cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scarcity (versus popularity) cues for rejected customers: The impact of social exclusion on cue types through need for uniqueness

Abstract This study examines how customers' psychological situation influences their responses to two promotional cue types. More specifically, we propose that rejected customers are more likely to choose products promoted by a scarcity cue (this product is a limited edition) compared to a popularity cue (this product is popular among customers). Also, we propose that rejected customers indicate an increased need for uniqueness, which in turn entices customers to choose a product promoted by a scarcity cue (relative to a popularity one). The results of Study 1 show that rejected customers display a greater preference for a product promoted by a scarcity cue, and need for uniqueness underlies the effect of social exclusion on customers' product choice. Study 2 provides further evidence that rejected (compared to accepted) customers display an increased need for uniqueness, which entices customers to choose a product promoted by a scarcity cue (relative to a popularity cue).
FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Abstract This paper describes the empirical regularities relating fiscal policy variables, the level of development, and the rate of growth. We employ historical data, recent cross-section data and newly constructed public investment series. Our main findings are: (i) there is a strong association between the development level and the fiscal structure: poor countries rely heavily on international trade taxes, while income taxes are only important in developed economies; (ii) fiscal policy is influenced by the scale of the economy, measured by its population; (iii) investment in transport and communication is consistently correlated with growth; (iv) the effects of taxation are difficult to isolate empirically.
Meaningful Learner Information for MOOC Instructors Examined Through a Contextualized Evaluation Framework

Improving STEM MOOC evaluation requires an understanding of the current state of STEM MOOC evaluation, as perceived by all stakeholders. To this end, we investigated what kinds of information STEM MOOC instructors currently use to evaluate their courses and what kinds of information they feel would be valuable for that purpose. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 faculty members from a variety of fields and research institutions who had taught STEM MOOCs on edX, Coursera, or Udacity. Four major themes emerged related to instructors' desires: (1) to informally assess learners as an instructor might in a traditional classroom, (2) to assess learners’ attainment of personal learning goals, (3) to obtain in-depth qualitative feedback from learners, and (4) to access more detailed learner analytics regarding the use of course materials. These four themes contribute to a broader sentiment expressed by the instructors that they have access to a wide variety of quantitative data for use in evaluation, but are largely missing the qualitative information that plays a significant role in traditional evaluation. Finally, we provide our recommendations for MOOC evaluation criteria, based on these findings.
Epithelial delamination is protective during pharmaceutical-induced enteropathy

Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) shedding is a fundamental response to intestinal damage, yet underlying mechanisms and functions have been difficult to define. Here we model chronic intestinal damage in zebrafish larvae using the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) Glafenine. Glafenine induced the unfolded protein response (UPR) and inflammatory pathways in IECs, leading to delamination. Glafenine-induced inflammation was augmented by microbial colonization and associated with changes in intestinal and environmental microbiotas. IEC shedding was a UPR-dependent protective response to Glafenine that restricts inflammation and promotes animal survival. Other NSAIDs did not induce IEC delamination; however, Glafenine also displays off-target inhibition of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps. We found a subset of MDR inhibitors also induced IEC delamination, implicating MDR efflux pumps as cellular targets underlying Glafenine-induced enteropathy. These results implicate IEC delamination as a protective UPR-mediated response to chemical injury, and uncover an essential role for MDR efflux pumps in intestinal homeostasis.
Social Media Interaction as Informal Science Learning: a Comparison of Message Design in Two Niches

Social media provides science learners opportunities to interact with content-specific messages. However, most science-specific social media content is designed to disseminate information instead of encouraging dialog. In this novel, ex post facto exploratory study of a science social media community, we sought to understand the relationships among community member interaction, design elements of messages, and post type on two digital niches (i.e., Facebook and Twitter). Framed by the theory of symbolic interactionism, we conducted a content analysis of 1370 messages that were systematically created by an informal science learning project and found that usage frequency of messaging elements varied by niche; interaction within each niche differed, varying by messaging element; and differential interaction was found to be associated with post types within Facebook only. This study suggests a pathway for developing and examining social media as an educational component of informal science learning.
The implications of changing hormonal contraceptive use after relationship formation

Abstract Modern-day environments differ drastically from those in which humans evolved, which likely has important implications for human mating psychology. Particularly notable is the modern advancement of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which alter the natural hormones of the many women who use them. According to the HC congruency hypothesis, HCs alter sex hormones and brain processes that are linked to numerous relationship preferences. In light of work suggesting such preferences play an important role in relationship evaluations, changing HC use during a long-term relationship (relative to use at relationship formation) should impact women's relationships. We used data from two independent longitudinal studies of 203 newlywed couples to address this possibility. Results demonstrated that wives reported lower sexual satisfaction (but not marital satisfaction) when their HC use was incongruent (versus congruent) with their use at relationship formation. These findings provide preliminary support for the HC congruency hypothesis, though we also broaden our theoretical framework to offer methodological recommendations for future research.
Beruriah: The Final Act

