cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoignition of reacting mixtures at engine-relevant conditions using confined spherically expanding flames

Abstract Propagation of a confined spherically expanding flame induces isentropic compression that can culminate in autoignition and/or detonation under conducive thermodynamic conditions. This relatively simple technique measures a distinct ‘characteristic ignition delay time’ and complements other established approaches such as the rapid compression machine and shock tube. The present study details this methodology by examining the autoignition characteristics of dimethyl-ether/oxygen/nitrogen/helium reactive mixtures for equivalence ratios of 0.6 and 0.9, an initial temperature of 468 K, and initial pressures of 3 to 6 atm. The experimental results display the classic two-stage ignition typical of dimethyl-ether oxidation at low-temperatures with first-stage ignition occurring at approximately 3.6 times the initial pressure. To aid in the interpretation of the experimental results, two numerical models were used: a zero-dimensional batch reactor model, which accepts experimental pressure-time history and calculates the sensitivities of characteristic ignition delay times to kinetics, and a low Mach number, Lagrangian one-dimensional code that was developed to model both flame propagation and end-gas autoignition. Simulation results were shown to adequately capture the physics of unsteady flame propagation, end-gas autoignition, and the controlling reactions of the latter. It was found also that under certain conditions the behavior of first and second ignition stages could be modified by unsteady pressure effects.
Think Ahead: Cost Discounting and External Validity in Foreign Policy Survey Experiments

This paper considers the implications of construal level theory in the context of survey experiments probing foreign policy opinion formation. Psychology research demonstrates that people discount the long-term consequences of decisions, thinking about distal or hypothetical events more abstractly than immediate scenarios. I argue that this tendency introduces a bias into survey experiments on foreign policy opinion. Respondents reasoning about an impending military engagement are likelier to consider its costs than are those reasoning in the abstract hypothetical environment. I provide evidence of this bias by replicating a common audience costs experimental design and introducing a prompt to consider casualties. I find that priming respondents to articulate their expectations about casualties in a foreign intervention reduces support and dampens the experimental effect, thereby cutting the estimated absolute audience cost substantially. This result suggests a gap between how survey respondents approach hypothetical and real situations of military intervention.
Epithelial and Immune Cell Responses to Helicobacter pylori That Shape the Gastric Tumor Microenvironment

Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a 5-year survival rate of only 29%. The incidence of gastric cancer in the United States is relatively low due to the diagnosis and treatment of the major risk factor Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Even after H. pylori infection has been eradicated, there is still a risk of developing gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is the final clinical outcome that is often initiated by a sustained inflammatory response to H. pylori infection and immune cell-epithelial crosstalk. The review focuses on reporting the mechanisms by which the bacterium modulates the host’s innate and adaptive immune response and the gastric epithelium as part of a strategy to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that ultimately leads to gastric cancer.
Alignment of teacher ratings and child direct assessments in preschool: A closer look at teaching strategies GOLD

Abstract Authentic, teacher report measures are a popular approach to assessing young children, but prior research has shown that teacher over- and under-estimates of early elementary children's skills can be associated with child characteristics like race and gender and are often associated with achievement gains over time. The current study extended this work by examining teacher over- and under-estimates of preschool students’ academic skills with the widely-used measure, Teaching Strategies GOLD. 1045 children (ages 46–61 months, mean = 54.4 months, SD = 3.7) from 89 publicly-funded preschool classrooms were rated by teachers using Teaching Strategies GOLD in the fall and were independently assessed on language, literacy, and math by trained assessors in the fall and spring. Results of multilevel path models indicated that the greatest discrepancies between teacher ratings and direct assessments were for children whose direct assessment scores were farther from the classroom mean; discrepancies were not significantly associated with children's race/ethnicity or gender. Discrepancies were associated with achievement gains from fall to spring, with children whose skills were overestimated making greater gains than achievement scores alone would have predicted. Indirect pathways indicated that teacher discrepancies partially transmitted the effects of higher and lower fall skills to children's spring outcomes. Results are discussed as they relate to the use of teacher report measures as formative assessments, and the potential sources of systematic error in these ratings.
Perceived Instrumental Support as a Mediator between Maternal Mental Health and Housing Insecurity

Housing insecurity is a persistent issue in marginalized communities. Maternal depression and substance use contribute additional housing risk for vulnerable families. Maternal mental health problems may erode or disrupt social networks, leaving families with fewer supports upon which to rely in a housing crisis. The present study leveraged a large, longitudinal sample of families with children (N = 2,991). Structural equation modeling with latent variables investigated the role of perceived instrumental support in pathways from maternal depression and substance use to risk for housing insecurity over a 10-year period. Results indicated maternal depression was linked directly with housing insecurity (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), as well as indirectly via reduced perceived instrumental support (β = 0.01, p < 0.05). Maternal substance use was not associated either directly or indirectly with housing insecurity. Social support thus emerged as an important mechanism explaining an enduring association between maternal depression and risk for housing insecurity.
Antibody response to influenza virus enzyme in man.

