cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T cells in the uninjected eye after anterior chamber inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1.

PURPOSE. To investigate T cell infiltration in the posterior segment of the uninjected eye after uniocular anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1. METHODS. The anterior chamber of one eye of euthymic BALB/c mice was injected with 1 X 10 4 plaque-forming units (PFU) to 2 X 10 4 PFU of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1; KOS strain). All mice were examined for retinitis on day 8 postinoculation (p.i.). Only mice with retinitis were retained and used in these experiments. Animals were killed on days 9, 11, 14, 21, 35, and 63 p.i. The uninjected eyes were removed. Some of the uninjected eyes were sectioned and stained for CD4 + and CD8 + cells using the avidin-biotinylated enzyme complex method. Infiltrating cells were collected from the remaining uninoculated eyes and stained using rat anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for CD4 + or CD8 + T cells, and the percentage of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS. At day 9 p.i. (acute retinitis), T cells were observed in the uvea but not in the retina of the contralateral eye. CD4 + and CD8 + cells were observed in the sensory retina coincident with the onset of retinal necrosis (day 11 p.i.), and CD4 + and CD8 + T cells continued to be detected in the remnants of the retina up to and including day 63 p.i. The maximum percentage of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was observed at days 21 p.i. CONCLUSIONS. These results demonstrate that T cells enter the retina of the uninoculated eye during HSV-I infection. The observation that T cells arrive in the sensory retina at the onset of retinal necrosis and not during acute retinitis and the peak of virus replication provides further evidence that T cells play a role in development of retinal necrosis. The result that T cells are observed in the uninjected eye as late as day 63 p.i. suggests that T cells might also have a role in the resolution phase of the disease.
Silicone punctal plugs as an adjunctive therapy for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that can cause an irreversible loss of vision. A reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) is beneficial in slowing or halting its progression. Once-per-day monotherapy glaucoma medications, such as prostaglandin analogues, are effective in lowering IOP while maintaining patients' adherence. Achieving the desired target IOP often requires multiple medications. The present study evaluates punctal occlusion of both the inferior and superior puncta as an adjunctive therapy to travoprost ophthalmic solution 0.004% for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in order to reduce IOP. Methods: Thirteen patients who were using travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension received silicone punctal plugs in the superior and inferior puncta of one eye. After one month, the IOP was remeasured. The percentage change of the IOP from the baseline was analysed by using a paired sample t-test. Results: The mean baseline IOP was 19.82 ± 1.19 mmHg in the test eyes and 18.32 ± 1.11 mmHg in the control eyes. The mean IOP at the one-month visit was 18.23 ± 1.17 mmHg in the test eyes and 18.45 ± 1.04 mmHg in the control eyes. The test eyes demonstrated a decrease in IOP of 1.59 (± 0.95) mmHg from the baseline, or a 6.82 per cent decrease in the IOP from the baseline. The control eyes had an increase in IOP of 0.14 ± 0.77 mmHg from the baseline, or a 1.91 per cent increase in the IOP. The relative difference in the IOP between the test eyes and the control eyes at the one-month visit was 1.73 mmHg, or 8.74 per cent. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, punctal occlusion offers a statistically and clinically significant decrease in IOP when it is used as an adjunctive therapy to travoprost 0.004% for patients who are suffering from open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Plasma structures in comets P/Halley and Giacobini-Zinner

An overview of large-scale plasma phenomena is presented based on results of spacecraft probing of comets Halley and Giacobini-Zinner and on worldwide submissions to the Large-Scale Phenomena Discipline Specialist Team of the International Halley Watch. Examples of tail phenomena and science are presented with emphasis on observed disconnection events. The archive of this material will clearly be very valuable for studying the comet/solar-wind interaction during the 1985–1986 apparition of Halley’s comet.
Determination of robot drop location for military path planning using GIS application

Due to the uncertainties and higher risks of fatality in combat situations, Unmanned Ground Robots (UGR) may be proven to be a safer alternative for carrying out critical military missions, such as search and rescue, and reconnaissance operations. Among many issues involved in the Military Path Planning (MPP) problem, this paper discusses factors affecting drop locations of the UGR in the battlefield. A customized GISbased model which finds suitable drop locations of the UGR is developed accordingly. The objective is to reach a known target location as quickly as possible, while minimizing its energy consumption as well as intervention from the enemies distributed in the battlefield. The model is tested on a complex digital terrain, assuming there is a presence of enemy's surveillance system. The result confirms the capability of the proposed method, by indicating that the candidate drop locations are feasible without violation of the specified constraints.
Professional Leadership in Local Government

Local public service professionals are experts who temper their use of expertise with public service ethics. Public service ethics differ from the ethical codes of most professions in that they stress external accountability. Ethical codes of private sector professions create a sense of responsibility to the profession and help undergird professional autonomy. Public service ethics emphasize public responsibility and help create public accountability. City and county managers show how public service ethics can help make experts accountable to the public.
Pensée 3: A Sectarian Middle East?

