cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High School Students' Compositions of Ranch Designs Implications for Academic and Personal Achievement

This research analyzed the composing processes of two high school students designing horse ranch plans for a course in equine management and production. The investigation focused on understanding the problems driving the design process, the tools through which the students inscribed and encoded meaning in their compositions, and the integration, representation, and mediation of their emerging identities through the design process. The analysis revealed that the students solved problems suggested by the particular culture surrounding the production of a specific breed of horse and constructed unique problems based on their knowledge of horses and ranch facilities. The tools through which they constructed these texts suggested both the cultural dimensions and narrative inscriptions of their designs. The culturally mediated narratives in particular contributed to students’ construction of identities, especially with respect to their orientation as members of the managerial (Darin) and working (Riley) classes.
Epidemiology and economic burden of asthma.

Background The “asthma epidemic” is on the rise, with the Center for Disease Control (CDC) epidemiological studies reporting a 3.0% asthma prevalence in the United States in 1970, 5.5% in 1996, and 7.8% in 2006 to 2008. This results in an immense economic burden, with asthma costing an estimated $56 billion in the United States in 2007, which is a 6% increase from the $53 billion that was spent in 2002. Methods A review of the current literature and CDC reports were used to thoroughly examine and summarize the epidemiology and economic burden of asthma domestically and globally. Results Asthma shows a male predominance before puberty, and a female predominance in adulthood. Studies show Puerto Ricans to be the most commonly affected ethnicity, and a higher prevalence of asthma is found in lower income populations. Asthma is related to some of the more common otolaryngologic diseases such as allergy and obstructive sleep apnea. The condition results in significant morbidity, such as an increase in emergency department visits and a decrease in productivity due to missed school and works days. Conclusion Epidemiological statistics report an undisputable increase of asthma both domestically and worldwide, which means the economic burden of this disease is also on the rise. Better access to healthcare, improved asthma education, and bridging the gap between ethnic and racial disparities in the treatment and management of asthma may help to control this epidemic, promote better outcomes, and prevent continued rising costs related to the management of this widespread disease.
Low-Income Fathers

This article reviews recent literature on low-income fathers, including the transition to fatherhood for young unmarried fathers and levels of father involvement among married, cohabiting, and nonresident low-income fathers. I discuss predictors of father involvement as well as available evidence concerning their effects on children's well-being. Although mounting qualitative evidence argues that unmarried low-income men may be more favorably disposed to fatherhood than previously recognized and that such intentions may greatly influence subsequent fathering behavior, studies of fertility intention remain largely separate from those of father involvement. I propose that subsequent research should also pay greater attention to the effects of fatherhood on low-income men.
Critical Ideas in Times of Crisis: Reconsidering Smith, Marx, Keynes, and Hayek

The immediate causes of the current economic crisis have been attributed to a variety of private sector actors ranging from banks to hedge funds. Policy makers and elected officials have also been criticized for fostering a lax regulatory environment. However, the ideas that were the foundation of the policies that led to the crisis have received much less attention. This essay argues that critical insights into these ideas are available through four political economists: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Friedrich Hayek. While each of these scholars was concerned with their own particular historical context, their influence on more recent economic and political thought remains profound. Ultimately, each of these scholars played a role in the ideological pendulum swing from the Keynesian consensus of the post-WWII era to the Reagan–Thatcher revolution of the 1980s. It was the Reagan–Thatcher ideological victory of market over state that, I argue, established the preconditions for the current...
The Social Construction of ``Evidence-Based'' Drug Prevention Programs A Reanalysis of Data From the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Program

This study explores the possibility that any drug prevention program might be considered ``evidence-based'' given the use of data analysis procedures that optimize the chance of producing statistically significant results by reanalyzing data from a Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program evaluation. The analysis produced a number of statistically significant differences between the DARE and control conditions on alcohol and marijuana use measures. Many of these differences occurred at cutoff points on the assessment scales for which post hoc meaningful labels were created. Our results are compared to those from evaluations of programs that appear on evidence-based drug prevention lists.
Initial Experience with Combination Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Plus Full Field Digital Mammography or Full Field Digital Mammography Alone in the Screening Environment

Objectives: Initial review of patients undergoing screening mammography imaged with a combination of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) plus full field digital mammography (FFDM) compared with FFDM alone. Materials and Methods: From June 2011 to December 2011, all patients presenting for routine screening mammography were offered a combination DBT plus FFDM exam. Under institutional review board approval, we reviewed 524 patients who opted for combination DBT plus FFDM and selected a sample group of 524 FFDM screening exams from the same time period for a comparative analysis. The χ 2 (Chi-square) test was used to compare recall rates, breast density, personal history of breast cancer, and family history of breast cancer between the two groups. Results: Recall rate for FFDM, 11.45%, was significantly higher ( P n = 6/524), with a cancer detection rate 0.57% ( n = 3/524, or 5.7 per 1000) and PPV of 50.0% ( n = 3/6). Personal history of breast cancer in the FFDM group was significantly lower ( P P P Conclusion: Our initial experience found the recall rate in the combination DBT plus FFDM group was significantly lower than in the FFDM alone group, despite the fact that the combination DBT plus FFDM group had additional risk factors.
Motion strategies for maintaining visibility of a moving target

