cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amanuensis: Information provenance for health-data systems

Abstract Mobile health (mHealth) apps and devices are increasingly popular for health research, clinical treatment, and personal wellness, as they offer the ability to continuously monitor aspects of individuals’ health as they go about their everyday activities. Combining the data produced by these mHealth devices may give healthcare providers a more holistic view of a patient’s health, increase the level of patient care, and reduce operating costs. Creating a trusted and secure data sharing ecosystem for mHealth devices is difficult, however, as devices are implemented with different technologies and managed by different organizations. To address these issues, we present Amanuensis: a concept for a secure, integrated healthcare data system that leverages Blockchain and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) technologies to achieve information provenance for mHealth data. By using a blockchain to record and enforce data-access policies, we remove the need to trust a single entity with gate-keeping the health data. Instead, participating organizations form a consortium to share responsibility for verifying data integrity and enforcing access policies for data stored in private data silos. Data accesses and computations take place inside of TEEs to preserve data confidentiality and to provide a verifiable attestation report that can be stored on the blockchain for the purpose of information provenance. We evaluate a prototype implementation of Amanuensis – built using Intel SGX trusted execution hardware and the VeChain Thor blockchain platform – which shows that Amanuensis is capable of supporting up to 14,256,000 mHealth data sources at $0.07 per data source per day.
EPCAMH Call for Papers: Special Issue on Advancing Equity in Youth Mental Health Services

Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health (EPCAMH) is now accepting papers for a special issue focused on advancing equity in child and adolescent mental health services, guest ...
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain

The production of pain and the biological responses to it are part of a highly integrated system which helps animals to react, respond and protect themselves from their environment, The pain system includes sensors, neural pathways and processing centers that are responsible for detecting transmitting and actualizing the animals biological and behavioral responses to noxious events. The development of peripheral sensitization, central sensitization and permanent alterations in the way animals process painful events are just some of the ways that animals protect themselves from their environment. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological processes responsible for pain is essential to rational pain therapy.
A reference genome for the nectar-robbing Black-throated Flowerpiercer (Diglossa brunneiventris).

Abstract Black-throated Flowerpiercers (Diglossa brunneiventris) are one species representing a phenotypically specialized group of tanagers (Thraupidae) that have hooked bills which allow them to feed by stealing nectar from the base of flowers. Members of the genus are widely distributed in montane regions from Mexico to northern Argentina, and previous studies of Diglossa have focused on their systematics, phylogenetics, and interesting natural history. Despite numerous studies of species within the genus, no genome assembly exists to represent these nectivorous tanagers. We described the assembly of a genome sequence representing a museum-vouchered, wild, female D. brunneiventris collected in Peru. By combining Pacific Biosciences Sequel long-read technology with 10× linked-read and reference-based scaffolding, we produced a 1.08 Gbp pseudochromosomal assembly including 600 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 67.3 Mbp, a scaffold L50 of 6, and a BUSCO completeness score of 95%. This new assembly improves representation of the diverse species that comprise the tanagers, improves on scaffold lengths and contiguity when compared to existing genomic resources for tanagers, and provides another avenue of research into the genetic basis of adaptations common to a nectivorous lifestyle among vertebrates.
A Review of The Law of the Land

Almost anyone who has attempted to explain the law and its beginnings has felt the necessity for a lucid and comprehensive book. This new and fascinating work by Charles Rembar, a New York lawyer, is such a study for lawyers and others.
On Cognition, Need, and Action: How Working Memory and Need for Cognition Influence Leisure Activities

Summary: The present study examined the relationships among college students’ need for cognition (NFC), their working memory capacity, and their preferred leisure activities. Results indicated that scoring higher on the NFC scale was related to participants engaging in cognitively higher load leisure activities (e.g., writing) than lower load leisure activities (e.g., watching TV). We did not find a relationship between participants’ cognitive ability (as measured by an attentional capacity task) and their choice of leisure activities. In sum, personal dispositions contributed to the choice and complexity of people’s leisure activities, whereas cognitive ability did not. These findings provide a theoretical framework for further exploring the relationships between disposition, cognition, and action. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cognitive psychology is brimming with studies examining individual differences and the structure of cognitive abilities, but we still know little about the intersection of cognitive ability and individuals’ need to engage in thinking. Further, we know even less about how a need for cognition (NFC) manifests in individuals’ choices in their day-to-day activities. The main research goal of the present study was to garner a better understanding of how students’ cognitive abilities [i.e., working memory (WM)] and preference for cognitive engagement (i.e., the NFC scale; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) influence what they choose to do in their free time. To address this question, we assessed students’ NFC, surveyed their preferred leisure activities and measured their WM. Although we know that WM influences students’ choice of strategies during academic tasks (Dunlosky & Kane, 2007; Schelble, Therriault, & Miller, 2012), its impact on non-academic choices remains unexplored. College students spend a significant portion of their time engaging in cognitively demanding tasks in school. Another important component of this study was to explore and document how students spend their leisure time. Specifically, we were interested in whether students would choose cognitively demanding tasks during their free time, and the factors influencing these decisions (i.e., individual differences in personality, motivation, and/or cognition). Finding evidence of a direct link between individuals’ dispositions and their cognition is important to further validate claims that selfreport scores on the NFC predict actual behavior and, more generally, further our understanding of people’s motivation for cognitive engagement and their actual cognitive abilities. Need for cognition A tool often used in personality and social psychology to explore dispositions related to thinking is Cacioppo and Petty’s (1982) NFC scale. Conceptually, the scale was crafted from Cohen, Stotland, and Wolfe’s (1955) observations that
REACTIVATION OF EXTRACTED PARAMECIUM MODELS

