cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common module system mass memory

Unisys' Electronic Information Systems Group has defined and is developing a high-technology solid-state system mass memory (SMM) unit for use aboard airborne DOD platforms like the ATF. This SMM unit uses JIAWG standard electronic module (SEM)-format E-module physical formats and an architecture implementation to provide a fail-soft operational flight program loading source. Surface mounted flash EEPROM devices provide the primary storage media on the array modules. Communications with processors on board aircraft are over two-orders-of-magnitude faster than previous program load devices. The author reviews the system load problems followed by the SMM unit description which solves these problems. The unit incorporates an Ada-based expert diagnostic system for two-level maintenance and a DOS-like command structure to simplify file maintenance. >
Proceedings of the Seventeenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence

This is the Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held in Seattle, WA, August 2-5 2001
The principles of representative government: The triumph of election

Contrary to what is often thought today, the political use of lot was not peculiar to the Athenian democracy. Prior to the invention of representative government, most political systems where power was exercised by citizens, rather than by an hereditary monarch, had used lot in varying degrees and in a variety of forms. Lot played a part (albeit a limited one) in the assemblies ( comitia ) of the Roman people. The Italian republics of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance often chose their magistrates by lot. In Florence, the intellectual center of civic humanism and republican renewal, the selection of magistrates by lot was a key institution of the republican system. Finally, Venice – the Most Serene Republic whose stability and longevity fascinated observers – continued to practice a form of lot until its fall in 1797) The new representative governments might call themselves republics (as the United States did from the beginning of the revolution, or as France did from 1792); they were nevertheless breaking with the republican tradition in finding no place for lot. Yet that republican tradition was still alive in the political culture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. At the very least, it was a subject of debate. The Venetian republic had not yet collapsed. So, at the time when representative government was invented, it was not unknown that lot had been practiced in more places than just Athens and was in fact still in use. Political theorists reflected on the republican experiments past and present.
It Depends on the Translation: Unsupervised Dependency Parsing via Word Alignment

We reveal a previously unnoticed connection between dependency parsing and statistical machine translation (SMT), by formulating the dependency parsing task as a problem of word alignment. Furthermore, we show that two well known models for these respective tasks (DMV and the IBM models) share common modeling assumptions. This motivates us to develop an alignment-based framework for unsupervised dependency parsing. The framework (which will be made publicly available) is flexible, modular and easy to extend. Using this framework, we implement several algorithms based on the IBM alignment models, which prove surprisingly effective on the dependency parsing task, and demonstrate the potential of the alignment-based approach.
Computer Platform Adaptive Interference Cancellation Using Higher-Order Statistics

Broadband wireless interference in a computer platform is the result of multiple dynamic electromagnetic emission sources. This interference is non-Gaussian and a receiver design based on the Gaussian assumption will yield suboptimal performance. In fact, it has a double-sided K-distribution and needs to be treated differently in the design process. When dealing with this type of interference in the presence of white Gaussian noise, traditional interference/noise cancellation schemes do not produce satisfactory results. In this paper, we present an interference mitigation method which improves BER performance. We do this by using the cross-cumulant as the criterion of goodness. Specifically, our algorithm is based on higher order statistics (HOS) and is designed to reconstruct and to cancel the interference in a recursive fashion. The algorithm is tested on both BPSK and OFDM communication environments. We compare performance in terms of BER against other cancellation methods.
Contribution of the Zeeman effect to measured line profiles emitted by Alcator-C plasmas.

The measured line profiles of the Si IV 3s /sup 2/S--3p /sup 2/P/sup 0/ doublet during 10-T operation on the Alcator-C tokamak show evidence of a contribution due to the Zeeman effect to these profiles. The assumption that these line profiles are single lines broadened only by instrumental effects and thermal broadening yields apparent kinetic temperatures for the two lines which differ by approximately 50%. Neither of the resulting temperatures is reasonable for Si IV under typical Alcator operating conditions and the difference between the temperatures cannot be explained by Doppler effects. Modifying the nonlinear least-squares fitting routine to include the (unresolved) components predicted by the weak-field limit of the Zeeman effect yields kinetic temperatures for these lines which are in agreement and are reasonable for the region of the plasma in which Si IV exists. Finally, a study of the Zeeman effect in O VII shows that contributions from this process are important in determining ion temperatures from line broadening of the O VII 2s /sup 3/S/sub 1/--2p /sup 3/P/sup 0/ /sub 2/ emission line in the vuv spectrum from Alcator-C plasmas.
Individual differences in infant information processing : The role of temperamental and maternal factors

