cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF HYPERCAPNIA ON HISTAMINE STIMULATED GASTRIC ACID SECRETION.

Summary The separate and interacting effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on histaminestimulated gastric acid secretion were studied in unanesthetized dogs equipped with Heidenhain stomach pouches. Hypercapnia, induced by inspiring 7.5 per cent of CO 2 in air for 40 minutes was uniformly associated with a significant decrease in the rate of acid secretion. Changes in the accompanying O 2 tension over a wide range of 67 to 138 mm. Hg did not seem to influence histamine-stimulated secretion, nor modify secretory responses associated with high, normal, or low CO 2 tensions. Evidence was obtained that suggests that changes in blood plasma pH during hypercapnia may have played a role in modifying secretion. These responses of histaminestimulated secretion to changes in CO 2 are essentially contrary to those described for vagal stimulated secretion in dogs and posttest meal secretion in man. These findings are interpreted to indicate that the effects that hypercapnia, or for that matter hypoxia, can be demonstrated to exert on gastric acid secretion are dependent upon the nature of the secretory studies carried out, particularly in reference to the preparation and the type of background secretory activity used.
Efficient authentication approach for highly dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks VANETs possess an extremely dynamic nature accompanying the high mobility feature. In VANETs, each vehicle sends out safety messages at regular intervals. IEEE 1609.2 security standard for VANETs recommend the use of secure elliptic curve digital signature algorithm ECDSA signatures for authenticating broadcast messages. ECDSA provides source authentication, message integrity and non-repudiation; with the drawback of signature verification overhead. Due to this, a large number of messages expire in the verification queue. Considering time-bound VANET broadcast messages authenticated using complex ECDSA verification, we propose a probabilistic verification for highly dynamic and mobile vehicles to reduce packet loss ratio. Along with our intelligent authentication strategy, we maintain conditional privacy of the vehicles through a lightweight vehicle registration process. We implement the complete solution in a realistic VANET scenario. With ns-2 simulations, we show that our algorithm decreases message loss by an overall average of 68% compared to other broadcast authentication algorithms.
Earnings management and the post-issue underperformance of seasoned equity offerings

Loughran and Ritter (1995) document that firms issuing seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) severely underperform the stock market for three to five years after the offering. Our paper examines the hypothesis that SEO investors are too optimistic because they naively extrapolate earnings trends without fully adjusting for observable discretionary managerial reporting choices. We find that aggressive firms, which report high pre-SEO earnings at the expense of post-SEO earnings by taking high discretionary pre-issue accruals, subsequently performed worse (abnormal stock returns and industry-adjusted net income). Aggressive quartile firms earned a highly significant-48% four-year cumulative abnormal return; conservative quartile firms earned an insignificant-7% four-year cumulative abnormal return. In contrast with discretionary accruals, pre-issue non-discretionary accruals did not predict post SEO returns. This paper is also available at the following web address: ftp://next.agsm.ucla.edu/academic.finance/mngseo.ps ftp://next.agsm.ucla.edu/academic.finance/mngseo.hp If you have any questions concerning downloading, please contact Professor Teoh.
Measuring the economic impact of perioperative total parenteral nutrition: principles and design.

Although the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been increasing in recent years, few studies have been performed on both its costs and its effectiveness or benefits. This paper provides a general review of the methods of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis, summarizes briefly the existing cost-analysis studies of TPN, and outlines the authors' proposed study design for their economic assessment of TPN. Am J Clin Nutr l988;47:382-9l.
Constipation and Dietary Fiber Intake in Children

Objective. Severe constipation in children is associated with rectal overdistension and insensitivity. Treatment typically involves three phases: disimpaction (days to weeks), laxative use (months), and a high-fiber diet (lifelong). The purpose of this survey is a discussion of therapies that recognize the unique problems that children with severe constipation have. Methods. Four-day diet logs were obtained from children who had no history of chronic bowel disease. Their intake of dietary fiber was determined from the logs and was compared with the dietary fiber ingested by children who had chronic constipation. These data sets were compared in light of our current understanding of the need for dietary fiber. Results. Approximately half of the children from families who were health conscious enough to request dietary evaluation still fell below the age + 5 guidelines for grams of dietary fiber intake per day. The children referred to us with chronic constipation had all been instructed "to eat a high-fiber diet." Those constipated patients were consuming less than one fourth of the recommended fiber intake. Conclusions. This survey underscored the difficulties in beginning and in maintaining high-fiber diets in children. When families receive advice to administer a high-fiber diet, they are unable to accomplish this unless they receive intensive and ongoing dietary counseling. Even among health-conscious families, only half of the children received the recommended amounts of dietary fiber. Further public education in this regard is warranted.
Taking the next step beyond spectrum auctions: open spectrum access

