cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why babies should never sleep alone: A review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bedsharing and breast feeding

There has been much controversy over whether infants should co-sleep or bedshare with an adult caregiver and over whether such practises increase the risk of SIDS or fatal accident. However, despite opposition from medical authorities or the police, many western parents are increasingly adopting night-time infant caregiving patterns that include some co-sleeping, especially by those mothers who choose to breast feed. This review will show that the relationships between infant sleep patterns, infant sleeping arrangements and development both in the short and long term, whether having positive or negative outcomes, is anything but simple and the traditional habit of labelling one sleeping arrangement as being superior to another without an awareness of family, social and ethnic context is not only wrong but possibly harmful. We will show that there are many good reasons to insist that the definitions of different types of co-sleeping and bedsharing be recognised and distinguished. We will examine the conceptual issues related to the biological functions of mother-infant co-sleeping, bedsharing and what relationship each has to SIDS. At very least, we hope that the studies and data described in this paper, which show that co-sleeping at least in the form of roomsharing especially with an actively breast feeding mother saves lives, is a powerful reason why the simplistic, scientifically inaccurate and misleading statement 'never sleep with your baby' needs to be rescinded, wherever and whenever it is published.
FLASH: foresighted latency-aware scheduling heuristic for processors with customized datapaths

Application-specific instruction set processors (ASIPs) have the potential to meet the challenging cost, performance, and power goals of future embedded processors by customizing the hardware to suit an application. A central problem is creating compilers that are capable of dealing with the heterogeneous and nonuniform hardware created by the customization process. The processor datapath provides an effective area to customize, but specialized datapaths often have nonuniform connectivity between the function units, making the effective latency of a function unit dependent on the consuming operation. Traditional instruction schedulers break down in this environment due to their locally greedy nature of binding the best choice for a single operation even though that choice may be poor due to a lack of communication paths. To effectively schedule with nonuniform connectivity, we propose a foresighted latency-aware scheduling heuristic (FLASH) that performs lookahead across future scheduling steps to estimate the effects of a potential binding. FLASH combines a set of lookahead heuristics to achieve effective foresight with low compile-time overhead.
Prospective Correlation Between Serum Relaxin Concentration and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Among Elite Collegiate Female Athletes

Background: The female anterior cruciate ligament may be more susceptible to injury than the male anterior cruciate ligament because of the gender-specific expression of receptors for relaxin, a collagenolytic hormone that promotes remodeling of the anterior cruciate ligament.Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate whether collegiate female athletes with elevated serum relaxin concentrations (SRC) sustain anterior cruciate ligament tears at an increased rate compared with those with lower SRC.Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: From 2005 to 2010, 143 Division I female athletes from 2 universities participating in sports at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament tears (basketball, lacrosse, field hockey, soccer, gymnastics, and volleyball) were recruited to participate. Questionnaires and urine luteinizing hormone (LH) tests were used to determine participants’ anterior cruciate ligament injury and menstrual history and to identify their mid-luteal phase or pro...
Hyperspectral Imaging as an Early Biomarker for Radiation Exposure and Microcirculatory Damage

BACKGROUND: Radiation exposure can lead to detrimental effects in skin microcirculation. The precise relationship between radiation dose received and its effect on cutaneous perfusion still remains controversial. Previously, we have shown that hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is able to demonstrate long-term reductions in cutaneous perfusion secondary to chronic microvascular injury. This study characterizes the changes in skin microcirculation in response to varying doses of ionizing radiation and investigates these microcirculatory changes as a possible early non-invasive biomarker that may correlate with the extent of long-term microvascular damage. METHODS: Immunocompetent hairless mice (n=66) were exposed to single fractions of superficial beta-irradiation in doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, 35, or 50 Gy. A HSI device was utilized to measure deoxygenated hemoglobin levels in irradiated and control areas. HSI measurements were performed at baseline before radiation exposure and for the first three days post-irradiation. Maximum macroscopic skin reactions were graded, and histological assessment of cutaneous microvascular densities at four weeks post-irradiation was performed in harvested tissue by CD31 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: CD31 immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant correlation (r=0.90, p<0.0001) between dose and vessel density reduction at four weeks. Using HSI analysis, early changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin levels were observed during the first three days post-irradiation in all groups. These deoxygenated hemoglobin changes varied proportionally with dose (r=0.98, p<0.0001) and skin reactions (r=0.98, p<0.0001). There was a highly significant correlation (r= 0.91, p<0.0001) between these early changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin and late vascular injury severity assessed at the end of four weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation dose is directly correlated with cutaneous microvascular injury severity at four weeks in our model. Early post-exposure measurement of cutaneous deoxygenated hemoglobin levels may be a useful biomarker for radiation dose reconstruction and predictor for chronic microvascular injury.
Strong light matter coupling in two-dimensional semiconductors (Presentation Recording)

