cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bright IDEA.

Transcription factors (TFs) control the rate of mRNA production. Technological advances have made the task of measuring mRNA levels for all genes straightforward, but identifying causal relationships between TFs and their target genes remains an unsolved problem in biology. In their recent study, McIsaac and colleagues (Hackett et al, 2020) apply a method for inducing the overexpression of a TF and studying the dynamics with which all transcripts respond. Using time series analysis, they are able to resolve direct effects of TFs from secondary effects. This new experimental and analytical approach provides an efficient means of defining gene regulatory relationships for all TFs.
Chapter 2 – Dielectric properties

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the properties of the dielectric materials with special reference to those used or to be used as the interlayer dielectrics (ILDs), forming the insulating layers between the interconnect lines in one plane or in a multilevel scheme of interconnections in an integrated circuit. This chapter examines the electrical, mechanical, chemical and electrochemical, and thermal and thermodynamic properties of dielectric materials from fundamental and practical application points of view. The process, actual use, and proximity to other materials may alter and thus determine these properties and ensuing behavior and reliability of dielectric materials. The impact of process, actual use, and the interactions with other surrounding materials with which the dielectric is in contact with, is also examined. In this context, it takes at organic and inorganic dielectrics and lists the available data on the various properties are listed in tables.
Unsupervised Argumentation Mining in Student Essays

State-of-the-art systems for argumentation mining are supervised, thus relying on training data containing manually annotated argument components and the relationships between them. To eliminate the reliance on annotated data, we present a novel approach to unsupervised argument mining. The key idea is to bootstrap from a small set of argument components automatically identified using simple heuristics in combination with reliable contextual cues. Results on a Stab and Gurevych’s corpus of 402 essays show that our unsupervised approach rivals two supervised baselines in performance and achieves 73.5-83.7% of the performance of a state-of-the-art neural approach.
Analysis of integrated data

The readers should have background and familiarity in statistical theory, linear models, and regression concepts to read through this book. This well written book offers basics of uncertainty, anal...
Resection of a large presacral schwannoma from an all-posterior trans-sacral approach.

Background Presacral schwannomas vary greatly in size, and symptomatology. Resections may utilize anterior, posterior, or combined 360-degree approaches. Case description A 67-year-old female presented with a progressively enlarging presacral schwannoma originating from the S1 nerve root. Here, we utilized a unique all-posterior, trans-sacral tumor resection technique that did not result in any increased neurological deficit, or warrant fusion (e.g., including operative video). Further, we avoided potential urogenital, vascular, and bowel injuries that are associated with anterior approaches to such lesions. Conclusion Here, we described and demonstrated successful resection of a large presacral schwannoma originating from the S1 nerve root that was safely resected utilizing an all-posterior resection without fusion.
Technical Aspects of Radial Artery Grafting for Coronary Surgery

The radial artery (RA) has seen a recent resurgence in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Recent randomized evidence has shown higher long-term patency rates and better clinical outcomes with the RA when compared to other conduits such as the right internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein grafts. In fact, the RA is now class I indication as the second conduit in CABG. Therefore, it is important that the coronary surgeon is familiar with the RA and its use in CABG. In this report we describe our operative technique for RA harvesting and use in CABG. As with any surgical procedure, patient selection is key. We describe our approach to screening including duplex ultrasonography and plethysmography, endoscopic and open harvesting techniques, preservation and grafting strategies, target vessel selection, and anastomotic techniques.
Access to HPV vaccination in Japan: Increasing social trust to regain vaccine confidence

Abstract Vaccine hesitancy is a growing concern in global public health, and illustrates serious problems arising from loss of social trust. Japan is experiencing a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine crisis that started with a rapid decline in the vaccination rate in 2013 from approximately 70% to less than 1% and lasting for 7 years. We analyze Japan’s case of vaccine hesitancy for HPV vaccine, using a framework for examining barriers to access and use of health technologies according to four categories: architecture, availability, affordability, and adoption. Significant problems were identified in the architecture of the decision-making body, public information availability, adoption of evidence in policy-making process, knowledge and confidence among providers, education to the public, and communication with end-users. We propose a series of actions to address these barriers. The national government should diversify the advisory committee to include broader scientific evidence and various viewpoints. Municipalities should actively distribute information cooperating with local providers. Professional associations should create an alliance to influence policy makers and deliver education to health care providers and end-users. Politicians should integrate opinions from citizens and scientists to implement an up-to-date policy. Civil society should share individual stories from cervical cancer patients and positive experiences of vaccinated girls. Mass media should use more diverse sources of information to report more comprehensive and science-based views. These actions would help build mutual trust among stakeholders, which is required to increase social trust in the HPV vaccine in Japan and thereby regain vaccine confidence and reduce preventable deaths and complications.
Somewhere Statistical Soundness, Post-Quantum Security, and SNARGs

