cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology Textbooks: Whose Business?

Joseph D. McInerney Joseph D. McInerney is director of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, The Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903. Since joining the BSCS staff in 1977, McInerney has worked primarily on programs in human genetics education and on education and science, technology and society. McInerney is co-chair of the National Association of Biology Teachers/National Science Teachers Association Biology Test Committee.
Professional Periodicals of Promoting Rice Sci-Tech Innovation and Industrial Development

This paper has introduced the policy of rice periodicals sponsored by the China National Rice Research Institute,and expounded the roles of the periodicals in the aspects of promoting scientific and technical innovation and industrialization of rice,and communications among rice scientists both at home and abroad.In addition,the paper has put forward the strategy form improving the role of rice professional periodicals.
Imbalance Protection Calculation on High Voltage Shunt Capacitor Bank with Internal Fuse and Asymmetric Wiring

In this paper,an universal formula for calculating the neutral line current imbalance protection and bridge differential current protection in large-capacity high voltage shunt capacitor bank with internal fuse and asymmetric wiring is introduced,which provides a simple method for the grassroots power sector. Throughout comparison of protection calculation of symmetrical and asymmetrical wiring bridge differential current,possibilities of adopting current protection calculation results with symmetrical wiring to replace asymmetrical wiring is analyzed. The imbalance protection error caused by the new calculation for shunt capacitors bank above 60 Mvar is less than 2%.
Vertical Cell Responses to Sound in Cat Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

The dorsal cochlear nucleus receives input from the auditory nerve and relays acoustic information to the inferior colliculus. Its principal cells receive two systems of inputs. One system through ...
Cancer experiences and health-related quality of life among racial and ethnic minority survivors of young adult cancer: a mixed methods study

Young adult (YA) racial and ethnic minority survivors of cancer (diagnosed ages 18–39) experience significant disparities in health outcomes and survivorship compared to non-minorities of the same age. However, little is known about the survivorship experiences of this population. The purpose of this study is to explore the cancer experiences and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among YA racial/ethnic minorities in an urban US city. Racial and ethnic minority YA cancer survivors (0 to 5 years posttreatment) were recruited from a comprehensive cancer center using a purposive sampling approach. Participants (n = 31) completed semi-structured interviews, the FACT-G (physical, emotional, social well-being) and the FACIT-Sp (spiritual well-being). Mixed methods data were evaluated using thematic analysis and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The majority of survivors were women (65 %), single (52 %), and Hispanic (42 %). Across interviews, the most common themes were the following: “changes in perspective,” “emotional impacts,” “received support,” and “no psychosocial changes.” Other themes varied by racial/ethnic subgroups, including “treatment effects” (Hispanics), “behavior changes” (Blacks), and “appreciation for life” (Asians). ANCOVAs (controlling for gender and ECOG performance status scores) revealed that race/ethnicity had a significant main effect on emotional (P = 0.05), but not physical, social, or spiritual HRQOL (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that minority YA cancer survivors report complex positive and negative experiences. In spite of poor health outcomes, survivors report experiencing growth and positive change due to cancer. Variations in experiences and HRQOL highlight the importance of assessing cultural background to tailor survivorship care among YA racial and ethnic minorities.
A Concise History of the Baltic States: The return of empires, 1940–1991

The year 1939 turned out to be a fateful one for Europe and the world. On September 1 of that year, Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland began a conflict so vast that it quickly received the designation of World War II, requiring that the earlier so-called Great War become World War I. Germany felt confident about its move east, because on August 23, 1939, Hitler and Stalin had agreed to a non-aggression treaty, eliminating for a time the possibility of a two-front war in the east against the USSR and in the west against France and Great Britain (who had come to Poland's defense). The treaty contained secret protocols laying out German and Soviet spheres of influence in eastern Europe, in which the eastern Baltic littoral figured prominently. Germany ultimately declared itself to have no interest in the littoral, in effect giving the USSR a free hand in the region. The Soviet Union responded quickly, invading Poland on September 17 and in fact occupying a slightly larger but less populous section of the country than Germany brought under its control. It might be added that earlier, in March, Poland itself had benefited from Hitler's earlier dismemberment of Czechoslovakia by demanding and receiving that country's Teschen region, with some 240,000 inhabitants. In any event, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3.
Cartesian Psychophysics and the Whole Nature of Man: On Descartes's Passions of the Soul

In the scholarly literature Descartes is usually read as a metaphysical dualist, epistemologist, rational theologian, and mathematical physicist, rarely as a political philosopher. In a series of e...
MCMC-based peak template matching for GCxGC