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as an attractive class of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors that show unprecedented strength in its interaction with light. Here we will discuss our recent work on embedding such a 2D TMD layer of molybdenum disulphide in a dielectric microcavity showing the forming of strongly coupled half-light half-matter quasiparticles called microcavity polaritons. Realizing strong coupling at room temperature in a disorder free landscape such as 2D materials offers a practical and attractive route to realizing devices such as switches and logic gates that exploit the benefits of the half-light half-matter composition of the polaritons.
Probing Boronated Nucleoside Utilization by Glioma Cells Using Ion Microscopy

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer will be successful only if agents are found that target tumors selectively and provide 10B concentrations ≥30μg/g (tumor)1. Further, these agents produce 2–5 times the therapeutic effect if they localize in the nucleus rather than uniformly throughout the ce11.2 Nucleosides can be used to target tumor cells, since transporter and kinase activities are often elevated compared to normal tissue.3
The use of MRI deformable image registration for CT-based brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose Incorporation of MRI into image-based brachytherapy (IBBT) is limited by logistics, reimbursement, and workflow demands. Our goal is to determine if deformable image registration (DIR) using a preimplantation MRI is feasible to construct a high-risk target volume during IBBT. Methods and Materials From 2010 to 2013, 20 patients were treated with high-dose-rate IBBT for cervical cancer. A preimplantation MRI was fused to the planning CT, and DIR was performed using MIM v6.1. The gross tumor volume (GTV) and high-risk clinical target volume were contoured on the MRI (HR-CTV MRI), and a separate high-risk clinical target volume was made from the deformable image registration of the preimplantation MRI to the planning CT (HR-CTV′). The treated target volume from the planning CT without the DIR or fusion (HR-CTV BT) was compared with the HR-CTV′. The geometric means of the GTV, HR-CTV MRI, HR-CTV′, and HR-CTV BT were analyzed. Statistical analysis using Wilcoxon rank and analysis of variance were performed. Results There was a significant larger difference between the GTV and the HR-CTV MRI, HR-CTV′, and HR-CTV BT (p Conclusions DIR is feasible to define an HR-CTV for MRI-guided, CT IBBT. The HR-CTV MRI predicted a smaller treatment volume in comparison with the HR-CTV BT. DIR is limited by patient anatomy and is most beneficial in patients with gross disease.
Role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult respiratory failure: an overview

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides complete or partial support of the heart and lungs. Ever since its inception in the 1960s, it has been used across all age groups in the management of refractory respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. While it has gained widespread acceptance in the neonatal and pediatric physician community, ECMO remains a controversial therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Its popularity was revived during the swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and advancements in technology have contributed to its increasing usage. ARDS continues to be a potentially devastating condition with significant mortality rates. Despite gaining more insights into this entity over the years, mechanical ventilation remains the only life-saving, yet potentially harmful intervention available for ARDS. ECMO shows promise in this regard by offering less dependence on mechanical ventilation, thereby potentially reducing ventilator-induced injury. However, the lack of rigorous clinical data has prevented ECMO from becoming the standard of care in the management of ARDS. Therefore, the results of two large ongoing randomized trials, which will hopefully throw more light on the role of ECMO in the management of this disease entity, are keenly awaited. In this article we will provide a basic overview of the development of ECMO, the types of ECMO, the pathogenesis of ARDS, different ventilation strategies for ARDS, the role of ECMO in ARDS and the role of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation.
Abstract 456: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits clonogenic growth and regulates expression of multiple cytokines/chemokines in co-culture of colon cancer and macrophage-like THP-1 cells

