cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melt growth and properties of B6P crystals

Abstract The compound semiconductor boron subphosphide has, at low temperatures, an ideal stoichiometry of 6 boron atoms to 1 phosphorus atom. This unit cell contains Bi12P2 and has a density of 2.60 g cm 3 . It has been melted under inert gas pressure at 2120°C with very little loss of phosphorus. Data are presented on the diffusion coefficient of phosphorus, the refractive index, the band gap, and the optical absorption coefficient. Some optical data on B6As are also given.
An integrated metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) memory

A nonvolatile integrated metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) word organized memory was fabricated. The salient features of this integrated storage array are 1) WRITE cycle 2.0 microseconds, READ cycle 500 nanoseconds, 2) WRITE voltage ± 25V, 3) single device per storage bit, 4) MOS driving circuitry with no isolation between MOS and MNOS devices on the same chip, and 5) nonvolatile storage of information.
Density of the ocean crust

The density structure and average density of the oceanic crust have implications for various geological and geophysical problems, including interpretations of gravity data, the variation of lithospheric bouyancy in relation to age, and role and fate of the crust in subduction. But no systematic evaluation of oceanic crustal density has been made and estimates range from 2.85 to 3.0 Mg m−3 (refs 1–3). We have made an evaluation based on seismic refraction data in combination with drilling results, laboratory studies of seismic properties of oceanic and ophiolitic rocks, and ophiolite lithostratigraphy. Our preferred value for the mean density of the oceanic crust is 2.89±0.04 Mg m−3
Mechanism of Hexosamine-Induced Insulin Resistance in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Glutamine:Fructose-6-Phosphate Amidotransferase: Decreased Glucose Transporter GLUT4 Translocation and Reversal by Treatment with Thiazolidinedione

Hexosamines have been hypothesized to mediate aspects of glucose sensing and toxic effects of hyperglycemia. For example, insulin resistance results when the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFA), is overexpressed in muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice. The glucose infusion rates required to maintain euglycemia at insulin infusion rates of 0.5, 2, 15, and 20 mU/kg x min were 39-90% lower in such transgenic mice, compared with their control littermates (P < or = 0.01). No differences were observed in hepatic glucose output, serum insulin levels, or muscle ATP levels. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, measured under conditions of hyperinsulinemia, was significantly lower in transgenic hindlimb muscle, compared with controls (85.9 +/- 17.8 vs. 166.8 +/- 15.1 pmol deoxyglucose/g x min). The decrease in glucose uptake by transgenic muscle was associated with a disruption in the translocation of the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter GLUT4. Fractionation of muscle membranes on a discontinuous sucrose gradient revealed that insulin stimulation of control muscle led to a 28.8% increase in GLUT4 content in the 25% fraction and a 61.2% decrease in the 35% fraction. In transgenic muscle, the insulin-stimulated shifts in GLUT4 distribution were inhibited by over 70%. Treatment of the transgenic animals with the thiazolidinedione troglitazone completely reversed the defect in glucose disposal without changing GFA activity or the levels of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine. Overexpression of GFA in skeletal muscle thus leads to defects in glucose transport similar to those seen in type 2 diabetes. These data support the hypothesis that excess glucose metabolism through the hexosamine pathway may be responsible for the diminished insulin sensitivity and defective glucose uptake that are seen with hyperglycemia.
Refugees within Israel: The Case of the Villagers of Kafr Bir'Im and Iqrit

On April 1, 1973, near Hadera in Israel, almost 7,000 Arabs and Jews took part in an open air meeting of solidarity with the inhabitants of Kafr Bir'im and Iqrit. I The meeting was a reminder that the cause of these two small, empty ruined villages in northern Israel along the Lebanese border, so prominent in 1972, has still not died. The inhabitants of these two villages the "Uprooted," as they have been termed in the Israeli press who were dispossessed by the Israeli army in 1948, have been struggling from within Israel for a quarter of a century for the right to return to their homes. In 1972, their case finally burst into the open and provoked controversy inside Israel and among both Jews and non-Jews outside. Some indication of the impact upon American Jewish opinion of the demand of these villagers to return to their homes in 1972, and its cold reception by the Israeli government, is suggested by an article in the American Jewish Congress periodical, the Congress Bi-weekly, by Chaim I. Waxman. Acknowledging that the affair of the villages had received some coverage in the United States, Waxman expressed the fear that the Israeli government's refusal to allow the villagers to return could become a major weapon in the arsenals of critics of Zionism and Israel. Presenting a point of view favourable to the dispossessed villagers and critical of the government's handling of the situation, Waxman affirmed: "Before too much time elapses, it behooves us to reexamine the issues involved in this most difficult question which presents Israel with one of its most serious moral challenges." 2 In Israel
Evidence for Territorial Behavior in a Burrowing Wolf Spider

