cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy treatment planning for patients with non-small cell lung cancer using positron emission tomography (PET).

Abstract Purpose : Many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receive external beam radiation therapy as part of their treatment. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) commonly uses computed tomography (CT) to accurately delineate the target lesion and normal tissues. Clinical studies, however, indicate that positron emission tomography (PET) has higher sensitivity than CT in detecting and staging of mediastinal metastases. Imaging with fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) PET in conjunction with CT, therefore, can improve the accuracy of lesion definition. In this pilot study, we investigated the potential benefits of incorporating PET data into the conventional treatment planning of NSCLC. Case-by-case, we prospectively analyzed planning target volume (PTV) and lung toxicity changes for a cohort of patients. Materials and methods : We have included 11 patients in this study. They were immobilized in the treatment position and CT simulation was performed. Following CT simulation, PET scanning was performed in the treatment position using the same body cast that was produced for CT simulation and treatment. The PTV, along with the gross target volume (GTV) and normal organs, was first delineated using the CT data set. The CT and PET transmission images were then registered in the treatment planning system using either manual or automated methods, leading to consequent registration of the CT and emission images. The PTV was then modified using the registered PET emission images. The modified PTV is seen simultaneously on both CT and PET images, allowing the physician to define the PTV utilizing the information from both data sets. Dose–volume histograms (DVHs) for lesion and normal organs were generated using both CT-based and PET+CT-based treatment plans. Results : For all patients, there was a change in PTV outline based on CT images versus CT/PET fused images. In seven out of 11 cases, we found an increase in PTV volume (average increase of 19%) to incorporate distant nodal disease. Among these patients, the highest normal-tissue complication probability (NTCP) for lung was 22% with combined PET/CT plan and 21% with CT-only plan. In other four patients PTV was decreased an average of 18%. The reduction of PTV in two of these patients was due to excluding atelectasis and trimming the target volume to avoid delivering higher radiation doses to nearby spinal cord or heart. Conclusions : The incorporation of PET data improves definition of the primary lesion by including positive lymph nodes into the PTV. Thus, the PET data reduces the likelihood of geographic misses and hopefully improves the chance of achieving local control.
Effect of prostaglandin E administration in a nephrotoxic and a vasoconstrictor model of acute renal failure

Effect of prostaglandin E administration in a nephrotoxic and a vasoconstrictor model of acute renal failure. It is generally thought that renal vasoconstriction is involved in the generation of acute renal failure (ARF). To test this hypothesis, two models of experimental ARF, uranyl nitrate-induced ARF and the unilateral infusion of norepinephrine, were investigated. Prior to the induction of acute renal failure, renal blood flow (RBF) was markedly increased in one kidney by the intrarenal infusion of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE). In the uranyl nitrate studies, RBF in the PGE-infused kidney was markedly elevated throughout the three-hour period after administration of the nephrotoxic drug. Mean values were 171 ml/min prior to PGE infusion and 308 ml/min three hours after the administration of uranyl nitrate (P L'effet de l'administration de prostaglandine E dans un modele d'insuffisance renale aigue par nephrotoxicite et vasoconstriction. II est generalement admis que la vasoconstriction renale est impliquee dans le determinisme de l'insuffisance renale aigue (ARF). Afin d'etudier cette hypothese deux modeles d'ARF experimentale ont ete etudies, l'ARF determinee par le nitrate d'uranyle et celle obtenue par la perfusion unilateral de norepinephrine. Avant l'induction de l'ARF le debit sanguin renal d'un rein a ete augmente de facon importante par la perfusion intrarenale de prostaglandine E 2 (PGE). Au cours des experiences avec le nitrate d'uranyle, le debit sanguin renal du rein perfuse avec PGE a ete augmente de facon importante pendant une periode de trois heures apres l'administration de l'agent nephrotoxique. Les valeurs moyennes etaient de 171 ml/min avant PGE et 308 ml/min trois heures apres l'administration de nitrate d'uranyle (P
HIV Type 1 That Select tRNAHis or tRNALys1,2 as Primers for Reverse Transcription Exhibit Different Infectivities in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of unique HIV-1 that select tRNA(His) or tRNA(Lys1,2) for reverse transcription was compared to the wild-type virus that uses tRNA(Lys,3). HIV-1 with only the primer-binding site (PBS) changed to be complementary to these alternative tRNAs initially replicated more slowly than the wild-type virus in PBMC, although all viruses eventually reached equivalent growth as measured by p24 antigen. Viruses with only a PBS complementary to the 3' terminal 18 nucleotides of tRNA(His) or tRNA(Lys1,2) reverted to use tRNA(Lys3). HIV-1 with mutations in the U5-PBS to allow selection of tRNA(His) and tRNA(Lys1,2) following long-term growth in SupT1 cells were also evaluated for growth and PBS stability following replication in PBMC. Although both viruses initially grew slower than wild type, they maintained a PBS complementary to the starting tRNA and did not revert to the wild-type PBS after long-term culture in PBMC. Analysis of the U5-PBS regions following long-term culture in PBMC also revealed few changes from the starting sequences. The virus that stably used tRNA(His) was less infectious than the wild type. In contrast, the virus that stably used tRNA(Lys1,2) evolved to be as infectious as wild-type virus following extended culture in PBMC. The results of these studies highlight the impact of the host cell on the tRNA primer selection process and subsequent infectivity of HIV-1.
Enhanced Selection of High Affinity DNA-Reactive B Cells Following Cyclophosphamide Treatment in Mice

