cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Energetics of Acoustic Signaling in Anurans and Insects

SYNOPSIS. This review focuses on the energetics of advertisement calls in frogs and insects (mostly ensiferans). I also review a number of methodological questions relating to the most appropriate ways to normalize metabolic rates for calling animals and to calculate efficiency of sound production Although the mechanism of sound production is very different in these groups (vocalization vs. stridulation), net metabolic costs normalized to mass are similar among species producing the most conspicuous calls. Features of the call that interact to determine energetic cost include repetition rate, call duration, and intensity (sound pressure level). Anurans tend to produce louder (more intense) calls while ensiferans tend to produce sound during a greater proportion of the calling bout. All evidence suggests that advertisement calls are produced aerobically and the aerobic costs are similar or exceed the aerobic (but not necessarily total costs) of terrestrial locomotion The pattern of radiated sound tends to be constant within a species and can be predicted to some degree from characteristics of an animal's acoustic radiator. Efficiency of sound production (acoustic power/net metabolic power) is low (0.05 to 6%) and variable when compared to locomotion (˜ 10–20%). From the present sample it appears that frogs are more efficient than ensiferans, but as more katydids are studied this trend may not hold. Of the factors that have been identified as determining efficiency the most important are the match between the size of the radiator and wavelength radiated, the absorption properties of the environment immediately around the animal, and the presence or absence of structures such as baffles and acoustic burrows
The Case for Multiple-Use Plant Germplasm Collections and a Strategy for Implementation

Germplasm collections are viewed as a source of genetic diversity to support crop improvement and botanical research, as well as support conservation efforts. The United States Department of Agriculture's s National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for managing plant genetic resources in the USA. Despite patterns of use that indicate that gene source and wild species are requested as frequently as cultivated species in NPGS collections that are taxonomically diverse, the contents of most NPGS collections continue to reflect the historic objectives of plant introduction. Narrow germplasm collections are restricted in their ability to meet the needs of diverse users and have limited function conserving plant biodiversity. This article outlines a model that can be used to diversify germplasm collections so they effectively serve users and contribute to conservation, yet remain a size that ensures effective maintenance of accessions. The model is developed by first carefully defining the overall scope of the collection. A taxonomically broad collection that falls within the scope is then defined with relatively few accessions. However, accession representation is increased for characters or species that are of specific interest to users, or that require protection. Accession representation in areas of interest would be dynamic, reflecting the changing needs of users and conservation. A diverse group of stakeholders is charged with the task of working together to establish priorities that can be used to guide the development of a multiple-use collection that contains a manageable number of accessions.
Bilingual neurons release glutamate and GABA.

A study finds evidence supporting co-release of glutamate and GABA, excitatory and inhibitory fast neurotransmitters, from a single axon terminal in neurons of the ventral tegmental area that project to the lateral habenula.
Numerical approximation of periodic solutions of van der Pol's equation

Abstract Two new discrete methods, one based on discrete mechanics, the other based on high-order Taylor series, are developed and applied to approximate periodic solutions of van der Pol's equation. Typical numerical results are exhibited from a broad spectrum of values of λ in the range of physical interest.
A Computational Framework to Study Public Health Epidemiology

Public Health professionals require computational support to study disease outbreak dynamics and to facilitate policy and decision-making. Modeling disease outbreaks in large realistic populations is a data-intensive task that requires tremendous computational resources. This paper presents a framework of multiple source and computational modules to evaluate what-if scenarios and quantify public health actions.
Immunochemistry of factor VIII:C inhibitor antibodies.

Factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) inhibitors are pathologic circulating antibodies that reduce FVIII:C activity. They can arise either as alloantibodies in some congenital hemophiliacs, or as autoantibodies in nonhemophilic patients with acquired inhibitors. The reason for development of such antibodies is not known, but their basic biochemical and clinical characteristics have been reviewed extensively in the past several years. This article surveys recent immunochemical studies to characterize the FVIII:C molecule and antibodies against it. For instance, epitope (antigenic site) mapping investigations conducted to date suggest that binding sites for most inhibitory antibodies can be localized to limited regions of the FVIII:C molecule. Further progress in the understanding of immune responses against FVIII:C is likely to provide a sound basis for the design of new therapeutic approaches to patients suffering the sequelae of FVIII:C inhibitor anti-bodies.
Depression, restraint and eating behavior.

