cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal nonmonotonic structure in the saturation curves of magneto-optical-trap-loaded Na + ions stored in an ion-neutral hybrid trap: Prediction and observation

We predict that the maximal, steady-state ion capacity ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ of radio-frequency (rf) traps, loaded at a rate of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ particles per rf cycle, shows universal, nonlinear, nonmonotonic behavior as a function of loading rate $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. The shape of ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$, characterized by four dynamical regimes, is universal; i.e., it is predicted to manifest itself in all types of rf traps independent of the details of their construction and independent of particle species loaded. For $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ll}$ 1 (region I), as expected, ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ increases monotonically with $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. However, contrary to intuition, at intermediate $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1$ (region II), ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ reaches a maximum, followed by a local minimum of ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ (region III). For $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ (region IV), ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ again rises monotonically. In region IV, numerical simulations, analytical calculations, and experiments show ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\lambda})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2/3}$. We confirm our predictions both experimentally with magneto-optical-trap-loaded ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions stored in a hybrid ion-neutral trap and numerically with the help of detailed ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations.
Cointegration, error-correction, and the relationship between GDP and energy:: The case of South Korea and Singapore

This paper examines the causality issue between energy consumption and GDP for South Korea and Singapore, with the aid of cointegration and error-correction modeling. Results of the cointegration and error-correction models indicate bidirectional causality between GDP and energy consumption for both South Korea and Singapore. However, results of the standard Granger causality tests show no causal relationship between GDP and energy consumption for South Korea and unidirectional causal relationship from energy consumption to GDP for Singapore.
Structural motifs suggestive of hydrolytic activity are common among three-dimensional antibody structures (IRM9P.722)

Naturally occurring catalytic antibodies are associated with both positive and negative outcomes in autoimmune disease and infection, but their function and prevalence remain unclear. Two monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans were shown to hydrolyze several peptide antigen mimetics. These two antibodies had distinct peptide hydrolysis patterns, which were altered, but not blocked, by alanine substitution of peptide residues, indicating a non-sequence-specific mechanism. A putative serine-protease-like active site was identified in the light chain variable region of both molecules. A computational algorithm was developed to detect similar sites present in other antibody structures. A three-dimensional reference template corresponding to the putative active site was optimally superposed with all possible templates in the other antibody structures. Hits were defined as those superpositions with an RMSD ≤ 1A. The putative site was found in 24 of 80 known catalytic antibody structures and was found in 126 of 1367 studied antibodies with no annotation of catalytic activity. The ability of many antibodies to cleave antigen, albeit slowly, would provide a new function to immunoglobulin molecules in host defense. Confirmation of this active site is being pursued through site-directed mutagenesis. We anticipate that these studies will provide insights into the design of anti-cryptococcal therapies and the role of catalysis as a function of humoral immunity.
Neuroenhancement and the Developing Brain: Commentary on the AIMS Neuroscience Special Issue on “Neuroenhancers”

The use of pharmaceutical neuroenhancers to improve cognitive function poses unique neurobiological concerns as stimulants are being widely prescribed to adolescents and young adults with increasing prevalence. In the following commentary on the papers by Hoffman et al [1] and Cheung and Pierre [2] in the special issue on Neuroenhancers, we discuss the need to consider the effects of stimulant use in healthy adolescents. We review some of the data that has emerged on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of adolescent neuroenhancement, and conclude that special consideration should be taken to characterize the consequences of neuroenhancement use in the developing brain. Studies focused specifically on adolescent vulnerabilities to neuroenhancement are necessary because the brain undergoes dynamics changes that are unique to this period of development, which differentiates it from the healthy adult response to neuroenhancer exposure. Moving forward, scientists and physicians should take careful consideration to examine the long-term neurological consequences of neuroenhancers so that the therapeutic benefits that might be gained from neuroenhancement are not shadowed by negative consequences to public health in the future.
IL-21 Promotes Lupus-like Disease in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease through Both CD4 T Cell- and B Cell-Intrinsic Mechanisms

T cell-driven B cell hyperactivity plays an essential role in driving autoimmune disease development in systemic lupus erythematosus. IL-21 is a member of the type I cytokine family with pleiotropic activities. It regulates B cell differentiation and function, promotes T follicular helper (T(FH)) cell and Th17 cell differentiation, and downregulates the induction of T regulatory cells. Although IL-21 has been implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, the relative importance of IL-21R signaling in CD4(+) T cells versus B cells is not clear. To address this question, we took advantage of two induced models of lupus-like chronic graft-versus-host disease by using wild-type or IL-21R(-/-) mice as donors in the parent-into-F1 model and as hosts in the Bm12→B6 model. We show that IL-21R expression on donor CD4(+) T cells is essential for sustaining T(FH) cell number and subsequent help for B cells, resulting in autoantibody production and more severe lupus-like renal disease, but it does not alter the balance of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells. In contrast, IL-21R signaling on B cells is critical for the induction and maintenance of germinal centers, plasma cell differentiation, autoantibody production, and the development of renal disease. These results demonstrate that IL-21 promotes autoimmunity in chronic graft-versus-host disease through both CD4(+) T cell- and B cell-intrinsic mechanisms and suggest that IL-21 blockade may attenuate B cell hyperactivity, as well as the aberrant T(FH) cell pathway that contributes to lupus pathogenesis.
'Resolution VI': National Authority to Resolve Collective Action Problems Under Article 1, Section 8

