cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative effects in the precursor region of high-speed wedge flow.

of X for integral values of N. Only those portions of the curves which do not have other curves below them are of interest and they are shown by a thick solid line. These curves may be replotted to show the variation of critical loads with length-to-radius ratio by taking positive integral values 1, 2, 3, ... . for the wave number M and plotting the smallest load for each value of L/ira. The resulting curves are shown by dashed lines. These curves show that for practical length-to-radius ratios the critical loads are independent of length-to-radius ratio and equal to the minimum value of the corresponding curve plotted as a function of X. The results for short cylinders of the anisotropic and pseudo-isotropic configurations are doubtful since boundary conditions were not satisfied. Comparison of the configurations show that the pseudo-orthotropic case produces the steepest curve as a function of X and the least attenuation as a function of L/aTr. Similar calculations for shells twice as thick as shown here produce curves, as a function of X, with nearly the same shape but translated by a factor of approximately 1/(2), like the isotropic cylinder.
Iridoid glycosides from Castilleja purpurea and C. indivisa, and quinolizidine alkaloid transfer from Lupinus texensis to C. indivisa via root parasitism

Abstract Castilleja purpurea var. purpurea contained shanzhiside methyl ester as a major iridoid, but this compound was lacking in C. purpurea var. citrina. Other iridoids, including the relatively rare 6-O- acetylmellitoside , were the same in both varities. The major iridoid of the annual C. indivisa was mellitoside. Where C. indivisa was parasitic on Lupinus texensis, it contained the quinolizidine alkaloids lupanine and isolupanine, the major alkaloids found to be present in L. texensis. These alkaloids were absent from C. indivisa not growing with L. texensis.
Pipeline Politics: Russian Energy Sanctions and the 2010 Ukrainian Elections:

In early 2010, the ‘Orange Revolution’ in the Ukraine came to an end. The pro-Western President, Viktor Yushchenko, was replaced by the pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych. This paper argues that Russian...
Adverse Events Related to Muraglitazar Use in Diabetes

To the Editor: The study of muraglitazar and adverse events by Dr Nissen and colleagues points out why physicians need hard outcomes data obtained in a blinded fashion before prescribing a new therapy for patients. The study, however, raises broader concerns beyond muraglitazar. Mortality data are needed prior to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, and current practices that use combined therapy for patients with diabetes who have lipid abnormalities need to be examined. There is a relative paucity of mortality data for fibric acid derivatives compared with data on statins. One of the 3 large studies examining the use of gemfibrozil in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease showed a nonstatistically significant 7% increase in total mortality. Another study showed a nonsignificant benefit for gemfibrozil, with a 10% reduction in total mortality. Bezafibrate was reported to have a nonsignificant 6% higher mortality. These studies were not designed as mortality trials, but there are no published data demonstrating convincing mortality benefit with the use of fibric acid derivatives. Diabetic dyslipidemia typically refers to patients with a high triglyceride–low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) profile, who are the patients most suitable for PPARagents. These patients may receive PPARand PPARagents as 2 different pills, and the interaction of these was not previously known. The fibric acid studies were all conducted in different patient populations, and it is not clear how many patients in each group were also taking PPARagents. However, with limited data supporting a mortality benefit for fibric acids alone, and the apparent increase in mortality seen with muraglitazar, caution should be used in prescribing any fibric acid along with any PPARagent because this combination may have the same propensity to increased mortality.
Polarization aberrations of an overhead projector

Polarization aberrations are variations of the instrumental polarization associated with different ray paths through an optical system. The polarization aberrations of an overhead projector are easily observed with two large sheets of Polaroid. The form of these polarization aberrations are described as functions of object and pupil coordinate and are related to the polarizing properties of the lenses and mirrors. These polarization aberrations do not adversely affect the performance of an overhead projector, but they do provide an easy and effective demonstration of the concepts of instrumental polarization. Subject terms: polarization; polarization aberration; mirrors; retardance; diattenuation; Jones calculus.
Control elements in the intramolecular diels-alder reaction: synthesis of α-eudesmol

Abstract Triene 1 undergoes cyclization with substantial 1,3 and 1,4 chiral induction to give largely trans, equatorial α-eudesmol 3 .
Diseased red blood cells topple iron balance.

