cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial tension and anterior load-displacement behavior of high-stiffness anterior cruciate ligament graft constructs.

Background: Because the tension that exists in an anterior cruciate ligament graft when the knee is unloaded (the initial tension) affects the surgical outcome and because high initial tension has a number of adverse consequences, the primary purpose of this study was to determine quantitatively how much less initial tension was required for a high-stiffness construct than for a low-stiffness construct. A secondary purpose was to determine how the stiffness of the graft construct affects the anterior load-displacement behavior of the knee from 0° to 90° of flexion. Methods: Anterior-posterior load-displacement was measured in each of ten intact cadaveric knee specimens, the anterior cruciate ligament was excised, and the anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed with a double-loop bovine tendon graft. Graft constructs of different stiffness were created with use of six springs, ranging in stiffness from 25 to 275 N/mm to simulate the fixation stiffness. After adjusting the initial tension of the graft so that the anterior-posterior laxity of the reconstructed knee matched that of the intact knee, the 0-N posterior limit and the 225-N anterior limit were measured at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Results: The highest stiffness fixation (275 N/mm) required an average of 73 N of initial tension, which was more than three times less than the average of 242 N of initial tension required by the lowest stiffness fixation (25 N/mm). The 225-N anterior limit was overconstrained an average of 1.0 mm with the highest stiffness fixation (275 N/mm), which was 3.6 mm less than the overconstraint with the lowest stiffness fixation (25 N/mm). Likewise, the posterior limit was overconstrained an average of 2.6 mm with the highest stiffness fixation (275 N/mm), which was 3.8 mm less than the overconstraint with the lowest stiffness fixation (25 N/mm). Conclusions: The initial tension for a high-stiffness graft construct is more than three times less than that for a low-stiffness construct. The initial tension for a high-stiffness graft construct better restores both the 225-N anterior limit and the 0-N posterior limit to normal than the initial tension for a low-stiffness graft construct over the range of flexion from 0° to 90°. Clinical Relevance: Because a high-stiffness graft construct requires substantially less initial tension than a low-stiffness graft construct, the tension pattern in a high-stiffness graft construct better matches the pattern in the intact anterior cruciate ligament. This tension pattern may avoid adverse consequences to both the knee joint function and the graft, which have been linked to high initial graft tension when the initial tension is maintained postoperatively. When the initial tension is not maintained postoperatively, a high-stiffness construct may be advantageous in avoiding a recurrence of knee instability.
Mechanism of chronic hypercalciuria with furosemide: increased calcium absorption

Furosemide produces chronic hypercalciuria. The source of the additional urinary calcium is not known but must be either bone mineral or calcium absorbed by the intestine. Without bone calcium dissolution or increased absorption the filtered load of calcium would fall and urinary calcium excretion would return to pretreatment levels. To determine whether furosemide alters intestinal calcium absorption, we fed furosemide (75 mg . kg body-1 wt . day-1) to 11 rats eating 15 g/day of a 0.60% calcium diet. Compared with 11 control rats, furosemide increased urine calcium (15.6 +/- 0.8 mg/5 days vs. 4.1 +/- 0.3, P less than 0.001). Fecal calcium excretion fell (194 +/- 7 mg/5 days vs. 223 +/- 12, P less than 0.05), indicating an increase in intestinal calcium absorption sufficient to sustain the hypercalciuria. The increase in absorption occurred without an increase in the level of serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (180 +/- 20 pg/ml vs. 220 +/- 16, furosemide vs. control, respectively, P = NS). To determine whether the intestinal effect of furosemide persists after the initial sodium diuresis abates, we analyzed only the last 3 days of balance. Again, rats fed furosemide had increased urine excretion and intestinal absorption of calcium, so that net calcium balance was not different from that of controls. Twelve additional rats were fed a 0.02% calcium diet to which 35 mg . kg body wt-1 . day-1 of furosemide was added. Compared with eleven controls, urine calcium increased and fecal calcium excretion again fell, but balance was not different. Chronic administration of furosemide increases intestinal calcium absorption enough to permit urine calcium excretion to remain elevated without the necessity for bone dissolution.
Computational Study on Thermochemical Properties for Perhalogenated Methanols (CX3OH) (X = F, Cl, Br)

The perhalogenated methanols (CX3OH; X = F, Cl, and Br) are found in the atmosphere as products of the degradation of halocarbons. The thermochemical properties for these molecules have been calculated at the HF, MP2, and B3LYP levels of theories in conjunction with six different basis sets as well as at G3MP2 and CBS-QB3. Calculated properties include the gas-phase enthalpies of formation (ΔfH(0)), gas-phase acidities (ΔacidG(0)), gas-phase proton affinity, and bond dissociation energies of the C-O and O-H bonds of CX3OH. Excellent agreement is found between the results obtained using G3MP2 and CBS-QB3 methods and the available experimental data. The results obtained using MP2 are more consistent with the experimental, G3MP2, and CBS-QB3 values than those computed at B3LYP. In general, the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set when combined with the HF or MP2 level of theory produced better results than other basis sets considered in this study.
Enhanced screening of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites by in-source collision-induced dissociation and extraction of product ion using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry.

