cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and Tobacco Marketing: Evaluating Compliance with Outdoor Advertising Guidelines

Background Historically, the alcohol and tobacco industries have been the biggest users of outdoor advertising. However, the 1999 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) outlawed tobacco billboards and transit furniture (e.g., bus, bench) ads, and the Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) has pledged to voluntarily eliminate ads for alcohol and tobacco within 500 feet of schools, playgrounds, and churches. Methods Outdoor advertisements were observed (2004–2005) in a sample of urban census tracts (106 in pre-Katrina southern Louisiana and 114 in Los Angeles County) to evaluate tobacco and alcohol advertisers' compliance with the MSA and the OAAA Code of Industry Principles. Data were analyzed in 2007–2008. Results More than one in four tobacco ads in Louisiana failed to comply with the MSA. In Los Angeles, 37% of alcohol ads and 25% of tobacco ads were located within 500 feet of a school, playground, or church; in Louisiana, roughly one in five ads promoting alcohol or tobacco fell within this distance. In Los Angeles, low-income status and the presence of a freeway in the tract were associated with 40% more alcohol and tobacco billboards near children. In Louisiana, each additional major roadway-mile was associated with 4% more tobacco ads—in violation of MSA—and 7% more small ads near schools, playgrounds, and churches; city jurisdiction accounted for 55% of MSA violations and more than 70% of the violations of OAAA guidelines. Conclusions Cities must be empowered to deal locally with violations of the MSA. Legislation may be needed to force advertisers to honor their pledge to protect children from alcohol and tobacco ads.
Population Aging in the Koreas

its elderly. We present a series of demographic accounts, actual and projected, of the total, older and oldest old populations of South Korea and North Korea and compare them with those for the world. We show that the absolute and relative numbers of older and oldest old in the two Koreas, particularly in South Korea, will increase dramatically by the year 2050. The major factor responsible for the very large projected increase in old proportion in South Korea and North Korea is the rapid fertility transition experienced in both countries since the 1960s and the 1970s. We also examine the dependency ratios for the two countries and show that the dependency burdens on their producing populations will become very heavy in coming decades. We also focus in this chapter on the demographic dynamics of South Korea’s three largest cities, Seoul, Pusan and Daegu. The aging and dependency burdens in the next several decades that will face these three large South Korean cities are projected to be even more profound than those projected for the country of South Korea. In the last part of the chapter we draw out some the implications of these demographic trends for the provision of eldercare in North Korea and in South Korea and in South Korea’s three major cities. In the year 2000, South Korea had a population of over 47 million people and North Korea over 21 million. Of even greater interest for this chapter is the size of the older and oldest old populations of the two Koreas. In this chapter we follow the practice of the U.S. Bureau of the Census (Velkoff and Lawson 1998) and refer to the older population as persons aged 60 and over and the oldest old as those aged 80 and over.
The Effects of Sodium Phosphate Supplementation on Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise and 20 km Cycling Time-Trial Performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sodium phosphate (SP) supplementation on physiological responses to submaximal exercise and 20 km cycling time-trial performance. Using a randomi...
Inelastic dark matter at the LHC lifetime frontier: ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, CODEX-b, FASER, and MATHUSLA

Visible signals from the decays of light long-lived hidden sector particles have been extensively searched for at beam dump, fixed-target, and collider experiments. If such hidden sectors couple to the standard model through mediators heavier than $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, their production at low-energy accelerators is kinematically suppressed, leaving open significant pockets of viable parameter space. We investigate this scenario in models of inelastic dark matter, which give rise to visible signals at various existing and proposed LHC experiments, such as ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, CODEX-b, FASER, and MATHUSLA. These experiments can leverage the large center of mass energy of the LHC to produce GeV-scale dark matter from the decays of dark photons in the cosmologically motivated mass range of $\ensuremath{\sim}1--100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. We also provide a detailed calculation of the radiative dark matter-nucleon/electron elastic scattering cross section, which is relevant for estimating rates at direct detection experiments.
Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America

Are people conservative (liberal) because they are Republicans (Democrats)? Or is it the reverse: people are Republicans (Democrats) because they are conservatives (liberals)? Though much has been said about this long-standing question, it is difficult to test because the concepts are nearly impossible to disentangle in modern America. Ideology and partisanship are highly correlated, only growing more so over time. However, the election of President Trump presents a unique opportunity to disentangle party attachment from ideological commitment. Using a research design that employs actual “conservative” and “liberal” policy statements from President Trump, we find that low-knowledge respondents, strong Republicans, Trump-approving respondents, and self-described conservatives are the most likely to behave like party loyalists by accepting the Trump cue—in either a liberal or conservative direction. These results suggest that there are a large number of party loyalists in the United States, that their claims to being a self-defined conservative are suspect, and that group loyalty is the stronger motivator of opinion than are any ideological principles.
A Mobile Botnet That Meets Up at Twitter

