cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inaccurate Clinical Stage Is Common for Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Is Associated with Undertreatment and Worse Outcomes

Accurate clinical staging (CS) of gastric cancer is critical for appropriate treatment selection and prognostication, but CS remains highly imprecise. Our study evaluates factors associated with inaccurate CS, the impact of inaccurate CS on outcomes, and utilization of adjuvant therapy in patients who are understaged. We conducted a retrospective review of NCDB patients diagnosed with clinical early stage gastric adenocarcinoma (cT1-2N0M0) between 2004 and 2016. Patients not undergoing upfront gastrectomy or with missing pathologic staging were excluded. Patients were classified as accurately staged, inaccurately staged with receipt of adjuvant therapy (IS+), and inaccurately staged with no receipt of adjuvant therapy (IS−). Logistic regression was utilized to assess the impact of factors on CS accuracy and receipt of adjuvant therapies. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods were used for survival analysis. Approximately 40% of patients were inaccurately staged (IS). cT2, moderately/poorly differentiated, and site-overlapping tumors were associated with increased likelihood of being IS. Treatment at an academic facility was associated with decreased likelihood of understaging. Only 54% of patients who were IS received adjuvant therapy. Accurate CS of gastric cancer remains inadequate. Understaging is associated with detrimental effects on receiving guideline-concordant care and, possibly, patient outcomes. Targeted interventions reducing the proportion of understaged patients and ensuring receipt of appropriate therapy is needed to optimize outcomes. Patients with high-risk disease that are frequently understaged may benefit from selective neoadjuvant therapy. Centralization of gastric cancer care may also be a key strategy in improving receipt of guideline-concordant therapies.
Can Social Science Defeat a Legal Fiction?: Challenging Unlawful Police Stops Under the Fourth Amendment

When police lack reasonable suspicion to make a stop, prosecutors often claim that the civilian was free to walk away had he wished to do so. That avoids suppression of the evidence seized during an improper Terry stop. This article looks at how this and consensual search situations play out in trial courts across the country by using one example where the defense lawyer, a third-year law student in a clinic, moved to suppress drugs found during an unlawful stop and search. The problem for lawyers is that the Supreme Court created a legal fiction in the way it applies the Fourth Amendment “free to leave” test and the consent to search test. Looking at the elements, the “free to leave” test articulated by the Court should benefit most civilians corralled and questioned by the police, but instead, in case after case, the Court determined that a reasonable person is the position of the civilian would have felt free to walk away or decline to cooperate with the officer’s requests. This creates a particular challenge to lawyers and raises the question of whether making arguments that reference empirical data in our written and oral motions will persuade trial judges to honestly apply the Supreme Court test rather than perpetuating the legal fiction. Social science research may eventually influence the Supreme Court to change course, but defense lawyers can harness it to benefit their clients now, starting at the trial level. Empirical data allows trial judges to apply the elements of the test without making the same unrealistic assumptions about how reasonable people behave. Instead, the scientific and psychological research should encourage judges to honestly apply the Supreme Court test to the circumstances before them.
System Architecture and User Interface Design for a Human-Machine Interaction System for Dementia Intervention

A growing number of older adults in America face dementia and its associated behaviors. One of the most prevalent behaviors is apathy, which leads to social isolation, reduced quality of life, cognitive decline, increased mortality and caregiver burden. Current interventions are costly and require intensive personnel resources. Given the shortage of qualified care givers, technology may be an effective and complementary approach. Research has shown that multimodal interventions that include social, physical, and cognitive activities have the best outcomes. We propose a novel system combining social robotics and virtual reality to engage older adults in tasks that target all three areas. In this paper, we describe the system architecture, which includes the Virtual system Musical Task, the social robot, the state machine, and the wand that is used as an input device. Five participants tested the system. The virtual reality and robot functioned as expected with no errors. The wand had errors below 10%. The average usability score was 89.5. Overall, this study demonstrated that the system performs as expected per the functional system requirements. Further studies are necessary to explore the functionality and usability of the system with older adults.
Seizure Rates after Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral AVMs: A Single Center Study

ABSTRACT Objective Seizure control after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is an area of growing interest, with previous studies reporting up to 70% seizure freedom after treatment. The goals of this study were to identify specific patient and AVM characteristics associated with seizure presentation and seizure outcomes following SRS treatment. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing SRS for brain AVMs between 2009 and 2019 at our institution was conducted. Chi square and logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify patient and AVM factors associated with pre-operative seizure presentation and development of new onset seizures after SRS. Results Two-hundred and ten consecutive patients presenting with AVMs treated with SRS were reviewed. Factors associated with seizure presentation included larger AVM size (p = 0.02), superficial venous drainage (p Conclusions Seizures are a common presentation of brain AVMs and can be treated effectively with SRS. However, seizures can also be a complication of SRS and are associated with post-treatment hemorrhage, edema and need for future open surgery.
Insight into the molecular basis of substrate recognition by the wall teichoic acid glycosyltransferase TagA