Colon cancer cells interact with immune cells in vivo, creating a microenvironment which affects both tumor growth and treatment. Macrophages are often the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and are involved in inflammation. Since inflammation is tightly associated with colon carcinogenesis, it is important to understand how vitamin D affects the interaction between colon epithelial cells and macrophages. In this study, we used a co-culture system to examine the role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) on the clonogenic growth of colon cancer cells and on the profiling of cytokines/chemokines. 25(OH)D3 at 250 nM had minor effect on clonogenic growth in CaCo-2 cells, co-culture of macrophage-like THP-1 cells with CaCo-2 cells significantly stimulated the clonogenic growth of CaCo-2 cells in the absence of 25(OH)D3. However, in the presence of 25(OH)D3, THP-1 cells failed to stimulate the the clonogenic growth of CaCo-2 cells. Cytokine antibody array demonstrated that several cytokines were differentially expressed in the medium after co-culture of the two cell lines for 2 days in the absence of 25(OH)D3. These include increased expression of GROα, MCP-1 and decreased expression of TNFα, Angiogenin; however, in the presence of 25(OH)D3, MCP-2 and MDC were significantly induced and TNFα level was restored. Proliferation assay showed that MCP-2 and MDC had minor or no effect on cell proliferation in CaCo-2 cells, suggesting that these chemokines mainly target macrophages. 25(OH)D3 treatment of THP-1 cells for 24h also induced CYP24, an immediate vitamin D target gene and enhanced MDC and MCP-2 expression as evaluated by qRT-PCR. These results demonstrate that 25(OH)D3 at 250 nM might selectively target macrophages in a co-culture system with colon cells and block the interaction between colon cancer cells and macrophages, which may result in prevention of inflammation. [Supported by NCI R01 CA121157]. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 456. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-456
Determination of Optical Parameters through Light Scattering Study: B-lymphocytes

Mueller matrix elements of B-lymphocytes were measured and compared to the FDTD calculated results with 3D reconstructed structures with confocal images. These results demonstrate a new method to quantitatively determine cellular optical parameters.
Characterization of bleomycin cleavage sites in strongly bound hairpin DNAs.

The first complete, systematic study of DNA degradation by bleomycin under conditions analogous to those likely in a therapeutic setting has been carried out. Hairpin DNAs selected for their ability to bind strongly to BLM A5 were used to determine the relationship between high-affinity DNA binding sites and the cleavage efficiency and selectivity of BLM A5 and deglycoBLM A5 on these DNAs. Of the 10 hairpin DNAs examined, 8 contained at least one 5′-GC-3′ or 5′-GT-3′ cleavage site, which have traditionally been associated with strong cleavage by Fe·BLM. In the hairpin DNAs, these included the strongest cleavage sites for BLM A5 and were generally among those for deglycoBLM A5. However, numerous additional cleavages were noted, many at sequences not usually associated with (deglyco)BLM-mediated cleavage. The remaining DNAs lacked the preferred (5′-GC-3′ or 5′-GT-3′) BLM cleavage sequences; however, strong cleavage was nonetheless observed at a number of unusual cleavage sites. The most prominent cleavage s...
Closing the Distance: Critic, Reader and the Works of James Welch

Not long ago I was cruising down the freeway, hauling a quarter horse named Magpie to the Maricopa County Fair Grounds for the Phoenix "Rodeo of Rodeos" grand entry. I don't follow the rodeo circuit, rarely even go to the local competitions, but the big black gelding I ride makes a handsome parade mount, and I agreed to lend him to a hefty neigbor who was one of the Jaycee sponsors of the event. I eased onto the off-ramp behind a flashy rig. Big silver pick-up truck pulling a four horse trailer. Montana plates "Big Sky Country." They come from all over for the prize money. The distance doesn't intimidate westerners used to open country and fast interstates. We take for granted the mountains and deserts that whiz by our bug-splattered windshields; we look at the "Big Sky" and check the dial for weather forecasts. But weather's easy if you're a writer, not a cowboy, that is. Even Mark Twain says so. It's the land that's tough. Seasons pass blizzards and black ice; green sprouts in the fields and empty-eyed calves staring through fence wires; dust devils and shimmering heatwaves on the horizon; cutting wind, hay bales, and early dusk. The sky's tough too, because it's part of the land, the horizon.
AIDS and Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Children and Their Families

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, previously known as HTLV-III/LAV) documented by a sensitive, specific immunoblotting (western blot) technique is described in 14 children with symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-related complex. For serodiagnosis of HIV infection, immunoblots blocked with milk were more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or immunoblots blocked with gelatin. One or both parents of 13 of these children abused intravenous drugs. Sixteen of 17 parents of the affected children but only one of eight siblings living in the same household were positive for antibody to HIV. All siblings had experienced infection and acquired antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, which is thought to spread by saliva. In contrast to their HIV-infected parents, children with AIDS or AIDS-related complex were less likely to have decreased numbers of circulating T4 cells, and their sera recognized fewer HIV polypeptides on western blots.
Organic Activists: Undocumented Youth Creating Spaces of Acompañamiento.

