cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Incidence and Outcome of Endothermal Heat-induced Thrombosis after Endovenous Laser Ablation

Background Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the saphenous vein has become one of the preferred treatments for treating saphenous vein reflux that has resulted in symptomatic lower extremity venous insufficiency or varicose veins. This procedure was noted during initial reports to have a low incidence of postoperative thrombosis of the femoral or popliteal vein adjacent to the treated great saphenous vein (GSV) or small saphenous vein (SSV). Later clinical experience suggested that the actual incidence of this event is higher and it was subsequently termed endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT). Methods We reviewed the office records and the pre- and post-treatment ultrasounds of patients undergoing EVLA in our office from 2005 to 2010 to determine the frequency of EHIT in patients we had treated and then graded them according to a previously published classification. Results There were 528 veins treated in 192 men and 336 women. The clinical, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology (CEAP) class for these patients was 1 (0), 2 (291), 3 (65), 4 (104), 5 (26), and 6 (40), respectively. The GSV was treated in 496 patients, the SSV in 22, and both were treated in 10 patients. EHIT occurred in 29 of the legs treated for an incidence of 5.1%. The EHIT in the femoral vein were of level 3 (3), 4 (7), 5 (12), and 6 (3), respectively. Two patients developed EHIT in the popliteal vein after EVLA of the SSV. Treatment for the EHIT consisted of observation (13), anticoagulation (9), antiplatelet therapy (2), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (1). Duration of therapy was usually 1 week, but 7 patients were treated for periods ranging from 1 to 7 weeks. No pulmonary emboli occurred in any of these patients. The EHIT resolved completely in all patients. Conclusions EHIT after EVLA occurs frequently and mainly consists of low-risk level 3, 4, and 5 deep vein thrombosis. The risk of pulmonary embolism is low and the EHIT typically resolves after 1 week. It can be treated with a short course of antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy, although observation appears to be sufficient as well for lesser grades of EHIT.
Dose-related tissue effects of the CO2 and noncontact Nd:YAG lasers in the canine glottis.

Objectives: The CO 2 laser is the standard for control of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis because of its predictable action on laryngeal tissue. The noncontact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) 1064-nm laser is generally not used in the larynx owing to the lack of data on its tissue effects, and its potential lack of safety in the larynx. Combined Nd:YAG and CO 2 laser treatments have been used safely in the tracheobronchial tree to eradicate recurrent respiratory papillomas. The objectives of this study were to describe and evaluate a method for applying the noncontact Nd:YAG laser to the larynx, to compare the tissue effects of the Nd:YAG, CO 2 , and combined Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers in the canine larynx, and to extrapolate canine tissue data to the human. Methods: The CO 2 , Nd:YAG, and combined Nd:YAG/CO 2 lasers were applied to the glottis in four mongrel dogs. Laryngectomy was performed and the tissue was examined histologically. The nature and degree of tissue injury were analyzed relative to laser type and energy data. Results: In the canine larynx, the CO 2 laser vaporized the surface epithelium and caused varying degrees of edema and necrosis of the lamina propria. The Nd:YAG laser did not cause ulceration but did show a greater degree of thermal damage to the lamina propria. Combined Nd:YAG/CO 2 applications resulted in separation of the perimysial fibers from the muscle fibers of the vocalis muscle. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the noncontact Nd:YAG laser can be applied in a controlled fashion to the canine larynx at appropriate power densities. Anatomical differences between human and canine larynges are considered. Extrapolation to humans is proposed.
Canonical transformations and path-integral measures.

This paper is a generalization of previous work on the use of classical canonical transformations to evaluate Hamiltonian path integrals for quantum-mechanical systems. Relevant aspects of the Hamiltonian path integral and its measure are discussed, and used to show that the quantum-mechanical version of the classical transformation does not leave the measure of the path-integral invariant, instead inducing an anomaly. The relation to operator techniques and ordering problems is discussed, and special attention is paid to incorporation of the initial and final states of the transition element into the boundary conditions of the problem. Classical canonical transformations are developed to render an arbitrary power potential cyclic. The resulting Hamiltonian is analyzed as a quantum system to show its relation to known quantum-mechanical results. A perturbative argument is used to suppress ordering-related terms in the transformed Hamiltonian in the event that the classical canonical transformation leads to a nonquadratic cyclic Hamiltonian. The associated anomalies are analyzed to yield general methods to evaluate the path integral's prefactor for such systems. The methods are applied to several systems, including linear and quadratic potentials, the velocity-dependent potential, and the time-dependent harmonic oscillator.
Micro/nanotechnology for the satellite world