Abstract Wall teichoic acid (WTA) polymers are covalently affixed to the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall and have important functions in cell elongation, cell morphology, biofilm formation, and β-lactam antibiotic resistance. The first committed step in WTA biosynthesis is catalyzed by the TagA glycosyltransferase (also called TarA), a peripheral membrane protein that produces the conserved linkage unit which joins WTA to the cell wall peptidoglycan. TagA contains a conserved GT26 core domain followed by a C-terminal polypeptide tail (CTT) that is important for catalysis and membrane binding. Here we report the crystal structure of the Thermoanaerobacter italicus TagA enzyme bound to UDP-ManNAc, revealing the molecular basis of substrate binding. Native mass spectrometry experiments support the model that only monomeric TagA is enzymatically active and that it is stabilized by membrane binding. Molecular dynamics simulations and enzyme activity measurements indicate that the CTT facilitates catalysis by encapsulating the UDP-ManNAc substrate, presenting three highly conserved arginine residues to the active site that are important for catalysis (R214, R221, and R224). From these data we present a mechanistic model of catalysis that ascribes functions for these residues. This work could facilitate the development of new antimicrobial compounds that disrupt WTA biosynthesis in pathogenic bacteria.
The Nature of the Mineral Phase in Bone: Biological and Clinical Implications

The subjects that will be presented in this chapter are: (1) The nature of the mineral phase in bone; that is, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the solid calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) mineral phase in bone, and the changes that occur in the mineral phase per se with time and maturation; (2) the relationship of these maturational changes which occur with time to the biological, physiological, and mechanical functions of the crystals and to Ca and P mineral metabolism; and (3) the ultrastructural location of the mineral phase and its relationship to the basic underlying physical chemical mechanism responsible for the initiation of calcification.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: methods to assess severity of hypertension, variability and sleep changes

Twenty-four hour non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure-heart rate monitoring was performed on 4 normotensive subjects, 30 patients with essential hypertension, and 4 patients with renovascular hypertension. Division of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements into day and night (asleep) points and expression of variability as coefficient of variation (std.dev. x 100%/mean) revealed that age, sex, level of blood pressure, and anti-hypertensive treatment with diuretic with or without beta-adrenergic blocking agents did not alter variability, which averaged 11% for BP and 13% for HR. Decreases in BP and HR with sleep (respective means 13% and 14%) were universal, and unaffected by the above factors.
Evaluating Culturally Sensitive Practice Through Single-System Design: Methodological Issues and Strategies:

Over the past 10 years, there has been an increasing emphasis on having social workers develop culturally sensitive interventions. However, relatively little attention has been given to evaluating ...
Rapid prototyping of piezoresistive MEMS sensors via a single-step laser carbonization and micromachining process

We have developed a rapid and low-cost single-step fabrication method for MEMS piezoresistive force sensors using laser carbonization and micromachining. The technique uses a CO 2 laser to pyrolyze a polyimide film and thereby create piezoresistive nano/micro porous carbon patterns. Subsequently, the same set up is used to define sensor structural geometry. Double-clamped cantilever force sensors created using this technique exhibit a linear (r2=0.9) response to applied force in the range of 0–0.54 N, with a response time of 5 s and a sensitivity of 31.717±3.767 Ω/N.
The utilization of capital and the growth of output in a developing economy: The case of South Korean manufacturing

Abstract This paper presents the utilization rate of capital equipment in the S. Korean manufacturing industry during 1962–1971. The aggregate utilization rate is shown to have increased at an annual rate of about 8%. The level of utilization in S. Korea is found to be generally lower even in 1971 than in the U.S. in 1962, both at the aggregate and sectoral levels. The rise in the utilization rate is shown to have contributed nearly as much as investment has in the growth of manufacturing output. The influence of the residual component declines from 36% to 8% of the recorded growth of output when the increase in the utilization rate is properly allowed for.
Novel micro-scanner for optical communications: architecture and performance

Two-dimensional (2D) scanners have a variety of applications in displays, barcode readers, optical data storage devices, and free-space optical interconnects. In this paper, we will describe the modeling and simulation of a novel MEMS-based cantilever micro-scanner design. The micro-scanner is actuated using electrostatic force. The cantilever beam connects to the top electrode. The bottom four electrodes on the substrate provide extra feedback for the control of the cantilever beam. Compared to our previous design, a pair of wings is added to further reduce the actuation voltage and improve the microscanner stability. The symmetric springs on the beam structure are adopted to further reduce the spring constant of the cantilever beam and make the beam more flexible. A thorough mechanical analysis (both static and dynamic) using finite element analysis has been completed to study key design parameters such as driving voltage and resonant frequencies. Prototype cantilever microscanners have been fabricated using the MUMPs process.
Beliefs About Confrontation Among Substance Abuse Counselors

