrinsic noise of isotropic high-coercivity longitudinal CoCrTa/Cr thin film media. Micromagnetic studies of the reverse DC erase maximum noise state and recorded transitions showed the presence of magnetic clusters and vortices. The transition length was found to be about four vortex diameters. The noise was found to decrease significantly at high substrate temperature due to a refinement of the magnetic microstructure which was not affected by the morphology of the Cr underlayer. In situ recording studies of the average spatial distribution of parallel and cross-track correlation lengths of reverse DC erase noise were shown to be in good relative agreement with micromagnetic studies. It is concluded that the intrinsic noise of CoCrTa/Cr is dominated by intergranular interactions which are probably controlled by segregation or stress-induced wall pinning instead of by physical isolation of grains. >
Bidirectional effects of expressed emotion and behavior problems and symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism

Expressed emotion measures the emotional climate of the family and is predictive of symptom levels in a range of medical and psychiatric conditions. This study extends the investigation of the effects of expressed emotion to families of individuals with autism. A sample of 149 mothers co-residing with their adolescent or adult child with autism over an 18-month period was drawn from a large multiwave longitudinal study. High expressed emotion was related to increased levels of maladaptive behavior and more severe symptoms of autism over time. Also, characteristics of the son or daughter influenced levels of maternal expressed emotion over time. Although autism is a complex genetic disorder, the effect of the family environment in shaping the behavioral phenotype should not be underestimated.
Performance analysis of system overheads in TCP/IP workloads

Current high-performance computer systems are unable to saturate the latest available high-bandwidth networks such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet. A key obstacle in achieving 10 gigabits per second is the high overhead of communication between the CPU and network interface controller (NIC), which typically resides on a standard I/O bus with high access latency. Using several network-intensive benchmarks, we investigate the impact of this overhead by analyzing the performance of hypothetical systems in which the NIC is more closely coupled to the CPU, including integration on the CPU die. We find that systems with high-latency NICs spend a significant amount of time in the device driver. NIC integration can substantially reduce this overhead, providing significant throughput benefits when other CPU processing is not a bottleneck. NIC integration also enables cache placement of DMA data. This feature has tremendous benefits when pay-loads are touched quickly, but potentially can harm performance in other situations due to cache pollution.
Cognitive Neuroscience, Temporal Ordering, and the Human Spirit

Understanding purpose and intent requires attention to our experience of time. Cognitive neuroscientific research into the functional and neural substrates of higher cognitive functions have direct bearing on the experience of temporal ordering. Consciousness, located within the short span of working memory, is made cognitively possible and evolutionarily valuable by biological constraints in time. These constraints, including our longevity, make thought about more extended events both possible and useful. Such cognitive processes, rooted in the neurophysiology of cortical function, are a sine qua non for the construction of meaning, relationship, morality, and purposes that may extend beyond our mortality. Research in the cognitive neurosciences is overviewed, and implications are discussed for questions of mortality, design and intention, the reconstruction of meaning, and the experience of eternity.
Millimeter Wave Detection of Localized Anomalies in the Space Shuttle External Fuel Tank Insulating Foam and Acreage Heat Tiles

Undesired manufactured or in-service produced anomalies in the form of voids in the SOFI and unbonds in the heat tiles can significantly reduce their designed effectiveness. Additionally, unbonds in the heat tiles may cause their complete separation from the fuselage exposing it to extreme heat. Millimeter wave NDT methods are viable candidate for life-cycle inspection of the SOFI and the acreage heat tiles of the Space Shuttle fleet. The results of these investigations described in this paper clearly showed the utility of these methods for detecting localized anomalies in thick SOFI and acreage heat tiles. These methods are fast and robust and the systems used to produce these images are small, real-time and provide a significant amount of useful information about the nature of an anomaly (e.g., size, location, etc.) without the need for complex image processing. This investigation is currently ongoing and additional results will be provided in the final paper
Infestation with larvae of the sea anemone Edwardsia lineata affects nutrition and growth of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

The lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is a periodically abundant and voracious plankton predator in coastal waters along the east coast of the United States. In the 1980s it was accidentally introduced to the Black Sea where it caused a dramatic reduction in fisheries. We investigated how M. leidyi is affected by infestation with parasitic larvae of the sea anemone Edwardsia lineata. Infested M. leidyi contained 1-30 (median 7) E. lineata larvae. Within M. leidyi most larvae had their mouth in the gastrovascular system near the aboral end of the pharynx. Parasitic E. lineata ingested all food previously ingested and pre-digested by M. leidyi. Non-infested M. leidyi had higher growth rates than infested individuals, which had zero or negative growth rates. Egg production was similar for infested and non-infested M. leidyi of similar size. Simulation based on the empirical data suggests that growing, non-infested, M. leidyi are expected to have a larger life-time egg production than infested shrinking individuals. E. lineata could be at least partially responsible for the sharp decline of M. leidyi populations in fall in US coastal waters. Advantages and disadvantages of E. lineata as a potential candidate for the control of the artificially introduced M. leidyi population in the Black Sea are discussed.
Artificial Hells: A Conversation with Claire Bishop

Claire Bishop answers questions about some of the arguments put forth in her recent book Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship.
Alterations in Vibrio fischeri Motility Correlate with a Delay in Symbiosis Initiation and Are Associated with Additional Symbiotic Colonization Defects

Motility is required for Vibrio fischeri cells to interact with and specifically colonize the light-emitting organ of their host, the squid Euprymna scolopes. To investigate the influence of motility on the expression of the symbiotic phenotype, we isolated mutants of the squid symbiont V. fischeri ES114 that had altered migration abilities. Spontaneous hyperswimmer (HS) mutants, which migrated more rapidly in soft agar and were hyperflagellated relative to the wild type, were isolated and grouped into three phenotypic classes. All of the HS strains tested, regardless of class, were delayed in symbiosis initiation. This result suggested that the hypermotile phenotype alone contributes to an inability to colonize squid normally. Class III HS strains showed the greatest colonization defect: they colonized squid to a level that was only 0.1 to 10% that achieved by ES114. In addition, class III strains were defective in two capabilities, hemagglutination and luminescence, that have been previously described as colonization factors in V. fischeri. Class II and III mutants also share a mucoid colony morphology; however, class II mutants can colonize E. scolopes to a level that was 40% of that achieved by ES114. Thus, the mucoid phenotype alone does not contribute to the greater defect exhibited by class III strains. When squid were exposed to ES114 and any one of the HS mutant strains as a coinoculation, the parent strain dominated the resulting symbiotic light-organ population. To further investigate the colonization defects of the HS strains, we used confocal laser-scanning microscopy to visualize V. fischeri cells in their initial interaction with E. scolopes tissue. Compared to ES114, HS strains from all three classes were delayed in two behaviors involved in colonization: (i) aggregation on host-derived mucus structures and (ii) migration to the crypts. These results suggest that, while motility is required to initiate colonization, the presence of multiple flagella may actually interfere with normal aggregation and attachment behavior. Furthermore, the pleiotropic nature of class III HS strains provides evidence that motility is coregulated with other symbiotic determinants in V. fischeri.
Research discovery through linked open data

VIVO is an open source semantic web platform that contains information about scholars and their interests and activities. This demonstration will highlight the platform and ontology, data sources, features of the software and the ways that VIVO data can be leveraged for a variety of purposes within and beyond an institution to facilitate collaboration and research discovery.
Socio-Interactive Practices and Personality in Adult Learners of English With Little Formal Education

Drawing on a large corpus of video-recorded classroom data, the goal of this study was to understand the processes and mechanisms associated with learning in individuals who have had little education in their home countries. In order to accomplish this goal, we measured the socio-interactive behaviors and the expression of personality behaviors in learners who attended classes to learn English as a second language, and we analyzed the relationship between socio-interactive behaviors and personality with literacy test scores. The results showed that low-education learners behaved differently in the classroom than high-education learners. Socio-interactive behaviors and personality behaviors were related to literacy test scores. Implications of educational background on learning are discussed as well as the limitations and unique contributions of this study.
Time-Varying Processes Involved in Smoking Lapse in a Randomized Trial of Smoking Cessation Therapies

