cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Students' Health Behavior Clusters: Differences by Sex.

Objective The study purpose was to identify clusters of weight-related behaviors by sex in a college student populations. Methods We conducted secondary data analysis from online surveys and physical assessments collected in Project Young Adults Eating and Active for Health (YEAH) with a convenience sample of students on 13 college campuses in the United States. We performed 2-step cluster analysis by sex to identify subgroups with homogeneous characteristics and behaviors. We used 8 derivation variables: healthy eating; eating restraints; external cues; stress; fruit/vegetable intake; calories from fat; calories from sugar-sweetened beverages; and physical activity. Contribution of derivation variables to clusters was analyzed with a MANOVA test. Results Data from 1594 students were included. Cluster analysis revealed 2-clusters labeled "Healthful Behavior" and "At-risk" for males and females with an additional "Laid Back" cluster for males. "At-risk" clusters had the highest BMI, waist circumference, elevated health risk, and stress and least healthy dietary intake and physical activity. The "Laid Back" cluster had normal weights and the lowest restrained eating, external cues sensitivity, and stress. Conclusion Identified differences in characteristics and attitudes towards weight-related behaviors between males and females can be used to tailor weight management programs.
Multiple-Realizability, Explanation and the Disjunctive Move

The multiple-realizability argument has been the mainstay ofanti-reductionist consensus in philosophy of mind for the past thirty years. Reductionist opposition to it has sometimes taken the form of the Disjunctive Move: If mental types are multiply-realizable, they are not coextensive with physical types; they might nevertheless be coextensive with disjunctionsof physical types, and those disjunctions could still underwrite psychophysical reduction. Among anti-reductionists, confidence is high that the Disjunctive Move fails; arguments to this effect, however, often leave something to be desired. I raise difficulties for one anti-reductionist response to the DisjunctiveMove, the Explanatory Response.
Hantaviruses: history and overview.

As early as 1913, Russian clinical records from far eastern Siberia describe the human viral disease now known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) (Casals et al. 1970). Dr. Ho Wang Lee (1982) found a Chinese medical account of a similar disease dating to about A.D. 960. This is not surprising in view of its unique renal complication and the fact that the etiologic agent of HFRS proved to be a zoonotic virus that causes chronic infection with urinary excretion in the murid rodent, Apodemus agrarius. This mouse is the most common wild rodent over much of northern and eastern Asia and often invades cultivated fields, gardens, haystacks, and sometimes human dwellings. Human conflict during the lethal 20th century also played a prominent role in elucidation of the etiology, clinical evolution, epidemiology, and ecology of HFRS. “Field nephritis”, which occurred in both allied and German troops in Flanders during World War I, may well have been caused by a hantavirus now known to occur in western Europe and Scandinavia (Bradford 1916; Arnold 1944). Japanese military physicians encountered the disease in the mid 1930s after invading Manchuria (Kitano 1944), Finnish and German soldiers were affected during World War II (Stuhlfauth 1943; Hortung 1944), and UN troops first encountered the original hantavirus during the Korean Conflict in 1951 (Smadel 1953).
Interdisciplinary programming language design

Approaches for programming language design used commonly in the research community today center around theoretical and performance-oriented evaluation. Recently, researchers have been considering more approaches to language design, including the use of quantitative and qualitative user studies that examine how different designs might affect programmers. In this paper, we argue for an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates many different methods in the creation and evaluation of programming languages. We argue that the addition of user-oriented design techniques can be helpful at many different stages in the programming language design process.
Molecular Diagnostics in Pediatric Cytopathology

Given that pediatric malignancy is rare, most pediatric fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies will be benign. Of pediatric malignancies, the most common are hematolymphoid malignancies, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, neuroblastoma, and Wilms’ tumor. Leukemias and CNS tumors are unlikely to be encountered by the cytopathologist, so this chapter will focus on pediatric lymphomas and solid organ malignancies, particularly those in which molecular studies play an important role. When evaluating a pediatric FNA, it is important to consider collecting material for ancillary studies including cell block, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular testing, as well as fresh frozen tissue, especially in the setting of a potentially neoplastic process. There are three main cytomorphologic patterns that will help guide your workup and differential diagnosis, including small round blue cell morphology (both lymphoid and nonlymphoid), large epithelioid morphology, and spindle cell morphology. Although many diagnoses can be made using a combination of cytomorphology and immunohistochemical stains, there are several pediatric malignancies that require molecular studies for prognosis, therapeutic decisions, and/or definitive diagnosis or subtyping.
The Biological System—Urban Wildlife, Adaptation, and Evolution: Urbanization as a Driver of Contemporary Evolution in Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)

