cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accretion and primary differentiation of the Earth: a personal journey

Abstract The accretion of the Earth was a violent series of events dominated by the addition of objects one third to one tenth of the mass of the growing planet. During the later stages of accretion, these collisions deposited enough energy to at least partly melt the Earth, possibly multiple times. The result was an ocean of magma. Metal sank through this magma ocean and ponded at its base at roughly the depth of the base of the current upper mantle for some period of time before transiting diapirically through the lower mantle to the center of the planet. Metal appears to have equilibrated with silicate at the base of the magma ocean. The primitive atmosphere and ocean appear to have outgassed from the magma ocean. Core formation, magma ocean solidification, ocean and atmospheric outgassing were essentially complete by 4.45 Ga ago.
The Protein-Bound Iodine in the Fowl

Abstract INTRODUCTION IT HAS been established that measurement of the serum or plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI) is a dependable index of circulating thyroid hormone and, therefore, an index of thyroid activity in mammals (Blau, 1933; Leland, 1932; Taurog and Chaikoff, 1947; Laidlaw, 1949; and Leblond and Gross, 1949). The situation in birds, however, has remained uncertain. It has been reported (Mellen and Hardy, 1957) that experimental alteration of thyroid activity did not produce changes in the blood PBI level in chickens as determined by a chemical method. Bumgardner and Shaffner (1957) reported that the chemical method of PBI determination which they employed was not sensitive enough to measure differences in the thyroid activity of the chick. Lachiver and Poivilliers-de la Queriere (1959) used radioactive iodine to investigate the PBI in pigeons which had been radiothyroidectomized. These workers reported that the PBI131 values were useful. While the current investigations were being conducted,…
Survival advantage of coagulation factor XI-deficient mice during peritoneal sepsis

Anticoagulation is a rational approach to the treatment of sepsis-associated consumptive coagulopathy, but its application is limited because of the risk of excessive bleeding. Factor XI (FXI) contributes substantially to pathological blood coagulation (thrombosis), whereas it contributes only modestly to normal hemostasis. We found that FXI-deficient mice have reduced coagulopathy and increased survival relative to FXI-expressing wild-type mice during cecal ligation and puncture-induced acute peritonitis/sepsis. This finding suggests that FXI contributes to coagulopathy and/or inflammation during sepsis and that pharmacologic inhibition of FXI activity may alter the course and outcome of some infections.
Evidence from a House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) Spleen Transcriptome for Adaptive Evolution and Biased Gene Conversion in Passerine Birds

Identifying genes influenced by natural selection can provide information about lineage-specific adaptations, and transcriptomes generated by next-generation sequencing are a useful resource for identifying such genes. Here, we utilize a spleen transcriptome for the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), an emerging model for sexual selection and disease ecology, together with previously sequenced avian genomes (chicken, turkey, and zebra finch), to investigate lineage-specific adaptations within birds. An analysis of 4,398 orthologous genes revealed a significantly higher ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions and significantly higher GC content in passerines than in galliforms, an observation deviating from strictly neutral expectations but consistent with an effect of biased gene conversion on the evolutionary rate in passerines. These data also showed that genes exhibiting signs of positive selection and fast evolution in passerines have functional roles related to fat metabolism, neurodevelopment, and ion binding.
Teaching tourism geography

At the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Boston, geographers shared their experiences on team-based and critical teaching approaches, study abroad, service lear...
The Research‐Policy Gap on Latino Immigrant Issues: Impacts and New Directions on Social Policy: A Conclusion

In this final and concluding article, I focus on three broad and interwoven themes that cut across various articles in this issue. While these themes partially overlap with those highlighted in the introduction, it is their insinuation into policy discourses and actual formulations that informs their selection. These policy-oriented themes are language, immigrant integration, and the defiance of common sense; racialization, identity formation and second-generation educational achievement; and transnationalism and enforcement policies and immigrant responses. I end with a brief note on how academic research, and researchers themselves, can help further more fruitful and informed public policies.
Which Psychologists Prominent in the Second Half of This Century Made Lasting Contributions to Psychological Theory

The autobiographies in the last five volumes of A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volumes IV to VIII, published between the years 1952 and 1989, represent psychologists sufficiently along in their careers to have been selected by committees of their peers to be invited to prepare their autobiographies. They all had met some criteria of eminence. With the autobiographies available, and additional information about the writers, since most continued active beyond the time the autobiographies were written, an effort has been made to specify the enduring contributions of a few of these psychologists, chosen somewhat arbitrarily to represent a limited number of specialty areas. In spite of its limitations, this review points up the value of autobiographies as sources of information about the development of scientific ideas that can supplement the more formal presentations in technical books and articles.
Programs for Adolescents With Behavior Disorders: the State of the Art:

Services for adolescents with behavior disorders are undergoing a rapid growth as a result of P.L. 94-142. A survey of programs for this population of children was accomplished, with responses obtained from all 50 states and 3 additional service units. Trends and problems in the development of services for these children are discussed.
Cyclic Di-GMP Modulates the Disease Progression of Erwinia amylovora

The second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a nearly ubiquitous intracellular signal molecule known to regulate various cellular processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. The intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP is inversely governed by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) enzymes and phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, which synthesize and degrade c-di-GMP, respectively. The role of c-di-GMP in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease Erwinia amylovora has not been studied previously. Here we demonstrate that three of the five predicted DGC genes in E. amylovora (edc genes, for Erwinia diguanylate cyclase), edcA, edcC, and edcE, are active diguanylate cyclases. We show that c-di-GMP positively regulates the secretion of the main exopolysaccharide in E. amylovora, amylovoran, leading to increased biofilm formation, and negatively regulates flagellar swimming motility. Although amylovoran secretion and biofilm formation are important for the colonization of plant xylem tissues and the development of systemic infections, deletion of the two biofilm-promoting DGCs increased tissue necrosis in an immature-pear infection assay and an apple shoot infection model, suggesting that c-di-GMP negatively regulates virulence. In addition, c-di-GMP inhibited the expression of hrpA, a gene encoding the major structural component of the type III secretion pilus. Our results are the first to describe a role for c-di-GMP in E. amylovora and suggest that downregulation of motility and type III secretion by c-di-GMP during infection plays a key role in the coordination of pathogenesis.
Non-parametric approach to stochastic linear programming

Abstract A class of non-parametric methods based on the minimax solution is developed here for models of stochastic linear programming. These methods provide a measure of robustness through the adoption of a cautious policy. The usefulness of these methods is illustrated through data envelopment analysis which utilizes an optimizing method of efficiency measurement.
Web-based grading: further experiences and student attitudes

This paper describes recent improvements to and experiences with Web-based grading software that has been developed by the author at Ohio University. The software, named WBGP for the web-based grading project, provides facilities to build, test, and annotate student source code with comments concerning programming style and documentation. The software produces a collection of Web-pages for each student project that describes the results of testing, the grading decisions, and the resulting score. The software is able to build student portfolios consisting of all students projects for a given course. In addition, the software is able to generate reports on the type and frequency of grading comments and the correctness of student projects. The paper describes continued experiences in web-based grading of computer science projects at Ohio University. In particular, we describe the various challenges of grading interactive student projects. Finally, this paper describes the results of a student survey concerning the web-based grading software. Students were surveyed concerning the ease of use and understanding of the generated Web-pages, their attitudes towards students portfolios, and their attitudes towards web-based grading. In general, the students responses were positive
The Nature of "Evidence" in Qualitative Research Methods

The article is an attempt to show that a continuing issue in qualitative research methods is describing and justifying how qualitative data become "evidence" for a claim. Several models from the field of Confirmation Theory are developed and described within the context of a qualitative research example. It is argued that for the qualitative research case, the meaning and application of what constitutes evidence is best viewed in terms of a primary logical distinction.
On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity

Abstract Reported path lengths and widths of tornadoes have been modeled using Weibull distributions for different Fujita (F) scale values. The fits are good over a wide range of lengths and widths. Path length and width tend to increase with increasing F scale, although the temporal nonstationarity of the data for some parts of the data (such as width of F3 tornadoes) is large enough that caution must be exercised in interpretation of short periods of record. The statistical distributions also demonstrate that, as the length or width increases, the most likely F-scale value associated with the length or width tends to increase. Nevertheless, even for long or wide tornadoes, there is a significant probability of a range of possible F values, so that simple observation of the length or width is insufficient to make an accurate estimate of the F scale.
ANNA FENYVESI (ed.), Hungarian language contact outside Hungary: Studies on Hungarian as a minority language

Anna Fenyvesi (ed.), Hungarian language contact outside Hungary: Studies on Hungarian as a minority language . Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2005. Pp. xx, 424. Hb $162.00. Hungarians living outside Hungary left the country in various ways: Some were voluntary migrants who began to seek economic opportunity or political asylum, while others became involuntary immigrants to neighboring countries when the Treaty of Trianon shrank the borders of Hungary by two-thirds in 1920. Because these involuntary minorities were difficult for researchers to discuss under the communist regimes that ruled until 1989 (p. 4), this edited volume introduces a recent body of research that previously has been published mostly in Hungarian.
Early results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy: the learning curve at an academic medical center.