Abstract Contrary to the belief that weight loss is a principal symptom of depression, several recent studies have suggested that certain people gain rather than lose weight when depressed. The present experiment concerned the effects of experimentally induced mood states on the eating behavior of high- and low-restraint persons. Sixty-eight female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three groups each designed to induce a different mood state (depressed, neutral or elated), and were classified as high or low restraint based on their responses to a questionnaire. During the mood induction procedure subjects were provided with the opportunity to eat. High-restraint persons induced into a depressed mood ate significantly more than high-restraint persons induced into neutral or elated moods, and more than low-restraint persons induced into a depressed mood. This effect was most prominent among subjects who scored high on the weight-fluctuation factor of the restraint scale. There was no evidence that this effect occurred among subjects who scored high on the concern for dieting factor. The role of emotional arousal on the self-control over eating behavior of high weight-fluctuation persons, and the implications of these findings for the evaluation of depression were discussed.
Application of a synthetic aperture optical system to infrared imaging.

This paper discusses the application of a synthetic aperture system (SAS) for the formation of infrared, images. The SAS of primary interest is a hexagoiial array of six circular apertures; special emphasis is placed on a one-dimensional model that describes the salient features of the two-dimensional model. In infrared images, in the 8–14-μm region, conventional detectors are too large to sample the image without aliasing the spatial spectrum. The unusual transfer function characteristics of the SAS are shown to obtain larger sampling distances than those required by the Whittaker-Shannon sampling theory. One possible detector array that will correctly sample the image is presented.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammalian brain

Abstract Progress in understanding the CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been hindered by the absence of an antagonist that both biochemically binds receptor sites and blocks physiological activity. In contrast with the mammalian muscle nAChR, there is an apparent dissociation between the in vitro and in vivo behavior of CNS cholinergic antagonists. The biochemistry, pharmacology and physiology of brain nAChRs are discussed here. It is suggested that some of the discrepancies among these approaches can be reconciled by proposing multiple binding sites for cholinergic agents.
Tactile Surface Detector for a Prosthetic Hand

Currently, the number of amputees in the United States is estimated at 1.7 million people [1], and of those 1.7 million people, only approximately 300,000 are upper limb amputees [2]. However, the number of amputees is growing at a rate of more than 18,000 people per year [3]. Although the body powered and myoelectric prosthetics have been invented to provide a cosmetic solution and functionally allow the user to employ leverage or grasp an object, there are no marketed products which provide tactile feedback. Often amputees will not use their current prosthetics due to their unnatural feel. In terms of functional use of the prosthetics, reports show as low as 29% of amputees with prosthetics make use of the grasp feature [4]. Due to the general lack of user satisfaction, it is necessary to improve the prosthetic market by incorporating sensory feedback into upper limb prosthetics so that the user feels like they are using their own arm. With the incorporation of sensory-motor coordination, amputees’ reliance on visual information to be aware of the artificial hand and arm will be decreased, thereby, decreasing their cognitive load [5]. Additionally, due to the increased feedback from the arm regarding the environment, the amputee will be able to use their artificial limb more effectively and with more of native feel.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of retinoic acid on cyclic-AMP-binding proteins in mouse melanoma cells.

We have previously reported [(1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5999–6002] that retinoic acid inhibited growth and increased cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in mouse melanoma cells. A variant melanoma line having depressed levels of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase was not growth-inhibited by retinoic acid. In this report we describe the effect of retinoic acid on cyclic AMP binding proteins in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Using the technique of photoaffinity labeling, we found three major proteins of Mr 49000, 52000, and 55000 which were specifically labeled with 8-N3-32P] AMP in both control and treated cells. Based upon their molecular weight, relative affinity for 8-N3-[32P]AMP and comigration with standards, we have designated the 49000 -Mr and 55000-Mr species as RI and RII respectively. The position of the intermediate band (Mr 52000) was not affected by pre-incubation with ATP or alkaline phosphatase, and two-dimensional gel analysis indicated that it had the same pI as RI. Retinoic acid increased the 8-N3-[32P]AMP labeling of RI within 24 h, reaching a maximal six fold increase by 48 h. These increases were limited to the 40000 × g supernatant fraction and occurred prior to any growth inhibition. By using increasing concentrations of 8-N3-cAMP we were able to construct a saturation curve for RI binding. Calculation of apparent Kd values from these curves showed nearly identical affinities for RI binding of 8-N3-cAMP from control and retinoic-acid-treated cells. Therefore we conclude that retinoic acid is increasing the amount of RI rather than altering its properties. Corroboration of these results was obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Peak I (corresponding to type I protein kinase) from retinoid-treated cells was increased about six fold in binding activity.
Effect of Flow-Induced Radial Load on Brush Seal/Rotor Contact Mechanics

