cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipating conflict: neural correlates of a Bayesian belief and its motor consequence

Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of proactive control using a variety of behavioral paradigms; however, the neural network relating the control process to its behavioral consequence remains unclear. Here, we applied a dynamic Bayesian model to a large fMRI data set of the stop signal task to address this issue. By estimating the probability of the stop signal - p(Stop) - trial by trial, we showed that higher p(Stop) is associated with prolonged go trial reaction time (RT), indicating proactive control of motor response. In modeling fMRI signals at trial and target onsets, we distinguished activities of proactive control, prediction error, and RT slowing. We showed that the anterior pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) responds specifically to increased stop signal likelihood, and its activity is correlated with activations of the posterior pre-SMA and bilateral anterior insula during prolonged response times. This directional link is also supported by Granger causality analysis. Furthermore, proactive control, prediction error, and time-on-task are each mapped to distinct areas in the medial prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings dissect regional functions of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and provide system level evidence associating conflict anticipation with its motor consequence.
Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Marjorie Burns Year: 2005 Pages: 240 Publisher: University of Toronto Press ISBN: 0-8020-3871-9 (hard cover). Prices: $55.00 USD(hard cover).
Characterization of T7-specific Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase II. INHIBITORS OF THE ENZYME AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENZYMATIC REACTION

The response of T7-specific RNA polymerase to a variety of inhibitors of transcription has been studied. T7 RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase is inhibited by actinomycin D, heparin, elevated concentrations of salt and poly[r(U)]. All of these inhibitors block transcription immediately, even after the initiation of RNA synthesis, and hence appear to inhibit T7 RNA polymerase even during RNA chain growth. This is in contrast to transcription by the bacterial RNA polymerase for which RNA chain growth is not sensitive to heparin, elevated salt concentrations, or polyuridylic acid. T7 RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase is not affected by the drugs rifampicin, streptolydigin, and streptovarivin, and is not greatly affected by preincubation of the enzyme with poly[r(C)], poly[r(I)], or a variety of heterologous DNAs. Ultraviolet irradiation of T7 DNA blocks its template activity. Such ultraviolet-irradiated T7 DNA serves as an inhibitor of T7 RNA polymerase which appears to inactivate free T7 RNA polymerase, but not T7 RNA polymerase involved in RNA chain growth.
Suspensions of homology spheres

This article is one of three highly influential articles on the topology of manifolds written by Robert D. Edwards in the 1970's but never published. It presents the initial solutions of the fabled Double Suspension Conjecture. (The other two articles are: 'Approximating certain cell-like maps by homeomorphisms' and 'Topological regular neighborhoods') The manuscripts of these three articles have circulated privately since their creation. The organizers of the Workshops in Geometric Topology (this http URL) with the support of the National Science Foundation have facilitated the preparation of electronic versions of these articles to make them publicly available. The second and third articles are still in preparation. The current article contains four major theorems: I. The double suspension of Mazur's homology 3-sphere is a 5-sphere, II. The double suspension of any homology n-sphere that bounds a contractible (n+1)-manifold is an (n+2)-sphere, III. The double suspension of any homology 3-sphere is the cell-like image of a 5-sphere. IV. The triple suspension of any homology 3-sphere is a 6-sphere. Edwards' proof of I. was the first evidence that the suspension process could transform a non-simply connected manifold into a sphere, thereby answering a question that had puzzled topologists since the mid-1950's if not earlier. Results II, III and IV represent significant advances toward resolving the general double suspension conjecture: the double suspension of every homology n-sphere is an (n+2)-sphere. [That conjecture was subsequently proved by J. W. Cannon (Annals of Math. 110 (1979), 83-112).]
Chapter 3 The Caveolae Internalization Machinery

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of caveolae internalization machinery. Caveolae are generally regarded as immobile plasma membrane micro-domains associated with the structural proteins caveolin-1 and caveolin-2. Under certain conditions these flask-shaped organelles have the capacity to release from the plasma membrane as endocytic vesicles subsequent to the sequestration of a variety of agents and ligands. Some substrates internalized by caveolae include infectious agents, such as SV40 and EV1 viruses. As caveolae have also been associated with cell signaling events through interactions with a variety of signaling molecules including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), these structures are implicated in cell growth cascades and neoplasia. Whether caveolae scission and internalization alters these signaling cascades is unclear. Caveolin represents the major structural protein component of caveolae. Three caveolin isoforms have been identified in mammals: caveolin-1 (Cav-1), caveolin- 2 (Cav-2), and caveolin-3 (Cav-3). Cav-1 and Cav-2 are represented by long (α) and short (β) variants resulting from alternative initiation of translation. Caveolae are cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid (GSL)-rich smooth invaginations of the plasma membrane that partition into raft fractions. The chapter also explains caveolar scission.
Cyber Defense Exercise: A Service Provider Model

Cyber Defense Exercises (CDX) continue to gain appreciation in the context of information security education. Primarily conducted in academic environments, the call for CDX is beginning to breach that boundary. Existing models are challenged by cost, agility, legality, and scope. This paper presents a model that addresses these challenges through a CDX service provider model.
Genetic analysis of cilia and centrosome function in the development of the mouse embryo.

