cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-dependent suppression of body weight gain by exogenous glycerol.

Glycerol-induced suppression of body weight gain was studied in three differently aged groups of male rats: weanlings (24 days of age, N = 19), young adults (2–3 months of age, N = 18), and adults (6 months of age, N = 18). Animals were injected subcutaneously, four times per day with saline, glycerol or glucose according to the following schedule: saline days 1–3, 10–12, glycerol or glucose days 4–9. Analyses of variance for mean daily changes in body weight for each of the two phases of the feeding cycle (day and night) revealed a significant glycerol/glucose difference for the young adult animals only. Body weight gain was suppressed during the dark phase of the feeding cycle by glycerol. In addition, the typical body weight loss characteristic of the day cycle was suppressed by glycerol injections in young adult animals. These data suggest that there may be an age of dose-related threshold for glycerol-induced satiety.
Influence of intraperitoneally administered amino acids on amino acid patterns of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and brain in mice.

Abstract Experiments with individual amino acids intraperitoneally administered in isomolar amounts showed that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells have a high capacity for taking up and maintaining relatively large amounts of the nine essential amino acids in vivo . When these amino acids were taken up by the tumor cells, in some cases in extremely large amounts, there appeared to be, at most, minor disturbances in the relative concentrations of the various other easily extractable ninhydrin-reactive constituents found in the tumor cells. The one nonessential amino acid employed in this present study, arginine, did not appear to be taken up readily by the tumor cells. In contrast to the findings with the tumor cells, under the conditions of testing, small net increases in content of only four of the administered amino acids (methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and valine) were detected in the brain. Tyrosine, but not phenylalanine, was detected in the brain after phenylalanine administration. Quantatitive experiments were performed in vivo and in vitro on histidine uptake.
Heart Rate, Contingent Negative Variation, and Evoked Potentials during Anticipation of Affective Stimulation

Thirteen subjects low in fear of mutilation and 11 subjects high in this fear were exposed to repeated presentations of a 6-sec tone followed by slides depicting a mutilated body or a 6-sec tone of a different frequency paired with a slide of a neutral scene. For both groups, the N140 component of the evoked potential was larger following the signal for gruesome slides. Slow EEG activity displayed two negative waves. Notably, the late CNV wave was present even though a motor response was not required at the end of the foreperiod. Overall, high-fear subjects' early waves tended to be larger preceding neutral scenes than gruesome slides, whereas low-fear subjects showed a trend in the opposite direction. Similar but largely nonsignificant trends were present for the late wave. Heart rate reactions of both groups in the foreperiod included an early deceleration, acceleration, and a late deceleration. Among high-fear subjects both the acceleratory and late deceleratory limbs were greater preceding mutilation than neutral slides. In contrast, low-fear subjects' reactions lacked the acceleratory reaction and did not vary as a function of type of warning signal. These results, therefore, indicate differential autonomic patterns of anticipation of affective stimulation as a function of individual differences in fear.
Multicomponent Molten Salt Mixtures Based on Nitrate/Nitrite Anions

Molten salts are a promising medium for thermal energy transfer and storage. They have a very low vapor pressure and most are unreactive in air. Over the past 3 decades, Sandia National Laboratories has investigated a variety of molten salt mixtures of alkali nitrates and, most recently, quaternary mixtures of sodium, calcium, lithium, and potassium nitrate salts. This effort led to the discovery of mixtures with liquidus temperatures below 100°C. We have now extended this work to the mixed nitrate/nitrite anion system and found compositions with liquidus temperatures below 80°C. In this paper, we present experimental results exploring the lithium, sodium, and potassium compositional space with a 1:1 molar mixture of nitrate/nitrite. From our work, we have identified a five-component system with a liquidus temperature near 70°C. Physical properties of these salts, such as viscosity and density, are reported as well as thermal stability in air. Such a molten salt mixture, with a low liquidus temperature, has the potential to make parabolic trough collectors economically competitive with traditional power generation schemes.
Phase space analysis applied to X-ray optics

