cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing congestion from malicious behavior in mobile ad-hoc networks

Packet dropping in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks could be a result of wireless link errors, congestion, or malicious packet drop attack. Current techniques for detecting malicious behavior either do not consider congestion in the network or are not able to detect in real time. Further more, they usually work at network layer. In this paper, we propose a TCP-Manet protocol, which reacts to congestion like TCP Reno protocol, and has additional capability to distinguish among congestion, wireless link error, and malicious packet drop attack. It is an end-to-end mechanism that does not require additional modifications to the nodes in the network. Since it is an extension of existing TCP protocol, it is compatible with existing protocols. It works in conjunction with the network layer and an unobtrusive monitor to assist the network in the detection and characterization of the nature of the behavior. Experimental results show that TCP-Manet has the same performance as that of TCP-Reno in wired network, and performs better in wireless ad-hoc networks in terms of throughput while having good detection effectiveness.
A machine-independent APL interpreter

The problem of writing machine-independent APL interpreters is solved by means of a systems programming approach making use of an intermediate level language specially designed for that purpose. This paper describes the language, as well as the procedure used to build universal interpreters. Three compilers that translate this language for three different machines have been written so far, and an APL interpreter has been finished.
Imitation can reduce repetitive behaviors and increase play behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Researchers have documented the positive effects of adult imitation on the social and joint attention behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder. In the current study videotapes from an archival data base were recoded to address the effects of imitation on the children’s stereotypic/ repetitive behavior and their behavior directed toward the adult and the toys. In the original study, the children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 24) were videotaped in a playroom that featured 2 sets of the same toys and a seated, still-face adult for 3 minutes. This was followed by a 3-minute period of the adult imitating all of the child’s behaviors/actions. Another seated, stillface adult segment followed (3 min), and finally a spontaneous play period (3 min). During the second still-face following the imitation period versus the first still-face period, the children spent more time touching the adult, and touching and playing with the toys. During the imitation versus the spontaneous play session the children showed less stereotypic/repetitive behavior including less time bringing the toys to the face and making autistic-like sounds. These data suggest that imitation by the adult led to less stereotypic/repetitive behavior by the children with autism spectrum disorder and more engaging behavior including both touching the adult and touching and playing with the toys.
Disturbed neutral hydrogen in the galaxy NGC3067 pointing to the quasar 3C232

THE quasar-galaxy pair 3C232 and NGC3067 was the first in which Ca II absorption was found in the higher redshift spectrum of the quasar at the lower redshift of the galaxy1. This has been taken as evidence that quasar absorption lines are due to gas associated with extended disks or spherical haloes of galaxies distributed along the line of sight2. Implicit in this is the assumption that redshifts are cosmological. We present new observations of neutral hydrogen at the redshift of NGC3067, both in emission and absorption against the radio-loud quasar. The hydrogen forms a long tail, apparently extending from the galaxy to the quasar and beyond, which seems to be a disturbed extension of one of the galaxy's spiral arms. No companion to NGC3067, which might cause such a disturbance, can be seen. The extended gas distribution, mapped here for the first time in such a system, conforms neither to the extended disk, nor to the spherical halo model. We suggest that most low redshift absorption line systems arise in extended gas associated with interacting galaxies unless, of course, our line-of-sight passes through the optical disk of the associated galaxy.
Grain growth inhibition and mechanical property enhancement by adding ZrO2 to Al2O3 matrix

Abstract The critical amount and critical size of ZrO 2 for effective dragging of grain boundary migration occurred at 8 vol% addition for Al 2 O 3 ceramic composite, pressureless-sintered at 1600°C for 2h. The fracture toughness was increased from ∼4·1 to 5·4 MPa m 1 2 , and the flexural strength from ∼290 to ∼410 MPa at optimal conditions. The enhancement of mechanical properties is attributed to the stress-induced phase transformation toughening when ZrO 2 particles were located intergranularly. Al 2 O 3 grain growth is inhibited by ZrO 2 particles pinning at the grain boundaries.
Internal-energy effects in proton transfer reactions. The reactions of ArD+ with several monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic molecules

Abstract The reactions of ArD+ (ArH+) with Ne, Kr, N2, O2, CO, CO2, N2O, COS and NH3 were studied at near thermal energies using a Tandem-Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometer. Rate constants and product distributions are reported as a function of the average number of internal energy relaxing collisions of ArD+ with D2 in the source. Rate constants for reaction with N2, CO, and CO2 exhibited increases as ArD+ was collisionally relaxed. Reactions with Ne, Kr, N2, O2, CO, and CO2 yield only deuteron transfer products. Reactions with N2O, COS, and NH3 yielded several dissociation products in addition to deuteron transfer.
How Alice 3D Models Are Created