Perhaps the most acclaimed woman to grace the pages of Talmud, Beruriah’s scholarly prowess and personality are legendary. But in an ironic twist of history, she is a character whose end is shrouded in mystery, devoid of closure. Scholars have dissected the story of her horrible fate. This paper chooses to analyze her tragedy through a different lens. To investigate the psychological dynamics surrounding Beruriah's husband, the noted Rabbi Meir, perpetrator of the infamous scheme leading to her suicide. In so doing, trying to answer the question: Does the evidence suggest this celebrated Talmudic sage was capable of such a treacherous plot?
Understanding the Potential of Edge-Based Participatory Sensing: an Experimental Study

Participatory sensing uses both local devices for data collection and cloud-based servers for processing. However, transferring the collected data to the cloud can lead to draining device battery power and cause network bandwidth bottlenecks, especially for large multimedia files. In this paper, we investigate how the processing resources at the edge of the network can be leveraged to enable efficient participatory sensing that avoids heavy network traffic. In particular, we report on the experiences of designing, implementing, and evaluating a sensing system that constructs indoor maps by recognizing door signs. A distinguishing characteristic of our system is an almost exclusive use of edge-based processing for tasks that include ML-based image recognition, human-assisted data verification, data model retraining, and administrative data flow aggregation. Our evaluation shows that our system architecture effectively leverages the available edge resources, while greatly reducing network traffic. Based on our experiences of implementing and evaluating our system prototype, we identify several open research directions for further advancing edge-based participatory sensing.
Strain-resolved microbiome sequencing reveals mobile elements that drive bacterial competition on a clinical timescale

Although shotgun short-read sequencing has facilitated the study of strain-level architecture within complex microbial communities, existing metagenomic approaches often cannot capture structural differences between closely related co-occurring strains. Recent methods, which employ read cloud sequencing and specialized assembly techniques, provide significantly improved genome drafts and show potential to capture these strain-level differences. Here, we apply this read cloud metagenomic approach to longitudinal stool samples from a patient undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. The patient9s microbiome is profoundly disrupted and is eventually dominated by Bacteroides caccae. Comparative analysis of B. caccae genomes obtained using read cloud sequencing together with metagenomic RNA sequencing allows us to predict that particular mobile element integrations result in increased antibiotic resistance, which we further support using in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing. Thus, we find read cloud sequencing to be useful in identifying strain-level differences that underlie differential fitness.
Strategies to improve implementation of medications for opioid use disorder reported by veterans involved in the legal system: A qualitative study.

Abstract Background Veterans involved in the legal system have a high risk of overdose mortality but limited utilization of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). To increase the use of MOUD in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities and reduce overdose mortality, the VHA should incorporate strategies identified by legal-involved veterans to improve quality of care and ensure that their patients' experiences are integrated into care delivery. This study aims to determine strategies to increase use of MOUD from the perspective of legal-involved veterans with a history of opioid use or opioid use disorder (OUD). Methods Between February 2018 and March 2019, we conducted semistructured interviews with 18 veterans with a history of opioid use or OUD and legal involvement (15 men and 3 women; mean age 41, standard deviation 13, range 28–61). Veterans were from 9 geographically dispersed United States VHA facilities. The study analyzed verbatim transcripts using the framework method. The primary focus was themes that represented legal-involved veteran-identified strategies to improve the use of MOUD. Results The 18 veterans interviewed had legal involvement directly related to their opioid use and most (n = 15; 83%) had previously used MOUD. Veteran-identified strategies to improve access to and use of MOUD included: (1) VHA should provide transportation or telehealth services; (2) legal agencies should increase access to MOUD during incarceration; (3) the VHA should reduce physician turnover; (4) the VHA should improve physician education to deliver compassionate, patient-centered treatment; (5) the VHA should improve veteran education about MOUD; and (6) the VHA should provide social support opportunities to veterans. Conclusions Legal-involved veterans provided strategies that can inform and expand MOUD to better meet their needs and the treatment needs of all patients with OUD. The VHA should consider incorporating these strategies into care, and should evaluate their impact on patients' experience, initiation of and retention on medications, and overdose rates.
Making When Ends Don’t Meet: Articulation Work and Visibility of Domestic Labor during Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Innovation on the Margins

Makerspaces, hackathons, and technology incubators are key-emerging sites for communication practice and research. Yet, little is known about how resource-constrained, non-Western families practice...
Impact of Frailty on Clinical Outcomes and Hospitalization Costs Following Elective Colectomy.

