cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truly Autonomous Machines Are Ethical

There is widespread concern that as machines move toward greater autonomy, they may become a law unto themselves and turn against us. Yet the threat lies more in how we conceive of an autonomous machine rather than the machine itself. We tend to see an autonomous agent as one that sets its own agenda, free from external constraints, including ethical constraints. A deeper and more adequate understanding of autonomy has evolved in the philosophical literature, specifically in deontological ethics. It teaches that ethics is an internal, not an external, constraint on autonomy, and that a truly autonomous agent must be ethical. It tells us how we can protect ourselves from smart machines by making sure they are truly autonomous rather than simply beyond human control.
Acceleration of High-Resolution 3D MR Fingerprinting via a Graph Convolutional Network

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is a novel imaging framework for fast and simultaneous quantification of multiple tissue properties. Recently, 3D MRF methods have been developed, but the acquisition speed needs to be improved before they can be adopted for clinical use. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel deep learning approach to accelerate 3D MRF acquisition along the slice-encoding direction in k-space. We introduce a graph-based convolutional neural network that caters to non-Cartesian spiral trajectories commonly used for MRF acquisition. We improve tissue quantification accuracy compared with the state of the art. Our method enables fast 3D MRF with high spatial resolution, allowing whole-brain coverage within 5 min, making MRF more feasible in clinical settings.
Vascular Spinal Cord Disorders

Vascular disorders of the spinal cord are uncommon yet under-recognized causes of myelopathy. Etiologies can be predominantly categorized into clinical and radiographic presentations of arterial ischemia, venous congestion/ischemia, hematomyelia, and extraparenchymal hemorrhage. While vascular myelopathies often produce significant morbidity, recent advances in the understanding and recognition of these disorders should continue to expedite diagnosis and proper management, and ideally improve patient outcomes. This article comprehensively reviews relevant spinal cord vascular anatomy, clinical features, radiographic findings, treatment, and prognosis of vascular disorders of the spinal cord.
Gains Versus Costs in Legislative Bargaining

Outcomes under the Baron-Ferejohn (1989) model are investigated when proposers distribute benefits versus imposing costs under an experimental design where predicted outcomes are theoretically isomorphic, absent reference dependent preferences. Initial experimental sessions showed greater proposer power under Costs than Gains, contrary to what would be predicted absent reference dependent, or Kahneman and Tversky, type preferences. Questionnaire responses suggested that this greater proposer power under Costs resulted from concerns about being left out of the winning coalition, thereby wiping out their entire endowment. A second set of sessions increased voters’ endowments under both treatments resulting in no difference in proposer power over the last five bargaining rounds, consistent with standard expected utility maximizers. This resulted from increased proposer power under Gains, with no change under Costs. The increased proposer power under Gains can be explained in terms of the “numerosity adaptation effect”, widely reported in the psychology literature.
Using Python and Google Colab to teach undergraduate microeconomic theory

Abstract The author describes how to use the Python programming language to teach topics in a microeconomic theory course at the undergraduate level. Specifically, the author describes how to use Python to solve optimization problems, such as utility maximization and profit maximization. Python is free and open-source and becoming increasingly popular both in economics and in business. To focus on solving optimization problems and to avoid installation issues, the author utilizes Google Colab, which allows users to type Python code on a web browser. Program code is provided for every example to encourage replication and experimentation. The author aims to (1) provide an option to instructors who are interested in supplementing the traditional pencil-and-paper approach with technology at no cost, and (2) help students become comfortable with a programming language that is widely used in tech companies and data analysis.
Renewable energy and biological conservation in a changing world

Abstract Without a shift to renewable energy sources, climate change will have adverse effects on many terrestrial and aquatic species. On the other hand, replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy will have different effects on wildlife, some negative. To protect biota, while navigating the complexities surrounding the transition to renewable energy, will require sharing knowledge between energy experts and wildlife experts, as well as policy makers and resource managers. This special issue is intended to advance the conversation. Interactions between renewable energy facilities and fauna are complex. Each source of renewable energy has its own conservation concerns, and each presents its own set of opportunities for mitigation; Other concerns and mitigations are shared. In this overview, we review climate risks to biota, clarify the complementarities among renewables for the conservation community, and summarize research on energy effects on biota for the energy community. The papers invited for this special issue address fossil (coal, oil, natural gas) and renewable energy (terrestrial biomass energy, hydropower, marine-hydrokinetic energy, wind energy, solar energy) and affected fauna. We hope that the results of these studies, and others like them, set us on a path toward low-carbon energy systems that provide society with energy while protecting future biodiversity.
Hepatic encephalopathy in acute-on-chronic liver failure.