The problem of “Middle East exceptionalism” is perhaps nowhere as apparent as in the study of Middle East politics, particularly its purported sectarian nature. Our understanding of Middle East politics suffers less from the lack of empirical data than the poverty of the conceptual and theoretical frameworks through which it is studied. Unlike other non-Western regions, the Middle East continues to be analyzed through a conceptual prism that has changed little since the collapse of colonial rule.
Clinical trial design in the neurocritical care unit

Clinical trials provide a robust mechanism to advance science and change clinical practice across the widest possible spectrum. Fundamental in the Neurocritical Care Society’s mission is to promote Quality Patient Care by identifying and implementing best medical practices for acute neurological disorders that are consistent with the current scientific knowledge. The next logical step will be to foster rapid growth of our scientific body of evidence, to establish and disseminate these best practices. In this manuscript, five invited experts were impaneled to address questions, identified by the conference organizing committee as fundamental issues for the design of clinical trials in the neurological intensive care unit setting.
Improved detection of branching points in algorithms for automated neuron tracing from 3D confocal images.

Automated tracing of neuronal processes from 3D confocal microscopy images is essential for quantitative neuroanatomy and neuronal assays. Two basic approaches are described in the literature—one based on skeletonization and another based on sequential tracing along neuronal processes. This article presents algorithms for improving the rate of detection, and the accuracy of estimating the location and process angles at branching points for the latter class of algorithms. The problem of simultaneously detecting branch points and estimating their measurements is formulated as a generalized likelihood ratio test defined on a spatial neighborhood of each candidate point, in which likelihoods were computed using a ridge detection approach. The average detection rate increased from from 37 to 86%. The average error in locating the branch points decreased from 2.6 to 2.1 voxels in 3D images. The generalized hypothesis test improves the rate of detection of branching points, and the accuracy of location estimates, enabling a more complete extraction of neuroanatomy and more accurate counting of branch points in neuronal assays. More accurate branch point morphometry is valuable for image registration and change analysis. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Motivational Interviewing for Means Restriction Counseling With Patients at Risk for Suicide

Abstract The restriction of potentially lethal means during periods of high risk has been identified as one of the more promising suicide prevention strategies. The purpose of this paper is to introduce clinicians to means restriction counseling and to describe a Motivational Interviewing (MI) based approach for use with ambivalent or challenging patients. This paper examines empirical support behind legislative efforts for means restriction along with the limitations. It explains the need for means restriction counseling with adults and requisite challenges. For patients who are reluctant, it describes an MI-based approach to means restriction counseling and provides a case example. By the end of the paper, readers should be aware of the potential importance of means restriction counseling and the possible use of an MI-based approach with challenging patients. Means restriction counseling is a promising clinical intervention for suicidal patients and research on MI-based and other approaches is sorely needed.
Assessment of the diffusion mobilites in the γ′ and B2 phases in the Ni–Al–Cr system

This work presents the assessment of the diffusion mobilities in both the γ′ (Ni3Al-L12) and B2 (NiAl) phases in the Ni–Al–Cr system utilizing the phenomenological model developed by Helander and Agren. Available experimental tracer diffusivity, interdiffusion coefficients and activation energies were evaluated and then used to optimize the composition- and temperature-dependent diffusion mobilities. For both the B2 and γ′ phases, the assessed diffusion mobility descriptions reproduce the Arrhenius temperature dependence for the Ni, Al and Cr tracer diffusivities and interdiffusion coefficients. The assessment reproduces the strong composition dependence of the diffusivities in the B2 phase observed experimentally. The measured composition dependences of the diffusivities in the γ′ phase are also replicated by the present mobility descriptions. The assessed mobility descriptions are validated by comparing calculated and measured composition profiles for a variety of Ni–Al and Ni–Al–Cr diffusion couples, including B2/B2, γ (fcc)/γ′ and γ/B2 couples.
Stability issues in process synthesis