In the inherited anemia β-thalassemia, diseased red blood cell precursors release a blood-borne signal that promotes excessive intestinal iron absorption, predisposing affected individuals to multiorgan damage (pages 1096–1101).
Properties of ceramics in the system ZrB2–Ta5Si3

Ceramics in the system ZrB2–Ta5Si3 were studied as candidates for the development of new ultra high-temperature ceramic materials. The ceramics were prepared by hot pressing at 1900–2200 °C in He. Mutual additions of ZrB2 and Ta5Si3 even in small amounts had significant densifying effects due to chemical interactions and solid solubility between the components, which have not been reported in the literature. Materials containing between 8 and 30 vol% Ta5Si3 exhibited less oxidation than pure ZrB2, which is the result of phase separation in surface borosilicate glass induced by Ta2O5. For higher concentrations, oxidation resistance substantially decreased with increasing Ta5Si3 content. The trend in the oxidation behavior of the materials showed significant dependence on the volume of oxidation products. Ceramics containing up to 10 mol% (30 vol%) Ta5Si3, which showed the highest oxidation resistance, also had the highest strength and hardness in the system, and are of interest for high-temperature structural applications in oxidizing environments.
Age-dependent covalent DNA alterations (I-compounds) in rodent tissues: species, tissue and sex specificities

Abstract I-compounds are non-polar covalent DNA modifications of as yet undetermined structure that tend to accumulate in an age-dependent manner in tissues of untreated animals. They are detectable by 32 -P-postlabeling assay because of their adduct-like properties and chromatographically resemble DNA nucleotides containing bulky/hydrophobic moieties. To determine which factors may be involved in their formation, I-compounds were examined by 32 -P-postlabeling in liver and kidney DNA of female and male Srague-Dawley rats and Syrian hamsters of different ages (1,4 and 10 months and 1, 2.5 and 9.5 months, respectively). The following results were obtained: (i) Every tissue DNA studied contained characteristics I-compounds. (ii) Patterns and amounts of I-compounds were reproducible among animals of the same kind. (iii) There were pronounced organ and species differences. (iv) I-comound patterns were sex-dependent. (v) I-compound levels increased with age in all tissues studied, except in male hamster kidney, a target organ of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. The highest levels were observed in liver and kidney of 10-month-old female rats. (vi) The rise of I-compound levels was less steep during the late part of the observation period for female but not male animals. (vii) Gonadectomy decreased I-compound levels in female hamster kidney DNA, while causing a slight increase in male animals later in life. These I-compounds after prolonged estrogen treatment. Points, iv, vi and vii strongly implicated sex hormones in I-compound formation. The qualitative effects of species, tissue differentiation, gender and sex hormones on these DNA modifications support the hypothesis that I-compounds are formed by the binding of endogenous electrophiles to DNA. As persistent DNA alterations, they are likely to affect DNA replication and to play a role in spontaneous and chemically induced carcinogenesis and in aging.
Approximating probability densities on the positive half-line

A variety of methods for approximating probability density functions on the positive half-line are presented and discussed. In particular, the method of moments and orthogonal expansion methods are studied. We give a new, computational proof that continuous probability densities vanishing at ∞ can be uniformly approximated by generalized hyper-exponential densities. The same denseness property is also shown to hold for families of densities expressible as sums of Erlang densitieswith common fixed rate parameter.
Distinct Functional Effects of Phospholamban Phosphorylation States

We have studied the differential effects of phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation states on the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). It is known that PLB inhibits SERCA and that PLB phosphorylation at S16 and/or T17 relieves this inhibition in cardiac SR. However, the functional effects of the two PLB phosphorylation sites have not been compared quantitatively. Therefore, we co-reconstituted SERCA1a with synthetic PLB, pS16-PLB, pT17-PLB, or pS16/pT17-PLB in phospholipid vesicles and measured Ca2+-dependent SERCA activity. Inhibition was maximally relieved by phosphorylation at S16, followed by doubly phosphorylated PLB (pS16/pT17-PLB) and pT17-PLB. Thus, T17 phosphorylation shows the least capacity for SERCA inhibition relief, and actually decreases the effect of S16 phosphorylation on the same PLB. Quantitative Western blots were used to demonstrate that all four PLB phosphorylation states are present in cardiac SR. Cardiac SR was treated with PLB antibodies and protein kinase A (PKA) to quantify the effects of PLB phosphorylation states on SERCA inhibition in a biological milieu. These results show that each PLB phosphorylation state uniquely alters Ca2+ homeostasis. These effects are relevant to cardiovascular health, disease and treatment.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Phase II and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic trial of sequential topoisomerase I and II inhibition with topotecan and etoposide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose: In vitro and in vivo preclinical models have demonstrated synergistic activity when topoisomerase I and II inhibitors are administered sequentially. Topoisomerase I inhibitors increase topoisomerase II levels and increase cell kill induced by topoisomerase II poisons. We evaluated this hypothesis in a cohort of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A group of 19 patients with advanced NSCLC (70% adenocarcinoma) received topotecan at a dose of 0.85 mg/m2 per day as a continuous 72-h infusion from days 1 to 3. Etoposide was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg twice daily for 3 days on days 7–9 (schedule and dose derived from prior phase I trials). Total and lactone topotecan concentrations were measured at the end of the 72-h infusion. Blood samples were obtained immediately after each 72-h topotecan infusion in order to measure the mutational frequency at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) locus in peripheral lymphocytes. Results: A total of 55 cycles were administered. Toxicity was mainly hematologic with grade 4 neutropenia occurring in 7% of courses. Only one partial response and two stable diseases were observed. The 1-year survival rate was 33%. There was a statistically significant difference between steady-state lactone concentrations between cycle 1 and cycle 2 with decreasing concentrations with cycle 2 (P=0.02). This was explained by a statistically significant increase in the clearance of topotecan lactone during cycle 2 (P=0.03). Total but not lactone concentrations correlated with nadir WBC, ANC and platelet levels. Steady-state plasma lactone levels correlated with the mutational frequency at the HPRT locus (P=0.06). In the one patient with a partial response a sixfold increase in HPRT mutational frequency was observed, which was not seen in patients with progressive disease. Conclusion: The combination of topotecan and etoposide in this schedule of administration has minimal activity in adenocarcinoma of the lung. This lack of activity may be due to the delay in administration of etoposide after the topotecan as studies have shown that the compensatory increase in topoisomerase II levels after treatment with topoisomerase I inhibitors is shortlived (<24 h). The HPRT mutational frequency results suggest that the lack of clinical response may be associated with failure to achieve sufficient cytotoxic dose as indicated by a lack of increase in mutational frequency in those patients with progressive disease. HPRT mutational frequency may correlate with plasma steady-state topotecan lactone levels. Future studies should be directed toward earlier administration of topoisomerase II inhibitors after topoisomerase I inhibition.
John Daly Lecture: Structure-guided Drug Design for Adenosine and P2Y Receptors☆

