cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic effects of Water on Carbon monoxide and propylene oxidation on platinum and palladium bimetallic catalysts

Abstract Low temperature combustion (LTC) diesel engines are more fuel efficient and have coincident lower temperature exhaust gas and higher CO and hydrocarbon exhaust gas concentrations than today’s standard diesel engine. To meet regulations, diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) will need to be improved and optimized to handle these higher CO and hydrocarbon concentrations emitted and the simultaneous lower exhaust temperatures. Pt-Pd bimetallic catalysts are often used as oxidation catalysts. Here, the mechanistic effects of water on CO and C3H6 oxidation were studied over model monometallic Pt and Pd catalysts, and a bimetallic 1:1 Pt-Pd/ γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Water in the reaction mixture improved CO oxidation light-off for the monometallic Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts and had a negative impact on light-off over the monometallic Pt catalyst. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) showed that more CO adsorbed on the Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts when water was present, particularly at the particle/support interface, while the opposite occurred on the Pt catalyst. For C3H6 oxidation, water in the reaction showed a negative impact on the light-off temperature for the Pd catalyst and a positive effect for the Pt catalyst. The Pt-Pd catalyst showed intermediate light-off behavior between the two monometallic catalysts. In terms of selectivity, slightly more CO and acetic acid were formed over the Pd and Pt-Pd catalysts when water was in the reaction mixture, while less CO was formed over the Pt catalyst, but overall, the selectivity towards certain partial oxidation products was not greatly affected with the addition of water to the reaction mixture.
Classifying Disfluencies in Preschool- and School-Age Spanish–English Bilinguals Who Do Not Stutter: An Exploratory Study

Purpose This exploratory study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of Spanish–English bilingual children who do not stutter. M...
Analysis of Material Convergence, Logistics, and Organizational Typology of Animal Supplies in the 2018 Puna Lava Flow

AbstractThe following paper is a case study on the Puna lava flow of May 2018 to analyze the group efforts and shifts in group tasks chronologically, specifically for the management of supplies for...
The C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein is a disordered membrane phase-preferring protein

Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the amyloidogenic pathway is associated with the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. The cleavage of APP by {beta}-secretase to generate the transmembrane 99-residue C-terminal fragment (C99) and subsequent processing of C99 by {gamma}-secretase to yield amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptides are essential steps in this pathway. Biochemical evidence suggests amyloidogenic processing of C99 occurs in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched liquid ordered phase membrane raft domains. However, direct evidence that C99 preferentially associates with rafts has remained elusive. Here, we test this idea by quantifying the affinity of C99-GFP for raft domains in cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles. We find that C99 is essentially excluded from ordered domains in HeLa cells, SH-SY5Y cells and neurons, instead exhibiting a strong (roughly 90%) affinity for disordered domains. The strong association of C99 with disordered domains occurs independently of its cholesterol binding activity, homodimerization, or the familial Alzheimer disease Arctic mutation. Finally, we confirm previous studies suggesting that C99 is processed in the plasma membrane by -secretase, in addition to the well-known {gamma}-secretase. These findings suggest that C99 itself lacks an intrinsic affinity for raft domains, implying either that amyloidogenic processing of the protein occurs in disordered regions of the membrane, that processing involves a marginal sub-population of C99 found in rafts, or that as-yet-unidentified protein-protein interactions involving C99 in living cells drive it into rafts to promote its cleavage therein.
CRESCIMENTO, EQUIDADE E MERCADOS DE TRABALHO: LIÇÕES NÓRDICAS PARA O BRASIL

O Brasil tem enfrentado serios problemas de empregabilidade e de distribuicao de renda. Adicionalmente sua economia tem crescido a um ritmo anemico por um periodo consideravel de tempo. Este artigo defende uma discussao politica revigorada no Brasil em torno de questoes de reformas do mercado de trabalho e dos programas de beneficios sociais mais estreitamente ligados a demanda e oferta de mao-de-obra. Ele o faz ao trazer para o caso brasileiro a experiencia bem sucedida das economias nordicas em equilibrar politicas para proporcionar flexibilidade trabalhista as empresas enquanto estende a seguranca aos trabalhadores, um sistema frequentemente referido como "flexiguranca". Embora advertindo contra uma abordagem simplista de "copiar e colar", os principios subjacentes da flexiguranca sao usados para avaliar reformas potenciais na legislacao e regulamentacao trabalhista brasileira.
SILVerIn: Systematic Integrity Verification of Printed Circuit Board Using JTAG Infrastructure

A printed circuit board (PCB) provides necessary mechanical support to an electronic system and acts as a platform for connecting electronic components. Counterfeiting and in-field tampering of PCB...
Diversity in Software Development Routines are Attractive: A Preliminary Analysis of GitHub Repositories.

