cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oil and gas activity and Louisiana wetland loss

This study uses two different methods to estimate the contribution of oil and gas activity in the Louisiana coastal zone and federal outer continental shelf region to Louisiana wetland loss in the period 1955–1980. The first method uses wetland scientists' consensus estimates of total oil and gas induced wetland loss to determine the average oil and gas related wetland loss per thousand barrels of oil-gas equivalent and per well. The second method uses a time series model to determine the marginal oil and gas related wetland loss per thousand barrels of oil-gas equivalent and per well. A comparison of the results of the two methods provides a check on their reliability in an area of scientific uncertainty.
Isolation of the Exoelectrogenic Bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1 by Using a U-Tube Microbial Fuel Cell

Exoelectrogenic bacteria have potential for many different biotechnology applications due to their ability to transfer electrons outside the cell to insoluble electron acceptors, such as metal oxides or the anodes of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Very few exoelectrogens have been directly isolated from MFCs, and all of these organisms have been obtained by techniques that potentially restrict the diversity of exoelectrogenic bacteria. A special U-tube-shaped MFC was therefore developed to enrich exoelectrogenic bacteria with isolation based on dilution-to-extinction methods. Using this device, we obtained a pure culture identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and physiological and biochemical characterization. Strain YZ-1 was unable to respire using hydrous Fe(III) oxide but produced 89 mW/m2 using acetate as the electron donor in the U-tube MFC. Strain YZ-1 produced current using a wide range of substrates, including acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, glycerol, and ethanol. Like another exoelectrogenic bacterium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), O. anthropi is an opportunistic pathogen, suggesting that electrogenesis should be explored as a characteristic that confers advantages to these types of pathogenic bacteria. Further applications of this new U-tube MFC system should provide a method for obtaining additional exoelectrogenic microorganisms that do not necessarily require metal oxides for cell respiration.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS IN OCULAR LENS.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzymic reactions which influence the accumulation of sugar alcohols in lens were studied. The hexose monophosphate shunt mechanism appears closely linked to the aldose reductase (Polyol: NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) reaction. It was revealed that as the concentration of glucose in the incubating medium was elevated a linear increase in the oxidation of C-1 of glucose was accompanied by an increase in the production of sorbitol. Galactose also appeared capable of stimulating the reoxidation of TPNH formed in the oxidation of C-1 of glucose. The stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt mechanism by the aldose reductase reaction was demonstrated in lenses from rabbits, normal rats and rats fed galactose. 2. 2. The formation of sorbitol is dependent upon a competition between aldose reductase and hexokinase (ATP: d -hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) for glucose. The unusually high Michaelis constant observed for aldose reductase indicates that normally glucose is phosphorylated and only a small fraction is converted to sorbitol. However, since the concentration of hexokinase is low in lens, a slight elevation of glucose is sufficient to stimulate sorbitol production. 3. 3. Unlike sorbitol, dulcitol, is not attacked by polyol dehydrogenase in lens. Other properties of polyol dehydrogenase (Polyol: NAD oxidoreductase) and aldose reductase were studied in the intact lens and in homogenates.
Low-temperature specific heat of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8: Comparison with some other layered oxides

Abstract The specific heat of crystals of superconducting Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 in the range 2–5 K varies as γT + βT 3 , with γ = 7(2) mJ mol −1 K −2 . A slight upturn in C T is observed below 2 K. The low-temperature specific heats of the semiconducting copper oxide layer compound Sr 14 Cu 24 O 41 and the insulating sheet silicate KAl 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2 (muscovite mica) are qualitatively similar, with γ = 100(5) mJ mol −1 K −2 and γ = 25(5) mJ mol −1 K −2 respectively. We infer that the linear term is not connected with superconductivity; a likely origin is the localized electronic states associated with oxygen vacancies.
Rants: a framework for rank editing and sharing in web search

With a Wiki-like search interface, users can edit ranks of search results and share the edits with the rest of the world. This is an effective way of personalization, as well as a practice of mass collaboration that allows users to vote for ranking and improve search performance. Currently, there are several ongoing experimentation efforts from the industry, e.g., SearchWiki by Google and U Rank by Microsoft. Beyond that, there is little published research on this new search paradigm. In this paper, we make an effort to establish a framework for rank editing and sharing in the context of web search, where we identify fundamental issues and propose principled solutions. Comparing to existing systems, for rank editing, our framework allows users to specify not only relative, but also absolute preferences. For edit sharing, our framework provides enhanced flexibility, allowing users to select arbitrarily aggregated views. In addition, edits can be shared among similar queries. We present a prototype system Rants, that implements the framework and provides search services through the Google web search API.
Quantitative comparisons between experimentally measured 2D carbon radiation and Monte Carlo impurity (MCI) code simulations

