cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface recession and backface temperature of laser-irradiated opaque slabs

T HE purpose of this work is to derive broadly applicable equations of immediate relevance for investigating continuous-wave/laser-radiation interactions with material targets that vaporize without first melting. The procedure is based on the heat-balance integral method and emphasizes the use of nondimensional variables. Specifically, the author demonstrates how to solve the differential equations that describe the front-surface recession and the backface-temperature evolution in a burnthrough mode.
Preparation and chemistry of 1-organosulfonyloxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-ones: First example of a stable adduct of 2-iodosobenzoic acid with strong acid

Abstract 1-Organosulfonyloxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-ones (3,4,5) can be prepared in one step from 2-iodosobenzoic acid and the corresponding sulfonic acids or Me3SiOTf. Reactions of these compounds with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene or cyanotrimethylsilane afford the respective alkynyl or cyano iodonium salts 6, 7, 8.
Pulse oximetry: What's normal in the newborn nursery?

The objective of this study was to establish normal values for pulse oximetry saturation (POS) in healthy newborn infants in the nursery. POS values were obtained from the right (R) hand and R foot at admission, 24 hr, and at discharge. The following information was recorded: postnatal age, activity state, gender, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), mode of delivery (MOD), and Apgar scores. Charts were reviewed and follow-up information was obtained for newborns with measurements < or =92%. The study group consisted of a convenience sample of newborn infants, excluding those on supplemental oxygen. Seven hundred eighteen patients were studied: 51% males, 28% cesarean sections, gestational age 39.3+/-1.6 weeks (mean +/- SD), birth weight 3370+/-550 g, and median Apgar scores 8 and 9. The mean POS was 97.2 +/-1.6%, and the median value was 97%. Only postnatal age and activity state affected POS significantly. POS increased 0.17% per 24 hr in the nursery (P = 0. 0001). POS values obtained while the infants were fussy and crying were lower compared to measurements obtained while sleeping [mean decreases: 0.44% while fussy (P = 0.001), 0.98% while crying (P = 0.0001)]. We conclude that newborns in the nursery have an overall mean POS of 97.2% (+/-2 SD: 94-100%). Mean POS values increase to a small degree with increasing postnatal age. Fussy and crying newborns have lower POS values compared to quiet and sleeping newborns. These reference data can be used in the evaluation of POS measurements in symptomatic newborn infants.
The effectiveness of physician risk management: Potential problems for patient safety

Physician risk management (RM) has been mandated around the world in an effort to reduce pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss associated with avoidable patient injury. However, there has been little empirical RM assessment to determine whether physicians obtain an increased understanding of the law, clinical obligations defined by law, and reduced numbers of injury suits. Here, 210 US primary care physicians were sent a survey requesting demographic information on RM activities, the definition of negligence, and evaluation of ten patient injury jury verdict case scenarios; 138 physicians responded. Although physicians participated in a broad array of RM activities, none were positively associated with overall concordance with case verdicts; indeed, substantive self-study and RM seminar attendance
CDMA Transmit Acceleration for DSPS in Basestations

This paper describes how the RSA (rake search accelerator) on Texas Instruments TCI6482 and TCI6488 DSP's can be used instead for accelerating the transmit functions of CDMA (code division multiple access) based standards like the 3rd generation mobile phone standard 3GPP. The architecture of the accelerator is overviewed together with how it is connected to the DSP and how it is used in conjunction with standard DSP software to implement the chip-rate transmit functionality of a 3rd generation base-station. Discussion includes real time processing, latency requirements and software structuring for handling both single and multi-sector base-station on a single chip DSP from symbol rate data all the way to baseband CDMA data.
Diversity of Opinion and Financing of New Technologies

Abstract The objective of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of financial markets and financial intermediaries in financing new industries and technologies in the presence of diversity of opinion. In markets, investors become informed about the details of the new industry or technology and make their own investment decisions. In intermediaries, the investment decision is delegated to a manager, who is the only one who needs to become informed, which saves on information costs, but investors may anticipate disagreement with the manager and be unwilling to provide funds. Financial markets tend to be superior when there is significant diversity of opinion and information is inexpensive. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G1, G2.
A bijection between 2-triangulations and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths

A k-triangulation of a convex polygon is a maximal set of diagonals so that no k+1 of them mutually cross in their interiors. We present a bijection between 2-triangulations of a convex n-gon and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths of length 2(n-4). This solves the problem of finding a bijective proof of a result of Jonsson for the case k=2. We obtain the bijection by constructing isomorphic generating trees for the sets of 2-triangulations and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths.
Liquid chromatography with isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for determination of water-soluble vitamins in foods

