cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential application of labeled antibodies for thrombus detection.

Abstract Labeling platelets with monoclonal antibodies in whole blood for imaging thrombi is less cumbersome than the established 111In-oxine method. 7E3, a murine monoclonal antibody directed against glycoprotein IIb and/or IIIa on both human and dog platelets was used to label canine platelets. Thrombi were induced by transcatheter placement of a copper coil followed by electrocoagulation. 7E3 was iodinated with 131I and labelled with 111In using 7E3-DTPA conjugate. Whole blood was incubated with 0.5–1.0 μg labeled 7E3/mL blood. In 4 4 dogs, experimental deep vein thrombi were identified using both 131I- and 111In-labeled 7E3 within 5–30min after injection. For both isotopes, l h blood clearance was 54 ± 9%. In 1 3 dogs, experimental coronary thrombus could be identified ex vivo at 4 h. Clot to blood ratios ranged between 7 to 13:1. Using the 111In-oxine method, 0 3 coronary thrombi were seen. Thus, 131I- and 111In-labeled 7E3 may be used to readily identify peripheral venous thrombi. For reliable and prompt identification of coronary thrombi, more rapid clearance of the labeled platelets is required.
Computational fluid-structure interaction model for parachute inflation

In parachute research, the canopy inflation process is the least understood and the most complex to model. Unfortunately it is during the opening process that the canopy often experiences the largest deformations and loadings. The complexity of modeling the opening process stems from the coupling between the structural dynamics of the canopy, lines, and payload with the aerodynamics of the surrounding fluid medium. The addition of a computational capability to model the coupled opening behavior would greatly assist in the understanding of the canopy inflation process. This article describes research that involves coupling a computational fluid dynamics code to a mass spring damper parachute structural code. The axisymmetric codes are coupled with an explicit marching method. The current model is described and results for a round parachute are presented. A comparison of the numerical results to experimental data will be presented. The successful solution of these problems gives us confidence that the computational aeroelastic problem for parachute openings can be solved. This solution allows moving the parachute design process from one of cut and try to one based on experimentally verified computational tools and reduces the reliance on costly and time-consuming testing during development.
EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND ESTRONE ON THE INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS DUE TO MATERNAL VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY

In a series of experiments 299 Holtzman rats were used to determine the effect of progesterone and estrone on the incidence of congenital abnormalities induced by marginal maternal vitamin E deficiency. It was observed that daily subcutaneous injection of 4 mg. of progesterone or 2 µg. of estrone, singly or in combination, from the third day of gestation till term, in addition to 2 mg. of d,l-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplementation on the 10th day, resulted in a reduction of the weight gain of the mother rats during gestation, the average number of implantation sites and the percentages of normal and abnormal young, with concomitant increase in the incidence of resorption. This abolition of the appearance of congenital abnormalities was further substantiated unequivocally when a single dose of 4 mg. of progesterone or 2 μg. of estrone was given by gavage together with 4 mg. of vitamin E on the 10th day of gestation.Similar injections of 1 mg. of progesterone and/or 0.5 μg. of estrone as well as the injec...
Consumption of salty food by rats: Regulation of sodium intake?

The extent to which sodium levels may be regulated by consumption was examined in two experiments that offered rats foods varying in sodium chloride (NaCl) content. In the first, rats received single purified diets containing from 0% to 3% NaCl. There were no effects of NaCl level on the amount or pattern of daily food intake; water intake, however, increased with salt content. In the second study, rats had choices between a NaCl-free food and a food containing either 1, 2, or 3% NaCl for 1 week each. Total food intake was unaffected. Proportional intake of the salt-free option increased with the salt content of the alternate food, but not sufficiently to maintain a constant NaCl intake. After 8 weeks of exposure to a single food, intake of the salty option increased in the choice tests, but the level of NaCl (from 0.5 to 3.0%) in the exposure-phase food did not affect the subsequent choice. We conclude that when only one food is available, salt intake is governed by caloric requirements and sodium levels are regulated by excretion. When foods differing in NaCl content are available, consumption does contribute to the regulation of sodium balance, but the amount consumed is not tightly controlled. Rats' salt preference appears to increase with age or with experience eating the purified foods offered here, but experience eating salty food does not affect the preferred level of salt.
Comparative effectiveness of metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene bearings in Medicare total hip arthroplasty patients.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of complication and revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Medicare THA patients with different bearings. Using the 100% Medicare database (2005-2009), the adjusted risk of complication and revision THA was calculated for 148 827 THA patients (93 929 metal-on-polyethylene, 49 646 metal-on-metal, 5252 ceramic-on ceramic). Adjusted risk of deep vein thrombosis, dislocation, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), mechanical loosening, periprosthetic fracture, and revision THA at up to 4 years postoperatively was compared using Cox regression. After adjusting for patient and hospital factors, metal-on-metal bearings were associated with higher risk of PJI ( P = .001), mechanical loosening ( P P = .031) than metal-on-polyethylene bearings and higher risk of PJI ( P = .014) than ceramic-on-ceramic bearings. Overall short-term revision rates did not vary significantly across bearing types, consistent with registry data. The benefits of hard-on-hard bearings in Medicare patients remain unproven, and further study is needed to compare long-term complication and revision rates in Medicare THA patients with different bearing types.
Theorizing Wisconsin's 2011 protests: Community-based unionism confronts accumulation by dispossession

