cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On asymptotic distribution and asymptotic efficiency of least squares estimators of spatial variogram parameters

In this article, we consider the least-squares approach for estimating parameters of a spatial variogram and establish consistency and asymptotic normality of these estimators under general conditions. Large-sample distributions are also established under a spatial regression model where the sampling design possibly has an infill sampling component. These results allow us to investigate efficiencies of different least squares variogram-parameter estimators in large samples. We provide two necessary and sufficient conditions for these estimators to be asymptotically efficient. It is an interesting consequence of our results that when the number of lags used to define the estimators is chosen to be equal to the number of variogram parameters to be estimated, the ordinary least squares estimator, the weighted least squares and the generalized least squares estimators are all asymptotically efficient.
Layers of interacting dynamic networks: Motivation and theory

We propose a framework for modeling two interacting network dynamics, that is promising as a representation of infrastructural dynamics modulated by underlying environmental uncertainties. Specifically, we propose using a stochastic automaton network known as the influence model to capture the evolution of discrete-valued environmental uncertainty statuses. The environmental-uncertainty process is viewed as driving a linear network model that captures an infrastructural dynamics of interest. This two-layer hybrid network model is shown to permit low-computation statistical (moment) analysis of meshed environmental and infrastructure dynamics.
Effect of Alloying Additions on Phase Equilibria and Creep Resistance of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels

The high-temperature creep properties of a series of alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels based on Fe-20Ni-(12-14)Cr-(2.5-4)Al-(0.2-3.3)Nb-0.1C (weight percent) were studied. Computational thermodynamics were used to aid in the interpretation of data on microstructural stability, phase equilibria, and creep resistance. Phases of MC (M: mainly Nb), M23C6 (M: mainly Cr), B2 [β-(Ni,Fe)Al], and Laves [Fe2(Mo,Nb)] were observed after creep-rupture testing at 750 °C and 170 MPa; this was generally consistent with the thermodynamic calculations. The creep resistance increased with increasing Nb additions up to 1 wt pct in the 2.5 and 3 Al wt pct alloy series, due to the stabilization of nanoscale MC particles relative to M23C6. Additions of Nb greater than 1 wt pct decreased creep resistance in the alloy series due to stabilization of the Laves phase and increased amounts of undissolved, coarse MC, which effectively reduced the precipitation of nanoscale MC particles. The additions of Al also increased the creep resistance moderately due to the increase in the volume fraction of B2 phase precipitates. Calculations suggested that optimum creep resistance would be achieved at approximately 1.5 wt pct Nb in the 4 wt pct Al alloy series.
Organic Clays. Synthesis and Structure of Na5[calix[4] arene sulfonate] ·12 H2O, K5[calix[4]arene sulfonate] ·8 H2O, Rb5[calix[4] arene sulfonate] ·5 H2O, and Cs5[calix[4] arene sulfonate] ·4 H2O

The title calixarenes all exist in the solid state as bilayers of anionic calixarenes in the cone configuration. These layers alternate with inorganic regions which contain the cations and the water molecules. The overall structures bear a close resemblance to those found for clay minerals. The sodium salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 10.998(6), b = 13.582(5), c = 14.472(5) A, α= 74.01(3), β = 89.09(4), γ = 86.50(4)°, and Z = 2 for D calc = 1.72 g cm−3. Refinement based on 4727 observed reflections led to a conventional R = 0.050. The potassium salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 11.815(9), b = 13.636(6), c = 14.040(9) A, α = 100.24(5), β = 111.86(9), γ = 95.14(9)°, and Z = 2 for D ca1c = 1.77 g cm−3. Refinement based on 2977 observed reflections led to R = 0.15. The rubidium and cesium salts are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n with parameters for Rb[Cs] a = 11.603(5) [11.704(3)], b = 28.607(8) [29.747(9)], c = 12.512(5) [12.604(4)] A, β = 91.70(4) [91.63(2) °], and Z = 4 for Dcalc = 2.01 [2.24] g cm−3. Refinement based on 1750 [4257] observed reflections led to R = 0.108 [0.075]. Disorder of the cations was observed for the rubidium and cesium salts.
Surface and bulk structural properties of single-crystalline Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7

We report temperature and thermal-cycling dependence of surface and bulk structures of double-layered perovskite ${\text{Sr}}_{3}{\text{Ru}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$ single crystals. The surface and bulk structures were investigated using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and single-crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. Single-crystal XRD data is in good agreement with previous reports for the bulk structure with ${\text{RuO}}_{6}$ octahedral rotation, which increases with decreasing temperature [$\ensuremath{\sim}6.7(6)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at 300 K and $\ensuremath{\sim}8.1(2)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at 90 K]. LEED results reveal that the octahedra at the surface are much more distorted with a higher rotation angle ($\ensuremath{\sim}12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ between 300 and 80 K) and a slight tilt [$(4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at 300 K and $(2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at 80 K]. While XRD data confirms temperature dependence of the unit-cell height/width ratio (i.e., lattice parameter $c$ divided by the average of parameters $a$ and $b$) found in a prior neutron-powder-diffraction investigation, both bulk and surface structures display little change with thermal cycles between 300 and 80 K.
Converting nonsense codons into sense codons by targeted pseudouridylation

