cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists: An Illustrative Casebook

D. Irwin, M. Pannbacker, T.W. Powell, and G.T. VekoviusISBN 13: 9781418009557ISBN 10: 1418009555Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, New York, USAIt always seems surprising that most books dealin...
University of Chicago Department of Statistics

The Department of Statistics at the University of Chicago was founded as the Committee on Statistics in fall 1949, chaired by W. Allen Wallis. It became a Department in 1956 with Jimmie Savage as its first Chairman. It has maintained a reputation at the highest level for research and teaching for over 60 years.
Integrating Disability Studies Concepts Into Occupational Therapy Education Using Service Learning

This article describes an occupational therapy educational program's experience with service-learning courses that has fostered student learning about service to the community and disability as a multidimensional construct. Faculty-reflective perspectives about disability and ways to enhance learning about disability as a human experience are presented as an important consideration for health care education curriculum design and course development. Through review of educational evaluation described in research on service learning, the authors used a multi-method assessment matrix to capture students' perspectives on their service learning. The community project investigated accessibility issues that persons with disabilities encountered in social participation at community arts venues. Results from student surveys, interviews, focus groups, and journal entries indicated that service learning contributed to occupational therapy students' appreciation and understanding about disability as an individual, environmental, and societal construct.
The effect of uncertain time variant delays in ATM networks with explicit rate feedback

A new, more realistic model for the ABR traffic class in ATM network congestion control is introduced and analyzed. The new discrete time model takes into account the effect of time-variant buffer occupancy levels of ATM switches, thus treating the case of time-variant delays between a single congested node and the connected sources. For highly dynamic situations, such a model is crucial for a valid analysis of the resulting feedback system. The new model also handles the effects of the mismatch between the RM cell rates and the variable bit rate controller sampling rate as well as buffer and rate nonlinearities. A stability study is presented, that shows an equilibrium in the buffer occupancy level is not possible if time-variant delays are present in the forward path. Stability conditions for the case of time-variant delays in the return path axe derived. Finally, illustrating examples are provided.
Expression of zinc finger protein 105 in the testis and its role in male fertility.

Using an in silico approach, we identified a putative zinc finger domain-containing transcription factor (zinc finger protein 105, ZFP105) enriched in the adult mouse testis. RT-PCR analyses showed that Zfp105 was indeed highly expressed in adult mouse testis and that its expression was regulated during postnatal development. To further characterize Zfp105 expression, we generated a Zfp105:β-galactosidase (LacZ) knock-in reporter mouse line (Zfp105LacZ/+) in which a Zfp105:LacZ fusion gene was expressed. Whole-mount LacZ analyses of adult Zfp105LacZ/+ tissues showed robust LacZ staining in the testis, very weak staining in the ovary, and no staining in the spleen, liver, kidney, heart, lung, thymus, adrenal gland, uterus, or oviduct. Sectional LacZ staining showed that ZFP105 was highly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes. ZNF35, the human ortholog of Zfp105, was also highly expressed in human testis. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that ZNF35 was located primarily in the cytoplasm of male germ cells. More importantly, reduced male fertility was observed in adult Zfp105LacZ/LacZ mice. Histological studies showed the presence of undifferentiated spermatogenic cells in the lumen of seminiferous tubules at stage VII and in the epididymal lumen of adult Zfp105LacZ/LacZ mice. Taken together, our results suggest that ZFP105 is a male germ-cell factor and plays a role in male reproduction. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 511–520, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of tobacco dependence.

Background: Tobacco use is a worldwide epidemic expected to cause 10 million annual deaths by 2020 globally. Newer pharmacotherapy increases the specificity of tobacco dependence treatment by affecting receptors mediating nicotine effects. Objective: To review current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of tobacco use. Methods: Articles retrieved with searches conducted through PubMed, Pharmaprojects database, Datamonitor, the Internet, and the author's personal files. Results/conclusions: Traditional drug therapy for tobacco dependence has treated tobacco dependence by replacing nicotine or mediating nicotine withdrawal and craving through neurotransmitter modulation. Varenicline, an α4β2 nAChR partial agonist, is an emerging drug therapy that modifies tobacco use behavior by acting directly on nicotine receptors in the reward centers of the central nervous system. Available data suggests that varenicline is the most effective pharmacotherapy currently available. Drug development in the area o...
The Evolution and Development of Biolaw

