cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speculation, Social Conflict, and the Ethics of Untrammeled Accumulation in the American Neoliberal Financier Novel

Financialization — an increasing economic shift away from the production of goods to speculative investment in commodity markets, currency exchange rates, financial derivatives, and so forth1 — is not an essential element of neoliberal free-marketism, but it is a sort of logical concomitant or handmaid to it. Both arose in part, as Fredric Jameson argues in ‘Culture and Financial Capital,’ as responses to the historical ‘closing of the productive moment,’ during which capital fled from saturated markets, abandoning productive industry and its labor force to create an economy of circulating ‘specters of value […] vying against each other in a vast, worldwide, disembodied phantasmagoria’ (250–251). But there is also a causal relationship between the two: the economic deregulation that is a core tenet of Chicago School economics opened the door to all manner of financial speculation, leading to the flourishing of this sector, sometimes at the direct expense of manufacturing. In the US, from the Nixon Administration’s removal of fixed currency exchange rates to the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act that allowed banks to engage in both commercial and investment banking, thus paving the way for the 2008 financial collapse, ‘small government’ deregulation has opened the door to the vast proliferation of the financial industry.
Protein Phosphatases and Circadian Clocks

Publisher Summary The common theme underlying circadian clocks in all organisms is a cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loop. This loop is composed of a number of proteins whose abundance and activity oscillate over the course of the day, and which feed back to regulate their own production. However, circadian rhythms persist in the absence of external timing cues, such as in constant darkness (DD), because internal clocks maintain them. Although the components of the clock vary among species, the basic transcriptional feedback mechanism is conserved. Among the known posttranslational modifications of clock proteins, phosphorylation is, if not the most important, of the most interest and the most intensively studied. This chapter discusses how the reversible phosphorylation process controls many aspects of clock protein expression and function, ranging from stability, protein–protein interactions, and subcellular localization to transcriptional repression/activation. Even though the non-cyclic kinases constantly phosphorylate clock proteins, the cycling of regulatory subunits of phosphatases may impart a rhythmic phosphorylation profile, and thereby rhythmic abundance and activity, to clock proteins.
Neurocube: a programmable digital neuromorphic architecture with high-density 3D memory

This paper presents a programmable and scalable digital neuromorphic architecture based on 3D high-density memory integrated with logic tier for efficient neural computing. The proposed architecture consists of clusters of processing engines, connected by 2D mesh network as a processing tier, which is integrated in 3D with multiple tiers of DRAM. The PE clusters access multiple memory channels (vaults) in parallel. The operating principle, referred to as the memory centric computing, embeds specialized state-machines within the vault controllers of HMC to drive data into the PE clusters. The paper presents the basic architecture of the Neurocube and an analysis of the logic tier synthesized in 28nm and 15nm process technologies. The performance of the Neurocube is evaluated and illustrated through the mapping of a Convolutional Neural Network and estimating the subsequent power and performance for both training and inference.
Situation in the United States and Japan

More than half of the Flue Gas Desulfurization capacity in operation around the world is installed in the United States. The present market for Flue Gas Desulfurization plants in the United States is less than 10% of the worldwide market. The market for Flue Gas Desulfurization plants in the United States in 1996 will be at least 50% of the worldwide market. This is, in a nutshell, the status of the FGD industry in the United States: very active during the 70’s, slow in the 80’s and preparing for a boom in the 90’s.
Strategically recruiting diverse students into your undergraduate computing major

This tutorial will show participants how to develop a comprehensive strategy for increasing the pipeline of high-achieving women and minority students in undergraduate computer science programs using a "high yield in the short term" approach for recruiting. This approach encompasses strategies to help identify and evaluate a do-able and successful set of internal and external recruiting initiatives. The intended audience for this tutorial is computing faculty, department chairs, and academic advisors hoping to diversify undergraduate enrollment.
Democracy and the “Social Contract”: Prescription for Freedom and Equality

This chapter explores social contract theory based on the works of theorists Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Entering the social contract we forgo some self-interests in exchange for relative security, safety, and efficiency of organized social life. As individuals, we come together and give individual power to a public power subject to the collective “common good.” Submission provides equality in terms of participation in creating rules of governance but implies self-constraint. Elements of the theory are reflected in our Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Today we are witnessing erosion of our freedom and equality by the breaking of social contracts. Our social behaviors are motivated by psychological egoism where all interest is self-interest. As a result, government’s rules and regulations continue to increase.
The implications of long-distance tour attributes for national travel data collection in the United States

