cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetric phase-alternating composite pulses

Abstract We derive sequences of new composite pulses that can provide constant rotations of arbitrary flip angle in the presence of large resonance offset effects. These symmetric sequences use only 180° phase shifts, and have the same symmetry properties as a single radiofrequency pulse. For two-level systems, these composite pulses behave like ideal single rf pulses, making them of potential use in a wide variety of experimental situations.
Characterization of gastric mucosal membranes: Lipid composition of purified gastric microsomes from pig, rabbit, and frog

Abstract The lipid compositions of the gradient-purified gastric microsomal membranes from the fundic mucosa of pig, rabbit, and frog were determined. The total lipid content varied widely. Compared to the rabbit (21.6 ± 0.6 mg/100 mg protein), the pig had about twice as much and the frog about three times as much lipid. The levels of cholesterol were higher in both mammalian species (about 32% of the lipid) compared to frog (23%). Phospholipids accounted for about 45, 54, and 52% of the total microsomal lipids from pig, rabbit, and frog and the molar ratios of cholesterol to phospholipid in the three species were 1.95, 1.6, and 1.17, respectively. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine together constituted about 75% of the total phospholipids in pig and frog and 93% in rabbit gastric microsomes. Sphingomyelin comprised 19.3, 3.2, and 1.5% in pig, rabbit, and frog, respectively. Phosphatidyl inositol constituted 5, 2.7, and 23.6% in pig, rabbit, and frog, respectively. The ratios of phosphatidyl ethanolamine to phosphatidyl choline were 1.17, 1.1, and 0.85 in pig, rabbit, and frog, respectively. The saturated fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 and the unsaturated fatty acid 18:1 and 18:2 were the predominant fatty acids in all phospholipids. The ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids were between 0.8 and 0.9 in phosphatidyl choline and 0.27 and 0.5 in phosphatidyl ethanolamine from all three species. The contributions by saturated fatty acids were much more in phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin than in phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from all species. Position 1 of phosphatidyl choline had 63% saturated and 37% unsaturated fatty acids; while the reverse was true for position 2. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, however, had 85% saturated fatty acids in position 1 compared to only 25% in position 2. Arachidonic acid (20:4) was present in significant amounts in all species located exclusively at position 2 of both phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Measurements of the 1.9 cm Thermal Radio Emission from Mercury

MEASUREMENTS of the thermal radio emission from Mercury at 11.3 cm have shown that the brightness temperature is approximately 300° K and does not vary significantly with phase angle1. This is not inconsistent with the observed rotation rate of Mercury of 58.4 ± 0.4 days2 if the thermal inertia of the planet is sufficiently great for the temperature to remain reasonably constant at the depth at which the 11 cm emission originates. It might be expected, however, that a phase effect may exist at shorter wavelengths where the radio emission originates closer to the surface and where the temperature may be more closely related to the instantaneous value of the solar radiation. It is somewhat surprising therefore that Epstein3, who observed at 3.4 mm wavelength, claims no phase effect, with an anomalously low temperature of only ∼ 200° K.
Quantifying intrinsic properties of resting lumbar muscle in healthy subjects using a handheld myometer

Resting muscle exhibits certain inherent properties whose interpretation is important to the understanding of the function and health of muscle. These physical properties aid in better understanding the behavior of muscle and its effects on the lumbosacral spine. A wealth of research has been performed on actively contracting muscles, however there is little existing literature on the properties of muscle in its relaxed state. In this study, the resting muscle properties of the lower lumbar muscles were quantified in 20 young, healthy adults. Measurements were taken from the left and right sides of the back, and were repeated after a 10 minute waiting period. Surface electromyography (sEMG) measurements were also carried out simultaneous to ensure the patient's muscles were in a resting state. Data suggest that the hypothesis of a population variation of human resting muscle tone (HRMT) properties may occur among normal subjects; however, more quantitative data is required to confirm and characterize this trait.
Targeting depression interviewing

Last Friday, I had a particularly busy clinic day. One of my first appointments was with a 23-year-old African-American man who described frequent episodes of feelings of doom, thundering and racing in his chest, and difficulty breathing. I diagnosed panic attacks. Knowing that depression is common among persons with panic attacks, I asked about his mood and discovered that he was suffering from major depression, a condition that had occurred once 4 years earlier when he entered college. After exploring issues concerning the etiology and appropriate treatment of his current problems, the patient and I elected medical therapy for his depression and referral to a behaviorist for his panic attacks. I felt good about the encounter, but it had taken 30 minutes, and I was 15 minutes late for my next appointment. She was a middle-aged, obese, Hispanic woman with reasonably well-controlled diabetes. She had no specific complaints. While I was examining her feet and diagnosing osmidrosis, the previous patient popped into my mind, and I reminded myself that depression also was common among middle-aged women. Buoyed by the apparent success of my previous exploration of depression symptoms, I questioned her about her mood and her recent enjoyment and satisfaction with life. At first she didn't know what I was talking about, but as I made my questions clearer (and the interview longer), she clearly denied having any problems. My next four patients were men over 60 years of age. Prodded by the lateness of my schedule, the lack of obvious psychiatric problems in these patients, and the rationalization that major depression is less common in men than women and in elderly than middle-aged persons, I queried none of them about depression. Rather, I adjusted antihypertensive regimens, pondered whether the laboratory had confused a glycosylated hemoglobin level with a serum hemoglobin value, and doled out an alpha agent for the patient with “chronic plumbing problems.” I finished clinic late and missed lunch, but for the most part, I thought I had done a pretty good job.
Hepatic Insulin and Glucagon Receptors in Pregnancy: Their Role in the Enhanced Catabolism during Fasting*