Vitamins are essential for improving and maintaining human health, and the main source of vitamins is the diet. Measurement of the quantities of water-soluble vitamins in common food materials is important to understand the impact of vitamin intake on human health, and also to provide necessary information for regulators to determine adequate intakes. Liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) based methods for water-soluble vitamin analysis are abundant in the literature, but most focus on only fortified foods or dietary supplements or allow determination of only a single vitamin. In this work, a method based on LC/MS and LC/MS/MS has been developed to allow simultaneous quantitation of eight water-soluble vitamins, including multiple forms of vitamins B3 and B6, in a variety of fortified and unfortified food-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). Optimization of extraction of unbound vitamin forms and confirmation using data from external laboratories ensured accuracy in the assigned values, and addition of stable isotope labeled internal standards for each of the vitamins allowed for increased precision.
Winding short circuits in the switched reluctance drive

The switched reluctance drive is known to be fault tolerant, but it is not fault free. This paper takes an in-depth look at winding short circuits in this particular machine. Modeling and testing complement a theoretical analysis. Two cases need to be distinguished, one where a complete pole is shorted, and one where a few turns are shorted. Pole short circuits lead to torque reduction that can be easily compensated for with increased current. With few turns shorted, the impact on overall torque may actually be negligible, however, significant currents may circulate through the shorted turns, the worst case being with a single turn shorted with a zero resistance. These results are discussed with a view toward possible remediation schemes aside from simply turning off the faulted phase.
Dynamic SU(2) Structure from Seven-branes

We obtain a family of supersymmetric solutions of type IIB supergravity with dynamic SU(2) structure, which describe the local geometry near a stack of four D7-branes and one O7-plane wrapping a rigid four-cycle. The deformation to a generalized complex geometry is interpreted as a consequence of nonperturbative effects in the seven-brane gauge theory. We formulate the problem for seven-branes wrapping the base of an appropriate del Pezzo cone, and in the near-stack limit in which the four-cycle is flat, we obtain an exact solution in closed form. Our solutions serve to characterize the local geometry of nonperturbatively-stabilized flux compactifications.
Providing Infrastructure for a Future State: Reading Herzl's Der Judenstaat in 1996

Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat, published in 1896, laid the intellectual foundations for the future state of Israel. His hope was to create for the Jews of Europe a country where they could live without suffering discrimination and deprivation of vertical mobility. This article focuses on Herzl's views of the means and ends of creating the social overhead capital or infrastructure of such a future country. A century ago, before Herzl, the strategic role of the public goods in the economic development process had not been sufficiently recognized.
Unified model for gas-liquid pipe flow via slug dynamics: Part 1: Model development

A unified hydrodynamic model is developed for predictions of flow pattern transitions, pressure gradient, liquid holdup and slug characteristics in gas-liquid pipe flow at all inclination angles from -90° to 90° from horizontal. The model is based on the dynamics of slug flow, which shares transition boundaries with all the other flow patterns. By use of the entire film zone as the control volume, the momentum exchange between the slug body and the film zone is introduced into the momentum equations for slug flow. The equations of slug flow are used not only to calculate the slug characteristics, but also to predict transitions from slug flow to other flow patterns. Significant effort has been made to eliminate discontinuities among the closure relationships through careful selection and generalization. The flow pattern classification is also simplified according to the hydrodynamic characteristics of two-phase flow.
When is a mouse basophil not a basophil

The identification and characterization of mouse basophils have historically been hampered by the extreme rarity of this cell type. Virtually no photomicrographs of hematologically stained (eg, Wright-Giemsa) examples of mouse basophils exist in the literature. However, 4 recent studies in the past 2 years have used flow cytometry and a defined set of cell-surface markers to identify and subsequently isolate mouse "basophils," including the publication of stained cytospin preparations of these cells. Surprisingly, a reevaluation of the data from all 4 of the studies revealed several issues of concern that suggest that the cells under study are not necessarily basophils. Nonetheless, we propose that these studies do provide the foundation for a reevaluation of the defining characteristics of a basophil and/or provide support for the provocative conclusion that a new previously overlooked leukocyte subtype has been identified. The purpose of this commentary is to revisit these previously published studies, highlight the relevant issues, and provide a different perspective in the hope of developing a consensus within the research community as to the true identity of the "basophils" described in these studies.
Time-Dependent Crack Initiation and Growth in Ceramic Matrix Composites

Matrix cracking in ceramic matrix composites with fine grained fibers at high temperatures will be governed by fiber creep, as relaxation of the fibers eliminates crack tip shielding. Using a time dependent bridging law that describes the effect of creeping fibers bridging a crack in an elastic matrix, crack growth initiation and history have been modeled. For a stationary crack, crack tip stress intensity factors as a function of time are presented to predict incubation times before subcritical crack growth. Two crack growth studies are reviewed: a constant velocity approximation for small-scale bridging, and a complete velocity history analysis which can be used to predict crack length as a function of time. The predictions are summarized and discussed in terms of identifying various regimes of crack growth initiation, subcritical growth, and catastrophic matrix cracking.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN WITH DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND SPINAL MUSCLE ATROPHY