The evolution of ever-smaller microfabrication techniques, driven by market demand, has lead to multi-million transistor devices as a single piece part. Complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nanoelectronics will be mass-produced by the year 2004 when lateral structures smaller than 100-nm will become common. Beyond the next ten years the future is less certain, but other technologies such as nanometer-scale single electron transistors provide an idea of what may be possible in 20-to-25 years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which bring "eyes, ears, noses, and muscles" (sensing and actuation) to electronic systems, are fabricated using similar processes and will benefit from decreasing minimum feature size over time. Nanoelectronics and nanoelectromechanical systems will evolve over the next decade to provide ever-higher levels of functional density per unit area. The continuing increase in functional density will enable decreased spacecraft system size, and ultra-small spacecraft. Examples of prototype microengineered attitude determination and propulsion systems are given.
Nitrogen Phase Separation During Free Fall to Inform Design of Future Microgravity Cryogenic Rankine Power Cycles

On Earth, potential solutions for our sustainable, enduring, high-density power needs are plentiful. However, in space no practical solutions currently exist to support long-term manned interplanetary missions. These missions require power sources possessing three critical attributes: high power density, longevity, and continuous operation independent of direct sunlight. Many existing space power technologies have two, but not all three of these critical elements.
Superconductivity in Tl2Ba2−xSrxCaCu2O8 solid solutions: Tc≈44 K for a composition with x=2.0

Abstract Solid solutions in the Tl 2 Ba 2−x Sr x CaCu 2 O 8 system were prepared and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Systematic changes in T c and lattice parameters with x are reported. A sample with nominal composition of Tl 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 ( x =2.0) is superconducting with T c ≈44 K.
Glipizide-induced immunomodulation: Inhibition of human mononuclear cell stimulation and macrophage-mediated islet cell killing in the BB rat

Intensive insulin treatment, when combined with sulfonylurea drugs, may enhance remissions in new-onset type I diabetic patients. These clinical data suggest that sulfonylurea drugs may have immunosuppressive actions in addition to insulin secretory and sensitivity actions. Thus, studies were conducted in humans to determine if glipizide was immunomodulatory in vitro. Five, 10, and 15 μg/mL of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), and 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were incubated with normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Maximum stimulatory indices were 52, 39, and 30 for PHA, Con A, and PWM, respectively. Additional incubations were performed in the presence of 1, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 ng/mL glipizide. Glipizide concentrations inhibiting mitogen stimulation approximately 50% (P < .01 v nonglipizide control) were 1.0 ng/mL for PWM, 10 ng/mL for Con A, and 104 ng/mL for PHA. At higher glipizide levels, inhibition was 90% to 100%. To determine if glipizide immunomodulates diabetes-associated reactions, bio-breeding (BB) diabetic rat splenic macrophage-mediated islet killing was studied. Glipizide at 103 ng/mL inhibited islet killing by 60% (P < .001). These preliminary data suggest that glipizide may have immunomodulatory actions not previously appreciated, and may be related to this drug's putative action in islet cell restoration.
Nueva: Designing a Humanistic School for Gifted Youngsters

For 35 years, Nueva School has been a unique setting that nurtures and explores the learning of talented and gifted children. The school was founded on a vision of providing a new type of learning community, and gaining insights into the special needs of children with special gifts, who too often are left to fend for themselves. As the school continues to grow and develop, this historical reflection on how the school came to be offers a view of the development of a very special setting for learning that grows out of the humanistic tradition in education.
Doppler studies of the uteroplacental circulation in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the uteroplacental side of the circulation in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. A total of 54 women with pregnancies complicated by diabetes underwent uterine and umbilical artery Doppler studies. Uterine Doppler velocity waveforms were not obtained in two women. The prevalence of abnormal uterine artery velocity waveforms was much higher than in a non-diabetic population (15.4% vs. 2%, p < 0.001). Those eight women with abnormal uterine Doppler studies had a statistically higher incidence of poor glycemic control, chronic hypertension, polyhydramnios, vasculopathy, pre-eclampsia, Cesarean births for fetal distress and newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. In this group of patients, the umbilical circulation was not considered to be a contributing factor in the development of problems. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
An Input Space Modeling Methodology for Combinatorial Testing

The input space of a system must be modeled before combinatorial testing can be applied to this system. The effectiveness of combinatorial testing to a large extent depends on the quality of the input space model. In this paper we introduce an input space modeling methodology for combinatorial testing. The main idea is to consider the process of input space modeling as two steps, namely, input structure modeling and input parameter modeling. The first step tries to capture the structural relationship among different components in the input space. The second step tries to identify parameters, values, relations and constraints for individual components. We also suggest strategies about how to perform unit and integration testing based on the input space structure. We applied the proposed methodology to two real-life programs. We report our experience and results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Is postmodern organization theory sceptical