Biolaw has come of age as an academic discipline. This rapidly growing legal discipline possesses a Janus nature that encompasses both the law of biology and the biology of law. Advances in the biological sciences, such as genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, synthetic biology, biological engineering, reproductive biology, embryology, developmental biology, systems biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, behavioral ecology, ethology, and neurobiology continually challenge both society and the laws that attempt to order, regulate, and protect it. Biolaw combines the use of biological science to describe, analyze, and improve the law with legal analysis of biological science, its institutions, and its societal implications. It integrates insights from such biologically-informed research areas as law and genetics, law and neuroscience, reproductive law, behavioral economics, cognitive psychology, law and biotechnology, biotechnology patent law, neuroethics, and biodiversity law. Building on early advocacy of the field by academics such as Hank Greely and June Carbone, the field is currently experiencing a renaissance in interest both inside and outside the academy. Indicia of its new prominence include a large and growing constituency among legal academics, academic conferences (i.e., Law and the Life Sciences, held in 2007 at the University of Louisville School of Law; Biolaw: Law at the Frontiers of Biology, held annually at the University of Kansas School of Law in 2007, 2008, and 2009), weblogs (e.g., Biolaw: Law and the Life Sciences), a scholarly listserv (i.e., the Biolaw Listserv), and high attendance at Biolaw “open programs” at the 2008, 2009, and 2010 American Association of Law Schools annual meetings. Perhaps the most official recognition of biolaw as a legal discipline is the proposed creation of an official AALS Biolaw Section. As advances in the biological sciences increasingly challenge the vocabulary, legal regulation, and understandings of the role of biology in society, and the law increasingly attends to the regulation of these challenges, biolaw is likely to emulate the growth of cyberlaw as an important and prominent scholarly discipline within the legal academy.
Testosterone change after losing predicts the decision to compete again

Testosterone (T) levels can fluctuate after wins and losses, but surprisingly, there are no empirical studies in humans that have tested whether these post-competition T changes predict the social behaviors that follow. The present study examined whether changes in T after losing in a competition predicted who wanted to compete again in a second competition. Sixty-four males provided saliva samples immediately before and 15 min after a rigged one-on-one competition. After the second saliva sample, participants chose whether or not to compete again against the same competitor. Winners did not increase in T relative to losers, but pre-competition cortisol, change in cortisol, and pre-competition T were associated with T changes, especially in losers. Importantly, changes in T predicted decisions to compete again in losers. Losers who increased in T were more likely to choose to compete again than losers who decreased in T. T changes were unrelated to decisions to compete again in winners. These findings provide novel data in humans that T changes after a status loss predict subsequent social behavior. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these findings for the link between short-term T changes and status-related behaviors.
A Chromatic Symmetric Function in Noncommuting Variables

Stanley (i>Advances in Math. 111, 1995, 166–194) associated with a graph i>G a symmetric function i>XG which reduces to i>G's chromatic polynomial {\cal X}_{G}(n) under a certain specialization of variables. He then proved various theorems generalizing results about {\cal X}_{G}(n), as well as new ones that cannot be interpreted on the level of the chromatic polynomial. Unfortunately, i>XG does not satisfy a Deletion-Contraction Law which makes it difficult to apply the useful technique of induction. We introduce a symmetric function i>YG in noncommuting variables which does have such a law and specializes to i>XG when the variables are allowed to commute. This permits us to further generalize some of Stanley's theorems and prove them in a uniform and straightforward manner. Furthermore, we make some progress on the (3 + 1)-free Conjecture of Stanley and Stembridge (i>J. Combin Theory (i>A) J. 62, 1993, 261–279).
CIITA expression and Th1-Th2 balance.

Cheong-Hee Chang, Tania Gourley and Dipak Patelhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/170/9/4425J Immunol€2003; 170:4425; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/170/9/4425.full#ref-list-1This article cites 5 articles, 2 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Identification over multiple databases

The tradeoff between storage and identification rates for multiple databases is investigated from an information theoretic perspective. In the assumed model, noisy observations of feature vectors of two distinct groups, called the ancestors, are compressed and stored in two separate databases. When queried with a noisy observation of a (possibly random) function of two randomly selected ancestors (one from each group), the system is required to correctly identify the ancestors with high probability. Single-letter inner and outer bounds are presented on the set of achievable rate points, which identify a tradeoff between the compression rates and the identification rate region: the lower the compression rates for storage, the larger the rate region achievable for identification.
African American and European American women in the workplace: Perceptions of conflict communication

This investigation combined qualitative and quantitative analyses to examine African American and European American women's perceptions of workplace conflict. Findings indicated that European American women are seen by others as more conflict avoidant than African American women. Professional women of both races see themselves and others of their own race as choosing to reduce conflict in the workplace. However, this perception is not shared by those of the other race. Further, some evidence suggests that African American professional women see directness as a means of conflict reduction, whereas European American professional women believe less direct approaches reduce workplace conflict.
Optimizing ETL workflows for fault-tolerance

Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) processes play an important role in data warehousing. Typically, design work on ETL has focused on performance as the sole metric to make sure that the ETL process finishes within an allocated time window. However, other quality metrics are also important and need to be considered during ETL design. In this paper, we address ETL design for performance plus fault-tolerance and freshness. There are many reasons why an ETL process can fail and a good design needs to guarantee that it can be recovered within the ETL time window. How to make ETL robust to failures is not trivial. There are different strategies that can be used and they each have different costs and benefits. In addition, other metrics can affect the choice of a strategy; e.g., higher freshness reduces the time window for recovery. The design space is too large for informal, ad-hoc approaches. In this paper, we describe our QoX optimizer that considers multiple design strategies and finds an ETL design that satisfies multiple objectives. In particular, we define the optimizer search space, cost functions, and search algorithms. Also, we illustrate its use through several experiments and we show that it produces designs that are very near optimal.
The Effects of Sucralose, Xylitol, and Sorbitol on Remineralization of Caries Lesions in Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine whether ingestion of sucralose, xylitol, sorbitol, or distilled water alone could enhance remineralization of early caries lesions in rats. Rats were infected by Streptococcus sobrinus, fed diet 2000 (Ziegler Brothers, Gardners, PA) ad libitum for two weeks, and, in addition, were offered drinking water sweetened by sucrose (10% w/v). A group of rats terminated at this time displayed significant levels of sulcal and smooth-surface caries. The remaining animals, for the ensuing three weeks, either continued on the same cariogenic challenge or received their essential nutrition by gavage and drank water, sweetened by one of the agents listed above, ad libitum. At the end of the additional three-week period, animals receiving sucralose, xylitol, sorbitol, or distilled water had fewer lesions than did the animals terminated after the two-week cariogenic challenge. The results show that removal of the cariogenic challenge allowed remineralization to occur and that no sweetening agent was superior to another in this respect.
A variance-estimation-based stopping rule for symbolic dynamic filtering

As an alternative to the batch means (BM) method in the stopping rule for symbolic dynamic filtering, this short paper presents an analytical procedure to estimate the variance parameter and to obtain a lower bound on the length of symbol blocks for constructing probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA). If the modulus of the second largest eigenvalue of the PFSA’s state transition matrix is relatively small or if the symbol block length is not too large, then the performance of the proposed stopping rule is superior to that of the stopping rule based on BM method. The algorithm of the proposed stopping rule is validated on ultrasonic data collected from a fatigue test apparatus for damage detection in the polycrystalline alloy 7075-T6.
Synchronized reproducing kernel interpolant via multiple wavelet expansion

In this paper, a new partition of unity – the synchronized reproducing kernel (SRK) interpolant – is derived. It is a class of meshless shape functions that exhibit synchronized convergence phenomenon: the convergence rate of the interpolation error of the higher order derivatives of the shape function can be tuned to be that of the shape function itself. This newly designed synchronized reproducing kernel interpolant is constructed as an series expansion of a scaling function kernel and the associated wavelet functions. These wavelet functions are constructed in a reproducing procedure, simultaneously with the scaling function kernel, by directly enforcing certain orders of vanishing moment conditions. To the authors knowledge, this unique interpolant is the first of its kind to be constructed, and to be used in numerical computations, both in concept and in practice. The new interpolants are in fact a group of special hierarchial meshless bases, and similar counterparts may exist in spline interpolation method, other meshless methods, Galerkin-wavelet method, as well as the finite element method. A detailed account of the subject is presented, and the mathematical principle behind the construction procedure is further elaborated. Another important discovery of this study is that the 1st order wavelet together with the scaling function kernel can be used as a weighting function in Petrov-Galerkin procedures to provide a stable numerical computation in some pathological problems. Benchmark problems in advection-diffusion problems, and Stokes flow problem are solved by using the synchronized reproducing kernel interpolant as the weighting function. Reasonably good results have been obtained. This may open the door for designing well behaved Galerkin procedures for numerical computations in various constrained media.
The Use of Single-Agent Antibacterial Regimens in the Treatment of Advanced Appendicitis with Peritonitis

The optimal antibacterial regimen for the treatment of patients with mixed intra-abdominal infections remains to be established. Since advanced (gangrenous and perforated) appendicitis with peritonitis probably represents the most reproducible clinical model of this disease process, we performed a randomised double-blind study comparing 2 single-agent regimens (ceftizoxime 2g every 12 hours and cefoxitin 2g every 6 hours) in the treatment of advanced appendicitis with peritonitis. 109 evaluable patients (84 male, 25 female) aged 12 to 70 (mean 28) years were randomised, 53 to ceftizoxime and 56 to cefoxitin. 75 patients (69%) had perforation and 34 (31%) exhibited gangrene, with the mean duration of abdominal pain and mean white blood cell (WBC) count on admission being significantly greater in the group with perforation [71 vs 46 hours and 16.9 vs 14.8 ×109/L, respectively (p < 0.05)]. Bacteria were recovered from the peritoneal cultures of all patients, with a mean of 3.3 aerobes and 8.8 anaerobes per specimen, representing a 600% increase in bacterial recovery compared with previous reports. The clinical cure rate was 51 of 53 (96%) for ceftizoxime vs 47 of 56 (84%) for cefoxitin (p = 0.06), or 90% overall. We conclude that single-agent antibacterial therapy with either of these 2 drugs is safe and very effective in patients with advanced appendicitis with peritonitis, and that the number of bacteria associated with this condition is much greater than previously believed.
Historical Selection, Amino Acid Polymorphism and Lineage-Specific Divergence at the G6pd Locus in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

