cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information literacy as professional legitimation: The quest for professional jurisdiction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine how the professionalization of school and academic librarianship contributed to the establishment of information literacy as a form of legitimation.Design/methodology/approach – Historical analysis via Abbott.Findings – The need to obtain and maintain professional status did place school and academic librarians in a vulnerable position during a time of change that forced them to seek a new jurisdiciton of expertise.Originality/value – Important for the profession to examine the context of the emergence of a current and important framework.
3D position sensing using the difference in the time-of-flights from a wave source to various receivers

3D positioning systems typically use actual time-of-flights for triangulation to determine the position of a wave source. Problems, such as inherent time delays and synchronization of the receiver/transmitter pairs are prevalent in these systems. This paper presents a novel formulation for the estimation of the coordinates of an ultrasonic wave source based on the differences in the time-of-flights (TOFs) to various receivers fixed in an inertial frame of reference. A thorough analysis of the formulation and a 1D prototype are presented. Typical applications benefiting from this technology are position sensing systems that may be used in robotics, AGV guidance and navigation, virtual reality, and vibrations.
The Freestream Turbulence Effect in Solar-Wind/Magnetosphere Coupling: Analysis Through the Solar Cycle and for Various Types of Solar Wind

The freestream turbulence effect is a viscous interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere wherein the driving of the magnetosphere is stronger when the amplitude of the solar-wind turbulence upstream of the Earth is stronger. The origin of the effect is an eddy viscosity of the solar wind controlled by the amplitude of the ambient MHD turbulence. The present study investigates outstanding issues about the operation of the turbulence effect. For this study, a large solar-wind/magnetosphere data set is assembled: to the 1963-2001 OMNI2 data set, 1-hour-lagged values of the auroral-electrojet index are added. The 1963-2001 OMNI2-AE 1 data set has ∼193,000 hours of data that can be used to study magnetospheric driving by the turbulence effect. The freestream turbulence effect is analyzed for southward IMF by holding -vB z fixed in the data set. Under modest southward IMF, the turbulence effect has the same strength as it does under northward IMF. For large -vB z where reconnection driving is strong the ability to measure the freestream turbulence effect deteriorates owing to signal-to-noise issues. The freestream turbulence effect was analyzed for 3 solar cycles of data: a weak solar-cycle dependence to the strength of the turbulence effect was found. A categorization of the solar wind was developed from the temperature-versus-speed plot for the solar wind. Using these categorizations, plus data with restrictions on the sunspot number, plus catalogs of solar-wind events, no differences in the freestream turbulence effect were seen between different types of solar wind hitting the magnetosphere.
Nitrogen Fixation in Soils—Free-Living Microbes

The Significance of Dinitrogen Fixation The Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Keywords: acetylene reduction assay; diazotroph; dinitrogenase; dinitrogenase reductase; Haber-Bosch process; nitrogen cycle; nitrogen fixation; nitrogen fixation in soils; nitrogenase; root exudates; soils
A simple method for the cryopreservation of human lymphocytes at -80C.

A simple and inexpensive method for the freezing of human blood lymphocytes at −80 C is described. Lymphocytes were frozen in either polystyrene tubes or polyolefin bags. Optimal recovery of cells was obtained when 5 per cent DM SO and 62 per cent plasma were used as cryoprotectants. Viable cell recovery, as assessed by response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), was greater than 80 per cent after 60 days of storage. In addition, percentages of T and B lymphocytes were essentially unchanged. The excellent viable cell recovery in polyolefin bags suggests that it is possible to cryopreserve large numbers of lymphocytes in a single container.
Seizures are common in term infants undergoing head cooling.

Selective head cooling was used to treat infants at risk of developing encephalopathy within 6 hours as part of a practice plan. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography and raw, single-channel electroencephalography tracings were performed continuously during cooling. Routine electroencephalography was performed intermittently during, and video electroencephalography immediately after, selective head cooling. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at the end of week 1. We sought a better delineation of the occurrence and timing of clinical and electrographic seizures during selective head cooling. Twenty term infants are described. Eleven received chest compressions, all at pH
Absolute Positing, the Frege Anticipation Thesis, and Kant's Definitions of Judgment

: Kant follows a substantial tradition by defining judgment so that it must involve a relation of concepts, which raises the question of why he thinks that single-term existential judgments should still qualify as judgments. There is a ready explanation if Kant is somehow anticipating a Fregean second-order account of existence, an interpretation that is already widely held for separate reasons. This paper examines Kant's early (1763) critique of Wolffian accounts of existence, finding that it provides the key idea in his mature model of existential judgment, which is in fact sharply opposed to the Fregean strategy. By relating this to Kant's theory of judgment in general—in particular, to his claim for an isomorphism between the assertoric function of judgment and the category of existence—a preliminary case is made that absolute positing, far from being a marginal special case, accomplishes the primary function of judgment. This argument shows the importance of distinguishing between contexts in which Kant is treating judgment as a vehicle for inference (e.g. pure general logic) and contexts in which he is treating it, more robustly, as the cognition of an object.
Expression of C5a anaphylatoxin receptor in monoblastic cells involves facilitation of an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent process.