We establish structure activity relationships of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), e.g. adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs), respectively. We synthesize selective agents for use as pharmacological probes and potential therapeutic agents (e.g. A3AR agonists for neuropathic pain). Detailed structural information derived from the X-ray crystallographic structures within these families enables the design of novel ligands, guides modification of known agonists and antagonists, and helps predict polypharmacology. Structures were recently reported for the P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R), an anti-thrombotic target. Comparison of agonist-bound and antagonist-bound P2Y12R indicates unprecedented structural plasticity in the outer portions of the transmembrane (TM) domains and the extracellular loops. Nonphosphate-containing ligands of the P2YRs, such as the selective P2Y14R antagonist PPTN, are desired for bioavailability and increased stability. Also, A2AAR structures are effectively applied to homology modeling of closely related A1AR and A3AR, which are not yet crystallized. Conformational constraint of normally flexible ribose with bicyclic analogues increased the ligand selectivity. Comparison of rigid A3AR agonist congeners allows the exploration of interaction of specific regions of the nucleoside analogues with the target and off-target GPCRs, such as biogenic amine receptors. Molecular modeling predicts plasticity of the A3AR at TM2 to accommodate highly rigidified ligands. Novel fluorescent derivatives of high affinity GPCR ligands are useful tool compounds for characterization of receptors and their oligomeric assemblies. Fluorescent probes are useful for characterization of GPCRs in living cells by flow cytometry and other methods. Thus, 3D knowledge of receptor binding and activation facilitates drug discovery.
Investigations of drop impact on dry walls with a lattice-Boltzmann model

Abstract In this work, axisymmetric computations of drop impingement on dry walls are presented. The two-phase model employed is an axisymmetric lattice-Boltzmann model. Computations are performed in the parametric range of Weber number We of 7 to 8770, Ohnesorge number Oh of 0.02 to 0.137, and drop–wall equilibrium contact angle θ eq of 35° to 150°. Deposition and rebound outcomes are reported. In deposition, the different stages of drop evolution including spread, recoil and equilibration are reproduced and studied. Comparisons made with experimentally reported data of temporal evolution of the spread factor and the dynamic evolution of the contact angle show good agreement. Rebound is observed on non-wetting surfaces. The transition between deposition and rebound is shown to be influenced by the impact We, Oh, and advancing and receding static contact angles. Apart from impingement outcomes, the influence of We and Oh on the dynamic contact angle is investigated.
Breast cancer gene therapy: transgenic immunotherapy

A number of studies have demonstrated that potent anti-tumor immunity can be induced using cytokine gene transfer, a strategy termed transgenic immunotherapy. Our aim is to express cytokine genes in the vicinity of tumor cells, either by transducing tumor cells themselves, or by delivering cytokine-expressing endothelial cells to tumor sites. We compared the ability of cytokine-expressing tumor cells or endothelial cells to inhibit the tumorigenesis of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. Retroviral vectors containing either human interleukin 2 (hIL-2) or interleukin 1 (hIL-1 alpha) were used to transduce MDA-MB-435 cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Using a modified MTT bioassay and an ELISA specific for hIL-2, 43 of 70 MDA-MB-435 clones transduced with IL-2 were found to secrete between 100-800 units of IL-2/10(6) cells/24 hr. hIL-2 and hIL-1 alpha-transduced HUVEC secreted 40 ng/IL-2/10(6)/24 hr and 1.8 ng/10(6)/24 hr, respectively. To facilitate in vivo tracking of tumor cells, both nontransduced and IL-2-expressing MDA-MB-435 cells were genetically-marked with the E. coli lacZ gene and selected using flow cytometry. To study in vivo tumorigenicity, cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of athymic nude mice: (1) lacZ/MDA-MB-435 cells injected alone formed tumors in all animals; (2) IL-2-expressing lacZ/MDA-MB-435 cells did not form any tumors; (3) co-inoculation of MDA-MB-435/IL-2, or HUVEC/IL-2, or HUVEC/IL-1 alpha with lacZ/MDA-MB-435 cells prevented or delayed tumor growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Off-axis acoustoelectric domains in CdS

