cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photocurrent estimation from multiple nondestructive samples in CMOS image sensor

CMOS image sensors generally suffer form lower dynamic range than CCDs due to their higher readout noise. Their high speed readout capability and the potential of integrating memory and signal processing with the sensor on the same chip, open up many possibilities for enhancing their dynamic range. Earlier work have demonstrated the use of multiple non-destructive samples to enhance dynamic range, while achieving higher SNR than using other dynamic range enhancement schemes. The high dynamic range image is constructed by appropriately scaling each pixel's last sample before saturation. Conventional CDS is used to reduce offset FPN and reset noise. This simple high dynamic range image construction scheme, however, does not take full advantage of the multiple samples. Readout noise power, which doubles as a result of performing CDS, remain as high as in conventional sensor operation. As a result dynamic range is only extended at the high illumination end. The paper explores the use of linear mean-square-error estimation to more fully exploit the multiple pixel samples to reduce readout noise and thus extend dynamic range at the low illumination end. We present three estimation algorithms: (1) a recursive estimator when reset noise and offset FPN are ignored, (2) a non-recursive algorithm when reset noise and FPN are considered, and (3) a recursive estimation algorithm for case (2), which achieves mean square error close to the non-recursive algorithm without the need to store all the samples. The later recursive algorithm is attractive since it requires the storage of only a few pixel values per pixel, which makes its implementation in a single chip digital imaging system feasible.
Inhibition of lens regeneration by implanted lenses in the eyes of the adult newt Diemictylus (= Triturus) viridescens

Abstract Lens regeneration from the host's dorsal iris was studied in the eyes of 128 adult salamanders, Diemictylus (= Triturus) viridescens, that had successfully received single or paired implants of regenerating lenses varying in age from 14 to 28 days. Host lens regeneration occurred in the presence of either single or paired implants of every age studied. The ratio of the size of the experimental host regenerate to the size of the control host regenerate (in the host's other eye) was inversely proportional to the volume of the implanted lenses. Age of the implanted lenses was not correlated with the reduction in relative size of the experimental host regenerates. The volumes of the implanted lenses at the time of fixation were directly proportional to their ages at the time of implantation. The experimental results suggest quantitative differences between regenerates of varying ages. The results fail to support the concept of a qualitative difference between regenerated lenses younger than 25 days old and those beyond that age. The inhibitory effect on host lens regeneration increases as the mass of implanted lens material is increased. The existence of an inhibitory substance of lenticular origin remains speculative.
Determining heart muscle perfusion by magnetic resonance tomography progressing to clinical application

Magnetic resonance imaging detects the flow of contrast-enhanced blood and even allows the quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion. The clinical application of this method is being held back by the difficulties in image evaluation and the limitation of standard techniques to the acquisition of a single slice per heart beat cycle. Recent developments in scanner hardware as well as in image acquisition techniques open up the possibility of assessing myocardial perfusion over the entire heart with a spatial resolution in the range of 2 mm. As an example of such a new scanning strategy, a segmented gradient-echo recalled echo planar imaging sequence with preceding saturation is discussed and results in a patient with an infarction are presented. The clinical use of perfusion assessment covering the entire heart for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease is enhanced by the flexibility of magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of functional cardiac parameters.
Tomagraphic wavefront correction for the LSST

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a three mirror modified Paul-Baker design with an 8.4m primary, a 3.4m secondary, and a 5.0m tertiary followed by a 3-element refractive corrector producing a 3.5 degree field of view. This design produces image diameters of <0.3 arcsecond 80% encircled energy over its full field of view. The image quality of this design is sufficient to ensure that the final images produced by the telescope will be limited by the atmospheric seeing at an excellent astronomical site. In order to maintain this image quality, the deformations and rigid body motions of the three large mirrors must be actively controlled to minimize optical aberrations. By measuring the optical wavefront produced by the telescope at multiple points in the field, mirror deformations and rigid body motions that produce a good optical wavefront across the entire field may be determined. We will describe the details of the techniques for obtaining these solutions. We will show that, for the expected mirror deformations and rigid body misalignments, the solutions that are found using these techniques produce an image quality over the field that is close to optimal. We will discuss how many wavefront sensors are needed and the tradeoffs between the number of wavefront sensors, their layout and noise sensitivity.
The Bacteriology of Brick Cheese. II. Comparison of Washed-Curd and Conventional Methods of Manufacture

