cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pick on someone your own size: The detection of threatening facial expressions posed by both child and adult models

For decades, researchers have documented a bias for the rapid detection of angry faces in adult, child, and even infant participants. However, despite the age of the participant, the facial stimuli used in all of these experiments were schematic drawings or photographs of adult faces. The current research is the first to examine the detection of both child and adult emotional facial expressions. In our study, 3- to 5-year-old children and adults detected angry, sad, and happy faces among neutral distracters. The depicted faces were of adults or of other children. As in previous work, children detected angry faces more quickly than happy and neutral faces overall, and they tended to detect the faces of other children more quickly than the faces of adults. Adults also detected angry faces more quickly than happy and sad faces even when the faces depicted child models. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for the development of a bias for threat in detection.
The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair and the transformation of the American science extracurriculum

At the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair, several thousand boys and girls, all members of a growing national network of high school science and engineering clubs, displayed their science fair projects and conducted live experiments to more than 10 million visitors. Housed in the building sponsored by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, their exhibits depicted a wide range of scientific phenomena. They also represented the conflicting values of science educators and industrialists about the societal worth of science education. In some instances, students' projects and laboratory activities prized hands-on learning and aimed to abet widespread rational thinking for democratic citizenship, which reflected the civic priorities of Progressive science educators. In other cases, science was presented as a magical spectacle with consumer applications intended to entertain and inspire the public's confidence in American industry and scientific experts. Ultimately, the corporate sponsorship of the high school science extracurriculum at the World's Fair marked a turning point when the Progressive purposes of science education began to give way to “manpower” and “professionalist” ends that aligned with the nation's economic and military imperatives. This historical episode also anticipated recent proposals to reform science education in the United States and ideas about scientific learning in museum settings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93:892–914, 2009
Production of systemic hyperthermia in the rat

Abstract The design of clinical trials employing whole-body hyperthermia in cancer therapy has been hampered due to lack of a suitable animal model. We describe a technique for reproducibly and efficiently inducing whole-body hyperthermia in Sprague-Dawley rats, using halothane and oxygen anesthesia and immersion in a hot water bath. Core body temperatures of between 41.5 and 43°C were induced and maintained for periods of up to 200 min and survival curves were determined. The time of exposure at a given temperature that resulted in death in 50% of the animals within 24 hr after heating ( LD 50/24 hr ) was calculated by linear logistic regression analysis. LD 50/24 hr values of 115, 61, 57, 25 and 16 min were obtained for temperatures of 41.75, 42.0, 42.25, 42.5 and 42.75° C respectively. This heating technique is compared to several more toxic methods for inducing whole-body hyperthermia with respect to possible pharmacological and physiological differences.
Conformation-Dependent Intramolecular Electron Transfer in N-(Aminoalkyl)-9-phenanthrenecarboxamides

The molecular structure and photophysical behavior of several secondary and tertiary N-(aminoalkyl)phenanthrenecarboxamides have been investigated. Secondary (aminoalkyl)amides exist predominantly in the Z conformation, whereas tertiary amides exist as mixtures of Z and E conformers and semirigid piperazines as mixtures of chair conformers. Rate constants for endergonic intramolecular electron transfer are found to be highly dependent upon molecular structure. The aromatic and amide groups of the tertiary amides are essentially orthogonal, and thus, an E aminoalkyl group can adopt low-energy conformations in which there is spatial overlap between the aromatic and amine groups, whereas such overlap is not possible for either a Z aminoalkyl group or the piperazines. The observation of more rapid intramolecular electron transfer quenching of the phenanthrene singlet by an appended trialkylamine in the E vs Z conformation is attributed to this difference in overlap. An increase in the phenanthrene−amide dihed...
Extending the Three- and Four-Headed Eagles: The Foreign Policy Orientations of American Elites During the 80s and 90s