In CdS crystals oriented with the electric drift field parallel to the c axis, acoustoelectric domains consist of off-axis shear waves. This is because there is no acoustoelectric gain for shear waves traveling along the hexagonal axis, while the gain may be large in an off-axis direction. The particular angle at which the gain is a maximum depends on the angular dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient and the component of the electron drift velocity along that angle. These factors combine to make the angle of maximum gaina function of drift velocity along the c axis. Using a stroboscopic strain-birefringent methowde, observed the off-axis domains directly. The domain tilt angle has been found to depend on drift velocity in roughly the same way as predicted from the small-signal angular dependence theory. Discrepancies may be the result of large-signal effects or of angular dispersion.
Analyzing quantitative light scattering spectra of phantoms measured with optical coherence tomography.

We demonstrate the ability of multiple forms of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the frequency domain to quantitatively size scatterers. Combined with a variety of distinct phantoms, we gain insight into the measurement uncertainties associated with using scattering spectra to size scatterers. We size spherical scatterers on a surface using swept-source OCT with an analysis based on a simple slab-mode resonance model. Automating this technique, a two-dimensional (2-D) image is created by raster scanning across a surface phantom designed to have a distinct size transition to demonstrate accuracy and repeatability. We also investigate the potential of a novel sphere-nanotube structure as a quantitative calibration artifact for use in comparing measured intensity and phase scattering spectra directly to Mie theory predictions. In another experiment, we demonstrate tissue-relevant sizing of scatterers as small as 5 μm on a surface by use of a Fourier domain OCT system with 280 nm of bandwidth from a supercontinuum source. We perform an uncertainty analysis for our high-resolution sizing system, estimating a sizing error of 9% for measurements of spheres with a diameter of 15 μm. With appropriate modifications, our uncertainty analysis has general applicability to other sizing techniques utilizing scattering spectra.
Technology centric views for biomedical applications

Embedded systems, computer and communication technologies have changed the medical field quite remarkably and will continue to change considerably in the future to come. This paper provides an overview of such technologies to various biomedical applications including the creation of various silicon-based human body parts. The impact of these technologies on the society is vivid and poses several ethical questions also, as exemplified by the Hollywood movie, The Bicentennial Man, an adaptation of Issac Asimov's science fiction.
Launches, squiggles and pounces, oh my! The water–land transition in mangrove rivulus ( Kryptolebias marmoratus )

Mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) are small fusiform teleosts (Cyprinodontiformes) with the ability to locomote on land, despite lacking apparent morphological adaptations for terrestrial movement. Rivulus will leave their aquatic habitat for moist, terrestrial environments when water conditions are poor, or, as we show here, to capture terrestrial insects. Specimens were conditioned to eat pinhead crickets on one side of their aquaria. After 2 weeks of conditioning, a barrier with a slope of 15 deg was partially submerged in the middle of the tank, forcing the fish to transition from water to land and back into water in order to feed. Kinematics during the transition were recorded using Fastec high-speed video cameras (125-250 frames s(-1)). Videos were analyzed using Didge and ImageJ software programs. Transition behaviors were characterized and analyzed according to their specific type. Body oscillation amplitude and wave duration were quantified for movements along the substrate, along with initial velocity for launching behaviors. Kryptolebias marmoratus used a diverse suite of behaviors to transition from water to land. These behaviors can be categorized as launches, squiggles and pounces. Prey were captured terrestrially and brought underwater for consumption. Kryptolebias marmoratus's suite of behaviors represents a novel solution to non-tetrapodal terrestrial transition, which suggests that fishes may have been able to exploit land habitats transiently, without leaving any apparent evidence in the fossil record.
Observations on the ultrastructure of the plasmalemma in oranges.

