cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of conducting particles. A new approach to conducting plastics [3]

Des pigments conducteurs refractaires (ferrophosphore) peuvent etre modifies en surface par des chlorosilanes ou des alcoolates sans que soit affectee leur conductivite. Les groupes fonctionnels ainsi formes peuvent reagir avec des matrices polymeres
Antibody to Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae after Vaccination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Subjects with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine

The Centers for Disease Control recommends that, because of a greatly increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection, all persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receive pneumococcal vaccine. Using an ELISA specific for antibody to capsular polysaccharide, a postvaccination antibody was evaluated to five commonly infecting serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thirty-nine HIV-infected persons with less than or equal to 500 CD4 cells exhibited significantly fewer responses than did healthy controls; overall, only 46 (24%) of 195 possible responses were positive compared with 45 (75%) of 60 in 12 HIV-infected subjects with greater than 500 CD4 cells and 92 (74%) of 125 in 25 healthy controls (P less than .001). Subjects with less than or equal to 500 CD4 cells responded to a mean of 1.1 antigens versus a mean of 3.8 and 3.7 in those with greater than 500 CD4 cells and controls, respectively (P less than .001). There were no differences between responses in those with less than 200 and those with 200-500 CD4 cells. Within groups stratified by CD4 cell counts, further stratification by clinical status did not reveal significant differences. Since asymptomatic HIV-infected persons with less than 500 CD4 cells show abnormal responses, pneumococcal vaccine should be given when HIV infection is first detected.
Dp140: a novel 140 kDa CNS transcript from the dystrophin locus

We have identified a 7.5 kb transcript from the dystrophin locus which encodes a novel 140 kDa protein (Dp140). Based on immunoblotting Dp140 consists of the distal rod domain and C-terminus of 427 kDa dystrophin and is found throughout the CNS. This protein is transcribed from an alternative promoter in the dystrophin locus upstream to exon 45. The unique 5' first exon is conserved between rat and human. The transcript has a 1 kb 5' untranslated region, and the first methionine initiation codon occurs in exon 51, predicting a protein of 140 kDa. Several studies report that Duchenne dystrophy patients with deletions in the exon 45-52 region have an increased incidence of cognitive impairment. Such deletions would affect expression of 427 kDa dystrophin and this shorter 140 kDa isoform but not the recently described small distal transcripts Dp116 or Dp71, suggesting particular importance to CNS function.
New data on charitable giving in the PSID

Charitable giving data from a new Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) philanthropy module are introduced. Relative distribution methods are used to compare the data to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) charitable deductions. Results indicate that the new data are high quality. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes

Automobile insurance claims were examined to determine the rates of neck injuries in rear-end crashes for vehicles with and without redesigned head restraints, redesigned seats, or both. Results indicate that the improved geometric fit of head restraints observed in many newer vehicle models are reducing the risk of whiplash injury substantially among female drivers (about 37% in the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable), but have very little effect among male drivers. New seat designs, such as active head restraints that move upward and closer to drivers' heads during a rear impact, give added benefit, producing about a 43% reduction in whiplash injury claims (55% reduction among female drivers). Estimated effects of Volvo's Whiplash Injury Prevention System and Toyota's Whiplash Injury Lessening design were based on smaller samples and were not statistically significant.
Romance Across the Social Status Continuum Interracial Marriage and the Ideological Asymmetry Effect

This study examined the asymmetrical relationship between attitudes toward interracial marriage and social dominance orientation across four ethnic groups in the United States. Differences in these correlations were explained with the ideological asymmetry hypothesis, a specific feature of social dominance theory, which asserts that the relationship between attitudes regarding hierarchy-maintaining social practices and antiegalitarian social values will be more positive among members of high-status groups than among members of low-status groups. Using opposition to interracial marriage and dating (i.e., antimiscegenation attitudes) as a case of a hierarchy-maintaining social attitude, the data were found to support the ideological asymmetry hypothesis. With almost no exceptions, the correlations between social dominance orientation and antimiscegenation attitudes were significantly more positive within a high-status ethnic group vis-a-vis a given low-status ethnic group than they were within a low-status ...
Seasonal patterns of reproduction and abundance of leaf litter frogs in a Central American rainforest