All three translation termination codons, or nonsense codons, contain a uridine residue at the first position of the codon. Here, we demonstrate that pseudouridylation (conversion of uridine into pseudouridine (Ψ), ref. 4) of nonsense codons suppresses translation termination both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo targeting of nonsense codons is accomplished by the expression of an H/ACA RNA capable of directing the isomerization of uridine to Ψ within the nonsense codon. Thus, targeted pseudouridylation represents a novel approach for promoting nonsense suppression in vivo. Remarkably, we also show that pseudouridylated nonsense codons code for amino acids with similar properties. Specifically, ΨAA and ΨAG code for serine and threonine, whereas ΨGA codes for tyrosine and phenylalanine, thus suggesting a new mode of decoding. Our results also suggest that RNA modification, as a naturally occurring mechanism, may offer a new way to expand the genetic code.
Mechanosensitive droplet interface bilayer networks

A method for studying the coupled electrical-mechanical response of droplet interface bilayers is proposed. This research examines the concept of the biologically-inspired hair cell in greater depth, attempting to determine the source of the sensing current when no external potential is applied across the sensing droplet-interface bilayer element. Historically the mechanosensitive current in these droplet-interface bilayers has been attributed to a combination of capacitive currents and electrode oscillation (experimental error); however the development of a third sensing mechanism through modifying the bilayer properties may enhance the usefulness of the mechanosensitive droplet interface bilayer networks considerably. This would allow for measurable sensing currents without requiring an externally applied electric field by permanently charging the bilayer element through surface modifications. Charging agents are added to the droplet interface bilayer network as the network is oscillated and the electrical response is recorded for analysis. The adsorption of the charged molecules is studied through the intramembrane field compensation (IFC) approach, and the knowledge gained from this is then applied towards the mechanosensitivity analysis. Multiple charging techniques are tested and employed, and the nature of the sensing current is determined by examining the frequency content of the recorded currents. Several properties are derived, including the nature of the sensing current, the charging mechanisms available for boosting the sensing current, and the nature of the sensing current without externally applied potentials.
Autoregressive Errors in Singular Systems of Equations

We consider a system of m general linear models, where the system error vector has a singular covariance matrix owing to various “adding up” requirements and, in addition, the error vector obeys an autoregressive scheme. The paper reformulates the problem considered earlier by Berndt and Savin [8] (BS), as well as others before them; the solution, thus obtained, is far simpler, being the natural extension of a restricted least-squares-like procedure to a system of equations . This reformulation enables us to treat all parameters symmetrically , and discloses a set of conditions which is different from, and much less stringent than, that exhibited in the framework provided by BS. Finally, various extensions are discussed to (a) the case where the errors obey a stable autoregression scheme of order r ; (b) the case where the errors obey a moving average scheme of order r ; (c) the case of “dynamic” vector distributed lag models, that is, the case where the model is formulated as autoregressive (in the dependent variables), and moving average (in the explanatory variables), and the errors are specified to be i.i.d.
Photometry and imaging results for comet 9P/Tempel 1 and Deep Impact : Gas production rates, postimpact light curves, and ejecta plume morphology

We present Earth-based imaging and photometry results of Deep Impact target comet 9P/Tempel 1 obtained at and in the nights surrounding the time of the spacecraft's impact. These observations establish the baseline behavior of Tempel 1 prior to impact, including a water vaporization rate of 6 × 1027 molecules s-1, thereby enabling us to determine the effects directly caused by this explosive event. The instantaneous fireball was not detected, but a postimpact brightening from ejecta material was prominent and shows evidence of a slowly decreasing optical depth over more than an hour of time. We have successfully reproduced both the general morphology of the ejecta plume and many details of the shape and brightness distribution on successive nights following the impact using a modified Monte Carlo jet model, with an initial impulse event in the shape of an open, thick-walled cone. As seen from Earth, the center of the plume is derived to be at a position angle of about 255° and about 20° this side of the plane of the sky, i.e., near the limb of the nucleus. Most of the observed ejecta material had an initial outflow velocity of less than 0.23 km s-1 and particle sizes of less than 2.5 μm (assuming compact grains). This resulted in the rapid development of a dust tail from ejecta particles as they are pushed away from the Sun by radiation pressure. Each daughter gas species exhibited an increase in production, with peaks occurring 1-2 days after impact, followed by a gradual decay back to baseline values; the shapes of these light curves suggest that the postimpact excess is due to the vaporization of ices within the ejecta over the course of a few days. In nearly all respects, comet Tempel 1 returned to preimpact conditions only 6 days after the event.
Massenspektrometrie und ihre Anwendung auf strukturelle und stereochemische Probleme, LXXXVII. Möglichkeit von Alkylwanderungen bei aromatischen Verbindungen

