cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ histone landscape of nephrogenesis

In the developing kidney, self-renewing progenitors respond to inductive signaling from the adjacent branching ureteric bud by undergoing mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition. Nascent nephrons subsequently undergo elongation, segmentation, and differentiation into a mature renal epithelium with diverse functions. Epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in impacting cell fate decisions during nephrogenesis; however, the chromatin landscape of nephron progenitors and daughter differentiating cells are largely unknown. Here, we examined the spatiotemporal expression patterns of histone H3 methylation and histone methyltransferases in E15.5 mouse kidneys. Kidney sections were probed with antibodies against histone modifications, enzymes, and markers of progenitors and differentiation. The results revealed that: (1) nephron progenitor cells exhibit a broad histone methylation signature that comprises both “active” and “repressive” marks (H3K4me3/K9me3/K27me3/R2me2/R17me2); (2) nascent nephrons retain high H3...
Quantification of human exposure to ethion using saliva

Abstract Ethion and ethion metabolites in saliva and ethion metabolites in urine were monitored in pesticide workers and control subjects. Pesticide worker saliva averaged from 86–4130 ppb ethion and 0.30−7.00 ppm urinary ethion metabolites. Low and inconsistent ethion metabolites were found in pesticide worker saliva, none in control subject saliva, and 1.0 ppb in control subject urine. Pesticide worker urinary ethion metabolites and salivary ethion had an overall correlation of 0.55 at the 0.0001 level. Saliva may be an appropriate substrate to confirm pesticide exposure and to estimate internal pesticide dose in humans.
Aristeas and III Maccabees

A certain affinity between Aristeas and III Maccabees is to be expected, for both books derive from a single environment — the Jewish community of Alexandria, both have a major purpose in common — that of setting forth the relations of the Jews to their non-Jewish rulers in as favorable a light as possible, and, most important, both are Greek books, written according to Greek canons of form; they are not, like other books on the periphery of Scripture with which they have been associated, translations from Hebrew or Aramaic, nor do they follow the forms of such works. Each is what would be called in the progymnasmata or curriculum of the rhetoricians διήγησις or narratio. Theon declares (70.25) that the canon is to be followed not only by intending rhetors but by writers in various categories; the διήγησις he defines (78.15) as λόγος ἐκθɛτικὸς πραγμάτων γɛγονότων ἢ ὡς γɛγονότων. Cicero, again without doubt following ancient principles of criticism, sets forth the difference between a continuous chronological history and a narratio in his invitation to Lucceius to write a treatise on his life (Ad Familiares 5.12). Whereas history serves veritas and utilitas , a narratio may supply delectatio also. The ancient canon of veracity for such treatises is clearly stated by the grammarian Asclepiades of Myrlea, in Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Grammaticos 252.
Validity of medical chart weights and heights for obese pregnant women.

Objective: To determine the validity of adult body weights and heights recorded in electronic medical records (EMRs) in the course of routine medical care. Background: EMRs allow the potential use of data collected in the course of routine medical care for a variety of research applications in many fields including epidemiology and comparative effectiveness studies. However, researchers familiar with carefully controlled measurement protocols typically used in clinical trials may question the validity of data collected in the course of routine clinical care. Methods: Weights and heights collected during a research project that focused on weight gain during pregnancy were compared to weight and height measurements coincidently recorded in the research participant’s medical records. For weight measures (N=102), data recorded within ±14 days were compared, and for height measures (N=114), data recorded within ±5 years were compared. We assessed agreement between medical and research measurements using the concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients, and Bland and Altman’s limits of agreement. Findings: The mean research and medical record weight measurements were 99.3 kg and 99.2 kg, respectively. The concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients for weight had similar estimates of .999 and 95 percent confidence intervals [.998, .999]. The 95 percent limits of agreement were -1.5 kg and +1.7 kg. The mean research and medical height measurements were 1.646 m and 1.654 m, respectively, and the concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients for height were .941 and .942, respectively. The 95 percent limits of agreement were -.031 m and +.047 m. Conclusions: For pregnant women, body weights documented in the medical record are exchangeable with body weights recorded in a research setting. Height measurements recorded in the medical records were not in as close agreement as weights, but concordance between medical record and research height measurements are high enough to allow them to be used epidemiological and comparative effectiveness research.
Regulation of calcium-induced exocytosis from gastric chief cells by protein phosphatase-2B (calcineurin)