The nucleotide diversity across 1705 bp of the G6pd gene is studied in 50 Drosophila melanogaster and 12 D. simulans lines. Our earlier report contrasted intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific differences at silent and replacement sites in these species. This report expands the number of European and African lines and examines the pattern of polymorphism with respect to the common A/B allozymes. In D. melanogaster the silent nucleotide diversity varies 2.8-fold across localities. The B allele sequences are two- to fourfold more variable than the derived A allele, and differences between allozymes are twice as among B alleles. There is strong linkage disequilibrium across the G6pd region. In both species the level of silent polymorphism increases from the 5′ to 3′ ends, while there is no comparable pattern in level of silent site divergence or fixation. The neutral model is not rejected in either species. Using D. yakuba as an outgroup, the D. melanogaster lineage shows a twofold greater rate of silent fixation, but less than half the rate of amino acid replacement. Lineage-specific differences in mutation fixation are inconsistent with neutral expectations and suggest the interaction of species-specific population size differences with both weakly advantageous and deleterious selection.
AT1 receptor inhibition does not reduce arterial wall hypertrophy or PDGF-A expression in renal hypertension

To separate the role of ANG II from pressure in hypertrophy of the vascular wall in one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) hypertension, experimental and sham-operated rats were given the AT(1)-receptor antagonist losartan (20 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) or tap water for 14 days. Mean arterial pressure was elevated in both experimental groups compared with controls. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, and the thoracic aorta and carotid, small mesenteric, and external spermatic arteries were harvested and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were used for morphological analysis, immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, stereological measurements, and in situ hybridization with a (35)S-labeled riboprobe for PDGF-A mRNA. Elevated cross-sectional areas of thoracic, carotid, and small mesenteric artery in 1K1C rats were not reduced by losartan. The internal diameter of the external spermatic artery and microvascular density of the cremaster muscle were reduced in 1K1C rats. The number of BrdU-positive nuclei per cross section did not differ between 1K1C and control arteries. PDGF-A mRNA was elevated in the arterial walls of 1K1C rats compared with controls and was hardly changed by losartan. PDGF-A protein stained strongly in the media of 1K1C arteries and was not inhibited by losartan; it appeared in the adventitia of all aortas and carotid arteries. These observations demonstrate that effects of ANG II mediated through the AT(1) receptor are not necessary for hypertrophy of the vascular wall during 1K1C hypertension or expression of PDGF-A.
On the Wings of Daoism

Whereas the Confucian ideals are embodied in the gentleman/mandarin, the Daoist ideals the hermit. This chapter uses an animal model to shed some light on Daoism as the primary inspiration for the solitude seekers, namely hermits, throughout Chinese history. Along the two dimensions of Confucianism—Authority Ranking and Communal Sharing—Daoism constitutes a critical voice against the former, and a source of spiritualization for the latter. Also examined is the intimate connection between Daoism and creativity.
A Trojan horse saddle stuck in the lung

A 61-year-old man with a history of hypertension and obesity presented with acute onset dyspnoea, light-headedness and right-sided pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination showed sinus tachycardia and a right-sided pleural rub. Oxygen saturation on initial presentation was 89% on room air by pulse oximetry. A 12-lead ECG showed a new S1Q3T3 pattern (figure 1A). Contrast-enhanced chest CT showed a large saddle pulmonary embolism (PE), with extensive involvement of several segmental and subsegmental arteries (figure 1B), a wedge-shaped opacity in the right middle lobe suggesting a pulmonary infarct and a small right pleural effusion (figure 1C,D). Bedside echocardiography did not indicate any right ventricular strain. The …
Fishing line artificial muscle reinforced composite for impact mitigation and on-demand damage healing

In this study, a fishing line artificial muscle reinforced syntactic foam composite was investigated. About 3.5 vol.% of polymer artificial muscle was woven into a two-dimensional grid skeleton and embedded into a syntactic foam matrix. The grid-stiffened syntactic foam composite was designed to be able to repeatedly heal cracks on-demand. Short thermoplastic fibers were also dispersed into the foam matrix both as reinforcement and as a healing agent. The composite panel was repeatedly impacted, bending fractured, and healed as per the biomimetic close-then-heal strategy. It is found that the composite panel responds to impact quasi-statically. The impact- and bending-induced macroscopic cracks can be repeatedly healed with high healing efficiency, under both free and clamped boundary conditions. Contrary to most healing systems, the healing efficiency within the damage–healing cycles in this study increases as the damage-healing cycle increases. Because the artificial muscle is made of low-cost and high-...
Interface Transition Zone and the Elastic Modulus of Cement-Based Composites

