cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twelve paths from maths to physics

In 1965 Robert Merton published On the Shoulders of Giants, a mind-bogglingly scholarly and hilarious meditation on the nature of intellectual influence – forwards, sideways and even backwards in time. But he did not note, and may even have been unaware, that in 1939 Ray Spangenburg had published On the Shoulders of Giants, a history of 18th-century science. Lovers of what Merton acronymically called "otsogery" who are attuned to questions of who did what first, must surely have noticed the 1990 publication by the US National Academy of On the Shoulders of Giants, a collection of non-technical glimpses into some deep mathematics suitable for introduction into school curricula. And now otsogophiles are indebted to Malcolm Lines, who gets right into the swing of things, opening his On the Shoulders of Giants by giving Oscar Hammerstein II the credit for Lear's Act I rebuke to Cordelia. But I digress.
Distinctive lipid profiles of human breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.

1132 Background: Routine intra-operative distinction between normal breast tissue and tumor is currently not possible in breast conserving surgery (BCS). This limitation affects the success of surg...
Book Review: The Diener: Poems:

The Diener: Poems. By Martha Serpas. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. 78 pp. $17.95 (paper).Martha Serpas's new poetry book, The Diener, draws on a pastoral tradition that associates the obligations of the Christian pastor with the shepherd caring for flocks in the pastures. This tradition originated in the Bible, which construed the "pastor" according to its Latin definition; "pastor" originally meant "shepherd" or "one who provided food." When the prophet Jeremiah declares, "I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding" (Jer. 3:15 KJV), he makes use of the ancient association of pastor and shepherd. As if fulfilling Jeremiah's promise about pastors, Jesus in John's Gospel assumes the role of "the good shepherd" who feeds his flocks with spiritual understanding and "giveth his life for the sheep" (John 10:11 KJV). Having worked as a hospital chaplain, Serpas gravitates to this pastoral tradition, and as an environmental activist she stresses the importance of the actual pastures-and of the natural world in general-that must be kept healthy to feed the "flocks."Serpas s book begins with an introductory poem, "The Diener," which focuses on the related concepts of health and wholeness, and the way an individual's body, like the world's body, is an ecosystem in which different parts must work together as a whole for there to be health. As the director of a morgue, Serpas s "diener" is all too familiar, with parts breaking down and wholes dying and decomposing. If one endorses Serpas's proposition that "God's image is composite" (p. 1), which she asserts before giving a catalog of body parts, one should also endorse the ideal of the "composite" whole. "We like to see ourselves as whole," she writes, "despite the diener piling legs on a cot / despite the pruned artery, tied and cut" (p. 1). Like Frost counseling his readers to "drink and be whole beyond confusion" with a makeshift communion "goblet like the Grail" at the end of "Directive," Serpas throughout The Diener directs those who find their lives in confusing fragments to pursue the ideal of wholeness. At times, her urge to counsel makes her didactic. "Education is the answer / to our social woes," she says at the start of "Pearl Snap" (p. 10), a poem drawing on her experiences as a hospital chaplain. Poems such as "Badlands," in which a patient tattooed with wolves boasts he is an atheist, or "Asperges," in which a nurses washes a dead "baby boy whose green skin sloughs off // like bruised fruit skins" (pp. …
A social network approach to examine K-12 educational leaders’ influence on information diffusion on Twitter

This study investigated the relationship between the leader's gender, leadership position. Twitter use, and influence on information diffusion in the communication network on Twitter. We collected ...
Applications of Communication Theory III-Intelligence and Multivalued Choice

Communication theory provides the study of intelligence and intellect with a basis in which cognition and values are conjointly involved. In psychometry this is never achieved, and the outcome of decades of mental test theory and research is a taxonomy of tests, not a theory of intelligence. Nearer to the heart of intelligence, it is proposed, are multivalued choice situations in which there are no correct answers, only answers that matter in a given situation. The methodology for work on this basis is indicated, and arguments from game theory and intelligence simulation by computer programs are discounted.
Simulating flow over and through porous media with application to erosion of particulate deposits

Abstract We simulate flows involving porous media and homogenous fluid using a single-domain finite-difference numerical method. The porous medium and unimpeded fluid are separated by a sharp interface where a stress jump boundary condition is implemented using a forcing term. The interface is constructed by connecting Lagrangian markers with cubic splines, allowing for any possible porous media geometry. This model is particularly flexible as it can easily account for a mobile interface. We apply our method to simulate erosion and suspension of particles from a fixed or erodible particulate deposit. The flux of particles entrained from the porous media is obtained from the computed velocity at the interface, in contrast to more common approaches that assume a flux proportional to the viscous stress at the interface.
Remarks on Adverbial Constituent Structure

