cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of speeders on freeway ramps

A mobile recording system, with integrated laser speed gun, video from CCD-cameras, digital recorder and auxiliary battery system, was used to observe driving behavior at ramp metering of freeway. Cameras were mounted on a soft shoulder to record: traffic-light status and driving speed from laser speed gun. In addition, one of cameras with telephoto lens focused on windshield of vehicle to catch drivers' characteristics (i.e. age, gender) and vehicle type. After removal of instances of interference, 1538 driving behaviors were recorded. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the risk of speeding as a function of covariates and interaction terms. The results of analysis revealed that the major contributing factors for approaching speed were traffic-light condition, vehicle type and drivers' gender. Analysis of binary logistic regression showed that male van drivers had the greatest speeding propensity in our sample (OR = 24.36). The relative risk of speeding for traveling in passenger absence is four times higher than for passenger presence. Moreover, present results confirm that vehicle- type effects vary with traffic light condition. The results of the present study may provide meaningful information applicable to the design and operation of ramp metering system.
Simple Regulatory Control of the Eastman Process

A simple regulatory control structure is proposed for the Eastman process that provides more effective control of the production rate than more complex strategies previously proposed in the literature. Stripper bottoms is simply flow controlled, and level controls are arranged in a direction opposite to the process flows. Common heuristics are shown to provide an effective, stable control system. Drastic disturbances are easily handled by overrides. An important feature of the structure is the use of proportional-only controllers on all loops in this integrating system.
Bluegrass: A History

Beginning with the musical cultures of the American South in the 1920s and 1930s, "Bluegrass: A History" traces the genre through its pivotal developments during the era of Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys in the forties. It describes early bluegrass' role in postwar country music, its trials following the appearance of rock and roll, its embracing by the folk music revival, and the invention of bluegrass festivals in the mid-sixties. Neil V. Rosenberg details the transformation of this genre into a self-sustaining musical industry in the seventies and eighties is detailed and, in a supplementary preface written especially for this new edition, he surveys developments in the bluegrass world during the last twenty years. Featuring an amazingly extensive bibliography, discography, notes, and index, this book is one of the most complete and thoroughly researched books on bluegrass ever written.
Use of Katharometers in Gas Chromatography

IN a recent communication1, Ray attacks the tenet that “the use of hydrogen or helium as the carrier gas in gas Chromatography gives the highest sensitivity with a thermal conductivity detector”. He derives an equation describing katharometer behaviour from which he infers that the carrier gas with the lowest thermal conductivity will give the highest sensitivity. He concludes that nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide will provide greater sensitivity than hydrogen or helium. We wish to point out that the conclusion drawn from this equation does not follow generally, although it may be valid in certain instances. Furthermore, a basic assumption in Ray's derivation is contrary to the usual operating procedure for katharometers.
Variability of the center of pressure pattern integral during walking

The objective of this study was to measure the between-trial variability of the center of pressure pattern integral (COPPI) at the shoe-floor interface and within the shoe. Ten trials of the COPPI were recorded simultaneously at the shoe-floor interface and within the shoe as ten subjects walked over ground in standardized footwear and with two types of foot orthoses. While the results showed that the within-shoe shoe-only and soft orthoses conditions caused the greatest decrease in the COPPI, it was extremely inconsistent-between trials, whether measured at the shoe-floor interface or within the shoe. This suggests that the COPPI is not an acceptable method of assessing the effectiveness of foot orthoses.
What should we do about Hypertriglyceridemia in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Triglycerides are routinely obtained with standard lipid testing, but their role in cardiovascular risk is controversial. An excess of triglycerides is commonly encountered in patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes, and represents an excess burden of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which confers additive risk for cardiovascular disease. Current guidelines prioritize LDL targets first, but treatment of triglycerides once LDL targets are achieved bears consideration. Beyond lifestyle modification, potential pharmacologic therapies include statins, fibrates, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids and antidiabetic drugs. There are few trials to date comparing these agents directly in the management of hypertriglyceridemia, but available data seems to demonstrate that the greatest benefit of triglyceride lowering is experienced in a subgroup of patients with an atherogenic lipid profile (elevated triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated small, dense LDL particles). Here, we discuss the current understanding of how triglyceride elevations impart cardiovascular risk, current therapies and the data supporting their use, and ongoing studies to elucidate the degree to which treatment of triglycerides modifies risk of future cardiovascular events.
Collops vittatus (Coleoptera: Malachiidae) : Development at Constant Temperatures