Evidence is presented for territorial behavior in a burrowing wolf spider, Geolycosa xera archboldi McCrone (Araneae, Lycosidae). These spiders live in burrows in the scrub habitats of central Florida, USA. Mean nearest-neighbor distances repeatedly approximate 30 cm. The constancy of this mean indicates that social spacing may be occurring. A test for perceptual range showed that G. xera can respond to potential prey at distances greater than 30 cm, indicating that the 30-cm nearest-neighbor distance does not represent a distance within which larger neighboring burrow-holders treat smaller neighboring conspecifics as food. Dyadic encounters in field enclosures showed that the distance at which neighbors would not be tolerated was within the observed mean nearest-neighbor distance. In these experimental tests for territorial behavior, smaller dyad members lost burrows significantly more often than larger dyad members.
An investigation of the structure-property relationships in melt-processable high-acrylonitrile copolymer filaments

A comprehensive investigation was undertaken to understand why the structure of a high-acrylonitrile (AN) resin renders it melt processable, how it affects the microstructure, and what filament properties it supports. High-AN homo- and copolymers have excellent chemical and ultraviolet light resistances that make them suited for many engineered industrial applications. Traditionally, these AN-copolymers are dissolved in a solvent and extruded into fibers by dry and wet spinning, because they tend to degrade rather than melt. Recent advances in copolymer synthesis have created the first AN-resins that can be melt processed, and, are produced more economically and in an environmentally friendly way. The block distributions were examined using solution nuclear magnetic resonance. Thermal behavior of the solid-to-ductile transitions was observed with differential scanning calorimetry to gain insight into the nature of the temperature-dependent solid-state interactions between chains. Filament extrusion was conducted utilizing a range of parameters to obtain filaments varying in structures and properties. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction was used to gain insight into the solid-state conformations and organization of the copolymer chains. It is concluded that melt-extruded filaments do not develop a distinct semi-crystalline morphology, but instead tend to develop a paracrystalline ordered structure. Mechanical properties can be varied, and under optimal conditions, compare favorably with those found in other melt-extruded polymer fibers that are not, resistant to chemical and UV exposure.
Reconstruction of an unknown boundary portion from Cauchy data in n dimensions

We consider the inverse problem of determining the shape of some inaccessible portion of the boundary of a region in n dimensions from Cauchy data for the heat equation on an accessible portion of the boundary. The inverse problem is quite ill-posed and nonlinear. We develop a Newton-like algorithm for solving the problem, with a simple and efficient means for computing the required derivatives, develop methods for regularizing the process, and provide computational examples.
Ephrin receptor expression in the embryonic bursa of fabricius.

Utilizing degenerate PCR primers complementary to conserved regions within the kinase domain of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) genes, the goal was to compare the full complement of RTK expressed (mRNA level) between two developmental stages of bursal B-cells. We identified 21 different RTK cDNAs out of a total of 235 cDNAs sequenced between the two B-cell stages. The dataset revealed the expression of RTK genes important in developmental processes, namely the ephrin receptors (Eph). The ephrin receptors and the ephrin ligands play critical roles in embryo development by controlling the organization of cells in tissues and by inducing cellular differentiation.
A Porous Media Reciprocal Flow Burner With Embedded Heat Exchangers

Superadiabatic combustion in porous media allows a stable burning of ultra-lean methane/air mixtures, far below flammability limits. The heat regeneration effect of the porous matrix and the low degree of thermal non-equilibrium between the gas and the solid phases keep temperature values above the minimum necessary for combustion and hence the CO and NOx production at extremely low levels. Due to the transient nature of this phenomenon, a method to confine the combustion into a practical burner has been engineered. The Reciprocal Flow Burner (RFB) is an effective and simple system to achieve this result. A heat exchanger embedded into the pellets makes it an appealing alternative for high-efficiency low-emission heat production. In the present work, a numerical model is compared to experiments to provide a better understanding of heat extraction from a RFB.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
PMA7: CONTROLLING FOR BIASES FROM MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN HEALTH OUTCOMES RESEARCH USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING

OBJECTIVES: Measurement errors in independent variables may lead to attenuated estimates of their effects and may contaminate estimates for other covariates in conventional linear regression models (LRM). However, the direction and magnitude of these biases are difficult to determine theoretically. Measurement error is a serious problem in health services research as health status is a latent variable that can only be measured with error using proxy variables. This study empirically evaluated the validity of LRM models in health outcomes research. METHODS: SEMs with a latent health construct are proposed and compared with LRM models to examine the bias of measurement errors in general health status using data from a study of the impact of pharmacist's consultation on both health outcomes and costs (KP/USC study). Perceived health status at a given time point was modeled as a latent variable measured by the multiple scales of the SF-36. RESULTS: The latent health construct with multiple scales of the SF-36 and its SEMs for health outcomes and costs are empirically supported by the KP/USC data. SEM estimations of the latent health construct in both the measurement model and the structural model were all statistically significant with expected signs. As predicted, LRM estimates for the SF-36 scales were attenuated. However, there is no strong evidence that LRM estimations of treatment effect were contaminated by the measurement errors in the SF-36 or that the simultaneity between health outcomes and costs. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement errors in health status variables may result in attenuated estimates of health status effects on patient outcomes. Fortunately, careful study design can eliminate the contamination of treatment effect estimates due to errors in measuring health status. Moreover, SEM methods can be used to control both attenuation and resonation biases.
Investigating the potential causal relationship between parental knowledge and youth risky behavior: a propensity score analysis.

