cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Statistical Properties of Galaxies Containing Ultraluminous X-Ray Objects

We present a statistical analysis of the properties of galaxies containing ultraluminous X-ray objects (ULXs). Our primary goal is to establish the fraction of galaxies containing a ULX as a function of ULX luminosity. Our sample is based on ROSAT HRI observations of galaxies. We find that ~12% of galaxies contain at least one ULX with LX > 1039 ergs s-1, and ~1% of galaxies contain at least one ULX with LX > 1040 ergs s-1. These ULX frequencies are lower limits, since ROSAT HRI observations would miss absorbed ULXs (i.e., with NH 1021 cm-2) and those within ~10'' of the nucleus (due to the positional error circle of the ROSAT HRI). The Hubble type distribution of galaxies with a ULX differs significantly from the distribution of types for nearby Third Reference Catalog galaxies but does not differ significantly from the galaxy type distribution of galaxies observed by the HRI in general. We find no increase in the mean far-infrared (FIR) luminosity or FIR/K-band luminosity ratio for galaxies with a ULX relative to galaxies observed by the HRI in general; however, this result is also most likely biased by the soft bandpass of the HRI and the relatively low number of high star formation rate galaxies observed by the HRI with enough sensitivity to detect a ULX.
Simultaneous Pulmonary Artery Catheter and Pulse Contour Measurements in a Patient With an LVAD

Although pulmonary artery catheters are highly effective for hemodynamic profiling, they are indwelling invasive devices with inherent risks and are recommended only in a select group of critically ill patients. The Flotrac sensor is a new device that measures continuous cardiac output (CO) via a peripheral arterial line. This article reports the first case of simultaneous measurement of CO from pulse contour analysis using a continuous CO monitor (Flotrac), the thermodilution method from a pulmonary artery catheter, and a surgically implanted left ventricular assist device (LVAD; HeartMate XVE). Six data points were obtained from each modality over 15 hours. Mean COs for the LVAD, pulmonary artery catheter, and sensor were 6.9 ± 0.4 L/min (range, 6.2-7.5 L/min), 7.8 ± 1.1 L/min (range, 5.9-8.8 L/min), and 7.2 ± 0.7 L/min (range, 6.3-8.2 L/min), respectively. There was some agreement between the 3 devices used to measure CO as assessed by Bland-Altman analysis, but the small sample size limited statistica...
An MCMC algorithm for parameter estimation in stochastically modeled real-time biosensor arrays

Biosensor arrays rely on affinity between biomolecules of interest (so-called target analytes) and their molecular complements (so-called probes) to detect the presence and quantify the amounts of various biomolecules. For instance, nucleic acid probes capture their Watson-Crick complements, antibody probes capture antigens, cell receptor probes capture ligands, etc. Real-time affinity-based biosensors are capable of acquiring the kinetics of the molecular binding, which is a random process modeled by a stochastic differential equation. The amounts of the captured targets are observed at discrete points in time, and those measurements are corrupted by noise. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for target analyte quantification in stochastically modeled real-time biosensors is derived in this paper. In simulation studies where we test the robustness with respect to the measurement noise, the proposed technique significantly outperforms previously proposed methods.
Novobiocin-induced hyperbilirubinemia and its reduction by phenobarbital pretreatment

Abstract A single subcutaneous dose of novobiocin, 500 mg/kg, produced hyperbilirubinemia of both the direct and indirect type in both mice and rats. Analyses by three experimental techniques were in agreement that the hyperbilirubinemia peak was due to bilirubin, not to some other, unknown, yellow pigment. Phenobarbital pretreatment prior to novobiocin was studied in rats and was found to markedly reduce the observed hyperbilirubinemia.
Research within the Ionosphere

Explanation of recent rocket and satellite results requires considerable modification to the theories of formation of the various subdivisions of the ionosphere which evolved from ground-based studies. It was not until quite recently that the difficult task of measuring D region (50-85 km) electron densities from rockets was consummated. Flights made during sunspot minimum in the absence of solar flare show that the average electron population of the D region is about 700 electrons cm-3. The altitude distribution obtained suggests that the principal ionizing agent for the region 70-85 km is Lyman alpha radiation. A firm conclusion requires a better knowledge based on laboratory investigation of the rate at which electrons are lost by recombination with the positive ions that are simultaneously produced. Electron density enhancements of up to two orders of magnitude (sufficient to cause radio blackouts) have been observed during special events. Rocket measurements show that (a) the sudden ionospheric disturbance, a short term radio absorption event occurring on the sunlit side of the earth, is caused by enhanced X-ray radiation emanating from the sun during a solar flare; (b) radio absorption events occurring in the auroral zone are attributable to direct and indirect (bremsstrahlung) effects of precipating energetic electrons; (c) polar cap absorption events which occur above the auroral zone can be correlated with satellite measurements of enhanced proton fluxes during certain types of solar flares. Rocket measurements are beginning to detail the day-to-night behavior of E region (85-140 kin) electron densities.
The Rpd3 Core Complex Is a Chromatin Stabilization Module