Background: Most reports on the results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip have been by the originators of the procedure. In 1997, we began to use this osteotomy without direct training from the originators of the procedure. Methods: Seventy-three patients (eighty-three hips) underwent a Bernese periacetabular osteotomy between 1997 and 2003 and were followed prospectively with use of the Harris hip score to assess clinical results and with use of anteroposterior pelvic and false-profile lateral plain radiographs to assess radiographic results. The three-dimensional position of the acetabulum was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. The mean duration of follow-up was forty-six months. Results: The average Harris hip score improved from 54 to 87 points (p < 0.001). Three hips (three patients) had a conversion to total hip arthroplasty at two, three, and four years after the periacetabular osteotomy. Preoperatively, fifty-four of the eighty-three acetabula were anteverted, and twenty-nine were either retroverted or had neutral wall relationships. Postoperatively, sixty-five hips (78%) were anteverted. Radiographically, in preoperatively anteverted hips, the average center-edge angle improved from 3° to 29° (p < 0.0001), the average anterior center-edge angle improved from 5° to 31° (p < 0.0001), and the acetabular index improved from 25° to 5° (p < 0.0001). In preoperatively retroverted or neutral hips, the average center-edge angle improved from 13° to 33° (p < 0.0001), the average anterior center-edge angle improved from 15° to 36° (p < 0.0001), and the acetabular index improved from 19° to 2° (p < 0.0001). Complications included four hematomas, three transient femoral nerve palsies, two deep wound infections, and one transient sciatic nerve palsy. Nine of the ten major complications and all four of the failed osteotomies occurred in the first thirty hips in which the index procedure was performed. Conclusions: In our experience, the early results of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy have been encouraging, with a 92% survival rate at thirty-six months. The occurrence of complications demonstrates a substantial learning curve. Recognition of the true preoperative acetabular version and reorientation of the acetabulum into an appropriately anteverted position have become important factors in surgical decision-making. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Vibalizer: A free, web‐based tool for rapid, quantitative comparison and analysis of calculated vibrational modes

This report describes the development and applications of a software package called Vibalizer, the first and only method that provides free, fast, interactive, and quantitative comparison and analysis of calculated vibrational modes. Using simple forms and menus in a web-based interface, Vibalizer permits the comparison of vibrational modes from different, but similar molecules and also performs rapid calculation and comparison of isotopically substituted molecules' normal modes. Comparing and matching complex vibrational modes can be completed in seconds with Vibalizer, whereas matching vibrational modes manually can take hours and gives only qualitative comparisons subject to human error and differing individual judgments. In addition to these core features, Vibalizer also provides several other useful features, including the ability to automatically determine first-approximation mode descriptions, to help users analyze the results of vibrational frequency calculations. Because the software can be dimensioned to handle almost arbitrarily large systems, Vibalizer may be of particular use when analyzing the vibrational modes of complex systems such as proteins and extended materials systems. Additionally, the ease of use of the Vibalizer interface and the straightforward interpretation of results may find favor with educators who incorporate molecular modeling into their classrooms. The Vibalizer interface is available for free use at http://www.compchem.org, and it is also available as a locally-installable package that will run on a Linux-based web server. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
The combination of S-adenosylmethionine and dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis produced by a high-fat diet in rats ☆

In the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), oxidative stress resulting from free radicals generated by cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) plays a major role suggesting the importance of antioxidants. The objective of this study was to assess in a high-fat (HF) diet rat model the effects of the combination of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) plus dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) in the treatment of NASH. To test the hypothesis that these 2 antioxidants are beneficial in NASH, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 different diets for 6 weeks: control, HF diet and HF plus, SAMe, and DLPC or their combination. As expected, the HF diet significantly increased hepatic triacylglycerols and CYP2E1 levels. However, only the combination diet opposed this effect, consistent with different actions of the 2 antioxidants. Next, 24 additional rats divided in 2 groups were fed the HF or the HF + SAMe + DLPC diets for 3 weeks. Dietary intake was similar, but liver triacylglycerols dropped from 76.1 ± 6.8 to 49.4 ± 3.5 mg/g (P = .002), and hepatic CYP2E1 messenger RNA (mRNA) decreased after treatment (P = .01), with a trend for less CYP2E1 protein. This was accompanied by a 41% reduction of hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal (P = .008), reflecting control of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the hepatic inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α mRNA and tumor necrosis factor α protein decreased (P = .05 and P = .01, respectively) with attenuation of α1(I) procollagen mRNA and type I collagen levels (P = .01 and P = .02, respectively). We concluded that the combination SAMe + DLPC might be beneficial in NASH by reducing oxidative stress and associated liver injury.
Metabolic Reprogramming towards Aerobic Glycolysis Correlates with Greater Proliferative Ability and Resistance to Metabolic Inhibition in CD8 versus CD4 T Cells