The author presents the case for a better to approach to spectrum use involving a pragmatic and searching fashion rather than with an ideological mind set that equates the free market with one and only one particular allocation technique. Spectrum auctions are considered as an application for present times. The author goes on to look at the future.
The Economic Case for an International Law of the Atmosphere

In this paper economic theory is applied to the global atmospheric problems of greenhouse warming and ozone-layer depletion. Previous work by economists on the subject of environmental pollution has largely ignored the global dimension of the problem such as characterizes the greenhouse and ozone issues, thus resulting in the absence of an appropriate property rights basis for implementing economically efficient atmospheric utilization policies. The present analysis is an attempt to fill this void and, in so doing, to construct an economic basis for global atmospheric policies. Its analytical foundation will utilize such economic concepts as public goods and bads, externalities, common property resources, and Pareto-efficiency. The study will interact with the disciplines of international law and political science because of the relevance of political institutions and property rights to the analysis. The nature of the economic demand and supply for a clean global atmosphere is examined in section 1 and in...
Economics and the Quality of Life

Q" UALITY OF LIFE" has become a cliche; environmental quality is of concern to many who have little previous interest in anything even remotely related to such a subject. Economic growth and improved quality of life are generally believed to be highly competitive. Why, then, has quality of life surfaced at a time when we are also worried about economic performance? Few would deny that a relationship exists between the two sets of issues. Yet, if we probe deeply, there is not agreement as to what this relationship is or even agreement as to the meaning of different possible relationships. This lack of agreement exists not only between and within the various social sciences but within the populace as well. Questions important for public policy as well as for the economics profession are involved in this set of issues. For example,
Vortex-induced flame extinction in two-phase counterflow diffusion flames with CH planar laser-induced fluorescence and particle-image velocimetry

Here the interaction between a laminar two-phase, non-pre-mixed counterflow flame and a vortex is examined. Special emphasis is given to the influence of different flame and vortex parameters on the extinction behavior of the flame. Simultaneaous planar laser-induced fluorescence of the CH radical layer produced by the flame and particle-image velocimetry measurements of the flowfield are used to characterize the flame-vortex interaction. These simultaneous diagnostics are used for the first time in this configuration. The extinction processes occurring during the flame-vortex interaction can be analyzed by this method, especially the influence of strain at the flame surface. The influence of the droplets on the extinction behavior appears clearly compared with a fully gaseous flame. The spray flame is weaker and extinguishes earlier than does a gaseous flame. In the measurements an additional broadband signal in the vicinity of the CH layer is probably due to the induced fluorescence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, excited at the same wavelength.
The Implementation of DSpace at the InterContinental Hotels Group: A Knowledge Management Project Success

The InterContinental Hotels Group (http://www.ihgplc.com) is the worldâ€™s largest hospitality and accommodation provider by room count. 2002 was a banner growth year for the corporate and the volume of customer relationship management projects and resulting reports posed a digital retention problem. To address their knowledge management challenge, the Decision Science Support department initiated a digital repository and archiving project. The original project scope was for a departmental solution but after implementation, other departments quickly realized the value of virtual communities of practice and the Decision Science Support department made the DSpace platform available to the global enterprise.
High resolution electron microscopy of zeolites

Abstract This article reviews the application of high resolution electron microscopy techniques to zeolite structural characterization. Examples given in this article include identification of structural intergrowth, stacking faults and framework projection net from high resolution images. Slow-scan CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras, representing the latest advance in electron microscopy instrumentation, are briefly introduced. Low-dose, high resolution electron microscopy using commercial CCD cameras is discussed. With slow-scan CCD cameras, it is shown that it is possible to directly read off the underlying zeolite structures from experimental high resolution images when suitable image processing techniques are employed. This latest advance greatly enhances the power of high resolution electron microscopy techniques in solving unknown zeolite structures.
Gatekeeping and homophobia: from bouncers in bars to the macro-social, interpersonal, and intrapsychological practices of homophobia.

There are links between the theoretical construct of gatekeeping and Madureira’s conceptualization of homophobia as a boundary phenomenon. The gatekeeping phenomenon exposes the process through which borders and boundaries of social conduct are regulated and maintained. Hence a focus on gatekeeping practices reveals how conduct becomes scrutinized and restricted in crucial gated sites. Following Madureira’s model, these gated areas can be identified and analyzed at macro-social, interpersonal, and intrapsychological levels.
Information sources and profile of informed citizens: An empirical analysis from Guatemala

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Guatemalans procure information on national and local matters. Using data from two nationally representative household surveys, probit models are est...
Carpal tunnel syndrome among apprentice construction workers.

