cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Meaningful Definition of the Crime of Aggression: A Response To Michael Glennon

In his article The Blank Prose Crime of Aggression, Michael Glennon argues that the International Criminal Court’s newly adopted definition of the crime of aggression is so vague and overbroad that prosecutions under it would violate the prohibition on retroactive or ex post facto laws. His arguments rest on an incorrect construction of the definition, ignorance of the extensive negotiating history and travaux preparatoires that exist vis-a-vis the crime, and failure to consult the elements of the crime. His argument that the fact that past U.S. military action would be covered by the definition shows the definition’s infirmity is similarly flawed—again resting on fallacious interpretation of the definition, as well as questionable logic. Many of his arguments are also unduly alarmist because it is now clear that U.S. actions will not be subject to ICC crime of aggression jurisdiction if and when it is activated after January 1, 2017, because non-States Parties to the Rome Statute (such as the U.S.) will be exempt from such jurisdiction. Finally, his concerns about the role of the * Assistant Clinical Professor of Global Affairs, New York University SCPS. Professor Trahan attended the International Criminal Court Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda, as an NGO observer for the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, a member of the American Bar Association 2010 International Criminal Court Task Force, and Chair of the American Branch of the International Law Association International Criminal Court Committee. Professor Trahan previously attended meetings of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression initially as an observer for Human Rights Watch and later for the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and commenced attending crime of aggression negotiations in 2001. The author would like to thank Roger Clark, Jutta Bertram-Nothnagel, and Pal Wrange for their extremely valuable comments on an earlier version of this Article, and Emma McNair-Diaz for her research assistance. An earlier version of this Article was presented at the St. John’s Center for International and Comparative Law New York Research Roundtable. The views expressed herein are those of the author. 1 Trahan: A Meaningful Definition of the Crime of Aggression: A Response to Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 2012 01 TRAHAN(DO NOT DELETE) 4/18/2012 2:58 PM 908 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. [Vol. 33:4 Security Council vis-a-vis aggression adjudications have now largely been proven moot by the agreement reached at the International Criminal Court’s Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda. While Glennon’s article does raise interesting questions about how the U.S. should view the finalization of the definition and potential activation of jurisdiction, his failure to get more of the details right obscures the discussion.
Genetic Analysis in Bacillus pumilus by PBS1-Mediated Transduction

Bacteriophage PBS1 mediates generalized transduction in Bacillus pumilus NRRL B-3275 (BpB1). Transduction frequencies for single auxotrophic markers are of the order of 10 −4 transductants per plaque-forming unit in crude phage lysates. The characteristics of PBS1 propagated on BpB1 and the properties of the system of transduction are similar to those reported for PBS1 propagated on Bacillus subtilis . By transduction, eight amino acid auxotrophic markers in BpB1 have been oriented into two linkage groups. One group contains the auxotrophic markers arginine A, leucine, and phenylalanine, and the other group contains the markers lysine, serine, tryptophan, isoleucine-valine, and isoleucine. The nature and relative order of the markers within each linkage group suggest that the arrangement of genes in these areas of the chromosome of BpB1 is similar to the arrangement of phenotypically comparable genes in two linkage groups (defined by PBS1 transduction) in B. subtilis . However, transduction of any of the above cited markers in BpB1 to prototrophy with PBS1 propagated on B. subtilis 168 could not be demonstrated. In addition to BpB1, seven other strains of B. pumilus can be infected with PBS1. Transduction has been demonstrated in three of these strains. Images
Abstract W P196: Post-Stroke Activation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 is Neuroprotective

Background: Recent discoveries point to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mas (ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas) axis as a potential target for neuroprotective stroke therapies. Central pre-stroke activation of this axis by infusion of diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an activator of ACE2, improves stroke outcomes in rats. This led us to hypothesize that intraperitoneal (IP) post-stroke injections of DIZE may exert similar Mas-mediated neuroprotection and thus offer additional clinically-relevant evidence to support this approach. We also assessed the direct effects of DIZE on ACE2 activity in brain tissue. Methods: Male SD rats underwent ischemic stroke by endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion and were randomly divided into groups (n=~12/group) that received IP injections of dH2O or DIZE (0.75, 2.5, or 7.5 mg/kg) at 4, 24, and 48 h after stroke, as well as blinded neurological assessments at 4, 24, and 72 h after stroke. Additional groups received pre- and post-stroke intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of sterile 0.9% saline or Mas receptor antagonist A-779 in addition to post-stroke control or drug therapy. Immediately after the 72 h tests, animals were euthanized, cerebral infarct size assessed by TTC staining, and tissue harvested for ACE2 activity assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM with significance inferred at p<0.05. Results: Mean infarct sizes (%) were significantly decreased by post-stroke IP injections of all doses of DIZE (0.75 mg/kg: 29.9±5.0; 2.5 mg/kg: 27.9±4.2; 7.5 mg/kg: 31.36±4.1) vs. dH2O (41.9±3.8). At 24 h post-stroke, neurologic deficits (Garcia and Bederson scales) were significantly improved in DIZE-treated rats (7.5 mg/kg: 16.7±0.2 and 0.5±0.1) vs. controls (15.5±0.4 and 1.1±0.2). ICV infusion of A-779 in DIZE-treated rats abolished the improvement in infarct size observed in saline infused DIZE-treated rats (A-779: 43.8%±7.5; saline: 25.8±6.7). Addition of DIZE (4 nmol/μg protein) to brain homogenate increased ACE2 activity by more than 3-fold. Conclusions: This suggests that targeting the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis by post-stroke DIZE injections exerts neuroprotection in a Mas-dependent fashion.
Quantum Control in Semiconductor Heterostructures

