cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleaving Execution into Model Driven Service Design

Business Process driven Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows for designing services that execute (or realize) atomic tasks of business processes. When developing and designing SOA applications using Model Driven Development (MDD), business processes and services are represented using specifications such as Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML based models help in specifying structural properties of services and the behavioral properties of a service composition, executing a business process. In a typical design scenario, architects develop process models (comprising of tasks) and service design independently and establish associations between tasks and the designed services. Service compositions representing business processes are verified with the designed services. Verification at design time is a manual activity and relies on the static information captured in these UML models. In this paper we describe a model-based approach that enables executing service compositions at design time. The process model and service model is transformed to an executable UML model and UML Action language (UAL) code fragments are automatically generated. UAL enables unambiguous specification of the behavior of service operations and their compositions. The generated executable model enables a precise behavior analysis of the process realization. We demonstrate the use of this approach by reporting on a reference model with 17 business processes and 127 business tasks realized using 13 Service interfaces.
PHYSICAL MODELLING OF FLOW AND DISPERSION OVER COMPLEX TERRAIN

Atmospheric motion and dispersion over topography characterized by irregular (or regular) hill-valley or mountain-valley distributions are strongly dependent upon three general sets of variables. These are variables that describe topographic geometry, synoptic-scale winds and surface-air temperature distributions. In addition, pollutant concentration distributions also depend upon location and physical characteristics of the pollutant source. Overall fluid-flow complexity and variability from site to site have stimulated the development and use of physical modelling for determination of flow and dispersion in many wind-engineering applications. Models with length scales as small as 1:12,000 have been placed in boundary-layer wind tunnels to study flows in which forced convection by synoptic winds is of primary significance. Flows driven primarily by forces arising from temperature differences (gravitational or free convection) have been investigated by small-scale physical models placed in an isolated space (gravitational convection chamber). Similarity criteria and facilities for both forced and gravitational-convection flow studies are discussed. Forced-convection modelling is illustrated by application to dispersion of air pollutants by unstable flow near a paper mill in the state of Maryland and by stable flow over Point Arguello, California. Gravitational-convection modelling is demonstrated by a study of drainage flow and pollutant transport from a proposed mining operation in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Other studies in which field data are available for comparison with model data are reviewed.
Dalton communications. Synthesis and characterization of [Li(OEt2)3][Co2(SC6H2Pri3-2,4,6)5]: a compound with a face-sharing ditetrahedral structure

The reaction of Li(SC6H2Pri3-2,4,6) with CoCl2 in diethyl ether solution affords [Li(OEt2)3][Co2(SC6H2Pri3-2,4,6)5] which features an anion that has a unique face-sharing structure composed of two CoS4 tetrahedra.
REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN MEIOSIS

Meiosis can be viewed both as a process of cell differentiation and as a modification of the mitotic cell cycle. Here we describe recent progress in defining a variety of regulatory mechanisms that govern the meiotic divisions. Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in higher organisms have led to complementary insights into these controls.
Measuring Fiber Orientation in Nonwovens: Part I: Simulation

In nonwovens, fiber orientation is an important characteristic because it directly influences the properties of the material. In a series of papers, we plan to explore the viability of image analysis algorithms for characterizing fiber orientation. In the first part of this series, we present a simulation scheme to produce images to test these different algorithms. As part of the series, we will present a direct tracking method in Part II, as well as Fourier and flow field analyses in subsequent parts for characterizing fiber orientation.
Visualization for learners: a framework for adapting scientists' tools

Abstract The use of scientific investigation tools for education is receiving considerable attention as a result of an increased emphasis in the educational community on open-ended inquiry. The scientific community possesses a treasure trove of tools that could be adapted for use by learners. Scientific visualization technologies, in particular, offer great promise for education because of the way they use visual representations to facilitate exploration of complex data. However, the tools that are used by scientists are inappropriate for learners because of their reliance on the tacit knowledge of expert users. Through a careful consideration of the differences between scientists and science students and the design of a series of scientific visualization environments for learners in grades 8–16, we have developed a design framework for the creation of scientific investigation tools based on those of scientists. The framework highlights five critical issues for the construction of tools to support inquiry-based learning: motivating context, learner-appropriate activities, data selection, scaffolding interfaces and support for learning. We have applied this framework to the design of ClimateWatcher, a scientific visualization environment for the investigation of issues related to global climate and climate change that is now in use in middle school, high school and university settings.
Further analysis of the relationship between self-injury and self-restraint.

