cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gunshot Injuries to the Extremity: Is Immediate General Surgery Presence Needed?

Gunshot wounds (GSW) are becoming increasingly prevalent in urban settings. GSW to the trunk mandate full trauma activation and immediate surgeon response because of the high likelihood of operative intervention. Extremity GSW proximal to the knee/elbow also require full trauma activation based on American College of Surgeons Committee on trauma standards. However, whether isolated extremity GSW require frequent operative intervention is unclear. We evaluated GSW at our Level I trauma center from January 2012 to December 2016. Demographic data and injury patterns were abstracted from the trauma registry and charts. The number of GSW increased yearly but the age, gender, Injury Severity Score and injury pattern did not change (P = ns, not shown). There were 504 GSW that included an extremity and 194 (38%) involved multiple body regions. There were 310 GSW (62%) isolated to an extremity and 176 were proximal to the elbow/knee. If proximal GSW had an Emergency Department systolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, 57 per cent underwent orthopedic repair, 22 per cent required no surgery, and only 13 per cent required vascular repair (P < 0.01). In the absence of other criteria for full trauma activation such as shock, the need for the immediate presence of a general surgeon to perform emergency surgery for a GSW isolated to the extremity is low.
Solidarity in the Age of Globalization: Approaches from the Philosophy for Peace

espanolEn el presente articulo defino los desafios a la solidaridad en la era de la globalizacion en terminos de las limitaciones impuestas a ella por: a) la estructura y los valores del capitalismo global, b) la pertenencia politica al Estado-Nacion y c) la pertenencia a grupos culturales que no permiten la autorreflexion, el aprendizaje y el cambio. A partir de la Filosofia para Hacer las Paces de Martinez Guzman, re-defino en seguida el ser politico desde nuestras competencias humanas para la extension de la solidaridad a los extranjeros: a) la capacidad de comunicacion y comprension mutua, b) la capacidad de reconocimiento del otro y c) la capacidad de cooperacion. Al final, aplico esa comprension revisada del ser politico para delinear los cambios institucionales politicos necesarios para la extension de la solidaridad: a) una esfera publica global, b) una politica domestica global y c) una constitucion para la sociedad mundial. EnglishThis article approaches the challenges to solidarity in the age of globalization in terms of the limitations set to it by a) the structure and values of global capitalism, b) political membership to the Nation-State, and c) membership to cultural groups that do not allow self-reflection, learning and changing. Building on Martinez Guzman s Philosophy for Peace, the political self from the perspective of our human competences to extend solidarity to strangers are redefined, more specifically, a) our capacity to communicate and understand each other, b) our capacity to recognize sameness in each other, c) our capacity to cooperate. At the end, this revised understanding of the self is applied to identify the political institutional changes that are necessary for the extension of solidarity: a) atransnational public sphere, b) global domestic politics, and c) a constitution for the world society.
Taking Artificial Intelligence Beyond the Turing Test

Patentability under the 35 U.S.C. § 103 obviousness standard relies on the ability of a person having ordinary skill in the art; however, the involvement of artificial intelligence in the inventive process challenges that standard. A misconception of the current capabilities of AI leads to arguments of universal obviousness where an independent and creative AI dominates the inventive process. Fortunately, AI of such a caliber does not yet exist. Thus, the difficulty of defining the inventive entity threatens patent protection’s incentive to innovate but need not extinguish the right to patentability outright. Redefining the standard of obviousness and distinguishing the user’s contributions enable the patentability of inventions resulting from the use of AI as an innovative tool. The proposed standard for the obviousness inquiry—a person having ordinary skill in AI—accounts for the inventor’s objectives, access to big and deep data, and knowledge of the existing datasets to control the form and operation of the machine learning resulting in AI-assisted inventions. Preexisting common law for patenting chemical compounds and the evolution of the obviousness test permit shifting the standard to overcome the statutory hurdles facing the patentability of AI-assisted inventions. However, shifting the level of ordinary skill in the art to the user does not permit the patentability of independent and autonomous inventions by inventive AI systems. The standard proposed here turns on the effort exerted by the inventor in comparison to the AI system. The inventor’s control and design of the inventive process help to resolve the level of ordinary skill in the art for AI-assisted inventions by looking at the user’s starting point, motivation based on the prior art and data, reasonable expectation of success, and control over the inventive process. Thus, the user’s control defines the level of ordinary skill in the art and enables the trier of fact to refer to its established inquiries in determining obviousness.
Speech categorization is better described by induced rather than evoked neural activity

