cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulators of Cell Division in Plant Tissues VUI. The Cytokinins of the Apple Fruit

The cytokinin activities of extracts of organs developed from the apple fruit bud were compared using the carrot phloem bioassay, and the identity of the cytokinins in the apple fruitlet was investigated. The activity of apple fruitlet extracts was slightly greater than the activity of pedicel extracts, and considerably greater than the activities of extracts of other organs. Extracts of the developing seeds of fruitlets were much more active than extracts of fruitlet flesh. Apple fruitlet extracts contained three principal cytokinins. One was identified as a 6-(substituted amino)purine and was either zeatin or some very closely related compound. The two other cytokinins exhibited the chromatographic behaviour of zeatin riboside and zeatin ribotide. A cytokinin extracted from vegetative apple shoots was chromatographically indistinguishable from zeatin.
Neuroimaging, nutrition, and iron-related genes

Several dietary factors and their genetic modifiers play a role in neurological disease and affect the human brain. The structural and functional integrity of the living brain can be assessed using neuroimaging, enabling large-scale epidemiological studies to identify factors that help or harm the brain. Iron is one nutritional factor that comes entirely from our diet, and its storage and transport in the body are under strong genetic control. In this review, we discuss how neuroimaging can help to identify associations between brain integrity, genetic variations, and dietary factors such as iron. We also review iron’s essential role in cognition, and we note some challenges and confounds involved in interpreting links between diet and brain health. Finally, we outline some recent discoveries regarding the genetics of iron and its effects on the brain, suggesting the promise of neuroimaging in revealing how dietary factors affect the brain.
Climates of Anxiety: Comparing Experience of Glacier Retreat Across Three Mountain Regions

This paper explores the role of emotion in understanding why repeated and increasingly urgent warnings about the effects of global warming have failed to motivate significant actions to address it. It draws on a comparative anthropological study on perceptions of and responses to glacier retreat in communities in three glaciated mountain regions: the Cordillera Blanca in the Peruvian Andes, the South Tirol in the Italian Alps, and the North Cascades in the U.S. The massive retreat of mountain glaciers during the last half-century is one of the most visible and high confidence level indicators of global warming. Although glacier retreat is well documented scientifically in each of these regions, our study found that the level of concern about it varied widely between the three study sites. The paper begins with an explanation of the ecological model of emotion we are using and a consideration of emotions associated with glaciers historically. Next it describes the three study sites and the ways that residents of each site feel about the loss of glaciers and its effects. Finally, it draws on this comparative perspective and recent research from several social science disciplines on the role of emotion in human beliefs and behaviors to suggest ways that emotion can help explain the observed variation. The paper concludes by extending these suggestions to responses to climate change more generally.
Second Harmonic Generation With High Power Short Pulses From An Infrared FEL

A careful analysis of the second harmonic generation conversion efficiency for a medium power infrared free electron laser (FEL) has been carried out. Thermal effects, linewidth effects and dispersion in the nonlinear crystal have been taken into account. Some simple approximate relations have been derived to provide estimates of the conversion efficiency attainable when using high power, high repetition rate picosecond pulses produced by a linac-driven FEL.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
COMPARISON OF THE ANTITUSSIVE EFFECTS OF CODEINE AND THE GABA-AGONIST BACLOFEN

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory transmitter of the central nervous system that also exists in peripheral tissues, including the lung. The GABA-agonist baclofen has been shown, in animal studies, to inhibit cough via a central mechanism. We have recently demonstrated the antitussive activity of a 14-day course of low-dose oral baclofen in normal subjects. In the present study, we evaluated a standard cough suppressant, codeine, and compared its antitussive effect with that of a single dose of baclofen. 10 healthy, adult volunteers who had previously participated in a study evaluating the antitussive effect of a 14-day course of baclofen, underwent capsaicin cough challenge on three occasions, 2 hours after the ingestion of codeine (30mg), baclofen (40mg) or placebo, which were dispensed in a randomised, double-blind manner. During each study, the concentration of capsaicin inducing 5 or more coughs (C5) was determined. Significant suppression of cough was achieved by codeine (p = 0.021). Although a single dose of baclofen demonstrated cough suppression in some individuals, its effect was not significant for the study group as a whole (p = 0.066). The change in cough threshold from baseline (Δlog C5) produced by single doses of codeine and baclofen were not significantly different (p = 0.434). In light of our previous study that demonstrated the significant antitussive effect of a 14-day course of low-dose baclofen, the inability of a single, large dose of baclofen to suppress cough in the current study suggests the need for multiple administrations to achieve the optimal inhibitory effect of this agent.
A cutting plane method for solving harvest scheduling models with area restrictions

