cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Burnout, Professional Fulfillment, and Self-care Practices of Physician Leaders With Their Independently Rated Leadership Effectiveness.

Importance Although leadership behavior of physician supervisors is associated with the occupational well-being of the physicians they supervise, the factors associated with leadership behaviors are poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the associations between burnout, professional fulfillment, and self-care practices of physician leaders and their independently assessed leadership behavior scores. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study of physicians and physician leaders at Stanford University School of Medicine as conducted from April 1 to May 13, 2019. The survey included assessments of professional fulfillment, self-valuation, sleep-related impairment, and burnout. Physicians also rated the leadership behaviors of their immediate physician supervisors using a standardized assessment. Leaders’ personal well-being metrics were paired with their leadership behavior scores as rated by the physicians they supervised. All assessment scores were converted to a standardized scale (range, 0-10). Data were analyzed from October 20, 2019, to March 10, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Association between leaders’ own well-being scores and their independently assessed leadership behavior. Results Of 2656 clinical faculty and affiliated physicians invited to participate, 1487 (60.0%) returned surveys, including 1285 of the 1924 faculty physicians (66.8%). Among faculty respondents, 651 (50.7%) were women and 729 (56.7%) were 40 years or older. Among the 117 leaders, 57 (48.7%) both had their leadership behaviors evaluated by at least 5 physicians (median, 11 [interquartile range, 9-15]) they supervised and completed their own wellness survey. Overall, 9.8% of the variation in leaders’ aggregate leadership behavior scores was associated with their own degree of burnout. In models adjusted for age and sex, each 1-point increase in burnout score of the leaders was associated with a 0.19-point decrement in leadership behavior score (β = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.35 to −0.03;P = .02), whereas each 1-point increase in their professional fulfillment and self-valuation scores was associated with a 0.13-point (β = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.01-0.26;P = .03) and 0.15-point (β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29;P = .03) increase in leadership behavior score, respectively. Each 1-point increase in leaders’ sleep-related impairment was associated with a 0.15-point increment in sleep-related impairment among those they supervised (β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29;P = .03). The associations between leaders’ well-being scores in other dimensions and the corresponding well-being measures of those they supervised were not significant. Conclusions and Relevance In this survey study, burnout, professional fulfillment, and self-care practices of physician leaders were associated with their independently assessed leadership effectiveness. Training, skill building, and support to improve leader well-being should be considered a dimension of leadership development rather than simply a dimension of self-care.
Comparative Analysis of Procedural Outcomes and Complications Between De Novo and Upgraded Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Abstract Objectives This study compared rates of procedural success and complications between de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation versus upgrade, including characterization of technical challenges. Background CRT upgrade is common, but data are limited on the incidence of procedural success and complications as compared to de novo implantation. Methods All patients who underwent a transvenous CRT procedure at a single institution between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed for procedure outcome, 90-day complications, reasons for unsuccessful left ventricular lead delivery, and the presence of venous occlusive disease (VOD) that required a modified implantation technique. Results Among 1,496 patients, 947 (63%) underwent de novo implantation and 549 (37%) underwent device upgrade. Patients who received a device upgrade were older (70 ± 12 years vs. 68 ± 13 years; p Conclusions Rates of procedural success and complications were no different between de novo CRT implantations and upgrades. VOD frequently increased procedural complexity in upgrades, but alternative management strategies resulted in similar outcomes. Routine venography before CRT upgrade may aid in procedural planning and execution of these strategies.
Reducing the Societal Prevalence and Burden of Youth Mental Health Problems: Lessons Learned and Next Steps

In this concluding article for the Special Issue, we attempt to summarize lessons learned from these various implementation and evaluation projects. We focus on the following four points: (a) corre...
Clinical Outcomes of Patient Subgroups in the TANGO II Study.

Meropenem–vaborbactam (M-V), a new approved antimicrobial, was developed specifically to be effective treatment for the increasingly prevalent and difficult to treat carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections. However, registration phase 3 clinical studies offer limited applicability to daily medical practice as they often focus on indications such as urinary tract infections or skin and soft tissue infections, which generally have patients with fewer comorbid conditions that the typical patients who develops infection with CRE. The more useful studies are pathogen-focused trials which do not exclude the more complicated subjects with conditions such as renal failure, immunocompromised status, or exposure to prior antibiotic therapy. The TANGO II study was an open-label investigation of M-V compared with the best available treatment (BAT) in hospitalized adults with a confirmed infection that was known or suspected to be a CRE infection. TANGO II specifically included patients with comorbidities, prior antibiotic therapy, renal failure, and immunocompromised status that are typical in patients with a CRE infection. Interim data analysis indicated that a significant benefit was seen for those patients receiving M-V over BAT. This analysis reports on subsets of TANGO II study patients with multiple comorbidities and high severity of illness, specifically those with prior antibiotic therapy, renal failure, and immunocompromised status. A patient case that highlights particular complexities and challenges of treating patients with CRE infections in the real world is also presented. Subjects with comorbid conditions had better outcomes when given M-V rather than BAT. M-V is a welcome addition to the antibiotic armamentarium for the treatment of severe CRE infections in complicated patients. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02168946.
How to Gamify Your Computing Classes

