cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low cost deep space hybrid optical/RF communications architecture

This paper reports on a study of hybrid optical/Radio Frequency (RF) architectures for deep space missions. Previous proposed optical deep space communication architectures were generally designed to achieve 90% or better availability 24/7. This study, instead, considered alternative metrics and architectures. It focuses on a strategy to use RF links and existing RF infrastructure for navigation and for communications requiring high availability, and optical communication links only for high volume downlink data. The optical link can then be designed to maximize data volume rather than availability. Utilizing Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) with this strategy, a high level of completeness is possible even with low link availability - though with an increase in latency and spacecraft memory requirements. This strategy is suitable for deep space missions whose high volume links are dominated by science data that can tolerate long delays. The study found that with this optical downlink strategy, a single ground telescope can provide the principal expected benefit of optical communications (high data volume) at much lower cost than optical infrastructures designed to provide 90% availability 24/7. The study found also that data volume can, in some cases, be maximized by arraying all ground telescopes at a single site so that they have identical weather statistics. This low cost architecture, here named Single Optical Site (SOS), can eventually be augmented with multiple sites to provide high optical availability.
Empirical User Modeling: Command Usage Analyses for Deriving Models of Users

Models of users' procedural knowledge were derived from the records of command usage obtained from nine experienced users of the Unix operating system. Pairwise transitions between user command entries were analyzed for the purpose of identifying salient command patterns associated with task-based user behaviors. Structural models of command usage patterns were obtained from Pathfinder network scaling of Unix command events. The network representation of command patterns was evaluated as a method for abstracting users' procedural knowledge. These network scaling solutions revealed patterns that were common both within and across users' command usage.
Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons

Social comparisons may seem to serve several positive functions, including self-enhancement. Frequent social comparisons, however, have a dark side. Two studies examined the relationship between frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors. In Study 1, people who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to experience envy, guilt, regret, and defensiveness, and to lie, blame others, and to have unmet cravings. In Study 2, police officers who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to show ingroup bias and to be less satisfied with their jobs. The dark side of frequent social comparisons was not associated with self-esteem. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in social comparison processes.
Extreme obesity does not predict poor cancer outcomes after surgery for renal cell cancer.

OBJECTIVE To assess whether extreme obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m(2) ) is associated with peri-operative outcomes, overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), or recurrence-free survival (RFS) after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS After institutional review board approval, we used an institutional database to identify patients treated surgically between January 2000 and December 2014 with a pathological diagnosis of RCC. Comprehensive clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate OS, RFS and CSS. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate associations with OS, CSS and RFS in patients with extreme obesity, among other known predictive variables. RESULTS In all, 100 patients (11.9%) with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) and 743 patients (88.1%) with a BMI < 40 kg/m(2) who were treated surgically for RCC were identified. Morbid obesity was not associated with an increased risk of blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.587-1.70; P = 1.0). The median (interquartile range) length of hospital stay (LOS) was 4 (3-6) days. Morbid obesity was not associated with longer LOS (P = 0.26) or 30-day hospital readmission rates (P = 1.0). Major complications (Clavien ≥ 3a) were recorded in 67 patients (7.95%). BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) was not a predictor of major complications (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.227-1.47; P = 0.251) or 90-day mortality (P = 0.4067). BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) was not associated with worse OS (P = 0.7), CSS (P = 0.2) or RFS (P = 0.5). BMI ≥ 35 kg/m(2) was also not associated with worse OS, CSS or RFS (P = 0.3, 0.1, 0.5, respectively). The 5-year OS rate was 68.9% for the entire cohort, including 69 and 70% for patients with BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) , respectively (P = 0.69). The 5-year CSS was 79.5% for the entire cohort, including 78.4 and 87.9% (P = 0.16) for patients with BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) , respectively. The 5-year RFS rates for BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) were 84.1 and 90.6%, respectively (P = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS Extreme obesity is not associated with worse peri-operative or cancer outcomes after surgery for RCC. Surgery should remain a standard treatment option in well selected morbidly obese patients.
Defining Unstageable Pressure Ulcers as Full-Thickness Wounds: Are These Wounds Being Misclassified?