The response to dietary deprivation in late pregnancy, as compared to the non-pregnant condition, is more rapid and profound in terms of mobilization of fuels from peripheral tissues as well as hepatic ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis ("accelerated starvation"). We examined the potential role of hepatic insulin and glucagon receptors in mediating these changes by comparing 48-h fasted 18-day pregnant and age-matched nongravid rats. Molar ratios for insulin:glucagon in peripheral and portal blood were significantly higher in the pregnant rats. Insulin binding to purified liver plasma membrane receptors, when appropriately corrected for differences in insulin degradation by the membrane system, was marginally diminished in the pregnant animals. Glucagon binding and adenylate cyclase activation by glucagon was indistinguishable in the two groups of animals. On the basis of portal vein hormone concentrations and the values for receptor binding, liver insulinization relative to glucagonization appears to be unc...
1556 CEREBRAL BIOENERGETIC RESERVE AND BLOOD FLOW COMPENSATION IN HYPOXIC NEWBORN LAMBS

This study examines the relationship between cerebral energy compounds and tissue oxygen availability. Ten ventilated lambs were studied under 40% N2O. Cerebral phosphorus-containing compounds (ATP, PCr, and Pi) were measured and intracellular pH (pHi) calculated using surface coil 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The ratio of spectral peaks for PCr and Pi. (PCr/Pi) served as a. measure of bioenergetic reserve. Blood flow (Q) to the specific brain tissue detected by NMR was measured with microspheres (15 μ) and O2 delivery (OD) calculated (Q × O2 content). NMR spectra were taken continuously and flow measured after 7-9 minutes of hypoxia induced by decreased FIO2; arterial O2 content = 14.0 ± 0.8 (control), 7.0 ± 1.9, 2.2 ± 0.2, and 1.7 ± 0.03 vol % (mean ± SEM). Q was increased from control (114 ± 19) to 195 ± 36 and 282 ± 41 ml/min/100g at the two intermediate levels of hypoxia, but decreased during severe hypoxia (105 ± 59 ml/min/100g). PCr/Pi was 1.43 ± 0.03, 1.14 ± 0.10, 0.73 ± 0.08, and 0.54 ± 0.11, respectively. The relationship of PCr/Pi or pHi to O2 availability identifies a critical range of O2 availability (~500 μmol/min/100g) below which cerebral bioenergetic reserve decreases linearly (PCr/Pi = OD × 0.00224 + 0.245, r = 0.65; pHi = OD × 0.00071 + 6.655, r = 0.57). The data underscore the importance of flow compensation and maintenance of oxygen delivery to preservation of cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxic stress in the newborn lamb. Inasmuch as the minimal requirement of O2 availability is 70% of control value (683 ± 91 μmol/min/100g), cerebral energy metabolism appears to be directly dependent on local blood flow alterations during hypoxemia.
From conditional to unconditional rewriting

An automated technique to translate conditional rewrite rules into unconditional ones is presented, which is suitable to implement, or compile, conditional rewriting on top of much simpler and easier to optimize unconditional rewrite systems. An experiment performed on world's fastest conditional rewriting engines shows that speedups for conditional rewriting of an order of magnitude can already be obtained by applying the presented technique as a front-end transformation.
Natural Gas and Oil in India

Geological evidence warrants the conclusion that commercial amounts of gas are to be found in numerous places in Baluchistan, the Punjab, Assam, and Bengal. Substantial amounts have been encountered in some of the wells drilled in search of oil, but no attempt has been made to utilize this gas, with the exception of small amounts utilized in some of the oil fields. The oldest strata showing direct manifestations of oil and gas are of Upper Cretaceous age. Oil seepages have been noted in these and immediately overlying strata in Baluchistan and Northwest Frontier Province, and small quantities of oil have been produced from wells drilled into Cretaceous beds at Khattan in the Bugti Hills and from pits dug at Moghul Kot. In parts of Baluchistan, where seepages have been noted, the Upper Cretaceous strata consist of dark, Foraminifera-bearing shales, dark shaly limestones, and interbedded sandy shales and sandstones. Elsewhere, not only in Baluchistan but also in all the potential oil and gas regions of India, the great objective horizons lie in rocks of Tertiary age. In the Punjab and Northwest Frontier provinces, the petroliferous beds are exclusively Eocene. In Assam the principal occurrences lie in formations probably ranging from Oligocene to Miocene in age; with one possible Cretaceous occurrence. In the broad Tertiary belt southward from Assam to the Bay of Bengal seepages of gas are found in almost all exposed rocks of the geologic column from the Miocene upward, but with very few showings of oil. Farther south in the same belt along the Arakan coast of Burma, oil seepages are plentiful in strata probably of Miocene age.
Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results

The NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission was conducted in February-April 2001 over the NW Pacific (1) to characterize the Asian chemical outflow and relate it quantitatively to its sources and (2) to determine its chemical evolution. It used two aircraft, a DC-8 and a P-3B, operating out of Hong Kong and Yokota Air Force Base (near Tokyo), with secondary sites in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, Okinawa, and Midway. The aircraft carried instrumentation for measurements of long-lived greenhouse gases, ozone and its precursors, aerosols and their precursors, related species, and chemical tracers. Five chemical transport models (CTMs) were used for chemical forecasting. Customized bottom-up emission inventories for East Asia were generated prior to the mission to support chemical forecasting and to serve as a priori for evaluation with the aircraft data. Validation flights were conducted for the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument and revealed little bias (6 plus or minus 2%) in the MOPITT measurements of CO columns. A major event of transpacific Asian pollution was characterized through combined analysis of TRACE-P and MOPITT data. The TRACE-P observations showed that cold fronts sweeping across East Asia and the associated warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are the dominant pathway for Asian outflow to the Pacific in spring. The WCBs lift both anthropogenic and biomass burning (SE Asia) effluents to the free troposphere, resulting in complex chemical signatures. The TRACE-P data are in general consistent with a priori emission inventories, lending confidence in our ability to quantify Asian emissions from socioeconomic data and emission factors. However, the residential combustion source in rural China was found to be much larger than the a priori, and there were also unexplained chemical enhancements (HCN, CH3Cl, OCS, alkylnitrates) in Chinese urban plumes. The Asian source of CCl4 was found to be much higher than government estimates. Measurements of HCN and CH3CN indicated a dominant biomass burning source and ocean sink for both gases. Large fractions of sulfate and nitrate were found to be present in dust aerosols. Photochemical activity in the Asian outflow was strongly reduced by aerosol attenuation of UV radiation, with major implications for the concentrations of HOx, radicals. New particle formation, apparently from ternary nucleation involving NH3, was observed in Chinese urban plumes.
Acid exposure is an immune disruptor in adult Rana pipiens.

Acidic environments are physiological stressors for amphibians. The objective of the present study was to document the effect of an acidic environment on innate immune system function under controlled experimental conditions in Rana pipiens. We developed an in vivo assay, by injecting a suspension of 1-μm fluorescent beads in fluid thioglycollate, to induce peritonitis. The number of peritoneal exudate leukocytes and their phagocytic activity did not increase with thioglycollate injection when frogs were exposed to pH 5.5 compared to when frogs were exposed to pH 7.0. An environment of pH 5.5 disrupted the inflammatory response of frogs compared to an environment of pH 7.0; at pH 5.5, more nonphagocytic leukocytes and fewer highly phagocytic leukocytes were found compared to those in frogs exposed to pH 7.0. Frogs stimulated by thioglycollate injection and exposed to pH 5.5 had a 50% increase in cells that did not exhibit phagocytosis and a 4- to 10-fold reduction in the number of highly phagocytic cells. This is evidence that acid exposure functions as an immune disruptor in adult R. pipiens under laboratory conditions.
Shifted declustering: a placement-ideal layout scheme for multi-way replication storage architecture

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the deployment of sophisticated replication based storage architecture in data-intensive computing. Existing placement-ideal data layout solutions place an emphasis on declustered parity based storage. However, there exist major differences between parity and replication architectures, especially in data layouts. We retrofit the desirable properties of optimal parallelism in parity architectures for replication architectures, and propose a novel placement-ideal data layout ---- shifted declustering for replication based storage. Shifted declustering layout obtains optimal parallelism in a wide range of configurations, and obtains optimal high performance and load balancing in both fault-free and degraded modes. Our theoretical proofs and comprehensive simulation results show that shifted declustering is superiour in performance and load balancing to traditional replication layout schemes such as standard mirroring, chained declustering, group rotational declustering and existing parity layout schemes PRIME and RELPR in reference [4].
Uniqueness of extremal Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes

We prove that the only four-dimensional, stationary, rotating, asymptotically flat (analytic) vacuum black hole with a single degenerate horizon is given by the extremal Kerr solution. We also prove a similar uniqueness theorem for the extremal Kerr-Newman solution. This closes a long-standing gap in the black hole uniqueness theorems.
Changes in chromatin proteins during optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish

Regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve involves massive changes in the structure and pattern of macromolecular synthesis in the retinal ganglion cells. To explore the mechanisms that underlie these events, we investigated the changes in chromatin proteins during the course of regeneration. Three major retinal chromatin proteins, two with apparent molecular weights of 58 kDa (C1 and C2) and one at 51 kDa (C3), all having isoelectric points around 5.5, showed a fourfold increase in their synthesis and/or accumulation by 14 days of regeneration. Synthesis of C1 and C3 decreased by day 32, the time at which the axons have grown back to the optic tectum and have formed many of their synapses; synthesis of C2 remained high through day 32. All three proteins bound to DNA-cellulose and required high salt concentrations (0.2–0.5 M KCl) to be eluted. C1 and C2 had similar proteolytic digestion patterns and reacted with monoclonal antibodies that recognize the goldfish intermediate filament proteins of the ON complex. The proteins identified here could be involved in structural alterations in the chromatin, or might serve as transcription factors to regulate gene expression during nerve regeneration. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING APPROACHES FOR PREDICTING INJURY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF SEVERE DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) finite element (FE) analyses have evolved from crude geometric representations of the skull and brain system into sophisticated models which take into account distinct anatomical features. Two distinct FE modeling approaches have evolved to account for the relative motion that occurs between the skull and cerebral cortex during TBI. The first approach assumes that the relative motion can be estimated by representing the cerebrospinal fluid inside the subarachnoid space as a low shear modulus, virtually incompressible solid. The second approach assumes that the relative motion can be approximated by defining a frictional interface between the cerebral cortex and dura mater. This study presents data from an experimental model of TBI coupled with FE analyses to evaluate the modeling approach's ability to predict specific forms of TBI. Axial plane rotational accelerations produced prolonged traumatic coma in the miniature pig, axonal injury throughout regions of the white matter, and macroscopic hemorrhagic cortical contusions. Results from 2-dimensional FE analyses of the miniature pig showed that the manner in which the modeling approach accounts for the relative motions occurring between the skull and cerebral cortex can dramatically influence the outcome of an analysis. This study clearly demonstrated that the modeling approach which represented the relative motion between the skull and cerebral cortex as a frictional interface best predicted the resulting injury pattern in a 5th axial plane animal experiment.
Influence of the phase function in generalized diffuse reflectance models: review of current formalisms and novel observations

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which has been demonstrated as a noninvasive diagnostic technique, relies on quantitative models for extracting optical property values from turbid media, such as biological tissues. We review and compare reflectance models that have been published, and we test similar models over a much wider range of measurement parameters than previously published, with specific focus on the effects of the scattering phase function and the source-detector distance. It has previously been shown that the dependence of a forward reflectance model on the scattering phase function can be described more accurately using a variable, γ, which is a more predictive variable for reflectance than the traditional anisotropy factor, g. We show that variations in the reflectance model due to the phase function are strongly dependent on the source-detector separation, and we identify a dimensionless scattering distance at which reflectance is insensitive to the phase function. Further, we evaluate how variations in the phase function and source-detector separation affect the accuracy of inverse property extraction. By simultaneously fitting two or more reflectance spectra, measured at different source-detector separations, we also demonstrate that an estimate of γ can be extracted, in addition to the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients.
Recently reemerging helminthic infections causing eosinophilic meningoencephalitis: neuroangiostrongyliasis, baylisascariasis, and gnathostomiasis.

Today most emerging infectious diseases, such as sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and novel influenza A H1N1 (swine flu), arise in the natural environment as zoonoses and are distributed by international commerce and travel. The helminthic infections that can cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EM), such as neu- roangiostrongyliasis, baylisascariasis, and gnathostomiasis, share these characteristics of emerging infectious diseases. Neuroangiostrongyliasis, a rodent zoonosis, is now endemic in the United States (US) following the introduction of giant African land snails as biological controls and exotic pets. Baylisascariasis, a raccoon zoonosis, has extended its US distribution range from the northern US to the southeast and west coast since the 1980s and was exported to Japan in the exotic pet trade. Gnathostomiasis, a zoonosis of wild carni- vores, has been recently recognized as an emerging cause of EM in returning travelers to the United Kingdom (UK). This review analyzes scientific articles selected by PubMed and Medline search engines, 1966-2009, in order to assess the evolving epidemiology of these three examples of recently reemerging helminthic infections causing EM worldwide in order to compare their epidemiology, clinical manifes- tations, diagnoses, and management outcomes and to alert clinicians to populations at increased risk of helminthic EM as a result of age, ethnicity, lifestyle, food choices, location of permanent residence, or recent international travel.
Learning plan schemata from observation: explanation-based learning for plan recognition

This article discusses how explanation-based learning of plan schemata from observation can improve performance of plan recognition. The GENESIS program is presented as an implemented system for narrative text understanding that learns schemata and improves its performance. Learned schemata allow GENESIS to use schema-based understanding techniques when interpreting events and thereby avoid the expensive search associated with plan-based understanding. Learned schemata also function as new concepts that can be used to cluster examples and index events in memory. In addition, experiments are reviewed which demonstrate that human subjects, like GENESIS, con learn a schema by observing, explaining, and generalizing a single specific instance presented in a narrative.
Analysis and Applications of a Current-Sourced Buck Converter