The low performance and drop-outs in Computer Science classes are frequently attributed to lack of student engagement and motivation. Meanwhile, gamification increasingly attracts the interest of educators due to its potential to foster motivation and behavioral changes in learning contexts. This virtual workshop introduces participants to the concept of gamification and the use of OneUp Learning, a platform aimed at gamifying academic courses. OneUp is aimed at encouraging students' out-of-class practicing and increasing their overall engagement in the course through employing game design elements. The platform is course-independent and allows the instructor to turn on and off a number of gamification features, including avatars, points, leaderboards, progress bar, content unlocking, goal-setting, badges, virtual currency, duels, etc. For using OneUp, instructors have to provide practice exercises. Apart from the standard question types, OneUp supports Parson's and programming problems, as well as Flash cards. The workshop offers an interactive tutorial and individual work. The tutorial will introduce the OneUp platform and will demonstrate its use for gamifying a course. Workshop attendees will be engaged in hands-on experience. An OneUp course shell will be created and populated with sample data for each workshop attendee. After the tutorial, the participants will be able to explore and further gamify their own OneUp demo course. We will also demonstrate Quest, a repository for sharing OneUp problems.
Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ Syndrome from the USIDNET Cohort.

Background Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome is a combined primary immunodeficiency characterized by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1. Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome demonstrates a large range of phenotypes including respiratory and herpesvirus infections, lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity, and developmental delay. Objective To describe clinical phenotypes and disease outcomes of a large activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome cohort from the United States Immunodeficiency Network Registry. Methods A total of 38 patients were enrolled in the United States Immunodeficiency Network Registry, and 2 additional patients were obtained from the Clinical Immunology Division at Mount Sinai Hospital. Each patient's demographic characteristics, disease complications, genetic studies, laboratory data, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results There was a high frequency of respiratory infections (70.0% pneumonia) and herpesvirus infections (37.5%). Bronchiectasis was observed in 45.0% of patients. Lymphadenopathy was common (52.5%), and 12.5% of patients developed lymphoma. Neurological and developmental findings were common: 20.0% had developmental delay, 15.0% had seizures, and 10.0% had dysmorphic features. Asthma was more common in PIK3CD compared with PIK3R1 patients (63.6% vs 14.3%). More subjects with PIK3CD had CD3 lymphopenia compared with the PIK3R1 cohort. Seven patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. One patient died from infectious complications. Conclusions This is the first cohort comparing clinical manifestations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1 patients from the USIDNET Registry. Similar frequencies of respiratory and herpesvirus infections, lymphadenopathy, and developmental delay were observed compared with previous cohort studies. However, a higher frequency of asthma and CD3 lymphopenia in the PIK3CD cohort compared with the PIK3R1 cohort was observed.
Sequence types 8, 59, and 45 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus as the predominant strains causing skin and soft tissue infections in Taiwan's prisons and jails.

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the predominant cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), which is a problem in prisons and jails. We conducted this study to understand MRSA molecular characteristics among inmates with SSTIs, and we chose MRSA isolates from a community hospital as a comparison. Methods A total of 219 MRSA isolates from three custodial facilities and 134 isolates from a community hospital in Taiwan were collected in the 2017 calendar year. MRSA isolates were investigated molecularly by staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type, mupirocin, and chlorhexidine genotypical resistance, and multi-locus sequence typing (ST). Results Of the 219 MRSA isolates from custodial facilities, SCCmec IV was the most prevalent type (65.3%), followed by type VT (32.4%) and type V (1.8%). Regarding sequence types, ST59 (36.4%), 8 (35.3%), and 45 (17.9%) were the leading three predominant types out of 184 selected MRSA isolates, and ST45 MRSA was more prevalent in custodial facilities (p = 0.019). The antimicrobial resistance rates varied for different MRSA strains, with ST45 MRSA having the lowest rates of resistance to most antimicrobials. Overall, 91.5% of isolates carried mupA gene and 25.8% were positive for qacA/B gene, this was independent of the MRSA sequence types. Conclusions ST59, ST8, and ST45 MRSA are the leading three MRSA strains causing SSTIs in Taiwan, 2017, but the molecular distribution varied distinctly between the custodial facilities and hospital settings. The genotypical mupirocin resistance rate is quite high in this study. The frequency of chlorhexidine resistance gene is relatively low, especially in MRSA isolates from custodial facilities.
Effects of a High Fat Diet and Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on Cidea and Cidec Expression in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Mice