Abstract Substance abuse researchers have recommended that substance abuse counselors and helping professionals use a non-confrontational counseling approach when addressing client denial. Yet little is known about substance abuse counselor beliefs about the use of confrontation. The purpose of this study was to use the Theory of Reasoned Action to qualitatively capture, quantitatively evaluate, and theoretically interpret beliefs about confrontation among 124 substance abuse counselors in residential and outpatient treatment facilities. Counselor beliefs accounted for nearly one-third of the variance in counselor intention to use a confrontational counseling approach. Counselors who engaged in professional development activities held more favorable beliefs toward a non-confrontational counseling approach than counselors who had not engaged in such activities. Based on the findings in this study, counselor beliefs hold promise as critical components in developing an empirical and theoretical understanding...
Contrasting effects of thiol-modulating agents on endothelial NO bioactivity.

The bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is an important component of vascular homeostasis that is sensitive to intracellular redox status. Because glutathione (GSH) is a major dete...
Nutritional interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease: individual versus population perspectives.

The search for the ideal diet to prevent CVD advances, with important developments in the definition of metabolic effects of individual fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The translation of these results to health messages for physicians, nutritionists, and their patients is up-to-date, with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III incorporating new information. Less clear is the message to the population at large, in terms of translating the results to alter eating patterns in a healthful direction. Further consensus building and research may be necessary to assure that both high-risk and population approaches to the nutritional prevention of CVD are consistent and complementary.
933 ALTERED SPECTRIN SELF-ASSOCIATION AND MEMBRANE FRAGILITY WITHOUT HEAT SENSITIVITY IN A CASE OF CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH MICROPOIKILOCYTOSIS

933 ALTERED SPECTRIN SELF-ASSOCIATION AND MEMBRANE FRAGILITY WITHOUT HEAT SENSITIVITY IN A CASE OF CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH MICROPOIKILOCYTOSIS
Prodrugs for improved oral nalbuphine bioavailability: inter-species differences in the disposition of nalbuphine and its acetylsalicylate and anthranilate esters

Abstract Two prodrugs of nalbuphine (1), the acetylsalicylate (2) and anthranilate (3) esters, were prepared with the objective of increasing oral nalbuphine bioavailability. Hydrolysis rates in rat, monkey, dog, and human plasma, human whole blood, and rat and dog liver and intestine homogenates were measured. Nalbuphine bioavailability after oral nalbuphine doses was determined, also in rats, monkeys, and dogs, and compared to a published value for man. There were large inter-species variations in prodrug hydrolysis rates and in oral nalbuphine bioavailability, and the dog bore closest resemblance to man. Oral nalbuphine bioavailability in dogs was increased 3–4-fold after administration of 2 and approximately 9-fold after administration of 3. Levels of conjugated nalbuphine in plasma were reduced. This demonstrates the utility of the prodrug approach to reducing first-pass nalbuphine metabolism.
Psychological development in men: generativity and involvement with young children

The personality development of 50 white men was investigated in terms of Eriksonian generativity and involvement with young children. Generativity was not related to caregiving; however, it was associated with social involvement. Generativity was also associated with several aspects of male personality including self-esteem, locus of control, and instrumentality.
Cardiopulmonary Response to Videogaming: Slaying Monsters Using Motion Sensor Versus Joystick Devices

Abstract Objective: Replacing physical activity with videogaming has been implicated in causing obesity. Studies have shown that using motion-sensing controllers with activity-promoting videogames expends energy comparable to aerobic exercise; however, effects of motion-sensing controllers have not been examined with traditional (non–exercise-promoting) videogames. Materials and Methods: We measured indirect calorimetry and heart rate in 14 subjects during rest and traditional videogaming using motion sensor and joystick controllers. Results: Energy expenditure was higher while subjects were playing with the motion sensor (1.30±0.32 kcal/kg/hour) than with the joystick (1.07±0.26 kcal/kg/hour; P<0.01) or resting (0.91±0.24 kcal/kg/hour; P<0.01). Oxygen consumption during videogaming averaged 15.7 percent of predicted maximum for the motion sensor and 11.8 percent of maximum for the joystick. Minute ventilation was higher playing with the motion sensor (10.7±3.5 L/minute) than with the joystick (8.6±1.8 L/...
Filtering of impulse noise in digital signals using logical transform

