cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging in Rural Environments

In 1978 some 8,467,000 persons over 65 years of age (approximately 38% of the noninstitutionalized elderly population) resided outside standard metropolitan statistical areas (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1979). An increasing proportion of these old people live in small-town and rural environments. During the 1970s the significant numbers of elderly who had “aged in place” in such settings were complemented by a steady stream of return migrants from metropolitan areas (Aday & Miles, 1982; Beale, 1976; Bowles, 1978; Fuguitt & Tordella, 1980; Koebernick & Beegle, 1978). As this transition has occurred, a few pioneering anthologies (Atchley & Byerts, 1975; Youmans, 1967) have been supplemented by a proliferation of research on the rural and small town elderly (Ansello & Cipolla, 1980; Kim & Wilson, 1981; Wilkinson, Rowles, & Maxwell, 1982). Unfortunately, very little of this research has been concerned with the environmental experience, defined as physical, cognitive, and emotional transactions with the physical setting, of rural old people.
Risky Credit Card Behavior of College Students

This chapter provides an overview of the credit card practices of college students and identifies specific groups of students who are more likely to be at risk for mismanaging and misusing credit. It specifically highlights findings from one particular study that collected data from a large sample of college students on multiple campuses in the Midwest. In this chapter, educational recommendations are made to financial professionals, who are interested in using this research to develop and provide more effective financial education to college students. Also included is a discussion of emerging research related to college students’ finances and directions for future research.
Residential Crowding Research

As interest in density and crowding has increased, research has considered a growing number of settings and variables associated with crowding stress. Initial investigation of urban density and its relationships with statistical indices of pathology has been supplemented by research using more experimentally oriented approaches, and these studies have considered laboratory settings, grocery and department stores, exterior urban neighborhood spaces, and a number of residential environments. The latter setting has, for a number of reasons, received greater attention than the others and constitutes a major focus of theory and research on human crowding phenomena. This chapter is concerned with the experimental study of residential crowding; we intend to review briefly previous research in this area and to consider the strengths of the experimental and quasi-experimental methodologies that have evolved for use in naturally occurring settings.
Integrated X-ray surface brightnesses of supernova remnants and comparison with radio and infrared values

A weak linear correlation is found between the X-ray and radio surface brightnesses of galactic supernova remnants. A flatter slope is found for the infrared-radio correlation.
The projected impact of geographic targeting of oral cholera vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: A modeling study.

Background Cholera causes an estimated 100,000 deaths annually worldwide, with the majority of burden reported in sub-Saharan Africa. In May 2018, the World Health Assembly committed to reducing worldwide cholera deaths by 90% by 2030. Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) plays a key role in reducing the near-term risk of cholera, although global supplies are limited. Characterizing the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of mass OCV deployment strategies is critical for setting expectations and developing cholera control plans that maximize the chances of success. Methods and findings We compared the projected impacts of vaccination campaigns across sub-Saharan Africa from 2018 through 2030 when targeting geographically according to historical cholera burden and risk factors. We assessed the number of averted cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years and the cost-effectiveness of these campaigns with models that accounted for direct and indirect vaccine effects and population projections over time. Under current vaccine supply projections, an approach optimized to targeting by historical burden is projected to avert 828,971 (95% CI 803,370-859,980) cases (equivalent to 34.0% of projected cases; 95% CI 33.2%-34.8%). An approach that balances logistical feasibility with targeting historical burden is projected to avert 617,424 (95% CI 599,150-643,891) cases. In contrast, approaches optimized for targeting locations with limited access to water and sanitation are projected to avert 273,939 (95% CI 270,319-277,002) and 109,817 (95% CI 103,735-114,110) cases, respectively. We find that the most logistically feasible targeting strategy costs US$1,843 (95% CI 1,328-14,312) per DALY averted during this period and that effective geographic targeting of OCV campaigns can have a greater impact on cost-effectiveness than improvements to vaccine efficacy and moderate increases in coverage. Although our modeling approach does not project annual changes in baseline cholera risk or directly incorporate immunity from natural cholera infection, our estimates of the relative performance of different vaccination strategies should be robust to these factors. Conclusions Our study suggests that geographic targeting substantially improves the cost-effectiveness and impact of oral cholera vaccination campaigns. Districts with the poorest access to improved water and sanitation are not the same as districts with the greatest historical cholera incidence. While OCV campaigns can improve cholera control in the near term, without rapid progress in developing water and sanitation services or dramatic increases in OCV supply, our results suggest that vaccine use alone is unlikely to allow us to achieve the 2030 goal.
Interpreting Dynamic Interfacial Changes at Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are instrumental tools in neuroscience used for the electroanalysis of neurochemical dynamics and recordings of neural activity. However, performance is variable and dependent on fabrication strategies, the biological response to implantation, and the physical and chemical composition of the recording environment. This presents an analytical challenge, as electrode performance is difficult to quantitatively assess in situ, especially when electrodes are permanently implanted or cemented in place. We previously reported that electrode impedance directly impacts electrochemical performance for molecular sensing. In this work, we investigate the impacts of individual components of the electrochemical system on impedance. Equivalent circuit models for glass- and silica-insulated carbon-fiber microelectrodes were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The models were validated based on the ability to assign individual circuit elements to physical properties of the electrochemical system. Investigations were performed to evaluate the utility of the models in providing feedback on how changes in ionic strength and carbon fiber material alter impedance properties. Finally, EIS measurements were used to investigate the electrode/solution interface prior to, during, and following implantation in live brain tissue. A significant increase in impedance and decrease in capacitance occur during tissue exposure and persist following implantation. Electrochemical conditioning, which occurs continually during fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings, etches and renews the carbon surface, mitigating these effects. Overall, the results establish EIS as a powerful method for characterization of carbon-fiber microelectrodes, providing unprecedented insight into how real-world factors affect the electrode/solution interface.
3 – Probability and what it has to do with data analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses probability and what it has to do with data analysis. It develops the techniques that are needed to understand, quantify, and propagate measurement error. It emphasizes on the theme, which states that error is an unavoidable part of the measurement process and that error in measurement propagates through the analysis to affect the conclusions. Bayesian inference is introduced in this chapter as a way of assessing how new measurements improve state of knowledge about the world. All of the formalism developed for discrete probabilities carries over to the case where the observations are continuously changing variables. The probability density function for one datum, irrespective of the value of the other, can be obtained by integration.
Scientific Ideologies and Conceptions of Drinking Behavior and Alcoholism