The main conceptual contribution of this paper is a unification of two leading paradigms for constructing succinct argument systems, namely Kilian’s protocol and the \(\mathsf {BMW}\) (Biehl-Meyer-Wetzel) heuristic. We define the notion of a multi-extractable somewhere statistically binding (\(\mathsf {meSSB}\)) hash family, an extension of the notion of somewhere statistically binding hash functions (Hubacek and Wichs, ITCS 2015), and construct it from \(\mathsf {LWE}\). We show that when instantiating Kilian’s protocol with a \(\mathsf {meSSB}\) hash family, the first two messages are simply an instantiation of the \(\mathsf {BMW}\) heuristic. Therefore, if we also instantiate it with a PCP for which the BMW heuristic is sound, e.g., a computational non-signaling PCP, then the first two messages of the Kilian protocol is a sound instantiation of the \(\mathsf {BMW}\) heuristic.
The effects of cocaine on complex performance in humans

This paper reviews the scarce medical literature available on the effects of cocaine on human performance. The only information found on its involvement in accidents shows that from 1978 to 1981, out of 600 single vehicle crashes a tentative identification of cocaine was made only in two cases, and that one of 445 urines from drivers arrested for suspicion of impaired driving contained cocaine. Only two instances of experimental investigation of cocaine and human performance are reported: Freud (1885) who evaluated the effect of cocaine on himself and Fischman and Schuster (1980) who evaluated eight subjects. Both studies found no improvement in reaction-time performance. No experiments are reported with higher doses of cocaine which might be representative of modern free base smoking. Experimental literature on cocaine and motor performance or psychomotor tasks is nonexistent, as is the case with the effects of chronic cocaine consumption.
Examining Emotional Diversity in the Classroom: An Attribution Theorist Considers the Moral Emotions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses emotions that are prevalent in a classroom. Many educational researchers have tended to discuss emotions as intrapsychic phenomena. They are defined as subjective or private experiences having a positive or negative quality. Attesting to the personal quality of emotions are their antecedents and methods for identification and measurement. Among the many antecedents of feeling states are particular thoughts and hormonal conditions, whereas among their numerous indicators are patterns of actual or reported physiological activity and facial characteristics. Emotions are thus studied at the level of the individual. Virtually all emotion theorists agree that emotions have two properties, activation, and valence (ranging from positive or pleasant emotions such as love to negative or unpleasant emotions including anxiety). There also are some grey areas when making these distinctions. However, the activation/valence distinctions typically are applicable to describe affects. Anxiety clearly is a negative emotion, with its level of arousal dependent on a variety of conditions.
Therapeutic targeting of MCT-1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

B50 The MCT-1 (Multiple Copies in T-cell lymphoma-1) oncogene was originally identified in a T-cell lymphoma cell line and there is growing evidence of its involvement in human lymphomagenesis. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which MCT-1 transforms cells is still emergent; however there is data implicating it in modulating the translation of cancer-related genes. The stability of MCT-1 protein was recently shown to be regulated by MEK/ERK signaling. Here, we report that MCT-1 is highly expressed in 85% of human diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), suggesting the feasibility of therapeutic targeting of MCT-1 for DLBCL. MCT-1 physically associates with ERK and we have documented the co-localization of MCT-1 with ERK in primary DLBCL samples. Employing a small inhibitory molecule interfering with ERK function we were able to interrupt the association between MCT-1 and ERK, as well as decrease levels of MCT-1 protein and phosphorylation. Furthermore, knocking down ERK expression using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased MCT-1 protein levels, whereas overexpression of ERK increased MCT-1. We were able to demonstrate, using the ERK inhibitor, dramatically reduced clonogenic capacity of lymphoma cell lines. Significantly, treatment with the ERK inhibitor had marked anti-tumor activity in a human lymphoma xenograft model established from DLBCL cell lines. This provided in vivo proof of principle for the therapeutic potential of ERK inhibitors in MCT-1 overexpressing lymphomas. Finally, these data support the development of novel small inhibitory molecules directed towards MCT-1 and its upstream kinases as a promising approach in DLBCL.
The role of exonuclease and beta protein of bacteriophage lambda in genetic recombination. I. Effects of red mutants on protein structure.