Abstract We describe a cutting plane algorithm for an integer programming problem that arises in forest harvest scheduling. Spatial harvest scheduling models optimize the binary decisions of cutting or not cutting forest management units in different time period subject to logistical, economic and environmental restrictions. One of the most common constraints requires that the contiguous size of harvest openings (i.e., clear-cuts) cannot exceed an area threshold in any given time period or over a set of periods called green-up. These so-called adjacency or green-up constraints make the harvest scheduling problem combinatorial in nature and very hard to solve. Our proposed cutting plane algorithm starts with a model without area restrictions and adds constraints only if a violation occurs during optimization. Since violations are less likely if the threshold area is large, the number of constraints is kept to a minimum. The utility of the approach is illustrated by an application, where the landowner needs to assess the cost of forest certification that involves clear-cut size restrictions stricter than what is required by law. We run empirical tests and find that the new method performs best when existing models fail: when the number of units is high or the allowable clear-cut size is large relative to average unit size. Since this scenario is the norm rather than the exception in forestry, we suggest that timber industries would greatly benefit from the method. In conclusion, we describe a series of potential applications beyond forestry.
Carbon isotope fractionation during decomposition of organic matter in soils and paleosols: Implications for paleoecological interpretations of paleosols

Abstract Stable isotope ratios (reported as δ13C) of organic carbon preserved in paleosols have potential utility as a valuable paleoecological indicator if the isotopic composition of paleobiomass is preserved in the paleosol organic carbon without fractionation. However, soil organic matter is in a constant state of decomposition in an open system, and frequently decomposes further during alteration after burial of the paleosol. During this decomposition, kinetic fractionation of 13C/12C in an open system results in concentration of 13C in the residual organic matter preserved in the soil and paleosol. This paper summarizes studies of modern soils which show that this 13C-enrichment follows a Rayleigh distillation process whereby the 13C/12C ratio is a function of the natural logarithm of the fraction of remaining soil organic carbon, leaving soil organic carbon 13C-enriched by up to ∼ 6‰ with respect to the original biomass. If the fraction of original biomass carbon remaining during these decomposition processes deviates significantly from 1, the soil organic carbon can be 13C-enriched by several per mil, and thus not a good paleoecological indicator of the δ13C value of the original biomass. Therefore, effective paleoecological studies of δ13C preserved in paleosol organic carbon must therefore demonstrate that the measured concentration of organic carbon in the paleosol is near its maximum concentration during soil formation, or that the paleosol organic matter does not include the 13C-enriched products of microbial decomposition. Suggestions are made for interpreting the effects of carbon isotope fractionation of organic matter, and for materials and methods most useful for paleoecological studies from bulk paleosol organic carbon.
An abnormally superior vector. (Formerly called marked left axis deviation).

For many years marked left axi,s deviation (mean frontal plane QRS vector of “greater” than -30”) has been considered a diagnostic aid to the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertr0phy.l There are many possible reasons for this belief, including tradition, the frequent association with left ventricular hypertrophy, and the fact that the word “left” is part of the phrase. Although in the past 15 years there has been mounting evidence that “left axis deviation” is not caused by left ventricular hypertrophy per se but by a conduction defect, the tradition appears to have continued. It is difficult to discover where the expression “axis deviation” originated, but the standard definitions defined the mean frontal plane vector in these terms : A vector from 0” to +90° was a normal axis; one of +90° to +lSO’ indicated right axis deviation; and one of 0” to -90” left axis deviation. In some terminologies, an axis between +180” and -90” (northwest) was considered an indeterminate axis since it was not clear, for example, whether $230” (-130’)’ was marked right or marked left axis deviation. Other types of axis deviation were difficult to read, such as the frequent “2 main vectors” in which the first vector was at +40”, and the second at +220” (-140”). (Is the true “axis” or mean vector +130” or --5O”?) This axis was also sometimes called in-
An XML Framework for Simulation and Analysis of Buildings

This study focuses on the problem of how to structure spatial and component based building data with the intention to use it in the simulation and analysis of the performance of buildings. Special attention was paid to the interoperability and optimization of the resulting data files. The study builds its investigation onto XML (Extensible Markup Language) data modeling framework. The authors have studied different ways of arranging building information in XML format for effective data storage and have developed a data modeling framework called bmXML for buildings. Initial results are two-fold: a VBA application was developed to create the appropriate building model in AutoCAD with the intention to write building data in bmXML format, and a JAVA application to view the file thus created. This paper primarily focuses on the former, i.e. the AutoCAD application and the bmXML format.
Plasma Actuator Force Measurements

