cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold War Journalism as Utility: Leveraging Foreign Media Content

Sometimes, exposure to foreign information might be politically expedient for either side. Allowing coverage by news organizations from the other side might lead to valuable publicity on the home front, even if the foreign audience reacts negatively. This chapter examines circumstances in which governments, media organizations, and individuals did not seek to block or restrict journalistic activity across the Iron Curtain because some sort of perceived benefit could be reaped. This chapter draws on research on East Germans listening to the U.S. government-run station RIAS Berlin as well as research on listening to Radio Moscow in North America during the Cold War. The chapter also examines international reactions to a CBS documentary film on life in East Germany during the early 1960s.
Designed for Equitable Learning: A Study of UCD and Liquid Syllabus in an Online Synchronous Course

Syllabi as an academic genre used by students and instructors should not only be primarily focused on its content, but also the modality. This study investigates students’ experience of using web-based liquid syllabus through a questionnaire in an online synchronous technical communication service class and evaluates the usefulness of liquid syllabus through usability testing after the semester ends. Findings from the pre-study survey and usability testing show students’ self-reflection on using the two types of syllabi, reveal the problem of liquid syllabus design, and address their experience. The paper discusses the study limitation and suggests that instructors could use a liquid syllabus to improve students’ learning experience.
AttitudeMiner: Mining Attitude from Online Discussions

This demonstration presents AttitudeMiner, a system for mining attitude from online discussions. AttitudeMiner uses linguistic techniques to analyze the text exchanged between participants of online discussion threads at different levels of granularity: the word level, the sentence level, the post level, and the thread level. The goal of this analysis is to identify the polarity of the attitude the discussants carry towards one another. Attitude predictions are used to construct a signed network representation of the discussion thread. In this network, each discussant is represented by a node. An edge connects two discussants if they exchanged posts. The sign (positive or negative) of the edge is set based on the polarity of the attitude identified in the text associated with the edge. The system can be used in different applications such as: word polarity identification, identifying attitudinal sentences and their signs, signed social network extraction from text, subgroup detect in discussion. The system is publicly available for download and has an online demonstration at http://clair.eecs.umich.edu/AttitudeMiner/.
Silence: A Politics

This article investigates the unfamiliar political implications of silence. Generally regarded as simply a lack of speech imposed upon the powerless, silence is thereby positioned as inimical to politics. In a normatively constituted lingual politics, silence's role can never be more than that of absence. The subsequent understanding that silence can operate as resistance to domination has opened original and ground-breaking treatments of its role in political practice. However, the argument here moves beyond this simple dualism, examining how silence does not merely reinforce or resist power, but can be used to constitute selves and even communities. That silence can operate in such diverse ways, as oppression, resistance, and/or community formation, leads to the recognition that its ultimate politics cannot be fixed and determined.
Value Chain Analysis

Michael Porter's value chain framework is widely used as a strategic tool for identifying how the functional components of a firm provide value and margins for a business. The adoption of e-commerce tools and techniques has led to a new perspective on value chain development, the e-commerce value chain. Information technology has affected industry structure by allowing firms to gain efficiency in operations, driving down costs. At the same time, this technology has decreased pricing power and increased price competition. Firms are still forced to focus their strategic efforts on gaining sustainable competitive advantages. This chapter outlines the value chain framework, identifies emerging new business models that utilize e-commerce tools and techniques, proposes a framework for an e-commerce value chain, and gives examples of how these business models and value chains are used by businesses. Keywords: business model; dynamic pricing; e-commerce value chain; online marketplaces (e-marketplace); value chain; value chain framework
Passivity framework for composition and mitigation of multi-virus propagation in networked systems

The increasing importance of networked control systems makes them inviting targets for cyber attacks. In a virus propagation attack, an adversary attempts to compromise a set of nodes in order to compromise their neighbors via software exploits. When the neighbor of a compromised node has already been compromised by a different virus, a newly-introduced virus can remove, co-exist with, or reinforce the existing virus. In this paper, we study propagation of multiple viruses within a network, as well as design of efficient mitigation strategies. We develop a unifying passivity-based approach for modeling competing and coexisting viruses, as well as arbitrary combinations of competing and coexisting viruses propagating through the network. We prove the output feedback passivity of the propagation dynamics, and derive bounds on the passivity indices. Based on the passivity analysis, we derive sufficient conditions for patching-based mitigation strategies, under both Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) and Susceptible-Infected-Recovered models, to remove the viruses at a desired rate. The virus propagation and removal rates under our model are illustrated via a numerical study.
Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease

of the Clinical Problem Chronic kidneydisease is an important health issue associatedwith increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Chronic kidney disease is defined as greater than 3 months of decreased kidney function, identified by a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60mL/min/1.73 m2 or by blood orurinemarkers of kidneydamage regardless of eGFR.1 Using this definition, aboutwhich there remains some controversy,more than 14% of the US population has CKD and 6% have stage 3 CKD or higher.2,3 Stage 3CKDconfers a greater risk of CKD-related complications and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).3 Because CKD has a long asymptomatic phase, there are acceptable screening tests, and the health consequences associated with the diseasearehigh, it is adisease that is amenable toscreening.Screening could also be beneficial because only 10% of people with CKD knowtheyhave thedisease, and treatmentsexist thatdelay theprogression of CKD.4
The First Lady Scholarship Reconsidered

