cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of thiophene analogues of 5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid and 2-methyl-2-desamino-5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid.

Abstract N-[5-[N-(2-Amino-5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)methylamino]-2-thenoyl]- l -glutamic acid ( Figure 1 , Scheme 2 ) and N-[5-[N-(5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)methylamino]-2-thenoyl]- l -glutamic acid ( Figure 1 , Scheme 3 ), the first reported thiophene analogues of 5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid, were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of tumor cell growth in culture. 4-Chloro-5-methylisatin ( 10 ) was converted stepwise to methyl 2-amino-5-methyl-6-chlorobenzoate (22) and 2-amino-5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxoquinazoline ( 19 ). Pivaloylation of the 2-amino group, followed by NBS bromination, condensation with di-tert-butyl N-(5-amino-2-thenoyl)- l -glutamate ( 28 ), and stepwise cleavage of the protecting groups with ammonia and TFA yielded Figure 1 , Scheme 2 . Treatment of 9 with acetic anhydride afforded 2,6-dimethyl-5-chlorobenz[1,3-d]oxazin-4-one ( 31 ), which on reaction with ammonia, NaOH was converted to 2,6-dimethyl-5-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one ( 33 ). Bromination of 33 , followed by condensation with 28 and ester cleavage with TFA, yielded Figure 1 , Scheme 3 . The IC50 of Figure 1 , Scheme 2 and Figure 1 , Scheme 3 against CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts was 1.8±0.1 and 2.1±0.8 μM, respectively.
Comparison of Different Neural Augmentations for the Fault Tolerant Control Laws of the WVU YF-22 Model Aircraft

A fault tolerant neurally augmented control scheme based on non-linear dynamic inversion is designed for the WVUL YF-22 aircraft model. The parameters of the model following adaptive flight controller are determined at a single flight condition and a neural network is used to compensate for inversion errors and changes in aircraft dynamics, including actuator failures. Three different neural networks are used: the Extended Minimal Resource Allocating Network, the Single Hidden Layer Network, and the Sigma Pi. Numerical simulations are performed at nominal flight conditions and failure conditions affecting the stabilator or the aileron. Performance assessment parameters are defined based on the angular rate tracking errors. The performance of the three neural networks is compared in terms of these parameters.
Health Promotion for Older People: All Is Not Well

The changing nature of disease risks and functional health status with aging suggests the need to focus health promotion efforts in the older population where they will be most effective in reducing morbidity, mortality, and disability. However, there is little consensus in the literature regarding the efficacy of various health promotion practices and the appropriate target groups within a diverse older population. Careful research on and thoughtful application of findings to this older population are needed to ensure the effective use of limited health promotion resources.
Postovulatory reduction of fertility in chlordecone treated female rats

Abstract The chlorinated pesticide, chlordecone, is widely recognized for its production of reproductive deficits. This reproductive sterility has been attributed to chlordecone's apparent “estrogenicity” and its ability to inhibit the release of leteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. However, it was recently noted that the pesticide could also reduce fertility when exposure was delayed until the day following ovulation. This led to the suggestion that chlordecone's actions on reproductive function continued into the postovulatory period. Results of the following studies substantiate this suggestion. Follicular development and ovulation were induced in immature female rats with a combined treatment of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and human chrioniic gonadotropin (HCG). Chlordecone (25–75 mg/kg) administration at the time of PMS exposure did not inhibit the ovulatory response to HCG. Furthermore, when adult proestrous female rats were treated with chlordecone, normal numbers of ova were observed the following day. However, implantation sites were never observed in females that had been exposed to chlordecone. Moreover, offspring production was eliminated when mated females were exposed to doses of 50 or 75 mg/kg chlordecone on days 1, 2, or 3 following mating. In contrast, offspring production was normal when the exposure was delayed until the fourth day after mating. Since the vulnerable gestational period overlaps or precedes the time of implantation, these results suggest that ova viability and/or implantation is reduced by the chlordecene exposure.
Informational masking and musical training