Nowadays online social networking is becoming one of the options for botnet command and control (CC especially, the searching feature in online social networks provides a covert meet-up channel, and needs to be investigated as soon as possible. Finally, we discuss several potential countermeasures to defeat our botnet design.
Enantioselective Conia-Ene-Type Cyclizations of Alkynyl Ketones through Cooperative Action of B(C6F5)3, N-Alkylamine and a Zn-Based Catalyst

An efficient and highly enantioselective Conia-ene-type process has been developed. Reactions are catalyzed by a combination of B(C6F5)3, an N-alkylamine and a BOX–ZnI2 complex. Specifically, through cooperative action of B(C6F5)3 and amine, ketones with poorly acidic α-C–H bonds can be converted in situ to the corresponding enolates. Subsequent enantioselective cyclization involving a BOX–ZnI2-activated alkyne leads to the formation of various cyclopentenes in up to 99% yield and 99:1 er.
Mandates from Above and Models from Abroad: Western Ideas and the Shaping of Zemstvo Policy, 1865-1868

This article examines references to foreign practices and models during the early years of operation of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo Assembly. The 1864 zemstvo statute established general areas of operation for the new organizations, but left the delegates themselves to work out the details of particular programs. In the discussions that ensued, delegates made regular reference to foreign practices to bolster the case for their preferred policy solutions. The article focuses on two issues in particular, both of which were heavily debated in the first three years of Assembly meetings. The first concerned a proposal to establish an all-zemstvo land bank, and the second related to the establishment of a Moscow teachers training institute. Both issues stretched over several meetings, with detailed proposals subject to strict scrutiny from the assembled delegates. In both cases, references to foreign models occurred with great frequency. The supporters of these initiatives referred to a myriad of foreign countries, suggesting that no one country was seen as the sole proper model for Russia’s future progression. We see the use of foreign models from the sponsors of these particular initiatives, but also from those who criticized various aspects of the proposal. The critics did not dispute the utility of foreign models; instead, they proposed other countries as more appropriate examples. The debate was not about whether Russia should follow precedents from Western Europe, but rather about which particular precedents were most useful. The discussions show that no one single model predominated; delegates cited precedents from different countries on different issues. Though the zemtsy conceded that Russia had certain characteristics that made it distinct from the countries they cited, they remained steadfast in their belief that exemplars from abroad were the best model to follow.
Testing in the Mathematics Classroom.

IS IT possible to write a test in geom etry without asking for a proof and yet test the students' knowledge of proof and of geometry? What are the procedures for making up a "good" test? What makes a "good" test? What are "fair" procedures for assigning grades? How often should you test? Do you understand the meaning and use of simple statistical procedures for improving tests? Why test at all? Specific answers to questions such as these are not always easy to find, and when they are found, not everyone agrees with the answers. However, the questions are important and appropriate for any teacher to ask. This article provides some answers that may prove useful in your classroom today.
Cloud-Based Skin Lesion Diagnosis System Using Convolutional Neural Networks

In this paper, we developed cloud-based skin lesion diagnosis system using convolutional neural networks, which consists of the following: (a) Deep learning based classifier that processes user submitted lesion images which runs on a server connected to the cloud based database. (b) Deep learning based classifier performs quality checks and filters user requests before the request is sent off to the diagnosis classifier. (c) A mobile application that runs on Android and iOS platforms to showcase the system. We designed and implemented the system’s architecture.
159-LB: Early Introduction of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Well Accepted by Youth and Parents

Early introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may be one strategy to improve glucose control in youth with type 1 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate perceptions of CGM initiated We conducted surveys of parents and youth before the start of CGM and conducted parent focus groups after at least three months of CGM use to evaluate perceptions of early CGM initiation. Parents completed a 21-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) parent. Youth aged ≥11 years completed the DDS-2, diabetes technology attitudes (DTA), PROMIS Global Health (PGH), and CGM benefits (BenCGM) and burdens (BurCGM) surveys. Before starting CGM, parents (n=7, 2 male, age 45.63.4 years, 4 non-Hispanic white) and youth (n=16; 8 male; age 15.3±2.0 years, diabetes duration 11.5±6.9 days, 6 non-Hispanic white) reported low levels of diabetes distress (DDS parent 0.7±0.5, DDS-2 1.7±0.8). Youth reported good global health (PGH 25.6±3.4), few barriers to CGM use (BurCGM 1.9±0.7), positive attitudes towards CGM (BenCGM 3.8±1.3) and diabetes technology (DTA 18.5±2.2). In focus groups, 9 parents (1 male, child’s age 11.7±4.4 years, child’s diabetes duration 11.3±5.1 months) reported overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward CGM technology generally and with starting their child on CGM soon after diagnosis. Parents differed in their preferences on the optimal number of days after diagnosis to start CGM, with some advocating starting immediately and others preferring a week to adjust to the diagnosis and learn basic diabetes management. Parents wanted additional support for the first sensor change at home as well as the timing and method of follow up education. Finally, the majority endorsed decreased stress and worry as a result of using CGM, particularly overnight. These data provide initial evidence that parents and youth newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes demonstrate a readiness to start CGM shortly after diagnosis and perceive a sustained benefit from the use of CGM. Disclosure A. Addala: None. S. Hanes: None. D. Zaharieva: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic. C. New: None. P. Prahalad: None. D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Bigfoot Biomedical, Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care. K.K. Hood: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; LifeScan, Inc., MedIQ. M.L. Tanenbaum: None.
Molecular Engineering of Multifunctional Metallophthalocyanine-Containing Framework Materials†