Background In terms of lost-work time and restricted workdays, surgery, and rehabilitation, one of the most costly occupational musculoskeletal disorders is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of CTS among apprentice construction workers. Methods This cross-sectional study included apprentices from four construction trades. Apprentices completed a self-administered questionnaire and received electrophysiologic studies assessing median nerve function across the carpal tunnel. A surveillance case definition for CTS was based on characteristic hand symptoms and the presence of median mononeuropathy across the carpal tunnel. Results Of the 1,325 eligible apprentices, 1,142 (86.2%) participated in the study. The prevalence of CTS among apprentices was 8.2%; sheet metal workers had the highest rate (9.2%). In operating engineers, the prevalence of CTS was significantly higher (OR = 6.9; 95% CI = 2.6–18.2) among the heavy equipment mechanics than the drivers of those vehicles. Body mass index, age, and self-reports of working overhead were associated with prevalent CTS. Less than 15% of the apprentices with CTS sought medical attention for their disorder. Conclusions Many construction workers begin developing CTS before or during their apprenticeship. Few apprentices seek medical attention for hand symptoms characteristic of CTS. The results of this study indicate a public health need for the implementation of prevention strategies for CTS in the construction industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:107–116, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Toxoplasma gondii protein ROP2 mediates host organelle association with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane

Toxoplasma gondii replicates within a specialized vacuole surrounded by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The PVM forms intimate interactions with host mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a process termed PVM–organelle association. In this study we identify a likely mediator of this process, the parasite protein ROP2. ROP2, which is localized to the PVM, is secreted from anterior organelles termed rhoptries during parasite invasion into host cells. The NH2-terminal domain of ROP2 (ROP2hc) within the PVM is exposed to the host cell cytosol, and has characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting signal. In in vitro assays, ROP2hc is partially translocated into the mitochondrial outer membrane and behaves like an integral membrane protein. Although ROP2hc does not translocate across the ER membrane, it does exhibit carbonate-resistant binding to this organelle. In vivo, ROP2hc expressed as a soluble fragment in the cytosol of uninfected cells associates with both mitochondria and ER. The 30–amino acid (aa) NH2-terminal sequence of ROP2hc, when fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), is sufficient for mitochondrial targeting. Deletion of the 30-aa NH2-terminal signal from ROP2hc results in robust localization of the truncated protein to the ER. These results demonstrate a new mechanism for tight association of different membrane-bound organelles within the cell cytoplasm.
An intronic signal for alternative splicing in the human genome.

An important level at which the expression of programmed cell death (PCD) genes is regulated is alternative splicing. Our previous work identified an intronic splicing regulatory element in caspase-2 (casp-2) gene. This 100-nucleotide intronic element, In100, consists of an upstream region containing a decoy 3′ splice site and a downstream region containing binding sites for splicing repressor PTB. Based on the signal of In100 element in casp-2, we have detected the In100-like sequences as a family of sequence elements associated with alternative splicing in the human genome by using computational and experimental approaches. A survey of human genome reveals the presence of more than four thousand In100-like elements in 2757 genes. These In100-like elements tend to locate more frequent in intronic regions than exonic regions. EST analyses indicate that the presence of In100-like elements correlates with the skipping of their immediate upstream exons, with 526 genes showing exon skipping in such a manner. In addition, In100-like elements are found in several human caspase genes near exons encoding the caspase active domain. RT-PCR experiments show that these caspase genes indeed undergo alternative splicing in a pattern predicted to affect their functional activity. Together, these results suggest that the In100-like elements represent a family of intronic signals for alternative splicing in the human genome.
Metabolic flux determination in perfused livers by mass balance analysis: Effect of fasting

Isolated perfused livers from fasted rats have been extensively studied to understand the underlying mechanisms of injury-induced acute and chronic changes in liver metabolism. In this study, we investigated the impact of fasting on perfused liver metabolism. The methodology we used combines a flux variability approach, sampling analysis and singular value decomposition (SVD) to analyze the data using the same metabolic reaction network for both fed and fasted livers. Considering both experimental observations and mathematical analysis, the results show that 24 h fasting results in a limited glucose production from glycogen and up-regulation of gluconeogenic pathway. Glutamate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation are also slightly up-regulated whereas aspartate metabolism is down-regulated after fasting. Moreover, SVD analysis elucidates that glycogen breakdown mainly affects the pentose phosphate pathway in fasted state whereas co-occurrence pattern associated with glycogen breakdown and glycolysis observed in flux samples of fed state is dominant. In conclusion, this analysis provides a detailed description of the metabolic changes in two different states, considering the entire steady state flux space and dominant flux patterns that capture the system variations within the flux space.
MP2 studies of relativistic effects on the linear stationary points of the H + Cl2 → HCl + Cl and Cl + HCl → ClH + Cl reactions