Antineuraminidase antibody levels were mea.. sured by inhibition of hemagglutination employing recombinant strain X-15 in paired sera of human subjects naturally infected with influenza AO, and A2, strains and in sets of sera obtained from persons vaccinated with swine, AO, A1, or A2 monovalent vaccines. The antineuraminidase antibody increase found with the X-15 test after infection and vaccination was shown to be subtype specific for A2 enzymes. The frequency and mag.. nitude antibody increase after both types of antigenic experience was similar. An ether-extracted hemagglutinin vaccine was, as efficient as its whole virus counterpart in stimulating antienzyme antibodies. Reinforcement of antienzyme antibody levels and antigenic broadening of the antibody response on repeated exposures was demonstrated.
Hilbert, Kneser, and Others

In his world-famous presentation of mathematical problems at the 1900 International Mathematical Congress, Hilbert ([1900], p. 473) said the following by way of introduction to his discussion of the calculus of variations: “Nevertheless, I should like to close with a general problem, namely the indication of a branch of mathematics repeatedly mentioned in this lecture—which, in spite of the considerable advancement lately given it by Weierstrass, does not receive the general appreciation which, in my opinion, is its due—I mean the calculus of variations.”
A Comprehensive Sample Preparation Scheme for Accelerants in Suspect Arson Cases

This study represents a critical comparison of adsorbent based heated headspace methods for the enrichment of volatiles from fire debris. A dynamic and a static method, based on charcoal adsorption and solvent extraction are compared to the solid phase micro extraction (SPME) procedure. The SPME method has been optimized in respect to fiber type, sampling time, sampling temperature, analyte concentration and the effects of water. Collection efficiencies were evaluated for a variety of accelerant types, ranging from methanol to diesel fuel. The minimum detectable quantity for each of the methods is within an order of magnitude for most accelerant types. We propose a two step method based on SPME with two different fibers. Polar and water soluble accelerants such as ethanol and light petroleum distillates are most effectively enriched at low temperature on Carboxen™, a newly developed high capacity fiber which contains a carbon based adsorbent. Low volatility accelerants such as diesel fuel can be recovered on a methylpolysiloxane type fiber at elevated temperature. Limitations of currently used sample preparation methods are discussed.
Sealing effect of fibrin glue on the healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses

The adoption of advanced laparoscopic techniques for complex surgical procedures has raised the concern that the leak rate might be higher than for open surgery, particularly in the surgeon’s early experience or in difficult cases. In this study, the sealing effect of fibrin glue on leaking gastrointestinal anastomoses was evaluated in an experimental swine model. A standardized gastrojejunostomy was performed on 20 female pigs (mean weight, 47.7±5.7 kg). A leak was created on the anterior surface of the anastomosis. The animals were randomized to either fibrin glue or no treatment of the leak. Clinical conditions and vital signs, including body temperature, heart rate and, respiratory rate, were collected three times a day. Preoperative and postoperative complete and differential blood count and lactate dehydrogenase levels were determined. Postmortem analysis was performed when the animals were killed. Clinical signs of peritonitis developed in the control animals by the second or third postoperative day. Findings that confirmed the presence of an anastomotic leak at the postmortem examination were the presence of food or gastrojejunal juices in the abdominal cavity, a localized abscess, or a positive air leak test. Fibrin glue treatment prevented the development of peritonitis in all the animals. Complete sealing of the leak was observed on postoperative day 7 in all treated animals, except one in which an asymptomatic contained leak developed. The postoperative total white blood count was significantly increased in the untreated group (24.69±5.5 vs 12.74±3.7 103/ulp<0.001, pairedt-test), as compared with the treated group (15. 55±2.4 vs 14.89±2.7 103/ul;p=0.24). In this study, fibrin glue showed reproducible sealing effects on leaking gastrojejunal anastomoses. Fibrin glue application may be a valuable approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks.
Gelation of sickle cell haemoglobin: II. Methaemoglobin☆

Abstract Sickle cell methaemoglobin was assayed for gel formation by an equilibrium ultracentrifugation method previously described. A phase change from sol to gel, indicative of gelation, occurred, depending on conditions, at concentrations between 0.35 and 0.5 g/ml, considerably higher than concentrations observed previously for gelation of deoxyhaemoglobin S. Inositol hexaphosphate favours gelation, but gelation is seen also in its absence. Lowering pH toward 6 favours gelation. If gelation is assumed to require molecules in the T quaternary conformation, these results provide further evidence that methaemoglobin exists in R-T equilibrium in solution and that this equilibrium lies between the extremes exhibited by deoxyhaemoglobin (T-state) and carbon monoxide or oxyhaemoglobin (R-state).
Scheduling heterogeneous MapReduce jobs for efficiency improvement in enterprise clusters