Categorical perception (CP) describes how the human brain categorizes speech despite inherent acoustic variability. We examined neural correlates of CP in both evoked and induced EEG activity to evaluate which mode best describes the process of speech categorization. Using source reconstructed EEG, we used band-specific evoked and induced neural activity to build parameter optimized support vector machine (SVMs) model to assess how well listeners' speech categorization could be decoded via whole-brain and hemisphere-specific responses. We found whole-brain evoked {beta}-band activity decoded prototypical from ambiguous speech sounds with ~70% accuracy. However, induced {gamma}-band oscillations showed better decoding of speech categories with ~95% accuracy compared to evoked {beta}-band activity (~70% accuracy). Induced high frequency ({gamma}-band) oscillations dominated CP decoding in the left hemisphere, whereas lower frequency ({theta}-band) dominated decoding in the right hemisphere. Moreover, feature selection identified 14 brain regions carrying induced activity and 22 regions of evoked activity that were most salient in describing category-level speech representations. Among the areas and neural regimes explored, we found that induced {gamma}-band modulations were most strongly associated with listeners' behavioral CP. Our data suggest that the category-level organization of speech is dominated by relatively high frequency induced brain rhythms.
Diffusion of Protein Molecules through Microporous Nanofibrous Polyacrylonitrile Membranes.

Porous nanofibrous membranes have ultrahigh specific surface areas and could be broadly employed in protein purification, enzyme immobilization, and biosensors with enhanced selectivity, sensitivit...
Tidal volume measurements in the delivery room in preterm infants requiring positive pressure ventilation via endotracheal tube-feasibility study.

Current delivery room (DR) resuscitation utilizes pressure-limited devices without tidal volume (TV) measurements. Clinicians use chest expansion as a surrogate, which is a poor indicator of TV. TV in early life can be highly variable due to rapidly changing lung compliance. Our objectives were to assess feasibility of measuring TV in DR, and to report the generated TV in intubated patients. Prospective, observational, feasibility study in infants 6 ml/kg) provided 47.7% of times. TV measurement in DR is feasible. It is associated with high intra and inter-patient variability.
The Impact of Telepharmacy Services on the Identification of Medication Discrepancies, High-Alert Medications, and Cost Avoidance at Rural Healthcare Institutions

Telepharmacy, remote reviewing and profiling of medication orders by an offsite pharmacist, has been shown to be an effective method for reducing medication order inaccuracy rates, but there is a lack in studies examining harm reduction and potential cost avoidance by such services. Methods: Retrospective data, collected over a one-year period, were examined for medication order deficiencies; a deficiency was defined as the telepharmacist being required to advocate for clinical action. Based on published rates of adverse drug reactions and expenses related to their treatment, a potential cost avoidance was calculated. Results: Over the course of the one-year study period over 218,000 orders were reviewed by a telepharmacist with 2,292 orders flagged as deficient which included 16,224 individual medication deficiencies. The most common deficiencies included patient allergy to medication, or class of medications, (31.2% of deficiencies) and medication dose adjustment via renal and/or hepatic guidelines (24.1% of deficiencies). There were also a number of deficiencies for specific medications found on the Institute for Safe Medication Practices’ high-alert medication list for ambulatory/community healthcare settings such as insulins and heparinoids. Based on adverse drug reaction incidence rates and treatment expenses, potential cost avoidance was calculated to be as high as over $1.4 million US dollars. Telepharmacists aided in enhancement of pharmacy services by continuing to review medication orders and provide clinical interventions even when an onsite pharmacist was unavailable. Conclusions: Use of the telepharmacist service provided a large cost avoidance by the prevention of potential adverse drug reactions.
Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America

1. The inconvenient fact of antineoliberal mobilization 2. Contentious politics, contemporary market society, and power 3. The argument: explaining episodes of antineoliberal contention in Latin America 4. Argentina 5. Bolivia 6. Ecuador 7. Venezuela 8. Peru and Chile Conclusion.
Effect of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulation of sialomucin complex/Muc4

Sialomucin complex (SMC, rat Muc4) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein complex consisting of a mucin subunit ASGP-1 (Ascites sialoglycoprotein-1) and a transmembrane subunit ASGP-2, which is highly overexpressed on the surface of ascites 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells. The complex is produced from a single gene and polypeptide precursor. SMC is developmentally regulated in normal rat mammary gland by multiple and complex mechanisms, with levels in the lactating gland being 100-fold those in the virgin gland. SMC transcript levels are enhanced in normal rat mammary epithelial cells by fetal bovine serum, insulin, and IGF-1 by an ERK-1/2-dependent pathway. SMC is post-transcriptionally regulated by Matrigel (extracellular matrix) by inhibition of SMC precursor synthesis. SMC is also post-transcriptionally regulated by TGF-β by disruption of SMC precursor processing into mature ASGP-1 and ASGP-2. The inhibition of SMC levels by TGF-β occurs by an ERK1/2-independent pathway, suggesting that the SMAD or another pathway may be involved in this effect. Interestingly, the inhibition of SMC levels by TGF-β can be blocked by treatment with IFN-γ, which has been shown to block TGF-β effects via a Jak/Stat-dependent pathway. This effect is dose-responsive and is dependent on the order in which the cytokines are added, suggesting that the balance of signaling inputs is important in determining the expression level of SMC. Thus, SMC is regulated by multiple mechanisms, and the delicate interplay of the pathways involved serves to maintain normal levels of the complex and repress potential deleterious effects of overexpression.
Protecting (Anonymous) Credentials with the Trusted Computing Group’s TPM V1.2

