cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION AND CROSS SECTIONS OF PROPARGYL (C3H3) RADICALS IN THE 230-300 NM REGION

Abstract The ultraviolet absorption spectrum and cross sections of propargyl (C3H3) radicals have been, for the first time, determined in the gas phase in the spectral range of 230–300 nm. The propargyl radicals were produced from 193 nm excimer laser photolysis of C3H3Cl, 248 nm photolysis of C3H3Br and from reaction of Cl-atoms with propargyl chloride. The spectra obtained from the three systems were nearly identical. The ultraviolet spectrum for the propargyl radicals exhibits a relatively broad absorption with a maximum cross section of 1.2 × 10−17 cm2 molecule−1 at 242 nm. The electronic transitions in propargyl radical have also been calculated by ab initio quantum chemical methods at the CASSCF, CASPT2, CIS, and EOM_CCSD levels of theory and assign the new observed band to the in plane π ∗ ( b 2 )←π( b 2 ) allowed transition. In addition, we report here the absorption spectra and cross sections for propargyl chloride and propargyl bromide, precursors of propargyl radicals, in the spectral range of 160–230 nm.
Enhancer, silencer, and growth factor responsive regulatory sequences in the promoter for the mouse choline acetyltransferase gene.

Abstract We describe here the isolation of the 5′ region of the mouse choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene and the functional characterization of regulatory regions that control its expression. ChAT catalyzes the synthesis of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and is expressed specifically in cholinergic neurons. The 5′ flanking region of the mouse ChAT gene lacks a consensus TATA element and transcription initiates at multiple sites. The gene contains a strong enhancer in the promoter-proximal region, a weaker, nerve growth factor responsive enhancer located immediately upstream, and a silencer-like sequence yet further upstream. We identified the strong enhancer within the proximal promoter region -430 to -115 by its ability to activate a heterologous, minimal SV40 promoter. The ChAT enhancer functioned in both a position- and orientation-independent manner. The region from -825 to -430 contained weaker enhancer activity, but was modulated more strongly by exposure of transfected cells to NGF. The activity of the strong, -430 to -115 enhancer was not modulated by NGF. In our experiments, NGF coordinately increased expression of endogenous ChAT enzymatic activity and expression of reporter genes placed under the control of the ChAT promoter and enhancers. Activity of the ChAT proximal promoter is silenced in noncholinergic neuronal cell lines (B103 and F11) and in nonneuronal L6 myoblasts by an upstream region from -925 to -558. These results indicate that regulation of the ChAT gene is achieved by a combination of both positive and negative regulatory mechanisms whose interaction determines the expression of a cholinergic neuronal phenotype.
Principal angles and principal azimuths of an in-line symmetric three-reflection bare-mirror system: application to circular polarization of VUV radiation

Contours of constant principal angle (Phi) and constant principal azimuth (Psi) for an in-line, symmetric, three-reflection mirror system are presented. The three mirrors are assumed to use uncoated substrates of the same homogeneous isotropic material with complex relative dielectric function (epsilon) . By assigning values to (Phi) from 45 degree(s) to 85 degree(s), the constraint on complex (epsilon) is determined numerically and represented graphically. The special case of (Phi) - 45 degree(s), which applies to a right-angle parallel-mirror beam displacer, permits an analytical solution. These results have important applications for the production of circular polarization over the entire spectrum, and especially in the VUV where transmission-type devices are not possible. The performance of the three-mirror system as a VUV quarter-wave retarder/circular polarizer using different methods is also considered.
Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN and ARF4 regulates heteroblasty in Arabidopsis

Mutations in the ARGONAUTE gene ZIPPY(ZIP)/AGO7 in Arabidopsis accelerate the juvenile-to-adult transition. A screen for mutations that suppress this precocious phenotype yielded alleles of two auxin-related transcription factors known to be upregulated in zip: ETTIN (ETT)/ARF3 and ARF4. Mutations in ETT/ARF3 and ARF4 delay the expression of adult traits, demonstrating that these genes have non-redundant roles in shoot maturation. ZIP is not generally required for the production of trans-acting (ta) siRNAs, but is required for the production and/or stability of tasiR-ARF, a ta-siRNA that targets both ETT/ARF3 and ARF4. tasiR-ARF is absent in zip-2, and overexpression of a tasiR-ARF-insensitive form of ETT mimics the zip phenotype. We conclude that the precocious phenotype of zip is attributable to the absence of tasiR-ARF-mediated repression of ETT and ARF4. The abundance of tasiR-ARF, ETT/ARF3 and ARF4 RNA does not change during vegetative development. This result suggests that tasiR-ARF regulation establishes the threshold at which leaves respond to a temporal signal, rather than being a component of this signal.
Lizard and Frog Prestin: Evolutionary Insight into Functional Changes