American courts have traditionally followed the general principle of limited enumerated federal power in which certain matters are reserved to state-level control regardless of purported national importance or state “competency.” Recently, however, a group of influential constitutional scholars have called for doing away with the traditional federalist understanding of enumerated national power and replacing it with their interpretation of a principle originally declared in Resolution VI of the so-called “Virginia Plan.” Introduced in the early stages of the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, Resolution VI declares that federal power should be construed to reach all cases involving the “general interests of the Union,” those to which the “states separately are incompetent” and those affecting national “harmony.” Under this principle, Congress would have power to regulate any purported collective action problem of national importance, regardless of subject matter. Resolution VI proponents argue that the members of the Philadelphia Convention adopted Resolution VI and sent the same to the Committee of Detail with the expectation that the resulting text would embrace this overriding principle of national power. They also claim (or rely on the claim) that Philadelphia Convention member James Wilson publicly declared during the ratification debates that the framers viewed Article I, Section 8 as the textual “enactment” of Resolution VI.A close reading of the historical sources, however, shows that the Framers did not view Article I, Section 8 as having operationalized the general “state incompetency” principle of Resolution VI. In fact, they expressly stated otherwise. Nor is there any historical evidence that James Wilson (or anyone else) referred to Resolution VI during the ratification debates. Claims to the contrary are based on errors of historical fact.
HIV prevention heuristics and condom use among African-Americans at risk for HIV

The goal of this study was to improve understanding of whether incorrect HIV/AIDS heuristics and characteristics-based risk theories are barriers to HIV prevention among young African-Americans at increased risk for HIV. We explored: (1) the beliefs of men and women regarding disease prevention strategies, and (2) the relationship of such beliefs to safer sexual behaviours. In Phase I, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with both members of 22 heterosexual couples at increased risk for HIV/STIs. Subsequently, in Phase II, structured individual interviews were conducted with another 40 women and 40 men (not couples). Participants in Phase I reported use of condoms and monogamy as major strategies for disease prevention. The beliefs that were endorsed by the largest percentage of Phase II participants were related to the ‘known partners are safe partners’ and ‘trusted partners are safe partners’ heuristics. Moreover, stronger endorsement of the ‘known partners’ heuristic was negatively ass...
An integrated vapor source with a porous silicon wick

A micro vapor source has been developed for calibrating micro gas chromatograph (μGC) systems. By utilizing a porous silicon wick in a micro diffusion system, vapor generation with excellent stability has been achieved. The source has shown uniform and repeatable vapor generation for n-decane with less than a 0.1% variation in 9 hours, and less than a 0.5% variation in rate over 7 days. The evolution rate follows the diffusion model as expected, although the room temperature rate is higher than theoretically predicted. Equipped with a refillable reservoir, this vapor source is suitable for extended μGC field deployment.
Further observations with the normalized electrocardiogram and axis map.

Abstract A new method of electrocardiographic recording and analysis has been applied in a clinical study of left ventricular enlargement. The method consists of effective rotation of an orthogonal lead system to the position at which the leads match a predetermined pattern as closely as possible. The method furnishes approximate values for mean QRS and T axes, maximal magnitude of QRS and T vectors, polar vector magnitude and direction, and of the extent to which the direction of the heart vector deviates from a single direction and from a plane. Modifications of the method to include integration of the electrocardiogram will also furnish the ventricular gradient. Compensation for differences in heart orientation is intrinsic in the method. The parameters evaluated in this study provided various degrees of separation of the normal and abnormal records. The separation was improved by using indices composed of weighted sums of the individual parameters, with weighting factors determined by standard statistical procedures.
Anisotropic antiphase boundaries in rapidly solidified Ni3Al

Abstract Rapid solidification of Ni 3 Al produces a network of curved antiphase boundaries (APB). Annealing, which allows a closer to equilibrium structure to develop, results in the APBs preferentially aligned on {100} planes; thus indicating that the APB energy is less on {100} planes than on other planes. This provides the first direct experimental evidence of an APB energy anisotropy which forms the basis of the Kear-Wilsdorf cross slip model used to explain the increase in yield stress with an increase in temperature.
Analysis of Site Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading Using Centrifuge Testing Records