The MapReduce paradigm and its open source implementation Hadoop are emerging as an important standard for large-scale data-intensive processing in both industry and academia. A MapReduce cluster is typically shared among multiple users with different types of workloads. When a flock of jobs are concurrently submitted to a MapReduce cluster, they compete for the shared resources and the overall system performance might be seriously degraded. Therefore, one challenging issue is to efficiently schedule all the jobs in such a shared MapReduce environment. However, we find that prior scheduling algorithms supported by Hadoop cannot guarantee good performance under different workloads. In this paper, we propose a new Hadoop scheduler, which leverages the knowledge of workload patterns to improve the system performance by dynamically tuning the resource shares among users and the scheduling algorithms for each user. Experimental results from Amazon EC2 cluster show that our scheduler reduces the average MapReduce job response times under a variety of workloads compared to the existing FIFO and Fair schedulers.
The N‐terminus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Tir mediates transport across bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type III secretion system to translocate into host cells several effector molecules that are required for virulence. One of these, the translocated intimin receptor, Tir, inserts into the host cell cytoplasmic membrane, where it functions as the receptor for intimin, an outer membrane adhesin expressed by EPEC. A chaperone for Tir, called CesT, is required for stability of Tir in the EPEC cytoplasm. In this study, the cyaA gene reporter system was used to identify domains in Tir that mediate secretion into the culture supernatant and translocation into host cells. A Tir-CyaA fusion containing the first 15 N-terminal residues of Tir was secreted and translocated into HeLa cells by a deltatirdeltacesT mutant; however, maximal secretion and translocation was observed with the first 26 N-terminal residues of Tir. Fusions containing progressively larger N-terminal sequences of Tir were also efficiently secreted and translocated into HeLa cells by the deltatirdeltacesT strain. However, in a deltatir mutant that expresses CesT, Tir26-CyaA and an additional fusion containing the first 69 N-terminal residues of Tir were not secreted or translocated, but fusions containing larger N-terminal Tir sequences were secreted and translocated by the deltatir mutant. Wild-type EPEC secreted and translocated the Tir15-CyaA fusion, whereas longer fusions, such as Tir26-CyaA and Tir69-CyaA, were translocated to higher levels, similar to what was observed with the deltatirdeltacesT mutant. A Tir-CyaA fusion containing the CesT binding domain was translocated into HeLa cells more rapidly in the presence of CesT compared with translocation in the absence of CesT. Collectively, these results suggest that an N-terminal domain of 26 amino acids functions as a CesT-independent signal that is capable of delivering Tir into both the culture supernatant and the cytosol of host cells. Furthermore, in addition to its role in the stability of Tir, CesT may function in translocation by mediating rapid delivery of Tir into host cells.
Single image deblurring using motion density functions

We present a novel single image deblurring method to estimate spatially non-uniform blur that results from camera shake. We use existing spatially invariant deconvolution methods in a local and robust way to compute initial estimates of the latent image. The camera motion is represented as a Motion Density Function (MDF) which records the fraction of time spent in each discretized portion of the space of all possible camera poses. Spatially varying blur kernels are derived directly from the MDF. We show that 6D camera motion is well approximated by 3 degrees of motion (in-plane translation and rotation) and analyze the scope of this approximation. We present results on both synthetic and captured data. Our system out-performs current approaches which make the assumption of spatially invariant blur.
Utilization of Illinois PCC Dry Bottom Ash for Compacted Landfill Barriers

Compacted soil barriers are one of the most important components of municipal waste landfills. The material used to construct a landfill liner and/or cap must prevent the flow of fluids through them. Soils with low values of permeability (such as compacted clays) are often used to construct landfill barriers. Natural sands and other cohesionless materials are used to construct hydraulic barriers by adding admixtures to modify their properties. Several studies have been conducted that dealt with determining geotechnical engineering properties of sand-bentonite mixtures. Pulverized coal combustion (PCC) dry bottom ash is a coal combustion by-product of burning coal to produce electricity. Because of the increasing costs associated with the disposal of bottom ash and the environmental regulations in place, there is a need to develop alternate methods for profitable and environmentally safe uses of this waste material. Most scientists and researchers have concluded that bottom ash has geotechnical characteris...
Attribute-Based Design Description System In Design For Manufacturability And Assembly