Publisher Summary Paramecium exhibits a swimming behavior because of the ciliary activity regulated by membrane electrogenesis. A depolarizing receptor potential evoked by stimulation of the front end of Paramecium electrotonically spreads over the entire cell membrane to activate (open) depolarization-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the ciliary membrane. Activation of the channels causes regenerative entry of Ca2+ ions into the cilia, producing a sudden increase in the intraciliary Ca2+ concentration and an action potential. The Ca2+ increase activates a mechanism for reversing the direction of the effective power stroke of cilia to cause backward swimming of Paramecium. A hyperpolarizing receptor potential evoked by stimulation of the posterior end of Paramecium also spreads electrotonically over the entire cell membrane. Hyperpolarization of the membrane brings about an increase in the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration, which activates the ciliary beating mechanism to cause an increase in the frequency of ciliary beating in the normal direction. This brings about rapid forward swimming of the specimen. In a permeabilized cell, functions of the membrane as a signal transducer and a diffusion barrier are disrupted, while the motor function of the ciliary apparatus is kept normal. In addition to ATP, Mg2+, and KCl, other chemicals in the reactivation solution are important to keep the reactivated ciliary activity stable. The chapter discusses extraction of paramecium—Triton X-100 and modified Triton X-100 extraction (where Mg2+ions to the Triton X-100-containing extraction solution), glycerol extraction, Triton-glycerol extraction, modified Triton-glycerol extraction (with a solution having a higher concentration of Triton X-100); the processes of collecting, extracting, washing and reactivating for each extraction. When Triton X-100 is used to obtain permeabilized seaurchin spermatozoa, almost 100% of them showed ATP-Mg2+-reactivated flagellar motion. The chapter also provides a process for isolation of ciliated cortical sheets from triton-extracted paramecium.
Endosalpingosis ("endosalpingoblastosis") following laparoscopic tubal coagulation as an etiologic factor of ectopic pregnancy.

Abstract Recent literature has suggested that the majority of pregnancies following a laparoscopic tubal coagulation failure are ectopic. This is in direct contrast to the failure of other types of tubal ligation procedures which usually result in intrauterine pregnancies. The purpose of this paper is to explain this disparity in hopes of reducing the chance of ectopic pregnancies. A study of pathology is presented and how different portions of the oviduct respond to coagulation injury is reported. It was found that the endosalpinx of the proximal oviduct, which is so frequently injured during laparoscopic coagulation, becomes activated (endosalpingosis or “endosalpingoblastosis”) with potential fistula formation. If the coagulation is more distal only fibrosis occurs. This is clinically significant in that if the laparoscopist avoids injury to the proximal isthmic portion of the oviduct, the chance of “endosalpingoblastosis,” fistula, and ectopic pregnancy should be reduced, thus improving the outcome of this technique.
Review: Virtually Embedded: The Librarian in an Online Environment

Leonard, Elizabeth and McCaffrey, Erin. Virtually Embedded: The Librarian in an Online Environment . Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2014. 188 pp. ISBN 978-0-8389-8587-8. Softcover, $52.00
Molecular Methods To Study Complex Microbial Communities

