cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of irrigated agroecosystems: 2. Quality of soil water and groundwater in the southern High Plains, Texas

[1] Trade-offs between water-resource depletion and salinization need to be understood when promoting water-conservative irrigation practices. This companion paper assesses impacts of groundwater-fed irrigation on soil water and groundwater quality using data from the southern High Plains (SHP). Unsaturated zone soil samples from 13 boreholes beneath irrigated agroecosystems were analyzed for water-extractable anions. Salt accumulation in soils varies with irrigation water quality, which ranges from low salinity in the north (median Cl: 21 mg/L) to higher salinity in the south (median Cl: 180 mg/L). Large Cl bulges under irrigated agroecosystems in the south are similar to those under natural ecosystems, but they accumulated over decades rather than millennia typical of natural ecosystems. Profile peak Cl concentrations (1200–6400 mg/L) correspond to irrigation efficiencies of 92–98% with respect to drainage and are attributed to deficit irrigation with minimal flushing. Perchlorate (ClO4) also accumulates under irrigated agroecosystems, primarily from irrigation water, and behaves similarly to Cl. Most NO3-N accumulation is below the root zone. Groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) have increased by ≤960 mg/L and NO3-N by ≤9.4 mg/L since the early 1960s. Mobilization of salts that have accumulated under irrigated agroecosystems is projected to degrade groundwater much more in the future because of the essentially closed-basin status of the aquifer, with discharge occurring primarily through irrigation pumpage. TDS are projected to increase by an additional 2200 mg/L (median), ClO4 by 21 μg/L, and NO3-N by 52 mg/L. Water and salt balances should be considered in irrigation management in order to minimize salinization issues.
Spontaneous and mitomycin-C induced sister-chromatid exchanges: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro systems

Abstract Frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) were measured in vitro in mouse fibroblasts and in vivo in mouse bone-marrow cells. SCE levels in these cell systems were measured in response to varying concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and mitomycin-C (MMC). Although BrdU was found to induce SCE in both cellular systems, baseline SCE levels were 2- to 3-fold higher in vitro than in vivo. SCE induction was found to be a linear function of MMC concentration in vivo and in vitro; however the slope of the in vivo curve was 5-fold higher. The interaction of BrdU substituted DNA and MMC was examined by administering a fixed dose of MMC with increasing concentrations of BrdU. The induced SCE frequencies appeared to be additive. In addition to measuring drug-induced SCE, the BrdU differential staining technique allows concomitant measurement of the inhibition of cellular replication by the test drugs.
Molecular analysis of spontaneous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutations in thioguanine-resistant HL-60 human leukemia cells.

We have measured the forward mutation rate at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and have determined the molecular spectrum of spontaneous HPRT mutations in 45 independent 6-thioguanine-resistant HL-60 sublines. Four fluctuation tests using a total of 132 replicate HL-60 cultures revealed a mean forward mutation rate of HL-60 cells to thioguanine resistance of 1.7–6 × 10-7/cell/generation. Blot hybridization analysis of the X-linked HPRT gene using a human HPRT complementary DNA probe revealed abnormalities in HPRT gene structure and/or HPRT mRNA expression in 24 of 45 (53%) independent thioguanine-resistant HL-60 sublines. Six different classes of mutation were identified. The most prevalent (47%; 21 of 45 mutations) consists of mutations that are not detected by blot hybridization analyses and that do not disrupt HPRT mRNA production. These results suggest that a comparatively low forward mutation rate may be found in malignant human cells that exhibit both karyotypic and molecular evidence of genomic instability and that several different molecular classes of mutation may contribute to thioguanine resistance in HL-60, and perhaps in other, malignant human cells. The forward mutation assay system we have developed using the X-linked HPRT gene of HL-60 cells may be useful for analyses of the mutagenic potential and molecular spectrum of mutations produced by chemotherapeutic agents, suspected human mutagens and carcinogens, and phagocyte respiratory burst oxidants in human cells.
Are You Leading a Socially Responsible and Sustainable Human Resource Function

Social responsibility and sustainability are hot topics in business today. More than 75 percent of executives in a recent survey report that they plan to invest in sustainability because of benefits such as improved public opinion, customer relations, and the ability to attract and retain talent (Fox, 2008). What do these practices look like when adopted by the human resource function?
Progressive optimization of time-frequency localization in subband trees

The time and frequency localizations of the product subband filter functions in tree structures are addressed and evaluated in this paper. The concept of progressive optimality is proposed as a new design approach. It is shown that the performance improvements are possible by using different PR-QMF banks at different nodes of a subband tree. >
Verification of evanescent coupling from subwavelength grating pairs