A selective and sensitive approach, called extraction of product ion (XoPI) method, was developed for the detection of l-glutathione (GSH)-trapped reactive metabolites employing an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Fragmentation of GSH conjugates in the negative ion mode leads to a product ion, deprotonated γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine (m/z 272.0888). As a means of utilizing this property, negative ion high resolution MS data were collected from in vitro incubations by monitoring ions from m/z 269.5 to 274.5 under in-source collision-induced dissociation. Extraction of product ions at m/z 272.0888 ± 5 ppm from this data resulted in a chromatogram exhibiting deprotonated γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine as the major peaks with no or very few interferences. Therefore, peaks in this extracted product ion chromatogram potentially came from GSH-trapped reactive metabolites. The GSH conjugate parent ions were then confirmed in the corresponding full scan MS data, and their structures were identifi...
Abstract PR07: Agonistic CD40 antibody combined with chemotherapy drives TLR4/MyD88 independent regression of pancreatic tumors in a T cell dependent manner

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a highly aggressive cancer that is resistant to most treatments, and more than 90% of patients with metastatic PDA die within five years of diagnosis. Recent clinical studies show that combining gemcitabine (Gem) with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel, Abraxane (Abrx), prolongs progression-free and overall survival as compared to Gem alone, but the objective response rate of the combination was only 23%, and nearly every patient eventually progressed. Given that CD40 activation can reverse tumor-induced immune suppression and promote anti-tumor T cell responses, we administered agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibody (FGK45) with combined Gem/Abrx chemotherapy to mice bearing subcutaneous PDA tumors established using syngeneic tumor cell lines derived from the KrasG12D+/-;Trp53R172H+/-;Pdx-1 Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDA. We found only rare tumor regressions in mice treated with chemotherapy alone (Gem, Abrx, or Gem/Abrx) or FGK45 alone, whereas more than 50% of mice treated with Gem/Abrx/FGK45 experienced tumor regressions (p This abstract is also presented as Poster A40. Citation Format: Katelyn T. Byrne, Robert H. Vonderheide. Agonistic CD40 antibody combined with chemotherapy drives TLR4/MyD88 independent regression of pancreatic tumors in a T cell dependent manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR07.
Use of perchloric acid for nucleic acid histochemistry in mammalian nerve and liver cells.

Summary(1) PNA was completely extracted from fixed sections of liver by 18 hours of treatment with 10% perchloric acid at 4°C. No significant quantity of DNA was removed by such treatment even after 93 hours of incubation. (2) The above treatment is inadequate to extract PNA completely from nerve cells. However, with formalin-fixed nerve tissue, 12 hours incubation in 10% perchloric acid at 20°C and 15 minutes at 37°C was found to effect complete extraction of PNA with no loss of DNA. (3) At higher temperatures of extraction, the margin of safety between complete removal of FN A and incipient extraction of DNA was much smaller. (4) Prolonged hardening of nervous tissue in 10% formalin rendered PNA resistant to extraction by perchloric acid. (5) Perchloric acid extraction of fixed sections of nervous tissue removed insignificant quantities of nerve cell protein. (6) Cell structure was unaltered by this extraction procedure. (7) This extraction procedure did not alter the E2537A of two tissues without PNA, ...
Insect fragments in processed tomatoes

Undamaged tomato fruit batches were adulterated with either lab-reared Spodoptera exigua larvae, Keiferia lycopersicella larvae, or damaged fruit (some containing larvae) collected from several California inspection stations at densities equivalent to 0, 1,2,3,4, and 10% infestations. Commercial processing procedures were used to process tomatoes in 22.7-kg batches at the University of California, Davis, pilot plant and to can them as juice. Two screen sizes, 0.0825-cm mesh ‘juice’ screens and 0,15-cm ‘paste’ screens, were used during processing for comparison. The cans were opened, and 200-ml samples were removed and examined for larval fragments and insect fragments other than Lepidoptera larvae. Regression analysis of percentage infested tomatoes before processing and number of larval fragments in 200-ml samples of the resulting processed tomato product indicated a positive and significant linear relationship for all contaminants added and screen sizes. No positive relationship was observed for those hatches with K. lycopersicella larvae. The lowest residual root mean square values were obtained for the batches in which damaged fruit was added. Low levels of insect fragments were found in most samples including those which were not infested with Lepidoptera larvae, indicating that natural infestations of other insects can result in some fragments in the processed product and that the paste and juice screens currently used for processing tomatoes do not remove all fragments.
Determination of disinfection by-products in water by ion chromatography

