cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invisible Minorities: Coming out of the Classroom Closet:

Eager to celebrate and incorporate the minority experience into the classroom, instructors often forget the "invisible minorities"—those who are stigmatized for a characteristic or quality that is not apparent. Gay men and lesbians, incest survivors, and recovering alcoholics are examples. This article addresses why instructors should include these groups, some defining characteristics, and specific teaching suggestions for management and organizational behavior faculty, based on experience with courses in invisible minorities in California and Illinois.
Determination of Total Tissue Sodium Concentrations by Use of Radiosodium

A method has been developed for the estimate of total tissue sodium by direct measurement of radiosodium concentrations in undigested samples. Accuracy is comparable to that of flame photometric estimates on tissue digests; time and cost, about one-quarter as great. The method appears particularly useful for experimental designs requiring multiple tissue sodium measurements.
Impact Of Molecular Beam Epitaxy On Millimeter Wave And Optical Systems

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is an ultrahigh vacuum evaporation process for growing epitaxial films on a wide variety of substrates. The basic constituents of the films are thermally evaporated and directed toward a heated substrate. The evaporated materials are deposited on the heated substrate surface forming a film. MBE offers the ability to maintain a high level of precise control over material composition and film thickness required for semiconductor devices utilized in microwave, millimeter wave and optical system applications.
The physicochemical nature of 37°C cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors in HeLa S3 cells

Abstract The physicochemical properties of size, shape and surface charge have been determined for the soluble fraction of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors which are located in the HeLa S 3 cell cytoplasm after incubation of whole cells with glucocorticoid at 37°C. Under hypotonic buffer conditions ~ 80% of the total recovered [ 3 H]triamcinolone acetonide receptor complexes sedimented through a 5–20% density gradients to the tube bottom, and ~ 90% eluted from a Sephacryl S-300 gel exclusion column in the void volume. Increasing the [KCI] of the buffer in the sucrose density gradients, and gel exclusion columns to 0.15 M caused a reduction in the percentage of this large aggregate to ~64% and ~75%, respectively. Further increases in the [KCI] during analysis to 0.4 M reduced the percentage of rapidly sedimenting receptors to ~ 62%, and shifted the sedimentation coefficient of the slower sedimenting receptors from ~ 5.2 S to 3.9 S. These conditions also decreased the fraction of receptor in the void volume of gel exclusion columns to 67%. Ion exchange analysis of receptor binding to DEAE cellulose, hydroxylapatite, phosphocellulose, and DNA cellulose revealed heterogenous populations of receptor species; comprising both “unactivated” and “activated” receptor forms. The ratios of unactivated/activated receptors was highly dependent on the matrix employed and differed substantially among those evaluated. For example, by the criteria of DEAE cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography ~60% of the total 37°C cytoplasmic receptors were in the “activated” state. A large fraction of these receptors, however, failed to bind to DNA cellulose. These results demonstrate that the glucocorticoid receptors which remain in the HeLa S 3 cytoplasm at 37°C do not bind to ion exchange materials, which are used as indexes of receptor “activation,” in a uniform manner. We hypothesize that the diminished DNA binding capability of these receptors accounts for their cellular localization in the HeLa S, cell cytoplasm at 37°C.
The Making of a Community Policing Officer: The Impact of Basic Training and Occupational Socialization on Police Recruits

This study examines the impact of basic training, field training, and work environment on shaping police recruits' attitudes and beliefs related to community policing, problem-solving policing, and...
An electrochemical approach to investigate gated electron transfer using a physiological model system: Cytochrome c immobilized on carboxylic acid-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes

The electron transfer (ET) scheme of cytochrome c (cyt. c) coupled to carboxylic acid-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on well-defined gold (111) electrodes is a simplified model system to investigate both long range and intermolecular ET processes. The advantages of an electrochemical approach to investigate the ET mechanism are that one can both regulate the ET path length by using alkanethiol SAMs of varying chain lengths and deconvolute the intermolecular ET event at the interface from the intramolecular ET event. It has been shown that the interactions between cyt. c and the carboxylate termini are electrostatic in nature, analogous to those between cyt. c and negatively charged proteins such as cytochrome c peroxidase. In the present work, the effects of alkanethiol chain length, ionic strength, pH, and viscosity of supporting electrolyte on the ET kinetics were studied. The ET rates through long alkanethiol chains were observed to be slow because electron tunneling through th...
The complexity of HLA class II (DRB1, DQB1, DM) associations with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection among HIV-1-seropositive whites.