It has been suggested that self-restraint, a phenomenon often correlated with self-injurious behavior (SIB), may be maintained by negative reinforcement in the form of escape from the aversive properties of SIB (e.g., pain). We examined the effects of blocking SIB (and presumably removing any aversive effects) on the self-restraint of a 19-year-old male with severe mental retardation. Consistent with the negative reinforcement hypothesis, blocking SIB resulted in near-zero levels of SIB and moderate reductions in self-restraint.
Isotope separation by selective unimolecular photoisomerization

Abstract The selectivity of a photochemical isotope separation process may be preserved in steps subsequent to photoexcitation through the use of unimolecular photoisomerization.
The Effects of Race and Insurance on Potentially Avoidable Hospitalizations in Tennessee

This study examined effects of race and insurance on the risk of potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAHs) in Tennessee. Applying the current Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality definitions for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions to inpatient discharge data, the study found hospitalized Black patients more likely than their White counterparts to have experienced a PAH for chronic conditions. In contrast, Black inpatients' risk was lower than that of White inpatients for acute conditions after controlling for covariates. The results also showed the strong influence of insurance coverage. Finally, an analysis of racial differences in the relative risks for PAHs using data grouped by insurance status showed that hospitalized Blacks within each subset had a greater risk of having a PAH than hospitalized Whites, although the risk varied with insurance type. The variations of PAH risks across racial and insurance categories, together with the extra risks associated with chronic conditions, deserve greater examination.
Character ethics and public administration

Character ethics addresses the conditions, values, and ideas that give shape to our ways of life - to our character as a people. It has formed an integral part of political life and thought throughout history. It has, however, fallen to neglect during much of this century. We ignore it at our peril. A growing communitarian movement has renewed attention to character or “virtue” ethics in recent years, much of it focused on local, grassroots initiatives. This essay introduces the reader to some basic aspects of character ethics, and then presents an argument for its relevance to public administration. The argument focuses on the application of character ethics to organizational-economic arrangements and conditions which form a great part of the public administration's responsibilities. The organizational economy constitutes a vital foundation for shaping civic character. Since public administration influences the organizational economy, our ethical responsibilities should include continually examining prac...
Laser 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on Miocene sequences from the Bengal basin: Implications for middle Miocene denudation of the eastern Himalayas

[1] Petrographic, mineral-chemistry and subsurface studies reveal that orogenic sedimentation had already begun in the Bengal basin by the early Miocene. Laser 40Ar/39Ar age determinations were made for detrital muscovite grains (145 total, among 4 samples) from the lower-to-middle Miocene Bhuban Formation. The laser fusion ages range from circa 12 Ma to 516 Ma, and thus suggest derivation from a combination of sources: the Himalayas, Indo-Burman ranges and possibly the Indian shield and Tibetan plateau. Modes of circa 16 Ma, 18 Ma, 26 and 40 Ma in the age distributions of these samples are most consistent with unroofing of the Higher Himalayas since the early Miocene. Detrital micas of such an early age (16 Ma) for the Bhuban Formation are interpreted to indicate that little time elapsed between the isotopic closure of 40Ar in the muscovite and its ultimate deposition in middle Miocene strata. The detrital ages of circa 16 and 22 Ma in this study, most prominent in the highest stratigraphic levels sampled in this study, are younger than those previously reported in the western Himalayan foreland basins. These younger detrital ages are consistent with rapid middle Miocene unroofing and erosion as has been proposed for crystalline rocks of the eastern Himalayas. The minimum 40Ar/39Ar ages for muscovite in a particular sample seem proportional to the stratigraphic level sampled, i.e., younger ages tend to occur for samples of higher stratigraphic level. These results support earlier studies indicating that detrital geochronology can be used as an effective tool in evaluating stratigraphic ages.
THE MISSISSIPPI ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING PROGRAM: THE BEGINNINGS TO THE PRESENT

AbstractThe Mississippi Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program was instituted in 1986 and is to be funded through 1992. The project was designed to stimulate the reporting of ADRs on a statewide basis. The project has been successful in increasing the numbers of ADRs reported from Mississippi, as well as enhancing the awareness of the positive features inherent in the reporting of ADRs externally from practitioners' practice sites. The project has encompassed a community and hospital component throughout. This manuscript lists activities to date, the analyses accomplished to analyze data derived from the project, and plans for the remaining three years of the project.
A Location Prediction-Based Reactive Routing Protocol to Minimize the Number of Route Discoveries and Hop Count per Path in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We propose a new mobile ad hoc network routing protocol called ‘location prediction-based routing’ (LPBR) to simultaneously minimize the number of route discoveries and hop count of the paths for a source–destination session. During a regular flooding-based route discovery, LPBR collects the location and mobility information of nodes in the network and stores the collected information at the destination node of the route search process. When the minimum hop route discovered through the flooding-based route discovery fails, the destination node attempts to predict the current location of each node using the location and mobility information collected during the latest flooding-based route discovery. A minimum hop Dijkstra algorithm is run on the locally predicted global topology. If the predicted minimum hop route exists in reality, no expensive flooding-based route discovery is needed and the source continues to send data packets on the discovered route; otherwise, the source initiates another flooding-based route discovery. Simulation results indicate that LPBR incurs a significantly reduced number of flooding-based route discoveries, lower hop count per path, smaller route discovery overhead, lower end-to-end delay per packet and higher packet delivery ratio compared with that of the minimum hop-based, stability-based and position-based routing protocols.
Determining the Optimal Configuration of Highway Routes for Real-Time Traffic Information: A Case Study

