cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing of analog neural array-processor chips

A systematic approach to test analog array-processor neural chips is presented. Unique testing problems for analog neural chips are described and effective solutions are discussed. Based on the hierarchical methodology, testing of analog array-processor neural chips can be systematically addressed. The test results for programmable analog neural chips fabricated by a 2- mu m CMOS process are presented. These chips contain 25 neurons and 1600 synapses. >
Isolation of a novel gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked recessive immunodeficiency characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent infections. Linkage studies have placed the gene at Xp11.22-p11.23. We have isolated from this interval a novel gene, WASP, which is expressed in lymphocytes, spleen, and thymus. The gene is not expressed in two unrelated WAS patients, one of whom has a single base deletion that produces a frame shift and premature termination of translation. Two additional patients have been identified with point mutations that change the same arginine residue to either a histidine or a leucine. WASP encodes a 501 amino acid proline-rich protein that is likely to be a key regulator of lymphocyte and platelet function.
Should Patients with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures be Allowed to Drive

Summary: Purpose: To investigate the risk of driving accidents in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Methods: First, a survey was conducted in 82 physician-members of the American Epilepsy Society to determine what they recommend in patients with psychogenic seizures in regard to driving privileges. Second, we studied a population of 20 patients with proven psychogenic nonepileptic seizures diagnosed by prolonged EEG-video monitoring. We obtained the patients' driving records from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. We used 1991 Wisconsin crash data as the reference year. We compared the expected number of motor vehicle crashes with the observed number of crashes. χ2 with Yates' correction for continuity was used to test for statistical significance. Results: Of the 82 physicians questioned, 37 (45%) responded. Among respondents, the distribution was as follows: 49% applied the same restrictions as for patients with epilepsy; 32% did not place patients under any restrictions; and 19% decided on a case-by-case basis. The total number of reported crashes in the sample was eight, with no fatal crashes. This was not statistically significant (corrected χ2, 0.53) compared with the expected number of motor vehicle crashes for the sample. Conclusions: This small series does not support the use of driving restrictions for patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
Organic anion transport in HepG2 cells : absence of the high-affinity, chloride-dependent transporter

In previous studies, we identified a 55 kD organic anion–binding protein in liver cell sinusoidal plasma membrane subfractions. Other investigators identified another 55 kD bromosulfophthalein/bilirubin binding protein on the surface of rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells and suggested that this protein served as a transporter for these ligands. In this study, transport of 35S-sulfobromophthalein by the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, was quantified in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin to further clarify the possible function of these plasma membrane binding proteins. In contrast to results in normal rat hepatocytes, virtually no uptake of 35S-sulfobromophthalein by HepG2 cells in the presence of bovine serum albumin was found. In the absence of albumin, HepG2 cells expressed temperature-dependent uptake of 35S-sulfobromophthalein. However, the high-affinity CI−-dependent sulfobromophthalein transport that characterizes normal rat hepatocytes was absent, as indicated by an approximately 95-fold lower affinity and 170-fold higher capacity of HepG2 cells for sulfobromophthalein compared with previous results with rat hepatocytes. These results suggest that 55 kD sulfobromophthalein/bilirubin–binding protein on the liver cell surface differs from organic anion-binding protein and is not responsible for sulfobromophthalein extraction in the presence of albumin, although it may play some role in lower affinity transport by cells. Immunoblot analysis and metabolic labeling of HepG2 cells demonstrated synthesis of organic anion-binding protein. However, light microscopic immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation of surface iodinated rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells with antibody to a recombinant organic anion-binding protein fusion protein indicated absence of organic anion-binding protein on the surface of HepG2 cells. Because cell surface organic anion-binding protein and the mitochondrial F1-ATPase β-subunit are immunologically highly cross-reactive, the presence of intracellular but not cell surface organic anion-binding protein immunoreactivity in HepG2 cells suggests that the mitochondrial and cell surface forms of this protein are independently regulated. These studies also indicate that demonstration of sulfobromophthalein transport alone cannot be used as evidence for the presence of the high-affinity transporter. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:1217–1223.)
BAEP enhancement by weighted ensemble averaging

A method of enhancing the lower frequency components of the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and consequently reducing the number of sweeps required for a suitable signal-to-noise-ratio is presented. The algorithm, methods, and experimental results are discussed. The results suggest that some single-sweep signal components have polarities that are opposite to the ensemble average polarity. >
A Sauropod Dinosaur Pes from the Latest Cretaceous of North America and the Validity of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (Sauropoda, Titanosauria)

ABSTRACT Complete sauropod pedes are rare in the fossil record, which has limited their use in systematics. We describe a nearly complete, large sauropod pes from the Maastrichtian-age Naashoibito Member of the Kirtland Formation of New Mexico, U.S.A., that bears synapomorphies of some eusauropod clades, such as the presence of metatarsal I with a wide shaft and laterally deflected pedal unguals. Novel pedal characters presented herein, such as the presence of an embayment on the proximomedial corner of metatarsal IV, suggest that the Naashoibito specimen likely belongs to a titanosauriform. Based on its provenance, the Naashoibito specimen likely belongs to the derived titanosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, which is the only recognized Late Cretaceous titanosaur in North America. However, formal referral to Alamosaurus awaits discovery of overlapping materials with the holotype or definitively referred remains. The holotypic scapula of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis is diagnostic, providing a basis for referral ...
Down-regulation of p63 is required for epidermal UV-B-induced apoptosis.