Brush seals comprised of special-alloy wire bristles are currently being used in lieu of traditional labyrinth seals for turbomachinery applications. This advancement in seal technology utilizes close-packed bristles that readily undergo lateral deformation arising from aerodynamic loads as well as loads imparted by the rotor surface. Thus, during operation, filament tips remain in contact with the rotor surface, which, in turn, inhibits leakage between successive stages of the turbine, and increases engine efficiency. However, contact forces generated at the interface of the rotor and fiber tips can lead to eventual bristle fatigue and wear of the seal/rotor system. Therefore, it is important that reliable modeling techniques be developed that can help identify complex relationships among brush seal design parameters, in-service loads, and contact forces that arise during the operation of turbomachinery. This paper is concerned with modeling and evaluating bristle deformation, bending stress, and bristle/rotor contact forces that are generated at the interface of the fiber and rotor surface due to radial fluid flow, and augments previous work reported by the author's, which assessed filament tip forces that arise solely due to interference between the bristle/rotor The current problem derives its importance from aerodynamic forces that are termed blow-down, that is, the inward radial flow of gas in close proximity to the face of the seal. Thus, bristle deformation, bristle tip reaction force, and bristle bending stress is computed on the basis of an in-plane, large-displacement mechanics analysis of a cantilever beam that is subjected to a uniform radial load. Solutions to the problem are obtained for which the filament tip is constrained to lie on the rotor surface, and includes the effect of Coulombic friction at the interface of the fiber tip and rotor. Contact forces are obtained for a range of brush seal design parameters including fiber lay angle, flexural rigidity, and length. In addition, the governing equation is cast in non-dimensional form, which extends the range of applicability of solutions to brush seals having a more general geometry and material composition.
Folic Acid: Preventive Nutrition for Preconception, the Fetus, and the Newborn

Based on evidence that folic acid (FA) therapy could reduce the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in pregnant women, the United States Food and Drug Administration mandated the addition of FA to all “enriched” cereal-grain products. Further, women of childbearing potential should consume a supplement containing 400 mcg of FA daily. Rates of births affected by NTDs have decreased since the advent of FA fortification. FA fortification also may have a benefit on the development of vascular disease, other birth defects, and cognitive decline. Concerns have been raised that FA fortification might mask or exacerbate the consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency, promote cancer through epigenetic hypermethylation, or interfere with antifolate treatment. However, there is no evidence to date that foods fortified with FA cause harm. More research is required to examine the safety of FA fortification more thoroughly, but clinicians should exert every effort to communicate the need for women of childbearing age to consume at least 400 mcg/day of FA.
A monoclonal antigen-binding T cell immunoprotein: Antigenic relatedness to T cell receptor β chain FR1 V and J peptide segments: Physicochemical distinctiveness from classical immunoglobulins and T cell receptor heterodimers

Abstract The monoclonal murine T cell hybridoma, 51H7D, was previously shown to bind the arsazobenzene hapten and to produce a soluble antigen-binding molecule. In this paper we characterize this antigen-binding immunoprotein for its relationship to known T cell receptors serologically, using antibodies specific for variable region framework, or joining region peptides predicted from gene sequence and by biochemical means. The 51H7D cell expresses a protein with subunit size of approximately 31,000, that reacts antigenically with affinity-purified antibodies directed against synthetic first framework and joining segment peptides, corresponding to the gene sequence of the T cell receptor β chain, YT35. This molecule does not react with affinity-purified antibodies directed against murine immunoglobulin, framework 1 sequences of α and γ T cell receptors, or with antibodies against synthetic heavy chain joining segments. The subunit of mol. wt 31,000 can form higher aggregates, notably in the mol. wt range of 60,000–70,000, depending upon extraction conditions. The soluble form of the antigen-binding molecule bears the Jβ cross-reactive determinant and occurs predominantly as a charge restricted molecular species of approximate mol. wt 60,000–70,000. The purified molecule has a blocked N-terminus, but quantitative statistical analysis of its amino acid composition indicates a closer relatedness to T cell receptor β chains and other antigen-binding T cell products, than it has to α, γ or δ TCR chains. No evidence for more than one type of polypeptide chain was found and the polymerization is not dependent upon the formation of disulfide bonds. These studies raise the possibility that antigen-binding soluble T cell molecules might belong to a new family of immunoproteins, that is related to, but distinct from, classical immunoglobulins and αβ or γδ heterodimers.
Massively parallel sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

Formalin fixation followed by paraffin embedment (FFPE) is the most common method of preserving resected tissues. FFPEs can be easily stored, retrieved and processed for further analysis when compared to the logistical complications of processing fresh frozen (FF) material. Conversely, they may not be ideal for sequencing because of the nucleic acid fragmentation and artifacts introduced by fixation. Here we report our efforts in performing next-generation sequencing on more than 70 specimens comprising >40 FFPE samples, from low to high quality, and compared the performance of FFPE, FF and commercially available cell lines.
Faceless: decentralized anonymous group messaging for online social networks

Social networks (SNs) enable physically distributed groups to communicate seamlessly. Unfortunately such communication can be easily mined by adversaries in attempts to breach users' privacy or suppress open discussion on sensitive topics. While anonymous posting can help protect users by hiding the link between individuals and the messages they post, existing anonymization schemes are centralized or vulnerable to well-known attacks. To offer stronger protection for free speech online, we propose a method for anonymous group communication using SNs called Faceless. Faceless leverages existing Internet-based SNs for convenience in managing groups and users' public identities, but augments these centralized services with a decentralized anonymous posting overlay offering provable anonymity guarantees, resisting even group infiltration and traffic analysis attacks.
Predicting child maltreatment recurrences during treatment.

