cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five cases of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia by genetic diagnosis

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is an autosomal dominant disorder and PRRT2 is the causative gene of PKD. The aim of this study was to investigate PRRT2 mutations in patients who were clinically diagnosed with PKD. Nine PKD cases, including four familial cases and five sporadic cases, were selected. Peripheral blood was drawn after obtaining informed consent, and genomic DNA was extracted by a standard protocol. Sanger sequencing was performed for the screening of PRRT2 mutations. A total of five cases were detected to harbor PRRT2 mutations. Four familial cases carried a c.649dupC (p.Arg217Profs*8) mutation, while one sporadic case and his asymptomatic father carried a c.133-136delCCAG (p.Pro45Argfs*44) mutation. PRRT2 mutations were not identified in the remaining cases. The study further confirmed that PRRT2 was a causative gene of PKD and implied that PRRT2 mutation has incomplete penetrance.
Autonomy and goal attainment: parenting, gender, and children's social competence.

This chapter identifies parent-child collaboration as a primary influence on children's social competence with peers and tests this prediction with a large sample of mothers, fathers, and their six-year-old children. Results are consistent with the model, identifying fathers as likely contributors to differences in children's social competence, and suggesting a disproportionate parental influence on same-gender children.
An ultrastructural analysis of the developing embryonic pancreas

This ultrastructural analysis of pancreas development under in vivo and in vitro conditions complements earlier biochemical studies. The endocrine and exocrine tissue develops similarly in vitro. The early pancreatic epithelial cells, like those of the gut, form a single layer of cells facing the lumen, and are linked together by junctional complexes. This cellular polarization implies a constraint for the axis of division of exocrine cells, and demands that the endocrine cells loose their connection with the exocrine cells in order to form islets. The presence of mitotic figures in well differentiated acinar cells suggests that cell multiplication is not incompatible with cell differentiation. The first zymogen granules that can be observed look similar to the granules present later in development. This observation suggests that the “prozymogen granules” which were reported in earlier papers were probably the result of fixation artifacts, and did not represent a stage in granule formation between the condensing vacuoles in the Golgi and the definitive zymogen granules. The morphological observations of this study are consistent with the previously proposed biphasic model of differentiation for the exocrine and endocrine B cells. The development of specific organelles correlates with the pattern of accumulation of the specific exocrine proteins and insulin. On the other hand, differentiated A cells are present when the pancreatic bud first forms. This early appearance of differentiated A cells suggests a regulatory role for this hormone in early development.
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor activation induced reward deficits but did not aggravate brain reward deficits associated with spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats

Glutamate neurotransmission, and particularly metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptors are implicated in behaviors of relevance to the addictive properties of nicotine. In laboratory animals, the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 has been previously shown to decrease intravenous nicotine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. Such mGlu2/3 receptor agonists may therefore be useful medications to assist people in smoking cessation. Because of the demonstrated preclinical efficacy of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists in decreasing the primary rewarding and conditioned effects of nicotine in rats, we wished to examine whether such compounds could potentially influence additional aspects of nicotine dependence, such as nicotine withdrawal. We hypothesized that an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist would have negative effects on nicotine withdrawal because mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists have previously been shown to attenuate nicotine withdrawal-induced reward deficits, while an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist precipitated withdrawal-like reward deficits in rats dependent on nicotine. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on brain reward deficits associated with spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats. Brain reward function, as assessed by intracranial self-stimulation reward thresholds, was examined after removal of nicotine- or saline-delivering subcutaneous osmotic minipumps. LY379268 administration produced reward deficits in animals "withdrawing" from chronic saline administration and only tended to aggravate nicotine withdrawal-induced reward deficits in rats previously treated with nicotine. Thus, this mGlu2/3 agonist does not appear to significantly influence the affective depression-like aspects of nicotine withdrawal.
Mathematical Immunogenetics I. Mathematics as Language

This paper summarizes approaches to developing mathematics that can act as a language for immunogenetics. The need for this has been documented by showing inadequacies of the standard symbolism. Apparent distinctions in symbolizing and conceptualizing factors involved in immunogenetics are seen to disappear in the mathematical models presented here. One model, a three-fold Boolean matrix factorization, subsumes all approaches to the idea of specificity and yet is general enough to incorporate data beyond that found only in a reaction matrix.
System-Level Performance of Cellular Multihop Relaying with Multiuser Scheduling