Abstract Mutants of bacteriophage λ ( red − ) that are defective in general recombination have been classified according to their behavior in complementation (Shulman, Hallick, Echols & Signer, 1970) . Mutants in the red B complementation group often affect the production of β protein and sometimes affect exonuclease also. One mutant affects the immunologic properties of β protein. Thus these mutants identify the probable structural gene for β protein. Mutants of red A and red C affect exonuclease, two of the latter producing inactive exonuclease that is immunologically detectable (CRM). Exonuclease made by one pair of complementing A and C mutants is thermolabile, consistent with the hypothesis that the A and C complementation classes are part of the same gene. The relationships between mutations in the red genes and structural alterations of both exonuclease and β protein suggest that these two proteins are principally involved in genetic recombination.
Meta-design and social creativity: making all voices heard

This panel will explore the two innovative and interrelated HCI themes “meta-design” (design for designer) and “social creativity” (transcending the individual human mind). It will focus on the contribution of these two themes to socially-responsible interaction by bringing together researchers from different backgrounds to explore the controversial issues associated with this objective.
Experiment to measure hard solar and celestial X-rays from the fifth Orbiting Solar Observatory.

Experiment to measure hard solar and celestial X rays from OSO-5 in energy range of 15 to 250 keV
Quantum Cosmology and Quantum Mechanics

The interpretative framework of quantum mechanics loosely subsumed under the name “Copenhagen interpretation” contains two central assumptions which seem incompatible with a quantum cosmology built on a covariant quantum theory of spacetime. The first is a distinguished class of classical systems. The second is a distinguished time variable and its associated notion of causality. The first assumption is incompatible with the uniform application of quantum mechanics to the universe as a whole. The second is incompatible with the general covariance of gravitational theory. This paper explores the possibility that both of these distinguished features of our world arise, not as special features of the formalism of quantum mechanics, but rather as consequences of specific initial conditions for cosmology.
Testing financial and real market operations in restructured electricity systems: Four theoretical and empirical studies

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.
A qualitative security analysis of a new class of 3-d integrated crypto co-processors

3-D integration presents many new opportunities for architects and embedded systems designers. However, 3-D integration has not yet been explored by the cryptographic hardware community. Traditionally, crypto co-processors have been implemented as a separate die or by utilizing one or more cores in a chip multiprocessor. These methods have their drawbacks and limitations in terms of tamper-resistance, side-channel immunity and performance. In this work we propose a new class of co-processors that are "snapped-on" to the main processor using 3-D integration, and we investigate their security ramifications. These 3-D co-processors hold many advantages over previous implementations. This paper begins with an overview of 3-D integration and its prior applications. We then outline security threat models relevant to crypto co-processors and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a dedicated 3-D crypto co-processor compared to traditional, commodity, off-chip crypto co-processors. We also discuss the performance improvements that can be gained from using a 3-D approach.
Band-gap reference voltage source

A simple bipolar monolithic reference voltage source is described. The design uses a bandgap cell as the reference for a series regulator to produce a voltage level that is tolerant of temperature, supply, and loading variations. The circuit consumes very little power and occupies minimal chip area. Laser trim provisions are included for on-chip adjustment. >
AP-2α: a regulator of EGF receptor signaling and proliferation in skin epidermis

AP-2 transcription factors have been implicated in epidermal biology, but their functional significance has remained elusive. Using conditional knockout technology, we show that AP-2α is essential for governing the balance between growth and differentiation in epidermis. In vivo, epidermis lacking AP-2α exhibits elevated expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the differentiating layers, resulting in hyperproliferation when the receptors are activated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter activity assays identify EGFR as a direct target gene for AP-2α repression, and, in the absence of AP-2α, this is manifested primarily in excessive EGF-dependent phosphoinositol-3 kinase/Akt activity. Together, our findings unveil a hitherto unrecognized repressive role for AP-2α in governing EGFR gene transcription as cells exit the basal layer and withdraw from the cell cycle. These results provide insights into why elevated AP-2α levels are often associated with terminal differentiation and why tumor cells often display reduced AP-2α and elevated EGFR proteins.
A temperature-dependent SOI MOSFET model for high-temperature application (27 degrees C-300 degrees C)

A temperature-dependent model for long-channel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs for use in the temperature range 27 degrees C-300 degrees C, suitable for circuit simulators such as SPICE, is presented. The model physically accounts for the temperature-dependent effects in SOI MOSFETs (such as threshold-voltage reduction, increase of leakage current, decrease of generation due to impact ionization, and channel mobility degradation with increase of temperature) which are influenced by the uniqueness of SOI device structure, i.e. the back gate and the floating film body. The model is verified by the good agreement of the simulations with the experimental data. The model is implemented in SPICE2 to be used for circuit and device CAD. Simple SOI CMOS circuits are successfully simulated at different temperatures. >
Clinical implications of ketorolac for postoperative analgesia

