cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlations between cardiac protein synthesis rates, intracellular pH and the concentrations of creatine metabolites

We have examined in detail the correlations between protein synthesis rates, intracellular pH (pHi) and the concentrations of creatine metabolites in the rat heart perfused anterogradely in vitro. Using perfusion buffers ranging from pH 7.2 to 8.2 at 37 degrees C, we were able to manipulate pHi from between 7.24 to 7.66, i.e. from the slightly acidotic to the alkalinotic as compared with the physiological values of pHi (about pH 7.29). The dependence of pHi on extracellular pH (pHo) was linear, with the value of delta pHi/delta pHo being 0.4-0.5. Protein synthesis rates were significantly stimulated when pHi was increased above its physiological value, and they were strongly correlated with pHi. They were also strongly correlated with phosphocreatine concentrations (and with creatine concentrations and phosphocreatine/creatine concentration ratios). Adenine nucleotide (ATP, ADP and AMP) concentrations and the ATP/ADP concentration ratio were not systematically altered by manipulating pHi, and protein synthesis rates showed only a relatively weak dependence on these variables. Since creatine kinase catalyses a reaction that is close to equilibrium in the perfused heart, and since phosphorylation of creatine involves release of a proton, we argue that the changes in phosphocreatine and creatine concentrations are manifestations of alterations in pHi. In this regard, we show that [log[( phosphocreatine]/[creatine]) + log [( ADP]/[ATP])] [the value of which gives [pHi--log (mass action ratio)]] is positively correlated with pHi, although the slope of the line is 0.7, as opposed to the ideal value of unity. We discuss three hypotheses to account for our observations: (i) protein synthesis rates are influenced directly by pHi, (ii) pHi affects the concentrations of creatine metabolites, which in turn affect protein synthesis rates, and (iii) pHi affects the value of an unidentified co-variable, which in turn affects protein synthesis.
HNF6 and Rev-erbα integrate hepatic lipid metabolism by overlapping and distinct transcriptional mechanisms

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) is required for liver development, but its role in adult liver metabolism is not known. Here we show that deletion of HNF6 in livers of adult C57Bl/6 mice leads to hepatic steatosis in mice fed normal laboratory chow. Although HNF6 is known mainly as a transcriptional activator, hepatic loss of HNF6 up-regulated many lipogenic genes bound directly by HNF6. Many of these genes are targets of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-erbα, and binding of Rev-erbα at these sites was lost when HNF6 was ablated in the liver. While HNF6 and Rev-erbα coordinately regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, each factor also affects additional gene sets independently. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of transcriptional repression by HNF6 and demonstrate how overlapping and distinct mechanisms of transcription factor function contribute to the integrated physiology of the liver.
CSF Abnormalities in Earlier- and Later-Onset Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Compared

CSF cellular and immunoglobulin G (IgG) profiles in 40 earlier-onset ( 11 and <18 years) pediatric MS patients were compared in a multicenter US study.
A novel self-powered approach for structural health monitoring

This computational simulation study presents an innovative approach for structural damage detection in “smart” civil infrastructure systems. The proposed approach is predicated upon the utilization of the compressed data stored in memory chips of a newly developed self-powered wireless sensor. An efficient data interpretation system, integrating aspects of the finite element method (FEM) and probabilistic neural networks (PNN) based on Bayesian decision theory, is developed for damage detection. Several features extracted from the cumulative limited static strain data are used as damage indicator variables. The efficiency of the method is tested and evaluated for the complicated case of a bridge gusset plate. The gusset plate structure is analysed via 3D FE models. A general scheme is presented for finding the optimal number of data acquisition points (sensors) on the structure and the associated optimal locations, taking into account the influence of sensor sparsity and the level of data corruption due to noise.
Rescue of American chestnut with extraspecific genes following its destruction by a naturalized pathogen

Following the near-obliteration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) by the chestnut blight early in the last century, interest in its restoration has been revived by efforts to develop a blight-resistant form of the species. We summarize progress and outline future steps in two approaches: (1) a system of hybridizing with a blight-resistant chestnut species and then backcrossing repeatedly to recover the American type and (2) transformation of American chestnut with a resistance-conferring transgene followed by propagation and conventional breeding. Several decades of effort have been invested in each approach. More work remains, but results indicate that success is within practical reach. The restoration of C. dentata to its native habitat now appears to be less a matter of time and conjecture than ever before in 90 years of work by public and private entities. The difficult and protracted task of incorporating extraspecific genes for resistance into a tree species with lethal susceptibility to a naturalized pathogen represents perhaps the most extreme of restoration challenges. Its pursuit by a small non-governmental organization supported primarily by philanthropy and volunteers may serve as a model for other species threatened by exotic pathogens or insects.
Personalized Individual and Group Therapy for Multifaceted Selective Mutism

Selective mutism refers to a persistent and debilitating condition in which a child fails or refuses to speak in public situations. Research on treatment for selective mutism has progressed in rece...
The HIV Transmission Dynamics Model for Five Major Risk Groups

