cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The repopulating potential and differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells from the blood and bone marrow of normal mice.

Using the hematopoietic colony technique, we have investigated the repopulating potential of bone marrow cells and leukocytes of blood from normal mice and have demonstrated that the frequency of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow is 50 to 150 times that of stem cells in the circulating blood. The differentiation capacity of these stem cells has also been examined. Results of comparative studies of the serial sections of hematopoietic colonies formed from marrow and blood leukocytes indicate that the differentiation capacity of stem cells from marrow and blood is similar, and that at least 80% of these cells differentiate along a single cell line. Thus, peripheral blood stem cells can effect a complete hematopoietic graft, establishing in the host, donor red cells, granulocytes, and platelets. The possibility that blood leukocytes may serve as a potential source of stem cells for hematopoietic transplants has been considered. Although blood contains stem cells, their frequency is so low as to make it unlikely that they would become a useful source of precursor cells for transplantation purposes.
Lasers in remote sensing for terrestrial and hydrographic applications

The application of lasers in remote sensing conventionally involves a monostatic approach, with the laser and sensor nearly exactly coaligned. This arises from the practical consideration where the remote sensing platform holds both the laser and sensor in close proximity. A major problem in such a system is the calibration for retroreflection, which may amount to up to a factor of 10 above that for a diffuse ground calibration target. The amount of retroreflection peaking depends not only upon the calibration target, but also on the target to be sensed, as well as the polarization properties of the illuminating laser. The optical properties of various natural and man made calibration target materials will be discussed in the wavelength range from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. An attempt will be made to guide the user in the design of polarizing remote sensing systems to enhance contrast.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gene Regulation: Implications of Histone Dispersal Patterns for Epigenetics

Histones are widely believed to carry regulatory information across cell generations. A recent study suggests limits to this model by measuring dispersal of ancestral histones in yeast.
The Dilemma of Teacher Education in TESOL

This article discusses a dilemma in teacher education. On the one hand, there is evidence that changes in teachers' behavior can be brought about through the use of relatively simple training procedures (e.g., minicourses, microteaching). These procedures typically focus on directly observable, low-inference categories, such as wait-time and question patterns. On the other hand, studies of effective instruction have shown that good teaching cannot be identified solely with these low-inference, discrete, and trainable behaviors. Rather, good teaching is a more complex and abstract phenomenon that has to do more with inferred qualities and abilities, such as classroom management, lesson structuring, and an “active teaching” style. It is not possible to train teachers directly in these high-inference categories. A solution to this dilemma is discussed by considering approaches to teacher education which attempt to bring about the gradual development and understanding of the process of effective teaching.
Multimedia courseware sparks interest in the industry

The PowerLearn approach to power engineering education is under development by a core group of faculty and students at Iowa State University (ISU) and Virginia Tech (VT), under funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Four basic features characterize the approach. Courseware modularity provides that the material is organized by topic rather than by course. A Web site provides module storage and dissemination. Interactive visualization and simulation tools are heavily used in module construction. In addition, this project is integrated with efforts at both schools to develop new introductory undergraduate courses in electric power engineering. These courses serve well to illustrate the modular approach to course design.
Blood substitutes and redox responses in the microcirculation.

Transfusion of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes, designed for their plasma expansion and oxygen transport capabilities, has resulted in some major problems, such as organ dysfunction, during clinical trials. Experimental evidence demonstrates that these hemoglobins damage tissue by producing highly reactive oxygen species. Although cell-free hemoglobin may present a low risk to people with normal redox status, patients who are sick and have a poor antioxidant status may be at risk. Oxidative damage is particularly dangerous in the microcirculation because excess leakage of plasma components into the interstitium will disturb the fluid balance between blood and tissue and alter the kinetics of delivery of intravascularly injected drugs, and endogenous enzymes and hormones, to various tissues. In this review, the redox chemistry of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes is briefly described, and their effects on cultured endothelial cells, and on the exchange properties of the microvasculature, are discussed....
Image-based Flow Cytometry Technique to Evaluate Changes in Granulocyte Function In Vitro

Granulocytes play a key role in the body’s innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections. While methods exist to measure granulocyte function, in general these are limited in terms of the information they can provide. For example, most existing assays merely provide a percentage of how many granulocytes are activated following a single, fixed length incubation. Complicating matters, most assays focus on only one aspect of function due to limitations in detection technology. This report demonstrates a technique for simultaneous measurement of granulocyte phagocytosis of bacteria and oxidative burst. By measuring both of these functions at the same time, three unique phenotypes of activated granulocytes were identified: 1) Low Activation (minimal phagocytosis, no oxidative burst), 2) Moderate Activation (moderate phagocytosis, some oxidative burst, but no co-localization of the two functional events), and 3) High Activation (high phagocytosis, high oxidative burst, co-localization of phagocytosis and oxidative burst). A fourth population that consisted of inactivated granulocytes was also identified. Using assay incubations of 10, 20, and 40-min the effect of assay incubation duration on the redistribution of activated granulocyte phenotypes was assessed. A fourth incubation was completed on ice as a control. By using serial time incubations, the assay may be able to able to detect how a treatment spatially affects granulocyte function. All samples were measured using an image-based flow cytometer equipped with a quantitative imaging (QI) option, autosampler, and multiple lasers (488, 642, and 785 nm).
Effects of long-term vitamin D deficiency and response to vitamin D repletion in the mature and aging male and female rat.

