cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Laser Printer Nanoparticle and VOC Emissions, Formation Mechanisms, and Strategies to Reduce Airborne Exposures

To better evaluate the health effects and indoor air quality impacts of nanoparticles generated by laser printers, measurements were made to characterize the number concentration, size distribution, morphology, and chemical composition of the emitted nanoparticles as a function of printer distance, idle time, “cold start” state, cartridge states, and number of pages printed. Emitted ion concentrations, nanoparticles, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and toner particles were characterized using multiple analytical techniques. Finally, particle generation mechanisms and emission control strategies are discussed. Emission measurements were conducted using a commonly used black and white office printer (HP LaserJet4100) operating in a small (12 m2) office conference room environment and a stainless steel environmental chamber of similar size. Particle concentrations and size distributions were monitored using condensation particle counter (CPC) and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) directly ab...
Analogies between the recent bivalve Tridacna and the fossil brachiopods lyttoniacea and richthofeniacea

Abstract The modern bivalve Tridacna has enormous size and very rapid growth; it has an unusual feeding mechanism and an unusual diet. It is confined to well-lit warm waters, i.e., shallow clear tropical seas. All these features are associated directly or indirectly with the presence of symbiotic Zooxanthellae within exposed tissues. The Upper Paleozoic brachiopods Lyttoniacea and Richthofeniacea probably had large areas of mantle tissue exposed to the external environment. They were fairly large, and can be interpreted as having had fairly rapid growth, abnormal feeding mechanisms and abnormal diets. They appear to be confined to environments which can be interpreted as shallow-water carbonate substrates. It is suggested that they also had symbiotic Zooxanthellae. The suggestion is testable because it imposes narrow limits on the environments in which these brachiopods should be found.
Efficacy of combined antiangiogenic and vascular disrupting agents in treatment of solid tumors.

Purpose To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of a vascular targeting strategy that combines an agent that disrupts established tumor blood vessels (ZD6126) with one that interferes with new vessel formation (ZD6474) in models of human renal cell carcinoma (Caki-1) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KSY-1). Methods and materials Caki-1 and KSY-1 xenograft-bearing nude mice were treated with ZD6126 and ZD6474 either as single agents or in combination when the tumors reached a size of ∼200 mm 3 . ZD6126 therapy consisted of three doses of 100 mg/kg administered 1, 3, and 5 days after the tumor reached the starting size. ZD6474 was administered daily (25 mg/kg) on Days 1–5. In the combination studies, ZD6474 treatment began immediately after the first dose of ZD6126. The tumor response to treatment was evaluated using a regrowth delay endpoint. Results Significant tumor growth delays were observed in both tumor models with either agent with the treatment regimen used. In the Caki-1 and KSY-1 models, respectively, ZD6126 treatment resulted in a tumor growth delay of 23 and 26 days and ZD6474 produced a tumor growth delay of 24.5 and 14.5 days. When ZD6126 and ZD6474 were combined, the tumor growth delays increased to 55 (Caki-1) and 86 (KSY-1) days. In the KSY-1 model, the combination therapy also resulted in 3 of 8 long-term tumor-free survivors. Conclusion These results indicate that statistically significant antitumor efficacy can be achieved using a treatment strategy that combines a therapy that targets the established tumor blood vessels with one that interferes with the process of angiogenesis.
De novo minimal change disease

Abstract Beyond the acute posttransplantation period, glomerular causes of proteinuria in the renal allograft include recurrent glomerulopathy, transplant-associated entities, and de novo disease. We present a case of de novo minimal change disease with reversible acute renal failure occurring 2.5 years posttransplantation in a 56-year-old man. The cause of end-stage renal disease in the native kidney was membranous glomerulopathy. De novo minimal change disease in the renal allograft is an extremely rare entity requiring stringent clinical-pathological criteria for diagnosis. Many of the cases previously reported as de novo minimal change disease fail to meet these criteria. We review the eight reported cases that appear to fulfill a strict definition of minimal change disease in the context of the current report. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Sep;32(3):508-13)
Comb-Type and Body Weight of Chickens

Abstract With meat-type chickens Kan et al. (1959) obtained heavier housing body weights from single than from pea comb pullets at seven months of age. A similar effect of comb-type on six week body weight was not observed. The present study was undertaken to further investigate the relationship between genes at the pea and single comb locus and body weight of broiler chickens. EXPERIMENTAL The data underlying this inquiry were obtained from several test farms of a commercial breeding organization. Cornish-type males heterozygous for pea comb (Pp) were individually mated to crossbred single comb (pp) females and each males’ progeny tested in one hatch. Body weight was obtained on heterozygous pea and single comb progeny at approximately 9 weeks of age from 11 bi-weekly hatches. Pea and single comb chickens were brooded intermingled. Floor space allotment per chicken was not consistent from hatch to hatch. A commercial high energy broiler feed…
Immunohistochemical detection and regulation of α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits by FoxA2 during mouse lung organogenesis