Work in the past decade has revealed that cilia and centrosomes, specialized microtubule-based organelles, can act as centers for developmental signaling pathways. It is now well-established that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling depends on the primary cilium. Cilia are templated by the basal body, a specialized centrosomes, and it has been suggested that centrosomes may act as signaling centers important in the Wnt and other signaling pathways. To test the role of centrosomes in mouse development, we are analyzing the phenotypes of embryos that lack the Sas4 gene (also called Cenpj or Cpap), which is essential for centriole duplication. Sas4 mutant embryos lack cilia and centrosomes, but survive to e9.0. Shh signaling is blocked in Sas4 mutants, as expected because of the absence of cilia, but we have not detected defects in Wnt signaling in the mutants. Sas4 mutants die at an early stage of development than embryos that lack cilia, indicating that the centriole has functions in addition to templating cilia. Sas4 mutants show a high rate of apoptosis, and the early lethality of Sas4 embryos is rescued by removal of p53. We are currently investigating the p53-dependent pathways activated in Sas4 mutants that lead to cell death. Because human genetic diseases that disrupt the centrosome cause microcephaly, we are comparing the roles of cilia and centrosomes in patterning and cell behavior in the developing brain. These experiments will define the roles of cilia and centrosomes in the control asymmetric cell division and migration in the cortex.
The Making of an Economist, Redux, por David Colander

“The Making of An Economist, Redux”, The Journal of Socio-Economic doi:10.1016/j.socec.2008.11.002. Yan Liang. Traduccion al espanol por Carlos Vasco y Cesar Pallares, estudiantes de economia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
TWO MICROPLITIS DEMOLITOR POLYDNAVIRUS MRNAS EXPRESSED IN HEMOCYTES OF PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS CONTAIN A COMMON CYSTEINE-RICH DOMAIN

Microplitis demolitor is a polydnavirus-carrying wasp that parasitizes the larval stage of Pseudoplusia includens. A previous study indicated that M. demolitor polydnavirus (MdPDV) infects primarily hemocytes in parasitized hosts. Thereafter, several alterations that compromise the immune response of P. includens toward the developing parasitoid occur in hemocytes. In this study, we identified two MdPDV mRNAs (1.0 and 1.5 kb) expressed in P. includens hemocytes that have homology to the viral genomic clone pMd-2. Corresponding 1.0- and 1.5-kb cDNA clones (MdPi455 and MdPi59) were isolated from an MdPDV-infected hemocyte cDNA library. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA clones confirmed that the 1.5- and 1.0-kb mRNAs have significant regions of homology. Sequence alignment revealed that the gene, OMd1.0, encoding the 1.0-kb mRNA is present in pMd-2. This gene contains two introns and three exons that agree with the sequence for MdPi455. In contrast, the 1.5-kb mRNA is likely encoded by a related gene located on the same MdPDV genomic DNA as is OMd1.0. The predicted peptide sequences for the 1.0- and 1.5-kb transcripts contain a cysteine-rich region at their 5' ends that have some similarity with epidermal growth factor-like motifs. Hybridization studies revealed that both mRNAs are expressed in granular cells and plasmatocytes, the primary classes of hemocytes involved in defense against M. demolitor and other parasites.
1451 INTRAUTERINE FETAL RESUSCITATION WITH TERBUTALINE

Cases of intrapartal fetal distress from any cause sustain further hypoxia during uterine contractions due to the concomitant reduction in uterine blood flow during uterine activity. Therapeutic reduction of uterine activity should, therefore, result in recovery of fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal acidosis, and the birth of a neonate in a better state of oxygenation and acid-base balance. Towards this, terbutaline 250 μg subcutaneously was injected in patients with evidence of fetal distress. All 11 patients showed ominous FHR changes. In 2 of these,fetal scalp blood pH (FSB-pH) was not technically possible. In 2, the FSB-pH was > 7.25. The remaining 7 patients showed FSB-pH ≥ 7.25. Results: Where adequate FHR trace was available, 9/10 patients showed marked reduction to cessation of uterine activity, and complete or partial recovery of ominous FHR changes. FSB-pH was compared to the mid-point of the umbilical vein and artery pH's. In the 2 cases where the original FSB-pH was > 7.25, no change was seen. However, in cases with FSB-pH ≥ 7.25, a significant improvement from a mean of 7.180 ± .038 to 7.270 ± .066 (P = <.005) was seen. No major side effects were noted. It is concluded that in addition to conventional management of fetal distress, tocolysis with terbutaline can improve the status of a distressed fetus and result in the birth of a healthy neonate.
Differential Pressure Transmitters, Span-Shift Errors With Static Pressure