In the epidermis, p53 plays an important role in UV-B protection that led us to examine the role, if any, that p63, a p53 homologue highly expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis, might play in the epidermal UV-B response. One p63 isoform, ΔNp63α, decreased dramatically in normal keratinocytes or newborn epidermis at both the protein and RNA levels after UV-B irradiation. In an attempt to further investigate the significance of the UV-B-induced decrease of this p63 isoform as well as further delineate the function of p63 in the epidermis, we generated transgenic mice that constitutively expressΔ Np63α in the mouse epidermis using the loricrin promoter (ML.ΔNp63α). The ML.ΔNp63α mouse epidermis developed normally, with no overt phenotype and an unaltered proliferation rate. When challenged by UV-B exposure, the ML.ΔNp63α mice exhibited a 40–45% decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the epidermis as compared with nontransgenic littermates. These results suggest that aberrant expression of ΔNp63α altered the UV-B-induced apoptotic pathway in the transgenic epidermis, proving that down-regulation ofΔ Np63α in response to UV-B is important to epidermal apoptosis. The forced overexpression of ΔNp63α may act via a dominant negative effect on the endogenous p53 transcriptional activity required for UV-B-induced apoptosis.
On the performance of signal-subspace processing-- Part I: Narrow-band systems

This paper presents an analytical evaluation of detection (determination of the number of sources) and estimation performances of narrow-band signal-subspace processing for multiple-source direction finding. The probabilities of underestimating and overestimating the number of sources are derived, under asymptotic conditions and around the threshold regions, in terms of the choice of a penalty function and signal, noise, and array parameters for the cases of at most two closely spaced sources in the spatially white noise. A scalar measure is introduced for the evaluation of the quality of the estimated signal subspace. Based on the statistics of this measure, performance thresholds are demonstrated for the signal-to-noise ratio, angle separation, and correlation between two equipowered sources.
A patterned recombinant human IgM guides neurite outgrowth of CNS neurons

Matrix molecules convey biochemical and physical guiding signals to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and shape the trajectory of neuronal fibers that constitute neural networks. We have developed recombinant human IgMs that bind to epitopes on neural cells, with the aim of treating neurological diseases. Here we test the hypothesis that recombinant human IgMs (rHIgM) can guide neurite outgrowth of CNS neurons. Microcontact printing was employed to pattern rHIgM12 and rHIgM22, antibodies that were bioengineered to have variable regions capable of binding to neurons or oligodendrocytes, respectively. rHIgM12 promoted neuronal attachment and guided outgrowth of neurites from hippocampal neurons. Processes from spinal neurons followed grid patterns of rHIgM12 and formed a physical network. Comparison between rHIgM12 and rHIgM22 suggested the biochemistry that facilitates anchoring the neuronal surfaces is a prerequisite for the function of IgM, and spatial properties cooperate in guiding the assembly of neuronal networks.
Mass spectrometry analysis of soybean seed proteins: optimization of gel-free quantitative workflow

For high-throughput quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of soybean seed proteins, a method that avoids gel fractionation is advantageous. We developed and optimized a workflow from protein isolation to MS-based quantitation without polyacrylamide matrices. The objective was to quantitatively compare extraction methods to reproducibly arrive at the highest yield and proteome coverage. Beginning with mature soybean seed, we compared four proteinextraction methods, employing either TCA/acetone, urea, urea/thiourea, or phenol. Soybean proteins were extracted, quantified for total protein content, and comparatively visualized by Coomassie–SDS-PAGE. The phenolextraction method yielded protein concentrations 2 to 7-fold higher than other extraction methods. Comparison of trypsin to protein ratios (1 : 25, 1 : 50, 1 : 75, and 1 : 100) revealed a near linear increase in spectral counts by MS with increasing trypsin levels. In-solution digestion procedures were also compared to determine optimal resuspension and digestion conditions for peptideextraction and quantitation. A resuspension buffer that contained 50 mM Tris–HCl of pH 8.0 and 5 M urea showed the highest spectral counts and protein identifications. The results of this study show the time-honored phenolextraction method consistently and unequivocally yielded the highest amounts of protein from mature soybean seed, and that buffered urea is sufficient for optimal resuspension of precipitated proteins for tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry.
Estrogen Receptor Gene Analysis in Estrogen Receptor-Positive and Receptor-Negative Primary Breast Cancer