This chapter provides a survey of established molecular approaches as well as emerging ones for studying microbial communities in gastrointestinal systems. Whole-genome typing methods are cost-effective alternatives for assessing genetic relatedness. These molecular techniques provide more specificity than phenotypic identification of culturable microbes and include pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), rep-PCR, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and octamer-based genome scanning (OGBS). The genotyping method used in recent years for Enterobacteriaceae has been a PCR-based technique using primers targeting repetitive sequences (rep-PCR), which also produces numerous DNA fragments that are separable by electrophoresis. MLST is another PCR-enabled genotyping method that has found widespread use for subtyping a variety of pathogens. The technique is an extension of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and was first described in 1998 using Neisseria meningitidis as an example. OBGS, a powerful method enabled by genome sequence information, was developed as a result of determining the complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli. Researchers using molecular community fingerprinting methods can rapidly infer the genetic composition or community structure following the analysis of a region of amplified DNA. All community fingerprinting methods begin with extraction of total genomic DNA from the sample. Direct DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification and subsequent restriction digestion is the basis for (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The greatest challenge to microbial community analysis is linking the community structure at the phylogenetic level with its metabolic potential and subsequent functionality in the environment being studied.
(Kstop−, π0) with the neutral meson spectrometer

Abstract During the 1997 proton run at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), we carried out a study of 12 C(K stop − , π 0 )X using a combination of the Neutral Meson Spectrometer (NMS) and an active target as part of E907. Presented here is a brief review of the method and a demonstration of the current performance with calibration data and preliminary results.
Rectangular nozzle plume velocity modeling for use in jet noise prediction

A modeling technique for predicting the axial and transverse velocity characteristics of rectangular nozzle plumes is developed. In this technique, modeling of the plume cross section is initiated at the nozzle exit plane. The technique is demonstrated for the plume issuing from a rectangular nozzle having an aspect ratio of 6.0 and discharging into quiescent air. Application of the present procedures to a nozzle discharging into a moving airstream (flight effect) are then demonstrated. The effects of plume shear layer structure modification on the velocity flowfield are discussed and modeling procedures are illustrated by example.
Monte Carlo Study of the Random-field Ising Model

Using a cluster-flipping Monte Carlo algorithm combined with a generalization of the histogram reweighting scheme of Ferrenberg and Swendsen, we have studied the equilibrium properties of the thermal random-field Ising model on a cubic lattice in three dimensions. We have equilibrated systems of L x L x L spins, with values of L up to 32, and for these systems the cluster-flipping method appears to a large extent to overcome the slow equilibration seen in single-spin-flip methods. From the results of our simulations we have extracted values for the critical exponents and the critical temperature and randomness of the model by finite size scaling. For the exponents we find v=1.02 +0.06, B=0.06 +0.07, y=1.9 +0.2, and mean(y)=2.9 +0.2.
The error in the error theory

Moral error theory of the kind defended by J. L. Mackie and Richard Joyce is premised on two claims: (1) that moral judgements essentially presuppose that moral value has absolute authority, and (2) that this presupposition is false, because nothing has absolute authority. This paper accepts (2) but rejects (1). It is argued first that (1) is not the best explanation of the evidence from moral practice, and second that even if it were, the error theory would still be mistaken, because the assumption does not contaminate the meaning or truth-conditions of moral claims. These are determined by the essential application conditions for moral concepts, which are relational rather than absolute. An analogy is drawn between moral judgements and motion judgements.
Nonlinear pressure-heat release transfer function measurements in a premixed combustor

This paper describes an experimental study of the response of a premixed combustion process to imposed pressure oscillations. These data were obtained to improve current understanding of the nonlinear phenomenon in unstable combustors that play an important role in their limit-cycle behavior. They were obtained by forcing oscillations in the combustor at discrete frequencies and measuring the resulting pressure and global CH* radical chemiluminescence oscillations. These data suggest that the nonlinear relationship between pressure and heat-release oscillations, as opposed to nonlinear gas dynamic processes, play an important role in saturating the amplitude of self-excited oscillations in premixed combustors. Specifically, it was found that the ratio of the magnitude of the heat-release response to pressure perturbations decreased at large amplitudes of driving: that is, that gain saturation plays a role in the combustor's nonlinear dynamics. The role of amplitude dependence of the phase between the pressure and heat-release fluctuations is less clear from the data, however, because it was found to be nearly independent and moderately dependent on the drive amplitude at different driving frequencies. Nonlinear interactions between a natural combustor mode (at 167 Hz) and those due to the imposed driving (at 157, 190, and 235 Hz) were also observed. Specifically, we observed a steady decrease in amplitude of the natural mode oscillations with increasing amplitude of forcing, even though they were at separate frequencies. This behavior appears to be due to frequency locking of the natural mode oscillations, a well known nonlinear oscillatory phenomenon. The amplitudes at which these nonlinear interactions began to be evident were lower than that where nonlinearities in the pressure-CH* amplitude relation were observed.
Approximation algorithms for finding low-degree subgraphs

