cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is it All in the Numbers?: A Case Study of Tokenism

The purpose of the present study is to explore whether the negative consequences of tokenism are the result of imbalanced proportions alone, or whether society-wide sex role stereotypes which affect male and female tokens differently are also a factor. Men working at concession stands at an amusement attraction were assigned by the experimenters to one of two work groups in which the numbers of women and men were either skewed or balanced. Unlike a token woman at the attraction, these token male workers did not experience the negative consequences of tokenism (visibility, contrast, and assimilation). In fact, token men identified with supervisors and advanced more quickly than their non-token counterparts of both sexes. The results are interpreted as indicating that underrepresentation alone cannot explain the negative effects of tokenism for women.
Radiographic evaluation of breech presentation: is it necessary?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of ultrasound in identifying fetal position and cervical spine flexion in breech presentations. Radiographic and ultra-sonographic determinations of the type of presentation (frank, complete or incomplete) and degree of cervical spine flexion in 52 breech presentations were compared. The angle of flexion was defined as the angle between the fetal mandible and main axis of the cervical spine and categorized as full flexion, military, partial extension and full extension. Ultrasound was concordant with radio-graphic assessment of the type of presentation in 77% and the angle of flexion in 64% of the subjects and was even more accurate in those in labor. All cases predicted as having full flexion (< 90°) of the cervical spine by ultrasound had an angle of flexion ≤ 90° on radiographic assessment. Of subjects in labor, ultrasound accurately identified the type of breech presentation in all cases. In addition, sonographic identification of full flexion of the cervical spine excludes cases of fetal neck extension and precludes the need for radiographic assessment prior to a trial of labor. Copyright © 1997 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Extrasolar planetary systems.

The terms 'planet' and 'planet-like objects' are defined. The observational search for extrasolar planetary systems is described, as performable by earthbound optical telescopes, by space probes, by long baseline radio interferometry, and finally by inference from the reception of signals sent by intelligent beings in other worlds. It is shown that any planetary system must be preceded by a rotating disk of gas and dust around a central mass. A brief review of the theories of the formation of the solar system is given, along with a proposed scheme for classification of these theories. The evidence for magnetic activity in the early stages of stellar evolution is presented. The magnetic braking theories of solar and stellar rotation are discussed, and an estimate is made for the frequency of occurrence of planetary systems in the universe.
The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has antidepressant-like effects in wild-type but not β2- or α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice

Increases in cholinergic transmission are linked to depression in human subjects and animal models. We therefore examined the effect of decreasing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity in tests of antidepressant efficacy using C57BL/6J mice. We determined whether the noncompetitive nAChR antagonist mecamylamine had antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). These experiments were repeated in mice lacking either the β2- or α7-nAChR subunits to identify the nAChR subunits involved in mediating the antidepressant response to mecamylamine. Adult mice on the C57BL/6J background were acutely administered mecamylamine i.p. 30 min before testing in the FST or TST. A dose–response study showed that mecamylamine significantly decreased immobility time in the TST at the 1.0-mg/kg dose but did not alter baseline locomotor activity. The competitive nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine, but not the blood–brain barrier impermeant antagonist hexamethonium, also decreased immobility in the TST. One milligram per kilogram of mecamylamine also significantly decreased time immobile in the FST whereas both β2- and α7-knockout mice were insensitive to the effects of mecamylamine in the FST. Decreased activity of central nAChRs has antidepressant-like effects in both the TST and FST and these effects are dependent on both β2 and α7 subunits. Therefore, compounds that decrease nAChR activity may be attractive new candidates for development as antidepressants in humans.
Mechanism of pH-Dependent Decomposition of Monoalkylamine Diazeniumdiolates to Form HNO and NO, Deduced from the Model Compound Methylamine Diazeniumdiolate, Density Functional Theory, and CBS-QB3 Calculations

Isopropylamine diazeniumdiolate, IPA/NO, the product of the reaction of isopropylamine and nitric oxide, NO, decomposes in a pH-dependent manner to afford nitroxyl, HNO, in the pH range of 13 to above 5, and NO below pH 7. Theoretical studies using B3LYP/6-311+G(d) density functional theory, the polarizable continuum and conductor-like polarizable continuum solvation models, and the high-accuracy CBS-QB3 method on the simplified model compound methylamine diazeniumdiolate predict a mechanism involving HNO production via decomposition of the unstable tautomer MeNN+(O-)NHO-. The production of NO at lower pH is predicted to result from fragmentation of the amide/NO adduct upon protonation of the amine nitrogen.
Hilbert-space treatment of incoherent, time-resolved spectroscopy. I. Formalism, a tensorial classification of high-order orientational gratings and generalized MUPPETS ``echoes''