SUMMARY Neuropsychological examinations were conducted on 39 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 12 children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). There were no significant group differences in the pattern or level of test-score profiles, indicating that the performances of the two patient groups were very similar. However, pattern analysis indicated that while scores on verbal and non-verbal intelligence tests were within the average range for the children with DMD, there were deficits on tests of immediate memory. RESUME Performances neuropsychologiques d'enfants atteints de myopathie de Duchenne ou d'atrophie spinale infantile Des examens neuropsychologiques ont ete pratiques chez 39 garcons presentant une myopathie de Duchenne (DMD) et 12 enfants presentant une atrophie spinale infantile (SMA). II n'a pas ete observe de difference de groupe dans l'arrangement ou le niveau des profils de scores aux tests, ce qui indiquait que les ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Neuropsychologische Leistungen bei Kindern mil Duchenne'scher Muskeldystrophie und spinaler Muskelatrophie Bei 39 Jungen mit Duchenne'scher Muskeldystrophie (DMD) und 12 Kindern mit spinaler Muskelatrophie (SMA) wurden neuropsychologische Untersuchungen durchgefuhrt. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede in Muster und Stand der Test-Score Profile, was bedeutet, das die Leistungen der beiden Patientengruppen sehr ahnlich waren. Die Musteranalyse zeigte jedoch, das, obwohl die Scores fur verbale und non-verbale Intelligenztests im Durchschnittsbereich fur die Kinder mit DMD lagen, sich Lucken bei den Tests fur das Kurzzeitgedachtnis fanden. RESUMEN Realization neuropsicologica en ninos con distrofia muscular de Duchenne y atrofia muscular espinal Se realizaron examenes neurofisiologicos en 39 muchachos afectados de distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) y en 12 ninos con atrofia muscular espinal (AME). No habian diferencias significativas en los grupos en el tipo o nivel de los perfiles de puntaje en los tests, lo que indica que las realizaciones en ambos grupos eran muy similares. Sin embargo, el analisis de los perfiles indicaba que si bien los puntajes en los tests de inteligencia verbales y no verbales estaban dentro del margen promedio en los ninos con DMD, existian deficits en los tests de memoria inmediata.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring Expansion of Allenylcyclopropanols

The asymmetric gold(I)-catalyzed ring expansion of 1-allenylcyclopropanols is described. The method provides synthetically valuable cyclobutanones with a vinyl-substituted quaternary stereogenic center in high enantioselectivities and yields. The method shows a broad substrate scope, tolerating protected alcohols and amines, alkenes, unsaturated esters, and acetals. The reaction is easily adjustable to large-scale synthesis, leading to product formation without significant loss of selectivity or yield with only 0.5 mol% catalyst loading.
Molecular recognition in a diverse set of protein-ligand interactions studied with molecular dynamics simulations and end-point free energy calculations.

End-point free energy calculations using MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA provide a detailed understanding of molecular recognition in protein–ligand interactions. The binding free energy can be used to rank-order protein–ligand structures in virtual screening for compound or target identification. Here, we carry out free energy calculations for a diverse set of 11 proteins bound to 14 small molecules using extensive explicit-solvent MD simulations. The structure of these complexes was previously solved by crystallography and their binding studied with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) data enabling direct comparison to the MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA calculations. Four MM-GBSA and three MM-PBSA calculations reproduced the ITC free energy within 1 kcal·mol–1 highlighting the challenges in reproducing the absolute free energy from end-point free energy calculations. MM-GBSA exhibited better rank-ordering with a Spearman ρ of 0.68 compared to 0.40 for MM-PBSA with dielectric constant (e = 1). An increase in e resulted in s...
The FCC&#8212;Regulation of the marine radio service

The regulation of the national marine radio service is performed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This paper discusses the evolution of the Commission, the impact of national and international factors on regulatory matters, and the administration processes which describe the procedures for promulgating rules and regulations. The competitive pressures for the available radio spectrum, effects of existing precedents, and the impact of new technology on the rule making process is described with particular emphasis on automated VHF radiotelephone systems being developed for maritime use. The introduction of this service is considered in terms of the problems posed vis-a-vis compatibility requirements, signaling techniques, frequency utilization, impact on existing stations, and system considerations.
Nonlinear photonic crystals: IV. Nonlinear Schrödinger equation regime

