cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunneling spectroscopy and inverse photoemission: Image and field states

Tunneling spectroscopy performed with the scanning tunneling microscope is used to study image-type surface states. The tunneling tip causes a Stark shift and expansion of the hydrogenic image-state spectrum, permitting a clear resolution of the individual states. A simple theoretical model provides a quantitative connection between the tunneling data and both previous and new inverse-photoemission data.
Patterns of Play Behaviors and Learning Center Choices Between High Ability and Typical Children

There is a dearth of research regarding young children with high intellectual abilities, particularly research involving the direct observation of children in naturalistic settings. The current stu...
Epoxide forming and degrading enzymes in the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.

Abstract 1. Enzymes associated with the epoxidation and epoxide hydration or glutathione conjugation pathway occurred in the herbivorous mite, Tetranychus urticae. 2. Epoxidation of aldrin was primarily microsomal, required NADPH, was associated with a NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and was inhibited by CO, 1-phenylimidazole and piperonyl butoxide. 3. Trans - and cis -epoxide hydrolases resided mostly in the microsomal fraction but were localized also in the cytosol. These activities were differentially inhibited by l,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, and chalcone and 4-phenylchalcone oxides. 4. In vitro and in vivo rates of aldrin epoxidation were very similar indicating that in vitro artifacts were not impairing full enzyme measurement. This was further confirmed in experiments with enzyme stabilizers.
Interactive processes in gasification and combustion—Part III: Coal/char particle arrays, streams and clouds

Abstract A comprehensive review is presented on the interactive transport processes in the gasification and combustion of a cloud of drops and solid particles. The review is divided into three parts. Part I is concerned with the interactive processes for arrays, streams and clouds of drops, Part II presents a review of isolated coal, carbon and porous char particles pertaining to interactive processes, and finally Part III deals with the interactive processes for solid particle arrays, streams and clouds. Isolated particle gasification (pyrolysis and heterogeneous) and combustion were briefly reviewed in Part II. Because of strong analogy of the group ignition and combustion, to porous char ignition and combustion, the literature on porous char combustion was also included in Part II and new results were presented on the internal ignition of porous char particle using Frank-Kamanetsky type of analysis. Part III presents an integrated approach starting from arrays to clouds and gasification to combustion. The interactions occur through processes ranging from pure diffusive to convective transport processes. Approximate criteria for interactive processes are given. As opposed to liquid drop arrays and clouds, there is no systematic study for arrays of char or coal particles. Due to the similarity between droplet evaporation and char combustion, new results are presented for the combustion of char arrays in quiescent atmosphere. Convective effects are also briefly discussed. Expanding the Frank-Kamenetsky analysis to ignition of clouds, simple solutions are presented for cloud ignition temperatures. A comparison of results between different techniques and between theory and experiment is given. Interesting results for the ignition characteristics of coal dispersions are obtained in that the particles with relatively small or low volatile matter which ignite heterogeneously when isolated are found to ignite homogeneously under cloud conditions. The minimum ignition temperature is found to increase with decrease in size under isolated mode while the opposite is true under interactions. The problems of the gasification, ignition, and combustion of clouds in confined and unconfined volumes are reviewed. Experiments conducted with streams (laminar flow reactors, LFR) and clouds (TGA, heated grids, shock tubes, batch of particles in LFR, Hertzberg Ignition apparatus) are reviewed. Following the drop literature, the relation between array and group combustion is presented. Finally, the relevance of the reviewed literature to pollutants' formation and destruction and spray combustion modeling is briefly discussed.
Photoreceptor plasticity in the albino rat retina following unilateral optic nerve section.

Abstract Rhodopsin content of the retina increased when an albino rat was moved to a lower intensity cyclic light, and decreased when moved to a higher intensity. Unilateral optic nerve section was employed to test if intact optic nerves are necessary to maintain regulation of rhodopsin when albino rats are switched between two intensities, 3 lx and 600 lx ( 12 hr 12 hr , cyclic light). The ability to regulate rhodopsin content was altered but not lost in the eye which had the optic nerve transected. This alteration was in the direction of incomplete up-regulation when the intensity change was from high to low, and was in the direction of excessive down-regulation when the intensity change was from low to high. This indicates that efferent fibers from the brain to the retina may be involved in the regulation of rhodopsin content. Using histological techniques, cell number and rod outer segment (ROS) length were measured: surgery alone had no effect on ROS length or outer nuclear layer thickness and in all cases ROS lengths were inversely related to habitat illuminance.
Review: Infertility in the spinal cord injured male