Ketorolac is the only nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in widespread clinical use that is available in an injectable form. Though similar to aspirin and ibuprofen, it is much more potent. In fact, it is potent enough to be useful for postsurgical pain either alone or in combination with other pain relief strategies. For many types of pain, ketorolac is comparable in potency with opioids though the mechanism by which it relieves pain is significantly different. Ketorolac has a much longer duration than morphine or meperidine but has a slower onset. Though we sometimes perceive NSAIDs as almost harmless, ketorolac is a potent drug and, like other potent drugs, has the potential to produce potent adverse effects including organ disfunction and allergic reaction. Risk factors for these adverse effects are well understood, allowing the clinician to plan the ketorolac use safely. Well planned patient selection and ketorolac administration can improve patient care by reducing opioid side effects and improving analgesia while speeding patient recovery and PACU discharge times.
A formal framework for description logics with uncertainty

Description logics (DLs) play an important role in the Semantic Web as the foundation of ontology language OWL DL. On the other hand, uncertainty is a form of deficiency or imperfection commonly found in real-world information/data. In this paper, we present a framework for knowledge bases with uncertainty expressed in the description logic ALC"U, which is a propositionally complete representation language providing conjunction, disjunction, existential and universal quantifications, and full negation. The proposed framework is equipped with a constraint-based reasoning procedure that derives a collection of assertions as well as a set of linear/nonlinear constraints that encode the semantics of the uncertainty knowledge base. The interesting feature of our approach is that, by simply tuning the combination functions that generate the constraints, different notions of uncertainty can be modeled and reasoned with, using a single reasoning procedure. We establish soundness, completeness, and termination of the reasoning procedure. Detailed explanations and examples are included to describe the proposed completion rules.
Restorative Reentry: A Strategy to Improve Reentry Outcomes by Enhancing Social Capital

Abstract A challenging question facing policy makers in the criminal justice arena is how to best encourage the safe and effective reentry of formerly incarcerated individuals in such a way that they become well-integrated and productive members of our communities. This article argues that blending theoretical components of restorative justice with strategies thought to improve social capital may result in better long-term outcomes of the reentry process. Policy recommendations are offered for constructing restorative reentry programs that promote evidence based outcomes.
Involvement of AP-1 and C/EBPβ in upregulation of endothelin B (ETB) receptor expression in a rodent model of glaucoma.

Previous studies showed that the endothelin B receptor (ETB) expression was upregulated and played a key role in neurodegeneration in rodent models of glaucoma. However, the mechanisms underlying upregulation of ETB receptor expression remain largely unknown. Using promoter-reporter assays, the 1258 bp upstream the human ETB promoter region was found to be essential for constitutive expression of ETB receptor gene in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPE). The −300 to −1 bp and −1258 to −600 bp upstream promoter regions of the ETB receptor appeared to be the key binding regions for transcription factors. In addition, the crucial AP-1 binding site located at −615 to −624 bp upstream promoter was confirmed by luciferase assays and CHIP assays which were performed following overexpression of c-Jun in HNPE cells. Overexpression of either c-Jun or C/EBPβ enhanced the ETB receptor promoter activity, which was reflected in increased mRNA and protein levels of ETB receptor. Furthermore, knock-down of either c-Jun or C/EBPβ in HNPE cells was significantly correlated to decreased mRNA levels of both ETB and ETA receptor. These observations suggest that c-Jun and C/EBPβ are important for regulated expression of the ETB receptor in HNPE cells. In separate experiments, intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated in one eye of Brown Norway rats while the corresponding contralateral eye served as control. Two weeks of IOP elevation produced increased expression of c-Jun and C/EBPβ in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer from IOP-elevated eyes. The mRNA levels of c-Jun, ETA and ETB receptor were upregulated by 2.2-, 3.1- and 4.4-fold in RGC layers obtained by laser capture microdissection from retinas of eyes with elevated IOP, compared to those from contralateral eyes. Taken together, these data suggest that transcription factor AP-1 plays a key role in elevation of ETB receptor in a rodent model of ocular hypertension.
Lessons learned from starting Rochester Precision Optics

Thank you very much for coming to attend this talk. I see a few familiar faces in the crowd that have had their own journeys, and if you're thinking of starting your own optics business, this is not the authoritative talk on how to do. It’s just a talk on what I've learned from my journey and some of my own stories on Lessons Learned. It does tie into some of the previous talks, and I do give credit to some mentors. The developments I’ve been involved with do make use of the ability to adapt and change, and there have been Bumps in the Road here and there, and I'll tell you a little bit more about that during this Talk.
Quasi-realtime languages (Extended Abstract)

