cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History and Physical Exam

In most patients, the diagnosis of a massive rotator cuff tear can be made based solely on the history and physical exam. To determine adequate treatment options, the clinician must determine if the patient’s chief complaint is pain, weakness, or a combination of both. On physical exam, it is important to determine if the patient is able to elevate their arm above horizontal. If they cannot elevate, an injection of local anesthetic may be beneficial to determine if there is pain inhibition accounting for the patient’s weakness. Comfort with specific rotator cuff muscle strength testing and identifying an external rotation lag are essential in making a diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. This comfort is gained with experience.
Problem-Solving Therapy Versus Supportive Therapy in Geriatric Major Depression With Executive Dysfunction

OBJECTIVE The authors compared the efficacy of problem-solving therapy (PST) and supportive therapy (ST) in a group of elderly subjects with impairment in executive functions. This group was targeted because it has been shown to be at the risk for poor response to pharmacotherapy. METHODS A total of 25 elderly subjects with major depression and abnormal scores in initiation/perseveration and response inhibition tasks were randomly assigned to receive weekly sessions of PST or ST for 12 weeks. The subjects were systematically evaluated by raters blind to the study hypotheses. RESULTS PST was more effective than ST in leading to remission of depression, fewer post-treatment depressive symptoms, and less disability. A substantial part of the change in depression and disability was explained by the subjects' improvement of skills in generating alternatives and in decision-making. CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that PST is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and disability in elderly patients with major depression and executive dysfunction. If these findings are confirmed, PST may become an important therapeutic alternative for a patient population who may otherwise remain symptomatic and disabled.
p53 and tumor suppression.

A p53-mediated response to tissue damage caused by ionizing radiation does not invoke protection against tumorigenesis in two mouse models.
The Heme Chaperone ApoCcmE Forms a Ternary Complex with CcmI and Apocytochrome c

Cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) is a post-translational process that occurs after translocation of apocytochromes c to the positive (p) side of energy-transducing membranes. Ccm is responsible for the formation of covalent bonds between the thiol groups of two cysteines residues at the heme-binding sites of the apocytochromes and the vinyl groups of heme b (protoporphyrin IX-Fe). Among the proteins (CcmABCDEFGHI and CcdA) required for this process, CcmABCD are involved in loading heme b to apoCcmE. The holoCcmE thus formed provides heme b to the apocytochromes. Catalysis of the thioether bonds between the apocytochromes c and heme b is mediated by the heme ligation core complex, which in Rhodobacter capsulatus contains at least the CcmF, CcmH, and CcmI components. In this work we show that the heme chaperone apoCcmE binds to the apocytochrome c and the apocytochrome c chaperone CcmI to yield stable binary and ternary complexes in the absence of heme in vitro. We found that during these protein-protein interactions, apoCcmE favors the presence of a disulfide bond at the apocytochrome c heme-binding site. We also establish using detergent-dispersed membranes that apoCcmE interacts directly with CcmI and CcmH of the heme ligation core complex CcmFHI. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to heme transfer from CcmE to the apocytochromes c during heme ligation assisted by the core complex CcmFHI.
Energetic photons from intermediate energy proton- and heavy-ion-induced reactions

The cross section for emitting high energy gamma rays in heavy-ion collisions is calculated in a model based on the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation. The elementary production cross section is assumed to be neutron-proton bremsstrahlung. Comparison is made with experimental data at bombarding energies from 20 to 84 MeV/nucleon. The calculations are found to roughly reproduce the energy spectrum, bombarding energy dependence, and angular distribution. From the numerical analysis we conclude that the production of high-energy \ensuremath{\gamma} rays is limited to the very early stage of the collision.
Chronic ozone exacerbates the reduction in photosynthesis and acceleration of senescence caused by limited N availability in Nicotiana sylvestris

Both elevated ozone (O3) and limiting soil nitrogen (N) availability negatively affect crop performance. However, less is known about how the combination of elevated O3 and limiting N affect crop growth and metabolism. In this study, we grew tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) in ambient and elevated O3 at two N levels (limiting and sufficient). Results at the whole plant, leaf, and cellular level showed that primary metabolism was reduced by growth in limiting N, and that reduction was exacerbated by exposure to elevated O3. Limiting N reduced the rates of photosynthetic CO2 uptake by 40.8% in ambient O3-exposed plants, and by 58.6% in elevated O3-exposed plants, compared with plants grown with sufficient N. Reductions in photosynthesis compounded to cause large differences in leaf and whole plant parameters including leaf number, leaf area, and leaf and root biomass. These results were consistent with our meta-analysis of all published studies of plant responses to elevated O3 and N availability. In tobacco, N uptake and allocation was also affected by growth in limiting N and elevated O3, and there was an O3-induced compensatory response that resulted in increased N recycling from senescing leaves. In addition, transcript-based markers were used to track the progress through senescence, and indicated that limiting N and elevated O3, separately and in combination, caused an acceleration of senescence. These results suggest that reductions in crop productivity in growing regions with poor soil fertility will be exacerbated by rising background O3.
Retrospective respiration-gated whole-body photoacoustic computed tomography of mice