A review of the current theories regarding altered testicular function in the spinal cord injured male is presented. Therapy aimed at converting anejaculatory patients to antegrade or retrograde ejaculation is summarized. The current concepts of medical stimulation, electrovibration and electroejaculation are reviewed in depth. Side effects, including autonomic dysreflexia occurring in patients with high spinal lesions, limit but rarely prohibit these techniques. Other treatment options noted are vasal aspiration or implantation of alloplastic spermatoceles and subsequent use of in vitro fertilization techniques.
Characterization of grape Gibberellin Insensitive1 mutant alleles in transgenic Arabidopsis

We generated 12 different mutations in the grape Gibberellin Insensitive1 (VvGAI1) sequences, transformed them into Arabidopsis under the control of 35S, Arabidopsis GAI or grape GAI1 promoter, and evaluated the impact of these mutant alleles on plant growth and development. These VvGAI1 sequence variants included some mimics of the known GAI-like mutant alleles discovered in grape, wheat, barley, corn, Brassica, and Arabidopsis. In general, plant height and related traits such as length of internodes and inflorescences were significantly reduced for most of the mutant alleles studied, regardless of which promoter was used. Interestingly, the numbers of rosette leaves and lateral branches were generally reduced when a 35S promoter was used to express the mutant alleles, but increased when an Arabidopsis or grape GAI promoter was used. Furthermore, the 35S plants often displayed curly and small leaves. In contrast, the leaves of the plants carrying mutant alleles controlled by a GAI promoter were of variable size, dark green and rarely curly. In addition, when certain VvGAI1 mutant alleles were under the control of the grape GAI1 promoter, the number of pods on inflorescences was significantly increased, but some of the pods produced few seeds due to partial sterility. On the basis of the systematic evaluation of various VvGAI1 mutant alleles in Arabidopsis, we concluded that the VvGAI1 mutant alleles mimicking the GAI or GAI-like mutant variants discovered in wheat, barley and Brassica could potentially be useful for the improvement of grapevine plant architecture.
Product Development the Japanese Way

The Japanese approach to product development emphasizes continual technological improvement aimed at making an already successful product even better for customers. Is it time for U.S. companies to take some lessons from Japan?
Shear Front-Lamella Structure in Large Strain Plastic Deformation Processes

The examination of the surface morphology of copper, aluminum, and steel chips produced by standard shop machining processes through the use of scanning electron microscopy has led to a more fundamental understanding of large strain plastic deformation processes. The interpretation of these findings is discussed in terms of well documented dislocation mechanisms typically associated with tensile and compression deformation of metal crystals. The effect that such investigations will have on the true understanding of the mechanisms involved in plastic deformation processes is noted.
Leadership change, legitimacy, and party transition in China

Using Max Weber’s theory of legitimacy and transition, this article suggests that the biggest challenge for China’s new leadership is to transform the Communist Party into an institutionalized ruling party. After analyzing the scenarios of democratization, legitimation, decay, or repression, resulting from the interactions between public contention and the ruling elite, this article argues that the CCP has accomplished the transition from a revolutionary to a reformist party but is now somewhere between claiming to “govern for the people” and “hanging on to power.” To become an institutionalized ruling party, the CCP needs to curtail official corruption and control its membership growth. There are, however, some serious political and personal limitations that China’s new leaders will have to overcome.
Spatial and temporal variations of solar coronal loops

Skylab EUV observations of an active region near the solar limb were analyzed. Both cool (T 106 K) loops were observed in this region. For the hot loops the observed intensity variations were small, typically a few percent over a period of 30 min. The cool loops exhibited stronger variations, sometimes appearing and disappearing in 5 to 10 min. Most of the cool material observed in the loops appeared to be caused by the downward flow of coronal rain and by the upward ejection of chromospheric material in surges. The frequent EUV brightenings observed near the loop footpoints appear to have been produced by both in situ transient energy releases (e.g. subflares) and the infall/impact of coronal rain. The physical conditions in the loops (temperatures, densities, radiative and conducting cooling rates, cooling times) were determined. The mean energy required to balance the radiative and conductive cooling of the hot loops is approximately 3 × 10−3 erg cm−3 s−1. One coronal heating mechanism that can account for the observed behavior of the EUV emission from McMath region 12634 is heating by the dissipation of fast mode MHD waves.
A regression-based study using jackknife replicates of HINTS III data: Predictors of the efficacy of health information seeking