This longitudinal study aims to explore the potential causal relationship between parental knowledge and youth risky behavior among a sample of rural, early adolescents (84 % White, 47 % male). Using inverse propensity weighting, the sample was adjusted by controlling for 33 potential confounding variables. Confounding variables include other aspects of the parent–child relationship, parental monitoring, demographic variables, and earlier levels of problem behavior. The effect of parental knowledge was significant for youth substance and polysubstance use initiation, alcohol and cigarette use, attitudes towards substance use, and delinquency. Our results suggest that parental knowledge may be causally related to substance use during middle school, as the relationship between knowledge and youth outcomes remained after controlling for 33 different confounding variables. The discussion focuses on understanding issues of causality in parenting and intervention implications.
Lucas: a system for modeling land-use change

Changes in land use depend on both natural processes and human behavior, complicating the job of natural resource managers. Building Lucas (Land-Use Change Analysis System) to model and predict land-use change required expertise from ecologists, economists, sociologists and computer scientists. The C++ object-oriented language allowed a flexible, modular approach.
Direct hydrocarbon detection: some examples

Many Australian crude oils are primarily paraffinic in composition, have high API gravities (light oils) and, although under-saturated, have high gas/oil ratios. Studies show that only small quantities of gas are required to produce an impedance contrast from a water- or oil-saturated sand, and that these high gravity oils should be detectable by direct hydrocarbon techniques. Careful study of the rock properties, reflectivities and processing parameters, as illustrated from a number of field examples, are required for successful hydrocarbon detection.
Heart failure in African Americans: pathophysiology and treatment.

Heart failure in African Americans has become a pressing clinical issue because of worrisome signals that African Americans suffer from a higher morbidity and mortality from heart failure. This article reviews the available data on the clinical manifestations of heart failure (HF) in the African American population and will consider the clinical trial evidence suggesting the possibility of a different response to medical therapy. An emphasis will be placed on the potential benefit of compounds that augment nitric oxide and its influence on cardiovascular physiology.
Assessment of pain in the paediatric patient

Abstract Paediatric pain assessment presents unique challenges to the healthcare team. Nursing staff provide the most frequent and ongoing assessment of pain and are responsible for reporting any problems or concerns to the physician-led services. A variety of tools are available to assist with pain assessment. Understanding when these should be used is an essential component of care. The nurse must consider verbal and non-verbal assessment techniques. An understanding of the peak effect of common analgesics is also important. Each patient needs an individualised plan of care. An effective pain assessment is a key component of appropriate pain management. Poorly controlled pain can result in adverse short- and long-term consequences.
Influence of organic-modifier concentration on plate number in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Acetonitrile

A quantitative theory of plate numberN in micellar electrokinetic chromatography shows that analytes are dispersed by longitudinal diffusion and instrumental contributions in buffers containing sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) surfactant and 0–10%v/v acetonitrile. TheN's of weakly retained neutral and negatively charged analytes decreased slightly as acetonitrile concentration, or [ACN], increased; with increasing [ACN], these analytes diffused at similar or slightly faster rates and eluted at slightly later times. TheN's of strongly retained analytes decreased rapidly as [ACN] increased; with increasing [ACN], these analytes diffused faster and eluted at much later times. The later elution time affectedN more than the faster diffusion. The strongly retained analytes eluted at later times in ACN-containing buffers because the micellar electrophoretic mobility decreased less rapidly with increasing [ACN] than did the electroosmosis, enabling the micelles to migrate upstream with increasing success. This difference of migration rate caused the micelles and highly solubilized analytes to drift slowly toward the detector. Although conductivity measurements showed that SDS micelles were more charged in ACN's presence than in its absence, the micellar electrophoretic mobility varied inversely with buffer viscosity. In contrast, the electro-osmosis decreased more rapidly with increasing [ACN] than could be explained by only changes of buffer viscosity.
Tumor regression mechanisms by IL-13 receptor-targeted cancer therapy involve apoptotic pathways.