In many power converter applications it is required that the topology have a current-sourced input. If a voltage step down is needed, then the choice of converter topologies is limited, or requires several stages. This paper presents a known, but rarely utilized, buck-type converter that has a current-sourced input. Analyses of the large-and small-signal models of the converter are presented with and without the use of coupled inductors. Through simulation and experimental results, the converter is shown to be a viable option for current-source applications such as active power-factor correction.
Pseudorabies Virus and the Functional Architecture of the Circadian Timing System

Transneuronal tracing of neuronal circuitry with neurotropic viruses has provided valuable insights in the way in which the nervous system imposes temporal organization on physiological processes and behavior. The swine alpha herpes virus known as pseudorabies virus, or PRV, has been particularly useful in this regard. Early studies identified attenuated mutants with selective tropism for visual circuitry involved in circadian regulation, and subsequent experiments employing this virus have provided considerable insight into the polysynaptic organization of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and associated circuitry. This literature, which has emerged during the past decade, is the subject of this mini review.
"Artificial lotus leaf" prepared using a 1945 patent and a commercial textile

Two polyester textiles, conventional polyester and microfiber polyester fabrics, were hydrophobized using a simple, patented water-repellent silicone coating procedure. Water contact angles on these two surfaces are θA/θR = 151°/140° and θA/θR = 170°/165°, respectively. A smooth surface of this of this coating exhibits θA/θR = 110°/100°. The binary length scale topography (∼2 μm/∼50 μm) of the microfiber polyester is responsible for relieving receding contact line pinning and promoting water repellency that is superior to that of the lotus leaf. The recent literature on superhydrophobic surfaces is criticized for neglecting literature of the 1940s.
Intertrial Responses as ‘Rehearsal’: A Study of ‘Overt Thinking’ in Animals

The experiment reported in the present chapter was carried out (jointly with Harold Coppock) two years after the one described in Chapter 1, and without any conscious knowledge of a logical relationship between them. Surprisingly enough, however, the second experiment, which pays special attention to the significance and functional utility of intertrial response in an avoidance-learning situation (also alluded to in the first experiment), provides the ideas needed for the development of a truly explanatory or analytical theory of imitation, which, in later chapters, will be referred to as the “autism theory,” because of the assumption that “imitation” develops in situations where the spontaneous occurrence of responses is intrinsically rewarding. In short, the idea is that imitation is the learning that takes place when the occurrence or “rehearsal” of a response which has received primary reinforcement is repeated and perfected, during “intertrial intervals,” because of the secondary reinforcement which the occurrence of the response now provides (see p. 55, Chapter 4).
Risk perception and smoking behavior in medically ill smokers: a prospective study

AIMS: To examine the influence of risk perception on intentions to quit smoking and post-treatment abstinence. DESIGN: Prospective and longitudinal. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 237 adult smokers (mean age 56 years) receiving medical care from home health-care nurses. Participants did not have to want to quit smoking to participate, but received cessation counseling within the context of their medical care. MEASUREMENTS: Three measures of risk perception were given pre- and post-treatment: perceived vulnerability, optimistic bias and precaution effectiveness. Smoking status was verified biochemically at end of treatment and at 2, 6 and 12 months later. FINDINGS: Principal components analysis supported the theoretical discriminability of the risk perception measures, and intercorrelations provided evidence for concurrent and predictive validity. Elevated risk perception was associated with a variety of socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Optimistic bias was associated significantly with older age and ethnic minority status. Smokers in pre-contemplation had lower perceived vulnerability and precaution effectiveness and greater optimistic bias than those in contemplation and preparation. Smokers in preparation had higher perceived vulnerability and lower optimistic bias than those in earlier stages. Change in perceived vulnerability predicted smoking cessation at follow-up. Optimistic bias predicted a lower likelihood of cessation and precaution effectiveness predicted a greater likelihood of smoking cessation, but only among those with a smoking-related illness. CONCLUSIONS: In patients receiving medical care from home health-care nurses, change in perceived vulnerability to smoking-related disease is predictive of smoking cessation. In those with smoking-related illnesses, optimistic bias predicts continued smoking while precaution effectiveness predicts cessation.
Congenital cardiomyopathy and cataracts with lactic acidosis

The combination of congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), mitochondrial myopathy and exercise-related lactic acidosis has been reported from the Netherlands by Sengers et al.1 They first described this disorder in 7 patients from 3 unrelated families in 1975. Subsequently, they extended their observations to include 2 additional patients with more detailed analyses of the biochemical and ultrastructural defect. In the absence of other biochemical defects, the associated lactic acidosis in these patients led to the hypothesis that the primary defect is in the lactate metabolism.2 Thus far, there have been no other reports on this association. We report 6 additional patients from 3 Icelandic families with this disorder.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mammary gland in a mare.