In this session, the lead Character Artist on the Alice Team will present an overview of the process of building a 3D model for Alice, using models recently developed as examples. A short discussion of how Alice 2 and Alice 3 model building differs will be particular interest to attendees who have been using Alice 2 and are now learning about Alice 3.
Effects of electron donors and inhibitors on reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Abstract Reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) to 2,4-dichlorophenol and to 4-chlorophenol is found in mixed methanogenic cultures enriched from municipal sludge digesters. In this study, electron donors, including hydrogen, acetate and fructose, were effectively converted to methane and supported this dehalogenation in periods of 2 to 4 weeks. When bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) and vancomycin were used, dechlorination and methanogenesis were strongly affected. With hydrogen, BESA nearly completely inhibited lithotrophic methanogenesis; acetate accumulated from lithotrophic acetogenesis and dehalogenation proceeded. Vancomycin, however, inhibited dehalogenation while methanogenesis was not affected. With acetate, BESA completely inhibited methanogenesis and substantially slowed dehalogenation; the acetate was not used. Vancomycin, on the other hand, stopped dehalogenation, while methanogenesis proceeded. With fructose plus titanium citrate, BESA inhibited methanogenesis; acetate and propionate accumulated, and dehalogenation proceeded; vancomycin inhibited dehalogenation. Autoclaved controls had neither dehalogenation nor methanogenesis. These results point to biological dehalogenation by eubacteria, rather than methanogens. In the case of acetate, where both inhibitors effectively stopped dehalogenation, they also indicate a syntrophic relation between acetoclastic methanogens and the dehalogenating bacteria. In further studies with 2,4,6-TCP concentrations ranging up to 160 mg/l there was increasing toxicity to methanogens and changes in accumulation of fatty acids, but dehalogenation persisted at the highest concentrations.
Catalytic Reductive Coupling of Alkenes and Alkynes to Carbonyl Compounds and Imines Mediated by Hydrogen

Catalytic transformations mediated by hydrogen or “hydrogenations” encompass a diverse range of environmentally benign processes, including large volume transformations of enormous socioeconomic impact, such as the Haber–Bosch process and the reduction of olefinic feedstocks. Despite considerable progress across diverse areas of catalytic hydrogenation, reductive C–C bond formations mediated by hydrogen have, until recently, been restricted to the incorporation of carbon monoxide, as illustrated by the Fischer–Tropsch reaction and alkene hydroformylation. In this account, the emerging family of hydrogen-mediated C–C bond formations beyond carbon monoxide coupling is reviewed. This new type of hydrogenation enables direct coupling of diverse π-unsaturated reactants to carbonyl compounds and imines under neutral condition with complete atom economy.
Combined External and Endoscopic Frontal Sinusotomy With Stent Placement: A Retrospective Review

Objectives To examine the long-term results of combined external and endoscopic frontal sinusotomy using frontal sinus stents and to compare our results with those reported for the endoscopic Lothrop procedure. Study Design We performed a retrospective review of 40 patients with chronic frontal sinusitis refractory to medical management who underwent a total of 62 combined external and endoscopic frontal sinusotomies with stent placement. All procedures were performed by the senior author at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative nasofrontal duct patency and subjective patient improvement based on the last clinical examination. Results The overall patency rate of the nasofrontal duct was 79% (95% confidence interval [CI] of ±10%.) The overall subjective patient improvement rate was 78% (95% CI of ±14%.). The average length of stent placement was 5 weeks. The mean patient follow-up time was 12 months. There were no surgical complications. The nasofrontal duct patency rate and patient improvement rate from our study did not differ statistically from results reported by other authors using the endoscopic Lothrop procedure. Conclusion We have found endoscopic frontal sinusotomy, in conjunction with external frontal sinusotomy and placement of frontal sinus stents, to be as effective in obtaining frontal sinus patency rates and overall patient improvement rates as the endoscopic Lothrop procedure.
Unbalanced repeated-measures models with structured covariance matrices

The question of how to analyze unbalanced or incomplete repeated-measures data is a common problem facing analysts. We address this problem through maximum likelihood analysis using a general linear model for expected responses and arbitrary structural models for the within-subject covariances. Models that can be fit include standard univariate and multivariate models with incomplete data, random-effects models, and models with time-series and factor-analytic error structures. We describe Newton-Raphson and Fisher scoring algorithms for computing maximum likelihood estimates, and generalized EM algorithms for computing restricted and unrestricted maximum likelihood estimates. An example fitting several models to a set of growth data is included.
A Pilot Project Investigating the Influence of a Collaborative Methods Course on Preservice Elementary Education Teachers