This study investigated the sex- and age-related alterations in calcium homeostasis in 39- to 82-week-old rats raised from weaning on a vitamin D deficient (−D) diet. It was found that vitamin D deprivation decreased the life span of male, but not female, rats. Female −D animals exhibited a study increase in serum calcium with age of 39 to 82 weeks, although circulating calcium of −D animals never reached normocalcemic levels. There was no attenuation of the secondary hyperparathyroidism. Serum calcium of −D males was significantly lower than that of age-matched females at all ages when sufficient males were alive to make the comparison. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were decreased in −D females when serum clacium was elevated to hypercalcemic levels by calcium injection. Similarly, administration of vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 elevated serum calcium and depressed parathyroid hormone in 14- and 22-month-old −D females. These animals also exhibited increased intestinal calcium binding protein content. Administration of vitamin D3 or dihydroxyvitamin D3 repaired renal adenylate cyclase refractoriness to parathyroid hormone. The sex- and diet-related alterations in serum phosphorus that were found at earlier ages disappeared by 67 weeks of age. Serum calcitonin was elevated in mature and aging +D males and females and −D females relative to younger animals. In −D males, calcitonin levels were less markedly elevated. The results of this study indicate that there are several important sex differences related to the regulation of calcium homeostasis in mature and aging rats. In addition, it was found that mature (14 month) and old (22 month) chronically −D female rats were able to respond to repletion with dihydroxyvitamin D3 or vitamin D within 10 days.
Relativistic exchange energies for heavy atoms

We present the results of self-consistent calculations for the exchange and total energies for several heavy atoms based on the local relativistic density functional theory. Our calculations clearly demonstrate the importance of transverse photon-electron interaction to the exchange processes. The calculated total energies for all the atoms agree extremely well with that of the nonlocal Dirac-Fock calculations. It is found that the exchange energy is proportional to Z1.6. The commonly used nonrelativistic Slater Xα exchange potential in the Dirac equation overestimates the exchange contribution to the total energy.
Admittance Detector for High Impedance Systems: Design and Applications

We describe an admittance detector for high impedance systems (small capillary bore and/or low solution specific conductance). Operation in the low frequency range (≤1 kHz, much lower than most relevant publications) provides optimum response to conductance changes in capillaries ≤20 μm in bore. The detector design was based on studies described in a preceding companion paper (Zhang, M.; Stamos, B. N.; Amornthammarong, N.; Dasgupta, P. K. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, DOI 10.1021/ac503245a.). The highest S/N for detecting 100 μM KCl (5.5 μM peak concentration, ∼0.8 μS/cm) injected into water flowing through a capillary of 7.5 μm inner radius (r) was observed at 500–750 Hz. A low bias current operational amplifier in the transimpedance configuration permitted high gain (1 V/nA) to measure pA–nA level currents in the detection cell. Aside from an oscillator, an offset-capable RMS-DC converter formed the complete detection circuitry. Limits of detection (LODs) of KCl scaled inversely with the capillary cross section...
Association of lipase activity with the spherosomes of Ricinus communis.

Abstract The fatty layer obtained after centrifuging a macerate of ungerminated castor beans, Ricinus communis, contains an active lipase. The fatty layer has been examined by a combination of biochemical and electron microscopic techniques before and after periods of active lipolysis with Pb++ in the reaction mixture. The results confirm the presence of spherosomes, the fat storage organelles of the cells, concentrated in the fatty layer. Lipase activity is localized in the spherosomes derived from endosperm tissue of ungerminated seeds.
A GPS-Based Pitot-Static Calibration Method Using Global Output-Error Optimization