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging technique that has a great potential for preclinical whole-body imaging. To date, most whole-body PAT systems require multiple laser shots to generate one cross-sectional image, yielding a frame rate of <1 Hz. Because a mouse breathes at up to 3 Hz, without proper gating mechanisms, acquired images are susceptible to motion artifacts. Here, we introduce, for the first time to our knowledge, retrospective respiratory gating for whole-body photoacoustic computed tomography. This new method involves simultaneous capturing of the animal’s respiratory waveform during photoacoustic data acquisition. The recorded photoacoustic signals are sorted and clustered according to the respiratory phase, and an image of the animal at each respiratory phase is reconstructed subsequently from the corresponding cluster. The new method was tested in a ring-shaped confocal photoacoustic computed tomography system with a hardware-limited frame rate of 0.625 Hz. After respiratory gating, we observed sharper vascular and anatomical images at different positions of the animal body. The entire breathing cycle can also be visualized at 20 frames/cycle.
An Improved Element Design for 64-Channel Planar Imaging

Investigation of highly accelerated MRI has developed into a lively corner in the hardware and methodology arena in recent years. At the extreme of (one-dimensional) acceleration, our group introduced Single Echo Acquisition (SEA) imaging, in which the need to phase encode a 64×Nreadout image is eliminated and replaced with the well-localized spatial information obtained from an array of 64 very narrow, long, parallel coils. The narrow coil width (2mm) that facilitates this is accompanied by a concomitant constraint on the useful imaging depth. This note describes a 64-element planar array, constructed within the same 8×13cm total footprint as the original SEA array, still enabling full acceleration in one dimension, but with an element design modified to increase the imaging depth. This was accomplished by lowering the outer conducting legs of the planar pair with respect to the center conductor and adding a geometric decoupling configuration away from the imaging field of view. The element has been called a dual-plane pair in that the current carrying rungs in the imaging FOV function exactly as the planar pair, but are simply placed in two separate planes (sides of PCB in this case).
The life-sparing potential of mammographic screening †

which com-pared a group of women invited to screening with a control group ofwomen not invited, provided data indicating that there was a signif-icant reduction in mortality during the 10-year period of the scientiﬁcstudy. The controlled trial was followed by a 9-year period, when allwomen between the ages of 40–69 years in the same geographic areawere offered mammographic screening. This 9-year period had an85% attendance rate at the offered screenings. Control group contam-ination (women who obtained mammograms anyway) and experi-mental group compliance problems (women who were invited butdid not get mammograms) of the trial were obviated in the mostrecent period by offering the entire age-deﬁned population an invi-tation to screening. Data from these successive periods were com-pared with the 10 years prior to the beginning of the trial, when noscreening was performed, and the results of the comparative analysisof the 3 periods are presented in their report. Tabar and his col-leagues
Real-time discovery and decision making from big data

As the world becomes evermore connected and instrumented, decision-makers have ever more rapid access to ever changing and growing streams of data - but this makes the decision-maker's problems ever more complex as well, because it is impossible to learn everything in the time frame in which decisions must be made. What the decision-maker must do, therefore, is to discover in real time what is relevant in the enormous stream of data and use the relevant information to make good decisions. This talk presents a systematic framework and associated algorithms that enable a decision-maker to do this. The algorithms we propose yield strong performance guarantees for both the long run and the short run. The applications are numerous and include patient monitoring, online recommendation systems, social networks, targeted advertisement, surveillance, network security, finance etc.
Synthesis and Characterization of (Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borato)rhodium Alkyl and Vinyl Chloride Complexes.

A series of complexes of the type Tp‘Rh(CNCH2CMe3)(R)Cl, where R = CH3, CD3, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, and vinyl and Tp‘ = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate have been synthesized and fully characterized. The complexes are prepared by reaction of the corresponding Grignard reagent with Tp‘Rh(CNCH2CMe3)Cl2, which in turn is synthesized from Tp‘Rh(NCCH3)Cl2. The complex Tp‘Rh(CNCH2CMe3)(isopropyl)Cl crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbcn (No. 60) with a = 27.8224(1) A, b = 14.2541(2) A, c = 14.5549(2) A, Z = 8, and V = 5772.23(9) A3. The complex Tp‘Rh(CNCH2CMe3)(cyclopropyl)Cl crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 9.573(2) A, b = 18.933(3) A, c = 17.873(14) A, β = 103.70(4)°, Z = 4, and V = 3147(3) A3. The complex Tp‘Rh(PMe3)Cl2 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) with a = 10.9384(6) A, b = 17.3111(9) A, c = 13.5132(7) A, β = 111.536(1)°, Z = 4, and V = 2378.5(2) A3.
Motion of three point vortices on a sphere