Abstract The molecular mechanisms whereby calcium stimulates secretion are uncertain. In the present study, we used streptolysin O (SLO)-permeabilized chief cells from guinea pig stomach to investigate whether protein phosphatase-2B (calcineurin), a calcium/calmodulin-dependent, serine/threonine phosphatase plays a role in mediating calcium-induced pepsinogen secretion. Preincubation of cells with α-naphthylphosphate, a non-specific phosphatase inhibitor, decreased calcium-induced secretion. Likewise, specific inhibitors of protein phosphatase-2B (cyclosporin-A and FK-506) caused a dose-dependent reduction in calcium-induced pepsinogen secretion. Moreover, in intact cells, cyclosporin-A and FK-506 inhibited pepsinogen secretion caused by cholecystokinin, carbamylcholine and A23187, agonists known to increase chief cell cytosolic calcium. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 and -2A, had no effect on secretion caused by these agonists. Chief cell calcium-dependent phosphatase activity, measured using radiolabeled casein as substrate, was reduced selectively by inhibitors of protein phosphatase-2B. Endogenous substrates for calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase activity were identified by analyzing chief cell lysates using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Increasing the cytosolic calcium concentration resulted in dephosphorylation of a 55-kDa, acidic cytoskeletal protein. FK-506 inhibited dephosphorylation of this protein. Thus, in permeabilized chief cells, specific inhibitors of protein phosphatase-2B inhibit calcium-induced pepsinogen secretion, calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase activity and calcium-induced dephosphorylation of a 55-kDa, acidic cytoskeletal protein. These results support the hypothesis that protein phosphatase-2B (calcineurin) plays an important role in mediating calcium-induced exocytosis. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Vitamin E status of infants fed formula containing medium-chain triglycerides

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Kunkler PB, Farr RF, and Luxton RW: The limit of renal tolerance to x-rays: An investigation into renal damage occurring following the treatment of tumours of the testis by abdominal baths, Br J Radiol 25:190, 1952. 2. D'Angio GJ, Farber S, and Maddock CL: Potentiation of x-ray effects by actinomycin D, Radiology 73:t75, 1959. 3. Sagerman RH: Radiation nephritis, J Urol 91:332, 1964. 4. Arneil GC, Emmanuel IG, Flatman GE, Harris F, Young DG, and Zachary RB: Nephritis in two children after irradiation and chemotherapy for nephroblastoma, Lancet 1:960, f974. 5. Churchill DN, Hong K, and Gault MH: Radiation nephritis following combined abdominal radiation and chemotherapy (Bleomycin-Vincristine), Cancer 41:2162, 1978. 6. Zuelzer WW, Palmer HD, and Newton WA: Unusual glomerulonephritis in young children, probably radiation nephritis, Am J Pathol 26:1019, 1950. 7. Cogan SR, and Ritter lI: Radiation nephritis, Am J Meal 24:530, 1958. 8. Luxton RW: The clinical and pathological effects of renal irradiation, in Progress in radiation therapy, New York, 1962, Grune & Stratton, Inc. 9. Orton CG, and Ellis F: A simplification in the use of the NSD concept in practical radiotherapy, Br J Radiol 46:529, 1973.
A modified two-compartment model of the root : response to a pressure clamp

A, membrane area Cs, solute concentration LP, hydraulic conductivity P, pressure Π, osmotic pressure ω, solute permeability QV, volume flow rate Qs, solute flow rate Qs*, active solute flow rate, σ, reflection coefficient of apical root ‘membrane’ t, time τ, time constant Va, apical xylem volume superscript a, apical xylem superscript b, basal xylem superscript x, xylem (apical and basal) superscript o, external medium Magnani et al. (Planta 199, 296–306, 1996) have described a model of the root in which apoplastic transport of water occurs in the older (basal) regions, and intercellular transport occurs in the younger (apical) regions. They tested this model by performing pressure-clamp experiments on excised root systems, and found that their model gave a good fit to the data. In the present study, their model is extended to include solute transport across an apical root ‘membrane’, with reflection coefficient, σ. When σ = 1 (i.e. no apoplastic transport across the root membrane) the model yields solutions for the volume flow rate that are identical in form to those of Magnani et al. (1996). Hence, given that their solutions provide a good description of the data, it seems possible to explain these data without invoking apoplastic water transport in the apical zone. For σ < 1, the predicted behaviour is more complex. It is concluded that the analysis of Magnani et al. (1996) overestimates the apoplastic hydraulic conductance of the basal zone (which could, in principle, be zero), and underestimates the intercellular hydraulic conductance of the apical zone. The magnitude of these errors depends on the solute permeability of the apical root membrane. The analysis suggests that solute transport parameters should be included in models of water transport across plant roots, even when σ≈ 1. For the exosmotic pressure clamp, this is emphasized by considering the case where σ = 1, and the basal region is replaced with a chamber filled with water. Under this regime, the volume-relaxation time constant does not depend on the membrane hydraulic conductance, but is determined by the solute permeability.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 42. Studies of the Kinetics and Photoelectrochemistry of Thin Film CdS/Electrolyte Interfaces

