cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Midlevel Auditory Codes from Natural Sound Statistics

Interaction with the world requires an organism to transform sensory signals into representations in which behaviorally meaningful properties of the environment are made explicit. These representations are derived through cascades of neuronal processing stages in which neurons at each stage recode the output of preceding stages. Explanations of sensory coding may thus involve understanding how low-level patterns are combined into more complex structures. To gain insight into such midlevel representations for sound, we designed a hierarchical generative model of natural sounds that learns combinations of spectrotemporal features from natural stimulus statistics. In the first layer, the model forms a sparse convolutional code of spectrograms using a dictionary of learned spectrotemporal kernels. To generalize from specific kernel activation patterns, the second layer encodes patterns of time-varying magnitude of multiple first-layer coefficients. When trained on corpora of speech and environmental sounds, some second-layer units learned to group similar spectrotemporal features. Others instantiate opponency between distinct sets of features. Such groupings might be instantiated by neurons in the auditory cortex, providing a hypothesis for midlevel neuronal computation.
Are highly morphed peptide frameworks lurking silently in microbial genomes valuable as next generation antibiotic scaffolds

Antibiotics are a therapeutic class that, once deployed, select for resistant bacterial pathogens and so shorten their useful life cycles. As a consequence new versions of antibiotics are constantly needed. Among the antibiotic natural products, morphed peptide scaffolds, converting conformationally mobile, short-lived linear peptides into compact, rigidified small molecule frameworks, act on a wide range of bacterial targets. Advances in bacterial genome mining, biosynthetic gene cluster prediction and expression, and mass spectroscopic structure analysis suggests many more peptides, modified both in side chains and peptide backbones, await discovery. Such molecules may turn up new bacterial targets and be starting points for combinatorial or semisynthetic manipulations to optimize activity and pharmacology parameters.
Structural Studies of 2.5 S Mouse Submaxillary Gland Nerve Growth Factor

During the more than twenty years since its discovery (11), the nerve growth factor (NGF) has been indeed demonstrated to be an essential protagonist in the growth and development of the sympathetic nervous system (12). The NGF-stimulated growth response has been amply described from both metabolic and ultrastructural viewpoints.
Effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure from a high fish diet on developmental milestones in the Seychelles Child Development Study.

Mercury is widespread in the environment and exists in several physical and chemical forms. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury disrupts brain development. The most common mode of prenatal methylmercury exposure is maternal fish consumption. Studies of human prenatal exposure in Iraq following maternal ingestion of methylmercury treated grain suggested that maternal hair mercury concentrations above 10 ppm may be related to delayed developmental milestones and neurological abnormalities. This level of exposure can be achieved by frequent consumption of fish. The Seychelles Child Development Study analyzed developmental milestones similar to those determined in Iraq in a large controlled, prospective study of children exposed prenatally to methylmercury when their mothers ate fish. As part of this ongoing study, cohort children were evaluated at 6.5, 19, 29, and 66 months of age. At 19 months care-givers were asked at what age the child walked (n=720 out of 738) and talked (n=680). Prenatal mercury exposure was determined by atomic absorption analysis ofmaternal hair segments corresponding to hair growth during the pregnancy. The median mercury level in maternal hair was 5.8 ppm with a range of 0.5 - 26.7 ppm. The mean age (in months) at walking was 10.7 (SD = 1.9) for females and 10.6 (SD = 2.0) for males. The mean age at talking (in months) was 10.5 (SD = 2.6) for females, and 11.0 (SD = 2.9) for males. After adjusting for covariates and statistical outliers, no association was found between the age at which Seychellois children walked or talked and prenatal exposure to mercury. Normal ages at achievement of the developmental milestones walking and talking were found in Seychellois toddlers following prenatal exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet. These results do not support the lowest effect levels in young children following prenatal methylmercury exposure predicted by the dose response analysis of the Iraq data. More detailed studies in older children are needed to determine if there are adverse effects in fish eating populations.
Sensor informatics for manufacturing

Abstract With the advent of very small low-cost, low-power sensors and wireless networking, new approaches to the processing of sensor data are required in manufacturing, and particularly in equipment and process diagnostics. The purpose of this paper is to describe and illustrate the nature of these changes, termed ***sensor informatics, that promise to transform the face of 21st century manufacturing.
Streptokinase--biochemistry and clinical application

Plasminogen activation to plasmin is due to enzymatic cleavage of a single peptide bond in the zymogen molecule. Streptokinase is not an enzyme and its activation of plasminogen is indirect. Streptokinase forms stoichiometric complexes with plasmin and plasminogen and these complexes activate plasminogen to plasmin. Streptokinase is species selective in its action.
Show or Tell? Does Verbal and/or Nonverbal Sexual Communication Matter for Sexual Satisfaction?