The presence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) within 4 weeks is part of the criteria for defining acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The pathophysiology of HE is complex, and hyperammonemia and cerebral hemodynamic dysfunction appear to be central in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy. Recent data also suggest that inflammatory mediators may have a significant role in modulating the cerebral effect of ammonia. Multiple prospective and retrospective studies have shown that hepatic encephalopathy in ACLF patients is associated with higher mortality, especially in those with grade III–IV encephalopathy, similar to that of acute liver failure (ALF). Although significant cerebral edema detected by CT in ACLF patients appeared to be less common, specialized MRI imaging was able to detect cerebral edema even in low grade HE. Ammonia-focused therapy constitutes the basis of current therapy, as in the treatment of ALF. Emerging treatment strategies focusing on modulating the gut-liver-circulation-brain axis are discussed.
Chapter 4 Apical Sodium Ion Channels of Tight Epithelia as Viewed from the Perspective of Noise Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on analysis of electrical noise arising from epithelial Na+ channels with emphasis on the use of charged and electroneutral Na+ channel blockers that have been used to determine Na+ channel densities and single-channel Na+ currents. It is now widely acknowledged that moment-to-moment mechanisms of regulation of Na+ absorption reside at apical membranes of the cells and must involve regulation of Na+ channels, especially so in tissues such as frog skin and toad urinary bladder, whose apical membranes are functionally and predominantly selective for Na+. Whereas various drugs, hormones, and other substances are known to cause changes of apical membrane permeability to Na+ (hence Na+ channel density and/or its single-channel conductance), an ultimate description of the physiology of apical membranes will require, additionally, knowledge of endocytic-exocytic processes, whereby channels are shuttled between cytosol and apical membrane, the status of the vesiculated channels, the status of electrically quiescent or dormant channels within apical membranes, and the mechanisms of activation–deactivation of channels from quiescent to electrically active states. The advent of patch-clamp methodology and its intimate relationship to electrical noise arising from channels has provided important new tools to address some of the issues.
Low-density lipoprotein endocytosis: II. Influence of the multivalent ligand cationized ferritin on acetylated low-density lipoprotein endocytosis in cultured cells

Abstract Interactions of the basic multivalent ligand cationized ferritin (CF) with cultured cells markedly alter their endocytic function. In this study, the influence of CF treatment on the binding, internalization, and degradation of chemically modified (acetylated) low-density lipoproteins (Ac-LDL) was examined in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC); and in normal and FH mutant LDL receptor-negative human skin fibroblasts, which lack the Ac-LDL (scavenger) receptor; and in vascular endothelial cells, which normally express the receptor. Although CF treatment of all three cell types at 37°C resulted in the induction of Pronasesensitive, high-capacity, high-affinity binding ( K d = 12.0 ± 2.0 n M at 4°C) of labeled Ac-LDL, which at 37°C was accompanied by significant internalization and degradation, these processes were not receptor-mediated. CF-induced high-affinity binding was inhibited by unlabeled Ac-LDL, fucoidan, carrageenan, and dextran sulfate but was unaffected by native LDL and albumin and only partially inhibited by acetylated albumin. However, analysis of membrane preparations of the cells for “scavenger” receptor protein by solid-phase filtration assay and Western blotting identified the receptor in endothelial cells and in granuloma (positive control) macrophages, but not in either CF-treated or untreated SMC. In addition, studies with both glutaraldehyde-fixed cells and CF bound to culture dishes indicated that Ac-LDL avidly binds to CF. Further, ultrastructural studies using colloidal gold-conjugated Ac-LDL showed Ac-LDL preferentially binding to CF aggregates on the cell surface. Thus, these studies indicate that treatment of cells with CF induces an endocytic process which, although remarkably similar to the scavenger pathway, is mediated by Ac-LDL binding to membrane-associated CF. These observations have implications in terms of mechanisms that might regulate the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins.
Inferior long-term outcomes of liver-kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors: single-center and organ procurement and transplantation network analyses.

Limited data are available for outcomes of simultaneous liver-kidney (SLK) transplantation using donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors. The outcomes of 12 DCD-SLK transplants and 54 SLK transplants using donation after brain death (DBD) donors were retrospectively compared. The baseline demographics were similar for the DCD-SLK and DBD-SLK groups except for the higher liver donor risk index for the DCD-SLK group (1.8 6 0.4 versus 1.3 6 0.4, P 5 0.001). The rates of surgical complications and graft rejections within 1 year were comparable for the DCD-SLK and DBD-SLK groups. Delayed renal graft function was twice as common in the DCD-SLK group. At 1 year, the serum creatinine levels and the iothalamate glomerular filtration rates were similar for the groups. The patient, liver graft, and kidney graft survival rates at 1 year were comparable for the groups (83.3%, 75.0%, and 82.5% for the DCD-SLK group and 92.4%, 92.4%, and 92.6% for the DBD-SLK group, P 5 0.3 for all). The DCD-SLK group had worse patient, liver graft, and kidney graft survival at 3 years (62.5%, 62.5%, and 58.9% versus 90.5%, 90.5%, and 90.6%, P 5 0.03 for all) and at 5 years (62.5%, 62.5%, and 58.9% versus 87.4%, 87.4%, and 87.7%, P < 0.05 for all). An analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database showed inferior 1- and 5-year patient and graft survival rates for DCD-SLK patients versus DBD-SLK patients. In conclusion, despite comparable rates of surgical and medical complications and comparable kidney function at 1 year, DCD-SLK transplantation was associated with inferior long-term survival in comparison with DBD-SLK transplantation. Liver Transpl 20:728-735, 2014. V C 2014 AASLD.
Teaching the American Dream