Abstract A systematic methodology is presented for the optimal design of stable systems. The methodology is based upon the formulation of a parametric problem that bounds the optimal stable solution to which it converges within a number of iterations. The approach can be applied to the optimal design of total process flowsheets, as well as to the optimal synthesis of reactor networks where it can simultaneously address optimization and stability issues in superstructures comprised by large numbers of interconnected reactors which process complex reaction schemes.
Echinocandins: a wealth of choice--how clinically different are they?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent decade has been a 'golden age' for antifungal therapy. The introduction of a novel class of antifungals, the echinocandins, has revolutionized the therapy for invasive candidiasis, provided increasing options for antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk patients and energized the debate regarding combination antifungal therapy for invasive mycoses. RECENT FINDINGS Randomized, controlled data exist for each echinocandin in the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and experts largely believe the agents to be equivalent in this setting. Future trials of combined echinocandin-triazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis are desired. Additionally, maximal dosing limitations are being pursued. SUMMARY The echinocandins as a class offer an advance in the treatment of invasive candidiasis, an additional option for prophylaxis and an attractive choice for the study of combination antifungal therapy. Particularly for the major indication (treatment of invasive candidiasis), major clinical differences between agents have not been noted.
Presence of Naturally Occurring Campylobacter and Salmonella in the Mature and Immature Ovarian Follicles of Late-Life Broiler Breeder Hens

Campylobacter and Salmonella are known to cause acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Raw poultry products have been implicated as a significant source of these infections. Five trials were conducted to determine whether Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. exist naturally in the mature and immature ovarian follicles of late-life broiler breeder hens. Broiler breeder hens ranging from 60 to 66 wk of age were obtained from four different commercial breeder operations. For each trial, the hens were removed from the commercial operation and held overnight at the University of Georgia processing facility. The hens were euthanized, defeathered, and aseptically opened. To reduce the possibility of cross-contamination between samples, first the mature and immature ovarian follicles, then the ceca, were aseptically removed. Individual samples were placed in sterile bags, packed on ice, and transported to the laboratory for evaluation. Overall, Campylobacter was found in 7 of 55 immature follicles, 12 of 47 mature follicles, and 41 of 55 ceca. Campylobacter was found in at least one of each sample of mature follicles and in ceca in each of the five trials. Salmonella was found in 0 of 55 immature follicles, 1 of 47 mature follicles, and 8 of 55 ceca. In this study, the recovery rate of Salmonella from late-life broiler breeder hen ovarian follicles was relatively low. However, the recovery rate of Campylobacter from the hen ovarian follicles was reasonably high, suggesting that these breeder hens could be infecting fertile hatching eggs. Determining how Campylobacter contaminated these ovarian follicles and how many chicks could be colonized from this source are the next steps in helping to elucidate a better understanding of this ecology and the control of Campylobacter in poultry production.
Correlation of interface structure with adhesive strength of ion-plated TiN hard coatings

Abstract Interlayers of titanium have been used to improve the adhesion of ion-plated TiN coatings. However, the mechanisms of the improvement of adhesion remain unclear. In this study, we have applied analytical electron microscopy on cross-section specimens and Auger electron spectroscopy to investigate the correlation of the interface structure with the scratch adhesion of ion-plated TiN coatings with and without titanium interlayers on M50 steel substrates. Our results have shown that the interlayer can reduce the internal stresses at the interface region. Furthermore, this titanium interlayer can transform into TiC phase at high substrate temperature both during and after ion plating. These types of treatment can in turn increase the adhesion of the TiN coatings via a better interface contact and stronger chemical bonds.
Investigation of acidic methanol solution as a fuel for microchannel fuel cells

Acidic methanol solutions have been investigated for use in direct methanol microchannel fuel cells. The increased proton conductivity of a methanol solution containing sulfuric acid enables the anode to be constructed with the catalyst separated from the proton exchange membrane. This approach could be especially useful in the fabrication of thin-film microchannel fuel cells where a more complex carbon fabric electrode is not possible. The performance of sequential build-up fuel cells was shown to be improved by depositing an additional layer of Pt/Ru on the side-walls of the anode microchannels opposite the membrane. Results from anode half-cell and full cell experiments are reported.
Meeting vaccination quality measures for hepatitis A and B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection

Coinfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has identified HAV and HBV vaccination as a priority area for quality measurement in HCV. It is unclear to what extent patients with HCV meet these recommendations. We used national data from the Department of Veterans Affairs HCV Clinical Case Registry to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of meeting the quality measure (QM) of receiving vaccination or documented immunity to HAV and HBV in patients with chronic HCV. We identified 88,456 patients who had overall vaccination rates of 21.9% and 20.7% for HBV and HAV, respectively. The QM rates were 57.0% and 45.5% for HBV and HAV, respectively. Patients who were nonwhite or who had elevated alanine aminotransferase levels, cirrhosis, or human immunodeficiency virus were more likely to meet the HBV QM. Factors related to HCV care were also determinants of meeting the HBV QM. These factors included receiving a specialist consult, genotype testing, or HCV treatment. Patients who were older, had psychosis, and had a higher comorbidity score were less likely to meet the HBV QM. With a few exceptions, similar variables were related to meeting the HAV QM. The incidence of superinfection with acute HBV and HAV was low, but it was significantly lower in patients who received vaccination than in those who did not. Conclusion: Quality measure rates for HAV and HBV are suboptimal for patients with chronic HCV. In addition, several patient-related factors and receiving HCV-related care are associated with a higher likelihood of meeting QMs. (HEPATOLOGY 2011)
Some features of the behavior of misfit dislocations during diffusion

