cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Abundance and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Three Adult Muscoid (Diptera: Muscidae) Species on Equine Premises

Adult face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), populations on four Kentucky horse farms were monitored weekly from late April to mid-October 1987 and 1988 using dry ice-baited canopy traps and visual counts of flies on pastured horses. Face flies were most abundant during May 1987 and June of both years followed by peak stable fly activity during mid-June, July, and August of both years and peak horn fly activity during mid-September of both years. Canopy trap collections of face flies were correlated with visual counts of face flies on pastured horses for 1987 and 1988. Horn flies were not collected in the canopy traps, and stable flies were not observed on pastured horses. Using visual count data to determine the degree of population aggregation, horn fly populations were found to be more contagious than face flies as populations increased on pastured horses. From the canopy trap data, face fly and stable fly populations had similar aggregation indices or similar distribution patterns as populations increased.
The destruction of indoleacetic acid. II. Spectrophotometric study of the enzymatic reaction

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in the absorption spectrum during the oxidation of IAA by the Omphalia enzyme or horse-radish peroxidase indicate the formation and disappearance of an intermediate. The reaction takes place in two spectrophotometrically distinguishable steps, the first of which can be followed at 261 mμ and the second at 272 mμ (at pH 3.7). The first step converts IAA to the intermediate, and the second transforms the intermediate to the final products. 2. 2. Bisulfite (3 × 10 −3 M ) reacts with the intermediate but not with IAA or the final products, and so confirms the chemical individuality of the intermediate and provides a means of measuring its concentration. 3. 3. The first step is catalyzed by the enzyme, while the second one is spontaneous and acid-catalyzed. The first step consumes one molecule of oxygen per molecule of IAA; the second step does not involve either oxygen or H 2 O 2 . 4. 4. With labeled IAA it is shown that the intermediate is a neutral substance, and deduced that carbon dioxide is formed in the first step. 5. 5. The final product appears to consist of at least two, and possibly more, substances as soon as it is formed, so that the second step involves the decomposition of the intermediate along more than one pathway. 6. 6. The spectrum of the intermediate resembles spectra of indole derivatives, even though that of the final product does not. The most likely structure for the intermediate seems to be a skatole nucleus oxidized in the 1- and 2-position or both.
Relative Probability of Mutagenic Translesion Synthesis on the Leading and Lagging Strands during Replication of UV-Irradiated DNA in a Human Cell Extract

We have previously demonstrated mutagenic bypass of pyrimidine dimers during SV40 origin-dependent replication of UV-irradiated DNA in human cell extracts [Thomas, D. C., & Kunkel, T. A. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 7744-7748]. Here we use two vectors having the origin of replication on opposite sides of a lacZ alpha reporter gene to examine the relative probability of mutagenic translesion synthesis on the leading and lagging strands. Although replication of both vectors is inhibited by UVB irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, the covalently closed DNA products of replication contain T4 endonuclease sensitive sites, indicating that bypass of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers occurred. At fluences of 70 and 100 J/m2, the mutant frequencies obtained with both vectors are substantially higher than with control DNAs. Sequence analysis of mutants obtained with both vectors reveal three types of mutations at frequencies significantly above those obtained from replication of undamaged DNA. These are C-->T transitions, accounting for about two-thirds of the mutants, a small number of CC-->TT substitutions, and complex mutations. Comparing the distribution of C-->T substitutions in the two spectra permits an estimation of the probability of mutagenic translesion replication of the same sequence when replicated as the leading or lagging strand. The data suggest that the overall average UV-independent C-->T substitution probability per phenotypically detectable dipyrimidine site is the same during leading and lagging strand replication. However, statistically significant differences are observed when the distribution of C-->T substitutions is considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Intrapulmonary CO2 inhibits inspiration in garter snakes.

Abstract This study was undertaken to assess the role of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the control of breathing in reptiles. Garter snakes were thracheostomized to remove the influence of upper airway receptors. After recovery from anesthesia, the animals were unidirectionally ventilated or allowed to ventilate normally, but without glottal control of the breath-hold. Breathing movements were recorded by means of a pneumotachograph. When a bidirectionally breathing snake was presented with CO 2 at the tracheal tube, inspiratory duration and volume decreased. When CO 2 was removed from the inspired air between breaths, inspiratory duration and volume increased. Removing CO 2 from the airstream of a unidirectionally ventilated snake during a breath-hold produced apnea, but removing CO 2 at the beginning of inspiration caused the duration and volume of the inspiration to increase. This reflex appears to represent a positive feedback mechanism for enhancing inspiration once a breath has been initiated.
Theoretical study of mixing energetics in homovalent fluorite-structured oxide solid solutions