Objective:To establish a new conductivity detection ion chromatography determination method for contents of BrO-3,ClO-2,ClO-3,DCAA,TCAA in water by the large volume direct injection.Methods:In the suppressed conductivity detection,Dionex IonPac AS19 column was used as separation column,sample injection volume at 500 μl,with KOH gradient elution generated by on-line eluent generator.Column temperature was 25℃～26℃.DBPs and conventional anion in water were detected in 35 min at the same time.Results:The DBPs content showed good linearity within the concentration range of 5 μg/L～2000 μg/L.Limit of determination was low.Relative standard deviations(RSD) was less than 3%,recoveries were between 84%～117%.Conclusion:The method is simple,practical and reliable.
Serine 48 in Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) Is Required for High-Affinity Interaction between eIF2α(P) and eIF2B†

Phosphorylation of the serine 51 residue in the α-subunit of translational initiation factor 2 in eukaryotes (eIF2α) impairs protein synthesis presumably by sequestering eIF2B, a rate-limiting pentameric guanine nucleotide exchange protein which catalyzes the exchange of GTP for GDP in the eIF2−GDP binary complex. To further understand the importance of eIF2α phosphorylation in the interaction between eIF2α(P) and eIF2B proteins and thereby the regulation of eIF2B activity, we expressed the wild type (wt) and a mutant eIF2α in which the serine 48 residue was replaced with alanine (48A mutant) in the baculovirus system. The findings reveal that the expression of both of these recombinant subunits was very efficient (15−20% of the total protein) and both proteins were recognized by an eIF2α monoclonal antibody and were phosphorylated to the same extent by reticulocyte eIF2α kinases. However, partially purified recombinant subunits (wt or 48A mutant) were not phosphorylated as efficiently as the eIF2α subuni...
Theory of GaN ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) and ( 11 2 ¯ 0 ) surfaces

The surface energies and atomic structures for two nonpolar surfaces of GaN have been calculated within the local-density approximation. For the ($10\overline{1}0$) surface, which has Ga-N dimers in the surface layer, the calculated surface energy is 118 meV/${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$, and for the ($11\overline{2}0$) surface, which has Ga-N chains in the topmost layer, the energy is 123 meV/${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$. The relaxation mechanisms on both surfaces are a Ga-N bond contraction and a \ensuremath{\sim}7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} buckling rehybridization in the surface layer. For the ($10\overline{1}0$) surface we find that under Ga-rich conditions a nonstoichiometric surface having Ga-Ga dimers is stable with respect to the ideal Ga-N dimer-terminated surface.
Biomechanics of the Lumbar Degenerative Intervertebral Disk

Degenerative lumbar disc disease is one of the most common causes of low back pain and disability in patients above 45 years of age. Diagnosis and treatment of lumbar herniated discs remain perplexing at times. MRI is the imaging study of choice for the identification of herniated lumbar discs; however, there remains only a moderate correlation between imaging findings and patients’ symptoms. Disc degeneration is a broad term that includes a variety of changes noted in gross specimens and radiographs from patients with clinical dysfunction. These changes may lead to derangement of the normal biomechanics of the lumbar spine, such as pathological and dysfunctional intervertebral motion – with a commensurate clinical response.
PFunk-H: approximate query processing using perceptual models

Interactive visualization tools (e.g., crossfilter) are critical to many data analysts by making the discovery and verification of hypotheses quick and seamless. Increasing data sizes has made the scalability of these tools a necessity. To bridge the gap between data sizes and interactivity, many visualization systems have turned to sampling-based approximate query processing frameworks. However, these systems are currently oblivious to human perceptual visual accuracy. This could either lead to overly aggressive sampling when the approximation accuracy is higher than needed or an incorrect visual rendering when the accuracy is too lax. Thus, for both correctness and efficiency, we propose to use empirical knowledge of human perceptual limitations to automatically bound the error of approximate answers meant for visualization.This paper explores a preliminary model of sampling-based approximate query processing that uses perceptual models (encoded as functions) to construct approximate answers intended for visualization. We present initial results that show that the approximate and non-approximate answers for a given query differ by a perceptually indiscernible amount, as defined by perceptual functions.
Obama’s Victory and Native Citizenship

This chapter uses the increased interest in Hawai‘i, resulting from the Obama presidency to explore what the colonization of Hawai‘i teaches us about the production of (proper) US citizenship. Bringing the colonization of Hawai‘i to the fore destabilizes Hawai‘i’s assumed Americanness and native Hawaiians’ US citizenship. I note the ways a discourse of racial harmony is tied in with Hawai‘i’s “Fantasy Island” characterization and has been mobilized to obscure colonization. I draw on indigenous studies scholarship to ask that we (re)consider the authority and permanence of the US nation-state, and to demonstrate the ways in which colonialism has always been a biopolitical project.
Double Pomeron opportunities at √s=1.8 TeV