Abstract Specially tailored, ultrafast laser fields can be used to control the charge carriers in semiconductor heterostructures. Two examples are presented in this work. The first is a ten-well superlattice with an injection well and a detection well. The laser field that creates the maximum density in the detection well is computed using the techniques of optimal control theory. In the second example, a genetic algorithm is used to design a superlattice in which the overlap of the lowest five eigenfunctions is as large as possible. A subsequent round of optimization determines the laser field that drives an electronic wave packet to maximum overlap with a chosen target distribution, at a chosen target time.
The many limits of mixed means

The sequences introduced by Carlson (1971) are variants of the Gauss arithmetic geometric sequences (which have been elegantly discussed by D. A. Cox (1984, 1985)). Given (complex)a 0,b 0 we define $$a_{n + 1} : = \tfrac{1}{2}(a_n + b_n ),b_{n + 1} : = \sqrt {(a_n a_{n + 1} )} $$ and our program is to discuss the convergence and limits of the sequences {a n }, {b n } when the determinations of the square root are made according to an assigned pattern. The original assigned pattern was all positive. Carlson's original discussion made use of an invariant integral in the case whena 0,b 0 were non-negative and all determinations were positive. The discussion of the general Gaussian case used a parametrization of the sequences by thetaconstants. Our discussion of the Carlson case will use a parameterization of the sequences by lemniscatefunctions, although it could equally be written in terms of thetafunctions (in the lemniscate case). The complex multiplication of these functions is used essentially. We made considerable use of computers and we record some sample results.
An ecological basis for the suppression of Hippelates eye gnats.

Hippelates eye gnats breed in friable soils containing adequate moisture and ample quantities or decaying plant material. Since irrigation is essential for crop production, only the two other requisites for eye gnat breeding are subject to management. The primary requisite for intensive breeding or eye gnats is the availability of decaying plant material in the soil. A secondary requisite site is tillage of the breeding grounds to induce increased oviposition by the gnats and to make the plant material available as food for the larvae. Studies on the management of these two factors within the scope of current farming practices produced promising results. Elimination of weed stands by herbicidal treatments resulted in almost complete absence of eye gnat breeding. Weed destruction by frequent tillage also produced a marked reduction in eye gnat breeding, but the decrease was not as great as in the herbicidal treatment. Non-incorporation or weeds into the soil also resulted in greatly reduced gnat breeding. In fact, this practice was as effective as weed elimination by frequent tillage. These cultural or source-reduction measures provide effective means for suppressing Hippelates eye gnats in certain parts or California. Relief from hordes of eye guats can be materialized if this ecological or cultural approach is supplemented by other control measures.
Complexes of trivalent phosphorus derivatives VIII. tris(dimethylamino)phosphine complexes of manganese carbonyl

Abstract Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine (Tdp) reacts with Mn 2 (CO) 10 in a boiling mixture of 2,2,5-trimethylhexane and toluene to give yellow [TdpMn(CO) 4 ] 2 , m.p. 198–199°. Reduction of this compound with dilute sodium amalgam in tetra hydrofuran gives a solution of the sodium salt Na[Mn(CO) 4 Tdp] which reacts with alkyl halides to give the stable white cis -RMn(CO) 4 Tdp(R = methyl or benzyl)derivatives. Reaction of Na[Mn(CO) 4 Tdp] with trimethyltin chloride gives white cis-(CH 3 ) 3 SnMn(CO) 4 Tdp with a manganesetin σ-bond. Treatment of [TdpMn(CO) 4 ] 2 with the halogens X 2 (X = Br or I) in dichloromethane solution at room temperature gives the yellow halides cis -TdpMn(CO) 4 X (X = Br or I). The iodide was alsoobtained from Na[Mn(CO) 4 Tdp] and C 3 F 7 I. Reaction of Na[Mn(CO) 4 Tdp] with excess tert-butyl chloride and N -methyl- N -nitroso-π-toluenesulfonamide (Diazald) gives the red crystalline carbonyl nitrosyl TdpMn(CO) 3 NO. Treatment of [TdpMn(CO) 4 ] 2 with excess nitric oxide gives the green volatile unstable trinitrosyl TdpMn(NO) 3 . The infrared and proton NMR spectra of the new compounds are discussed.
Stress-Induced Martensitic Transformation Cycling and Two-Way Shape Memory Training in Cu-Zn-Al Alloys