Free, libre, open-source software projects (FLOSS) are known for their chaotic development style and unique collaboration model. How does such chaotic development produce high quality software and attract users and developers? To provide insight into this conundrum, this study explores the roles of diversity and change in design routines. It investigates the relationship between routine diversity and change on project attraction to users and developers. Various sequence-mining techniques such as motif analysis and hidden Markov models (HMM) are applied to examine design routines of 88 FLOSS projects on GitHub.com. Regression analysis reveals that development processes with high routine-diversity and relatively low change-magnitude attract more users and developers.
Avian Influenza Viruses

Avian influenza viruses comprise all recognised antigenic subtypes within the genus Influenza A of the Orthomyxoviridae family. They are found prominently in waterfowl, shorebirds and terrestrial birds and are sporadically transmitted to mammalian species. The consequences of such transmissions range from a subclinical infection to a mild infectious and/or lethal respiratory disease, as witnessed with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses, which occasionally infect humans (resulting in cases of fatality rates >50%). Further, avian influenza viruses may cause pandemics by transmitting directly to humans (e.g. possibly the 1918 pandemic) or by reassorting with human and/or other (e.g. swine) influenza viruses (1957, 1968 and 2009 pandemics). Avian influenza viruses thus play a critical role in the ecology of influenza A viruses, and in the generation of novel variants that may cause severe infections or pandemic outbreaks in humans. Key Concepts: Influenza A viruses of all known haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes are found in aquatic birds. Avian influenza viruses can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), based on their pathogenicity in chickens. All mammalian influenza A viruses originate from avian influenza viruses. Avian influenza viruses play a critical role in the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through direct transmission to humans or reassortment with human and/or swine influenza viruses. Host species-specific amino acids exist that distinguish avian and mammalian influenza viruses. Host species-specific amino acids may affect critical functions in the viral life cycle such as receptor recognition and replicative ability; adaptive changes at such key amino acid positions may be critical for avian influenza viruses to cause pandemics in humans. Keywords: influenza A viruses; HPAI, LPAI; subtype; avian diseases; negative-strand viruses; haemagglutinin protein; neuraminidase protein, reassortment, pandemic
Erythropoietin Receptor as a Paradigm for Cytokine Signaling

Publisher Summary Signaling of erythropoietin (EPO) through the EPOR promotes the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells and is thus crucial to normal red blood cell development. The EPOR is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, which includes receptors for other long-chain cytokines, such as growth hormone (GH), thrombopoietin (TPO), and granulocyte cell signaling factor (GCSF), as well as short-chain cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) 2, 3, and 4. Erythropoietin, similar to GH, binds to its receptor in a stoichiometry of 1:2. As EPO itself is not a symmetric molecule, two different binding interfaces exist on the cytokine surface which are each capable of interacting with the EPOR. Members of the cytokine receptor superfamily undergo major conformational reorganizations in order to respond to ligand binding and elicit appropriate signal activation. In each member of the family, strict regulation is important for specific response to the signaling molecule, and aberrant signaling can have considerable medical consequences. Studies on EPOR have led to a greater appreciation of the subtleties of receptor activation. The variety of ligands capable of binding to a single interface of the receptor is a consequence of slight variations of loops and side chains on the receptor surface. Each of these bound ligands is capable of eliciting a different signal response by propagating slight changes in the orientations of the cytoplasmic domains of the receptors through the membrane.
Growth and characterization of Y 2 O 3 :Eu on Si and yttria-stabilized zirconia

Y2O3 films doped with Eu are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Si(100) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (100). The mismatch is only 2.6% between the lattice constant of YSZ and half the lattice constant of Y2O3. The samples are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and photoluminescence. The films deposited on Si are polycrystalline. When films are deposited on YSZ, the Y2O3(100) direction is aligned with YSZ(100). The luminescence and the narrow x-ray diffraction lines indicate that a Y2O3:Eu film with high crystallinity is obtained without annealing.
Tax Policy’s Role in Promoting Sustainability

While the main objective of a tax system is to raise revenue, when a governmental entity chooses to accomplish an economic or social objective or to encourage a certain behavior or activity, it often uses tax law to accomplish that purpose. Tax law has traditionally and increasingly been used to manipulate the economy. In many ways that is a good thing because in our current green economy, tax law is being used to encourage sustainability and to address other environmental concerns at all governmental levels. Unfortunately, tax professionals may not be optimizing the application of these laws for the benefit of their clients. This chapter provides a brief summary of current and proposed tax incentives that are available to most businesses and individuals. It also describes how public accounting firms are tooling their service options to address the evolving public expectation that businesses will be environmentally responsible world citizens.
A systemic view of biodiversity and its conservation: Processes, interrelationships, and human culture