Present computer-aided design (CAD) systems, intentionally developed as detail oriented designing tools, do not fully support the activities at the early stage of product development. CAD systems, which require a detailed level of design, prohibit the creative and free expression of a design idea. The solution to the limitations of present CAD systems is to fully utilize the graphical ability of current computer systems to represent a design with an easily understood design description in the conceptual design stage. We have developed a computerized product development tool to support designing activities in the conceptual design phase. The attribute-based design description system (ADDS) is a feature-based system that incorporates life-cycle engineering analysis and solid modeling to form an integrated CAD system. It provides a simple design representation interface and assembly modeling, evaluates the design for life-cycle engineering issues, and exports the design to AutoCAD as a solid model with flexible information input requirements. The research thus provides a starting point to the development of CAD systems that support productivity in the conceptual design stage. ADDS has been validated by describing three different design examples of power transmission systems in ADDS and exporting them to AutoCAD. This paper examines the benefits of applying a specification driven approach and presents a framework for environments that can support the related design activities. The Design Analysis and Simulation Environment (DASE) based upon this framework has been successfully implemented through a joint initiative between Bell Canada and McGill University.
The passivity of iron in chromate solutions I. Structure and composition of the film

A study of the reactions of chromate with iron has been made. The amount of chromium in the passivating film has been measured using radio-active chromium and by chemical analysis. The surface of the iron after exposure to chromate was examined by auto-radiography, electron diffraction and electron microscopy. It was concluded that passivity of iron in chromate solutions is caused by the formation of an oxide film about 100 A thick containing about 25% Cr2O3 and 75% γ-Fe2O4. Es wurde eine Untersuchung der Reaktionen von Chromat mit Eisen durchgefuhrt. Der Chromgehalt des passivierenden Filmes wurde durch chemische Analyse und unter Anwendung von radioaktivem Chrom bestimmt. Die Oberflache des Eisens wurde nach der Behandlung mit Chromat mittels Autoradiographie, Elektronenbeugung und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daβ die Passivitat des Eisens in Chromatlosung durch die Bildung eines Oxydfilmes verursacht wird, der ungefahr 100 A dick ist und etwa 25% Cr2O3 und 75% γ-Fe2O3 enthalt.
Applying genetic algorithms to the U-shaped assembly line balancing problem

The traditional assembly line balancing problem considers the manufacturing process of a product where production is specified in terms of a sequence of tasks that need to be assigned to workstations. Each task takes a known number of time units to complete. Also, precedence constraints exist among tasks: each task can be assigned to a station only after all its predecessors have been assigned to stations. The U-shaped assembly line balancing problem is a relatively new problem derived from the traditional assembly line balancing problem. In the U-shaped assembly line balancing problem, a task can be assigned to a station either after all of its predecessors or all of its successors have been assigned to stations. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) solution to the Type I U-shaped assembly line balancing problem. Our research provides a global framework which can be used to deal with the two possible variations of this problem-minimizing the total idle time and balancing the workload among stations-or a combination of both. We developed six different assignment algorithms as a means for interpreting a chromosome and assigning tasks to workstations. The results show the GA to be an excellent technique for this problem. In 61 standard test cases from the literature, our GA obtained the same results as previous researchers in 49 cases, superior results in 11 cases, and in only one case did worse. Moreover, the GA proved to be computationally efficient.
General Methods for Testing Hypotheses

In Chapter 10 we laid out the main ideas in assessing statistical significance. First, there is a null hypothesis; second, there is a statistic that defines some deviation away from a null model; third there is a \(p\)-value to judge the rarity of the observed deviation under the null hypothesis.
Manometry and Histochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease

Acetylcholine esterase histochemistry and rectal manometrv have been used sequentially to evaluate constipated children and to make the diagnosis of Hirschsprung9s disease. When applied together, these modalities give a reliable diagnosis of Hirschsprung9s disease, restricting the use of deep rectal biopsy to those patients in whom symptoms are niost suggestive of Hirschsprung9s disease. Acetylcholine esterase histochemistry may be more reliable than rectal manometry in the newborn and premature periods. It is hoped that the combined use of these techniques may make deep rectal biopsy obsolete except in patients with hvpoganglionosis.
Metadata-driven Delphi rating on the Internet.

Abstract Paper-based data collection and analysis for consensus development is inefficient and error-prone. Computerized techniques that could improve efficiency, however, have been criticized as costly, inconvenient and difficult to use. We designed and implemented a metadata-driven Web-based Delphi rating and analysis tool, employing the flexible entity-attribute-value schema to create generic, reusable software. The software can be applied to various domains by altering the metadata; the programming code remains intact. This approach greatly reduces the marginal cost of re-using the software. We implemented our software to prepare for the Conference on Guidelines Standardization. Twenty-three invited experts completed the first round of the Delphi rating on the Web. For each participant, the software generated individualized reports that described the median rating and the disagreement index (calculated from the Interpercentile Range Adjusted for Symmetry) as defined by the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. We evaluated the software with a satisfaction survey using a five-level Likert scale. The panelists felt that Web data entry was convenient (median 4, interquartile range [IQR] 4.0–5.0), acceptable (median 4.5, IQR 4.0–5.0) and easily accessible (median 5, IQR 4.0–5.0). We conclude that Web-based Delphi rating for consensus development is a convenient and acceptable alternative to the traditional paper-based method.
Uniformity measurements in a helicon plasma etcher