ABSTRACT Dynamically-induced liquefaction of a saturated loose sand stratum is studied in centrifuge model simulations. A laminated container subjected to base excitation is employed to replicate one-dimensional shear beam conditions. Level site and mild infinite slope simulations are conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and California Institute of Technology (CalTech). The observed acceleration, pore pressure and lateral displacement responses show a high level of consistency, and are used herein to estimate the corresponding dynamic shear stress-strain histories. These histories shed light on the mechanisms of: (1) propagation of liquefaction through the stratum, and (2) soil response during liquefaction, and its effect on ground surface acceleration and lateral deformation.
Welcome From the Editor to Volume 11, Journal of Child Custody

As president of the Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma (IVAT) at Alliant International University, it gives me great pleasure to become the Editor of the Journal of Child Custody (JCC): Applyi...
Impact of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on Adults’ Quality of Life

The symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been linked to dysfunction in numerous life domains for both children and adults. As such, it is likely that individuals with these and other related symptoms (e.g., sluggish cognitive tempo, SCT) may also experience impaired quality of life. The current study examines the association between ADHD and SCT symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in a community sample of adults. Quality of life data collected from 983 participants (M age = 45.6 years) were analyzed primarily through a series of hierarchical multiple regressions employing SCT and ADHD symptom clusters, demographic, and anxiety and depression scale variables as predictors. Results generally supported the hypothesis that ADHD and SCT symptoms would negatively associate with QOL. Amongst the indicators, inattention and SCT emerged as the strongest predictors of low QOL. These findings underscore the negative impact of ADHD symptoms in adulthood, the independent contribution of SCT, and the importance of considering QOL in prospective research and intervention.
Surgical Treatment of Spinal Cord Compression in Patients with Lung Cancer

We analyzed the clinical features, radiological findings, and results of surgical treatment in a series of 25 patients with lung cancer and invasion of the spine. In 12 of the 25 (40%) patients, involvement of the spine was present at the time of initial presentation of malignancy. Computed tomography revealed the presence of a large paravertebral soft tissue mass with destruction of adjacent ribs in the majority. The surgical approach consisted of an anterolateral exposure through a formal thoracotomy in 22 patients and a thoracoabdominal flank approach in the 3 patients with lumbar lesions. All gross tumor was resected from the involved paravertebral tissues, vertebral body, and epidural space. Immediate stabilization of the spine was then achieved with methyl methacrylate. Local brachytherapy (iridium-192 implants) was used in 19 patients. After treatment, 87% were ambulatory, and 67% maintained ambulation for more than 6 months. Our data suggest that compression of the spinal cord in many patients with lung cancer results from direct extension of tumor through the chest wall. Because the majority of such patients often have localized disease involving the spine, aggressive surgical treatment is indicated.
Residual effects of repeated cocaine smoking in humans

A total of nine adult 'crack' cocaine users completed a protocol investigating changes in behavior on days following the self-administration of smoked cocaine. During self-administration sessions, participants could take up to six doses of smoked cocaine (50 mg; 25 mg for two participants). Both 2 and 3 day conditions were tested. During the 2 day condition, a cocaine self-administration session occurred in the afternoon and again in the evening on 2 consecutive days, while during the 3 day condition, self-administration sessions occurred twice a day-on 3 consecutive days. Participants reported greater cocaine craving (estimated using ratings of 'I want cocaine') and feeling more 'anxious,' 'confused,' 'of a good drug effect,' 'high,' 'sedated' and less 'friendly' the first day after using cocaine for 3 days compared to the first day after using cocaine for 2 days. Exposure to stimulus cues associated with smoked cocaine (e.g. participants preferred type of crack pipe) did not elicit cocaine craving or other behavioral changes after either 2 or 3 days of cocaine use. These data demonstrate that the cessation of heavy cocaine use under controlled laboratory conditions produced modest changes in mood and cocaine craving that were related to the length of the binge, and varied as a function of time since last cocaine use.
Magnetic trapping of ytterbium and the alkaline-earth metals

Atomic ytterbium (Yb), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr) possess a simple yet versatile internal level structure and a diversity of naturally abundant fermionic and bosonic isotopes, making these systems ideal for studies of cold collisions and weakly interacting quantum degenerate gases. Unlike alkali-metal atoms, however, Yb, Mg, Ca, and Sr cannot be magnetically trapped in the ground state. We analyze a solution to this problem involving magnetic trapping in a low-lying metastable excited state and predict that significant magnetic trap populations can be obtained via continuous, in situ loading from Yb and Sr ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{1}{P}_{1}$ magneto-optical traps.
Evaluation of registered pesticides as repellents for reducing blackbird (Icteridae) damage to sunflower