Communication is linked to sexual satisfaction. This includes verbal and nonverbal communication. Much of the extant research focuses on verbal communication within a relationship as a predictor of...
Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is linked to transcriptional repression of the nuclear FXN gene encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN). Compounds that increase frataxin levels may enable effective therapeutic intervention for blunting disease progression. Recently, we showed that lipophilic methylene violet (MV) and methylene blue (MB) analogues both conferred benefit to cultured FRDA cells in several regards, including ROS suppression, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ATP production. Some of the MB analogues were also shown to promote increased frataxin levels and mitochondrial biogenesis. Presently, we report that two of the MV analogues studied previously (1 and 2) also increased frataxin levels and mitochondrial biogenesis significantly. Because the substitution pattern in the two series of compounds was not the same, we also prepared new MV derivatives having the same substitution pattern as the original MB derivatives studied to enable a more direct comparison. Two of the new MV compounds, 4b and 6b, exhibited enhanced antioxidant capability, increased frataxin levels and mitochondrial biogenesis, and improved aconitase activity. These encouraging findings demonstrated that the MV analogues had better overall activity with less cytotoxicity.
Are You Out There? Internet Presence of Nonprofit Human Service Organizations:

Using a sample of nonprofit human service organizations in South Central New York, this article analyzes the nature and extent of their Internet presence by examining their adoption of various Inte...
The Respiratory Signature: A Novel Concept to Leverage Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy as an Early Warning System for Exacerbations of Common Diseases such as Heart Failure.

Each night millions of patients use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To facilitate monitoring of treatment success, modern CPAP machines routinely ...
Dissolved carbon export and CO2 outgassing from the lower Mississippi River – Implications of future river carbon fluxes

Abstract Air temperatures, precipitation, and river discharge have been steadily increasing in many river basins over the last century. This is especially the case with North America’s largest river basin, the 3.2-million-km2 Mississippi River Basin, which comprises over 41% of the total land surface area in the contiguous USA. Yet we lack an understanding of how these changes will influence the export of terrigenous carbon through river systems into coastal waters and the atmosphere. This study investigated concentrations and mass fluxes of DOC, DIC, and CO2 during 2015–2018 in the Lower Mississippi River. We found an annual riverine export of 3.95 Tg C and 12.25 Tg C for DOC and DIC into the Gulf of Mexico, with 75 and 67% of their respective loads discharged during the wet season from January through July. The riverine mass exports represent a flux rate of 1.4 g DOC–C m−2 and 4.2 g DIC–C −2 from the Mississippi River Basin, which are considerably higher than those reported for other river basins. Surface water of the Lower Mississippi River was constantly supersaturated by dissolved CO2, with its partial pressure (pCO2) ranging from 526 to 3961 µatm and an average outgassing rate of 654 g C m−2 yr−1. Export of DOC and pCO2 measurements were substantially greater than estimates reported over ten years prior, accompanied by significant increases in river discharge and air temperatures. These findings strongly suggest that DOC and CO2 fluxes from the Mississippi River Basin into coastal waters and the atmosphere will very likely increase in the future due to increasing biological productivity and subsequent carbon export to rivers under increasing discharge and air temperatures.
“We get tunnel vision”: Emergency medical service providers’ views on the opioid epidemic in Baltimore City

Objective: To understand the needs of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers caring for substance users in an urban setting. Design: Qualitative interviews with EMS providers regarding perceptions of substance users and treatment programs. Setting: Baltimore City. Participants: Twenty-two Baltimore City Fire Department EMS providers. Interventions: Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 EMS providers. Topics included experiences caring for substance-using patients and attitudes about local harm reduction approaches. Main outcome measure: Providers were asked their views on receiving training to deliver a brief motivational intervention to encourage patients to enter drug treatment. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using constant comparison. Results: Participants were mostly Male (68.2 percent), White (66.6 percent), and had Advanced Life Skills training (90.9 percent). Mean experience was 8.7 years. Many providers described EMS misusers as mostly male and middle-aged, although there were variations in substance use patterns among all races and income levels. Most stated that repeated care provision to a small number of substance-users negatively impacted care quality. Provider demands included departmental policies and resource limitations. Many expressed willingness to deliver motivational messages to substance-using patients to consider drug treatment. Other stated that behavioral interventions were beyond their job duties and most reported having little-to-no knowledge of local treatment programs. Conclusions: EMS providers may be uniquely positioned to deliver substance use treatment messages to substance users. This could be a life- and cost-saving improvement to EMS in Baltimore City with incentivized training. More research is needed to inform opioid use preparedness in urban settings, which remain at the center of the opioid epidemic.
The frame of the house: How elite news sources framed Taiwan’s housing policy:

This study content analyzed how elite news sources framed Taiwan’s housing policy and inequality that underlies its major social problems in the press. Results show that reports used pro-market rhe...
Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy (IMNM)

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a distinct subset of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, characterized by proximal muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, markedly elevated CK levels, and myocyte necrosis with minimal inflammatory infiltrate on muscle biopsy. The two most common antibodies associated with IMNM are anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) and anti-signal recognition particle (anti-SRP), although in one-third of cases there are no identifiable autoantibodies. The greatest risk factor for anti-HMGCR myopathy is statin exposure, although it can occur independently of statins, especially in younger patients.
Left behind?: male clients of female sex workers in Zambia

Male clients of female sex workers (CFSWs) are a key-affected group within the HIV epidemic. However, few studies have quantified HIV/STI burdens among CFSWs. This study used nationally representat...
Herbert R. Lissner: The Father of Impact Biomechanics.

Professor Herbert R. Lissner was a pioneer in impact biomechanics, having initiated research on the injury mechanisms, mechanical response, and human tolerance of the human brain to blunt impact 80 years ago-in 1939. This paper summarizes the contributions made by Professor Lissner in head injury as well as in the many areas of impact biomechanics in which he was involved. In 1977, the Bioengineering Division of ASME established the H. R. Lissner Award to recognize outstanding career achievements in the area of biomechanics. In 1987, this award was converted to a society-wide Medal, and to date it has been awarded to 44 exemplary researchers and educators. The lead author of this paper was Professor Lissner's first and only Ph.D. student, and he offers a unique insight into his research and contributions.
An arterial insufficiency ulcer in an individual with cervical spinal cord injury and hypotension.

Introduction Arterial ulcers develop as a complication of tissue hypoperfusion, ordinarily from atherosclerotic disease, but sometimes due to other medical conditions or trauma. While people with spinal cord injury (SCI) may be predisposed to resting hypotension, and, hence, to inadequate peripheral circulation, there are no reports of arterial ulcers as a secondary effect of SCI. Case presentation A 54-year-old woman with long standing cervical SCI presented with a nonhealing lateral malleolar ulcer that was complicated by osteomyelitis and unresponsive to biweekly debridement. On examination, she was hypotensive with cool extremities and non-palpable pedal pulses but had no evidence of atherosclerotic disease, cardio-metabolic derangement, or vasculopathy. We treated her with Midodrine with improvement in her peripheral circulation then referred her for surgical intervention. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an arterial ulcer in a person living with SCI that was most likely caused by resting hypotension. It is possible that individuals with SCI-particularly those with higher-level injuries-are at risk for this condition. Clinicians must be alert to arterial ulcers as a potential complication of SCI with concomitant hypotension.
Parkchester: A Bronx Tale of race and ethnicity, by Jeffrey S. Gurock

“Negroes and whites don’t mix. Perhaps they will in a hundred years, but they don’t now” (p. 99).A southern segregationist in the Jim Crow era? No, it was Frederick Ecker, president of the Metropol...
Urban Planning in China

This article summarizes the historical and contemporary urban planning practices and policies in China, and discusses China’s rapid urbanization following its economic reform since the 1980s and the role of urban planning in promoting urbanization and stimulating economic growth.
Scalable Low-Cost Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Traffic Network

This paper proposes a new unmanned-aerial-vehicle operation paradigm to enable a large number of relatively low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles to fly beyond line of sight, without costly sensing and communication systems or substantial human intervention in individual unmanned-aerial-vehicle control, in unmanned-aerial-vehicle-only traffic that is separated from non-unmanned-aerial-vehicle airspace. The main contribution of this work is to propose the use of pre-established route network for unmanned-aerial-vehicle traffic management, which allows 1) premapping of obstacles along the route network to reduce the onboard sensing requirements and the associated costs for avoiding such obstacles and 2) use of well-developed routing algorithms to select unmanned-aerial-vehicle schedules that avoid unmanned-aerial-vehicle/unmanned-aerial-vehicle conflicts. Available Global-Positioning-System-based navigation can be used to fly the unmanned aerial vehicle along the selected route and time schedule with relatively...
Dis)Solving the problem of aberrant protein states.

Neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding disorders represent a longstanding biomedical challenge, and effective therapies remain largely elusive. This failure is due, in part, to the recalcitrant and diverse nature of misfolded protein conformers. Recent work has uncovered that many aggregation-prone proteins can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, a process by which macromolecules self-associate to form dense condensates with liquid properties that are compositionally distinct from the bulk cellular milieu. Efforts to combat diseases caused by toxic protein states focus on exploiting or enhancing the proteostasis machinery to prevent and reverse pathological protein conformations. Here, we discuss recent advances in elucidating and engineering therapeutic agents to combat the diverse aberrant protein states that underlie protein-misfolding disorders.
Electrochemical Sensing of Neonicotinoids Using Laser-Induced Graphene

Neonicotinoids are the fastest-growing insecticide accounting for over 25% of the global pesticide market and are capable of controlling a range of pests that damage croplands, home yards/gardens, and golf course greens. However, widespread use has led to nontarget organism decline in pollinators, insects, and birds, while chronic, sublethal effects on humans are still largely unknown. Therefore, there is a need to understand how prevalent neonicotinoids are in the environment as there are currently no commercially available field-deployable sensors capable of measuring neonicotinoid concentrations in surface waters. Herein, we report the first example of a laser-induced graphene (LIG) platform that utilizes electrochemical sensing for neonicotinoid detection. These graphene-based sensors are created through a scalable direct-write laser fabrication process that converts polyimide into LIG, which eliminates the need for chemical synthesis of graphene, ink formulation, masks, stencils, pattern rolls, and postprint annealing commonly associated with other printed graphene sensors. The LIG electrodes were capable of monitoring four major neonicotinoids (CLO, IMD, TMX, and DNT) with low detection limits (CLO, 823 nM; IMD, 384 nM; TMX, 338 nM; and DNT, 682 nM) and a rapid response time (∼10 s) using square-wave voltammetry without chemical/biological functionalization. Interference testing exhibited negligible responses from widely used pesticides including the broad-leaf insecticides parathion, paraoxon, and fipronil, as well as systemic herbicides glyphosate (roundup), atrazine, dicamba, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These scalable, graphene-based sensors have the potential for wide-scale mapping of neonicotinoids in watersheds and potential use in numerous electrochemical sensor devices.
‘On Camps, past and Present’*

This article reflects on the experience of writing a book about the history of refugee camps in Britain during the global refugee crisis. It explores the relationship between camps of the 20th and ...
Interesting Projects To Strenghthen DSP Teaching

Education is moving away from traditional rows of students looking at the same textbook while a teacher lectures from the front of the room. Today's classrooms are evolving to use more technology and digital resources. Students are more interested learning technical material if they can see useful applications for it. When teaching the digital signal processing (DSP) course, it is possible to develop projects to show how the techniques can be used in real world application. This paper presents three simple, yet interesting projects in the author's undergraduate DSP course to motivate the students learning the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
Emergency department disposition of non-neutropenic febrile patients with cancer

Objectives National data reveal that 60% of the 4.5 million annual emergency department (ED) visits by patients with cancer result in admission. Many of these visits are due to a febrile illness. Current literature provides limited guidance on how to treat non-neutropenic febrile ED patients. This study characterizes clinical outcomes of non-neutropenic febrile patients with cancer presenting to an academic, Comprehensive Cancer Center affiliated ED. Methods Retrospective chart review of 101 randomly selected adult patients with active cancer presenting with a chief complaint of fever or a documented fever in the ED and an absolute neutrophil count above 1000 between October 2015 and September 2016. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results The primary malignancies represented were hematologic (24%), gastrointestinal (13%), head and neck (13%), and genitourinary (8%). Sixty-two percent were on chemotherapy, 15% on radiation therapy, and 12% were on targeted therapy. Severe illness outcomes occurred in 39% and 83% were admitted with a median length of stay of 4 days. Among admitted patients, 24% experienced a length of stay ≤2 days. A return visit to the ED or an in-system hospitalization within 7 days of the index visit occurred in 10% and death occurred within 7 days of the index visit in 4%. Conclusion A majority of patients presenting to the ED with non-neutropenic fever are admitted (83%), of whom nearly a quarter experience a length of stay of ≤2 days with infrequent serious illness outcomes. Future efforts should focus on the development of risk stratification tools in this population to avoid potentially unnecessary hospitalizations.
New records of Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) represent a significant western range expansion

Orussus minutus is an uncommonly collected parasitoid sawfly known from the eastern United States.We report specimens Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983, from Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba, which represent new state and province records and significantly expand the known range of the species west from previous records; provide collection information for unpublished specimens housed in the United States National Museum collection, which includes new state records for West Virginia and Michigan; and report two specimens housed in the Biological Museum at Lund University that represent new state records for Connecticut.
Dividing a Child in Antiquity