The S. cerevisiae Rpd3 large (Rpd3L) and small (Rpd3S) histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes are prototypes for understanding transcriptional repression in eukaryotes [1]. The current view is that they function by deacetylating chromatin, thereby limiting accessibility of transcriptional factors to the underlying DNA. However, an Rpd3 catalytic mutant retains substantial repression capability when targeted to a promoter as a LexA fusion protein [2]. We investigated the HDAC-independent properties of the Rpd3 complexes biochemically and discovered a chaperone function, which promotes histone deposition onto DNA, and a novel activity, which prevents nucleosome eviction but not remodeling mediated by the ATP-dependent RSC complex. These HDAC-independent activities inhibit Pol II transcription on a nucleosomal template. The functions of the endogenous Rpd3 complexes can be recapitulated with recombinant Rpd3 core complex comprising Sin3, Rpd3, and Ume1. To test the hypothesis that Rpd3 contributes to chromatin stabilization in vivo, we measured histone H3 density genomewide and found that it was reduced at promoters in an Rpd3 deletion mutant but partially restored in a catalytic mutant. Importantly, the effects on H3 density are most apparent on RSC-enriched genes [3]. Our data suggest that the Rpd3 core complex could contribute to repression via a novel nucleosome stabilization function.
Governments as owners: State-owned multinational companies

The globalization of state-owned multinational companies (SOMNCs) has become an important phenomenon in international business (IB), yet it has received scant attention in the literature. We explain how the analysis of SOMNCs can help advance the literature by extending our understanding of state-owned firms (SOEs) and multinational companies (MNCs) in at least two ways. First, we cross-fertilize the IB and SOEs literatures in their analysis of foreign investment behavior and introduce two arguments: the extraterritoriality argument, which helps explain how the MNC dimension of SOMNCs extends the SOE literature, and the non-business internationalization argument, which helps explain how the SOE dimension of SOMNCs extends the MNC literature. Second, we analyze how the study of SOMNCs can help develop new insights of theories of firm behavior. In this respect, we introduce five arguments: the triple agency conflict argument in agency theory; the owner risk argument in transaction costs economics; the advantage and disadvantage of ownership argument in the resource-based view (RBV); the power escape argument in resource dependence theory; and the illegitimate ownership argument in neo-institutional theory. After our analysis, we introduce the papers in the special issue that, collectively, reflect diverse and sophisticated research interest in the topic of SOMNCs.
Anatomy and Embryology of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are cervical endocrine glands responsible for metabolism-related functions. Radiologists are frequently asked to evaluate pathology related to the thyroid and parathyroid glands before planned surgical intervention. Knowledge of embryology and anatomy is fundamental in this region because rather complex underlying embryology produces substantial anatomic variation both in the thyroid bed and elsewhere in the neck and mediastinum.
EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON 32P INCORPORATION INTO INDIVIDUAL PHOSPHATIDES IN SLICES FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG BRAIN1

— 1 Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid was significantly increased in the presence of an appropriate concentration of norepinephrine, either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in slices of guinea pig cerebellar cortex, olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus; it was not significantly affected at either concentration of norepinephrine in slices of corpus striatum and the posterior and anterior colliculi. 2 Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased in the presence of norepinephrine in a concentration of either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in three of the areas studied—the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. 3 There was no significant effect of 0.1 mm-norepinephrine on 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine in any of the areas studied. Norepinephrine (1 mm) significantly inhibited 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and anterior colliculus; 32P incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine was inhibited by 1 mm-norepinephrine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and posterior and anterior colliculi. 4 In slices of cerebellar cortex, 0.1 mm and 1 mm-norpinephrine did not significantly affect either the specific activity or the level of nucleotide ∼ P in the tissue. 5 The physiological significance of changes in phosphatide metabolism in response to neurotransmitters in the central nervous system is discussed.
Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight.