Abstract We solve the equations governing the relative motion of three point vortices of arbitrary strength moving on the surface of a sphere of radius R. The system is more general than the corresponding one in the plane [1,3,5,19,28,33,34,37,38] and reduces to it in the limit R → ∞, as long as the three vortices remain sufficiently close to each other during the course of their motion. Instead of using spherical coordinates, we use cartesian coordinates in which the vector χi points from the center of the sphere to the vortex with strength Γi. An important conserved quantity is the center of vorticity vector, c = (∑Γ i χ i ) (∑Γ i ) which, with no loss of generality, we align with the z-axis. Based on the size of this vector relative to the radius of the sphere, we classify the motion into one of five types: super-radial, radial, sub-radial, degenerate, or a limiting super-radial case. This categorization allows us to draw several conclusions about the qualitative motion of the vortices. We then fully characterize all fixed and relative equilibria on the sphere. For fixed equilibria, the vortices must lie on great circles (geodesics). If the strengths are equal, they form an equilateral triangle. Otherwise, the triangle shape is specified once the strength of the vortices is given. The relative, equilibria are classified as either degenerate (c = 0) or non-degenerate (c ≠ 0). For each type, the shape of the vortex triangle is described and the frequency of rotation is computed. As in the planar problem, it is possible to introduce trilinear coordinates and study the motion in a phase plane, which allows us to locate all the equilibria, as well as to characterize more complex relative dynamics. We then describe self-similar vortex collapse on the sphere, stating necessary and sufficient conditions for collapse to occur, computing the collapse times and vortex trajectories on the route towards collapse. Comparisons are made with the collapse formulas in the plane derived in [1,30].
Preparation and optical properties of Y2O3/SiO2 powder

Y(NO3)3 and NH3·H2O were used as a raw materials, and nano-Y2O3 powder was successfully synthesized by a precipitation method. Employing TEOS as a raw material, SiO2 powder was successfully prepared by a alkoxide-hydrolysis method, and a Y2O3/SiO2 composite powder was obtained by coating. The Y2O3, SiO2, and Y2O3/SiO2 powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR); the Y2O3 and Y2O3/SiO2 powders were further examined by photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The results indicated that the Y2O3 powder had a body-centered cubic structure with an average size of 35 nm, while the SiO2 powder was amorphous, with an average size of 145 nm and a narrow size distribution. The PL spectra of the Y2O3 and Y2O3/SiO2 powders showed that their wavelength of emission spectra were 585 nm, while their wavelength of excitation spectra were in the range of 240–260 nm. The optical properties of the Y2O3/SiO2 powder were identical to the Y2O3 powder.
Bioceramic Implants in Surgically Produced Infrabony Defects

Tricalcium phosphate ceramic of hydroxyapatite structure with 50% porosity and 800- to 1000-mum pore diameter was implanted in surgically produced infrabony defects in dogs. The defects were evaluated histologically at different time intervals, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The results show that the ceramic is well tolerated by the tissue and yields no toxic reactions. Bone ingrowth into the pores and repair of the periodontium are clearly demonstrated. No significant hematological changes were observed.
Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Anaerobic Swine Lagoons: Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, and Dinitrogen Gas

Seventy-five percent of swine (Sus scrofa) production systems in North America use anaerobic or liquid-slurry systems for waste holding or disposal. Accurate emissions data and emission factors are needed for engineering, planning, and regulatory agencies. These data are used for system design and evaluation of the effect of animal concentrations on the regional soil, surface and ground waters, and atmospheric environments. Noninvasive techniques were used to evaluate trace gases without disturbing the meteorology or lagoon system being measured. Micrometeorological and gas sensors were mounted on a submersible barge in the center of the lagoon for use with flux-gradient methodology to determine trace gas fluxes, without disturbing atmospheric transport processes, over extended periods. Collateral measurements included lagoon nutrient, dissolved gas concentrations, and sludge gas mass flux. Ammonia emissions varied diurnally and seasonally and were highly correlated with windspeed and water temperature. Nutrient loading measurements showed that mobile ions, which were nonvolatile, were constant throughout four successive lagoons. Immobile ions concentrated primarily in the sludge layer of the first lagoon. Measurements of denitrification N 2 losses suggest as much N 2 -N lost as from NH 3 -N. Ammonia gas emissions are not as large a percentage of total nitrogen input to the lagoons as previously thought but unaccounted-for nitrogen requires further research.
Why pregnant adolescents say they did not use contraceptives prior to conception

