cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life History Study of Insecticide Resistant and Susceptible Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Strains

Many laboratory studies have shown reproductive disadvantages in development time and fecundity for insecticide-resistant arthropods. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, surface residue bioassays, and petri dish bioassays have been used to document the existence of 2 esterase-mediated resistance strains in greenbugs. Resistant greenbugs have been catego-rized as pattern 1 or pattern 2 strains based on general esterase banding patterns. This report documents a life history study of an insecticide-susceptible and 2 insecticide-resistant strains of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), reared on a susceptible and a resistant sorghum hybrid. Intrinsic rate of increase was affected significantly by greenbug strain. The pattern 1 resistant strain had a slower intrinsic rate of increase than the susceptible and pattern 2 resistant strains. The interaction of sorghum hybrid and green bug strain had a significant effect on the effective fecundity. The pattern 1 strain produced fewer offspring on the resistant hybrid than did the pattern 2 strain. The pattern 2 strain produced fewer offspring on the susceptible hybrid than the insecticide-susceptible strain. More offspring were produced by the pattern 1 strain on the susceptible hybrid than on the resistant hybrid. The green bug strain alone did not affect prereproductive period, effective fecundity, total fecundity, total reproductive period, and lifespan of insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible greenbugs. Because the most prevalent insecticide-resistant greenbugs, pattern 2, appear to have no life history disadvantages, strict insecticide use management should be used to prevent resistance from spreading.
Long-term outcome of myocardial revascularization in patients with Kawasaki coronary artery disease: A multicenter cooperative study

Abstract The long-term outcome of myocardial revascularization by coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe coronary obstruction caused by Kawasaki disease is largely unknown. A multicenter follow-up study was performed in 1991. A total of 168 patients with Kawasaki disease (127 male [75.6%] and 41 female patients [24.4%]) who had undergone coronary bypass grafting were enrolled. Obstructive coronary artery disease affected the left main trunk in 11.8%, the right coronary artery in 77.6%, the left anterior descending in 87.6%, and the left circumflex in 25.9%. Old myocardial infarction was noted in 46.0% of the patients. Fifty-four patients (32%, 12.4 ± 9.8 years) underwent bypass grafting with saphenous vein grafts alone. The remaining 114 patients (68%, 9.8 ± 7.1 years) received at least one internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Gastroepiploic artery grafts were used in 12 patients. There were no significant differences between the saphenous vein and internal thoracic artery groups in the mean age at operation (12.4 versus 9.8 years), female ratio (22% versus 25%), the number of patients over 20 years of age (9.3% versus 9.6%), previous history of infarction (51.9% versus 41.2%), impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction p p p p n = 151) than for vein grafts (46.2% ± 6.3%, n = 126) 85 months after the operation ( p p n = 39) than for vein grafts (37.5% ± 8.0%, n = 81) to the left circumflex and right coronary arteries. The difference in patency was even greater in children younger than 7 years old at operation ( p
Post polymer modification of polyethylenimine with citrate esters: selectivity and hydrophobicity

Citrate esters selectively react with primary (1°) amines on branched polyethylenimine (PEI). As the functionalization occurred, the water soluble PEI transformed into a thermoset. Adjusting stoichiometry and type of citrate ester allowed fine-tuning of hydrophobicity, modulus, and swelling behavior. Based on control experiments of citrate esters with model amines, FTIR analysis of thermosets, swelling experiments, and TGA data, molecular models were constructed to represent the thermosets. Quantifying the hydrophobicity of these molecular models with computational octanol–water (log Poct) partition coefficients provided a method to assess how hydrophobicity changes during a post polymer modification (PPM) reaction.
A Top-Down Problem

In May 2004, large-scale fighting broke out in the eastern city of Bukavu. When rebel troops took over the city, they went on a looting, raping, and killing spree. In a well-populated neighborhood located not far from a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping base, a boy and his mother watched several soldiers enter their neighbor's house. From what they could see and hear, they understood that their neighbor was about to be raped. The boy ran to look for help at the UN peacekeeping base, but when he arrived at the checkpoint of the base, the Uruguayan soldier on duty spoke neither Swahili nor French. The boy tried to explain several times what was happening, but he could not make himself understood. Finally, the soldier broke into a large smile, made a sign to say that he had comprehended and went inside the camp. He came back a few minutes later with a pack of cookies, which he handed to the boy. This appalling anecdote, narrated two years later by a furious and ashamed UN military officer, points to more than just a language problem. In the middle of fighting, bombing, and raping, it seems rather evident that when a boy tries to attract the attention of a UN peacekeeper, whose mandate includes the protection of the population, there is a high chance that the boy is asking for help.
Testing Civics: State-Level Civic Education Requirements and Political Knowledge