Time-resolved spectroscopy that uses more than one incoherent excitation, and thus has multiple periods of time evolution, is becoming more common. A recent example is multiple population-period transient spectroscopy (MUPPETS), which is implemented as a high-order transient grating. In this paper, a formalism is developed to treat these types of incoherent spectroscopy in a manner that parallels the Liouville-pathway formalism used to treat multidimensional coherent spectroscopy. A Hilbert space of incoherent (population) states is defined and general expressions for transition and time-evolution operators acting on these states are derived from the corresponding quantum operators. This formalism describes incoherent experiments that involve an arbitrary number of temporal dimensions in terms of pathways through the Hilbert space. Each pathway is associated with a multiple-time rate-correlation function. Previous work has shown that these multiple-time correlation functions can measure heterogeneity in electronic-relaxation rates. Thus, they are an analog of coherent “echo” experiments, which measure heterogeneity in frequencies. We show that similar “MUPPETS echo” experiments can be done on any incoherent variable. For a dilute molecular solute, the Hilbert-space method leads to a systematic treatment of multidimensional transient gratings. The extension of irreducible-tensor methods to the incoherent Hilbert space results in a classification of orientational gratings of arbitrary order. The general methods developed in this paper are applied more specifically to single-photon, dipole transitions in the following paper.
Myelination: all about Rac ‘n’ roll

During the development of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells select individual axons from a nerve bundle and establish a one-to-one relationship through a process termed “radial sorting”. Recent findings identify the Rho family GTPase Rac1 as the downstream effector molecule responsible for process extension and lamellipodia formation in Schwann cells, allowing for proper radial sorting and myelination. These findings begin to shed light on our understanding of the distinct and yet essential molecular mechanisms involved in developmental processes preceding myelination.
Soil moisture updating and microwave remote sensing for hydrological simulation / La remise à jour de l'état d'humidité des sols en vue de la simulation hydrologique

ABSTRACT Research has shown that it is possible to measure the soil moisture of the upper soil layer using microwave remote sensing. This type of areal measurement, if obtained on a routine basis from a space platform, could have value in hydrological simulations for stream-flow forecasting, irrigation scheduling, and drought monitoring. Possible applications of these data in modelling include parameter calibration and system updating. Conventional point measurements of soil properties and precipitation do not always represent the areal distribution. Periodic measurements of areal soil moisture could be used to correct errors in model simulations of state variables caused by parameter estimates and input data. The possibility of using remotely sensed estimates of soil moisture was tested in an experiment conducted on several small basins located in Oklahoma using the USDA Hydrograph Laboratory Model of watershed hydrology. Periodic soil moisture samples obtained using conventional methods were used to rep...
Renal Nerves Modulate Renin Secretion during Autoregulation

AbstractEfferent stimulation of the renal nerves at a very low frequency (0.25 Hz) which is subthreshold for changes in renal blood flow (RBF), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV), and renin secretion has been shown to augment the renin secretion response to reduction in renal arterial pressure to 50 mm Hg by aortic constriction. The present experiments determined whether this modulating influence on renin secretion could be demonstrated during aortic constriction when both RBF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were autoregulated. In 9 dogs with renal nerves sectioned, aortic constriction reduced renal arterial pressure from 131 to 98 mm Hg and UNaV from 68 ± 15 to 29 ± 6 μeq/min, did not change RBF or GFR, and significantly increased renin secretion (82 ± 26 to 606 ± 206 ng/min). Aortic constriction during low frequency renal nerve stimulation (0.25 Hz) resulted in similar increases in renin secretion (245 ± 130 to 691 ± 298 ng/min). In 10 dogs with innervated and contralateral dener-vated filtering kidne...
Diffusion and reaction in a Mandelbrot lung

Abstract In his book “The Fractal Geometry of Nature”, Mandelbrot has suggested a model of the bronchial tree consisting of constantly branching pathways of diminishing length and cross-section. It is a system worth considering as a model of branching pathways in a porous catalyst. The effectiveness of such a tree when oxygen or a reactant diffuses into it and is absorbed or reacts on its walls is calculated both for finite and infinite trees. The analysis leads to an interesting type of equation in which the unknown appears with two values of the argument. Solution is possible by coming in from asymptotic approximations or by growing a tree.
Automation challenges for space on earth: the challenges of pioneering hybrid circuit automation

This paper addresses the challenges in creating and developing an automated factory for the production of mosaic focal plane arrays. It is shown how the modular concept has been employed to its maximum benefit in the development of the array. Finally, it is demonstrated how solid strategic planning can result in significant benefits beyond the immediate solution for the problem at hand; that is, turning a point solution into an industry solution.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reversibility of artificial feed-induced hepatocyte disturbances in cultured juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): an ultrastructural study