BACKGROUND Frailty has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for inferior surgical outcomes and greater resource use. The present study evaluated the impact of a coding-based frailty tool on outcomes of elective colectomy in a national cohort. STUDY DESIGN Adults undergoing elective colectomy were identified in the 2016-17 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins 10-domain coding-based binary tool. Generalized linear models were used to examine the association of frailty with in-hospital mortality, nonhome discharge, hospitalization duration (LOS), and inflation-adjusted costs. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test was used to compare readmissions up to 1-year. RESULTS Of 133 175 patients, 10.6% were considered frail. The most common resections were sigmoid (43.9%) and right (34.7%) while total colectomy was least common (2.8%). After adjustment, frailty was associated with greater odds of mortality (3.2, 95% CI 2.8-3.8) and nonhome discharge (6.0, 95% CI 5.5-6.4) as well as a $13,400-increment (95% CI 12,400-14,400) in costs and 4.4-day (95% CI 4.1-4.6) increase in LOS. Nonelective readmissions at 30 days were greater in frail than non-frail groups (14.7% vs. 10.4%, P < .001). CONCLUSION Frailty is associated with inferior clinical outcomes and increased resource use following elective colectomy. Inclusion of frailty in risk models may facilitate risk stratification and shared decision-making.
Aging and Inhibition of Return to Locations and Objects

Inhibition of return (IOR) is thought to reflect a cognitive mechanism that biases attention from returning to previously engaged items. While models of cognitive aging have proposed deficits within select inhibitory domains, older adults have demonstrated preserved IOR functioning in previous studies. The present study investigated whether inhibition associated with objects shows the same age patterns as inhibition associated with locations. Young adults (18-22 years) and older adults (60-86 years) were tested in two experiments measuring location- and object-based IOR. Using a dynamic paradigm (Experiment 1), both age groups produced significant location-based IOR, but only young adults produced significant object-based IOR, consistent with previous findings. However, with a static paradigm (Experiment 2), young adults and older adults produced both location- and object-based IOR, indicating that object-based IOR is preserved in older adults under some conditions. The findings provide partial support for unique age-related inhibitory patterns associated with attention to objects and locations.
Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
CAN WE PUT POOR MEN TO WORK

Compared with Britain, welfare reform in the United States has relied less on incentives and more on administrative work tests. Parallel to welfare reform, American states have begun requiring men to work who owe child support or are on parole from prison. Evaluations of men's work programmes to date are encouraging, but implementing these programmes is demanding. The federal government should promote their further expansion and evaluation. Britain has yet to take serious steps in the same directions.
Targeting antigen-loss variant tumors through CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation-mediated bystander programming (VAC10P.964)

Tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cell-based therapies can be efficacious in cancer patients. Nevertheless, disease progression often resumes due to outgrowth of antigen-loss variants (ALVs) that lack expression of the targeted MHC class I-restricted epitopes. Co-administration of agonists to the TNF/TNFR costimulatory family members CD134 (OX40) and CD137 (4-1BB) can program antigen-stimulated CD4 T cells to differentiate into cytotoxic Th1 cells, which can directly target MHC II+ tumors and provide classical helper function that facilitates effector differentiation in CD8 T cells responding to a linked epitope. Interestingly, these specific cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells also imprint antigen-non-responding T cells with a similar ability to express IFN-γ and cytotoxic molecules. Because these bystander-programmed effector T cells are polyclonal, we currently hypothesized that they contain specificities capable of targeting ALVs. In both lymphoma and melanoma models, dual costimulation therapy was markedly enhanced when specific CD4 T cells were engaged to differentiate into cytotoxic Th1 effectors. This augmentation occurred not only when the tumor expressed the MHC class II-restricted epitope recognized by the specific cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells, but importantly also with tumors modeling ALVs that lack the targeted epitope. Taken together, dual-costimulated tumor-non-specific CD4 T cells provide an alternate form of help that facilitates targeting of ALVs.
Yes, But is it Creative? – Art, Creativity, and Urban Revitalisation