Experimentally measured carbon line emissions and total radiated power distributions from the DIII-D divertor and Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) are compared to those calculated with the Monte Carlo Impurity (MCI) model. A UEDGE background plasma is used in MCI with the Roth and Garcia-Rosales (RG-R) chemical sputtering model and/or one of six physical sputtering models. While results from these simulations do not reproduce all of the features seen in the experimentally measured radiation patterns, the total radiated power calculated in MCI is in relatively good agreement with that measured by the DIII-D bolometric system when the Smith78 physical sputtering model is coupled to RG-R chemical sputtering in an unaltered UEDGE plasma. Alternatively, MCI simulations done with UEDGE background ion temperatures along the divertor target plates adjusted to better match those measured in the experiment resulted in three physical sputtering models which when coupled to the RG-R model gave a total radiated power that was within 10% of measured value.
Behavioral Treatment of Self-Injury, 1964 to 2000

A quantitative analysis of behavioral research on the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB) over the past 35 years is provided. A literature search covering the period from 1964 to 2000 yielded 396 articles (706 participants) on the treatment of SIB. Most research participants have been male and diagnosed with severe/profound mental retardation. The use of reinforcement-based interventions has increased during the past decade, whereas the use of punishment-based interventions has decreased slightly; both of these trends coincide with the increase in the use of functional assessments. Most treatments have been highly effective in reducing SIB; nevertheless, the disorder persists in spite of an abundance of research, suggesting that a greater emphasis should be placed on prevention.
Eccentric contractions induce rapid isometric torque drop in dystrophin‐deficient dogs

We tested the hypothesis that eccentric contractions (ECCs) rapidly induce greater-than-normal isometric torque drop in dystrophin-deficient golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) muscles. ECCs were imposed by forcibly stretching activated muscles. The results indicate that isometric torque drop was greater in GRMD versus controls (P < 0.0001). Our findings support the hypothesis that ECCs induce greater-than-normal isometric torque drop in GRMD muscles. The magnitude of ECC-induced isometric torque loss may be an ideal clinical endpoint in the GRMD model.
Leiomodins: larger members of the tropomodulin (Tmod) gene family.

Abstract The 64-kDa autoantigen D1 or 1D, first identified as a potential autoantigen in Graves' disease, is similar to the tropomodulin (Tmod) family of actin filament pointed end-capping proteins. A novel gene with significant similarity to the 64-kDa human autoantigen D1 has been cloned from both humans and mice, and the genomic sequences of both genes have been identified. These genes form a subfamily closely related to the Tmods and are here named the Leiomodins (Lmods). Both Lmod genes display a conserved intron–exon structure, as do three Tmod genes, but the intron–exon structure of the Lmods and the Tmods is divergent. mRNA expression analysis indicates that the gene formerly known as the 64-kDa autoantigen D1 is most highly expressed in a variety of human tissues that contain smooth muscle, earning it the name smooth muscle Leiomodin (SM-Lmod; HGMW-approved symbol LMOD1). Transcripts encoding the novel Lmod gene are present exclusively in fetal and adult heart and adult skeletal muscle, and it is here named cardiac Leiomodin (C-Lmod; HGMW-approved symbol LMOD2). Human C-Lmod is located near the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy locus CMH6 on human chromosome 7q3, potentially implicating it in this disease. Our data demonstrate that the Lmods are evolutionarily related and display tissue-specific patterns of expression distinct from, but overlapping with, the expression of Tmod isoforms.
Nonstrictly Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Abstract Global existence of a 2 × 2 system of nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation laws is established for data in L ∞ . This system is a particular case in a canonical class of conservation laws with an isolated umbilic point (a point in the state space where strict hyperbolicity fails). The proof uses compensated compactness to obtain the convergence of the viscosity method and involves a detailed analysis of the entropy functions which can become singular near the umbilic point.
Operational oceanography: Shall we dance?

With the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) currently in development, the worldwide oceanographic community is on the brink of “operational oceanography,” which essentially means provision of “operational ocean services” where “operational” means “routine” and “ocean services” means “marine environmental information.” GOOS is a joint campaign of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Environmental Program, and the International Council for Science. GOOS will integrate expanded real-time in situ and satellite observations with numerical models to form model-based information products for a multiplicity of societal needs, including scientific research [Stel, 1997]. Operational oceanography has become a popular tune without a copyright but with many bandmasters. While Europeans and northeast Asians are moving ahead aggressively with GOOS activities, the United States has been hesitant, lacking in foresight, and awash in planning activities. It is time to ask, What has happened?, What is happening?, and What should happen?
Theory of the Townsend Method of Measuring Electron Diffusion and Mobility

The Lorentz method is applied to the combined drift and diffusion of the electron stream in the Townsend experiment. The zeroth-order approximation is found to lead to the equation found by Townsend. It is shown how the next approximation is obtained. The same method is then applied to the drift of electrons in crossed electric and magnetic fields. It is found that the magnetic field changes the energy distribution as well as the direction of drift. The latter is found in close agreement with Townsend, but not with Huxley.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Brachypodium distachyon : sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of eight grass plastomes