Chemical feeding repellents applied to ripening sunflower might help reduce blackbird (Icteridae) damage, which is a chronic agricultural problem from seed formation to harvest. However, costs are high to develop and register new repellents for agricultural use. In 2003 and 2004, we evaluated feeding repellency of 8 pesticides registered by the Environmental Protection Agency for use in sunflower. Caged red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were fed unshelled sunflower seeds treated with the following pesticides: 5 pyrethroid insecticides, an organochlorine, an organophosphorus, and a fungicide. Compared to untreated reference groups, feeding rates were reduced for 4 of the 5 pyrethroid insecticides. Only the organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos), however, significantly decreased feeding rates. More research on repellency effects of this product in field efficacy trials is probably warranted based on the results of our cage experiments. Depending on timing of application, registered insecticides with blackbird feeding repellency could provide supplemental economic benefits to sunflower producers through dual purpose use.
Medical and Surgical Management of Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective To examine the medical and surgical aspects of intracranial aneurysms, including the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and indications for surgical intervention. Design This review presents the classification of intracranial aneurysms, defines specific aneurysms, and analyzes the Mayo Clinic experience with surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Material and Methods Intracranial aneurysms are classified by cause, size, site, and shape. The clinical grading systems for SAH, the most common manifestation, are as follows: modified Botterell, Hunt and Hess, and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons. Surgical options are direct clipping, interventional neuroradiologic treatment, proximal ligation or trapping of aneurysms, and wrapping or coating of aneurysms. Although the timing of surgical intervention after SAH is controversial, it should be based on the clinical grade, site of the aneurysm, and patient's medical condition. Results The frequency of intracranialaneurysms is estimated to be 1 to 8% in the general population, and 90% of patients have SAH. After SAH, 8 to 60% of patients die before they get to a hospital. After hospitalization, the mortality rate is 37%, severe disability is 17%, and outcome is favorable in 47%. The current trend for surgical treatment is early after SAH. The Mayo Clinic experience with 1,947 patients who underwent surgical treatment because of aneu-rysmal SAH or for aneurysmal repair between 1969 and 1990 is as follows: 1,445 had an excellent outcome, 231 had a good outcome, 171 had a poor outcome, and 100 died. Conclusion Aggressive management can be beneficial for many patients with severe neurologic injury after SAH by preventing rerupture of the aneurysm, attenuating the severity and sequelae of vasospasm, and decreasing the surgical complications.
Population ecology and seasonal demography of the endangered grotto sculpin (Cottus specus)

Subterranean fishes are understudied worldwide and often at risk before their populations are discovered and described. The nature of karst systems limits the applicability of ecological paradigms and hinders our ability to identify and preserve endemic fauna. Aquatic karst taxa in particular are subject to environmental threats that increase in severity over time. Once a population or species is recognised as distinct, it is imperative we gain understanding of its biology to inform effective resource management and mitigate risk factors. The grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is endemic to Perry County, Missouri, U.S. caves and was formally described and listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2013. We used mark–recapture methods to quantify population densities and estimate population sizes in two caves and two corresponding spring branches. Size structure varied among habitats and seasons. Spring branches were dominated by juveniles year-round with peak young-of-year (YOY) densities in May. Adult densities in both macrohabitats decreased in winter, possibly due to recruitment or seasonal stress, and were lower at spring branches compared to caves and declined further during late winter which may be indicative of cave spawning. YOY were captured variably underground with peak densities in summer. The ecology of grotto sculpin appears to be more complex than has been reported previously for subterranean fishes. Variable patterns of demography requiring multiple contiguous habitats are unique for cave species and support the recently substantiated suggestion that subterranean systems are not as simple or disconnected as once thought.
Recurring variations of probable solar origin in the atmospheric Δ14C time record

After removal of the ∼ 11,000-year geomagnetic contribution to a relatively high-precision atmospheric Δ14C record covering the past 7200 years, residual variations exhibit a 2200–2600 year quasi-periodicity that has been recognized in earlier studies. We find here that century-scale variations in the most recent ‘cycle’ are positively correlated with similar short-term variations in each of the two previous cycles. Thus the quasi-periodicity consists of both a long-term variation of the mean and a superposed, approximately recurring pattern of century-scale variations. The strongest of these latter variations occur near successive maxima of the ∼ 2400 year cycles. During the last millennium, the largest century-scale variations (occurring near the most recent 2400 year maximum) are known to be mainly a consequence of the pronounced Maunder, Sporer, and Wolf solar activity minima. Therefore, the recurrence of large amplitude Δ14C variations at 2400 year intervals is most directly explained as due to solar forcing at both the ∼ 2400 year and century-scale periods. A fully terrestrial 2400 year modulation of an independent century-scale solar forcing function is disfavored by the joint occurrence of relatively strong Δ14C maxima and solar activity minima during the current millennium, according to independent proxy records. The probable existence of a ∼2400 year solar quasi-cycle has implications for the predictability of future pronounced solar activity minima and for the interpretation of certain minor Holocene climatic variations.
Theoretical Interpretation of Kerr Constants of Polymer Chains. n-Alkanes, Poly(oxyethylene glycol)s, and Poly(oxyethylene dimethyl ether)s