Abstract Mixing energies (Δ H mix ) for fluorite-structured (Zr 1− x Ce x )O 2 and (Th 1− x Ce x )O 2 solid solutions are computed from density functional theory (DFT), employing cluster-expansion (CE), special-quasirandom-structure (SQS), and continuum-elasticity approaches. These systems are of interest as models for actinide-dioxide mixtures, due to the availability of calorimetric data which allows a direct assessment of the accuracy of the different computational methods for calculating Δ H mix in such fluorite-structured solid solutions. The DFT-based SQS and CE results for solid solutions with random configurational disorder are in very good agreement, and are used along with the calorimetry data to test the accuracy of a linear-elasticity model which allows predictions of the Δ H mix under the assumption that the dominant contribution in these homovalent solid solutions arises from elastic strain energy. The linear-elasticity models describe the mixing energies to within an accuracy of approximately 2 and 0.1 kJ/mol for the Zr and Th based systems, respectively. The excellent accuracy for the ThO 2 -based system is interpreted to result from the smaller size mismatch, and corresponding high accuracy of the linear elasticity approximation. We thus apply elasticity theory to estimate the magnitudes of Δ H mix for (Th 1− x M x )O 2 and (U 1− x M x )O 2 actinide-dioxide solid solutions, with M = U, Th, Ce, Np, Pu and Am, for which the degree of size mismatch is comparable to that in (Th 1− x Ce x )O 2 ; the results yield elastic contributions to Δ H mix with a maximum magnitude of 3 kJ/mol.
A Cultural Sociology Perspective on Voting Practices in Peer-to-Peer Feedback Systems

Using Bourdieu’s integrated social theory along with culturally patterned styles of membership, I theorize that a vote is a complex social and cultural phenomenon. In an in-depth study of the votin...
American Pediatric Society Presidential Address 1998: What is the Future for Academic Pediatrics?*

American Pediatric Society Presidential Address 1998: What is the Future for Academic Pediatrics?*
The futility of the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score in trauma patients

Introduction: The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) has received much attention recently. Advocates have touted its use for the diagnosis and duration of therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). However, little has been written about its utility in trauma patients. The clinical, physiologic, and radiologic components of the CPIS may be difficult to differentiate from the systemic effects of injury. Quantitative cultures of the lower airway have been shown to be efficacious in differentiating VAP from the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In this study, we evaluated the potential use of CPIS as the sole means for diagnosis of VAP in critically injured patients. Methods: Patients were identified from the VAP database maintained in our Level I trauma center. Only those who had CPIS calculated at the time of bronchoscopy with BAL were included. VAP required ≥10 5 colonies/mL on quantitative BAL for diagnosis. Antibiotic therapy was based on quantitative BAL results. Patients with 6 for VAP diagnosis (confirmed by BAL) were calculated. Results: In all, 158 patients underwent 285 BALs. The overall incidence for VAP was 42%. Patients with episodes of VAP and SIRS were well matched for age, Injury Severity Score, APACHE II score, and Glasgow Coma Scale score. The average CPIS was 6.8 in patients with SIRS and 6.9 for those with VAP. Using a CPIS >6 as the threshold for VAP only yielded a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 43%. Conclusions: CPIS cannot differentiate VAP from SIRS in critically injured patients. Using CPIS to initiate antibiotic therapy in trauma patients could be harmful. Whether CPIS is useful to determine duration of antibiotic therapy is unknown.
The effect of neurodegenerative disease on representations of self in discourse

Four incontrovertible ‘facts’ are assumed for human emergence, survival and notion of a self: (1) the existence of neurobiological structures and mechanisms, (2) employment of cognitive problem solving mechanisms, (3) adoption of physiologically based emotional displays, and (4) aquisition of communal socio-culture knowledge through caregiver ‘scaffolding’ activities and situated practices. The ‘self’, therefore, is only viable with the simultaneous evolution of neurobiological, cognitive, emotional, and socio-cultural structures and processes. An emergent self presupposes an integration and continual interaction of a developing memory system, continual acquisition and reproduction of cognitive problem solving mechanisms and emotional displays, and acquisition and loss of distributed socio-cultural knowledge. The inability to reproduce coherent local displays of self becomes acutely evident in patients diagnosed with fairly advanced Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and related insul...
Genotoxicity of Complex Mixtures: Strategies for the Identification and Comparative Assessment of Airborne Mutagens and Carcinogens from Combustion Sources