ABSTRACT Median filters excel at removing impulse noise from digital signals, with high accuracy and quick running-times. However, they have limitations if the resulting signals are to be used for feature recognition purposes, as they often remove crucial details and add unwanted noise. In this paper, an algorithm for digital filtering using the logical transform is proposed. This method is able to achieve mean-squared-error results similar to median type filters while maintaining image details. Variations of the algorithm allow for grea ter noise reduction, but at the cost of increased computation. Keywords: impulse noise, digital filtering, Histogram of Primar y Implicants, Boolean Minimization, logical transform 1. INTRODUCTIONDigital signals can be corrupted by impulse noise (i.e. salt and pepper noise) in a variety of ways, from errors in collection sensors to noisy transmission channels to faulty storage devices. The industry standard for eliminating impulse noise is median type filters
Collaborative synergy: practice and academic partnerships in evidence-based practice

In this department, Dr Newhouse highlights hot topics in nursing outcomes, research, and evidence-based practice relevant to the nurse administrator. The goal is to discuss the practical implications for nurse leaders in diverse healthcare settings. Content includes evidence-based projects and decision making, locating measurement tools for quality improvement and safety projects, using outcome measures to evaluate quality, practice implications of administrative research, and exemplars of projects that demonstrate innovative approaches to organizational problems. This column describes potential collaborations in evidence-based practice between clinical settings and colleges or universities.
A CHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF COPPER ON THE LIVER.

From the above studies the following conclusions have been reached: 1. That copper or its compounds used does not cause the deposition of pigment in the livers of rabbits, guinea pigs or rats. Neither does it produce a cirrhosis in these animals. 2. That spontaneous deposition of pigment occurs frequently in the livers of normal rabbits on the usual laboratory diet. 3. That the feeding of a diet of carrots exclusively will produce pigment deposition in the livers of rabbits, in every way identical with that ascribed to copper. 4. That the pigment deposited in the livers of rabbits is probably of exogenous origin.
Segmental orientations of trains versus loops and tails: the adsorbed polymethylmethacrylate system when the surface coverage is incomplete

Abstract We measure, for the first time, the separate surface coverage-dependent orientations of trains and of loops/tails in the structure of an adsorbed polymer, and show that these have different average orientations. The system was PMMA (atactic polymethylmethacrylate) adsorbed onto oxidized silicon from dilute solution in carbon tetrachloride at 25.0°C. The method was FTIR-ATR (infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection). With increasing surface coverage, train segments were observed to maintain constant average anisotropy with respect to the solid surface. Free segments were preferentially flattened when the surface coverage was low, but with increasing surface coverage became progressively more random in orientation. Free and bound segments were separated according to shifts of the vibrational frequencies of carbonyl segments upon hydrogen-bonding to the surface silanol groups. The dependence of segmental orientation on molecular weight of the chain is also discussed.
Volumetric shape grammars for image segmentation and shape estimation

In this paper, we present a technique that uses 3D shape grammars to segment and estimate rectilinear shapes in non-rectified images. While others have proposed the use of shape grammars for segmentation, i.e., assigning labels to rectangular 2D regions within rectified images, the proposed method is innovative for the following reasons: (1) it uses projections of 3D shapes to define non-rectangular segmentation regions and (2) the approach also estimates the unknown shape parameters of the imaged object. As others have done in the past, we require user interaction to learn probability distributions for classifying pixels from the input image to each of the unknown classes. We then use a 3D shape grammar to hypothesize 3D models for the imaged object. A search procedure hypothesizes different 3D models by modifying the shape and pose parameters of the 3D shape grammar. The parameters of the hypothesized model that best fits the input image provide a segmentation of the image into semantic parts and shape estimates for each of the segmented parts. The key difference between the proposed approach and previous approaches is the 3D nature of our shape generation and estimation process which represents an advancement over existing approaches that are currently restricted to 2D representations. We describe the method and show segmentation and estimation results using non-rectified images.
Negotiating new meanings of ‘leader’ and envisioning culturally informed theories for developing African-American women in leadership roles: an interview with Patricia S. Parker

The professional development of African-American women (AAW) in leadership roles in US organizations is a topic that has received scant attention in Human Resource Development (HRD) literature. Thi...
Monoclonality of multifocal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver by analysis of WWTR1-CAMTA1 breakpoints

Similar to other vascular tumors, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) can have multifocal presentation in up to 50% of cases. However, whether multifocal EHE represents an unusual pattern of metastasis or multiple separate primary tumors remains to be elucidated. Our recent identification of a WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion as the genetic hallmark of EHE irrespective of anatomic location was used to clarify this question by comparing the similarity of translocation breakpoints. In our previous study, we found variability of the fusion transcripts of the t(1;3)(p36;q25) translocation among different patients with EHE. Thus, we undertook a molecular analysis of six samples from two patients with multicentric hepatic EHE to test our hypothesis that the presence of identical breakpoints in WWTR1 and CAMTA1 support the monoclonal nature of multifocal EHE. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequent sequencing, we confirmed an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion transcript product from different nodules in each patient. Our results confirm that multifocal EHE are monoclonal and thus represent metastatic implants of the same neoplastic clone rather than a "field-effect" or synchronous occurrence of multiple neoplastic clones.
Potassium currents in cells derived from human dental pulp