Digital credentials and certificates can easily be shared and copied. For instance, if a user possesses a credential that allows her to access some service, she can easily share it with her friends and thereby let them use the service as well. While with non-anonymous credentials, this sharing can to some extend be detected by the fact that some credentials get used too often, such detection is not possible with anonymous credentials. Furthermore, the honest user is also at risk of identity theft: malicious software such as viruses and worms or phishing attacks can without too much difficulty steal her credentials.
Fluorescence lidars and their potentials for the remote sensing of the marine environment

Abstract Fluorescence lidars have shown good potential for the investigation of the marine environment, their applications ranging from the detection of oil spills to the investi- gation of dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton. IFAc-CNR has been active in the field of the lidar remote sensing of the marine environment for more than twenty years: this activity has lead to the development of a series of fluorescence lidars and to their applications to the investigation of the marine environment. The main features of the two last prototypes are presented here together with the main results and potential for an operational control of the marine environment.
Magnetized Target Fusion

Magnetized target fusion is a concept that may lead to practical fusion applications in a variety of settings. However, the crucial first step is to demonstrate that fusion ignition can be achieved by this method. Among the possibilities for doing this is an ultrahigh energy approach to magnetized target fusion, one powered by explosive pulsed power generators that have become available for application to thermonuclear fusion research. In addition to providing a target implosion driver, explosive pulsed power sources can also be used to provide the preheated and magnetized plasma required within the target prior to implosion. In a collaborative effort between Los Alamos and the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) a very powerful helical generator with explosive power switching has been used to produce an energetic magnetized plasma. Several diagnostics have been fielded to ascertain the properties of this plasma. We are intensively studying the results of the experiments and calculationally analyzing the performance of this experiment.
Gender Violence and Work in the United States and South Africa: The Parallel Processes of Legal and Cultural Change

This article takes on the parallel processes of law reform and cultural transformation by comparing gender violence reform projects in the United States with those in South Africa. It does so by focusing on one strand of advocacy, that focusing on the economics of abuse. Since economic independence is central to women’s ability to navigate abuse, women’s ability to work in its aftermath is critical. This article compares each country’s current and potential reform projects to address the ways gender violence impacts survivors’ ability to get and keep their jobs. Despite the stark contrasts between the countries’ respective legal and economic contexts, the challenges faced by advocates are different in degree rather than in kind. This article reviews the prevalence of gender violence in each country and the extent and nature of women’s workplace participation. It places reforms addressing the impact of abuse on employment in the broader context of each country’s domestic and sexual violence reform movements and describes employment-related projects, with a focus on those in South Africa. The similarities and differences in economics, culture and law underscore several lessons about the possibility of achieving transformational change. The article identifies several theories under which South Africa’s progressive legal frameworks could afford recourse to survivors whose employment is adversely affected as a result of abuse. Nevertheless, the comparison highlights the inherent similarities of law reform projects that seek to transform historic biases and cultural norms. It underscores the importance of enforcement and implementation, of centering anti-subordination initiatives in the context of equality, and of maintaining the difficult and ongoing project of challenging bias in its many forms, in order to create both legal change and cultural transformation.
Dental Students and Faculty Members’ Attitudes Towards Care for Underserved Patients and Community Service: Do Community-Based Dental Education and Voluntary Service-Learning Matter?

The objectives of this study were to explore 1) how students across the four years of a dental curriculum differed in attitudes towards underserved patients and community service at the beginning and end of each school year; 2) how these attitudes changed as a function of participating in required vs. voluntary community-based activities; and 3) what attitudes faculty members held about the effects of community service-learning on students. Surveys were distributed to 440 students at one dental school at the beginning and end of the school year. The overall response rate for those surveys was 75 percent, with variations among classes: first year, 94 percent; second year, 92 percent; third year, 69 percent; and fourth year, 43 percent. Survey data were also collected from twenty-two students (out of a possible forty-seven) who participated in voluntary service-learning and from fifty-four faculty members (out of approximately 150). The results showed that, at the beginning of the year, the first-year students' attitudes were more positive than the responses of students in all other cohorts. However, at the end of the year, their attitudes were less positive. Participating in voluntary service-learning improved students' attitudes towards treating underserved patients only in the short run, and experiencing ten weeks of community-based dental education did not improve their attitudes. The faculty respondents' attitudes, however, were quite positive. The decrease in students' positive attitudes towards treating underserved patients and participating in community service should raise questions about why this loss of idealism occurred.
Adaptive, Neural and Robust Control of Wing- Rock and Aeroelastic System