Multihop relaying in cellular networks is seen as a viable strategy to address the need for higher data rates and better coverage. In this paper, we analyze the system-level performance of multicellular multihop networks in the presence of co-channel interference, and build upon prior work in the research conducted by O. Oyman, et. al (2006) which considered multihop relaying in a single-cell setting. Considering an opportunistic hop-count routing algorithm, we study cellular sum capacity under different multiuser scheduling algorithms such as MaxCap, proportional fair, and round robin. We numerically investigate the competing interaction between multihop diversity and multiuser diversity, and discuss the areal diversity aspect as a byproduct of multihop relaying. Finally, we provide further practical design insights on cellular planning through our empirical results on interference statistics in multicellular multihop networks.
Effects of polyhydric and monohydric compounds on the stability of type I receptors for adrenal steroids in brain cytosol

: We have shown previously that unoccupied type I receptors for adrenal steroids in brain cytosol lose their capacity to bind [3H]aIdosterone ([3H]ALDO) in a time-and temperature-dependent manner. Based on reports that sugars and polyvalent alcohols are capable of stabilizing a variety of globular proteins, we attempted in the present study to stabilize type I receptors by including polyhydric compounds in our brain cytosol preparations. However, contrary to expectations, adjusting cytosol to a 10% (g/dl) concentration of ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, ribitol, or sorbitol failed to stabilize these receptors at 0°C and in fact produced a slight reduction in [3H]ALDO binding capacity. The magnitude of this reduction was greater when cytosol was incubated for 2 h at 22°C prior to incubation with [3H]ALDO. In contrast to these results, when brain cytosol was adjusted to a 10% (g/dl) concentration of the monohydric compound, ethanol, a significant increase in [3H]ALDO binding to type I receptors was found. Under identical conditions, methanol and propanol failed to have a significant effect on the binding capacity of these receptors. When cytosol was aged for 2 h at 22 °C, all three of these monohydric compounds produced a marked loss in the [3H]ALDO binding capacity of type I receptors. An investigation of various doses of ethanol at 0°C on the subsequent binding of [3H]ALDO yielded an inverse U-shaped curve with 10% ethanol producing the highest level of specific binding, as reflected by an increase in maximal binding in Scatchard plots, and 40% ethanol producing a complete loss in type I receptor binding capacity. In view of these findings, and proposed mechanisms of action of polyand monohydric compounds, we suggest that isolation of type I receptors into aqueous brain cytosol leads to a spontaneous infolding of hydrophobic domains on the receptor surface and a concomitant reduction in ligand binding capacity.
Identifying the limits of training system effectiveness through taxonomies of human performance

Given a specific training problem, how much is known about choosing the best mix of technologies and methods that are both cost effective and that also meet given ? Beyond technical specifications of systems and components, a theoretically thorough method is still not used for identifying training requirements and how to best fit technology to meet those requirements. What is needed is a way to ‘bound’ training systems so that it can be clearly stated what they are and are not best used for. What are their ? What are their ? The method described in this paper is based on a well-developed taxonomy of human performance. It is linked to conventional task analysis techniques to show how to identify what tasks a training system can be used for. An example is used to illustrate the method, but it has been applied to many training simulators. The process is meant to objectively link training requirements to technologies in a repeatable fashion such that training system builders, buyers and users can better under...
Creative Approaches for Promoting Counselor Self-Care

Professional counselors experience a range of emotional and personal demands, which can easily impact their quality of life and clinical efficacy. Creative engagement and expression may be effective in managing the impact of a career in helping. In this article, the authors present an overview of counselor self-care, including its applicability to the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (2005) and the 2009 Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs standards. Strength-based, creative approaches to counselor self-care are provided and discussed.
Blends of tribromostyrene copolymers

Abstract Copolymers of tribromostyrene (TBS) with styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized. The miscibility regions for blends of STBS copolymers with the homopolymers polystyrene (PS), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO), tetramethyl bisphenol A polycarbonate (TMPC), as well as blends of MMA–TBS copolymers with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were determined. Blends of MMA–TBS copolymers with styrene–methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymers and blends of both TBS copolymers with styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) and styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers were also investigated. Interaction energies for monomer unit pairs were calculated from the isothermal miscibility maps using the Flory–Huggins theory combined with the binary interaction model. The experimental phase separation temperatures were found to be similar to the spinodal temperatures predicted from the lattice-fluid theory of Sanchez and Lacombe using these interaction energies.
Transactivation and Inhibitory Domains of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY BY OXYGEN TENSION

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) binds to cis-acting hypoxia-response elements within the erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and other genes to activate transcription in hypoxic cells. HIF-1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor composed of HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunits. Here, we demonstrate that HIF-1α contains two transactivation domains located between amino acids 531 and 826. When expressed as GAL4 fusion proteins, the transcriptional activity of these domains increased in response to hypoxia. Fusion protein levels were unaffected by changes in cellular O2 tension. Two minimal transactivation domains were localized to amino acid residues 531–575 and 786–826. The transcriptional activation domains were separated by amino acid sequences that inhibited transactivation. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the gradual removal of inhibitory domain sequences (amino acids 576–785) was associated with progressively increased transcriptional activity of the fusion proteins, especially in cells cultured at 20% O2. Transcriptional activity of GAL4/HIF-1α fusion proteins was increased in cells exposed to 1% O2, cobalt chloride, or desferrioxamine, each of which also increased levels of endogenous HIF-1α protein but did not affect fusion protein levels. These results indicate that increased transcriptional activity mediated by HIF-1 in hypoxic cells results from both increased HIF-1α protein levels and increased activity of HIF-1α transactivation domains.
Confabulation, memory deficits, and frontal dysfunction.

