cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Beat Accelerator

Parallel intense photon (laser, microwave, etc.) beams ?0,k0 and ?1,k1 shone on a plasma with frequency separation equal to the plasma frequency ?p is capable of accelerating plasma electrons to high energies in large flux. The photon beat excites through the forward Raman scattering large amplitude plasmons whose phase velocity is equal to (?0-?1)/(k0-k1), close to c in an underdense plasma. The plasmon electrostatic fields trap electrons and carry them to high energies: Maximum electron energy Wmax = 2mc2[1-(?0-?1)2/c2(k0-k1)2]-1~2mc2(?0/?p)2. The multiple forward Raman instability produces smaller and smaller frequency and group velocity of photons; thus the photons slow down in the plasma by emitting accelerated electrons (inverse Cherenkov process).
Electric Drive Vehicle Development and Evaluation Using System Simulation

Abstract To reduce development time and introduce technologies faster to the market, many companies have been moving to Model-based System Engineering (MBSE). In MBSE, the development process centers around a multi-physics model of the complete system being developed, from requirements to design, implementation and test. Engineers can avoid a generation of system design processes based on hand coding, and use graphical models to design, analyze, and implement the software that determines system performance and behavior. This paper describes the process implemented in Autonomie, a Plug-and-Play Software Environment, to design and evaluate electric drive powertrain and component technologies in a multi-physics environment. We will discuss best practices and provide examples of the different steps of the V-diagram including model-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop and component-in-the-loop simulation.
Metastatic meningioma presenting as cancer of unknown primary

We describe a case of anaplastic meningioma presenting in an extracranial osseous location, initially diagnosed as cancer of unknown primary. Although anaplastic meningioma comprise 3% of all meningiomas, this subtype is more likely to be associated with metastases. The increased degree of dedifferentiation in anaplastic meningioma makes diagnosis difficult, especially if characteristic imaging findings of meningioma are not identified. Adequate tissue for diagnostic purposes and appropriate imaging studies may help in establishing a definitive diagnosis.
Acoustic techniques for assessing the Optison destruction threshold.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify the pressure threshold for the destruction of Optison (octafluoropropane contrast agent; Amersham Health, Princeton, NJ) using a laboratoryassembled 3.5-MHz pulsed ultrasound system and a clinical diagnostic ultrasound scanner. Methods. A 3.5-MHz focused transducer and a linear array with a center frequency of 6.9 MHz were positioned confocally and at 90° to each other in a tank of deionized water. Suspensions of Optison (5‐8 × 10 4 microbubbles/mL) were insonated with 2-cycle pulses from the 3.5-MHz transducer (peak rarefactional pressure, or P r , from 0.0, or inactive, to 0.6 MPa) while being interrogated with fundamental B-mode imaging pulses (mechanical index, or MI, = 0.04). Scattering received by the 3.5-MHz transducer or the linear array was quantified as mean backscattered intensity or mean digital intensity, respectively, and fit with exponential decay functions (Ae ‐kt + N, where A + N was the amplitude at time 0; N, background echogenicity; and k, decay constant). By analyzing the decay constants statistically, a pressure threshold for Optison destruction due to acoustically driven diffusion was identified. Results. The decay constants determined from quantified 3.5-MHz radio frequency data and B-mode images were in good agreement. The peak rarefactional pressure threshold for Optison destruction due to acoustically driven diffusion at 3.5 MHz was 0.15 MPa (MI = 0.08). Furthermore, the rate of Optison destruction increased with increasing 3.5-MHz exposure pressure output. Conclusions. Optison destruction was quantified with a laboratory-assembled 3.5-MHz ultrasound system and a clinical diagnostic ultrasound scanner. The pressure threshold for acoustically driven diffusion was identified, and 3 distinct mechanisms of ultrasound contrast agent destruction were observed with acoustic techniques. Key words: acoustically driven diffusion; Optison; rapid fragmentation; static diffusion; ultrasound contrast agent destruction.
Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery.

Background: Surgical site infection has been identified as one of the most important preventable sources of morbidity and mortality associated with medical treatment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an institutional prescreening program for the preoperative detection and eradication of both methicillinresistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Methods: Data were collected prospectively during a single-center study. A universal prescreening program, employing rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasal swabs followed by an eradication protocol of intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine showers for identified carriers, was implemented. Surgical site infection rates were calculated and compared with a historical control period immediately preceding the start of the screening program. Results: During the study period, 7019 of 7338 patients underwent preoperative screening before elective surgery, for a successful screening rate of 95.7%. One thousand five hundred and eighty-eight (22.6%) of the patients were identified as Staphylococcus aureus carriers, and 309 (4.4%) were identified as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. A significantly higher rate of surgical site infection was observed among methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuscarriers (0.97%; three of 309) compared with noncarriers (0.14%; seven of 5122) (p = 0.0162). Although a higher rate of surgical site infection was also observed among methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus carriers (0.19%; three of 1588) compared with noncarriers, this difference did not achieve significance (p =0.709). Overall, thirteen cases of surgical site infection were identified during the study period, for an institutional infection rate of 0.19%. This rate was significantly lower than that observed during the control period (0.45%; twenty-four cases of surgical site infection among 5293 patients) (p = 0.0093).
Nonfat Dairy Coffee Whitener Made from Ultrafiltered Skimmilk Retentates

