cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clozapine Intoxication Mimicking Acute Stroke.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug prescribed for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The risk of adverse hematologic, cardiovascular, and neurologic effects has tempered its use, and reports of overdoses remain rare. We report a case of accidental acute clozapine intoxication in a clozapine-naive patient, who presented with symptoms mimicking acute stroke and later developed status epilepticus. Clozapine intoxication is a rare presentation in the emergency department with potential for iatrogenic harm if not correctly identified.
Application of Tangent Derivative Boundary Integral Equations to the Solution of Elastostatic Problems

Increasing use is being made of hypersingular boundary integral equations and in most applications the useful form is the normal derivative equation or, in elasticity, the traction equation. Usually the conventional and normal derivative equations are used together as part of a solution scheme such as in cracklike problems or to suppress the fictitious eigenfrequencies of exterior scattering problems. It has been shown that, for interior problems, they are not independent so are restricted to only complementary roles in any formulation. However, the tangent derivative equations are independent and can thus be collocated at the same spatial locations as the regular boundary integral equation, yet they have not been significantly exploited. Through their simultaneous usage, additional information and degrees of freedom can be formulated into a problem. Stable numerical procedures have been demonstrated through this simultaneous collocation of the regular and tangent derivative equations. One effective use of this method is to build higher order elements while keeping the number of collocation points minimal. For elasticity, one can use the tangent displacement gradients as the additional degrees of freedom to recover all components of the stress tensor at the boundary. In this paper we demonstrate the utility and accuracy of this approach for elastostatic problems.
Public Interest Litigation and the Transformation of the Supreme Court of India

This article analyzes the expansion of the power of the Supreme Court in India, by tracing the development of Public Interest Litigation (PIL). It examines how the Indian Supreme Court, through PIL, was able to dramatically expand its role in the governance of the polity, by intervening and challenging key governance failures by the other branches of Indian government. The article then seeks to provide an explanatory account of how the Indian Court was able to expand its power through greater activism and assertiveness in governance decisions.
Iterative Methods for Image Restoration

Abstract Although image restoration methods based on spectral filtering techniques are very efficient, they can be applied only to problems with fairly simple spatially invariant blurring operators. Iterative methods, however, are much more flexible; they can be very efficient for spatially invariant as well as spatially variant blurs, they can incorporate a variety of regularization techniques and boundary conditions, and they can more easily incorporate additional constraints, such as nonnegativity. This chapter describes a variety of iterative methods used in image restoration, with a particular emphasis on efficiency, convergence behavior, and implementation. Discussion of MATLAB software implementing the methods is also provided.
Inelastic Scattering and Localization in Two Dimensions

It is an honor to be able to contribute to a volume in honor of Sir Nevill Mott. His many contributions and profound insights in the physics of disordered systems have laid the groundwork for a variety of recent developments. Thus it is very appropriate to describe some current research in the area of electron localization.
The Measurement System for 400 kV Voltage Harmonic Content Estimation Caused by the STATCOM Device

The power electronic equipment contribution to the harmonic distortion levels at the connection point to the transmission system shall not exceed the limits specified by the network operator in the tender. The maximum acceptable STATCOM harmonic content was set based on the planned levels of harmonic distortions in the HV and EHV transmission systems and determined by methodologies for evaluating the emission level limits, both according to the IEC 61000-3-6 standard. The limitations are defined in the range from the 2nd to the 50th harmonics. These voltage emission levels are set relatively low, thus requiring accurate measurements to evaluate the level. The paper deals with the opportunities for measuring/verifying the attained distortion level. For this purpose, the complete methodology for testing must be established. At the first stage the voltage must be transformed from 400 kV to the level which is suitable to carry out measurements with the appropriate accuracy for all frequencies of interest. As it is well known the frequency characteristics of conventional voltage instrument transformers are not always appropriate. They are primarily designed for 50 Hz network frequency. For that reason, various approaches were studied. To construct a capacitive voltage divider the transformer bushing with its capacitance and measuring terminals was considered. Besides capacitance on the LV side additional special circuit was assembled to allow a reliable transmission of the signal to the recorder input. Special attention was put on circuit EM interference resistance. In the HV laboratory the comparison of frequency response of capacitive (bushing) voltage divider and conventional inductive voltage instrument transformer vs. reference laboratory divider was performed to test voltage ratio accuracy as a frequency parameter. Since ratio inaccuracy appears as a systematic error the possibility of frequency dependent calibration was studied. At the receiving end the voltage was digitized using an appropriate A/D converter with enough amplitude resolution and sample rate. In the next step spectrum analysis of the signal was performed. Special measures were taken to avoid high-frequency aliasing error. A testing software package was prepared which basically utilizes spectral analyses (discrete frequency value, THD estimation), frequency characteristics comparison, graphical presentation, data storing and all the necessary mathematical tools. The last task was to design the suitable test setup and to prepare an adequate procedure applicable to perform voltage harmonic content measurements on STATCOM device as well as transient over-voltages in the field.
Genomic selection in wheat breeding