ADAPTIVE, NEURAL AND ROBUST CONTROL OF WING-ROCK AND AEROELASTIC SYSTEM by Prince Ghorawat Dr. Sahjendra Singh, Examination Committee Chair University of Nevada, Las Vegas Modern aircraft exhibit wing-rock phenomenon and aeroelastic instability. Wingrock (roll single degree of freedom motion) and aeroelastic systems’ (two degrees of freedom) behavior are described by complex nonlinear differential equations. The nonlinearities in the dynamics of these systems give rise to limit cycle oscillations beyond critical speed of aircraft. The onset of wing-rock and aeroelastic instability limits the performance of aircraft and can even lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, control of wing-rock motion and stabilization of aeroelastic systems are important. In the past, several studies have been made and experimental and analytical results have been obtained to explain the wing-rock and aeroelastic phenomena in wind-tunnel tests, and also control systems have been derived. Motivation for this research is the importance of flying aircraft in a large flight envelope in which complex uncertain aerodynamic nonlinearities appear, causing in-
Your liberty or your life. Talking Point on public health versus civil liberties

After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the myth emerged that public health should rely on the pre‐First World War tactics of forced quarantine, mandatory physical examinations and vaccinations to be effective against a pandemic. Just as national leaders have argued that the public should barter its civil liberties for safety from terrorist attacks, so public health officials have argued that health is best protected by adopting the national security metaphor; 2001 is the excuse, but 1918 is the model. As John M. Barry, the author of The Great Influenza , put it, “[p]ublic health officials will need the authority to enforce decisions, including ruthless ones. …officials might decide to order mandatory vaccination. Or, if there is any chance to limit the geographical spread of the disease, officials must have in place the legal power to take extreme quarantine measures” in the case of a flu pandemic (Barry, 2004). If ‘extreme’ and ‘ruthless’ measures are seen as reasonable, no one should be surprised that the military is often immediately brought to mind. US President George W. Bush, for example, reacted to the threat of a bird flu pandemic in 2005 by suggesting that the US military should be used to quarantine “parts of the country” experiencing an “outbreak” (Annas, 2005a). And the federal government's new ‘Draft Guidance on Allocating and Targeting Pandemic Influenza Vaccine’, released in late October 2007, gives top priority to allocate vaccines in short supply, not to pregnant women, infants, children or the elderly, or even to front‐line emergency medical care providers or outpatient health care providers, but to military personnel who have “an essential role in national and homeland security” (http://www.pandemicflu.gov). Europeans might be tempted to think that the militarized national security model of public health is confined to the USA, but that would …
Josephson current in the presence of a precessing spin

The Josephson current in the presence of a precessing spin between various types of superconductors is studied. It is shown that the Josephson current flowing between two spin-singlet pairing superconductors is not modulated by the precession of the spin. When both superconductors have equal-spin-triplet pairing state, the flowing Josephson current is modulated with twice the Larmor frequency by the precessing spin. It was also found that up to the second tunneling matrix elements, no Josephson current can occur with only a direct exchange interaction between the localized spin and the conduction electrons, if the two superconductors have different spin-parity pairing states.
Effects of Stimulating Hip and Trunk Muscles on Seated Stability, Posture, and Reach After Spinal Cord Injury

Objective To determine the stimulated strength of the paralyzed gluteal and paraspinal muscles and their effects on the seated function of individuals with paralysis.
Damageability of a material reinforced with unidirectional orthotropic fibers for an exponential function of long-term microstrength

The theory of long-term damageability of a homogeneous material is generalized to the case of an orthotropic fibrous composite material with a stochastic structure. Equations of mechanics of microinhomogeneous media of this structure form the base of the theory. The process of damage of components of a composite is modeled by the formation of stochastically located micropores. The criterion of fracture of a unit microvolume is characterized by its long-term strength determined by the dependence of the time of brittle fracture on the degree of closeness of the equivalent stress to its limit value, which characterizes the short-term strength on the basis of the Huber–von Mises criterion accepted as an arbitrary function of coordinates. Efficient deformation properties and the stress-strain state of an orthotropic fibrous composite with microdamages in components are determined on the base of stochastic equations of elasticity of orthotropic media. For given macrostresses and macrostrains and an arbitrary moment of time, balance equations of damage (porosity) of components are formulated. On the basis of the iteration method, we construct algorithms for calculating dependences of microdamage of components of an orthotropic fibrous material on time and dependences of macrostresses or macrostrains on time and obtain the corresponding curves for the case of a bounded function of the long-term microstrength, which is approximated by an exponential law.
Pigs are relatively resistant to dexamethasone induced immunosuppression