A major goal for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with cytotoxic therapies is the induction of long-term remission. There is, however, a paucity of information concerning the effects of these therapies on the reconstituting B cell repertoire. Since there is recent evidence suggesting that B cell lymphopenia might attenuate negative selection of autoreactive B cells, we elected to investigate the effects of cyclophosphamide on the selection of the re-emerging B cell repertoire in wild type mice and transgenic mice that express the H chain of an anti-DNA antibody. The reconstituting B cell repertoire in wild type mice contained an increased frequency of DNA-reactive B cells; in heavy chain transgenic mice, the reconstituting repertoire was characterized by an increased frequency of mature, high affinity DNA-reactive B cells and the mice expressed increased levels of serum anti-DNA antibodies. This coincided with a significant increase in serum levels of BAFF. Treatment of transgene-expressing mice with a BAFF blocking agent or with DNase to reduce exposure to autoantigen limited the expansion of high affinity DNA-reactive B cells during B cell reconstitution. These studies suggest that during B cell reconstitution, not only is negative selection of high affinity DNA-reactive B cells impaired by increased BAFF, but also that B cells escaping negative selection are positively selected by autoantigen. There are significant implications for therapy.
ASSESSMENT OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS: INSULIN INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIA VERSUS PAIN

To compare the cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycemia and pain, we carried out a retrospective analysis of 351 short children who underwent growth hormone (hGH) testing with insulin induced hypoglycemia and arginine between 7/75 and 6/92. A venous catheter was placed (pain stimulus) 30 to 60 minutes prior to the test. At 8 a.m. the fasting child received insulin, .05 to .1 unit/kg, (↓ glucose stimulus). A scrum cortisol was measured following pain at 8 a.m. and following insulin at 9 a.m. Children were judged to have an adequate ↓ glucose stimulus if the blood sugar fell 40% and or reached a glucose nadir ≤ 45 mg/dl. Of the children with an adequate ↓ glucose stimulus, 102 were hGH deficient (hGH ≤ 7 ng/ml), while 75 were hGH sufficient (hGH > 10 ng/ml). The peak cortisol level in the hGH sufficient children who had no clinical features of IIPA axis dysfunction was 23.3±7.2 mcg/dl (mean ±1 S.D.) A cortisol response ≥ 9 mcg/dl (mean-2 S.D.) in our hands is the normal response to pain/hypoglycemia, considerably lower than the traditional 18 mcg/dl cutoff established in adults. A peak cortisol value in the 9-18 mcg/dl range may represent partial ACTH deficiency or may be normal (21% of the hGH sufficient children fell in this range).
Fracture at elevated temperature

We have carried out a systematic experimental study of fracture in materials which contain hard second phase particles. The principal variables in this study were the average size and spacing of the second phase particles, grain size, temperature, and the strain rate. Polycrystalline copper containing a dispersion of silica particles was the material used in these experiments. Three modes of fracture were observed: transgranular necking fracture, fracture by the propagation of intergranular cracks initiated at the surface, and intergranular fracture by grain boundary cavitation throughout the entire specimen cross-section. The transition between the fracture modes was shown to shift systematically with temperature, strain rate, and the microstructure. The intergranular fracture mode was studied in detail. The growth of cavities in the grain boundaries was determined to be the rate limiting step in the fracture process. It was determined that in the range of 10-4 to 10-7 s-1 in strain rate, the dominant growth mechanism of the cavities was power-law creep rather than diffusional transport. The ductility of the material in the intergranular mode of fracture was found to be strongly dependent on the area fraction of the second phase in the grain boundary and on the strain rate sensitivity of the material; it was weakly dependent on the grain size. A theoretical lower bound and a practical upper bound of the ductility in the intergranular fracture mode were established. The results are in qualitative agreement with the data on nickel-base alloys and other materials published in the literature.
Phase and point defect equilibria in the titanomagnetite solid solution

The position of the titanomagnetite subsolidus stability field boundaries, within the Fe-Ti-O ternary, above 1,000° C, has been calculated from chemical equilibrium considerations, using experimental data for the calibrated buffers of end member compositions. The relationship between chemical composition and intrinsic oxygen fugacity, within the single phase spinel field, has been investigated with a Frenkel cation point defect model. With this calculation scheme, conditions for departure from strict metal-oxygen stoichiometry to stable cation rich or deficient phases can be predicted.
Synthetic Studies Towards the Mitomycins: Construction of the Tetracyclic Core via a Reductive Aminocyclization Reaction.

