cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relation of grammar to cognition: a synopsis

A sentence (or other portion of discourse) is taken to evoke in the listener a meaning complex, here called a "cognitive representation". The lexical elements of the sentence, to simplify, by and large specify the content of the cognitive representation, while the grammatical elements specify its structure. Thus, looking systematically at the actual notions specified by grammatical elements can give us a handle for ascertaining the very makeup of (linguistic-) cognitive structuring. We accordingly examine a number of grammatically specified notions, observe the categories and systems in which they pattern, and speculate on broader cognitive connections.Some provisional findings have already emerged. Grammatical specifications for structure are preponderantly relativistic or topological, and exclude the fixed or metrically Euclidean. The categories in which grammatical notions pattern include:plexity perspectival modestate of boundedness level of synthesisstate of dividedness level of exemplaritydegree of extensionality axial characteristicspattern of distribution scene-breakup"Grammatical specification of structuring appears to be the same, in certain abstract characteristics, as the structuring of visual perception.
Binding domains for blockers and substrates on the dopamine transporter in rat striatal membranes studied by protection against N-ethylmaleimide-induced reduction of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding

Binding sites for 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)[3H]tropane ([3H]WIN 35,428) on rat striatal membranes were alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and the protective potency was measured of the blockers cocaine, N[1-(2-benzo[b]thiophenyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine (BTCP), benztropine, WIN 35,428, and nomifensine, and of the substrates dopamine, norepinephrine, S(+)-amphetamine, tyramine, and metaraminol. In general, the protective potency was lower (at least 3 times) than the potency in inhibiting [3H]WIN 35,428 binding with the compounds present under the same experimental conditions used for the NEM-induced alkylation. However, the disparity was substantially greater for all substrates tested (10- to 93-fold) than for the blockers (2- to 6-fold), especially cocaine and BTCP (3-fold). [3H]WIN 35,428 binding was best described by a 1-site model under the present conditions. The results are discussed in terms of models involving blocker-induced conformational changes and overlapping nonidentical binding domains for blockers and substrates.
A decade of AMS at the University of Georgia

Abstract In a span of 10 years, the University of Georgia’s Center for Applied Isotope Studies (CAIS) has transformed itself from principally a liquid scintillation counting (LSC) laboratory to one conducting thousands of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) annually. After receiving the first of the NEC compact AMS units in the United States, the CAIS began to meet the demand for 14 C analysis outside the normal realm of most radiocarbon dating laboratories. With industry’s support, isotope research continued on an already developing natural products program to authenticate materials origin and process of formation. The CAIS’s AMS allowed for the detection of synthetic materials in milligram quantities rather than gram quantities required by LSC and allowed new compound specific SIRA techniques to be directed toward compound specific 14 C measurement. By 2005 the CAIS was one of only a few laboratories accredited to determine bio-base content in industrial fuels and products by both AMS and LSC following ASTM D6866-10 [1] . Since 2001, when our first sample was analyzed by AMS method, both radiocarbon and natural products sample numbers have increased steadily. The advantages of AMS analysis in overall efficiency, cost savings, accuracy, and precision, are detailed here in a review of analytical precision for radiocarbon and natural products analyzed over 10 years of AMS operation. Comparisons are made between natural products and bio-based materials analyzed by both AMS and LSC. Although high precision is not required to authenticate natural products, for the purpose of product comparison with regard to degree of naturalness accurate and precise 14 C measurement is shown to be achievable by both methods.
A SIMPLE “SEALED-IN MERCURY ELECTRODE” APPARATUS FOR TESTING THE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF HEAVY INSULATING MATERIALS1

A method has been developed whereby thick plates of insulating materials (of small area) may be electrically punctured under oil. The specimen is cemented between two hollow electrode holders by means of red sealing wax, as illustrated. One electrode holder, the elbow, may be made of ordinary cast-iron piping or glass. Mercury poured into both tubes gives the necessary contact. It is possible by these means to puncture a porcelain cylinder of diameter 1 ⅛ inches and 1 ⅛ inches thick at 142 kv., and with a porcelain cylinder 2 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick to reach 176 kv. without arcing. The “sealed-in mercury electrode” method has been compared with two other methods employing spheres and disks as electrodes, by puncturing cast polished plate glass specimens. The new method gives consistent results, the values being on the average 15 % higher than values obtained by the other two methods.
Regulation of PPARγ function by TNF-α

Abstract The nuclear receptor PPARγ is a lipid sensor that regulates lipid metabolism through gene transcription. Inhibition of PPARγ activity by TNF-α is involved in pathogenesis of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cancer cachexia. PPARγ activity is regulated by TNF-α at pre-translational and post-translational levels. Activation of serine kinases including IKK, ERK, JNK, and p38 may be involved in the TNF-regulation of PPARγ. Of the four kinases, IKK is a dominant signaling molecule in the TNF-regulation of PPARγ. IKK acts through at least two mechanisms: inhibition of PPARγ expression and activation of PPARγ corepressor. In this review article, literature is reviewed with a focus on the mechanisms of PPARγ inhibition by TNF-α.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection in HIV-negative patients without preexisting lung disease : Diagnostic and management limitations