Abstract Interdisciplinary scholarship on America's first ladies is slowly coming into its own both as an independent category of research and as an extension of presidential and gender research. However, aside from a brief review of scholarly literature on Hillary Rodham Clinton's tenure as First Lady (Watson 2000a), no one has systematically reviewed the research to date to ascertain what work has been accomplished and where more scholarly attention is needed, vis-a-vis this burgeoning sub-field of American government and politics. This work seeks to fill that void.
Cloning and expression of Chromobacterium violaceum phenylalanine hydroxylase in Escherichia coli and comparison of amino acid sequence with mammalian aromatic amino acid hydroxylases.

The complete amino acid sequence (296 amino acids) of Chromobacterium violaceum phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) was determined by nucleotide analysis of a DNA clone isolated using both a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence and an antibody against this enzyme. The ApaL I fragment (approximately 1.9 kilobase pairs) containing the entire PAH gene was subcloned in pBluescript II and induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. In order to eliminate fusion proteins the XbaI/ClaI fragment which contained the PAH gene from the Bluescript construct was subcloned into pMAC 5-8 containing the TAC promoter. The recombinant protein reacts with antibody raised to authentic C. violaceum PAH and its NH2-terminal 20-amino acid sequence and COOH-terminal amino acid residue were identical with the wild-type protein. Key physical and chemical characteristics of the recombinant protein, i.e. its copper content and Michaelis-Menten parameters, were the same as wild-type. Comparison of amino acid sequences revealed a highly conserved region between C. violaceum PAH and three different mammalian aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. This conserved area may well be a catalytically important domain of these pterin- and metal-requiring aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. The over-expression of C. violaceum PAH in Escherichia coli will facilitate the analysis of the enzyme mechanism by various spectroscopic methods.
Cavitation in Butterfly Valves

Tests made at Colorado State University have resulted in a generalization of cavitation data making them useful in developing pipeline designs utilizing butterfly valves as controls. Related cavitation design criteria evolved from the tests and the cavitation parameters considered in developing designs for water systems in which butterfly valves are used are presented. Methods for defining capacity and specific degrees of cavitation intensity (incipient, critical, and choking or supercavitation) and for evaluating cavitation design limits are given. The importance of scale effects related to system pressure and size of valve is stressed and procedures for adjusting these scale effects are outlined. The cavitation characteristics of butterfly valves have been generalized and an example of the application of these data to the design of water conveyance systems is offered.
3‐Hydroxy‐2‐[[(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]thio]benzaldehyde

[901126-79-2] C17H18O5S (MW 334.39) InChI = 1S/C16H16O5S/c1-19-11-7-13(20-2)16(14(8-11)21-3)22-15-10(9-17)5-4-6-12(15)18/h4-9,18H,1-3H3 InChIKey = REDFQSJMJVYZGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (auxiliary for peptide ligation1) Physical Data: pale yellow solid. Preparative Methods: prepared starting from 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde by selective protection of the 3-hydroxyl group with methoxymethyl chloride, then protection of the 2-hydroxyl with N, N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride, followed by the selective deprotection of the (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl (MEM) group. The resulting 2-oxobenzo[d][1,3]oxathiole-4-carbaldehyde is saponified to give 3-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzaldehyde, whose thiol group is selectively protected as a trimethoxybenzyl (Tmob) ether to give the desired auxiliary (eq 1). (1)
Transracial adoption: the black community perspective