Summary 1In an effort to remedy the acid defect common in high moisture Brick cheese a process was introduced for washing the curd with water before dipping. After this treatment enough fermentable lactose remained in the curd to lower the pH to about 5.00–5.15 in cheese with a moisture content of 40–42 per cent. 2Of the several washing procedures tried the "mild wash" (25 pounds of water added per 100 pounds of milk, 50 pounds of whey removed and replaced with 50 pounds of water) gave the best product. The cheese made by this method had a mild and clean flavor, soft and smooth body and a medium close texture. 3The washing process had no noticeable effect upon the rate of development of the starter bacteria as detectable by the cultural counts, but there was a slightly slower rate of acid formation in the washed-curd cheese. Acid formation ceased soon in the washed-curd cheese because of the exhaustion of the lactose. A combination of Str. lactis and Str. thermophilus was a better starter than either alone. 4The occurrence of undesirable fermentations was more pronounced in the washed-curd than in the conventional cheese, due probably to the relatively lower acidity in the former. However, with milk of good quality undesirable fermentations did not appear when the mixed starter was used, and the washed-curd cheese was superior to the other in flavor and body as well as in moisture content.
Sensor management simulation and comparative study

Within the framework of a command and control system, vast amounts of data are being collected and processed from a variety of dissimilar sensors. Through sensor management, sensor usage is integrated to accomplish specific and often dynamic mission objectives. Every opportunity a sensor has to measure the environment can be equated to a reduction in uncertainty in its state, and hence a quantifiable amount of information. A difficulty arises when the data from sensors is not directly comparable as in the case of kinematic and nonkinematic sensors. This paper expands on our previous work, in which a modest multiple sensor, multiple threat simulation model was built to demonstrate the use of Information Theory in sensor management. The simulation model was used to demonstrate the use of Information Theory to effectively deal with the target tracking and target search decision problem. This paper builds upon that work by implementing the OGUPSA sensor scheduling algorithm in the simulation model with more fidelity by replacing the unit interval tasks by appropriate non-unit interval tasks and compares several sensor management methods including minimum position error and maximum information.
iv) Managing bone loss of the femur and tibia in revision total knee arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty is a common and highly effective procedure. However, approximately 5% of arthroplasties can be expected to have failed within 10 years of implantation, and the number of revision arthroplasties required continues to rise in parallel to the trend for increasing numbers of primary procedures. Revision knee arthroplasty is a technically challenging procedure, with one of the most difficult issues that is frequently encountered being loss of bone. Accurately identifying and characterizing bone loss prior to revision, avoiding bone loss at the time of explantation of protheses, and careful advanced planning for appropriate equipment and graft materials to be available at the time of revision surgery are all essential prerequisites for a successful outcome after revision knee arthroplasty. This article summarizes the types of bone loss that can be seen, the appropriate methods for their identification and suggests strategies for how best to address bone loss at the time of revision surgery, to ensure the best possible short- and long-term outcomes.
Risk Factors for Transient Periventricular Echodensities in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants † 1231

Sonographically detectable transient periventricular echodensities (PVED) are often observed in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1500 gm) infants when screening for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); their impact on outcome remains unclear but recent studies have suggested an adverse neurodevelomental influence. Although hypoxia-ischemia has been considered a possible cause, clinically relevant risk factors and preventive treatments for this finding remain uncertain. We performed a retrospective matched case-control study of PVED and risk factors in all infants <1500 gm BW from 6/90-12/95, during which sonographic screening was routine. We studied antepartum, intrapartum, and postnatal factors, concentrating on epidemiologic, vascular, respiratory, and infectious factors, and on intrapartum magnesium sulfate (MAG) exposure, because of recent suggestions of a neuro-protective effect of this agent. We identified 1417 VLBW infants and 74 cases of transient PVED (inc. 5.2%) and matched 74 controls with normal sonograms (no IVH or PVL, latest at least 30d) for ±150 gm BW and date of birth. Controls and cases were similar in BW(994±242 vs 981±238 gm) and gestational age (28±2 wks). PVED cases were more likely to have placental funisitis (32%vs 3%) and patent ductus arteriosus (59% vs 38%) and less likely to have pre-eclampsia (4% vs 21%)(all P≤0.05). The proportions of any intrapartum MAG, tocolytic MAG, steroid use, SGA, RDS, and indomethacin were similar between groups. A logistic regression model (controlled for MAG use, chorioamnionitis, and indomethacin use) revealed predictors of PVED as shown in the Table. We conclude that intrapartum infection and PDA are risk factors for PVED in VLBW infants and that pre-eclampsia is more important than MAG use in reducing such neurologic findings.
Turning to family, friends, or others: A model of social network usage during stressful events