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution of unstageable pressure ulcers (PUs) over time to determine if their healing trajectory is consistent with full- or partial-thickness wounds. Design Retrospective review of electronic medical record and a clinical PU database. Subjects and settings Patients with hospital-acquired, unstageable PUs were evaluated. Subjects were cared for at a level 1 trauma/burn center and safety net hospital in the Pacific Northwest between November 2007 and March 2011. Methods Electronic medical records and a clinical PU database for 194 unstageable PUs were examined. The PU database is managed by certified wound care nurses; it includes data on all verified hospital-acquired PUs since 2007. The unit of analysis for this study was the individual PU site. Results Of the initial 194 unstageable PUs identified, 120 were excluded due to lack of data needed to address research questions. Out of the 74 unstageable PUs that remained in the study, approximately one-third (33.8%) were found to follow a healing trajectory consistent with partial-thickness wounds. Conclusion Findings indicate that while approximately two-thirds of unstageable PUs demonstrate healing trajectories consistent with full-thickness wounds, slightly more than a third follow a trajectory consistent with partial-thickness wounds. Additional research is needed to clarify the healing trajectories of unstageable PUs and to determine whether the current definition for unstageable PUs is adequate.
Environmental Damage Resulting from the NATO Military Action in Yugoslavia

During the 1999 war between NATO and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, NATO targeted and destroyed chemical plants and storage facilities at Pancevo, Kragujevac, and elsewhere. A United Nations inspection team found that the NATO attacks had caused measurable, but not catastrophic, environmental damage wityin the territory of Yugoslavia. This article explores the historical evolution and current status of the body of law regarding protection of the environment during wartime, as well as the legality of NATO's actions. It concludes that NATO probably did not violate international law as it currently stands. However, the postwar reactions of states, including the NATO member states, may show a growing intolerance for environmentally destructive military tactics. Chemical plants, in particular, may in the future be proscribed as ultrahazardous targets, as dams, dikes, and nuclear power plants are currently.
Revision of the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test

Abstract Since 1935 the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test frequently has been used to classify students in tennis. Studies by Fox and the present writer confirm that the Dyer Tennis Test (Dyer's latest revision with restraining line 5 ft. from the wall) does not discriminate sufficiently at the beginner's level. When comparing beginners and advanced level students in tennis, the Dyer Test discriminates best at the advanced level, probably because this test measures better the advanced skill of volleying. Hewitt revised the Dyer Test by adding a 20 ft. restraining line and had the student serve and use ground strokes behind this line for 30 sec. The subject hit the ball against a brick wall above a 3 ft. net line. Results of the test were correlated with rank order of play ability. In the four beginner classes the relationship between the Hewitt revision and rank order of play was significant at the 1 percent level of confidence. The Hewitt revision was given to two advanced classes, each of 31 students, and resu...
Development of an Ointment Formulation Using Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology

Ointments are generally prepared either by fusion or by levigation methods. The current study proposes the use of hot-melt extrusion (HME) processing for the preparation of a polyethylene glycol base ointment. Lidocaine was used as a model drug. A modified screw design was used in this process, and parameters such as feeding rate, barrel temperature, and screw speed were optimized to obtain a uniform product. The product characteristics were compared with an ointment of similar composition prepared by conventional fusion method. The rheological properties, drug release profile, and texture characteristics of the hot-melt extruded product were similar to the conventionally prepared product. This study demonstrates a novel application of the hot-melt extrusion process in the manufacturing of topical semi-solids.
Surface Patterns by Solvent Evaporation of Colloidal Zeolite Suspension

Surface patterns of porous zeolite structures such as knotted-rope web and wrinkled honeycomb were obtained by dynamic self-assembly of zeolite nanoparticles during solvent evaporation of colloidal zeolite suspension. The study shows that extra ethanol in zeolite synthesis solution is crucial for pattern formation. The addition of ethanol helps produce zeolite nanoparticles with a specific range of particle size during the hydrothermal synthesis. It also provides uniform dynamic driving force for pattern formation during its preferential evaporation. In addition, surface patterns vary with suspension compositions. The patterned zeolite structures have a well-defined bimodal pore size distribution (i.e., 0.55 nm and 2.6 nm) with high BET surface area of 680∼750m 2 &/g.
Optimising space utilisation in block stacking warehouses

Block stacking storage is an inexpensive storage system widely used in manufacturing systems where pallets of stock keeping units (SKUs) are stored in a warehouse at the finite production rates. However, determining the optimal lane depth that maximises space utilisation under a finite production rate constraint has not been adequately addressed in the literature and is an open problem. In this research, we propose mathematical models to obtain the optimal lane depth for single and multiple SKUs where the pallet production rates are finite. A simulation model is used to evaluate performance of the proposed models under stochastic uncertainty in the major production parameters and the demand.
Comparison of avian community dynamics of bURned and UnbURned coastal sage scrUB