The influence of the Interface Transition Zone (ITZ) on the elastic modulus of concrete is demonstrated as a divergence of the experimental data from the general trend of the theoretical Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. This divergence is well related to the W/C of the composite. With reduction of W/C the influence of ITZ decreases and for values close to 0.4 and lower it is insignificant. The formation of the ITZ is characterized by a transfer of water from the matrix to the surface of the aggregates. As a result of this a highly porous ITZ is formed while the matrix remains with a reduced porosity. This process can also be described as a transfer of material properties. For some compositions the balance of this transfer can approach zero. The imbalance in this process is more pronounced at higher W/C. The effect of Interface Transition Zone can be successfully simulated by the help of recently derived Hashin’s variational bounds for two-phase composites with imperfect interfaces.
Clinical Laboratory Instrument Selection

In recent years, selecting laboratory equipment has become an increasingly complex process. Before selecting equipment, you should assess your needs and define goals. Next, you should analyze laboratory work flow and determine whether there are alternatives to purchasing an instrument. Last, you have to analyze how an instrument works and whether its features are useful in your setting.
Memory and the temporal lobe. A review for clinicians.

Based largely on a 17 year study of a single case, H. M., undergoing surgical bilateral removal of the medial temporal lobe, specifically including the hippocampal complex, multiple researchers have determined the following effects upon memory: no deficit of immediate but profound loss of longterm memory most marked in verbal symbols and in the presence of distraction, and least marked in the presence of continued verbal rehearsal. There was one exception—the acquisition of motor skills was largely retained. There was no deterioration in intellect nor loss of perception. The hippocampus itself is probably not a storage site of memory or learning but constitutes a holding area of input and resists distraction for a sufficient length of time to permit consolidation and transfer elsewhere. Prolonged retrograde amnesia suggested that the period of consolidation may take months to years.
The contribution of antibiotics, pneumonia and the immune response to stroke outcome

Abstract Background Infections are common following stroke and associated with worse outcome. Using an animal model of pneumonia, we assessed the effect of infection and its treatment on the immune response and stroke outcome. Methods Lewis rats were subjected to transient cerebral ischemia and survived for 4 weeks. One day after stroke animals were exposed to aerosolized Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or saline. Antibiotics (ceftiofur or enrofloxacin) were started immediately after exposure or delayed for 3 days. Behavioral tests were performed weekly. ELISPOT assays were done on lymphocytes from spleen and brain to assess autoimmune responses to myelin basic protein (MBP). Results Among animals that received immediate antibiotic therapy, infection was associated with worse outcome in ceftiofur but not enrofloxacin treated animals. (The outcome with immediate enrofloxacin therapy was so impaired that further worsening may have been difficult to detect.) A delay in antibiotic therapy was associated with better outcomes in both ceftiofur and enrofloxacin treated animals. Infection was associated with an increased likelihood of developing T h 1(+) responses to MBP in non-infarcted brain (OR = 2.94 [1.07, 8.12]; P = 0.04), and T h 1(+) responses to MBP in spleen and non-infarcted brain were independently associated with a decreased likelihood of stroke recovery (OR = 0.16 [0.05, 0.51; P = 0.002 and OR = 0.32 [0.12, 0.84]; P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions Infection worsens stroke outcome in ceftiofur treated animals and increases T h 1 responses to MBP. These data may help explain how infection worsens stroke outcome and suggest that treatment of infection may contribute to this outcome.
Design of Trusted Access System for Transmission Line Monitoring

Transmission Line Monitoring(TLM) is a system for transmission line state conducting real-time monitoring,early warning,analysis to form standardization of condition monitoring data service in the environment of smart grid.The system collects temperature,humidity and other environmental characteristic data of power transmission lines and towers surrounding with sensors fixed on transmission lines,the data is transmitted by line deployed embedded transmission line condition monitoring agent(CMA) via mobile network to power system.So in this data transfer process,it is of great importance to ensure CMA security,to make sure CMA to securely access service system with public data network,and to prevent data tampering.Based on the transmission line on-line condition monitoring system environment,design trusted access system with domestic trusted chip,trusted access system ensures the transmission line condition monitoring agent security credible access service system,after experimental verification,trusted access system can ensure the safety of data transmission in line state monitoring system stable operation.
Aus dem schwäbischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen (1860): Louise Weil’s America as Experience and Fiction

In her autobiographical travelogue, Aus dem schwabischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen (“From the Swabian Parsonage to America: Travel Descriptions,” 1860), Louise Weil recounts her experiences of living, teaching, and traveling in the United States for nearly five years, beginning in 1854. Responding to the flood of German immigration to America in 1852-54, Weil’s declared aim is to rectify idyllic images of America put forth to would-be immigrants by presenting a realistic assessment of American life and institutions.Far from idealizing the United States, Weil condemns slavery and capitalist greed, two phenomena that exemplify America’s failure to live up to its founding ideals of equality and freedom.
Prednisone and Deflazacort in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Do They Play a Different Role in Child Behavior and Perceived Quality of Life?