Do state-level exams in civics have a positive impact on young people's civic knowledge? We hypothesize that civics exams have the biggest effect in states where they are a requirement for high school graduation—the incentive hypothesis. We further hypothesize that civics requirements have the biggest effect on young people with less exposure to information about the U.S. political system at home, specifically Latinos and, especially, immigrants—the compensation hypothesis. We test these hypotheses with the 2006 and 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) civics test administered to high school students, and with a large national survey of 18–24 year-olds. Across the two datasets, we find modest support for the incentive hypothesis and strong support for the compensation hypothesis.
Different effects of flecainide on atrioventricular conduction properties in the adult and immature rabbit heart

The influence of flecainide (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 µg/mL)on atrioventricular (AV) conduction was studied in neonatal and adultperfused rabbit hearts using extracellular bipolar surface electrograms andpremature atrial and ventricular pacing. Flecainide produced a concentrationand rate-related increase in the steady-state nodal conduction(AHmin and an increase in slow AH conduction(AHmax) in both age groups. The drug produced significantincreases in the refractory periods of the atrium, AV node, His-Purkinjesystem, and ventricular myocardium. The neonatal refractory periods weresignificantly greater at lower or the same drug concentrations than those ofthe adult. The neonatal Wenckebach cycle length was significantly greaterwith a lower concentration of drug (0.5 µg/mL) than was the adultWenckebach cycle length. The His-Purkinje system steady-state conductiontime (HVmin was increased by a lower concentration of drug inthe neonate (0.5 µg/mL) as compared with 2.0 µg/mL inthe adult. These data show that across a wide range of AV conductionparameters, the neonatal preparations responded to a lower concentration offlecainide than did the adult preparations. These findings may, in part, bethe basis for the reported greater efficacy of the drug in children than inadults.
Sex hormones and vascular reactivity

It is increasingly recognized that sex steroids have, among many other effects, the ability to cause vasodilation. The vasodilatory effects of estradiol have been the best documented and described. At low concentrations, estradiol has the ability to improve impaired endothelium dependent (nitric oxide mediated) relaxation in estrogen deficient subjects. At high concentrations, estradiol causes vasodilation principally by endothelium independent mechanisms, in a gender independent fashion, which appear to involve a number of pathways such as ATP-dependent K+ channels. Testosterone also has ability, at higher doses, to cause vasodilation of the coronary circulation, in a gender independent fashion. The mechanisms of sex steroid-induced vasodilation are reviewed in this article.
Relation between a singly-periodic roughness geometry and spatio-temporal turbulence characteristics

The structure of a turbulent boundary layer over a singly-periodic roughness of large wavelength is shown to give insight into the physics of rough-wall boundary layers. To this end, a roughness consisting of a single spanwise-varying mode and a single streamwise-varying mode was 3D printed with wavelengths on the order of the boundary layer thickness. The large length scale introduced by such a roughness creates spatial inhomogeneity of the mean velocity field throughout the entire boundary layer. A hot-wire probe was used to take time series of streamwise velocity at a grid of points in the x,y, and z directions, covering the volume over a single period of roughness, and allowing Fourier transforms of field variables to isolate the spatial variations correlating to the periodic geometry. The pre-multiplied Taylor-transformed wavelength power spectrum of streamwise velocity λTΦ(y, λT, x, z) can be Fourier-transformed in space to reveal that the portion of the power spectrum which varies most strongly in the streamwise direction is the portion with Taylor-transformed wavelength λT equal to the roughness wavelength λx. The spatial variation of the power spectrum at this wavelength exhibits a systematic change in phase across the boundary layer, which can be correlated to the phase of the spatially-varying time-averaged velocity field to reveal amplitude modulation of particular wavelengths by a roughness-induced synthetic scale. In a canonical smooth-wall boundary layer, the spatial variation of the mean velocity and the power spectrum would be identically zero due to translational symmetry. The introduction of a periodic roughness introduces the spatial variation in the power spectrum, but not directly. The roughness creates a stationary time-averaged velocity mode, but this mode does not appear in the power spectrum as it does not convect. The connection to the power spectrum must therefore be through non-linear interactions. It is shown that the correlation between the mean velocity and the power spectrum can be interpreted exactly as a measure of phase organization between pairs of convecting velocity modes which are triadically consistent with the stationary roughness velocity mode, analogously to amplitude modulation in canonical flows. Implications for real-world roughness are discussed.
Automatic Retiming of Two-Phase Latch-Based Resilient Circuits

Timing resilient design has shown significant promise in mitigating the excess margins associated with rare worst-case data and increased process, voltage, and temperature variations. However, resilient circuits need error detecting sequential logic (EDL) to detect timing errors which incur area and power overhead. This paper proposes two alternatives to reduce the overhead in two-phase latch-based resilient circuits. The first is a new resiliency-aware graph-based approach to solve the retiming problem. The second uses a virtual resynthesis library to enable commercial synthesis tools to recognize the EDL overhead and optimize total area during retiming. We compare both approaches to a commercially standard retiming approach, which ignores the resiliency overheads, on a wide variety of benchmarks. Our experimental results show that our methods are computationally efficient and reduce the total circuit area by an average of up to 10%–15% when compared to traditional retiming.
Thrombosed giant middle cerebral aneurysms

Two giant thrombosed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery are reported with a review of the pertinent literature. A tortuous channel through the thrombus results in an unusual and characteristic angiogram. Mechanisms involved in the formation of this lesion are discussed.
Atypical immunologic tolerance in a human blood group chimera.