We have previously reported a synergistic effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and agents that elevate intracellular cAMP to induce the expression of the C5a complement receptor in U937 cells. In this report we examine the mechanism of this synergy, considering the hypothesis that the steroid hormone works by facilitating what is ultimately a cAMP-dependent process. We show that U937 cells cultured with 1,25-(OH)2D alone before culture with prostaglandin (PGE2) alone will express C5a receptor (an average of 55 ± 4% of the receptors expressed with continuous exposure of cells to both agents; P < 0.05). The reverse, PGE2 followed by 1,25- (0H)2D, causes very little receptor induction. This demonstrates the ability of 1,25-(OH)2D to induce changes in the state of the cell, such that activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase has effects that are otherwise not seen, in other words 1,25-(OH)2D can prime the cell for the subsequent action of the cAMP messenger system. Furthermore, we are able to sub...
1243 ULTRASTRUCTURE OP FREEZE SUBSTITUTED LIVER IN REYE'S SYNDROME (RS)

Rapid-frozen liver biopsy tissue and freeze-substitution (FS) or eryo-thinsectioning offer new methods of morphology, biochemistry, and x-ray microanalysis. Three liver biopsies from patients with RS and three from children with other diseases were studied by a new technique: rapid freezing and freeze substitution with osmium tetroxide-acetone. As previously described in muscle, mitochondrial (Mt) intracristal spaces are nonexistent and cristae appear as tight seven-layered structures in both RS and non-RS liver. Pleomorphlsm of RS Mt is striking; Mt enlargement is not watery expansion, but a non-aqueous milieu with no disruption of cristae and no ice artefact. In severely injured liver cells in RS, two populations of Mt are present. In contrast to Mt, peroxisomes contain large ice crystals, and their contents may be mainly aqueous. Large pools of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are discretely outlined, without ice artefact, as are Golgi lamellae. All hepatocyte organelles are easily recognizable by standard EM criteria, but membranes and spacial relationships differ from traditional EM processing. Thus, pleomorphism of Mt in RS is not an artefact of chemical fixation. The Mt matrix is not watery swelling: the matrix must contain material which prevents ice formation, probably protein.
Feminist Consciousness and “Unassimilated” Feminisms

Remembering my mother's insistence that I read as a child, coupled with her willingness to buy me secondhand books even if that meant putting back what she wanted for herself, I realize that it was...
The effects of hold time and frequency on crack growth in alloy 800H at 650 °C

The heat resistant material, Alloy 800H, is presently used in pctrochemical processes and for steam superheater tubing in power generation systems. In service, the alloy may experience steady loading, cyclic loading, or a combination of the two. In this paper, crack growth behavior under fatigue, creep, and hold time loading conditions has been characterized as a temperature of 650 ‡C in laboratory air. Fatigue crack growth rate (per second) was observed to increase with increasing frequency. The linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) parameter, δK, was found to be a useful parameter to correlate crack growth rates for fatigue. In creep and hold time cases, where significant plasticity was observed, the energy rate line integral parameter, C*, is a useful descriptive parameter. In fact, C* is capable of consolidating all creep and hold time data into a single straight line on a logarithmic plot. Both creep and hold time tests show the same characteristic deflection curves. This demonstrates that hold time tests are more creep-like than fatigue-like for the test conditions here. Compared to creep loading, fatigue deflection curves show much less induced plasticity, most of which is gathered during the final stages of the experiments at high-stress intensity values. Microstructural examination revealed that a transgranular crack growth mode is predominant during fatigue, while both creep and hold time tests are cavity-controlled crack growth processes with the exception that striations are observed along cavity edges in the hold time tests.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Physical Performance in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract Background: Impairments in physical performance increase sharply with age. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels may be a modifiable risk factor for physical performance decline. Methods: Five hundred thirty-two participants in the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial (WHI CT) were among a 25% randomly selected subsample of women who participated in performance-based measures of physical performance at baseline, year 1, year 3, and year 6. A physical performance summary score was derived from three tests: timed walk, chair-stand, and grip strength. Levels of 25-OHD were measured at baseline. We used the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method to examine repeated measures of physical performance as a function of follow-up time since baseline according to 25-OHD concentration. Results: In 6 years of follow-up, participants with serum 25OHD ≥75 nmol/L had significantly higher scores for physical performance (β=2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-4.39) compared with the referenc...
Entrepreneurial selection and success: does education matter?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between general education, specific forms of entrepreneurial education and a range of entrepreneurial activities.Design/methodology/approach – The relationships were investigated through an analysis of peer‐reviewed research published in a wide range of journals and proceedings between 1995 and 2006.Findings – Findings suggest strong evidence supporting the relationship between levels of general education and several entrepreneurial success measures. The findings are less clear in regards to the link between general education and the choice to become an entrepreneur. The findings linking specific programs of entrepreneurship education to entrepreneurship, although ambiguous, suggest a positive link between such education and both the choice to become an entrepreneur and subsequent entrepreneurial success.Research limitations/implications – The review of research suggests four implications for existing research: a need for increased researc...
Dynamics of excimer laser ablation of polyimide determined by time-resolved reflectivity