Conventional explanations of drinking behavior and alcoholism suffer from serious inadequacies, due in large part to their unquestioning acceptance of certain assumptions about the effects of alcohol on human behavior that are rooted in moral prescriptions. That is, most contemporary models of drinking behavior assume that the consumption of alcohol leads to the loss of inhibitions or self-control, ultimately leading to behaviors that are not predictable by either the drinker or society. This perspective has become so deeply ingrained in the social scientific literature that it is no longer even perceived as hypothetical; instead, it has taken on the character of unqualified "scientific fact." Yet it has become more and more difficult to reconcile this conventional wisdom with the empirical literature on drinking. As a result, the development of an adequate model of drinking behavior (including both normal and pathological drinking) may have been inhibited by this uncritical acceptance of a scientific ideology. Throughout the world, the consumption of beverage alcohol is little short of ubiquitous. In the contemporary United States, a recent Gallup poll indicated that seven of every ten adults drink and, in many other cultures, the use of alcohol is even more common (Heath, 1975). Most drinkers are not seriously affected-positively or negatively-by their consumption of alcohol. Their drinking is merely an ordinary element of their everyday lives, and they probably pay it no more (or less) attention than any other routine activity, such as eating, sleeping, having sex, or going to work. Yet, no matter how common drinking may be, we know very little about it or its role in everyday life. The predominant emphasis in studies of alcohol use has not been on what most people do or on how drinking affects their lives. Instead, social analyses of drinking behavior have been most concerned with a relatively small group of drinkers: those who have been characterized by such labels as alcoholic, problem drinker, and common drunk. Because of *This paper is based upon a portion of an unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (State University of New York at Binghamton, 1978), and an earlier version of it was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems in Boston, August 1979. I would like to thank Donald B. Trow for his encouragement and guidance and Thomas M. Meenaghan for his comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. For correspondence about this article: College of -Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
Circulating Plasma Biomarkers of Survival in Antifibrotic-Treated Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Background A number of circulating plasma biomarkers have been shown to predict survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but most were identified before the use of antifibrotic (AF) therapy in this population. Because pirfenidone and nintedanib have been shown to slow IPF progression and may prolong survival, the role of such biomarkers in AF-treated patients is unclear. Research Question To determine whether plasma concentration of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), surfactant protein D (SP-D), chitinase-3-like protein-1 (YKL-40), vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1), and osteopontin (OPN) is associated with differential transplant-free survival (TFS) in AF-exposed and nonexposed patients with IPF. Study Design and Methods A pooled, multicenter, propensity-matched analysis of IPF patients with and without AF exposure was performed. Optimal thresholds for biomarker dichotomization were identified in each group using iterative Cox regression. Longitudinal biomarker change was assessed in a subset of patients using linear mixed regression modeling. A clinical-molecular signature of IPF TFS was then derived and validated in an independent IPF cohort. Results Three hundred twenty-five patients were assessed, of which 68 AF-exposed and 172 nonexposed patients were included after propensity matching. CA-125, CXCL13, MMP7, YKL-40, and OPN predicted differential TFS in AF-exposed patients but at higher thresholds than in AF-nonexposed individuals. Plasma biomarker level generally increased over time in nonexposed patients but remained unchanged in AF-exposed patients. A clinical-molecular signature predicted decreased TFS in AF-exposed patients (hazard ratio [HR], 5.91; 95% CI, 2.25-15.5; P Interpretation Most plasma biomarkers assessed predicted differential TFS in AF-exposed patients with IPF, but at higher thresholds than in nonexposed patients. A clinical-molecular signature of IPF TFS may provide a reliable predictor of outcome risk in AF-treated patients but requires additional research for optimization and validation.
Characteristics of mutational signatures of unknown etiology.

