cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Epicardium During Heart Development and Repair

The heart is lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells called the epicardium that provides important cellular contributions for embryonic heart formation. The epicardium harbors a population of progenitor cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition displaying characteristic conversion of planar epithelial cells into multipolar and invasive mesenchymal cells before differentiating into nonmyocyte cardiac lineages, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts. The epicardium is also a source of paracrine cues that are essential for fetal cardiac growth, coronary vessel patterning, and regenerative heart repair. Although the epicardium becomes dormant after birth, cardiac injury reactivates developmental gene programs that stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; however, it is not clear how the epicardium contributes to disease progression or repair in the adult. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms that control epicardium-derived progenitor cell migration, and the functional contributions of the epicardium to heart formation and cardiomyopathy. Future perspectives will be presented to highlight emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at harnessing the regenerative potential of the fetal epicardium for cardiac repair.
Internships for Credit: Linking Work Experience toPolitical Science Learning Objectives

For undergraduate Political Science students, the possibility of receiving academic credit while completing an internship is often an appealing option. However, for faculty members given the responsibility of supervising these experiences, it can be difficult to establish clear guidelines regarding what a student must do – in terms of where the student does his/her internship, the type of on-the-job tasks the student performs, and the type of complementary academic assignments that the student must complete – in order to receive academic credit that can be applied towards completion of the Political Science major. Based on an examination of syllabi that a number of colleges and universities use for credit-bearing Political Science Internship courses and reflections on my own experiences, I generate a list of suggested “best practices” designed to ensure that students deserve the academic credits they receive and to ensure that their internship experiences do indeed enhance their marketability.
The effects of a morphine shortage on emergency department pain control

Abstract Objective In 2018, due to a national morphine shortage, our two study emergency departments (EDs) were unable to administer intravenous (IV) morphine for over six months. We evaluated the effects of this shortage on analgesia and patient disposition. Methods This was a retrospective study in two academic EDs. Our control period (with morphine) was 4/1/17–6/30/17 and our study period (without morphine) was 4/1/18–6/30/18. We included all adult patients with a chief complaint of pain, initial pain score ≥4, and ≥2 recorded pain scores. The primary outcome was delta pain score. Secondary outcomes included final pain score, proportion of ED visits with opioids vs. non-opioids administered, and ED disposition. Results We identified 6296 patients during our control period and 5816 during our study period. There was no significant difference in mean final pain score (study 4.45, control 4.44, p = 0.802), delta pain score (study −3.30, control −3.32, p = 0.556), nor admission rates (study 18.8%, control 17.8%, p = 0.131). We saw a decrease in opioid use (study 47.4%, control 60.0%, p Conclusions Removing IV morphine in the ED, without a compensatory rise in alternative opioids, does not appear to significantly impact analgesia or disposition. These data favor a more limited opioid use strategy in the ED.
Muscle myosins form folded monomers, dimers, and tetramers during filament polymerization in vitro

Muscle contraction depends on the cyclical interaction of myosin and actin filaments. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of polymerization and depolymerization of muscle myosins. Muscle myosin 2 monomers exist in two states: one with a folded tail that interacts with the heads (10S) and one with an unfolded tail (6S). It has been thought that only unfolded monomers assemble into bipolar and side-polar (smooth muscle myosin) filaments. We now show by electron microscopy that, after 4 s of polymerization in vitro in both the presence (smooth muscle myosin) and absence of ATP, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle myosins form tail-folded monomers without tail-head interaction, tail-folded antiparallel dimers, tail-folded antiparallel tetramers, unfolded bipolar tetramers, and small filaments. After 4 h, the myosins form thick bipolar and, for smooth muscle myosin, side-polar filaments. Nonphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin polymerizes in the presence of ATP but with a higher critical concentration than in the absence of ATP and forms only bipolar filaments with bare zones. Partial depolymerization in vitro of nonphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin filaments by the addition of MgATP is the reverse of polymerization.
Site-specific RNA Functionalization via DNA-induced Structure

Abstract Site-specific RNA functionalization is in high demand, but remains a challenge, particularly for RNAs produced by transcription rather than by total synthesis. Recent studies have described acylimidazole reagents that react in high yields at 2’-OH groups in RNAs. To date, the reactions occur stochastically at non-base-paired regions of RNA, covering much of the RNA in scattered acyl esters. Localized reactions, if possible, could prove useful in many applications, providing functional handles at specific sites and sequences of the biopolymer. Here we describe a DNA-directed strategy for in vitro functionalization of RNA at site-localized 2’-OH groups. The method, RNA Acylation at Induced Loops (RAIL), utilizes complementary helper DNA oligonucleotides that expose gaps or loops at selected positions while protecting the remainder in DNA-RNA duplexes. Reaction with acylimidazole reagents is then carried out, providing high yields of 2’-OH conjugation at predetermined sites. Subsequent removal of the DNA provides the RNA functionalized as desired. Experiments reveal optimal helper oligodeoxynucleotide designs and conditions for the reaction, and tests of the approach were carried out to control ribozyme activities and to label RNAs with dual-color fluorescent dyes. The RAIL approach offers a simple new strategy for site-specific labeling and controlling RNAs of any length and origin.
Constitutive and Regulated Shedding of Soluble FGF Receptors Releases Biologically Active Inhibitors of FGF-2