The recent development of metallophthalocyanine (MPc)-based frameworks has opened the door to a new class of promising multifunctional materials with emergent electrical, magnetic, optical, and ele...
The Effect of the 2018 Economic Crisis on Purchasing Behavior

Economic crisis is a reason for concern for every country in the world and it has a widespread impact on people. When we look at the economic crises in history, most of them were accompanied by high inflation, depreciation of money and rising unemployment rates. The negative impact of economic crisis on people's living standards also leads to changes in their consumption habits which is already a difficult task to predict. The aim of this study is to discuss the effects of the economic crisis that was started in 2018 and still ongoing, on purchasing behavior of the consumers in Turkey based on scientific data and methods. The results were interpreted by comparing them with the results of a previous study that has been conducted after 2008 economic crisis in Turkey. For this purpose, a survey which was prepared considering the possible effects of the crisis conducted on 456 consumers over the age of 18 and currently living in Turkey. The results were analyzed and discussed comparing groups of participants with different demographic information.
Content Coverage Evaluation of the OMOP Vocabulary on the Transplant Domain Focusing on Concepts Relevant for Kidney Transplant Outcomes Analysis.

Background Improving outcomes of transplant recipients within and across transplant centers is important with the increasing number of organ transplantations being performed. The current practice is to analyze the outcomes based on patient level data submitted to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Augmenting the UNOS data with other sources such as the electronic health record will enrich the outcomes analysis, for which a common data model (CDM) can be a helpful tool for transforming heterogeneous source data into a uniform format. Objectives In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of representing concepts from the UNOS transplant registry forms with the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) CDM vocabulary to understand the content coverage of OMOP vocabulary on transplant-specific concepts. Methods Two annotators manually mapped a total of 3,571 unique concepts extracted from the UNOS registry forms to concepts in the OMOP vocabulary. Concept mappings were evaluated by (1) examining the agreement among the initial two annotators and (2) investigating the number of UNOS concepts not mapped to a concept in the OMOP vocabulary and then classifying them. A subset of mappings was validated by clinicians. Results There was a substantial agreement between annotators with a kappa score of 0.71. We found that 55.5% of UNOS concepts could not be represented with OMOP standard concepts. The majority of unmapped UNOS concepts were categorized into transplant, measurement, condition, and procedure concepts. Conclusion We identified categories of unmapped concepts and found that some transplant-specific concepts do not exist in the OMOP vocabulary. We suggest that adding these missing concepts to OMOP would facilitate further research in the transplant domain.
Etiology and Complications of Early Aseptic Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty Within 90 Days.

Abstract Background The etiology, complications, and rerevision risks of early aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) within 90 days are insufficiently documented. Methods A national insurance claims database (PearlDiver Technologies, Fort Wayne, IN) was queried for patients who underwent unilateral aseptic revision THA within 90 days of the index procedure using administrative codes. Patients who underwent revision for infection, without minimum 2-year follow-up, and younger than 18 years were excluded. This cohort was matched based on gender, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Index to a control group of patients who underwent primary THA without revision within 90 days. Two-year rerevision and 90-day complication rates were recorded. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used as appropriate for statistical comparison. Results Four hundred two patients met the inclusion criteria for early aseptic revision within 90 days of the index procedure and were matched to the control group. The overall 2-year rerevision rate was higher in the early revision group compared with control group (14.9% vs 2.5%, P Conclusion Early aseptic revision THA is associated with significantly higher 90-day complication rates and 2-year rerevision rates compared with a control group of primary THA without revision. The most common reasons for acute early revision were dislocation, fracture, and mechanical loosening. Level of Evidence Level III.
Curricular Tracking, Students’ Academic Identity, and School Belonging:

Curricular tracking is common in many countries, yet this school practice might have unintended consequences for students’ attitudes toward school. We examined the changes in adolescents’ school be...
We Know It When We See It: The Tenuous Line between 'Direct Punishment' and 'Collateral Consequences'

Despite their key role in the penal system, collateral consequences have been routinely relegated in importance by courts. This paper outlines the two areas of decisional law that serve to exempt collateral consequences from constitutional protection. Firstly, courts have ruled they are not “punishment,” according to double jeopardy, ex post facto, bills of attainder, and Eighth Amendment jurisprudence. Secondly, they have created the so-called “collateral-consequences rule”: that attorneys and judges need only inform defendants of the “direct” consequences of pleas and convictions, according to due process and Sixth Amendment jurisprudence. In outlining these doctrines, this article argues that both lines of decisions rest on shaky foundations and tautological assumptions, and that recent court opinions — especially the Supreme Court opinion, Padilla v. Kentucky — show that change is imminent. The paper then discusses what such doctrinal change might look like and how practitioners can adapt to the new realities of this field.
Synergistic benefits of conserving land-sea ecosystems

Abstract Mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs interact in tropical regions throughout the world. These ecosystems exhibit strong synergies, as the health of each ecosystem supports the functioning of adjacent habitats. We present a global spatial analysis of mangrove, seagrass, and reef communities, identifying regions where these habitats co-occur. While only an estimated 18% of interaction zones are covered by protected areas, boundaries between mangroves, seagrasses, and reefs represent areas of high conservation efficiency, where benefits of conservation amplify synergistically as land-sea ecosystems are jointly managed. We discuss four types of conservation efficiencies in these coastal ecosystems: (1) increased resistance to disturbance through inter-ecosystem feedbacks, (2) high biodiversity within small geographic areas, (3) habitat portfolio effects giving rise to climate refugia, and (4) synergistic ecosystem services, where building one ecosystem service inherently increases others. Given these synergistic benefits, global campaigns to expand marine and terrestrial protection should focus on the tightly connective interface between mangroves, seagrasses, and reefs, in order to more efficiently build resilience within and between these habitats.
Shared protection for time slotted optical networks

Shared protection aims to provide the same level of protection, against failure, as the dedicated one while using less network resources. In this paper we present the issue of survivability in a time slotted optical networks deploying DWDM. To guarantee the recovery, sufficient resource needs to be available at the setup time of the protection. However it is possible to optimize the protection capacity. Indeed the primary traffic is composed of a set of flows, which may be going through different paths. Therefore a protection could be found using just enough resources by sharing the backup among many flows. We propose here a technique to identify and provision the protection using the minimum necessary resources. We prove through simulation results that this shared mesh protection scheme can significantly reduce the required network protection capacity
Sources of prenatal care data and their association with birth outcomes of HIV-infected women.

OBJECTIVES: Different sources of prenatal care data were used to examine the association between birth outcomes of HIV-infected women and the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) index. METHODS: Adjusted odds ratios of birth outcomes for 1858 HIV-positive mothers were calculated for APNCU indexes on the basis of birth certificate data or 3 types of physician visits on Medicaid claims. RESULTS: Claims- and birth certificate-based APNCU indexes agreed poorly (kappa < 0.3). Only the broadest claims-based APNCU index had lower adjusted odds ratios for low birthweight (0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49, 0.84) and preterm birth (0.70; 95% CI = 0.54, 0.91). The birth certificate-based index had a reduced adjusted odds ratio (0.73; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.95) only for preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS: The association of birth outcomes and adequacy of prenatal care in this HIV-infected cohort differed significantly depending on the source of prenatal care data.
Detection of quantitative trait associated genes using cluster analysis

Many efforts have been involved in association study of quantitative phenotypes and expressed genes. The key issue is how to efficiently identify phenotype-associated genes using appropriate methods. The limitations for the existing approaches are discussed. We propose a hierarchical mixture model in which the relationship between gene expressions and phenotypic values is described using orthogonal polynomials. Gene specific coefficient, which reflects the strength of association, is assumed to be sampled from a mixture of two normal distributions. The association status for a gene is determined based on which distribution the gene specific coefficient is sampled from. The statistical inferences are made via the posterior mean drawn from a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sample. The new method outperforms the existing methods in simulated study as well as the analysis of a mice data generated for obesity research.
Geophysical Signal and Image Processing

The sections in this article are 1 Seismic Data Generation and Acquisition 2 Seismic Wave Propagation 3 Determination of Seismic Propagation Velocity 4 Stacking and Velocity Analysis 5 Seismic Deconvolution 6 Conclusion
3‐Halophenol: 3‐Fluorophenol, 3‐Chlorophenol, 3‐Bromophenol, 3‐Iodophenol