The character and mechanism of two-way shape memory in Cu-Zn-Al alloys is investigated by means of closely controlled thermomechanical cycling and careful measurement of the progressive effect of the particular “training” routine, as well as by correlary studies of submicrostructural evolution as training proceeds. The results establish the quantitative relationship between the cyclic training routine and the ability of the sample to exhibit two-way shape memory. The variation of numerous training parameters with cycling is presented and interpreted. Microscopic studies indicate that as two-way shape memory training proceeds, specific physical features develop in the parent phase submicrostructure, particularly dislocation tangles and “vestigial” martensite markings; these assist in the nucleation and growth of a preferred martensite plate arrangement during cooling.
Effects of Alcohol and Illicit Substance Consumption in Patients with Infective Endocarditis

Alcohol and illicit drug use seem to compound every aspect of health, with cardiac and infectious complications as no exceptions. Not spared from the influence of alcohol and illicit drug use is the subject of infective endocarditis. This study assesses the prevalence of disease and risk of complications in patients with infective endocarditis who used alcohol, illicit drugs, or illicit drugs and alcohol. Medical records of the patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis were retrospectively reviewed. The study showed no causation between alcohol intake and prevalence of infective endocarditis but demonstrated significant decreased cardiac function, increased vegetation size, and incidence of embolic complications among drug and/or alcohol users compared to nondrug/alcohol users.
Using Hot-Spot Analysis to Study the Clustering of Section 8 Housing Voucher Families

This paper seeks to improve local policy makers' ability to monitor changes in the spatial distribution of Section 8 housing voucher recipients by combining hot-spot analysis with dot mapping and census tract analysis. All three methods were used to analyze the distribution of more than 6,000 Section 8 participants in Hamilton County, Ohio (Cincinnati). The hot-spot analysis identified three groupings of high density Section 8 housing voucher clusters (1) clusters: that were located in the center or at the edge of Cincinnati's black ghetto to the east of the industrial Mill Creek Valley, (2) clusters to the west of the Mill Creek Valley in areas that in recent years have begun to experience racial transition and (3) clusters related to suburban development funded by the federal government's Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. While the latter are located in middle-income census tracts, voucher recipients comprise a majority of the tenants. We recommend that planners and housing officials use ho...
Prediction of Adsorption of Nonideal Mixtures in Nanoporous Materials

The prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria from single-component adsorption experiments is a challenging and important problem. Predictions based upon the assumption of an ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) may give unacceptable errors, especially in the case of large differences in the size or the polarity of the adsorbate molecules. These differences in molecular properties generate differences in the chemical potential of the solid (ψ) that may be used to predict activity coefficients for nonideal adsorbed solutions (NIAS). The ψ plots for pure-gas isotherms identify ideal solutions and provide reliable predictions of mixture equilibria for nonideal adsorbed solutions.
The ventromedial hypothalamus and aggressive behaviors.

Abstract Drug injections into the ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats which in previous experiments had been shown to facilitate avoidance behavior and disinhibit punished operant responding did not modify aggressive behaviors in several situations. This contrasts with previous observations that lesions in this area affect aggressive as well as avoidance and punished behaviors.
Free Energy for the Permeation of Na+ and Cl− Ions and Their Ion-Pair through a Zwitterionic Dimyristoyl Phosphatidylcholine Lipid Bilayer by Umbrella Integration with Harmonic Fourier Beads

Understanding the mechanism of ion permeation across lipid bilayers is key to controlling osmotic pressure and developing new ways of delivering charged, drug-like molecules inside cells. Recent reports suggest ion-pairing as the mechanism to lower the free energy barrier for the ion permeation in disagreement with predictions from the simple electrostatic models. In this paper we quantify the effect of ion-pairing or charge quenching on the permeation of Na(+) and Cl(-) ions across DMPC lipid bilayer by computing the corresponding potentials of mean force (PMFs) using fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the free energy barrier to permeation reduces in the order Na(+)-Cl(-) ion-pair (27.6 kcal/mol) > Cl(-) (23.6 kcal/mol) > Na(+) (21.9 kcal/mol). Furthermore, with the help of these PMFs we derive the change in the binding free energy between the Na(+) and Cl(-) with respect to that in water as a function of the bilayer permeation depth. Despite the fact that the bilayer boosts the Na(+)-Cl(-) ion binding free energy by as high as 17.9 kcal/mol near its center, ion-pairing between such hydrophilic ions as Na(+) and Cl(-) does not assist their permeation. However, based on a simple thermodynamic cycle, we suggest that ion-pairing between ions of opposite charge and solvent philicity could enhance ion permeation. Comparison of the computed permeation barriers for Na(+) and Cl(-) ions with available experimental data supports this notion. This work establishes general computational methodology to address ion-pairing in fluid anisotropic media and details the ion permeation mechanism on atomic level.
Tantalum silicide films deposited by DC sputtering