I describe possible ways to discover hard double Pomeron exchange (HDPE) with the existing detectors at the Fermilab Tevatron, by using the small-angle «luminosity» counters as a veto. Estimates of the crow sections and backgrounds are made. In addition to the intrinsic importance of HDPE, its observation would be useful for calibrating the detectors, and for intimating the «survival probability» of rapidity gaps
Virtual Two-Port Memory Architecture for Asymmetric Memory Technologies

This paper describes a virtual two-port memory architecture for emerging asymmetric non-volatile memory technologies. Realized using only conventional single-port memory cells that provide excellent scalability and density, virtual two-porting delivers the speed and bandwidth of physical two-port memory for just 1.8% of the cost of physical two-porting. Performance analysis of the SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks show that the read (write) performance of the virtual two-port architecture is within 0.6% (1.1%) of physical two-port memory, and it reduces the read (write) latency by 48.4% (45.6%) over conventional single-port memory.
African American Faculty in Social Work Schools: A Citation Analysis of Scholarship

Purpose:This study assessed the research productivity of African American faculty in the top 25 ranked schools of social work cited in the 2012 U.S. News and World Report.Method:Four citation metrics (h-index, g-index, age-weighted citation rate, and per author age-weighted citation rate) were examined.Results:Scholar rankings per h-index changed when ranked by other metrics revealing more uniqueness beyond the impact of their scholarship.Discussion:While the h-index metric is a valuable measure of scholarly impact to assist tenure and promotion decisions, it should be considered with other metrics that reveal the overall character of individual scholarship. As the overall research culture of social work broadens, future research calls for an expanded knowledge based on measuring both impact and uniqueness of scholarship to assist faculty, especially minority scholars, in successfully negotiating and overcoming barriers and challenges.
La Mixteca y los mixtecos. 3000 años de adaptación cultural

La Mixteca de Oaxaca-Puebla es considerada por muchos estudiosos una de las areas mas pobres de Mexico. En realidad, la Mixteca es muy rica en recursos naturales, culturales e historicos. Los mixtecos formaron una de las civilizaciones mas brillantes de Mesoamerica, sobrevivieron a la Conquista espanola y fomentaron una impresionante tradicion sincretica mixteco-europea que perdura hasta la fecha.
Critical review of problems of rational follow-up and salvage therapy.

Three general issues discussed during this session seem particularly worthy of comment: 1. The role of radiotherapy in the prevention of local-regional relapse 2. The effectiveness of salvage treatment after recurrence following adjuvant therapy 3. The role of routine postoperative follow-up testing to identify recurrence.
Proptosis: A forgotten observation by Miller Fisher on his syndrome

A 61-year-old man presented with rapidly progressive vision change and facial droop. There was proptosis (figure) and profound facial diplegia in addition to the more classic triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia (video at [Neurology.org][1]). The clinical diagnosis of Miller Fisher syndrome was confirmed by electrophysiologic studies. He made a complete recovery after IV immunoglobulin infusion. [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004367
James Bartlett Edmonson and the Mid-Twentieth-Century Crusade against For-Profit Colleges: An Episode of Ignorance-Making in the United States

The nineteen-fifties—a decade of civil rights litigation, Cold War intrigue, and red scare McCarthyism—was also a period racked with controversies over for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs) in the United States. This paper explores the work of James Bartlett Edmonson and his circle of mid-twentieth-century FPCU critics. Edmonson, a School of Education dean at the University of Michigan during the nineteen-fifties, became one of the most prominent voices against what he described as “shysters” and “sheepskinners” in proprietary higher education. His work exposing FPCU fraud, corruption, and predatory schemes at the national level won him allies at the National Education Association and the Federal Trade Commission. It also created powerful enemies among independent college associations, home study groups, and religiously affiliated institutions. This paper contributes to the literature by engaging with an underdeveloped episode in higher education history and by locating this case study within the emerging field of ignorance studies. Sources for this study were drawn from the James B. Edmonson Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan; Research Division Collection, National Education Association, Gelman Library, George Washington University; and published primary source documents in state and national periodicals. Resume Les annees 1950 – une decennie de litiges en matiere de droits civils, d’intrigue de la Guerre froide, et de « peur rouge » maccarthyste – ont aussi ete une periode marquee par les controverses sur les colleges et les universites a but lucratif (FPCU) aux Etats-Unis. Cet article explore le travail de James Bartlett Edmonson et son cercle de critiques des FPCU au milieu du 20 e siecle. Doyen de l’Ecole d’education de l’Universite du Michigan dans les annees 1950, Edmonson est devenu l’une des voix les plus importantes contre ce qu’il qualifiait de « shysters » et de « sheepskinners » dans l’education superieure a but lucratif. Son travail revelant la fraude, la corruption et les procedes predateurs des FPCU au niveau federal lui a permis de trouver des allies au sein de la National Education Association et de la Federal Trade Commission . Il s’est egalement fait des ennemis puissants parmi les associations de colleges independants, les groupes d’education a domicile, et les etablissements d’affiliation religieuse. Cet article contribue a la litterature en abordant un episode meconnu de l’histoire de l’education superieure et en situant cette etude de cas dans le champ emergeant des etudes de l’ignorance. Les sources de cette etude sont tirees des James B. Edmonson Papers de la Bentley Historical Library a l’Universite du Michigan; de la Research Division Collection, National Education Association, de la Gelman Library a l’Universite George Washington; de meme que de sources primaires publiees dans des periodiques nationaux ou d’Etats federes.
Parent-child relationships and interracial first union formation in the United States