Near-field evanescent wave coupling of various subwavelength grating pairs, using a 1.55 μm infrared semiconductor laser has been demonstrated for use as an optical MEMS sensor. Subwavelength grating pairs were fabricated on both glass and silicon substrates. When coupled together the effective grating period is not subwavelength and can exhibit several diffraction orders. The 1.55 μm infrared source was incident on the coupled pairs and the first-order output intensity was recorded and compared with the output intensity from simulated results. This demonstrated evanescent wave coupling concept can be applied to MEMS systems with nanometer gap separations (e.g., pressure sensors, biosensors, and accelerometers) to allow for subnanometer displacement detection.
Membrane-associated proteins of T4-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract During the prereplicative period after the infection of Escherichia coli by phage T4, more than 50 proteins are synthesized. Many of them have been identified with their corresponding genes. Among them, at least 13 are selectively enriched in the membrane preparation. They include the products of the two rII genes, genes 39, 52 (DNA-delay), and others not yet identified. The majority of these proteins (90%) are extractable by the detergent, sarkosyl, and are possibly associated with the inner or cytoplasmic membrane. Based on their electrophoretic migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and on their tryptic fingerprints, these proteins are found to be phage induced. Two of the newly synthesized proteins that are selectively enriched in the cell wall or outer envelope fraction are found to be identical with two envelope proteins of the host cell. They are continually synthesized after phage infection although general host protein synthesis is shut off.
The elastic properties of glass reinforced dental composites

Abstract Enamel and dentin are materials of complex structure. To replace the lost part of a functionally damaged tooth requires materials which have similar esthetics and physicochemical properties. The elastic properties of the materials are considered to be especially important in this regard. In the present study, the elastic properties of a pure dental resin and two glass-reinforced resin dental composites have been measured using ultrasonic propagation techniques. The ultrasonic pulse-through transmission method was used to measure both shear and longitudinal (dilatational) velocities. Density was measured using a buoyant force method. The Young's, shear and bulk moduli and Poisson's ratio were determined. The materials studied had Young's moduli of the order of 5–20 GPa. The use of a chemical coupling agent apparently did not significantly affect the elastic properties of these resin-based composites.
Serum leptin levels, hepatic leptin receptor transcription, and clinical predictors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese bariatric surgery patients.

Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major cause of liver disease in morbidly obese patients. Clinical predictors of NASH remain elusive, as do molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Methods: A series of 35 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery had a liver biopsy performed for standard histologic analysis. In addition, RNA was obtained from liver tissue and analyzed for leptin receptor gene expression. Regression analysis was used to correlate clinical variables, including serum leptin levels and hepatic leptin receptor gene expression, with the presence of histologically confirmed NASH. Results: Of the 35 subjects enrolled, 29% had steatosis only, 60% had NASH, and 11% had normal liver histology. Among the clinical variables studied, only diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of NASH. There was a trend toward lower levels of mRNA encoding the long form of the leptin receptor in hepatic tissue from patients with NASH compared to those with steatosis only. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of NASH in obese patients. Downregulation of hepatic leptin receptor may play a role in the pathogenesis of NASH.
Teaching residents coding and documentation: effectiveness of a problem-oriented approach.

Objective We sought to assess the effectiveness of a problem-oriented approach to teaching residents accurate coding and documentation of ambulatory gynecology visits. Study design This was a pilot before-and-after study. Nine resident volunteers underwent 4 individual instructional sessions on coding and documentation with a trained faculty member over 6 weeks. Outcomes were assessed by comparing the appropriateness of procedure and diagnostic codes billed in participant continuity clinic prior to and in the 6 to 9 months following the intervention. Results Following the intervention, participants demonstrated an increase in the accuracy of coding the correct category of the evaluation and management service, an increase in the appropriate use of modifiers, and a decline in undercoding errors. Conclusion Problem-oriented interactive learning appears to be an effective method of teaching residents proper coding and documentation.
A geometric characterization of the reachable and the controllable subspaces of descriptor systems

The concepts of {A,E,R(B)} and restricted {E,A,R(B)} invariance are introduced. The reachable subspace of a descriptor system is shown to be the supremal {A,E,R(B)}invariant subspace contained in the least restricted {E,A,R(B)} subspace of Rn. Algorithms to compute the reachable subspace of a descriptor system\(E\dot x = Ax + Bu\) in terms ofE,A andB are given. A new proof of the feedback invariance of the reachable subspace is presented.
A novel vesicular carbon synthesized using amphiphilic carbonaceous material and micelle templating approach

Abstract A novel carbon with vesicular, hierarchical structure was synthesized via a direct, micelle templating strategy. This vesicular carbon exhibits a wormlike morphology, very thin shells (5–30 nm) and mesopores of 2–4 nm within the shell that are perpendicular to the walls of the carbon vesicles. The structure of this novel vesicular carbon was verified by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.
Advantages of mesial rests for removable partial dentures

Summary Occlusal rests that are located on the mesial part of the occlusal surface of an abutment tooth have certain advantages over occlusal rests that are located on the distal part of the occlusal surface of an abutment tooth. These advantages include an axis of rotation that is more anterior in the dental arch, less trauma to the soft tissue immediately distal to abutment teeth, a reduction in the need for indirect retention, a more favorable fulcrum point on the abutment tooth, and increased resistance to distal displacement of the removable partial dentures. These advantages were illustrated and their rationale described.
Adaptive or self-optimizing control systems — A bibliography