Urbanization dramatically reduces levels of regional biodiversity, yet urban environments can serve as refuges for biodiversity because some biological stressors are more prevalent outside cities than inside. We evaluated whether urbanization can promote rare genotypes, focusing on gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), which have genetically based color morphs visible to the naked eye. Combining data on 6681 occurrences of gray squirrels derived from an Internet-based, participatory research program (SquirrelMapper) and mined from an online image sharing platform (Flickr), we found the probability of the black morph increases with the extent of urban land cover. An internet-based game that crowdsourced search times of humans to find gray squirrels revealed a distinct camouflage advantage of gray morphs over black in early successional forests where hunting occurs but not in urban areas where hunting is prohibited. The black morph was strongly underrepresented (9%) within a sample of road-killed squirrels in contrast to its frequency (33%) among live squirrels in the same area, likely due to the black morph’s greater conspicuousness on pavement, which in turn facilitates driver avoidance and thereby favors the black morph in cities where vehicles are the primary source of squirrel mortality. Together these processes can generate remarkably steep phenotypic clines along urbanization gradients and will likely continue to shape morphological evolution of the species given that hunting pressures are declining throughout the species’ range while road traffic intensifies. This study suggests cities can serve as refuges for rare genotypes by neutralizing selective pressures that favor a widespread morph in the rural landscape while creating novel selective pressures against the widespread morph within urban areas.
Making It Count: Using Real-World Projects for Course Assignments

Previous scholarship has demonstrated the value of high-impact practices of community engagement, inquiry-based pedagogy, and collaborative learning for engagement and learning in sociology courses...
Prediction of climate specific vertical movement of pavements with expansive soils based on long-term 2D numerical simulation of rainwater infiltration

Abstract Long-term 2D simulation of rainwater infiltration into road embankments built on expansive soils is lacking in most highway design strategies. This paper explores the application of Hydrus-2D to establish a finite element model capable of performing long-term simulations of water flow in road embankments subjected to seasonal rainfall. Toward that end, climate specific suction profiles are generated from the simulations using real time climate data, which are used to predict vertical movement at the pavement edge. Sensitivity analyses show that the initial moisture condition has the most significant effect on moisture distribution and suction profile patterns. This induces a maximum decrease in vertical movement of 3.0 cm when a dry initial moisture state is compared with a wet initial moisture state. Higher values of evaporation rate and hydraulic conductivity result in less long-term vertical movement, although the impact is less obvious compared to initial moisture condition. The results also indicate that an extreme rain event can double the vertical displacement of pavements when compared to normal rain events, which proves the importance of using real climate data when expansive soils are involved. A case study presented the advantages of using Hydrus-2D suction profiles to predict vertical movement of pavements.
Postural control processes during standing and step initiation in autism spectrum disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a reduced ability to maintain postural stability, though motor control mechanisms contributing to these issues and the extent to which they are associated with other gross motor activities (e.g., stepping) are not yet known. Seventeen individuals with ASD and 20 typically developing (TD) controls (ages 6–19 years) completed three tests of postural control during standing. During the neutral stance, individuals stood with their feet shoulder width apart. During the Romberg one stance, they stood with feet close together. During the circular sway, participants stood with feet shoulder width apart and swayed in a circular motion. The standard deviation (SD) of their center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) directions and the COP trajectory length were examined for each stance. We also assessed mutual information (MI), or the shared dependencies between COP in the ML and AP directions. Participants also completed a stepping task in which they stepped forward from one force platform to an adjacent platform. The amplitude and duration of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) were examined, as were the maximum lateral sway, duration, and velocity of COP adjustments following the initial step. We examined stepping variables using separate one-way ANCOVAs with height as a covariate. The relationships between postural control and stepping measures and ASD symptom severity were assessed using Spearman correlations with scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Second Edition (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Individuals with ASD showed increased COP trajectory length across stance conditions (p = 0.05) and reduced MI during circular sway relative to TD controls (p = 0.02). During stepping, groups did not differ on APA amplitude (p = 0.97) or duration (p = 0.41), but during their initial step, individuals with ASD showed reduced ML sway (p = 0.06), reduced body transfer duration (p < 0.01), and increased body transfer velocity (p = 0.02) compared to controls. Greater neutral stance COPML variability (r = 0.55, p = 0.02) and decreased lateral sway (r = − 0.55, p = 0.02) when stepping were associated with more severe restricted and repetitive behaviors in participants with ASD. We found that individuals with ASD showed reduced MI during circular sway suggesting a reduced ability to effectively coordinate joint movements during dynamic postural adjustments. Additionally, individuals with ASD showed reduced lateral sway when stepping indicating that motor rigidity may interfere with balance and gait. Postural control and stepping deficits were related to repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD indicating that motor rigidity and key clinical issues in ASD may represent overlapping pathological processes.
Dual energy CT can aid in the emergent differentiation of acute traumatic and pathologic fractures of the pelvis and long bones