Patch-clamp recording methods were used to monitor ion currents in tissue-cultured cells derived from human dental pulp. Recordings were made in excised, outside-in or whole-cell patches. In single-channel experiments, the majority of patches contained a high-conductance (approx. 140-180 pS) K(+)-selective ion channel. The probability of the channel being in an open state was dependent on membrane potential, internal calcium and negative pressure applied to the cell membrane. Whole-cell recordings were consistent with these findings; in response to step-wise depolarizations of the cell membrane, most displayed a family of outwardly rectifying, barium-sensitive currents. In addition, a number of patches contained a second class of potassium channel of intermediate (approx. 85-100 pS) conductance, which was largely voltage insensitive and independent of calcium concentration. These results suggest that pulp cells contain a high-conductance potassium channel which probably underlies the outwardly rectifying current found at the whole-cell level. Further, the existence of mechanosensitive channels in these cells raises the possibility that the response to mechanical perturbation of dental pulp may be mediated, in part, by direct effects on odontogenic cells.
Flexural Rigidity Characteristics Of Light-Weighted Mirrors

One of the key parameters usually considered in a light weighted mirror design is its flexural rigidity. In part I of this paper, the relative merits of symmetric sandwich and open back light-weighted designs in the 10 to 30 kg/m2 range (of mirror weight per unit area) are examined for ULE, Heraeus fused silica, Zerodur and beryllium, subject to some representative state-of-the-art fabrication constraints. Part II of the paper addresses the same issue independently of any specific material. This is made possible by normalization of several parameters by the weight equivalent solid thickness of the mirror. Also included in the study are nonsymmetric sandwich cross sections with unequal front and rear facesheet thicknesses. The study shows that, for given values of mirror weight per unit area and the core (or rib) solidity ratio, there exists a transitional value of the normalized front facesheet thickness above which an open back configuration is structurally superior to a sandwich configuration. Moreover, for the increasingly demanding light-weighting goals of moderns optical systems, the optimum geometrical configurations may be beyond the fabrication capability of the current state of the art.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Knockout of the Na,K-ATPase α2-isoform in cardiac myocytes delays pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction

The α2-isoform of the Na,K-ATPase (α2) is the minor isoform of the Na,K-ATPase expressed in the cardiovascular system and is thought to play a critical role in the regulation of cardiovascular hemodynamics. However, the organ system/cell type expressing α2 that is required for this regulation has not been fully defined. The present study uses a heart-specific knockout of α2 to further define the tissue-specific role of α2 in the regulation of cardiovascular hemodynamics. To accomplish this, we developed a mouse model using the Cre/loxP system to generate a tissue-specific knockout of α2 in the heart using β-myosin heavy chain Cre. We have achieved a 90% knockout of α2 expression in the heart of the knockout mice. Interestingly, the heart-specific knockout mice exhibit normal basal cardiac function and systolic blood pressure, and in addition, these mice develop ACTH-induced hypertension in response to ACTH treatment similar to control mice. Surprisingly, the heart-specific knockout mice display delayed onset of cardiac dysfunction compared with control mice in response to pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction; however, the heart-specific knockout mice deteriorated to control levels by 9 wk post-transverse aortic constriction. These results suggest that heart expression of α2 does not play a role in the regulation of basal cardiovascular function or blood pressure; however, heart expression of α2 plays a role in the hypertrophic response to pressure overload. This study further emphasizes that the tissue localization of α2 determines its unique roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function.
Axiomatic Design Theory for Systems

A general theory for system design is presented based on axiomatic design. The theory is applicable to many different kinds of systems, including machines, large systems, software systems, organizations, and systems consisting of a combination of hardware and software. Systems are represented by means of a system architecture, which takes the form of the {FR}/{DP}/{PV}hierarchies, a ‘junction-module’ diagram, and the ‘flow diagram’. The ‘flow diagram’ for system architecture concisely represents the system design, the relationship among modules, and the control sequence in operating systems. The flow diagram of the system architecture can be used for many different tasks: design, construction, operation, modification, and maintenance of the system. It should also be useful for distributed design and operation of systems, diagnosis of system failures, and for archival documentation.
Simultaneous absolute measures of glabrous skin hemodynamic and light-scattering change in response to formalin injection in rats.