We study here the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation as the first term in a sequence of approximations for an electromagnetic (EM) wave propagating according to the nonlinear Maxwell (NLMs) equations. The dielectric medium is assumed to be periodic, with a cubic nonlinearity, and with its linear background possessing inversion symmetric dispersion relations. The medium is excited by a current J producing an EM wave. The wave nonlinear evolution is analysed based on the modal decomposition and an expansion of the exact solution to the NLM into an asymptotic series with respect to three small parameters α, β and ϱ. These parameters are introduced through the excitation current J to scale, respectively (i) its amplitude and consequently the magnitude of the nonlinearity; (ii) the range of wavevectors involved in its modal composition, with β−1 scaling its spatial extension; (iii) its frequency bandwidth, with ϱ−1 scaling its time extension. We develop a consistent theory of approximations of increasing acc...
SEARCH FOR NEW PHYSICS AT A SUPER-B FACTORY.

The importance of a super-B factory in the search for new physics, in particular, due to CP-odd phase(s) from physics beyond the standard model is surveyed. The first point to emphasize is that we now know how to directly measure all three angles of the unitarity triangle very cleanly, i.e. without theoretical assumptions with irreducible theory error ≲1%. However, this requires much more luminosity than is currently available atB-factories. Direct searches via penguin-dominated hadronic modes as well as radiative, pair-leptonic and semi-leptonic decays are also discussed. Null tests of the SM are stressed as these will play a crucial role especially if the effects of BSM phase(s) onB-physics are small.
A web-based software tool for participatory optimization of conservation practices in watersheds

WRESTORE (Watershed Restoration Using Spatio-Temporal Optimization of Resources) is a web-based, participatory planning tool that can be used to engage with watershed stakeholder communities, and involve them in using science-based, human-guided, interactive simulation-optimization methods for designing potential conservation practices on their landscape. The underlying optimization algorithms, process simulation models, and interfaces allow users to not only spatially optimize the locations and types of new conservation practices based on quantifiable goals estimated by the dynamic simulation models, but also to include their personal subjective and/or unquantifiable criteria in the location and design of these practices. In this paper, we describe the software, interfaces, and architecture of WRESTORE, provide scenarios for implementing the WRESTORE tool in a watershed community's planning process, and discuss considerations for future developments. A participatory design tool that uses interactive and human-guided approaches to simulation-optimization.Tool can be used to engage stakeholders in assist with planning of conservation practices.Users can be engaged to view and evaluate designs based on quantifiable and un-quantifiable criteria.The software is web-based and can be used for engagement with individual users or multiple users.
Correlations in one-dimensional quantum impurity problems with an external field or a temperature

Abstract We discuss in more detail the theory of low energy excitations in quantum impurity problems with an external field at vanishing temperature, giving further support to results of the previous paper. We then extend these results to the next order at low frequency, obtaining in particular the exact expression, as a function of the bias, of the first two derivatives of the response function χ ″ ( ω ) at ω = 0 in the double well problem of dissipative quantum mechanics. We also extend our approach to the case of non-vanishing temperature and no external field. Fendley et al. had obtained in that case an expression for the Hall conductance with a single impurity using a Landauer-Buttiker type approach. We recover their result in the framework of linear response theory using renormalized form factors. We also obtain, as a function of the temperature, the first derivative of the response function χ ″ ( ω ) at ω = 0 in the double well problem of dissipative quantum mechanics.
The empirical implications of rank in Bimatrix games

We study the structural complexity of bimatrix games, formalized via rank, from an empirical perspective. We consider a setting where we have data on player behavior in diverse strategic situations, but where we do not observe the relevant payoff functions. We prove that high complexity (high rank) has empirical consequences when arbitrary data is considered. Additionally, we prove that, in more restrictive classes of data (termed laminar), any observation is rationalizable using a low-rank game: specifically a zero-sum game. Hence complexity as a structural property of a game is not always testable. Finally, we prove a general result connecting the structure of the feasible data sets with the highest rank that may be needed to rationalize a set of observations.
Unipotent classes in the classical groups parameterized by subgroups

This paper describes how to use subgroups to parameterize unipotent classes in the classical algebraic groups in characteristic 2. These results can be viewed as an extension of the Bala-Carter Theorem, and give a convenient way to compare unipotent classes in a group G with unipotent classes of a subgroup X where G is exceptional and X is a Levi subgroup of classical type.
Palladium(0)/indium iodide-mediated allylations of electrophiles generated from the hydrolysis of Eschenmoser’s salt: One-pot preparation of diverse carbocyclic scaffolds