Patterns of reproductive phenology and temporal variation in species composition and age structure were investigated for a sample of terrestrial leaf litter frogs from a lowland tropical rainforest in north-eastern Costa Rica. Recruitment of most species showed a seasonal pattern in which the growth of juveniles occurred during the dry season. The phenology of the assemblage was also seasonal, with a peak in abundance during the dry season. Variation in abundance was driven by seasonal patterns of juvenile recruitment in one species, Eleutherodactylus brandsfordii. We suggest that the timing of reproduction and patterns of frog phenology may be tied to the availability of arthropod prey items. A comparison of our data with data collected at other rainforest sites in Central America and the Amazon basin of South America indicates that patterns of recruitment and abundance, while correlated with arthropod abundance on both continents, show divergent seasonal patterns. This and other studies indicate that peaks in abundance and recruitment of juvenile frogs are concentrated in the dry season in Central America, whereas in South American rainforests, the wet season is the period of highest abundance and juvenile recruitment. We suggest that the length and severity of dry periods in the Amazon basin limits the ability of terrestrial frogs to reproduce successfully, while in Central America a more benign dry season, while strong enough to create distinct seasonal trends in the phenology of rainforest animals, is not strong enough to prohibit frogs from recruiting juveniles during the dry season.
Development and field test of a feedback seeking, self-efficacy, and goal setting model of work performance

This field study examined the relationships among a set of feedback seeking, social cognitive, and goal setting constructs and the work performance of one hundred thirty-six sales and customer-service representatives. As hypothesized, feedback seeking and self-efficacy related to two dimensions of work performance (i.e., work quantity and work quality) through feedback-based goals. In addition, self-efficacy and feedback seeking mediated the relationship between two individual differences (viz., personal control perceptions and external feedback propensity) and both dimensions of work performance. The findings extend research on work performance by underscoring the importance of incorporating feedback into work-related improvement goals when investigating the relationship between feedback seeking and work performance. The findings also provide insight into the motivational processes underlying the relationship among personal control perceptions, external feedback propensity, and work performance. Theoreti...
Fast compilation for pipelined reconfigurable fabrics

In this paper we describe a compiler which quickly synthesizes high quality pipelined datapaths for pipelined reconfigurable devices. The compiler uses the same internal representation to perform synthesis, module generation, optimization, and place and route. The core of the compiler is a linear time place and route algorithm more than two orders of magnitude faster than traditional CAD tools. The key behind our approach is that we never backtrack, rip-up, or re-route. Instead, the graph representing the computation is preprocessed to guarantee routability by inserting lazy noops. The preprocessing steps provides enough information to make a greedy strategy feasible. The compilation speed is approximately 3000 bit-operations/second (on a PII/400Mhz) for a wide range of applications. The hardware utilization averages 60% on the target device, PipeRench.
Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans Axon Regeneration

Axon regeneration after damage is widespread in the animal kingdom, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently emerged as a tractable model in which to study the genetics and cell biology of axon regrowth in vivo. A key early step in axon regrowth is the conversion of part of a mature axon shaft into a growth cone-like structure, involving coordinated alterations in the microtubule, actin, and neurofilament systems. Recent attention has focused on microtubule dynamics as a determinant of axon-regrowth ability in several organisms. Live imaging studies have begun to reveal how the microtubule cytoskeleton is remodeled after axon injury, as well as the regulatory pathways involved. The dual leucine zipper kinase family of mixed-lineage kinases has emerged as a critical sensor of axon damage and plays a key role in regulating microtubule dynamics in the damaged axon.
Assessment of the human cellular immune response to T27K, a coccidioidal antigen preparation, by flow cytometry of whole blood

Whole blood flow cytometry was performed among donors with various clinical forms of coccidioidomycosis using T27K, a coccidioidal antigen preparation protective in mice but not previously studied in humans. The median percent of CD3+ lymphocytes (CD3+) producing intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) among healthy immune donors was 0.43%, significantly above that for non-immune donors (0.01%) and greater than that for subjects with other forms of coccidioidomycosis, including chronic pulmonary (0.11%), disseminated (0.09%) and concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (0.07%) (P 200 cells microl(-1) had > 0.06% of CD3+ produce intracellular IFN-gamma, compared to none of six whose peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocyte concentration was < or =200 cells microl(-1) (P = 0.005). These data indicate that there is a specific human cellular immune response to T27K as a coccidioidal antigen and that this response can be categorized based on the clinical status of the coccidioidally infected patient.
Practical improvements to bus-based strategies for reliable anonymous networking

We design a class of anonymous networking strategies generalizing the “buses” strategy of Biemel and Dolev. Our strategies provide a better tradeoff between resource usage and reliability, as well as allow a tradeoff with the level of anonymity. The idea behind these strategies is to send coded or uncoded redundancy, or use multiple buses.
Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior.