We give quasipolynomial-time approximation algorithms for designing networks with a minimum degree. Using our methods, one can design networks whose connectivity is specified by “proper” functions, a class of 0–1 functions indicating the number of edges crossing each cut. We also provide quasipolynomial-time approximation algorithms for finding two-edge-connected spanning subgraphs of approximately minimum degree of a given two-edge-connected graph, and a spanning tree (branching) of approximately minimum degree of a directed graph. The degree of the output network in all cases is guaranteed to be at most (1 + ϵ) times the optimal degree, plus an additive O(log1+ϵn) for any ϵ > 0. Our analysis indicates that the degree of an optimal subgraph for each of the problems above is well estimated by certain polynomially solvable linear programs. This suggests that the linear programs we describe could be useful in obtaining optimal solutions via branch and bound. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 44(3), 203–215 2004
Early antibody to the haptene NIP in hypersensitive guinea pigs.

Many investigators have reported that in guinea pigs the development of delayed hypersensitivity to a simple chemical allergen requires at least 5 days between initial exposure (sensitization) and the acquisition of a specific altered skin reactivity to the chemical; serum antibody to allergen is found some days later. We have studied the appearance in serum of antibody induced by allergen in guinea pigs sensitized to a simple chemical viz., 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylacetic acid (NIP). With Freund's complete adjuvant, plus NIP chloride or NIP conjugate, delayed hypersensitivity is readily induced in guinea pigs. Anti-NIP antibody was assayed by the exceedingly sensitive technique of bacteriophage neutralization, using NIP coupled to the E. coli phage ϕX174 (this assay is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than, e.g., passive hemagglutination or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis). Anti-NIP antibody can be detected at 5 days or earlier. This suggests that, at least with the sensitizer NIP in the guinea pig, delayed hypersensitivity is not a preliminary step to antibody formation.
The Promising Impact of Ibrutinib, a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, for the Management of Lymphoid Malignancies

Lymphoid malignancies comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders originating from clonal proliferation of B or T lymphocytes. Treatment of lymphoid neoplasms has traditionally been pursued with cytotoxic chemotherapy. To improve efficacy and ameliorate the adverse effects associated with classic chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy has been developed. At the forefront of clinical development is ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Btk is a protein tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in regulating B-cell signaling. Dysregulated Btk results in uncontrolled B-lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Ibrutinib is currently being studied in numerous malignancies of lymphoid origin including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Thus far, ibrutinib has demonstrated very promising results in treatment-naive patients as well as those with relapsed or refractory disease with an acceptable safety profile. In this article, we describe the pharmacology, efficacy, and toxicity profile of ibrutinib and depict the potential role that ibrutinib will play in the treatment paradigm of lymphoid neoplasms.
Array set addressing: enabling technology for the efficient processing of hexagonally sampled imagery

It has long been known that there are numerous advantages to sampling images hexagonally rather than rectangularly. However, due to various shortcomings of the addressing schemes, hexagonal sampling for digital images has not been embraced by the mainstream digital imaging community. The idea of using hexagonal sampling for digital imaging applications has been around since the early 1960s, yet no efficient addressing method for hexagonal grids has been developed in that time. This paper introduces a new hexagonal addressing approach, called array set addressing (ASA), that solves the problems exhibited by other addressing methods. The ASA approach uses three coordinates to represent the hexagonal grid as a pair of rectangular arrays. This representation supports efficient linear algebra and image processing manipulation. ASA-based implementations of several basic image processing operations are presented and shown to be efficient. A hexagonal fast Fourier transform, based on the fact that the Fourier kernel becomes separable when using ASA coordinates, is also presented.
A new wind turbine generator / battery energy storage utility interface converter topology with medium-frequency transformer

In this paper, a new medium-voltage (MV) wind turbine generator (WTG) - energy storage grid interface converter topology with medium-frequency (MF) link transformer isolation is introduced. The system forms a 3-port network in which several series stacked AC-AC converters transform the low-frequency (50/60 Hz) utility MV into MF (0.4 to 2 kHz) AC voltage by modulating it with MF square wave. This voltage is then fed to the MF transformer primary windings. The secondary and tertiary windings interface with the WTG side and the battery energy storage side respectively after power conversion. The power generated by WTG is transferred to the MF transformer secondary windings through a 3-phase PWM rectifier and a 3-phase PWM inverter, whereas the power transfer between the energy storage and the tertiary winding occurs through a 3-phase PWM inverter. It is shown that the utility grid sinusoidal currents, the battery current and the WTG output currents can be controlled to be of good quality using PI and DQ control strategies. Thus, the proposed MF transformer based 3-port topology results in smaller converter weight/volume. Moreover, the control can effectively handle voltage sags/swells and provide low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability without significant change in the topology. Simulation waveforms along with preliminary experimental results are discussed in this paper.
Nonpremixed ignition of H2/air in a mixing layer with a vortex