Abstract This paper explores potential cognitive deficits underlying confabulation of a patient, G.S., following an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. G.S.’s performance on tasks assessing memory for temporal duration, temporal order, and speaker identification is examined as is his recollection of autobiographical events. We compare G.S. with three nonconfabulating patients matched with him for age, education, and neuropsychological measures of memory and frontal deficits and with three age- and education-matched control subjects. Like frontal control patients, G.S. underestimated temporal durations and showed poor source monitoring (speaker identification). In addition, G.S. showed an even more pronounced deficit in recall of autobiographical memories and relatively more detailed reports of laboratory-induced memories for imagined events. We suggest that this configuration of deficits rather than any single factor accounts for G.S.’s tendency to confabulate.
School Reform and Restructuring: Does Performance Technology Have a Role?

There is now widespread agreement that America's schools are in serious trouble. However, there is little consensus regarding what should be done about it. The school reforms currently being suggested are the most radical since the elimination of the one room school. School reforms of the 1980s—personnel selection, job redesign, evaluation/ feedback, incentives, instructional technology, and organization rede-sign—are reviewed from a performance technology perspectivee Reasons for their lack of success are discussed, in particular the schools' lack of interest in instructional design and technology. The most likely future reforms, those that involve the organizational redesign of schools, are discussed along with the impact such changes would have on the potential for applying performance technology in the schools. The paper concludes with actions that performance technologists in both business and academic environments can take to encourage the application of their technologies in the schools.
Fate of triclosan and triclocarban in soil columns with and without biosolids surface application

The leaching and transformation behaviors of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in soil columns (20 cm high, 4 cm in diameter) packed with an agricultural soil (Roxana very fine sandy loam) with and without biosolids surface application were investigated. The column leachates and soil samples were analyzed for TCS, TCC, and their transformation products. Significantly more TCS was transformed compared with TCC. Surface application of biosolids significantly retarded their transformation. Downward movement of TCS and TCC occurred within a 10-cm soil depth. Methyl-TCS was not detectable in the leachates but was detected in the top 5-cm soil layer, with more appearing in the biosolids-applied soil. At the end of the column study, carbanilide (CBA) was the only detectable TCC reductive dechlorination product in the soil. No TCC reductive dechlorination products were detectable in the leachates. Detection of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) suggested the occurrence of TCC hydrolysis. Rapid leaching of 4-CA through the soil column was observed. The 3,4-DCA was detected throughout the entire 20-cm depth of the soil column but not in the leachates. The fact that only small percentages of the transformed TCS and TCC appeared, after a 101-d column study, in the forms of the products analyzed suggested that either the investigated transformation pathways were minor pathways or further rapid transformation of those products had occurred. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:262–269. © 2011 SETAC
Sequential structural damage diagnosis algorithm using a change point detection method

Abstract This paper introduces a damage diagnosis algorithm for civil structures that uses a sequential change point detection method. The general change point detection method uses the known pre- and post-damage feature distributions to perform a sequential hypothesis test. In practice, however, the post-damage distribution is unlikely to be known a priori, unless we are looking for a known specific type of damage. Therefore, we introduce an additional algorithm that estimates and updates this distribution as data are collected using the maximum likelihood and the Bayesian methods. We also applied an approximate method to reduce the computation load and memory requirement associated with the estimation. The algorithm is validated using a set of experimental data collected from a four-story steel special moment-resisting frame and multiple sets of simulated data. Various features of different dimensions have been explored, and the algorithm was able to identify damage, particularly when it uses multidimensional damage sensitive features and lower false alarm rates, with a known post-damage feature distribution. For unknown feature distribution cases, the post-damage distribution was consistently estimated and the detection delays were only a few time steps longer than the delays from the general method that assumes we know the post-damage feature distribution. We confirmed that the Bayesian method is particularly efficient in declaring damage with minimal memory requirement, but the maximum likelihood method provides an insightful heuristic approach.
SU-E-I-81: Assessment of CT Radiation Dose and Image Quality for An Automated Tube Potential Selection Algorithm Using Adult Anthropomorphic and ACR Phantoms