Abstract The unique properties of synchrotron radiation have been well documented in the literature 1−5 ). These properties are the tunability over wide photon energy ranges which are inaccessible with othersourrces, high intensity, high degree of polarization and excellent collimation. One aspect of synchrotron radiation which has not been discussed is the source itself, i.e. the relativistic electron bunch 6 ). The source characteristics are what make the simple yet very high resolution X-ray monochromator possible. In this paper, we will discuss thse source characteristics and show how they affect the synchrotron radiation which, in turn, determines the maximum attainable resolution.
Long-Term Outcomes of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart muscle disease characterized by asymmetric or symmetric ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of an obvious clinical cause. Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has been performed in patients who have refractory symptoms despite medical therapy and surgical septal myectomy. However, there is a paucity of data on outcomes of HCM patients who undergo OHT. Methods Data on 462 consecutive patients who underwent OHT at UCLA Medical Center from 1996 to 2004 were retrospectively collected. The clinical data on the 11 patients with HCM were identified. Results The majority of the HCM patients were male (64%). The mean age of the patient was 45 ± 8 years, and the mean donor age was 35 ± 18 years. The mean ischemia time was 226 ± 60 minutes. There was 1 in-hospital death secondary to septic shock. At a median duration of follow-up of 4.5 years (mean, 4.4 ± 3.2 years), there were 3 additional deaths. Compared with the 451 OHT patients who did not have HCM, there was no difference in survival (P = .13), development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (P = .46), or rejection (P = .71). There was no evidence of HCM recurrence in biopsies from the donor heart. Conclusions OHT is a viable treatment option for patients with end-stage HCM refractory to standard therapies.
Formation of Organic Molecular Nanocrystals under Rigid Confinement with Analysis by Solid State NMR.

Crystallization in rigid confinement is a promising method to obtain organic molecular nanocrystals. However, the crystallization behavior and the related characterization methods are not well studied. Here we present a systematic study of the nucleation of organic molecular nanocrystals in rigid pores. Four different compounds were studied, ibuprofen, fenofibrate, griseofulvin and indomethacin, which range from simple to complex molecules. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to analyse the structure of these compounds inside pores which are difficult to characterize by other analytical methods. We successfully demonstrated the production of nano-crystalline ibuprofen, fenofibrate and griseofulvin in porous silica particles with ~40 nm pores. These nanocrystals showed significant enhancement in dissolution rates. These results help advance the fundamental understanding of nucleation under rigid confinement and may lead to potential applications in developing new formulations in the pharmaceutical industry.
Magnesian calcite stabilities: A reevaluation

Equilibrium constants at stoichiometric saturation with respect to various magnesian calcite compositions were measured using free-drift dissolution rate data and inverse time plots to estimate equilibrium pH. The equilibrium constants determined for two ultrasonically cleaned and annealed biogenic magnesian calcites (12 and 18 mole % MgCO3) in CaCl2 + MgCl2 media at two Mg:Ca molar ratios (1:5 and 5:1) are about three times smaller than those previously reported by Plummer and Mackenzie (1974). These equilibrium constants are not affected by changes in initial pH value, solid:solution ratio, or solution Mg:Ca molar ratio when the ion activity product is expressed in the fractional exponent form. Other models for expression of the equilibrium ion activity product fail to yield consistent values in solutions of different Mg:Ca molar ratios. Experiments performed using crushed samples not ultrasonically cleaned and annealed yield equilibrium constants which vary with solid:solution ratio. Those performed at high solid:solution ratios yield values which approach those previously reported. Submicron size particles and crystal strain induced by crushing the biogenic carbonates may cause more rapid dissolution rates and, hence, overestimation of the solubility of samples not prepared so as to minimize these effects. Thus, the large range in reported solubilities of magnesium calcites may be a result of differences in sample preparation procedure. The results of these measurements shift the thermodynamic equivalence point of aragonite and magnesian calcite from 7.5 mole % MgCO3 up to 12 mole % MgCO3 and prompt a reassessment of models for carbonate diagenetic reactions in natural environments.
Ion-exclusion chromatography of non-ionic substances with conductivity detection

Abstract Alcohols, sugars, carboxylic acids and other hydrophilic compounds have been separated on a cation-exchange column (hydrogen form) using a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid as the eluent. Using a conductivity detector, carboxylic acids give positive chromatographic peaks and non-ionic organic compounds give negative peaks (decreasing conductance). The mechanism of the conductivity of detection of non-ionic compounds is discussed. Conditions have been worked out for quantitatively determining both acidic and neutral organic compounds. The method has been applied qualitatively to a number of real samples.
Stability of Metabolically Conjugated Precursors of Meat and Milk Flavor Compounds in Various Solvents

The stability of selected metabolic conjugates (phenylglucuronide, phenylphosphate, and naphthylsulfate) was determined in model systems composed of water and various ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) of selected solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, or methanol) held at either 22°C or 40°C for 30 min under various pH conditions (pH 1.5, 3.2, or 6.5). Notable hydrolysis occurred only for the more polar solvents held in contact with acidic aqueous phases. Conditions were identified for minimizing hydrolysis of conjugates during extraction of fat and free alkylphenols from milk and meat products with diethyl ether. They were pH near neutral, short exposure time, near ambient temperature, presence of excess water, and saturation of aqueous phase with sodium chloride.
Failure to demonstrate the differential outcomes effect in children with autism