Despite sparse data on long-distance travel in the United States, there is increasing need for studies to inform policy. Most existing datasets have defined long-distance based on a distance threshold. This paper used a recent longitudinal panel of 628 individuals surveyed monthly online for 1 year about overnight travel to consider multiple distance-based classification schemes for long-distance travel and to characterize tours per year, as well as miles and days away. Negative Binomial Regression Models of tour generation per person per year using numerous typical distance threshold definitions (50–3000 miles) did not produce convincing models. Results suggest that distance thresholds do not bound or define a particularly unique type of travel and as such are arbitrary and potentially vary by region. Distance thresholds should not be the defining method for long-distance data collection programs. Expansion of the existing national program to collect all travel together using passive data collection would eliminate the need for distance thresholds and may best represent the diverse spatial and temporal characteristics of long-distance tours. This would allow subsets of tours to be extracted as needed. Results in this paper illustrate long-distance tour complexity: (1) mixed purposes between stops as well as at individual stops occurred in 14% of tours; (2) spatial complexity including multiple chained stops as well as out-and-back from a hub other than home occurred in 20% of tours accounting for 46% of the miles; and (3) different primary modes on different legs of the long-distance tours were used in 11% of cases.
Investigating the simulation elements of environment and control

Recent technological advancements have enabled the widespread application of simulations in organizations, particularly for training contexts. Two important simulation elements, environment and control, have often been shown to improve trainee outcomes. I argue that environment and control are reliant on each other, and their combined effects are explained by extending the Uncanny Valley Theory. The Uncanny Valley Theory proposes that individuals are comfortable with experiences that are very dissimilar or similar to reality, but are uncomfortable with experiences that fall between these conditions. In simulations, perceptions of realism are created through observations (environment) and interactions (control). Users are comfortable with experiences when these elements are in agreement; however, an Uncanny Valley effect may occur when these elements are in disagreement. In the current article, two studies analyze the realism of environment and control in predicting trainee reactions and learning outcomes. Both studies support the extension of the Uncanny Valley Theory to simulations. Simulations with only low or only high environment and control produce the greatest outcomes, and those with mixed low and high elements produce the worst outcomes; however, trainees did not differ in reactions to the simulations, indicating that the Uncanny Valley phenomenon in simulations may operate subconsciously. Environment and control in simulations may cause an Uncanny Valley perception.The interactive effect of environment and control predicted learning.The interactive effect of environment and control did not predict user reactions.The Uncanny Valley phenomenon in simulations subconsciously impacts learning.
Self-assembled gold nanoparticle film for nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry with passive on-line salt fractionation

We present the self-assembly of fluorinated-Au nanoparticle films as a mass-producible fabrication methodology for generating nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry substrates. The nanostructured surfaces enable the direct high sensitivity detection of peptides (20 fmol) and other small molecules using laser desorption ionization. Further, through a photolithographic liftoff technique we can realize micropatterned fluorinated-Au nanoparticle films. These micropatterns create a discrete wettability patterns, allowing us to passively fractionate hydrophobic molecules of interest from high-salt background environments for robust and predictable MS.
abSNP: RNA-Seq SNP Calling in Repetitive Regions via Abundance Estimation

Variant calling, in particular, calling SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) is a fundamental task in genomics. While existing packages offer excellent performance on calling SNPs which have uniquely mapped reads, they suffer in loci where the reads are multiply mapped, and are unable to make any reliable calls. Variants in multiply mapped loci can arise, for example in long segmental duplications, and can play important role in evolution and disease. In this paper, we develop a new SNP caller named abSNP, which offers three innovations. (a) abSNP calls SNPs from RNA-Seq data. Since RNA-Seq data is primarily sampled from gene regions, this method is inexpensive. (b) abSNP is able to successfully make calls on repetitive gene regions by exploiting the quality scores of multiply mapped reads carefully in order to make variant calls. (c) abSNP exploits a specific feature of RNA-Seq data, namely the varying abundance of different genes, in order to identify which repetitive copy a particular read is sampled from. We demonstrate that the proposed method offers significant performance gains on repetitive regions in simulated data. In particular, the algorithm is able to achieve near-perfect sensitivity on high-coverage SNPs, even when multiply mapped.
Scaling properties of the one-dimensional Anderson model with correlated diagonal disorder

Statistical and scaling properties of the Lyapunov exponent for a tight-binding model with the diagonal disorder described by a dichotomic process are considered near the band edge. The effect of correlations on scaling properties is discussed. It is shown that correlations lead to an additional parameter governing the validity of single parameter scaling.
Contextual Factors Related to Conventional and Traditional Tobacco Use Among California Asian Indian Immigrants