Purpose: To assess the impact of General Electrics automated tube potential algorithm, kV assist (kVa) on radiation dose and image quality, with an emphasis on optimizing protocols based on noise texture. Methods: Radiation dose was assessed by inserting optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLs) throughout the body of a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom (CIRS). The baseline protocol was: 120 kVp, 80 mA, 0.7s rotation time. Image quality was assessed by calculating the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and noise power spectrum (NPS) from the ACR CT accreditation phantom. CNRs were calculated according to the steps described in ACR CT phantom testing document. NPS was determined by taking the 3D FFT of the uniformity section of the ACR phantom. NPS and CNR were evaluated with and without kVa and for all available adaptive iterative statistical reconstruction (ASiR) settings, ranging from 0 to 100%. Each NPS was also evaluated for its peak frequency difference (PFD) with respect to the baseline protocol. Results: For the baseline protocol, CNR was found to decrease from 0.460 ± 0.182 to 0.420 ± 0.057 when kVa was activated. When compared against the baseline protocol, the PFD at ASiR of 40% yielded a decrease in noise magnitude as realized by the increase in CNR = 0.620 ± 0.040. The liver dose decreased by 30% with kVa activation. Conclusion: Application of kVa reduces the liver dose up to 30%. However, reduction in image quality for abdominal scans occurs when using the automated tube voltage selection feature at the baseline protocol. As demonstrated by the CNR and NPS analysis, the texture and magnitude of the noise in reconstructed images at ASiR 40% was found to be the same as our baseline images. We have demonstrated that 30% dose reduction is possible when using 40% ASiR with kVa in pediatric patients.
Evaluating Community Efforts to Decategorize and Integrate Financing of Children's Health Services

Publicly funded categorical programs for children often differ in eligibility rules, allowable services, and criteria for provider participation, making it necessary for families to navigate through several programs to piece together care for their children. Recognizing these problems, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched a national demonstration project in 1991 with the goal of decategorizing children’s health services in nine communities. It was hoped that by releasing funds from categorical restrictions on their use, scarce public resources could be directed where they might have the greatest impact. However, the demonstration sites confronted a number of challenges in designing and implementing decategorization strategies: an absence of existing models and effective technical assistance; political hurdles in gaining cooperation from the multiple local agencies engaged in service provision; and difficulties in carrying out major programmatic changes when the health care system itself was rapidly being transformed. The proposition that decategorization holds promise as a tool for improving access to health care deserves further investigation.
Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study

We studied the association between reproductive factors and bladder cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of 37,459 Iowa women aged 55–69 years and initially free from cancer in 1986. Women reported reproductive history and were followed prospectively through 2003. After adjusting for age and smoking, there was an inverse association between age at menopause and incident bladder cancer (n = 192). Compared with menopause at age ≥≥48, the hazard ratio (HR) of bladder cancer was 1.32 (95% CI; 0.90–1.94) for menopause at 43–47, and 1.60 (95% CI; 1.06–2.39) for ≤≤42 (p-trend = 0.02). The associations were similar for ages at natural and surgical menopause. In addition, women with a history of bilateral oophorectomy had an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with those who did not undergo bilateral oophorectomy: HR = 1.58 (95% CI; 1.12, 2.22). Finally, there was an indication of a positive association between bladder cancer and shorter lifetime years of ovulation (p-trend = 0.09). There were no associations between incident bladder cancer and age at first birth, number of births, age at menarche, use of hormone replacement therapy or any other reproductive characteristics. This study provides evidence that increased risk of bladder cancer is associated with earlier age at menopause in postmenopausal women. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the application of the ACCF/ASE appropriateness criteria for transesophageal echocardiography in an academic medical center.

Background The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical application of the recently published American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Society of Echocardiography appropriateness criteria (AC) for transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) imaging at a single-center university hospital. Methods As outlined in the AC, TEE studies were divided into those performed subsequent to transthoracic echocardiographic imaging (adjunctive TEE studies) and those that were the initial echocardiographic studies for the indications being evaluated (initial TEE studies). Each study was categorized as appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate, according to the relevant section of the AC, and the study's impact on patient management was determined. Results Of the 405 studies enrolled, 27% were adjunctive and 73% were initial. Ninety-one percent of TEE studies could be classified by the AC. Overall, 97% of the studies were appropriate, 1% were inappropriate, and 2% were uncertain. Patient management was affected by 94% of appropriate studies but by only 50% of uncertain or inappropriate studies. Conclusions The AC for TEE imaging can be feasibly applied and encompass the majority of the clinical practice of transesophageal echocardiography in an academic setting.
Functional Recombinant Rabbit Muscle Phosphoglucomutase from Escherichia coli