Although not all somatic mutations are cancer drivers, their mutational signatures, i.e. the patterns of genomic alterations at a genome-wide scale, provide insights into past exposure to mutagens, DNA damage and repair processes. Computational deconvolution of somatic mutation patterns and expert curation pan-cancer studies have identified a number of mutational signatures associated with point mutations, dinucleotide substitutions, insertions and deletions, and rearrangements, and have established etiologies for a subset of these signatures. However, the mechanisms underlying nearly one-third of all mutational signatures are not yet understood. The signatures with established etiology and those with hitherto unknown origin appear to have some differences in strand bias, GC content and nucleotide context diversity. It is possible that some of the hitherto 'unknown' signatures predominantly occur outside gene regions. While nucleotide contexts might be adequate to establish etiologies of some mutational signatures, in other cases additional features, such as broader (epi)genomic contexts, including chromatin, replication timing, processivity and local mutational patterns, may help fully understand the underlying DNA damage and repair processes. Nonetheless, remarkable progress in characterization of mutational signatures has provided fundamental insights into the biology of cancer, informed disease etiology and opened up new opportunities for cancer prevention, risk management, and therapeutic decision making.
Model Identification and Control of a Low-Cost Wheeled Mobile Robot Using Differentiable Physics.

We present the design of a low-cost wheeled mobile robot, and an analytical model for predicting its motion under the influence of motor torques and friction forces. Using our proposed model, we show how to analytically compute the gradient of an appropriate loss function, that measures the deviation between predicted motion trajectories and real-world trajectories, which are estimated using Apriltags and an overhead camera. These analytical gradients allow us to automatically infer the unknown friction coefficients, by minimizing the loss function using gradient descent. Motion trajectories that are predicted by the optimized model are in excellent agreement with their real-world counterparts. Experiments show that our proposed approach is computationally superior to existing black-box system identification methods and other data-driven techniques, and also requires very few real-world samples for accurate trajectory prediction. The proposed approach combines the data efficiency of analytical models based on first principles, with the flexibility of data-driven methods, which makes it appropriate for low-cost robots. Using the learned model and our gradient-based optimization approach, we show how to automatically compute motor control signals for driving the robot along pre-specified curves.
Adolescent oxycodone exposure inhibits withdrawal-induced expression of genes associated with the dopamine transmission.

Prescription opioid misuse is a major public health concern among children and adolescents in the United States. Opioids are the most commonly abused drugs and are the fastest growing drug problem among adolescents. In humans and animals, adolescence is a particularly sensitive period associated with an increased response to drugs of abuse. Our previous studies indicate that oxycodone exposure during adolescence increases morphine reward in adulthood. How early drug exposure mediates long-term changes in the brain and behavior is not known, but epigenetic regulation is a likely mechanism. To address this question, we exposed mice to oxycodone or saline during adolescence and examined epigenetic modifications at genes associated with dopamine activity during adulthood at early and late withdrawal, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We then compared these with alterations in the VTA of adult-treated mice following an equivalent duration of exposure and withdrawal to determine if the effects of oxycodone are age dependent. We observed persistence of adolescent-like gene expression following adolescent oxycodone exposure relative to age-matched saline exposed controls, although dopamine-related gene expression was transiently activated at 1 day of withdrawal. Following prolonged withdrawal enrichment of the repressive histone mark, H3K27me3, was maintained, consistent with inhibition of gene regulation following adolescent exposure. By contrast, mice exposed to oxycodone as adults showed loss of the repressive mark and increased gene expression following 28 days of withdrawal following oxycodone exposure. Together, our findings provide evidence that adolescent oxycodone exposure has long-term epigenetic consequences in VTA of the developing brain.
Nonarthroplasty management of osteonecrosis of the femoral head