Abstract The misfit between one film and another is often accommodated by misfit dislocations. If the crystals are miscible and are allowed to interdiffuse the misfit dislocations become distributed in the alloyed volume. Frequently, some parts of one dislocation move away from the interface into one crystal and other parts move into the other crystal. The parts in one crystal are connected to those in the other by dislocations that thread the diffusion zone. The density of these threading dislocations depends on the misfit between the two crystals, and may be influenced by the Kirkendall effect and by the misfit accommodated by elastic strain. Interaction between misfit dislocations in the diffusion zone often leads to the creation of new grains. These grains are unusual in that their lattices are curved to accommodate misfit between the upper and lower film surfaces. The boundaries to the grains are approximately perpendicular to the original interface and are made up of misfit dislocations that once occupied the material inside the curved grain. As dislocations and grain boundaries enhance diffusion the threading dislocations, and the boundaries to the curved grains, are expected to contribute to mixing of the films.
Collapsing and Integrating Concepts of "Public" and "Image" into a New Theory.

Abstract According to traditional public relations inquiry, public and corporate image are relatively separate theoretical constructs, although the relationship between them is evident. In the model proposed in this article—the receiver/image public model—because both constructs can be seen as determined through the same organizational, social, and personal factors and through the same receiver-oriented process, notions of public and image collapse into the same model of image/public. This model is suggested as an additional model for theorizing the process of how audience members take on membership in publics and receive images of corporations. The figure of multiple images and publics within the receiver is best understood through the cultural studies articulation model of meaning. This new figure of privileging the receiver as well as the organization has radical implications for the theory and the practice of public relations. In this new model, the organization is obligated to target its message to individuals, as well as to audiences or publics.
Single and Multiple Ionization of Sulfur Atoms by Electron Impact.

In 1979 significant concentrations of singly and multiply charged sulfur ions were observed in the Io torus. Attempts to model these observations revealed a need for new fundamental cross section data. In response, laboratory measurements of the cross-sections for single, double, triple and quadruple ionization of sulfur atoms by electron impact are presented for collision energies from threshold to 500 eV.
The diagnostic and statistical manual's new white coat and circularity of plausible dysfunctions: response to Wakefield, part 1.

Wakefield has claimed: (1) logical empiricist models of scientific progress support the view that expansions of the modern DSMs are consistent with such standards of progress; (2) diagnostic label proliferation of the modern DSMs is the same phenomenon as change in physical disease labels of the ICDs; (3) the concepts of disorder and dysfunction should not be separated. I show: (1) Wakefield has misrepresented traditional philosophy of science models of progress to serve his rhetorical aims; (2) Wakefield's claim that DSM label proliferation and ICD change are the same is empirically false; (3) failure to separate the concept of disorder from the concept of dysfunction leads to erroneous reasoning and label proliferation observed in the modern DSMs.
Advanced kidney disease, gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: the perfect storm.

Purpose of reviewStudies of a rare systemic fibrosing condition-entitled nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) are linked to gadolinium-based contrast (GBC) agent exposure in patients with advanced kidney disease. However, many patients with kidney disease are exposed to GBC agents, yet they do not de
Isopiestic studies of aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures VIII. The alkali-metal sulfates

Abstract Osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions of the alkali-metal sulfates over the temperature range 383 to 498 K have been obtained from isopiestic comparisons with NaCl(aq). The ion-interaction model was fitted, by a least-squares computation, to the experimental results. A value of 1.4 for the fixed parameter α gave a better overall fit than the normally used 2.0. In this temperature range the osmotic coefficients of all four solutions decreased with increasing temperature as did activity coefficients calculated from the model. Of the four salts, Cs 2 SO 4 is the most individualistic. For Na 2 SO 4 (aq), there is acceptable agreement with previously reported results.
Rank vs depth for array partitioning

In some applications a subset of the dimensions of an array is used to define a framework which holds instances of cells defined by the complementary subset. A rank four array might be viewed as a page containing several rows of graphs. This structure could be used to apply a rotate function to each of the graphs. Existing proposals to implement a general scheme of program controlled distribution of functions over data arrays are compared. Nested arrays are suggested as the preferred technique. The analogy between the EACH operator and the ENCLOSE function in APL2/NARS leads to remarks on arrays of functions. In that context function distribution becomes a special case of scalar extension.
Early diagnosis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the ICU