The plasma membrane of mammalian cochlear outer hair cells contains prestin, a unique motor protein. Prestin is the fifth member of the solute carrier protein 26A family. Orthologs of prestin are also found in the ear of non-mammalian vertebrates such as zebrafish and chicken. However, these orthologs are electrogenic anion exchangers/transporters with no motor function. Amphibian and reptilian lineages represent phylogenic branches in the evolution of tetrapods and subsequent amniotes. Comparison of the peptide sequences and functional properties of these prestin orthologs offer new insights into prestin evolution. With the recent availability of the lizard and frog genome sequences, we examined amino acid sequence and function of lizard and frog prestins to determine how they are functionally and structurally different from prestins of mammals and other non-mammals. Somatic motility, voltage-dependent nonlinear capacitance (NLC), the two hallmarks of prestin function, and transport capability were measured in transfected human embryonic kidney cells using voltage-clamp and radioisotope techniques. We demonstrated that while the transport capability of lizard and frog prestin was compatible to that of chicken prestin, the NLC of lizard prestin was more robust than that of chicken’s and was close to that of platypus. However, unlike platypus prestin which has acquired motor capability, lizard or frog prestin did not demonstrate motor capability. Lizard and frog prestins do not possess the same 11-amino-acid motif that is likely the structural adaptation for motor function in mammals. Thus, lizard and frog prestins appear to be functionally more advanced than that of chicken prestin, although motor capability is not yet acquired.
Successful use of a vascularized intercostal muscle flap to seal a persistent intrapleural cerebrospinal fluid leak in a child

The diagnosis and management of a persistent intrapleural-dural cerebrospinal fluid fistula following excision of a large mediastinal ganglioneuroma with intraspinal extension is reported. Use of a vascularized intercostal muscle flap to close the dural fistula was curative in this 4-year-old patient.
Crystal structures of thymidylate synthase mutant R166Q: Structural basis for the nearly complete loss of catalytic activity

Thymidylate synthase (TS) catalyzes the folate-dependent methylation of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to form thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). We have investigated the role of invariant arginine 166, one of four arginines that contact the dUMP phosphate, using site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and TS from Escherichia coli. The R166Q mutant was crystallized in the presence of dUMP and a structure determined to 2.9 A resolution, but neither the ligand nor the sulfate from the crystallization buffer was found in the active site. A second structure determined with crystals prepared in the presence of dUMP and the antifolate 10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate revealed that the inhibitor was bound in an extended, nonproductive conformation, partially occupying the nucleotide-binding site. A sulfate ion, rather than dUMP, was found in the nucleotide phosphate-binding site. Previous studies have shown that the substitution at three of the four arginines of the dUMP phosphate-binding site is permissive; however; for Arg166, all the mutations lead to a near-inactive mutant. The present structures of TS R166Q reveal that the phosphate-binding site is largely intact, but with a substantially reduced affinity for phosphate, despite the presence of the three remaining arginines. The position of Cys146, which initiates catalysis, is shifted in the mutant and resides in a position that interferes with the binding of the dUMP pyrimidine moiety.
Studies of the extraction of organic molecules into the carbon-paste electrode

Abstract The extraction of neutral organic molecules into the CPE has been studied using radioactive tracer and electrochemical techniques. It was found that the organic molecules are absorbed on the surface of the electrode and then transfer into the bulk of the pastes. The electrochemical behavior of the extracted electrode is similar to the dissolved organic electrode described by Schultz and Kuwana.
Indirect dissociative recombination of LiH2++e -

We present the results of calculations determining the cross sections for indirect dissociative recombination of $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. These calculations employ multichannel quantum defect theory and Fano's rovibrational frame transformation technique to obtain the indirect dissociative recombination cross section in the manner described by Hamilton and Greene [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 263003 (2002)]. We use ab initio electron-molecule scattering codes to calculate quantum defects. In contrast to $\mathrm{H}_{3}{}^{+}$, the $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ molecule exhibits considerable mixing between rotation and vibration; however, by incorporating an exact treatment of the rovibrational dynamics of the $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$, we show that this mixing has only a small effect on the observed DR rate. We calculate a large DR rate for this cation, $4.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ incident electron energy.
1859 LUNG COMPLIANCE(C L ) AND EXPIRATORY TIME(T E ) INFLUENCE AIR TRAPPING(AT) DURING HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION(HFJV)

1859 LUNG COMPLIANCE(C L ) AND EXPIRATORY TIME(T E ) INFLUENCE AIR TRAPPING(AT) DURING HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION(HFJV)
Advantages of replacing the total PSA assay with the assay for PSA‐α1‐antichymotrypsin complex for the screening and management of prostate cancer