Recent waves of social-movement protest in Wisconsin challenge conventional understandings of labor activism, as they have responded not only to rollbacks of labor rights but also to privatization of state programs and resources and budget cuts that target poor and working families. Drawing from participant-observation, I explore the question of whether the movements that arose in Wisconsin in early 2011 represented an expansion of union-based activism struggling within the “expanded reproduction” of capital or a broader struggle against what New Enclosures Movement scholars have conceptualized as capital's ongoing primitive accumulation strategies. I examine the implications of the answer to this question for community-based labor movements in Wisconsin and beyond. [community-based unionism, labor, accumulation by dispossession, social movements, social protest]
Nuclear sclerosis after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes.

We performed a retrospective analysis of lens changes occurring after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker on 75 consecutive phakic eyes. Thirty-five eyes (47%) had appearance or progression of nuclear sclerosis. There were no changes in anterior subcapsular cataracts and three eyes (4%) had minimal changes in posterior subcapsular cataracts. Based on univariate analysis, presence of preoperative nuclear sclerosis, length of follow-up period, and surgeon were found to be associated with the occurrence or progression of nuclear sclerosis. Differences between surgeons were largely accounted for by the difference in proportions with preoperative nuclear sclerosis, and differing lengths of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier life table analysis performed on 53 eyes with examination of fellow eyes and longer follow-up showed significantly more nuclear sclerosis in the operated on eye when compared to the fellow eye (log-rank test, P
Spike initiation and propagation on axons with slow inward currents

We investigate spike initiation and propagation in a model axon that has a slow regenerative conductance as well as the usual Hodgkin-Huxley type sodium and potassium conductances. We study the role of slow conductance in producing repetitive firing, compute the dispersion relation for an axon with an additional slow conductance, and show that under appropriate conditions such an axon can produce a traveling zone of secondary spike initiation. This study illustrates some of the complex dynamics shown by excitable membranes with fast and slow conductances.
Surface composition of ternary cu-ag-au alloys: part ii. a comparison of experiment with theoretical models

We present the results of two modeling approaches for estimating the equilibrium surface compositions of ternary Cu-Ag-Au alloys. The first modeling approach is a simple regular solution model based on nearest-neighbor bond interactions. The second approach is the Monte Carlo technique employed with atomic interactions described by the embedded atom method (EAM). The surface compositions and enthalpies of segregation predicted by both models are presented and compared with the results of the experimental measurements reported in Part I. [34] Both models predict the experimentally observed strong site competition for the more weakly surface-active element (gold), as indicated by smaller surface concentrations in ternary alloys than in the corresponding bindary alloys. The more strongly surface-active species (silver) is only weakly affected by ternary gold additions. The models enjoy varying degrees of success in predicting the temperature dependencies, or enthalpies of segregation, for the surface-active species.
Elevated Environmental Temperature and Duration of Post Exposure Ascorbic Acid Administration

Abstract SEVERAL workers have observed breed differences in body temperature in the domestic fowl (Yeates et al., 1941; Lee et al., 1945; Hillerman and Wilson, 1955; Ahmad et al., 1967; and Kamar and Khalifa, 1964). Kamar and Khalifa (1964) concluded that the Fayomi and Fayomi × R.I. Red had, by comparison, the higher measurement of body temperature and the higher rate of lay than the Rhode Island Red. The latter two groups were lighter in body weight than the R.I. Red. Lee et al. (1945) observed that the Single Comb White Leghorn could withstand heat far better than the Australorp or the R.I. Red. These workers attributed the differences in breed response to heat primarily to differences in conformation and body size. Huston et al. (1957) were unable to notice significant breed differences in body temperature. They concluded that heat tolerance was a function of the basal body temperature and that . . .
EHR Implementation in a New Clinic: A Case Study of Clinician Perceptions