IL-13 cytotoxin, composed of IL-13 and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin, targets IL-13R-overexpressing tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo. To reveal the molecular mechanism of IL-13 cytotoxin–induced cell death in vivo, we demonstrate activation of apoptotic pathways in 2 s.c. growing human SCCHN tumor models in immunodeficient mice after i.t. administration of IL-13 cytotoxin. Treatment of HN12 tumor bearing mice with i.p. or i.t. administration of IL-13 cytotoxin mediated marked regression of established tumors with complete remission. Interestingly, after a single i.t. administration, IL-13 cytotoxin disappeared within 6 hr but accumulation of caspase-3, -8 and –9 and cleavage of procaspase-3 and PARP continued within the tumors for a prolonged period. We further demonstrate that IL-13 cytotoxin also utilizes an alternate pathway of cell death via the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol. Our results indicate that IL-13 cytotoxin induces 2 major pathways of apoptosis, which may play a role in tumor regression. In addition, apoptotic molecules may serve as surrogate molecular markers of tumor response to IL-13R-directed cytotoxin therapy. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Properties of the plateau zone of starbranched polybutadienes and polystyrenes

Abstract The plateau zone of monodisperse star polymers has a maximum in G″(ω). The time associated with this relaxation process ( 1 ω max ) is found to depend on the square of the number of entanglements per arm. It depends also on the monomeric friction coefficient (ζ0). These are the dependencies expected for a Rouse type process. It is found that 1 ω max agrees well with Teq, the characteristic time for equilibration of the arm after deformation in the Doi and Pearson-Helfand theories. Teq is calculated from the zero-shear properties of the stars. The agreement of Teq and 1 ω max depends however on the choice of γ′. Reasonable agreement is also found when Teq is calculated from ζ0 and 〈S2〉0, molecular characteristics of the linear chain. This would indicate that ζ0 for the arm contraction is essentially the same as for other long-chain motions.
Modeling and simulation of low duty ratio buck synchronous converter under large load current switching

This paper presents the spice simulation of low duty ratio synchronous Buck converter under large load switching conditions. The voltage regulator module (VRM) in this category uses multiphase synchronous Buck converter for supplying large load currents. The low duty ratio Buck converter causes larger peak-peak ripple, therefore, the two-loop control scheme is used for achieving desired voltage and current performance. The input and output voltages in the VRM simulation are respectively 8.5 V and 1V respectively. The simulation circuit uses a single phase equivalent circuit for simulation with double capacitors in the input and output circuits to account for actual values used per phase. The simulation circuit uses a parasitic inductor at the input side to account for the copper trace and the module connector pin. The output circuit uses an inductor L2 of 0.38 uH to reduce The dc average equivalent circuit of a single phase converter (also known as the dc transformer) is shown in Fig. 2.D is the duty ratio. IO is the load current. Figure 3 shows the two phases of the Buck converter with all parasitic components. the output current ripple. The load current swing is considered 12 A which is equivalent to 24 Amp switching in the actual 2-phase module. The simulation shows that by selecting low ESR capacitors a 0.06% output voltage transient can be achieved for 13-25 Amp load switching.
Making a “Real” Family

Abstract This paper discusses the policy of matching as it has influenced American adoption practice. The word “matching” is shorthand for a set of assumptions built around the principle that when a child is “like” her or his adoptive parents, the adoption will be successful. The policy involves establishing criteria for likeness; traits upon which likeness has been based include, explicitly, race, ethnicity, and religion, and, implicity, class. My article shows how, as race became the primary criterion of likeness, matching linked adoption with broader issues in American culture and politics. Resting on a biological model, racial matching reflects changing views of racial equality and of “multiculturalism.” My paper also asks how the increasingly articulated experiences of adoptive parents, birth parents, and adoptees in the 1980s and 1990s impinge on the implementation of matching by social workers, lawyers, and other experts involved in adoption. In conclusion, I speculate on the future interconnection...
Water formation on Pt(111): Reaction of an intermediate with H2(g)

Abstract The formation of water from an intermediate, I, and H2 on Pt(111) has been studied using static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) at temperatures where the product water remains adsorbed (
Biasing Effect of Respondents' Identification on Responses to a Social Desirability Scale: A Warning to Researchers

The present study investigated the potentially biasing effect of respondents' identification in regard to responses made to the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. The degree of manifest desi...
Autobiographical Inquiry, Teacher Education, and (the Possibility of) Social Justice

(2007). Autobiographical Inquiry, Teacher Education, and (the Possibility of) Social Justice. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 161-175.
Calculation of the stress-strain state of orthotropic bodies under a bending load

A method is developed for determining the components of the stress tensor and displacement vector in a bent thick orthotropic slab. The solution is obtained in the form of double exponential-trigonometric series. The unknown parameters of the problem are determined by minimizing the functional of potential energy with allowance for boundary conditions on the surface of the slab.
Durable and cost-effective 3-D microforce sensor for musical tuning enhanced micro palpation of biological entities

This paper presents our development of highly sensitive and durable 3-D microforce sensors for our musical tuning enhanced in-vitro micro palpation system that will help to intuitively and interactively identify (by hearing) the mechanical signature or bio-marker of biological entities, including cells, embryos, tissues, and organs. During the implementation, the sensor serves as “tactile stethoscope” that be able to access the surface of biological entity and measures its mechanical properties and changes. These measurements are then converted into 88-key piano musical voices for hearing and identification in real time. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the developed microforce sensors, as well successful preliminary in-vitro micro palpation on the fruit vesicles. Our development on the sensors is a major step towards a multimodal, intuitive, and interactive system engineering approach for biomedical studies such as cellular pathology, tissue engineering, plant and animal physiology.
Parents of Invention: The Development of Library Automation Systems in the Late 20th Century.