Several advantages become immediately apparent when the prostate specific antigen (PSA, or tPSA) assay is replaced by the assay specific for the serum PSA-α1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) complex. For instance, random contributions to the tPSA value by various serum minor PSA isoforms can be avoided, making possible the determination of a more accurate relation of the PSA-ACT concentration to the tumor activity. Discrepancies in percent free PSA (% fPSA) values from the same specimens due to the use of different commercial kits also can be eliminated, mainly because the PSA-ACT assay does not have the problems in antibody selection and calibrator preparation usually associated with the tPSA assay. We found that at the present time different cutoffs of % fPSA for the differentiation of BPH from prostate cancer must be established for each individual tPSA assay. Cutoffs established using values from one tPSA assay should not be used for making clinical decisions when their tPSA values are determined by a different kit. Moreover, when we monitored the patients during treatment with serum tPSA, specific fPSA, and specific PSA-ACT complex assays simultaneously, it was clear that any interpretation of the patient's clinical status based on tPSA values alone could be misleading. Because there is less PSA-ACT complex in BPH specimens relative to that found in cancer serum samples, expressing fPSA as “fPSA/PSA-ACT × 100” and measuring PSA-ACT complex concentrations instead of tPSA during screening improve the measurable contrast between BPH and prostate cancer. Although individually modest, collectively these advantages can add up to considerable improvements. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 12:32–40, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling computational limitations in H-Phy and Overlay-NoC architectures

High performance computing demands constant growth in computational power and services that can be offered by modern supercomputers. It requires technological and designing advances in the multiprocessor internal structures as well as novel computing models considering the very high computing demands. One of the increasingly important requirements of computing platforms is a functionality that allows efficient managing computational resources, i.e., monitor them, restrict an access to some part of the resources, account for computational service, or ensure reliability and quality of service when some resources are broken or disabled. In this paper, we present a new model describing computational limitations for processing tasks on multiprocessor systems. The model is implemented in Hardware-Physical (H-Phy) and Overlay-Network-on-Chip (Overlay-NoC) architectures. Both architectures and the model are described and analyzed. Experimentation system is also presented, together with simulation assumptions, results of research and their study. The paper provides complete models of H-Phy and Overlay-NoC structures with an ability to restrict processing resources.
Behavior of plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) resins. I. A method for measuring dynamic plasticizer absorption in suspension resin grains

An instrument which measures the absorption of plasticizer in resin grains as a function of time is described. From a single experiment, one is able to determine directly the capacity of the resin for a desired plasticizer and the time and temperature required for complete absorption or “drying-up” of the plasticizer by the resin. Based on data for a series of resins with different polymerization histories, observations regarding the effects of grain morphology on plasticizer absorption are discussed.
Research Spotlight: Rainfall variability increasing in northern Australia

Rainfall variability, including the frequency of extreme floods and droughts, is increasing in northeastern Australia, a new study shows. Rainfall in Queensland is variable from year to year, partly due to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. As massive corals grow, their skeletons create yearly growth patterns, similar to tree rings, and record a wealth of proxy information about the corals' environment over several centuries. Flood events show up in nearshore annually banded coral skeletons as luminescent lines. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2010PA002050, 2011)
Optical Monitoring and Control of Three-Stage Coevaporated Cu(In $_{\bm {1-x}}$ Ga $_{\bm x}$ )Se $_{\bf 2}$ by Real-Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied for in situ monitoring and control of thin-film copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, i.e., Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (CIGS), deposition by high vacuum coevaporation in the three-stage process used for efficient photovoltaic devices. Initial studies have been performed on a ~0.7-μm CIGS layer deposited on crystal silicon to minimize surface roughness and to develop an accurate structural/ optical model of the Cu-poor-to-Cu-rich and Cu-rich-to-Cu-poor transitions that define the ends of the second (II) and third (III) stages of growth, respectively.With a better understanding of the surface achieved through this model, correlations can be made between the surface state and the unprocessed RTSE data {ψ(t), Δ(t)}. During deposition in the solar cell configuration with 2- μm-thick CIGS on a Mo-coated glass substrate, indications of the Cu poor-to-rich and Cu rich-to-poor transitions appear clearly in {ψ(t), Δ(t)}, enabling direct control of stage II and III transitions. The transition times deduced optically are in good agreement with those identified from the film/substrate emissivity by tracking the substrate heater power. It is clear, however, that RTSE can provide higher sensitivity to these transitions and is, therefore, suitable for improved control of three-stage CIGS deposition.
Quantitative determination of some single and multiple component drugs by gas-liquid chromatography.