Background Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a complication of acquired brain injury manifesting with episodic tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, diaphoresis, hypertonia, and posturing. No universally accepted diagnostic criteria exist and diagnosis is often delayed until the rehabilitation phase.
The Molecular Basis of Prostate Carcinogenesis

This review on prostate cancer is an attempt to update the reader on the current information we have on the disease. There are no definite cures yet for prostate cancer and the exact mechanism of development is far from clear. However, over the years, the information obtained on the disease has increased due to the unceasing flow of research data. In the following pages, you will be briefed on the basic characteristics of prostate cancer, the characterization of the genomic regions affected, the candidate genes involved, the secondary sites of metastases such as bone and the models that have been developed to investigate the disease in detail.
German Studies as Perpetual Difference: A Cosmopolitical Sketch

Conceptualizing the predicament and ambition of an academic discipline such as German Studies through the filters of globalization, my foremost concern is mediation of cultural difference through a careful consideration of the local and the global, the here and the elsewhere. That said, I am neither content with the inclusion of "ethnic minority" authors as native informants of difference, nor with the benevolent appraisal of the "non-native" speaker and/or ethnic minority instructor as the sole purveyor of the global cultural agenda. The reason is simple: thinking along with Kant, I am "concerned not with philanthropy, but with right" (105). As I embrace the obscurant descriptor "non-native" attached to my status as a speaker and teacher of German language and literature, I remain attentive to two kinds of rights: "hospitality," "the right of a stranger not to be treated with hostility when he arrives at someone else's territory" (105) and the "right of resort, for all men (sic) are entitled to present themselves in the society of others by virtue of their right to communal possession of the earth's surface" (106). Indeed an astute attentiveness to this ius cosmpoliticum by native and non-native practitioners of German Studies alike can constructively address the pragmatic and conceptual concerns of our discipline today. Outside of Germany, the discipline's categorization under "Foreign Languages and Liter atures" confers upon it the responsibility of being foreign, strange, fremd. Within Germany, the accelerated transformation of the nation's ethnic and religious composition through mass migration since the early 1960s makes the engagement of German Studies with foreignness and otherness within Germany inevitable. The discipline thus bears the responsibility of ensuring an understanding of difference, while simultaneously offering all non-natives the right to affiliate and associate with the plurality of historical and contem porary Germany.
Diffuse Optical Perfusion and Oxygenation Monitoring in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

We employ diffuse correlation and reflectance spectroscopies to monitor perfusion and oxygenation in mice after hindlimb ischemia. Perfusion results were compared with laser Doppler flowmetry and validated as new tools to assess limb perfusion.
First Report of Leaf and Stem Rust Caused by Puccinia sherardiana on Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia in North America and S. munroana in Wyoming.

Diseased samples of globe mallow, Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia and S. munroana, were submitted by an ornamental seed producer in Wyoming to our Extension Plant Pathology Laboratory in July 1997. Dark brown, amphigenous telia surrounded by chlorotic halos were present on both foliage and stems. Mean teliospore dimensions observed were 30.8 × 44.8 μm. The teliospores germinated readily on water agar at 20°C and formed basidiospores within 24 h. Aecia and uredinia were not found. Based on characteristics mentioned above, this fungus was identified as Puccinia sherardiana Korn (1). This microcyclic rust was previously described on 12 other Sphaeralcea spp. plus other plant species in the Malvaceae family (1,2). Stem and foliar symptoms were reproduced in a greenhouse on 8-week-old plants of S. grossulariaefolia and S. munroana. These plants were inoculated with teliospores removed from the original diseased plant material. Immediately after inoculation, plants were misted and placed in plastic bags and incubated for 36 h at 100% relative humidity and 20°C. Plants continued growth with natural lighting and with day and night temperatures of 20 and 15°C, respectively. Symptoms developed within 12 days with initial telia rupturing the host epidermis 13 days after inoculation. Telia were examined microscopically to complete Koch's postulates. References: (1) J. C. Arthur. Manual of Plant Rusts in United States and Canada. Hafner Pub., 1962. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopatholical Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.
The role of the H-ras oncogene in radiation resistance and metastasis