With the breakdown of the foreign policy consensus of the Cold War years, there has been a resurgence in examining the beliefs of the public and their role in U.S. foreign policy. The most extensive of these studies has been conducted by Holsti and Rosenau who have found first three and then four competing schools of thought. Our purpose is to build off Holsti and Rosenau's analyses and extend their argument. Research based on the content analysis of foreign policy and national opinion journals from 1980 to 1989 demonstrates that there is more diversity and complexity in the range and content of beliefs held by American leaders than Holsti and Rosenau have yet been able to capture through their “three-” and “four-headed eagles.” Although the three-headed eagle serves as a useful scheme for categorizing the broad foreign policy perspectives of American leaders, it de-emphasizes important differences in beliefs and ignores at least two foreign policy orientations that exist within their general categories. This is not a mere academic exercise, for it sheds light on the level of diversity and complexity of elite beliefs, which enriches an understanding of the politics of U.S. foreign policy since Vietnam. A preliminary examination of foreign policy and national opinion journals from 1990 to 1994 indicates that American elites are changing and adapting while at the same time, they are absorbing profound global changes into their prevailing belief systems, as predicted by the political psychological literature. This suggests that the diversity and complexity present in the 80s is likely to persist and grow throughout the 90s. Our research also suggests the importance of developing alternative methods to complement reliance on survey research in order to capture more fully the diversity and complexity of the foreign policy beliefs of Americans.
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Presenting as Cardiac Tamponade in a 25-Year-Old Male: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are considered same disease with different clinical presentations. Clinically, a case is defined as lymphoma if there is a mass lesion in the mediastinum or elsewhere and 25% blasts with or without mediastinal masses is classified as T-cell ALL. Mediastinal masses caused by T-cell LBL can lead to complications such as superior vena cava syndrome, tracheal obstruction, pericardial effusion and tamponade. We report an unusual case of a 25-year-old male with no significant past medical history, who presented with clinical features of cardiac tamponade. Work-up revealed a massive pericardial effusion and a mass arising in the anterosuperior mediastinum. Patient underwent an emergent subxiphoid pericardial window and approximately 1 L of hemopericardium was drained. Histopathology (pericardial tissue) and flow cytometry on the pericardial fluid were compatible with a precursor T-cell LBL. Although pericardial involvement by lymphoma/leukemia is a very rare complication, cases have been reported with both lymphoma and acute/chronic leukemia. Our paper highlights cardiac tamponade as one of the life-threatening complications associated with a precursor T-cell LBL. World J Oncol. 2014;5(3):129-134 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjon785w
Genetic analysis of determinants of disease severity and virus concentration in cauliflower mosaic virus

Abstract Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) strains CM 1841 and W260 produced markedly different symptoms when inoculated onto turnips (Brassica campestris L. ‘Just Right’). The CM 1841 strain induced a mild degree of stunting of infected plants while strain W260 caused moderate to severe stunting. Although CM 1841 was significantly milder than W260, it accumulated to a significantly higher concentration than W260 in systemically infected leaves. We constructed a series of hybrid viruses in order to map regions of W260 responsible for enhanced disease severity relative to CM 1841 and to map regions of CM1841 responsible for higher virus accumulation. We found that the characteristic degree of stunting caused by a CaMV isolate is determined in a complex manner by viral genes that influence viral gene expression and viral genes that disrupt host metabolism. Genes I and VI influenced both virus concentration and stunting severity, suggesting that these regions affected disease severity primarily through their effect on gene expression. In addition, an interaction between genes IV and VI was observed which further indicated that stunting severity was influenced by differential accumulation of virus. In contrast, three regions of W260 influenced the stunting phenotype but had no effect, or a negative effect, on virus concentration. The three regions contained (1) portions of genes II and III, (2) gene IV, independent of gene VI, and (3) the 3′ half of gene V and the 19 S promoter. These regions may influence stunting severity primarily by disrupting host metabolism. Additionally, some of the chimeric viruses induced systemic necrosis on leaves, a symptom that is not characteristic of either CM 1841 or W260. The necrotic flecking symptom was caused by an interaction between a W260 DNA segment containing gene I and the 5′ half of gene II and a CM1841 DNA segment containing the 3′ half of gene II, gene III, and gene IV.
Chitin catabolism in the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii. Identification and molecular cloning of a chitoporin.

Chitin catabolism by the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii involves many genes and proteins, including two unique periplasmic hydrolases, a chitodextrinase and a beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Keyhani, N. O. , and Roseman, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33414-33424 and 33425-33432). A specific chitoporin in the outer membrane may be required for these glycosidases to be accessible to extracellular chitooligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)(n), that are produced by chitinases. We report here the identification and molecular cloning of such a porin. An outer membrane protein, OMP (apparent molecular mass 40 kDa) was expressed when V. furnissii was induced by (GlcNAc)(n), n = 2-6, but not by GlcNAc or other sugars. Based on the N-terminal sequence of OMP, oligonucleotides were synthesized and used to clone the gene, chiP. The deduced amino acid sequence of ChiP is similar to several bacterial porins; OMP is a processed form of ChiP. In Escherichia coli, two recombinant proteins were observed, corresponding to processed and unprocessed forms of ChiP. A null mutant of chiP was constructed in V. furnissii. In contrast to the parental strain, the mutant did not grow on (GlcNAc)(3) and transported a nonmetabolizable analogue of (GlcNAc)(2) at a reduced rate. These results imply that ChiP is a specific chitoporin.
Factors influencing storm-generated suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in four basins of contrasting land use, humid-tropical Puerto Rico