Summary: Earlier associations of polymorphism in classic HLA class II (DRB1 and DQB1) genes have been extended to include the accessory genes DMA and DMB as determinants of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC) infection among HIV-1-seropositive whites. From the Multicenter AIDS Cohort study, 176 DMAC cases were matched with 176 controls in a nested case-control study. PCR-based HLA genotyping techniques were used to resolve variants of DRB1 and DQB1 to their four-digit or five-digit alleles, and single-strand conformation polymorphism was used to resolve sequences in exon 3 at each DM locus. The DMA*0102 allele occurred less frequently among DMAC cases than among controls (OR = 0.46, p = .02). Combinations of DRB1 alleles with or without specific DMA and DMB variants showed significant differences in distributions between the cases and controls, but both of the previously associated class II alleles (DRB1*1501 and DRB1*0701) showed stronger positive associations with DMAC in the absence than in the presence of DMA*0102. Apparent joint effects of DRBI and DM allelic combinations on occurrence and timing of DMAC suggest that class II disease relationships may be better predicted by biologically plausible interactive combinations than by polymorphisms in individual genes.
Mediation of local homeostasis and inflammation by leukotrienes and other mast cell-dependent compounds.

The oxidative products of arachidonic acid and other mediators of immediate hypersensitivity are released by mast cells and other cells in response to the presence of noxious substances. In a normal response these chemicals produce the local inflammatory reactions that accompany destruction of the noxious substance. When the host response is misdirected or excessive, the concerted action of the same chemical mediators may produce allergic or inflammatory disease.
Improvements in procedures for electrophoresis in dilute agarose gels

Abstract Procedures have been developed for performing electrophoresis in agarose gels with agarose concentrations as low as 0.035%. Using these procedures, agarose gel electrophoresis of the following has been performed: (a) bacteriophage T7 missing its tail fibers; no detectable sieving of this spherical particle (radius = 30.1 nm) occurred below 0.075% agarose, (b) duplex DNAs with molecular weights between 26.5 × 106 and 110 × 106.
Observation of two coupled defect levels on the hydrogen-passivated Si (1 0 0) surface

We present the first electronic characterization of intrinsic defects on the hydrogen-passivated silicon surface. Surface recombination velocities, measured with radio-frequency photoconductance decay, show that lifetimes of both n- and p-type wafers change significantly with small changes in the background carrier concentration (ZDn=p0E0:05). These effects are not explained by the Shockley-Read-Hall model for single-level defect recombination but can be understood by modeling the defect as a coupled, two-level (three charge state) system. By analogy with the Pb-center, these defects may be thought of as dangling bonds populated with zero, one, or two electrons. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The diffusion of fluorescein in the stroma of rabbit cornea.

The diffusion rate and the distribution ratio of fluorescein in the stroma was studied in rabbit cornea. A strip of corneal stroma was mounted in a chamber and fluorescein in a phosphate buffer solution was circulated across the end of the strip for 24 hr. The change in fluorescence intensity was measured along the strip and the diffusion coefficient was calculated using Fick's diffusion equation. The mean coefficient of diffusion was 1.21 +/- 0.24 (+/- S.D.) X 10(-6) cm2/sec at 19 degrees C. The ratio of fluorescence between the stroma and the solution was 1.34 to 1.33 for the concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 g/ml.
Estimation of atmospheric phase stability from sky brightness temperature fluctuations at millimeter wavelengths

Atmospheric phase stability was studied on two high elevation sites in the southwestern U.S. during the winter months. Results indicate that the phase stability is significantly better on the South Baldy site than on the Springerville site on long baselines at high frequency. On the South Baldy site high quality imaging is possible in a dynamic range greater than or equal to 100 at 230 GHz over half the time in the compact 70 m configuration. Phase stable observations at 230 GHz in the 3000 m array are possible only about 15 percent of the time, but self-calibration or fast external calibration make it possible to perform high frequency, long baseline observations for about 40 percent of the time.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stem Cells and the Liver: Clinical Applications in Transplantation

ESLD affects millions of Americans, and HCV is a worldwide pandemic. Unfortunately, the ability to study liver disease and novel therapeutics experimentally in the laboratory is limited by an ongoing lack of small animal models. The development of rodents with livers chimeric for human hepatocytes may improve this situation. The authors' efforts currently use an immunodeficient or exogenously immunosuppressed animal with subsequent liver injury provided by chemical or surgical means. Cell transplantation with either human hepatocytes or human stem cells results in engraftment and subsequent "humanization" of an animal liver. Study of these animal models may lead to innovative approaches to the management of ESLD in both children and adults.
Titin content of beef in relation to tenderness.

