cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precambrian granulites and anorogenic granites: are they related?

Abstract Anorogenic granites, which are emplaced > 100 Ma following orogenic events, are not limited to the Proterozoic but are also widespread in the Late Archean. Archean anorogenic granites are depleted in heavy REE, Y and Sc (and to a lesser extent in Nb and Ta), compared to Proterozoic anorogenic granites, a feature that appears to reflect differences in crustal source composition. Archean and Proterozoic felsic granulites show similar differences. Most analyzed Precambrian granulites and xenoliths cannot represent either sources or restites of Precambrian anorogenic granites. The rarity in exposed granulite terranes of rocks suitable as sources or restites for anorogenic granites, may be related to removal by uplift and erosion following orogeny or/and the fact that anorogenic granites are formed > 100 Ma after orogeny, and thus are not brought to the surface by isostatic uplift. The presence of a positive Eu anomaly in restites is dependent upon not only residual feldspar but also the amount of zircon and apatite left in the residue, and in many or perhaps most cases, restites should have no Eu anomalies or negative Eu anomalies.
EXECUTIVE FORUM: A New Age of Almost Cosmic Industrial Achievement

For several years now, the greatest challenge in the U.S. auto industry has been the internationalization of the marketplace. Competition is no longer limited to regional or national markets; it is worldwide with very sophisticated competitors. And it's been very difficult for U.S. automakers, with their higher cost structure, to be fully competitive with foreign producers, particularly the Japanese.
Dalla patria allo Stato: Bertrando Spaventa, una biografia intellettuale

The philosopher Bertrando Spaventa (1817–83) was among the most influential of the so-called Hegelians of Naples during the era of the Risorgimento, from the 1840s into the 1870s. The tradition's o...
Nontarget DNA binding shapes the dynamic landscape for enzymatic recognition of DNA damage

The DNA repair enzyme human uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) scans short stretches of genomic DNA and captures rare uracil bases as they transiently emerge from the DNA duplex via spontaneous base pair breathing motions. The process of DNA scanning requires that the enzyme transiently loosen its grip on DNA to allow stochastic movement along the DNA contour, while engaging extrahelical bases requires motions on a more rapid timescale. Here, we use NMR dynamic measurements to show that free UNG has no intrinsic dynamic properties in the millisecond to microsecond and subnanosecond time regimes, and that the act of binding to nontarget DNA reshapes the dynamic landscape to allow productive millisecond motions for scanning and damage recognition. These results suggest that DNA structure and the spontaneous dynamics of base pairs may drive the evolution of a protein sequence that is tuned to respond to this dynamic regime.
Sex differences in acute energy intake regulation.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine if energy intake compensation is more accurate in males compared to females matched for age, habitual physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and dietary cognitive restraint. Healthy, nonobese young men ( n =12) and women ( n =12) were provided with an ad libitum lunch meal on two occasions. Thirty minutes prior to the lunch meals, subjects were given either a yogurt preload (YP; 500 mL, 1988 kJ, men; 375 mL, 1507 kJ, women) or no preload (NP). Energy intake at the two lunch meals was measured. Visual analog scales were used to assess changes in hunger and fullness. Blood glucose concentrations were also determined. Energy intake compensation for the YP was significantly more accurate in the male compared to the female subjects (86.2±5.0 vs. 73.6±4.8% compensation). There were no sex differences in perceptions of hunger and satiety. In the pooled sample, hunger ratings were significantly higher in the NP condition, but there were no significant differences in fullness ratings between test meals. In the YP condition, glycemic response to the preload and the ad libitum meal was significantly higher in males compared to females. These results suggest that under acute test meal conditions, energy intake regulation is more accurate in males. Relative inability to regulate energy intake may predispose females to gain weight over time.
Global Changes in Staphylococcus aureus Gene Expression in Human Blood

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bloodstream infections worldwide. In the United States, many of these infections are caused by a strain known as USA300. Although progress has been made, our understanding of the S. aureus molecules that promote survival in human blood and ultimately facilitate metastases is incomplete. To that end, we analyzed the USA300 transcriptome during culture in human blood, human serum, and trypticase soy broth (TSB), a standard laboratory culture media. Notably, genes encoding several cytolytic toxins were up-regulated in human blood over time, and hlgA, hlgB, and hlgC (encoding gamma-hemolysin subunits HlgA, HlgB, and HlgC) were among the most highly up-regulated genes at all time points. Compared to culture supernatants from a wild-type USA300 strain (LAC), those derived from an isogenic hlgABC-deletion strain (LACΔhlgABC) had significantly reduced capacity to form pores in human neutrophils and ultimately cause neutrophil lysis. Moreover, LACΔhlgABC had modestly reduced ability to cause mortality in a mouse bacteremia model. On the other hand, wild-type and LACΔhlgABC strains caused virtually identical abscesses in a mouse skin infection model, and bacterial survival and neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis in vitro was similar between these strains. Comparison of the cytolytic capacity of culture supernatants from wild-type and isogenic deletion strains lacking hlgABC, lukS/F-PV (encoding PVL), and/or lukDE revealed functional redundancy among two-component leukotoxins in vitro. These findings, along with a requirement of specific growth conditions for leukotoxin expression, may explain the apparent limited contribution of any single two-component leukotoxin to USA300 immune evasion and virulence.
On the theory of Banach space valued multifunctions. 1. Integration and conditional expectation