The author reviews methods of calibrating low-differential (25–300 in. H2 O) D.P. transmitters at high (up to 3000 psig) static pressure. Various test methods are described along with discussion of their merits. Included are use of one or more deadweight testers (gas or liquid) and use of a high-pressure mercury manometer as a standard. Five D.P. transmitters of different construction are tested and their static span-shift performance reported.
Prognosis with chest pain and normal thallium-201 exercise scintigrams.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the prognostic value of a normal exercise thallium-201 (TI-201) scintigram by quantitative criteria in a consecutive series of 349 patients with chest pain. Follow-up was obtained in 345 patients (99%) from 8 to 45 months (mean 34 ± 7). Of these, 60% were men, 26% had typical angina, 21% had chest pain during exercise testing, 29% were unable to achieve 85% or more of maximal predicted heart rate, and in 9% ischemic ST depression (1.0 mm or greater) developed during exercise. At the time of exercise testing, 45% of patients were taking nitrates and 38% were receiving a β-blocking drug. During the follow-up period, there were 5 cardiac deaths (0.51%/year), of which 2 were sudden, 6 patients had a nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) (0.61%/year). Two of the 5 patients who died and 1 who had MI had angiographically normal coronary arteries. The event rate was significantly higher (p
Diet, movement, and covering behavior of the sea urchin Toxopneustes roseus in rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California, México

The density, diet, movement, and covering behavior of Toxopneustes roseus (Agassiz) were investigated in rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California. Densities varied from a mean of 0.4 to 1.8/20 m2 with most urchins occurring in aggregations. Spatial patterns of urchins varied with depth, with greatest abundance at intermediate depths (7.5–9.4 m) in the middle of the rhodolith bed. Urchins ate rhodoliths and nongeniculate coralline algal crusts almost exclusively, despite the availability of other algae. The mean amounts ingested were 3.87 and 7.96 g carbonate/individual per day. Even when food was abundant, animals were highly mobile, moving an average of 6.6–11.7 cm/h depending on site and time of day. Diel movement may be a behavioral adaptation to avoid surge, which is greatest during the day. Covering behavior may also be related to surge, as the ratio of covering material:body weight and the percent cover of material held were highest at the site with the most surge. While an urchin consumed rhodoliths, its movement spread the grazing impact over large areas. Bioturbation resulting from urchin feeding, movement, and covering activity probably benefits the rhodoliths by turning them, which maintains rhodolith integrity, prevents fouling, and contributes to bed persistence.
On the necessity to use person-specific data analysis approaches in psychology

It is explained, both by considering earlier theoretical discussions as well as by providing analytic proof, why it is important to base analyses of developmental processes on intra-individual variation (replicated time series analysis) instead of on inter-individual variation. It is often found that replicated time series analysis yields different (person-specific) dynamic model structures across replications. A new powerful approach is presented that enables the identification of a valid common (nomothetic) dynamic model if individual replications yield person-specific dynamic model structures.
Shape normalization of catalyst pellet

Abstract A shape normalization, which is applicable in the entire range of Thiele modulus φ, is developed. A shape normalization established here for small φ and the shape normalization already established here for large φ are used in developing the normalization for all φ. This normalization brings the η - φ curves for all pellet shapes to a single curve corresponding to infinite slab geometry for all φ. The effectiveness factor for any shape of catalyst is simply the effectiveness factor for an infinite slab when the Thiele modulus for the slab is properly defined in terms of the characteristic pellet length and the reaction kinetics. The shape normalization is shown to give negligible error for any pellet configuration and first order reaction, and is postulated to hold for general kinetics and any pellet configuration, by proper definition of the Thiele modulus.
A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT COEFFICIENT DECISION RULES

Production managers are called on to combine cues to arrive at work force and production level decisions. Bowman has developed a theory which claims that a manager makes good decisions on the average, but that he may exhibit a high degree of variance in his behavior. Mathematical representation of such managers can be constructed to capture critical aspects of their judgmental strategies. This paper examines four different linear regression models in an attempt to specify which model is best for prescription of decision making behavior in an organization. The models include (1) the Typical Manager Model, (2) the Best Manager Model, (3) the Composite Manager Model, and (4) the Best Composite Manager Model. The study described in this paper concerns an experiment conducted by Moskowitz and Miller in 1972. Eighty-seven graduate students in industrial management were randomly assigned to one of six information groups. Each student made a series of production and work force decisions to minimize total production, work force, and inventory-related costs. Moskowitz and Miller concluded that Bowman's Typical Manager Model was a better model than the managers' actual initial plans. While there are no disagreements with this finding, a reanalysis of this data was needed to see if perhaps another mathematical rule might prove even better than the Typical Manager Model recommended by Bowman. This reanalysis of the Moskowitz and Miller results enables us to point up the strengths and weaknesses of using regression models in managerial decision making tasks. Suggestions for future research are discussed in detail.
SIRTF telescope test facility