A formyl equivalent was generated in situ from Eschenmoser's salt in aqueous THF and was reacted with an allylindium species. Acylnitroso-derived hetero-Diels Alder adducts and related allyl acetates were shown to be substrates for Pd(0)/InI-mediated allylations of formaldehyde-related species to provide homoallylic alcohols. Hydroxymethyl groups were installed with regio- and diastereocontrol to provide relevant disubstituted carbocyclic scaffolds. Enantiopure anti-disubstituted cyclopentene products were prepared from a chiral allyl acetate.
Lower bounds for distributed coin-flipping and randomized consensus

We examine a class of collective coin-flipping games that arises from randomized distributed algorithms with halting failures. In these games, a sequence of local coin flips is generated, which must be combined to form a single global coin flip. An adversary monitors the game and may attempt to bias its outcome by hiding the result of up to t local coin flips. We show that to guarantee at most constant bias, o(t2) local coins are needed, even if (a) the local coins can have arbitrary distributions and ranges, (b) the adversary is required to decide immediately wheter to hide or reveal each local coin, and (c) the game can detect which local coins have been hidden. If the adversary is permitted to control the outcome of the coin except for cases whose probability is polynomial in t, o(t2/log2t) local coins are needed. Combining this fact with an extended version of the well-known Fischer-Lynch-Paterson impossibility proof of deterministic consensus, we show that given an adaptive adversary, any t-resilient asynchronous consensus protocol requires o(t2/log2t) local coin flips in any model that can be simulated deterministically using atomic registers. This gives the first nontrivial lower bound on the total work required by wait-free consensus and is tight to within logarithmic factors.
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Near Cooling Hole Heat Fluxes on a Film-Cooled Turbine Blade

Discrete hole film cooling on highly curved surf aces of a gas turbine blade produces very significant wall temperature gradients and wall heat flux variations near down­ stream and upstream of rows of circular cooling holes. In this study a set of welldefined external heat transfer coefficient distributions in the presence of discrete hole film cooling is presented. Heat transfer coefficients are measured on the suction side of an HP rotor blade profile in a short-duration facility under well-simulated gas turbine flow conditions. The main emphasis of the study is to evaluate the internal heat flux distributions in a detailed way near the cooling holes by using a computational technique. The method uses the measured external heat transfer coefficients as boundary conditions in addition to available internal heat transfer correlations for the internal passages. The study shows the details of the near hole temperature gradients and heat fluxes. The convective heat transfer inside the circular film cooling holes is shown to be very significant even with their relatively small diameter and lengths compared to the chord length. The study also indicates a nonnegligible wall temperature reduction at near upstream of discrete cooling holes. This is explained with the elliptic nature of the internal conduction field of the blade and relatively low coolant temperature levels at the exit of a film cooling hole compared to the mean blade temperature.
D-Branes on Vanishing del Pezzo Surfaces

We analyze in detail the case of a marginally stable D-Brane on a collapsed del Pezzo surface in a Calabi-Yau threefold using the derived category of quiver representations and the idea of aligned gradings. We show how the derived category approach to D-branes provides a straight-forward and rigorous construction of quiver gauge theories associated to such singularities. Our method shows that a procedure involving exceptional collections used elsewhere in the literature is only valid if some tachyon-inducing Ext3 groups are zero. We then analyze in generality a large class of Seiberg dualities which arise from tilting equivalences. It follows that some (but not all) mutations of exceptional collections induce Seiberg duality in this context. The same tilting equivalence can also be used to remove unwanted Ext3 groups and convert an unphysical quiver into a physical one.
Fidelity-Aware Utilization Control for Cyber-Physical Surveillance Systems

Recent years have seen the growing deployments of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) in many mission-critical applications such as security, civil infrastructure, and transportation. These applications often impose stringent requirements on system sensing fidelity and timeliness. However, existing approaches treat these two concerns in isolation and hence are not suitable for CPSs where system fidelity and timeliness are dependent on each other because of the tight integration of computational and physical resources. In this paper, we propose a holistic approach called Fidelity-Aware Utilization Controller (FAUC) for Wireless Cyber-physical Surveillance (WCS) systems that combine low-end sensors with cameras for large-scale ad hoc surveillance in unplanned environments. By integrating data fusion with feedback control, FAUC can enforce a CPU utilization upper bound to ensure the system's real-time schedulability although CPU workloads vary significantly at runtime because of stochastic detection results. At the same time, FAUC optimizes system fidelity and adjusts the control objective of CPU utilization adaptively in the presence of variations of target/noise characteristics. We have implemented FAUC on a small-scale WCS testbed consisting of TelosB/Iris motes and cameras. Moreover, we conduct extensive simulations based on real acoustic data traces collected in a vehicle surveillance experiment. The testbed experiments and the trace-driven simulations show that FAUC can achieve robust fidelity and real-time guarantees in dynamic environments.
Evidence of a nondiffusive transport in a monodisperse screened Coulomb system by a molecular-dynamics simulation.