Abstract Banach space valued multifunctions defined on a complete σ-finite measure space (Ω, Σ, μ) are studied. Their set valued integral is defined and its properties are examined. Since the definition of the integral involves the set of integrable selectors of the multifunction, the structure of that set is also studied. Some Banach-like spaces of multifunctions are introduced and studied. Multifunctions depending on a parameter are also considered and it is examined wheter certain continuity, semicontinuity and other topological properties are preserved by set valued integration. Finally, for integrable multifunctions, the properties of their set valued conditional expectation are studied.
Thermally Regulated Translational Control of FRQ Mediates Aspects of Temperature Responses in the Neurospora Circadian Clock

Abstract Two forms of FRQ, a central component of the Neurospora circadian clock, arise through alternative in-frame initiation of translation. Either form alone suffices for a functional clock at some temperatures, but both are always necessary for robust rhythmicity. Temperature regulates the ratio of FRQ forms by favoring different initiation codons at different temperatures; when either initiation codon is eliminated, the temperature range permissive for rhythmicity is demon- strably reduced. This temperature-influenced choice of translation-initiation site represents a novel adaptive mechanism that extends the physiological temperature range over which clocks function. Additionally, a temperature-dependent threshold level of FRQ is required to establish the feedback loop comprising the oscillator. These data may explain how temperature limits permissive for rhythmicity are established, thus providing a molecular understanding for a basic characteristic of circadian clocks.
Crystal Structures of Calcium Borohydride: Theory and Experiment

Calcium borohydride, containing almost 12 wt % of hydrogen, is one of the most promising and actively studied materials for hydrogen storage. However, experimental diffraction spectra indicate more than one crystal structure depending on the synthesis technique and temperature. Two structures, the ground-state in symmetry Fddd, or F2dd and one elevated temperature polymorph in symmetry P42/m, are presumed known. We identify three low energy crystal structure candidates for Ca(BH4)2 predicted by the methods of prototype electrostatic ground states (PEGS) and structure database searching. Two of the PEGS predicted crystal structures, C2/c, and P4, appear to be observed in X-ray diffraction experiments and correspond to the ground-state and one of the metastable phases observed up to the decomposition temperature of approximately 330 °C. Database structure searching produces a low energy candidate in symmetry Pbca which produces diffraction peaks in agreement with a second elevated temperature polymorph den...
“Umpolung” Photoinduced Charge Separation in an Anion-bound Supramolecular Complex

A new supramolecular system, consisting of an expanded porphyrin, cyclo[8]pyrrole (C8) and a pyrene carboxylate (Py) is capable not only of electron transfer upon photoexcitation, but results in “u...
The Effects of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Cultured Microvessel Endothelial Cells*

The effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on thymidine incorporation into DNA and glucose and neutral amino acid uptake were studied in endothelial cells cultured from macrovessels (bovine aorta and pulmonary artery) and microvessels (bovine fat and mouse brain). Similar to previous studies, PDGF did not bind to macrovessel cells, nor did it influence their metabolic function. In contrast, PDGF bound specifically to the two types of microvessel cell culture and in these cells also stimulated the uptake of glucose and neutral amino acids as well as the incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Stimulatory effects of PDGF occurred at concentrations of 2 ng/ ml, with maximal stimulation up to 5-fold of the control value for amino isobutyric acid and glucose uptake and up to 8- to 10- fold for thymidine incorporation. The maximal effects of PDGF were additive to those of insulin-like growth factor I, a known stimulator of all three metabolic processes in microvessel endothelial cells. The binding of PDG...
Total quality manufacturing: the success of Corning's 8-m mirror blank programs

Corning Incorporated has successfully completed the manufacture of three 8-meter class mirror blanks, the Subaru 8.3-meter and the twin Gemini 8.1-meter blanks. These mirrors, constructed of ULETM zero expansion glass by the hex seal process, are nearing completion at the optical polishers and will soon be installed in their respective telescopes. This paper describes the manufacturing process for the mirror blanks, summarizes key engineering studies performed during these projects, and gives quality results for the three blanks. In all cases, the 8-meter mirror blanks met both the customer's quality requirements as well as schedule timelines. Other applications of this process are also given.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enrolling Pregnant Women: Issues in Clinical Research