We report here the novel use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to study photoelectron transfer (PET) kinetics at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. The model system chosen consisted of a polycrystalline cadmium sulfide thin film in contact with methyl viologen (MV2+/+) and triethanolamine (TEOA) as redox mediator and hole scavenger, respectively. In the absence of illumination, SECM approach curves to CdS films deposited on glass showed negative feedback, consistent with an insulating substrate. Upon film illumination, positive feedback was obtained due to photoelectron reduction of MV2+ at the interface. The dependence of the pseudo-first-order rate constants (keff) on light intensity and scavenger and mediator concentrations was estimated and the quantum efficiency as a function of light intensity was determined.
Minimally invasive surgery: the evolution of fellowship.

Background The field of postgraduate minimally invasive surgery/gastrointestinal surgery (MIS/GIS) training has undergone substantial growth and change. To determine whether fellowships are meeting a strategic need in training, we conducted a survey to assess the current status and trends of change in MIS/GIS fellowships. Methods A survey was distributed to fellows currently in MIS/GIS programs in the United States and Canada in 2003 and 2006. Fellows were asked to describe demographics as well as their experience both during fellowship and residency. We compared this with aggregate data of resident experience through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case logs, data tracked by industry, and program data from the Fellowship Council (FC) web site. Results There were 54 responses to the 75 surveys distributed in 2006 (72% response rate). MIS fellows performed more laparoscopic cases during their residency than the average graduating chief resident, but did not feel competent to perform advanced laparoscopic surgery. However, combining fellowship numbers with residency numbers does suggest that the total experience provides competency in a wide variety of procedures. Conclusions It seems that the MIS/GIS Fellowship is meeting a real need among graduating surgical residents; fellows felt unprepared for clinical practice at the completion of residency. It is encouraging to note the improvements in fellowship structure, standards, and overall experience, brought by the efforts of the FC. It is hoped that this report of the state of MIS fellowship with a comprehensive review of current data will aid in further evaluation and improvement.
Validating common carotid stenosis by duplex ultrasound with carotid angiogram or computed tomography scan

Background No consensus exists for duplex ultrasound criteria in the diagnosis of significant common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis. In general, peak systolic velocity (PSV) >150 cm/s with poststenotic turbulence indicates a stenosis >50%. The purpose of our study is to correlate CCA duplex velocities with angiographic findings of significant stenosis >60%. Methods We reviewed the carotid duplex records from 2008 to 2011 looking for patients with isolated CCA stenosis and no ipsilateral internal or contralateral carotid artery disease who received either a carotid angiogram or a computed tomography scan. We identified 25 patients who had significant CCA disease >60%. We also selected 74 controls without known CCA stenosis. We performed receiver operating characteristics analysis to correlate PSV and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) with angiographic stenosis >60%. The degree of stenosis was determined by measuring the luminal stenosis in comparison to the proximal normal CCA diameter. Results Most patients had a carotid angiogram (21/25), four only had a computed tomography angiography and four had both. Eighteen patients had history of neck radiation. The CCA PSV ≥250 cm/s had a sensitivity of 98.7% (81.5%-100%) and a specificity of 95.7% (92.0%-99.9%), CCA PSV ≥300 cm/s had a sensitivity of 90.9% (69.4%-98.4%) and a specificity of 98.7% (92.0%-99.9%). The CCA EDV ≥40 cm/s had a sensitivity of 95.5% (95% confidence interval of 75.1-99.8%) and specificity of 98.7% (92.0%-99.9%), EDV ≥60 cm/s had a sensitivity of 100% (75.1%-99.8%) and specificity of 87% (94.1-100%), and EDV ≥70 cm/s had a sensitivity of 86.4% (64.0%-96.4%) and specificity of 100% (94.1%-100%). The presence of both PSV Conclusions Establishing CCA duplex criteria to screen patients with significant stenosis is crucial to identify those who will need further imaging modality or treatment. In our laboratory, CCA PSV ≥250 cm/s and EDV ≥60 cm/s are thresholds that can be used to identify significant (>60%) CCA stenosis with a high degree of accuracy.
The open book of infectious diseases

New classes of chemical compounds along with more efficient methods to identify drug targets have produced exciting developments in antituberculous antibiotics. Will the new drugs now entering clinical trials have an impact on treatment?
Statistical mechanics of a neurobiological dynamical system: The spectrum of local entropies (S(α)) applied to cocaine-perturbed behavior