Prior to his death in 2012, Christopher Brown-Syed was the editor of the journal, Library and Archival Security, and taught at Seneca College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Earlier in his career, he was an employee of the library automation vendors, Plessey and Geac. Parents of Invention is a collection of memoirs and reflections on the developments in library automation from the late 1970s through the middle 1990s, from the viewpoint of employees of vendors and libraries at the time. Parents of Invention gives insight into the development of integrated library systems during this period, which saw the revolution of circulation and catalog functions in libraries. Brown-Syed writes from a Canadian perspective, and many of the contributors to the book are from Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. Brown-Syed is cognizant of US libraries and vendors, and refers to US examples and experiences on occasion. The author interviewed fifteen individuals via phone and email while researching this book. A closing chapter contributed by Louise O'Neill of McGill University, Canada, addresses future trends for automation in libraries. Online bibliographic retrieval systems for literature searching are briefly discussed, but readers of a certain age will notice some of the facts are wrong. Ovid, a well-known bibliographic database vendor, is rightly credited with revolutionizing online searching through end-user access to its CD-ROM products in biomedical libraries. Ovid's publication of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE to CD-ROM kept many librarians busy during this period with changing discs and watching for overheating of CD-ROM towers. However, Brown-Syed does not use the correct company name for the period discussed, which was CD Plus Technologies, a name that Ovid carried from its founding through the early 1990s. CD Plus did not change its name to Ovid until the late 1990s, when client-server and Internet technology made access to online journal articles possible. Also, typographical errors are noticeable throughout the book. American readers may be distracted by British spellings, abbreviation conventions, and world view. Still, the book is a valuable contribution to documenting the challenges that the parents of invention were faced with while working together to implement new technologies to improve library operations. This book is recommended for library and information science students, and anyone interested in reading histories of library automation and librarian memoirs.
Hypothesis for increased atmospheric methane input from hydrocarbon seeps on exposed continental shelves during glacial low sea level

Natural marine hydrocarbon seeps on continental margins today represent a small source of methane in the global atmosphere budget, which is dominated by anthropogenic sources and contributions from wetlands in the tropics and northern high latitudes. In glacial times with lowered sea level, exposed seeps must have vented directly to the atmosphere and the portion of methane that was formerly dissolved and oxidized in the ocean contributed to the global atmospheric methane budget. We estimate that during lowered sea level 40–100!10 12 g/yr of methane were added to the atmosphere from gas seeps on the exposed shelves. This source could account for much of the atmospheric methane during glacial episodes because major wetlands were largely absent prior to the Holocene. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Efficient charge neutralization with an ac corona ionizer

This paper discusses the problem of obtaining effective charge neutralization by an ac corona ionizer with airflow. The motion of ions and the neutralization of a charged object for different discharge frequencies and airflow velocities are investigated by a computer fluid model for positive and negative ions. The results of the investigation show that, in the region of ion transport, the quasi-neutralized charge distribution self-generated by positive and negative ions during charge neutralization can effectively transport the ions themselves from an ionizer to a charged object and significantly reduce both the unwanted fluctuation and dc offset in the potential of the object at a steady state, resulting in efficient and precise charge neutralization. Since the quasi-neutralization greatly depends on the relationship between the discharge frequency and airflow velocity, the control of the relationship may lead to better neutralization with an air-blowing ac ionizer.
Early Hominid Humerus from East Rudolf, Kenya

A fossil hominid humerus discovered in 1970 by the expedition to East Rudolf, Kenya, led by R. E. F. Leakey is examined in comparison with a large series of extant hominoids. This comparison as well as a multiple discriminant analysis shows the uniqueness of the fossil among the hominoids.
Smart Grid: The Components and Integrating Communication

The common elements and major components of the "Smart Grid," and the integrated communication platforms that allow for these components to become an integrated infrastructure are discussed. The basis for the definition of a "Smart Grid" will parallel the US government's definition as defined in the Energy Independence & Security Act '07 (EISA of 2007). Title XIII of EISA of 2007 is the basis for the practical solutions to the current issues regarding: bulk generation, transmission systems, power distribution, and the customer domain of the power system. Through integrating new modern microprocessor-based devices with various communication networks and protocols, information systems to manage the data of these emerging technologies can enable new applications for utilities and the customers alike. Through this integration and defining applications, the purpose of the smart grid will be developed and meaning will be brought to the new-coined term "smart" grid.
Electrochemical Micromachining on Porous Nickel for Arrays of Electrospray Ion Emitters