We introduce the problem of computing robot motion strategies that maintain visibility of a moving target in a cluttered workspace. Both motion constraints (as considered in standard motion planning) and visibility constraints (as considered in visual tracking) must be satisfied. Additional criteria, such as the total distance traveled, can be optimized. The general problem is divided into two categories, on the basis of whether the target is predictable. For the predictable case, an algorithm that computes optimal, numerical solutions is presented. For the more challenging case of a partially-predictable target, two online algorithms are presented that each attempt to maintain future visibility with limited prediction. One strategy maximizes the probability that the target will remain in view in a subsequent time step, and the other maximizes the minimum time in which the target could escape the visibility region. We additionally discuss issues resulting from our implementation and experiments on a mobile robot system.
Surgical Management of Lymphomas Involving the Chest

Abstract The efficacy of surgical judgments in the management of thoracic lymphoma was studied through review of 34 patients with primary mediastinal lymphomas, 30 patients who needed one or more thoracic operations after treatment of extrathoracic lymphomas, and 5 patients with primary lymphocytic infiltrates (PLI) of the lung. In all patients with primary lymphocytic infiltrates of the lung, thoracotomies were required in order to establish the correct diagnosis. Patients with primary mediastinal lymphoma required 74 surgical procedures (2.2 per patient) to establish the correct diagnosis. In retrospect, 40 operations were not beneficial. The procedures that provided diagnostic samples were 15 anterior mediastinotomies, 8 full thoracotomies, 3 median sternotomies, and 8 lesser procedures such as mediastinoscopy. Patients who needed thoracic procedures after treatment of extrathoracic lymphomas had 41 thoracic operations (1.37 per patient). Five operations were needed to manage complications of thoracic lymphoma or its therapy. To evaluate new radiographic findings, there were 35 operations (1.3 per patient) at a mean interval of 5.0 years following initial treatment; the findings were recurrent lymphoma in 62% and new lesions in 38% of patients. Among new lesions, there were 2 bronchogenic cancers; 9 enlarging mediastinal-pleural masses were not caused by lymphoma. The accurate diagnosis of thoracic lymphoma or new thoracic lesions in patients with lymphomas usually requires enough tissue for immunophenotyping. Providing adequate tissue samples and treating new lesions that are not lymphomas often require major thoracomediastinotomies for immunophenotyping.
Wildfire effects and post‐fire responses of an invasive mesquite population: the interactive importance of grazing and non‐native herbaceous species invasion

Aim To determine how responses of an established velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) population to a 2002 wildfire were shaped by grazing and non-native herbaceous species invasions, both of which influenced fire behaviour. Location The study was conducted on contiguous ranches (one actively grazed by cattle, one that had not been grazed since 1968) in the Sonoita Valley of southern Arizona. Plant communities on both ranches were comprised of Chihuahuan semi-desert grassland, savanna, and Madrean evergreen woodland ecosystems, but large areas were dominated by Lehmann and Boer lovegrass, African grass species that were introduced more than 50 years ago. Methods We selected 243 individuals that had been defoliated and bark scorched during the fire using a stratified random design based on pre-fire grazing status and dominant grass cover. After the start of the 2003 growing season, we recorded individual tree characteristics, fire damage, and measures of post-fire response, and tested for relationships among classes of: grazing status, bark damage, dominant grass cover type, abundance of live and dead aboveground branches, flowering status, and sprout number and size. Analyses of fire damage and post-fire response were interpreted with respect to values of fireline intensity, scorch height and energy release that were projected by a fire behaviour model, nexus. Results Nearly all of the trees on grazed areas suffered low levels of fire damage, while a majority on ungrazed areas suffered moderate to severe damage. Trees on grazed areas consequently had significantly more leaf-bearing twigs and branches in 2003 but a very low number of root sprouts, while individuals on ungrazed areas had a greater density of root sprouts but little post-fire dead branching and almost no living branches. Among the ungrazed grassland types, more than 75% of the trees on Boer lovegrass plots suffered moderate to severe damage, while a similar percentage of trees in native grass areas suffered low damage. These differences were: (1) attributed to variations in fire characteristics that were caused by differences in litter production and removal, and (2) ecologically significant because trees in the severe damage class showed almost no aboveground post-fire branching, either live or dead in 2003, while trees in the low damage class exhibited a greater amount of both. Main conclusions Our results affirm the notion that effective management of western grasslands where mesquite encroachment has or will become a problem requires a better understanding of how interactions among key ecosystem influences (e.g. fire, grazing, non-native species) affect not only mesquite seedlings and saplings but also larger, established individuals and thereby the long-term structure and functioning of semi-desert grassland ecosystems. As
Population Composition by Race and Ethnicity: North America