Abstract Genotyping has become cost- and time-effective with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, thus making genomic selection (GS) a feasible selection tool in plant breeding. GS has potential to improve the rate of genetic gain especially for complex quantitative traits by accelerate breeding cycles compared with traditional approaches. This chapter will provide some general but not comprehensive information of GS including the fundamental theory, approaches to improve the accuracy of GS, and most recent applications of GS in wheat breeding. In this chapter, the factors determining the accuracy of GS will be covered with an emphasis on three major prevalent approaches that are capable of improving the prediction accuracy: (1) GS models, (2) genotype × environment interactions, and (3) high-throughput phenotyping platforms. In addition, an overview of well-recognized applications of GS in wheat breeding programs will be summarized for different traits of interest including grain yield, disease resistance, and some other important quality traits. As an extension of current studies, the further advance of GS still requires more researches to explore the high potential of GS and to optimize the resource allocation in the practical wheat breeding programs.
Mixed reality architecture in space habitats

Abstract Mixed Reality (MR) technologies are rapidly establishing themselves in the space industry. From assisting with assembling the Orion capsule via Augmented Reality (AR) to using highly immersive virtual environments for astronaut training, MR technologies provide a powerful mechanism to alter the perception of the physical world and deliver realistic personalized visual stimuli to users. In this paper, we discuss a novel strategy to utilize MR technologies as a design element to enhance the interior architecture of the space habitat and enrich the inhabitants’ personal experience. We discuss two scenarios that entail long duration missions as well as a customized experience for space tourists in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). We report a series of spacecraft volumetric studies of the ergonomics associated with the application of MR technologies. Physical, Virtual and Combined experiences mapped within the volumes with respect to crew ConOps provide a basis for further analysis and are translated to architectural design requirements that inform criteria for the development of personalized MR-based visualizations. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research and design-based investigations. Compilations of mission-influencing factors such as launch mass and volume reduction per habitat, technology limitations and integration requirements are presented and evaluated by the level of importance for achieving mission goals and objectives.
0059 Development and use of a high-fidelity tractor driving simulator to examine the effect of age on crash risk

Statement of purpose The purpose of this research was to build a tractor-driving miniSim, describe its perceived realism, and use it to examine associations between age and tractor-driving performance among farm-equipment operators (FEOs). Methods/Approach FEOs completed a simulated drive and a survey scoring four realism domains (i.e., appearance, user interface, control, and sound) of the tractor simulator using a Likert scale (from 0 = not at all realistic to 6 = completely realistic). Overall realism and domain scores were calculated. FEOs provided suggestions for improving the simulator before completing a second drive where they encountered a driving hazard. Driver’s perception response time was analyzed for association with age and selected covariates. Results The simulator received favorable realism scores for all domains with ‘appearance’ receiving the highest average realism score (4.58, SD = 1.03) and ‘sound’ receiving the lowest (3.86, SD = 1.57). The most suggested improvements were to tighten the steering wheel (27%), make the front tires visible (19%), and that no improvements were needed (18%). FEOs 65+ responded 5.00 [95% CL=-1.23, 11.24] seconds slower than younger FEOs when adjusted for medical diagnoses, labeled medication use, tractor generation, and tractor horsepower. Conclusion The realism scores and suggestions from the FEOs demonstrated that the tractor miniSim is a viable approach to studying tractor driving. When examining the association between age and driving performance, it demonstrated that older FEOs have slower perception response times and therefore greater crash risk than younger FEOs. Significance Farm equipment crashes represent the nation’s leading cause of work-related death within the deadliest occupation. As farmers continue to grow older, the need to understand their age specific risk factors for injury will continue to rise. Trends demonstrated in this study have the potential to become more significant as tractors increase size and velocity thereby increasing stopping distances.
Augustine's De Catechizandis rudibus and the scholarship of teaching and learning

The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) is a new discipline, with seeds sown by educational theorists of the early twentieth century and blossoming in the 1990s. As an inherently interdisci...
Observing Civic Engagement: Using Systematic Social Observation to Study Civil Society Organization Convenings

What happens at convenings held by community-based civil society organizations and how do they influence organizational outcomes? Although ethnographies provide details about organizations’ internal dynamics, they offer limited insights into the distribution of those dynamics and their impact on outcomes. This article describes systematic social observation and explains how we adapted this method to CSOs for collecting data on multiple convenings from several organizations. To demonstrate the method’s viability, we digitized our SSO tool and used it in a pilot study of three CSOs in Indianapolis to collect observational data from 99 convenings. We illustrate the value of SSO for studying CSOs by presenting distributions of interaction styles and cross-demographic interaction across organizations. We note how such data could be combined with survey and administrative data to analyze the impact of CSOs internal dynamics on organizational outcomes. We conclude by discussing the broader utility and limitations of the SSO method for research on CSOs and the third sector.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as rescue therapy in a pediatric liver transplant recipient with very severe hepatopulmonary syndrome.