Collops vittatus (Say) is an abundant insect predator in Arizona alfalfa and cotton fields, and recent studies by Orphanides et al. (1971) indicate that a related species, C. marginellus (LeConte), is a potentially important predator of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Walker (1957) studied the biology of C. vittatus at College Station, Tex., and Nielson and Henderson (1959) studied it at Tempe, Ariz., but neither of these studies evaluated development rate in relation to temperature. The following study was undertaken to determine the development of C. vittatus in relation to temperature.
Linking the university and the social agency in collaborative evaluation research: principles and examples

This paper presents an analysis of components of successful social work evaluation research practice. Among the key obstacles to successful evaluations of social work intervention are the impoverished knowledge base on which many social work interventions are based, the isolation of researchers and practitioners in the conduct of evaluations, and during research implementation failure to cope with the changing field context. To remedy this situation social work needs to invest in university and social agency partnerships focussed on knowledge building for the profession. In such partnerships the traditional roles of the researcher and the practitioner are altered so that shared responsibility for knowledge development is possible. In addition, to deal with changing field contexts the research team needs to be continuously engaged in problem solving and redesign. An initial example of such a partnership is described together with a case study illustrating implementation of a multi-site field experiment evaluation.
Teachers, Families, and Communities Supporting English Language Learners in Inclusive Pre-Kindergartens: An Evaluation of a Professional Development Model

The purpose of the Teachers, Families, and Communities Supporting English Language Learners (TFC) project was to implement and evaluate a sustainable model of high-quality professional development focused on improving inclusive pre-kindergarten services for English Language Learners (ELL) and their families. The professional development program consisted of three interactive training sessions and on-site classroom coaching visits. The project evaluation consisted of an assessment of the professional development program (i.e., the training sessions and coaching) and teachers' self-assessments of their beliefs and practices. Results indicate that the professional development program supported pre-kindergarten teachers in their efforts to be responsive to ELL children in their classrooms and with their families. Results also indicate that pre-kindergarten teachers are in need of continued support as they work with linguistically and culturally diverse children and their families. Implications for future professional development focused on English Language Learners are discussed.
Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Blockade Abolishes Brain Microvascular Inflammation and Heat Shock Protein Responses in Hypertensive Rats

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation enhance vulnerability to hypertensive brain damage. To explore the participation of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the mechanism of vulnerability to cerebral ischemia during hypertension, we examined the expression of inflammatory factors and the heat shock protein (HSP) response in cerebral microvessels from spontaneously hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls, Wistar Kyoto rats. We treated animals with vehicle or the Ang II AT(1) receptor antagonist candesartan, 0.3 mg/kg/day, via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks. Spontaneously hypertensive rats expressed higher Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor protein and mRNA than normotensive controls. Candesartan decreased the macrophage infiltration and reversed the enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta mRNA and nuclear factor-kappaB in microvessels in hypertensive rats. The transcription of many HSP family genes, including HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90, and heat shock factor-1 was higher in hypertensive rats and was downregulated by AT(1) receptor blockade. Our results suggest a proinflammatory action of Ang II through AT(1) receptor stimulation in cerebral microvessels during hypertension, and very potent antiinflammatory effects of the Ang II AT(1) receptor antagonist. These compounds might be considered as potential therapeutic agents against ischemic and inflammatory diseases of the brain.
The Effects of Peer Coaching on the Evaluation Knowledge, Skills, and Concerns of Gifted Program Administrators:

To increase knowledge and skills in program evaluation, a peer-coaching intervention provided one-on-one professional development to gifted program administrators. This randomized field study examined the effects of peer coaching on evaluation knowledge and skills and on administrators’ concerns about implementing more rigorous program evaluations. In addition, the peer-coaching intervention focused on increased access to program services for culturally diverse and low-income gifted learners. Results revealed a statistically significant increase in gifted administrators’ knowledge of and skills in program evaluation attributed to the peer-coaching intervention. Peer-coached program administrators were less distracted and more focused on implementing program evaluation and reported decreased concerns about implementing them. Peer coaching did not increase placements for culturally diverse and low-income learners in program services; however, peer coaching positively affected referral rate for traditionally...
The association of attitudes toward stuttering with selected variables

Abstract The Stuttering Inventory, designed to assess knowledge about and identify attitudes toward stuttering was completed by 203 subjects. The relative contributions of age, gender, years of education, knowledge about stuttering, number of people who stutter personally known, number of stuttering courses completed, and possession of the Certificate of Clinical Competence in speech-language pathology towards the prediction of attitudes toward people who stutter, their parents, and the efficacy of therapy were examined. Possessing the Certificate of Clinical Competence was the most reliable predictor of attitude scores. The limitations of this study and related research efforts using paper and pencil assessments of attitudes toward stuttering are discussed.
Effects of haloperidol and SCH 23390 on acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition under basal and stimulated conditions