Abstract Anomalies in hepatocytes induced by artificial feed consist of large deposits of lipid droplets which are interpreted as reflecting a deviation in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the experiment, in which fish were switched from an artificial to a natural diet, two phenomena suggested that the anomalies were reversible. Firstly, the number and size of the lipid droplets decreased as did the osmiophilia, suggesting that fatty acids were not stored but were being metabolized when lipids were fewer in the diet. Secondly, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed, indicating an activation of lipid metabolism in this organelle.
Oxygen demand and supply in cell culture

The oxygen demand of animal cells in microcarrier culture can be determined using a dissolved oxygen electrode. Continuous monitoring of the oxygen demand by human diploid fibroblasts shows it to be a good indicator of cell number. Furthermore, the oxygen demand of animal cells in large cultures can be supplied using membrane oxygenation using silicone rubber tubing. This method avoids the problems encountered with sparging the culture.
Influence of feeding different amounts of milk on performance, health, and absorption capability of baby calves.

Abstract The influence of feeding high milk on performance, health, and absorption capability of the small intestine was studied in Holstein calves (eight males and eight females). Animals were kept in outdoor hutches bedded with straw. Treatments consisted of two quantities of milk: 1) 4.1 kg of whole milk from 3 to 48 days of age when calves were weaned and 2) gradually increasing milk from 4.1 to 7.0 kg during the first 2 wk of treatment and feeding 7.6 kg per day thereafter until day 42. Milk was reduced gradually during the 7th wk. Intake of milk averaged 4.1 and 6.7 kg per animal per day. Commercial starter, alfalfa hay, and water were offered ad libitum to all calves. Higher milk resulted in larger weight gains (615 versus 538 g/day) and less starter intake. Total dry matter intake, feed efficiency, and scour scores were not different between treatments, but rectal temperatures were greater on high milk. Female calves fed high milk showed less xylose absorption and more days medicated than females fed less milk.
Technological Change in a Society in Transition: Work in Progress on a Unified Reference Work in Early American Patent History

Fire destroyed the Patent Office on December 15, 1836. From the ensuing actions by the Congress and Commissioner, it is possible to create a comprehensive and accurate description of the scope and level of technology and changes therein, as the United States transformed itself into an industrial society. This paper reports the progress made toward that description (in the form of a unified reference work), illustrates some uses of the data, and suggests other uses of the final version in expanding understanding of the processes of sociocultural change, particularly those of capitalist development.
Biphasic fluence-response curves and derived action spectra for light-induced absorbance changes in Phycomyces mycelium

Abstract The photoresponses of Phycomyces , including phototropism and photocontrol of sporangiophore development, are mediated primarily by blue and UV light. Recent results on these two responses indicated a subsidiary role for green light. We have measured in vivo light-induced absorbance changes (LIAC) in mycelial samples of a caroteneless ( carB ) strain to compare the effectiveness of UV, blue, and green light. In the dual-wavelength kinetic mode of the spectrophotometer, measuring wavelengths of 445 and 470 nm were chosen, because green light produces substantial absorbance changes between these two wavelengths. Fluence-response curves were measured for 13 wavelengths between 365 and 530 nm, and for variable exposure times between 0.5 and 320 s. With one exception (365 nm), the curves were biphasic. The low fluence component was generally sigmoidal with an abrupt rise. The high fluence component failed to reach saturation for the fluences tested (less than 70 μmol m −2 s −1 ). Using the inferred threshold fluences of these two components as criterion effects, we obtained two action spectra. For the low fluence component, the action spectrum showed major peaks at 394, 450, and 530 nm and a minor peak at 416 nm. The high fluence component action spectrum showed very little sensitivity in the blue region. The major sensitivity was in the near UV, and a relatively small peak appeared in the green part of the spectrum at 507 nm. The biphasic character of the fluence-response curves suggests that two photosystems are responsible for the absorbance changes. The low fluence photosystem is sensitive mainly to blue and UV light and may thus represent a physiological blue-light photoreceptor. The high fluence photosystem is clearly not of this type. It (and perhaps the low fluence system as well) may mediate some of the subsidiary physiological effects of green light.
Dynamical Modeling of Flow in Cumulus-Filled Boundary Layers.

