cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anecdote as Stereotype: One Prosecutor's Response to Professor Monroe Freedman's Article 'The Use of Unethical and Unconstitutional Practices and Policies by Prosecutors' Offices'

52 Washburn L.J. 23 (2012). I am thrilled to have this unique opportunity to respond to Professor Monroe Freedman's lead Article in Issue One, Volume 52 of the Washburn Law Journal. Professor Freedman's voluminous work on lawyers' ethics has often been insightful, groundbreaking, and at times served as a catalyst for action. Consequently, it is an honor to have this opportunity to provide a counterpoint to his lead article. As a twenty-year felony prosecutor before entering the Academy, I have been in the trenches and met thousands of prosecutors who were in those same trenches. I share that prosecutor perspective here.In my view, Professor Freedman's strategy of using a series of anecdotes to indict the entire corps of prosecutors is misleading and a bit dangerous. Although it adheres to the mantra, oft-heard in the Academy, that many prosecutors are racist, self-aggrandizing self-promoters, who are out solely for re-election or the next notch on their belts, and although his Article seems copiously footnoted, I respectfully maintain that the lead Article takes the reader on a merry chase.To be sure, there are some unethical prosecutors in the ranks. Some prosecutors focus more on victory than justice. Others elevate expediency over their purported roles as ministers of justice. Still others are carried along by the energy of “wearing the white hat” and fighting each day for the public; at times, that energy is subverted into corners being cut and disclosure and “minister of justice” obligations taking a back seat. But the lion's share of those in the trenches selected their prosecutorial career path to do good works, to serve the public, to seek justice, and to protect the defendant as much as the victim and society.The aim of this response is to tell the rest of the story, a story that can be lost in the compelling anecdotes presented by Professor Freedman. In particular, this response addresses Professor Freedman's anecdotes, his cited authorities, and his attempts to color an entire profession with the taint of a few anecdotes. In my view, the next generation of scholarship on lawyers' ethics would be better driven by statistics than anecdotes.
Crisis Resource Management and Interdisciplinary Team Training

This chapter describes the concept of crew resource management and development of crisis resource management within the healthcare arena to present a framework for interprofessional team training. Key principles and studies within crew/crisis resource management (CRM) are evaluated and integrated to help the reader develop the tools necessary to design appropriate and effective simulations relevant to all involved team members. Emphasis is placed on how the key principles within CRM can go wrong in a healthcare environment and what can be learned from these failures, with tools and techniques for improved skill building and enhanced awareness of the role of CRM and interprofessional team training on patient care and improved outcomes.
Futility of Cluster Designs at Individual Hospitals to Study Surgical Site Infections and Interventions Involving the Installation of Capital Equipment in Operating Rooms

Anesthesia workspaces are integral components in the chains of many intraoperative bacterial transmission events resulting in surgical site infections (SSI). Matched cohort designs can be used to compare SSI rates among operating rooms (ORs) with or without capital equipment purchases (e.g., new anesthesia machines). Patients receiving care in intervention ORs (i.e., with installed capital equipment) are matched with similar patients receiving care in ORs lacking the intervention. We evaluate statistical power of an alternative design for clinical trials in which, instead, SSI incidences are compared directly among ORs (i.e., the ORs form the clusters) at single hospitals (e.g., the 5 ORs with bactericidal lights vs. the 5 other ORs). Data used for parameter estimates were SSI for 24 categories of procedures among 338 hospitals in the State of California, 2015. Estimated statistical power was ≅8.4% for detecting a reduction in the incidence of SSI from 3.6% to 2.4% over 1 year with 5 intervention ORs and 5 control ORs. For ≅80% statistical power, >20 such hospitals would be needed to complete a study in 1 year. Matched paired cluster designs pair similar ORs (e.g., 2 cardiac ORs, 1 to intervention and 1 to control). With 5 pairs, statistical power would be even less than the estimated 8.4%. Cluster designs (i.e., analyses by OR) are not suitable for comparing SSI among ORs at single hospitals. Even though matched cohort designs are non-randomized and thus have lesser validity, matching patients by their risk factors for SSI is more practical.
Writing Accountability Groups Are a Tool for Academic Success: The Obesity Health Disparities PRIDE Program.