Historically, views and measurements of biodiversity have had a narrow focus, for instance, characterizing the attributes of observable patterns but affording less attention to processes. Here, we explore the question: how does a systems thinking view - one where the world is seen as elements and processes that connect and interact in dynamic ways to form a whole - affect the way we understand biodiversity and practice conservation? We answer this question by illustrating the systemic properties of biodiversity at multiple levels, and show that biodiversity is a collection of dynamic systems linking seemingly disparate biological and cultural components and requiring an understanding of the system as a whole. We conclude that systems thinking calls traditional views of species, ecosystem function, and human relationships with the rest of biodiversity into question. Finally, we suggest some of the ways in which this view can impact the science and practice of conservation, particularly through affecting our conservation targets and strategies.
Imaging modalities in children with vascular ring and pulmonary artery sling.

Summary Purpose Our aim is to compare new non-invasive imaging modalities in the evaluation of vascular ring (VR) and pulmonary artery sling (PAS) and to understand the role of bronchoscopy in comparison with them in assessing tracheobronchial tree. Methods We have retrospectively analyzed the data from 41 patients with a VR or a PAS diagnosed at Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital of Rome, between 2008 and 2012. Age, gender, presenting symptoms, clinical history, comorbidities, imaging modalities used for diagnosis (cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR], computed tomography [CT], tracheobronchoscopy [TB]) and surgical treatment were recorded. Results The vascular anatomy was completely defined in all patients, whether evaluated by CMR or CT, with a diagnostic accuracy of 100% based on surgical observation. All CT exams were performed without sedation with a mean dose-length product (DLP32) of 29 ± 9 and an effective dose of 1.56 ± 0.6 mSv, range 0.5–2.5 mSv. CMR required general anesthesia in all patients but involved no exposure to ionizing radiation. CT performed better than CMR in assessing tracheal stenosis when compared to TB. It detected complete tracheal cartilage rings in 2/3 patients with PAS, besides tracheomalacia and/or bronchomalacia in 54% of patients. Conclusions Both cross-sectional imaging modalities (CT and CMR) can reliably and accurately diagnose these congenital vascular anomalies. While CT involves exposure to ionizing radiation, it avoids the risks related to anesthesia needed for CMR, and provides a more accurate assessment of tracheobronchial anatomy. TB remains a fundamental tool in tracheomalacia diagnosis in VR symptomatic patients and PAS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:781–788. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of 3/t'-azido-3/t'-deoxythymidine on erythroid inducible gene expression in human K-562 leukemia cells

We previously demonstrated that 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) down regulates hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis and globin gene expression. That inhibition may therefore result either from a direct effect on globin gene transcription or an indirect effect through inhibition of K-562 cell induction, thereby leading to inhibition of other inducible genes of heme biosynthesis. The present results demonstrate that inhibition of globin gene expression by AZT is a direct gene effect rather than a general inhibition of K-562 cell induction as demonstrated by the absence of AZT effects on expression of three other erythroid inducible genes [erythroid-specific aminolevulate synthase (ALAS-E), aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD), and erythroid-specific porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD-E)].
Severity of bulimia: relationship with depression and other psychopathology

There were 53 women (35 bulimics and 18 normal controls) who were compared on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory, the Symptom Checklist-90R, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The bulimics were separated into two groups, high (N = 18) and low (N = 17) frequency purgers, based upon a median split self-monitored purging data. Bulimics who purged less than 3 times per week (M = 1.71) were classified as low frequency purgers, and those who purged more than 3 times per week (M = 9.94) were classified as high frequency purgers. Comparisons of the three groups showed that both groups of bulimics differed from normals on measures of depression, but on other measres, i. e., anxiety interpersonal sensitivity and sociopathic trait, only the high frequency purgers differed from normals. Correlational analyses indicated that these same variables, and especially depression, were positively correlated with purging, suggesting that severity of bulimia may be associated with additional psychopathology. These findings were discussed in terms of the existing literature concerning the psychopathology of bulimia.
The Germanic Verschärfung and Prosodic Change