Abstract Two strategies for assessment of the toxicity of complex mixtures are described and illustrated with examples from genotoxicity studies of complex combustion mixtures. The first, a strategy for identifying biologically active compounds or compound classes in complex mixtures, is called bioassay-directed fractionation and characterization. The identification and assessment of mutagens and potential carcinogens in complex mixtures has been significantly advanced by the use of short-term genetic bioassays. Bioassaydirected fractionation coupled with new analytical characterization methods has provided the tools needed to more efficiently identify potential carcinogens in complex combustion emissions and urban air samples. These studies have shown that a significant portion of the mutagenicity in combustion emissions and urban air is found in fractions more polar than polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A second strategy, the comparative potency method, provides an approach to evaluating the relative toxicities of a series of mixtures. The comparative mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of a series of combustion emissions has been assessed using dose-response studies in bacteria, mammalian cells, and rodents. Comparative mutagenic and tumorigenic emission rates or emission factors provide a means to directly compare the relative hazard of the sources. This data base has also been used to develop a comparative risk assessment methodology for combustion emissions.
Fashioning the “Mother of Israel”: The Ottoman Jewish Historical Narrative and the Image of Jewish Salonica

Using sources in Judeo-Spanish, French, German, and Hebrew, this article explores the complex processes through which Ottoman Jewish intellectuals fashioned their own vision of Ottoman Jewish history, positioned Salonica at the center of that narrative, and in the process popularized an image of the city as the “mother of Israel.” Ottoman Jewish history writers internalized Enlightenment discourses about “regeneration,” “civilization,” and “modernity” that also shaped the nineteenth-century historiography of Greek Christian, Ottoman Muslim, French Jewish, and German Jewish intellectuals. This article focuses on how Ottoman Jewish intellectuals translated French Jewish and German Jewish historical narratives about Ottoman Jewry into Judeo-Spanish, adapted and rewrote them, and ultimately overturned them. Discovering that German Jewish historians portrayed Ottoman Jews as being in decline while French Jewish writers adopted a more sympathetic perspective, Ottoman Jewish intellectuals recast their own former narrative of tragedy as an exceptional story of Jewish redemption and romance in the Ottoman realm. In reclaiming Ottoman Jewish history they sought to strengthen their position within the Ottoman Empire and to elevate their status in the eyes of world Jewry. The Salonican Jewish intellectuals who participated in this effort presented an image of their city and its storied Jewish past as an idealized symbol of the broader Ottoman Jewish experience and founded a Salonican Jewish historiography that still shapes our understanding of the city’s history today.
Combined Naïve Bayes and logistic regression for quantitative breast sonography

Sonography is commonly used as an adjunct to mammography for early detection of breast cancer. We are developing methods to classify solid breast masses in sonograms as malignant or benign. The goal of this study was to combine two independent probabilistic classifiers to improve computer-aided diagnosis of breast masses. Naive Bayes and logistic regression were used for supervised classification of masses from extracted morphological sonographic features, in combination with mammographic BI-RADS (categories 1 to 5) and patient age. Solid masses with biopsy-proven diagnoses were analyzed. Training and testing were performed using leave-one-out cross validation. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Agreement between predictions from the two classifiers was used to differentiate benign and malignant masses. The results show that logistic regression and Naive Bayes performed with ROC area of 0.902 ± 0.023 and 0.865 ± 0.027, respectively. The combined use of logistic regression and Naive Bayes demonstrated reduction in biopsies by 48%, with malignancy missed in 2% of cases (false negative rate of 6.4%).
The family Phytoseiidae (Acari) in western Washington State with descriptions of three new species

Abstract Collection records of phytoseiid mites from western Washington State are reported. Twentynine species were collected from 1986–1993. The known geographic ranges of ten species were substantially extended, including one species, Amblyseius graminis (Chant) collected for the first time in the Nearctic region. Three new species are described: Amblyseius crowleyi n. sp., Neoseiulus shanksi n. sp. and Proprioseiopsis antonellii n. sp.
CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AND MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION IN PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY

Although little is known about the etiology of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), genetic and epigenetic factors, oxidative injury and inflammation are thought to contribute to its development and/or progression. Evidence for activated glia involvement in PSP has raised the possibility that neuroinflammation may contribute to its pathogenesis. To investigate the correlation between neuroinflammation and PSP, a comparative study was conducted on the patterns of cytokine expression in different regions of the brains of PSP, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and normal controls. Our results show different patterns of cytokine expression in each disease, with the expression of IL-1β transcripts being significantly higher in the substantia nigra of PSP than in AD and controls, while AD brains had significantly higher IL-1β expression in the parietal cortex compared to PSP and controls. In addition, expression of TGFβ was significantly higher in the cortical areas (particularly frontal and parietal lobes) of AD compared to PSP and controls. These results show a disease-specific topographical relationship among the expression of certain cytokines (IL-1β and TGFβ), microglial activation and neurodegenerative changes, suggesting that these cytokines may contribute to the pathologic process. If so, the use of cytokine-inhibitors and/or other anti-inflammatory agents may be able to slow disease progression in PSP.
The American Labor Movement in the Age of Obama: The Challenges and Opportunities of a Racialized Political Economy