The practitioners of postmodern organization theory have had to respond to the charge that postmodernism has a declivity toward skepticism. Their response to organizational skepticisim is to decenter dominant theories, paradigms and organizational forms, rather than to negate them. Decentering supplements discourse by augmenting its repertoire; the opposite of skepticism, which diminishes its object. The main ways in which postmodern organization theories try to overcome the specific sceptical position of paradigm incommensurability (the reduction of discourse about organizations and organizational discourse to a solipsism of private language games) are described and assessed in terms of three positions: John Hassard’s “multiple paradigm” approach on the level of methodology, Stewart Clegg’s “embedded rationalities” on the level of empirical conceptualization, and Kenneth Gergen’s “heteroglossia” on the level of discursive practice. Hassard and Clegg are engaged in the mapping function of postmodern organ...
A New Approach to Hand-Based Authentication

Hand-based authentication is a key biometric technology with a wide range of potential applications both in industry and government. Traditionally, hand-based authentication is performed by extracting information from the whole hand. To account for hand and finger motion, guidance pegs are employed to fix the position and orientation of the hand. In this paper, we consider a component-based approach to hand-based verification. Our objective is to investigate the discrimination power of different parts of the hand in order to develop a simpler, faster, and possibly more accurate and robust verification system. Specifically, we propose a new approach which decomposes the hand in different regions, corresponding to the fingers and the back of the palm, and performs verification using information from certain parts of the hand only. Our approach operates on 2D images acquired by placing the hand on a flat lighting table. Using a part-based representation of the hand allows the system to compensate for hand and finger motion without using any guidance pegs. To decompose the hand in different regions, we use a robust methodology based on morphological operators which does not require detecting any landmark points on the hand. To capture the geometry of the back of the palm and the fingers in suffcient detail, we employ high-order Zernike moments which are computed using an effcient methodology. The proposed approach has been evaluated on a database of 100 subjects with 10 images per subject, illustrating promising performance. Comparisons with related approaches using the whole hand for verification illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach. Moreover, qualitative comparisons with state-of-the-art approaches indicate that the proposed approach has comparable or better performance.
Boring beauty and universal morality: Kant on the ideal of beauty

This paper argues that Kant's account of the “ideal of beauty” in paragraph 17 of the Critique of Judgment is not only a plausible account of one kind of beauty (“boring” beauty), but also that it can address some of our moral qualms concerning the aesthetic evaluation of persons, including our psychological propensity to take a person's beauty to represent her moral character.
Rate of Progression of Valvular Aortic Stenosis in Patients >60 Years of Age

A retrospective analysis of 171 women and 119 men, mean age 76 +/- 9 years, with aortic stenosis diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography, who had follow-up Doppler echocardiograms, showed that the reduction in aortic valve area per year was not significantly different in older persons with mild, moderate, and severe aortic stenosis. The decrease in aortic valve area per year was significantly greater in men 60 to 74 years old than in women 60 to 74 years old (p = 0.025), in women > or =75 years old than in women 60 to 74 years old (p = 0.006), and in persons with mitral annular calcium than in persons without mitral annular calcium (p = 0.046).
Direct assay of Aplysia tissues and cells with laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon.

Desorption/ionization on porous silicon (DIOS) is a form of laser desorption mass spectrometry that allows for the direct mass analysis of a variety of analytes without the addition of organic matrix. Protocols are described for the direct analysis of exocrine tissue and single neurons using DIOS-MS. The atrial gland of Aplysia californica was blotted on to porous silicon and analyzed with DIOS-MS in the range m/z 1000-4000. The ability to culture invertebrate neurons directly on porous silicon is also presented. Isolated bag cells regenerated neuronal processes in culture on porous silicon. DIOS-MS allowed the direct detection of the peptides contained in individual cultured neurons indicating that with appropriate protocols, DIOS can be used with biological samples with considerable thickness.
Internal Kinematics of the Tongue During Feeding in Pigs

Six ultrasonic crystals (O2 mm) were implanted into the tongue body to form a wedge-shaped configuration in six 12-week-old Yucatan minipigs. These crystals allow recording of the distance changes in bilateral lengths (RL/LL) and base thicknesses (RT/LT), and anterior (AW) and posterior (dorsal and ventral, PDW and PVW) widths during natural feeding. Results indicated that changes in all measured dimensions were stereotypical with considerable regularity. The greatest dimensional changes during chewing were seen in the AW (33.3%), significantly larger than those in other dimensions (P < 0.05-0.001). During ingestion, change in all widths and thicknesses reduced significantly compared with those during chewing (P < 0.05), but changes in the lengths (RL/LL) were significantly larger than those during chewing (P < 0.01). During drinking, overall dimensional changes reduced and amplitudes were symmetrically distributed in all dimensions. The timing analysis indicated that, during chewing, the reversal of dimensional decrease to increase in the PVW occurred first, followed by those of PDW, AW, RT/LT, and RL/LL (P < 0.05). During ingestion, the AW started widening first. Time sequence of these reversals during drinking was similar to that during chewing, but RT/LT thickening was behind RL/LL lengthening. These results suggested that during natural feeding, regional tongue deformations are rhythmic and stereotypical similar to jaw movement. The reversals of expansion-contraction of various dimensions are not synchronous, but occur in a sequential manner in timing. Tongue internal deformations are task-specific in both timing and amplitude. The dimensional expansions-contractions are dominant in the transverse and sagittal planes during chewing and ingestion, respectively, but are smaller and more symmetrically distributed across various dimensions during drinking.
The significance of the wall echo shadow triad on ultrasonography: a case series