Adaptive, self-adjusting, or self-optimizing servos are designed for operation in a slowly-changing environment as opposed to servos intended for a fixed environment. Optimalizer controls and similar devices which hunt for and adjust to a pre-set optimum condition are considered as adaptive servos. The references which follow are a selective sampling of the latest material on this subject taken from the open literature and technical reports. Servos which are designed to operate at some pre-set optimum based on pre-filtering of input signals evolved from Wiener's optimum filter theory, and, accordingly, references to the latter topic have also been included.
Towards usage control models: beyond traditional access control

In this paper we develop the concept of Usage Control (UCON) that encompasses traditional access control, trust management, and digital rights management and goes beyond them in its definition and scope. While usage control concepts have been mentioned off and on in the security literature for some time, there has been no systematic treatment so far. By unifying these three areas UCON offers a promising approach for the next generation of access control. Traditional access control has focused on a closed system where all users are known and primarily utilizes a server-side reference monitor within the system. Trust management has been introduced to cover authorization for strangers in an open environment such as the Internet. Digital rights management has dealt with client-side control of digital information usage. Each of these areas is motivated by its own target problems. Innovations in information technology and business models are creating new security and privacy issues which require elements of all three areas. To deal with these in a systematic unified manner we propose the new UCON model. UCON enables finer-grained control over usage of digital objects than that of traditional access control policies and models. For example, print once as opposed to unlimited prints. Unlike traditional access control or trust management, it covers both centrally controllable environment and an environment where central control authority is not available. UCON also deals with privacy issues in both commercial and non-commercial environments. In this paper we first discuss access control, trust management, and digital rights management and describe general concepts of UCON in the information security discipline. Then we define components of the UCON model and discuss how authorizations and access controls can be applied in the UCON model. Next we demonstrate some applications of the UCON model and develop further details. We use several examples during these discussions to show the relevance and validity of our approach. Finally we identify some open research issues.
Energy and information of chaotic dynamical systems

Abstract We postulate that a basic process in nature operates on a minimal time-scale, Δ0>0, and that on this time-scale the dynamics is governed by a deterministic, discrete-time nonlinear transformation τΔ0:X→X, which is manifested as a (chaotic) process τΔ=τΔ0N on a larger (observable) time-scale Δ=NΔ0. We assume that τΔ possesses an observable measure μΔ and define the average energy of the dynamical system (X,τΔ,μΔ) by m 2 ∫ X τ Δ (x)−x Δ 2 d μ, where m denotes mass if the process represents the motion of a particle. With this definition, we prove a conservation of energy principle for each Δ. In the case where Δ can be made arbitrarily small, this definition reduces to the classical definition of average energy for a mechanical system governed by a differential equation. Let EΔ and IΔ denote the energy and information content of the dynamical system observed at the time-scale Δ. Using elementary concepts from dynamical systems, it is shown that energy and information are related by EΔ=KIΔ2, where K is a constant. This allows the estimation of the information content of matter.
Investigation of deuteron induced reactions on 13C

Abstract Angular distributions of the differential cross section and vector analyzing power have been measured for the reactions 13 C ( d , t ) 12 C , 13 C ( d , p ) 14 C and inelastic scattering, 13 C ( d , d ′) 13 C . The states analyzed are the 0+ ground state, 4.44 MeV, 2+ state and the 7.66 MeV, 0+ state in 12C; the 0+ ground state, 6.09 MeV, 1− state and the 7.34 MeV, 2− state in 14C; and the 1 2 − ground state, 3.09 MeV, 1 2 + state, 3.68 MeV, 3 2 − state, and the 3.85 MeV, 5 2 + state in 13C. Optical model parameters for the deuteron channel are obtained by fitting the elastic scattering data. DWBA and coupled-channels calculations are made for the states reached through the (d, t) reaction. DWBA calculations for the (d, p) reaction are also shown. Coupled-channels and microscopic calculations are compared with the inelastic scattering data. The calculated vector analyzing power for scattering to the positive parity states in 13C is found to be very sensitive to the reaction mechanism chosen.
Toward dynamic metamaterials for monothically integrated multilayer polarization filters

Through the application of a bias voltage, metamaterials can dynamically change their response, opening up new technological possibilities. Combining design elements from three common metamaterial patterns, we have created a metamaterial polarizing filter that will transmit all polarization orientations equally when in the static mode. When a bias voltage is applied, the filter will minimize the transmission of x-polarized light in the wavelength band of interest. Progress has been made on creating a sufficiently conductive metamaterial to enable the dynamic mode, as well as on incorporating several filters into a monolithic stack. Fabrication methods and transmission results for the required substrates will be discussed.
Introgression and DNA marker analysis of Lycopersicon peruvianum, a wild relative of the cultivated tomato, into Lycopersicon esculentum, followed through three successive backcross generations