Abstract Steaks obtained from the longissimus dorsi muscle of 24 crossbred steers were subjected to four treatments (unaged raw, aged raw, unaged cooked, aged cooked) and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Titin migrated primarily as a single protein band in unaged raw samples (48 h post mortem ), as a doublet in aged (16 days) raw samples, and as a triplet in unaged and aged cooked samples. Total titin band density remained constant among steaks that varied widely in Warner-Bratzler shear value, suggesting that beef steaks varying in tenderness contain the same amount of titin. It is concluded that titin content, as determined by gel electrophoresis, does not distinguish ‘tough’ from ‘tender’ beef.
Comparison of BD Bactec Plus Aerobic/F Medium to VersaTREK Redox 1 Blood Culture Medium for Detection of Candida spp. in Seeded Blood Culture Specimens Containing Therapeutic Levels of Antifungal Agents

ABSTRACT Recovery of Candida spp. using the BD Bactec FX blood culture (BC) system (Bactec Plus Aerobic/F medium) and the VersaTREK system (aerobic Redox medium) was evaluated using seeded BC bottles with and without the addition of commonly used antifungal agents. BC bottles (n = 1,442) were each inoculated with 10 ml human whole blood and 0.1 ml of suspensions of Candida spp., with or without antifungal agents. BC bottles were incubated in the corresponding system for a maximum of 5 days. In the absence of antifungal agents, Bactec FX recovered 97.4% of Candida spp., and VersaTREK recovered 99.1% (P = 0.154). With regard to length of time to detection (LTD) and overall recovery, both systems had various levels of effectiveness in recovering C. glabrata. In bottles containing antifungal agents, Bactec FX recovered 83.1% of isolates, whereas VersaTREK recovered 50.7% of Candida spp. (P
Spin trapping of superoxide from glass adherent polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine.

Dahinden et al. reported that N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) lasted more than 60 min when the cells were allowed to attach to a petri dish before induction. In contrast, it lasted only for 2.5 min when cells were in suspension (J. Clin. Invest. 72: 113–121, 1983). In spite of this report, the effect of cell adhesion has been ignored in most spin trapping studies of superoxide release from PMNs. This study shows that most PMNs in a quartz flat electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) cuvette which was placed horizontally adhered to the wall within 3 min. In contrast, if the cuvette was placed vertically, only 20-30% of the cells became adherent in 30 min. We performed spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trap, and monitored the effect of cell adhesion on superoxide generation. When spin trapping was conducted on PMNs in suspension, the EPR signal of superoxide adduct (DMPO-OOH) was undetect...
More degrees of freedom by using chimeric concept in the applications of anterolateral thigh flap

For obliterating a dead space, especially deep and slender, it is more challenging for a reconstructive surgeon to design a musculocutaneous flap by conventional technique. Tethering at the midway of a musculocutaneous flap while inset is not unusual, and trimming of excess muscle may jeopardize the perfusion of the skin. Based on the lateral femoral circumflex system (LFCS), introducing a chimeric concept into the reconstruction of these difficult wounds will simplify the flap design and give more degrees of freedom to inset the flap. Technique of intramuscular dissection of perforators is frequently demanded. Vastus lateralis muscle based on the distal runoff of the LFCS can be included with sharp dissection. Using chimeric concept in the application of anterolateral thigh flap, the muscle and skin can be considered as individual units although they base on a single pedicle. The dimension of skin and the volume of muscle can be tailored as adequate as desired. While insetting the flap, the lengthy pedicles distal to the bifurcation enhance a three-dimensional reconstruction without difficulty. Chimeric concept of anterolateral thigh flap affords more degrees of freedom for difficult reconstructions.
Bone mineral density and donor age are not predictive of femoral ring allograft bone mechanical strength

While metal or plastic interbody spinal fusion devices are manufactured to appropriate mechanical standards, mechanical properties of commercially prepared structural allograft bone remain relatively unassessed. Robust models predicting compressive load to failure of structural allograft bone based on easily measured variables would be useful. Three hundred twenty seven femoral rings from 34 cadaver femora were tested to failure in axial compression. Predictive variables included age, gender, bone mineral density (BMD), position along femoral shaft, maximum/minimum wall thickness, outer/inner diameter, and area. We used support vector regression and 10-fold cross-validation to develop robust nonlinear predictive models for load to failure. Model performance was measured by the root-mean-squared-deviation (RMSD) and correlation coefficients (r). A polynomial model using all variables had RMSD = 7.92, r = 0.84, indicating excellent performance. A model using all variables except BMD was essentially unchanged (RMSD = 8.12, r = 0.83). Eliminating both age and BMD produced a model with RMSD = 8.41, r = 0.82, again essentially unchanged. Compressive strength of structural allograft bone can be estimated using easily measured geometric parameters, without including BMD or age. As DEXA is costly and cumbersome, and setting upper age-limits for potential donors reduces the supply, our results may prove helpful to increase the quality and availability of structural allograft. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1271–1276, 2014.
Relationships between sand and water quality at recreational beaches

