cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Origins of the Hydration Force Between Lipid Bilayers Using All-Atom Simulations

Using 237 all-atom double bilayer simulations, we examined the thermodynamic and structural changes that occur as a phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer stack is dehydrated. The simulated system represents a micropatch of lipid multilayer systems that are studied experimentally using surface force apparatus, atomic force microscopy and osmotic pressure studies. In these experiments, the hydration level of the system is varied, changing the separation between the bilayers, in order to understand the forces that the bilayers feel as they are brought together. These studies have found a curious, strongly repulsive force when the bilayers are very close to each other, which has been termed the “hydration force,” though the origins of this force are not clearly understood. We computationally reproduce this repulsive, relatively free energy change as bilayers come together and make qualitative conclusions as to the enthalpic and entropic origins of the free energy change. This analysis is supported by data showing structural changes in the waters, lipids and salts that have also been seen in experimental work. Increases in solvent ordering as the bilayers are dehydrated are found to be essential in causing the repulsion as the bilayers come together.
Impact of range and precision in technology on cell-based design

With the introduction of non-planar CMOS technologies in commercial designs, the effects of the range and precision allowed in a technology is an important. The limited range and precision (i.e. granularity) in a technology, and consequently, in a standard cell design, may result in significant penalties in the power and delay performance in a design. In this work, the impact of the range and precision is examined by providing a new framework for estimating the power sub-optimality incurred by a design relative to a given library. Methods that predict the suboptimality well, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the implications on standard cell library design are explored. While no other methods for estimating suboptimality are known, compared to a method derived from literature, our method provides a nearly 2x better estimate for v th assignment and 10x improvement for gate sizing.
XPS and SPR Analysis of Glycoarray Surface Density

Despite the fact that the carbohydrate microarray has seen increasing use within the field of glycobiology, the surface chemistry of the glycoarray remains largely unexplored. Motivated by the need to develop surface analytical techniques to characterize carbohydrate-modified surfaces, we developed a quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPR imaging) method to study glycan biosensors. We performed a comparative analysis on the relative coverage of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, consisting of a thiol-functionalized trimannoside (Manalpha1,2Manalpha1,2Manalpha-OEG-SH) at varying concentrations (0-100%) mixed separately with two thiol-containing polyethylene glycol oligomers. XPS C1s core level analysis was used to identify the O-C-O functionality unique to the carbohydrate acetal moiety and to separate and quantify the relative coverage of sugar in carbohydrate/OEG mixed SAMs. XPS spectra of the mixed SAMs demonstrated a proportional increase in the acetal signature of the glycan with increasing sugar concentration. To relate surface glycan density with biological function, we carried out a kinetic analysis of Concanavalin A (ConA) binding to SAMs of varying densities of carbohydrate using SPR imaging. We observed protein binding that was highly dependent on both glycan density and the nature of the OEG-thiol used in the mixed self-assembly. These results illustrate the utility of surface analytical techniques such as XPS and SPR in carbohydrate biosensor characterization and optimization.
VBR transcoding architecture for video streaming

The delivery of high quality video program existing in a video server through heterogeneous networks is a fast emerging service and has attracted much attention recently. Transcoding technique that converts a pre-encoded video sequence from a high bitrate to a low bitrate is a key component in such a system. Based on our previously proposed VBR coding for fixed storage application, we propose in this paper a VBR transcoding architecture to accomplish video streaming over heterogeneous networks. First, we assume that the pre-encoded bitstream is generated using the proposed VBR encoding scheme at a relatively high bitrate. In addition, the relationship between the amount of bits for each frame and all possible quantization factors, i.e. rate (R) and quantization (Q) function, is also generated at the video server. Once the users provide their access requirements, the video server will optimally compute the appropriate quantization factors for each frame according to the constraints of desired bitrate and finite buffer size. Then the compressed bitstream will be decoded to DCT domain and requantized with the updated quantization factors. Because the generation of R-Q function is based on the original frame and is not related to the quantization factors, it is possible to reuse the motion information embedded in the compressed bitstream and implement the transcoding in the DCT domain. The computational expense required by this proposed transcoder is much lower than those required by schemes which decode the compressed bitstream to the pixel domain and transcode to the desired bitrate using a complete encoder. Furthermore, this VBR transcoding scheme is able to generate a CBR-like output while retaining all advantages of VBR encoding. This facilitates the delivery of VBR bitstream through various existing CBR channels. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed VBR transcoding not only is capable of achieving higher mean PSNR and more consistent decoded visual quality, but also requires much less computational expense compared with conventional pixel domain CBR transcoder.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spherical protein shell formation from an 11S subunit of bacteriophage f2.