Chapters 2 and 3 have focused on modeling the transmission dynamics of HIV and the progression to AIDS for homosexual men. That model is now expanded in Section 7.1 to include five major risk groups: homosexual (and bisexual) men, homosexual (and bisexual) men who are intravenous drug users, intravenous drug users (IVDUs), heterosexual partners of IVDUs and neonates of female IVDUs and heterosexual partners. In this model the homosexual men have homosexual partnerships within their own group and also with homosexual—IVDUs. The IVDUs have needle-sharing partnerships with other IVDUs and also with homosexual—IVDUs. Obviously, the heterosexual partners of IVDUs have sexual partnerships with people who are IVDUs. Perinatal transmission occurs from the female IVDUs and the female heterosexual partners. Figure 7.1 summarizes the risk groups and possible routes of transmission of HIV infection. The fitting procedure for the five-group model is outlined in Section 7.2. This model with the first three risk groups is used for New York City in Chapter 8. The full model is used for regional comparisons in Chapter 10.
Most Frequently Reported Prescription Medications and Supplements in Couples Planning Pregnancy: The LIFE Study

Objective:To identify frequently reported prescription medications and supplements among couples planning pregnancy because there is a lack of descriptive information on these agents in women and m...
Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Suicide Among Homeless Adults

This study explored the role of mental health and substance abuse problems on the suicidal ideation and suicide attempts of 156 homeless adults. The logistic regression results indicated that homeless adults with anxiety were significantly more likely than those without anxiety to have both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Also, homeless adults with drug abuse were significantly more likely than those without drug abuse to have suicidal ideation. The study suggests that to reduce the suicide of the homeless, case managers need to screen mental health and substance abuse issues and to provide appropriate treatment services at homeless shelters.
Survivorship Model of Care: Development and Implementation of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Intervention for Patients With Breast Cancer .

Background Despite a call for action to improve survivorship care, no optimal model of care exists. . Objectives To develop and evaluate the feasibility of a nurse practitioner (NP)-led model of care for survivorship visits after initial therapy. . Methods Patients received an NP-led survivorship bridge visit (NPSBV) following treatment for early-stage breast cancer. A cross-sectional survey was used to evaluate responses to the NPSBV and patient satisfaction with care. Satisfaction with usual care was evaluated in a comparison of patient groups. Differences were assessed with a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. . Findings Of 166 surveys, 118 were returned. The NPSBV met feasibility with a high attendance rate and had high acceptability and satisfaction rates. NPSBV patients were more likely to report that their team always cared as much as they did about their health compared to controls. Most patients would recommend the NPSBV to others.
Association of calcium sensing receptor polymorphisms at rs1801725 with circulating calcium in breast cancer patients

Breast cancer (BC) patients with late-stage and/or rapidly growing tumors are prone to develop high serum calcium levels which have been shown to be associated with larger and aggressive breast tumors in post and premenopausal women respectively. Given the pivotal role of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in calcium homeostasis, we evaluated whether polymorphisms of the CASR gene at rs1801725 and rs1801726 SNPs in exon 7, are associated with circulating calcium levels in African American and Caucasian control subjects and BC cases. In this retrospective case-control study, we assessed the mean circulating calcium levels, the distribution of two inactivating CaSR SNPs at rs1801725 and rs1801726 in 199 cases and 384 age-matched controls, and used multivariable regression analysis to determine whether these SNPs are associated with circulating calcium in control subjects and BC cases. We found that the mean circulating calcium levels in African American subjects were higher than those in Caucasian subjects (p < 0.001). As expected, the mean calcium levels were higher in BC cases compared to control subjects (p < 0.001), but the calcium levels in BC patients were independent of race. We also show that in BC cases and control subjects, the major alleles at rs1801725 (G/T, A986S) and at rs1801726 (C/G, Q1011E) were common among Caucasians and African Americans respectively. Compared to the wild type alleles, polymorphisms at the rs1801725 SNP were associated with higher calcium levels (p = 0.006) while those at rs1801726 were not. Using multivariable linear mixed-effects models and adjusting for age and race, we show that circulating calcium levels in BC cases were associated with tumor grade (p = 0.009), clinical stage (p = 0.003) and more importantly, with inactivating mutations of the CASR at the rs1801725 SNP (p = 0.038). These data suggest that decreased sensitivity of the CaSR to calcium due to inactivating polymorphisms at rs1801725, may predispose up to 20% of BC cases to high circulating calcium-associated larger and/or aggressive breast tumors.
Three-way tie