Abstract The family of origin was once considered an important “third party” in shaping offspring romantic relationships. However, the increased independence of young adults challenges this idea by suggesting that parents today may have less control over children’s romantic lives than prior generations. Drawing on a “linked lives” framework, this paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and discrete-time competing risks event history analysis to examine whether an individual’s relationship with parents during adolescence affects entry into first unions with same- or different-race partners in young adulthood. Findings suggest that stronger parent-child ties in adolescence deterred entry into any union in young adulthood– same-race or interracial, relative to forming no unions. However, stronger intergenerational ties were associated with an increased likelihood of forming same-race unions versus interracial unions. When the definition of union was expanded to include direct marital first unions versus cohabiting first unions, results suggest that stronger intergenerational ties increased the likelihood of same-race versus interracial cohabiting first unions, but did not significantly influence same-race versus interracial direct marital first unions. Analyses by respondent race indicate few differences among Whites and non-Whites. These findings highlight the potential for parental influence on young adults’ romantic relationships in an era of increasing family diversity.
Using the Idea of Mathematical Proof to Teach Argument Structure

Most legal writing textbooks explain that in the “A” section of the IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) paradigm, the analysis or argument section, the writer should apply the law to the facts and draw a conclusion. Students are usually advised to do this in a step-by-step manner. But some students need more explicit guidance about what this means and how to actually structure a law-to-facts application on the page in a way that meets the expectations of a legal reader. This article looks at how legal writing is in some ways more comparable to mathematical writing than literary writing. Consequently, drawing on the idea of mathematical proof can help students understand how to structure an argument.
Characteristics of Event- Related Potentials

Averaging methods can be used to record potentials other then those evoked by sensory stimuli. This has led Vaughan (1969) to propose the term “event- related potentials” (ERP’s) to designate bioelectric signals that exhibit stable temporal relationships to a definable occurrence. Vaughan distinguishes five classes of ERP: (1) sensory evoked potentials; (2) motor potentials; (3) long latency potentials related to complex psychological variables; (4) steady potential shifts; and (5) potentials of extracranial origin. More than one class of potential may be present in any given recording and the distinction between classes may pose difficult problems. Studies of psychiatric interest have been conducted mainly with potentials in Vaughan’s classes 1, 3, and 4; those in class 5 constitute biological artifacts that may contaminate results.
Family Caregivers' Characterization of Conversations Following an ACP Event.

Background:Advance care planning (ACP) has been shown to benefit patients and families, yet little is known about how an ACP event impacts communication and conversation about end-of-life treatment...
Cubic SnGe nanoalloys: beyond thermodynamic composition limit.

Tin–germanium alloys are increasingly of interest as optoelectronic and thermoelectric materials as well as materials for Li/Na ion battery electrodes. However, the lattice incompatibility of bulk Sn and Ge makes creating such alloys challenging. By exploiting the unique strain tolerance of nanosized crystals, we have developed a facile synthetic method for homogeneous SnxGe1−x alloy nanocrystals with composition varying from essentially pure Ge to 95% Sn while still maintaining the cubic structure.
Population dynamics and genotypic richness of threatened Acropora species and their hybrid in the U.S. Virgin Islands

Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata have experienced substantial losses in coral cover throughout the Caribbean, but their hybrid (A. prolifera) appears to be increasing at some sites. The shifts in relative abundance could result from hybridization with subsequent asexual fragmentation, recent increased hybridization, or a disproportionate loss in the parental species. Here, acroporid taxa from three U.S. Virgin Islands sites were genotyped revealing 35 hybrid genotypes, suggesting multiple hybridization events. Genotypic richness in A. cervicornis (0.62), A. prolifera (0.64), and A. palmata (0.68) was not significantly different across sites. To further explore acroporid dynamics at these sites, we analyzed existing photo transects from 2009 to 2017 to reveal significant losses of A. cervicornis but stable hybrid percent cover. High genotypic richness and stable populations suggest acroporid hybrids may become the primary shallow reef-builders in some locations previously occupied by the parental species.
Randomized and fault-tolerant method of subspace corrections