An 11S protein component obtained from specific dissociation of bacteriophage f2 underwent a change in the state of association when dialyzed to p H 4. At low temperatures a dissociation to 5.5 S subunits was observed, while at 24° to 34°C a 37 S particle was formed. The latter particles have properties which closely resemble those expected for the RNA-free viral capsid.
Chronic rhinosinusitis and biofilms.

Background and hypothesis Biofilms have been implicated in several head and neck infectious processes such as the following: dental and periodontal disease, otitis media, tympanostomy tube otorrhea, and chronic tonsillitis. We believe that biofilms also are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. No information is known regarding the presence of biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis. Study design and setting With institutional review board approval, tissue was obtained from consenting chronic rhinosinusitis patients who were undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Specimens were taken bilaterally from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Inclusion criteria consisted of a positive diagnosis with pathologic tissue confirmation of chronic inflammation. Diagnosis was based on patient history, physical exam, and coronal sinus CT findings. Once collected, the specimens were labeled and fixed in formalin. The specimens were subsequently dehydrated, with successive immersions in increasing concentrations of diluted ethanol. The specimens were allowed to air dry and then were affixed to aluminum stubs with colloidal carbon. The sample surface was coated with a gold and palladium layer. The specimens were examined under an electron microscope. Areas of interest were photographed. Results Specimens from 5 patients were examined. All revealed bacterial biofilms. Invariably, biofilms were seen in the ethmoid, as well as in other samples. Denudation of ciliated and goblet cells was noted in all specimens. Biofilms resembled that of Staphylococcus species. Unidentified biofilms were also seen. Conclusions This is the first documentation of biofilms in association with chronic rhinosinusitis. Further investigation is warranted, especially with control research subjects.
Non-self-dual Yang-Mills connections with quadrupole symmetry

We prove the existence of non-self-dual Yang-Mills connections onSU(2) bundles over the four-sphere, specifically on all bundles with second Chern number not equal±1. We study connections equivariant under anSU(2) symmetry group to reduce the effective dimensionality from four to one, and then use variational techniques. The existence of non-self-dualSU(2) YM connections on the trivial bundle (second Chern number equals zero) has already been established by Sibner, Sibner, and Uhlenbeck via different methods.
Short-distance behavior of renornalizable quantum field theories

Abstract We introduce particular coordinates to the infinite-dimensional theory space (consisting of all possible hamiltonians) of euclidean quantum field theory such that all but a finite number of coordinates vanish for renormalizable theories. With this choice we can analyze the structure of the renormalization group equations by counting scaling dimensions of the coordinates. Following Wegner's idea we combine the renormalization group with the operator product expansion to determine all possible non-analytic dependence on the renormalized coupling constants in the short-distance expansions of the n -point correlation functions.
Infancy, Parenting, and Nourishment in Augustine's Confessions

he Confessions of St. Augustine, provocative to modern readers for its insistently contemporary flavor, yet difficult to translate into the language with which we explore the self, is the record of a fourthcentury self-analysis. But The Confessions is not only recall and interpretation of Augustine's personal past, and his insights transcend the psychological. His "therapy" involves a process of orientation to a far more comprehensive universe than the conflicts within the self, the family, and the community which focus the interest of modern psychotherapy. His goals are more ambitious than those of contemporary psychology. Yet the events and crises to which Augustine draws attention, his understanding of the psyche as developing by a series of resolutions which emerge from and incorporate earlier stages, and his insistence that intellectual knowledge is not enough to effect change in settled patterns of behavior, all indicate the extent to which Augustine's preoccupations in The Confessions are cathartic and therapeutic. The Confessions was written in about A.D. 400, when Augustine was in his early forties; the last thirty years of his life are not described in it. The years after the writing of The Confessions were marked, in many ways, by great productivity, but in them Augustine also saw the deterioration and destruction of much of the objective part of his life's work in the African church. In these years, Augustine's psyche became increasingly complex and weighted with pessimism regarding the fulfillment of human life in the present. It was in The Confessions that his understanding of human nature, so intimately tied to his understanding of his own process, began to be formulated. By the relentless examination of human nature nearest home, his own nature, Augustine attempted to describe and account for the mysterious complexity of the "weights" of human existence: "I came to understand . . . through my own experience" (VIII, 5).
781-4 Relation of Pulse Pressure to Target Organ Damage in Hypertensive Patients