Eine Reihe von aromatischen Verbindungen mit zum Benzolkern γ-standigen Methylgruppen wurde auf die Moglichkeit von Methylumlagerungen beim Zerfall im Massenspektrometer untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den in analogen Systemen auftretenden Wasserstoff wanderungen liesen sich keine Methylumlagerungen feststellen. Neuartige Alkylwanderungen wurden bei einem Phenylester und bei einigen Phenylsulfiden gefunden.
MOSFET linearity performance degradation subject to drain and gate voltage stress

Device parameters degradation of nonlinear elements subject to drain and gate voltage stress is examined experimentally. Analysis of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor linearity degradation due to stress is given. Effects on radio frequency (RF) circuit linearity are investigated systematically through a SpectreRF simulation based on measured device data.
Rehydration/Rehydroxylation Kinetics of Reheated XIX‐Century Davenport (Utah) Ceramic

Rehydroxylation (RHX) dating has recently been proposed as a new chronometric dating tool for use on archeological fired-clay ceramics. The technique relies upon the well-known characteristic of reheated porous ceramic vessels to regain water through a two-stage process (rehydration and RHX), where the kinetics of second stage has been shown to follow a (time)1/4 power law at temperatures of 13°–50°C. In this study, experiments were conducted in which the mass measurements taken from 19th-century ceramic artifacts could be described by the (time)1/n power law over a wide range of temperatures. This finding has led to the formulation of a new empirical equation, which describes the observed ceramic's rehydration and RHX behavior without the need for identification of RHX stage. As part of this study, the mineralogy of the ceramics and their thermal properties have been evaluated. The instantaneous effect of humidity on mass measurements was demonstrated to be the principal source of error. RHX dating shows promise, and after more research, the technique could become an important archeometric tool.
ClockPUF: physical unclonable functions based on clock networks

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) extract unique chip signatures from process variations. They are used in identification, authentication, integrity verification, and anti-counterfeiting tasks. We introduce new PUF techniques that extract bits from pairwise skews between sinks of a clock network. These techniques inherit the stability of clock network, but require a return network to deliver clock pulses to a certain region, where they are compared. Our algorithms select equidistant sinks and route the return network, then derive chip-specific random bits from available data with a moderate overhead. SPICE-based evaluation of clock-PUFs using a 45nm CMOS technology validates the operability, stability, uniqueness, randomness, and their low overhead.
Fatigue assessments in rheumatoid arthritis: comparative performance of visual analog scales and longer fatigue questionnaires in 7760 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Fatigue has been recognized as an important domain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical trials and in patient care and outcome. However, lengthy fatigue questionnaires cannot be easily used in clinical care, and there are no data for the comparative performance of various short and long questionnaires. We compared a single-item visual analog scale (VAS) with 3 longer fatigue questionnaires, investigating 4 fatigues scales: the Multi-dimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF), the vitality scale from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and the VAS. METHODS: Participants in a longitudinal outcome study of RA (N = 7760) completed the 4 questionnaires, and a subset of 5155 completed the same fatigue scales 6 months later. RESULTS:All questionnaires were highly correlated and were correlated at similar levels with clinical variables. The 3 longer questionnaires had slightly greater reliability in cross-sectional analyses, but the VAS was as good as or better than the longer questionnaires when sensitivity to change was considered. CONCLUSION: The single item VAS performs as well as or better than longer scales in respect to sensitivity to change, and is at least as well correlated with clinical variables as longer scales. The VAS fatigue scale is suitable for routine use in clinical care, an advantage that is lacking for the other scales. These results do not indicate advantages for longer fatigue scales compared with the VAS.
Photoreceptor degeneration changes magnetic resonance imaging features in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

Retinal degeneration-1 (rd1) mice are animal models of retinitis pigmentosa, a blinding disease caused by photoreceptor cell degeneration. This study aims to determine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes in retinas of 1- and 3-month-old rd1 mice. Apparent diffusion coefficient in retina was measured using diffusion MRI. The blood-retinal barrier leakage was evaluated using gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI before and after systemic gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid injection. Photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 retina was apparent by decreased retinal thickness and loss of water diffusion anisotropy in both 1- and 3-month-old rd1 mice. Furthermore, statistically significant increase of mean retinal apparent diffusion coefficient and gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI signals were observed in 3-month-old rd1 mice comparing with age-matched wild-type mice. Together, these data suggest that MRI parameter changes can signature common pathological changes in photoreceptor-degenerated eyes, particularly blood-retinal barrier leakage-induced retinal edema.
Cold induces acute stress but heat is ultimately more deleterious for the reef-building coral Acropora yongei

