cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NONRADIOGRAPHIC, TRANSCUTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF TRACHEAL TUBE POSITION: RESULTS OF MULTICENTER PRE-CLINICAL EVALUATION

A new procedure for real time, nonradiographic determination of endotracheal tube position with a magnetic field interference sensing technique was evaluated in cadavers. Each prototype tube incorporates a magnetically detectable marker at a specific distance from its distal tip, which varies with tube size. Transcutaneous determination of tube position is accomplished with a portable instrument that emits visual and aural signals of intensity proportionate to the alignment and proximity of the instrument sensing probe with the tube's magnetic marker. In the preclinical studies the magnetic marker was positioned so that the maximum signal intensities were obtained when the instrument probe was located at the upper edge of the suprasternal notch. Studies were carried out in 25 cadavers adhering to the protocol utilizing six tube sizes. In each case radiographic analysis confirmed distal tip placement to be above the carina, estimated at the 4th/5th vertebral space, and within the middle third of the trachea below the suprasternal notch. We conclude that this method will reduce the need for X-ray confirmation of tracheal tube position in pediatrio patients and that testing in living, intubated infants is warranted.
Intracardiac Echocardiographic Atrial Septal Defect Closure

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is an excellent ultrasound modality that can be used to guide atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. Compared with transesophageal echocardiography, ICE offers better imaging of the posterior inferior septum, it does not require deep or general anesthesia, and it allows the operator total control over image acquisition. This latter advantage requires that the operator become an expert in image acquisition and interpretation. The following is intended to serve as a primer on performance and interpretation of ICE to guide ASD closure.
Longevity: don't hold your breath.

In some organisms a reduced-calorie diet increases lifespan. Conventional thinking about the mechanism involved now comes under question from the results of experiments with yeast.
Excitation cross section for helium atoms. II

The excitation scattering of electrons from helium atoms is investigated for the case of transition to the first excited singlet metastable level in order to examine quantitatively the error introduced by the fact that the description of the helium target is only approximately known. The cross section is calculated in Born approximation using formally equivalent matrix elements which weight the wave functions differently in space. The shape of the total cross section-energy curve is the same although absolute values differ while the angular distributions are considerably different.
New insights into water transport and edema in the central nervous system from phenotype analysis of aquaporin-4 null mice

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the major water channel in the CNS. Its expression at fluid-tissue barriers (blood-brain and brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers) throughout the brain and spinal cord suggests a role in water transport under normal and pathological conditions. Phenotype studies of transgenic mice lacking AQP4 have provided evidence for a role of AQP4 in cerebral water balance and neural signal transduction. Primary cultures of astrocytes from AQP4-null mice have greatly reduced osmotic water permeability compared with wild-type astrocytes, indicating that AQP4 is the principal water channel in these cells. AQP4-null mice have reduced brain swelling and improved neurological outcome following water intoxication and focal cerebral ischemia, establishing a role of AQP4 in the development of cytotoxic (cellular) cerebral edema. In contrast, brain swelling and clinical outcome are worse in AQP4-null mice in models of vasogenic (fluid leak) edema caused by freeze-injury and brain tumor, probably due to impaired AQP4-dependent brain water clearance. AQP4-null mice also have markedly reduced acoustic brainstem response potentials and significantly increased seizure threshold in response to chemical convulsants, implicating AQP4 in modulation of neural signal transduction. Pharmacological modulation of AQP4 function may thus provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke, tumor-associated edema, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and other disorders of the CNS associated with altered brain water balance.
Perception in the Context of Social and Personality Theory

(1961). Perception in the Context of Social and Personality Theory. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 3-30.
Overview of the latest d + Au results from RHIC

Abstract The latest results of high p T particle production in the asymmetric d + Au collisions at RHIC is reviewed. We discuss the roles of the cold nuclear matter effects such as gluon shadowing and saturation, parton energy loss and coherent final states interactions on the light and heavy flavor particle productions in d + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV.
Canada's Rock Music Industry: Counterweight or Component of Continentalism?

(1972). Canada's Rock Music Industry: Counterweight or Component of Continentalism? American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 35-60.
Control of the vertebral artery from a posterior approach: a technical report