The influence of relativistic effects on the linear stationary points of the potential energy surfaces of the ClHCl and HCl2 systems is studied. Scalar relativistic effects have little influence on the geometries and the energies at these points. Spin-orbit effects have no influence on the barrier of the forward reaction of H with Cl2, but increase the reaction energy. The total relativistic effect is an increase of the reaction energy by 2.3 kJ mol−1. The barrier for the iso-energetic exchange reaction of HCl with Cl is decreased by 0.5 kJ mol−1 due to the scalar relativistic effects. This small decrease is cancelled by the larger increase of 2.5 kJ mol−1 due to spin-orbit effects, giving a total relativistic effect of 2.0 kJ mol−1.
SU‐FF‐I‐21: Two‐Dimensional Shift‐And‐Add (SAA) Algorithm for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Reconstruction

Purpose: To investigate a two‐dimensional Shift‐And‐Add algorithm for three‐dimensional digital breast tomosynthsis reconstruction to correct for defects existing in the traditional Shift‐And‐Add algorithm that calculates only one‐dimensional shift amount along the axis of x‐ray tube's motion. Method and Materials: With the traditional Shift‐And‐Add (SAA) algorithm for breast tomosynthesisreconstruction, shift amounts for each projection plane are calculated only along the axis of x‐ray tube's movement. As a result, small objects such as microcalcifications appear slightly blurred in the direction perpendicular to the direction of tube motion. In this project, a two‐dimensional SAA method was developed to correct for this phenomenon. Shift amounts for every pixel location on each reconstruction plane were computed, taking into account the 2D arc projection location of reconstructed objects in each plane. Bilinear interpolation was used for partial pixel locations. Impulses at different 3‐D locations were simulated and a few human subject tomosynthesissequences were acquired for investigation. Results: Two‐dimensional SAA demonstrated the improvement in the direction that is perpendicular to the tube motion direction. For human subjects, the appearance of calcifications from 2D SAA was sharper than traditional SAA at the direction orthogonal to the tube motion direction. The out‐of‐plane artifacts of calcifications changed from curved to be straight. Conclusion: Two‐dimensional SAA is an effective method to reconstruct 3D tomosynthesisimages of the breast. Compared with the traditional SAA, the new method corrects for 2D shift amounts coming from the isocentric tube motion. This provides more accurate and reliable results compared with other SAA algorithms. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored in part by a research grant from Siemens Medical Solutions.
Apoptotic vs. Nonapoptotic Cytotoxicity Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract The regulation of cellular cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) over a wide concentration range was assessed. Three distinct patterns were detected: the highest concentrations (>10 mM) rapidly induced a necrotic form of death characterized by smeared patterns of DNA digestion and morphological evidence of primary cytoplasm and plasma membrane damage; In contrast, 10 and 5 mM H 2 O 2 induced endonucleosomal DNA digestion concurrently with cytotoxicity and target cell death was associated with morphologic evidence of apoptosis. Apoptosis was inhibited by cycloheximide, emetine, aminobenzamide (ABA), aurintricarboxylic acid, and calcium depletion. The lowest concentrations of H 2 O 2 (0.5 and 0.1 mM)-induced delayed cytotoxicity (at 24 or 48 hr), which was not associated with DNA ladder formation or morphologic evidence of apoptosis, but was inhibited by ABA. Enforced expression of BCL-2 induced resistance to 0.5 and 0.1 mM H 2 O 2 but had no effect on cytotoxicity induced by 5 and 10 mM. Exposure of isolated nuclei to H 2 O 2 in the absence of calcium or magnesium failed to induce endonucleosomal fragmentation. These data indicate that distinct pathways of H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity can be distinguished by their different concentration dependences, and that BCL-2 can protect against some forms of H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.
The Mantle Flow Field Beneath Western North America

Although motions at the surface of tectonic plates are well determined, the accompanying horizontal mantle flow is not. We have combined observations of surface deformation and upper mantle seismic anisotropy to estimate this flow field for western North America. We find that the mantle velocity is 5.5 ± 1.5 centimeters per year due east in a hot spot reference frame, nearly opposite to the direction of North American plate motion (west-southwest). The flow is only weakly coupled to the motion of the surface plate, producing a small drag force. This flow field is probably due to heterogeneity in mantle density associated with the former Farallon oceanic plate beneath North America.
Fitness landscape of sympatric pupfishes a useful tool for visualizing speciation.