T lymphocytes (T cells) undergo metabolic reprogramming after activation to provide energy and biosynthetic materials for growth, proliferation and differentiation. Distinct T cell subsets, however, adopt metabolic programs specific to support their needs. As CD4 T cells coordinate adaptive immune responses while CD8 T cells become cytotoxic effectors, we compared activation-induced proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of these subsets. Resting CD4 and CD8 T cells were metabolically similar and used a predominantly oxidative metabolism. Following activation CD8 T cells proliferated more rapidly. Stimulation led both CD4 and CD8 T cells to sharply increase glucose metabolism and adopt aerobic glycolysis as a primary metabolic program. Activated CD4 T cells, however, remained more oxidative and had greater maximal respiratory capacity than activated CD8 T cells. CD4 T cells were also associated with greater levels of ROS and increased mitochondrial content, irrespective of the activation context. CD8 cells were better able, however, to oxidize glutamine as an alternative fuel source. The more glycolytic metabolism of activated CD8 T cells correlated with increased capacity for growth and proliferation, along with reduced sensitivity of cell growth to metabolic inhibition. These specific metabolic programs may promote greater growth and proliferation of CD8 T cells and enhance survival in diverse nutrient conditions.
SONS AND LOVERS: TENNYSON'S FRATERNAL PATERNITY

Terry eagleton has suggested that "the mid-nineteenth century bourgeois state had problems in resolving its Oedipus complex" (76). Eagleton's semi-serious remark certainly holds true for nineteenth-century British culture, which, while supposedly patriarchal in its political structures, features a great number of significant literary narratives in which the paternal parent is either missing, dead, or never mentioned. The poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, are no exception. Gerhard Joseph, Christopher Ricks, and Linda Shires, among others, turn to Freudian psychoanalysis, the Oedipal complex, and Freud's seminal essay "Mourning and Melancholia" for insight into why so many father figures are absent from Tennyson's work. Yet neither the Oedipus complex nor "melancholia" accounts for how these father figures, while literally absent, are nevertheless present and influential. Another model is needed to describe the relationship between Tennyson, the missing paternal figures of his narratives, and the age that he has come to represent. Such a model can be found in the work of the clinical psychologists Karl Abraham and Maria Torok. Working with Freud's initial hypotheses about mourning, Abraham and Torok write in The Shell and the Kernel that, although the mourning process is healthy, natural, and necessary, mourning that is inexpressible erects a secret tomb inside the subject. Reconstituted from the memories of words, scenes, and affects, the objective correlative of the loss is buried alive in the crypt as a full-fledged person, complete with its own topography. The crypt also includes the actual or supposed traumas that made introjection impracticable. A whole world of unconscious fantasy is created, [o]ne that leads its own separate and concealed existence. (130)
Major bacterial lineages are essentially devoid of CRISPR-Cas viral defence systems

Current understanding of microorganism-virus interactions, which shape the evolution and functioning of Earth's ecosystems, is based primarily on cultivated organisms. Here we investigate thousands of viral and microbial genomes recovered using a cultivation-independent approach to study the frequency, variety and taxonomic distribution of viral defence mechanisms. CRISPR-Cas systems that confer microorganisms with immunity to viruses are present in only 10% of 1,724 sampled microorganisms, compared with previous reports of 40% occurrence in bacteria and 81% in archaea. We attribute this large difference to the lack of CRISPR-Cas systems across major bacterial lineages that have no cultivated representatives. We correlate absence of CRISPR-Cas with lack of nucleotide biosynthesis capacity and a symbiotic lifestyle. Restriction systems are well represented in these lineages and might provide both non-specific viral defence and access to nucleotides.
Preliminary Host Specificity Tests of a Panamanian Parapoynx as a Potential Biological Control Agent for Hydrilla

The host range of a Panamanian moth, Parapoynx prob. rugosalis Moschler, a potential biological control agent against the recently introduced hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, was investigated by confining individual larvae ( n = 535) in styrofoam cups with a fragment of one of 16 aquatic plant species. Feeding by the larvae was negligible on 10 species, and only hydrilla, coontail ( Ceratophyllum sp.), and naiad ( Najas sp.) showed heavy feeding damage. However, larvae feeding on coontail had such high mortality (24% per day) that they probably would not do extensive damage to this plant in the field. Since these moths show a relatively narrow host range, the insect could be considered for importation into the United States.
Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of SiC on Different Orientations