The time-dependent intensity profile of pulsed KrF excimer laser radiation reflected from polyimide is determined over a range of laser fluences, from well below to above the ablation threshold. The reflected laser beam is truncated once the incident laser radiation exceeds a threshold fluence, i.e., truncation depends on the energy per unit area and not on the intensity, analogous to results for the ablation threshold and the etch depth per pulse. The threshold fluence for pulse truncation corresponds to the onset of ablation. The results indicate that the truncation is not due to laser plasma interactions at these fluences. A general mechanism is discussed involving a time dependent index of refraction.
Angular dependent ESCA and infrared studies of segmented polyurethanes

The understanding of surface bonding and composition of complex polymer mixtures used for biomedical implant materials can be accomplished by a combination of techniques. In this study, vibrational spectroscopic probes of bulk and surface bonding and composition are combined with measurements with angular dependent X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). These data provide a detailed description in the surface composition of Biomer and Avcothane, commercially available biomedical grade polymers and model systems polydimethylsiloxane (DMS) and Avcomat, all of which have been cast as smooth films from solution. Impurities are observed segregated in the near surface region sampled by ESCA which are not observed in the surface infrared results. Both Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Photoacoustic (PA) sampling are utilized, ATR to provide a depth profile and demonstrate the higher surface sensitivity of PA sampling. The combined results describe the depth of segregation of DMS blocks in Avcothane, the presence of DMS within the topmost 20 A in Biomer, and similar impurities in the model polymers. These results point out the need for multitechnique approach and the control of sample preparation and morphology in understanding complex polymer surfaces.
A prospective randomized comparison of single- and double-lumen needles for transvaginal follicular aspiration

Patients undergoing ultrasound-directed transvaginal follicular aspiration in a large in vitro fertilization (IVF) program were randomized for retrieval with either a single-lumen needle (SLN;N=22) or a double-lumen needle (DLN;N=22) to compare recovery rates and the technical aspects of their use. Two hundred ten and two hundred two follicles were aspirated with each needle, respectively. Follicular diameters were measured ultrasonically at the time of aspiration and recorded. One or more washes were performed when using the DLN and the SLN was withdrawn each time to recover the fluid in the dead space of the needle. The distribution of follicular sizes was the same for both needles. Oocyte recovery rates (SLN=65.7%; DLN=63.9%) and the incidence of fractured zonae (SLN=9.1%; DLN=6.4%) were the same for both needles (α>0.50; β<0.01). Although there were no differences between the two needles in the number of oocytes provided for IVF, there were technical differences. The DLN needle was more flexible and frequently deviated from the projected path as observed by ultrasound. The SLN may be preferable because it is technically easier to use; however, there may remain specific indications for the use of the DLN.
Robust Hurwitz stability via sign-definite decomposition

Abstract In this paper, we first consider the problem of determining the robust positivity of a real function f ( x ) as the real vector x varies over a box X ∈ R l . We show that, it is sufficient to check a finite number of specially constructed points. This is accomplished by using some results on sign-definite decomposition. We then apply this result to determine the robust Hurwitz stability of a family of complex polynomials whose coefficients are polynomial functions of the parameters of interest. We develop an eight polynomial vertex stability test that is a sufficient condition of Hurwitz stability of the family. This test reduces to Kharitonov’s well known result for the special case where the parameters are just the polynomial coefficients. In this case, the result is tight. This test can be recursively and modularly used to construct an approximation of arbitrary accuracy to the actual stabilizing set. The result is illustrated by examples.
Carboxyl ester lipase expression in macrophages increases cholesteryl ester accumulation and promotes atherosclerosis.

Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL, also called cholesterol esterase or bile salt-dependent lipase) is a lipolytic enzyme capable of hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids in a trihydroxy bile salt-dependent manner but hydrolyzes ceramides and lysophospholipids via bile salt-independent mechanisms. Although CEL is synthesized predominantly in the pancreas, a low level of CEL expression was reported in human macrophages. This study used transgenic mice with macrophage CEL expression at levels comparable with that observed in human macrophages to explore the functional role and physiological significance of macrophage CEL expression. Peritoneal macrophages from CEL transgenic mice displayed a 4-fold increase in [3H]oleate incorporation into cholesteryl [3H]oleate compared with CEL-negative macrophages when the cells were incubated under basal conditions in vitro. When challenged with acetylated low density lipoprotein, cholesteryl ester accumulation was 2.5-fold higher in macrophages expressing the CEL transgene. The differences in cholesteryl ester accumulation were attributed to the lower levels of ceramide and lysophosphatidylcholine in CEL-expressing cells than in CEL-negative cells. CEL transgenic mice bred to an atherosclerosis susceptible apoE-/- background displayed an approximate 4-fold higher atherosclerotic lesion area than apoE-/- mice without the CEL transgene when both were fed a high fat/cholesterol diet. Plasma level of the atherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine was lower in the CEL transgenic mice, but plasma cholesterol level and lipoprotein profile were similar between the two groups. These studies documented that CEL expression in macrophages is pro-atherogenic and that the mechanism is because of its hydrolysis of ceramide and lysophosphatidylcholine in promoting cholesterol esterification and decreasing cholesterol efflux.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of the absorption characteristics of diclofenac sodium in man by use of a multi-segment absorption model

The pharmacokinetic analysis of an oral sustained-release preparation of diclofenac sodium has been investigated using multi-segment absorption models in which it has been assumed that the gastrointestinal tract can be divided into several segments in each of which the drug has its own lag-time and absorption rate constants. Plasma concentration-time data for sustained release diclofenac sodium in man were fitted both by a conventional pharmacokinetic method assuming first-order absorption and by a multi-segment absorption model. The plasma concentration of diclofenac sodium calculated on the basis of the multi-segment absorption model was found to correlate with the observed plasma concentration. It was concluded that diclofenac sodium data can be better described by a multi-segment absorption model than by a conventional pharmacokinetic model. The results also show that multi-segment absorption models are suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma drug-concentration data with irregular or multiple peaks in the absorption profiles, and also for the pharmacokinetic analysis of sustained-release preparations.
Playing With Politics: Online Political Parody, Affinity for Political Humor, Anxiety Reduction, and Implications for Political Efficacy

The current study examines the relationships between exposure to partisan political parody, affinity for political humor given a desire to reduce anxiety, and internal political efficacy. Analyzing data from a spring 2013 experiment (N = 269), the results suggest that prior media exposure, an affinity for political humor given the desire to reduce anxiety, and a preference for humor that attacks the opposition are significant predictors of political efficacy. In addition, a three-way interaction between partisan identification, humor type, and affinity for political humor (AFPH)–anxiety relative to the dependent variable of internal political efficacy was significant. In particular, high AFPH–anxiety Republicans who viewed Democrat-directed humor were more likely to feel politically efficacious. The significance of the findings is discussed along with suggestions for potential theoretical mechanisms that can guide future academic research on the democratic impacts of politically entertaining media.
A Defense of Second-Order Logic

Second-order logic has a number of attractive features, in particular the strong expressive resources it offers, and the possibility of articulating categorical mathematical theories (such as arithmetic and analysis). But it also has its costs. Five major charges have been launched against second-order logic: (1) It is not axiomatizable; as opposed to first-order logic, it is inherently incomplete. (2) It also has several semantics, and there is no criterion to choose between them (Putnam, J Symbol Logic 45:464–482, 1980). Therefore, it is not clear how this logic should be interpreted. (3) Second-order logic also has strong ontological commitments: (a) it is ontologically committed to classes (Resnik, J Phil 85:75–87, 1988), and (b) according to Quine (Philosophy of logic, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1970), it is nothing more than “set theory in sheep’s clothing”. (4) It is also not better than its first-order counterpart, in the following sense: if first-order logic does not characterize adequately mathematical systems, given the existence of non-isomorphic first-order interpretations, second-order logic does not characterize them either, given the existence of different interpretations of second-order theories (Melia, Analysis 55:127–134, 1995). (5) Finally, as opposed to what is claimed by defenders of second-order logic [such as Shapiro (J Symbol Logic 50:714–742, 1985)], this logic does not solve the problem of referential access to mathematical objects (Azzouni, Metaphysical myths, mathematical practice: the logic and epistemology of the exact sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994). In this paper, I argue that the second-order theorist can solve each of these difficulties. As a result, second-order logic provides the benefits of a rich framework without the associated costs.
Two-layer interdigital transducer for acoustic-surface-wave devices

Using photomasks with the same resolution as for conventional transducers, it is shown that a 2-layer interdigital transducer doubles the operating frequency of acoustic-surface-wave devices, at the sacrifice of some increase in conversion loss. The origin of the increased loss is attributed to a geometrical factor and a dielectric loss in the insulating layer.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) effects on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-448-mediated enzyme activities.