Pressure-based airspeed and altitude measurements for aircraft typically require calibration of the installed system to account for pressure sensing errors such as those due to local flow field effects. In some cases, calibration is used to meet requirements such as those specified in Federal Aviation Regulation Part 25. Several methods are used for in-flight pitot-static calibration including tower fly-by, pacer aircraft, and trailing cone methods. In the 1990 s, the introduction of satellite-based positioning systems to the civilian market enabled new inflight calibration methods based on accurate ground speed measurements provided by Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Use of GPS for airspeed calibration has many advantages such as accuracy, ease of portability (e.g. hand-held) and the flexibility of operating in airspace without the limitations of test range boundaries or ground telemetry support. The current research was motivated by the need for a rapid and statistically accurate method for in-flight calibration of pitot-static systems for remotely piloted, dynamically-scaled research aircraft. Current calibration methods were deemed not practical for this application because of confined test range size and limited flight time available for each sortie. A method was developed that uses high data rate measurements of static and total pressure, and GPSbased ground speed measurements to compute the pressure errors over a range of airspeed. The novel application of this approach is the use of system identification methods that rapidly compute optimal pressure error models with defined confidence intervals in nearreal time. This method has been demonstrated in flight tests and has shown 2- bounds of approximately 0.2 kts with an order of magnitude reduction in test time over other methods. As part of this experiment, a unique database of wind measurements was acquired concurrently with the flight experiments, for the purpose of experimental validation of the optimization method. This paper describes the GPS-based pitot-static calibration method developed for the AirSTAR research test-bed operated as part of the Integrated Resilient Aircraft Controls (IRAC) project in the NASA Aviation Safety Program (AvSP). A description of the method will be provided and results from recent flight tests will be shown to illustrate the performance and advantages of this approach. Discussion of maneuver requirements and data reduction will be included as well as potential applications.
Effects of minor Cu additions on a Zn-modified Al-5083 alloy

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) problems in aluminum alloys of the 5000 series have largely been attributed to intergranular failure due to dissolution or weakening of Mg-rich grain boundary phases that form. An investigation is made into the characteristics of the grain boundary phase following measured additions of copper to a zinc-modified Al-5083 alloy. Compositional alterations to the grain boundary phase that forms are demonstrated in the presence of copper additions, but a threshold level exists whereby an additional, potentially corrosion-prone, Cu-based phase may form in grain interiors.
Electro-osmotic core cutting

Abstract The application of the principle of electro-osmosis for cutting unconsolidated or poorly consolidated pelitic sedimentary samples offers a simple means of reducing distortion during handling in the laboratory.
Localization of the Drosophila MAGUK protein Polychaetoid is controlled by alternative splicing.

Abstract The Drosophila membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein Polychaetoid (Pyd) is required for dorsal closure of the embryo, sensory organ patterning, and cell fate specification in the developing eye. We demonstrate that pyd is alternatively spliced resulting in two isoforms that differ by the presence or absence of exon 6. To determine the role of alternative splicing in Pyd function, we generated antibodies specific for each isoform. We find that the exon 6+ form of Pyd is localized at adherens junctions of embryonic and imaginal epithelia, while the exon 6− form is distributed broadly along the lateral membrane. These results suggest that localization of Pyd is controlled by alternative splicing and raise the possibility that exon 6 represents a distinct protein–protein interaction domain.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Incident Hospitalized Heart Failure in Postmenopausal Women The Women's Health Initiative

Background—The differences in the incidence of heart failure by race/ethnicity and the potential mechanisms for these differences are largely unexplored in women. Methods and Results—A total of 156 143 postmenopausal women free of self-reported heart failure enrolled from 1993 to 1998 at 40 clinical centers throughout the United States as part of the Women's Health Initiative and were followed up until 2005, for an average of 7.8 years, for incident hospitalized heart failure. Incident rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals were determined by use of the Cox proportional hazard model comparing racial/ethnic groups, and population-attributable risk percentages were calculated for each racial/ethnic group. Blacks had the highest age-adjusted incidence of heart failure (380 in 100 000 person-years), followed by whites (274), Hispanics (193), and Asian/Pacific Islanders (103). The excess risk in blacks compared with whites (age-adjusted HR=1.45) was significantly attenuated by adjustment for ...
Effects of conidial densities and spray volume of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana fungal suspensions on conidial viability, droplet size and deposition coverage in bioassay using a novel bioassay spray system.

Abstract A newly developed spray tower was used to characterise droplet distribution and coverage of conidial suspensions of Metarhizium anisopliae ATCC 62176 and Beauveria bassiana NI8 with different spray volumes. ATCC 62176 and NI8 had different spray models which could be caused by the surface physicochemical characteristics of the strains and conidia.
Observation of Slow-Light and Matched Dispersion in Sodium Vapor for Applications to Laub-Drag Enhanced Rotation Sensing

We demonstrate EIT and slow light (vg ∫ c/600) in sodium vapor, in excellent agreement with a direct interferometric phase measurement of dispersion, for applications to experiments currently pursued to demonstrate Laub-drag enhanced rotation sensing.
Current Issues Affecting Critical Care Practice