In this article, I will discuss English sentences involving a number of different kinds of adverbial expressions, exploiting the conception of syntactic category that I adopt in such works as McCawley (1981a, 1982, 1988a), in which (i) syntactic category names are only informal tabulations of factors (such as logical category, word vs. phrasal unit, part of speech of the head) that influence syntactic behavior, and (ii) modifiers are ‘transparent’ with regard to those factors, in the sense that any modifier combines with a constituent to yield a larger unit that is of the same category, in the sense of counting as the same with regard to all of the above factors.
Wave Theory of Composite Layered Structures

The advances in microwave communication systems require material properties which can give optimum device performance. New materials are being developed in order to meet the requirements of design processes as technology matures. These new materials are composite mixtures of isotropic, anisotropic or gyrotropic materials. The purpose of such materials is to obtain more desirable constitutive parameters through a design process that can predict the effective properties of such a mixture. One such benefit, besides having the permittivity or permeability that exactly fits the application, is to use materials with lower cost to create a composite material that might otherwise be found in much more expensive bulk form. As a consequence, the analysis of the wave propagation through multilayered composite structures carries great importance in the development of the microwave devices with the desired material properties. If the layered structure is considered to be consisted of layered general anisotropic media, then composite mixture can be obtained by setting the desired arbitrary layer to be isotropic, electrically, magnetically gyrotropic, uniaxially or biaxially anisotropic material by changing the elements of permittivity and permeability tensors for the layered structure. In the following sections wave propagation through multilayered composite structure will be given using step by step procedure. General anisotropic medium in the composite layered structure is defined with permittivity and permeability tensors, \( \bar{\bar{\varepsilon }} \) and \( \bar{\bar{\mu }} \), respectively.
Therapie und Versorgung akuter Dissektionen vom Typ Stanford B

Die Aortendissektion ist eine potenziell todliche Erkrankung, bei der hohe Aufmerksamkeit in Bezug auf klinische Symptome, eine genaue und prompte Diagnose, ein tief greifendes Verstandnis der Anatomie und des naturlichen Verlaufs sowie ein multidisziplinarer Versorgungsansatz dieses hochvariablen Krankheitsprozesses notwendig sind. Die Versorgung einer Aortendissektion ist komplex und hangt von vielen patienten- und krankheitsspezifischen Faktoren ab, die eine komplikationsspezifische Herangehensweise erfordern. Verschiedene Klassifikationssysteme wurden zur Unterstutzung derartiger Entscheidungsprozesse entwickelt. Daruber hinaus ist eine adaquate bildgebende Aortendiagnostik fur die Diagnosestellung und Therapieplanung entscheidend. Die Messung und Uberwachung des initialen Blutdrucks und Pulses auf der Intensivstation sind essenziell. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass Dissektionen der Aorta descendens (Stanford B, DeBakey III) mit Komplikationen wie Ruptur, schneller Expansion eines falschen Lumens, Gewebeminderdurchblutung, therapieresistenten Schmerzen oder unkontrollierbarer Hypertonie eine akute Intervention erfordern. Dagegen werden unkomplizierte Dissektionen vom Typ B gewohnlich medikamentos behandelt. Mit der Einfuhrung und Entwicklung endovaskularer Techniken stehen dem Kliniker zunehmend mehr – oft weniger invasive – Therapieoptionen zur Verfugung. Es gibt bisher jedoch keinen eindeutigen Konsens hinsichtlich offen-chirurgischer Therapie vs. Stentimplantation und anderen adjunktiven Masnahmen. Dies muss offensichtlich weiter klinisch untersucht werden, was auch geschieht. Letztlich ist es wahrscheinlich, dass die Therapie der Aortendissektion unter Einsatz verschiedener Verfahren sowie mehr patienten- und krankheitsspezifischen Ansatzen erfolgt.
Design of a digital library for early 20 th century medico-legal documents

The research value of important government documents to historians of medicine and law is enhanced by a digital library of such a collection being designed at the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This paper presents work toward the design of a system for preservation and access of this material, focusing mainly on the automated extraction of descriptive metadata needed for future access. Since manual entry of these metadata for thousands of documents is unaffordable, automation is required. Successful metadata extraction relies on accurate classification of key textlines in the document. Methods are described for the optimal scanning alternatives leading to high OCR conversion performance, and a combination of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for the classification of textlines and metadata extraction. Experimental results from our initial research toward an optimal textline classifier and metadata extractor are given.
Identifying infant hydrocephalus in the emergency department with transfontanellar POCUS

