cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin lymphoma: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management

Disease overview Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon B-cell lymphoid malignancy affecting 8500 new patients annually and representing approximately 10.2% of all lymphomas in the United States. Diagnosis HL is composed of two distinct disease entities: classical HL and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL. Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte-rich HL are subgroups of classical HL. Risk stratification An accurate assessment of the stage of disease in patients with HL is critical for the selection of the appropriate therapy. Prognostic models that identify patients at low or high risk for recurrence, as well as the response to therapy as determined by positron emission tomography scan, are used to optimize therapy. Risk-adapted therapy Initial therapy for HL patients is based on the histology of the disease, the anatomical stage and the presence of poor prognostic features. Patients with early stage disease are typically treated with combined modality strategies utilizing abbreviated courses of combination chemotherapy followed by involved-field radiation therapy, while those with advanced stage disease receive a longer course of chemotherapy often without radiation therapy. Newer agents including brentuximab vedotin are now being incorporated into frontline therapy and these new combinations are becoming a standard of care. Management of relapsed/refractory disease High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) followed by an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the standard of care for most patients who relapse following initial therapy. For patients who fail HDCT with ASCT, brentuximab vedotin, PD-1 blockade, nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplant or participation in a clinical trial should be considered.
A wideband antenna for biotelemetry applications: Design and transmission link evaluation

In this paper, the design of a miniature wideband antenna for biotelemetry applications is presented. We propose a biocompatible antenna to be printed on the outer surface of a capsule. The size of the antenna in planar form is 2.52 mm3. The antenna shows a wide impedance bandwidth of 7.31 GHz (0.78 GHz–8 GHz, for −10dB reflection coefficient) when implanted inside a simple three layer body model. The antenna gain values at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz are −25.23 dBi and −27.51 dBi, respectively. The antenna resonance frequency is shown to be robust when implanted in a realistic anatomical body model. The performance of the communication link between the implanted antenna and an external half-wavelength dipole at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz is also presented.
The Mixed Theory of Punishment

For a brief period in the middle of the twentieth century, it was widely believed that the problem of punishment had finally been solved. The purported solution involved taking elements from both the utilitarian and the retributive theories and creating a “mixed” or hybrid theory. From utilitarianism came the idea that the ultimate goal of punishment was to prevent crime; from retributivism came the idea that punishment must be in response to a prior wrongdoing and be proportionate to that wrongdoing. Hence we could have the best of both worlds; a rational explanation for punishment as well as moral constraints on its use. It however soon became clear that this solution was untenable and even incoherent. It requires arbitrarily separating the two theories without any rational basis; retributivists will object to the idea that the purpose of punishment is utilitarian; utilitarians will object to the arbitrary inclusion of constraints on the maximization of utility. The solution is utterly ad hoc and hence unacceptable.
TRANSPORT VARIABILITY IN A FJORD

Abstract : Bottom water renewal in Puget Sound has been found to occur over short intervals several times during the year and is dependent on tidal and mixing processes over the entrance sill. In addition, the inflow of new bottom water entrains some fraction of seaward flowing upper water at the landward side of the sill. This process acts as a “filter” in that some dissolved and suspended contaminants do not leave the system, but rather make one or more circuits through the basin and possibly contribute to some unknown amount of long-term accumulations.
A New Approach for Partitioning the Received SNR Space for Tractable Performance Analysis in Wireless Packet Networks

Successful provisioning of multimedia services over wireless networks hinges on the ability to guarantee certain levels of quality of service (QoS). Prior assessment of the QoS performance requires employing realistic channel models that not only reflect the physical characteristics of the channel, but that also facilitate analytical investigation of its performance. Finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) models have often been used to characterize the wireless channel, whereby the range of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is partitioned according to some criteria into a set of intervals (states). Different partitioning criteria have been used in the literature, but none of them was targeted to facilitating the performance analysis of the packet delay and loss performance over the wireless link. In this paper, we propose a new method for partitioning the received SNR space that results in a FSMC model with tractable queueing performance. We make use of the level-crossing analysis, the distribution of the received SNR, and the producer-consumer queueing model of Mitra [14] to arrive at the proposed FSMC model. An algorithm is provided for computing the various parameters of the model, including the number of states, the partitioning thresholds, and the “nominal” bit error rates. The usefulness of the obtained model is then highlighted by deriving a closed-form expression for the effective bandwidth (EB) subject to a packet loss constraint. Numerical examples are presented to study the interactions between various key parameters and the adequacy of the proposed model.
Fast ion conduction in the Gd2(ZrxTi1−x) 2O7 pyrochlore system