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is a new technology for chemical separation. Peak template matching is a technique for automatic chemical identification in GCxGC analysis. Peak template matching can be formulated as a largest common point set problem (LCP). Minimizing Hausdorff distances is one of the many techniques proposed for solving the LCP problem. This paper proposes two novel strategies to search the transformation space based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Experiments on seven real data sets indicate that the transformations found by the new algorithms are effective and searching with two Markov chains is much faster than searching with one Markov chain.
Rapid, in situ plasma functionalization of carbon nanotubes for improved CNT/epoxy composites

Improved CNT/epoxy composites composed of dry-drawn, aligned and functionalized CNTs were fabricated. Dry-drawn multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNTs) were functionalized by atmospheric pressure He/O2 based plasma during the manufacturing of the CNT sheets and epoxy resin dissolved in solvent was sprayed during the manufacturing. The extent of CNT functionalization was controlled by adjusting the plasma power and flow rate of oxygen. Functionalized CNTs were characterized by Raman, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle testing. The % wt CNT content in the composites was controlled by adjusting the concentration of epoxy in the solution used for spraying. CNTs functionalized by 100 W plasma and 63% wt CNT content produced the best composites demonstrating 43% improvement in tensile strength and 78% improvement in modulus over composites made with pristine CNTs. High % wt CNT content in the composites allow for the creation of strong, light-weight composites demonstrating specific strength as high as 918 MPa g−1 cm−3, a 55% and 50% improvement over pristine CNT sheet and CNT/epoxy composite made with pristine CNTs, respectively.
3D jet topography of the twisted color glass condensate

Independent experimental constraints on the initial condition assumed in hydrodynamics to predict collective flow in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ at 200 AGeV are essential to strengthen the case for the ``perfect fluid'' property of deconfined quark-gluon matter. We propose a 3D jet tomographic test of possible novel initial surface geometries predicted by a color glass condensate model of initial conditions. We show that high ${p}_{T}$ and rapidity, $\ensuremath{\eta}$, differential directed flow ${v}_{1}({p}_{T}g6,|\ensuremath{\eta}|g1)$ is sensitive to the generic rapidity twist of the bulk low ${p}_{T}$ matter in the reaction plane and can differentiate between conventional diffuse Glauber surfaces and sharper surfaces possible in some parametrizations of the color glass condensate.
Using VoiceThread to Create Community in Online Learning

A sense of belonging to a learning community has been identified as one of the factors contributing to greater student satisfaction and persistence in online education programs. Using the community of inquiry framework as a theoretical guide, the purpose of this study was to explore the role of VoiceThread, a web-based platform that facilitates cloud communication, in creating a sense of community for U.S. adult learners in the online environment. This study surveyed 39 students in a College of Education fully online master’s program and in a blended doctoral program regarding their experiences using VoiceThread in their courses. Results indicate that students perceive VoiceThread positively in the creation of online community. Students reported feeling more connected their classmates due to the tool’s ability to add voice to online activities. Students also felt more connected to their instructor due to VoiceThread’s ability to humanize, or make the instructor seem real.
Analyzing the Efficiencies of Renewable Energy Sources with Data Envelopment Analysis

In this paper, we compare the efficiencies of the eight major renewable energy sources that generate electricity. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to determine the most efficient renewable energy source. We apply four different analytical approaches to rank these energy sources with respect to their efficiency scores. According to our DEA analysis, biomass and geothermal are the most efficient and solar technologies (photovoltaics technologies and solar thermal) are the least efficient renewable energy sources. We also find out land requirement is very important input to determine the efficiency scores of these technologies.
The probability of reciprocal monophyly of gene lineages in three and four species

Reciprocal monophyly, a feature of a genealogy in which multiple groups of descendant lineages each consist of all of the descendants of their respective most recent common ancestors, has been an important concept in studies of species delimitation, phylogeography, population history reconstruction, systematics, and conservation. Computations involving the probability that reciprocal monophyly is observed in a genealogy have played a key role in criteria for defining taxonomic groups and inferring divergence times. The probability of reciprocal monophyly under a coalescent model of population divergence has been studied in detail for groups of gene lineages for pairs of species. Here, we extend this computation to generate corresponding probabilities for sets of gene lineages from three and four species. We study the effects of model parameters on the probability of reciprocal monophyly, finding that it is driven primarily by species tree height, with lesser but still substantial influences of internal branch lengths and sample sizes. We also provide an example application of our results to data from maize and teosinte.
Privacy Preserving Naïve Bayes Classifier for Vertically Partitioned Data.