This paper looks at some questions from a research interest of mine in which I study the political economy of aesthetic production in the context of urban re-vitalisation and cultural policy. I am interested in the socio-economic and the cultural context of artistic production in order to understand the creative wiggle room – or ‘margins of freedom’ (Bourdieu, 2000) or space for ‘imagination’ (Marcuse, 1969,1978). This paper is less a study of planning or policy examples, than a theoretical thought on the relative autonomy of the artist and the arts in a context of commercial politisation (both in terms of political dimension and of policy) of art through planning discourses and practices. Just as urban sprawl was capitalism’s ‘spatial fix’ (Harvey, 2001), the arts and creativity measures and policies in the distressed cities and towns that developed out of this are its ‘creativity fix’ (Peck, 2007). Marcuse critiques the instrumentalised Marxist aesthetic and the various forms of technocratic anti-art it produces. We can use this critique towards an instrumentalised capitalist aesthetic, as well. In both cases, art is not able to find its relative autonomy from the socio-economic context, and thus cannot provide a realm of imagination and freedom.
Combined MILP-constraint programming approach for the optimal scheduling of multistage batch processes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an approach for combining constraint programming (CP) with mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) when solving a multistage scheduling problem. The proposed hybrid approach relies on assigning orders to equipment with a MILP subproblem and sequencing with CP. Special cuts are proposed for the MILP subproblem. Results show that the order of magnitude reductions can be achieved in the computation. The chapter discusses the minimization of assignment cost of the orders to the equipment. The rigorous MILP optimization for this problem has proved to be intractable. A two-stage procedure is discussed in which the assignment of orders is performed in the first stage by minimizing the in-process time. In the second stage, the tardiness is minimized for that assignment. An alternate MILP model is developed in which the assignment and sequencing variables are treated separately, thereby reducing the number of binary variables but at the expense of introducing undesirable big-M constraints that exhibit poor linear programming (LP) relaxations. A decomposition strategy is used in which the assignment of orders to equipment is performed with a relaxed MILP master model while the sequencing is performed with a CP model. Solutions of the CP problem are used to generate cuts that are incorporated to the MILP master problem.
Dissent in Bible and Talmud

The inevitability of clashing opinions wherever good and evil are to be distinguished is a recurrent theme in Professor Kelsen's writings. Wenn die Geschichte der menschlichen Erkenntnis uns irgend etwas lehren kann, ist es die Vergeblichkeit des Versuches, auf rationalem Wege eine absolut giiltige Norm gerechten Verhaltens zu finden, d.h. aber eine solche, die die Moiglichkeit ausschliesst, auch das gegenteilige Verhalten fiir gerecht zu halten.1
EVALUTING STREAM STANDARD VIOLATIONS USING A WATER QUALITY DATA BASE

: Cumulative density functions (c.d.f.'s) for water quality random variables may be estimated using data from a routine grab sampling program. The c.d.f. may then be used to estimate the probability that a single grab sample will violate a given stream standard and to determine the anticipated number of violations in a given number of samples. Confidence limits about a particular point on the c.d.f. may be used to reflect the accuracy with which the sample estimate represents the true c.d.f. Methods are presented here for calculating such confidence limits using both a normal model and a nonparametric model. Examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of an estimated c.d.f. and associated confidence limits in assessing whether an observed number of standard violations is the result of natural variability or represents real degradation in water quality.
Piezoelectric effects in strained layer heterostructures grown on novel index substrates

Abstract III–V and II–VI semiconductors are piezoelectric and therefore electric fields can be generated in strained layer heterostructures formed from these materials. The strain induced electric fields depend on the symmetry of the strain, which in turn depends on the orientation of the substrate on which the heterostructure is grown. For strain generated electric fields to occur in a zincblende structure semiconductor, the strain must distort the angles of the cubic unit cell away from 90°. Strains in (100) oriented heterostructures do not distort the 90° angles of the cubic unit cell and no electric fields are generated. However, for other substrate orientations, electric fields can be generated in the strained layers. These electric fields can lead to large changes in the optical properties of the heterostructure which can be externally. modulated to.make, for example, electro-optic devices. They can also cause charge accumulation which can be used in field effect transistor and resonant tunneling structures.
Chemical synthesis of a peptide fragment of thymopoietin II that induces selective T cell differentiation.

Abstract Thymopoletin is a polypeptide hormone of the thymus that consists of a 49 amino acid polypeptide chain of 5562 daltons. A peptide corresponding to positions 29–41 of bovine thymopoietin II was synthesized by the Merrifield solid-phase technique. This peptide was shown to have a purity (correct sequence) of 96% by amino acid and C terminal analyses and by a complete determination of the amino acid sequence by manual Edman degradations. It displayed a selectivity of action similar to that of thymopoletin itself, inducing the differentiation of T lymphocytes but not of complement receptor (CR + ) B lymphocytes. Although a number of substances induce the differentiation of both T cells and CR + B cells under the conditions of assay in vitro, only thymopoietin and the synthetic peptide described in this report have been shown to induce the differentiation of T cells selectively. Our data establish that the key residues involved in the active site of thymopoietin are present within a synthetic polypeptide which constitutes a minor portion of the amino acid sequence of thymopoietin. Since this peptide had 3% activity by comparison with thymopoietin, the tertiary structure of thymopoietin may be required for optimal configuration of the active site to produce full biological activity.
High Temperature Thermal Decomposition of Carbonyl Fluoride