Hydrocephalus carries significant morbidity in the infant population. Although clinical symptoms are often nonspecific, hydrocephalus is easily identified using transfontanellar sonography. In this review, we provide the emergency physician with a succinct overview of infant hydrocephalus and the point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) technique for identification of this pathology.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Microbial Plankton Abundances in a Subtropical Estuary (Galveston Bay, Texas)

Williams, A.K. and Quigg, A., 2019. Spatiotemporal variability in autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial plankton abundances in a subtropical estuary (Galveston Bay, Texas). Journal of Coastal Research, 35(2), 434–444. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The subtropical estuary Galveston Bay (Texas) is influenced by frequent riverine pulses from two important rivers in its northern sector and by ocean tides from the Gulf of Mexico in its southern sector. This study examined combinations of abiotic and biotic factors that synergistically influence spatiotemporal variability of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial plankton abundances (0.2–20 µm). Potential nutrient limitation observed in situ was supported by in vitro enrichment bioassays. Shifts in the relative in situ abundance of autotrophs and heterotrophs, stained with SYBR Green I and enumerated on a flow cytometer, were significantly related to temperature, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios, and total organic carbon concentrations along estuarine gradients. Observations reveal a pattern of serial colimitation of the microbial plankton community. Among the variables tested, nitrogen became the principal limiting factor for growth if phosphorous was available and temperatures were warm. In vitro nutrient enrichment bioassays performed with inorganic nitrogen (as nitrate) and Pi revealed variations in the responses between autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes under nutrient-limiting conditions, particularly during co-occurring phytoplankton blooms. The measured dynamics in planktonic relationships will have important impacts on understanding estuarine nutrient processing.
Induction and explanatory definitions in mathematics

In this paper, I argue that there are cases of explanatory induction in mathematics. To do so, I first introduce the notion of explanatory definition in the context of mathematical explanation. A large part of the paper is dedicated to introducing and analyzing this notion of explanatory definition and the role it plays in mathematics. After doing so, I discuss a particular inductive definition in advanced mathematics— $${ CW}$$ -complexes—and argue that it is explanatory. With this, we see that there are cases of explanatory induction.
Associations of Added Sugar from All Sources and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Regional Fat Deposition in US Adolescents: NHANES 1999-2006.

Background The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youths. Dietary components associated with adolescent regional body fat distribution require further investigation. Objective To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in US adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6585 adolescents (aged 12-19 y) in the NHANES cycles 1999-2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by DXA. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with truncal-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) and truncal-to-total fat ratio (TTR). Results There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared with the lowest category of intake ( 22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR [β (95% CI): >22% TEI versus <2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, and smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When BMI z-score and TEI were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004]. Conclusions These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.
Comparison of data processing algorithm performance for optical and conductivity void probes

In commercial nuclear reactors, heat exchangers, and bubble column reactors, two-phase flows are present. When predicting the safety and process efficiency of these systems, it is necessary to model the behavior found in them. The most common model used in two-phase flows is the two-fluid model due to its practicality. In the two-fluid model, two key parameters are the void fraction (VF, also known as the gas fraction or gas holdup) and interfacial area concentration (IAC, also known as interfacial area density). In order to produce accurate results, the bubbles are separated into groups based on the transport properties. When benchmarking models, experimental data are required. In many cases the experimental data are produced with the use of intrusive conductivity or optical probes. Recently a new data processing algorithm was developed to improve bubble interface identification and implement a method to group bubbles based on diameter rather than chord length. In this paper, the new data processing algorithm is evaluated by comparing the results when using both conductivity and optical probes. At a data acquisition frequency of 22 kHz, the optical probe collected more bubbles than the conductivity probe using the old algorithm. The new algorithm results in similar bubble counts for both instruments. There is a shift in bubbles from Group 1 to Group 2 in both the optical and conductivity probes. The new bubble size calculation means that several bubbles, which were previously classified as “spherical/distorted”, are now classified as “cap/slug/churn” bubbles for both the optical and conductivity probes. However due to low sample rates used in this research, the IAC is larger for the conductivity probe when compared to the optical probe by 10% to 60%. While some of these changes were expected, the increase in the IAC was larger than the reported uncertainty of the instruments.
Treatment of Overlap Syndromes in Autoimmune Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The treatment of overlap syndromes is guided by small observational studies whose data have never been synthesized in a rigorous, quantitative manner. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of available treatments for these rare and morbid conditions. We searched the literature for studies comparing ≥2 therapies for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), AIH-primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), PBC-PSC, AIH-PBC-PSC, autoimmune cholangitis (AIC), or autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) with respect to various clinical outcomes, including biochemical improvement and transplant-free survival. A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria for AIH-PBC, AIH-PSC, AIC, and ASC. AIH-PBC patients tended to experience more biochemical improvement with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) + [corticosteroids and/or antimetabolites], i.e., “combination therapy”, than with corticosteroids ± azathioprine (RR = 4.00, 95% CI 0.93–17.18). AIH-PBC patients had higher transplant-free survival with combination therapy than with UDCA, but only when studies with follow-up periods ≤90 months were excluded (RR = 6.50, 95% CI 1.47–28.83). Combination therapy may therefore be superior to both UDCA and corticosteroids ± azathioprine for the treatment of AIH-PBC, but additional studies are needed to show this definitively and to elucidate optimal treatments for other overlap syndromes.
The Impact of UN Sanctions on Commercial Shipping Activities