Background doping as well as intentional doping using nitrogen and trimethylaluminum have been investigated for 4H-SiC epitaxy on offcut Si face, C face, and a-axis substrates over a wide range of C:Si ratio. Smooth morphology can be obtained at a C:Si ratio of 2.0 on a-axis substrates but not on Si or C face material. Background doping levels of <1 × 1015 cm-3 were achieved on a-axis and Si face material. Nitrogen incorporated much more efficiently on C face and a-axis as compared to Si face. Aluminum incorporated most efficiently on Si face and least efficiently on C face. Both of the above dopant incorporation trends were most pronounced at high C:Si ratios and were small or virtually absent at low C:Si ratios.
On the dynamic behavior of a class of Cauchy elastic materials

A wave-like dynamic solution of elastic materials is studied. It is shown that if the material is not hyperelastic, the amplitude of the wave can grow exponentially. As a result, the kinetic energy in the material would increase indefinitely even when the applied forces do zero work on the material.
A topological mean value theorem for the plane

Cauchy's Generalized Mean Value Theorem states that if x and y are functions that are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then there is a to in (a, b) such that x'(to)[y(b) y(a)] = y'(to)[x(b) x(a)]. One geometric interpretation of this is that if Q(t) = (x(t), y(t)) is a path in the plane, then, under certain hypotheses, there must be an instant at which the velocity vector is parallel to the vector joining the endpoints of the path. Can this conclusion be improved? In particular, can we get a velocity vector to point in the same direction as the vector from the first endpoint to the last and not just be parallel? This is the question we address in this note. Surprisingly, the answer turns out to be a consequence of the Jordan Curve Theorem! This result provides some additional insight into such old standards as the Mean Value Theorem and Cauchy's Generalization, l'Hopital's Rule, and Darboux's Theorem, while demonstrating further interplay between topology and analysis. Consider the related question: Can one go north without ever heading north? A little reflection shows that the answer to this question is Yes and, in fact, this can happen in a variety of ways. First of all, one might travel up to the North Pole on a globe by "spiraling up" to it (see FIGURE la). (Of course, it is even easier to go east by heading west, but that's another story.) Even if traveling is restricted to the plane, it can still be done. One way is to stop (i.e., have zero velocity vector at some instant). Then one's path can have a "differentiable corner" (see FIGURE Ib). And another way to go north without ever heading north is to head SOUTH! (See FIGURE lc.) Notice that in this example the path crosses itself. As we shall soon see, these are the only things that can go wrong.
Are species intelligent

Plant and animal species are information-processing entities of such complexity, integration, and adaptive competence that it may be scientifically fruitful to consider them intelligent. The possibility arises from the analogy between learning (in organisms) and evolution (in species), and from recent developments in evolutionary science, psychology and cognitive science. Species are now described as spatiotemporally localized individuals in an expanded hierarchy of biological entities. Intentional and cognitive abilities are now ascribed to animal, human, and artificial intelligence systems that process information adaptively, and that manifest problem-solving abilities. The structural and functional similarities between such systems and species are extensive, although they “are usually obscured by population-genetic metaphors that have nonetheless contributed much to our understanding of evolution.In this target article, I use Sewall Wright's notion of the “adaptive landscape” to compare the performances of evolving species to those of intelligent organisms. With regard to their adaptive achievements and the kinds of processes by which they are achieved, biological species compare very favorably to intelligent animals by virtue of interactions between populations and their environments, between ontogeny and phylogeny, and between natural, interdemic, organic, and species selection. Addressing the question of whether species are intelligent could help to refine our ideas about species, evolution, and intelligence, and could open new lines of empirical and theoretical inquiry in many disciplines.
Reflections on “Models of Games Education”

Abstract In the April 1990 issue, JOPERD published “Models of Games Education” by Werner and Almond. The article examined three approaches to teaching games. Here, two colleagues question one of the models examined in that article, and Werner responds to their comments
Superficial distal and deep nephrons in correction of metabolic alkalosis.

Chloride is necessary and sufficient to correct alkalosis induced by dialysis vs. 0.15 M NaHCO3. To determine the contribution of the cortical (SC) distal convolution (DCT) and juxtamedullary (JM) ...
Diabetes and sleep apnea