Abstract The thermal decomposition of carbonyl fluorine (COF2) in excess argon, , was studied behind both incident and reflected shock waves. Kinetic data were obtained in the temperature and total piessure ranges 2600-3600°K and 0.5 to 12 atmospheres respectively. The reaction was found to be unimolecular in nature, and the variation of the observed rate constant with temperature and total pressure was analyzed with the aid of both the Lindemann and the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel unimolecular theories of reaction rates. The experimentally determined activation energy for the high pressure limiting rate constant is shown to be slightly in excess of the first bond dissociation energy of COF2, and the Lindemann theory is shown to best fit the experimental data. The results of previous investigators are compared to the findings reported here, and the sensitivity of the reaction rate to trace water vapor impurities is discussed.
Simulating one-reversal multicounter machines by partially blind multihead finite automata

This work is concerned with simulating nondeterministic one-reversal multicounter automata (NCMs) by nondeterministic partially blind multihead finite automata (NFAs). We show that any one-reversal NCM with k counters can be simulated by a partially blind NFA with k blind heads. This provides a nearly complete categorization of the computational power of partially blind automata, showing that the power of a (k+1)-NFA lies between that of a k-NCM and a (k+1)-NCM.
Markov edit distance

Edit distance was originally developed by Levenstein several decades ago to measure the distance between two strings. It was found that this distance can be computed by an elegant dynamic programming procedure. The edit distance has played important roles in a wide array of applications due to its representational efficacy and computational efficiency. To effect a more reasonable distance measure, the normalized edit distance was proposed. Many algorithms and studies have been dedicated along this line with impressive performances in recent years. There is, however, a fundamental problem with the original definition of edit distance that has remained elusive: its context-free nature. In determining the possible actions, i.e., insertion, deletion, and substitution, no systematic consideration was given to the local behaviors of the string/pattern in question that indeed encompass great amount of useful information regarding its content. In this paper, inspired by the success of the Markov Random Field theory, a new edit distance called Markov edit distance (MED) within the dynamic programming framework is proposed to take full advantage of the local statistical dependencies in the pattern in order to arrive at enhanced matching performance. Within this framework, two specialized distance measures are developed: The reshuffling MED to handle cases where a subpattern in the target pattern is the reshuffles of that in the source pattern, and the coherence MED which is able to incur local content based substitution, insertion, and deletion. The applications based on these two MEDs in string matching are then explored, whereof encouraging empirical results have been observed.
pH dependence of cyanide binding to the ferric heme domain of the direct oxygen sensor from Escherichia coli and the effect of alkaline denaturation.

The spectrum of the ferric heme domain of the direct oxygen sensor protein from Escherichia coli (EcDosH) has been measured between pH 3.0 and 12.6. EcDosH undergoes acid denaturation with an apparent pKa of 4.24 ± 0.05 and a Hill coefficient of 3.1 ± 0.6 and reversible alkaline denaturation with a pKa of 9.86 ± 0.04 and a Hill coefficient of 1.1 ± 0.1. Cyanide binding to EcDosH has been investigated between pH 4 and 11. The EcDosH−cyanide complex is most stable at pH 9 with a KD of 0.29 ± 0.06 μM. The kinetics of cyanide binding are monophasic between pH 4 and 8. At pH ≥8.5, the reaction is biphasic with the fast phase dependent upon the cyanide concentration and the slow phase independent of cyanide. The slow phase is attributed to conversion of denatured EcDosH to the native state, with a pH-independent rate of 0.052 ± 0.006 s−1. The apparent association rate constant for cyanide binding to EcDosH increases from 3.6 ± 0.1 M−1 s−1 at pH 4 to 520 ± 20 M−1 s−1 at pH 11. The dissociation rate constant aver...
T69D/N pol Mutation, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels, and Syncytium-Inducing Phenotype Are Associated with CD4 Cell Depletion during Didanosine Therapy

The contribution of virologic and host factors to CD4 cell depletion associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 was evaluated in children drawn from a larger efficacy trial of 2 doses of didanosine (ddI) monotherapy (Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 144). Thirty children, half with stable CD4 cell counts (non-progressors) and half with a marked decline in CD4 cells (progressors), were studied during 60-72 weeks of ddI therapy. The children were matched for age and CD4 cell counts at study entry. Three viral parameters, syncytium-inducing phenotype, higher virus load, and mutation in HIV-1 pol encoding the T69D/N mutation, were associated with disease progression. Disease progression was not associated with mutations in the reverse-transcriptase gene previously associated with resistance to ddI (L74V, K65R, or M184V). The selection of the T69D/N mutation in children with HIV-1 disease progression during ddI therapy suggests that this mutation confers a fitness advantage to the virus that may include resistance to ddI.
Regulation of Drosophila FMRFamide neuropeptide gene expression.