Introduction: The current hypercompeti­tive extramural funding environment in the United States emphasizes the critical need for effective research training programs that focus not only on grantsmanship, but on skill development across the full range of research activities, culminating in writing re­search results for publication. Using Writing Accountability Groups (WAG), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) funded Obesity Health Disparities (OHD) PRIDE is one of the few research training and mentoring programs that places an equal focus on scientific writing and grant writing. This article reports on the utility of WAGs for OHD PRIDE mentees. Method: Participants included 14 of 26 individuals who were fellows in the OHD PRIDE research training and mentoring program. A typical WAG has between four and eight members who meet for one hour each week over a 10-week period and com­mit a priori to attend at least 70% of the sessions. Summary statistics were produced to characterize number of peer-reviewed publications, grants, years in academic rank, and category of current academic rank, bar­riers to frequency of writing, and duration of writing. Results from pre- and post-WAG surveys were compared to determine the overall impact of the WAG. The study period discussed in this article took place between January and December 2017 and included data from three 10-week cycles beginning in February, May, and September. Results: Fifty-three percent of OHD PRIDE participants successfully completed at least one 10-week WAG cycle. The WAGs did not have a statistically significant impact on either the frequency of writing or the dura­tion of writing. However, the majority of the participants who successfully completed at least one WAG cycle reported that they either maintained or increased their fre­quency or duration of writing. Conclusion: By providing a structured approach to developing and/or enhancing a practice of consistent writing, time man­agement skills, and collaborative relation­ships, the WAG has promise for enhancing scientific writing skills for many trainees and early-career faculty. Longer term follow-up is needed to more fully assess the potential impact of WAGs. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(2):295- 304; doi:10.18865/ed.30.2.295
The Muselmann and the Necrotopography of a Ghetto

This article revises the status, function, linguistic origin, and experiential meaning of the emaciated figure of the Muselmann through a reading of Holocaust diaries, archival photography, as well...
An assessment of the autism neuroimaging literature for the prospects of re-executability

Background: The degree of reproducibility of the neuroimaging literature in psychiatric application areas has been called into question and the issues that relate to this reproducibility are extremely complex. Some of these complexities have to do with the underlying biology of the disorders that we study and others arise due to the technology we apply to the analysis of the data we collect. Ultimately, the observations we make get communicated to the rest of the community through publications in the scientific literature. Methods: We sought to perform a ‘re-executability survey’ to evaluate the recent neuroimaging literature with an eye toward seeing if the technical aspects of our publication practices are helping or hindering the overall quest for a more reproducible understanding of brain development and aging. The topic areas examined include availability of the data, the precision of the imaging method description and the reporting of the statistical analytic approach, and the availability of the complete results. We applied the survey to 50 publications in the autism neuroimaging literature that were published between September 16, 2017 to October 1, 2018. Results: The results of the survey indicate that for the literature examined, data that is not already part of a public repository is rarely available, software tools are usually named but versions and operating system are not, it is expected that reasonably skilled analysts could approximately perform the analyses described, and the complete results of the studies are rarely available. Conclusions: We have identified that there is ample room for improvement in research publication practices. We hope exposing these issues in the retrospective literature can provide guidance and motivation for improving this aspect of our reporting practices in the future.
RECONSTRUCTION OF NITROGENASE PREDECESSORS SUGGESTS ORIGIN FROM MATURASE-LIKE ENZYMES

The evolution of biological nitrogen fixation, uniquely catalyzed by nitrogenase enzymes, has been one of the most consequential biogeochemical innovations over life9s history. Though understanding the early evolution of nitrogen fixation has been a longstanding goal from molecular, biogeochemical, and planetary perspectives, its origins remain enigmatic. In this study, we reconstructed the evolutionary histories of nitrogenases, as well as homologous maturase proteins that participate in the assembly of the nitrogenase active-site cofactor but are not able to fix nitrogen. We combined phylogenetic and ancestral sequence inference with an analysis of predicted functionally divergent sites between nitrogenases and maturases to infer the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of their shared ancestors. Our results provide phylogenetic constraints to the emergence of nitrogen fixation and suggest that nitrogenases likely emerged from maturase-like predecessors. Though the precise functional role of such a predecessor protein remains speculative, our results highlight evolutionary contingency as a significant factor shaping the evolution of a biogeochemically essential enzyme.
WITHDRAWN: Unconventional EOR Applications in Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reservoirs – Numerical Trend Analysis

Abstract This paper presents a detailed numerical trend analysis performed on a mechanistic compositional model using a multiple fractured, single well huff-n-puff technique. A wide range of formation and fluid properties, hydraulic fracture, and operational design considerations with several injectant types using single and multiple huff-n-puff cycles are investigated with different operational alignments. The objective of this study is very well achieved, which is to determine a fluid flow performance trend under different circumstances such that to come up with an optimal EOR and hydraulic fracture design to develop a UHR.
A Reasonable Doubt about 'Reasonable Doubt'