Purpose: To examine the link between victimization at school and health risk behaviors using representative data comparing lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths and heterosexual youths. Methods: Data from the 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey taken in Massachusetts and Vermont were examined. This sample included 9188 9th through 12th grade students; 315 of these students were identified as LGB. Analyses of variance were used to examine health risk behaviors by sexual orientation by gender by victimization level. Results: The combined effect of LGB status and high levels of at-school victimization was associated with the highest levels of health risk behaviors. LGB youths reporting high levels of at-school victimization reported higher levels of substance use, suicidality, and sexual risk behaviors than heterosexual peers reporting high levels of at-school victimization. Also, LGB youths reporting low levels of at-school victimization reported levels of substance use, suicidality, and sexual-risk behaviors that were similar to heterosexual peers who reported low at-school victimization. Conclusions: The findings provide evidence that differences in health risks among LGB youth are mediated by victimization at school. Such victimization of LGB youth is associated with health risk behaviors. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2002
DEATH IN DISNEY FILMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF DEATH

This study examined the potential influence of Disney films on children’s concepts of death. A content analysis was performed on 23 death scenes from 10 selected full-length Disney Classic animated films. The portrayal of death focused on five categories: character status; depiction of death; death status; emotional reaction; and causality. The findings indicate that some animated Disney films present scenes that eclipse the permanence and irreversibility of death and often leave deaths (especially those of villains) emotionally unacknowledged. Previous work has shown that many children tend not to discuss death with their friends or parents for many reasons. More importantly, the films may serve as catalysts to introduce the concept of death into discussions between children, peers, and adults.
Impairments in prehension produced by early postnatal sensory motor cortex activity blockade.

This study examined the effects of blocking neural activity in sensory motor cortex during early postnatal development on prehension. We infused muscimol, either unilaterally or bilaterally, into t...
Strength-Based Seismic Reliability of Wood Shear Walls Designed According to AF&PA/ASCE 16

In the United States the vast majority of single and multifamily homes are constructed using light-frame wood construction which typically consists of dimension lumber sheathed with plywood or oriented strand board. These structures resist lateral loads such as those produced by wind or earthquakes by a system of wood shear walls. One widely used design standard that governs the design of wood shearwalls is the specification provided by American Forest and Paper Association/American Society of Civil Engineers 16 (AF&PA/ASCE-16). This load and resistance factor design (LRFD) design standard (released in 1996) was soft calibrated from the existing allowable stress design code for wood structures, and thus the reliability of wood shear walls designed using AF&PA/ASCE 16 is not explicitly known. To date, no study has evaluated the level of reliability provided by wood shear walls built using accepted design values or prescriptive (deemed-to-comply) procedures. The objective of this study was to examine the st...
THE HUB NETWORK DESIGN PROBLEM: A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS.

Abstract Hubs, or central trans-shipment facilities, allow the construction of a network where large numbers of direct connections can be replaced with fewer, indirect connections. Hub-and-spoke configurations reduce and simplify network construction costs, centralize commodity handling and sorting, and allow carriers to take advantage of scale economies through consolidation of flows. Such networks have widespread application in transportation. This paper presents a structured review of research on the hub network design problem. Three critical design questions need to be considered: (a) are the nodes in the network assigned exclusively to a single hub? (b) are direct node-to-node linkages permitted to bypass the hub facilities? and, (c) are the hub facilities fully interconnected? The nature and difficulty of the hub network design problem depends on the analyst's judgement with respect to these questions. We review analytical research papers, and give brief empirical examples of eight different network design protocols.
Comparison of pencil-beam and Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions for proton therapy of skull-base and para-spinal tumors

Purpose: Pencil beam algorithms rely on kernels to model proton range in density-scaled water equivalent material. Monte Carlo dose calculation methods are more accurate by design. This study addresses the issue of clinical significance of potential differences between a commercial pencil-beam algorithm and Monte Carlo dose calculation. Skull-base or paraspinal tumors are challenging for dose calculations due to interfaces between high and low density areas in the irradiated volume. In addition, in particular for para-spinal cases, there are often metallic implants that not only distort the CT image but also affect the accuracy of dose calculations.
Auto-tuning Daylight with LEDs: Sustainable Lighting for Health and Wellbeing