Abstract Schwarzkopf, Steven B., John P. Bruno, and Tanmoy Mitra: Differential Effects of Haloperidol and SCH 23390 on Acoustic Startle and Prepulse Inhibition Under Basal and Stimulated Conditions. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1993, 17(6): 1023–1036. 1. 1. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent startle testing for assessment of baseline startle amplitude and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. 2. 2. Animals were tested after administration of either: saline, a selective D1 dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist, a relatively selective D2 DA antagonist, or combined low dose D1 and D2 antagonists. 3. 3. Changes due to antagonists were assessed with and without administration of the D1 D2 agonist apomorphine. 4. 4. Testing without apomorphine stimulation showed that both D1 and D2 antagonists reduce baseline startle and enhance PPI. Further, the two antagonists exhibited a synergistic interaction. 5. 5. Testing with apomorphine showed that D1 and D2 antagonists reduce apomorphineinduced startle enhancement. Again, the two exhibited a synergistic interaction. 6. 6. For PPI, the D2 but not D1 antagonist reduced the apomorphine effect. However, the D1 antagonist potentiated the effect of the D2 antagonist.
The response of the hypophysectomized cyprinodont, Fundulus heteroclitus, to replacement therapy with cortisol: effects on blood serum and sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase in the gills, kidney, and intestinal mucosa.

Regulation of the inorganic constituents of the serum is nearly perfect in hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus maintained in salt water, although serum Cl is lower. Chronic treatment with cortisol had no effect on serum Na or serum Ca; serum K and serum Cl decreased, serum inorganic PO4 and serum Mg increased. Na + K-ATPase activity increased in cortisol-treated fish in three organs that participate in osmoregulation: the gills, the kidneys (males only), and the intestinal mucosa. The increase in the gills can be correlated with a restoration of total Na exchange, previously reported by Mayer and Maetz (1967). The increased activity in the intestine, previously reported by Hirano et al. (1967) in Anguilla japonica, is presumably associated with the increased rate of Na turnover. Increased activity in the kidneys may reflect an increase in the glomerular filtration rate and (or) a restoration of renal Na retention. Other effects of cortisol are: a decrease in body weight, an increase in the abundance of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytosis after a single injection or short treatment that is regulated after longer treatment, and an increase in the relative weight of the liver that may be associated with gluconeogenesis. Cortisol had no effect on the relative size of the regressed gonads in either sex.
On the sample size of curtailed tests

Formulas are given for the asymptotic distribution, mean, and variance of m-1Nm,where NNm is the random sample size of the curtailed version of a fixed-sample most powerful test based on sample size m. The adequacy of the formulas is numerically investigated in some important applications where exact formulas can also be derived
Multi-wavelength approach to optoacoustic molecular imaging (OMI) using Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)

Several papers recently have addressed the issue of estimating chromophore concentration in PAT using multiple wavelengths. The question is how does one choose the multiple wavelengths for imaging in PAT that would give the most accurate results. Previous work was based on the knowledge of the wavelength dependence of the extinction coefficient of chromophores but did not directly address this question. One would assume that the wavelength that maximizes the extinction coefficient of the chromophorewould be the most suitable. However, this may not always be the case, especially if the extinction peak of the chromophore is fairly broad. In this paper, we derive an expression for the variance of the measured signal based on the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). This lower bound on variance can be evaluated numerically for different wavelengths using the variation of the extinction coefficients and scattering coefficients with wavelength. The wavelength that gives the smallest variance will be optimal for multi-wavelength PAT to estimate the chromophore concentration. The expression for CRLB has been derived analytically for estimating the concentration of a oxy or deoxyhemoglobin contained in a background tissue-like solution using the knowledge of the illumination function in a specific geometry using a photoacoustic microscope. This approach could also be extended to the estimation of concentrations of multiple chromophores and for other geometries.
The constraints of finite size in asexual populations and the rate of the ratchet.

An analysis of mutation accumulation in finite, asexual populations shows that by modeling discrete individuals, a necessary condition for mutation–selection balance is often not met. It is found that over a wide parameter range (whenever N e−μ/s < 1, where N is the population size, μ is the genome-wide mutation rate, and s is the realized strength of selection), asexual populations will fail to achieve mutation–selection balance. This is specifically because the steady-state strength of selection on the best individuals is too weak to counter mutation pressure. The discrete nature of individuals means that if the equilibrium level of mutation and selection is such that less than one individual is expected in a class, then equilibration towards this level acts to remove the class. When applied to the classes with the fewest mutations, this drives mutation accumulation. This drive is in addition to the well-known identification of the stochastic loss of the best class as a mechanism for Muller's ratchet. Quantification of this process explains why the distribution of the number of mutations per individual can be markedly hypodispersed compared to the Poisson expectation. The actual distribution, when corrected for stochasticity between the best class and the mean, is akin to a shifted negative binomial. The parameterization of the distribution allows for an approximation for the rate of Muller's ratchet when N e−μ/s < 1. The analysis is extended to the case of variable selection coefficients where incoming mutations assume a distribution of deleterious effects. Under this condition, asexual populations accumulate mutations faster, yet may be able to survive longer, than previously estimated.
Lymphocytic hypophysitis: occurrence in two men.