Summary Mammary tumours are uncommon in mares. Sarcomas of the breast account for less than 1% of all human primary malignancies and, among these types of tumours, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is very rare. This report describes a 6-year-old uniparous Paint mare that was presented for investigation of right mammary gland enlargement of 3 weeks' duration. The clinical and histopathological findings in this mare with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mammary gland as well as complications of bilateral mastectomy are detailed. At one year follow-up there were no clinical signs of recurrence.
Probability of Solid-Propellant Motor Failure Due to Environmental Temperatures

Solid-propellant rocket motors are frequently stored in the field without environmental protection; hence they are subjected to variable thermal stresses and material degradation due to aging and fatigue. Temperature variations are modeled as narrow-band random processes; thermal stresses in the motor will exhibit similar characteristics. Because material properties are statistically distributed, the probability that the thermal stress exceeds the strength of the propellant is synonymous with the probability of failure. A simplified solidpropellant rocket motor is analyzed as a long hollow elastic cylinder in a thin case (plane strain). The daily probabilities of failure are determined from a stress-strength interference-t ype analysis as functions of time and are summed up to produce the probability of failure at the end of the service life. The additional complexities of viscoelasticity, aging, and loads other than thermal will be introduced in subsequent analyses.
Fast, layout-aware validation of test-vectors for nanometer-related timing failures

ATPG tools generate test vectors assuming the zero delay model for logic gates. In reality, however, gates have finite rise and fall delays that are dependent on process, voltage, and temperature variations across different dies on a wafer and within a die. A test engineer must verify the vectors for timing correctness before they are handed off to the product engineer. Currently, validation of test vectors is done using dynamic simulation of the circuit using the test vectors. A test vector is invalidated if it cannot reliably distinguish between a good and a faulty circuit under the signal placement and observation error window of the tester equipment. As chips become faster, the need to test them at their intended speed of operation has been recognized; accordingly, at-speed functional tests, memory BIST, and transition delay tests are being used for modern ASICs. Since structural tests can result in much more switching activity in the circuit than what is estimated during normal functioning, they may fail delay testing due to nanometer effects such as crosstalk and IR drop. As a result, the validation performed by a dynamic simulation can be prone to error. Here is a case of a test that over-exercises the chip and declares it faulty even when the chip may work correctly in functional mode at the intended speed. One solution to this problem is to overdesign, e.g. oversize the power rails or increase wiring pitch, but this will impact the yield of the product. We propose layout-aware verification of at-speed test vectors and eliminating test vectors that can result in misclassification. Attempting to address this verification in dynamic simulation will force the use of circuit simulation or mixed-level simulation techniques, which are expensive in terms of run time. We discuss a static approach to validate the test vectors to save valuable cycle time. Experimental results on two designs will be presented to illustrate our approach.
Patterns of state anxiety in listening performance

Although public speaking state anxiety is understood to be a dynamic phenomenon of patterns which continually shift before, during, and after performance, researchers have not investigated patterns of anxiety in listening. Based upon current information processing perspectives, it is argued that state anxiety levels should differ concomitantly with variations in cognitive load during listening performance. In the present study, anxiety levels were observed to produce a within‐performance pattern that contrasts markedly with patterns observed for public speaking performance. Decreases in affect for the listening task were observed, along with an interesting pattern of correlations between anxiety and listening performance.
Excluding Religion: A Reply

This short piece replies to three prominent scholars who have offered thoughtful responses to my article, Excluding Religion. It first takes up their invitation to explore some of the ramifications of the article for legal and political theory, albeit in a limited way. Second, it revisits the article’s central argument - namely, that governments ought to have greater constitutional leeway to deny aid to religious actors and entities than is commonly thought - and shows how that proposal emerges from the conversation intact. Third, the reply defends certain limits on the practice of excluding religion, particularly the presumptive prohibition on singling out particular sects. In conclusion, the piece describes some aspirations that may legitimately motivate scholarship in this area.
Serum biomarkers as predictors of clinical outcome after cetuximab-based therapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

6035 Background: We correlated a panel of serum cytokines and growth factors with antitumor activity in patients (pts) with locally advanced SCCHN treated with cetuximab-based therapy. We have shown that similar biomarkers may be promising for the early detection of SCCHN (Linkov, Can Epi Biomarkers 2007). Methods: We used multi-analyte biomarker profiling for measurement of multiple serum biomarkers (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX). 39 pts with stage III-IVB SCCHN were treated with cisplatin, docetaxel, and cetuximab (TPE) for 3 cycles followed by radiotherapy, cisplatin, and cetuximab (XPE) and then maintenance cetuximab (Argiris, ASCO 2008, A6002). 31 cytokines and growth factors were measured before and after 3 cycles (9 weeks) of induction TPE. Clinical results were correlated with biomarkers, including 23 pts with PET response. Results: 31 pts had baseline biomarkers and 25 paired samples, pre- and post-TPE. Median follow-up was 22 months. Median age 54 years (21–74); male: 27; stage IV: 29; primary site...
#Criming and #alive: network and content analysis of two sides of a story on Twitter