California’s tobacco control program contracted for tobacco use surveillance of Asian Indian Americans to address the paucity of information about tobacco use in this community, given their growing proportion of California’s population. This study examined correlates of conventional (CTU) and Asian Indian traditional tobacco use (TTU) in a population-based sample of predominantly immigrant Asian Indian adults residing in California (N = 3228). The analytic sample (n = 2140) was limited to self-identified immigrants from India. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine correlates of tobacco use among Asian Indian immigrants related to their acculturation and religious affiliation. While 65% of the sample had ever used traditional tobacco products (paan masala, gutka, bidis), only 25% had ever used conventional tobacco (cigarettes, cigar, pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff). Less than 5% reported tobacco use in the past 30 days. Rates of ever TTU and CTU were higher among men than women. Ethnic enclave residence was not associated with tobacco use. Impaired mental health was associated with CTU, and number of years spent in the U.S. was positively associated with both CTU and TTU. Individuals affiliated with Sikhism were less likely to use tobacco than individuals affiliated with Hinduism. Few population-based studies in the U.S. address both CTU and TTU use among Asian Indian immigrants. Tobacco use in Asian Indian immigrants may be seriously underestimated if surveillance is limited to conventional tobacco products. Interventions to reduce tobacco use should address mental health issues and consider religious affiliation.
Personality and social structure: Social psychological contributions.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the personality and social structure perspective. Virtually all major social theorists have fashioned concepts and developed hypotheses for explaining the linkages between personality and social structure. Personality and social structure constitute an interdisciplinary field par excellence; political scientists, anthropologists, sociologists, and psychiatrists as well as psychologists have all contributed. The apparent paradox is very important for understanding the study of personality and social structure within contextual social psychology. The apparent paradox involves the way the two social psychologies, sociological and psychological, treat the study of personality. Three interrelated factors explain this apparent paradox: (1) social psychologists in the sociological mold have different—though not conflicting—aims from their psychological colleagues. (2) There has been over the past generation a general trend throughout psychology toward situationalizm. (3) Sociological social psychology has been shielded from these psychological influences. The personality and social structure perspective has been emphasized only on multilevel approach. Persons, situations, and societies are all changing continuously. Multilevel models are used to capture the dynamics of change. The personality and social structure perspective provide a promising approach for coming to grips with this challenge.
Nongynecologic Findings Seen at Pelvic US

Ultrasonography (US) is frequently the first imaging modality used to examine women with symptoms involving the pelvis. It is widely available and involves no exposure to ionizing radiation. Images can be acquired with a transabdominal, endovaginal, or translabial approach, and the use of video clips and three-dimensional reconstructions can be helpful. US is excellent for assessment of the uterus, ovaries, and adnexa. Occasionally, nongynecologic pelvic diseases arising from the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems and the pelvic peritoneal and extraperitoneal spaces may be detected and can be a source of diagnostic dilemma. US can be helpful not only in the detection but also occasionally in the characterization of such entities. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful in complicated cases. In this article, the normal US appearance of the bowel and US signs of bowel disease and specific entities, including appendicitis, diverticular disease, bowel obstruction, appendiceal mucocele, and intestinal tumors, are reviewed. The lower urinary tract is included in the field of view in every pelvic US examination; commonly encountered entities related to the urinary bladder, distal ureter, and urethra are illustrated. In addition to arising in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, pathologic conditions in the pelvis can arise in the peritoneal or extraperitoneal space. Although conditions of the pelvic peritoneal and extraperitoneal spaces are rare, it is important to recognize these entities and distinguish them from the more common gynecologic diseases. Owing to the implications for diagnosis and management, radiologists and other physicians who perform pelvic US should be aware of the spectrum of nongynecologic pathologic entities that can be detected. ©RSNA, 2017.
Shoptalk: Lessons in Teaching from an African American Hair Salon: A Review

The following is a review of the text Shoptalk: Lessons in Teaching from an African American Hair Salon, by Majors (2017). In this text, the author asserts that adopting “shoptalk”, a culture specific form of community discourse found in African American hair salons/barbershops, as a pedagogical practice, can sustain cultural pluralism of marginalized students in public education. This text is especially valuable to education research and practice in that it is one of the few, if not the only, text available on the market that attempts to provide a specific example for the implementation of culturally relevant pedagogy.
Current Progress in Electrotransfection as a Nonviral Method for Gene Delivery