Electrical conductivity measurements as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity and composition were made on the Gd2(ZrxTi1−x) 2O7, solid solution system. A large increase in ionic conductivity with increasing Zr content was found and related to the intrinsic anionic disorder.
Survival associated with cachexia among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with lung cancer.

e18117Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. It is estimated that 60% of lung cancer patients are afflicted with cancer-associated cachexia syndrome (CAC...
Using Prison Ethnography in Terrorism Research

Over the past 30+ years, I have attempted to explain terrorism from the standpoint of the terrorists themselves through concise case study narratives about the behavioral antecedents and sociopolitical context of terrorism using the prison as a fieldwork setting for ethnographic research. This chapter discusses both the potentials and the pitfalls of this approach. Ethnography in terrorism research is beset with problems, many of which are insurmountable. Problems range from researcher safety and the difficulty of gaining access to terrorists to the dreaded Institutional Review Boards (IRB). But as torturous as they are, IRB procedures are necessary for the researcher’s survival. The objective in this type of research is to conduct face-to-face interviews with terrorist inmates or inmates who have become radicalized toward terrorism during their imprisonment. Crucial to this research is the establishment of rapport between the researcher and the inmates, along with a measure of humility. I conclude that if more criminologists were to use a relational approach that incorporates empathy and listening presence with extremists in prison, perhaps they could cultivate more informed explanations of radicalization, thereby reducing terrorism.
Rear-facing Car Seat Use for Children 18 Months of Age: Prevalence and Determinants

Purpose: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death for children ages 1-14 years in the United States. Car safety seats are effective in decreasing the risk of injury and death, and rear-facing car safety seats (RFCSSs) are significantly more effective than forward-facing seats in protecting children less than 24 months of age. While the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children remain in a RFCSS until at least 2 years of age, …
Use of 3D biological effective dose (BED) for optimizing multi-target liver cancer treatments.

The purpose is to calculate the composite 3D biological effective dose (BED) distribution in healthy liver, when multiple lesions are treated concurrently with different hypo-fractionated schemes and stereotactic body radiation therapy, and to investigate the potential of biological based plan optimization. Two patients, each having two tumors that were treated sequentially with different treatment plans, were selected. The treatment information of both treatment plans of the patients was used and their dose matrices were exported to an in-house MATLAB software, which was used to calculate the composite BED distribution. The composite BED distributions were used to determine if the healthy liver received BED beyond tolerance. When the dose to the minimum critical volume was less than tolerance, an optimization code was used to derive the scaling factors (ScF) that should be applied to the dose matrix of each plan until the minimum critical volume of healthy liver reaches a BED close to tolerance. It was shown that for each patient, there is a margin for dose escalation regarding the doses to the individual targets. More specifically, the ScFs of the doses range between 5.6 and 99 in the first patient, whereas for the second patient, the ScFs of the optimal doses range between 12.7 and 35.6. The present study indicates that there is a significant margin for dose escalation without increasing the radiation toxicity to the healthy liver. Also, the calculation of the composite BED distribution can provide additional information that may lead to a better assessment of the liver’s tolerance to different fractionation schemes and prescribed doses as well as more clinically relevant treatment plan optimization.
Cultural Anthropology and Open Access—Interview With Dominic Boyer, Cymene Howe, and Marcel LaFlamme

In this installment of “Conversations,” Dominic Boyer, Cymene Howe, and Marcel LaFlamme, of the Cultural Anthropology editorial team, discuss the ins and outs of publishing a gold open access journ...
Glycemic Management in the Operating Room: Screening, Monitoring, Oral Hypoglycemics, and Insulin Therapy

This review provides a literature update and practical outline for the management of diabetes and stress hyperglycemia for adult surgical patients in the pre- and intraoperative settings. Hyperglycemia in surgical patients has been associated with increased risk of complication in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients in the perioperative setting. While current recommended perioperative blood glucose target is < 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L), optimal outcomes may require different treatment targets for diabetic versus non-diabetic patients. Hemoglobin A1C level is associated with elevated risk of hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes, but there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine preoperative testing or optimal values in elective surgical patients. Day of surgery blood glucose testing and treatment are recommended in the perioperative period, and anesthetic management includes appropriate patient selection for use of subcutaneous insulin, intravenous insulin infusions, and insulin pumps. Additionally, administration of both intravenous and perineural dexamethasone is associated with increased blood glucose levels and clinicians should consider the risk benefit ratio in surgical patients. For enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, further evidence is needed to support routine use of carbohydrate loading in diabetic patients. Optimal perioperative care includes screening at-risk patients, use of preoperative oral hypoglycemics and home insulin, anesthetic type and medication selection, blood glucose testing, and treatment for hyperglycemia in the operating room. Partnerships with surgery and endocrinology teams aid optimal postoperative management and discharge planning.
Nurse Case Manager: Measurement of Care Coordination Activities and Quality and Resource Use Outcomes When Caring for the Complex Patient With Hematologic Cancer.