Study objectives To review the experience of an outpatient pulmonary clinic with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) pulmonary disease in the HIV-negative population without preexisting lung disease. Design Retrospective clinical series. Setting University medical center. Patients The clinic charts of all patients who fulfilled the current American Thoracic Society criteria for MAI pulmonary infection and who had no preexisting lung disease or immunosuppression were reviewed. Measurements and results Of 31 patients identified, 94% were female, 90% were white, and the median age at diagnosis was 63 years. The median time interval from symptom onset to diagnosis was 10 months. Bronchiectasis or small nodules without predilection for any lobe was found in 93%. Bronchoscopy or open lung biopsy for diagnosis was required in 45% because of nondiagnostic sputum cultures. At ≥ 12 months, 50% failed therapy, 86% continued to be symptomatic, and 58% did not tolerate their initial multidrug regimen. Conclusions These results emphasize the observed chronic nature of MAI pulmonary disease in this population, both before diagnosis and despite therapy. The sensitivity of sputum culture in this population is low, so an aggressive diagnostic approach, including bronchoscopy, should be considered if sputum cultures are negative. Current treatments are suboptimal because of poor drug tolerance and significant failure rates. Last, the preponderance of disease in older white women argues for a genetic or acquired immune deficiency to explain disease susceptibility.
Coupling between Plastic Scintillators and Light Fibers for Remote Detection of X-rays

Plastic scintillators can be coupled to light fibers to make small, simple, and inexpensive x-ray detectors. These detectors have been developed for use at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) for the remote detection of x-rays. Light produced in the scintillator can be transmitted by the fiber for several hundred meters to a photodetector, which is usually a streak camera or a photomultiplier tube. The use of a streak camera allows many channels to be recorded simultaneously. A parameter study has been done to measure the sensitivity of these detectors as a function of scintillator geometry, type of scintillator, coupling geometry, and x-ray energy. The results can be qualitatively explained by a simple geometric theory. A recent use of these detectors at NTS was the measurement of an x-ray spectrum. System performance for this measurement will be reviewed.
Initial experience with distal guide catheter placement in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease: clinical safety and efficacy

Background Advancements in technology have created a current generation of guide catheters that not only provide stable access but also allow navigation of tortuous portions of the carotid siphon facilitating more distal access. Clinical experience since the release of the current generation of guide catheters was reviewed to determine their safety and efficacy. Methods Between October 2007 and November 2011, all neurointerventional procedures requiring access to the intracranial arterial circulation performed at our institution were reviewed. Clinical performance and complication rates of current generation guide catheters were compared with conventional guide catheters. Results 1188 neurointerventional procedures were performed, of which 659 were eligible for this study. When navigating the anterior circulation, intracranial purchase was achieved significantly more often with current generation 0.070 inch and 0.053 inch guide catheters compared with conventional guide catheters. Similarly, current generation 0.070 inch and 0.053 inch catheters navigated at least one sharp 90° turn significantly more often than conventional guide catheters. Guide catheter related complications were encountered in 1.4% of cases with both catheter generations and differences were not significant although more complications were found when guide catheter tip position was cervical rather than intracranial. Conclusion Current generation guide catheters allow distal access with a high rate of success while maintaining a low rate of complications. When intracranial location of the guide catheter was obtained, fewer complications occurred.
Oxidative stress modulates Sir2α in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) helps survival and longevity in lower organisms during challenging situations. We investigated the possibility that Sir2alpha could be involved with brain plasticity under challenging situations. A diet high in saturated fat and sucrose, which has been shown in rodents to reduce synaptic plasticity and cognition, decreased Sir2alpha levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in proportion to an increase in protein oxidation. Vitamin E supplementation normalized, in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, Sir2alpha levels that had been reduced by the high-fat diet. Neither the high-fat diet nor vitamin E supplementation affected cerebellar Sir2alpha. Vitamin E reduced, in the hippocampus, the oxidized nucleic acids that were increased by the high-fat diet. Western blot analysis showed higher contents of Sir2alpha in the hippocampus and cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex. Sir2alpha immunostaining was predominantly localized in the mossy fibre system and the dentate gyrus granule layer of the hippocampal formation. The high-fat diet decreased Sir2alpha immunostaining while vitamin E supplementation reversed these effects. Given that oxidative stress is a subproduct of dysfunctional energy homeostasis, we measured AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to have an indication of the energy status of cells. Hippocampal levels of total and phosphorylated AMPK were reduced after high fat consumption and levels were normalized by vitamin E treatment. The present results show that oxidative stress and energy homeostasis associated with the consumption of the high-fat diet are critical for the regulation of Sir2alpha, with important implications for mechanisms of neural repair.
New Fe/Mo/S Clusters with MoFe3S3 Cuboidal Cores Similar to the One in the Fe/Mo Cofactor of Nitrogenase. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the (C14-cat)MoFe3S3(PEt3)2(CO)6 and (C14-cat)Mo(O)Fe3S3(PEt3)3(CO)5 Clusters