Quasi-realtime languages are the languages accepted by nondeterministic multitape Turing machines in real time. The family of quasi-realtime languages forms an abstract family of languages closed under intersection, linear erasing, and reversal. It is identical with the family of languages accepted by nondeterministic multitape Turing machines in linear time. Every quasi-realtime language can be accepted in real time by a non-deterministic one stack, one pushdown store machine, and can be expressed as the length-preserving homomorphic image of the intersection of three context-free languages.
Cancer Stem Cells: Impact, Heterogeneity, and Uncertainty

The differentiation of tumorigenic cancer stem cells into nontumorigenic cancer cells confers heterogeneity to some cancers beyond that explained by clonal evolution or environmental differences. In such cancers, functional differences between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells influence response to therapy and prognosis. However, it remains uncertain whether the model applies to many, or few, cancers due to questions about the robustness of cancer stem cell markers and the extent to which existing assays underestimate the frequency of tumorigenic cells. In cancers with rapid genetic change, reversible changes in cell states, or biological variability among patients, the stem cell model may not be readily testable.
Building competitive firms: technology policy initiatives in Latin America

Abstract This paper selectively discusses a number of technology and innovation policy initiatives in Central and South America that target small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The examples highlight the transition towards a balanced supply–demand approach to innovation. They also highlight that assisting small firms, whether high- or lower-tech, requires long-term dedication, policy consistency, and work at the local level involving all primary stakeholders. Intermediate organizations are found to play a very important role in the success of policy initiatives targeting SMEs. The importance of large firms for development and upgrading of SMEs cannot be underestimated. Frequently, the most useful type of assistance to SMEs is not technological but more general business oriented such as locating and approaching the customer, achieving a steady cash flow, developing relationships of trust, accessing finance, managing the firm effectively, and training the employees. While clusters, industrial districts, and networks can work, the extent to which such business agglomerations can successfully emerge solely as a result of government policy is currently under debate.
Is automatic “folding” of programs efficient enough to displace manual?

The operation of “folding” a program into the available memory is discussed. Measurements by Brawn et al. and by Nelson on an automatic folding mechanism of simple design, a demand paging unit built at the IBM Research Center by Belady, Nelson, O'Neill, and others, permitting its quality to be compared with that of manual folding, are discussed, and it is shown that given some care in use the unit performs satisfactorily under the conditions tested, even though it is operating across a memory-to-storage interface with a very large speed difference. The disadvantages of prefolding, which is required when the folding is manual, are examined, and a number of the important troubles which beset computing today are shown to arise from, or be aggravated by, this source. It is concluded that a folding mechanism will probably become a normal part of most computing systems.
THERAPEUTIC PARALYSIS IN VETERANS WITH COPD

Summary Background Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common disorder of Veterans that causes significant morbidity and mortality. To measure Veterans' perceptions about COPD, the effect of COPD on their lives and health, and their needs for improved health, we performed a postal survey. Methods 3263 Veterans with a diagnosis of COPD who received care at the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center in 2008 were stratified into quintiles by Veterans Health Administration-associated COPD healthcare cost and uniformly sampled. Results 493 of 1000 surveys (49%) were completed and returned. COPD had different effects on respondents in top and bottom quintiles (highest and lowest COPD-related cost) for: knowledge of COPD diagnosis (89% vs 73%, p = 0.03); activities affected by breathing, including work (69% vs 45%), recreation (85% vs 62%), change in living arrangements (36% vs 16%), and increased need for help (54% vs 25%) ( p p Conclusions COPD has profound effects on Veterans' breathing related activities and generates many negative emotions. Primary care providers are critical in conveying the diagnosis of COPD and providing information about the disease and its management. Veterans with COPD adhere poorly to their medications, and report little instruction about COPD or its management.
The Differential Effects of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on Consumer Risk Perceptions. The Role of Consumer Knowledge, Perceived Congruency, and Product Technology Orientation

This paper examines the differential effects of celebrity and expert endorsements on consumer risk perceptions via three studies. Using source model theories, it is hypothesized that for high technology—oriented products there will be stronger effects of expert endorsers than celebrity endorsers in reducing consumer risk perceptions. In addition, for high technology—oriented products, there is likely to be an interaction effect between endorser type and consumer knowledge on respondents' risk perceptions. Such an interaction effect is likely to be absent for products with a low technology orientation. These hypotheses are supported by the first two studies. The third study examines the underlying theoretical processes of internalization versus identification and shows that the stronger effects of expert (versus celebrity) endorsers for high technology-oriented products is somewhat neutralized for certain types of perceived risks when there is high congruency between the celebrity endorser and the product.
Electronic Cooling Using Synthetic Jets