This pilot project examined the extent to which instruction in the use of collaborative skills and learning characteristics of students with mild disabilities (MD) influenced preservice elementary education teachers' attitudes toward students with MD, and their knowledge of students' learning characteristics, and their instructional planning. Although both experimental and control groups studied the same methods curriculum, the experimental group received their instruction in a combined, team-taught course that offered additional instruction in collaborative skills and learning characteristics of students with MD. Results indicated no differences in attitude or knowledge of learning characteristics. However, posttest data indicated that the control group emphasized classroom managementlbehavior, instructional materials, and global cognitive characteristics while the experimeutal group emphasized lesson plans, instructional processes, and specific academic non-readiness skills.
Diet Patterns of American Eel, Anguilla rostrata, in the James River Drainage, Virginia

ABSTRACT We examined variation in the diet of inland American eels (Anquilla rostrata) over gradients of eel size, stream size, and physiography. Stomach contents of 367 eels from 21 streams from the James River drainage, Virginia were analyzed. Electrofished eels were grouped into three categories of total length (TL) (100—249 mm TL, 250—374 mm TL, > 374 mm TL), stream size (orders 3—4, 5—6, 7—8), and physiographic region (coastal plain, lower piedmont, upper piedmont). Overall, prey size increased with eel size. Aquatic insects were the major prey of small eels, whereas fish and crayfish were the major prey of large eels. The diet of medium size eels was intermediate between small and large sizes; aquatic insects predominated numerically and fish predominated by weight. Diet did not vary significantly with respect to stream size in the upper piedmont, the only region where we examined a stream size gradient. In both piedmont regions, aquatic insects were the most common prey of small and medium eels, wh...
Pair-tunneling states in semiconductor quantum dots: Ground-state behavior in a magnetic field

Using classical mechanical and quantum Monte Carlo methods we trace the ground-state behavior with an applied magnetic field of localized electron pair states in a quantum dot. By developing a method to treat nonconserved paramagnetic interactions using variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo techniques we find (i) a single-triplet transition at very small magnetic field strengths, (ii) enhanced localization of the two electrons with increasing magnetic field, and (iii) a mechanism for pair breakup that is different from that proposed recently by Wan {ital et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 75}, 2879 (1995)]. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
IT IS INSIDER TRADING, BUT THE OFFENDERS ARE REALLY OUTSIDERS

ABSTRACT This paper examines insider trading, one form of white collar crime that has received virtually no attention from criminology. The development of laws and administrative policies designed to deter insider trading in the U.S. is chronicled and categorized as five distinct regulatory periods. This paper assesses the rationale of these policies, identifies the persons at whom they are aimed, and evaluates their overall success. A distinction between offender decision making by “inside-insiders” and “outside-insiders” is utilized to show the displacement effect of these anti-insider policies. Based on empirical evidence that existing efforts have failed to stop insider trading a recommendation is made for greater research attention to insider trading and reconsideration of existing SEC regulations.
A Career Counseling Diagnostic Model: How to Assess and Counsel Career‐Concerned Clients

This article provides a practical and proven diagnostic system that can be used by career counselors to assess and counsel their clients.
Injection locking and phase control of spin transfer nano-oscillators.

We have directly measured phase locking of spin transfer oscillators to an injected ac current. The oscillators lock to signals up to several hundred megahertz away from their natural oscillation frequencies, depending on the relative strength of the input. As the dc current varies over the locking range, time-domain measurements show that the phase of the spin transfer oscillations varies over a range of approximately $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ relative to the input. This is in good agreement with general theoretical analysis of injection locking of nonlinear oscillators.
McCollough effect acquisition depends on duration of exposure to inducing stimuli, not number of stimulus presentations

In a test of Murch’s (1976) conditioning model of McCollough effects, we sought evidence that the acquisition of these effects was influenced by the number of color/contour pairings within inspection trials of various durations. Our results indicated that acquisition rate depended only on trial length; it was not affected by changes in the number of presentations within trials. We found these results to be inconsistent with predictions based on the characteristics of conditioned responses.
On a possible early identification procedure for babies at high risk for autistic spectrum disorder.

Summary A hypothesis for a method that may make possible the early identification of neonates at high risk for later development of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is set forth. The method is a test of the assertion that unusually high testosterone concentrations in amniotic fluid (TECAFs) are predictive of later ASD diagnoses. The statistical distribution of TECAFS, obtained in the 14–20th week of pregnancy, is used to determine the critical TECAF value above which the highest 2% lie and thus identify the babies at high risk for later ASD syndromes. From presently available data a single numerical value cannot be obtained. However, a critical value calculated from the mean TECAF value of a group of gender identified amniotic fluid samples, which are all assayed by the same technique, and multiples of the standard deviation (SD) of the TECAFs of that group, leads to an estimate of the critical TECAF value. We estimate that this critical value is equal to the mean plus 2.6 times the standard deviation, ( m +2.6SD), of the set of measurements. A rough calculation of the number of neonates that would be needed for a test of this method is discussed.
The effect of magnetoc fields on low frequency oscillating natural convection