The emission of molecular ions from ionic liquid ion sources (ILIS) poses a number of advantages in applications from materials science to space propulsion. However, practical implementation of these field emitters requires their grouping into dense arrays of emitters to increase current throughput. A process to micromachine ILIS on porous metals is presented using a mixture of photolithographic and electrochemical etching techniques. It is found that emitter uniformity and pore integrity are achieved with pulsed voltage etching in a regime controlled by the thickness of the layer composed of products from the electrochemical dissolution process. Postetching in a presaturated solution is then applied to obtain a smooth rounded shape of porous metal emitters, which is adequate for ILIS operation. A prototype implementation is demonstrated in porous nickel with a mean pore size of 5 μm achieving uniform triangular arrays of 480 ILIS in a 1-cm2 area mounted on a silicon frame. Each emitter is about 150-μm tall with a radius of curvature of about 15 μm at the tip.
The “Rights” of Husbands and the “Duties” of Wives: Power and Desire in the American Bedroom, 1850-1910

Historians of the nineteenth-century family have long argued for the dominance of a patriarchal model of marital relations in which demanding husbands subjected their passionless wives to a continual grind of emotional and sexual brutalization. This perspective has been challenged by revisionist historians who have argued that the compasionate marital ideal, characterized by considerate husbands and sexually satisfied wives, best reflected the experiences of middle-class married men and women. Based on the sexual experiences described in the pamphlets, letters, and newspaper articles written by sexual radicals known as "Free Lovers," this article argues that the late nineteenth-century marriage bed still was a site of conflict. Opening the door into the Victorian bedroom, the Free Lovers provide a unique view of both marital models in operation and transition that sheds light on the dynamic of change in which married couples struggled, failed,and sometimes achieved the erotic relationships promised by the companionate ideal.
Static-strain sensitivity optimization of fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric strain gauge

Surface mounted optical fiber strain sensors have been extensively used in smart structure sensing and actuator applications in the recent past. The performance of such sensors depends strongly on the conditions of bonding. Optimum static strain sensitivity of an extrinsic fiber optic interferometric strain gauge surface mounted on a cantilever beam was obtained by comparing several bonding techniques to each other, by comparing the outputs of the fiber sensors and resistance foil gauges, and by comparing the strain calculated from applied end displacements and elastic beam theory. The extrinsic fiber interferometer was formed between the ends of a single mode fiber (SMF) and a multimode fiber (MMF) inserted into a hollow core fiber (HCF) from opposite ends. Resistance foil and optical interferometric measurements were consistently lower than theoretical values. The closest agreement with theoretical values was realized by a configuration in which the SMF end was free to move within the HCF. For a sensor completely embedded in epoxy, optical strain measurements were 12.2% below theoretical values while the foil gauge readout was 18.1% lower.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An invariant imbedding method for computation of eigenlengths of singular two-point boundary-value problems

In this article we have described an invariant imbedding method for calculating the smallest eigenlength of a singular TPBVP with the singularity at the origin. The invariant imbedding yields a first-order nonlinear equation called a Riccati equation and also gives the initial conditions at the origin for this equation. With the aid of Theorem 8 in Section 3 we numerically integrate the Riccati equation to “blowup” which gives our computed eigenlength. In closing, we would like to comment on the numerical merits of the integration-to-blowup technique. On the basis of the examples presented it appears that this technique combined with the available numerical integrators with variable step size is capable of producing accurate results. The feature of a variable step size is essential as the value of z approaches the actual eigenlength. However, it is desirable to have a priori estimate or bounds of the eigenlength similar to those of Boland and Nelson [2] for the nonsingular case. The singular system, however, presents difficulties due to the lack of sign conditions on the coefficient matrices in obtaining such bounds. Hopefully an investigation of the matrix R(z) will yield these results.
Open source portal to distributed image repositories

In large institution PACS, patient data may often reside in multiple separate systems. While most systems tend to be DICOM compliant, none of them offer the flexibility of seamless integration of multiple DICOM sources through a single access point. We developed a generic portal system with a web-based interactive front-end as well as an application programming interface (API) that allows both web users and client applications to query and retrieve image data from multiple DICOM sources. A set of software tools was developed to allow accessing several DICOM archives through a single point of access. An interactive web-based front-end allows user to search image data seamlessly from the different archives and display the results or route the image data to another DICOM compliant destination. An XML-based API allows other software programs to easily benefit from this portal to query and retrieve image data as well. Various techniques are employed to minimize the performance overhead inherent in the DICOM. The system is integrated with a hospital-wide HIPAA-compliant authentication and auditing service that provides centralized management of access to patient medical records. The system is provided under open source free licensing and developed using open-source components (Apache Tomcat for web server, MySQL for database, OJB for object/relational data mapping etc.). The portal paradigm offers a convenient and effective solution for accessing multiple image data sources in a given healthcare enterprise and can easily be extended to multi-institution through appropriate security and encryption mechanisms.
The addition of three variants of subcutaneous flaps can improve the results of urethroplasty