Background In breast cancer patients, about two thirds of the tumors are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and one third are ER-negative. The molecular mechanisms leading to the ER-negative phenotype are poorly understood. Nearly all ER-negative and about 40% of ER-positive cancers are resistant to endocrine therapy. Purpose In this study, we examined the entire coding region of the ER gene in ER-positive and ER-negative primary breast tumors to determine whether deletions/insertions or point mutations might account for the ER-negative phenotype. Methods We amplified exons 1 through 8 of the ER gene in 118 ER-positive and 70 ER-negative primary breast tumors and searched for mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. Results Both ER-negative and ER-positive tumors contained neutral polymorphisms in codons 10 [TCT-->TCC (Ser)], 87 [GCG-->GCC (Ala)], 243 [CGC-->CGT (Arg)], 325 [CCC-->CCG (Pro)], and 594 [ACA-->ACG (Thr)]. There was no correlation of any of the polymorphic alleles with the ER phenotype or other clinicopathologic parameters including tumor type, size, grade, or stage. However, the polymorphism in codon 325 showed a strong association with a family history of breast cancer (P = .0005). This association was observed both in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. Despite extensive searching in exons 1 through 8, we found no deletions/insertions and only two missense mutations in codons 69 [AAC (Asn)-->AAG (Lys)] and 396 [ATG (Met)-->GTG (Val)] of the same ER-negative tumor. Thus, only 1% of the primary breast cancers had point mutations in the ER gene. Conclusions In the majority of primary breast cancers, the ER-negative phenotype is not the result of mutations in the coding region of the ER gene, but is due to deficient ER expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Implications The correlation reported previously, as well as our current findings, suggest that further investigations are warranted to understand the possible linkage of the ER gene locus to hereditary breast cancer.
Carbon Incorporation in Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Grown Gaas Using chyX1-y, TMG, and ASH3

The unintentional and intentional incorporation of carbon has been investigated in order to understand both the growth kinetics as well as develop new and useful carbon doping sources. We present in this study a systematic investigation of the use of halomethanes during the MOVPE based growth of GaAs. We have used 13C tagged trimethyl gallium, AsH3, together with non-isotopically tagged halomethane sources, in order to determine the source and mechanism of the carbon incorporation. The carbon concentration was determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The carbon incorporation in the unintentionally doped material is compared to that obtained with the series of halomethanes, CHxI4-x (x=0,2-4), the chlorine analogs, CHC13 and CCI4, and the bromine containing compounds, CHBr3 and CBr4 which are used to intentionally introduce carbon in the epitaxial GaAs. The incorporation of carbon is studied here as a function of the halogen/H ratio in the source material and on the halogen ligand on the carbon nucleus. The standard growth parameters of susceptor temperature and gas phase composition were varied in order to discern the useful growth parameter regimes for these compounds.
The Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Has Three High-Affinity Iron-Scavenging Systems Functional under Iron Limitation Conditions but Dispensable for Pathogenesis

High-affinity iron scavenging through the use of siderophores is a well-established virulence determinant in mammalian pathogenesis. However, few examples have been reported for plant pathogens. Here, we use a genetic approach to investigate the role of siderophores in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000) virulence in tomato. DC3000, an agronomically important pathogen, has two known siderophores for high-affinity iron scavenging, yersiniabactin and pyoverdin, and we uncover a third siderophore, citrate, required for growth when iron is limiting. Though growth of a DC3000 triple mutant unable to either synthesize or import these siderophores is severely restricted in iron-limited culture, it is fully pathogenic. One explanation for this phenotype is that the DC3000 triple mutant is able to directly pirate plant iron compounds such as heme/hemin or iron-nicotianamine, and our data indicate that DC3000 can import iron-nicotianamine with high affinity. However, an alternative explanation, supported by data from others, is that the pathogenic environment of DC3000 (i.e., leaf apoplast) is not iron limited but is iron replete, with available iron of >1 μM. Growth of the triple mutant in culture is restored to wild-type levels by supplementation with a variety of iron chelates at >1 μM, including iron(III) dicitrate, a dominant chelate of the leaf apoplast. This suggests that lower-affinity iron import would be sufficient for DC3000 iron nutrition in planta and is in sharp contrast to the high-affinity iron-scavenging mechanisms required in mammalian pathogenesis.
Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages

The relationship between species and functional diversity remains poorly understood for nearly all ecosystem types, yet determining this relationship is critically important for developing both a mechanistic understanding of community assembly and appropriate expectations and approaches to protecting and restoring biological communities. Here we use two distinct data sets, one from kelp forests in the Channel Islands, California, and one from a global synthesis of marine reserves, to directly test how variation in species diversity translates into changes in functional diversity. We find strong positive relationships between species and functional diversity, and increased functional diversity of fish assemblages coinciding with recovery of species diversity in marine reserves, independent of the method used for classifying species in functional groups. These results indicate that low levels of redundancy in functional species traits exist across a suite of marine systems, and that fishing tends to remove whole functional groups from coastal marine ecosystems.
Trends in animal behaviour research (1968-2002): ethoinformatics and the mining of library databases

We applied modern bioinformatic tools to titles and keywords of animal behaviour publications contained in an electronic library database to examine trends in animal behaviour research. We provide the first quantitative overview of animal behaviour research covering 42 836 documents published in the last three decades, across 25 journals. Our study confirms several patterns noted by previous reviews, and offers several novel insights into the history of our field. Profound historical distinctions between early ethology and comparative psychology have been recently bridged by shared interest in communication and social behaviour, and research from physiology and applied areas. Although we reiterate the rise of sexual selection and mating behaviour as prominent areas of research, we also show that interest in mechanism and development has proven particularly resilient over the years. Currently, researchers at hundreds of institutions worldwide are studying animal behaviour. Domesticated animals, foraging/dispersal and learning/memory are topics that appear most frequently in publications from regions that have little history of animal behaviour research, suggesting that these subjects are central to the early development of the discipline. Overall, the study of animal behaviour is healthy, growing, and becoming progressively more integrative over time.
Increasing Coverage of Antiretroviral Therapy and Male Medical Circumcision in HIV Hyperendemic Countries: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

HIV continues to cause the largest number of disability-adjusted life years of any disease in HIV hyperendemic countries (i.e., countries with an adult HIV prevalence >15%). We compare the benefits and costs of two proven biological interventions to reduce the health losses due to the HIV epidemic in hyperendemic countries from 2015 through 2030: 1) increasing ART coverage to 90% among HIV-infected adults with a CD4-cell count <350 cells/microliter, before expanding the HIV treatment scale-up to people with higher CD4-cell counts; and 2) increasing male medical circumcision coverage to at least 90% among HIVuninfected adult men. We developed a mathematical model to determine the benefits and costs of increasing the coverage of both ART under different CD4-cell count thresholds and of circumcision in HIV-hyperendemic countries. The results show that scaling up ART and circumcision are both cost-beneficial. However, the benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) for circumcision is significantly higher than for ART: 7.4 vs. 3.0 (at US$1,000 per life year and a 5% discount rate) and 56.4 vs. 16.3 (at US$5,000 per life year and a 3% discount rate). The additional cost of scaling up circumcision is approximately $US500 million while the additional cost of increasing ART coverage lies between $US17 and $US19 billion. We conclude that increasing the coverage of ART among HIV-infected adults with a CD4-cell count <350 cells/microliter and, in particular, scaling up male medical circumcision among HIV-negative men are both highly cost-beneficial interventions to reduce the health burdens resulting from the HIV epidemic in hyperendemic countries over the next 15 years.
Getting Inside Rehearsals: Insights From Teacher Educators to Support Work on Complex Practice

In recent years, work in practice-based teacher education has focused on identifying and elaborating how teacher educators (TEs) use pedagogies of enactment to learn in and from practice. However, ...
Invasive exotic shrub (Rhamnus cathartica) alters the timing and magnitude of post‐dispersal seed predation of native and exotic species

Aims Invasive exotic plants may generate deleterious indirect effects on native species, such as increasing consumer pressure on native plants (i.e. apparent competition). Although rarely examined, invasive shrubs may create novel pulses of consumer pressure because their leaves senesce later, providing temporal increases in cover. Apparent competition generated by invasive species may have a strong temporal signal due to extended phenologies of invasive plants. Using an experimental manipulation of the invasive shrub, Rhamnus cathartica, we evaluated whether seed predation of multiple species is higher in invaded areas, and if the novel extended phenology of R. cathartica leads to temporal changes in seed predation. Location University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, Madison, WI, US. Methods We removed R. cathartica from half of 16 invaded plots. Using three 17-d sessions over two seasons, we quantified seed predation on R. cathartica and four native species: Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Prunus serotina and Quercus rubra. Studies included autumn sampling to evaluate whether extended phenology of R. cathartica led to changes in seed predation. We quantified habitat characteristics and small mammal activity. Results Rhamnus cathartica removal led to decreased seed removal for A. rubrum, A. saccharum and R. cathartica, but magnitude depended upon season. For R. cathartica and A. rubrum, autumn seed removal was higher in R. cathartica invaded areas, when these areas have substantial leaf cover. Predation of A. saccharum seeds was highest in areas with intact R. cathartica during the summer. R. cathartica removal led to significantly increased light levels at the forest floor, increased leaf litter depth and lower total small mammal captures. Conclusions Presence of R. cathartica altered seed removal of native and invasive species, and the unique phenology of R. cathartica provided cover that generated novel, previously undocumented temporal shifts in consumer pressure. Although our work illustrates how mature R. cathartica can increase seed removal, we conclude that apparent competition between seeds of R. cathartica and native species is unlikely because higher seed removal caused by R. cathartica was seen for R. cathartica seeds. Our work highlights how predicting and ameliorating effects of invasive plants may require considering temporal dynamics that are currently poorly understood.
Development and Validation of a Measure of Threatening Gender Stereotypes in Science: A Factor Mixture Analysis