To determine whether dual energy CT (DECT) scanning can aid in the differentiation between acute traumatic and pathologic fractures of the pelvis and long bones. Retrospective review of 11 patients with 15 pathologic fractures proven by biopsy and/or other advanced imaging modalities. Age- and sex-matched patients with non-pathologic traumatic fractures were used as controls. Studies were reviewed by two readers on syngo.via software before and after the creation of virtual bone marrow color maps. Hounsfield units (HU) of the marrow space at the level of the fracture were recorded on both reviews. Differences between the HU of the bone marrow of traumatic and pathologic fractures were compared using two-tailed unpaired t-test. A statistically significant difference was found in the HU of the affected bone marrow on DECT virtual noncalcium bone marrow color maps between the pathologic group (mean HU:4.89) and the non-pathologic group (mean HU: − 286.2) (p = 0.0177). HU measurements on the mixed kVp images were 150.4 for the pathologic and 94.1 for the non-pathologic fracture groups, respectively, with no statistical significance (p = 0.272). DECT scanning can aid in the differentiation between hematoma at acute traumatic fracture sites and neoplasm at pathologic fracture sites. HU of the bone marrow is higher for pathologic fractures, and the difference in bone marrow attenuation is more evident on the virtual bone marrow color maps.
Immigrant selectivity, academic culture and college enrollment among Asian Americans

Asian Americans have advantages across numerous indicators for educational attainment and upward mobility. While researchers acknowledge the contribution of positive selective migration in Asian Am...
Into the Multiverse: Replacing the Intelligible Principle Standard With a Modern Multi-Theory of Nondelegation

Following the split decision in Gundy v. United States, the Supreme Court now appears ready to reconsider the wisdom of the intelligible principle doctrine in the context of nondelegation. Over the past century, the intelligible principle has devolved into an unworkable standard; however, any new standard must grapple with the difficulty of creating a one-size-fits-all test for nondelegation. This Comment proposes a different path and advocates for the creation of a tripartite “Multi-Theory” of three separate nondelegation inquiries, grounded in a Youngstown-esque structural separation of categorical powers.
Turning towards Greater Equity and Access with Online Teacher Professional Development

Access to professional development opportunities promotes equity for both teachers and students. We identified time, distance, and childcare needs as limiting factors for teachers seeking to attend our conference workshops and in-person professional development opportunities. Therefore, just months before the COVID-19 pandemic and the rapid shift to online learning, the Genome Sciences Education Outreach (GSEO) program transitioned to online professional development for the NIGMS sponsored SEPA grant Genes Environment and Me Network (GEMNet) program. Our program was well positioned to support teachers in our network by providing online PD that included technology support and rapid access to our online curriculum for use for distance learning. Here we share the process of creating online PD as well as converting our materials to the digital environment. Additionally, we provide survey data and lessons learned from eight online PD trainings from January 2020 to January 2021 for both Health/Family and Consumer Science Teachers (n=20) and Biology Teachers (n=23). Notably, Teachers provided feedback affirming our initial reasons for providing online PD, and appreciated being supported at an overwhelmingly difficult time to be an educator. Our findings support the need for both online and in-person professional development opportunities for future programs.
Analysis of Ustilago maydis Pot1 reveals context-dependent, dichotomous regulation of homology-directed DNA repair factors by a telomere protein

The telomere G-strand binding protein Pot1 plays multifaceted roles in telomere maintenance and protection. We examined the biochemical activity and genetic mechanisms of Pot1 in Ustilago maydis, a fungal model that recapitulates key features of mammalian telomere regulation. We found that U. maydis Pot1 binds directly to Rad51 and regulates the latter9s strand exchange activity. Deleting an N-terminal domain of Pot1 implicated in Rad51-binding caused telomere shortening, suggesting that Pot1-Rad51 interaction facilitates telomere replication. Depleting Pot1 through transcriptional repression triggered growth arrest as well as rampant recombination, leading to multiple telomere aberrations. In addition, telomere repeat RNAs transcribed from both the G- and C-strand were dramatically up-regulated, and this was accompanied by elevated levels of telomere RNA-DNA hybrids. Telomere abnormalities of pot1-deficient cells were suppressed, and cell viability was rescued by the deletion of rad51 or brh2 (the BRCA2 ortholog), indicating that homology-directed repair (HDR) proteins are key mediators of telomere aberrations and cellular toxicity. Together, these observations underscore the complex physical and functional interactions between Pot1 and DNA repair factors, leading to context-dependent and dichotomous effects of HDR proteins on telomere maintenance and protection.
Gene Expression of Agronomically Important Secondary Metabolites in cv. ‘USDA Cascade’ Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Cones during Critical Developmental Stages