To promote its mandate of maintaining international peace and security, the United Nations Security Council has recently utilized a variety of economic sanctions tactics in the maritime sector. Concerned with maritime practices aiding the development of illicit weapons programmes, these sanctions strategies have targeted shipping activities by blacklisting vessels and companies, prohibiting certain cargo import and export, authorizing vessel inspections and interdiction, and outlawing vessel bunkering and marine insurance coverage. Although these measures are designed to promote multilateral policy goals, they also impose regulatory burdens on shipping industry participants attempting to engage in legitimate trade. This chapter explores the interplay between contemporary maritime sanctions techniques and commercial shipping practice. It first examines the sanctions tactics employed at the United Nations Security Council to target maritime practices linked to global security challenges. It then surveys efforts within commercial shipping circles to comply with and adapt to these layers of evolving regulations.
A parametric investigation on friction stir welding of Al-Li 2099

Aluminum-lithium alloys have lower density compared to other traditional aluminum alloys and as such, are being used in lightweighting applications. However, while the microstructure and mechanical...
Late Breaking Results: FRIENDS - Finding Related Interesting Events via Neighbor Detection

We present Finding Related Interesting Events via Neighbor Detection (FRIENDS), a novel approach to assist verification teams with coverage closure. FRIENDS uses formal verification to find the neighboring events of a never-hit, or hard-to-hit, coverage event. The neighbor events of a given target event are defined as those events for which a test hitting them has higher probability of hitting the target event than a test not hitting them. Assuming that some of the neighboring events are easier to hit than the target event itself, this information can be used by the team or by a Coverage Directed Generation (CDG) tool during the coverage closure process.
Prolonged Circulation Time Is Associated With Mortality Among Older Men With Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

Background Conventional metrics to evaluate sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have many limitations, including their inability to identify subclinical markers of cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction. Research Question Does sleep study-derived circulation time (Ct) predict mortality, independent of CV risks and SDB severity? Study Design and Methods We derived average lung to finger Ct (LFCt) from sleep studies in older men enrolled in the multicenter Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sleep study. LFCt was defined as the average time between end of scored respiratory events and nadir oxygen desaturations associated with those events. We calculated the hazard ratio (HRs) for the CV and all-cause mortality by LFCt quartiles, adjusting for the demographic characteristics, body habitus, baseline CV risk, and CV disease (CVD). Additional models included apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), time with oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (Sp O 2) Results A total of 2,631 men (mean ± SD age, 76.4 ± 5.5 years) were included in this study. LFCt median (interquartile range) was 18 (15-22) s. During an average ± SD follow-up of 9.9 ± 3.5 years, 427 men (16%) and 1,205 men (46%) experienced CV death and all-cause death, respectively. In multivariate analysis, men in the fourth quartile of LFCt (22-52 s) had an HR of 1.36 (95% CI, 1.02-1.81) and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.14-1.60) for CV and all-cause mortality, respectively, when compared with men in the first quartile (4-15 s). The results were similar when additionally adjusting for AHI, T90, or hypoxic burden. Results were stronger among men with no history of CVD at baseline. Interpretation LFCt is associated with both CV and all-cause mortality in older men, independent of baseline CV burden and SDB metrics. LFCt may be a novel physiologic marker for subclinical CVD and adverse outcomes in patients with SDB.
BIOCHEMICAL DISCRIMINATION OF SUBTYPES OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

ABSTRACT Using measurements of urinary catecholamines and metabolites including norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), normetanephrine (NMN), metanephrine (MN), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) as well as platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders have been tentatively identified.
Mental health impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on US college students: Results of a photoelicitation project.

This study seeks to understand the experiences of college student as they completed their education during the COVID-19 lockdown. Participants: Students at a large 4-year college in Midwestern USA....
Characteristics of Opioid Prescribing in Non-surgical Medicine Patients with Acute Pain at Hospital Discharge.