A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed to separate and quantitate various drug mixtures. The samples are extracted by various techniques and determined by the use of a polar (4 percent cyclohexanedimethanol succinate) or a polar-nonpolar (1 percent cyclohexanedimethanol succinate plus 10 percent SE 52 silicone gum rubber) gas-liquid column. Retention data relative to pentobarbital are presented for 50 drug materials. Quantitative data are presented for 25 different drugs found in 19 commercial preparations, and for 7 synthetically prepared drug combinations. Recoveries ranged from 96 to 106 percent.
Plasmon-induced hot-electron generation at nanoparticle/metal-oxide interfaces for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices

Optical generation of hot electrons in metallic structures and its potential as an alternative to conventional electron–hole separation in semiconductor devices are reviewed. The possibilities for realizing high conversion efficiencies with low fabrication costs are discussed along with challenges in terms of the materials, architectures and fabrication methods
Dopamine transporter mutants selectively enhance MPP+ transport

MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), a dopaminergic neurotoxin that provides the best available experimental model of Parkinson's disease, is selectively concentrated in dopamine neurons by the dopamine transporter (DAT). DAT also serves as a primary recognition site for cocaine. To help define selective molecular mechanisms by which MPP+ uptake occurs, we have tested dopamine transporters mutated in several residues for their abilities to accumulate dopamine and MPP+, and to bind a cocaine analog. Mutants in DAT 7th and 11th hydrophobic putative transmembrane domains increase MPP+ uptake velocity and affinity (1/KD), respectively. These mutations exert much more modest effects on dopamine uptake and have little impact on cocaine analog binding. These findings provide the first example of mutations that enhance transport and identify specific DAT amino acids selectively involved in neurotoxin uptake. They may also have implications for the feasibility of developing drugs that could specifically block accumulation of Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxins.
Removal and Inactivation of Waterborne Viruses Using Zerovalent Iron

A daunting challenge facing the water industry and regulators is how to simultaneously control microbial pathogens, residual disinfectant, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and to do so at an acceptable cost. Of the different pathogens, viruses are especially problematic due to their small size, high mobility, and resistance to chlorination and filtration. In the past decade, zerovalent iron has been used to treat a wide variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from groundwater. However, iron has not been tested against biological agents. This study examined the effectiveness of commercial zerovalent iron to remove two viruses, phiX174 and MS-2, from water. Removal of these viruses by iron granules in batch reactors was first-order, and the rate was likely controlled by external mass transfer. Most of the viruses removed from solution were either inactivated or irreversibly adsorbed to iron. In a flow-through column containing zerovalent iron (with 20 min of iron contact time), the removal efficiency for both viruses was 4-log in an initial pulse test, and over 5-log in the second pulse test after passage of 320 pore volumes of artificial groundwater. We assume that the improved efficiency was due to continuous formation of new iron (oxyhydr)oxides which served as virus adsorption sites. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of biological agent removal from water by zerovalent iron. Results of this study suggest zerovalent iron may be potentially useful for disinfecting drinking water and wastewater, thereby reducing our dependence on chlorine and reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts.
Psychological Test Sales and Internet Auctions: Ethical Considerations for Dealing With Obsolete or Unwanted Test Materials

Psychological test publishers have longstanding policies prohibiting the sale of psychological tests tounqualified persons. Psychologists are also ethically bound to maintain test security. The emergence ofInternet auction sites, however, poses a heretofore unrecognized threat to test security. This 3-monthsurvey of auction listings on eBay found that both personality and intelligence tests, including testmanuals, are available, and that sales to unqualified persons are not always restricted. These findingshighlight a need to strengthen the ethics code to specify standards for the disposal of unwanted testmaterial.Keywords: ethical principles, ethics, Internet, test security, testing
Global homophobia: states, movements, and the politics of oppression

In Global homophobia: states, movements, and the politics of oppression, Meredith L. Weiss and Michael J. Bosia draw attention to the mechanics of political homophobia, or the ways in which prejudi...
Military Base Closures and the 1996 Congressional Elections

This article examines the extent to which changes in distributional benefits influence congressional election outcomes. Although conventional wisdom holds that a direct link exists between distributional benefits and electoral outcomes (Mayhew 1974b), recent evidence suggests that this link only exists under certain circumstances (Stein and Bickers 1994). In this article, I use 1995 military base closures to test the nature of the relationship. Contrary to recent research on the politics of pork barreling, my findings indicate support for a direct relationship between major base realignments and closures and House electoral outcomes. Specifically, major realignments and closures significantly decreased first-year Democrats' vote margins in the 1996 House elections.
Determination of vesicle-water partition coefficients by electrokinetic chromatography: study of temperature effect.

Abstract Vesicular electrokinetic chromatography was used to investigate solute partitioning from the aqueous phase into dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (DHP) vesicles. Retention factors of neutral solutes are related to their partition coefficients between the aqueous phase and vesicles (Kvw). The Kvw of the aromatic test solutes were readily obtained from the slopes of the linear relationships between retention factors versus DHP concentrations. The technique offers the advantages of speed, automation, and small sample size for determination of partition coefficients. The Kvw values of 43 uncharged solutes were measured at below as well as above the phase transition temperatures. The logarithms of partition coefficients (log Kvw) of solutes at 71°C (above Tc) were slightly higher than those at 36°C (below Tc). The solvation characteristics of DHP were also studied using linear solvation energy relationships at the two temperatures.
Burning molten metallic spheres: One class of ball lightning?