The reaction of the double cubane [(Cl4-cat)MoFe3S4(PEt3)3]2 with CO in THF solution affords the neutral, heterometallic clusters (Cl4-cat)MoFe3S3(PEt3)2(CO)6, at 350 psi, and (Cl4-cat)Mo(O)Fe3S3(PEt3)3(CO)5, under ambient pressure. The corner-sulfide voided MoFe3S3 cuboidal cores of these clusters make them potentially useful synthetic precursors for a structural model of the Fe/Mo cofactor.
Spectral analysis of the albino rat electroretinogram.

Abstract ERG's in response to stimuli of equal energy and deviation, but varying in wave length were recorded from dark adapted albino rats. The components of the ERG were analyzed. The a-wave amplitude versus wave length curve is similar to the rhodopsin absorption spectrum. There are two peaks in the b-wave amplitude versus wave length curve; a low amplitude peak at 5050 A and a large peak at 6200 A. These data suggest that rods are not the only type of receptor in the albino rat retina.
Accuracy of Teacher Judgments of Preschoolers’ Math Skills:

As the interest in improving children’s early math skills has grown, due in part to their strong associations with later overall school achievement, questions have been raised regarding teachers’ k...
Twists and Turns: My Career Path and Concerns About the Future

THE Genetics Society of America’s Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal is awarded to an individual GSA member for lifetime achievement in the field of genetics. The 2014 recipient is Frederick Ausubel, whose 40-year career has centered on host–microbe interactions and host innate immunity. He is widely recognized as a key scientist responsible for establishing the modern postrecombinant DNA field of host–microbe interactions using simple nonvertebrate hosts. He has used genetic approaches to conduct pioneering work that spawned six related areas of research: the evolution and regulation of Rhizobium genes involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation; the regulation of Rhizobium genes by two-component regulatory systems involving histidine kinases; the establishment of Arabidopsis thaliana as a worldwide model system; the identification of a large family of plant disease resistance genes; the identification of so-called multi-host bacterial pathogens; and the demonstration that Caenorhabditis elegans has an evolutionarily conserved innate immune system that shares features of both plant and mammalian immunity.
Verbal reaction time patterns in aphasic adults: consideration for apraxia of speech.

Abstract Verbal reaction time patterns were compared in aphasic adults presenting anterior and posterior left hemisphere lesions. Reaction Times were measured from simultaneous recording of the subjects' verbal responses and electromy-ographic activity from three oral-facial sites. Total Reaction Time was fractionated into Premotor Time and Motor Time components to assess latencies associated with motor speech planning and execution. The results suggested that only anterior lesions result in deficits in motor speech planning and/or execution while posterior lesion patients perform no differently than normal. The evidence supports traditional concepts regarding apraxia of speech as being associated with frontal lobe lesions.
Brillouin scattering of 1,2-difluorotetrachloroethane in the glass transition region

Abstract Brillouin scattering measurements of the CFCl 2 -CFCl 2 crystal in the orientationally disordered state have been caried out. Over the temperature range from 40 to 294 K, an anomalous dispersion has been observed near the glass transition temperature at 90 K. Molecular reorientation is attributed to be the mechanism responsible for the acoustic anomaly in the hypersonic frequency region.
Complex of Calmodulin with a Ryanodine Receptor Target Reveals a Novel, Flexible Binding Mode

Calmodulin regulates ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release through a conserved binding site. The crystal structure of Ca(2+)-calmodulin bound to this conserved site reveals that calmodulin recognizes two hydrophobic anchor residues at a novel "1-17" spacing that brings the calmodulin lobes close together but prevents them from contacting one another. NMR residual dipolar couplings demonstrate that the detailed structure of each lobe is preserved in solution but also show that the lobes experience domain motions within the complex. FRET measurements confirm the close approach of the lobes in binding the 1-17 target and show that calmodulin binds with one lobe to a peptide lacking the second anchor. We suggest that calmodulin regulates the Ca(2+) channel by switching between the contiguous binding mode seen in our crystal structure and a state where one lobe of calmodulin contacts the conserved binding site while the other interacts with a noncontiguous site on the channel.
The kinetic of induction of plaque formation in cell monolayers by ribonucleic acid from poliovirus