Abstract Background context Vertebral artery (VA) injury is a rare but potentially devastating complication of cervical spinal fusion. The Magerl and Harms techniques are associated with a rate between 0% to 8% and 0% to 5%, respectively. Most of reported VA injuries are related to surgical exposure or screw placement, which in turn is likely due to variability in VA anatomy. Purpose The purpose of this report was to present the case of a 77-year-old woman, with a history of right VA occlusion, who sustained an intraoperative left VA injury during posterior cervical spine fusion and the subsequent intraoperative and postoperative management strategies. Study design This is a single-patient case report. Methods The patient was placed prone and into Mayfield tongs. A midline incision was made, and dissection was carried down to the lamina and facet joints from occiput to T2. During dissection, she sustained a left-sided VA injury, which was subsequently controlled. Results The patient was doing well at her 1-year postoperative visit without any residual neurologic deficits. Her severe neck pain had resolved. Conclusion A detailed understanding of VA anatomy of each individual patient is paramount. There are four types of anomalies: intraforaminal; extraforaminal; arterial; and anomalies of the surrounding bony and soft-tissue architecture. In the event of a posterior intraoperative VA injury, we outlined an algorithm to deal with this complication: control bleeding temporarily to gain visualization of the arterial injury; remove lateral masses and tissue to adequately visualize the arterial injury; once visualized, control the bleeding and see if there are any neuromonitoring changes as a result of the VA occlusion; and proceed with definitive control of the artery by either repair or ligation.
Importance of Structural and Chemical Heterogeneity of Activated Carbon Surfaces for Adsorption of Dibenzothiophene

The performance of various activated carbons obtained from different carbon precursors (i.e., plastic waste, coal, and wood) as adsorbents for the desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels was evaluated. To increase surface heterogeneity, the carbon surface was modified by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. The results showed the importance of activated carbon pore sizes and surface chemistry for the adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from liquid phase. Adsorption of DBT on activated carbons is governed by two types of contributions: physical and chemical interactions. The former include dispersive interactions in the microporous network of the carbons. While the volume of micropores governs the amount physisorbed, mesopores control the kinetics of the process. On the other hand, introduction of surface functional groups enhances the performance of the activated carbons as a result of specific interactions between the acidic centers of the carbon and the basic structure of DBT molecule as well as sulfur-sulfur interactions.
Prediction of biologically significant components from microarray data: Independently Consistent Expression Discriminator (ICED)

Motivation Class distinction is a supervised learning approach that has been successfully employed in the analysis of high-throughput gene expression data. Identification of a set of genes that predicts differential biological states allows for the development of basic and clinical scientific approaches to the diagnosis of disease. The Independent Consistent Expression Discriminator (ICED) was designed to provide a more biologically relevant search criterion during predictor selection by embracing the inherent variability of gene expression in any biological state. The four components of ICED include (i) normalization of raw data; (ii) assignment of weights to genes from both classes; (iii) counting of votes to determine optimal number of predictor genes for class distinction; (iv) calculation of prediction strengths for classification results. The search criteria employed by ICED is designed to identify not only genes that are consistently expressed at one level in one class and at a consistently different level in another class but identify genes that are variable in one class and consistent in another. The result is a novel approach to accurately select biologically relevant predictors of differential disease states from a small number of microarray samples. Results The data described herein utilized ICED to analyze the large AML/ALL training and test data set (Golub et al., 1999, Science, 286, 531-537) in addition to a smaller data set consisting of an animal model of the childhood neurodegenerative disorder, Batten disease, generated for this study. Both of the analyses presented herein have correctly predicted biologically relevant perturbations that can be used for disease classification, irrespective of sample size. Furthermore, the results have provided candidate proteins for future study in understanding the disease process and the identification of potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Voltammetric studies of Zn and Fe complexes of EDTA: evidence for the push mechanism.

The `push' hypothesis for the antioxidant action of Zn2+ is based on its displacement of iron from a low molecular weight pro-oxidant complex. In this study, the chemical plausibility of that proposed function is investigated by cyclic voltammetry. As a model for a pro-oxidative low molecular weight iron complex the FeII/IIIEDTA couple was examined. This complex was selected for its well-defined electrochemical, iron stability constants, and similarity to other low molecular weight chelates in physiological fluids in terms of logical binding sites, i.e. amino, and carboxylate groups. Also investigated were iron complexes of nitrilotriacetic acid and DL-glutamic acid. Results demonstrate that approximately 90% of the cyclic voltammetric peak current for FeIIIEDTA reduction and the EC′ current for the mediated reduction of H2O2 by FeII/IIIEDTA (Fenton Reaction) are lost when Zn2+ is introduced to a 1:1 molar ratio relative to iron. All experiments were conducted in HEPES buffered solutions at pH 7.4. Iron (II/III) complexes of nitrilotriacetic acid and DL-glutamic acid followed the same trends. Cyclic voltammetric experiments indicate that Zn2+ displaces FeIII from EDTA despite the much larger stability constant for the iron complex (1025.1) versus zinc (1016.50). The hydrolysis aided displacement of FeIII from EDTA by Zn2+ is considered by the equilibria modeling program, HySS. With FeIII hydrolysis products included, Zn2+ is able to achieve 90% displacement of iron from EDTA, a result consistent with cyclic voltammetric observations.
THE INTENDED/FORESEEN DISTINCTION'S ETHICAL RELEVANCE

Rejetant la these selon laquelle la distinction entre l'intentionnel et le prevu n'etablit pas une difference importante au regard de la responsabilite ethique de l'agent qui agit mal, l'A. montre que la doctrine du raisonnement a double effet (DER), fondee sur la distinction intentionnel/prevu, permet de differencier l'action delictueuse de l'action non-delictueuse, ainsi que l'action bienfaisante de l'action non-bienfaisante
Do adolescents want to avoid pregnancy? Attitudes toward pregnancy as predictors of pregnancy.