AbstractThe current study determines and assesses the effects of the statistically significant predictors of the efficacy of health information seeking through a regression-based analysis of the 2007 edition of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data. The HINTS III data were collected through list-assisted random digit dialing and mail-in questionnaire with a natural corresponding unstratified and cluster sampling design with jackknife replicates and were analyzed using generalized linear models with jackknife parameter estimation based on the complete and 50 jackknife replicate datasets. The resampling-based analytic approaches, such as the jackknife and bootstrap, generally provide unbiased parameter estimates and are the preferred methods for complex survey data analyses. We implemented an exhaustive search through all potential predictors of the efficacy in health information seeking combined with model building based on forward selection and backward elimination of covariates to de...
IRON METABOLISM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a rapid plasma clearance of iron, a low serum iron, and a diminished absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. These abnormalities appear to be manifestations of an abnormal iron metabolism which is probably present in all patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Anemia represents the end result of the more severe degrees of the abnormality. Chronic blood loss, hemolysis, increased blood volume, and bone marrow depression represent secondary complications superimposed on the underlying abnormality. Esseva trovate que patientes con arthritis rheumatoidee ha un rapide clearance de ferro in le plasma. Lor concentration de ferro seral es basse. Illes ha un reducite absorption de ferro ab le vias gastro-intestinal. Iste anormalitates pare esser manifestationes de un anormal metabolismo de ferro le qual es probabilemente presente in omne patientes con arthritis rheumatoidee. Anemia representa le resultato terminal del grados plus sever de iste anormalitate. Chronic perdita de sanguine, hemolyse, augmento del volumine de sanguine, e depression del medulla ossee representa complicationes secundari que se superimpone al subjacente anormalitate.
Vibrational relaxation of the A1 modes in methyl iodide

Abstract Isotropic (vibrational relaxation) correlation functions were obtained from Raman spectra of the three A 1 modes in methyl iodide. The temperature dependence of the derived modulation times are compared to the predictions of various current theories of vibrational dephasing.
The effect of biodiesel policies on world biodiesel and oilseed prices

A theoretical and empirical model is developed to analyze the effect of a biodiesel mandate, a tax exemption (tax credit) and an exogenous diesel price shock on world soybean and canola markets. The jointness in crushing oil and meal from the oilseed reduces the size of the link between biodiesel and oilseed prices. A diesel price shock with a mandate results in a smaller change in oilseed prices compared with a tax exemption. Higher diesel prices increase biodiesel prices under a tax exemption but lower them with a blend mandate. When both canola and soybeans are used to produce biodiesel, an increase in the diesel price leads to higher canola prices, but the effect on soybean prices is ambiguous and depends on relative elasticities of meal demand and canola supply because canola produces more oil than soybeans.
Interaction of a Motor Response, and Reaction Time and Time Estimation Tasks, on Heart Rate and Skin Conductance

The influence of motor responding and typical psychophysiological tasks on heart rate was tested by manipulating motor requirements of reaction time (RT) and time estimation (TE) tasks. Thirty-four volunteers were assigned randomly to four groups. Two groups squeezed a hand dynamometer at the start of a trial and the other two groups squeezed at the finish of the trial. The force of the squeeze was also manipulated: either 3 kg (3) or 7 kg (7). The four groups were Start 3, Start 7, Finish 3, and Finish 7. All subjects participated in the TE and RT tasks. The dependent variables were measurements of forearm flexor muscle tension, heart rate and skin conductance. It was found that the manipulations of when and with what force a person squeezed the dynamometer resulted in reliable group differences in muscle tension. The magnitude of acceleratory components of the triphasic (acceleration-deceleration-acceleration) cardiac response was amplified by tension. The magnitude of the deceleratory component seemed to depend on both muscle tension and stimulus processing. Except for the magnitude of the response-bound deceleration, RT and TE produced very similar heart rate responses, and skin conductance did not differ among groups. The data were interpreted as providing evidence that motor response acts as an amplifier for the phasic HR produced by common psychological paradigms.
Essay review: Race hygiene and Nazi medicine.

Within the G e r m a n medical communi ty , the message has gone out: "Die Vergangenhei t wird bewfiltigt [We are coming to terms with the past]! ''~ The "past" here referred to is the dark years of Nat ional Socialism. Wha t the medical communi ty must "come to terms with" is, o f course, its p rominen t ideological and practical role in the implementa t ion of Nat ional Socialistic political goals (including genocidal goals). The present spate of medical soul-searching owes not a little to the publicat ion in late 1986 of a highly emotive article in medical journal T h e L a n c e t : "F rom Nazi Holocaus t to Nuclear Holocaust : A Lesson to Learn? ''2 In this article the author, Dr. Har tmut M. Hanauske-Abel , spared no punches: he declared that the Ge rman C h a m b e r of Physicians [Bundes~irztekammer] had "welcomed" the inaugurat ion of the Hitler regime (45 percent of all G e r m a n physicians would ultimately become par ty members) ; he recalled the mostly passive nonresis tance among physicians to the stigmatization and forced emigrat ion of "non-Aryan" colleagues in their
Massive abdominoscrotal hydrocele

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele (ASH) is a very rare clinical finding. It is characterized by a large scrotal hydrocele in communication with the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. Most reports of ASH have been in the pediatric population. We present the case of a 67-year-old man, with severe liver disease, who was discovered to have massive bilateral ASH secondary to ascites.
2013 Curt Stern Award Address