Abstract Although not explicitly evaluated, assumptions have been made that individual differences in infant attention and information processing are of endogenous origin, and probably genetically based. To date, however, little attention has been focused on examining the antecedents and correlates of these processes, and the role that other infant characteristics and the social environment might play. The present study investigated the relationship between infant temperament, maternal behavior, and two commonly employed measures of infant attention (fixation duration and novelty preference) in 44 4-month old infants. Results suggested that both infant temperament and maternal factors were related to infant attentional performance. Most notably, the relative “fit” between maternal and infant characteristics appeared crucial, with highly responsive infants showing better attentional performance if parented by mothers who were less actively involved during toy play interactions.
Neurotensin receptor-1 inducible palmitoylation is required for efficient receptor-mediated mitogenic-signaling within structured membrane microdomains

Neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR-1) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been recently identified as a mediator of cancer progression. NTSR-1 and its endogenous ligand, neurotensin (NTS), are co-expressed in several breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tumor samples. Based on our previously published study demonstrating that intact structured membrane microdomains (SMDs) are required for NTSR-1 mitogenic signaling, we hypothesized that regulated receptor palmitoylation is responsible for NTSR-1 localization and signaling within SMDs upon NTS stimulation. Site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological strategies were utilized to assess NTRS-1 post-translational modifications in an overexpression cell model (HE K293T) as well as a native breast cancer cell model (MDA-MB-231). NTSR-1 palmitoylation was confirmed by multiple chemical and fluororadiographic methodologies. NTSR-1 glycosylation was confirmed by pharmacological (tunicamycin) and chemical (PGNaseF and O-type glycosidase) approaches. Physiological correlates including cell viability (MTS assay), apoptosis (caspase-3/7 assay) and ERK phosphorylation were utilized to assess the consequences of NTRS-1 palmitoylation. The interaction between palmitoylated NTRS-1 and Gαq/11 within SMDS was confirmed with immunopreciptation analysis of detergent-free isolated fractions of caveolin-rich microdomains. We identified dual-palmitoylation at Cys381 and Cys383 of endogenously-expressed NTSR-1 in MDA-MB-231 breast adeno-carcinomas as well as exogenously-expressed NTSR-1 in HEK293T cells (which do not normally express NTSR-1). Pharmacological inhibition of NTSR-1 palmitoylation in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as NTSR-1-expressing HEK293T cells diminished NTS-mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, NTSR-1 mutated at Cys381 and Cys383 showed diminished ERK1/2 stimulation and reduced ability to protect HEK293T cells against apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Mechanistically, mutated C381,383S-NTSR-1 showed reduced ability to interact with Gαq/11 and diminished localization to structured membrane microdomains (SMDs), where Gαq/11 preferentially resides. We also demonstrated that only glycosylated isoforms of NTRS-1 localize within SMDs by palmitotylation. Collectively, our data establish palmitoylation as a novel pharmacological target to inhibit NTSR-1 mitogenic signaling in breast cancer cells.
Sawtooth Behaviour of Natural Bio-Macromolecules and Synthetic Polymers

In this paper, we present molecular dynamic simulation of natural and synthetic polymers, including tropocollagen (TC), Lustrin A and poly-acrylic acid (PAA), located inside the bone, abalone shells and bio-mimetic materials, respectively. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the well-known `sawtooth' behaviour observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments of bio-minerals. We have observed the sawtooth behaviour in the force-extension curves of Lustrin A and PAA only when their interactions with calcareous minerals are considered. On the other hand, the TC does not show the sawtooth behaviour even in the presence of calcareous minerals. We have also simulated a NC1 α-helix and a β-sheet domain to investigate the structural effect on the sawtooth behaviour. Based on these simulation results, we propose a new toughening mechanism that the electrostatic force in the organic–inorganic interface plays a critical role in the sawtooth behaviour. These simulated phenomena can explain some of the AFM experiment observation and provide insight into the molecular mechanism of the super toughness of bio-minerals.
A nonsurgical approach to treatment of a high angle class II, division 1 malocclusion in a nongrowing patient

This case report is presented according to the guidelines set by the American Board of Orthodontics. The patient presented with a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion, characterized by a high mandibular plane angle, severe overjet with excess gingival display, and high, labially positioned maxillary canines. Treatment of this malocclusion consisted of maxillary second molar extraction and maxillary buccal segment retraction with a combination headgear, followed by comprehensive fixed appliance therapy. [This case report was presented to the American Board of Orthodontics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for certification by the Board.]
Partial miscibility in the system poly(para-chlorostyrene-co-ortho-chlorostyrene)/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

Abstract The compatibility of random copolymers of para -chlorostyrene and ortho -chlorostyrene (PO copolymers) with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Blends prepared by compression moulding of coprecipitated powders display either one or two glass transitions, dependent on the composition of the copolymer component of the blend. PO copolymers of para -chlorostyrene content from 23 to 64% are miscible with PPO in all proportions, using the customary criteria of a single calorimetric glass relaxation and optical clarity. Both homopolymers poly( para -chlorostyrene) (P p ClS) and poly( ortho -chlorostyrene) (P o ClS) are found to be incompatible with PPO; such blends exhibit two glass transitions at temperatures characteristic of the pure component phases. All compatible PO-PPO blends undergo phase separation upon annealing at elevated temperatures, indicating that a lower critical solution temperature ( LCST ) must exist. The phase separation is found to be reversible by annealing below the LCST , at temperatures which are still above the glass transitions of both blend components.
A practical one-pot synthesis of enantiopure unsymmetrical salen ligands.