Abstract Oscillating natural convection and its behavior in a transverse magnetic field are described in this paper. The analysis is carried out for a conducting fluid flowing in a parallel plate configuration The flow is driven by oscillating buoyancy forces originating from g-jitter accelerations associated with microgravity environment. The general solution for an oscillating flow as affected by a magnetic field is obtained. Based on the solution, asymptotic analyses are performed to assess the limiting features of the oscillating flow and in particular its response to an applied magnetic field. Detailed calculations are also given. It is found that the behavior of oscillating free convective flows depends on many parameters, which include the frequency and amplitude of the driving bouyancy forces, the temperature gradient, the applied magnetic field and the electric conditions of the channel walls. In the absence of a magnetic field, the component of the affecting buoyancy forces with the largest ratio of the amplitude over frequency plays a predominant role in driving the oscillatory flow. The flow patterns and velocity magnitude are also affected by temperature gradients. An external magnetic field can be applied to suppress the oscillating flow and also helps to bring the flow to oscillate in phase with the affecting buoyancy forces. The velocity reduction in general is inversely proportional to the square of the applied magnetic field with conducting walls but directly proportional to the inverse of the magnetic field with insulating walls. It is found also that the Hartmann layer near the solid walls is determined by both the external magnetic field and the oscillating frequency, and is further thinned down for an oscillating flow.
DBAli tools: mining the protein structure space

The DBAli tools use a comprehensive set of structural alignments in the DBAli database to leverage the structural information deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). These tools include (i) the DBAlit program that allows users to input the 3D coordinates of a protein structure for comparison by MAMMOTH against all chains in the PDB; (ii) the AnnoLite and AnnoLyze programs that annotate a target structure based on its stored relationships to other structures; (iii) the ModClus program that clusters structures by sequence and structure similarities; (iv) the ModDom program that identifies domains as recurrent structural fragments and (v) an implementation of the COMPARER method in the SALIGN command in MODELLER that creates a multiple structure alignment for a set of related protein structures. Thus, the DBAli tools, which are freely accessible via the World Wide Web at http://salilab.org/DBAli/, allow users to mine the protein structure space by establishing relationships between protein structures and their functions.
Homing in on iron homeostasis in plants

Iron is essential for plants but is not readily accessible and is also potentially toxic. As plants are a major dietary source of iron worldwide, understanding plant iron homeostasis is pivotal for improving not only crop yields but also human nutrition. Although iron acquisition from the environment is well characterized, the transporters and reductases involved in plant organellar iron transport and some of the transcription factors that regulate iron uptake have only recently been discovered. Here, we discuss newly characterized molecular players, focusing on Arabidopsis. Localization of iron to the right compartment and accessibility of iron stores are proving crucial for maintaining proper iron homeostasis and will need to be considered in biofortification efforts currently underway.
Strikingly Different Localization of Galectin-3 and Galectin-4 in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma T84 Cells GALECTIN-4 IS LOCALIZED AT SITES OF CELL ADHESION

Two β-galactoside-binding proteins were found to be prominently expressed in the human colon adenocarcinoma T84 cell line. Cloning and sequencing of one, a 36-kDa protein, identified it as the human homolog of galectin-4, a protein containing two carbohydrate binding domains and previously found only in the epithelial cells of the rat and porcine alimentary tract. The other, a 29-kDa protein, is galectin-3, containing a single carbohydrate binding domain, previously found in a number of different cell types including human intestinal epithelium. Despite the marked similarities in the carbohydrate binding domains of these two galectins, their cellular distribution patterns are strikingly different and vary with cellular conditions. In confluent T84 cells, galectin-4 is mostly cytosolic and concentrated at the basal membrane, whereas galectin-3 tends to be concentrated in large granular inclusions mostly at the apical membrane. In subconfluent T84 cells, each galectin is distributed to specific domains of lamellipodia, with galectin-4 concentrated in the leading edge and galectin-3 more proximally. Such different localization of galectins-4 and -3 within T84 cells implies different targeting mechanisms, ligands, and functions. The localization of galectin-4 suggests a role in cell adhesion which is also supported by the ability of immobilized recombinant galectin-4 to stimulate adhesion of T84 cells.
Mississippi River outflow patterns seen by Seasat radar

A new kind of ocean surface feature has been observed on Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Mississippi River Birdfoot Delta and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters. Although ocean surface wave patterns have been detected by Seasat SAR in several coastal areas, their origin was attributed to the interaction between oceanic currents and bottom topography. In contrast, we find no such correlation between surface wave patterns and bathymetry at the Mississippi Delta, where the morphometry and distribution of the detected waveforms suggest a river discharge origin. Although contemporaneous data from the Landsat D Thematic Mapper are not available, visible and infrared images acquired at other times generally support this hypothesis; the boundaries of the turbid, cooler river water correspond well to those of the surface wave patterns detected by the Seasat SAR.
A statewide survey of nosocomial infection surveillance in acute care hospitals