Background The lack of coordination of care for complex patients in the hematology setting has prompted nurse case managers (NCMs) to coordinate that care. Objectives This article aimed to identify the frequency of NCM care coordination activities and quality and resource use outcomes in the complex care of patients in the hematology setting. Methods NCM aggregate data from complex outpatients with hematologic cancer were retrieved from electronic health records at a comprehensive cancer center in the midwestern United States. Total volume of activities and outcomes were calculated as frequency and percentage. Findings Care coordination activities included communicating; monitoring, following up, and responding to change; and creating a proactive plan of care. Quality outcomes included improving continuity of care and change in health behavior, and resource use outcomes most documented were patient healthcare cost savings.
Lorentz Violation in Chiral Perturbation Theory

Most Lorentz-violating effects involving hadrons would be caused by Lorentz violation existing at the quark and gluon level. However, it can be difficult to relate experimental bounds on hadron-level Lorentz violation to the underlying parameters of the fundamental quark and gluon lagrangian. Chiral perturbation theory allows for a mapping between the types of Lorentz violation existing at these two levels and also between the types of Lorentz violation for different types of hadrons.
The Nature of Rater Effects and Differences in Multilevel MTMM Latent Variable Models

Measuring and understanding the nature of informant/rater effects and differences (Level 1) on a common trait when the target of measurement is at the organizational level (Level 2) involves a numb...
Meta-analysis of direct oral anticoagulants compared with vitamin K antagonist for left ventricle thrombus.

Abstract Background The use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in preference to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) as a treatment of left ventricle (LV) thrombus is controversial. Methods Literature search for full-text articles and conference abstracts was performed using PubMed, EMBASE databases search was performed to identify articles that compared use of DOAC vs. VKA in patients with LV thrombus. The primary outcome was composite failure or adverse effects of DOAC and VKA. Other outcomes were resolution of thrombus, systemic thromboembolism , major bleeding, and mortality. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed using random effects model. Results Seven studies with 1003 patients (mean age DOAC = 58.8 years and VKA = 58.9 year, 55.5% males) were included in this study. There were 306 (30.5%) patients that were treated with DOAC and 697 (69.5%) patients were treated with VKA. Overall, there were no significant differences between both agents in terms of composite failure/adverse effects, resolution of thrombus, systemic embolism, major bleeding, or mortality. Conclusion In this pooled analysis, outcomes in patients on DOAC were comparable to VKA. The hypothesis generated could suggest DOAC could be used interchangeably with VKA in patients with LV thrombus. Randomized trials are needed for generalization of results.
A Fast Deep Learning Network for Automatic Image Auto-Straightening.

Rectifying the orientation of images represents a daily task for every photographer. This task may be complicated even for the human eye, especially when the horizon or other horizontal and vertical lines in the image are missing. In this paper we address this problem and propose a new deep learning network specially adapted for image rotation correction: we introduce the rectangle-shaped depthwise convolutions which are specialized in detecting long lines from the image and a new adapted loss function that addresses the problem of orientation errors. Compared to other methods that are able to detect rotation errors only on few image categories, like man-made structures, the proposed method can be used on a larger variety of photographs e.g., portraits, landscapes, sport, night photos etc. Moreover, the model is adapted to mobile devices and can be run in real time, both for pictures and for videos. An extensive evaluation of our model on different datasets shows that it remarkably generalizes, not being dependent on any particular type of image. Finally, we significantly outperform the state-of-the-art methods, providing superior results.
Obviation in Hungarian: what is its scope, and is it due to competition?

According to the classical description of obviation, the subject of a subjunctive is disjoint in reference from the attitude-holder subject of the immediately higher clause. *Je veux que je parte. I want that I leave.SUBJ ‘I want for me to leave’ Inspired by Ruwet (1984/1991) and Farkas (1988; 1992), I present data from Hungarian where obviation in certain subjunctives is plainly lifted, and data where obviation occurs in indicatives. I argue that obviation is not the result of competition with another construction, and point to promising potential accounts in terms of a clash in semantics or pragmatics. My aim is to contribute desiderata for a theory of obviation and exemptions from obviation in fairly informal terms.
Pregnancy, Contraception, and Menopause in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant.