(1975). Teaching the American Dream. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 21-23.
MAURICIO GOIHMAN-YAHR, M.D., PhD., EDITOR

The Correspondence Section serves as a forum for opinion exchange about subjects of general interest such as dermatologic training, relations between deratologists and pharmaceutical houses, governmental control of dermatology and medical practice in general, peculiarities of dermatology related to geographic, climatic, or racial factors, the flow of information and publications, as well as other concerns the readership might have. originality in highly desirable and repetitious contributions or minutiae are discouraged. We wish also to foster submission of hypotheses marked accordingly. These should be based on reality and should stimulate thought. Contributions should conform to the format for correspondence as outlined in, “Notice to Contributions.” Manuscripts will undergo standard editorial procedures. Submit all correspondance to Mauricio Goihman-Yahr, M.D., Ph.D., Section Editor, Jet International M-154, P.O. Box 020010, Miami, FL 33102.
Population stereotypes in the direction of motion of thumbwheel switches.

No population stereotype relating direction of movement of a thumbwheel switch and the increase or decrease of the number it displays was found in a test with ninety subjects, half of whom were instructed to change the setting from 2 to 4 (increase setting), the other half from 4 to 2 (decrease setting). In the interest of uniformity, upward-to-increase is recommended as the preferred human engineering practice. A recommendation is also made to decrease required torque and to increase the accessibility of the gripping surface.
Monogene Ursachen des nephrotischen Syndroms

Das steroidresistente nephrotische Syndrom (SRNS) stellt eine haufige Ursache fur terminales Nierenversagen im Kindesalter dar. In der Nierenbiopsie findet sich in etwa 80% der Falle eine fokal-segmentale Glomerulosklerose (FSGS). In den letzten Jahren stellte sich heraus, dass bis zu 28% aller Falle von SRNS im Kindesalter durch rezessive Mutationen des Podocingens (NPHS2) bedingt sind. Als weitere monogene Ursachen im Kindesalter kommen Mutationen von Nephrin (NPHS1), WT1 (Wilms-Tumor-Suppressorgen 1), PLCE1 (Phospholipase C, e1) und LAMB2 (Laminin β2) in Frage. Die entsprechenden Genprodukte sind in glomerularen Podozyten exprimiert und fur die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung der glomerularen Filtrationsbarriere essenziell. Diese Fortschritte haben nicht nur zu einem besseren Verstandnis der Pathogenese des SRNS beigetragen, sondern konnen auch zur Diagnostik, Einschatzung der klinischen Prognose und Stratifizierung von Therapiestudien genutzt werden.
The donation paradox for peremptory challenges

A donation paradox occurs when a player gives an apparently valuable prerogative to another player, but ‘does better’, according to some criterion. Peremptory challenges, used in choosing a American jury, permit each side to veto a certain number of potential jurors. With even a very simple model of jury selection, it is shown that for one side to give a peremptory challenge to the other side may lead to a more favorable jury, an instance of the donation paradox. Both a theorem and examples are given concerning the existence of the donation paradox in the optimal use of peremptory challenges.
The significance of alterations of pulpal respiration. A review of literature.

. Several methods of assessing pulpal injury due to cavity preparation and cytotoxic properties of restorative materials have been developed by previous investigators. Seldom in the literature are the mechanisms of these injuries considered beyond the histological level. This article examines pulpal injury on an ultrastructural and biochemical basis.
Audit Prices, Credit Ratings: S&P-100

This study tests the hypothesis that the companies which have lower credit ratings are charged higher audit fees or the companies which have higher credit ratings pay lower audit fees. The hypothesis is based on the assumption that these price differentials should be observed given Credit ratings and financial ratios in a stable audit market. For this study, data from S&P-100 is used. The companies which composes S&P-100 index have shown that the difference between audit fees is derived from credit ratings.
Newton, laplace, and the epistemology of systems biology.

For science, theoretical or applied, to significantly advance, researchers must use the most appropriate mathematical methods. A century and a half elapsed between Newton’s development of the calculus and Laplace’s development of celestial mechanics. One cannot imagine the latter without the former. Today, more than three-quarters of a century has elapsed since the birth of stochastic systems theory. This article provides a perspective on the utilization of systems theory as the proper vehicle for the development of systems biology and its application to complex regulatory diseases such as cancer.
Molecular modeling and simulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall permeability.