The plasmalemma of parenchyma cells in the orange rind was resolved as a tripartite, asymmetrical membrane. The outer opaque layer was thicker than the inner opaque layer, and this asymmetry was seen in unstained as well as stained material. After lead citrate, uranyl acetate, and a combination of these stains, the dimensions and the staining qualities of the membrane were nearly the same. It was concluded that these stains reacted with the same components of the membrane. After permanganate staining, the dimensions of the membrane and the staining qualities of the membrane differed from the above stains and the conclusion was that permanganate was also staining other components of the membrane. Several variations in the structure of the membrane were observed. These included variations in the thickness of electron dense layers and the findings that the membrane was often symmetrical and frequently composed of five to seven layers. Small electron dense bridges extending across the light zone interposed between the opaque layers were often seen. These bridges were rather regularly spaced which suggested that the membrane was composed of subunits.
Measuring milk flow of dairy cows.

Abstract Milk flow measurements on 124 cows were analyzed to determine how they are affected by vacuum level, pulsation rate, pulsation ratio of the milking machine, and the breed, age, stage of lactation, and milk yield of the cow. Average rate of flow prior to machine stripping, yield during the first minute, and yield during the first 2min of milking were highly correlated with maximum rate of milk flow. These measurements were significantly increased by days in milk, vacuum level, pulsation rate, pulsation ratio, and total yield. Age at calving had a slight effect on yield during the first minute of milking. The use of yield during the first 2min of milking is outlined as a method for evaluation of milk flow of daughters of bulls used in artificial insemination.
Modeling of an ionic liquid electrospray using molecular dynamics with constraints.

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the behavior of the EMIM− BF4 ionic liquid for conditions similar to those of electrospray thrusters. To study the physics of ion extrusion a large system composed of approximately 2160 ion pairs was placed inside a platinum capillary and equilibrated. Diffusion coefficients and electrical conductivity were calculated and compared with literature values, showing good agreement and validating the use of a constrained dynamics model with a coarse-grained potential. An electric field was applied to the system in the longitudinal direction and the fraction of solvated and non-solvated emitted ions was analyzed. The threshold electric field for particle emission was found to be 1.2 V/nm, consistent with other reported work.
Myocardial infarction in young adults.

1.Myocardial infarction occurring in patients 35 years old or younger was compared between 27 patients from a veterans' hospital and 16 patients from a private hospital. The following differences were noted: The infarct was due to atherosclerosis without associated pertinent diseases in a larger percentage of the veterans than private patients, and this was especially true in the fatal cases; a larger segment of the total number of infarcts was composed of young adults at the veterans' hospital than at the private hospital; one-fourth of the series that included both sexes were women. 2.Because reported reviews of myocardial infarction in patients aged 36 to 40 years seem similar to older patients and different from patients 35 years and younger, it is suggested that in future studies on myocardial infarction in "young" adults the maximum age be 35 years. 3.Although much of the data regarding myocardial infarction in young soldiers and veterans is applicable to the disease in the general population, some which is not has been discussed.
Resonance of a plane capacitor containing inhomogeneous and anisotropic plasma

The quasistatic approximate resonance of a plane capacitor partially filled with an inhomogeneous and anisotropic plasma is found using the calculus of variations.
Elevated Urinary 19-Nor-Deoxycorticosterone Glucuronide in Cushing’s Syndrome

Hypertension is a common finding in patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS), but the cause is unknown. One possibility is excess production of nonaldosterone mineralocorticoids, such as 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-Nor-DOC). To evaluate this possibility we measured urinary 19-Nor-DOC glucuronide in normal subjects (n = 14) and patients with essential hypertension (n = 10), pituitary-dependent CS (n = 8), and adrenal tumors producing CS (n = 6). The subjects were admitted to a metabolic unit where 24-h urine samples were collected while they ate an isocaloric diet (128 meq Na+ 80 meq K+/day). 19-Nor-DOC glucuronide was purified by extraction and chromatography and measured by RIA. Urinary 19-Nor-DOC glucuronideglucuronide excretion was significantly higher in patients with both pituitary CS and adrenal CS compared to that in normal subjects, while the values in the two CS groups were similar. The patients with essential hypertension also had elevated urinary 19-Nor-DOC glucuronide excretion, although the v...
The influence of chemical heterogeneity among cloud drop populations on processing of chemical species in winter clouds

Abstract Drop size-resolved measurements of winter cloud composition in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado revealed significant variations of cloud drop pH, ion (SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , NH 4 + , and Ca 2+ ) concentrations, and concentrations of trace metal catalysts (Fe and Mn) with drop size. Simultaneous measurements of snow chemical composition and the degree of cloud drop capture by snow crystals (riming) revealed a positive correlation between snow composition and the extent of ice crystal riming in two of four cases studied. Observations indicate that the size-dependent chemical composition of the clouds tends to enhance aqueous phase sulfate production rates when the primary oxidant is ozone. Enrichment of accumulation mode aerosol species in small cloud drops, which are inefficiently scavenged by ice crystals, appears to cause small (typically less than 15%) reductions in the efficiency with which these species are scavenged by precipitation during accretional ice crystal growth.
Monitoring tissue oxygenation in the ICU patient