Abstract The singularity spectrum of local entropies ( S (α)) computed from the microcanonical dynamical partition function is used to describe the sequential dynamical structure of rat locomotor paths under the influence of cocaine. The approach used was analogous to the microcanonical ensemble of statistical mechanics and permitted the sensitive detection of “phase-transition”-like behavior. The results suggest that the behavioral sequences exhibited by the rats are determined by two processes, each with its own entropy (α i , α h ). The processes are changed simultaneously by cocaine, suggesting that they coexist as local repellers with overlapping insets and undergo a change to first order phase transition.
Non-linear convection in a porous layer with permeable boundaries

Abstract Non-linear convection is studied in a horizontal porous medium filled with fluid and heated from below. The medium, which is bounded horizontally by permeable boundaries, is subjected to an external flow with uniform vertical velocity W 0 . The problem is solved for the case where w 0 is large and the amplitude of convection is small. The new results on the stable flow patterns and the dependence of the various physical quantities on w 0 are discussed.
Therapy credibility is not a nonspecific event

Therapy credibility and client outcome expectancies instilled by psychotherapy procedures have been classified as nonspecific factors. Their control has been required in psychotherapy research, just as nonspecific factors must be controlled in chemotherapy research. However, an examination of the definitions of “nonspecific” shows that credibility and instilled expectancies do not qualify as nonspecific events. To maintain that they are nonspecific factors requires a distortion of the meaning of nonspecific. In psychotherapy research, it is not necessary to control credibility in the name of controlling nonspecific artifacts. Implications are presented for psychotherapy research, theory, and language.
Tissue culture of Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.), a popular native American medicinal plant, is currently listed as endangered or threatened in over one-third of the states in which it is listed. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro culture protocol for Goldenseal. Excise embryos were grown on Gamborg's B-5 medium with 0,1 or 10 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), and supplemented with 30 gl−1 sucrose and 8 gl−1 agar. Germinated embryos provided explants (leaf and root tissue) that were subsequently cultured on various media with combinations of naphthleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA). All NAA/BA combinations produced multiple shoots, roots, and callus. Leaf explants cultured on medium with 1∶10 μM NAA:BA and root explants on medium with 1∶1 μM NAA:BA could be successfully used for mieropropagation.
Reduced viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the presence of added salts

Two different techniques for diluting polyelectrolyte solutions with salt solutions are discussed. The first is the so-called isoionic dilution and the second is a method using salt solutions of concentrations so chosen as to make the reduced viscosity a linear function of polymer concentration. For isoionic dilutions, in which the total counterion concentration is kept constant, the reduced viscosity curves are not linear over the whole range but are rather sharply curved at the early stages of dilution. However, it is observed that the viscosity of solutions subject to such dilutions can be expressed by an empirical equation similar in form to that of Fuoss and Strauss. The second method is carried out by diluting the polymer solution with a simple salt solution whose concentration, c1, is selected by trial and error to make the reduced viscosity a linear function of concentration. The ratio r = c1/c0 where c0 is the concentration of counterions from the original polymer solution, increases as the charge density of the polyelectrolyte decreases and is rather insensitive to c0. The values of 1 − r obtained for the partially neutralized polyacrylate were compared with the degrees of counterion fixation obtained by electrolytic methods, and good agreement was found between the two.
Treatment of high-strength synthetic sewage in a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) with aerobic activated sludge (AS) post-treatment.

Performance of a combined system up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) followed by aerobic treatment activated sludge (AS) for removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous contaminants at an average temperature of 25°C was investigated. The combined system was fed with high strength synthetic sewage having chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2500 mg L−1. The organic loading rate (OLR) of the UASB reactor was increased gradually from 1.1 to 3.8 gCOD Lr −1 d−1. At steady state condition, the UASB reactor achieved removal efficiency up to 83.5% of total COD (CODtot), 74.0% of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and 94.0% of protein. The combined system performed an excellent organic removal pushing the overall removal efficiency of CODtot, VFA and protein to 91.0%, 99.9% and 98.2%, respectively. When the OLR of the UASB increased to 4.4 g COD Lr −1 d−1, the UASB was overloaded and; thus, its effluent quality deteriorated. In respect to nitrogen removal, both partial nitrification and complete nitrification took place in aero...
Myopic refractive error in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