Background α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits structurally stabilize functional nAChRs in many non-neuronal tissue types. The expression of α5 nAChR subunits and cell-specific markers were assessed during lung morphogenesis by co-localizing immunohistochemistry from embryonic day (E) 13.5 to post natal day (PN) 20. Transcriptional control of α5 nAChR expression by FoxA2 and GATA-6 was determined by reporter gene assays.
RIBOSOME CRYSTALLIZATION IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS II. Conditions for the Formation of Ribosome Tetramers In Vivo

Slow cooling of fertilized chicken eggs permits the elongation and termination of nascent polypeptides in the polysomes but prevents the initiation of new protein chains. This leads to polysome disaggregation during the first 30 min of cooling, and to the formation, of a pool of inactive ribosomes prone to crystallization. After 2 hr these ribosomes began to form tetramers, which do not contain any labeled proteins synthesized during cooling. If protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, added to eggs before cooling, tetramer formation in the embryos is prevented. Puromycin, on the other hand, leads to polysome disassembly and does not prevent tetramer formation. Rapid cooling of explanted embryos after short incubation at 37°C, with or without cycloheximide, largely prevents polysome disaggregation and the formation of tetramers. On the other hand, the addition of puromycin to explanted embryos promotes tetramer formation after rapid cooling. When cooled eggs are rewarmed, tetramers are disassembled into monomers, even if protein synthesis is inhibited. When those embryos were rapidly recooled tetramers reformed spontaneously from tetramer-derived monomers, even in the presence of cycloheximide. We conclude that the formation of tetramers at low temperature is an inherent property of the normal ribosomes.
The Action of Certain Antiseptics, Toxic Salts, and Alkaloids on the Bacteria and Protozoa of the Intestine of the Rabbit

In the summer of 1917, our work with some newly proposed antiseptics and recent literature regarding their properties suggested that useful conclusions might be drawn by comparing the antiseptic action of these and other typical bactericides on both bacteria and protozoa, those of the intestine of the rabbit being used for reasons stated subsequently. The work was amplified by the investigation of certain typical antiseptics, both organic and inorganic, and also of various alkaloids in current use against diseases produced by protozoa.
Slow-moving predatory gastropods track prey odors in fast and turbulent flow

SUMMARY Olfactory searching by aquatic predators is reliant upon the hydrodynamic processes that transport and modify chemical signals. Previous studies indicate that the search behavior of some benthic crustaceans is hindered by rapid water flow and turbulent mixing of prey chemicals, but different sensory strategies employed by other taxa might offset such detrimental effects. Using a laboratory flume, we investigated the odor-tracking behavior of a marine gastropod whelk ( Busycon carica ) to test the generalization that turbulence interferes with chemically mediated navigation. We exposed individual whelks to turbulent odor plumes in free-stream velocities of 1.5, 5, 10 or 15 cm s –1 , or with one of two obstructions placed upstream of the odor source in an intermediate flow of 5 cm s –1 . Measurements of velocity and stimulus properties confirmed that obstruction treatments increased turbulence intensity and altered the fine-scale structure of downstream odor plumes. In all conditions tested, between 36–63% of test animals successfully located the odor source from 1.5 m downstream with no significant effect of flow treatment. Search behaviors, such as cross-stream meander were reduced at higher flow velocities and in the presence of obstructions, allowing whelks to reach the odor source significantly more quickly than in slower, less turbulent conditions. Our results demonstrate that whelks can respond to chemical information in fast and turbulent flow, and we suggest that these slow-moving predators can forage in hydrodynamic environments where the olfactory abilities of other taxa are limited.
The cause of self‐heating of npk compound fertilisers containing nitrates

Attack by nitrates on organic matter contained in granular fertilisers is a major cause of self-heating of bulk storage heaps. Methods are described by which the organic matter in superphosphates can be destroyed or modified prior to the manufacture of granular compound fertilisers. Oxidation of the organic material by nitrates can be inhibited by substances capable of reacting with nitrous acid, notably urea. Production-scale trials prove that small amounts of urea can adequately control this, and in addition, incorporation of urea reduces nitrous gas evolution from NPK fertilisers and enables these materials to be stored satisfactorily in multiwall paper sacks. Under certain conditions, inter-ionic reaction between potassium chloride and an ammonium nitrate/potassium nitrate solid solution can also cause significant temperature rises. Such self-heating can be limited by reducing the residual water content of the granular fertiliser, or by other variations in manufacturing procedure.
A contribution to the mathematical biophysics of psychophysical discrimination II

The properties of a neural mechanism previously discussed are given in more general form. It is shown that, under certain conditions, a psychophysical scale value is proportional to a difference between excitation factors at a synapse. More general relations are derived which hold among different variables in the two and three categories of judgment. An attempt is made to apply the results to the method of choices. Certain relations derived are compared with available experimental data.
Influence of sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia on blood biochemical values in horses.