There exist real and potential links between the risk factors for and co-morbidity associated with diabetes and sleep apnea. The common occurrence of obesity, hypertension, and disorders of metabolism in each disease is but one example. While the occurrence of sleep apnea with glucose intolerance or insulin resistance could present sampling bias or intersection of common human diseases, an alternative hypothesis is that the events in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) trigger different, perhaps unique, adaptations in metabolic processes involving insulin action and glucose regulation. Further, clinical studies can be designed to define the extent and potential mechanisms for alterations in insulin and glucose levels in OSA and to determine the sample size and power for a longitudinal study that would follow the relative rates of progression of obesity (including neck size as a body characteristic), breathing abnormalities during sleep, insulin sensitivity, and subsequent risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and/or symptomatic OSA.
Chapter 197 – Photography of Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter describes different approaches to insect photography, which is to improvise with as little gear as possible. For all but the largest insects or insect-produced structures such as nests, capturing insects on film typically requires macrophotography, which is photography at a magnification of 1:1 or greater, which is the focus of this article. At 1:1, subjects are the same size on the film as they are in life. That is, the image of a 30-mm-long beetle measures 30 mm in length on the film negative or slide, which means it fills most of the frame in a photograph on 35-mm film. For a 3-mm beetle to appear just as large requires 10 times life-size magnification, which is typically described as “×10,” or 10:1. The measurements are taken from the original film exposed in the camera, so prints made from a negative or slide would enlarge the subject beyond this size. For example, a 35-cm-wide print of the 3-mm-long beetle at ×10 on 35-mm film shows the beetle 30 cm in length, or 100 times its natural size. One of the wonders of a well-executed insect photograph is that the subject's original size is forgotten: the small beetle is just as imposing as the large one. This makes photography a wonderful medium for entomologists.
Lightweight Anonymous Authentication Protocols for RFID Systems

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies are making their way into retail products, library books, debit cards, passports, driver licenses, car plates, medical devices, and so on. The widespread use of tags in traditional ways of deployment raises a privacy concern: they make their carriers trackable. To protect the privacy of the tag carriers, we need to invent new mechanisms that keep the usefulness of tags while doing so anonymously. Many tag applications, such as toll payment, require authentication. This paper studies the problem of anonymous authentication. Since low-cost tags have extremely limited hardware resource, we propose an asymmetric design principle that pushes most complexity to more powerful RFID readers. With this principle, we develop a lightweight technique that generates dynamic tokens for anonymous authentication. Instead of implementing complicated and hardware-intensive cryptographic hash functions, our authentication protocol only requires tags to perform several simple and hardware-efficient operations such as bitwise XOR, one-bit left circular shift, and bit flip. The theoretical analysis and randomness tests demonstrate that our protocol can ensure the privacy of the tags. Moreover, our protocol reduces the communication overhead and online computation overhead to $O(1)$ per authentication for both tags and readers, which compares favorably with the prior art.
3D Saliency from Eye Tracking with Tomography

This paper presents a method to build a saliency map in a volumetric dataset using 3D eye tracking. Our approach acquires the saliency information from multiple views of a 3D dataset with an eye tracker and constructs the 3D saliency volume from the gathered 2D saliency information using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm. Our experiments, on a number of datasets, show the effectiveness of our approach in identifying salient 3D features that attract user’s attention. The obtained 3D saliency volume provides importance information and can be used in various applications such as illustrative visualization.
Spectrum efficiency maximization using primal-dual adaptive algorithm for distributed mobile devices caching over edge computing networks

The information-centric network techniques enable the in-network caching mechanism to cache the popular data contents in the mobile devices. Even though each mobile device's caching memory can be limited, caching in mobile devices offers the great potential of caching capability because of the massive mobile devices. Using caching in mobile devices, a mobile user can obtain its requested files from other mobile users through device-to-device (D2D) communication instead of the remote data-source provider, which significantly reduces the duplicate data traffics in the core network and through base stations. In this paper, we use the distributed mobile devices caching, where we randomly distribute and store the popular data contents in mobile devices of a cellular network. To avoid the interference among D2D communications, we partition the entire wireless cell into several squarelets and only activate the D2D connections within each squarelet. Then, we derive the expected number of mobile users in a squarelet and develop a primal-dual adaptive algorithm to maximize the overall spectrum efficiency for these mobile users with unknown wireless channel conditions. To evaluate the performance of our proposed adaptive algorithm, we compare our obtained spectrum efficiency with the spectrum efficiency under the optimal situation where all wireless channel conditions are given. Our proposed algorithm can guarantee the smallest ratio for the obtained spectrum efficiency under these two situations, showing the performance lower bound of our proposed adaptive algorithm.
Utilization of the Health Care System of Community Case Management Patients.