While human life expectancy may be increasing due to advances in public health, technology and medicine, there are serious questions as to whether the quality of human life can keep up with this increase in longevity. Postindustrial society is experiencing a proliferation of light-related disorders and diseases specifically because our technologically-based society can operate 24 hours per day in illuminated indoor environments. Furthermore, illuminating interiors with electric lighting poses a dual dilemma: the energy efficiency of electric light versus natural daylight together with the impact of light itself on human health and wellbeing. This paper investigates sustainable design at the nexus of health, energy and technology by considering relationships between light and human health. By discussing the physiological effects of light on the body, the need for natural daylight in the human environment for improved cognitive functioning will be demonstrated. Because people spend a large portion of their time indoors, especially the elderly, unless a room is oriented to maximize light from the sun, it is necessary to illuminate the interior environment using electric light sources. However, artificially illuminating the indoors poses a sustainability issue because electric lighting is one of the largest contributors to energy consumption by buildings in the United States. Designing for older adults in health care environments, especially the elderly with age-related fragility, declining cognitive functioning and symptoms of dementia, is a particularly significant design challenge and one in which lighting can play a crucial role. To address both issues of health and sustainability, an energy-conserving diurnal daylight-matching LED luminaire is being developed to improve health outcomes for the elderly at St. Francis Country House near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Future of Clinical Ethics Consultation: Avoiding the Dustbin of History.

Changing patterns of clinical practice typically lead to changes in clinical ethics. The recorded history of Western clinical ethics dates to the fifth century BCE when Hippocrates’ heirs required ...
Interprofessional and Interdisciplinary Approach from Undergraduate Health and Pre-Medical Students in Children's Health Educational Initiative.

The importance of interprofessional training in healthcare to improve quality of care and health outcomes has been increasingly recognized. This pilot study used an interprofessional and interdisciplinary team of undergraduate health and pre-health students to establish a unique community partnership with a local elementary school in developing and implementing a nutrition/exercise educational intervention. Our results suggest that children as young as 8 years old are capable of learning new information related to the benefits of particular food groups, are capable of retaining this knowledge for 6 months, and that an intervention program as short as one hour every few months stand to make significant impact on children’s knowledge about proper nutrition and healthy lifestyles. Our results suggest the potential benefits of further expanding the short-term intervention into a longer-term community-based curriculum targeting a younger age group previously or currently practiced.. Furthermore, this pilot study suggests that undergraduate health and pre-health students can form an interprofessional and collaborative team to take an active role in the dissemination of nutrition knowledge in the community.
Analytical solutions of first-mode sloshing in new axisymmetric containers

Abstract A new family of axisymmetric containers denoted as D and two new series of families of axisymmetric containers denoted A n and B n are found for first-mode sloshing. Each member depends on streamfunction separation constant β . The containers are of annular shape and the frequency distributions are obtained in analytical form. The D family exists in the range 0.5 ≤ β ∞ , involves logarithmic behavior, and exhibits a limiting shape in the form of an annular 9 0 ∘ wedge at low depth. The A n container series which exist in the range 0 ≤ β ≤ ∞ vary from cylindrical annulii at β = 0 to axisymmetric isochronous shapes for β → ∞ . The B n container series exist in the range β n ≤ β ≤ ∞ are more interesting in that the shapes for the minimum values β n for existence of solutions in each family take the form of an annular 90 ∘ wedge at low depth and evolve to constant width at high depth. The shapes for all other values of β > β n are of hyperbolic form at low depth and also evolve to constant width at high depth. The limiting geometries at each n found as β → ∞ correspond to axisymmetric isochronous containers.
You get what you give: children's karmic bargaining.

Do children believe in karma – the notion that life events occur to punish or reward our moral behavior? In three experiments, we investigate 4–6-year-old children's willingness to endorse and engage in the practice of performing good acts in order to secure an unrelated future desired outcome, so-called ‘karmic bargaining’. Most children agreed that performing a morally good social behavior, but not a morally negative or morally neutral non-social behavior, would increase the chances that future desired outcomes would occur, in both first-party and third-party contexts. About half of children also engaged in karmic bargaining behavior themselves. We conclude that a belief in karma may therefore reflect a broad, early-emerging teleological bias to interpret life events in terms of agency, purpose, and design.
How Long Should People Work? The Debate Over the Retiring Age

Anton suggests that we are obligated to work as long as it takes to secure financial solvency in the reasonably foreseeable future (provided that we are able, which depends on both our ability to work and our ability to save). She acknowledges that our ability to save might be compromised by economic hardship as well as our obligation to contribute to a collective fund from which we may benefit, should we experience unpredictable hardship in the future. We arepermitted to work beyond that point on the condition that we fulfill our obligations according to the fair and measured standards of those to whom we are beholden (employers, consumers, etc.). However, given certain markets for human capital, it might be supererogatory to opt not to exercise this right for the greater good of a community and future generations.
Health-related quality of life during trans-arterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads loaded with doxorubicin (DEBDOX) for unresectable hepatic metastases from ocular melanoma.