Driven by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act large numbers of physicians and hospitals are now implementing electronic health records (EHR) with the general expectation that such systems will improve the quality, safety and efficiency of health care services. Studies of conversions from paper to electronic records paint a mixed picture with healthcare providers pleased with some aspects of their EHRs but dissatisfied with others. These prior studies focused on conversions from paper to electronic records. Many provider impressions, therefore, may have been influenced by reactions to the process of being required to change well established patterns. In order to help separate such reactions from true evaluations of the efficacy of the EHR, we decided to survey the providers in a new health center. To insure that the information gathered was not merely anecdotal, we used a well-established format starting with a semi-structured interview which facilitates analysis and recognition of major themes. We included questions around several important areas including workflow, communication, patient satisfaction, productivity, documentation, and quality of care. Ten main themes emerged: impeding patient flow, hindering communication in office, improving communication after the visit, improving tracking of patient care, spending less time with patients, requiring more training, wanting more features, diminishing productivity, appreciating benefits of templates, and enhancing internal communication. The need for better training appeared to be of especially high importance as it impacted several of the other themes. We believe that our study helps validate the similar concerns expressed in studies of transitions from paper to electronic record systems. Our method may be generally useful to other clinics because it facilitates timely recognition of themes, both positive and negative, that clinicians and clinic managers would want to know at an early stage. Prompt knowledge of such developing themes may help to accentuate the positive aspects of the EHR and to prevent negative themes from developing into serious problems that might be considered serious unintended consequences of EHR usage.
V600EBRAF is associated with disabled feedback inhibition of RAF–MEK signaling and elevated transcriptional output of the pathway

Tumors with mutant BRAF and those with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation have similar levels of phosphorylated ERK, but only the former depend on ERK signaling for proliferation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK-dependent transcriptional output was defined as the genes whose expression changes significantly 8 h after MEK inhibition. In V600EBRAF cells, this output is comprised of 52 genes, including transcription factors that regulate transformation and members of the dual specificity phosphatase and Sprouty gene families, feedback inhibitors of ERK signaling. No such genes were identified in RTK tumor cells, suggesting that ERK pathway signaling output is selectively activated in BRAF mutant tumors. We find that RAF signaling is feedback down-regulated in RTK cells, but is insensitive to this feedback in BRAF mutant tumors. Physiologic feedback inhibition of RAF/MEK signaling down-regulates ERK output in RTK cells; evasion of this feedback in mutant BRAF cells is associated with increased transcriptional output and MEK/ERK-dependent transformation.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy as Primary Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer in the Elderly or Patients with Poor Performance

Objective: Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) is increasingly used to treat a variety of tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) in the recurrent setting. While there are published data for re-irradiation using SBRT for HNSCC, there are limited data supporting its use as upfront treatment for locally advanced disease. Study Design/Methods: Here we describe three patients who received SBRT as the primary treatment for their HNSCC along with a review of the current literature and discussion of future pathways. Results: The three cases discussed tolerated treatment well with manageable acute toxicities and had either a clinical or radiographic complete response to therapy. Conclusions: HNSCC presents a unique challenge in the elderly, where medical comorbidities make it difficult to tolerate conventional radiation, often given with a systemic sensitizer. For these individuals, providing a shortened course using SBRT may offer an effective alternative.
Space-charge effects on current transport in media having cylindrical and spherical symmetries

Space-charge effects on transport in solids under a given applied potential are examined for cylindrical and spherical symmetries. It has been proven for these symmetries that a predominant space charge of the same sign as that of the mobile species produces a retardation of the current, whereas a dominant space charge of opposite sign to that of the mobile species enhances the current. Analytical expressions are developed which can be used to evaluate quantitatively the effects of the retardation or the enhancement for these geometries with arbitrary space-charge distributions.
A note on contiguity and L1-norm

The interrelationship between the property of contiguity of two sequences of probability measures {Pn} and {Qn} and the convergence to zero of ∥Pn − Qn∥ is extendended and clarified.
Play Theory, Playing, and Culture

This article focuses on theoretical approaches to play and their application to play communities. It explores the work of pioneers in the study of this important interactional form: Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois. In addition, the seminal work of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi on the play experience and its seductive qualities for individuals is discussed. Briefly introduced is the recent work of Brian Sutton-Smith who proposed that each discipline develops a specific rhetoric in studying play and identifies the rhetorics typically employed by scholars in the social sciences and the humanities. This article provides examples of approaches to analyzing the functional outcomes of cultural performances, including parades, and proposes broadening the scope of research to include not only the outcomes of play but also the experience of playing, thus illuminating our understanding of the strong bonds that are formed through communal play.
Monitoring age-related susceptibility of young mice to oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection using an in vivo murine model.