Electrotransfection (ET) is a nonviral method for delivery of various types of molecules into cells both in vitro and in vivo. Close to 90 clinical trials that involve the use of ET have been performed, and approximately half of them are related to cancer treatment. Particularly, ET is an attractive technique for cancer immunogene therapy because treatment of cells with electric pulses alone can induce immune responses to solid tumors, and the responses can be further enhanced by ET of plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding therapeutic genes. Compared to other gene delivery methods, ET has several unique advantages. It is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and safe in clinical applications, and introduces only naked pDNA into cells without the use of additional chemicals or viruses. However, the efficiency of ET is still low, partly because biological mechanisms of ET in cells remain elusive. In previous studies, it was believed that pDNA entered the cells through transient pores created by electric pulses. As a resu...
Global Governance and the Role of Non-state Actors in Improving the Social and Economic Development of Growing Economies: A Conceptual Approach Using a Global Public Health Framework on Violence Prevention

Small states and growing economies face a large number of challenges due to current and historical geopolitical forces and the various non-state actors that play a role in policymaking which have long-standing direct and indirect impacts on these societies’ social and economic development. One underlying question is “on what level of governance—national, regional, local, or community level are non-state actors best equipped to support social and economic development?” This paper will seek to answer that question by examining the context in which non-state actors play a role in violence prevention—a key factor in the social and economic development of any nation—using a global public health approach. This paper will provide a conceptual framework utilizing the global ecological model of violence prevention and will analyze and discuss at what level of interaction can non-state actors in this arena best support the economic and social development of growing economies and small states that are prone to high rates of violence.
Visual Art in American Courthouses

The Beaux Arts architecture of late nineteenth century, a style that embodied the idea that a building should represent its function in all aspects of its design, incorporated murals as an integral part of this message. Courthouses built in this style were filled with visual images containing messages about law and the ideals of the society that the courthouse served. Much of the visual art in courthouses was meant to instruct the populace in history and civic virtue. The most common image in the courthouse, after the ubiquitous judicial portraits, is Justice, but she is accompanied by an array of other allegorical figures (Prudence, Temperance, Rectitude, and Prosperity, among others) that few of us recognize without a helpful label. One is struck today by the frequency of depictions of the Native Americans, a subject that has faded almost completely from our popular culture though it was pervasive at the time the works were created. These murals provide us with a compelling narrative of the community’s collective memory of the indigenous peoples as they disappeared from the land and pass the land to the current inhabitants (with little of the unpleasantness that accompanied that transfer). The visual art in the courthouse contains multiple messages about the place of law in the community and the place of community in the law.
Hematopoietic stem cells: interplay with immunity.

Ample evidence indicated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) receive signaling from infection or other immune responses to adjust their differentiation and self-renewal. More recent reports also suggested that, while the bone marrow microenvironment or niche may provide the immune privilege for HSCs, HSCs can present surface immune inhibitors per se to suppress innate immunity and adaptive immunity to evade potential immune surveillance and attack. These findings support the hypothesis that HSCs are capable of interacting with the immune system as signal “receivers” and signal “providers”. On the one hand, HSCs are capable of directly sensing the signals from the immune system through their surface receptors to modulate their self-renewal and differentiation (“in” signaling); on the other hand, HSCs display surface immune inhibitory molecules to evade the attack from the innate and adaptive immune systems (“out” signaling). The continuing investigation of the interplay between HSCs and immunity may lead to the open-up of a new research filed – the immunology of stem cells.
Status Threat, Material Interests, and the 2016 Presidential Vote:

The April 2018 article of Diana Mutz “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote,” was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and contradict...
Eight Observations and 24 Research Questions About Open Source Projects: Illuminating New Realities

The rapid acceleration of corporate engagement with open source projects is drawing out new ways for CSCW researchers to consider the dynamics of these projects. Research must now consider the complex ecosystems within which open source projects are situated, including issues of for-profit motivations, brokering foundations, and corporate collaboration. Localized project considerations cannot reveal broader workings of an open source ecosystem, yet much empirical work is constrained to a local context. In response, we present eight observations from our eight-year engaged field study about the changing nature of open source projects. We ground these observations through 24 research questions that serve as primers to spark research ideas in this new reality of open source projects. This paper contributes to CSCW in social and crowd computing by delivering a rich and fresh look at corporately-engaged open source projects with a call for renewed focus and research into newly emergent areas of interest.
The New Rules for NFL Overtime

In 2010 the NFL changed the rules for football overtime for playoff games, and in 2012 extended the change to apply to all games. We look at how the previous rule favored the team winning the coin ...
Open-source Automatic Weather Station and Electronic Ablation Station for measuring the impacts of climate change on glaciers