Climate change driven increases in intensity and frequency of both hot and cold extreme events contribute to coral reef decline by causing widespread coral bleaching and mortality. Here, we show that hot and cold temperature changes cause distinct physiological responses on different time scales in reef-building corals. We exposed the branching coral Acropora yongei in individual aquaria to a ± 5°C temperature change. Compared to heat-treated corals, cold-treated corals initially show greater declines in growth and increases in photosynthetic pressure. However, after 2–3 weeks, cold-treated corals acclimate and show improvements in physiological state. In contrast, heat did not initially harm photochemical efficiency, but after a delay, photosynthetic pressure increased rapidly and corals experienced severe bleaching and cessation of growth. These results suggest that short-term cold temperature is more damaging for branching corals than short-term warm temperature, whereas long-term elevated temperature is more harmful than long-term depressed temperature.
Using Peer Grading And Proofreading To Ratchet Student Expectations In Preparing Accounting Cases

Accounting educators struggle with ways to incorporate the development of critical thinking and communication skills into the curriculum. Case analysis is one tool for developing these skills. We examine whether students’ case analysis scores improve as a result of participation in peer grading and peer review. We find that students improve their ability to perform case analyses after both evaluating and being evaluated by student peers. Students initially experience an Expectation Ratcheting learning effect after evaluating the case of a peer. Subsequently, students experience an Enhanced Feedback learning effect from the comments and suggestions made by the peers who evaluated (proofread) their cases.
Improving quality of care in vascular surgery: the tools are available now.

Abstract This overview delineates the current evidence and suggested practice protocols for three areas of vascular disease evaluation and treatment that have shown particular patient benefit. Presented as brief topical reviews are (1) preoperative cardiac evaluation and risk factor modification, (2) use of autologous tissue and graft surveillance for infrainguinal bypass, and (3) deep vein thrombosis risk stratification and prophylaxis. It is this author’s hope is that this overview will emphasize currently effective and underused therapies and stimulate further research into best practices for improving the quality of care for vascular surgery patients.
Martinotti Cells: Community Organizers

The specificity of connections made by inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex is not well understood. In this issue of Neuron, Fino and Yuste (2011) use an enhanced version of two-photon glutamate uncaging, which preserves inhibitory synaptic transmission, to demonstrate that somatostatin-positive interneurons form densely convergent connections onto pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 of mouse frontal cortex.
AQUEOUS HUMOR/PLASMA CHLORIDE RATIOS IN RABBITS, DOGS, AND HUMAN BEINGS

The ratio of concentration of chloride in the aqueous humor compared with that in the plasma of rabbits, dogs, and human beings, was determined by the Schales and Sendroy methods. Consistent results were obtained in all the experiments by the Schales method with or without protein, and by the Sendroy method without protein. In the presence of protein, however, lower chloride concentrations were found in the plasma of dogs and human beings by the Sendroy method. The ratios in this instance were higher than values predicted on the basis of Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium and similar to those obtained by several previous investigators using the same method. With rabbits both methods gave essentially the same results under all conditions. The ratios (Schales and Sendroy) for the rabbits based on arterial plasma averaged 0.98, on venous plasma 1.00; the ratio (Schales) for the dog for venous plasma was 1.00; the ratio (Schales, protein present or removed; Sendroy, protein removed) for human beings, based on venous plasma, was approximately 1.03. Ratios of 1.08 for the dog and 1.07 for human beings were obtained by the Sendroy method in the presence of protein. Possible explanations for these apparent discrepancies are discussed. In dogs and in human beings, the major evidence supports the contention that the aqueous humor/plasma chloride ratio is not in excess of that predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium and therefore requires no special explanation. In the rabbit all the evidence indicates that the chloride ratios are actually less than the value predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium.
Work in progress - enhancing student-learning through state-of-the-art systems level design and implementation