Abstract Two men undergoing transsphenoidal exploration for pituitary adenoma were found to have lymphocytic hypophysitis. Both presented with frontal headaches, lethargy, and diminished libido. Laboratory investigations showed markedly depressed serum testosterone, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated pituitary enlargement, with optic chiasm involvement. Intraoperatively, the dura was adherent to the pituitary in each case. The resected glands were effaced by a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis, without granulomas. Nonspecific peripheral enhancement on imaging suggested a diagnosis other than adenoma, but more experience with peripheral enhancement in lymphocytic hypophysitis is needed. The diagnosis was histological and required surgical intervention. Long-term pituitary replacement therapy is usually required.
Self-regulating heater application to Shuttle/Centaur hydrazine fuel line thermal control

The Shuttle/Centaur high energy upper stage vehicle thermal environments were more severe than previous Centaur vehicle thermal environments, creating need for a new hydrazine fuel line thermal control technique. Constant power heaters did not satisfy power dissipation requirements, because the power required to maintain fuel line thermal control during cold conditions exceeded the maximum power allowable during hot conditions. Therefore, a Raychem Thermolimit self-regulating heater was selected for this application, and was attached to the hydrazine fuel line with Kapton and aluminum foil tapes. Fuel line/heater thermal modeling and subsequent thermal vacuum chamber testing simulated heater thermal performance during all worst-case Shuttle/Centaur thermal environmental conditions. Fuel line temperatures were maintained between the 4C to 71C limits during all analytical and test cases. Finally, the thermal model predictions were correlated with the test data, thereby ensuring that the model would provide satisfactory predictions for future missions and/or vehicles.
Practical Aspects of Scaleup of Simulation Models

With the advent in the early 1990s of stochastic geologic models with increased structural and stratigraphic complexity, a need arose for improved technology to create dynamic simulation models that preserve the displacement behavior of the more finely gridded static geologic model. This process of constructing relatively coarsely gridded simulation models from fine-scale geologic models is referred to as scaleup.
Formation of Induced-Fit Chiral Templates by Amino Acid-Functionalized Pd(111) Surfaces

Chiral probe molecules, propylene oxide, and glycidol are used to measure the enantioselectivity of a range of amino acid-functionalized Pd(111) surfaces. Only those surfaces that contain tetrameric amino acid assemblies are found to be enantioselective, indicating that they act as chiral templates in which several modifiers operate in concert to form a chiral reaction pocket. It has previously been shown that the tetramers assemble from antiparallel anionic–zwitterionic dimers where three of the amino acids then undergo a concerted translational motion to form a more stable tetramer. However, density functional theory calculations reveal that the most stable tetramer has a pocket that is too small to accommodate the chiral probes, while the more open antiparallel anionic–zwitterionic dimer structure provides sufficient space for the epoxide to adsorb enantioselectively on the most stable atop palladium adsorption site. Amino acid destabilization is confirmed by its lower desorption temperature measured i...
Genetically encoded synthesis of protein-based polymers with precisely specified molecular weight and sequence by recursive directional ligation: examples from the elastin-like polypeptide system.

We report a new strategy for the synthesis of genes encoding repetitive, protein-based polymers of specified sequence, chain length, and architecture. In this stepwise approach, which we term “recursive directional ligation” (RDL), short gene segments are seamlessly combined in tandem using recombinant DNA techniques. The resulting larger genes can then be recursively combined until a gene of a desired length is obtained. This approach is modular and can be used to combine genes encoding different polypeptide sequences. We used this method to synthesize three different libraries of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs); each library encodes a unique ELP sequence with systematically varied molecular weights. We also combined two of these sequences to produce a block copolymer. Because the thermal properties of ELPs depend on their sequence and chain length, the synthesis of these polypeptides provides an example of the importance of precise control over these parameters that is afforded by RDL.
Improving Health Care Delivery to Aging Adults With Disabilities: Social Work With Dual Eligibles in a Climate of Health Care Reform

Adults aging with disabilities comprise a diverse group. In this article, we identify the prevalence and characteristics of this target population, focusing on adults who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. We articulate challenges in the delivery of health, social, and support services to adults aging with disabilities, particularly how existing health care policy and financing contributes to fragmentation of care. Finally, we identify opportunities for social workers to advocate for and promote system improvements in the delivery of care for aging adults with disabilities in the current climate of health care reform.
Improved discriminability of spatiotemporal neural patterns in rat motor cortical areas as directional choice learning progresses