Abstract The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzyme systems were examined in female rats. Although TCDD had little effect on NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content, the activities of the cytochrome P-448-mediated enzymes benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylase, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase were greatly increased. Three months after a single oral dose of 2 μg/kg TCDD, the cytochrome P-450 content and benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities were still significantly increased. In addition, the microsomal metabolism of the novel substrate 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl was greatly increased by TCDD pretreatment. Low dose studies revealed that the ED50 of TCDD induction of benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylase was 0.63 μg/kg and the lowest dose of TCDD which caused a significant increase in enzyme activity was 0.002 μg/kg. Studies in which [1,6-3H]TCDD was used to determine the extent of hepatic uptake of orally administered TCDD at the lowest effective dose of 0.002 μg/kg lead to the estimate that only 65 molecules of TCDD per hepatocyte were required to produce a measurable increase in benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylation. These results attest to the specificity and persistence of TCDD in the induction of cytochrome P-448-mediated enzyme activities in rat liver. The small number of molecules required to induce benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylase suggests that TCDD is among the most potent MFO-inducing agents yet demonstrated in mammalian liver.
Successful treatment of an iatrogenic right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and stenosis with a stent graft

A 53-year-old woman presented with an iatrogenic right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Approximately 1 year after the cholecystectomy, liver transaminases were elevated, and she complained of recurrent "crampy" right upper quadrant pain that radiated posteriorly to her back. Imaging studies demonstrated an aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery at the porta hepatis, with possible infiltration into the parenchyma between the right and left lobes of the liver. Selective celiac arteriography showed a 90% stenosis of the right hepatic artery with a large pseudoaneurysm arising from the stenotic segment. This was treated with a 3- × 16-mm stent graft (Jostent; Abbott Vascular, Temecula, Calif) with good result. The completion arteriogram showed wide patency of the stent graft with total exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm. Follow-up serial duplex scans up to 40 months after the procedure showed no evidence of residual pseudoaneurysm and wide patency of the stent graft, with no evidence of focal velocity changes in the right hepatic artery. The patient continues to do well clinically.
Proposal for a broadband THz refractive-index sensor based on quantum-cascade laser arrays

Many molecules have strong and characteristic rotational and vibrational transitions at terahertz (THz) frequencies, which makes this frequency range unique for applications in spectroscopic sensing of chemical and biological species. Here, we propose a broadband THz sensor based on arrays of single-mode QCLs, which could be utilized for sensing of the refractive-index of solids or liquids in reflection geometry. The proposed scheme does not require expensive THz detectors and consists of no movable parts. A recently developed antenna-feedback geometry is utilized to enhance optical coupling between two single-mode QCLs, which facilitates optical downconversion of the THz frequency signal to microwave regime. Arrays of THz QCLs emitting at discrete frequencies could be utilized to provide more than 2 THz of spectral coverage to realize a broadband, low-cost, and portable THz sensor.
Thiol–yne ‘click’ chemistry as a route to functional lipid mimetics

Thiol–alkyne ‘click’ chemistry is a modular, efficient mechanism to synthesize complex A2B 3-arm star polymers. This general motif is similar to a phospholipid where the A blocks correspond to lypophilic chains and the B block represents the polar head group. In this communication we employ thiol–yne chemistry to produce polypeptide-based A2B lipid mimetics. The utility of the thiol–yne reaction is demonstrated by using a divergent and a convergent approach in the synthesis. These polymers self-assemble in aqueous solution into spherical vesicles with a relatively narrow size distribution independent of block composition over the range studied. Using the thiol–yne convergent synthesis, we envision a modular approach to functionalize proteins or oligopeptides with lipophilic chains that can imbed seamlessly into a cell membrane.
Understanding the Policy Context for Supporting Students with Psychiatric Disabilities in Higher Education

Interest in postsecondary education for persons with psychiatric disabilities is high among consumers and advocates. However, the existence of program supports for higher educational goals is very uneven across U.S. states. This study was designed to examine the policy context in which states and educational institutions address needs of individuals with psychiatric disabilities to attend and succeed in postsecondary education. In 10 selected states, telephone interviews were conducted with key informants in state agencies of mental health, vocational rehabilitation, and higher education, as well as representatives of state-level advocacy organizations. Additionally, a search of websites relevant to state policy was conducted. The findings identify factors that facilitate and inhibit the development of policy and programs supportive of students with psychiatric disabilities. Facilitating factors include a strong community college system, progressive philosophy of the state mental health agency, and interest of consumers and the advocacy community. Inhibiting factors include political and budgetary uncertainty, competing priorities in the mental health system, emphasis on a medical rather than rehabilitative model, regulations of the VR system, and lukewarm enthusiasm of the advocacy community. Implications for community mental health services are included, particularly related to further policy development in support of students with psychiatric disabilities.
Childhood Origins of Adult Resistance to Science

Resistance to certain scientific ideas derives in large part from assumptions and biases that can be demonstrated experimentally in young children and that may persist into adulthood. In particular, both adults and children resist acquiring scientific information that clashes with common-sense intuitions about the physical and psychological domains. Additionally, when learning information from other people, both adults and children are sensitive to the trustworthiness of the source of that information. Resistance to science, then, is particularly exaggerated in societies where nonscientific ideologies have the advantages of being both grounded in common sense and transmitted by trustworthy sources.
Pulmonary resection for isolated pancreatic adenocarcinoma metastasis: an analysis of outcomes and survival.