The tetracyclic core of the mitomycin family of natural products has been formed in one step from an acyclic precursor via a reductive aminocyclization reaction. Additionally, the eight-membered benzazocine can be prepared without the need for prior activation of the aniline. Construction of a mitomycin K analogue lacking the C9a methoxy moiety is also reported herein.
Design and development of a rotating shadowband radiometer solar radiation/daylight network

Abstract Solar radiation data are needed to properly design solar/daylighting systems. The data that exist are often short-term, nonlocal, or of uncertain accuracy. The modest amount of high-quality data that exist were obtained with costly equipment, attentive maintenance, and conscientious quality control. A solar radiation measurement plan is being considered for New York State that seeks to minimize costs by deploying a network of rotating shadowband radiometers. These instruments perform three basis solar measurements (direct beam, diffuse, and global horizontal) with a single detector. Much of the data retrieval and quality control is performed by computer to minimize maintenance costs and downtime. Descriptions of the instrument, network as currently conceived, and data processing plans are presented.
Hmgb3: an HMG-box family member expressed in primitive hematopoietic cells that inhibits myeloid and B-cell differentiation

￻￻ Hmgb3 is a member of a family of chromatin-binding proteins that can alter DNA structure to facilitate transcription factor binding. We identified the Hmgb3 cDNA in a subtractive hybridization screen for transcripts that are preferentially expressed in hematopoietic stem cells. We inserted an internal ribosomal entry site‐green fluorescence protein cassette into the 3 untranslated region of the X-linked Hmgb3 locus to identify Hmgb3-expressing cells. In adult mice, Hmgb3 mRNA is detected in bone marrow cells, primitive Lin, c-kit, Sca-1, IL-7R cells, and Ter119 erythroid cells. We observed that long-term repopulating ability is entirely contained in the subpopulation of Lin, c-kitHI cells that express Hmgb3. Most common lymphoid and myeloid progenitors express Hmgb3. Introduction of a retrovirus containing the Hmgb3 cDNA into mouse bone marrow stem cells demonstrated that enforced expression of Hmgb3 inhibited Bcell and myeloid differentiation. We conclude that down-regulation of Hmgb3 protein levels is an important step for myeloid and B-cell differentiation. (Blood. 2003;102:1298-1306)
Asset market equilibrium with general tastes, returns, and informational asymmetries

Abstract This paper develops a general computational approach for solving rational expectations equilibrium in asset markets with asymmetric information. Our approach can be applied to models with arbitrary specifications of tastes, return distributions, and information structures. We demonstrate our methodology by examining a variation of the canonical Grossman and Stiglitz (1980, American Economic Review 70, 393–408) model of endogenous information acquisition in which traders have constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) preferences and stock returns are lognormally distributed. We find that the results in Grossman and Stiglitz are not robust to changes in the parametric assumptions. The speed and accuracy displayed by our computational methods indicates that more complex problems are tractable.
Genetic variability among Anopheles species belonging to the Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles subgenera in the Amazon region

INTRODUCTION: Isoenzymatic analyses were performed involving species of the Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles subgenera in order to estimate the intra and interspecies genetic variability. METHODS: Mosquitoes were caught at different localities in the Amazon region. The collection and rearing of mosquitoes in the laboratory followed specific protocols. For the genetic variability analyses, the technique of horizontal electrophoresis on starch and starch-agarose gel with appropriate buffer systems was used. The alloenzyme variation was estimated using the Biosys-1 software. RESULTS: Out of the 13 loci, eight were polymorphic. Anopheles nuneztovari presented the largest number of alleles per locus, while the smallest number was detected in Anopheles marajoara from Macapa. The largest number of polymorphic loci was found for Anopheles marajoara from Maruanum and the smallest for Anopheles benarrochi (Guayara Mirim). Anopheles darlingi (Macapa) presented the greatest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.167 ± 0.071), while the lowest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.045 ± 0.019) was observed in Anopheles intermedius (Pacoval) of the subgenus Anopheles. Wright's F coefficient revealed considerable genetic structuring between the populations of Anopheles darlingi (Fst = 0.110) and between the populations of Anopheles marajoara (Fst = 0.082). CONCLUSIONS: Considering all the species studied, the genetic distance ranged from 0.008 to 1.114. The greatest distance was between Anopheles mattogrossensis and Anopheles oswaldoi, while the smallest was between the Anopheles benarrochi populations.
Reply to Gallimore