Cidea and Cidec play an important role in regulating triglyceride storage in liver and adipose tissue. It is not known if the Cidea and Cidec genes respond to a high fat diet (HFD) or exercise training, two interventions that alter lipid storage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a HFD and voluntary wheel running (WR) on Cidea and Cidec mRNA and protein expression in adipose tissue and liver of mice. A HFD promoted a significant increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNA levels in adipose tissue and liver. The increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNAs in adipose tissue and liver in response to a HFD was prevented by WR. Similar to the changes in Cidea mRNA, Cidea protein levels in adipose tissue significantly increased in response to a HFD, a process that was, again, prevented by WR. However, in adipose tissue the changes in Cidec mRNA did not correspond to the changes in Cidec protein levels, as a HFD decreased Cidec protein abundance. Interestingly, in adipose tissue Cidea protein expression was significantly related to body weight (R=.725), epididymal adipose tissue (EWAT) mass (R=.475) and insulin resistance (R=.706), whereas Cidec protein expression was inversely related to body weight (R=-.787), EWAT mass (R=-.706), and insulin resistance (R=-.679). Similar to adipose tissue, Cidea protein expression in liver was significantly related to body weight (R=.660), EWAT mass (R=.468), and insulin resistance (R=.599); however, unlike adipose tissue, Cidec protein levels in liver were not related to body weight or EWAT mass and only moderately associated with insulin resistance (R=-.422, P=0.051). Overall, our findings indicate that Cidea is highly associated with adiposity and insulin resistance, whereas Cidec is related to insulin sensitivity. The present study suggests that Cide proteins might play an important functional role in the development of obesity, hepatic steatosis, as well as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Everyone at the table: Religious activism and health care reform in massachusetts

Using interviews with activists and Lisa Sowle Cahill's concept of participatory discourse, this article examines how the Greater Boston Interfaith Organization (GBIO) built solidarity for the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform law. The analysis explores the morally formative connections between GBIO's activist strategies and its public liturgy for reform. The solidarity generated through this interfaith coalition's activities and religious arguments contrasts with two standard types of policy discourse, economics and liberalism. Arguments for health care reform based on economic efficiency or positive rights are hampered by the lack of solidarity in U.S. political culture. GBIO's congregation-based organizing offers a performative model of public argumentation for religious groups committed to achieving affordable, quality health care for all Americans.
PULMONARY EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) RECEPTORS (R) IN THE FETUS (F) OF A DIABETIC (D) MOTHER (M)

PULMONARY EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) RECEPTORS (R) IN THE FETUS (F) OF A DIABETIC (D) MOTHER (M)
Albumin metabolism in cystic fibrosis.

The study by Strober, Peter, and Schwartz, "Albumin Metabolism in Cystic Fibrosis," demonstrates without question that there is a correlation between serum albumin levels and plasma volume. Causal relationships are more difficult to ascertain, however. It has been well documented that alterations in colloid osmotic pressure result in inverse alteration of albumin synthesis in normovolemic subjects. The previous studies cited by Strober, et al. have all demonstrated, and frequently commented upon, the correlation between hypoalbuminemia in cystic fibrosis patients beyond infancy and elevated levels of immunoglobulins and, when measured, α1- and α2-globulins.
Thiosulfate Oxidation and Tetrathionate Reduction by Intact Cells of Marine Pseudomonad Strain 16B.

Levels of thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme (TSO) and tetrathionate reductase (TTR) were measured in washed cell suspensions of a heterotrophic marine thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium, strain 16B. TSO activity remained virtually constant in aerobically and anaerobically grown cells and was unaffected by the presence or absence of thiosulfate and tetrathionate in the growth medium. TTR was also present in cells grown aerobically and anaerobically, but its activity was threefold greater in cells cultured in media containing tetrathionate or thiosulfate. Tetrathionate appears to be the inducer of increased TTR activity in both aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. TTR (constitutive or induced) and TSO have different pH and temperature optima. Both TTR activities were unaffected by 10 mM KCN, which reversed oxygen inhibition of tetrathionate reduction. TSO was partially inhibited by 5 μM KCN and completely inhibited by 90 μM KCN. These findings and results of experiments to determine the influence of several inorganic electron donors and acceptors on TSO and TTR activities suggest that constitutive TSO and TTR represent reverse activities of the same enzyme, whereas inducible TTR is a separate enzyme used by strain 16B only for anaerobic respiration of tetrathionate. The bacterium appears well adapted to growth in environments characterized by low oxygen tension, dilute organic carbon concentrations, and the presence of a variety of reduced, inorganic sulfur compounds.
Contrast-enhanced magnetization transfer MR of the brain: importance of precontrast images.