Physiologically important peptides are often encoded in precursors that contain several gene products; thus, regulation of expression of polypep- tide proteins is crucial to transduction pathways. Differ- ential processing of precursors by cell- or tissue-specific proteolytic enzymes can yield messengers with diverse distributions and dissimilar activities. FMRFamide-re- lated peptides (FaRPs) are present throughout the ani- mal kingdom and affect both neural and gastrointestinal functions. Organisms have several genes encoding nu- merous FaRPs with a common C-terminal structure but different N-terminal amino acid extensions. We have isolated SDNFMRFamide, DPKQDFMRFamide, and TPAEDFMRFamide contained in the Drosophila FMR- Famide gene. To investigate the regulation of expression of FMRFamide peptides, we generated antisera to dis- tinguish among the three neuropeptides. We have pre- viously reported the distribution of SDNFMRFamide and DPKQDFMRFamide. In this article, we describe TPAEDFMRFamide expression. TPAEDFMRFamide antisera stain cells in embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult thoracic and abdominal ganglia. In addi- tion, TPAEDFMRFamide-immunoreactive material is present in a lateral protocerebrum cell in adult. Thus, TPAEDFMRFamide antisera staining of neural tissue is different from SDNFMRFamide or DPKQDFMRF- amide. In addition, TPAEDFMRFamide antisera stain larval, pupal, and adult gut, while SDNFMRFamide and DPKQDFMRFamide do not. TPAEDFMRFamide im- munoreactivity is present in cells stained by FMRF- amide antisera. Taken together, these data support the conclusion that TPAEDFMRFamide is differentially processed from the FMRFamide polypeptide protein precursor and may act in both neural and gastrointes- tinal tissue. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 39: 347-358,
Fluency in subtraction compared with addition

Abstract Two studies were conducted to understand why subtraction with fluency is harder than addition. In Study I, 33 kindergartners were individually asked to transfer cubes from a glass to an empty bottle, one by one, with one-to-one correspondence with the interviewer. They were then asked if the quantities remaining in the two glasses were the same and if the quantities in the two bottles were the same. In Study II, 21 first-graders and 38 fourth-graders were asked mental-arithmetic questions such as 8+2 and corresponding subtraction questions such as 10−8. By analyzing children's accuracy and reaction time, it was concluded, in light of Piaget's theory, that subtraction is harder than addition because children deduce differences from their knowledge of sums. The educational implication is that we need to deemphasize subtraction in the primary grades and make sure that children's knowledge of sums is solid.
Cutaneous lymphatic drainage in patients with grossly involved nodal basins.

Background: The development of lymphatic mapping techniques has facilitated the identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN), the first node in the regional basin into which cutaneous lymphatics flow from a particular skin area. Previous studies have shown that SLN histology reflects the histology of the entire basin, because melanoma metastases progress in an orderly fashion, involving the SLN before higher nodes in the basin become involved with metastatic disease. It is uncertain whether these orderly cutaneous lymphatic flow patterns are maintained in grossly involved basins. Lymphatic mapping was performed in a population of melanoma patients with clinically palpable lymphadenopathy to address this question. We aimed to determine whether the presence of gross nodal disease in the basin alters lymphatic flow into that basin so that lymphatic mapping techniques are not applicable, and, in patients referred with a grossly involved basin, whether preoperative lymphoscintigraphy should be performed to identify other regional basins at risk for metastases.
Feline Experimental Models for Control of Periodontal Disease

No published methodologies currently exist for quantitative, reproducible evaluation of feline dental plaque and calculus, which could be used to assess oral health benefits to cats of therapeutic agents and devices, chew toys, and other products with dental efficacy claims. This article describes experimental methods commonly used for human and canine studies and reports the development of feline methods adapted from the author’s experience with canine dental evaluations. The author’s studies of the kinetics of plaque and calculus development indicate that scorable plaque forms within a few days of dental prophylaxis and does not increase significantly after 1 or 2 weeks. Significant amounts of calculus are present within 1 or 2 weeks of dental prophylaxis and do not increase significantly after 4 weeks.
Solid state extrusion of vinylidene fluoride (VF2)/vinylidene trifluoride (VF3) copolymers. I: Dynamics of solid state extrusion

Solid state extrusion dynamics of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers have been studied using an Instron capillary rheometer with specially designed die set. At and above the Curie transition temperatures, the copolymers rapidly soften while preserving the semicrystalline structure. This allows them to be solid state extruded between this temperature and melting temperature. The processing windows within which high quality extrudates can be obtained were established for two copolymer compositions and they were found to be much wider than those typically observed in semicrystalline homopolymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Extrudate swell under all solid state extrusion condition remains constant and is always less than 1 and it was found to increase above this value as the extrusion temperature increased through the melting region which is typical of melt extrusion of these polymers.
EUS in multiple biliary papillomatosis