In this study, we describe and partially explain patterns of network participation among family, friends, and others by focusing on social network usage during periods of stress. Using a national sample of adults (the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Surveys), we describe patterns of whom individuals would turn to for assistance during a range of hypothetical events, using first and second mentions of responses to six hypothetical stressful events. A simple recursive structural equations model of social network usage during times of need is specified, linking social background, network propinquity, and contact with network members to these three endogenous network bond strength indexes. The results show that neither propinquity nor contact with friends or family shape the (latent) use of family or family networks as much as does a single demographic characteristic, current marital status. Thus, although propinquity does largely shape contact frequency, the bonds of a current marital arran...
Pronounced Momentum Patterns Ahead of Major Events

Many financial asset measures exhibit a weak continuation tendency. We show that this tendency is much more pronounced in the run-up to major events such as key macroeconomic announcements and central bank meetings. For example, the likelihood of recent yield trends continuing during the week of the U.S. payroll report release is 60% for ten-year Treasuries, compared to the 53% normal likelihood of trend continuation. There are similar pronounced continuation patterns for other bond markets and major currencies, as well as some evidence of a post-event reversal tendency. The main explanation for these regularities is behavioral. Investors tend to cut losing positions (but run winning positions) in advance of some major event.
Mantle-zone lymphoma. An immunohistologic study.

Mantle-zone lymphoma (MZL) is a histologically distinctive variant of follicular lymphocytic lymphoma which is characterized by a proliferation of atypical small lymphoid cells as wide mantles around benignappearing germinal centers. Immunoperoxidase stains were performed on fixed and processed lymph nodes from four patients with MZL. Three cases were of the intermediate lymphocytic type, and one was of the small cleaved lymphocytic type. In all cases, the small lymphoid cells of the mantle zones did not stain. A monoclonal population (IgM, lambda) of plasma cells and large lymphoid cells was demonstrated predominantly in the paracortical areas in one case. In all cases, small numbers of plasma cells and large lymphoid cells in the follicle centers stained in a polyclonal pattern, confirming the benign nature of the centers. These findings suggest that follicular lymphomas of the mantle-zone type are exceptions to the theory that follicular B-cell lymphomas are derived from follicular center cells. Apparently, the lymphoid cells of MZL home to the mantle zones of secondary follicles, where they surround, proliferate, and eventually obliterate residual benign germinal centers. Cancer 53:1073-1080, 1984.
Occupational lead exposure and women

Abstract The toxicity of lead has been known for approximately 2000 years, but the issue of women exposed to lead in the workplace has received relatively little attention until recent years. The major thesis of this paper is that the fetus represents an organism which is sensitive to lead and that the fetus is exposed to lead through the mother by the fact that lead crosses the placental barrier. Fetal exposure to lead is, in the author's opinion, the critical issue involved in assessing occupational exposure to lead among women of childbearing age. Multiple studies have demonstrated that concentrations of lead in the mother's blood are comparable to concentrations of lead in umbilical cord blood at birth. Many investigators consider the demonstrated effects of lead upon the hematopoietic system to be the earliest effect associated with lead exposure. Control strategies which prevent significant alterations in the heme synthetic pathway of the mother should prevent such changes in the fetus and thus protect against the more serious adverse effects of fetal lead exposure.
Artificial magnetic conductors realised by frequency-selective surfaces on a grounded dielectric slab for antenna applications

New designs of artificial magnetic conductors (AMC), including hard and soft surfaces and dual-polarised high-impedance surfaces are realised by printed dipole/slot frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) implemented on a grounded dielectric slab. Multiband designs of hard and soft surfaces are proposed based on the use of FSS structures with different resonance lengths and orientation of dipoles/slots. In addition, dual-polarised high-impedance surfaces are realised by FSS structures with elements of different shapes (cross, loop), which create high impedance for both TE and TM polarisations. Commercial software EMPiCASSO is used for the fullwave analysis of presented FSS configurations. A printed slot FSS is proposed for design of a low-profile monopole antenna. The simulation and experimental results of return loss and radiation patterns are presented, demonstrating the effect of a high-impedance surface on scattering and radiation characteristics of a low-profile antenna.
Global research on the Cretaceous

Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms, a new international research effort on the global aspects of Cretaceous sedimentary geology, is underway. This Global Sedimentary Geology Project (GSGP) is organized by the Commission on Global Sedimentary Geology of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The GSGP secretariat is at the University of Miami, Florida (Fisher Island, Miami Beach, FL 33139, tel. 305-672-1840, RNGINSBURG/KOSMOS). Cretaceous time was selected for this pilot research project because Cretaceous sea levels and climates can provide a vision of Earth in its “greenhouse state,” because there is an established geochronology for the era's wide-spread deposits, and because there are extensive resources of hydrocarbons, coal, bauxite and other minerals in Cretaceous rocks.
Restrictive Legislative Procedures in France and the United States.