184 An unresolved controversy facing personal experience has been that adoption workers today is that surmany black people are not opposed rounding the adoption of black chilto transracial adoption and see the dren by white parents. One faction needs of the individual child at a given argues that the white family cannot moment as of ultimate importance." 6 equip the black child with the psychoA review of the literature revealed social tools to develop an appropriate a scarcity of research relevant to trans identity, nor can it prepare the child racial adoptions. The available litera for dealing with an oppressively racist ture can be grouped into three cate society.1 The other faction suggests go ries. The first category consists of that a white adoptive family is more the opinions of professionals and desirable for a black child than instiadoptive parents.7 The second reports tutionalization.2 Many of the argustudies of the characteristics of the ments on both sides have been emoactive participants, such as the adop tional, and few have been based on tive parents.8 The third and smallest sound empirical findings. portion of the literature examines Transracial adoptions are not new, agency responses to white couples but beginning in the 1960s they expressing interest in black children, became much more frequent. Prior to suggests guidelines for successful the 1960s, the number of babies availtransracial adoption, or describes pro able for adoption, both black and grams for recruiting more black adop white, was considerably larger than tive families.9 the number of eligible families offerThe study most similar to this one ing to adopt. But a growing use of was conducted by Herzog and others, contraception as well as an increasing who interviewed 100 individuals se tendency on the part of unwed mothlected on the basis of their knowledge ers to keep their children gradually of adoptions or of the black commu decreased the supply of available innity.10 Herzog found that black re fants. As a result, many agency reguspondents divided evenly for and lations were relaxed, and transracial against transracial adoptions and that adoptions became more common. In the main reason for opposition was 1970, one-third of the 6,500 black the issue of the children's black iden children in adoption were placed with tity. Herzog's work was valuable for white families.3 bringing to light some of the reasons Alarmed by this mushrooming deterring black parents from adoption, trend, in April 1972 the National However, because of the nature of Association of Black Social Workers her sample, one cannot safely assume adopted the policy that black children that her findings on transracial adop should be placed only with black famtions are representative of the attitudes ilies, whether in foster care or adopof the larger black community. tion.4 As a result of this policy, some
Electromagnetic scattering from nonspherical particles: a new polarisability model with application to agglomerating spheres

A new model for the static polarisability tensor elements of small particles is proposed and investigated. The static polarisability tensor for nearly agglomerated and agglomerated homogeneous dielectric spheres is investigated using a numerical procedure. Excellent agreement is obtained with a recent theoretical formulation for the slightly separated case.
Synthesis and characterization of poly[(2-trimethylsilyl-2-cyclopentene-1,4-diyl)vinylene]

Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of 2-trimethylsilylbicyclo [2.2.1]-hept-2,5-diene (I) with a tungsten hexachloride/tetramethyltin co-catalyst system yields poly[(2-trimethylsilyl-2-cyclopentene-1,4-diyl) vinylene] (II). The product polymer (II) has been characterized by1H,13C,29Si, IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Its molecular weight distribution has been determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), its thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its glass transition temperature (Tg) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Two-dimensional combustion modeling of heterogeneous solid propellants with finite Peclet number

A combustion model has been formulated to solve the burning rate eigenvalue problem for a model heterogeneous solid propellant (two-dimensional sandwich) with Peclet number of O(1), similar to what has been done previously for homogeneous energetic solids. A two-step reaction sequence (high-activation-energy, condensed-phase decomposition followed by low-activation-energy, gas-phase heat release) has been extended from one to two dimensions for nonpremixed (heterogeneous fuel/oxidizer) composite solids. Gas-phase streamwise diffusion, the primary driving force for solid pyrolysis, has been accounted for by including a finite value of the Peclet number. The results show that the value of the Peclet number, a nondimensional burning rate, is constrained to a reasonably small interval by the eigenvalue expression obtained from activation energy asymptotic analysis of the condensed-phase thermal decomposition zone. These results demonstrate the feasibility of and general approach for solving the two-dimensional composite propellant burning rate as an eigenvalue problem.
Comments on “Anonymous reviewers” [“Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”]

Mryl Beck's Forum article denouncing anonymous reviews (Eos, 1 July 2003) is right on the money. Perhaps he read my letter in Applied Physics in 1990 also denouncing anonymous reviews. Some years ago, I received an anonymous review of a paper I had submitted for journal publication. The reviewer raised such interesting questions that I wanted to discuss them with him. I phoned the editor of the journal and asked if he would tell me the name of the reviewer. He politely declined, but when I told him I thought I recognized the handwriting of the reviewer and named him, he relented and said I was correct! I called the reviewer and he was generous enough to spend a wonderful hour on the phone with me discussing the paper. The paper was published with great consideration given to his ideas, much to its betterment. Now that's a reviewer whose interest is in improving the paper and helping the author, not just showing how smart he is or slapping down a junior colleague. The AGU motto,“unselfish cooperation in research,” can be well exemplified by those who wish to help rather than to tear down.
Sedation and MRI Safety: Experiences at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Annually, approximately 8,000 patients receive an MRI scan at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. About 50% of these children require sedation to maintain immobility throughout the scan. Our multidisciplinary team of physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, technologists, and child life specialists contribute their expertise to phone triage, screening, and presedation assessment/planning, medication administration, management of complications, and safe recovery from sedation. This poster outlines the roles of team members and follows the child from MRI scheduling, sedation, recovery, and subsequent discharge to home.
Hydrogen profiles in tokamak fusion reactor first walls