Abstract Glaciers are natural sensors to identify changes in climate and weather patterns, so the importance of monitoring them in a forceful way. In this paper, we show the development and application of a set of low cost sensors, customized for the characteristics of glacial environments. Two modules are part of the project: (1) an Automatic Weather Station; and (2) an Electronic Ablation Station. We also show the results of field tests performed on glaciers of southern Patagonia.
Does physical activity differ between youth with and without intellectual disabilities

Abstract Background Children and youth with intellectual disabilities (ID) are known to face obstacles to physical activity participation, yet the activity patterns of this population are not well characterized. Objective/Hypothesis: In this study, time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), type, and frequency of participation in physical activities were assessed in youth with ID and in a comparison group of typically developing (TD) youth. Methods Weekly participation in MVPA in 38 youth with ID and 60 TD youth was assessed via accelerometry. Participants were also administered an interview about the frequency and type of physical activities they engaged in over the past year. Results After adjusting for age and sex, youth with ID spent significantly less time in MVPA (33.5 vs. 46.5 min/day, p = 0.03) and were less likely to meet the US Physical Activity Guidelines than TD youth (6% vs. 29%, p = 0.01). Although time in MVPA was lower in youth with ID, females with ID participated in physical activities more frequently than TD females (47.1 vs. 28.2 times/month, p = 0.008) and also reported engaging in a greater variety of physical activities (7.8 vs. 5.2 activities/year, p = 0.01). No differences between males in the frequency of physical activity participation or the number of activities performed were observed. Both groups reported walking/hiking and active video as top activities. Conclusions Findings emphasize the need for targeted efforts to increase MVPA in youth with ID.
How long does it take a man to collect his semen specimen in a busy infertility clinic

Background: The duration of time required for male patients to collect their semen specimen heavily impacts the workflow of a busy infertility clinic. We analyzed this parameter to optimize the scheduling clinic space in the setting of growing male infertility practices. Methods: Prospective observational study on men collecting semen specimens for fertility evaluation, sperm cryopreservation or vasectomy at a male infertility clinic. Duration of time required for semen collection by masturbation was measured. Results: Patients were 136 men with a mean age ± standard deviation of 35.7±7.8 years (range, 18.8 to 62.5 years). Indications for semen collection were: evaluation for male factor infertility in 125 cases (92%), of which 12 (9%) underwent sperm cryopreservation; post-vasectomy evaluation in 7 cases (5%); and post vasoepididymostomy in 4 cases (3%). The median collection time was 11 minutes 57 seconds ± IQR 9 minutes 8 seconds to 17 minutes 5 seconds; and ranging from 3 minutes 9 seconds to 39 minutes 50 seconds. Patients accompanied by their female partner in the collection room were significantly more likely to take longer than 15 minutes compared to unaccompanied patients (P=0.012). Age and indication for semen collection were not associated with duration. Conclusions: Median collection time in our sample was 11 minutes 57 seconds, with significant variability across the sample. Patients accompanied by their female partners required significantly longer time to collect their sample, while age does not seem to have an impact.
Reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects alters microvascular tissue oxygenation during postocclusive reactive hyperaemia