[372-20-3] C6H5FO (MW = 112.10 g mol−1) InChI = 1S/C6H5FO/c7-5-2-1-3-6(8)4-5/h1-4,8H InChIKey = SJTBRFHBXDZMPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [108-43-0] C6H5ClO (MW = 128.56 g mol−1) InChI = 1S/C6H5ClO/c7-5-2-1-3-6(8)4-5/h1-4,8H InChIKey = HORNXRXVQWOLPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [591-20-8] C6H5BrO (MW = 173.01 g mol−1) InChI = 1S/C6H5BrO/c7-5-2-1-3-6(8)4-5/h1-4,8H InChIKey = MNOJRWOWILAHAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [626-02-8] C6H5IO (MW = 220.01 g mol−1) InChI = 1S/C6H5IO/c7-5-2-1-3-6(8)4-5/h1-4,8H InChIKey = FXTKWBZFNQHAAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used in esterification, electrophilic aromatic substitution, alkylation, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, Mitsunobu, transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling, acylation, and oxidation reactions) Alternate Names: m-halophenol, 3-halobenzolol. Physical Data: 3-fluorophenol, bp = 178 °C, mp = 8–12 °C; 3-chlorophenol, bp = 214 °C, mp = 31–34 °C; 3-bromophenol, bp = 236 °C, mp = 28–32 °C; 3-iodophenol, bp = 190 °C, mp = 42–44 °C. Solubility: 3-fluorophenol and 3-bromophenol are insoluble in H2O; 3-iodophenol is slightly soluble in H2O; 3-chlorophenol is H2O soluble. All reagents are soluble in DMSO. Form Supplied in: light yellow liquid (3-fluorophenol); light yellow semisolid/liquid (3-chlorophenol, 3-bromophenol); yellow to gray solid (3-iodophenol). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: all reagents are stable under room temperature and normal pressures. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and acid halides.
Why NAS systems need a telecommunications overhaul

The FAA is heavily dependent upon Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-based services provided by telecommunications carriers (e.g. AT&T, CenturyLink) to support National Airspace System (NAS) requirements. These TDM-based services are used to transport voice and data to approximately 4000 physical locations across the contiguous United States. Current trends indicate that network growth will be driven by factors such as capacity and mobility and consequently service providers are moving to unify their service offerings for multiple data sources (voice, video, and data) onto a single network with the Internet Protocol (IP) being the underlying protocol of choice. In this paper, we present the technological background of TDM and provide the rationale for the service providers' move to an all-IP network. Having looked at the trends expected in the near to mid-term future, we describe the usage patterns of TDM-based services in the FAA and identify key FAA programs that can enable the transition of up to 87% of the TDM-based services to IP. The need to migrate from TDM to IP will require the FAA to develop a strategic vision. In this paper, we present a three-point approach for such a vision that leverages the key IP-enabler programs and recommends appropriate guidance be provided to these programs to allow for a successful migration in the near- to mid-term future.
Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model

Abstract. Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols play an important role in the climate system by influencing the Earth's radiation budgets and modifying the cloud properties. Despite the importance, their representations in large-scale atmospheric models are still crude, which can influence model simulated burden, lifetime, physical, chemical and optical properties, and the climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols. In this study, we improve the current three-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM3) in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) by introducing an additional primary carbon mode to explicitly account for the microphysical ageing of primary carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere. Compared to MAM3, the four-mode version of MAM (MAM4) significantly increases the column burdens of primary particulate organic matter (POM) and black carbon (BC) by up to 40 % in many remote regions, where in-cloud scavenging plays an important role in determining the aerosol concentrations. Differences in the column burdens for other types of aerosol (e.g., sulfate, secondary organic aerosols, mineral dust, sea salt) are less than 1 %. Evaluating the MAM4 simulation against in situ surface and aircraft observations, we find that MAM4 significantly improves the simulation of seasonal variation of near-surface BC concentrations in the polar regions, by increasing the BC concentrations in all seasons and particularly in cold seasons. However, it exacerbates the overestimation of modeled BC concentrations in the upper troposphere in the Pacific regions. The comparisons suggest that, to address the remaining model POM and BC biases, future improvements are required related to (1) in-cloud scavenging and vertical transport in convective clouds and (2) emissions of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols.
Global dynamics of electric and magnetic membranes on the complex, quaternionic and octonionic hopf bundles