The Supreme Court has failed to define the concept of “reasonable doubt” with any precision. The Court tolerates conflicting definitions of “reasonable doubt.” It permits some jurisdictions to forbid any definition of “reasonable doubt,” while giving others wide latitude to define the concept in ways that are contradictory. If the Court truly regards the “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” standard to be an “ancient and honored aspect of our criminal justice system,” a “bedrock ‘axiomatic and elementary’ principle whose ‘enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our criminal law,’” then the Court cannot continue to tolerate the current state of the law. This article will explore how this came about and propose a new way forward. In short, modern courts have lost sight of the origins of “reasonable doubt.” “Reasonable doubt” has roots that stretch back to antiquity. However, we have lost the sense of “reasonable doubt” which emphasized the fearsome and awesome moral responsibility of judging a fellow human being. This sense of “reasonable doubt” has deep Judeo-Christian roots, though it is not limited to this perspective. It is simply a reminder that in judging our fellow human beings we are dealing with something unique: a being with dignity and extraordinary worth, a person that is imago dei. It is this sense of “reasonable doubt” which we must recapture.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Anesthesia Considerations for Septal Myectomy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a non-dilated cardiomyopathy that occurs in the absence of a secondary cause. HCM is associated with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, as well as left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve. When medical management is no longer sufficient in managing the symptoms of this disease, surgical management becomes necessary. Septal myectomy is the preferred intervention if that patient can tolerate the procedure. The procedure is performed through a median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. The hypertrophied septum is excised through different approaches depending on the exact location of the hypertrophy. Anesthetic management is geared towards minimizing sympathetic surges and avoiding both hypovolemia and tachycardia, as this will exacerbate the symptoms of LVOT and SAM. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is essential in guiding the surgical procedure and evaluating for complications. As these patients tend to have few comorbidities, they are excellent candidates for early extubation.
Multicultural advertising: The impact of consumers’ self-concept clarity and materialism on self-brand connection and communal-brand connection

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of consumer self-concept clarity and materialism on consumers’ self-brand connection and communal-brand connection as well as purchase intention in the context of ethnically matched, mismatched, or multi-ethnic advertising. The results showed that self-concept clarity has a negative impact on self-brand connection and communal-brand connection for ads featuring multi-ethnic models (but not for ads featuring ethnically matched or mismatched models), while materialism did not exhibit any impact on self-brand connection or communal-brand connection for any of the conditions. A negative relationship between self-concept clarity and materialism was found for the multi-ethnic approach (but not for ads featuring ethnically matched or mismatched models). Marketing practitioners will benefit from these findings by gaining insight on how consumer traits influence consumer-brand relationships in the context of match, mismatch, and multi-ethnic advertising approaches.
INTEGUMENTAL MICROSTRUCTURES OF STINGLESS BEES (APOIDEA: APIDAE: MELIPONINI)

Herein, microstructures (setae, spicules, and multi-pronged spicules) found on 1) the outer surfaces of mature larvae of stingless bees (Meliponini) and 2) the posterior surfaces of the hind legs of adult workers of these same bees are described, anatomically compared, and their functions assessed. It is concluded that those features on the hind legs of workers are true setae whereas those on mature larvae are multi-pronged spicules. However, it is proposed that under certain circumstances the multi-pronged spicules may well serve to similarly reduce friction while being actively employed.
Periodic Reranking for Online Matching of Reusable Resources.

We consider a generalization of the vertex weighted online bipartite matching problem where the offline vertices, called resources, are reusable. In particular, when a resource is matched it is unavailable for a deterministic time duration $d$ after which it becomes available for a re-match. Thus, a resource can be matched to many different online vertices over a period of time. While recent work on the problem has resolved the asymptotic case where we have large starting inventory (i.e., many copies) of every resource, we consider the (more general) case of unit inventory and give the first algorithm that is provably better than the na\"ive greedy approach which has a competitive ratio of (exactly) 0.5. In particular, we achieve a competitive ratio of 0.589 against an LP relaxation of the offline problem.
A Closer Look: Evaluating Location Privacy Empirically

The breach of users' location privacy can be catastrophic. To provide users with privacy protections, numerous location privacy methods have been developed in the last two decades. While several studies surveyed existing location privacy methods, the lack of comparative, empirical evaluations imposes challenges for adopting location privacy by applications and researchers who may not be privacy experts. This study fills the gap by conducting a comparative evaluation among a range of location privacy methods with real-world datasets. To evaluate utility, we consider different types of measures, e.g., distortion and mobility metrics; to evaluate privacy protection, we design two empirical privacy risk measures via inference and re-identification attacks. Furthermore, we study the computational overheads inflicted by location privacy in CPU time and memory requirement. The results are thoroughly examined in our work and show that it is possible to strike a balance between utility and privacy when sharing location data with untrusted servers.
Parameterized Reduced Order Models Constructed Using Hyper Dual Numbers

In order to assess the predicted performance of a manufactured system, analysts must typically consider random variations (both geometric and material) in the development of a finite element model, instead of a single deterministic model of an idealized geometry. The incorporation of random variations, however, could potentially require the development of thousands of nearly identical solid geometries that must be meshed and separately analyzed, which would require an impractical number of man-hours to complete. This paper proposes a new approach to uncertainty quantification by developing parameterized reduced order models. These parameterizations are based upon Taylor series expansions of the system’s matrices about the ideal geometry, and a component mode synthesis representation for each linear substructure is used to form an efficient basis with which to study the system. The numerical derivatives required for the Taylor series expansions are obtained efficiently using hyper dual numbers, which enable the derivatives to be calculated precisely to within machine precision. The theory is applied to a stepped beam system in order to demonstrate proof of concept. The accuracy and efficiency of the method, as well as the level at which the parameterization is introduced, are discussed. Hyper dual numbers can be used to construct parameterized models both efficiently and accurately and constitute an appropriate methodology to account for perturbations in a structural system.
Recent experimental studies of the effects of seizures on brain development