Baxi. Three-way tie. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013. Case notes A 26-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, gave birth to spontaneous monochorionic triamniotic female triplets at 36 weeks and 1 day. They were delivered by a scheduled—and uncomplicated—cesarean section. One week earlier, ultrasonography indicated concordant growth with estimated fetal weights ranging from the 32-35th percentiles despite eccentric cord insertion for triplet A and velamentous cord insertion for triplet B. The latter was diagnosed at 19 2/7 weeks’ gestation. In fact, the weights of neonates A, B, and C were 5 lb 1 oz (2295 g), 4 lb 11 oz (2120 g), and 5 lb 12 oz (2610 g), placing them in the 7th, 3rd, and 28th weight percentiles, respectively. The largest neonate weighed 18.8% more than the smallest.
Online helium inventory monitoring of JLab cryogenic systems

There are five cryogenic plants at Jefferson Lab which support the LINAC, experiment hall end-stations and test facility. The majority of JLab's helium inventory, which is around 15 tons, is allocated in the LINAC cryo-modules, with the majority of the balance of helium distributed at the cryogenic-plant level mainly as stored gas and liquid for stable operation. Due to the organic evolution of the five plants and independent actions within the experiment halls, the traditional inventory management strategy suffers from rapid identification of potential leaks. This can easily result in losses many times higher than the normally accepted (average) loss rate. A real-time program to quickly identify potential excessive leakage was developed and tested. This program was written in MATLAB© for portability, easy diagnostics and modification. It interfaces directly with EPICS to access the cryogenic system state, and with and NIST REFPROP© for real fluid properties. This program was validated against the actual helium offloaded into the system. The present paper outlines the details of the inventory monitoring program, its validation and a sample of the achieved results.
Physical activity patterns across time-segmented youth sport flag football practice.

Youth sport (YS) reaches a large number of children world-wide and contributes substantially to children’s daily physical activity (PA), yet less than half of YS time has been shown to be spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Physical activity during practice is likely to vary depending on practice structure that changes across YS time, therefore the purpose of this study was 1) to describe the type and frequency of segments of time, defined by contextual characteristics of practice structure, during YS practices and 2) determine the influence of these segments on PA. Research assistants video-recorded the full duration of 28 practices from 14 boys’ flag football teams (2 practices/team) while children concurrently (N = 111, aged 5–11 years, mean 7.9 ± 1.2 years) wore ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers to measure PA. Observers divided videos of each practice into continuous context time segments (N = 204; mean-segments-per-practice = 7.3, SD = 2.5) using start/stop points defined by change in context characteristics, and assigned a value for task (e.g., management, gameplay, etc.), member arrangement (e.g., small group, whole group, etc.), and setting demand (i.e., fosters participation, fosters exclusion). Segments were then paired with accelerometer data. Data were analyzed using a multilevel model with segment as unit of analysis. Whole practices averaged 34 ± 2.4% of time spent in MVPA. Free-play (51.5 ± 5.5%), gameplay (53.6 ± 3.7%), and warm-up (53.9 ± 3.6%) segments had greater percentage of time (%time) in MVPA compared to fitness (36.8 ± 4.4%) segments (p ≤ .01). Greater %time was spent in MVPA during free-play segments compared to scrimmage (30.2 ± 4.6%), strategy (30.6 ± 3.2%), and sport-skill (31.6 ± 3.1%) segments (p ≤ .01), and in segments that fostered participation (36.1 ± 2.7%) than segments that fostered exclusion (29.1 ± 3.0%; p ≤ .01). Significantly greater %time was spent in low-energy stationary behavior in fitness (15.7 ± 3.4%) than gameplay (4.0 ± 2.9%) segments (p ≤ .01), and in sport-skill (17.6 ± 2.2%) than free-play (8.2 ± 4.2%), gameplay, and warm-up (10.6 ± 2.6%) segments (p < .05). The %time spent in low-energy stationary behavior and in MVPA differed by characteristics of task and setting demand of the segment. Restructuring the routine of YS practice to include segments conducive to MVPA could increase %time spent in MVPA during practice. As YS reaches a large number of children worldwide, increasing PA during YS has the potential to create a public health impact.
Robot Foraging: Autonomous Sample Return in a Large Outdoor Environment

A fundamental aspect of biological intelligence, from microbes to megafauna, is the ability to forage for the provisions required to sustain life. This sometimes underrated ability to seek out, identify, and use objects of interest in an environment with limited prior knowledge is an important capability that is also needed by robots. Many robotics applications can be modeled as foraging problems, such as search and rescue, wildlife tracking, crop pollination and harvesting, mining and in-situ-resource utilization, and scientific data/sample collection.
Teaching Undergraduates LC–MS/MS Theory and Operation via Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) Method Development

This laboratory experiment employs an innovative approach to introduce undergraduates to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) by developing a method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). During this qualitative investigation, students operated a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the MS scan and product ion scan modes to determine precursor and product ions, respectively, for a vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and coumarin standard mixture. After identifying precursor → product ion transitions, students conducted a 2 min liquid chromatography run in MRM mode. Students were astonished by the speed, selectivity, and sensitivity of the LC–MS/MS method compared to that of a liquid chromatograph with ultraviolet detection.
Rational design of liposomes for sustained release drug delivery of bevacizumab to treat ocular angiogenesis

Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are the most common ocular diseases and a leading cause of blindness in American adults. Laser treatments and drug intervention with Ranibizumab, Aflibercept and Bevacizumab are available for controlling angiogenesis by inhibiting the growth of new blood vessels. These antibody injections are given monthly into the eye which are inconvenient as well as very expensive. Our research focuses on encapsulating the protein drugs within the liposomes to obtain drug release over a longer period, thereby decreasing the frequency and cost of the injections. We used calorimetric, spectroscopic and light scattering methods to identify the variations in the liposomes in terms of particle size, encapsulation efficiency, time of release and thermal stabilities to screen and downsize our ideal formulations to three with the DPPC: DOPE: DPPG: cholesterol compositions of 60:10:0:30, 65:5:5:25 and 60:5:5:30. Overall, his paper focuses on developing Bevacizumab loaded liposomes for extended released drug delivery to treat ocular angiogenesis. In vitro biological activity and RPE cell cytotoxicity were also tested to determine the efficacy of the drug delivery system for potential human use.
Irreversible Inactivation of Ribosomes by Antibiotics

The peptide bond-forming activity (as measured by the puromycin reaction) of ribosomes (E. coli) charged with poly (U) and Ac-phe-tRNA at the P-site, is abolished irreversibly by spiramycin (10−5M). The rate of this inactivation is decreased by chloramphenicol (3 × 10−6M) or lincomycin (10−5M) but it is not affected by gougerotin (9 × 10−5M). In contrast to spiramycin, sparsomycin (10−7M) decreases irreversibly the activity of the ribosomal complex but does not abolish it. On the assumption that the antibiotics remain bound to the modified ribosome, these results may mean that, in contrast to previous proposals, sparsomycin and puromycin do not bind to overlapping sites whereas spiramycin and puromycin may bind to overlapping sites.
The Mit Bag Model

Since its formulation in 1974, the MIT bag model in various versions has acquired a considerable following. It is neither possible nor desirable for me to attempt to review all of the bag related developments of the past five years. A few works of a review nature exist. These are listed in Ref. 1–4. I shall give a brief introduction to the model in the static cavity approximation, since this approach has been the starting point for many applications. Following this is a discussion of deformations of the bag, applied to a calculation of the electric polarizability of the π meson, and applied to rotationally excited states. Some recent results regarding hadronic interactions are reviewed, in particular, for low energy nucleon-nucleon interactions and for meson-meson interactions. Finally, I shall discuss some recent efforts at treating low energy pion interactions in the bag model using PCAC.
The use of immediate internal fixation in open fractures.

Summary Internal fixation of open fractures can be carried out according to the same indications employed in closed fractures in the presence of a type I wound. In type II and type III wounds early internal fixation may be indicated in victims of multiple trauma, in the elderly, in intra-articular fractures, in mutilated limbs, and in some fractures with associated vascular injuries. In these cases the higher risk of infection should be justified by the salvage of limb, life, or joint function. The risk of infection can be minimized by meticulous irrigation and debridement of the fractures, atraumatic surgical technique, and rigid fixation and by leaving the wound open.
On the Role of the Channel Nucleoporins in Nuclear Transport

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) facilitates transport of a large diversity of cargoes, including proteins, mRNA protein complexes, and ribosomal subunits. Three of its proteins line the central transport channel: Nup58, Nup54, and Nup62. These channel nups are essential to achieve significant transport rates through the NPC. Recently, several x-ray structures of the channel nups have been determined. Furthermore, a cryo-electron tomography structure of the NPC was determined, and the x-ray structures were docked into the electron microscopy map, yielding a composite structure of the NPC. These advances provide insight into the organization of the channel nups in the NPC transport channel, the FG-repeat permeability barrier, and the mechanism of active transport. They provide a foundation to investigate in the future whether the NPC scaffold is static, and merely serves to provide anchorage sites for FG-repeat domains, or whether multiple structural conformations of the NPC scaffold are formed. It will also be important to investigate how the presence of FG-repeats, which make up a significant portion of the NPC mass, and their interactions with transport receptors modulate the NPC scaffold and how this affects nuclear transport rates. It also needs to be established how distinct physiological states, such as cell proliferation, developmental stages, cell quiescence, cancer, or viral infections, modulate the structure and composition of the NPC transport channel to adjust transport rates to cellular demands.
Biocorona formation contributes to silver nanoparticle induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Abstract Prior research has demonstrated cells exposed to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) undergo endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to cellular apoptosis and toxicity, however, the fundamental mechanism underlying AgNP-induced ER stress is unknown. We hypothesize the biophysical interactions between AgNPs and adsorbed proteins lead to misfolded proteins to elicit an ER stress response. Our investigation examined rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) exposed to 20 or 100 nm AgNPs with or without a biocorona (BC) consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA), high density lipoprotein (HDL) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) to form a complex BC. The presence of a BC consisting of BSA or FBS proteins significantly reduced uptake of 20 nm and 100 nm AgNPs in RAEC. Western blot analysis indicated robust activation of the IREα and PERK pathways in RAEC exposed to 20 nm despite the reduction in uptake by the presence of a BC. This was not observed for the 100 nm AgNPs. Hyperspectral darkfield microscopy qualitatively confirmed that the preformed BC was maintained following uptake by RAEC. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated a size dependent effect on the sub-cellular localization of AgNPs. Overall, these results suggest that AgNP size, surface area and BC formation governs the induction of ER stress and alterations in intracellular trafficking.
Proactively Placing Static Relays With Social-Link Awareness in Mobile Social Networks