Ethnicity has different connotations and is officially recorded using a variety of measures in the three nations of North America—Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Nevertheless, the demography and ethnoracial contours of all three countries have been shaped similarly by the presence of indigenous Americans, European colonization, African slavery, voluntary immigration (Canada and the United States), and especially for Mexico, considerable emigration. Along with differential fertility and mortality rates and intermarriage across race and ethnic lines, these factors have transformed dramatically the continent's ethnoracial landscape over time. In the wake of European colonization, indigenous depopulation was severe. European migration to Canada and the United States played a major role in repeopling North America. Since the 1960s, immigration to the two Anglophone countries has diversified to include large streams from both Latin America (including Mexico) and Asia. Consequently, the white share of the Canadian and US populations is in decline. In Mexico the key racial division is between the indigenous and mestizo populations, with the distinction hinging more on sociocultural characteristics (especially language) than phenotype or genealogical lineages, as practiced in the US. Owing to continued intermarriage with mestizos, Mexico's indigenous population is shrinking in relative terms.
The Electrophysiology of the Heart

The major components of the electrical structure of the heart are the working muscle (cells) of the atria and ventricles, the specialized conduction tissue, and the pacemaker cells. The general anatomical structure is shown in Fig. 9.1.
Pristine graphite oxide.

Graphite oxide (GO) is a lamellar substance with an ambiguous structure due to material complexity. Recently published GO-related studies employ only one out of several existing models to interpret the experimental data. Because the models are different, this leads to confusion in understanding the nature of the observed phenomena. Lessening the structural ambiguity would lead to further developments in functionalization and use of GO. Here, we show that the structure and properties of GO depend significantly on the quenching and purification procedures, rather than, as is commonly thought, on the type of graphite used or oxidation protocol. We introduce a new purification protocol that produces a product that we refer to as pristine GO (pGO) in contrast to the commonly known material that we will refer to as conventional GO (cGO). We explain the differences between pGO and cGO by transformations caused by reaction with water. We produce ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic, Fourier transform infrared spectr...
The Significance of Impulse Buying Today

Aware of the significance of impulse buying and wishing to anticipate possible changes in the market for its products, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company commissioned Stanford Research Institute to study ...
Some Pyrenomycetes of Bermuda

The pyrenomycetes of Bermuda have been but little studied. Berkeley (I), accompanying the Challenger Expedition, collected only four species, while Seaver reports only thirty-three (24). Other small collections were made by Farlow, Dodge, and perhaps other mycologists, but no published records of these have been found. In all cases, however, the collectors having remained for only short periods, the forms found were few in number. The most extensive collections were made by Whetzel in I92122. His presence in the island for a whole year enabled him to secure a large number of species. The variety of forms with notes regarding their host range and frequence in different seasons is sufficient to give a very nearly true conception of the fungous flora of Bermuda.
Interactions between retinyl phosphate and bivalent cations

In the presence of Mn(II) ions, the u.v. absorption spectrum of retinyl phosphate (Ret-P) solubilized in Triton X-100 micelles, phosphatidylcholine liposomes or rat liver microsomes exhibited a shift from the maximum of 330 nm to 287 nm. The effect of Mn(II) was reversed by adding EDTA or phosphate buffer. The same spectral change was found in the presence of poly-L-lysine in place of Mn(II) ions. The e.s.r. spectrum of Mn(II) in the presence or in the absence of Ret-P clearly showed that approx. 75% of the initial concentration of Mn(II) ions is bound to Ret-P when the molar ratio of Ret-P to Mn(II) ions is 4:1; no such binding occurred in the presence of retinol or retinoic acid. The appearance of two isosbestic points at 303 and 368 nm, in the presence of Mn(II) ions, suggests the existence of an equilibrium between an Mn(II)-bound monomer and an Mn(II)-bound dimer of Ret-P in Triton X-100 micelles. The same effect on the u.v.-absorption spectrum of Ret-P was also induced by Co(II), Cr(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II), but not by Mg2+ or Cu(II). The formation of the 'metachromatic complex' between Ret-P and Mn(II) or Co(II) inhibited the synthesis of retinyl phosphate mannose (Ret-P-Man) from exogenous and endogenous Ret-P and guanosine diphosphate [14C]mannose when bovine serum albumin was added after the metal ion. However, the order of addition did not influence Ret-P-Man synthesis in incubations containing MgCl2, which does not form the metachromatic complex with Ret-P. These results suggest that the bioavailability of proteins, polyamines and metal ions may control the extent to which Ret-P can be mannosylated in the intact membrane.
Results Analysis of Occupational Health Examination of Qujing City in 2010