Our research brings attention to undocumented youth activism as a space controlled by marginalized youth. We discuss the case study of a youth-led grassroots group in Texas to explore how undocumented youth engage a pedagogy of acompanamiento through activism. We worked with undocumented youth activists as allies over the past seven years and recently began to research how undocumented youth create networks of support and solidarity. Specifically, we look at relationships among active members, document acts of civil disobedience, and reflect with youth on their activism to understand the ways in which they transform their illegality into humanity. This research extends the work by Sepulveda (2011) and Tomlison & Lipsitz (2013) emphasizing the ways in which undocumented youth accompany each other as they create networks of caring and extend notions of kinship among immigrants and allies.
Nurse staffing and patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: This study described the relationship between 6 adverse patient outcomes (medication errors, patient falls, urinary and respiratory tract infections, skin breakdown, patient complaints, and mortality), total hours of nursing care, and the proportion of those hours of care delivered by registered nurses (RNs). METHODS: With use of hospital records, data from every unit of a large university hospital for fiscal year 1993 were analyzed. Correlations among staffing variables and outcome measures were determined, and multivariate analyses were completed, controlling for patient acuity. RESULTS: Units with patients who had higher acuity had lower rates of medication errors and falls and higher rates of the other adverse outcomes. When patient acuity was controlled, an inverse relationship between RN hours of care and rates of medication errors, decubiti, and patient complaints was found. A direct relationship existed between total hours of care from all nursing personnel and rates of decubiti, complaints, and mortality. Interestingly, as the RN proportion of care rose to an 87.5% level, it related to a lower incidence of negative outcomes; however, when the RN proportion of care went beyond that level, the adverse outcome rates also increased.
Cardiovascular CT in the Emergency Department

Acute-onset chest pain is one of the most common presentations in the emergency department (ED) and despite a thorough, time intensive, and costly ED evaluation utilizing the standard strategy, there is a non-negligible clinical risk of missed acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with 2–5 % of these patients being discharged inappropriately. The resultant consequences are, increased risk of short and long term mortality. This chapter discusses the current role of cardiac computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with acute chest pain in the ED and evaluates the current evidence supporting accuracy and safety of cardiac computed tomography, as well as it’s ability to reduce ED cost.
The Gentrification of Dual Language Education

Utah’s dual language education (DL) initiative, officially introduced in 2007 and backed by unique state-level planning, is touted as a new “mainstreaming” of DL and is sparking interest across the U.S. Using a critical language policy lens and a mixed method approach, we asked which student groups were positioned discursively and materially to benefit the most from this policy across three types of privilege: white racial privilege, wealth, and English privilege. A critical discourse analysis conducted of five main Utah DL policy texts pointed toward already privileged student groups being discursively targeted for DL participation. Analysis of the demographics of schools housing DL programs between 2005 and 2014 showed a statistically significant drop in access for those without the three forms of privilege under study. We argue these findings are consistent with a larger trend toward the metaphorical gentrification of DL by students of more privilege than those it historically served. We discuss our concerns that as the Utah model spreads nationwide, the gentrification process threatens to position DL as the next wave in a broad pattern of inequitably distributed enrichment education within U.S. schools. We recommend steps toward avoiding this inequitable outcome.
Maintaining mental health and function for the long run in cystic fibrosis

Research shows that individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their families experience significant emotional morbidity. In addition to distress, worry, and grief, high rates of clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety have been found in both individuals with CF and parents. These disorders have a major impact on the person's functioning, and that of their family, and adversely impact the capacity to cope with the burden of CF and adhere to prescribed treatments. Despite growing recognition that mental health care is an essential component of comprehensive CF care, evidence suggests many patients and their families do not receive needed support and mental health interventions. Clinical practice guidelines for screening and treating depression and anxiety in individuals with CF have been developed by The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the European Cystic Fibrosis Society in response to this need. This review highlights that the optimum care for individuals with CF and their families incorporates mental health in routine CF care. Addressing mental health could substantially improve physical and mental health outcomes and the functioning of individuals with CF and their families. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:S71-S78. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fully integrated monolithic D-band oscillator-doubler chain using InP-based HEMTs

The experimental characteristics of a monolithic D-band oscillator-doubler chain are reported, together with the design, monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) implementation, and testing. The circuits were fabricated using submicron (0.1- mu m) InAlAs/InGaAs high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) and had on-chip bias stabilization circuitry and an integrated E-field probe for direct radiation into the waveguide. The oscillation signal was detected over a frequency range of 130.5 GHz to 132.8 GHz with an output power of -12 dBm for designs with small-gate-periphery (45- mu m) HEMTs. >
Extensive Chronic Graft-Versus-Host-Disease Significantly Increases the Risk of Severe and Multifocal Genital Tract HPV Disease in Long-Term Survivors of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

