cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Studies in Evaluating Effects of Mining on Aquatic Ecosystems

The effects of land-disposed mine tailings at an abandoned gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, were assessed in a multidisciplinary study. During heavy rains and spring snowmelt, the tailings became severely eroded with subsequent transport of As, Pb, Cu, and Zn into adjacent lake. The locations of the sampling stations in the multidisciplinary study were selected with respect to the location of anticipated point-sources of the trace elements and to the studies of individual components of the lake’s ecosystem (Figure 1). It was found that Pb in the tailings was mainly associated with particles 23 urn (up to 2,000 ug/g As). The association of Pb and As with different particle size in the tailings affected the distribution of Pb and As in bottom sediments in the lake. The concentrations of Pb in the sediments were similar within the lake due to the transport of the fine-grained particles across the lake. However, the concentrations of As were considerably greater in the sediments along the shore with the land-disposed tailings. The results of the study showed that the bioavailability of some trace elements in the sediments was greatest along this shore than in the remainder of the lake. There was evidence that the tailings inhibited a variety of microbial activities including enzyme functions, CO2 production, etc. The degree of inhibition of the microbial activity increased with the abundance of bioavailable Cu and Pb in the sediments. No effects on the benthic community in the lake were observed during the study. There was some indication of reduced overall numbers of benthic species along the shore with the disposed tailings. The results of the study indicated the heterogeneity of sediment geochemistry in the 1.5-km2 large lake, and suggested the importance of proper sampling design and control areas in studies involving point-sources of contaminants, such as in studies of effects of mining (and, most likely, other industries) on aquatic ecosystems.
Technical examination of the Emerson-White Book of Hours: observations on pigment preferences and media application in a Flemish manuscript

The Emerson-White Hours (MS Typ 443–443.1, Houghton Library, Harvard University) is a book of hours and missal produced in Valenciennes, Bruges, and Ghent in the late 1470s or early 1480s. There are seven full-page miniatures (many more have been removed), fourteen historiated borders, 28 historiated initials, and 24 calendar illustrations in tempera and gold. Text pages have shell gold trompe-l’oeil borders. The illuminators include Simon Marmion, the Master of the Houghton Miniatures (named for this manuscript), the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook, and one of the Ghent Associates. The goal of analysis was to determine if identification of palettes supported previous stylistic attributions. Focusing on the illuminations attributed to Simon Marmion and the Houghton Master, we demonstrate that technical analysis can support attribution by identifying differences in artists’ pigment preferences, pigment blending, and technique of paint application, particularly how the artists render shadows.
Spatiotemporal shifts in distribution of a recolonizing black bear population

Following one of the most successful relocations of a large carnivore species, American black bears (Ursus americanus; hereafter bears) have expanded from Arkansas to the Ozark Highlands of southern Missouri, USA, where they were potentially extirpated in the early 1900s. Our first objective was to estimate spatial and temporal shifts in probability of bear presence to understand the population distribution in Missouri. Our second objective was to assess which factors might influence any detected shifts. We used public sightings of bears to develop statewide spatial distribution models for early (1991–2003) and late (2004–2015) bear presence probability in Missouri using maximum entropy modeling and determine the rate and direction of population expansion. We evaluated the effects of environmental variables (e.g., land cover, roads) on bear presence probability and predicted the total area of three levels of bear presence probabilities. The average annual density of bear sightings increased temporally by about 3.4/1000 km² in Missouri. The Ozark Highlands ecoregion contained the highest average annual density of sightings during both time periods. The bear presence probability increased spatially about 29 km in a north–northwest direction between the two time periods and the distribution became more dispersed over time. Our results corroborate prior findings suggesting bear presence is greatest in forests and rural areas. However, the increased importance of cultivated crops over time combined with the consistently positive relationship with roads indicates little negative effects from anthropogenic features on the bear presence probability in Missouri.
Metagenomic engineering of the mammalian gut microbiome in situ

Engineering of microbial communities in open environments remains challenging. Here we describe a platform used to identify and modify genetically tractable mammalian microbiota by engineering community-wide horizontal gene transfer events in situ. With this approach, we demonstrate that diverse taxa in the mouse gut microbiome can be modified directly with a desired genetic payload. In situ microbiome engineering in living animals allows novel capabilities to be introduced into established communities in their native milieu.
EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLINICAL ASSESSMENTS OF APPARENT HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS.