The low permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall is thought to contribute to the intrinsic drug resistance of mycobacteria. In this study, the permeability of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall is studied by computer simulation. Thirteen known drugs with diverse chemical structures were modeled as solutes undergoing transport across a model for the M. tuberculosis cell wall. The properties of the solute−membrane complexes were investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulation, especially the diffusion coefficients of the solute molecules inside the cell wall. The molecular shape of the solute was found to be an important factor for permeation through the M. tuberculosis cell wall. Predominant lateral diffusion within, as opposed to transverse diffusion across, the membrane/cell wall system was observed for some solutes. The extent of lateral diffusion relative to transverse diffusion of a solute within a biological cell membrane may be an important finding with respect to absorption distribu...
Plant error analysis and compensation in adaptive cruise control systems

The parameters of an adaptable cruise control system may change considerably during the course of operation. The addition of passengers, the increased friction as parts wear and the reduction in mass as fuel is consumed all provided changes to the load of the system. These variations and many others may be modeled as a non-perfect plant, called an uncertain or corrupted plant. In initial control analysis, the adaptive cruise control systems are assumed to have a perfect plant; that is to say, the plant always behaves as commanded. Plant corruption may come from a variation in performance through use or misuse, or from noise or imperfections in the sensor signal data. A model for plant corruption is applied and methods for analysis and compensation are explored. To facilitate analysis, system identification has been employed to produce a reduced-order model.
Visualizing Tyrosine Kinase Activity with Bipartite Tetracysteine Display

Recently we reported that the linear tetracysteine sequence preferred by FlAsH and ReAsH could be split between two members of a protein partnership or two approximated regions of a folded protein while maintaining high affinity and brightness. Here we show that this tool–bipartite tetracysteine display–facilitates the design of E2, an encodable, site-selective, Src-family kinase sensor.
The unique endometrial expression and genomic organization of the porcine IGFBP-2 gene

The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs-1-6) modulate the mitogenic and differentiative actions of the IGFs and may have IGF-independent functions. This study examined the gene expression and pregnancy-regulation of the IGF/IGFBP system in porcine uterine endometrium and myometrium during the periimplantation period and later stages of pregnancy. Endometrial IGFBP-2 mRNA abundance exhibited stage of pregnancy-dependent induction; whereas little or no IGFBP-2 mRNA was found in myometrium. IGFBP-2 protein was immunolocalized to the endometrial glandular and luminal epithelia (staining on day 60 > day 12) with minimal or no immunostaining of uterine stroma observed. IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 transcript levels became elevated in endometrium after implantation; whereas, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-6 mRNAs were in greater abundance in periimplantation than post-implantation endometrium. IGFBP-1 transcripts, in contrast, could not be identified in porcine endometrium or myometrium of pregnancy. As a pre-requisite to understanding the pregnancy-induction and endometrial-specificity of the uterine-expressed IGFBP-2 gene, cosmids encompassing the pig IGFBP-2 chromosomal locus were isolated and characterized. This gene is comprised of four exons that span > 29 kb and encode a 316 amino acid precursor protein. All four exons were found to be G/C rich with exon 1 and immediate 5' flank exhibiting hallmarks of a CpG island. This latter region was devoid of TATA and CAAT motifs. Results identify the preferential endometrial expression of different IGFBP genes at either the periimplantation or post-implantation periods, perhaps reflecting distinct actions of these proteins at the embryo-maternal and feto-maternal interfaces, respectively. Interactions of steroid receptors, endometrial transcription factors and their corresponding cis elements may confer the unique uterine expression of the IGFBP-2 gene.
Preparing undergraduates to participate in the post‐genome era: A capstone laboratory experience in proteomics*

Proteomics is one of the important new disciplines to emerge from the genome sequencing projects of the last decade. In order to introduce our students to the techniques and promise of this emerging field, a capstone laboratory experience has been developed. The exercise involves multiple aspects of proteomics research including microbial culturing methods, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and database mining. Over a 12-week semester, students design their own experiments and apply a proteomic approach to investigate the heat shock response in Escherichia coli. In the trial presented in this article, students successfully identified several major heat shock proteins. The laboratory outlined here can be readily adapted to explore a wide variety of responses in metabolic pathways or responses resulting from other environmental insults or stresses. Additionally, the laboratory can be modified to explore the proteomes of organelles, tissues, and other model organisms.
T'ang Buddhist Encyclopedias: an Introduction to Fa-Yüan Chu-Lin and Chu-Ching Yao-Chi

(1985). T'ang Buddhist Encyclopedias: an Introduction to Fa-Yuan Chu-Lin and Chu-Ching Yao-Chi. Tang Studies: Vol. 1985, No. 3, pp. 109-128.
Spectral fitting: the extraction of crucial information from a spectrum and a spectral image.