Abstract Purpose To document the extent to which adolescents feel ambivalent towards getting pregnant and to examine the relationship between pregnancy attitudes and the occurrence of a pregnancy one year later. Demographic correlates of pregnancy attitudes also were examined. Methods This was a prospective study using a subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data base. The sample was 4869 adolescent females in grades 9 through 11 who completed two interviews at a one year interval. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict occurrence of a pregnancy at wave 2 from attitudes toward pregnancy at wave 1. Results A substantial number of adolescent females (15%–30%) reported some degree of ambivalence toward becoming pregnant relative to their peers. Adolescent females' attitudes towards pregnancy were predictive of the occurrence of a pregnancy one year later. Additionally, demographic correlates of the pregnancy attitude were identified, including differences due to ethnicity, age, relationship status, mother's education level, and whether the adolescent came from a one or a two parent home. Conclusions Results suggest that a significant minority of adolescents have some ambivalence toward pregnancy relative to their peers and that these attitudes are predictive of the occurrence of pregnancy.
MRI-Kontrastmittel mit hoher Relaxivität: Komplexchemie im Dienste medizinischer Bildgebung

Um die klinischen Anwendungsmoglichkeiten der Kernspintomographie (MRI) zu verbessern, wird intensiv nach effizienteren Kontrastmitteln gesucht. Dazu mussen die Koordinationschemie von Gadolinium(III) und die Parameter, die seine Wirksamkeit als Protonenrelaxationsagens beeinflussen, berucksichtigt werden. Will man jeden Parameter optimieren, so sind auch Eigenschaften wie Loslichkeit und In-vivo-Toxizitat zu beachten, was die Entwicklung sicherer und starker Relaxationsagentien zu einem anspruchsvollen Ziel macht. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt die neuesten Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet vor, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf Gadolinium(III)-Hydroxypyridinon-Chelatkomplexen liegt.
Neurosteroids Reduce Inflammation After TBI Through CD55 Induction

The inflammatory cascade that follows traumatic brain injury may lead to secondary cell death and can impede recovery of function. Complement factors and their convertases are increased in glia after brain injury and lead to the production of inflammatory products that kill vulnerable neurons. Progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone (5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one) have been shown to reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the acute stages of brain injury, although how they do this is not completely understood. In this study we show that both progesterone and allopregnanolone treatments enhance the production of CD55 following contusion injuries of the cerebral cortex in rats. CD55, a single-chain type 1 cell surface protein, is a potent inhibitor of the complement convertases which are activators of the inflammatory cascade. The increased expression of CD55 could be an important mechanism by which steroids help to reduce the cerebral damage caused by inflammation.
Solar energy heating of dairy-manure anaerobic digesters

Abstract A 110-litre dairy-manure anaerobic digester was operated for 200 days using solar energy as the major heating source. Theoretical considerations indicate that up to 90% of the heat required for large-scale digester operation is used to raise the temperature of the influent to digester operating temperature (35°C), the remaining 10% being utilised for temperature maintenance. Since digesters require a constant temperature for satisfactory bacterial performance and since the magnitude of solar heating varies throughout the day, only the influent was solar heated in this experiment. A minimal amount of supplemental electric heating was used to maintain the constant temperature of the fully insulated digester. The quantity of dairy-manure slurry fed to the digester on alternate days established a 20-day retention time and a loading rate of 4·4 kg VS m−3 day−1. Two solar collectors, breadbox and solar pond, were tested for influent heating capability. Although the breadbox type was the more efficient of the two, the solar pond type appears more suitable for farm use.
Adapting the congruent temperament model with culturally specific work motivation elements

Purpose – Although China is beginning to emerge on the world economic stage, many Chinese workers are newcomers to the Western notions of leadership. Those examining leader behavior and follower motivations should consider unique traditions that influence the motivation process in other cultural settings. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The approach is the theoretical adaptation of the congruent temperament model based upon personal experience and study of Chinese history and culture.Findings – A valid criticism of the congruent temperament model is the exclusion of distinctive cultural norms, as Western ideas of leadership, personality, and motivation may not be congruent with other cultures. This article, modifies this paradigm by acknowledging the influence of various culturally specific work motivation catalysts (e.g. guanxi, mianzi). Although the original model lacks universality, the general framework can be adapted to account for cultural differences...
Preservation of timber in the tropics.