Abstract A primitive equation planetary boundary layer (PBL) model is constructed and applied to simulate the downwind evolution of coupled dynamic, thermodynamic and cloud properties in the PBL over warmer mean. A multilayered approach is adopted to model the inversion-capped convective PBL filled with shallow cumuli, stratocumulus clouds, or cloud-free air. Vertically varying turbulent and convective cloud fluxes are constructed from recently published parameterization schemes. This model is designed to simulate some influences of cloud, vertical mixing, and horizontal advection on surface winds over much of the world's oceans. An initial application is the local simulation of trade wind flow using a one-dimensional version of the model. Modeled vertical momentum flux and wind in the cumulus-filled baroclinic PBL agree well with observations, confirming the validity of the momentum parameterization scheme. Applications to two-dimensional simulation of a moderate cold surge over a warm ocean show the enh...
SADAD payment system: an exploration of the key success factors

This poster reports on one of the most successful EG initiatives within the context of the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA). The initiative is called (SADAD) Payment System. The poster introduces the initiative and the conditions under which it was proposed. Then, it lists and discusses four main success factors based on extensive content analysis of the initiative website and related documents.
334 – Baseline BMI does not predict six month remission rate for depression managed under collaborative care management

Introduction Obesity and depression are often comorbid conditions, with an apparent bi-directional relationship. Obesity at baseline has been shown to increase the risk of onset of depression and depression at baseline increased the odds for developing obesity. Less is understood about the impact of obesity on depression outcomes. Objectives/aims Our hypothesis was that obesity (BMI >= 30) and morbid obesity (BMI >= 40) would have negative effects on depression remission rates after six months of enrollment into collaborative care management (CCM). Methods This study was retrospective analysis of 1,111 depressed patients with a PHQ-9 score of 10 or greater that were enrolled in CCM. Of these patients, 81.5% (1,587) had BMI data available and only 27.4% (435) were of a normal BMI (BMI>=15 and = 30). Multivariate analysis for the odds ratio of achieving remission at six months demonstrated that the patient's BMI at baseline was not a risk factor for depression outcome at six months. The clinical factors of recurrent depression, PHQ-9 score and an abnormal MDQ score were found to be statistically significant with an inverse relationship to remission at six months, an observation that had been shown in prior studies. Conclusions CCM for depression has been shown to be effective for improving depression outcomes. While obesity was common in our study population, it was reassuring, based on this study that six month depression treatment outcomes do not appear to be significantly impacted by the patient's baseline BMI.
Long-term survival after permanent pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome

In this population-based study, long-term survival and prognostic factors were examined in 148 patients, 55 men and 93 women, from Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had permanent pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome between 1969 and 1991. The overall survival for patients who had received a permanent pacemaker for sick sinus syndrome was significantly worse than that of an age- and sex-matched control population (p or = 80 years was similar to the expected (p = 0.22).
Outbound supply chain network design with mode selection, lead times and capacitated vehicle distribution centers

Most distribution network design models considered to date have focused on minimizing fixed costs of facility location and transportation costs. Measures of customer satisfaction driven by the operational dynamics such as lead times have seldom been considered. We consider the design of an outbound supply chain network considering lead times, location of distribution facilities and choice of transportation mode. We present a Lagrangian heuristic that gives excellent solution quality in reasonable computational time. Scenario analyses are conducted on industrial data using this algorithm to observe how the supply chain behaves under different parameter values.
Adhesive properties of some fluoropolymer binders with the insensitive explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB).

Abstract Adhesion between binders and explosive crystals is of critical importance for the mechanical performance of plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs). The surface properties of several prospective binders have been determined from static advancing contact angle measurements. The surface energies have been used to calculate theoretical work of adhesion to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), a common insensitive high explosive. The fluorinated terpolymer Oxy-461™, and Kel-F™ chlorotrifluoroethylene–vinylidene fluoride copolymers show the greatest potential for wetting TATB surfaces, and should promote the best adhesion to TATB in PBX formulations. In general, none of the fluoropolymer binders investigated here exhibit markedly superior adhesion to TATB. Thus, bulk physical properties are likely to be more important when choosing a binder.
One dimensional-ZnO nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and environmental applications

Abstract One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures such as rods, wires, belts and tubes have attracted much attention due to their unique physical, chemical, optical, and electrochemical properties enabling remarkable performance in photonics, sensors, photocatalysis, optics and photovoltaic devices. This paper presents a review of recent research in 1D ZnO nanostructures with emphasis on ZnO-based nanowires (NWs or NRs) used as photocatalysts for the degradation of environmental pollutants, particularly textile and industrial dyes, under appropriate light irradiation. Compared to other ZnO nanostructures, the higher aspect ratio (large surface to volume ratio) of 1D ZnO NWs offers highly desirable photocatalytic applications that depend on surface reactions or other phenomena that occur at interface surfaces, and eliminate the cost and requirement for post treatment. In addition, a review of several syntheses, fabrication methods and characterization studies of several types of ZnO NWs is presented. Finally, the photocatalytic degradation of selected dyes is highlighted.
Monocyte function in mixed lymphocyte reactions