The relative weakness of the American labor movement has broader political consequences, particularly for the ambitions of the Obama presidency. Absent a strong countervailing political constituency like organized labor, well-organized and more powerful stakeholders like business and industry groups are able to exert undue influence in American democracy, thereby frustrating attempts at political reform. I argue that it is impossible to understand the current political situation confronting the Obama administration without an account of the underlying sources of labor weakness in the U.S. In such an account two factors loom especially large. One is the role of the state in structuring labor market institutions and the rules of the game for labor-business interactions. The second is the distinctively racialized character of the U.S. political economy, which has contributed to labor market segmentation, a unique political geography, and the racial division of the U.S. working class. In our current post-industrial, post-civil rights racial and economic order, whether and how the labor movement can overcome its historical racial fragmentation will determine its possibilities for renewal and ultimately its political strength in relation to the Obama presidency. If the labor movement remains an uneven and weak regional organization hobbled by racial fragmentation, the Obama Administration's efforts to advance its core policy agenda will lack the necessary political force to be effective.
Correlates of Readiness to Change in Victims of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social problem associated with significant morbidity; however, victims do not always utilize treatment and resources. One's readiness to change might be one variable impacting his or her pursuit of treatment and other resources. This study investigated correlates of readiness to change, and readiness to change's impact on treatment utilization. Data were collected from 223 women residing in battered women's shelters. Correlational analyses find that generally victims with more psychopathology and distress, as well as more social support, were more ready to change. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, overall distress, and social support were the strongest predictors of readiness to change. Finally, victims higher in readiness to change were more likely to seek mental health treatment and other IPV-related services.
Decision-making and quality of life in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia or advanced myelodysplastic syndrome

Older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (aMDS) must decide between receiving intensive induction chemotherapy (IC) or nonintensive chemotherapy/best supportive care (NIC). Little information exists about what factors influence treatment decisions and what quality of life (QOL) is associated with treatment choices. We prospectively examined 43 patients 60 years or older who were interviewed at diagnosis and periodically over 1 year. IC choice was associated with younger age (66 vs 76 years, P=0.01) and AML diagnosis, but not with performance status, comorbidities, or QOL. In total, 63% of all patients reported not being offered other treatment options despite physician documentation of alternatives. Patient and physician estimates of cure differed significantly: 74% of patients estimated their chance of cure to be 50% or greater, yet for 89% of patients physician estimates of cure were 10% or less. IC patients experienced decreased QOL at 2 weeks, but rebounded to baseline and to NIC levels by 6 weeks. Initial QOL is not associated with treatment choice in older AML and aMDS patients. Regardless of treatment choice, patients report not being offered treatment options and overestimate their chances of cure. In IC patients, QOL decreases during hospitalization but rebounds after discharge.
Targeted Particulate Adhesion to Cellulose Surfaces Mediated by Bifunctional Fusion Proteins

The adhesion of particles to surfaces is an integral element in many commercial and biological applications. In this article, we report on the direct measurements of protein-mediated deposition and binding of particles to model cellulose surfaces. This system involves a family of heterobifunctional fusion proteins that bind specifically to both a red dye and cellulose. Amine-coated particles were labeled with a red dye, and a fusion protein was attached to these particles at various number densities. The strength of adhesion of a single particle to a cellulose fiber was measured using micropipette manipulation as a function of the specificity of the protein and its surface density and contact time. The frequency and force of adhesion were seen to increase with contact time in fiber experiments. The dynamics of adhesion of the functionalized particles to cellulose-coated glass slides under controlled hydrodynamic flow was explored using a flow chamber for two scenarios: detachment of bound particles and attachment of particles in suspension as a function of the shear rate and surface density of protein. Highly specific adhesion was observed. The critical shear rate for particle detachment was an increasing function of cellulose binding domain (CBD) density on particle surface. A rapid irreversible attachment of particles to cellulose was observed under flow. Using a family of proteins that were divalent for binding either the red dye or cellulose, we found that particle detachment occurred because of the failure of the cellulose-CBD bond. A comparison of fiber binding and particle detachment results suggests that forces of adhesion of particles to cellulose of up to 2 nN can be obtained with this molecular system through multiple interactions. This study, along with the adhesion simulations currently under development, forms the basis of particulate design for specific adhesion applications.
The FECal Double-J: A Simplified Approach in the Management of Encrusted and Retained Ureteral Stents

Abstract Introduction: The management of the forgotten, encrusted, calcified (FECal) Double-J ureteral stents can represent one of the most difficult and challenging surgical conditions for the practicing urologist. We present a novel and simple grading system for the FECal stent and, taking into account our own experience and literature review, propose an algorithm in the management of the encrusted stent based on this new system. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of our stone database was performed from March 2000 to April 2007 revealing a total of nine patients presented with a FECal Double-J stent managed at our institution and included in our series for further analysis. Based on this population, our experience, and current surgical techniques, we designed a simplified grading system to universally define the retained indwelling FECal ureteral stents. Results: A total of nine patients with encrusted and retained ureteral stents were identified, graded, classified, and treated at our ins...
Inhibition of equine neutrophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis by a Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor, taeniaestatin