Bird species richness, abundance and activity were compared between a control area (CA) of mature coastal sage scrub and a burned area (BA) near Los Angeles, California. Data were collected in paired samples on 80 species of birds from January 1983 to May 1984. The CA provided more habitat requirements for more individuals and species of birds throughout the year than the BA. Nonresidents used highly seasonal food sources that were little used by resident species. The BA was an adequate foraging area only during the spring and did not offer the same variety of vegetation types as the CA. Fire was found to decrease bird species richness in coastal sage scrub, unlike the pattern found in chaparral bird communities.
Returns on Investment in California County Departments of Public Health

Objectives. To estimate the average return on investment for the overall activities of county departments of public health in California.Methods. I gathered the elements necessary to estimate the average return on investment for county departments of public health in California during the period 2001 to 2008–2009. These came from peer-reviewed journal articles published as part of a larger project to develop a method for determining return on investment for public health by using a health economics framework. I combined these elements by using the standard formula for computing return on investment, and performed a sensitivity analysis. Then I compared the return on investment for county departments of public health with the returns on investment generated for various aspects of medical care.Results. The estimated return on investment from $1 invested in county departments of public health in California ranges from $67.07 to $88.21.Conclusions. The very large estimated return on investment for California ...
10-Minute Assay for Detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef Samples Using Piezoelectric-Excited Millimeter-Size Cantilever Sensors

We detected Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC) at approximately 10 cells per ml in spiked ground beef samples in 10 min using piezoelectric-excited millimeter-size cantilever (PEMC) sensors. The composite PEMC sensors have a sensing area of 2 mm2 and are prepared by immobilizing a polyclonal antibody specific to EC on the sensing surface. Ground beef (2.5 g) was spiked with EC at 10 to 10,000 cells per ml in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). One milliliter of supernatant was removed from the blended samples and used to perform the detection experiments. The total resonant frequency change obtained for the inoculated samples was 138 +/- 9, 735 +/- 23, 2,603 +/- 51, and 7,184 +/- 606 Hz, corresponding to EC concentrations of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 cells per ml, respectively. EC was detected in the sample solution within the first 10 min. The responses of the sensor to positive, negative, and buffer controls were 36 +/- 6, 27 +/- 2, and 2 +/- 7 Hz, respectively. Verification of EC attachment was confirmed by low-pH buffer release (PBS-HCl, pH 2.2), microscopy, and second antibody EC binding postdetection. The results indicate that PEMC sensors can reliably detect EC at less than 10 cells per ml in 10 min without sample preparation and with label-free reagents.
Planning Derry: THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION

The Londonderry Development Commission was established in 1969 by the O'Neill Government as it tried to stave off the impending crisis brought about by years of discrimination against Catholics in employment and housing. Under New Town Legislation adapted from the British model, an existing town could be designated for expansion. As in the case of a new town, a government commission would be appointed to subsume the powers of existing local authorities and implement the plan. The commission would be kept in place until such time as the plan was implemented and the normal process of governance by a town council would thereupon resume. So Derry, for the second time in its history, became a ‘new town’. Neither Jim Foster nor I could have suggested that our speculative suggestion for implementation of the plan, excluding the involvement of the Unionist-dominated local authorities, would be realised so soon. That it did occur was not so much based on the rational objectivity of our recommendation but rather the mounting violence that left a weakened Stormont Government little alternative. It now seemed that some modicum of justice had been achieved as the gerrymandering Derry mayor and his Unionist councillors were despatched with one stroke of the pen. Brian Morton (later Sir Brian), a prominent Northern Ireland realtor, was appointed chairman of the Commission and Stephen McGonagle, a former President of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, was appointed vice-chairman.
Large Nonlinear Deformation of Shell Structures

This paper describes the theory used to develop the continuum and membrane nonlinear geometry computer program developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This program uses generalized strain and stress tensors and a generalized virtual work principle (VWP) for the continuum model. These strain and stress tensors and the VWP have also been modified with membrane assumptions to develop the membrane model.
A Schematic Approach to Understanding Latino Transnational Literary Texts

Transnationalism is a concept developed by social scientists in the 1990s in order to understand the life and culture of people moving from one place to another, especially during the latter part of the twentieth century. The concept is often linked to another somewhat amorphous concept, that of globalization or the creation of a global economy that has the effect of uprooting populations. According to Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, the people they call “transmigrants” participate in the nation-building projects of their land of origin and that of their receptor land, where they are often considered “immigrants” or “ethnics” (1993, 45–46). The concepts of transnationalism and transmigrants depart from earlier postulations that saw immigrants as people who gave up their land of origin in order to settle permanently in the host country—a popular concept extrapolated from the settlement patterns of earlier European immigrants to the United States, who were subjected to the pressures of the “Melting Pot” and the “American Dream” Transnationalism thus challenges the earlier concept of assimilation to the host culture, as related to these two nation-building American myths, in favor of a model that goes beyond the limits of political and geographic borders, languages, and national allegiances.
Role of potassium channels in regulation of brain arteriolar tone: comparison of cerebrum versus brain stem.