Abstract The primary purpose of the child protective services system is to protect children from the recurrence of child maltreatment. Understanding more about what predicts recurrence may help us more adequately target interventions to reduce the risk of future maltreatment. Objective: The specific objective of this study was to identify correlates of recurrence during CPS intervention for families who were provided continuing intervention following a confirmed index report of physical abuse or neglect. Method: This nonconcurrent prospective study selected 446 subject families who met study eligibility requirements from 1,181 families randomly selected from the 2,902 families who had experienced a substantiated report of child abuse or neglect during the sampling year. Data were collected and coded from archival sources for 5 years following the index report. Each record was coded by two research analysts to increase inter-rater reliability. Data were analyzed with survival analysis methods: (1) Kaplan Meier and (2) the Cox Proportional Regression Model. Results: Predictors of recurrence were child vulnerability, family stress, partner abuse, social support deficits, and an interaction between family stress and social support deficits. Conclusions: Implications of this and earlier research suggest that increasing social supports may help families cope with life events that increase stress and the risk of continued child maltreatment; that collaborations between CPS and domestic violence agencies are needed; and that screening maltreated children for mental health problems and other disabilities and assuring that children with these needs and their families get effective treatment may reduce the likelihood of continued maltreatment.
Algebraic Summation of Centre and Surround Inputs to Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Cat

Two mutually antagonistic concentric regions, the centre and the surround, make up the receptive field of most cat retinal ganglion cells. It is believed that each region corresponds to a functional unit or response mechanism, the two overlapping spatially but each having its own receptor representation1–3. In response to square-wave stimuli of such geometry and luminance that both mechanisms are stimulated, the ganglion cell receives excitatory stimuli from one mechanism, and inhibitory ones from the other at the onset of light. At the offset of light the mechanisms reverse their roles. The mutual antagonism of the two mechanisms is manifested, but according to rules that are not well established. In spite of the overlap in distribution of centre and surround receptors, it has been possible to apply stimuli, the geometry and luminance of which are such that either a pure central or a pure surround response, without cross-contamination, is elicited4–6. (Response is here defined as a change in spike rate elicited by a change in stimulus luminance.) This, for the first time, makes it possible to explore directly the mode of antagonism between the two mechanisms. We present here results obtained from three on-centre cells which demonstrate unequivocally that the response of the ganglion cell to a combination of central and surround inputs is simply the algebraic sum of the pure responses to these same inputs delivered separately. The results strongly suggest that, up to the ganglion cell, there is indeed no interaction between the two mechanisms. The interpretation of experiments on retinal ganglion cells of the centre-surround type is thus greatly simplified.
Formal submission, tolerance and socioecological models: a test with female Hanuman langurs

Patterns of agonistic relationships among group-living mammalian females are suggested to reflect differences in feeding competition. Socioecological models predict that within-group contest (WGC) competition leads to despotic relationships that are linear, consistent, and stable, in which subordinate individuals use formal submission to acknowledge rank. Between-group contest (BGC) competition and risk of infanticide are predicted to add tolerance, as evidenced by frequent reconciliation, low-intensity aggression and counteraggression. We examined the predicted effects for formal submission and two criteria of tolerance for a group of Hanuman langurs ( Semnopithecus entellus ) in a population known to experience WGC and BGC as well as high rates of infanticide. Results were based on focal animal sampling of eight of 13 adult females (419 h) and ad libitum sampling of all 13 females (711 contact hours) in the group Kailana I (Jodhpur, India). The behaviour ‘presenting’ ( N = 281) qualified as formal submission, adhering to most proposed criteria (e.g. linear, consistent, predictive of other agonistic relationships and hierarchies, 40.9% spontaneous). Thus, regarding formal submission, the predicted effects of WGC hold, and support the explanatory value of this aspect of socioecological models. In contrast, agonistic relationships were nontolerant, with frequent high-intensity aggression (48.9% of N = 231) and almost no counteraggression (
New techniques for mixing viscous reacting liquids. Part I. Mechanical means to improved laminar mixing