A blood specimen from a normal male donor was found to have both type A1, MNS and O, Ns cells. Gross physical examination, chromosome analysis, bilateral dermatoglyphic comparisons, blood grouping and secretor studies lead to the conclusion that interfetal transplantation of erythropoietic tissue is the most likely basis for the state of blood chimerism in this individual. Unlike other well-documented examples of human blood group chimerism there is no co-twin. However, a strong history of twinning in the family, a pair of fraternal twins among the sibs and a neonatal history of low birth weight but full maturity indicates that the individual may have been a twin. It is postulated that a co-twin died and was absorbed in early fetal life. Another unusual feature of the case is the persistence of anti-A isoagglutinins in the type O host despite the A1 transplant. The isoagglutinin reacts at body temperatures with the product in another sib of the A gene responsible for the transplanted A antigen. There is γ-globulin, predominantly γM, on the transplanted cell surfaces, but there is no evidence of accelerated blood production or destruction. Quantitative studies of the transplanted A antigen reveals it to be greatly reduced in potency but qualitatively of type A1; its H is possibly enhanced and qualitatively like that of type O. Because of the contradictory immunologic features in this case, consideration is given to unusual mechanisms of tolerance which might permit a transplant to survive in the presence of specific antibody. The favored hypothesis is that multivalent binding of iso-antibody molecules to multiple antigenic sites on single red cells is involved. This type of complexing could account for the reduction in antigen strength yet normal red cell survival. The data presented are also consistent with the possibility of biochemical modification of the transplant cell’s antigens. This is indicated not only by attenuation of its A antigen but also by suggestive augmentation of its H antigen. Considerations are given to how such modification could be mediated serologically by host antibody. To date, central inhibition of erythrocyte isoagglutinin production has been the implied mechanism responsible for transplant compatibility in cases of both bovine and human blood group chimerism. Nevertheless, in this case, whatever the mechanism might be, central inhibition of antibody to at least one of the transplant’s antigens is not operating. Therefore, human blood group chimerism may be achieved by means other than that of classic immunologic tolerance; otherwise A B O antigens would have to be considered as other than transplant antigens.
Game show usability testing workshop

The game show usability testing technique can be used as an effective tool to proselytize the usefulness of usability testing to unbelievers and also provide an entertaining audience experience. This discount usability testing method can uncover real usability problems and often developers who witness a usability test in this informal and good natured setting will begin to see the value of usability testing. Making usability testing an audience experience can also help educate and win administrators or management over to the need for this type of testing. Another advantage to this type of group testing experience is that there is a minimal cost associated with time and preparation of this testing.
The circadian E3 ligase complex SCF FBXL3+CRY targets TLK2.

We recently demonstrated that the circadian clock component CRY2 is an essential cofactor in the SCFFBXL3-mediated ubiquitination of c-MYC. Because our demonstration that CRY2 recruits phosphorylated substrates to SCFFBXL3 was unexpected, we investigated the scope of this role by searching for additional substrates of FBXL3 that require CRY1 or CRY2 as cofactors. Here, we describe an affinity purification mass spectrometry (APMS) screen through which we identified more than one hundred potential substrates of SCFFBXL3+CRY1/2, including the cell cycle regulated Tousled-like kinase, TLK2. Both CRY1 and CRY2 recruit TLK2 to SCFFBXL3, and TLK2 kinase activity is required for this interaction. Overexpression or genetic deletion of CRY1 and/or CRY2 decreases or enhances TLK2 protein abundance, respectively. These findings reinforce the idea that CRYs function as co-factors for SCFFBXL3, provide a resource of potential substrates, and establish a molecular connection between the circadian and cell cycle oscillators via CRY-modulated turnover of TLK2.
Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity

OBJECTIVE:To assess neonatal respiratory morbidity in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at imminent risk of late preterm delivery in a modern U.S. cohort.METHODS:Secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial in which women with singleton pregnancies at hi
GERIATRIC ELEMENTS AND PRESCRIPTION OF WARFARIN VERSUS DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS AMONG OLDER PATIENTS WITH AF: THE SAGE-AF STUDY