![Graphic][1] Background: High rates of cervical HPV disease in women after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have been reported, but risk factors related to severe, multifocal, including vaginal and vulvar, HPV disease are not defined. Objective: To determine rates and risk factors for multifocal and severe HPV disease in post-transplant women. Methods: In a prospective long-term study after SCT, gynecologic history and assessment, cervical cytology and HPV testing were obtained with follow-up colposcopy and surgery as indicated for abnormal results. Prior HPV disease, genital graft-versus-host-disease (gGVHD), chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and immunosuppression treatment (IST) >3years were assessed for their association with extent and severity of genital HPV disease. Logistic regressions were used for multivariate analysis. Results: Sixty five long term (>3 year) SCT survivors were studied prospectively on protocol. Patients received allogeneic transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors with most undergoing myeloablative total body irradiation (94%) and T lymphocyte-depleted peripheral blood stem cells in 91% Of 65 women, 62 had gynecologic assessment with 8 (13%) having prior history of HPV disease; 16 (26%) had gGVHD. 20 women (32%) had acute GVHD, 46 (74%) had cGVHD; extent was limited in 23(37%) and extensive in 23(37%). 26(42%) had cGVHD requiring IST >3years. Of 21(34%) women with HPV disease after transplant, 12 required surgery and 7 had multifocal disease. Extensive chronic GVHD (but not acute GVHD) was found to significantly impact occurrence (OR=3.5, p=0.038), high-grade severity (OR=7.1, p=0.024) or multifocal HPV disease (OR=14.6, p=0.017). Conclusion: Women who have undergone SCT have an increased risk of genital HPV disease, with highest rates in women with extensive cGVHD. Likely as a result of chronic immune dysregulation and the temporal nature of HPV, these women are at high risk of severe, multifocal disease, which if untreated may progress to genital cancer. Thus, gynecologic assessment as well as possible post-transplant HPV vaccination are critical aspects of care for women with significant GVHD post-transplant. Support: Intramural programs of NHLBI, Clinical Center and NICHD, [NCT00106925][2] Disclosures Stratton: Allergan: Research Funding. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00106925&atom=%2Fbloodjournal%2F126%2F23%2F1956.atom
The Role of Orexin Signaling in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Central Amygdala in Modulating Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking Behavior.

Background Recent reports have demonstrated that binge-like ethanol drinking leads to an increase in hypothalamic orexin (OX) signaling and that suppressing this signaling via systemic administration of an orexin receptor (OXR) antagonist blocks this behavior; however, the specific OX pathways that modulate this behavior remain unknown. The goal of the present study was to further elucidate the role of the OX system in binge-like ethanol drinking using behavioral, molecular, and pharmacological techniques. Methods The drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm was used to model binge-like drinking behavior in male C57BL/6J mice. Experiment 1 examined changes in the OX precursor, prepro-orexin, within the hypothalamus following multiple cycle ethanol or sucrose DID using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In experiments 2a & 2b, we used site-directed infusion of an OXR antagonist to examine the individual contribution of each OXR subtype within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central amygdala (CeA), repectively, in binge-like ethanol or sucrose drinking. Results Findings from our PCR study revealed that multiple cycles of binge-like ethanol drinking did not lead to changes in prepro-orexin mRNA as a function of binge-like ethanol drinking. However, data from site-directed pharmacology studies indicate that the OX1R is the predominate receptor subtype within the VTA and CeA that regulates binge-like ethanol drinking. Interestingly, inhibition of OX1Rs did not affect binge-like sucrose intake, which suggests that these OX circuits are specific for ethanol consumption. Conclusions As a whole, these data suggest that the VTA and CeA are important regions in which OX regulates binge-like ethanol drinking behavior. Moreover, these findings identify OXR antagonists as a potential treatment option that may be used to ameliorate problematic drinking behavior while leaving responding to natural rewards relatively intact. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of accuracy and precision of a smartphone based automated parasite egg counting system in comparison to the McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC methods.