A highly accurate line-width simulation computer program is used that can account for both high amplitude and frequency of the Zeeman modulation in an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment. This allows for the overmodulation of EPR lines to increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in EPR spectra and spectroscopic images, without any sacrifice in the determination of the intrinsic line width (1/ T2e). The technique was applied to continuous-wave EPR spectroscopic images of a narrow, single-line trityl spin probe wherein a full EPR spectrum was extracted from each 3D spatial voxel. Typical improvements are a three- to fivefold increase in SNR in the highgradient projections in the image and a reduction in the standard deviation (SD), by a factor of 3, of the line widths in the low-gradient domain. This method is a general one that is also applicable to the analysis of conventional 14 No r 15 N nitroxide spin probes. Magn Reson Med 49:1175‐1180, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The aim of this study was to show that one can obtain precise and accurate images of distributions of Lorentzian line widths of very narrow line-width EPR spin probes when used in conjunction with spectroscopic imaging techniques. Zeeman field modulation, followed by phasesensitive detection, is universally used in continuous
Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research

The values of managers and employees in organizations are phenomena that have captured the interest of researchers, practitioners, social critics, and the public at large. Despite this attention, there continues to be a conspicuous lack of agreement on what values are and how they influence individuals. In this article we discuss how values have been defined and conceptualized. Focusing on values as desirable modes of behavior, we describe how they affect individuals in organizations and discuss some of the salient controversies that characterize contemporary research on values. Finally, we report on a comprehensive review of the most recent literature in this area.
Cardiomyocyte-mediated contact programs human mesenchymal stem cells to express cardiogenic phenotype.

Abstract Background Intercellular crosstalk and cellular plasticity are key factors in embryogenesis and organogenesis. The microenvironment plays a critical role in directing the progression of stem cells into differentiated cells. We hypothesized that intercellular interaction between adult human mesenchymal stem cells and adult human cardiomyocytes would induce stem cells to acquire the phenotypical characteristics of cardiomyocytes, and we tested the role that direct cell-to-cell contact plays in directing this differentiation process. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in the presence of human cardiomyocytes ("coculture") or in the presence of media conditioned by separate cultures of human cardiomyocytes ("conditioned media"). Methods Human cardiomyocytes were labeled with chloromethyl derivatives of fluorescein diacetate. In the coculture experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells and human cardiomyocytes were mixed at a 1:1 ratio in smooth muscle 2 media and seeded at a cell density of 10,000 cells/cm 2 . Cells were cocultured in an incubator at 37°C for 48 hours. Subsequently, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to extract the differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells. In the conditioned media experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells were incubated in media previously conditioned by cardiomyocytes, in the presence and absence of serum (±serum). The conditioned media was changed 3 times, at intervals of 48 hours. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed for expression of contractile proteins and cardiac specific genes. Immunostaining against myosin heavy chain, β-actin troponin-T, and troponin-I was performed. Results Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis identified 66% of the human mesenchymal stem cells in the G1 phase. Differentiated hMSCs from the coculture experiments expressed myosin heavy chain, β-actin, and troponin-T by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Immunostaining was also positive against myosin heavy chain and troponin-T. In contrast, only β-actin expression was observed in the human mesenchymal stem cells incubated with conditioned media ± serum. Conclusion In addition to soluble signaling molecules, direct cell-to-cell contact is obligatory in relaying the external cues of the microenvironment controlling the differentiation of adult stem cells to cardiomyocytes. These data indicate that human mesenchymal stem cells are plastic and can be reprogrammed into a cardiomyogenic lineage that may be used in cell-based therapy for treating heart failure.
An IC Control Unit for Generating Random and Nonrandom Events

A system has been designed that wil generate user-controlled temporal events and two independent sequences of random events over selectable time periods. The duration and frequency of the events is set by front panel controls over a temporal range determined by the user. This system is suitable for automating experiments in biological and behavioral research.
X-ray photoemission study of physically absorbed SF6

The physical adsorption of octahedral SF6 on Ru(001) has been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in an attempt to see effects on the energy levels resulting from the conformation of the molecule on the surface. Near 80 K surface coverages up to a monolayer have been studied at various steady state pressures of SF6. Kinetic studies, core level binding energies, and peak areas indicate that the surface species studied was a physically adsorbed monolayer of sf6. The sticking coefficient of SF6, at ⪆ 80 K is approximately unity. Also, a multilayer structure was observed at the highest pressures of SF6. The binding energy of the F(ls) peak for monolayer coverage is centered at 688.2 ± 0.2 eV relative to the Ru Fermi level. while the multilayer F(ls) peak is shifted more than 3.5 eV to higher binding energy. The F(ls) linewidth for one monolayer has a full width at half maximum of 1.75 ± 0.1 eV. The F(ls) linewidth of the multilayer peak narrows with increasing coverage. Its narrowest observed linewidth was 1.35 eV ± 0.1 eV or approximately the same as that found in the gas phase. One of the mechanisms which may account for the F(ls) linewidth with monolayer coverage is a difference in F(ls) binding energy between those F atoms in contact with the substrate and those further away. This may be due to the variation in chemical environment and relaxation effects as a function of distance from tlie substrate. A classical image force calculation including finite screening effects of the substrate indicates that there is a differential binding energy, ΔW. between the F ligands; ΔW = 0.85 ± 0.25 eV, for realistic ranges of adsorption distances from the substrate and screening lengths in the substrate. The observed broadening of the monolayer F(ls) level is consistent with a ΔW of 0.7 ± 0.1 eV, indicating the possible existence of such a mechanism. Adsorption of a monolayer of SF6 onto the Ru covered with a monolayer of oxygen shifts the F(ls) peak to lower binding energy by 0.8 eV. Similar effects due to oxygen have been observed previously in the physical adsorption of Xe on W(111).
Taxonomic Relationships of Lactobacillus Bifidus (B. Bifidus Tissier) and Bacteroides Bifidus