I develop a framework for applying existing formal models of restrictive amendment procedures in Congress to the study of the French government's use of two restrictive legislative procedures, the package vote and the “guillotine”. I test six hypotheses derived from existing formal models and from existing research on the French National Assembly. The analysis shows that the French government invokes the two procedures on the same types of distributive and jurisdictionally complex bills that frequently receive closed rules in Congress. The analysis also shows that the decision to use the restrictive procedures is strongly linked to the majority status of the government, suggesting they are used to preserve agreements between parties in the same way that restrictive amendment procedures are used to preserve agreements between individual members of Congress. Thus, existing formal models of legislative institutions can help us study how procedural structures shape strategic bargaining between political parties in parliamentary systems, especially during coalition and minority government.
Counterfactually reasoning about security

In this short paper, we provide the background to counterfactual logic and give very general suggestions on how we could employ this logic to help us reason about security policies. It seems very appropriate to use this kind of logic to anticipate a change that will compromise the security concerns of a given system before actually applying the changes.
The effects of antibody clone and pretreatment method on the results of HER2 immunostaining in cytologic samples of metastatic breast cancer: A query and a review of the literature

The standardization and use of heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) is particularly important with immunohistochemical markers that direct the course of cancer treatment, such as Herceptin therapy. Increasingly, many laboratories are performing immunohistochemical analysis using various antibodies and methodologies for HER2/neu. We attempted to determine the effects of antibody clone and pretreatment methods on the interpretation of HER-2/neu staining in cytologic samples. Cell block sections from 54 cases of metastatic breast cancer (24 FNAs, 30 effusions) were analyzed for HER2 expression using antibodies to CB-11, TAB250, and A0485. Antibodies were analyzed with and without HIER. One pathologist using the FDA-approved scoring system for the HercepTest reviewed all slides in a blinded fashion. Five of fifty-four cases (9%) using CB-11 showed a significant increase in HER2 immunoreactivity using HIER (i.e. from 0/1+ to 2–3+). However, in twenty-nine of fifty-four cases (54%), the cytoplasmic background was significantly higher after HIER. With the A0485 antibody, two of fifty four cases (4%) showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity using HIER, while seventeen of fifty-four cases (31%) exhibited only more pronounced cytoplasmic staining. HIER pretreatment did not increase HER2 staining in any TAB250 stained sample, rather four of fifty-four cases (7%) showed a significant decrease in staining with HIER. We conclude that HIER may enhance membrane staining with the CB-11 and A0485 antibodies, but also increases cytoplasmic background. Loss of antigenicity is seen when HIER is used with TAB250. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:319–328. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines.

Summary Objectives Evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of short- and long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure on a panel of normal epithelial and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. Materials and methods HaCaT, UMSCC10B, and HN30 were treated with nicotine-containing and nicotine-free vapor extract from two popular e-cigarette brands for periods ranging from 48 h to 8 weeks. Cytotoxicity was assessed using Annexin V flow cytometric analysis, trypan blue exclusion, and clonogenic assays. Genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand breaks was quantified using the neutral comet assay and γ-H2AX immunostaining. Results E-cigarette-exposed cells showed significantly reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival, along with increased rates of apoptosis and necrosis, regardless of e-cigarette vapor nicotine content. They also exhibited significantly increased comet tail length and accumulation of γ-H2AX foci, demonstrating increased DNA strand breaks. Conclusion E-cigarette vapor, both with and without nicotine, is cytotoxic to epithelial cell lines and is a DNA strand break-inducing agent. Further assessment of the potential carcinogenic effects of e-cigarette vapor is urgently needed.
Electron conformal radiotherapy using bolus and intensity modulation

Abstract Purpose: Conformal electron beam therapy can be delivered using shaped bolus, which varies the penetration of the electrons across the incident beam so that the 90% isodose surface conforms to the distal surface of the planning target volume (PTV). Previous use of this modality has shown that the irregular proximal surface of the bolus causes the dose heterogeneity in the PTV to increase from 10%, the typical dose spread of a flat-water surface to approximately 20%. The present work evaluates the ability to restore dose homogeneity by varying the incident electron intensity. Methods and Materials: Three patients, one each with chest wall, thorax, and head-and-neck cancer, were planned using electron conformal therapy with bolus, with and without intensity modulation. Resulting dose distributions and dose-volume histograms were compared with non-intensity-modulated bolus plans. Results: In all cases, the Δ D 90%−10% for the PTV was reduced; for example, for the head-and-neck case, the Δ D 90%−10% for the PTV was reduced from 14.9% to 9.2%. This reduction in dose spread is a direct result of intensity modulation. Conclusions: The results showed that intensity-modulated electron beams could significantly improve the dose homogeneity in the PTV for patients treated with electron conformal therapy using shaped bolus.
Reflections: A Call for Submissions