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Are measures of reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects correlated with near-infrared spectroscopy-derived microvascular responsiveness [tissue oxygen saturation reperfusion rate (STO2 upslope)] during postocclusive reactive hyperaemia? What is the main finding and its importance? A sevenfold range of hepatic insulin sensitivity is significantly correlated (r = 0.44, P = 0.02) with STO2 upslope after transient tissue ischaemia. Near-infrared spectroscopy may be an important tool for determining altered microvascular function before onset of hyperglycaemia. Identification of pre-type 2 diabetes much earlier than with the present clinical criteria is important for pre-emptive measures against microvascular deterioration. ABSTRACT Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement of postocclusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) tissue oxygen saturation reperfusion rate [STO2 upslope (as a percentage per minute)] has recently been correlated with the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD). Cardiovascular disease is associated with impairments in %FMD. Reduced insulin sensitivity may negatively affect the vascular system for many years before prediabetes/type 2 diabetes states. The aim of this study was to determine whether static and dynamic STO2 parameters during PORH are correlated with reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects. Glucose and insulin were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in 18- to 26-year-old, healthy subjects (11 men and 11 women), and STO2 was measured during PORH of antebrachial muscle. Hepatic (ISIHOMA ) and whole-body (ISICOMP ) insulin sensitivities were calculated. The STO2 upslope was negatively correlated with minimal STO2 (r = -0.5, P = 0.01). The change of STO2 from minimum to baseline (ΔSTO2 ) was significantly negatively correlated with fasting insulin (r = -0.5, P = 0.01) and a positively correlated with ISIHOMA (r = 0.65, P = 0.001). The minimum STO2 was significantly negatively correlated with ISIHOMA , and STO2 upslope was significantly positively correlated with ISIHOMA (r = 0.44, P = 0.02). The minimum STO2 (a measure of O2 extraction while the cuff was inflated), ΔSTO2 (a measure of the amount of reperfusion) and STO2 upslope (a measure of responsiveness of the microcirculation to ischaemia) were all positively correlated with ISIHOMA , one of the longest-used measures of insulin sensitivity. The NIRS-derived STO2 might be a useful tool for assessing how levels of reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic adults affect the microvasculature.
The 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines are associated with an increasing rate of hemithyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background In an attempt to prevent overly aggressive treatment of low-risk thyroid cancers, the American Thyroid Association changed guideline recommendations in late 2015 to state that either hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy are acceptable operations for these patients. We hypothesized that surgeons would increasingly perform hemithyroidectomy after the release of these guidelines. Methods The database of the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program was queried to identify all patients with thyroid cancer who were undergoing thyroidectomy between 2009 and 2017. Patients treated before the release of the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines were compared with those treated afterward. Temporal trends in operative rates were assessed quarterly using interrupted time series analyses. Results A total of 35,291 patients were included in the study. Of those, 26,882 (76.2%) were female and 25,193 (71.3%) were white. After the release of the American Thyroid Association guidelines, there was an increase in hemithyroidectomy rate for patients with cancer from 17.3% to 22.0% (P Conclusion In hospitals participating in the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program, the hemithyroidectomy rate increased significantly after the release of the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines. Surgeons at hospitals that participate in the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program may be changing practice patterns in response to these guidelines.
Believing that P requires taking it to be the case that P: a reply to Grzankowski and Sankey

In a recent paper in this journal, Alex Grzankowski argues, contra Howard Sankey, that to believe that p isn’t to believe that p is true. In this short reply, I’ll agree with Grzankowski that to believe that p isn’t to believe that p is true, and I’ll argue that Sankey’s recent response to Grzankowski is inadequate as it stands. However, it’ll be my contention that Grzankowski’s argument doesn’t demonstrate that believing that p doesn’t require taking it to be the case that p.
Relationship between von Hipple-Lindau tumor suppressor gene mutations and the prognosis of Chinese sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Objective To evaluate the relationship between von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations and the prognosis of Chinese sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Methods VHL gene mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct DNA sequencing in 74 paired specimens of sporadic CCRCC and normal kidney. The mutation findings, pathologic fea-tures and prognostic characteristics were analyzed. Results Fifty-one patients (68.9%) were in clinical stage T1, 9 patients (12.2%) were in T2 and 14 patients (18.9%) were in T3. In the aspect of pathological grade, 15 patients (20.3%) were in G1, 50 patients (67.6%) were in G2 and 9 pa-tients (12.2%) were in G3. VHL gene mutations were detected in 40 of 74 cases (54.1%). There were no significant differences of VHL gene mutations in different pathological grade and clinical stage of CCRCC, P=0.915, P=0.237, respectively. All patients were followed up for 34 to 107 months (mean 71 months). Seven patients died of CCRCC. Another 11 patients developed CCRCC related me-tastasis. Five-year tumor-free survival was 78%. The incidence of death or metastasis of CCRCC in VHL gene mutation group (15.0%, 6/40) was significant lower than non-mutation group (35.3%,12/34), P=0.043. Logistic regression results showed that lower tumor pathological grade and stage, better patients' prognosis would be (P=0.016, P=0.024, respectively). However, VHL gene muta-tion was related with better prognosis (P=0.033). This association was stronger among patients with high grade tumors (G3, P=0.048). Conclusions There are frequent VHL gene mutations in spo-radic Chinese CCRCC. Tumors' pathological grade and clinical stage are the important parameters for prognosis. However, VHL mutations are strongly associated with better cancer specific survival for CCRCC patients. These associations are relatively stronger in patients with high grade tumors. Key words: Kidney neoplasms; yon HippeL-Lindau gene; Mutation; Prognosis
Technology supported reading comprehension: a design research of the student mental model analyzer for research and teaching (SMART) technology

In this article, we explored the potential of the Student Mental Model Analyzer for Research and Teaching (SMART) technology that was designed to help students write and revise high-quality summari...
Using Unlabeled Data for US Supreme Court Case Classification