Arguably the most useful model of evolution emerged from the mind of Sewall Wright when he invented the fitness landscape (Wright 1932). In a recent issue of Molecular Ecology, Martin & Feinstein (2014) investigate the genetics and demographic history of an adaptive radiation of pupfish on San Salvador Island. Since the founder species colonized the island 10 000 years ago, two descendent species have appeared and in several lakes all three species (a durophage, a scale-eater, and the generalist ancestral form) coexist. The three species are thought to occupy three distinct fitness peaks. The durophage and generalists' peaks are close, whereas the scale-eater's peak is predicted to be distant and separated from the other two by a deep valley. Consistent with this view, gene flow between the two species on close fitness peaks is greater than the gene flow between these two species and the third species on a more distant peak. Correspondingly, the inferred fitness landscape predicts progress towards speciation, with more limited separation of species on close peaks, and that speciation is more complete for the scale-eater. The article provides an illustrative example of the power afforded by analysis of large numbers of SNPs for estimating key parameters underlying evolutionary divergence.
Keeping Sociology in Perspective: Roy Francis' Academic Odyssey*

During a career that has spanned more than 40 years, Roy Francis has made substantial contributions to sociological teaching and research. Building on his experiences as a student, he holds dear the ideals of a liberal education and continues to search for new ways of transmitting those ideals in the face of changing social patterns. A prolific writer, Francis’books and papers often examine the proper relations between theory and research and explore the potential of symbolic interactionism as an epistemological framework. He has been active in sociology's professional affairs, especially in promoting visual sociology as a teaching and learning medium. His roles as a student, professor, administrator, and president of the Midwest Sociological Society round out a career that has encompassed all facets of modern scholarship. In each of these roles, Francis stresses the moral dimensions of the academic life, and he instills in his students the sense of intellectual obligation to their scholarly forebears that he feels toward his own.
Social choice theory and distributed decision making

Strategies of distributed decision making based on social choice theory can be used to create a balance between organizational complexity and uncertainty. Although Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS's) have included options for making human collective choices, their design has not been based on optimal rules. Social choice theory can also be used to improve the reliability of decisions made by nodes in distributed computer networks. Three examples illustrate the application of this theory: human computer-mediated distributed decision making, electing a coordinator to reorganize a failed distributed network, and using weighted votes to improve network reliability.
Productive Activities and Perceived Well-Being in an African American Older Adult Urban Sample

Few studies have examined the relationship between productive activities and well-being among urban lower-income African American older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the pattern and prevalence of types and specific kinds of productive activities and (2) the association among sociodemographic data, individual capacity, kinds and levels of productive activity, and well-being at the individual level. Approximately 12% of 531 respondents participated in employment, whereas 20% participated in volunteer activities. The majority of the respondents (99.4%) joined in leisure activities. More than 75% engaged in religious activities. The respondents also reported that they participated in various kinds of productive activities. Age, physical health status, perceived social support, and perceived neighborhood satisfaction were the most important regression predictors of perceived well-being. Higher levels of involvement in religious activities and leisure activities were related to a greater ...
Two-color fourier analysis of the multigrid method with red-black Gauss-Seidel smoothing

A two-color Fourier analytical approach is proposed to analyze the multigrid method which employs the red-black Gauss-Seidel smoothing iteration for solving the Poisson equation. In this approach, Fourier components in the high-frequency region are folded into the low-frequency region so that the coupling between the low and high Fourier components is transformed into a coupling between components of red and black computational waves in the low-frequency region. We show that the two-color two-grid method asymptotically reduces to a one-color two-grid method whose physical mechanism is more transparent than for its original two-color form. The two-color Fourier analysis is also used to design variants of the standard multigrid algorithm.
Avoiding the Next Crisis

The rise of huge quasi-banks that are too big to fail caused the financial crisis, according to Ravi Jagannathan and John Boyd, and they propose a cure.
Another dissertation on poorly differentiated carcinomas: is it really necessary?

On: Clinicopathological significance of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Nishida T, Katayama S, Tsujimoto M, Nakamura J, and Matsuda H, Amer J Surg Pathol 1999;23:205–11 Descriptions of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas, tumors with outcomes midway between that associated with well-differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, have been prominent in the literature of the recent past. The neoplasms are characterized by the finding of poorly differentiated areas within papillary and follicular carcinomas. The work of Sakamoto clearly separates a group of poorly differentiated carcinomas, based on outcomes, from well-differentiated and anaplastic forms by the identification of schirrous, solid, and trabecular areas within papillary and follicular carcinomas. However, the presence of similar areas within more “benign” forms of papillary and follicular carcinomas may obviate the easy identification of such neoplasms in daily practice. This article presents a refinement of Sakamoto's classification and although suffering from the same limitations, may be of some practical value.
Hormones and the Social Brain

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that function in immune responses, metabolism, development, and a range of behaviors. On pages 332 and 335 in this issue, Barik et al. ( 1 ) and Niwa et al. ( 2 ), respectively, challenge our understanding of the sites and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoid "stress hormones" in the mammalian brain, revealing surprising neuroanatomical specificity and pointing to the participation of other regulatory factors and cellular interactions, as well as the importance of gene-environment interactions in the effects of glucocorticoids.
Psychological Intervention with the Severely Burned Child: Report of an Experimental Comparison of Two Approaches and Their Effects on Psychological Sequelae