In previous work at the U.S. Air Force Academy, the phenomenology and behavior of the aerodynamic plasma actuator, a dielectric barrier discharge plasma, was investigated. To provide insight into the phenomenology associated with the transfer of momentum to air by a plasma actuator, the velocity distributions upstream and downstream of a plasma actuator with an induced boundary layer were measured using freestream velocities of approximately 4.6 and 6.8 m/s for a range of frequencies (5-20 kHz) and voltages (5-10-kV amplitude). The body forces on the air were calculated using a control volume momentum balance. In a second experiment, time-averaged results were also obtained by measuring the reaction force using a pendulum. A third experiment uses an accelerometer to gain insight into the time-dependent forces or, more specifically, the direction of the forces. The results show that the body force acts within the first 4 mm above the surface of the actuator (within the boundary layer). For a constant peak-to-peak voltage, the body force is proportional to frequency, producing a constant impulse per cycle, and the energy dissipation per cycle and efficiency are independent of frequency. The time-dependent measurements support the theory that the body force of the actuator consists of one large push followed by one small pull during each cycle.
Adaptive control strategies for cooperative dual‐arm manipulators

Three strategies for adaptive control of cooperative dual-arm robots are discussed. Implementation of these adaptive controllers does not require the use of complex mathematical models of the arm dynamics or knowledge of the arm dynamic parameters or load parameters. These strategies have simple structures, and are computationally fast for on-line implementation with high sampling rates. In all three cases, the coupling effects between the arms through the load are treated as disturbances which are rejected by the adaptive controllers while following desired commands in a common frame of reference. Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the controllers.
Effects of insulin on the uptake and metabolism of glucose by rat skin in vitro.

The effects of insulin on the uptake of glucose by rat skin and the flow of glucose carbon into lipids and CO2 were investigated. The rate of glucose uptake varied from 0.98 to 3.19 mg (5.4–17.7 μmoles)/hr/g of skin, and insulin enhanced the uptake 24–59% in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, and 55–108% in Krebs-Ringer, phosphate buffer. Epinephrine (1 μg/ml) by itself had little or no effect on glucose uptake2 but together with insulin, had a synergistic effect. Experiments with [U-14C] glucose, [1-14C] glucose and [6-14C] glucose indicated that both the pentose cycle and the glycolytic pathway are operative in the skin, and glucose is an effective precursor for lipid synthesis in this tissue. Under the in vitro conditions, with 100 mg % of glucose in the incubation medium, 1 g of skin converted 300–400 natoms of glucose carbon into lipids per hour, and produced 400–600 nmoles of CO2 from glucose per hour. Insulin stimulated the activities in both the pentose cycle and the glycolytic pathway and enhanced about 60% lipid synthesis and CO2 formation. These results illustrated the potential usefulness of skin as a convenient tissue for the study of the actions of insulin.
Improving mediation quality: You, too, can do this in your area

Following up on the recent release of the ABA Section of Dispute Resolution's mediation quality report, task force member and regular Alternatives contributor John Lande, of Columbia, Mo., discusses how to use the report's “Tool Kit for Improving the Quality of Mediation in Your Geographic or Practice Area.” The tool kit is a step-by-step guide to holding focus groups that analyze the nitty gritty of mediation work, and producing a study that allows for application.
Spectral study of bichromatics: Biuret-protein and glucose-hexokinase reactions as visible-ultraviolet models for turbidity

Abstract A model was devised for the study of the analytical effectiveness of bichromatic spectral measurements when faced with a severe interference such as turbidity. This was accomplished by using the biuret reaction of serum proteins to investigate the midvisible range and the 340-nm spectral peak of the NADPH produced in a hexokinase-based glucose reaction for the ultraviolet range. Two different bichromatic pairs that are currently used for the biuret reaction were compared in which the side-wavelengths were on either the blue or the red side of the peak maximum (540–650 and 550-510 nm, respectively), while the most common ultraviolet wavelength pair (340–383 nm) was used for the glucose reaction. Single wavelength absorbance peak measurements were also included in this study in which Intralipid, a total parenteral nutrition solution, served as a controlled source of the interference, turbidity. By using single wavelength measurements for comparison to bichromatic determination, one could determine if advantages accrue to one or the other in the face of light scatter. Although Intralipid does not mimic natural hyperlipemia perfectly, choosing it allowed us to use uncontaminated preparations as a baseline to which we could compare the same specimens deliberately contaminated with known amounts of turbid substances. The concentrations obtained in this manner showed marked deviations from those values for protein and glucose known to be present in the studied turbid mixtures. These findings indicate that there may be shortcomings to bichromatics if it is used as a means of correcting for interference when the constraints inherent in such a process are not observed. The limitations of the bichromatic measurement process that should be kept in mind are discussed here.
The pathogenesis and medical management of glaucoma

The term glaucoma applies to a group of diseases in which an elevated pressure in the eye causes optic nerve damage resulting in visual loss. Current medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma is designed to lower intraocular pressure to a level at which no further optic nerve damage occurs. This review serves to describe the following aspects of glaucoma and its treatment: aqueous humor dynamics and elevation of intraocular pressure; the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage; the nature of visual loss from glaucoma; the modern medical management of glaucoma; and a discussion of a new drug, forskolin, with potential for clinical use in the treatment of glaucoma.
Medical Robots: Current Systems and Research Directions