Segregation of the Lycopersicon peruvianum genome was followed through three generations of backcrossing to the cultivated tomato L. esculentum cv ‘E6203’ using molecular markers. Thirteen BC1 plants were genotyped with 113 markers, 67 BC2 plants with 84 markers, and finally 241 BC3 plants were genotyped with 177 markers covering the entire genome and a BC3 map constructed. Several segments of the genome, including parts of chromosomes 3, 4, 6, and 10, quickly became fixed for esculentum alleles, possibly due to sterility problems encountered in the BC1. Observed overall heterozygosity and chromosome segment lengths at each generation were very near the expected theoretical values. Markers located near the top telomeric region of chromosome 9 showed segregation highly skewed towards the wild allele through all generations, suggesting the presence of a gamete promoter gene. One markers, TG9, mapped to a new position on chromosome 9, implying an intrachromosomal translocation event. Despite the great genetic distance between the two parents, overall recombination was only 25% less than that observed in a previous tomato cross, indicating that L. peruvianum genes may be more readily introgressed into cultivated germplasm than originally believed.
The biological action of cellular depressants and stimulants. I. The action of ethyl carbamate (urethane) on the endogenous respiration and the rate of cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The effect of urethane on the endogenous respiration and on the rate of cell multiplication has been studied in normal and in trained cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis with the view of obtaining information regarding the mode of action of narcotics.
Dynamical group model of the CDW state

Abstract The dynamical group for a one-dimensional model of a many-electron system exhibiting a charge-density wave is obtained. The corresponding Lie algebra in a physical model is U(2); it is used to obtain the spectrum and coherent ground state, and to define a corresponding order parameter.
VIP: molecular biology and neurobiological function.

In the mammalian brain, a major regulatory peptide is vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This 28 amino acid peptide, originally isolated from the porcine duodenum, was later found in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in endocrine cells, where it exhibits neurotransmitter and hormonal roles. Increasing evidence points to VIP’s importance as a mediator or a modulator of several basic functions. Thus, VIP is a major factor in brain activity, neuroendocrine functions, cardiac activity, respiration, digestion, and sexual potency. In view of this peptide’s importance, the mechanisms controlling its production and the pathways regulating its functions have been reviewed. VIP is a member of a peptide family, including peptides such as glucagon, secretin, and growth hormone releasing hormone. These peptides may have evolved by exon duplication coupled with gene duplication. The human VIP gene contains seven exons, each encoding a distinct functional domain on the protein precursor or the mRNA. VIP gene transcripts are mainly found in neurons or neuron-related cells. VIP gene expression is regulated by neuronal and endocrine signals that contribute to its developmental control. VIP exerts its function via receptor-mediated systems, activating signal transduction pathways, including cAMP. It can act as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and a secretagog. As a growth and developmental regulator, VIP may have a crucial effect as a neuronal survival factor. We shall proceed from the gene to its multiple functions.
Comparative Biologies of the Cryptic, Sympatric Species, Trupanea bisetosa and T. nigricornis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southern California

The biologies of the sympatric, cryptic species, Trupanea nigricornis (Coquillett), a flower head-infesting fruit fly attacking a wide range of hosts in 8 tribes, 33 genera, and at least 71 species of Asteraceae, and T. bisetosa (Coquillett), an oligophage attacking only 6 hosts in 4 genera of the tribe Heliantheae, are described and compared. A major biological distinction between these species was their ovipositional behavior, whereby females oviposited different numbers of eggs at different sites in different developmental stages of flower heads of their hosts. The larvae of these species showed minor differences in their feeding behaviors, and their puparia were formed and located similarly in host flower heads. Development from egg to adult under field conditions lasted up to 35 d for each species. These species showed subtle differences in their courtship and mating behaviors, and substantial differences in the daily timing of courtship.
Specific heat of helium confined to micron-scale geometries near the lambda point

Abstract Most experiments to date on the effects of confinement on helium have been restricted to the submicron regime. However, using very high-resolution thermometry techniques, it has become possible to explore the region extending up to about 100 μm . This development dramatically increases the range over which length scaling can be tested and eases the problem of uncontrolled surface effects. At the upper end of this length scale, experiments in space are needed to reduce the transition broadening due to hydrostatic compression. We present the most recent results from a measurement of the specific heat of helium confined to 57 μm thick planes and compare them with theoretical predictions. We also describe some recent results obtained with helium confined to cylindrical channels with diameters of 0.26 and 8 μm
What Does Obligation Add to Virtue-Descriptions? Some Uses of Anscombe's Law/Game Analogy