Abstract Fecal egg counts are emphasized for guiding equine helminth parasite control regimens due to the rise of anthelmintic resistance. This, however, poses further challenges, since egg counting results are prone to issues such as operator dependency, method variability, equipment requirements, and time commitment. The use of image analysis software for performing fecal egg counts is promoted in recent studies to reduce the operator dependency associated with manual counts. In an attempt to remove operator dependency associated with current methods, we developed a diagnostic system that utilizes a smartphone and employs image analysis to generate automated egg counts. The aims of this study were (1) to determine precision of the first smartphone prototype, the modified McMaster and ImageJ; (2) to determine precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the second smartphone prototype, the modified McMaster, and Mini-FLOTAC techniques. Repeated counts on fecal samples naturally infected with equine strongyle eggs were performed using each technique to evaluate precision. Triplicate counts on 36 egg count negative samples and 36 samples spiked with strongyle eggs at 5, 50, 500, and 1000 eggs per gram were performed using a second smartphone system prototype, Mini-FLOTAC, and McMaster to determine technique accuracy. Precision across the techniques was evaluated using the coefficient of variation. In regards to the first aim of the study, the McMaster technique performed with significantly less variance than the first smartphone prototype and ImageJ (p
Nurturing the Infant Soul: The Importance of Community and Memories in the Spiritual Formation of Young Children:

The idea by Tertullian that Christians are made and not born informs what the authors discovered as they explored the literature, uncovering better ways to nurture the souls of the church's younges...
Instantaneous variance scaling of AIRS thermodynamic profiles using a circular area Monte Carlo approach

Abstract. Satellite observations are used to obtain vertical profiles of variance scaling of temperature ( T ) and specific humidity ( q ) in the atmosphere. A higher spatial resolution nadir retrieval at 13.5 km complements previous Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) investigations with 45 km resolution retrievals and enables the derivation of power law scaling exponents to length scales as small as 55 km. We introduce a variable-sized circular-area Monte Carlo methodology to compute exponents instantaneously within the swath of AIRS that yields additional insight into scaling behavior. While this method is approximate and some biases are likely to exist within non-Gaussian portions of the satellite observational swaths of T and q , this method enables the estimation of scale-dependent behavior within instantaneous swaths for individual tropical and extratropical systems of interest. Scaling exponents are shown to fluctuate between β = - 1 and − 3 at scales ≥500 km, while at scales ≤500 km they are typically near β ≈ - 2 , with q slightly lower than T at the smallest scales observed. In the extratropics, the large-scale β is near − 3. Within the tropics, however, the large-scale β for T is closer to − 1 as small-scale moist convective processes dominate. In the tropics, q exhibits large-scale β between − 2 and − 3. The values of β are generally consistent with previous works of either time-averaged spatial variance estimates, or aircraft observations that require averaging over numerous flight observational segments. The instantaneous variance scaling methodology is relevant for cloud parameterization development and the assessment of time variability of scaling exponents.
On Stage with Gunk

A structure is temporally gunky just in case all of its temporal parts have proper temporal parts. Joshua Stuchlik [2003] objects to the stage theory of persistence from temporal gunk by arguing th...
Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Subsurface Systems: Contaminant Sorption and Retardation

Sorption phenomena significantly affect the transport and ultimate fate of many organic and inorganic contaminants in soils and subsurface systems. The effects are complex, with each particular combination of contaminant, soil, and set of local conditions yielding a unique distribution of contaminant mass. Thermodynamic considerations govern ultimate contaminant distributions, but the rates at which such distributions are approached involve equally important considerations. In fact, sorption rates frequently determine the relative significance of sorption with respect to other reaction and transport processes occurring in subsurface environments.
Manufacturing Systems Modelling: Its Role and Current Issues

Manufacturing systems modelling has recently risen in importance to become a prominent activity in most industrial firms. With the need for these firms to improve their manufacturing competitiveness, along with the vast array of new technologies and methods that are now available, there is much effort being devoted to planning new factories or improving existing plants. What is the role of modelling, and what are the types of models available? What are the emerging directions in this field?
Children with Solid Tumors: Identification of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Progenitor Cells as Biomarkers

Pediatric brain tumors are the second most common form of childhood cancer behind hematological malignancies, with close to 3,400 new cases diagnosed each year. Pediatric solid tumors, including brain tumors, have high angiogenic potential, thus increasing their ability for growth and metastases. Blood vessels are a key element to the growth of a tumor, making the endothelial and hematopoietic cells that support angiogenesis ideal for use as a biomarker, potentially able to diagnosis and monitor the progression of disease. In this chapter, data from pediatric solid tumor studies will be analyzed and reviewed to determine which current biomarkers have the most potential for influencing treatment and/or outcome. Flow cytometry has advanced significantly over the past decade, thus allowing for enhanced characterization of these circulating cell subsets, with the most recent clinical studies incorporating these newer sophisticated techniques. Moreover, utilizing multiparameter flow cytometry, a new frontier of pediatric solid tumor diagnosis and monitoring is now being explored to better understand the role of circulating cells in malignancies and the incorporation of successful biomarkers into the clinic.
Long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortion: a review of the evidence