J.V.M. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Work in his laboratory has also been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the W.M. Keck Foundation, the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, and the March of Dimes. J.V.M. would like to thank Haig Kazazian, Huira Kopera, and Ms. Nancy Leff for editorial assistance. The photograph of J.V.M. was taken by Mark Bialek (Associated Press; Howard Hughes Medical Institute). J.V.M. is an inventor on the following patent: Kazazian, H.H., Boeke, J.D., Moran, J.V., and Dombroski, B.A. November 2000. Compositions and methods of use of mammalian retrotransposons. U.S. patent 6,150,160. He has not received money from the patent, and the patent does not influence the results or interpretations in his research. This information is being disclosed voluntarily.
Charles Darwin's vascular plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle

PORTER, D. M., 1986. Charles Darwin's vascular plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle. The specimens collected by Darwin during the 1831–1836 circumnavigation are identified, many for the first time. They are related to citations in his unpublished manuscript Plant Notes and Zoology Diary and his published Diary, to J. S. Henslow's unpublished manuscript list of Darwin's plants, and to other literature citations. A surprising number of Darwin's specimens are nomenclatural types. Included in the 1100 specimens found during the present study are 115 type collections. Darwin specimens are used herein to lectotypify 61 names, and a further 23 names are lectotypified by the specimens of others.
Bimolecular hydrogen transfer in phenalene by a stepwise ene-like reaction mechanism.

For the hydrogen transfer of phenalene, a bimolecular ene-like mechanism is proposed, which is preferable over the hypothesized unimolecular rearrangement in the literature. Unique SOMO–SOMO π-bonding of phenalenyl reduces the barriers of pericyclic reactions significantly. π-bonding between radicals is being recognized as a novel type of bonding interaction. This paper adds to the use of this interaction by pointing out its effect on reaction barriers.
WE-D-9A-04: Improving Multi-Modality Image Registration Using Edge-Based Transformations

Purpose: Multi-modality deformable image registration (DIR) for head & neck (HN) radiotherapy is difficult, particularly when matching computed tomography (CT) scans with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We hypothesized that the ‘shared information’ between images of different modalities was to be found in some form of edge-based transformation, and that novel edge-based DIR methods might outperform standard DIR methods. Methods: We propose a novel method that combines gray-scale edge-based morphology and mutual information (MI) in two stages. In the first step, we applied a modification of a previously published mathematical morphology method as an efficient gray scale edge estimator, with denoising function. The results were fed into a MI-based solver (plastimatch). The method was tested on 5 HN patients with pretreatment CT and MR datasets and associated follow-up weekly MR scans. The followup MRs showed significant regression in tumor and normal structure volumes as compared to the pretreatment MRs. The MR images used in this study were obtained using fast spin echo based T2w images with a 1 mm isotropic resolution and FOV matching the CT scan. Results: In all cases, the novel edge-based registration method provided better registration quality than MI-based DIR using the original CT and MRI images. For example, the mismatch in carotid arteries was reduced from 3–5 mm to within 2 mm. The novel edge-based method with different registration regulation parameters did not show any distorted deformations as compared to the non-realistic deformations resulting from MI on the original images. Processing time was 1.3 to 2 times shorter (edge vs. non-edge). In general, we observed quality improvement and significant calculation time reduction with the new method. Conclusion: Transforming images to an ‘edge-space,’ if designed appropriately, greatly increases the speed and accuracy of DIR.
Ergosterol Regulates Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP) Cleavage in Fission Yeast

In fission yeast, the endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound proteins Sre1 and Scp1, orthologs of mammalian sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and Scap, monitor sterol synthesis as an indirect measure of oxygen supply. When cellular oxygen levels are low, sterol synthesis is inhibited, and the Sre1-Scp1 complex responds by increasing transcription of genes required for adaptation to hypoxia. Sre1 and Scp1 are believed to detect a blockage in sterol synthesis by monitoring levels of particular sterols, but the evidence concerning which sterol signals this condition is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Sre1-Scp1 senses ergosterol. Processing experimental data with a mathematical model of Sre1 and Scp1 function reveals a clear quantitative relationship between ergosterol concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum and Sre1 activation. Based on this relationship, we predict that the Sre1-Scp1 complex exists under “active” and “inactive” states and that the transition between these states is cooperatively mediated by ergosterol.
The role of preexisting fractures and faults during multistage hydraulic fracturing in the Bakken Formation