Internal and external forces continue to impact the practice of critical care medicine. Contracting for purchase of hospital services will soon be guided by the presence or absence of specific hosp...
Precocious expression of cardiac troponin T in early chick embryos is independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling

Cardiac troponin T (cTNT) is a component of the troponin complex, which confers calcium sensitivity to contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although it is thought that most components of the contractile myofibril are expressed exclusively in differentiated muscle cells, we observed that mRNAs coding for cTNT were detectable in explanted late gastrula mesoderm at least 12 hr before cardiac myocyte differentiation. We therefore conducted a detailed analysis of cTNT gene expression in the early chick embryo. Whole-mount in situ hybridization studies showed that by Hamburger and Hamilton stage 5, cTNT mRNAs are detectable in lateral mesoderm and, by stage 6, are observed throughout the lateral embryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm in a distribution that is much broader than the recognized heart field. As myocardial cell differentiation commences, cTNT transcripts become progressively localized to the forming heart and, by stage 14, are completely restricted to heart muscle cells. Western blot analyses demonstrated that cTNT protein expression is under translational control, as cTNT protein is not detectable until stage 9, concomitant with myocardial cell differentiation. Removal of endoderm at stage 5 had no effect on cTNT mRNA levels, and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin failed to block cTNT expression, even in the heart-forming region and in cases where heart formation was inhibited. Implantation of noggin-expressing CHO cells at the anterior midline of stage 7 embryos resulted in cardia bifida. These findings demonstrate the precocious, BMP-independent expression of a gene coding for a myofibrillar protein and suggest that an additional regulatory pathway exists for activation of some cardiogenic genes.
The Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Desire for Control on Examinations

The Desire for Control on Examinations (DCE) scale was developed as a brief measure of the desire for control that individuals feel in an examination context. Based on data from tiree independent s...
Localization of l-lactate dehydrogenase in mitochondria

Relatively small but persistent amounts of L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were found in mitochondrial preparations isolated from liver of the rat. Using a variety of cytosolic markers, it was found that essentially no cytosolic contamination was present. Respiratory velocities and respiratory control with L-lactate were somewhat lower than with glutamate, but equal or superior to those with pyruvate. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed LDH isoenzymes in mitochondria similar to that in corresponding cytosol. Subtilisin BPN', a bacterial protease, was incubated with intact mitochondria and enzyme activities were measured. Following mitochondrial disruption, the proteolytic treatment was repeated. Digitonin was also used in the fractionation of mitochondria. These techniques helped to determine the location of the LDH in the mitochondria as being mainly in the outer membrane and periplasmic space.
Tourism in Transnational Places: Dominican Sex Workers and German Sex Tourists Imagine One Another

This paper considers how Dominican sex workers and German sex tourists imagine each other across national borders. They meet in a transnational space, Sosua, a tourist town on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. Sex tourism has redirected migration patterns within the Dominican Republic to Sosua, as well as off the island by building new transnational connections to Germany. I examine why Dominican women migrate to Sosua's sex trade, how they see German men, and what happens when they actually establish ongoing relationships with them—both in Sosua and in Germany. I also look at how German men find out about Sosua, its sex trade, and Dominican women. I focus on forms of communication through which they find out about one another, communication that ranges from word of mouth to newspapers, magazines, and the Internet (in the case of the men only). In Sosua we see the relationship among capitalism's disruptive, restructuring activities; powerful images, fantasies, and desires (produced both locally a...
Automatic and user-centric approaches to video summary evaluation

Automatic video summarization has become an active research topic in content-based video processing. However, not much emphasis has been placed on developing rigorous summary evaluation methods and developing summarization systems based on a clear understanding of user needs, obtained through user centered design. In this paper we address these two topics and propose an automatic video summary evaluation algorithm adapted from teh text summarization domain.
Low-density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease in a childhood-onset type 1 diabetes population

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol has been widely recognized as a strong predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Recently, studies have examined the influence of LDL particle size (an integral part of the insulin resistance syndrome) on the development of CAD in the general population. This report examines the correlates of LDL particle size and its association with CAD in a type 1 diabetes population. We evaluated the interrelationships between LDL particle size and the presence of CAD in a cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic subjects using the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study. LDL particle size was measured in 337 subjects (mean age, 35.6 years; mean diabetes duration, 27.2 years) who underwent the 8-year follow-up examination. LDL particle size was determined by vertical polyacrylamide gel (2% to 16%) electrophoresis. Subjects with the small dense LDL particle phenotype ( 257 nmol/L). Males were also more likely to have an increased body mass index (BMI) and CAD, while females were more likely to have hypertension and a family history of type 2 diabetes (a potential marker of insulin resistance and CAD risk). The odds ratio ([OR] 95% confidence, interval [CI]) using logistic regression analysis for LDL particle size in association with CAD was 0.79 (0.60 to 1.04). Multivariate modeling indicated that the duration of type 1 diabetes, depressive symptomatology, and triglycerides were independently associated with the presence of CAD. We conclude that although small dense LDL particle size is associated with CAD in our type 1 diabetes population, its borderline association can largely be explained by the triglyceride concentration. However, as in the general population, LDL particle size is associated with many elements of the insulin resistance syndrome, including a family history of type 2 diabetes, and is likely an important element in the contribution of insulin resistance to the development of CAD in type 1 diabetes.
Factitious Hand Disorders: Review of 29 Years of Multidisciplinary Care