Three types of subcutaneous flaps were used in conjunction with urethroplasty in 18 patients. These flaps originated from the inner face of the prepuce in 6 patients, the ventrolateral penile skin in 11, and the dorsal penile skin in 1. The flaps were used to cover the primary urethral repair. Urethroplasty was performed in 7 patients for hypospadias, in 9 for complex urethroclasties fistulae, and in 2 for primary urethral strictures. A variety of surgical techniques were used for the urethroplasties. Two complications were encountered during an average follow-up period of 18 months: loss of a full-thickness skin graft urethroplasty in 1 patient and meatal stenosis in another. The three variants of subcutaneous flaps described in this series add a well-vascularized apron of tissue to a variety of urethroplasties, thus improving the results. Our surgical technique and results are presented in detail.
Flight performance of EXAM — a balloon-borne detector to search for extragalactic antimatter

Abstract We describe the performance of the EXAM detector during its five hour balloon flight in 1988. EXAM is an experiment designed to search for cosmic rays of extragalactic origin which are made of antimatter. The EXAM technique to identify antinuclei is unique, being based on higher order corrections to electronic stopping power of charged particles, and on the response characteristics of CR-39 track-etch detectors, plastic scintillators, and Cherenkov radiators. Included in the present paper are the completed analysis of the electronic detectors, and preliminary results of the analysis of the track-etch detectors, including a demonstration of our ability to match particles identified with the drift tube tracking elements during the flight with their tracks found in the passive CR-39 detectors. When the CR-39 analysis is complete, we will have approximately 10 000 events for which antimatter analysis can be made.
Analysis of alpha2u-globulin in rat urine and kidneys by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A quantitative method was developed for determination of α2u-globulin in urine and kidney samples collected from male rats using liquid chromatography−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC−ESI/MS). Samples prepared from urine and kidney homogenates using size exclusion filters were subject to reversed-phase liquid chromatography and the effluent passed into an electrospray ionization source. Quantitative analysis using external standard calibration was based upon selected ion monitoring of protonated molecular ions by the mass spectrometer. Linear calibration curves were developed over the range of ∼4.6−370 μg of α2u-globulin/μL for spiked urine standards and over the range of ∼4.6−550 μg of α2u-globulin/μL for spiked kidney standards. The precision (relative standard deviation) for repeated injection (using urine samples) and intra-assay precision (using both urine and kidney samples) were within ±10.4% and ±13.2%, respectively. Using spiked urine standards, inter-assay precision, intra-assay acc...
Characterization of Secondary Electron Emission from Materials with Low or Negative Electron Affinity

Secondary electron emission spectroscopy is used to examine the emission characteristics of diamond films as a function of the bulk and surface properties. We find significant variation in the secondary electron yields measured from diamond surfaces even when energy distribution measurements indicate that a low or negative electron affinity is present. In particular, we observe that the material properties, such as bulk and surface uniformity, surface composition, and impurity and defect concentrations, have a strong affect on the secondary electron yield measurements. Furthermore, the energy distribution of the emitted electrons is found to vary with adsorbate species. In certain cases, the energy distribution changes with adsorbate coverage even though the measured electron intensity remains unchanged. From an analysis of the data, we identify bulk and surface properties needed to optimize the emission characteristics.
Regulation of metastatic ovarian cell in serum‐free medium by epidermal growth factor and transferrin

A rat ovarian tumorous cell line (OV1N) has been isolated and established in tissue culture whose growth can be controlled by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin to serum-free medium. EGF at 1 ng/ml (1.5 × 10−10M) stimulates growth about 300% in a six-day incubation assay. A combination of 1 ng/ml EGF plus 1 μg/ml (1.25 × 10−8M) transferrin stimulates growth 1700% above controls in six days. EGF and transferrin at these concentrations completely replaced fetal calf serum (FCS), which maximally stimulates the cells at 2%. At maximal stimulation (either by FCS or EGF and transferrin) a doubling time of from 16–20 hours is obtained. The growth of OV1N cells was also studied in vivo and compared to another rat ovarian cell line, 31A-F2. Cells from both cell lines were injected intrasplenically into normal, ovariectomized and hypophysectomized female Fischer 344 rats. Animal data have indicated that 31A-F2 cells behave more like “normal” ovarian cells in that they grew only in ovariectomized hosts. OV1N cells, on the other hand, grew metastatically in all hosts and killed 36% of those individuals. The binding of 125I-EGF was also studied in OV1N and 31A-F2 cells. OV1N cells bound about eightfold more 125I-EGF than did 31A-F2 cells at 37°C. The dose of 125I-EGF required to specifically saturate 31A-F2 sites was 10 ng/ml (1.5 × 10−9M) or half-maximally at 4 ng/ml (6 × 10−10M). Scatchard plots indicate that 31A-F2 cells contain roughly fourfold less EGF-specific sites than OV1N cells. Incubation of either OV1N or 31A-F2 cells with a 100-fold excess addition of various proteins plus a maximal or a half-maximal addition of 125I-EGF demonstrated that unlabeled EGF was most effective in reducing 125I-EGF binding to both OV1N and 31A-F2 cell sites. Insulin, ovarian growth factor, transferrin, or their combinations, had minimal, if any effect on 125I-EGF binding.
On the structure of the space of networks and traffic patterns