We performed an integrated study of multistage hydraulic fracture stimulation of two parallel horizontal wells in the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin, North Dakota. There are three distinct parts of this study: development of a geomechanical model for the study area, interpretation of multiarray downhole recordings of microseismic events, and interpretation of hydraulic fracturing data in a geomechanical context. We estimated the current stress state to be characterized by an NF/SS regime, with ![Formula][1] oriented approximately ![Formula][2] . The microseismic events were recorded in six vertical observation wells during hydraulic fracturing of parallel wells X and Z with three unusual aspects. First, rather than occurring in proximity to the stages being pressurized, many of the events occurred along the length of well Y, a parallel well located between wells X and Z that had been in production for approximately ![Formula][3] years at the time X and Z were stimulated. Second, relatively few fracturing stages were associated with an elongated cloud of events trending in the direction of ![Formula][4] as was commonly observed during hydraulic fracturing. Instead, the microseismic events in a few stages appeared to trend approximately ![Formula][5] , approximately 30° from the direction of ![Formula][6] . Earthquake focal plane mechanisms confirmed slip on faults with this orientation. Finally, the microseismic events were clustered at two distinct depths: one near the depth of the well being pressurized in the Middle Bakken Formation and the other approximately ![Formula][7] above in the Mission Canyon Formation. We proposed that steeply dipping N75°E striking faults with a combination of normal and strike-slip movement were being stimulated during hydraulic fracturing and provided conduits for pore pressure to be transmitted to the overlaying formations. We tested a simple geomechanical analysis to illustrate how this occurred in the context of the stress field, pore pressure, and depletion in the vicinity of well Y. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif [4]: /embed/mml-math-4.gif [5]: /embed/mml-math-5.gif [6]: /embed/mml-math-6.gif [7]: /embed/mml-math-7.gif
Mitochondrial Biogenesis Is Impaired in Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes but Reversible via Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α

Objective The etiology of chondrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in OA is incompletely understood. OA chondrocytes are deficient in active AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), metabolic biosensors that modulate the mitochondrial biogenesis “master regulator” peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α. Moreover, PGC-1α critically mediates AMPK anti-catabolic activity in chondrocytes. Here, we tested the hypotheses that mitochondrial biogenesis is deficient in human OA chondrocytes, which functionally increases chondrocyte pro-catabolic responses, but is reversed by activation of the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway.
The activation energy for dislocation nucleation at a crack

THE ACTIVATION energy for dislocation nucleation from a stressed crack tip is calculated within the Peierls framework, in which a periodic shear stress vs displacement relation is assumed to hold on a slip plane emanating from the crack tip. Previous results have revealed that the critical G (energy release rate corresponding to the “screened” crack tip stress field) for dislocation nucleation scales with y., (the unstable stacking energy), in an analysis which neglects any coupling between tension and shear along the slip plane. That analysis represents instantaneous nucleation and takes thermal effects into account only via the weak temperature dependence of the elastic constants. In this work, the energy required to thermally activate a stable, incipient dislocation into its unstable “saddle-point” configuration is directly calculated for loads less than that critical value. We do so only with the simplest case, for which the slip plane is a prolongation of the crack plane. A first calculation reported is 2D in nature, and hence reveals an activation energy per unit length. A more realistic scheme for thermal activation involves the emission of a dislocation loop, an inherently 3D phenomenon. Asymptotic calculations of the activation energy for loads close to the critical load are performed in 2D and in 3D. It is found that the 3D activation energy generally corresponds to the 2D activation energy per unit length multiplied by about 5 -10 Burgers vectors (but by as many as 17 very near to the critical loading). Implications for the emission of dislocations in copper. K-iron, and silicon at elevated temperature are discussed. The effects of thermal activation are very significant in lowering the load for emission. Also, the appropriate activation energy to correspond to molecular dynamics simulations of crack tips is discussed. Such simulations, as typically carried out with only a few atomic planes in a periodic repeat direction parallel to the crack tip. are shown to greatly exaggerate the (aheddy large) effects of temperature on dislocation nucleation. WE BUILD on recent advances in the modeling of dislocation nucleation at a crack tip
Conserved genomic structure of the Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 loci and their dioxin responsive elements cluster.

A thorough DNA sequence analysis reveals that the mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 loci are located with coding directions opposite to each other. The two genes are separated by approximately 13.9 kb of genomic DNA containing no open reading frames (mCyp1a1_1a2 junction). Within the mCyp1a1_1a2 junction, eight consensus dioxin responsive elements (DREs) are present and seven of the eight DREs located less than 1.4 kb upstream from the Cyp1a1 transcriptional start site. The genomic structure of mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 loci is similar to that of human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 loci. In the human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 are also arranged in a head to head orientation and separated by a 23 kb genome junction (hCyp1A1_1A2). Comparative sequence analysis between these two genomic junctions demonstrated that the 1.4 kb upstream region from the transcriptional start site of mouse Cyp1a1 was highly conserved with that of human CYP1A1. In contrast, there are no conserved DREs in the proximal upstream region of Cyp1a2. The “head to head” genomic structure and position of the DREs cluster region near the Cyp1a1 gene on Cyp1a1_1a2 were confirmed in cattle, dog and rat genome. These results suggest that the conservation of genomic structure of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes, and the DREs cluster are important in mammalian biology.
Preparation and Phase Transformations of Dicalcium Silicate-Alkali Fluoride Complexes