The ignition of a laminar non-premixed H2/air mixing layer with an embedded vortex was computationally studied with detailed chemistry and transport. The initial vortex velocity and pressure fields were specified based on the stream function of an incompressible nonviscous vortex. The fuel side is pure hydrogen at 300 K, and the oxidizer side is air at 2000 K. The vortex evolution process was found to consist of two ignition events. The first ignition occurs in a diffusion mode with chain branching reactions dominating. The second ignition takes place in the premixed mode, with more chemical reactions involved, and is significantly affected by the heat and species generated in the first ignition event. The coupling between the most reactive mixture fraction and scalar dissipation rate was verified to be crucial to the ignition delay. The effects of the vortex strength, characteristic size, and its center location were individually investigated. For all vortex cases, the ignition delay was shorter than that of the 1D case. Furthermore, the ignition delay has a nonmonotonic dependence on all the vortex parameters.
The Proof of the Pudding: Proverbs and Gender in the Performance Arena

Context of use often determines the final, embedded meaning of an aphorism. Use in a ‘performance arena' proceeds through a complex interaction between folklore users and audiences, and a shared set of meanings which is invoked by the saying. Issues of status, gender, and age of proverb users and audiences also influence performance and meaning. Building on the work of folklorist John Miles Foley and others, this study outlines features of the performance arena for the use of aphorisms, usingElihu in Job 32.6-10, and a slave woman's use of a proverbial sayingin the Westcar Papyrus. A visual model of proverb performance based on computer object editing is proposed.
Illness and deviance.

Abstract Illness has many facets. It is a phenomenon that is at once bio-physical, social, psychological and cultural in nature. Today this is a commonplace observation, even if there is disagreement as to what particular events should be called illness. At the same time, it is relatively new. Only recently has illness become an event for which explanations could be sought outside the realm of biology and medicine, and such fields as psychology and sociology could seriously seek to interpret it. In this paper a brief review and appraisal will be made of one way in which illness has been treated as a dependent property by sociology. At least since 1951, sociologist most frequently have interpreted illness as a form of deviant behavior characterized by involuntary incapacities for participation in the social order. To analyze this perspective, we will examine the nature of social deviance, the ways in which illness “fits” the deviance model, the limitations of the deviance framework for the analysis of illness, and the major unexplored questions suggested by the orientation. Obviously, this is an overly ambitious undertaking for a paper, and what follows will be more suggestive than definitive.
Syntheses and kinetics of piperazine-modified poly(vinyl chloride)s for use as fixed-site proton carrier membranes

Abstract Analytical-grade piperazine was dissolved in methanol and reacted with commercial-grade poly(vinyl chloride) powders over a range of temperatures from 25 to 64°C and times from 0.17 to 49 days. The products were aminated polymers that also contained conjugated double bonds. Chemical analysis of the resulting powders showed that up to 1.6 wt% N was possible in this solid-liquid heterogeneous reaction, although insolubility of the aminated polymer in tetrahydrofuran was always realized by 0.8 wt% N content. In those polymer formulations that were soluble, membranes were cast from solution using o -nitrophenyloctyl ether and potassium tetrakis( p -chlorophenyl)borate as the plasticizer and negatively charged sites, respectively. After conditioning, many of these fixed-site proton carrier membranes showed Nernstian pH sensitivity in potentiometric cells, independent of synthesis parameters. The nitrogen content of the aminated PVC and the pH sensitivity of the membrane correlated below a limiting nitrogen content, where Nernstian behaviour was generally observed over a range from 0.4 to 0.8 wt% N content. A three-dimensional plot over the soluble region of the polymer predicted the overall dependence of the reaction parameters, from which an activation energy (17 kcal mol −1 ) was determined for the substitution process. A time-temperature correspondence was demonstrated that allowed the construction of a master curve of amination in which the shift factor was of the same form as either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or a rearranged Doolittle equation. This format was extended to three dimensions, where the pH sensitivity is shown as a function of both the weight percentage N content and the shift factor.
Concentration intermittency in jets