Summary form only given. Recent research efforts on the UW helicon etcher have focused on the plasma density profile variation along the axis of the etching chamber. The goal of this research is to find ways to maintain a high plasma density while creating a radially uniform plasma. This study is unique because high magnetic fields (425-625 G) are used in the source region. The UW helicon etcher consists of 21 magnetic field coils surrounding a 1 meter long, 10 cm diameter quartz tube. At one end of the tube is a Negoya Type III RF antenna which is run at 13.56 MHz. At the opposite end is the etching chamber containing a 20 cm diameter magnetic multidipole bucket. The purpose of the bucket is to both maintain a high plasma density and improve the radial uniformity in the etching chamber. This experiment was conducted using 20 seem of argon at a pressure of 5 mT with an RF power of 900 W. The magnetic field was varied between 425 and 625 Gauss. The density was measured using a Langmuir probe fitted with 3 filters to filter out the RF perturbations at 13.56, 27.12, and 40.68 MHz.
PHOTOPRODUCTION OF K MESONS AND THE INTRINSIC PARITIES OF THE STRANGE PARTICLES

We examine the general properties near threshold of the reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{nucleon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hyperon}+K$ meson, especially from the point of view of using these reactions to determine the intrinsic $Y\ensuremath{-}K$ parity relative to that of the nucleon from which they are produced. We base our computations on the possibility that, unlike the pion case, there may be no enhancement of the interaction in some special state. Alternatively, departure of the observations from the predictions of such considerations will point out the importance of enhanced states. The approach is through a perturbation computation in which we use, however, a simple model of the Yukawa interaction in order to exhibit in explicit form the dependence of the reaction properties on the hyperon and $K$-meson moments and on the nature of their interaction. In general, it is pointed out how observations on angular distributions must be combined with relative cross sections and their energy dependence in order to draw unambiguous conclusions.
Population growth under the influence of random dispersal

A population is considered which grows according to the logistic equation while spreading out at random. An approximate method is used to obtain transient and steady-state values for various simple boundary conditions such as that of a population started in an infinite one- or two-dimensional region with or without reflecting or absorbing barriers. An approximate steady-state solution is given for the one-dimensional case of two neighboring regions having different growth rates, mobilities, and degrees of attractiveness.
Re‐Conceiving God and Humanity in Light of Today's Evolutionary‐Ecological Consciousness

The anthropocentric orientation of traditional understandings of Christian faith and life, further accentuated by the existentialist terms in which theology was articulated in mid-century by Tillich and others, produced theologies no longer appropriate in today's world of evolutionary and ecological thinking about human existence and its embeddedness in the web of life on planet Earth. This problem can be addressed with the help of several new concepts that enable us to understand both humanity-in-the-world and God in ways in keeping with these present conceptions, thus providing a more intelligible and illuminating way of understanding Christian faith and life today.
Implementing intra-organizational learning: an infrastructure to support business process reengineering

Business process reengineering (BPR) has been both heralded as an essential mechanism for competing in today's business environment and condemned as a financial and human resource drain yielding little if any value. BPR failures have frequently been blamed on organizations lacking the cultural ‘change management’ infrastructure necessary to support change. This paper proposes that an organizational learning culture provides an appropriate backdrop for affecting the change management necessary to implement BPR. More specifically, a phased process for implementing organizational learning and a technology infrastructure necessary to support learning is provided. Finally, examples of a learning culture and the resulting influence on BPR initiatives are provided from a single organizational site. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
Remote control systems for the grondin subsea oil well production station