Molar Kerr constants of n-alkanes, polyoxyethylene glycols (POEG), and polyoxyethylene dimethyl ethers (POEDE) are calculated on the basis of the bond additivity principle for dipole moments and polarizabilities and of the trans, gauche, and gauche prime, rotational-isomeric-state models. Theoretical values are compared with existing experimental data. It is found that agreement is very good with n-alkanes, but very poor with POEG. A new formulation of the molar Kerr constant is included.
Production of stable tellurium evaporated targets

Due to the low melting point of tellurium metal, self-supporting Te targets degrade quickly when exposed to particle beams. This situation is greatly improved if the tellurium material is evaporated onto C foil backings. Elastic scattering in target and backing layers broadens the Te peak, making measurements difficult, while too little material reduces the reaction rate. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the target thickness. Evaporated metallic and oxide Te targets were prepared at Argonne National Laboratory by vacuum deposition from a resistively heated source boat. The stability of the targets was then tested by exposing them to a varying intensity alpha beam with an energy range from 17 to 27 MeV using the FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at the University of Notre Dame. Optimal target thicknesses and beam currents were then obtained for p-process experiments. A description of the apparatus and production method will be presented.
A multivariate analysis of response structure: Race attitudes, 1972–1977

A particular kind of latent class model is used to characterize the unobservable variable measured by six discrete indicators of racial stance in 1972 and 1977. Methods recently introduced by C. C. Clogg and L. A. Goodman (unpublished manuscript, Pennsylvania State University, 1982, 1983) for the simultaneous latent structure analysis of two multidimensional contingency tables are employed in across-year homogeneity tests on the latent class proportions. Trends in multivariate response patterns over the 5-year interval are then examined by cross-classifying the predicted latent variable with selected demographic characteristics of respondents in each year. The results indicate that (1) no significant changes in the distribution of the latent variable occurred over the 5-year time period, and (2) the status of certain demographic variables as predictors of racial stance fluctuated between the two survey years.
“It Is Love”: The Lewis Carroll Society as a Fan Community

This article investigates the Lewis Carroll Society of Great Britain, suggesting parallels between popular media fandom and the “high cultural” literary society: the need for community, the obsession with close reading, the pleasures of pilgrimage, and the importance of defending the chosen text from criticism. However, the Lewis Carroll Society diverges from popular fandom in its comparatively greater cultural power, its potential to guide meanings in broader social discourse, and its blurring of the lines between amateur and academic publishing. Through these points of sameness and difference, it offers new insight into practices common to both popular and high cultural fandom.
Optimal parallel randomized algorithms for three-dimensional convex hulls and related problems

Further applications of random sampling techniques which have been used for deriving efficient parallel algorithms are presented by J. H. Reif and S. Sen [Proc. 16th International Conference on Parallel Processing, 1987]. This paper presents an optimal parallel randomized algorithm for computing intersection of half spaces in three dimensions. Because of well-known reductions, these methods also yield equally efficient algorithms for fundamental problems like the convex hull in three dimensions, Voronoi diagram of point sites on a plane, and Euclidean minimal spanning tree. The algorithms run in time $T = O(\log n)$ for worst-case inputs and use $P = O(n)$ processors in a CREW PRAM model where n is the input size. They are randomized in the sense that they use a total of only polylogarithmic number of random bits and terminate in the claimed time bound with probability $1 - n^{ - \alpha } $ for any fixed $\alpha > 0$. They are also optimal in $P\cdot T$ product since the sequential time bound for all thes...
Exploring evolutionary coupling in Eclipse

While software archives have been around for a long time, they have been mostly used to store and reconstruct versions of a software system and to coordinate simultaneous changes. Currently many researchers are investigating new ways to exploit the information stored in software archives. In this paper we present an Eclipse plugin that visualizes evolutionary coupling between files, i.e., how likely it is that two files are changed together. The information is automatically extracted from the software archive and displayed as a pixelmap, where each pixel represents a single coupling. The plugln nicely integrates with the rest of the Eclipse IDE and thus allows to interactively explore the evolutionary coupling between different files of a project.
Avian scale development XVII: The epidermis of the scaleless (sc/sc) anterior metatarsal skin is determined, but the dermis lacks permissive cues for the patterned expression of the determined state