Taeniaestatin, a recently isolated Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor, was used to inhibit equine neutrophil migration. Taeniaestatin itself was not chemotactic when used as a chemotactic factor but taeniaestatin did inhibit neutrophil chemokinesis when tested in a Zigmond-Hirsch checkerboard assay. A dose-dependent inhibition of both chemokinesis and chemotaxis was observed when zymosan activated bovine sera (ZABS) was used as the chemotactic factor. This inhibition was greater than 95% when 5 mu of taeniaestatin was present on both the cell and chemotactic factor side of the chambers. Equine neutrophils gave dose- and time-dependent migration responses to purified bovine C5a with an ED50 of 1.04 X 10(-7)M. Taeniaestatin inhibited the C5a-mediated chemotactic and chemokinetic neutrophil responses (51% using 1 mu and greater than 95% with 5 mu of taeniaestatin). The inhibition of leucocyte motility by taeniaestatin was reversible and without cytotoxicity at the highest doses of taeniaestatin tested.
Why are Kinesin-2 KIF3AB and KIF3AC so Processive?

Mammalian KIF3AC is a heterotrimeric kinesin-2 that is best known for roles in organelle transport and remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton in neuronal tissue, yet in vitro studies to characterize its single molecule behavior are lacking. We report that a bacterially expressed native sequence of KIF3AC is highly processive with run lengths matching those exhibited by conventional kinesin-1 K560 in comparative experiments. This result was unexpected because KIF3AC exhibits the canonical kinesin-2 neck linker sequence that has been reported to be responsible for shorter run lengths observed for kinesin-2 KIF3AB. However, a comparative KIF3AB engineered with native sequence also exhibited long run lengths suggesting that neck linker length is not the sole determinant of run length for native kinesin-2 motors. KIF3C contains a long extension in surface loop L11 not present in KIF3A or KIF3B, or other processive kinesins. L11 is a component of the kinesin microtubule interface and has been implicated in activation of ADP release upon microtubule collision. KIF3AC encoding a truncation in KIF3C L11 (KIF3AC∆L11) is even more processive than wildtype KIF3AC and more similar to KIF3AB, suggesting that L11 also plays a role in determining run length. Steady-state ATPase experiments show that shortening L11 does not alter the kcat, consistent with the observation that single molecule velocities are not affected by this truncation. However, shortening L11 does significantly increase microtubule affinity in these dimers. Analysis of homodimeric KIF3CC and KIF3CC∆L11 reveal that both are processive but exceedingly slow. These results reveal that processivity can be regulated in part by L11, consistent with the interpretation that L11 becomes ordered upon microtubule collision to activate ADP release. These studies also expand our understanding of motor processivity and point to alternative structural and mechanistic modulators of processivity. Supported by NIH R37-GM54141.
Selmer groups of quadratic twists of elliptic curves

(1.1) E : y + a1xy + a3y = x 3 + a2x 2 + a4x+ a6 where a1, a2, a3, a4, a6 ∈ Z. Let N(E) denote the conductor of E, j(E) the j-invariant of E, and L(E, s) = ∑∞ n=1 a(n)n −s the Hasse-Weil L-function of E. If E is modular, then let FE(z) = ∑∞ n=1 aE(n)q n ∈ S2(N(E), χ1) be the associated weight 2 cusp form. Here χ1 denotes the trivial Dirichlet character. Throughout, D will denote a square-free integer, and χD shall denote the Kronecker character for the field Q( √ D). Let h(D) denote the order of Cl(D), the ideal class group of Q( √ D). If l is prime, then define h(D)l by
An analysis of factors that contribute to the magnitude of placebo analgesia in an experimental paradigm

Placebo analgesia was produced by conditioning trials wherein heat induced experimental pain was surreptitiously reduced in order to test psychological factors of expectancy and desire for pain reduction as possible mediators of placebo analgesia. The magnitudes of placebo effects were assessed after these conditioning trials and during trials wherein stimulus intensities were reestablished to original baseline levels. In addition, analyses were made of the influence of these psychological factors on concurrently assessed pain and remembered pain intensities. Statistically reliable placebo effects on sensory and affective measures of pain were graded according to the extent of surreptitious lowering of stimulus strength during the manipulation trials, consistent with conditioning. However, all of these effects were strongly associated with expectancy but not desire for relief. These results show that although conditioning may be sufficient for placebo analgesia, it is likely to be mediated by expectancy. The results further demonstrated that placebo effects based on remembered pain were 3 to 4 times greater than those based on concurrently assessed placebo effects, primarily because baseline pain was remembered as being much more intense than it actually was. However, similar to concurrent placebo effects, remembered placebo effects were strongly associated with expected pain levels that occurred just after conditioning. Taken together, these results suggest that magnitudes of placebo effect are dependent on multiple factors, including conditioning, expectancy, and whether analgesia is assessed concurrently or retrospectively.
The use of signal-averaged electrocardiography in predicting patients at high risk for sudden death.