Retentates of different protein concentrations obtained by ultrafiltration of skimmilk were freeze-dried and evaluated as nonfat dairy coffee whiteners. Blended in hot coffee the retentate whiteners containing added riboflavin gave a pH of 6.3–6.55, coffee whitening capacity comparable to a commercial nondairy coffee creamer, and acceptable dispersibility. The retentate nondairy whitener with optimum qualities contained 56% total protein, 0.5% fat, 31.0% carbohydrates, 1.92% calcium, and 27 mg sodium/100g.
Utilizing Both Part and Complete Daughter Records in Sire Evaluation

Summary A three-stage program for evaluating sires used in artificial insemination is proposed. The first stage consists of acceptance or rejection of sires based on the part-lactation (5-mo.) records of their daughters. The second stage utilizes both part records and complete records of other daughters. The third and final stage provides for evaluation dependent on complete records alone. Selection index equations are presented for estimating the breeding value of sires for these combinations of information. The correlations between estimated and true breeding value are given in an example which illustrates the additional knowledge available in evaluating sires when part records are utilized. For example, ten 5-mo. records have the expected correlation with true breeding value of 0.58, as opposed to 0.00 if only complete records are used; 20, 5-mo. records, a correlation of 0.69 as opposed to 0.00; 20, 5-mo. and ten complete records, 0.78 as opposed to 0.61; and ten 5-mo. and 20 complete records, 0.79 as opposed to 0.74.
Depth-dependent detection of microampere currents delivered to monkey V1

Monkeys can detect electrical stimulation delivered to the striate cortex (area V1). We examined whether such stimulation is layer dependent. While remaining fixated on a spot of light, a rhesus monkey was required to detect a 100-ms train of electrical stimulation delivered to a site within area V1. A monkey signaled the delivery of stimulation by depressing a lever after which he was rewarded with a drop of apple juice. Control trials were interleaved during which time no stimulation was delivered and the monkey was rewarded for not depressing the lever. Biphasic pulses were delivered at 200 Hz, and the current was typically at or 1.75 mm below the cortical surface). Accordingly, the deepest layers of V1 are the most sensitive for the induction of a detection response to electrical stimulation in monkeys.
Learning functions in k -DNF from reinforcement

Abstract An agent that must learn to act in the world by trial and error faces the reinforcement learning problem, which is quite different from standard concept learning. Although good algorithms exist for this problem in the general case, they are quite inefficient. One strategy is to find restricted classes of action strategies that can be learned more efficiently. This paper pursues that strategy by developing algorithms that can efficiently learn action maps that are expressible in κ-DNF. Both connectionist and classical statistics-based algorithms are presented, then compared empirically on three test problems. Modifications and extensions that will allow the algorithms to work in more complex domains are also discussed.
Use of performance sensitivities in analog cell layout

The performance of analog circuits can be severely degraded to the point of violating design specifications if care is not taken during the layout phase. The authors discuss the importance of the sensitivities of the performance functions with respect to design parameters in guiding the layout process. Sensitivities quantify the performance degradation induced by changes in different design and process parameters. Hence, critical parameters can be easily detected. In this way, the layout design can be controlled in order to avoid excessive changes in these parameters. This will reduce the iterative design process imposed by the standard manual techniques. A new definition for sensitivity which reflects the design constraints is given. The sensitivities are generated, reduced, and compiled in a weighted graph that can be used to control the placement algorithm. >
VSM growth is stimulated in sympathetic neuron/VSM cocultures: role of TGF-β2 and endothelin

Sympathetic nerves are purported to stimulate blood vessel growth. The mechanism(s) underlying this stimulation has not been determined. With use of an in vitro coculture model, the present study t...
Balancing guidance range and strength optimizes self-organization by silicon growth cones

We characterize the first hardware implementation of a selforganizing map algorithm based on axon migration. A population of silicon growth cones automatically wires a topographic mapping by migrating toward sources of a diffusible guidance signal that is released by postsynaptic activity. We varied the diffusion radius of this signal, trading strength for range. Best performance is achieved by balancing signal strength against signal range.
Disulfide-mediated polymerization reactions and physical properties of heated WPI-stabilized emulsions