An experimental subsea oilwell production station was installed by ELF Gabon during 1976 in 200 feet of water offshore the Republic du Gabon, West Africa. The station is the first pilot operation in a research program designed to produce subsea oil fields in water depths to 2000 feet anywhere in the world. The subsea station includes three production wellhead assemblies mounted on a template. The template is equipped with manifolds, flowlines and control cables to connect the satellite station to the Grondin Field production platform. Each well on the station is equipped with two electrohydraulic remote control systems. One system is direct-wired, the other system employs electronic multiplexing. The direct-wired system operates the primary wellhead functions required to produce the well. Retrievable subsea hydraulic power units are installed on each wellhead. Electric power is supplied through individual conductors of a subsea cable to drive the motor-pump and operate the solenoid control valves. The multiplex system utilizes signal processing to send all information over two wires. This reduces the size and number of cables needed to control the many functions, but requires more complex circuitry on the ocean floor. The system employs a code comparison circuit to prevent errors in command information. The wellhead command unit operates the same functions as the direct-wired system plus several more. It also monitors the position of a production choke (flow controller), two pollution sensors, and a system to measure the corrosive electric potential of the wellhead due to electrolysis.
Q-Switched Laser Therapy for Recalcitrant and Recurrent Pigmentation After Chemical Depigmentation for Extensive Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired, idiopathic disease characterized by depigmented macules and patches, with total absence of functional melanocytes within the areas of affected skin. This is a condition that occurs worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 1% but with reported rates as high as 4% in some countries. Although spontaneous remission may occur, given that the condition is associated with significant emotional distress for patients, treatment of the condition is indicated. 1 Treatment of vitiligo is generally divided into two categories—therapies aimed at repigmentation of affected skin and therapies aimed at depigmentation of unaffected skin for blending of overall skin tones. Depigmentation is often preferred in extensive cases in which vitiligo affects more than 50% of the total body surface area. Depigmentation may be achieved through the use of topical 20% monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH), MBEH in combination with tretinoin, 4-methoxyphenol, 88% phenol solution, cryotherapy, or laser therapy. 1 The 694-nm qualityswitched (QS) ruby and the 755-nm QS alexandrite lasers have been shown to be effective for depigmentation of recurrent or resistant relative hyperpigmentation in patients with vitiligo. 1,2 In this case, the 532-nm QS frequency-doubled neodymiumdoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was used successfully to treat areas of recalcitrant pigmentation and recurrent pigmentation after fullbody chemical depigmentation therapy for vitiligo.
Working with Karl W. Deutsch: : A life-changing experience on the professional and personal level

In tracing his 15-year relationship with Karl W. Deutsch, Andrei S. Markovits portrays the key intellectual agendas and major scholarly contributions that formed the core of Deutsch�s academic life. The article highlights how Deutsch�s personal life as well as his singularly impressive qualities shaped the originality and greatness of his intellectual contributions but also the profound humaneness of his quotidian life.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Biliary Drainage: Rendezvous Technique

The success rate of deep biliary cannulation is high but still not perfect in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), even with aggressive techniques. With the development of linear-array echoendoscopes, the endoscopic ultrasonography-guided rendezvous technique (EUS-RV) has recently emerged as a salvage method for failed biliary cannulation. This review of current literature establishes that EUS-RV is a feasible and safe technique and should be considered as an alternative to percutaneous or surgical approaches. The availability of a percutaneous salvage (if EUS-RV fails) and well-trained endoscopists for both ERCP and EUS are mandatory in minimizing the potential complications of this procedure.
SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF TWO CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES BY PNEUMOCOCCUS I. PROPERTIES OF A PNEUMOCOCCUS MANIFESTING BINARY CAPSULATION

Pneumococci manifesting binary capsulation have been produced through the agency of transformation reactions. Such cells produce two capsular polysaccharides which are closely similar if not identical with those produced by corresponding singly capsulated strains. Binary capsulation in pneumococcus provides a new basis for serologic cross-reactivity in this species.
Crossflows in a Turbine Cascade Passage

Measurements of the subsonic flow in a large scale plane turbine cascade, that were given in an earlier paper, are examined in more detail from the standpoint of the endwall boundary layer. Representative data are presented in terms of normal and streamwise velocities, flow angle deviations, and polar plots, that can be used to substantiate analytical models of the endwall flow. The qualitative behavior of the endwall crossflow was found to be correlated by a relatively simple expression, based on the flow angle deviation.
An experimental investigation into dynamic fracture: III. On steady-state crack propagation and crack branching

This is the third in a series of four papers in which problems of dynamic crack propagation are examined experimentally in large, thin sheets of Homalite-100 such that crack growth in an unbounded plate is simulated. In the first paper crack initiation resulting from stress wave loading to the crack tip as well as crack arrest were reported. It was found that for increasing rates of loading in the microsecond range the stress intensity required for initiation rises markedly. Crack arrest occurs abruptly without any deceleration phase at a stress intensity lower than that which causes initiation under quasi-static loading.
Self-esteem and achievement expectations for white and Negro children.

Summary The relationship of self-esteem, achievement expectations, and discrepancies between achievement expectations and actual achievement for Negro and white pupils was investigated. Negro pupils had significantly greater discrepancies between their expectations for achievement and their actual achievement than white pupils. No relationship was found between ethnic background and discrepancies between expectations for achievement and actual achievement as a result of receiving increasing amounts of information concerning actual performance on an achievement task. An interrelationship was found between self-esteem, expectations for achievement and actual achievement discrepancies, and experience with the achievement task.
A conceptual framework for understanding arthropod predator and parasitoid invasions