The relationship between musical training and informational masking was studied for 24 young adult listeners with normal hearing. The listeners were divided into two groups based on musical training. In one group, the listeners had little or no musical training; the other group was comprised of highly trained, currently active musicians. The hypothesis was that musicians may be less susceptible to informational masking, which is thought to reflect central, rather than peripheral, limitations on the processing of sound. Masked thresholds were measured in two conditions, similar to those used by Kidd et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 3475-3480 (1994)]. In both conditions the signal was comprised of a series of repeated tone bursts at 1 kHz. The masker was comprised of a series of multitone bursts, gated with the signal. In one condition the frequencies of the masker were selected randomly for each burst; in the other condition the masker frequencies were selected randomly for the first burst of each interval and then remained constant throughout the interval. The difference in thresholds between the two conditions was taken as a measure of informational masking. Frequency selectivity, using the notched-noise method, was also estimated in the two groups. The results showed no difference in frequency selectivity between the two groups, but showed a large and significant difference in the amount of informational masking between musically trained and untrained listeners. This informational masking task, which requires no knowledge specific to musical training (such as note or interval names) and is generally not susceptible to systematic short- or medium-term training effects, may provide a basis for further studies of analytic listening abilities in different populations.
Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Disruption-deletion cassettes are powerful tools used to study gene function in many organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Perhaps the most widely useful of these are the heterologous dominant drug resistance cassettes, which use antibiotic resistance genes from bacteria and fungi as selectable markers. We have created three new dominant drug resistance cassettes by replacing the kanamycin resistance (kan(r)) open reading frame from the kanMX3 and kanMX4 disruption-deletion cassettes (Wach et al., 1994) with open reading frames conferring resistance to the antibiotics hygromycin B (hph), nourseothricin (nat) and bialaphos (pat). The new cassettes, pAG25 (natMX4), pAG29 (patMX4), pAG31 (patMX3), pAG32 (hphMX4), pAG34 (hphMX3) and pAG35 (natMX3), are cloned into pFA6, and so are in all other respects identical to pFA6-kanMX3 and pFA6-kanMX4. Most tools and techniques used with the kanMX plasmids can also be used with the hph, nat and patMX containing plasmids. These new heterologous dominant drug resistance cassettes have unique antibiotic resistance phenotypes and do not affect growth when inserted into the ho locus. These attributes make the cassettes ideally suited for creating S. cerevisiae strains with multiple mutations within a single strain.
Effect of differentiation on the repair of DNA single strand breaks in neuroblastoma cells

Summary The capacity of murine C-1300 neuroblastoma cells to repair x-ray induced DNA single strand breaks was compared under two distinct culture conditions. Growing undifferentiated cells maintained in normal medium containing 10% fetal calf serum showed substantial break rejoining during a 30 minute repair period. Non-growing, differentiated cells in serum-free medium did not appear to be capable of repairing such breaks. Whether this phenomenon is attributable to a loss of repair enzymes or to an increased lability of the differentiated cells related to adverse culture conditions is uncertain. The results suggest that (a) nuclear integrity is not absolutely vital to morphogenetic differentiation of C-1300 neuroblasts and (b) also imply that deterioration of tissue culture growth conditions may affect DNA repair mechanisms in a fashion independent of other complex biosynthetic events.
Conflicting Views of Markets and Economic Justice: Implications for Student Learning

This paper describes a flaw in the teaching of issues related to market economics and social justice at American institutions of higher learning. The flaw we speak of is really a gap, or an educational disconnect, which exists between those faculty who support market-based economies and those who believe capitalism promotes economic injustice. The thesis of this paper is that the gap is so wide and the ideas that are promoted are so disconnected that students are trapped into choosing one or the other position (or neither) and are left unable to link the two sides of the discussion. Such an educational process is not one that produces free and reasoned discernment. In this paper, we briefly relate how we came to be aware of the disconnect and its harms. We present evidence that a pedagogical gulf exists within the teaching of markets and capitalism at American universities – faculty interviews, course syllabi, portions of the corpus of material generally referred to as Catholic Social Thought, as well as references to traditional, mainstream economic theory. Further, we give evidence of the confusion and frustration among students this gulf causes. We suggest possible reasons for the gulf–primarily through an investigation of the differences in underlying assumptions and misperceptions that exist between two divisions within universities. We conclude by suggesting a set of curricular changes designed to improve teaching. The authors’ aim is not to change people’s minds. It is to change their teaching. The authors believe that these curricular changes will leave students less frustrated and better prepared for a life of significant service – with improved critical thinking skills.
A Crowdsourced nucleus: Understanding nuclear organization in terms of dynamically networked protein function

The spatial organization of the nucleus results in a compartmentalized structure that affects all aspects of nuclear function. This compartmentalization involves genome organization as well as the formation of nuclear bodies and plays a role in many functions, including gene regulation, genome stability, replication, and RNA processing. Here we review the recent findings associated with the spatial organization of the nucleus and reveal that a common theme for nuclear proteins is their ability to participate in a variety of functions and pathways. We consider this multiplicity of function in terms of Crowdsourcing, a recent phenomenon in the world of information technology, and suggest that this model provides a novel way to synthesize the many intersections between nuclear organization and function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development.
Blocking between landmarks during 2-D (touchscreen) and 3-D (ARENA) search tasks with pigeons

Many studies investigating cue competition have focused on the blocking effect. We investigated the blocking effect with pigeons using a landmark-based spatial search task in both a touchscreen preparation (Exp. 1a) and an automated remote environmental navigation apparatus (Exp. 1b). In Phase 1, two landmarks (LMs: A and Z) appeared on separate trials as colored circles among a row of eight (touchscreen) or six (ARENA) identical response units. Subjects were rewarded for pecking at a target response unit to the right of LM A and to the left of an extraneous LM, Z. During the blocking trials in Phase 2, LM X was presented in compound with a second LM (A) that had been previously trained. On control trials, LM Y was presented in compound with LM B and a target in the same manner as in the trials of AX, except that neither landmark had previously been trained with the target. All subjects were then tested with separate trials of A, X, B, and Y. Testing revealed poor spatial control by X relative to A and Y. We report the first evidence for a spatial-blocking effect in pigeons and additional support for associative effects (e.g., blocking) occurring under similar conditions (e.g., training sessions, spatial relationships, etc.) in 3-D and 2-D search tasks.
Corrosion-resistant metallic coatings on low carbon steel