Abstract Background Despite the fact that many pregnant women are affected by a range of serious health conditions and take medications for these conditions, there is widespread reticence to include them in clinical intervention research. Hence, their clinical care is typically not informed by evidence derived from pregnant populations. Method In October 2010, the National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health convened a workshop to address ethical, regulatory, and scientific issues raised by the enrollment of pregnant women in clinical research. This report summarizes three areas that emerged from that meeting as important next steps to be taken to promote ethically responsible and scientifically sound research during pregnancy. Findings The three areas are: 1) Reclassify pregnant women from their current status in regulations as a “vulnerable” population to a scientifically “complex” population and change the presumption of exclusion to one of inclusion; 2) examine the institutional review boards' (IRB) gatekeeper role in interpreting regulations governing pregnancy research and identify steps to facilitate IRB approval of ethically informed pregnancy research; and 3) develop a pregnancy-focused research agenda that addresses pressing clinical needs, identifies opportunities to gather information from existing resources and studies, and encourages important new research areas. Conclusion Research is needed to address the therapeutic needs of pregnant women and to study pregnancy as it may shed light on a pregnant woman's later health and the health of her child.
Adapting cellular networks to whitespaces spectrum

TV Whitespaces, recently opened up by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for unlicensed use, are seen as a potential cellular offload and/or standalone mechanism, especially in dense metros where the demand for throughput is high. In this paper, we use real data collected from whitespaces databases to empirically demonstrate features unique to whitespaces-- power-spectrum tradeoff and spatial variation in spectrum availability. From this study, we conclude the need for whitespaces-specific adaptations to cellular networks so as to be able to extract maximum throughput and guarantee reliability. To tackle the effects of the power-spectrum tradeoff, we propose a novel base-station design that specifically uses low-power transmitters as a means to maximize throughput. This design co-locates and networks together many low-powered mode-I devices to act as a multiple-antenna array. We estimate the size of the array required to meet typical rate targets, and show that the array design significantly outperforms traditional designs in terms of throughput for a given cost. We then turn our attention to spatial variability and study its impact on the problem of locating base stations in a whitespaces network. Here, we propose spectrum-aware placement algorithms for whitespaces, which account for this spatial variability along with key parameters like user density. We show that such algorithms clearly outperform traditional placement algorithms and improve network coverage in this band
Efficient algorithms for buffer insertion in general circuits based on network flow

With shrinking VLSI feature sizes and increasing overall chip areas, buffering has emerged as an effective solution to the problem of growing interconnect delays in modern designs. The problem of buffer insertion in a single net has been the focus of most previous researches. However, efficient algorithms for buffer insertion in whole circuits are generally needed. In this paper, we relate the timing constrained minimal buffer insertion problem to the min-cost flow dual problem, and propose two algorithms based on min-cost flow and min-cut techniques, respectively, to solve it in combinational circuits. We compare our approaches to a traditional approach based on Lagrangian relaxation. Experimental results demonstrate that our approaches are efficient and effective. On the average, our approaches achieve 45% and 39% reduction, respectively, on the number of buffers inserted in comparison to the traditional approach.
Two major regulatory steps in cholesterol synthesis by human renal cancer cells

Abstract Two major mechanisms regulating cholesterol biosynthesis exist in a human renal cancer cell line, Caki-1. Caki-1 is a newly established cell line whose characteristics of rapid growth and active cholesterol synthesis qualify it as a potentially valuable tool for elucidation of regulatory mechanism of cholesterol synthesis and transport. In the absence of exogenous cholesterol, cholesterol is the dominant sterol arising from labeled acetate and mevalonate. As expected, in the presence of exogenous cholesterol, the conversion of acetate to cholesterol and the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) is markedly reduced and this inhibition is released when cholesterol is removed from the medium. An unexpected and possibly unique finding is the inhibition of the conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol in the presence of exogenous cholesterol. This second major control process results in the accumulation of squalene and may involve additional late steps in cholesterol biosynthesis or metabolism. The occurrence of two major mechanisms regulating cholesterol synthesis may be a unique property of renal cancer cells or a previously unrecognized characteristic of a variety of cultured cells.
Hydrogen bridging in molecules containing atoms beyond the first row