Neonates and young children are acutely susceptible to infections by gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). To reveal age-related differences in susceptibility to this pathogen, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to monitor the progression of infection in neonatal (1-wk-old), suckling (2-wk-old), juvenile (4-wk-old), and adult (6-wk-old) BALB/c mice. Mice were orally infected with various doses of a bioluminescent-labeled wild-type or mutant S. typhimurium strain, and progression of infection was monitored by BLI for 2 wks. We found that neonatal and suckling mice were more susceptible to the wild-type strain at inoculum sizes 4 and 2 log10's lower for neonatal and suckling mice, respectively, than those for adult mice. At the lower inocula, newborn mice showed disseminated systemic infection as indicated by the pattern of photon emission assessed by BLI, whereas no bioluminescent signals were detectable in adult mice. In addition, an orgA− mutant strain of S. typhimurium with reduced virulence in adult mice produced systemic infection in newborn, suckling, and juvenile mice. Furthermore, as low as 3 log10 CFU could be detected by BLI in tissue. The present study demonstrates that susceptibility to S. typhimurium infection decreases with age. Also, we established that BLI can be used to monitor the progression of infection in mice. Thus, this model of age-related susceptibility to S. typhimurium using BLI can be used to advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in newborn susceptibility to infection.
Effects of SO2 and I2 on the Photoluminescence of Oxidized Porous Silicon

The photoinduced visible light emission from lightly oxidized porous silicon can be reversibly quenched by both sulfur dioxide molecules and iodine molecules. Possible mechanisms for these processes are compared to the better understood mechanism for Bronsted base quenching of porous silicon photoemission. Supporting evidence was obtained through infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and surface chemistry. The feasibility of fashioning a SO2 sensor using oxidized porous silicon is also discussed.
Enhancing the tissue-biomaterial interface: Tissue-initiated integration of biomaterials

Integration of biomaterials within the body is a longstanding problem in medicine. The lack of proper biomaterial integration within the body sacrifices artificial implant longevity and function. Materials such as hydrogels may be able to integrate with soft tissue; however, a challenge remains to improve tissue–biomaterial interaction for hard tissues such as cartilage and bone. Cartilage poses a particularly difficult challenge for biomaterial integration since it has a dense extracellular matrix that impedes cellular migration, additionally, it has a smooth, lubricating surface. Collagen fibers, are abundant in the cartilage matrix and throughout the body, provide structural integrity and were chosen as the target for polymerization initiation, anchoring, and integration of hydrogel biomaterials. Principles of protein biochemistry and polymer science were applied to formulate a novel strategy to initiate and directly polymerize biomaterials to collagen. Initially, proteoglycans were removed from the cartilage surface by enzymatic digestion, followed by treatment with a mild oxidative reagent to create tyrosyl radicals on collagen. Afterwards, polymers containing acrylate groups were added and tyrosyl radicals, confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) were used to initiate polymerization with light. Chemical (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analyses revealed the presence of polymer bound to the cartilage surface after tissue-initiated photopolymerization. Mechanical analysis by the application of torsional stress demonstrated enhanced functional tissue integration of the tissue-initiated polymerized material. Cells in the surrounding cartilage tissue and encapsulated in the hydrogel, remained viable during the bonding and polymerization processes.
Static menisci on the outside of cylinders

The Laplace equation for the pressure drop across curved liquid-gas interfaces is applied to the solution of the profile of a static liquid meniscus on the outside of a wire of circular cross-section. The resulting differential equation is integrated numerically, an operation complicated by the existence of boundary conditions at two points making a trial-and-error solution necessary. The accuracy of the solution is substantiated by comparison of computed profiles with experiments in which menisci of a blue dye in water are photographed clinging to the outside of brass wires, whose diameters lie within the range of technological interest.
The Decline of Private Higher Education

No topic in private higher education study has attracted as great attention globally as has growth. This is appropriate as private growth has soared to nearly a third of the world's total higher education enrolment. But while private growth continues to be the dominant trend, important declines in private shares have emerged. These must be analysed and understood. What is private decline depends partly on definition. For the most part declines occur in private enrolment shares, rarely in absolute numbers. Declines also sometimes occur in private subsectors rather than in the private sector overall. Some declines are merely transitory. Short of actual decline, the slowing of private growth rates is also notable. After citing historical examples, we focus on contemporary social and political causes of private decline. The social causes are mainly two: diminution of social distinctiveness or groups that have fuelled private growth; demographic changes that fall hard on private sectors. The political causes analysed are three: government policy, ranging from hostile regimes to regulation; hefty expansion of the public sector of higher education; competitive partial privatization within public higher education. None of these dynamics reverses the continued dominant tendency of private growth but they do provide counter-tendencies important to grasp and with potential to accelerate.
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma, Thyroid Lymphoma, and Metastasis to Thyroid