The differential outcomes procedure was evaluated during conditional discrimination training with three children with autism. Linking specific reinforcers to specific target responses did not produce large or consistent improvements in training efficiency compared to a nondifferential outcomes procedure. The results are discussed in the context of existing applied research on the differential outcomes effect and its relevance to skill acquisition technology. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The differential outcomes effect (DOE) is a phenomenon whereby conditional discrimination learning is improved when the correct response to each sample stimulus is followed by its own unique reinforcer (Goeters, Blakely, & Poling, 1992). For example, Saunders and Sailor (1979) used a two-choice conditional discrimination task in which individuals with mental retardation were asked to point to 1 of 2 toys when given its name. In the differential outcomes condition, correct choices resulted in the delivery of the toy to which the child pointed. In a nondifferential outcomes condition, correct choices resulted in the delivery of a toy that was not in the array. In a second nondifferential outcomes condition, correct choices resulted in the randomized delivery of one of the toys in the array.
Gut Microbiota: a Factor in Energy Regulation

Studies of germ-free and conventional mice revealed that the intestinal bacterial population of the latter contributed to the provision of calories to the host by hydrolysis of indigestible plant polysaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides. The gut microbiota at the same time caused the suppression of a circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, resulting in increased lipoprotein lipase activity and thus fat deposition. Both of these effects bring about a significantly increased body fat deposition in conventional mice compared with germ-free mice. Therefore, the intestinal microbiota, living in mutual beneficial symbiosis with the host organism, is an important regulator of energy uptake and storage.
Asp746 to Glycine Change May have a Greater Influence than Cys751 to Serine Change in Accounting for Ligand Selectivity between EGFR and HER-2 at the ATP Site

We have carried out up to 8.0 ns molecular dynamics simulation on the ATP-bound complexes of EGFR and HER-2 (homology model) receptor kinase domains to explore the possible consequences of amino acid residue changes in or close to the ATP site that might provide insights for selectivity of these kinases towards ATP site inhibitors. The simulation results show the formation of a channel under Thr766 following the movement of the side chain of Gln767 away from the hinge in EGFR. In HER-2, a similar movement of Gln799 occurs, but a simultaneous movement of Arg784 towards the hinge region occurs that tends to close the channel. The movement of Arg784 in HER-2 appears to result from the absence of an anchoring residue like Asp746 in EGFR, which has been changed to Gly778 in HER-2. In EGFR, this Arg784 is held away from the hinge region by interaction with Asp746, thereby leaving the channel open. This might be an important contributory factor to differences in selectivity of the ligands between the two kinases, probably more so than the conservative change of Cys751 of EGFR to serine in HER-2 at the ATP site.
METRO: a router architecture for high-performance, short-haul routing networks

The Multipath Enhanced Transit Router Organization (METRO) is a flexible routing architecture for high-performance, tightly-coupled, multiprocessors and routing hubs. A METRO router is a dilated cross-bar routing component supporting half-duplex bidirectional, pipelined, circuit-switched connections. Each METRO router is self-routing and supports dynamic message traffic. The routers works in conjunction with source-responsible network interfaces to achieve reliable end-to-end data transmission in the presence of heavy network congestion and dynamic faults. METRO separates the fundamental architectural characteristics from implementation parameters. Simplicity of routing function coupled with freedom in the implementation parameters allows METRO implementations fully exploit available technology to achieve low-latency and high-bandwidth. We illustrate the effects of this implementation freedom by summarizing the performance which various METRO configurations can extract from some modern CMOS technologies. Included in our illustrations is METROJR-ORBIT, a minimal instance of the METRO architecture we constructed in a 1.2μ gate-array technology.
A semiautomated framework for integrating expert knowledge into disease marker identification.

Background. The availability of large complex data sets generated by high throughput technologies has enabled the recent proliferation of disease biomarker studies. However, a recurring problem in deriving biological information from large data sets is how to best incorporate expert knowledge into the biomarker selection process. Objective. To develop a generalizable framework that can incorporate expert knowledge into data-driven processes in a semiautomated way while providing a metric for optimization in a biomarker selection scheme. Methods. The framework was implemented as a pipeline consisting of five components for the identification of signatures from integrated clustering (ISIC). Expert knowledge was integrated into the biomarker identification process using the combination of two distinct approaches; a distance-based clustering approach and an expert knowledge-driven functional selection. Results. The utility of the developed framework ISIC was demonstrated on proteomics data from a study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biomarker candidates were identified in a mouse model using ISIC and validated in a study of a human cohort. Conclusions. Expert knowledge can be introduced into a biomarker discovery process in different ways to enhance the robustness of selected marker candidates. Developing strategies for extracting orthogonal and robust features from large data sets increases the chances of success in biomarker identification.
From 8-1/3 bits/s to 100,000 bits/s in ten years

