cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-Board Hydrogen for High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Stack by Methane and Methanol Steam Reforming

In this study, an in-house testing facility was used to examine the effect of CO concentration on the high temperature PEM fuel cells. Using the CO tolerance as a design parameter, a fuel processor based on steam reforming is designed using both methane and methanol as fuel. A simulation analysis based on a kinetic model is performed to investigate both methane and methanol as fuel for a potential source of hydrogen. Using simulation results, an analysis of the fuel processor and fuel cell stack is performed. The effect of steam to carbon ratio and reformer operating temperature on the overall reformer system’s performance is studied. The system was designed for a 5kWe auxiliary power unit (APU) which can be used as a combined heat and power generation system.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Chemical desiccation of potato vines

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L., ‘Russet Burbank’) vine desiccation was compared with sulfuric acid (89 kg ha−1 sulfur), dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4, 6-dinitrophenol] (2.4 kg ha−1), diquat (6, 7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2-α:2′,1′-c] pyrazinediium ion) (0.28 kg ha−1) and endothal (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) (1.1 kg ha−1). All treatments were field-applied in southern Idaho during August and September. Vine (stem and leaf) desiccation was most rapid and consistent with sulfuric acid which averaged 42% desiccation at day one after treatment. Dinoseb and diquat at rates used were similar with desiccation of 19% and 17%, respectively, at day one. Endothal followed with 9% desiccation at day one. As diquat rates increased from 0.28 kg ha−1 to 0.55 kg ha−1, desiccation increased from 16% to 21% at day one. As diquat rate was further increased to 1.65 kg ha−1 vine desiccation was 25%. Major differences in desiccation rate occurred the first day. After the first day, rates of desiccation were mostly similar. Immature vines were desiccated more slowly than mature vines that were beginning to senesce. This difference between mature and immature vine desiccation was least with sulfuric acid. Several crop oils and surfactants evaluated with dinoseb and diquat were similar, except Mor-act that slightly increased dinoseb activity. Changes in tuber yield and quality were not associated with chemicals except as expected from desiccation.
High Toughness, High Conductivity Ion Gels by Sequential Triblock Copolymer Self-Assembly and Chemical Cross-Linking

Self-assembly of ABA triblocks in ionic liquids provides a versatile route to highly functional physical ion gels, with promise in applications ranging from plastic electronics to gas separation. However, the reversibility of network formation, so favorable for processing, restricts the ultimate mechanical strength of the material. Here, we describe a novel ABA system that can be chemically cross-linked in a second annealing step, thereby providing greatly enhanced toughness. The ABA triblock is a poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide-b-styrene) polymer in which about 25 mol % of the styrene units have a pendant azide functionality. After self-assembly of 10 wt % triblock in the ionic liquid [EMI][TFSA], the styrene domains are cross-linked by annealing at elevated temperature for ca. 20 min. The high ionic conductivity (ca. 10 mS/cm) of the physical ion gels is preserved in the final product, while the tensile strength is increased by a factor of 5.
Mortality as an endpoint in atrial fibrillation1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mortality as an appropriate endpoint in studies of atrial fibrillation. Almost none of the atrial fibrillation trials has shown a significant difference in mortality among the various treatment arms because the studies are small, and many patient-years are required to show significant differences. Differences can be found when mortality is used as part of a combined endpoint and in meta-analyses of atrial fibrillation trials. Some trials of atrial fibrillation in the setting of conditions predisposing to high mortality, such as heart failure, postmyocardial infarction, and perioperative state for surgical procedures, can have mortality differences. Nevertheless, mortality has a role in validating the safety of new therapies and can be used as a measure of the impact and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in various disease settings.
Does gastric bypass alter alcohol metabolism

Abstract Background Morbid obesity is the leading public health crisis in the United States, with bariatric surgery as the only effective and enduring treatment for this disease. a concern has been raised, that, postoperatively, alcohol metabolism might be altered in gastric bypass patients. We hypothesized that alcohol metabolism in the postoperative gastric bypass patient would be altered. Methods Of 36 subjects, 17 control and 19 postgastric bypass subjects each consumed 5 oz of red wine. They underwent an alcohol breath analysis every 5 minutes. The outcomes recorded included symptoms, initial peak alcohol breath level, and the time for alcohol breath levels to normalize. Results The gastric bypass group was on average 10 years older and had a greater weight and body mass index than the control group. The average time after gastric bypass was 2 years, with an average body mass index loss of 18 kg/m 2 (51 kg/m 2 before versus 33 kg/m 2 after). The gastric bypass patients had a peak alcohol breath level of 0.08% and the controls had a level of 0.05%. The gastric bypass group needed, on average, 108 minutes to reach an alcohol breath level of 0; the control group reached this level after an average of 72 minutes. Both groups showed a similar postingestion symptom profile. Conclusion In this study, alcohol metabolism was significantly different between the postgastric bypass and control subjects. Although the gastric bypass patients' had a greater peak alcohol level and a longer time for the alcohol level to reach 0 than the controls, the gastric bypass group did not experience more symptoms than the control group. These findings provide caution regarding alcohol use by gastric bypass patients.
Distribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a water supply