Abstract The significant characteristics controlling the variability in storm-generated suspended-sediment loads and concentrations were analyzed for four basins of differing land use (forest, pasture, cropland, and urbanizing) in humid-tropical Puerto Rico. Statistical analysis involved stepwise regression on factor scores. The explanatory variables were attributes of flow, hydrograph peaks, and rainfall, categorized into 5 flow periods: (1) the current storm hydrograph, (2) the flow and rainfall since the previous storm event, (3) the previous storm event, (4) 2nd previous storm event, and (5) the 3rd previous storm event. The response variables (storm generated sediment loads and concentrations) were analyzed for three portions of the storm hydrograph: (1) the entire storm, (2) the rising limb, and (3) the recessional limb. Hysteresis differences in sediment concentration between the rising and falling limb were also analyzed using these explanatory variables. Sediment availability in the study basins is related to land use and underlying geology. The supply of sediment and its location in the watershed have a strong influence on how current and previous storm events, and flow and rainfall between storm events, affect sediment loads and concentrations. In basins with limited sediment availability (forest and pasture), previous storm events supply sediment to the channel. This in-channel sediment becomes the source of sediment on the rising limb of the next event and clockwise hysteresis occurs. In the cropland basin with high sediment availability, sediment delivered to the channel during events becomes the source of sediment on the rising limb of the next event and clockwise hysteresis occurs. In the urbanizing basin with high sediment availability, counterclockwise hysteresis is prevalent as stormwater runoff dilutes suspended-sediment concentrations on the rising limb and upland sediment arrives on the hydrograph recession. In the urbanized basin, previous storm events flush sediment from the system. The statistical approaches presented here can be used to generate hypotheses on the location and delivery of watershed sediment sources which can improve the design of appropriate field studies.
Nativity Status and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Access to Quality Housing: Does Homeownership Bring Greater Parity?

Abstract In this article, we use data from the 2001 American Housing Survey to evaluate whether nativity‐status differences in housing conditions vary by tenure and whether nativity status or race/ethnicity plays a more important role in determining housing conditions. Overall, when compared with native‐born households, recently arrived immigrant households are significantly more likely to be crowded, but either as likely or significantly less likely to live in poorer‐quality housing. Further analysis revealed, however, that race/ethnicity is a stronger indicator than immigrant status in predicting housing outcomes. Among homeowners, black and Hispanic households, regardless of nativity status, exhibited lower‐quality housing outcomes than native‐born and, frequently, foreign‐born whites. Thus, we find that minorities are doubly disadvantaged: They are less likely to attain homeownership than whites, and once they do, they are almost always significantly more likely to live in poorer‐quality housing.
Structural information content and Lyapunov exponent calculation in protein unfolding

A lattice model with Monte Carlo dynamics is used to carry out computer simulations of protein dynamics on a four α-helix bundle. The interaction energies in the model can be set so that either the helix bundle structure remains relatively stable or changed so that it unfolds. The computer model produces output that simulates experimental measurements relating to the structure. We show how this output can be used with analytical techniques of nonlinear dynamics to obtain important information about the complex underlying protein dynamics. Time-delay reconstruction plots of structural parameters of unfolding bundles resemble strange attractors in a space of dimension 3–4. We calculate Lyapunov exponents for these unfolding runs and find positive Lyapunov exponents implying chaotic dynamics. For stable runs the Lyapunov exponents are close to zero. We use these Lyapunov exponents to calculate the rate of loss of structural information during the unfolding process and show how the approach may be useful for investigating the folding dynamics of proteins. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2761–2769, 1998
Determination of Radioactive-Labeled Codeine, Morphine, Dihydromorphine, and Their Metabolites in Biological Materials

Recoveries of 14C-labeled morphine from aqueous solutions containing 1 to 500 ng. of drug (containing no ammonium ions) by extraction with three volumes of ethylene chloride containing 10, 20, or 30% of n-amyl alcohol were 82.9, 91, and 96%, respectively. Dihydromorphine was 79.1% extracted by ethylene chloride containing 30% n-amyl alcohol, and codeine, 97%, with all the above mentioned solvent mixtures. Complete hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites of morphine, codeine, or dihydromorphine was achieved by autoclaving samples in a portable autoclave at 18-20 lb. pressure for 2 hr. in a solution of 1.1 N HCl, or for 1 hr. in 2.2 N HCl, or 0.5 hr. in 3.3 N HCl. The conjugated metabolites were also completely hydrolyzed by treatment in a steam-jacketed autoclave at 20 lb. pressure for 0.5 hr. in 2.2 N HCl or 1 hr. in 1.1 N HCl. A procedure is described for the estimation of codeine and its metabolites, including morphine, in the same samples.
Rate distortion lower bounds for video sources and the HEVC standard