The Supreme Court Database provided by Washington University (in St. Louis) School of Law is an essential legal research tool. The Supreme Court Database is organized and categorized to Issue Areas to make it easy for legal researchers to find on-point cases for an area of law. This paper used a semi-supervised learning approach to automatically categorize the Supreme Court's opinions to Issue Areas. An inductive method of clustering then labeling approach was used by employing a nonmetric space of a fast Hierarchical Navigable Small World graph index containing USE (Universal Sentence Encoder) embeddings. After obtaining the labels from the semi-supervised approach, we evaluate several classification approaches to use with the data achieving the weighted average F1-Scores: SVM with Max Norm Features 0.75, RNN 0.78, and BERT 0.68
Characteristics of the severely impaired hand in survivors of stroke with chronic impairments.

Background: Diminished sensorimotor control of the hand is one of the most common outcomes following stroke. This hand impairment substantially impacts overall function and quality of life; standar...
Usefulness of Circulating Tumor DNA in Identifying Somatic Mutations and Tracking Tumor Evolution in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background The usefulness of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in detecting mutations and monitoring treatment response has not been well studied beyond a few actionable biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Research Question How does the usefulness of ctDNA analysis compare with that of solid tumor biopsy analysis in patients with NSCLC? Methods We retrospectively evaluated 370 adult patients with NSCLC treated at the City of Hope between November 2015 and August 2019 to assess the usefulness of ctDNA in mutation identification, survival, concordance with matched tissue samples in 32 genes, and tumor evolution. Results A total of 1,688 somatic mutations were detected in 473 ctDNA samples from 370 patients with NSCLC. Of the 473 samples, 177 showed at least one actionable mutation with currently available Food and Drug Administration-approved NSCLC therapies. MET and CDK6 amplifications co-occurred with BRAF amplifications (false discovery rate [FDR], Interpretation Although ctDNA analysis exhibited similar usefulness to tissue biopsy analysis, more mutations in targetable genes were missed in tissue biopsy analyses. Therefore, the evaluation of ctDNA in conjunction with tissue biopsy samples may help to detect additional targetable mutations to improve clinical outcomes in advanced NSCLC.
Family-run or business-oriented fisheries? Integrating socioeconomic and environmental aspects to assess the societal impact

Abstract In this study, a comparative analysis is performed between family-run and business-oriented fisheries on their ability to provide societal value. After allocating the various fleet segments in these two groups by using a novel approach based on employment variables, we assess their societal value by using the extended cost-benefit analysis method, which considers both social and environmental criteria beyond economic criteria. The data used for the analysis are from the Greek National Fisheries Data Collection Programme and correspond to 726 vessels. In conclusion, the analysis provides evidence that small-scale fishing is linked to a family-run fishing activity model. In contrast, large-scale fishing is linked to a business-oriented fishing activity model. It was then estimated that family-run fleet segments provide a higher societal value for each ton of landings compared with business-oriented fleet segments. Finally, the degree of commercialisation of fishing fleet segments and the societal value per ton of landings are found to have a statistically significant negative correlation. This evidence indicates the prominent role of the family-run fishing activity to society and calling for increased attention by national and intergovernmental policy agents, and policy-makers have to enhance its role.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase, a nonhistone chromatin protein. Immunochemical comparative studies.

Abstract Rabbit antibodies to partially purified nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase precipitated the enzyme, which remained fully active in the insoluble complexes. Precipitation of antigen-excess soluble complexes with sheep anti-rabbit γ globulin increased the sensitivity of the immunoassay. With this double-antibody assay, the enzymes from chicken erythrocytes, liver, kidney, and thymus showed nearly identical reactivity. Goose, pheasant, and turkey enzymes were highly cross-reactive with the chicken form; pigeon liver enzyme was markedly less reactive. There was no cross-reactivity with fish, amphibian, or mammalian enzymes. The specificity of the antiserum was increased by absorption of antibodies to nonenzyme proteins. The absorbed serum still precipitated the enzyme; in complement fixation assays, it reacted with an antigen that behaved like the enzyme. This antigen was detectable in whole chromatin and in the proteins extracted from chromatin by high salt or urea concentrations. Its immunological reactivity survived exposure to 0.5 m urea, but was reduced by exposure to 6.0 m urea plus 0.4 m guanidine. The enzyme was present as an inactive, partially denatured protein in nonhistone chromatin proteins prepared with these reagents.
Image Retrieval with Textual Label Similarity Features

This article presents a knowledge-based solution for retrieving English descriptions of images. We analyse the errors made by a baseline system that relies on term frequency, and we find that the task requires deeper semantic representation. Our solution is to perform incremental, task-driven development of an ontology. Ontological features are then applied in a machine-learning algorithm for ranking candidate image descriptions. This work demonstrates the advantage of combining knowledge-based and statistical approaches for text retrieval, and it establishes the important result that an empirically tuned task-specific ontology performs better than a domain-general resource like WordNet, even on previously unseen examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carpal tunnel syndrome.