It is estimated that 10,000–20,000 new cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) are diagnosed annually in the United States. Left untreated, this disease results in progressive collapse of the femoral head and destruction of the hip joint, resulting in the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, in younger patients with ONFH, initial treatment with THA is not a practical option because these patients typically outlive the life of their implant, and thus may require multiple revision operations. Therefore, a variety of nonarthroplasty treatments for ONFH have been developed to slow the progression of disease and prolong the time that a person can go before requiring THA. These nonarthroplasty treatments are grouped into three general categories: Pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic/nonoperative, and operative. However, there is no consensus as to the optimal nonarthroplasty management of ONFH. This article provides a review of the literature regarding nonarthroplasty management of ONFH.
Preemptive Utilization of Anterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle Flaps in Transoral Robotic Radical Tonsillectomy.

ObjectiveTo demonstrate the use of an anterior belly of the digastric muscle flap (ABDMF) during transoral robotic radical tonsillectomy (TORRT) with concomitant neck dissection with the intent of ...
HIAuth: A Hierarchical Implicit Authentication System for IoT Wearables Using Multiple Biometrics

Day-by-day wearable devices, such as smartwatches, are getting popular with their wide range of services, including allowing financial transactions, unlocking cars, tracking health and fitness, among many others. Most often, these services are managed based on users’ personal data. Unfortunately, due to various limitations, most of the market-wearables either do not have any user authentication or have a knowledge-based authentication, such as passwords, PINs, or pattern locks, which are not only burdensome for users in the age of the internet of things (IoT) when the users are already flooded with so many passwords. Therefore, there is a need for a burden-free implicit authentication mechanism for wearables that can utilize different less-informative soft-biometric data easily obtainable from the market wearables. In this work, we present a hierarchical implicit authentication ( HIAuth ) system that utilizes the heart rate, gait, and breathing audio signals based on their availability to authenticate a user. From our detailed analysis, we find that binary support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with radial basis function (RBF) kernels can achieve an average accuracy of 0.98 ± 0.04 (non-sedentary) and 0.94 ± 0.03 (sedentary), $F_{1}$ score of 0.98 ± 0.03 (non-sedentary) and 0.94 ± 0.04 (sedentary), and genuine rejection rate of about 0.97 ± 0.07 (non-sedentary) and 0.93 ± 0.04 (sedentary), which shows the feasibility and promise of this work.
A Phase II Study to Determine the Efficacy of Pre-Operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery Followed by Resection for Brain Metastasis.

Purpose/Objective(s) Brain metastasis is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in stage IV cancer patients. Efforts to treat brain metastasis include surgical resection, whole brain radiation treatment (WBRT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). In contemporary times, SRS is deployed utilizing conformal, high dose radiation with rapid dose fall off to limit neurocognitive toxicity seen with WBRT. In the combined modality setting wherein surgical resection is required, post-operative SRS is utilized with excellent local control. However, several difficulties may arise from treatment in the post-operative setting. Changes to the tumor bed necessitating increased margin for uncertainty, increased treatment normal brain tissue, treatment in a hypoxic field may portend for less-than-ideal treatment. Therefore, pre-operative SRS is being explored due to potentially better-defined target, less target uncertainty, and reports of less radionecrosis and less leptomeningeal disease. Therefore, our group conducted a phase II clinical trial exploring the efficacy of the preoperative SRS approach in regard to local brain control, distant brain control, and overall survival. Materials/Methods A phase II institutional non-randomized clinical trial was initiated at UPMC Hillman Cancer Center enrolling patients with brain metastasis of any malignant histology. Lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, or germ cell tumors were excluded due to their radiosensitive nature. Patients were to receive SRS followed by surgical resection. Inclusion criteria included ≥18yo, KPS≥50 with a life expectancy of 12 weeks. Patients could have no more than four lesions measuring 1.5-4.0cm in size. Patients that had tumors Results A total of 24 patients were enrolled on study. One patient was deemed unresectable due to risk to the peri- rolandic location. Median number of brain metastasis treated was one (range 1-3). The most common treated histology was non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (9). Median days from consult to SRS was 3.9 days. Median SRS dose and fraction was 16.5Gy [range: 15-24Gy] in a single fraction. The median number of surveillance MRIs performed was 6 [range 1-17]. Local brain control was 90%, 90%, and 74% at 6, 12, and 24 months. Distant brain control at 6, 12, and 24 months was 66%, 60%, and 54% respectively. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) at 6, 12, and 24 months were as followed [46%, 38%, 29%] and [66%, 58%, 50%] respectively. Conclusion Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery appears to have excellent local control with a 6- and 12-month local control rates of 90%. Further study is warranted in the continued exploration of preoperative radiation therapy.
The Older Retail Shopper: A Review and Directions for Future Research