The aim of this study was to determine whether prednisone and deflazacort play a different role in child behavior and perceived health related psychosocial quality of life in ambulant boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. As part of a prospective natural-history study, parents of sixty-seven ambulant boys with DMD (27 taking prednisone, 15 taking deflazacort, 25 were steroid naive) completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for assessment of behavioral, emotional and social problems and both parents and boys with DMD completed the PedsQL™4.0 generic core scale short form. Boys with DMD had higher rates of general behavioral problems than age-matched peers. No significant differences were found among the groups for any of the CBCL syndrome scales raw scores, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors; however, on average boys taking deflazacort demonstrated more withdrawn behaviors than those taking prednisone, while on average the boys taking prednisone demonstrated more aggressive behaviors than boys taking deflazacort. Age, internalizing and externalizing behaviors accounted for 39 and 48% of the variance in psychosocial quality of life for both parents and boys with DMD, respectively. Overall, the use of steroids was not associated with more behavioral problems in boys with DMD. As behavior played a significant role in psychosocial quality of life, comprehensive assessment and treatment of behavioral problems is crucial in this population.
Sex Differences in Immunity and Inflammation: Implications for Brain and Behavior

Abstract The immune system is the body’s defense against disease; however, inherent differences in how the male and female immune systems detect and respond to immune threats dictate susceptibility to illness and immune-related diseases. Sex differences in the immune system begin during development and continue throughout life, with males and females showing different periods of immune susceptibility and resilience. Given that these differences likely stem from sex-dependent requirements for species survival, this chapter discusses how this evolutionary “need” for sex differences in immune function carries with it far reaching effects on both the periphery and the brain. This chapter highlights basic immune-related differences between men and women, describes how these differences translate into sex-dependent risk for immune-related diseases, discusses the implications for brain function, and outlines potential mechanisms to explain these differences. Finally, we conclude by discussing sex-dependent immune effects on behavior and how differential immune function drives the manifestation of comorbid disease states.
Mesoscale-Convective Processes in the Atmosphere: The Atmospheric Mesoscale

Introduction It is fitting to begin this exploration of mesoscale-convective processes with a definition of the atmospheric mesoscale . Likely, the reader has at least a vague idea of atmospheric phenomena that are normally categorized as mesoscale. Thunderstorms and the dryline are common examples. What the reader might not yet appreciate, however, is that devising an objective and quantitative basis for such categorization is nontrivial. Indeed, even the more basic practice of separating the atmosphere into discrete intervals can be difficult to rationalize universally, because the atmosphere is, in fact, continuous in time and space in its properties. Consider the atmospheric measurements represented in Figure 1.1. These have been analyzed to reveal a frequency spectrum of zonal atmospheric kinetic energy. Although the spectrum is continuous, it does exhibit a number of distinct peaks. Conceivably (and arguably), the intervals centered about the peaks represent atmospheric scales. The relatively narrow peak at a frequency of 10 0 (/day) is compelling here, because it indicates the existence of energetic eddies with a diurnal cycle. Dry and moist convective motions that grow and decay with the daily cycle of solar insolation are the presumed manifestations of such eddies, and would fall generally within the atmospheric mesoscale.
Preparing industry for additive manufacturing and its applications: Summary & recommendations from a National Science Foundation workshop

Abstract Accompanying the increasing advances and interest in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies is an increasing demand for an industrial workforce that is knowledgeable about the technologies and how to apply them to solve real-world problems. As a step towards addressing this knowledge gap, a workshop was held at the National Science Foundation (NSF) to discuss the educational needs to prepare industry for AM and its use in different fields. The workshop participants – 66 representatives from academia, industry, and government – identified several key educational themes: (1) AM processes and process/material relationships, (2) engineering fundamentals with an emphasis on materials science and manufacturing, (3) professional skills for problem solving and critical thinking, (4) design practices and tools that leverage the design freedom enabled by AM, and (5) cross-functional teaming and ideation techniques to nurture creativity. This paper summarizes the industry speakers and presentations from the workshop, along with several new educational partnerships identified by small working groups. Based on the presentations and partnerships, the following recommendations are offered to advance the AM workforce. First, ensure that all AM curricula provide students with an understanding of (i) AM and traditional manufacturing processes to enable them to effectively select the appropriate process for product realization; (ii) the relationships between AM processes and material properties; and (iii) “Design for AM”, including computational tools for AM design as well as frameworks for process selection, costing, and solution generation that take advantage of AM capabilities. Second, establish a national network for AM education that, by leveraging existing “distributed” educational models and NSF’s Advanced Technology Education (ATE) Programs, provides open source resources as well as packaged activities, courses, and curricula for all educational levels (K-Gray). Third, support K-12 educational programs in STEAM (STEM plus the arts) and across all formal and informal learning environments in order to learn the unique capabilities of AM while engaging students in hands-on, tactile, and visual learning activities to prepare them for jobs in industry while learning how to think differently when designing for AM. Fourth, provide support for collaborative and community-oriented maker spaces that promote awareness of AM among the public and provide AM training programs for incumbent workers in industry and students seeking alternative pathways to gain AM knowledge and experience. Recommendations for scaling and coordination across local, regional, and national levels are also discussed to create synergies among the proposed activities and existing efforts.
Neurophysiological Testing in Normal Children