Introduction Researchers have increasingly begun to gather ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data on smoking, but new statistical methods are necessary to fully unlock information from such data. In this paper, we use a new technique, the logistic time-varying effect model (logistic TVEM), to examine the odds of smoking in the 2 weeks after a quit attempt. Methods Data are from a subsample of participants from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies who achieved initial abstinence (N = 1,106, 58% female). Participants completed up to 4 EMA assessments per day during the 2 weeks after their quit day. Predictors include baseline nicotine dependence, EMA measures of craving and negative affect, and whether an individual was assigned to a placebo, monotherapy, or combination therapy condition. Time-varying effects of these predictors were estimated using logistic TVEM. Results Cravings were a significant predictor of smoking throughout the entire 2 weeks postquit, whereas the effect of baseline dependence became nonsignificant by the second week, and the effect of negative affect increased over time. Individuals in the monotherapy and combination therapy conditions had decreased odds of smoking compared with placebo in the first week postquit, but these differences were nonsignificant in the second week. Conclusions Findings suggest that pharmacotherapies are more effective compared with placebo earlier in a quit attempt, when the effect of baseline nicotine dependence on smoking is stronger, whereas the effect of craving and negative affect increased over time. Future cessation therapies may be more successful by providing additional support in the second week after quit attempt.
The Effect of Dilution Rate on the Livability and the Fertility of Bull Spermatozoa Used for Artificial Insemination

Summary Bull spermatozoa diluted with yolk-citrate diluent showed a decreased ability to maintain their motility during storage at 5° C. with each increase in rate of dilution. Dilution rates of from 1 part of semen to 1 part of diluter, up to 1 part of semen to 32 parts of diluter were used. Semen possessing higher numbers of spermatozoa, a large percentage of which were actively motile on initial examination, survived storage at the higher dilutions better than did semen of lower spermatozoa count and lower initial motility. In field studies, when the semen was diluted at a predetermined rate based on the spermatozoa count and the percentage of motile spermatozoa in each semen sample, no differences were found in fertility between semen diluted at the rates of 1 part of semen to 2 parts of diluter up to 1 part of semen to 14 parts of diluter. Over 3900 inseminations were involved. In an investigation designed to eliminate arbitrary selection of the rate of dilution to be used for any satisfactory semen sample, no difference was found in fertility for semen diluted at the rates of 1 part Of semen to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16 parts of diluter. Semen at all dilution rates was used for as long as 6 to 8 days after collection. No observable differences were noted in the maintenance of fertility for the several dilution rates during the first 4 days of storage. For diluted semen used, longer than this period, the number of inseminations was too few on which to base conclusions.
Etiology and Genetics of Human Narcolepsy

Low levels of the neuropeptide hypocretin-1 (hcrt-1, also called orexin-A) are found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of most people with narcolepsy with cataplexy and in some without cataplexy [1–6]. As a result, in the most recent revision of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD), narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy have been separated [7]. In this chapter, we will discuss the etiology of narcolepsy/hcrt deficiency, as there is a strong suggestion of homogeneity based on the very high association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602 and low CSF hcrt-1. References to narcolepsy without cataplexy, defined by sleepiness and a positive multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), will also be made, although the condition likely represents a constellation of problems and pathologies. We will also briefly discuss secondary narcolepsy cases.
Radio Flux Flicker of Extragalactic Sources

Compact sources (compactness evidenced by flat/complex spectra) display a “flicker” in their intrinsic centimeter wavelength radiation, with an amplitude of about 2% and a characteristic time scale of a few days.
Cardioprotective effect of high-dose intragraft adenosine infusion on microvascular function and prevention of no-reflow during saphenous vein grafts intervention.