Tantalum disilicide films were deposited by conventional dc sputtering from a nominally stoichiometric cathode. The film characteristics were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, backscatter-ing, electron microprobe and electron transmission microsco-py. The film resistivity and stresses were also measured. The effects of heat treatments up to 1000°C were systematically investigated. After a 1000°C anneal, resistivities of 45-60 µΩcm can be achieved reproducibly. Films deposited on sili-con can be oxidized in a steam atmosphere without inducing significant changes in the silicide layer itself. An attempt is made to explain the oxidation behavior in terms of kinetic factors.
Cultural Diffusion via Salt

SALT has played a role in human history which is important enough and unique enough to entitle it to more serious consideration than historians, anthropologists, or sociologists have given it. The purpose of this paper is to call this to the attention of the anthropologists. The use of salt is very nearly universal today, though there may be some primitive groups who do not use it. It has been extensively used, at least, since the dawn of civilization, whatever that is and whenever it happened. It probably was used before the dawn of civilization, and many groups use it in areas where civilization has not yet dawned. It is quite obvious that salt has been used commonly for several different purposes. It has been used as a flavoring, and contemporary nutrition books frequently list it with pepper and other flavoring materials as a condiment. It has long been the most commonly used preservative, especially for meats. Among early peoples and among contemporary primitive peoples, it is used symbolically in various kinds of rituals and ceremonies. And it has been used as a necessary element of food, of which more will be said later. In keeping with the extensive use of salt, the techniques for securing salt are quite varied, are widely known, and apparently most of them date from prehistoric times. Evaporation of brines to secure salt has been carried out by primitive peoples, probably was known in prehistoric times, and has been common in civilized countries for thousands of years. Securing salt from deposits of salt lakes probably was one of the early methods of getting it and probably was one of the first methods used. The mining of salt is also an old and widespread practice. Salt mining is known to have been practiced thousands of years ago, and salt was mined by such primitive peoples as the Indians of America and the desert dwellers of Africa. Salt "culture," therefore, is a very old, complex, widely held and practiced culture. There are several things about the customs of using salt which seem to put salt almost in a class by itself. In the first place, there probably is no other single material used by man, save perhaps water, which has been so nearly universally used as salt. Another unique characteristic is that most of the peoples who have used salt have acted as if it were a necessity. The few conditions under which, according to medical science, addition of salt to the diet is necessary could not account for any significant per cent of the usage of salt, past or present. These conditions include sodium or chlorine deficiency in the diet and the excessive loss of sodium resulting from disease or excessive sweating. While the use of condiments has been even more nearly universal than the use of salt, no single condiment has been anything like so widely used as salt. In the case of other
Adults’ perceptions of a child with autism

Abstract We investigated whether different types of information influenced adults’ attitudes about a child with autism. College students (n = 288) were randomly assigned to view a videotape of a boy engaging in autistic or typical behaviors and to one of four vignette conditions: no information, explanatory information, neuropsychological information (related to brain–behavior relationships), or a combined (explanatory plus neuropsychological information) condition. Participants rated their attitudes about and acceptance of the boy on the Ratings of the Child Questionnaire. Analyses revealed main effects for presence of autism, message, and gender. Participants provided more favorable ratings of the boy portraying typical rather than autistic behaviors. Participants also provided higher ratings in the explanatory or neuropsychological information conditions compared to a combined information vignette or a no vignette condition. Women provided higher ratings than men. Future research should investigate adults’ reasons for preferring vignettes with either explanatory or neuropsychological information rather than the vignette combining both types of information. Research assessing adults’ attitudes and their interactions with children with autism will provide information to determine whether their attitudes are predictive of their behaviors during interactions.
Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis Are Not Associated With Impaired Quadriceps Specific Strength in Adults

Objective To assess whether adults, aged 50-59 years, who are obese or moderately to severely obese have impaired quadriceps strength and muscle quality in comparison with adults who are not obese, both groups with and without knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting Rural community acquired sample. Subjects Seventy-seven men and 84 women, aged 50-59 years. Methods Comparisons by using mixed models for clustered data (2 lower limbs per participant) between groups defined by body mass index (BMI) ( 2 , 30-35 kg/m 2 , and ≥35 kg/m 2 ), with and without knee OA Main Outcome Measurement The slope of the relationship between quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and isokinetic knee extensor strength (dynamometer) in each BMI and OA group. Results There were 113 limbs (48.7% women), 101 limbs (38.6% women), and 89 limbs (73.0% women) in the 2 , 30-35 kg/m 2 , and ≥35 kg/m 2 BMI groups, respectively; knee OA was present in 10.6%, 28.7%, and 58.4% of the limbs in each of these respective groups. Quadriceps CSA did not significantly differ among BMI groups in either gender or between subjects with and without knee OA. Peak quadriceps strength also did not significantly differ by BMI group or by the presence of knee OA. Multivariable analyses also demonstrated that peak quadriceps strength did not differ by BMI group, even after adjusting for (a) gender, (b) OA status, (c) intramuscular fat, or (d) quadriceps attenuation. The slopes for the relationships between quadriceps strength and CSA did not differ by BMI group, OA status, or their interaction. Conclusions Individuals who were obese and at risk for knee OA did not appear to have altered muscle strength or muscle quality compared with adults who were not obese and were aged 50-59 years. The absence of a difference in the relationship between peak quadriceps strength and CSA provided further evidence that there was not an impairment in quadriceps muscle quality in this cohort, which suggests that factors other than strength might mediate the association between obesity and knee OA.
Assisting Uncertainty: How Humanitarian Aid can Inadvertently Prolong Civil War