PURPOSE To determine the importance of obtaining precontrast T1-weighted magnetization transfer (MT) MR images for better interpretation contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MT images. METHODS One hundred fifty-five patients referred for MR imaging of the brain were examined prospectively with noncontrast T1-weighted imaging, noncontrast T1-weighted imaging with MT, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging with MT. In the patients who had abnormally increased signal intensity on postcontrast images (with or without MT), the four imaging sequences were evaluated with regard to number of lesions and lesional signal intensity. For each of the sequences, two experienced neuroradiologists subjectively graded the lesions on a scale of 1 to 4 (4 being the most conspicuous) with regard to abnormally increased signal intensity. RESULTS Twenty-two of the 155 patients had increased signal intensity on one or more of the postcontrast sequences. Eight of these 22 patients had increased signal intensity of one or more lesions on images without MT. All these lesions were seen better on images obtained with MT. An additional six of the 22 patients had increased signal intensity of one or more lesions on images obtained with MT that was not detected on images obtained without MT. Eight of the 22 patients had no high signal intensity on noncontrast images with or without MT. One of the eight had increased number and conspicuity of lesions on postcontrast MT images. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of patients had increased signal intensity on noncontrast T1-weighted images with MT that was not seen on noncontrast T1-weighted images without MT. This high signal intensity was also visible on postcontrast MT images, and would have been mistaken for pathologic enhancement if noncontrast MT images had not been available for comparison.
Streptococcal peritonitis in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and an intrauterine contraceptive device.

A woman in her 20s developed streptococcal peritonitis 5 weeks after staging splenectomy for Hodgkins disease and 2 months after IUD insertion. The case history is detailed in the article. The IUD probably caused the infection. Streptococcus Group A type 43 was cultured from cervix peritoneal cavity fallopian tube and blood. It is thought low-grade endometrial infections occur often within a few weeks after IUD insertion. Caution should thus be exercised in recommending an IUD for a patient with lymphoid disease recent radiotherapy and a recent splenectomy.
Neuroendocrine underpinnings of sex differences in circadian timing systems

There are compelling reasons to study the role of steroids and sex differences in the circadian timing system. A solid history of research demonstrates the ubiquity of circadian changes that impact virtually all behavioral and biological responses. Furthermore, steroid hormones can modulate every attribute of circadian responses including the period, amplitude and phase. Finally, desynchronization of circadian rhythmicity, and either enhancing or damping amplitude of various circadian responses can produce different effects in the sexes. Studies of the neuroendocrine underpinnings of circadian timing systems and underlying sex differences have paralleled the overall development of the field as a whole. Early experimental studies established the ubiquity of circadian rhythms by cataloging daily and seasonal changes in whole organism responses. The next generation of experiments demonstrated that daily changes are not a result of environmental synchronizing cues, and are internally orchestrated, and that these differ in the sexes. This work was followed by the revelation of molecular circadian rhythms within individual cells. At present, there is a proliferation of work on the consequences of these daily oscillations in health and in disease, and awareness that these may differ in the sexes. In the present discourse we describe the paradigms used to examine circadian oscillation, to characterize how these internal timing signals are synchronized to local environmental conditions, and how hormones of gonadal and/or adrenal origin modulate circadian responses. Evidence pointing to endocrinologically and genetically mediated sex differences in circadian timing systems can be seen at many levels of the neuroendocrine and endocrine systems, from the cell, the gland and organ, and to whole animal behavior, including sleep/wake or rest/activity cycles, responses to external stimuli, and responses to drugs. We review evidence indicating that the analysis of the circadian timing system is amenable to experimental analysis at many levels of the neuraxis, and on several different time scales, rendering it especially useful for the exploration of mechanisms associated with sex differences.
Ironía y descentramiento en los Artefactos de Nicanor Parra y Guillermo Tejeda