VOLUME 55, NO. 1, 2002 GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 121 From the Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Reprint requests: Shawn Mallery, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave. South, 865B, Minneapolis, MN 55415. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0 37/4/120107 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.120107 EUS in multiple biliary papillomatosis
SU‐FF‐T‐117: Dosimetric Impact of Bladder Contrast On Prostate Helical Tomotherapy Treatments

Purpose: To quantify the effect of bladder contrast on helical tomotherapy prostate dose distributions Method and Materials: Five anonymous early‐stage prostate patients consecutively treated with hypofractionated helical tomotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were planned at 4.3 Gy per fraction for 12 fractions. Contrast was used in the bladder at the time of simulation, but was not converted to water at the time of planning and not used during treatment. The mean density within the contoured bladder was 1.1 g/cm3 averaged over all patients, and bladder volumes ranged from 176.7 cm3 to 341.5 cm3. Matlab® software was used to retrospectively override the density of the bladder contents on the planning image to that of water (1 g/cm3). Original treatment plans were recomputed on the density‐overridden planning images using Planned Adaptive® software. Fractional dose distributions of original plans were compared with the treatment plans recomputed on density‐overridden images.Dose difference maps were created by subtracting the original plan distributions from the density‐overridden distributions and normalizing to the prescribed fraction dose.Results: Differences in dose distributions of up to +3% were observed in all patients, with maximum values ranging from +2.6% to +3.4%. These differences were located primarily within the bladder and along the superior edges of the prostate bordering the bladder. Conclusion: Planning with bladder contrast but treating without contrast can cause dose distribution differences of up to 3% for helical tomotherapy prostate treatments. This effect should be considered at the time of planning. It should also be taken into account as a possible factor when assessing dose distributions on daily images for the purposes of adaptive radiotherapy.
Dibromido(4,7-diazadecane-1,10-di-amine)-copper(II).

In the title compound, [CuBr2(C8H22N4)], the CuII atom is six-coordinate forming a distorted octa­hedral complex and is bonded to two axial bromide anions and four equatorial nitro­gen donors. The equatorial Cu—N bond distances range from 2.005 (8) to 2.046 (8) A while the axial Cu—Br distances are 2.8616 (17) and 2.9402 (17) A, thus the six-coordinate Cu complex shows the usual Jahn–Teller distortion. All amine hydrogen atoms participate in either inter- or intra­molecular hydrogen bonding to the Br anions.
Implementing an XML authoring project in a new media course

XML authoring skills using specific tools are valuable for technical communications students, but are not commonly taught in technical communications curricula. There are also few published case studies that illustrate possible ways of adapting this type of workplace practice to technical communication courses. This article defines some basic concepts associated with this type of authoring and narrates the story of how the author implemented an XML authoring module in the context of a new media course. Details are provided on how the course approached the problems of how to teach practical XML authoring skills and at the same time contextualize them in terms of new media literacy and rhetoric, aiming for a balance between workplace practice and academic theory. The authoring tools and resources used for the project are described, including a description of a virtual technical communication lab.
Fifty‐year record of north polar temperatures shows warming

The Arctic Ocean has long been at the center of the global warming debate, since a significant reduction in sea ice could alter the Earth's radiation balance, as well as modify global atmospheric circulation. According to an August 19, 2000, report in The New York Times, passengers aboard a Russian icebreaker-turned-cruise ship observed a “mile-wide” patch of ice-free ocean at the pole. This observation immediately prompted speculation that global warming is already melting the polar icecap. Two types of open water commonly occur throughout the Arctic pack ice. The linear features, called leads, and curvilinear features, called polynyas, are not necessarily cause for concern. However, the overall extent of Arctic sea ice has decreased in recent decades and, hence, the issue of polar warming is of broad environmental interest.
Elastic moduli of a cracked body

Statistical solutions for the internal stress and displacement fields are constructed for a body in an external applied stress field, and containing a prescribed distribution of penny shaped cracks. From the fields, a stress-strain relationship is calculated for the body, and effective elastic moduli are derived. The fields are constructed as expansions in the parameter $$\overline {Na^3 }$$ wich is assumed small (N is the crack density, anda is the crack radius). Angular integrals over the distribution function are performed for two special cases that represent a bedded crack distribution, and an isotropic crack distribution. A criterion for the validity of the use of these quasistatic results in dynamical calculations is presented.
An association between red-green color blindness and some cases of asthma and hay fever

