cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Activation of Cytosolic Calcium Oscillations and Phastic Myometrical Contractions

These studies sought to test the hypothesis that tyrosine kinase-stimulated phasic myometrical contractions are mediated by activation of the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-signaling pathway and the generation of cytosolic calcium oscillations. For these studies, uterine tissue was obtained from adult female Sprague-Dawley white rats during the proestrus/estrus phase of the cycle. In vivo contraction studies were performed using pervanadate (a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) with and without inhibitors of the PI-signaling pathway, including 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate (a phospholipase C inhibitor), thimerosal (an inositol-trisphosphate receptor/channel inhibitor), and Ruthenium red (a ryanodine receptor inhibitor), and with oxytocin or prostaglandin F2α (two classic uterotonic agonists). Cytosolic calcium studies were performed using Fura-2-loaded myometrial strips. During these studies, pervanadate was observed to produce cytosolid calcium oscillations and phasic contractions in myometrical tissue comparable to those produced in response to oxytocin and prostaglandin F2α. The pervandate-stimulated phasic contractions were significantly suppressed in response to inhibition of phospholipase C, the inositol-trisphosphate receptor, and the ryanodine receptor, thereby confirming the importance of the PI-signaling pathway during tyrosine kinase-associated myometrical activity. Further confirming the important and shared role for the PI-signaling pathway during pervanadate-stimulated myometrical contractions, no significant additive effects were observed when classic uterotonic agonists such as oxytocin or prostaglandin F2α were combined with pervanadate.
The newer macrolides: azithromycin and clarithromycin.

Erythromycin, the first macrolide antibiotic discovered, has been used since the early 1950s for the treatment of upper respiratory tract and skin and soft-tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms, especially in the penicillin allergic patient. Additionally, erythromycin is effective for the treatment of infections due to some intracellular pathogens, including species of Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. Several drawbacks, however, have limited the use of erythromycin, including frequent gastrointestinal intolerance and a short serum half-life. Newer macrolide antimicrobials have been synthesized by altering the erythromycin base resulting in compounds with improved pharmacokinetics, extended spectrum of activity, and fewer gastrointestinal side effects. In 1991 and 1992, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two of these agents, clarithromycin and azithromycin, for clinical use. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial activity, clinical use, and adverse effects of these two agents. The use of either antibiotic for mycobacterial or parasitic infections is not discussed.
A simplified method for the synthesis of a radioiodinated DNP-hapten

Abstract The synthesis of the DNP-hapten, α-N-(4-hydroxyphenacetyl)-ϵ-N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)- l -lysine (HDL) was initially described by Meyer-Delius, et al. (1971). HDL can be easily iodinated by the method of Hunter and Greenwood (1962) and has been particularly useful for the detection of anti-DNP antibodies. 125I or 131I (HDL) have been employed by Meyer-Delius et al. (1971), Montgomery and Williamson (1970, 1972) and Montgomery et al. (1972) to measure the binding properties of anti-DNP antibodies in a salt precipitation test (Farr, 1958; Stupp et al., 1969). Radioiodinated HDL has proven most useful for the visualization of anti-DNP antibodies in analytical isoelectric focusing. Isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gel was shown by Awdeh et al. (1968) to resolve a specifically purified antibody population into a pattern of discrete bands or an antibody isoelectric spectrum. The usefulness of this method has been greatly extended by employing radioiodinated HDL to directly visualize the anti-DNP antibody isoelectric spectrum without the need for antibody purification (Montgomery and Williamson, 1970, 1972; Montgomery et al., 1972; Williamson, 1971). The procedures for the synthesis of HDL described by Meyer-Delius et al. (1971) are quite laborious and difficult to reproduce. In order to make this useful hapten available to other laboratories we have developed a simplified synthetic procedure for HDL which is reported in the present communication.
Subthreshold slope of thin-film SOI MOSFET's

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) n-channel transistors have been made in thin (90 nm) silicon films. Both modeling and experimental results show that excellent subthreshold slopes can be obtained (62 mV/ decade) when the silicon film thickness is smaller than the maximum depletion depth in the transistor channel. For comparison, the subthreshold slope of transistors made in thicker films is also reported.
Effects of Sex of Subject, Sex of Interrupter, and Topic of Conversation on the Perceptions of Interruptions

This study examined how interruptions (violations in turn taking) are perceived and whether perceptions of interrupters vary by sex of the interrupter, sex of the subject, and the topic (stereotypical male and female topics) of a conversation. Subjects listened to a 21/2-min. audiotape of a conversation and rated the conversants on masculinity, femininity, traditionality, assertiveness, and sociability. Subjects also responded, with ratings, to seven statements related to the conversation and the feelings of the conversants toward one another. Analysis indicated that sex of the subject significantly affects perceptions of the interruption. Regardless of the sex of the interrupter and the topic of the conversation, men had more positive attitudes toward the interrupting than the women. Both sexes rated same sex interrupters more negatively than those of the opposite sex.
Electroluminescence catches the public eye: Rugged, readable, and compact, electroluminescent technology is breaking the price barrier: Designers are now using it in middle-range products