During the first 11 years of its planetary program, the United States sent seven spacecraft to explore the inner planets: Venus, Mars, and Mercury. At the beginning of this period, the telemetry data rate was 8-1/3 bits/s; by the end of the period it was 120 kbits/s, a more than ten-thousand-fold increase. To identify the major factors involved, the form of a deep space telemetry system is described and the values of the major factors for each of the seven spacecraft are given. The amount of the improvement in each is computed and the way in which the improvement was achieved is discussed. Finally, some possible directions for possible future improvements are suggested.
Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography☆

Abstract With the arrival of new media and communication technologies in recent years, user-generated content (UGC) on the internet has increasingly been considered a credible form of word-of-mouth. Social media websites, such as Facebook, Flickr, and Panoramio, allow tourists to share their travel experiences with others by uploading travel photos online, an activity that has gained popularity among internet users. Unlike images created and projected by destination marketing organizations (DMOs), pictorial UGC reflects users' perceptions of a destination. This study compared images of Peru collected from a DMO's site and from Flickr, a photo-sharing website and identified statistical differences in several dimensions of these images. The study visualized these differences by constructing maps representing “aggregated” projected and perceived images of Peru, as well as maps of geographical distribution of the images.
Using Global Structural Relationships of Signals to Accelerate SAT-based Combinational Equivalence Checking.

We propose a novel technique to improve SAT-based Combinational Equivalence Checking (CEC). The idea is to perform a low-cost preprocessing that will statically induce global signal relationships into the original CNF formula of the miter circuit under verification, and hence reduce the complexity of the SAT instance. This efficient and effective preprocessing quickly builds up the implication graph for the miter circuit under verification, yielding a large set of direct, indirect and extended backward implications. These two-node implications spanning the entire circuit are converted into binary clauses, and they are added to the miter CNF formula. The added clauses constrain the search space of the SAT solver and provide correlation among the different variables, which enhances the Boolean Constraint Propagation (BCP). Experimental results on large and difficult ISCAS'85, ISCAS'89 (full scan) and ITC'99 (full scan) CEC instances show that our approach is independent of the state- of-the-art SAT solver used, and that the added clauses help to achieve noteworthy speedup for each of the cases. Also, comparison with Hyper-Resolution (Hypre), Non-Increasing Variable Elimination Resolution (NIVER) and the propositional formula checker HeerHugo, suggests that our technique is more powerful, yielding non-trivial clauses that significantly simplify the SAT instance complexity.
Reading Instruction for Students with LD and EBD A Synthesis of Observation Studies

This article synthesizes previous observation studies conducted during reading with students with learning disabilities (LD) and emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD). A systematic search of all research conducted between 1975 and 2000 yielded a total of 16 studies (11 independent samples) that met all preestablished criteria. These studies yielded several findings: (a) There was substantial time allocated for reading instruction, though the time varied based on whether students were in special education or general education or both; (b) students were provided more individual and group instruction in special education; (c) the quality of reading instruction was low, overall, with excessive time allocated to waiting and limited time allocated to actual reading of text; and (d) independent seatwork and worksheets consumed large amounts of time allocated for reading. Only a small percentage of students with EBD were participants in the studies. The findings should be interpreted as generalizable primarily for...
The acyltransferase GPAT5 is required for the synthesis of suberin in seed coat and root of Arabidopsis.

Suberin and cutin are fatty acid– and glycerol-based plant polymers that act as pathogen barriers and function in the control of water and solute transport. However, despite important physiological roles, their biosynthetic pathways, including the acyl transfer reactions, remain hypothetical. We report the characterization of two suberin mutants (gpat5-1 and gpat5-2) of Arabidopsis thaliana GPAT5, encoding a protein with acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity. RT-PCR and β-glucuronidase–promoter fusion analyses demonstrated GPAT5 expression in seed coat, root, hypocotyl, and anther. The gpat5 plants showed a 50% decrease in aliphatic suberin in young roots and produced seed coats with a severalfold reduction in very long chain dicarboxylic acid and ω-hydroxy fatty acids typical of suberin but no change in the composition or content of membrane or storage glycerolipids or surface waxes. Consistent with their altered suberin, seed coats of gpat5 mutants had a steep increase in permeability to tetrazolium salts compared with wild-type seed coats. Furthermore, the germination rate of gpat5 seeds under high salt was reduced, and gpat5 seedlings had lower tolerance to salt stress. These results provide evidence for a critical role of GPAT5 in polyester biogenesis in seed coats and roots and for the importance of lipid polymer structures in the normal function of these organs.
Compansion: From research prototype to practical integration

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) is the field of study concerned with providing devices and techniques to augment the communicative ability of a person whose disability makes it difficult to speak or otherwise communicate in an understandable fashion. For several years, we have been applying natural language processing techniques to the field of AAC to develop intelligent communication aids that attempt to provide linguistically correct output while increasing communication rate. Previous effort has resulted in a research prototype called Compansion that expands telegraphic input. In this paper we describe that research prototype and introduce the Intelligent Parser Generator (IPG). IPG is intended to be a practical embodiment of the research prototype aimed at a group of users who have cognitive impairments that affect their linguistic ability. We describe both the theoretical underpinnings of Compansion and the practical considerations in developing a usable system for this population of users.
Reliability enhancement of power gating transistor under time dependent dielectric breakdown