The wall echo shadow (WES) triad, also known as the double-arc-shadow sign consists of a well-defined near wall, echos from stones immediately beneath the wall, and posterior shadowing caused by strong echoes from stones in the gallbladder fossa. It has been used for over 20 years as a nonspecific finding suggestive of a gallbladder lumen filled with either multiple stones or one large stone (Miller et al. J Emerg Med 30(1):69–74, 2006; Blaivas et al. Acad Emerg Med 10(6):1020–1023, 1999; Raptopoulos et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol 138(2):275–278, 1982). In the past, the WES triad has been correlated with underlying chronic cholecystitis. However, there are no studies that compare clinical findings to a gold standard such as surgical pathology. Three cases of the WES triad were reviewed at New York Medical Hospital of Queens over a 16-month period.
Staff Recommendations Concerning the Delivery of Hepatitis-Related Services in County Health Departments

Abstract Background: This paper describes a portion of a larger evaluation project of a state hepatitis prevention program. Purpose: The study explored the suggestions of key informants related to the delivery of hepatitis services in the state. Methods: Researchers conducted key informant interviews lasting 30 to 45 minutes. Results: Important findings included: (1) administrative support of the hepatitis program was critical to staff perception of its importance; (2) outreach and public education as well as marketing were seen as important components of the program; (3) continued resources and investments in staff training and development were important to creating a supportive environment for staff and clients and providing for program institutionalization. Discussion: Staff education concerning the program's mandate, expectations, and outcome measures would aid in the institutionalization process. The addition of interorganizational support from partner agencies that can provide access to high-risk po...
Platinum-selective capillary gas chromatographic determination with microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection

Abstract The volatile platinum(II) complex of N,N-ethylenebis(5,5-dimethyl-4-oxohexane-2-imine) (H2APM2en) eluted quantitatively from a GC capillary column and has been used to establish operating parameters and to gain figures of merit for atomic emission detection of platinum with microwave-induced plasma atomic emission. Two recipes have been developed for platinum; at 266 nm for simultaneous monitoring the carbon emission at 248 nm, and at 300 nm for simultaneous determinations with copper and nickel at 325 nm and 301 nm, respectively. Optimum platinum emission was observed using oxygen and hydrogen as reagent gases and high flow-rate of helium as make-up gas. Linear calibration ranges at 266 nm and 300 nm were assessed and, platinum emission being approximately five-times more sensitive at 300 nm than at 266 nm. The detection limit at 300 nm was observed as 65 pg/s. Selectivity of platinum emission over carbon at both wavelengths 266 nm and 300 nm is in the range of 105–106.
Phosphorylation of IκB-β is necessary for neuronal survival

Cerebellar granule neurons undergo apoptosis when switched from culture medium containing depolarizing levels of potassium (high potassium or HK) to nondepolarizing medium (low potassium or LK). We showed that in healthy neurons maintained in HK medium, IκB-β is phosphorylated at a novel site, Tyr-161. LK-induced neuronal apoptosis is accompanied by a decrease in the extent of IκB-β phosphorylation at this residue. Tyr-161 shares similarity to the consensus sequence for phosphorylation by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Abl and Arg. Arg phosphorylates Tyr-161 differentially in vitro, and LK treatment does cause a down-regulation of Arg activity. Moreover, treatment of neurons with two structurally distinct and highly selective Abl inhibitors, PD173955 and Gleevec, blocks HK-induced phosphorylation of IκB-β at Tyr-161 and induces neuronal apoptosis. Overexpression of wild-type IκB-β blocks LK-induced apoptosis, but this effect is abolished when Arg is pharmacologically inhibited. On the other hand, forced overexpression of IκB-β in which Tyr-161 is mutated inhibits survival in HK demonstrating the importance of this residue to neuronal survival. Phosphorylation of IκB-β enhances its association with p65/RelA causing an increase in NF-κB DNA binding activity. Our results identified IκB-β phosphorylation as a key event in neuronal survival and provided a mechanism by which this is mediated.
Do invasive rodents impact endangered insular iguana populations