Abstract Calculations have been performed to predict the hydrogen isotope profiles in the. first wall of proposed fusion reactors. These profiles are obtained from numerical diffusion calculations which include D-T implant, H production through the (n,p) reaction, and thermal cycling of the wall. It is shown that the use of titanium as a first wall material can lead to steady-state hydrogen isotope concentrations greater than 1000 appm under proposed EPR and NUWMAK operating conditions. Calculations for stainless steel, under the same operating conditions, show hydrogen isotope concentrations of less than 20 appm. Thus, retained hydrogen and the possibility of structural degradation due to hydrogen embrittlement should be important considerations in selection of first wall materials.
Is the positive illusory bias illusory? Examining discrepant self-perceptions of competence in girls with ADHD.

It has been claimed that excessively positive self-perceptions of competence are a key risk factor for concurrent and subsequent impairments in youth with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined whether girls with ADHD demonstrate positive illusory self-perceptions in scholastic competence, social acceptance, and behavioral conduct domains. We then tested, across a five-year longitudinal span, whether (a) such self-perceptions versus (b) the constituent informant ratings or test scores were more strongly predictive of adolescent impairment and positive adjustment. Participants included an ethnically diverse sample of 140 girls with ADHD and 88 comparison girls, aged 6–12 at baseline (M = 9.0, SD = 1.7). Girls with ADHD rated themselves as more positive than indicated by external ratings, but these self-reports were still in a negative direction (comparison girls rated themselves as less positive than these indicators). ADHD subtypes were not related to discrepancy scores. Higher rates of depression symptoms were associated with attenuated discrepancy scores. Crucially, measures of actual competence were more strongly associated with adolescent impairment and positive adjustment than were “illusory” self-perceptions for girls with ADHD. Our findings challenge the view that, at least in girls with ADHD, overly positive and “illusory” appraisals of competence are strongly associated with future impairment and adjustment. The key psychometric point is that, in difference or discrepancy scores, the individual components of such scores should be separately examined.
Pancreatic cancer—new hope for early detection

The authors report on the diagnostic yield and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNA) of pancreatic masses in patients who have had negative cytology on prior CT-guided biopsy or ERCP sampling. One hundred two patients with suspected pancreatic cancer with prior negative cytology (by CT or ERCP) were prospectively identified and underwent EUS FNA. A median of 3.4 passes were performed with a 22- or 23-gauge needle. Histological diagnosis from the FNA sample was reported as positive, inconclusive, or negative. A composite gold standard of surgical pathology, a positive FNA, or clinical follow-up (median = 24 months) was employed to determine the final diagnosis. FNA was technically possible in all 102 patients. The prevalence of pancreatic cancer in the tested population was 59.8% (n = 61). The performance characteristics of EUS FNA were determined: sensitivity, 93.4%, and specificity, 82.9%. The posterior probability of pancreatic cancer was 93.5% after positive EUS FNA and 6.9% after negative FNA. Complications occurred in three of the 103 patients: gastric bleeding that resolved spontaneously in two patients and self-limited pancreatitis in one. The authors conclude that EUS FNA may play a valuable role in the evaluation of a pancreatic mass if the clinical suspicion of cancer is strong despite a negative result on other biopsy methods.
Electrostatic deflections of circular elastic membranes

Abstract Electrostatically deflected elastic systems are studied in areas as diverse as optical switching and cloud electrification. All such systems exhibit an instability commonly known as the “pull-in” or “snap-down” instability. In this instability, when applied voltages are increased beyond a certain critical voltage, there is no steady-state configuration of the system where mechanical members remain separate. The widespread use of electrostatic actuation in the design of micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) has rekindled an interest in this instability. Here, a mathematical model of a disk-shaped electrostatically actuated system is studied. This model represents a configuration typical of many MEMS/NEMS systems. Solutions to the model are examined for the case of a prescribed voltage drop across the system and for the case where the system is embedded in a capacitive control circuit. The curve of solutions, or bifurcation diagram, is shown to bend back upon itself repeatedly implying the existence of multiple steady-state configurations of the system. The effect of the control scheme is studied by examining the effect on the bifurcation diagram.
Social connection to neighbors, multiple victimization, and current health among women residing in high crime neighborhoods

This study assessed current health [physical health, bodily pain, global distress, posttraumatic stress-related disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and illicit substance use] among 160 minority women residing in high crime areas with varying numbers of different types of victimization histories and varying levels of social connections (SCs) to neighbors. Multivariate analyses of covariance indicated a main effect for number of different types of victimization and for SC to neighbors, after considering ethnicity, immigration, and marital status. Women with two or three+ different types of victimization reported higher global distress, PTSD symptoms, and illicit substance use than women with zero or one type of victimization. Likewise, women with low levels of SC to neighbors reported higher bodily pain than women with high levels of SCs to neighbors.
Amphotericin B/Sterol Co-loaded PEG-Phospholipid Micelles: Effects of Sterols on Aggregation State and Hemolytic Activity of Amphotericin B