Despite increasing evidence that negative stereotypes adversely affect the career development of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, measuring their effects has been a chall...
Synthesis and Structure of Dicationic, Bis(gold) π-Alkene Complexes Containing a 2,2′-Bis(phosphino)biphenyl Ligand

The dicationic bis(gold)-biarylphosphine π-alkene complexes {(P–P)[Au(π-alkene)]2}2+2SbF6– [P–P = 2,2′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)biphenyl; alkene = isobutylene, 1-pentene] were isolated in >95% yield from reaction of alkene with a 1:2 mixture of (P–P)(AuCl)2 and AgSbF6 and were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
Abstract 2068: A genome-wide siRNA screen reveals various modulators of the IRE1-XBP-1 signaling branch of the unfolded protein response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an essential cellular mechanism orchestrating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis under various cytotoxic stresses. Dysregulation of the UPR signaling pathways is linked to multiple human diseases, including cancer. The inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1)-X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) pathway is the most evolutionarily conserved signaling branch of the UPR. When activated, the endoribonuclease activity of the IRE1 cleaves the XBP-1 mRNA and generates a spliced form of XBP-1 which transcriptionally regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. Here, we employed a genome-wide siRNA screen to systematically identify genes modulating the IRE1-XBP-1 signaling pathway of the UPR. We induced cellular ER stress with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, and monitored the expression of XBP-1-luciferase fusion protein in which luciferase is fused in-frame with the spliced form of XBP-1. We identified over 100 of genes whose downregulation results in inhibition of bortezomib-induced XBP-1 splicing. These genes include diverse subsets of proteins that are involved in mRNA processing, transcription, cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the screen reveals a connection of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors, such as Myc, Akt and cyclin K, to the UPR, underlining the important role of the IRE1-XBP-1 signaling branch in human cancers. In summary, our data suggest that the UPR is tightly connected with previously unappreciated pathways regulating various cellular processes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2068. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2068
Study on the use of hepatitis B vaccine for the control of Type B viral hepatitis

Objective The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in Zhoukou City in the last two decades, so to provide a reference for improving the control measures against hepatitis B. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were adopted in the analysis of relevant data. Results During 2007-2011, the immunization coverage of full-course hepatitis B vaccines among children at the appropriate ages in Zhoukou reached over 95%. Positive rate of hepatitis B surface antigen among the subjects was 2.30%, and the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers among children under the age of 5 was 0.98%. The reported incidence of hepatitis B among people under the age of 19 had declined over the years. Conclusion The immunization of hepatitis B vaccine has been successful. An immunization-centered measure supported by proper prevention and control means should be taken, and immunization of newborns and key populations should be emphasized, so to accelerate the progress of hepatitis B control.
Design and Optimization of Automotive Thermoelectric Generators for Maximum Fuel Efficiency Improvement

Abstract Automotive fuel efficiency can be increased by thermoelectric power generation using exhaust waste heat. A high-temperature thermoelectric generator (TEG) that converts engine exhaust waste heat into electricity is simulated based on a light-duty passenger vehicle with a 4-cylinder gasoline engine. Strategies to optimize TEG configuration and heat exchanger design for maximum fuel efficiency improvement are provided. Through comparison of stainless steel and silicon carbide heat exchangers, it is found that both the optimal TEG design and the maximum fuel efficiency increase are highly dependent on the thermal conductivity of the heat exchanger material. Significantly higher fuel efficiency increase can be obtained using silicon carbide heat exchangers at taller fins and a longer TEG along the exhaust flow direction when compared to stainless steel heat exchangers. Accounting for major parasitic losses, a maximum fuel efficiency increase of 2.5% is achievable using newly developed nanostructured bulk half-Heusler thermoelectric modules.
Ca transport by plasma membrane and intracellular stores of gastric cells.