Arthropods make up the largest group of invasive alien species (IAS) worldwide. Although invasion research has been biased towards alien plants and vertebrates, it has suggested potential mechanisms for the success of IAS and provided a theoretical framework for further investigation. Here we address key concepts from invasion biology that are essential to our understanding of the success of invasive alien arthropod predators and parasitoids including human intervention, environmental characteristics, propagule pressure, biological traits, and biological interactions. To gain a greater understanding of the factors most likely to influence the different stages of invasion (arrival, establishment, and spread) for alien arthropod predators and parasitoids, we use a comparative approach to compare and contrast the differential success of invasions by alien phytophagous and carnivorous arthropods. Insights gained from this comparison suggest that future research will require a multitrophic approach in order to enhance our understanding of invasions at higher trophic levels.
The role of methemoglobin in acute butyl nitrite toxicity in mice

When mice were exposed to butyl nitrites in an inhalation chamber, a significant level of methemoglobinemia is produced. The potency order for methemoglobin production of the four butyl nitrites (n-, iso-, sec-, tert-) is the same as that of their lethal concentrations (LC50 values) and parallels the ability of the agents to cause methemoglobin formation in mouse erythrocytes in vitro. Pretreatment with a single dose of methylene blue prevents the methemoglobin formation and protects against the lethality of the butyl nitrites.
Explaining variance in long-term recall in 3- and 4-year-old children: the importance of post-encoding processes.

Abstract Long-term recall is influenced by what originally was encoded as well as by the efficacy of retrieval processes. The possible explanatory role of post-encoding processes by which initially labile memory traces are stabilized and integrated into long-term memory (i.e., consolidated) has received relatively less research attention. In the current research, we examined 3- and 4-year-old children’s recall of multi-step event sequences immediately after seeing them modeled as a measure of encoding, 1 week later as a measure of the status of the memory trace post-encoding, and 1 month later as an assessment of long-term recall. We tested recall of events with three different levels of internal structure and with three different levels of support for retrieval. Measures of the post-encoding status of the memory trace explained significant variance in long-term recall when they were the sole predictors of performance, and they contributed unique variance in long-term recall even after accounting for the variance associated with encoding. The results imply that a complete explanation of forgetting during childhood must include not only roles for encoding and retrieval processes but also roles for post-encoding processes.
Estimating Effect of System Harmonics on Losses and Temperature Rise of Squirrel-Cage Motors

With increasing application of static converter power supplies the magnitude of harmonic voltages to which other motors connected to the power system will be exposed must be considered. The additional losses and heating that will occur in these motors may require derating. A simplified expression defined as the harmonic voltage factor (HVF) for estimating the effect of harmonic voltages on polyphase squirrel-cage motors is developed.
Low HDL-C: lessons learned from the Turkish Heart Study

Abstract Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are highly prevalent in Turks. Analysis of approximately 10,000 Turkish men and women revealed the lowest HDL-C levels of any previously characterized population (∼10–15 mg/dl lower than in western Europeans or Americans). These low HDL-C levels are primarily of genetic origin. A survey of the activities of candidate enzymes and transfer proteins showed that Turks have uniquely elevated hepatic lipase mass and activity, and their hepatic lipase levels are 25–30% higher than in non-Turkish American controls. As in other populations, Turkish newborns of both sexes have low total cholesterol and HDL-C levels (∼30 mg/dl), and 8–9-year-old boys and girls have virtually identical HDL-C levels (50–60 mg/dl) similar to those in other populations. After puberty, however, HDL-C levels decrease markedly to typical adult levels, 36–37 mg/dl in males and 40–43 mg/dl in females. The mechanism for these striking reductions is unknown. Recent studies have shown that polymorphisms in the ATP-binding cassette A1 protein (ABCA1) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) are associated with altered HDL-C in Turks. Furthermore, a polymorphism in acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is associated with altered body mass index (BMI), HDL-C, and blood pressure in Turks.
Non-Newtonian flow modelling in the screw regions of an intermeshing corotating twin screw extruder

Abstract We model the low of a non-Newtonian fluid obeying a power-law model through the screw elements of a self-wiping intermeshing corotating twin screw extruder. The flow is modelled for a power-law viscosity function using both a finite element method and a lubrication theory modified FAN procedure. The finite element method yields machine direction and transverse velocity fields. The screw pumping correlations developed from the two methods agree within ten percent.
Ultrastructural Changes of Chondrocytes of Growth Plates of Young Broiler Chickens Predisposed to Tibial Dyschondroplasia