(2005). Long-Term Physical and Psychological Health Consequences of Induced Abortion: A Review of the Evidence. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 44-69.
Variable and Assured Peak Electricity Production from Base-Load Light-Water Reactors with Heat Storage and Auxiliary Combustible Fuels

In a low-carbon world (nuclear, wind, solar, and hydro) there is the need for assured dispatchable electricity to replace the historical role of fossil fuels. Base-load reactors can provide variabl...
Increasing Confidence in International Elections

Elections are at the heart of democracy, and elections that are free and fair provide legitimacy and credibility that helps build confidence in the electoral process and that strengthens democracy. This chapter analyzes five different processes and tools that can impact electoral integrity: election observation, civic education initiatives, biometric voting technology, audits, and social media. Our analysis indicates these tools do have the potential to boost confidence in elections, yet there are important caveats. The processes and tools must be selected carefully based on the electoral environment and goals, they must be adequately resourced, and they must have appropriate oversight and monitoring to ensure they are actually accomplishing what they set out to do. In addition, there are challenges that must be overcome in order to prevent these processes and tools from being used with malfeasance, thereby effectively weakening confidence in elections.
The chemistry of labeling heterocycles with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 for biomedical imaging

Abstract Over the last half-century, the molecular imaging technique of positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as an important tool for biomedical research, drug development and medical diagnosis. The power of PET derives from its utilization of radiotracers that can report specific information on pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology. Many of these radiotracers are heterocycles that have been labeled with a short-lived cyclotron-produced radioisotope, either carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) or fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min). This review addresses the chemical challenges to be met in producing PET radiotracers with these radioisotope labels at heterocyclic moieties and the methods now available for doing so.
Big Ideas from Little People: What Research with Children Contributes to Social Psychology:

Beginning in the 1970s, research in childhood studies led to the reevaluation of children’s agency and their contributions to society. In my work on children’s interactions with peers and adults in...
A Person-Centered Guide to Demystifying Technology

With special contributions by Betty Bayer, Henry Grob, Sara Rasmussen, Dinesh Rathi, Stephanie Shallcross, and Vandana Singh. “Martin Wolske’s A Person-Centered Guide to Demystifying Technology rebalances the human side in our encounters with digital technologies. It helps students to see that facility with the hardware and software of computers and networks must be embedded within a critical approach to their impact on our lives. Technologies need to be used, even redesigned in ways that serve community needs. The innovative approach of the book makes technologies less of a forbidding mystery, but it also challenges us to use them in ways that meet human needs." Bertram (Chip) Bruce, Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois Digital technologies old and new are not objects that can be packed inside a box. They are a seamless, indivisible combination of people, organizations, policies, economies, histories, cultures, knowledge, and material things that are continuously shaped and reshaped. Every one of us innovates-in-use our everyday technologies, we just do not always know it. Not only are we shaped by the networked information tools in our midst, but we shape them and thereby shape others. For us to advance individual agency across diverse community knowledge and cultural wealth within the fabric of communities, we need to nurture our cognitive, socio-emotional, information, and progressive community engagement skills along with, and sometimes in advance of, our technical skills which then serve as just-in-time in-fill learning. This is the call placed by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – to rapidly shift from a ‘thing-oriented’ society to a ‘person-oriented’ society. In support of this shift, each session of the book begins first with a social chapter with background knowledge probe, conceptual introductions, and a lesson plan for the session. A technical chapter follows with technical introductions and hands-on activities, and a concluding wrap up and comprehension check. The technical of the Orange Unit especially focuses on electronics and physical computer components; the Blue Unit highlights software through a series of introductory programming activities, with possibilities for alternate pathways for those who bring in some existing programming experience; the Rainbow Unit then brings the hardware and software together into networked systems, concluding with a final design adventure. The general learning outcome objectives of this book are to help readers: Develop a clear hands-on working understanding of the physical and software layers of computers and networks; Evolve a more holistic and nuanced understanding of the sociotechnical artifacts we use as a daily part of our professional lives; Develop a critical approach to sociotechnical artifacts to counter systemic injustices related to race, class/caste, gender, and other cultural dynamics; and Advance community agency in appropriating technology to achieve our individual and community development goals through a reconsidered digital literacy learning and practice. Please cite this book using the DOI: 10.21900/wd.7
Argumentation in Primary Grades STEM Instruction: Examining Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices in the USA