Background and Purpose—Potassium channels are important regulators of resting tone in large cerebral arteries, but their activity and distribution may vary according to vessel location and species studied. In the cerebral microcirculation in vivo, however, these channels appear to be silent at rest. Our goal was to determine the activity of potassium channels of brain arterioles from 2 origins under basal conditions in vitro. Methods—Penetrating cerebral (40.9±2.2 μm control diameter) and brain stem (36.2±1.2 μm) arterioles of rats were prepared from middle cerebral and basilar arteries, respectively. The internal diameter of cannulated and pressurized vessel was monitored with the inverted microscope before and after administration of potassium channel inhibitors. In addition, we studied the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on potassium channel activity. Results—Cerebral and brain stem arterioles were significantly constricted by 4-aminopyridine and low concentration of BaCl2 but not by glibenc...
Gastric antral webs in adults: A case series characterizing their clinical presentation and management in the modern endoscopic era

Gastric antral webs in adults: A case series characterizing their clinical presentation and management in the modern endoscopic era
Similar pathobiology of ovarian epithelial cancers in diverse populations with differing incidence rates

A18 Aim: Incidence rates of ovarian cancer in minority women are reputedly lower than in White women; nevertheless, survival among Black women appears to be suboptimal. We postulated that a refined stratification of incidence data, with a focus on main histological subtypes of ovarian epithelial cancers (OEC), would help to discern whether any pathobiologic variation underlies outcome disparity. Methods: The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population database afforded bulk sample size with ethnic/racial diversity. SEER’s 13 Registry Database (calendar period 1992-2004), covers 14% of the US population with 29,842 cases of OEC (92% of total ovarian cancers). This number was sufficient for valid comparisons of self-categorized White, Black and Asian-Pacific Islander (API) women. SEER embedded codes (International Classification of Disease for Oncology-3) provided diagnostic standardization of usual histological subtypes: serous (8441, 8460-1), endometrioid (8380) and mucinous (8470-1, 8480-1). Age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 woman-years (ASIR) were plotted as log-log curves. Age-frequency histograms (age-at-diagnosis density plots) compared age distributions. Summary:SEER adjusted incidence rates for all OEC and each histological subtype were highest in White women (p
Tumor Microenvironment: No Effector T Cells without Dendritic Cells

Successful antitumor immunity is thought to require T cell entry into tumors, though mechanisms regulating this process remain unclear. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Spranger et al. indicate that chemokines produced by intratumoral Batf3 dendritic cells are critical for effector T cell recruitment. The findings have implications for immunotherapy.
Sputtering growth of Y3Fe5O12/Pt bilayers and spin transfer at Y3Fe5O12/Pt interfaces

For the majority of previous work on Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)/normal metal (NM) bi-layered structures, the YIG layers were grown on Gd3Ga5O12 first and were then capped by an NM layer. This work demonstrates the sputtering growth of a Pt/YIG structure where the Pt layer was grown first and the YIG layer was then deposited on the top. The YIG layer shows well-oriented (111) texture, a surface roughness of 0.15 nm, and an effective Gilbert damping constant less than 4.7 × 10−4, and the YIG/Pt interface allows for efficient spin transfers. This demonstration indicates the feasibility of fabricating high-quality NM/YIG/NM tri-layered structures for new physics studies.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Sulfatide Lipidosis)

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (sulfatide lipidosis), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder of sulfatide catabolism, occurs in 1:40 000 births. Clinical variability represents a continuum of phenotypes, late infantile to adulthood, including regression of development in late infancy, declining schoolwork during childhood/adolescence, and poor work performance in adulthood. White matter abnormalities characterize late infantile and childhood presentations, gray and white matter abnormalities in later forms. Diagnosis requires assessing deficient arylsulfatase A activity in white cells/cultured skin fibroblasts; the rare protein activator deficiency requires demonstration of sulfatide sulfatase deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts and absence of activator substance. Treatment is limited to supportive care.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAIN RATE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR IN POLYMERIC COMPOSITES

Viscoplasticity models for describing strain rate-dependent behavior in fibrous composites are reviewed. The focus is on the use of a one-parameter plastic potential function in characterizing the nonlinear stress-strain relations and on the use of off-axis composite specimens to generate data that capture the anisotropic properties. Experimental results of an S2 glass composite are used to verify the constitutive models.
Cardiac pacing and the law of initial value in rhesus monkeys.