Efficiency of synthetic jet impingement cooling and the mechanisms of heat removal from a constant heat flux surface were investigated experimentally. The effects of jet’s formation frequency and Reynolds number at different nozzle-to-surface distances were investigated and compared to steady jet cooling. It was found that synthetic jets are up to three times more effective than steady jets at the same Reynolds number. For smaller distances, high formation frequency (f = 1200 Hz) synthetic jets remove heat better than low frequency (f = 420 Hz) jets, whereas low frequency jets are more effective at larger distances, with an overlapping region. Using PIV, it was shown that at small distances between the synthetic jet and the heated surface, the higher formation frequency jet is associated with accumulation of vortices before they impinge on the surface. For the lower frequency jet, the wavelength between coherent structures is so large that vortex rings impinge on the surface separately.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Computerized tomography findings in multifocal glioma.

Six patients with multifocal glioma are presented. Computerized tomography revealed multiple, discrete, contrast-enhancing lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, suggestive of multiple intracranial metastases. The most accessible lesion was resected at craniotomy in each patient, confirming the diagnosis of primary malignant glioma. Postoperative radiation therapy and chometherapy were instituted according to current protocols. Since neuroradiological studies may not allow distinction of multifocal gloima from multiple brain metastases, surgical biopsy is suggested in those patients who have no history of cancer.
Some Current Problems In Second‐Language Teaching

THAT EVERY language is systematic and that a second language should be learned as a habit system appear to have been two fundamental concepts acquired by language teachers trained in those schools which favor the so-called "linguistic method" of secondlanguage teaching. While there is no question that these two concepts have much to recommend them and that those teachers who have based their methodology on the concepts have achieved considerable success, yet neither concept is completely adequate nor do both together form a sufficient basis for a complete second-language pedagogy. A language is more than a system of habits, for a native speaker has abilities beyond those which can be accounted for under most existing definitions of habit, for example abilities to make judgments about such matters as grammaticality, foreign accent, deviancy, synonymy and paraphrase. This is not to say that habit formation drill has outlived its usefulness. Such dril l can indeed teach control of the necessary surface skills in a second language, but it is the acquisition of abilities such as those mentioned above which marks off a person thoroughly competent in a new language from a person with limited skills, and the development of such abilities requires more than the use of existing stimulus-response o r reinforcement drills in the classroom. Such drills are a necessary part of a good second-language teaching program; they a r e not, however, sufficient by themselves, No long search is necessary to find language defined as some kind of habit system, for an examination of almost any introductory linguistics text will produce a definition of language which relies on such terms as arbitrary and system, and any discussion of these terms is almost sure to make the point that a native speaker of any language uses the arbitrary system of that language unthinkingly and habitually. Texts on language teaching likewise include statements that the teacher of a second language is to consider his task to be one of building a new habit system on top of o r alongside an old system. Nelson Brooks, for example, points out: "The single paramount fact about language learning is that it concerns, not problem solving, but the formation and performance of habits."' In Language
A common mass scaling for satellite systems of gaseous planets

The Solar System's outer planets that contain hydrogen gas all host systems of multiple moons, which notably each contain a similar fraction of their respective planet's mass (∼10-4). This mass fraction is two to three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the largest satellites of the solid planets (such as the Earth's Moon), and its common value for gas planets has been puzzling. Here we model satellite growth and loss as a forming giant planet accumulates gas and rock-ice solids from solar orbit. We find that the mass fraction of its satellite system is regulated to ∼10-4 by a balance of two competing processes: the supply of inflowing material to the satellites, and satellite loss through orbital decay driven by the gas. We show that the overall properties of the satellite systems of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus arise naturally, and suggest that similar processes could limit the largest moons of extrasolar Jupiter-mass planets to Moon-to-Mars size. The outer giant planets in the Solar System each have a following of multiple moons, and each set of moons contains a similar fraction of their respective planet's mass — the planets are about 100,000 times greater in mass than all their moons combined. A possible explanation for this convergence has now been found. In a numerical model of a growing giant planet accumulating hydrogen gas and rock-ice solids, the mass fraction of its satellite system is regulated to one-to-100,000 by a balance between two processes: inflow of new material to the satellites and the loss of material via gas-induced orbital decay. This has implications for extrasolar planets: the idea that Earth-sized moons around Jupiter-sized planets might be habitable needs to tempered by the news that only Mars- to Moon-sized satellites are likely to develop there. Modelling of satellite growth as a giant planet accumulates hydrogen gas and rock-ice solids from solar orbit finds that the mass fraction of its satellite system is ∼10−4 and regulated by a balance of two competing processes.
Contributions to the late Neogene and early Quaternary floral history of the Mediterranean.