The problem of secure distributed classification is an important one. In many situations, data is split between multiple organizations. These organizations may want to utilize all of the data to create more accurate predictive models while revealing neither their training data / databases nor the instances to be classified. The Naive Bayes Classifier is a simple but efficient baseline classifier. In this paper, we present a privacy preserving Naive Bayes Classifier for horizontally partitioned data.
Water diffusion with temperature enabling predictions for sorption and transport behavior in thermoset materials

Abstract Water desorption kinetics for a number of epoxy materials (five amine and one anhydride cured), with glass transitions from below room temperature to 245 °C, were studied using thermogravimetry and near-infrared spectroscopy between ambient and 200 °C. Computational models based on 1D finite difference or 3D finite element Fickian diffusion processes were then applied to determine the underlying diffusivity. Classical Fickian diffusion with a constant D was sufficient to describe the water desorption behavior for all evaluated materials and conditions, with water induced swelling affecting the diffusion process no more than through small dimensional changes. The temperature dependence for diffusivity displayed mostly a single activation energy (Ea) between 44 and 62 kJ mol−1 for all materials except one, which showed a change from 75 kJ mol−1 below Tg (∼65 °C), to 53 kJ mol−1 above. The obtained diffusivities and their Ea were then used to predict and illustrate the sorption behavior for other geometries and temperatures. The trends for these materials were discussed within the existing theories for fractional free volume, effective crosslink density and chemical composition. Unexpectedly, this study shows that Tg has no or only limited influence on water diffusivity in contrast with the Cohen-Turnbull model. Water sorption (solubility in the material) is of similar magnitude independent of temperature (i.e. low Ea) as anticipated. Only a fraction of the water uptake was found to be associated with free volume utilization, with the majority of water resulting in material volume changes, which as a consequence means that dynamic water uptake and drying will result in changing stress conditions (expansion and contraction) for glassy thermosets even under ambient conditions.
Bundled and dispersed carbon nanotube assemblies on graphite superstructures as free-standing lithium-ion battery anodes

Abstract Carbonaceous materials are intensively used as additives or active electrode materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry due to their stable chemical and physical properties. Compared to developing next-generation high-capacity non-carbonaceous anode materials, improvement on current carbonaceous materials could lead to instant commercial values due to less process modifications to the battery manufacturing. Here, we report a facile approach to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with controlled assemblies: well-dispersed CNTs vs. bundled CNTs. Furthermore, we incorporated these CNTs onto three-dimensional (3D) graphite foams as free-standing anodes for LIBs. This hierarchical 3D network provided high surface area and ultra-high conductivity with enhanced battery capacity. With controlled growth conditions, the assembly of CNTs can be changed from bundled state to dispersed state, resulting in a significant improvement in electrochemical performance. The dispersed CNTs showed a higher specific capacity of above 800 m A h g − 1 over 120 cycles, while CNT bundles exhibited a specific capacity of 500 m A h g − 1 . The loose structure of well-dispersed CNTs provides sufficient active interfaces between electrolyte and materials, as well as shortened ion transport path. Insights can be gained in improving state-of-the-art battery performance by controlling the bulk assemblies of CNT additives.
Applying Warfare to Business Competition

Much about business competition can be learned form the ancient Chinese military theorist Sun Tzu and his theories on warfare. The authors seek to acquaint readers with the work of Sun Tzu and to demonstrate how his theories -- more so than other military theorists -- may be applied to the modern business environment.
Flash DSC determination of the delay time for primary crystallization and minor alloying effect in marginal Al-based metallic glasses