Background Hamstring tightness is a common condition typically assessed via the active knee extension (AKE), passive straight leg raise (PSLR), V-sit and reach (VSR), and finger-floor-distance (FFD). Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between four common clinical tests of apparent hamstring tightness. A secondary purpose was to compare the differences in correlations between sub-groups based on positive test findings. Study Design Descriptive, correlational laboratory design. Methods Recreationally active individuals (N = 81; 23.7 ± 5.9 years) performed the AKE, PSLR, VSR, and FFD in a randomized order, and subsequent correlational analyses were conducted. Results Strong correlations were identified between the VSR and FFD (r = -.798, r2 = .637, p < .001); moderate correlations were demonstrated between the PSLR and FFD (r = -.565, r2 = .319, p < .001) and PSLR and VSR (r = .536, r2 = .287, p < .001). Low correlations were found between the PSLR and AKE (r = -.284, r2 = .081, p = 0.01), AKE and VSR (r = -.297, r2 = .088, p = .007), and AKE and FFD (r = .263, r2 = .069, p = .018). If one assessment was identified in a subject as dysfunctional, all relationships were affected, regardless of which assessment was dysfunctional. Conclusions The AKE, one of the most common measures for apparent hamstring tightness, has low correlations with the other assessments. Based on the findings of this study, it is possible that not all assessments of AHT are measuring the same phenomena, with each involving different factors of perceived hamstring length. Level of Evidence Level 2b.
One-Year Research Experience for Associate's Degree Students Impacts Graduation, STEM Retention, and Transfer Patterns.

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of a 1-year faculty-mentored undergraduate research experience for associate’s degree students demonstrates significant impact on graduation, STEM retention,...
Examination of correlates of H-index as a measure of research productivity for library and information science faculty in the United States and Canada

This research analyzes research productivity among Library and Information Science (LIS) faculty based on number of publications and citations throughout the careers of tenure-track and tenured professors in LIS schools with an American Library Association-accredited Master of LIS program. The h-index is examined as a representative measure of LIS faculty output using a regression analysis. Based on observed variance in h-index and other research productivity measures across LIS schools, a regression is conducted based on several variables that distinguish these schools: Research 1 status, proportion of faculty who are full professors, where the university is located, whether the LIS school has a Ph.D. program, and whether the school is a member of the iSchool consortium. Findings indicate that h-index effectively represents the relative number of publications and citations a professor has while mitigating the impact of a few highly-cited publications that are not representative of an entire body of work. In addition to Research 1 status and proportion of full professors, iSchool membership is identified as a factor that influences a LIS school’s h-index vale. These findings have relevance to LIS readers interested in analyzing productivity of individual researchers and schools, researchers interested in the measurement of the effect of the h-index value on evaluating research productivity, and readers interested in the impact of the iSchool movement on research in LIS.
Long-Term Results of Burch and Autologous Sling Procedures for Stress Urinary Incontinence in E-SISTEr Participants at 1 Site

Purpose:We report long-term outcomes in participants in the E-SISTEr (Extended Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy Trial) at 1 tertiary care center who underwent a Burch or a fascial sl...
The Significance of the ASBH's Code of Ethics for Healthcare Ethics Consultants.

A decade ago some members of the American Society for Bioethics and the Humanities (ASBH) concluded that the society's reluctance to develop a code of professional ethics, although a tolerable anom...
Cutaneous Fungal Masses From Prior Environmental Injury Following Kidney Transplant: A Case Report.

Abstract Fungus account for ∼ 5% of all cases infections following solid organ transplant. Fungal infections in the setting of immunosuppression may progress rapidly and present in an atypical pattern. Herein we describe 4 cases of environmental fungal infections acquired decades prior to transplant that developed into localized atypical cutaneous masses following kidney transplant.
Last mile non-delivery: consumer investment in last mile infrastructure

Consumers execute routine last mile logistics in most brick-and-mortar supply chains. The online version of last mile logistics varies greatly, but still suffers from substantial challenges – one o...
Development of Resistance to 4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine (EFdA) by Wild-Type and Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA, MK-8591, islatravir) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) with exceptional potency against wild-type and NRTI-resistant HIV strains. However, HIV resistance to EFdA is not well characterized. We therefore developed resistance to EFdA by serial passages using progressively increasing concentrations of EFdA. The starting virus was either wild-type or clinically relevant NRTI-resistant viruses K65R, M184V, and D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q). In all cases, the selected mutations included M184V. Additional mutations in the RT connection domain (R358K and E399K) and one mutation in the RNase H domain (A502V) were noted. Site-specific mutagenesis validated the role for M184V as the primary determinant for resistance to EFdA; none of the connection domain mutations contributed significantly to phenotypic resistance to EFdA. A novel EFdA resistance mutation was also observed in the background of M184V. The A114S/M184V combination of mutations imparted higher resistance to EFdA (~24-fold) than M184V (-8-fold) or A114S (~2-fold) alone. Virus fitness data suggested that A114S affects HIV fitness by itself and in the presence of M184V. This is consistent with biochemical experiments that showed decreases in the enzymatic efficiency (kcat/Km) of WT RT vs. A114S (2.1-fold) and A114S/M184V/502V (6.5-fold), whereas there was no significant effect of A502V on RT or virus fitness. The observed EFdA resistance of M184V by itself and in combination with A114S combined with the strong published in vitro and in vivo data, confirm that EFdA is an excellent candidate as a potential HIV therapeutic.
Delivering an Engaging Lecture