Results from experimental studies in the past have suggested that early-life seizures have little consequence on brain development. However, the creation of new animal models is altering this view. This chapter briefly summarizes these new findings and suggests avenues for future study.
The Lehmann Discontinuity

Recent reflections by Inge Lehmann on her discovery of the inner core (Eos, January 20, 1987, p. 33; see also Bolt [1987, 1982]) remind us that this outstanding Earth scientist is now in her 100th year. The inner core boundary (ICB) is one of the three great seismic-compositional discontinuities that divide Earth into crust, mantle, core, and inner core. The other two discontinuities are well known by names honoring their discoverers, Andrija Mohorovicic and Beno Gutenberg. In this tradition, it is fitting that the ICB be called the Lehmann Discontinuity in honor of its discoverer.
A Lei de Lotka: modelo lagrangiano de poisson aplicado a produtividade de autores

Descreve a natureza da distribuicao Lagrangiana de Poisson, conforme desenvolvida por Janardan e Schaeffer. Oferece as equacoes especificas para o caso de frequencia de zero observacoes presentes na amostra coletada. E pouco comum encontrar-se tal distribuicao no campo da bibliometria, assim, descreve-se passo a passo a forma de aplicacao do modelo, usando-se os dados estudados por Targino & Caldeira sobre a produtividade dos professores da Universidade Federal do Piaui (UFPI), Brasil
Maternal exercise during pregnancy reduces risk of mammary tumorigenesis in rat offspring (886.1)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Emerging research indicates that modifying lifestyle factors during pregnancy may convey long-term health benefits to offspring. This study was designed to determine whether maternal exercise during pregnancy leads to reduced mammary tumorigenesis in female offspring. Pregnant rats were randomly assigned to exercised and sedentary groups, with the exercised group having free access to a running wheel and the sedentary group housed with a locked wheel during pregnancy. Female pups from exercised or sedentary dams were weaned at 21 days of age and fed a high fat diet without access to a running wheel. At 6 weeks, all pups were injected with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Mammary tumor development in all pups was monitored for 15 weeks. Pups from exercised dams had a substantially lower tumor incidence (42.9%) compared to pups from sedentary dams (100%). Of the pups with tumors, the pups from exercised dams had a higher tumor frequency (1.7±0...
Fanconi anemia and breast cancer: what's the connection?

BRCA1 activity may be regulated by the ubiquitin-modified form of the Fanconi anemia D2 protein. Other proteins involved in DNA repair and genomic stability that are also found in the same subnuclear compartments may be similarly regulated.
Symbolic derivation of equations for mixed formulation in finite element analysis

One important application area of symbolic manipulation systems is to use them as preprocessors to generate numerical code for target machines, thus facilitating the tedious pre-processing involved in numerical computing, particularly in Finite Element Method (FEM). However, pre-processing the given formulation often generates unacceptable results due to the number of derivation steps involved as well as the exponential growth of expressions produced. Presented in this paper are some of the procedures and techniques we have developed for efficient derivation of element equations in FEM. Examples are given for applications of those procedures and techniques in the derivation of element equations for mixed formulations.
Implantation of permanent pacemaker and ICD leads in children using a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system as an aid to fluoroscopy.

Background Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems (3D mapping) allow the creation of an anatomic representation of the cardiac anatomy and real-time monitoring of transvenous pacing catheters. Their use to facilitate pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead placement in the pediatric population has not been well defined. We sought to review our experience using 3D mapping as an adjunct to fluoroscopy for positioning of permanent PM and ICD leads in pediatric patients. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients ≤21 years of age who underwent PM or ICD implantation with the aid of the Ensite Velocity system (Ensite) from May 2012 to September 2014. Fluoroscopy was utilized in addition to 3D mapping to aid obtaining vascular access, to visualize fixation of the lead to the myocardium, and to evaluate lead length within the vasculature. Results Nineteen patients (mean age 14.6 ± 4.4 years) underwent placement of active fixation PM leads (N = 17) and/or ICD leads (N = 10) with the aid of Ensite. All leads were successfully placed (eight atrial, 19 ventricular). Fluoroscopic exposure was a mean of 3.2 minutes (± 2.8, 0.1–10.5). There was one lead dislodgement. Conclusions Ensite was used successfully as an adjunct to fluoroscopy in all patients in whom it was attempted to aid the placement of permanent transvenous PM and ICD leads. Future evaluation could focus on the use of 3D mapping systems to further minimize or eliminate fluoroscopy from PM and ICD implantations.
Adaptive restricted trajectory tracking for a non-minimum phase hypersonic vehicle model