Ample evidence confirms that large invasive mammalian competitors and predators can devastate endangered insular iguana populations. However, the impact of invasive rodents, particularly rats (Rattus rattus), has remained elusive. Tail autotomy occurs frequently in lizards, often as an antipredator tactic, but sometimes from intraspecific aggression. Tail autotomy can incur substantial locomotor, behavioral, energetic, and survival costs. Furcation (i.e., dividing into branches) of regenerated tails may also result from attempted predation but occurs much more rarely, and with unknown costs. To evaluate the potential impact of invasive rodents—primarily rats—on West Indian rock iguanas (genus Cyclura), we compared tail-break and tail-furcation frequencies among 19 insular iguana populations (3,537 individuals) representing three species in the Bahamian Archipelago (including the Turks and Caicos Islands). The findings supported our three hypotheses: (1) that tail-break and tail-furcation frequencies are significantly higher in populations coexisting with invasive rodents; (2) that tail-furcation results primarily from failed predation attempts rather than intraspecific aggression; and (3) that frequencies of tail breaks and tail furcation are associated with each other, suggesting a degree of commonality in cause-effect (i.e., failed predation attempts). Tail furcation, in contrast to tail breakage, never occurred on islands lacking invasive mammalian predators. We conclude that invasive rodents, particularly rats, may have a greater impact on endangered insular iguana species than previously recognized.
Crosslinking of actin filaments and inhibition of actomyosin subfragment-1 ATPase activity by streptococcal M6 protein

Abstract M proteins are antiphagocytic molecules on the surface of group A streptococci having physical characteristics similar to those of mammalian tropomyosin. Both are α-helical coiled-coil fibrous structures with a similar seven-residue periodicity of nonpolar and charged amino acids. To determine if M protein is functionally similar to tropomyosin we studied the interaction of M protein with F-actin. At low ionic strength, M protein binds to actin weakly with a stoichiometry different from that of tropomyosin. M protein does not compete with tropomyosin for the binding to actin, indicating that it is functionally different from tropomyosin. M protein does compete with myosin subfragment-1 for binding to actin and induces the formation of bundles of actin filaments. The formation of actin aggregates is associated with a sharp reduction in the rate of ATP hydrolysis by subfragment-1. Intact streptococci having M protein on their surface are shown to bind to actin.
Evidence for coexistence of enkephalin and glutamate in axon terminals and cellular sites for functional interactions of their receptors in the rat locus coeruleus.

The authors previously showed that a subset of axon terminals in the locus coeruleus (LC) contains methionine5-enkephalin (ENK) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities. However, numerous ENK-labeled terminals lacked GABA and exhibited synaptic specializations that were characteristic of excitatory-type transmitters. To determine whether ENK coexists with glutamate in the LC, preembedding immunoperoxidase detection of ENK or immunogold-silver was combined with postembedding identification of glutamate using a gold marker. Indeed, 28% of the ENK-labeled axon terminals examined (n = 250 axon terminals) also contained glutamate. To define further sites for functional interactions between opiate ligands and excitatory amino acid receptors, the ultrastructural localization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) was examined with respect to either the kainate receptor (KAR) or the R1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NR1)-type glutamate receptor in the LC. Gold-silver labeling for MOR and peroxidase labeling for either KAR or NR1 indicated that the MOR often was localized to the plasma membrane of dendrites that also exhibited immunolabeling for either glutamate receptor subtype. In contrast to the KAR, which was identified primarily in somata and dendrites, NR1 immunoreactivity also was found frequently in axon terminals as well as in glial processes. Glial processes containing NR1 occasionally exhibited immunolabeling for MOR and sometimes were directly apposed to MOR-containing dendrites in the LC. Furthermore, NR1-labeled receptors in axon terminals sometimes were presynaptic to MOR-labeled dendrites. The authors concluded that ENK and glutamate may be cotransmitters in LC afferents. Moreover, ligands at the KAR may modulate directly MOR-containing neurons in the LC, whereas actions at NR1 receptors may affect opioid-sensitive neurons through multiple cellular mechanisms, i.e., through presynaptic, postsynaptic, or glial actions. J. Comp. Neurol. 417:103–114, 2000. ©2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physicochemical Properties of Sized Yams: Part II: Two-Component Sizing Systems

The physical properties of cotton and polyester/cotton blend yams sized with several two-component size formulations were evaluated. The sizing systems included starch/polyvinyl alcohol, starch/polyester, and polyvinyl alcohol/polyester. The yams were evaluated by means of tensile tests and by measurements of rupture lifetimes when subjected to simultaneous tensile, bending, and abrasive stresses using the TRI cyclic tensile abrader (CTA). Scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests on films cast from the two-component size mixtures were used to clarify the different yam physical properties that were observed. The findings indicate that film extensibility and surface uniformity of the film are critical for achieving .high lifetimes on the CTA apparatus. The effects of adding a lubricant (tallow) to the size formulations were also investigated.
Numerical Simulation of Enhanced Skin Thermal Signature of Female Breast Tumor Subjected to Forced Convection