In this paper we describe the key features of the SIRTF Telescope Test Facility developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Information on the cryogenic performance including details of the test cycle time and cryogen hold time are included. Emphasis is on the operation of the facility. Data are presented on the cryogenic optical testing of the ultra-lightweight 85 cm diameter beryllium primary mirror assembly for the infrared telescope technology testbed.
CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE AGENT PRODUCING LEUKOSIS AND SARCOMA OF FOWLS

The activity of the agent producing sarcoma or leukosis in material deposited by high speed centrifugation is the same as that of the original crude extracts. Material sedimentable at high speed containing approximately 10(-5) mg. N produces tumors at the site of injection. Small quantities of material sedimentable at high speed are present in normal chicken sera, and about twice as much in leukemic sera (strain 1). Normal chicken and mouse spleens and all other human and mouse tissues examined contain large amounts of material sedimentable at high speed. Extraction of leukemic blood cells with saline yields little additional virus. The washed cells readily produce leukosis even after irradiation with amounts of x-rays sufficient to destroy the leukemic cells but not the virus. Freezing at -60 degrees C. preserves the activity of the high speed deposits for at least 6 months. Addition of 5 per cent of saturated Na(2)SO(4) solution slightly delays deterioration of high speed deposits in the ice box. Most of the agent measured by inoculation of chickens and the fraction sedimentable at high speed measured by its nitrogen content is precipitated by one-third saturation with sodium sulfate.
Facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students

The purpose of this study was to explore how a graduate course in occupational therapy theory can help prepare students to develop a professional identity. Thirty students participated in the study. The course included content on the history of occupational therapy, models of practice and the social, philosophical, political and economic factors that impact on occupational therapy. The students were divided into groups of four or five where they discussed issues assigned by the instructor. An electronic blackboard was used to share the discussion with the class. Surveys of the students' opinions were used to collect data on what the students viewed as the strengths and weaknesses of the course. The students felt that the class discussions were the strongest part of the course. They felt that the course improved their critical thinking and problem solving significantly. It was concluded from the results that the course facilitated their professional identity through the connection made between theory and practice. There is a recognized need to explore the issue of developing a professional identity in occupational therapy students through courses integrating philosophical topics and clinical practice. Specifically, it is recommended that further research be carried out in educational settings with larger samples, using comparison groups and other methodologies to evaluate the issue of facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students.
Optimum design of conventional and complex distillation columns

A method is proposed for achieving the optimum design, in the sense of minimum plates, for conventional and complex distillation columns for any set of specifications directly dependent on product purity which might be imposed by the designer. The method uses the calculational procedure of Theiele and Geddes, the θ-method of convergence, and sequential-search procedures. Illustrative examples chosen from a large number of design problems solved by this method are presented.
Maternal and zygotic aldh1a2 activity is required for pancreas development in zebrafish.

We have isolated and characterized a novel zebrafish pancreas mutant. Mutant embryos lack expression of isl1 and sst in the endocrine pancreas, but retain isl1 expression in the CNS. Non-endocrine endodermal gene expression is less affected in the mutant, with varying degrees of residual expression observed for pdx1, carbA, hhex, prox1, sid4, transferrin and ifabp. In addition, mutant embryos display a swollen pericardium and lack fin buds. Genetic mapping revealed a mutation resulting in a glycine to arginine change in the catalytic domain of the aldh1a2 gene, which is required for the production of retinoic acid from vitamin A. Comparison of our mutant (aldh1a2um22) to neckless (aldh1a2i26), a previously identified aldh1a2 mutant, revealed similarities in residual endodermal gene expression. In contrast, treatment with DEAB (diethylaminobenzaldehyde), a competitive reversible inhibitor of Aldh enzymes, produces a more severe phenotype with complete loss of endodermal gene expression, indicating that a source of Aldh activity persists in both mutants. We find that mRNA from the aldh1a2um22 mutant allele is inactive, indicating that it represents a null allele. Instead, the residual Aldh activity is likely due to maternal aldh1a2, since we find that translation-blocking, but not splice-blocking, aldh1a2 morpholinos produce a phenotype similar to DEAB treatment. We conclude that Aldh1a2 is the primary Aldh acting during pancreas development and that maternal Aldh1a2 activity persists in aldh1a2um22 and aldh1a2i26 mutant embryos.
Pelvic eventration corrected by vaginal hysterectomy and repair.

Abstract A case of pelvic eventration is presented which was corrected by vaginal hysterectomy and repair. Reference is made to a survey of 129 vaginal hysterectomies performed by the author and reported elsewhere. 8 It is noted that vaginal hysterectomy is a "complete operation," since by this method the uterus and cervix can be completely removed; a cystocele, rectocele and enterocele can be repaired, and as in this case, a complete pelvic eventration corrected. Vaginal hysterectomy with or without vaginal plastic is an operation practically free of thrombosis, embolism, abdominal peritonitis or paralytic ileus.
Application of the rosenblueth hypothesis to assess atrioventricular nodal behavior