Abstract Important determinants of recovery from acute and critical illness in horses in the intensive care unit are proper treatment of the primary disease and normalization of global perfusion/oxygenation deficits. Global perfusion and oxygenation are closely linked and are frequently disrupted by sepsis or organ dysfunction. Alternatively, global tissue hypoxia (shock) is a key development preceding multiorgan failure and death. Early (within the first hours) goal-directed therapy to normalize central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and venous oxygen saturation has been shown to influence survival in humans with shock. In this issue, perfusion is covered in articles by V Cook and FT Bain, G Magdesian, and K Corley and C Marr, and oxygenation is discussed in the article by H Chevalier and T Divers. This article will focus on monitoring global oxygenation and the use of blood products in correcting abnormalities.
Elevation of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate in established mammalian cell strains by hypaque (sodium diatrizoate)

Hypaque (sodium diatrizoate), when added to cells growing in culture (two HeLa S3 strains, rat glioblastoma C6 and mouse lymphoma L5178Y), increased the intracellular level of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. A transient elevation of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate was also observed when L5178Y cells were subjected to a procedure recommended for separation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood. The effect of Hypaque did not appear to be related to the increase in osmolality of the medium.
An open-label study of escitalopram (Lexapro) for the treatment of 'Depression of Alzheimer's disease' (dAD).

Background Depression is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication of Alzheimer's Disease. Methods This study investigated the safety and effectiveness of escitalopram (LEXAPRO) for depression in AD (dAD) as defined by the NIMH consensus criteria in an 8-week, open-label treatment study. Conclusion Escitalopram was efficacious and safe for the treatment of dAD in this study. Larger, controlled studies are warranted to further assess the efficacy for mood and behavioral disturbances in this medically fragile population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary pattern trajectories during 15 years of follow-up and HbA1c, insulin resistance and diabetes prevalence among Chinese adults

Background Most research on dietary patterns and health outcomes does not include longitudinal exposure data. We used an innovative technique to capture dietary pattern trajectories and their association with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes. Methods We included 4096 adults with 3–6 waves of diet data (1991–2006) and biomarkers measured in 2009 from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Diet was assessed with three 24-h recalls and a household food inventory. We used a dietary pattern previously identified with reduced rank regression that positively predicted diabetes in 2006 (high in wheat products and soy milk and low in rice, legumes, poultry, eggs and fish). We estimated a score for this dietary pattern for each subject at each wave. Using latent class trajectory analysis, we grouped subjects with similar dietary pattern score trajectories over time into five classes. Results Three trajectory classes were stable over time, and in two classes the diet became unhealthier over time (upward trend in dietary pattern score). Among two classes with similar scores in 2006, the one with the lower (healthier) initial score had an HbA1c 1.64% lower (−1.64 (95% CI −3.17 to −0.11)) and non-significantly a HOMA-IR 6.47% lower (−6.47 (−17.37 to 4.42)) and lower odds of diabetes (0.86 (0.44 to 1.67)). Conclusions Our findings suggest that dietary pattern trajectories with healthier scores longitudinally had a lower HbA1c compared with those with unhealthier scores, even when the trajectories had similar scores in the end point.
Induced Regeneration of Hindlimbs in the Newborn Opossum

The North American marsupial, Didelphys virginiana , has proved to be uniquely suited for studies of replacement of mammalian limb. The newborn opossum provides the rare opportunity to perform chronic experiments on extremely young mammalian limbs. Since this marsupial is born without lymphocytes, xenoplastic as well as homoplastic transplants are tolerated; supplementary nerve tissue was transplanled to newborn hindlimbs and the limbs were amputated immediately above the ankle. When the implant remained in place, a regenerative response ensued. Results of control experiments indicate that neither the trauma of simple amputation, the trauma of implantation, nor the implantation of other tissues can evoke the response which results after implanting nerve tissue. These studies demonstrate that young opossum limbs are capable of regenerating when additional nervous tissue is supplied.
Hernia repair in the presence of ascites

Abstract Background The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) has been validated as a prediction tool for postoperative mortality, but its role in predicting morbidity has not been well studied. We sought to determine the role of MELD, among other factors, in predicting morbidity and mortality in patients with nonmalignant ascites undergoing hernia repair. Methods All patients undergoing hernia repair in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement database (2009–11) were identified. Those with nonmalignant ascites were compared with patients without ascites. A subset analysis of patients with nonmalignant ascites was performed to evaluate the association between MELD and morbidity and mortality with adjustment for potential confounders. The association of significant factors with the rate of morbidity was displayed using a best-fit polynomial regression. Results Of 138,366 hernia repairs, 778 (0.56%) were performed on patients with nonmalignant ascites. Thirty-day morbidity (4% versus 19%) and mortality (0.2% versus 5.3%) were significantly more frequent in patients with ascites (P Conclusions Before hernia repair, the MELD score can be used to risk-stratify patients with nonmalignant ascites not only for mortality but also morbidity. Morbidity rates increase rapidly with MELD above 15, but other factors should additionally be accounted for when counseling patients on their perioperative risk.
Racial differences in left ventricular structure in healthy young adults