PURPOSE To estimate gender- and age-specific prevalence of myopia and identify risk indicators for myopia in a population-based sample of Latino adults aged 40 years and older in La Puente, California. METHODS Noncycloplegic automated refraction with supplemental standardized subjective refraction was performed for presenting visual acuity worse than 20/20. Potential risk indicators for myopia were evaluated by questionnaire and clinical examination. The gender- and age-specific prevalence of spherical equivalent myopia in phakic eyes was calculated. Multiple logistic regression identified independent risk indicators for myopia. RESULTS Refractive error was analyzed for the worse eye of 5927 of 6357 participating Latinos. The overall prevalence of myopia < or = -1.0 D was 16.8%, and of high myopia < or = -5.0 D, 2.4%. When participants were stratified by age, myopia initially decreased with age and then increased in the oldest groups in association with nuclear opacification. Risk indicators for myopia were: oldest and youngest age groups, presence of diabetes mellitus, high acculturation, high school or higher education, and birth in the United States. The latter two were also predictors of high myopia. CONCLUSIONS Risk indicators for myopia in adult Latinos include higher education, birth in the United States, high acculturation, and diabetes. The burden of myopia in older Latinos exceeds that in African Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the United States.
Markets and environmental management with a storable pollutant

Lee [J. Environ. Econ. Manag., in press] investigates possibilities where pollutants may be stored for a period of time and later released into the environment when adverse effects are minimal. The treatment and storage of pollutants before their release into the environment is a crucial part of many abatement programs. Surprisingly, emission charges will not induce optimal abatement when storage is possible. This occurs because the firms' response to the dynamic tax is indeterminant. We suggest alternative controls, whereby rights to emit pollutants are sold competitively and demonstrate that markets provide incentives for the optimal generation-storage-emission of pollution by firms. In deriving this result an important difference between markets and taxes is revealed. With markets there is still indeterminacy at the firm level, but the aggregate response of all firms is dictated by market forces that insure pollution is reduced by some desired amount.
Circular permutation of amino acid sequences among legume lectins

Abstract Lectins, the carbohydrate-binding proteins found in a variety of organisms, are a diverse group of proteins. Many lectins from leguminous plants, however, are closely related to each other and are related to the jack bean lectin Concanavalin A by an unusual circular permutation of amino acid sequences.
Kinetics of the thermal oxidation of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)☆

Abstract The kinetics of the thermal oxidation of isotactic and atactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) were studied in the bulk phase using infra-red (i.r.) spectroscopy. The rates of formation of the non-volatile products were assessed from the i.r. bands of the carbonyl groups at different temperatures and various oxygen concentrations. Reaction temperature varied from 120° to 185°C and oxygen concentrations from 10 to 100%, by volume. A general kinetic scheme and mathematical expressions, previously reported for the thermal oxidation of polyolefins, satisfactorily explained the experimental results. Single activation energies for the major oxidation stages in the scheme, were estimated from various Arrhenius plots.
National Science Foundation's role in optical communications and information processing

In this presentation the topic surrounding NSF's role in the growing research area of optical communications & optical information processing is discussed. In particular, the interaction of university research and industrial participation is explored. Opportunities for joint projects, information exchange, sharing of equipment, expertise, and facilities among research partners is explored. The changing posture of NSF in terms of emphasis on education, cross-disciplinary activities, human resources and interaction with government labs and industry is introduced.
Time effects on near-infrared imaging for detecting bruises on apples

Imaging in the near-infrared region has been used frequently to detect bruises on `Delicious' apples. Pixel intensities from bruised and nonbruised regions within an image of an apple are compared to characterize the time effects. Near-infrared reflectance from a bruised site is generally lower than the reflectance from a nearby nonbruised region. This difference usually reaches a maximum 24 hours after inducing the bruise. As the bruise ages in storage, reflectance from the bruised region increases. The reflectance continues to increase and eventually exceeds the reflectance from a nonbruised region.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) thin films grown by low-pressure chemical vapor polymerization

Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer (VDF 2 ) n thin-film formation by a low-pressure chemical vapor polymerization (CVP) process is described. The process involves polymerization of an isotropic vinylidene fluoride monomer condensate layer by cleavage of C double bonds using :CF 2 initiators derived from hot-filament, thermochemical decomposition of the hexafluoropropylene oxide C 3 F 6 O. Two different growth modes on the film surface and in the bulk are identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Surface impingement of :CF 2 induces lateral growth of molecular chains in trans conformation. Due to the initiation of polymerization at random surface sites, amorphous /?-phase growth is also observed. Bulk growth of polymer film involves chain formation dominated by gauche conformations having a predominance of the α-phase. Ferroelectric investigations of (VDF 2 ) n films show spontaneous polarization and hysteresis effects, which improves on crystallization. Typical polarization values of 3.5 and 1.5 μC cm -2 in the planar and normal directions, respectively, are observed after crystallization. Structural defects in the molecular chains give rise to space charge conduction which affects polarization switching properties. The low-pressure CVP technique is compatible with sub-micrometer semiconductor device fabrication and also provides a novel method for incorporating additional functional units into the molecular chains to control the film properties.
SELECTIVE PHOTOCLEAVAGE OF DNA BY ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVES : TARGETING THE SINGLE-STRAND REGION OF HAIRPIN STRUCTURES