The identification of soluble fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors in blood and the extracellular matrix has led to the prediction that these proteins modulate the diverse biological activities of the FGF family of ligands in vivo. A recent structural characterization of the soluble FGF receptors revealed that they are primarily generated by proteolytic cleavage of the FGFR-1 ectodomain. Efforts to examine their biological properties are now focused on understanding the functional consequences of FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding and how the shedding event is regulated. We have purified an FGFR-1 ectodomain that is constitutively cleaved from the full-length FGFR-1(IIIc) receptor and released into conditioned media. This shed receptor binds FGF-2; inhibits FGF-2-induced cellular proliferation; and competes with high affinity, cell surface FGF receptors for ligand binding. FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding downregulates the number of high affinity receptors from the cell surface. The shedding mechanism is regulated by ligand binding and by activators of PKC, and the two signaling pathways appear to be independent of each other. Deletions and substitutions at the proposed cleavage site of FGFR-1 do not prevent ectodomain shedding. Broad spectrum inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases decrease FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding, suggesting that the enzyme responsible for constitutive, ligand-activated, and protein kinase C-activated shedding is a matrix metalloprotease. In summary, shedding of the FGFR-1 ectodomain is a highly regulated event, sharing many features with a common system that governs the release of diverse membrane proteins from the cell surface. Most importantly, the FGFR ectodomains are biologically active after shedding and are capable of functioning as inhibitors of FGF-2.
Principles of adaptive element spacing in linear array antennas

A novel approach to linear array antennas with adaptive inter-element spacing is presented for the first time. The main idea is based upon electronically displacing the phase center location of the antenna elements, which determine their relative coordinates in the array configuration. This is realized by employing dual-mode microstrip patch antennas as a constitutive element, whose phase center location can be displaced from its physical center by simultaneously exciting two modes. The direction and the amount of displacement is controlled by the amplitude and phase of the modes at the element level. This in turn facilitates reconfiguring the inter-element spacing at the array level. For instance, a uniformly-spaced array could be electronically transformed into a non-uniform one without any mechanical means. The proposed idea is demonstrated in two- and three-element linear antenna arrays. The technique has the potential to control the radiation characteristics such as sidelobe levels, position of the nulls, and the beamwidths in small arrays, which are useful for adaptively controlling the array performance in emerging wireless communication systems and radars.
Restaurant kids' meal beverage offerings before and after implementation of healthy default beverage policy statewide in California compared with citywide in Wilmington, Delaware.

OBJECTIVE In 2019, California and Wilmington, Delaware' implemented policies requiring healthier default beverages with restaurant kids' meals. The current study assessed restaurant beverage offerings and manager perceptions. DESIGN Pre-post menu observations were conducted in California and Wilmington. Observations of cashiers/servers during orders were conducted pre-post implementation in California and post-implementation in Wilmington. Changes in California were compared using multilevel logistic regression and paired t tests. Post-implementation, managers were interviewed. SETTING Inside and drive-through ordering venues in a sample of quick-service restaurants in low-income California communities and all restaurants in Wilmington subject to the policy, the month before and 7-12 months after policy implementation. PARTICIPANTS Restaurant observations (California n 110; Wilmington n 14); managers (California n 75; Wilmington n 15). RESULTS Pre-implementation, the most common kids' meal beverages on California menus were unflavoured milk and water (78·8 %, 52·0 %); in Wilmington, juice, milk and sugar-sweetened beverages were most common (81·8 %, 66·7 % and 46·2 %). Post-implementation, menus including only policy-consistent beverages significantly increased in California (9·7 % to 66·1 %, P < 0·0001), but remained constant in Wilmington (30·8 %). During orders, cashiers/servers offering only policy-consistent beverages significantly decreased post-implementation in California (5·0 % to 1·0 %, P = 0·002). Few managers (California 29·3 %; Wilmington 0 %) reported policy knowledge, although most expressed support. Most managers wanted additional information for customers and staff. CONCLUSIONS While the proportion of menus offering only policy-consistent kids' meal default beverages increased in California, offerings did not change in Wilmington. In both jurisdictions, managers lacked policy knowledge, and few cashiers/servers offered only policy-consistent beverages. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen implementation of kids' meal beverage policies.
Numerical Validation of Effective Specific Heat Functions for Simulating Melting Dynamics in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Modules