Increasingly, states are considering mandating the reporting of nosocomial infection data. To determine the impact of potential legislation, a questionnaire was mailed to the infection control department of each hospital in Virginia to assess the size of the infection control workforce and methodologies used for nosocomial infection surveillance. Most hospitals (64%) had 1 ICP full-time equivalent (FTE), and, at 86% of hospitals, the ICPs had other major responsibilities. The estimated mean additional ICP FTE required to perform hospital-wide surveillance was 1.7. Statewide, an additional 160 ICPs at an estimated annual cost of $11.5 million would be required if reporting of all nosocomial infections were mandated.
GENERAL GAME-PLAYING AND REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

This paper gives a blueprint for the development of a fully domain-independent single-agent and multi-agent heuristic search system. It gives a graph-theoretic representation of search problems based on conceptual graphs, and outlines two different learning systems. One, an ``informed learner," makes use of the the graph-theoretic definition of a search problem or game in playing and adapting to a game in the given environment. The other, a ``blind learner," is not given access to the rules of a domain, but must discover and then exploit the underlying mathematical structure of a given domain. Relevant work of others is referenced within the context of the blueprint. To illustrate further how one might go about creating general game-playing agents, we show how we can generalize the understanding obtained with the Morph chess system to all games involving the interactions of abstract mathematical relations. An example of a monitor for such domains is presented, along with an implementation of a blind and informed learning system known as MorphII. Performance results with MorphII are preliminary but encouraging and provide a few more data points with which to understand and evaluate the blueprint.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRYPTOPHAN OXIDATION PRODUCTS IN BOVINE ALPHA -CRYSTALLIN

Oxidation is known to affect the structure, activity, and rate of degradation of proteins, and is believed to contribute to a variety of pathological conditions. Metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) is a primary oxidizing system in many cell types. In this study, the oxidative effects of a MCO system (the Fenton reaction) on the structure of the tryptophan residues of alpha-crystallin were determined. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was utilized to identify specific tryptophan and methionine oxidation products in the bovine alpha-crystallin sequence. After oxidative exposure, alpha-crystallin was digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC. Structural analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that tryptophan 9 of alphaA- and tryptophan 60 of alphaB-crystallin were each converted into hydroxytryptophans (HTRP), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), and kynurenine (KYN). However, only HTRP and KYN formation were detected at residue 9 of alphaB-crystallin. Oxidation of methionine 1 of alphaA- and methionine 1 and 68 of alphaB-crystallin was also detected. The products NFK and KYN are of particular importance in the lens, as they themselves are photosensitizers that can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon UV light absorption. The unambiguous identification of HTRP, NFK, and KYN in intact alpha-crystallin represents the first structural proof of the formation of these products in an intact protein, and provides a basis for detailed structural analysis of oxidized proteins generated in numerous pathological conditions.
The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings

Right-to-carry (RTC) laws mandate that concealed weapon permits be granted to qualified applicants. Such laws could reduce the number of mass public shootings as prospective shooters consider the p...
Synthesis and properties of an EGF-like domain (residues 361-406) in the extreme N-terminal region of the mouse EGF precursor.

AbstractVarious proteins contain EGF-like domains that are not ligands for the EGF receptor. In the present study a cognate polypeptide for residues 361-406 of the mouse EGF precursor was synthesized by the solid-phase method. The product was renatured under oxidative conditions since it probably has an EGF-like array of three cystine disulfide bonds in its native state. HPLC analysis of the renaturation reaction revealed formation of a peak material with no apparent free-SH groups. Accordingly, the HPLC retention time of this product was readily increased by treatment(reduction of disulfides) with dithiothreitol. The renatured 46-mer (PEGF-1) did not displace 125 I-EGF bound to rat liver membranes and 125I-PEGF-l did not exhibit specific binding to membrane preparations from the mouse liver, mammary gland, or kidney, with or without Ca2+ in the binding medium. Although PEGF-1 contains a putative Ca2+ binding motif, specific binding of this cation by the polypeptide could not be demonstrated by electromob...
Factors Controlling Maximum and Minimum Densities of Sands

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM DENSITY TESTS, CONDUCTED ON A VARIETY OF CLEAN SANDS, SHOW THAT THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VOID-RATIO LIMITS ARE CONTROLLED PRIMARILY BY PARTICLE SHAPE, PARTICLE SIZE RANGE, AND VARIANCES IN THE GRADATIONAL-CURVE SHAPE, AND THAT THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE IS NEGLIGIBLE. CURVES WERE DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VOID RATIOS FROM GRADATIONAL AND PARTICLE-SHAPE PARAMETERS. ESTIMATES FOR SEVERAL NATURAL AND COMMERCIALLY GRADED SANDS AGREE WELL WITH MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VOID RATIOS MEASURED IN THE LABORATORY. MINIMUM DENSITIES (MAXIMUM VOID RATIOS) WERE DETERMINED BY THE STANDARD AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) MINIMUM DENSITY TEST METHOD (TEST FOR RELATIVE DENSITY OF COHESIONLESS SOILS (D 2049-69)), EXCEPT THAT SMALLER MOLDS WERE USED. MAXIMUM DENSITIES (MINIMUM VOID RATIOS) WERE DETERMINED BY REPEATED STRAINING IN SIMPLE SHEAR, A METHOD WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO GIVE GREATER DENSITIES THAN STANDARD VIBRATORY METHODS. /AUTHOR/
Analysis of autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system by open queueing network