This paper deals with a case study where the objective is to identify the optimal subset of routes for real-time traveler information in a highway network. It is assumed that the benefit of providing this information is directly related to the uncertainty of route travel times. The variance of travel times within a time period over consecutive days is employed as the indicator of this uncertainty. The New Jersey Turnpike is used as the study network due to the availability of vehicle-by-vehicle network-specific data. The data set covers travel times between ~ 630 origin-destination (OD) pairs during 2004. The problem of identifying the optimal number of subset of routes is modeled as a nonlinear integer-programming problem. The proposed model is then solved using the Network-Enabled Optimization Software server, which is a common optimization solver that is available over the Internet. A simple heuristic for the proposed model is also presented.
Cross-Species Analysis of Genic GC3 Content and DNA Methylation Patterns

The GC content in the third codon position (GC3) exhibits a unimodal distribution in many plant and animal genomes. Interestingly, grasses and homeotherm vertebrates exhibit a unique bimodal distribution. High GC3 was previously found to be associated with variable expression, higher frequency of upstream TATA boxes, and an increase of GC3 from 5′ to 3′. Moreover, GC3-rich genes are predominant in certain gene classes and are enriched in CpG dinucleotides that are potential targets for methylation. Based on the GC3 bimodal distribution we hypothesize that GC3 has a regulatory role involving methylation and gene expression. To test that hypothesis, we selected diverse taxa (rice, thale cress, bee, and human) that varied in the modality of their GC3 distribution and tested the association between GC3, DNA methylation, and gene expression. We examine the relationship between cytosine methylation levels and GC3, gene expression, genome signature, gene length, and other gene compositional features. We find a strong negative correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = −0.67, P value < 0.0001) between GC3 and genic CpG methylation. The comparison between 5′-3′ gradients of CG3-skew and genic methylation for the taxa in the study suggests interplay between gene-body methylation and transcription-coupled cytosine deamination effect. Compositional features are correlated with methylation levels of genes in rice, thale cress, human, bee, and fruit fly (which acts as an unmethylated control). These patterns allow us to generate evolutionary hypotheses about the relationships between GC3 and methylation and how these affect expression patterns. Specifically, we propose that the opposite effects of methylation and compositional gradients along coding regions of GC3-poor and GC3-rich genes are the products of several competing processes.
Dietary amino acids and brain function

Abstract Two groups of amino acids—the aromatic and the acidic amino acids—are reputed to influence brain function when their ingestion in food changes the levels of these amino acids in the brain. The aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine) are the biosynthetic precursors for the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Single meals, depending on their protein content, can rapidly influence uptake of aromatic amino acid into the brain and, as a result, directly modify their conversion to neurotransmitters. Such alterations in the production of transmitters can directly modify their release from neurons and, thus, influence brain function. The acidic amino acids glutamate and aspartate are themselves brain neurotransmitters. However, they do not have ready access to the brain from the circulation or the diet. As a result, the ingestion of proteins, which are naturally rich in aspartate and glutamate, has no effect on the level of acidic amino acid in the brain (or, thus, on brain function by this mechanism). Nevertheless, the food additives monosodium glutamate and aspartame (which contains aspartate) have been reputed to raise the level of acidic amino acid in the brain (when ingested in enormous amounts), to modify brain function, and even to cause neuronal damage. Despite such claims, a substantial body of published evidence clearly indicates that the brain is not affected by ingestion of aspartame and is affected by glutamate only when the amino acid is administered alone in extremely large doses. Therefore, when consumed in the diet neither compound presents a risk to normal brain function.
Litter type control on soil C and N stabilization dynamics in a temperate forest.