A discussion of the basic mechanisms and governing laws for liquid mixing is used to motivate new design concepts for more efficient mixing equipment. In this part of the paper, the use of V-grooves in the inner cylinder of a concentric cylinder mixer is examined. The purpose of the grooves is to induce vortex-like motions in the fluids in order to overcome the negative effects of interface orientation on mixing performance. Results show that the grooves are efficacious in increasing the effectiveness of the mixer. Descriptions of the experimental and analytical work done to characterize the design and to prove its efficacy are presented in detail. Scale-up parameters are also discussed.
Discourse in Early Alzheimer's Disease Versus Normal Advanced Aging

The present study compared discourse ability across three groups: patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), healthy old-elderly individuals (OE, >80 years), and normal control subjects (NC). Dis...
Identification of human G–group and Y chromosomes. Demonstration of constitutive heterochromatin by modified DNA/RNA hybridization technique

Treatment of standard human chromosomal preparations with NaOH and standard saline–citrate demonstrated constitutive heterochromatin. It is localized near the centromere or within the centromeric region in all except the Y chromosome. The technique was used for identification of G and Y chromosomes. In karyotypes of individuals with trisomy G1 (Down's syndrome) chromosomes number 21 (in the trisomy stage) possessed heterochromatin in different distribution from number 22 chromosomes; the latter having a distinctly dark stained centromere. The centromere, short arms, and proximal portion of the long arms of the Y chromosome were free of constitutive heterochromatin, which was demonstrated occupying the distal portion of the long arms. The extent of heterochromatin of the Y chromosome was identical with the heterochromatin demonstrated by quinacrine fluorochromes and responsible for the fluorescent “Y body.”
Whole-genome association mapping of gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex.

Variations in gene expression among individuals may have multiple downstream implications, including an effect on disease risk. “Genetical genomics” (or expression genetics) uses linkage and association methods to map gene expression phenotypes, connecting genetic variants to expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). It represents a promising approach to identifying novel expression regulatory elements in the genome. Studies of human lymphoblastoid cell lines1, liver2 and brain3 have also been reported. Meyers et al.3 studied 193 neuropathologically normal human brain samples from three cortical regions using the Affymetrix 500K Array for genotyping and the Illumina HumanRefseq-8 Expression Array for gene expression measurements. They assessed association between 366,140 SNPs and the expression of 14,078 transcripts, and identified 433 SNP-transcript pairs (99 transcripts) that showed significant cis-association (transcript-specific empirical P value ≤ 0.05); but only 25 of them (involving two genes, KIF1B and IPP) are significant after correcting for all the SNPs and phenotypes (transcripts) tested (Sidak multitranscript-corrected empirical P values ≤ 0.05). We would consider only the two genes truly significant cis- associations as they were the ones surviving correction for all the statistical tests.
A neuron–glia interaction involving GABA transaminase contributes to sleep loss in sleepless mutants

Sleep is an essential process and yet mechanisms underlying it are not well understood. Loss of the Drosophila quiver/sleepless (qvr/sss) gene increases neuronal excitability and diminishes daily sleep, providing an excellent model for exploring the underpinnings of sleep regulation. Here, we used a proteomic approach to identify proteins altered in sss brains. We report that loss of sleepless post-transcriptionally elevates the CG7433 protein, a mitochondrial γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABAT), and reduces GABA in fly brains. Loss of GABAT increases daily sleep and improves sleep consolidation, indicating that GABAT promotes wakefulness. Importantly, disruption of the GABAT gene completely suppresses the sleep phenotype of sss mutants, demonstrating that GABAT is required for loss of sleep in sss mutants. While SSS acts in distinct populations of neurons, GABAT acts in glia to reduce sleep in sss flies. Our results identify a novel mechanism of interaction between neurons and glia that is important for the regulation of sleep.
On the Imperial Discourse of the Delhi Sultanate and Early Mughal India

Studies of the political culture of early Mughal India generally follow a genealogical method, positing two mutually exclusive traditions (Medieval Indo-Islamic or Turco-Mongol) as the source of Mughal Imperial discourse. The present articles will compare early Mughal texts with those of the Delhi Sultanate as well as Shibanid Central Asia in order to show that all three shared a common pattern that had to be modified based on particular historical exigencies.
Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Cascade Regulates Pituitary Tumor-transforming Gene Transactivation Function