The closed shell minima on the AlGaH2 and SiGeH2 potential energy hypersurfaces have been investigated using a triple ζ plus double polarization function basis set (TZ2P) along with various correlated levels of theory up through single and double excitation coupled cluster with the perturbative addition of connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)]. A larger basis was used to determine the role of f-type functions on the third row atoms (Ga, Ge) through energy points at the TZ2P CCSD(T) optimized geometry. For each molecule, five isomers were found to lie within 20 kcal mol−1 of the global minimum with energetic ordering (Y = Al, Si/Z = Ga, Ge); dibridged < vinylidene-like H2YZ < monobridged HY(H)Z < monobridged Y(H)ZH < vinylidene-like YZH2 < trans-HYZH. In each case, the potential energy hypersurface was very sensitive to treatment of electron correlation. In addition, the structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants are reported as incentive for experimentalists searching for these novel molecules. All isomers are predicted to have observable infrared (IR) peaks while only the dibridged, vinylidene-like H2AlGa and AlGaH2, and monobridged HAl(H)Ga and Si(H)GeH are predicted to have observable rotational spectra. Lastly, the unusual bonding in YZH2 molecules has been discussed in detail from a molecular orbital point of view with comparisons to bonding in analogous first row molecules. Bridging is found to be a result of differences in electronegativity and the more diffuse nature of atomic orbitals on higher row atoms.
A comparison of two approaches to multi-operand binary addition

This paper presents the results of one phase of a study concerning methods for addition of P>2 numbers, each encoded as a vector of digits (digit vector) of length N. Such multi-operand addition has been studied most often in the context of reducing a set of partial products to a single result in the implementation of multiplication. More generalized multi-operand addition, most notably in the form of inner product calculations is, however, central to numerous scientific applications of digital computers. Although multi-operand addition is trivially accomplished by accumulation (iteration in time) in any general purpose machine, demands for very high-speed computation, typified by 2- and 3-D signal processing prompt implementation of dedicated, hardware-intensive structures for multi-operand addition. This study, for example, is motivated in part by requirements for rapid simultaneous addition of up to 100, 16-bit operands in the design of a dedicated processor for real-time reconstruction of 3-D images of the beating heart and breathing lungs [1].
Endoscopic mucosal resection in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a technique used to locally excise lesions confined to the mucosa. Its main role is the treatment of advanced dysplasia and early gastrointestinal cancers. EMR was originally described as a therapy for early gastric cancer. Recently its use has expanded as a therapeutic option for ampullary masses, colorectal cancer, and large colorectal polyps. In the Western world, the predominant indication for EMR in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the staging and treatment of advance dysplasia and early neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. This review will describe the basis, indications, techniques, and complications of EMR, and its role in the management of Barrett’s esophagus.
Theory of the nonlinear optical properties of semiconductors

Abstract The optical spectra of photo-excited semiconductors change with varying laser intensity. Close to exciton and biexciton resonances these nonlinearities are large enough to obtain, e.g., optical bistability. A many-body theory of these resonance-enhanced nonlinearities is presented. The screening of the Coulomb forces by the photo-excited free and bound electron-hole pairs is discussed. Results are presented for some typical semiconductors.
Particle dynamics modeling methods for colloid suspensions

We present a review and critique of several methods for the simulation of the dynamics of colloidal suspensions at the mesoscale. We focus particularly on simulation techniques for hydrodynamic interactions, including implicit solvents (Fast Lubrication Dynamics, an approximation to Stokesian Dynamics) and explicit/particle-based solvents (Multi-Particle Collision Dynamics and Dissipative Particle Dynamics). Several variants of each method are compared quantitatively for the canonical system of monodisperse hard spheres, with a particular focus on diffusion characteristics, as well as shear rheology and microstructure. In all cases, we attempt to match the relevant properties of a well-characterized solvent, which turns out to be challenging for the explicit solvent models. Reasonable quantitative agreement is observed among all methods, but overall the Fast Lubrication Dynamics technique shows the best accuracy and performance. We also devote significant discussion to the extension of these methods to more complex situations of interest in industrial applications, including models for non-Newtonian solvent rheology, non-spherical particles, drying and curing of solvent and flows in complex geometries. This work identifies research challenges and motivates future efforts to develop techniques for quantitative, predictive simulations of industrially relevant colloidal suspension processes.
Microwave spectra and molecular structures of (Z)-pent-2-en-4-ynenitrile and maleonitrile.