A refined analysis of the combustion process in a turbulent diffusion flame requires knowledge of at least three aspects of the concentration field of nozzle fluid: the mean concentration, the concentration-fluctuation intensity, and the intermittency factor. The last is defined as the probability of finding nozzle fluid at a point, and was the subject of this investigation. A cold model was used in which nozzle air, marked with an oilfog, discharged into clear air at the same temperature. The scattered-light technique was utilized for concentration detection. Both free and ducted round, turbulent jets were studied. With the latter, emphasis was on the regime in which recirculation occurs. The mechanism of recirculation was considerably illuminated by the results. The complement of the intermittency factor is interpreted as the probability distribution function of, for example, the lateral location of the jet boundary in zones without recirculation. Thus, it was possible to determine the statistical properties of the jet boundary, and also of the upstream edge of the recirculation eddy.
Systemic wound induction of potato (Solanum tuberosum) polyphenol oxidase

Abstract Plant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have long been reported to be inducible upon biotic or abiotic wounding. However, observations of inducible PPO activity are frequently confounded by failure to distinguish PPO induction from loss of PPO latency, or by failure to distinguish PPO activity from peroxidase activity. We report the systemic induction of PPO activity, and increased steady-state levels of PPOs and PPO mRNA in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) in response to wounding. During normal growth and development, PPO is present throughout potato leaf maturation, from the apical leaf node through node 11. In contrast, PPO mRNA is only detectable in apical leaf nodes 1–3. Wounding of potato leaflets at nodes 6–8 results in 1.7-fold increase in PPO activity in apical leaf nodes 1–4 within 48 hr after wounding. The increases in PPO activity are accompanied by comparable increases in PPOs and PPO-specific mRNA. No PPO induction is observed in either leaf nodes 5 or 8. These results suggest that only those tissues which are developmentally competent to express PPO mRNA are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA.
Acquisition of Skeletal Conditioned Responses in Pavlovian Conditioning

There are four stages in the acquisition of skeletal responses when employing Pavlovian methodology: contingency detection, response selection, response acquisition, and response shaping. A two-phase output model describes in detail the underlying response likelihood changes across the first three of the stages. Phase 1 of the model applies to the first two stages while Phase 2 applies to stage three. It was shown that Phases 1 and 2 are independent by virtue of the fact that shifts in the parameters of one are not necessarily correlated with changes in the parameters of the other and the fact that independent variable manipulations which affect one Phase do not necessarily influence the other. These results imply that there is no single, continuous underlying associative strength function across trials.
Capacitance Observations of Landau Levels in Surface Quantization

Capacitance observations of Landau levels in a two-dimensional electron gas induced in the inversion layer on a (100) surface of $p$-type silicon are reported. Evidence for surface quantization and the associated lifting of the spin and valley degeneracy are presented. An observed increase in the carrier threshold with increasing magnetic field is shown to be further evidence of surface quantization.
How Productive are The Soils of Java

(1983). How Productive are The Soils of Java? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 32-52.
On decomposition of hypergraphs into -systems

Abstract We show that every uniform hypergraph H of size being a multiple of a positive integer k can be decomposed into k -edge Δ-systems provided that H contains a matching of sufficiently large, but independent of parameters of H , size.
A timely re-examination of drug polymorphism in pharmaceutical development and regulation.

The present theme issue, which highlights the pharmaceutical perspective on polymorphism, follows an earlier theme issue [1] on ‘‘Characterization of the Solid State’’, which highlights the fundamental aspects of this phenomenon. Current research areas of greatest fundamental interest are: (a) determination of crystal structures from X-ray powder diffraction data, (b) attempts to predict crystal structures a priori from molecular structures, (c) development of software for predicting polymorphs of organic compounds, (d) understanding the mechanisms of phase transformations, including process-induced phase transformations, (e) understanding the mechanisms of nucleation, optimizing strategies for polymorph screening, including when automated methods should be used and when standard technologies that cannot be automated should be used, (f) supramolecular chemistry and co-crystals, (g) chemical reactivity of
Neuroprotection supports signal processing in the hippocampus of Syrian hamsters, a facultative hibernator.

Abstract Studies on several species of mammalian seasonal hibernators (those hibernating only in winter) show that their neurons are more tolerant to hypoxia than those in non-hibernating species. Such tolerance has not been studied in facultative hibernators [e.g., Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)], which can hibernate at any time of year. We tested the hypotheses that, when exposed to hypoxia, hamster hippocampal pyramidal cells more effectively support signal processing than do rat hippocampal neurons and this protection is enhanced in slices from hibernating versus non-hibernating hamsters and as temperature decreases. Population spike amplitudes (PSAs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. Slices were perfused in oxygenated artificial cerebral spinal fluid (O2ACSF) to establish a baseline. Oxygen was then replaced by nitrogen (N2ACSF) for 15 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period in O2ACSF. Three minutes after slices were returned to O2ACSF, PSAs recovered to 62.4 ± 6.8% of baseline in 15 slices from 8 non-hibernating hamsters but only to 22.7 ± 5.6% in 17 slices from 5 rats. Additionally, PSA recovery was greater in slices from hibernating than non-hibernating hamsters and recovery increased as temperature decreased. These significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) suggest Syrian hamsters are a useful model for studying naturally occurring neuroprotective mechanisms.
Behavior problems in children raised by grandmothers: The role of caregiver distress, family resources, and the home environment