Abstract Abrahamson and Dinniss [2000. Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil. Nature 403, 519–521] proposed a theory of ball lighting in which silicon nanoparticles undergo slow oxidation and emit light. Paiva et al. [2007. Production of ball-lightning-like luminous balls by electrical discharges in silicon. Physical Review Letters 98, 048501] reported that an electric arc to silicon produced long-lasting luminous white spheres showing many characteristics of ball lightning. We show experimentally that these consist of burning molten silicon spheres with diameters in the 0.1–1 mm range. The evidence of our experiments leads us to propose that a subset of ball lightning events may consist of macro-scale molten spheres of burning metallic materials likely to be ejected from a conventional lightning strike to earth.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a survival factor

NGAL (human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and its mouse analogue 24p3 are members of the lipocalin family of small secreted proteins. These proteins are up-regulated in a number of pathological conditions, including cancers, and may function as transporters of essential factors. Although previous publications have suggested that 24p3 has pro-apoptotic functions, other data are more suggestive of a survival function. The current study was designed to determine whether NGAL is pro- or anti-apoptotic. Apoptosis induced in human adenocarcinoma A549 cells by the 5-lipoxygenase-activating-protein inhibitor MK886, or several celecoxib-derived PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) inhibitors that are devoid of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitory activity, was accompanied by a dose- and time-dependent increase of NGAL mRNA levels, as was reported previously with 24p3. A similar induction of NGAL mRNA was observed in human breast cancer MCF7 cells treated with MK886, indicating this was not a cell-specific effect. Treatment of A549 cells with up to 150 mug/10(6) cells of purified recombinant NGAL protein had no effect on viability, whereas antisera against the full-length NGAL protein induced apoptosis in these cells. The stable overexpression of NGAL in A549 cells had no effect on proliferation or viability. However, the cell death induced by a PDK1 inhibitor was reduced by 50% in NGAL-overexpressing cells. Decreasing NGAL mRNA and protein expression with siRNA (small interfering RNA) in A549 cells increased the toxicity of a PDK1 inhibitor by approx. 45%. These data indicate that, although the induction of NGAL correlates with apoptosis, this induction represents a survival response. Because NGAL is a secreted protein, it may play an extracellular role in cell defence against toxicants and/or facilitate the survival of the remaining cells.
Representing "The Great Devouring:" Romani Characters in Young Adult Holocaust Literature.

This article discusses the representation of Roma–Sinti (“gypsy”) characters in young adult literature about the Holocaust. It analyzes three primary texts: Jerry Spinelli’s Milkweed (2003), Erich Hackl’s Farewell Sidonia (1991), and Alexander Ramati’s And the Violins Stopped Playing (1985). The article argues that only Ramati’s text gives a detailed description of Roma–Sinti culture, while Spinelli’s and Hackl’s texts merely deal with the “gypsy” on a surface level. I call for a critical evaluation of texts featuring Roma–Sinti characters in order to encourage cosmopolitan engagement with another culture. In the article, I adapt the language of cosmopolitan philosophers Kwame Anthony Appiah and Judith Butler to exemplify the positive and negative effects that literature can have on readers.
The identification of normal mode behavior in the resonance picture of local mode dynamics: normal mode splitting, stability of periodic orbits and energy transfer rates for coupled morse oscillators

Abstract The resonance model of coupled anharmonic local mode oscillators is extended to include second-order variations of the Fourier amplitude. Using this extension, all of the usual normal mode behavior including normal mode splittings, stability of periodic motions, and the energy transfer rate for degenerate stretching modes is recovered. A method is developed to predict the identity and energy of fundamental periodic orbits which become unstable. This method is more accurate and more general than previous analytic methods. These results may be of use in fitting or interpreting vibrational spectra and in studies of intramolecular vibrational energy flow.
Competitive Equilibria in the System: Water, Nitric Acid, Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate, and Amsco 125-82

ABSTRACT Alternative mass action models were assumed to study competitive equilibria for nitric acid and water extraction in the range of 0-8.4 M nitric acid. Those models yielding the best data fits suggest that tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and hydrocarbon phases contain several complexes. Four complexes appear to result from the association of nitric acid and water with the TBP dimer: [TBP]2[H20]O] 4 [TBP] 2 HN03H2O, [TBP] 2[HNO3] 2[H2O] 2, and [TBP] 2 HNO3 [H2O] 3. One complex, TBP HNO3, apparently predominates from the association of nitric acid with the TBP monomer. The TBP monomer primarily coordinates with nitric acid. The TBP dimer appears to coextract nitric acid and water together. This model gives an excellent fit to nitric acid extraction data in this concentration range and does well at predicting water extraction.
Dynamics of self-propagating reactions in heterogeneous media: experiments and model