Heating a 19 wt% corn oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by 1 wt% whey protein isolate from 30 to 70°C and then cooling to 25°C for at least 15 hr, brought about minimal changes in droplet aggregation, apparent viscosity and susceptibility to creaming. At 75°C, droplet aggregation occurred but this decreased on heating to 90°C. The apparent viscosity and susceptibility of droplets to creaming increased as the degree of droplet aggregation increased. Inclusion of the sulfhydryl blocking agent N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit thiol/disulfide interchange reactions did not affect droplet aggregation but resulted in higher apparent viscosity values and susceptibility to creaming at 85 and 90°C and not at lower temperatures. The results suggest that droplet aggregation results from noncovalent interactions between unfolded protein molecules adsorbed on different droplets and that the interactions are strengthened by disulfide bonds.
Coherent V2O3 Precipitates in ɑ-Al2O3 Co-Implanted With Vanadium and Oxygen

The oxides of vanadium VO2 and V2O3 are of fundamental and practical interest since they undergo structural phase transitions during which large variations in their optical and electronic properties are observed. In the present work, we report the formation of buried precipitates of V2O3 in sapphire by ion implantation and thermal annealing. It was found that the co-implantation of oxygen and vanadium was required in order to form nanophase V2O3 precipitates. Additionally, these precipitates, which formed only following an anneal of the co-implanted sample under reducing conditions, are coherent with the sapphire lattice. Two epitaxial relationships were observed: (0001)V2O3//(0001) ɑ-Al2O3 and (11-20)V2O3//(0001) ɑ-Al2O3. This finding is in agreement with results obtained elsewhere for thin films of V2O3 deposited on c-axis-oriented sapphire.
Improved quantization structures using generalized HMM modelling with application to wideband speech coding

In this paper, a low-complexity, high-quality recursive vector quantizer based on a generalized hidden Markov model of the source is presented. Capitalizing on recent developments in vector quantization based on Gaussian mixture models, we extend previous work on HMM-based quantizers to the case of continuous vector-valued sources, and also formulate a generalization of the standard HMM. This leads us to a family of parametric source models with very flexible modelling capabilities, with which are associated low-complexity recursive quantization structures. The performance of these schemes is demonstrated for the problem of wideband speech spectrum quantization, and shown to compare favorably to existing state-of-the-art schemes.
A performance study of instruction cache prefetching methods

Prefetching methods for instruction caches are studied via trace-driven simulation. The two primary methods are "fall-through" prefetch (sometimes referred to as "one block lookahead") and "target" prefetch. Fall-through prefetches are for sequential line accesses, and a key parameter is the distance from the end of the current line where the prefetch for the next line is initiated. Target prefetches work also for nonsequential line accesses. A prediction table is used and a key aspect is the prediction algorithm implemented by the table. Fall-through prefetch and target prefetch each improve performance significantly. When combined in a hybrid algorithm, their performance improvement is nearly additive. An instruction cache using a combined target and fall-through method can provide the same performance as a two to four times larger cache that does not prefetch. A good prediction method must not only be accurate, but prefetches must be initiated early enough to allow time for the instructions to return from main memory. To quantify this, we define a "prefetch efficiency" measure that reflects the amount of memory fetch delay that may be successfully hidden by prefetching. The better prefetch methods (in terms of miss rate) also have very high efficiencies, hiding approximately 90 percent of the miss delay for prefetched lines. Another performance measure of interest is memory traffic. Without prefetching, large line sizes give better hit rates; with prefetching, small line sizes tend to give better overall hit rates. Because smaller line sizes tend to reduce memory traffic, the top-performing prefetch caches produce less memory traffic than the top-performing nonprefetch caches of the same size.
Uncoded transmission is exactly optimal for a simple Gaussian "sensor" network

One of the simplest sensor network models has one single underlying Gaussian source of interest, observed by many sensors, subject to independent Gaussian observation noise. The sensors communicate over a standard Gaussian multiple-access channel to a fusion center whose goal is to estimate the underlying source with respect to mean-squared error. In this note, a theorem of Witsenhausen is shown to imply that an optimal communication strategy is uncoded transmission, i.e., each sensors' channel input is merely a scaled version of its noisy observation.
Rivalry deterrence in international markets: Contingencies governing the mutual forbearance hypothesis

The mutual forbearance hypothesis states that when the same competitors meet in multiple markets, rivalry is deterred. Our study highlights how pressures for local responsiveness impact the veracity of this hypothesis for multinational corporations (MNCs) in host countries. We develop theory to explain how subsidiary ownership, home-host cultural distance, host country regulatory restrictions on MNC activities, and the presence of local competitors affect the rivalry-dampening impact of multi-market contact. We tested our hypotheses with a sample of 13 global automobile companies operating in 27 countries and report strong support for our hypotheses.
A new look at benefits of drug therapy in silent myocardial ischaemia.