En este articulo se desarrollara la heterogenea pluralidad de pensamiento que reina en las frases de los Artefactos en relacion con las imagenes de Guillermo Tejera y la necesidad de estudiarlas como parte de un mismo proyecto. Nicanor Parra utiliza una distancia ironica de su “yo” para esgrimir en su obra una amplia y contradictoria gama de ideas que encuentran un nuevo desarrollo en el diseno visual que las enmarca. Las imagenes permiten abrir nuevos significantes dentro de la subversion del discurso poetico operada por el chileno. Para desarrollar este tema, se utilizara como principal ejemplo la irreverencia del poeta frente a la politica de izquierda y derecha durante los algidos y comprometidos anos setenta.
Arranging fact table records in a data warehouse to improve query performance

This paper examines strategic arrangement of fact data in a data warehouse in order to answer analytical queries efficiently. Usually, the composite of foreign keys from dimension tables are defined as the fact table's primary key. We focus on analytical queries that specify a value for a randomly chosen foreign key. The desired data for answering a query are typically located at different parts of the disk, thus requiting multiple disk I/Os to read them from disk to memory. We formulate a cost model to express the expected time to read the desired data as a function of disk system's parameters (seek time, rotational latency, and reading speed) and the lengths of foreign keys. For a predetermined disk page size, we search for an arrangement of the fact data that minimizes the expected time cost. An algorithm is then provided for identifying the most desirable disk page size. Finally, we present a heuristic for answering complex queries that specify values for multiple foreign keys.
Developmental Defects of Testicular Morphology and Steroidogenesis in the Male Rat Pseudohermaphrodite and Response to Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone

The pubertal development of testicular steroidogenic enzymes and sperm cell maturation has been studied in the rat pseudohermaphrodite and its King-X Holtzman male littermate. Enzymatic activity has been determined by the separation and quantitation of the products formed from labeled steroidal precursors by a partition system on thin-layer chromatography and by trimethylsilylether derivative formationand radio-gas-liquid chromatography. The separationshave been confirmed by formation of dinitrophenylhydrazones,by reverse isotope dilution and/or recrystallization. Three periods ofpubertal development of testicular steroidogenicenzymes have been delineated in the male. Thefirst is characterized by the onset of steroid 5areductaseactivity, beginning about 15 days of age,and rising to a maximum between 30 and 40 days.The second stage consists of the onset between20 and 30 days of activities of 17α-hydroxylase,C17–20 lyase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,the latter enzyme converting the 17β-alcoholof tes...
Advances and Challenges in Empirical Studies of Victimization

A quick perusal through the past 25 years of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology provides a convenient summary of the way in which criminologists often describe the status of victimization research. During this period, a relatively small but respectable number of articles (approximately 10-15%) have focused either on the topic of victimization, or have used victim-based data to assess some other criminological issue. This proportion is not inconsistent with other leading journals in the field, but it seems to have suggested to some researchers that study of the causes and consequences of victimization constitutes a relatively small subfield within the field of criminology, and perhaps an unruly subfield as well. In this paper, I briefly discuss the origins of victimization research to show how this view may have come about, and follow by noting just a few of the contributions of victimization data and research and how they have advanced the field of criminology. I contend that the... Language: en
Amblyomma arianae, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of Alsophis portoricensis (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Puerto Rico.

Amblyomma arianae , n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described from male specimens collected on the snake Alsophis portoricensis in the Vega Baja northern coastal area of Puerto Rico.
Classical conditioning of heart rate in rats using direct vagal stimulation as a US.

Abstract Classically conditioned heart-rate deceleration was established in rats using a 2-sec stimulation of the intact cervical vagus nerve as the US. Although small in magnitude, changes in the form of the CR over training indicated that there may have been inhibition of delay similar to that obtained using a traditional painful shock US. Independent assessments of motivational potency revealed that the vagal US did not lead to conditioned lever-press suppression in a CER procedure, but did produce reliable escape responding in a shuttle-box preference situation. It was suggested that the mildly aversive motivational effects of vagal stimulation may have stemmed from the activation of a vagally mediated system involved in the regulation of hunger.
Subpopulations of human heart mitochondria

Anatomically and biochemically distinct populations of cardiac mitochondria have been isolated from a number of animal species. The physiologic differences between subsarcolemmal (SS) and interfibrillar (IF) mitochondria, coupled with their different location within the cytomatrix, have led to speculation about possible specificities of function within the myocardial cell. To date, these two mitochondrial subpopulations have not been demonstrated in human cardiac tissue. Subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar cardiac mitochondria were isolated from papillary muscle removed from five patients undergoing mitral valve replacement surgery. Mitochondrial respiratory activity was determined polarographically. IF mitochondria had significantly higher state 3 (ADP-dependent) rates of respiration then SS mitochondria (116.7 ± 7.1 versus 86.5 ± 8.3 ng atoms or oxygen per minute per milligram mitochondrial protein; P < 0.05 [mean ± SE]). These data agree with similar studies performed in other animal species and support the concept of distinct subpopulations of mitochondria within the human myocardial cell.
Tandem mass spectrometry of metal nitrate negative ions produced by electrospray ionization