Humanitarian aid has rapidly emerged as a core component of modern peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction. However, some practitioners and policymakers claim that humanitarian assistance may actually prolong conflict. The current debate about the effect of humanitarian aid on conflict underspecifies causal mechanisms and takes place largely through case studies. I use a bargaining framework to argue that aid can inadvertently increase each combatant's uncertainty about the other side's relative strength, thereby prolonging civil war. I test my argument using panel data on cross-national humanitarian aid expenditures. From 1989 to 2008, increased levels of humanitarian assistance lengthen civil wars, particularly those involving rebels on the outskirts of a state. This result suggests that policymakers need to carefully consider whether the specific benefits provided by humanitarian aid outweigh the risk of prolonging civil conflicts, and to look for methods of disbursement that reduce that risk.
Efficient data-driven evaluation: theory and implementation

Abstract The data-driven execution scheme achieves parallelism by simultaneously activating all operations whose data are available. However, in a dataflow machine with limited resources, the data-driven scheme can lose efficiency when a significant amount of time is spent on the execution of useless computations. Determining and terminating useless computations dynamically has always been considered a formidable task. In this paper, we present an Efficient Data-Driven Evaluation Scheme which improves the performance of conventional data-driven execution by terminating useless computations at run time. This is accomplished by the construction at compile time of an extended dataflow graph in which useless computations can be identified and by the addition of a Termination Unit to the conventional dataflow ring architecture as a mechanism to support dynamic termination of useless computations. When useless computations are terminated, program execution times should improve since more resources are available for the processing of computations which contribute to the final results.
Silica-free silicone rubber in isolated heart perfusion with blood at 13 °C

Abstract Isolated lamb hearts were perfused at 13 °C for 24 hr with whole fresh blood using a silicone rubber circuit and a membrane lung (N = 7); there was formation of thrombi, deposition of fibrin, and an increase in resistance to blood flow in the membrane lung. The perfused hearts fibrillated at hypothermia and showed unequal recovery of function upon final rewarming. There was less rise in membrane lung resistance when the perfusion circuit was primed with blood at 38 instead of 13 °C and then cooled progressively to 13 °C. Some hearts perfused in these circuits were well preserved but others became edematous with loss of ventricular contractility (N = 6). Coating the perfusion circuit with a hypothrombogenic material, silica-free silicone rubber and priming the circuit at 38 °C prevented any rise in membrane lung resistance during blood perfusion. All the hearts perfused in these circuits (N = 6) had the same left ventricular function before and after cold perfusion. Thus isolated hearts can be perfused in vitro with whole blood at hypothermic temperature without loss in function when attention is paid to thrombogenicity of materials used to construct the perfusion circuit.
Intestinal absorption of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) using a deconvolution technique

Abstract Serum specific activity curves were obtained after iv and oral administration of [ 14 C]disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP ™ , disodium etidronate) in 9 healthy adult males. In group I the oral carrier dose of EHDP was 5 mg/kg and in group II 30 mg/kg. Absorption in each case (percent of oral dose administered) was expressed by an inverse convolution function of the two curves solved by Laplace transforms (total percent absorption, TPA); by the oral:iv serum equilibrium ratio at 150 min; by the oral:iv urine recovery ratio (Group I) and by the fecal recovery (Group II, 100 — fecal recovery). Twenty-four-hr urine isotope recovery after iv tracer was obtained in group 1. Forty-eight hr urine recoveries after oral administration of the isotope were obtained in both groups and 5-day fecal recoveries were obtained in group II. In group I, the mean absorption by the deconvolution technique was 1.49%, by the oral:iv serum equilibrium ratio 2.95% and by the oral:iv urine recovery ratio 3.35%. Mean urine recovery after iv isotope was 52.0% and after oral isotope was 1.80%, of the administered dose. In group II mean absorption by the deconvolution technique was 3.99%, by the oral:iv serum equilibrium ratios, 7.19% and by fecal recovery values 10.2%. Urine recovery after the oral administration of the isotope averaged 3.10%, and fecal recovery (excluding one subject), 93.0% of the oral dose. Retention (100 — total recovery, excluding one subject) in group II averaged 6.9% of the oral dose. It was concluded that the best estimate of absorption in group I was the oral:iv urine recovery ratio (3.35%), and in group II the oral:iv serum equilibrium ratio at 150min (7.19%).
Using intelligent prefetching to reduce the energy consumption of a large-scale storage system