This study was conducted to determine if pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) for isolated pancreatic cancer metastases is safe and effective. This was a retrospective case–control study of patients undergoing PM at our institution from 2000 to 2009 for isolated lung metastasis after resection for pancreatic cancer. Clinical and pathologic data were compared with a matched reference group. Resected neoplasms were immunolabeled for the Dpc4 protein. Kaplan–Meier analysis compared overall survival and survival after relapse. Of 31 patients with isolated lung metastasis, 9 underwent 10 pulmonary resections. At initial pancreas resection, all patients were stage I or II. Other baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. Median time from pancreatectomy to PM was 34 months (interquartile range 21–49). During the study, 29/31(90.6%) patients died. There were no in-hospital mortalities or complications after PM. Median cumulative survival was significantly improved in the PM group (51 vs. 23 months, p = 0.04). There was a trend toward greater 2-year survival after relapse in the PM group (40% vs. 27%, p = 0.2). In patients with isolated lung metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma, this is the first study to show that pulmonary resection can be performed safely with low morbidity and mortality. The improved survival in the PM group may result in part from selection bias but may also represent a benefit of the procedure.
In situ high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy studies of thermochemical stability of rutile-TiO2(110) and 6H–SiC(0001)

Abstract In situ microscopy studies with high spatial and temporal resolutions are ideally-suited for the quantitative description of factors controlling morphological, structural, and compositional evolution in materials and often reveal surprising and previously unknown aspects about the materials. This article showcases scanning tunneling microscopy as a viable and powerful characterization technique for in situ studies of mass transport phenomena controlling solid/vacuum, solid/gas, and solid/solid interfacial stabilities at elevated temperatures up to 1400 K. As representative examples, we present results from our recent studies of the kinetics of: TiO 2 (110) surface structural evolution as a function of gas chemistry and SiC(0001) surface graphitization in ultra-high vacuum. We expect that similar studies carried out on other technologically-important materials can help the design and development of better materials with improved functionalities.
FLOW-OF-FUNDS ACCOUNTS IN EASTERN EUROPE*

There is increased interest in flow of funds analysis due to the greater role assigned to money and to financial processes in the economic reforms now being implemented in Eastern Europe. After presenting a history of financial flows analysis, the paper describes data sources, and sectoring procedures. The efforts of particular countries are then reviewed and compared.
Molecular characterization of mariner‐like elements in emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera, Polyphaga)

Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), an exotic invasive pest, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America and continues to threaten the very survival of the entire Fraxinus genus. Despite its high-impact status, to date very little knowledge exists for this devastating insect pest at the molecular level. Mariner-like elements (MLEs) are transposable elements, which are ubiquitous in occurrence in insects and other invertebrates. Because of their low specificity and broad host range, they can be used for epitope-tagging, gene mapping, and in vitro mutagenesis. The majority of the known MLEs are inactive due to in-frame shifts and stop codons within the open reading frame (ORF). We report on the cloning and characterization of two MLEs in A. planipennis genome (Apmar1 and Apmar2). Southern analysis indicated a very high copy number for Apmar1 and a moderate copy number for Apmar2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both elements belong to the irritans subfamily. Based on the high copy number for Apmar1, the full-length sequence was obtained using degenerate primers designed to the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of irritans MLEs. The recovered nucleotide sequence for Apmar1 consisted of 1,292 bases with perfect ITRs, and an ORF of 1,050 bases encoding a putative transposase of 349 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Apmar1 contained the conserved regions of mariner transposases including WVPHEL and YSPDLAP, and the D,D(34)D motif. Both Apmar1 and Apmar2 could represent useful genetic tools and provide insights on EAB adaptation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of heart transplant injury and graft coronary artery disease after prolonged organ ischemia by selective protein kinase C regulators.