Abstract Synthesis of new carpofloras from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Turkey permits a reconstruction of the vegetational succession from the Oligocene/Miocene up to the Plio/Pleistocene. In this Mediterranean area there are large floral units, showing the same flora at the same time-level in Greece, Italy and France. Also relics occur in these southern countries like Toddalia, Rehderodendron, Styrax, Visnea and Eurya. Throughout there are, depending on the facies, deciduous broad-leaved-, mixed-mesophytic- and evergreen broad-leaved forests. There is no change to another type of flora in the Messinian. The so-called salinity crisis must be denied and is due to a possible shift from a Cfa- to a Cw-climate (sensu Koppen, 1931) with some differences in the amount and distribution of precipitation. There was some winterdrought, which is the reason for desiccation and sedimentation of gypsum and salt. A new phytozonation is proposed for the mediterranean and the whole of Middle Europe (similar to the MN-zonation) as a preliminary model and a future stratigraphic tool.
Adolescents' religious discordance with mothers: is there a connection to sexual risk behavior during emerging adulthood?

This study longitudinally investigates the relationship between adolescent/mother religious discordance and emerging adult sexual risk-taking 6–7 years later. We used Social Control Theory to examine the level and direction of concordance using data from Wave I and Wave III of the Add Health Study, focusing on constructs of religious importance, frequency of prayer, and attendance at religious services. We found that higher levels of adolescent/mother discordance in religious importance were related to increased emerging adult sexual risk-taking compared to those with similar levels adolescent/mother religiosity, but this occurred only when mothers reported higher levels of religious importance than their children. In contrast, adolescents reporting higher frequency of prayer than their mothers reported lower levels of sexual risk-taking than those with similar frequency of adolescent/mother prayer. These findings suggest that the protective effects of family religious socialization can be interrupted. However, this influence of religious difference on sexual risk-behavior operates differently depending on the direction and level of religious difference. Even in emerging adulthood, a period marked by distance from childhood values and institutions, religious difference with a parent remains a meaningful influence.
Pseudomemory and Age Regression: An Exploratory Study

Hypnotizable (N = 9) and simulating subjects (N = 8) were age regressed to the previous week's hypnosis session and received a suggestion to hear a phone ring during the earlier session (no phone actually rang). Pseudomemory rates in response to open-ended questions were low in this study (0% hypnotizable and simulating subjects) and in previous research (Lynn, Weekes, & Milano, 1989; 12.5% hypnotizable; 10% simulating subjects) in which the phone-ring suggestion was not embedded in the context of age regression. In response to a forced-choice question, 22.22% of the hypnotizable and 25% of the simulating subjects indicated that the suggested phone ring was an actual event, a pseudomemory rate somewhat higher than our previous study in which none of the subjects reported pseudomemories in response to a forced-choice question. When the occurrence of the target stimulus of a pseudomemory suggestion is publicly verifiable, the pseudomemory rate is low.
Enteral nutrient deprivation in patients leads to a loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function

Objective To investigate the effect of nutrient withdrawal on human intestinal epithelial barrier function (EBF). We hypothesized that unfed mucosa results in decreased EBF. This was tested in a series of surgical small intestinal resection specimens. Design Small bowel specifically excluding inflamed tissue, was obtained from pediatric patients (aged 2 days to 19 years) undergoing intestinal resection. EBF was assessed in Ussing chambers for transepithelial resistance (TER) and passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kD). Tight junction and adherence junction proteins were imaged with immunofluorescence staining. Expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and inflammatory cytokines were measured in loop ileostomy takedowns in a second group of patients. Results Because TER increased with patient age ( P P P Conclusion EBF declined in unfed segments of human small bowel. This work represents the first direct examination of EBF from small bowel derived from nutrient-deprived humans and may explain the increased incidence of infectious complications seen in patients not receiving enteral feeds.
The U.S. non-wood, non-metal primary building materials sector in flux: A sectoral analysis and a proposed materials development and innovation framework

Abstract An examination of the building materials sector raised two critical questions: Why do more firms in the building materials sector not attempt to directly gauge end-users' preferences? And, why do many materials producers employ self-limiting definitions of building materials? The sector was analyzed using transaction cost economics and network theory. A framework was then developed for materials development and innovation. The role of a key actor in the framework, the researcher, was illustrated through a materials study performed in a developing country. In concluding, it is suggested the framework could be used to expand the study, expand markets for the producer and strengthen producer–researcher links.
Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect

In Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect, Mel Y. Chen offers a mesmerizing inquiry into how cultural life is animated by “matter” that is considered insensate, immobile, deathl...
Rhythm and the performance of organization