Enterococci are used to assess the risk of negative human health impacts from recreational waters. Studies have shown sustained populations of enterococci within sediments of beaches but comprehensive surveys of multiple tidal zones on beaches in a regional area and their relationship to beach management decisions are limited. We sampled three tidal zones on eight South Florida beaches in Miami-Dade and Broward counties and found that enterococci were ubiquitous within South Florida beach sands although their levels varied greatly both among the beaches and between the supratidal, intertidal and subtidal zones. The supratidal sands consistently had significantly higher (p < 0.003) levels of enterococci (average 40 CFU/g dry sand) than the other two zones. Levels of enterococci within the subtidal sand correlated with the average level of enterococci in the water (CFU/100mL) for the season during which samples were collected (r(s) = 0.73). The average sand enterococci content over all the zones on each beach correlated with the average water enterococci levels of the year prior to sand samplings (r(s) = 0.64) as well as the average water enterococci levels for the month after sand samplings (r(s) = 0.54). Results indicate a connection between levels of enterococci in beach water and sands throughout South Florida's beaches and suggest that the sands are one of the predominant reservoirs of enterococci impacting beach water quality. As a result, beaches with lower levels of enterococci in the sand had fewer exceedences relative to beaches with higher levels of sand enterococci. More research should focus on evaluating beach sand quality as a means to predict and regulate marine recreational water quality.
When Is a Petersen's Hernia Not a Petersen's Hernia

F e a v Chir 1900;62:95. urious about the origin of the eponymous “Petersen’s heria” so frequently noted in the bariatric literature, we perormed a literature search for the original description of this ernia. What we found was surprising, not only because of the emote publication date of the article, but because on translaion from the original German, Dr Petersen’s actual description f the hernia bears little if any similarity to modern usage of he terms Petersen’s hernia, 3,4,6,8-10,12,13,15,17,19,21,24,26-28,31,33,34,35 efect,space,site,or indow used to describe internal hernia formation after Rouxn-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedures. In 1900, DrWalther Petersen, first clinical assistant surgeon t the Surgical Clinic in Heidelberg, Germany published a 0-page article entitled “Ueber Darmverschlingung nach der astro-Enterostomie” (“Concerning Twisting of the Intesines Following a Gastroenterostomy”). In it, he described hree similar cases of internal small bowel herniation fter creation of a loop gastrojejunostomy. All three cases esulted in death, and Dr Petersen subsequently decribed the autopsy findings in great detail. Within the rticle, he acknowledged previously published forms of nternal herniation after this procedure, but differentited his observations from earlier reports with this tatement:
Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Guidelines do not currently recommend the use of lung ultrasound (LUS) as an alternative to chest X-ray (CXR) or chest computerized tomography (CT) scan for the diagnosis of pneumonia. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize existing evidence of the diagnostic accuracy of LUS for pneumonia in adults. We conducted a systematic search of published studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of LUS against a referent CXR or chest CT scan and/or clinical criteria for pneumonia in adults aged ≥18 years. Eligible studies were required to have a CXR and/or chest CT scan at the time of evaluation. We manually extracted descriptive and quantitative information from eligible studies, and calculated pooled sensitivity and specificity using the Mantel-Haenszel method and pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) using the DerSimonian-Laird method. We assessed for heterogeneity using the Q and I2 statistics. Our initial search strategy yielded 2726 articles, of which 45 (1.7%) were manually selected for review and 10 (0.4%) were eligible for analyses. These 10 studies provided a combined sample size of 1172 participants. Six studies enrolled adult patients who were either hospitalized or admitted to Emergency Departments with suspicion of pneumonia and 4 studies enrolled critically-ill adult patients. LUS was performed by highly-skilled sonographers in seven studies, by trained physicians in two, and one did not mention level of training. All studies were conducted in high-income settings. LUS took a maximum of 13 minutes to conduct. Nine studies used a 3.5-5 MHz micro-convex transducer and one used a 5–9 MHz convex probe. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pneumonia using LUS were 94% (95% CI, 92%-96%) and 96% (94%-97%), respectively; pooled positive and negative LRs were 16.8 (7.7-37.0) and 0.07 (0.05-0.10), respectively; and, the area-under-the-ROC curve was 0.99 (0.98-0.99). Our meta-analysis supports that LUS, when conducted by highly-skilled sonographers, performs well for the diagnosis of pneumonia. General practitioners and Emergency Medicine physicians should be encouraged to learn LUS since it appears to be an established diagnostic tool in the hands of experienced physicians.
Tactile-Object Recognition From Appearance Information

This paper explores the connection between sensor-based perception and exploration in the context of haptic object identification. The proposed approach combines 1) object recognition from tactile appearance with 2) purposeful haptic exploration of unknown objects to extract appearance information. The recognition component brings to bear computer-vision techniques by viewing tactile-sensor readings as images. We present a bag-of-features framework that uses several tactile-image descriptors, some that are adapted from the vision domain and others that are novel, to estimate a probability distribution over object identity as an unknown object is explored. Haptic exploration is treated as a search problem in a continuous space to take advantage of sampling-based motion planning to explore the unknown object and construct its tactile appearance. Simulation experiments of a robot arm equipped with a haptic sensor at the end-effector provide promising validation, thereby indicating high accuracy in identifying complex shapes from tactile information gathered during exploration. The proposed approach is also validated by using readings from actual tactile sensors to recognize real objects.
Battered Women: A Developmental Life‐Career Counseling Perspective