Abstract Subcutaneous injection of formalin is a well-known model to study the nature of inflammatory pain. One of the cardinal signs of inflammation is redness, as a result of increased blood perfusion. We used an optical technology, light reflectance spectroscopy, to noninvasively obtain absolute measures of cutaneous hemodynamic components, including the concentrations of oxy- ([HbO]), deoxy- ([Hb]), total-hemoglobin ([HbT]), oxygen saturation (SO 2 ), and the reduced light-scattering coefficient (μs’). The objective is to assess the effect of formalin-induced skin inflammation on the aforementioned parameters. Six rats were injected with formalin (50 μl, 3%) into left hind paw under pentobarbital anesthesia. Our results indicate prolonged increases in [HbO], [HbT], and SO 2 post injection only in the ipsilateral side. No statistically significant changes in [Hb] and μ s ’ occurred in either side. The arterial blood influx tends to be the major attribute of local hyperemia during inflammation. Thereby, [HbO] appears to be superior to [Hb] in measuring inflammation. In conclusion, the needle-probe-based light reflectance can be a feasible means to obtaining absolute measures of skin hemodynamic and light-scattering parameters when studying inflammatory pain.
Optimal growth under factor augmenting progress

Abstract Optimal growth is considered in the usual neoclassical one-good model of economic growth with factor augmenting technical progress. If a program is optimal (in the sense of maximizing a discounted sum of one-period utilities), then the asymptotic rate of growth of per capita output is given as a function of the capital and labor augmentation factors and the asymptotic elasticity of the production function in per capita units. Furthermore, the intuitive notion of “critical discount factor,” δ, is put on a rigorous footing, and δ is given as a function of the asymptotic growth rate and the asymptotic elasticity of the utility function.
Emerging Policy Problems Related to Ubiquitous Computing: Negotiating Stakeholders’ Visions of the Future

This paper provides an overview of the human-centered vision of Ubiquitous Computing and draws on research examining slowly emerging problems over a long-term time frame in the emerging Ubiquitous Computing environment. A six-phase process employing scenario planning, electronic focus groups, and problem assessment surveys harnessed the insight of 165 individuals from diverse backgrounds and regions throughout the State of Hawaii. Distinct differences were found between the problem identification of specialists (policy makers and systems designers) and nonspecialists (everyday citizens), and there were significant differences found in the problem assessment between groups. The greatest differences in both phases emerged from social and psychological issues related to the emerging Ubiquitous Computing environment. It is argued that in addition to enormous technical changes, Ubiquitous Computing will serve to blur sociotechnical boundaries throughout the environment, challenging existing distinctions between humans and machine intelligences. As the potential for extending human capabilities via computing and communications technology is actualized in coming decades, what it means to be human will be a major source of public policy conflicts, and the early identification of problems related to these changes is essential in order to mitigate their impacts and socially negotiate a more desirable future.
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of pyridine and piperidine

Abstract This research was designed to examine the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of pyridine and piperidine. The density, excess molar enthalpy of mixing, HE, and excess molar volume of mixing, v E of piperidine–water and pyridine–water mixtures were studied at three temperatures, ranging from 294 K to 315 K. The HE and v E are negative for both mixtures, minimizing at a water mole fraction of about 0.55. The minimum HE for piperidine–water mixtures is −2.23 kJ/mol which is compared with −1.63 kJ/mol for pyridine–water mixtures. The minimum v E are about −1.7 cm3/mol and −0.7 cm3/mol for piperidine–water and pyridine–water mixtures, respectively. The thermal expansion coefficients αT at 303 K, calculated from the density studies, exhibited significant positive deviations (about 20%) from ideality for piperidine–water mixtures. In contrast to this pyridine–water αT only exhibited small positive deviations from ideality of about 2%. The results predict decreases in the absolute magnitude of v E with an increase in temperature which are 5. × 10−3 cm3/K mol and 1. × 10−3 cm3/K mol, for piperidine–water and pyridine–water mixtures, respectively. The results for v E for piperidine–water mixtures agree with the very precise work of Afzal et al., J. Chem. Thermodyn. 40 (2008) 47–53. The data are interpreted in terms of the greater number of opportunities for hydrogen bonding interactions between the unlike molecules for the piperidine–water mixtures.
Analysing GeoPath diversity and improving routing performance in optical networks