Animals learn to choose a proper action among alternatives to improve their odds of success in food foraging and other activities critical for survival. Through trial-and-error, they learn correct associations between their choices and external stimuli. While a neural network that underlies such learning process has been identified at a high level, it is still unclear how individual neurons and a neural ensemble adapt as learning progresses. In this study, we monitored the activity of single units in the rat medial and lateral agranular (AGm and AGl, respectively) areas as rats learned to make a left or right side lever press in response to a left or right side light cue. We noticed that rat movement parameters during the performance of the directional choice task quickly became stereotyped during the first 2-3 days or sessions. But learning the directional choice problem took weeks to occur. Accompanying rats’ behavioral performance adaptation, we observed neural modulation by directional choice in recorded single units. Our analysis shows that ensemble mean firing rates in the cue-on period did not change significantly as learning progressed, and the ensemble mean rate difference between left and right side choices did not show a clear trend of change either. However, the spatiotemporal firing patterns of the neural ensemble exhibited improved discriminability between the two directional choices through learning. These results suggest a spatiotemporal neural coding scheme in a motor cortical neural ensemble that may be responsible for and contributing to learning the directional choice task.
Radiogenic argon loss from biotites in whole rock heating experiments

Abstract Upon heating in nitrogen, both the radiogenic argon content and d 001 for biotite decrease and reach a constant value within 10 days. Biotites from heated whole rocks lose less argon than heated biotite separates, although they have the same decrease in d 001 . Biotites from whole rocks heated in air have a greater decrease in d 001 and less loss of argon than those heated in nitrogen.
Energy conservation and induced inflation

Abstract This study employs a simple three sector model to examine the possible consequences of imposing a use tax on energy to raise its relative price. This higher relative price reduces both final and intermediate demand for energy; the reduction in the latter is achieved by encouraging a more energy efficient technology. Unfortunately the imposition of the energy tax also increases the rate of inflation, that is unless offsetting policies are pursued. The Newton-Riccati optimization procedure is employed to determine how to schedule the posited energy tax increases and offsetting sales tax reductions to achieve energy conservation targets while simultaneously minimizing any induced inflation.
Pyrimidine, pyridazine, quinazoline, phthalazine, and triazine coordination polymers of copper(I) halides

Abstract The coordination of diazine and triazine bridging ligands (B=pyrimidine (Pym), quinazoline (Qnz), pyridazine (Pdz), phthalazine (Ptz), and 1,3,5-triazine (Trz)) with CuX and CuXL (X=Cl, Br, I; L=PPh3, P(OPh)3) has been investigated. Products without phosphorus(III) ligands include [CuXB] (B=Qnz, Pdz, Ptz), [(CuX)2B] (B=Pym, Qnz, Pdz, Ptz, Trz), [(CuX)3B2] (B=Ptz, Trz), and [(CuX)3B] (B=Trz). Only CuXTrz and CuIPdz afford more than one product stoichiometry. Products with phosphorus ligands are of the types [(CuXL)B] (B=Pdz, Ptz), [(CuXL)2B] (B=Pym, Qnz, Pdz, Ptz, Trz), and [(CuXL)3B] (B=Trz). Thermogravimetic analyses of the complexes typically show step-wise losses of B and L, ultimately yielding CuX. The X-ray crystal structure of [CuBr(Qnz)] features copper atoms bridged by Br and Qnz, forming 2D sheets of fused rectangular Cu4Br2(Qnz)2 units. The X-ray structures of [(CuBr(PPh3))2B] (B=Pym, Trz) show 1D chains formed from rhomboidal (CuL)2Br2 units linked by the B ligand. The structure of [CuCl(PPh3)(Pdz)] is shown by X-ray to be a simple halide-bridged dimer. The X-ray structure of [(CuCl(P(OPh)3))3(Trz)] is a hexamer, having an oblate spheroid core. The core is composed of a Cu6Cl6 macrocycle capped with two Trz ligands.
Simple measurement of lenticular lens quality for autostereoscopic displays

Lenticular lens based autostereoscopic 3D displays are finding many applications in digital signage and consumer electronics devices. A high quality 3D viewing experience requires the lenticular lens be properly aligned with the pixels on the display device so that each eye views the correct image. This work presents a simple and novel method for rapidly assessing the quality of a lenticular lens to be used in autostereoscopic displays. Errors in lenticular alignment across the entire display are easily observed with a simple test pattern where adjacent views are programmed to display different colors.
Travel Report: Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Vladimir Province, Russia August 31–September 14, 2011

The article describes a research trip to Russia in September 2011. Activities focused on three Russian collections at the Library of Congress: the Iudin Collection, the Prokudin-Gorskii Photograph Collection, and the Russian Imperial Collection.
Basic blue 54: a new colorant for monocytes.