Abstract Subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by sequential separation techniques. The stimulating and responding capacity of these cells together with the T-cell population remaining after the removal of other populations was studied in one-way allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture. Incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine was used as a measure of response. Monocytes, present in the stimulating or responding cell population, were necessary for lymphocyte response. T cells stimulated responding T-cell populations containing monocytes but not B cells. Stimulation by T cells could be inhibited with DRW antisera. Response was also inhibited by sera detecting DRw antigens on the monocytes of the responding cell population. It is concluded that monocytes play an important functional role in mixed lymphocyte reactions. In addition, it appears that the combination of anti-DRw sera and monocytes influences mixed lymphocyte reactions by an active process in that inhibition of response cannot be explained entirely by blocking DRw determinants.
Resistance and Romans 13 in Samuel Rutherford's Lex, Rex

The many conflicts around the reformation of religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries drew the problem of political resistance to the forefront of European political thought. Thinkers in all of the various religious camps considered scripture to be politically normative. Consequently, both pro- and anti-resistance thinkers from a variety of traditions had to engage with Romans 13:1–7, Paul's apparently definitive pronouncement in favour of obedience and, therefore, against resistance. The opponents of resistance could cite Romans 13 with fairly little explanation, but the resisters and revolutionaries faced the challenge of working with the text to draw different political conclusions from it without violating the ‘literal’ sense that they almost universally held to be authoritative. Some even aimed to bring Paul forward as a staunch supporter of the sort of violent political resistance they advocated.Lex, Rex, the political tract of seventeenth-century Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford (1600–1661), represents a particularly comprehensive early modern justification for violent resistance against a political sovereign. Rutherford was a member of the party of the radical covenanters, who vehemently opposed the church reforms of Charles I and, when hostilities began, fervently supported the war against the king. This article explores the series of arguments, distinctions and theological moves that Rutherford employs to incorporate Romans 13 as a central supporting text for his pro-resistance argument. Among these are: the distinction between God's immediate institution of governmental power and the constitution of particular governments mediately through the people, the positing of a conditional covenant agreed upon at the constitution of any government, the scholastic distinction between voluntas beneplaciti and voluntas signi in the divine will, and the distinction between the royal office in abstracto and its concrete occupant. Using these and other arguments and distinctions, Rutherford constructs a conceptual apparatus that is able, to a great extent, to appropriate Paul's exhortation to obedience in the service of a justification of resistance. In so doing, Rutherford illustrates some of the array of theological and philosophical resources that early modern resistance theorists could marshal in support of their cause, while still maintaining their fundamental theological commitments.
Digital computer simulation of crossed-field electron guns

A digital computer program for the simulation of crossed-field electron guns is described. The program simulates the electrodes and fields within the gun on a matrix of up to 10 000 points. The program, written in FORTRAN II for the IBM 7090, is generally executed in six minutes or less. It is shown to produce results within four percent of theory and experiment for two different cases.
Role of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in recurrent pneumonia after repair of esophageal atresia

The etiology of recurrent aspiration pneumonitis after the successful repair of esophageal atresia has not been defined. In order to explain this occurrence, we performed esophageal manometric examinations on eight patients who had undergone repair of EA and tracheoesophageal fistula. Two patients who had had recurrent pneumonia had subnormal pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter; they also had a history of severe regurgitation, and a barium esophagram demonstrated free gastroesophageal reflux. The LES incompetence in these patients was apparently corrected by administration of bethanechol.
Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition of Metal Nanocluster thin Films with Nonlinear Optical Properties

Metal nanocluster thin films (∼200 nm thickness) consisting of noble metal (Au) clusters (5-30 nm) in an active metal oxide (Nb2O5) matrix were deposited by evaporation or ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). In some cases the films were given a post-deposition anneal. The microstructure of the films was examined by plan view and cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of the metal nanoclusters was found to depend upon the temperature of the post-deposition anneal as well as the conditions of ion bombardment. Ion bombardment was found to stabilize smaller size particles. The linear optical properties of the films, as measured by VIS/UV spectroscopy, show particle size-dependent surface plasmon resonance effects. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the nanoclusters in oxidized niobium were probed experimentally using degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) and nonlinear transmission (NLT). The DFWM measurements yielded signals that showed strong evidence of saturation and give large values of χ(3)xxxxl. NLT measurements demonstrated that the nonlinear absorption coefficient and, hence, Imχ(3)xxxx was negative. Time resolved DFWM measurements exhibited dynamics that decayed on a several picosecond time scale. The magnitude and the picosecond dynamics of the NLO response were compared to those observed in gold nanoclusters formed by ion implantation in other media. The advantages of the IBAD method for fabricating third order NLO films include the ability to deposit films of arbitrary active region thicknesses and, more importantly, high cluster densities.
Distributed software development: Experience and recommendation