The relationships ofrelative weight to energy intake and to physical activity were studied among 141 females aged 34-59 y. As observed in previous studies Quetelet index (wt/ht2) was inversely related to energy intake (r = -0. 1 1). However, obese women tended to be older (r = 0.16), exercise less (r = -0.30), and drink less alcohol (r = -0. 16) than nonobese women. Older women had lower energy intake (r = -0.23) and exercised less (r = -0. 12) than younger women. Energy intake and physical activity were positively related (r = 0.23). After adjustment for age, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking, the inverse correlation between relative weight and energy intake was significantly reduced (p = 0.04) from r = -0. 1 1 to r = -0.02. Obese women reported higher intakes oftotal fat, and relative weight was significantly correlated with intakes of total fat (r = 0.20) and saturated fatty acids (r = 0. 16). These data highlight the importance of considering factors that may confound the relationship between energy intake and obesity, and they suggest that fat intake may play a role in obesity that is independent of total energy intake. Am J C/in Nutr 1988;47:406-12.
A rare midbrain infarction presenting with plus-minus lid syndrome with ataxia: a case report

We present the case of a patient with midbrain infarction with an unusual clinical presentation, where clinical diagnosis and anatomical localization were valuable tools in deciding treatment. Our patient was a 59-year-old, right-handed Caucasian man with hypertension who presented to our facility with acute diplopia that persisted until he developed complete right-sided ptosis. He also had difficulty walking and coordinating movements of his upper extremities bilaterally, but this was worse on his left side. Plus-minus lid syndrome with ataxia is a rare presentation of midbrain infarction with a unique localization and anatomical description. This case highlights the importance of clinical skills for making a diagnosis in the absence of imaging to confirm the findings.
Activation of α-Tropomyosin Exon 2 Is Regulated by the SR Protein 9G8 and Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins H and F

The inclusion of exons 2 and 3 of α-tropomyosin is governed through tissue-specific alternative splicing. These exons are mutually exclusive, with exon 2 included in smooth muscle cells and exon 3 included in nearly all other cell types. Several cis-acting sequences contribute to this splicing decision: the branchpoints and pyrimidine tracts upstream of both exons, UGC-repeat elements flanking exon 3, and a series of purine-rich enhancers in exon 2. Previous work showed that proteins rich in serine-arginine (SR) dipeptides act through the exon 2 enhancers, but the specific proteins responsible for such activation remained unknown. Here we show that a 35-kDa member of the SR protein family, 9G8, can activate the splicing of α-tropomyosin exon 2. Using RNA affinity chromatography and cross-linking competition assays, we also demonstrate that the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) H and F bind to and compete for the same elements. Overexpression of hnRNPs H and F blocked 9G8-mediated splicing both in vivo and in vitro, and small interfering RNA-directed depletion of H and F led to an increase in exon 2 splicing. These data suggest that the activation of exon 2 is dependent on the antagonistic activities of 9G8 and hnRNPs H and F.
Atm Is Dispensable for p53 Apoptosis and Tumor Suppression Triggered by Cell Cycle Dysfunction

Both p53 and ATM are checkpoint regulators with roles in genetic stabilization and cancer susceptibility. ATM appears to function in the same DNA damage checkpoint pathway as p53. However, ATM’s role in p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor suppression in response to cell cycle dysregulation is unknown. In this study, we tested the role of murine ataxia telangiectasia protein (Atm) in a transgenic mouse brain tumor model in which p53-mediated apoptosis results in tumor suppression. These p53-mediated activities are induced by tissue-specific inactivation of pRb family proteins by a truncated simian virus 40 large T antigen in brain epithelium. We show that p53-dependent apoptosis, transactivation, and tumor suppression are unaffected by Atm deficiency, suggesting that signaling in the DNA damage pathway is distinct from that in the oncogene-induced pathway. In addition, we show that Atm deficiency has no overall effect on tumor growth and progression in this model. The p53 tumor suppressor and ATM (mutated in human ataxia telangiectasia [AT] disease; Atm in mice) are both cancer susceptibility genes with roles in checkpoint regulation (9, 22, 23). Each is associated with distinct human genetic disorders in which patients are prone to cancer. Patients with LiFraumeni syndrome carry a mutant p53 allele and develop a variety of cancers, including mammary adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, brain tumors, and leukemia (21, 33). The p53 gene is also mutated in about 50% of sporadic human cancers (6, 11). AT is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by cerebellar degeneration, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, retarded growth, infertility, sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR), and a high incidence of cancers, most commonly lymphoid malignancies (17, 30). The early deaths of most homozygous AT patients preclude an accurate assessment of the full tumor spectrum and the frequency of ATM deficiency in humans. Thus, human disease progression alone cannot predict whether p53 and ATM share tumor suppressor pathways.
A Ka-band circularly polarized high-gain microstrip array

Presents a circularly polarized microstrip planar array that resonates at 32 GHz and provides a broadside beam, a minimum gain of 28 dB, and a bandwidth greater than 1 GHz. This low profile, small mass antenna is to be surface mounted on a microspacecraft that is being developed for future, deep space, NASA missions. Challenges arising from the development of this Ka-band antenna include the minimization of the array's feed network loss and the attainment of the required bandwidth. High-gain microstrip arrays that have previously been developed for Ka-band or higher frequencies have primarily been linearly polarized (l.p.). In the case of this array, circular polarization (c.p.) is achieved by employing the sequential rotation technique in which each patch element is excited at a single feed point. This technique is employed to minimize the insertion loss that occurs in the microstrip transmission line feed network and to satisfy the array bandwidth requirement. To further reduce the insertion loss, the feed network uses a combined parallel and series feed technique. By designing the microstrip line feed network with matched impedances throughout the entire circuit, the bandwidth performance is further enhanced. >
REGULATORY OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT: THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROPOSED ENVIRONMENT AGENCY