Abstract The delay time for primary crystallization plays an important role in the understanding of the transport and nucleation behaviors during crystallization in metallic glasses. In this work, a novel method via Flash DSC is demonstrated to measure the delay time for primary crystallization in Al-based metallic glasses. In a typical Al-based metallic glass of Al87Y7Fe6, the delay times were established corresponding to different temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy tests before and after delay time were conducted to further verify the validity of the measured delay time. The effect of a 1 at.% substitution by Cu on the delay time of Al88Y7Fe5 was investigated to determine the effect of minor alloying on the glass formation ability. The significant changes in the primary crystallization temperatures were demonstrated to be directly related to the corresponding changes in the delay time. The results indicate that minor alloying that is designed to increase the delay time is an effective strategy to enhance the glass formation ability.
Predictive proteomic signatures for response of pancreatic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer that is characterized by its poor prognosis, rapid progression and development of drug resistance. Chemotherapy is a vital treatment option for most of PDAC patients. Stratification of PDAC patients, who would have a higher likelihood of responding to chemotherapy, could facilitate treatment selection and patient management. A quantitative proteomic study was performed to characterize the protein profiles in the plasma of PDAC patients undergoing chemotherapy to determine if specific biomarkers could be used to predict likelihood of therapeutic response. By comparing the plasma proteome of the PDAC patients with positive therapeutic response and longer overall survival (Good-responders) to those who did not respond as well with shorter survival time (Limited-responders), we identified differential proteins and protein variants that could effectively segregate Good-responders from Limited-responders. Functional clustering and pathway analysis further suggested that many of these differential proteins were involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Four proteins, including vitamin-K dependent protein Z (PZ), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), von Willebrand factor (VWF) and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), were further evaluated as single or composite predictive biomarker with/without inclusion of CA 19-9. A composite biomarker panel that consists of PZ, SHBG, VWF and CA 19-9 demonstrated the best performance in distinguishing Good-responders from Limited-responders. Based on the cohort investigated, our data suggested that systemic proteome alterations involved in pathways associated with inflammation, immunoresponse, coagulation and complement cascades may be reporters of chemo-treatment outcome in PDAC patients. For the majority of the patients involved, the panel consisting of PZ, SHBG, VWF and CA 19-9 was able to segregate Good-responders from Limited-responders effectively. Our data also showed that dramatic fluctuations of biomarker concentration in the circulating system of a PDAC patient, which might result from biological heterogeneity or confounding complications, could diminish the performance of a biomarker. Categorization of PDAC patients in terms of their tumor stages and histological types could potentially facilitate patient stratification for treatment.
Correction to: Traditional Versus Internet Media in a Restricted Information Environment: How Trust in the Medium Matters

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The gender dummy variable was mistakenly coded in reverse order. The interpretation treated it as (0 = Male, 1 = Female), while the actual coding was (0 = Female, 1 = Male). This had no influence on the substantive results for all other variables. The sign on the coefficients for the female dummy in Tables 2, 3, and 4 should be negative. The word “females” should be “males” on page 414, and “women” should be “men” on page 416.
Relationships between Post-Concussion Sleep and Symptom Recovery: A Preliminary Study.

Post-concussion sleep disturbances can be debilitating and may influence days to symptom recovery; however, evidence is minimal. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between days ...
A Bayesian Network Framework for Comparing Project Delivery Methods

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are innovative and evolving project delivery methods that have enabled public entities, such as local, state, and federal government agencies to pursue projects that were otherwise infeasible. Value for Money (VfM) is commonly used as a tool to evaluate PPP project delivery with traditional project delivery. In this work, a BN framework is presented for supplementing VfM analysis that allows for the combination of the quantitative and qualitative components of project delivery. The framework includes steps to develop BNs, analyze network scenarios and interpret the results. The proposed BN framework reduces the subjectivity and bias inherent in VfM assessment. It, therefore, has the potential to supplement the decision-making process. We demonstrate the application of the proposed framework to California’s Presidio Parkway Project as a case study. The results corroborate the findings from the VfM assessment and conclude that for the Presidio Parkway project, design–build–finance–operate–maintain is a better method than the traditional design–bid–build project delivery method.
Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation Scale Agreement between Emergency Medical Services Technicians and Neurologists.

Abstract Background Rapid arterial occlusion evaluation (RACE) scale is a valid prehospital tool used to predict large vessel occlusion of major cerebral arteries in patients with suspected acute stroke. RACE scale administered by Emergency medicine services (EMS) technicians in the prehospital setting correlates well with NIH Stroke Scale score after patient arrival at a hospital. Despite this, the RACE scale is often characterized as too difficult for EMS technicians to accurately utilize. There are no data examining RACE scale accuracy in the prehospital setting comparing EMS technicians with neurologists. We sought to examine agreement between RACE scores calculated by EMS technicians and stroke neurologists in the prehospital setting during telestroke consultation. Methods Data for this observational cohort study were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. EMS technicians in person and stroke specialized neurologists via televideo connection independently assessed suspected stroke patients and calculated RACE scores in the prehospital setting. We used a linearly weighted Cohen's kappa (kw) to estimate the extent of agreement for RACE score between EMS technicians and stroke neurologists. Results Thirty-one patients with stroke symptoms were independently examined and assessed with the RACE scale by EMS technicians and stroke neurologists in the prehospital setting. Exact agreement on the RACE score was found in 24 of 31 (77%) patients. We found very good agreement between EMS technicians and stroke neurologists, kw = .818 (95% CI, .677-.960), P Conclusions EMS technicians provide reliable RACE assessments in patients with suspected stroke, with agreement similar to stroke specialized neurologists in the prehospital setting.
6 – Secondary Storage