Wheat, barley, and rye, of tribe Triticeae in the Poaceae, are among the most important crops worldwide but they present many challenges to genomics-aided crop improvement. Brachypodium distachyon, a close relative of those cereals has recently emerged as a model for grass functional genomics. Sequencing of the nuclear and organelle genomes of Brachypodium is one of the first steps towards making this species available as a tool for researchers interested in cereals biology. The chloroplast genome of Brachypodium distachyon was sequenced by a combinational approach using BAC end and shotgun sequences derived from a selected BAC containing the entire chloroplast genome. Comparative analysis indicated that the chloroplast genome is conserved in gene number and organization with respect to those of other cereals. However, several Brachypodium genes evolve at a faster rate than those in other grasses. Sequence analysis reveals that rice and wheat have a ~2.1 kb deletion in their plastid genomes and this deletion must have occurred independently in both species. We demonstrate that BAC libraries can be used to sequence plastid, and likely other organellar, genomes. As expected, the Brachypodium chloroplast genome is very similar to those of other sequenced grasses. The phylogenetic analyses and the pattern of insertions and deletions in the chloroplast genome confirmed that Brachypodium is a close relative of the tribe Triticeae. Nevertheless, we show that some large indels can arise multiple times and may confound phylogenetic reconstruction.
Maxillary canine-first premolar transposition in two Native American skeletal samples from New Mexico.

Tooth transposition is a rare anomaly in which the position of two adjacent teeth in the dental arcade is reversed. Maxillary canine and first premolar transposition (Mx.C.P1 transposition) is most commonly observed. Data from Native Americans samples are lacking. The purpose of this study was: 1) to document the occurrence of Mx.C.P1 transposition, and 2) to generate information on the prevalence of this transposition type among world populations. Eleven cases (M = 5, F = 4, ? = 2) of Mx.C.P1 transposition were identified in skeletal samples from Pecos Pueblo (n = 500) and Sambrito Village (n = 10), both in northern New Mexico. Nine cases were unilateral, 6 affecting the right side and 3 affecting the left side. The remaining 2 cases were bilateral. The prevalence rate of Mx.C.P1 transposition in African and Native American samples, including Pecos Pueblo (1.8%), is higher than in samples from Scotland, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, and India. Mx.C.P1 transposition frequencies vary between geographically distinct populations, although sample composition may be a factor contributing to sample variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:45–50, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of direct gain space heating performance to fundamental parameter variations

Abstract A computer program has been developed for analyzing the performance of direct gain passive solar heated enclosures. The computer program is validated by comparison with data from passive solar test cells at LASL. The results of a sensitivity study involving variation of fundamental design parameters is presented.
Nutritional management and disease prevention in healthy dogs and cats

Healthy animals normally eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy requirements. It is one of the jobs of the nutritionist to ensure that all other nutrient needs have been met when animals stop eating because they have met their energy needs. While dogs and cats are members of the biological order Carnivora, scientific observation and research support that differences in their metabolism and nutritional requirements exist. However, the goal in feeding both species is the same; to optimize the health and well-being of the individual. This approach results in dietary recommendations that will vary from individual animal to animal, based on a variety of factors that include the animal's signalment, occupation and environment. Feeding approaches vary between the two species and within the same species during different physiological life stages. However, the practice of feeding to maintain a lean body condition is a common goal. The maintenance of a lean body condition has been proven to increase both the quantity and quality of life in dogs. Currently, similar data does not exist in cats but is suspected to hold true. Each dog and cat's feeding program should be assessed routinely and adjustments made as indicated based on the animal's body condition, life stage and general health.
Development of Leptin‐Sensitive Circuits

Energy homeostasis is achieved by the integration of peripheral metabolic signals by neural circuits. The organisation and function of neural circuits regulating energy homeostasis has been the subject of intense investigation and has led to the definition of a core circuitry in the hypothalamus that interacts with key regions in the brain stem, which appear to mediate many of the effects of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin on feeding and energy balance. Recent data on the ontogeny of these pathways indicate that, in rodents, these feeding circuits primarily form during neonatal life and remain structurally and functionally immature until 3 weeks of life. Our understanding of the mechanisms promoting the formation of these critical circuits has been advanced significantly by recent evidence showing that neonatal leptin acts as a neurotrophic factor promoting the development of projections from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Together with an expanding literature on the role of nutritional factors to affect health, these discoveries may contribute to our understanding on perinatally acquired predisposition to later disease, such as obesity and diabetes.
Ionizing Radiation-inducible Apoptosis in the Absence of p53 Linked to Transcription Factor EGR-1

Abstract The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a pivotal regulator of apoptosis, and prostate cancer cells that lack p53 protein are moderately resistant to apoptotic death by ionizing radiation. Genes encoding the transcription factor early growth response-1 (EGR-1) and cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were induced upon irradiation of prostate cancer cells, and inhibition of EGR-1 function resulted in abrogation of both TNF-α induction and apoptosis. Induction of the TNF-α gene by ionizing radiation and EGR-1 was mediated via a GC-rich EGR-1-binding motif in the TNF-α promoter. Because TNF-α induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, these findings suggest that, in the absence of p53, ionizing radiation-inducible apoptosis is mediated by EGR-1 via TNF-α transactivation.
On some special classes of partially ordered linear algebras