The past 15 years have witnessed increased attention to the older consumer. This paper reviews the literature relating to the elderly retail shopper. The major findings of published empirical works are presented and areas for future research are identified. In the future, greater attention should be directed to the analysis of cause and effect relationships and to segmentation of the elderly market.
Detection of Photon Bursts from Single 200eV Mg Ions, Progress in Photon Burst Mass Spectrometry

Modern atom counting methods, based on advances in laser and accelerator technology, provide a valuable complement to traditional decay counting methods for radioisotope dating and tracer work. Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (TAMS) has already had a large impact on /sup 14/C dating and is beginning to provide new opportunities with /sup 10/Be and several other isotopes. We report here on progress in the development of a laser-based technique, Photon Burst Mass Spectrometry, which is potentially capable of analyzing many of the elements which are forbidden in TAMS because they do not form negative ions. We are especially interested in the noble gases, which have a variety of potential scientific and environmental applications.
Ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography : XV. Preparation, properties and applications of paper-like pei-cellulose sheets☆

Abstract The present communication describes preparation and properties of anion-exchange (PEI-cellulose) thin layers on plastic sheets. The ion-exchange sheets are shown to combine advantages of paper and ion-exchange thin-layer chomatography. Procedure are reported which are difficult to perform or cannot be performed on the conventional glass plates. These include techniques for quantitative assays, rechromatography, descending and continous-flow chromatography.
Preschoolers ́ Physical Activity and Time on Task During a Mastery Motivational Climate and Free Play

El proposito de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de un clima motivacional autonomo en educacion fisica y un clima de actividad fisica no estructurado, sobre el tiempo empleado en las tareas de aprendizaje, en una pequena muestra de ninos en edad preescolar. Los ninos de un centro de atencion infantil subsidiado (N=12) participaron en dos programas de actividad fisica de 45 minutos dentro del horario lectivo. El ambiente estructurado incluyo dos sesiones semanales de instruccion de destrezas motoras, basado en los principios fundamentales del clima motivacional autonomo. El programa no estructurado consistio en 45 minutos de juego en un ambiente libre. Se utilizaron acelerometros ActiGraph para monitorear la participacion de los ninos en la actividad fisica, asi mismo el tiempo utilizado en las tareas de aprendizaje fue observado mediante el muestreo de tiempo momentaneo o de intervalos. Los resultados mostraron que el tiempo utilizado en las tareas de aprendizaje mejoro significativamente siguiendo el clima motivacional autonomo y los ninos emplearon el 36% de su tiempo en actividades fisicas de moderada a vigorosa intensidad. En contraste, el tiempo empleado en las tareas de aprendizaje no mejoro significativamente despues de la participacion en un entorno de juego libre, en este, los ninos mostraron mayormente un comportamiento sedentario, ademas de la ausencia de actividad fisica vigorosa. Estos hallazgos indican que la participacion en actividad fisica impacta positivamente la habilidad de los preescolares de permanecer en las tareas de aprendizaje propuestas y la cantidad de actividad fisica acumulada, durante el tiempo estipulado para la misma, depende del clima motivacional generado
Computer-Based Reading Instruction for Young Children with Disabilities

This investigation examined the effectiveness of a computer program in teaching sight word recognition to four young children with developmental disabilities. The intervention program was developed...
On drawing lines on a map

The paper is an exercise in descriptive ontology, with specific applications to problems in the geographical sphere. It presents a general typology of spatial boundaries, based in particular on an opposition between bona fide or physical boundaries on the one hand, and fiat or human-demarcation-induced boundaries on the other. Cross-cutting this opposition are further oppositions in the realm of boundaries, for example between: crisp and indeterminate, complete and incomplete, enduring and transient, symmetrical and asymmetrical. The resulting typology generates a corresponding categorization of the different sorts of objects which (complete) boundaries determine or demarcate. The theory is applied first of all in the areas of geography and of administrative and property law. Indications are then given as to how the typology may be applied also in other fields where physical and fiat boundaries are at work, including the field of cognitive linguistics and the related field of the ontology of truth.
Feasibility of aqueous shunts for reduction of intraocular pressure in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study Based on the current literature, neither medical, surgical nor combination therapy adequately controls equine glaucoma for many horses. Aqueous shunts have been useful in other species to control glaucoma. Objectives To determine whether aqueous shunts in normal equine eyes significantly reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) without causing vision threatening complications. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Methods Aqueous shunts were placed in 7 normal eyes of 4 horses. The shunts were placed dorsotemporally. Examinations were initially performed daily for 7 days and after that every 3 days through 4 weeks after implantation. Horses were then subjected to euthanasia and globes enucleated for routine histological examination. The IOPs for each day post operatively were compared to the preoperative value (Day -1) using a Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results The mean IOP preoperatively (20.7 ± 3.0 mmHg) was significantly higher than on any post operative day (P values ranged from 0.018 to 0.048). The aqueous shunts remained in situ for the entire study. Two eyes developed corneal ulcers that resolved. Shallow anterior chambers were noted in 2 eyes after shunt placement, which normalised after placement of full eye cup masks. Histologically, 7/7 eyes had fibrosis surrounding the implant. Minimal peripheral neovascularisation and neutrophilic keratitis were noted in 5/7 eyes. Corneal damage was scored as none in 3/7, mild in 2/7, moderate in 1/7 and marked in 1/7 eyes. Conclusions After placement of aqueous shunts, a significant decrease in IOP was noted from preoperatively (Day -1) to Day 28 despite fibrosis surrounding the implants. No vision threatening complications were noted. Potential relevance Aqueous shunts may represent a feasible therapeutic option for equine glaucoma. The results of this study suggest that further studies in glaucomatous horses would be warranted. The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Effects of contraceptive steroids on carbohydrate metabolism.