In this paper, we consider the iterative method of subspace corrections with random ordering. We prove identities for the expected convergence rate and use these results to provide sharp estimates for the expected error reduction per iteration. We also study the fault-tolerant features of the randomized successive subspace correction method by rejecting corrections when faults occur and show that the resulting iterative method converges with probability one. In addition, we derive estimates on the expected convergence rate for the fault-tolerant, randomized, subspace correction method.
Thirty Years of Scholarship in the Women and Criminal Justice Journal: Gender, Feminism, and Intersectionality

Thirty years ago the Women and Criminal Justice (WCJ) journal was founded to provide a venue for the publication of articles by and about women as they interacted with the criminal justice system. ...
How Common are Academic Overachievement and Underachievement in Children with Autism or ADHD

The prevalence of academic underachievement or learning disabilities in children with autism or ADHD (two groups at increased risk for such problems) has been extensively researched, but little is known about overachievement in these groups. The frequency of overachievement across academic domains compared to nondiscrepant achievement and underachievement in children with autism versus ADHD was determined. WISC-III/-IV and WIAT/-II scores were analyzed in 164 children with autism and 499 children with ADHD (6–16 years of age, IQ > 80). Academic overachievement (achievement test standard scores ≥1 SD above IQ) in word reading, reading comprehension, math, and written expression was rare in autism (14.6%, 9.1%, 5.5%, and 1.8%) and in ADHD (4.2%, 3.6%, 2.4%, and 0.8%, respectively). Academic underachievement (achievement test scores ≥1 SD below IQ) was more common, with percentages of 12.8%, 17.7%, 15.2%, and 52.4% for autism and 27.9%, 21.4%, 24.0%, and 57.1% for ADHD. Overachievement was more common in autism than in ADHD. In contrast, underachievement was greater in ADHD than in autism, except that underachievement in written expression was similar and found in the majority of both groups.
What’s in a name? Gauging the effect of labels on third party vote shares

In this paper we examine an understudied question: Does the inclusion of a party label boost the vote shares of third party candidates? For years, third parties in Tennessee have contended that the...
Network Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in a National Sample of U.S. Adults: Implications for the Phenotype and the ICD‐11 Model of PTSD

The phenotype for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (DSM-5) includes 20 symptoms in four clusters. In contrast, the PTSD model in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes six symptoms in three clusters. Whether those six symptoms are, in fact, the most central symptoms of the PTSD phenotype remains an open question. In a previous network analysis of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, Mitchell and colleagues (2017) reported limited overlap between central PTSD symptoms and those in the ICD-11 model in a national sample of U.S. veterans. The present study sought to replicate and extend upon these findings in a large national sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,953). Centrality statistics from both a replication sample (i.e., participants with DSM-5 PTSD, n = 173) and an extension sample (i.e., participants who had been exposed to potentially traumatic events, n = 2,468) were moderately strongly convergent with the findings reported by Mitchell et al., rs = .54-.73. Additionally, only three of the six most central symptoms in both the replication and extension samples overlapped with the ICD-11 model, indicating that the ICD-11 model (a) failed to include network-central symptoms of the PTSD phenotype and (b) included extra symptoms that were not network-central. Several symptoms from the DSM-5 Criterion D cluster (negative alterations in cognition and mood) that were excluded in ICD-11 were found to be among the most central PTSD symptoms.
Impact of pertussis-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG antibodies in mother's own breast milk and donor breast milk during preterm infant digestion.

Background The survival of antibody isotypes specific to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) from mother's own milk (MBM) and donor breast milk (DBM) during preterm infant digestion was investigated. Methods Feed, gastric, and stool samples were collected from 20 preterm mother-infant pairs at 8-9 days and 21-22 days postpartum. Samples were analyzed via ELISA for anti-FHA or anti-PT immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG. Results Anti-PT IgA, anti-FHA IgG, and anti-PT IgG were lower in MBM than DBM at 8-9 days postpartum, whereas anti-FHA IgM was higher in MBM than DBM. Anti-PT IgA, anti-PT IgG, and anti-FHA IgG in DBM decreased in gastric contents at both postpartum times but those antibodies in MBM were stable or increased during gastric digestion. Anti-FHA-specific IgA and IgM were higher in gastric contents from infants fed MBM than from infants fed DBM at 8-9 days. All pertussis antibodies were detected in infant stools at both postpartum times. Conclusions Pertussis-specific antibodies from MBM were stable during infant digestion, whereas anti-pertussis IgA and IgG from DBM decreased in gastric contents. The constant region and variable region of antibodies and maternal immunization appear to be the critical factors for their stability to proteolytic digestion and pasteurization. Impact Pertussis-specific antibodies from mother's breast milk were stable during infant digestion, whereas anti-pertussis IgA and IgG from donor breast milk decreased in gastric contents. The constant region and variable region of pertussis-specific antibodies and the maternal immunization (previous infections and vaccinations) appear to be the critical factors for their stability to proteolytic digestion and pasteurization. Pertussis-specific antibodies from either mother's breast milk or donor breast milk survived during preterm infant digestion and both types of milk will compensate for the lower IgG transplacental transfer in preterm infants compared with term infants.
Social Media, the Entertainment Industry and the News Media