Wide arterial pulse pressure has been previously reported to reflect changes in arterial structure and stiffness and predicts myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients. Ultrasonic detection of carotid atherosclerosis also predicts subsequent myocardial infarction. To determine the relation of pulse pressure to the presence of target organ damage, as “preclinical” anatomic and functional cardiovascular disease, 198 asymptomatic, unmedicated hypertensive subjects underwent ultrasonographic evaluation of left ventricular (LV) and extracranial carotid artery structure and function. Vascular stiffness was also evaluated by simultaneous applanation tonometry of the contralateral carotid artery pressure waveform. Based on the 97th percentile of pulse pressure in 324 normotensive adults (70 mmHg), patients were divided into groups with higher (≥ 70 mmHg, group 1, n = 55) or lower (l 70 mmHg, group 2, n = 143) pulse pressures. Higher pulse pressure was associated with older age (67 ± 10 vs 52 ± 10 years, p l 0.0001), female gender (53 vs 30%, p l 0.005) and higher LV mass indexed by body surface area (96 ± 21 vs 89 ± 19 g/m2, p l 0.05) or height2.7 (44 ± 9 vs 40 ± 9 g/m2.7, p l 0.01) as well as with increased end-systolic stress (80 ± 24 vs 72 ± 19 dynes/cm2 x 103, P l 0.05) and arterial stiffness (Peterson's elastic modulus = 667 ± 323 vs 452 ± 192 dynes/cm2 x to-6, p l 0.0001). The differences in LV mass and arterial stiffness persisted after adjusting for the effect of age and gender but became insignificant in analysis of covariance after adjusting for mean arterial pressure. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension was higher in the group with pulse pressure ≥ 70 mmHg (29 vs 2%, p l 0.0001). The prevalence of discrete or diffuse carotid atherosclerosis was two-fold increased in group 1 (49 vs 25%, p l 0.005) as was the prevalence of LV hypertrophy (LV masslbody surface area, 27 vs 13%, p l 0.05). The two groups had similar serum lipid levels and smoking history. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age, mean arterial pressure and the presence of atherosclerosis — but not gender or LV mass — were independently associated with higher pulse pressure. The present findings suggest that higher mean BP mediates the relation of high pulse pressure to changes in cardiac structure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. However, the independent relation of carotid atherosclerosis with higher arterial pulse pressure confirms the prognostic relevance of higher levels of pulse pressure.
Cooperative and competitive behavior in dyadic game‐playing: A comparison of Anglo‐American and Chinese children

A modification of Madsen's marble‐pull game used to explore the dyadic game‐playing behavior of 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children in preschool centers in Taiwan, analyzing the effects of ethnicity, age, and sex. The equality of scores obtained by the children in each dyad and their game‐playing interactions were examined to measure the degree of competition and cooperation as well as the dominance and submission that occurred. A large majority of the pairs showed equality or near equality in their scores while often engaging in turn‐taking. Ethnic differences indicate a greater degree of cooperative behavior in the interactions of the American children, contrary to many studies showing them to be more competitive than other ethnic groups. A clear age difference does not appear. Gender differences show a high degree of competitive interaction in the Chinese female pairs, but a very low degree in the American female pairs. Fewer of the mixed‐sex pairs obtained equal scores than the same‐sex pairs, supporting previ...
Availability of redundant safety systems with common-mode and undetected failures

Abstract The engineered safety features of nuclear power plants contain redundant standby safety systems that are tested periodically to ensure their operability should an emergency occur. Analytical equations are developed in this paper for the unavailability of common m -out-of- n systems, taking into account common-cause failures and failures that are not detectable by regular periodic tests. Consecutive, random and staggered testing schemes are considered. The unavailability model for individual components includes separate downtime contributions due to testing, repair, hardware failures, human testing and repair errors as well as failures caused by true demands. Computer codes have been developed to incorporate these failure modes in the unavailability analysis. The parameters of the model are estimated from documented field data, and typical systems are analyzed to illustrate the methods and the significance of common-mode failures.
Ellipticity effects on single and double ionization of diatomic molecules in strong laser fields

By studying high-precision ion yield measurements in diatomic molecules ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and NO with 30-fs linearly (LP) and circularly (CP) polarized light, we extend to molecular systems the study of ellipticity effects on both single and double ionization in strong laser fields. Competing ionization rates between LP and CP light, as predicted in the Ammosov-Delone-Krainov model, is observed experimentally by studying singly ionized ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and NO. We further observe an anomalously high ${\mathrm{NO}}^{2+}$ signal with CP, which shows a nonsequential ionization signature. A hypothesis is given that ties this observation to the influences of electronic structure on ellipticity effects in strong-field ionization.
Holocene depositional evolution of a small active-margin estuary of the Northwestern United States