The relative Ca transport activities (i.e., of both pumps and leaks) of carbachol-releasable intracellular stores and the basolateral plasma membrane of gastric parietal cells were studied using digital image processing of fura-2 fluorescence. Cells were treated with either carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) or thapsigargin (an inhibitor of microsomal Ca-adenosinetriphosphatase) or a combination of the two. Ca-free solutions were used to selectively investigate intracellular store release and plasma membrane pump activity, whereas Ca-containing solutions were used to investigate Ca influx and refilling of the intracellular pool. In the resting cell depletion of the intracellular pool in Ca-free solutions was 15-fold faster than control in the presence of thapsigargin, indicating the efficient (> 90%) recycling of leaked Ca by the store Ca pump. Stimulation with carbachol increased the rate of pool depletion by 70-fold, and this Ca flux out of the internal store was ten times larger than the flux across the plasma membrane. Thus the internal store has ten times greater fluxes (both leaks and pumps) than the plasma membrane during resting and stimulated conditions. After carbachol removal (i.e., reloading) the permeability of the internal store decreases, whereas increased influx across the plasma membrane persists until the store is refilled. Cytoplasmic Ca does not increase during refilling because the intracellular store pump operates eightfold faster than the plasma membrane pump, effectively sequestering Ca as quickly as it enters the cell.
Italian Fiscal Doctrine: The Benefit View

As in Britain, so in Italy up to the 1880’s, public finance had been regarded as an appendix to political economy dealing with the problems of taxation. The premise that the solution to these problems should be sought in the economics proper rather than in law, politics, history, or philosophy was established in Italy as early as in the 1850s by Francesco Ferrara, the revered teacher of the three founders of Italian fiscal doctrine — Maffeo Pantaleoni, Antonio De Viti de Marco, and Ugo Mazzola.1
Putting the Brakes on Autonomous Vehicle Control: Responding to System Breakdowns

The assimilation of automation in commuter vehicles is rapidly increasing, as too are the concerns with these technologies. Human interaction with autonomous vehicles must be thoroughly researched ...
Mining hospital data breach records: Cyber threats to U.S. hospitals

This paper provides an analysis of U.S. hospital stolen data breach records to identify their characteristics and nefarious usages. It explores patterns associated with types of data taken, how they can be exploited by attackers, and cyber threat implications for hospitals.
Connections, Compassion, and Co-healing: The Ecology of Relationships

In developed countries many people spend little time in direct contact with the more-than-human world and react with pervasive fear and mistrust of ‘nature’. This chapter explores repairing our relationships with the more-than-human world and enabling us to positively engage with the more-than-human world as we face complex and challenging decisions in the Anthropocene. Our relationships are entangled with all beings and natural systems, and the cosmos as an ecology of relationships. Ecofeminism provides a framework for changing the patterns of violence, which means changing our relationships, in order to heal. Women’s outdoor programming by women has retained a way of being and an attitude towards the outdoors guided by an ethic of care and an understanding of entanglement. Drawing from this history and experience, outdoor leaders, skilled in healthy relationship building, can support participants exploring and repairing their relationships with the more-than-human world including stopping criticism, defensiveness, and contempt. Thoughtfully designed outdoor education programs can provide transformative, paradigm shifting experiences that help participants connect to the more-than-human world from a place of compassion and awe counteracting negative images and fear of ‘nature’ that result from western narratives. Instead of seeing the more-than-human world as something to be controlled, they see it as part of themselves and understand our need for healthy affiliation with the more-than-human world on the visceral level. Appreciative inquiry helps grow a relationship system of fondness and admiration grounded in gratitude and respect, which when done at the individual, family, community, and universal (including the more-than-human) arenas adds to sustainability.
Wet atmospheric deposition of organic carbon: An underreported source of carbon to watersheds in the northeastern United States

We measured wet atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over 6 years at a network of 12 monitoring sites across Pennsylvania, quantified rates of wet DOC deposition, and developed the first statewide estimates of inputs of DOC to watersheds via wet deposition. Average annual volume-weighted concentration of DOC was 0.71 mg C L−1. Annual wet deposition fluxes of DOC varied between sites and years, ranging from 3 to 13 kg C ha−1 yr−1, with an average value of 8 kg C ha−1 yr−1 across all sites and years and are of the same order of magnitude as literature values for riverine organic carbon fluxes in the northeastern United States. The rates of wet DOC deposition showed a pronounced seasonality and spatial distribution, with highest deposition rates observed in the summer, especially at the sites located in western Pennsylvania. Significant links between DOC and inorganic constituents in precipitation, such as sulfate and inorganic nitrogen forms, point to the similarity of sources and atmospheric processing and suggest that DOC may potentially affect their atmospheric transport and ecological fate. Observational data resulting from this study underscore the potential significance of atmospheric deposition as an external input of reactive carbon species to watersheds and may be useful for constraining atmospheric carbon models and evaluating atmospheric influences on ecosystems.
CO-Identity with Son Is Core Component in Father’s Development: Same-Gendered Father/Son Relationships foster Relational Development in Fathers