The book’s emphasis on a comprehensive solution is especially evident here, because it is clear that although individual and legal changes will greatly help in reducing school shootings, it is also clear that institutions in broader society, including the media- and entertainment industries, must also act more responsibility than they have been. Of all the components of the solution addressed in this book, it is quite possible that making progress in this dimension may be the most difficult. The reason is because although most people point to Hollywood and the media as one of the primary contributors to the high incidence of school shootings, most in the news media and in the entertainment industry refuse to see themselves as part of the problem. Hollywood, in particular, produces what can safely be said are some of the most violent movies in history. In fact, the shooters often affirm that even during the attacks themselves or in their writings and utterances, that they are often inspired to do these villainous deeds by Hollywood movies. The attackers often similarly report that hard rock music that encourages violence and hatred also inspires them to take action. The media, for their part, give the shooters such publicity and sometimes even a certain degree of sympathy that research indicates that if can often yield “copycat” acts of violence. There is clearly a need for Hollywood and the movie industry at large, the music industry, social media and the news media to act in a more socially responsible way.
Comparison of Malware Classification Methods Using Convolutional Neural Network Based on Api Call Stream

Malicious software is constantly being developed and improved, so detection and classification of malware is an ever-evolving problem. Since traditional malware detection techniques fail to detect new/unknown malware, machine learning algorithms have been used to overcome this disadvantage. We present a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for malware type classification based on the API (Application Program Interface) calls. This research uses a database of 7107 instances of API call streams and 8 different malware types: Adware, Backdoor, Downloader, Dropper, Spyware, Trojan, Virus, Worm. We used a 1-Dimensional CNN by mapping API calls as categorical and term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) vectors and compared the results to other classification techniques. The proposed 1-D CNN outperformed other classification techniques with 91% overall accuracy for both categorical and TFIDF vectors.
Does the magnitude of relative calorie distance affect food consumption

Abstract Both secondary data and experimental studies offer mixed results regarding the effect of calorie information on consumed calories. Our theoretical model provides foundations to explain the heterogeneous responses found in the empirical literature by identifying two opposing forces affecting calorie intake. Informing consumers about the calorie content of food alternatives can lead to low-calorie food decisions. However, the relative calorie distance between food items can induce temptation and reduce the effectiveness of the calorie information. We implement laboratory and restaurant experiments with incentivized food choices where we exogenously manipulate the magnitude and salience of the calorie difference between food alternatives. We document that providing calorie information increases the propensity to choose the low-calorie option in the range of 3–10 percentage points. But calorie distance discounts the effect of information by 3 percentage points. Hence, the impact of calorie information depends on the relative magnitudes of these two opposing forces.
In defense of leader misconduct: the use of neutralization techniques by ingroup members

The current study is an initial effort to investigate the value of neutralization theory to understand how, by what method, to what degree, and in what condition ingroup members defend their leader...
Predicted preference conjoint analysis

In this paper we propose a new method of eliciting market research information. Instead of asking respondents for their personal choices and preferences, we ask respondents to predict the choices of other respondents to the survey. Such predictions tap respondents' knowledge of peers, whether based on direct social contacts or on more general cultural information. The effectiveness of this approach has already been demonstrated in the context of political polling. Here we extend it to market research, specifically, to conjoint analysis. An advantage of the new approach is that it can elicit reliable responses in situations where people are not comfortable with disclosing their true preferences, but may be willing to give information about people around them. A theoretical argument demonstrates that predictions should yield utility estimates that are more accurate. These theoretical results are confirmed in four online experiments.
The use of polyisobutylene-based polymers in ophthalmology