Abstract The sensitivity of tumor cells to the killing effects of ionizing radiation is thought to be one of the major determinants of curability of tumors in patients treated with radiation therapy. This paper reviews the evidence from our laboratory and other groups which supports a role for oncogenes in the induction of radioresistance in cultured mammalian cells. Primary rat embryo cells (REC) were chosen as a model system in which the effects on radiation resistance of the H-ras oncogene could be studied on a uniform genetic background. These cells offered several useful advantages. The cells prior to transformation are diploid and because they have been in culture only for a few passages prior to transformation with the oncogene it is unlikely that any preexisting mutation affecting radiation response could be present. Additionally, the use of REC permitted the study of the effects of synergism between oncogenes on the induction of the radioresistant phenotype. The results show that the activated H-ras oncogene induces radiation resistance in primary rat cells after transformation, but that the effect of the oncogene by itself is small. However, the myc oncogene, which has no effect on radiation resistance by itself, appears to have a synergistic effect on the induction of radiation resistance by H-ras. Radiation resistance induced by H-ras plus myc is characterized by an increase in the slope of the curve at high doses but there is also a large effect within the shoulder region of the radiation survival curve. The AdenoE1A oncogene which will also act synergistically with ras in transformation assays plays a less clear-cut role in assays of radiation resistance. The H-ras oncogene is also known not only to transform cells but also to induce metastatic behavior in the tumors which form after these transformed cells are injected into syngeneic animals or nude mice. We have also shown in our primary rat embryo cell system that the induction of metastatic behavior in transformed cells, like the induction of radioresistance depends on a complex interaction between oncogenes and the cellular background. This evidence will be reviewed to demonstrate some of the analogies between radiation resistance and metastasis as examples of the complex alterations in cellular phenotype which occur after oncogene transfection. Finally we will review the evidence which suggests that oncogene transfection results in apparently non-random oncogene integration and in non-random karyotypic changes which suggests a mechanism whereby transfection of single genes can result in a cascade of subsequent genetic alterations in the cell leading to complex alterations in cellular phenotype.
Effect of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine upon serum growth hormone concentrations in children and adolescents

Serum growth hormone levels were measured serially in 26 children and adolescents, two adult males, and four patients with Parkinson's disease after oral administration of 0.5 Gm. of l -dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -dopa); the results were compared to those obtained after administration of arginine and insulin. In 22 children without pituitary disease the mean maximum growth hormone concentration (8.9±1.5 [S.E.M.] mμg per milliliter) was recorded 60 minutes after l -dopa ingestion. The mean peak growth hormone concentrations was 11.2±1.4 mμg per milliliter; the mean increment was 10.1±1.4 mμg per milliliter. During a combined arginine-insulin tolerance test (N=19) the mean peak growth hormone value was 13.4±1.3 mμg per milliliter; the mean increment was 11.9±1.2 mμg per milliliter. Growth hormone levels did not increase in four patients with hypopituitarism following administration of l -dopa, arginine, or insulin. Growth hormone concentrations increased in both adult males and in one of four patients with Parkinson's disease after administration of l -dopa. Variable changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations followed l -dopa ingestion. l -dopa stimulates the release of growth hormone in young subjects without pituitary disease.
Winged helix transcription factor BF-1 is essential for the development of the cerebral hemispheres

We generated mice with a null mutation of the forebrain-restricted transcription factor BF-1 to examine its function in brain development. Heterozygous animals have an apparently normal phenotype. Homozygous null BF-1 mutants die at birth and have a dramatic reduction in the size of the cerebral hemispheres. The development of the ventral telencephalon is more severely affected than that of the dorsal telencephalon. Telencephalic neuroepithelial cells are specified in the BF-1 mutant, but their proliferation is reduced. Dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelial cells also differentiate prematurely, leading to early depletion of the progenitor population. These results suggest that BF-1 controls the morphogenesis of the telencephalon by regulating the rate of neuroepithelial cell proliferation and the timing of neuronal differentiation.
Mercury and Methylmercury Dynamics in a Coastal Plain Watershed, New Jersey, USA

The upper Great Egg Harbor River watershed in New Jersey’s Coastal Plain is urbanized but extensive freshwater wetlands are present downstream. In 2006–2007, studies to assess levels of total mercury (THg) found concentrations in unfiltered streamwater to range as high as 187 ng/L in urbanized areas. THg concentrations were <20 ng/L in streamwater in forested/wetlands areas where both THg and dissolved organic carbon concentrations tended to increase while pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nitrate decreased with flushing of soils after rain. Most of the river’s flow comes from groundwater seepage; unfiltered groundwater samples contained up to 177 ng/L of THg in urban areas where there is a history of well water with THg that exceeds the drinking water standard (2,000 ng/L). THg concentrations were lower (<25 ng/L) in unfiltered groundwater from downstream wetland areas. In addition to higher THg concentrations (mostly particulate), concentrations of chloride were higher in streamwater and groundwater from urban areas than in those from downstream wetland areas. Methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in unfiltered streamwater ranged from 0.17 ng/L at a forest/wetlands site to 2.94 ng/L at an urban site. The percentage of THg present as MeHg increased as the percentage of forest + wetlands increased, but also was high in some urban areas. MeHg was detected only in groundwater <1 m below the water/sediment interface. Atmospheric deposition is presumed to be the main source of Hg to the wetlands and also may be a source to groundwater, where wastewater inputs in urban areas are hypothesized to mobilize Hg deposited to soils.
Light narrowing of magnetic resonance lines in dense, optically pumped alkali-metal vapor