Dexamethasone administration has been widely used as a model of immunosuppression in various species. The objective of the work reported here was to evaluate immune function in pigs treated with dexamethasone. Experiment 1 pigs were assigned to either control (n = 10) or 2 mg/kg dexamethasone (n = 10) treated groups. Treatments were administered 48 and 24 h before immune function testing. The dexamethasone-treated pigs received the drug on 22 of 72 experimental days. Pigs in experiment 2 were assigned to one of three groups: control (n = 10), 2 mg/kg dexamethasone (n = 10), or 6 mg/kg dexamethasone (n = 10). Treatments were given once and immune functions were evaluated 3 and 27 h after treatment. Lymphocyte blastogenesis, total and differential white blood cell count, and several measures of in vitro neutrophil function were measured in both experiments. Antigen specific antibody production, growth rate, and organ weights at necropsy were also measured in experiment 1. There were no consistent changes in neutrophil functions in these experiments. Lymphocyte blastogenesis to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen was significantly (p <0.05) enhanced during experiment 1 in dexamethasone-treated pigs; antigen specific antibody production was not altered by treatment. Dexamethasone treatment (both 2 and 6 mg/kg) in experiment 2 caused a profound (p <0.02−0.01) decrease in lymphocyte blastogenesis to all three mitogens tested at 3 h after treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation returned to control levels by 27 h after treatment in experiment 2. Dexamethasone treatment was also associated with a relative neutrophilia and lymphopenia in both experiments. Dexamethasone-treated pigs in experiment 1 grew slower, had larger livers and kidneys , but smaller spleens than control animals. The transient decrease in lymphocyte blastoenesis lack of consistent , changes in neutrophil function, and unaltered antibody production despite treatment with large doses of dexamethasone indicate that pigs are remarkably resistant to immunosuppression by this drug.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Etoposide in Human Plasma

A sensitive, selective reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay that uses UV detection has been developed for etoposide (4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-[4,6-O-(R)-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) 1. Parent drug is separated from its known metabolites, the cis-picrolactone 2, the hydroxy derivative 3, and the aglycone 4. After the addition of the internal standard (teniposide, 5) to 0.5 mL of plasma, 3 mL of chloroform is added and the sample is centrifuged. The lower organic layer is removed, evaporated in a stream of nitrogen, and reconstituted with 500 microL of mobile phase prior to injection. A phenyl mu Bondapak column (30 cm X 4 mm) and a mobile phase, consisting of 10 microM ammonium acetate (pH 5.5) in methanol:water:acetonitrile (50:45:5), were used to separate the compounds. The flow rate was 2 mL/min. Detection was achieved with a UV monitor set at 230 nm. The aglycone 4, etoposide (1), cis-picrolactone 2, and teniposide (5) had retention times of 3, 4, 4.8, and 9 min, respectively. The extraction efficiency of etoposide ranged from 88 to 94% with a coefficient of variation of 12% at 0.8 micrograms/mL and 4% at 28 micrograms/mL. This assay has an intraday and interday coefficient of variation of 6%, quantitates etoposide at concentrations as low as 0.4 micrograms/mL, and separates etoposide from its known metabolites. The procedure described represents an alternative to a previously published assay that also separated etoposide from its metabolites, but used electrochemical detection.
Additive benefits of external focus and enhanced performance expectancy for motor learning

The authors examined the individual and combined influences of 2 factors that have been shown to benefit motor learning: an external focus of attention and enhanced performance expectancies. Another purpose of this study was to gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying these variables. In a factorial design, participants learning a novel motor skill (i.e., throwing with the non-dominant arm) were or were not given external focus instructions, and were or were not provided bogus positive social-comparative feedback to enhance their expectancies. This resulted in 4 groups: external focus, enhanced expectancy, external focus/enhanced expectancy and control. External focus instructions and enhanced expectancies had additive benefits for learning: the external focus/enhanced expectancy group demonstrated the greatest throwing accuracy on both retention and transfer tests, while the accuracy scores of the external focus and enhanced expectancy groups were lower, but higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, self-efficacy was increased by both external focus and enhanced expectancy, and predicted retention and transfer performance. Positive affect was heightened in the enhanced expectancy and external focus/enhanced expectancy groups after practice and predicted transfer performance. The findings suggest that the learning benefits of an external focus and enhanced expectancies mediate learning through partially different mechanisms.
Many amino acid substitution variants identified in DNA repair genes during human population screenings are predicted to impact protein function.