Over 25 years ago we prepared a classification system for silent myocardial ischaemia that we hoped would make it easier for future researchers to study the pathophysiogical basis for the syndrome, establish prognosis, and determine appropriate management protocols.1 In our categorization, Cohn Type I refers to asymptomatic individuals without known coronary artery disease (CAD) and Cohn Types II and III to patients with known CAD. Those with prior myocardial infarctions (MIs) who are asymptomatic are Type II, and those with CAD and both silent and symptomatic ischaemic episodes are Type III.1 In the last decade a dedicated group of Swiss cardiologists led by Dr Mathias Pfister of the Basel University Hospital have conducted a long-term series of clinical studies involving patients with Types I and II silent ischaemia. By providing a ‘new look’ at the syndrome of silent ischaemia they have contributed important clinical data to aid in its management. They have now described the results of anti-ischaemia drug therapy in Type I patients (studied in their SWISS I trial);2 their SWISS II data dealing with Type 2 patients and also recently published3 will be commented on later in this editorial. Investigations into silent ischaemia have been centred on either its pathophysiology, prevalence, prognosis, or treatment, or the effect of treatment on prognosis.4 Although recent pain studies have not yet been able to pinpoint the … Corresponding author. Tel: +1 631 444 1061; fax: +1 631 444 1054. E-mail address: pcohn{at}notes.cc.sunysb.edu
Dynamic voting schemes to enhance evolutionary repair in reconfigurable logic devices

Success has been demonstrated previously in the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) for autonomous fault-handling in field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, yet the completeness of a given repair can be improved. This research explores extensions to voting systems to work in parallel with imperfect GA solutions for local permanent damage faults in the FPGA fabric. The benefits are evaluated by comparing performance with a GA that does not utilize voting, for triplex and 5-plex voting arrangements. Results indicate that recovery capability is significantly improved achieving complete repair by a process of synthesis from the incomplete repairs obtained by the GAs. Voting-enhanced systems are shown to increase the likelihood of finding a complete repair, with increases in speed and efficiency. The triplex and 5-plex voting schemes are able to find a complete repair after an average of 113.86 and 48.33 generations respectively in situations where standalone GAs consistently fail
Pools of virtual boxes: building campus grids with virtual machines

A campus grid is a critical component of research cyberinfrastructure. A grid facilitates resource sharing, improving collaboration and increasing the capability to address large scale scientific and engineering problems. Resources comprising a grid include research clusters, centrally managed clusters, opportunistic use of desktop computers, campus clouds, and commercial clouds.Advances in virtual machine technology and hypervisor availability has made the use of virtual machines an attractive tool for building campus grids. Pools of Virtual Boxes (POVB) is an open-source, dedicated virtual machine environment for rapidly deploying a campus grid. POVB is targeted at institutions where financial and administrative constraints prevent large scale changes in computational infrastructure.The POVB distribution includes: services that manage the virtual machine hypervisor, services that communicate select host information with the Linux guest for debugging and resource utilization policies, a bootstrapping framework for building virtual images, and a third-party package deployment framework that integrates with Condor to advertise available software services. We report on the design and implementation of POVB and examine a deployment of several hundred POVB instances, which has been operational for over a year.POVB has been released under the GNU Public License Version 3, and is available at http://poolsofvirtualb.sourceforge.net.
Alcohol consumption, drinking pattern, and self-reported visual impairment.

Purpose: To examine whether alcohol drinking status and drinking pattern are associated with self-reported visual impairment.Methods: We used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone health survey conducted by random-digit dialing among non-institutionalized US adults. The Visual Impairment and Access to Eye Care module was implemented among 42, 713 adults aged 50 years and older in 2005 and 2006. Visual impairment was defined as any degree of difficulty experienced in recognizing a friend across the street or reading print in newspaper, magazine, recipe, menu, or numbers on the telephone with usual correction. Drinking patterns included drinking quantity (drinks per drinking day), frequency (drinking days in the past month), and binge drinking.Results: After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, smoking status, Body Mass Index, history of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and eye diseases, current drinking status was not associated with...
MAGNETIC COUPLING IN CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS. A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY OF MAGNETISM IN 3d METALS

Magnetic coupling processes are considered in terms of the orbitals which result from the splitting of the d levels by the crystalline field. It is shown that the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic structure properties of many crystalline compounds can be qualitatively accounted for on the basis of indirect coupling processes which depend on the overlap of magnetic cation d orbitals with p orbitals of intervening anions and on the electron spin occupation appropriate to the particular cations involved. The orbital approaeh was used in considering the magnetic properties of the 3d metals and a coupling mechadism was proposed which is consistent with much of the magnetic data relating to the iron group metals and their alloys. (auth)
Incorporation of 3H-thymidine in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) embryos.