Physicians face the daunting task of providing the most scientifically advanced care to their patients while maintaining a professional, humanistic touch. While most medical journals strive to provide the knowledge and science for the practice of medicine, we hope to address the humanistic aspects of patient care in this section of Journal of General Internal Medicine (JGIM). Experiences in health care, from the perspectives of doctors, other health care providers, patients, and family members elicit an emotional response sometimes ignored or left by the wayside for lack of time, focus, or audience. It is only with purposeful effort that these experiences are described and shared. Stopping to write or to read about them, we hope, will provide the JGIM readership a moment to pause and contemplate both the mundane and unusual moments that we all participate in daily while practicing medicine. We seek essays and poetry from providers, patients, patient family members, or others relating to experiences with health care, illness, or the medical training process. Submitted essays should have a maximum length of 2,000 words and poems a maximum length of 80 lines. As the newly designated co-editors of Reflections, we look forward to the opportunity to review your submissions soon.
The Changing Face of Interventional Cardiology

> Change is the only constant (derived from “all entities move and nothing remains still”). > > —Heraclitus, 401 BC Interventional cardiology began as a discipline after the introduction of coronary balloon angioplasty by Andreas Gruentzig in 1976.1 Technological advances, improved success, and reduced complications led to widespread acceptance of this new procedure, surpassing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) as the most common means to achieve coronary revascularization. With time, there has been an expansion of the tools used for the coronary angioplasty, and the procedure has been renamed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a result. Changes in the practice of interventional cardiology over the last 10 years have been more subtle than the first 25 years that were dominated by technological advances, but they are still significant as we gained a better understanding of the best application of PCI. This period has been more about “what we should do” rather than “what we can do.” Expansion of noncoronary interventions including peripheral arterial and structural heart disease interventions has also taken place and probably will dominate the future. Some of the more important changes in practice over the last decade will be discussed with speculation on the future of interventional cardiology. Practitioners are well aware that coronary interventional volume has been decreasing over the last 6 to 8 years. A recent study by Riley et al,2 using the data available from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 2001 to 2009, showed that in the United States, diagnostic catheterizations rose from 1 075 623 procedures in 2001 to 1 315 515 in 2004, followed by a steady decline to 1 047 945 in 2009. Similarly, PCI volume rose until 2004 and then fell to 350 134 in 2009. Despite this dip after 2004, there has been an overall average increase of 1.3% per …
Green: a framework for supporting energy-conscious programming using controlled approximation

Energy-efficient computing is important in several systems ranging from embedded devices to large scale data centers. Several application domains offer the opportunity to tradeoff quality of service/solution (QoS) for improvements in performance and reduction in energy consumption. Programmers sometimes take advantage of such opportunities, albeit in an ad-hoc manner and often without providing any QoS guarantees.We propose a system called Green that provides a simple and flexible framework that allows programmers to take advantage of such approximation opportunities in a systematic manner while providing statistical QoS guarantees. Green enables programmers to approximate expensive functions and loops and operates in two phases. In the calibration phase, it builds a model of the QoS loss produced by the approximation. This model is used in the operational phase to make approximation decisions based on the QoS constraints specified by the programmer. The operational phase also includes an adaptation function that occasionally monitors the runtime behavior and changes the approximation decisions and QoS model to provide strong statistical QoS guarantees.To evaluate the effectiveness of Green, we implemented our system and language extensions using the Phoenix compiler framework. Our experiments using benchmarks from domains such as graphics, machine learning, signal processing, and finance, and an in-production, real-world web search engine, indicate that Green can produce significant improvements in performance and energy consumption with small and controlled QoS degradation.
Effects of Quenching Environment on the Structure of Melt- Spun Nd2Fe14B

Melt-spun Nd 2 Fe 14 B (2–14–1) ribbons were produced under active vacuum and different partial pressures of inert gases of Ar and He. Microstructure and thermal analyses were performed to understand the microstructural evolution and glass formability (GF) of the ribbons. He atmosphere enhances the quenchability of the ribbons over Ar and vacuum. Ribbons made under 250 Torr He have more uniform microstructure and smoother surfaces than those under 760 Torr He. The higher quenchability induced by He, which increases the interfacial heat transfer coefficient between the melt and rotating wheel during melt spinning, is due to its higher thermal conductivity compared to Ar. The lower pressure stabilizes the turbulence between the melt-pool and Cu wheel, enhancing the heat transfer resulting in a more uniform quench. As a result, a more uniform ribbon microstructure can be obtained at relatively low wheel speeds.
Late Print Culture’s Social Media Revolution: Authorship, Collaboration and Copy Machines