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) is a recently characterized oncogene that can act as a transcriptional activator. In this study, we have characterized the transactivation domain of PTTG. Transient transfection of fusion constructs containing GAL4 DNA-binding domain and different parts of PTTG indicated the transactivation domain of PTTG is located between amino acids 119 and 164. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is important in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Therefore, we have explored the possibility that this kinase cascade plays a role in regulating PTTG transactivation function. Activation of the MAP kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor or an expression vector for a constitutively active form of the MAP kinase kinase (MEK1) led to stimulation of PTTG transactivation activity. We showed that PTTG is phosphorylated in vitro on Ser(162) by MAP kinase and that this phosphorylation site plays an essential role in PTTG transactivation function. We demonstrated that PTTG interacts directly with MEK1 through a putative SH3 domain-binding site located between amino acids 51 and 54 and that this interaction is crucial for PTTG transactivation function. In addition, we showed that activation of MAP kinase phosphorylation cascade resulted in nuclear translocation of PTTG. Together, our data establish that a growth factor-stimulated MAP kinase plays an important role in modulating PTTG function.
Indirect revascularization of the lower extremity by means of microvascular free-muscle flap—A preliminary report

Abstract We describe the treatment of a patient with end-stage peripheral vascular disease and ischemic ulceration of the lower extremity in whom an obliteration of the distal arterial bed precluded conventional arterial reconstruction. A nonhealing dorsal foot ulcer was debrided, and soft tissue reconstruction was accomplished by the free microsurgical transfer of a muscle flap to the distal lower extremity. Arterial inflow to this free flap was provided by a contralateral reversed saphenous vein graft from the proximal arterial tree of the leg. This procedure resulted in a healed wound, stable coverage, and limb salvage. The patient also noted complete relief of rest pain and improvement in his claudication symptoms. A follow-up arteriogram was done 2 months after surgery. Contrast injection directly into the artery of this flap showed new blood vessel growth from the muscle flap into the foot with anastomoses of these "new vessels" to the patient's native circulation. This experience suggests that limb salvage may be possible by the free microvascular transplantation of a muscle flap onto the limb in selected patients whose limbs are deemed "nonreconstructible." (J VASC SURG 1990;12:581-5.)
Proton-coupled electron transfer versus hydrogen atom transfer in benzyl/toluene, methoxyl/methanol, and phenoxyl/phenol self-exchange reactions

Degenerate hydrogen atom exchange reactions have been studied using calculations, based on density functional theory (DFT), for (i) benzyl radical plus toluene, (ii) phenoxyl radical plus phenol, and (iii) methoxyl radical plus methanol. The first and third reactions occur via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanisms. The transition structure (TS) for benzyl/toluene hydrogen exchange has C(2)(h)() symmetry and corresponds to the approach of the 2p-pi orbital on the benzylic carbon of the radical to a benzylic hydrogen of toluene. In this TS, and in the similar C(2) TS for methoxyl/methanol hydrogen exchange, the SOMO has significant density in atomic orbitals that lie along the C-H vectors in the former reaction and nearly along the O-H vectors in the latter. In contrast, the SOMO at the phenoxyl/phenol TS is a pi symmetry orbital within each of the C(6)H(5)O units, involving 2p atomic orbitals on the oxygen atoms that are essentially orthogonal to the O.H.O vector. The transferring hydrogen in this reaction is a proton that is part of a typical hydrogen bond, involving a sigma lone pair on the oxygen of the phenoxyl radical and the O-H bond of phenol. Because the proton is transferred between oxygen sigma orbitals, and the electron is transferred between oxygen pi orbitals, this reaction should be described as a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). The PCET mechanism requires the formation of a hydrogen bond, and so is not available for benzyl/toluene exchange. The preference for phenoxyl/phenol to occur by PCET while methoxyl/methanol exchange occurs by HAT is traced to the greater pi donating ability of phenyl over methyl. This results in greater electron density on the oxygens in the PCET transition structure for phenoxyl/phenol, as compared to the PCET hilltop for methoxyl/methanol, and the greater electron density on the oxygens selectively stabilizes the phenoxyl/phenol TS by providing a larger binding energy of the transferring proton.
Managing acute coronary syndrome: Evidence-based approaches