Computer programming (coding) has become an important skill in the twenty-first century, and many school districts are beginning to include instruction in coding as a desirable part of STEM instruction. However, many primary school teachers have little experience with or knowledge about coding. Our project developed an innovative model to teach coding along with regular mathematics and science instruction using collective argumentation. We implemented this model in a professional development course for primary teachers. Research results presented in this chapter address the teachers’ beliefs about mathematics, science, coding, and argumentation and provide examples of their initial implementation of instruction using this model. We found that teachers embrace coding as important for their students but are less confident in their own abilities to teach coding. Teachers often conflated collective argumentation with disagreement or debate, and they did not find the connection between argumentation and coding to be as straightforward as anticipated.
Isotope effect on electron-phonon interaction in the multiband superconductor MgB 2

We investigate the effect of isotope substitution on the electron-phonon interaction in the multiband superconductor MgB2 using tunable laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The kink structure around 70 meV in the σ band, which is caused by electron coupling to the E2g phonon mode, is shifted to higher binding energy by ~3.5 meV in Mg10B2 and the shift is not affected by superconducting transition. Furthermore, these results serve as the benchmark for investigations of isotope effects in known, unconventional superconductors and newly discovered superconductors where the origin of pairing is unknown.
Wellness-based Writing Retreats: Promoting Academic Productivity across Professional Stages within Counselor Education

The need to publish is a pressure that academics face regardless of discipline. Counselor educators are subject to professional expectations including academic writing and mentorship. Structured wr...
The Closing of the Electronic Commons and Property Rights in the Electronic Age: Is the Internet a Place of Public Accommodation?

Lawrence Lessig is only the most prominent of student of cyberspace who worries about the increasing privatization of Internet control. Current legal challenges, from the Internet privacy case of Intell v. Hamidi to a consent order concerning Passport, Microsoft's online identification system, attest to a vigorous struggle over private Internet control versus public Internet access. Professor Crawford argues that, in order to assure widespread access, both as a means of serving democratic ideals and providing equal opportunity to Internet resources, it is appropriate to turn to the property law principle of public accommodation. In light of recent legal history scholarship documenting the post-Civil War narrowing of the antebellum common law "right of access" into what we today think of as the law of public accommodation, Professor Crawford suggests that treating the various layers of the Internet - its physical architecture and cables, its code and its content - as places of public accommodation is consistent with the earlier, more egalitarian common law tradition. Given the reach, influence and potential of the Internet, this more expansive approach should, he maintains, be applied to regulation of today's cyberspaces. While conceding that conceptual problems exist in order to conceive of Internet "space" as equivalent to real space, the Article nonetheless contends that a focus on the right of access and a corresponding duty to serve can resolve any hesitation in approaching regulation of the Internet as a place of public accommodation. It therefore outlines various approaches to the regulation of the Internet's parts as places of public accommodation, both in light of decided case law (mostly in the disabilities rights context - the most active area of public accommodation jurisprudence today) and contemporary property theory that insists upon a multi-faceted, entitlement-based, distributive justice approach to ownership.
Impact of p16 Status and Anatomical Site in Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy-Treated Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients.

In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), anti-PD-1 inhibitors are approved for recurrent/metastatic (R/M) disease and anticipated to expand to other indications. The impact of p16 status and anatomical site on overall survival (OS) in immunotherapy-treated HNSCC patients remains unresolved. We performed a retrospective analysis of R/M HNSCC patients receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy at our academic medical center with an extensive community satellite network. Fifty-three R/M HNSCC patients were treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and had a median OS of 6 months. Anatomical site was associated with distinct OS; oropharynx and larynx patients have superior OS compared to oral cavity patients. Analysis of the OPSCC subset showed p16+ status as a favorable, independent prognostic biomarker (HR 7.67 (1.23–47.8); p = 0.029). Further studies to assess the link between anatomical site, p16 status, and anti-PD-1 treatment outcomes in large cohorts of R/M HNSCC patients managed in real-world clinical practices and clinical trials should be prioritized.
Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development

Abstract Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
Lisa Stampnitzky. Disciplining Terror: How Experts Invented “Terrorism”

Lisa Stampnitzky's (2013) Disciplining Terror: How Experts Invented “Terrorism” makes an important contribution to the study of political violence. Stampnitzky traces the role of experts in creatin...