Abstract As a prelude to chiral field soliton realizations, we present a unified path space formulation of global dynamics for systems of relativistic point particles, 2-sphere, 6-sphere membranes and their rank-1, -3 and -7 tensor U(1) gauge fields in D=3, 7 and 15 spacetime dimensions. The path spaces are realized by the complex ( C ), quaternionic ( H ) and octonionic (Ω) Hopf bundles. These systems have an electric-magnetic duality in D=4, 8 and 16 dimensions. Their hypercomplex symplectic Kahler structures generalize the geometric prequantization condition for the point charge-monopole complex. In a subsequent analysis of Aharonov-Bohm effects induced by the above tensor U(1) gauge fields in three D-dimensional KP1 σ-models with a Hopf-Chern-Simons term where (D, K )=(3, C ) , (7, H ) and (15, Ω), these global Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten actions play a key role in the London-Nielsen-Olesen limit of very thin membrane solitons.
The Onset of Health Problems and the Propensity of Workers to Change Employers and Occupations

Although many studies have investigated how poor health affects hours of work and labor force participation, few have examined the extent to which individuals adapt in order to remain in the labor market. Individuals experiencing health problems may move to different types of work in order to remain in the labor force or to reduce the negative labor market consequences of illness. This paper investigates the movement between employers, and among occupation categories when changing employers, using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). One advantage of the HRS is that its questions on life-cycle employment and health patterns permit a long-term perspective on job mobility that is unavailable in most other datasets. Workers with health problems are more likely than healthy workers to remain with their current employer than to switch employers. But among those who switch employers, those with health problems are more likely to change broad occupational categories than are healthy workers. While many individuals remain with the same employer after the onset of health problems, many do switch employers and occupations, even in the presence of ADA legislation.
Data-driven time-frequency and time-scale detectors

In many practical signal detection problems, the detectors have to be designed from training data. Due to limited training data, which is usually the case, it is imperative to exploit some inherent signal structure for reliable detector design. The signals of interest in a variety of applications manifest such structure in the form of nuisance parameters. However, data-driven design of detectors by exploiting nuisance parameters is virtually impossible in general due to two major difficulties: identifying the appropriate nuisance parameters, and estimating the corresponding detector statistics. We address this problem by using recent results that relate joint signal representations (JSRs), such as time-frequency and time-scale representations, to quadratic detectors for a wide variety of nuisance parameters. We propose a general data-driven framework that: (1) identifies the appropriate nuisance parameters from an arbitrarily chosen finite set, and (2) estimates the second-order statistics that characterize the corresponding JSR-based detectors. Simulation results demonstrate that for limited training data, exploiting the structure of nuisance parameters via our framework can deliver substantial gains in performance as compared to empirical detectors which ignore such structure.
An Overnight Success?: Usage Patterns and Demographics of Academic Library Patrons During the Overnight Period From 11 p.m.–8 a.m.

During the Fall 2013 semester East Carolina University's main library piloted 24/5 hours of operation by opening on Sunday morning and not closing until Friday night. This article details the planning and execution of the pilot program, as well the findings from the data collected during the overnight period by people-counting cameras and a university identification card reader. The data reveal library usage during specific days and hours of the overnight period, usage during specific periods of the semester, and the demographic information of overnight undergraduate and graduate student users.
Restructuring of colloidal silica aggregates.

We present experimental results showing that colloidal silica spheres can be induced to aggregate either slowly or very rapidly. The slow process always yields clusters with a fractal dimensionality ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{f}}$=2.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, but the rapid process can produce clusters with either ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{f}}$=1.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 or ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{f}}$=2.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. However, clusters with ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{f}}$=1.75 are always observed to restructure so as to yield ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{f}}$=2.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05.
Navigating Mixed-Theory Programs: Lessons Learned From a Prostitution-Diversion Project:

This article discusses some findings of a qualitative evaluation of Salt Lake City’s Prostitution Diversion Project (conducted in 2003-2004) to expose some of the challenges and opportunities of mixed-theory projects. The findings focus specifically on project stakeholders’ recommendations for improving the program. Many of these recommendations are related to the tensions that manifested between the two major stakeholders: Criminal Justice Services and the Harm Reduction Project. The unlikely relationship between these stakeholders is what distinguished the Salt Lake City project from other prostitution-diversion programs in the United States and Canada.
A time-phased order-point system in environments with and without demand uncertainty: a comparative analysis of non-monetary performance variables

SUMMARY This paper considers the multi-dimensional effects of demand uncertainty (and other environmental characteristics) in connection with a time-phased order-point system in a rolling schedule environment. Recorded performance variables were: the number of stockouts, the maximum stockout in a period, the service level, the inventory level and the number of orders placed. The system was observed under three conditions: no demand uncertainty, demand uncertainty present but no safety stocks and demand uncertainty present with safety stocks to counter its effects. Stockouts, larger inventories and more orders occurred simultaneously when demand uncertainty was introduced in the operating environment. Service levels were reduced and inventory levels increased when forecast errors became larger. Injection of safety stocks to counter the effect of the forecast errors further increased the inventory levels and the order frequency. The dramatic differences between environments with and without demand uncertain...
Role of exercise in managing chronic pain