Abstract Growth plates from the proximal tibiotarsal bones of growing broiler chickens from lines exhibiting high and low incidences of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) were compared for ultrastructural differences. Samples of growth plates were collected from five chickens of each line at 2, 7, 14, and 21 d of age. Each sample was prepared for ultrastructural evaluation after initial fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and secondary fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, each containing .7% ruthenium hexamine trichloride. No gross TD lesions were observed. The ultrastructure of growth plates of birds at 2, 7, and 14 d of age was similar between the groups. However, at 21 d of age, chondrocytes in the prehypertrophic zone of the high incidence group contained large lipid inclusions and vesiculated and disarranged stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum with greatly dilated cisternae. Apoptotic and necrotic chondrocytes were present in the hypertrophic zone. Nuclei of apoptotic chondrocytes contained crescentic caps of condensed chromatin. The cytoplasm contained short segments of dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and vacuoles. Necrotic chondrocytes appeared as amorphous masses with pyknotic and karyorrhectic nuclei. These changes were not observed in chondrocytes of the low TD incidence group and have not been previously reported in nonthickened growth plate cartilage.
B-type natriuretic peptide levels in congenital heart disease.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Measurement of plasma BNP concentration has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of adult patients with congestive heart failure, but little is known about the role of BNP in children with structural congenital heart disease. We measured plasma BNP levels using the Triage BNP test in patients with congenital heart disease referred for diagnostic or interventional cardiac catheterization. Plasma BNP concentration was measured in 96 children and 11 adults ≥19 years old (7.9 ± 8.3 years) undergoing heart catheterization for underlying congenital heart disease. BNP levels ranged from 1300 pg/ml, with a median BNP concentration of 19.0 pg/ml. Baseline BNP concentrations were >100.0 pg/ml on 19 occasions in 17 patients. The pressure difference between the left ventricle and ascending aorta was 10–110 mmHg in 21 patients. BNP concentrations for this cohort ranged from <5.0 to 1060.0 pg/ml and correlated with the degree of left ventricular outflow obstruction (correlation coefficient, 0.661; p = 0.001). This study suggests that with additional research, BNP concentration may prove to be a useful clinical tool in managing children and adults with congenital heart disease.
Transmural optical measurements of Vm dynamics during long-duration ventricular fibrillation in canine hearts.

Background Knowledge of transmural V m changes is important for understanding the mechanism of long-duration ventricular fibrillation (LDVF). Objective The purpose of this study was to measure transmural V m changes during LDVF. Methods V m was recorded optically at up to 8 transmural points separated by 1.5 mm in the left ventricle of Langendorff-perfused canine hearts (n = 6) using a bundle of optical fibers (optrode) during 10 minutes of LDVF followed by 3 minutes of VF with reperfusion. Measurements were grouped into 4 layers: epicardium, subepicardium, midwall, and subendocardium. Results Activation rates (ARs) and action potential durations (APDs) decreased, whereas diastolic intervals (DIs) increased during LDVF in all transmural layers ( P P P > .05). Restitution plots showed no functional relationship between APD and DI in any layer at any stage of LDVF. Partial reperfusion during VF for 3 minutes restored transmural synchronicity of activation and eliminated gradients in activation parameters. Conclusion V m dynamics evolve differently at different transmural layers. The subendocardium maintains persistent and the fastest activation during 10 minutes of LDVF, suggesting it contains the source of VF wavefronts. There are no transmural APD gradients and no restitution relationship between APD and DI at any transmural layer, indicating these are not the primary factors in the mechanism of LDVF.
Reconstructive approach to hostile cranioplasty: A review of the University of Chicago experience ☆

Summary Background Hostile sites for cranioplasty occur in patients with a history of radiation, infection, failed cranioplasty, CSF leak or acute infection. We review our series of autologous cranioplasties and present an approach to decision-making for reconstructing these complex defects. Methods Patients with cranioplasty of a hostile cranial site at the University of Chicago between 2003 and 2012 were identified. They were stratified into three groups: chimeric free flap with vascularized bone (the vascular group), non-vascularized bone with local coverage (the non-vascular group) and non-vascularized bone with free flap (the mixed group). The primary outcome measure was a major complication in the year following cranioplasty, identified by flap or bone graft failure. Results We reviewed 33 cases; 14 "vascular", 13 "non-vascular", and 8 "mixed". There was no difference in flap or bone graft failure rates, which were 7% (1/14) for the vascular group, 8% (1/13) for the non-vascular group, and 0% for the mixed group (p = NS). Overall complication rate was statistically different between the three groups (p = 0.01). The non-vascular group had the lowest complication rate (31%). Based on our data we developed an assessment score (The University of Chicago CRAnial Severity Score of Hostility, CRASSH) for patient and treatment stratification. Conclusions Vascularized, non-vascularized and mixed reconstructive methods can be used successfully in these challenging situations. We offer the CRASSH to aid in aligning patients with the most appropriate autologous reconstruction method for their hostile cranial sites.
Defining a Pathway to Discovery from Bench to Bedside: The Trigeminovascular System and Sensitization

Over the past 50 years, investigations into the pathophysiology of migraine have yielded discoveries that both illuminate the various components of the "migraine process" and lend promise to the identification of new therapies unheralded in their specificity and effectiveness.