A procedure has been developed whereby cell proliferation during early embryogenesis of the monkey can be studied radioautographically following in vivo exposure to relatively small amounts of 3H-thymidine.
Adapting a Tourism Crime Typology: Classifying Outdoor Recreation Crime

Using a qualitative approach, the authors tested a crime typology developed for tourism destinations in a U.S. National Forest recreation setting. Specific objectives were to classify the attributes of crime and violence, examine the effects of crime and violence on visitor demand, and suggest methods of prevention and recovery. A key modification to the crime typology prior to data collection was to anchor it to crime And violence-activity categories revealed from an earlier study. Several recommendations are given, with the understanding that they derived from the first run of the crime typology in a U.S. National Forest setting. These include refinements of key typology measures of motivations, victims, severity, frequency, and riots.
ZELUS RENARDII AND Z. TETRACANTHUS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE): BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR DISPERSAL IN TWO ASSASSIN BUG SPECIES

The leafhopper assassin bug, Zelus renardii Kolenati, is a natural enemy and stands out among species in the large New World genus Zelus Fabricius (∼60 spp.) by its introduction to and establishment in 3 biogeographic regions. We here present documentation of the distribution and habitat of Z. renardii in its native range in North and Central America and compare it with Z. tetracanthus Stal, a wide-ranging New World congener that apparently has not dispersed outside of its native range. In addition, we document and compare predatory and reproductive behaviors in the 2 species. Zelus renardii is widely distributed in the Western USA and shows a continuous geographic range south to Guatemala; Z. tetracanthus is broadly distributed across North and Central America and also occurs in Brazil. In Riverside County, California, Z. renardii is common in suburban and disturbed habitats in addition to certain natural areas, whereas Z. tetracanthus is usually restricted to natural areas. The behavioral comparison under laboratory conditions indicated that Z. renardii caught prey faster and that feeding duration in this species was shorter than in Z. tetracanthus. The duration of pre-copulatory behaviors in Z. renardii was shorter than in Z. tetracanthus, resulting in a shorter overall mating duration. Based on the higher percentage of egg batches that produced first instars in Z. renardii, this species may establish large populations under adverse conditions faster than Z. tetracanthus. Our observations on distribution and biology contribute toward an understanding of the differences in invasiveness between the 2 species.
Access vs. Ownership: Do We Have to Make a Choice?

The library profession is currently facing a dilemma that could ultimately impact the future of libraries and librarianship. In this rapidly changing age of technology, the traditional view of libraries as “warehouses of information” is being challenged by the more modern view of them as “providers of access to information.” A conflict has emerged between those in the profession who believe ownership of information is most important and those who believe access to information is most important. It would seem that every library must make a choice between the two. However, there is a third option that could possibly satisfy everyone as well as ensure that libraries continue to be viable and important information centers in the future. This is the “access and ownership” view.
Effect of potassium deficiency on carbon dioxide, cation, and phosphate content of muscle, with a note on the carbon dioxide content of human muscle

Albino rats weighing 160 to 175 gm. were fed a complete synthetic diet containing 0.003 per cent potassium and 0.7 per cent sodium for 40 days. Controls were given the same diet plus adequate added potassium. 1. Data from analyses of serum and skeletal muscle showed (a) a fall in serum chloride concentration and an increase in serum carbon dioxide concentration and pH in the potassium-deficient rats; (b) increases of sodium, magnesium, and calcium and a decrease of potassium in the muscle of the potassium-deficient rats; (c) no change of muscle chloride or carbon dioxide concentrations in the potassium-deficient rats. (2) Application of the Wallace-Hastings calculations to these data revealed (a) intracellular pH of the skeletal muscle of the normal rat to be 6.98 ± 0.08; (b) an increase in serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in potassium deficiency, together with increases in concentrations of [H2CO2] and [HCO3-] per kg. extracellular water and [H2CO3] per kg. cell water; (c) a decrease in values for [CO2] and [HCO3-] per kg. intracellular water; (d) a fall of intracellular pH in potassium deficiency to 6.42 ± 0.05. (3) Analyses of sacrospinalis muscle from five men undergoing operation for ruptured intervertebral disc showed a mean value of 9.46 ± 1.31 mM carbon dioxide per kg. blood-free tissue. Some problems of interpretation of data are briefly discussed.
Mechanisms Underlying Development of Visual Maps and Receptive Fields