This paper is based on a Distributed Software Development course project conducted over a period of four months (fall, 2012). The aim of the project was to develop a Classroom Face Recognition System(CFRS) to enable instructors automatically to record student attendance. This project was a collaborative effort between students and faculties from Iowa State University, United States of America; Jilin University, Republic of China and King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thailand. We make observations from a Project Management point of view of Distributed Software Development on the benefits and disadvantages of a variety of issues associated with distributed software development, such as of 24 hour work-cycle and expanded pool of workforce. We highlight the main constraints, assumptions, challenges and their corresponding mitigation strategies, and recommend improvements for future educational distributed projects.
Associations to unfamiliar words: Learning the meanings of new words

Five experiments were designed to examine whether subjects attend to different aspects of meaning for familiar and unfamiliar words. In Experiments 1–3, subjects gave free associations to high- and low-familiarity words from the same taxonomic category (e.g.,seltzer:sarsparilla; Experiment 1), from the same noun synonym set (e.g.,baby:neonate; Experiment 2), and from the same verb synonym set (e.g.,abscond:escape; Experiment 3). In Experiments 4 and 5, subjects first read a context sentence containing the stimulus word and then gave associations; stimuli were novel words or either high- or low-familiarity nouns. Low-familiarity and novel words elicited more nonsemantically based responses (e.g.,engram:graham) than did high-familiarity words. Of the responses semantically related to the stimulus, low-familiarity and novel words elicited a higher proportion of definitional responses [category (e.g.,sarsparilla:soda), synonym (e.g.,neonate:newborn), and coordinate (e.g.,armoire:dresser)], whereas high-familiarity stimuli elicited a higher proportion of event-based responses [thematic (e.g.,seltzer:glass) and noun:verb (e.g.,baby:cry)]. Unfamiliar words appear to elicit a shift of attentional resources from relations useful in understanding the message to relations useful in understanding the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
Our Professions, Organizations, and Societies Are Addressing Sustainability Management: A “Retro-Prospective” Collaborative Editorial on Why We Need “More-Better, Soon”

Welcome to our third Organization & Environment (O&E) collaborative editorial. In this issue, in addition to six excellent sustainability management scholarly contributions, we are pleased to feature authors from all the articles in a volume published about 20 years ago related to that sustainability management O&E theme, titled Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy (referred to in this editorial as RCSPP) and subtitled “Sustaining the Natural Environment: Empirical Studies on the Interface Between Nature and Organizations.” The volume, published by JAI Press in 1995, was coedited by Denis Collins (now at Edgewood College in Madison, WI, USA) and one of this journal’s coeditors, Mark Starik. Our intention in this O&E collaborative editorial is to highlight sustainability management research conducted both by some newer authors and by those who helped pioneer these efforts. Hopefully, we are providing a glimpse of how the latter topics have developed and where they are headed, with the intent of informing today’s researchers on how sustainability management can be advanced in some potentially effective ways in the future.
Competition Policy for Industry Standards

This paper is a chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook on International Antitrust Economics. The chapter surveys issues raised by the development of industry standards, whether accomplished through a formal standard setting committee structure or the activities of a single sponsor. The focus is on the tradeoff between the benefits from standards and possible costs that standards and the activity of standard development may impose on consumers. A particular focus is on the consequences of intellectual property rights for standards.
Structural diversity of bacterial flagellar motors

The bacterial flagellum is one of nature's most amazing and well-studied nanomachines. Its cell-wall-anchored motor uses chemical energy to rotate a microns-long filament and propel the bacterium towards nutrients and away from toxins. While much is known about flagellar motors from certain model organisms, their diversity across the bacterial kingdom is less well characterized, allowing the occasional misrepresentation of the motor as an invariant, ideal machine. Here, we present an electron cryotomographical survey of flagellar motor architectures throughout the Bacteria. While a conserved structural core was observed in all 11 bacteria imaged, surprisingly novel and divergent structures as well as different symmetries were observed surrounding the core. Correlating the motor structures with the presence and absence of particular motor genes in each organism suggested the locations of five proteins involved in the export apparatus including FliI, whose position below the C-ring was confirmed by imaging a deletion strain. The combination of conserved and specially-adapted structures seen here sheds light on how this complex protein nanomachine has evolved to meet the needs of different species.
Fitness of Outbreak and Environmental Strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Aerosolizable Soil and Association of Clonal Variation in Stress Gene Regulation.