This article examines the impact of copy machines on late twentieth-century print cultures. Specifically, this article makes a case for “dry copying,” the method of print reproduction perfected by Xerox in the late 1950s, as a unique medium rather than a weak imitation of other printing methods. Following the claim that the widespread availability of copy machines in the late twentieth century represented the arrival of a new medium, this article further examines how understandings of authorship, established with print culture, came undone in the era of the copy machine. Finally, this paper makes a case for understanding copy machines as a form of “social media” that opened up opportunities for writers, readers and publishers to create, share, exchange and comment on texts and images in communities and networks of their own making in the decades preceding the development of the web.
Complete information flow tracking from the gates up

For many mission-critical tasks, tight guarantees on the flow of information are desirable, for example, when handling important cryptographic keys or sensitive financial data. We present a novel architecture capable of tracking all information flow within the machine, including all explicit data transfers and all implicit flows (those subtly devious flows caused by not performing conditional operations). While the problem is impossible to solve in the general case, we have created a machine that avoids the general-purpose programmability that leads to this impossibility result, yet is still programmable enough to handle a variety of critical operations such as public-key encryption and authentication. Through the application of our novel gate-level information flow tracking method, we show how all flows of information can be precisely tracked. From this foundation, we then describe how a class of architectures can be constructed, from the gates up, to completely capture all information flows and we measure the impact of doing so on the hardware implementation, the ISA, and the programmer.
The Indication of Sexual and Aggressive Similarities through Humor Appreciation

Summary Freudian theory and subsequent research indicate a connection between sexual and aggressive motivation. The present study investigated this proposed connection by examining humor preferences during an induced aggressive mood. Appreciation of neutral, sexual, and aggressive humor was examined under conditions of aggression arousal. A total of 90 male and 90 female university students participated in one of two 2 × 3 factorial designs that crossed arousal with humor type. Ss in arousal conditions rated all humor as funnier than Ss in neutral conditions, and sexual humor was rated as being funniest. Males and females showed complex significant differences in humor preferences.
Quantification of ultrasonic anisotropy of scattering from myocardium in vitro and in vivo

The highly ordered and complex arrangement of cardiac myofibers produces an angle dependence or anisotropy of ultrasonic scattering. The extent to which the magnitude of anisotropy may depend on the particular view used for insonification of the heart has not been determined. The transmural dependence of integrated backscatter (IB) on myofiber angle in vitro in sections of myocardial tissue is measured from two orthogonal directions. Ultrasonic anisotropy in vivo is characterized in volunteer patients with a method known as lateral gain compensation, which permits compensation for anisotropy in clinical echocardiography images. >
Demodex sp. in California Ground Squirrels

An undescribed species of Demodex (Acari: Demodecidae) was observed in hair follicles and ducts of sebaceous glands in the ear canals of seven California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) from Santa Clara Count); California (USA). The animals had died of unrelated causes and were submitted for necropsy between September 1994 and February 1996. Similar mites were observed in the lumens of hair follicles and ducts of Meibomian glands in the eyelids of two of these squirrels. Microscopic changes in the epithelium and surrounding dermis, when present, were minimal. No associated clinical signs of disease or macroscopic lesions were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Demodex sp. in a ground squirrel.
Paleozoic mosses: Small, but no longer inconspicuous

The next time you stroll in a wooded area and spot small, green clumps of soft-looking plants, perhaps next to a rotting log or near the bank of a stream, you will probably have found one of several tens of thousands of species of mosses. Today these plants frequent moist areas that extend from the
Emerging tick-borne infections: rediscovered and better characterized, or truly 'new' ?

The emergence of Lyme borreliosis as a public health burden within the last two decades has stimulated renewed interest in tick-borne infections. This attention towards ticks, coupled with advances in detection technologies, has promoted the recognition of diverse emergent or potentially emerging infections, such as monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, local variants of spotted fever group rickettsioses, WA-1 babesiosis, or a Lyme disease mimic (Masters' Disease). The distribution of pathogens associated with well-described tick-borne zoonoses such as human babesiosis due to Babesia mirroti or B. divergens seems wider than previously thought. Bartonellae, previously known to be maintained by fleas, lice or sand-flies, have been detected within ticks. Purported 'new' agents, mainly identified by sequencing of PCR products and comparison with those sequences present in GenBank, are being increasingly reported from ticks. We briefly review the diversity of these infectious agents, identify aetiological enigmas that remain to be solved, and provide a reminder about 'old friends' that should not be forgotten in our pursuit of novelty. We suggest that newly recognised agents or tick/ pathogen associations receive careful scrutiny before being declared as potential public health burdens.
Response of host plants to periodical cicada oviposition damage