The curriculum for undergraduate engineering programs is often partitioned into several courses that are taught in isolation followed by a single culminating senior design or capstone project experience. In the senior design class students begin to synthesize the knowledge and skills that they acquired through the engineering curriculum. This paper presents lower and upper division course and curricular changes made to accommodate learning objectives that better prepare students for project-based learning. These learning experiences and skills include: systems level design, experience with state-of-the art computer aided design (CAD) tools, printed circuit board (PBC) design, design for manufacturability, electronics assembly, project management, engineering ethics, and communication skills. Three upper division project based learning courses have been developed and are being offered this year. In addition, the development of laboratory tutorials and learning modules for the lower division engineering curriculum will introduce all engineering majors to current electronic manufacturing technology, and allow them to design electronic systems using PCBs. The courses and tutorial learning modules are currently being classroom tested and assessed.
Making a case for Systems Engineering

In late 2007, the Systems Engineering Advancement (SEA) Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) decided to design a multi-day Systems Engineering Workshop to train systems engineers in the practice of systems engineering. They were determined to avoid the trap of merely giving hours of lectures and presentations that would bore the audience and soon be forgotten. They decided to base the workshop on six detailed case studies, each approximately 15 pages in length. The topics of the six case studies were selected to cover a range of types of flight projects - orbiters, landers and rovers, planetary and earth missions, development and operations, spacecraft and instruments, recent past and current. By including this range of projects, they hoped to touch on a broad spectrum of systems engineering situations, issues, and challenges, and to use these to accomplish specific learning objectives. They developed a template for the case studies to ensure that specific areas were addressed in each case study, and to ensure that a “big picture” view of the mission itself would be presented before getting into the “meat” of the case. Then questions were designed to ensure that the workshop participants would wrestle with the systems engineering challenges presented, and would understand and absorb the systems engineering skills needed to address them. The workshop also included sessions of “story telling” by key Project Systems Engineers and short lecture sessions addressing key topics and concepts. This paper 1,2 describes the approach and methodology for designing detailed case studies for use as learning tools for systems engineering training. It describes the planning and development process and the approach for actually utilizing them in a real workshop. It concludes with lessons learned and the results from the recent JPL Systems Engineering Workshop.
Are We There Yet? Early Stopping in Clinical Trials

[Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65:214-215.]Angioedema of the oropharynx or upper airway is apotentially life-threatening emergency that has become morecommon with the widespread use of angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitors. Although the increasing availability of ﬁber-optic devices for difﬁcult airways has reduced the pucker factor inthese settings a bit, serious cases still may require a difﬁcultintubation and ICU admission. So some less invasive therapythat would reduce the need for advanced airway managementwould be welcomed by patients and physicians alike.In this issue of Annals, Lewis et al
Neural response during attentional control and emotion processing predicts improvement after cognitive behavioral therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder.

Background. Individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (gSAD) exhibit attentional bias to salient stimuli, which is reduced in patients whose symptoms improve after treatment, indicating that mechanisms of bias mediate treatment success. Therefore, pre-treatment activity in regions implicated in attentional control over socio-emotional signals (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) may predict response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), evidence-based psychotherapy for gSAD. Method. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 21 participants with gSAD viewed images comprising a trio of geometric shapes (circles, rectangles or triangles) alongside a trio of faces (angry, fearful or happy) within the same field of view. Attentional control was evaluated with the instruction to ‘match shapes’, directing attention away from faces, which was contrasted with ‘match faces’, whereby attention was directed to emotional faces. Results. Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses showed that symptom improvement was predicted by enhanced pre-treatment activity in the presence of emotional face distractors in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, CBT success was foretold by less activity in the amygdala and/or increased activity in the medial orbitofrontal gyrus during emotion processing. Conclusions. CBT response was predicted by pre-treatment activity in prefrontal regions and the amygdala. The direction of activity suggests that individuals with intact attentional control in the presence of emotional distractors, regulatory capacity over emotional faces and/or less reactivity to such faces are more likely to benefit from CBT. Findings indicate that baseline neural activity in the context of attentional control and emotion processing may serve as a step towards delineating mechanisms by which CBT exerts its effects.
"I have to live like I'm old." Young adults' perspectives on managing hypertension: a multi-center qualitative study.