Cryptosporidium has emerged as a significant waterborne pathogen. Methods have been developed for analysis of this organism using immunofluorescence counts. In this paper, we report on the results of a one year sequence of weekly samples in the water supply of a relatively high-quality water system in the Northwest United States. The results show consistency with the Poisson distribution, indicating that, at least for high-quality water, the theoretical minimum variability can be attained. This will assist in the interpretation of results from diverse systems contemplated under future monitoring activities.
Complex-temperature singularities of the susceptibility in the d = 2 Ising model

We report new results on complex-temperature singularities of the susceptibility χ of the 2D Ising model. We give a unified treatment of both the physical critical point and the singularity at u = u 3 = −1, which yields the relation γ′ s = 2(γ′ − 1). Using exact results, we show that universality is violated at the singularity u = −1 and discuss the reasons. We also show that certain exponent relations are violated at this point. The behavior of χ is analyzed as u = −1 is approached from the symmetric PM phase and from the FM and AFM phases.
969-94 A Prospective, Randomized Steroid-free Maintenance Protocol in Heart Transplant Recipients

Immunosuppressive therapy for orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients should be tailored in an effort to minimize steroid-induced morbidity. Accordingly, to assess the feasibility of and to identify specific predictors of successful steroid-withdrawal following OHT. we prospectively randomized 34 OHT recipients to cyclosporine/prednisone/azathioprine (CPA; n = 19) vs. cyclosporine/azathioprine (CA; n = 15) maintenance therapy. Mean followup was 1.6 ± 0.1 yr. No perioperative Iymphocytolytic induction therapy was used. End-point comparisons between CPA and CA groups included the percent of patients steroid-free at 1 yr, total rejection episodes (≥ IHSLT IIIA). number of major infections. blood pressure. hypercholesterolemia and survival. Total ischemic time. pre-transplant diagnosis. recipient/donor age and gender, and mean PRA levels were similar between the two groups. In the CA group. the mean post-OHT time to steroid-free was 228 d (range 167–356 d) with 9/15 (60%) maintained steroid-free at one-yr. Patients were considered steroid-free failures if they experienced ≥ 2 episodes of moderate-severe rejection requiring augmentation of immunotherapy. No differences in the number or duration of rejection episodes. major infections, systolic/diastolic BP or total cholesterol were observed between the two groups. The univariate predictors of successful steroid-withdrawal included: 1) male donor(p l 0.02); 2) older recipient age (58 ± 2 vs. 48 ± 3 yrs; p = 0.02); and 3) older donor age (34 ± 6 vs. 21 ± 2 yrs; p l 0.06). No difference in 1 yr survival was observed between the CPA vs CA groups. as determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusion Steroid-withdrawal following OHT is not associated with increased morbidity and/or mortality. We believe that this data is of importance for the future rational design of “individualized” immunosuppression following OHT.
Note on a New Solution of the Taylor-Goldstein Equation and Applications to the Atmosphere.

Abstract A model having smooth wind and density profiles, for which a new solution of the Taylor-Goldstein equation can be found, is described. This model is particularly suitable for comparison with the analogous piecewise linear model so that the influence of “corners” in profiles can be judged. Such corners are found in models studied by Rayleigh, Goldstein, Taylor, Howard, Holmboe, and Gossard.
Numerical Simulations Versus Experimental Data for a Pyroelectric Energy Converter Harvesting Waste Heat

This paper is concerned with the direct energy conversion of waste heat into electricity using pyroelectric materials. It reports detailed numerical simulations of a prototypical pyroelectric energy converter assembled experimentally and previously reported. The device consisted of a hot and cold source separated by a series of microchannels supporting pyroelectric thin films. A piston was used to vertically oscillate a working fluid back and forth between the thermal sources. The experimental device was fully instrumented with thermocouples and pressure sensor. The transient two-dimensional mass, momentum, and energy equations were solved numerically to determine the local and time-dependent temperature at various locations inside the device for operating frequency varying from 0.025 to 0.061 Hz. Excellent agreement was found between the simulated and experimentally measured local temperatures at all operating frequencies considered. These results confirm our previous numerical results and the simulation tool can now be used to design the next generation of pyroelectric energy converters.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Is Security First Simply a Repackaged Realism

Security First is a welcome breath of fresh air at a time when U.S. foreign policy is in desperate need of repair. However, no book can exhaust a topic. The author will make brief observations on two arguments in the book that he found interesting but in need of more discussion.
Cardiopulmonary effects of long-term bronchodilator administration