Insect oviposition on plants is widespread across many systems, but studies on the response of host plants to oviposition damage are lacking. Although patterns of oviposition vary spatially and temporally, ovipositing insects that exhibit outbreak characteristics may have strong effects on host plants during peak abundance. Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.), in particular, may reduce the performance of host plants when they synchronously emerge in massive numbers to mate and oviposit on host plants. Here we provide the first experimental manipulation of host plant use by periodical cicadas to evaluate the impact of cicada oviposition on plant performance across a diversity of host species within an ecologically relevant setting. Using a randomized block design, we established a plantation of three native and three exotic host plant species common to the successional forests in which cicadas occur. During the emergence of Brood X in 2004, we employed a highly effective cicada exclusion treatment by netting half of the host plants within each block. We assessed multiple measures of host plant performance, including overall plant growth and the growth and reproduction of individual branches, across three growing seasons. Despite our thorough assessment of potential host plant responses to oviposition damage, cicada oviposition did not generally inhibit host plant performance. Oviposition densities on unnetted host plants were comparable to levels documented in other studies, reinforcing the ecological relevance of our results, which indicate that cicada oviposition damage did not generally reduce the performance of native or exotic host plants.
Beating Heart Video‐Assisted Mitral Valve Surgery: A Useful Technique for High‐Risk Patients

Background: Beating-heart valve surgery through a sternotomy has been used as an excellent myocardial protection strategy in high risk patients. Minimally invasive approaches have reduced the trauma and enhanced the recovery of patients undergoing heart surgery. We hypothesized that high-risk patients undergoing mitral valve surgery will benefit from a combination of these two approaches. Methods: A 52-year-old male with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular function of 15% was referred for surgery because of congestive heart failure. Results: Using a 4-cm right minithoracotomy and femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, successful beating-heart video-assisted mitral valve repair was performed. The adequacy of myocardial protection was confirmed by absence of ischemic electrophysiologic changes. The patient was discharged home on the 6th postoperative day. Conclusion: Beating-heart strategy can be combined with a minimally invasive approach in patients with severely reduced ventricular function, who require mitral valve surgery.
Pediatric dental update.

Introduction Pediatricians are in an ideal position to influence the oral health of their young patients, from the first prenatal interview with prospective parents and the initial newborn examination through the duration of their general pediatric care. Teeth begin calcification between 14 and 16 weeks of embryonic life, and most of the crowns of the primary teeth, as well as the occlusal edges of some permanent teeth, are calcified by birth. Early plaque removal from gum pads and erupting teeth, the use of fluoride as a dietary supplement in nonfluoridated communities, and timely visits to the dentist all will help to assure a caries-free dentition and healthy oral environment for the child of the 21st century. Dentistry has emerged from its position as a little understood and poorly tolerated sideline of the itinerant surgeon to its status of partner in supporting total bodily health. Such gains as local anesthesia and the means to administer it painlessly, high-speed instrumentation to remove caries comfortably (albeit mechanically), bonded resins (eg, pit and fissure sealants, composite resin restorative materials) to prevent caries and esthetically restore broken or deformed teeth, and implants to replace missing teeth and to restore function and appearance have highlighted its recent evolution.
Mechanism of the Stoddart-Heath bistable rotaxane molecular switch.

We use quantum mechanics to characterize the structure and current−voltage performance of the Stoddart−Heath rotaxane-based programmable electronic switch. We find that the current when the ring is on the DNP is 37−58 times the current when the ring is on the TTF, in agreement with experiment (ratio of 10−100). This establishes the basis for iterative experimental−theoretical efforts to optimize systems for molecule-based electronics which we illustrate by predicting the effect of adding a group such as CN to the rotaxane.
Americanization of Web-Based Political Communication? A Comparative Analysis of Political Blogospheres in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany:

Political blogging provides a useful testing ground for the thesis of Americanization effects of new media technology that emerged in the United States and spread internationally. This study examined the network of hypertext links to top political blogs in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The U.S. blogging network showed higher interconnectedness than did the U.K. and German networks, and was more highly fragmented along the lines of political differences. This study presents the relationships among the new communication form, its international diffusion, and the role of indigenous conditions affecting its adoption.
An Energy Conversion Laboratory Using Industrial-Grade Equipment

Laboratory experiences are an important component of the education of engineering students. Rotating machinery laboratories assist with the visualization of the three-dimensional and rotating equipment. Contemporary use of rotating machines in industry often includes adjustable speed drives and digital controllers. Additionally, instrumentation is used to feedback electrical and mechanical variables to the drives and controls. Using an equipment grant from an industrial automation manufacturer, cost-effective laboratory workstations have been developed. Industrial-grade equipment is not designed for student experimentation but was adapted for this use. The workstations described in this paper incorporate modern power electronic-based drives and motors, electrical and mechanical sensors, and a computer-based control system with data acquisition. The advantages of these workstations include cost-effectiveness and the use of actual industrial devices that students might encounter in industry. Additionally, the workstations can be accessed by remote users, enabling off-campus students to also perform experiments on the workstations. The paper includes details of the workstation and its components, the data acquisition and control system, and sample experimental results.
The Homopolar Racer Competition: A Multi-Disciplinary Student Training Tool in Electromagnetic Launch Technology