Objective Transplanted hearts subjected to prolonged ischemia develop ischemia-reperfusion injury and graft coronary artery disease. To determine the effect of δ-protein kinase C and ϵ-protein kinase C on ischemia-reperfusion injury and the resulting graft coronary artery disease induced by prolonged ischemia, we used a δ-protein kinase C-selective inhibitor peptide and an ϵ-protein kinase C-selective activator peptide after 30 or 120 minutes of ischemia. Methods Hearts of piebald viral glaxo (PVG) rats were heterotopically transplanted into allogeneic August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats. After cardioplegic arrest of the donor heart, ϵ-protein kinase C activator was injected antegrade into the coronary arteries. Hearts were procured and bathed in ϵ-protein kinase C activator, and before reperfusion, δ-protein kinase C inhibitor was injected into the recipient inferior vena cava. Controls were treated with saline. To analyze ischemia-reperfusion injury, grafts were procured at 4 hours after transplantation and analyzed for superoxide generation; myeloperoxidase activity; tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and monocyte/macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 production; and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and caspase 2, 3, 8, and 9 activity. To analyze graft coronary artery disease, another set of animals underwent equal ischemic times and treatment strategies and then after 90 days were analyzed for graft coronary artery disease indexes. Results All measures of ischemia-reperfusion injury and graft coronary artery disease after 120 minutes of ischemia in the saline-treated group were significantly increased relative to those observed after 30 minutes of ischemia. It is important to note that all ischemia-reperfusion injury parameters and graft coronary artery disease indexes decreased significantly in the protein kinase C regulator-treated group in comparison to saline-treated controls; additionally, these values were equivalent to those in saline-treated controls with 30 minutes of ischemia. Conclusions Combined treatment with ϵ-protein kinase C activator and δ-protein kinase C inhibitor reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury and decreases the resulting graft coronary artery disease induced by prolonged ischemia.
Commentary: Blinded Evaluation of the Effects of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injections on First Impressions

Kenneth Beer, MD, is an investigator, speaker and/or consultant to Medicis, Allergan, Sanofi Aventis, and Merz Aesthetic. He is a partner in Theraplex Aesthetics.
The Effects of Anisotropy on In Situ Air Permeability Measurements

Previous research has established a correlation between air permeability ( k a ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity for agricultural soils based on ex situ air permeability (k ex situ ). In situ air permeability ( k in situ ) measurements in nonagricultural soils, however, have shown a decrease in correlation that may be attributed to soil anisotropy. Our objectives were: (i) to examine the effects of anisotropy on k in situ using a three-dimensional air flow model; (ii) to develop a method to identify anisotropy using k in situ and k ex situ measurements; and (iii) to determine the sample volume of an air permeameter as a function of the permeameter design and the anisotropy ratio. Numerical results showed that the k a measured in situ in anisotropic media results in some average of the horizontal and vertical permeabilities. The averaging depends on the degree of anisotropy and the ratio of the diameter to the insertion depth of the permeameter. Therefore, a shape factor developed for an isotropic soil can give unreliable results. We determined that paired in situ and ex situ permeability measurements can be used to infer the anisotropy ratio. This approach is more accurate if the vertical permeability, k a z , is higher than the horizontal, k a x . The sample volume does not extend outside of the air permeameter for high k a x / k a z . It is stretched vertically for low k a x / k a z . A field experiment showed qualitative agreement with model predictions, but anisotropy alone was not able to fully explain the difference between k in situ and k ex situ .
Reproductive ecology of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination

Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding along the Hudson River forage extensively on PCB-contaminated insects that emerge from the river. We studied the reproductive ecology and behavior of tree swallows breeding at several sites along the Hudson River. Related work has shown that PCB levels in both eggs and chicks were among the highest ever reported in this species, with concentrations comparable to those found in aquatic organisms in the Hudson River. In 1994, reproductive success at PCB-contaminated sites was significantly impaired relative to other sites in New York. Reduced reproductive success was largely due to high levels of nest abandonment during incubation and reduced hatchability of eggs. In 1995, reproductive output was normal, but higher than expected rates of abandonment and supernormal clutches persisted. Growth and development of nestlings was not significantly impaired. Given the levels of contamination in this population, the success of most Hudson River tree swallows reinforces the importance of understanding interspecific differences in the effects of contaminants.
THE EFFECT OF TUNGSTATE NANOPARTICLES ON REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND CYTOTOXICITY IN RAW 264.7 MOUSE MONOCYTE MACROPHAGE CELLS