An experimental study of two approaches to the burned child's dressing change/wound care was conducted over a 3-month period. Nine patients, ages 2–12, with second and third degree burns over 12–85% of body surface were studied. Thirty staff members were trained in the two approaches: standard therapy (which emphasizes staff control and patient distraction) and an experimental approach based on the result of animal and adult-human research on predictability and controllability of aversive events. In the experimental approach patient control and focus on the procedure was emphasized. Comparison of groups on dependent variables such as depression and anxiety demonstrated better adaptation in the experimental approach group. For example, there were significantly more maladaptive behaviors ( p = 0.043) in the first 2 weeks of hospitalization, as well as significantly more depression ( p = 0.042) at discharge in the standard group.
A Comparison of Injectable Fluorescent Marks in Two Genera of Darters: Effects on Survival and Retention Rates

Abstract Visible implant elastomer (VIE) and injectable photonic dye (IPD), two types of injectable fluorescent marks, have shown promise in previous applications in a variety of fishes but have not been extensively tested on darters. We marked a species from each of two genera of darters, Percina and Etheostoma, in a laboratory experiment to determine the influence of VIE and IPD marks on survival and the influences of mark type, location, and color on mark retention. Short-term (≤80-d) survival was similar between marked and control specimens for both marks in both species. Over the long term (200–240 d), however, the survival rate for IPD-marked Roanoke darters P. roanoka was significantly lower than that for controls (50% versus 80%), whereas VIE-marked Roanoke darters had a survival rate (88%) similar to that of controls. Long-term survival of riverweed darters E. podostemone did not differ among groups. In Roanoke darters, the mark retention rate for IPD was significantly lower than that for VIE by ...
Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Purpose of reviewIntrauterine growth restriction remains one of the major problems in obstetrics. Recent published literature on this problem is summarized in this review.Recent findingsIntrauterine growth restriction contributes disproportionately to neonatal mortality and morbidity in both preterm
GHG registries: participation and performance under the Canadian Voluntary Climate Challenge Program.

Between 1994 and 2004, the Voluntary Challenge and Registry (VCR) played an important role in Canadian climate change policy. In this paper, we examine the decision of firms to participate in the VCR, the extent of their involvement, and then ask if greenhouse gas emissions are related to past VCR participation. As an information provision program, we find evidence that firms may participate in VCR to signal their environmental responsibility to regulators and to some extent investors, but not to consumers. We also find that past involvement in the VCR is a strong and significant determinant of current involvement in the registry. Greenhouse gas emissions reported to the Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program in 2004, however, do not appear to be different between VCR reporters and non-reporters. GHG emissions are observed to be significantly lower among firms that are smaller, emit fewer toxic releases, use more renewable energy sources, are intermediate good producers, and are located in Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba.
Crustal accretion model for Iceland predicts ‘cold’ crust

We present a self-consistent crustal accretion model of Iceland that includes heat and mass transfer between an upwelling, melting mantle and an accreting, cooling crust. This models predicts sub-solidus crustal temperatures that are consistent with seismic estimates of the maximum depth of earthquake hypocenters and mid-crustal shear wave quality factors, and with geothermal estimates of surface heatflow.
Renal hydromineral metabolism in starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies are reported on urinary bladder modification of urine electrolyte composition in vivo and on renal Na and Mg excretion in SW and FW acclimated starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. 2. 2. Kidney urine differs from bladder urine in electrolyte levels and osmotic pressure in both SW and FW fish. SW flounder kidney urine has higher Na and lower Mg levels than bladder urine. whereas FW flounder kidney urine has higher levels of Na and Cl, and a greater osmolarity than bladder urine. This suggests that the urinary bladder reabsorbs Na and possibly Cl in SW and FW fish, concentrates Mg through water reabsorption in SW fish, and restricts water influx during salt reabsorption in FW flounder. 3. 3. SW flounder urine is characterized by a significant inverse relationship between Na and Mg levels over a wide range of urine Na concentrations without alteration in urine osmolarity. FW flounder urine osmolarity changes directly with urine Na content, but there is no correlation between Na and Mg concentration in bladder and kidney urines. These relationships can be used to assess renal adjustments during salinity transfers. 4. 4. Rate of renal electrolyte and water excretion is influenced by environmental salinity. Acclimation of SW flounder to fresh water results in increased urine flow, decreased Mg excretion and increased Na excretion.
Antibody-functionalized magnetic nanowires for cell purification