Thermal management systems (TMSs) are routinely expected to mitigate transient heat loads that often exceed nominal operating conditions. Thermal energy storage (TES) devices provide the ability to improve the performance of TMSs by allowing them to temporarily store heat until there is an opportunity to reject it. To design and control TMSs with integrated TES, system level modeling and simulation tools are needed. However, latent heat TES modules, such as those that utilize phase change materials (PCMs), are difficult to simulate using variable time-step ordinary differential equation solvers due to their melting characteristics. In this paper, we validate a novel approximation of the effective specific heat for a latent heat TES module that enables the charging and discharging processes to be simulated as continuous one-phase phenomena. We incorporate the sigmoid-based effective specific heat function into a reduced-order TES model previously derived by the authors and quantify the computational improvement over established approaches for simulating melting and solidification. We validate the proposed approach against our previously published model which uses retroactive updates to simulate melting for a variety of charging and discharging load conditions in a plate-fin heat exchanger geometry using lithium nitrate trihydride as the PCM. We demonstrate improved accuracy for two-dimensional heat transfer problems with time-varying boundary conditions. Furthermore, we quantify the sensitivity of model accuracy and execution speed to these parameters.
Measuring Photo Credibility in Journalistic Contexts: Scale Development and Application to Staff and Stock Photography

Noting its absence, this article presents a newly-developed scale that specifically measures the construct of photo credibility in journalistic contexts. The scale was developed using adaptations o...
A Graphical Development Language for Integrated Knowledge Systems

An integrated knowledge system is one made up of the three computing technologies: neural computing networks; expert systems; and, procedural systems. This paper presents a simple, graphical approach to the organization, analysis, and development of such systems. Its focus is insight into the alternative organizations possible when developing integrated systems applications. The systematic presented herein is a prototype graphical system design language. It can serve as an aid to understanding, conceptualization, design and communications as well as a tool in the development of integrated system models of arbitrary size and complexity. Such models can serve a useful function as prototypes for larger systems or as research models, given technology limitations.
Bubble Diagrams in Trade Theory

‘Bubble’ diagrams are quite useful in revealing some of the properties found in the competitive models of international trade. These diagrams use circles (bubbles) to indicate commodity outputs and connecting lines to indicate factor inputs. Models such as the 2 × 2 and n × n Heckscher–Ohlin models as well as the 3 × 2 (and extensions) specific factors model are discussed. For example, a model with some factor mobility between countries (say capital into a foreign enclave) is discussed for both model types. As well, close analogies are made to issues in labour economics in which both skilled and unskilled labour are used as inputs.
Perioperative and Operative Considerations in Diabetics

The incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising. With significant proportion developing cataracts, diabetic surgery comprise an ever-growing subset of people undergoing cataract surgery. Although these patients provide unique challenges to cataract surgeon, early intervention and appropriate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations can lend to good outcomes.
Woodward's ambiguity function: From foundations to applications

Woodward's ambiguity function, introduced in the literature in the mid-20th century, has been a staple topic in the study of radar performance. There exists an inherent trade-off in the ability of a signal to accurately measure both the range and velocity of a target. Woodward's ambiguity function measures this uncertainty for narrowband RF signals for monostatic radar. Despite its popularity and widespread description in both radar texts and the literature, there has been a wide variation in description of the ambiguity function. There are, for example, numerous similar albeit different definitions of the ambiguity function. There are also false statements made including claims that an ambiguity function is not invertable to its underlying signal and that best estimates of the range and Doppler of an object is found by analyzing the maximum of the magnitude of a correlation. In this paper, these and other questions are answered through derivation of the ambiguity function from first principles. Tables of ambiguity functions and their properties are presented, and 2-D Fourier analysis is shown to provide deeper insight into the ambiguity function structure.
Hypoalbuminemia 3 months after hospital discharge: significance for long-term survival.

Objectives: To determine change in albumin from hospital discharge to 3-month follow-up and the prognostic significance of persistent hypoalbuminemia in older veteran patients. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: A geriatric rehabilitation unit of a university-affiliated Department of Veterans Affairs hospital. Participants: The study population consisted of 282 subjects (of 322 randomly selected discharges who were free of cancer and terminal conditions) that completed the 90-day postdischarge assessment; most were older (75.4±8.6), white (76%), and male (99%). Measurements: Each subject completed a comprehensive discharge assessment, had a repeat albumin an average of 94 days later, and was then tracked for 5 years. The strongest predictors of survival were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: Between hospital discharge and the 3-month reassessment, albumins improved by more than 2 g/L in 122 subjects (43%), stayed the same in 112 subjects (40%), and deteriorated by more than 2 g/L in the rest. During follow-up, 190 subjects (67%) died. Of the 38 nutritional, functional, demographic, and illness severity variables evaluated, the 3-month postdischarge albumin was the strongest predictor of long-term mortality. Those with albumins less than 35 g/L had a 2.6 times greater mortality than those with albumins of 40 g/L or greater (relative risk=2.6, 95% confidence interval=1.8–3.8). After controlling for 3-month albumin, hospital-discharge albumin was not significantly associated with long-term mortality. Conclusion: In older people, a low serum albumin 3 months after hospital discharge is associated with a poor long-term prognosis. It is not known whether this represents ongoing inflammation or inadequate nutrition.
Infrared core-shell-based metamaterials to control thermal emissions