Many high performance large-scale storage systems will experience significant workload increases as their user base and content availability grow over time. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) center hosts one such system that has recently undergone a period of rapid growth as its user population grew nearly 400% in just about three years. When administrators of these massive storage systems face the challenge of meeting the demands of an ever increasing number of requests, the easiest solution is to integrate more advanced hardware to existing systems. However, additional investment in hardware may significantly increase the system cost as well as daily power consumption. In this paper, we present evidence that well-selected software level optimization is capable of achieving comparable levels of performance without the cost and power consumption overhead caused by physically expanding the system. Specifically, we develop intelligent prefetching algorithms that are suitable for the unique workloads and user behaviors of the world's largest satellite images distribution system managed by USGS EROS. Our experimental results, derived from real-world traces with over five million requests sent by users around the globe, show that the EROS hybrid storage system could maintain the same performance with over 30% of energy savings by utilizing our proposed prefetching algorithms, compared to the alternative solution of doubling the size of the current FTP server farm.
Factors regulating the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in fetal rat liver cells in culture.

Various hormonal and non-hormonal agents were tested for their ability to induce ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) in primary cultures of fetal rat liver cells that retain many of the differentiated functions of hepatocytes. The only agents to induce ornithine decarboxylase in this cell type were fetal calf serum, prostaglandin E1 and cyclic AMP derivatives. Also, the amino acid arginine would induce ornithine decarboxylase in this cell type following arginine starvation for 24 h. These observations are in contrast to the wide range of hormones, e.g. insulin, hydrocotisone, glucagon and growth hormone, that can induce ornithine decarboxylase in vivo in the adult rat liver but which are all without effect on fetal rat liver cells.
A virtual operating system

Moving to a new system is costly and error-prone. The problem can be reduced through use of a virtual operating system that disentangles computing environments from their underlying operating systems. The authors report on their successful experience in doing this and achieving inter-system uniformity at all three levels of user interface: virtual machine, utilities, and command language.
Sex differences in cardiac arrest survivors who receive therapeutic hypothermia

Abstract Objective Sex differences have not been well defined for patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH). We aimed to determine sex differences in mortality and Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scores at discharge among those receiving TH. Methods This retrospective cohort study used data abstracted from an "ICE alert" database, an institutional protocol expediting mild TH for postarrest patients. Quality assurance variables (such as age, time to TH, CPC scores, and mortality) were reviewed and compared by sex. χ 2 Test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used. Stepwise logistic regression was used to assess the association between mortality and sex, while controlling for patient characteristics and clinical presentation of cardiac arrest. Results Three hundred thirty subjects were analyzed, 198 males and 132 females. Subjects' mean age (SD) was 61.7 years (15.0); there was no significant sex difference in age. There were no statistically significant sex differences in history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease, type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, or those previously healthy. Obesity (body mass index >35 kg/m 2 ) was more likely in females (37, 28.0%) than males (35, 17.7%); P = .03. Females (64, 49.6%) were more likely than males (71, 36.8%) to have shock; P = .02. There was no difference in arrest to initiating hypothermia, but there was a significant difference in time to target temperature (in median minutes, interquartile range): male (440, 270) vs female (310, 270), P = .003. There was no statistical difference in CPC at discharge. Crude mortality was not different between sexes: male, 67.7%; female, 70.5%; P = .594. However, after controlling for differences in age, obesity, shock, and other variables, females were less likely to die (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.92; P = .03) than males. Conclusion There is no statistically significant difference in CPC or crude mortality outcomes between sexes. After adjusting for confounders, females were 54% less likely to die than males.
Time-Split Inflow Boundary Treatment

This paper describes a new non-reflective inflow treatment for viscous and inviscid internal flow calculations. The method approximates the multi-dimensional governing equations at the inflow boundary in a series of one-dimensional split equations. This treatment allows the artificial inflow boundary to be brought in just in front of the leading edge, while allowing upstream running waves to penetrate without significant reflection. Calculation examples of two dimensional inviscid internal flows are presented. Extension of the method to three-dimensional problems is also discussed.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Measurement Reliability and Reactivity Using Repeated Measurements of Resting Energy Expenditure with a Face Mask, Mouthpiece, and Ventilated Canopy

This investigation evaluated the measurement reliability and reactivity of repeated measurements of resting energy expenditure using different methods of data collection. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to either face mask, mouthpiece/nose clip, or ventilated canopy collection systems for 45 min a day over 3 days. Results indicated that there were no significant differences among data collection systems nor were there any differences either within or between systems over time. Across all three days of measurement, the first 5 min of data collection on all systems were reactive compared to the subsequent 40 min of assessment. Analyses indicated that acceptable reliability coefficients were obtained after 20 min of continuous data collection in the ventilated canopy and after 40 min with the face mask after a 5-min acclimation period. The results suggest that, following an acclimation period, a single 20-min assessment of resting energy expenditure in both a face mask and ventilated canopy are stable...
Second Coulomb energy differences of isospin triplets in the 2s-1d shell