Rapid and efficient cell purification remains challenging. The use of ferromagnetic Ni nanowires for cell purification is considered superior over magnetic beads. In this study, we explored the opportunity to improve cell purification by using antibody-functionalized Ni nanowires. Antibody (anti-CD31) against mouse endothelial cells (MS-1) was conjugated to Ni nanowire surface by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and chemical covalent reaction. The antibody functionalized nanowires were used to purify the MS-1 from a mixture of MS-1 and mouse fibroblast cells (3T3). The nanowire-bound cells were magnetically separated to determine the separation yield of target cells. Furthermore, the proliferation of nanowire-bound cells was studied by MTT cell proliferation assay. This work demonstrates that antibody-functionalized Ni nanowires provide an effective mean to separate cells.
Transvaginal ultrasound‐guided follicular aspiration of equine oocytes

Summary Follicular aspiration was performed in 30 cyclic mares during each oestrus and every dioestrus in which >4 follicles 10–15 mm in size were present. During the final oestrous cycle, 15 mares were superovulated with crude equine pituitary extract before aspiration. With the oestrous mares (99 preovulatory follicles yielding 62 (63%) oocytes) 3 follicular aspiration techniques were examined: a 12-gauge double-lumen needle, allowing continuous rinsing of the follicle, provided the best oocyte recovery, 36/43 (84%) compared with the single-lumen needle (24/47; 51%) or the wire-loop technique (2/9; 22%) (P 0.05) by aspiration technique performed (16-gauge needle with simple or continuous rinsing). Follicles 20 mm in size (3/38; 8%). In the superovulated mares 22 oocytes were recovered from 36 preovulatory follicles (61%). We suggest that transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration is a low-risk, repeatable method for in-vivo collection of equine oocytes.
Recent advances in the treatment and outcome of locally advanced rectal cancer.

Progress in multimodality therapy of rectal cancer is one of the best examples of the success of evolutionary clinical research in the last two decades. Although the estimated number of new cases of rectal cancer in the United States remains relatively stable at 36,000 per year, the 5-year survival rate has increased from 27% to 38% in the 1960s to 52% to 61% in the early 1990s. 1 Such an improvement may be attributable to many factors, including comprehensive screening with detection of disease at an earlier stage, but there is little doubt that meaningful advances have taken place in surgical technique, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and supportive care. A number of well-conducted institutional and cooperative group trials have established multimodality therapy as the treatment of choice for T3 or T4 tumors with or without positive lymph nodes. 2–5 However, there is still no agreement as to the optimal sequencing of chemotherapy, radiation, and definitive surgery in immediately operable patients, and both preoperative and postoperative approaches have vocal proponents. 6 Naturally, when the tumor cannot be removed ab initio because of fixation, preoperative therapy is mandated to downstage the lesion and achieve resectability. 7,8 This not only increases the likelihood of resection but also enhances the chances of sphincter-sparing surgery. A second major source of debate concerns the true value of total sharp mesorectal excision, for which reported local recurrence rates are only 5% to 10%. 9,10 This technique may be the optimal choice for both local disease control and preservation of adequate sphincter function in patients with early-stage disease, but its role in a combined modality approach to more advanced disease is not yet clearly defined. Several randomized trials have shown that preoperative pelvic radiation alone resulted in an improvement in survival of patients with rectal cancer. 11–14 This salutary effect was not expected from a local treatment aimed initially at reducing pelvic recurrence after a surgical procedure. Recently, chemotherapy, usually 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with leucovorin, has been added to the preoperative radiation therapy regimen. 15,16 In our hands, complete response (T0) of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has increased with the use of combined chemoradiation compared with radiation therapy alone. 17 We have a unique patient population, because we have used preoperative radiation since 1975 and added chemotherapy to the regimen in 1991. This study evaluates our institutional experience in the treatment of LARC spanning the periods of 1975 to 1990 (early era) and 1991 to 1997 (late era). The surgical treatment, pathologic stage, local recurrence-free survival rate, and overall survival rate were analyzed and data from the two eras compared. Comparison of the two eras provides an indication of the value of chemotherapy, because no prospective randomized trial evaluating this subject exists.
The inevitable slide into coercive peacemaking: The US role in the new World order

(1994). The inevitable slide into coercive peacemaking: The US role in the new World order. Defense Analysis: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 305-321.
P300 correlates of inspection time

Abstract The P300 is an easily elicited psychophysiological phenomenon that may reflect phases of information processing inherent in many complex cognitive endeavors. In this study, cortical event-related potentials were collected from 49 subjects during an inspection time task. P300 amplitude at the temporal and occipital sites correlated with inspection time and with performance on Raven's Standard Matrices. This study supports some of the previous work on P300 correlates and suggests that future integration of the IT and ERP paradigms will be fruitful.
Design and implementation of an ecological engineering approach to coastal restoration at Loyola Beach, Kleberg County, Texas