Abstract The gene coding for phosphoglucomutase (PGM) from Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) has been expressed in Escherichia coli under a T7 expression system with a His-tag. About half of the expressed PGM protein was present in inclusion bodies, but this protein was inactive when solubilized. The protein in the soluble cell fraction was isolated and purified in one step on a Ni–NTA column. The eluate from this column was adjusted to 95% saturated ammonium sulfate, and the resulting protein precipitate was resuspended in sodium phosphate buffer and dialyzed against 2.5 M ammonium sulfate. The final yield of protein was about 10 mg per liter of LB medium. The protein was judged to be greater than 90% pure on the basis of gel electrophoresis and activity measurements (128 U per milligram). Our motivation for developing this bacterial production system for PGM has been to prepare sufficient quantities of stable-isotope-labeled protein for experiments that utilize recently developed NMR technologies suitable for proteins the size of PGM (61.6 kDa). Preliminary NMR studies indicate that the current level of purity is adequate for this work. The construct described here was designed to incorporate an N-terminal His-tag for ease of isolation. Although PGM is a metalloprotein, the His-tag does not appear to interfere with activity. The presence of the His-tag should not pose a problem for proposed 31 P NMR investigations of the protein and its complexes in aqueous solution or incorporated into reverse micelles. However, we plan to design a cleavable His-tag for later 1 H, 13 C, 15 N studies of the active site, which includes essential histidine residues.
The Relationship Between External Accountability Policy and Internal Accountability: A Cross-State Analysis of Charter and Traditional Public Schools

Using data from the National Center for Educational Statistics, this article examines the relationship between strength of state accountability policy (i.e., external accountability) and internal accountability, defined as a school-level system in which collective behaviors and conditions exist that direct the attention and effort of the internal school community to continuous improvement. Among other factors, a school's level of internal accountability appears to be higher for traditional public schools and schools that operate in weak external accountability states. Because data used to measure these factors directly are not available, differences in school internal accountability may reflect differences in these considerations. This article should be of interest to those concerned with motivating schools to develop the internal systems associated with high performance.
Auditory evoked potentials in anxiety disorder

The pathophysiology of anxiety has received much recent attention. EEG findings in anxiety are nonspecific, and some changes in psychophysiological measures have been reported. We recorded short-latency brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and long-latency auditory event-related potentials (AEPs) in 12 patients with generalized anxiety disorder. All 12 patients had BAEP latencies within clinical norms, but I-V interpeak latencies were significantly longer in patients with anxiety than controls. N1, N2, P2, and P3 AEP components were within normal limits; N1 and P2 were reduced in amplitude in anxiety patients, but differences from controls were not significant. The BAEP findings may suggest altered brain-stem function in anxiety, which has been implied by biochemical studies of anxiety and depression. AEP differences may be related to difficulties in concentration and attention direction reported by anxious patients.
Measurements of Strain and Temperature with Embedded Intrinsic Fabry-Perot Optical Fiber Sensors

The use of embedded intrinsic Fabry-Perot sensors in measuring strains and temperature changes was explored. Tests were performed with intrinsic Fabry-Perot sensors embedded in plates made of Fiberite T300/976 graphite-epoxy and of Fiberite APC2-PEEK graphite thermoplastic unidirectional tapes. The plates were also in strumented with thermocouples and strain gauges. The plates were subjected either to three point bending at room temperature, or to a uniform temperature change without an applied external stress. The temperatures and strains measured by the Fabry-Perot sensors agreed well with the thermocouple and strain gauge data, showing that with a single sensor and a single, constant wavelength light source, either the axial strain component or the temperature change can be measured.
1262 PULMONARY OXYGEN TOXICITY, LIPID PEROXIDATION, AND VITAMIN E IN THE NEONATAL RAT

We have demonstrated inhibition of lung growth and development as well as microscopic injury to result from exposure of newborn rats to 6 days of normobaric hyperoxia as low as FiO2 0.4 (Peds. Res. in press). The role of lipid peroxidation in the origins of these effects was investigated by measuring lung vitamin E concentrations and expired pentane during hyperoxic exposure of newborn rats. Lung vitamin E increased from 3.9 μg/g at birth to 25.3 μg/g by day 3 of age in control animals. Denying pups access to dams prevented this increase. Hyperoxia (FiO2 >0.95, for 3 days) did not lower lung vitamin E concentrations in fed animals (30.6 μg/g). Expired pentane averaged slightly more in fed animals analyzed every 24 hours during a 3 day exposure to FiO2 >0.95 than in air exposed controls (2.8 pmoles/min/100 g vs. 2.5, or 0.7 vs. 0.5 pmoles/ml O2 consumed). Exposure of starved newborns to 20 hours of hyperoxia resulted in a dose-related lethality (FiO2 0.21, 0/14; 0.4, 6/14; >0.95, 11/15) but lung vitamin E concentrations did not decrease (FiO2 0.21, 3.1; 0.4, 3.9; >0.95, 3.4 μg/g). Pentane production in starved newborns fell during a 12 hour exposure to FiO2 >0.95 (2.4 to 1.5 pmoles/min/100 g). The failure of hyperoxia to reduce lung vitamin E levels coupled with the lack of substantial increases in expired pentane suggests that lipid peroxidation may not play a major role in pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the neonate. However, until the significance of small changes in expired pentane is determined, lipid peroxidation cannot be totally excluded from the mechanism(s) of oxygen-induced lung injury. Supported by NIGMS 12675 and GM 07069.
The Tragedy of Politics: Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra

Abstract In Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare uses the story of the two lovers to dramatize the tragedy of politics. The excessive love of self that characterizes the two serves as a metaphor for the larger story of Rome's descent into tyranny. Unless love of country, that is, love of one's fellow-citizens, tempers self-love, a state loses its capacity to sustain even that degree of freedom that belongs to kingly rule. But Shakespeare also depicts the love of Antony and Cleopatra for each other as something noble; there is something worthy of our love that is higher than freedom. The tragedy of politics lies in the opposition of these two loves.
Complex correlations: Replication Timing and Mutational Landscapes during Cancer and Genome Evolution

A recent flurry of reports correlates replication timing (RT) with mutation rates during both evolution and cancer. Specifically, point mutations and copy number losses correlate with late replication, while copy number gains and other rearrangements correlate with early replication. In some cases, plausible mechanisms have been proposed. Point mutation rates may reflect temporal variation in repair mechanisms. Transcription-induced double-strand breaks are expected to occur in transcriptionally active early replicating chromatin. Fusion partners are generally in close proximity, and chromatin in close proximity replicates at similar times. However, temporal enrichment of copy number gains and losses remains an enigma. Moreover, many conclusions are compromised by a lack of matched RT and sequence datasets, the filtering out of developmental variation in RT, and the use of somatic cell lines to make inferences about germline evolution.
How is the feed-forward Pavlovian control system instantiated in neurobiology?

While feed-forward mechanisms may be ubiquitous in biological systems that form the substrates of Pavlovian conditioning, the control system proposed by Domjan, Cusato & Villarreal seems too elaborate for Pavlovian conditioning of simple skeletal muscle responses. We discuss here how the known neural substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning can be described in feed-forward terms, but argue that the monitor/comparator part of the system is not necessary and perhaps could even be detrimental to simple, nonsocial forms of Pavlovian conditioning.
The syntax of Xiamen tone sandhi

This collection of thematically related papers in the current issue of the Phonology Yearbook, coming in the wake of recent major works like Selkirk (1984a) and Kaisse (1985), betokens a growing interest in the interfacing problem of syntax and phonology. So far, the most intensively investigated problems such as English contraction and auxiliary reduction fall in the intermediate area of morphosyntax, in the sense that they typically involve the adjunction of clitic-like elements to a neighbouring constituent with certain phonological consequences. The truly phrasal level of postlexical phonology is rather more sparsely populated by well-documented case studies. Chapter 7 of Kaisse (1985) reviews some of the better-known cases, including French liaison, Ewe tone sandhi, Italian raddoppiamento sintattico (initial consonant gemination), and Kimatuumbi vowel shortening (see references cited therein). To this list we may add the highly suggestive case of Chi Mwi:ni vowel shortening (see Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974; and the insightful reanalysis in Selkirk 1986).
The Enigma of More Peace and Less Security

Enigmatically, the incidence of deadly armed conflict on a world basis is declining, or at least remaining level, amid a prevailing, if not heightened, atmosphere of insecurity. The explanation for the correlation of more peace and less security lies in the rise of ‘hyperconflict.’ The prefix ‘hyper’ suggests excessive: in excess of plausible advances toward an enduring peace. Concretely, the concept of hyperconflict encompasses a reorganization of political violence, pervasive uncertainty, changing structures of various forms of conflict that are not necessarily in the hands of governments or their agents, and growing instability at the world level. This avenue of inquiry opens empirical and normative questions about evolving forms of global order. The analysis also points to transformative measures for achieving more peace, more security. Enigmaticamente, la incidencia del conflicto armado mortifero en todo el mundo esta en descenso, o al menos el nivel restante dentro de una atmosfera predominante, si ...
Charles Frederic Hartt (1840-1878): The Early Years