The design of a nonlinear robust controller for a non-minimum phase model of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle is presented in this work. When flight-path angle is selected as a regulated output and the elevator is the only control surface available for the pitch dynamics, longitudinal models of the rigid-body dynamics of air-breathing hypersonic vehicles exhibit unstable zero-dynamics that prevent the applicability of standard inversion methods for control design. The approach proposed in this paper uses a combination of small-gain arguments and adaptive control techniques for the design of a state-feedback controller that achieves asymptotic tracking of a family of velocity and flight-path angle reference trajectories belonging to a given class of vehicle maneuvers, in spite of model uncertainties. The method reposes upon a suitable redefinition of the internal dynamics of a control-oriented model of the vehicle dynamics, and uses a time-scale separation between the controlled variables to manage the peaking phenomenon occurring in the system. Simulation results on a full nonlinear vehicle model that includes structural flexibility illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
Direct calorimetric measurement of enthalpies of aqueous sodium chloride solutions at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract A new calorimetric technique, which combines a hydrothermal cold-seal pressure vessel and a Calvet-type microcalorimeter, provides direct enthalpy measurements of solutions at temperatures to 1073 K and pressures to 200 MPa. We report initial results for enthalpies measured for NaCl + H2O at temperatures of 985, 536, and 457 K and pressures of 51 and 100 MPa over a molality range of 0 to 6 mol kg−1. The partial molar enthalpies of NaCl, calculated from the results at temperatures above 423 K and pressures of 50 to 100 MPa, appear to be significantly different from those observed along the liquid-vapor saturation curve.
SUM RULES FOR INCLUSIVE CROSS SECTIONS.

In generalization of known results, we present rigorous sum rules for inclusive cross sections based upon conservation of momentum or of any additive discrete quantum number. Included are formulas which normalize inclusive cross sections in terms of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{total}}$ independently of multiplicities. The sum rules could be useful in constraining theoretical models which construct inclusive cross sections without detailed reference to exclusive processes. Some applications are described and a generalization to the tensors governing weak and electromagnetic inclusive reactions is given.
Moving in the right direction: Developments in the online availability of full-text Congressional committee hearing transcripts

Abstract A 2003 study revealed a shortage of full-text Congressional committee hearing transcripts for the 105th and 106th Congresses from both GPO Access and Congressional committee Web sites. By using hearings in the LexisNexis Congressional database as the control group, the current study analyzes the availability of full-text hearing transcripts for the 107th and 108th Congresses, and finds that there has been considerable improvement in the number and extent of full-text hearing transcripts offered by GPO Access and Congressional committee Web sites for hearings from the two most recent Congresses. There is, however, one notable exception: Senate hearing transcripts continue to be inadequately represented by both GPO Access and the Senate committees' own Web sites. Possible causes and implications of the findings are explored.
Two fatty acids can replace one phospholipid in condensed complexes with cholesterol

Abstract We report that the monolayer phase diagram for binary mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) and dihydrocholesterol (DChol) is largely unchanged when each phospholipid molecule is replaced by two myristic acid (MA) molecules or various mixtures of the lysophospholipid and myristic acid. The corresponding phase diagrams all show the formation of “condensed complexes” of DChol and lipid. The condensed complex stoichiometry is thus largely determined by the C14 fatty acid acyl chains, in this case about 4–4.6 per DChol molecule.
MOVEMENTS OF CALCIUM AND OTHER CATIONS IN ISOLATED CEREBRAL TISSUES

— Slices of guinea pig cerebral cortex were incubated in bicarbonate- or trisbuffered media. Influx of 45Ca2 +, 54Mn2 +, 133Ba2+ or 90Sr2+ was determined at intervals following addition of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, to the medium. After incubation for 30 min in the presence of 45Ca2+ and in the absence of ouabain, about 40 per cent of the slice calcium became labelled. Ouabain (01 I″M) markedly increased 45Ca2 + content, as well as the content of unlabelled Ca2 +. Mg2+ and Na+ levels also rose while K+ content dropped at a more rapid rate. Ouabain also brought about increased uptake of 90Sr2+, 133Ba2 + and 54Mn2 +. Lowering the Na+ content of the media prevented the effects of ouabain and brought about an increase in calcium content of brain slices. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (01 mM) or iodoacetate (1 miu) had slight or moderate effects on 45Ca2+ uptake. The data are most compatible with the presence in cerebral tissue of a sodium-calcium exchange process.
Theory of sampling and geostatistics: an intimate link

If the theory of the sampling of broken material (TOS) can hardly be mentioned without direct reference to Gy's lifetime fundamental contributions, it can neither be fully understood outside of a geostatistical frame of reference. TOS calls for geostatistical concept at small scale (Gy's formula), mixes with it at medium scale (sampling regime of one-dimensional flows), and is very much needed by larger scale geostatistics (data quality in view of estimation, conditional simulations). After a brief introduction of geostatistics and its more relevant concepts and tools, this intimate link is reviewed in more details at the three abovementioned scales.
Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: coping with an island environment.