Abstract Based on the Rosenblueth hypothesis, atrioventricular nodal behavior is evaluated using a method involving the coupling interval at the level of the atrioventricular nodal step delay. H the sum of the coupling interval at the level of step delay and the resultant step delay is greater than the atrial coupling interval, Wenckebach periodicity results; if the sum is less than the atrial coupling interval, the reverse Wenckebach phenomenon occurs; and if both are equal, steady state conduction is reached.
Understanding Soft Error Resiliency of Blue Gene/Q Compute Chip through Hardware Proton Irradiation and Software Fault Injection

Soft Error Resiliency is a major concern for Petascale high performance computing (HPC) systems. Blue Gene/Q (BG/Q) is the third generation of IBM's massively parallel, energy efficient Blue Gene series of supercomputers. The principal goal of this work is to understand the interaction between Blue-Gene/Q's hardware resiliency features and high-performance applications through proton irradiation of a real chip, and software resiliency inherent in these applications through application-level fault injection (AFI) experiments. From the proton irradiation experiments we derived that the mean time between correctable errors at sea level of the SRAM-based register files and Level-1 caches for a system similar to the scale of Sequoia system. From the AFI experiments, we characterized relative vulnerability among the applications in both general purpose and floating point register files. We categorized and quantified the failure outcomes, and discovered characteristics in the applications that lead to many masking improvement opportunities.
Design of an Adaptive Controller for Microcomputer Implementation

A design procedure for an adaptive controller is described and applied to the design of a velocity controller for small dc motors. The basic concept has been to determine a small set of controllers each of which is capable of maintaining stability and acceptable performance over a specific region of motor load parameters. Optimal control theory is used to define the control coefficients while cluster analysis and decision function techniques from pattern recognition theory are used to determine each controller's region of applicability. Simulation results are presented to verify performance improvements using the design procedure. The design procedure produces an adaptive controller which is computationally feasible for implementation in small microcomputer systems.
Identification of elimination reactions during the degradation of 5-bromocamphor by P. putida.

Summary (+)5-Exo-bromocamphor is degraded by camphor grown P. Putida to the corresponding 1,2-lactone and to pericyclocamphanone, a 1,3-elimination product which is subsequently lactonized.
The Blind Spot

– You had something in your eye! – Just about half of Fifth Avenue! Kubrick, Eyes Wide Shut In this essay I examine the critique of current liberal democratic consensus implied in Kubrick's last fi...
Biological distribution of chemical analogs of fatty acids and long chain hydrocarbons containing a strong chelating agent.

The pharmaceutical preparation, chromatography, and biological distribution of a series of new chemical analogs of palmitic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaaeetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or diethylenetriamine are described. The biological distribution in rabbits 30 min after intravenous administration of these 99mTc-labeled and 57Co-labeled derivatives was compared to the biological distribution of the parent compound, 3H-palmitic acid. The average myocardial uptake for these compounds was 0.04%/g, compared to 0.15%/g for palmitic acid. The heart to blood ratio at 30 min reached a maximum of 3:1 for the best physiological analog of palmitic acid, compared to an average of 30:1 for palmitic acid. Although none of these analogs appears to be clinically useful, their production methods might be applicable to the synthesis of new compounds that might increase the specificity of radiopharmaceuticals.
The 28Si(3He, 4He)27Si reaction

Abstract The angular distributions of the 28Si(3He, 3He)28Si and 28Si(3He, 4He)27Si reactions have been measured at E3He = 10 MeV for lab angles between 15° and 165°. The analysis of the elastic scattering with the optical model and the analysis of the (3He, 4He) angular distributions with the DWBA theory indicate that these reactions are mainly direct in nature. The ln values of the extracted neutrons are found to be 2, 0, 2 and 2 for, respectively, the ground state, and the first, second and fourth excited states of 27Si. The data for the third excited state give no evidence of a pick-up mechanism. The excitation functions of the (3He, 4He) reaction from 8 to 10.5 MeV bombarding energy show significant structure. Thus it appears that the detailed features of individual angular distributions may be distorted by interference of the predominant direct reaction mode with non-direct mechanisms. Within the limitations discussed in the text, spectroscopic factors of 2.0, 0.7, 0.5 and 1.3 were assigned to the ground state and the 0.78 MeV, 0.96 MeV and 2.65 MeV excited states, respectively.
Tetrahymanol: Its widespread occurrence and geochemical significance

Abstract The occurrence of tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3β-ol) in sediments from various marine depositional environments such as the Santa Monica Basin and Palos Verdes shelf (southern California Bight), the Santa Barbara Basin (off the northern California Borderland), the Atlantic shelf, slope, and rise, and the Antarctic region, as well as in bacterial/algal mats from the Santa Barbara Basin and Baja California, together with its detection in sediments from the Peru upwelling region (ODP Leg 112) and Baffin Bay (ODP Leg 105) suggests that tetrahymanol occurs ubiquitously in marine samples. Tetrahymanol is the only known likely biological precursor of gammacerane, which is found in many petroleums and shales. The common occurrence of tetrahymanol in marine environments implies that primitive organisms similar to Tetrahymena, or organisms other than Tetrahymena (other protozoa, bacteria?), are also likely to contain this compound. Its isomer, diplopterol, has also been detected in several sediment sections.
Digital Image Processing Of Simulated Turbulence And Photon Noise Degraded Images Of Extended Objects