Abstract The extreme reaction conditions during combustion synthesis (CS) process require new methods for controlling the microstructure (and hence, the properties) of the desired materials. It appears that the structural changes which determine the microstructure and phases are influenced by local variations in reactant composition and temperature. A direct observation of the microstructural transformations during CS was made using a novel digital high-speed microscopic video recording technique, with imaging rates up to 12,000 frames/s and magnification up to 800×. It was shown that over a wide range of experimental conditions, macroscopically steady reaction fronts in heterogeneous mixtures exhibit random microscopic fluctuations in shape and instantaneous velocity, which are directly related to the microstructure of the reaction mixture. These fluctuations were correlated with the initial heterogeneity of the reaction medium. In conjunction with these experiments, a micro-heterogeneous cell model was developed to describe the local reaction wave propagation in a heterogeneous porous medium. The calculated combustion front profiles compared well with the experimental results.
A computer program to compute Scheffe's homogeneity of variance statistic and estimate its power

Many statistical tests assume homogeneity of variance, and may be affected by the violation of this assumption. This is particularly the case with analysis of variance for unequal cell size. For this reason, a powerful and robust test to detect heterogeneity of variance is de­ sirable. Unfortunately, most commonly used tests of homogeneity of variance are sensitive to departures from normality, especially with respect to departures from nonzero kurtosis (Box, 1953). A test that has been shown to be robust to violation of distribution assump­ tions is the Scheffe test, described by Winer (1971, pp.219·220). In the Scheffe test, each treatment group is randomly divided into a number of subsamples, and their variances are computed. The logarithms of the variances are taken, and an analysis of variance is performed. Two major drawbacks exist with the Scheffe pro­ cedure. First, because the grouping of subsamples is random, the test does not yield a unique solution. This has led some to reject it as unacceptable (Brown & Forsythe, 1974). Second, the test generally has poor power to detect existing heterogeneity of variance. Description. The present program uses a Monte Carlo sampling procedure to minimize the uniqueness problem and to provide information on the power to detect a specified degree of heterogeneity of variance. Essentially, the program computes the F statistic for a randomly generated group of subsamples and repeats this process a specified number of times, each time operating on a newly generated set of subsamples. The size of the loop is presently set at 100. In this manner, a mean F ratio, based on the series of replications, provides a stable estimate of the F ratio, with reduced influence from random subsample formation. To provide information on power to detect a given level of hetero­ geneity of variance, a series of runs can also be performed on a set of internally generated normal random deviates with a built-in degree of variance heterogeneity. In this way, a simulation, conforming to a researcher's design in terms of sample size and number of treatment groups, yields an empirical estimate of power to detect a degree of heterogeneity of variance. The number of replications performed to provide an estimate of power is currently set at 500.
Topology and mechanics with computer graphics

The global topology of constant energy surfaces of Hamiltonian systems in four dimensions is investigated using techniques of computer graphics.
Effect of damkohler number on the reactive zone structure in a shear layer

Abstract Numerical simulation is used to study an unstable, two-dimensional, two-stream, spatially developing, confined, reacting shear layer. The physical model is based on a low-heat-release, temperature-independent chemical reaction and is used to investigate the effect of the flow field on the burning rate at high Reynolds number and moderate Damkohler numbers. The unsteady mass, mometum, energy, and species conservation equations are integrated using a grid-free, Lagrangian field method in which gradients of the primary variables are transported along particle trajectories to preserve the numerical accuracy as strong strains arise in the flow. Results reveal a strong similarity between the distributions of product concentration and vorticity at a wide range of Damkohler numbers. This similarity is due to the entrainment field associated with vorticity amalgamation into large-vortex eddies. At low Damkohler numbers, products form in distributed zones within the large eddies, following the mixing of entrained reactants. At high Damkohler numbers, products form within thin zones around the outer edges of the eddies and then get entrained into the their cores. Between the large eddies, the strain field reduces product concentration by thinning the braids and reducing the time allowed for mixing. The effect of chemical kinetics rates on product formation is strongest around a Damkohler number of 1, and reaches its limit around Damkohler number of 20. Product formation is strongly governed by the entrainment field, and is thus weakly dependent on the Reynolds number. The reactants' ratio across the layer affects the rate of product formation, through the mechanism of asymmetric entrainment, by enforcing stronger potential of chemical activity.
Light and the developing retina