The need to control thermal emissions in devices, such as infrared (IR) sensors, has a number of defense and security applications. By tuning the geometry and material properties of core-shell particles, we will illustrate how they can be designed to control IR emissions, i.e., electromagnetic waves in the 8-12 μm range. In particular, we illustrate the realization of Huygens' source types of nano- and micron-sized particles that have low backscattering and large forward scattering. Their integration into a substrate near to its interface leads to additional directionality control that has been investigated for practical applications.
Do reactions after whole blood donation predict syncope on return donation

BACKGROUND: Adverse reactions after whole blood donation reduce the likelihood of a subsequent donation. Still, many donors return to give blood even after experiencing a reaction. Consequently, we evaluated the risk of recurrent syncope among returning donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Allogeneic whole blood donors in 2009 who had vasovagal-type reactions including syncope were evaluated for return donation within 12 months and subsequent reactions, based on donation status (novice [first-time] or active [repeat]) or age at index donation. RESULTS: Syncope after a first whole blood donation significantly reduced the frequency of return donation (18%), compared to either presyncopal symptoms (27%; p < 0.0001) or no reaction (35%; p < 0.0001). Among novice donors who returned to donate, syncope was more likely among donors who had any reaction (0.8%) or syncope (3.5%) at their first donation, compared to donors who had no reaction (0.3%; p < 0.0001). Syncope at a first donation identified only 2% (19 of 1062) of syncopal reactions among returning donors. For active, repeat donors who experienced syncope in 2009, a history of prior reactions had no effect on the likelihood of return donation or recurrent syncope. CONCLUSION: Donation experience strongly influences the likelihood of return donation and the risk of subsequent reactions, but a prior reaction after whole blood donation does not reliably predict recurrent syncope among returning donors.
Elongation factor 1A binds the 3’ translation element of the barley yellow dwarf virus (566.4)

The Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is especially devastating due to its global widespread distribution and its infection of staple cereal crops. Our research aims to understand mechanisms of BYDV...
Role of yeast elongation factor 3 in the elongation cycle

Abstract Investigation of the role of the polypeptide chain elongation factor 3 (EF-3) of yeast indicates that EF-3 participates in the elongation cycle by stimulating the function of EF-1 alpha in binding aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. In the yeast system, the binding of the ternary complex of EF-1 alpha.GTP.aa-tRNA to the ribosome is stoichiometric to the amount of EF-1 alpha. In the presence of EF-3, EF-1 alpha functions catalytically in the above mentioned reaction. The EF-3 effect is manifest in the presence of ATP, GTP, or ITP. A nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP does not replace ATP in this reaction, indicating a role of ATP hydrolysis in EF-3 function. The stimulatory effect of EF-3 is, in many respects, distinct from that of EF-1 beta. Factor 3 does not stimulate the formation of a binary complex between EF-1 alpha and GTP, nor does it stimulate the exchange of EF-1 alpha-bound GDP with free GTP. The formation of a ternary complex between EF-1 alpha.GTP.aa-tRNA is also not affected by EF-3. It appears that the only reaction of the elongation cycle that is stimulated by EF-3 is EF-1 alpha-dependent binding of aa-tRNA to the ribosome. Purified elongation factor 3, isolated from a temperature-sensitive mutant, failed to stimulate this reaction after exposure to a nonpermissive temperature. A heterologous combination of ribosomal subunits from yeast and wheat germ manifest the requirement for EF-3, dependent upon the source of the "40 S" ribosomal subunit. A combination of 40 S subunits from yeast and "60 S" from wheat germ showed the stimulatory effect of EF-3 in polyphenylalanine synthesis (Chakraburtty, K., and Kamath, A. (1988) Int. J. Biochem. 20, 581-590). However, we failed to demonstrate the effect of EF-3 in binding aa-tRNA to such a heterologous combination of the ribosomal subunits.
A Note on the Size of Forward Exchange Rate Bias

In this short note, we argue that the rejection of forward exchange rate unbiasedness hypothesis (FRUH) does not necessary mean that forward exchange rates have little effect as forecasts of future spot exchange rates as claimed in the literature. Due to symmetric feature of foreign exchange markets, we conjecture the size of forward exchange rate bias should be fairly small. We combine theoretical analysis with the observation of empirical results to validate this conjecture.
Economic Analysis for Improved Rectifying Columns