The last decade's lemur research includes successes in discovering new living and extinct species and learning about the distribution, biogeography, physiology, behavior, and ecology of previously little-studied species. In addition, in both the dry forest and rain forest, long-term studies of lemur demography, life history, and reproduction, have been completed in conjunction with data on tree productivity, phenology, and climate. Lemurs contrast with anthropoids in several behavioral features, including female dominance, targeted female-female aggression, lack of sexual dimorphism regardless of mating system, sperm competition coupled with male-male aggression, high infant mortality, cathemerality, and strict seasonal breeding. Hypotheses to explain these traits include the "energy conservation hypothesis" (ECH) suggesting that harsh and unpredictable climate factors on the island of Madagascar have affected the evolution of female dominance, and the "evolutionary disequilibrium hypotheses" (EVDH) suggesting that the recent megafauna extinctions have influenced lemurs to become diurnal. These hypotheses are compared and contrasted in light of recent empirical data on climate, subfossils, and lemur behavior. New data on life histories of the rain forest lemurs at Ranomafana National Park give further support to the ECH. Birth seasons are synchronized within each species, but there is a 6-month distribution of births among species. Gestation and lactation lengths vary among sympatric lemurs, but all lemur species in the rain forest wean in synchrony at the season most likely to have abundant resources. Across-species weaning synchrony seen in Ranomafana corroborates data from the dry forest that late lactation and weaning is the life history event that is the primary focus of the annual schedule. Lemur adaptations may assure maximum offspring survival in this environment with an unpredictable food supply and heavy predation. In conclusion, a more comprehensive energy frugality hypothesis (EFH) is proposed, which postulates that the majority of lemur traits are either adaptations to conserve energy (e.g., low basal metabolic rate (BMR), torpor, sperm competition, small group size, seasonal breeding) or to maximize use of scarce resources (e.g., cathemerality, territoriality, female dominance, fibrous diet, weaning synchrony). Among primates, the isolated adaptive radiation of lemurs on Madagascar may have been uniquely characterized by selection toward efficiency to cope with the harsh and unpredictable island environment.
Influences on the Use of the Fishing: Get in the Habitat! MinnAqua Leader's Guide and Implications for Curriculum Dissemination

The Fishing: Get in the Habitat! MinnAqua Leader's Guide is a curriculum created by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for educators working primarily with children in grades three through five in formal and nonformal education settings. Like many agency-developed supplemental educational resources, the Leader's Guide is available through workshops and by mail. An evaluation was conducted on influences on curriculum use to inform future dissemination efforts, with the goal of maximizing use. Recommendations for MinnAqua and implications for environmental education are discussed.
Evaluation of Microwave-Induced Air-Plasma as an Excitation Source:

A single-electrode atmospheric pressure microwave discharge air-plasma is reported. Fundamental characteristics, such as the effects of microwave power, auxiliary air flow, and nebulizer air flow on emission intensity, detection limits, and dynamic ranges for twelve elements and several interference experiments are reported. The plasma temperature is found to be about 4700°K. This simple system can be applied to the spectrochemical analysis of solution samples. The results with the use of this system to determine calcium, sodium, and potassium in SRM-1566 (oyster tissue) and SRM-92 (low-boron glass) show excellent agreement with the NBSs certified values.
Radioimmunoassay of Serum and Pituitary LH and FSH Levels in Intact Male Rats and of Serum and Pituitary LH in Castrated Rats of Both Sexes—Apparent Absence of Diurnal Rhythms1

In 3 separate studies, each spanning 32–50 hr, serum and pituitary LH levels of male rats killed at 1½ to 6½ hr intervals were studied by radioimmunoassay. In 2 of these studies orchidectomized rats also were examined and in one of them (spanning 50 hr) ovariectomized rats were studied as well. In no case was evidence obtained for any rhythmic diurnal variation of either serum or pituitary LH levels. In the third study, on male rats only, serum and pituitary FSH were examined by 3 different radioimmunoassay systems. Serum corticosterone and pineal serotonin levels also were measured. The animals displayed pineal serotonin and serum corticosterone rhythms very similar to those other male rats have been reported to exhibit, but they showed no sign of any rhythmic variation in pituitary or serum FSH levels. These findings lead us to conclude that: 1) the rates of LH and FSH secretion remain fairly constant throughout the day and night in intact rats, even though such rats do display striking diurnal rhythms ...
Ultrastructure of Datura stramonium leaves infected with the physalis mottle strains of belladonna mottle virus.