Delayed and inhomogeneous ventricular depolarization is found in patients with ventricular tachycardia. This abnormal activity may be discerned as a ventricular late potential (LP) fay applying special signal-averaging techniques to the surface electrocardiogram. The presence of LPs after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with an increased risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death during the subsequent year. Thus the signal-averaged EGG (SAECG) can identify a high risk subset of patients following AMI for whom more intensive diagnostic and/or therapeutic measures are indicated. Patients with findings ordinarily indicative of a relatively poor prognosis, such as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, may be more precisely classified into high or low risk based on the presence or absence of LPs. The SAECG may be helpful in selecting patients with other types of presentations, such as syncope, who are likely to benefit from eJectrophysiological testing.
Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Side-to-Side Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy

A 58-year-old veteran was diagnosed with a gallstoneinduced chronic pancreatitis and malnutrition due to intractable abdominal pain. The patient had previously undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Preoperative ERCP revealed an obstructing pancreatic duct stone in the head of the pancreas with associated upstream duct dilatation. The patient had failed multiple attempts to access and stent the pancreatic duct, including unsuccessful cannulation of the minor papilla. Pancreatic protocol CT scan demonstrated a well-developed pseudocyst in communication with the dilated pancreatic duct. The video explains in details the operative steps. He was discharged home on POD #4. There were no complications during his hospitalization and at 6 months follow-up.
Robust Evidence and Secure Evidence Claims

Many philosophers have claimed that evidence for a theory is better when multiple independent tests yield the same result, i.e., when experimental results are robust. Little has been said about the grounds on which such a claim rests, however. The present essay presents an analysis of the evidential value of robustness that rests on the fallibility of assumptions about the reliability of testing procedures and a distinction between the strength of evidence and the security of an evidence claim. Robustness can enhance the security of an evidence claim either by providing what I call second‐order evidence, or by providing back‐up evidence for a hypothesis.
Immunostimulatory DNA Reverses Established Allergen-Induced Airway Remodeling

To determine whether immunostimulatory sequences of DNA (ISS) can reverse established airway remodeling, mice that had developed airway remodeling following 3 mo of repetitive OVA challenges, were treated with ISS for 1-3 mo. Systemic administration of ISS to mice that had already developed established airway remodeling significantly reduced the degree of airway collagen deposition (assessed by lung collagen content, peribronchial trichrome staining, and immunostaining with anticollagen type III and type V Abs). ISS reduced bronchoalveolar lavage and lung levels of TGF-beta1 and reduced the number of TGF-beta1-positive eosinophils and TGF-beta1-positive mononuclear cells recruited to the airway. In vitro studies demonstrated that ISS inhibited TGF-beta1 expression by macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages). In addition, ISS significantly reduces lung levels of expression of the chemokine thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, as well as the number of peribronchial CD4(+) lymphocytes that express Th2 cytokines that promote peribronchial fibrosis. Overall, these studies demonstrate that ISS can reverse features of airway collagen deposition by reducing levels of lung TGF-beta1, as well as by reducing levels of the chemokine thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine and the numbers of peribronchial CD4(+) lymphocytes that drive the ongoing Th2 immune response.
In silico screening for unmonitored, potentially problematic high production volume (HPV) chemicals prone to sequestration in biosolids

Thousands of high production volume (HPV) chemicals are used in the US at rates exceeding 450,000 kg (1 million pounds) per year, yet little is known about their fates during wastewater treatment and upon release into the environment. We utilized a recently introduced empirical model to predict the fraction of the mass loading (in raw sewage) that is expected to persist in digested sludge following conventional municipal treatment of chemical-laden sewage. The model requires only two readily available input parameters, a compound's log K(OW) value and a dimensionless curve fitting parameter (p(fit)). Following refinement of the fitting parameter and cross-validation of the model using the Jackknife method, we predicted the mass fractions of 207 hydrophobic HPV chemicals (log K(OW) of ≥ 4.0) that are expected to accumulate in digested municipal sludge during conventional wastewater treatment. Using this screening approach in conjunction with information from toxicity databases, we identified 11 HPV chemicals that are of potential concern due to (i) their propensity to accumulate and persist in sludge (>50% of mass loading), (ii) unfavorable ecotoxicity threshold values, and (iii) structural characteristics suggestive of environmental persistence following release of these HPV chemicals on land during biosolids recycling. The in silico screening approach taken in this study highlights existing environmental monitoring needs and may guide risk management strategies for biosolids disposal.
Your District Reporter