Abstract Over 520 different amino acid substitution variants have been previously identified in the systematic screening of 91 human DNA repair genes for sequence variation. Two algorithms were employed to predict the impact of these amino acid substitutions on protein activity. Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) classified 226 of 508 variants (44%) as “Intolerant.” Polymorphism Phenotyping (PolyPhen) classed 165 of 489 amino acid substitutions (34%) as “Probably or possibly damaging.” Another 9–15% of the variants were classed as “Potentially intolerant or damaging.” The results from the two algorithms are highly associated, with concordance in predicted impact observed for ∼62% of the variants. Twenty-one to thirty-one percent of the variant proteins are predicted to exhibit reduced activity by both algorithms. These variants occur at slightly lower individual allele frequency than do the variants classified as “Tolerant” or “Benign.” Both algorithms correctly predicted the impact of 26 functionally characterized amino acid substitutions in the APE1 protein on biochemical activity, with one exception. It is concluded that a substantial fraction of the missense variants observed in the general human population are functionally relevant. These variants are expected to be the molecular genetic and biochemical basis for the associations of reduced DNA repair capacity phenotypes with elevated cancer risk.
1 Growth and Architecture of the Face

Two basic kinds of bony growth movements direct cortical drift and a process called “displacement,” occur during the morphogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. The growth process as a whole represents the cumulative effects of both displacement and direct cortical growth. An outline is presented of the regional growth and remodeling processes in major portions of the craniofacial skeleton. Schematic diagrams illustrate the structural variations that can be produced by different dimensional and alignment relationships. Examples show the manner in which structural variations can compensate one another to produce a balance of composite assembly.
Antibiotics as Growth Stimulants for Dairy Cattle: A Review

Summary An attempt has been made to review the available information on the feeding of antibiotics to dairy cattle as completely and in a manner as unbiased as possible. Many reports used in this review are conflicting; nevertheless, the following conclusions seem to be valid. 1. The antibiotics, aureomycin and terramycin, are the only ones which have been studied sufficiently to warrant valid conclusions. Considerably more research needs to be conducted with terramycin before conclusions concerning its use can be accepted with the same degree of confidence as recommendations for aureomycin. 2. Seemingly no beneficial effects are derived from the feeding of antibiotics to mature dairy cattle. 3. Antibiotics probably improve the growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization of growing dairy animals (over 4 months of age), but unless these animals are to be marketed soon, little economic advantage will result from the feeding of antibiotics. 4. Aureomycin and terramycin stimulate the growth rate of calves from 10 to 30% during the first 16 weeks of age. Most of this growth improvement results before the calves are 8 weeks old. In addition to an improvement in growth, antibiotics appear to reduce the incidence of calf scours, increase feed consumption and feed efficiency, and improve the over-all condition and well-being of the animal. 5. The inclusion of aureomycin or terramycin in the rations of dairy calves seems to be best justified by the beneficial effects of these antibiotics in reducing calf scours and thus calf mortality. Any growth advantage afforded by these antibiotics during the early life of the calf becomes insignificant in a mature animal. 6. Present data indicate that aureomycin should be fed at levels ranging from 15-20 mg. per 100 lb. of body weight daily. There appear to be very few advantages of feeding antibiotics after the calves are 12-16 weeks of age. 7. Two fundamental explanations have been presented regarding the possible mode of action of antibiotics in calves. One of these postulates a stimulation of the pituitary gland and increased production of growth hormone. The other postulation states that antibiotics possibly increase the growth of calves through an alteration in energy metabolism probably involving the microflora of the rumen.
Introduction to face recognition and evaluation of algorithm performance

The field of biometric face recognition blends methods from computer science, engineering and statistics, however statistical reasoning has been applied predominantly in the design of recognition algorithms. A new opportunity for the application of statistical methods is driven by growing interest in biometric performance evaluation. Methods for performance evaluation seek to identify, compare and interpret how characteristics of subjects, the environment and images are associated with the performance of recognition algorithms. Some central topics in face recognition are reviewed for background and several examples of recognition algorithms are given. One approach to the evaluation problem is then illustrated with a generalized linear mixed model analysis of the Good, Bad, and Ugly Face Challenge, a pre-eminent face recognition dataset used to test state-of-the-art still-image face recognition algorithms. Findings include that (i) between-subject variation is the dominant source of verification heterogeneity when algorithm performance is good, and (ii) many covariate effects on verification performance are 'universal' across easy, medium and hard verification tasks. Although the design and evaluation of face recognition algorithms draw upon some familiar statistical ideas in multivariate statistics, dimension reduction, classification, clustering, binary response data, generalized linear models and random effects, the field also presents some unique features and challenges. Opportunities abound for innovative statistical work in this new field.
The influence of clay on K2CO3/Co-MoS2 catalyst in the production of higher alcohol fuel