Racial differences in cardiac structure and function were evaluated in 62 black and 71 white healthy young adults. Left ventricular (LV) mass index, relative wall thickness, fractional shortening, resting cardiac index and resting systemic vascular resistance index were estimated using M-mode echocardiography. Pulsed Doppler interrogation of transmitral flow was used to characterize LV filling. Average daytime blood pressure (BP) was determined by ambulatory monitoring during a typical work or school day. Ambulatory daytime BP averaged 127 +/- 12/80 +/- 7 mm Hg in black subjects, and 127 +/- 9/80 +/- 6 mm Hg in white subjects (p = not significant). The 2 groups were also similar in resting BP, age and gender composition. Relative wall thickness was significantly greater in black than in white subjects (0.37 +/- 0.06 vs 0.34 +/- 0.05; p less than 0.01). This difference was found in both men and women. Black subjects also had a higher resting systemic vascular resistance index (2,110 +/- 570 vs 1,920 +/- 500 dynes.s.cm-5.m2; p less than 0.05) and lower resting cardiac index (3.14 +/- 0.84 vs 3.46 +/- 0.85 L/min/m2; p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between black and white subjects in LV mass index, fractional shortening and normalized peak filling velocity. These results suggest that racial differences in LV structure and systemic hemodynamics exist even in patients without sustained hypertension. In our study population, the greater relative wall thickness in black subjects was not accompanied by significant differences in LV systolic function or diastolic filling.
Magmatic epidote and its petrologic significance

Epidote is a major magmatic mineral in tonalite and granodiorite in a belt coextensive with the Mesozoic accreted terranes between northern California and southeastern Alaska. Textural and chemical evidence indicates that epidote crystallized as a relatively late but magmatic mineral that formed through reaction with hornblende in the presence of a melt phase. The observed relations concur with experimental data on crystallization of epidote from synthetic granodiorite at 8 kbar total pressure. Plutonic rocks bearing magmatic epidote must have formed under moderately high pressures, corresponding to lower crustal depths, under fairly oxidizing conditions.
Design and Analysis of Automotive Serpentine Belt Drive Systems for Steady State Performance

Serpentine belt drive systems with spring-loaded tensioners are now widely used in automotive engine accessory drive design. The steady state tension in each belt span is a major factor affecting belt slip and vibration. These tensions are determined by the accessory loads, the accessory drive geometry, and the tensioner properties. This paper focuses on the design parameters that determine how effectively the tensioner maintains a constant tractive belt tension, despite belt stretch due to accessory loads and belt speed. A nonlinear model predicting the operating state of the belt/tensioner system is derived, and solved using (1) numerical, and (2) approximate, closed-form methods. Inspection of the closed-form solution reveals a single design parameter, referred to as the tensioner constant, that measures the effectiveness of the tensioner. Tension measurements on an experimental drive system confirm the theoretical predictions.
Target Hardening the College Campus Through Stakeholder Input: Merging Community and the Security Survey

Physical security surveys have for many years been an integral component of an overall crime prevention plan for post-secondary institutions. As assessment tools, they highlight vulnerable features of design and environment that could potentially put persons or property at risk. Noticeably absent from a majority of these surveys is input from the constituents (community) that regularly use these complexes as students, employees, residents, or visitors. The perceptions of these users give a differing perspective on how those who may perhaps be most familiar with the institution under scrutiny view potential risks. By merging a physical survey of facilities with stakeholder input, a more comprehensive crime control strategy can be developed and implemented that addresses the needs of both users and administrators. The present research illustrates how such a dual method was undertaken at an urban university and discusses the benefits that emerge when two perspectives are taken into account in developing an institutional security plan.
The Troodos ophiolitic complex was probably formed in an island arc

Abstract The Troodos ophiolitic complex in Cyprus has been widely regarded as a fragment of oceanic crust that was created in a mid-oceanic ridge. However, about one-third of the analyzed rocks of the lower pillow lavas and sheeted complex in it follows a calc-alkalic trend. This strongly suggests that the massif was created as a basaltic volcano in an island arc with a relatively thin oceanic-type crust rather than in a mid-oceanic ridge. Other chemical features and the structure of the massif are also consistent with an island arc origin. Some other ophiolitic complexes also appear to have been formed in island arcs.
Mergers and acquisitions and firm growth: investigating restaurant firms.