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews how secondary storage differs from main storage. The chapter discusses the various types of secondary storage devices that are available, and how various secondary storage devices work. The most popular secondary storage medium in today's instant access applications is disk storage. The two most popular types of disks are floppy disks and Winchester disks. Floppy disks are also called flexible disks or diskettes. They can store between a few hundred thousand and several million characters of information. The heart of the floppy disk is a circle of magnetic material. Before the floppy disk, personal computers used cassette tapes; these were slower and less reliable than floppy disks. Bubble memory stores bits as the presence or absence of a magnetic bubble on a thin film of synthetic garnet. Bubble memory can store more information in a given space than silicon chips. They can retrieve information faster than tapes or disks.
Compressed sensing for Hamiltonian reconstruction

In engineered quantum systems, the Hamiltonian is often not completely known and needs to be determined experimentally with accuracy and efficiency. We show that this may be done at temperatures that are higher than the characteristic interaction energies, but not too much higher. The condition for this is that there are not too many multiparticle interactions: the Hamiltonian is sparse in a well-defined sense. The protocol that accomplishes this is related to compressed sensing methods of classical signal processing, in this case applied to sparse rather than low-rank matrices.
Chapter 11 – Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Drugs

Adrenaline is a hormone produced within the adrenal gland in response to stress that increases heart rate, strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction and cardiac output, increases blood pressure and opens up the bronchioles in the lungs, and raises the blood levels of glucose and lipids among other effects. The secretion of adrenaline is a part of the human “fight or flight” response, the acute stress response to fear, perceived threat, or panic. Adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetic agents) raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. Therapeutically, these drugs are used to provide patients relief from disorders such as bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cardiac arrest, allergic reactions, and nasal decongestants; they are also used as appetite suppressants. Adrenergic agonists are subdivided into three classes: direct acting, indirect acting, and dual acting. On the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s are guanfacine (an α2-adrenoceptor stimulator) and albuterol (a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist).
Sol-gel-derived PbTiO 3

The sol-gel process is a technique which is applicable for forming ceramic materials. In this process, liquid precursor materials are reacted to form a sol which then polymerizes into an inorganic polymeric gel. Advantages of this process over standard powder preparation of ceramics are: purity, homogeneity, control of macro- and micro-structures, and low processing temperatures. In our laboratory the sol-gel process has been used to form lead titanate. We detail a procedure which has produced dried monolithic gels up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The as-dried gels have not been exposed to temperatures above 40‡ C and are X-ray amorphous. Samples of the gels were crushed into powder and heated at 8‡ C min−1 to various temperatures up to 500‡ C, held for a variety of times, and then cooled to room temperature. After certain annealing procedures crystalline phases were observed. The initial crystalline phase to emerge has not yet been identified. Upon further annealing this phase transforms to tetragonal PbTiO3.
Pharmacologic and psychological interventions for depression treatment in patients with kidney disease.

Purpose of review It remains controversial whether existing therapies, including pharmacologic and psychological interventions, are effective for treatment of depression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease. Recent findings Most studies of depression treatment were underpowered or uncontrolled. The CKD Antidepressant Sertraline Trial showed no benefit of a serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline, over double-blind matched placebo for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with nondialysis CKD. A Trial of Sertraline vs. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for End-stage Renal Disease Patients with Depression showed improvement in depressive symptoms from baseline in both groups and a marginal benefit of sertraline over CBT that was of unclear clinical significance, given the lack of an active control group. SSRIs are associated with poor tolerability in clinical trials and serious adverse outcomes in large retrospective studies. Summary Although the data do not support unlimited use of SSRIs in patients with CKD or end-stage kidney disease, it is reasonable to initiate a cautious trial of sertraline while closely monitoring for depressive symptom improvement and adverse effects. CBT is a low-risk, possibly effective intervention to treat major depressive disorder in patients with kidney disease who have access to such treatments.
640 Characterizing severe acute kidney injury in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Background Renal immune-related adverse events (irAEs), are relatively rare in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This retrospective analysis characterizes the etiology of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients treated with ICIs at the University of California, San Diego. Methods The electronic medical record was used to identify all patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Results 46 patients who received ICI therapy and subsequently developed an AKI with eGFR Conclusions In our cohort, 6.5% of patients who develop AKI after receiving ICI therapy experienced immune-related nephritis. A further 8.7% of patients experienced other irAEs with AKI, suggesting that the true prevalence of immune-related nephritis is likely underdiagnosed. Notably, 84.8% of patients who develop AKI after ICI therapy have a non-ICI-related etiology, and no patient in our cohort of 46 patients underwent renal biopsy, highlighting the need for blood-based biomarker development for immune-related nephritis. Ethics Approval The study was approved by the University of California San Diego’s Institutional Review Board, approval number 150348.
Economically-Motivated Interactions and Disease Spread