M(NO3)x ions are generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) of metal solutions in nitric acid in negative ion mode. Collision-induced reactions of these ions are monitored in a tandem mass spectrometer (MS) of quadrupole-octopole-quadrupole (QoQ) geometry. For Group 1and 2 elements, the M(NO3)x ions dissociate into NO3 and neutral metal nitrate molecules. These elements also form some Mx(NO3)x1 clusters, especially Li. Metal nitrate ions from transition elements and Group 13 elements fragment into oxo products and also undergo internal electron transfer to leave the M atom in a lower oxidation state. To calibrate the collision energy, the dissociation energy of O-NO2 is found to be 5.55 eV, about 0.76 eV lower than a value derived from thermochemistry. The product ions from Fe(NO3)4 ions have low formation thresholds of only 0.5 to 2 eV. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003, 14, 671– 679) © 2003 American Society for Mass Spectrometry
Functional Consequences of the Oligomeric Form of the Membrane-Bound Gastric H,K-ATPase†

Cross-linking and two-dimensional crystallization studies have suggested that the membrane-bound gastric H,K-ATPase might be a dimeric α,β-heterodimer. Effects of an oligomeric structure on the characteristics of E1, E2, and phosphoenzyme conformations were examined by measuring binding stoichiometries of acid-stable phosphorylation (EP) from [γ-32P]ATP or 32Pi or of binding of [γ-32P]ATP and of a K+-competitive imidazonaphthyridine (INT) inhibitor to an enzyme preparation containing ∼ 5 nmol of ATPase/mg of protein. At 0.1 mM), the oligomer forms E2P·Mg:E1[ATP]·Mg·(H+). The sum of the levels of maximal EP formation and ATP binding was 5.3 nmol/mg. The maximal amount of...
Detergency of Vegetable Oils and Semi-Solid Fats Using Microemulsion Mixtures of Anionic Extended Surfactants: The HLD Concept and Cold Water Applications

In spite of the increasing interest in cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and fats, very limited research has been published on this topic. Extended surfactants have recently been shown to produce very promising detergency with vegetable oils at ambient temperature. However, the excessive salinity requirement (4–14 %) for these surfactants has limited their use in practical applications. In this work, we investigated the mixture of a linear C10–18PO–2EO–NaSO4 extended surfactant and a hydrophobic twin-tailed sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant for cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and semi-solid fats. Four vegetable oils of varying melting points (from −10 to 28 °C) were studied, these were canola, jojoba, coconut and palm kernel oils. Anionic surfactant mixtures showed synergism in detergency performance compared to single surfactant systems. At temperatures above the melting point, greater than 90 % detergency was achieved at 0.5 % NaCl. While detergency performance decreased at temperatures below the melting point, it was still superior to that of a commercial detergent (up to 80 vs. 40 %). Further, results show that the experimental microemulsion phase behaviors correlated very well with predictions from the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation concept.
Differences in the Success of NFL Coaches by Race: A Different Perspective

Madden analyzed data on coaching records in the National Football League during the 1990-2002 seasons. The overall conclusion is that African American coaches are held to higher employment standards, with respect to winning, than White coaches. Madden's model used complete seasons coached and omitted partial seasons. Here, the data are analyzed analogously but partial seasons are included. The inclusion of partial season results in a lack of significance of race as a factor in firing. Furthermore, there are other potential explanations of the historically low percentage of African American coaches in the National Football League. These are discussed herein.
A composite model of aircraft noise

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Scaling Vegetation Water Content from Thematic Mapper to MODIS During SMEX04

Vegetation water content (VWC) is important for accurate retrievals of soil moisture using microwave sensors and may be important for determining water stress and forest fire potential. The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and future operational sensors have bands in the shortwave infrared region which can be used for monitoring VWC. The Soil Moisture Experiments 2004 (SMEX04) were conducted during the summer-monsoon season in Arizona, USA, and Sonora, Mexico, as part of the North American Monsoon Experiment. Plots from different vegetation types were sampled for leaf area index and leaf equivalent water thickness. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and MODIS imagery were acquired for three dates, before, during and after the SMEX04 experiment. The Normalized Difference Infrared Index [NDII = (R850 - R1650)/(R850 + R1650)] was linearly related to canopy equivalent water thickness for the Landsat 5 TM data. The TM-estimated canopy equivalent water thickness were aggregated and linearly related to canopy equivalent water thickness from MODIS, showing that MODIS and future sensors would be useful in estimating vegetation water content.
Analog Circuit Design Methodologies to Improve Negative-Bias Temperature Instability Degradation

Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) has become one of the major sources of performance degradation in scaled PMOS devices, affecting the threshold voltages of the devices, which in turn affects yield and lifetime reliability as well as the power consumption and performance of circuits. Hence, it has become necessary to understand and reduce the impact of NBTI on PMOS devices. This paper identifies the characteristic of PMOS stresses in differential pairs. Two techniques are proposed for improving performance in the face of NBTI – switching the inputs of the differential transistors, and body-bias modulation based on offset in the common mode output. Simulation results are described. Both techniques bring the offset voltage to a very low value. The body biasing technique improves the output characteristic transition window width from 0.11 V to 0.02 V.
Transforming growth factor-beta induces hemoglobin synthesis in a human erythroleukemia cell line

We have examined the effects of TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 on the HEL human erythroleukemia cell line. It was observed that TGF beta 1 and 2 induced hemoglobin synthesis in these cells without causing a significant negative effect on cell proliferation. The cell surface markers glycophorin A and transferrin receptor that are associated with erythroid differentiation were also increased. This cell line may provide a model system in which to study the regulation of globin gene expression by a physiological growth factor known to act on hemopoietic cells.
The teaching of the concepts of statistical tests of hypotheses to non-statisticians

The logic underlying the formulation of statistical tests of hypothesis can be counterintuitive for the non-mathematician, e.g. to test whether two treatments are different, why suppose they are equal? When introducing the topic of hypothesis testing, it is easy to present the formal fiamework for the testing procedure without explaining the logic behind it. In courses for statisticians, one may often (unjustifiably) rely on the understanding of probability concepts as a foundation for understanding statistical inference, but in courses taught to non-statisticians where there is minimal discussion of probability, it is essential that explanations must be based on concepts the students can readily understand. The method proposed here for teaching the concept of hypothesis testing makes an analogy to the judicial system, whereby a person is assumed innocent until sufficient evidence warrants a verdict of guilty. Analogies for the different elements of statistical tests are presented and discussed, together ...
pFJ265, a new cloning vehicle for Streptomyces

A 9.3-kb plasmid, pNM100, was isolated from Streptomyces virginiae (NRRL 15156) and characterized. Streptomyces genes for thiostrepton and neomycin resistance were cloned into pNM100 to yield a small plasmid derivative, pFJ265, that is suitable for Streptomyces gene cloning. pFJ265 is a 9.2-kb nonconjugative plasmid and has a copy number of several hundred per chromosome.
Universality of modernization: An empirical critique

T he oft-cited statement by Karl Marx: "The country that is more developed industrially only shows to the less developed the image of its own future," remains the central thesis of modernization theory. For the modernization school, economic development is conceived as a universal phenomenon found in all regions of the globe except those few remaining self-contained and isolated microsocieties. For this group of social scientists, economic development is not only the formation of an industrial structure but the total sociocultural transformation of a society. The universality of this phenomenon is coming under increasing criticism by a group of developmentalist social scientists (Horowitz, 1977:5). This body of literature raises the possibility that social change within unmodernized societies--better termed Third World countries--may not resemble either the process or end product of economic growth and cultural change of the more developed First World countries. The aim of this paper is to test empirically the central claim of modernization theory that modernization is a universal event. This will be done by means of a factor analysis of generally accepted indicators of economic development and change within a sample of 112 countries. The factor analysis will be done in two stages: first using the entire sample to test for a universal factor of modernization; and second on two subgroups of First World and Third World countries respectively to test the theory's applicability. 1
Formation of silicon-based molecular electronic structures using flip-chip lamination.

We report the fabrication of molecular electronic test structures consisting of Au-molecule-Si junctions by first forming ω-functionalized self-assembled monolayers on ultrasmooth Au on a flexible substrate and subsequently bonding to Si(111) with flip-chip lamination by using nanotransfer printing (nTP). Infrared spectroscopy (IRS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), water contact angle (CA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified the monolayers self-assembled on ultrasmooth Au were dense, relatively defect-free, and the -COOH was exposed to the surface. The acid terminated monolayers were then reacted with a H-terminated Si(111) surface using moderate applied pressures to facilitate the interfacial reaction. After molecular junction formation, the monolayers were characterized with p-polarized backside reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (pb-RAIRS) and electrical current-voltage measurements. The monolayer quality remains largely unchanged after lamination to the Si(111) surface, with the exception of changes in the COOH and Si-O vibrations indicating chemical bonding. Both vibrational and electrical data indicate that electrical contact to the monolayer is formed while preserving the integrity of the molecules without metal filaments. This approach provides a facile means to fabricate high-quality molecular junctions consisting of dense monolayers chemically bonded to metal and silicon electrodes.
Understanding a Teacher's Reflections: A Case Study of a Middle School Mathematics Teacher.