BACKGROUND In children with cirrhosis, the prevalence of HPS ranges from 3% to 20%, resulting in impaired gas exchange due to alterations in pulmonary microvasculature. LT is the gold-standard cure for cirrhosis complicated by HPS and should ideally be performed prior to the development of severe HPS due to increased risk for post-transplant hypoxia, right heart failure, and outflow obstruction. METHODS We present a case of a 13-year-old man, who underwent pediatric LT for severe HPS complicated by postoperative respiratory collapse, requiring a 92-day course of veno-venous ECMO. RESULTS Post-transplant, despite BiPAP, inhaled nitric oxide and isoproterenol infusion, he remained hypoxic postoperatively and acutely decompensated on postoperative day 25, requiring veno-venous ECMO. After 84 days on ECMO, a persistent large splenorenal shunt was identified that was embolized by interventional radiology, and 8 days after shunt embolization and ASD closure, he was successfully weaned off ECMO. CONCLUSIONS This case describes the longest known duration of ECMO in a pediatric LT recipient and a unique improvement in hypoxemia following a portosystemic shunt closure. ECMO presents a heroic rescue measure for pediatric LT recipients with HPS that develops acute respiratory failure postoperatively refractory to alternative measures.
M.tb Killing by Macrophage Innate Immune Mechanisms: A Dissertation

Macrophages infected with a heavy burden of M.tb Erdman undergo a cell death that initially resembles apoptosis but quickly transitions to necrosis. Unlike the previously reported TNF dependent apoptosis induced by avirulent Mycobacterium [1], this form of macrophage cell death is not microbicidal [2]. Microbicidal effects are observed however, when the heavily infected macrophage encounters an uninfected naive macrophage. My studies describe in part, the crosstalk between the uninfected and infected macrophage that results in the killing of the intracellular M.tb. Cell contact between the two cell populations is not necessary for this killing of bacilli to occur and the soluble “signal” of communication between the two cell populations is transferrable, without naive macrophages present, to newly infected cells also resulting in the reduced viability of the bacilli. We have found that when the IL-1 receptor is absent in the naive macrophage population that the co-culture antimycobacterial effect is abrogated, suggesting that IL-1 released by the infected dying macrophage is critical for naive macrophages to respond in a way that results in the decrease in mycobacterial viability. The signaling between the two cell population ultimately converges on activation of iNOS in the infected cell however ROS appears not to be involved. v
Imbedded manifolds in R 3

In the previous chapter we studied the intrinsic geometry of a surface. Now we look at the properties of a surface as it lies in R3.
Infrared laser Stark spectroscopy of hydroxymethoxycarbene in 4He nanodroplets

Abstract Hydroxymethoxycarbene, CH 3 O C ¨ OH , was produced via pyrolysis of monomethyl oxalate and subsequently isolated in 4He nanodroplets. Infrared laser spectroscopy reveals two rotationally resolved a,b-hybrid bands in the OH-stretch region, which are assigned to trans,trans- and cis,trans-rotamers. Stark spectroscopy of the trans,trans-OH stretch band provides the a-axis inertial component of the dipole moment, namely μa = 0.62(7) D. The computed equilibrium dipole moment agrees well with the expectation value determined from experiment, consistent with a semi-rigid CH 3 O C ¨ OH backbone computed via a potential energy scan at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory, which reveals substantial conformer interconversion barriers of ≈17 kcal/mol.
Familial Alzheimer's disease in two kindreds of the same geographic and ethnic origin: A clinical and genetic study☆

Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurred in 37 individuals from two kindreds of Jewish ancestry with a mode of transmission suggesting an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Both kindreds originated from Byelorussia and spoke the Lithuanian dialect of Yiddish. In one of the two families one case of pathologically confirmed AD occurred with clinical and neuropathological signs of Parkinson's disease. In the other family one case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one case of Down's syndrome occurred, both without clinical or pathological signs of AD. In the single kindred tested, a study of the chromosome 6 markers HLA, Bf and GLO failed to reveal a correlation between the transmission of AD and the segregation of these markers. The association of increased aneuploidy of peripheral blood chromosomes with AD was not confirmed in either of these families. Genetic differences between the familial and the sporadic form of AD are discussed.
Taxation and Multi-period Global Cap and Trade