A practical, one-pot synthesis of enantiopure unsymmetrical salen ligands is described, using a 1:1:1 molar ratio of a chiral diamine and two different salicylaldehydes. The new synthetic protocol can be readily performed in good yields (60−85%) on a multigram scale with good tolerance toward various functional groups.
EUS in patients with surgically altered upper GI anatomy.

Background Information regarding the safety and feasibility of EUS-guided FNA (EUS/FNA) in surgically altered anatomy is limited. Objective The aim of this study was to describe EUS outcomes for Billroth I and II, Whipple, Puestow, Roux-en-Y (including gastric bypass), esophagectomy, and Nissen fundoplication surgeries. Design Retrospective study. Setting Single tertiary-care center. Patients This study involved 188 EUS procedures performed in patients with surgically altered anatomy by 6 endosonographers from July 1995 to October 2008. Intervention EUS and FNA. Main Outcome Measurements Type of surgery, EUS indication, limitations to imaging, reasons for limitations, FNA results, and EUS/FNA complications. Results Of 188 patients, 96 were men (mean age 57 years; range, 16-92 years). Of patients with Billroth II anatomy (n = 39), 10 had limited (common bile duct [CBD], head of pancreas [HOP]) imaging because intubation of the afferent limb failed (n = 6) or was not attempted (n = 4). Roux-en-Y (n = 18) encompased a variety of surgeries, but in general (n = 13) the proximal duodenum was not reached and the HOP and CBD were not imaged. For Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 7), the HOP and CBD were not imaged, with the exception of 1 case (in which staple-line dehiscence permitted access to the proximal duodenum). For the remaining procedures, EUS and FNA were successful with few exceptions. There were no significant adverse events (95% confidence interval, 0% to 1.9%). Limitations Retrospective descriptive study. Conclusion EUS is generally successful and safe in patients with surgically altered anatomy in this tertiary-care setting, and a very low rate of adverse events is possible. Exceptions included imaging the HOP and CBD after Roux-en-Y surgery. After Billroth II surgery, if the afferent limb was intubated, the majority of patients were able to have a complete pancreaticobiliary examination, including FNA.
Derivation of Kinetic Equations for Slow-Neutron Scattering

It is shown that for moderately dense classical gases Van Hove's correlation functions $G(r, t)$ and ${G}_{s}(r, t)$ can be calculated from kinetic equations. The kinetic equations are derived from the cluster expansion of a one-particle distribution function which describes the propagation of a density-momentum impulse. For times short compared with the time between collisions, the density series can be used directly. But for longer times a different treatment is necessary because of the increasing importance of multiple collisions. Considering only the dominant terms, the series is shown to be the iterated solution of an integral equation. In lowest order, this equation has the form of a linearized Boltzmann equation in which the collision kernel is nonlocal because of the finite extent of the particles, and is non-Markoffian if the duration of a collision is finite. The present approach permits a systematic treatment of coherent as well as incoherent scattering. In particular, we demonstrate an earlier assertion that the appropriate equations for studying the two kinds of scattering are, respectively, the linearized Boltzmann equation and the neutron transport equation. The effects of statistical correlation are introduced approximately in the kinetic equations in lowest order.
Medical Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: Review of Intravenous and Intra-Arterial Treatment Options

Background Thrombolytic therapy is of proven and substantial benefit for select patients with acute cerebral ischemia. Diagnostic options and medical treatment options for acute stroke ischemia have undergone enormous changes in the past decades. Whereas initially stroke treatment was reduced to prevention, management of symptoms, and rehabilitation, nowadays a multitude of different fibrinolytic drugs are available. The wide availability of computed tomography in the late 1980s made thrombolysis a real therapeutic option because it allowed a fast and accurate differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Methods This study reviews these developments and how they have shaped our current use and understanding of thrombolytics in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Results Patient selection remains a central aspect of thrombolytic treatment, and to date, the use of different fibrinolytics has been studied in over 20 large randomized trials for different clinical settings, time windows, and routes of administration. These studies included over 7000 patients, and led to our current understanding of the use of thrombolysis in acute stroke. Conclusions Intravenous fibrinolytic therapy within the first 3 hours of ischemic stroke onset offers substantial benefits for virtually all patients with potentially disabling deficits. In the 3- to 4.5-hour treatment window, intravenous fibrinolytic therapy has been shown to offer moderate net benefits when applied to all patients with potentially disabling deficits. Intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy in the 3- to 6-hour window offers moderate net benefits when applied to all patients with potentially disabling deficits and large-artery cerebral thrombotic occlusions.
Homozygosity mapping: a way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children