Abstract Merger and acquisition (M&A) has been viewed as an efficient strategy for firm growth because M&As allow firms to quickly achieve their ideal size. However, whether consistent growth can be maintained after an M&A is questionable because post-M&A integration is a difficult process. In order to identify whether M&A is really an effective tool for producing consistent growth in restaurant firms, this study examined post-M&A firm growth in comparison to non-M&A firm growth. Using financial data from 1980 to 2007, this study analyzed the sales growth of restaurant firms up to five years after an M&A. This study found that post-M&A growth patterns varied across firm sizes and time periods (from one to five years after an M&A). This study also revealed that both small and large acquirers experienced positive sales growth in the year following M&A. However, this positive effect completely disappeared during or after the third year post-M&A. M&A firms showed the same growth patterns as non-M&A firms three to five years after an M&A. This study provides useful post-M&A growth information regarding restaurant firms, which can be practically useful for firms considering M&A.
Determination of Haul Distance and Direction in Mass Excavation

Currently, construction professionals can easily determine the amount of cut and fill on a mass excavation project, but can only make an educated and intuitive guess as to the required minimum haul distances and the directions to move the earth. This paper develops a mathematical optimization model for the determination of these minimum haul distances and directions. The two-dimensional model presented uses linear programming. An example of how this generic model works is detailed in this paper. Necessary inputs are the cut and fill quantities and the location of these on the site. With this mathematical model, the quantity of earth hauled, the minimum haul distances, and the locations to haul the material are determined. The solution is then made into a vector diagram detailing the quantity and direction to move material that can be used by nontechnical personnel in the field. The formulation presented in this paper will assist construction professionals by providing a method to find an optimal solution to the mass earthmoving problem. A pilot user interface is tested to investigate the possible use of an automated input system to reduce input error.
Evaluation of dietetic students' and interns' application of a lifestyle-oriented nutrition-counseling model.

Abstract Objective To assess dietetic students’ and interns’ skills to effectively apply a lifestyle-oriented nutrition-counseling model. Methods Between 1999 and 2004, 121 dietetics students and interns (82% retained) were trained to provide nutrition counseling and certified using a standardized patient evaluation format. Supervising registered dietitians and students evaluated transcripts of their counseling sessions using a modified version of the Dietitian's Interviewing Rating Scale (DIRS). Clients evaluated their counselor's skills. t -Tests determined differences between the supervisor and student's DIRS evaluation, and from an acceptable score of “4”. ANOVA distinguished differences by student academic category and client group. Results The student counselors scored ≥4 for five of the six skills sets, but significantly below 4 for “transitions” (the internal summaries between sections). The students rated themselves significantly higher than their supervisor did on rapport building, questioning skills, and approach to plan. Conclusion The student counselors effectively applied the skills of a lifestyle-oriented nutrition-counseling model, and can benefit from supervisor-provided feedback. Practice implications Nutrition counseling training/practice through various dietetic curriculums can provide future dietitians with the skills and the confidence they need to successfully assist their clients to make lifestyle behavior changes.
DETERMINATION OF REACTOR KINETIC PARAMETERS BY PILE NOISE ANALYSIS

An experimental investigation was made of the statistical fluctuations in neutron intensity which occur in a nuclear reactor. An ion chamber was exposed to reactor flux, and the fluctuations in its output current were analyzed in a tunable bandpase filter to get the frequency spectrum of these fluctuations, which has the shape of the square modulus of the transfer function. Results are presented of some measurements made on various lowpower experimental reactors at Argonne National Laboratory. For reactors with prompt neutron lifetime between 15 and 70 mu sec, the quantity integral / BETA was determined within 5 per cent or better from a least squares fit to the transfer function thus measured. (auth)
Quantitative Studies of Specific and Nonspecific Second Antibody Uptake by Sensitized Erythrocytes

Experiments were conducted using the technique of quantitative hemagglutination with an electronic particle counter to study the specific and nonspecific uptake of blood group antibodies by previously sensitized erythrocytes. Specific attachment of a second antibody was impaired by prior RBC sensitization. It was found possible to quantitate simultaneously the amount of both specific and nonspecific second antibody uptake.
Narrative research and the challenge of accumulating knowledge

Narrative research has produced an array of richly-detailed expositions of life as lived, well-interpreted studies full of nuance and insight that befit the complexity of human lives. This paper inquires into the necessity and possibilities of amalgamation of knowledge obtained through narrative research. As narrative studies, with their accompanying interpretations, accumulate, how do we “add them up?” What would a meta-analysis of narrative studies look like? The challenge that confronts us is how assimilate narrative understanding at a conceptual level in a way that does not return to a modernist frame, treating the various research reports as “facts” — but rather to treat them as situated interpretations. Conversation is offered as a metaphor and context within which knowledge is to be understood.
DEMONSTRATION OF NET INFLUX OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY1

Influx of glycine from dilute solution in the medium into Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin) was studied using radiochemical techniques. Comparison of these data with simultaneous measurements of the disappearance of primary amines from the medium by fluorometry indicates that influx of 14C-labeled glycine accurately reflects net entry of substrate. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to demonstrate net removal of fourteen different amino acids from dilute solution by P. tricornutum. HPLC was also used to demonstrate net removal of free amino acids naturally present in sea water.