The potential toxicity to horses of sevoflurane (SEVO) or desflurane (DES) anaesthesia was evaluated in two groups of five horses anaesthetized under laboratory conditions with only the drug of interest.
Synthesis and characterization of a β-diketiminate-supported aluminum dication

A base-stabilized mononuclear aluminum dication has been prepared by extrusion of two triflate anions from a precursor β-diketiminate-supported aluminum bis(triflate) using the tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) ligand.
Conversion Factors to Convert Particle Size Distributions Measured by One Method to Those Measured by Another Method

It is shown that the conversion of size distributions measured with a laser diffractometer or sedimentometer to equivalent sieve size distribution depends not only on a mean shape factor but also on the size distribution being measured. An equation is given for calculating an overall conversion factor when the cumulative sieve size distribution is of the Schuhmann form P(x)=(x/k) m . The technique is illustrated using results from a laser diffractometer and the X-ray Sedigraph, and gives the conversion factors from diffractometer to sedigraph and vice versa.
Fungus growth on tissue conditioners and soft denture liners

A preliminary report on the ability of silicone and methacrylate soft liners and tissue conditioners to sustain the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. Since both of these materials have the potential for supporting growth of C. albicans, an effective, nontoxic fungicide should be introduced into both tissue conditioners and silicone soft liners.
Soil compaction and over-winter changes to tracked-vehicle ruts, Yakima Training Center, Washington

Abstract We monitored two experimental areas at the Yakima Training Center (YTC) in central Washington to measure changes to M1A2 Abrams (M1) tank-rut surface geometry and in- and out-of-rut saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K fs ), soil penetration resistance (SPR) and soil bulk density (BD). Profile-meter data show that rut cross-sectional profiles smoothed significantly and that turning ruts did so more than straight ruts. Rut edges were zones of erosion and sidewall bases were zones of deposition. K fs values were similar in and out of ruts formed on soil with 0–5% moisture by volume, but were lower in ruts formed on soil with about 15% water. Mean SPR was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 5-cm depth, increased to 2 MPa outside ruts and 4 MPa inside ruts at 10- to 15-cm depth, and decreased by 10–38% outside ruts and by 39–48% inside ruts at the 30-cm depth. Soil BD was similar in and out of ruts from 0- to 2.5-cm depth, and below 2.5 cm, it was generally higher in ruts formed on moist soil with highest values between 10- and 20-cm depth. Conversely, BD in ruts formed on dry soil was similar to out-of-rut BD at all depths. This information is important for determining impacts of tank ruts on water infiltration and soil erosion and for modifying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models to more accurately predict soil losses on army training lands.
Role of interleukin-6 in immune complex induced models of vascular injury.

Previous studies have suggested that Interleukin-6 (IL-6) acts as a marker of vasculitis. To determine the role of IL-6 in vasculitis we utilized two models of immune complex induced vascular injury (dermal Arthus and acute pulmonary alveolitis) in IL-6 deficient (IL-6−/−) and IL-6 sufficient (IL-6+/+) mice. Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of IL-6 were elevated in the injured IL-6+/+ mice with acute alveolitis and in the plasma of IL-6+/+ mice with dermal Arthus vasculitis. While, IL-6 levels in IL-6−/− mice were near or below the levels of detection. Histological examination of the intensity of vascular injury response demonstrated no significant differences between IL-6−/− and IL6+/+ mice. More specifically, lung permeability (total protein in the BAL) in the lung injury model in IL-6−/− mice was the same as injured IL-6+/+ mice. As a corollary, assessment of vascular permeability in both models was the same in the IL-6−/− as the IL-6+/+ mice. Quantification of leukocyte influx into the injured tissues in both models also revealed no differences between the IL-6−/− and IL-6+/+ mice. These data demonstrate that while IL-6 is upregulated in acute vascular injury it does not appear to be critical in the development of the vascular inflammatory response.
Early onset dystonia following traumatic brain injury

Dystonia, a movement disorder resulting from dysfunction of the basal ganglia and thalamus, has not been described during the acute post-traumatic period after severe traumatic brain injury. We reported three patients who developed early onset dystonia after sustaining severe closed head injuries. The first patient went on to complete resolution of the dystonia; the second patient improved and had minimal residual dystonia that did not limit function; and the third patient became frankly agitated at which time the dystonic features became difficult to track. In contrast, delayed onset dystonia after traumatic brain injury has been reported to be relatively persistent. All of our patients also presented with autonomic instability. Because injuries that cause damage to the basal ganglia and thalamus may also affect the nearby hypothalamus, both dystonic posturing and autonomic instability may result.
Peptoid ligands that bind selectively to phosphoproteins.