While plant litters are the main source of soil organic matter (SOM) in forests, the controllers and pathways to stable SOM formation remain unclear. Here, we address how litter type (13C/15N-labeled needles vs. fine roots) and placement-depth (O vs. A horizon) affect in situ C and N dynamics in a temperate forest soil after 5 years. Litter type rather than placement-depth controlled soil C and N retention after 5 years in situ, with belowground fine root inputs greatly enhancing soil C (x1.4) and N (x1.2) retention compared with aboveground needles. While the proportions of added needle and fine root-derived C and N recovered into stable SOM fractions were similar, they followed different transformation pathways into stable SOM fractions: fine root transfer was slower than for needles, but proportionally more of the remaining needle-derived C and N was transferred into stable SOM fractions. The stoichiometry of litter-derived C vs. N within individual SOM fractions revealed the presence at least two pools of different turnover times (per SOM fraction) and emphasized the role of N-rich compounds for long-term persistence. Finally, a regression approach suggested that models may underestimate soil C retention from litter with fast decomposition rates.
Coulomb re-excitation of radioactive nuclei

Abstract A new technique, Coulomb re-excitation (CRE), is proposed which can be used to study well-deformed far-from-stability nuclei. In CRE a radioactive secondary ion beam is allowed to bombard a high Z target at just under the Coulomb barrier. A special anticoincidence, charged-particle detector is used to suppress background. Low counting rates are predicted but, when expected backgrounds are folded in, CRE data may be statistically superior to higher-rate in-beam data on the same nucleus.
Sleeping at Walden Pond: Thoreau, Abnormal Temporality, and the Modern Body

This essay explores Henry David Thoreau's Walden in relation to the history of sleep, considered as a medical, biological, social, and spiritual phenomenon. Attention to Thoreau's striving for "awakening" and "alertness" has veiled his running rhetoric of dormancy: scenes and tropes of sleeping, nodding off, sleepwalking, snoring, dreaming, napping, exhaustion, and catalepsy recur throughout the text, while factory bells, the shrieks of trains, cries of newsboys, and addiction to caffeine all perturb his slumber or that of his neighbors. The first three sections of this essay situate Thoreau's portrayal of a disrupted sleep-world in relation to the incursions of nineteenth-century patterns of labor and consumption, the spread of psychoactive substances and phenomena, and the rise of neurological science and psychiatry; a fourth considers his efforts to conceive alternative valuations of the sleep-waking continuum as a spiritual and bodily mandate. Using the lens of disability studies to link Thoreau's own private sleep disturbances to his broader critique of modernity, I argue that a reading of Walden can help uncover the origins of how sleep has become a problem in our contemporary world.
High resolution measurement of microwave refraction on short tropospheric paths

A method of measuring angle of arrival, or angle of fire, of a microwave signal transmitted over a short line-of-sight path is described. The method used is similar to that employed in conical scan, or simultaneous lobing, radars. Accuracy in angular measurement is achieved by utilizing the portion of the antenna pattern in which the gain function varies rapidly with angle. Using 4-ft aperture antennas operating at 35 GHz on a 6\frac{1}{2} -mi path, angle of fire is detected linearly with an accuracy of \pm 0.010\deg , and the resolution may be as good as \pm 0.002\deg . The effects of random atmospheric turbulence on the results is investigated. Many examples of layered structure have been observed, but the most dramatic records come when the atmosphere is unstable and large changes in refraction occur, e.g., at the onset of land and sea breezes.
Earth Materials and Human Health

The biosphere has maintained a dynamic equilibrium with the terrestrial environment for more than 3.5 billion years. Except for radiant energy from the Sun, all Earth materials necessary for life are derived chiefly from the near-surface portions of the land, sea, and air. Where biospheric usage is less than the supply and/or the rate of replenishment, continued population growth and resource consumption are possible. In cases where the rate of recharge of a life-sustaining Earth material is finite, usage ultimately may reach a stage in which the demand equals but on average cannot exceed the overall supply. However, most natural mineral resources are present in finite abundance, and for such commodities, present excessive human consumption reduces future availability, and thus the ultimate planetary carrying capacity for civilization. Intensive utilization of Earth materials has enhanced the quality of life, especially in the Developed Nations. Nevertheless, natural background levels, and Earth processes...
DO MORE EFFECTIVE TEACHERS EARN MORE OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM

We examine earnings records for more than 130,000 classroom teachers employed by Florida public schools between the 2001‐2 and 2006‐7 school years, roughly 35,000 of whom left the classroom during that time. A majority of those leaving the classroom remained employed by public school districts. Among teachers in grades 4‐8 leaving for other industries, a 1 standard deviation increase in estimated value added to student math and reading achievement is associated with 6‐ 8 percent higher earnings outside teaching. The relationship between effectiveness and earnings is stronger in other industries than it is for the same groups of teachers while in the classroom, suggesting that current teacher compensation systems do not fully account for the higher opportunity wages of effective teachers.
Keeping Adolescents Busy With Extracurricular Activities