C.I. basic blue 54, a sulfur containing azo textile dye, stained the nucleus and cytoplasm of normal and leukemic monocytes bright red-violet. Essential for the staining reaction was a brief final rinse in a pH 3.6 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer. Coloration of the type found in monocytes was not observed in other types of mature and immature leukocytes.
Electromagnetic contribution to ϵ′/ϵ

Abstract The contribution of electromagnetic “Penguin”-type diagrams to ϵ′/ϵ is examined in the standard six-quark model.
Effects of a Course in Ethics on Self-Rated and Actual Knowledge of Undergraduate Psychology Majors

Surniaty.-99 undergraduates from a large public university who had (rz=47) and had not (n=52) completed a course in ethics were compared on self-ratings of knowledge of ethics in psychology as well as actual knowledge. The group that had taken a prior class obtained significantly higher mean total scores on both tests. Both groups obtained significantly higher mean scores on self-ratings than on actual knowledge. The find~ngs suggested that underpr.lduate training in ethical issues for psychology majors ib uselul but the tendency for students to believe that they knew more than they actually did was cause for concern.
Twin fault interactions

Abstract We present a calculation of twin fault interactions in the simple metals. The results indicate that the interaction is quite short-range; being negligible beyond four interplanar spacings.
Diffusion-driven desalination using waste heat in air streams

Recently a diffusion-driven desalination (DDD) process has been described as a method for distilling mineralized water. Extensive studies have already examined the performance of the process using waste heat in water streams. This work focuses on the performance of the diffusion tower (evaporator) using waste heat in air streams. Both experimental and parametric investigations are included. It is observed that the evaporation process is very inefficient when heated air and ambient water are input to the diffusion tower. In contrast, efficient evaporation is achieved when both heated air and heated water are input to the diffusion tower. An industrial application is considered where a waste heat air stream at 82°C is available and a recuperative heat exchanger is used to heat the feed water. It is found that the optimum operating conditions include an air mass flux of 1.5 kg m−2 s−1, an air to feed water mass flow ratio of 10 in the diffusion tower and a fresh water to air mass flow ratio of 2 in the direct contact condenser. At these operating conditions, a fresh water production efficiency of 0.22 and a specific energy consumption of 0.0012 kW h kg−1 can be achieved. The analytical model used to analyze the performance of the DDD process agrees well with the experimental measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein Degradation: An Important Consideration

The growth rates of chicks can be varied by dietary manipulations. The rates of synthesis of protein in selected muscles can be measured by using radioactive amino acids. Measurements are made of expired air, plasma, and muscle tissues. Synthesis rates are most rapid in the young chick and turkey. As the bird ages, synthesis rates and degradation rates decrease; but these two parameters gradually come together so that the net gain in protein is zero. Synthesis rates remain fairly similar in chicks fed a complete diet or a diet lacking in lysine. This is true even if the growth rate is extremely low. However, the degradation rates are extremely high in the deficient birds so that the gain in protein deposition is very low. When the energy is restricted, growth is reduced dramatically, but synthesis rates are reduced only a small amount. Again, degradation rates are extremely high. Chickens with muscular dystrophy exhibit very high synthesis rates in breast muscle. The leg muscle changes compare with a normal bird. There are also high degradation rates in the breast muscle throughout so that the growth rate of the muscle was only greater during the early stages of growth. Additional work needs to be conducted to develop a reliable accurate chemical method for determining the degradation rates. It is apparent that the emphasis in research to increase the rapidity of growth should center on the degradation rates rather than on increasing synthesis rates.
Do positive alcohol expectancies have a critical developmental period in pre-adolescents?

Objective:Positive outcome expectancies have been shown to predict initiation of alcohol use in children and to mediate and moderate the relationship between dispositional variables and drinking behavior. Negative outcome expectancies for alcohol appear to weaken as children progress to middle adolescence, but positive expectancies tend to increase during this time. Positive alcohol expectancies have been found to increase in children in third and fourth grades, indicating what some investigators have termed a possible critical period for the development of positive expectancies.Method:In the present study, we assessed alcohol expectancies at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months in 277 second-through sixth-grade students. Children completed the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire–Adolescent. Univariate analyses of covariance were conducted.Results:There were significant main effects for grade on positive alcohol-expectancy change for Global Positive Transformations at 12 and 18 months, Social Behavior Enhancement ...
Effects of reinforcement history on timing (DRL) performance in young children