The first electric motor, the homopolar motor, was demonstrated by Michael Faraday in 1821 at the Royal Institution of London. The homopolar motor operates on the principle that a force is produced orthogonal to current and magnetic field. The Homopolar Racer Competition (HRC) is a college-level competition created to raise awareness and interest in electromagnetic launcher technology and research and to serve as a multi-disciplinary training tool in this area. Student teams design, build, and demonstrate a homopolar motor in the form of a vehicle (i.e., the racer) that rolls along the ground. The students learn electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineering concepts along with principles from physics and material science. The racer must carry its own battery power during the race. Battery weight cannot exceed 100 grams. Scoring is based on the shortest time to travel the 10 meter track. This investigation will focus on HRC operation and design along with the rules of the event. The investigation will also report the results from the 2008 HRC event at the University of Missouri. The winning racer of that event achieved velocities of 2.4 m/s over the 10-meter track using a single battery.
The Harlem Renaissance: A Cultural, Social, and Political Movement

The Harlem Renaissance was an explosion of creativity and culture within New York City’s African American community in the 1920s, however, its true impact far surpassed a mere cultural movement. It was the locus for the radicalization and politicization for a disenfranchised population. The creative minds behind the Harlem Renaissance used artistic expression to prove their_humanity_and demand equality from an often hostile white America. The literal migration of southern Blacks to the North also symbolized a mental shift, changing the previous image of the rural, uneducated African­American to one of urban, cosmopolitan sophistication. This new identity led to increased social consciousness, and endowed a population that until this time had only experienced inferiority and depravity. This movement provided a source of release of their oppression and gave them hope, faith, and inspiration to create an empowered identity. This new movement wasn’t just a coincidence, however, it was driven by several key circumstances and figures, and among the most important of these was Charles Spurgeon Johnson. He, with the support of philosopher and professor Alain LeRoy Locke, guided the emergence of African­American culture into whitedominated society, and this effort was formally and symbolically launched through their orchestration of the Civic Club Dinner in Manhattan on March 21st, 1924.
Thiazide versus placebo in prophylaxis of toxemia of pregnancy in primigravid patients

Abstract Eighty normal primigravid patients in the second trimester of pregnancy were given either placebo or hydrochlorathiazide daily until delivery. There was a significant difference in the incidence of pre-eclampsia in the two groups. When the two groups were further divided into those with blood pressure elevation over 12070 and those under, it was felt that the most progress was made in the group in whom the blood pressure exceeded this level.
The E-Commerce Market for "Lemons": Identification and Analysis of Websites Selling Counterfeit Goods

We investigate the practice of websites selling counterfeit goods. We inspect web search results for 225 queries across 25 brands. We devise a binary classifier that predicts whether a given website is selling counterfeits by examining automatically extracted features such as WHOIS information, pricing and website content. We then apply the classifier to results collected between January and August 2014. We find that, overall, 32% of search results point to websites selling fakes. For 'complicit' search terms, such as "replica rolex", 39% of the search results point to fakes, compared to 20% for 'innocent' terms, such as "hermes buy online". Using a linear regression, we find that brands with a higher street price for fakes have higher incidence of counterfeits in search results, but that brands who take active countermeasures such as filing DMCA requests experience lower incidence of counterfeits in search results. Finally, we study how the incidence of counterfeits evolves over time, finding that the fraction of search results pointing to fakes remains remarkably stable.
Atypicality for vector Gaussian models

Atypical sequences are subsequences of long sequences that deviate from the ‘normal’ data. In previous papers we have developed an information-theoretic approach to such sequences for discrete and real-valued data. In the current paper we extend the principle of real-valued data that follows vector Gaussian models, which allows for finding relationship between data. We include a simple application to stock market data.
The Case of Ferguson, Missouri and the Racial Contract

To understand the way in which law enforcement implements the Racial Contract, we examine laws and practices of the Ferguson Police Department, the Ferguson Municipal Court, and the City of Ferguson, as presented in the investigative report by the U.S. Department of Justice. We provide a critical, descriptive, and explanatory analysis of the biased and unconstitutional policing of African Americans in Ferguson through the lens of the Racial Contract. We argue that the events in Ferguson prior to and after the shooting of Michael Brown, provide a clear example of the Racial Contract in action.