The total annual costs are compared for standard rectifiers and two-enthalpy feed rectifiers, which condense part of the feed and feed this liquid above the vapor feed. For new equipment total annual costs are very close. However, if condensing distillate requires refrigeration but condensing feed does not, the two-enthalpy feed rectifier has significantly lower total annual costs. Retrofitting from standard to two-enthalpy feed provides a relatively inexpensive capacity increase but with a slightly lower yield. The two-enthalpy rectifier system also has excellent turndown properties. All results were obtained for feeds with low to modest amounts of more volatile component.
On the radiolysis of adamantane

Abstract Bromine scavenging experiments, and comparative radiolysis of adamantane and adamantane derivatives, indicate that adamantane forms the 1-adamantyl radical as the predominant species following γ-radiolysis.
Content, Usability, and Innovation: An Evaluative Methodology for Government Recruiting Websites:

Building on previous studies evaluating corporate recruiting webpages, this article presents the Government E-Recruitment Assessment Tool (GERAT). Using this tool, two analysts evaluate the e-recru...
Octakis(2-benzyloxyethylsulfanyl) Copper (II) Phthalocyanine: A New Liquid Crystalline Discotic Material with Benzyl-Terminated, Thioether-Linked Side Chains

The synthesis and materials properties of a new liquid crystalline phthalocyanine, octakis (2-benzyloxyethylsulfanyl) copper (II) phthalocyanine, 2, are reported. This phthalocyanine possesses eight benzyl-terminated side chains with thioether links to the Pc core, which promote greater interaction between the discotic mesogens than has been seen in previous Pcs reported from this group which had benzyl-terminated alkoxy-based side chains. The use of thioether links to these side chains promotes a red-shift in the Q-band absorbance spectrum, small decreases in first oxidation potential, increased solution aggregation constants, and significantly higher K→LC transition temperatures than seen in conventional alkoxy-based side-chain-modified Pcs. Powders and single crystals of this material were characterized by X-ray diffraction and found to represent two closely related polymorphs. Room-temperature XRD of powders of 2 showed a monoclinic unit cell: a = 22.81(1) A, b = 9.780(5) A, c = 19.314(6) A, α = 90°,...
Contextualizing trauma: using evidence-based treatments in a multicultural community after 9/11.

The mental health community was caught unaware after 9/11 with respect to treatment of survivors of terrorist attacks. Because this form of trauma was quite rare in the U.S., few trauma specialists had extensive experience, or taught regularly on this subject. Since the primary objective of terrorism is the creation of demoralization, fear, and uncertainty in the general population, a focus on mental health from therapeutic and public health perspectives is critically important to successful resolution of the crisis. Surveys after 9/11 showed unequivocally that symptomatology related to the attacks were found in hundreds of thousands of people, most of whom were not escapees or the families of the deceased. Soon after 9/11, our center formed a collaboration with other academic sites in Manhattan to rapidly increase capacity for providing state-of-the-art training and treatment for trauma-related psychiatric problems. Our experience suggests that evidence-based treatments such as Prolonged Exposure Therapy have proven successful in treating 9/11-related PTSD. However, special clinical issues have arisen, such as the influence of culture on clinical presentation and treatment expectations in a multiethnic community; the need to focus on more subtle aspects of relative risk appraisal in examining trauma-related avoidance; the range of changes in daily life that constitute adaptation to ongoing threat; the difficulties in working as a therapist who is also a member of the traumatized community; and grappling with multiple secondary consequences of 9/11 such as unemployment, work relocation, grief, and apocalyptic fears leading to a dramatically foreshortened vision of the future.
SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION IN INDUSTRIAL APC APPLICATIONS - A REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE

Abstract The subspace identification has been available in industrial advanced process control (APC) applications in a commercial APC package since 2000. After five years of industrial use, several issues were identified and addressed; the subspace identification technology has been widely accepted and is now used in numerous industrial APC projects. In this paper, a review of the 5-year application history with industrial experience and recent progress in the plant test and identification is given. Questions like why the parametric model identification (ID) methods, which have been theoretically proved optimal, such as prediction error approach, are not routinely used by industrial APC practitioners and why the APC practitioners are now in favour of subspace ID are answered from a point of view of industrial practice. Several important practical ID issues that are more concerned by industrial practitioners are discussed. More specifically, a new view on the issue of open-loop vs. closed-loop ID is provided with the recent progress in multi-variable constrained plant testing technology. It has been found that the subspace identification works very well with the innovative plant testing approach in a synergistic way, and able to substantially reduce plant test duration. As a result, improved identification efficiency from shorter but richer data sets results in better model accuracy, and consequently project costs have been reduced significantly over the past 4 years. With more applications of the subspace ID in industrial MPC projects, some known issues and the future needs are also provided to invite academic researchers to help address.
MODELING MULTIPHASE FLOWS SUBJECTED TO CENTRIFUGAL ACCELERATION WITH A MIXTURE-AVERAGED DRIFT-FLUX ALGORITHM