Rate distortion bounds for video sources had eluded researchers for decades until our recent development of a new video source model. Our new model is composed of a five parameter spatial correlation model with the parameter selection dependent on texture information; and a series of temporal correlation coefficients that only depend on the video frame index offset. Using this new model and conditional rate distortion theory for the MSE distortion measure, we were able to obtain rate distortion functions that strictly lower bound the performance of the Advanced Video Coding (AVC/H.264) video codec. In this paper, we elaborate on the video source model and compare the performance of the newest high performance video codec, the High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC/H.265), to our rate distortion curves.
Synthesis and reactivity of hydridotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate tungsten(VI) amido alkylidyne complexes

The synthesis of a series of tungsten(VI) amido alkylidyne complexes containing the chelating ligands Tp (hydridotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate) and Tp′ (hydridotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate) is described. Complexes of general formula, TpW(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl)(NHR) [R=C 6 H 5 , 4-BrC 6 H 4 , 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 , H], ( 3 – 6 ), were formed by reaction of TpW(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl) 2 with the appropriate amide [M][NHR] (M=Li, K). In presence of excess [Li][NHPh], TpW(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(NHPh) 2 ( 7 ) was isolated. Sub-stoichiometric quantities of H 2 O or HCl were found to catalyze the tautomerization of 3 to the corresponding imido alkylidene. Reaction of excess H 2 O with 3 produced significant amounts of TpW(O)(CHC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl) ( 10 ) and TpW(O)(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl) ( 11 ) along with tautomerization. Attempted acid catalyzed tautomerizations of 4 and 5 with HCl resulted in loss of the amido ligands and recovery of TpW(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl) 2 . The complex Tp′W(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl)(NHPh) ( 8 ), was synthesized by reaction of (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(H)Ph with (DME)W(CC(CH 3 ) 3 )(Cl) 3 followed by addition of KTp′. X-ray crystal structures have been obtained for compounds 7 and 8 and show that the amido groups are syn with respect to the neopentylidyne ligand probably due to the steric demands of the chelating Tp and Tp′ ligands.
Thromboxane A2 mediates the stimulation of inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate production and intracellular calcium mobilization by bradykinin in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes

Bradykinin is a mediator of the protection of myocardium by angiotensin I–converting enzyme/kininase II inhibitors. We reported that the activation of B2 bradykinin receptors in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in primary culture was followed by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Here we examine the regulation of IP3 formation stimulated by bradykinin. Activation of myocytes with 1 μmol/L bradykinin increased IP3 production from 117±8.3 to 1011±48.6 pmol/mg protein. Treatment of the cells with 10 μmol/L indomethacin or 1 μmol/L dexamethasone partially blocked this bradykinin-induced response. Moreover, either U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, or ( p -amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, blunted the IP3 response to bradykinin. Because thromboxane A2 stimulates inositol bisphosphate metabolism in guinea pig atria, we also investigated the effect of the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist BM 13177 (1 μmol/L), which strongly attenuated the stimulated IP3 production. Since thromboxane A2 appears to partly mediate the IP3 response to bradykinin, we examined the effect of the stable thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619. Control cultures were stimulated more by U46619 than by bradykinin (1629±14.5 versus 1011±48.6 pmol IP3/mg protein). This property of U46619 was selectively antagonized by BM 13177. Inhibition of either phospholipase C or phospholipase A2 blunted the IP3 response to U46619. Short-term (30 minutes) activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 pmol/L to 1 μmol/L) attenuated the IP3 accumulation in response to bradykinin; the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was reversed with 1 μmol/L staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Treatment with 1 μg/mL cholera toxin or pertussis toxin for 4 hours amplified the IP3 response to 10 nmol/L bradykinin from 570±20.0 to 1150±51.3 and to 1016.7±21.9 pmol/mg protein. Bradykinin mobilized 9.4% of intracellular calcium stores in cardiomyocytes as assessed by chlortetracycline-based fluorometry, and this effect of bradykinin was blocked by BM 13177 or the B2 bradykinin receptor blocker Hoe 140 by more than 70%. In functional studies, bradykinin (1 μmol/L) increased by 12% the twitch contractile force of neonatal rat ventricular strips paced at threshold intensity, but this was unaffected by BM 13177. In conclusion, in cardiomyocytes, bradykinin enhances IP3 production mostly via phospholipase A2 stimulation and thromboxane A2 formation. This prostanoid in turn stimulates its receptor and activates phospholipase C, which then splits phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into IP3 and diacylglycerol. The effect of bradykinin on phospholipase C, via thromboxane A2, is negatively regulated by protein kinase C activation.
External and Internal Influences on Muscle Pathology