A new and unusual phenomenon which we call light narrowing is reported and discussed in this paper. We discovered this effect in dense, spin-polarized cesium vapor optically pumped with a cw blue dye laser beam tuned to the second resonance ${D}_{1}$ line (4593 \AA{}). We observe a significant narrowing of the radio-frequency power-broadened magnetic resonance lines (linewidths narrow by as much as a factor of 2.5) when the intensity of the circularly polarized incident dye laser beam is increased by either focusing the beam or by the removal of attenuating filters from the focused beam. The magnetic resonance linewidths in spin-polarized cesium vapor were measured over a wide range of cesium number densities (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ \ensuremath{\le}[Cs]\ensuremath{\le}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$). This corresponds to cesium spinexchange rates of 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ to 9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For low cesium number densities (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ [Cs]3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) the light-narrowing effect is large (a factor of 2.5) and independent of [Cs]. In the region of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ to 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ in number densities, the light-narrowing effect decreases with increasing [Cs]. At high cesium number densities ([Cs]g 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) this light-narrowing effect almost completely disappears. In the limit of low-radio-frequency power the magnetic resonance linewidths for focused and unfocused dye laser beam are nearly the same. Experimental observations on this new effect are presented in detail. In the latter part of this paper a self-contained theoretical treatment of the light-narrowing effect is developed. Using Bloch equations in the presence of optical pumping, spin relaxation (diffusion, electron randomization), rapid spin exchange, and radio-frequency magnetic field, expressions for magnetic resonance line shapes are derived. In general, we find good agreement between our experimental results and the theory.
Inner-scale size effect on the scintillations of light in the turbulent atmosphere

The asymptotic theory has been used to calculate the effect of the inner-scale size of the eddies on the properties of the irradiance variance and covariance of a plane wave propagating in a turbulent medium. It is found that the inclusion of a finite inner scale leads to an increase in the irradiance variance over what is predicted in the limit when the inner scale is zero. In addition, the inclusion of a finite inner scale alters the results for the spatial scales over which the irradiance scintillations are correlated. Finally, the results obtained are compared with recent predictions obtained by using the heuristic theory.
Cerebellar volume decreases in the tottering mouse are specific to the molecular layer.

Abstract The volume of the cerebellum as a whole and the volume of the molecular layer per Purkinje cell in adult tottering ( tg tg ) and tottering/leaner ( tg tg la ) mice were reduced when compared with normal age-matched wild type mice (+/+). No changes in the volume of the granule cell layer or white matter layer were detected, suggesting that the mutation effects were limited to the molecular layer of the cerebellum. The density of Purkinje cells and the total number of Purkinje cells did not vary between groups. The cerebellar and body weights were decreased in tg tg and tg tg la mice compared with +/+ mice.
IRON INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MAY ALTER THE RATE OF AGING IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA

Iron is known to play a catalytic role in the generation of oxygen free radicals in vitro. The present study was conducted in order to determine the in vivo effects of iron intake. Administration of 2 mM ferrous chloride to adult male houseflies in their drinking water significantly shortened their life span, increased the concentration of inorganic peroxides and chloroform-soluble fluorescent material, and stimulated the activity of catalase. Levels of superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione and oxygen utilization were unaffected. Overall, these results indicate that iron causes oxidative stress in vivo and may influence the rate of aging.
The Role of Acculturation in Wife Assault

Existing research has demonstrated that Hispanic Americans as a group exhibit some of the highest rates of violent behavior toward theirspouses. Evidence exists, however; that suggests that these rates vary by Hispanic group identification (e.g., Puerto Rican, Mexican, Mexican American, Cuban). One explanation for these ethnic differences suggests that they may be a result of the process of acculturation. It is also possible that variations in rates of wife assault attibuted to differences in acculturation level may be caused by differences in measures of this concept. This study used the 1992 National Alcohol and Family Violence Survey, a national sample of 1,970 persons, to examine the role of acculturation in both minor and severe wife assault as well as the impact of using different indicators of acculturation. Generational status was the only measure of acculturation that consistently predicted wife assaults; however; ethnic-group differences remained after controlling for differences in acculturatio...
92 Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among US employees of a large company