The opioid epidemic and new Joint Commission standards around opioid stewardship have made the appropriate prescribing of opioids a priority. A knowledge gap exists pertaining to the short-term prescription of opioids at hospital discharge for acute pain in non-surgical patients. To characterize the quantity, type, and indication of opioids prescribed for non-surgical patients on hospital discharge and subsequent patient utilization. This multicenter, single-health system retrospective cohort study was conducted for quality improvement purposes from December 2019 to May 2020 with patient follow-up 15 to 29 days after hospital discharge. Patients discharged from a medicine service with new opioid prescriptions, defined as no opioid prescription documented within the past 90 days, were identified as eligible through the electronic health record. Surveys were attempted until a total of 200 were completed, with 374 surveys attempted and a 53% response rate. Patients were contacted via phone and surveyed post-discharge. Surveys consisted of 28 questions and assessed opioid consumption, duration of use, refills, patient satisfaction, and opioid disposal. Prescribing indications and morphine milligram equivalents (MME) quantities were collected for patients at discharge. Subsequently, the quantity of prescribed opioids utilized, remaining, and disposed of post-discharge were collected via patient self-reported survey responses. Indications for opioid prescribing for 200 surveyed patients were grouped into eight broad prescribing categories. A median of 112.5 total MME was prescribed to patients at hospital discharge. Median MME consumed for surveyed patients was 45. The median total MME remaining at time of survey was 35 MME. Only 5.9% of patients who had leftover opioids reported disposal of the medication. Given the observed variation in opioid prescribing and utilization data, standardized indication-based opioid prescribing guidance in the non-surgical medical population would help curb the amount of opioids that remain unused post-discharge.
SEA: Simple Enrichment Analysis of motifs

Abstract Motif enrichment algorithms can identify known sequence motifs that are present to a statistically significant degree in DNA, RNA and protein sequences. Databases of such known motifs exist for DNA- and RNA-binding proteins, as well as for many functional protein motifs. The SEA (“Simple Enrichment Analysis”) algorithm presented here uses a simple, consistent approach for detecting the enrichment of motifs in DNA, RNA or protein sequences, as well as in sequences using user-defined alphabets. SEA can identify known motifs that are enriched in a single set of input sequences, and can also perform differential motif enrichment analysis when presented with an additional set of control sequences. Using in vivo DNA (ChIP-seq) data as input to SEA, and validating motifs with reference motifs derived from in vitro data, we show that SEA is is faster than three widely-used motif enrichment algorithms (AME, CentriMo and Pscan), while delivering comparable accuracy. We also show that, in contrast to other motif enrichment algorithms, SEA reports accurate estimates of statistical significance. SEA is easy to use via its web server at https://meme-suite.org, and is fully integrated with the widely-used MEME Suite of sequence analysis tools, which can be freely downloaded at the same web site for non-commercial use.
Microscopic Studies in Living Mammals with Transparent Chamber Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews microscopic studies in living mammals with transparent chamber methods. The transparent chamber method is a means for creating a microscopic section without the disadvantages of killing the cells, subjecting them to potent chemicals, and converting three dimensions to two. With such preparations, studies need not be limited to descriptive histology. They also reduce the need for inference in determining a vital sequence. The most likely extensions of this method's use, with suitable, easily made modifications, is with polarized light, ultraviolet light, reflecting microscopes, fluorescent microscopy, microdissection, and precise chemical methods adapted to living cells. Such a method depends upon the capacity of blood vessels, connective tissue, and other cells to grow into and fill actual spaces in the body if the spaces are sufficiently small.
The Descent into the Underworld and Modern Black Fiction

There is "nojthing so old," the great West Indian poet, Derek Walcott, has writ ten, "that it [can] not be invented." But even as we recognize this as a crucial intuition, we acknowledge an age-old superstition about priority, and may well wonder if the latter-day poet has not entered into special pleading to stop his new "invention" from seeming just another d?j? vu. This is a pitfall of modern black literature that Imamu Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) aggressively avoids when he asserts that black writers open up and illuminate a distinct "room" of their owni, thus achieving simple independence and originality. The trouble is that the black writer may then seem to speak to, as well as about, only that narrow "room" (though Baraka puts it into a "big house"). Either way black literature stands to suffer neglect: as a more or less negligible instance of some thing familiar, or as a more or less negligible phenomenon for being merely unfamiliar.
Minor groove DNA-recognition by alpha-helices.