Early detection is considered to be the best defense against breast cancer and imaging plays a very important role in screening and in the diagnosis of symptomatic women. Infrared thermal imaging of skin temperature changes caused by a malignant tumor in breast is a rapidly developing detection modality with potential for functional detection. Knowledge and control of environmental factors which affect the skin temperature can reduce misinterpretations and false diagnosis associated with infrared imaging. A bio heat transfer based numerical model was utilized to study the energy balance in healthy and malignant breasts subjected to low velocity forced convection in a wind tunnel. Existing estimates of metabolic heating rates and previous measurements of temperature distributions along the radial direction in a region intersecting a known tumor and a comparable region in the healthy breast of the same patient were used to estimate the blood perfusion rates for the tumor. A simplified structural and thermal model was used for representing the changes within and around the tumor. Steady state temperature distributions on the skin surface of the breasts were obtained by numerically solving the conjugate heat transfer problem. Parametric studies on the influences of the airflow on the skin thermal expression of tumors were performed. It was found that the presence of tumor may not be clearly shown due to the irregularity of the skin temperature distribution induced by the flow field. Image processing techniques could be employed to eliminate the effects of the flow field and thermal noise and significantly improve the thermal signature of the tumor on the skin surface.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Histochemical studies on the dentin of magnesium-deficient rats.

Characteristic striations form in the dentin of rats maintained on a diet deficient in magnesium. These striations were studied histochemically in both intact and parathyroidectomized rats. In the lower incisor teeth the striations occurred at intervals varying between 20 and 27μ. Each dentinal striation contained distinct zones of sudanophilic material, acid mucopolysaccharides, and PASpositive proteinpolysaccharides. Dentinal tubules appeared to be enlarged in the zone of sudanophilia. Striations in the dentin of parathyroidectomized rats were very similar to those in intact animals. Formation of dentinal striations ceased within 4 days when deficient animals were placed on a magnesium-supplemented diet.
Assimilation and discovery

Abstract My aim in this paper is to examine a rational discovery strategy that I call “assimilation”, the attempt to understand a new domain by systematically interpreting the items it contains in terms of an established conceptual structure. The claim that this approach can lead to important new discoveries is illustrated by considering Galileo's attempt to develop a mathematical theory of the strength of materials and his discovery of mountains on the moon.
Chemisorption of silane compounds on hydroxyapatites of various morphologies

Functionalized-inorganic powders were obtained by the chemisorption of a series of substituted trimethoxysilanes on the surface of spherical and hexagonal hydroxyapatite crystals. The highest total loading for all trimethoxysilanes was achieved for the hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) of spherical morphology. For hexagonal CaHAP, the loading decreased with an increase in the length to diameter ratio from 0.5 to 11. Thus, the different faces of the crystal are not equally reactive: {0 0 0 1} planes are more reactive than {1 0 1 0} planes.
The Achievement Motivation Scale Revisited: a Cross-Validation Study

The Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS), a brief, non-theoretical self-report measure of motivation to do well in school, was administered to 10 classes of male and female undergraduates at two Southeastern universities. That correlation coefficients between AMS scores and undergraduate quality-point averages ranged from .30 to .53 generally supported findings by other investigators who had used the AMS with high school samples. The AMS also demonstrated cross-validated incremental validity when it was added to a conventional two-predictor regression equation involving a high school achievement index and scholastic aptitude test scores. The addition of the AMS scores raised the cross-validated multiple correlation coefficients .08 and .06 for males and females, respectively; both increments were statistically significant at the .01 level.
Establishing a cardiac imaging rotation in radiology residency.

Rationale and Objective The advent of new technologies for cardiac imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cardiac computed tomography (CT) have added new tools in the armamentarium of noninvasive methods for predicting cardiac disease. However, training in cardiac anatomy and physiology is critical if radiology is to meet the demands of this service. Materials and Methods We designed a core rotation in cardiac imaging at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, to train residents in noninvasive cardiac imaging methods, such as cardiac echocardiography, nuclear cardiac imaging, cardiac MRI, and with special emphasis on cardiac CT. Results This 1-month block includes cardiac imaging conferences and a lecture series, hands-on training in the use of imaging software, introduction to cardiac catheterization, and clinical cardiology. Residents are provided with a set of research and review articles along with textbooks on coronary imaging to serve as references for this rotation. Conclusion We believe that this educational exercise will establish a core of young, knowledgeable, and capable physicians who will be able to meet the clinical demand for noninvasive cardiac imaging and maintain a major role in this emerging specialty.
Separation and quantitation of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in aroclors using florisil column chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.

Separation and Quantitation of 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl in Aroclors Using Florisil Column Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography LaVerne R. Kamops, William J. Trotter, Susan J. Young, Audrey C. Smith, John A. G. Roach, and Samuel W. Page Division of Chemistry and Physics, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC 20204
Management of Papillary Microcarcinoma: Primum Non Nocere?