The goal of this article is to provide an analytical framework that policymakers can use when approaching questions regarding the taxation of a greenhouse gas emissions permit market that encompasses multiple periods and multiple jurisdictions. Under this framework for tax policy one must initially assess the extent to which certain aspects of climate policy are exogenously fixed. If tax policy is set prior to the establishment of an emissions cap, then the problem should be analyzed as one of optimal provision of public goods and the relevant efficiency condition is that marginal benefits of abatement should equal marginal costs of abatement. Under the more likely situation where tax policy must deal with an exogenously set cap, the relevant efficiency condition is that marginal abatement costs be equalized across firms. To assist the analysis of tax effects on this efficiency condition, the article introduces two relevant concepts: “intra-firm neutrality” and “inter-firm neutrality.” Intra-firm neutrality means that a given firm will face like tax treatment of all of the various options it faces (such as whether to use permits or to abate on the margin). This type of neutrality, however, does not require different firms to face the same tax rate. Inter-firm neutrality means that different firms in the market will face like tax treatment of each particular option the firms face. The article defends the basic normative proposition that inter-firm neutrality should be pursued within the context of a single country market, while intra-firm neutrality should be pursued within the context of a multi-country market. The article concludes with a case study applying the analytical framework developed here to the concrete question regarding the appropriate tax treatment of permits allocated gratis.
Geologic Implications of Earthquake Source Parameters in Central and Eastern North America

The relations between geology and earthquakes remain mostly enigmatic in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Hypocentral depths and the dips of rupture zones (preferred nodal planes) are among the seismological variables most likely associated with geologic structure in the stable continental region (SCR) of central and eastern North America (CENA). We compiled well-constrained depths and dips for 20 SCR shocks in CENA with magnitudes (M) between 4.9 and 6.8. The appendix lists the values we chose, our reasons for selecting specific values, and the uncertainties associated with each value. The median depth is 10 km, but an aseismic interval from about 15 to 25 km depth separates three midcrustal hypocenters from the others. The median dip of preferred nodal planes is 54°, and the larger earthquakes tend to rupture along shallower dips. These results combined with geologic evidence lead to four inferences about SCR earthquakes with M ≥ 4.9 in CENA. (1) If rupture generally progresses updip, then the tendency for large earthquakes to rupture more shallowly-dipping surfaces than small earthquakes can explain the scarcity of surface ruptures in CENA. (2) The few midcrustal earthquakes might be evidence that mafic or granulite facies rocks are present. (3) CENA seismicity is concentrated in Late Proterozoic and Phanerozoic orogens and extended terranes that rim an older, stable, central craton. Unusually shallow large CENA earthquakes have been observed only in the central craton, where they might cause severe but localized shaking. (4) Earthquakes in the Appalachian orogen tend to be shallower than those of comparable size in the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin that underlies and borders the northwest side of the orogen. As a result, some Appalachian earthquakes could cause more localized shaking than comparable shocks in the rifted margin.
Should DOJ’s Controversial Approach to Market Definition Control Merger Litigation, the Case of US v. H&R Block

Sometimes what appears to be a little, almost imperceptible change can have a huge impact on a policy regime. The recently revised DOJ/FTC Horizontal Merger Guidelines contain such a change, as the document recognizes the importance of Critical Loss Analysis in defining a market, but introduces a theoretical construct to control the analysis. This approach imposes a structure based on the economist’s Lerner index, and then applies a specific style of diversion analysis to compute the actual loss to a hypothetical price increase. We show that this methodology almost guarantees narrow markets, a change that could support a very significant increase in the level of merger enforcement. However, we also show how this aggressive policy result depends on specific assumptions that are often not justified. Change these assumptions and the traditional implications of a critical loss analysis are restored. The recent Department of Justice (DOJ) challenge of H&R Block’s proposed acquisition of the TaxACT software is used to illustrate the problem. Unjustified theoretical assumptions allowed the DOJ’s expert economist to testify to a narrow market that virtually guaranteed that the merger would be found anticompetitive. In effect, theory, if allowed to control market definition analysis, would significantly reduce the plaintiff’s burden of proof and expand the potential for merger enforcement.
The propagation of the longitudinal and transverse spatial modes in a metamaterial