I MAKE A CLAIM upon a person, expecting something from him. I lay claim to an object, in competition with others. This distinction, however, is not absolute. On the one hand, I may make a claim upon an object-my dog, for example, or even my racing car, personified. On the other, I may lay claim to a person, as an object or objectified. In earlier times, there might be disagreement as to the ownership of a slave or villain; a number of creditors might dispute the services or body of an insolvent debtor; the ladies of a harem might enter into a contest over the husband--Leah "hired" Jacob from Rachel for a night.' To list some familiar instances: the partners in a firm may fall out as to which is going to have the typist that day; two society hostesses as to which may invite the visiting royalty; one state may request from another the extradition of a criminal or permission for a minority to emigrate to the state preferring the request; men may fight about a woman; angels and demons about a soul, alive or dead.2 Within the family, father, mother and governess may compete for a child; several children for a parent; father and son for the mother; mother and daughter for the father. Often, though by no means always, where I lay claim to a person, I make a claim upon him at the same time. Leah expected Jacob to honor her pact with Rachel: "Thou must come in unto me." A partner quarrelling with the others about a typist may try to win by a direct appeal. So may a state asserting a right to a minority in another state, though hardly one requesting an extradition. So may a man fighting about a woman: the fifty sons of Aegyptus wrested from Danaus his fifty daughters, but one only of the bridegrooms survived the wedding-night--Lynceus, who won Hypermnestra's love. During a man's life, angels and demons, besides warring for him against one another, do their best to enlist his cooperation, though death puts an end to the latter possibility. So long as a child is in the cradle, his competing elders will each lay claim to him; as he grows
Microbial analytical methodology for processed poultry products.

Introduction 528 Method evaluation 528 Sample collection 530 Isolation methods 530 Preenrichment 530 Enrichment 531 Agar plates 531 Methods for bacterial counts 532 Pathogenic bacteria 533 Campylobacter 533 Clostridium perfringens 536 Listeria 536 Salmonella 537 Spoilage microorganisms 538 Mesotrophic bacteria 538 Psychrotrophic bacteria 539 Yeasts and molds 539 Application of molecular techniques for identification purposes 540 Future trends in the identification of bacteria 540
401(k) Plan Fees: A Trifecta of Governmental Oversight

Arguably, 401(k) plan fees are the biggest policy issue in the retirement world today. They potentially raise questions about the fundamental business underpinnings of the principal form of retirement savings for the last twenty years. As an indication of their significance, three branches of the federal government: administrative, judicial, and legislative; are currently and simultaneously addressing 401(k) plan fees. This Article discusses recent governmental activity regarding 401(k) plan fees. It begins by discussing three recent DOL initiatives governing the disclosure of plan fees: (1) the revision of Form 5500, and particularly Schedule C; (2) the proposed section 408(b)(2) regulations; and (3) the proposed section 404(a)/404(c) regulations. The Article then turns to the 401(k) plan fee litigation. Specifically, it discusses two leading decisions, Haddock v. Nationwide Financial Services and Hecker v. Deere, which represent opposite ends of the spectrum of judicial resolution of 401(k) plan fee disputes. Finally, the Article discusses recent legislative proposals to mandate greater disclosure of 401(k) plan fees.
Influence of acid rain+multistress conditions on the long term performance of 28 kV polymeric insulators

Acid rain can deteriorate high voltage outdoor insulators and affect their performance in addition to their other degrading effects. Polymeric insulators can be especially susceptible since they are mostly organic. It is of practical interest to study the long term performance of polymeric insulators under acid rain+multistress conditions, simulating an actual service environment. This paper presents the results of the research on the performance of 28 kV distribution class thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) and silicone rubber (SiR) polymeric insulators under Mexico City, Mexico, conditions. Aging for 4 lab-years (2544 h) showed loss of hydrocarbon bonds in TPE and loss of hydroxyl and hydrocarbon bonds in SiR insulators.
Regulation of carbohydrate and fatty acid utilization by L-carnitine during cardiac development and hypoxia

This study is designed to investigate whether substrate preference in the myocardium during the neonatal period and hypoxiainduced stress is controlled intracellularly or by extracellular substrate availability. To determine this, the effect of exogenous L-carnitine on the regulation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism was determined during cardiac stress (hypoxia) and during the postnatal period. The effect of L-carnitine on long chain (palmitate) and medium chain (octonoate) fatty acid oxidation was studied in cardiac myocytes isolated from less than 24 h old (new born; NB), 2 week old (2 week) and hypoxic 4 week old (HY) piglets. Palmitate oxidation was severely decreased in NB cells compared to those from 2 week animals (0.456 ± 0.04 vs. 1.207 ± 0.52 nmol/mg protein/30 min); surprisingly, cells from even older hypoxic animals appeared shifted toward the new born state (0.695 ± 0.038 nmol/mg protein/30 min). Addition of L-carnitine to the incubation medium, which stimulates carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (CPTI) accelerated palmitate oxidation 3 fold in NB and approximately 2 fold in HY and 2 week cells. In contrast, octanoate oxidation which was greater in new born myocytes than in 2 week cells, was decreased by L-carnitine suggesting a compensatory response. Furthermore, oxidation of carbohydrates (glucose, pyruvate, and lactate) was greatly increased in new born myocytes compared to 2 week and HY cells and was accompanied by a parallel increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity. The concentration of malonyl-CoA, a potent inhibitor of CPTI was significantly higher in new born heart than at 2 weeks. These metabolic data taken together suggest that intracellular metabolic signals interact to shift from carbohydrate to fatty acid utilization during development of the myocardium. The decreased oxidation of palmitate in NB hearts probably reflects decreased intracellular L-carnitine and increased malonyl-CoA concentrations. Interestingly, these data further suggest that the cells remain compliant so that under stressful conditions, such as hypoxia, they can revert toward the neonatal state of increased glucose utilization. (Mol Cell Biochem 180: 95–103, 1998)
Torrent or torment from the tubules? Challenge of the cardiorenal connections.