Increasinguseofimagingproceduressuchasultrasonographyoftheneckisidentifyingalargenumberofsmall thyroid nodules or “incidentalomas.” The first decision pointfacingtheclinicianiswhethertoperformfine-needle aspirationcytologyoutofconcernthatmanyofthesenoduleswillbefoundtobepapillarythyroidmicrocarcinomas (PTMC).GuidelinesoftheAmericanThyroidAssociation (ATA) are clear on this point with recommendations that nodules larger than 1 cm should undergo fine-needle aspiration and that smaller nodules should be biopsied on the basis of finding suspicious ultrasonographic findings such as calcification, increased Doppler flow, solid or hypoechoic appearance, irregular or blurred margins, intranodular vascularity on Doppler, or a taller than wide shape, and also if there is a history of radiation exposure or a family history of thyroid cancer (1). That a given nodule may be malignant can be signaled by uptake on an 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose scan on positron emission tomography (2) and is based on the presence of an increased numberofGluttransportersincancercells.Onereasonfor theincreasinglyfrequentdetectionoftheseincidentalthyroid cancers is the growing use of positron emission tomography scans (3, 4). These tumors may range in size from 2–10 mm, are usually nonencapsulated (5), and are thought to have a differentnaturalhistorythanlargerlesionsinthattheycan remain biologically silent with minimal morbidity for decades. Indeed, a recent study from Japan of 162 patients with PTMC based upon fine-needle aspiration cytology who were not operated upon provides insight into the potential outcome of conservative follow-up without surgery. Amazingly, a little over 70% of the patients were found to have stable tumors during a follow-up period of just under 4 yr with no intervention (6). The clinical significance of these small tumors is clarified further by the
The Boulder Model in Academia: Struggling to Integrate the Science and Practice of Psychology

For many professionals, the Boulder model captures the ideals of clinical psychology. Unfortunately, it can be extremely difficult to integrate science and practice in many work settings. The present paper provides several recommendations for encouraging the scientist-practitioner model in academia. Faculty can strive to integrate teaching, research, and clinical services in weekly activities. First, it is important for the professional to retain a strong and clear focus on clinical psychology, without straying into allied fields. Second, it is essential for anyone who works in academia to learn to juggle many different activities that demand the professional’s time. Third, it is important to maintain a consistent focus on specific areas of interest in order to cultivate them into domains of expertise. Fourth, it is helpful to appreciate the synergism whereby work in one area can enhance the other domains. Fifth, it is helpful to integrate several activities into one multi-purpose task. Finally, it can be useful to view professional involvement in many different activities that could help to advance the field.
Codeine produces a cholinergically mediated analeptic effect in rats and rabbits.

Abstract The intravenous administration of codeine to diazepam-narcotized rabbits resulted in a shortened duration of loss of righting reflex. Coadministration of naltrexone plus codeine enhanced this analeptic effect and was also effective in shortening the duration of pentobarbital narcosis. The analeptic effect was blocked by atropine, but not by methylatropine, indicating involvement of a central cholinergic mechanism. In rats the analeptic activity correlated with the reversal of the iazepam-induced fall in sodium dependent high affinity choline uptake in hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes. These findings may represent the pharmacological basis of the recently reported antinarcoleptic action of codeine in man.
Functions of α3β1 integrin

alpha3beta1 integrin is a laminin receptor with apparently diverse functions. In epithelial cells it acts as a receptor for the basement membrane, whereas in neuronal and possibly tumor cells it mediates migration. Interactions of alpha3beta1 integrin with tetraspanin proteins may provide clues to how it transduces signals that affect cell behavior.
Influence of thermoviscoelastic properties and loading conditions on the recovery performance of shape memory polymers

Abstract This work investigated the influence of material properties and loading conditions on the recovery performance of amorphous shape memory polymers using a recently developed thermoviscoelastic model. The model incorporated the time-dependent mechanisms of stress and structural relaxation and viscoplastic flow to describe the glass transition of the material from a soft viscoelastic rubber to a hard viscoplastic glass. The model captured many important features of the unconstrained strain recovery response and of the stress hysteresis observed in the constrained recovery response. A parameter study was developed that varied the model and loading parameters one-by-one to compare their effects on the start and end temperatures and recovery rate of the unconstrained recovery response and on the stress hysteresis of the constrained recovery response. The loading parameters included the cooling rate, the annealing time, and the high and low temperatures of the programming stage and the heating rate of the recovery stage. The results confirmed experimental observations that viscoelasticity is the underlying mechanism of the unconstrained recovery response. In contrast, the constrained recovery response was influenced by the interaction of many different mechanisms, including thermal expansion and structural and stress relaxation. For the loading parameters, the cooling rate of the programming stage and the heating rate of the recovery stage had the largest influence on both the constrained and unconstrained recovery response.
Inhomogeneous fluid membranes: Segregation, ordering, and effective rigidity.