As the technology shrinks to nano-scale, CMOS transistors pose more challenges to circuit design. One of the reliability challenges is time dependant dielectric breakdown. Scaling of the gate oxide increases the chance of dielectric breakdown due to presences of impurities in the oxide. Dielectric breakdown has a progressive nature resulting in gate current increase over time leading to a permanent short circuit. Power gating is an effective method for leakage power reduction. In a power gated circuit, the power gating transistor is the biggest transistor with the highest stress probability. Hence, the power gating transistor has the highest change of dielectric breakdown. A breakdown detection and repair method is proposed to enhance the reliability of power gating in nano-scale by optimally introducing sleep transistor redundancy. The proposed design is lower power and is immune against breakdown. A modeling and optimization framework is also proposed to optimize the trade-off between area overhead and overall breakdown probability. The results of implementation in a predictive 32nm technology shows that with an area constraint of 2% overhead for a benchmark circuit, the failure probability is reduced to 7.5e-18 and with the constraint of le-6 failure probability, the area overhead is 1.3% of the area of the benchmark circuit.
Tissue Barriers of the Human Placenta to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, obligate intracellular parasite capable of crossing the placenta to cause spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, or significant disease in the surviving neonate. Exploration of the cellular and histological components of the placental barrier is in its infancy, and both how and where T. gondii breaches it are unknown. The human placenta presents two anatomical interfaces between maternal cells and fetal cells (trophoblasts): (i) the villous region where maternal blood bathes syncytialized trophoblasts for nutrient exchange and (ii) the maternal decidua, where mononuclear, extravillous trophoblasts anchor the villous region to the uterus. Using first-trimester human placental explants, we demonstrate that the latter site is significantly more vulnerable to infection, despite presenting a vastly smaller surface. This is consistent with past findings concerning two vertically transmitted viruses and one bacterium. We further explore whether three genetically distinct T. gondii types (I, II, and III) are capable of preferential placental infection and survival in this model. We find no difference in these strains' ability to infect placental explants; however, slightly slower growth is evident in type II (Prugniaud [Pru]) parasites relative to other cell types, although this did not quite achieve statistical significance.
Numerical simulations on mode S growth over feltmetal and regular porous coatings of a Mach 5.92 flow

The stabilization effect of porous coating on hypersonic boundary-layer flows has been studied by theoretical analyses, experiments, and numerical simulations. However, most of the previous work considered either felt-metal porous coating or regular porous coating. Comparison of the two types of porous coatings was only done in experiments. In this paper, mode S growth over felt-metal and regular porous coatings of a Mach 5.92 flow is obtained by numerical simulations to study the effect of different porous coatings. The results show that the two types of porous coatings both destabilize mode S in Mack’s first mode region. When mode S propagates into Mack’s second mode region, porous coatings initially stabilize it before destabilizing it further downstream. At approximately the same porosity, regular porous coating is weaker in first mode destabilization, initial second mode stabilization, and downstream second mode destabilization. In addition, the wall-normal velocity disturbance induced by regular porous coating is significantly weaker than that induced by felt-metal porous coating. For regular porous coating, decreasing of porosity leads to even weaker first mode destabilization, initial second mode stabilization, downstream second mode destabilization, and wall-normal velocity disturbance on the surface. Further studies are needed for the exact mechanism behind the complex effect of porous coating on mode S in Mack’s second mode region.
Evidence of the Presence of a Specific ATPase Responsible for ATP-initiated Calcification by Matrix Vesicles Isolated from Cartilage and Bone

Accumulating evidence indicates that calcification by isolated mammalian matrix vesicles (MVs) can be initiated by ATP. Since ATP can be hydrolyzed by either a specific ATPase or by nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), it remains to be established whether ATPase or ALP mediates ATP-initiated Ca and Pi deposition. To support the hypothesis that specific ATPase is responsible for ATP-initiated calcification by MVs isolated from mammalian cartilage and bone, the effects of ATP analogs, ALP substrates, and specific inhibitors on ATP hydrolysis and ATP-initiated calcification were compared between intact MVs and monoclonal antibody affinity-purified MV ALP. ATP analogs such as ADP and AMP exerted marked inhibitory effects on both [gamma-32P]ATP hydrolysis and ATP-initiated calcification by intact MVs, whereas phosphomonoesters such as beta-glycerophosphate or phosphoethanolamine had no effect. In contrast to intact MVs, purified MV ALP failed to calcify, and its [gamma-32P]ATP hydrolytic activity was readily inhibited by phosphomonoesters. Additionally, [gamma-32P]ATP hydrolysis by purified ALP in contrast to that by intact vesicles was completely inhibited by l-tetramisole, a specific inhibitor of ALP, suggesting a loss of specific ATPase during purification. Vanadate inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by purified ALP can be decreased by increasing ATP concentrations. On the contrary, ATP concentrations did not affect vanadate inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by intact MVs if ALP activity was blocked by l-tetramisole. These observations, therefore, suggest that: 1) a portion of [gamma-32P]ATP hydrolysis by MVs is attributable to a specific ATPase, whereas the remaining activity is due to ALP; and 2) a specific ATPase, but not ALP, is responsible for ATP-dependent Ca- and Pi-depositing activity of MVs isolated from bone or cartilage.
Implementation and performance analysis of IEEE 802.11i standard using the IXP425 network processor