Abstract Background We have previously reported favorable response and survival rates using drug-eluting beads loaded with doxorubicin (DEBDOX) for unresectable hepatic metastases. This study investigates the quality of life (QoL) impact of DEBDOX for the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases from melanoma. Methods A multi-center, prospective, non-controlled clinical trial was reviewed. QoL was assessed at baseline and after each treatment, and doxorubicin-specific effects were assessed after each treatment. Results Twenty patients received 61 DEBDOX treatments. After each treatment, at least 83% of patients reported “little” to “none” doxorubicin-related symptoms. For the 8 FACT-Hep subscales, QoL scores were unchanged through 3 treatments for 18 of 24 total time points by ANOVA, with a small-to-moderate ES change through the last treatment in 36 of 40 time points. Conclusions Hepatic arterial therapy with DEBDOX is safe with minimal QOL changes in treating unresectable liver-dominant melanoma metastasis. Clinical trial NCT01010984.
What Is Going Through Your Mind? Thinking Aloud as a Method in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Thinking aloud is the concurrent verbalization of thoughts while performing a task. The study of thinking-aloud protocols has a long tradition in cognitive psychology, the field of education, and the industrial-organizational context. It has been used rarely in cultural and cross-cultural psychology. This paper will describe thinking aloud as a useful method in cultural and cross-cultural psychology referring to a few studies in general and one study in particular to show the wide applications of this method. Thinking-aloud protocols can be applied for a) improving the validity of cross-cultural surveys, b) process analysis of thoughts and the analysis of changes over time, c) theory development across cultures, d) the study of cultural meaning systems, and e) individual as well as group level analyses allowing hypothesis testing cross-culturally. Limitations of the thinking-aloud method are also discussed.
Ambulatory Exercise Procedures and Effects

Various problems have limited the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) technology for ambulation of the spinal-cord-injured individual (Stallard et al., 1989). For example, the high energy cost associated with movement induced by FES results in rapid muscular fatigue (Marsolais and Edwards, 1988).
The Pathologic Anatomy of the Splenic Red Pulp

The splenic red pulp is composed of splenic sinuses, which functionally represent the rapid compartment of the splenic circulation, and of the pulp cords which represent its slow compartment. Abnormal cellular elements that enter the pulp cords by way of the terminal arterioles and arterial capillaries may be retained or delayed in their passage through the so-called microcirculation which is interposed between the terminal arterial capillaries and the sinuses. Sequestration of abnormal red cells in the cordal compartment of the spleen is due to decreased plasticity (or increased rigidity) which prevents their easy passage through the walls of sinuses, and perhaps to other membrane abnormalities which make them vulnerable to phagocytic digestion.
Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors versus carbapenem for bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae pose a major public health threat due to poor outcomes and high mortality rates. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of intravenous beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (BL-BLI), including piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ), on mortality of participants with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections compared with carbapenem. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were electronically searched for studies through June 15, 2017 that have provided data for mortality and addressed the terms “ESBL” and “PTZ or BL-BLI” and “carbapenem”. Data extraction on study design, characteristics of the population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes was performed. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was performed. Results A total of 25 observational studies describing 3842 participants were included and analyzed. Within 30-day mortality of BL-BLI or PTZ for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections treatment was not statistically different from carbapenem (pooled odds ratios (OR): 1.07, 95% CI 0.81; 1.82 and 1.18, 95% CI 0.93; 1.5, respectively). No statistically significant differences in mortality were found between BL-BLI or PTZ and carbapenem administered as definitive (OR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.59; 1.86 and 0.97, 95% CI 0.59; 1.6, respectively) or empirical (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.87; 1.48 and 1.27, 95% CI 0.96; 1.66) treatment. Conclusions These findings suggest that there is no significant difference in 30-day mortality between BL-BLI, including PTZ and carbapenems, in treating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. Moreover, intravenous BL-BLI, especially PTZ, may be considered as an alternative treatment for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. Future studies are needed to validate these findings.
Work-Related Lung Cancer: The Practitioner’s Perspective.