Abstract An electron microscopic study of Datura stramonium leaves inoculated with the physalis mottle strain (PMV) of belladonna mottle virus (BMV) revealed modifications of chloroplast structure. Numerous vesicles develop in chloroplasts 7 days after inoculation. A study of the latter at different stages after inoculation suggests that some part of PMV replication may take place within chloroplasts. Numerous vesiculations of the outer membranes of chloroplasts further suggest release of virus from plastids by way of these vesicles. Similar vesicles have been reported in plants infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus and wild cucumber mosaic virus, members of the tymovirus group, to which PMV may be allied. Crystalline aggregates of virions closely associated with chloroplasts and crystalline inclusions in nuclei were found in systemically infected leaf tissue.
Adaptive Phase Compensation For Low-Visibility Optical Communication

Adaptive phase compensation receivers have been proposed for improving the performance of line-of-sight atmospheric optical communication systems. In this Paper we examine the system requirements dictated by the coherence parameters of low-visibility wavefronts, and describe a class of all-optical (essentially wireless) systems that are being investigated for high resolution, real time, wavefront phase compensation. Preliminary results from a simpler, single-element, opto-electronic test system that demonstrates the feasibility of the all-optical concept, are also reported.
Synthesis of Dihydrodiol Metabolites Implicated in the Mechanism of Carcinogenesis of Phenanthro[4,3-b][1]benzothiophene and Phenanthro[3,4-b][1]benzothiophene, the Polycyclic Sulfur Heterocycles with a “Fjord” Structure

Dihydrodiols, which are potential proximate carcinogens of phenanthro[4,3-b][1]benzothiophene (3) and phenanthro[3,4-b][1]benzothiophene (4) and possess a "fjord" structure, were synthesized. The dihydrodiols synthesized were trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthro[4,3-b][1]benzothiophene (5) and trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthro[3,4-b][1]benzothiophene (6). The precursors to the dihydrodiols 5 and 6 were 3-methoxyphenanthro[4,3-b][1]benzothiophene (11) and 3-methoxyphenanthro[3,4-b][1]benzothiophene (16). Compound 11 was obtained via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of easily accessible starting materials. However, this synthetic strategy utilizing Suzuki reaction for the preparation of 16 was comparatively less productive than that described previously due to time-consuming synthesis of the starting material(s), and extremely poor yield associated with cyclization of the epoxide 15 to 16. The methoxy derivatives 11 and 16 were converted to the corresponding dihydrodiols 5 and 6 by a sequence involving demethylation, oxidation, and reduction. The trans-stereochemistry of the dihydrodiols was established by (1)H NMR, which indicated a large coupling constant between vicinal carbinol protons. The UV spectra of the dihydrodiols 5 and 6 are presented.
Development and Characterization of an Elisa for Cotinine in Biological Fluids

AbstractCotinine is a major metabolite of nicotine and serves as an important biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. To monitor exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine, a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cotinine was developed. The test had an 1–50 of between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml for cotinine and about 500-fold less affinity for nicotine. Few matrix effects were not detectable in human saliva, although relatively small matrix effects (1–50 for cotinine, 2.8 ng/ml) were observed in human serum and urine. The test accurately measured the levels of cotinine in NI5T standards in freeze-dried human urine derivative material (r = .9999) indicating its reliability for measurement of cotinine. The test readily detected low levels (5–500 nglml) of cotinine in human saliva and serum samples. Also, the levels of cotinine in plasma and urine samples from smoke-exposed mice and rats could be rapidly analyzed for cotinine. This ELISA is therefore a sensitive and accurate test for the determination of co...
Ageostrophic Geopotential Fluxes in Downstream and Upstream Development of Baroclinic Waves

Abstract With the use of a simple primitive equation model, it is demonstrated that the convergence/divergence of ageostrophic geopotential fluxes can be a major source/sink of kinetic energy for both downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves, and can play a dominant role during the early stages of wave development. It is also shown that both surface friction and β effects lead to an asymmetry in the upstream versus downstream development, with downstream development much stronger. A total group velocity is defined based on ageostrophic fluxes, and its relationship to the rate of wave packet spreading and to convective and absolute instability is discussed.
Bounds on penalties for dummy arcs in transportation networks

Abstract In several resource allocation problems, one encounters transportation networks which may or may not be feasible, and which may also be accompanied by side constraints. In such contexts, one typically constructs some dummy transportation arcs with associated penalties, which either serve the role of facilitating a convenient starting solution, or seeking a solution to an infeasible problem which minimizes the total flow on the dummy arcs. In either case, particularly when the original transportation problem is infeasible, one would like to know a preferably small lower bound on the dummy arc penalties which could be validly employed. This paper derives such a bound. Extensions to more general networks are also addressed.
Towards self-determination in quality of life research: a dialogic approach.