The paper starts by considering the history of environmental legislation and the need for integrated pollution control. After describing the establishment of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the difficulty caused by HMIP's relationship with other environmental agencies, the paper notes the Government's intention to create a unified Agency for environmental protection. The author examines the debate over the form the new Agency should take and the disagreement regarding what powers currently held by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) should be devolved on the Agency. In the course of this, the author notes distinctions made between regulatory, operational and management functions of the NRA and proposed for the Agency.
AND/OR search spaces for graphical models

The paper introduces an AND/OR search space perspective for graphical models that include probabilistic networks (directed or undirected) and constraint networks. In contrast to the traditional (OR) search space view, the AND/OR search tree displays some of the independencies present in the graphical model explicitly and may sometimes reduce the search space exponentially. Indeed, most algorithmic advances in search-based constraint processing and probabilistic inference can be viewed as searching an AND/OR search tree or graph. Familiar parameters such as the depth of a spanning tree, treewidth and pathwidth are shown to play a key role in characterizing the effect of AND/OR search graphs vs. the traditional OR search graphs. We compare memory intensive AND/OR graph search with inference methods, and place various existing algorithms within the AND/OR search space.
Web-based Analysis and Publication of Flow Cytometry Experiments

Cytobank is a Web-based application for storage, analysis, and sharing of flow cytometry experiments. Researchers use a Web browser to log in and use a wide range of tools developed for basic and advanced flow cytometry. In addition to providing access to standard cytometry tools from any computer, Cytobank creates a platform and community for developing new analysis and publication tools. Figure layouts created on Cytobank are designed to allow transparent access to the underlying experiment annotation and data processing steps. Since all flow cytometry files and analysis data are stored on a central server, experiments and figures can be viewed or edited by anyone with the proper permission, from any computer with Internet access. Once a primary researcher has performed the initial analysis of the data, collaborators can engage in experiment analysis and make their own figure layouts using the gated, compensated experiment files. Cytobank is available to the scientific community at http://www.cytobank.org.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions that cut the mustard.

While browsing this special Plant Physiology issue on the Diversity of Plant Systems, one must be impressed, albeit perhaps not surprised, by the numerous examples showing that research on various plants often leads to fascinating discoveries in several plant science subdisciplines. This Update aims
Using the Extended Parallel Process Model to create and evaluate the effectiveness of brochures to reduce the risk for noise-induced hearing loss in college students

Brochures containing messages developed according to the Extended Parallel Process Model were deployed to increase intentions to use hearing protection for college students. These brochures were presented to one-half of a college student sample, after which a questionnaire was administered to assess perceptions of threat, efficacy, and behavioral intentions. The other half of the sample completed the questionnaire and then received brochures. Results indicated that people receiving the brochure before the questionnaire reported greater perceptions of hearing loss threat and efficacy to use ear plugs when in loud environments, however, intentions to use ear plugs were unchanged. Distribution of the brochure also resulted in greater perceptions of hearing loss threat and efficacy to use over-the-ear headphones when using devices such as MP3 players. In this case, however, intentions to use over-the-ear headphones increased. Results are discussed in terms of future research and practical applications.
Paradigms Lost and Pragmatism Regained Methodological Implications of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

This article examines several methodological issues associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods by comparing the increasing interest in this topic with the earlier renewal of interest in qualitative research during the 1980s. The first section argues for the value of Kuhn’s concept of paradigm shifts as a tool for examining changes in research fields such as social science research methodology. The next two sections consider the initial rise of the “metaphysical paradigm” that justified the renewed interest in qualitative research and the subsequent problems that have encouraged efforts to replace that paradigm. The final section of the paper advocates a “pragmatic approach” as a new guiding paradigm in social science research methods, both as a basis for supporting work that combines qualitative and quantitative methods and as a way to redirect our attention to methodological rather than metaphysical concerns.
Prediction of Persistence and Performance With the Hermans Prestatic Motivation Test

Hermans' Prestatic Motivation Test, a questionnaire measure of achievement motivation, is easier to administer and to score than are its projective counterparts, the Thematic Apperception Test and the French Test of Insight; and it need not be administered under controlled conditions. In two independent studies of its predictive validity, Hermans' measure was found to be positively related to persistence and to performance in academic examinations, both when the measure was used alone and when it was combined with the Mandler-Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire as a measure of resultant motivation. Moreover, although the French Test of Insight was found to be related to persistence as in earlier research, it was not related to Hermans' measure. It is concluded that Hermans' questionnaire taps a psychological characteristic that is manifest in achievement directed behavior, but that this characteristic is something other than the achievement motive of McClelland and his colleagues.
Using Cluster Analysis to Examine the Combinations of Motivation Regulations of Physical Education Students