Purpose To elucidate the effect of sterols on the aggregation of amphotericin B (AmB) in PEG-phospholipid micelles and its consequences on the hemolytic activity of AmB.
Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer

We studied publication bias in the social sciences by analyzing a known population of conducted studies—221 in total—in which there is a full accounting of what is published and unpublished. We leveraged Time-sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences (TESS), a National Science Foundation–sponsored program in which researchers propose survey-based experiments to be run on representative samples of American adults. Because TESS proposals undergo rigorous peer review, the studies in the sample all exceed a substantial quality threshold. Strong results are 40 percentage points more likely to be published than are null results and 60 percentage points more likely to be written up. We provide direct evidence of publication bias and identify the stage of research production at which publication bias occurs: Authors do not write up and submit null findings.
Parsimonious migration of 3-C 3D VSP data

Conventional Kirchhoff migration can be made much faster by a priori calculation of wave arrival directions, and tracing rays back only along the measured directions; this is known as parsimonious migration. For surface seismic data, where acquisition with 2D arrays is common, the wave arrival directions can be measured by using local slant stacking to calculate the two horizontal slowness components. The vertical slowness is then deduced by using the dispersion relation. For vertical seismic profile (VSP) data, where multiline acquisition is not possible, only the vertical component of the slowness vector can be measured, which is insufficient to constrain the wave arrival direction. We overcome this limitation for three-component VSP data by polarization analysis of the incident waves. Polar and azimuth anglesare calculated at the receivers by estimating the data covariance matrix and the vertical slowness, assuming isotropic media and linear polarization of both P- and S-waves. For P-waves, the data co...
The Wedge Filter Technique for Convex Boundary Estimation

This paper describes a method for segmentation of convex shaped image regions. The wedge filter technique first employs the converging squares algorithm [1] to locate a region of interest. Then a region oriented boundary estimation technique, called the wedge filter, is applied. This wedge filter entails angular filtering and subsampling, and boundary interpolation. The technique is more capable of segmenting noncircular shapes than some earlier methods based on the Hough transform. In addition, unlike many edge-based segmentation schemes, this method is relatively tolerant to edge gaps and to blurred or thick edges. This technique is tested on a number of synthesized images over a range of convex shapes, for different algorithm parameters, and under various conditions of region size and image noise. In addition, the technique has been applied to segmentation of liver cell nuclei in light microscope images of human liver tissue.
Examining Missing Person Police Reports to Identify the Service Needs of Runaway Youth and Their Families

This study examined situational and demographic characteristics in a sample of 47 children missing person police reports obtained from a law enforcement agency to identify the service needs of runaway youth and their families. Results show that runaways represented the only category of missing children contained in the data. The present findings are consistent with national data which suggest that: a typical runaway youth is most likely engaging in acting out rebellious behavior; more girls than boys ran away; most were 14 or 15 years old and most had a prior history of running away. These results support the need for a comprehensive integration between social work research and practice and are used to provide recommendations for the service needs of runaway children and their families. Social work practice recommendations include: (1) community campaigns, (2) training, and (3) increased collaboration between law enforcement and child welfare agencies.
Membrane-in-the-middle optomechanics with high-contrast gratings

Sub-wavelength high contrast gratings offer the exciting possibility of “membrane-in-the-middle” optomechanics with a low-mass, highly reflective membrane. Theoretical treatments of this system have, to date, employed the model of a zero-thickness polarizable slab. The validity of this model is, however, limited, since in general highly reflective subwavelength gratings do not have an optical thickness that is much smaller than the wavelength of the light employed. In this work, we show that this model in fact makes incorrect predictions concerning the field modes in an optical cavity with a subwavelength grating at the exact center. It predicts that the modes can be classified in doublets, one member of which has an antisymmetric spatial profile and no absorption, the other of which has a symmetric spatial profile and absorptive losses. The situation for a subwavelength grating, however, is quite different: Both modes have absorptive loss, but the mode with the antisymmetric spatial profile has greater loss. In addition, the frequencies of the modes are interchanged: In the case of the zero-thickness slab, the antisymmetric mode has the lower frequency, while in the case of the subwavelength grating, it is the symmetric mode that is the low-frequency member of the doublet. These considerations will be important for a correct interpretation of experimental data as the performance of such sytems continues to improve.
A possible counterexample to well posedness of entropy solutions and to Godunov scheme convergence