The authors describe a career counseling strategy based on specific psychosocial characteristics of battered women. The approach is developmental in nature, focusing on the client's self-concept. A group format based on a pilot intervention is proposed to assist battered women in developing appropriate life and career decision-making skills.
Non-Coherent Receiver Performance for Orthogonal Space-Time Coded CPM in Fading Channels

In mobile communication systems where bandwidth and power efficiency are at a premium, continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a viable modulation technique. In this paper, non-coherent receivers for orthogonal space-time coded continuous phase modulated signals transmitted over two antennas are derived using a maximum likelihood (ML) approach. The performance of these receivers is numerically characterized in Rayleigh fading channels
Acupuncture for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review

Objective To systematically review the efficacy of acupuncture on pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We performed a comprehensive search of 12 western and Chinese databases and reference lists through March 2008. We included randomized controlled trials with pain as an end point, measured by tender joint count (TJC) or a pain scale. We also reviewed the effect of acupuncture on morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Study quality was assessed by Jadad score. Differences between treatment groups were pooled as mean or median change (P value). Results Eight studies met eligibility criteria with a total of 536 subjects. There were 4 placebo-controlled trials and 4 active-controlled trials. Average study duration was 11 weeks. Mean ± SD acupuncture points and sessions were 11 ± 8 and 42 ± 62, respectively. Average duration of needle insertion was 24 minutes. Six studies reported a decrease in pain for acupuncture versus controls; the mean or median changes of acupuncture-decreased TJC pain ranged from 1.5 to 6.5. In addition, 4 studies reported a significant reduction in morning stiffness (mean change −29 minutes), but the difference was nonsignificant versus controls. With regard to inflammatory markers, 5 studies observed a reduction in ESR (mean change −3.9 mm/hour) and 3 observed a CRP level reduction (mean change −2.9 mg/dl); only 1 study showed a significant difference for both ESR and CRP. Conclusion Despite some favorable results in active-controlled trials, conflicting evidence exists in placebo-controlled trials concerning the efficacy of acupuncture for RA. Rigorous and well-controlled randomized trials are warranted.
Spatiotemporal effects of nuisance black bear management actions in Wisconsin

Abstract American black bears (Ursus americanus) triggered complaints from property owners across much of Wisconsin, USA, from 2008 to 2010. Wildlife managers provided technical assistance and live-trapped bears to mitigate nuisances. We examined the longevity of these management actions as measured by the risk (or hazard) that a conflict site would generate a subsequent complaint after live-trapping or technical assistance had been implemented. We observed that as one expanded outward in distance from the original complaint site, the number of days separating a management action and a subsequent complaint decreased. Additionally, the number of bears that were translocated from a conflict location was not associated with decreased hazard. The percentages of locations that did not have a subsequent complaint were nearly identical for both technical assistance and live-trapping interventions. Our technique is a practical one, which could be used to analyze existing agency records. Also, our results could im...
Defining B-Stage and Total Cure for a Dicy Based Epoxy Resin by DSC

The curing reaction of a DICY-based epoxy resin was characterized by DSC. The epoxy resin was composed of a mixture of brominated bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether and of epoxidized cresol novolak with dicyandiamide (DICY) as hardener and tetramethyl butane diamine (TMBDA) as catalyst. The optimum ratio of epoxy/ DICY in terms of the glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined to be about 8:1. It could be shown that the heat of reaction (ΔH) at B-stage is strongly dependent on the amount of unreacted DICY. It was observed that for the optimum formulation, Tg increased linearly with conversion (orΔH) Up to 95% conversion. On the other hand, TMBDA did not affect Tg of the fully cured resin, although it accelerated the cure rate substantially.
Stranger than fiction

When I was an undergraduate in Brown, it seemed quite out of order either to write or to read a popular work on science. It also seemed difficult for scientists to produce such a work. At college, interest in science was next to interest in athletics; it was the moving educational spirit at Brown, many more students electing the science courses than the courses in letters and philosophy. There was no lack of technical books and monographs. Science was popular; but not popular science and popular scientific books. And if Alexander Winchell in his Walks and Talks in the Geological Field touched the rocks after the dramatic manner of Moses, his scientific brethern murmured. It wasn't scientific to make an igneous rock spout poetry. Long before I started for college, I licked up the science and the poetry of Winchell's Walks and Talks and looked around for more. I found The Story of the Earth and Man by Sir J. W. Dawson, the rather solid meat of Archibald Geikie and Hugh Miller, and our state geological reports. Then from over the edge of the world appeared the Popular Science Monthly, The Warfare of Science by Andrew D. White, and the Lay Sermons of Huxley-so my scientific reading stood out to sea. Such was "popular science" a generation ago. Behind this reading, as preparation for it, was my Gilbert White's Natural History of Selborne, the first book I personally owned; and still earlier in my teens, a borrowed life of John James Audubon. But such books were scarce, and especially scarce in my neighborhood. Out of the Youth's Companion, from the vivid pen of Arabella Buckley and others, I got some of the sounded science and best writing of my times. But the scientists as a whole were not concerned with the public, though the public as a whole was very much concerned with the scientists. The attitude of the public was accurately reflected in the
Characterization and modeling of run-time techniques for leakage power reduction