With the increasing frequency of natural disasters and intentional attacks that challenge telecommunication networks, vulnerability to cascading and regional-correlated challenges is escalating. Given the high complexity and large traffic load of optical networks, these correlated challenges cause substantial damage to reliable network communication. In this paper, we propose a network vulnerability identification mechanism and study different vulnerability scales using real-world optical network data. We further propose geographical diversity and incorporate it into a new graph resilience metric cTGGD (compensated Total Geographical Graph Diversity), which is capable of characterising and differentiating resiliency levels among different optical fibre networks. It is shown to be an effective resilience level indicator under regional network challenges or attacks. We further propose two heuristics for solving the path geodiverse problem (PGD) in which the calculation of a number of geographically separated paths is required. Geodiverse paths can be used to circumvent physical challenges such as large-scale disasters in telecommunication networks. We present the GeoDivRP routing protocol with two new routing heuristics implemented, which provides the end nodes with multiple geographically diverse paths. Our protocol demonstrates better performance compared to OSPF when the network is subject to area-based challenges. We have analysed the mechanism by which the attackers could use to maximise the attack impact with a limited budget and demonstrate the effectiveness of restoration plans.
Surgical interest and surgical match for third-year students: results of a prospective multivariate longitudinal cohort study.

Background Numerous factors have been linked to surgical career choice, including the quality of third-year surgical clerkship. The vast majority of studies also selectively evaluate one or only a few variables that link to surgical career choice, so relative impact cannot be assessed. This study simultaneously evaluates the majority of variables linked to surgical career choice in previous research so that the relative contributions of each of these variables with respect to surgical career choice can be determined. Study Design Surveys before, during, and after the third-year surgical clerkship included student demographics, background, and values (eg, importance of money, controllable lifestyle), and student reactions to the third-year surgical clerkship. The dependent variables in this study included interest in surgery at the beginning and end of the clerkship and matching into a surgical residency. Results Both univariate and multivariate analyses generally supported findings in the literature, but the strengths of these associations reported previously might not have been accurate. In this study, the surgical resident match odds ratio for students starting the clerkship already knowing they wanted to be a surgeon was 22.46; the next highest associations were 4.65 and 3.37, which corresponded to earlier exposure to a surgical specialty and earlier exposure to general surgery, respectively. Differences in career choice for general surgeons and surgical specialists were also explored. Conclusions Although the experience of the clerkship is related to career choice, the largest impact of the clerkship is for those already interested in a surgical career. Interest in a surgical career largely develops before the third-year clerkship. Implications of the results for recruiting greater numbers of students into surgical careers are discussed.
An evaluation of measures used in studying temporal codes for words within a list

Experiment I evaluated three response measures which have been used in the study of temporal codes for memories. The three measures were judgments of recency, position, and lag. Earlier studies had suggested that subjects could make valid position judgments without being able to make valid lag judgments. This finding was confirmed; although the subjects learned a great deal about temporal ordering when asked to use lag judgments, the lag judgments per se were very poorly related to true lag. Transfer from lag judgments to recency judgments and from position judgments to recency judgments was essentially 100%. Transfer from recency judgments and lag judgments to position judgments was partial. It appeared that recency judgments can be mediated with little knowledge of the absolute position in the study list held by one or both of the items in the recency test pairs. Experiment II demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, lag judgments could be valid. The results raised the possibility that when lag judgments are not valid the magnitude of the lag judgments may be influenced by certain contrast effects. The data also suggested that serial learning can be directly implicated in recency judgments, hence, in temporal coding.
Do Prison Work-Release Programs Improve Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes? Evidence from the Adult Transition Centers in Illinois

This study examines the impact of adult transition centers (ATCs) in Illinois on postimprisonment earnings and employment. As a work-release program, ATCs are designed to help state prisoners prepare for release through job training and employment opportunities. Using releases from minimum-security prisons as the comparison group, this study finds that ATC assignment modestly improves employment while successful ATC release positively affects earnings and employment. The possible selection bias and their implications for causal inference are discussed.
A Comparison of Maize Diseases in Temperate and in Tropical Environments

Abstract Maize is produced primarily in temperate and warm-temperate zones of the world, but its production is increasing in many tropical regions. Some diseases are common to both of these environmental zones even though their importance may vary greatly. Other diseases are confined to a single zone. The important factors influencing the geographical distribution of maize diseases and some of their vectors are temperature, moisture, cultural practices, and the type and diversity of maize germplasm used. Within tropical zones maize diseases may be segregated into those in humid environments and those favoured by drier, upland climatic conditions. Elevation within the tropics, as this influences temperature, is a factor in distribution of maize diseases. Late wilt, banded leaf and sheath blight, and Rhizoctonia, Botryodiplodia and grey ear rots occur only in the tropical zone and the warm, temperate areas, while the Sclerospora-incited downy mildew diseases, southern rust, Pythium and bacterial stalk rots,...
Introduction: Terrorism and Human Health Risk—From Assessment to Management

Over the last four years, there has been a surge in terrorism-related publications addressing an array of topics and target audiences. Despite this increased attention, important gaps in science, p...
Nuclear Dynamics in Resonant Electron Collisions with Small Polyatomic Molecules