SUMMARYThis investigation of Germanic Verscharfung distinguishes between two types of phonological change. Sound change affects only the phonetic features of a segment whereas prosodic change consists of a change in the rhythmic structure of a language. The fixing of initial stress in Germanic is a prosodic change which conditions the gemination of intervocalic glides following short, previously unstressed vowels. However, the gemination of glides is irregular since prosodic change is phonetically abrupt but lexically gradual and may therefore lead to irregular changes on the segmental level. In contrast, the second stage of Germanic Verscharfung, the fortition of geminate glides to geminate obstruents in East and North Germanic, is an exceptionless sound change in which [-consonantal] becomes [+consonantal].RESUMECette enquete de la Verscharfung germanique distingue entre deux types de changement phonologique. Tandis que le changement phonetique n'affecte que les caracteristiques phonetiques d'un segment, le changement prosodique transforme la structure rythmique d'une langue. L'introduction de l'accent initial dans la langue germanique est un changement prosodique qui entraine la gemination des sons transitoires intervocaliques apres une voyelle courte prealablement non-accentuee. Cependant, la gemination des sons transitoires est irreguliere, etant donne que le changement prosodique est phonetiquement abrupte, mais lexicalement graduel. Pour cette raison, le changement prosodique peut entrainer un changement irregulier au niveau du segment. Par contre, la deuxieme phase de la Verscharfung germanique, la transformation des sons transitoires gemines en occlusives geminees dans la langue germanique orientale et septentrionale, constitue un changement phonetique sans exception dans lequel [-consonne] devient [+consonne].ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn dieser Untersuchung der germanischen Verscharfung werden zwei Arten von phonologischem Wandel unterschieden. Lautwandel betrifft nur die phonetischen Merkmale eines Segments, wahrend prosodischer Wandel die rhythmische Struktur einer Sprache verandert. Die Einfuhrung des Initialakzents im Germanischen ist ein prosodischer Wandel, der die Verdop-pelung zwischenvokalischer Gleitlaute herbeifuhrt, wenn der vorangehende Vokal kurz und vorher unbetont war. Die Verdoppelung von Gleitlauten ist jedoch unregelmasig, denn prosodischer Wandel ist phonetisch abrupt aber lexikalisch graduell. Deswegen kann prosodischer Wandel zu unregel-maBigem Wandel auf der segmentalen Ebene fuhren. Andererseits ist die zweite Phase der Verscharfung, die Verstarkung von verdoppelten Gleitlauten zu verdoppelten Obstruenten im Ost- und Nordgermanischen, ein ausnahms-loser Lautwandel, in dem [-konsonantisch] zu [+konsonantisch] wird.
The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: the declarative/procedural model

Theoretical and empirical aspects of the neural bases of the mental lexicon and the mental grammar in first and second language (L1 and L2) are discussed. It is argued that in L1, the learning, representation, and processing of lexicon and grammar depend on two well-studied brain memory systems. According to the declarative/procedural model, lexical memory depends upon declarative memory, which is rooted in temporal lobe structures, and has been implicated in the learning and use of fact and event knowledge. Aspects of grammar are subserved by procedural memory, which is rooted in left frontal/basal-ganglia structures, and has been implicated in the acquisition and expression of motor and cognitive skills and habits. This view is supported by psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic evidence. In contrast, linguistic forms whose grammatical computation depends upon procedural memory in L1 are posited to be largely dependent upon declarative/lexical memory in L2. They may be either memorized or constructed by explicit rules learned in declarative memory. Thus in L2, such linguistic forms should be less dependent on procedural memory, and more dependent on declarative memory, than in L1. Moreover, this shift to declarative memory is expected to increase with increasing age of exposure to L2, and with less experience (practice) with the language, which is predicted to improve the learning of grammatical rules by procedural memory. A retrospective examination of lesion, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies investigating the neural bases of L2 is presented. It is argued that the data from these studies support the predictions of the declarative/procedural model.
Perceptions of Social Support in Doctoral Programs among Minority Students

This study examined the perceptions of social support reported by 70 African-American, 44 Hispanic, 20 Native-American, and 69 Asian-American doctoral students (N = 203) concerning their experiences in graduate school. The Doctoral Student Survey was used to measure the levels and types of social support provided. One-way analysis of variance of mean scores indicated that a majority of doctoral students perceived the academic environment on campus and faculty advisers to be strong sources of social support, while perceiving the social environment on campus as unsupportive of their progress. The African-American and Native-American doctoral students perceived the social environment on campus to be less supportive than did the Hispanic and Asian-American doctoral students, and Native-American doctoral students perceived their departments to be less supportive than did the African-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American doctoral students.
Management of adverse events during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection

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Perceived Utility of the RE-AIM Framework for Health Promotion/Disease Prevention Initiatives for Older Adults: A Case Study from the U.S. Evidence-Based Disease Prevention Initiative