This chapter is a guide to creating and delivering an engaging lecture. Tips for designing the talk and gathering information are given, as well as for building confidence to deliver the talk in front of an audience and presenting in a meaningful and memorable way, no matter who the audience is or what type of event one is speaking at. Tips can be applied to medical or non-medical lectures.
Variegated capitalism, territoriality and the renewable energy transition: the case of the offshore wind industry in the Northeastern USA

Uneven development and the territoriality of renewable energy resources complicate prevailing theories of regional energy transitions. This article proposes a framework for the study of regional energy transitions informed by theories of variegated capitalism and geographical scholarship on the materiality and territoriality of energy. We make the case for this framework by demonstrating that the development of offshore wind energy in the Northeastern USA has been hindered by the (in)action of the US federal government, which can be explained in part by the economic importance of natural gas extraction in the underdeveloped, yet politically influential region of Northern Appalachia.
Descent of the canonical module in rings with the approximation property

Let (R,m) be a local Noetherian Cohen-Macaulay ring with the approximation property. We show that R admits a canonical module.
Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits the binding of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and insulin to their receptors on human leukemia cells

Numerous agents can induce the terminal differentiation of leukemia cells in vitro, and this action has been found to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The proximal site of action of the prototypical chemical inducer of differentiation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is not known. In this study, DMSO was found to rapidly cause a 45% to 85% reduction in the specific binding of the growth factors granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and insulin to their respective cell surface receptors on HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Significant inhibition of binding was first observed after 30 min of DMSO treatment, occurred at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and was due to a DMSO-induced decrease in apparent receptor affinity, with little change in receptor number. A similar inhibition of insulin binding was seen with a second inducer of differentiation, hexamethylene bisacetamide. Kinetic studies demonstrated that DMSO enhanced the rate of insulin dissociation from its receptor. The inhibition of insulin binding by DMSO was also observed in a cell-free extract, suggesting that the effect was not a cell-mediated response to DMSO treatment. DMSO blocked the insulin-induced stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. These studies suggest that one action of DMSO may be the disruption of the structure and/or organization of cell surface receptors that regulate growth and differentiation.
Mapping of QTL influencing saccharin consumption in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring rat lines.

The inbred preferring (iP) and nonpreferring (iNP) rat strains were derived from the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) lines. Previously, 381 iP × iNP F2 progeny were generated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing alcohol consumption and preference. Saccharin consumption (ml/48 h) and saccharin intake (ml/kg/day) were also measured in the F2 sample and were significantly correlated with both alcohol consumption and preference (all r ≥ .20, p < .0001), suggesting that there might be some QTLs influencing both saccharin and alcohol phenotypes. We have performed a genome screen using F2 animals with extreme saccharin or alcohol consumption to identify QTLs contributing to saccharin-related phenotypes. Lod scores greater than 2.0 were found on chromosomes 3, 16 and 18 in this sample. Additional genotyping was performed in these regions in the full sample of 381 F2 progeny to further characterize these putative QTLs. On chromosome 3, the maximum lod score in the full sample was 2.7 with saccharin consumption. This QTL appears to overlap with a QTL identified for alcohol consumption in the iP and iNP lines and has pleiotropic effects on both phenotypes. Interestingly, this region of rat chromosome 3 is syntenic with mouse chromosome 2, where a QTL influencing alcohol preference has been previously reported. The QTL on chromosome 16 has a maximum lod score of 4.0 with saccharin intake and 2.6 with saccharin consumption. The QTL on chromosome 18 has a maximum lod score of 2.7 with saccharin consumption. Taken together, these data provide the first results of a genome screen for QTLs contributing to saccharin phenotypes in the rat.
Cyclotrons and Positron Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals

Positron Emission Tomography is at the present time in a growth phase with an increasing number of clinical facilities showing interest in the use of PET in routine practice. The consequences of this fact, not only for the technology of PET but also for cyclotron application and radiopharmaceutical production, necessitate a review of what is possible given today’s state-of-the-art.
Karp‐Rabin String Searching

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview The Basic Karp‐Rabin Hash‐Fingerprint Algorithm The Plain Vanilla Karp‐Rabin Fingerprint Algorithm Some Estimates on Prime Numbers The Cost of False Matches in the Plain Vanilla Karp‐Rabin Fingerprint Algorithm Variations on the Plain Vanilla Karp‐Rabin Fingerprint Algorithm A Nonhashing Karp‐Rabin Fingerprint
Modeling tribochemical processes using a combined molecular and hydrodynamic approach