Abstract Ecological, coastal, and civil engineering techniques were integrated to obtain a structurally sound, ecologically beneficial engineering restoration method for preserving the shoreline at Loyola Beach, Kleberg County, Texas. The erosion management strategy was based on a plan to integrate the natural landscape, riprap rock, and local fill material, along with native vegetation for beach preservation. Geotechnical parameters including soil moisture, shear strength, plasticity, and grain size were measured for pre-construction site characterization and baseline evaluations, and compared to measurements for the restored areas. The shear strength of the beach after project implementation increased along with a decrease in moisture content when compared to the original site. Higher shear stress values will be required to reach the critical value to cause sediment erosion on the restored structure. A model is suggested to estimate erosion potential for these types of structures using Shields parameter for sandy soils. The Shields parameter calculations predicted an increase in erosion resistance above the pre-construction beach soils. The model provides a method to evaluate erosion resistance of certain coastal ecosystems based on geotechnical analysis techniques. The final project implementation provided an economical alternative to conventional coastline restoration, costing one-third of a typical seawall, in addition to preserving the natural beach ecosystem.
Need for cognition and false memory in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm

Abstract Two experiments investigated whether false recognition in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm is mediated by individual differences in need for cognition. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with word lists composed of associates which converge on a non-presented critical word. On a subsequent recognition test, high need for cognition participants falsely recognized a greater proportion of critical words as having been previously studied than did low need for cognition participants. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, and also tested a manipulation of list strength. Word lists used were either strong or weak in terms of eliciting the critical item. These experiments show that individual differences in approach to information processing tasks can affect the rate of false memory elicited in the DRM task.
Sensitivity of Turbine Blade Temperatures to Tolerances of Design Variables

The General Electric Company in conjunction with the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory is involved in a program to more fully understand air-cooled turbine blade distress mechanisms. As part of this program, the tolerance effects of design parameters on the predicted blade temperature were evaluated. Turbine blade temperature predictions are based on the assumption that all blades conform to the nominal design intent in terms of blade geometry and operating conditions. Since the geometry and operating conditions of each blade may vary from these assumptions, the actual blade life may be significantly different from that calculated, based on the nominal design intent. This study analyzed the blade temperature sensitivity of a single stage high pressure turbine blade to variations in most of the design variables. The effect on blade metal temperature of each variable was assessed individually and the cumulative effect of changing several variables simultaneously was also determined. Finally, an equation was obtained from this study that can be used to predict the cumulative effect on blade temperatures in a given blade by knowing only the single-variable sensitivities.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
It's not just for laparoscopy anymore: Use of insufflation under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance by Interventional Radiologists for percutaneous placement of intraperitoneal chemotherapy catheters

Abstract Objectives While intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy has shown significant survival benefits, the ability to successfully deliver IP chemotherapy has been limited. In GOG 172, surgically-placed IP catheters had a reported complication rate of 34%. In addition, IP catheters have to be placed surgically. We have developed a novel percutaneous placement technique for IP catheters in patients without ascites. Methods This study was a retrospective analysis of all patients receiving percutaneously-placed IP catheters from 12/2008 to present. Catheters were placed using a two-step technique under conscious sedation. IP access was gained using ultrasound-guided peritoneal puncture over the right lobe of the liver. A 5 Fr catheter was placed into the peritoneal cavity and the abdomen insufflated with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Access was gained in the RLQ once distention separated the bowel from the abdominal wall. A 14.5 Fr multi-side hole catheter was coiled in the pelvis, and a reservoir tunneled onto the lower anterior chest wall. For this analysis, abstracted data included patient demographics, indication for catheter placement, complications (procedural and with chemotherapy delivery), fluoroscopy time, and timing/indication of catheter removal. Results Eleven patients received IP catheters. The mean age was 58years, mean body mass index was 27.1, and mean number of days from surgical debulking was 38. There were two stage 2, and eight stage 3 patients. Two patients had fallopian tube, and nine patients had ovarian cancer. All patients had an optimal debulking procedure. Seven of 11 patients also obtained central intravenous access when the IP port was placed. Follow-up data were as follows: Average fluoroscopy time was 9min. One patient (9%) had an intra-procedural complication but the catheter was successfully placed. Zero patients had catheter-related complications in the course of receiving chemotherapy. Five of the 11 patients (45%) completed the planned IP chemotherapy treatments, with three additional patients (27%) currently receiving therapy. The remaining three patients (27%) discontinued chemotherapy for reasons unrelated to IP catheter function: two due to chemotherapy side effects, and one with sepsis from a perforated diverticulum. Conclusions Thus far, our experience with percutaneous placement of IP catheters is associated with a low risk of catheter-related complications and high technical success rates. CO 2 insufflation may make peritoneal puncture easier and potentially safer. This procedure offers an alternative to surgical placement, even in patients without clinically significant ascites.