According to self-determination theory, motivation is multidimensional, with motivation regulations lying along a continuum of self-determination (Ryan & Deci, 2007). Accounting for the different types of motivation in physical activity research presents a challenge. This study used cluster analysis to identify motivation regulation profiles and examined their utility by testing profile differences in relative levels of self-determination (i.e., self-determination index), and theoretical antecedents (i.e., competence, autonomy, relatedness) and consequences (i.e., enjoyment, worry, effort, value, physical activity) of physical education motivation. Students (N = 386) in 6th- through 8th-grade physical education classes completed questionnaires of the variables listed above. Five profiles emerged, including average (n = 81), motivated (n = 82), self-determined (n = 91), low motivation (n = 73), and external (n = 59). Group difference analyses showed that students with greater levels of self-determined form...
Notes on the Chemotropic Responses of Certain Insects

This paper discusses very briefly some of the studies on insect chemotropism conducted over a period of 14 years at Clarksville, Tenn. During the period of investigation many different chemicals and substances were tested. The observations and experiments covered insects belonging to several orders including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Thysanoptera. Though in most instances the results were only indicative, the experiments brought out the fact that hornworm moths were strongly attracted to amyl salicylate and large numbers of moths were caught in the field by placing this chemical in suitable traps. Three types of apparatus are described.
Development an Efficient Route to the 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor PF-04191834

A convergent six-step process for the synthesis of PF-04191834 (1), a potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, has been developed and used to deliver over 20 kg of API. The process uses the same bond-forming steps as the initial medicinal chemistry route, including the use of two consecutive Pd-catalyzed Ar–S couplings to form the key diaryl thioether linkage. The reaction conditions and downstream processing have been optimized to eliminate column chromatography and aqueous work-ups and to minimize disproportionation of 1, to ensure successful scale-up.
Labor Insurgency and Class Formation: Comparative Perspectives on the Crisis of 1917-1920 in Europe

The modern working class is not especially noted for its optimism or idealism. Indeed, the industrial proletariat may well have pioneered in the adoption of those secular and cynical life-styles and values that have come increasingly to pervade twentieth-century society and culture (Hobsbawm, 1978a). This makes it all the more surprising, then, to rediscover the deep feelings and high expectations with which Europe's workers launched the greatest wave of strikes in their history just after World War I. For a brief moment, the apocalyptic hopes of the left-wing socialists and the fantastic fears of the forces of order seemed about to come true: Soldiers deserted en masse and turned against their officers and their governments; workers in almost every industry struck for unprecedented demands; workers’ councils were established from Limerick to Budapest (Kemmy, 1975-1976). And if Lenin and Trotsky, Luxemburg, Liebknecht, and Gramsci were wrong in their optimism, they were no more misguided than their panic-stricken opponents, such as Churchill, Lloyd George, the diplomats at Versailles, and the various generals and police commanders charged with controlling and suppressing the volatile crowds of urban workers and discontented ex-soldiers (Mayer, 1959, 1967).
Geotechnical Considerations for the Design of an Exploratory Shaft Facility for a Nuclear Waste Repository in Deaf Smith County, Texas

Area-wide geologic studies have been conducted in six states to identify sites for detailed site characterization studies, and ultimately the construction of the nation9s first high level nuclear waste disposal facility. Host rock types in the respective states under consideration include basalts in Washington state, tuffs in Nevada, bedded evaporites (salts) in Utah and Texas, and diapiric salt in Mississippi and Louisiana. An exploratory shaft facility (ESF) is an integral part of the detailed site characterization activities mandated by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (U.S. Congress, 1983). One of the primary objectives of the exploratory shaft is to provide access to the target repository horizon so that detailed in situ testing can be performed to evaluate site suitability for repository construction, materials characterization, model validation, etc. In addition, the ESF will provide a means of evaluating construction conditions and applicable methods for the potential repository, and for characterizing the geologic and hydrologic conditions of the materials overlying the target horizon. Seven salt sites in four states have been considered for ESF preliminary designs (Parsons Brinckerhoff/PB-KBB, 1983). While salt has several advantages for waste isolation, such as its impermeability, thermal and visco-plastic properties, etc., it also presents some unusual design and construction problems. The solubility and visco-plastic nature of salt requires special lining designs and construction to isolate and control water inflow and to avoid excessive stress build-up due to the long term deformations (creep) of salt. Other major geotechnical factors involved in the design of the ESF, and of special interest to Texas are the protection of fresh water aquifers (particularly the Ogallala and Dockum formations in the Texas Panhandle), ground stabilization and ground-water control during shaft sinking (anticipated to require ground freezing methods through the upper 1,000 ft of overburden at the Texas sites), seismic stresses, in situ stresses, ground-water conditions in non-fresh water aquifers, etc. Exploratory borings will be drilled for each shaft at a salt site during ESF Final Design activities. The boring program will include comprehensive borehole and laboratory testing for the purpose of verifying or modifying design assumptions, as required.
Non-canonical RAN Translation of CGG Repeats Has Canonical Requirements