Accurate equilibrium structures have been determined for (Z)-pent-2-en-4-ynenitrile (8) and maleonitrile (9) by combining microwave spectroscopy data and ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. The microwave spectra of 10 isotopomers of 8 and 5 isotopomers of 9 were obtained using a pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The ground-state rotational constants were adjusted for vibration−rotation interaction effects calculated from force fields obtained from ab initio calculations. The resultant equilibrium rotational constants were used to determine structures that are in very good agreement with those obtained from high-level ab initio calculations (CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ). The geometric parameters in 8 and 9 are very similar; they also do not differ significantly from the all-carbon analogue, (Z)-hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne (7), the parent molecule for the Bergman cyclization. A small deviation from linearity about the alkyne and cyano linkages is observed for 7−9 and several related species where ac...
Feasibility of eradication of breast cancer cells remaining in postlumpectomy cavity and draining lymph nodes following intracavitary injection of radioactive immunoliposomes.

Most diagnosed early stage breast cancer cases are treated by lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy, which significantly decreases the locoregional recurrence but causes inevitable toxicity to ...
Interaction of somatostatin with the A and B cells of the endocrine pancreas.

Abstract The control of islet function involves a complex interaction between substrates, hormones, and neural regulators. The presence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the D cells of the islets and the potent inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion by synthetic somatostatin make it likely that somatostatin participates in this regulation of A and B cell function. Clarification of its potential physiological role depends on a better understanding of its mechanism of action and its interaction with other controllers of islet function. Therefore, we designed a study to (1) examine the interaction of somatostatin with the alpha-adrenergic control of A and B cells, (2) evaluate the type of inhibition produced by somatostatin, and (3) study the function of somatostatin receptors of A and B cells.
Minimizing air consumption of pneumatic actuators in mobile robots

This paper introduces a new control method for pneumatic actuators, called "Proportional Position and Stiffness (PPS)" controller. The PPS method provides both position and stiffness control for a robot joint driven by a pneumatic cylinder with four ON-OFF valves. In addition, the proposed control system consumes much less compressed air than comparable strategies. These features make the PPS method highly suitable to application in mobile robots.
Pharmacology and clinical use of voriconazole

Importance of the field: Voriconazole is an extended-spectrum triazole developed specifically to target Aspergillus spp. and is now indicated as primary therapy in this circumstance. However, it has a broad spectrum of activity against both yeasts and molds and is also a viable treatment option in the treatment of other mycoses.Areas covered in this review: This review discusses the mechanism of action, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and the most common mechanisms of resistance to this agent. An overview of therapeutic drug monitoring, drug–drug interactions and pivotal trials are also reviewed.What the reader will gain: The reader will gain further knowledge of the unique aspects of voriconazole compared to other currently available antifungal agents.Take home message: Voriconazole offers distinct advantages over several other antifungals. The side effect profile of voriconazole is unique compared to other triazole agents. Concern for drug–drug interactions due to a frequently shared common me...
Ultrasound surgery using multiple sonications--treatment time considerations.

The noninvasive surgery of a tumor by focused transducers or phased arrays with multiple sonications was simulated in this study. The effects of multiple sonications on near field heating were investigated by varying the delay time between consecutive pulses and the movement pattern of the transducer within the focal plane. To avoid normal tissue damage, sufficient delay time between consecutive pulses is necessary. It was found that the delay is dependent on acoustic power and pulse duration. The treatment time is often long when a strongly focused transducer is used to treat a large tumor, because the volume of necrosed tissue generated by the focused ultrasound beam is small requiring a large number of multiple sonications. To reduce treatment time, it is necessary to decrease the total number of pulses. This can be done by increasing the acoustic power and/or sonication time. Longer sonications induce a perfusion dependency on the temperature elevations. The acoustic power is limited by mammalian tissue temperatures which should not exceed 100°C to avoid boiling and gas formation. An alternative way to increase the coagulated tissue volume is to modify the acoustic field such that a large tissue volume is exposed, while generating a more uniform temperature elevation to avoid high exposure limiting temperatures. This can be done effectively by using a phased array. This study demonstrated that phased arrays can offer significantly shorter treatment times than similar spherically curved transducers.
Unsupervised feature selection via distributed coding for multi-view object recognition

Object recognition accuracy can be improved when information from multiple views is integrated, but information in each view can often be highly redundant. We consider the problem of distributed object recognition or indexing from multiple cameras, where the computational power available at each camera sensor is limited and communication between cameras is prohibitively expensive. In this scenario, it is desirable to avoid sending redundant visual features from multiple views. Traditional supervised feature selection approaches are inapplicable as the class label is unknown at each camera. In this paper we propose an unsupervised multi-view feature selection algorithm based on a distributed coding approach. With our method, a Gaussian process model of the joint view statistics is used at the receiver to obtain a joint encoding of the views without directly sharing information across encoders. We demonstrate our approach on recognition and indexing tasks with multi-view image databases and show that our method compares favorably to an independent encoding of the features from each camera.
International guidelines for water recycling: microbiological considerations