Charles Frederic Hartt was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, the son of Jarvis William Hartt, a local educator. However, the family moved to Wolfville, Nova Scotia, where young Hartt received his early education, first under the supervision of his father at the Horton Academy and later at Acadia College. Even at the age of 10 or 11, Hartt exhibited a great love for natural history. While a student at Acadia College Hartt's abilities came to the attention of J. William Dawson and under Dawson's guidance Hartt undertook a study of the geology of Nova Scotia. It is reported that Hartt was so excited by his subject that he explored the entire province on foot, from one end to the other. From this field work came Hartt's first paper in which the young geologist disagreed with the ideas of none other than Sir Roderick Murchison with regard to the source of gold in some Nova Scotia rocks. After Hartt's graduation from Acadia College in 1860, the family moved back to New Brunswick, this time to Saint John where...
Acute and chronic effects of the atypical antidepressant, mianserin on brain noradrenergic neurons.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which may serve as a neurotransmitter in the noradrenergic nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), has been postulated to be hypersecreted in depression. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that antidepressants interfere with CRF putative neurotransmission in the LC. The acute and chronic effects of the atypical antidepressant mianserin on LC spontaneous discharge, LC sensory-evoked discharge, LC activation by a stressor which requires endogenous CRF, and LC activation by ICV CRF were characterized in halothane-anesthetized rats. Acute IV administration of mianserin (0.0001–1.0 mg/kg) increased LC spontaneous discharge and decreased LC discharge evoked by repeated sciatic nerve stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, mianserin (0.1 mg/kg) inhibited LC activation by hemodynamic stress (IV infusion of nitroprusside) and by ICV administration of CRF (3.0 µg). In rats chronically administered mianserin LC spontaneous and sensory-evoked discharge rates, and LC activation by CRF were similar to those of untreated rats or rats chronically administered saline. Moreover, acute IV administration of mianserin (0.1 mg/kg) to rats chronically treated with mianserin was less effective in altering LC spontaneous and sensory-evoked discharge. In contrast, LC activation by hemodynamic stress was still greatly attenuated in rats chronically administered mianserin. This is similar to the previously reported effect produced by chronic administration of the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine. The present results demonstrate that acute administration of low doses of mianserin attenuates LC activation by a variety of stimuli and suggest that tolerance developes with chronic administration to some of the effects of mianserin on LC discharge characteristics. The finding that LC activation by hemodynamic stress, which requires endogenous CRF, is attenuated after chronic mianserin administration suggests that interference with putative CRF neurotransmission in the LC may be an important common mode of antidepressant action.
Cardiovascular Device Infections in Dogs: Report of 8 Cases and Review of the Literature

Background: Infection is an infrequent but major complication of cardiovascular device implantation. Hypothesis: Treatment of patients with cardiovascular implant infection with antibiotic therapy and removal of the device is superior to antibiotic therapy alone. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for dogs that received a cardiovascular device from June 2001 to August 2006 at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center and the University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Results: Six of 63 (9.5%) pacemaker systems and 2 of 47 (4.3%) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion devices became infected. Median time from procedure to diagnosis of implant infection was 62 days (range, 5 to 419). Median age of dogs with pacemaker infections was 8.5 years (range, 6.2 to 11.9). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp were the most commonly cultured isolates. Four dogs were treated with antibiotics and pacemaker replacement. All 4 recovered completely from their infections. One was alive at the end of the study period, and 3 had been euthanized. However, the reasons for euthanasia were unrelated to pacemaker infection. In contrast, both dogs with infected pacemakers that were treated with antibiotics alone were euthanized because of complications attributable to infection. Infection of PDA occlusion devices occurred in puppies <16 weeks of age, and Pasteurella spp were isolated from both. One was successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics and surgery, and the other was euthanized without treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Antibiotic therapy alone is associated with chronic complications in patients with cardiovascular implants and is unlikely to effect a cure.
Social organization, profit cycles, and statewide land use controls: welcome to Oregon-enjoy your visit

Land use control in the U.S. has in many places been elevated to higher, more extensive levels of government, causing considerable controversy as to whose interests such reform serves. This article offers a political economic analysis of statewide land use controls, focusing on the land use program of Oregon. Using empirical evidence based on the state's population characteristics, industries, and elections featuring referenda to repeal the land use statutes, the author suggests that statewide land use controls in Oregon are supported by identifiable private interests: amenity-based industries, high-income professionals and technicans, and citizens in urban areas. The article suggests how changes in the structure of Oregon society—reflecting the development of the state's economy—led to the development of statewide land use controls.
Crystal structures and quantitative structure–property relationships of spirobipyrrolidinium and the oxygen-containing derivatives

Abstract Crystal structures of a popular electrolyte for EDLCs, 1,1′-spirobipyrrolidinium and its oxygen-containing derivatives including BF3C2F5 anion are reported. The properties of the BF4 salts, such as free energy change of fusion and dielectric constants were analyzed using molecular volume information. We used volume-based thermodynamics method to explain the reason for highest melting point in least-polar and most loosely packed crystal. The dielectric constants estimated from volumetric change during the phase changes are consistent with the polarity of the salts. We expect further optimization of these parameters (using known RTILs) to enhance the accuracy of quantitative analysis and prediction.
Vocabulary Instruction in a Remedial Setting