The K2CO3/Co–MoS2/clay catalyst was synthesized and its productivity and selectivity toward higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) fuel were tested at temperature and pressure ranges of 290–320 °C, H2/CO=1.1 syngas, GHSVavg=1800 h−1, and 13 790 kPa, respectively. Highest oxygenates productivity (0.32 kg/kg catalyst/h) was obtained at 310 °C with an oxygenates selectivity of 70%. Under the above conditions, the major oxygenates produced were ethanol, 1-propanol, methanol, and isobutanol, respectively. Increasing the reaction temperature for K2CO3/Co–MoS2/clay catalyst led to a decreasing trend in the selectivity of oxygenates. However, at higher temperatures, the clay-combined catalyst produced more hydrocarbons and CO2. The results indicated that clay had a significant impact on higher alcohol synthesis when K2CO3 was incorporated into the Co–MoS2, and acted as a modifier of the catalyst serving to increase the activity and selectivity to higher alcohol fuel in the temperature range of 290–310 °C.
Blood pressure, salivary cortisol, and inflammatory cytokine outcomes in senior female cancer survivors enrolled in a tai chi chih randomized controlled trial

Purpose Older cancer survivors are a vulnerable population due to an increased risk for chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease) compounded with treatment late-effects and declines in physical functioning. Therefore, interventions that reduce chronic disease risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, chronic inflammation, and cortisol) are important in this population. Tai chi chih (TCC) is a mind-body exercise associated with reductions in chronic disease risk factors, but has not been examined with older cancer survivors. In a feasibility randomized controlled trial of TCC, we examined secondary outcomes of blood pressure, salivary cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, IL-4) due to their implications in chronic diseases.
Ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head

Memory can be internal or external - knowledge in-the-world or knowledge in-the-head. Making needed information available in an interface may seem the perfect alternative to relying on imperfect memory. However, the rational analysis framework (Anderson, 1990) suggests that least-effort tradeoffs may lead to imperfect performance even when perfect knowledge in-the-world is readily available. The implications of rational analysis for interactive behavior are investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1 we varied the perceptual-motor effort of accessing knowledge in-the-world as well as the cognitive effort of retrieving items from memory. In experiment 2 we replicated one of the experiment 1 conditions to collect eye movement data. The results suggest that milliseconds matter. Least-effort tradeoffs are adopted even when the absolute difference in effort between a perceptual-motor versus a memory strategy is small, and even when adopting a memory strategy results in a higher error rate and lower performance.
Lithium-responsive depression

Abstract Lithium carbonate has proven effective in controlling acute mania and in reducing the frequency and severity of recurrence of both mania and depression in bipolar patients. 1–4 Several studies indicate that lithium is effective in certain unipolar depressions, but the results are inconsistent. Davis's recent review concluded that the magnitude of improvement associated with lithium was at least as great in unipolar as in bipolar depression. 4 Mendels 5 and Noyes et al., 6 using different approaches, noted that patients diagnosed as bipolar respond more frequently to lithium than do those diagnosed as unipolar. The purpose of this article is to present the problems in clarifying the kinds of depressions which do respond, and clinical guidelines for recognizing likely lithium responders.
Uncertainty estimates in the fuzzy-product-limit estimator

The Fuzzy-Product-Limit Estimator (FPLE) is a method for estimating a survival curve and the mean survival time when very few data are available and a high proportion of the data are censored. Considering censored times as vague failure times, the censored values are represented by fuzzy membership functions that represent a belief of continued survival of the associated unit. Associated with any estimate is uncertainty. With the FPLE two distinct types of uncertainty exist in the estimate, the uncertainty, due to the randomness in the recorded times and the vague uncertainty in the failure of the censored units. This paper addresses the problem of providing confidence bounds and estimates of uncertainty for the FPLE. Several methods for estimating the vague uncertainty in the estimator are suggested. Among them are the use of Efron's Bootstrap that obtains a confidence interval of the FPLE to quantify random uncertainty and produces an empirical distribution that is used to quantify properties of the vague uncertainty. Also, a method to obtain a graphical representation of the random and vague uncertainties is developed. The new methods provide confidence intervals that quantify statistical uncertainty as well as the vague uncertainty in the estimates. Finally, results of simulations are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the estimator and uncertainty in the estimates.
β-Diiminate Platinum Complexes for Alkane Dehydrogenation

New five-coordinate Pt(IV) complexes [{(o-R2-p-R‘-C6H2)NC(R‘ ‘)}2CH]PtMe3 (R, R‘, R‘ ‘ = alkyl or H) are reported. The complex with R = Me, R‘ = tBu, R‘ ‘ = Me generates unsaturated Pt(II) species capable of alkane C−H bond activation and stoichiometric dehydrogenation.
Entropy driven spontaneous formation of highly porous films from polymer-nanoparticle composites.