AbstractChronic pain contributes to social, emotional, physical and economical loses, and accounts for over US$100 billion in treatment-related costs and lost work productivity. With pain patient's functional decline, physical activity frequently ceases due to temporary increases in pain and/or fear of reinjury, leading to a vicious deconditioning cycle of discontinuation of inactivity, weight gain, increased pain, and functional decline. The current treatments of choice for chronic pain is pharmacological management (which may not be a sufficient) and a holistic approach. With this decade being congressionally declared the 'Decade of Pain Control and Research', it is important to increase public health awareness of the significance of physical activity, as well as examine additional cost-effective, integrated approaches to help manage the complex and debilitating effects of this condition. This article reviews the current state of evidence on exercise and subsequent weight loss as an adjunctive therapy t...
Access to UG and language transfer: a study of L2 learners' interpretation of reconstruction in Chinese:

Twenty-seven English-speaking learners of Chinese (the experimental groups) and 20 native speakers of Chinese (the control group) participated in a study that investigated second language learners' knowledge of reconstruction (NP and predicate fronted sentences with ziji ‘self’) in Chinese. Results of a sentence interpretation task indicate that English-speaking learners of Chinese had knowledge of ambiguity of antecedence of ziji inside a moved predicate, and lack of ambiguity of antecedence of ziji inside a moved NP, although such information is not directly available in English. While the experiment produced evidence that they appeared to have access to Universal Grammar, English-speaking learners of Chinese bound ziji in non-movement sentences to an embedded subject, indicating that they mapped the narrower setting of reflexives in English onto a wider parameter setting of ziji in Chinese.
Ultrastructural differentiation of the genogroups in the genus Ehrlichia

Ultrastructural characteristics of 15 strains and isolates of ehrlichiae belonging to three genogroups, or clades of genetically related organisms united in the genera Ehrlichia, Cowdria, Anaplasma, Neorickettsia and a strain of Wolbachia pipientis which represents a fourth genogroup in this cluster of species, were studied in continuous cell culture or in vivo: E. canis (Oklahoma strain and VHE isolate), E. muris (AS 145), E. chaffeensis (Arkansas, 91HE17 and Sapulpa), human granulocytic ehrlichiae (HGE)(BDS, 96HE27, 96HE37, #54, #55 and #72), E. equi (MRK), E. sennetsu (Miyayama), E. risticii (HRC-IL). Wolbachia pipientis was studied in the naturally infected Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line Aa23. All organisms were similar in the normal ultrastructure of individual cells and in the ability to form abnormal, pathological ehrlichial cells of the same type irrespective of the species. Normally all ehrlichiae studied in cell culture existed in two morphological forms - reticulate and dense-cored cells, both of which could divide by binary fission. Most alterations were related to their membranes, especially the cell wall. Differences in the structure of intravacuolar microcolonies (morulae) of ehrlichiae and their inter-relations with the host cells allowed differentiation of the genogroups: the E. canis-E. chaffeensis-E. muris genogroup formed large morulae, with many ehrlichiae, often suspended in a fibrillar matrix, and the host cell mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum usually aggregated near the morulae and were in contact with the morula membrane; the E. phagocytophila-E. equi-HGE group morulae had no fibrillar matrix, no contacts with host cell mitochodria, and they did not aggregate around the morulae; E. sennetsu-E. risticii group usually developed in small individual vacuoles that did not fuse with each other and divided along with the ehrlichiae.
Use of three‐dimensional spheroids of hepatocyte‐derived reporter cells to study the effects of intracellular fat accumulation and subsequent cytokine exposure

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a family of liver diseases associated with obesity. Initial stage of NAFLD is characterized by a fatty liver, referred to as steatosis, which progresses in some individuals to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver failure. In order to study and treat the many liver diseases such as NAFLD, an improved in vitro cellular model is needed. Several studies in the past have attempted to elucidate these mechanisms using primary hepatocytes or relevant hepatoma cell lines in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer in vitro cultures. These 2D planar culture systems, unfortunately, do not represent the complex architecture of hepatic tissue in vivo. Therefore, we have engineered an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) copolymer and shown that ELP-PEI coated surfaces influenced H35 rat hepatoma cell morphology to create 3D spheroids. Our reporter cell model recapitulates many cellular features of the human disease, including fatty acid uptake, intracellular triglyceride accumulation, decreased proliferation, decreased liver-specific function, and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of the reporter cells for studying transcriptional regulation, we compared the transcriptional dynamics of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in response to its classical inducer (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) under lean and fatty conditions in both 2D and 3D culture configurations. We found that, in 3D spheroids, linoleic acid treatment activated NFκB at earlier time points during the development of steatosis, but suppressed the TNF-mediated NFκB activation at later time points. These studies therefore provide a good starting point to evaluate such relationships observed during NAFLD in a 3D in vitro cell culture.
Simulator Training for Laparoscopic Suturing Using Performance Goals Translates to the Operating Room