The transcriptome from lupulin glands and associated bracts from cone tissue of hop (Humulus lupulus) c.v. ‘Cascade’, during three stages of development: early, mid, and late or near-harvest, was s...
Harmony: Content resolution for smart devices using acoustic channel

In this paper, we utilize a novel communication framework Acoustic-WiFi to develop a smart contention resolution scheme Harmony among the contending devices to address the overhead of the traditional Wi-Fi backoff scheme (i.e. contention window countdown, DIFS) and reduce the overall collisions among the devices. Harmony uses the acoustic channel for contention resolution in Wi-Fi networks. To the best of our knowledge, Harmony is the first to leverage the acoustic interface on commodity smart devices as an addition control channel in parallel with the Wi-Fi interface. We evaluate our scheme using real testbed and simulation. Testbed experiments show more than 40% throughput gain over traditional Wi-Fi networks, while simulation results show more than 27% gain for dense networks.
Wrong-Site Surgery, Retained Surgical Items, and Surgical Fires : A Systematic Review of Surgical Never Events

Importance Serious, preventable surgical events, termed never events , continue to occur despite considerable patient safety efforts. Objective To examine the incidence and root causes of and interventions to prevent wrong-site surgery, retained surgical items, and surgical fires in the era after the implementation of the Universal Protocol in 2004. Data Sources We searched 9 electronic databases for entries from 2004 through June 30, 2014, screened references, and consulted experts. Study Selection Two independent reviewers identified relevant publications in June 2014. Data Extraction and Synthesis One reviewer used a standardized form to extract data and a second reviewer checked the data. Strength of evidence was established by the review team. Data extraction was completed in January 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of wrong-site surgery, retained surgical items, and surgical fires. Results We found 138 empirical studies that met our inclusion criteria. Incidence estimates for wrong-site surgery in US settings varied by data source and procedure (median estimate, 0.09 events per 10 000 surgical procedures). The median estimate for retained surgical items was 1.32 events per 10 000 procedures, but estimates varied by item and procedure. The per-procedure surgical fire incidence is unknown. A frequently reported root cause was inadequate communication. Methodologic challenges associated with investigating changes in rare events limit the conclusions of 78 intervention evaluations. Limited evidence supported the Universal Protocol (5 studies), education (4 studies), and team training (4 studies) interventions to prevent wrong-site surgery. Limited evidence exists to prevent retained surgical items by using data-matrix–coded sponge-counting systems (5 pertinent studies). Evidence for preventing surgical fires was insufficient, and intervention effects were not estimable. Conclusions and Relevance Current estimates for wrong-site surgery and retained surgical items are 1 event per 100 000 and 1 event per 10 000 procedures, respectively, but the precision is uncertain, and the per-procedure prevalence of surgical fires is not known. Root-cause analyses suggest the need for improved communication. Despite promising approaches and global Universal Protocol evaluations, empirical evidence for interventions is limited.
Enjoyment of high-intensity interval training in an overweight/obese cohort: a short report.

Summary Exercise enjoyment has been shown to be important for adherence. Minimal data exist on enjoyment of intense exercise, especially in clinical populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate enjoyment levels of overweight and obese subjects undergoing 3 weeks of high-intensity interval training. Forty-two generally healthy overweight and obese men and women (body mass index = 30·8 ± 4·8 kg × m−2) volunteered for this study. Exercise enjoyment was quantified using the Exercise Enjoyment Scale before and after each of nine total interval training sessions, over a three-week period. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the end of each interval and training session. There were no significant differences in enjoyment between training groups (P > 0·05). Exercise enjoyment improved significantly over the three-week training phase (P < 0·05). Enjoyment levels were relatively high to begin training: mean ± SD: 4·2 ± 1·0 out of a 7 point scale. Heart rate and RPE were significantly reduced (P < 0·05) from pre- (day 1) to post-training (day 9). High-intensity interval training may be an enjoyable form of exercise for overweight and obese men and women. Enjoyment levels may continue to increase following initial introduction to this type of training. Due to the small time demand and high enjoyment, interval training may be an effective exercise approach in a sedentary population.
Expression and clinical significance of the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway in endometrial cancer.

Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Kesterson J, Wang D, Akers S, DuPont N C, Clark K, Lele S & Liu S (2011) Histopathology59, 63–72 Expression and clinical significance of the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway in endometrial cancer Aims: To evaluate the components of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–Smad signalling pathway in human endometrial cancer (EC). Methods and results: TGF-β1, TGF-β receptor type I, TGF-β receptor type II, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, Skil and Disabled-2 (DAB2) mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on EC cell lines and in 70 EC tissues. Immunohistochemistry for Skil and DAB2 antibodies was performed on 362 EC cases. Decreased mRNA levels of all eight components of the TGF-β pathway tested were found in the majority of 70 cases. For DAB2, the mRNA level was correlated with protein expression level (P = 0.04). The Skil mRNA level was associated with tumour stage (P = 0.03), and the Smad2/3/4 mRNA level with tumour grade (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.00, respectively). The Smad4 mRNA level was also associated with tumour size (P = 0.05), subtype (P = 0.04), and disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.05). The TGF-β1 mRNA level was associated with DFS (P = 0.04). Finally, tumours with positive Skil protein expression had a shorter recurrence time, whereas, those with positive DAB2 protein expression had a longer recurrence time. Conclusions: Down-regulation of the TGF-β–Smad signalling pathway might be responsible for the pathogenesis of human EC, and some of its components appeared to be prognostic factors. Exploration of future therapy targeting the TGF-β–Smad pathway is warranted in EC.
Self-Reported Pain and Disease Symptoms Persist in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Despite Treatment Advances: An Electronic Diary Study

Objective To use electronic diaries (e-diaries) to determine whether pain, stiffness, and fatigue continue to be common, disabling symptoms in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) despite the use of aggressive treatments in contemporary medical management. Methods Fifty-nine children with JIA (ages 8–18 years) provided ratings of pain, stiffness, and fatigue intensity and functional limitations using a smartphone e-diary 3 times each day for 1 month. Medication information was collected via parent report and checked for accuracy by chart review. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine typical symptom intensity, frequency, and variability. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze associations between symptoms and functional outcomes and between medication use and symptom intensity. Results Children reported moments of pain in 66% of e-diary entries. No children were entirely pain-free across the reporting period. In 31% of all e-diary entries the visual analog scale score for pain was >40 (high pain intensity), with 86% of children reporting a high level of pain at least once during the study period. The mean ratings of pain, stiffness, and fatigue intensity were in the mild-to-moderate range. Medication class was not a reliable predictor of differences in symptom intensity, even though 79% of children were prescribed a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and 47% were prescribed a biologic agent. Moments of higher pain intensity and higher stiffness intensity were each uniquely predictive of higher concurrent functional limitations. Conclusion Self-reported pain, stiffness, and fatigue continue to be common in children with JIA, despite contemporary advances in treatment strategies, including use of biologic agents. These findings are surprisingly consistent with previous results from research using daily paper diaries in the pre-biologics era. There remains a pressing and ongoing need to optimize pain and symptom management in JIA.
Here's the bias! A (Re-)Reassessment of the Chilean electoral system

Most scholars of the (now abandoned) Chilean legislative electoral system, known as the “binomial system”, have noted the many ways it was designed to benefit the ideological right. However, Zucco (2007) challenges this conventional wisdom by arguing that there is no bias through the electoral system's majoritarian character, no bias through malapportionment, and that designers could have designed a system to better benefit the ideological right. This paper uses comuna level electoral returns and simulations from Chile's 1988 plebiscite to show that the system was indeed designed to 1) reduce the number of parties in the Chilean party system and 2) minimize electoral losses and maximize electoral gains of the political right. It further argues that, 3) it would have been difficult to design a legislative electoral system to better over-represent the ideological right given the constraints and political context of the time. The analysis strongly supports the rationality of electoral engineering to benefit designers and their allies, even under sub-optimal conditions of limited time and resources. Though the system was abandoned in 2015 in favor of a moderate proportional representation system, it is important to set the record straight in terms of electoral engineers' intents and purposes.
Prior distributions of material parameters for Bayesian calibration of growth and remodeling computational model of abdominal aortic wall

For the accurate prediction of the vascular disease progression, there is a crucial need for developing a systematic tool aimed toward patient-specific modeling. Considering the interpatient variations, a prior distribution of model parameters has a strong influence on computational results for arterial mechanics. One crucial step toward patient-specific computational modeling is to identify parameters of prior distributions that reflect existing knowledge. In this paper, we present a new systematic method to estimate the prior distribution for the parameters of a constrained mixture model using previous biaxial tests of healthy abdominal aortas (AAs). We investigate the correlation between the estimated parameters for each constituent and the patient's age and gender; however, the results indicate that the parameters are correlated with age only. The parameters are classified into two groups: Group-I in which the parameters ce, ck1, ck2, cm2,Ghc, and ϕe are correlated with age, and Group-II in which the parameters cm1, Ghm, G1e, G2e, and α are not correlated with age. For the parameters in Group-I, we used regression associated with age via linear or inverse relations, in which their prior distributions provide conditional distributions with confidence intervals. For Group-II, the parameter estimated values were subjected to multiple transformations and chosen if the transformed data had a better fit to the normal distribution than the original. This information improves the prior distribution of a subject-specific model by specifying parameters that are correlated with age and their transformed distributions. Therefore, this study is a necessary first step in our group's approach toward a Bayesian calibration of an aortic model. The results from this study will be used as the prior information necessary for the initialization of Bayesian calibration of a computational model for future applications.
Tumor-initiating Activity and Metabolism of Polymethylated Phenanthrenes