The development of durable, high-visibility, thin-film electroluminescent displays (EL) for microcomputers is outlined. It is noted that these displays are being used increasingly as their price is coming down. The ruggedness of EL displays, their advantages and disadvantages, and their size are discussed. The reasons for the lack of full color and gray shades are examined. Interfacing an EL display is discussed, as is the problem of defects.
X-ray Crystallography at Extremely Low Temperatures

Chilling protein crystals enables the characterization of transient structural intermediates
New Aspects of Heterocyclic Annulene Chemistry

The [18]annulene 1 [1] has been regarded as a fundamental structure in annulene chemistry. It complies with Huckel’s rule, and clearly demonstrates the existence of an aromatic ring current by its 1H NMR data.[lc] Viewed as an annulene, the porphyrin system 2 can be regarded as a bridged heterocyclic structural variation of [18]annulene. Compared to the numerous studies of nitrogen bridged porphyrin analogs, sulfur bridged annulenes have been much less studied. Inspired by the synthesis of 1, the first thiophene derived annulene 3, a heterocyclic derivative of [18]annulene with sulfur bridges, was synthesized already in 1964.[2]
High-Temperature Natural Antioxidant Improves Soy Oil for Frying

The objectives of this study were to determine the frying stability of soybean oil (SBO) treated with a natural citric acid-based antioxidant, EPT-OILShield able to withstand high temperatures and to establish the oxidative stability of food fried in the treated oil. Soybean oil with 0.05% and 0.5% EPT-OILShield and an untreated control SBO were used for intermittent batch frying of tortilla chips at 180 degrees C for up to 65 h. Oil frying stability was measured by free fatty acids (FFA) and total polar compounds (TPC). Chips were aged for up to 4 mo at 25 degrees C and evaluated for rancid flavor by a 15-member, trained, experienced analytical sensory panel and for hexanal content as an indicator of oxidation. Oil with 0.05% EPT-OILShield had significantly less FFA and TPC than the control. The effect of EPT-OILShield was apparently retained in aged chips because hexanal levels were significantly lower in chips fried in oil with 0.05% EPT-OILShield than in chips fried in the control. Tortilla chips fried in the control were rancid after 2 mo at 25 degrees C at sampling times evaluated from 25 to 65 h; however, chips fried in oil with 0.05% EPT-OILShield and used for 65 h were described as only slightly rancid after 4 mo. Gamma tocopherol levels were significantly higher in the chips fried in the oil with 0.05% EPT-OILShield than in the control, helping to inhibit oxidation in the tortilla chips during storage.
Endothelial dysfunction following thrombolysis in vitro.

Objectives: thrombolytic therapy is frequently used to manage vascular graft thrombosis. However, long-term patency after thrombolysis remains poor. The purpose of this study was to characterise the morphological and functional response of endothelial cells (EC) exposed to a thrombus and subsequently lytic therapy. Methods: human EC were exposed to human whole blood thrombus for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. The thrombus was lysed with urokinase. Cell morphology was studied with electron microscopy. Northern blot analyses were performed with human c-DNA probes for endothelin-1, thrombomodulin, tissue factor, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and triose phosphate isomerase. Results: EC retraction occurred for each period of incubation. Thrombomodulin expression was increased 2.2-fold at 6 h and 2.4-fold at 24 h. t-PA expression was depressed proportionally to the duration of thrombus exposure. PAI and TF expression transiently increased 1.5-fold at 2 h of exposure and returned to baseline at 6 h. Endothelin expression remained unchanged. Conclusions: except for a transient increase in TF expression and reversal of the tPA/PAI ratio, EC exposed to thrombus do not appear to become actively procoagulant. The increase in TM expression may reflect enhanced thromboresistance. However, EC retraction may be responsible for an increase thrombogenicity of saphenous vein graft after thrombosis and Urokinase therapy.
Delay-related activity of prefrontal neurons in rhesus monkeys performing delayed response

Activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neurons was examined in rhesus monkeys while they performed a spatial delayed-response task with delays of 2, 4, 8 or 12 s interposed between cue and response. Of the 600 neurons recorded for at least 10 trials under each delay condition, 95 displayed a pattern of discharge during the delay period which was significantly different from neuronal firing before or after this period. Changes in the duration of the delay elicit two distinct patterns of activity in these neurons: some (59/95, 62%) exhibit a fixed pattern of discharge regardless of the duration of the ensuing delay; others (31/95, 33%) alter their pattern of activity in relation to the temporal changes. Although both types of delay-related neurons display a variety of discharge profiles, more than half of each class exhibit their highest activity in the early part of the delay period. A related finding concerns a small subclass of spatially selective neurons which fire significantly more when the cue is presented on the left than on the right or vice versa. A striking 80% of these spatially discriminative neurons exhibit peak activity in the first few seconds of the delay period. These findings provide cellular evidence that (1) prefrontal neurons are responsive to temporal as well as spatial features of the delayed-response task; and (2) the involvement of a subset of these is particularly critical in the first few seconds of the delay. The latter finding emphasizes that prefrontal neurons may play an important role in the registration process of spatial memory.
THE INFORMATION EFFECTS OF ORIGIN ON MIGRANTS' JOB SEARCH BEHAVIOR*

. Migrants are generally assumed to gather specific information about the destination primarily through physical contact, or through family, friends, and acquaintances. In this paper, I propose an additional source of information: similarities between origin and destination labor markets. Data from the 1983–1987 PSID are used in a two-stage least squares model of postmove search duration in the U.S. Rural-to-urban migrants (except for rural Southerners) exhibit significantly lower search duration than other groups, controlling for productivity-related characteristics and postmove earnings. In addition, employment growth differences between origin and destination are found to be better predictors of search duration than are differences in average earnings. This research is among the first to integrate search-theoretics and conventional migration models to explain postmove economic outcomes.
Direct observation of polymerization in the oleic acid–ozone heterogeneous reaction system by photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry

Abstract High molecular weight products of the ozonolysis reaction of particle-phase 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) have been studied by photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) mass spectrometry (MS). Oleic acid particles ( d g = 2 0 2 nm , σ g = 1.9 7 ) were reacted with ozone (1.8×10−4 atm) in a flow reactor at reaction times of 8 and 23 s. Particles were sampled on-line with a differentially pumped particle inlet and chemically analyzed by PERCI-MS. PERCI is a soft ionization method that permits the direct measurement of relatively high molecular weight compounds, facilitating molecular identification. In addition to cyclic oxygenates, such as secondary ozonides and geminal diperoxides that were reported previously, we demonstrate the formation of polymers at the particle surface. Polymer formation is proposed to proceed via addition of a Criegee intermediate to oleic acid forming an α -acyloxyalkyl hydroperoxide, and subsequent additions of Criegee intermediates to this initial addition product and later generations. Ultimately, polyanhydrides are formed through dehydration of these α -acyloxyalkyl hydroperoxide intermediates. The highest molecular weight, unfragmented polyanhydride has been measured at 963 U, resulting from the successive addition of four Criegee intermediates to a parent oleic acid molecule. The low volatility of these products, coupled with their high polarity, may alter particle phase hygroscopicity that can enhance the cloud condensation properties of these particles. Further, the polymer products formed at the particles’ surface may significantly alter diffusion of reactive gases, thereby affecting the reactive uptake of atmospheric trace gases and impacting the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere.
AutoDEVS: A Methodology for Automating Modeling and Simulation Software Development and Testing of Interoperable Systems

Despite the increasing use of software system development methodologies that follow a highly-structured and systematic process, there remain critical limitations that need more advanced treatment. One such limitation is the failure to explicitly incorporate modeling and simulation (M&S) methodology, which becomes essential as the scale of systems under development exceeds the range supported by analytical tools. Other limitations include the lack of automation to reduce routine work and incoherence among the abstractions developed at various stages in development. Originally introduced as formalism for discrete event M&S, the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) methodology has become an engine for advances within the wider area of information technology. In this paper, we present a new DEVS-based tool called the ‘AutoDEVS’ that automates systems development and exploits ‘model continuity’ to maintain coherence through the development process and to support test artifact continuity and traceability ...
Healers or Interrogators: Psychology and the United States Torture Regime

United States abuses at Guantanamo and other detention centers, including the CIA's “Black Sites,“ have a long history. In the Cold War period, the CIA pursued an extensive research program on “coercive interrogations,“ which became codified in torture manuals used to train Latin American military leaders who utilized torture against their populations. Also during the Cold War, the U.S. military developed the Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape (SERE) program to train U.S. military personnel in resisting torture. When the U.S. government turned to torture after 9/11, they turned to SERE psychologists to develop their interrogations strategies. This occurred, first at the CIA secret Black Sites, and then at Guantanamo and elsewhere. Psychologists helped develop, implement, and standardize U.S. torture techniques. The American Psychological Association (APA), rather than oppose this use of psychologists, provided cover for U.S. interrogation abuses. They formed a task force on Psychological Ethics and Nat...
Ultrafast all-optical switching with low saturation energy via intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides

A fiber-optic pump-probe setup is used to demonstrate all-optical switching based on intersubband cross-absorption modulation in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides, with record low values of the required control pulse energy. In particular, a signal modulation depth of 10 dB is obtained with control pulse energies as small as 38 pJ. Such low power requirements for this class of materials are mainly ascribed to an optimized design of the waveguide structure. At the same time, the intersubband absorption fully recovers from the control-pulse-induced saturation on a picosecond time scale, so that these nonlinear waveguide devices are suitable for all-optical switching at bit rates of several hundred Gb/s.
Role of Muscle Activity in Nerve-Muscle Interaction in vitro

CLONAL nerve and muscle cells interact in vitro to produce a nerve-muscle contact which is associated with an area of increased acetylcholine sensitivity on the muscle1,2. This association is reminiscent of the distribution of acetylcholine sensitivity on innervated skeletal muscle in vivo3,4. It is possible to use cultures of nerve and muscle cells to examine the requirements for localization in vitro. A previous report showed that cholinergic transmission is not required2. Here I discuss the requirement for muscle electrical and contractile activity in localisation of acetylcholine sensitivity.
Alternating Treatments Design (ATD) for Inquiry in Early Childhood Special Education Programs.

In this discussion of the alternating treatment design (ATD) in early childhood special education (ECSE) programs, two studies are described to illustrate the use of the ATD for comparing a treatment with no treatment and for comparing two or more treatments. An eight-step procedure is outlined to facilitate classroom application.
Outpatient radioimmunotherapy with Bexxar. Closed, clean air reservoir minimizes personnel radiation exposure.

BACKGROUND Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with Bexxar (tositumomab and iodine-131 tositumomab; Coulter Pharmaceutical, South San Francisco, CA) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of low-grade and transformed low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS Patient-specific dosimetry with 5 mCi of iodine-131 tositumomab preceded by 450 mg of tositumomab was utilized to calculate the radionuclide dose needed to deliver 75 cGy whole-body radiation (65 cGy for platelet counts of 100,000–149,000/mm3). To safely infuse the approximately 95 mCi (range, 52–211mCi) of iodine-131 needed for this treatment, a shielded, closed system was developed to minimize radiation exposure for personnel administering the treatment infusions and to eliminate possible release of aerosolized iodine-131. RESULTS Twenty-five patients who could be evaluated were infused with a single course of iodine-131 tositumomab therapy and achieved a 76% total response rate at 3 months (32% complete response [CR], 44% partial response [PR]); 59% total response at 6 months (40% CR, 18% PR); and 38% total response at 12 months (31% CR, 6% PR). Administration of RIT using our unique, totally closed system significantly reduced personnel exposure and potential for radioactive spills. The sum of all individuals who administered and monitored the infusions was < 120 mRem whole body exposure over 22 months, well within the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) Level I guideline limits. No radioiodide was detectable in the thyroid of any staff member. CONCLUSIONS In NHL patients who had experienced failure with conventional therapy, RIT with iodine-131 tositumomab therapy was safe and effective. Response rates obtained were equivalent to those obtained at the university medical centers where the Phase I–III clinical trials were performed. Cancer 2002;94:1358–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10306
Statistical Adjustment of Maize Grain Yield for Sub-Optimal Plot Stands

Linear covariance analysis of crop yield data using plot stand as the covariate is not satisfactory when the missing plants are eliminated before maturity. This is because the resulting relationship between yield and plot stand is non-linear. In this paper, a transformation of plot yield data to adjust for sub-optimal stands in circumstances involving interplant competition is examined. A biomathematical derivation and interpretation of the proposed model is provided. An experiment involving two varieties of maize (Zea mays) grown at three locations provided the data used to validate the model. Adjusted genotype mean yield values obtained using the proposed exponential transformation were in agreement with observed values.
Label-free assessment of mitochondrial organization in three-dimensional tissues

A Fourier-based method can be used to analyze endogenous NADH two-photon excited fluorescence images to characterize quantitatively mitochondrial organization. This optical biomarker is sensitive to metabolic changes that may occur at the onset of disease.
Block thresholding wavelet regression using SCAD penalty

Abstract This paper concerns wavelet regression using a block thresholding procedure. Block thresholding methods utilize neighboring wavelet coefficients information to increase estimation accuracy. We propose to construct a data-driven block thresholding procedure using the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty. A simulation study demonstrates competitive finite sample performance of the proposed estimator compared to existing methods. We also show that the proposed estimator achieves optimal convergence rates in Besov spaces.
Aminopeptidase and lysozyme activity levels and serum protein concentrations in Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) challenged with bacteria.