What is the crucible of a father’s relationally transformative growth in connection with his sons? In this article, the author first contextualizes relational theory, and then explores the idea that co-identity with a son provides the mortar and pestle for a father’s development in same-gendered relationships. In connection with his son, a father revisits and reconnects with his childhood self, re-engaging and rejuvenating his core-relational being. In the data for exploring fathers’ relational growth and development a subtheme emerged. This subtheme, an intrapsychic phenomenon I have coined Myson/Myself, is expanded in this article. This hypothesis is based on the data from a qualitative study of 23 fathers, who are reflective of the Greater Boston demographic.
On chiral algebra, meson dominance, and the soft-pion evaluation of gϱ

Abstract The derivations of g ϱ 2 = 2 F π 2 m ϱ 2 by Kawarabayashi and Suzuki and others are re-examined. It is shown that when the full content of chiral algebra is exploited, the analysis reduces to an identity rather than a determination of g ϱ .
Mobile Phone Use in Psychiatry Residents in the United States: Multisite Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Background: Mobile technology ownership in the general US population and medical professionals is increasing, leading to increased use in clinical settings. However, data on use of mobile technology by psychiatry residents remain unclear. Objective: In this study, our aim was to provide data on how psychiatric residents use mobile phones in their clinical education as well as barriers relating to technology use. Methods: An anonymous, multisite survey was given to psychiatry residents in 2 regions in the United States, including New Orleans and Boston, to understand their technology use. Results: All participants owned mobile phones, and 79% (54/68) used them to access patient information. The majority do not use mobile phones to implement pharmacotherapy (62%, 42/68) or psychotherapy plans (90%, 61/68). The top 3 barriers to using mobile technology in clinical care were privacy concerns (56%, 38/68), lack of clinical guidance (40%, 27/68), and lack of evidence (29%, 20/68). Conclusions: We conclude that developing a technology curriculum and engaging in research could address these barriers to using mobile phones in clinical practice. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(11):e160]
Governing Islam: Law, Empire, and Secularism in Modern South Asia

Governing Islam traces the colonial roots of contemporary struggles between Islam and secularism in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The book uncovers the paradoxical workings of colonial laws that promised to separate secular and religious spheres, but instead fostered their vexed entanglement. It shows how religious laws governing families became embroiled with secular laws governing markets, and how calls to protect religious liberties clashed with freedom of the press. By following these interactions, Stephens asks us to reconsider where law is and what it is. Her narrative weaves between state courts, Islamic fatwas on ritual performance, and intimate marital disputes to reveal how deeply law penetrates everyday life. In her hands, law also serves many masters - from British officials to Islamic jurists to aggrieved Muslim wives. The resulting study shows how the neglected field of Muslim law in South Asia is essential to understanding current crises in global secularism.
Explicit Instruction for Request Strategy Development during Short-term Study Abroad

The present study reports on the impact of pedagogical intervention on the second language (L2) pragmatic development of seven L2 learners of Spanish during a short-term study abroad (SA) experienc...
School readiness among children of Hispanic immigrants and their peers: The role of parental cognitive stimulation and early care and education

Abstract The present study estimated the independent and joint influence of early home and education contexts on three school readiness outcomes for children with Hispanic immigrant parents. These associations were compared to those for children whose parents differed by ethnicity and immigration status − children of non-Hispanic immigrants and children of Hispanic native-born parents − to determine if associations were distinct for children of Hispanic immigrants. Data were drawn from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K: 2011) (N ≈ 3480). Outcome measures at kindergarten entry included direct assessments of math and reading skills, as well as teacher reports of approaches to learning (ATL). Results indicated that parental provision of cognitive stimulation and center-based ECE both predicted outcomes among children of Hispanic immigrants and their peers, with some variation in patterns by developmental domain and subgroup. Specifically, participation in center-based care predicted math and reading scores for children of Hispanic immigrant and Hispanic native-born parents, but not children of non-Hispanic immigrants. Furthermore, center-based care participation predicted ATL scores more strongly for children of Hispanic immigrants than their peers. Some trend-level evidence of moderation of early home and education environments emerged, again with patterns varying by outcome and subgroup. Findings highlight the importance of policies that seek to enhance both the home and ECE environments for young children with Hispanic immigrant parents and their peers.
Ontogeny of mitochondrial calcium transport in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and WKY rats.