Abstract 1.1. One hundred sixty-five asthmatic male patients and 192 hay fever male patients have been tested for red-green color blindness by means of the Ishihara tests. 2.2. The incidence of red-green color blindness in the whole group of patients was 8.4 per cent, which is about twice as great as the incidence of about 4 per cent among unselected males. This difference is statistically highly significant. 3.3. The relationship thus found between red-green color blindness and some cases of asthma and hay fever indicates that some cases of asthma and hay fever in boys probably depend in part on a sex-linked recessive factor.
Differential effects of LSD serotonin and l-tryptophan on visually evoked responses

Abstract Alterations in photically-evoked cortical responses were assessed in immobilized artificially respired cats following intraraphe microinjections of LSD and serotonin (5-HT) and IV administration of LSD and l -tryptophan. Both systemic (10−100 μ g/kg; N = 5) and intraraphe (0.25 μ g; N = 10) LSD significantly increased the amplitudes of the three primary components of the visual evoked response (VER). In contrast, the same VER components were significantly depressed following intraraphe 5-HT (30 gm g; N = 4) and IV l -trytophan (100 mg/kg; N = 6), a serotonin precursor that elevates the 5-HT levels. Intraraphe cinanserin (180 μg; 30 minute pretreatment) completely reversed LSD-induced enhancements in all three components ( p p l -trytophan (100 mg/kg) were unaffected by cinanserin. Modification of raphe neuronal activity can significantly alter photically evoked responses, and may explain the perceptual disturbances associated with LSD, i.e., depression of an area (raphe) normally inhibiting forebrain areas of the visual system.
Impacts of the Farm Crisis on a Rural Community

The farm crisis is affecting many sectors of rural society, but few empirical analyses of the impacts of the crisis on rural communities have been completed. A case study of a rural community was c...
Monitoring serotonin signaling on a subsecond time scale.

Serotonin modulates a variety of processes throughout the brain, but it is perhaps best known for its involvement in the etiology and treatment of depressive disorders. Microdialysis studies have provided a clear picture of how ambient serotonin levels fluctuate with regard to behavioral states and pharmacological manipulation, and anatomical and electrophysiological studies describe the location and activity of serotonin and its targets. However, few techniques combine the temporal resolution, spatial precision, and chemical selectivity to directly evaluate serotonin release and uptake. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical method that can detect minute changes in neurotransmitter concentration on the same temporal and spatial dimensions as extrasynaptic neurotransmission. Subsecond measurements both in vivo and in brain slice preparations enable us to tease apart the processes of release and uptake. These studies have particularly highlighted the significance of regulatory mechanisms to proper functioning of the serotonin system. This article will review the findings of FSCV investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission and discuss this technique’s potential in future studies of the serotonin system.
Effect of hypoxia on myocardium in heart-lung preparation.

Hypoxia effect on myocardium in heart-lung preparations by relating stroke work and left arterial pressure
A Photocleavable and Mass Spectrometry Identifiable Cross-Linker for Protein Interaction Studies

In this paper, we present the results of proof-of-concept experiments using a novel photocleavable and mass spectrometry identifiable cross-linker pcPIR (photocleavable protein interaction reporter). pcPIR can be dissociated under UV irradiation either off- or online before the introduction to the mass spectrometers. Photo dissociation of cross-linkers is different from either the gas phase or the chemical cleavage of cross-linkers. Different types of cross-links can be identified using the pcPIR mass relationships, where the mass of cross-linked precursor equals the sum of the masses of the released products and reporter. Since pcPIR is cleaved prior to the entrance to the mass spectrometer, the released peptides are available to be sequenced with routine collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments and database search algorithms. In this report, the pcPIR strategy of identifying the cross-linked peptides with on- and off-line photocleavage coupled with novel targeted data dependent LC-MS/MS is...
Assembling of AcrB Trimer in Cell Membrane

Many membrane proteins exist and function as oligomers, but how monomers oligomerize in the cell membrane remains poorly understood. AcrB is an obligate homo-trimer. We previously found that the folding of individual subunit precedes oligomerization. Following folding, individual AcrB subunits must locate and interact with each other in order to dimerize and eventually trimerize. It has been unclear if AcrB trimerization is a spontaneous process following the “chance encounter and random assembling” mechanism. In other words, it is currently unknown whether monomeric subunits diffuse freely to “search” for each other after they are co-translationally inserted and folded into the cell membrane. Using four sets of experiments exploiting AcrB variants with different fusion tags, disulfide trapping, and activity measurement, here we showed that AcrB variants co-expressed in the same Escherichia coli cell did co-assemble into hybrid trimers in vivo. However, the level of co-assembly measured experimentally was not consistent with calculations derived from random assembling. The potential role of the polysome structure during protein translation and the resultant clustering effect were discussed as a potential explanation for the observed bias in AcrB subunit assembling in vivo. Our results provide new insights into the dynamic assembling and equilibration process of obligate homo-oligomeric membrane proteins in the cell membrane.