Adolescent participation in academic/extracurricular activities is related to fewer diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections during adolescence. The role parents play in motivating participation in such activities is unclear. This mixed-methods study explored parental influences on academic/extracurricular activity participation, and the relationship of such participation to adolescents' future aspirations and sexual behavior, over a 4-year period. We utilized semistructured interviews with 28 White and Asian American adolescents (age 17-19) and event history calendar self-reports of activities, part-time jobs, and sexual behaviors. Data triangulation was used to integrate qualitative and quantitative data. Increased participation was correlated with abstinence and later sexual onset. Many adolescents reported that parents were reluctant to talk with them about sexual risks and instead preferred to keep them busy and ensure that they had the "right" friends. Adolescents endorsed the parental strategy of keeping them busy with activities. Findings and implications for school nursing practice are discussed.
Production and Properties of Antisera to Membrane Glycolipids of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Abstract The glycolipid haptens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae became immunogenic when bound to membrane proteins of Acholeplasma laidlawii by reaggregation. This process consisted of the solubilization of lipid-depleted A. laidlawii membranes and M. pneumoniae glycolipids in 20 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate and dialysis of the mixed solutions against 20 mm Mg2+. The antibodies produced in rabbits to the reaggregated glycolipids inhibited the metabolism of M. pneumoniae, fixed complement with M. pneumoniae glycolipids or whole cells, precipitated M. pneumoniae glycolipids, and agglutinated M. pneumoniae cells. All these antibody activities could be blocked or absorbed by the purified glycolipids but not by a series of carbohydrates containing glucose and galactose. It was concluded that the antiserum to the reaggregated glycolipids may be regarded as a specific serum to membrane glycolipids of M. pneumoniae, since the antibodies to A. laidlawii membrane proteins, present in this serum, did not react with the glycolipids or with any other cell component of M. pneumoniae.
Fast frequency sweep computations using a multi‐point Padé‐based reconstruction method and an efficient iterative solver

Problems of the form Z(σ) u(σ)=f(σ), where Z is a given matrix, f is a given vector, and σ is a circular frequency or circular frequency-related parameter arise in many applications including computational structural and fluid dynamics, and computational acoustics and electromagnetics. The straightforward solution of such problems for fine increments of σ is computationally prohibitive, particularly when Z is a large-scale matrix. This paper discusses an alternative solution approach based on the efficient computation of u and its successive derivatives with respect to σ at a few sample values of this parameter, and the reconstruction of the solution u(σ) in the frequency band of interest using multi-point Pade approximants. This computational methodology is illustrated with applications from structural dynamics and underwater acoustic scattering. In each case, it is shown to reduce the CPU time required by the straightforward approach to frequency sweep computations by two orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azithromycin for Improving Pulmonary Function in Cystic Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature concerning the use of azithromycin in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).DATA SOURCES:A search of MEDLINE (1966–April 2004), Embase (1980—April 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–April 2004) was performed. Search terms included cystic fibrosis, macrolide, and azithromycin.DATA SYNTHESIS:Four studies have been performed in 7–185 patients (children and adults) over a 3- to 6-month period. The azithromycin dosage ranged from 250 mg 3 times weekly to 500 mg daily. The trials reported an improvement in percent predicted forced expiratory volume ranging from 2.95% to 6.2% in patients treated with azithromycin compared with those receiving placebo.CONCLUSIONS:Azithromycin appeared to improve pulmonary function in adults and older children with CF and was well tolerated when administered for 6 months. Further research is needed to determine an optimal dosage regimen, duration of treatment, effects on quality of life, and cost-effectiveness o...
The Levels of Leadership and Transcendent Servant Leadership Development

This paper addresses the challenges associated with defining and conceptualizing leadership amidst the plethora of theoretical constructs and definitions of leadership and proposes a model for developing transcendent servant-leaders. Based on a review of the literature, three categorical levels of leadership are outlined and discussed that describe the motives that drive leaders, their means of influence, and the outcomes they strive to achieve at each level. These levels include everyday leadership, effective organizational leadership, and transcendent servant leadership. Having delineated these leadership levels, a holistic model for leadership development and education that facilitates the transcendence of effective organizational leaders and ensures their sustaining power of influence is outlined and described.
Absence of mutagenic activity for monosodium cyanurate

The mutagenic potential of monosodium cyanurate was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo tests. All in vitro tests were carried out in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. In each assay, the highest concentration tested generally exceeded the solubility of monosodium cyanurate in the incubation medium. In the Salmonella microbial assay, monosodium cyanurate was not mutagenic towards test strains TA 98, 100, 1535, and 1537 up to a concentration of 10,000 μg/plate. Monosodium cyanurate did not induce forward mutations at the TK locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells up to a concentration of 2000 μg/ml. No significant increases in sister chromatid exchanges were observed when monosodium cyanurate was incubated with Chinese hamster ovary cells at concentrations up to 1500 μg/ml. In an in vivo test, rats were administered monosodium cyanurate by gavage at single dosages up to 5000 mg/kg and killed 24 and 48 hr after dosing. Bone marrow cells were collected and examined for chromosomal aberrations. At the time points examined, there was no evidence of monosodium cyanurate-induced chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow cells.
PD-1– and CTLA-4–Based Inhibitory Chimeric Antigen Receptors (iCARs) Divert Off-Target Immunotherapy Responses