Abstract The tumor-initiating activity of several polymethylated phenanthrenes was determined in mouse skin. Among the compounds assayed were 1,4-, 1,9-, 2,7-, 3,6-, 4,5-, 4,9-, and 4,10-dimethylphenanthrene. Only the 1,4- and 4,10-dimethyl-phenanthrenes were active as tumor initiators. Initiating doses of 300 µg and 1.0 mg of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene after promotion with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate induced 80 and 100% incidences of skin tumors in mice, respectively. 4,10-Dimethylphenanthrene assayed under identical conditions induced skin tumors in 35 and 55% of the mice. The in vitro metabolism of 1,4-, 3,6-, 4,9-, and 4,10-dimethylphenanthrene was studied by incubation of the compounds with the 9000 × g supernatant from the livers of Aroclor-pretreated rats. The major dihydrodiol metabolite of both 1,4- and 4,10-dimethyl-phenanthrene was the 7,8-dihydrodiol, the requisite precursor for the formation of bay-region dihydrodiol-epoxides. Dihydrodiols were not observed among the metabolites of 4,9-dimethylphenanthrene. In the case of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrne, the major diol metabolite formed in vitro was the 9,10-dihydrodiol. These results support previously proposed structural requirements which favor the carcinogenic activity of methylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. These studies indicate that tumorigenic activity of methylated phenanthrenes requires inhibition of dihydrodiol formation at the K-region (9,10-positions) in addition to a bay-region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring.
Spectral analysis for billion-scale graphs: discoveries and implementation

Given a graph with billions of nodes and edges, how can we find patterns and anomalies? Are there nodes that participate in too many or too few triangles? Are there close-knit near-cliques? These questions are expensive to answer unless we have the first several eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the graph adjacency matrix. However, eigensolvers suffer from subtle problems (e.g., convergence) for large sparse matrices, let alone for billion-scale ones. We address this problem with the proposed HEIGEN algorithm, which we carefully design to be accurate, efficient, and able to run on the highly scalable MAPREDUCE (HADOOP) environment. This enables HEIGEN to handle matrices more than 1000× larger than those which can be analyzed by existing algorithms. We implement HEIGEN and run it on the M45 cluster, one of the top 50 supercomputers in the world. We report important discoveries about near-cliques and triangles on several real-world graphs, including a snapshot of the Twitter social network (38Gb, 2 billion edges) and the "YahooWeb" dataset, one of the largest publicly available graphs (120Gb, 1.4 billion nodes, 6.6 billion edges).
Apnea after immunization of preterm infants

Objective : To determine the frequency of adverse reactions, particularly the occurrence of apnea, among preterm infants after immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole cell pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (HibC) vaccine in the neonatal intensive care unit. Study design : After the occurrence of apnea in two preterm infants following immunization with DTP and HibC, a prospective surveillance of 97 preterm infants younger than 37 weeks of gestation who were immunized with DTP (94 also received HibC at the same time) in the neonatal intensive care unit was performed to assess the frequency of adverse reactions and in particular, the occurrence of apnea. For each infant, data were recorded for a 3-day period before and after receipt of the immunization. Results : The majority of preterm infants tolerated immunizations with DTP and HibC without ill effects. However, 12 (12%) infants experienced a recurrence of apnea, and 11 (11%) had at least a 50% increase in the number of apneic and bradycardic episodes in the 72 hours after immunization. This occurred primarily among smaller preterm infants who were immunized at a lower weight ( p =0.01), had experienced more severe apnea of prematurity ( p =0.01), and had chronic lung disease ( p =0.03). Conclusion : The temporal association observed between immunization of preterm infants and a transient increase or recurrence of apnea after vaccination merits further study. Cardiorespiratory monitoring of these infants after immunization may be advisable.
Transient Conjugate Heat-Transfer Model for Circular Tubes Inside a Rectangular Substrate

The transient heat transfer for laminar flow inside a circular microtube, embedded in a rectangular substrate, during power startup has been numerically investigated using the finite element method. Silicon and silicon carbide were the substrates used, and water and FC-72 were the working fluids. Equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in the fluid region. Within the solid wafer, the heat-conduction equation was solved. A thorough investigation for velocity and temperature distributions for different substrates and coolants was performed by varying geometrical dimensions. The Prandtl number, thermal conductivity ratio, and diameter ranges were 6.78-12.68, 27-2658, and 300-1000 pm, respectively
Automotive Lighting: Research and Application