(1955). Your District Reporter. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 61-63.
The scientific basis of early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer: the National Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program (NOCEDP)

In the United States ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies and is the fifth most common female malignancy. Each year approximately 24,000 women will be newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 14,000 will die from this disease. In industrialized countries ovarian cancer accounts for more deaths than uterine and cervical cancer combined. The incidence of ovarian cancer has been steadily increasing over the past ten years, now with an overall lifetime risk of 1.8%. Ovarian cancer rapidly increases in occurrence after age 40 with the mean age of occurrence at 60 (1). Epidemiologic factors associated with ovarian cancer include nulliparity, a personal history of colon or breast cancer, an affected first degree relative with ovarian cancer, a family history of a recognized inherited malignancy syndrome, as well as a history of prolonged use of fertility drugs (2). Due to our current inability in detecting cancer confined to the ovary (stage I disease), the majority of women (75%) are diagnosed with tumor spread throughout the abdominal cavity (stage III or IV). This extensive spread of ovarian carcinoma often is associated with subtle symptoms such as bloating, early satiety, abdominal discomfort, or changes in bowel or bladder habits; vague symptoms that may often be dismissed by patient and/or healthcare provider or simply misdiagnosed. It is the anatomic location of the ovaries that contributes to our inability to detect early stage ovarian carcinoma. Despite significant improvements in surgical techniques, critical care and new chemotherapeutic regimens, the overall 5-year survival for women with stage III/IV epithelial ovarian carcinoma has remained constant (12 – 20%) over the past 30 years. Conversely, those patients diagnosed with stage I disease usually only require surgical intervention without chemotherapy and have an overall 5-year survival approximating 90%. Therefore the early detection of early stage epithelial ovarian cancer is essential in curbing the morbidity and mortality from this disease.
Separation of phospho- and non-phosphopeptides using reverse phase column chromatography

Abstract Peptides containing phosphoserine, phosphothreonine or phosphotyrosine and their parent non-phosphorylated forms were chromatographed using standard C18 reverse phase chromatography in the presence of a water/acetonitrile gradient supplemented with different counter ions. We obtained the best separation of phosphorylated from non-phosphorylated peptides in the presence of heptafluorobutyric acid, with differences in retention times as large as ∼ 20 min. The chromatographic method was reliable in separation of the same peptides phosphorylated at different positions, acidic or basic phospho-Ser/Thr-peptides or phospho-Tyr-containing peptides. The described separation conditions are useful in studying the kinetics of phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation and in analysis of phosphorylation sites in vivo.
Measurement of critical temperatures of thermally unstable n‐Alkanes

A modified sealed-tube apparatus has been developed for the measurement of the critical temperatures of thermally unstable fluids. The apparatus has been used to measure the critical temperatures of the normal alkanes from n-octane to n-hexadecane. Since the higher alkanes (with more than 10 carbon atoms) decompose at temperatures well below their critical temperatures, a new method of analysis of the apparent critical temperature vs. time data has been developed. This method employs reaction kinetics based on an irreversible first-order reaction and is used to linearize the data and to perform an unambiguous extrapolation to the critical temperature of the undecomposed substance. The method is successful because the temperature history of the substance is recorded by computer, and ampoule contents are analyzed at the completion of the experiment. The critical temperatures of the n-alkanes reported in this paper have been compared with values found in previous studies.
High-performance low-power AND and Sense-Amp address decoders with selective precharging

This paper presents and evaluates two novel address decoding schemes that use selective precharging, the sense-amp and the AND decoders, in comparison to the conventional NOR decoder. Simulations for all three designs are performed using 65 nm CMOS technology and the delays of all three decoders are set to 120 ps for a common base comparison. The most selective AND decoder performs best and dissipates between 0.17% and 43.17% (29.29% on average) and the selective Sense-Amp decoder dissipates between 28.81% and 48.33% (39.96% on average) of the energy dissipated by the nonselective conventional decoder.
Estimating estuarine gross production, community respiration and net ecosystem production: a nonlinear inverse technique