Abstract Corrosion resistant coatings of various metals and alloys such as Si, Ti, Ni, and TiNi were formed on steel rebars by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBR-CVD), paint-and-heat or FBR-plasma spray techniques. The paint-and-heat metallization and FBR-plasma spray are powder coating techniques that can be applied easily and economically on new components as well as on existing steel structures, such as bridges. These metallic powder coatings provide non-sacrificial, superior corrosion protection for a long time. TiNi (70:30 wt. %) coatings on steel rebars provided a 20 fold increase in corrosion resistance over uncoated steel. These metallic coatings can be used to prevent corrosion in many industrial applications.
Considering adaptation in preference elicitations.

Objective: Patients with chronic health conditions usually place higher utility on their condition than the public does. One explanation for this discrepancy is that healthy people focus on the negative aspects of the condition without considering their own ability to emotionally adapt to the condition over time. The aim of this randomized experimental study was to test whether people would give higher utility ratings for chronic health conditions when they were encouraged to consider their own ability to adapt to difficult situations before giving their ratings. Main Outcome Measure: Utility ratings for four chronic health conditions. Results: The authors presented scenarios describing 4 chronic health conditions to 1,117 respondents drawn from a demographically balanced U.S. Internet panel. The adaptation exercise did not influence respondents' valuations. However, utility values increasingly improved with decreasing ratings of how upsetting it would be to live with the condition over time. Conclusion: The authors speculate that asking people to think about adaptation changes their evaluations of what it would feel like to live with chronic illness, but doing so does not change how much they are willing to trade off to avoid that chronic illness.
Explicit memory bias for threat words in generalized anxiety disorder

Although findings of an implicit memory bias for threat words in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are fairly robust, the data regarding an explicit bias in this disorder are less consistent. This issue was investigated in the context of two studies directed primarily at the examination of attentional and physiological underpinnings of GAD. In these experiments, GAD clients and nonanxious control participants (35 and 29 in Study 1, and 22 and 31 in Study 2, respectively) engaged in an S1–S2 conditioning procedure that involved the presentation of a series of neutral stimuli (colored dots) paired with threat and nonthreat words, followed by a free recall test. Instructions were to simply look at the dot and read the word silently. A free recall task was administered at the end of each experimental session. Contrary to previous trends in the literature, a marked bias in the GAD group toward recall of the threat words emerged in both studies. These results are considered in the light of methodological differences with previous research, information processing characteristics of GAD, and the role of physiological assessment in cognitive studies of anxiety.
Duplex and quadruplex DNA binding and photocleavage by trioxatriangulenium ion.

The stable trioxatriangulenium ion (TOTA) has previously been shown to bind to and photooxidize duplex DNA, leading to cleavage at G residues, particularly 5‘-GG-3‘ repeats. Telomeric DNA consists of G-rich sequences that may exist in either duplex or G-quadruplex forms. We have employed electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to investigate the interactions between TOTA and duplex DNA or G-quadruplex DNA. A variety of duplex decamer oligodeoxynucleotides form complexes with TOTA that can be detected by ESI-MS, and the stoichiometry and fragmentation patterns observed are commensurate with an intercalative binding mode. TOTA also forms complexes with four-stranded and hairpin-dimer G-quadruplex oligodeoxynucleotides that can be detected by ESI-MS. Both the stoichiometry and the fragmentation patterns observed by ESI-MS are different than those observed for G-tetrad end-stacking binding ligands. We have carried out 1H NMR titrations of a four-stranded G-quadruplex in the presence of TOTA. Additi...
Did Amaranth's absolute, relative and extreme positions affect natural gas futures prices, spreads and volatilities?

Amaranth Advisors LLC (Amaranth) suffered losses of $6.4 billion and failed in September 2006 as a result of its enormous spread trade bets in the natural gas futures markets and uncharacteristically large spread price movements. This financial fiasco led to a Congressional investigation, and, shortly thereafter, Amaranth was charged by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) with price manipulation. CFTC charged Amaranth with attempted, intraday, price manipulation in the natural gas futures market, and FERC charged Amaranth with perfected, intraday, price manipulation in the natural gas spot market. Marthinsen and Gai expanded the scope of these price manipulation charges by investigating whether Amaranth engaged in interday price manipulation during 2006. They found no convincing evidence of one-way Granger causality from changes in Amaranth's absolute positions to changes in the prices of natural gas derivatives contracts. This article expands on the interday price manipulation analysis of Marthinsen and Gai by testing for Granger causality between (1) changes in Amaranth's extreme positions and the returns on natural gas futures contracts, (2) changes in Amaranth's (calendar) spread positions and (calendar) spread prices on natural gas futures contracts, (3) changes in Amaranth's relative spread positions and spread prices, and (4) changes in Amaranth's positions and price volatility in the natural gas derivatives markets. Our results show no strong statistical evidence that changes in Amaranth's absolute, relative or extreme positions had significant effects on natural gas prices, spreads or volatilities. Therefore, this article casts further doubts on claims that Amaranth engaged in interday price manipulation.
Spin-valve effect in soft ferromagnetic sandwiches