Abstract A recently developed molecular-hydrodynamic approach to modeling tribochemical processes is applied to the prediction of the effects of pressure and temperature on fluid phase dissociation and surface decomposition reactions. The theoretical approach combines molecular statistical thermodynamics and continuum viscoeleastic hydrodynamics. The systems modeled include the dissociation of Cl 2 in the fluid phase, and the decomposition of Cl 2 and diphenyldisulfide C 6 H 5 -S-S-C 6 H 5 to form an atomic coating on the metal surface. The lubricated contact is modeled to represent a steel cylinder lubricated with a paraffinic oil with a sliding velocity of 0.01 m/sec to 0.1 m/sec and a load between 0 N/m and 100 N/m. The results indicate that both pressure and temperature may significantly influence chemical reaction thermodynamics in a tribological contact.
The President's private sector survey on cost control:

Abstract The President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control (The Grace Commission Report) identified and suggested “remedies for waste and abuse in the Federal Government,” in an effort to get the Government “off the backs” of the American people. This article assesses the Report as a political document, a research study, and a proposal for increased efficiencies in Government operations. The author concludes that equating politics with strategies for improved efficiency in Government is little more than a “con game.” J. Peter Grace's response appears in the next issue.
Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy of Myocardial Energetics and Substrate Utilization in Isolated Perfused Mouse Hearts

In experimental cardiovascular physiology, non­ invasive and repeated measures of cardiac function, energetics, and metabolism provide a dynamic picture of myocardial performance during phys­ iological or pathological perturbations. All of these parameters can be assessed in one sample by combining isolated perfused heart experiments with a multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic approach. This method is advantageous because simultaneous measurements of left ventricular (LV) function, myocardial energetics, and substrate utilization are made in a contracting heart. NMR spectroscopy allows the user to measure metabolite content, as well as turnover rate, by assessing the content of a specific nucleus in biological samples [1,2]. For example, P NMR spectroscopy can be used to quantify phosphorous­ containing compounds in the sample. The most abundant phosphates in the cell are the high­energy phosphates phosphocreatine and ATP. Thus, P NMR spectroscopy of the heart can assess myocardial energetics in various studies of bioengineered mouse models under pathological conditions [3–6]. With this method, dynamic changes in phosphocreatine and ATP can be assessed with repetitive measurements during physiological and/or pathological pertur­ bations providing a detailed picture of energetic status. Assessment of myocardial substrate utilization presents a unique challenge in that, although carbon­ containing compounds are relatively abundant in the heart, the natural abundance of the NMR visible carbon isotope (C) is very low (∼1–3%). Therefore, isotopic enrichment of substrates delivered to the isolated perfused heart is required. The specific C­labeled substrates are chosen based on the C­labeling pattern of the acetyl CoAs that are ultimately yielded. Since glutamate is easily detected by C NMR spectroscopy and the enrichment pattern is similar to the TCA cycle intermediate, α­ketoglutarate under steady­state conditions, inferences of isotopic­enriched substrate entry into the tricarboxcylic acid (TCA) cycle can be made by examining the carbon labeling pattern of glutamate. As shown in Figure 41.1A, glucose with C carbons in the 1st and 6th position (1,6­C glucose) will yield two acetyl CoA molecules with the C carbon in the 2nd position (2­C acetyl CoA) once glycolysis and pyruvate decarboxylation are completed. Entry
Global Cerebral Edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with a peripheral immune response (P3.105)

BACKGROUND: Global cerebral edema (GCE) is an important marker of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite its associations with worse outcomes and potential clinical implication, very little is understood about the patho-mechanism of GCE. Changes in inflammatory markers have been reported to be associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), however, their association with early brain injury and clinical outcomes have not been well characterized. We hypothesized that there is a difference in serum levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with or without GCE. Additionally, we explored the association between early serum cytokine levels, DCI and early clinical outcomes. METHODS: 89 patients admitted to the Neuro ICU with aneurysmal SAH, presenting within 48 hours of symptom onset, were enrolled into this study. Serum was collected within 48 hours. GCE was classified qualitatively on initial head CT by the presence of effacement of sulci and basal cisterns, or, bilateral disruption of the hemispheric gray-white junction. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL17A, IL1Rα, IL1α, IL1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, MCP1, MIPα, MCP1β and TGF-β were determined using a multiplex immunoassay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of cytokines with clinical variables. RESULTS: 20[percnt] of patients had GCE on initial head CT. GCE was associated with Hunt Hess score, presence of intra-ventricular hemorrhage, and loss of consciousness at ictus. GCE was associated with significantly higher levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines correlated significantly with poor clinical outcome. No significant association was found between cytokine levels and DCI. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers seen in patients with GCE suggest a possible role of immune dysregulation in EBI after SAH. Inflammatory markers may be useful predictors of poor clinical outcome independent of DCI in SAH patients. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Parsha has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bajgur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rezanejad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Edwards has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has received personal compensation for activities with Otsuka Pharmaceutical. Dr. Savitz has received personal compensation for activities with Celgene, Aldagen, KM Pharmaceutical, and GlaxoSmithKline as a consultant. Dr. Choi has nothing to disclose.
Self-assembled antimony-thiolate Sb2L3 and Sb2L2Cl2 complexes

The synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of two new self-assembled antimony(III)-thiolate complexes are described: Sb2 L 3 (1) and “anti”-Sb2 L 2Cl2 (2), where H2 L is α,α′-dimercaptoxylene. The Sb(III) ions in both complexes exhibit tripodal coordination geometries with stereochemically-active lone pairs. The extended structure of 1 in the crystalline state reveals numerous C[sbnd]H···S interactions, while the packing in 2 is dominated by numerous antimony-sulfur and antimony-chlorine secondary bonding interactions. These structures demonstrate that a supramolecular design strategy can be developed to prepare self-assembled structures based on the coordination geometry of Sb(III) and the reversible formation of antimony-thiolate bonds in solution. This strategy offers promise in the specific chelation of toxic ions such as antimony, a contaminant of increasing environmental concern.
The role of targeted protein degradation in early neural development

As neural stem cells differentiate into neurons during neurogenesis, the proteome of the cells is restructured by de novo expression and selective removal of regulatory proteins. The control of neurogenesis at the level of gene regulation is well documented and the regulation of protein abundance through protein degradation via the Ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway is a rapidly developing field. This review describes our current understanding of role of the proteasome pathway in neurogenesis. Collectively, the studies show that targeted protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism in the generation of new neurons.
A systematic review of interventions to promote physical activity in the preschool setting

Purpose Conduct a systematic review of school-based interventions to promote physical activity in preschoolers. Design and Methods A systematic search of literature between 2002 and 2014 in nine electronic databases and reference lists was conducted using the terms physical activity combined with environment, children, or interventions. Results Fourteen articles were identified. Interventions were environmental, cognitive/behavioral, or a combination. Positive interventions involving preschool children included manipulation of the playground with the number of children playing at one time, markings, or equipment, and goal setting and reinforcement. Practice Implications More research is needed to determine interventions to promote physical activity in preschool children.
Social Resources Generated by Group Support Networks May Not Be Beneficial to Asian Immigrant-Owned Small Businesses

The immigrant entrepreneur is often seen as a member of supportive peer and community subgroups. These networks assist in the creation and successful operation of firms by providing social resources in the form of customers, loyal employees, and financing. This study provides evidence that the success and survival patterns of Asian immigrant firms derive from their large investments of financial capital and the impressive educational credentials of the business owners. Heavy use of social support networks typifies the less profitable, more failure-prone small businesses of Asian
Collective dynamics of coupled oscillators with random pinning

Abstract We analyze a large system of nonlinear oscillators with random pinning, mean-field coupling and external drive. For small coupling and drive strength, the system evolves to an incoherent pinned state, with all the oscillators stuck at random phases. As the coupling or drive strength is increased beyond a depinning treshold, the steady-state solution switches to a coherent moving state, with all the oscillators moving nearly in phase. This depinning transition is discontinuous and hysteretic. We also show analytically that there is a delayed onset of coherence in response to a sudden superthreshold drive. The time delay increases as the threshold is approached from above. The discontinuous, hysteretic transition and the delayed onset of coherence are directly attributable to the form of the coupling, which is periodic in the phase difference between oscillators. The system studied here provides a simple model of charge-density wave transport in certain quasi-one-dimensional metals and semiconductors in the regime where phase-slip is important; however this paper is intended primarily as a study of a model system with analytically tractable collective dynamics.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of rubidium aryloxide compounds

A series of rubidium aryloxides, [Rb(OAr)(solv) n ] x , was synthesized from the reaction of Rbo with a select set of 2-alkyl phenols [alkyl = methyl (H-oMP), iso-propyl (H-oPP), and tert-butyl (H-oBP)] and 2,6-di-alkyl phenols [alkyl = methyl (H-DMP), iso-propyl (H-DIP), and tert-butyl (H-DBP)]. The products were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as [Rb5(μx-O)(ηx,μx-oMP)3] n (1), [Rb4(ηx,μx-oPP)4(py)] n (2), [Rb(μ3-oBP)(ηx-tol)]6 (3), [H]2[Rb7(O)(ηx,μ-DMP)7(py)2] n (4), and [Rb(η6,μ x -DIP)] n (5) (where ηx and μx indicate an undetermined amount of the specified interaction). Acceptable crystals of the DBP derivative could not be grown in our hands. In contrast to the solvated polymeric K and unsolvated Cs derivatives, the Rb derivatives were a mixture of solvated and unsolvated polymers and for the first time some were isolated with oxo ligands. NMR studies indicated that these compounds become smaller symmetric species upon dissolution.
Magnetoresistance in Semiconducting Strontium Titanate