The excitation and dissociation of polyatomic molecules by low-energy electron impact can be dominated by resonant collision processes. The formal resonance theory that has formed the basis for much of our understanding of these processes has, for the most part, treated the nuclear dynamics in one dimension. This talk will focus on dramatic effects in low energy electron scattering by small molecules that are purely polyatomic in origin and that can only be studied with a multi-dimensional treatment of the dissociation dynamics. Resonant vibrational excitation of CO2 and dissociative electron attachment to formic acid are briefly described to illustrate the discussion. The talk will then concentrate on the recent progress that has been made in studying dissociative electron attachment to water, including a completely ab initio evaluation of the three complex-valued resonance potential surfaces involved as well as the dynamical studies, carried out in full dimensionality, that give the state-specific cross sections and branching ratios into various two- and three-body channels.
Appendix 4. Fifty Very Useful Child Abuse Articles for Pediatric Emergency Medicine Physicians

Child abuse is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Therefore, it is important that the pediatric emergency medicine physician is familiar with the literature pertinent to child abuse. This review contains articles that address different findings that can be seen with child physical abuse and child sexual abuse. It is not exhaustive, but covers the following areas: falls, physician bias, fractures, head injury, retinal hemorrhages, burns, bruises, abdominal injuries, examination findings in sexual abuse, sexual abuse forensic evidence collection, and sexually transmitted infections. Clin Ped Emerg Med 7:204-211
Libhub: Leading, Learning, and Linking

Technical services are at the forefront of the changes that are taking place today in libraries. In this issue, our reviewers will introduce you to useful resources you may not be familiar with that can help you incorporate non-traditional metadata into your cataloging operations, take advantage of social media tools like blogs and crowdsourcing, and gain a better understanding of data-driven assessment.Do you have websites or applications of your own you would like to share with your colleagues in technical services? Our column WELCOMES new reviewers. Send comments and suggestions to the column editor: Marta Mestrovic Deyrup at marta.deyrup@shu.edu
Understanding Users' Creation of Behavior Change Plans with Theory-Based Support

The goal of this project is to develop tools that support users' creation of their own behavior-change plans. We conducted two formative user studies to explore people's creation of plans for their own behavioral goals. Users were provided with minimal support to facilitate goal-setting, use of behavior-change techniques, and self-monitoring. In this paper, we present insights on how to further facilitate personalization of behavior-change plans.
A File Comparison Program

SUMMARY This paper presents a simple method for computing a shortest sequence of insertion and deletion commands that converts one given file to another. The method is particularly efficient when the difference between the two files is small compared to the files' lengths. In experiments performed on typical files, the program often ran four times faster than the UNIX diff command.
The Effect of Electrostatic Spray Modification on Combustion in Gas Turbines

The feasibility of using electrostatic or electrohydrodynamic fields as a practical means of altering gas turbine injector spray characteristics has been investigated. Results indicate that with accelerating potentials typical of sparkplug voltages sufficient modification of spray characteristics is produced to suggest a means for reoptimization of combustor performance when fuels other than that for which a given combustor has been designed must be burned.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Detectability of correctness: A measure of knowing that one knows

It is important to know that one knows, to be able to discriminate what one knows from what one does not, since that is a basis for making decisions about using and augmenting one's knowledge. A measure of knowing that one knows has been proposed, the detectability of correctness, the ability to discriminate those answers that one gives that are correct from those that are incorrect. This paper presents the background of the problem of knowing that one knows, points out how previous efforts at measurement have been faulty and presents empirical results that indicate that detectability of correctness is a valid and stable measure.
Tuning of membrane properties regulates subliminal synapses in dorsal horn neurons of intact rats.

Functional plasticity in receptive field properties underlies the mechanism whereby spinal dorsal horn neurons encode changes in pain sensitivity following peripheral injury. Activation of "silent" or subliminal excitatory synapses was hypothesized to account for this injury-induced neural plasticity. To better characterize the mechanisms governing subliminal inputs, we adapted whole-cell patch clamp to the study of dorsal horn neurons in intact, anesthetized rats. In this report we show that the membrane properties of spinal cells correlate to functional class defined by action potential responses to cutaneous stimuli. In addition, we report the discovery of a novel "silent" population of neurons with solely subliminal excitatory inputs at rest that can be activated by membrane depolarization. Finally, an induced change in baseline membrane potential to a level nearer that of a different functional class results in a corresponding change in the responses to cutaneous stimuli of a given cell to that of the new functional class. In summary our findings suggest that biophysical membrane properties are key factors determining the functional profile of spinal neurons. The rapid change of such properties may regulate the function of silent synapses in spinal neurons and underlie rapid development of neural plasticity.