The so-called Bacteroides group of bacteria has almost overnight become a subject of considerable interest; this is true particularly of the members which occur normally in the intestine. There is much confusion regarding the proper classification of these organisms, due largely to the heterogeneity of the group as a whole. In a recent report' on a study of the gram-negative bacteroides of the human intestine, we proposed what appeared to us to be a more simplified rearrangement of the species. The gram-positive nonsporing anaerobes were reserved for future study. More recently our attention has been directed to this group, but specifically to one particular species or type, namely Eggerth's "Bacteroides bifidus" (group II), or Orla-Jensen's "Bacterium bifidum."
Validating the Vertical Dynamic Performance of a Multi-Wheeled Combat Vehicle Computer Simulation Model

Performance testing is an important step in the development of any vehicle model. Generally, full-scale field tests are conducted to collect the dynamic response characteristics for evaluating the vehicle performance. However, with increases in computational power and the accuracy of simulation models, virtual testing can be extensively used as an alternative to the time consuming and costly full-scale tests, especially for severe maneuvers. Validation of the simulation results is critical for the acceptance of such simulation models. In this paper, a methodology for validating the vertical dynamic performance of a virtual vehicle has been discussed. The dynamic performance of a multi-wheeled combat vehicle model specially developed using a multi-body dynamics code was validated against the measured data obtained on the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center’s (ATC) test courses. The multi-wheeled combat vehicle variant computer simulation model was developed in TruckSim, a vehicle dynamic simulation software developed by the Mechanical Simulation Corporation. Prior to validating the model, the vehicle weights, dimensions, tires and suspension characteristics were measured and referenced in the specially developed computer simulation model. The data for the tire and suspension characteristics were acquired from the respective leading manufacturers in the form of look-up tables. The predictions of the vehicle vertical dynamics on different road profiles at various vehicle speeds were compared with the field test results. The time domain data for the vertical acceleration at the vehicle center of gravity, pitching, vehicle speed and the suspension/damper displacement were compared to analyze the feasibility of using the computer simulation models to predict the vertical dynamic performance of the vehicle. Based on the results it was found that the particular combat vehicle computer simulation model is capable of predicting the vertical dynamic performance characteristics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Transcriptional and secretory responses of Entamoeba histolytica to mucins, epithelial cells and bacteria

Invasive intestinal amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, is initiated with attachment of trophozoites to the colonic mucous layer, mucous disruption and/or depletion, and adherence to and cytolysis of host epithelial and inflammatory cells. A current working model of intestinal amebiasis suggests that the microenvironment of the host intestine, particularly intestinal mucins and the bacterial biofilm, may influence the behavior of pathogenic amebae. The invasive phenotype is dependent on expression of a number of virulence factors of which cysteine proteases provide the most convenient experimental probe because their activity is readily monitored. In the present study, we examined the interaction of E. histolytica with GalNAc, mucin, different epithelial cell lines and bacteria both by biochemical assays of protease release and transcriptional profiling using a previously validated genomic microarray. A significant down-regulation of released cysteine protease activity was observed when amebic trophozoites were grown with GalNAc, specific colonic cell lines and bacteria. Transcriptional profiling during GalNAc interaction revealed enhanced expression of the 170-kDa Gal/GalNAc lectin. Decreased protease activity during GalNAc interaction and enhanced expression of the Gal/GalNAc lectin gene are consistent with a program of commensal infection and mucus coat colonization mediated by the lectin. The down-regulation of cysteine protease activity following interaction with a colonic epithelial cell line parallels the presence of secretory mucin having a complex carbohydrate structure rich in Gal and GalNAc. In contrast, interaction of E. histolytica trophozoites with stomach porcine mucin enhanced cysteine protease (EhCP1 and EhCP2) secretion 3-fold. This suggests the specific composition of mucins may affect the Entamoeba phenotype. Transcriptional profiling revealed interaction of Entamoeba with intestinal bacteria induced protein kinase, ABC transporter, Rab family GTPase and hsp 90 gene expression. The enhanced expression of this gene cluster is consistent with enhanced phagocytosis of E. histolytica during interaction with bacteria.
Impossibility of embedding the left-right symmetric GUT in an extended Supergravity

We show the impossibility of embedding left-right symmetric grand unified models in an extended supergravity a la Ellis, Gaillard, Miani, Zumino, or Derendinger, Ferrara, Savoy.
A WISE NMR Approach to Heterogeneous Biopolymer Mixtures: Dynamics and Domains in Wounded Potato Tissues