Patterns of synaptic connections in the visual system are remarkably precise. These connections dictate the receptive field properties of individual visual neurons and ultimately determine the quality of visual perception. Spontaneous neural activity is necessary for the development of various receptive field properties and visual feature maps. In recent years, attention has shifted to understanding the mechanisms by which spontaneous activity in the developing retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex instruct the axonal and dendritic refinements that give rise to orderly connections in the visual system. Axon guidance cues and a growing list of other molecules, including immune system factors, have also recently been implicated in visual circuit wiring. A major goal now is to determine how these molecules cooperate with spontaneous and visually evoked activity to give rise to the circuits underlying precise receptive field tuning and orderly visual maps.
Developmental Meta-Analysis of the Functional Neural Correlates of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Objective There is a pressing need to elucidate the brain-behavior interactions underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD) given the marked rise in ASD diagnosis over the past decade. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has begun to address this need, but few fMRI studies have evaluated age-related changes in ASD. Therefore, we conducted a developmental analysis of activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to compare child versus adult ASD fMRI studies. We hypothesized that children and adolescents with ASD ( Method PubMed and PsycInfo literature searches were conducted to identify task-dependent fMRI studies of children or adults with ASD. Then recent GingerALE software improvements were leveraged to perform direct comparisons of child (n = 18) versus adult (n = 24) studies. Results ALE meta-analyses of social tasks showed that children and adolescents with ASD versus adults had significantly greater hyperactivation in the left post-central gyrus, and greater hypoactivation in the right hippocampus and right superior temporal gyrus. ALE meta-analyses of nonsocial tasks showed that children with ASD versus adults had significantly greater hyperactivation in the right insula and left cingulate gyrus, and hypoactivation in the right middle frontal gyrus. Conclusion Our data suggest that the neural alterations associated with ASD are not static, occurring only in early childhood. Instead, children with ASD have altered neural activity compared to adults during both social and nonsocial tasks, especially in fronto-temporal structures. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies are required to examine these changes prospectively, as potential targets for brain-based treatments for ASD.
The Detection of Upper Level Turbulence via GPS Occultation Methods

The use of GPS occultations to detect upper level atmospheric turbulence is presented. Given a set of assumptions, scattering theory gives the form for the phase and amplitude power spectra. Using these methods, along with the assumptions of a von Karman spectrum and the thin screen approximation for the index of refraction fluctuations, a formula is derived that shows that the spectra of the phase and amplitude fluctuations are proportional to the structure constant of the index of refraction fluctuations and the thickness of the turbulent patch. These results are then compared to measured GPS occultation data, indicating that the fluctuations in the GPS signals are consistent with the turbulence model.
Presuppositions Underlying Health Awareness Days

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the commentary "Health Awareness Days: Sufficient Evidence to Support the Craze" by Jonathan Purtle and Leah A. Roman and published in a previous issue, along with a response from the authors.
Semiautomatic marker tracking of tongue positions captured by videofluoroscopy during primate feeding

Videofluoroscopy (VF) is one of the most commonly used tools to assess oropharyngeal dysphagia as well as to visualize musculoskeletal structures of humans and animals engaged in various behaviors, including feeding. Despite its importance in clinical and scientific use, processing VF data has historically been extremely tedious because it is performed using manual frame-by-frame methods. With recent technological advances, the frame rate for scientific use has been increasing along with the use of high speed data capture systems. In the current study, we used non-human primates as a model animal to study human feeding behaviors to capture tongue movement based on markers implanted into the tongue. Here, we introduce a semi-automatic marker tracking algorithm that yields high tracking accuracy (> 90%) and dramatic speed improvements (faster than real time labeling). Furthermore, we quantify the sources of tracking errors and the tracking performance as a function of marker speeds. Our results indicate that there is more room for methodological improvements both in detection and prediction of marker positions. Moreover, correspondingly faster frame rates will be required to capture faster kinematic behaviors such as those of mice, which are extensively used to study both control and pathological conditions.
Fuel Reformation and Hydrogen Generation with Direct Droplet Impingement Reactors: Model Formulation and Validation

Onboard fuel reforming to produce hydrogen for portable fuel cell applications has been widely studied because the liquid has a high volumetric density as an energy storage medium. Several portable...
Neuraxial Morphine and Oral Herpes Reactivation in the Obstetric Population

Neuraxial morphine administration is a common strategy for providing postcesarean delivery analgesia. Morphine delivered via this route increases the risk of herpes labialis (oral herpes) reactivation, a disease common in women of childbearing age. A primary concern is risk of transmission to the neonate from maternal reactivation. The benefits to the mother of this form of analgesia outweigh the risk of neonatal herpes acquired postpartum from maternal recurrence because serious neonatal morbidity from recurrent herpes has not been described.
Reduction of Radiation Efficiency in High-Speed Jets