A cardiac pacemaker was used to produce a wide range of pre-CS heart rates in Pavlovian conditioning, and correlations were computed between pre-CS and CS heart rates. Two rhesus monkeys were presented trials in which 30 sec of light (CS) was followed by a brief electric shock (UCS). Pacing rates during the inter-trial intervals were varied from 150 to 350 bpm. Pacing was discontinued during CS. Unpaced control sessions showed that the maximum heart rate in CS on each trial was proportional to the pre-CS heart rate. Following pacing, however, heart rate in CS did not depend on the pacing rate; rather, the rates were not different from those of the unpaced control sessions. Pacing at high rates shifted the maximum heart rate toward the end of CS.
SUBSONIC FLOW FLAMEHOLDER STUDIES USING A LOW PRESSURE SIMULATION TECHNIQUE

Summary The object of the work described in this paper has been to evaluate the usefulness of the nitrogen dilution technique of simulating low pressures in studying some of the variables affecting flame stabilization of bluff bodies. Details are given of the theoretical background to the technique and the predicted relationship between simulated pressure and dilution quantity. Current low pressure experimental work is aimed at evaluating this relationship. The technique has been used to study the effect of temperature and blockage on the flameholding characteristics of 60° included angle cones under subsonic flow conditions. Although analysis of all the data obtained is incomplete, preliminary results indicate a powerful temperature effect in the range 280 to 625°K and an adverse effect of flameholder blockage above a critical value estimated at 9 per cent for these flameholders.
Controlling corrosion in drinking water distribution systems: a grand challenge for the 21st century

It is argued that the water distribution system will be a key public health battlefield of the 21st century. Corrosion in private plumbing is deserving of special attention, since the health and economic impacts are probably of equal or greater magnitude compared to public systems, and there has not been an advocate working on behalf of the consumer to solve these problems. To better serve society in this endeavour we will need educational programs, aggressive research to minimize the unsustainable costs of corrosion, and to consider our legacy to future generations when making decisions on materials use.
Influence of Planting Date, Fungicide Seed Treatment, and Phorate on Peanut in North Carolina

ABSTRACT Establishing an adequate stand of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and minimizing the negative impact of tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)] is important for maximizing yield in both ...
A Data Model to Manage Data for Water Resources Systems Modeling

Abstract Current practices to identify, organize, analyze, and serve data to water resources systems models are typically model and dataset-specific. Data are stored in different formats, described with different vocabularies, and require manual, model-specific, and time-intensive manipulations to find, organize, compare, and then serve to models. This paper presents the Water Management Data Model (WaMDaM) implemented in a relational database. WaMDaM uses contextual metadata, controlled vocabularies, and supporting software tools to organize and store water management data from multiple sources and models and allow users to more easily interact with its database. Five use cases use thirteen datasets and models focused in the Bear River Watershed, United States to show how a user can identify, compare, and choose from multiple types of data, networks, and scenario elements then serve data to models. The database design is flexible and scalable to accommodate new datasets, models, and associated components, attributes, scenarios, and metadata.
‘Early Rectangularization’ of under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: compression, convergence, inequality

Abstract This study analyzes compression, convergence, and age-inequality of under-5 mortality patterns in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We hypothesize that accelerated reductions in under-5 death rates are associated with substantive changes in the age distribution and variation of deaths. To analyze age variation rather than mean values for under-5 deaths, we adapted indicators of compression, convergence, and inequality that were developed for the total length of life. We constructed conditional life-table death rates for under-5 age children from 31 SSA countries from 1990 to 2017, using retrospective data from the Demographic and Health Surveys for these countries. We used these to identify heterogeneities across countries in the age patterns of mortality, the pace of mortality decline, and convergence. Our results revealed stronger evidence of reduced age-inequality in countries experiencing large or accelerated reductions in average under-5 mortality levels (with annual reduction rates [ARR]≥3.2%), in comparison with those showing stagnant or slower mortality decline (ARR
Muon-Catalyzed Fusion in 1996

Muon-catalyzed fusion is an alternative approach in which fusion is induced without the need for high temperatures. Indeed, it is the only bona fide approach to cold fusion. Data regarding key parameters are provided, and the possibility of applications is discussed.
Neuropsychological Predictors of Decision-Making Capacity in Terminally Ill Patients with Advanced Cancer

Objective The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the neuropsychological underpinnings of decision-making capacity in terminally ill patients with advanced cancer. Method Participants were 108 English-speaking adults. More than half (n = 58) of participants had a diagnosis of advanced cancer and were receiving inpatient palliative care; the rest were healthy adults. Participants completed a measure of decision-making capacity that assesses four legal standards of capacity (Choice, Understanding, Appreciation, and Reasoning), and several measures of neuropsychological functioning. Results Patients with terminal cancer were significantly more impaired on measures of capacity and neuropsychological functioning. Surprisingly, in the terminally ill sample, there were no significant correlations between neuropsychological functioning and decision-making capacity. Conclusion The terminally ill sample exhibited high levels of neuropsychological impairment across multiple cognitive domains. However, few of the measures of neuropsychological functioning were significantly associated with performance on the decisional capacity subscales in the terminally ill sample. It is possible that end-of-life decisional capacity is governed by general, rather than domain-specific, cognitive abilities.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Health Among Older Adults in India.