1 The nature and durability of wood.- 2 Agencies of destruction.- 3 Preservative methods.- 4 Preservative substances.- 5 Protection of logs and sawn timber.- 6 Treatment of wood by diffusion.- 7 Copper/Chrome/Arsenic wood preservatives and their application to timbers in the tropics.- 8 Preservation of marine timbers.- 9 The durability and preservation of West African timbers.- 10 Field testing of wood preservatives in tropical countries.- 11 Preservative treatment of bamboo, rubber wood and coconut palm. Simple methods for treating building timbers.- 12 Economic aspects of wood preservation.- Appendix. Safety precautions in the use of wood preservatives.- Index of subjects.
On the number and location of cities

Urban economists, notably Henderson (1974, 1988), have developed and quantitatively tested elegant models that offer an explanation of the sizes and roles of cities in a many-city economy. These models, however, lack a spatial dimension that is, they have nothing to say about why cities are where they are, and do not help us to look intelligently at a map. When geographers need ways to think about urbanized economies, they therefore turn to a variety of insightful but incompletely worked-out approaches. The most influential of these are the central-place theory of Christaller (1933) and Liisch (1940), which argues that economies of scale will cause producers to locate in a lattice of urban sites across an agricultural plain; and the cumulative causation theory of Pred (1966) and others, which similarly relies on economies of scale but argues that initial advantages of particular sites set in motion a snowballing process of agglomeration. Unfortunately, neither of these approaches provides what mainstream economists would consider a complete model: an interesting aggregate story that emerges from the interactions of carefully described individual behavior. In this paper I offer a small-scale pilot run of a new approach to modeling urban systems. Underlying the approach is a monopolistically competitive general equilibrium mode1 similar to those now widely used in trade and growth theory, but with an added spatial dimension. As in both central-place and cumulative causation theory, the formation of cities is driven by economies of scale at the level of individual firm. And in fact, the results provide at least a rough synthesis of the two theories: the process of city formation is one of cumulative causation, but (for reasons that will become clear) the eventual locations of cities tend to have a roughly central-place pattern.’
Features at the Sohm Abyssal Plain terminus

Abstract Bathymetry and magnetic anomalies reflect the complexity of the structure in the area at the southern-most extension of the Sohm Abyssal Plain between 29°–27°N and 55°–52°W in the North Atlantic. The general trend of structures in this area is N20°E with a cross structure trending N70°E. The topography shows ridges and troughs, varying in depth from 4,600 m to 6,100 m. In part this roughness is masked by the sediment pattern 600 m thick in flat sediment fingers, which are the southern extent of the Sohm Abyssal Plain. Deep unfilled valleys emphasize the continuity of the ridges bounding the sediment fingers. A cross structure trending N70°E is a fracture zone, probably a continuation of the Atlantic Fracture Zone. Correlating magnetic anomalies with Vine's (1966) profiles gives an age of Lower Eocene for this area. Dates on two sediment cores near the survey area give an age of Lower Eocene and Eocene. These cores are part of the pelagic blanket, which is found across the area and underlies the stratified plain sediments. The continuity of pelagic sediments beneath the plain sediments indicate that the latter are more recent. The topography controls the type of sedimentation whether pelagic or turbidites and also controls the thickness and accumulation of these sediments. This survey area fits in well with the picture of an ocean basin orginating by ocean floor spreading and in time being modified by depositional processes.
Weight change, obesity, mental health, and health perception: self-reports of college-educated women.

Background: Overweight, weight cycling, and obesity are major health risks with psychological effects that should not be overlooked by mental health professionals. Method: This article examines behavioral and other factors associated with weight, weight changes, and obesity in 3940 college-educated women, using data from responses to self-administered mailed questionnaires received from fall 1996 to winter 1997. Results: The mean age of the women was 53.6 years, SD = 12.2. Body mass indexes, prevalence of obesity, and behavioral practices were more favorable than those of women in the general U.S. population. The mean body mass index of the sample was 23.3; median, 22.5; 6.5% were obese, 5% currently smoked, and 68% exercised regularly. Over the past 10 years, 31% maintained the same weight, 11% lost weight, 48% gained weight, and 10% gained and lost weight. Women who both gained and lost weight were more likely to report physician-diagnosed depression, alcoholism, and/or drug dependencies compared to women in the other 3 categories; the multivariable odds ratios are 1.48 (95% CI = 1.07, 2.05) versus those who maintained their weight, 1.38 (95% CI = 1.06, 1.80) versus those who gained weight, and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.06, 2.21) versus those who lost weight. Those who both lost and gained weight were also more likely to report having to forgo mental health care for financial reasons; the respective multivariable odds ratios versus those who maintained their weight, gained weight, and lost weight are 2.01 (95% CI = 1.28, 3.16), 2.21 (95% CI = 1.52, 3.22), and 2.19 (95% CI = 1.23, 3.89). Conclusion: These findings affirm the view that mental health care deserves attention in the treatment of patients with problems with weight changes and weight control.
"Multiple-" versus "multi-" photon absorption in the theory of resonant ionization