Human interaction is largely centered on interactions at home, school, work, and shopping. This economically-motivated partial spatial compartmentalization of our lives, in particular the persistent and recurring interaction with a very limited number of people, is surely of first-order importance for the modeling of disease spread that depends on human contact. This paper models the movement of people throughout the day to match data on the distribution of households by size and age of occupants, the distribution of K-12 schools and colleges by size and staff-student ratios, and the distribution of office and retail establishments by number of employees. The spread of disease calibrated to COVID-19 characteristics is significantly less in this model than in a corresponding SIR model in which people interact in one large location. Simulations of this model also reveal that large-scale compliance to a mitigation policy only directing symptomatic people to stay home is sufficient to control the widespread of a disease such as COVID-19, without any noticeable employment effects. A partial lockdown policy is also shown to control the widespread of such a disease, but at a cost of considerable employment effects.
Using prior knowledge, scaffolding, and modelling to teach lessons in economics: three examples from across the curriculum

Students often become frustrated with learning economics not because the economics is too hard, but because they try to grasp the economic device, model, or tool being used at the same time they try to understand the economic theory the device is designed to illuminate. As a result, the tool that should aid economic understanding frequently backfires. This paper links three pertinent concepts from the education literature – prior knowledge, scaffolding, and modelling – to teaching economics. After explaining each concept, we supply three strategies designed to leverage each concept for maximum impact. Our examples come from across the curriculum: intermediate macroeconomics, principles of microeconomics and econometrics. We hope that readers will use our ideas and consider further ways of leveraging each concept.
Effect of water frustration on water oxidation catalysis in the nanoconfined interlayers of layered manganese oxides birnessite and buserite

The role of geometric frustration of water molecules in the rate of water oxidation in the nanoconfined interlayer of manganese-oxide layered materials (birnessite, buserite) is examined in a well-controlled experiment. Calcium buserite is prepared, and used in a split-batch synthetic protocol to prepare calcium birnessite, sodium buserite, and sodium birnessite, and partially dehydrated sodium birnessite. Thus, four samples are prepared in which features effecting catalytic efficiency (defect density, average manganese oxidation state) are controlled, and the main difference is the degree of hydration of the interlayer (two layers of water in buserites vs. one layer of water in birnessite). Molecular dynamics simulations predict birnessite samples to exhibit geometric water frustration, which facilitates redox catalysis by lowering the Marcus reorganization energy of electron transfer, while buserite samples exhibit traditional intermolecular hydrogen bonding among the two-layer aqeuous region, leading to slower catalytic behavior akin to redox reactions in bulk water. Water oxdiation activity is investigated using chemical and electrochemical techniques, demonstrating and quantifying the role of water frustration in enhancing catalysis. Calculation and experiment demonstrate dehydrated sodium birnessite to be most effective, and calcium buserite the least effective, with a difference in electrocatlytic overpotential of ∼750 mV and a ∼20-fold difference in turnover number.
101 Homeless Status, Distance from Clinic, and Substance Dependence Associated with Low Follow-Up Rates for Burn-Injured Survey Respondents

Introduction Over 25% of burn-injured patients at our institution never attended a follow-up appointment A quality-improvement discharge survey (QIS) identified potential barriers to follow-up as distance from the clinic, transportation, and time off work This study compares follow-up rates before and after the QIS was administered and correlates them with patients' self-identified barriers Methods Following IRB approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted using electronic medical records of adult burn-center admits who responded to the QIS and were discharged between September 2019 and July 2020 Controls were burn-center admits discharged from 2016–2018, prior to the survey period Exclusions included patients with non-burn injuries, and those who died in the hospital were transferred to another hospital, did not require follow-up, or followed up elsewhere Data analysis was conducted using chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression models Results The post-survey group includes 272 patients (mean age 47 ± 16 8, 201 males (73 6%), mean burn size (TBSA) of 9 3% ± 9 6%) The pre-survey control group includes 878 patients (mean age 45 1 ± 16 8 years, 646 males (73 6%), mean burn size (TBSA) 10 16 ± 11 7%) Compared to the pre-survey group, post-survey patients had a lower frequency of missed appointments (MA) (47 3% post vs 56% pre), but worse overall follow-up rates (63 7% post vs 74 5% pre) Per multivariate analysis, different factors were associated with follow-up and MA in the two groups (Table 1) Rates of follow-up and MA were not significantly different before and after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic Conclusions Patients who were surveyed to identify barriers to follow-up had fewer missed appointments but worse overall follow-up rates Patients fail to follow up due to homelessness, substance dependence, and distance to the hospital These findings are consistent with patients' self-identified barriers to follow-up in a QI survey
Risk Factors and Outcomes for Gastroparesis After Lung Transplantation