A tetracationic anthraquinone derivative (27AQS2) binds to hairpin DNA and irradiation of the bound quinone leads to selective strand cleavage. NMR spectroscopy reveals that 27AQS2 binds at the loop and to the stem-loop junction of hairpin DNA. UV irradiation of the bound quinone causes cleavage of the DNA in the loop region and at guanines in the stem region. Inclusion of ethidium bromide in the reaction mixture leads to a greatly increased selectivity for loop cleavage. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence suggests a three component mechanism for reaction. The ability to target single-stranded regions of DNA structures is an important property of this photonuclease.
Suburbia under siege: Low‐income housing and racial conflict in metropolitan Kansas City, 1970–1990

This article examines racial conflicts over efforts to build low‐income government‐subsidized housing in Kansas City suburbs from 1970 to 1990. Drawing on public documents, housing reports and analyses, and local newspaper accounts, I examine how suburban residents have reacted to and organized against government attempts to construct housing for low‐income people outside the inner city. I argue that the mobilization of suburban Whites against low‐income housing has been due to the perceived threat state‐led integration efforts have posed to White privileged access to, and control over, suburban housing practices (i.e., single‐family homeownership, racially exclusive neighborhoods, etc.). An analysis of the racial conflicts and struggles over housing integration illustrates the social construction of White racial identity and the constructed identity of the suburban homeowner. In conclusion, I discuss how single‐family homeownership, a fundamental characteristic of American suburbs, imputes distinct socia...
The shortest symmetrical O-H⋯O hydrogen bond has a low-barrier double-well potential

The strong hydrogen bond, in which a hydrogen atom is centered between two electronegative atoms in a single minimum potential has been widely discussed but rarely definitively observed. The compound 4-cyano-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione has the shortest symmetrical O−H···O hydrogen bond yet reported, at 239.3 pm. Neutron crystallography reveals the hydrogen-bonded proton to be nearly centered between the two oxygens, with a highly elongated thermal ellipsoid. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the normal and isotope labeled molecule reveal a hydrogen-bond vibrational frequency at 46.0 meV (371 cm-1). This frequency is too low to be compatible with a single-minimum potential and indicates a low-barrier double minimum. The temperature dependence of the NMR properties confirms the existence of a thermally accessible vibrationally excited state for the bond. Because other short hydrogen bonds show similar NMR behavior, it is likely that no “strong” hydrogen bond of this sort has yet been dis...
Concentric crater fill in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Formation processes and relationships to similar landforms of glacial origin

Abstract Hypotheses accounting for the formation of concentric crater fill (CCF) on Mars range from ice-free processes (e.g., aeolian fill), to ice-assisted talus creep, to debris-covered glaciers. Based on analysis of new CTX and HiRISE data, we find that concentric crater fill (CCF) is a significant component of Amazonian-aged glacial landsystems on Mars. We present mapping results documenting the nature and extent of CCF along the martian dichotomy boundary over −30 to 90°E latitude and 20–80°N longitude. On the basis of morphological analysis we classify CCF landforms into “classic” CCF and “low-definition” CCF. Classic CCF is most typical in the middle latitudes of the analysis area (∼30–50°N), while a range of degradation processes results in the presence of low-definition CCF landforms at higher and lower latitudes. We evaluate formation mechanisms for CCF on the basis of morphological and topographic analyses, and interpret the landforms to be relict debris-covered glaciers, rather than ice-mobilized talus or aeolian units. We examine filled crater depth–diameter ratios and conclude that in many locations, hundreds of meters of ice may still be present under desiccated surficial debris. This conclusion is consistent with the abundance of “ring-mold craters” on CCF surfaces that suggest the presence of near-surface ice. Analysis of breached craters and distal glacial deposits suggests that in some locations, CCF-related ice was once several hundred meters higher than its current level, and has sublimated significantly during the most recent Amazonian. Crater counts on ejecta blankets of filled and unfilled craters suggests that CCF formed most recently between ∼60 and 300 Ma, consistent with the formation ages of other martian debris-covered glacial landforms such as lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA). Morphological analysis of CCF in the vicinity of LVF and LDA suggests that CCF is a part of an integrated LVF/LDA/CCF glacial landsystem. Instances of morphological continuity between CCF, LVF, and LDA are abundant. The presence of formerly more abundant CCF ice, coupled with the integration of CCF into LVF and LDA, suggests the possibility that CCF represents one component of the significant Amazonian mid-latitude glaciation(s) on Mars.
Application of survival analysis techniques to evaluation of factors affecting compliance in a clinical trial of hypertension control