Repeat expansions cause dominantly inherited neurological disorders. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Kearse et al. (2016) examine the requirements for RAN translation of the CGG repeats that cause fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, revealing similarities and differences with canonical translation.
From Equations to Tri-quations and Multi-quations

In general, an equation A(x1, . . . , xn) = B(x1, . . . , xn) corresponds to the situation when we have two quantities A(x1, . . . , xn) and B(x1, . . . , xn) which are known to be equal, we know how each of these quantities depends on the unknown parameters x1, . . . , xn, and we want to find the values of the unknowns xi from this equality – and from other similar equalities. In some practical situations, instead of two equal values, we have three (or more) quantities which are all equal to each other. In this paper, we explain how to find the unknowns xi in such situations, i.e., how to solve the corresponding “tri-quations” and “multi-quations”. 1 From Equations to Tri-quations and Multiquations: Idea What is an equation. By definition, an equation is an expression of the type A(x1, . . . , xn) = B(x1, . . . , xn), (1) where both the left-hand side A(x1, . . . , xn) and the right-hand side B(x1, . . . , xn) may depend on the unknowns x1, . . . , xn. Simple equations. The simplest equations are equations of the type A(x1, . . . , xn) = b (2) for some constant b – and the simplest case of such a constant is b = 0. Practical usefulness of simple equations. Simple equations, of the type (2), are typical in data processing, when we need to find the parameters of the system based on observations. For example, we observe the motion of several planets and their satellites, and, based on this information, we want to estimate the weights of different planets.
Phylogenetic Clustering of Origination and Extinction across the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction

Mass extinctions can have dramatic effects on the trajectory of life, but in some cases the effects can be relatively small even when extinction rates are high. For example, the Late Ordovician mass extinction is the second most severe in terms of the proportion of genera eliminated, yet is noted for the lack of ecological consequences and shifts in clade dominance. By comparison, the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was less severe but eliminated several major clades while some rare surviving clades diversified in the Paleogene. This disconnect may be better understood by incorporating the phylogenetic relatedness of taxa into studies of mass extinctions, as the factors driving extinction and recovery are thought to be phylogenetically conserved and should therefore promote both origination and extinction of closely related taxa. Here, we test whether there was phylogenetic selectivity in extinction and origination using brachiopod genera from the Middle Ordovician through the Devonian. Using an index of taxonomic clustering (RCL) as a proxy for phylogenetic clustering, we find that A) both extinctions and originations shift from taxonomically random or weakly clustered within families in the Ordovician to strongly clustered in the Silurian and Devonian, beginning with the recovery following the Late Ordovician mass extinction, and B) the Late Ordovician mass extinction was itself only weakly clustered. Both results stand in stark contrast to Cretaceous-Cenozoic bivalves, which showed significant levels of taxonomic clustering of extinctions in the Cretaceous, including strong clustering in the mass extinction, but taxonomically random extinctions in the Cenozoic. The contrasting patterns between the Late Ordovician and end-Cretaceous events suggest a complex relationship between the phylogenetic selectivity of mass extinctions and the long-term phylogenetic signal in origination and extinction patterns.
Control Method for HVDC System with STATCOM

In order to reduce the probability of commutation failure in HVDC transmission system equipped with STATCOM, we developed an improved control strategy of STATCOM and HVDC system. When a fault occurs, based on the constant AC voltage control of STATCOM, a regulation function for AC voltage reference value is applied to STATCOM. Meanwhile, additional DC current and extinction angle control functions are applied to HVDC system. Simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC shows that the proposed constant AC voltage control of STATCOM can mitigate commutation failure when the levels of single phase fault at inverter busbar are 23.08% and 84.24%, and the additional DC current and extinction angle control functions can prevent continuous commutation failure when the fault level gets higher, such as 120.34%. Hence, the proposed control method can improve HVDC systems in both commutation failure immunity and operation performance.
Magnetic anisotropy and weak ferromagnetism of single-crystal TbNi2B2C.