Because of reports of drug tolerance occurring with chronic use of adrenergic agents in asthma, we investigated cardiopulmonary responsiveness to ephedrine and to the beta-2 agent, tebutaline, following chronic drug administration for periods up to one year. With chronic drug administration baseline (prior to daily medication) FEV increased 19% in the terbutaline group and 3.5% in the ephedrine group. An additional increase of FEV above baseline of 23% for terbutaline and 12% for ephedrine was noted after daily medication. Terbutaline also had a longer duration of effect; peak response after ephedrine occurred at 2 hr while terbutaline effect was maximal at 3 to 4 hr. There was no evidence for reduced responsiveness to the bronchodilator actions of either drug at any time. Despite prolonged use, both drugs continue to increase heart rate and pulse pressure moderately following ingestion, with a peak effect occurring at 3 hr; however, pulse pressure widened after terbutaline because of a diastolic fall, while the major effect of ephedrine was to increase systolic pressure. Baseline blood pressure, particularly diastolic, declined progressively with continued drug use. No evidence of cardiac, ehpatic, renal, or ophthalmologic toxicity or change in need for other bronchodilator agents was noted during the study with either drug.
Leo Strauss and the neoconservative critique of the liberal university: postmodernism, relativism and the culture wars

This paper examines the neoconservative critique of the university and particularly the attack on multiculturalism and postmodernism that initiated the culture wars. It seeks to explain these developments by an analysis of the thought of Leo Strauss. The paper begins by providing an introduction to US neoconservatism and latest challenges to it from within signaling its end before reviewing the roles of Allan Bloom and Lynne Cheney in the neoconservative rewriting of history and the humanities which finds its source in Strauss' critique of radical historicism.
Relative modulation sensitivities of the red and green color mechanisms.

Abstract The sensitivities of the human green and red cone mechanisms to sinusiodally flickering light were found to be near equal and independent of field size and estimation method. No wavelength dependency of modulation sensitivity was found. An observer who lacks the red cone pigment (protanope) did not show unusually high flicker sensitivity to green light of 525 nm. The modulation transfer function for the normal observer measured with a green flickering test on a red background is identical to that on a green background when the backgrounds have been equated for the green cones by the protanope. The same is true for the contrast transfer function of the normal observer when determined with a green grating on the red and green backgrounds equated by the protanope.
Benefits of Chair Yoga for Persons With Mild to Severe Alzheimer's Disease

This study evaluated a 10-week chair yoga intervention on cognition, balance, activities of daily living (ADLs), anxiety, and depression for persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Residents were assigned to three groups: (a) mild AD (n = 6), (b) moderate AD (n = 6), or (c) severe AD (n = 7). There was no significant change in balance, anxiety, or cognition. ADLs showed a significant effect (p = .02), which suggests that yoga may have more benefit early in the progression of AD. Depression increased significantly (p < .01). Yoga over an extended period of time with a larger sample size may demonstrate benefits to persons with AD and serve as means to improve overall quality of life.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) performance: the effect of tag orientation and package contents

The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between different product types and tag orientations on the readability of RFID tags on shipping containers in a palletload that is driven through a portal type reader. This research finds that the content of packages can dramatically reduce the read rate. Only 25% of the tags on shipping containers containing water-filled bottles could be read. Rice-filled jars had a higher read rate (80.6%). Even empty boxes did not have a 100% read rate. For the variables without appreciable package contents, only 74–79% of loads had all of their tags read. The orientation of the tag does make a difference, especially when coupled with a filled package between it and the reader antennae. Tags facing outwards, towards the reader antennae, had the highest likelihood of a successful read. When tags for the boxes of water-filled bottles were all facing downwards, no tags were read. Supply chain managers need to understand these limitations of the technology and find ways to overcome them before RFID can be successfully implemented in supply chains. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk behaviours by type of concurrency among young people in three STI clinics in the United States

Background Concurrent sexual partnerships can increase sexually transmissible infections (STI) transmission on a population level. However, different concurrency types may be associated with differential risks for transmission. To investigate this, we describe the prevalence and correlates of four specific concurrency types. Methods: Between 2001 and 2004, 1098 young adults attending three STI clinics were interviewed and tested for STIs. Characteristics associated with concurrency types were identified using logistic regression. Results: Approximately one-third of respondents reported reactive (34%), transitional (36%), compensatory (32%) and experimental (26%) concurrency. Among men, reactive concurrency was associated with not identifying as heterosexual, drug use and having sex the same day as meeting a partner. Among women, reactive concurrency was associated with African-American race and having >3 lifetime partners. Transitional concurrency was associated with >3 lifetime partners for men and women. Among men, compensatory concurrency was associated with African-American race; among women, there were no associations with compensatory concurrency. Among men, experimental concurrency was associated with >3 lifetime partners and having sex the same day as meeting a partner. Among women, experimental concurrency was associated with not identifying as heterosexual, drug use and having sex the same day as meeting a partner. Conclusions: All concurrency types were common in this population and each was associated with a set of demographic and risk factors. Reactive and experimental concurrency types were associated with other high-risk behaviours, such as drug use.
The temperature of thermal X-ray and gamma-ray sources