Abstract Survival analysis techniques including follow-up life tables and regression methods that utilize concomitant information are shown to be applicable to the analysis of medical follow-up study dropout data. These techniques have been applied to data from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program in order to gain knowledge about factors associated with a study participant's tendency to either remain active in the Program or drop out.
Lattice calculation of the neutron electric dipole moment

Abstract We report on an exploratory calculation of the neutron electric dipole moment induced by a CP violating θ - term in the QCD action.
Functional scaffold-free 3-D cardiac microtissues: a novel model for the investigation of heart cells.

To bridge the gap between two-dimensional cell culture and tissue, various three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture approaches have been developed for the investigation of cardiac myocytes (CMs) and ca...
Factors affecting flavour release and uptake in O/W emulsions:I. Release and uptake models

Summary Flavour release in the mouth was described by a model which assumes that flavour compounds are transferred from oil to water when the interphase equilibria are disturbed by dilution with saliva, and that only the aqueous concentration stimulates perception. The release equations predict high potential extents of flavour release in the mouth at high values of flavour partition coefficients, emulsion dilution, and/or initial emulsion oil fraction. Application of the release model to n-alkanal threshold concentrations in oil and water (Lea & Swoboda, 1958) revealed that n-alkanal partition coefficients and threshold concentrations in O/W emulsions could be satisfactorily predicted. The release and uptake models are general in nature and may be applied to interphase transport in any liquid dispersed system following dilution with the continuous phase.
Cognitive and affective minds: A necessary marriage in criminal justice education

How does a person know that what is being taught is important enough to be part of future behavior? Instrumental to answering this important question may require taking a closer look at the relationship between what is learned and how that learning is valued. Bloom and Krathwohl's cognitive affective domains provide an integrated approach to understanding this process. By employing a taxonomy of behavioral objectives, the criminal justice educator can monitor intrinsic and extrinsic factors in learning. It is the relationship between thought and amity that adds substance to education. Combining the two has proven to enhance instruction.
Customizing a nasal CPAP mask using a silicone elastomer

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Airway obstruction is prevented by delivering air at a constant pressure via a nasal mask worn during sleep. Small nares may cause difficulty in wearing even the smallest standard nasal mask, with wear resulting in discomfort and air leaks. This article describes a method for fabricating a custom nasal CPAP mask using maxillofacial prosthodontic laboratory techniques.
Asymptotic inference about a density function at an end of its range

For each n, X1(n),…Xn(n) are independent and identically distributed random variables, with common probability density function Where c, θ, α, and r(y) are all unknown. It is shown that we can make asymptotic inferences about c, θ, and α, when r(y) satisfies mild conditions.
Dual-ion-beam deposition of carbon films with diamond-like properties

A single and dual ion beam system was used to generate amorphous carbon films with diamond like properties. A methane/argon mixture at a molar ratio of 0.28 was ionized in the low pressure discharge chamber of a 30-cm-diameter ion source. A second ion source, 8 cm in diameter was used to direct a beam of 600 eV Argon ions on the substrates (fused silica or silicon) while the deposition from the 30-cm ion source was taking place. Nuclear reaction and combustion analysis indicate H/C ratios for the films to be 1.00. This high value of H/C, it is felt, allowed the films to have good transmittance. The films were impervious to reagents which dissolve graphitic and polymeric carbon structures. Although the measured density of the films was approximately 1.8 gm/cu cm, a value lower than diamond, the films exhibited other properties that were relatively close to diamond. These films were compared with diamondlike films generated by sputtering a graphite target.
Long-term in vivo Retention of Cerium-144 by Beagles

CERIUM-144 is a high yield (∼ 5 per cent) product of nuclear fission that can be readily detected in debris from fission reactions. From about the first to the fourth year after fission, cerium-144 contributes most to total radioactivity1. Because each nuclear disintegration of cerium-144 and its daughter praseodymium-144 can result in deposition of the effective equivalent of more than 6 MeV in bone2, cerium-144 ranks among the more hazardous fission products. Although cerium-144 is only poorly absorbed from the gut2,3, it has been detected at low concentrations in foods, including clams and animal bone4. Liebscher et al.5 detected it in both lung tissue and pulmonary lymph nodes from man. Other workers also identified cerium-144 in lung tissue ash6. A similar situation was observed for plutonium-239 by Bair7. To assess properly radiation protection guides, it is essential also to consider the bodily retention of the element in question. Virtually nothing is known about the retention of cerium-144 by mammals other than rodents. The purpose of this work was to study the long-term in vivo retention of cerium-144 following a single dose to adult beagles.
Under scrutiny: Smallpox vaccine recommendations