The World Health Organization and others have proposed international guidelines for the safe reuse of domestic wastewater. Treatment and microbial standards have been suggested with varying microbial water quality targets to suit local circumstances of affordability and health risks. However, it is important to recognize that universal application of bacterial standards for water quality assessment will not yield the same risks from microbial pathogens in reclaimed wastewater around the world. The concentration and types of pathogens in raw wastewater varies from one region of the world to another depending on the incidence in the community. This is influenced by the general hygiene, season, and per capita water use. Also, different treatment processes may be more effective in removing indicator bacteria and certain groups of pathogens than others. Proposed guidelines have also neglected the importance of water in the transmission of viral and bacterial diseases in developed countries and their impact on morbidity and mortality. Additional research is needed to better reduce the uncertainly of proposed guidelines for water recycling and to better define the risks associated to the exposed populations.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor 2 Signaling Provokes Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in the Adult Mammalian Heart

Background—Tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands provoke a dilated cardiac phenotype signal through a common scaffolding protein termed tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 2 (TRAF2); however, virtually nothing is known about TRAF2 signaling in the adult mammalian heart. Methods and Results—We generated multiple founder lines of mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of TRAF2 and characterized the phenotype of mice with higher expression levels of TRAF2 (myosin heavy chain [MHC]-TRAF2HC). MHC-TRAF2HC transgenic mice developed a time-dependent increase in cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dilation, and adverse left ventricular remodeling, and a significant decrease in LV+dP/dt and LV−dP/dt when compared with littermate controls (P<0.05 compared with littermate). During the early phases of left ventricular remodeling, there was a significant increase in total matrix metalloproteinase activity that corresponded with a decrease in total myocardial fibrillar collagen content. As the MH...
Marital Quality and Spouses' Marriage Work with Close Friends and Each Other

Through in-home interviews with 142 married couples, we explored how husbands' and wives' marriage work with close friends and one another was linked to their perceptions of marital quality. Results showed that husbands engaged in more marriage work with their wives than with close friends, whereas wives engaged in similar levels of marriage work with their close friends and husbands. For wives, marriage work with their spouses was found to moderate the relationship between marital quality and marriage work with friends. At low levels of marriage work with their spouses, wives' marriage work with friends was negatively related to their reports of marital love and positively related to reports of ineffective arguing. In contrast, at high levels of marriage work with their husbands, no significant relationship was found between wives' marriage work with friends and marital quality for wives. Findings underscore the role of spouses' friendships and suggest that the strength of spouses' ties to one another is linked to the social context they and their close friends create.
Influence of the Madden‐Julian oscillation on the Indian Ocean cross‐equatorial heat transport

The Indian Ocean cross-equatorial heat transport (CEHT) anomalies associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) are analyzed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis for the period 1979–2010. The magnitude of MJO-related CEHT anomalies, seasonal dependence, and interannual modulations are examined. The magnitude of composite MJO CEHT anomalies is ~30% (~15%) of the amplitude of the seasonal climatology in winter (summer). Interannual modulation on average accounts for only ~10% of the total magnitude of intraseasonal variability of a given year. MJO CEHT is largely contributed by temperature flux anomalies in the upper ~140 m, with notable compensation between two characteristic layers. The significance of MJO CEHT anomalies, the nonnegligible magnitude of residual CEHT accumulated from intraseasonal anomalies during specific years, and the vertical compensation of temperature flux anomalies that give rise to the CEHT, have implications to the potential importance of upper ocean thermodynamics in MJO evolution and regional climate.
Improving patient outcomes with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in elderly with hypertension.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) use in clinical practice and to provide example cases for its use in a hypertension (HTN) specialty clinic. Data sources: Published research trials, medical literature, and cases from the Center for Senior Hypertension. Conclusions: The knowledge of ABPM benefits to using ABPM are substantial and improves the care and management of many conditions, including white coat HTN, white coat normotension, resistant, borderline, episodic, paroxysmal HTN, and finally orthostatic hypotension. Third-party payers only cover ABPM for “white coat” HTN. Implications for practice: This article reviews previous studies and explains the benefit to changing our current practice to match the knowledge we have gained through research through case studies.
The Fe-As-S system--Phase relations and applications