Modeling of communication and other types of networks using the apparatus of (asymptotic) geometry of metric spaces is one of the emerging trend of network science. The notions of GH-convergence are well suited for the description of the geometry of networks per se. To describe the corresponding models for the spaces carrying (telecommunication of otherwise) traffic requires introduction of several notions, generalizing to the path spaces the basic ideas of the theory of mm-spaces.
ADENYLATE CYCLASE AND CYCLIC 3′,5′‐NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITIES IN MUSCLES FROM STRESS‐SUSCEPTIBLE AND CONTROL PIGS

Recent results from our laboratory indicate that muscles obtained at 3 min postmortem from stress susceptible (SS) pigs have slightly higher levels of cyclic AMP (c-AMP) than muscles from control (C) pigs. Since c-AMP affects glycogenolysis and an abnormality of this process is a characteristic of SS pigs, this research was conducted to determine whether the elevation in c-AMP level is due to an increase in the rate of synthesis or to a decrease in the rate of c-AMP degradation. Specific activities of adenylate cyclase, the synthetic enzyme, were 146 f 62 (SD) for SS and 168 ± 46 pmoles/min/mg protein for-C; this difference was not significant (P = 0.05). Specific activities of cyclic 3′,5′-nucleo-tide phosphodiesterase, the degradative enzyme, were 403 ± 58 for SS and 415 ± 66 pmoles/min/mg protein for C; this difference was not significant (P = 0.05).
Arctic continental shelf morphology related to sea-ice zonation, Beaufort Sea, Alaska

Abstract Landsat-1 and NOAA satellite imagery for the winter 1972–1973, and a variety of ice and sea-floor data were used to study sea-ice zonation and dynamics and their relation to bottom morphology and geology on the Beaufort Sea continental shelf of arctic Alaska. In early winter the location of the boundary between undeformed fast ice and westward-drifting pack ice of the Pacific Gyre is controlled by major coastal promontories. Pronounced linear pressure- and shear-ridges, as well as hummock fields, form along this boundary and are stabilized by grounding, generally between the 10- and 20-m isobaths. Slippage along this boundary occurs intermittently at or seaward of the grounded ridges, forming new grounded ridges in a widening zone, the stamukhi zone, which by late winter extends out to the 40-m isobath. Between intermittent events along the stamukhi zone, pack-ice drift and slippage is continuous along the shelf edge, at average rates of 3–10 km/day. Whether slippage occurs along the stamukhi zone or along the shelf edge, it is restricted to a zone several hundred meters wide, and ice seaward of the slip face moves at uniform rates without discernible drag effects. A causal relationship is seen between the spatial distribution of major ice-ridge systems and offshore shoals downdrift of major coastal promontories. The shoals appear to have migrated shoreward under the influence of ice up to 400 m in the last 25 years. The sea floor seaward of these shoals within the stamukhi zone shows high ice-gouge density, large incision depths, and a high degree of disruption of internal sedimentary structures. The concentration of large ice ridges and our sea floor data in the stamukhi zone indicate that much of the available marine energy is expended here, while the inner shelf and coast, where the relatively undeformed fast ice grows, are sheltered. There is evidence that anomalies in the overall arctic shelf profile are related to sea-ice zonation, ice dynamics, and bottom processes. A proposed ice zonation, including zones of (1) bottom-fast ice, (2) floating fast ice, (3) stamukhi, and (4) seasonal pack ice, emphasizes ice interaction with the shelf surface and differs from previous zonation. Certain aspects of the results reported here are directly applicable to planned offshore developments in the Prudhoe Bay oil field. Properly placed artificial structures similar to offshore shoals should be able to withstand the forces of the ice, serve to modify the observed ice zonation, and might be used to make the environment less hostile to human activities.
Self-Control as a Predictor of Relapse and Recidivism in Adolescent Therapeutic Community Treatment

Despite the effectiveness of Therapeutic Communities (TCs), empirical studies of TCs are mostly atheoretical. In this study, concepts related to Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime were used to predict posttreatment delinquency among adolescents. Using data collected as part of Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Studies–-Adolescents (1993–1996), this study examined whether characteristics associated with low self-control predicted posttreatment substance use and posttreatment crime (N = 727). Contrary to the hypotheses, characteristics associated with low self-control had no relationship with posttreatment delinquency. Although these findings do not support the hypothesis, this study begins the process of linking criminological theory to adolescent TC treatment research. The study's limitations are noted.