Complexes of dicalcium silicate and lithium, sodium, and potassium fluorides were prepared by solid-state reactions. X-ray diffraction powder pattern data are presented for the complexes. Phase transformations were found below 1000°C for the Li and K complexes, but not for the Na complex. The inversion point for the Li complex is between 915° and 920°C and that for the K complex is between 805° and 810°C. Between 940° and 950°C the Li complex fuses to a colorless glass-like melt which on cooling shows evidence of partial conversion to γ-2CaO·SiO2.
Reliability and Validity of Useful Field of View Test Scores as Administered by Personal Computer

The Useful Field of View test (UFOV(1)) is a measure of processing speed that predicts driving performance and other functional abilities in older adults. In comparison to a number of other visual and cognitive measures, the UFOV measure has consistently been found to be the strongest predictor of motor vehicle crashes of older adults. This measure has valuable applications in that computerized, performance-based measures that are predictive of crashes in the elderly population can provide an objective criterion for determining the need for driver restriction or rehabilitation. Administration of the UFOV test has evolved from the standard version (administered via touch-screen with the Visual Attention Analyzer) to two briefer versions, which are administered on a personal desktop computer (PC) using either a touch screen or mouse response option. These new versions of the test are briefer and require less specialized equipment, making the test more portable and practical for use in clinical settings. This study examined the reliability and validity of the scores from these two new versions. Results indicate that test-retest reliabilities of the scores from the UFOV PC versions are high (r's= 0 .884 for mouse and 0.735 for touch), and performance on both PC versions correlates well with performance on the standard version (r's = 0.658 for mouse and 0.746 for touch). Furthermore, scores were highly correlated (r = 0.916) when participants used either a touch screen or a mouse to input responses. In conclusion, the reliability and validity coefficients are of sufficient magnitude to make the touch and mouse PC versions of the UFOV practical for use in clinical evaluations.
Reconstructing the Black-Litterman Model

During the past 20 years several urban legends about the Black-Litterman model have appeared in the literature. These urban legends lie in wait for authors who do not consider the canon of Black-Litterman literature written by the primary authors of the model. Generally these urban legends were created when authors attempted to simplify the model or introduce extensions to the model which they felt were more tractable than the canonical model. At times other authors have used these urban legends attempting to convince investors that the Black-Litterman model does not have a rigorous theoretical basis and should not be used. In this paper we will provide a short review of the Black-Litterman model as provided by the original authors of the model. We will then provide a taxonomy/literature survey over several important papers in the Black-Litterman literature. Finally we will address the urban legends in detail.
Quasielastic neutron scattering study of dynamics of CaCl2 aqueous solution confined in Vycor glass

Quasielastic neutron scattering was used to probe the diffusion of water molecules in 2.3 molal CaCl2 solution confined in 100% hydrated Vycor glass in the temperature range of 220 to 260 K. We observed a gradual transition from the restricted diffusion regime at lower temperatures to unrestricted diffusion regime at higher temperatures. The diffusion parameters were compared with the data on pure water confined in Vycor available in the literature. We found that the effect of dissolved ions onto the diffusion dynamics of the water molecules in the solution was amplified by confinement by at least an order of magnitude compared to bulk form, even though the dissolved ions were found to have little effect on the spatial characteristics of the restricted diffusion process of water molecules. At 260 K, the local diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the H2O–CaCl2 confined in Vycor was only 6% of the value reported for pure water confined in Vycor.
Microsurgical treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms

Ophthalmic segment aneurysms refer to superior hypophyseal artery aneurysms, true ophthalmic artery aneurysms, and their dorsal variant. Indications for treatment of these aneurysms include concerning morphological features, large size, visual loss, or rupture. Although narrow-necked aneurysms are ideal endovascular targets, more complex and larger lesions necessitating adjunctive stent or flow-diversion techniques may be suitably treated with long-lasting, effective clip ligation instead. This is particularly relevant in the consideration of ruptured ophthalmic segment aneurysms. This article provides a depiction of microsurgical treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms with an accompanying video demonstration. Emphasis is placed on microsurgical anatomy, the intradural anterior clinoidectomy and clipping technique. The intradural anterior clinoidectomy, demonstrated in detail in our Supplementary video, provides significant added exposure of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery, allowing for improved aneurysm visualization. In the management of superior hypophyseal artery aneurysms, emphasis is placed on identifying and preserving superior hypophyseal artery perforators, using serial fenestrated straight clips rather than a single right-angled fenestrated clip to obliterate the aneurysm. Post-clipping indocyanine green dye angiography is a crucial tool to confirm aneurysm obliteration and the preservation of the parent vasculature and adjacent superior hypophyseal artery perforators. With careful attention to the nuances of microsurgical clipping of ophthalmic segment aneurysms, rewarding results can be obtained.
Ionization cooling in all phase space planes with various absorber shapes, including parallel-faced absorbers