[Objective]To understand the health status of occupational population in Qujing City,and further strengthen occupational disease control.[Methods]The occupational population who received occupational health examination were recruited as the study object in 2010,and their examination results were analyzed statistically.[Results]The detection rate of occupational diseases in coal industry was highest(1.96%).The lowest one of actual detection rate was the small enterprise(96.67%),but its detection rate of occupational diseases was highest(1.85%).The lowest one of actual detection rate was the non-public economic enterprise(97.59%),but its detection rate of occupational diseases was highest(1.14%).[Conclusion]he occupational health surveillance of the coal industry and small Enterprises needs to be strengthened.
Transcriptome profiling reveals novel gene expression signatures and regulating transcription factors of TGFβ‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition

Dysregulated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells endows invasive and metastatic properties upon cancer cells that favor successful colonization of distal target organs and therefore play a critical role in transforming early-stage carcinomas into invasive malignancies. EMT has also been associated with tumor recurrence and drug resistance and cancer stem cell initiation. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms behind EMT could ultimately contribute to the development of novel prognostic approaches and individualized therapies that specifically target EMT processes. As an effort to characterize the central transcriptome changes during EMT, we have developed a Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-based in vitro EMT model and used it to profile EMT-related gene transcriptional changes in two different cell lines, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line H358, and a breast cell line MCF10a. After 7 days of TGF-beta/Oncostatin M (OSM) treatment, changes in cell morphology to a mesenchymal phenotype were observed as well as concordant EMT-associated changes in mRNA and protein expression. Further, increased motility was noted and flow cytometry confirmed enrichment in cancer stem cell-like populations. Microarray-based differential expression analysis identified an EMT-associated gene expression signature which was confirmed by RT-qPCR and which significantly overlapped with a previously published EMT core signature. Finally, two novel EMT-regulating transcription factors, IRF5 and LMCD1, were identified and independently validated.
Evolution of morality

This chapter examines whether morality really evolved, as many philosophers, psychologists, anthropologists, and biologists claim. It distinguishes three possible versions of this claim and reviews the evidence in support of each. It concludes that two versions of the claim that morality evolved are relatively well supported, but that they are unlikely to have significant philosophical consequences, while the stronger version, which is of real interest to philosophers, is in fact empirically unsupported.
Anatomic Hip Center Decreases Aseptic Loosening Rates after Total Hip Arthroplasty with Cement in Patients with Crowe Type-II Dysplasia: A Concise Follow-up Report at a Mean of Thirty-six Years

Abstract: We previously reported the two to twenty-two-year results of 145 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) with cement performed from 1969 to 1980 in 117 patients with Crowe type-II dysplasia. The purpose of the present study was to update the long-term effects of a nonanatomic hip center on component loosening and aseptic revision in this cohort. Forty-nine patients (sixty hips) were alive at a mean of thirty-six years. The overall cumulative incidence of aseptic revision at thirty-five years was 32% for acetabular cups and 21% for femoral stems. Acetabular loosening was less likely with a hip center placed within the true acetabular region (TAR), <15 mm superior to the approximate femoral head center (AFHC), <35 mm superior to the interteardrop line (ITL), or within zone 1. Femoral loosening and revision were less likely with the hip center placed <35 mm superior to the ITL and within zone 1. An anatomic hip center was associated with significantly lower loosening and aseptic revision rates for both acetabular and femoral components. The current study supports the placement of acetabular components in an anatomic position to promote long-term durability after THA with cement. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
PERFORIERTES GASTRODUODENALULKUS : ERGEBNISSE NACH UBERNAHUNG

Diese Studie untersucht die Ergebnisse nach einfacher Ubernahung peptischer Ulzera. Die Halfte der 84 vom 1.1.1988 bis 31.12.1993 operierten Patienten war uber 60 Jahre alt, bei 80% lag eine schwere Komorbiditat vor, meist kardiovaskulare Erkrankungen oder Malignome. 76mal wurde das Ulkus ubernaht und anschliesend medikamentos behandelt. Die Komplikationsrate lag bei 58%, die Letalitat bei 26%. 19/56 aus der Klinik Entlassenen verstarben innerhalb von 5 Jahren an ihren Begleiterkrankungen. Ulkusrezidive waren mit 15% (bei 47 Nachuntersuchten) selten. Wir schliesen daraus, das die Ulkusperforation in der Regel mit der einfachen Ubernahung und medikamentoser Therapie behandelt werden sollte. Eine definitive Ulkusoperation sollte nur dann durchgefuhrt werden, wenn die Indikation zur elektiven Ulkusoperation (Versagen/Unmoglichkeit der medikamentosen Therapie) gegeben ist.
Purine Arabinosides as Inhibitors of Human Haemopoietic Progenitor Cells

Four purine arabinosides that inhibit varicella-zoster virus (VZV) replication in vitro were tested as inhibitors of colony formation by progenitor cells from normal human bone marrow. In general, erythroid burst forming cells (BFU-E) were more sensitive to inhibition by these compounds than were either erythroid colony forming cells (CFY-E) or granulocyte/macrophage colony formation (IC 50 ) was observed for BFU-E in the presence of 8 μm 6-methoxypurine arabinoside. Adenine arabinoside and hypoxanthine arabinoside had IC 50 values of 1 μM and 4 μM respectively, whereas 6-ethyxypurine arabinoside was not inhibitory (IC 50 >50 μM)
Membrane orientation dynamics of lipid-modified small GTPases.