We can describe certain actions as defective in a particular virtue, for example, as “unjust” or “intemperate.” We can take the additional step of describing such actions as “morally wrong” or “contrary to moral obligation.” A key claim of Elizabeth Anscombe's “Modern Moral Philosophy” is that if we choose to describe virtue-defective actions as “morally wrong,” because we are “obliged” or “bound” or “required” not to do them, we are in fact taking an additional step and that this step stands in need of explanation. Just what, if anything, is added to the description of an action as “unjust” when we say there is an obligation not to do it? Anscombe thinks “the answer is in history: between Aristotle and us came Christianity, with its law conception of ethics.”1In this paper, I shall confront this question in two parts. First, I will consider the possibility, argued for by Simon Blackburn, that Anscombe's historical explanation cannot answer this question because her history is based on the false premise that the Greeks do not possess the “moral ought.” Describing an action as contrary to obligation may (or may not) still add something to “unjust,” but historical genealogy of Anscombe's sort will not shed any light on the question. Since I think that Blackburn's arguments, although important, are not conclusive, I will proceed to consider the implications of Anscombe's own view of what talk about obligation adds to descriptions of actions as defective in virtue. This will require elaboration of her cryptic Wittgensteinian remark that “it really does add something to the description ‘unjust’ to say there is an obligation not to do it; for what obliges is the divine law—as rules oblige in a game.”2
Cefamandole Nafate Therapy of Respiratory Tract, Skin, and Soft Tissue Infections in 74 Patients

Cefamandole nafate was given to 52 patients with 53 episodes of skin and soft tissue infections and to 22 patients with respiratory tract infections. The dosage level was 1-2 g administered intravenously every 4-6 hr. Single strains of aerobic gram-positive cocci were isolated from 15 patients with skin and soft tissue infections, mixed aerobic gram-positive cocci from 14, aerobic plus aerobic or anaerobic gram-positive cocci or gram-negative rods from 13, a single aerobic gram-negative rod from one, and aerobic gram-negative rods plus an anaerobic coccus from one. Aerobic grampositive cocci were isolated from four patients with respiratory tract infections, aerobic gram-positive cocci plus aerobic gram-negative rods from nine, and aerobic gram-negative rods from six. Median minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 0.1 pig/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli; 0.1 for Enterobacter aerogenes; and 25 for Streptococcus faecalis. In vivo acquisition of resistance occurred with three strains of S. faecalis and one of E. aerogenes and E. coli. Mean concentrations in serum after administration of 1 and 2 g, respectively, were 58 and 109 ii,g/m1 (peak at 30 min), 2 and 7 (4 hr), and 0.5 and 0.8 (6 hr). Clinical cures were obtained in 48 (91%) of 53 patients with infections of skin and soft tissue, and clinical plus bacteriologic cures were obtained in 36 (6870); clinical cure occurred in 18 (82%) of 22 patients with respiratory tract infections, and clinical plus bacteriologic cures occurred in 16 (73%). Clinical or bacteriologic cures did not necessarily correlate with MICs. Cefamandole was well tolerated. Eosinophilia was observed in 11 patients, enzyme elevations in 10, and phlebitis, rash, fever, and superinfection each in one.
Diversity of The Chlorite Dismutase Gene in Low and High Organic Carbon Rhizosphere Soil Colonized by Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria

Chlorite dismutase (cld) is an essential enzyme in the biodegradation of perchlorate. The objective of this study was to determine the change in sequence diversity of the cld gene, and universal bacterial 16S rRNA genes, in soil samples under varying conditions of organic carbon, bioaugmentation, and plant influence. The cld gene diversity was not different between high organic carbon (HOC) and low organic carbon (LOC) soil. Combining results from HOC and LOC soil, diversity of the cld gene was decreased in soil that had been bioaugmented or planted. However, with both bioaugmentation and planting the cld diversity was not decreased. These observations were repeated when focusing on LOC soil. However, in HOC soil the cld diversity was not affected by reactor treatment. General bacterial diversity as measured with 16S rRNA was significantly greater in HOC soil than in LOC soil, but no significant difference was observed between reference soil and planted or bioaugmented soil. Different sequences of the cld...
Ultrasound of the scrotal contents.

The technique, interpretation, and clinical applications of scrotal ultrasound are examined. The sonographic appearance of the normal scrotal contents and commonly encountered pathologic conditions are illustrated. A clinically-useful classification of scrotal pathology is based on ultrasound’s ability to anatomically localize scrotal pathology into 1 of 3 categories: extratesticular, testicular, or combined extratesticular and testicular. Prognostic and management decisions may be made on the basis of this classification.
Kinetic and spectroscopy of 2-naphthylphenylcarbene

2-Naphthylphenylcarbene (2-NPC) was studied by low-temperature EPR spectroscopy and by solution-phase laser flash photolysis. 2-NPC was found to have a triplet ground state with two distinct rotomeric forms. The triplet carbene was found to react with methanol, 1,1-diphenylethylene, styrene, carbon tetrachloride, isoprene, toluene and 2-methyltetrhydrofuran.
Cloning of murine G1RP, a novel gene related to Drosophila melanogaster g1.