Abstract Ionization cooling in a straight beamline reduces the transverse emittance of a beam, and has little effect on the longitudinal emittance (generally, in fact, it increases the longitudinal emittance). Once the beamline bends, the introduction of dispersion creates a coupling between the transverse and longitudinal planes. If this coupling is handled properly, one can achieve cooling in all three phase space planes. This is usually done by placing a wedge-shaped absorber in a region where there is dispersion. I will demonstrate using an eigenvalue analysis that there are other configurations of dispersion and absorber shape that will achieve ionization cooling in all phase space planes. In particular, I will show that one can even achieve cooling in all phase planes with a parallel-faced absorber in a dispersion-free region. I will use perturbation theory to approximate the change in the cooling rates due to longitudinal–transverse coupling. I will then describe how the cooling of longitudinal oscillations can be understood via the projection of the “longitudinal” eigenmodes into the transverse plane.
On the Relative and Absolute Positioning Errors in Self-Localization Systems

This paper considers the accuracy of sensor node location estimates from self-calibration in sensor networks. The total parameter space is shown to have a natural decomposition into relative and centroid transformation components. A linear representation of the transformation parameter space is shown to coincide with the nullspace of the unconstrained Fisher information matrix (FIM). The centroid transformation subspace-which includes representations of rotation, translation, and scaling-is characterized for a number of measurement models including distance, time-of-arrival (TOA), time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), and angle-difference-of-arrival (ADOA) measurements. The error decomposition may be applied to any localization algorithm in order to better understand its performance characteristics, and it may be applied to the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) to determine performance limits in the relative and transformation domains. A geometric interpretation of the constrained CRB is provided based on the principal angles between the measurement subspace and the constraint subspace. Examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the proposed error decomposition into relative and transformation components.
Managing Acute Respiratory Failure During Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a major health problem, causing more than half a million hospital admissions per year in the United States. Although overall mortality is low, it is substantially higher with severe exacerbations that require intensive care and mechanical ventilation. The majority of COPD exacerbations result from infection, with typical bacterial organisms most commonly identified. Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have documented the benefits of antibiotics, low-flow oxygen, and systemic corticosteroids, and the therapeutic equivalency of the major classes of bronchodilators (short-acting β-agonist and anticholinergics). Randomized controlled trials also demonstrate that noninvasive ventilation can decrease the incidence of intubation, shorten stay, reduce infectious complications, and improve survival. Although patients who require intubation have the worst prognosis, the vast majority of them can be successfully liberated from mechanical ventilation. For invasively ventilated patients the clinical emphasis should be on improving patient-ventilator interaction and avoiding dynamic hyperinflation (intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure).
Meningococcal Conjunctivitis in Neonates

Three neonates were admitted with purulent conjunctivitis, and an initial diagnosis of gonococcal ophthalmia was made because gram-negative diplococci were seen on gram stains of conjunctival exudates. Meningococci were grown from eye exudates of all three infants and from the blood of one. Since Neisseria species other than gonococci can sometimes cause neonatal ophthalmia, an etiologic diagnosis should not be made until microbiologic identification is complete. Before the results of definitive bacteriologic studies are known, care should be taken in discussing the cause of the infection with family members and in planning their medical management. Since systemic infections may occur in some infants with ophthalmia due to Neisseria species, blood and spinal fluid in addition to eye exudate cultures may be indicated, and patients should be managed with parenteral antibiotics.
Integration of nanophotonic devices for on-chip optical interconnects

Compact germanium waveguide photodetector with 40Gbps bandwidth and 0.4A/W responsivity is demonstrated. High-quality Ge-on-insulator single-crystalline layer was monolithically integrated into front-end CMOS process by lateral seeded crystallization.
Complex evolutionary history of a Neotropical lowland forest bird (Lepidothrix coronata) and its implications for historical hypotheses of the origin of Neotropical avian diversity.