ABSTRACTLipid-modified GTPases in the Ras superfamily that mediate a variety of cell signaling processes were thought to be passively anchored to membranes. However, an increasing number of recent studies are finding that membrane binding of these proteins is hardly a passive process, and it involves the soluble catalytic domain as well as the lipid anchor. The catalytic domain adopts multiple orientations on the membrane surface due to internal fluctuations that are modulated by activation status and mutations. Distinct orientation preferences among small GTPases likely lead to differential signaling outcomes, as downstream effectors can sense different orientations. We review recent studies behind this important conclusion.
N-polar GaN Cap MISHEMT with record 6.7 W/mm at 94 GHz

The high critical electric fields and large charge densities associated with III-N based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) make this technology an attractive candidate for solid state power amplification at W-band. To date, reports on W-band GaN HEMTs and MMICs have primarily featured devices fabricated in the Ga-polar orientation [1, 2]. In this work, the advantages of the N-polar orientation are exploited to produce a MISHEMT exhibiting a record high 6.7 W/mm peak output power (Pout) at 94 GHz. The key component of this device design is an in situ GaN epitaxial passivation layer in the access regions of the device. In combination with the inherent polarization fields of N-polar, this GaN cap acts to both eliminate surface state dispersion and improve the conductivity in the access regions of the transistor. The device results presented here build upon the work reported in [3] and [4] by transitioning from a sapphire to a SiC substrate to reduce self-heating. This has resulted in over a 2x increase in power density compared to [4].
Accuracy of Self-Reported Weight Among Adolescent and Young Adults Following Bariatric Surgery

This study evaluates accuracy of self-reported weight in adolescent bariatric surgery patients. During follow-up visits, participants self-reported weight and had weight measured. The differences between self-reported and measured weights were analyzed from 60 participants. Participants were 70% (n = 42) female, 72% (n = 43) white, mean age of 20.8 years and a median body mass index of 36.6 kg/m2. At an average of 3.5 years following surgery, females underestimated weight (0.5 kg, range: −18.7 to 5.6 kg), while males overestimated (1.1 kg, range: −7.8 to 15.2 kg). Most (80%, n = 48) reported within 5 kg of measured weight. The majority of adolescents who previously underwent bariatric surgery reported reasonably accurate weights, but direction of misreporting varied by gender. Self-reported weights could be utilized when measured values are unavailable without markedly biasing the interpretation of outcomes.
Effect of ZnSe/GaAs interface treatment in ZnSe quality control for optoelectronic device applications

Abstract We investigate the role of interface initiation conditions on the growth of ZnSe/GaAs heterovalent heterostructures. ZnSe epilayers were grown on a GaAs surface with various degrees of As-termination and the application of either a Zn or Se pre-treatment. Structural analysis revealed that Zn pre-treatment of an As-rich GaAs surface suppresses Ga2Se3 formation at the interface and promotes the growth of high crystal quality ZnSe. This is confirmed with low-temperature photoluminescence. However, moderation of Ga-Se bonding through a Se pre-treatment of an As-rich GaAs surface can prevent excessive intermixing at the interface and promote excitonic emission in the underlying GaAs layer. These results provide guidance on how best to prepare heterovalent interfaces for various applications.
CBREN: Computer Brain Entertainment System Using Neural Feedback Cognitive Enhancement

Brain waves indicate the cognitive state of a person. A relative high right frontal alpha activity compared to the left shows an active cognitive state which is relaxed and alert, conducive for cognition. A person's engagement in an activity can be measured by the ratio of Beta to Alpha and Theta waves. In our experiment, we aimed to increase some of the cognitive activities, by combining video and audio brain entertainment, neural feedback gaming, and asymmetric protocol. Our hypothesis is that brain entertainment and neural feedback can enhance a person's cognitive abilities. We conducted the experiment with six participants. During the experiment the brain activity of the users was logged and used for measuring engagement and for feedback for the game, using the EEG headband.
Discipline in the High School: Organizational Factors and Roles for the School Psychologists.

This article presents an overview of research on selected aspects of discipline in the high school. The Safe Schools Study is discussed and relevant organizational factors are presented. These incl...
H2O splitting via a two-step solar thermoelectrolytic cycle based on non-stoichiometric ceria redox reactions: Thermodynamic analysis

Abstract H2 production via a novel two-step solar thermoelectrolytic cycle based on non-stoichiometric ceria reduction/oxidation reactions is thermodynamically analyzed. The two-step cycle encompasses (1) the solar thermoelectrolytic reduction of ceria using a combination of concentrated solar irradiation, reduced partial pressure, and electricity from a photovoltaic array to increase the oxygen vacancy concentration in the sublattice and (2) the non-solar oxidation of non-stoichiometric ceria with H2O to produce H2, or CO2 to produce CO. The re-oxidized ceria is returned to the first step to complete the cycle. A thermodynamic analysis that imposes first and second law constraints to determine optimal performance predicts a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 31.1% for a reduction temperature of 1424 K and a maximum oxygen vacancy concentration of 0.229.
Upon Watching Sample This