An efficient strategy for mapping human genes that cause recessive traits has been devised that uses mapped restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and the DNA of affected children from consanguineous marriages. The method involves detection of the disease locus by virtue of the fact that the adjacent region will preferentially be homozygous by descent in such inbred children. A single affected child of a first-cousin marriage is shown to contain the same total information about linkage as a nuclear family with three affected children. Calculations show that it should be practical to map a recessive disease gene by studying DNA from fewer than a dozen unrelated, affected inbred children, given a complete RFLP linkage map. The method should make it possible to map many recessive diseases for which it is impractical or impossible to collect adequate numbers of families with multiple affected offspring.
Thermoelectric SMA actuator: preliminary prototype testing

In this work, preliminary analysis and testing of a thermoelectric compact shape memory alloy (TEC-SMA) actuator prototype will be presented. The prototype testing process will result in detailed feasibility assessment and quantification of the operational specification ranges for the TEC-SMA actuator. The actuators' potential for compactness and miniaturization will be assessed and quantified, however for the initial work presented in this paper, the prototype will not be optimally compact. The presented actuator prototype is a solid-state, thermoelectric SMA actuator that utilizes directly the thermoelectric effect for cooling an SMA element. The preliminary experimental setup consists of an SMA strip in close contact with Thermoelectric Modules (TEM)s for cooling, coupled with an LVDT, a load cell, and thermocouples to characterize and optimize the actuator bandwidth, stroke, length, output power and energy density based on SMA actuation cycles. Preliminary experimental results are presented based on the described setup for 0.5 Hz and 1.0 Hz actuation frequencies. A significant conclusion form this study is the need for power modulation for TEMs and SMA actuators for optimal performance of the TEC-SMA actuator.
Utilization of different sugars by the aphid Myzus persicae

Abstract Adult apterous Myzus persicae were given simple solutions of twelve different sugars. As gauged by' survival and larviposition, melezitose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, and trehalose appear to stimulate ingestion and to be utilizable. Sorbose stimulated ingestion but was not utilized. Mannose, sorbitol, xylose, and ribose did not stimulate feeding and were not utilized. Rhamnose, arabinose, lactose, and cellobiose appeared to inhibit fluid uptake. Larval M. persicae were given complete diets with sucrose replaced by or supplemented by different sugars. Only melibiose and raffinose supported growth in the absence of sucrose. In the presence of 1 or 2% sucrose, it was found that diets containing glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, trehalose, melezitose, and sorbitol were also ingested optimally and well utilized. Sorbose was utilized only poorly; cellobiose and probably also lactose were not utilized. The four pentoses tested and mannose acted as feeding deterrents and their utilizability remained undecided.
Effect of cold treatment on survival and development of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in cherry.

‘Bing’ cherries, Prunus avium L., were obtained from an organic orchard and a conventional commercial orchard. The two groups were examined separately in replicated tests infested with each fruit initially infested with a first-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). To simulate commercial postharvest holding conditions, the treatments were 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 d cold storage at 3.3°C. The fruits were examined three or more times to determine larval survival, life stage, fruit condition, and fungal disease. Survival of first instars was affected only by cold storage durations of ≥7 d. When infested with codling moth larvae, both organic and conventionally grown cherries quickly deteriorated from fungal diseases. The rate of moth development was estimated from the surviving larvae and was significantly different between organic and conventionally grown cherries for all instars except the second.
On the formation of the metastable Llo phase in manganese-aluminum-base permanent magnet materials

Manganese-aluminum-base alloys continue to loom on the technological horizon as potentially important materials for permanent magnets in a wide range of technological applications based on various criteria. In this paper the preliminary results of a new investigation into the nature of the {var_epsilon} {yields} {tau} transformation are reported and contrasted with the conventional view of the transformation mechanism promulgated in the literature.
Importance of ocean tidal load corrections for differential InSAR

Large time series of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements make it possible to detect slow tectonic motions of the Earth's surface on the order of millimeters per year. Here, we illustrate the importance of correcting InSAR data for the effects of ground displacements due to ocean tidal loads (OTL). These loads can cause displacement gradients greater than 3 cm per 100 km, which is larger than the accuracy of InSAR techniques and can be a significant percentage of the measured displacement due to slow tectonic processes. We demonstrate the importance of OTL with predicted displacements from selected regions of tectonic interest.
Correlation of maximum aortic and carotid flow acceleration in chronically instrumented dogs.