Mobile social networks have been exploited for data forwarding due to its low cost and better robustness. Existing data forwarding strategies in mobile social networks rely on the pairwise contacts among mobile users. However, these pairwise contacts only provide limited forwarding capabilities and most data fail to be delivered before the expiration time. In this paper, we improve the performance of data forwarding by proactively placing low-cost static relays to increase the opportunistic contacts among the mobile nodes. Based on this idea, an important question is where to place the static relays in the network to best facilitate data forwarding among nodes. To answer this question, we first analyze four real-world datasets of mobile social networks, and identify that data forwarding only appears in a small group of social links. Then, we formalize the problem of static relay placement as an optimization problem, and propose a heuristic based solution to improve the data forwarding performance along these social links. Considering the fact that the social links may evolve over time, we also propose an efficient relay replacement algorithm which replaces the outdated relays with new relays to further improve the data forwarding performance. Evaluation results show that the proposed relay based solutions can significantly improve the performance of data forwarding in mobile social networks.
Circadian organization in the lizardSceloporus occidentalis: The effects of pinealectomy, blinding, and melatonin

Pinealectomy of the iguanid lizardSceloporus occidentalis freerunning in either continuous illumination or continuous darkness typically causes changes in the period of the activity rhythm as well as changes in the amount of daily activity (α). Blinding also alters the period of the freerunning activity rhythm. Continuous long term administration of melatonin via subcutaneous capsules causes a significant lengthening of the period of the activity rhythm (as well as a decrease in α) of pinealectomized and/or blinded lizards showing that melatonin exerts its action at extrapineal and extraocular sites. However, the amount of lengthening induced by melatonin is significantly greater in pinealectomized lizards than in intact lizards. The results indicate that the pineal (and possibly the eyes) act as coupling devices or as the loci of circadian pacemakers within a multioscillator system. Melatonin may function as a chemical messenger between the pineal (or eyes) and the rest of the circadian system.
X Y mixers: Analytical and numerical results for the quantum alternating operator ansatz

The quantum alternating operator ansatz (QAOA) is a promising gate-model metaheuristic for combinatorial optimization. Applying the algorithm to problems with constraints presents an implementation challenge for near-term quantum resources. This paper explores strategies for enforcing hard constraints by using $XY$ Hamiltonians as mixing operators (mixers). Despite the complexity of simulating the $XY$ model, we demonstrate that, for an integer variable admitting $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ discrete values represented through one-hot encoding, certain classes of the mixer Hamiltonian can be implemented without Trotter error in depth $O(\ensuremath{\kappa})$. We also specify general strategies for implementing QAOA circuits on all-to-all connected hardware graphs and linearly connected hardware graphs inspired by fermionic simulation techniques. Performance is validated on graph-coloring problems that are known to be challenging for a given classical algorithm. The general strategy of using $XY$ mixers is borne out numerically, demonstrating a significant improvement over the general $X$ mixer, and moreover the generalized $W$ state yields better performance than easier-to-generate classical initial states when $XY$ mixers are used.
Therapists’ Perspectives of the Use of Alternative Therapy Methods in OT and PT Interventions

This study examined the types of alternative therapy methods that are used by OT and PT practitioners as therapeutic interventions. It also examined the therapists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of these methods in improving the limiting factors that impact patients' functional performance in adults with physical disabilities. Primary Author and Speaker: Carolyn Murphy Additional Authors and Speakers: Amanda Henderson, Laura Dunham, Ashley Elkin Contributing Authors: Jenny Hasson, Amanda Latimer
Two-parameter asymptotics of the Lyapunov exponent of the random Schrodinger operator