A molecular-dynamics simulation is carried out for particles (tracers) interacting with a screened Coulomb potential in three dimensions. A phase transition is observed from a liquid to an fcc solid on reducing the temperature at a fixed density, consistent with previous studies. In the liquid phase, the variation of the rms displacement ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ of the charged particles with time seems to depend on the density and the temperature. In the short-time regime, the effective exponent k for the subdiffusive power-law behavior, i.e., ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{k}}$, decreases on increasing the density and lowering the temperature. A crossover from subdiffusive to a diffusive behavior is observed for a wide density regime in the liquid phase. At high temperatures and large densities, a single power law does not seem to describe the variation of ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ with t.
THE EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION, DE-UNIONIZATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON THE WORK AND WORK LIVES OF TRUCK DRIVERS

This paper investigates the sources of wage decline among truck drivers. The authors first present an overview of the work and work life of truck drivers, and then take two complementary approaches to disentangling the forces that reduced driver earnings. The earnings of truck drivers fell by 21% between 1973 and 1995. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that deregulation accounted for one-third of the decline in drivers' wages, with a larger negative effect for non-union workers. The other two-thirds of the decline was due to economic forces that broadly affected the blue-collar economy. Using unique survey data, the authors explore the effects of factors frequently cited as sources of blue-collar wage decline. This analysis indicates that only one new technology, satellite communication systems, had meaningful effects on drivers' earnings, which rose as a consequence of superior efficiency and work intensification. Union membership remains an important determinant of wages. The authors conclude that the primary sources of wage decline and increased wage inequality have been deregulation, de-unionization, and a declining manufacturing wage.
The geometrodynamic content of the Regge equations as illuminated by the boundary of a boundary principle

In this paper the principle that the boundary of a boundary is identically zero (∂○∂≡0) is applied to a skeleton geometry. It is shown that the left-hand side of the Regge equation may be interpreted geometrically as the sum of the moments of rotation associated with the faces of a polyhedral domain. Here the polyhedron, warped though it may be, is located in a lattice dual to the original skeleton manifold. This sum is related to the amount of energy-momentum (E-p) associated to the edge in question. In the establishment of this equation the ordinary Bianchi identity is rederived by applying the principle that the (∂○∂≡0) in its (1–2–3)-dimensional formulation to polyhedral domain. Steps toward the derivation of the contracted Bianchi identity using this principle in its (2–3–4)-dimensional form are discussed. Preliminary results in this direction indicate that there should be one vector identity per vertex of the skeleton geometry. “Space acts on matter, telling it how to move. In turn, matter reacts back on space, telling it how to curve.”—Ref. 3, Chap. 1.
On linear elliptic and parabolic equations with growing drift in Sobolev spaces without weights

We consider uniformly elliptic and parabolic second-order equations with bounded zerothorder and bounded VMO leading coefficients and possibly growing first-order coefficients. We look for solutions which are summable to the pth power with respect to the usual Lebesgue measure along with their first and second-order derivatives with respect to the spatial variable. Bibliography: 12 titles.
China’s Experience with Indexed Government Bonds, 1988–1996: How Credible Was the People’s Republic’s Anti‐Inflationary Policy?

The People’s Republic of China introduced indexed government bonds in the face of the inflation panic of 1988–89 and reintroduced them when inflation surged upward again in 1993. Measures of inflation expectations—as derived from the trading prices of these indexed bonds—suggest that the government gained credibility from its ability to contain inflation in 1989. But the government’s failure to quickly halt the 1993–95 inflation led, by late 1994, to soaring inflation expectations and, ultimately, a heavy financial penalty for the government as the 1992 and 1993 bond issues matured while inflation was still high.
Master Plan for Prediction of Vehicle Interior Noise

Substantial advances have been made in improving the analytical methods available for prediction of interior noise and providing an experimental data base for their assessment and validation. A review of recent accomplishments, including representative results, is presented in the context of a Master Plan. It is suggested that modal representations of structural walls and acoustic cavities provide a useful conceptual and computational theoretical framework for including the mass, stiffness and damping of both the structure and acoustic cavity. Geometrical details and acoustic damping (absorption) are included in a rigorous manner. Future efforts, both near term and long term, are identified which are required to complete the Master Plan and provide the noise control practitioner with access to these improved methods.
The conceptual basis of the electric utility sub-model of project independence evaluation system

The Project Independence Evaluation System (PIES) is a large scale, process oriented mathematical model which integrates the various supply and demand components of the US energy system. In this paper we consider the conceptual basis for modelling both the supply and demand for electricity within the PIES framework. One of the central issues is the methodology for approximating the nonlinear load curve within a linear framework. A prototype example of the full-scale model is developed so that the basic assumptions and methodology can be readily explained.
Evolution, green beards, and skin hue wage discrimination