The anisotropic magnetization M(T) of single-crystal ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C is reported as a function of applied magnetic field (H) for temperatures T from 2 to 300 K and with H parallel and perpendicular to the c axis (H\ensuremath{\parallel}c and H\ensuremath{\perp}c). In low field (H\ensuremath{\le}100 G) ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C orders antiferromagnetically at N\'eel temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$=(14.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1) K. Weak ferromagnetic (WF) behavior is found for T\ensuremath{\le}8 K and H\ensuremath{\le}10 kG. Both phase transitions are also detected in zero-field in-plane resistivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{ab}}$(T) measurements. In contrast, previous low-field M(T,H) data showed antiferromagnetic ground states for (Gd,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm)${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C crystals. The origin of the WF ordering, given the point symmetry (4/mmm) of the ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{+3}$ ions, is addressed together with the observed in-plane anisotropy in the high-field magnetization. Possible reasons for the absence of superconductivity above 2 K in ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C are also discussed. Finally, a partial H-T magnetic phase diagram of ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C is presented for H\ensuremath{\parallel}[110] and aspects of the similar H-T diagram for H\ensuremath{\parallel}[100] are discussed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Enhanced Motor Recovery After Stroke With Combined Cortical Stimulation and Rehabilitative Training Is Dependent on Infarct Location

Background. Cortical electrical stimulation of the motor cortex in combination with rehabilitative training (CS/RT) has been shown to enhance motor recovery in animal models of focal cortical strok...
Transplacental gas exchange

Fetal oxygenation depends on that of the mother by the intermediary of the placenta. The respiratory feto-maternal gas exchanges are reviewed as are the regulatory factors. The greater part of the data reported here comes from experimentation of pregnant animals near term. The most important parameters for fetal oxygenation are the maternal and fetal O2 partial pressures, the affinity of the blood for oxygen, the maternal and fetal placental blood flow and the quantity of CO2 exchanged. Finally, placental efficiency as regards gas exchanges is compared to the lung.
Relationship of maternal amino acids and proteins to fetal growth and mental development

The relationship of maternal amino acids, proteins, and certain other factors to fetal development (weight and cranial volume at birth and mental and motor scores at 8 months of age) was investigated in 129 gravidas. Maternal prepregnancy weight was significantly related to birth weight and cranial volume in the newborn. Among amino acids, glycine, lysine, and total amino acids were positively correlated with birth weight, whereas valine and threonine showed a negative correlation. Cranial volume at birth was significantly related to the level of glycine and alpha 1 globulin. Other protein and amino acids which contributed to cranial volume included threonine, histidine, glutamic acid, and beta globulin, negatively correlated, whereas glutamine was positively correlated. Alpha 1 globulin (negatively) and glycine (positively) made significant contributions to motor development. For mental development, alpha 1 globulin and histidine showed a negative correlation, whereas isoleucine was positively correlated. Findings indicated that the concentrations of certain maternal amino acids and proteins in the third trimester of pregnancy correlated significantly with fetal growth and development. This study suggests: (1) specific proteins or amino acids may be responsible for different developmental measures; (2) injudicious dietary restrictions in pregnancy should be avoided; (3) the determination of alpha 1 globulin and a few amino acids such as glycine, lysine, and histidine in late pregnancy may be used as predictors of fetal growth and development.
Conformational heterogeneity within the LID domain mediates substrate binding to Escherichia coli adenylate kinase: function follows fluctuations.

Proteins exist as dynamic ensembles of molecules, implying that protein amino acid sequences evolved to code for both the ground state structure as well as the entire energy landscape of excited states. Accumulating theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that enzymes use such conformational fluctuations to facilitate allosteric processes important for substrate binding and possibly catalysis. This phenomenon can be clearly demonstrated in Escherichia coli adenylate kinase, where experimentally observed local unfolding of the LID subdomain, as opposed to a more commonly postulated rigid-body opening motion, is related to substrate binding. Because “entropy promoting” glycine mutations designed to increase specifically the local unfolding of the LID domain also affect substrate binding, changes in the excited energy landscape effectively tune the function of this enzyme without changing the ground state structure or the catalytic site. Thus, additional thermodynamic information, above and beyond the single folded structure of an enzyme–substrate complex, is likely required for a full and quantitative understanding of how enzymes work.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

The importance of modeling and simulation approach is well recognized and established in the pharmaceutical industry. Establishing exposure-response relationships for new molecular entities’s efficacy and toxicity using a modeling and simulation approach has been shown to be critical in many aspects of regulatory decision making, including labeling. Among modeling and simulation approaches, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling is a powerful approach linking drug exposures to biological and pharmacological responses, providing a quantitative assessment of in vivo drug potency with mechanistic insight on drug action.
Adding Expansile Duraplasty to Posterior Fossa Decompression May Restore Cervical Range of Motion in Grade 3 Chiari Malformation Type 1 Patients