Abstract To study the nature of genes that are induced during the apoptotic death of myeloid precursor cells, we performed representational difference analysis (RDA) using 32Dcl3 myeloblastic cells that were deprived of IL-3 for 24 h. We have isolated a novel cDNA (g1-related protein, G1RP) that is homologous to g1, a Drosophila melanogaster zinc-finger protein that is expressed in the mesoderm. Northern blot analysis using RNAs derived from 32Dcl3 cells that have been grown in the absence of IL-3 demonstrates that the G1RP message is upregulated in these cells following the removal of IL-3, suggesting that this gene may regulate growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis of myeloid precursor cells.
The Devil and Dr. Waldman

for the good of that other man, is to the moral detriment of the spectator. There may also be a reference in this judgment to the probability of passive and occasional enjoyment turning into an active creation of occasions for enjoyment; i.e., in the course of time the doctor who takes pleasure in the pain he cannot avoid inflicting will start inflicting uncalled-for pain so that he may enjoy it. The spectator will have become executor, or rather spectator-cum-executor. The ultimate ground of the "harming of a sentient being" seems then to lie not in the amount or nature of the pain inflicted but in the degradation of one sentient being into the means of procuring pleasure or profit for another sentient being. This holds irrespective of whether the "degradation" in question implies painful or pleasurable sensations for the sufferer, the person degraded. Once again, pleasure and pain have been found to be interchangeable without affecting the moral standing of a situation. "Pain" and "pleasure" then, harboring no moral elements in their intrinsic nature, are not moral values, and therefore the judgments "Pain is evil," Pleasure is good" being intuitive judgments cannot be ethical judgements.
Evolution of parental care and ovulation behavior in oysters.

Approximately half of all living oysters brood offspring in the inhalant chamber of their mantle cavities; the remainder are broadcast spawners which do not engage in parental care of young. Ostreid ovulation involves a complex behavioral sequence that results in the countercurrent passage of newly spawned eggs through the gills (ctenidia) and into the inhalant chamber. We constructed molecular and combined-evidence phylogenetic trees to test hypotheses concerning the directionality of parental care evolution, and the evolutionary significance of the trans-ctenidial ovulation pathway, in the Ostreidae. Representatives of all three ostreid subfamilies, together with gryphaeid and nonostreoidean pterioid outgroups, were sequenced for a 941-nucleotide fragment of the 28S ribosomal gene. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that (1) the Ostreidae are robustly monophyletic, (2) broadcast spawning and larval planktotrophy are ancestral ostreid traits, (3) trans-ctenidial ovulation predates the evolution of parental care in ostreid lineages, and (4) brooding originated once in the common ancestor of the Ostreinae/Lophinae, involved a modification of the final behavioral step in the ancestral ovulation pathway, and has been retained in all descendent lineages. Our data permit an independent test of fossil-based ostreid phylogenetic hypotheses and provide novel insights into oyster evolution and systematics.
A health economic analysis of autologous transfusion

Background: Autologous transfusion reduces the risk of bloodborne viral infections and may decrease the risk of postoperative infections related to immunomodulation. Previous anal
Extinction of avoidance behavior: CS presentations with and without punishment

In a 2 by 3 factorial design, groups of rats were given 3 differing CS presentations with and without punishment during extinction of an alley avoidance response. Punishment and two methods of CS presentations were predicted to facilitate extinction. Amount of time required and total trials to extinction were dependent variables. All of the hypotheses were supported to some degree. The results lend support to the interpretation that CS develops fear arousing properties.
Structure activity-relationship and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the potent cytotoxic anti-microtubule agent N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,2,6-trimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-aminium chloride and its analogues as antitumor agents

A series of 21 substituted cyclopenta[d]pyrimidines were synthesized as an extension of our discovery of the parent compound (±)-1·HCl as an anti-microtubule agent. The structure-activity relationship indicates that the N-methyl and a 4N-methoxy groups appear important for potent activity. In addition, the 6-substituent in the parent analogue is not necessary for activity. The most potent compound 30·HCl was a one to two digit nanomolar inhibitor of most tumor cell proliferations and was up to 7-fold more potent than the parent compound (±)-1·HCl. In addition, 30·HCl inhibited cancer cell proliferation regardless of Pgp or βIII-tubulin status, both of which are known to cause clinical resistance to several anti-tubulin agents. In vivo efficacy of 30·HCl was demonstrated against a triple negative breast cancer xenograft mouse model. Compound 30·HCl is water-soluble and easily synthesized and serves as a lead compound for further preclinical evaluation as an antitumor agent.
The case for indirect genetic control of sequential traits and the strategy of deployment of environmental resources by the plant

The case for indirect genetic control of sequential traits and the strategy of deployment of environmental resources by the plant
31.2: Invited Paper: Enhanced Minimally Invasive Surgery by 2D to 3D Conversion