Synthetic equivalents of phosphoprotein-specific antibodies would be valuable reagents for biological research, since these antibodies can often be difficult to produce. Protein phosphorylation is thought to result in significant conformational changes in most substrate proteins. Therefore, one approach might be to simply screen combinatorial libraries for ligands to the phosphorylated state in the hope of isolating a ligand that binds to a pocket created by the conformational shift. In this study, we probe this strategy by screening a peptoid library for ligands to the phosphorylated form of the Brd4 chromatin adaptor and transcriptional coactivator protein. We find that peptoids with high selectivity for binding to the phosphorylation form of Brd4 can indeed be isolated in this screen. Moreover, these ligands do not bind promiscuously to other phospho-proteins. However, attempts to employ these reagents as antibody substitutes in an immunoaffinity purification-like application showed that they do not perform as well as bona fide antibodies and that significant optimization will be required. This study highlights the potential and current limitations of a naive library screening strategy for phosphoprotein-specific antibody surrogates.
Immune Status of the Malnourished Host

The severely malnourished child with marasmus or kwashiorkor has an increased morbidity and mortality secondary to his increased susceptibility to infection1–3. Children develop these syndromes as primary and secondary disease states. Children develop marasmus as a result of severe deprivation of both protein and calories, leading to growth retardation, weight loss, muscular atrophy and loss of subcutaneous tissue (Figure 6.1). Children develop kwashiorkor as a result of acute protein loss or deprivation. They have a clinical picture characterized by edema, skin lesions, hair changes, apathy, anorexia, an enlarged fatty liver and decreased serum total protein and albumin (Figure 6.2). These children have abundant subcutaneous fat and recover rapidly on a high-protein diet. Children with marasmus-kwashiorkor have clinical and biochemical parameters which lie somewhere between those with marasmus and those with kwashiorkor.
Synthesis of high magnetization Fe and FeCo nanoparticles by high temperature chemical reduction

Abstract Fe and FeCo ferromagnetic nanoparticles in the 5–10 nm size regimes featuring high magnetization were synthesized using a modified chemical reduction method. The structure and morphology of these nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD and TEM analysis. These small, monodisperse and phase pure nanoparticles exhibited magnetic saturation of 210 emu/g (Fe) and 220 emu/g (Fe+Co) for Fe and FeCo nanoparticles respectively. The magnetization was found to be dependent on the temperature at which the reducing agent was introduced.
Spin polarization of electrons tunneling from 3 d ferromagnetic metals and alloys

The electron spin polarization (ESP) of a wide range of alloys of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, or Ti in Ni was measured by the spin-polarized tunneling technique using thin-film Al-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-ferromagnetic-alloy tunnel junctions. The measurements were made at a temperature of 0.4 K and in an applied magnetic field of 3.5-4.0 T. A phenomenological correlation between electron spin polarization and atomic magnetic moment which was previously observed for the pure ferromagnetic elements (Fe, Co, Ni), is shown to be valid for all the alloys measured. Various methods were used for the deposition of the thin-film alloys. Each of these methods gave the same relative values of ESP when compared to Ni deposited by the same method. The dependence of the measured polarization on deposition parameters of the ferromagnetic films is presented. The effect of the properties of the superconducting aluminum films and other sources of systematic error are analyzed. The present results greatly constrain possible explanations of spin-polarized tunneling currents from $3d$ ferromagnetic metals based on current theories of itinerant ferromagnetism.
Asymptotics, streamlines, and reservoir modeling: a pathway to production tomography

Today's geophysicists work ever more closely with reservoir engineers and geologists due to the advent of geophysical techniques for reservoir surveillance. Geophysicists have transcended their traditional task of exploration in order to monitor reservoir performance. They are thus called upon to understand the nature of fluid flow within a reservoir and the relationship between reservoir/fluid properties and geophysical observations. It would seem that the physics of fluid flow within a reservoir is, for the most part, unrelated to the phenomena traditionally studied by exploration geophysicists, such as wave propagation within the earth. However, while the physics of fluid flow and elastic-wave propagation are distinct, many shared concepts are extremely useful in reservoir characterization and performance analysis.
Almost Exponential Decay Near Maxwellian

By direct interpolation of a family of smooth energy estimates for solutions near Maxwellian equilibrium and in a periodic box to several Boltzmann type equations in Guo (2002 2003a b) and Strain a...
Kinetics and mechanism of solvent extraction of copper with kelex 100 in presence of nitrilotriacetic acid

Abstract A detailed study of the extraction kinetic behavior of copper(II) in aqueous media containing nitrilotriacetic acid (H 3 Y) into chloroform solutions of Kelex 100, a high-molecular-weight alkylated 8-quinolinol, is described. The rate expression for the extraction of copper by Kelex 100, described by the expression —d[Cu 2+ ]/d t = k ' [Cu 2+ ][HL] o / [HY 2- ] 0.5 , supports a mechanism in which the rate-determining steps are the concurrent reactions of Cu 2+ and CuY - with a neutral Kelex 100 molecule in the aqueous phase.
Trace and contextual fear conditioning is enhanced in mice lacking the α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor

Abstract The GABA A R α4 subunit is highly expressed in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus at predominantly extra synaptic locations where, along with the GABA A R δ subunit, it forms GABA A receptors that mediate a tonic inhibitory current. The present study was designed to test hippocampus-dependent and hippocampus-independent learning and memory in GABA A R α4 subunit-deficient mice using trace and delay fear conditioning, respectively. Mice were of a mixed C57Bl/6J X 129S1/X1 genetic background from α4 heterozygous breeding pairs. The α4-knockout mice showed enhanced trace and contextual fear conditioning consistent with an enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. These enhancements were sex-dependent, similar to previous studies in GABA A R δ knockout mice, but differences were present in both males and females. The convergent findings between α4 and δ knockout mice suggests that tonic inhibition mediated by α4βδ GABA A receptors negatively modulates learning and memory processes and provides further evidence that tonic inhibition makes important functional contributions to learning and behavior.
A potential role for Insulin resistance in experimental pulmonary hypertension

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension have increased prevalence of insulin resistance. We aimed to determine whether metabolic defects are associated with bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2 (Bmpr2) mutations in mice, and whether these may contribute to pulmonary vascular disease development. Metabolic phenotyping was performed on transgenic mice with inducible expression of Bmpr2 mutation, R899X. Phenotypic penetrance in Bmpr2(R899X) was assessed in a high-fat diet model of insulin resistance. Alterations in glucocorticoid responses were assessed in murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and Bmpr2(R899X) mice treated with dexamethasone. Compared to controls, Bmpr2(R899X) mice showed increased weight gain and demonstrated insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (1.0 ± 0.4 versus 2.2 ± 1.8) and by fat accumulation in skeletal muscle and decreased oxygen consumption. Bmpr2(R899X) mice fed a high-fat diet had strong increases in pulmonary hypertension penetrance (seven out of 11 versus three out of 11). In cell culture and in vivo experiments, Bmpr2 mutation resulted in a combination of constitutive glucocorticoid receptor activation and insensitivity. Insulin resistance is present as an early feature of Bmpr2 mutation in mice. Exacerbated insulin resistance through high-fat diet worsened pulmonary phenotype, implying a possible causal role in disease. Impaired glucocorticoid responses may contribute to metabolic defects.
Short-term power load forecasting based on autocorrelation function optimization

Reliable, short-term load forecasting by computer has been a topic of considerable interest. In this paper, a method to accomplish this that automatically adapts to changing conditions, requiring very little human intervention, is on-line, and is reliable, Is presented. It makes use of time-series models, automatically adjusting the model parameters, to forecast the load. One thing that is unique in this method is the autocorrelation optimization used for incorporating daily and weekly periodicities.
Management-Intensive Rotational Grazing Enhances Forage Production and Quality of Subhumid Cool-Season Pastures

Management-intensive rotational grazing is used by many farmers seeking to balance profitability, environmental stewardship, and quality of life. Productivity of pastures in much of the upper Midwest is limited to April through October, so promoting high quality forage production during the grazing season and for winter storage is critical to dairy and beef farm profi tability. We conducted an experiment on pastures dominated by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to compare forage production, forage quality, and root production under management-intensive rotational grazing, continuous grazing, haymaking, and land with no agronomic management. Rotational paddocks were grazed by cow-calf pairs monthly for ~2 d and then allowed to rest for ~28 d. Plots designated for haymaking were harvested two times per growing season. Potential utilizable forage, quantifi ed by incorporating the estimates of refused and nonutilized biomass, and relative forage quality were signifi cantly greater under management-intensive rotational grazing when compared to the other treatments. Root production in the surface 15 cm was signifi cantly lower under both grazing treatments compared to the undefoliated control site. The perception of improved production has been used to advocate for rotationally grazed over continuously grazed systems in subhumid pasture, but experimental results have been equivocal. Our results point to managed grazing as a viable alternative to continuous grazing and haymaking in terms of both forage production and quality but not root production.
The discrete-time compensated Kalman filter

A suboptimal dynamic compensator to be used in conjunction with the ordinary discrete-time Kalman filter is derived. The resultant compensated Kalman filter has the property that steady-state bias estimation errors, resulting from modelling errors, are eliminated. The implementation of the compensated Kalman filter involves the use of accumulators in the residual channels in addition to the nominal dynamic model of the stochastic system.
Using health-related quality of life to predict and manage pediatric healthcare