A basis for the interpretation of Fe-As-S mineral assemblages in ores has been provided through systematic collection of physical and chemical data in the synthetic system Fe-As-S. Most interesting is the temperature limitation of 491 degrees C. for coexistence of the commonly observed mineral pair pyrite-arsenopyrite. The As:S ratio in arsenopyrite and/or loellingite may add another to the group of geothermometry techniques now available for ore studies. The observation that Au diffuses rapidly through fine-grained arsenopyrite at temperatures above 600 degrees C. and confining pressures up to 2,070 bars provides some insight into the relations of Au and arsenopyrite in many ores. Equilibrium phase relations in the Fe-As-S system were determined at 600 degrees C., and changes in assemblages were studied in the 400 degrees to 800 degrees C. temperature range. At 600 degrees C. a very narrow liquid field lies along the As-S side of the ternary system between 100 and 22.8 + or - 0.2 weight percent S. Tie-lines connect various parts of this liquid field to pyrite, to pyrrhotite, and to arsenopyrite. At this temperature there are also tie-lines between pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite-As, arsenopyrite-toellingite, pyrrhotite-loellingite, pyrrhotite-FeAs, and FeS-Fe 2 As. At temperatures above 600 degrees C. synthetic arsenopyrite has the approximate composition FeAs (sub 1.1) S (sub 0.9) . Compositions that are S rich relative to ideal FeAsS become stable at lower temperatures and under high confining pressures. Changes in the phase assemblages at various temperatures are governed by the reactions: pyrite + arsenopyrite pyrrhotite + liquid or vapor, arsenopyrite + As loellingite + liquid or vapor, and arsenopyrite pyrrhotite + loellingite + liquid or vapor. The invariant temperature at which both liquid and vapor are present in these assemblages are 491 degrees + or - 12 degrees C., 688 degrees + or - 3 degrees C., and 702 degrees + or - 3DGC., respectively. The first reaction was investigated at confining pressures up to 2,070 bars, at which pressure pyrite and arsenopyrite can coexist up to 528 degrees + or - 10 degrees C.
Aminopyralid Constrains Seed Production of the Invasive Annual Grasses Medusahead and Ventenata

Invasive annual grasses, such as medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski), ventenata (Ventenata dubia [Leers] Coss.), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr.), are negatively impacting millions of hectares of US rangelands. Amino acid synthesis inhibitor and photosynthesis inhibitor herbicides are sometimes used to control invasive annual grasses. Conversely, growth regulator herbicides are generally considered ineffective against invasive annual grasses. However, in a recent study of pre-emergence herbicide applications, the growth regulator aminopyralid appreciably reduced medusahead cover, primarily by killing emerging medusahead plants. Additionally, in recent studies of postemergence herbicide applications, we found the growth regulators aminopyralid, dicamba, and picloram drastically reduced downy brome and Japanese brome seed production. In these postemergence studies, growth regulators sterilized the plants without otherwise greatly affecting them. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to extend our growth regulator/plant sterility research from downy brome and Japanese brome to medusahead and ventenata. Each tested aminopyralid rate and application growth stage (late seedling, internode elongation, heading) reduced medusahead seed production to nearly zero. Picloram also reduced medusahead seed production, but not quite as consistently as aminopyralid. With ventenata, aminopyralid applied at the seedling stage reduced seed production ~ 95–99%. Beyond the seedling stage, however, ventenata responses to aminopyralid were highly variable. Picloram had low activity against ventenata seed production. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting it may be possible to use growth regulators to control invasive annual grasses by depleting their short-lived seedbanks.
Radicals of presentation in persistent conversation

Going forward from N. Frye's (1969) "Anatomy of Criticism", we derive from genre literature the idea that radicals, i.e. root characteristics, of persistent conversation exist and can help define important aspects of such conversations. We identify from longitudinal interviews with members of a distributed, computer-supported learning environment, three dimensions of interactivity that revolve around speaker-audience relations. We propose three "radicals of presentation" in persistent conversation: (1) visibility (the means, methods and opportunities for presentation, addressing primarily speakers' concerns with the presentation of self); (2) relation (the tie between speaker and audience, and among audience co-participants, addressing the speaker's concerns with the range and identity of the audience, and audience members' concerns about relations with each other); and (3) co-presence (the temporal, virtual and/or physical co-presence of speaking and listening participants, addressing concerns about being with others at the same time and place, and giving and receiving immediate feedback). We conclude with implications for social and technical design.
A Pattern-Based Modeling Approach for Software Product Line Engineering

This paper addresses the problem of variability in software product line (SPL) engineering by first considering different SPL model-based approaches and in particular the tradeoff between the development effort in domain engineering vs. application engineering. The paper then describes a SPL engineering approach, which is both model-based, and pattern-based. This approach bases the SPL software architecture on software architectural patterns and relates these patterns to SPL features. The paper describes how this approach has been applied to an unmanned space flight SPL.
Experiencing the Culture of Academic Medicine: Gender Matters, A National Study

BACKGROUND Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic medicine, yet studies indicate a lack of advancement and senior roles for women.
Flow cytometry and sorting