Health-related quality of life measures aim to assess patients’ subjective experience in order to gauge an increasingly wide variety of health care issues such as patient needs; satisfaction; side effects; quality of care; disease progression and cost effectiveness. Their popularity is undoubtedly due to a larger initiative to provide patient-centered care. The use of patient perspectives to guide health care improvements and spending is rooted in the idea that we must respect patients as self-determining agents. In this paper I look at the two main orientations to quality of life measurement: standardized and individualized measures. I argue that while these measures are attempts to provide for patient self-determination, they both fail to do so. In their place I suggest a new approach which overcomes their respective difficulties: a dialogic approach.
Stability of human performance under intense noise

Abstract Glare pollution is as common as noise pollution, and, to a psychophysicist, the eye and the ear are strikingly similar in their reactions to stimulation. It is curious, therefore, that the level of environmental agitation against glare pollution is infinitesimal by comparison with that against noise pollution. Examination of the evidence accumulated to date demonstrates that, apart from causing feelings of annoyance, neither sound nor light does harm, unless the level reaches such a high value that it affects the sense organ itself. Part of this evidence is in unpublished reports and the purpose of this paper is to review its main features, in the context of present-day concern about noise pollution.
A SIMPLIFIED NP-COMPLETE SATISFIABILITY PROBLEM

3-SAT is NP-complete when restricted to instances where each variable appears in at most four clauses. When no variable appears in more than three clauses, 3-SAT is trivial and SAT is NPcomplete. When no variable appears in more than two clauses, SAT may be solved in linear time.
Crystallography and microstructural studies of phase transformations in the Dy2O3 system

The crystallography, microstructures, and phase transformation mechanisms in dysprosia (Dy2O3) have been studied. The lattice parameters of B and C phases were refined by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The modulated structures and decomposed structures in the CaO-doped samples were characterized by transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM). A new twin was observed in the modulated B phase. Contrary to the previous studies, the B to C transformation was induced by grinding. The A to B transformation was considered to be ferroelastic and the spontaneous strain was calculated. The major driving force for the B (monoclinic) to C (cubic) transformation is suggested to be the release of lattice strains and cation charge repulsions in the B structure, which is analogous to the β (monoclinic) to γ (orthorhombic) transformation in Ca2SiO4. This transformation can be displacive, if some conditions are provided to overcome the bonding energy of the interlayer oxygens in the B structure.
Amiodarone Monitoring Practices in Pediatric Hospitals in the United States

Laboratory monitoring of amiodarone therapy is recommended due to the high incidence of adverse events associated with the drug. The use of appropriate monitoring is unknown at pediatric hospitals. The Pediatric Health Information System database was queried during a 5-year period for all patients who received amiodarone while hospitalized. Use of thyroid function testing, hepatic function testing, electrocardiogram, pulmonary function testing, and chest X-ray for patients was identified. Incidence of individual monitoring tests and complete monitoring profile was identified and compared across patient demographic and clinical factors and pediatric hospital. A total of 1,703 patients met the study criteria, and the incidence of complete amiodarone monitoring for all patients was 7.6 %. The least common monitoring test performed was triiodothyronine at 19.4 %, and the most common was electrocardiogram at 89.7 %. Critically ill patients and neonates were more likely to have amiodarone monitoring. Considerable variation in monitoring practices between pediatric hospitals was identified. Monitoring of amiodarone therapy in patients admitted to pediatric hospitals is low. Future efforts to standardize care are warranted.
Intervention with preschool boys with gender identity issues

Abstract This paper reviews the origins of gender identity issues in preschool boys and presents an overview of treatment strategies for working with parents of boys and with the boy. The goals of treatment are to reestablish a secure attachment relationship with both of his parents, to develop a range of coping mechanisms for handling separation anxiety and aggression, to help the child to understand and enjoy his temperament, to help the child to be able to have same sex friendships, to develop gender flexibility and most importantly, restore his self esteem and his sense of authenticity. Specific treatment interventions are reviewed.
EXPERIMENT VALUES OF THE ATOMIC ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION OF POTASSIUM BETWEEN 580A AND 1000A

The atomic absorption cross section of potassium has been measured between 580 and 1000 A. The region between 685 and 1000 A showed continuous absorption and the values around 1000 A were consistent with those obtained previously. In the region between 580 and 685 A several autoionization lines were observed, in particular two strong lines corresponding to the (3p)64s→(3p)5(4s)22P32,12 transitions. This spectral region was studied photoelectrically at a bandwidth of 0.37 A and photographically at 0.075 A. Curves and tables are presented of the atomic absorption cross sections of potassium versus energy from the series limit to 580 A, and a comparison is made between these results and recent theoretical estimates. An attempt was made to fit Fano–Beutler profiles to the measured line shapes of the (3p)64s→(3p)5(4s)2-2P32,12 transitions and the resulting line-shape parameters are given. The sum of the oscillator strengths of these transitions was found to be 0.147.