Seismic reflection data (Uniboom) and C14-dated core samples from a small activemargin estuary, Alsea Bay, Oregon, indicate that Holocene sediment fills an ancestral river valley which has an axial depth of 55 m below present sea level. Holocene sediment in the estuarine basin overlies late Pleistocene and late Pliocene(?) valley-fill deposits indicating several sequences of valley down-cutting, submergence and deposition. Core samples of Holocene fill from six core sites in the estuary were analyzed for age, embayment salinity indicators, bulk density, grain-size distribution, source (mineralogy) composition and sedimentary structures. Deposition of Holocene fill has been dominated by lateral channel migration and overbank suspension deposition. Three stages of deposition during the Holocene transgression are indicated on the bases of sedimentary structures, grain-size distribution and embayment salinity. These stages represent periods of transition from: (1) a shallow fluvial environment (10 × 103–7.5 × 103 yrs B.P.), sedimentation rate between 0.4 and 0.7 cm yr−1; to (2) a deep-water estuarine environment (7.5 × 103–5 × 103 yrs B.P.), sedimentation rate approximately 1.1 cm yr−1; to (3) a shallow-water estuarine environment (5 × 103–0 yrs B.P.), sedimentation rate approximately 0.21 cm yr−1. A major decline in sedimentation rate at about 5 × 103 yrs B.P.. follows a decline in the rate of eustatic sea-level rise and a corresponding decrease in sediment accumulation rate. The Holocene fill is comprised of approximately 70% river sand (2.7 × 103 tonnes), 20% river silt and clay (7.5 × 107 tonnes) and 10% beach sand (2.9 × 107 tonnes). Comparisons of modern terrestrial-sediment supply rates (2.8 × 105–3.2 × 105 tonnes yr−1) and long-term retention rates of terrestrial sediment (3.45 × 104 tonnes yr−1, average for the last 1 × 104 yrs) imply that the Alsea Bay basin has probably trapped <15% of the terrestrial sediment supplied to it.
MBE & OMVPE materials technology

Abstract One of the highlights of the IEEE GaAs IC Symposium was the Short Course. It was a higly successful start to a successful conference and drew record attendance. The course was entitled GaAs Digital IC Technology, covering device technology and serving as an introduction to the newcomer of as a refresher for veterans. One of the papers TFR found particularly interesting was given by Jeff Miller. In two-parts we are pleased to feature this article based on his presentation.
Cloning of myelin basic protein-reactive T cells from the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-resistant rat strain, LER

Rats of the LER inbred strain are resistant to the active induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), although they are susceptible to adoptively transferred EAE when they are injected with encephalitogenic T cells from EAE-susceptible Lewis rats. The mechanism of resistance remains to be elucidated. We report here that myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells can be cloned from LER rats immunized with MBP, that these CD4+ LER T cells can recognize the encephalitogenic peptide (MBP-EP) and will divide vigorously when it is presented to them, and that these T cells bear V beta 8 + TCR chains. Nevertheless, in contrast to Lewis T cells with the same specificity and TCR beta chains, LER T cells from MBP-EP-specific clones cannot induce EAE when adoptively transferred into naive rats of either strain. Thus, LER T cells can assemble and use a TCR with the canonical encephalitogenic V beta 8.2-D beta-J beta region in response to immunization with MBP, yet they continue to display resistance to EAE.
Need for faculty members in renal research in clinical departments: Report of the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation

The need for faculty members in renal research in clinical departments. To provide an approximate estimate of the need for academic faculty in renal research, 1200 questionnaires were mailed to most departments in all medical schools in the United States. There were 627 completed questionnaires returned from 99 divisions of nephrology, 79 divisions or departments of urology, and 67 divisions of pediatric nephrology or departments of pediatrics in 120 medical schools. Analysis of the responses revealed that in these three departments there are 1057 faculty members engaged in teaching and research related to the kidney and urinary tract, and 131 current vacancies. The responses suggest that from 1979 to 1984 another 483 faculty members will be required to fill projected vacancies in the foregoing three clinical departments, making the total needed 614. Besoins en universitaires de la recherche renale dans les departements cliniques. Afin de fournir une evaluation approximative des besoins en universitaires de la recherche renale, 1200 questionnaires ont ete adresses a la plupart des departements de toutes les ecoles de medecine des Etats-Unis. Six cent vingt sept questionnaires remplis ont ete renvoyes par 99 divisions de nephrologie, 79 divisions ou departements d'urologie et 67 divisions de nephrologie pediatrique ou departements de pediatrie appartenant a 120 ecoles de medecine. L'analyse des reponses indique que dans ces trois types de departements il y a 1057 universitaires impliques dans l'enseignement et la recherche en rapport avec le rein et l'appareil urinaire et 131 postes actuellement vacants. Les reponses suggerent un besoin supplementaire de 483 universitaires afin de remplir les postes prevus dans ces trois types de departements de 1979 a 1984, ce qui porte le besoin total a 614.
Sorption, desorption and diffusion processes in membrane permeation