Airborne dust from feedlots is a potential mechanism of contamination of nearby vegetable crops with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). We compared the fitness of clinical and environmental strains of EcO157 in <45 µm soil from a spinach farm. Differences in survival were observed among the 35 strains with D-values (days for 90% decreases) ranging from 1–12 days. Strains that survived longer, generally, were from environmental sources and lacked expression of curli, a protein associated with attachment and virulence. Furthermore, the proportion of curli-positive (C+) variants of EcO157 strains decreased with repeated soil exposure and the strains that were curli-negative (C−) remained C− post-soil exposure. Soil exposure altered expression of stress-response genes linked to fitness of EcO157, but significant clonal variation in expression was measured. Mutations were detected in the stress-related sigma factor, rpoS, with a greater percentage occurring in parental strains of clinical origin prior to soil exposure. We speculate that these mutations in rpoS may confer a differential expression of genes, associated with mechanisms of survival and/or virulence, and thus may influence the fitness of EcO157.
Divergent Systemic and Local Inflammatory Response to Hind Limb Demand Ischemia in Wild Type And ApoE−/− Mice

Abstract Background We designed studies to determine whether the ApoE–/– phenotype modulates the local skeletal muscle and systemic inflammatory (plasma) responses to lower extremity demand ischemia. The ApoE–/– phenotype is an experimental model for atherosclerosis in humans. Methods Aged female ApoE–/– and C57BL6 mice underwent femoral artery ligation, then were divided into sedentary and demand ischemia (exercise) groups on day 14. We assessed baseline and postexercise limb perfusion and hind limb function. On day 14, animals in the demand ischemia group underwent daily treadmill exercise through day 28. Sedentary mice were not exercised. On day 28, we harvested plasma and skeletal muscle from ischemic limbs from sedentary and exercised mice. We assayed muscle for angiogenic and proinflammatory proteins, markers of skeletal muscle regeneration, and evidence of skeletal muscle fiber maturation. Results Hind limb ischemia was similar in ApoE–/– and C57 mice before the onset of exercise. Under sedentary conditions, plasma vascular endothelial cell growth factor and interleukin-6, but not keratinocyte chemoattractant factor (KC) or macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), were higher in ApoE (P Conclusions Demand limb ischemia in the ApoE–/– phenotype exacerbated the expression of select systemic cytokines in plasma and blunted indices of muscle regeneration.
Staffing Changes Before and After Mandated Nurse-to-Patient Ratios in California’s Hospitals

California is the first state to mandate specific nurse-to-patient ratios in general acute care hospitals. These ratios went into effect January 1, 2004 and apply "at all times". Little is known about the changes in staffing that occurred subsequent to the implementation of this legislation. This study identifies and describes changes in nurse and non-nursing staffing that may have occurred as a result of the enactment of these nurse-to-patient ratios. The results of this study indicate that most hospitals made upward adjustments in their RN and registry nurse staff but decreases in support staff and other non-nurse staff were not evident. These findings suggest that these mandated ratios had the desired effect of increasing the number of nurses caring for acutely ill patients.
Learning research and curriculum development

In this paper Cronbach comments on the gap that exists between learning research and curriculum development. Essentially, Cronbach is saying that learning theories have not been particularly helpful in telling the curriculum maker about arranging an optimum sequence of experiences for children in school. Current curriculum reforms are proceeding on other bases. He finds Piaget's theory of cognitive development posing similar questions of bridging the gap between cognitive development and curriculum development, but not emerging with clear pedagogical answers.
Trap catches of stored-product insects before and after heat treatment in a pilot feed mill☆

Abstract The pilot feed mill at Kansas State University was heated to temperatures of ⩾50°C for 28–35 h during August 4–6, 1999 using natural gas heaters to kill stored-product insects. A three-parameter nonlinear regression model satisfactorily described temperature profiles on each of the four mill floors and was useful in showing differences among floors in the number of hours taken to reach 50°C and hours above 50°C. Pitfall traps with food and pheromone lures and sticky traps with pheromone lures were used to sample adults of beetles and moths, respectively, between July 8 and December 1, 1999 to evaluate heat treatment effectiveness. A total of 32 insect species representing 26 families in seven orders were captured in traps. Immediately after heat treatment, there was 95% reduction in total beetle captures in pitfall traps and 99% reduction in moth captures in sticky traps. Trap captures of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (L.) were significantly reduced and remained low after heat treatment. However, trap captures of the flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schoenherr), Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) increased gradually after heat treatment, especially on the 1st and 4th floors. Our results indicated that traps are valuable tools for gauging the degree and duration of insect suppression obtained by heat treatment. In addition to trapping, visual inspection of the mill areas and absolute sampling of ingredients, products and spillage should be undertaken, so that areas of incipient insect reinfestation can be identified and potential problems rectified or averted.
Understanding biological complexity: lessons from the past