Fluid membranes with spatially varying distributions of bending rigidity and spontaneous curvature are considered, which are applicable to inhomogeneous membranes consisting of different components and membranes with inclusions (such as proteins) or adsorbed colloidal particles. Thermally activated shape fluctuations of the membrane induce rather long-ranged interactions between these inhomogeneities, which are free to diffuse laterally and to organize into spatial structures. As a consequence of these interactions, one finds two ordered phases in addition to the disordered phase in which the inhomogeneities are randomly mixed: a segregated phase, where the inclusions tend to aggregate, and a hexagonal phase, where the inclusions maximize their mutual separation. The phase behavior depends crucially on the lateral correlation length within the membrane. Also, the effective bending rigidity of the membrane is calculated for all different phases; in general, the inhomogeneities in the elastic moduli considered here lead to a characteristic softening of the membrane. These results, which are obtained using perturbation theory, are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental applications comprise proteins or adsorbed colloidal particles in vesicular bilayers and lamellar stacks and membranes consisting of lipid mixtures.
Recovery of randomly sampled signals by simple interpolators

The mean square error performance of simple polynomial interpolators is analyzed for wide-sense stationary signals subjected to randomly timed sampling represented by stationary point processes. This performance is expressed in dimensionsless parametric terms, with emphasis on asymptotic error behavior at high dimensionless sampling rates 7. The form of the asymptotic error expression, and particularly its dependence on 7, is shown to vary according to the number of points utilized, together with the differentiability properties of the signal. One point extrapolation yields a mean square error varying with 7 -~ if the signal is differentiable, and as 7-1 if the signal is not. Similarly, two-point (polygonal) interpolation error exhibits linearity in y-a, 7 -a or 7 -", according as the signal is twice, exactly once, or nondifferentiable. Specific examples are offered to furnish insight into actual error magnitudes. It is shown, for instance, that introduction of jitter in the sampling sequence increases the error by only a negligible amount. Exponential decay of the sample values is compared with stepwise holding; little is gained for a nondifferentiable signal, while for a differentiable signal the error performance deteriorates from 7 -~ to 7 -1 at high sampling rates. When more than two points are used in a polynomial fitting recovery scheme, specific computations or error become excessively difficult. However, it is proved that the asymptotic mean square error varies with 7 -2~ when n points are utilized, and the signal is continuously differentiable at least n times. Finally, we compare the mean square errors of one and two sample schemes as described above with those attained by causal (extrapolating) and noncausal (interpolating) Wiener-Kolmogoro v optimal filters. We demonstrate nontrivial instances in which the Wiener-Kolmogoro v mean square error varies as 7 -112, so that any of the simple recovery schemes considered exhibits superior performance at high sampling rates. This is explained by noting that the latter represent time-varying filters, whereas the Wiener-Kolmogoro v filter is timeinvariant.
High performance liquid chromatography-facilitated immunological identification of compounds

Abstract The application of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to immunological identification of compounds was studied using bovine serum albumin and anti-bovine serum albumin as a model system. Using molecular sieve HPLC, nanogram levels of the antigen could be identified within 10 min after mixing the antigen and antiserum. The technique also was applied to the identification of a polysaccharide and a hapten. HPLC-facilitated immunological analysis is a sensitive, simple, rapid and highly versatile technique.
Direct Quantification of the Attempt Frequency Determining the Mechanical Unfolding of Ubiquitin Protein

Understanding protein dynamics requires a comprehensive knowledge of the underlying potential energy surface that governs the motion of each individual protein molecule. Single molecule mechanical studies have provided the unprecedented opportunity to study the individual unfolding pathways along a well defined coordinate, the end-to-end length of the protein. In these experiments, unfolding requires surmounting an energy barrier that separates the native from the extended state. The calculation of the absolute value of the barrier height has traditionally relied on the assumption of an attempt frequency, ‡ . Here we used single molecule force-clamp spectroscopy to directly determine the value of ‡ for mechanical unfolding by measuring the unfolding rate of the small protein ubiquitin at varying temperatures. Our experiments demonstrate a significant effect of the temperature on the mechanical rate of unfolding. By extrapolating the unfolding rate in the absence of force for different temperatures, varying within the range spanning from 5 to 45 °C, we measured a value for the activation barrier of G ‡ 71 5 kJ/mol and an exponential prefactor ‡ 4 10 9 s 1 . Although the measured prefactor value is 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the value predicted by the transition state theory (6 10 12 s 1 ), it is 400-fold higher than that encountered in analogous experiments studying the effect of temperature on the reactivity of a protein-embedded disulfide bond (10 7 M 1 s 1 ). This approach will allow quantitative characterization of the complete energy landscape of a folding polypeptide from highly extended states, of capital importance for proteins with elastic function.
Status Of HgCdTe Detector Technology

The HgCdTe semiconductor alloy system is now firmly established as today's most widely applicable high-performance infrared detector material. This paper summarizes the status of HgCdTe infrared detector technology, with emphasis on recent developments in HgCdTe photoconductive detector technology for use in first generation thermal imaging systems.