Investigators in Belgrade, Serbia, and Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, reviewed the literature (Ovid Medline, 1948-2012) for citations on repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) in children.
Population Dynamics and Survival Rates of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Virginia, USA

Information on demographic parameters needed to inform conservation strategies for American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) is lacking. The population dynamics of American Oystercatchers in Virginia, USA, were examined using a multi-state analysis framework that modeled movement of American Oystercatchers into and out of the State. Change in breeding status, age-specific survival rates, and age at first breeding were investigated for three geographically distinct study sites. Non-breeding American Oystercatchers originating from Virginia readily moved in and out of the State among years. The immigration rate for birds breeding on barrier islands was 6% Emigration rates were 6% for the barrier island breeding population and 17% for the seaside lagoon population. Stage-specific annual survival rates were 0.66, 0.95 and 0.91 for juvenile, sub-adult and adult stages, respectively. Age at first breeding peaked in the fourth year for both the barrier island and seaside lagoon breeding populations. Movement and recruitment rates suggested that the barrier islands may provide the highest quality breeding habitat among the three study sites. This study showed that Virginia's American Oystercatcher population is linked with other Atlantic Coast populations, and these links should be considered when evaluating local population trends and management targets.
Processing of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for culturing of bone marrow stem cells

Ceramic scaffolds are being developed to control both proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into desired cell products in bioreactors. These scaffolds mimic important aspects of the microenvironment or “niche” inside bone marrow. In particular, hematopoietic stem cell fate is thought to be effected by the architecture of trabecular bone and the presence of calcium. Here we report the effects of ceramics processing on the phase distribution and microstructure of biphasic ceramics used to culture hematopoietic stem cells. Processing of biphasic ceramics by powder mixing resulted in tetracalcium phosphate on the sintered surface. This correlated with observed surface deposits, weight gain, and the release of calcium ions in saline over 28 days. In contrast, impregnation of partially sintered hydroxyapatite with calcium nitrate resulted in calcium carbonate on the sintered surface. Impregnation correlated with the release of calcium ions into the saline, surface pitting, and weight loss.
Wilhelm Launhardt: Location Theorist

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the death of Wilhelm Launhardt (18321918). Launhardt was a man of many parts: civil engineer, commissioner of roads in the state of Hanover, consultant to the Venlo-Hamburg Railroad Company, rector of the newly founded Hanover Institute of Technology, founder of transportation science, author of the first German text in mathematical economics, monetary economist, and above all location theorist.
The effect of pH and nitrite concentration on the antimicrobial impact of celery juice compared with sodium nitrite on Listeria monocytogenes

Increasing consumer concerns of harmful preservatives have intensified consumers’ demand for natural and organic alternatives. In response to this demand, uncured or no- nitrate-or-nitrite-added meat products which utilize celery juice concentrates as an alternative to sodium nitrite, have emerged on the market to replace conventional nitrite sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of celery juice pH for the impact of nitrite on L. monocytogenes growth. In addition, equal concentrations of nitrite in celery juice and conventional nitrite were evaluated to determine the impact of nitrite concentration from these sources on L. monocytogenes growth. These objectives were assessed using both a broth and ham system. Celery juice (CJ) was less effective than the conventional nitrite in the broth study at 100 ppm nitrite concentration but in the ham experiment the CJ treatments at both 100 and 200 ppm resulted in similar growth of L. monocytogenes (p>0.05) compared to their counterparts 100 and 200 ppm sodium nitrite. Adjusting the pH of the celery juice proved to be more effective at suppressing L. monocytogenes growth at 200 ppm than 100 ppm in the ham. No differences in growth (p>0.05) were found between the unadjusted 100
Cluster exchange reactivity of [2Fe–2S] cluster-bridged complexes of BOLA3 with monothiol glutaredoxins