Stroke prevention is a cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment. Whereas vitamin K antagonists (VKA) were the sole oral anticoagulant (OAC), direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) use is increasing. Although aging-specific risk factors, are known to influence OAC outcomes, few studies have
In Silico Investigation of Angiogenesis with Growth and Stress Generation Coupled to Local Extracellular Matrix Density

Mechanical interactions during angiogenesis, i.e., traction applied by neovessels to the extracellular matrix and the corresponding deformation, are important regulators of growth and neovascularization. We have previously designed, implemented, and validated a coupled model of angiogenesis in which a discrete microvessel growth model interacts with a continuous finite element mesh through the application of local remodeling sprout stresses (Edgar et al. in Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2014). However, the initial implementation of this framework does not take matrix density into account when determined these remodeling stresses and is therefore insufficient for the study of angiogenesis within heterogeneous matrix environments such as those found in vivo. The objective of this study was to implement sensitivity to matrix density in the active stress generation within AngioFE in order to allow the study of angiogenic growth within a heterogeneous density environment. We accomplished this by scaling active sprout stresses relative to local matrix density using a scaling factor previously determined from experimental data. We then exercised the new functionality of the model by simulating angiogenesis within four different scenarios: homogeneous density, a narrow gap model, and matrix density gradient, and a construct subjected to repeated loading/unloading and preconditioning. These numerical experiments predicted heterogeneous matrix density in the initially homogeneous case, the closure and alignment of microvessels along a low-density gap, the formation of a unique cap-like structure during angiogenesis within a density gradient, and the alignment of microvessels in the absence of applied load due to preconditioning. The result of these in silico investigations demonstrate how matrix heterogeneity affects neovascularization and matrix deformation and provides a platform for studying angiogenesis in complicated and multi-faceted mechanical environments that microvessels experience in vivo.
The Macular Carotenoids: A Biochemical Overview

Among the more than 750 carotenoids identified in nature, only lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macula lutea region of the human retina. These retinal carotenoids are collectively referred to as the macular pigment (MP) and are obtained only through dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Lutein- and zeaxanthin-specific binding proteins (StARD3 and GSTP1, respectively) mediate the highly selective uptake of MP into the retina. Meso-zeaxanthin is rarely present in the diet, and its unique presence in the human eye results from metabolic conversion from dietary lutein by the RPE65 enzyme. The MP carotenoids filter high-intensity, short-wavelength visible light and are powerful antioxidants in a region vulnerable to light-induced oxidative stress. This review focuses on MP chemistry, absorption, metabolism, transport, and distribution with special emphasis on animal models used for MP study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
Hither Thou Shalt Come, But No Further: Reply to

David Albouy expresses three main concerns about the results in Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2001) on the relationship between potential settler mortality and institutions. First, there is a general concern that there are high mortality outliers, potentially affecting this relationship, with which we agree. However, limiting the effect of outliers has no impact on our substantive results and if anything significantly strengthens them, in fact making them robust to even extreme versions of his other critiques. His second argument that all the data from Latin America and much of the data from Africa, making up almost 60% of our sample, should be dropped is arbitrary - there is a great deal of well-documented comparable information on the mortality of Europeans in those places during the relevant period. His third argument that a "campaign" dummy should be included in the first stage is at odds with the historical record and is implemented inconsistently; even modest corrections undermine his claims.
Enhanced Photovoltaic Power Model Fidelity Using On-Site Irradiance and Degradation-Informed Performance Input

The impact of irradiance data collection location and degradation-informed module performance on irradiance-to-power model accuracy is evaluated. A decrease in RMSE of over 20% is found for output power predictions using NREL PVWatts when site-specific irradiance data are coupled with maximum power point output characteristics obtained using accelerated lifecycle testing.
“They Threatened to Call Immigration”: Challenges Faced by Civil Protection Order Applicants and Respondents:

The current study seeks to better understand the challenges faced by immigrant applicants and respondents as they enter the civil court system for the purpose of obtaining protection orders. Struct...
Are Lymph Node Characteristics on Axillary Ultrasound Associated with ≥3 Positive Lymph Nodes in Patients Managed by the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial Criteria?:

Patients often receive axillary ultrasound-biopsy (AUS-B) before clinical evaluation. One positive biopsy in the absence of palpable disease rarely indicates additional nodal involvement, but it eliminates patients from being managed by the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial criteria. To determine which patients may benefit from AUS-B, we analyzed whether characteristics on AUS were associated with large-volume axillary disease and, thus, the need for axillary lymph node (LN) dissection. A retrospective review identified patients who met Z0011 criteria and underwent AUS. Clinicopathologic and ultrasound characteristics were compared between patients with ≤2 versus ≥3 positive LNs. Two hundred and seven patients with cT1-2N0 tumors underwent preoperative AUS and breast-conserving surgery. On multivariate analysis, three AUS combinations were associated with ≥3 positive LNs: cortical thickness (CT) > 4 mm + loss of fatty hilum + round shape (P = 0.0218), CT > 4 mm + loss of fatty hilum (P = 0.0211), and CT > 4 mm + round shape (P = 0.0155). Preoperative axillary LN biopsy in patients with a single abnormal LN characteristic on AUS may be unnecessary because a positive finding will eliminate management according to Z0011 criteria. Cortical thickness >4 mm combined with any other abnormal characteristic was associated with ≥3 positive LNs, supporting the performance of AUS-B in this population.
Predicting the Activity and Selectivity of Bimetallic Metal Catalysts for Ethanol Reforming using Machine Learning