Abstract A majority of the anomalous permeation in the literature can be resolved if the solubility coefficient of the diffusion-solubility model is expanded into its component sorption and desorption processes. Examples of these anomalies are (a) the permeability coefficient decreases with decreasing membrane thickness, (b) the membrane׳s selectivity changes with membrane thickness, (c) the surface concentrations are time dependent, and (d) the steady-state solubility and surface concentration are less than the equilibrium values. In the three parameter model, the sorption ( K 1 ) and desorption ( K 2 ) processes are included as part of the boundary conditions of the model. The permeability coefficient ( K ) becomes DS/(1+2/ B ) where B , the thickness scaling parameter, is K 2 L / D. L is the membrane thickness, D is the diffusion coefficient and S is the solubility coefficient. At equilibrium, S becomes S eq . For large B , K approaches DS and the DS model is adequate. For some thin and ultrathin membranes where B is small, K approaches K 1 L /2 and the normalized membrane flux ( K / L ) becomes independent of the thickness. In these cases, permeation looks more like a sorption and desorption process. These features are well described by the DK 1 K 2 model but are anomalous for the DS model. For small B , the selectivity is determined by the relative values of K 1 which is the principal selection parameter for sorption processes. A simple method is reintroduced (first used over a half-century ago) to determine the three parameters from experimental permeability data. Experimental data are analyzed for liquid-membrane, vapor-membrane, gas-membrane and pervaporation systems. Values of D , K 1 and K 2 are given for these systems.
Feedback stabilization of a second-order system: A nonmodal approach

A novel approach for feedback stabilization of a second-order model is proposed. Specifically, two nonmodal algorithms are described, and it is shown mathematically that under some mild assumptions on the damping matrix, the feedback matrix obtained by each algorithm indeed stabilizes a closed-loop system. The first algorithm requires the solution of a symmetric positive definite linear system and the inversion of a small matrix. A remarkable feature of this algorithm is that it does not require knowledge of the stiffness and damping for implementation, which makes it very feasible for practical application. The second algorithm requires the solution of a small linear least-squares problem and an estimate of the stability index, which can be obtained just by computing the extremal eigenvalues of the data matrices, which are symmetric for almost all practical applications. These minimal computational requirements make the proposed algorithms suitable for practical implementations, even for large and sparse systems, using the state-of-the-art techniques of matrix computations. This is in sharp contrast with the traditional modal approach ordinarily used by practicing engineers, which requires the solution of a quadratic eigenvalue problem or, equivalently, the solution of a 2n x 2n generalized eigenvalue problem, and therefore may not be practical for very large and sparse problems. Besides the proposed algorithms, the paper also contains some mathematical results on the bounds of the eigenvalues of a second-order pencil, which may be useful for investigating stability of second-order systems, and are of independent interest.
Luminescent Silica Core/Silver Shell Encapsulated with Eu(III) Complex

In this paper, we studied the metal-enhanced emission from long-lifetime lanthanide dyes that were encapsulated in the silver nanoshells. The metal nanoshells were synthesized with the silica spherical cores with diameters of 50 nm and the silver shells of 5−60 nm. The optical properties of the luminescent metal shells were determined by either the ensemble fluorescence spectroscopy or the single-particle imaging. The emission intensity from the encapsulated lanthanides was observed to be enhanced significantly by the metal nanoshell. The enhancement efficiency initially increased with the metal shell thickness and then decreased. The maximal enhancement occurred at the 20−30 nm thickness. The lifetime of encapsulated Eu(III) complexes was shortened dramatically, indicating that they were coupled efficiently with the metal shells. The increased brightness and reduced lifetime of this core−shell structure demonstrate that the lanthanides are favorable for the single target molecule detections after encapsu...
A New Genus and Species of Siphonostome Cyclopoid Copepod From Deep North Atlantic Waters 1 )

Eine neue Gattung and Art, Megapontius gigas, wird beschrieben. Dieser siphonostome Cyclopoide wurde im Tiefsee-Plankton des Nordatlantik gefunden.
A vascular endothelial growth factor deficiency characterises scleroderma lung disease