ABSTRACT. To further define the association of impaired glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and the administration of contraceptive steroids, 23 healthy nonobese women were selected for this study. Twelve subjects received cyclic ethinyl estradiol (100 μg) for the first 16 days, followed by dimethisterone (25 mg) plus ethinyl estradiol for 5 days. Eleven subjects received cyclic ethinyl estradiol 3-methyl ether (100 μg) plus ethynodiol diacetate (1 mg) for 20 days. Both oral and iv GTT were performed before and during the third cycle of treatment. The effects on carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated by means of statistical analysis of absolute and per cent changes in the paired samples of blood glucose, serum insulin and serum growth hormone (HGH) levels during the 2-hr tests. In addition, the area under the curves (area unit) was measured and used as an index for comparing relative quantitative changes. Our data indicate that both oral and iv GTT remain unchanged, but it was associated with a state of relativ...
Sources of cross talk in grating-based monolithically integrated waveguide demultiplexers

Recent results on echelle grating based InGaAsP/InP waveguide demultiplexers are presented. The effects of grating patterning defects on the crosstalk are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The analysis suggests directions for further improvement as well as technological limitations.
Thermal Diffusivity Mapping of Friction Surface Using Photo-Thermal Technique

In this paper, both theory and experimental setup of the photo-thermal technique are presented. Based on this technique, two measurement methodologies are available: phase shift method and temperature change method. However, only the experimental results from the phase shift method are presented in this paper The measurements can be performed at any radial direction on a sample's surface. This technique appears to be a successful method for measuring the variation of surface thermal diffusivity of various materials. An automated platform has also beers developed and integrated into the technique to measure and map the variation of surface thermal diffusivity of a material. This technique can be used to detect any surface's thermal defects of a material. It is also useful in studying the surface temperature distribution of a heat application material. One of its applications is on the study of friction. The temperature increase of a friction material subjected to a sliding process is influenced by its thermal property at the sliding interface. The thermal diffusivity mapping of a rubbing surface may help in predicting its surface temperature distribution and in studying the thermal behavior of a friction interface.
The problem-solving strategies of kindergarten and first-grade children during discrimination learning

Abstract Kindergarten and first-grade children (6 and 7 years of age, respectively) were given specially designed discrimination tasks with introtact probes preceding each trial. One group (CON) was given the criterion task without prior training. A second group (LTL) received three pretraining tasks of the same type as the criterion task. A third group (HYP) received the same pretraining tasks, but with explicit instructions designed to teach a simple hypothesis-testing strategy. Several indices, designed to reflect the use of win-stay and lose-shift rules, as well as memory for disconfirmed hypotheses, were computed from the protocols of the criterion task. The indices for Group CON suggested that most of these children were using a guessing strategy that involved quite frequent changes in hypotheses. Moreover, many of these children restricted their hypotheses to the irrelevant cues. The indices for Group LTL revealed a spontaneous use of the hypothesis-testing strategy by nearly half of the children. The results for Group HYP indicated that over four-fifths of these children became highly efficient in the use of the problem-solving strategy.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Vaginal Cuff Dehiscence after Hysterectomy: A 10-Year Retrospective Study at Two Institutions