ABSTRACT Six evidence-based principles for remedial vocabulary instruction are developed and described. Implementation of the principles was undertaken by twenty tutors, all of who were experienced classroom teachers, in a university clinical reading program that used one-to-one instruction. Successful strategies and the tutor's reactions are described using three case studies of students from grades two, five and eight.
Multibeam synthetic aperture radar for global oceanography

A single-frequency multibeam synthetic aperture radar concept for large swath imaging desired for global oceanography is evaluated. Each beam illuminates a separate range and azimuth interval, and images for different beams may be separated on the basis of the Doppler spectrum of the beams or their spatial azimuth separation in the image plane of the radar processor. The azimuth resolution of the radar system is selected so that the Doppler spectrum of each beam does not interfere with the Doppler foldover due to the finite pulse repetition frequency of the radar system.
Effect of posture on serum lipids.

IT has been known for many years that postural changes affect the plasma volume and the concentration of certain blood constituents.1 2 3 4 5 6 In healthy subjects, the plasma volume decreases wher...
A Follow-up Study of Recent Special Education Graduates of Learning Disabilities Programs

This study investigated the postschool vocational and community adjustment of recent special education graduates from a southwestern metropolitan school district. Sixty-four students with learning disabilities (LD) who had attended self-contained classes at 12 high schools were randomly selected. A questionnaire, administered either via the telephone or in person, was the source of data. Thirty-eight of the LD sample were in competitive employment. In general, the LD students received very few community services. For the most part, they received no agency support after graduation. Most of the LD subjects lived with parents or other relatives and most had a driver's license and car. Implications for postsecondary services and future research are discussed.
Stability of the dry proton conductor CsHSO4 in hydrogen atmosphere

Abstract With an objective to assess the suitability of the dry proton conductor cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO 4 ) as an electrolyte for fuel cells, its chemical stability in H 2 atmosphere in presence of the electrocatalyst Pt/C has been investigated. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) data indicate that CsHSO 4 decomposes to Cs 2 SO 4 and H 2 S at 150 °C in H 2 atmosphere when it is mixed with Pt/C catalyst, while it is quite stable under identical conditions in the absence of the Pt/C catalyst. Although thin composite membranes (∼80 μm) prepared with poly(vinylidene fluoride) and CsHSO 4 exhibit high proton conductivity at 150–200 °C that is adequate for fuel cell applications, development of compatible non-platinum alloy or transition metal oxide catalysts is needed before CsHSO 4 could be considered as an electrolyte for fuel cells. Also, processing procedures need to be optimized to obtain dense, gas impermeable membranes suitable for fuel cell applications.
Mathematics Self-Efficacy: Stereotype Threat versus Resilience.

Children’s academic self-efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of achievement (Wigfield and Eccles, Contemporary Educational Psychology 25(1): 68–81, 2000). The present research examined mathematics self-efficacy and the relationship of racial context from the perspective of two competing bodies of research. Stereotype threat theory would predict that, under conditions where negative stereotypes are salient, self-efficacy would decrease. So, Black/African American students in primarily White classrooms would be predicted to report lower self-efficacy. However, other research suggests that Black/African American students demonstrate fortitude even under disadvantage (e.g., Graham, Review of Educational Research, 64(1): 55–117, 1994). We examined the mathematics self-efficacy of 170 fifth-grade students. In contrast to stereotype threat theory, results suggested that Black/African American students’ self-efficacy remained stable regardless of the racial breakdown of the class. However, White students demonstrated elevated self-efficacy when in predominantly Black/African American classrooms. These results could not be explained by differences in classroom environments. Results are discussed in terms of resilience, ethnic identity and White identity.
Speed up of data-driven state estimation using low-complexity indexing method

Traditional power system state estimation methods lack the ability to track and manage increasing uncertainties inherent in the new technologies, such as recent and ongoing massive penetration of renewable energy, distribution intelligence, and plug-in electric vehicles. To deal with the inability, a recent work proposes to utilize the unused historical data for power system state estimation. Although able to achieve much higher accuracy, the new approach is slow due to the burden by sequential similarity check over large volumes of high dimensional historical measurements, making it unsuitable for online services. This calls for a general approach to preprocess the historical data. In this paper, we propose to achieve such a goal with three steps. First, because the power systems are with periodic patterns, which create clustered measurement data, dimension reduction is proposed to remove redundancy, but still able to retrieve similar measurements. To further reduce the computational time, the k-dimensional tree indexing approach is employed in step two to group the clustered power system data into a tree structure, resulting in a log-reduction over searching time. Finally, we verify the obtained historical power system states via AC power system model and the current measurements to filter out bad historical data. Simulation results show that the new method can dramatically reduce the necessary computational time for online data-driven state estimation, while producing a highly accurate state estimate.