Purpose. To describe data and insights from a national quality improvement initiative known as Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines (CRUSADE), for managing non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS), as well as the findings and implications of Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY), a study of bivalirudin with or without a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS who were undergoing an invasive intervention, and the results of two recent studies of clopidogrel in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) that are not reflected in current ACC/AHA guidelines for managing ST-segment elevation MI. Summary. Data from the CRUSADE registry suggest that there is room for improvement in the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel during the first 24 hours of hospitalization in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS who undergo early invasive cardiac procedures, and in the prescribing of angiotensin converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors at the time of discharge. Adherence to ACC/AHA guidelines for non-ST-segment elevation ACS has improved over time but further improvement is needed. Failure to reduce the dose of a GP IIb/IIIa for patients with renal insufficiency resulting in excessive dosing of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors increases the risk of major bleeding and is particularly common among the elderly, women, and patients with renal insufficiency. The ACUITY study suggests that bivalirudin plus a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor is a suitable alternative to standard therapy for moderate- to high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS who are undergoing early invasive intervention, and bivalirudin alone may be preferred because of a lower risk of major bleeding. However, interpretation of the ACUITY results is complicated by numerous methodologic concerns, so the role of bivalirudin in managing non-ST-segment elevation ACS is still evolving. In patients with ST-segment elevation, clopidogrel provides an early benefit in reopening occluded coronary arteries and a late benefit in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity without increasing the risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel treatment is warranted before as well as after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation MI who receive fibrinolytic therapy. Adding clopidogrel to fibrinolytic therapy and other standard therapy reduces mortality without increasing the risk of bleeding. Conclusion. Evidence-based guidelines provide recommendations for the management of ACS, but the pace of clinical research is rapid and current guidelines do not reflect the latest research findings. Pharmacists need to stay abreast of new developments and ensure that clinical practice reflects these developments.
Decreased T cell response to anti-CD2 in systemic lupus erythematosus and reversal by anti-CD28: evidence for impaired T cell-accessory cell interaction.

Objective. To assess the ability of T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to respond to a mitogenic combination of anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (MAb), and to learn the molecular basis of the documented defect. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations from individuals with SLE and paired controls were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD2, and the proliferative response was compared with that evoked by stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3. Surface markers on lymphocyte populations were assessed by flow cytometry after staining with specific MAb. Results. The proliferative response to anti-CD2 was decreased to a greater extent than was the response to anti-CD3 or PHA in SLE patients. This defect was found in approximately one-half of the patients examined, was not associated with disease activity, and was maintained upon repeated testing. Since either mono-cytes or resting B cells can serve as accessory cells for T cells following activation by anti-CD2, we examined the T cell response after depletion of adherent cells. In approximately two-thirds of the individuals with a decreased response, depletion of monocytes or substitution of monocytes with allogeneic, resting B cells from normal donors corrected the defect. The addition to PBMC of anti-CD28, but not of a neutralizing antibody to interleukin-10, largely reversed the anti-CD2 proliferative defect. Significantly fewer CD8+ T cells expressed CD28 in SLE, and this defect was also documented, to a lesser extent, in CD4+ cells. Conclusion. This study provides evidence that some functional T cell defects in SLE may be due, at least in part, to decreased CD28-mediated costimula-tory activity following the interaction of T cells with conventional accessory cells.
The role of behavioral conditioning in the development of nausea

Literature related to the prevalence and etiology of anticipatory nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy is reviewed. Physiologic causes and psychological factors, including expectations, beliefs, and conditioning, are examined to help explain these phenomena. The efficacy of pharmacologic and behavioral treatments is discussed. Similarities between the experience of anticipatory nausea and vomiting and morning sickness suggest that the conditioning model may be relevant to understanding the development of pregnancy-related nausea.
BIOTC: An open-source CFD code for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis

Abstract The BIOTC code is a computer program that combines a multi-fluid model for multiphase hydrodynamics and global chemical kinetics for chemical reactions to simulate fast pyrolysis of biomass at reactor scale. The object-oriented characteristic of BIOTC makes it easy for researchers to insert their own sub-models, while the user-friendly interface provides users a friendly environment as in commercial software. A laboratory-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis was simulated using BIOTC to demonstrate its capability. Program summary Program title: BIOTC-2.1.x Catalogue identifier: AESJ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AESJ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 82295 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 266197 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C++. Computer: All capable of running Linux. Operating system: Linux. Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: Parallelized with MPI. Classification: 22. External routines: MPI, OpenFOAM ( http://www.openfoam.org ) Nature of problem: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis at reactor scale can help reveal the details of the process and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms for reactor operation and optimization. However, the existing CFD codes, commercial or open-source, still pose difficulties for users to carry out an efficient simulation. Therefore, an open-source CFD code that integrates the merits of mainstream commercial and open-source codes, i.e., user-friendly interface and convenient sub-model implementation, is by all means necessary for reactor-scale simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis. Solution method: A multi-fluid model (MFM) is used to solve the multiphase fluid dynamics, while a global reaction mechanism is employed to solve the chemical reactions in the fluidized-bed reactors. Partial differential equation solvers and ordinary differential equation solvers provided by OpenFOAM are used to solve the MFM conservation equations and the chemical reaction equations, respectively. The coupling of MFM and chemical reactions is realized by a time-split numerical scheme. Running time: It depends on the dimension of the reactor and the complexity of the in-reactor process. Typically, for the tutorial case provided, the run time ranges from several hours to tens of hours. The small test case provided takes approximately 30 min on a serial machine.
Multicomponent vapor‐liquid equilibria at high pressures: Part II. Thermodynamic analysis