Objectives Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of work absenteeism. Risk for MSD is multi-dimensional, and individuals with MSDs have a diverse array of co-morbid mental and physical illnesses that impact productivity in the work place. We examined the prevalence of MSDs, including low back pain (LBP), among US-based workers for a large manufacturing company. Methods Health insurance claims data for 25,419 employees from 2006 through 2011 were used to determine eligibility and outcome status. 92% of the workforce is enrolled in a company-sponsored health insurance plan. Employees were categorised as ever having any MSD according to the presence of at least one insurance claim for a list of conditions based on ICD-9 codes. Prevalence of and trends in MSD rates were evaluated for demographic and occupational characteristics. Results Eligible workers were predominantly white (73%) and male (75%). Median age was 50 years old. The annual average proportion of employees who had at least one MSD insurance claim was 36%. More than 33% of the MSD claims were for LBP. Female employees were more likely to have an MSD-related insurance claim than males (p Conclusions The findings of this analysis highlight the magnitude of MSD prevalence for an ageing workforce. The prevalence of MSDs based on insurance claims was consistent with rates reported by the US Bureau of Labour Statistics for MSDs involving work absences from 1992 to 2007 (29 to 34%). The claims-based prevalence for this workforce was lower than the self-reported proportion of MSD for the U. S. adult population (48%). These results will inform identification and management of occupational conditions that address the impact of MSDs on work productivity.
Effect of Lipopolysaccharides of Gram Negative Bacilli in the Rat Litter in utero.

SummaryThe LD50 for rats of LS of E. typhosa was 6 mg/kg, for E. coli 10 mg/kg, S. marcescens 25 mg/kg, B. abortus Bang 60 mg/kg, and Streptococcus A more than 500 mg/kg. The ratio of lethal dosage...
Increased effectiveness of an interactive warning in a realistic incidental product-use situation

Abstract Information about hazards and safe use of products is often provided in warning labels. In recent years, researchers have been exploring factors that influence warning effectiveness. One promising design factor is an interactive label that requires manipulation by users before or during use of a product. In the present research, the effectiveness of two interactive warning labels (with and without a color component) were compared to a standard label in the context of a realistic product-use task. The task involved the setup of video equipment in which participants connected the electrical cords to power outlets — during which they were incidentally exposed to one of three warnings attached to extension cords. Another factor manipulated in the experiment was task load, low versus higher, in which the higher load condition had an extra task that had to be performed within the same time frame. The results showed that the interactive labels were noticed, recalled and complied to more often than a standard on-product label. Increasing task load and adding color to the interactive label showed no significant influence. The results suggest that the interactive label facilitates the capturing of attention, thus increasing the potential for further processing of the message.
Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal voting rights legislation and the civil rights protests in Selma and Birmingham, Alabama, in 1965. Emphasis on Martin Luther King, Jr., as leader of SCLC.
Brief Report: Grade Placement of Addition and Subtraction Topics in Japan, Mainland China, the Soviet Union, Taiwan, and the United States.

There has been considerable recent concern about the mathematics achievement of children in the United States compared to that of children in the Soviet Union and in countries of the Far East (Benderson, 1984; Fiske, 1987; Husen, 1967; Stevenson, Lee, & Stigler, 1986; Stigler, Lee, Lucker, & Stevenson, 1982; Wirszup, 1986). One possible source of the superior achievement in these other countries is the placement of topics within the mathematics curriculum. If topics are presented earlier in these countries, children would be given an opportunity to cover more topics and thus might be able to learn more mathematics by comparable grade levels. The present study examined the grade placement of topics in basic addition and subtraction computation with whole numbers across five countries: Japan, mainland China, the Soviet Union, Taiwan, and the United States.
Inhibition of α-aminoisobutyric acid transport in membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblasts after phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases from several mammalian sources inhibit Na+-dependent α-aminoisobutyric acid transport by membrane vesicles isolated from 3T3 cells. Evidence is provided that phosphorylation of membrane proteins by the enzyme is responsible for the inhibition. Lysis of the vesicles, or a reduction in the intravesicular volume is not the cause of reduced transport. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and its catalytic subunit phosphorylate a number of membrane proteins. Most of these proteins are phosphorylated, but to a lesser extent in the absence of protein kinase or cyclic AMP. The phosphorylated proteins remain associated with the membranes during hypotonic lysis treatments, which would be expected to release intra-vesicular contents and loosely associated membrane proteins. 32P-labeled bands detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels after phosphorylation of membranes by the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase are eliminated by treatment with either pronase or 1 N NaOH, but not by ribonuclease nor by phospholipase C. The stability of the incorporated radioactivity to hot acid and hydroxylamine relative to hot base suggests that most of the 32P from [γ-32P]ATP is incorporated into protein phosphomonoester linkages.