Increasing healthcare costs and the prevalence of managed care make population health management an imperative. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a multidimensional construct that includes both physical and psychosocial (i.e., social, emotional and role) dimensions. Early studies suggest that HRQOL can predict costs of care for pediatric populations. A key issue is how to manage the care of those identified as high need. Here again, HRQOL measurement can be useful. HRQOL measurement in the clinical setting can streamline and structure the clinical interview, potentially leading to enhanced assessment. It can also make it easier for busy pediatricians to explore and address issues of psychosocial functioning. A particularly promising area for HRQOL is in identifying, proactively, suitable candidates for case management in large enrolled populations. Further research should extend the initial studies on HRQOL predicting utilization and cost, more thoroughly specify the proportion of identified costs that are manageable and care management's effect on care for different groups of children, document the causal links between physiologic variables and HRQOL on one hand and patient functioning on the other, and understand the conditions necessary for HRQOL assessment to affect clinical practice.
Evidence for Multiple Pathologic and Protective Mechanisms of Murine Cerebral Malaria

Murine cerebral malaria (CM) induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA kills susceptible mice within 24 to 48 h of onset of symptoms and is characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to lethal CM, while A/J mice are resistant. These strains of mice were immunized with an adjuvant vaccine of killed whole-blood-stage parasites. The immunization protected C57BL/6 mice from lethal CM following virulent challenge. The same immunization increased the incidence of lethal CM in A/J mice challenged similarly. Histopathologic examination of the brains of mice from these studies revealed two distinct types of lesions. Type I CM is acute in onset; usually lethal; and characterized by widespread microglial activation, endothelial cell damage, and microvascular disruption in the brain. Type II CM is characterized by intense, but focal, mononuclear cell inflammation without endothelial cell damage or microvascular destruction. Animals with type II lesions were clinically normal and protected from type I lesions. Available clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence suggests that type I and type II lesions might exist in human CM as well.
Combined therapy with insulin plus oral agents: is there any advantage? An argument in favor.

Physicians in many countries use combinations of antihyperglycemic agents to achieve the best glycemic control possible under the conditions faced by individual patients with type 2 diabetes. This widespread use of combined therapies, including oral agents combined with insulin, suggests that the diabetes community accepts the value of this tactic. A routine need for combined therapies was explicitly acknowledged by the investigators in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. Review of the results of 9 years of monotherapy with various agents in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study found that fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was kept below 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) in only 18% of participants using metformin, 24% using a sulfonylurea, and 42% using insulin (1). Corresponding values for keeping A1C below 7% were 13% with metformin, 24% with a sulfonylurea, and 28% with insulin. Regardless of which agent was used as initial therapy, a progressive worsening of glycemic control ensued, largely because of a gradual decline of endogenous insulin production. A substudy embedded in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study compared early addition of basal insulin to a sulfonylurea with insulin alone and showed that over 6 years of treatment the combined regimen achieved lower median A1C (6.6 vs. 7.1%) and also less major hypoglycemia (1.6 vs. 3.2% annually) (2). The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study investigators concluded that “the majority of patients need multiple therapies to attain these glycemic targets in the longer term” (1). However, combined therapy with oral agents and insulin has not been accepted as desirable by all experts. This article describes an argument in favor of combined therapy in a recent debate examining the advantages and limitations of this approach. Because reports of various combined regimens have been summarized previously, consistently showing better glycemic control with combined therapy (3–6), this article will not systematically …
Dispersal of the Suwannee River plume over the West Florida shelf: Simulation and observation of the optical and biochemical consequences of a flushing event

[1] We have combined a circulation model with one of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) photolysis to describe the fate of terrestrial CDOM on the West Florida shelf (WFS). Our results for summer 1998 suggest that a near shore plume of CDOM became entrained in a coastal jet extending south from the Suwannee River (Big Bend) region of the WFS towards the Florida Keys—a feature also evident in satellite ocean color imagery. The coupled models suggest that photochemical losses of CDOM were significant, but provided only a minimal nitrogen source for phytoplankton growth on the WFS.
Individual Difference Correlates and Measures of Predisposition to Obesity and to Anorexia

A questionnaire of eating and related habits was developed and factor analyzed to yield verbal report measures of predisposition to obesity, binge eating, physical activity, and predisposition to anorexia. The latter was composed of three intercorrelated components: food phobia, inability to eat, and abhorrence of full stomach (vomiting). Predisposition to obesity correlated .42 with binge eating and –.55 with the ponderal index (a measure of the elongated-rounded quality of body shape). Predisposition to anorexia correlated .14 with predisposition to obesity, showing that those predisposed to anorexia had a weak tendency to perceive themselves as prone to gain weight. However, contrary to clinical observations, predisposition to anorexia did not correlate significantly with binge eating or with physical activity. Across the entire sample, binge eating correlated .15 with abhorrence of full stomach (vomiting) showing that the incidence of bulimia is very low.A three-dimensional temperament framework and i...
The onset of puberty: Effects on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation

We examined puberty-specific effects on affect-related behavior and on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation while controlling for age. Adolescents (N = 94, ages = 12 and 13 years) viewed 75 pictures (International Affective Picture System: pleasant, neutral, and aversive) while listening to auditory probes. Startle response and postauricular (PA) reflex were collected as measures of defensive and appetitive motivation, respectively. Pubertal status and measures of anxiety/stress reaction and sensation/thrill seeking were obtained. Mid-/late pubertal adolescents showed enhanced startle amplitude across all picture valences. A Puberty x Valence interaction revealed that mid-/late pubertal adolescents showed appetitive potentiation of the PA, whereas pre-/early pubertal adolescents showed no modulation of the PA reflex. Mid-/late pubertal adolescents also scored significantly higher on measures of sensation/thrill seeking than did their pre-/early pubertal peers and puberty moderated the association between psychophysiology and behavioral measures, suggesting that it plays a role in reorganizing defensive and appetitive motivational systems.
Finding Topics in Collections of Documents: A Shared Nearest Neighbor Approach

Given a set of documents, clustering is often used to group the documents, in the hope that each group will represent documents with a common theme or topic. Initially, hierarchical clustering was used to cluster documents [5]. This approach has the advantage of producing a set of nested document clusters, which can be interpreted as a topic hierarchy or tree, from general to more specific topics. In practice, while the clusters at different levels of the hierarchy sometimes represent documents with consistent topics, it is common for many clusters to be a mixture of topics, even at lower, more refined levels of the hierarchy. More recently, as document collections have grown larger, K-means clustering has emerged as a more efficient approach for producing clusters of documents [4, 9, 16]. K-means clustering produces a set of un-nested clusters, and the top (most frequent or highest ”weight”) terms of the cluster are used to characterize the topic of the cluster. Once again, it is not unusual for some clusters to be mixtures of topics.
Platelet function and Isoprostane biology. Should Isoprostanes be the newest member of the Orphan-ligand family?

While there have been many reports investigating the biological activity and signaling mechanisms of isoprostanes, their role in biology, particularly in platelets, appears to still be underestimated. Moreover, whether these lipids have their own receptors is still debated, despite multiple reports that discrete receptors for isporpstanes do exist on platelets, vascular tissues, amongst others. This paper provides a review of the important literature of isoprostanes and provides reasoning that isoprostanes should be classified as orphan ligands until their receptor(s) is/are identified.
A framework for flexible and scalable replica-exchange on production distributed CI

Replica exchange represents a powerful class of algorithms used for enhanced configurational and energetic sampling in a range of physical systems. Computationally it represents a type of application with multiple scales of communication. At a fine-grained level there is often communication with a replica, typically an MPI process. At a coarse-grained level, the replicas communicate with other replicas -- both temporally as well as in amount of data exchanged. This paper outlines a novel framework developed to support the flexible execution of large-scale replica exchange. The framework is flexible in the sense that it supports different coupling schemes between replicas and is agnostic to the specific underlying simulation -- classical or quantum, serial or parallel simulation. The scalability of the framework is assessed using standard simulation benchmarks. In spite of the increasing communication and coordination requirements as a function of the number of replicas, our framework supports the execution of hundreds replicas without significant overhead. Although there are several specific aspects that will benefit from further optimization, a first working prototype has the ability to fundamentally change the scale of replica exchange simulations possible on production distributed cyberinfrastructure such as XSEDE, as well as support novel usage modes. This paper also represents the release of the framework to the broader biophysical simulation community and provides details on its usage.
Post-application of dry vortex grinding improves the yield of a [2 + 2] photodimerization: Addressing static disorder in a cocrystal

Abstract A post-application of dry vortex grinding is used to improve a solid-state photodimerization to near quantitative yield that without grinding does not go to completion. Variable temperature X-ray crystal structure data support the vortex grinding to overcome detrimental effects of static disorder that suppresses the yield of the photoreaction in the solid.
Hypertension: The Missing WNKs.

The With no Lysine [K] (WNK) family of enzymes are central in the regulation of blood pressure. WNKs have been implicated in hereditary hypertension disorders, mainly through control of the activity and levels of ion cotransporters and channels. Actions of WNKs in the kidney have been heavily investigated, and recent studies have provided insight into not only the regulation of these enzymes but also how mutations in WNKs and their interacting partners contribute to hypertensive disorders. Defining the roles of WNKs in the cardiovascular system will provide clues about additional mechanisms by which WNKs can regulate blood pressure. This review summarizes recent developments in the regulation of the WNK signaling cascade and its role in regulation of blood pressure.
Problems with Transverse Shear and Rotary Inertia in Structural Analysis