Machine learning is ideally suited for the pattern detection in large uniform data sets, but consistent experimental data sets on catalyst studies are often small. Here we demonstrate how a combina...
The Evolution of Our Understanding of the Biology of Cancer Is the Key to Avoiding Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment

There has been a tremendous evolution in our thinking about cancer since the 1880s. Breast cancer is a particularly good example to evaluate the progress that has been made and the new challenges that have arisen due to screening that inadvertently identifies indolent lesions. The degree to which overdiagnosis is a problem depends on the reservoir of indolent disease, the disease heterogeneity, and the fraction of the tumors that have aggressive biology. Cancers span the spectrum of biological behavior, and population-wide screening increases the detection of tumors that may not cause harm within the patient's lifetime or may never metastasize or result in death. Our approach to early detection will be vastly improved if we understand, address, and adjust to tumor heterogeneity. In this article, we use breast cancer as a case study to demonstrate how the approach to biological characterization, diagnostics, and therapeutics can inform our approach to screening, early detection, and prevention. Overdiagnosis can be mitigated by developing diagnostics to identify indolent disease, incorporating biology and risk assessment in screening strategies, changing the pathology rules for tumor classification, and refining the way we classify precancerous lesions. The more the patterns of cancers can be seen across other cancers, the more it is clear that our approach should transcend organ of origin. This will be particularly helpful in advancing the field by changing both our terminology for what is cancer and also by helping us to learn how best to mitigate the risk of the most aggressive cancers.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."
Cell Biology: Size Scaling of Mitotic Spindles

An investigation of how mitotic spindle size scales with cell size in early zebrafish embryos reveals fundamental principles of spindle organization. Spindle size depends primarily on microtubule number, which is regulated by a reaction-diffusion system when cells are large, and by signals from the plasma membrane when they are small.
The Court of Justice of the European Union

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has influenced recent crises afflicting the European Union (EU). The European Commission, national judges, and private parties sent disputes to the Court concerning the Eurozone, democratic backsliding, migration, Russian aggression in Ukraine, and British exit (Brexit). Litigation has not generated a crisis for the Court itself, but the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the EU risks the first “breakdown” of the EU’s institutional order. Brexit, with its end to free movement of persons and CJEU jurisdiction over most legal domains, entails the first-ever case of “spillback.” This chapter explains the origins of resentments fueling Brexit and warns that these resentments challenge the Court’s legitimacy even in member states committed to remain in the EU.
Semi-Global Stabilization of a Single Input Single Output Nonlinear System by Linear Low-and-High Gain Output Feedback

A globally asymptotically stable nonlinear system cascaded by a single input single output linear system through its output has been shown to be semi-globally asymptotically stabilizable by low-and-high gain feedback of the state of the linear system if the linear system is controllable and with its invariant zeros located at the origin. Such low-and-high state feedback can be implemented by an observer. To retain a domain of attraction arbitrarily close to the domain of attraction under a given state feedback, high gain observer is employed to achieve arbitrarily fast decay of the observation errors of all states and the effect of the peaking phenomenon associated with the high observer gain is overcome by saturating the control input outside a region that contains the desired domain of attraction. In this paper, we propose a co-design of the linear low-and-high gain state feedback and the high gain observer for semi-global stabilization of such a cascaded system without resorting to saturating the control input. Moreover, our design does not rely on making all state observation errors decay to zero arbitrarily fast.
Effects of corn stalk inclusion and tylosin on performance, rumination, ruminal papillae morphology, and gut pathogens associated with liver abscesses from finishing beef steers