T cell therapies have demonstrated long-term efficacy and curative potential for the treatment of some cancers. However, their use is limited by damage to bystander tissues, as seen in graft-versus-host disease after donor lymphocyte infusion, or "on-target, off-tumor" toxicities incurred in some engineered T cell therapies. Nonspecific immunosuppression and irreversible T cell elimination are currently the only means to control such deleterious responses, but at the cost of abrogating therapeutic benefits or causing secondary complications. On the basis of the physiological paradigm of immune inhibitory receptors, we designed antigen-specific inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors (iCARs) to preemptively constrain T cell responses. We demonstrate that CTLA-4- or PD-1-based iCARs can selectively limit cytokine secretion, cytotoxicity, and proliferation induced through the endogenous T cell receptor or an activating chimeric receptor. The initial effect of the iCAR is temporary, thus enabling T cells to function upon a subsequent encounter with the antigen recognized by their activating receptor. iCARs thus provide a dynamic, self-regulating safety switch to prevent, rather than treat, the consequences of inadequate T cell specificity.
Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is currently a topic of increased interest after decades of apparent decline. Some of this increased popularity can be attributed to the advent of new imaging techniques, including ultrasound. Two recent feasibility studies in fresh cadavers suggested that ultrasound (US) could be used to place electrodes without apparent nerve injury next to peripheral nerves, similar to nerve catheter placement [1, 2]. These reports were followed by a small case series of patients receiving permanent implants, with generally good outcomes. US-guided placement allowed a percutaneous trial, preventing incision in nonresponders, and in many cases produced durable analgesia beyond 1 year. Percutaneous leads designed for spinal cord stimulation placed via US allowed the intraoperative testing of multiple different stimulation parameters. US visualization also allowed electrode placement superior or inferior to the nerve or even two parallel leads placed abreast of the nerve [3].
Christmas in Purgatory: A Retrospective Look

It has now been 40 years since the publication of Blatt and Kaplan's (1966) Christmas in Purgatory, a photographic exposeof institutions. In this article I review this landmark work in the context of some of the major events in the field of mental retarda- tion in the era immediately following its publica- tion. The growing dissatisfaction with abusive and dehumanizing conditions at institutions soon led to the emergence of new concepts and philosophies as well as law suits that eventually challenged the very existence of institutions. ''There is hell on earth,'' wrote Burton Blatt (Blatt & Kaplan 1966), ''and in America there is a special inferno. We were visitors there during Christmas, 1965'' (p. v). Blatt, then a professor at Boston University, had followed the controversy surrounding Senator Robert Kennedy's unan- nounced visits to New York's Willowbrook and Rome State Schools in fall 1965. Kennedy publicly denounced conditions at the institutions. In re- sponse, public officials and supporters of Governor Nelson Rockefeller accused Kennedy of painting a misleading picture of conditions at the institutions based on superficial tours. Blatt was aware that Ken- nedy had accurately portrayed the nature of con-
Economic Integration In The Americas: 1975-1992

Latin American countries renewed their interest in regional trading blocs during the 1980s. According to Salgado, this renewed interest took the form of two phases: 1984-87, and from 1986 on. This paper uses a gravity equation to examine Latin American and Caribbean trade flows to ascertain the effectiveness of the Central American Common Market, Andean Pack and Latin American Integration Association, and to identify the factors affecting Latin American integration. Geographic distances are adjusted for the level of infrastructure development in an attempt to better proxy economic distance. A Chow Test is used to test for Salgados two phases.
Round-Up: Runtime Verification of Quasi Linearizability for Concurrent Data Structures

We propose a new method for runtime checking of a relaxed consistency property called quasi linearizability for concurrent data structures.Quasi linearizability generalizes the standard notion of linearizability by introducing nondeterminism into the parallel computations quantitatively and then exploiting such nondeterminism to improve the runtime performance. However, ensuring the quantitative aspects of this correctness condition in the low-level code of the concurrent data structure implementation is a difficult task.Our runtime verification method is the first fully automated method for checking quasi linearizability in the C/C++ code of concurrent data structures. It guarantees that all the reported quasi linearizability violations manifested by the concurrent executions are real violations. We have implemented our method in a software tool based on the LLVM compiler and a systematic concurrency testing tool called Inspect. Our experimental evaluation shows that the new method is effective in detecting quasi linearizability violations in the source code implementations of concurrent data structures.
Rational Inefficiency: A Nash-Cournot Oligopolistic Market Equilibrium