Abstract This study sought to show that special repertoires created by differential reinforcement schedule history markedly affect the very young child's ability to learn to withhold and space responses in a free operant, temporal discrimination task (DRL schedule, i.e., differential reinforcement of low rate). Twelve S s were tested for DRL 18-sec acquisition following experience with one of four schedules, either a VR 10, FI 18 sec, DRL 10 sec, or limited (DRL 2 sec) training. The DRL 10-sec trained S s during the initial DRL 18-sec session exhibited the lowest rate of responding, highest rate of reinforcement, and greatest proportion of IRT's in the vicinity of 18 sec, whereas the VR 10 trained S s were consistently poorest on these same measures of temporal responding. Subjects in the other training groups assumed intermediate positions. By the sixth DRL 18-sec session the performance of most S s had approximated the efficiency of the DRL 10-sec trained S s, although the VR 10 trained S s continued to exhibit rapid sequential responding. Retesting of three S s on the DRL 18-sec after a 3-week period of experimental inactivity showed timing behavior to be intact.
Influence of Image Processing on Chest Radiograph Interpretation and Decision Changes

Rationale and Objectives. The authors investigate the effect of image processing on diagnostic performance in the reading of computed chest radiographs. Materials and Methods. Six radiologists read 168 chest images with and without the use of image processing. Diagnostic performance was measured by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis, and changes made in diagnostic decisions with the use of image processing were evaluated. Results. There were no statistically significant differences between reader performance with image processing and reader performance without image processing ( P Conclusion. The effect of image processing does not greatly influence diagnostic performance in chest radiography.
Extraction of parathyroid hormone and release of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate by isolated perfused bones obtained from dogs with acute uremia.

To study the direct effect of PTH on bone in acute uremia, we examined the effects of bilateral nephrectomy (BNX) and a combination of BNX and thyroparathyroidectectomy (TPTX) on the arteriovenous difference of PTH-(1–34) and the release of cAMP by the isolated perfused tibia of the dog. Normal dogs were subjected to BNX or TPTX-BNX, and 42 h later, the tibiae were removed for perfusion. The immunoreactive PTH levels in plasma were significantly elevated in the BNX group. The mean extraction of PTH-(1–34) by bone was 46.7 ± 6.3% in the control group and not significantly different in any of the experimental groups. The release of cAMP increased significantly in all groups (P < 0.005 to P < 0.001) after the administration of PTH-(1–34). The cumulative release of cAMP per 30 min was significantly diminished (P < 0.001), compared to controls, in the BNX groups, but was normal in the TPTX-BNX group. In conclusion, isolated perfused bones from acutely bilaterally nephrectomy dogs release less cAMP in response ...
Bacteriorhodopsin/TiO2 nanotube arrays hybrid system for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to improve the performance of photoactive nanostructured materials for water splitting applications. Herein, we report on the assembly and use of a bacteriorhodopsin (bR)/TiO2 nanotube array hybrid electrode system. Photoanode materials composed of ∼ 7μm long self-ordered and vertically oriented nanotube array of titanium dioxide films were fabricated via the anodization of Ti foil in formamide electrolytes containing NH4F at room temperature followed by sensitization of the electrodes with bR. The stability of bR on the TiO2 surface was found to depend on the pretreatment process of the TiO2 films. Our results demonstrate the opportunity to fabricate fairly stable bR/TiO2 hybrid electrodes that can be used as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm2), the hybrid electrodes achieved a photocurrent density of 0.65 mA/cm2 which is a ∼ 50% increase over that measured for pure TiO2 nanotubes (0.43 mA/cm2) fabricated and tested under the same conditions. In the presence of a redox electrolyte, the photocurrent increased to 0.87 mA/cm2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of bR/TiO2 hybrid electrodes in photoelectrochemical water oxidation cells. We believe the proton pumping property of bR can be used in a variety of applications, especially those related to third generation photovoltaic cells.
Analysis of refractometry for determining total plasma protein in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) at various salinities

Abstract Total plasma protein (TPP) is a broad clinical indicator of health, stress, and well being. A simple and rapid technique for determining TPP is refractometry, which measures the refractive index of all dissolved materials in solution. It was hypothesized that plasma dissolved solids in fish held at increasing salinity levels would result in plasma samples with a higher refractive index and affect true TPP readings. Efficacy of refractometry over a range of salinities was evaluated by comparing TPP values obtained by refractometry with those obtained by a dye-binding assay (Biuret method) specific to proteins. Blood analytes were evaluated in hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis (HSB) acclimated to nominal salinities of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g L − 1 . Hybrid striped bass acclimated to hypertonic environments exhibited higher ( P
Coherent modes of global SST and summer rainfall over China: an assessment of the regional impacts of the 1997-98 El Niño