ABSTRACT A mixture-averaged multiphase flow model has been developed to predict local variations in individual phase concentrations arising from centrifugal accelerations in the fluid. This centrifugal acceleration can be caused by swirl or by flow streamline curvature. The model has been developed for turbulent, compressible, nonisothermal flows. Higher-order differencing was used to discretize the transport equations; however, the effect of differencing the particle acceleration model on model performance is shown. For a sample case, comparisons are made with results using a Eulerian/Eulerian two-phase model. Discrete phase mass fraction concentration profiles compare favorably between the modified, mixture-averaged model and a two-phase model.
Can neoclassical economics be social economics

The question is both intriguing and important but, it is argued, impossible of a conclusive single-clear cut answer. Much depends on the specification of each of the schools and of what economics as intellectual inquiry is all about. Among other points, it is recognized that neoclassical economics is already a form of social economics; that both forms of economics are sets of tools and stories and not Truth; that the two schools can be seen as either contradictory or supplementary; that the economy is so multifaceted as to give rise to and sustain divergent sets of tools and stories; that there is a difference between the formal content of neoclassicism and what neoclassisists accept; that both schools have to be understood within a larger context; and that neither school has a single valuation agenda.
Where does perfectionism come from? A qualitative investigation of perfectionists and nonperfectionists

Perfectionism is generally defined as the “striving for flawlessness” (Flett & Hewitt, 2002, p. 5), but researchers disagree about the developmental roots of perfectionism. It is likely that a perfectionistic orientation develops over time, and family history may contribute to the development of perfectionism. Early messages from teachers, coaches, peers, and the media regarding achievement and success may also influence whether or not one becomes a perfectionist. However, it remains unclear which specific experiences may lead one to become a perfectionist. A major purpose in this preliminary investigation was to examine the roots of achievement motivation in general and to clarify the developmental dynamics that surround an individual who becomes a self- proclaimed perfectionist.
Numerical study of the spectral weight function for the half-filled two-dimensional Hubbard model.

The spectral weight function A(p,ω) and density of states D(ω) at half filling are calculated with an exact diagonalization technique on the 4×4 square lattice in the one-band Hubbard model from weak to strong coupling. Quasiparticle peaks are observed at weak and moderate couplings, while mostly incoherent structure appears at strong coupling. The gap in the density of states can be observed for all couplings and widens as the interaction strength increases
Dynamic contact angle measurements on superhydrophobic surfaces

In this paper, the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of a series of aqueous solutions were measured on a number of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces using a modified Wilhelmy plate technique. Superhydrophobic surfaces are hydrophobic surfaces with micron or nanometer sized surface roughness. These surfaces have very large static advancing contact angles and little static contact angle hysteresis. In this study, the dynamic advancing and dynamic receding contact angles on superhydrophobic surfaces were measured as a function of plate velocity and capillary number. The dynamic contact angles measured on a smooth hydrophobic Teflon surface were found to obey the scaling with capillary number predicted by the Cox-Voinov-Tanner law, θD3 ∝ Ca. The response of the dynamic contact angle on the superhydrophobic surfaces, however, did not follow the same scaling law. The advancing contact angle was found to remain constant at θA = 160∘, independent of capillary number. The dynamic receding conta...
Posttraumatic stress disorder from Vietnam to today: the evolution of understanding during Eugene Brody's tenure at the journal of nervous and mental disease

The psychological and behavioral consequences of exposure to traumatic events have been described throughout our history. However, the term posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not formally introduced into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, until after Dr Eugene Brody--whose broad interests included refugee populations and victims of trauma--had already served as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (JNMD) for 15 years. Advances in molecular biology, genetics, and imaging that occurred during Brody's tenure at the JNMD contributed significantly to our current understanding of the human fear response and the neurobiology of PTSD. Comprehensive treatment guidelines summarizing evidence-based treatment were published during his tenure, and the most recent American Psychiatric Association update to practice standards was published in the year before his passing. Thus, this review of the history and present state of the science of PTSD summarizes the lessons learned while Dr Brody dedicated his life to teaching us.
MCNP analysis of a multilayer phoswich detector for β-particle dosimetry and spectroscopy

Abstract To measure and study energy deposition of β-particles at different depths, a triple-layer phoswich detector has been designed. The phoswich detector consists of BC-400/CaF2:Eu/BC-444 with decay time constants of 2.4, 940 and 264 ns, respectively, all with thicknesses corresponding to that necessary to completely stop 0.1 MeV electrons in the first layer, 1.0 MeV electrons in the second layer and 2.5 MeV electrons in the third layer. Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) version 4B was used to simulate energy deposition in each layer from monoenergetic β-particles. The simulations and measurements revealed that the traditional rise time measurement technique is not able to provide appropriate and accurate pulse shape discrimination for this type of detector.
A unique regulatory profile and regional distribution of [3H]pirenzepine binding in the rat provide evidence for distinct M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes.