Peak flow acceleration measured in the common carotid artery was compared with peak flow acceleration measured in the ascending aorta of five chronically instrumented dogs. Electromagnetic flow sensors, myocardial electrocardiographic leads, right atrial catheters, and coronary occluders were implanted through an incision of the chest at the fourth intercostal space and a ventral midline incision of the neck under sterile conditions while the dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Experiments began 10 days after surgery. We investigated the response to exercise, to 60-second occlusions of the circumflex branch, the anterior descending branch, or both branches of the left coronary artery, to induction of short-acting barbiturate anesthesia, and to intravenous infusion of three concentrations each of isoproterenol (0.8, 1.5-3.0, and 4.0 µg/min), l-norepinephrine (0.8, 2.0, and 4.0 µg/min), and acetylcholine (0.3-0.5, 0.8-2.0, and 4.0 mg/ min). During coronary occlusion, exercise, and induction of...
Price discrimination,vertical integration and divestiture in natural resource markets

Abstract Recent events have brought the market organization of natural resource industries to the national attention. This paper argues that vertical integration can occur in natural resource industries so as to enable the resource owner to effectively price discriminate between different users of the natural resource. Vertical divestiture would not bring about competition, but rather would remove the ability of the resource owner to price discriminate. By means of an example, this paper examines how various market participants would be affected by laws forcing vertical divestiture in such a market setting.
STEM characterization on silica nanowires with new mesopore structures by space-confined self-assembly within nano-scale channels.

“Critical” channel diameters were found (below which space confinement takes effect, leading to more uniform and ordered mesopore structures) in the study of evaporation-induced co-assembly of triblock-copolymer (P123) and silica molecular precursors (TEOS, tetraethyl orthosilicate) by employing channels in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO, 13–200 nm channel diameter) and in track-etched polycarbonate (EPC, 10–80 nm channel diameter) and for the first time we have observed a new mesopore structure (i.e., packed hollow spheres) in silica nanowires formed in AAO channels with diameters from 30 to 80 nm.
Coping and cognitive factors in adaptation to in vitro fertilization failure.

Characteristics were identified that predict adaptation following an unsuccessful attempt at in vitrofertilization (IVF). Forty-one women and their husbands were interviewed and administered questionnaires prior to IVF and 2 weeks after notice of a positive or negative pregnancy test. Of the 36 couples who failed to conceive as a result of IVF, 6 of the women studied developed clinical depressive symptoms. Those women who reported poorest adaptation to IVF failure were more likely to have reported depressive symptoms prior to IVF, were more likely to have reported feeling a general loss of control over their lives as a result of infertility, tended to use escape as a coping strategy, and reported having felt some responsibility for their IVF failure. Dispositional optimism, as well as a sense of being partially responsible for the infertility, was protective of distress following IVF failure.
Accumulation and turnover of abscisic acid in osmotically stressed cotton leaf tissue in relation to temperature

Abstract Leaf discs of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Deltapine 70) were osmotically stressed by floating them on solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000. The tissue produced copious amounts of abscisic acid (ABA) when stressed. Accumulation of ABA depended strongly upon temperature during the incubation, displaying a maximum at 20°C. At 35°C, the amount of ABA accumulated after 24 h was 45–80% less than at 20°C. Temperature did not affect leakage of ABA into the medium. Turnover rate of [ 14 C]ABA was more than 3 times greater at 35°C than at 20°C. This rapd turnover at 35°C could account for the decreased ABA accumulation. Three 14 C-containing metabolites of ABA were extracted from the tissue. At 20°C, two of these accumulated and retained substantial 14 C over 16 h. At 35°C, though, the 14 C in one of these compounds was almost completely lost during the last 8 h of the incubation. Although the metabolites are not identified, the results show some specific effects of temperature on ABA metabolism. The strong effect of temperature on ABA accumulation may contribute to patterns of ABA-dependent processes (such as stomatal closure) during water stress.
IDENTIFICATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN HUMAN SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD

THE assumption that testosterone is secreted by the human testis is based on good but indirect evidence. Testosterone is the most potent naturally-occurring androgen and has been isolated from extracts of the testis (1). Isolation of a hormone from a glandular extract, however, does not necessarily imply secretion from the gland. Additional evidence is provided by the fact that the administration of testosterone will prevent the involution of the accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics which otherwise occurs in men and in male animals following castration. Such biologic activity, however, is shared by several steroids, some of which have also been isolated from extracts of testes. With the development of sensitive chemical methods for the identification of steroids in blood, an attempt was made to characterize the secretory products of the human testis by analyzing blood from the spermatic veins and arteries of patients with prostatic cancer undergoing surgical castration. Differences in st...
Mechanisms for Lowering Tethered Payloads: Lessons Learned from the Mars Exploration Program