Rhythm is a form of discourse central to social organization. This essay weaves together a variety of anecdotes, ethnographic analyses, labor histories, and critical theories around the central theme of rhythm in order to hear the relationships between organization, epistemology, consciousness, and body without positing one of these elements as foundational. This approach expands and complicates the understanding of what constitutes “organization” and calls for a greater accounting in communication theory of the role of physiological structures in human social life.
Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and D1 dopamine receptor function in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum

Based on electrophysiological data showing that repeated cocaine administration produces persistent enhancement of D1 dopamine (DA) receptor-mediated responses in nucleus accumbens (NAc), we investigated whether changes in neurochemical properties of these receptors resulted when rats were injected with cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 6 days followed by a 7-day abstinence period. D1 DA receptor density and affinities for either [3H]SCH 23390 or DA were similar between NAc and striatum and between saline and cocaine treatment groups. DA-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was 1.5-fold higher in striatum than in NAc; however, repeated cocaine treatment produced no persistent changes in enzyme activity in either brain area.
Whole body vibration exposures in metropolitan bus drivers: A comparison of three seats

Abstract Using a repeated measures study design, three different seats were evaluated as 12 metropolitan bus drivers drove a standardized test route including city streets, old and new freeways, and a street segment containing 10 large speed humps. Three comparisons were made: (1) comparing seats made by different manufactures (Seats 1 and 2), (2) comparing seats with a standard foam (Seat 2) and silicone foam (Seat 3) seat pans, and (3) comparing WBV exposures based on individual factors such as seat pressure settings and body weight. Whole body vibration (WBV) exposures were measured using a tri-axial seat pan accelerometer and the attenuation capabilities of each seat were evaluated by comparing the vibrations measured at the floor and seat of the bus. There were significant WBV exposure differences between the various street types, which was shown across all seat types. The city street and older freeway segments had the highest WBV exposures with both segments producing WBV exposures slightly above the action limit for vibration dose value (VDV). Relative to Seat 2, Seat 1 performed better at attenuating impulsive and shock related WBV exposures; however, neither seat performed significantly better when average vibration (Aw) and VDV WBV exposures were compared. In addition, no performance differences were seen between the standard foam (Seat 2) and silicone foam (Seat 3) seat pans. Seat suspension stiffness (air pressure) was also examined, and the results indicated that the higher the seat air pressure the lower the Aw, VDV, and static compressive dose (Sed) vibration exposures. This study provided a unique opportunity to evaluate on-the-job whole body vibration exposures in a standardized, controlled setting.
Long-term survival and impact of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation

The recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in the hepatic allograft may impact patient and graft survival with long-term follow-up. The efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for treatment of recurrent PBC after liver transplantation (LT) remains less well known. The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to determine the significance of recurrent PBC on overall survival among PBC patients who underwent LT, and 2) to determine the efficacy of UDCA treatment after LT in patients with recurrent PBC. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 154 PBC patients who underwent LT with at least 1 yr of follow-up after transplantation from 1985 through 2005. A total of 52 patients with recurrent PBC were identified. After adjusting for age and gender, recurrent PBC was not associated with death or liver retransplantation (hazard ratio, 0.97, 95% confidence interval, 0.41-2.31; P = 0.9). A total of 38 patients with recurrent PBC received UDCA at an average dose of 12 mg/kg/day for a mean duration of 55 months. Over a 36-month period, an estimated 52% of UDCA-treated patients experienced normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase compared to 22% of untreated patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of histological progression between subgroups. UDCA did not influence patient and graft survival. In conclusion, the development of recurrent PBC has little impact on long-term survival or need for retransplantation. While UDCA therapy is associated with biochemical improvement, its role in delaying histologic progression remains unknown. In this short period of treatment, UDCA was not associated with improved patient and graft survival compared to untreated patients.
Multigrid and multilevel methods for nonconforming Q 1 elements

In this paper we study theoretical properties of multigrid algorithms and multilevel preconditioners for discretizations of second-order elliptic problems using nonconforming rotated Q 1 finite elements in two space dimensions. In particular. for the case of square partitions and the Laplacian we derive properties of the associated intergrid transfer operators which allow us to prove convergence of the W-cycle with any number of smoothing steps and close-to-optimal condition number estimates for V-cycle preconditioners. This is in contrast to most of the other nonconforming finite element discretizations where only results for W-cycles with a sufficiently large number of smoothing steps and variable V-cycle multigrid preconditioners are available. Some numerical tests. including also a comparison with a preconditioner obtained by switching from the nonconforming rotated Q 1 discretization to a discretization by conforming bilinear elements on the same partition, illustrate the theory.