Objective: In this study we attempted to learn why childbearing adolescents failed to use contraceptives prior to conception. We hypothesized that among adolescents who elect to bear their children, positive and/or ambivalent feelings about having a baby are the most frequently cited reasons for not having used contraceptives. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional, clinic-based survey of a racially and ethnically diverse group of 200 consecutively enrolled, poor, pregnant, 13–18-year-old patients in an adolescent-oriented maternity program. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire which elicited information about environmental and personal risk factors for inconsistent use of contraceptives and information about the reasons they had not used contraceptives consistently prior to conception. Student's t -tests, Chi-square, and logistic regression analyses were used. Results: The most frequently cited reasons for not using contraceptives prior to conception were: “I didn't mind getting pregnant” (20%) and “I wanted to get pregnant” (17.5%), followed by “I was using birth control but it didn't work (broke)” (12%), “I thought there was something wrong with me and I couldn't get pregnant” (9%) and “I just didn't get around to it” (9%). Teenagers who cited positive and/or ambivalent attitudes toward childbearing as their primary reason for not using contraceptives at the time of conception did not differ from others with regard to age, Medicaid status, gravidity parity, frequency of living with parents, partner's age, depressive symptoms, or perceived family support. They were, however, more likely to have known the father of the baby for more than 6 months at the time of conception [odds ratio (OR) 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–5.26) and to have dropped out of school (OR) 2.15; 95% CI 1.10–4.26]. Conclusions: The study hypothesis was supported. The absence of negative attitudes toward having babies rather than negative attitudes toward contraceptives is the most commonly cited reason for nonuse of contraceptives among childbearing adolescents. The results of this study may enable health care and social service providers to design more effective programs for preventing first and subsequent adolescent pregnancies. (See commentary, p. 54).
Chemotherapy for Pulmonary Disease Due to Mycobacterium kansasii: Efficacies of Some Individual Drugs

An evaluation of chemotherapy was made for 256 patients with pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Studies of in vitro resistance of M. kansasii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to various drugs revealed important differences between the two species that should be considered when planning chemotherapy. Partial or no in vitro resistance to 1 microgram of isoniazid/ml did not adversely affect the time required for conversion of sputum from positive to negative, whereas complete resistance to isoniazid had a statistically significant (P less than 0.001) adverse effect. All of the 115 patients who received treatment that included rifampin (initial and retreatment) had sputum conversion within four months. However, for regimens that did not include rifampin, 127 (90%) of 141 patients had conversion within four months (P less than 0.01). After completion of chemotherapy that included rifampin, there were no relapses among 64 patients, but after therapy without rifampin, four (7%) of 59 patients relapsed. The greater efficacy of the regimens that included rifampin may be due at least partially to the fact that more drugs were administered than in regimens that did not include rifampin. The use of p-aminosalicylic acid seems unwarranted in the treatment of disease due to M. kansasii. Since rifampin may be the most potent drug for treatment of this disease, the recommended combinations for initial treatment are (l) rifampin, streptomycin, isoniazid, and ethambutol, or (2) rifampin and two other drugs to which the organism is sensitive.
Adhesion Between Anti-EphA2 Antibody-Coated AFM Tips and Breast Cancer Cells

This paper presents the results of atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements of the adhesion force between MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and anti-EphA2 antibody-coated AFM tips. As a control, the adhesive interactions are measured between Hs578Bst normal breast cells and anti-EphA2 antibody-coated AFM tips. The measurements show conclusively that the adhesive forces to breast cancer cells are over five times greater than those to normal breast cells. The increase is attributed largely to the interactions between anti-EphA2 antibody and over-expressed EphA2 receptors that are revealed by the staining of receptor-ligand interactions. The implications of the results are discussed for the localized targeting and treatment of cancer with antibody-conjugated nanoparticles.
A Research Note: Centralization of Decision-making in Japanese Factories

Using the Aston Centralization of Authority scale, this paper shows that Japanese organizations vary in their level of overall centralization of authority in decision- making, and in the level at which decisions in particular areas are made. In a sample of 48 heterogeneous Japanese manufacturing firms it is found that both spatial dispersion into multiple sites and higher levels of automation of technology increase centralization of authority, while large size and the increasing number of levels to which size gives rise, and greater task variability all have the opposite effect, i.e., they lower, somewhat, the levels at which decisions can be made. The implications of these findings for claims of 'bottom-up', participative deci sion-making in Japan's ringi system are discussed in the conclusion.
Age-Related Susceptibility to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease in Rabbits

Anti-type b antibodies were detected in newborns and in most 6- to 8-week-old rabbits, similar to those observed in humans. Culture of the pharynx and rectum of rabbits at varied ages failed to yield Haemophilus influenzae type b. Bacteria with cross-reacting antigens were observed in both the pharyngeal and rectal cultures from rabbits of varied ages. Rabbits without preexisting serum anti-type b antibodies were highly susceptible to septicemia and death after injection of small numbers of H. influenzae type b. Passively acquired antibody, whether observed in newborns or injected into animals without preexisting antibodies, conferred a high degree of protection against H. influenzae type b.
Making sense of it: a neuro-interactional model of meaning emergence in critically ill ventilated patients