AbstractThis critical review discusses Dan Forrer’s 2012 documentary Sample This. In addition to chronicling the making of The Incredible Bongo Band, their two albums and the single ‘Apache’, the documentary traces the careers of producer Michael Viner, the musicians who made ‘Apache’ and the song’s eventual discovery by DJ Kool Herc and deejays from the early days of hip-hop. The review also traces connections between the economic conditions that led to sampling, finding songs like ‘Apache’ and how hip-hop uses live musicianship in the present day, especially in relationship to points made by the film’s interview subjects.
Local interactions underlying collective motion in human crowds

It is commonly believed that global patterns of motion in flocks, schools and crowds emerge from local interactions between individuals, through a process of self-organization. The key to explaining such collective behaviour thus lies in deciphering these local interactions. We take an experiment-driven approach to modelling collective motion in human crowds. Previously, we observed that a pedestrian aligns their velocity vector (speed and heading direction) with that of a neighbour. Here we investigate the neighbourhood of interaction in a crowd: which neighbours influence a pedestrian's behaviour, how this depends on neighbour position, and how the influences of multiple neighbours are combined. In three experiments, a participant walked in a virtual crowd whose speed and heading were manipulated. We find that neighbour influence is linearly combined and decreases with distance, but not with lateral position (eccentricity). We model the neighbourhood as (i) a circularly symmetric region with (ii) a weighted average of neighbours, (iii) a uni-directional influence, and (iv) weights that decay exponentially to zero by 5 m. The model reproduces the experimental data and predicts individual trajectories in observational data on a human 'swarm'. The results yield the first bottom-up model of collective crowd motion.
Bubble Column Reactors: Some Recent Developments

Gas sparged bubble columns and slurry reactors are used extensively in the production of fuels, fuel additives and chemicals. Their performance (e.g., selectivity, conversion, etc.) depends to a large extent on the degree of backmixing of the liquid phase. Our objectives are: 1) to briefly review our current understanding of bubble columns, 2) to outline a relatively novel experimental technique, based on computer aided tracking of a single radioactive particle (CARPT), for evaluation of recirculation and backmixing of the liquid phase, and 3) to discuss the information obtained by CARPT in bubble columns. It is shown that most often a single liquid recirculation cell prevails, that eddy diffusivities in the axial direction are order of magnitude higher than in radial. The potential of the technique for use in fluidized beds, ebulated beds and slurry systems is outlined.
Generation of superoxide by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system.

The microsomal mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system catalyzes the oxidation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds using NADPH as its electron donor. During its oxidation of drug substrates and even in the absence of substrates, this electron transport system has been demonstrated to produce O2·, H2O2, and excess H2O. We have investigated the ability of several purified forms of cytochrome P450 to produce O2· when incubated with purified NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. Addition of cytochrome P450 isozymes to the purified reductase resulted in increased rates of O2· formation, assessed using either EPR spin trapping techniques or acetylated cytochrome c reduction. Conditions necessary for optimal rates of O2· production were similar to those previously shown to be necessary for optimal reconstitution of MFO activity (phospholipid, detergent-solubilized reductase, cytochrome P450:reductase ratios of greater than 3:1). Cytochrome P450d addition to incubations of reductase resulted in greater rates of O2· production than either cytochrome P450c or P450b, especially at equimolar concentrations of cytochrome P450 isozymes and reductase. The contribution of cytochrome P450d to microsomal O2· generation was addressed by investigating O2· production by microsomes isolated from isosafrole-treated rats.
Cataract surgery and the deep-set eye

Cataract phacoemulsification in the setting of orbital structural anomalies that lead to a deep-set eye can present unique barriers to standard surgical methods. We describe a challenging case of a middle-aged woman presenting with elevated intraocular pressure secondary to phacomorphic changes in the left eye requiring lensectomy and goniosynechialysis. She had small and deep-set eyes with inferiorly positioned superior orbital rims unsuitable for the standard approach of cataract extraction with phacoemulsification. We examine etiologies of enophthalmos that might make cataract and other intraocular surgeries difficult and discuss potential planning strategies to address these anatomic impediments.
Cutaneous Vascular Lesions

Cutaneous vascular lesions comprise a wide spectrum of entities. Most are benign, but vascular tumors of intermediate malignancy, with a propensity for recurrence but limited metastatic potential, and fully malignant vascular neoplasms are encountered. Many of these vascular proliferations demonstrate significant histologic overlap. However, careful attention to histomorphology and in some cases, the application of ancillary diagnostic tests, usually result in proper classification in all but the most difficult of cases. This chapter will review the wide range of vascular lesions encountered in dermatopathology practice.
On Detention and Skill: Reflections on Immigrant Incarceration, Bodying Practices, and the Definition of Skill:

The use of detention as a tool of immigrant enforcement has grown in the United States and around the world. In this article, I examine the practices used to structure the physical detention of imm...
Wellness and Work: Mixed Messages in Residency Training

Resident physicians are at higher risk for depression, anxiety, and burnout when compared with same-age peers, resulting in substantive personal and professional consequences. Training programs across the country have acknowledged the gravity of this situation and many have implemented programs and curricula that address wellness and resilience, yet the benefits of such initiatives are still largely unknown. While the development of wellness programming is well intentioned, it is often incongruent with the residency training environment. The mixed messaging that occurs when wellness programs are implemented in environments that do not support self-care may unintentionally cause resident distress. Indeed, outside of the time dedicated to wellness curricula, residents are often rewarded for self-sacrifice. In this commentary, we describe how the complexities of the medical system and culture contribute to mixed messaging and we explore the potential impact on residents. We offer recommendations to strengthen wellness programs through efforts to promote structural change in the training environment.
“We All Go Through It”: Media Depictions of Mental Illness Disclosures From Star Athletes DeMar DeRozan and Kevin Love:

Mental illness remains stigmatized in the United States and abroad, with the mass media often blamed for perpetuating stereotypes about people who experience mental health issues. 2018 witnessed tw...
Universal Childhood: The Global Trade in Children's Television and Changing Ideals of Childhood

While the technical capacity for television programs to reach worldwide has existed for decades, the attendant cultural challenges of global television have proved more formidable. Nevertheless, a handful of program genres seem to be able to overcome these cultural barriers. This paper examines one such genre, children’s television animation, the processes of program development and trade, as well as the assumptions about children’s viewing pleasures that these industrial processes encourage. While these assumptions about what is “universal” in the experience of childhood have a certain plausibility to them, they are nevertheless ideological, in the sense that they carry particular ideas about race, gender, age, class, and other forms of social grouping and identity that not only reflect but also act upon the world we live in. As some of the most powerful gatekeepers of contemporary popular culture, these industry insiders are deeply involved in imagining prevalent ideals of childhood in an increasingly globalized world as well as the kinds of children and cultures that do an do not fit these ideals
Border aesthetics and catachresis in Ali Abbasi’s Gräns/Border (2018)

Grans/Border by Iranian-Danish director Ali Abbasi won Un Certain Regard at Cannes as it was proclaimed an ‘instant cult classic’. This paper argues that the ambivalent status of Border – seen as b...
Community violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation in adolescents

Abstract Neighborhood violence is associated with a range of health consequences but little is known about the biological processes involved. Research in disease pathogenesis has identified low-grade inflammation as a process that, beginning in the first decades of life, is both induced by chronic stress and a contributor to multiple cardiometabolic diseases that present throughout the lifecourse. Previous research has examined whether neighborhood violence is associated with inflammatory biomarkers, but has been limited to cytokine indicators of inflammation. In a sample of adolescents (n = 203) residing in Chicago, we tested cross-sectional associations between neighborhood violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation. Neighborhood-level violence was measured in multiple ways (as murder rates of Census block groups and as the sum of homicides within 1 and ½ mile zones) in the areas surrounding where youth lived and attended school. At the individual level, violence exposure was measured by self-report (direct victimization, witnessing violence, and/or victimization of family or friends in the past year). Adolescents residing in high-violence neighborhoods evidenced higher numbers of pro-inflammatory classical (CD14++CD16-) monocytes relative to those in less violent neighborhoods. In contrast, neighborhood-level violence was not consistently associated with cytokine levels across different model specifications. Self-reported violence exposure was also not consistently associated with inflammatory biomarkers. Neighborhood-level violence and self-reported violence exposure interacted, such that the positive association between neighborhood-level violence and classical monocytes was observed only among adolescents who reported being exposed to violence. Associations were largely specific to the neighborhoods in which youth lived as opposed to those in which they attended school. Findings provide the first evidence that youth residing in high-violence neighborhoods show mobilization of classical monocytes, suggesting a pro-inflammatory mechanism through which contextual stressors such as neighborhood violence may compromise health.
Blood plasma phosphorylated-tau isoforms track CNS change in Alzheimer’s disease

Highly sensitive and specific plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy in the clinic and facilitate research studies including enrollment in prevention and treatment trials. We recently reported CSF tau hyperphosphorylation, especially on T217, is an accurate predictor of β-amyloidosis at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. In the current study, we determine by mass spectrometry the potential utility of plasma p-tau isoforms to detect AD pathology and investigate CSF and plasma tau isoforms' profile relationships. Plasma tau was truncated as previously described in CSF. CSF and plasma measures of p-tau-217 and p-tau-181 were correlated. No correlation was found between CSF and plasma on total-tau levels and pS202 measures. We found p-tau-217 and p-tau-181 were highly specific for amyloid plaque pathology in the discovery cohort (n = 36, AUROC = 0.99 and 0.98 respectively). In the validation cohort (n = 92), p-tau-217 measures were still specific to amyloid status (AUROC = 0.92), and p-tau-181 measures were less specific (AUROC = 0.75).
“Hold This for Me”: Counter Memory and Trauma in Dionne Brand’s At the Full and Change of the Moon