The temperature of a source can be accurately measured, assuming that it is optically thin and exhibits a bremsstrahlung, on the basis of the shape of its spectral distribution. An explicit relation is derived for the temperature in terms of this slope, and as a sum of correction terms to the limiting form of the bremsstrahlung formula. The corrections can be evaluated easily in terms of simple, accurate asymptotic formulae. For the case where there is a distribution of temperatures in the plasma, an additional correction is derived in terms of the rms variation in the plasma temperature. Corrections due to a modified Bessel function, the Born approximation, plasma electron energy distribution and electron-electron bremsstrahlung are discussed
Diacridines: bifunctional intercalators. I. Chemistry, physical chemistry and growth inhibitory properties.

Abstract The synthesis, as well as the rationale for synthesis of diacridines, double intercalators, as potential inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis is presented. The syntheses of (9-acridyl)-putrescine and -spermine, and bis(-9-acridyl)-putrescine, -spermidine, -spermine diamines and of bis(6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridyl)-putrescine and -spermine diamines, all substituted on the terminal NH 2 groups are described. In addition, the homologous series of diacridines connected by the amino groups of the diamines NH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2 (where n = 2,3,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18) to the C-9 of the diacridines has been synthesized. The chemical properties of these compounds as well as their molecular relationship to DNA are presented. The effect of the double intercalators on the T m of DNA and of (A)n · (U)n, (dA)n · (dT)n, (G)n · (C)n and on (dG)n · (dC)n have been determined. The double acridine intercalators produce a much greater increase of the T m of these nucleic acids than do the single acridine intercalators. They also profoundly affect the T m of DNA in physiological salt concentrations; under these latter conditions the single intercalators have no effect. The relationship between the length of the chain connecting the two acridine rings and the inhibition of the growth of P-388 cells in vitro and in vivo is presented. Their growth inhibitory properties appear, in general, to parallel their intercalative abilities.
Localized Constriction Resistance Effects Upon SOFC Transport Phenomena

Continuum level mass and electronic transport through solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes are addressed employing the analytic solution of the Laplace equation. The constriction resistance effects of conventional interconnect design upon mass and electronic transport within SOFC anodes are emphasized. Mass transfer resistance effects are created by changes in cross-sectional area between the fuel stream-anode and anode-electrolyte interfaces. Similarly, increased ohmic losses are created by the reduction in cross-sectional area from the electrolyte-anode interface to the interconnect-anode interface. These resistance effects create competing losses that may require consideration in future SOFC component designs. The following paper has pilot quantification of such effects as an introduction to performance trends and an illustration of the analytic approach applied.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 179

Abstract Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A=179 have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. Only new or significantly revised source data sets are published here, together with all adopted level and adopted γ-ray information for all A=179 isobars. This publication for A=179 may be used in conjunction with the previous (full) publication (E. Browne, Nuclear Data Sheets 55 , 483(1988), cutoff date September 1987); please note, however, that data sets which are not published here may, nevertheless, appear in revised form in the current ENSDF file.
Solitons in Polyacetylene: Magnetic Susceptibility

The absoulte spin susceptibility of As${\mathrm{F}}_{5}$-doped trans-polyacetylene, ${[\mathrm{CH}{(\mathrm{As}{\mathrm{F}}_{5})}_{y}]}_{x}$, was determined by spin resonance techniques for $0.0004l~yl~0.138$. The Curie-law contribution decreases above $y=0.001$ to a level less than 1 ppm in the highly conducting regime. The temperature-independent Pauli term is small (\ensuremath{\le}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ emu/mole) for $yl0.01$, remains small up to $y=0.05$, and shows an abrupt increase near $y=0.07$ to a value of \ensuremath{\sim} 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/mole at higher concentrations. The results are consistent with the soliton doping mechanism.
Reaction kinetics for the leaching of MnO2 by sulfur dioxide

Abstract The reaction kinetics for the leaching of MnO2 by sulfur dioxide have been studied using studied using monosize particles at dilute solid phase concentrations in a stirred reactor to determine the important chemical factors which govern the kinetic response of the system. The conclusion that the reaction rate is limited by a chemical reaction at the MnO2 surface is supported by: (1) an apparent activation energy of 35.9 kJ/mol (8.6 kcal/mol), (2) the inverse first-order relationship between the rate constant k and the initial particle diameter, (3) the independence of the reaction rate on stirring speed and, more importantly, the magnitude of the calculated reaction velocity constant (∼10−3 cm/s compared to predicted mass-transfer coefficients of 10−2 cm/s), and (4) the one-half order dependence of the reaction rate with respect to the SO2 concentration. The rate-limiting step is considered to be an electrochemical surface reaction, a conclusion which is substantiated by electrode half cell potential measurements. Using the Butler-Volmer equation, a theoretical analysis of the electrochemical reaction resulted in the following rate equation: d n MnO 2 d t =κ ∗ K 0.5 a A c [ SO 2 ] 0.5 total [ H + ] [[ H + ]+K a 0.5 which was consistent with the experimental results.
Separating Texture and Illumination for Single-Shot Structured Light Reconstruction