The author has identified his result for resonant ionization by the simultaneous absorption of two photons by a ground-state electron [Phys. Rev. A 17, 659 (1978)] with the high-laser-power large-intermediate-state ionization rate result derived by Eberly and co-workers using a steady-state rate theory. This result gives $R{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{22}$ for all power levels considered, where $R$ is the one-photon ionization rate for the intermediate state and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{22}$ is its steady-state population factor. The result can be cast in this form, but it is found that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{22}$ must be much less than ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{11}$, the ground-state population factor. Thus the resonant process can be described by a rate limit for conserving energy by simultaneous absorption only when the ground-state population factor remains unity to order $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{2}}{{R}^{2}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is the Rabi rate for the bound-bound transition. In other words, the simultaneous and sequential processes are physically equivalent in this limit.
Water Partitioning in Mozzarella Cheese and Its Relationship to Cheese Meltability

The aim of this study was to determine what happens to water in Mozzarella cheeses during storage and to relate those changes to cheese microstructure and functionality. A reduced fat (8% fat) Mozzarella cheese and a control cheese with 19% fat were made and evaluated over 21 d of refrigerated storage at 4°C. Fat, protein, ash, salt, and water were measured on d 1. Meltability, total water, freezable water, and expressible water were measured on d 1, 7, 14, and 21. Even though the reduced fat cheese had a higher total water content than did the control cheese, the reduced fat cheese contained less water on a fat-free basis. The amount of water expressible at 25°C was higher in the control cheese than in the reduced fat cheese and was proportional to the fat content of the cheese. During storage, the expressed serum for both cheeses decreased to zero by d 21. Based on changes observed in microstructure of a commercial Mozzarella cheese (19% fat) during storage, we concluded that the expressed water was derived from water contained in the fat-serum channels that were interspersed throughout the protein matrix. The amount of bound water was lower in the control cheese than in the reduced fat cheese and was proportional to the protein content of the cheese. Bound water levels remained constant throughout storage. During storage of the commercial Mozzarella cheese, the fat-serum channels became smaller with the protein matrix expanding into the areas between the fat globules. By d 21, the fat globules were completely encased by the protein matrix. This expansion of the protein matrix in the commercial cheese occurred over the same time span as the decrease in expressible water of the experimental cheese and indicated that the protein matrix was absorbing the water originally located in the fat-serum channels. Because no change in bound water was observed, the water that had been expressible at d 1 was being absorbed into the protein matrix as entrapped water. The meltability of both cheeses increased during storage while the percentage of entrapped water increased.
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION AND RECOVERY IN THE PASSIVE IRON NERVE MODEL.

1. The speed of transmission of the activation wave along passive iron wires enclosed in glass tubes containing dilute (70 per cent) nitric acid increases with the conductivity (sectional area) of the column of electrolyte but at a slower rate. The speed is closely proportional to the square root of the conductivity See PDF for Equation. The reasons for this relationship are discussed and an explanation is proposed. 2. The recovery of transmissivity after the passage of an activation wave is gradual and follows a characteristic course. After an interval of partial or decremental transmission (having a high temperature coefficient and lasting several minutes at 20°), the wire recovers its power of transmitting an activation wave for an indefinite distance. In such a recovered wire the speed of transmission is at first slow and increases by degrees up to a maximum, the increase following a curve apparently of the type vt = v0 (1 – e_kt). The approximate time required to attain this maximum (corresponding to complete recovery) at the different temperatures is 15 to 20 minutes at 20°, 30 to 45 minutes at 15°, ca. 60 minutes at 10°, and 90 minutes or more at 5°. 3. The character of the curve of recovery (the curve relating speed of transmission to interval since previous activation) agrees with the assumption that the increase in speed depends on a progressive chemical change in the molecules forming the passivating film, this change involving the transformation of (relatively) nonreactive into reactive molecules and following the course of a monomolecular reaction. 4. The temperature coefficient of the speed of transmission (between 5° and 20°) is low, of the order Q10 = 1.3 to 1.6. That of the rate of recovery, on the contrary, is high (Q10 = ca. 3). The parallel to the conditions in nerve and other transmitting protoplasmic systems is pointed out and discussed. 5. Passive wires enclosed in acid-containing continuous and interrupted glass tubes immersed in a large volume of acid exhibit characteristic phenomena of distance action; under appropriate conditions the velocity of transmission of the activating influence between different areas may thus be greatly increased. Characteristic instances are cited and some possible physiological parallels are pointed out.
Production of biodiesel from microalgae oil (Chlorella protothecoides) by non-catalytic transesterification: Evaluation of reaction kinetic models and phase behavior