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has increased in the United States in the past decade. Its resurgence has been attributed to advances in medical care which have increased the survival of infants less than 1000g. Retinal immaturity and exposure to supplementary oxygen are generally accepted as the principal factors associated with ROP, however precocious exposure of the immature retina to light may also contribute. The preterm infant is routinely exposed for the duration of hospital stay to bright continuous light at levels which produce retinal damage in animals. A recent study has provided evidence implicating light in ROP. Preterm infants for whom the light levels were reduced had a lower incidence of ROP, compared to a similar group of preterms exposed to standard levels of nursery light. Given the problems of a non-randomized design, the results must be considered preliminary; however the findings are substantiated by parallel results in both hospitals studied and by an effect of exposure to light within the treatment group. Speculations regarding the mechanisms of light as a contributor to ROP include: alterations of retinal metabolism, cellular damage by phototoxicity, and the generation of free radicals. Mechanisms of phototoxicity are compatible with theories of oxygen toxicity. Light may not be necessary for ROP to occur, but it may increase the risk.
Angular distribution functions in the decays of ψ' and ψ'' directly produced in unpolarized p̄p collisions

We calculate the combined angular distribution of the two photons and of the electron in the triple cascade process p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}',\ensuremath{\psi}''\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{J}}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\psi}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$) +${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ (J=0,1,2) when p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and p are unpolarized. The answer is given in the \ensuremath{\psi}',\ensuremath{\psi}'' restframe or the p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p c.m. frame. By measuring this angular distribution one can determine the magnitudes as well as the relative phases of the angular momentum helicity amplitudes in the radiative decay processes \ensuremath{\psi}',\ensuremath{\psi}''\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{J}}$+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{J}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$ (J=0,1,2) as well as the relative magnitudes of the angular momentum helicity amplitudes in the processes p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}'\ensuremath{\psi}'' and \ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
The shearing edge of tracked vehicle – Soil interactions in path clearing applications utilizing Multi-Body Dynamics modeling & simulation

Abstract Tracked vehicle – soil interactions were modeled and analyzed to compare the mobility of two notional path clearing implements pushed by a tracked vehicle. This exploration assesses the capabilities and limitations of the state-of-the-art in tracked vehicle dynamics modeling and simulation over soft-soil terrain. Unique modeling and simulation methods to stretch the capability of the current state-of-the-art contribute to the overall discussion. One path clearing implement was a roller and rake combination. The other was a quickly rotating flail system that cleared a definitive path by impacting and flinging the soil away. Geotechnical forcing functions implemented Coulomb’s lateral earth pressure theory and Terzaghi passive soil failure models to compute the forces at the soft-soil – implement interfaces. Coulomb theory was reimagined to account for anomalies present when modeling the flail, mainly its arced motion and non-semi-infinite soil resistance zone. The path-clearing implements were simulated over discrete events and compared by means of load and acceleration time histories. The discrete events include side-slopes, grades, half-rounds, potholes, cross country terrain, and ‘V’ shaped ditches (V-ditch). Overall, the flail system experienced lower peak loads at the interface brackets and lower peak accelerations at the vehicle’s center of gravity than the roller-rake system.
Bioavailability of zinc derived from beer and the effect of low dietary zinc intake on skeletal muscle zinc concentration

Abstract The bioavailability of zinc from freeze-dried cooked beef was determined using log total tibia zinc and body weight gain as the response criteria. Control diets consisted of different levels of zinc carbonate added to an egg-white protein source. Experimental diets were made by substituting various levels of freeze-dried beef as the zinc source. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Zinc in the control diets was utilized as effectively as zinc in the experimental diets. The relative biological value (RBV) of zinc (ZnCO 3 =100) in the experimental diet was 103 for 22-day weight gain, and 102 for total tibia zinc. These results indicate that zinc from cooked beef does not have an increased bioavailability over inorganic zinc added to an egg-white protein diet. Because a, large percentage of the total zinc in an animal is found in skeletal muscle, the content of zinc in two types of skeletal muscle was determined from animals fed different levels of dietary zinc. Animals consuming diets with zinc concentrations below their requirement had depressed growth rates; however, no significant differences were found in the zinc concentrations of either the soleus or plantaris muscle. The average zinc content of the soleus muscle (slow twitch oxidative fiber type) was 69 ppm and the plantaris muscle (fast twitch oxidative fiber type) was 15 ppm. These results indicate that the concentration of zinc in skeletal muscle is not significantly reduced in animals whose growth is restricted by low dietary zinc levels.
Accumulation of 2H2O in plasma and eccrine sweat during exercise-heat stress.