Objectives To document sex differences in late-life cognitive function and identify their early-life determinants among older Indian adults. Design Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD). Setting Individual cognitive testing in hospital or household setting across 14 states of India. Participants Individuals aged 60 years and older from LASI-DAD (2017-2019) (N = 2,704; 53.5% female). Measurements Given the low levels of literacy and numeracy among older Indian adults, we consider two composite cognitive scores as outcome variables. Score I is based on tests that do not require literacy or numeracy, whereas score II is based on tests that require such skills. Ordinary least squares is used to estimate models featuring a progressively increasing number of covariates. We add to the baseline specification, including a sex dummy, age, and state indicators, measures of early-life socioeconomic status (SES), early-life nutrition, as proxied by knee height, and education. Results Across most cognitive domains, women perform significantly worse than for men: -0.4 standard deviations (SD) for score I and -0.8 SD for score II. Early-life SES, health, and education explain 90% of the gap for score I and 55% for score II. Results are similar across hospital-based and home testing. Conclusion In India, lower levels of early-life human capital investments in nutrition and education among women compared with men are associated with a female disadvantage in late-life cognitive health. This has important implications for public health policy, aiming at reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia-a nascent concern in India. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:S20-S28, 2020.
Use of the plasma thrombin time to assess the adequacy of in vivo neutralization of heparin: comparative studies following operations employing extracorporeal circulation.

1. The dosage of protamine necessary for the postoperative neutralization of heparin, used as anticoagulant during extracorporeal circulation, was studied in 25 patients by means of both the protamine titration test and the plasma thrombin time. 2. The plasma thrombin time was found to be far more sensitive in the detection of small quantities of residual heparin than was the protamine titration test, which failed to demonstrate significant quantities of circulating heparin. 3. Adequate neutralization of circulating heparin was achieved when an initial postoperative protamine dose of 1.5 times the calculated residual heparin was given and followed by additional protamine when indicated by the result of the plasma thrombin time. 4. No toxic effects of protamine were noted on such a dosage schedule.
Foliar Aphid Herbivory Alters the Tomato Rhizosphere Microbiome, but Initial Soil Community Determines the Legacy Effects

Aboveground herbivory can impact the root-associated microbiome, while simultaneously different soil microbial communities influence herbivore performance. It is currently unclear how these reciprocal top-down and bottom-up interactions between plants, insects and microbes vary across different soils and over successive plant generations. In this study, we examined top-down impacts of above-ground herbivory on the rhizosphere microbiome across different soils, assessed bottom-up impacts of soil microbial community variation on herbivore performance, and evaluated their respective contributions to soil legacy effects on herbivore performance. We used Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid) and Solanum pimpinellifolium (wild tomato) to capture pre- domestication microbiome interactions with a specialist pest. First, using 16S rRNA sequencing we compared bacterial communities associated with rhizospheres of aphid- infested and uninfested control plants grown in three different soils over three time points. High aphid infestation impacted rhizosphere bacterial diversity in a soil- dependent manner, ranging from a 22% decrease to a 21% increase relative to uninfested plants and explained 6-7% of community composition differences in two of three soils. We next investigated bottom-up and soil legacy effects of aphid herbivory by growing wild tomatoes in each of the three soils and a sterilized “no microbiome” soil, infesting with aphids (phase one), then planting a second generation (phase two) of plants in the soil conditioned with aphid-infested or uninfested control plants. In the first phase, aphid performance varied across plants grown in different soil sources, ranging from a 20% to 50% increase in aphid performance compared to the “no microbiome” control soil, demonstrating a bottom-up role for soil microbial community. In the second phase, initial soil community, but not previous aphid infestation, impacted aphid performance on plants. Thus, while herbivory altered the rhizosphere microbiome in a soil community-dependent manner, the bottom-up interaction between the microbial community and the plant, not top-down effects of prior herbivore infestation, affected herbivore performance in the following plant generation. These findings suggest that the bottom-up effects of the soil microbial community play an overriding role in herbivore performance in both current and future plant generations and thus are an important target for sustainable control of herbivory in agroecosystems.
A unique case of progressive hemifacial microsomia or Parry-Romberg syndrome associated with limb and brain anomalies with normal neurological findings: A review of the literature