Emphasis on meaning underpins a current thrust of knowledge development in nursing, especially in the client domain. Examination of meaning in the interactional context and through varying levels of consciousness has not been examined. Initially, an integrated model was developed deductively from philosophical, theoretical and research-oriented sources. This model was meant as a guide to begin examining how patients with varying levels of consciousness make sense of their intensive care unit experience. Over a 10-month period of fieldwork, this author observed patients twice daily through their intensive care unit stay to capture the nature and content of thinking processes. The resulting neuro-interactional model describes patients' thinking processes and scope of meaning as a function of levels of consciousness as well as factors which affect thinking and meaning. Theory, research and practice implications are presented.
In vivo hyperglycemia and its effect on Glut-1 expression in the embryonic heart

BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes exposes embryos to periods of hyperglycemia. Glucose is important for normal cardiogenesis, and Glut-1 is the predominant glucose transporter in the embryo. METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed to 6 or 12 hr hyperglycemia during organogenesis using intraperitoneal (IP) injections of D-glucose on gestational day (GD) 9.5 (plug = GD 0.5). Embryos were examined for morphology and total cardiac protein, and embryonic hearts were evaluated for Glut-1 protein and mRNA expression immediately after treatment (GD 9.75, GD 10.0), as well as on GD 10.5 and GD 12.5. RESULTS IP glucose injections were effective in producing sustained maternal hyperglycemia. Maternal hyperglycemia for 6 or 12 hr on GD 9.5, followed by normoglycemia, produced a decrease in overall size and total cardiac protein in embryos evaluated on GD 10.5 but no difference on GD 12.5. Cardiac Glut-1 expression was immediately upregulated in embryos exposed to 6 or 12 hr maternal hyperglycemia. On GD 10.5, cardiac Glut-1 expression was not different in embryos exposed to maternal hyperglycemia for 6 hr but was downregulated in embryos exposed for 12 hr. On GD 12.5, cardiac Glut-1 expression in embryos exposed to maternal hyperglycemia on GD 9.5 for 6 or 12 hr, followed by normoglycemia, was not different from controls. The temporal pattern was the same for Glut-1 protein and mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia-induced alterations in Glut-1 expression likely interfere with balance of glucose available to the embryonic heart that may affect cardiac morphogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of coinhibitory signaling pathways in transplantation and tolerance.

Negative costimulatory molecules, acting through so-called inhibitory pathways, play a crucial role in the control of T cell responses. This negative ‘second signal’ opposes TCR activation and leads to downregulation of T cell proliferation and promotes antigen specific tolerance. Much interest has focused upon these pathways in recent years as a method to control detrimental alloresponses and promote allograft tolerance. However, recent experimental data highlights the complexity of negative costimulatory pathways in alloimmunity. Varying effects are observed from molecules expressed on donor and recipient tissues and also depending upon the activation status of immune cells involved. There appears to be significant overlap and redundancy within these systems, rendering this a challenging area to understand and exploit therapeutically. In this article, we will review the literature at the current time regarding the major negative costimulation pathways including CTLA-4:B7, PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 and PD-L1:B7-1, B7-H3, B7-H4, HVEM:BTLA/CD160 and TIM-3:Galectin-9. We aim to outline the role of these pathways in alloimmunity and discuss their potential applications for tolerance induction in transplantation.
Safe steering speed estimation and optimal trajectory planning for intelligent vehicles

With increasing demands on driving safety, vehicle steering control attracts significant interests during the last two decades. One important problem is that drivers may overestimate the maximum speed they can adopt or choose a wrong trajectory profile (steering guideline) during steering. This often leads the vehicle run out of the road. To avoid such accidents, this paper analyzes the relationship between navigation speed and the corresponding cruise offset with given steering curvature, and provides an estimation method for maximum safe speed regarding a curve or a lane change trajectory. To improve ride comfort, an optimal guideline planning framework considering different driver/passenger requirement is proposed. Besides, how to choose graphical user interface for steering guidance is also discussed.
The nuclear envelope serves as an intermediary between the ER and Golgi complex in the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Morphological examination of the highly polarized protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii suggests that secretory traffic in this organism progresses from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus using the nuclear envelope as an intermediate compartment. While the endoplasmic reticulum is predominantly located near the basal end of the parasite, the Golgi is invariably adjacent to the apical end of the nucleus, and the space between the Golgi and nuclear envelope is filled with numerous coatomer-coated vesicles. Staining with antiserum raised against recombinant T. gondii beta-COP confirms its association with the apical juxtanuclear region. Perturbation of protein secretion using brefeldin A, microtubule inhibitors or dithiothreitol disrupts the Golgi, causing swelling of the nuclear envelope, particularly at its basal end. Prolonged drug treatment leads to gross distention of the endoplasmic reticulum, filling the basal end of the parasite. Cloning and sequencing of the T. gondii homolog of the chaperonin protein BiP identifies the carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence HDEL as this organism's endoplasmic reticulum-retention signal. Appending the HDEL motif to a recombinant secretory protein (a chimera between the parasite's major surface protein fusion, P30, and the Green Fluorescent Protein) causes this secretory reporter to be retained intracellularly. P30-GFP-HDEL fluorescence was most intense within the nuclear envelope, particularly at the apical end. These data support a model of secretion in which protein traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi occurs via the apical end of the nuclear envelope.
Scalable data dissemination using hybrid methods