Abstract To reduce prevalence of liver abscesses in finishing beef steers, we must evaluate the possibility of pathogens originating from the hind gut as well as the rumen. We hypothesized that pathogens promoting liver abscess formation are located throughout the gut, and increased dietary roughage levels could improve gut integrity over time. Two hundred sixty-three crossbred beef steers (BW = 258 ± 29 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with 7-8 hd/pen (8 pens/treatment) using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure. Steers received steam-flaked corn-based diets with 5 or 15% corn stalk (CS) inclusion (dry matter basis, DMB) and with (TYL) or without (NTYL) tylosin (7.9 g/T; DMB). Half of the pens in each treatment remained on feed for the entire experiment duration (Exp 1) whereas the remaining half were designated for serial slaughter (Exp 2). Steers were fed each day at 0700 h for an average of 220 d (heavy block = 175 d, light block = 233 d). For Exp 2, eight steers were slaughtered on d 0 to obtain initial tissue samples and thereafter one pen/treatment was slaughtered every 56 d. During serial slaughter, dorsal and ventral sac rumen tissue samples were collected for histopathological evaluation along with ruminal, ileal, and colonic tissues for bacterial isolation. Data were analyzed using mixed models; pen was the experimental unit for performance outcomes and individual animal was the experimental unit for bacterial isolation and histopathological data. No interaction (P ≥ 0.40) between tylosin and CS inclusion was detected for ADG or final BW. Interactions were detected for DMI and G:F; both outcomes were similar when tylosin was included in the diet, however both outcomes differed notably without tylosin. Perimeter and length of ventral rumen papillae decreased (P ≤ 0.01) as DOF increased. In contrast, dorsal rumen papillae perimeter and length increased through d112 and then decreased through d231. Corn stalk inclusion rate did not affect the incidence of bacterial species isolated from the ruminal (P = 0.38), ileal (P > 0.15), or colonic (P > 0.37) epithelial tissues. Cattle consuming the TYL diets tended to have decreased (P = 0.06) presence of ileal Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necorphorum and increased (P = 0.07) rates of ruminal Salmonella enterica compared to NTYL. Prolonged consumption of a finishing diet, regardless of CS or TYL inclusion, seemed to be the major source of change in rumen epithelial tissue morphology.
Generating concurrent test-programs with collisions for multi-processor verification

We discuss collisions that are of interest to multiprocessor verification. Collisions occur when different processes access a shared resource. We investigate how the results of such collisions can be presented in test programs and suggest implementations for automatically generating such tests and predicting the results of collision scenarios. Most of the ideas presented are the result of years of experience with two multi-processor test generators from IBM (Genie and Genesys-Pro) which are also briefly presented.
The Daily Plebiscite as Twenty-first-century Reality?

AbstractWhen, in 1882, Ernest Renan suggested that national identity is constituted by a daily plebiscite, he was invoking the idea in a largely metaphorical way. In the twenty-first century, the gap between metaphor and reality has narrowed dramatically across much of the world. To be sure, ever since the American and French revolutions, global history has been shaped in part by the tension between the uneven distribution (both within and across societies) of economic, military, and political power, on the one hand, and the formally egalitarian concepts of democracy, popular sovereignty, and self-determination, on the other. Yet, events of the last few years suggest that this systemic crisis is taking on new, reiteratively plebiscitary, forms in the age of instant communication and of popular backlashes against globalization.
Nonheme Iron Halogenases

Nonheme iron halogenases require Fe(II), O2, α-ketoglutarate (αKG), and a halide ion and catalyze halogenation at unactivated, aliphatic carbons on their substrates. The nonheme iron halogenase SyrB2, from Pseudomonas syringae, catalyzes chlorination of threonine during biosynthesis of the plant toxin syringomycin. The X-ray crystal structure of SyrB2 revealed a mononuclear iron center coordinated by two histidine residues, bidentate αKG, and a chloride ion. Spectroscopic studies on the nonheme iron halogenase CytC3 from Streptomyces sp. RK95-74 have implicated an iron(IV)-oxo as a hydrogen atom abstracting species in a mechanism similar to the related nonheme iron dioxygenases. 3D Structure Keywords: cupin; β-sandwich; 2-oxoglutarate; α-ketoglutarate; mononuclear iron; chlorination; nonribosomal polypeptide synthetase
Photorespiration and productivity in submersed aquatic vascular plants1

A 14C assay for photorespiration (the light-induced uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide resulting from glycolate metabolism) was developed for use with submersed aquatic plants. Laboratory studies with axenic cultures of Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. and Schmidt indicated that respired carbon dioxide is refixed extensively in the light and that the 14C assay is a measure of net, rather than gross, photorespiration. Analyses of leaf anatomy and early 14C fixation products of photosynthesis indicated that N. flexilis is a C3 plant with Calvin-Benson cycle photosynthesis and glycolate metabolism. Respiration in the light in axenic N. flexilis increased with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration, which indcated the presence and enhancement of photorespiration and that net photosynthesis would decrease with increasing oxygen concentration. In situ experiments with N. flexilis and Scirpus subterminalis demonstrated variations in photorespiration and dark respiration within a 1-day photosynthetic period and seasonally.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Stimulates Production of Prostacyclin in Cerebral Arteries