The Lighthill acoustic analogy indicates that substantial noise reduction is possible in high-speed jets by reducing the radiation efficiency. This entails reducing the convective Mach number of the eddies whose footprint is sensed in the near pressure field. In dualstream jets, local reduction in convective Mach number is possible by inducing asymmetry in the plume that redistributes the most energetic eddies from the fast inner stream to the slower outer stream on the underside of the jet. Assuming that the convective velocity of the most energetic eddies is the mean velocity at the location of the peak turbulent kinetic energy, a RANS-based acoustic analogy predicts with reasonable fidelity the noise reduction measured experimentally. Importantly, it is shown that the reduction in the source strength is caused primarily by the reduction in radiation efficiency.A large eddy simulation of a single-stream high-subsonic jet allows determination of the convective velocity through space-time correlations throughout the computational domain. The convective velocity at the edge of the jet, defined as the boundary between the inner rotational field and the outer linear pressure field, is close to the mean axial velocity at the location of peak kinetic energy. This provides a tool for RANS-based acoustic analogy models to accurately predict the radiation efficiency and its reduction.
Homeowner Affordability: Fallen Off the Tripod

There's something about "Affordability" that makes it very popular: Presidents past and present set goals around it. The popularity of this perennial policy goal is based on the feel-good idea that everyone would live in a home that they own if only they could afford it. Owning your own home is declared near and far to be the American Dream. Recently, however, it seems that Americans' aren't all having the same dream. Despite improving conditions of affordability, home sales continue to decline. As income becomes unstable because of mounting job losses, housing falls further out of balance - no change in price or mortgage interest rates will be enough to rebalance the tripod in the next year.
Influence of high-intensity ultrasonic treatment on the phase morphology of a Mg-9.0wt.%Al binary alloy

The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the β-phase (Mg17Al12) morphology of an Mg-9.0wt.%Al alloy was studied. The result shows that with high-intensity ultrasonic vibration employed during the solidifying of Mg-9.0wt.%Al, the β-phase in the entire cross section of the billet is significantly refined and also changed from continuous to discontinuous morphology. Spherical β-phase is formed during the solidification of the billet treated with high-intensity ultrasonic vibration.
Structure, function, and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2: On the importance of reproducibility in understanding Parkinson's disease.

The question of reproducibility in science has led to much recent anxiety, and several institutions have identified new initiatives to improve the rate at which we can replicate findings. It is therefore satisfying to note those instances where reliable results have been built upon to generate important new data that is relevant to the understanding of a human disease. The work by Guaitoli et al. in PNAS (1) represents a significant advance in our understanding of the structure of a causal gene for Parkinson’s disease (PD), and illustrates how a series of findings can be extended from initial observations toward the next set of hypotheses, even as these hypotheses remain provisional and require further testing. The subject of the paper by Guaitoli et al. (1) is a complex protein kinase: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). The LRRK2 gene was nominated as a causal gene for dominantly inherited PD by two groups in 2004 (2, 3), and further confirmed by identification of a mutation in the first reported family with linkage to this locus (4). It was subsequently reported that variation around LRRK2 includes a relatively common variant, G2019S, that increases risk of PD substantially, and that there are noncoding variants that modestly increase risk of sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an example of a pleomorphic risk locus (5): that is, a human gene that has several variations that have a quantifiable effect on pathogenesis but that vary in the mechanism by which they provoke disease. Given the argument that LRRK2 is important in many cases of PD, it would therefore be reasonable to posit that the normal function of the encoded protein would help us understand the disease process. Furthermore, one might speculate that manipulating that function would be a way to intervene in PD, leading to new therapeutic targets … [↵][1]1Email: Cookson{at}mail.nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Carcass and meat sensory traits of steers finished on fescue and clover, summer forage, or for different periods in drylot.

During a 3-yr period 184 steers were allotted to five treatment groups. Group 1 steers were pastured on fescue-clover and slaughtered in the spring at approximately 540 d of age. Group 2 steers were pastured on fescue-clover then placed on summer pasture regimens and slaughtered at approximately 620 d of age. Group 3 steers were treated the same as Group 2 then placed in the drylot for 45 d. Group 4 steers were treated the same as Group 2 steers then placed in the drylot for 75 d. Group 5 steers were placed in drylot after weaning and conditioning and were slaughtered at endpoints that corresponded with those for Group 3. Steers selected for slaughter at each endpoint were those evaluated to have reached the most optimum slaughter weight and finish by project personnel. Carcasses of steers from fescue-clover and summer pasture had lower yield grades and a lower quality grade than carcasses of steers from drylot (P < .05). Carcasses of steers from fescue-clover and summer pasture had a more yellow fat covering than carcasses of steers that received a concentrate (Treatments 3, 4, and 5, P < .0001). Fescue-clover- and summer pasture-fed steers had a higher percentage of lean and a lower percentage of fat in the 9-10-11th rib section than did steers that received concentrate (P < .005). Chemical analysis of the lean tissue of the 9-10-11th rib section indicated that summer pasture-fed steers had a lower percentage of ether extract and higher percentage of moisture than the lean tissue from steers that received concentrate (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hollywood and Anti – Semitism: Introduction: What Is the Hollywood Question?