The article explores work-related lung cancer from a practitioner's perspective. Particular focus is given to cancer from occupational agents including nickel compounds, silica dust, cadmium and cadmium compounds, and coal-tar. Additional topics discussed include the updated Chemical Carcinogen Policy from The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, reimbursement criteria from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for cancer screening, and the use of CT scans for cancer diagnosis.
The Extent and Correlates of Stressors Experienced by At-risk Youths in a Military-style Residential Program

The aim of this study was to assess lifetime exposure to stressful life events among youths residing in a military-style program for at-risk adolescents. Both the types of stressors reported and the associations between youths’ exposure to stressors and problematic behaviors such as substance use and misconduct were examined. Exposure to stressful life events was assessed among 417 adolescents (87% male; 60% White; aged 16–19) using a self-report measure that allowed for the categorization of stressors into general types. Additional measures include self-reported substance use and program reports of youths’ disciplinary infractions. Descriptive data about the nature and number of stressful life events reported by the total sample and demographic subgroups is reported. Regression models including race and cumulative stressful life events revealed that White race and greater exposure to stressors were associated with more frequent alcohol, X2 (3) = 37.99, p < 0.001, and marijuana, X2 (3) = 21.24, p < 0.001 use, as well as indicators of substance use-related problems. A model using these same variables predicted count of disciplinary infractions, X2 (3) = 180.39, p < 0.001. When types of infractions were examined individually, several race by stress interactions indicate that non-White youths with high exposure to stressors are particularly likely to receive infractions. These findings provide descriptive information about stressors experienced by an understudied but at-risk population of youths. Additionally, they support the notion that history of exposure to stressful life events is related to externalizing behaviors during adolescence.
Effect of Psychological Need-Supportive Summer Camp: FIT-Dawg Girls Summer Camp

Physical activity (PA) is a major factor related to obesity risk. Research has shown PA interventions among adolescents to be moderately successful in short-term but limited to longer-term. Self-determination theory (SDT) postulates that a psychological need-supportive environment (i.e. one that supports competence, autonomy, and social relatedness) is effective in maintaining volitional motivation which can lead to sustained positive behavioral changes including PA. Although research has supported the central tenets of the SDT, there is limited evidence examining whether a summer camp intervention can sustain improvements in PA motivation and behavior. Thus, this study examined the acute and 12-weeks longer-term effectiveness of a five-day psychological need-support centered summer camp on healthy weight and overweight adolescent girls’ weight management behaviors. A single-group case series study with pre-, post, and 12-week follow-up-test analyses. A sample comprised 42 (Mage = 11.70±1.12) adolescent females. Exercise motivation, PA intention, and PA and dietary behaviors were measured. The findings showed a between-group effect on daily steps (F(1, 19) = 15.83, p = .001,ηp2 = .46), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (F(1, 19) = 4.58, p = .046, ηp2 = .19), energy intake (F(1, 19) = 7.23, p = .013, ηp2 = .27), PA intention (F(2, 18) = 6.25, p = .024, ηp2 = .28), intrinsic motivation (F(2, 18) = 6.25, p = .024, ηp2 = .28), and amotivation (F(2, 18) = 16.25, p < .001, ηp2 = .54). A need-supportive summer camp may be especially effective in improving PA motivation and behavior in overweight girls.
Diabetic macular edema.

Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent manifestation of long standing diabetes mellitus. According to the World Health Organization diabetes affects nine percent of the adult population worldwide (Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2015). Of all of the common diseases of the eye, diabetic retinopathy has a great impact on the working age population and therefore presents a huge socioeconomic burden in all areas of the world.
Progress and Trends for Cancer Drug Approval – an Analysis of FDA Advisory Committee

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the progress and trends for cancer drug approval over the last decade. Methods From 2001 to 2011, applications from (Oncologic Drug Advisory committees) ODAC session were reviewed. Results Of 46 applications, 34 (74%) involved solid and 12 (26%) hematologic tumors. These drugs were for leukemia (n = 8, 17%), lymphoma (n = 8, 17%), breast (n = 5, 11%), prostate (n = 5, 11%), and others (n = 20, 44%). 30 (65%) were phase III and 16 (35%) were phase II trials. 67% (n = 31) were full applications and 33% (n = 15) were for accelerated approval. 22 (48%) drugs were not approved with most common concerns being: missing or inadequate data (65%), excessive toxicity (55%) and inappropriate study endpoints (45%). 19 applications used hazard ratios (HR), (median = 0.67) and 18 used response rates (RR) (median = 0.42%). In a predictive model combining efficacy and toxicity, drugs with lower HR or higher RR with lower toxicity were more likely to be approved vs. other drugs (89% vs. 46%; p = 0.025). We then divided applications into 3 periods with their corresponding approval rates: 2001-2004 (n = 11; 55%), 2005-2008 (n = 12; 50%), and 2009-2011 (n = 23; 53%). Over time, there was a significant increase in the proportion of applications using progression-free survival as an endpoint (0% to 50% to 70%; p = 0.01). Conclusion In this analysis of oncology drug applications, our model employing hazard ratio and toxicity correlates with a high rate of approval. The most common concerns of the rejected applications involved missing or inadequate data, excessive toxicity, and inadequate study endpoints. Clinical researchers need to consider these FDA recommendations in the future design of clinical trials. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Privacy concerns and benefits of engagement with social media-enabled apps: A privacy calculus perspective