Automated vehicle storage/retrieval system (AVS/RS) technology is a relatively new material handling technology. It is a flexible system that is a viable alternative to automated storage/retrieval systems (AS/RS). The manufacturing system performance analyzer (MPA) is an open queuing network (OQN) analyzer based on the parametric decomposition method. This paper models the AVS/RS and uses MPA to analyze the performance of an AVS/RS configuration. Experimental results are provided to show that the OQN methodology can be applied effectively to analyze an AVS/RS when vehicle utilization is between 60% and 85%. MPA is a better choice than simulation to quickly evaluate alternate configurations of the AVS/RS.
Single-replication simulation

The problem of analyzing simulations in a single replication is considered. This type of analysis would facilitate efficient examination of a number of simulated process control strategies over a short horizon. For such problems, a detailed simulation study would not be feasible, and ideally a single simulation replication per alternative would be desired. The ultimate goal is to establish a methodology for single-replication simulation using control or alteration of the underlying stochastic processes. The proposed methodologies consist of two approaches for altering the simulation model while adequately modeling the likely behavior of the real system. The first approach eliminates certain sources of variation; for instance, events of low probability that have substantial effect on the system output are ignored. The second approach simply alters other sources of variation of some probability distributions. >
Topics of interest in IS: comparing academic journals with the practitioner press

The information systems (IS) discipline has been criticized in the past for lack of secure foundations, frequent shifts in focus, and lack of impact on practice. This study examines differences in IS research and practice using institutionalization and diffusion perspectives. The study deals with two main issues: differences between research and practice in the IS area as evidenced by the publication process and evolution of themes in IS research and practice over time. More than 3,000 articles published over a five year period in four IS journals and five magazines were examined and categorized by thematic areas. The study found journals and magazines focusing on different themes with the former focusing on conceptual and abstract models while the latter devote attention to specific applications. Significantly, the study found that academic themes show more variance over time. No significant increase in the richness of themes being addressed over time was found, but there is evidence of conflicting contemporaneous trends in research and practice.
Kinetics of the methane‐steam reaction

A kinetic study was made of the reaction of steam and natural gas over a reduced nickel catalyst at a temperature range of 637° to 1,180°F. The rate of reaction is first order with respect to methane. The effect of temperature could be expressed by an Arrhenius type of equation. Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are formed as primary reaction products.
Spanish Men, Indigenous Language, and Informal Interpreters in Postcontact Mexico

In the 1570s the alcalde of Motines (located in the coastal mountains of modern day Michoacan) was denounced to the Inquisition for having told the indigenous residents that they did not need to spend money decorating their churches and for engaging in other heresies, including Calvinism. His defense was simple; he claimed that he and his secretary could only speak standardized Nahuatl, and since the natives of Motines did not speak this dialect of Nahuatl they misinterpreted his statements. This is a unique case in which it is clear that several Spaniards, living soon after the conquest, spoke Nahuatl as a language of commerce and communication in order to operate among a diverse group of indigenous ethnicities. This article investigates the use of Nahuatl among nonindigenous persons who were not a part of early evangelization. Drawing on dozens of documents, this article examines how Nahuatl was used as a lingua franca among this diverse group of individuals living on the frontier. In these cases, like the one from Motines, Nahuatl served as the common language that connected various ethnic groups in the area. An analysis of quotidian Nahuatl use among secular individuals demonstrates the diffusion of Nahuatl as a dominant language in central Mexico. Similarly, comparing this process to what Solange Alberro has described for the acculturation of criollos, this article suggests that the use of Nahuatl among Spaniards represents part of the process of the "Indianization" of the dominant Creole culture.
Surgery following endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND Surgery for intracranial aneurysms that have been treated by endovascular coiling is a new challenge for neurosurgeons and the need for it will undoubtedly continue to increase. The indications for, timing, and technique of surgery in our experience are described. METHODS We have reviewed our experience with 11 patients who underwent surgery following endovascular coiling with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) of an aneurysm. We analyzed the indications for surgery, surgical techniques used, and patient outcome. RESULTS There were nine female and two male patients. The mean age was 49 years (range 13 to 67 years). The intervals between coiling and surgery were 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 7, 10, and 14 days, 6 weeks, 2, 18, and 25 months. The indications for surgery were partial treatment (3), growth of residual neck (2), persistent mass effect of a giant aneurysm (1), mass effect from the coil ball (2), coil migration (2), and coil protrusion with embolic event (1). The coils were removed at the time of surgery from 9 of 11 aneurysms before clipping. In two cases it was possible to place a clip across the neck of the aneurysm without removing the coils, as the coils no longer occupied the neck. There were two permanent deficits directly related to the endovascular procedures. Two other patients who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage had residual neurological deficits post surgery and one patient with a giant aneurysm had persistent visual loss. CONCLUSION Surgery remains a viable option at any time for treating aneurysms that have been previously treated by GDC placement. The operative approach is determined by the need for coil removal and the duration since coiling.
Effects of combined anterior and posterior plication of the glenohumeral ligament complex for the repair of anterior glenohumeral instability: a biomechanical study