Abstract We demonstrated in a variety of systems that the in-plane resistivity of sandwiches of soft ferromagnetic layers separated by nonmagnetic metallic layers depends on the relative angle between their magnetizations. We observe this phenomenon, which we term the spin-valve effect, in sandwiches where we are able to control the relative angle between the magnetizations of two ferromagnetic layers either by constraining one layer through exchange anisotropy or by fabricating layers with different coercivities. In the first case, for example Si/50A Ta/60A NiFe/25A Cu/40A NiFe/50A FeMn/50A Ta we have seen relative changes in resistance of more than 4% at room temperature in a range of in-plane field of 0 to 15 Oe. In a system where the layers have different coercivities, Si/8 × (30A Fe/60A Ag/30A Co/60A Ag), we observed a relative change of 1.6% at room temperature for fields between 0 and 50 Oe. Since the ferromagnetic layers are essentially decoupled and have high squareness, one can rule out any mechanism requiring scattering by domain walls. The usual anisotropic magnetoresistance in these structures is much smaller than the spin-valve effect. In contrast to noble metals, when using Ta, Al, Cr or Pd spacers of similar thickness (20 to 150A) between layers of permalloy, only the anisotropic magnetoresistance is observed. We believe the spin-valve effect to be related to spin-dependent scattering at the interface and within the ferromagnetic layers, in balance with spin-dependent relaxation within the layers. We also report the observation of a weak exchange-like coupling between the ferromagnetic layers.
Nonlinear plants, factorizations and stable feedback systems

For nonlinear plants represented by causal maps defined over extended spaces, right factorization and normalized right-coprime factorization concepts are discussed in terms of well-posed stable feedback systems.
The TRPM2 ion channel, an oxidative stress and metabolic sensor regulating innate immunity and inflammation

TRPM2 (transient receptor potential melastatin 2) is the unique fusion of a Ca(2+)-permeable pore with an enzymatic domain that binds the NAD(+)-metabolite ADP-ribose (ADPR), resulting in channel opening. ADPR formation is a metabolic corollary of cellular stress, but can also be elicited enzymatically through NAD glycohydrolases like CD38. TRPM2 thus functions as a metabolic and oxidative stress sensor and translates this information into ion fluxes that can affect Ca(2+) signaling and the membrane potential. TRPM2 is strongly represented in immune cells of the phagocytic lineage, themselves professional generators of oxidants. The recent characterization of TRPM2-deficient mouse models has revealed the involvement of this channel in various aspects of immunity. Monocytes lacking TRPM2 show reduced production of the CXCL2 chemokine, resulting in diminished neutrophilic influx to the colon in chemically induced colitis, and thus protection against tissue ulceration in TRPM2(-/-) mice. However, the insufficient production of proinflammatory cytokines leads to high morbidity and lethality of the TRPM2(-/-) mice following infection with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In the context of endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation, TRPM2's absence was found to promote inflammation and ROS production. TRPM2 acts thereby as a negative feedback loop by interfering through membrane depolarization with ROS generation by NADPH oxidases. In dendritic cells, TRPM2 is a lysosomal Ca(2+)-release channel that promotes chemokine responsiveness and cell migration, which is reminiscent of CD38-mediated functions. The discovery of TRPM2 has unveiled an unsuspected signaling pathway and established ADPR as a novel second messenger. Understanding TRPM2's complex involvement in inflammation is crucial to evaluating the potential of manipulating TRPM2 activity and ADPR metabolism for therapeutic intervention.
Oxidation of SO2 in a trickle-bed reactor packed with carbon

Abstract The steady-state, continuous, couter current contacting of SO 2 —bearing air with water in a column packed with carbon was modeled by combining the classical treatment for gas absorption with expressions for the rate of transport through the liquid and for the rate of catalytic oxidation of SO 2 within the porous carbon. This process is closely related to schemes which have been developed for the commercial desulfurization of flue gas. Steady-state experiments were carried out in a small trickel-bed reactor, 31·5 mm i.d., packed with carbon pellets of average size 4·5 × 5·7 mm to a depth of 10 cm. Mass transfer coefficients were estimated from correlations and effective reaction rate relations were developed from experiments conducted in well-stirred vessels. Using these parameters and treating the wetted fraction of the carbon external surface area as an adjustable parameter, good agrement between model and experiment was obtained.
Intra-industry wage differences over the business cycle