Background and Purpose—The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B, in control of cerebral circulation is poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the cerebral vascular effects of BDNF in vivo. Methods—Replication incompetent adenovirus encoding either rat BDNF (AdBDNF) or green fluorescent protein was injected intracisternally into rabbits. Forty-eight hours later, animals were euthanized. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of BDNF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, vasomotor function of isolated basilar arteries was studied in organ chambers, protein expression in the basilar arteries was studied by Western blotting, prostanoid levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results—The levels of BDNF in the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly elevated in AdBDNF-treated rabbits as compared with adenovirus enc...
Role of interleukin-15 in the development of human CD56+ natural killer cells from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow (BM)-derived CD2+CD16+CD56+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL) that lack CD3 yet contain the T-cell receptor zeta-chain (zeta-TCR). NK cells provide requisite interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) during the early stages of infection in several experimental animal models. A number of studies have shown that human CD3-CD56+ NK cells can be obtained from BM- derived CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and an allogeneic feeder cell layer, or IL-2 and other hematopoietic growth factors such as the c-kit ligand (KL). The failure to detect the IL-2 gene product within the BM stroma and the presence of NK cells in IL-2-deficient mice suggested that cytokines other than IL-2 may participate in NK cell differentiation from HPCs in vivo. IL-15 is a cytokine which, while lacking any sequence homology in IL-2, can activate cells via the IL-2 receptor. Here we show that human BM stromal cells express the IL-15 transcript, and supernatants from long-term BM stromal cell cultures contain IL-15 protein. In vitro, CD3-CD56+ NK cells can be obtained from 21-day cultures of CD34+ HPCs supplemented with IL-15 in the absence of IL-2, stromal cells, or other cytokines. The addition of the KL to these cultures had no effect on the differentiation of the CD3-CD56+ cytotoxic effector cells, but greatly enhanced their expansion. The majority of these cells lack CD2 and CD16, but do express zeta-TCR. Similar to NK cells found in peripheral blood, the CD2-CD16-CD56+ NK cells grown in the presence of IL-15 were found to be potent producers of IFN-gamma in response to monocyte-derived cytokines. Thus IL-15, like KL, appears to be produced by BM stromal cells. IL-15 can induce CD34+ HPCs to differentiate into CD3-CD56+ NK cells, and KL can amplify this. Therefore, IL-15 may be a physiologically relevant ligand for NK cell differentiation in vivo.
Numerical Isotopomer Analysis: Estimation of Metabolic Activity

Abstract The use of stable isotopes to analyze intracellular metabolism is a powerful technique because of the wealth of information contained in the distribution of isotopes in key metabolites. We present a new numerical method of using measurements of isotope isomer (isotopomer) distributions to calculate the fluxes through a biochemical reaction network. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and/or mass spectroscopy can quantify the isotopomers which result from the metabolism of an isotopically enriched substrate. These data can be analyzed via a numerical model of the metabolic network which uses atom-mapping matrices to simplify model construction. The atom-mapping matrices describe the transfer of atoms from reactant to product and the resulting isotopomer balance equations are compact and intuitive. These equations are solved iteratively to determine the unknown intracellular fluxes. Results from the numerical method agreed with an analytical solution developed for the analysis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in perfused hearts.
Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality

Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality. David Scott. Princeton, Nj: Princeton University Press, 1999. 233 pp., index.
Characterization of the parameters affecting covalent binding stoichiometry in binary and ternary complexes of thymidylate synthase.

Abstract Covalent binding stoichiometries for both the enzyme:5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (FdUMP) binary complex and the enzyme:FdUMP:5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (inhibitory ternary) complex at equilibrium were measured by the trichloroacetic acid precipitation assay and shown to be a function of temperature, time, pH, salt concentration, buffer composition and thiol concentration. Incubation at 37°C yielded the maximum covalent binding ratio (mol FdUMP/mol enzyme) for the latter binary (0.7) and ternary (1.7) complexes. In most buffers studied, the maximum covalent binding ratio (1.5–1.7) for the inhibitory ternary complex occurred over a broad pH range (4.5–8.0), while the optimum covalent binding ratio for binary complex was observed at a much narrower region centered between pH 5.5–6.5. In the presence of increasing concentrations of phosphate buffer, the maximum binding ratio for the covalent binary complex decreased from 0.63 in the absence of phosphate to 0.1 in the presence of 225 mM phosphate, while that for the inhibitory ternary complex was unchanged. When a ternary complex was formed with enzyme, FdUMP and (±)- tetrahydrofolate in the absence of phosphate, the FdUMP:enzyme covalent binding ratio was 1.8, while in the presence of 75 mM phosphate, the binding ratio was only 1.0. When exogenous thiol was removed by centrifugal column chromatography, the maximum binding stoichiometry of the resulting inhibitory ternary complex was 1.7 and was independent of added thiol over a 2 h incubation period at 37°C. When extensive dialysis at 5°C was used to remove the thiol, the maximum binding stoichiometry of the resulting inhibitory ternary complex was found to be dependent on both the concentration of added thiol and the time of incubation at 37°C and did not exceed a value of 1.0.
Concentrations and plasma‐tissue‐diet relationships of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in humans