Background Arthroscopic repair techniques for anterior instability most commonly address only the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. This study quantitatively evaluated and compared the combined anterior and posterior arthroscopic plication by repairing both the anterior and posterior bands of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with the anterior arthroscopic plication alone. Materials and methods Six cadaveric shoulders were tested in 60° of glenohumeral abduction with 22 N of compressive force in the coronal plane for intact, after anterior capsular stretching, after anterior repair, and after posterior arthroscopic repair. Range of motion, glenohumeral translation, and glenohumeral kinematics throughout the rotational range of motion were measured with a MicroScribe 3DLX (Immersion, San Jose, CA, USA). Glenohumeral contact pressure and area were measured with a pressure measurement system (Tekscan Inc, South Boston, MA, USA). Results Stretching the anterior capsule significantly increased external rotation and anterior translation ( P P P P Conclusions The addition of a posterior plication to anterior plication for anterior instability has no biomechanical advantage over a typical arthroscopic anterior repair for anterior glenohumeral instability.
Plague Hospitals: Public Health for the City in Early Modern Venice. By Jane L. Stevens Crawshaw. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2012. Pp. xiv, 290. $124.95.)

The author of this study has produced a very readable and useful work. It is above all a necessary study of the system of lazaretti, or plague hospitals, in early modern Venice. But because she rec...
Peritoneal toxicity of water: a model of chronic peritonitis caused by osmotic dysequilibrium in rats

The purpose of this work was to determine whether the osmotic dysequilibrium created by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pure water has any permanent, damaging toxic sequelae. Rats were injected i.p. with pure water on five successive days. Necropsies were performed 1 week after the last injection. Necropsies revealed fibrosis of peritoneal surfaces of liver and spleen, similar to the effects of chemical irritants but milder. The severity of the lesions depended on the dose of water and the number of injections. A few minutes of contact with pure water was sufficient to ensure subsequent development of fibrosis. Soon after the initial injury, the inoculum became less hypotonic and then isotonic. Isotonic or moderately hypotonic electrolyte solutions did not produce peritoneal fibrosis but very hypotonic solutions were toxic. Injection of the synthetic compound 48/80, which is known to cause discharge of mast cell granules, did not produce peritonitis, nor was contamination by endotoxin or by blood responsible for the lesions. Injection of water may be a useful method for investigating the role, if any, of mast cells and/or mesothelial cells in the toxic effects of osmotic dysequilibrium.
Boundary modification for kernel regression

We present a simple and effective method of modifying a kernel regression estimate near the boundary. The modification ensures that the bias and variance near the boundary are of the same order of magnitude as in the interior.
Characterization of Anti — HIV Lignans

Abstract Fractions from Larrea tridentata with anti-HIV-1 activity (specifically, inhibition of HIV Tat transactivation) were analyzed by GC/MS and NMR and found to contain lignans 1a-i and 2a-d . Assay-guided purification by countercurrent chromatography established 1g (mal.4) to be especially active. Compounds 1b-f, h, i and 2d are new.
Increases in Identified Cases of Autism Spectrum Disorders Policy Implications

Autism is the term commonly used to refer to autism spectrum disorders, a group of neurodevelopmental disorders involving sensory processing problems and social and language difficulties. According...
Rapid mapping of Escherichia coli::Tn5 insertion mutations by REP-Tn5 PCR.