Abstract The non-catalytic transesterification of microalgae oil with methanol was conducted at 300–400 °C, 150–300 bar, methanol-to-oil molar ratio (MOMR) of 6–12, and residence time of 0.5–10 min. A visualization system was built to study the phase transition, and it shows that at the conditions ( T : 300–400 °C, P : 200 bar, τ : 0.5–10 min, MOMR of 9), the reactions were performed in homogeneous state. The dynamic phase behavior of the reacting systems was also investigated by RK-Aspen Equation of State. The results indicate that at 200 bar, MOMR of 9, and 300–385 °C, the reacting mixtures were in liquid state and moved toward supercritical region, while at 400 °C the reacting system was initially in liquid state and quickly approached supercritical state due to the fast reaction conversion. The critical points of the reaction mixtures were estimated. Ten commonly used kinetic models were evaluated, and it shows that three-step, reversible second-order model worked best in the data fitting. Reaction rate constants and activation energies for selected models were determined and compared with literature data.
Artificial neural network to aid differentiation of malignant and benign breast masses by ultrasound imaging

The goal of this study is to evaluate an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for differentiating benign and malignant breast masses on ultrasound scans. The ANN was designed with three layers (input, hidden and output layer), where a sigmoidal (hyperbolic tangent) response function is used as an activation function at each unit. Data from 54 patients with biopsy-proven malignant (N=20) and benign (N=34) masses were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the ANN. Of the seven quantitative features extracted from ultrasound images, only four showed statistically significant difference between the two categories. These features were margin sharpness, margin echogenicity, angular continuity, and age of patients. The diagnostic performance was evaluated by round-robin substitution to negate bias due to small sample size. All the input features were standardized to zero-mean and unit-variance to prevent non-uniform learning, which can generate unwanted error. The outputs of the network were analyzed by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC). The resulting area under the ROC curve Az was 0.856 ± 0.058 with 95% confidence limit from 0.734 to 0.936, providing 76.5% specificity at 95% sensitivity. The performance of the ANN was comparable to the performance by logistic regression analysis reported by our group earlier. These results suggest that an ANN when combined with sonography can effectively classify malignant and benign breast lesions.
Serial tempering without exchange

Serial tempering is a computational method that turns the temperature T (or more generally any independent λ parameter) into a dynamical variable. It is shown that, under conditions for which this variable is fast, serial tempering is equivalent to the umbrella sampling method with a single effective potential. This equivalence is demonstrated using both a small one-dimensional system and a small solvated peptide. The suggestion is then made to replace the serial tempering protocol with the equivalent umbrella sampling calculation. This approach, serial tempering without exchange (STeWiE), has the same performance as serial tempering in the limit that exchanges are frequent, is simpler to implement, and has fewer adjustable parameters than conventional serial tempering. The equivalence of serial tempering and STeWiE also provides a convenient route for estimating and optimizing the performance of serial tempering simulations and other generalized-ensemble methods.
Unearthing the construct of transgenerational grief: the "ghost" of the sibling never known

A child's death profoundly affects family dynamics, stories, and even other siblings' perceived reasons for being. This influence is often sustained over time to affect not only the lost child's parents and siblings, but also future generations. Health care and mental health care workers frequently encounter such stories, but little is known about the actual phenomenon, which may be a form of disenfranchised grief. This conceptual article explores the construct of transgenerational grief as it pertains to adults' lifelong grief responses to a sibling whom they did not know, but whose “ghost” has been important in the family. The authors consider this construct within its historical family context, proposing that miscarriages and infant losses that a family experienced even a century ago may have resembled unresolved grief, due in part to brief, unresolved mourning. Bereavement theory, Bowenian family theory, and constructionist theory of grief are woven together to create speculative theoretical underpinn...
As a City Besieged: Place, Zionism, and the Deforestation of Jerusalem

Environmental disputes in Israel reflect the pervasive metanarrative of Zionism, and are frequently about friction over symbols of national identity and meaning. Currently, actors engaged in a conflict over a small forest at the margins of Jerusalem harness nationalism/Zionism, and ‘other’ their opponents, as they seek to enlist support beyond their natural constituency. Fieldwork with Green groups and an analysis of their public and internal documents show that municipal officials who are converting the area of the forest to commercial development are cast as (Arab) attackers of the city. Municipal officials also tap national tropes and a security discourse, and claim to be defending Jewish control of Jerusalem. In this paper I show that theories of space, place, and resistance must be supplemented with a contextual and rounded analysis of the master cultural narratives that form the symbolic grounds of these conflicts. It also reveals the complexity of resistance narratives, as the weak seek to benefit ...
Fecundity, reproductive effort, and pupal size in the profundal midgeChironomus cuccini (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Fecundity ofChironomus cucini increased linearly across a three-fold range of female pupal biomass. Females from a lake producing small pupae (Crystal Lake) had an average of 303 primary follicles, while larger pupae from Trout Lake had an average fecundity of 582. Pupae produced in Crystal Lake from larvae that received experimental food supplements were intermediate in size and fecundity. Pupal biomass explained 76% of the variation in fecundity. No difference in egg size was detected between pupae from the two lakes, and an average value of 2.1 μg egg−1 was used to calculate the total biomass allocated to eggs in each of 79 females dissected. This measure of reproductive effort scaled isometrically with pupal mass. On average, females allocated 48% of their biomass to eggs and 52% to somatic tissues. A comparison of average male biomass to female somatic biomass across 12 populations indicated that the biomass difference between the sexes is a biased predictor of fecundity.
Chiropractic hospitals in America: A case study of the Bakkum Hospital (1936-1950).