Background: Reproductive health is an essential part of the care of women with kidney disease. However, the self-reported patient experience of reproductive issues has been underexplored. Materials and Methods: We identified a cohort of women ages 18 to 44 at the time of kidney transplant from 1996 to 2014 at our 3-site program (n = 816). We sent each woman a survey on her reproductive lifespan, characterizing features from menarche to menopause. Results: We received survey responses from 190 patients (27%). One third of respondents reported amenorrhea before transplant, and 61.5% of these women reported resumption of menses post-transplant. The average age of menopause was 45.5 years, earlier than the general population (51.3 years). There were 204 pregnancies pretransplant and 52 pregnancies post-transplant. Pregnancies post-transplant were more likely to be complicated by preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age babies than pregnancies that occurred >5 years before transplant. Pregnancies <5 years before transplant were similar to post-transplant pregnancies with respect to complications. Forty-two percent of women were advised to avoid pregnancy after transplant, most often by a nephrology provider. Conclusions: In our cohort of kidney transplant recipients, women report increased pregnancy-related complications post-transplant and in the 5 years before transplant, compared with pregnancies that occurred greater than 5 years before transplant. They were often counseled to avoid pregnancy altogether. Women reported a younger age of menopause relative to the general population. This should be considered when counseling patients with chronic kidney disease regarding optimal pregnancy timing.
Finite Element Meshing Criteria for Crack Problems

Rules for the meshing of finite element problems with elastic cracks have never been established. Therefore finite element results for crack problems presented in the literature are of uncertain accuracy. This paper establishes the finite element meshing criteria, based upon a "least dimension" concept, necessary to calculate mixed-mode stress-intensity factors in linear elastic crack problems to a pre-specified accuracy. Finite element convergence studies, using meshes which consist of eight-noded quadrilateral elements and corresponding six-noded quarter-point singularity elements, are presented for several benchmark problems with known stress-intensity factor solutions. It is assumed that the stress-intensity factors are extracted from the analysis using the displacement correlation method, a common practice in the analysis of mixed-mode problems. The convergence studies give the analyst valuable information about meshing requirements for arbitrary crack problems. In performing a convergence study for such analyses, three key meshing parameters associated with a given crack tip must be considered: size of the crack tip elements, number of crack tip elements surrounding the crack tip, and size of regular elements near the crack tip. Recommendations for each of these three parameters to achieve an efficient mesh and a prespecified accuracy are presented.
Mean state and interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon simulation by NCEP CFSv2

The capability of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction climate forecast system version 2 (CFSv2) in simulating the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is evaluated in the context of the global monsoon in the Indo-Pacific domain and its variability. Although the CFSv2 captures the ISM spatial structure qualitatively, it demonstrates a severe dry bias over the Indian subcontinent. The weaker model monsoon may be related to an excessive surface convergence over the equatorial Indian Ocean, which reduces the moisture transport toward the Indian subcontinent. The excessively low equatorial pressure is in turn a part of a tropical-wise bias with the largest errors in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific associated with the cold sea surface temperature bias and an overly strong inter-tropical convergence zone. In this sense, the model bias in the tropical Pacific influences those in the Indian Ocean-ISM region substantially. The leading mode of the June–September averaged CFSv2 rainfall anomalies covering the ISM and its adjacent oceanic regions is qualitatively similar to that of the observations, characterized by a spatial pattern of strong anomalies over either side of the Indian peninsula as well as center of opposite sign over Myanmar. However, the model fails to reproduce the northward expansion of rainfall anomalies from Myanmar, leading to opposite anomalies over northeast India and Himalayas region. A substantial amount of the anomalous fluctuation is attributed to the El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), although the model variability depends more strongly on ENSO. The active regional influences in the observations may contribute to its baroclinic vertical structure of the geopotential height anomalies in the ISM region, compared with the predominantly barotropic one in CFSv2. Model ENSO deficiencies also affects its ISM simulation significantly.
Randomized Clinical Trials

Randomized clinical trials are experiments in which patients are randomly assigned to treatments (to protect against selection bias) and other aspects of the design controlled (made comparable across the conditions). They provide the best means of determining whether a treatment works (has a causal effect) because they control for individual differences in prognosis and extraneous events unrelated to treatment. Randomized clinical trials also can (but need not) address questions of specificity (Do the effects rise above simply going into generic treatment?) and superiority (Is it better than its alternatives?). Randomized clinical trials also can address questions of moderation (For whom does the treatment work?) and mediation (How does it work?). Randomized clinical trials are not perfect (subsequent attrition can undermine initial randomization and inadequate representations of patients or procedures can undermine the generality of the results), but they are the most powerful tool available for determining whether and how a treatment works. Keywords: experimental design; psychotherapies; construct validity; external validity; internal validity; methodology; randomized clinical trials; selection bias
Major non-histone proteins of bovine lymphocyte chromatin: Identification of tubulin and actin☆

Abstract Bovine lymphocyte chromatin contains a protein capable of binding colchicine suggesting that it is tubulin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the chromatin proteins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) shows the presence of proteins co-migrating with tubulin and actin respectively. These two proteins are among the major protein constituents of the chromatin.
Advances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin β4.