I thank Gallimore for his clear and accurate exposition of my argument. It's gratifying to be understood. Gallimore makes several comments about my argument, and I'd like to discuss them serially. First: "the line that demarcates 'the facing surface' from the rest of tomato in Figure 2, might misleadingly suggest that Alice sees every object (or even most) within this boundary as drawn. But arguably, she doesn't." I agree with Gallimore here, and would state the point more strongly: certainly, Alice doesn't see every object within this boundary, and this is true no matter how the boundary is drawn. For no matter how it is drawn, there will be microscopic objects within it that Alice doesn't see.
Spectrum of spontaneous emission in a Fabry-Pérot cavity: the effects of atomic motion

Abstract We discuss the spectrum of spontaneous emission of an atom strongly coupled to a single cavity mode, taking into account the effects of atomic motion.
A Scheme for Initial Beam Deployment for the International Monitoring System Arrays

The International Monitoring System (IMS) includes a diverse set of seismic arrays with different configurations. These configurations have apertures ranging from less than 1 to more than 25 km and minimum interelement spacings varying from 0.1 to 3.6 kin. This paper presents a scheme for initial beam deployment for this variety of seismic arrays. Beamforming is equivalent to a spatiotemporal bandpass filter of which passband is defined by the minimum and maximum wavenumbers, which are functions of the geometry configuration of the array. Deployment of steered-beams for signal detection is based on the wavenumber resolution of the array, slowness and frequency distributions of seismic phases, and coherence properties of seismic signals and noises among sensors. Within the wavenumber passband, all possible slowness values are determined by the resolution for each frequency band, and those that are outside the range of seismological interest are excluded. The appropriate azimuthal distribution for each selected slowness is determined from the azimuthal resolution. Using this approach, detection beams for each array are rationally deployed in the slowness-azimuth and frequency domain.
Cr speciation changes in the presence of ozone and reactive oxygen species at low relative humidity

Abstract There is limited understanding of chromium chemistry in the atmosphere as well as after particles containing chromium are captured on filters during extended sampling intervals (24 h). Thus, experiments were conducted to investigate the role of ozone (4 ppm) and particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) (>700 nM of equivalent H2O2) on chromium speciation. For Cr(VI) collected on a filter, reduction to Cr(III) at 24 °C, pH 4 and 10% RH decreased from 48 ± 3% to 26 ± 3% (p
On the distribution of prime numbers of the form [ n c ]

Let πc(x) be the number of the integers n≤x such that [nc] is prime. We shall prove that for 1<c<45/38. This improves the former range 1<c<13/11.
A Noncoding RNA Antisense to Moesin at 5p14.1 in Autism

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social interaction, language, and behavioral flexibility. Rare mutations and copy number variations have been identified in individuals with ASD, but in most patients, the causal variants remain unknown. A genome-wide association study (GWAS), designed to identify genes and pathways that contribute to ASD, indicated a genome-wide significant association of ASD with the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4307059 (P = 10⁻¹⁰), which is located in a gene-poor region of chromosome 5p14.1. We describe here a 3.9-kb noncoding RNA that is transcribed from the region of the chromosome 5p14.1 ASD GWAS association SNP. The noncoding RNA was encoded by the opposite (antisense) strand of moesin pseudogene 1 (MSNP1), and we therefore designated it as MSNP1AS (moesin pseudogene 1, antisense). Chromosome 5p14.1 MSNP1AS was 94% identical and antisense to the X chromosome transcript of MSN, which encodes a protein (moesin) that regulates neuronal architecture. Individuals who carry the ASD-associated rs4307059 T allele showed increased expression of MSNP1AS. The MSNP1AS noncoding RNA bound to MSN, was highly overexpressed (12.7-fold) in postmortem cerebral cortex of individuals with ASD, and could regulate levels of moesin protein in human cell lines. These data reveal a biologically functional element that may contribute to ASD risk.
Fish habitat optimization to prioritize river restoration decisions

This paper examines and ranks restoration alternatives for improving fish habitat by evaluating tradeoffs between fish production and restoration costs. Optimization modelling is used to maximize out‐migrating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from a natal stream and is applied as a case study in California’s Shasta River. Restoration activities that alter flow and water temperature conditions are the decision variables in the model and include relocating a major diversion, increasing riparian shading, increasing instream flow, restoring a cool‐water spring and removing a dam. A budget constraint limits total restoration expenditures. This approach combines simple fish population modelling with flow and water quality modelling to explore management strategies and aid decision making. Previous fish habitat optimization research typically uses single restoration strategies, usually by altering reservoir releases or modifying outlet structures. Our method enlarges the solution space to more accurately represent extensive and integrated solutions to fish habitat problems. Results indicate that restoration alternatives can be prioritized by fish habitat improvement and restoration cost. For the Shasta River case study, considerable habitat restoration investments were required before fish productivity increased substantially. This exercise illustrates the potential of ecological optimization for highlighting promising restoration approaches and dismissing poor alternatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptoms-based detection of bot processes