Three cases of different types of neuromuscular diseases demonstrate different muscle responses to external stress or intrinsic muscle abnormalities. The first muscle biopsy shows stenosis of its vessels causing acute muscle ischemia, stress from an external vascular disease. The muscle response is similar to the cellular necrosis seen in primary muscle diseases (myopathies), but the histologic pattern is more focal than most myopathies. The second muscle biopsy demonstrates the effects of external motor nerve injury or disease causing groups of muscle fibers to atrophy. If a nerve reinnervates the muscle, it changes the fiber types in distinct patterns. The third muscle biopsy shows an intrinsic muscle abnormality causes chronic failure of the muscle fibers to thrive and repeated attempts by the fibers to regenerate, stimulating other tissue repair processes, like fibrosis, to change the muscle. Depending on the etiologic factor, muscle will respond to internal and external influences in different manners.
Design Of A Prototype Semi-Continuous Roll Coater For Optical Multilayers

The design is described of a prototype semi-continuous roll coater for the manufacture of optical multilayer coatings. It consists of an unload-, a process-, and a rewind module. The process module has been designed to accommodate both resistance and electron beam gun sources. Although the prototype can deposit only one layer at a time, an expanded production machine should be capable of depositing several layers onto the moving web on each pass.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Taxonomizing, sizing, and overcoming the incidentalome.

With the advent of whole-genome sequencing made clinically available, the number of incidental findings is likely to rise. The false-positive incidental findings are of particular clinical concern. We provide estimates on the size of these false-positive findings and classify them into four broad categories. Whole-genome sequences (WGS) of nine individuals were scanned with several comprehensive public annotation databases and average estimates for the number of findings. These estimates were then evaluated in the perspective of various sources of false-positive annotation errors. At present there are four main sources of false-positive incidental findings: erroneous annotations, sequencing error, incorrect penetrance estimates, and multiple hypothesis testing. Of these, the first two are likely to be addressed in the near term. Conservatively, current methods deliver hundreds of false-positive incidental findings per individual. The burden of false-positives in whole-genome sequence interpretation threatens current capabilities to deliver clinical-grade whole-genome clinical interpretation. A new generation of population studies and retooling of the clinical decision-support approach will be required to overcome this threat. Genet Med 2012:14(4):399–404
High resolution electron microscopy of crystalline polymer wedges.

High resolution electron micrographs (HREM) of wedge-shaped crystalline samples of the polydiacetylene 1,6-di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne (DCHD) are compared to quantitative predictions of image contrast obtained from dynamical electron scattering theory. Multislice calculations using experimentally determined instrument operating parameters make it possible to interpret the variation in HREM image contrast as a function of crystal thickness. Pendellosung plots of the intensity of the main beam and the scattered beams as a function of thickness corroborate characteristic features in the lattice images including extinctions and half-spacings. The position of these contrast features with respect to the edge of the polymer crystal wedge are compared to the theoretical calculations and used to estimate the height profile. This profile is then compared to wedge height profiles measured with scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The two approaches give similar results for DCHD crystal thicknesses below 50 nm.
Natural selection of memory-one strategies for the iterated prisoner's dilemma.

In the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, mutually cooperative behavior can become established through Darwinian natural selection. In simulated interactions of stochastic memory-one strategies for the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, Nowak and Sigmund discovered that cooperative agents using a Pavlov (Win-Stay Lose-Switch) type strategy eventually dominate a random population. This emergence follows more directly from a deterministic dynamical system based on differential reproductive success or natural selection. When restricted to an environment of memory-one agents interacting in iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games with a 1% noise level, the Pavlov agent is the only cooperative strategy and one of very few others that cannot be invaded by a similar strategy. Pavlov agents are trusting but no suckers. They will exploit weakness but repent if punished for cheating.
Efficacy and safety of histrelin subdermal implant in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: This open label, multicenter study was done to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone agonist histrelin acetate administered as a 50 mg subdermal implant in men with advanced prostatic cancer.Materials and Methods: The 3 cm × 3.5 mm histrelin implant was surgically inserted in the inner aspect of the upper nondominant arm of eligible patients under local anesthesia. Patients were evaluated weekly for the first 2 weeks after implant insertion and monthly thereafter. At week 52 the implant was removed and in most cases a new implant was inserted. Patient observation for safety and efficacy continued to week 60. Efficacy was determined by the proportion of patients who attained chemical castration (serum testosterone 50 ng/dl or less) at weeks 4 through 52.Results: Of the 134 patients with week 4 testosterone levels available 100% achieved chemical castration. Testosterone suppression was maintained throughout the 52 weeks after implantation in more than 99% o...
Improvement of mass transfer coefficient in reverse osmosis by oscillatory flow