Embryos homozygous for the gene scaleless (sc/sc) completely lack scutate scales and the beta strata which characterize terminal differentiation of the scale ridges located on the anterior metatarsal region of the foot. Although the sc/sc epidermis cannot undergo scale morphogenesis, it can respond to the inductive dermal ridges of normal scutate scales by generating beta strata. Recently, we discovered that the anterior metatarsal epidermis of normal embryos becomes committed to the formation of beta strata prior to morphogenesis of definitive scale ridges. Here, we examined the possibility that the sc/sc anterior metatarsal epidermis also becomes determined, i.e., committed to scutate scale-specific terminal differentiation. Experimental tissue recombinants were used to assess the ability of the sc/sc epidermis to generate beta strata. The results show that the germinative cells of the 15-day sc/sc epidermis are committed to generating beta strata, even though they have not undergone scutate scale morphogenesis. Thus, the mechanisms involved in establishing epidermal determination must differ form those regulating scale morphogenesis. In addition, we examined the formation of patterned, permissive cues in the anterior metatarsal and footpad dermises of sc/sc embryos. Analysis of recombinants showed that both the 15- and 20-day dermises from the sc/sc anterior metatarsal region fail to provide cues for beta stratum formation, when associated with the determined 15-day scutate scale epidermis. Likewise, the 15-day sc/sc footpad dermis cannot support beta stratum formation. However, 20-day sc/sc footpad dermis is able to support the generation of a few abnormally patterned beta strata, demonstrating that sc/sc dermis which has experienced even limited morphogenesis is able to provide permissive cues for the terminal differentiation of the scutate scale epidermis.
The Jovian SII torus: Its longitudinal asymmetry

The variations with Jovian magnetic longitude observed in the intensity of the S II emission from the plasma torus surrounding Jupiter near the orbit of Io are investigated. Spectrographic observations of S II emission from 2.1 to 8.3 Jupiter radii from the planet obtained from 1976 to 1979 were examined to determine emission intensities in relation to position. The detected emission is found to be sharply confined to a magnetic latitude within 12 deg of the equator and a region inside 6.7 Jupiter radii, just outside of Io's orbit, with maximum emission at a magnetic longitude of 60 deg. The region of maximum brightness is observed to include the active centers for the currents expected in the flux tubes connected with Io, support of the magnetic anomaly models of Dressler and Hill (1979). Electron temperatures between 10 to the 3.92 and 10 to the 4.80, and densities of 10 to the 4.2/cu cm and a S II column abundance of 1.5 x 10 to the 13th/sq cm are estimated for the brightness region near the ansa of the emission torus. An order of magnitude difference between S II column abundances obtained in the present investigation and found by Brown (1978) is attributed to a change in sulfur content, possibly related to Ionian volcanic activity, while electron temperatures and densities are found to remain fairly constant.
1791 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP) in children with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prodrome

1791 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP) in children with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prodrome
Teachers, Tundra, and Talking Circles: Learning History and Culture in an Alaska Native Village

Abstract What teachers know about their subject–matter and how to teach it has become increasingly important as states continue to expect more rigorous learning outcomes for K–12 students—even more so when we consider that they must teach this content to an increasingly diverse student population. This article reports the findings from a four–year case study of a teacher professional development project that was designed to give simultaneous attention to enhancing teacher subject–matter knowledge in history/social studies and helping teachers develop culturally responsive pedagogical practices. The professional development took place in a rural Alaska Native village where participants worked with Native Elders and engaged in Native ways of learning and knowing. The findings from this study suggest that the learning opportunities provided to the teachers successfully increased their understanding of history and culture by using culturally based ways of knowing and learning. The study reveals the potential ...
Evaluating the Bray P1 Test on Alkaline, Calcareous Soils

Soil test phosphorus (STP) measurements are important for predicting crop P needs and for P loss risk assessments. Previous work indicates that the Bray P1 method extracts less P and does not correlate as well with Mehlich 3 or Olsen STP methods in alkaline or highly calcareous soils. This research was conducted to determine if the Bray P1 test is an appropriate method for the eastern red soil (ERS) region of Wisconsin, where pH typically ranges from 7 to 8 and soils are often calcareous. Soil samples (n = 113) from the ERS region and comparison soils (CS) from Iowa and Kansas (n = 38) with high pH and carbonate content were analyzed for P using the Bray P1, Mehlich 3, and Olsen methods and for soil pH and carbonate content. Results indicate that Bray P1 is strongly correlated with Olsen and Mehlich 3 for all samples in ERS regardless of carbonate content (R 2 = 0.83 and 0.98, respectively), but only weakly correlated to Olsen and Mehlich 3 for Iowa and Kansas soils with carbonate contents > 5 g kg -1 (R 2 = 0.01 and 0.08, respectively). Further investigation indicated that carbonate in CS is calcitic while in ERS it is dolomitic. Because dolomite reacts much more slowly than calcite, Bray P1 is not neutralized in ERS during the 5 min extraction time. For soil with unknown carbonate content, a pH measurement on the Bray P1 filtrate can identify samples where Bray P1 is neutralized and an alternative P extractant should be used.
Within- and between-subjects partial reinforcement effects with an autoshaped response using Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Animals exposed to schedules of partial reinforcement are typically more resistant to extinction than are animals trained with continuous reinforcement. This is the partial reinforcement effect (PRE). Animals experienced with both partial and continuous schedules are often more persistent on the continuous schedule, yielding a reversed PRE. Both conventional and reversed PREs have been elusive with classical conditioning paradigms. The present experiment attempted to demonstrate between- and within-subject PREs using 50% and 100% autoshaping schedules. Presence or absence of a PRE depended on the behavioral measures used. Marked terminal group differences in acquisition produced a between-subjects PRE with absolute response levels but not with rate-of-change measures. Within subjects, only choice trial comparisons were sensitive enough to differentiate the two schedules. Acquisition data were inconsistent with most of the classical conditioning PRE literature, but consistent with results reported in the autoshaping literature. These discrepancies may reflect the operant-classical interaction in autoshaping.
Simplified Models for Hardness Kernel and Calculations of Global Hardness