Abstract Recent empirical studies find that the wage rate differences across industries are not so countercyclical as widely believed. We consider intra-industry wage differences which refer to wage differences across more narrowly defined industries and find stronger evidence of countercyclicality.
Liquid hydrogen—an alternative aviation fuel?☆

Abstract Research indicates that liquid hydrogen may be a viable substitute for conventional jet fuel.
Superconductivity in the LnBaCuO system (Ln = Y, Ho, Er)

Superconductivity around 90K is observed in mixed and single phase system of LnBaCuO (Ln = Y, Ho, Er). Resistivity, X-ray powder diffraction and AC susceptibility measurements were carried out on samples of the mixed phase systems Ln2−xBaxCuO4−y (Ln = Ho, Er), Y1.2Ba0.8Cu1+xO4+x−y(0<x<5) and single phase system Ba2LnCu3O7 (Ln = Y, Ho, Er). Ln2−xBaxCuO4−y consists of Ba2LnCu3O7, BaCuLn2O5, Cu2Ln2O5 and starting materials and shows a small diamagnetic signal below Tc in the temperature dependent AC susceptibility. Y1.2Ba0.8Cu1+xO4+x−y is a mixture of Ba2YCu3O7, BaCuY2O5 and CuO and also indicates a small diamagnetic signal at 92K. Interesting resistivity anomalies occur in the Y1.2Ba0.8Cu4O7−y and Ho0.8Ba1.2CuO4−y composites including large drops in the resistivity at ∼220 and ∼120K, respectively. The pure compounds, Ba2LnCu3O7 (Ln = Y, Ho, Er) show sharp resistive superconducting transitions and bulk Meissner effects of 90%.
Chronic disability determination after work-related mild traumatic brain injury: ethical problems and resolutions.

CASE SCENARIO:: A middle aged man suffered a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) at work due to a fall. The diagnosis of MTBI was based solely on self-reported altered mental status. All neuroimaging results and neurological examination findings were negative in the acute and chronic phases. There was no other history of MTBI or neurological condition. The patient had been out of work since the injury (1 year ago) and received wage replacement benefits through a Workers' Compensation company. An attorney was assisting the patient with Workers' Compensation proceedings, settlement negotiations, and possible civil litigation. The patient had been evaluated in clinical settings by multiple doctoral and nondoctoral level healthcare providers. Upon the patient's request, all healthcare providers signed disability forms attesting to disability (50%-100%). The disability determinations were based primarily on self-report and, in some cases, were influenced by behavioral observations (eg, crying) but not by objective examination findings. The patient was held out of work for more than a year despite neuropsychological testing results showing unequivocal evidence of exaggeration and/or malingering. The patient went to a Workers' Compensation hearing and was told that for benefits to continue, the disability rating must be 100% from all providers. The patient contacted the healthcare provider(s) who provided a 50% disability rating and informed them of this. Without any further evaluation, and based purely on the phone call, written documentation was provided on the same day declaring that the patient was 100% (totally) disabled. Per standard Workers' Compensation language, the disability note also stated that the patient's complaints were consistent with his or her history of the injury. Language: en
Intestinal Synthesis and Dietary Nonessentiality of Vitamin B12 for Tilapia nilotica

Abstract A feeding experiment with purified diets was conducted in a controlled environment to study intestinal synthesis and dietary essentiality of vitamin B12 in Tilapia nilotica. Intestinal microorganisms in T. nilotica fed a vitamin B12-deficient diet synthesized at least 11.2 ng of vitamin B12 per g of body weight per day. Removal of cobalt from the diet or supplementation with an antibiotic (succinylsulfathiazole) significantly reduced the rate of intestinal vitamin synthesis. Dietary supplementation of vitamin B12 was not necessary for normal growth and erythropoiesis or to prevent a decrease in liver-stored vitamin B12 over a 16-week feeding period during which fish weight increased eight-fold.
Functional tradeoffs in axonal scaling: implications for brain function.

Like electrical wires, axons carry signals from place to place. However, unlike wires, because of the electrochemical mechanisms for generating and propagating action potentials, the performance of an
Structural clues to UO22+/VO2+ competition in seawater extraction using amidoxime-based extractants

Here we present the first structural comparison of amidoxime complexes of UO22+ and VO2+ (the main competitor in the extraction of uranium from seawater using amidoxime-based sorbents) using a 4,5-di(amidoxime)-functionalized imidazole ligand. The amidoxime groups resist tautomerization in both cases and quite different coordination modes (chelating vs. bridging) are observed.
Independent differentiation of sexual and social traits

In the process of development in mammals and birds, an individual becomes either male or female. The dogma of sexual differentiation explains this development in terms of gonadal secretions, which direct the growth of an organism along masculine or feminine lines. However, this type of bimodality is not found in all traits that are displayed in reproductive contexts. For example, aggressive behaviors displayed during the breeding season can be expressed by both males and females. Furthermore, this reproductive aggression is highly variable between individuals, regardless of sex. The development of variable traits like reproductive aggression is therefore likely to be influenced by factors in addition to gonadal secretions. We propose that social traits associated with reproduction can differentiate along pathways that are distinct from the developmental pathways of primary sexual traits.
Optimal location of electrical energy storage in a power system with wind energy