Abstract Privacy threats in a social media-enabled application (app) can originate from either the institution or other app users. Although privacy in social media is well studied, the role of social (peer) privacy concerns is largely unknown and most privacy studies on mobile apps focus on initial adoption and ignore long-term behavioral outcomes. Drawing on the privacy calculus theory, this study examines the impact of both institutional and social privacy concerns on long-term user engagement with social media-enabled apps. Findings from the analysis of 354 survey responses reveal that both institutional and social privacy concerns decrease engagement. Regarding the antecedents, the perceived sensitivity of information increases institutional privacy concerns. However, social privacy concerns are influenced by the perception of risk and control. Moreover, while the impacts of social and enjoyment benefits are expectedly positive, the perception of efficiency benefits decreases engagement. These findings are further investigated and validated through a follow-up text analysis study, suggesting that users who enjoy the functionality of these apps are more likely to express social privacy concerns and minimize their engagement. This study contributes to the literature of privacy on mobile apps by unraveling the intricate dynamics of privacy concerns and benefits in the social mobile era.
Building collegiate adapted sports: goalball case study

Campus Recreation should be providing sport and recreation opportunities to students of all social identity groups. This includes students with physical and sensory disabilities. In fact, federal l...
Cottonoid Sliders: A Simple and Cost-Effective Tool for Retractorless Intracranial Surgery

Background and importance Retraction injury can result in significant complications during intracranial operations. Alternative surgical techniques to minimize retraction pressure and duration of retraction can minimize the risk of retraction injury. We describe the use of a cottonoid "slider," which is a simple, cost-effective modification of a commonly used cottonoid, in multiple applications. Clinical presentation The cottonoid sliders are constructed preoperatively by overlaying an adhesive plastic incision drape on one side of a dry cottonoid patty and trimming the edges to fit the form of the cottonoid. Intraoperatively, the sliders can slide across the parenchymal surface atraumatically and are used for gentle retraction to expose desired areas. In addition, suction may be placed on the slider to clear fluid from the operative view. The plastic side of the slider prevents adherence to the parenchymal surface. Retractorless surgical techniques have been developed to minimize risk of retractor associated injury in intracranial surgery by reducing retraction pressure and duration. Given that the cottonoid sliders glide along the parenchyma, do not stick, and are used for dynamic retraction, the main objectives to minimize retraction injury can be met while not compromising operative efficiency. Conclusion Cottonoid sliders are a simple and cost-effective method of providing gentle exposure during intracranial surgery. This technique represents a valuable and cost-effective addition to the neurosurgical armamentarium.
CROSS-SHORE STRUCTURE OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS DURING DUCK94

The cross-shore structure of the mean longshore current on a barred beach is investigated with observations from the Duck94 field experiment. Maxima of the hourly-averaged longshore current are most frequently located either slightly inshore of the bar crest or near the shoreline. At low tide the longshore current maxima are located closer to the bar crest, and the current is stronger and narrower than at high tide. The tidal cross-shore displacement of the longshore current maximum is qualitatively consistent with the observed radiation stress, S , although the maximum currents are displaced shoreward of the maximum S gradients at both high and low tide. This spatial lag suggests that some mechanism (such as wave rollers) delays the transfer of momentum from waves to the mean low. Bathymetric longshore inhomogeneities may also affect the cross-shore structure of the longshore current.
Convalescent plasma in COVID-19: Does use case matter?

A randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 shows no benefits Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals worldwide One of the most severe manifestations of COVID-19 is severe pneumonia leading to respiratory failure and the need for intensive care Endeavoring to improve morbidity and mortality has been key, and several interventions have been attempted to modify outcomes in this critically ill population One of these interventions is convalescent plasma: plasma collected from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and have high titers of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent plasma has been postulated to confer protection and improve outcomes Based on the results from several non-randomized and observational studies, convalescent plasma is currently being used for the treatment of COVID-19, especially in critically ill patients However, Simonovich et al published the results of a randomized controlled trial in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia that questions this treatment In the study, patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were randomized to receive convalescent plasma or placebo in addition to standard care to assess impact on a six-point ordinal clinical status scale ranging from total recovery to death, 30 days after the intervention Overall, 228 patients were randomized to receive convalescent plasma and 105 to receive placebo in a 2:1 ratio At 30 days, no significant difference was found between convalescent plasma and placebo for any clinical outcome, including mortality Although this trial has some limitations, including a limited sample size and lower antibody titers than in the observational studies, the results call into question the widespread clinical practice of convalescent plasma treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia Does this mean that convalescent plasma has no utility? COVID-19 is a heterogeneous disease, and the manifestations and pathophysiology differ depending on the stage of disease A non-peer reviewed preprint has shown that when infected individuals were randomized to early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma, COVID-19 progression was reduced However, randomized controlled trials are ideally needed before any intervention becomes standard of care, and COVID-19 should be no exception © 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science All rights reserved AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER
The COVID-19 health equity twindemic: Statewide epidemiologic trends of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes among racial minorities and in rural America