Botnets have become the most powerful tool for attackers to victimize countless users across cyberspace. Previous work on botnet detection has mainly focused on identifying infected bot computers or IP addresses and not on identifying bot processes on a host machine. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a bot process detection technique based on process symptoms such as: TCP connection attempts, DNS activities, digital signatures, unauthorized process tampering, and process hiding. We partition symptoms into sets which are input into classifiers generating individual detection models which are later appropriately integrated so as to improve the detection accuracy. The integrated approach correctly identified two bot processes and did not produced any false positives and false negatives.
Engineering Education as Preparation for Management: A Study of M.I.T. Alumni

The processes whereby technical know-how is translated into business decisions are not widely understood; neither is there much definitive information about the role the engineer historically has played in administration. The data upon which this paper is based suggests that management of modern enterprise has been increasingly dependent upon graduates of engineering schools. The facts and implications are of interest not only to historians, but to businessmen and educators.
Near and far field characterization of radiation from ultra-fast electronic systems

A numerical technique combining the FDTD method with a spatial transformation technique, the Kirchhoff surface integral, is proposed for determination of near and far field radiation from microwave, millimeter wave, or ultra-fast electronic systems. This technique is shown to be extremely accurate, and is often more computationally expedient than use of the FDTD alone. The technique is applied to characterize radiation from structures with inhomogeneous material parameters, offering a more accurate portrait of radiative fields than has been previously reported.
Selected Papers on Refuge Issues: III

Selected Papers on Refuge Issues: III. JEFFERY L. MACDONALD and AMY ZAHARLICK, eds. Arlington, VA: American Anthopological Association, 1994. ii + 181 pp., list of contributors, notes, references.
MISR highlights from the first 18 months in Earth orbit

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument was launched into polar orbit aboard the Terra spacecraft in December 1999. MISR provides a unique approach to characterizing atmospheric aerosols, the surface, and clouds. This paper provides examples of MISR products and highlights results derived from imagery acquired during the first 18 months of the Terra mission.
Phosphoproteome mapping of cardiomyocyte mitochondria in a rat model of heart failure

Mitochondria are complex organelles essential to cardiomyocyte survival. Protein phosphorylation is emerging as a key regulator of mitochondrial function. In the study reported here, we analyzed subsarcolemmal (SSM) mitochondria harvested from rats who have received 4 weeks of aldosterone/salt treatment to simulate the neurohormonal profile of human congestive heart failure. Our objective was to obtain an initial qualitative inventory of the phosphoproteins in this biologic system. SSM mitochondria were harvested, and the phosphoproteome was analyzed with a gel-free bioanalytical platform. Mitochondrial proteins were digested with trypsin, and the digests were enriched for phosphopeptides with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The phosphopeptides were analyzed by ion trap liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and the phosphoproteins identified via database searches. Based on MS/MS and MS3 data, we characterized a set of 42 phosphopeptides that encompassed 39 phosphorylation sites. These peptides mapped to 26 proteins, for example, long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Complex III subunit 6, and mitochondrial import receptor TOM70. Collectively, the characterized phosphoproteins belong to diverse functional modules, including bioenergetic pathways, protein import machinery, and calcium handling. The phosphoprotein panel discovered in this study provides a foundation for future differential phosphoproteome profiling toward an integrated understanding of the role of mitochondrial phosphorylation in heart failure.
The excretion of pantothenic acid and ascorbic acid by intact and adrenalectomized rats on diets supplemented with and deficient in pantothenic acid.

introduction Prolonged survival of adrenalectomized rats receiving 1% NaCl as drinking water and a diet supplemented with at least 4 mg. of calcium pantothenate daily has previously been reported (Ralli, 1946; Dumm and Ralli, 1948). These rats appeared well, gained weight, and were capable of muscular work. In view of the findings, studies are being conducted in adrenalectomized rats to establish the role that pantothenic acid plays under these circumstances. The present report is concerned with the excretion of pantothenate and of ascorbic acid by adrenalectomized and intact rats on diets deficient in and supplemented with calcium pantothenate. experimental All rats were bred in the laboratory. To deplete the rats of pantothenic acid they were placed on a diet deficient in pantothenic acid (Ralli and Graef, 1943; Dumm and Ralli, 1948) at 30 days of age and were continued on this diet for 30 days.
Functional level of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome reporting use of alternative vs. traditional treatments

Background: Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is common among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), but whether it is viewed as more or less effective than traditional medicine is unclear. Purpose: To explore patients' level of functioning based on their reports of current treatments used (i.e. traditional-only, CAM-only, or a combination of both). Methods: Participants were recruited from physician referrals and media sources (newspaper, support groups), and 97 participants were retained for this analysis. Based on self-report, individuals were divided into three groups: using CAM-only (N = 27), traditional-medicine-only (N = 22), or a combination of both treatments (N = 58). Results: Social functioning was significant (p < .01), with post-hoc analyses indicating significantly better social functioning for individuals taking CAM-only in comparison to patients using traditional-only or a combination of traditional and CAM treatments. Significantly fewer participants (p < .01) usi...
Manufacturing Hiring Trends: Employers Seeking More Diverse Skills