First used medically in 1985, robots now make an impact in laparoscopy, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, emergency response, and various other medical disciplines. This paper provides a review of medical robot history and surveys the capabilities of current medical robot systems, primarily focusing on commercially available systems while covering a few prominent research projects. By examining robotic systems across time and disciplines, trends are discernible that imply future capabilities of medical robots, for example, increased usage of intraoperative images, improved robot arm design, and haptic feedback to guide the surgeon.
The in-focus variable line spacing plane grating monochromator

Abstract The in-focus variable line spacing plane grating monochromator is based on only two plane optical elements, a variable line spacing plane grating and a plane pre-mirror that illuminates the grating at the angle of incidence that will focus the required photon energy. A high throughput beamline requires only a third optical element after the exit slit, an aberration corrected elliptical toroid. Since plane elements can be manufactured with the smallest figure errors, this monochromator design can achieve very high resolving power. Furthermore, this optical design can correct the deformations induced by the heat load on the optics along the dispersion plane. This should allow obtaining a resolution of 10 meV at 1 keV with currently achievable figure errors on plane optics. The position of the photon source when an insertion device center is not located at the center of the straight section, a common occurrence in new insertion device beamlines, is investigated.
Transmission electron-microscope observations of the structure of electrolytically deposited copper and its annealing behaviour

Abstract Transmission electron-microscope studies have been made of high purity copper samples electrolytically deposited at room temperature from an acid copper electrolyte at current densities of 1·1, 2·7 and 5·4 A/dm 2 . Samples were deposited in the bulk and thinned for observation. The microstructure was dominated by very fine growth twins at the low deposition rates; the higher deposition rates reduced the number of twins, and increased the number of dislocation tangles and grown-in stacking faults. Annealing the 2·7 A/dm 2 samples at 150°C increased the dislocation density, while at higher temperatures recrystallization occurred. Samples deposited in cyanide and pyrophosphate copper baths showed a very fine grain size.
Guided acoustic traveling wave lens for high-speed optical scanners

Acoustic traveling wave lenses are useful devices to improve the performances of acoustooptical scanners and other optical scanners. A guided acoustic wave version of the traveling wave lens has been investigated for potential reduction of the power consumption of acoustic traveling wave lenses. Resolution gain as high as 35 has been demonstrated. The smallest focused spot which has been experimentally observed is less than 18 μm. Approximately a factor of 25 in device power saving is feasible over the bulk version devices. Smaller focal spot as well as higher resolution gain is possible according to the theoretical studies. To realize the ultimate guided acoustic traveling wave lens performances, a design procedure is outlined together with a list of potential materials for the optimal design of such devices.
Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V

The fifth factor in lexical studies of trait adjectives is commonly interpreted as Intellect, whereas the corresponding factor derived from questionnaire studies is typically identified as Openness...
Georgia Tech Studies of Sub-Critical Advanced Burner Reactors with a D-T Fusion Tokamak Neutron Source for the Transmutation of Spent Nuclear Fuel

The possibility that a tokamak D-T fusion neutron source, based on ITER physics and technology, could be used to drive sub-critical, fast-spectrum nuclear reactors fueled with the transuranics (TRU) in spent nuclear fuel discharged from conventional nuclear reactors has been investigated at Georgia Tech in a series of studies which are summarized in this paper. It is found that sub-critical operation of such fast transmutation reactors is advantageous in allowing longer fuel residence time, hence greater TRU burnup between fuel reprocessing stages, and in allowing higher TRU loading without compromising safety, relative to what could be achieved in a similar critical transmutation reactor. The required plasma and fusion technology operating parameter range of the fusion neutron source is generally within the anticipated operational range of ITER. The implications of these results for fusion development policy, if they hold up under more extensive and detailed analysis, is that a D-T fusion tokamak neutron source for a sub-critical transmutation reactor, built on the basis of the ITER operating experience, could possibly be a logical next step after ITER on the path to fusion electrical power reactors. At the same time, such an application would allow fusion to contribute to meeting the nation’s energy needs at an earlier stage by helping to close the fission reactor nuclear fuel cycle.
Viridamides A and B, lipodepsipeptides with antiprotozoal activity from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria nigro-viridis.