We recently demonstrated that the non-classical muscarinic receptor antagonist [3H]pirenzepine ([3H]PZ) identifies a high affinity population of muscarinic sites in the rat cerebral cortex. We now report that cortical muscarinic sites to which [3H]PZ binds with high affinity are modulated by ions but not guanine nucleotides. We also have examined equilibrium [3H]PZ binding in homogenates of various rat tissues using a new rapid filtration assay. All regional saturation isotherms yielded a similar high affinity dissociation constant (Kd = 2 − 8 nM) in 10 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer. Receptor density (Bmax in fmol/mg tissue) varied as follows: corpus striatum = 154.5, cerebral cortex = 94.6, hippocampus = 94.3, ileum = 1.3, cerebellum = 1.0, and heart = 0.45. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus possess 61 percent of striatal binding sites, while the ileum, cerebellum and heart contain only 0.84 percent, 0.65 percent and 0.29 percent of striatal sites respectively. The [3H]PZ sites in heart, ileum, and cerebellum represent 3.1 percent, 9.6 percent, and 10.4 percent of the sites obtained by using [3H](−)quinuclidinyl benzilate. Thus, [3H]PZ labels high affinity muscarinic receptor binding sites with a tissue distribution compatible with the concept of distinct M1 and M2 receptor subtypes. Accordingly, regions such as heart, cerebellum, and ileum would be termed M2, though each have an extremely small population of the M1 high affinity [3H]PZ site. [3H]PZ therefore appears to be a useful ligand for M1 receptor identification. Furthermore, the inability to demonstrate a significant effect of guanine nucleotides upon high affinity [3H]PZ binding to putative M1 receptors suggests that M1 sites may be independent of a guanine regulatory protein.
Incorporating Holistic Visual Search Concepts into a SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Numerical Observer

Previous Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) research has explored the utility of numerical observers. One previous study proposed that the model of holistic visual search of a myocardial perfusion image by an expert human observer might improve the development of a SPECT MPI numerical observer. Further examination of numerical processing techniques that seem to be analogous to initial stage of human holistic image search has helped to further refine the numerical observer. The current numerical observer considers some fundamental issues in the refinement of the numerical observer: the need for background estimation, the determination of blobs and the 'search-like' selection of a few blobs for subsequent decision analysis.
Unusual Placement of a Dialysis Catheter: Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

Many nephrologists perform clinical procedures, and perhaps the most common is placement of a noncuffed dialysis catheter to obtain vascular access necessary for immediate hemodialysis therapy. The right internal jugular vein frequently is the site of choice for placement of such catheters in most patients, but placement in the left internal jugular vein would not be unusual; for example, if another central catheter is present in the right internal jugular vein or there has been a failed attempt at that site. Nephrologists who place hemodialysis catheters in the left internal jugular vein should be aware of the existence of an anatomic variant, a persistent left superior vena cava, to prevent alarming misinterpretation and inappropriate clinical responses to routine chest radiographs taken to confirm adequate placement of such catheters.
A Mechanism for Magnetically Driven Shape Memory Alloys

A mechanism for shape memory alloys driven by a magnetic field is proposed. The mechanism involves the motion of twin dislocations in response to the application of a magnetic field. As a consequence, twin variants oriented favorably with respect to the magnetic field direction will grow. The maximum pressure that can be exerted at the twin dislocations is when the magnetic field is at angle θ = Π/2 - ∅/2. The shape memory effect is significantly affected by the presence of impurities, second-phase particles and grain boundaries.
Solid state NMR investigation of silica aerogel supported Fischer–Tropsch catalysts

Abstract The Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) catalyst is the critical component for the F–T synthesis of a variety of hydrocarbons from syngas. Fischer–Tropsch cobalt, iron and ruthenium catalysts supported on silica aerogel have been prepared using a combination of sol–gel chemistry and vapor phase deposition methods. Solid state NMR spectroscopy, a very powerful technique for analyzing the structure and dynamics of various materials, was employed in the study of these F–T catalyst systems. The silica aerogel supported F–T catalysts have been investigated using both solid state 29 Si and 13 C NMR methods. The silica aerogel's tetrahedral sub-unit structure and the influence of the loaded metal compounds have been observed. Three types of Si(O 1/2 ) 4 tetrahedral unit structure (Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 ) are clearly resolved in the silica aerogel samples. The calcining process and the loading of metal compounds produce line broadening in the 29 Si spectra sufficient to prevent clear resolution of the three distinct Q n spectral lines, but the broadened spectra indicate that the three Q sub-unit structures are still present. The ferrocene and ruthenocene molecules used in the vapor phase deposition method exhibit a rapid exchange within the silica aerogel support similar to what one would expect in the gas or liquid state.
Default probability on corporate bonds: A contingent claims model

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a model of the probability of default on corporate bonds that is based upon the tenets of the contingent claims literature. Equity is considered a call option on the firm's assets, with the exercise price being the face value of the firm's debt. Using this framework, a model is developed with the probability of default as a function of five variables-firm value, face value of the debt, time to maturity of the debt, instantaneous return and standard deviation of firm value. The model is found to be statistically significant, explains approximately 54 percent of the variation in the bond ratings, and correctly classifies, 68 percent and 66 percent of the bonds in an initial and holdout sample, respectively, according to their agency ratings. The model is also found to provide a reasonable estimate of the probability of default.
The role of growth factor receptors in central nervous system development and neoplasia.