Objectives Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to play an important role in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. It was found to be upregulated in the serum and in the affected skin of scleroderma patients. However, its involvement in scleroderma lung disease is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate VEGF concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of scleroderma patients with interstitial lung disease, to correlate the cytokine levels in plasma and in the lung with pulmonary functional, radiological and cellular parameters, and with the progression of lung disease. Methods BALF and plasma VEGF concentrations were analysed by ELISA in 55 SSc patients with lung disease and 17 controls. Cytokine real-time PCR messenger RNA expression in alveolar macrophages was assessed. Lung involvement progression was evaluated after a 1-year follow-up. Results VEGF was found to be significantly lower in the BALF of scleroderma patients compared with controls. The lowest concentrations were observed in SSc patients with alveolitis. A decreased VEGF expression in alveolar macrophages was found in SSc patients with alveolitis. VEGF concentration in BALF correlated inversely with the ground glass score on high-resolution CT and with BALF neutrophil cell count. Moreover, SSc patients with a lower VEGF concentration showed a worsening in the interstitial score at follow-up. Conclusions Scleroderma interstitial lung disease is characterised by a VEGF deficiency. Lower concentrations were found in patients with progression of lung disease.
Joan B. Landes, Visualizing the Nation: Gender, Representation, and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century France . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. 254 pp. $40.00 cloth; $18.95 paper.

Even the most casual student of the French Revolution cannot fail to be struck by the variety and sheer quantity of political imagery produced during that era. Despite the revolutionaries' explicit distrust of visual images, which they associated with the idolatry of the Old Regime, politically inspired pictorial caricature, satire, and allegory poured forth from the presses, reaching ever-wider audiences, both literate and illiterate. Until twenty years ago, historians tended to dismiss this visual record as a holdover from the era of absolutist monarchy, focusing instead on the “foundational role of language and political discourse in accounting for the demise of the Old Regime” (6). Many of the revolutionary period's most prominent scholars, including Keith Michael Baker, Francois Furet, and Jurgen Habermas, have, as Joan Landes points out, effectively defined culture as “the sum of so many printed words on a page” (6). Landes does not exempt herself from this critique, confessing that in her earlier work, she too, “described the decisive historical passage from French absolutism to bourgeois society as an opposition ’between the iconic spectacularity of the Old Regime and the textual and legal order of the bourgeois public sphere'” (6). In Visualizing the Nation, Landes now follows in the path of scholars such as Antoine de Baecque, Lynn Hunt, Michel Vovelle, Madelyn Gutwirth, and Mona Ozouf in arguing for the importance of “images as vehicles for the exchange of ideas and the making of political arguments” (3).
Fuzzy Belief k-Nearest Neighbors Anomaly Detection of User to Root and Remote to Local Attacks

Either using misuse detection or anomaly detection techniques to design intrusion detection systems, a large amount of traffic data is necessary to be collected in advance for analysis. However, the data always enclose uncertainties due to only limited intrusive information available and ambiguous information about computer users' activities. While designing intrusion detection systems, these uncertainties should be taken into consideration. Hence, we propose to incorporate fuzzy clustering technique and Dempster-Shafer theory into our intrusion detection design for their merits of resolving uncertainty problems caused by ambiguous and limited information during a decision process. Also, the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) technique is applied to speed up the detection process. For verifying the detection accuracy of our classifier, User to Root and Remote to Local attacks of DARPA KDD99 Intrusion Detection Evaluation data set were used. We compared the results of our proposed approach with those of k-NN classifier, fuzzy k-NN classifier and evidence-theoretic k-NN classifier. It indicates that our approach has achieved higher detection rates than those of from the other three classifiers.
The Resonant Excitation of Baroclinic Waves by the Divergent Circulation of Recurving Tropical Cyclones

Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that a tropical cyclone (TC) may produce baroclinic waves through the divergent circulation that arises from its low-level inflow and upper-level outflow. The model setting is a quasigeostrophic (QG) two-layer fluid in which the effect of the tropical cyclone is parameterized through a source term on the QG potential vorticity equation. Equations predicting the spectral subset of baroclinic waves that are excited through linear resonance are derived. The near-TC pattern of the baroclinic waves in the streamfunction field typically takes the form of a ridge–trough couplet whose phase with respect to the TC varies with the speed and direction of the TCs motion vector. The predictions from the linearized theory are verified in two ways: 1) fully nonlinear simulations are shown and 2) comparison is made to the observed upper-level ridge–trough couplets produced by recurving TCs in the Navy’s Operational Global Prediction System (NOGAPS). The implications of this wor...
Casein Kinase Iϵ Plays a Functional Role in the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway *

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is known to be involved in a wide range of biological events, including development, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. The TGF-β signal is mediated by ligand binding to the type II receptor, leading to the recruitment and activation of the type I receptor, and subsequent activation of a family of intracellular signal transducing proteins called Smads. Here we report a regulatory role for casein kinase Iϵ (CKIϵ) in the TGF-β signaling cascade. We find that CKIϵ binds to all Smads and the cytoplasmic domains of the type I and type II receptors both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction of CKIϵ with the type I and type II receptors is independent of TGF-β stimulation, whereas the CKIϵ/Smad interaction is transiently disrupted by ligand treatment. Additionally, CKIϵ is able to phosphorylate the receptor-activated Smads (Smads 1–3 and 5) and the type II receptor in vitro. Transcriptional reporter assays reveal that transient overexpression of wild type CKIϵ dramatically reduces basal reporter activity but enhances TGF-β-stimulated transcription. Furthermore, overexpression of a kinase-dead mutant of CKIϵ inhibits both basal and ligand-induced transcription, whereas inhibition of endogenous CKI catalytic activity with IC261 blocks only TGF-β-stimulated reporter activity. Finally, knocking down CKIϵ protein levels results in a significant increase in basal and TGF-β-induced transcription. These results suggest that CKIϵ plays a ligand-dependent, differential, and dual regulatory role within the TGF-β signaling pathway.
Turkey Halves Braised or Pressure Cooked from the Frozen or Defrosted State

Abstract INTRODUCTION TOTAL preparation time could be reduced and convenience increased if turkey could be cooked directly from the frozen state and still maintain high quality. Increased utilization of turkey may result if defrosting is not necessary. Commercial processors are interested in methods that will reduce cooking losses and time and still maintain palatability and quality characteristics (Bowers et al., 1965). This study compared quality and acceptability of turkey halves cooked from the frozen or defrosted state by pressure (15 p.s.i.) or braising at oven temperatures of 163° or 176°C. (325° or 350°F.) to an internal temperature of 80°C. (176°F.) in the breast. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Thirty Broad Breasted Bronze hens (5.44–6.35 kg. or 12–14 lb. dressed weight, U.S. Grade A) were purchased from the Kansas State Poultry Farm and processed by a commercial plant. Prior to packaging and blast freezing at −40°C., the birds were chilled in crushed ice . . .
Improved rigid ion model of molten zinc chloride

Abstract We have developed a new rigid ion model for the simulation of molten ZnCl2. A molecular dynamics simulation of this model under a constant pressure of 1 atm and a constant temperature of 1200 K resulted in a successful description of the short-range order in the liquid state. The resulting short range structure is presented with respect to the coordination of the Zn2+ ions and the Zn-Cl-Zn bond angle. Improvements offered by this model over the currently existing ionic potentials are discussed with particular regard to the Zn-Zn correlation.
Pcdp1 is a central apparatus protein that binds Ca2+-calmodulin and regulates ciliary motility

For all motile eukaryotic cilia and flagella, beating is regulated by changes in intraciliary calcium concentration. Although the mechanism for calcium regulation is not understood, numerous studies have shown that calmodulin (CaM) is a key axonemal calcium sensor. Using anti-CaM antibodies and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii axonemal extracts, we precipitated a complex that includes four polypeptides and that specifically interacts with CaM in high [Ca2+]. One of the complex members, FAP221, is an orthologue of mammalian Pcdp1 (primary ciliary dyskinesia protein 1). Both FAP221 and mammalian Pcdp1 specifically bind CaM in high [Ca2+]. Reduced expression of Pcdp1 complex members in C. reinhardtii results in failure of the C1d central pair projection to assemble and significant impairment of motility including uncoordinated bends, severely reduced beat frequency, and altered waveforms. These combined results reveal that the central pair Pcdp1 (FAP221) complex is essential for control of ciliary motility.
Inducible lung-specific urokinase expression reduces fibrosis and mortality after lung injury in mice

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)-deficient transgenic mice have improved survival and less fibrosis after intratracheal bleomycin instillation. We hypothesize that PAI-1 deficiency limits scarring through unopposed plasminogen activation. If this is indeed true, then we would expect increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression to result in a similar reduction in scarring and improvement in mortality. To test our hypothesis, using the tetracycline gene regulatory system, we have generated a transgenic mouse model with the features of inducible, lung-specific uPA production. After doxycycline administration, these transgenic animals expressed increased levels of uPA in their bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid that accelerated intrapulmonary fibrin clearance. Importantly, this increased plasminogen activator production led to a reduction in both lung collagen accumulation and mortality after bleomycin-induced injury. These results suggest that PAI-1 deficiency does protect against the effects of bleomycin-induced lung injury through unopposed plasmin generation. By allowing the manipulation of plasminogen activation at different phases of the fibrotic process, this model will serve as a powerful tool in further investigations into the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
Cherenkov Light as a Current Density Diagnostic for Large Area, Repetitively Pulsed Electron Beams