Parallel chemical and phylogenetic investigation of a marine cyanobacterium from Panama led to the isolation of two new PKS-NRPS-derived compounds, viridamides A and B. Their structures were determined by NMR and mass spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations assigned by Marfey’s method and chiral HPLC analysis. In addition to six standard, N-methylated amino and hydroxy acids, these metabolites contained the structurally novel 5-methoxydec-9-ynoic acid moiety and an unusual proline methyl ester terminus. Morphologically, this cyanobacterium was identified as Oscillatoria nigro-viridis, and its 16S rDNA sequence is reported here for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequence data has identified O. nigro-viridis strain OSC3L to be closely related to two other marine cyanobacterial genera, Trichodesmium and Blennothrix. Viridamide A showed antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 of 1.1 μM and antileishmanial activity with an IC50 of 1.5 μM.
Mapping the orbital wavefunction of the surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators

Understanding the structure of the wavefunction is essential for depicting the surface states of a topological insulator. Owing to the inherent strong spin‐orbit coupling, the conventional hand-waving picture of the Dirac surface state with a single chiral spin texture is incomplete, as this ignores the orbital components of the Dirac wavefunction and their coupling to the spin textures. Here, by combining orbital-selective angle-resolved photoemission experiments and first-principles calculations, we deconvolve the in-plane and out-of-plane p-orbital components of the Dirac wavefunction. The in-plane orbital wavefunction is asymmetric relative to the Dirac point. It is predominantly tangential (radial) to the k-space constant energy surfaces above (below) the Dirac point. This orbital texture switch occurs exactly at the Dirac point, and therefore should be intrinsic to the topological physics. Our results imply that the Dirac wavefunction has a spin‐orbital texture—a superposition of orbital wavefunctions coupled with the corresponding spin textures.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage bacteria on smoked salmon during storage at 5 °C after X-ray irradiation.

Abstract In this study, smoked salmon fillets were artificially inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes (3.7 ± 0.2 log CFU g −1 ) and treated with X-ray irradiation generated by a RS 2400 X-ray machine (Rad Source Technologies Inc.) using doses of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kGy. Unirradiated and irradiated samples were then stored at 5 °C for 35 days and tested for L. monocytogenes count after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days. Also, uninoculated-untreated and uninoculated-treated samples with the lowest and highest X-ray doses (0.1 and 2.0 kGy) were stored at 5 °C and examined for psychrotrophs and mesophiles counts after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days. The initial L. monocytogenes population (3.7 log CFU g −1 ) was significantly ( p −1 ) by treatment with 1.0 kGy X-ray. Treatment with 0.1 kGy X-ray significantly reduced the initial psychrotrophs and mesophiles counts from 5.3 and 3.0 to 3.3 and 2.3, respectively. However, L. monocytogenes, psychrotrophs and mesophiles counts were gradually increased during storage. Treatment with 2.0 kGy X-ray kept the L. monocytogenes population under detectable level until 35 days. Treatment with 2.0 kGy X-ray kept the mesophiles and psychrotrophs counts within the acceptable level until 35 days. These results revealed that treatment with X-ray irradiation can significantly reduce the risk of listeriosis and extend the shelf life of smoked salmon during storage at 5 °C.
Alpha-7 and alpha-4 nicotinic receptor subunit immunoreactivity in genioglossus muscle motoneurons.

Abstract In the present study, immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde labeling techniques were used to determine if hypoglossal motoneurons (HMNs), retrogradely labeled after cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) injection to the genioglossus muscle in rats, show immunoreactivity for alpha-7 and alpha-4 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). CTB-positive HMNs projecting to the genioglossus muscle were consistently labeled throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the hypoglossal nuclei with the greatest labeling at and caudal to area postrema. Alpha-7 subunit immunoreactivity was found in 39.44 ± 5.10% of 870 CTB-labeled motoneurons and the alpha-4 subunit in 51.01 ± 3.71% of 983 CTB-positive neurons. Rostrally, the number of genioglossal motoneurons demonstrating immunoreactivity for the alpha-7 subunit was 45.85 ± 10.04% compared to 34.96 ± 5.11% at and caudal to area postrema ( P > 0.1). The number of genioglossal motoneurons that showed immunoreactivity for the alpha-4 subunit was 55.03 ± 4.83% at and caudal to area postrema compared to 42.98 ± 3.90% in rostral areas ( P = 0.074). These results demonstrate that nAChR immunoreactivity is present in genioglossal motoneurons and suggest a role for alpha-7 and alpha-4 subunits containing nAChRs in the regulation of upper airway patency.
Anticytokine therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: from the pipette to the patient

Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have been developed that antagonise the actions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). However, as many as 30% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with the currently approved agents either do not respond or fail to maintain their clinical response over time. This necessitates the development of other anticytokine therapies to treat several inflammatory disorders. This article will briefly review data on agents under development that target IL-6, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-17.
The Principal as Instructional Leader: Past Influences and Current Resources:

What constitutes instructional leader ship? To whom do principals turn for advice on such leadership? The study reported here sought to answer such questions.
Mean flow and noise measurements in a Mach 3.5 pilot quiet tunnel