Active illumination based methods have a trade-off between acquisition time and resolution of the estimated 3D shapes. Multi-shot approaches can generate dense reconstructions but require stationary scenes. In contrast, single-shot methods are applicable to dynamic objects but can only estimate sparse reconstructions and are sensitive to surface texture. In this work, we develop a single-shot approach to produce dense reconstructions of highly textured objects. The key to our approach is an image decomposition scheme that can recover the illumination and the texture images from their mixed appearance. Despite the complex appearances of the illuminated textured regions, our method can accurately compute per pixel warps from the illumination pattern and the texture template to the observed image. The texture template is obtained by interleaving the projection sequence with an all-white pattern. Our estimated warping functions are reliable even with infrequent interleaved projection. Thus, we obtain detailed shape reconstruction and dense motion tracking of the textured surfaces. We validate the approach on synthetic and real data containing subtle non-rigid surface deformations.
The Tousled-Like Kinases as Guardians of Genome Integrity

The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) function in processes of chromatin assembly, including replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. TLKs interact specifically (and phosphorylate) with the chromatin assembly factor Asf1, a histone H3-H4 chaperone, histone H3 itself at Ser10, and also Rad9, a key protein involved in DNA repair and cell cycle signaling following DNA damage. These interactions are believed to be responsible for the action of TLKs in double-stranded break repair and radioprotection and also in the propagation of the DNA damage response. Hence, I propose that TLKs play key roles in maintenance of genome integrity in many organisms of both kingdoms. In this paper, I highlight key issues of the known roles of these proteins, particularly in the context of DNA repair (IR and UV), their possible relevance to genome integrity and cancer development, and as possible targets for intervention in cancer management.
Effect of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 304L/308L austenitic stainless steel fusion welds

Abstract Effects of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted cracking in 304L/308L austenitic stainless steel welds were investigated using elastic–plastic fracture mechanics methods. Thermally precharged hydrogen (140 wppm) decreased fracture toughness and altered fracture mechanisms at 293 and 223 K relative to hydrogen-free welds. At 293 K, hydrogen increased planar deformation in austenite, and microcracking of δ-ferrite governed crack paths. At 223 K, low temperature enabled hydrogen to exacerbate localized deformation, and microvoid formation, at austenite deformation band intersections near phase boundaries, dominated damage initiation; microcracking of ferrite did not contribute to crack growth.
Crashworthiness characteristics of a carbon fiber reinforced dual-phase epoxy–polyurea hybrid matrix composite

Abstract The crashworthiness characteristics of rectangular tubes made from a Carbon-fiber reinforced Hybrid-Polymeric Matrix (CHMC) composite were investigated using quasi-static and impact crush tests. The hybrid matrix formulation of the CHMC was created by combining an epoxy-based thermosetting polymer with a lightly crosslinked polyurea elastomer at various cure-time intervals and volumetric ratios. The load–displacement responses of both CHMC and carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy (CF/epoxy) specimens were obtained under various crushing speeds; and crashworthiness parameters, such as the average crushing force and specific energy absorption (SEA), were calculated using subsequent load–displacement relationships. The CHMC maintained a high level of structural integrity and post-crush performance, relative to traditional CF/epoxy. The influence of the curing time and volumetric ratios of the polyurea/epoxy dual-hybridized matrix system on the crashworthiness parameters was also investigated. The results reveal that the load carrying capacity and total energy absorption tend to increase with greater polyurea thickness and lower elapsed reaction curing time of the epoxy although this is typically a function of the loading rate. Finally, the mechanism by which the CHMC provides increased damage tolerance was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Scaled ensemble Monte Carlo

We introduce a scaled ensemble Monte Carlo technique for the simulation of semiconductor plasmas at ultrashort times after excitation. The error, from counting statistics, can be decreased directly either by a computationally expensive increase in the number of simulation trajectories or by averaging over long times. The latter approach cannot be applied in studying ultrafast, far-from-equilibrium phenomena. The remaining alternative is to redistribute the computational effort to weight more heavily those regions with low densities. Scaled EMC uses ordinary EMC weighting, but simulates a different function, related by an energy- dependent scaling factor to the usual particle distribution. The simulation trajectories obey the same free-flight equations of motion as ordinary EMC, with no `splitting' of particles or iteration of trajectories. We describe simulations of modulation-doped GaAs structures under applied fields. G-, L- and X-valley carrier populations are determined across more than seven orders of magnitude in density, using only ten thousand simulation points, with fractionally small sampling error across a one-volt energy range. Using standard EMC with the same number of points, sampling statistics necessarily limits the range of simulable densities to less than four decades overall.
Want an easy way to write test questions? Use concept theory