The weak-field magnetoresistance coefficients have been measured in niobium-doped SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at 4.2, 77, and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results at 77 and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are consistent with a conduction-band structure consisting of minima along the $〈100〉$ reciprocal axes. The phase transition at 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K does not have a significant effect on the magnetoresistance results. It is postulated that the absence of a large piezoresistance effect in cubic SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ due to the electron-transfer mechanism is a result of the small magnitude of the deformation-potential constant.
Shear flow past slender elastic rods attached to a plane

Shear flow past an elastic rod or a doubly periodic array of elastic rods attached to a plane is investigated with reference to flow over a ciliated surface or a carbon nanomat. In the absence of flow, the rods are straight cylinders with circular cross-sectional shape. The mathematical framework combines slender-body theory for computing the hydrodynamic load with classical beam theory for computing the rod deflection. Small deflections are computed using a finite-element method and large deflections are computed using an iterative procedure where a rod shape is assumed, the hydrodynamic load is found, and a new shape is obtained by solving a boundary-value problem involving ordinary differential equations at equilibrium. Deflected rod profiles are presented and the macroscopic slip velocity is computed in the case of flow past a doubly periodic square or triangular array of rods over a broad range of surface coverage.
Step by step to more effective programs

Designing and Planning Programs for Nonprofit and Government Organizations, by Edward J. Pawlak and Robert D. Vinter. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004. 288 pp., $67.00 cloth.
1104 CRYOACTIVATION AND ACID ACTIVATION OF AN INACTIVE RENIN IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

An inactive large molecular form of renin which can be acid and cryoactivated has been described in human amniotic fluid and plasma. The present study was conducted to determine whether the concentration of inactive renin is high in the newborn at a time when circulating active renin levels are known to be elevated, and whether inactive newborn renin can be separated from active renin by chromatography. 78 samples of newborn plasma were acidified to ph 5.5-5.7, the optimal ph for generating angiotensin I (angio I) from active renin, and treated with Bal and 8-OH quinoline to prevent formation of angiotensin 2. The samples were divided into 2 equal parts, one control for circulating angio I and one generated to angio I at 37°C for 1 hr prior to RIA. The control and generated samples were placed in an ice bath (3-4°C) for 10 hrs. The control samples contained 6.7 ± 1.0 ng/ml/hr (M and SEM) of active renin, and 14.1 ± 1.8 of cryoactivated renin (as PRA). The (37°C, 1 hr) generated samples contained 22.8 ± 1.3 ng/ml/hr of active renin and 17.7 ± 1.7 of cryoactivated renin (as PRA). Chromatography on 1M G-75 Sephadex columns eluted with 0.1M Na Phosphate buffer, ph 6.9 showed active renin in one fraction, M.W. 45,000, and cryoactivated and acid activated (ph 3.0) renin in another fraction, M.W. 67,000. Conclusions: a) active and inactive renin are both in high concentration in newborn plasma, b) cryoactivated and acid activated renin are of similar M.W. and larger than active renin.
Culture, State, Globalization: The Articulation of Global Capitalism

Suggesting cultural analysis of the phenomenon of globalization needs to take into account more than studies of subjectivity and communications technology, the author suggests a deconstructive methodology that seeks reconciliation of postmodernism with structuralism and idealism with materialism. Demonstrating points of contact between various social actors in the globalization arena, a sketch is made of the state as a pluralist agent articulating the process of globalizing capital. Motivations to globalize are said to point to a real social by which the political structure of the state is revealed. Subversion of the dominant discourse through self-determined practices of liberty are suggested as a means of constructing alternatives to global capital.
Maternal Employment, Child Care, and Nutritional Status of 12-18-Month-Old Children in Managua, Nicaragua

Relationships among women's employment, child care strategies, and nutritional status of children 12-18 months of age were examined in 80 Nicaraguan households sampled by randomized block design in 10 low income urban communities. Multiple regression analyses showed that children of employed mothers (56%) fared better in weight/height than those whose mothers were not employed, with and without controlling for socioeconomic status and maternal education, paternal financial support, child care adequacy, and sex and age of the child. Children with inadequate alternate child care (care by a preteen or care at the work place) had lower height for age, even controlling for the same variables and for maternal employment. Differences in 10 caregiving behaviors between families as a function of work status of the mother and adequacy of child care were examined. In families with working mothers, caregivers were less likely to be observed washing their hands, suggesting that the positive associations of work for earnings might be due to income rather than improved care. Inadequate care was associated with less food variety, less use of health care, and marginally less hand-washing. Inadequate child care, which tends to be associated with informal work, nuclear families and poverty, should be a concern for child welfare.
A Multi-state Piecewise Exponential Model of Hospital Outcomes after Injury