BackgroundEarly studies on COVID-19 identified unequal patterns in hospitalization and mortality in urban environments for racial and ethnic minorities. These studies were primarily single center observational studies conducted within the first few weeks or months of the pandemic. We sought to examine trends in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality over time for minority and rural populations, especially during the U.S. fall surge. MethodsStatewide cohort of all adult residents in Indiana tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1 and December 31, 2020, linked to electronic health records. Primary measures were per capita rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. Age adjusted rates were calculated for multiple time periods corresponding to public health mitigation efforts. ResultsMorbidity and mortality increased over time with notable differences among sub-populations. Initially, per capita hospitalizations among racial minorities were 3-4 times higher than whites, and per capita deaths among urban residents were twice those of rural residents. By fall 2020, per capita hospitalizations and deaths in rural areas surpassed those of urban areas, and gaps between black/brown and white populations narrowed. Cumulative morbidity and mortality were highest among minority groups and in rural communities. ConclusionsBurden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality shifted over time, creating a twindemic involving disparities in outcomes based on race and geography. Health officials should explicitly measure disparities and adjust mitigation and vaccination strategies to protect vulnerable sub-populations with greater disease burden.
The climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers

Our view of responsibility for climate change has expanded to include the actions of firms, particularly fossil fuel producers. Yet analysis of animal agriculture’s role in climate change—estimated as 14.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions—has mainly focused on the sector as a whole. Here we examine the world’s 35 largest meat and dairy companies for their commitments to mitigating climate change and find four companies that have made an explicit commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050. In general, these commitments emphasized mitigating energy use, with minimal focus on emissions (e.g., methane) from animal and land use, which make the biggest warming contributions in the agricultural sector. We also compare the companies’ projected global emissions under a business-as-usual scenario to their headquarter countries’ future emissions, assuming each country’s compliance with their commitments to the Paris Climate Agreement. Taking this view of responsibility and emissions accounting (which is not the conception of responsibility in the Paris Agreement), our results show that including industrial meat and dairy producers’ full global emissions in national accounting would impact national targets for greenhouse gas reductions. As examples, by our calculations, two companies—Fonterra in New Zealand, and Nestle in Switzerland—would make up more than 100% of their headquarter country’s total emissions target in the coming decade. Finally, we evaluated using 20 yes-or-no questions and a variety of sources the transparency of emissions reporting, mitigation commitments, and influence on public opinion and politics of the 10 US meat and dairy companies. According to the evidence we collected, all 10 US companies have contributed to efforts to undermine climate-related policies. Each of these analyses approaches responsibility in new and different ways. Under the swiftly changing social conditions provoked by climate change, we can expect new imaginings of responsibility for GHG emissions, as well as increased attention to the role of corporate actors and their accountability for climate change impacts.
Persistent upwelling in the Mid-Atlantic Bight detected using gap-filled, high-resolution satellite SST

Abstract This study applied a Spike-Filter (SF) method to identify and remove rapidly moving clouds over the coastal ocean in GOES-16 satellite sea surface temperature fields (SST). These images were then gap-filled to capture upwelling in the Mid Atlantic Bight (MAB), a critical process that impacts ecosystems and atmospheric processes in the region and is important to coastal regions around the world. During the 2019 upwelling season, the default Quality Filter (QF) provided to identify and remove clouds from GOES SST consistently removed upwelling pixels, resulting in ~15% MAB coastal SST coverage. The Spike Filter (SF) method increased MAB coastal SST coverage to 30% and maintained overall accuracy. GOES SF DINEOF SST approximately doubled the number of detected upwelling days compared to MUR SST. The longest upwelling event detected in GOES SF DINEOF persisted for over 17 days, which is longer than upwelling events previously observed in the MAB (Glenn et al., 2004).This suggests that the MAB can have persistent, rather than episodic upwelling as previously thought. Clear detection of the timing and duration of upwelling events is important as it provides estimates for ecological and physical responses in the MAB and coastal regions around the world. GOES-16 SST has the potential to improve upwelling detection and should be further studied for application in ocean and atmospheric modeling.