Dissemination and implementation (D&I) frameworks are increasingly being promoted in public health research. However, less is known about their uptake in the field, especially for diverse sets of programs. Limited questionnaires exist to assess the ways that frameworks can be utilized in program planning and evaluation. We present a case study from the United States that describes the implementation of the RE-AIM framework by state aging services providers and public health partners and a questionnaire that can be used to assess the utility of such frameworks in practice. An online questionnaire was developed to capture community perspectives about the utility of the RE-AIM framework. Distributed to project leads in 27 funded states in an evidence-based disease prevention initiative for older adults, 40 key stakeholders responded representing a 100% state-participation rate among the 27 funded states. Findings suggest that there is perceived utility in using the RE-AIM framework when evaluating grand-scale initiatives for older adults. The RE-AIM framework was seen as useful for planning, implementation, and evaluation with relevance for evaluators, providers, community leaders, and policy makers. Yet, the uptake was not universal, and some respondents reported difficulties in use, especially adopting the framework as a whole. This questionnaire can serve as the basis to assess ways the RE-AIM framework can be utilized by practitioners in state-wide D&I efforts. Maximal benefit can be derived from examining the assessment of RE-AIM-related knowledge and confidence as part of a continual quality assurance process. We recommend such an assessment be performed before the implementation of new funding initiatives and throughout their course to assess RE-AIM uptake and to identify areas for technical assistance.
A Thermal Elastica Theory of Piston-Ring and Cylinder-Bore Contact

The contact between piston-ring and cylinder-bore is generally nonuniform, due to mechanical and thermal distortion of the bore and manufacturing imperfection in the shape of the free ring. This nonuniform contact problem is treated in the present work that features arbitrarily specified bore shape and free ring shape, and also includes the thermal deformation of the ring and the effect of gas pressure. The problem is solved with the elastica theory, incorporating thermal elasticity, and a complementarity formulation
Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory

PERHAPS THE MOST BANAL THING that could be said about history, in general, is that "it happened," or something happened. But of course, history is not only the past or pasts that "happened" or continue to happen, it is also what is written or produced about those pasts both then and now. And so whenever we think about history, we are thinking in terms of commemoration, or, in Mark Strand's words, the "gift" sent into the world so that the future might mourn. This "present" (the gift of/from the now) to the coming generations encapsulates a historical consciousness that attempts to transmit memory and identity as corporate, corporeal entities.2 That the future might mourn is the projection of nostalgia; it is also the supposition of historical thinking, which charges itself with the preservation of what would otherwise be lost both mentally and materially. Practitioners of history have tended to distinguish history and memory by their distinct functions and modes of operation. But what has prompted one of the most significant, ongoing debates about the nature and practice of history in the twentieth century is a proposition that came from outside the historical profession, and that has stimulated the creation of divisions between types of memory: the suggestion that another venue of memory and identity transmission has operated simultaneously and competitively with history, namely "collective memory."13
Christa Wolf im Schnittpunkt von Kritik und Gegenkritik; Gedanken zu dem Literaturstreit in der Deutschen Presse

Der Literaturstreit um Christa Wolf stellt die erste Phase einer Auseinandersetzung uber die Literatur der ehemaligen DDR dar, die Jahre dauern kann und letzten Endes zu einer neuen Fassung der zeitgenossischen Literaturgeschichte fuhren wird. Der folgende Artikel umreist die Rezeption der Autorin in der Bundesrepublik vor und nach der Revolution in der DDR und versucht, den Perspektivenwechsel zu erklaren, der sich daraus ergab, das Christa Wolf sowohl als Kritikerin wie als Reprasentantin der DDR auftrat. Sodann folgt ein Uberblick uber die Argumentation der initialen Angreifer der Autorin (Greiner, Schirrmacher, Serke) und ihrer Verteidiger (Gunter Grass, Walter Jens), der zu einer kritischen Beurteilung aller Diskussionsteilnehmer fuhrt. Die Interpretation der bisher letzten Erzahlung Christa Wolfs (Was bleibt, 1990), die die Debatte veranlaste, erweist die Fehlurteile der oben angefuhrten Kritiker, und eine Schlusbetrachtung erwagt die Vor-aussetzungen eines echten deutsch-deutschen Dialogs, der uber gegenseitige Beschuldigungen hinausgeht.
High‐Dimensional Variable Selection in Meta‐Analysis for Censored Data