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article is to relate the story of the Bakkum Chiropractic Clinic and Hospital and offer evidence regarding the lost days of chiropractic hospitalization and inpatient care. Discussion: The number of chiropractic facilities offering inpatient care peaked in the period between World Wars I and II. Little information is available about the vast majority of these facilities. One of them was the Bakkum Chiropractic Clinic and Hospital in Waukon, Iowa. The proprietor was Roy C. Bakkum, DC; he and his wife, Jessie H. Bakkum, DC, opened their 30-bed facility in 1936. Patients received hole-in-one chiropractic adjustments, rest, and nursing care at this facility. Dr Roy Bakkum not only envisioned chiropractors as true primary caregivers but also implemented that vision to the best of his ability. He saw chiropractic as the principal type of health care that the vast majority of people should receive, even as inpatients; instead of being the usual and customary type of hospital care, pharmaceutical and surgical intervention would be called on only as needed. Mainly because of economic pressures, the Bakkums' facility closed in 1950. Conclusion: The Bakkum Chiropractic Clinic and Hospital may have been fairly typical of small chiropractic facilities offering inpatient care. Like many private hospitals of various kinds, the Bakkums' facility closed in the post—World War II period, primarily because of economic and political losses. This article traces the history of one chiropractic facility to add historical context to chiropractors' long struggle to own and operate chiropractic hospitals. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:34-43)
Paracrine and transpresentation functions of IL-15 are mediated by diverse splice versions of IL-15Rα in human monocytes and dendritic cells.

Species-specific differences of post-translational modifications suggested the existence of human IL-15Rα isoforms. We identified eight new isoforms that are predicted to modify the intracellular C termini of IL-15Rα, and another N-terminal exon “Ex2A” that was consistently present in all but one of the C-terminal isoforms. Ex2A encodes a 49-amino acid domain that allowed the transfer of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex to the cell surface but prevented its cleavage from cell membranes and its secretion thus facilitating the transpresentation of IL-15 as part of the immunological synapse. The Ex2A domain also affected the O-glycosylation of IL-15Rα that explained the species-specific differences. The Ex2A domain appeared to be removed from major IL-15Rα species during protein maturation, but both Ex2A and IL-15Rα appeared on the surface of monocytic cells upon activation. The membrane-associated form of the only C-terminal isoform that lacked Ex2A (IC3) was retained inside the cell, but soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes were readily released from cells that expressed IL-15/IL-15Rα-IC3 thus limiting this IL-15/IL-15Rα isoform to act as a secreted molecule. These data suggest that splice versions of IL-15Rα determine the range of IL-15 activities.
Control of Paint Overspray in Autobody Repair Shops

Commercially available controls for reducing worker exposure to paint overspray were evaluated in six autobody shops and a spray-painting equipment manufacturer's test facility. Engineering control measures included spray-painting booths, vehicle preparation stations, and spray-painting guns. The controls were evaluated by measuring particulate overspray concentrations in the worker's breathing zone, visualizing the airflow in spray-painting booths and vehicle preparation stations, and measuring airflow volumes and velocities. In addition, respirator usage observations were collected at five of the autobody repair shops, and quantitative fit tests were conducted on existing respirators at three shops. Several conclusions were drawn from this study. Downdraft spray-painting booths provide lower particulate overspray concentrations measured on the worker than crossdraft and semidowndraft spray-painting booths. In the latter two booths, the spray-painting gun can disperse as much as half the paint overspray ...
Merit Pay and Motivation in the Public Workforce: Beyond Technical Concerns To More Basic Considerations:

This article examines the influence of workplace participation and job enrichment in promoting employee motivation. Using data gathered from a panel survey of public employees in Washington state, ...
Expression of a rhodococcal indigo gene in Streptococcus thermophilus

A rhodococcal indole oxygenase gene (ido) catalyzing the biosynthesis of indigo pigment was cloned into S. thermophilus ST128. Expression vectors containing an S. thermophilus plasmid replicon (pER8) and promoters (sP1 and STP2201) were used as the cloning vehicles. Northern blot analysis confirmed the transcriptional expression of the ido gene into its mRNA in the ST transformants.
Factors predicting assistive device use in the home by older people following rehabilitation.