Purpose To improve our understanding of factitious hand disorders with a review of our experience over 29 years in a multidisciplinary hand center. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to identify workers' compensation patients treated for factitious hand disorders in the multidisciplinary hand center between January 1981 and September 2010. Multidisciplinary evaluation at this center involved evaluation by hand surgeons, occupational therapists, and psychologists. Data collected include age, sex, race, educational level, clinical presentation, number of diagnostic tests, number of surgeries, time to referral to the multidisciplinary center, direct cost of care, psychological diagnosis, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, treatment modalities, and work status. Results We identified 174 workers' compensation patients with factitious hand disorders. Presentation was used to classify patients into 1 of 4 categories: psychopathological dystonia, factitious edema, psychopathological complex regional pain syndrome, and factitious wound creation and manipulation. There were statistically significant differences between the 4 categories in demographics, utilization of medical resources, psychopathology, treatment modalities, and return-to-work status. Patients with factitious wounds were more educated, used more medical resources, demonstrated an angry or hostile profile, and experienced a lower return-to-work rate. Patients with dystonia were less educated, used less medical resources, demonstrated a hypochondriasis or depressed profile, and experienced a higher return-to-work rate. Conclusions Treatment of factitious hand disorders remains frustrating and costly due to failure or recurrence after traditional approaches. This review is a large-scale examination of the factitious hand disorder population that demonstrates the unique pathology involved in each of the 4 categories. There is a specific association between the category of hand disorder and the underlying pathology and prognosis. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Work-Life Research from Both Sides Now: An Integrative Perspective for Organizational and Family Communication

This article uses work-life interrelationships as a lens through which to identify communication concepts that span the traditional “division divide” between organizational and family communication...
Visuoconstructive performance and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The drawings of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and elderly control subjects were rated on a number of specific performance scales, such as attention to configuration, attention to detail, and stimulus boundedness. AD patients showed significantly poorer performance than controls on most drawing scales, and the drawing measures were differentially affected by disease severity. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) was assessed via positron emission tomography (PET, with 18FDG) in a subgroup of the AD patients. Partial correlations of rCMRglc with drawing measures (age, sex, and education served as control variables) were conducted. Five out of eight of the drawing measures were significantly correlated (p < .005) with rCMRglc in occipital and/or temporal-parietal regions, for both left and right hemispheres. Only one of the eight drawing measures, attention to detail, was significantly correlated with rCMRglc in both frontal and posterior regions of interest, again for both hemispheres...
Bridging theory and administrative practice: The role of a capstone course in P.A. programs

Public administration programs, like all professional programs, offer a unique opportunity to provide a truly integrative educational experience. Yet the attempt to marry theory and practice often proves to be a difficult task for many academic programs. If a program aspires, as most do, to prepare students for the challenges they will encounter in their professional careers, then programs must strive to make instructional methods relevant to the student's future professional experiences. In the following discussion we center our analyses on the use of a capstone course to accomplish this goal. We begin with some normative questions that inform our discussion. We then proceed with an exploration of the literature which includes a general description of the rationale and content of the capstone courses offered in many programs. We will report the findings of an exploratory survey we conducted to develop a sense of the current practice. Because the great diversity of P.A. programs makes generalizations diff...
On the Value of Collaboration in Non-Line-of-Sight Location Estimation

In this paper, we investigate the benefit of inter-node collaboration in multidimensional location estimation under nonline-of-sight signal propagation conditions using time-of-arrival range observations. Specifically, for a network of arbitrary size, we establish the value of collaboration for node positioning by proving that the inclusion of an additional collaborator strictly reduces the Cramer-Rao lower bound of the original network nodes' position estimates. During the derivation of the proof, several conditions arise which must be satisfied in order to claim a strictly-decreasing lower bound. Following the proof, these conditions are discussed and the result of the proof is verified with numerical results showing both the theoretical reductions in the lower bound as well as the reductions observed in the mean square error performance of the maximum a posteriori implementation of the collaborative positioning estimator. While in the line-of-sight case, the observed improvement in estimation performance matches well with that predicted by the Cramer-Rao lower bound, the relationship is much less tight in the nonline-of-sight case. However, the simulation results show that the benefit of collaboration is often greater with the maximum a posteriori estimator than the Cramer-Rao lower bound analysis would indicate.
Physical processes, field estimation and an approach to interdisciplinary ocean modeling