Abstract R. DeMarr (unpublished) has begun a study of Banach algebras as sub-algebras of partially ordered linear algebras, which are Dedekind σ complete. He has shown that the real Banach algebra of norm-bounded linear operators (mapping a real Banach space into itself) can be made into a partially ordered linear algebra which is Dedekind σ complete. This leads us to study a more generalized function algebra by using the order structure. In this paper, from an analytical point of view, we study some special classes of partially ordered linear algebras which are Dedekind σ complete. In Section I we assume the algebra which has the property: If x ⩾ 1, then x−1 exists and x−1 ⩾ 0. We see that the algebra which has this property is actually a function algebra and, hence, it has no nonzero nilpotents, and idempotents lie between 0 and 1. Moreover, it is an f ring. In Section II, we study the general structure of the algebra which has the special property: If x ⩾ 1, then x−1 exists and 1 ⩾ x−1. In Section III, we discuss the algebra which is a lattice and has the special property given in Section II. Then in such algebra there always exists a nontrivial multiplicative linear function mapping the algebra into itself. By using this function we can study some of the properties of the algebra. In all three sections we also discuss an algebra which has the so-called Perron-Frobenius property.
Effects on Body Temperature Produced by Micro-Injection of Salmonella typhimurium Lipopolysaccharide into the Third Cerebral Ventricle of the Chicken

Abstract Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide was injected into the third cerebral ventricle of the hen via a surgically implanted cannula. Hens injected with 20–80 μg. Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide had higher (P
State Courts and Policy Legitimation: An Experimental Study of the Ability of State Courts to Change Opinion

Legitimacy theory suggests that judges are uniquely capable of increasing public support for government policies. However, this capacity may not be universal but conditional, depending on the institutional design of courts. In the United States, institutional differences between federal and state courts may make state judiciaries less capable of increasing public support for government policies. I investigate this possibility using an original survey experiment. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of three treatments, attributing the legalization of same-sex marriage to a state court, a governor, or a state legislature. I find, generally, that state courts are no more effective than other state institutions at building public support, but that this capacity of courts is variable, depending on levels of judicial independence.
1,3-Dibromoazulene

In the structure of 1,3-dibromo­azulene, C10H6Br2, the planar mol­ecule sits on a crystallographic mirror plane. The Br atoms are attached to the five-membered ring adjacent to the ring fusion. Head-to-tail charge–charge inter­actions due to partial positive charges on ring H atoms and partial negative charges within the aromatic ring system attract adjacent 1,3-dibromo­azulene mol­ecules together. This causes them to arrange themselves in a zigzag pattern that allows close packing of the oppositely charged groups.
Internet Use and misuse: Preliminary findings from a new assessment instrument

The Internet is an affordable and easily accessible technology that has many potential applications to psychology. Interactive technologies engage users psychologically and may facilitate adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. This research explored the Internet-use patterns, psychological characteristics, and negative consequences associated with online activities of 393 college students using the Internet Use Survey (IUS), a self-report instrument designed to administer online. Results indicated that participants spent an average of 3.3 total hours per day on the Internet during the past 12 months and used the medium for multiple purposes. Although participants reported the occurrence of some potentially negative consequences related to Internet use, the prevalence rates for most problematic behaviors were generally low. Exploratory principal component analysis of the IUS subscale that attempts to measure Internet-related impairment revealed four factors: absorption, negative consequences, disrupted sleep,...
Sexual Partner Preference in Female Zebra Finches: The Role of Early Hormones and Social Environment

This experiment investigated the effects of early estrogen treatment and sex composition of the social environment on sexual partner preference in female zebra finches, a pair-bonding socially monogamous species. Birds were injected daily with estradiol benzoate (EB) or the steroid vehicle for the first 2 weeks posthatch and then lived in either a unisex (all-female) or a mixed sex group from 40 to 100 days. After 100 days birds were implanted with testosterone propionate and given three kinds of tests: tests with a stimulus female, two-choice mate preference tests with male and female stimuli, and colony tests to assess pairing preference in a more naturalistic context. Both EB and unisex housing independently resulted in a preference for females (masculinized preference) in the two-choice tests, but only females with both EB treatment and unisex living were more likely to pair with females in the colony tests. Sexual partner preference, a key sexually dimorphic component of mate choice, appears to be organized by sex steroids in this pair-bonding species, but in a manner that may be mediated by the social environment.
Unilateral stellate block in the treatment of hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. Implications of a new therapeutic approach.