In the U.S., young adults (18–39 year-olds) have the lowest hypertension control rates among hypertensive adults. Understanding young adults’ unique perceptions about hypertension and perceived barriers to hypertension control is critical to develop effective interventions for this population. This multi-center study explored young adults’: 1) emotions and reactions after a hypertension diagnosis, 2) attitudes about managing hypertension (lifestyle changes, follow-up visits, antihypertensive medication use), 3) opinions about their healthcare system’s hypertension education materials, and 4) opinions about using social media to manage hypertension. Young adults (18–39 year-olds) with a diagnosis of hypertension and regular primary care access were recruited by the Wisconsin Research and Education Network (WREN). Two focus groups (one per age range: 18–29 years, 30–39 years) were conducted in three Midwestern Family Medicine Clinics (academic, rural, and urban). Conventional content analysis was performed. Thirty-eight young adults (mean: 26.7 [9.6] years old, 34 % male, 45 % Black, 42 % with ≥1 year of college) identified barriers to managing hypertension. Emergent themes overlapped across age groups and geographic regions. Most respondents were surprised and angry about a hypertension diagnosis; they expected to develop hypertension, but at a much older age. A hypertension diagnosis negatively altered their “young” self-identity; suggested behavior changes and antihypertensive medications made them feel “older” than their peers. Young adults missed blood pressure follow-up visits due to co-payments, transportation barriers, and longer than desired wait times for brief visits. Contrary to our hypothesis, most young adults disliked social media or text messaging to support self-management; they were most concerned that their peers would see the hypertension communication. Current hypertension education materials were described as not addressing young adults’ health questions and are often discarded before leaving the clinic. Targeting interventions to young adults’ unique needs is necessary to improve hypertension control and cardiovascular preventive healthcare delivery.
Reframing the Constitution: Brandeis, 'Facts,' and the Nation's Deliberative Process

During his first years on the Court, Louis Brandeis self-consciously used his opinions to reframe the Constitution and thereby refocus his colleagues' perspective on judicial review. This article elaborates on his tactical use of opening sentences to frame the Constitution's deliberative processes in their factual settings.The reputation of Justice Louis Brandeis rests in significant part on revitalizing American legal positivism through his factual inquiry. Ironically, "Brandeis's facts," in particular their persuasive power, are still widely misunderstood. The commonplace is that Brandeis won judicial restraint simply by mustering an imposing array of facts to support rules, in particular social legislation, threatened by the Court's disapproval. Yet, as I argue here, Brandeis was more concerned with moving the Court away from a role in which it sought to replicate or second-guess the factual inquiries underlying legislative deliberations. To do so he had to divert his fellow justices' attention from "legislative facts" by using another set of facts that refocused their attention on constitutional processes. For the Constitution's structure implies requirements for the integrity and complementarity of the various deliberative processes - federal as well as state, local and administrative as well as legislative. So as the nation moved through industrialization and the nationalization of commerce, Brandeis used facts characterizing the transition to help appraise the quality of deliberation underlying the nation's laws. As I will show, these facts often appeared in the opening sentences of his opinions for the Court.
Synthesis of Titanium CCC-NHC Pincer Complexes and Catalytic Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes

The previously reported amine elimination methodology using group 4 tetrakis(dimethylamido) starting materials for the synthesis of CCC-NHC pincer Zr and Hf complexes has been extended to include Ti. Use of excess Ti(NMe2)4 with 1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl)benzene diiodide (1) yielded (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)bis(dimethylamido)iodotitanium(IV) (2), which subsequently reacted with CH2Cl2 to afford (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)trichlorotitanium(IV) (3). Combining complex 2 with TMSCl yielded complex 3 along with the geometric isomers of (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)dichloroiodotitanium(IV) (4a,e). The salt, 1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl)benzene dichloride (5), was reacted with Ti(NMe2)4 in a stoichiometric amount to yield (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)dichloro(dimethylamido)titanium(IV) (6), while use of excess Ti(NMe2)4 yielded (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)chlorobis(dimethylamido)titanium(IV) (7...
Cell and molecular studies of renin secretion.

ABSTRACTRenin secretion has been studied in the past at the level of the whole kidney, but the control of the genetic basis of renin synthesis is poorly understood. We have studied the regulation of renin gene expression in the fetus and also in the adult rat in response to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with enalapril in the presence and absence of angiotensin II (AII). In the fetus, vascular smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arteriole and feeder vessels contain renin mRNA and immunostain for renin. With maturation, these vessels progressively lose the capacity to synthesize renin, and only the juxtaglomerular cells retain this capacity in the adult. However, in response to ACE inhibition, the adult renal feeder vessels acquire the capacity to synthesize and secrete renin within 7 days. This effect is partially reversed with co-administration of AII.In order to study renin biosynthesis and secretion at the cellular level, we have developed a new method of study of individual renin...
Where are the cost savings in city–county consolidation?

ABSTRACTAlthough proposals for city–county consolidation are often justified on the basis of reducing government expenditures or improving efficiency, few studies find that expenditures are actually reduced after consolidation. This study examines long‐term spending trends in four consolidated city–county jurisdictions for periods of eight to ten years pre‐ and post‐consolidation. Although the results of the four cases are mixed, we find that in some cases there are cost savings associated with cit5y–county consolidation, more frequently in specific functional categories than in overall spending. We also find that it is necessary to examine spending patterns over several years after consolidation. In some cases, short‐term savings dissipate over time. In other cases, initially modest savings grow over time due to a reduction in spending growth.
Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor DNA amplification and mRNA expression in bladder cancer.