Abstract Over the past few decades there has been a dramatic increase in children being raised by grandparents due to a variety of factors including child maltreatment, parental abandonment, substance abuse, and incarceration. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of behavior problems in children being raised by grandmothers and to determine factors in their current environment that are related to child behavior problems. The study draws on McCubbin's resiliency model of family stress, adjustment and adaptation. The sample comprised of 230 children ages 2 to 16 years who were being raised by grandmothers in parent-absent homes. The families were predominantly low income and African American. The grandmothers ranged in age from 37 to 80 years. Grandmothers responded to several self-report measures pertaining to child behavior problems, family resources, social support, and caregiver psychological distress. Trained research assistants completed a standardized observational measure of the home environment. Results indicated that 31.3% of child participants scored in the clinically elevated range for total behavior problems, with 21.3% and 32.6% scoring in the elevated range for internalizing and externalizing behaviors, respectively. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that of the variables examined, increased psychological distress in grandmothers was most predictive of child behavior problems, followed by less supportive home environments and fewer family resources. Results of the present study underscore the need for interventions that focus on reducing child behavior problems, as well as enhancing the parenting skills of grandmothers raising grandchildren. Findings also support the need for strategies to reduce stress in grandmother caregivers and to improve access to resources needed to provide supportive home environments for their grandchildren.
Effects of L-Cystine and L-Theanine Supplementation on the Common Cold: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial

The common cold is one of the most frequent illnesses caused by viral infection. Recently, we have reported that oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) to mice enhanced the humoral immune response associated with antibody production. Based on this mouse study, we investigated the effects of CT supplementation on the common cold in humans as a pilot study. A total of 176 healthy male volunteers were randomized to receive either placebo or CT (490 mg) tablets twice daily for 35 days. The incidence outcome was assessed using the definition in our laboratory based on questionnaires regarding cold symptoms. The incidence of subjects with colds during the trial was significantly lower in the CT group than in the placebo group, although the duration of the colds was not significantly different between the groups. These results suggest that CT supplementation may be useful for the prevention of the common cold.
Early Intervention Strategies with Borderline Clients

The author discusses the treatment needs of the young, self-destructive, unstable borderline client. A practice approach reformulated on the basis of recent research findings on borderline developmental history and course of illness is presented. This approach employs strategies derived from trauma recovery and brief treatment to address self-destructiveness and high rates of attrition in this clinic population as well as the demands of managed mental health care for briefer, more effective treatment. Pragmatic goals and structured, focused interventions for initial contacts or the early stage of treatment are outlined and illustrated.
Cellular alternans as mechanism of cardiac arrhythmogenesis

f the various cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation VF) is the most serious and has a primary role in mediating udden cardiac death (SCD). Therefore, understanding the lectrophysiologic processes that culminate in VF is critical or developing effective prevention and treatment of lifehreatening arrhythmias. The structural and electrophysilogic changes that predispose to SCD in chronically disased hearts have been studied extensively, yet relatively ittle is known of the complex sequence of events that incite alignant arrhythmias in some patients but not in others. his represents a major obstacle in the development of linical strategies for identifying and treating those patients t greatest risk. Consequently, SCD remains a major unreolved public health problem. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular nd biophysical bases of ventricular arrhythmias have foused attention on the possible role of cardiac repolarization n the mechanism of arrhythmias. Specifically, numerous tudies have established a close association between cardiac rrhythmogenesis and heterogeneities of repolarization in he heart. Such heterogeneities are required for the develpment of unidirectional conduction block leading to reenrant excitation. Even in the normal heart there are considrable heterogeneities in ionic composition between cells panning the left ventricle; yet, fortunately, SCD is rare in atients with normal hearts. Therefore, the factors responible for transforming physiologic heterogeneities of repoarization into pathophysiologic heterogeneities undoubtdly are critical to the mechanisms underlying SCD. In this eview, we present our current viewpoint on cellular repoarization alternans (which manifests clinically as microvolt -wave alternans) as a novel mechanism for promoting athophysiologic electrophysiologic heterogeneities that asten electrical instability in the heart.
Robotic Construction by Contour Crafting: The Case of Lunar Construction:

Contour Crafting is a digitally controlled construction process invented by Professor Behrokh Khoshnevis that fabricates components directly from computer models, using layered fabrication technology. By obviating the need for formwork used in traditional concrete construction, CC can reduce costs and construction times significantly. The technique has great potential as a robotic form of construction reliant on relatively minimal human labor as a form of construction in relatively hazardous environments, such as the Moon with its radiation levels that can prove highly damaging. Current research funded by NASA has been exploring the potential for using CC on the Moon to build structures making use of readily available regolith that is found in great abundance on the surface of the Moon. This article offers an overview of this research and evaluates the merits of using CC on the Moon.
Linear viscoelasticity of ZrO 2 nanoparticle dispersions with associative polymers

ZrO2 nanoparticle dispersions containing associative polymers exhibit two relaxation modes: Maxwellian behavior at high frequency imparted by the associating polymers and a power law spectrum at low frequency generated by the particle dynamics. The timescales and volume fraction dependence of the dispersions reflect weak attractions between particles with adsorbed polymer layers dispersed in a percolated network of associative polymer. The Baxter stickiness parameter extracted from the high frequency viscosity data indicates strong attractions, whereas the high frequency modulus reveals three sources of elasticity: micelle–micelle associations in the solution, rigidity of the particles and adsorbed layer, and adsorbed layer–adsorbed layer interactions. The sol-gel transition of the dispersions occurs around 12–14% particle loading. Comparison with latex dispersions suggests a slower relaxation mode and greater rigidity with the ZrO2 particles.
Quantifying supercritical CO2 dilation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoro‐propylene) utilizing a linear variable differential transducer: plasticization and melting behavior

Melting behavior of semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) is investigated as a function of supercritical CO 2 pressure using a Linear Variable Displacement Transformer (LVDT). The melting temperature (T m ) of both polymers is lowered due to supercritical CO 2 plasticization. For PVDF, the maximum lowering of T m (ΔT m =23°C) occurs between 483 and 552 bar. The corresponding value for the copolymer is ΔT m = 26°C at 552 bar. At higher pressures, hydrostatic effects override plasticization and T m increases for both polymers. By comparing T m in N 2 , a noninteracting gas, the opposing effects of plasticization and hydrostatic pressure on T m are explored.
A modified technique for dowel fibular strut graft placement and circumferential fusion in the setting of L5-S1 spondylolisthesis and multilevel degenerative disc disease.

BACKGROUND: Traditional techniques for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis pass a fibular dowel graft across the L5-S1 disc by using the anterior portion of the L5 body. OBJECTIVE: To introduce a technique for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis in the setting of multilevel degenerative disc disease in adults. Our modified technique allows us to traverse the L5-S1 disc via the L4-5 disc space thereby treating the degenerated disc at L4-5 simultaneously. METHODS: A standard anterior discectomy was performed on L4-5. Using biplanar fluoroscopy, a Kirschner wire was placed beginning at the anterior third of the L5 superior endplate and ending at S1. An anterior cruciate ligament reamer was used to make a channel for the fibular allograft. Then, a femoral ring allograft was placed in the disc space at L4-5, and standard anterior lumbar interbody fusions were performed at any additional cephalad level(s). Afterward, posterior instrumented fusion was performed to complement the anterior fusion procedure (except at L5), and wide decompression followed. RESULTS: All patients presented with isthmic spondylolisthesis and all had multilevel fusions. The mean slip angle was 32.6 degrees (37.8 degrees preoperatively), and mean lumbar index was 67%. After the procedure, the average endplate-to-dowel angle was 107.1 degrees compared with 134 degrees. All patients had clinical and radiographic evidence of solid fusion without the need for revisions. CONCLUSION :The proposed advantage of our modified technique is twofold. The graft is placed nearly perpendicular to the L5-S1 interface, as it will behave more efficiently with respect to interfragmental compression. Also, surgeons gain access to fuse L4-5 anteriorly and posteriorly.
Neural network models for pattern recognition and associative memory

Abstract This review outlines some fundamental neural network modules for associative memory, pattern recognition, and category learning. Included are discussions of the McCulloch-Pitts neuron, perceptrons, adaline and madaline, back propagation, the learning matrix, linear associative memory, embedding fields, instars and outstars, the avalanche, shunting competitive networks, competitive learning, computational mapping by instarl outstar families, adaptive resonance theory, the cognitron and neocognitron, and simulated annealing. Adaptive filter formalism provides a unified notation. Activation laws include additive and shunting equations. Learning laws include back-coupled error correction, Hebbian learning, and gated instar and outstar equations. Also included are discussions of real-time and off-line modeling, stable and unstable coding, supervised and unsupervised learning, and self-organization.