Metamaterials have been shown to exhibit frequency and spatial dispersion. (A. Alu, arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1012/1012.1351.pdf) In a frequency and spatially dependent medium the permittivity (e(ω, k)) and permeability (μ(ω, k)) are dependent on ω the frequency dependence and k a potential with the periodicity of the lattice in a crystal or unit cell in a metamaterial. Spatial dispersion is also dependent on the ratio period (a) of the lattice or unit cell and the free space wavelength (λ 0 ) of the incident wave where a/λ 0 < 1(V. Ginzburg, Physics Reports (Review Section of Physics Letters, 194, 12 (1990)). In this work we demonstrate the behavior of the longitudinal and transverse spatial modes in a metamaterial and show the affect of the spatial modes on the loss and negative refraction in the medium. To demonstrate the longitudinal and transverse behavior in the metamaterial we ran parametric simulations changing the geometric dimension of SRRs and wire post keeping the period of the unit cells constant. The Figure below shows a unit cell used in the simulation and the results from the simulations of e (ω, k) and μ (ω, k) for 3 unit cells. The Figure (a), (b), and (c) below also shows how the spatial dispersion varied in the unit cell as the geometrical dimensions of the SRRs and wire post were changed. The unit cells for Figure (a) and (b) were to used fabricate into slab and wedge prism structures to demonstrate the interaction of the longitudinal and transverse spatial waves with the incident wave in the medium. The frequency response and polarization behavior of the slabs and refractive behavior of the wedges were measured. Using the simulated and measured results, we are able to show the interaction between the longitudinal and transverse spatial wave and the incident wave propagating in the metamaterial and how the spatial waves affect the losses and negative refraction in the metamaterial.
Wnt signal from multiple tissues and lin-3/EGF signal from the gonad maintain vulval precursor cell competence in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Caenorhabditis elegans vulva has been a valuable paradigm for defining components of signaling pathways and elucidating how signaling events are coordinated to generate a developmental pattern. Vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are induced to adopt vulval fates in the third larval stage by LIN-3, an EGF-like signal produced by the gonad. Competence to respond to the inductive signal requires that the VPCs do not fuse to the major hypodermal syncytium, hyp7. We found that two Wnt-encoding genes, cwn-1 and egl-20, play a major role in preventing fusion of VPCs with hyp7 in the second larval stage. By using tissue-specific rescue of mig-14/Wntless, which is required for the production of Wnt ligands, we found that Wnt signal produced by multiple tissues, including neurons and muscles, promotes or maintains VPC competence before vulval induction. In addition, through laser ablation and genetic analysis, we provide evidence that LIN-3 signal from the gonad also plays a significant role in preventing VPCs from fusing with hyp7. We propose that Wnt signaling plays a permissive role in preventing VPCs from fusing with hyp7 and reevaluate the roles of Wnt and LIN-3/EGF signaling in competence and induction.
Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a leading cause of amputations, affect 15% of people with diabetes. A series of multiple mechanisms, including decreased cell and growth factor response, lead to diminished peripheral blood flow and decreased local angiogenesis, all of which can contribute to lack of healing in persons with DFUs. In this issue of the JCI, Gallagher and colleagues demonstrate that in diabetic mice, hyperoxia enhances the mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation (see the related article beginning on page 1249). Local injection of the chemokine stromal cell–derived factor–1α then recruits these EPCs to the cutaneous wound site, resulting in accelerated wound healing. Thus, Gallagher et al. have identified novel potential targets for therapeutic intervention in diabetic wound healing.
Complex numerical integration procedure for static loading of anisotropic shells of revolution

Abstract Through the use of a complex series representation, a complex multi-segment numerical integration procedure is developed which can handle the static analysis of mechanically and thermally loaded branched laminated anisotropic shells of revolution with arbitrary meridional variations in thickness and material properties. In contrast to the real numerical integration treatment of anisotropic shells, the present procedure develops local and global stiffness matrices which require only half the computer storage and which requires significantly less overall computer time. Furthermore, since the overall procedure requires fewer computational steps, an improvement in numerical resolution is also obtained for a given word size machine. To illustrate the procedure several numerical examples are included.
Ruthenium nitrosyls derived from polypyridine ligands with carboxamide or imine nitrogen donor(s): isoelectronic complexes with different NO photolability.

As part of our search for photoactive ruthenium nitrosyls, a set of {RuNO}6 nitrosyls has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In this set, the first nitrosyl [(SBPy3)Ru(NO)](BF4)3 (1) is derived from a polypyridine Schiff base ligand SBPy3, while the remaining three nitrosyls are derived from analogous polypyridine ligands containing either one ([(PaPy3)Ru(NO)](BF4)2 (2)) or two ([(Py3P)Ru(NO)]BF4 (3) and [(Py3P)Ru(NO)(Cl)] (4)) carboxamide group(s). The coordination structures of 1 and 2 are very similar except that in 2, a carboxamido nitrogen is coordinated to the ruthenium center in place of an imine nitrogen in case of 1. In 3 and 4, the ruthenium center is coordinated to two carboxamido nitrogens in the equatorial plane and the bound NO is trans to a pyridine nitrogen (in 3) and chloride (in 4), respectively. Complexes 1−3 contain N6 donor set, and the NO stretching frequencies (νNO) correlate well with the N−O bond distances. All four diamagnetic {RuNO}6 nitrosyls are photoactive and r...
Systematic nanoparticle diffusivity estimation using multicellular tumor spheroid model