Abstract Objectives To review concept theory and to describe a model for using concept theory so as to develop multiple-choice questions that can test more advanced cognitive skills in the area of study design. Theory Concepts are abstract categories containing information about objects, symbols, or events that share specific characteristics. Concepts serve as tools for identifying and categorizing objects, events, or situations, for instance, types of study designs, as examples or non-examples of a category. Application The process for developing questions to test concept learning in study design can be summarized as follows: (1) identify the learning objectives that require concept classification (e.g., use verbs such as identify, differentiate, or compare); (2) identify new case examples (cases not previously encountered by students) of the target concepts (e.g., an abstract for a randomized controlled trial); and (3) use information from the case examples to write multiple-choice questions. The questions use concept names (e.g., independent variable) and specific examples from the case (e.g., blood pressure) in the question stem or as response options. Conclusions By using concepts or specific examples from the case, multiple-choice questions that test concept skills critical to using the literature in clinical practice were developed. Use of a case example new to students assures answers cannot be memorized, and use of coordinate concepts as response options assures all options are viable choices. An advantage of using concept theory is that some questions can be reused with new case examples.
Effect of Viscosity on Mechanics of Single, Skinned Fibers from Rabbit Psoas Muscle

Muscle contraction is highly dynamic and thus may be influenced by viscosity of the medium surrounding the myofilaments. Single, skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle were used to test this hypothesis. Viscosity within the myofilament lattice was increased by adding to solutions low molecular weight sugars (disaccharides sucrose or maltose or monosaccharides glucose or fructose). At maximal Ca2+ activation, isometric force (Fi) was inhibited at the highest solute concentrations studied, but this inhibition was not directly related to viscosity. Solutes readily permeated the filament lattice, as fiber diameter was unaffected by added solutes (except for an increased diameter with Fi < 30% of control). In contrast, there was a linear dependence upon 1/viscosity for both unloaded shortening velocity and also the kinetics of isometric tension redevelopment; these effects were unrelated to either variation in solution osmolarity or inhibition of force. All effects of added solute were reversible. Inhibition of both isometric as well as isotonic kinetics demonstrates that viscous resistance to filament sliding was not the predominant factor affected by viscosity. This was corroborated by measurements in relaxed fibers, which showed no significant change in the strain-rate dependence of elastic modulus when viscosity was increased more than twofold. Our results implicate cross-bridge diffusion as a significant limiting factor in cross-bridge kinetics and, more generally, demonstrate that viscosity is a useful probe of actomyosin dynamics.
Ectopic submaxillary gland in the mandible: report of case.

When soft tissue, removed from a cavity in the body of the mandible in a 26-year-old woman, was examined microscopically, it was found to be a submaxillary gland. Such a location for an ectopic salivary gland has not previously been reported.
Combustion synthesis/quasi-isostatic pressing of TiC–NiTi cermets: processing and mechanical response

TiC-NiTi composites were produced by a technique combining self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of elemental powders of Ni, Ti, and C with densification by quasi-isostatic pressing (QIP). In order to create a one-step synthesis/densification process, the Ti ? Ni ? C reactant material was surrounded in a bed of graphite and alumina particulate before initiation of the combustion reaction. The sample was ignited within the particulate and subjected to a uniaxial load immediately after passage of the combustion wave. The constitutive response, composition and resulting structures of the composites with varying volume fractions of NiTi are characterized. Powder mixtures prepared anticipating the formation of stoichiometric TiC result in the formation of composites with a eutectic matrix of Ni3Ti and NiTi. This titanium impoverishment of the matrix is consistent with the formation of nonstoichiometric TiCx during the com- bustion reaction. The Ni3Ti phase can be suppressed by anticipating the formation of TiC0.7 and adjusting the chemical content of the reactant mixture to include addi- tional titanium. These cermets combine the high hardness of the ceramic phase with the possible shape memory and superelastic effects of NiTi. Introduction and objectives
Impact of the introduced parasitoid Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) infesting strawberries in northwestern New Jersey, USA

Abstract Lygus lineolaris populations in the northeastern USA have been markedly reduced by the introduced parasitoid Peristenus digoneutis. A 3-year study in NJ where P. digoneutis has been established for many years demonstrated that parasitism of Lygus nymphs in strawberries averaged 30% (mostly P. digoneutis). Strawberry damage by L. lineolaris ranged from 19 to 33%.
Deuterium lattice location in Cr and W