Abstract The epidermal growth factor receptor has been implicated in the malignant transformation of cells because the v-erbB oncogene is a truncated form of the epidermal growth factor receptor. DNA amplification and/or mRNA overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with the malignant potential of several human epithelial tumors. To determine the frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor DNA amplification and mRNA overexpression in bladder cancer, we evaluated 12 bladder tumors for DNA amplification and another 14 bladder tumors for mRNA overexpression. By Southern hybridization, we found no evidence of DNA amplification or gene rearrangements in 12 bladder tumors. Five of 14 bladder tumors overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA four to 15 fold compared to normal urothelium from the same bladder by Northern analysis. These findings suggest that epidermal growth factor receptor amplification and/or gene rearrangement occurs infrequently in bladder cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA overexpression, however, is found in 36% of bladder tumors and may play a role in bladder tumorogenesis.
The Radiologic Approach to Malignant Tumors of the Head and Neck, with Emphasis on Computed Tomography

Computed tomography is the single most effective tool for the investigation and presurgical mapping of the extent of malignant tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, paranasal sinuses, orbit, skull base, larynx, and neck. Close cooperation between the primary physician and the radiologist is essential for planning an efficient and cost-effective diagnostic plan. The radiologist may also assist the surgeon by obliterating tumor hypervascularity with preoperative fluoroscopically controlled arterial embolization and occlusion.
Structural and legal implications of e-health.

Web and attendant e-Commerce phenomena are irretrievably at odds with the traditional structure and hence legal regulation of health delivery. E-Health delivers healthcare information, diagnosis, treatment, care, and prescribing of drugs in a nonlinear, nonhierarchical manner that encourages patients to "enter" the system at an infinite number of points, thus defying current regulatory constructs. Similarly, e-Commerce fundamentals such as disintermediation and disaggregation result in medical information being delivered through unfamiliar channels, creating immensely difficult questions for health lawyers. The rules and regulatory agencies that fill health law space can appear remote, even disconnected from the realities of medical practice. Yet, in large part, legal rules merely react to health system practices, mapping to the industry's structures and relationships. Traditional (physical space) healthcare delivery (and hence applicable health law) remains premised on structures or precepts that are decades, even centuries old. In contrast, e-Health 1 is premised on a fundamentally new patient experience that is unconstrained by familiar points of entry and structures or traditional channels for delivering information. Not surprisingly, therefore, the e-Health revolution has as many serious implications for health lawyers 2 as for medical professionals.
Dynamic Complexity in Exploited Marine Ecosystems

Abstract Marine ecosystems are increasingly recognized as exhibiting the principal hallmarks of complex systems, including the possibility of sudden shifts in state among alternative basins of attraction and both periodic and aperiodic dynamical behavior. Over the last several decades a well-defined theory of complexity has emerged integrating earlier (and inter-related) concepts based on catastrophe, bifurcation, and chaos theory. In this review, we trace aspects of the historical development of these ideas and their application to marine systems. The manifestations of nonlinear dynamics in marine ecosystems include regime shifts; mirage correlations in which causally-connected system components can appear to be in-phase, asynchronous, or anti-correlated over different stanzas of time; and related state-dependent behavior in which the response of a focal variable to a driver differs depending on the present state of the system. We describe the analytical underpinnings of each of these dynamical behaviors. Although nonlinear dynamical systems are often portrayed in a deterministic setting, we emphasize the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in which an underlying nonlinear system acts as a noise amplifier in the presence of random perturbations. We next review the tools available for analyzing nonlinear dynamical systems based on the concept of state-space reconstruction and the application of techniques in nonlinear time series analysis. Finally, we address the management implications of nonlinear dynamics in exploited marine species and argue that considerations of predictability and forecast skill can serve as effective criteria for model selection and inference.
On ‘traces’, ‘engrams’ and memory models

Human beings are linked to their past, to their own autobiographies as living arrays and weavings of events, occasions, persons, things, by virtue of their capacities for memory. Our access to history is in some part made possible by our recollecting events and states of affairs and accounts of events and states of affairs. Memory functions are, and will be, topics for scientific study as well as topics for philosophical and practical analysis.
Resolution at 2 GHz of Lifetimes and Correlation Times of Highly Purified Solutions of Human Hemoglobin

As discussed by Weber, the presence of the heme severely quenches the emission of the tryptophyl residues in hemoglobin and myoglobin (Weber and Teale, 1959). However, emission signals are still detectable in purified solutions of hemoglobin (Alpert et al., 1980; Hirsch et al., 1981; Hirsch and Nagel, 1981), and their characteristics justify the hypothesis that they are produced by tryptophan.
Analysis of inquiry materials to explain complexity of chemical reasoning in physical chemistry students’ argumentation