In this paper, we present an implementation and performance analysis of IEEE 802.11i security standard over an 802.11b WLAN. Analysis of the performance of WLAN when using 802.11i cryptographic algorithms has not been published. The IXP425 network processor is used and tests results are analyzed for TCP, UDP and VOIP traffic. Our results show that for an overloaded WLAN link the degradation in throughput for TCP traffic is gradual, while the degradation for UDP traffic is very sharp. The experiments also show that the maximum number of VOIP calls using G711-law codec that can be supported by the 802.11i link is 21.
Wing Vein Patterning in Drosophila and the Analysis of Intercellular Signaling

The positioning and elaboration of ectodermal veins in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster rely on widely utilized developmental signals, including those mediated by EGF, BMP, Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt. Analysis of vein patterning mutants, using the molecular and genetic mosaic techniques available in Drosophila, has provided important insights into how a combination of short-range and long-range signaling can pattern a simple epidermal tissue. Moreover, venation has become a powerful system for isolating and analyzing novel components in these signaling pathways. I here review the basic events of vein patterning and give examples of how changes in venation have been used to identify important features of cell signaling pathways.
A perspective on the future of geothermal energy in the united states

Electricity has been produced from geothermal energy since 1960. Hydrothermal resources, naturally occurring hot water, are the fluid providers. Since these resources seem limited geothermal developers are now looking at the much larger potential resource represented by hot rocks with low productivity. This resource originally termed ldquohot dry rockrdquo (HDR) but now termed ldquoenhanced geothermal systemsrdquo (EGS) which includes the transition between hydrothermal systems and HDR will be the future for geothermal development throughout the world.
Neutron diffraction analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 1.

Perdeuterated peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was crystallized for structural analysis using neutron diffraction. Crystals of perdeuterated protein were grown to 0.15 mm3 in size using batch crystallization in 22.5% polyethylene glycol 4000, 100 mM Tris pH 7.5, 10%(v/v) isopropyl alcohol with a 20-molar excess of trilysine as an additive. Neutron diffraction data were collected from a crystal at room temperature using the MaNDi single-crystal diffractometer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Discovering functional modules by topic modeling RNA-Seq based toxicogenomic data.

Toxicogenomics (TGx) endeavors to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms through exploring gene expression profiles in response to toxic substances. Recently, RNA-Seq is increasingly regarded as a more powerful alternative to microarrays in TGx studies. However, realizing RNA-Seq’s full potential requires novel approaches to extracting information from the complex TGx data. Considering read counts as the number of times a word occurs in a document, gene expression profiles from RNA-Seq are analogous to a word by document matrix used in text mining. Topic modeling aiming at to discover the latent structures in text corpora would be helpful to explore RNA-Seq based TGx data. In this study, topic modeling was applied on a typical RNA-Seq based TGx data set to discover hidden functional modules. The RNA-Seq based gene expression profiles were transformed into “documents”, on which latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used to build a topic model. We found samples treated by the compounds with the same ...
NACA 5312 in ground effect - Wind tunnel and panel code studies

Wind tunnel pressure measurements were made on a NACA 5312 airfoil at various distances from the ground and at various incidences. Tests were carried out at a freestream Reynolds number of l.SxlO, resulting in turbulent flow over most of the airfoil. The nondimensionalized trailing edge distance ranged from 0.0 to 0.5, while the incidence ranged from -4 to 16 degrees. The presence of the ground was simulated via the image method, i.e., by using a pair of symmetrically opposed airfoils that formed a symmetry plane midway between them. A numerical method based on constantvorticity flat panels was used to assess the usefulness of panel methods in studying airfoils in ground effect. Results from the panel code were compared to the experimental pressure distributions. While the experimental results were considered reliable, panel methods were not deemed effective in predicting pressure distributions and aerodynamic coefficients for airfoils operating at various incidences and various ground distances. Computational methods must model the presence of boundary layers on the airfoil and on
Arithmetic of characters of generalized symmetric groups