Thermodynamic analysis is applied to high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria in binary and multicomponent mixtures containing one or more noncondensable components. A thermodynamic consistency test is described, and a modification of van Laar's model is given for representing adjusted activity coefficients in binary and multicomponent liquid solutions up to the critical composition. With only experimental data used on the two binaries at 0°C., vapor-liquid equilibria are calculated for the carbon dioxide–nitrogen–oxygen ternary at high pressures. Brief reference is made to the possibility of air separation by high-pressure absorption in liquid carbon dioxide.
Featherweight phonetic keyword search for conversational speech

The point process model (PPM) for keyword search is a phonetic event-driven approach that provides a whole-word focused alternative to fast lattice matching techniques. Recent efforts in PPMs have been focused on improved model estimation techniques and efficient search algorithms, but past evaluations have been limited to searching relatively easy scripted corpora for simple unigram queries, preventing comprehensive benchmarking against standard search methods. In this paper, we present techniques for score normalization and the processing of multi-word and out of training query terms as required by the 2006 NIST Spoken Term Detection (STD) evaluation, permitting the first comprehensive benchmark of PPM search technology against state-of-the-art word and phonetic-based search systems. We demonstrate PPM to be the fastest phonetic system while posting accuracies competitive with the best phonetic alternatives. Moreover, index construction time and size are better than any keyword search system entered in the NIST evaluation.
Conflict Beliefs, Goals, and Behavior in Romantic Relationships During Late Adolescence

Little is known about social cognition regarding conflict in romantic relationships during late adolescence. The current study examined beliefs, social goals, and behavioral strategies for conflict in romantic relationships and their associations with relationship quality among a sample of 494 college students. Two dimensions of conflict beliefs, constructive and destructive, were identified. Constructive conflict beliefs were associated with relationship-oriented conflict goals and negotiation strategies during romantic conflict. Destructive conflict beliefs were associated with conflict goals focused on revenge or individual needs (self or partner) and with destructive conflict behavior (aggression and compliance). Conflict goals partially mediated links between general conflict beliefs and specific conflict strategies. Conflict beliefs, goals, and behavior also uniquely predicted the degree of conflict and intimacy in romantic relationships.
Gemfibrozil reduced the risk for coronary events in men with coronary artery disease and low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol

Source Citation Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al., for the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of co...
On detection of the interior resonance errors of surface integral boundary conditions for electromagnetic scattering problems

The numerical solution of surface integral equation formulations can be corrupted by interior resonance problems. We propose the concept of using the residual error of the discretized form of the integral equation to detect interior resonance problems. Two-dimensional (2-D) numerical examples are given to show the detection of interior resonance problems using the residual error.
Plant Sterol-Fortified Orange Juice Effectively Lowers Cholesterol Levels in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Healthy Individuals

Objective— Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Therapeutic lifestyle changes include dietary modifications such as inclusion of phytosterols, which effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in margarines and other fats. Their effectiveness in nonfat moieties is not yet established. The aim of this study was to examine if phytosterols alter the plasma lipoprotein profile when incorporated into nonfat orange juice. Methods and Results— After a 2-week run-in phase with orange juice, 72 mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy subjects were randomized to receive either placebo orange juice (placebo OJ) or plant sterol-fortified orange juice (sterol OJ) (2g/d) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood was obtained at baseline, after 2 weeks of OJ, and after 8 weeks of placebo/sterol-OJ supplementation. Sterol OJ supplementation significantly decreased total (7.2%), LDL (12.4%), and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (7.8%) compared with baseline and compared with placebo OJ ( P <0.01). Apolipoprotein B levels were significantly decreased (9.5%) with sterol OJ. There were no significant changes in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides with the sterol OJ. While folate and B12 levels significantly increased, homocysteine levels were unchanged. Conclusions— Orange juice fortified with plant sterols are effective in reducing LDL cholesterol and could easily be incorporated into the therapeutic lifestyle changes dietary regimen.
Baculovirus epizootic in a larval population of the clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii, in southern California.

An extensive baculovirus epizootic occurred during the autumn of 1976 in a larval population of the clover cutworm, Scatogramma trifolii (Rottenberg), breeding on Russian thistle, Salsola iberica (Sennen and Pau), in southern California. The primary causal agent of the epizootic was a granulosis virus although a nuclear polyhedrosis virus was involved at several locations. The epizootic extended over an area of ca. 1000 km2 and included within its limits the suburban Los Angeles cities of Colton, Corona, Fontana, Ontario, Redlands, Riverside, San Bernardino, and portions of Pomona. The incidence of the granulosis disease was greater than 90% at all sites sampled regardless of larval density. This is the 1st report of a granulosis virus from S. trifolii .