Background Despite the use of embolic protection devices, no-reflow can still occur during saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) intervention. High-dose intracoronary adenosine infusion preconditions the myocardium, improves coronary flow, and prevents no-reflow. The role of high-dose intragraft adenosine infusion on protection of microvascular function and prevention of no-reflow has not been investigated Objectives We investigated the cardioprotective effect of high-dose intragraft adenosine infusion, compared with placebo, on microvascular function and prevention of no-reflow during SVGs intervention. Methods: We randomized 22 patients with SVGs stenoses to receive either a 10-min intragraft adenosine infusion (200 μg/min; total dose = 2,000 μg) or normal saline prior to stenting. Average peak velocity (APV), coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC), TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG), and the rate of no-reflow were compared between the two groups before adenosine or saline infusions and after stenting Results After stenting, hyperemic APV, CVR, and TMPG were significantly higher in the adenosine-treated group than in the control group (60 ± 18 vs. 35 ± 10 cm/sec; 2.6 ± 0.54 vs. 1.8 ± 0.47; and 2.8 ± 0.90 vs. 2.1 ± 0.80, respectively; P < 0.05. TFC was significantly lower in the adenosine-treated group than in the control group (14 ± 3.0 vs. 26 ± 13; P < 0.05). In the control group, four patients (36%) developed no-reflow compared to none in the adenosine-treated patient; P < 0.05 Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that high-dose intragraft adenosine infusion compared with placebo protects microvascular function and prevents no-reflow during SVGs intervention. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Murine endodermal F9E cells, derived from the teratocarcinoma line F9, contain high basal levels of retinoic acid receptors (RARs and RXRs) but are not sensitive to the actions of retinoic acid

Retinoic acid (RA)-induced endodermal differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells is accompanied by altered of many genes, including the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α, β, and γ and retinoic x receptor (RXR) α and γ genes. In addition, RA enhances the binding of nuclear receptors to the RA responsive elements and increases the trans-activation of the RA-responsive genes in F9 cells. These data suggest that RA increases the overall function of RA receptors in F9 cells. However, the cell line F9E, established by long-term exposure of F9 cells to RA, is insensitive to RA. These cells expressed the genes for keratin 8 and tissue specific plasminogen activator (t-PA), which are characteristic of endoderm cells. Northern blot analysis showed that F9E cells expressed high basal levels of RAR and RXR mRNAs, but genes including the RARs and RXRs, which are normally regulated by RA in F9 cells, were no longer regulated in F9E cells. Further, F9E cells were not sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of RA. In these cells, high levels of RA receptors constitutively bound to RA responsive elements, but RA could neither increase the amount of RA receptor binding to the RA responsive elements, nor enhance the transcription of the RA target genes. These findings provide a possible explanation for insensitivity of endodermal cells to the actions of RA. Our data also indicate that the levels of endogenous RA receptors do not predict the degree of RA sensitivity, and that RA responsiveness might be a function of the cell's ability to regulate RA receptor genes.
Electromagnetic Technique of Measuring Coal Layer Thickness

An FM-CW microwave system was investigated for measuring coal layer thickness. Measurements were made in three different mines near Pittsburgh, PA, Fairview, WV, and Coffeen, IL. Microwave frequencies in the range 1-2 GHz were used to measure samples up to 55-cm thick. All samples were backed with a naturally occurring shale. Measurements were also made on coal and shale samples compounded in the laboratory at the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center near Bruceton, PA. The results indicate that layer thickness can be determined in most cases, although large anomalies may, in some cases, produce misleading results. Many anomalies that were detected with the FM-CW system were verified visually by drilling into the coal layer. The dielectric constant of coal apparently varies significantly within a coal seam. It appears that this technique has the potential of measuring changes in the dielectric constant of a coal seam and providing an output that can be used for real-time corrections in layer thickness measurement. Key words include automation, coal, coal mine safety, dielectric constant, energy, microwave measurement, nondestructive testing, and thickness of coal layer.
The design and evaluation of multi-finger mouse emulation techniques

We explore the use of multi-finger input to emulate full mouse functionality, such as the tracking state, three buttons, and chording. We first present the design space for such techniques, which serves as a guide for the systematic investigation of possible solutions. We then perform a series of pilot studies to come up with recommendations for the various aspects of the design space. These pilot studies allow us to arrive at a recommended technique, the SDMouse. In a formal study, the SDMouse was shown to significantly improve performance in comparison to previously developed mouse emulation techniques.
From bench top to presentation in five days: DNA sequencing research projects for summer workshops or undergraduate teaching labs