Despite the vast potential of nanoparticles in anticancer therapies, the method of evaluating nanoparticle penetration within specific tumors is neither standardized nor mainstream. Multicellular tumor spheroids have been established as a popular model for in vitro screening of nanoparticles; however, their utility would be expanded considerably by improved quantification of nanoparticle diffusivity. This paper outlines a method to accurately estimate the diffusivity of nanoparticles in multicellular tumor spheroids using an unsteady-state diffusion based simulation model. This simulation model has been shown to accurately estimate diffusivity using synthetic data. Validation of the model's use in drug-delivery studies is accomplished through the high throughput creation of consistent tumor spheroids, introduction of fluorescently-labeled nanoparticles into the engineered tumors, and image processing of spheroid samples. Once validated, this system will allow researchers to efficiently quantify diffusivity for their nanoparticle drug delivery systems.
Pathogenesis of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice. V. Loss of thymic suppressor function.

Recent studies support the concept of thymic regulatory or suppressor function. Such regulatory function appears to be present in the first month of life in NZB and NZB/W mice, but is rapidly lost with age. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that loss of suppressor function may play an important pathogenetic role in the development of autoimmunity.
Recruitment Patterns of Motor Units in Speech Production

Single motor units were recorded with intramuscular electrodes in sites selected to isolate units of the mentalis muscles of two human subjects. Order of recruitment of three groups of motor units ...
Effects of additive noise on a nonlinear oscillator exhibiting period doubling and chaotic behavior

We report detailed effects of additive random noise on a driven nonlinear oscillator in the periodic, chaotic, and window regimes. We observe simultaneously the power spectral density, probability density, and bifurcation diagram at varying noise levels, finding semiquantitative agreement with the logistic model and universal predictions.
Accounting for Spatial Yield Variability in Field Experiments Increases Statistical Power

Parametric statistical techniques evaluate treatment significance in field experiments by comparing variability attributed to treatments to variability attributed to random error. In many experiments, a considerable amount of the variability attributed to random error is actually due to large-scale soil variability that cannot be accounted for by blocking. This variability can, in part, be accounted for by a technique called nearest neighbor analysis, thus reducing the amount of variability attributed to random error; variability attributed to treatments is then larger in comparison, and the statistical signifacance of treatment effects is increased. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of nearest neighbor analysis in the statistical analysis of a set of field experiments [...]
On the biological conversion of galactose to glucose.

Galactose, talose, gulose and idose labeled in carbon 2 with 14C were synthesized. The conversion of [14C]galactose to glucose isolated from liver glycogen was investigated in the fasted rat. It was found that the bulk of the isotope was in carbon 2 of glucose, indicating that an inositol intermediate could not be involved in the interconversion.
Coupled flow and geomechanical analysis for gas production in the Prudhoe Bay Unit L-106 well Unit C gas hydrate deposit in Alaska

Abstract We perform numerical simulation for the gas hydrate reservoir, in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay Unit L-Pad on the North Slope (i.e., Unit C in the PBU-L 106 site), considering vertical and horizontal well production scenarios. In order to analyze coupled flow and geomechanics more rigorously we employ two-way coupling between fluid flow and geomechanics, and compare the results with those from one-way coupling used in previous studies, where two-way coupling accounts for changes in pore volume induced by geomechanics, while one-way coupling does not. We find clear differences in the variables of flow and geomechanics between one-way and two-way couplings in this field case (e.g., pressure and effective stress). Using geomechanical properties used previously for the PBU-L 106 C unit, we find that the effective stresses are within the elastic region, located away from the Mohr–Coulomb yield function for both vertical and horizontal well production scenarios. This indicates that there is little danger in geomechanical instability and failure. We also investigate vertical displacement to assess well stability, using two-way coupling. The results from the vertical well scenario show small vertical displacement, from which we anticipate that the vertical well will be stable and safe. On the other hand, the horizontal well scenario causes larger subsidence for a given simulation time because of higher production rates. Even in the case that the hydrates are completely dissociated and the aqueous phase pressure is equilibrated with the constant bottom hole pressure, the estimates of the maximum vertical displacement and strain are 73 cm and 2%, respectively, which do not appear to be a danger of potential well failure. Based on the results and analyses, the horizontal well production is feasible for gas production from the hydrate layers of Unit C in the PBU-L 106 site. But the reservoir model used in this study is relatively generalized. Thus, a specific reservoir model for the site will be required for higher accuracy in the future, after we obtain accurately measured geomechanical data and failure models.
POTENTIATION OF INSULIN ACTION ON THE LIVER BY TOLBUTAMIDE.