Abstract Second Coulomb energy differences, which in the present case are proportional to the tensor Coulomb energy, are calculated for 0 + , T = 1 ground states in the region 18 ≦ A ≦ 42 using a shell model that includes a pairing interaction. The calculation is done with a mathematical formalism that includes p-n pairs as well as p-p and n-n pairs. Besides an enhancement of proton-pair Coulomb energies, the pairing interaction is responsible for lowering the Coulomb energy of N = Z members of isospin triplets and also gives rise to an important term in the second energy difference. Using pairing strengths derived from fitting energy levels for mass-18 and mass-42 nuclei, results of the calculation reproduce experimental second energy differences extremely well.
Analysis of Polymorphic Residues Reveals Distinct Enzymatic and Cytotoxic Activities of the Streptococcus pyogenes NAD+ Glycohydrolase

Abstract The Streptococcus pyogenes NAD+ glycohydrolase (SPN) is secreted from the bacterial cell and translocated into the host cell cytosol where it contributes to cell death. Recent studies suggest that SPN is evolving and has diverged into NAD+ glycohydrolase-inactive variants that correlate with tissue tropism. However, the role of SPN in both cytotoxicity and niche selection are unknown. To gain insight into the forces driving the adaptation of SPN, a detailed comparison of representative glycohydrolase activity-proficient and -deficient variants was conducted. Of a total 454 amino acids, the activity-deficient variants differed at only nine highly conserved positions. Exchanging residues between variants revealed that no one single residue could account for the inability of the deficient variants to cleave the glycosidic bond of β-NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose; rather, reciprocal changes at 3 specific residues were required to both abolish activity of the proficient version and restore full activity to the deficient variant. Changing any combination of 1 or 2 residues resulted in intermediate activity. However, a change to any 1 residue resulted in a significant decrease in enzyme efficiency. A similar pattern involving multiple residues was observed for comparison with a second highly conserved activity-deficient variant class. Remarkably, despite differences in glycohydrolase activity, all versions of SPN were equally cytotoxic to cultured epithelial cells. These data indicate that the glycohydrolase activity of SPN may not be the only contribution the toxin has to the pathogenesis of S. pyogenes and that both versions of SPN play an important role during infection.
Combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the results of phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation combined with trabeculectomy. Setting: John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Methods: Two hundred twelve eyes of 174 patients with glaucoma and cataracts were analyzed retrospectively after cataract removal by phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy. Results: With an average follow-up of 26 months, patients had a significant improvement in visual acuity. The preoperative mean intraocular pressure (1013) of 23.1 mm Hg decreased postoperatively to 15.9 mm Hg. Mean number of glaucoma medications decreased from 1.85 preoperatively to 0.41 postoperatively. Twenty-one patients (10%) had a postoperative IOP of greater than 21 mm Hg, and seven required trabeculectomy revisions. Conclusion: Combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber IOL implantation, and trabeculectomy yielded excellent results in the treatment of patients with both cataract and glaucoma.
Environmental issues in polymer processing: A review on volatile emissions and material/energy recovery options

Environmental issues in polymer processing can be related to materials/energy balances in terms of volatile emissions generated during manufacture and selection of appropriate material/energy recovery options for the manufactured product. This review presents information related to the types of volatiles emanating during the processing of commodity thermoplastics and reinforced thermosets along with analytical methods for their measurement. The identification of volatiles and the development of analytic techniques for measuring their concentration in the workplace are of paramount importance to establish or revise threshold limit values that would minimize exposure to hazardous chemical substances. With respect to material/energy recovery options applicable to fabricated polymer-based parts, this article reviews methodologies based on life-cycle analysis principles to establish an approximate hierarchy of energy recovery potential. It is shown that the overall energy requirements for most secondary (melt reprocessing) or tertiary (chemical) recycling alternatives are well below those of landfilling (highest energy consumption) and for some alternatives closer to those of reuse (lowest energy consumption). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 22–41, 2001
The first hexanuclear copper(I) carboxylate: X-ray crystal structure and reactivity in solution and gas-phase reactions.

The carboxylate ligand-exchange reaction of copper(I) trifluoroacetate by 3,5-difluorobenzoate yielded a new product, [Cu(O2C(3,5-F)2C6H3)] (1). Single crystals of 1 suitable for X-ray structural characterization were obtained by sublimation-deposition procedures at 230 °C. An X-ray diffraction study revealed a remarkable planar hexanuclear copper(I) core supported by bridging carboxylates, the first such structural type among other known copper(I) carboxylates. The Cu···Cu distances within the core range from 2.7064(8) to 2.8259(8) A and fall into the category of cuprophillic interactions. The hexacopper unit remains intact upon gas-phase deposition with a planar polyarene, coronene (C24H12), to give [Cu6(O2C(3,5-F)2C6H3)6](C24H12) (2). Density functional theory calculations suggest the latter compound to be a cocrystallization product having electrostatic interactions between the hexacopper complex and coronene. However, cocrystallization affects the photophysical properties of 2. While copper(I) 3,5-di...
Cell-type specific increases in female hamster nucleus accumbens spine density following female sexual experience