This paper provides an evolutionary rationale for both interracial and intraracial wage differentials by examining the implications of white employers mediating their employer‐employee relationships on the basis of genetic similarity. If in organized labor markets; relationships mediated through genetic similarity are optimal in terms of Darwinian fitness, a fundamental evolutionary implication is that the Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) in Darwinian fitness holding extended fitness constant equals the MRS in preferences holding utility constant. Given such an evolutionary equilibrium, results are derived showing that the strength of tastes for discrimination depends upon the skin hue of non‐white workers. The rationale established for racial wage differentials is that where skin hue serves to indicate genetic similarity between employer and employee, wage differentials emerge that are a function of skin hue.
Modular Engine Maintenance Concept Considerations for Aircraft Turbine Engines

Maintenance on gas turbine engines results from failures in one or more of the engine's major subsections. Maintenance and support costs can be reduced if the capability exists to isolate the failures down to the lowest possible component in the engine. The modular engine maintenance concept has recently been evolved to facilitate this cost reduction. The important considerations as well as the benefits of this concept are discussed. Considerations included are: design, failure modes and isolation techniques, and implementation. The Air Force F100‐PW‐100 engine maintenance concept is used for discussion purposes.
Implicit particle simulation of magnetized plasmas

Abstract An accurate, direct method for the simulation of magnetized, multi-dimensional plasmas is developed. A time decentered particle push is combined with the direct method for implicit plasma simulation to include finite sized particle effects in an absolutely stable (under conditions for which the field corrector converges) algorithm. Second-order temporal accuracy is attained when the decentering parameter may be chosen smaller than the normalized frequency of interest. A simple iteration (renormalized Poisson equation) is used to solve the field corrector equation. Details of the two-dimensional, electrostatic, constant magnetic field, periodic case are given. Numerical results for ion-acoustic fluctuations and for an unstable gravitational interchange confirm the accuracy and efficacy of the method applied to lowfrequency plasma phenomena.
Enantioselective synthesis of alkylidene cyclohexanes by an asymmetric olefination/cross‐coupling sequence

A general method for the preparation of dissymmetric olefins has been developed. The anion derived from an enantiomerically enriched P-(phenylthiomethyl)phosphonamidate(1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane2-oxide) was added to 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with excellent diastereoselectivity. The β-hydroxyphos-phonamidate was converted into a (phenylthio)-methylidene with excellent stereospecificity using a novel electrophile-promoted olefination that employed trityl triflate and 2,6-lutidine in warm acetonitrile. The vinyl sulfide underwent nickel-catalyzed coupling with Grignard and dialkylzinc reagents to produce (S)-4-(tert-butyl)alkylidenecyclohexanes with moderate to high stereospecificity.
A PTAS for TSP with neighborhoods among fat regions in the plane

The Euclidean TSP with neighborhoods (TSPN) problem seeks a shortest tour that visits a given collection of n regions (neighborhoods). We present the first polynomial-time approximation scheme for TSPN for a set of regions given by arbitrary disjoint fat regions in the plane. This improves substantially upon the known approximation algorithms, and is the first PTAS for TSPN on regions of non-comparable sizes. Our result is based on a novel extension of the m-guillotine method. The result applies to regions that are "fat" in a very weak sense: each region Pi contains a disk of radius Ω(diam(Pi)), but is otherwise arbitrary. Further, the result applies even if the regions intersect arbitrarily, provided that there exists a packing of disjoint disks, of radii Ω(diam(Pi)), contained within their respective regions. Finally, the PTAS result applies also to the case in which the regions are sets of points or polygons, each each lying within one of a given set of disjoint fat regions.
Scheduling Heterogeneous Real-Time Traffic over Fading Wireless Channels

We develop a general approach for designing scheduling policies for real-time traffic over wireless channels. We extend prior work, which characterizes a real-time flow by its traffic pattern, delay bound, timely-throughput requirement, and channel reliability, to allow time-varying channels, allow clients to have different deadlines, and allow for the optional employment of rate adaptation. Thus, our model allow the treatment of more realistic fading channels as well as scenarios with mobile nodes, and the usage of more general transmission strategies. We derive a sufficient condition for a scheduling policy to be feasibility optimal, and thereby establish a class of feasibility optimal policies. We demonstrate the utility of the identified class by deriving a feasibility optimal policy for the scenario with rate adaptation, time-varying channels, and heterogeneous delay bounds. When rate adaptation is not available, we also derive a feasibility optimal policy for time-varying channels. For the scenario where rate adaptation is not available but clients have different delay bounds, we describe a heuristic. Simulation results are also presented which indicate the usefulness of the scheduling policies for more realistic and complex scenarios.
Atomic Lifetimes in Neon I