Introduction: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a multifunctional peptide, has been used successfully in several clinical trials involving tissue repair and regeneration. The review will first update the current ...
Electric birefringence studies on two strains of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Two strains of TMV that differ markedly in electrophoretic mobility also differ in the magnitude of their electric birefringence. The difference in electric birefringence is due to a difference in the refractive index of the two strains, not to a difference in their electric polarizability. The magnitude of the electric birefringence is dependent on pH, but not in the same way as the mobility. By contrast, the electric birefringence of DNA is independent of pH over the pH range of 5–9.
Harmonic Generation At High Peak Power

The technology of frequency converting intense laser light was demonstrated during the early 1960s1. In the initial experiments, the deep red wavelength of a ruby laser produced ultraviolet light, a shorter wavelength harmonic of the fundamental laser radiation, as it was passed through a quartz crystal. Shortly afterwards the Nd:YAG infrared laser was used to produce visible or ultraviolet light as it passed through a crystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).2.3 Today frequency conversion is a well characterized and widely used method of producing intense, coherent light at wavelengths unavailable from the source laser medium.
the cognitive consequences of bilingual education in northern Belize

Interest in the consequences of bilingualism has been long standing in anthropology and psychology. Recent work has emphasized the value of bilingualism and reported that the experience yields highly differentiated, stable cognitive structures. This paper argues that the effects of the bilingual experience are in large measure situation specific. Using data from Belize, Central America, it shows that bilingualism acquired in a stressful environment results in predictable decrements in the patterning of semantic knowledge.
RNA as an Emergent Entity: An Understanding Gained Through Studying its Nonfunctional Alternatives

RNA is arguably the most central member of the class of biomolecules in the extant biochemistry of the earth and, in a number of theories, is postulated to have played a key role in the origin of life. The most prominent among these theories is the ‘RNA world’ theory, which hypothesizes that RNA functioned both as the carrier of information and as a catalyst in many reactions. With new functions of RNA being discovered almost daily, there is much to learn about the operational versatility of this biopolymer. The past–present–future omnipresence of RNA has made it a molecule of intense scrutiny from the perspectives of structure, function, and applications. In this article, I present an understanding of the nuanced interrelationship between the structural components of RNA, and its propensity to undergo self-assembly, an understanding that was not gained by studying RNA, but rather was gained through a comparative study of its nonfunctional alternatives. The results from these juxtapositional studies suggest that RNA might be considered as an emergent structural entity and as a product of chemical evolution. 1 Introduction 2 isoGNA: An Isomer of a Glycerol-Derived Acyclic Nucleic Acid 3 Pentulose Nucleic Acids 4 The Role of the Pent(ul)ofuranosyl Moiety: The ‘A-ha’ Moment 5 Conclusion
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Pediatric Urology: An Update

This article discusses the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in the treatment of three common conditions encountered by the pediatric urologist: 1) children with urinary infection and structurally and neurologically normal urinary tracts; 2) children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR); and 3) children with prenatally diagnosed ureteropelvic and ureterovesical obstruction. The literature remains unclear and contradictory. Additional significant risk factors for recurrent infection are age, circumcision status in boys, and toileting function. The evidence for the use of prophylaxis is best in those with VUR, although not everyone with VUR must be on medication. In the absence of definitive evidence, the clinician must individualize the treatment of each patient and family.
Failure Prevention in Design Through Effective Catalogue Utilization of Historical Failure Events

The science of failure prevention relies heavily on the experience of personnel on a project. As the nation is about to face a tremendous decline in the experienced workforce due to the baby boomer generation’s retirement, it is critical to begin focusing on capturing their knowledge. Cataloging and communicating the knowledge of potential failures is critical to prevent engineering disasters. Many companies have adopted failure-reporting systems that allow them to record their engineering failures to promote failure prevention. While recording this information is vital to learning from past mistakes, often the information is not stored so that engineers and designers can easily recall this valuable linguistic information and use it to improve designs. Therefore, more effective systems for cataloging and utilizing corporate memory of recorded failure events are needed. This article presents the design of a computational linguistic database to support the failure prevention tool, the risk in early design (RED) method. RED promotes failure prevention by identifying failure risks as early as the conceptual phase of product design, where impacts of failure prevention are greatest. It uses a database populated by historical failure event information to present specific areas that are at risk of failure in a product.
Esophageal functional impairments in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging chronic esophageal disease. Despite the increasing diagnosis of EoE globally, the causes of EoE and other esophageal eosinophilic disorders are not cle...
A long-term intravenous model of aluminum maltol toxicity in rabbits: Tissue distribution, hepatic, renal, and neuronal cytoskeletal changes associated with systemic exposure☆