Compact, lightweight, highly reliable lowering devices capable of paying out tether to lower a payload some number of meters with exacting performance, from a balloon or a parachute or part of a spacecraft, typically appear in systems so unique that there is little historical precedent to build upon when preparing designs. However the NASA Mars Exploration Program has in recent years sent three such lowering devices to the red planet, producing an abundance of lessons learned and three satisfactory - though not flawless - landings. Anomalous drag behavior on the first MER lander, results from tests seeking to find the cause of change in brake drag, basic equations for centrifugal brakes and tapered spool descent mechanisms, tether design, and a lowering device designed for an upcoming Mars landing will be discussed.
Measurement of the ratio of differential cross sections for double and single ionization of He by (4-10)-MeV protons

We have measured the ratio of differential cross sections for the production of doubly and singly ionized He by fast protons at energies between 4 and 10 MeV. The ratio was measured as a function of proton scattering angle, from which the energy transfer was calculated using binary kinematics. The ratio is found to be near 1.25{percent}, nearly independent of either proton energy or energy transfer. This value is lower than that reported previously for a similar experiment, but in good agreement with recent Compton scattering and theoretical results. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Some Parametric Techniques in the Analog Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations

The direct analog simulation of an ordinary differential equation over an interval for the independent variable is not possible whenever on that interval there is division by a variable which tends to zero, or there is a dependent variable such as a derivative which is represented by an integrator output and which becomes large without bound. Also, the raising of time dependent variables to fractional powers can require considerable analog equipment and introduce further error into a simulation.
Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) spectrometer design and performance

The development of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) has been completed at JPL. This paper outlines the functional requirements of the spectrometer optics subsystem, and describes the spectrometer optical design. The optical subsystem performance is shown in terms of spectral modulation transfer functions, radial energy distributions, and system transmission at selected wavelengths for the four spectrometers. An outline of the spectrometer alignment is included.
Stresses and deflections in the floor of model cavity preparations.

Summary In this study the finite element method was used in conjunction with an axisymmetric model of an idealized first molar to determine the stresses, as well as deflections in the floor of a cylindrical cavity preparation as caused by condensers of various sizes. It was found that for the 0·25 mm thickness of dentine, the 2 mm condenser and a 2 kg load, a tensile stress of approximately 70 MN/m2 was obtained near the centre of the preparation. Under the same load and a 4 mm condenser a tensile stress of only 42 MN/m2 was obtained. Bowen & Rodriguez (1962) and Lehman (1967) reported that the tensile strength of dentine was in the order of 51.7 MN/m2 and 41.5 MN/m2 respectively. Thus it was demonstrated that for certain combinations of load, condenser size, and cavity dimensions, the tensile strength of the dentine in the cavity floor could be exceeded and failure of the cavity floor could ensue.
Temperature- and Electrophile-Dependent Stereocontrol: A Structural and Mechanistic Investigation of (−)-Sparteine-Mediated Asymmetric Lithiation−Substitution Sequences of N-Boc-N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)cinnamylamine

The reaction pathways for the highly enantioselective, (−)-sparteine-mediated, lithiation−substitution reactions of N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)cinnamylamine ((E)-2) have been investigated. The solution structure of the major allyllithium intermediate has been determined by 6Li and 13C NMR to be a monomeric η3 species, endo-syn-anti-8·1. The complexes exo-syn-anti-8·1, endo-syn-syn-8·1, and exo-syn-syn-8·1 are also shown to be present in solution. The enantiodetermining step in the lithiation−silylation or lithiation−alkylation of (E)-2 can involve asymmetric deprotonation, dynamic kinetic resolution, or dynamic thermodynamic resolution. The results reported herein establish that each of these pathways can be operative. This information allows determination of the stereochemical course for each step of these reactions and permits preparation of either epimer at the new stereogenic carbon.
Note on motions of phases in a fluidized bed

Abstract The average circulating motion of solids in a fluidized bed and the corresponding motion of the fluid phase can be described by a solution of the basic averaged dynamic equations of multiphase flow. A solution for a two-dimensional, isothermal, uniform bed is illustrated.
Miranda in Actual Juvenile Interrogations Delivery, Waiver, and Readability

Though laboratory and self-report research proliferates on youths’ Miranda comprehension and reasoning, little is known about how Miranda actually takes place inside the juvenile interrogation room...
Biotransformation and biodegradation processes in sediment caps