Nanoporous materials have become indispensable in many fields ranging from photonics, catalysis and semiconductor processing to biosensor infrastructure. Rapid and energy efficient process fabrication of these materials is, however, nontrivial. In this communication, we describe a simple method for the rapid fabrication of these materials from colloidal dispersions of Polymethyl Silsesquioxane nanoparticles. Nanoparticle–polymer composites above the decomposition temperature of the polymer are examined and the entropic gain experienced by the nanoparticles in this rubric is harnessed to fabricate novel highly porous films composed of nanoparticles. Optically smooth, hydrophobic films with low refractive indices (as low as 1.048) and high surface areas (as high as 1325 m2 g−1) have been achieved with this approach. In this communication we address the behavior of such systems that are both temperature and substrate surface energy dependent. The method is applicable, in principle, to a variety of nanoparticle–polymer systems to fabricate custom nanoporous materials.
Genetic predisposition and mesenchymal‐epithelial interactions in ras + myc—induced carcinogenesis in reconstituted mouse prostate

Using a mouse prostate reconstitution (MPR) model system, strain-specific responses to the ras and myc oncogenes were investigated. When ras + myc were introduced into both the mesenchymal and epithelial compartments of the urogenital sinus, poorly differentiated prostate cancer was produced at a high frequency (> 90%) in inbred C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, under similar conditions, inbred BALB/c MPRs formed benign prostatic hyperplasia that converted to cancer at a low frequency (< 10%). Restricting the oncogenes to the mesenchymal or epithelial compartments revealed that oncogene activities were more pronounced in the mesenchyme of C57BL/6 mice and resulted in elevated transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression along with a severe desmoplastic reaction. Heterologous MPRs composed of BALB/c mesenchyme and C57BL/6 epithelium or vice versa demonstrated that intrinsic properties of BALB/c mesenchyme can arrest the progression of ras + myc-initiated C57BL/6 epithelium from benign hyperplasia to malignant carcinoma.
Conservation tillage reduces PM10 emissions in dairy forage rotations

Abstract The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) is a United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) serious non-attainment area for PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter Test results showed CT reduced PM10 emissions by about 85% on both farms in spring 2004 and by 52% on one farm to 93% on another farm in spring 2005. PM10 reductions were mainly due to the fewer number of tillage operations in CT systems (zero or one operation compared to three to six in ST) and the higher soil water contents at which CT operations can be performed. Aside from soil moisture, degree of soil pulverization, characterized in the second year of this study by weighted mean ped diameter (WMPD) also proved to be an important determinant of PM10 emissions. The ST second disking always had a higher PM10 emission factor than the first disking despite any change in soil water content. The WMPD decreased 39% between the two diskings. Large discrepancies between PM10 emission factors measured in this study and those used for regulatory purposes in California emphasize the continued need to refine monitoring strategies under varying field conditions to improve accuracy of emission factors and to understand how soil and cropping management affect dust production.
The output beam quality of a Q-switched Nd:glass slab laser

The authors have constructed and tested a flashlamp pumped, Q-switched, Nd:glass zigzag slab laser. The thermally induced optical distortion through the slab is minimized by uniform pumping and cooling and the use of corrective pump shields at the slab ends. The laser spatial output for Q-switched resonators has been measured and modeled. It is shown that a large aperture planar oscillator has an output divergence many times above the diffraction limit. Operation as a one-dimensional unstable resonator in the wide direction of the slab allows the efficient extraction of energy in a high-quality beam. Near-diffraction-limited laser output of 5 J at 4 Hz is achieved with a resonator that includes an intracavity telescope to correct for residual defocusing in the thin direction of the slab. >
An effective sequential pattern mining algorithm to support automatic process classification in contact center back office

Contact center and its back office play a pivotal role on delivering excellent services to customer. However, back office process and operations become more and more complex, variable and costly due to frequent environment varying and the trend of staff-intensive. Automatic process classification and delimitation in back office is an effective way to help resolve these challenges, but it suffers very high deployment cost due to the complex and burdensome configuration works. In this paper, we propose an effective algorithm on sequential pattern mining to generate process patterns automatically, instead of manual configuration works, to achieve the goals of scalable deployment with high efficiency and low cost on automatic process classification and delimitation in contact center back office.