We studied the toxicity of an intravenously injected, water-soluble aluminum complex (aluminum maltol) in 20 young adult male New Zealand white rabbits over a period of 8 to 30 weeks. Sixteen rabbits injected with aluminum-free maltol and 15 untreated rabbits served as controls. Rabbits were injected three times per week with 75 mumol of aluminum maltol per injection, or a molar equivalent amount of maltol alone, through an indwelling jugular catheter. Liver contained the highest concentrations of aluminum among the aluminum maltol-treated rabbits, and aluminum accumulation was correlated with the appearance of periportal multinucleated giant cells in 13 of 20 rabbits. These cells stained positively for aluminum when a fluorescent (Morin) stain was applied to tissue from rabbits with a high concentration of aluminum in the liver. Proximal renal tubular necrosis or atrophy was found in 15 of 20 aluminum maltol-treated rabbits but not in maltol-treated and untreated controls. Renal tubules in rabbits with acute proximal renal necrosis stained positively for aluminum. Neurofibrillary tangles, immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody to the 200-kDa subunit of neurofibrillary protein, were observed in the oculomotor nucleus of 3 aluminum maltol-treated rabbits (treated for 12, 20, and 29 weeks), but in none of the two groups of controls. These tangles were present in 3 of 10 aluminum-treated rabbits in which the nucleus was located. None of the 17 animals in both control groups in which the nucleus was found demonstrated tangles. A slight increase in brain tissue aluminum concentration was confirmed by an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. There were no specific findings in heart or lung tissue from aluminum-treated rabbits, although the aluminum content of these tissues was 10 to 20 times greater than control values. This model should be useful for investigating the effects of systemic exposure to high concentrations of solubilized aluminum.
3D hand reconstruction from a monocular view

In this paper, we describe an approach for human hand motion detection and its reconstruction using an articulated model with hand kinematics constraints. Each finger can be modeled as planar robot arm with 3 joints and 3 links. We assume that first joints connecting palm and each finger configure a rigid form. By this simplification, we have several hand constraints, which reduce the complexity of the estimation process and allow to infer the 3D hand motion and pose in ambiguous situations. The main advantage of the proposed approach is its ability to capture general articulated hand motion with self-occlusion and rotation of the palm. The proposed method is illustrated on a set of examples of a hand motion captured from a monocular image sequence.
Alternative Health Care: An Overview

One-third of the patients seen in health care settings in a year also use alternative therapies. This article outlines ways to evaluate alternative therapies, including general resources that may be used for future reference, and discusses implications for practice and policy. Integrating alternative therapies into practice at several levels, from assessment to research, is examined, as are guidelines for helping patients chose alternative therapies.
DEMONSTRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO DISTINCT HUMAN LEUKOCYTIC PYROGENS

Human monocytes and neutrophils were separated from buffy coats of blood obtained from normal donors. Following incubation with heat-killed staphylococci, monocyte preparations contained 20 times more pyrogenic activity in the supernatant media than did supernates from an equal number of neutrophils. During purification of these pyrogens it was discovered that these cell preparations each produced a distinct and different pyrogen. The pyrogen obtained from neutrophils had a mol wt of 15,000 following Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, an isoelectric point of 6.9, and could be precipitated and recovered from 50% ethanol at –10°C. In contrast, the pyrogen derived from monocyte preparations had a mol wt of 38,000, an isoelectric point of 5.1, and was destroyed in cold ethanol. Both molecules were unaffected by viral neuraminidase but biologically destroyed at 80°C for 20 min and with trypsin at pH 8.0. The febrile peak produced by partially purified neutrophil pyrogen occurred at 40 min while that from monocytes was at 60 min. In addition, monocyte pyrogen produced more sustained fevers for the same peak elevation as neutrophil pyrogen. These studies demonstrate for the first time two chemically and biologically distinctive pyrogens derived from circulating human white blood cells and have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of fever in man.
The displacement of residual crude oil by CO2 and nitrogen in gravity stabilized systems

Dans cette phase finale de l'etude, le procede de deplacement fluide-fluide a ete stabilise par la gravite, le melange du CO 2 avec le petrole brut residuel a ete minimise
Heinrich-type glacial surges in a low-order dynamical climate model