Advances in molecular biology now permit complex biological systems to be tracked at an exquisite level of detail. The information flow is so great, however, that using intuition alone to draw connections is unrealistic. Thus, the need to integrate mathematical biology with experimental biology is greater than ever. To achieve this integration, obstacles that have traditionally prevented effective communication between theoreticians and experimentalists must be overcome, so that experimentalists learn the language of mathematics and dynamical modeling and theorists learn the language of biology. Fifty years ago Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published their quantitative model of the nerve action potential; in the same year, Alan Turing published his work on pattern formation in activator-inhibitor systems. These classic studies illustrate two ends of the spectrum in mathematical biology: the detailed model approach and the minimal model approach. When combined, they are highly synergistic in analyzing the mechanisms underlying the behavior of complex biological systems. Their effective integration will be essential for unraveling the physical basis of the mysteries of life.
Secondary ion formation/survival during the initial stages of sputtering Si and SiO2 with Cs+

Abstract Secondary ion intensities, substrate composition, work function and valence band spectra during the initial stages of sputter depth profiling Si and SiO 2 with 1 keV Cs + , along with ion induced Auger emissions resulting from 1 keV Xe + have been studied. The results reveal that the increasing O − , Si − , and Si 2 − intensities and decreasing Si + and Cs + intensities noted with increasing Cs + dose from Si substrates, stems primarily from a Cs induced reduction of the work function. Similar intensity variations were noted from SiO 2 substrates. These appear to be due to sub-band states introduced during sputtering. Such trends, along with the matrix dependent transient effects observed in the secondary ion emissions from both Si and SiO 2 , are consistent with resonance charge transfer as being the primary process responsible for secondary ion formation/survival. Minor deviations from the expected trends suggest the presence of Auger de-excitation (Si + and Cs + ) and variable poly-atomic formation (Si 2 − ) probabilities.
The relationship between eating-related individual differences and visual attention to foods high in added fat and sugar.

article i nfo Objective: Attentional biases for food-related stimuli may be associated separately with obesity, disordered eat- ing, and hunger. We tested an integrative model that simultaneously examines the association of body mass index (BMI), disordered eating and hunger with food-related visual attention to processed foods that differ in added fat/sugar level (e.g., sweets, candies, fried foods) relative to minimally processed foods (e.g., fruits, meats/nuts, vegetables) that are lower in fat/sugar content. Methods: One-hundred overweight or obese women, ages 18-50, completed a food-related visual search task and measures associated with eating behavior. Height and weight were measured. Results: Higher levels of hunger significantly predicted increased vigilance for sweets and candy and increased vigilance for fried foods at a trend level. Elevated hunger was associated significantly with decreased dwell time on fried foods and, at a trend level, with decreased dwell time on sweets. Higher BMIs emerged as a significant predictor of decreased vigilance for fried foods, but BMI was not related to dwell time. Disordered eating was unrelated to vigilance for or dwell time on unhealthy food types. Conclusions: This pattern of findings suggests that low-level attentional biases may contribute to difficulties making healthier food choices in the current food environment and may point toward useful strategies to re- duce excess food consumption.
Towards a taxonomy of software connectors

Software systems of today are frequently composed from prefabricated, heterogeneous components that provide complex functionality and engage in complex interactions. Existing research on component-based development has mostly focused on component structure, interfaces, and functionality. Recently, software architecture has emerged as an area that also places significant importance on component interactions, embodied in the notion of software connectors. However, the current level of understanding and support for connectors has been insufficient. This has resulted in their inconsistent treatment and a notable lack of understanding of what the fundamental building blocks of software interaction are and how they can be composed into more complex interactions. This paper attempts to address this problem. It presents a comprehensive classification framework and taxonomy of software connectors. The taxonomy is obtained through an extensive analysis of existing component interactions. The taxonomy is used both to understand existing software connectors and to suggest new, unprecedented connectors. We demonstrate the use of the taxonomy on the architecture of a large, existing system.
The identity of the enigmatic “Black Shrew” (Sorex niger Ord, 1815)

Abstract The scientific name Sorex niger Ord, 1815 (Mammalia, Soricidae) was originally applied to a North American species that George Ord called the “Black Shrew.” The origin of the name “Black Shrew,” however, was obscure, and Samuel Rhoads subsequently wrote that the species represented by this name could not be determined. The names Sorex niger Ord and Black Shrew have since been mostly forgotten. Two of Ord's contemporaries, however, noted that Ord's use of these names probably alluded to Benjamin Smith Barton's Black Shrew, whose discovery near Philadelphia was announced by Barton in 1806. Examination of two unpublished illustrations of the Black Shrew made by Barton indicates that the animal depicted is Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1822). Had the connection between Ord's and Barton's names been made more clearly, one of the most common mammals in eastern North America would bear a different scientific name today. This connection also would have affected the validity of Sorex niger Horsfield, 1851. Whi...