The current studies were designed to investigate calcium uptake by intestinal jejunal sacs as well as in intestinal mitochondria of spontaneously hypertensive rats and their genetically matched WKY control rats. Kinetics of jejunal calcium uptake by jejunal sacs of adult SHR and WKY rats showed a significant decrease in Vmax of calcium uptake in SHR (227 +/- 24 versus 423 +/- 22 nmol.g tissue-1.3 min-1) compared to WKY rats P less than 0.001. To explore the intracellular handling of calcium by the intestinal mitochondria, calcium uptake was characterized by intestinal mitochondria before (suckling and weanling periods) and after (adult period) development of hypertension. Calcium uptake by intestinal mitochondria was driven by ATP in the presence of succinate as a respiratory substrate. Calcium uptake was stimulated several fold by the presence of ATP compared to no ATP conditions. Maximal calcium uptake occurred between 15-30 min and was significantly greater in adult SHR and WKY rats compared to corresponding values in weanling and suckling rats. Maximal ATP dependent calcium uptake in adult, weanling and suckling WKY rats was significantly greater compared to corresponding mean values in each age group in SHR (P less than 0.001). Oligomycin (10 micrograms/mg protein) inhibited calcium uptake partially. Ruthenium red (0.25 microM), 1 mM sodium azide and 0.5 mM dinitrophenol inhibited calcium uptake by more than 80% in both SHR and WKY rats. Kinetic parameters for ATP stimulated calcium uptake at 10 s revealed a Vmax of 0.56 +/- 0.6, 3.46 +/- 0.23 and 3.95 +/- 0.52 nmol/mg protein/10 s in suckling, weanling and adult WKY rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hope and the Journey with AIDS

Publisher Summary Behavioral scientists can contribute greatly to the understanding of psychological issues related to the medical dimensions of HIV infections and AIDS. Because medical knowledge and attitudes about HIV infections and AIDS are evolving rapidly, information about this disease changes, expands, and is disproved continually. Complex interactions exist between the biological, psychological, and social levels of functioning with the disease. The chapter examines psychological aspects of AIDS, concentrating primarily on its relations to hope. High-hope people with HIV infections or AIDS are able to seek alternative pathways to reach their prediagnosis goals that decreases distress and increases positive psychological adjustment. These people realize that there are other routes to achieve their goals and remain flexible in their approaches to original or substitute goals. High-hope people, after diagnosis, are also able to generate new goals that are appropriate for their changed health statuses. Thus, high-hope individuals may even be able to call upon these resources in a manner that others cannot when faced with extreme distress. Hopeful thinking can open up a new domain of goals as well as the determination to get there. There is a rich and satisfying life that remains for the person diagnosed as HIV positive, and hopeful thinking provides a vehicle for making that journey more productive and enjoyable.
Wnt Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation

Cell-cell interactions controlled by the highly conserved Wnt family of secreted proteins play essential roles in embryonic patterning and adult homeostasis. One of the major Wnt signaling pathways, namely Wnt canonical pathway, is mediated by β-catenin whose activity is required for both cell-cell adhesion and for Wnt signaling mediated transcription. Over the past decades, genetic and biochemical analyses in various model systems have uncovered many essential components required for transducing Wnt signaling from the cell surface into transcription events in the nucleus. Multiple extracellular, cytoplasmic, and nuclear regulators are involved in modulating β-catenin levels, its subcellular localizations and its transcriptional activity. Furthermore, de-regulated cell-cell adhesion caused by other signaling pathways can also lead to alteration of β-catenin levels which could subsequently activate transcription of Wnt-target genes. Wnts are required for adult tissue maintenance, and deregulated Wnt signaling events promote both human degenerative diseases and cancers. A full understanding of molecular mechanism(s) of Wnt signaling is likely to shed new lights into rational design of drugs which can cure diseases associated with deregulated Wnt signaling.
Implementing OpenSHMEM Using MPI-3 One-Sided Communication

This paper reports the design and implementation of Open- SHMEM over MPI using new one-sided communication features in MPI- 3, which include not only new functions (e.g. remote atomics) but also a newmemory model that is consistent with that of SHMEM.We use a new, non-collective MPI communicator creation routine to allow SHMEM collectives to use their MPI counterparts. Finally, we leverage MPI sharedmemory windows within a node, which allows direct (load-store) access. Performance evaluations are conducted for shared-memory and InfiniBand conduits using microbenchmarks.
Dimensions of Hearing Aid Outcome

Dimensions of hearing aid outcome are explored in this paper. First, a variety of hearing aid outcome measures is defined including objective and subjective performance, objective and subjective benefit, satisfaction, and use. Following the definition of these terms, factor analysis is described as a statistical tool that can be of assistance in establishing the number and nature of the relevant dimensions of hearing aid outcome. Next, the results from three recent studies that included a variety of measures of hearing aid outcome are examined and factor analysis is applied to the data from each study. This examination leads to the conclusion that hearing aid outcome is a multidimensional construct, rather than unidimensional. The most complete description of hearing aid outcome will be obtained when including at least one measure of aided speech recognition performance, one or more measures of objective benefit in speech recognition, one or two subjective measures of sound quality or listening effort, and one measure of either subjective benefit, satisfaction, or use.