The standard assumption in the efficiency literature that firms desire to produce on the production frontier may not hold in an oligopolistic market where the production decisions of all firms will determine the market price, i.e. an increase in a firm’s output level leads to a lower market clearing price and potentially-lower profits. This paper models both the production possibility set and the inverse demand function and identifies a Nash-Cournot equilibrium and improvement targets which may not be on the production frontier. This behavior is referred to as rational inefficiency because the firm reduces its productivity levels in order to increase profits. For a general multiple input/output production process which allows a firm to adjust its output levels and variable input levels, the existence and the uniqueness of the Nash-Cournot equilibrium is proven. The relationship between the benchmark frontier, scale properties and allocative efficiency is discussed. When changes in quantity have a significant influence on price, we observe more benchmark production plans on the increasing returns to scale portion of the frontier. Additionally, a direction for improvement towards the allocatively efficient production plan is estimated, thus providing a solution to the direction selection issue in a directional distance analysis.
L 1 -fusion: Robust linear-time image recovery from few severely corrupted copies

We address the problem of recovering an unknown image of interest, when only few, severely corrupted copies are available. We employ, for the first time in the literature, corruption-resistant L 1 -Principal-Components (L 1 -PCs) of the image data-set at hand. Specifically, the calculated L 1 -PCs are used for reliability-based patch-by-patch fusion of the corrupted image copies into a single high-quality representation of the original image (L 1 -fusion). Our experimental studies illustrate that the proposed method offers remarkable recovery results for several common corruption types, even under high corruption rate, small number of copies, and varying corruption type among copies. An additional theoretical contribution of this work is that the L 1 -PC of a data matrix of non-negative entries (e.g., image data) is for the first time shown to be optimally calculable with complexity linear to the matrix dimensions — as of now, the fastest-known optimal algorithm is of polynomial complexity. In the light of this result, L 1 -fusion is carried out with linear cost comparable to that of the simple copy-averaging alternative. The linear-low cost of L 1 -fusion allows for the recovered image to be, optionally, further refined by means of sophisticated single-image restoration techniques.
Residual moveout-based wave-equation migration velocity analysis

We propose a new method to perform wave-equation migration velocity analysis by maximizing the flatness of the angledomain common image gathers. Instead of maximizing the image-stack-power objective function directly with respect to the slowness, we link the objective function to the slowness indirectly through an intermediate moveout parameter. This approach is immune to the cycle-skipping problem, and it produces high-quality gradients. In addition, the proposed method does not require explicit picking of the moveout parameters. Our numerical examples demonstrate the great potential of this method: in the first example where there is a Gaussian-shaped anomaly slowness error, our method produces well-behaved gradient; from our test on the Marmousi models, the proposed method converges to a high-quality model that uniformly flattens the angle-domain common image gathers.
Low-level blast exposure increases Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression in the rat cornea

ABSTRACTBackground: Blast-related ocular injuries sustained by military personnel have led to rigorous efforts to elucidate the effects of blast exposure on neurosensory function. Recent studies have provided some insight into cognitive and visual deficits sustained following blast exposure; however, limited data are available on the effects of blast on pain and inflammatory processes. Investigation of these secondary effects of blast exposure is necessary to fully comprehend the complex pathophysiology of blast-related injuries. The overall purpose of this study is to determine the effects of single and repeated blast exposure on pain and inflammatory mediators in ocular tissues.Methods: A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver a single or repeated blast (68.0 ± 2.7 kPa) to anesthetized rats daily for 5 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed on ocular tissues to determine the expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), subst...
Trend in the Use of Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy and Diagnosis of Depression in the US

Objective: To discern population-adjusted rates of office-based physician visits in the US documenting the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, a diagnosis of a depressive illness, or a diagnosis of a depressive disorder in concert with the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Materials and Methods: Data from the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the time-period of 1990 through 1998 were used to discern the population-adjusted rate of office-based physician visits documenting the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy [tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or others], a diagnosis of depression (ICD-9-CM codes 296.2 to 296.36, 300.4 or 311) or both. Results: Office-based visits documenting the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for any purpose escalated from 16 534 268 in 1990 to 40 925 824 in 1998, a 147.5% increase. The number of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of depression increased 59.1% during this period, while the proportion of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of depression and use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy increased 31.3%. Among patients with a diagnosis of depression, use of a TCA declined from 42.1% in 1990 to 9.7% in 1998. In contrast, use of an SSRI increased from 37.1% in 1990 to 65.6% in 1998. The population-adjusted rate of office-based visits documenting the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for any purpose increased from 6.7 per 100 US population in 1990 to 15.1 per 100 US population in 1998, a 125.4% increase; documentation of a diagnosis of depression increased from 6.1 per 100 US population in 1990 to 8.9 per 100 US population in 1998, a 45.9% increase; and the recording of a diagnosis of depression in concert with the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy increased from 3.2 per 100 US population in 1990 to 6.1 per 100 US population in 1998, a 90.6% increase. Conclusion: Over the time-period 1990 to 1998, there was a significant increase in the rate of diagnosis of depressive illness in the US, and a sustained preference for use of an SSRI in the treatment of depression.
Modeling and Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Magnet Defect Signatures in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