According to the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 32% of American manufactures reported that even during the height of the recession, they had unfilled job openings. The reason cited for this phenomenon was that American manufacturers were unable to find workers with the skills they required. The inability to close the gap between the managerial skills American manufacturers want and the skills available in the workforce continues to hinder the hiring process. In an effort to understand the disconnect, this study was conducted among manufacturers with facilities located in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan areas to determine the skills most sought after by manufacturers as they attempt to hire recent college graduates. The results revealed a shift away from the traditional skill focus of engineering curriculums toward a more rounded skill set - one relying heavily on a host of people skills and a sophisticated understanding of the cross functional relationships that exist between traditional disciplines. The study also revealed that manufactures are placing an increased emphasis on outside certifications as a way to reduce expensive in-house training costs. Finally, employers are looking to institutions of higher learning as leaders in their effort to provide the skills graduates need to succeed in manufacturing.
Electrical subharmonic hybrid mode locking of a colliding pulse mode-locked laser at 28 GHz

This letter discusses electrical subharmonic hybrid mode locking (SHML) of a colliding pulse mode-locked (CPM) laser in InP. The CPM laser fabrication adopts a simple wet etching process and bisbenzocyclobutene planarization process for realizing planarized low-capacitance devices. The experimental results show, for the first time to our knowledge, stable emission of nearly transform-limited pulses at 28 GHz of a CPM laser synchronized to a clock source by SHML. We further describe careful optimization steps of dc and radio-frequency biasing conditions which lead to minimal output pulsewidth of 1.4 ps, limited by the saturable absorber dimension.
The Prognostic Significance of Radiation Dose and Residual Tumor in the Treatment of Barrel-Shaped Endophytic Cervical Carcinoma

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of total radiation dose on residual tumor and the prognostic significance of persistent disease in women with bulky, barrel-shaped cervical carcinoma who received definitive radiation followed by adjuvant hysterectomy. Methods. The medical records of 57 patients with bulky endophytic cervical carcinoma treated at the University of Washington between 1976 and 1997 were reviewed. All patients received external beam pelvic radiotherapy supplemented by intracavitary brachytherapy, followed by extrafascial hysterectomy 6 to 8 weeks later. Results. The mean pretreatment tumor diameter was 5.9 cm, with a range of 4–9 cm. Total radiation dose to point A ranged from 5040 to 9700 cGy, and the mean for the group was 7966 cGy. Residual disease was present in 35 (61%) of the hysterectomy specimens. The frequency of cervical tumor sterilization correlated significantly with the mean radiation dose to point A ( P = 0.016). Patients without histologic residual disease had a significantly improved outcome, with 95% of patients remaining clinically free of disease at last follow-up, versus 31% of those with residual disease ( P P P = 0.036). Conclusions. Higher radiation doses are associated with an improved likelihood of tumor eradication in the treatment of bulky, endophytic cervical cancer and complete tumor sterilization at adjuvant hysterectomy is predictive of significantly enhanced survival and pelvic control. The high rate of histologic tumor persistence in our series emphasizes the need for more efficacious therapies in patients with bulky endophytic cervical cancer and argues for escalation of radiation dose even when adjuvant hysterectomy is planned.
ION SERIES AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS. II

1. Our results show clearly that the Hofmeister series is not the correct expression of the relative effect of ions on the swelling of gelatin, and that it is not true that chlorides, bromides, and nitrates have "hydrating," and acetates, tartrates, citrates, and phosphates "dehydrating," effects. If the pH of the gelatin is taken into considertion, it is found that for the same pH the effect on swelling is the same for gelatin chloride, nitrate, trichloracetate, tartrate, succinate, oxalate, citrate, and phosphate, while the swelling is considerably less for gelatin sulfate. This is exactly what we should expect on the basis of the combining ratios of the corresponding acids with gelatin since the weak dibasic and tribasic acids combine with gelatin in molecular proportions while the strong dibasic acid H2SO4 combines with gelatin in equivalent proportions. In the case of the weak dibasic acids he anion in combination with gelatin is therefore monovalent and in the case of the strong H2SO4 it is bivalent. Hence it is only the valency and not the nature of the ion in combination with gelatin which affects the degree of swelling. 2. This is corroborated in the experiments with alkalies which show that LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH cause the same degree of swelling at the same pH of the gelatin solution and that this swelling is considerably higher than that caused by Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 for the same pH. This agrees with the results of the titration experiments which prove that Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 combine with gelatin in equivalent proportions and that hence the cation in combination with the gelatin salt with these two latter bases is bivalent. 3. The fact that proteins combine with acids and alkalies on the basis of the forces of primary valency is therefore not only in full agreement with the influence of ions on the physical properties of proteins but allows us to predict this influence qualitatively and quantitatively. 4. What has been stated in regard to the influence of ions on the swelling of the different gelatin salts is also true in regard to the influence of ions on the relative solubility of gelatin in alcohol-water mixtures. 5. Conductivity measurements of solutions of gelatin salts do not support the theory that the drop in the curves for swelling, osmotic pressure, or viscosity, which occurs at a pH 3.3 or a little less, is due to a drop in the concentration of ionized protein in the solution; nor do they suggest that the difference between the physical properties of gelatin sulfate and gelatin chloride is due to differences in the degree of ionization of these two salts.
2,6-Di­amino-3,5-di­nitro-1,4-pyrazine 1-oxide