Gastroparesis is common after lung transplantation and is associated with worse transplant outcomes, including the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). This study sought to identify the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with a new diagnosis of gastroparesis after lung transplantation. This was a single-center retrospective study of patients who underwent lung transplantation in 2008–2018. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of gastroparesis within 3 years of transplant. Secondary outcomes included a new diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and the association between gastroparesis and both post-transplant survival and CLAD-free survival. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare diagnosis of gastroparesis and gastroesophageal reflux, while multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze gastroparesis and post-transplant outcomes. Of 616 patients with no prior history of gastroparesis, 107 (17.4%) were diagnosed with delayed gastric emptying within 3 years of transplant. On multivariable logistic regression, black race (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.18–3.98, p = 0.013) was significantly associated with a new diagnosis of gastroparesis. Age, sex, history of diabetes, connective tissue disease, type of transplant, diagnosis group, renal function, and body mass index were not predictive of gastroparesis post-transplant. Gastroparesis was significantly associated with CLAD (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.20–2.59, p = 0.004), but not with overall mortality (HR 1.16, p = 0.43). While gastroparesis is common after lung transplantation, it remains difficult to predict which patients will develop these complications post-transplant. Black patients were more likely to be diagnosed with gastroparesis after adjusting for relevant confounders. Gastroparesis is associated with increased risk of CLAD, and further studies are needed to assess whether early detection and treatment can reduce the incidence of CLAD.
Energy harvester using piezoelectric nanogenerator and electrostatic generator

This study demonstrates an energy harvester that combines a piezoelectric nanogenerator and an electret-based electrostatic generator. The device consists of an in-house fabricated nanocomposite (polydimethylsiloxane/barium titanate/carbon nanotube) as a piezoelectric layer and a monocharged Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene as an electret electrostatic layer. The mechanical impedance of the structure can be altered easily by changing the nanocomposite monomer/cross-linker ratio and optimizing various mechanical energy sources. The energy harvester's performance was characterized by performing measurements with different frequencies (5–20 Hz) under applied dynamic loading. A total volumetric power density of ∼8.8 μW cm−3 and a total stored energy of ∼50.2 μJ min−1 were obtained. These findings indicate that this versatile, lightweight, and low-cost energy harvester can be employed as a power supply source for microelectronics in applications, such as wearables.
A Preliminary Quantitative Comparison of Vibratory Amplitude Using Rigid and Flexible Stroboscopic Assessment

Summary Study Objective The purpose of this study was to establish preliminary, quantitative data on amplitude of vibration during stroboscopic assessment in healthy speakers with normal voice characteristics. Amplitude of vocal fold vibration is a core physiological parameter used in diagnosing voice disorders, yet quantitative data are lacking to guide the determination of what constitutes normal vibratory amplitude. Methods/Study Design Eleven participants were assessed during sustained vowel production using rigid and flexible endoscopy with stroboscopy. Still images were extracted from digital recordings of a sustained /i/ produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness, with F 0 controlled so that levels were within ±15% of each participant's comfortable mean level as determined from connected speech. Glottal width (GW), true vocal fold (TVF) length, and TVF width were measured from still frames representing the maximum open phase of the vibratory cycle. To control for anatomic and magnification differences across participants, GW was normalized to TVF length. GW as a ratio of TVF width was also computed for comparison with prior studies. Results Mean values and standard deviations were computed for the normalized measures. Paired t tests showed no significant differences between rigid and flexible endoscopy methods. Interrater and intrarater reliability values for raw measurements were found to be high (0.89–0.99). Conclusions These preliminary quantitative data may be helpful in determining normality or abnormality of vocal fold vibration. Results indicate that quantified amplitude of vibration is similar between endoscopic methods, a clinically relevant finding for individuals performing and interpreting stroboscopic assessments.
Nitrogen metabolism of aquatic organisms: I. The assimilation and formation of urea in Ochromonas malhamensis☆☆☆