We present two DNA sequencing research projects that were carried out by high school science teachers during the Summer Teachers’ Workshop at Amherst College. One group of eight teachers investigated the genetic basis of human skin pigmentation, while a second group of seven teachers sampled the microbial diversity of indoor and outdoor sites at Amherst College. PCR was used to amplify specific sequences of human or microbial DNA, respectively, and each group obtained DNA samples that were of sequenceable quality in three days. Samples were sent to Cornell University’s Biotechnology Resource Center for sequencing, and sequence analyses and alignments were performed using the ChromasLite and Lasergene software packages for PCs. BLAST searches of the NCBI databases were also performed. Each research team presented the results of their study with a group Power Point presentation on the final morning of the workshop. Both research projects can be easily modified for a multiple-week course. Thus, they are suitable for undergraduate lab courses in genetics, genomics or evolution. The microbial diversity project is also suitable for undergraduate courses in microbiology. (Workshop funding received from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.)
Interpreting evolutionary diagrams: When topology and process conflict

The authors argue that some diagrams in biology textbooks and the popular press presented as depicting evolutionary relationships suggest an inappropriate (anagenic) conception of evolutionary history. The goal of this research was to provide baseline data that begin to document how college students conceptualize the evolutionary relationships depicted in such noncladogenic diagrams and how they think about the underlying evolutionary processes. Study 1 investigated how students (n = 50) interpreted the evolutionary relationships depicted in four such evolutionary diagrams. In Study 2, new students (n = 62) were asked to interpret what the students in Study 1 meant when they used the terms evolved into/from and ancestor/descendant of. The results show the interpretations fell broadly into two categories: (a) evolution as an anagenic rather than cladogenic process, and (b) evolution as a teleological (purpose-driven) process. These results imply that noncladogenic diagrams are inappropriate for use in evolution education because they lead to the misinterpretation of many evolutionary processes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47:861–882, 2010
The Right to Benevolence: Dignity and Japanese Workers, 1890–1920

From its beginning Japanese industry was marked by a scattering of large and heavily capitalized enterprises which, as their size and number increased between 1890 and 1920, became the scene of labor unrest. In historical accounts of this early period of labor relations, workers are strangely shadowy figures, considering their centrality. They come into focus mainly at moments of crisis when they are seen to be overcoming their past, increasing their consciousness both of rights and of the need for organization and class solidarity. This developing consciousness issued at last in a sudden growth of unions between 1918 and the mid-1920s. Even before this time, however, because of fear of unions and government intervention and the need to reduce the amount of labor turnover, management had begun efforts to bring workers under greater psychological control. These efforts were now intensified, and the measures adopted—welfare services, greater security of employment, semiannual bonuses, separation pay, regular raises, factory committees—aided by a stagnant economy and unemployment throughout the 1920s, were spectacularly successful. By the early 1930s the unions were everywhere in retreat from large enterprises. The victory over worker consciousness seemed won and in fact held until 1945, when, in the aftermath of national defeat, the struggle was renewed.
Burning Questions in Heart Failure Management: Why Do Surgeons and Interventional Cardiologists Talk of Regenerative Cell Therapy?

That cardiac regeneration is remotely feasible elicits thoughts of curing one of the most debilitating of human diseases. The term stem cell brings to the surface many hopes, and concerns, among physicians and the public alike, both of which have come to expect frequent advances in medical therapeutics. The evolution of public opinion toward embryonic stem cell research is clear and positive, and, unfortunately, overshadows, even confuses, that of adult stem cells, despite their use in essentially all clinical studies of cardiovascular disease to date. Strange, perhaps, that the voices of cardiovascular specialists are not to be heard.
Psychometric Properties of the Multiphasic Sex Inventory in Assessing Sex Offenders

Although extensively used in the assessment of sexual offenders, the Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) has not been the subject of psychometric evaluation. This article provides internal consistency,...