FUTURE ADVANCES IN neuro-oncology will increasingly rely on an understanding of the molecular biology of brain tumors. Recent laboratory work, including the identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, has elucidated many of the molecular events contributing to oncogenesis. In particular, the signaling pathways for the growth factors have been implicated in the genesis and the maintenance of several human tumors, including neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS). Growth factor autocrine and paracrine stimulatory loops promote tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. A family of structurally related growth factor receptors, the receptor tyrosine kinases, are particularly relevant to tumors of the CNS. This large family includes the receptors for the epidermal growth factor, the platelet-derived growth factor, the fibroblast growth factor, the insulin-like growth factor, the neurotrophins related to the nerve growth factor, and the vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as several receptors for which no growth factor ligand has been identified. Several of these receptor molecules and their growth factor ligands are preferentially expressed in the embryonic brain and are thought to play a central role in regulating the determination of the cell fate during the development of the CNS. Moreover, the overexpression or the mutation of genes encoding these receptors can be oncogenic. Researchers think that some receptors in this family (i.e., those that have been shown to be overexpressed or mutated in human brain tumors) contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis. This article will focus on recent experimental work and will discuss the classification and the biology of the receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as their roles in the development of the CNS and in tumorigenesis. (Neurosurgery 37 :179-194, 1995)
Exploiting spatio-temporal patterns using partial-state reinforcement learning in a synthetically augmented environment

Responding to or anticipating a sequence of events caused by adversarial human actors, such as crimes, can be a difficult task. Reinforcement learning has not been highly utilized as a method for positioning agents to respond to such events. In our earlier work, which was applied to positioning naval vessel agents to respond to Somali maritime piracy attacks, we developed a method to synthetically augment the information in the events’ environment with digital pheromones and other information augmenters, used the resulting augmenter signatures as states that agents could react to, and applied reinforcement learning to exploit regularities in the timing and location of events to position agents in spatio-temporal proximity of anticipated events. This work extends that methodology with a new learning boosting method wherein learning is improved as partial augmenter signatures are reinforced, which is not possible when learning is based only on the aggregated state. The enhanced methodology is applied to positioning police patrols in response to a sequence of business robberies in Denver, Colorado and its effectiveness is analyzed.
Colpanar PCB and metal residues in dolphins from the U.S. Atlantic coast including Atlantic bottlenose obtained during the 1987/88 mass mortality

Abstract Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) collected during the 1987/88 mass mortality event along the Atlantic coast of the United States have been analyzed for coplanar PCBs #77, 105, 126 and 169 in blubber, and for the metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Mn, and Cr, and the non-metallic element Se in liver. Results have been compared to two reference species, common ( Delphinus delphis ) and white-sided ( Lagenorhynchus acutus ) dolphins. The three most toxic PCB congeners (#77, 126 and 169) contributed less than 1% of the total TCDD toxic equivalent concentration (TEC) calculated for all di-, mono- and non-ortho chlorine substituted PCBs in adult male animals. The total TEC for the four PCBs was approximately 4.5 times lower in adult female bottlenose than in male. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Mn and Cr in adult male bottlenose dolphins were at or below the mean concentrations in the two reference species. The mean concentration of mercury was highest in adult female bottlenose dolphins. However, mercury concentrations in all animals studied correlated with selenium concentrations (r=0.86) at a 1:1 mole ratio, indicating that selenium may protect these animals from mercury toxicity.
Active retrieval in natural and computational systems

Examines the active aspect of retrieval in several kinds of storage structures in natural and computational systems. In particular, investigates self‐adjusting data structures and self‐organization of memory structures. Also examines related issues, including the relationship between active retrieval and learning.
Mechaism of Arthrobacter sialophilus neuraminidase: The binding of substrates and transition-state analogs

Abstract 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid and its methyl ester are competitive inhibitors of Arthrobacter sialophilus neuraminidase with Ki = 1.4 × 10−6 M and 4.8 × 10−5 M , respectively. The Km for the substrate, N-acetylneuraminlactose, is 1.0 × 10−3 M . These data, taken together with the conformation of these compounds, indicate that these compounds are transition-state analogs of the enzyme. These results also suggest that the substrate upon binding to neuraminidase is distorted to a conformation approaching that of a half-chair.