Abstract Objective: The goal of this research was to determine the incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence after all types of total hysterectomies and to identify potential risk factors for dehiscence. Design: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify the incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence after hysterectomy. This review was followed by a case-control study to identify risk factors for dehiscence (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all women, at two institutions, who experienced vaginal cuff dehiscence after total hysterectomy over a 10-year period. All patients who experienced cuff dehiscence after any type of hysterectomy were included to determine the incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence. A case-control study was then performed to identify risk factors for dehiscence. Results: Between 2000 and 2010 there were 4235 total hysterectomies performed and 8 dehiscences giving an overall incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence...
Peripheral patterns of terminal innervation of vestibular primary afferent neurons projecting to the vestibulocerebellum in the gerbil

Retrograde transganglionic labeling techniques with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) were used to examine the terminal field structure and topographical patterns of innervation within the vestibular sensory end organs of vestibular primary afferent neurons projecting to the cerebellar uvula/nodulus and flocculus lobules in the gerbil. Robust, dark labeling in the cristae ampullares suggested that the vast majority of the terminals of afferent neurons were of the dimorphic type. The majority (94% to the uvula/nodulus and 100% to the flocculus) innervates the peripheral zones of each of the three semicircular canal cristae. Comparison of the type and distribution of terminals across the canalicular sensory neuroepithelium with morphophysiological studies in chinchilla suggests that the labeled population consists predominantly of peripheral terminal fields of lower-to-intermediate gain, more regularly firing, tonic afferents. For otolith organ-related afferents, the uvula/nodulus receives strong inputs from primary otolith afferent neurons identified as dimorphic in type that predominately innervate the peristriolar zones of the utricular and saccular maculae. No direct otolith organ-related inputs to the flocculus were observed. In contrast to the canal afferents, the types and locations of labeled otolith afferent terminals suggest that they largely consist of irregularly firing, high-gain, phasic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:48–61, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Gender on Job Loss Coping Behavior Among Unemployed Managers

Using the Job Loss Coping Behavior scale (JLCB; Leana & Feldman, 1992), this article examines the behaviors of 131 unemployed male and female managers in coping with their Job loss. The results indicate that the men had significantly higher job search efficacy. The article's findings suggest that women may need more help in identifying a network of colleagues and friends to assist with then-Job search activities than men. The authors encourage employment counselors to be mindful of this finding and to help unemployed women to develop more appropriate proactive behaviors and skills that will assist them with their Job search activities.
Designing palaver tree online: supporting social roles in a community of oral history

As a more diverse population of users moves online, understanding how to help those groups work together and leverage their diverse skills poses a significant challenge for human-computer interaction. This paper presents a case study of the design of an online community that supports kids interviewing elders to build up a shared database of oral history. Two pilot studies with existing technology are presented, and a software design based on those studies is described, along with future work. This work shows the value of prototyping with existing technology in order to uncover user needs in an onine environment.
Erratum to: The Classic: Report on the Positive Results Obtained by the Modern Surgical Experiment Regarding the Suture and Replacement of Defects of Superior Tissue, as well as the Utilization of Re-absorbable and Living Tamponade in Surgery

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by T. Gluck, Report on the positive results obtained by the modern surgical experiment regarding the suture and replacement of defects of superior tissue, as well as the utilization of re-absorbable and living tamponade in surgery. An accompanying biographical sketch of T. Gluck Albright is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-011-1836-8. The Classic Article is ©1891 and is reprinted from Gluck T. Report on the positive results obtained by the modern surgical experiment regarding the suture and replacement of defects of superior tissue, as well as the utilization of re-absorbable and living tamponade in surgery [In German]. Arch klin chir. 1891;41:187–239.
Electronic Properties and Morphology of Beam‐Oligomerized 3‐Hexylthiophene

Abstract A novel means of lithographically forming fluorescent oligothiophene patterns is demonstrated. MgKα x‐ray and low energy electron irradiation of 3‐hexylthiophene (3HT) monomer condensed on a cold metal surface result in the formation of photoluminescent films as thick as several microns. The excitation maxima for the x‐ray‐ and electron‐formed samples are 350 and 405 nm, respectively, with corresponding emission maxima of 430 and 525 nm, indicating that the films are oligomeric rather than polymeric. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) of 3HT monomer and beam‐formed films have been compared with theoretically simulated density‐of‐states spectra of 3HT, thiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, and quaterthiophene. The radiation‐induced changes in the 3HT UPS valence spectra are explained by delocalization of electrons along the oligomer backbone. Comparison of the experimental UPS and simulated spectra suggests that the average conjugation length of the beam‐formed films is less than six. This is...
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppression of prolactin secretion in the rat: lack of direct pituitary effect