Reported in this paper are simplified models for the hardness kernel η(r,r‘) and theoretical values of the global hardness for the first 54 neutral atoms calculated using these models. It is found that a particularly simple model for the hardness kernel, η(r,r‘) = 1/|r − r‘| + C, where C is a constant, generates good results for the global hardness η. Both main-group elements and transition metal elements are considered, as are various conventional models, in approximating energy components.
Multipolarity determination from L x-ray spectra in the decays of 227 Th, 243 Am, and 249 Cf

A new method to determine the multipolarity of a converted γ-transition from itsL x-ray spectrum has been extended by a coincidence technique and applied in the complex decays of227Th,243Am, and249Cf. TheL x-ray spectra of four low energy transitions have been measured in coincidence with cascading high energy γ-rays and theirM1-E2 mixing ratios obtained by comparison with calculatedL x-ray line intensities. The following results were obtained: for the 3/2+→l/2+ ground-state transition in223Ra, an admixture of (74±12)%E2, for the 7/2+→5/2+ ground-state transition in239Np, less than 30%E2, for the 9/2+→7/2+ ground-state transition in245Cm, (63±10)%E2, and for the 11/2−→ 9/2− transition in the third rotational band in245Cm, (32±10)%E2.
Line shape of electromagnetically excited acoustic standing-wave resonances☆

Abstract The line shape of electromagnetically excited acoustic standing-wave resonances is explained by a simple theory which properly accounts for the spatial and temporal distribution of the driving force on the lattice within the skin depth of the metal.
Parallel Institutions: The American Academy and the Community College.

The shabby cliche that history repeats itself is overly simplified, for today is not yesterday and repetitions in time are never carbon copies. It is the purpose here to draw out the parallels between two secondary-level schools-the once attractive "academy," which enjoyed its heyday following the Revolutionary War, and the present-day comnunitv college, which has frequently been seen as an attachment to the public high school.1 Both moments in history have been times for free trial of new ideas, and here the innovations are expressed in educational institutions invented by us and tailored sensitively to the demands of our economies-first during the century following our war of independence, and within this century to the demands of the 1950s onward. The central purpose is to point to the parallels of the two institutions-the American academy and the community college. A secondary intention is to perpetuate our Bicentennial reminder that history runs in loose cycles.2 The academy was planned by the practical Ben Franklin in 1749,3 and his own prototype for later academies was soon established in Philadel-
Synthesis of the C3–14 fragment of palmerolide A using a chiral pool based strategy

Abstract Palmerolide A, a potent and selective inhibitor of melanoma cell growth, is a macrocylic polyketide isolated from the Antarctic tunicate Synoicum adareanum. Palmerolide A targets transmembrane proton pumps, the vacuolar-ATPases, and induces autophagy, but in a manner independent of HIF-1α activation. Herein we report a synthesis of the C3–14 fragment of palmerolide A using readily available polyols as chiral building blocks for entry into structure/activity studies of the macrocycle.
Nanoparticle formation by crosslinking a macromolecule

Motivated by a recent upsurge in experimental studies of nanoparticles formed by unimolecular crosslinking, we present several models to elucidate the atomic scale processes through which these nanoparticles are formed. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the crosslinking temperature, the polymer chain persistence length, the crosslinker rigidity, and the crosslinker sequence, yield the flexibility required to produce a diversity of nanoparticle morphologies and functionalities.
THE CHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN : IV. THE ELECTROKINETIC EFFECT OF VARIOUS IONS UPON SUSPENDED PARTICLES OF STRATUM CORNEUM.