This article considers the problem of selecting predictors of time to an event from a high-dimensional set of candidate predictors using data from multiple studies. As an alternative to the current multistage testing approaches, we propose to model the study-to-study heterogeneity explicitly using a hierarchical model to borrow strength. Our method incorporates censored data through an accelerated failure time model. Using a carefully formulated prior specification, we develop a fast approach to predictor selection and shrinkage estimation for high-dimensional predictors. For model fitting, we develop a Monte Carlo expectation maximization (MC-EM) algorithm to accommodate censored data. The proposed approach, which is related to the relevance vector machine (RVM), relies on maximum a posteriori estimation to rapidly obtain a sparse estimate. As for the typical RVM, there is an intrinsic thresholding property in which unimportant predictors tend to have their coefficients shrunk to zero. We compare our method with some commonly used procedures through simulation studies. We also illustrate the method using the gene expression barcode data from three breast cancer studies.
A new species of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae)from Utah

Asclepias welshii, restricted to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes of southern Utah, is described and illustrated. Its relationship to other species of seriesRoseae is discussed.
Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives

In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture). Keywords: Resilience; stress; trauma; post-traumatic stress disorder Responsible Editors: Ananda Amstadter, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, VA, USA; Nicole Nugent, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI, USA. This paper is part of the Special Issue: Resilience and Trauma . More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.eurojnlofpsychotraumatol.net (Published: 1 October 2014) Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2014, 5 : 25338 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Response of preloaded thin composite panels subjected to underwater explosive loading

The effect of preloading on thin composite plates subjected to underwater explosive loading has been studied through computational simulations. In this study the effects of three types of in plane preloading are considered: (1) directly applied compression, (2) indirectly applied compression, and (3) directly applied tension. The effects of the preloading conditions are assessed using the plate center point deflection, material damage, and delamination evolution. The results show that for thin composite plates subjected to underwater shock loading conditions there is a minimal effect of preload on the response of the plates or the amount of damage and delamination sustained.
Imaging of hepatic transplantation

Hepatic transplantation has become the treatment of choice for advanced, irreversible liver disease. Its main indications are parenchymal liver disease, primary cholestatic liver disease, congenital errors of metabolism, and hepatic tumors. More than 80% of hepatic transplantations are performed in patients with cirrhosis or primary cholestatic liver disease, and only 5% are performed for malignant hepatic neoplasms.1, 3, 61 Imaging is critical for the success of liver transplantation. Preoperatively, imaging of the recipient is performed to identify factors that may preclude transplantation or alter the standard surgical procedure. Attention should be paid to the liver volume, arterial inflow, portal venous system, shunts and varices, and the presence of hepatic and extrahepatic malignancy. Following a technically successful transplantation, imaging is performed to detect early complications that can be managed surgically or interventionally. If left untreated, these complications might affect graft or patient survival. Such potential complications include vascular thrombosis and stenosis, graft rejection, and biliary complications. PREOPERATIVE IMAGING The goal of preoperative imaging in hepatic transplantation is appropriate patient selection. The objectives are to provide the surgeon with important information needed to plan and perform the transplantation and to exclude patients for whom surgery is either not feasible or not beneficial. Preoperative imaging requires evaluation of the liver parenchyma and vasculatures. Parenchyma evaluation includes calculating liver volume and identifying the presence of hepatic tumors and extrahepatic malignancy. Ascites, varices, and splenomeg
An analog of the Boltzmann H-theorem (a Liapunov function) for systems of coupled chemical reactions.

Abstract A proof is given that the function Σc (k)ln c (k)/ c (k), where c (k) is the volume concentration of the kth species and c (k) its value at the stationary state, is always negative (and zero at the stationary state) for homogeneous chemical reaction systems, regardless of whether or not detailed balance holds at the stationary state. The proof depends on the assumption that all reactions may be decomposed into elementary, single-step reactions which obey “mass action” rate equations. The function is the time derivative of a (positive definite) Liapunov function, Σ{ c (k)lnc (k)/ c (k)−c (k)+ c (k)}, which establishes that such systems will always approach their respective stationary states, and that these stationary states are stable. It follows that such systems can never exhibit limit cycle behavior. The results apply to systems open to matter and energy fluxes, as well as to closed systems, so long as the concentrations (or intensities) of the material (or energetic) species to which the system is permeable do not change with time. For systems in which the stationary states are true equilibria, the Liapunov function reduces approximately to (1/RT times) the excess free energy per unit volume.
Social and Professional Support Needs of Families After Perinatal Loss

Perinatal loss has been associated with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, marital conflict, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Nurses may provide professional support through teaching, role modeling, encouragement, counseling, problem solving, and other interventions. Nurses also may encourage more effective social support by helping significant others to provide willing, well-intentioned action that will produce a positive response in the bereaved couple. Interventions to increase professional and social support after perinatal loss are described.
Generation of moiré by nonlinear transfer characteristics