The result here answers the following questions in the affirmative: Can the Galois action on all abelian (Galois) fields $K/\mathbb{Q}$ be realized explicitly via an action on characters of some finite group? Are all subfields of a cyclotomic field of the form $\mathbb{Q}(\chi)$, for some irreducible character $\chi$ of a finite group G? In particular, we explicitly determine the Galois action on all irreducible characters of the generalized symmetric groups. We also determine the “smallest” extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ required to realize (using matrices) a given irreducible representation of a generalized symmetric group.
FrequencyDomain Analysis of TwoConductor Lines

This chapter contains sections titled: The Transmission-Line Equations for Sinusoidal Steady-State Excitation of the Line The General Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents The Voltage Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance to the Line The Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents The SPICE Solution Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line Matching and VSWR Power Flow on the Line Alternative Forms of the Results The Smith Chart Effects of Line Losses Lumped-Circuit Approximations for Electrically Short Lines Construction of Microwave Circuit Components Using Transmission Lines Problems
HUMAN BITE INFECTIONS OF THE HAND

SUMMARY Human bite injuries, as innocuous as they may appear initially, may result in severe impairment. With a better understanding of the anatomy, microbiology, mechanism of injury, and clinical presentation, early diagnosis and the institution of appropriate therapy may minimize the morbidity commonly associated with human bite infections of the hand.
Optical interconnect technologies for Si ULSI

Because of fundamental differences in optical and electrical physics, optics has the potential to solve interconnect problems both on and off chip. Recent advances in integrating optics and optoelectronics with silicon chips promise technologies that may allow interconnects to scale with the integration level and clock speeds of future silicon.
On the effect of hyperaldosteronism-inducing mutations in Na/K pumps.

Primary aldosteronism, a condition in which too much aldosterone is produced and that leads to hypertension, is often initiated by an aldosterone-producing adenoma within the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Somatic mutations of ATP1A1, encoding the Na/K pump α1 subunit, have been found in these adenomas. It has been proposed that a passive inward current transported by several of these mutant pumps is a "gain-of-function" activity that produces membrane depolarization and concomitant increases in aldosterone production. Here, we investigate whether the inward current through mutant Na/K pumps is large enough to induce depolarization of the cells that harbor them. We first investigate inward currents induced by these mutations in Xenopus Na/K pumps expressed in Xenopus oocytes and find that these inward currents are similar in amplitude to wild-type outward Na/K pump currents. Subsequently, we perform a detailed functional evaluation of the human Na/K pump mutants L104R, delF100-L104, V332G, and EETA963S expressed in Xenopus oocytes. By combining two-electrode voltage clamp with [3H]ouabain binding, we measure the turnover rate of these inward currents and compare it to the turnover rate for outward current through wild-type pumps. We find that the turnover rate of the inward current through two of these mutants (EETA963S and L104R) is too small to induce significant cell depolarization. Electrophysiological characterization of another hyperaldosteronism-inducing mutation, G99R, reveals the absence of inward currents under many different conditions, including in the presence of the regulator FXYD1 as well as with mammalian ionic concentrations and body temperatures. Instead, we observe robust outward currents, but with significantly reduced affinities for intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+. Collectively, our results point to loss-of-function as the common mechanism for the hyperaldosteronism induced by these Na/K pump mutants.
A Sub-Picosecond Resolution 0.5–1.5 GHz Digital-to-Phase Converter

A digital-to-phase converter (DPC) is an essential building block in applications such as source-synchronous interfaces and digital phase modulators. The resolution of DPCs using analog phase interpolators is severely affected by the operating frequency and rise times of the interpolator inputs. In this paper, we present a new DPC architecture that achieves high resolution independent of both the operating frequency and the rise time. The 8 phases generated by a phase-locked loop are dithered using a delta-sigma modulator to shape the truncation error to high frequency and is subsequently filtered using a delay-locked loop phase filter. The test chip, fabricated in a 0.13 mum CMOS process, operates from 0.5 -1.5 GHz and achieves a differential nonlinearity of less than plusmn0.1 ps and an integral nonlinearity of plusmn12 ps. The total power consumption while operating at 1 GHz is 15 mW.
Insights from molecular dynamics simulations to exploit new trends for the development of improved opioid drugs

Having accidental deaths from opioid overdoses almost quadrupled over the past fifteen years, there is a strong need to develop new, non-addictive medications for chronic pain to stop one of the deadliest epidemics in American history. Given their potentially fewer on-target overdosing risks and other adverse effects compared to classical opioid drugs, attention has recently shifted to opioid allosteric modulators and G protein-biased opioid agonists as likely drug candidates to prevent and/or reverse opioid overdoses. Understanding how these molecules bind and activate their receptors at an atomistic level is key to developing them into effective new therapeutics, and molecular dynamics-based strategies are contributing tremendously to this understanding.
Carotid-Subclavian Transposition and Carotid-Subclavian Bypass