The use of Mach 3.5 two-dimensional rapid expansion nozzle for wind tunnel testing at supersonic speeds and low noise conditions encountered in high altitude flights is described. The supersonic pilot quiet tunnel is located at the NASA Langley Research Center and a description of the facility is provided, along with instrumentation and noise measurement test data at 30, 50, and 75 psia. The mean pitot pressure distributions, rms noise levels, the effect of unit Reynolds number, wall waviness, wall contaminants, and the effects of closing the bleed valve are analyzed. Typical laminar and turbulent spectra are presented, along with a summary of the effect of slot throat adjustment on the power spectra. Comparisons are made of the power spectra with the bleed valve open and closed, and of the rms fluctuating pressures with levels from conventional nozzles, and the performance capabilities are evaluated for use in transition studies.
Reproduction of Eyestalk-Ablated Penaeus stylirostris Fed Various Levels of Total Dietary Lipid

Effects of total dietary lipid (TDL) on reproduction of Penaeus srylirostris were compared using a series of diets ranging from 7.8% to 13.9% TDL. In addition, a commercial feed was compared to the experimental feeds, and a single fresh diet component (squid as 40% of diet) was compared to a multiple fresh component portion (squid, bloodworms, shrimp, and brine shrimp as 40% of diet). The control diet consisted of the four fresh components in equal proportions. Significant differences among diet treatments during 87 days of evaluation were observed for mean percent hatch, number of nauplii per spawn, and percent females mating per night. A new parameter, protozoea I length, was evaluated also and appeared to be a sensitive measure of treatment differences. In general, the all-fresh component diet (control) and diets with multiple fresh components performed better than those with a squid-only component. Among the three diets varying only in total lipid content, the middle level (11.1% TDL) treatment means were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the highest lipid treatment (13.9% TDL) based on number of nauplii per spawn, percent females mating per night, and protozoea length. The middle level treatment means were also higher than the low lipid level tested (7.8% TDL) for these parameters, but only protozwa length was significantly higher (P < 0.01). In the best treatment (100% Fresh), there were 189,000 ± 10,300 eggs per spawn (mean ± SE), 103,000 ± 10,400 nauplii per spawn, 51.3 ± 4.3 percent hatch (N = 64), and 7.0 ± 0.7 percent females mating per night (N= 174). The High Lipid treatment, in which the poorest results were obtained, produced 164,000 ± 11,100 eggs per spawn, 39,000 ± 9,400 nauplii per spawn, 23.0 ± 4.8 percent hatch (N = 40) and 3.9 ± 0.5 percent females mating per night (N= 174). Results indicate that dietary lipid levels affect reproduction and that 10% to 11% total lipid produced better results than 7.8% and 13.9%.
Cultural Discovery: An Innovative Philosophy for Creative Learning Activities:

The purpose of this article is to describe a philosophical approach for integrating general transcultural nursing concepts and skills within a first semester associate degree nursing course. The authors wished to design a learning activity that would provide meaningful experiences and stimulate critical thinking among nontraditional, culturally diverse students who must learn to care for many clients of diverse cultural backgrounds. With a focus on culture, aging, and health, this creative learner-centered approach, called Cultural Discovery, emphasizes learning outcomes in both the cognitive and affective domains. Cultural Discovery includes several components in conjunction with the Leininger Acculturation Health Care Assessment Enabler for Cultural patterns in Traditional and Nontraditional Lifeways, specifically: background reading assignments, classroom activity component, collaborative library introductory program, videotape program, interview, literature review, reflection, and written paper assignment. Implemented over an eight week period, Cultural Discovery assisted beginning nursing students to systematically conduct a basic general cultural assessment, identify some similarities and differences among individuals within cultural groups, distinguish between varying dimensions of acculturation, and discover the importance of culturally congruent nursing care.
Predominance of glycolysis in pericentral regions of the liver lobule