Providing reliable and clean electricity is an essential responsibility for the entire electrical industry. With the many concerns relative to environmental issues, the applications of renewable energy are being paid more attention, and the replacement of fossil fuels is recognized as an inevitable trend in the future power grid. Renewable energy is friendly to the environment; however, its uncertainty remains a challenge to the power system. Energy storage devices can provide a satisfactory solution to many aspects of the power system, especially their coordination with renewables. The development of storage and material technologies can mean that various energy storages with different properties will be invented and could be deployed based on the purpose of the application. To fully utilize storage in a power system with renewable energy, it is necessary to do some investigation. The deployment of storage devices is one issue that needs considerable discussion. This dissertation provides a general procedure to optimize the location of electric energy storage (EES) units in a power system with renewable energy. The core optimization problem is accomplished by the simulation tool MATPOWER. At the same time, a stochastic, point-estimation method is applied. The performances of storage devices in different situations are presented though several cases.
Ultrastructural observation of pituitary release of prolactin in the rat by suckling stimulus.

The ultrastructure of rat pituitary prolactin cells was examined in relation to hormone release. Granule extrusion or exocytosis from prolactin cells was rarely seen in material from cyclic adult rats killed in diestrus but extrusion was frequently seen in prolactin cells from estrous or proestrous rats. When lactating animals were left with their litters for six days post partum, the prolactin cells showed an abundance of immature granules in the Golgi area but only a small number of mature granules in the peripheral cytoplasm. Removal of the litter for 12 hours resulted in an accumulation of mature granules in the cytoplasm but little extrusion of prolactin granules was seen, and relatively few immature forms were observed in the Golgi area. After removal of the litter for 12 hours, suckling for five minutes promoted a marked increase in prolactin granule extrusion; a process which was even more dramatic after 15 minutes of suckling. However, the granule extrusion process had receded in intensity after ...
Early stages of plasma synthesis of diamond films

The early stages of diamond film nucleation and growth in a microwave plasma have been studied in detail as a function of important deposition parameters. The influence of the substrate temperature on the diamond nucleation rate, quality, and final film morphology has been elucidated through Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements. Using transmission infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction, it is found that a carbide layer is initially formed on the substrate prior to the growth of the diamond film. Furthermore, the final film morphology is also a strong function of the plasma starting condition, the gas composition, and the substrate temperature.
Excitation of 15.11 MeV levels in 12C and 13C by inelastic electron scattering

Abstract The Ml radiation widths to the ground states of the 15.11 MeV levels in 12 C and 13 C have been determined to be 36 ± 3 eV and 25 ± 7 eV, respectively, by the inelastic scattering of 40 to 65 MeV electrons from a solid target enriched to 58% in 13 C and a comparison 12 C target. These results are in agreement with the shell model predictions of Cohen and Kurath.
Irradiance of optical waves through atmospheric turbulence by numerical simulation

We have carried out numerical simulations of waves traversing a 3D random medium with Gaussian statistics and a power-law spectrum with inner-scale cutoff. The distributions of irradiance on the final observation screen provide the probability density function (PDF) of irradiance, which includes the first few moments of irradiance and In-irradiance. Analytic calculations to third order by a path-integral technique are in excellent agreement with these moments. Experimental measurements of irradiance variance as a function of turbulence strength and inner scale for both initially plane and initially spherical waves in the strong-fluctuation regime are in excellent agreement with the simulation variances. The simulation PDFs in the strong- fluctuation regime lie between a K-distribution and a lognormal- convolved-with-exponential distribution. We introduce a plot of the PDF of scaled In-irradiance, on which both the exponential and lognormal PDFs are universal curves, and on which the PDF at both large and small irradiance is shown in detail. We have simulated a spherical-wave experiment, including aperture averaging, and find agreement between the simulated and observed PDFs.
RAGE and tobacco smoke: insights into modeling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive condition characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airspace remodeling, leading to airflow limitation that is not completely reversible. Smoking is the leading risk factor for compromised lung function stemming from COPD pathogenesis. First- and second-hand cigarette smoke contain thousands of constituents, including several carcinogens and cytotoxic chemicals that orchestrate chronic lung inflammation and destructive alveolar remodeling. Receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are multi-ligand cell surface receptors primarily expressed by diverse lung cells. RAGE expression increases following cigarette smoke exposure and expression is elevated in the lungs of patients with COPD. RAGE is responsible in part for inducing pro-inflammatory signaling pathways that culminate in expression and secretion of several cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and other mediators. In the current review, new transgenic mouse models that conditionally over-express RAGE in pulmonary epithelium are discussed. When RAGE is over-expressed throughout embryogenesis, apoptosis in the peripheral lung causes severe lung hypoplasia. Interestingly, apoptosis in RAGE transgenic mice occurs via conserved apoptotic pathways also known to function in advanced stages of COPD. RAGE over-expression in the adult lung models features of COPD including pronounced inflammation and loss of parenchymal tissue. Understanding the biological contributions of RAGE during cigarette smoke-induced inflammation may provide critically important insight into the pathology of COPD.
Abnormal heart rate characteristics before clinical diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis

Earlier diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants, before clinical deterioration, might improve outcomes. A monitor that measures abnormal heart rate characteristics (HRC) of decreased variability and transient decelerations was developed as an early warning system for sepsis. As NEC shares pathophysiologic features with sepsis, we tested the hypothesis that abnormal HRC occur before clinical diagnosis of NEC. Retrospective review of Bells stage II to III NEC cases among infants <34 weeks gestation enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial of HRC monitoring at three neonatal intensive care units. Of 97 infants with NEC and HRC data, 33 underwent surgical intervention within 1 week of diagnosis. The baseline HRC index from 1 to 3 days before diagnosis was higher in patients who developed surgical vs medical NEC (2.06±1.98 vs 1.22±1.10, P=0.009). The HRC index increased significantly 16 h before the clinical diagnosis of surgical NEC and 6 h before medical NEC. At the time of clinical diagnosis, the HRC index was higher in patients with surgical vs medical NEC (3.3±2.2 vs 1.9±1.7, P<0.001). Abnormal HRC occur before clinical diagnosis of NEC, suggesting that continuous HRC monitoring may facilitate earlier detection and treatment.
Positions of cations and molecules in zeolites with the faujasite - type framework II dehydrated La-exchanged faujasite

Abstract La-exchanged faujasite dehydrated under vacuum at 475°C, and measured at room temperature has 11.8 La in S(I), 2.6 in S(I′) and 1.5 in S(II). This distribution and the interatomic distances agree with energy minimization for a simple electrostatic model in which there are few residual molecules attached to La ions. Strong occupancy of S(I′) in earlier work on rare-earth exchanged faujasite and Y zeolites is ascribed at least in part to interaction with numerous residual atoms or molecules. La in S(I) is displaced along the triad axis from the origin of the unit cell: either half-atoms 0.34A apart or a strongly anisotropic artificial “temperature” factor can account for the data. The simplest explanation is that the La atom is covalently bonded to three 0(3) with weaker bonding to the other three 0(3) since similar distorted coordinations occur in other complex lanthanum-oxygen compounds.
Selective isotopic oxygen incorporation into C5 and C6 ethers via solid acid-catalyzed reaction of methanol and ethanol with isobutanol

Reaction of CH318OH with16O-containing isobutanol (2-methylpropan-1-ol) over strong acid Nafion-H and Amberlyst-H 35 resin catalysts gave the two distinctly labelled C5 ethers 1-methoxy(16O)-2-methylpropane (also designated as methyl isobutyl ether,16O-MIBE) and 2-methoxy(18O)-2-methylpropane (also designated as methyl tertiary-butyl ether,18O-MTBE). Reaction of CH3CH218OH with isobutanol gave the analogously labelled C6 ethers,16O-EIBE and18O-ETBE. These results show that the isobutyl and tertiary-butyl ethers are formed from the alcohols by distinctly different mechanistic pathways, i.e. the former are produced bysurface-catalyzed SN2 reactions that follow Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics involving competitive adsorption while the latter arise via carbenium or olefinic intermediates. There is no pathway for isomerization of the two ethers, MIBE and MTBE, under the reaction conditions employed.
Resource Description and Access: It’s Really Not So Bad

This article summarizes a presentation given March 15, 2013 at the 22nd Annual North Carolina Serials Conference by Wanda Gunther, Kurt Blythe and Kristina Spurgin. The authors first cover basic Resource Description and Access (RDA) (Joint Steering Committee for the Development of Resource Description and Access, 2012) concepts and implications for authority work. Changes that RDA would bring to the serial bibliographic record and implications for staff training and workflows are also discussed. RDA changes to the electronic integrating resource bibliographic record in addition to highlighting some issues to think about in regard to the display of RDA records in the online public access catalog (OPAC) are also reviewed.
DOT1L, the H3K79 methyltransferase, is required for MLL-AF9–mediated leukemogenesis

Chromosomal translocations of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are a common cause of acute leukemias. The oncogenic function of MLL fusion proteins is, in part, mediated through aberrant activation of Hoxa genes and Meis1, among others. Here we demonstrate using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated loss of function mouse model that DOT1L, an H3K79 methyltransferase, is required for both initiation and maintenance of MLL-AF9-induced leukemogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Through gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we demonstrate that mistargeting of DOT1L, subsequent H3K79 methylation, and up-regulation of Hoxa and Meis1 genes underlie the molecular mechanism of how DOT1L contributes to MLL-AF9-mediated leukemogenesis. Our study not only provides the first in vivo evidence for the function of DOT1L in leukemia, but also reveals the molecular mechanism for DOT1L in MLL-AF9 mediated leukemia. Thus, DOT1L may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of leukemia caused by MLL translocations.
Muonium. IV. Precision Measurement of the Muonium Hyperfine-Structure Interval at Weak and Very Weak Magnetic Fields