Female sexual behavior is an established model of a naturally motivated behavior which is regulated by activity within the mesolimbic dopamine system. Repeated activation of the mesolimbic circuit by female sexual behavior elevates dopamine release and produces persistent postsynaptic alterations to dopamine D1 receptor signaling within the nucleus accumbens. Here we demonstrate that sexual experience in female Syrian hamsters significantly increases spine density and alters morphology selectively in D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons within the nucleus accumbens core, with no corresponding change in dopamine receptor binding or protein expression. Our findings demonstrate that previous life experience with a naturally motivated behavior has the capacity to induce persistent structural alterations to the mesolimbic circuit that can increase reproductive success and are analogous to the persistent structural changes following repeated exposure to many drugs of abuse.
African trypanosomes express an immunogenic protein with a repeating epitope of 24 amino acids

Infection with intracellular protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi induces a strong antibody response against proteins containing tandem repeats, suggesting that these repetitive epitopes may camouflage vulnerable parasite antigens from a 'protective' immune response. We tested this theory by immunoscreening a cDNA expression library of African trypanosomes, extracellular parasites that evade their hosts' immune response by antigenic variation, and found that the most frequently detected trypanosome protein contains more than 40 tandem copies of a 24-amino acid repeat with a consensus sequence of A-M-E-D-E-L-D-S-L-R-A-L-N-E-Q-Y-E-A-L-Q-R-T-N-A (net charge = -4). This protein is encoded on an mRNA of more than 20 kb and has slight sequence similarities with cytoskeletal, intermediate filament proteins in other organisms. Thus, protozoan proteins with tandemly repeating epitopes do not exist solely to divert the humoral immune response; they have other specific physiological functions for the parasites and affect the overall parasite-host interaction in unknown and perhaps different ways.
A follow-up study of dyslexic boys

Over 500 men who attended the Gow School, an independent school for boys with developmental dyslexia, were given a follow-up questionnaire from 1 to 38 years after they left the school. More than half had graduated from college; business was the most frequently chosen major in college; most were employed in managerial or related business positions; and their adult reading habits and attitudes did not compare well with those of other men of similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Socioeconomic status and IQ were not predictive of adult outcome among these men in contrast to their effect in the general population. An important result was that severity of the reading problem upon entrance to Gow and the academic and remedial progress of the men while at the school were highly predictive of adult educational, occupational, and attitudinal status.
Management of exsanguinating hemoptysis during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Background . Large-volume hemoptysis during cardiopulmonary bypass is an infrequent, but life-threatening event. Rapid airway clearance and control are the primary prerequisites for successful management. Methods . The cases of 3 patients with different sources of exsanguinating hemoptysis during cardiopulmonary bypass managed initially with rigid bronchoscopy were reviewed. Results . In all patients, airway control was rapidly established and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass CPB was accomplished. Two patients survived the operative procedure. The other patient died in the operating room of unremitting bilateral pulmonary hemorrhage. Conclusions . Major hemoptysis during cardiopulmonary bypass is best dealt with initially by rapid airway control and cessation of bypass in an expeditious manner. An algorithm for suggested management is provided. The rigid bronchoscope is the optimal tool for initial management and it should always be available. Definitive treatment is determined by the cause and the persistence of hemorrhage once these maneuvers have been performed.
Trends in the adsorption and decomposition of hydrogen and ethylene on monolayer metal films: A combined DFT and experimental study

Abstract The combination of density functional theory (DFT) modeling with surface science experiments offers the potential to design catalysts with improved activity and selectivity. In the current paper we report theoretical and experimental studies of the adsorption and decomposition of hydrogen and ethylene on several bimetallic surfaces. DFT calculations predicted that Pd/Mo(1 1 0) and Pt/W(1 1 0) bimetallic surfaces would bind hydrogen and ethylene more weakly than do the corresponding surfaces of the parent metals. The adsorption and decomposition of hydrogen and ethylene on Pd/Mo(1 1 0) and Pt/W(1 1 0) bimetallic systems were investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) to test the DFT predictions. On the 0.5 and 1.0 ML Pd/Mo(1 1 0) surfaces, the binding strength and the degree of dissociation of hydrogen and ethylene were significantly reduced as compared to Mo(1 1 0) and thick Pd films. Similarly, on 0.5 and 1.0 ML Pt/W(1 1 0) surfaces, TPD results indicated that the degree of dissociation of hydrogen and ethylene was substantially reduced as compared to clean W(1 1 0). HREELS studies of C 2 H 4 and C 2 D 4 revealed that the adsorption of ethylene on Pt/W(1 1 0) occurred via the weakly π-bonded configuration, which was different from the di-σ bonding on clean W(1 1 0) or Pt(1 1 1).