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, thyroid lymphoma, and secondary metastasis to the thyroid gland are uncommon thyroid malignancies. They represent significant challenges for the surgeon owing to difficulties in diagnosis, aggressive biology, and the infrequency of their presentation. An awareness and appreciation of multimodality treatment strategies is essential for their management.
Annual and sub-annual effects of EUV heating—II. Comparison with density variations

Abstract By a detailed comparison of annual and sub-annual components of EUV absorption heat input with those of the Jacchia density models, we consider the importance of EUV heating in the annual and sub-annual variations of the upper atmosphere. When all the geometrical effects of EUV heat input have been taken into account, it is found that a remarkable correspondence exists between properties of each harmonic component of EUV heat input and Jacchia model temperature and densities. Equinoctial latitude independence of diurnal averaged annual and sub-annual components of heat input and density is proposed as a test of the significance of the EUV heat input. The Jacchia model is found to satisfy this test rigourously.
Global land-surface albedo modelling

The climatic impact of changes in terrestrial albedo has been studied using numerous climate models, ranging from simple, one-dimensional energy balance climate models to the most complex, three-dimensional general circulation models of the atmosphere. In the majority of these studies, the land-surface albedos have been prescribed both spatially and temporally from albedo observations. The effects of variations in albedo, due to such factors as the angular distribution of incident radiation and plant phenology (especially leaf emergence, senescence, and drop), cannot be deduced from these observation-based albedos. To overcome the limitations of using observed land-surface albedos in climate models, a model of radiation transfer in plant canopies was used to predict vegetation albedo. This model incorporates the optical properties of the vegetation and soil surface as well as the micro and macrostructure of the canopy. Because of the model's reliance on these physical properties of the land-surface cover, it is able to account explicitly for albedo variations caused by factors both internal and external to the vegetation canopy. Using the physiognomic classification of natural vegetation developed by Kuchler, representative canopy architectures for each of 31 vegetation types were developed for each month of the year. Monthly albedos were then simulated for each vegetation type under a range of irradiance distributions. When these results are compared with existing observations of plant canopy albedo, the degree of correspondence is, in many cases, quite good. Moreover, the dependence of albedo on irradiance distribution predicted by the model agrees well with established theory. Global maps of land-surface albedo are produced for both clear-sky and overcast conditions in January, April, July, and October using a simple solar radiation model to determine the incident radiation field. These maps are compared with previously compiled maps of land-surface albedo. Large differences between the model- and observation-based global albedo maps occur for each of the four months. However, the model reproduces many of the large-scale features and seasonal trends evident in albedo observations.
Analysis of the time integration in plasma simulation

Abstract This paper treats the collective behavior of hot plasma as modified by the numerical time integration methods used to integrate the particle equations of motion in computer simulation of plasmas. No approximation, other than ignoring roundoff errors, is made in analyzing the finite-difference algorithms. Our results reduce simply and exactly to the corresponding results of plasma theory in the limit Δt → 0. The possibility of nonphysical instability is considered. The results of this and of previous papers are combined to describe both the spatial and temporal difference algorithms. The theory is generalized to a class of integration schemes, some algorithms are analyzed, and a new example is synthesized. The difficulty of developing algorithms stable at very large time steps is examined. The present analysis may be combined with an earlier rigorous analysis of the spatial grid used for field equations, to develop a kinetic theory of simulation plasmas paralleling that for real plasmas. This theory may be of use in the design and interpretation of computer simulation experiments.
Comparative Genomics of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Esophageal cancer consists of two major histologic types: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), predominant globally, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which has a higher incidence in westernized countries. Five-year overall survival is 15%. Clinical trials frequently combine histologic types although they are different diseases with distinct origins. In the evolving era of personalized medicine and targeted therapies, we hypothesized that ESCC and EAC have genomic differences important for developing new therapeutic strategies for esophageal cancer. Methods We explored DNA copy number abnormalities in 70 ESCCs with publicly available array data and 189 EACs from our group. All data was from single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Analysis was performed using a segmentation algorithm. Log ratio thresholds for copy number gain and loss were set at ±0.2 (approximately 2.3 and 1.7 copies, respectively). Results The ESCC and EAC genomes showed some copy number abnormalities with similar frequencies (eg, CDKN2A, EGFR, KRAS, MYC, CDK6, MET) but also many copy number abnormalities with different frequencies between histologic types, most of which were amplification events. Some of these regions harbor genes for which targeted therapies are currently available (VEGFA, ERBB2) or for which agents are in clinical trials (PIK3CA, FGFR1). Other regions contain putative oncogenes that may be targeted in the future. Conclusions Using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays we compared genomic abnormalities in a large cohort of EACs and ESCCs. We report here the similar and different frequencies of copy number abnormalities in ESCC and EAC. These results may allow development of histology-specific therapeutic agents for esophageal cancer.
NEMO, NFκB signaling and incontinentia pigmenti