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is a growing surgical technique comparing to traditional open surgery since it dramatically reduces patient trauma and costs but MIS technique is difficult because of looking at a 2D screen to perform the surgery. Depth perception is thus lost due to 2D endoscopic capturing and display. Therefore, the paper proposes real-time 2D to 3D conversion for enhancing MIS to provide depth perception on 3D display for increasing surgical quality, improving in safety and speed of procedures, and also to lower learning curve. The proposed method to convert an endoscopic 2D video frame into a depth map and consequently into a pair of right and left image for viewing on a stereoscopic display is based on the use of a bilateral filter approximated by a bilateral grid. The architecture is to make edges sharp to enhance moving instruments and to preserve chamber geometry segmentation. Results of verification by simulated surgery and questionnaire for surgeons proof the feasibility of 2D to 3D conversion on MIS.
Interest rate risk premium and equity valuation

The authors employ the recent stochastic-control-based approach to financial mathematics to solve a problem of determination of the risk premium for a stochastic interest rate model, and the corresponding problem of equity valuation. The risk premium is determined explicitly, by means of solving a corresponding partial differential equation (PDE), in two forms: one, time-dependent, corresponding to a finite time contract expiration, and the simpler version corresponding to perpetual contracts. As stocks are perpetual contracts, when solving the problem of equity valuation, the latter form of the risk premium is used. By means of solving the general pricing PDE, an efficient equity valuation method was developed that is a combination of some sophisticated explicit formulas, and a numerical procedure.
No Child Left Behind in Art Education Policy: A Review of Key Recommendations for Arts Language Revisions

From bipartisan origins and a laudable intent, the No Child Left Behind (Act) of 2001 has profoundly altered the condition of art education. A historical vantage point and review of literature reveals the current status of pending arts language revisions to the NCLB Act, as well as a pressing need to examine the key recommendations and to consider a blend of the proposals from the National Education Task Force, the Study Group on the Lost Curriculum, and the Arts Education Working Group. This current research possesses significant implications for NCLB arts language and provides the opportunity for a unified message for revisions, leaving no child behind in art education.
Risky behavior and risk in adolescents with IDDM

Purpose: To determine: (1) the frequency of risky behaviors (alcohol and other drug use, smoking cigarettes, smokeless tobacco use, and unprotected intercourse); (2) the perception of general risks and diabetes-related risks from risky behaviors; (3) if perception of risk is related to engaging in risky behaviors; and (4) if perception of general risks and diabetes-related risks are influenced by age, gender, or race in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Decreasing risky behaviors in youth with IDDM is important because of their increased vulnerability to specific disease related physiologic and pathologic changes. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. Data on risky behavior and perception of risk were obtained by self-report during a regularly scheduled clinic visit. One hundred and fifty-five adolescents between ages of 10–20 years participated. Correlational and student's t -test analyses were used to test relationships and group differences (age, race, gender). Results: Thirty-nine percent of the sample reported alcohol use, 34% reported smoking cigarettes, 8% reported smokeless tobacco use, 10% reported drug use, and 29% reported unprotected intercourse. Perception of risk to peers from these behaviors was significantly higher ( t = 8.1, df 153; p t = 3.08, df 52; p N = 38%) and those who did not (62%). Not surprisingly, the frequency of risky behavior increased with age ( F = 15.46; p Conclusions: Compared to community samples of middle-school children, our sample had lower rates for most risky behaviors. As with community samples, the physical risks were known and perceived to be higher for peers than self. Perception of risk was not related to self-reports of risky behaviors. The lower rate of risky behaviors might reflect the success of educational efforts directed toward diabetes management or may be due to later initiation of behaviors, especially if personal social development is delayed. Additional research is indicated in order to understand the timing and trajectory of risky behavior and whether or not perception of risk deters youth with IDDM from engaging in risky behavior.
Catholic curriculum: re-framing the conversation

Abstract This article provides a summary account of the book, A Mission to the Heart of Young People: Catholic Curriculum, published in Australia in 2012. To preserve the true mission and religious integrity of Catholic schools in the face of secularism and ‘national economic requirements’, it is argued that Catholic schools must possess a distinctive cultural heart which is an authentic Catholic curriculum. This curriculum must assist young people to engage constructively with the wisdom and faith of the Catholic community in a way that is meaningful to them. The principles and practices required to construct such a curriculum are outlined.
The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress.

Abstract We have developed an in-vitro system for studying the dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to controlled levels of fluid shear stress. Cultured monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells are placed in a cone-plate apparatus that produces a uniform fluid shear stress on replicate samples. Subconfluent endothelial cultures continuously exposed to 1-5 dynes/cm2 shear proliferate at a rate comparable to that of static cultures and reach the same saturation density (congruent to 1.0-1.5 X 10(5) cells/cm2). When exposed to a laminar shear stress of 5-10 dynes/cm2, confluent monolayers undergo a time-dependent change in cell shape from polygonal to ellipsoidal and become uniformly oriented with flow. Regeneration of linear "wounds" in confluent monolayer appears to be influenced by the direction of the applied force. Preliminary studies indicate that certain endothelial cell functions, including fluid endocytosis, cytoskeletal assembly and nonthrombogenic surface properties, also are sensitive to shear stress. These observations suggest that fluid mechanical forces can directly influence endothelial cell structure and function. Modulation of endothelial behavior by fluid shear stresses may be relevant to normal vessel wall physiology, as well as the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
The inhalation toxicity of products of polytetrafluoroethylene heated below 500 degrees centigrade.