Two-dimensional 1H−13C wide-line separation (WISE) NMR, a technique developed for the characterization of synthetic copolymers and blends in the solid state, has been used to study the dynamic behavior and domain structure of the biopolymer suberin deposited within the wound periderm of potato tubers. This blend consists of cell-wall polysaccharides and cross-linked aromatic−aliphatic polyesters that regulate water transport and protect the plant tissue from pathogenic attack. Though most of the suberin chemical moieties are rigid, about 20% of its chain-methylene groups exhibit surprising flexibility on the 50-kHz frequency scale. The resulting motional narrowing is propagated rapidly by spin diffusion to other residues within the suberin domain, but much more slowly to the spatially separated cell-wall region. Using a selective spin-diffusion experiment with a dipolar filter, the suberin domain size has been estimated as 50 nm and compared with prior results from electron microscopy. Finally, the resist...
On perfect pre-images of ω1

Abstract We show that PFA implies that every perfect pre-image of ω 1 of countable tightness contains a closed copy of ω 1 .
Tubular components in cells of healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana

Abstract The protein component (slime) of the sieve element protoplast in Nicotiana tabacum L., here designated as P-protein (phloem protein), consists of tubular elements, at least while the protein occurs in the form of discrete bodies. In this form the P-protein has a striking resemblance to one of the tubular components, here designated as X-component, occurring in tobacco cells infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The X-component may be differentiated from the P-protein by the straight form of the tubules, the greater degree of order in the arrangement of the tubules in the aggregates, and to some extent by size. The X-component occurs also in other forms, but all these forms may be arranged in a series suggesting a developmental sequence. The sequence seems to be from filaments composed of groups of tubules to individual tubules assembled in larger groups with some order in the arrangement. It is suggested that the X-component may be the noninfectious protein, or X-protein, commonly associated with complete virus particles in TMV-infected tobacco.
Ty elements are involved in the formation of deletions in DEL1 strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Classical genetic methods have previously been used to show that the DEL1 mutator gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a high rate of multisite mutations that encompass three genes adjacent to itself: CYC1, OSM1 and RAD7 . To determine the molecular nature of these multisite mutations, we purified DNA from a DEL1 strain (SL403-4D) and ten independently isolated multisite mutations derived from it. The DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases, separated on agarose gels, blotted to nitrocellulose filters and hybridized with various probes previously cloned from the CYC1 region of strains S288C and B-596. Our results indicate that the CYC1 region of DEL1 strain SL403-4D differs from that of another yeast strain, S288C, whose restriction map had previously been determined by other investigators. Relative to S288C, the DEL1 strain contains two pieces of extra DNA of about 6 kb each that are homologous to Ty1, and that surround an approximately 13 kb piece of DNA which is essentially identical to its counterpart in S288C. This 13 kb piece includes the entire CYC1 gene, but excludes sup4 . Each of the ten independently isolated multisite mutations obtained from SL403-4D is missing the 13 kb piece of single copy DNA surrounded by the Ty elements, but is not missing any of the DNA on the other sides of the elements. Thus the multisite mutations are physical deletions. Furthermore, the ten mutations are not identical, but fall into five distinct classes, which seem to differ in the presence or orientation of parts of the surrounding Ty elements. These results suggest that the Ty elements directly participate in the formation of these deletions, as do transposable elements in bacteria.
Sequence of dodecapeptide containing active lysine from chicken ATP: Creatine phosphotransferase

Abstract The particularly reactive two e-NH 2 groups of lysine in chicken ATP: creatine phosphotransferase were labeled with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene -5- sulfonylchloride and subsequently the protein was hydrolysed with trypsin. A single peptide composed of 12 residues was isolated and its sequence was established (Leu-Leu-Val-Pro-Asp-Ser-Lys-Leu-Phe-Ser-Val-Arg) by using Edman degradation and also hydrolysis with carboxypeptidases A and B before and after exposure to α chymotrypsin. α chymotrypsin catalyses rupture of the peptide bond between phenylalanine and serine.
Exploiting evidence from unstructured data to enhance master data management

Master data management (MDM) integrates data from multiple structured data sources and builds a consolidated 360-degree view of business entities such as customers and products. Today's MDM systems are not prepared to integrate information from unstructured data sources, such as news reports, emails, call-center transcripts, and chat logs. However, those unstructured data sources may contain valuable information about the same entities known to MDM from the structured data sources. Integrating information from unstructured data into MDM is challenging as textual references to existing MDM entities are often incomplete and imprecise and the additional entity information extracted from text should not impact the trustworthiness of MDM data.In this paper, we present an architecture for making MDM text-aware and showcase its implementation as IBM Info-Sphere MDM Extension for Unstructured Text Correlation, an add-on to IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management Standard Edition. We highlight how MDM benefits from additional evidence found in documents when doing entity resolution and relationship discovery. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of integrating information from unstructured data sources into MDM.
Evidence for overlapping active sites for 17 alpha-ethynlestradiol and bilirubin in the human major bilirubin UDPglucuronosyltransferase.