The total serum protein concentrations and levels of aminopeptidase and lysozyme activities in the sera of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata have been determined. The groups of snails from which hemolymph samples were taken for study included (1) untampered controls, (2) sham-injected snails, (3) heat-killed Bacillus megaterium-injected, and (4) live B. megaterium-injected ones. Our results indicate that there are significant elevations in the levels of aminopeptidase activity in 2 hr in the sera of snails that had been sham-, dead bacteria-, and liver bacteria-injected. The levels of lysozyme activity were not altered in sham-, dead bacteria-, and live bacteria-injected snails. This is contrary to an earlier finding (T. C. Cheng, M. J. Chorney, and T. P. Yoshino, 1977. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 29, 170–174), and the difference is believed to be due to the age of the snails employed. Comparisons of total serum proteins have revealed that the concentration in snails injected with live B. megaterium is significantly higher than in sham-injected ones. This may be due to increase of some yet undetermined serum protein fraction.
The US Coast Guard Vessel Inspection Programme: A Probability Analysis

This study investigates the probabilities of vessel safety and pollution inspections by type of vessel by the US Coast Guard based upon individual vessel inspections for the years 1992–2001. Probit estimates of vessel safety (versus pollution) inspection equations suggest that fishing, passenger, recreation and tug boats are less (more) likely to be inspected for safety (pollution), whereas tank barges and US flag vessels are more (less) likely to be inspected for safety (pollution). Also, vessel safety and pollution inspection probabilities by vessel type vary by Coast Guard district and time. The probability of a US flag vessel being inspected for safety has increased over the time period of the study. The results bring into question the effectiveness of the Coast Guard in reducing the oil-spill pollution of tank barges and improving the safety of fishing boats.
Quantum contribution to Henry's law of adsorption.

Expressions are presented for the low-coverage adsorption isotherm in either the weakly or fully quantum regime. In the former case, a particularly simple result is obtained if a Morse potential suffices to represent the gas-surface interaction. Additionally, a one-dimensional effective potential is derived which incorporates both quantum and periodic corrugation effects at high temperature.
Estimate of the probability of a lightning strike to the Galileo probe

Lightning strikes to aerospace vehicles occur mainly in or near clouds. As the Galileo entry probe will pass most of its operational life in the clouds of Jupiter, which is known to have lightning activity, the present study is concerned with the risk of a lightning strike to the probe. A strike to the probe could cause physical damage to the structure and/or damage to the electronic equipment aboard the probe. It is thought to be possible, for instance, that the instrument failures which occurred on all four Pioneer Venus entry probes at an altitude of 12 km were due to an external electric discharge. The probability of a lightning strike to the Galileo probe is evaluated. It is found that the estimate of a strike to the probe is only 0.001, which is about the same as the expected failure rate due to other design factors. In the case of entry probes to cloud-covered planets, a consideration of measures for protecting the vehicle and its payload from lightning appears to be appropriate.
A computational exploration of gene regulation by nucleosome position

More than two meters of DNA is organized inside a five micrometer nucleus of every human cell. This is accomplished by the wrapping of DNA around protein "spools" (histones) to form nucleosomes. Some DNA sequences are more likely to be organized into nucleosomes than others. Because nucleosomes, not bare DNA, are the substrate for DNA-templated reactions, the position and density of nucleosomes play an important role in these processes (e.g., affecting gene regulation). We used a machine learning tool trained to distinguish nucleosome forming from nucleosome inhibitory DNA sequences. This Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used to evaluate DNA sequence and generate nucleosome occupancy predictions for the entire human genome. We used the resulting scores to characterize DNA-encoded nucleosome positioning signals at specific genomic regions. Scores around protein coding regions, specifically intron-exon boundaries, showed a characteristic nucleosome positioning pattern. Previously these boundaries had been identified using a DNA consensus sequence, and we were able to identify a subset of protein genes based on sequence features recognized by the SVM that are not readily identifiable by traditional sequence evaluation techniques. We anticipate that this type of analysis will allow us to refine our understanding of DNA regulatory processes.
Uptake of calcium by subcellular fractions isolated from ouabain-treated cerebral tissues.

— Slices of cerebral cortex were incubated in medium containing 0·75 or 2·8 mM 45CaCl2, in the presence or absence of 0·01–0·1 mm-ouabain. Ouabain induced accumulation of calcium by slices to a maximum of 4 μmoles/g of tissue/hr (0·75 mm-CaCl2 in the medium) and to 8 μmoles/g of tissue/hr (2·8 mm-CaCl2 in the medium). Accumulation of Ca2+ occurred more slowly than loss of K+ from the slices and more closely resembled the pattern of Na+ uptake. Mitochondrial fractions isolated from ouabain-treated slices contained significantly more calcium than controls. Inclusion of EDTA in the homogenization medium resulted in decreased amounts of particulate-bound calcium. The effect of ouabain on accumulation of calcium is discussed with regard to possible relationships to processes of active and passive transport.
Propofol, thiopental sodium and fentanyl effects on patient recovery from anesthesia