In this report, we describe an unusual case of progressive hemifacial atrophy or Parry-Romberg syndrome in a 10-year-old girl with progressive hemifacial microsomia and limb anomalies who had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of white matter hyper-intensities. Patients typically present with neurological manifestations such as epilepsy, facial pain, and migraines and ophthalmological symptoms in conjunction with white matter lesions. The patient demonstrated normal cognition and psychomotor development despite the presence of white matter lesions in her frontal lobe that is commonly associated with neurological symptoms. This report brings attention to the complicated relationship between facial, limb and brain imaging findings in Parry-Romberg syndrome and differentiates it from hemifacial microsomia syndrome.
A figure of merit to characterize the efficacy of evaporation from porous microstructured surfaces

Abstract Evaporation from porous structured surfaces is encountered in a variety of applications including electronics cooling, desalination, and solar energy generation. Of major interest in the design of thermal systems for such applications is a prediction of the heat and mass transfer rates during evaporation from these surfaces. The present study develops a figure of merit (FOM) that characterizes the efficacy of evaporative heat transfer from microstructured surfaces. Geometric quantities such as the contact line length per unit area, porosity, and contact angle that are independent of details of the surface structure are utilized to develop the FOM, allowing for flexibility in its application to a variety of structured surfaces. This metric is calibrated against an evaporative heat transfer model and further benchmarked with evaporation heat transfer data from the literature. The FOM successfully captures the variation in evaporation heat transfer coefficient across different structures as well as the optimum dimensions for a given structure, and therefore can serve as a tool to survey available structures and also optimize their dimensions for heat and mass transfer enhancement.
Bowel anastomosis by inverting and everting techniques: An experimental study

Abstract In this experimental study the surgical dictum that it is necessary to coapt serosa-to-serosa in order to obtain intestinal healing is challenged. A control group of large and small bowel anastomoses is compared with experimental groups in which direct submucosal apposition and everting techniques both by suture and nonsuture reapproximation of bowel are performed. Primary healing was obtained in all groups. Histologically a similar reaction was observed whether the anastomosis was by inversion, submucosal apposition, or everting techniques. Of significance was the low morbidity rate in the animals in which the bowel anastomoses were everted. The rate of morbidity is low probably because the intestinal lumen is not narrowed at the anastomotic site. From the results of this study Halsted's principle of including the submucosal layer in the bowel closure is much more important in intestinal healing than is Lembert's dictum of serosa-to-serosa approximation.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase is required for the behavioural desensitization that occurs after repeated injections of angiotensin II

Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts on central angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptors to increase water and saline intake. Prolonged exposure to Ang II in cell culture models results in a desensitization of the AT(1) receptor that is thought to involve receptor internalization, and a behavioural correlate of this desensitization has been shown in rats after repeated central injections of Ang II. Specifically, rats given repeated injections of Ang II drink less water than control animals after a subsequent test injection of Ang II. In the same conditions, however, repeated injections of Ang II have no effect on Ang II-induced saline intake. Given earlier studies indicating that separate intracellular signalling pathways mediate Ang II-induced water and saline intake, we hypothesized that the desensitization observed in rats may be incomplete, leaving the receptor able to activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (ERK1/2), which play a role in Ang II-induced saline intake without affecting water intake. In support of this hypothesis, we found no difference in MAP kinase phosphorylation after an Ang II test injection in rats given prior treatment with repeated injections of vehicle, Ang II or Sar(1),Ile(4),Ile(8)-Ang II (SII), an Ang II analogue that activates MAP kinase without G protein coupling. In addition, we found that pretreatment with the MAP kinase inhibitor U0126 completely blocked the desensitizing effect of repeated Ang II injections on water intake. Furthermore, Ang II-induced water intake was reduced to a similar extent by repeated injections of Ang II or SII. The results suggest that G protein-independent signalling is sufficient to produce behavioural desensitization of the angiotensin system and that the desensitization requires MAP kinase activation.
Monitoring chemical reactions by low‐field benchtop NMR at 45 MHz: pros and cons