Die Kinetik der Induktion von Plaques in Einschichtenzellkulturen wurde bei 20° und 36°C bestimmt. Es nimmt die Zahl der durch RNS induzierten Plaques in den ersten 8 bis 10 min nach Kulturbeimpfung schnell und dann allmahlich langsamer zu. Die moglichen Ursachen dieses Verhaltens werden diskutiert.
Control System for an Elbow Joint Motion Simulator

The many muscles crossing the elbow joint allow for its motions to be created from different combinations of muscular activations. Muscles are strictly contractile elements and the joints they surround rely on varying loads from opposing antagonists for stability and movement. In designing a control system to actuate an elbow in a realistic manner, unidirectional, tendon-like actuation and muscle co-activation must be considered in order to successfully control the elbow’s two degrees of freedom. Also important is the multifunctionality of certain muscles, such as the biceps brachii, which create moments impacting both degrees of freedom: flexion / extension and pronation / supination. This paper seeks to develop and implement control algorithms on an elbow joint motion simulator that actuates cadaveric elbow specimens via four major muscles that cross the elbow joint. The algorithms were validated using an anatomically-realistic mechanical elbow. Clinically-meaningful results, such as the evaluation of radial head implants, can only be obtained under repeatable, realistic conditions; therefore, physiologic motions must be created by the application of appropriate loads. This is achieved by including load control on the muscles’ actuators as well as displacement control on both flexion / extension and supination / pronation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Photoelimination of nitrogen from reluctant cyclic azo compounds. Preparation of some novel cyclopentadiene cyclodimers.

Das bekannte Triazolindion-Addukt (I) liefert mit Kaliummethylat und CuCl2 den Azo-Cu-Komplex (II), aus dem mit Ammoniak die freie Azo-Verbindung (III) erhalten wird.
Two trends in middle-class birth in the United States.

This discussion focuses on two important trends in American childbirth that have emerged in the past 30 years, the demand for a perfect baby and the desire for a perfect birth. These two trends are particularly important in the subgroup of middle-class women who have decided on delayed childbearing. Tremendous technological innovations, such as ultra-sound, prenatal genetic analysis, and fetal monitoring, have promoted the perception that physicians can control the prenatal environment and predict the pregnancy outcome. This expectation may lead to bitterness and anger in the event of an adverse pregnancy outcome. In contrast, women and their families have also come to desire more control over the birth experience. If the parents’ birth plan is not achieved and their expectations not fulfilled, many parents feel they have not performed well. When the physician acts as a guide in the birth process, parents and physicians together may transcend the conflict to achieve a more satisfactory birth experience.
Performance evaluation of Kogi State Agricultural Development Programme since the withdrawal of World Bank’s assistance to Nigeria

This study evaluated the performance of Kogi State Agricultural Development Programme (KADP) during World Bank’s assistance period (1991 to 1995) and after World Bank’s assistance period (2009 to 2013). Data were collected through the use of questionnaire and interviews of 120 farmers and 60 staff members of KADP and through various secondary sources of information. It was found that during World Bank’s assistance, KADP received N2.25 billion, while it received N928.9 million after cessation of the assistance. From 1991 to 1995, KADP received 72.6% of its funding from the World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development. From 2009 to 2013, KADP received 83.1% of its funding from international organizations. KADP had a high degree of dependency on temporary international assistance. Analysis of 19 performance indicators showed that a significant difference exists in KADP’s performance between before and after World Bank’s assistance, with better performance during the period of World Bank’s assistance, 1991‒1995. This study discussed the effects of World Bank’s withdrawal and the measures taken by KADP to strengthen itself.
Information seeking among organizational members

Investigation of information seeking has focused on initial organizational entry hut there is evidence information seeking strategies continue to develop throughout organizational careers. This study begins an investigation of information seeking as a day‐to‐day component of organizational life. Individual characteristics of organizational members and situational variables were investigated to determine their relationship with information seeking behavior. Respondent age was found to influence selection of information seeking strategy. The situational variables of employment classification and length of employment also significantly influenced information seeking strategy. Taken together the differences suggest that information seeking strategies change in predictable ways throughout organizational careers.
Effects of lateral diffusion on the fluorescence anisotropy in hexagonal lipid phases. I. Theory