Abstract We evaluated retrospectively propofol and thiopental sodium combined with fentanyl effects on patient recovery from anesthesia after ambulatory surgery. Our results show that 92% of the patients in propofol group have no recollection of the procedures and have no nausea or vomiting. The patients under thiopental and fentanyl were less satisfied. Surgeon's rating of propofol effect on patient was also significantly higher than thiopental and fentanyl. The stay in recovery room was significantly shorter in the propofol group. We conclude that propofol is superior to thiopental sodium and fentanyl for the outpatient anesthetic-surgical procedures.
Domain-specific c-Myc ubiquitylation controls c-Myc transcriptional and apoptotic activity

The oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc causes transformation and tumorigenesis, but it can also induce apoptotic cell death. Although tumor suppressors are necessary for c-Myc to induce apoptosis, the pathways and mechanisms are unclear. To further understand how c-Myc switches from an oncogenic protein to an apoptotic protein, we examined the mechanism of p53-independent c-Myc–induced apoptosis. We show that the tumor suppressor protein ARF mediates this switch by inhibiting ubiquitylation of the c-Myc transcriptional domain (TD). Whereas TD ubiquitylation is critical for c-Myc canonical transcriptional activity and transformation, inhibition of ubiquitylation leads to the induction of the noncanonical c-Myc target gene, Egr1, which is essential for efficient c-Myc–induced p53-independent apoptosis. ARF inhibits the interaction of c-Myc with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Skp2. Overexpression of Skp2, which occurs in many human tumors, inhibits the recruitment of ARF to the Egr1 promoter, leading to inhibition of c-Myc–induced apoptosis. Therapeutic strategies could be developed to activate this intrinsic apoptotic activity of c-Myc to inhibit tumorigenesis.
Rf-sputtered FeO films: Vapor species control in non-crystalline solid formation

Abstract It is shown that iron oxide films prepared by rf-sputtering display a wide variation in structure, composition, and film properties, depending upon the sputtering process parameters. We demonstrate that for Fe2O3 composition films non-crystalline solid (NCS) formation is controlled not only by substrate temperature but also by the vapor species in the vapor → solid transformation. The evidence indicates that the vapor species from an Fe3O4-sputtered target are primarily “molecules”. A qualitative model of the NCS formation is presented.
Method for elimination of quartz-face phototubes in Cherenkov counters by use of wavelength-shifter

Abstract The feasibility of the use of organic wavelength-shifters in conjunction with normal glass phototubes and suitably transparent gases in Cherenkov counters is investigated. It is shown that such a combination gives performance at least the equal of that obtained from quartz-face phototubes.
Neo-Assyrian gardens: a spectrum of artificiality, sacrality and accessibility

Neo-Assyrian kings, who dominated much of the Middle East from the ninth to the seventh centuries bce, famously utilized monumental palaces, stone reliefs and sculptures to assert their supremacy a...
Establishment and distribution of Raillietina cesticillus in the fowl and comparative studies on amino acid metabolism of R. cesticillus and Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract 1. 1. The establishment and distribution of Raillietina cesticillus in White Rock chickens was followed for 0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 days after inoculation. The cestode was found first to establish anterior to the Ampulla of Vater. By the third day the tapeworm was distributed along the first 14 centimeters posterior to the opening of the bile ducts, where it remained during its adult life in the intestine. These movements were compared to those of Hymenolepis diminuta and Moniliformis dubius . 2. 2. The free amino acid and protein fractions of Raillietina were analyzed by paper chromatography, and compared to analyses of Hymenolepis . The latter worm contained a greater amount of free amino acid than the former and an especially larger amount of taurine. Raillietina had a particularly large amount of proline. The protein hydrolysates of the two worms were very similar. 3. 3. The following transaminase reactions were found in Raillietina , listed in order of decreasing activity: glutamate to aspartate and aspartate to glutamate; alanine to glutamate and glutamate to alanine (with oxalacetic acid); and glutamate to alanine. In comparison to the activity of H. diminuta , determined directly and by previous studies, the activity of the two most active reactions in Raillietina was approximately one-half that found in Hymenolepis . In addition, Hymenolepis also possessed an equally active alanine to glutamic acid system as well as the two systems mentioned above. 4. 4. The importance of the particular position of worms in the intestine was discussed, and the significance of the transaminase reactions to cestodes was pointed out.
Closed-form throughput formula in terms of users' joint SINR in wireless multirate TDD/WCDMA

A closed-form formula is derived for the downlink throughput delivered to a population of users in a cellular TDD/WCDMA system for wireless multirate services. The formula is expressed in terms of system-dependent parameters and a discrete function that reflects the stochastic behaviour of the users' joint signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR).
Preferences for ethanol and diazepam in anxious individuals: an evaluation of the self-medication hypothesis