Unilateral stellate ganglion block (right or left) was achieved by local injection of 15 ml of lidocaine in 27 patients with hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. The stellate block led to rapid and sustained control of blood pressure in 18 patients (9 of 15 with right stellate block and 9 of 12 with left stellate block). The reduction in arterial pressure was associated with significant (P < 0.01) reductions in total peripheral resistance and heart rate but no significant changes in cardiac output or central venous or left atrial pressures. This hemodynamic pattern as well as effectiveness of a unilateral approach suggests that the stellate block reduced arterial pressure by interrupting the afferent limb of a pressor reflex from the heart or great vessels, or both. The procedure was free from side effects and helped avoid prolonged parenteral administration of potent antihypertensive drugs.
The Effect of Religion on Risky Sexual Behavior among College Students

This study focuses on the mechanisms whereby religiosity influences adolescent involvement in risky sexual behavior. The study hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with a sample of approximately 2,100 undergraduates enrolled at two large state universities. Religious respondents reported a more conservative view of the circumstances under which sexual behavior is acceptable. This conservative perspective on sex was associated with older age at first intercourse and an increased likelihood that first intercourse was with a fiance or spouse. Both of these outcomes, in turn, reduced the probability of having had a large number of subsequent sexual partners. In addition, there was a strong direct association between sexually permissive attitudes and a greater number of sexual partners. While these findings held for both males and females, we also found several sex differences. For example, negative feelings about first intercourse predicted an increased number of sexual partners for femal...
A short-form version of the WISC-R for the learning disabled.

This study investigated the best short form version of the WISC-R for learning disabled (LD) students. The WISC-R was administered to 234 LD and 290 children who were referred for psychological evaluation but were found not eligible (NE) for special education services from 45 school districts in Michigan. Stepwise multiple regressions were calculated to ascertain the best tetrads of Full Scale IQ (FS IQ) for the two groups. For the NE sample, Vocabulary, Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, and Information were the best four indicators of FS IQ, accounting for about 80% of the variance in Full Scale scores. For the LD sample, the best four predictors of FS IQ were Similarities, Block Design, Picture Completion, and Vocabulary, accounting for about 80% of criterion variance. Using the WISC-R standardization data, Sattler identified the Information, Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Block Design subtests as one of the best short form versions for predicting FS IQ. For the LD sample of the present study, Sattler's composite yielded a multiple R of .873 with FS IQ, whereas our best four predictors yielded a multiple R of .896. It appears that Sattler's tetrad is about as good a predictor of FS IQ for LD students as that found in the present data.
The Thermal Chemistry of Neopentyl Iodide on Ni(100) Surfaces: Selectivity between α-C−H and γ-C−H and between C−H and C−C Bond-Scission Steps in Chemisorbed Neopentyl Moieties

The thermal chemistry of neopentyl iodide on Ni(100) single-crystal surfaces was characterized under vacuum by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The first decomposition step, which takes place around 150 K, is the scission of the C−I bond, the same as in other chemisorbed alkyl halides. Owing to the absence of β hydrogens, however, no easy decomposition pathway is available for the resulting neopentyl surface species. Neopentane is produced via neopentyl reductive elimination with surface hydrogen, and desorbs in two stages around 140 and 180 K. The yield for this pathway is approximately 45% of the initial neopentyl iodide at saturation (which is approximately 0.2 ML) on the clean nickel, but reaches a value close to 100% if enough hydrogen (or deuterium) is predosed on the surface. The other major carbon-containing product from neopentyl iodide activation is isobutene, which desorbs around 400 K. Isotope labeling experiments demonstrated that the C...
The fetal and neonatal brain protein neuronatin protects PC12 cells against certain types of toxic insult.

Abstract The protein neuronatin is expressed in the nervous system of the fetus and neonate at a much higher level than in the adult. Its function is unknown. As a result of variable splicing, neuronatin mRNA exists in two forms, α and β. Wild type PC12 cells express neuronatin-α. We have isolated a PC12 variant, called 1.9, that retains many of the neuron-like properties of wild type PC12 cells, but it does not express neuronatin and it exhibits markedly increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of nigericin, rotenone and valinomycin. Pretreatment of the 1.9 cells with α-methyltyrosine, which inhibits dopamine synthesis, had little effect on the cells’ sensitivity to nigericin, rotenone or valinomycin indicating that dopamine-induced oxidative stress was not involved in the toxicity of these compounds. However, flattened cell subvariants of the 1.9 cells, which do not have any neuron-specific characteristics, did not exhibit increased sensitivity to nigericin indicating that some neuronal characteristic of the 1.9 cells contributed to the toxicity of nigericin. After the neuronatin-β gene was transfected into and expressed in the 1.9 cells, they regained wild type PC12 levels of resistance to nigericin, rotenone and valinomycin. These studies suggest that the function of neuronatin during development could be to protect developing cells from toxic insult occurring during that period.
Estimation of tsunami hazard from volcanic activity — Suggested methodology with Augustine volcano, Alaska as an example