Web server scalability can be greatly enhanced via hybrid data dissemination methods that use both unicast and multicast. Hybrid data dissemination is particularly promising due to the development of effective end-to-end multicast methods and tools. Hybrid data dissemination critically relies on document selection which determines the data transfer method that is most appropriate for each data item. In this paper, we study document selection with a special focus on actual end-point implementations and Internet network conditions. We individuate special challenges such as scalable and robust popularity estimation, appropriate classification of hot and cold documents, and unpopular large documents. We propose solutions to these problems, integrate them in MBDD (middleware support multicast-based data dissemination) and evaluate them on PlanetLab with collected traces. Results show that the multicast server can effectively adapt to dynamic environments and is substantially more scalable than traditional Web servers. Our work is a significant contribution to building practical hybrid data dissemination services.
Effects of diffusion on interfacial fracture of gold-chromium hybrid microcircuit films

In this study, the effects of diffusion on gold-chromium film durability was determined from interfacial fracture energy measurements on laboratory samples aged to simulate long term service. The samples were pre- pared by sputter deposition of gold films and chromium adhesive layers on sapphire substrates. Some films were left in the as-deposited condition while others were given an accelerated age to drive the chromium off the interface and into the gold film. Stressed overlayers and nanoindentation were then used to induce interfacial delamination and blister formation from which interfacial fracture energies were determined using mechanics-based models. These tests showed that the fracture energies for interfacial failure of the as-deposited and annealed films occurred near 1.3 J m −2 even when diffusion had driven all chromium into solution. These results clearly demonstrate that chromium in solution is as effective in promoting adhesion as continuous chromium adhesive layers.
Age as a Factor Influencing Breeding Efficiency in a Dairy Herd

Summary Seven hundred and six females and forty-three males are included in this study. A summary of their breeding records shows that when no consideration was given to the age of the bull the number of services required for the first conception was significantly higher than for the following conceptions. Uncalved heifers required a smaller number of services per conception when bred to bulls under four years of age than when bred to older bulls. There was a gradual decrease in the breeding efficiency of bulls as they increased in age, but when used on females of all ages this decreased efficiency, when compared to the yearling age, did not become significant until the bulls reached an average age of six years. Bulls 13 years old and over were significantly less sure as breeders than bulls six years of age. It appears from this study that the use of old bulls is an important factor in the breeding efficiency of dairy heifers, and that dairymen may be justified in mating heifers with young bulls in order that prompt conceptions may result.
Patient Perception of Midlevel Providers in Pediatric Diabetes Care

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate perceptions of the role of midlevel providers among pediatric type 1 diabetes patients.MethodsThe study population was a convenience sample of 82 youth with type 1 diabetes who were enrolled in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, Carolina site, and attended either baseline (n = 22) or follow-up (n = 60) visits between May 25, 2012, and October 3, 2012. Self-administered surveys queried participants’ understanding of providers’ roles and perceived employment at clinics and whether participants had seen providers since diagnosis. Midlevel providers of interest included dietitians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and medical social workers. Mean proportions for each provider were compared to dietitians (referent) via a t test. Fisher exact tests were used to determine associations between survey responses.ResultsBaseline participants reported seeing a dietitian since diagnosis more often than they reported seeing an nurse practitioner, physician...
Characterization of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophages

Brodetsky, Anna M. (University of California, Los Angeles), and W. R. Romig. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages. J. Bacteriol. 90:1655-1663. 1965.-A group of six phages, SP5, SP6, SP7, SP8, SP9, and SP13, which use the Marburg strain of Bacillus subtilis as host was characterized. These phages, referred to as group 1, were examined for the following properties: host range, plaque morphology, stability, adsorption kinetics, one-step growth characteristics, calcium requirements, serum neutralization, thermal inactivation, and inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation. Five unrelated B. subtilis phages, SP3, SP10, PBS1, SP alpha, and SP beta, were included in the studies. When first isolated, none of the group 1 phages was able to replicate efficiently on B. subtilis SB19, a mutant of the "transforming" B. subtilis 168. Host range mutants capable of growth in SB19 were isolated for all of the group 1 phages except SP13, and are designated the "star" phages (SP5* through SP9*). For characterization, SB19 was used as host for the star phages, and another B. subtilis mutant, 168B, was host for SP13.
Desert snails: problems of heat, water and food.