The intermodulation of signal frequencies, or moire, is an effect generally encountered in situations in which periodic or quasi-periodic structures are superimposed. Most familiar are the striking low-frequency patterns achieved by the multiplicative superposition of two structures. In other situations, the intermodulation of signal frequencies may be caused by nonlinear distortions of an input signal. This can be a desired feature in measuring applications or a noise source in transmission or display. Effects of nonlinear transfer characteristics on input signals consisting of more than one frequency are shown. The dependence of resulting moire frequencies on the nonlinearity is evaluated, and common nonlinearities are compared by simulating a moire topography experiment.
Vertical MTF measurements

A method for measuring imaging system MTF is presented that is compatible with modeling predictions as implemented in the Army's FLIR90/92 static performance model. The method uses commonly available commercial test equipment and personal computers and is effective for measuring scanning and staring array imaging systems in any imaging orientation. Testing accuracy is addressed, and simulation results are presented. Actual test data is also shown and compared with model predictions showing good agreement.
Emotions and Cognitions: A Critique of the Dichotomous View of Mental Function

Many approaches to the psyche, models of therapy, and neuroscience tend to view emotional and cognitive brain functions as separate entities. Such a focus on one of these two aspects of mental function, at times comes at the expense of ignoring the other. In this paper emotions and cognitions, along with perceptions and other elements of the internal and external contexts, are viewed as relevant vectors in a matrix of information. Through the processes of pattern completion and noise reduction, information in each of these vectors may evoke memories in the same or other vectors that are used in the formation of a subjective understanding of each experience. The important roles of the external (physical, temporal, relevant events, etc.) and internal (emotional, affective, hormonal, medications, etc.) contexts in the formation of such subjective experiences will be discussed. The use of this view in broader and more comprehensive psychotherapeutic approaches and combined pharmacological and psychological treatment is explored.
A lithospheric instability origin for Columbia River flood basalts and Wallowa Mountains uplift in northeast Oregon

Flood basalts appear to form during the initiation of hotspot magmatism. The Columbia River basalts (CRB) represent the largest volume of flood basalts associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, yet their source appears to be in the vicinity of the Wallowa Mountains1, about 500 km north of the projected hotspot track. These mountains are composed of a large granitic pluton intruded into a region of oceanic lithosphere affinity2. The elevation of the interface between Columbia River basalts and other geological formations indicates that mild pre-eruptive subsidence took place in the Wallowa Mountains, followed by syn-eruptive uplift of several hundred metres and a long-term uplift of about 2 km. The mapped surface uplift mimics regional topography, with the Wallowa Mountains in the centre of a ‘bull's eye’ pattern of valleys and low-elevation mountains. Here we present the seismic velocity structure of the mantle underlying this region and erosion-corrected elevation maps of lava flows, and show that an area of reduced mantle melt content coincides with the 200-km-wide topographic uplift. We conclude that convective downwelling and detachment of a compositionally dense plutonic root can explain the timing and magnitude of Columbia River basalt magmatism, as well as the surface uplift and existence of the observed melt-depleted mantle.
Büttiker-Landauer conductance formulas in the presence of inelastic scattering.

We derive analytic expressions for the two- and four-probe B\"uttiker-Landauer conductances in one-dimensional quantum-wire structures. The wire contains both elastic barriers and distributed inelastic scatterers and is connected between two contacts or electron reservoirs. It is shown that the transport of electrons in such structures may be described by two local-group-velocity distributions. The concept of group velocities has been exploited to decompose the current density into two oppositely flowing electronic current components. The two current streams are governed by continuity equations in which the local group velocities determine the inelastic-scattering probabilities in the forward and the backward directions. The inelastic-scattering events essentially provide a mechanism through which electrons are exchanged between the two current streams. Solution of the continuity equations for phase-breaking processes yields the two- and four-probe conductances that are expressed as analytic functions of the group velocities and phase-randomizing scattering time.
Effect of water incorporation on the diffusion of sodium in Type I silica glass

The diffusion of sodium ions in Type I silica glass was studied experimentally by using Na-22 as a radioactive tracer at temperatures between 400°C and 700°C. It was found that the sodium tracer diffusion coefficient in as-received glass was well described by an Arrhenius equation. All residual radioactivity profiles observed after pre-annealing glass samples in common and wet air at temperatures between 900°C and 1100°C and performing diffusion anneals at 650°C cannot be described by a single diffusion coefficient. A strong residual radioactivity decrease occurred near the surface, which was followed by a much smaller decrease in the bulk below. This type of profile was attributed to the generation of a near-surface region with a reduced sodium mobility during the pre-annealing. A mathematical model for the analysis of the observed profiles was developed and used to determine sodium tracer diffusion coefficients in the near-surface region and in the bulk. It was found that the sodium tracer diffusion coefficient in the near-surface region was by about two orders of magnitude smaller than that in the bulk. This immobilization of Na is believed to be due to a water-induced structural relaxation in the near-surface region during pre-annealing.
ANALYSIS OF A RAIN COMPENSATION ALGORITHM FOR K/Ka‐BAND COMMUNICATIONS