Due to their unique size, surface area, and chemical characteristics, nanoparticles’ use in consumer products has increased. However, the toxicity of nanoparticle (NP) exposure during the manufacturing process has not been fully assessed. Tungstate NP are used in numerous products, including but not limited to scintillator detectors and fluorescent lighting. As with many NP, no apparent toxicity studies have been completed with tungstate NP. The hypothesis that tungstate NP in vitro exposure results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cytotoxicity was examined. Differences in toxicity based on tungstate NP size, shape (sphere vs. wire), and chemical characteristics were determined. RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte macrophages were exposed to tungstate NP, and ROS formation was assessed via electron spin resonance (ESR), and several assays including hydrogen peroxide, intracellular ROS, and Comet. Results showed ROS production induced by tungstate nanowire exposure, but this exposure did not result in oxidative DNA damage. Nanospheres showed neither ROS nor DNA damage following cellular exposure. Cells were exposed over 72 h to assess cytotoxicity using an MTT (tetrazolium compound) assay. Results showed that differences in cell death between wires and spheres occurred at 24 h but were minimal at both 48 and 72 h. The present results indicate that tungstate nanowires are more reactive and produce cell death within 24 h of exposure, whereas nanospheres are less reactive and did not produce cell death. Results suggest that differences in shape may affect reactivity. However, regardless of the differences in reactivity, in general both shapes produced mild ROS and resulted in minimal cell death at 48 and 72 h in RAW 264.7 cells.
Skeletal correlates of human behavior in the americas

A review of recent anthropological research deriving behavioral inferences from analyses of human skeletal remains focuses on interpretations of diet, social organization, population structure and migration, activities, activity levels and occupation, and warfare, violence, and death in the prehistoric and historic Americas. Critical evaluation of these inferences shows that some of them suffer from inadequate supporting evidence, lack of consideration of alternative hypotheses, or absence of clear methods for deriving and testing these inferences. Overall, however, the potential for behavioral reconstruction from skeletal analysis is great. Behaviors leaving more direct effects on bone such as dietary preference, warfare, and some activities produced the most secure inferences when derived from populational samples and supported by supplementary evidence. Human skeletal remains represent important resources for the reconstruction of behavior.
Cristobalite-pyroxene in an L6 chondrite: implications for metamorphism

CRISPY is a cristobalite-pyroxene assemblage in the L6 chondrite ALHA 76003. It was formed by reaction of a very siliceous inclusion with the surrounding olivine-rich rock. Oxygen isotopes show that the inclusion was derived from a source with non-chondritic isotopic composition. The isotopes also show that the oxygen of the pyroxene reaction product was derived by simple mixing of oxygen from the inclusion and its immediately adjacent surroundings, with exchange with the bulk meteorite limited to a distance of about a millimeter. The persistence of cristobalite in close proximity to olivine, and the lack of isotopic equilibration, show that the metamorphic processes that form petrographic grade 6 chondrites involve transport of major elements over distances only on the order of millimeters.
What determines glomerular capillary permeability

There have been exciting recent advances in our understanding of the structural and molecular biology of the glomerular slit diaphragm, as described in a report in this issue of the JCI. These findings, combined with data on the permeability of the basement membrane and evidence that the endothelium may be a more important barrier than often supposed, are allowing a clearer understanding to emerge of how the 3 parts of the glomerular capillary wall jointly determine its functional properties.
Blood flow in an experimental rat brain tumor by tissue equilibration and indicator fractionation

The tissue equilibration technique (Kety) was compared with the indicator fractionation technique for the measurement of blood flow to normal brain and an experimental brain tumor in the rat. The tumor was a cloned astrocytic glioma implanted in the cerebral hemisphere of F-344 rats. 1–125 lodoantipyrine, using a rising infusion for one minute, was used for the tissue equilibration technique. C-14 butanol, injected as a bolus 8 seconds before sacrifice, was used for the indicator fractionation technique. Samples were assayed using liquid scintillation counting and the iodoantipyrine results were regressed against the butanol results. For normal tissue R = 0.832, SEE = 0.115 ml/g/min, and Slope = 0.626. For tumor R = 0.796, SEE = 0.070 ml/g/min, and Slope = 0.441. The iodoantipyrine tissue/blood partition coefficient for normal hemisphere (gray and white matter) was 0.861 +/−0.037 (SD) and for tumor was 0.876 +/−0.042. The indicator fractionation technique with C-14 butanol underestimated blood flow in a consistent manner, probably because of incomplete extraction, early washout of activity from tissue and from evaporation of butanol during processing. Our experiments revealed no differences between tumor and normal brain tissue that might invalidate the comparison of iodoantipyrine blood flow results in brain tumors and surrounding normal brain.
Sequential perfusion of skeletal muscle capillaries

Rats were injected intraarterially with a fluorescent dye that binds to capillary endothelium, thereby labeling any capillary through which it has passed. After 10, 15, or 30 sec of circulation of the dye blood flow was interrupted, the gastrocnemius was frozen, and the density and distribution of labeled capillaries were measured in transverse sections of the central portion of the medial head. These tissue sections were then counterstained by the myosin ATPase method for capillaries to mark all capillaries. After 10 sec, 45% of all capillaries were labeled and after 15 sec, 59% of all capillaries were labeled. Thirty seconds after injection, all capillaries were labeled with the fluorescent dye. In all three time intervals, the distributions of labeled capillaries were ordered, suggesting that there is a tissue-level control mechanism for regulating capillary perfusion to maintain relatively short maximal oxygen diffusion distances.