The [2Fe–2S] cluster-bridged complex of BOLA3 with GLRX5 has been implicated in cluster trafficking, but cluster exchange involving this heterocomplex has not been reported. Herein we describe an investigation of the cluster exchange reactivity of holo BOLA3–GLRX complexes using two different monothiol glutaredoxins, H.s. GLRX5 and S.c. Grx3, which share significant identity. We observe that a 1 : 1 mixture of apo BOLA3 and glutaredoxin protein is able to accept a cluster from donors such as ISCU and a [2Fe–2S](GS)4 complex, with preferential formation of the cluster-bridged heterodimer over the plausible holo homodimeric glutaredoxin. Holo BOLA3–GLRX5 transfers clusters to apo acceptors at rates comparable to other Fe–S cluster trafficking proteins. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments with apo proteins demonstrated a strong binding of BOLA3 with both GLRX5 and Grx3, while binding with an alternative mitochondrial partner, NFU1, was weak. Cluster exchange and calorimetry experiments resulted in a very similar behavior for yeast Grx3 (cytosolic) and human GLRX5 (mitochondrial), indicating conservation across the monothiol glutaredoxin family for interactions with BOLA3 and supporting a functional role for the BOLA3–GLRX5 heterocomplex relative to the previously proposed BOLA3–NFU1 interaction. The results also demonstrate rapid formation of the heterocomplexed holo cluster via delivery from a glutathione-complexed cluster, again indicative of the physiological relevance of the [2Fe–2S](GS)4 complex in the cellular labile iron pool.
Seabed properties at the 150 m isobath as observed during the 2016-2017 Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment

Seabed layering and sediment properties impact sound propagation in ocean waveguides, particularly in environments where sound propagation paths repeatedly interact with the seafloor. As part of the 2016–2017 Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment (CANAPE), experiments were designed to investigate seabed layering and sediment properties on the Chukchi Shelf. First, the shallow water experimental region was surveyed with a subbottom profiler to provide information about the overall sediment layering. Second, ship-radiated noise from a research vessel sailing specifically designed tracks was received on the Persistent Acoustic Observation System (PECOS). These recordings provide an opportunity for short- to mid-range geoacoustic inversion for sediment properties. Third, in-situ acoustic sound speed measurements were made with the Acoustic Coring System (ACS) while two to five meter long core samples were simultaneously collected. This talk presents initial findings of the seabed layering and sediment properties from these three experiments.
Hedging, Weasel Words, and Truthiness in Scientific Writing.

Background and objectives Words in scientific discourse must be truthful. Introducing ambiguity or creating a false narrative by insinuating close counts or almost statements as facts that appeal to a truth the writer wants to exist doesn't make it true. A reader's personal interpretation because of hedging or weasel words creates an opportunity for truthiness as a belief to become a fact when it isn't. Conclusion Awareness by scientists of this situation will make article reading more critical and related to reality rather than what you want an author wants it to be.
2,3-Dichloro-3',4'-dihydroxybiphenyl.

The title compound [systematic name: 4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)benzene-1,2-diol], C12H8Cl2O2, is a putative di­hydroxy­lated metabolite of 2,3-di­chloro­biphenyl (PCB 5). The title structure displays intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding, and the π–π stacking distance between inversion-related chlorinated benzene rings of the title compound is 3.371 (3) A. The dihedral angle between two benzene rings is 59.39 (8)°.
Mystery Case: Bilateral Claude syndrome.

A 59-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes presented with sudden-onset, bilateral ptosis, ataxia, and confusion. Examination showed bilateral ophthalmoparesis sparing minimal adduction and abduction, poorly reactive and dilated pupils, and global ataxia (video). The oculocephalic reflex revealed normal bilateral abduction. Bell phenomenon and convergence were absent. MRI brain showed bilateral paramedian mesencephalic ischemic stroke (figure). Here in a bilateral variant, clinical presentation and imaging closely follow the description of Henri Claude's first case,1 where pathologic examination revealed a paramedian midbrain stroke involving the superior cerebellar peduncle, red nucleus, and medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).1
New pulverization parameter derived from indentation and dynamic compression of brittle microspheres

Abstract Particulates may experience dynamic compression loading during materials handling and processing, which in turn can lead to fracture of the particles. In this study, the dynamic fracture behavior of microspherical particles of soda lime glass (SLG), polycrystalline silica, polycrystalline silicon, barium titanate glass (BTG) and yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was characterized with high speed, in situ X-ray phase-contrast imaging to examine the failure mechanisms in situ for spheroidal particles with diameters (d) from 600 to 2000 μm under dynamic compression. Nanoindentation was used to measure the hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E), and microindentation was used to measure the fracture toughness (T) of the materials. Based on the experimental results, a new pulverization parameter was proposed to predict the failure mechanism of the materials given by: P = Hd / TE5/3. The results showed that high P values are associated with comminution failure, low P values are associated with single cracking failure, and intermediate P values reflect failure modes in between these two extremes.