The crystal structure of the PurR-DNA complex reveals how α-helices can be used for minor groove recognition and provides a model for the Lad family of repressors.
Functional Limits and Continuity

Although it is common practice in calculus courses to discuss continuity before differentiation, historically mathematicians’ attention to the concept of continuity came long after the derivative was in wide use. Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) was using tangent lines to solve optimization problems as early as 1629. On the other hand, it was not until around 1820 that Cauchy, Bolzano, Weierstrass, and others began to characterize continuity in terms more rigorous than prevailing intuitive notions such as “unbroken curves” or “functions which have no jumps or gaps.” The basic reason for this two-hundred year waiting period lies in the fact that, for most of this time, the very notion of function did not really permit discontinuities. Functions were entities such as polynomials, sines, and cosines, always smooth and continuous over their relevant domains. The gradual liberation of the term function to its modern understanding a rule associating a unique output to a given input—was simultaneous with 19th century investigations into the behavior of infinite series. Extensions of the power of calculus were intimately tied to the ability to represent a function f (x) as a limit of polynomials (called a power series) or as a limit of sums of sines and cosines (called a trigonometric or Fourier series). A typical question for Cauchy and his contemporaries was whether the continuity of the limiting polynomials or trigonometric functions necessarily implied that the limit f would also be continuous.
Comparative genomics and evolutionary dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty elements.

The availability of the complete genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides the unique opportunity to study an entire genomic complement of retrotransposons from an evolutionary perspective. There are five families of yeast retrotransposons, Ty1-Ty5. We have conducted a series of comparative sequence analyses within and among S. cerevisiae Ty families in an effort to document the evolutionary forces that have shaped element variation. Our results indicate that within families Ty elements vary little in terms of both size and sequence. Furthermore, intra-element 5′-3′ long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence comparisons indicate that almost all Ty elements in the genome have recently transposed. For each family, solo LTR sequences generated by intra-element recombination far outnumber full length insertions. Taken together, these results suggest a rapid genomic turnover of S. cerevisiae Ty elements. The closely related Ty1 and Ty2 are the most numerous elements in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis of full length insertions reveals that reverse transcriptase mediated recombination between Ty1 and Ty2 elements has generated a number of hybrid Ty1/2 elements. These hybrid Ty1/2 elements have similar genomic structures with chimeric LTRs and chimeric TYB (pol) genes. Analysis of the levels of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) nucleotide variation indicates that Ty1 and Ty2 coding regions have been subject to strong negative (purifying) selection. Distribution of Ka and Ks on Ty1, Ty2 and Ty1/2 phytogenies reveals evidence of negative selection on both internal and external branches. This pattern of variation suggests that the majority of full length Ty1, Ty2 and Ty1/2 insertions represent active or recently active element lineages and is consistent with a high level of genomic turnover. The evolutionary dynamics of S. cerevisae Ty elements uncovered by our analyses are discussed with respect to selection among elements and the interaction between the elements and their host genome.
Studies of Rous Sarcoma Virus EFFECTS OF NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES ON VIRUS SYNTHESIS

We have studied the effects of two nucleoside analogues on the synthesis of Rous sarcoma virus and cellular RNA in monolayer cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. The analogues are 5-fluorouridine and 5-bromotubercidin. 5-Fluorouridine irreversibly inhibits the synthesis of cellular RNA by more than 80%. Most of this inhibition is due to an irreversible block in the formation of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis continues at disproportionately elevated rates for several days, suggesting that messenger RNA synthesis also is maintained. The synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is not blocked by 5-fluorouridine; the same holds for the Rous sarcoma virus-RNA and Rous sarcoma virus-protein. Although normal quantities of Rous sarcoma virus are produced in cultures exposed to 5-fluorouridine, the infectivity is decreased; this is correlated with a profound inhibition of viral glycoprotein synthesis, and is in contrast to the effect of the aglycone, 5-fluorouracil, which does not decrease infectious virus yield under the same conditions. In contrast to the effects of 5-fluorouridine, 5-bromotubercidin reversibly blocks the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA as well as that of ribosomal RNA. Likewise 5-bromotubercidin blocks the synthesis of Rous sarcoma virus-RNA and, following a lag period of 8 to 10 hours, 5-bromotubercidin also inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins and mature virions. In relation to the action of the analogues, the synthesis of Rous sarcoma virus-RNA shares the specificity of heterogeneous RNA and mRNA.
Not-so-Ordinary Judges in Ordinary Courts: Teaching Jordan vs. Duff & Phelps

By juxtaposing at-will employment with corporate fiduciary duties, Jordan v. Duff & Phelps creates something of a classroom brain-twister. Yet the exchange between Frank Easterbrook (writing for the majority) and Richard Posner (dissenting) also illustrates two fundamental but seldom recognized principles of real-world courts. First, the bench is properly a place for honest jurists of moderate talent (ideally, monitored for their work). It is not a place for men and women with the independence and sophistication of Posner and Easterbrook. Such judges can muddy the law by trying to fix bad precedent, and worsen the law by setting interventionist examples for their far less talented peers. Second, by basic second-best principles, the right legal rule for a substantial fraction of contractual disputes is not a rule designed to facilitate efficient deals. It is a rule that dismisses a plaintiff's claim forthright. We live in a world with imperfect judges, costly and dishonest attorneys, and only moderately intelligent juries. As Posner implicitly recognizes in Jordan (but other judges rarely do), many cases are simply beyond the capacity of such real-world courts to handle cost-effectively.
Risky Business: China's Foreign Direct Investment and Aid to Developing States