The purpose of this research was to understand how one teacher reflected on different classroom situations and to understand whether the teacher's approach to these reflections changed over time. For the purposes of this study, we considered reflection as the teacher's act of interpreting her own practices and students' thinking to make sense of student understanding and how teaching might relate to that understanding. We investigated a middle school mathematics teacher's reflection on her students while watching videotapes of her classroom and categorized the reflection as Assess, Interpret, Describe, Justify, and Extend. The results show a higher percentage of Extend instances in later interviews than in earlier ones indicating the teacher's increasing attention to her own teaching in how her students developed their understanding. In addition, her reflection became clearer and better integrated as defined by the Cohen and Ball's triangle of interactions.
Anterior chamber cleavage syndrome. A stepladder classification

This paper classifies the abnormalities of the anterior chamber cleavage syndrome (mesodermal dysgenesis of the iris and cornea). The anatomic findings are arranged in a tabular stepladder fashion which builds from simple to more complex combinations, most of which have been previously known by eponyms. There are three groups of anomalies: 1) peripheral, 2) central, and 3) combinations of the two. 1) The peripheral anomalies consist of a prominent Schwalbe's ring, iris strands to Schwalbe's ring, and hypoplasia of the anterior iris stroma. Developmental glaucoma is commonly present. 2) The essential feature of the central anomalies is a defect in the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane with an overlying corneal opacity. Additional components include central iridocorneal adhesions, keratolenticular approximation with cataract, and scleralizaiton of the cornea. Chorioretinal anomalies, developmental glaucoma, and systemic malformations may be present. 3) Central and peripheral combinations may exist in the same eye, in both eyes of the same patient, or within the same family.
An asymmetry in apparent motion of kinetic objects

A kinetic object defined by static random noise against the background of dynamic noise was readily seen in apparent motion with another such object. The converse, however—the motion of a figure defined by dynamic noise against the background of static noise—was not perceived with steady fixations. The explanation for this asymmetry may lie in the visual system’s stratification tendencies, which position spatiotemporally uncorrelated textures behind correlated regions.
Performance Comparison of Base Materials Under Accelerated Loading

The Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) recently conducted a research effort using the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). Nine test sections were constructed for this research using the same wearing course material but having different thicknesses of crushed stone and soil cement bases and subbases. The soil cement base is the most commonly used base material in Louisiana, and crushed stone is a preferred base material in northern Louisiana. The performance of several configurations of crushed stone and soil cement constructed at the Pavement Research Facility and tested using the ALF machine is compared. The comparisons are based on rutting, roughness, and crack development measured on each lane during ALF loading. From the analysis it was found that the combination of crushed stone base over a soil cement subbase, known as an inverted pavement, provided better performance than the soil cement bases and resisted rutting and retarded the occurrence of reflection cracking. This finding confirm...
Interactive cartography—An analytical tool for management information systems

Abstract An interactive time-sharing graphical system has been developed at Princeton University for applications in education, engineering design, and management information systems. Graphical processors have been integrated into a general purpose interactive computer system, providing for easy graphical input and output in a time-sharing mode. The present report discusses the capabilities of the interactive system for applications in which cartographical displays serve as tools for analysis and reporting. The interactiveness of the system permits the analyst and the policy decision maker to quickly explore alternative solutions.
High resolution infrared measurements of the OH- bands in KTiOPO4

High resolution infrared transmission measurements were performed at 10–300 K on KTiOPO4 crystals grown by hydrothermal or flux methods. The previously reported low resolution OH− band at 2.8 μm resolved into more than 100 lines. The strongest line was identified as a pure OH− stretch which broadened as T2, whereas lines which broadened as T1 were attributed to combinations with librations or other vibrational transitions. Although the integrated OH− related absorption strengths for several crystals were equivalent (±10%), the relative absorption strengths for various groups of lines scaled together and correlated with frequency doubling efficiencies; this indicated the possible occupation of several nonequivalent OH− sites in the lattice. Thus, only a portion of the OH− impurity was detrimental to the nonlinear polarizability.