AbstractWe study the inﬂuence of disorder on propagation of waves in one-dimensionalstructures. Transmission properties can be expressed through the Lyapunov expo-nent. We give an explicit formula for the Lyapunov exponent γ of the Schro¨dingerequation with the white noise potential as a function of the noise intensity σ andthe frequency ω. We ﬁnd uniform two-parameter asymptotic expressions of γ whichallows us to evaluate it for diﬀerent relations between σ and ω. 1 Introduction The propagation of waves in periodic and disordered one-dimensional structures has at-tracted much attention in recent years (see, e.g., [1] and references therein). Application ofsuch structures include photonic crystals, coupled-resonator optical waveguides, slow-lightdevices, metamaterials, semiconductor superlattices with given transmission propertiesand more. Characteristics of real materials, however, may be considerably diﬀerent frompredicted ones due to inevitable disorder of geometric and material parameters. Struc-tural perturbation and manufacturing inaccuracies may lead to a substantial reduction ofperformance [2], [3] and even to complete suppression of light propagation [4], [5]. Due tomultiple scattering, destructive interference occurs, so that the wave amplitude decreasesexponentially in the medium. The rate of decay of the solution is called the Lyapunovexponent, γ(the inverse of the localization length).Analysis of Lyapunov exponent plays an important role in the problems of slowingdown light by orders of magnitude, a phenomenon which has been extensively discussedin the literature [6]. Such a possibility can be useful in a variety of optical and microwaveapplications. Choosing wave frequency near stationary points of the electromagneticdispersion relation allows one to reduce the group velocity by two orders of magnitude [6]-[8]. Another model for slowing down light proposed in [7] is based on the periodic necklace-type waveguide. An essential common feature of such devices is that the frequency of
Super-resolution microscopy for analyzing neuromuscular junctions and synapses

Super-resolution microscopy techniques offer subdiffraction limited resolution that is two- to ten-fold improved compared to that offered by conventional confocal microscopy. This breakthrough in resolution for light microscopy has contributed to new findings in neuroscience and synapse biology. This review will focus on the Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) / Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques and compare them for the better understanding of their differences and their suitability for the analysis of synapse biology. In addition, we will discuss a few practical aspects of these microscopic techniques, including resolution, image acquisition speed, multicolor capability, and other advantages and disadvantages. Tips for the improvement of microscopy will be introduced; for example, information resources for recommended dyes, the limitations of multicolor analysis, and capabilities for live imaging. In addition, we will summarize how super-resolution microscopy has been used for analyses of neuromuscular junctions and synapses.
Race in Cyberspace: College Students’ Moral Identity and Engagement with Race-Related Issues on Social Media

This quantitative study explored social media usage among college students attending urban public universities in the Southeastern U.S., focusing on their engagement with race-related issues online and examining whether this engagement was related to moral identity. Multiple regression analyses indicated that frequent social media use and race were significant predictors of online responses to race-related issues (when compared to age, gender, and religiosity) and that, among White students, there was a strong positive association between high symbolization of moral identity and engagement with race-related issues online. This study is meant to help educators recognize ways in which students’ moral identity and social media use may be facilitating or impeding race relations online and to present specific actions they can take to address racism on social media.
Open Data, Collaborative Working Platforms, and Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Building an Early Career Scientist Community of Practice to Leverage Ocean Observatories Initiative Data to Address Critical Questions in Marine Science

Ocean observing systems are well-recognized as platforms for long-term monitoring of near-shore and remote locations in the global ocean. High-quality observatory data is freely available and accessible to all members of the global oceanographic community—a democratization of data that is particularly useful for early career scientists (ECS), enabling ECS to conduct research independent of traditional funding models or access to laboratory and field equipment. The concurrent collection of distinct data types with relevance for oceanographic disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, and geology yields a unique incubator for cutting edge, timely, interdisciplinary research. These data are both an opportunity and an incentive for ECS to develop the computational skills and collaborative relationships necessary to interpret large data sets. Here, we use observatory data to demonstrate the potential for these interdisciplinary approaches by presenting a case study on the water-column response to anomalous atmospheric events (i.e., major storms) on the shelf of the Mid-Atlantic Bight southwest of Cape Cod, United States. Using data from the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array, we applied a simple data mining method to identify anomalous atmospheric events over a four-year period. Two closely occurring storm events in late 2018 were then selected to explore the dynamics of water-column response using mooring data from across the array. The comprehensive ECS knowledge base and computational skill sets allowed identification of data issues in the OOI data streams and technologically sound characterization of data from multiple sensor packages to broadly characterize ocean-atmosphere interactions. An ECS-driven approach that emphasizes collaborative and interdisciplinary working practices adds significant value to existing datasets and programs such as OOI and has the potential to produce meaningful scientific advances. Future success in utilizing ocean observatory data requires continued investment in ECS education, collaboration, and research; in turn, the ECS community provides feedback, develops knowledge, and builds new tools to enhance the value of ocean observing systems. These findings present an argument for building a community of practice to augment ECS ocean scientist skills and foster collaborations to extend the context, reach, and societal utility of ocean science.
The Application of Robotics to the Patient with High Spinal Cord Injury (Quadriplegia): The Robotic Arm/Work Table

Fast moving microprocessor technology leading to low-cost, highly capable microcomputer systems has been a key element in a research program aimed at examining the practicality of using a robot arm to assist the physically handicapped. A particularly critical need exists for the high spinal cord injured person for devices that increase self-care and independence for long periods of the day. Such individuals with total loss of upper and lower limb function represent one of the areas of greatest need in rehabilitation engineering. A research program at the Applied Physics Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University has been underway since 1974 to examine the applicability of robotics to the solution of this problem. The program, sponsored by the Veterans Administration, has now reached the stage of clinical testing at Spinal Cord Injury Centers at VA Medical Centers in Richmond, Virginia, and Cleveland, Ohio.
Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei

The jets of active galactic nuclei can carry a large fraction of the accreted power of the black-hole system into interstellar and even extragalactic space. They radiate profusely from radio to X-ray and gamma-ray frequencies. In the most extreme cases, the outward flow speeds correspond to high Lorentz factors that can reach 40 or more. This chapter displays images at various wavebands as well as light curves and continuum spectra that illustrate the variability with location, time, and frequency of the emission from compact, parsec- and subparsec-scale jets. It presents a physical framework for investigating many aspects of the structure and dynamical processes from such data.
Hydroxyl Radical Suppression during Photoelectrocatalytic Water Oxidation on WO3|FeOOH

Depositing the earth-abundant water oxidation electrocatalyst FeOOH onto WO3 has been shown to increase the Faradaic efficiency of the tandem WO3|FeOOH photoanode to near 100% for the photoelectroc...
Effect of salts on soy storage proteins defatted with supercritical CO2 and alcohols

The primary objective was to determine whether salts will stabilize soy storage proteins against the denaturing effects of alcohols or the heat and pressure used in supercritical CO2 during the defatting process. Nitrogen solubility index (NSI) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to monitor the denaturation of proteins. A variety of salt solutions used to hydrate full-fat soy grits increased the thermal stability of both 7S and 11S storage proteins. DSC was used to monitor their denaturation temperature. Neutral salt hydrations followed the lyotropic series for protein stabilization. Of the salts evaluated, the test results indicate that the reducing salt, sodium sulfite, and the neutral salt, sodium sulfate, when used to steep beans, yielded significantly higher NSI than did the water-steeped controls or other salt treatments after partial defatting with absolute isopropanol or ethanol and supercritical CO2. However, these same salt treatments did not as effectively stabilize the proteins against the denaturing effects of ethanol more aqueous than 84% when these alcohols were used as the defatting medium.
Legalizing Collective Remembrance after Mass Atrocities

This book chapter explores the tension between the preservation of collective memory and another impulse that follows mass atrocity: the desire for justice. Because many judicial systems are heavily influenced by notions of individualism, they are by design ill equipped to accommodate collective memory. Traditional rules of evidence and professional conduct often exhibit a single-minded focus on the individual, replicating models that assume one client who autonomously makes legal decisions without consulting his or her community. Bound by these rules, attorneys must disrupt or even dismantle collective memory, thereby retraumatizing their clients. Here, I offer an alternative. I believe that human rights attorneys should instead endeavor to preserve and promote collective memory. For that reason, I urge a fundamental rethinking of the law’s preference for individual memory in the context of transitional justice. Indeed, I believe that incorporation of collective memory into certain judicial proceedings would better serve the goals of transitional justice by facilitating a more complete understanding of the collective harms of mass atrocity and advancing reconciliation.
Comparison of Treatments for Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison and Network Meta-Analysis.

Background For nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), three drugs under patent protection-apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide-were approved based on randomized, placebo-controlled trials; one drug with generic availability-abiraterone acetate-showed efficacy in a single-arm trial and is commonly prescribed. Lacking head-to-head trials, the optimal treatment for nmCRPC is unknown, despite widely varied treatment costs. We compared the efficacy and safety of nmCRPC treatments. Methods We searched bibliographic databases, regulatory documents, and trial registries for nmCRPC trials. We included published results and, when available original data. We performed matching-adjusted indirect comparison and network meta-analysis and compared treatments regarding metastasis-free survival (MFS), overall survival (OS), and serious adverse events (SAE). Results We analyzed five trials with a total of 4,360 participants. Compared with placebo, abiraterone acetate engendered the lowest hazard of metastasis/death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.22, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.12 to 0.41), followed by apalutamide (HR = 0.28, 95% CrI=0.23 to 0.34), enzalutamide (HR = 0.30, 95% CrI=0.25 to 0.36), darolutamide (HR = 0.41, 95% CrI=0.34 to 0.49); darolutamide led to the lowest hazard of death (HR = 0.69, 95% CrI= 0.53 to 0.90), followed by enzalutamide (HR = 0.73, 95% CrI=0.61 to 0.87) and apalutamide (HR = 0.75, 95% CrI=0.59 to 0.95); darolutamide resulted in the lowest odds of SAEs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% CrI= 1.02 to 1.70), followed by enzalutamide (OR = 1.43, 95% CrI=1.08 to 1.89), apalutamide (OR = 1.58, 95% CrI=1.23 to 2.03), and abiraterone acetate (OR = 1.94, 95% CrI=1.17 to 3.22). Conclusions For nmCRPC, darolutamide offered optimal efficacy and safety among approved drugs, abiraterone acetate may offer comparable MFS benefit with cost-savings from generic availability. Future research is needed to more fully examine abiraterone acetate's benefit.
Quadrigeminal cistern cystic hemangioblastoma: A transcystic approach