Abstract The role of the liver in sulfonylurea hypoglycemia was studied by means of infusion of insulin in the presence or absence of tolbutamide into the portal vein in anesthetized dogs. Glucagon-free insulin (O.1 U) or tolbutamide (100 mg.) failed to operate when administered separately but a combination of the 2 agents produced a fall in peripheral venous blood glucose of 30 per cent. No effect occurred in sham-operated animals when the femoral vein was employed for control infusions, and acetohexamide failed to substitute for tolbutamide. Data indicate that the liver participates in tolbutamide action by glucose retention as a result of potentiation of endogenous insulin action. Evidence pertaining to the influence of the sulfonylureas on carbohydrate metabolism in the liver is discussed.
Semi-automated segmentation of cortical subvolumes via hierarchical mixture modeling

We propose a method which allows for the flexibility of a Gaussian mixture model - with model complexity selected adaptively from the data - for each tissue class. Our procedure involves modelling each class as a semiparametric mixture of Gaussians. The major difficulty associated with employing such semiparametric methods is overcome by solving dynamically the model selection problem. The crucial step of determining class-conditional mixture complexities for (unlabeled) test data in the unsupervised case is accomplished by matching models to a predefined data base of hand labelled experimental tissue samples. We model the class-conditional probability density functions via the "alternatinv kernel and mixture" (AKM) method which involves (1) semi-parametric estimation of subject-specific class-conditional marginal densities for a set of training volumes, (2) nearest neighbor matching of the test data to the training models providing for semi-automated class-conditional mixture complexities, (3) parameter fitting of the selected training model to the test data, and (4) plug-in Bayes classification of unlabeled voxels. Compared with previous approaches using partial volume mixtures for ten cingulate gyri, the hierarchical mixture model methodology provides a superior automatic segmentation results with a performance improvement that is statistically significant (p=0.03 for a paired one-sided t-test).
Corrections to Scatterometer Wind Vectors During Hurricane Dennis Using High Resolution NEXRAD Radar Rain Corrections

Scatterometer wind measurements in Hurricanes have excellent potential for studying ocean forcing and the forecasting of coastal storm surges and flooding potential. These observations have the advantages of wide coverage, high resolution and accuracy. However, significant errors can occur when rain causes attenuation and backscatter of the Scatterometer's microwave pencil-beam. For most of the rain conditions existing in Hurricanes, the signal returned to the satellite is larger than that reflected by the sea surface resulting in erroneously high estimates of the wind speed. One consequence can be large errors in estimates of the coastal storm surge. This study shows how NEXRAD measurements of the rain within each Scatterometer cell can be used, with a physically based electromagnetics model, to correct the affected radar cross section data. Hurricane Dennis made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico on July 10, 2005, not far from the Florida/Alabama border. There was a serious impact on the Apalachee Bay and Cedar Key region because of a anomalously high storm surge. Heavy precipitation affected the ability of the QuikSCAT Scatterometer to accurately predict this phenomena. The precipitation in this storm was continuously monitored by the NWS Tallahassee NEXRAD (S-band) radar. The mode of this instrument is to collect radar reflectivity data using conical scans at a sequence of elevations, resulting in a 3-D volume with 2 km spatial scales. This example studies herein underscores the necessity of correcting the Scatterometer's normalized radar cross section (NRCS) measurements to remove the excess backscatter and attenuation provided by rain areas that exist within the 25-by-35 km antenna footprint. High resolution NWS-NEXRAD techniques are especially useful because of the wide variability of the rain intensity, both horizontally and vertically across each Scatterometer footprint and along the incident beam
Assessment of microembolization associated with revascularization in acute myocardial infarction: MDCT cardiac perfusion and function study

To use multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) for assessing the effects of coronary microemboli on pre-existing acute myocardial infarct (AMI) and to compare this pathology to LAD microembolization and occlusion/reperfusion. An angioplasty balloon catheter was placed in the LAD coronary artery of pigs under X-ray guidance. Four animals served as controls without intervention (group A) and an additional 24 animals (8/group) were subjected to microembolization (group B), occlusion/reperfusion (group C) or combination of the two insults (group D). MDCT was used to assess perfusion, LV function and viability. At postmortem, the LV sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Dynamic perfusion and helical cine MDCT demonstrated decline in regional LV perfusion and function, respectively, after all interventions. MDCT showed significant differences in ejection fraction between groups: A = 57.5 ± 4.7 %, B = 40.3 ± 0.5 % P 0.7). Microscopic examination confirmed the presence of patchy and contiguous necrosis, MVO, edema and calcium deposits. Dynamic and helical cine MDCT imaging can grade LV dysfunction and perfusion deficit, respectively. DE-MDCT demonstrated a large and persistent MVO zone after microembolization of pre-existing AMI. Furthermore, it has the potential to visualize patchy microinfarct, detect perfusion deficits and dysfunction at the border zone after microembolization of pre-existing AMI.
The complexity of site quality: multiple factors affect web tenure in an orb-web spider