Recent studies suggest the occurrence of sporadic episodes during which the ice streams that discharge ice sheets become enormously active, producing large numbers of icebergs (reflected in North Atlantic sea cores as “Heinrich events”) and possibly causing the partial collapse of the ice sheets. To simulate the mechanism of internal thermo-hydrodynamical instability implied by such behavior in the context of a more general paleoclimate dynamics model (PDM), we introduce a new sliding-catastrophe function that can account for ice-sheet surges. In particular, using simple scaling estimates derived from the equations of motion and thermo-conductivity for ice flow, we express this function in terms of the thickness, density, viscosity, heat-capacity, and heat-conductivity of ice. Analysis of the properties of this function suggests that these Heinrich-type instability events might be of three possible kinds: the first type of event occurs in periods of glacial maximum when temperature conditions on the ice surface are extremely cold, but internal friction within bottom boundary layer is also at its maximum and is strong enough to melt ice and cause its surge. The second type of event may happen during an interglacial, when the ice thickness is small but relatively warm climatic conditions on the upper surface of ice can be easily advected with the flow of ice to the bottom where even a small additional heating due to friction may cause melting. The third and, perhaps, most interesting type of event is one that may occur during ice sheet growth; in this period particles of ice reaching the bottom still “remember” the warm temperature conditions of the previous interglacial and additional heating due to increasing friction associated with the growing ice sheet may again cause melting. To the extent that the upper glacier surface temperature depends on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, this third case introduces the interesting possibility that earlier CO2 concentrations may be as important for the present-day climate as its current value. We present results of numerical experiments demonstrating how these three kinds of instability can originate and interact with other components of the global climate system to produce variations of the Heinrich-event type. In particular, according to our model the climate system seems more vulnerable to surges during the penultimate interglacial period than in the present one, which may contribute to an explanation of the recent results of the Greenland Ice Core Project.
Using structural cues to guide readers on the internet

This paper reviews three studies that examined how users performance is affected by the (1) explicitness of local navigational links, (2) intriguing and informative phrasing of hyperlinks, and (3) text previews and navigational menus. The results reveal that sites with highly explicit navigational links increase site exploration as well as site perceptions; a mismatch between navigation and embedded link labels increases comprehension and site exploration; and previews with embedded links increase inferential comprehension, though they are disliked. We suggest a combined approach to structural cueing and emphasize that good design is context specific - designs that support comprehension do not necessarily receive high marks for usability.
Comparison of bacterial reduction in straight and curved canals using erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser treatment versus a traditional irrigation technique with sodium hypochlorite

Abstract Introduction This study compared the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in straight and curved canals using an erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser and irrigation with 6.15% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Methods Fifty-five single-rooted extracted teeth were divided into straight and curved canal groups. The root lengths were standardized (14.0 mm) and NiTi instruments were used to prepare the canals to a size #40/0.06 taper. Irrigation was performed with 6.15% NaOCl and RCPrep (Premier Dental Products Co, Plymouth Meeting, PA) as lubricant. The smear layer was removed with 17% EDTA. The samples were sterilized, inoculated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 48 hours at 37° in a CO2 chamber. They were then divided into 7 groups: NaOCl in straight canals (NS); NaOCl in curved canals (NC); laser in straight canals (LS); laser in curved canals (LC); positive control straight canals (PCS); positive control curved canals (PCC); and negative control (NegC). Bacterial reduction was measured by counting the colony-forming units (CFUs) and determining the optical density. Results Groups NS, NC, and LS exhibited bacterial growth in 1 out of 10 samples (10%). In group LC, three out of 10 samples (30%) showed bacterial growth. Kruskal-Wallis showed a statistically significant difference between all treatment groups and the positive controls (p Conclusions Traditional irrigation techniques using 6.15% NaOCl effectively eliminated all bacteria in straight and curved canals. Er,Cr:YSGG laser also effectively removed all bacteria from straight canals. However, in three curved canals, even though there were significant bacterial reductions, they failed to render canals completely free of bacteria.
Reduced large-N lattice gauge theory without spontaneous symmetry breaking☆

Abstract A reduced finite lattice theory with a U(1) symmetry is constructed whoch solved the large- N limit of the standard Wilson lattice gauge theory, without spontaneous symmetry breaking. In a consistent-field treatment, it is comparable to the quenched version of the Eguchi-Kawai model. A simple conjecture for an alternate model is also proposed.
Electrostatically Assembled CdS–Co3O4 Nanostructures for Photo‐assisted Water Oxidation and Photocatalytic Reduction of Dye Molecules