Abstract To allow more accurate prediction of hospital length of stay (LOS) after serious injury or illness, a multi-state model is proposed, in which transitions from the hospitalized state to three possible outcome states (home, long-term care, or death) are assumed to follow constant rates for each of a limited number of time periods. This results in a piecewise exponential (PWE) model for each outcome. Transition rates may be affected by time-varying covariates, which can be estimated from a reference database using standard statistical software and Poisson regression. A PWE model combining the three outcomes allows prediction of LOS. Records of 259,941 injured patients from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample were used to create such a multi-state PWE model with four time periods. Hospital mortality and LOS for patient subgroups were calculated from this model, and time-varying covariate effects were estimated. Early mortality was increased by anatomic injury severity or penetrating mechanism, but the...
1268 A LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF THYROID FUNCTION IN THE VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) INFANT

Assays of serum T3, T4 and TSH were performed on cord blood & then serially at 3, 24 and 72 hrs; at 1 week and weekly until 6 wks in 11 VLBW infants(<1200gm). In response to parturition,there was a TSH surge (cord 7.1 ± 3.6mu/ml; 3 hrs 8.7 ± 5.lmu/ml) and elevation of T4(cord 7.1 ± 1.8μg/dl; 3 hrs 9.3 ± 3.6μg/dl). TSH then fell to a nadir at 72 hrs(2.1 ± 1.Omu/ml); T4 at 3 wks(4.1 ± 2.3 μg/dl). Subsequently T4 increased; at 6 wks(5.3 ± 2.7μg/dl). T3 closely paralleled T4 with a nadir at 2 wks of 66.1 ± 36.2ng/dl, rising to 106.9 ± 22.0 at 5 wks. Analysis of data revealed significantly lower(p<.05)T4 in infants with RDS(n=5)vs those without RDS(n=6)at 24 and 72 hrs as well as at wks 1, 2, 3 and 6. T3 and TSH were not significantly different in these groups. Comparison of survivors(n=8)vs non-survivors(n=3)revealed significantly lower T4 in the latter at 3 hrs(p<.05), 2 wks(p<.005), 3 wks(p<.005) and 4 wks(p<.05). T3 and TSH were not statistically different. These normative data are in general agreement with previously reported values in larger preterm infants, reflecting the pattern in fullterm infants albeit of a significantly less degree. No treatment is recommended for preterm infants with low T4 since these values increase to normal over several weeks. Reassessment of this recommendation seems warranted in light of the above which indicates some of these infants do not recover; their relative hypothyroid state may not be a physiologic responce to their illness but significantly related to morbidity and mortality.
Osteogenic differentiation of dura mater stem cells cultured in vitro on three-dimensional porous scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) fabricated via co-extrusion and gas foaming

Abstract A novel scaffold fabrication method utilizing both polymer blend extrusion and gas foaming techniques to control pore size distribution is presented. Seventy-five per cent of all pores produced using polymer blend extrusion alone were less than 50 μm. Introducing a gas technique provided better control of pore size distribution, expanding the range from 0–50 to 0–350 μm. Varying sintering time, annealing temperature and foaming pressure also helped to reduce the percentage of pore sizes below 50 μm. Scaffolds chosen for in vitro cellular studies had a pore size distribution of 0–300 μm, average pore size 66 ± 17 μm, 0.54 ± 0.02% porosity and 98% interconnectivity, measured by micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis. The ability of the scaffolds to support osteogenic differentiation for subsequent cranial defect repair was evaluated by static and dynamic (0.035 ± 0.006 m s −1 terminal velocity) cultivation with dura mater stem cells (DSCs). In vitro studies showed minimal increases in proliferation over 28 days in culture in osteogenic media. Alkaline phosphatase expression remained constant throughout the study. Moderate increases in matrix deposition, as assessed by histochemical staining and microCT analysis, occurred at later time points, days 21 and 28. Although constructs cultured dynamically showed greater mineralization than static conditions, these trends were not significant. It remains unclear whether bioreactor culture of DSCs is advantageous for bone tissue engineering applications. However, these studies show that polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds alone, without the addition of other co-polymers or ceramics, support long-term attachment and mineralization of DSCs throughout the entire porous scaffold.
Comparison of the isotopic abundance of U235 and U238 and the radium activity ratios in Colorado Plateau uranium ores

Abstract The isotopic abundances of uranium and the radium activity ratios of eleven samples of uranium ore from the Colorado Plateau have been measured. No significant variation in the isotopic abundance of the uranium was noted; with'in the experimental error, the average U 235 /U 238 ratio is 137.7. There is a significant variation in the Ra 226 /Ra 223 activity ratios (0.048−0.143), which indicates a relatively recent alteration of the ore samples. The variations do not, however, explain the lead-uranium and lead-lead age discrepancies.
1 &#181;m MOSFET VLSI technology: Part VIII&#8212;Radiation effects