In this paper, we have identified three principal modes of summertime rainfall variability over China and global sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1955-1998. Using these modes, we have assessed the impact of the El Nino/La Nina on major drought and flood occurrence over China during 1997-1998. The first mode can be identified with the growth phase of El Nino superimposed on a linear warming trend since the mid-1950s. This mode strongly influences rainfall over northern China. The second mode comprises of a quasi-biennial tendency manifested in alternate wet and dry years over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) of central China. The third mode is dominated by a quasi-decadal oscillation in eastern China between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. Using a mode-by-mode reconstruction, we evaluate the impacts of the various principal modes on the 1997 and 1998 observed rainfall anomaly. We find that the severe drought in northern China, and to a lesser degree the flood in southern China, in 1997 is likely a result of the influence of anomalous SST forcing during the growth phase of the El Nino. In addition, rainfall in southern China may be influenced by the decadal or long-term SST variability. The severe flood over the Yangtze River Valley in 1998 is associated with the biennial tendency of basin scale SST during the transition from El Nino to La Nina in 1997-98. Additionally, the observed prolonged drought over northern China and increasing flooding over the YRV since the 1950s may be associated with a long-term warming trend in the tropical Indian and western Pacific ocean. During 1997, the El Nino SST exacerbated the drought situation over northern China. In 1998, the drought appeared to get temporary relief from the La Nina anomalous SST forcing.
Spontaneous changes in left ventricular function between sequential studies.

Abstract To evaluate day to day changes in left ventricular function, studies were performed in 17 patients in stable condition undergoing elective cardiac catheterizatlon and coronary arteriography on successive days. Seven patients had significant coronary artery disease, seven had significant valvular heart disease, two had both lesions, and one had no demonstrable heart disease. The group as a whole demonstrated no significant day to day changes in any measured parameter of left ventricular function …. The hematocrit decreased from 43.4 ± 4.3 to 41.5 ± 4.5 percent ( P The range of these day to day changes in the parameters of left ventricular function without therapeutic intervention must be considered when evaluating the effects of therapy. Since wall motion abnormalities were constant in site and showed little variation in extent, the effects of medical and surgical treatment on left ventricular asynergy can be assessed by sequential studies.
Antimicrobial Activity of N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides and Triethylammonium (organocyanoamino)Chlorotriphenylstannates

N-Substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides were studied and found to be better antifungal agents than the previously tested N-substituted N′-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas and N-substituted N′-cyano-O-(triphenylstannyl)isoureas. They were similar in activity to the previously tested ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)-isothiocarbamates. The antifungal activity of triethylammonium (organocyanoamino)chlorotriphenylstannates, which are the triethylammonium chloride complexes of N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)-cyanamides, was similar to or better than that of the N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides. Triethylammonium (acetylcyanoamino)chlorotriphenylstannate and triethylammonium dichlorotriphenylstannate were highly inhibitory toward Gram-positive bacteria.
Larval growth and development of cultured Pacific bonito

A method is described for rearing the offspring of wild-captured Pacific bonito. Six basic stages of post-embryonic development were determined based on ontogenetic changes in morphology and behaviour. Each stage corresponded with a different food source preference, related to the development of new swimming and predatory behaviours. A controlled environment is required to study the processes underlying development of those behaviours adeptly performed by bonito and other scombrids, including high-efficiency swimming and visually guided predation on other advanced species.
Distribution of bacteria in the operating room environment and its relation to ventricular shunt infections: a prospective study

In order to study the distribution of bacteria in the operating room environment, cultures were obtained during 111 unselected shunt operations throughout a 10-month period. After routine skin preparation, bacteria were collected by placing Millipore filters on the patient's prepped skin underneath the drapes, on top of the drapes in the operative field, and/or on the sterile instrument table, and left in place for the duration of the case. In 48 patients, full-thickness skin biopsies taken at the initial incision were cultured in lieu of skin surface cultures. Perioperative cerebrospinal fluid cultures and subsequent shunt infections were monitored. Of the 288 environmental (skin and surfaces) cultures, 24 were positive (20 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and 4 Staphylococcus aureus). Positive cultures were found in 15 of 111 drape cultures (13.5%), 7 of 77 instrument table cultures (9.1%), and 2 of 97 skin cultures (2.1%). Positive environmental cultures were not correlated with the surgeon, length of case, time of day, or type of shunt operation, but were more likely to occur in a room other than the designated neurosurgical operating room. There was a correlation between the occurrence of positive environmental cultures and positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures, although the organisms were not always the same. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common organism isolated from all sites. We conclude that bacteria most often associated with shunt infections are airborne in the operating room, rather than originating from the patient's skin, and are distributed in the highest concentration near the surgical team. Maintaining a designated operating room in which traffic is limited, as well as strict adherence to covering skin surfaces of the operating room personnel, may help to reduce shunt infection rates.