Foreign direct investment (FDI) from China is increasingly destined for developing states with high corruption, weak rule of law and substantial political risk. To explain the ability of China’s state owned enterprises (SOEs) to invest successfully in such environments, I present a theory of how Chinese bilateral policies, particularly foreign aid, shape incentives for the leadership in the receiving country that constrain predatory behavior against Chinese SOEs. This creates a de facto insurance for Chinese investors in foreign states lacking the institutions shown to protect investments. Case studies of Chinese SOEs in Cambodia and Kazakhstan support the hypotheses. A main contribution of this study is in analyzing the effects of the policies of home (FDI source) country governments on outward foreign direct investment.
The Anatomy of a Locust Visual Interneurone; the Descending Contralateral Movement Detector

1. The DCMD neurone is physiologically well-known and runs from the brain to the metathoracic ganglion. It responds to novel movement of small contrasting objects in the visual field and synapses on metathoracic motoneurones which mediate the jump of the locust. Its anatomy, here reported, has been visualized by intracellular cobalt staining. 2. The soma is 50 µm in diameter and lies on the upper posterior face of the protocerebrum, lateral to the midline. A neurite runs to a thickened integrating segment 20 µm. in diameter, which bears numerous dendrites; none of these extends to the optic lobe. An axon leaves the integrating segment, crosses the brain, thickens to about 17µm and descends the contralateral nerve cord. 3. The descending axon terminates in the metathoracic ganglion, where it has three major branches both ipsi- and contralateral. Its branching in the mesothoracic ganglion is similar, but extends only ipsilaterally; in the prothoracic ganglion there is reduced branching, and in the suboesophageal ganglion none at all. 4. The branching pattern in the metathorax is compatible with, and entirely explicable by, the known synaptic connexions with motoneurones. 5. The morphological description of the cell has made possible intracellular recording from axon, integrating segment and soma.
Predictive Factors for Acute Proximal Junctional Failure after Adult Deformity Surgery with Upper Instrumented Vertebrae in the Thoracolumbar Spine

Study Type Retrospective cohort study. Introduction Acute proximal junctional failure (APJF) was recently defined by the International Spine Study Group as: postoperative fracture of the upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV) or UIV þ 1; UIV implant failure; proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) increase > 15 degrees; or need for proximal extension of the fusion within 6 months of surgery. 1 The incidenceand revisionrates of APJF havebeen reported to behigher when the UIV is located in the lower thoracolumbar (TL) spine mostly because of high incidence of UIV or UIV þ 1f ractures. 2 Sagittal deformity overcorrection has been considered as a potential risk factor. 3,4 Objective The purpose of this study is to assess independent predictive factors and timing for revisions of APJF in adult deformity patients with UIV in the TL (T9-L2) spine. Methods Retrospective review of 135 consecutive patients with minimum 2-year follow-up, treated at a single institution for adult spinal deformity, all with UIV in the TL spine (T9-L2). Fusions were divided into three cohorts based on the UIV location (T9-T10 vs. T11-T12 vs. L1-L2). Demographic data were reviewed and radiographic parameters were measured preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, at 6 months and at the final follow-up. Incidence and failure modes of APJF, as well as timing for APJF revision are reported. Risk factors for APJF were assessed with univariate and multivari- ate regression analysis models. Results A total of 135 consecutive patients were reviewed, with mean follow-up 42 months (24- 126). Mean age was 66 years (24-86). There were no differences in the preoperative radiographicparametersbetweenpatientsinanyof thethreecohortswithAPJF.Theincidence ofAPJFwas38.5%,withatrendtowardhigherAPJFintheT9-T10group(p ¼ 0.07)(►Table1). � Consistent with EBSJ's commitment to fostering quality research, we are pleased to feature some of the most highly rated abstracts from the 12th Annual AOSpine North America Fellows Forum in Banff, Canada. Enhancing the quality of evidence in spine care means acknowledging and supporting the efforts of young researchers within our AOSpine North America network. We look forward to seeing more from these promising researchers in the future.
Rule-based object-oriented approach for modelling real-time systems