Mean lives of a number of electronically excited atomic levels in Ne i have been determined using a method of delayed coincidence. Following a detailed description of the experimental procedure and a discussion of a series of trial runs in He i, the measured values of the mean lives of the $2{p}_{1}$ through $2{p}_{9}$, $3{p}_{1}$, $3{p}_{10}$, and $4{{d}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (Paschen notation) levels in neutral neon are given. These lifetimes, determined from transitions with associated wavelengths extending from \ensuremath{\approx}3400 to \ensuremath{\approx}6400 \AA{}, ranged in value from \ensuremath{\approx} 14 to \ensuremath{\approx} 500 nsec. The lifetimes were estimated to contain possible systematic errors varying from 5 to 20% and are presented in comparison with corresponding results of other workers.
Oxygen sensing by electrochemical pumping

An oxygen pumping structure using ZrO2 electrochemical cells is described for measuring the percentage of O2 in a high‐temperature gaseous environment. The device output is linearly proportional to the O2 percentage, has a weak dependence on temperature, and does not require a reference atmosphere.
Wear Studies on Aircraft Brake Materials

An investigation of both worn surfaces of friction pads and steel rotors which are being applied in current aircraft brakes has been carried out by employing an X-ray diffraction technique. It consists of the analysis of chemical element distribution in the surface layers. The wear particles were also examined by using the scanning electron microscope. The initiation and growth of surface cracks and the oxidation were emphasized in this investigation. A wear model was proposed for the current aircraft brake materials. Essentially this model proposed that cracks are formed in the surface layer of the brake material due to the normal and frictional stresses. It is primarily surface temperature dependent.
On the behavior of the homogeneous self-dual model for conic convex optimization

There is a natural norm associated with a starting point of the homogeneous self-dual (HSD) embedding model for conic convex optimization. In this norm two measures of the HSD model's behavior are precisely controlled independent of the problem instance: (i) the sizes of ɛ-optimal solutions, and (ii) the maximum distance of ɛ-optimal solutions to the boundary of the cone of the HSD variables. This norm is also useful in developing a stopping-rule theory for HSD-based interior-point solvers such as SeDuMi. Under mild assumptions, we show that a standard stopping rule implicitly involves the sum of the sizes of the ɛ-optimal primal and dual solutions, as well as the size of the initial primal and dual infeasibility residuals. This theory suggests possible criteria for developing starting points for the homogeneous self-dual model that might improve the resulting solution time in practice.
Postcondensation Modifications of Ugi Four-Component Condensation Products: 1-Isocyanocyclohexene as a Convertible Isocyanide. Mechanism of Conversion, Synthesis of Diverse Structures, and Demonstration of Resin Capture

The concept of a “universal isocyanide” that enables postcondensation modification of Ugi four-component condensation products is introduced. This strategy is suited for the synthesis of libraries. By using 1-isocyanocyclohexene as the isocyanide input in the Ugi reaction, the product cyclohexenamides can be converted to a variety of products. From the original α-(acylamino) amides, new carboxylic acids, esters, and thioesters are produced from acid-activated conversion of the cyclohexenamide moiety. It has been determined that the intermediate in conversion of this type is an oxazolinium-5-one (munchnone) that reacts with many nucleophiles to yield the products above. The munchnone can also undergo cycloaddition with acetylenic dipolarophiles to form pyrroles. Through internal nucleophilic attack, Ugi products are shown to convert to a protected monosaccharide derivative and to 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. All of the conversions described consist of a single step. Resin capture of Ugi products is demon...
Preconditioned Krylov Subspace Methods for Sixth Order Compact Approximations of the Helmholtz Equation

We consider an efficient iterative approach to the solution of the discrete Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet, Neumann, and Sommerfeld-like boundary conditions based on a compact sixth order approximation scheme and lower order preconditioned Krylov subspace methodology. The resulting systems of finite-difference equations are solved by different preconditioned Krylov subspace-based methods. In the analysis of the lower order preconditioning developed here, we introduce the term “kth order preconditioned matrix” in addition to the commonly used “an optimal preconditioner.” The necessity of the new criterion is justified by the fact that the condition number of the preconditioned matrix in some of our test problems improves with the decrease of the grid step size. In a simple 1D case, we are able to prove this analytically. This new parameter could serve as a guide in the construction of new preconditioners. The lower order direct preconditioner used in our algorithms is based on a combination of the separation of variables technique and fast Fourier transform (FFT) type methods. The resulting numerical methods allow efficient implementation on parallel computers. Numerical results confirm the high efficiency of the proposed iterative approach.