The effects of (-)trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on tonic PRL secretion were investigated in long term ovariectomized or hypophysectomized/pituitary-autografted female rats and in flask incubations of anterior pituitary tissue. Intravenous injection of 0.25–8.0 mg THC/kg BW into ovariectomized rats markedly suppressed serum PRL 60 min later relative to control PRL levels. In a second experiment, ovariectomized rats bearing intraatrial cannulae were injected with 0.5 mg THC/kg BW, iv, and serial blood samples were drawn. PRL was significantly suppressed at 10 min, with persistence of the suppression for the duration of the 70-min sampling period in this time-course study. In contrast, the administration of 1.0 mg THC/kg BW, iv, to hypophysectomized/pituitary-autografted female rats failed to influence PRL secretion throughout a 120- min posttreatment sampling period. The apparent inability of THC to directly suppress PRL release from pituitary tissue was further studied by in vitro flask incubations ...
Exponential kinetics of formation of organic microstructures

Organic microstructure production in Miller-Urey spark discharge flasks is an energy-dependent, autocatalytic process which follows first order kinetics similar to microbial growth curves. These relationships hold for all three major morphological types of microstructures observed. The three types are assembled from smaller precursor subunits which associate according to a binomial distribution. These structures could have formed bounded systems in which pre-biological processes might have occurred.
Standards and the Art of Teaching: Crafting High-Quality Classrooms:

When educators accept responsibility for effective practice in their profession, they in turn ensure that standards support rather than prevent excellent curriculum. This article presents nine guid...
Tree regeneration and future stand development after bark beetle infestation and harvesting in Colorado lodgepole pine stands

In the southern Rocky Mountains, current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks and associated harvesting have set millions of hectares of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) forest onto new stand development trajectories. Information about immediate, post-disturbance tree regeneration will provide insight on dynamics of future stand composition and structure. We compared tree regeneration in eight paired harvested and untreated lodgepole pine stands in the Fraser Experimental Forest that experienced more than 70% overstory mortality due to beetles. New seedlings colonized both harvested and untreated stands in the first years after the beetle outbreak. In harvested areas the density of new seedlings, predominantly lodgepole pine and aspen, was four times higher than in untreated stands. Annual height growth of pine and fir advance regeneration (e.g., trees established prior to the onset of the outbreak) has doubled following overstory mortality in untreated stands. Growth simulations based on our regeneration data suggest that stand basal area and stem density will return to pre-beetle levels in untreated and harvested stands within 80-105 years. Furthermore, lodgepole pine will remain the dominant species in harvested stands over the next century, but subalpine fir will become the most abundant species in untreated areas. Owing to terrain, economic and administrative limitations, active management will treat a small fraction (<15%) of the forests killed by pine beetle. Our findings suggest that the long-term consequences of the outbreak will be most dramatic in untreated forests where the shift in tree species composition will influence timber and water production, wildfire behavior, wildlife habitat and other forest attributes.
An exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin board use and their impact on other communication activities

Electronic bulletin boards have become popular with the advent of inexpensive computers, easily available channels, and large networks. With public message posting, millions with like interests can post, read, and provide immediate feedback. This study focused on adoption and social impact issues the characteristics bulletin board users possess and how board use affects other communication media. A random sample of bulletin board users was selected from two services, CompuServe and Prodigy, and interviewed on‐line. These groups were cross analyzed for the two areas of interest. A typology of uses was constructed through a content analysis for future analyses
An Analysis of Verbal Language in Saturday Morning Children's Programs.

Content analyses of program variables and verbal content features were conducted on Saturday morning children's programming. Three tools were developed for the study which assessed general context features, supportive and defensive language, and other verbal language features. The results describe the verbal climate of Saturday morning programs.
Υ dissociation in a quark-gluon plasma

I consider the dissociation of the upsilon meson due to absorption of a thermal gluon. I discuss the dissociation rate in terms of the energy density, the number density, and the temperature of the quark-gluon plasma. I compare this to the effect due to screening.
SnapShot: Human Biomedical Genomics

Single-nucleotide variation (SNV) When a single base pair (A, C, T, G) is observed to vary in a DNA sequence. This variant may be private to an individual or family. For biallelic SNVs (i.e., an SNV that exists in two possible states), an individual can carry three possible allelic combinations or genotypes on their two chromosomes (e.g., for a single base pair position that could be A or G, the three possible genotypes are AA, AG, or GG).
Inhibition of tyrosinase and uricase activity by ultraviolet radiation.

L'activite de l'uricase et des tyrosinases d'origine vegetale et animale est diminuee par irradiation UV (2537 A). Il existe une relation exponentielle entre l'activite enzymatique relative et la quantite de rayonnement. Il n'a pas ete possible de mettre en evidence une relation entre la perte d'activite de la tyrosinase vegetale des echantillons irradies et la teneur en cuivre de ces derniers.