A general approach for the estimation of tsunami height and hazard in the vicinity of active volcanoes has been developed. An empirical relationship has been developed to estimate the height of the tsunami generated for an eruption of a given size. This relationship can be used to estimate the tsunami hazard based on the frequency of eruptive activity of a particular volcano. This technique is then applied to the estimation of tsunami hazard from the eruption of the Augustine volcano in Alaska. Modification of this approach to account for a less than satisfactory data base and differing volcanic characteristics is also discussed with the case of the Augustine volcano as an example. This approach can be used elsewhere with only slight modifications and, for the first time, provides a technique to estimate tsunami hazard from volcanic activity, similar to a well-established approach for the estimation of tsunami hazard from earthquake activity.
Membrane Potential and pH Control in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (Anacystis nidulans) PCC 7942

Summary The membrane potential (Δψi,o) and intracellular pH (pHi) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (Anacystis nidulans) (PCC 7942) were measured. Δψi,o was measured using valinomycin-mediated uptake of 86Rb+. Δψi,o under control conditions (BG-11 medium, pHo 7.5, [K+]o 0.35 mol m-3, [Na+]o 18.04 mol m-3) was -126 ± 1.2 mV (light) and -115 ± 3.1 mV (dark). Anaerobic conditions in the dark did not depolarise Δψi,o any further. DCMU did not depolarise Δψi,o to the value observed in the dark. The following parameters all refer to cells in the light. Nigericin (5 mmol m-3) depolarised Δψi,o to -98 mV and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (5 mmol m-3) to -78 mV; nigericin + FCCP depolarised by more than the two separately (-62 mV). Monensin (100 mmol m-3) depolarised Δψi,o to -90 mV. Synechococcus actively took up K+ at [K+]o below 1 mol m-3 but K+ was in electrochemical equilibrium at higher [K+]o where increasing [K+]o depolarised Δψi,o by 56 ± 3 mV/log [K+]o. Δψi,o was insensitive to [Na+]o below 50 mol m-3. EK+i,o and ΔµK+i,o were independent of [Na+]o at concentrations below 30 mol m-3. No evidence was found for an interaction between pHo and [K+]i at 0.35 mol m-3 K+o. In neutral and alkaline pHo the Δψi,o was -120 to -130 mV; in acid pHo Δψi,o depolarised to -80 to -90 mV. pHi was measured using [14C]-5,5 dimethyl oxazolidine 2,4 dione (DMO) and [14C]-ethylamine. pHi was very stable; ranging from 7.16 ± 0.03 to 7.55 ± 0.02 over a pHo range from 5 to 10 in the light. The pmf1,o (proton motive force) progressively fell from -220 ± 3 mV at the pHo 5 to + 32 ± 6 mV at pHo 10 by 48.9 ± 11 mV/pHo. Synechococcus actively extruded H+ at all pHo below 9 but H+ was actively taken up at pHo 10.
The Crisis of the Standing Order: Clerical Intellectuals and Cultural Authority in Massachusetts, 1780-1833

This book examines the demise of one Massachusetts intellectual elite, the Congregational Standing Order, and the rise of another, the Boston Brahmins, during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Peter S. Field traces the division within the culturally dominant class to the emergence of a new group of wealthy urban merchatns, who funded Brahmin efforts to create America's first secular high culture. With the founding of the Monthly Anthology, the establishment of the exclusive Boston Athenaeum, and the takeoer of Harvard College, the merchant-backed Brahmins constructed a competing locus of cultural authority against the claims of the orthodox ministry. A social history of intellectuals, Field's study focuses on the issues of power, prestige, and self-interest that fueled the struggle between the Brahmins and their orthodox rivals. It shows how this internal strife not only led to the dismantling of the last established church in the United States, but also laid the groundwork for the American Renaissance of the 1830s and 1840s. According to Field, the generation responsible for that remarkable flowering of new England literary culture-the generation of Emerson and Thoreau, Hawthorne and Melville-can only be understood in relation to its Brahmin parents and ministers.
Research of Retarded Acid Formula System of Qijiabei Oil Field

In order to overcome the disadvantages of rapid acid-rock reaction rate, short penetration distance, and poor acidification results exist in the process of traditional acidification in Qijiabei oil field, this paper has developed research on retarded acidification technique and optimized its formula and injection parameters. With the operations of complex formulation, screening and optimization among main agent, scale-froming ion inhibitor, permeability-increasing agent、clay stabilizer、corrosion inhibitor、retardant, a kind of retarded unplugging formula with good combination property suits for environment of high temperature has been developed. According to research, this developed formula system has permeability improving rate of 20.5% on natural core, suggest good characteristics of corrosion inhibition, retardation and permeability increasing.
On Cappell-Shaneson 4-spheres

Abstract We construct Kirby-calculus pictures of an infinite family of Cappell-Shaneson homotopy 4-spheres. We obtain handlebodies without 3-handles, and with only two 1-handles.
Purposefulness: a fourth superfactor?