A particular case of initial data for the two-dimensional Euler equations is studied numerically. The results show that the Godunov method does not always converge to the physical solution, at least not on feasible grids. Moreover, they suggest that entropy solutions (in the weak entropy inequality sense) are not well posed.
A Successful Academic Collaborative to Increase Nurse Faculty in New Jersey

The purpose of this article was to describe a successful academic collaboration of 4 New Jersey state colleges and universities. The aim of the collaborative is to prepare and graduate students in a dual role as advanced clinical/practice nurses and nurse faculty within an innovative master of nursing educational program. This effort was funded by a 4-year grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation NJ Nursing Initiative and the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce. The New Jersey Nursing Education Collaborative (NJNEC) is discussed using E. O'Neil and P. Krauel's (2004) factors for an effective collaborative. The four factors for an effective partnership include a coherent institutional strategy, partners that bring value and assets to the collaborative, mutually beneficial goals, and accountability to each other. The NJNEC is composed of four independent state colleges and universities with separate governing structures and student characteristics. The four schools are located in different geographical locations in the state. Several challenging issues in preparation of faculty and maintaining a collaborative will be presented for future consideration.
Buffer or Bridge? Environmental and Organizational Determinants of Public Affairs Activities in American Firms

This article suggests corporate public affairs activities can be broken clown into two types: activities that “buffer” from the social and political environment, and activities that “bridge” with that environment. Drawing on previous work related to contingency theory, resource dependence, and strategic management, we developed hypotheses concerning conditions under which firms will emphasize buffering, bridging, or both. The hypotheses were tested with data collected from large American firms and Lohmoller's partial-least-squares latent variable path analysis. Buffering is found to be positively associated with environmental uncertainty and organizational power. Bridging is positively associated with uncertainty and an institution-oriented philosophy on the part of top management.
A complete life-cycle in the germ-free bantam chicken.

AFTER Pasteur raised his classical question in 1885 about germ-free life1, several investigators attempted to rear chickens under germ-free conditions2–6. The longest of these experiments, conducted in these laboratories, lasted about five months6. We now report the completion of the life-cycle in ‘germ-free' chickens, that is, the successful rearing of chickens to maturity, the production and incubation of fertile eggs and finally the hatching of a young chicken, all in germ-free conditions. This is the second germ-free vertebrate which we have been able to carry through a complete life-cycle ; the first being the albino rat7. (The term ‘germ-free' is used because of historical precedence. It should be taken to mean that the animals are free from demonstrable living microorganisms. In itself the term is confusing because it is obvious that a fertile egg is not germ-free. The question of proper terminology is taken up in some detail in LOBUND Reports No. 2, which is now in the press.)
Specific heats of LaIn3, CeIn3 and PrIn3 at temperatures between 1·5 and 4·2°K

Abstract The specific heats of LaIn 3 , CeIn 3 and PrIn 3 have been measured at temperatures between 1·5–4·2°K. In LaIn 3 and PrIn 3 they showed the usual temperature dependence expressed in the formula C=γT+βT 3 , where γ =6·28±0·10 mj°K −2 mole −1 , β =1·06±0·01 mj°K −4 mole −1 (Debye temperature θ =194·4°K) for LaIn 3 and γ =11·42±0·09 mj°K −2 mole −1 , β =0·94±0·01 mj°K −4 mole −1 ( θ =202·3°K) for PrIn 3 . The specific heat of CeIn 3 is an order of magnitude higher. Because of the complex behavior of C p /T vs. T 2 in this compound γ and β were not determined. The electronphonon enhancement factors for LaIn 3 and PrIn 3 as determined from experiment, were found to be 0·59 and 0·54, respectively.
Extension of positive definite functions

Abstract Let Ω ⊂ R n be an open, connected subset of R n , and let F : Ω − Ω → C , where Ω − Ω = { x − y : x , y ∈ Ω } , be a continuous positive definite function. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for F to have an extension to a continuous positive definite function defined on the entire Euclidean space R n . The conditions are formulated in terms of existence of a unitary representations of R n whose generators extend a certain system of unbounded Hermitian operators defined on a Hilbert space associated to F. Different positive definite extensions correspond to different unitary representations.
On the preservation of some pure-tail orderings by reliability operations

Abstract The concept of tail-heaviness of a distribution function is prominent in both the theory and applications of statistics. Recently Rojo (1992), considered the q-ordering and D-ordering, whose attention is focused in making comparisons on the tails of the distributions. Here, the preservation of q- and D-ordering are investigated under convolution, formation of coherent systems (hence also order statistics), finite mixtures, and monotone transformations.
Fusion of ATR classifiers