On December 3, 2014, after a grand jury decided not to indict the white police officer in the death of Eric Garner, the social networking platform Twitter was flooded with tweets sharing stances on racial profiling and police brutality. To examine how issues concerning race were communicated and exchanged during this time, this study compares differences between tweets using two trending hashtags #CrimingWhileWhite (#cww) and #AliveWhileBlack (#awb) from December 3 through December 11, 2014. To this end, network and content analysis are used on a large dataset of tweets containing the hashtags #awb and #cww. Findings indicate that there are clear differences, both structurally and in linguistic style, between how individuals express themselves based on which hashtag they used. Specifically, we found that #cww users disproportionately shared informational content, which may have led to the hashtag gaining more network volume and attention as a trending topic than #awb. In contrast, #awb tweets tended to be more subjective, expressing a sense of community and strong negative sentiment toward persistent structural racism.
Single Molecule Hydrodynamic Separation Allows Sensitive and Quantitative Analysis of DNA Conformation and Binding Interactions in Free Solution

Limited tools exist that are capable of monitoring nucleic acid conformations, fluctuations, and distributions in free solution environments. Single molecule free solution hydrodynamic separation enables the unique ability to quantitatively analyze nucleic acid biophysics in free solution. Single molecule fluorescent burst data and separation chromatograms can give layered insight into global DNA conformation, binding interactions, and molecular distributions. First, we show that global conformation of individual DNA molecules can be directly visualized by examining single molecule fluorescent burst shapes and that DNA exists in a dynamic equilibrium of fluctuating conformations as it is driven by Poiseuille flow through micron-sized channels. We then show that this dynamic equilibrium of DNA conformations is reflected as shifts in hydrodynamic mobility that can be perturbed using salt and ionic strength to affect packing density. Next, we demonstrate that these shifts in hydrodynamic mobility can be used...
Potential Step Probes of Epitaxial Growth in Electrodeposited BCC Tl2O3 Films onto FCC Conducting Metal Oxides

Potential step transients were investigated as an in-situ probe of epitaxial growth for electrodeposited conducting metal oxides of the Tl 2 O 3 and Pb a Tl b O c systems. Changes in the induction time and growth type were observed for Tl 2 O 3 deposition as a function of the substrate. The substrates studied were glassy carbon and [210]-textured Pb 0.8 Tl 0.2 O 1.9 · T1 2 O 3 deposited onto the glassy carbon electrode showed a distinct induction time, the magnitude of which was potential dependent. Also the type of growth was characterized as three dimensional with instantaneous nucleation. X-ray diffraction of this film shows a nearly random pattern. The potential step transient for Tl 2 O 3 deposited onto the [210]-textured Pb 0.8 Tl 0.2 O 1.9 , showed the absence of an induction time and elimination of the growth segment. The type of growth was characterized as two dimensional. X-ray diffraction indicated epitaxy was obtained for the Tl 2 O 3 films which grew two dimensionally onto the [210]-textured mixed oxide.
The Self-Evaluating Organization

Why don’t organizations evaluate their own activities? Why don’t they seem to manifest rudimentary self-awareness? How long can people work in organizations without discovering their objectives or determining how well they have been carried out? I started out thinking it was bad for organizations not to evaluate, and I ended up wondering why they ever do it. Evaluation and organization, it turns out, are somewhat contradictory. Failing to understand that incompatibility, we are tempted to believe in absurdities, much in the manner of mindless bureaucrats who never wonder whether they are doing useful work. If instead we asked more intelligent questions, we would neither look so foolish nor be so surprised.
Time course of resistance to experimental cardiac necrosis in thiamine-deficient rats.

SummaryHearts of rats maintained on a thiamine-free diet were found to develop a resistance to the necrogenic effects of massive doses of isoproterenol within 2 to 3 weeks following initiation of the dietary regime. Feeding thiamine for 5 days to the deficient animals did not diminish the acquired resistance to the necrotic effects of isoproterenol.
To Compare the Efficacy of two Surgical Treatments of Gastric Ulcer Perforation

Objective To compare the difference in efficacy of simple suture repair and partial gastrectomy in treating gastric ulcer perforation.Methods From April 2008 to September 2010,60 cases of gastric ulcer patients were chosen in our hospital.They were randomly divided into two groups.30 patients of the control group were treated with partial gastrectomy and 30 patients of observation group were treated with simple suture repair.Two groups of patients were compared with surgical time,blood loss,time of hospital stay time and recurrence rate differences.Results The patients of observation group in the operative time,intraoperative blood loss,hospital stay time and recurrence rate were significantly better than control group patients(P0.05).Conclusion The simple suture repair and partial gastrectomy in treating gastric ulcer perforation patients had a good effect,but the simple suture repair surgery time is shorter,less blood loss,the relapse rate is also lower,more suitable for a wide range of application in clinical.
Using the Power Balance Wristband to Improve Students’ Research-Design Skills:

We describe an exercise involving the power balance wristband (PBW) designed to enhance students’ ability to design scientific tests. An instructor demonstrated that the PBW improved a student’s ba...
Trellis Coded Quadrature-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Integrated modulation and coding due to Ungerboeck observed no significant effect of dimensionality of signal space on the coding gain; it appeared unlikely that signals in more than two dimensions could have advantages. In this paper, it is pointed out that the utilization of all available signal space dimensions may bring further improvement in the coding gain. A four dimensional signal space due to newly developed Quadrature-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (Q2PSK) is considered and a hand designed 7/8 rate trellis on Q2PSK signal space is studied. With two and eight states in the trellis, coding gains of 2.43 and 5.45 dB are obtained. With the same number of states in Ungerboeck's two dimensional 8-PSK trellis, the coding gains are 1.1 and 3.6 dB respectively. In low intersymbol interference situation, the bandwidth efficiency of this coded Q2PSK is approximately 1.75 times that of Ungerboeck's coded 8-PSK.
Impact of North Carolina's Early Childhood Programs and Policies on Educational Outcomes in Elementary School.

North Carolina's Smart Start and More at Four (MAF) early childhood programs were evaluated through the end of elementary school (age 11) by estimating the impact of state funding allocations to programs in each of 100 counties across 13 consecutive years on outcomes for all children in each county-year group (n = 1,004,571; 49% female; 61% non-Latinx White, 30% African American, 4% Latinx, 5% other). Student-level regression models with county and year fixed effects indicated significant positive impacts of each program on reading and math test scores and reductions in special education and grade retention in each grade. Effect sizes grew or held steady across years. Positive effects held for both high- and low-poverty families, suggesting spillover of effects to nonparticipating peers.
FaceChange: Attaining Neighbor Node Anonymity in Mobile Opportunistic Social Networks With Fine-Grained Control

In mobile opportunistic social networks (MOSNs), mobile devices carried by people communicate with each other directly when they meet for proximity-based MOSN services (e.g., file sharing) without the support of infrastructures. In current methods, when nodes meet, they simply communicate with their real IDs, which leads to privacy and security concerns. Anonymizing real IDs among neighbor nodes solves such concerns. However, this prevents nodes from collecting real ID-based encountering information, which is needed to support MOSN services. Therefore, in this paper, we propose FaceChange that can support both anonymizing real IDs among neighbor nodes and collecting real ID-based encountering information. For node anonymity, two encountering nodes communicate anonymously. Only when the two nodes disconnect with each other, each node forwards an encrypted encountering evidence to the encountered node to enable encountering information collection. A set of novel schemes are designed to ensure the confidentiality and uniqueness of encountering evidences. FaceChange also supports fine-grained control over what information is shared with the encountered node based on attribute similarity (i.e., trust), which is calculated without disclosing attributes. Advanced extensions for sharing real IDs between mutually trusted nodes and more efficient encountering evidence collection are also proposed. Extensive analysis and experiments show the effectiveness of FaceChange on protecting node privacy and meanwhile supporting the encountering information collection in MOSNs. Implementation on smartphones also demonstrates its energy efficiency.
Sustained-Release Delivery System of a Slow Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, GYY 4137, for Potential Application in Glaucoma

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) targets both underlying factors in glaucoma pathogenesis by reducing elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and providing retinal neuroprotection, whereas the current clinical approaches targets only reducing IOP. Therefore, H2S could be a potential superior candidate for glaucoma pharmacotherapy. However, H2S could be toxic in a concentration greater than 200 μM and its donors are unstable in water. Therefore, this study investigated the preparation and characterization of a non-aqueous in situ gelling sustained-release delivery system for H2S donors. The delivery system was prepared by dissolving GYY 4137, a H2S donor, in poly lactide-co-glycolide polymer (PLGA) (Resomer® RG 502H) solution prepared by dissolving polymer in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate in a ratio of 7:3, respectively. The GYY 4137 formulation was characterized for syringeability/injectability, change in pH and tonicity, moisture content, GYY 4137 degradation, and toxicity using rheometer, pH and osmometer, Karl Fisher titrimeter, NMR spectrometer, and Y79 retinoblastoma cells, respectively. The formulation was easily syringeable and injectable as evidenced by rheological data (plastic flow pattern with 43.89 ± 3.21 cP viscosity and 1.12 ± 0.15 Pa yield value). The pH, tonicity, and moisture content values were within acceptable range. NMR spectroscopy indicated presence of 4-methoxyphenylphosphonic acid (GYY 4137 degradation product). The GYY 4137 formulation did not show any significant (p < 0.05) toxicity except the solvent mixture. A sustained release of H2S was observed up to 72 h. The in situ gel forming PLGA-based system can be manipulated to achieve sustained release of H2S from its donor GYY 4137.