It is shown that fluorescence anisotropy from lipidlike probes in the hexagonal HII phase gives information of (a) orientational order parameters, (b) the wobbling diffusion constant, and (c) the hopping diffusion constant of the probe, DH, equals DL/R2, the lateral diffusion constant over the square of the radius of the hexagonal tubes. Here we consider only lipidlike probes having the absorption transition movement and/or the emission transition moment along the long axis of the molecule. Three models are introduced for analysis of time-resolved data: the "WOBHOP," the "reduced WOBHOP," and the "P2P4HOP" model. The fluorescence anisotropy in response to a very short excitation pulse in each of the three models is a constant plus a number of exponentials. The WOBHOP and reduced WOBHOP models have 3 and 2 exponentials, respectively, and both contain four fitting parameters: r0 (the fundamental anisotropy), (P2) (the second rank orientational order parameter), DW (the wobbling diffusion constant), and DH (the hopping diffusion constant). The P2P4HOP model has eight exponentials and five fitting parameters: the four parameters listed above and (P4) (the fourth rank orientational order parameter). Analysis of fluorescence anisotropy data in the hexagonal HII phase using one of these models allows for obtaining the hopping diffusion constant, and, if the lateral diffusion constant is known, the radius of the hexagonal tubes. Substitution of DH = 0 in each of the three models yields an expression for the fluorescence anisotropy that is used in the literature for lamellar (L alpha or L beta) phases. The fluorescence anisotropy in coexisting L alpha/HII phases is discussed.
[3H]-Noradrenaline release from streptolysin-O permeated rat cortical synaptosomes: enhancement of the Ca2+-induced signal

We examined [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) release from rat brain cortical synaptosomes permeated with streptolysin-O (SLO) under a variety of conditions. Three temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C) were tested at different times of permeation. Lowering the incubation temperature to 20 degrees C decreased basal release, but Ca(2+)-induced [3H]-NA release increased slightly. Also, the incubation time to achieve the maximal ratio of Ca(2+)-induced release to basal release shifted to longer times with decreasing incubation temperature. If the synaptosomes were permeated with SLO before release was triggered, similar results were observed. Permeation at 20 degrees C allowed [gamma-32P] ATP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit to rapidly enter the synaptosomes to phosphorylate synapsins. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux was time- and SLO-concentration dependent. The fact that 0.1 mM Cd2+ did not inhibit [3H]-NA release from permeabilized synaptosomes indicated that permeabilization by SLO was complete under these conditions. This also suggests that the release machinery involved after Ca2+ entry is not sensitive to Cd2+.
Young's law with gravity

The observation that Young's law for the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a substrate should continue to hold when the droplet is deformed by gravity is to some extent counter-intuitive, which has led to doubts and controversy in the literature. We show, in agreement with others, that Young's law holds in the presence of gravity. First, in a numerical illustration based on the classic tables by Bashforth and Adams, we see that the system's free energy for a fixed droplet volume is indeed at a minimum when, to within the numerical precision, the contact angle is as given by Young's law. We then give a transparent analytical derivation of Young's law by minimizing the free energy as a functional of the droplet shape with gravity included.
Labeling of rat hemoglobin with radioactive iron.

Summary and ConclusionThe tagging of hemoglobin in the red cells of rats by the method described is efficient. The iron compound, ferrous chloride, is of low toxicity, the lactic acid in which it was dissolved provides a satisfactory stabilizing environment and the solution is well tolerated when injected. The data show a consistency in the percentage of tagging as evidence of the reproducibility of the experiment. In addition to the ease with which the materials are prepared, the short duration of the experiment is a desirable feature.
Segmentation of elastographic images using a coarse-to-fine active contour model

Delineation of radiofrequency-ablation-induced coagulation (thermal lesion) boundaries is an important clinical problem that is not well addressed by conventional imaging modalities. Elastography, which produces images of the local strain after small, externally applied compressions, can be used for visualization of thermal coagulations. This paper presents an automated segmentation approach for thermal coagulations on 3-D elastographic data to obtain both area and volume information rapidly. The approach consists of a coarse-to-fine method for active contour initialization and a gradient vector flow, active contour model for deformable contour optimization with the help of prior knowledge of the geometry of general thermal coagulations. The performance of the algorithm has been shown to be comparable to manual delineation of coagulations on elastograms by medical physicists (r = 0.99 for volumes of 36 radiofrequency-induced coagulations). Furthermore, the automatic algorithm applied to elastograms yielded results that agreed with manual delineation of coagulations on pathology images (r = 0.96 for the same 36 lesions). This algorithm has also been successfully applied on in vivo elastograms.
Dentition, bone loss, and the aging of the mandible.

Background: Facial aging is a dynamic process with impact on both the soft tissues and the bones. Despite a growing body of evidence, controversy still exists regarding absolute characteristics of the aging facial skeleton. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate various mandibular measurements in different age groups and to delineate the relation of the dentition to these parameters. Methods: Ninety Caucasian mandibles were assessed for the following distance landmarks: gonion-gonion, infradentale-gnathion, mental foramen–mandibular crest, mental foramen–inferior mandibular border, gnathion-gonion, condyle-gonion, and gonial angle. The measurements were compared according to age, sex, and dentition. Results: The number of teeth decreased significantly with increasing age in males ( P = .002) and females ( P < .001). There were no other statistically significant differences between age groups for the rest of the parameters. The infradentale-gnathion distance ( P = .005) and the mental foramen–mandibular crest distance ( P < .001) was found to increase with total number of teeth. Other parameters did not show a significant relation to dentition. All parameters were significantly larger in the male subgroups with the exception of gnathion-gonion distance and gonial angle. Bilateral mandibular measurements were symmetric except for the gonial angle, which was more obtuse on the right side in males ( P = .007) and females ( P = .018). Conclusions: Our findings support previous evidence that dentition is the main determinant of the morphology of the mandible. The skeletal characteristics are variable among individuals, and a longitudinal study is required to better understand age-related changes of the mandible.
Impact of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Malathion Bait Spray on Honey Bees