The purpose of this research was to characterize the movement of ingested water through body fluids, during exercise-heat stress. Deuterium oxide (2H2O) accumulation in plasma and eccrine sweat was measured at two sites (back and forehead). The exercise of 14 males was controlled via cycle ergometry in a warm environment (60 min; 28.7°C, 51%rh). Subjects consumed 2H2O (0.15 mg kg−1, 99.9% purity) mixed in flavored, non-caloric, colored water before exercise, then consumed 3.0 ml kg−1 containing no 2H2O every 15 min during exercise. We hypothesized that water transit from mouth to skin would occur before 15 min. 2H2O appeared rapidly in both plasma and sweat (P 0.05) to body mass, volume of the deuterium dose, or total volume of fluid consumed. These findings clarify the time course of fluid movement from mouth to eccrine sweat glands, and demonstrate considerable differences of 2H2O enrichment in plasma versus sweat.
Special Presentation: Innovative Science And Technology Programs The Relationship Of Government-Sponsored Programs To The Laser Industry And Marketplace

The Office of Innovative Science and Technology is involved with the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization. This office, the Innovative Science and Technology office, is different from most research outfits within the Department of Defense, and quite frankly within the government. What we do is attempt, and I think we do more than attempt, we actually do it, we integrate the basic science engineering into a product. We don't separate out basic research, engineering research, product development, fabrication. we do it all together. We have an end goal in mind and we bring whatever basic engineering sciences that have to be brought to bear on that particular mission to come up with that product. Now the product that we come up with obviously fits the Department of Defense mission, and specifically the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization missions. Even so, those products have cut across many lines of application ranging from medical applications, all forms of commercial applications, you name it and it is there. If you look hard enough, and that is the problem ... knowing where to look.
The Relationship Between Traumatization and Pain: What is the Role of Emotion?

The role of emotion in the relationship between traumatic experiences and physical pain was examined via path modeling by using a sample of hospital outpatients (N = 138). Most of the participants reported being traumatized (77%) and experiencing chronic pain (69%). Trauma survivors and nontraumatized individuals did not differ significantly on mean symptom scale scores (i.e., depression, anxiety, anger, dissociation, somatization and pain). However, a moderate effect size was found for dissociation. There were also significant associations found between trauma levels and levels of adult symptomatology. Interestingly, sexual abuse was less highly correlated with symptomatology than other types of traumatization, such as neglect. None of the three proposed path models describing the relationship between trauma, pain, and emotion fit the data successfully. Implications are discussed.
Energy systems for operative hysteroscopy.

Many patients with excessive or abnormal uterine bleeding are looking for alternatives to ineffectual dilation and curettage or extirpative surgery (i.e., hysterectomy). The gynecologist-generalist can no longer delay developing the mandatory skills to perform safe, effectual intrauterine surgery. To acquire these skills, one needs a sound understanding of hysteroscopic instrumentation and the biophysical behavior of available energy modalities. This article reviews the scientific basis for operative hysteroscopic procedures using laser energy and monopolar and bipolar electro-surgery.
GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY: MORE DEVELOPMENT NEEDED '

Self-efficacy (1, 2) has been proposed as a unifying mechanism underlying all behavior change. Bandura's seminal writings on self-efficacy have stimulated many empirical studies and much comment. Shelton (4) recently presented a model of "general self-efficaz' that is based on Bandura's work as well as some of ours (5, 6) and of Tipton and Wort ngton (7). For Shelton, general self-efficacy is a personality trait related to but distinct from specific efficacy expectancies for specific behaviors. Shelton's model describes how general self-efficacy expectancies influence specific self-efficacy expectancies for specific behaviors and how successful behavioral performances, attributed to the self, augment both specific and general self-efficacy expectancies while unsuccessful performances, at~ributed to the self, detract from both general and specific self-efficacy expectancies. Shelton's roposals regarding general self-efficacy are generally reasonable though no empirical evidence 8 r the proposals i s$ r~sen~ed . Nonetheless, some aspects of her model merit cr1tlc31 comment. First, the sharp utmctlon Shelton (4, p. 989) drew between our descri tion oi gneral self-efficacy expectancies and Bandura's (1) original conceptualization of self-eflcacy I S 1101 accurate. Bandura (1, p. 194) stated chat self-efficacy expectancies vary in generality. Personal efficacy expectancies reflect a continuum from very specific to quite general. We focused on one end of the continuum while Bnndura generally wrote about the other. However, Bandura (2, p. 143) described rather general self-efficacy expectancies that contribute to social . . change. Shelton (4, p. 990) correctly identified the importance of attribtion of successful and unsuccessful performances to personal ability and effort in determining self-efficacy ex ectancies. Individual differences in attributional style are major determinants of individual difLrences in self-efficacy expectancies (1, 6). Shelton neither discussed factors that contribute to individual differences in attributional style, e.g., Rotter's locus of control, nor made recommendations for ways to alter personal attributional style. Given the key role of attributional style in determining fnona l efficacy expectancies, reater attention to this would strengthen Shelton's model. Fina y, Bandura (1. 2) emphasizer8 the interaction of self-efficacy expectancies and outcome ex ectancies in determuling behavior. There is empirical evidence (3) that outcome expectancies in/uence the strenglh of self-efficacy ex ectancies. Shelton's model makes no mention of the influence of outcome expectancies on segefficacy expectancies and behavior. While Shelton (4) sought to synthesae prior work in her model of general self-efficacy, a broader model reflecting these comments and supported by empirical studies would be welcome.