Abstract The study examined the hypothesis that a fourth superfactor is needed to explain the space of individual differences in personality. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to assess the first three superfactors: Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism. Variance associated with these three factors was partialled out of a correlation matrix among measures from the Feelings, Reactions and Beliefs Survey, from the Study in Imagery and from measures of self-control, hope, persistence and attention control. The first principal component of the residual matrix was substantial in size and loaded measures from four different instruments, covering items with very diverse topics. The factor was interpreted as Purposefulness. Relationships with the popular “five-factor” model were explored on a subsample of 92 subjects. The model's measure of Conscientiousness had a large loading on the Purposefulness factor. In the discussion it is suggested that the factor of Purposefulness can be linked to recent theory concerning the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance.
Experimental realization of the devil's vortex Fresnel lens with a programmable spatial light modulator.

We present a unique method for experimentally generating multiple vortices by way of a devil’s vortex lens combined with a Fresnel lens using a spatial light modulator. These lenses have the multifocal properties of fractal zone plates combined with the orbital angular momentum of a spiral phase plate and can be tailored to fit within a small space on an optical bench. Results are presented alongside numerical simulations, demonstrating the robust nature of both the experimental method and the predictive power of the Huygens–Fresnel wavelet theory.
Defining Hormesis: Evaluation of a Complex Concentration Response Phenomenon

Hormesis describes dose-response relationships characterized by a reversal of response between low and high doses of chemicals, biological molecules, physical stressors, or other initiators of a response. Acceptance of hormesis as a viable dose-response theory has been limited until recently, in part, because of poor conceptual understanding, ad hoc and inappropriate use, and lack of a defined mechanism. By examining the history of this dose-response theory, it is clear that both pharmacological and toxicological studies provide evidence for hormetic dose responses, but retrospective examination of studies can be problematic at best. Limited scientific evidence and lack of a common lexicon with which to describe these responses have left hormesis open to inappropriate application to unrelated dose-response relationships. Future studies should examine low-dose effects using unbiased, descriptive criteria to further the scientific understanding of this dose response. A clear, concise definition is required ...
Hair nicotine levels in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) may increase respiratory morbidities in young children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Rapid respiratory rates, close proximity to a smoking caregiver, and increased dermal absorption of tobacco smoke components can contribute to systemic exposure. In this study, hair nicotine levels were used as a biomarker of chronic TSE in young children with BPD to determine if hair nicotine levels correlate with caregiver self-report of TSE and respiratory morbidities. METHODS: From 2012 to 2014, hair nicotine levels were measured from consecutive children seen in a BPD outpatient clinic and compared with caregiver questionnaires on household smoking. The relationship between respiratory morbidities and self-reported TSE or hair nicotine level was assessed. RESULTS: The mean hair nicotine level from 117 children was 3.1 ± 13.2 ng/mg. Hair nicotine levels were significantly higher in children from smoking households by caregiver self-report compared with caregivers who reported no smoking (8.2 ± 19.7 ng/mg vs 1.8 ± 10.7; P CONCLUSIONS: Chronic TSE is common in children with BPD, with hair nicotine levels being more likely to detect TSE than caregiver self-report. Hair nicotine levels were also a better predictor of hospitalization and activity limitation in children with BPD who required respiratory support at outpatient presentation.
Foot ulceration: Hypotheses concerning shear and vertical forces acting on adjacent regions of skin

Abstract During gait the plantar surface of the foot experiences distributed shear and compressive stresses due to tangential and vertical forces respectively. At any given point under a foot, the ratio of tangential/vertical forces gives a value (μ Rmin ) for the minimum coefficent of friction required to prevent slipping. If μ Rmin is greater than the actual coefficient of friction (μ A ), then localized slipping will occur. Three possible scenarios exist which could lead to skin ulceration: at a localized area the skin may tend to slip (i) towards, (ii) away from or (iii) parallel to a neighboring skin region where μ Rmin ≤ μ A (i.e. a region that doesn't slip). The first of these possibilities is similar in concept to the loading conditions that lead to a carpet becoming ‘wrinkled', i.e. one region of the carpet slips towards another that is stationary. The second and third possibilities would tend to cause tearing in the carpet or shearing of its fabric respectively. In terms of skin breakdown the relative importance of each of these biomechanical hypotheses needs to be determined.
Relative afferent pupillary defect in the "better" eye.