SUMMARY Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome should be told that it is a progressive condition that, if not treated, probably will worsen as time goes on. When release is performed properly, they have an excellent chance for substantial improvement,31,33 although some always may have a degree of residual numbness at the fingertips. Initial relief of pain is rapid, with subsequent improvement in numbness and weakness occurring more slowly. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a very common problem. Although there may be a distinct cause in some patients, the underlying reason for the increased bulk of synovium is not known in most. Conservative treatment gives temporary relief, but surgical release remains the most effective treatment. Complications are not common, and proper attention to details minimizes them. The results generally are excellent.
Dopaminergic Control of Serotonergic Neuron Development in the Grasshopper Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) of the grasshopper consists of a brain and a set of segmental ganglia that together make up the ventral nerve cord. Each ventral nerve cord ganglion develops very similarly during early embryogenesis. The availability of cells that make stereotypical decisions in the developing CNS and that can be identified in the living embryo makes the grasshopper an attractive system for researching specific questions about neural development. Serotonin is a very important neuromodulator in invertebrates. Application of this compound to small neuronal circuits or whole nervous systems profoundly affects their physiological behavior. Invertebrates have small numbers of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons that send extensive processes that innervate most of the central neuropil. Dopamine and serotonin receptors have been characterized in insects and mollusks, both pharmacologically and molecularly. These are remarkably conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. Thus, these experimental observations made in insects may also be applicable to vertebrates. The experimental access afforded by insects makes such studies an attractive approach to understanding the much more complex vertebrate system. Serotonergic innervation of the neuropil of each ventral nerve cord hemiganglion derives from one local serotonergic interneuron, s1. It expresses serotonin uptake activity before making serotonin. Serotonin synthesis begins when the early branches reach the target neuropil. Dopamine seems to be required both for the serotonin synthesis and for controlling the rate of neurite extension. The receptors controlling these processes have been pharmacologically characterized.
A complete semantic back chaining proof system

We discuss a sequent style clause-based proof system that supports several important strategies in automatic theorem proving. The system has a goal-subgoal structure and supports back chaining with caching; it permits semantic deletion, sometimes using multiple models; it is also a genuine set of support strategy; and it is complete for first order logic in clause form.
Parental Bonding in Pathological Gambling Disorder

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of perceived parenting behavior in the childhood of patients with pathological gambling disorder (PGD). Thirty-three outpatient subjects with DSM-IV pathological gambling disorder, and no other current Axis I disorders, completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), which measures subjects' recollections of parenting on dimensions of care and protection. PBI scores of pathological gamblers were compared to normal controls. Subjects with PGD had significantly lower maternal and paternal care scores than the control subjects (22.6 ± 8.9 vs. 26.9 ± 7.3 on maternal care [p = 0.010], and 17.4 ± 9.6 vs. 23.8 ± 7.6 on paternal care [p = 0.001]). In terms of parental bonding patterns based on a combination of care and protection, the pathological gamblers reported low rates of optimal parenting and high rates of neglectful parenting. These preliminary findings suggest that neglectful parenting appears to be associated with pathological gambling disorder.
Comparative studies of genome content.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents comparative studies of genome content. Genome content, or genome size, refers to the amount of DNA contained in the genome of an organism. A genome is defined as the basic (monoploid) chromosome set of an organism, consisting of a species-specific number of linkage groups. Therefore, when determining the genome size of an organism, only the DNA contained in the chromosomes (nuclear DNA) is considered. The nuclear DNA content of a cell is usually expressed in terms of the C value of the cell. The letter C is used to distinguish terminology used for genome studies from the terms x and n, reserved for chromosome number. One must be cautious when comparing DNA amounts in various species. Comparisons are made at either the C level or genome level. This becomes increasingly important when dealing with polyploid species. The two ways genome content may be reported are in absolute amounts and in arbitrary units. The genome size of experimental lines may also be expressed relative to a standard. The standard might be a taxonomically well-defined plant of constant genome size. The genome size of experimental lines may also be expressed relative to a standard. The standard might be a taxonomically well-defined plant of constant genome size.