In this paper the effect of electron-beam radiation on polysilicon-gate MOSFET's is examined. The irradiations were performed at 25 kV in a vector scan electron-beam lithography system at dosages typical of those used to expose electron-beam resists. Two types of studies are reported. In the first type, devices fabricated with optical lithography were exposed to blanket electron-beam radiation after fabrication. In the second, discrete devices from a test chip, fabricated entirely with electron-beam lithography, were used. It is shown that in addition to the threshold voltage shift, caused by the accumulation of radiation-induced positive charge in the gate oxides, these charged centers and additional uncharged (neutral) electron traps lead to an increase in the electron trapping in irradiated oxides. Temperatures above 550°C are shown to be required to anneal both the positive and neutral traps completely from the oxide underlying polysilicon after exposure to radiation. Annealing of the radiation-induced positive charge from the oxide is shown to depend on the metallurgy overlying the gate insulator during heat treatment. Annealing treatments which remove the charged centers from aluminum-gated MOS structures are demonstrated to leave small (about 5 × 1010cm-2) but significant amounts of charge in certain polysilicon-gate structures. The dependence of positive and neutral trap densities on direct electron-beam exposure was studied in the range between 10 and 200 µC/cm2. Studies on the electron-beam fabricated devices indicate that indirect exposure of the gate oxide by electrons scattered from the primary beam during lithography in areas away from the gate oxide is sufficient to cause appreciable damage. After postmetal annealing at 400° C for 20 min, the minimum residual charge density found in the electron-beam fabricated devices is 4 × 1010cm-2.
Bacterial communities in Fe/Mn films, sulphate crusts, and aluminium glazes from Swedish Lapland: implications for astrobiology on Mars

Rock coatings have been observed on Mars by Mars Pathfinder, Viking and the Mars Exploration Rovers. Although rock varnish has been studied for its potential as a biosignature, other types of rock coating have been largely ignored. In Karkevagge, Swedish Lapland, sulphate crusts, aluminium glazes and Fe/Mn films occur with mineralogies mimicking those observed on the surface of Mars. Molecular analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the bacterial communities associated with these rock coatings. Molecular techniques revealed differences in community structure and metabolisms associated with the production of secondary minerals between the three coating types. SEM analysis showed evidence of encrustation in mineral coatings in the Fe/Mn films and aluminium glazes, and evidence of abundant microbial communities in all three coating types. These observations provide evidence for bacterial participation in the genesis of rock coatings. For astrobiology on Mars, rock coatings are an attractive biosignature target scientifically and logistically: they are surface environments easily accessible by rovers, endoliths are afforded protection from surface conditions, and evidence of life could potentially be preserved through biomineralization and lithification. This study describes the bacterial communities from rock coatings compatible with martian mineralogy, explores the potential for biologically facilitated rock-coating formation, and supports rock coatings as targets of astrobiological interest on Mars.
Surgical Selection of Infants With Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) can produce debilitating and even fatal disease in infants and children. GER is common in infancy, and most GER subsides with time or with postural and dietary therapy. Operation is justified only to control effectively by nonoperative methods. The clinical history and the patient's response to medical treatment remain the most important factors in our decision for or against operation. As in adults, esophagoscopy and esophageal biopsy are useful to document the presence of reflux in older children, but they seldom contribute to the decision for operation in infants. In our hands, gastric scintiscan has provided useful qualitative data on reflux-induced respiratory symptoms and quantitative data on gastric emptying. Esophageal pH monitoring is more quantitative for reflux evaluation and allows analysis and clinical correlations with reflux patterns. We have not used the reflux patterns to predict outcome or response to treatment in the individual patient. A prolonged average duration of reflux during sleep does appear to increase the probability that a patient with respiratory symptoms will respond to operative control of reflux. Our presently imprecise technique for patient selection, however, must not cause us to withhold operation from needy infants. For the infant who does not grow or who aspirates on a reflux board, or who requires prolonged hospitalization and for the preemie who aspirates at every extubation attempts or requires long-term nasojejunal feedings to prevent aspiration, we think antireflux surgery is appropriate, humane, and cost-effective. We see no excuse for persisting with ineffective management of a process that may result in stunting, chronic illness, persistent pain, esophageal scarring, or even respiratory death.
Precision and Differential Item Functioning on a Testlet-Based Test: The 1991 Law School Admissions Test as an Example

Two components of the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT)--reading comprehension and analytic reasoning-are not constructed of individual items that can function autonomously. Instead they each consist of four clusters of items, in which each cluster refers to a common stem. In reading comprehension the common part is a single passage; in analytic reasoning it is a common situation. Such interdependent clusters of items have come to be called testlets. It has been found that when a test is constructed of testlets, traditional treatments of individual items as independent entities tends to yield overly optimistic estimates of reliability. It has also been found that even though individual items may pass muster in terms of their differential performance within various subgroups, this may not be true once the items within a testlet are treated as a coherent unit. Findings can be divided into three categories: (a) overall performance of individual subgroups on the test, (b) the reliability of each section, and ...