The many facets of automotive lighting, from the design of light pipe systems for interior display applications to the design of nonimaging reflector and projector headlamp systems, present numerous challenges and opportunities for lighting designers and optical engineers. The optical requirements for automotive illumination applications are constantly evolving in correlation with new technologies and an everincreasing focus on visual performance and safety. This paper presents a review of the current research being performed in automotive lighting, optical design, and human performance and discusses how this research is impacting optical design.
High resolution vibrational Raman spectrum of oxygen

The fundamental vibrational band of oxygen has been examined with a resolution of 0.05 cm−1 for the Q branch and 0.40 cm−1 for the S and O branches. All lines of the Q branch were clearly resolved except Q(1) and Q(3). Calculated molecular parameters agree with those previously reported from microwave and electronic spectra. Line width measurements made in the Q branch and on three S branch lines, using a resolution of 0.05 cm−1, are in fair agreement with previously measured and calculated line widths for pure rotational Raman lines.
The structure of transposable yeast mating type loci

A recombinant plasmid containing a MAT alpha mating type locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated by its ability to complement a sterile mat alpha mutation. The plasmid hybridizes to restriction fragments containing both active mating type loci (MATa and MAT alpha) and both silent mating type loci (HMRa and HML alpha). All loci therefore have common sequences. Recombinant lambda clones of the locihave been isolated by plaque hybridization and their structures have been compared by a heteroduplex analysis. At its center, each locus contains one of two apparently nonhomologous sequences. Loci concerned with the alpha phenotype (MAT alpha and HML alpha) contain and 850 bp alpha-specific sequence, whereas loci concerned with the a phenotype (MATa and HMRa) contain a 700 bp a-specific sequence. The a- or alpha-specific sequences are surrounded by DNA sequences that are common to all loci. These homologous sequences extend for 230 bp on the left and 700 bp on the right. They appear to be unrelated to each other. Surprisingly, HML alpha and HMRa differ in their extent of homology to MATa and MAT alpha outside the above regions. HMRa lacks an extensive (700 bp) DNA sequence to the right of the large right-hand homologous region, and possibly also a small (90 bp) sequence to the left of the small left-hand homologous region, both of which are present at HML alpha, MATa and MAT alpha. Hybridization studies have shown that the 700 bp sequence is present at HMLa but absent at HMR alpha alleles. It is therefore characteristic of HML, irrespective of whether it contains a- or alpha-specific sequences. The results imply that mating type interconversion is effected by transposition of DNA sequences from HML or HMR to MAT, as predicted by the controlling element model of Oshima and Takano (1971) and the Cassette model of Hicks, Strathern and Herskowitz (1977).
Regime change and system stability: Simulating complex anarchical environments over the internet

This article uses data from a seven‐player simulation of a complex anarchical environment to analyze hypotheses on domestic political regime changes and system stability. By conducting the simulation over the Internet, a tremendous number of runs through the simulation can be completed in a relatively short time, thereby generating sufficient data for the statistical analyses. The analyses demonstrate that even in a research simulation designed to emphasize and isolate systemic factors, regime changes increase the threats to the survival of actors and significantly reduce the probability that the system will remain stable. This suggests that there may be a systemic mechanism in addition to the linkage politics mechanism described in the democratization and war literature.
Why do directors trade? Evidence from US multi‐company directors

Purpose – Previous literature suggests various motives and factors affecting insider trading, but little systematic empirical evidence exists on how they affect insider trading decisions jointly. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts a multivariate fix‐effect framework to jointly examine the factors affecting insider trading decisions using a sample of directors serving multiple companies. The timing of the trading is taken as given and an examination made as to why a specific stock was traded among all the insider stocks the director holds. The observations of the untraded stocks supplement the direct observation of the traded stocks, and allow the issue of insider trading motives to be tested in a multivariate framework with director fix‐effect.Findings – Evidence is found for the joint presence of the following motives in determining directors' trading choices: information; insider preferences for small value companies with significant previo...
Transient quenching of CW luminescence in a-Si:H

Abstract Experimental data on the influence of optical biasing on photoluminescence decays in a-Si:H at 20K are presented. It is shown that the decay at long times is strongly influenced by time dependent quenching of the CW photoluminescence. A simple model is proposed to analyze this effect.
Antenna parameter effects on spatial channel models