Direct determination of the lattice location of implanted deuterium in single-crystal chromium has been made for the first time. Ion-channeling measurements of the angular distributions along the $〈100〉$ axial and {100} planar directions indicate that implanted D occupies the octahedral position in bcc Cr. This contrasts to the expected tetrahedral interstitial position recently observed under the same conditions for bcc W. These results further clarify the apparent anomaly in the thermodynamic data for hydrogen solubility in Cr.
Symptom diagnosis: Optimal subsets for upper abdominal pain

This study describes one method of choosing a subset of attributes of a symptom that will yield the highest diagnostic accuracy with the smallest number of attributes. Eleven attributes of upper abdominal pain were examined. Bayes's Theorem as modified by Warner et al. and Bailey was used as the mathematical model. A lexicon was developed which contained all of the subset profiles from 3 to 11 and each of the diagnoses with their associated probabilities. This lexicon was then examined systematically. For each profile the diagnosis with the highest probablity was compared to the correct diagnosis. Certain attributes were very specific for a particular diagnosis. Other attributes were nonspecific, and the combinations of these attributes associated with a particular diagnosis had to be determined by trial and error. Small subsets often gave high diagnostic accuracy for one diagnosis but invariably gave low accuracy for the others. Increasing the size of the subsets increased diagnostic accuracy up to subsets of size 9 but not beyond that. Further analysis of the diagnostic process in needed.
Characterization of prototypical opioid antagonists, agonist-antagonists, and agonists in the morphine-dependent rhesus monkey

Abstract In nonwithdrawn maximally-dependent rhesus monkeys, both naloxone (NOX) and nalorphine (NAL) precipitated withdrawal when given 2 h after morphine (M). When these drugs were given 15 h after M, at which time the animals were in severe withdrawal and M blood levels were much lower, they promptly exacerbated withdrawal. Thus, mu antagonists may act competitively in non-withdrawn addicts and noncompetitively in withdrawn subjects. Buprenorphine (BRN), the partial mu agonist, precipitated withdrawal in stable addicts and partly suppressed withdrawal signs in abstinent addicts. Finally, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), the purported kappa agonist, did not precipitate but partly suppressed withdrawal at doses producing severe side effects. Perhaps this suppression is associated with kappa activity.
Effects of incident turbulence on pressure distributions on rectangular prisms

Abstract Mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients measured on three-dimensional rectangular prisms have been analyzed for a number of geometries and incident flows. The pressure coefficients on the side and rear faces of the prisms vary primarily with the energy associated with the small-scale turbulence in the incident flow. The effect of the integral scale of the turbulence in the incident flow is secondary provided the integral scale of the incident flow is larger than the characteristic dimension of the prism. The small-scale turbulent energy which affects the development of the separated shear layers has been quantified using the small-scale spectral density parameter first suggested by Melbourne. A consistent relationship between pressure coefficients and the small-scale spectral density parameter is demonstrated using data from several cources. Results are presented for the side and rear faces for flow normal to the prism.
In-situ control of temperature and alloy composition of Cd 1−x Zn x Te grown by molecular beam epitaxy

In this work in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) has been applied for the simultaneous determination of the growth temperature and alloy composition for the epitaxial Cd1−xZnxTe(211)/Si(211) structure. The optical dielectric functions of CdTe and Cd0.96Zn0.04Te (CZT) epilayers were studied as a function of temperature both ex-situ and in-situ in the range from 1.6 eV to 4.5 eV. We employed parametric models for the simulation of the optical properties of CZT at and between the critical points (CP) E0, E0 + Δ0, E1, E1 + Δ1, E2(Σ) and E2(Σ). Critical point energies and line widths for Cd1−xZnxTe were obtained through the fitting process, which included both zero order and higher order derivatives of the SE pseudo dielectric function. The dependence of the different critical points on Zn concentration x is discussed. It has been demonstrated that the energy of the weak E0 + Δ0 transition can be used to measure composition, while the E1 energy can be used as a real-time temperature measure. The model parameters were optimized through the simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets, and the temperature dependent model was developed for in-situ application. Our analysis is estimated to produce uncertainties of only ±0.5°C in measuring the temperature and ±0.5% in measuring the composition of only the zero order dielectric function is being fitted. The effects of a surface overlayer, of reflected beam deflections, and of other experimental problems on the overall accuracy, are discussed as well as ways to improve the in-situ SE data quality.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Class of μ3-OH-Bridged Trimers That Contain Octahedrally Coordinated Divalent Metal Ions Bridged by Three Acetate Ligands and a Unique Catecholate Ligand. Solid State Molecular Structures of the [(py)5MII3(OAc)3(μ3-OH)((cat)] Complexes (M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II))