Presented here are accurate influences of transverse shear and rotary inertias on static and dynamic characteristics of isotropic and composite beams. An energy-consistent beam theory is derived by accounting for non-uniform out-of-plane shear warping of cross sections. The theory reveals the physical meaning of the shear correction factor used in Timoshenko’s beam theory to be the ratio of the geometric average shear and the energyconjugate shear, and it often requires iterations in solving this beam theory. Furthermore, it shows that the use of just one shear correction factor alone cannot fully account for the influence of shear warping on the total strain energy of composite beams. Exact dynamic characteristics of clamped-hinged isotropic and composite beams are obtained using the multiple shooting method and the spectral element method. Results show that influences of shear on natural frequencies and mode shapes are more significant than those of rotary inertia. Moreover, problems about appropriate use of shear variables in finite element modelling of shear-deformable beams are addressed.
Diffusion limits for congestion models

Heuristic methods yield simple limiting results for the behaviour of inputoutput systems under conditions of heavy traffic. It is assumed that the input is time-dependent, while the output rate depends entirely on the content of the system. It is shown that the content, when suitably normalized and scaled, behaves like a (non-stationary) Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. HEAVY TRAFFIC; ASYMPTOTIC; DIFFUSION PROCESS; CONGESTION MODEL
Regulation of HSP70 by PTH: a model of gene regulation not mediated by changes in cAMP levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates both adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C in target cells, and cloned PTH/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor can mediate both responses when expressed in host cells such as LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Because calcitonin (CT) is known to augment 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) mRNA by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-independent mechanism in LLC-PK1 cells, we examined regulation of HSP70 transcription by PTH in these cells. Like CT, human PTH-(1-34) [hPTH-(1-34); 10(-10) to 10(-7) M)] increased porcine HSP70 mRNA and human HSP70 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression within 4 h in LLC-PK1 cells that stably express > or = 100,000 PTH/PTHrP receptors per cell. The effect of PTH on HSP70 mRNA was not mimicked by cAMP analogues, forskolin, phorbol esters, Ca2+ ionophores, or alpha-thrombin; was insensitive to pertussis toxin; and was not due to increased mRNA stability. The upregulation of HSP70 gene transcription by hPTH (and CT) was clearly observed even after deletion of the functional heat shock consensus element in the promoter region of the human HSP70/CAT reporter. Upregulation of HSP70 transcription via endogenous PTH receptors also was observed in the osteoblastic cell lines SaOS-2 and ROS 17/2.8. Regulation of HSP70 gene transcription by PTH may be a common cellular response to the hormone, which, in some cells, may not be mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase or protein kinase C.
Intergenerational Relationships and the Timing of Fatherhood

Several theoretical traditions call attention to intergenerational influences in parenting. From a developmental perspective, one can ask, “From where do fathering attitudes and behaviors come?” Childhood socialization theories emphasize parents as agents of socialization. Observational learning theories remind us that parents serve as models for acquired behaviors (Hartup & Coates, 1970; Bandura, 1977). Through this mechanism, boys observe their fathers and learn salient information about being a father through that process (Bandura & Huston, 1961). Following the early work in this area, cognitive and affective processes were woven into theory and research to understand which gender-role behaviors were likely to be attended to and learned (Maccoby, 1992; Martin, Ruble, & Szkrybalo, 2002). Of course, influences on gender-role development extend beyond the family and are influenced by individual factors such as cognitive-information processing mechanisms (Bussey & Bandura, 1999). Moreover, as reviewed in Chapter 1, life span and life course theories highlight the importance of development beyond childhood.
Confining Sulfur Species in Cathodes of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Insight into Nonpolar and Polar Matrix Surfaces

To alleviate the polysulfides shuttle effect in lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), the use of a functionalized carbon matrix with a polar surface has been widely reported to chemically bind the soluble polysulfides. However, whether and how such a polar carbon surface affects the overall cathode performance, particularly the initial discharge corresponding to the reduction of cyclooctasulfur (S8), has not caught enough attention. By combining polar and nonpolar carbon matrix surfaces in different configurations through sandwiching sulfur species between two carbon matrix membranes, we found cells with dramatically different performance. The discharge process at different states, particularly the charge-transfer resistances corresponding to nonpolar S8 and polar polysulfide intermediates and the final Li2S, were investigated. The experimental results, further supported by first-principles density functional theory calculations, indicate that the adsorption energy and barrier for electron transfer together af...
Angular velocity observer for attitude tracking on SO(3) with the separation property

This paper studies a rigid body attitude tracking control problem with attitude measurements only, when angular velocity measurements are not available. An angular velocity observer is constructed such that the estimated angular velocity is guaranteed to converge to the true angular velocity asymptotically from almost all initial estimates. As it is developed directly on the special orthogonal group, which completely avoids singularities, complexities, or discontinuities caused by minimal attitude representations or quaternions. Then, the presented observer is integrated with a proportional-derivative attitude tracking controller to show a separation type property, where exponential stability is guaranteed for the combined observer and attitude control system.