Background The purpose of this study was to develop a performance-based laparoscopic suturing curriculum using simulators and to test the effectiveness (transferability) of the curriculum. Study design Surgical residents (PGY1 to PGY5, n=17) proficient in basic skills, but with minimal laparoscopic suturing experience, were enrolled in an IRB-approved, randomized controlled protocol. Subjects viewed an instructional video and were pretested on a live porcine laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication model by placing three gastrogastric sutures tied in an intracorporeal fashion. A blinded rater objectively scored each knot based on a previously published formula (600 minus completion time [sec] minus penalties for accuracy and knot integrity errors). Subjects were stratified according to pretest scores and randomized. The trained group practiced on a videotrainer suturing model until an expert-derived proficiency score (512) was achieved on 12 attempts. The control group received no training. Both the trained and control groups were posttested on the porcine Nissen model. Results For the training group, mean time to demonstrate simulator proficiency was 151minutes (range 107 to 224 minutes) and mean number of attempts was 37 (range 24 to 51 attempts). Both the trained and control groups demonstrated significant improvement in overall score from baseline. But the trained group performed significantly better than the control group at posttesting (389 ± 70 versus 217 ± 140, p Conclusions These data suggest that training to a predetermined expert level on a videotrainer suture model provides trainees with skills that translate into improved operative performance. Such curricula should be further developed and implemented as a means of ensuring proficiency.
Predictive TCAD modeling of the scaling-induced, reverse-biased, emitter-base tunneling current in SiGe HBTs

We investigate, for the first time, predictive TCAD modeling of scaling-induced, reverse-biased emitter-base junction tunneling current in state-of-the-art SiGe HBTs. Different operative tunneling mechanisms are identified, including important factors that determine the accuracy of the simulations. The models for different tunneling mechanisms are applied to multiple generations of SiGe HBTs to examine their validity. Implications of these results and their use in TCAD-based device optimization are discussed. Finally, this study highlights the nature of the emitter-base junction degradation that results from an accelerated stress in the tunneling regime for different generations of SiGe HBTs.
Research gaps in the demography of aging with disability

The evidence base regarding the demography of aging with disabilities in the US is growing yet substantial gaps remain. This paper summarizes seven major research gaps identified during a conference held in May 2012: how many adults are aging with disabilities; has survival improved for individuals aging with disabilities; can the notion of active life expectancy help inform understanding of aging with disability; what is the pattern of onset of secondary conditions for individuals aging with disabilities and how might such conditions be prevented and/or their debilitating effects ameliorated; what role has obesity had in shaping the population of individuals aging with disability; how do individuals aging with disability differ from those who develop disability later in life; and what are the long-term consequences of developing disability before late life for subsequent health, functioning, and socioeconomic outcomes. Bridging these gaps is crucial for enhancing understanding of this understudied population.
Therapy insight: use of melanocortin antagonists in the treatment of cachexia in chronic disease

Many chronic diseases produce a condition called cachexia, which involves anorexia, decreased lean body mass and increased energy expenditure, worsening the prognosis for the underlying disease. This article describes a promising new approach to treating cachexia, targeting a key appetite-regulating center in the hypothalamus called the melanocortin system. Cachexia is a process that accompanies many chronic diseases, and consists of a combination of wasting of lean body mass, increased energy expenditure, and a paradoxical loss of appetite. Cachexia both worsens quality of life and negatively affects treatment of the underlying disease. Conditions as diverse as cancer, renal failure, and heart failure show a remarkable similarity in their associated cachexia, exhibiting changes in metabolism and endocrinology, including marked increases in levels of cytokines that accompany these diseases. So far, it has been difficult to treat disease-associated cachexia successfully. One treatment that has shown promise in animal trials, however, involves antagonism of the central melanocortin system, an anorexigenic pathway in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Humans who have genetic mutations involving pro-opiomelanocortin or the melanocortin 4 receptor in this pathway exhibit increased appetite and increased lean body mass. Recent research has shown that in rodent models of cancer and renal failure, administration of melanocortin 4 receptor antagonists results in an attenuation of symptoms of cachexia, including maintenance of appetite, lean body mass, and basal energy expenditure. Although this research needs to be substantiated in humans, it provides a promising direction for treating the wasting that is associated with a variety of disease states.