While some leakage power reduction techniques require modification of the process technology, others are based on circuit-level optimizations and are applied at run-time. We focus our study on the latter and compare three techniques: input vector control, body bias control, and power supply gating. We determine their limits and benefits in terms of the potential leakage reduction, performance penalty, and area and power overhead. The leakage power savings trends considering technology scaling are also presented. Due to the differences in the properties of datapath logic and memory structures, different implementations are recommended. Finally, the use of the "minimum idle time" parameter, as a metric for evaluating different leakage control mechanisms, is shown.
Generating requirements from enterprise analysis

BICS is an enterprise analysis methodology based on a normative, top-down model of the information requirements of a corporation. This paper provides an overview of BICS and introduces REQGEN, an extension of the BICS methodology that generates definitions for the data required to manage the organization and specifications for the processes required to maintain the data.
Towards a Global Names Architecture: The future of indexing scientific names

For more than 250 years, the taxonomic enterprise has remained almost unchanged. Certainly, the tools of the trade have improved: months-long journeys aboard sailing ships have been reduced to hours aboard jet airplanes; advanced technology allows humans to access environments that were once utterly inaccessible; GPS has replaced crude maps; digital hi-resolution imagery provides far more accurate renderings of organisms that even the best commissioned artists of a century ago; and primitive candle-lit microscopes have been replaced by an array of technologies ranging from scanning electron microscopy to DNA sequencing. But the basic paradigm remains the same. Perhaps the most revolutionary change of all – which we are still in the midst of, and which has not yet been fully realized – is the means by which taxonomists manage and communicate the information of their trade. The rapid evolution in recent decades of computer database management software, and of information dissemination via the Internet, have both dramatically improved the potential for streamlining the entire taxonomic process. Unfortunately, the potential still largely exceeds the reality. The vast majority of taxonomic information is either not yet digitized, or digitized in a form that does not allow direct and easy access. Moreover, the information that is easily accessed in digital form is not yet seamlessly interconnected. In an effort to bring reality closer to potential, a loose affiliation of major taxonomic resources, including GBIF, the Encyclopedia of Life, NBII, Catalog of Life, ITIS, IPNI, ICZN, Index Fungorum, and many others have been crafting a “Global Names Architecture” (GNA). The intention of the GNA is not to replace any of the existing taxonomic data initiatives, but rather to serve as a dynamic index to interconnect them in a way that streamlines the entire taxonomic enterprise: from gathering specimens in the field, to publication of new taxa and related data.
Immunohematology, a new branch of clinical pathology.

I appreciate highly the honor of being the recipient of the Ward Burdick Award. I am particularly happy to receive it this year during the International Congress, for 2 reasons. First, because it is just 50 years ago that the first immunohematologic test was introduced by Donath and Landsteiner, and secondly because no other branch of clinical pathology has as much of an international flavor as immunohematology. Brought to life by the genius of Landsteiner, given independently a broad foundation by the great French school of hematology, resurrected from oblivion by Americans, it was finally placed on a solid practical basis by combined efforts of British and American investigators.
Structural equation models in occupational health: an application to exposure modelling

Objectives Many occupational hygiene surveys are designed to collect pollutant monitoring data from multiple locations simultaneously to better reflect the reality of work-related exposure. The exposure model must account for the complexity inherent in this study design, as well as be flexible to extrapolating exposures across an occupational cohort for dose–response modelling and risk assessment. This paper explores the structural equation model (SEM) as a tool to analyse pollutant monitoring data from occupational studies with multiple concurrent sampling across exposure locations. Methods This study uses exposure data from a comprehensive assessment of diesel exhaust in the US trucking industry to test the strength of SEMs over more standard analytical approaches such as ordinary least squares (OLS). The exposure data consist of concurrent sampling of elemental carbon from multiple co-located monitors on individual workers, work area and background levels at 36 different trucking terminals across the USA. Results The SEM is compared with two separate OLS specifications—one that focuses only on predicting personal exposure and excludes data from the additional monitoring sites, and a second that estimates three separate OLS specifications. When compared with the OLS specifications, the SEM provided a better fit to these layered exposure data. The OLS specifications suffered from bias in the coefficients, including downward bias in the work area and background exposure levels and overstatement of the smoking effect. Additionally, many theoretically valid covariates were significant only in the SEM. Conclusions This study provides evidence in favour of more widespread use of SEMs in occupational health. SEMs represent a more robust and realistic framework for modelling multiple exposure pathways and have the potential to reduce exposure misclassification bias and strengthen the linkages between studies of exposure and disease outcomes.
Hazards Associated with the Implantation of Tetram into Elm Trees for Dutch Elm Disease Control