GABLER'S PARADOX The end of an era in American history has brought a remarkable degree of cultural ferment, no doubt the result of large-scale shifts taking place in national and international affairs. One finds this ferment imbuing discussions of both internal domestic affairs and the nation's role in a shifting global order. In 1990, Germany completed its reunification as the Soviet Union crumbled. Amid the biggest bank failures and bailouts in United States history, American conservatives cast this successive chain of international events as a victory for Western capitalism over communism. With the purported fall of communism, however, American political discourse lost one of its most potent, influential images. The specter of communism – the so-called Red Menace that had haunted American popular consciousness since World War I and that had structured the virtual entirety of United States post–World War II foreign policy – was suddenly gone. The very raison d'etre for blacklisting, national security, “police actions,” missile crises, Vietnam, arms races, and nuclear holocausts had seemingly crumbled into powdery oblivion. As one demon corroded from public consciousness, others quickly took shape. Iraq moved its troops across the Kuwaiti border in the summer of 1990, triggering a series of events that helped redefine post–Cold War American foreign policy in terms of ready access to the world's petroleum resources. Meanwhile, Operation Desert Storm coincided with what Evan Carton has dubbed Operation Campus Storm. As a still undisclosed body count continued to rise in Iraq, American popular culture fretted over didactic campus leftists.
Class markers in the mass movie audience: A case study in the cultural geography of moviegoing, 1926‐1932

In the 1920s, Hollywood moved to normalize a vertically integrated industrial structure based on centralized control over film production, distribution, and exhibition. The intensity of this effort at greater corporate rationalization increased dramatically between 1926 and 1932, as major studios aggressively assumed ownership of key first‐run movie palaces in cities and towns across America. Current studies of moviegoing during this period often suggest that studio control over exhibition helped standardize the contexts of film reception, thereby pressing pre‐existing class specificities of moviegoing into a more easily managed and legitimized middle‐class form of cultural practice. The case study presented here offers a theoretically‐informed but empirically grounded investigation of film exhibition and moviegoing during this period, and argues that film exhibition and moviegoing continued to be marked by cultural distinctions that helped articulate class relations in the wider social formation.
Pentostatin Combined with Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab Induces High Response Rates in Patients with Untreated Indolent B-Cell Lymphoma.

The addition of rituximab to combination chemotherapy has improved treatment outcomes of indolent lymphomas. Combination therapy with purine analogs, akylating agents, and monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach for treating indolent B-cell lymphoma. Nucleoside analog-based regimens selectively target lymphoid cells, making them attractive drugs for lymphoid cancers. Pentostatin is a nucleoside analog that compared with other nucleoside analogs appears to have less bone marrow cell toxicity. The combination of pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (PCR) is an effective regimen for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and relapsed indolent B-cell lymphoma. In this study, we examined the efficacy of pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Pentostatin (4 mg/m 2 ), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m 2 ), and rituximab (375 mg/m 2 ) were given on day 1 of a 21-day cycle with restaging after every 3 cycles. Patients received prophylaxis with acyclovir 400 mg/po bid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 3 times per week. Small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL), was stained for ZAP70 staining and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene mutations. At the time of abstract submission, 29 patients are eligible for response and toxicity. There were 12 patients with follicular lymphoma, 13 with SLL/CLL, and 4 with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and the median age was 63 years. This regimen was used as first-line therapy for 26 patients and second-line therapy in 3 patients. We observed an overall response of 27 out of 29 (93%), CR/CRu in 19 out of 29 (65%), PR in 8 out of 29 (27%), and mixed response in 2 out of 29 (7%). The main toxicities were nausea and vomiting. No prolonged pancytopenia or myelodysplasia were observed. The correlation of ZAP70 and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene mutations with response is ongoing. Our preliminary data demonstrate that PCR therapy is an effective regimen in previously untreated indolent lymphoma.
The Value of an Undergraduate HRD Degree: An Exploratory Investigation of Perceived Employability and Career Success:

The ProblemUndergraduate human resource development (HRD) programs are becoming increasingly popular. However, there is little research available regarding the outcomes of the alumni of these programs and the value that they attribute to their undergraduate HRD degree.The SolutionIn this exploratory study, a survey was used to assess the value of an undergraduate HRD education among graduates of an undergraduate HRD program. Perceived employability and subjective career success were used as measures to assess the value of an undergraduate HRD degree from the perspective of alumni from an undergraduate HRD program. Academic achievement was also considered for the possibility of impacting the perceived value of the degree. Descriptive statistics are used to report the findings related to perceived employability and subjective career success.The StakeholdersThe results of this study are useful to undergraduate HRD program administrators and alumni who are interested in the career outcomes of undergraduate HR...