A rain compensation algorithm (RCA) has been developed for use in the ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) system. The basic goal of the RCA is to control the transmitted data rates (9.6, 4.8, or 2.4 kbps) in the forward and return links so that a 3 db link margin is maintained at the highest possible transmitted data rate.
The effect of comprehensive state tobacco control programs on adult cigarette smoking

Abstract This study is the second to use national survey data to assess the effect of comprehensive state tobacco control programs on adult cigarette smoking. Data are drawn from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1991–2006) and reveal consistent evidence that these programs have a statistically significant effect to reduce prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults. Simulations indicate that had all states spent the CDC recommended level of funding from 1991 to 2006 then cigarette smoking prevalence would have been 1.40–8.07% lower in 2006, translating to between 635,000 and 3.7 million fewer adult cigarette smokers.
A simplified technique for short-term postcardiotomy pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

In the current era, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is one of the appropriate tools for cardiopulmonary mechanical support after reparative surgery for congenital heart disease. Mechanical support is specially indicated for lesions and procedures in which transient postoperative myocardial dysfunction is expected and there is a reasonable chance of recovery. The usual postcardiotomy ECMO technique involves the replacement of the conventional extracorporeal circuit with a special closed ECMO circuit and oxygenator. We describe a modification of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit to create a closed ECMO circuit for short-term support, by using the standard parts of a conventional CPB circuit.
Linking information and energy-activity-based energy-aware information processing

We present an activity-based framework that links information and energy. The activity-based framework uses a quantization-based approach for modeling information processing and defines weighted activity to model the energy consumption of information processing. We provide a formal description of this framework and use simulation to show how it enables one to study the interaction between information and energy in energy-aware information processing. An existing discrete event system specification (DEVS)-based simulation environment, DEVS-FIRE, is employed to model wireless sensor nodes for detecting and monitoring wildfires. Simulation experimental results confirm the utility of the activity-based framework to support the analysis and design of energy-aware information processing systems.
1 Enterprise-wide Requirements & Decision Management

Decision-making is one of the most fundamental processes contributing to a corporation's success, yet in many companies, decisions are often characterized as ad-hoc events without a clear linkage to supporting information, tradeoff studies, or clearly stated rationale. Furthermore, the "information" used to support these decisions is often in the form of complex, unstructured documents which lack clear linkages between their content. As a result, future decision- makers are often not able to benefit from the collective experiences of their predecessors. Consequently, there are no cycles of learning and the same mistakes are often repeated each time that a similar decision is made. It is clear that the most successful companies in the future will be those who can effectively manage and leverage the "intellectual capital" generated by the decision making process (the thinking engine of systems engineering) and the linkage of that process to essential supporting information. This paper describes an approach to address the deficiencies in the prevailing methods for requirements and decision management by proposing an enterprise-wi de approach which provides for a true "learning organization" capability in the form of reusable decisions frameworks.
Electromagnetically-Induced Vibration in Particulate-Functionalized Materials

In many small-scale devices, the materials employed are functionalized (doped) withmicroscale and/or nanoscale particles, in order to deliver desired overall dielectric prop-erties. In this work, we develop a reduced-order lumped-mass model to characterize thedynamic response of a material possessing a microstructure that is comprised of anelectromagnetically-neutral binder with embedded electromagnetically-sensitive(charged) particles. In certain industrial applications, such materials may encounterexternal electrical loading that can be highly oscillatory. Therefore, it is possible for theforcing frequencies to activate the inherent resonant frequencies of these micro- andnanostructures. In order to extract qualitative information, this paper ﬁrst analyticallyinvestigates the mechanical and electromagnetic (cyclotronic) contributions to thedynamic response for a single particle, and then quantitatively investigates the responseof a model problem consisting of a coupled multiparticle periodic array, via numericalsimulation, using an implicit temporally-adaptive trapezoidal time-stepping scheme. Forthe model problem, numerical studies are conducted to observe the cyclotronically-dominated resonant frequency and associated beat phenomena, which arises due to thepresence of mechanical and electromagnetic harmonics in the material system.[DOI: 10.1115/1.4023251]Keywords: particulate composites, electromagnetics, vibration