Cherenkov light intensity is an ideal electron beam current density diagnostic, giving information about the beam's spatial distribution as a function of time during a pulse. It is free of the fluorescence and saturation often observed in scintillators provided a suitable radiator is chosen. Plate glass has been used for single pulse applications. For repetitively pulsed beams a flowing liquid radiator is used to reduce problems arising from heating and decomposition of the material. Light output is sufficient to study 1 A/cm2, 250 kV beams with ASA 3000 speed film. Streak photography also appears possible.
Coyotes and recolonizing wolves: social rank mediates risk-conditional behaviour at ungulate carcasses

Wolf, Canis lupus, recolonization of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem provides a rare opportunity to identify behaviours facilitating coexistence between sympatric canids. We investigated interactions between coyotes, Canis latrans, and recolonizing wolves at ungulate carcasses in Montana’s Madison Range. We used a field-experimental study design consisting of a two-level carcass treatment (wolf presence, wolf absence) to assess factors influencing coyote risk assessment, carrion consumption and aggressive encounters with wolves. Socially dominant coyotes (alphas and betas) responded to wolf presence by increasing the proportion of time spent vigilant while scavenging. Vigilance behaviour was more pronounced when scavenging closer to structurally complex vegetation where lateral occlusion inhibited the ability of coyotes to scan for, and possibly escape from, returning wolves. Despite greater time spent vigilant, alpha coyotes consumed the greatest amount of carrion biomass by feeding on carcasses in earlier stages of consumption when organs and large muscle tissues were still present. This finding suggests that alpha coyotes might trade off greater risk for higher-quality food items. Coyotes would aggressively confront wolves: numerical advantage by coyotes and the stage of carcass consumption were influential in determining whether coyotes were able to displace wolves from carcasses. Coyotes relied on a gradient of risk-sensitive behaviours, ranging from elevated vigilance to aggressive confrontation, to manage risk associated with wolf presence. Identification of these behaviours, and their sensitivity to numeric and social factors, is an important step in elucidating mechanisms of resource partitioning in social canids.
Item generation and design testing of a questionnaire to assess degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats.

Objective—To determine the items (question topics) for a subjective instrument to assess degenerative joint disease (DJD)–associated chronic pain in cats and determine the instrument design most appropriate for use by cat owners. Animals—100 randomly selected client-owned cats from 6 months to 20 years old. Procedures—Cats were evaluated to determine degree of radiographic DJD and signs of pain throughout the skeletal system. Two groups were identified: high DJD pain and low DJD pain. Owner-answered questions about activity and signs of pain were compared between the 2 groups to define items relating to chronic DJD pain. Interviews with 45 cat owners were performed to generate items. Fifty-three cat owners who had not been involved in any other part of the study, 19 veterinarians, and 2 statisticians assessed 6 preliminary instrument designs. Results—22 cats were selected for each group; 19 important items were identified, resulting in 12 potential items for the instrument; and 3 additional items were identified from owner interviews. Owners and veterinarians selected a 5-point descriptive instrument design over 11-point or visual analogue scale formats. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Behaviors relating to activity were substantially different between healthy cats and cats with signs of DJD-associated pain. Fifteen items were identified as being potentially useful, and the preferred instrument design was identified. This information could be used to construct an owner-based questionnaire to assess feline DJD-associated pain. Once validated, such a questionnaire would assist in evaluating potential analgesic treatments for these patients. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1417– 1424)
The Acidogenic Potential of Reference Foods and Snacks at Interproximal Sites in the Human Dentition

Telemetry was used to evaluate changes in plaque pH at interproximal sites in the dentition of five human subjects following the ingestion of a variety of reference foods and snacks. Short-term telemetry (30 min) revealed that most of the substrates yielded both pH minima and total responses similar to that obtained with a 10% sucrose rinse. Aged Cheddar cheese and skim milk were much less acidogenic than were the other foods.
Mate preference in female electric fish, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus

Weakly electric fish communicate with brief electrostatic field pulses called electric organ discharges (EODs). EOD waveforms are sexually dimorphic in most genera, a condition thought to result from mate choice acting to shape the electric signal’s constituent action potentials. We have no direct behavioural evidence that sexual selection by either mate choice or intrasexual competition is responsible for sex differences in the EOD waveforms of electric fish. We explored sexual selection in electric fish by conducting two-choice unforced preference tests with live, unaltered gymnotiform electric fish, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus, which are sexually dimorphic. In the initial test, gravid females selected males over females only when the males were larger than average. Gravid females in later tests preferred larger males to smaller males in a significant majority of those trials in which they showed a preference. In about one-third of those trials, females spawned with their preferred male, confirming their preference. We concluded that passage through the choice apparatus was related to mate choice. The signals of chosen males had larger EOD amplitudes and longer EOD durations. These findings show that female B. pinnicaudatus do have a preference for a certain male phenotype. The system requires additional study to dissociate correlated male phenotypic characters to identify which male traits the female prefers.  2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.