The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders postulates that individuals with psychiatric symptoms use drugs to alleviate their symptoms. Although commonly cited to explain the etiology of substance abuse, self-medication has not been experimentally validated. This study evaluated one version of the self-medication hypothesis by formulating it into a testable hypothesis: are highly anxious volunteers more likely to self-administer anxiolytic drugs than non-anxious controls. Anxious (ANX,n=22) and control (CTL,n=23) subjects participated in two double-blind placebo-controlled experiments, one testing ethanol (0.8 g/kg) and the other testing diazepam (20 mg). Subjects sampled and then chose between ethanol and placebo in one experiment, and diazepam and placebo in the other. The main dependent measures were choice of drug over placebo and subjective responses to the drugs. Ethanol decreased self-reported anxiety in ANX subjects, but ANX subjects did not choose ethanol more often than CTL subjects. Diazepam did not measurably reduce anxiety, but ANX subjects nevertheless chose diazepam more often than did CTL subjects. Thus, there were some differences in drug responses between the ANX and CTL subjects, and the study provided limited support for the self-medication hypothesis. However, drug choice was not directly related to anxiolytic drug effects with either ethanol or diazepam. The procedure may be used to test other formulations of the self-medication hypothesis (e.g., examining other psychiatric risk factors).
A Professional Code of Ethics Provides Guidance for Genetic Nursing Practice

While ethical quandaries and dilemmas are commonplace for nurses, recent advances in human genetics have and will continue to create new challenges and controversies. Throughout time, nursing has been an ethical endeavour, with nurses viewing the ethical mandates of their responsibilities on a par with other core dimensions of their professional life. The (American) profession's code of ethics, Code for nurses with interpretive statements, provides direction for practice and for the fulfillment of ethical obligations. The explication of these ethical norms and values that shape professional practice is necessary as nurses confront the integration of genetic services into health care. The goal of preserving professional integrity and ethical soundness in the context of genetic health care mandates that nurses rely on and act upon the profession's national and international codes of ethics.
LMP2-Specific Inhibitors: Chemical Genetic Tools for Proteasome Biology

The immunoproteasome, having been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and hematological cancers, has been shown to play an important role in MHC class I antigen presentation. However, its other pathophysiological functions are still not very well understood. This can be attributed mainly to a lack of appropriate molecular probes that can selectively modulate the immunoproteasome catalytic subunits. Herein, we report the development of molecular probes that selectively inhibit the major catalytic subunit, LMP2, of the immunoproteasome. We show that these compounds irreversibly modify the LMP2 subunit with high specificity. Importantly, LMP2-rich cancer cells compared to LMP2-deficient cancer cells are more sensitive to growth inhibition by the LMP2-specific inhibitor, implicating an important role of LMP2 in regulating cell growth of malignant tumors that highly express LMP2.
Changing the Campus Environment.

Academic advisors often recognize areas where change in the campus environment can lead to greater student satisfaction, increased student retention, and improved institutional effectiveness. Advisors are well situated to recommend new policies and programs in response to the need for change. The author presents a method for proposing and implementing campus innovation and a case study illustrating how this approach has successfully brought about a change in the campus environment at a large, public research university.
Polarization of radiation from axially channeled electrons

The degree of polarization of channeling radiation emitted by axially channeled electrons has been calculated using the many-beam method. The polarization was found to be substantial, and to increase monotonically with the channeling angle. The many-beam results are compared with those obtained from the single-string approximation and are found to be significantly different.
A modeling study of an East Asian convective complex during March 2001

[1] During March–April 2001 the University of Wisconsin Nonhydrostatic Modeling System (UWNMS) was used to provide flight planning and estimation of ozone flux into the troposphere over East Asia in support of the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission. On 24 March a convective complex developed in eastern China and propagated eastward over the Pacific south of Japan. Aircraft and satellite observations, together with the UWNMS simulations, captured this convective event, which first entrained urban boundary layer air over Asia and then marine boundary layer air over the Pacific. The convective updraft split the subtropical westerly jet, deformed the tropopause upward, radiated gravity waves into the stratosphere, and induced a ring of stratospheric ozone to descend around its periphery into the middle troposphere. The DC-8 observations and UWNMS show a vault of moderate ozone (∼65 ppbv) in the 8–12 km layer within the convection, with high stratospheric values (∼100 ppbv) subsiding around the periphery into the troposphere near 6.5 km. A new two-scale method for diagnosing cross-tropopause ozone flux is compared with an annular volume estimate. During this 24 hour convective event, ∼0.8 Tg ozone entered the troposphere from the stratosphere, comparable in magnitude to ozone fluxes in midlatitude cyclones.
The buoyancy-providing role of gas vacuoles in an aerobic bacterium