One aim of inquiry activities in science education is to promote students’ participation in the practices used to build scientific knowledge by providing opportunities to engage in scientific discourse. However, many factors influence the actual outcomes and effect on students’ learning when using inquiry materials. In this study, discourse from two physical chemistry classrooms using the Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) approach was analyzed using a lens of scientific argumentation. Analysis of the complexity of reasoning in students’ arguments using a learning progression on chemical thinking indicated that students did not employ very complex reasoning to construct arguments. To explain the distribution of reasoning observed, a separate analysis of the curricular materials was performed using the Task Analysis Guide for Science (TAGS). Results indicate a relationship between the task's targeted scientific practice and how students used evidence in their arguments as well as between the task's cognitive demand and the complexity of reasoning employed in arguments. Examples illustrating these relationships can be used to inform implications for design of inquiry materials, facilitation of classroom discourse, and future research. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 9999:XX–XX, 2017
Bridging the gap between heart failure and the device clinic.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: While cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a mainstay in the management of selected patients with chronic systolic dysfunction, many patients are noted to experience less than expected or no benefit at all from the therapy. Multidisciplinary care has been shown to provide benefit in follow up for patients receiving CRT devices.Areas covered: This review will focus on the apparent reasons behind less than optimal outcomes following CRT as well as multidisciplinary approaches to treating patients with CRT devices. The literature review focused mainly on the data behind multidisciplinary care of CRT patients.Expert commentary: A multidisciplinary approach incorporating input from various cardiology backgrounds is an important strategy in ensuring optimal outcomes in patients receiving CRT devices. Breaking down the ‘silo’ effect amongst cardiac subspecialties is vital in achieving high level multidisciplinary care.
Associations Between Early Care Decisions and the Risk for Long-term Opioid Use for Patients With Low Back Pain With a New Physician Consultation and Initiation of Opioid Therapy.

Objective:The aim of this study was to identify associations between early care decisions and long-term opioid (LTO) use in opioid-naive patients with a new physician consultation for low back pain (LBP) at which an opioid was prescribed.Methods:A retrospective study of claims data was used to ident
Assessing the predictive accuracy of earthquake strike angle estimates using nonparametric Hawkes processes

Earthquake focal mechanism estimates have been posited to have predictive value for forecasting future seismicity. In particular, for strike‐slip earthquakes, aftershocks should occur roughly along the estimated mainshock strike. However, the errors in such estimated strike angles are considerable. We compare the degree to which estimated strike angles forecast the direction of future seismicity around a given earthquake with that of uniformly distributed angles and with strike angles estimated based on previous seismicity. The fit of nonparametrically estimated Hawkes models using the estimated strike angle that best fits the post‐mainshock set of events for each mainshock is compared with that of corresponding models that exclude these estimates. Strike angle estimates are shown to have marginal predictive value for forecasting the direction of future seismicity but no more than the better fitting of a uniformly distributed angle and its complement.
What Does the Future Have in Store for the Evaluation of Science and Technology Education

A hundred years ago, as the nineteenth century drew to a close, scientists around the world were satisfied that they had arrived at an accurate picture of the physical world. As physicist Alastair Rae put it “By the end of the nineteenth century it seemed that the basic fundamental principles governing the behavior of the physical universe were known” (Rae, 1994). Indeed, many scientists said that the study of physics was nearly completed: no big discoveries were to be made only details and finishing touches. Michael Crichton from the introduction to the 1999 science fiction book, Timeline
Effect of Natural Teratogens in Poisonous Plants on Fetal Development in Domestic Animals

Many poisonous range plants common in the diet of domestic livestock possess teratogenic potential. Some congenital deformities, once thought to be of genetic origin, are now known to be caused by the teratogens of these plants. The period of maternal ingestion required to produce congenital defects varies among plants, from a single dose on one day to prolonged periods of one to two weeks. Knowledge of the duration of maternal ingestion required for the teratogenic effect to be realized has aided in formulating postulates on the mechanism of action. In some instances, the teratogens have been isolated and structurally characterized, permitting further postulation on the mechanism. Range plants known to produce congenital deformities include Lupinus, Astragalus, Veratrum, Leucaena, Lathyrus, and Indigofera. Those strongly suspected include Nicotiana, Coniium, Thermopsis, Cytisus, Sophora and Senecio.
“I’m not a traditional woman”: Tranquilizer misuse as self-medication among adult women

Research consistently finds that men use all types of drugs more frequently and extensively than women. However, the misuse of prescription tranquilizers provides an exception. Recent research has ...
Managing the risks and rewards of death in eusocial insects.

Eusocial insects frequently face death of colony members as a consequence of living in large groups where the success of the colony is not dependent on the fate of the individual. Whereas death of ...