Electrostatic assembly is used here to couple CdS nanorods with Co3 O4 nanoparticles into photocatalytic systems that simultaneously oxidize water and mediate electron transfer. Layered films of CdS nanorods and Co3 O4 nanoparticles are first used to generate high photo-currents electrochemically as opposed to CdS or Co3 O4 alone. Dispersed clusters of CdS nanorods conjugated with Co3 O4 nanoparticles are next shown to efficiently oxidize water and reduce methylene blue in solution.
High Performance Feature Detection on a Reconfigurable Co-Processor

In this paper, the authors propose a new design for feature detection used for tracking, which eliminates the need of a central computer to complete computations for the feature selection algorithm. Such a system constrains performance due to the delay in which data is transferred from camera to computer for processing. Our design suggests that feature detection computation can be done on a processor within the camera helping to reduce overall computation time for detection and increase performance for overall tracking system. However, these systems are often constrained by the processing power available to the camera. But with Benedetti and Perona's approach to Tomasi and Kanade's detection algorithm, such a design is possible to implement onto a camera system which would eliminate the delay and also improve performance over a tracking system designed on software
Hydrogen-implanted interplanetary dust grains: their role in hydrogen chemistry of the upper atmosphere.

Abstract An evaluation of past measurements of submicron dust grains in the interplanetary medium, by means of zodiacal light observations, satellite-borne detectors and rocket-borne collectors, has been made to specify the earthward flux of the grains. Using laboratory data on ion-implantation, an estimate of the solar wind implanted hydrogen in the grains is then derived. A hypothesis is offered that the hydrogen is released in the upper atmosphere, probably as H2O, by chemical reactions accompanying impacts of atmospheric atomic oxygen on the grain surfaces. The resultant number density of H2O and the ionic H2O+ concentration are then computed. The latter is compared with rocket-measured concentrations of these species. The fair corroboration appears to support the hypothesis.
A novel method for production of finely divided tin metal powders

Abstract A preliminary investigation into a novel production method for finely divided tin metal (melting point = 231.9 °C) powders is described. The experimental apparatus, which is similar to the Colloidal Gas Aphron (CGA) generator described by Sebba in some earlier work ( Chemistry and Industry , 3 (1985) 91), consists of a rapidly spinning disk impeller and shaft within a Pyrex vessel. As with CGA production, the action of the impeller creates sufficient shearing forces to entrain significant volumes of gas within the metal. When this gaseous incorporation is performed in an atmosphere which contains oxygen (air), oxidation of the tin lamellae of the CGA occurs. This reaction leads to a microcosmic structural collapse within the CGA system and discrete particle formation from the plateau border. This effect is not observed in a pure nitrogen atmosphere. The experimental parameters which were varied in this investigation were temperature (260 to 375 °C) and impeller speed (6 000 to 11 500 rpm). Following the removal of the oxide layer from the particles, powder yield and mean particle size were determined. Powder mass yield increased with temperature, whilst little change in the mean particle size of approximately 5 μm was observed. SEM analysis showed that the particles tend to approximate spherical geometry. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed that one crystalline tin phase is recovered.
Category effects on stimulus estimation: shifting and skewed frequency distributions.

The category adjustment model (CAM) proposes that estimates of inexactly remembered stimuli are adjusted toward the central value of the category of which the stimuli are members. Adjusting estimates toward the average value of all category instances, properly weighted for memory uncertainty, maximizes the average accuracy of estimates. Thus far, the CAM has been tested only with symmetrical category distributions in which the central stimulus value is also the mean. We report two experiments using asymmetric (skewed) distributions in which there is more than one possible central value: one where the frequency distribution shifts over the course of time, and the other where the frequency distribution is skewed. In both cases, we find that people adjust estimates toward the category’s running mean, which is consistent with the CAM but not with alternative explanations for the adjustment of stimuli toward a category’s central value.
Supportive fathers lessen the effects of mothers' alcohol problems on children's externalizing behaviors

Children of alcoholics are at risk for a wide range of negative social–emotional outcomes, including externalizing behaviors. These negative outcomes are evident as early as infancy and early childhood. The current study examined whether fathers' supportiveness can protect children from the negative effects of maternal alcohol problems on children's externalizing behavior. We used data from 514 families eligible for Early Head Start at enrollment and near the child's age 5. Mothers' symptoms of alcohol problems were associated with more externalizing problems in their young children. Likewise, father supportiveness in play was associated with fewer externalizing problems. Aggression and hyperactivity, externalizing behaviors commonly associated with maternal alcohol problems, were lessened when children's fathers were sensitive and supportive in play. Our findings highlight the importance of engaging fathers when mothers are identified as having an alcohol problem.