This paper describes a laboratory apparatus for confined feed liquid reverse osmosis operation. In this apparatus, the mass transfer coefficient on the high pressure side of the membrane is increased by sweeping the membrane surface at a predetermined frequency by a back and forth movement of the feed liquid itself through an adjustable narrow channel in the cell. The utility of the technique for improving membrane performance is illustrated. On decrit, dans le present travail, un appareil de laboratoire permettant d'effectner, en operation confinee, l'osmosc inverse d'un liquide d'alimentation. Dans ledit appareil, on accroǐt le coefficient de transfert de masse sur le cǒte de la membrane ou la pression est elevee, en balayant la surface de cette membrane (a une frequence determinee d'avancr) par le deplacement alter-natif du liquide d'alimentation au moyen d'un canal etroit et ajustable dans la cellule. On illustre l'utilite de la methode precitee pour ameliorer la performance de la membrane.
Isolation of a Novel Family of C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins Implicated in Transcriptional Repression Mediated by Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor (COUP-TF) Orphan Nuclear Receptors

Abstract Two novel and related C2H2 zinc finger proteins that are highly expressed in the brain, CTIP1 and CTIP2 (COUPTF-interacting proteins1 and 2, respectively), were isolated and shown to interact with all members of the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF) subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. The interaction of CTIP1 with ARP1 was studied in detail, and CTIP1 was found to harbor two independent ARP1 interaction domains, ID1 and ID2, whereas the putative AF-2 of ARP1 was required for interaction with CTIP1. CTIP1, which exhibited a punctate staining pattern within the nucleus of transfected cells, recruited cotransfected ARP1 to these foci and potentiated ARP1-mediated transcriptional repression of a reporter construct. However, transcriptional repression mediated by ARP1 acting through CTIP1 did not appear to involve recruitment of a trichostatin A-sensitive histone deacetylase(s) to the template, suggesting that this repression pathway may be distinct from that utilized by several other nuclear receptors.
Coin battery modification to prevent gastrointestinal injury from current flow

Background The US Consumer Product Safety Commission warns that battery-related injuries are increasing as small button or coin batteries become more prevalent in households. Since 1985, severe injuries and fatalities from these batteries have increased sevenfold. Young children and senior adults can swallow batteries, which may become lodged in the oesophagus, allowing electrical current to cause burns and haemorrhage. Objectives We propose a modification of a standard coin battery to prevent current flow once removed from the battery compartment of a device. Methods A modification of a standard coin battery allows current flow only when the battery compartment depresses a spring-loaded interlock mechanism on the surface of the battery. Once depressed, this mechanism connects the external shell to the sealed internal electrode. When the battery is removed from the compartment, the springloaded mechanism returns to its normal state and disconnects the electrode from the external shell. Significance/Contribution to the Field We believe that a modification of standard coin battery design would eliminate current flow outside of the battery compartment, and therefore would limit gastrointestinal injury if swallowed and lodged in the oesophagus.
Can nutrition counselling be more behavioural? Lessons learned from dietary management of cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetically-inherited disorder that results in energy imbalance. Undernutrition is common in children with CF and associated with poor health outcomes. To ensure optimal growth and nutrition, children with CF are recommended to consume 120-150 % of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for energy, but most studies show they typically are only able to achieve 100 % of the RDA. While biological factors clearly contribute to poor dietary adherence, recent studies have documented behavioural and environmental barriers to adherence that includes parent-child interaction at mealtimes. While not 'abnormal', parent behaviours such as paying increased attention to the child in the form of coaxing, commanding and feeding when the child is engaged in behaviours incompatible with eating (food refusal, talking, leaving the meal) may serve to reinforce these child non-eating behaviours. Thus, dietary counselling alone, albeit necessary, is typically insufficient because of failure to specifically address these behavioural and environmental barriers to dietary treatment. Behavioural intervention that targets both nutrition education and behavioural management has been found to be effective in achieving an average increased energy intake of 4200 kJ (1000 kcal)/d and weight gain of 1.48 kg over 9 weeks in children with CF. This intervention utilizes self-monitoring, goal setting and shaping to structure the delivery of treatment. It also teaches parents to utilize child behaviour-management techniques to motivate children to increase their energy intake. These behavioural strategies include differential attention (praising and ignoring), contingency management and behavioural contracting. The potential application of these techniques to dietary counselling is suggested.
Dynamic rolling locomotion and control of modular robots

Highly redundant modular robots may undergo large shape changes which significantly affect the geometry and dynamics of the robot. In these motions, the shape change may induce a tipping or rolling behavior of the robot. The paper describes the dynamic modeling, locomotion planning, control and simulation of such rolling motions for the Tetrobot modular robots. The motion is described by the path profiles of controlled nodes, the tipping criteria and dynamic tipping motion and an impact-reaction model of contact with the ground. These phases of motion are described using Newton-Euler dynamic equations and the principle of conservation of angular momentum. In the paper, a two-phase planning and switching control sequence is introduced to achieve stable and reliable motion of a Tetrobot modular robot. Simulation results illustrate the tipping behavior of a tetrahedron, the dynamic contact and rolling of an icosahedral Tetrobot and dynamic control of the rolling Tetrobot. The resulting models are useful to analyze and control both intentional rolling as a new mode of mobility as well as the avoidance of unintentional tipping and rolling during task execution.
Towards a realistic theory of the geodynamo