The increasing use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers has delayed the progression of and decreased mortality in heart failure. As more patients survive into advanced stages of disease, however, it is increasingly difficult to maintain optimal fluid balance while preserving
Rekindling Phlogiston: From Classroom Case Study to Interdisciplinary Relationships

First, I show how to use the concept of phlogiston to teach oxidation and reduction reactions, based on the historical context of their discovery, while also teaching about the history and nature of science. Second, I discuss the project as an exemplar for integrating history, philosophy and sociology of science in teaching basic scientific concepts. Based on this successful classroom experience, I critique the application of common constructivist themes to teaching practice. Finally, this case shows, along with others, how the classroom is not merely a place for applying history, philosophy or sociology, but is also a site for active research in these areas. This potential is critical, I claim, for building a stable, permanent interdisciplinary relationships between these fields.
Structure of the PIN/LC8 dimer with a bound peptide.

The structure of the protein known both as neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitory protein, PIN (protein inhibitor of nNOS), and also as the 8 kDa dynein light chain (LC8) has been solved by X-ray diffraction. Two PIN/LC8 monomers related by a two-fold axis form a rectangular dimer. Two pairs of α-helices cover opposite faces, and each pair of helices packs against a β-sheet with five antiparallel β-strands. Each five-stranded β-sheet contains four strands from one monomer and a fifth strand from the other monomer. A 13-residue peptide from nNOS is bound to the dimer in a deep hydrophobic groove as a sixth antiparallel β-strand. The structure provides key insights into dimerization of and peptide binding by the multifunctional PIN/LC8 protein.
Motivational Interviewing and Client-Centered Therapy

Motivational interviewing (MI) uses client-centered methods to elicit and pursue client change goals. Described as “80 % Rogers,” MI adds a directional component to classic client-centered therapy (CCT) while focusing more narrowly on momentum toward change versus the broader personal growth and deepening goals of CCT. This chapter reviews MI processes and strategies, and explores similarities and differences between MI and CCT.
Is it possible to use mass-reared or field-collected diapaused codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to predict spring biofix?

Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), from a mass-reared colony induced into diapause and from locally collected overwintering populations were placed in the field inside mesh cages in the fall of 1997 to determine whether they would synchronize their spring emergence with the wild population and thus could be used as a tool to set biofix. Our results show that the laboratory-reared moths emerged at approximately the same time regardless of the location where they spent the winter. Locally collected (and caged) wild material always emerged later than the remaining wild population and thus was no better at predicting biofix than were laboratory-reared insects. Key words: Cydia pomonella; diapause; biofix; emergence
Reconsidering the public relations professional–blogger relationship: A coorientation study

Abstract Although considerable attention has been placed on the journalist/public relations professional relationship, scholars have yet to fully investigate the blogger/public relations professional relationship. This coorientation study compares bloggers’ attitudes toward the quality of their relationship with public relations professionals with the public relations professionals’ attitudes about this relationship. Findings indicate that public relations professionals and bloggers have markedly different views on the relationship, most notably when it comes to trust in and satisfaction with each other. In order to reduce any confusion that may arise between these parties, it is argued that additional dialog about each party's respective intentions is needed and added transparency in this communication may give the relationship a stronger ethical grounding.
Supersonic Projectile Models for Asynchronous Shooter Localization

In this work we consider the localization of a gunshot using a distributed sensor network measuring time differences of arrival between a firearm's muzzle blast and the shockwave induced by a supersonic bullet. This so-called MB-SW approach is desirable because time synchronization is not required between the sensors, however it suffers from increased computational complexity and requires knowledge of the bullet's velocity at all points along its trajectory. While the actual velocity profile of a particular gunshot is unknown, one may use a parameterized model for the velocity profile and simultaneously fit the model and localize the shooter. In this paper we study efficient solutions for the localization problem and identify deceleration models that trade off localization accuracy and computational complexity. We also develop a statistical analysis that includes bias due to mismatch between the true and actual deceleration models and covariance due to additive noise.
Influence of altering total body sodium on angiotensin I systemic converting activity (38573)