Purpose of study The has reduced payments to hospitals that have excessive readmissions. This mandate has made it imperative for hospitals to implement a plan to manage readmissions and transitions of care for patients they serve. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether an advanced practice, nurse-led, community-based model is effective in reducing acute health care utilization. Primary practice setting The community case management (CCM) program was created more than 20 years ago to assess and manage care of patients demanding frequent emergency department (ED) visits and frequent hospitalizations, by providing in-home visits and care coordination by an advanced practice nurse or masters-prepared nurse. Methodology and sample The charts of 307 patients who were referred to CCM were reviewed to assess their utilization of the health care system after referral. There were 2 groups of patients: those who accepted CCM services (N = 151) and those who refused CCM services (N = 156) upon referral. Results It was found that if patients accepted CCM services, they had 55% fewer visits to the ED and 61% fewer hospital admissions than patients who refused CCM services. Utilization of urgent care was decreased by 47% in the patients who accepted CCM services, but this decline was not statistically significant. Implication for case management practice The results of this study indicate that CCM is effective in decreasing hospital admissions and ED visits for the patients using CCM services. Implementing a CCM program could be an effective method for decreasing utilization of the hospital and ED by adult patients with at least 1 chronic disease.
1-Substituted Piperidines

This chapter describes methods of synthesis, pharmacological properties, and the use of derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan- and butan-1-ol, such as trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, pridinol, cycrimine, and diphenidol, and pirmenol; derivatives of 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethan-1-ol or 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ols cloperastine, benproperine, pipazetate, and raloxifene; derivatives of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propane-1,2-diol—diperodon and 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propane-1,1-diol—pipoxolan; derivative of 1-phenyl 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one—dyclonine; and the derivative of 2,2-diphenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)butanamide—fenpiverinium bromide.
An Experimental Evaluation of Different Features and Nodal Costs for Horizon Line Detection

Horizon line detection is a segmentation problem where a boundary between a sky and non-sky region is searched. Conventionally edge detection is performed as the first step followed by dynamic programming to find the shortest path which conforms to the detected horizon line. Recent work has proposed the use of machine learning to reduce the number of non-horizon edges to accurately detect the horizon line. In this paper, we investigate the suitablity of various local texture features and their combinations to reduce the number of false classifications for a recently proposed horizon detection approach. Specifically, we explore SIFT, LBP, HOG and their combinations SIFT-LBP, SIFT-HOG, LBP-HOG and SIFT-LBP-HOG as features to train the SVM classifier. We further show that using only edge information as the nodal costs is not enough and propose various nodal costs which can result in enhanced accuracy of the detected horizon line as evidenced by the conducted experiments and results. We compare our proposed formulations with an earlier approach relying only on edges and suffers due to faulty assumptions. We report our comparative results for an image set comprising of mountainous images captured during an outdoor robot exploration of Basalt Hills.
MUSIC and Ramanujan: MUSIC-like algorithms for integer periods using nested-periodic-subspaces

Can the MUSIC algorithm be used for period estimation? Prior works in this direction were based on modifying the search over the conventional complex-exponentials based pseudospectrum to look for harmonically spaced peaks. For applications where the period of the discrete signal can be well approximated by integers, this paper proposes much simpler integer valued basis functions. It is shown that this new re-formulation of MUSIC not only makes the pseudo-spectrum computation much simpler, but also offers significantly higher accuracy than the conventional techniques, especially for mixtures of periodic signals1.
Studies of 19F Labeled Met-192 Chymotrypsin: An NMR Study of an Activating Moiety Near the Catalytic Serine

The crystallographic structure of α-chymotrypsin suggests that the aliphatic side chain of Met-192 might be involved in substrate binding and orientation by, in part, acting as a lid over the specificity pocket (Steitz et al. 1969). In fact model building studies suggest that a covalently linked aromatic or apolar moiety on the Met-192 side chain can reach into the aromatic specificity pocket (‘tosyl hole’).
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) Deficiency: A Therapeutic Challenge

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP:EC 2.4.2.1) deficiency appears to result in a predominantly T cell immune defect1. Lack of the PNP enzyme leads to the inability to degrade deoxynucleosides, particularly deoxyguanosine (dGR) resulting in the intracellular accumulation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) which is known to inhibit DNA synthesis in vitro2. Deoxycytidine kinase is considered responsible for the initial conversion of dGR to dGMP1. Hence deoxycytidine (dCR), the preferred substrate, should competitively inhibit dGTP accumulation as has been demonstrated in vitro1,2. However, oral dCR therapy for six months in a PNP deficient child produced no clinical or immunological improvement, probably due to degradation in the gut or rapid deamination3.
Financial Modelling: From Stochastics to Chaotics and Back to Stochastics

In this paper we argue that the stochastic paradigm of asset prices has prevented us from understanding market behavior because most of the variance of the variables of economic interest is often attributed to random shocks. One implication of the tests of the Efficient Market Hypothesis is that most of the variation in prices is due to our ignorance of the underlying structure. As an alternative to the stochastic methodology we propose an economic interpretation of the most famous chaotic map called the Lorenz system. We briefly describe the major characteristic of this chaotic system and we also use financial data for its empirical testing.
The Order Parameter as a Macroscopic Quantum Wavefunction