The identification of mutations in the NEMO gene in humans with incontinentia pigmenti and several other genetic conditions has led to an appreciation of the multiple roles of signaling through the NFkappaB pathway, and how erroneous signalling contributes to disease. The finding that the disease results from a common, recurrent mutation was surprising given the high variability in patients' phenotypes and illustrates the role of X inactivation and selection in females. Recent advances in mouse models and in understanding the multiple roles of NEMO in the cell provide additional avenues to define the various roles of NEMO in NFkappaB signaling.
Meeting the HIV prevention needs of substance using young adults in the United States Virgin Islands.

The need for comprehensive HIV prevention in the United States Virgin Islands is tremendous. HIV rates in the Carribbean region of the world is second only to sub-Saharan Africa, and the USVI has one of the highest rates in the United States. The primary mode of transmission in the USVI is heterosexual contact fueled by substance using risks. The presenation will provide an overview of a model program designed to increase HIV testing access and reduce HIV infections.
Green-blood pigmentation in lizards

Abstract The green pigment in the plasma of the scincid lizard genus Prasinohaema is identified as the bile pigment biliverdin. Concentrations of biliverdin in the plasma of P. flavipes , P. prehensicauda and P. virens are 714 ± 79 μ mol/1 (mean ± one standard deviation), 1020 ± 624 μ mol/1 and 819 ± 89 μ mol/1, respectively. These values represent the highest concentration of plasma biliverdin measured for any organism and are the first report of non-pathological biliverdin accumulation in amniotes. We review the literature for fish species with high concentrations of plasma biliverdin and pathological biliverdin accumulation in humans; we find that Prasinohaema species have plasma biliverdin concentrations approximately 1.5–30 times greater than fish species with green blood plasma and 40 times greater than humans with green jaundice.
Magnetic field stabilization of Rydberg, Gaussian wave packets in a circularly polarized microwave field

Abstract The dynamics of a hydrogen atom subjected simultaneously to a circularly polarized microwave field and a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of polarization are investigated. Stability analysis of the flow and numerical simulations reveal that the magnetic field can have the effect of stabilizing Gaussian wavepackets prepared at a global equilibrium point — a maximum — against dispersion and spreading.
THE IQ/CRIME RELATIONSHIP: AN EXTENSION AND REPLICATION OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH

ABSTRACT Research into the nature of the IQ/crime relationship has largely indicated that the relationship is indirect. However, the exact mechanisms that moderate the IQ/crime relationship remain the subject of much debate. This study examines academic competence and residence in a socially disorganized neighborhood as possible moderators of the IQ/crime relationship. Using data on 2381 males and females from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, intelligence is found to predict academic competence but fails to predict delinquency. Academic competence and residing in a socially disorganized neighborhood however are found to be predictive of delinquency. Moreover, academic competence demonstrates differential effects by gender. Results are not differentially distributed by race. However, the authors found that race was an important component of the indirect relationship for minority females. Our results also suggest that homes characterized by parental criminality increase a child's risk of engaging ...
Atomic force microscopy applications in macromolecular crystallography

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be applied both in situ and ex situ to study the growth of crystals from solution. The method is particularly useful for investigating the crystallization of proteins, nucleic acids and viruses because it can be carried out in the mother liquor and in a non-perturbing fashion. Interactions and transformations between various growth mechanisms can be directly visualized as a function of supersaturation, as can the incorporation of diverse impurities and the formation and propagation of defects. Because the crystals can be observed over long periods, it is also possible to obtain precise quantitative measures of the kinetic parameters for nucleation and growth. Finally, AFM has allowed us to identify a number of previously unsuspected phenomena that influence nucleation, rate of growth and the ultimate perfection of macromolecular crystals. These are all features which are important in determining the ultimate resolution and quality of a crystal's diffraction pattern.
The relationship between hematocrit and bleeding time in very low birth weight infants during the first week of life.