During a Mediterranean fruit fly eradication program (1980–1982) in northern California, two field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of malathion bait spray on honey bees. Significant mortality of adult bees was associated with weekly applications, eventually reducing colony populations to levels that would cause economic loss and threaten winter survival of colonies. Flight activity was reduced greatly for 1 day after each predawn application. Brood mortality was not observed. Residual levels of malathion were 1.71 ± 0.37 ppm (range, 2.24–7.64 ppm) in trapped pollen and 2.22 ± 0.13 ppm (range, 0.78–5.28 ppm) in bees collected from entrance traps attached to hives within spray zones.
Nontronite from a low-temperature hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge

Abstract A deposit of Fe-rich, Al-poor, hydrothermal nontronite was recovered from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Analyses show the deposit to be mineralogically and chemically similar to nontronite described at other oceanic localities. The deposit is located near the tip of a propagating segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Rare earth elements and Sr isotopes indicate that the nontronite precipitated from seawater. A formation temperature of 57°C is suggested by oxygen isotopic composition. The low-temperature nontronite deposits apparently form from newly established hydrothermal systems associated with the propagating rift segment. More mature hydrothermal systems that deposit sulfide on the seafloor may develop from these low-temperature systems.
Herceptin® (trastuzumab) par voie sous-cutanée : une mini révolution ? Étude pharmaco-économique

Herceptin(®) injected by intravenous (IV) is one of the key treatment of breast cancer HER2+. The improvement of galenic form allowed a new way of administration, the sub-cutaneous way (SC), authorized by EMEA in 2013. This new way enables a 5-minute infusion, a fixed dose and a fixed volume of preparation. On 2012, saving-time and financial impacts were calculated by extrapolation of the IV way in a cancer treatment center. The study showed a preparing time-saving of 7.5min/loading dose and of 6.5min/maintenance dose, and a nurse time-saving of 4.5min/loading dose and 4.25min/maintenance dose. Moreover, it can be added a saving of consumable of 13,31€ per injection in case of monotherapy. The SC leads to a new adaptation and reorganization in the preparation of monoclonal antibodies and day hospitals.
Cross-Range SAR Reconstruction With Multicarrier OFDM Signals

In this letter, we describe the performance of an efficient method of slow-time synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing based on reconstruction via matched filtering of estimated phase history of ultra-wideband (UWB) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar signals. The method can be used in conjunction with fast-time matched filtering to form full 2-D SAR images. The novelty of the approach is in using all subcarrier data of an OFDM signal for phase estimation, which then allows for the direct and efficient phase history computation in a method akin to multichannel azimuthal SAR processing. This fact also makes the proposed UWB OFDM SAR cross-range reconstruction resilient to narrowband interference and jamming, as well as allows for good waveform diversity/spectral flexibility potential. Simulation results demonstrating cross-range profile reconstructions are presented and discussed.
Value of oxygen treatment after thyroidectomy

Abstract Oxygen was administered to patients having severe reactions after thyroidectomy, especially those with cyanosis resulting from pulmonary edema, bronchopneumonia, and laryngeal or tracheal obstruction. The patients showed, as a rule, marked subjective improvement. Usually the fever subsided rapidly. Pulse and respiration rates were lowered. Dyspnea was partially or completely relieved. It is probable that the development of pneumonia was prevented in many instances. The observations suggest that not infrequently death may be prevented by efficient oxygen treatment in suitable cases.
Are Standards Preventing Good Teaching

quality of the American educational system. According to one of its chief architects, Diane Ravitch (2000), national standards give clear expectations for students, teachers, parents, colleges, and employers that will result in improved student achievement. Forty-nine of the fifty states (save Iowa) have implemented such standards. In many cases, they have raised scores. In Virginia, for example, scores are going up on standardized tests (Virginia Department of Education 2004). But what, ultimately, does this mean? Is it possible for scores to go up without teacher creativity and student comprehension suffering? For instance, I love the game show "Jeopardy." The game is on a higher level than other game shows, and the contestants are all intelligent, well-read individuals. Although these contestants could perform at much higher levels, all they are asked to do on the show is to recall facts, the lowest level of thinking (Bloom 1956). Problem-solving activities, checks for comprehension, and evidence of analysis, synthesis, or evaluation are absent. But we view these contestants as the smartest of
Recruiting and retaining women in engineering: a Kentucky collaboration