Abstract The paper describes a system in which the rules, entities, and events of a real-time environment are represented as objects using the object-oriented paradigm. All rules are stored in a static rule base, and only rules that are relevant to the active events are maintained in the production rule set. A selection criterion with real-time factors is presented to enhance the performance of the matching process between the rules in the production rule set and working memory. Also a scheduling algorithm is proposed that incorporates time criticalness in scheduling transactions. Both selection and scheduling strategies are based on dynamic priority criteria.
Dynamic coupling effects in modeling and control of hard contact motion of a manipulator

The dynamic coupling effects in the modeling and control of a multiple-joint serial-link manipulator turning a crank mechanism are considered. By dynamically distributing the load, i.e., the crank, the generalized contact forces are decomposed into internal stress and motion components. A rigid body model for the entire closed-chain system is developed. It is shown that a subset of the internal stress contact forces may be explicitly controlled while simultaneously and independently controlling the position of the system. >
Corrosion resistance of ternary NiP based alloys in sulfuric acid solutions

Abstract NiP based alloy films were prepared by autocatalytic deposition and their structure, chemistry and corrosion behaviors in sulfuric acid solutions were studied as a function of their composition. The as-prepared Ni-based alloys are nanocrystalline, and their grain size decreases with increasing P content. Addition of a third element (W or Mo) influences the observed grain size. At low anodic overpotential NiP based alloys present a lower exchange current and lower reactivity than Ni, both improving with increasing P content. Contrary to Ni however, the NiP based alloys do not passivate at higher anodic overpotentials. Addition of W to NiP alloys can improve their corrosion resistance, while addition of Mo has little or no beneficial effects on corrosion properties.
Music as Rhetoric: Popular Music in Presidential Campaigns

The choice of campaign music can have important consequences for a political candidate's image. Reagan, Bush, and Clinton each used rock songs to enhance their campaigns. However, those same songs, when examined closely, also reflect negative aspects of the candidates. Consequently, this article seeks to explain why political candidates would use songs with lyrics that run antithetical to their campaigns or highlight negative aspects of their political identities. To answer this question we treat music as rhetoric to explore the “music bite” and the affective nature of music.
Information asymmetry and information sharing

Abstract Although much digital divide research focuses on access to technology, another cause of the divide is the lack of information awareness that we call information asymmetry. Information asymmetry often stems from inadequate information sharing and can result in negative consequences for both the information poor and the information rich. Information asymmetry has been insufficiently studied as a possible cause of underdevelopment and inequality. In response, we develop a typology to classify information asymmetry into two categories, horizontal and vertical, and then identify those information sharing practices that cause the imbalance. To illustrate the negative consequences of information asymmetry and the potential benefits of information sharing, we discuss two examples from the experiences of modern American Indian tribes. First, Indian tribes face horizontal information asymmetry when they attempt to access the capital markets, and second, they face vertical information asymmetry in terms of law enforcement data sharing. This article also describes our ongoing examination of horizontal information sharing among tribes and vertical information sharing between tribes and others sovereigns in the American polity as possible solutions to the problems created by information asymmetry. These strategic responses are embodied in two information systems, the Tribal Financial Information Clearinghouse and an Intergovernmental Tracking System for sharing law enforcement data. We conclude with a discussion of how our typology can be more generally applied to other instances of information asymmetry.
Rate of helix formation by intracellular procollagen and protocollagen. Evidence for a role for disulfide bons

Abstract Matrix-free cells from embryonic tendons were incubated under conditions in which they synthesized and accumulated protocollagen, the unhydroxylated form of procollagen, which is non-helical at 37°. Limited digestion with pepsin demonstrated that when the accumulated protocollagen was hydroxylated intracellularly to procollagen, or when the cells were cooled below the T m of protocollagen, the protein became triple-helical in about 5 min, or in a fraction of the time required for isolated α chains to become helical. When disulfide bonds in the NH 2 -terminal extensions of protocollagen were reduced by treating the cells with dithiothreitol, the rate of helix formation was markedly decreased. The results demonstrated that the NH 2 -terminal extensions found in protocollagen and procollagen play an important role in formation of the triple-helix during biosynthesis.
Frequency response of laser scanners and its optimization through apodization

The optimum frequency response of a laser scanner achievable through apodization is investigated for both intensity-modulated and wobble-modulated beams. A general integral equation for the aperture-illumination function that gives the maximum value of the equivalent bandwidth over a specified range of frequencies is derived. Three analytical solutions of this equation are given, corresponding to the bandwidth computed over the entire passband of the scanner and for the upper and lower halves of that passband. The problem of maximizing the bandwidth while maintaining certain constraints on the frequency response is treated. An integral equation is derived for the aperture-illumination function that gives the maximum value of the integral of the square of the frequency response over the entire passband, and an approximate analytic solution of this equation is obtained.