The comparison of the outage capacity for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel models based on different underlying approaches is made. Three different channel models are considered: the 3GPP empirical spatial channel model (SCM), a multi-element transmit and receive antenna (METRA) analytical spatial channel model (A-SCM) and the correlation-based long-term evolution (LTE) channel model. The authors evaluate the models' predicted channel capacity for different antenna element separation, array orientation and angle spread, with and without mutual coupling. The authors compare these results with measurement campaigns from the literature. The authors also derive an effective distance term that combines the antenna element separation, array orientation and angle spread parameters. The authors use this value to describe the effect on the signal correlation of the antenna output, and thereby explain the outage capacity dependence on the variables. Among the considered channels, the SCM showed the best agreement with the measurement literature, followed by the A-SCM and then the LTE model. The SCM was also the most computationally involved, followed by the A-SCM and then the LTE model. Our analysis showed that the mutual coupling had a small impact on the performance of all channel models, especially for antenna element separations greater than half a wavelength.
Use of oxidized copper minerals as environmental indicators

Abstract The distribution of the basic copper salts malachite (Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 ), brochantite (Cu 4 (OH) 6 SO 4 ), and paratacamite (Cu 4 (OH) 6 Cl 2 ) is determined by the chemical composition of the waters in which copper is found. A previous study of these minerals indicated that they respond rapidly to changes of solutions from one field of stability to another and that conversions of these phases from one to the other leaves an indication (in the form of remnant low magnification textures) of the previous stable phase that permits evaluation of changing environmental conditions. Comparison of the theoretical distribution of these phases (using activity-activity diagrams) with their observed occurrences reveals good agreement between predicted and actual assemblages. Malachite is predicted to be the stable phase in equilibrium with most surface and ground waters including seawater, and such is observed to be the case. Brochantite and paratacamite are observed more frequently than malachite as corrosion products of copper exposed to atmospheric precipitation and the diagrams predict that these copper salts will often supersede malachite as the stable phase in this environment.
Vibrational spectra of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trichlorobenzene☆

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trichlorobenzene has been obtained of the compound in KBr pellet, of the sample as a fine crystal powder, as a solid mass at room temperature, as a liquid at 75°C, and in CCl 4 and CS 2 solutions. The Raman spectrum has been photographed of the compound in both the solid and the liquid states. Thirteen of the 17 active vibrational fundamentals have been assigned.
Synthesis and ordering of two‐dimensional polymers

The work to be discussed in this lecture departs from the usual focus of polymer science on linear chains and explores the “bulk” synthesis and properties of polymer molecules that can be considered shape-persistent molecular objects. Shapes that are particularly interesting are those not common in the conformational space of linear chains, for example, two-dimensional polymers shaped as plates or discs and macromolecules shaped as cylinders or parallelepipeds. The lecture focuses on a molecular object which is a rigid and internally anisotropic two-dimensional polymer with planar dimensions greater than its thickness. The shape-granting skeleton of this two-dimensional polymer is built by covalent bonds. We have so far developed three different strategies for their bulk synthesis, all involving systems in which reactive oligomers organize spontaneously into the necessary planar assemblies to form the object. In one strategy molecular recognition events such as homochiral interactions play a key role in the formation of the two-dimensional flat polymers /1/. A different methodology relies on nanophase separation in rodcoil block molecules in which a rigid segment is covalently bonded to a flexible one sharing the same backbone. The third strategy involves the folding of oligomers into hairpin structures which self assemble into two-dimensional liquids. In these two last strategies the layered rodcoils or hairpins react to form the covalent backbones necessary to grant shape to the object. A computer simulation relevant to the experimental system suggests that large two-dimensional polymers can be formed by extremely short backbones. The lecture will also describe examples of unique properties in advanced materials that could emerge from these rigid two-dimensional objects. These examples include. materials with self-organized surfaces of high chemical definition and temporal stability, self assembling membranes, molecular reinforcement, and films with remarkably stable electrical or optical properties.
Adaptive kriging for simulation-based design under uncertainty development of metamodels in augmeted input space and adaptive tuning of their characteristics

This investigation focuses on design-under-uncertainty problems that employ a probabilistic performance as objective function and consider its estimation through stochastic simulation. This approach puts no constraints on the computational and probability models adopted, but involves a high computational cost especially for design problems involving complex, high-fidelity numerical models. A framework relying on kriging metamodeling to approximate the system performance in an augmented input space is considered here to alleviate this cost. A sub region of the design space is defined and a kriging metamodel is built to approximate the system response (output) with respect to both the design variables and the uncertain model parameters (random variables). This metamodel is then used within a stochastic simulation setting (addressing uncertainties in the model parameters) to approximate the system performance when estimating the objective function for specific values of the design variables. This information is then used to search for a local optimum within the previously established design sub domain. Only when the optimization algorithm drives the search outside this domain, a new metamodel is generated. The process is iterated until convergence is established and an efficient sharing of information across these iterations is established to adaptively tune characteristics of the kriging metamodel.