We describe a nonlinear inverse technique to estimate gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net ecosystem production in the vertically well mixed Parker River, Plum Island Sound estuarine system located in northeastern Massachusetts, USA. The approach uses a calibrated 1D advection–dispersion model to predict oxygen and salt concentrations along the estuarine length, which are compared to oxygen concentrations measured during high speed transects near dawn and dusk over a 2-day period in June 1995. The spatiotemporal shapes of the GPP and CR surfaces are represented with cubic B-splines that are deformed as needed by an algorithm that seeks to minimize error between oxygen observations and model predictions. The spatially resolving solution shows maximum instantaneous GPP of 1030 mmol O2 m −3 d −1 and CR of 340 mmol O2 m −3 d −1 in the upper portions of the estuary; however, the overall estuary is net heterotrophic ( −4.8 Mg C d −1 ). Analysis of the advection–dispersion model reveals that gas invasion and longitudinal dispersion account for up to 21 and 14% of local O2 accumulation relative to CR, respectively. However, an oxygen balance averaged over the 2-day sampling period shows that the negative net ecosystem productivity is balanced by a loss in estuarine oxygen storage. Carbon budget analysis indicates that terrestrial, marine, and marsh allochthonous inputs account for 2, 27 and 71% of the observed net heterotrophy, respectively. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sexual interactions and nestmate recognition in invasive populations of Polistes dominulus wasps

Many social insect species have mating systems or recognition abilities that minimize the chance of inbreeding. In haplodiploid systems, inbreeding is especially costly due to the production of sterile offspring such as diploid males. Diploid males (and their triploid offspring) have been identified in invasive populations of the paper wasp, Polistes dominulus, but to date have not been reported in its native populations. Due to the degree of genetic diversity in the invasive populations, it is unlikely that the production of these genetic ‘misfits’ is the result of a genetic bottleneck alone, but rather that errors in nestmate recognition may play a role. Here, we investigated sexual interactions and nestmate recognition in male and female P. dominulus. We observed nine types of behavioral interactions (55 h of behavioral observation consisting of 1,514 interactions) from triads of paper wasps composed of one gyne (female) and two males—one nestmate male and one non-nestmate male. The frequency of male- or female-initiated aggressive behavior did not differ between nestmates or non-nestmates. Non-nestmates were more likely to attempt to copulate with the gyne, but successful copulations were very rare and occurred between non-nestmates and nestmates. We discuss these results within the context of invasion biology.
DPDAT: data path direct access testing

Data Path Direct Access Test, DPDAT, supports efficient structural test of targeted datapath blocks using existing non-datapath DFT features in conjunction with architectural transparency already present in surrounding datapath blocks. This new DFT technique allows ATPG patterns generated at logic block levels to be applied at the full chip without expensive DFT overhead. The results of investigating feasibility on Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 show existence of these natural transparent paths, low area overhead and high fault coverage using sequential ATPG techniques under DPDAT.
Preschoolers Expect Pointers (Even Ignorant Ones) to Be Knowledgeable

in front of the cups so that the children could watch as she hid the ball but could not see the particular cup she baited. She announced that she had finished and removed the barrier. Both actors faced the camera throughout the rest of the trial. The children were randomly assigned to three conditions. In the point condition (n = 16; mean age = 3 years 11 months), the two actors simultaneously pointed to different cups. In the grasp condition (n = 16; mean age = 4 years 0 months), they simultaneously grasped the tops of different cups. We used grasping as a comparison gesture because young children understand that it, like pointing, is intentional and object directed (Woodward, 1999). However, it is not often used communicatively, and so may not be as likely as pointing to lead to the misattribution of knowledge. In the baseline condi- tion (n = 16; mean age = 3 years 11 months), the two actors simply sat with their hands in their laps. After the actors ges- tured (or not), the experimenter paused the video and asked, "Who knows where the ball is?" One actor hid the ball on the first and fourth trials; the other actor did so on the middle two trials.
Absorption and emission of radiation by nonspherical particles

Abstract The absorption and emission cross sections of finely divided particles are shown to depend strongly on particle shapes not only when the particles are comparable to the wave length but also when the particles are so small that the Rayleigh approximation is applicable. Some detailed comparisons are shown for some infrared absorption spectra of enstatite and ice.
Dynamic Changes in Representations of Preceding and Upcoming Reward in Monkey Orbitofrontal Cortex

We investigated how orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contributes to adaptability in the face of changing reward contingencies by examining how reward representations in monkey orbitofrontal neurons change during a visually cued, multi-trial reward schedule task. A large proportion of orbitofrontal neurons were sensitive to events in this task (69/80 neurons in the valid and 48/58 neurons in the random cue context). Neuronal activity depended upon preceding reward, upcoming reward, reward delivery, and schedule state. Preceding reward-dependent activity occurred in both the valid and random cue contexts, whereas upcoming reward-dependent activity was observed only in the valid context. A greater proportion of neurons encoded preceding reward in the random than the valid cue context. The proportion of neurons with preceding reward-dependent activity declined as each trial progressed, whereas the proportion encoding upcoming reward increased. Reward information was represented by ensembles of neurons, the composition of which changed with task context and time. Overall, neuronal activity in OFC adapted to reflect the importance of different types of reward information in different contexts and time periods. This contextual and temporal adaptability is one hallmark of neurons participating in executive functions.