In this paper, we investigate several fusion techniques for designing a composite classifier to improve the performance (probability of correct classification) of FLIR ATR. The motivation behind the fusion of ATR algorithms is that if each contributing technique in a fusion algorithm (composite classifier) emphasizes on learning at least some features of the targets that are not learned by other contributing techniques for making a classification decision, a fusion of ATR algorithms may improve overall probability of correct classification of the composite classifier. In this research, we propose to use four ATR algorithms for fusion. We propose to use averaged Bayes classifier, committee of experts, stacked-generalization, winner-takes-all, and ranking-based fusion techniques for designing the composite classifiers. The experimental results show an improvement of more than 5 % over the best individual performance.
Laboratory experiments examine earthquake precursors

Although it is not possible to predict when an earthquake will occur, many earthquakes have been found to have had some precursor activity. To study precursors of stick-slip behavior, Johnson et al. conducted laboratory experiments on a sheared granular material under normal stress ranging from 2 to 8 megapascals as an analog for a fault under tectonic stress. They found that acoustic emissions and microslips are a precursor to larger movements. Very similar results were obtained in a discrete element simulation of sheared beads. These types of experiments could help scientists better understand when earthquakes are more likely to occur. As shown by a number of researchers, very similar activity preceding faulting can occur in the Earth.
Crystallographic evolution of microstructure in thin film processing: part I: grain size distribution

Processing parameters and the resulting properties of a material are linked by the relationship between processing and microstructure. Characterizing the effect of processing variations on microstructure and determining its origin are essential to advanced material development. In this and a companion article, some readily applied techniques for producing quantitative data on grain size and shape, as well as grain and boundary crystallography, are described. The method described in Part I utilizes transmission electron microscopy and image analysis to measure grain size in large quantities (2000 to 3000 grains per sample), differentiated into orientation class subpopulation distributions. On application to Ni thin films produced by ion assisted deposition, the results have identified an orientation subpopulation that is predominantly responsible for the larger grain sizes observed in films grown under high ion flux. Larger grain size and the development of a preferred orientation have both been associated with increasing ion flux during growth, however, these results give the first experimental evidence connecting grain size and texture in these films.
The antimicrobial effect of various endodontic sealers

The antimicrobial activity of an endodontic sealer can be helpful in destroying any remaining root canal microbes. Therefore it was decided to test the antimicrobial activity of several commonly used endodontic sealers. The sealers used were Grossman's sealer, Tubliseal, Calciobiotic, Sealapex, Hypocal, eucapercha, Nogenol, and AH26. Also tested were dry calcium hydroxide powder, calcium hydroxide mixed with saline, and a Teflon formulation. The microbes used were Streptococcus mutans (a gram-positive microaerophile), Staphylococcus aureus (a gram-positive facultative anaerobe), and Bacteriodes endodontalis (a gram-negative obligate anaerobe). The freshly mixed sealers were placed into the prepared wells of agar plates inoculated with the test microorganisms. After varying periods of incubation, the zones of inhibition of bacterial growth were observed and measured. Grossman's sealer had the greatest overall antibacterial activity. However, AH26 had the greatest activity against B. endodontalis. The zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealers had more antimicrobial activity than either the calcium hydroxide-based sealers or eucapercha.
Asthma in US seniors: part 2. Treatment. Seeing through the glass darkly.

Abstract Background We sought to identify the best evidence for treatment of asthmatic patients aged 65 years or more. Methods We used computer-assisted searches to identify randomized, controlled trials for asthma in the elderly that were published in English between 1950 and 2008. Results Small trials of an inhaled corticosteroid versus a leukotriene antagonist and an oral beta 2 -agonist versus placebo compose the controlled trial data on asthma therapy in seniors. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the side effects of corticosteroids and beta-agonists may be more common in the elderly than in younger populations. Conclusion Seniors with asthma or comorbid conditions that are common in the elderly have been systematically excluded from asthma treatment trials. There is no compelling evidence to demonstrate the superiority of any pharmacologic therapy in these asthmatic patients. Evaluation of response to asthma treatment in clinical trials remains primarily symptom-based when symptoms have been shown to underestimate the severity of disease in seniors.
Linkage and molecular scanning analyses of MODY3/hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha gene in typical familial type 2 diabetes: evidence for novel mutations in exons 8 and 10