Abstract Quantitative evidence has been obtained which indicates that the principal toxic component in the pyrolysate from PTFE (Teflon® 5)∗ at the first temperature at which rat mortality is observed (Approximate Lethal Temperature, ALT), is a particulate material which may have other toxicants adsorbed on it. The toxicity of this particulate varies, depending upon the conditions under which it is generated. At 30°C above the ALT, perfluoroisobutylene could be the principal toxic agent. The data correlate well with known chemical reactions as well as observations and hypotheses of other investigators.
Precipitants of partner aggression

Self-reported precipitants of psychological and physical partner aggression were examined in a community sample of 453 cohabiting couples with 3- to 7-year-old children. Partners precipitated most partner aggression. Men, but not maritally discordant men, were more likely than women to cite physical partner aggression as the precipitant of their own aggression. Women, including maritally discordant women, were more likely to endorse partner verbal than partner physical aggression as a precipitant for their own mild physical aggression, which is consistent with women's aggression escalation. Nonaggressive partner precipitants were common and deserve future research attention.
Hypertension in Blacks: Socioeconomic Stress and Sympathetic Nervous System Activity

Primary hypertension is almost twice as prevalent among American blacks as among whites. Causes of this increased prevalence of hypertension remain elusive. Elevation of sympathetic nervous system activity, in part secondary to increased levels of socioeconomic stress, is hypothesized as playing a role. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity may increase peripheral vascular resistance directly or through increased vascular reactivity. Microneurography allows direct measurement of peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity. Application of this technique will allow comparison of sympathetic nervous system activity in black and white subjects and provide additional insight into the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of hypertension in blacks.
On the chromophore configuration of metarhodopsin II.

The nature of the chromophore configuration of metarhodopsin II (meta II) has been a subject of recent controversy. Earlier resonance Raman results from this laboratory had indicated that meta II has an unprotonated Schiff base linkage between the chromophore and apoprotein. It has been argued, on the other hand, that the Raman evidence does not exclude a non-covalently bound retinal chromophore. In this communication we present additional evidence and further arguments in favor of our earlier conclusion regarding the state of the chromophore in meta II.
Implementation and preliminary outcomes of a comprehensive oral chemotherapy management clinic.

Purpose Improved outcomes achieved by an oral chemotherapy management (OCM) clinic, including a reduction in the need for medication-related interventions, are reported. Summary A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of an OCM clinic providing comprehensive medication therapy management (MTM) services, including education on various oral chemotherapy agents, concurrent medications, and symptom management, as well as insurance assistance. Patient demographics, self-rated depression scores, and data on concurrent medication use, types of interventions, and intervention outcomes were collected at baseline and at follow-up visits for up to three months. Thirty clinic patients (9 men and 21 women with a mean age of 64.5 years) were evaluated; the majority had advanced-stage cancer and no live-in caregiver. On average, the patients had 2.8 comorbid conditions, including hypertension (43%), chronic pain (43%), and diabetes (37%), and were taking 12.7 concurrent medications (range, 3–26). In general, OCM clinic interventions in five categories (adverse events, adherence, drug interactions, medication errors, and symptom management) decreased during the measured time periods. About 70% of OCM clinic interventions were associated with positive outcomes (i.e., complete resolution of event or improved response to therapy), with 67% and 36% of interventions resulting in potential cost avoidance and cost savings, respectively. Rates of optimal oral chemotherapy adherence and persistence were estimated at 70%. Conclusion An OCM clinic with comprehensive MTM services was effective in delivering early interventions, resulting in decreased rates of adverse effects, nonadherence, drug interactions, and medication errors over time.
“Into a thousand parts”: Representing the Nation in Henry V

AbstractShakespeare's history plays in general, and Henry V in particular, grant a good deal of attention to Parliament. The injunction by the opening Chorus of Henry V, “Into a thousand parts divide one man,” echoes Speaker of the House Edward Coke's anecdote about the origins of a bicameral Parliament, in the course of which he recounted a knight's purported remark that “his Majestie and the lordes there every one being great persons represented but themselves, but his commons though they were inferiour men yet every one of them represented a thowsand men.”Henry V, like Shakespeare's earlier histories, explores the relationship between theatrical and parliamentary forms of representation. Recognizing the ways in which the plays both draw upon and challenge Elizabethan ideas about parliamentary representation casts new light on the relations between nobles and commoners in Shakespeare's histories.