Although it is only in the very simplest cases that the order parameter of a superfluid or superconductor can be regarded literally as a Schrodinger wave function, it is quite generally “very like” one, and thinking of it in this way can often be quite helpful to one’s intuition, particularly in cases involving internal degrees of freedom. In this chapter I shall briefly sketch the basis for this point of view, starting with the very simplest case, that of a noninteracting Bose gas, and proceeding through progressively more complicated examples, to end with a Fermi superfluid with “exotic” pairing.
Did Job Quality Deteriorate in the 1980s and 1990s

Between the end of the 1970s and the end of the 1990s, the U.S. economy, on net, created about 35 million new jobs.1 After 20 years of widening economic inequality, however, a heated debate has developed around the “quality” of many of these new jobs. This chapter seeks to evaluate the job quality debate, analyzing a range of relevant data, with a particular focus on developments in the 1990s.
Robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement fails to reduce overall postoperative complications in fusion surgery

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Surgeons have increasingly adopted robotic-assisted lumbar spinal fusion due to indications that robotic-assisted surgery can reduce pedicle screw misplacement. However, the impact of robotic-assisted spinal fusion on patient outcomes is less clear. PURPOSE This study aimed to compare rates of perioperative complications between robotic-assisted and conventional lumbar spinal fusion. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 520 patients undergoing lumbar fusion were analyzed. The average ages of patients in the robotic-assisted versus conventional groups were 60.33 and 60.31, respectively (p=.987). Patients with a diagnosis of fracture, traumatic spinal cord injury, spina bifida, neoplasia, or infection were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES This study compared the rates perioperative major and minor complications for elective lumbar fusion between each cohort. METHODS This study screened hospital discharges in the United States from 2010 to 2014 using the National Inpatient Sample and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure codes were used to identify 209,073 patients who underwent conventional lumbar fusion (ICD 81.04-8) and 279 patients who underwent robotic-assisted lumbar fusion (ICD 81.04-8 and ICD 17.41, 17.49). Major and minor complications were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. The robotic-assisted and conventional fusion groups were statistically matched on age, year, sex, indication, race, hospital type, and comorbidities. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to compare risks of major and minor complications. RESULTS We matched 257 (92.11%) robotic-assisted patients with an equal number of patients undergoing conventional lumbar fusion. Minor complications occurred in 16.73% of cases in the conventional group and 31.91% of cases in the robotic-assisted group (p CONCLUSIONS In a statistically matched cohort, patients who underwent robotic-assisted lumbar fusion had similar rates of major and minor complications compared to patients who underwent conventional lumbar fusion.
Multimodal Data Fusion-Moving From Domain-Specific Algorithms to Transdomain Understanding for Accelerated Solution Development

The exploding availability of new data streams now enables insights to be garnered through the integration (fusion) of multiple data sources (modalities); however, currently, it remains difficult to predict a priori which multimodal data fusion (MMDF) methods and architectures will be best suited for a novel application, leading to trial-and-error approaches that are inefficient in both time and cost. Although MMDF strategies are being applied ad hoc in many different fields (e.g., healthcare, autonomous navigation, robotics, manufacturing, transportation, etc.), results are reported in different journals using different terminology for different target audiences. These applications have diverse needs (assessment, prediction, detection, etc.), resources (number and quality of available data streams), and constraints (social, economic, and physics); however, they share many properties when these lists are evaluated at the metalevel. The authors propose that a shared MMDF framework is urgently needed to allow aggregation of insights across applications, with the end goal of developing an MMDF recommendation tool that overcomes the need for trial-and-error approaches to expedite implementation of new solutions across a wide range of disciplines. To provide context for this Special Issue and provide an overview of key related issues, this editorial presents an abbreviated summary of the current state of MMDF usage from multiple perspectives, based on input from a March 2018 workshop, and finally presents four key research priorities for the field of MMDF.
Endoscopic versus external dacryocystorhinostomy: temporal and regional trends in the United States Medicare population.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Endoscopic surgeries, such as dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), are increasingly performed for orbital and lacrimal conditions. This study describes and compares recent trends in endosc...
Online Corporate Diversity at Altria Group

This chapter discusses diversity approaches at Altria and assesses the company’s online communication from the perspective of its business profile, sometimes referred to as the “sin industry.” The chapter tackles the possibility of enacting dialogic communication around diversity despite the fact that the company’s initiatives may be viewed with skepticism given its sale of tobacco.