The physics of the geodynamo is discussed. The main processes relevant for the buoyancy driven geodynamo are isolated. The successive stages of development of geodynamo theory are briefly described. The mechanism of local turbulence in the Earth's core is explained, and an estimate is presented of the turbulent transport of density inhomogeneities in the Earth's core. The significance of this turbulent transport to the geodynamo mechanism is stressed. The general scheme of the complete geodynamo theory of the future is outlined.
Modeling ion diodes with dense anode plasmas

Summary from only given. Applied-B ion diode experiments with Li/sup +/ ion sources on the PBFA II accelerator show that early in the pulse, the beam is essentially pure Li/sup +/, but is rapidly overwhelmed by impurity ions-the "parasitic load". Furthermore, the increasing parasitic current rapidly drops the diode voltage, limiting the accelerator power that can be coupled into the beam. This "impedance collapse" is believed to arise from desorption of impurity neutrals from the anode surface. These neutrals charge-exchange with the ions, rapidly expanding into the gap where they are ionized; initially by the beam ions, and later by secondary electrons as the plasma density rises. There is also evidence of dense plasmas evolving from the cathode in these experiments. To simulate these processes, we are developing a hybrid model in a new 1-D electrostatic code, DYNAID. Each species (electron, ion, or neutral) is modeled with a fluid where the density is high (>/spl sim/10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/). and particle-in-cell (PIC) techniques where the density is lower. Simulation particles are created from, and reabsorbed into, the corresponding fluid as required.
Prognostic markers in bladder cancer: a contemporary review of the literature

AbstractPurpose: We provide a contemporary review of bladder tumor markers and summarize their role as prognostic indicators.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on prognostic markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was performed.Results: Intense research efforts are being made to identify and characterize better various bladder cancers and their true biological potential. The need to predict which superficial tumors will recur or progress and which invasive tumors will metastasize has led to the identification of a variety of potential prognostic markers. Blood group antigens, tumor associated antigens, proliferating antigens, oncogenes, peptide growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, tumor angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibitors, and cell cycle regulatory proteins have recently been identified. The potential clinical applications of these tumor markers are under active investigation. Recent attention has focused on which tumor markers may p...
Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations

The authors address the role of marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments (CMEs). Their approach considers hypermedia CMEs to be large-scale (i.e., national or global) networked enviro...
Replication study of genome-wide associated SNPs with late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a multifactorial disease with the potential involvement of multiple genes. Four recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found variants showing significant association with LOAD on chromosomes 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19 and on the X chromosome. We examined a total of 12 significant SNPs from these studies to determine if the results could be replicated in an independent large case-control sample. We genotyped these 12 SNPs as well the E2/E3/E4 APOE polymorphisms in up to 993 Caucasian Americans with LOAD and up to 976 age-matched healthy Caucasian Americans. We found no statistically significant associations between the 12 SNPs and the risk of AD. Stratification by APOE*4 carrier status also failed to reveal statistically significant associations. Additional analyses were performed to examine potential associations between the 12 SNPs and age-at-onset (AAO) and disease duration among AD cases. Significant associations were observed between AAO and ZNF224/rs3746319 (p=0.002) and KCNMA1/rs16934131 (p=0.0066). KCNMA1/rs16934131 also demonstrated statistically significant association with disease duration (p=0.0002). Although we have been unable to replicate the reported GWAS association with AD risk in our sample, we have identified two new associations with AAO and disease duration that need to be confirmed in additional studies.
A social informatics approach to human-robot interaction with a service social robot

The development of an autonomous social robot, Cherry, is occurring in tandem with studies gaining potential user preferences, likes, dislikes, and perceptions of her features. Thus far, results have indicated that individuals 1) believe that service robots with emotion and personality capabilities would make them more acceptable in everyday roles in human life, 2) prefer that robots communicate via both human-like facial expressions, voice, and text-based media, 3) become more positive about the idea of service and social robots after exposure to the technology, and 4) find the appearance and facial features of Cherry pleasing. The results of these studies provide the basis for future research efforts, which are discussed.
Genetic algorithms applied to cellular call admission: local policies