The Relationship Between Hematocrit and Bleeding Time in Very Low Birth Weight Infants During the First Week of Life
Rumor: An Examination of Some Stereotypes

Third in Symbolic Interaction ’s symposium tribute to Tamotsu (Tom) Shibutani (1920‐2004), this article pays homage to Shibutani’s work on rumor. In his book, Improvised News , Shibutani introduced a grounded theory of rumor that was a radical break from the dominant approach of the time. This break was based on the observation that rumor is not a deviant act, but rather the routine social act of defining ambiguous but important situations. Implicit in his work is a critique of rumor stereotypes including the notion that those involved in rumoring are highly suggestible, irrational, and dangerous; that rumors are inaccurate, distorted, and exaggerated; and that rumors threaten the social order. The article concludes by challenging assumptions about the spread of rumor and that rumors are single, stand-alone statements. Rumors and urban legends have held the interest of social scientists and the general public for decades. Given their prevalence and the degree of interest in them evident in the proliferation of articles appearing in the popular press, it is notable that very little strategic empirical research has been conducted on rumors as they occur in natural social settings. Although hundreds of studies have reported surface descriptions of the content of rumors and legends, this interest has not resulted in the development of a general theory of the rumor process. 1 Consequently, most of the literature on rumor and urban legends remains superficial descriptions and explanations relying on prevailing stereotypical conceptualizations. This article examines some of the widespread beliefs about the nature of rumors, rumor processes, and urban legends. In particular it discusses the conceptual models and ideas of the two dominant but contrasting approaches to the study of rumor. In this process I locate the source of many rumor stereotypes and critically assess some of the common beliefs about rumors currently held by many social scientists and by the general public. By addressing these stereotypes I hope to reaffirm Tamotsu Shibutani’s brilliant work on rumor processes, conceptualizing rumor as a collective problem-solving procedure in uncertain situations where routine channels of communication break down, do not exist, or cannot be trusted.
Nonperturbative calculation of Coulomb blockade in a small tunnel junction

Abstract A non-perturbative calculation is performed for Coulomb blockade in a small tunnel junction, by use of the closed-time-path Green's function and Odintsov's polaron formulation. Self consistent forms for the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, the damping function, the fluctuation function, and the non-equilibrium Bose distribution function, are presented. At T=0 and in the weak dissipation limit, analytic results are obtained. In particular, we demonstrate that the widely used ωic approximation (tunneling impedance Z(ω)=RT) for the effect of dissipation on Coulomb blockade, is satisfactory in the range of RT∼Rk to 10 Rk ( Rk=25.8kω).
Synthetic Image Generation of Shallow Waters Using a Parallelized Hyperspectral Monte Carlo & Analytical Radiative Transfer Model

Modeled hyperspectral reflectance signatures just above the water surface are obtained from radiative transfer models to create synthetic images of the water surface. Images are displayed as 24 bit RGB images of the water surface using selected channel. Comparisons are made in this paper between a hyperspectral Monte Carlo and a hyperspectral layered analytical model of radiative transport applicable to shallow water types. Images at the selected wavelengths or channels centered at 490, 530 and 680 nm suggest the two models provide the same results when displayed as RGB images. The most sensitive parameters for generating realistic images are water depth and bottom reflectance in clean natural, optically shallow waters. The images clearly demonstrate the need importance of detailed and accurate water depths.
Tailoring the thermal expansion anisotropy of Mo5Si3

The silicide Mo5Si3, with the W5Si3 structure, exhibits a high anisotropy of its coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) in the a and c directions, namely, CTE(c)/CTE(a)=2.2. In order to determine whether the CTE anisotropy can be controlled, molybdenum was partially substituted with Nb. CTEs were determined by high temperature x-ray powder diffraction. Partial substitution with 44 at. % Nb reduced the value of CTE(c)/CTE(a) to a value near 1. For higher Nb concentrations, CTE(c)/CTE(a) increased again. When nearly all the Mo was replaced by Nb, the crystal structure changed to the Cr5B3 structure type and the CTE anisotropy decreased to a value near 1. Our thermal expansion results are interpreted in terms of the site occupation of Nb, the Nb-induced increase in the interatomic spacing of the Mo atom chains along the c-direction, and the reduction in the anisotropy of the lattice anharmonicity in the a and c directions.
Theoretical analysis of resonance conditions in magnetized plasmas when the plasma/gyro frequency ratio is close to an integer

Abstract We study cylindrical oscillations of electrons in a plasma where the background magnetic field is parallel to the axis of a cylinder and the ion background is taken to have a constant positive density. Assuming self-similarity, we reduce the problem to two second order nonlinear differential equations, relating fluctuations of electron density and fluctuations of magnetic field. The system studied is shown to have two fundamental frequencies. In the linear domain, these frequencies correspond to the Z and X cold plasma wave cutoff frequencies ( R = 0 and L = 0 conditions in the notation of Stix (1992), respectively). Thus they differ by the gyrofrequency. In the nonlinear domain, these frequencies change and resonances at harmonics and at the sum and difference frequencies appear. When the plasma/gyro frequency ratio is close to an integer, our results indicate special resonance conditions which are characterized by an increase of the amplitude and a narrowing of the fundamental resonances.
Biologic synergisms in rats produced by carbon monoxide and positive ions.

Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were chronically exposed to 200 ppm of carbon monoxide alone and later in combination with an atmosphere containing a high ratio of positive ions generated by a tritium source. The period of exposure approximated two months. Although food and water intake of the exposed rats was not statistically different from the control animals inhaling the ambient laboratory atmosphere, the growth rate was significantly depressed in those animals exposed to carbon monoxide. This developmental inhibition was enhanced by the addition of positive ions to the atmosphere. Spontaneous activity of the animals was also decreased upon exposure to CO. In another series of experiments, immature Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed AD LIBITUM food intake and free choice of four solutions, consisting of water, a 5% glucose solution, a 0.5% saccharin solution, and a 5% ethanol solution. Those animals exposed to 200 ppm CO and positive ions exhibited a taste preference for ethanol solution after three weeks of exposure. This preference continued during the entire two-month exposure period. Neurochemical correlates of these responses have been investigated but more data is required to show significant trends. The relevance of reported data to human habitability in the urban environment is presented in theoretical context.
Intervention research with youths at elevated risk for suicide: meeting the ethical and regulatory challenges of informed consent and assent.

Intervention research with youths at elevated risk for suicidal behavior and suicide—a vulnerable and high risk population—presents investigators with numerous ethical challenges. This report specifically addresses those challenges involving the informed consent and assent process with parents/guardians and youths. The challenges are delineated in the context of pertinent laws and regulatory requirements, and guidelines are suggested for their practical resolution. These are illustrated with case examples from NIMH-funded intervention trials. Through the sharing of such methodological information, intervention researchers can support each other in conducting ethical research in a manner that does not unduly compromise scientific rigor.
Implementation of interoperability in large multidatabases

Sharing information among databases has traditionally been at the data level. In a large network of databases and with the current technology, direct data sharing, i.e. sharing actual data in one single step, is no longer tractable or even possible. Another layer of data sharing has to be supplied before direct data sharing can take place. The size issue is a major factor in complicating issues of autonomy and heterogeneity. In this new environment, users need to be incrementally and dynamically informed about available information and where it is located. A static approach to user education cannot be reasonable in such a large environment. This approach relies on building a new layer that is responsible for organizing databases in suitable and flexible conglomerations. This layer is implemented using special-purpose databases. These are called co-databases. >
A multiple disk centrifugal pump as a blood flow device

A study of a multiple-disk, shear force, valveless centrifugal pump to determine its suitability as a blood flow device is discussed. A pulsatile version of the Tesla viscous flow turbine was designed by modifying the original steady flow pump concept to produce physiological pressures and flows with the aid of controlling circuitry. Pressures and flows from this pump were compared to a Harvard Apparatus pulsatile piston pump. Both pumps were connected to an artificial circulatory system. Frequency and systolic duration were varied over a range of physiological conditions for both pumps. The results indicated that the Tesla pump, operating in a pulsatile mode, is capable of producing physiologic pressures and flows similar to those produced by the Harvard pump and other pulsatile blood pumps. >
Counting Solution Clusters in Graph Coloring Problems Using Belief Propagation

We show that an important and computationally challenging solution space feature of the graph coloring problem (COL), namely the number of clusters of solutions, can be accurately estimated by a technique very similar to one for counting the number of solutions. This cluster counting approach can be naturally written in terms of a new factor graph derived from the factor graph representing the COL instance. Using a variant of the Belief Propagation inference framework, we can efficiently approximate cluster counts in random COL problems over a large range of graph densities. We illustrate the algorithm on instances with up to 100, 000 vertices. Moreover, we supply a methodology for computing the number of clusters exactly using advanced techniques from the knowledge compilation literature. This methodology scales up to several hundred variables.
Incidence, Causes, and Survival Trends From Cardiovascular-Related Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Children and Young Adults 0 to 35 Years of Age A 30-Year Review

Background—Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death in children and young adults. This study determined the incidence, cause, and outcomes of cardiovascular-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in individuals <35 years of age. Methods and Results—A retrospective cohort of OHCA in children and young adults from 1980 through 2009 was identified from the King County (Washington) Division of Emergency Medical Services' Cardiac Arrest Database. Incidence was calculated from population census data and causes of arrest determined by review of autopsy reports and all available medical records. A total of 361 cases (26 cases 0–2 years of age, 30 cases 3–13 years of age, 60 cases 14–24 years of age, and 245 cases 25–35 years of age) of OHCA were treated by emergency medical services responders, for an overall incidence of 2.28 per 100 000 person-years (2.1 in those 0–2 years of age, 0.61 in those 3–13 years of age, 1.44 in those 14–24 years of age, and 4.40 in those 25–35 years of age). The most c...