For the first time oceanographers have a tool, known as a flow cytometer and sorter, which is useful for simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters of individual cells and particles at rapid rates. We are now able to exploit the fluorescent capability of pigments and stains as signals to quantify and separate subpopulations of cells and particles in the 1.0 to 150 μm size range. Analysis rates exceed 1000 cells per second and high sensitivity is attained using laser excitation. The addition of this new technology to the ocean sciences will enable researchers to address problems which were previously intractable. The first unit, funded by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation, will be at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, in the laboratory of Clarice M. Yentsch and David A. Phinney. In anticipation of this award, a workshop course on flow cytometry (FCM) and sorting techniques was held from October 24 through November 1, 1982, at the Bermuda Biological Station.
Water Relations of Seed Development and Germination in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) VI. INFLUENCE OF PRIMING ON GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT

The responses to priming of 40 DAA seeds, which had attained maximum dry weight but not maximum vigour, were compared to those of fully mature, vigorous 60 DAA seeds. The effects of maturity and priming on seed vigorous were evaluated by comparison of germination percentages and rates at seven water potentials and four temperatures
Enrichment of calcifying extracellular vesicles using density-based ultracentrifugation protocol

Calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells within atherosclerotic plaques have received increased attention for their role in mediating vascular calcification, a major predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the difference between this pathologic vesicle population and other EVs that contribute to physiological cellular processes. One major challenge that hinders research into these differences is the inability to selectively isolate calcifying EVs from other vesicle populations. In this study, we hypothesized that the formation of mineral within calcifying EVs would increase the density of the vesicles such that they would pellet at a faster rate during ultracentrifugation. We show that after 10 min of ultracentrifugation at 100,000×g, calcifying EVs are depleted from the conditioned media of calcifying coronary artery smooth muscle cells and are enriched in the pelleted portion. We utilized mass spectrometry to establish functional proteomic differences between the calcifying EVs enriched in the 10 min ultracentrifugation compared to other vesicle populations preferentially pelleted by longer ultracentrifugation times. The procedures established in this study will allow us to enrich the vesicle population of interest and perform advanced proteomic analyses to find subtle differences between calcifying EVs and other vesicle populations that may be translated into therapeutic targets for vascular calcification. Finally, we will show that the differences in ultracentrifugation times required to pellet the vesicle populations can also be used to estimate physical differences between the vesicles. Keywords: calcification; extracellular vesicles; atherosclerosis; ultracentrifugation; isolation (Published: 5 December 2014) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2014, 3 : 25129 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.25129
Spanish in Chicago: Writing an Online Placement Exam for Spanish Heritage Speakers

United States is the third country in the world with the largest Hispanic population (over 45 million of Spanish speaking people). As Fairclough (2003) claims, the national, ethnic and socioeconomic differences of Hispanic immigrants provide a heterogeneous community whose unifying element is the Spanish language. Chicago is third largest city in the country with a significant Hispanic population. In the latest years, Spanish for Heritage speakers’ programs in higher education have developed and effective placement tests are needed.
Concurrent adaptive computing in heterogeneous environments (CACHE)

We introduce a computational framework for concurrent adaptive computing in heterogeneous environments for computationally intensive applications. This framework considers the presence of inter-connected computational resources which are discoverable and a workload which needs to be executed either by concurrent means or on a singular resource. The selection of resources, using a novel measurement of performance, leads to the adaptive inclusion/exclusion of resources to be used in the efficient execution of workload computations. The adaptive approach is that it makes a determination to include a proper subset of resources for system inclusion to execute a workload, which is contrary (except when the subset is all-inclusive) to a greedy approach where all the resources are seized for the workload application. The selection of a subset of resources may be more efficient due to the high level of heterogeneity of the resources, where, for some resources, certain resource selections may be detrimental or have no value to send work there. Furthermore, this framework aims to lessen the unpredictability and uncontrollability of heterogeneous systems by using this analysis for resource selection.
Digging Trenches: Nationalism and the First National Report on the Elementary History Curriculum

Abstract The objective of this historical analysis is to determine the origins of the American elementary history/social studies curriculum and to determine how nationalism affected the curriculum as it progressed in the early twentieth century. The Committee of Eight (Co8), established by the American Historical Association in 1905, created the first national report on the teaching of elementary history and civics. Factors influencing the resultant curriculum, such as the pressure for diverse membership, the curriculum established in European countries, the growth and development of American identity and pride, the massive expansion of public schooling, and regulations on teacher certification are examined. A combination of demands resulted in an elementary history curriculum that was nationalistic in perspective, as the report recommended American history to be the sole focus of study in grades one through eight. Comparisons and implications for the present day elementary history curriculum are discussed.