Abstract Introduction Hemangioblastomas typically present throughout the neuroaxis, particularly within the cerebellum and spinal cord. A rare case of cystic hemangioblastoma within the quadrigeminal cistern is described. Case Report A 18-year-old female presented with 3 weeks of worsening headaches and vomiting. Workup revealed multiple contrast enhancing lesions throughout the neuroaxis concerning for hemangioblastoma, with the largest cystic mass within the quadrigeminal cistern causing brainstem compression and hydrocephalus. The patient experienced an acute neurologic decompensation likely due to brainstem compression and hydrocephalus, which was temporized by cyst drainage and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. After neurological stabilization and Von Hippel Lindau disease workup, she underwent a suboccipital craniotomy and resection of the hemangioblastoma via a transcystic approach. Intraoperatively, the trochlear nerve was identified and preserved. Conclusion Operative approaches to the quadrigeminal cistern typically include the infratentorial supracerebellar approach and the occipital transtentorial approach. Here, we describe a safe and efficacious transcystic approach to a quadrigeminal cistern hemangioblastoma.
Enhancing personalized modeling via weighted and adversarial learning

The data generation sources are increasing in the past few years, such as mobile devices, embedded sensors, various intelligent equipment and so forth. These increasing data sources push the deployment of deep learning models in a distributed manner. However, the traditional distributed deep learning is to build a global model over all collected data and may overlook specific components which are of vital importance to individual users. In this paper, we propose an adversarial learning framework that allows an individual user to build a personalized model. Our framework consists of two stages, including efficient similar data selection from other users and adversarial training. Instead of selecting similar data by computing hand-designed similarity metrics, we train an auto-encoder and a generative adversarial network (GAN) on individual user’s data and use them to request similar data from other users. To further improve the personalized model performance, we develop two approaches that combine the requested data and user’s own data to build the personalized model. The first approach is that we apply weighted learning to capture the different importance of the requested data. The second approach is that we apply adversarial training to minimize the distribution discrepancy between the requested data and user’s own data. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Experimental study of fire damage to reinforced concrete tunnel slabs

Abstract Fire hazards are a major threat to tunnel structures; however, the existing understanding of the behavior of tunnel linings under fire is limited, which restricts cost-effective and safe design of tunnels for fire. The research work in this paper aims to experimentally evaluate and quantify fire damage to tunnel linings considering a combination of influencing factors. The effects of three parameters on fire damage to the ceiling (typically the most damaged area) of a tunnel lining are studied through five furnace tests on large-scale reinforced concrete slabs. The parameters include: (1) concrete composition - presence/absence of polypropylene fibers, (2) the level of structural restraint (induced using post-tensioned strands), and (3) the fire intensity and duration. These parameters are selected to reflect realistic scenarios and provide a rational basis for evaluating tunnel damage, in terms of crack pattern, spalling, discoloration, non-destructive testing, and deflections during fire and after cooling. This research provides vital experimental data for fire damage assessment of reinforced concrete tunnel linings, and assists in verifying numerical models for analyzing structural performance during both the heating and cooling phases of fire.
Oxygen Requirements during Anesthesia

Oxygen requirements of the body during general anesthesia will vary with depth of narcosis. Whole-body oxygen consumption has been measured by closed and open-circuit methods. In the closed-circuit method, the subject breathes from a spirometer and returns the exhaled gas to the spirometer. Carbon dioxide is absorbed within the spirometer, and rebreathing of dead-space air is prevented by a series of one-way valves in the breathing circuit. Spirometer volume is decreased by an amount equal to the subject’s oxygen consumption. The spirometer reservoir gas must be of sufficient volume to allow several minutes of rebreathing, and must, start with an enriched oxygen mixture to prevent hypoxia. Benedict, a pioneer investigator of human metabolism, was instrumental in developing and refining clinically useful closed-circuit spirometry.l Benedict’s spirometer included the measurement of carbon dioxide production; Roth’s modification eliminated this aspect, thereby measuring oxygen consumption exclusively. The Benedict-Roth apparatus has remained the most widely used closed-circuit spirometer, with small refinements adapted by individual investigators where applicable. The foundation for thinking that VO2 can be controlled by specific anesthetic agents begins in 1951, when Shack man, Graber and Redwood reported a 15% decrease in measured oxygen uptake in patients anesthetized with thiopental/nitrous oxide or thiopental/cylopropane.2 A Benedict-Roth spirometer with CO2 absorber was used. Topkins and Artusio in 1955, demonstrated a significant increase in oxygen consumption during diethyl ether and during cylopropane anesthesia.3 A similar experimental method was used. In these studies and in subsequent studies when the closed-circuit method is used, carbon dioxide production and RQ cannot be measured.