Tetram® ( O, O -diethyl S -(β-diethylamino)-ethyl phosphorothiolate hydrogen oxalate) administered by trunk implantation is effective in preventing infection of elm trees with the Dutch elm fungus through controlling the hark beetle vector. Tetram is of such high general toxicity to animals and is so persistent in the elm that several hazards would be associated with its use for Dutch elm disease control. Leaves dropping in the fall from trees treated in the spring are very toxic to mammals and earthworms ingesting them, and the smoke generated on burning such leaves can effect cholinesterase depression in mammals.
Electronic density of states and T c in Nb 3 Sn under pressure

We have determined the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the electronic heat-capacity coefficient ..gamma.. of transforming Nb/sub 3/Sn through measurements of the superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/, the temperature derivative of the upper critical field near T/sub c/, and the residual resistivity. We find that ..gamma.. and the bare density of electronic states are suppressed by pressure. Results are discussed in terms of a pressure-dependent d-band occupancy. From an analysis of the density-of-states change under pressure, we infer the existence of a substantial electronic contribution to the Grueneisen parameter of Nb/sub 3/Sn.
Phase Stability of Molybdenum-Silicon Nitride-Silicon Mis Schottky Diode at High Temperatures

Previously our group[1,2] has demonstrated metal-thin insulator- silicon Schottky diode structures which allow the Si Schottky barrier height to be adjusted over nearly the full range of the silicon band gap by appropriate choice of insulator thickness and metal. However, previous attempts to achieve a structure with a high barrier height to p-type that is stable above 400C(using primarily Titanium) have failed. In this paper we report on results for a metal, Molybdenum, which has a stable tie line to Siob2 and Sib3Nb4 in metal-silicon-oxygen(nitrogen) ternary phase diagram which leads to a more stable system.
Employment Outcomes of Youth With Disabilities in Vocational Rehabilitation A Multilevel Analysis of RSA-911 Data

The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between individual factors and rehabilitation outcomes of transition youth with disabilities receiving state vocational rehabil...
Predicting disease progression in progressive supranuclear palsy in multicenter clinical trials

Abstract Introduction Clinical and MRI measurements can track disease progression in PSP, but many have not been extensively evaluated in multicenter clinical trials. We identified optimal measures to capture clinical decline and predict disease progression in multicenter PSP trials. Methods Longitudinal clinical rating scales, neuropsychological test scores, and volumetric MRI data from an international, phase 2/3 clinical trial of davunetide for PSP (intent to treat population, n = 303) were used to identify measurements with largest effect size, strongest correlation with clinical change, and best ability to predict dropout or clinical decline over one year as measured by PSP Rating Scale (PSPRS). Results Baseline cognition as measured by Repeatable Battery for Assessing Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was associated with attrition, but had only a small effect. PSPRS and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) had the largest effect size for measuring change. Annual change in CGI, RBANS, color trails, and MRI midbrain and ventricular volumes were most strongly correlated with annual PSPRS and had the largest effect sizes for detecting annual change. At baseline, shorter disease duration, more severe depression, and lower performance on RBANS and executive function tests were associated with faster worsening of the PSPRS in completers. With dropouts included, SEADL, RBANS, and executive function tests had significant effect on PSPRS trajectory of change. Conclusion Baseline cognitive status and mood influence the rate of disease progression in PSP. Multiple clinical, neuropsychological, and volumetric MRI measurements are sensitive to change over one year in PSP and appropriate for use in multicenter clinical trials.
The Epidemiology of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis in the United States using Data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) (P4.021)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of hospital admissions for pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) to freestanding pediatric hospitals in the US using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. BACKGROUND: MS has been increasingly recognized in the pediatric population; however, population-based studies are limited. DESIGN/METHODS: The PHIS database consists of 44 children’s hospitals across the US. Each hospital submits data on inpatient visits, emergency department encounters, and charges encountered. Data was extracted from the PHIS database for the years 2004-2012 using the ICD-9 code for MS (ICD-340.00). Mean, median, and range values were determined for patient demographics, the number of hospital inpatient encounters, number of days in the hospital, and cost for each visit. A trend analysis was performed to assess hospital encounters per year. RESULTS: The PHIS database reported 1900 hospital inpatient encounters for MS from 2004-2012 among 947 patients. Thirteen percent of the patients were <11 years and twice as many females were seen compared to males. Patients averaged 2 hospital events each (range 1-29). Median hospital admission was 4 days (range 1-164). Median cost per encounter was $8,500 (range $0-312,704). Admission rates for MS increased from 3.47 per 10,000 admissions in 2004 to 5.95 per 10,000 admissions in 2012. A test for trend showed a steady, significant increase in encounters for MS (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first to look at hospitalizations of children with MS. The number of admissions has increased since 2004, concurrent with the establishment of dedicated pediatric MS centers and increased disease awareness. Further analyses will incorporate pharmacy data and investigate factors contributing to healthcare utilization and hospital admission rates. Disclosure: Dr. Lavery has nothing to disclose. Dr. Banwell has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis as an MRI reviewer. Dr. Banwell has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. Dr. Waldman has received royalty payments from UpToDate.
Social anthropology: openings and expansions in the age of exclusion