SummaryStudies were carried out in the dog to determine the extent to which alterations in total body sodium influence the systemic conversion of angiotensni I. When the animals were maintained on a high salt diet and DOCA, conversion of angiotensin I increased significantly and returned to control levels when a normal salt diet was provided. When another group of animals were provided a low salt diet and mercuhydrin, angiotensin I conversion decreased significantly, although returning the animals to a normal salt diet had no further influence upon conversion. These experiments indicate that there is a direct relationship between total body sodium and the systemic conversion of angiotensin I.
Has democracy failed ecology? An Ecofeminist perspective

The superiority of democracy over other political systems in detecting and responding to ecological problems lies in its capacity for correctiveness. That this correctiveness is not operating well in liberal democracy is a further reason for questioning its identification with democracy. The radical inequality that increasingly thrives in liberal democracy is an indicator not only of the capacity of its privileged groups to distribute social goods upwards and to create rigidities which hinder the democratic correctiveness of social institutions, but is also an indicator of their ability to redistribute many ecological ills downwards and to create similar rigidities in dealing with ecological ills. It is therefore not democracy that has failed ecology, but liberal democracy that has failed both democracy and ecology. Ecological denial is structured into liberalism in multiple ways, particularly through its reason/nature dualism, its limitation of democracy, its disposition of public and private spaces, and...
A method for quantifying visual field inhomogeneities

It is well known that performance is not homogeneous across the visual field, even at isoeccentric locations. Several inhomogeneities in particular have been identified – a Horizontal–Vertical Anisotropy (HVA – better performance in the horizontal than in the vertical direction); a Vertical Asymmetry (VA – better performance in the lower than the upper visual field); and a Vertical Meridian Asymmetry (VMA – better performance below than above the point of fixation on the vertical meridian). Performance has also been reported to be particularly poor at the location directly above the point of fixation, i.e., the “North” (N) location and sometimes at the location directly below the point of fixation, i.e., the “South” (S) location. These phenomena are typically characterized by statistics that compare performance across the visual field to a homogeneous (circular) model. Here we propose an alternative method for assessing visual field inhomogeneities, which involves comparing performance to an elliptical model of the visual field. We maintain that this method provides a more robust analysis of visual field inhomogeneities because it does not overestimate the North and South effects.
A chemical approach to the problem of alkali-reactive carbonate aggregates

Abstract This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of postulated mechanisms and potential remedial measures involving alkali carbonate reaction in concrete. This reaction involving certain carbonate (limestone) aggregates when used with high alkali cement has resulted in distress (cracking) of concrete pavements and slabs. The observed distress has been attributed to dedolomitization of the aggregates and osmotic pressures. This study was conducted to determine whether a chemical approach to the problem could reduce the expansion to acceptable levels. The results were encouraging. Expansion was reduced by as much as 50% using two common chemical substances, lithium carbonate and ferric chloride, introduced into a high alkali portland cement concrete made with a very reactive coarse aggregate, Gull River limestone from Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Another substance, dimethylsulfoxide, was tested also, with insignificant changes in measured expansion.
Dealing with Swindlers and Devils: Literature and Business Ethics

Part of the value of stories is moral, in that understanding them, and the characters within them, is one way in which we seek to make moral sense of life. Arguably, it has become quite common to use stories in order to make moral sense of business life. Case method is the standard teaching method in top business schools, and so-called “war stories” are customary for on-the-job training. Shakespeare is a trendy purveyor of leadership education. Several books and articles have been written on the intersection between literature and business and/or business ethics. Still, it is one thing to claim that literature can contribute to our understanding of business conduct, but yet another to claim that literature can contribute to␣the related goal of improving moral conduct in business. Supporters of the claims tend to presume they go together, while skeptics and detractors often discard them as a package. These claims warrant further investigation if they are to be perceived by business scholarship and practice as worthy of serious attention, not just a quaint search for lowbrow moral fables or a vain pursuit of highbrow poetry. One instrumental function of literature is to imitate life, thereby expanding our vision beyond our parochial interests; to see literature merely as a didactic instrument to serve business interests misses the point that literature should expand understanding, our sense of what in addition to business is interesting and valuable.
The American Fund for Dental Education.