Abstract This review is concerned with the estimation of physical fields and the use of such fields in interdisciplinary research and modeling. Field estimates via data assimilation meld observations and dynamics and provide an efficient means of representing the physical processes which influence biogeochemical, ecological, acoustical and other processes in the sea. High derivatives can be taken from dynamically adjusted fields. Thus balance of terms in model equations is possible, which allows the inference of dynamical processes from observations via the quantitative study of energy and vorticity budgets, productivity rates, etc. A general discussion of processes and methodology is followed by a detailed review of the ocean forecast system developed at Harvard University. The model sets and algorithms are first overviewed and then the relebant scientific and technical issues are illustrated by nowcasts, forecasts and simulations carried out in various locations in the world ocean.
The use of full-thickness skin grafts to repair nonperforating nasal defects

Abstract Background: Full-thickness skin grafts are traditionally thought of as inferior alternatives to local flaps in nasal reconstruction. Objective: Our purpose was to demonstrate that full-thickness skin grafts are viable alternatives to local flaps in the reconstruction of nonperforating defects extending through the dermis of the nose. Methods: The literature was reviewed to determine the best donor sites for full-thickness skin grafts to repair defects on different regions of the nose. Results: The optimal donor site for the repair of defects on the thin skin of the upper two thirds of the nose (dorsum and sidewall) is the preauricular area. The best donor site for the repair of defects on the thick, sebaceous skin of the lower one third of the nose (tip and ala) is the conchal bowl of the ear. Defects located on the transition zone between the upper two thirds and lower one third of the nose are best repaired with Burow's grafts or nasolabial fold grafts. Conclusion: Full-thickness skin grafts are excellent alternatives to local flaps in the reconstruction of nonperforating nasal defects provided that the surgeon selects the appropriate donor site based on whether the surgical defect is located on the thin, pliable skin of the upper nose or the thick, sebaceous skin of the lower nose. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:1041–50.)
Direct activation of DNA template in lymphocyte nuclei treated with phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Nuclei from resting lymphocytes were isolated in apparently pure and undegraded form. When exposed to phytohemagglutinin for one hour the rate of DNA directed RNA synthesis in these media doubled. Furthermore, PHA treatment of resting nuclei also resulted in increased actinomycin D binding suggesting the liberation of additional segments of free chromatin. A parallel PHA-induced increase in the incorporation of 14 C acetate (independent of protein synthesis) into acid insoluble nuclear products suggested a simultaneous augmentation in histone acetylation. These data demonstrate a direct stimulatory effect of PHA on the nuclei of resting lymphocytes.
Sub-normal magnetic moments in copper (II) complexes: Five-coordinate copper in an oxygen-bridged dimer

Abstract The preparation, structure, and properties of a dimeric copper(II) compound, chloro-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)salicylaldimino copper(II), are reported. The compound, which has a magnetic moment of 1.1 B.M., crystallizes as brown, monoclinic crystals (a = 8.56(1) A; b = 12.35(2) A; c = 10.31(2) A; and β = 98.43(3)°) of space group P21/c with two dimers per unit cell; the calculated density of 1.71 g/cm3 agrees well with the observed density of 1.69 g/cm3. A total of 644 unique, non-zero reflections were collected (four-circle diffractometer); least-squares refinement with anisotrophic temperature parameters for copper and chlorine resulted in a conventional R value of 0.089. Each copper is five-coordinate (distorted trigonal bipyramid) and the phenolic oxygens are the bridging groups. The four-membered copper-oxygen ring is planar with a CuCu distance of 3.294(7) A; coordination of the bridging oxygen is also planar. The low magnetic moment is attributed to a π-interation delocalized over the four membered ring. For the atoms bonded to copper the bond distances and bond angles are: CuN (axial), 2.18(2) A; CuO (axial), 2.22(1) A; CuO (equatorial), 1.78(1) and 2.24(2) A; CuCl (equatorial), 2.12(1) A; NCuO (axial), 168.9(6)°; OCuO (equatorial), 123.4(7)°; ClCuO (equatorial), 126.2(5)° and 110.1(4)°.
Sex ratio shifts within litters of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Changes in the sex ratio of juvenile recruits into a population of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were correlated with shifts in the weight and mortality of pups within the population. The biased recruitment of female juveniles in the spring was reflected in differential allocation of energy within the litters, as measured by female pups being heavier than male pups (n=245). In the fall, the shift in recruitment to male juveniles was reflected within litters by male pups being heavier than female pups (n=139). Nestling mortality showed a similar gender bias. Skewed sex ratios were most evident within the litters of larger mothers, indicating the gender bias was not trigered by energy limitations. We postulate that gender differences in social spacing and behavior result in spring/fall fluctuations in the reproductive success of offspring, based on their gender.
Gamma imaging of atherosclerotic plaques