Conventional post detection image processing techniques have been applied to three simulations of photon noise limited images of the moon which might be obtained through atmospheric turbulence. This study demonstrates that homomorphic filtering, parametric Wiener filtering, and constrained least squares filtering can produce nearly diffraction-limited imagery if the atmosphere is "frozen" for 1/100 - 1/10 sec.
The molecular weights of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from rabbit, honeybee and bumblebee muscle

Abstract 1. The molecular weights of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8) from rabbit, honeybee and bumblebee muscle were measured. 2. Light scattering measurements indicate that the rabbit enzyme has a molecular weight of 79,300. 3. The molecular weights of the untreated and car☐ymethylated rabbit and honeybee enzymes were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The values were 37,000 for rabbit and 37,000–39,500 for honeybee; the molecular weights of the native dimeric enzymes are twice these values. 4. The molecular weight of the untreated bumblebee enzyme as measured by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate is 37,000; the native dimeric molecular weight is twice this value.
Autotolerancing on optical systems: six sigma approach to designing optical systems

The traditional approach to opto-mechanical design is a top-down process where the optical designer communicates to the mechanical designer, “these are the tolerance requirements I need” to meet my system performance requirements. The optical designers typically communicate these tolerance requirements as tilts, decenters, and locations of optical elements (lenses, mirrors, prisms, lens cells, etc). The mechanical designer uses these optical tolerance requirements as inputs to his/her mechanical design process. The output of the mechanical design process is a set of piecepart dimensions and tolerances. These dimensions and tolerances communicate to the manufacturing shops “this is what I need” to meet the optical performance requirements. A significant drawback to this top-down process is that we have no way of knowing how well the manufacturing process can build parts that meet these tolerances. This paper proposes a different approach, where we the mechanical designers use the knowledge of the manufacturing processes as inputs to the mechanical design. With this new knowledge, we can predict the mechanical performance of the system. The mechanical performance, in turn, becomes an input to the optical design. This paper also shows how we have automated this new approach and applied it to the design of an optical system design.
Thermal Control of Amide Product Distributions at the Ge(100)-2×1 Surface

We have investigated the adsorption of a series of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides including formamide, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide on the Ge(100)-2×1 surface using multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory. At 310 K, primary and secondary amides were observed to form thermodynamically favored N−H dissociation structures with interdimer interactions as well as kinetically favored oxygen dative-bonded structures. The relative surface product distributions could be controlled thermally. Dative-bonded adducts were isolated by exposing the amides to the surface at 240 K, whereas N−H dissociation products were formed by annealing to 450 K. While the acetamides could potentially form “-ene” type products, such products were not observed and instead the acetamides exhibited the same reactivity pattern as the formamides in this study.
Understanding and incorporating rap: The articulation of alternative popular musical practices within dominant cultural practices and institutions

This essay concerns the ways in which rap was “understood” and articulated as an alternative popular musical practice in public discourse from its first identification in mainstream publications through its crossover success in the mid‐ to late 1980s. The essay focuses upon rap's presentation in a number of types of publications: the dominant, mainstream press; the mainstream black press; and the music industry trade press. These various publications have produced various interpretations of rap: It represented and produced the violence of African American youth; it was a passing, commercially unpromising “fad” and it was an “authentic” expression of African American resistance. The essay's main concern is the range of articulations of rap and the ways in which these different articulations discursively map out, within social space and the historical context of popular musical practices, the conditions of possibility for rap as a set of alternative musical, cultural, and political practices. Ending with a ...
The effect of a single dose of L-dopa on pituitary hormones in acromegaly, obesity, and in normal subjects.

ABSTRACT We have evaluated the potential stimulatory effects of a single 1.0 g dose of l-dopa; on pituitary hormones in 14 acromegalic, 4 obese and 14 normal subjects. l-dopa; was administered orally in the morning to fasting subjects and blood samples were obtained every 30 min up to 180 min throughout the procedure. Nausea and/or vomiting and an occasional mild headache occurred in some subjects in each group. No significant change in mean serum TSH, LH, FSH, plasma cortisol or serum glucose was observed. However, following the administration of l-dopa; to 9 of 14 normal subjects, mean GH concentrations increased to a peak of 38.5 ng/ml. These peak responses ranged from 12 to 80 ng/ml and occurred between 30 to 120 min following l-dopa;. Five of 14 normal subjects were “poor responders” to l-dopa; with GH elevations of less than 5.0 ng/ml. There was no rise in GH in 14 acromegalic patients receiving l-dopa; and 5 of 14 showed a paradoxical decrease in GH concentration. GH concentration rose in 3 of 12 a...
Peroxynitrite modulates acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) activity.