According to the Engineering Workforce Commission, women received approximately 21% of the nation's B.S. degrees in engineering in 2000. If bio-related fields are omitted, the percentage drops well below 20%. Only modest improvement has been made in these statistics since, beginning in the mid-1980's, many U.S. engineering colleges focused attention on the issue of diversifying the engineering workforce. Current research indicates that eliminating the significant gender incongruity in engineering requires improvement in recruitment, retention, and advancement practices. In an effort to increase the number of B.S.-level women engineers in Kentucky, a partnership has been forged between Midway College and the University of Kentucky (UK). In this program, students enrolled in full-time study at Midway College may fulfill lower-division electrical engineering course requirements at UK while remaining predominately on the Midway campus. Students may earn an A.S. from Midway and a B.S. from UK in four years. Earning such a degree is becoming increasingly difficult in Kentucky, as smaller schools' offerings of pre-engineering curricula have diminished markedly over the past decade. Obstacles that have interfered with the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in engineering are being countered in this innovative educational partnership. Despite dissimilar profiles, the two institutions embarking on this experiment possess notable similarities with respect to their commitment to gender diversity in engineering and their awareness of the need to increase the number of engineers in Kentucky.
Efficient circuit performance modeling using a combination of interpolation and self organizing approximation techniques

An interpolation scheme, maximally flat quadratic interpolation (MFQ), and an approximation scheme, the group method of data handling (GMDH), are combined to get an approximation structure. This composite method is efficient and much more accurate than either of the two individual schemes. This is especially the case when the functions being approximated are complex within the input variable range specified. >
Measuring Dietary Change in a Diet Intervention Trial: Comparing Food Frequency Questionnaire and Dietary Recalls

Measurement of dietary change was assessed in a systematic quota subsample (n = 397) of women recruited into the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study between 1996 and 1998, a multicenter, randomized dietary intervention trial among breast cancer survivors. Women from the intervention and comparison arms completed the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire (AFFQ) and 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline (prerandomization) and at year 1 (postrandomization). Both dietary measurement methods demonstrated significant changes in intake of key intervention-associated nutrients at year 1 in the intervention group subjects compared with minimal or no change in the comparison group subjects. The reliability of the AFFQ and recalls was measured in the comparison group and showed correlations of 0.63 and 0.43, respectively. Both instruments captured differences in dietary intake associated with the diet intervention. These results demonstrate the utility of using a multimode, multimethod approach (AFFQ and 24-hour dietary recalls) to measure differences in self-reported dietary intake over time as shown in this dietary intervention trial being conducted among breast cancer survivors.
Crystallization and Phase Relations of Boron Trioxide at High Pressures

Crystalline B2O3 was readily obtained from the glassy phase at high pressures and temperatures. Single crystals 0.3 mm. in dimension of both α-B2O2 (ordinary hexagonal) and β-B2O3 (dense monoclinic) were prepared. The difference in the density of the two forms was about 20%. Crystals of β-B2O3 were only slowly attacked by H2O and dilute HF. At atmospheric pressure, transitions between the α-, β-, and liquid phases were extremely sluggish. A tentative phase diagram was constructed up to 1100°C. and 90,000 atmospheres, the probable melting curve being calculated by the use of the Simon melting equation.
Bevacizumab: An Angiogenesis Inhibitor with Efficacy in Colorectal and Other Malignancies

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pivotal clinical trials for bevacizumab, emphasizing its use in colorectal cancer.DATA SOURCES:A PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted (1966—April 2004) using the following terms: bevacizumab, Avastin, anti-VEGF, anti-angiogenesis, and colorectal cancer. Additional data sources included meeting abstracts, bibliographies from identified articles, and information from the manufacturer.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Preclinical and clinical trials that used bevacizumab for the treatment of colorectal cancer and other malignancies were selected from the data sources. All published, randomized clinical trials evaluating bevacizumab in colorectal cancer were included in this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Despite advances in chemotherapy, current therapeutic options for metastatic disease provide only temporary benefit for most patients. Bevacizumab is the first anti-cancer agent shown to provide benefit for patients with cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis. B...
Soil surface roughness as influenced by selected soil physical properties

Abstract Soil surface roughness affects infiltration, the storage of water in depressions on the soil surface, runoff and other processess. Roughness of soil after tillage or cultivation is affected by soil factors such as soil type, soil aggregation, water content and others. Specific soil properties that determine a soil's physical reaction to tillage should be identified, so that mechanistic relationships between those properties and the resultant roughness can be developed. The objective of this study was to determine relationships between soil surface roughness, measured using an MIF parameter (the product of a microrelief index and peak frequency), and water content, bulk density, soil texture, wet and dry aggregate size distributions, aggregate stability, organic matter content and other soil properties, measured after each of3 cultivations throughout a growing season. During the summer of 1984, soil physical properties at depths of 10.8 and 30.5 cm were measured prior to primary tillage, and at the surface immediately before 3 cultivations of soya beans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. An automated, non-contact profiler measured surface profiles along transects, 5 cm apart, of 1 × 1 m plots after each cultivation. With water content and dry bulk density at the soil surface ranging from 0.06 to 0.21 kg kg−1 and from 1.05 to 1.26 Mg m−3, respectively, roughness, as the common logarithm of MIF, ranged from −0.758 to −0.788. Dry and wet bulk density were found to account for 64 and 52% of the variation in the MIF parameter, respectively. Water content at cultivation, and at −33 kPa, accounted for 21 and 22%, respectively, of the variation in surface roughness.
Propagation of photon-density waves in strongly scattering media containing an absorbing semi-infinite plane bounded by a straight edge