Carotid-subclavian transposition (CST) and carotidsubclavian bypass (CSB) are performed for symptomatic stenosis of the proximal subclavian artery. These procedures are more commonly performed on the left subclavian artery (70%), as opposed to the right subclavian artery. This is due to the relative size of the arteries and the more frequent and significant involvement of the left subclavian with atherosclerotic disease at the aortic arch.
Using semantic web technologies for policy management on the web

With policy management becoming popular as a means of providing flexible Web security, the number of policy languages being proposed for the Web is constantly increasing. We recognize the importance of policies for securing the Web and believe that the future will only bring more policy languages. We do not, however, believe that users should be forced to conform the description of their policy relationships to a single standard policy language. Instead there should be a way of encompassing different policy languages and supporting heterogeneous policy systems. As a step in this direction, we propose Rein, a policy framework grounded in Semantic Web technologies, which leverages the distributed nature and linkability of the Web to provide Web-based policy management. Rein provides ontologies for describing policy domains in a decentralized manner and provides an engine for reasoning over these descriptions, both of which can be used to develop domain and policy language specific security systems. We describe the Rein policy framework and discuss how a Rein policy management systems can be developed for access control in an online photo sharing application.
The General Relativistic Quantization Program

The field equations of the classical theory of gravitation, the Einstein Theory of General Relativity, admit solutions which can be interpreted as gravitational radiation. Experiments currently in progress seem to indicate the existence of such gravitational radiation. It would be remarkable if the energy transported by the gravitational waves were not emitted and absorbed in quanta in conformity with the well known Einstein relation, E=hv. Yet, to date, we do not have a satisfactory theory for the quantized transfer of gravitational energy whose classical limit corresponds to the generally accepted Einstein Theory of Gravitation.
Premises Liability Action: Unprotected Visitor's Dugout

A high school baseball player brought a premises liability action against a high school for his injuries after a foul ball struck him while he was standing in an unprotected area of the visitor's d...
A Qualitative Analysis of the Impact of Carboplatin AUC 10 on Physical, Work Functioning and Bone Marrow Toxicity Among Seminoma Patients - A Single-centre Experience.

Background Single-agent carboplatin at area under the curve 10 (AUC10) is an effective treatment for metastatic seminoma. As far as we are aware of, there have been no studies reporting its effects on short-term quality of life. The objective was to study the efficacy, safety and tolerability, using health-related quality of life, of carboplatin AUC10 chemotherapy in patients with metastatic seminoma. Patients and methods Forty-four patients with metastatic seminoma treated at Mount Vernon Cancer Centre with carboplatin AUC10 were included in this study. Response to treatment was determined by radiological imaging (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v 1.1) and serum tumour markers. Toxicities were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0. Quality of life treatment-related toxicities were assessed during treatment at pre-chemotherapy assessments. After treatment, toxicity was assessed using a defined telephone questionnaire consisting of four questions relating to hair loss, hearing impairment, days absent from work, and neuropathy. Results At a median follow-up of 27.5 (range=4-84) months, no patient had experienced relapse. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was seen in 15 (35%) patients, nine (21%) required prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 13 (30%) patients had grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. Commonest non-haematological toxicities were fatigue in 28 (65%) and nausea 14 (33%) patients. They were grade 1 in 82% and 92% of cases, respectively. Six out of 44 (14%) had residual tinnitus. One patient had residual grade 1 peripheral neuropathy. Ten patients continued to work throughout treatment and two patients were retired. Of the remaining patients, 16 (37%), took fewer than 5 days off work. Conclusion Carboplatin AUC10 is a safe and effective treatment for stage II/III seminoma with better health-related quality of life than experienced with combination cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Ginger Rhizomes Inhibited NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of innate immune responses, and its aberrant activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome could hold promise to combat these complex diseases, but therapies specifically inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome have not been developed for patient treatment. The current study aimed to identify food-borne exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) that inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Nine vegetables or fruits were selected to extract ELNs, which were examined for their inhibitory effects on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary macrophages. Although most of the tested ELNs posed minimal impacts, the ELNs from ginger rhizomes (G-ELNs) strongly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The G-ELNs contained lipids, proteins, and RNAs and were easily taken up by macrophages. G-ELN treatment suppressed pathways downstream of inflammasome activation including caspase1 autocleavage, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion, and pyroptotic cell death. Apoptotic speck protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) oligomerization and speck formation assays indicated that G-ELNs blocked assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The lipids in G-ELNs, rather than the RNAs or proteins, were responsible for the inhibitory activity observed. Together, the data suggested G-ELNs as new potent agents that block NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. The unique features of G-ELNs including biomolecule protection and tissue bioavailability should facilitate the development of G-ELN-based therapy to target the NLRP3 inflammasome in the disease settings.