Mutations of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1 alpha) gene are an important cause of autosomal dominant diabetes with onset before age 25 yr [maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)], and some regions of the HNF1 alpha gene appear to be hot spots for mutations. To evaluate the role of HNF1 alpha in the more common familial type 2 diabetes, we studied 62 families of Northern European origin by linkage analysis and molecular screening. Linkage was rejected under dominant models consistent with either late-onset type 2 diabetes or early-onset dominant diabetes. We used single strand conformation polymorphism analysis to screen 53 diabetic members of 36 families who reported diabetes diagnosed before age 40 yr, 9 members of 2 Utah families with typical MODY, and 24 additional members of families with possible linkage. One MODY family showed the previously reported frameshift mutation (P291fsinsC) in exon 4. Among the individuals with more typical type 2 diabetes, we identified the previously reported common polymorphisms, a new intronic polymorphism, and 3 common amino acid variants. We also identified 2 novel missense mutations that segregated with type 2 diabetes in 1 family each: lysine for glutamic acid substitution at codon 619 in exon 10 (E619K), and an arginine for threonine substitution at codon 537 in exon 8 (R537T) in a second family. The exon 8 mutation showed relatively low penetrance, and the role in this family remains uncertain. No coding mutations were identified in the family members screened on the basis of linkage but without early-onset diabetes. Although HNF1 alpha mutations are not a common cause of familial type 2 diabetes, they may account for 5% of families in which at least 1 member has onset of type 2 diabetes before age 40 yr. Incomplete penetrance and a high sporadic frequency make linkage an inefficient screening tool.
Content first, frame later

There is not enough reason to believe that syllables are primary in speech and evolved from the cyclic movements of chewing. There are many differences between chewing and speech and it is equally plausible that what is primary in speech is a succession of auditorily robust modulations of various acoustic parameters (amplitude, periodicity, spectrum, pitch); syllables could have evolved from this.
The Current Status of Behavior Therapy

This article reviews the current status of behavior therapy, discussing ambiguities, characteristics, myths, and limitations of the field. Ambiguity of "behavior therapy" stems from the different d...
The effect of solar-cycle ultraviolet flux variations on cometary gas

The effects on comet gas of variations in the solar ultraviolet flux during solar cycle 21 are discussed. The photoionization, photodissociation, and resonance fluorescence and scattering rates of individual atoms and molecules increase by factors ranging up to 4, leading to potential order of magnitude variations in emission-line fluxes between minimum and maximum solar activity. These effects are illustrated for H2O and CO. Recent observations of comet Bradfield (1979) are discussed, and it is suggested that comets appearing near solar maximum be extensively observed to provide information on the response of cometary gas to solar flux variations, which can be used to discriminate between cometary models.
Sensitivity analysis and shape optimization in nonlinear solid mechanics

Abstract The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it presents a boundary element formulation for sensitivity analysis for solid mechanics problems involving both material and geometric nonlinearities. The second focus is on the use of such sensitivities to obtain optimal design for problems of this class. Numerical examples include sensitivity analysis for small (material nonlinearities only) and large deformation problems. These numerical results are in good agreement with direct integration results. Further, by using these sensitivities, a shape optimization problem has been solved for a plate with a cutout involving only material nonlinearities. The difference between the optimal shapes of solids, undergoing purely elastic or elasto-viscoplastic deformation is shown clearly in this example.
Extreme Focal Depth in Microscopy

This paper describes and gives some of the results of using a microscope which increases the useful depth of observation of an object in a photograph to many times the focal depth of the lens system being used. The principle of the microscope is that the object is illuminated only on the focal plane while the object is being scanned through that plane. Thus, the out-of-focus parts of the object are always in darkness, and the final photographs show high resolution throughout the depth of scan. The mechanism of scanning is somewhat similar to the Gregory–Donaldson method, whereas the mechanism of illumination is similar to that of the Schmaltz slit. This is the first time that scanning and focal plane illumination have been combined to attain high resolution at great depths. Of course, high-frequency scanning would permit direct observation by eye.
The economies of Hellenistic societies, third to first centuries BC

This volume presents the results of a conference in 2006, which is the third in a series of gatherings and publications organized by Archibald, Davies, and Gabrielsen.1 Like the two previous volume...
Population structure and species composition of the free-living nematodes inhabiting sands of the New York Bight Apex.

The free-living nematodes inhabiting silty and medium to coarse sands at nine stations in the New York Bight Apex were studied from August 1973 to September 1974. Average population densities (no. 10 cm−2) ranged from 221 to 1381; no significant differences in density associated with sediment type, organic carbon or heavy metal concentrations were observed. In medium sands with low organic carbon and low heavy metal concentrations the nematode fauna was characterized by: (1) dominance by members of the families Chromadoridae and Desmodoridae; (2), low relative abundance of the family Comesomatidae; and (3), high species diversity. In silty sands, and also in medium sands with high organic carbon and/or high heavy metal concentrations, the fauna was marked by: (1) low relative abundances of the Chromadoridae and Desmodoridae; (2), high dominance of the Comesomatidae; and (3), low species diversity. In medium sands species diversity was significantly inversely correlated with increased concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. However, no such relationship existed in silty sands. Contaminated medium sands were also marked by high relative abundances of the comesomatid Sabatieria pulchra, which may be able to tolerate stressed sands much better than the normal inhabitants of such sediments; species belonging to the families Chromadoridae and Desmodoridae.