Background Few studies have assessed the effect of Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) surgical decompression on cervical lordosis and range of motion (ROM). We aimed to assess the effect of expansile duraplasty on postoperative cervical mobility and spinal stability. Materials and Methods This was a single-center retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Patients were included if they underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic CM-1 between the years 1999 and 2009. Cervical ROM and lordosis were assessed before and after surgery in all patients. Collected data also included clinical improvement, as well as surgical complications after the procedure. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group underwent a posterior fossa bony decompression alone, while the second group additionally received an expansile duraplasty. Patients were further subdivided into 3 subgroups on the basis of the severity of tonsillar herniation. Results A total of 76 patients fit our selection criteria. Fifty-five patients belonged to the duraplasty group. Twenty-one patients underwent bony decompression alone. The 2 groups were statistically demographically and clinically similar. There was no difference in clinical outcome or in ROM and cervical lordosis between the groups except for patients with severe tonsillar herniation (CM-I grade 3). These patients had a statistically significant improvement in their postoperative cervical motility without compromising their spinal stability. Conclusion Adding an expansile duraplasty to craniovertebral decompression in CM-1 patients with severe tonsillar herniation may restore cervical ROM while preserving stability and alignment. This may relieve postoperative pain and improve clinical prognosis.
A Word of Caution in Public Reporting

Public reporting in its current form will lead to confusion amongst physicians, administrators, families, and the media. It is unclear that we are giving the families information they really need. At the current time there is no evidence that public reporting really leads to improved outcomes. Rather, it may lead to risk aversion and limit access to care. This is a problem not just for congenital heart surgery but for the entire field of medicine and the care that we provide to our patients. We must be very careful that we don't create a system where we are afraid to take on a patient with increased risk of mortality because it may affect our overall ranking.
US history content knowledge and associated effects of race, gender, wealth, and urbanity: Item Response Theory (IRT) modeling of NAEP-USH achievement

Abstract Using an Item response theory (IRT) analysis, this study examined ethnic and gender groups differences in exposure to content material (i.e. access to curriculum) assessed on the 12th grade NAEP US History 2010 exam. Employing multi-step data analysis procedures, authors examined race and gender using the NAEP Item Mapping Tool available through NCES. Results revealed item-level patterns, which suggest that females and Black students are more likely to answer questions, related to social history, particularly the Civil Rights, when accounting for student achievement. While instructional exposure matters, how students of similar performance differentiate themselves on item response is related to demographics. These findings have substantial implications for social studies, which include the need to develop a more democratic curriculum that reflects the cultural identities of students in order to make history and history knowledge meaningful. Additionally, results have implications for tests. Assessments should be mindful of cultural validity of items and become more inclusive; perhaps aligning with a more culturally relevant curriculum.
Differential genomic profiles of tumor-involved and tumor-free sentinel lymph nodes in patients with melanoma.

9043 Background: For clinical stage I and II node negative melanoma the histologic status of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the most significant predictor of survival. Molecular characterization ...
On-Line Damage Detection, Assessment and Accommodation in Civil Infrastructure Systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with the on-line health monitoring and damage assessment for civil infrastructure systems. It is assumed that damages affect the stiffness of the structure (reduction) and it is desired to identify these damages online. An adaptive detection/diagnostic observer is proposed in order to detect the occurrence of the failure and diagnose the nature and magnitude of the failure. Two different observers are proposed with each one imposing different conditions on the output matrix (i.e. sensor placement) in order to arrive at a monitoring scheme that is implementable. Numerical studies are performed on a three floor building with multiple breakable spring subject to a harmonic support motion.
Forensic Analysis of Stains on Fabric Using Direct Analysis in Real-time Ionization with High-Resolution Accurate Mass-Mass Spectrometry

A rapid technique using direct analysis in real-time (DART) ambient ionization coupled to a high-resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometer (HRAM-MS) was employed to analyze stains on an individual's pants suspected to have been involved in a violent crime. The victim was consuming chocolate ice cream at the time of the attack, and investigators recovered the suspect's pants exhibiting splatter stains. Liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection (LC-MS) and stereoscopic light microscopy (SLM) were also utilized in this analysis. It was determined that the stains on the pants contained theobromine and caffeine, known components of chocolate. A shard from the ceramic bowl that contained the victim's ice cream and a control chocolate ice cream sample were also found to contain caffeine and theobromine. The use of DART-HRAM-MS was useful in this case due to its rapid analysis capability and because of the limited amount of sample present as a stain.
The Utility of PCR in Situ Hybridization for the Detection of HIV-1 DNA and RNA

Although the primary manifestation of AIDS is severe immunosuppression and associated opportunistic infections and malignancies, other systems are often involved. Many patients with AIDS will show symptoms indicative of central nervous system (CNS) or skeletal muscle involvement.1–3 Further, given that homosexual and heterosexual transmission are primary modes of spread of the virus, it is evident that HIV-1 must be able to proliferate at certain sites in the anogenital tract.