Abstract Micronutrients, such as β‐carotene and vitamins A and ?, are potential chemopreventive agents; however, their concentrations in human target tissues are largely unknown. Because these micro‐nutrients may exert their action at the site of target tissues, the tissue concentrations of the micronutrients need to be determined. In this cross‐sectional study, we have measured the concentrations of seven carotenoids, two retinoids, and two tocopherols in paired plasma, buccal mucosal cells (BMC), and skin samples from 96 healthy subjects (ages 26–82 yrs). The plasma‐tissue, as well as the diet‐plasma and diet‐tissue relationships of the micronutrients, and the impact of various potential confounders on the micronutrient concentrations were evaluated. The micro‐nutrient concentrations of plasma and BMC used in the evaluation were the average of three measurements over a one‐month period. Our data indicated that 1) the correlations between the plasma and BMC (Spearman r = 0.40–0.91, p < 0.05) and the plas...
THE AGGREGATION OF CHLOROPHYLL A.

Abstract 1. 1. Aggregation of chlorophyll a in various nonpolar solvents has been demonstrated, and from the IR spectra the probable site of the hooking together of the molecules has been deduced. 2. 2. If chlorophyll a exists in the cell in a completely nonpolar milieu (as the visible spectroscopic studies suggest), then CCl4 solutions of chlorophyll a at high concentrations would be an ideal model for further biological studies, since it appears that this system most closely resembles that in nature. 3. 3. It would appear that only small traces, if any, of crystalline chlorophyll a exist in the cell.
No Teacher Educator Left Behind: The impact of US policies and trends on my work as a researcher and teacher educator

This paper begins with a description of my work in a Canadian school of education, where I now realize that I was well insulated from the US context, where many are highly critical of teacher education. My recent move to Stanford University immediately immersed me in the highly controversial practices being imposed on schools and schools of education through the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation. I suggest that it was almost impossible for me to fully appreciate the impact of NCLB while working in Canada. I argue here that teacher educators must maintain their integrity yet be mindful of the political agendas or risk being completely marginalized. I suggest that, while the development of self-study has been affected by the discourse and legislation, self-study can play a key role in restoring balance to discussions of the importance of teacher education. In order to achieve this influence, we must continue to expand our research methods to enable us to participate in the language of evidence-based r...
Opportunities for career success: Views of poor and middle-class children

Abstract As income inequality intensifies in our country and further entrenches a class structure, it is especially important to know how children view their chances for career success. Two studies, one involving middle-class child respondents and the other poor child respondents, explored their views about career opportunities and choices available for themselves and each other. Projective techniques employing photographs of houses representing different family income levels were used to stimulate their uncensored responses. Comparison of these two studies shows that both middle-class and poor respondents perceived a class structure that is powerfully determinative of career success. They expect middle-class children to obtain more lucrative and prestigious careers compared to poor children, though sometimes they express different views regarding the reasons for this difference in achievement. The author discusses the children's sometimes distressing adaptations and accommodations to their world, and proposes strategies to increase children's empowerment, hopefulness and sense of inclusion.
Fragmentation of isovector M8 strength in /sup 58/Ni

Form factors were measured for transitions to levels at 7.937, 8.808, 10.19, 11.24, and 12.50 MeV and identified as $M8$ and assigned ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={8}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The interpretation is given that the one-particle, one-hole component of these levels is dominantly (${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}{{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) and composes most of the observable $M8$ strength, which is, however, only about 22% of simple shell-model predictions.
Electronic and elastic properties of RCo5 and RCo5Hn (R = La, Ce, Pr)

Abstract Density functional calculations of the enthalpy of formation, Δ H , elastic constants, C ij , and polycrystalline moduli of hexagonal LaCo 5 , CeCo 5 , PrCo 5 and their orthorhombic ternary hydrides LaCo 5 H 4 , CeCo 5 H 3 , and PrCo 5 H 4 are reported. All six compounds are found to be metallic and ferromagnetic. The calculated lattice constants, magnetic moments, and Δ H values are in very favorable accord with available experimental information. In each hydride, bonding is predominantly metallic with a small ionic component, as previous work indicated for LaNi 5 H 7 . Comparison of benchmark calculations of the elastic constants for orthorhombic TiSi 2 with previous experimental and theoretical results for this compound confirms the validity of our computational approach for the RCo 5 parent and hydride elastic constants. The results provide insights into differences between parent and hydride elastic properties.
Evidence for downflow following a coronal transient

On 11 September 1973 a peculiar prominence was observed. The prominence displayed strong (approximately 50 km per sec) systematic motions toward and away from the observer. The unusual spectrographic appearance of the prominence might have been due to downflowing material lifted into the corona during an earlier coronal transient.