Abstract Although the energy metabolism of the phytoflagellate Ochromonas malhamensis has been studied extensively, little is known about its nitrogen metabolism. Chromatographic analyses and assays of enzymic activities in intact cells suggest that the pathways leading to the formation of urea in O. malhamensis cells grown in the complete nutrient medium are: (a) urate → allantoin → allantoic acid → urea; and (b) arginine → urea. O. malhamensis cells, grown in a complete nutrient medium, secrete urea and have very low urease activity. When these cells are starved for 24 hr, their urease activity increases fivefold. On refeediug, urease activity returns to the original low level. Cells grow rapidly when ammonium salts are used as their only nitrogen source. When the organism is grown in a medium with urea as its only source of nitrogen, there is a 7- to 8-day lag before the cells multiply exponentially. At the end of the logarithmic growth phase, the urease activity of cells grown in the urea assimilation medium is 44 times higher than the level of urease of cells grown in the complete nutrient medium. When cells grown in the complete medium are transferred to the urea assimilation medium for 24 hr, their urease activity increases tenfold. Since urea is a normal catabolite of the cells, the appearance of urease in O. malhamensis when grown in a starvation medium might indicate that in the absence of amino nitrogen, urea nitrogen can be reutilized. The greatly increased urease activity in the urea assimilation medium may be due to environmental conditions or to a gene-controlled enzyme induction.
The Relative Effectiveness of Written and Individualized Audio Instruction in the Intermediate Grades

Almost as soon as the "new media" of communication (e.g., television, motion pictures, audio and video recordings, the computer) became available to education, people began to question their instructional effectiveness. Could they supplement or even replace the written word? Would they serve some learners better than others? Was one medium instructionally superior to another? And so on. At first, most empirical investigations of the new media's instructional effectiveness were comparative: one medium versus another, media versus conventional instruction. Recently, however, concurrent with a rising interest in the individualization of instruction, the effectiveness of various instructional treatments is being explored in terms of the cognitive and emotional characteristics of students. Such studies are often not concerned with media at all. The area of research dealing with this problem has been termed "aptitudetreatment interaction," where aptitude has been defined as "any characteristic of the individual that increases (or impairs) his probability of success in a given treatment"
Vulnerable Sibling: Hyponatremia From Caries Prevention

Parental actions and beliefs shape every aspect of a child9s health and development. Green and Solnit described a vulnerable child syndrome in which the child9s development was impaired when the parents treated him or her in an inappropriate fashion because they had an unreasonable expectation that he or she would die. We recently cared for a child who suffered a life-threatening event (status epilepticus due to hyponatremia) because the parents were trying to avoid reproducing a serious, but not life-threatening, problem (nursing bottle caries) that had occurred in the older sibling. This distortion of professional advice created vulnerability to significant neurologic problems.
The Ultimate Spectroscopic Matrix

The method of choice for chemists interested in studying highly unstable molecules is cluster-isolation spectroscopy, in which the species under scrutiny is captured in a protective cluster of low-temperature noble-gas atoms. In their research commentary, Lehmann and Scoles discuss results presented in the same issue by [ Grebenev et al .][1] in which molecules were embedded in superfluid helium clusters. The findings open up new avenues for cluster spectroscopy in chemistry, as well as allow investigation of fundamental issues in superfluid physics at the nanoscale level. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5359/2083
IS CORRELATION PUZZLE REALLY PUZZLING? REASSESSING MOTIVES OF FOREIGN ASSET HOLDINGS BY US INVESTORS

This paper addresses a correlation puzzle in the financial gravity literature by taking into account a return-chasing motive previously under-researched as determinants of cross-border asset holdings. I estimate a financial gravity equation to explain US investors' behaviour and confirm that even with the return chasing motive, the correlation puzzle remains unsolved. Furthermore, the data give a limited support for the return-chasing motive. I find that USA's foreign asset holdings cannot be well explained by the correlation structure and excess returns. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genesis of single umbilical artery

Abstract It is generally accepted that a single umbilical artery in the cord is the result of either aplasia or atrophy of the missing vessel although evidence seemingly supporting such mechanisms is seldom found. In the course of studying the development of the umbilical arteries in young human embryos another possible cause became apparent. This consisted of failure of the single umbilical artery, normally present in the body stalks of embryos of 3.0 to 4.0 mm. in length, to shorten as gestation advances. Such a situation leads to atrophy of the right or left umbilical artery within the embryo so that eventually only one vessel conveys blood from the aorta to the placenta.
A Review of “Freedom is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America's Struggle over Black Family Life—from LBJ to Obama”

In Freedom is Not Enough, James T. Patterson, Ford Foundation Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University, thoroughly and even-handedly documents America's forty-five-year debate over social ...