Conventional sediment caps are typically composed of sandy materials and are designed tophysically contain contaminated sediment and separate contaminants from benthic organisms. Even these simple caps, however, trigger changes in the biogeochemical conditions beneath a cap that can affect the fate and transport behaviour of contaminants. In addition, caps can themselves serve asbiological reactors encouragingbiotransformationandbiodegradation of contaminants thatmigrate from the underlying sediment. Finally, there are means of modifying the microbial environment and the resulting biotranformation and biodegradation processes. The effect of a cap on the underlying sediment biogeochemical processes will be reviewed with an emphasis on the implications for contaminant fate and transport behaviour.Of particular concern is the potential impact on mercury methylation processes. Driving the sediment underlying a cap to more reduced conditions could increase methylation and result in greater mobility of the mercury contamination. Laboratory experiments will be described to assess mercury behaviour. The dynamics and characteristics of the microbial communities that develop within a sediment cap will also be summarized with implications for degradation of sediment contaminants migrating into the cap. Because much of a cap will exhibit reduced conditions, many sediment contaminants may not degrade significantly. Currently, we are investigating manipulating the biological community with low power electrodes to create or expand oxidizing or reducing regions. The approach employs low cost graphite cloth electrodes placed horizontally with the sediment cap. Low voltages (2–4V) and minimal currents are used to produce the desired changes in redox environment and create zones conducive to microbial transformation or degradation of contaminants. Novel aspects of the approach are the low power requirements and the use of low cost electrodematerials that are long lived and influence the redox conditions over large areas. The potential and limitations of this approach will be summarized.
Temporary migration and the institutionalization of strategy

Abstract This paper analyzes temporary migration, migration undertaken as a sojourn. Stressing migrant motivation, this paper shows that the institutionalization of intention, or what is here termed strategy, is an important aspect of all migrations. Using this perspective to distinguish between permanent and temporary migration, the author then analyzes the structural patterns and institutionalized sequence common to most temporary migrations. Four aspects of the sequence are discussed: (1) The structural conditions in societies in which temporary migration is most common, (2) Recruitment patterns and network formation linking home and host societies, (3) Patterns of settlement in host societies, and (4) Patternsof return migration. For each aspect, the paper shows that the institutionalization of motives is an important level of migration often left unanalyzed by theorists using social-psychological or macro-level push-pull theories of migration.
Multiprocessor networks with small buffers: theory and simulation

There is a rise of interest in the performance of the networks with small buffers in recent years. Analysis showed that increase in buffer size does not improved the performance in wormhole routing significantly [1--4]. Moreover, latest research proved that use of smaller buffers does not decrease the link utilization [5] for Internet routers. In interconnection networks, buffer depth of 5 packets had been shown to offer optimal performance for optical packet-switched clockwork routing [6] The use of smaller buffer sizes give some advantage in speed and possibilities to use SRAM or OPS (Optical Packet Switching). We present theoretical models and numerical results for performance of a multiprocessor network modeled as a ring of routers with small finite buffers (size 1 and 2), and with local processors that generate messages with rate λ per time slot and two output ports/buffers. Simulation results are also obtained for networks with torus topology (four output ports, total buffer capacity of 8 and 20 messages). The average queue lengths and average latency are obtained. The results show that the model of independent queues, which is valid for networks with infinite buffers, is still applicable for small λ, but breaks down, which violates the Jackson theorem.
Immunoblot analysis reveals that isopeptide antibodies do not specifically recognize the ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds formed by transglutaminase activity

Transglutaminases (TGs) posttranslationally modify proteins by transamidation of specific polypeptide bond glutamines. This reaction results in deamination, polyamine incorporation or the formation of isopeptide bonds. Transglutaminase activity in the brain is increased in several neurodegenerative diseases. Because insoluble inclusions occur in these neurodegenerative diseases, it has been hypothesized that transglutaminase contributes to the formation of the inclusions by catalyzing the formation of isopeptide bonds resulting in crosslinked, insoluble protein aggregates. To demonstrate a role for transglutaminase in the formation of these inclusions, the primary approach has been to show increased immunoreactivity with antibodies that recognize the isopeptide bonds. However, the specificity of these antibodies for isopeptide crosslinks within or between proteins has not been clearly established. In this report we demonstrate that the two most commonly used isopeptide antibodies do not specifically recognize the isopeptide bonds formed by transglutaminase when they are within or between proteins.
Initial evaluation of protein throughput and yield characteristics on nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases by frontal analysis.

Nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are investigated as an alternative support/stationary phase for downstream processing of macromolecules. Ionizable amine and carboxylic acid end groups on the native fiber surface allow for ion exchange chromatography (IEC). The low cost and ability to operate at high linear velocities and low back pressures are practical advantages of C-CP fibers for preparative-scale macromolecule separations. The lack of fiber porosity ensures facile adsorption/desorption that is conducive to high throughput and recoveries/yields. Described here is a preliminary investigation of the processing characteristics of lysozyme on nylon 6 fibers with an eye toward downstream processing applications. Fibers were packed into microbore (0.8 mm i.d.) and analytical-size (2.1 mm i.d.) columns for the evaluation of the role of linear velocity on pressure drop, frontal throughput, and yield. Protein isolation by frontal development involved three steps: loading of the column to breakthrough, an aqueous wash, and a salt wash to recover the protein. Frontal throughput was evaluated with different salt concentrations (0–1000 mM NaCl) and different linear velocities (6–24 mm s−1). The observed throughput values are in the range of 0.12–0.20 mg min−1 when 0.25 mg mL−1 lysozyme (in 20 mM Tris-HCl) is loaded onto 78 mg of C-CP fiber in 0.52 mL volume analytical columns. Increased throughput and yield were found when protein was loaded and eluted at high linear velocity. Results of this study lend credence to the further development of C-CP fibers for biomacromolecule processing on larger scales. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1222–1229, 2013
Observation of Nonequilibrium Electron Heating in Copper

Picosecond laser pulses are used to sequentially heat and probe the thermally induced reflectivity transients in copper, and the nonequilibrium heating of electrons to a temperature above that of the lattice is observed. The ability to temporally resolve electronic and lattice heating contributions is of considerable significance to thermomodulation spectroscopy of solids.
The effect of appearance on self-perceptions

The effect of appearance on interpersonal judgments has been demonstrated frequently. Self-perception theory suggests that any variable, such as appearance, that affects our impressions of others may also affect our impressions of self. In a test of this proposition, subjects completed the Hidden Figures Test and the vocabulary subscales from the WAIS and Binet Intelligence Tests with eyeglasses on and eyeglasses off. Wearing glasses did not affect actual performance, but subjects believed that they had performed better when wearing glasses. They also described themselves as more stable, scholarly, competent, and so on, when wearing glasses. Consistent with other work on individual differences in self-perception, these effects occurred only among subjects designated as more responsive to self-produced cues. Subjects more responsive to situational cues were unaffected by the eyeglass manipulations.
Thoracic outlet syndrome: Provocative examination maneuvers in a typical population

Provocative examination maneuvers were assessed in 200 upper extremities of 100 volunteers to determine the prevalence of positive responses in the typical population. The Adson, costoclavicular, and hyperabduction maneuvers were assessed for vascular and neurologic responses. Fifteen (7.5%) extremities had a Tinel's sign. The vascular response was present in 27 (13.5%) extremities for the Adson maneuver, 94 (47%) extremities for the costoclavicular maneuver, and 114 (57%) extremities for the hyperabduction maneuver. The neurologic response was present in 4 (2%) extremities for the Adson maneuver, 20 (10%) extremities for the costoclavicular maneuver, and 33 (16.5%) extremities for the hyperabduction maneuver. The vascular response is more common than the neurologic response in the typical population
VIABILITY OF SOILBORNE SPORES OF GLOMALEAN MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

Abstract Spores of glomalean (arbuscular) mycorrhizal fungi indigenous to soils in a central Kentucky cropping system were about 50% viable. The range was 35 to 60%, regardless of spore population density, time of year, or crop. Viability sometimes rose at the time new spores were produced in late summer and fall, but not appreciably. In the absence of extreme treatment of soil, such as fumigation or steaming, about half of the spores present in surface soil may be considered viable in the soil studied here. Elsewhere, a few viability tests should be conducted to confirm this proportion.
Relating Speech Production to Tongue Muscle Compressions Using Tagged and High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The human tongue is composed of multiple internal muscles that work collaboratively during the production of speech. Assessment of muscle mechanics can help understand the creation of tongue motion, interpret clinical observations, and predict surgical outcomes. Although various methods have been proposed for computing the tongue’s motion, associating motion with muscle activity in an interdigitated fiber framework has not been studied. In this work, we aim to develop a method that reveals different tongue muscles’ activities in different time phases during speech. We use fourdimensional tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images and static high-resolution MR images to obtain tongue motion and muscle anatomy, respectively. Then we compute strain tensors and local tissue compression along the muscle fiber directions in order to reveal their shortening pattern. This process relies on the support from multiple image analysis methods, including super-resolution volume reconstruction from MR image slices, segmentation of internal muscles, tracking the incompressible motion of tissue points using tagged images, propagation of muscle fiber directions over time, and calculation of strain in the line of action, etc. We evaluated the method on a control subject and two postglossectomy patients in a controlled speech task. The normal subject’s tongue muscle activity shows high correspondence with the production of speech in different time instants, while both patients’ muscle activities show different patterns from the control due to their resected tongues. This method shows potential for relating overall tongue motion to particular muscle activity, which may provide novel information for future clinical and scientific studies.