The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the pattern of assistive device use by older adults the first 3 months home following rehabilitation, (b) examine factors that predict home use, and (c) describe characteristics of users. The study involved 86 patients 55 years of age or older who were hospitalized for a stroke, orthopedic deficit, or lower limb amputation and discharged home with assistive devices. Of the 642 devices provided in the hospital, 50%o were used frequently to always, with those using devices in Month 1 continuing over time. A respondent's expectation while hospitalized to use devices was an independent predictor of actual home use. Although there were no differences between users and nonusers among sociodemographic variables, respondents with a lower limb amputation used devices with greater frequency than those with either a stroke or orthopedic deficit.
The strength design method for reinforced concrete around the world

In the 40 years since the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-56 Code introduced the ultimate strength design method, it has become the primary method for reinforced concrete design in the United States. The concept of ultimate or limit state design has also been incorporated into building codes around the world. However, the codes of different countries do not agree on the factors used to relate the service loads to ultimate loads. This article reviews the basis for the strength design method and compares the treatment of the strength design concept by codes around the world.
Quantitative trait loci for plant height in four maize populations and their associations with qualitative genetic loci

We report that plant height quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in a given small population are not consistent with QTLs identified in other small populations, and that most QTLs are in close proximity to mapped qualitative genetic loci. These observations provide evidence to support the hypothesis that qualitative genetic loci are the same loci that affect quantitative traits, and affirm that these modest experiments probably identify real QTLs.
Digital breast tomosynthesis with minimal breast compression

Breast compression is utilized in mammography to improve image quality and reduce radiation dose. Lesion conspicuity is improved by reducing scatter effects on contrast and by reducing the superposition of tissue structures. However, patient discomfort due to breast compression has been cited as a potential cause of noncompliance with recommended screening practices. Further, compression may also occlude blood flow in the breast, complicating imaging with intravenous contrast agents and preventing accurate quantification of contrast enhancement and kinetics. Previous studies have investigated reducing breast compression in planar mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), though this typically comes at the expense of degradation in image quality or increase in mean glandular dose (MGD). We propose to optimize the image acquisition technique for reduced compression in DBT without compromising image quality or increasing MGD. A zero-frequency signal-difference-to-noise ratio model is employed to investigate the relationship between tube potential, SDNR and MGD. Phantom and patient images are acquired on a prototype DBT system using the optimized imaging parameters and are assessed for image quality and lesion conspicuity. A preliminary assessment of patient motion during DBT with minimal compression is presented.
Interpersonal and intrapersonal justice: The effect of subject and confederate outcomes on evaluations of fairness

Subjects were asked to make justice judgments based on different comparison standards—intrapersonal and interpersonal standards. The intrapersonal standard of entitlement was induced through a promise. Subjects were either given more than ($4.00), less than ($1.00), or exactly ($2.50) the reward promised for completion of an assigned task. By providing subjects access to information pertaining to a confederate co-worker's outcomes, subjects were able to evaluate the equitableness (an interpersonal standard) of the distribution. Confederates also received one of three levels of reward (i.e. $1.00, $2.50, or $4.00). It was found that evaluations of fairness depend on the criteria used in making the assessment; if intrapersonal comparisons are employed, subjects produce justice judgments quite different from those grounded on an interpersonal referent. A main effect for subject outcome was obtained when the prevailing standard was intrapersonal and an interaction between subject and confederate outcomes was found when the prevailing standard was interpersonal. One implication of these results is that it is possible for an equitable distribution to still be considered unjust.
Flow-Influenced Stabilization of Liquid Columns

Abstract An apparatus designed to subject a liquid column or bridge to an axial flow is described. The bridge liquid is density matched to the water in the external flow in order to simulate low gravity (∼10 -3 Earth g). The influence of flow on shape is the focus of interest. Results for low flow rates show that flow modifies static shapes in a way that can be accounted for by static theory even for moderate deviations from cylindrical shape.
Preexisting fault control for Mesozoic basin formation in eastern North America

A specific near-universal structural control for Mesozoic basin formation is apparent within the Appalachians as a preexisting system of high-angle reverse and dextral strike-slip faults of late Paleozoic and older age. These discrete crustal discontinuities, rather than just the general structural grain, were reactivated during extension associated with Late Triassic-Early Jurassic rifting between eastern North America and western Africa. Selective reactivation of high-angle fault exposures, as well as the subsurface reactivation of horizontal thrust surfaces, has played an important role in localizing rift basin formation in eastern North America.
Effect of distraction osteogenesis of the mandible on upper airway volume and resistance in children with micrognathia.

Children with craniofacial anomalies often have compromise of the upper airway, a condition with potential for morbidity and mortality. In children with microretrognathia, the diminutive size and retruded position of the mandible reduces the size of the oropharynx, thereby predisposing to glossoptos
Effects of photon collimators on the spectral distribution of bremsstrahlung radiation between 20 and 35 MeV

Abstract The relative effects of photon collimators on the spectral distribution of bremsstrahlung radiation in the energy range 20–35 MeV have been measured using a high resolution photon spectrometer.