Abstract To establish peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) as a mediator of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) function, preparations of recombinant human FGF-1 were treated with the pro-oxidant in vitro and identified amino acid modifications were correlated with biologic activity. The sequence of FGF-1 amino acid modifications induced by increasing concentrations of ONOO − was from cysteine oxidation to dityrosine formation, and to tyrosine/tryptophan nitration. Low steady-state ONOO − concentrations (10–50 μM) induced formation of dityrosine, which involved less than 0.1% of the total tyrosines. Treatment of FGF-1 with ONOO − induced a dose-dependent (10–50 μM) loss of sulfhydryl groups that correlated with formation of reducible (dithiothreitol, arsenite) FGF-1 aggregates containing 50% latent biologic activity. Treatment with 0.1–0.5 mM ONOO − induced increasing formation of non-reducible, inactivated FGF-1 structures. Combination of real-time spectral analysis and electrospray mass spectroscopy revealed that six residues (Y29, Y69, Y108, Y111, Y139, and W121) were nitrated by ONOO − . ONOO − treatment (0.1 mM) of an active FGF-1 mutant (cysteines converted to serines) induced dose-dependent, non-reversible inhibition of biologic activity that correlated with nitration of Y108 and Y111, both of which reside within a conserved domain encompassing the putative FGF-1 receptor binding site. Collectively, these observations predict a role for low levels of ONOO − during secretion of FGF-1 as an extracellular complex containing latent biologic activity. High steady-state levels of ONOO − may induce extensive cysteine oxidation, critical tyrosine nitration, and non-reversible inactivation of FGF-1, a potential inhibitory feedback mechanism restoring cellular homeostatis during the resolution of inflammation and repair.
Six Decades of Research, Teaching, and Participation in the AAA

ABSTRACT: These remarks provide some perspective on my six decades of research, teaching, and participation in the AAA. A recurring theme is that my career took several unexpected turns and that my research often had unexpected outcomes. Several areas of research are discussed, including the prediction of financial distress, the information content of earnings announcements, the information content of prices, accounting and market measures of risk, discretion in financial reporting, conservatism, and value relevance of financial statements. Included is a brief summary of some of what I have learned from six decades of teaching. I review some of the major benefits of AAA participation.
Low level lead (Pb) exposure during gestation and lactation: assessment of effects on pubertal development in Fisher 344 and Sprague-Dawley female rats.

Abstract Studies using both Fisher 344 and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat lines have shown that gestational and/or lactational maternal lead (Pb) exposure causes delayed reproductive maturation in their respective female offspring. Because these studies utilized different experimental regimens for dosing and for monitoring Pb levels, it has not been possible to determine which rat line provides the best model for low level Pb toxicity studies. This study was designed to address this issue. Adult Fisher and SD female rats were dosed with either a solution of PbAc containing 12 mg of Pb/ml or sodium acetate (NaAc) for controls. Dosing began 30 days prior to breeding and continued until their pups were weaned at 21 days of age. At the time of breeding and through weaning the blood lead (BPb) levels in the Fisher dams averaged 37.3 μg/dl and the SD dams averaged 29.9 μg/dl. Pb delayed the timing of puberty (p 2 , p
A virtual environment for network testing

The testing of network-based solutions demands a series of tedious tasks such as the deployment of the solution at different nodes and the configuration of different topologies. The manual execution of these tasks is very time consuming and a configurable environment to facilitate these tasks and consequently improve testing performance is desired. In this paper a virtual network environment that can be easily re-configured is presented to address this problem. The environment has been evaluated by a series of case studies: one dealing with the deployment and containment of a worm propagation attack and one dealing with detecting a denial of service attack. Three smaller case studies have also been developed. The results are a clear indication of the flexibility and usefulness of the virtual network environment.
Intracellular Ca2+ mediates the cytotoxicity induced by bepridil and benzamil in human brain tumor cells

Abstract The effects of bepridil and benzamil, known Na + -Ca 2+ exchange blockers, on the growth of human brain tumor cells were evaluated using SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma and U-373 MG human astrocytoma cells as model cellular systems. These drugs induced cytotoxicity in both cells in a dose-dependent manner. Agonist (2% fetal bovine serum) alone induced a rapid increased intracellular Ca 2+ concentration and then it returned to the basal level. However, the pretreatments of these drugs resulted in a more sustained high intracellular Ca 2+ concentration mobilized by an agonist. Moreover, BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca 2+ chelator, significantly blocked the cytotoxicity induced by these drugs. These results suggest that bepridil and benzamil act as effective inhibitors of in vitro growth of human brain tumor cells and that intracellular Ca 2+ may be involved in the mechanism of actions of these agents.
Does China's recent ‘harmonious society’ discourse reflect a shift towards human development?