Light propagation in strongly scattering media can be described by the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation. We have derived analytical expressions based on the diffusion approximation that describe the photon density in a uniform, infinite, strongly scattering medium that contains a sinusoidally intensity-modulated point source of light. These expressions predict that the photon density will propagate outward from the light source as a spherical wave of constant phase velocity with an amplitude that attenuates with distance r from the source as exp(-alpha r)/r. The properties of the photon-density wave are given in terms of the spectral properties of the scattering medium. We have used the Green's function obtained from the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation with a sinusoidally modulated point source to derive analytic expressions describing the diffraction and the reflection of photon-density waves from an absorbing and/or reflecting semi-infinite plane bounded by a straight edge immersed in a strongly scattering medium. The analytic expressions given are in agreement with the results of frequency-domain experiments performed in skim-milk media and with Monte Carlo simulations. These studies provide a basis for the understanding of photon diffusion in strongly scattering media in the presence of absorbing and reflecting objects and allow for a determination of the conditions for obtaining maximum resolution and penetration for applications to optical tomography.
CONFERENCE–MAINTAINING GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS DURING THE WAR: REPORT OF THE WAR EFFORTS ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Members of the committee were widely scattered geographically and since several of them have been devoting a substantial part of their time to war work they were unavailable for meetings. Consequently most of the work has been carried on by the Chairman with the very able assistance of the President of the S. E. G., Mr. Goldstone, with whom numerous conferences have been held. I wish to apologize to all members for not having consulted them more frequently and I also wish to relieve them of any responsibility in connection with the activities of the committee. That responsibility is mine.
Stability of Silicide Films Under Post-Annealing: a Dopant Effect

The formation of PtSi films by rapid thermal processing of e-beam evaporated Pt on Si has been studied. The current study found that PtSi films have the potentially useful property of oxidizing, i.e., forming a surface layer of Si0 2 which may be useful for patterning. Rapid oxide formation is found with, possibly, linear growth rates when the film is doped with As to 8E15 atoms/cm 2 at 80 KeV but insignificant oxidation if the film is undoped or B-doped. Rutherford backscattering analysis shows significant redistribution of the As during silicidation and oxidation with As excluded from the silicide, diffusing to the oxide and especially the oxide surface. Post-silicidation anneals have been done in a conventional tube furnace at 650oC for up to 60 minutes and form an oxide thickness of up to 200 nm. NiSi films appear stable if Bdoped, oxidize with Ni piling up at the Si0 2 /Si interface if undoped, and are unstable with Ni diffusing deep into the Si if As-doped.
Detecting low-rate periodic events in Internet traffic using renewal theory

In our previous work [1, 2] we studied detection of anomalies in packet arrival times for computer networks, most detection of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in Internet traffic. In this paper we reformulate the detection method proposed in [1] using renewal theory, providing several useful extensions. This reformulation also leads to a method that would be applicable to numerous real life signals that exist as discrete events, e.g., biological signals. Most importantly renewal theory allows us to characterize the performance of our detector and determine theoretical bounds on the time-to-detection. Compared to alternative methods that use frequency spectra or event arrival rates for detection our method is shown to be superior in terms of time-to-detection. Further, unlike rate based techniques, our method can estimate the multiple periods when multiple periodic anomalies occur simultaneously.
Numerical modeling of multi-component fuel spray evaporation process

Abstract The overarching goal of this study is to implement computationally effective models that can predict the evaporation of multi-component fuel droplets/spray using a multidimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The new approach for modeling heat and mass transfer inside a droplet accounts for finite thermal conductivity, finite mass diffusivity, and turbulence effects within the atomizing liquid droplet/spray for multi-component fuel droplet evaporation. This model was developed and validated against experimental measurements for single droplet vaporization and one-way evaporating sprays previously, and is implemented into CFD code for two-way coupled numerical modeling study in this research. A new coalescence model for droplets with different mixture composition was also implemented into CFD code in this research. Thereby, the evaporation of multi-component diesel fuel surrogate spray in hot gas environment was predicted and compared with available experimental measurements. The model shows good predictive capability and was demonstrated to improve the accuracy of multi-phase flow simulations.