Animal material. Sphincterochila boissieri (Charpentier, 1847) is a fairly small snail (average weight about 4 g) with a chalky-white shell. Animals used for laboratory studies were collected in the central Negev near Avdat and Sde Bokher and shipped by air to Duke University. Summer field studies were carried out in the same area, where the mean annual rainfall is less than 100 mm. The rains are concentrated in the winter months, from November to March, and during this period the snails are active, feed, and reproduce. During the remainder of the year the snails presumably remain dormant. Three types of mineral surface material are common in this area: (a) a. firmly packed powdery soil or loess, (b) limestone rocks and pebbles with a granular, disintegrating surface, and (c) broken-up black flint. While Sphincterochila is common in the loesslimestone areas, it is much less common on the flint substratum. Sphincterochila is a mud-eater; that is, after rain it comes out and eats large quantities of the surface material (loess); and, in our experience, also material from the surface of limestone rocks and pebbles. The digestible material contained in this predominantly mineral diet is primarily algae and lichens. Sphincterochila shows no obvious interest in those higher plants which are eaten by other snails in the same area, such as Eremina and Helicella. More detailed information about the ecology of these desert snails has recently become available (Yom-Tov, 1970).
Sound Propagation in Liquid-Filled Arterial Segments: Measurements and Model Predictions

The efficacy of an acoustic transmission line model (TLM) for predicting distortion that occurs with axial propagation in liquid-filled arterial segments was assessed. Water-filled segments of excised bovine aorta were excited with acoustic pulses and noise to evaluate if velocities, attenuation, and transverse resonance frequencies could be accurately predicted using the TLM. Regions of low acoustic power that were attributed to transverse wall resonance effects were evident in all vessels, but the model generally under-predicted upper frequency limit of the high loss regions. Model-predicted velocities were in fair agreement with measured velocities both in trend and values, however, the energy losses were under-predicted. These preliminary results indicate that the TLM can forecast the general distortion of longitudinal acoustic propagation in liquid-filled arterial segments, yet it requires further refinement to accurately predict dispersive characteristics.
Working Out Their Economic Problems Together: World War I, Working Women, and Civil Rights in the YWCA

This article examines how a group of Black and White YWCA staff members seized the opportunities of World War I to advance a racial justice agenda through Young Women's Christian Association programs for working women. First, they created YWCA program work for thousands of Black working women that paralleled the YWCA's Industrial Program, which followed YWCA segregation policies. Second, they made claims for social justice based on Black women's labor contributions, in contrast to both earlier reformers' focus on elite Black women and other wartime activists' focus on soldiers' service. Finally, in a period best known for White people's violent resistance to Black advances, they fostered a program culture and structures that encouraged White working-class women to view African American coworkers as colleagues and to understand racial justice as part of a broader social justice agenda. Arguing that interracial cooperation among working people was crucial to social progress, they made African American laboring women and White working-class allies both symbolically and literally crucial to wartime and postwar civil rights efforts. Their efforts contribute to our understanding of the changing discourse of “respectability” and the impact of World War I on the Black Freedom Struggle.
The art of prescribing: pharmacological management of psychosis in Alzheimer's disease: clinical challenges associated with second-generation antipsychotic medications

QUESTION. There is growing concern about the use of second-generation or atypical antipsychotic medications in the management of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a practicing advanced practice psychiatric nurse in a local nursing home, this issue is a frequent clinical challenge. Please discuss the most recent clinical findings concerning the pharmacological management of psychosis in patients with AD, specifically the second-generation antipsychotic medications and the implications for prescribing psychiatric nurses. DEBORAH ANTAI-OTONG REPLIES. You are correct about the growing concerns involving the use of second-generation antipsychotic medication in patients with AD. In fact, although these agents are widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in older adults, many questions linger about the efficacy and safety, further complicating clinical decision-making. As our society ages, the number of individuals with psychosis increases. The rise in AD in the U.S. population makes this discussion especially timely and relevant to the safe and quality management of psychosis in persons with AD.
Electrode kinetics and fuel cells

This paper is a presentation of some of those aspects of electrode kinetics which would be of use to scientists and engineers working on fuel cells. It is intended as an introduction to the relevant theory of electrode kinetics. It does not give details of testing circuitry, nor does it review papers on electrode kinetics or fuel cell investigations. A brief mention is made of the application of the basic concepts to porous electrode structures.
TRYPTOPHANYL FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING OF UROCANASE FROM Pseudomonas putida BY ACRYLAMIDE, CESIUM, IODIDE, and IMIDAZOLEPROPIONATE