1. The electrophoretic activity of particles of human skin in distilled water and different concentrations of salt solutions has been studied. The electrokinetic potential and the charge density were determined and comparisons made with results obtained by electroendosmosis. 2. The electrokinetic potential is ultimately decreased if sufficient salt is added. The order of inhibition is Al > Ca > Ba > K > Na. 3. The lyotrophic series Li > Na > K > Rb and Cl > I > Br express respectively the comparative effect of the monovalent cations and anions upon the electrokinetic potential of the skin. 4. Since both electrophoresis and electroendosmosis are dependent upon the electrokinetic potential, it follows from the results obtained, that the greatest rate of flow through the human skin under the force of an applied electrical current would be given by concentrations of neutral salts between 0.0001 M and 0.0002 M.
Periodic Method of Characteristics

Abstract A modification to the method of characteristics (MOC) is described for solving a system of two first order hyperbolic partial differential equations possessing periodic solutions. The condition of the physical system is specified by two boundary conditions at a single spatial location. The system's periodicity is incorporated into the numerical scheme to generate an additional set of boundary conditions at t = 0 and t = 2π as the solution proceeds forward in space rather than in time as in the usual MOC. No downstream boundary conditions and no initial conditions are permitted. The number of computations is minimized since only one cycle is calculated. The validity of this new approach is illustrated by an example from cardiovascular fluid dynamics for which the exact solution is known.
B12 in fetal development

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is necessary for development of the fetus and child. Pregnant women who are vegetarian or vegan, have Crohn's or celiac disease, or have undergone gastric bypass surgery are at increased risk of B12 deficiency. Low serum levels of B12 have been linked to negative impacts in cognitive, motor, and growth outcomes. Low cobalamin levels also may be related to depression in adults. Some studies indicate that B12 supplementation may improve outcomes in children, although more research is needed in this area. Overall, the mechanisms of B12 action in development remain unclear. Further studies in this area to elucidate the pathways of cobalamin influence on development, as well as to prevent B12 deficiency in pregnant women and children are indicated.
Residence Time and Heat Transfer When Water Droplets Hit a Scalding Surface

We study, using pump-probe optical methods with a time resolution of 1 ms, heat transferwhen a series of water droplets impact a smooth surface whose temperature exceeds theboiling point. The volume of the individual water droplets is 10 nl, the time betweendroplets is 0.3 ms, and the number of water droplets in the series of droplets is 3, 20, or100. In the temperature range 100 C<T<150 C, our measurements of the heat transfer,and the residence time of water in contact with the surface, show that nearly all of thedispensed water vaporizes, but more rapidly, the higher the temperature. At highertemperatures, 150 C<T<220 C, droplet shattering plays an increasingly important rolein limiting heat transfer and, as a result, the volume of water evaporated and residencetime decrease strongly with increasing temperature. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006802]Keywords: boiling, heat transfer, residence time, water droplets, pump-probemeasurement
Abdominal pain secondary to a sacral perineural cyst

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Perineural cysts are commonly found in the sacral region and are incidently discovered on imaging studies performed for the evaluation of low back and/or leg pain. PURPOSE: To report on a patient presenting with abdominal pain secondary to a large sacral perineural cyst. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Case report. METHODS/PATIENT SAMPLE: A 47-year-old woman was referred to a specialized multidisciplinary spine center with complaints of left lower quadrant abdominal pain and left leg pain. Of significant note was the presence of constipation and urinary frequency over the preceding 8 months. Physical examination was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine revealed large perineural cysts eroding the sacrum and extending to the pelvis. The presence of abdominal symptoms prompted a neurosurgical consultation. However, after considering the possible risks associated with the surgical procedure, the patient opted to follow the nonsurgical route. RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS: Although commonly visualized, sacral perineural cysts are rarely symptomatic. When symptomatic, it may be secondary to its size and location. Presence of abdominal pain in a patient with back and/or leg pain should prompt the evaluation of the lumbosacral spine.
Multiple scattering and functional integrals

A functional integral method for performing the statistical averages implicit in problems involving multiple scattering is developed. The scattering fields in a noncrystalline medium are represented as a fixed set of fields for each incident particle, but are assumed to vary randomly from one particle in the beam to the next. The method is applied to eikonal treatments of both multiple scattering and photon radiation. This latter problem involves the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect, and correction terms to earlier treatments are evaluated. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Cognitive differences between patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Sixteen patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) and nine patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) were administered a battery of neuropsy-chological tasks that assessed a cross-section of cognitive abilities. The subjects were equated in terms of overall level of impairment. There was no difference between the groups on the WAIS subtests that were administered (Vocabulary, Digit Span Forward, Similarities, Block Design). There was a striking difference between the AD and PSP patients on tests of verbal and nonverbal memory, as assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale. The memory performance of the PSP patients did not, in fact, differ from a group of normal controls. In addition, there was a double-dissociation between the AD and PSP patients on tasks that evaluated naming and verbal fluency.
Fractionation and condensation in space

Laboratory simulation of solid primordial condensation from low density partially excited gas for solar system origin