Noninvasive gamma imaging of atherosclerotic plaques targets various metabolic aspects of atherogenesis. Vascular endothelial dysfunction or denudation resulting in the expression of adhesion molecules that attract inflammatory cells and increased vascular permeability has also been targeted. Enzymes and molecules associated with apoptosis of these inflammatory cells have provided additional targets, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein, matrix metalloproteinases, and phosphatidylserine. In late atherosclerotic lesions, the lipid core as well as proliferating smooth muscle cells have been imaged successfully. Platelets and fibrin deposition may also be targeted to demonstrate thrombosis in plaque rupture or erosion. However, no unimodal approach can diagnose plaque vulnerability. It will require multi-modal, multitasking approaches for molecular diagnostic prediction of plaque vulnerability and impending rupture. Existing experimental and clinical gamma imaging applications in atherosclerotic lesion imaging are reviewed. Improvement by signal amplification to image small lesion and the concept of multimodal applications are introduced.
Branchio‐oto‐renal syndrome: The mutation spectrum in EYA1 and its phenotypic consequences

EYA1 mutations cause branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome. These mutations include single nucleotide transitions and transversions, small duplications and deletions, and complex genomic rearrangements. The last cannot be detected by coding sequence analysis of EYA1. We sought to refine the clinical diagnosis of BOR syndrome by analyzing phenotypic data from families segregating EYA1 disease-causing mutations. Based on genotype-phenotype analyses, we propose new criteria for the clinical diagnosis of BOR syndrome. We found that in approximately 40% of persons meeting our criteria, EYA1 mutations were identified. Of these mutations, 80% were coding sequence variants identified by SSCP, and 20% were complex genomic rearrangements identified by a semiquantitative PCR-based screen. We conclude that genetic testing of EYA1 should include analysis of the coding sequence and a screen for complex rearrangements.
Agenda-setting Effects of Business News on the Public's Images and Opinions about Major Corporations

Although the agenda-setting effects of the news media on people's attention to, comprehension of, and opinions about topics in the news primarily have been studied in political communication settings, the central theoretical idea — the transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda — fits equally well in the world of business communication. In the case of corporate reputations, only the operational definitions of the objects and attributes on these agendas are changed here to frame five key theoretical propositions about the influence of news coverage on corporate reputations among the public. This presentation of five basic propositions about first and second-level agenda setting effects as well as intermedia agenda-setting effects offers a theoretical roadmap for systematic empirical research into the influence of the mass media on corporate reputations.
Real‐time earthquake detection and hazard assessment by ElarmS across California

[1] ElarmS is a network-based methodology for rapid earthquake detection, location and hazard assessment in the form of magnitude estimation and peak ground motion prediction. The methodology is currently being tested as part of the real-time seismic system in California leveraging the resources of the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN) and the Advanced National Seismic System. A total of 603 velocity and acceleration sensors at 383 sites across the state stream waveform data to ElarmS processing modules at three network processing centers where waveforms are reduced to a few parameters. These parameters are then collected and processed at UC Berkeley to provide a single statewide prediction of future ground shaking that is updated every second. The system successfully detected the Mw 5.4 Alum Rock earthquake in northern California for which it generated an accurate hazard prediction before peak shaking began in San Francisco. It also detected the Mw 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake in southern California. The median system latency is currently 11.8 sec; the median waveform data latency is 6.5 sec.
Instability of in-plane vortices in two-dimensional easy-plane ferromagnets.

An analysis of the core region of an in-plane vortex in the two-dimensional Heisenberg model with easy-plane anisotropy \ensuremath{\lambda}=${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{z}}$/${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{y}}$ leads to a clear understanding of the instability towards transformation into an out-of-plane vortex as a function of anisotropy. The anisotropy parameter ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ at which the in-plane vortex becomes unstable and develops into an out-of-plane vortex is determined with an accuracy comparable to computer simulations for square, hexagonal, and triangular lattices. For \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the in-plane vortex is stable but exhibits a normal mode whose frequency goes to zero as \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\propto}(${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$-\ensuremath{\lambda}${)}^{1/2}$ as \ensuremath{\lambda} approaches ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$. For \ensuremath{\lambda}g${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the static nonzero out-of-plane spin components grow as (\ensuremath{\lambda}-${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$${)}^{1/2}$. The lattice dependence of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is determined strongly by the number of spins in the core plaquette, is fundamentally a discreteness effect, and cannot be obtained in a continuum theory.
Evolution of the genes for the β subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone

Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the single gene for the human luteinizing hormone gene beta subunit with two of the seven genes for the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit suggest that the beta human chorionic gonadotropin genes have evolved from an ancestral beta luteinizing hormone gene by a series of selected changes with very little neutral drift. Moreover, the 24 amino acid carboxy-terminal extension of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit appears to have arisen by a single base deletion that incorporated the 3'-untranslated region of the ancestral beta luteinizing hormone gene into the coding region.
Stereoselectivities of thermal and Lewis acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl acrylate with cyclopentadiene

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction of 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl acrylate with cyclopentadiene was carried out under Lewis acid catalyzed and thermal conditions. Results are in agreement with previous experimental work on the catalyzed process, and quantitate the lower thermal stereoselectivities.
SU‐E‐T‐590: Treatment Planning Dosimetry Comparison Between Model 9011 I‐125 ThinSeed and Model 6711 I‐125 Seeds for Prostate Implant Brachytherapy

Purpose: Recently introduced I‐125 Model 9011 ThinSeed has a smaller diameter but similar brachytherapydosimetry parameters to the Model 6711 seed (both seeds, Oncura‐GE Healthcare, Arlington Heights, IL). Thorough testing is essential prior to introducing the 9011 seed into routine clinical practice. This treatment planning study evaluates the dosimetry differences between the Model 9011 and the Model 6711 I‐125 seeds. Methods: Twenty‐five patients recently treated were selected for this treatment planning study. Four treatment plans were generated using an identical seed configuration to the 6711 clinical treatment plan. The plans generated were: (a) Model 6711 seeds (0.391 mCi/seed); (b) Model 9011 seeds (0.391 mCi/seed); (c) Model 9011 seed +5% enhanced activity (0.411 mCi/seed) and (d) Model 9011 seed +10% enhanced activity (0.430 mCi/seed). The prescribed dose was 145 Gy for all patients. The typical dose parameters such as prostate V100, V150, V200, D90, rectal V100, etc. were evaluated. Results: The mean prostate volume was 36.9 ±9.1 cc and the mean number of planned sources was 86 ± 13 seeds. The following mean dose parameters were obtained for the various plans: Prostate V100 (a) 99.9% (b) 99.8% (c)99.9% (d)100%; Prostate V150 (a) 64.2% (b) 53.6% (c) 63.1% (d) 71.8%; Prostate V200 (a) 21.7% (b) 18.3% (c) 21.7% (d) 25.5%; Prostate D90 (a) 130.5% (b) 123.6% (c) 129.9% (d) 135.8%; Urethra D30 (a) 142.2% (b) 135.3% (c) 142.1% (d) 148.7% and Rectum V100 (a) 0.5 cc (b) 0.3 cc (c) 0.5 cc (d) 0.74 cc. Conclusions: Using an identical seed configuration and activity to the existing 6711 I‐125 seeds, the 9011 I‐125 seeds achieves a similar prostate coverage with lower prostate V150%, V200%, urethra and rectal dose parameters. By increasing the 9011 activity per seed by 5%, results in a similar dose distribution and dose parameters as the 6711 treatment plan.
On the reliability and validity of physician ratings for vulvodynia and the discriminant validity of its subtypes

Objective. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of physician ratings in a broadly defined sample of women with vulvodynia and to examine the external validity of the vulvodynia subtypes. Design. Participants were 50 women who were independently diagnosed with vulvodynia by two study gynecologists. Physician ratings corresponding to Friedrich's three criteria for vulvar vestibulitis were taken at the two examinations. Each participant's diagnosis was subtyped as vulvar vestibulitis (VV) or dysesthetic vulvodynia (DV) based upon the physician ratings. Participants completed standardized measures of pain, sexual function, psychological function, and quality of life to examine the discriminant validity of the subtypes. Results. Test-retest reliability for the physician ratings of Friedrich's three criteria was stable for two of the three criteria (i.e., pain on attempted vaginal entry and tenderness to pressure localized within the vulvar vestibule). When these criteria were used to categorize participants as having VV or DV, the subtypes were not statistically different for measures used to examine the discriminant validity of the subtypes. While the distribution of patients changed when premenopausal state was added to the inclusion criteria for VV, the subtypes differed little on the outcome measures. Conclusions. Findings from the present study suggest that physician ratings for Friedrich's criteria can be operationalized and found to be reliable and valid in a wide range of women with vulvodynia. The absence of differences between subtypes on measures of pain, sexual function, psychological function, and quality of life challenge the clinical significance of these subtypes and support the theory that vulvodynia represents a continuum of chronic vulvar pain rather than two distinct entities.