Here we apply a combination of phylogeographic and historical demographic analyses to the study of mtDNA sequence variation within the Blue-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata), a widespread Neotropical bird. A high degree of phylogeographic structure allowed us to demonstrate that several vicariant events, including Andean uplift, the formation of riverine barriers, and climatically induced vegetational shifts, as well as a non-vicariant process, range expansion, have all acted, at varying spatial and temporal scales, to inXuence genetic structure within L. coronata, suggesting that current historical hypotheses of the origin of Neotropical avian diversity that focus on single vicariant mechanisms may be overly simplistic. Our data also support an origin (>2 mybp) that is substantially older than the late Pleistocene for the genetic structure within this species and indicate that phylogeographic patterns within the species are not concordant with plumage-based subspeciWc taxonomy. These data add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the origin of several Neotropical avian species may have occurred in the mid-Pliocene, thus, geological arguments surrounding putative Pleistocene vicariant events, while interesting in their own right, may have little relevance to Neotropical avian diversiWcation at the species level.
An effective method to screen SOI wafers for mass production

Thin film SOI technology has gained significant interest recently due to its potential application for ultra high density low power electronics. Although significant progress has been made in reduction of defect density of SIMOX technology in the past few years, the defects in SIMOX wafers are important yield inhibitors to VLSI and ULSI circuits. As the technology matures toward large volume production, it is important to establish an effective incoming wafer inspection process that will ensure that the quality of SOI substrate is meeting the technology demand. This paper reports an SIMOX defects investigation using an automated commercial optical defect inspection system based on low incident angle light scattering to eliminate interference from the buried oxide (BOX).
In Vivo LE Cell Formation in Synovial Fluid

Smears of synovial fluid specimens from 7 of 10 selected patients were found to contain lupus erythematosus (LE) cells. In 1 patient, LE cells were found in smears of synovial fluid but not of blood. Direct smears of synovial fluid immediately after aspiration from 2 patients contained LE cells, thus suggesting that in vivo these cells form in synovial fluid.
Is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 a Success or Failure? A Survey of Members of the Academy of International Business

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1977, was intended to improve international confidence in U.S. businesses and institutions. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire submitted to members of the Academy of International Business to determine whether the Act has achieved its goal. The opinions of knowledgeable academicians should add another dimension to this debatable issue.
Anti–Transforming Growth Factor Antibody at Low but Not High Doses Limits Cyclosporine-Mediated Nephrotoxicity Without Altering Rat Cardiac Allograft Survival Potential of Therapeutic Applications

Background— Long-term treatment of cardiac transplant recipients with cyclosporine results in a progressive decline in kidney function in a large number of patients. This complication is one of the most important prognostic parameters that determine the outcome of cardiac transplantation. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most potent mediators of the fibrogenic effects of cyclosporine. Methods and Results— With the use of an experimental rodent model, heterotopic heart transplantation was performed, creating histocompatibility-disparate allografts. Because TGF-β in part mediates both the immunosuppressive and nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine, recipients were treated with cyclosporine with and without anti–TGF-β antibody to determine whether anti–TGF-β antibody could reduce the nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine. Intrarenal expression of TGF-β, collagen, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 was studied with the use of reverse transcriptio...
Exploring the effects of addressing social injustices as a student affairs professional

This autoethnographic study is an intimate exploration of how student affairs professionals may be affected by working with students experiencing social injustices on campus. As subject and researcher, I used my unique story, along with interview responses from three university community members, to guide the reader through an examination of the culture of student affairs. This study illustrates how student affairs professionals may be transformed personally and professionally while advocating for students’ equitable rights. To collect the stories, I transcribed the university community members’ responses and my personal experience from audio voice digital recordings. In addition, data collection methods included reflecting upon personal email correspondences, written reflections, campus studies, newspaper articles, and research memos. Although each student affairs professional has unique experiences, the self-reflection and analysis within this autoethnography provides an overview of the personal and professional transformation that occurs when advocating for students facing social injustices on campus. Findings indicated the significance of role models, professional boundaries, and social justice advocacy in the culture of student affairs. Furthermore, student affairs professionals may experience empathic distress and compassion fatigue when witnessing students facing social injustices. The themes extracted from the findings indicate the importance of role models, barriers discovered while advocating for social justice, and a possible connection between student affairs, social justice, and compassion fatigue. Finally, the implications of this study strengthen the need for student affairs professionals to be aware of their emotional health and for institutions to embed inclusivity for students within the campus environment by shedding hegemonic practices. viii
Biostatistical Methods in Epigenetic Epidemiology

Epidemiologic studies involving epigenetics have, to date, focused mostly on DNA methylation, though studies investigating other epigenetic measures such as loss-of-imprinting and micro-RNAs are becoming increasingly popular. Analysis of data arising from such studies can be complicated by issues such as multiple comparison or lack of clarity about the goals of analysis. In this chapter, we provide an overview of key considerations in the analysis of such data sets, as well as a review of modern statistical techniques that have been used in the analysis of epigenetic data. We distinguish between exploratory studies and confirmation studies, providing guidance on statistical analysis in each case. In particular, we indicate when the control of familywise error rate or of false discovery rate is to be preferred. We provide an overview of unsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis, guidance on the analysis of microarray data, as well as guidance on study design considerations.