Monitoring chemical reactions is the key to controlling chemical processes where NMR can provide support. High-field NMR gives detailed structural information on chemical compounds and reactions; however, it is expensive and complex to operate. Conversely, low-field NMR instruments are simple and relatively inexpensive alternatives. While low-field NMR does not provide the detailed information as the high-field instruments as a result of their smaller chemical shift dispersion and the complex secondary coupling, it remains of practical value as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool and is complimentary to other established methods, such as ReactIR and Raman spectroscopy. We have tested a picoSpin-45 (currently under ThermoFisher Scientific) benchtop NMR instrument to monitor three types of reactions by 1D (1) H NMR: a Fischer esterification, a Suzuki cross-coupling, and the formation of an oxime. The Fischer esterification is a relatively simple reaction run at high concentration and served as proof of concept. The Suzuki coupling is an example of a more complex, commonly used reaction involving overlapping signals. Finally, the oxime formation involved a reaction in two phases that cannot be monitored by other PAT tools. Here, we discuss the pros and cons of monitoring these reactions at a low-field of 45 MHz by 1D (1) H NMR. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shear Strength of Continuous Plates

Results of punching shear test of 15 reinforced concrete specimens of a new type of test specimen that simulates continuous two-way construction are reported. Conclusions for these tests are that: (1) Circular columns permit development of higher shear strength than square columns of equal periphery; (2) increasing moment reinforcing results in slight shear strength increase; (3) none of the empirical strength equations extant are reliable; and (4) conventional footing type test specimens are adequate for parameter studies.
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Positive Health Scale

Abstract Background: Health educators have long advocated health promotion, yet their health measurement techniques have a pathogenic focus. Pathogenesis refers to the origin of a disease and the chain of events (precursors) leading to that disease. Traditional health measurement tools with this focus therefore measure health by assessing for the absence of disease or associated risk factors. Salutogenesis, as proposed by Aaron Antonovsky, refers to associated factors and precursors of good health similar to how pathogenesis focuses on associated factors and precursors of bad health. Purpose: This study proposes a health measurement scale with a salutogenic focus that measures health by assessing for the multidimensional capacity or potential for good health. Methods: Two samples of university students (N=226, N=365) were surveyed to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Salutogenic Wellness Promotion Scale (SWPS). Results: The SWPS demonstrated a multidimensional structure with good interna...
HsfB2b-mediated repression of PRR7 directs abiotic stress responses of the circadian clock

The circadian clock perceives environmental signals to reset to local time, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we present data revealing that a member of the heat shock factor (Hsf) family is involved in the input pathway to the plant circadian clock. Using the yeast one-hybrid approach, we isolated several Hsfs, including HEAT SHOCK FACTOR B2b (HsfB2b), a transcriptional repressor that binds the promoter of PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7) at a conserved binding site. The constitutive expression of HsfB2b leads to severely reduced levels of the PRR7 transcript and late flowering and elongated hypocotyls. HsfB2b function is important during heat and salt stress because HsfB2b overexpression sustains circadian rhythms, and the hsfB2b mutant has a short circadian period under these conditions. HsfB2b is also involved in the regulation of hypocotyl growth under warm, short days. Our findings highlight the role of the circadian clock as an integrator of ambient abiotic stress signals important for the growth and fitness of plants.
Evolution and speciation of Pneumocystis.

Studies during the last decade have revealed that the genus Pneumocystis contains many distinct organisms. Differences have been observed for their cell surfaces, the conditions required for their growth, and their genomes. The genetic and functional diversity exhibited by these organisms indicate Pneumocystis contains more than one species. Controversy surrounds this issue because Pneumocystis cannot be cultured and mating experiments cannot be performed. However, the degree of sequence variation seen between several gene orthologues suggested that DNA could be utilized to diagnose Pneumocystis species, which in turn, has indicated the need for revising its nomenclature. In 1976 Frenkel named the species in human P. jirovecii [6] under the zoological code and in 1999, he transferred it to the botanical code [7] thus validly applying two new species names, Pneumocystis jirovecii n. sp. and Pneumocystis carinii n. sp., for organisms derived from human and rat, respectively. The purpose of this article is to determine if a single phylogeny underlies the genealogies of several genes and to estimate the times of speciation.
Theoretical investigation of the temperature dependence of the fifth-order Raman response function of fluid and liquid xenon.

The temperature dependence of the fifth-order Raman response function, R(5)(t1,t2), is calculated for fluid xenon by employing a recently developed time-correlation function (TCF) theory. The TCF theory expresses the two-dimensional (2D) Raman quantum response function in terms of a two-time, computationally tractable, classical TCF. The theory was shown to be in excellent agreement with existing exact classical MD calculations for liquid xenon as well as reproducing line shape characteristics predicted by earlier theoretical work. It is applied here to investigate the temperature dependence of the fifth-order Raman response function in fluid xenon. In general, the characteristic line shapes are preserved over the temperature range investigated (for the reduced temperature points T* = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0); differences in the signal decay times and a large decline in intensity with decreasing temperature (and associated anharmonicity) are observed. In addition, there are some signature features that were not...