A complete discussion is given of our precision measurement of the hyperfine-structure interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the ground state of muonium at a weak magnetic field ($\ensuremath{\sim}3$ G) using the resolved transitions $(F,{M}_{F})=(1,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(0,0)$, and at a very weak magnetic field ($\ensuremath{\sim}10$ mG) using unresolved transitions $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. The method of magnetic resonance studies of muonium is used, where a single oscillatory field is employed and the resonance line is swept by varying the applied frequency. This research yielded values for the coefficients of the linear hfs density shifts for muonium in argon and krypton at a temperature of approximately 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C: ${}_{a\mathrm{M}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{r}}=\ensuremath{-}5.00(22)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}}{\mathrm{torr}}$, ${a}_{\mathrm{M}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{r}}=\ensuremath{-}10.57(39)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}}{\mathrm{torr}}$, and also for the quadratic hfs pressure-shift coefficients: ${b}_{\mathrm{M}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{r}}=8.1(2.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}}{{(\mathrm{torr})}^{2}}$, ${b}_{\mathrm{M}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{r}}=8.6(5.9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}}{{(\mathrm{torr})}^{2}}$. The value obtained for $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ is $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=4463.308(11)$ MHz (2.5 ppm), where the 1-standard-deviation error is principally a statistical counting error. Our result for $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ is in good agreement with other measurements of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ and also with the current theoretical value.
Interactive Measurement And Display Of Three- And Four-Dimensional Anatomy

Algorithms for interactive display and measurement of three-dimensional (3D) surface anatomy have been developed and implemented on a PC-based system with a high-speed display architecture. Surfaces are extracted automatically from two-dimensional cross-sectional images and rendered as three-dimensional shaded-surface images at a series of user-specified viewing angles. Surface images are displayed interactively from any of the precomputed views, producing the effect of arbitrary tilt and rotation of the 3D anatomy. Dimensional measurements are obtained in real time through selection of visible surface points in one or more views. The techniques described provide an interactive framework for both visualization and quantitation of 3D surface anatomy.
Cybersupervision: Further Examination of Synchronous and Asynchronous Modalities in Counseling Practicum Supervision

The authors used an intensive single-subject quantitative design to examine cybersupervision of counseling practicum students in a university setting. Five female supervisees volunteered to receive their required weekly supervision online during a 14-week, semester-long counseling practicum. Following a face-to-face orientation meeting, all remaining interactions among the supervisees and with the supervisor occurred electronically. Data were collected about the utility of the synchronous and asynchronous modalities, changes in supervisee competence and confidence during the practicum, and supervisee attitudes about the cybersupervision approach. The findings offered evidence that the web-based modality could be used in similar settings.
Effect of periodicity restrictions on the ground state of quantum systems with periodic potentials

We investigate the effect of periodicity restrictions on the ground state of a quantum system. For a system whose potential is periodic in L and whose wave function is restricted to be periodic in $nL,$ where n is an integer such that $ng~1,$ we prove that observables periodic in L calculated at zero temperature are independent of the value of $n.$ As a result the winding number may be restricted to a value of $w=0$ in ground state calculations, as has been suggested by the numerical results of Henelius et al. [Phys. Rev. B 57, 13 382 (1998)].
K-Ar Age Studies of Mississippi and Other River Sediments

The ratio of radiogenic argon 40 to potassium supplies information on the source or genesis of components of recent sediments. This is the initial investigation in a larger study on the history of illitic materials using dating techniques. In samples from the deltaic deposits of the Mississippi River, age values for the dominantly silt-sized material of the delta averaged 280 m.y., with little horizontal or vertical variation. The clay-size fractions of the same samples averaged only 166 m.y. This age is lower than one would expect of detritus from Paleozoic shales in the central and eastern part of the source area but may be due to mixtures of younger mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite released from the Cretaceous and Tertiary sections to the west. The Mississippi River sediments in the delta are commonly gray. A reddish-brown layer found at depth in drill holes, believed to have been deposited by the Red River, showed ages of 690 m.y. for the dominantly silt-sized whole samples and 650 m.y. for the clay fractions. This supports a Red River source for this layer and suggests a common source for the two fractions. One would expect the rapidly deposited deltaic sediments from both the Mississippi and Red rivers to lack any appreciable authigenic K phases, if such exist, because these require slow accumulation well offshore. Measured ages of the clay fractions in bottom sediments from the Rappahannock River in Virginia are similar to those from the crystalline rocks of the source regions, indicating again that the K phases are ancient detritus. Clay soils forming over ancient shales can contain illite of the same age as the underlying shales, thus indicating a source for detrital, ancient 1M d illite.