An invitation is made to dentists, hygienists, and assistants throughout the nation to help “keep dentistry moving up.”
To improve reticle re-qualification process and reduce reticle re-cleaning frequency using efficient defect classification and defect tracking

For improving productivity and reducing manufacturing cost, it is critical for wafer fabs to reduce the frequency of reticle re-clean and control the risk of missing defects of lithographic significance from overall haze defected. Haze classification and haze behavior monitoring are highly time consuming processes. Many wafer fabs skip such operations and instead re-clean reticles frequently in order to reduce the risk of missing killer haze defects. Such Reticle Re-Qual rule leads to more than necessary reticle re-cleaning, shortening the life cycle of reticles and increasing the manufacturing cost. In this paper, we investigate an efficient defect classification method - ReviewSmart, and defect auto tracking method to classify defects and efficient tracking haze growth. A solution is discussed for wafer fabs to monitor haze behaviors and improve Reticle Re-Qual rules for controlling and reducing manufacturing cost at lower risk. A total of more then 30 production reticles of critical layers of OD, Poly, Contact and Metal 1 were inspected by STARLight2 on KLA-Tencor TeraScan SL516 system. ReviewSmart processed all the defects detected during Reticle Re-Qual inspection. The results showed significant reduction in defect review times, with 100% fidelity rate. In addition to saving review time, Show new/change of defects feature was used to monitor the behavior of haze defect growth. A use case is discussed in this paper, which demonstrates that combining the ReviewSmart application and Show Change of Defect feature provides a solution for wafer fabs to lower reticle re-clean frequency and reduce manufacturing cost.
Moiré interferometry at VPI & SU

A relatively easy technique for producing high-frequency gratings on specimens extends moire techniques into the high-sensitivity domain. Whole-field patterns of inplane displacement components are obtained with grating frequencies of 1200, 2400 and 4000 l/mm (30,480, 60,960 and 101,600 l/in.). Moire interferometry is a case of two-beam interference, characterized by extensive range, excellent fringe contrast and fringe localization on the specimen surface. It is a reflection technique, compatible with opaque specimens and live observation of deformation.
Energy equilibration in composite nuclei at high energy and spin: Correlations between evaporative 1 H, 4 He, and fission

Correlations have been studied between evaporative H/He emission and fissionlike products for the reactions 333 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ + $^{116}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$, and $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$. Fission products were detected at 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 320\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in coincidence with H and He at 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in plane and 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of plane. The coincidence energy spectra of H and He are not consistent with evaporation from the moving fragments. An analysis has been made with the assumption of complete energy equilibration in the particle emission (i.e., evaporation) prior to scission. The rather large data set is essentially consistent with this assumption. From the spectral shapes one can deduce level density parameters and barriers to evaporation. Values inferred for the Fermi gas level density parameters are similar to those inferred from experiments at much lower energies. Values deduced for the emission barriers are much smaller than those from systematics of fusion barriers. The observed cross sections for fission and $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ evaporation are not easily reconciled with statistical model calculations. In particular, the proton evaporation seems to compete more favorably with fission and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ evaporation than implied by phase space considerations alone.
An accurate closed-form formula for the throughput of long-lived TCP connections in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

There is a vast literature on the performance modeling of the 802.11 MAC protocol, but the interplay between the TCP dynamics and the self-regulating behavior of the 802.11 CSMA/CA access method has not been sufficiently investigated. In addition, it has been observed that TCP stations in a WLAN are sporadically active due to the TCP flow control mechanisms. This makes traditional saturated models of the network capacity of 802.11 WLANs not very accurate. We presented a rigorous analytical model to calculate the distribution of the number of active TCP stations in a WLAN with multiple long-lived TCP flows [R. Bruno, M. Conti, E. Gregori, Performance modelling and measurements of TCP transfer throughput in 802.11-based WLAN, in: Proceedings of the IEEE MsWiM 2006, Torremolinos, Malaga, Spain, 2006, pp. 4-11, [1]]. Starting from this analysis, in this paper we derive a simple but accurate closed-form expression of the per-connection TCP throughout as a function of the average duration of collisions, the average backoff period and the TCP packet size. We validate this formula through performance tests carried out on a real WLAN. Then, we use our model to mathematically study the optimal minimum contention window size to maximize the TCP throughput. Our analytical results indicate that the initial window size specified in the 802.11b standard is about two times larger than the optimal one. However, we also show that the TCP throughput performance is not very sensitive to changes of the minimum contention window size, and that the TCP flows significantly underutilize the channel bandwidth also in the optimal MAC operating state.
Using a groupware system in CS1 to engage introverted students

Concern with declining numbers of computer science majors leads educators to examine recruitment and retention factors in Computer Science I (CS1), in order to increase the number of students entering the undergraduate computer science pipeline. The literature reveals that introverted students dominate the CS1 classroom at a rate more than twice that of the general population and that the students perform better in the course as a group than extraverts do. Therefore, increasing the comfort level and engagement of introverted students seems practical - as well as thoughtful. The author of this paper hypothesizes that encouraging students to use an anonymous submission feature in a groupware system will increase the comfort of shy students who are reluctant to engage in the CS1 classroom. A study reveals a significant difference between a group of students who used the same groupware system without instruction regarding the groupware system's anonymous feature and a treatment group of students who received instruction and were encouraged to use the anonymous feature. The project also uncovers several significant correlations among students' responses to various items in the survey instrument.