This paper analyses whether the Chinese state's recent efforts since 2003 to build a ‘harmonious society’ (HS; hexie shehui) represents an ideological shift towards global human development (HD) norms promoted by the United Nations. At first glance, the one-party authoritarian state of China seems worlds apart from the more inclusive HD approach. However, China's increasing emphasis on rebuilding health insurance, expanding compulsory education and reducing inter-regional inequalities somewhat resembles HD. To clarify these ambiguities, the study analyses recent PRC social development reports and scholarly debates to understand the HS ideology. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of HS discourse and a clarification of six key dimensions on which the HS appears to differ from the HD approach to development.
Respiratory stimulating properties of some derivatives of indane

Abstract An indane derivative of salicylic acid was found to stimulate respiration by reflex action through the carotid body. This action was greatly increased after depression with pentobarbital sodium, but not after cyclopropane. Evidence was presented of possible cardiovascular toxicity when large doses of the compound were administered intravenously. The efficiency of respiratory stimulation was compared with the effects of salicylic acid and nikethamide.
Infecting organisms in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on the Y-set

Disconnect systems for performing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) use a flush-before-fill technique that should theoretically reduce the peritonitis caused by touch contamination. However, little information about the infecting organisms in CAPD-related infections using disconnect systems is available. We performed a retrospective matched-case controlled study to define the organisms responsible for the peritonitis and catheter infections seen in CAPD patients using the Y-set without disinfectant. One hundred nineteen patients who began CAPD on the Y-set were matched with 119 patients who began CAPD on the standard spike system. Patients were matched for age, sex, race, insulin dependence, and time on CAPD. Infection data were prospectively collected for all patients. Peritonitis, exit site, and tunnel infection rates (expressed as number of episodes per patient-year) were all significantly lower in the Y-set patients (0.56 v 0.94, 0.68 v 1.08, and 0.14 v 0.22, respectively). The lower peritonitis rate in the Y-set patients compared with that found in the standard spike system patients was due to a reduction in Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.17 v 0.26, P = 0.02), polymicrobial (0.014 v 0.06, P = 0.01), other gram-positive (0.007 v 0.09, P = 0.001), and sterile (0.10 v 0.19, P = 0.008) peritonitis. Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative peritonitis were not different among the two groups. S epidermidis (0.12 v 0.23, P = 0.0014) and gram-negative (0.12 v 0.18, P = 0.04) exit site infection rates were also lower in the Y-set patients. Similarly, the catheter removal rate for infectious causes was lower in the Y-set patients (0.14 v 0.28, P = 0.004), particularly for removal due to peritonitis (0.05 v 0.12, P = 0.007) and catheter infection (0.04 v 0.12, P = 0.003). Rates of S aureus infections and catheter removals were not different between the Y-set and standard spike patient groups. Disconnect systems reduce some infections caused by touch contamination, eg, those caused by S epidermidis , but have no effect on S aureus infections in CAPD patients.
Texture hardware assisted rendering of time-varying volume data

In this paper we present a hardware-assisted rendering technique coupled with a compression scheme for the interactive visual exploration of time-varying scalar volume data. A palette-based decoding technique and an adaptive bit allocation scheme are developed to fully utilize the texturing capability of a commodity 3-D graphics card. Using a single PC equipped with a modest amount of memory, a texture capable graphics card, and an inexpensive disk array, we are able to render hundreds of time steps of regularly gridded volume data (up to 45 millions voxels each time step) at interactive rates, permitting the visual exploration of large scientific data sets in both the temporal and spatial domain.
Severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indians—southwestern United States, May 1–July 21, 2009

Background During April–July 2009, U.S. hospitalization rates for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (H1N1pdm09) infection were estimated at 4·5/100 000 persons. We describe rates and risk factors for H1N1pdm09 infection among American Indians (AIs) in four isolated southwestern U.S. communities served by the Indian Health Service (IHS). Methods We reviewed clinical and demographic information from medical records of AIs hospitalized during May 1–July 21, 2009 with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Hospitalization rates were determined using denominator data provided by IHS. H1N1pdm09 infection was confirmed with polymerase chain reaction, rapid tests, or convalescent serology. Risk factors for more severe (SARI) versus milder [influenza-like illness (ILI)] illness were determined by comparing confirmed SARI patients with outpatients with ILI. Results Among 168 SARI-hospitalized patients, 52% had confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection and 93% had >1 high-risk condition for influenza complications. The H1N1pdm09 SARI hospitalization rate was 131/100 000 persons [95% confidence interval (CI), 102–160] and was highest among ages 0–4 years (353/100 000; 95% CI, 215–492). Among children, asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3·2; 95% CI, 1·2–8·4) and age <2 years (aOR 3·8; 95% CI, 1·4–10·0) were associated with H1N1pdm09 SARI-associated hospitalization, compared with outpatient ILI. Among adults, diabetes (aOR 3·1; 95% CI, 1·5–6·4) was associated with hospitalization after controlling for obesity. Conclusions H1N1pdm09 hospitalization rates among this isolated AI population were higher than reported for other U.S. populations. Almost all case patients had high-risk health conditions. Prevention strategies for future pandemics should prioritize AIs, particularly in isolated rural areas.