In five test subjects the effect of the otolith stimulation on pupillary size was observed during short lasting periods of microgravity during parabolic flight. Continuous pupil observations of one eye were made with a videocamera. In most cases microgravity gave a pupil dilatation, while during periods of increased G-load a pupil constriction was seen. These results confirm earlier findings.An explanation of these findings can be given by the assumption of connections between the vestibular nuclei and both the pretectal area and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, from where parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers originate to regulate the pupil size. Such pathways have been described before in cats and monkeys. This should mean that a vestibulo-pupillary reflex mechanism exists.
The plague, a metal monster, and the wonder of Wanda: in pursuit of the performance style

The claim of having achieved "authenticity" in performance has today almost disappeared without a trace. However, Richard Taruskin's efforts to disprove the premise through a series of articles in the 1980s still beg important questions, such as exactly what are the origins of the early music movement's performance style and which performers had a role in its transmission? Taruskin contends that Stravinsky transmitted the "geometrical," or modernist, Bach to the musical world, and that Stravinsky might have learned it from Wanda Landowska. Taruskin's accolade exposes more than a bit of irony within the early-music revival, since Landowska is seldom, if ever, acknowledged as a significant contributor to the development of the early-music "style" of performance, even though Landowska's recordings reveal a performer with a modern style, one that foreshadows 1980s early-music performances. Due primarily to the sound of her non-historic harpsichord, Landowska's influence, however, has been diminished, and her significant role was negated in the post-"authenticity" early music movement. This paper traces Landowska's central influence through an investigation of her Varsovian musical education, Parisian residency, and recordings. It recognizes and advocates for the contributions made by Landowska before the advent of the "authenticity" era.
A novel mutation in PNLIP causes pancreatic triglyceride lipase deficiency through protein misfolding.

Congenital pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PNLIP) deficiency is a rare disorder with uncertain genetic background as most cases were described before gene sequencing was readily available. Recently, two brothers with PNLIP deficiency were found to carry a homozygous missense mutation, c.662C > T (p.T221M) in the PNLIP gene (J. Lipid Res. 2014. 55:307–312). Molecular modeling suggested the substitution would change the orientation of residues in the catalytic site and disrupt the function of p.T221M PNLIP. To test the effect of the p.T221M mutation on PNLIP function, we expressed wild-type and p.T221M PNLIP in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293A cells and dexamethasone-differentiated AR42J rat acinar cells. In both cellular models, wild-type PNLIP was secreted into the conditioned medium where it was readily detectable by protein staining, immunoblot or lipase activity assays. In contrast, mutant p.T221M was not secreted into the medium, but it was present in cell lysates where it accumulated in the insoluble fraction. Intracellular retention of mutant p.T221M resulted in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as measured by elevated XBP1 splicing and increased levels of ER chaperones. Our results demonstrate that the presence of methionine at position 221 in the PNLIP protein sequence causes misfolding and aggregation of the p.T221M mutant inside the cell. The consequent loss of enzyme secretion adequately explains the clinical phenotype of PNLIP deficiency reported for homozygous carriers of p.T221M. Furthermore, the ability of mutant p.T221M to induce ER stress suggests that this form of PNLIP deficiency might cause acinar cell damage as well.
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION : III. LESIONS OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND CORONARY ARTERIES ACCOMPANYING THE REACTION IN RABBITS PREPARED BY INFECTION WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

Cutaneous and systemic infections of rabbits by Group A streptococci bring about a state of preparation for, respectively, the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions, produced by intravenous injection of meningococcal or S. marcescens toxin. With maximal systemic streptococcal infections, the lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction do not differ from those caused by two successive intravenous injections of Gram-negative bacterial toxins. The characteristic lesions of the reaction are bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys, hemorrhagic necrosis in the lungs, liver, and spleen, and myofiber necrosis in the myocardium. Under optimal conditions involving the dosages of streptococci and toxin, and the time interval between the injections, a new lesion consisting of necrosis and the accumulation of fibrinoid material in the walls of the coronary arteries occurred in approximately 50 per cent of animals within 48 hours after the injection of meningococcal toxin. Fibrinoid necrosis was not observed in the arteries of tissues other than the heart. It did not occur in control rabbits injected with streptococci alone or toxin alone, nor in animals with the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced by two intravenous injections of toxin. Streptococcal bacteriemia was present at the time of death in one-third of the animals with fibrinoid necrosis. In one animal, a group of bodies resembling cocci in chains was seen within the wall of a coronary artery with fibrinoid necrosis. A series of photomicrographs to illustrate the pathological changes in the hearts and kidneys of streptococcus-infected rabbits subjected to the Shwartzman reaction is presented.
The decay of 9.7 min 125Sn

Abstract The energy levels in 125Sb that are populated in the decay of 9.7 min 125Sn were studied by gamma-ray spectroscopy. High-resolution Ge(Li) detectors were used to record singles spectra, while coincidence data were obtained with a Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) detector combination. The coincidence results coupled with energy sums and relative intensity considerations suggest the presence of excited states in 125Sb at 332, 643, 921, 1350, 1484, 1701, 1736, 1914 and 1948 keV. The present results are compared with previous decay scheme studies and (3He, d) stripping measurements.
Cane molasses versus beet molasses as a source of vitamin B6 and lactoflavin.

ConclusionsCrude cane molasses is a good source of vitamin B6, the B6 titer varying from 0.1 to 0.4 gm. per rat per day, with an average of 0.15 gm. Crude cane molasses also contains small amounts of lactoflavin. Beet molasses is practically devoid of both vitamin B6 and lactoflavin.