In this paper, a motor specific fault severity assessment method is proposed to calculate the amplitude of magnet defect fault signatures in the stator current and back-electromotive force (EMF) through machine and controller parameters of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. A detailed mathematical analysis is developed based on the linear model of PMSM to predict the behavior of fault signatures in motor variables at various operating points. In order to understand and decouple the effects of motor controllers and operating points, the derivations are further extended to clarify the effects of current loop gains. Under the light of findings, the fault severity impact on the current and back-EMF fault signatures is investigated exhaustively. For this purpose, the fault intensity imposed to a motor is increased in four steps by removing 25% of one magnet at each step. Throughout each fault level, the changes in the corresponding spectrums are analyzed, which provides an essential information to design accurate threshold to minimize false alarms. The theoretical derivations are validated through comparative finite element analysis (FEA) simulations and experiments.
Dynamic nitroxyl formation in the ammonia oxidation on platinum via Eley–Rideal reactions

For over 90 years, nitroxyl (HNO) has been postulated to be an important reaction intermediate in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to NO and its by-products (N2, N2O), but never proven to form or exist on catalytic surfaces. Here we show evidence from reactive ion beam experiments that HNO can form directly on the surface of polycrystalline Pt exposed to NH3via Eley–Rideal abstraction reactions of adsorbed NH by energetic O+ and O2+ projectiles. The dynamic formation of HNO in a single collision followed up by prompt rebound from the surface prevents subsequent reactive interactions with other surface adsorbates and enables its detection. In addition to HNO, NO and OH are also detected as direct products in what constitutes the concurrent abstraction of three surface adsorbates, namely NH, N, and H, by O+ projectiles with entirely predictable kinematics. While its relation to thermal catalysis may be tenuous, dynamic HNO formation could be important on grain surfaces of interstellar or cometary matter under astrophysical conditions.
Perfluorinated alcohol induced coacervates as extraction media for proteomic analysis.

Abstract We describe a novel method for using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) induced coacervates with a variety of surfactants to extract proteins from a yeast whole cell lysate and conduct a global proteomic investigation on the extracted proteins. Yeast whole cell lysates were prepared and proteins were extracted using two workflows: 1) Proteins were extracted into the coacervate generated from the mixture of HFIP, surfactant, and cell lysate. 2) Proteins were extracted from cell lysate using a surfactant solution, and HFIP was added to the supernatant to generate a coacervate phase with concentrated proteins. Both initial extractions were followed by a modified filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) cleanup. The methodology yields significant protein concentrations in the coacervate phase (2–3 orders of magnitude increase in concentration) and an increase in proteome sequence coverage (+5%), membrane proteins identifications (+50%), and identification of proteins from low abundance cellular subfractions (>10% of total IDs).
Outcomes of medialization laryngoplasty with and without arytenoid adduction.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the effect of medialization laryngoplasty (ML) performed alone compared to ML with arytenoid adduction (AA) on glottic gap and voice quality in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) patients. Study Design Retrospective case series. Methods UVFP patients treated with ML alone and ML with AA at the University of California San Francisco Voice and Swallowing Center were identified. Demographic information and history of laryngeal procedures were collected. Preoperative and postoperative examinations were digitally analyzed using ImageJ for normalized anterior and posterior glottic gap and voice samples graded with CAPE-V scores. Results Forty-seven patients underwent ML and 27 patients underwent ML with AA. Normalized anterior gap (AG) improved in both ML (preop: 4.4 pixel units (u), postop: 0.8 u; P < 0.001) and ML with AA groups (preop: 3.3 u, postop 0.6 u; P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in normalized AG values between treatment groups. Postoperative normalized posterior gap (PG) improved in the ML with AA group only (preop: 1.8 u, postop: 0.5 u; P = 0.01). Overall severity, roughness, and strain voice parameters had acceptable reliability for analysis. Overall severity improved in ML (preop: 54, postop: 27; P < 0.001) and ML with AA (preop: 44, postop: 24; P = 0.005). There was no statistically significant difference in any voice parameter between treatment groups. Conclusion UVFP patients undergoing ML may benefit from addition of AA when a large posterior glottic gap is present. In this study, ML with AA but not ML alone resulted in statistically significant improvement in PG. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017