The human major bilirubin UDP glucuronosyltransferase (transferase), HUG-Brl, and its mutants were expressed in the COS-1 cells using cDNA-based pSVL expression units to generate isoforms for the comparison of relative activities with 17 alpha-ethynlestradiol (17 alpha-EE) and bilirubin, its natural substrate. In comparison to bilirubin, 17 alpha-EE was a good substrate for HUG-Br1 under typical assay conditions of pH 7.2, confirming published studies [Ebner, T., et al. (1993) Mol. Pharmacol. 43, 649-654]. It was further shown that the estrogen derivative is 1.2-2-fold more effective as a substrate at pH 6.4 than at pH 7.2. The km for 17 alpha-EE was 40 microM under both pH conditions, while the Vmax values were 400 and 200 pmol per hour per 300 micrograms of protein at pH 6.4 and 7.2, respectively. The pattern of glucuronidation was similar for both bilirubin and 17 alpha-EE. Previously, a ratio of 2-3-fold more activity for bilirubin glucuronidation at pH 6.4 versus 7.6 was established, and km values of 2.5 microM at both pH conditions were determined [Ritter, J.K., et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23573-23579]. In this study, the generation of 17 alpha-EE and bilirubin beta-glucuronides under both pH conditions was confirmed by the sensitivity of the products to beta-glucuronidase treatment. Concurrent glucuronidation reaction mixtures containing equal amounts of wild-type and mutant proteins demonstrated the following. P270G, V273D, and five different G276 mutants nearly or completely inactivated all glucuronidation at both pH levels. V273Q generated 81-94% of the normal activity for 17 alpha-EE and 42% of the normal activity for bilirubin turnover; H173R gave 37-60% of the normal turnover with both substrates, and V275I produced 15-24% of the normal level of glucuronide with both compounds. The most distinguishing amino acid tested was P176G which was approximately 50% normal for 17 alpha-EE at both pH conditions but was totally inactive for bilirubin. A second substitution, P285G, did not affect 17 alpha-EE turnover but was 50% normal for bilirubin. The parallel effects on the metabolism of both substrates by some mutants and the opposite results from two mutants are evidence for a common set of amino acids for their catalysis with the recruitment of additional amino acids to depend upon the substrate to be metabolized. Hence, amino acid substitutions in the protein are not necessarily universally inactivating.
Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history of the U.S. Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain

Abstract Middle-Atlantic, inner continental shelf stratigraphic studies document a regional, Late Pleistocene, fossiliferous mud deposit, from northern New Jersey to Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Seismic reconnaissance and detailed stratigraphic analyses reveal the nature of the mud, termed unit Q2, on the Maryland inner continental shelf. Extensive amino acid relative age determinations (from the single genus Mulinia ), combined with additional amino acid analyses from onshore deposits having radiometric dates for calibration, indicate an age range for unit Q2 corresponding to Oxygen Isotope Stage 5. Ostracode assemblages delineate four distinct climatic episodes in unit Q2, enabling correlation of the zones in Q2 to the deep sea isotopic record of climatic fluctuations (substages) in Stage 5. Late Stage 5 is represented, on the Maryland shelf, by the 6 meter-thick mud of unit Q2, deposited in an open-shelf environment at slightly depressed sea levels relative to Substage 5e. Late Stage 5 sea levels (including sea-level minima) can be estimated for the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain by direct measurement of the altitudes of ostracode zone boundaries offshore, and from peak transgressive facies in correlative deposits onshore. Late Stage 5 sea levels determined from the inner shelf and adjacent nearshore facies on the Atlantic coast comprise the most complete sea-level history for Stage 5 yet proposed. Some recent revisions of glacioeustatic sea-level models advocate slightly higher sea levels during late Stage 5 (Substage 5c in particular) than originally estimated from uplifting reef tracts, and support sea levels higher than estimates from deep-sea isotopic records. The sea-level record from the Maryland inner continental shelf confirms these recent estimates in an area of minimal tectonism, and adds sea-level minima estimates for Substages 5d and 5b. Offshore, a more complete record of Stage 5 is preserved than in onshore deposits, which are limited to peak transgressive facies. Discrepancies in correlation among emerged coastal plain facies therefore become resolvable within the context provided by the shelf stratigraphy.
The chromatin structure of specific genes: II. Disruption of chromatin structure during gene activity

We have compared the chromatin structure in the active and inactive states at loci encoding the major heat shock protein in Drosophila. DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease were used as probes of higher order organization and nucleosomal integrity. Such integrity is gauged here by the characteristic pattern of discrete DNA fragments produced at specific chromosomal loci by nucleolytic cleavage. The specific fragment patterns are visualized by gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting onto nitrocellulose sheets, hybridization with 32P-labeled cloned DNA containing the heat shock genes and autoradiography. Using this criterion, a disruption in nucleosomal and possibly in higher order organization are observed as indicated by a relative loss or smearing of the characteristic discrete DNA fragment patterns from the heat shock loci in the active state. The fragment patterns are restored when cells are allowed to recover from heat shock and these loci return to the inactive state.