A sign of anthropology's Greek coming-of-age is the inevitability of omitting significant contributions from this account. In the 1970s, omission would have been perceived as an insult. Today it is the happy effect of a proliferation that makes it impossible to represent the entire spectrum in one short overview. Anthropology's most substantive contributions to Greek studies, then as now, were detailed ethnographies, providing a counterweight to the generalizations of more top-down, model-building social sciences while constituting an important bridge between social-science and humanities disciplines. There has been less interest in meeting the challenge of the discipline's own commitment to cross-cultural comparison, although Danforth's comparison of firewalking rituals in Greece and the United States1 was an early exception – subverted, as Bakalaki points out, by his Greek publisher's omission of the American material.2 Internal comparison was present as soon as anthropologists themselves began to proliferate,3 but few initially questioned the presupposition of a reified common national culture.
ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ УСТАНОВОК КОРОТКО-ЦИКЛОВОЙ АДСОРБЦИИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЧИСТОГО АЗОТА

Установки коротко-цикловой адсорбции (КЦА) для производства продукционного азота из воздуха находят всё более широкое применение. Недостатком их является необходимость в использовании технологий и оборудования ДЕОКСО при получении чистого азота. Разработка нового более эффективного углеродного молекулярного сита (УМС) и оптимизация режимов работы позволяет «ЛИНДЕ АГ» выпускать установки с КЦА без оборудования ДЕОКСО для производства чистого азота с остаточным содержанием кислорода не выше 10 vppm.
Cure with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for chronic hepatitis C virus in an individual with gastric bypass

SummaryWhat is known and objective The impact of gastric bypass surgery on the pharmacokinetics of various medications has been reported. Presently, no data exist for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) in an individual with a history of gastric bypass. Case description We report the successful cure of an individual who was treated with LDV/SOF who had a history of gastric bypass. The patient tolerated LDV/SOF well while only experiencing a minor headache. What is new and conclusion Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment may still be effective in those with a history of gastric bypass surgery.
VTM PLOTS AS EVIDENCE OF HISTORICAL CHANGE: GOLDMINE OR LANDMINE?

VTM (Vegetation Type Map) plots comprise a huge data set on vegetation composition for many parts of California collected mostly between 1929 and 1935. Historical changes in vegetation have been inferred by sampling these areas many decades later and evaluating the changes in plant dominance. VTM plots can not be precisely relocated, and it has been assumed that errors resulting from this problem are inconsequential or can be eliminated by comparison with a composite of multiple contemporary plots. This study examines that assumption for southern California shrubland landscapes by comparing the differences in species composition between closely positioned VTM-sized plots. Comparing shrub species density in 400-m2 plots separated by 30 m (center to center), I found that all species exhibited considerable differences in density even over this short distance. This patchiness in shrub distribution could lead to major errors in historical reconstructions from VTM plot data. Two methods are proposed for dealing with this problem. One is to collect multiple samples from the vicinity of the VTM plot and use the observed spatial variation to set bounds on the temporal changes required to represent significant historical change. The other is to look at broad landscape changes reflected in the averages observed in a large sampling of sites.
Use of Lower-Limb Robotics to Enhance Practice and Participation in Individuals With Neurological Conditions.

Purpose:To review lower-limb technology currently available for people with neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, or other conditions. We focus on 3 emerging technologies: treadmill-based training devices, exoskeletons, and other wearable robots.Summary of Key Points:Efficacy f
The Therapeutic Style

Therapeutic social control changes the personalities of impaired individuals. Their behaviors seem strange, wayward, out of sorts, or incomprehensible to themselves or others. The providers of therapeutic control strive to return patients to normality through manipulating symbolic systems. Patients must cooperate with therapists for successful healing efforts to result. The intended outcome is not an order directed at an adversary, the fulfillment of an obligation, or the repair of a damaged relationship, but a change in a disordered personality.
Advances in Adaptive Methods in Computational Fluid Mechanics

Recent developments in adaptive methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) give hope that one may develop “optimal” schemes for analyzing complex flow; i.e., schemes which deliver the best possible accuracy for a fixed computational effort. This note discusses some of the basic ideas behind adaptive methods and cites examples of recent results obtained using adaptive schemes for compressible flow problems.