The title compound, C4H4N6O5, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, and is an energetic compound containing only C, H, N, and O with a density of 1.919 Mg m−3. Among other reasons, this remarkably high density is attributed to an extensive system of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds which results in a packing scheme involving zigzag sheets.
Photon Echo Studies of Solute-Solvent Interaction Dynamics in Polymer Glasses

The influence of coupling strength and temperature on the solute-solvent interaction of two chromophores with two different polymer glasses are reported.
Initiation of Merger and Acquisition Negotiation with Two-Sided Private Information

In a dynamic model of merger negotiation with two-sided private information two-sided endogenous initiation, this paper investigates (1) what determines the timing of MA (3) why are bid premia dierent between target-initiated deals and bidder-initiated deals. The key driving force for the results is that the timing of initiation can reveal information about the target’s private signal of its standalone value, and the bidder’s private signal about its value for the target’s firm. The model predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence that emphasizing the role of private information in deal-initiation. Empirical evidence shows that who initiates an M&A deal varies from case to case, and this matters for how much bid premium the targets receive. Masulis and Simsir (2013) document that 36.7% of deals are target-initiated, while 63.3% are bidder-initiated. Also, targets receive lower bid premium for target-initiated deals (48.8%) than in bidder-initiated deals (62.8%). Moreover, the dierence remains after controlling for observable target financial conditions, implying that
‘We Must Demonstrate Intolerance toward the Intolerant’: Boundary Liberalism in Citizenship Education for Immigrants in Germany

Following the decline of ethnic notions of national identity, the extent to which immigrants are believed to have acceptably liberal values has become a site of boundary making in Western Europe. M...
Revisiting Fluorenone Photophysics via Dipolar Fluorenone Derivatives

The nonradiative decay of four dipolar fluorenone derivatives (FODs) was systematically investigated using steady state and time-resolved UV–vis absorption and fluorescence measurements combined with cyclic voltammetry. Analysis of the frontier orbital localization of the global minimum geometry and the vertical transitions was carried out from DFT calculations. The first singlet excited state was found to be π–π* in all derivatives regardless of the polarity of the solvent. Charge separation/recombination dominates the singlet excited state deactivation for carbazole-containing FODs. Intersystem crossing (ISC) operates exclusively in the 3,6-disubstituted variants as evidenced by phosphorescence experiments. In the case of CPAFO36, ISC competes disadvantageously with CT deactivation.
Biomechanics of the Reverse Total Shoulder Replacement: The Hospital for Special Surgery Perspective

The reverse total shoulder replacement has served as an excellent tool for patients that have historically had little to no surgical options. As we continue to gain a better understanding of the basic science and biomechanics of how the implant works, it is important to appreciate the work in this area that has been accomplished to date. This chapter is intended to serve as review of the contributions to this understanding by the researchers at the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). As with any research, our work has been built around and complemented the efforts of many individuals at many institutions. What follows is not intended to be a comprehensive review of reverse total shoulder research, but rather our perspective which has been based on our research and experiences.
Surveillance of Measles in Shanxian County during 2004—2007

[Objective]To study the epidemiologic characteristic of measles in Shanxian County during 2004—2007, promote the monitoring system of measles. [Methods]According to the regular system report of infectious diseases, special system report of measles and annual statistics of measles, the data of monitoring and control of measles during 2004—2007 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. [Results]124 suspected measles cases were reported during 2004—2007. The investigating rate was 96.77% within 48 hours after the cases were reported, and the completeness rate of investigating was 100%. The serum specimen collecting rate of the suspected cases was 98.39%.106 cases were confirmed. The cases mainly happened in March to May. The preschoolers and school children as well as adults were affected by the disease. [Conclusion]The epidemic pattern of measles was sporadic eases and outbreak cases coexisted, and the measles in some districts affected the measles morbidity of the whole county. The measles routine immunization in right-age group should be enhanced, and the measles surveillance and inspection should be reinforced.
Introduction of biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS) and its application progress

Biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS) is a scientific frame based on the solubility and permeability of drugs.Currently,FDA,WHO and EMEA have accepted the concept of BCS.In this review,we compared the criteria of BCS in different regulatory agencies,presented biowaiver applications based on BCS and the regulatory experience gained up to date,and expected future trends.
The effect of blood gases in retinopathy of prematurity