Infusion of 2 mM ethanol into perfused liver from fed rats increased the rate of oxygen uptake concomitant with the decrease in the rate of glycolysis (lactate + pyruvate production). A linear correlation (r = 0.92) was observed between the increase in the rate of oxygen uptake and the decrease in the rate of lactate + pyruvate production determined on the whole organ by the difference between influent minus effluent concentration. Miniature oxygen electrodes (tip diameter, 50 micron) were then placed on periportal or pericentral regions of the lobule on the liver surface, and local rates of oxygen uptake were determined by stopping the flow of perfusate and monitoring the rate of decrease of oxygen concentration ('stopped-flow oxygen uptake technique'). During perfusion in the anterograde direction, ethanol infusion (2 mM) increased rates of oxygen uptake about twofold more in pericentral (15 mumol X g-1 X h-1) than in periportal (7 mumol X g-1 X h-1) regions of the liver lobule in livers from well-fed rats. In contrast, ethanol did not affect the rate of oxygen uptake significantly in either region of the liver lobule in livers from fasted rats. Glucose (30 mM) decreased oxygen concentrations initially in both regions of the liver lobule when infused into livers from fasted rats perfused in the anterograde direction. Subsequently, glucose increased the oxygen concentration in pericentral but not periportal regions of the liver lobule. This increase in regional oxygen concentration correlated temporally (r = 0.99) with increases in rates of glycolysis. The addition of ethanol in the presence of glucose reduced the rate of lactate + pyruvate production and increased the rate of oxygen uptake predominantly in pericentral regions. These data are consistent with the following interpretation. Ethanol metabolism elevates NADH in both periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule causing redox inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and decreased rates of glycolytic ATP synthesis. The ADP not phosphorylated in the cytosol then moves into the mitochondrion and stimulates oxygen uptake. Since ethanol and glucose elevated oxygen uptake to a greater extent in pericentral regions of the liver lobule, it is concluded that glycolysis predominates in hepatocytes located proximal to the central vein during perfusion in the anterograde direction. When similar experiments were performed with perfusion in the retrograde direction, glycolysis was localized in periportal regions of the liver lobule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Analysis of investments in autonomous maintenance activities

In this paper, we model the situation where operator maintenance activities improve the failure process of equipment. We analyze the business decision to reduce both the mean and variance of the production cycle time and the overall inventory level through an investment in planned autonomous maintenance. We answer: (i) when do optimal autonomous maintenance decisions most improve inventory levels?; and (ii) how do capacity restrictions, equipment characteristics the maintenance response function, and product characteristics impact the autonomous maintenance investment decision? Extensive numerical analyses are performed to develop an approximation to the optimal response for both inventory and autonomous maintenance investments over a wide range of problem parameters. Our solutions provide guidelines on how much time should be invested in autonomous maintenance activities and describe when companies can most benefit from autonomous maintenance programs that increase equipment reliability. We determine the investment in autonomous maintenance activities as a function of available capacity, equipment reliability and demand characteristics.
The Value of Information Systems to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Information and Communications Technologies as Signal and Symbol of Legitimacy and Competitiveness

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face more serious challenges to their survival than do larger firms. To succeed, SMEs must establish and maintain credibility in the marketplace to attract the resources required for survival. Most co-opt legitimacy by mimicking the cues that signal credibility to convince potential stakeholders that something stands behind their promises. This research examines the role of information and communications technology (ICT) in legitimacy-building from the perspective of both SME founders and customers. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in a variety of industries to determine whether the ICT-related legitimacy schema from the customersâ€™ perspective differs substantially from that of firm founders. Results indicate that customers compare the ICT information provided in SMEâ€™s sales pitches to pre-existing ICT expectations about the nature of desirable sales transactions. We describe the relationship between violations of ICT expectations, legitimacy, and purchase decisions. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
The Validity of Scores From Alternative Methods of Assessing Spelling Achievement

The purpose of this study was to gather evidence to examine the validity of alternative methods for assessing the spelling achievements of students in Grades 2-7. Students in Grades 2, 3, 5, and 7 took both a dictation spelling test and an objective spelling test. Scores from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were available for nearly all students. Comparisons among item formats centered on difficulty, content coverage and efficiency, reliability, relationship with dictation scores, the influence of context, and relationship to overall achievement. Overall, no single objective format stood out above the others, but some demonstrated superiority to the dictation format on several dimensions. Despite the recent shifts in language instruction toward whole language approaches, considerable importance is still placed on spelling ability as a learning outcome. Districts that do not use a spelling series generally use a spelling program (and grade-level lists), and the Friday spelling quiz is still commonplace. Both teachers and parents want children to use correct spelling in written work even though they tolerate and encourage the inventive spelling most children demonstrate in the early stages of literacy development. Teachers sometimes express doubt about whether objective tests can measure the spelling achievement of their students as well as the common weekly dictation spelling test does. The dictation test is widely accepted and widely used partly because it requires students to produce correct spelling rather than recognize correct or incorrect spellings. There is a strong belief that those who are good at the latter are not necessarily good at the former, and vice versa. Although teachers tend to use dictation tests for classroom assessment purposes, all standardized achievement batteries that measure spelling achievement use an objective item format. And because test publishers do not all use the same format, there is interest in determining whether one format is superior to the others or whether each may be equally effective, as judged by several psychometric and practical criteria. Furthermore, in view of the high level of interest in the whole language approach to teaching language arts, the effectiveness of objective formats that parallel or simulate the writing or editing processes is of interest. Croft (1982) concluded from his thorough literature review, which spanned the period 1936-1980, that scores on various types of spelling tests are highly related and that objective scores based on different item formats are more highly related to each other than to a criterion variable. In most of the studies Croft
The Success of Failure: The Paradox of Performance Pay