It is well known that if a stochastic service system (such as a cellular network) is shared by users with different characteristics (such as differing handoff rates or call holding times), the overall system performance can be improved by denial of service requests even when the success capacity exists. Such selective denial of service based on the system state is defined as the call admission. A previous paper suggested the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) to find near-optimal call admission policies for cellular networks. In this paper, we define local call admission policies that make admission decisions based on partial state information. We search for the best local call admission policies for one-dimensional (1-D) cellular networks using genetic algorithms and show that the performance of the best local policies is comparable to optima for small systems. We test our algorithm on larger systems and show that the local policies found outperform the maximum packing and best handoff reservation policies for the systems we have considered. We find that the local policies suggested by the genetic algorithm search in these cases are double threshold policies. We then find the best double threshold policies by exhaustive search for both 1-D and Manhattan model cellular networks and show that they almost always outperform the best trunk reservation policies for these systems.
Power-on channel wing aerodynamics

A theory is developed for lift developed by semicircular channel wings with a pusher propeller at the trailing edge. The theory assumes that the lift on the inside (or top) of a channel airfoil can be determined by using standard airfoil pressure coefficient data but with an effective freestream velocity and an effective freestream static pressure equal* to those values just in front of the propeller plane. The lift on the outside (or bottom) of a channel airfoil is assumed to be the same as that calculated by present-day standard methods. Good correlation was found between the theory and wind-tunnel and flight- test data. Both the theory and test data indicate extremely large values of lift coefficient can be obtained with channel wings. Nomenclature A = area of propeller disk Ae = streamtube area of infinity c = wing chord length Ci = lift coefficient/unit span Cu = ideal lift coefficient/unit span CL = power-on lift coefficient, L/qmS CL* = unpowered lift coefficient, L/qmS CT = thrust coefficient,-T/qmA L = lift m = mass flow rate n = number of engines P = power p = pressure T — thrust/engine Tc = thrust coefficient, nT/qmS q = dynamic pressure, JpF2 R = channel radius S = total horizontal projected wing area Sc = horizontal projected channel wing area, 2 Re V = velocity x = distance from leading edge along chord line a. — angle of attack a = average sectional angle of attack in the channel /*7T/2 = COS"1 I COSO! COS = COS~1[a Cota]^, = 0 J o
Not All Executive Functions Are Related to Intelligence

Accumulating evidence suggests that executive functions (EFs) are related to intelligence, despite neuro- psychological results initially considered evidence of no such relation. However, findings that EFs are not unitary raise the issue of how intelligence relates to different EFs. This study examined the relations of fluid and crystallized intelligence and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IQ to three separable EFs--inhibiting prepotent responses (in- hibiting), shifting mental sets (shifting), and updating working memory (updating)—in young adults. Updating was highly correlated with the intelligence measures, but inhibiting and shifting were not. Furthermore, in struc- tural equation models controlling for the inter-EF corre- lations, updatingremained strongly relatedtointelligence, but the relations of inhibiting and shifting to intelligence were small and not significant. The results indicate that intelligence measures differentially relate to these three EFs, suggesting that current intelligence measures do not equally assess a wide range of executive control abilities likely required for many ''intelligent'' behaviors.
A new validity measure for a correlation-based fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm

One of the major challenges in unsupervised clustering is the lack of consistent means for assessing the quality of clusters. In this paper, we evaluate several validity measures in fuzzy clustering and develop a new measure for a fuzzy c-means algorithm which uses a Pearson correlation in its distance metrics. The measure is designed with within-cluster sum of square, and makes use of fuzzy memberships. In comparing to the existing fuzzy partition coefficient and a fuzzy validity index, this new measure performs consistently across six microarray datasets. The newly developed measure could be used to assess the validity of fuzzy clusters produced by a correlation-based fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm.
Sampling method and location affect recovery of coliforms and Escherichia coli from broiler carcasses

Two experiments were conducted, the first to determine whether numbers of recovered bacteria differed due to sampling method used or due to location on carcass sampled (breast or leg quarters) and the second to determine if numbers of bacteria differed between the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) side of the carcass. In both experiments, eviscerated broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant just before the final inside-outside bird washer. In experiment 1, carcasses (3 in each of 4 replicate trials) were separated into leg quarters and breast quarters (n = 48) and either rinsed or ground and stomached for microbiological sampling. In experiment 2, for 3 replicate trials of 4 carcasses each, necks, wings, and legs were manually removed; the remaining trunks were cut through the sides to produce front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves (n = 24); and then rinsed. For both experiments, coliforms and Escherichia coli were enumerated. In experiment 1, significantly higher numbers (P < 0.05) of coliforms and E. coli were recovered by rinsing than by grinding from both breast and leg quarters. Leg quarters were found to have higher bacterial numbers than breasts from grind samples, but no quarter differences were found for rinse samples. In experiment 2, higher (P < 0.05) numbers of coliforms and E. coli were recovered from the dorsal carcass half compared with the ventral half. Bacterial counts of broiler carcasses are affected by both the sampling method used and by carcass location sampled.