The heterotrophic, freshwater bacterium Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum Staley possesses sufficient gas vacuoles to render it buoyant at all stages of growth. Although the cells have a turgor pressure of about 300 kPa, there is no evidence that this pressure is important in causing collapse of the constituent gas vesicles. A mutant of the bacterium, which produced only 0.2% of the amount of gas vacuoles produced by the wild type, was isolated. It always sank in liquid culture. Wild type and mutant bacteria grew at the same rate in shaken culture, but in static culture the wild type, which floated to the liquid surface grew more quickly than the mutant, which sank. Other competition experiments suggested that the advantage gained in floating at the surface was simply that oxygen was more readily available there to this obligate aerobe. Similar advantages may benefit gas vacuolate forms in natural habitats.
10.1.2 Legacy Software System Integration

Legacy software systems are often the subject of analyses in attempts to affect modifications to extend their useful lifetimes. For the systems engineer, reengineering legacy systems or integrating legacy systems with new development and/or off-the-shelf software are areas which may provide particular challenges and where effective software system analysis is critical. When analyzing a software system, a range of system artifacts may be used. These artifacts include a description of the system in natural language, program design language descriptions, flow charts, object diagrams, as well as the system code. All of these artifact types can contain equivalent information at their specific level of abstraction. However, deriving information that is needed for reengineering or integrating a legacy system from each of these artifacts cannot be performed equivalently. For example, analyzing a poorly structured system with little or no design documentation is a particularly challenging problem. Software modeling using an abstract architecture representation as a common description vehicle, such as the Unified Modeling Language or some other, can “level the playing field” by creating representations of disparate systems at the same level of abstraction. This is of importance to reengineering efforts; it shows promise for supporting and facilitating integration efforts between legacy and other systems. This paper presents a methodology to express and manipulate (i.e. restructure) system architecture-level models, an evaluation of the integratability of those models, and proposes a decision support system framework that makes the use of the methods.
Regulation of tissue noradrenaline in the rat myocardial infarction model of chronic heart failure.

The aim was to evaluate mechanisms regulating tissue noradrenaline in congestive heart failure. Methods: Tissue noradrenaline was measured in the conscious post myocardial infarction rat model of congestive heart failure and in sham operated rats (1) under control conditions, (2) 6 h after inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by the intraperitoneal administration of α-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT) (100 mg·kg−1 every 2 h), (3) 6 h after AMPT with desipramine pretreatment (0.3 mg·kg−), and (4) following exhaustive exercise after AMPT. Tissue noradrenaline was extracted with perchloric acid and measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Results: In control animals without drug, tissue noradrenaline concentration was lower in the following tissues in the rats with myocardial infarction compared with the sham operated group: left and right ventricles, spleen, soleus and white gastrocnemius muscles, kidney cortex, and tail artery. After AMPT, tissue noradrenaline concentration in the sham operated group was significantly lower than control; in the myocardial infarction group the fall in noradrenaline was only significant in the kidney, and group differences were no longer present. In the sham operated animals, coadministration of desipramine with AMPT attenuated the fall in tissue noradrenaline caused by AMPT in the heart and spleen. With exercise to exhaustion, cardiac noradrenaline was lower in rats with myocardial infarction than in sham operated rats, but higher in the soleus muscle. Conclusions : These data suggest that tissue noradrenaline depletion in congestive heart failure is not isolated to the heart, and it occurs despite activation of mechanisms that might be operating to conserve neuronal noradrenaline. One mechanism may be reduced organ blood flow to retard diffusion of noradrenaline into the circulation. If this increases interstitial noradrenaline concentration, it would facilitate prejunctional α2 receptor restraint on noradrenaline release. Metabolic coronary vasdilatation during exercise reverses this process, and makes the heart most susceptible to noradrenaline depletion in congestive heart failure. Cardiovascular Research 1992; 26 :933–938
Calibration of radionuclide calibrators in Canadian hospitals

The major user of radioactive isotopes in Canada is the medical profession. Because of this a program has been initiated at the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) to assist the nuclear medicine community to determine more accurately, the rather large amounts of radioactive materials administered to patients either for therapeutic or medical diagnostics. Since radiation exposure to the human body has deleterious effects, it is important for the patient that the correct amount of radioactive material is administered to minimize the induction of a fatal cancer at a later time. Hospitals in many other countries have a legal requirement to have their instruments routinely calibrated and have previously entered into intercomparisons with other hospitals or their national standards laboratories. In Canada, hospitals and clinics can participate on a voluntary basis to have the proper operation of measuring devices (radionuclide calibrators in particular) examined through intercomparisons. The program looks primarily at laboratory performance. This includes not only the instrument's performance but the performance of the individual doing the procedure and the technical procedure or method employed. In an effort to provide personal assistance to those having problems, it is essential that the comparisons should be pertinent to the daily workmore » of the laboratory and that the most capable technologist not be selected to carry out the assay.« less
The Resurrection of Keynes

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links? The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.