Behavioural decisions involving foraging, mate choice and habitat selection are complex and difficult to evaluate experimentally. Web abandonment by orb spiders is a complex decision that is experimentally tractable. For females of the golden orb spider, Nephila clavipes, the web is a microhabitat that serves as a prey capture device, a mating site and a habitat for parasites. Thus, the web embodies the complexity of a bird territory or mammal home range, but is spatially compact and amenable to experimental manipulation. We used both field census data and field experimental manipulations to address the importance of prey capture rate, kleptoparasite load and male presence for web tenure (the time spent at a web site) in both mature and immature female N. clavipes. No factor explained variation in web tenure for immature females, although census data suggested that increased kleptoparasite load decreased web tenure. For mature females, increased male presence decreased web tenure, while increased prey capture rate, condition and body size all increased web tenure. Web tenure also decreased over the course of the season. Females integrate multiple cues to make web movement decisions. One of these cues is male presence, which detracts from the quality of a web site, suggesting that mate harassment might affect females' web movement decisions. Insight into this seemingly simple behaviour contributes to a growing understanding of how and when animals integrate multiple cues into behavioural decisions.
Optical design of new generation compact, high resolution and high Doppler precision optical spectrograph

We report optical design of new generation compact, high resolution, high throughput and high Doppler precision optical spectrograph. This spectrograph uses cross-dispersed echelle design with white pupils and also takes advantage of a fiber image slicer to slice one 2 arcsec telescope input fiber image (80 micron at f/4 at the KPNO 2.1 meter telescope) into four 1 arcsec images (40 micron). The small sliced images coupled with slow optics play a key role in achieving high spectral resolution within very compact instrument design to substantially reduce construction cost while increasing the instrument stability for high Doppler precision over a long time. This optical spectrograph is called EXtremely high Precision ExtrasolaR planet Tracker III (EXPERT-III). The coupling of the fiber sliced images with an R4 echelle with a 98mm diameter pupil produces R=110,000 in the entire optical wavelength region. It also uses a two-prism cross-disperser to produce nearly homogeneous spectral order coverage while taking advantage of the anamorphic magnification of the prisms to allow large wavelength coverage (380nm-900nm) in a single exposure with a 4kx4k CCD detector. This very high resolution mode is designed to reach extremely high Doppler precision for radial velocity measurements of bright solar type stars. The spectrograph is also directly coupled with an 80 micron telescope fiber-fed image to obtain high throughput with R=60,000 for stellar spectroscopy. Details about the optical design and performance are reported.
Effect of a toxic in vivo dose of ouabain on guinea-pig heart mitochondria ☆

Abstract The effects of toxic doses of ouabain on two parameters of mitochondrial activity, oxidative phosphorylation and calcium uptake were examined. Ouabain was injected intraperitoneally into guinea-pigs until signs of severe intoxication appeared. State 3 oxygen consumption (QO2, State 3, in natom oxygen/mg/min) of isolated heart mitochondria was 314 ± 16 and 281 ± 16 (glutamate-malate) for treated and control group, respectively; 225 ± 21 and 207 ± 23 (pyruvate-malate), and 251 ± 12 and 230 ± 13 (succinate), respectively. The rate of calcium uptake was 411 nmol Ca2+/min/mg for treated and 329.6 nmol Ca2+/min/mg for control. The rate of calcium release was the same in control and treated groups. The data suggest that increases of respiration and calcium uptake in vitro, if they reflect similar increases in vivo, may contribute to digitalis intoxication by intracellular redistribution of calcium.
Applications of Quantitative Techniques in Large and Small Organizations in the United States: An Empirical Analysis

Data was gathered from Fortune 500 companies (manufacturing and service organizations) and 500 small firms pertaining to the use of several quantitative techniques. Analysis was also done to see if differences existed within different classes of service companies. Also, respondents were asked for their opinion pertaining to specific barriers that may inhibit the use of these techniques. Results show little progress has been made in the applications of quantitative techniques in the last decade. The barriers cited by respondents are mostly related to management's lack of knowledge of quantitative techniques. Findings agree with previous studies conducted.
Orientations Toward Consumerism: A Test of a Two‐Dimensional Theory

Some past studies concerning attitudes toward consumer public policy issues have attempted to distinguish characteristics of consumerism supporters from those of nonsupporters. Results to date have been largely inconsistent. This study incorporates a solution preference dimension into the supporter/nonsupporter analysis in order to help resolve past identification anomalies and to suggest a theoretical explanation for diverse orientations. More specifically, a two-dimensional theory of consumerism orientations is developed and tested as a special case of Rokeach's broader Two-Value Theory of Political Orientations. The survey data presented tend to general support the hypothesized theoretical structure.