Abstract A novel polyolefin called poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (“SIBS”) originated from Joseph P. Kennedy's laboratory at the University of Akron (Akron, Ohio, United States) and was developed as a biomaterial for long-term implant applications by the author. SIBS has no cleavable groups on its backbone or sidechains, is comprised predominantly of alternating secondary and quaternary carbons on its backbone, which prevents embrittlement and cracking under flexion, and undergoes multiple purification steps which renders it extremely biocompatible and well-suited for long-term applications in the eye. This article explores two ophthalmic devices; 1) the PRESERFLO® MicroShunt (Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) made from SIBS that lowers intraocular pressure to thwart progression of vision loss from glaucoma, and 2) a novel intraocular lens (IOL) made from crosslinked polyisobutylene, which is under-development by Xi'an Eyedeal Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (Xi'an, China) that does not glisten nor cloud over time, as do most conventional IOLs.
Geographic distribution and characteristics of the pediatric dermatology workforce in the United States.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Up to 30% of pediatric primary care visits include a cutaneous complaint, yet the pediatric dermatology workforce has historically been too small to provide adequate specialized care. This study assesses the geographic distribution of pediatric dermatologists to determine physician-to-patient ratios, analyzes urban-rural disparities, and determines post-fellowship migration patterns. METHODS Board-certified pediatric dermatologists were identified using the Society for Pediatric Dermatology's public database, and their demographics and credentials were subsequently verified by an online search. Analysis included physician density per 100 000 children for each state and region, along with geographic distribution for rural and urban areas, based on the United States Census Bureau's definitions. The distances between practice locations and the American Board of Dermatology-approved Pediatric Dermatology fellowship training sites were reviewed. RESULTS An estimated 336 board-certified pediatric dermatologists currently work in the United States with 76.8% being women and 71.1% practicing within 50 miles of the nearest fellowship program. 96.4% are located in urban areas and 3.6% in rural areas with an average ratio of 0.54 and 0.09 per 100 000 children, respectively. The average ratio of pediatric dermatologists in the United States was 0.46 per 100 000 children. On average (standard deviation), there are 6.6 (8.8) pediatric dermatologists per state but with 7 states having zero. CONCLUSIONS The demand for pediatric dermatologists continues to outpace the current physician availability with a disparity between urban and rural areas. Further awareness and emphasis on training and recruitment of additional pediatric dermatologists are essential to addressing this important issue.
Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards

In competitive and contested democratic elections, insuring integrity is critical. Evaluating Elections shows why systematic analysis and reporting of election performance is important and how data-driven performance management can be used by election officials to improve elections. The authors outline how performance management systems can function in elections and their benefits for voters, candidates and political parties. Journalists, election administrators and even candidates often ask whether recent elections were run well, whether there were problems in the administration of a particular state's elections and how well elections were run across the country. The authors explain that such questions are difficult to answer because of the complexity of election administration and because there is currently no standard or accepted framework to assess the general quality of an election.
A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush: Faustian Aspects of U.S. Cold War Foreign Policy

When we Americans speak seriously about politics, we mean that our principles of freedom and equality and the rights based on them are rational and everywhere applicable. World War II was really an educational project undertaken to force those who did not accept these principles to do so. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (1987) During the various half-century commemorations of the Second World War in the 1990s, much was heard about the unity and triumph it represented rather than the viciousness with which the war was fought on both sides or the domestic problems that followed in its wake. This posthumous positive consensus about the outcome of the “last good war” confirmed that the twentieth century would be remembered as an “American Century,” as Henry Luce, the publisher of Time , Life , and Fortune , insisted in a little book he wrote in 1941. In this treatise Luce rhapsodized about an American century in which finance-capitalism and material growth would dominate because, as he said: “We are the inheritors of all the great principles of Western civilization – above all Justice, the love of Truth, and the ideal of Charity … [and] God has founded America as a global beacon of freedom.” These bombastic words seemed to reflect the preternatural American past while predicting the postwar mission and exceptional virtues of the United States.
Three Aspects of the Therapeutic Conversation in Couples Therapy

Abstract Feminist scholars have revealed the importance of examining the influence of gender on the therapeutic process. Gender differences in the treatment of clients may reveal inequitable or traditionally Stereotypie treatment of clients by therapists. This study examined gender differences in three conversational strategies widely used by therapists: expressions of empathy or understanding, compliments or praise, and challenges or requests for change. Fourteen tapes of live therapy sessions conducted by “master” therapists were examined using an exploratory, qualitative methodology based on Conversation Analysis. Results of this exploration revealed that therapists who are not self identified as “feminist challenged female clients more than male clients, and complimented male clients more than female clients. Feminist therapists challenged male clients more than female clients, and complimented female clients more than male clients. Feminist therapists used more challenges designed to facilitate non-s...
Knowledge acquisition from structural descriptions

Abstract : The representation of concepts and antecedent-consequent productions is discussed and a method for inducing knowledge by abstracting such representations from a sequence of training examples is described. The proposed learning method, interference matching, induces abstractions by finding relational properties common to two or more exemplars. Three tasks solved by a program which performs an interference matching algorithm are presented. Several problems concerning the relational representation of examples and the induction of knowledge by interference matching are also discussed.