The synthesis and structural characterization of a new class of “basic” trinuclear acetate clusters with solely divalent metal ions and a central μ3-OH ligand are reported. These molecules with the [(py)5MII3(OAc)3(μ3-OH)(cat)] stoichiometry (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are X-ray isomorphous and isostructural and contain octahedrally coordinated metal ions. The core consists of an antiferromagnetically coupled M3 unit with the metals arranged in the corners of an isosceles triangle. Two of the M−M distances vary between 2.98 and 3.16 A, and the longer M−M distance is observed between 3.65 and 3.76 A. As expected from the relative ionic radius lengths, these distances increase gradually from Ni(II) to Mn(II).
Transmission of Electron Density Through Moieties Between Donors and Acceptors: Possible Implications for Non-Linear Optics

Organic materials having aminophenyl and nitrophenyl moieties linked by various atoms or groups (S, O, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 ) were prepared and their ability to generate a second harmonic was compared within the series and with urea. We find that the compound containing a sulfur bridge, 4-amino-4′-nitrodiphenyl sulfide, exhibits a powder second harmonic generation efficiency which is approximately 10x that of urea. The result is consistent with earlier spectroscopic studies which indicate that sulfur, as opposed to the other bridges studied in this series, is effective in allowing the transmission of electron density between donors and acceptors.
Molecular diagnostics of hematologic malignancies in small animals.

Over the past 20 years, human pathologists and oncologists have become increasingly reliant on genetic testing to diagnose, prognosticate and choose treatment for almost every kind of cancer. We are beginning to adopt such testing in veterinary medicine and, as a result, can often offer clients more cost-effective and less invasive diagnostics, and more reliable prognostic information. Our ability to inexpensively identify various types of genetic changes associated with cancer not only adds to our diagnostic armament but also expands the kinds of questions we can ask in both the laboratory and clinically. For example, molecular testing allows us to distinguish a reactive population of lymphocytes from a neoplastic one and also allows us to determine if this patient’s lymphoma is the same one he was treated for 1 year ago or if it is a newly arising tumor. The number of tumor cells in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients can be precisely quantified and followed throughout treatment. Detection of a mutation in the c-kit gene in canine mast cell tumors gives us prognostic information, and in addition helps clinicians choose the type of chemotherapy that will be most efficacious in that patient. Most polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests are relatively inexpensive and may help save owners money in the long run. Molecular based diagnostic tests in hematologic malignancy can be placed into 3 broad categories: (1) detection of individual mutations in oncogenes, (2) detection of clonality in lymphoma and leukemia by taking advantage of their unique antigen receptor genes (immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, and (3) detection of chromosomal translocations, deletions, and duplications. Clonality testing and detection of the c-kit oncogene in mast cell tumors are both now in routine use and widely available to practitioners. The uses and limitations of both of these assays will
Robustness of Discrete Flows and Caustics in Cold Dark Matter Cosmology

Although a simple argument implies that the distribution of dark matter in galactic halos is characterized by discrete flows and caustics, their presence is often ignored in discussions of galactic dynamics and of dark matter detection strategies. Discrete flows and caustics can in fact be irrelevant if the number of flows is very large. We estimate the number of dark matter flows as a function of galactocentric distance and consider the various ways in which that number can be increased, in particular, by the presence of structure on small scales (dark matter clumps) and the scattering of the flows by inhomogeneities in the matter distribution. We find that, when all complicating factors are taken into account, discrete flows and caustics in galactic halos remain a robust prediction of cold dark matter cosmology with extensive implications for observation and experiment.
Structure and Site-Specific Recognition of Histone H3 by the PHD Finger of Human Autoimmune Regulator

Human autoimmune regulator (AIRE) functions to control thymic expression of tissue-specific antigens via sequence-specific histone H3 recognition by its plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. Mutations in the AIRE PHD finger have been linked to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Here we report the three-dimensional solution structure of the first PHD finger of human AIRE bound to a histone H3 peptide. The structure reveals a detailed network of interactions between the protein and the amino-terminal residues of histone H3, and particularly key electrostatic interactions of a conserved aspartic acid 297 in AIRE with the unmodified lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4). NMR binding study with H3 peptides carrying known posttranslational modifications flanking H3K4 confirms that transcriptional regulation by AIRE through its interactions with histone H3 is confined to the first N-terminal eight residues in H3. Our study offers a molecular explanation for the APECED mutations and helps define a subclass of the PHD finger family proteins that recognize histone H3 in a sequence-specific manner.
Family enrichment programs

(1974). Family enrichment programs. Journal of Family Counseling: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 32-38.
Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for resected brain metastasis.

SUMMARY Despite therapeutic advances in management, the prognosis of patients with brain metastasis remains dismal. Treatment options include surgical resection, whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Patients who undergo surgical resection typically receive WBRT as adjuvant therapy. However, several studies have demonstrated an association between WBRT and neurotoxicity. Thus, clinicians are increasingly delaying WBRT in favor of postoperative use of SRS. In this review, we will discuss the current literature exploring the efficacy and toxicity of postoperative SRS in the treatment of patients with resected brain metastasis.