— Urocanase from Pseudomonas putida can be photoactivated by UV radiation. Because of the action spectrum peak at 280 nm, tryptophan has been implicated in the photoactivation by energy transfer. In these studies, tryptophan was determined, the exposure and environment of tryptophanyl residues were studied with collisional quenchers, and the involvement of tryptophanyl residues in the photoactivation of urocanase was investigated. There are sixteen tryptophanyl residues per urocanase molecule as measured by two methods. Fluorescence quenching with acrylamide, cesium, and iodide was used to describe the accessibility and environment of urocanase tryptophanyl residues. Quenching constants indicated there is little difference in the accessibility of tryptophanyl residues between active and inactive enzyme. Tryptophanyl residues of native enzyme were most accessible to acrylamide (fa, = 0.6–0.7), less accessible to iodide (fa= 0.4), and not accessible to cesium ion, suggesting that surface residues were in regions of positive charge. Stern-Volmer plots indicated a heterogeneous population of tryptophanyl residues with different accessibilities. A competitive inhibitor, imidazolepropionate, quenched fluorescence; the quenching was used to determine the dissociation constant for the enzyme-inhibitor complex (Kd= 0.20 mM). Kinetic data showed Ki= 0.25 mM. Mixed quencher experiments indicated that the tryptophanyl residues quenched by imidazolepropionate were more accessible to acrylamide and less accessible to iodide. These studies suggest that the residues involved in putative energy transfer during photoactivation are not fully exposed.
Pemetrexed Disodium: A Novel Antifolate Clinically Active Against Multiple Solid Tumors

Pemetrexed disodium (ALIMTA), "pemetrexed") is a novel, multi-targeted antifolate that has demonstrated promising clinical activity in a wide variety of solid tumors, including non-small cell lung, breast, mesothelioma, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, bladder, cervix, and head and neck. Pemetrexed inhibits multiple folate-dependent enzymes involved in both purine and pyrimidine synthesis including thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. As a single agent, pemetrexed exhibits a moderate toxicity profile at a dose of 500 mg/m(2) by 10-minute infusion once every 21 days with myelosuppression being the dose-limiting toxicity. Folic acid added to the diet in preclinical studies reduced toxicities while maintaining antitumor activity. Based on this observation and clinical toxicities, folic acid and vitamin B(12) dietary supplementation has been recently introduced into all ongoing trials. Studies combining pemetrexed with other active chemotherapeutic agents demonstrate that these combination therapies may become important treatment regimens in a variety of cancer types. Currently, pemetrexed phase III trials are ongoing in mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer with future trials planned to explore this unique multitargeted antifolate.
LIVING YOUR BEST WITH EARLY-STAGE ALZHEIMER'S

Lisa Snyder's new book Living your best with early-stage Alzheimer's has a lot to recommend it—particularly its attention to persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's. By writing a book for persons with A...
Practical stopping rule for iterative image restoration

Iterative techniques for image restoration are flexible and easy to implement. The major drawback of iterative image restoration is that the algorithms are often slow in converging to a solution, and the convergence point is not always the best estimate of the original image. Ideally, the restoration process should stop when the restored image is as close to the original image as possible. Unfortunately, the original image is unknown, and therefore no explicit fidelity criterion can be computed. The generalized cross-validation (GCV) criterion performs well as a regularization parameter estimator, and stopping an iterative restoration algorithm before convergence can be viewed as a form of regularization. Therefore, we have applied GCV to the problem of determining the optimal stopping point in iterative restoration. Unfortunately, evaluation of the GCV criterion is computationally expensive. Thus, we use a computationally efficient estimate of the GCV criterion after each iteration as a measure of the progress of the restoration. Our experiments indicate that this estimate of the GCV criterion works well as a stopping rule for iterative image restoration.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Negative index metamaterials for visible wavelengths

We report on a metamaterial sample that demonstrates double-negative index behavior at the shortest wavelength to date. We also discuss the controlled resonance tuning of optical magnetism in materials by using of liquid crystals.
Whole Foods Market and Wild Oats Merger

Whole Foods and Wild Oats were both natural- and organic-food stores that competed for similar customers on values such as high-quality and healthy products, excellent customer service, knowledge of products, and an enjoyable shopping experience. In February 2007, Whole Foods announced that it would purchase a smaller, yet formidable competitor, Wild Oats. There was tremendous geographic complementarity involved: The merger would give Whole Foods the largest footprint within the natural- and organic-grocery industry in North America.
Transparent wavelength switching of resonant filters

We demonstrate the first fully hitless (no out-of-band bit-loss/signal distortion) wavelength switching of microphotonic add-drop filters using silicon microring resonators, based on a new general approach for complete disabling of resonant-system amplitude and phase responses.