Objective: To investigate the effect of the value of blood gas analysis within three days in retinopathy of prematurity(ROP). Methods: 396 preterm infants need screening ROP were included,the blood gases were collected in the first 3 days after birth,the blood gas were analyzed. Results: The rates of preterm infants with ROP were much higher in the lower quartile PaO2,pH value and the upper quartile PaO2,PCO2(P0.05).Using logistic regression analysis to analyse birth weight,gestational age,and blood gas for infants with severe ROP.We found that birth weight less than 1000g,gestatinal age less than 27 weeks,upper quartile PaO2,PCO2,lower quartile PaO2,and lower quartile pH with significant difference,and indicated that were the high risk of ROP. Conclusion: Preterm infants exposed to low PaO2,PH and high PaO2,PCO2 appear to be at increased risk of ROP.
Psychological intervention for the perineal region trauma of female children

Objective:To evaluate the emotional response of parents of female children with perineal region trauma, and the influence to parents after psychological intervention. Methods: To observe and evaluate the emotional response of par ents of 42 female children with perineal region trauma, and do psychological intervention to aim directly at outstanding mental problems. Results: The maximum type of psychic reaction of 42 girls' parents were agitated and angry type(76.2%), the effective power of psychological intervention was 95.2%. Conclusion: The psychic reaction of parents is very intense after perineal region trauma of their female children. Psychological intervention is one of valid measures to lighten psychic reaction of parents.
Testicular contractile cells and sperm transport.

Information bearing on the presence function and possible physiologic control of the contractile cells of the testis is consolidated. The cells are true muscle cells and contractile fibroblasts. Smooth muscle is most important in capsules of rabbits and dogs less so in humans and rats. In humans only vascular innervation has been seen in testicular tunica although innervation has been suggested to be present. Isolated rat rabbit and human testes contract in presence of ganglion stimulants. This is evidence for innervation. However no cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system are known to exist. All of the prostaglandins (PGs) thus far tested initiate tonus increases and phasic contractions in nonmotile isolated rabbit testes. PGE1 potentiates contractions caused by other agents such as epinephrine. The smooth muscle of the rabbit testicular capsule depends on extracellular calcium for its contractility. A stimulatory agent as PGE2 is also needed. The laminar propria of seminiferous tubules from all mammals contains cells that resemble smooth muscle. Evidence is presented in support of the role for testicular contractile elements in the emptying of sperm from the testes. As with smooth muscle in other organs testicular muscle cells can facilitate emptying ducts of their secretory products in this case spermatozoa.
An investigation of the biological basis of an interaction of abdominal fat distribution and family history of breast cancer. A nested study of sisters in the Iowa Women's Health Study (United States)

Objective: The present study examined whether levels of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), or insulin levels might underlie an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in women with both high waist-to-hip ratio and a family history of breast cancer disease that was noted earlier in the Iowa Women's Health Study.
Pharmacometabolomics informs pharmacogenomics

The initial decades of the twenty-first century have witnessed striking technical advances that have made it possible to detect, identify and quantitatively measure large numbers of plasma or tissue metabolites. In parallel, similar advances have taken place in our ability to sequence DNA and RNA. Those advances have moved us beyond studies of single metabolites and single genetic polymorphisms to the study of hundreds or thousands of metabolites and millions of genomic variants in a single cell or subject. It is now possible to merge and integrate large data sets generated by the use of different “-omics” techniques to increase our understanding of the molecular basis for variation in disease risk and/or drug response phenotypes. This “Brief Review” will outline some of the challenges and opportunities associated with studies in which metabolomic data have been merged with genomics in an attempt to gain novel insight into mechanisms associated with variation in drug response phenotypes, with an emphasis on the application of a pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomic research strategy and with selected examples of the application of that strategy. Studies that used pharmacometabolomics to inform and guide pharmacogenomics were reviewed. Clinical studies that were used as the basis for pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomic studies, published in five independent manuscripts, are described briefly. Within these five manuscripts, both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic metabolomics approaches were used. Candidate gene and genome-wide approaches that were used in concert with these metabolomic data identified novel metabolite-gene relationships that were associated with drug response phenotypes in these pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomics studies. This “Brief Review” outlines the emerging discipline of pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomics in which metabolic profiles are associated with both clinical phenotypes and genetic variants to identify novel genetic variants associated with drug response phenotypes based on metabolic profiles.
FLPMA Turns Forty: Providing Bureau of Land Management with Long-Term Vision

On the Ground Under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages public lands to sustain their health, diversity, and productivity for the benefit of present and future generations. The task is complicated, and there are issues that need to be addressed. Public demands and expectations continue to increase, and the agency must pursue logical, transparent, scientific and sustainable resource decisions. I encourage the BLM to be more open, creative, and collaboratewith diverse publics. Aswe see frustration grow with multiple-use management, the BLM needs to do a better job of balancing the needs and wishes of the American public.
Some Suggestions for Basketball Offense

(1936). Some Suggestions for Basketball Offense. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 34-35.