This normative article examines the contemporary record of pay-for-performance plans in the federal government.These programs, extending back nearly two generations, have consistently malfunctioned. Nonetheless, the state of the field today is one of continued attempts to use the technique despite agency history and research data that document its problematic nature. Based on scholarly literature, news media reports, and interview data, the analysis assesses the practical experience, policy findings, and political realities of this compensation method. The discussion raises questions about rational decision-making models and suggests that belief in performance pay is akin to an urban legend.
Characterization of microstructure and crystal orientation of the tin phase in single shear lap Sn-3.5Ag solder joint specimens

Abstract Tin-based solder joints are often near single or multi-crystalline and not polycrystalline, determined by comparing orientations measured using OIM on opposite sides of two solder joints. Comparison with 17 other joints indicated no preferred solidification orientation, though the likelihood for the tin c -axis to be in the plane of the joint is low.
Response: Complement in antibody therapy for lymphoma: both a help and a hindrance?

Beers, Cragg, and Glennie have made major contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of anti-CD20 antibodies, and we appreciate their thoughtful response to our manuscript.[1][1] As they have cited, there are animal models that suggest complement-dependent lysis contributes to
Analysis of exoplanet light curves with the New Worlds Observer

The orbital light curve of a terrestrial exoplanet will likely contain valuable information about the surface and atmospheric features of the planet, both in its overall shape and hourly variations. We have constructed an empirically based code capable of simulating observations with a New Worlds Observatory of Earth from any orientation, at any time of year with continuously updated cloud and terrain coverage. By simulating these observations over a full orbital revolution we determine that the detection of liquid surface water is possible during crescent phases of planetary systems at high inclinations, while the detection of an obliquity / seasonal terrain change is possible at low inclinations. A New Worlds Observer can accurately determine the rotation rate of the planet more than 50% of the time given only 5 days of observations with a S/N of ~10.
Texture analysis and tissue segmentation of cryosection images

This paper outlines the exploration of two methods to detect texture in a digital cryosection image from the Visible Human Project. For the purpose of this research, texture is defined as a regular or irregular placement of color in an image. A higher-level decision-making algorithm was employed to extract different body tissues: fat, muscle, and bone. This algorithm was designed on the premise that each body tissue has a different visible texture. Another method utilized an artificial intelligence approach, a neural net, to extract textured tissues. Each problem demands a unique neural net; hence, this neural net is customized in terms of the image dataset and the goal of texture detection.
Optical bioassay for measuring sublethal toxicity of insecticides in Daphnia pulex

Many emerging contaminants tend to be biologically active at very low concentrations, occur in water as part of complex mixtures, and impact biota in ways that are not detected using traditional toxicity tests (e.g., median lethal concentration). To evaluate emerging contaminants, the authors developed a method for detecting sublethal behavioral effects by quantifying the swimming behavior of Daphnia pulex, a model organism for studying aquatic toxicity. This optical tracking technique is capable of measuring many swimming parameters, 2 of which-cumulative distance and angular change-are presented. To validate this technique, 2 prototypical compounds that exhibit different modes of action as well as corresponding insecticides that are commonly found in surface waters were investigated. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor physostigmine was used as the prototypical compound for the large number of AChE inhibitor insecticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos). Nicotine was used as the prototypical compound for neonicotinoid insecticides (e.g., imidacloprid). Results demonstrate that this assay is capable of detecting sublethal behavioral effects that are concentration-dependent and that insecticides with the same mode of action yield similar results. The method can easily be scaled up to serve as a high-throughput screening tool to detect sublethal toxic effects of a variety of chemicals. This method is likely to aid in enhancing the current understanding of emerging contaminants and to serve as a novel water-quality screening tool.
Cardiovirus 2A Protein Associates with 40S but Not 80S Ribosome Subunits during Infection

Host translation shutoff induced in picornavirus-infected cells is a well-known phenomenon. The mechanisms by which separate genera of the picornavirus family achieve this shutoff differ. This study examined alterations in the cellular translational components in HeLa cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a cardiovirus. In agreement with previous reports, EMCV induced a marked decrease in host mRNA translation. The inhibition correlated with the appearance of a significantly enhanced 80S peak in cells and a concomitant decrease in polysome abundance. Characterization of the 80S material revealed that these ribosomes were virtually devoid of mRNA. Viral protein 2A was tightly associated with some of the free 40S ribosome subunits, but it was not present in the 80S pool which accumulated after infection. Expression of 2A protein in cells in the absence infection was able to modulate the cellular translational environment to increase the ratio of internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation to cap-dependent translation of a reporter construct. The results provide further evidence for a role of 2A protein in the mechanism of cardiovirus-induced host translational shutoff.