We describe a novel method to map chromosomal Escherichia coli::Tn5 insertion mutations rapidly. This method utilizes the ends of Tn5 and the E. coil REP sequence as primer binding sites for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The unique E. coil chromosomal sequence located between these primer binding sites is amplified by PCR and used as a probe to identify the recombinant clones from the Kohara phage ordered E. coli miniset bank that contains the Tn5 mutated loci. We used this approach to map two Tn5 insertion mutations previously identified by their effect on glycerol metabolism. The insertion mutations mapped to glpD, the aerobic snglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Phenotypic analysis of the mutant strains revealed one with partial GIpD activity, suggesting transposon-mediated alteration of promoter activity. This mapping method should be applicable to the rapid physical mapping of any insertion mutation in the E. coli chromosome. Transposon Tn5 mutagenesis is a powerful tool for generating random mutations in the Escherichia coli chromosome. The desired mutant colonies can be recovered readily by employing an appropriate genetic screenO,2); however, physical mapping
Extraction and periodate cleavage studies of the tannin obtained from Pinus caribuea, Morelet

Alcoholic and aqueous extraction methods applied to Pinus caribaea are presented and compared. Through the measurement of a quantitative consumption of a specific glycol cleavage reagent, sodium metaperiodate, further evidence is presented in support of the suggestion that an alpha-glycol linkage exists in this natural phlobatannin molecule.
Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics of Treatment Dose Enoxaparin in Hospitalized Patients With Morbid Obesity.

Background:The pharmacokinetic properties of enoxaparin may lead to supratherapeutic antifactor Xa (anti-Xa) levels and increased bleeding when standard treatment doses are used in patients with morbid obesity.Objective:To evaluate the dose of enoxaparin needed to achieve therapeutic anti-Xa levels in a prospective, masked observational cohort of heterogeneous inpatients with morbid obesity and to determine whether patients with morbid obesity treated with 1 mg/kg of enoxaparin are at increased risk of supratherapeutic levels and bleeding events compared to patients receiving lower doses.Methods:Hospitalized patients with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m2 or actual body weight ≥140 kg and prescribed treatment doses of enoxaparin >60 mg per day were enrolled and consented to phlebotomy for determination of anti-Xa levels.Results:Forty-one patients were included for data analysis. The dose of enoxaparin that resulted in therapeutic and supratherapeutic anti-Xa levels at steady state was 0.83 mg/kg and 0.98 mg/kg ...
Adaptive separation of mixed broadband sound sources with delays by a beamforming Herault-Jutten network

The Herault-Jutten network has been used to separate independent sound sources that have been linearly mixed. The problem of separating a mixture of several independent signals in free-field conditions or a signal and echoes in confined spaces is compounded by propagation time delays between the source(s) and the microphones because the conventional Herault-Jutten network cannot tolerate time delays. In this paper, we combine a symmetrically balanced beamforming array with the conventional Herault-Jutten network. The resulting system can adaptively separate signals that include delays introduced by the propagation medium. The proposed algorithm has been simulated in digital communication multipath channels where intersymbol interference exists. The simulation results show two clear advantages of the proposed method over the conventional adaptive equalization: (1) there is no penalty for very long impulse responses caused by long delays, and (2) no training signals are needed for equalization. The design of a multibeamformer to handle the source separation of multiple broad-band signals is also presented. >
Defining the benefits of rural emergency medical technician-defibrillation

Study objective: To examine the success of rural emergency medical technician-defibrillation (EMT-D) programs in relation to community population size. Design and setting: The four major studies addressing EMT-Ds in communities of fewer than 40,000 persons were reviewed. Additional, unpublished data on community size and neurologic condition of survivors were obtained from the authors. Survivors with prearrest neurologic status in communities with more than 15,000 persons were compared with those in communities of fewer than 15,000 persons. Results: With the exception of the initial rural EMT-D study from Iowa, large communicaties had a higher rate of prearrest-level neurologic status in communities with more than 15,000 persons were compared with those in communities of fewer than 15,000 persons. Results: With the exception of the initial rural EMT-D study from Iowa, large communities had a higher rate of prearrest-level neurologic survival than small communities. Control communities appeared to have a slightly lower survival rate than small rural communities. Conclusion: Small rural communities cannot expect statistics for prearrest neurologic survival after cardiac arrest to be similar to those from large rural communities. Many emergency medical system factors, such as delay to system access, lack of first-responder CPR, and absence of full-time EMTs, may prevent EMT-D programs in small rural communities from experiencing comparable cardiac arrest survival.
Oviposition Site Selection by the Grasshoppers Melanoplus borealis and M. sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract Female grasshoppers can affect the fitness of their offspring through their selection of oviposition sites. Successful embryological development depends on suitable temperature and moisture levels, factors which may vary greatly on a fine scale in natural environments where grasshoppers occur. Knowledge of parameters defining acceptable oviposition sites can provide guidelines for habitat manipulations that reduce the availability of such sites. This paper compares oviposition-site selection in two species of grasshopper from Alaska, Melanoplus borealis and M. sanguinipes, and a population of M. sanguinipes from Idaho. Laboratory experiments did not detect any differences in preferred substrate temperature among the groups of grasshoppers. In field cages containing a choice of different ground covers (bare ground, single clump of grass or turf), M. sanguinipes from Idaho were less selective in terms of the distribution of egg pods among the different cover types, whereas both M. borealis and M. s...