African Caribbean Canadian author Dionne Brand’s At the Full and Change of the Moon augments many African diasporic narratives’ efforts to counter and rewrite exclusive histories. While Brand’s nov...
The Profile Method of Flavor Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the profile method of flavor analysis and tabulates the flavor methodology. The flavor profile marks a step in the development of the field of sensory flavor testing. It was designed as an additional aid in solving flavor problems. Like other techniques of taste testing, the profile was developed to meet needs arising in the expanding food industry. To see the flavor profile's relationship to the various flavor-testing approaches and to understand its origin and purpose, it is necessary to look briefly at the development of the field of analytical sensory flavor testing. The flavor profile of a food almost invariably includes two parts: analysis of the aroma, followed by analysis of the flavor-by-mouth. The dimensions of flavor analysis by the profile method include: perceptible aroma and flavor factors; degree of intensity of each factor; order in which these factors are perceived; aftertaste; and overall impressions of aroma and flavor, referred to as amplitudes. Two types of flavor profile records have been employed. Both provide the same information.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum fast CA(2+)-pump and myosin heavy chain expression in extraocular muscles.

PURPOSE To investigate the distribution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum fast-twitch Ca(2+)-pump (Ca(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase [Ca(2+)-ATPase]) in extraocular muscle fiber populations of the rat and rabbit, using fast Ca(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase-specific monoclonal antibodies. METHODS Adult female rats and rabbits were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital, and the extraocular muscles were rapidly frozen in isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen. Serial transverse frozen sections were cut and labeled respectively with monoclonal antibodies specific for various isoforms of myosin heavy chain, and monoclonal antibodies specific for the fast isoform of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In rat extraocular muscle, fast type 2 myosin heavy chain and fast Ca(2+)-ATPase are coexpressed in both singly- and multiply-innervated fibers of the orbital layer near the endplate band, but distally both proteins drop out entirely, indicating that the contraction and relaxation properties of orbital fibers vary along their length. Also, fast Ca(2+)-ATPase persists more distally in orbital fibers than does type 2 myosin heavy chain, suggesting that their joint expression is not directly coregulated. This conclusion is reinforced in rabbit, whose orbital multiply-innervated fibers express fast Ca(2+)-ATPase but do not express type 2 myosin heavy chain at all. Fast Ca(2+)-ATPase is expressed in all global layer fast-twitch singly-innervated fibers, but not in global multiply-innervated fibers. In light of known differences in myosin heavy chain expression, the two populations of multiply-innervated fibers must differ with respect to both contractility and relaxation.
Different Mode of Action of Ribonuclease H in Purified α and αβ Ribonucleic Acid-directed Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase from Avian Myeloblastosis Virus

Abstract The mechanism of action of ribonuclease H (RNase H) associated with the two structurally different RNA-directed DNA polymerases of avian myeloblastosis virus was studied. Both the two-subunit enzyme, αβ, and the single subunit enzyme, α, require free termini to initiate nuclease activity since they cannot cleave a covalently closed RNA-DNA duplex. The exoribonuclease activity of both α and αβ RNase H can degrade RNA of an RNA-DNA hybrid in the 3' → 5' and 5' → 3' directions, as shown by the use of [3H, 3'- or 5'-32P]poly(A)·poly(dT) as substrate. Two oligonucleotide species approximately 10 and 30 nucleotides long are generated by limited digestion of [3H]poly(A)·poly(dT) by both enzymes. But α and αβ possess a different mode of exoribonuclease activity. αβ RNA-directed DNA polymerase, as shown previously, has processive exoribonuclease activity which degrades one polyribonucleotide chain completely prior to initiating hydrolysis of a second chain. In contrast, α RNA-directed DNA polymerase has random exoribonuclease activity which results in the release of the substrate molecule after each chain scission. This conclusion is supported by two types of experiments: (a) while the degradation of radioactive substrate by αβ is unaffected by addition of unlabeled substrate after the reaction has been initiated, the degradation of the labeled polymer by α is immediately blocked, and (b) αβ degrades 3' and 5' end terminally labeled substrate at the same rate as the whole molecule, while α degrades the end terminal nucleotides at a much faster rate than the whole molecule. The β subunit of αβ may facilitate tighter binding of the enzyme to the substrate resulting in a processive mode of nuclease activity.
Ground Temporal Logic: A Logic for Hardware Verification

We present a new temporal logic, GTL, appropriate for specifying properties of hardware at the register transfer level. We argue that this logic represents an improvement over model checking for some natural hardware verification problems. We show that the validity problem for this logic is π 1 1 complete. We then identify a fragment of the logic that is decidable. We show that in this fragment we are still able to encode many interesting problems, including the correctness of pipelined microprocessors.