The eradication of smallpox is widely considered to be one of the great achievements of public health. However, international terrorism in the US and elsewhere has led to increasing concern about vulnerability to a smallpox bioterror attack. Timely vaccination is highly protective against smallpox but carries risks of morbidity and mortality. Significant debate has therefore emerged regarding the optimal strategy for defence. In principle, there are three options: either mass or limited vaccination prior to an attack; quarantine and vaccination of all suspected cases of smallpox following an attack with isolation and vaccination of potential case contacts; and mass vaccination after the identification of a case of smallpox. This paper reviews smallpox disease, smallpox vaccination and the development of current smallpox vaccination policy in the US. Mathematical models of the spread of smallpox and control strategies are reviewed to explore specific smallpox vaccine policy considerations. Limitations of these models are considered and recommendations are made for future research.
Solubilization of diazepam in bile salts and in sodium cholate-lecithin-water phases

Abstract The solubility of a poorly water-soluble drug, diazepam, in different bile salt solutions and in mixed micellar solutions, liquid crystals and emulsions of various sodium cholatelecithin compositions was investigated. The solubilization capacities of the bile salts are in the relative order: sodium cholate = sodium deoxycholate > sodium taurocholate > sodium glycocholate > sodium dehydrocholate. In mixed micellar solutions, the solubilization capacity of the system increases as the lecithin—sodium cholate molar ratio increases. At low concentrations of sodium cholate plus lecithin ( cubical > hexagonal > micellar.
Platelet GPIb: sensing force and responding.

In this issue of Blood , Zhang and colleagues identify a structural motif in the α-subunit of the membrane glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX-V complex that may explain how platelets sense mechanical force while responding to vascular injury.[1][1] Translating mechanical stimuli into adaptive responses is a
Nasal coarticulation changes over time in Philadelphia English

This study examines change over time in coarticulatory vowel nasality in both real and apparent time in Philadelphia English. We measure nasal-adjacent vowels in words from a corpus of conversational speech and find systematic, community-level changes in degree of nasal coarticulation over time in Philadelphia. Specifically, in all speakers who were under the age of 25 when interviewed, there is an overall trend of increasing nasality in people born between 1950 and 1965, yet people born after 1965 move towards less nasality than speakers born earlier; finally, those born after 1980 reverse this change, moving again toward greater nasal coarticulation. This finding adds nasality to the set of phonetic dimensions that are demonstrably susceptible to diachronic change in a speech community. The observation that the degree of nasal coarticulation changes towards increased coarticulation at one time period and decreased coarticulation at a different time period adds to the growing body of evidence that subphonemic variation is not universally determined, suggesting instead that it is learned and encoded. Furthermore, the changes in nasality are independent from an observed frequency effect. These empirical patterns suggest that language-internal factors, such as lexical frequency, are independent from language external factors, such as community-level phonetic change over time.
Rapid diagnosis of measles using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measles immunoglobulin M

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measles-specific immunoglobulin M (MIgM) was developed for use as a rapid diagnostic test for acute measles. A titer ⩾1:20 in both the acute and convalescent sera was present in 100% of patients with measles and was diagnostic of acute measles infection in children. Interference by rheumatoid factor (RF) was avoided by pretesting sera for RF and absorption with aggregated gamma globulin. Ion exchange separation of IgM and IgG should eliminate RF interference. The ELISA MIgM assay can easily be used in any laboratory for the serologic confirmation of measles infection.
Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: An integrated investigation during geomagnetic storm times

[1] An integrated investigation method, which can study the relativistic electron phase space density distribution and check the reliability of employed magnetic field models simultaneously, is developed and applied to the geosynchronous orbit region for 53 geomagnetic storms during a ∼190-d period. First, to test how the magnetospheric magnetic field affects the study of phase space density, two approaches are taken on handling the magnetic field model: One is to use an existing empirical model through the whole storm period; the other is to select one from a list of existing magnetic field models for each time bin during the period by fitting to multipoint in situ measurements. The magnetic field models in both approaches are again tested by Liouville's theorem, which requires the conserved phase space density for fixed phase space coordinates given no local losses and sources. Then on the basis of the selected magnetic field model, the phase space density is calculated by transforming the flux data from three Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous satellites. By following the procedure developed here and using the cross-satellite calibration achieved in previous work, we deduce the storm time electron phase space density distribution for the region near geosynchronous orbit, covering a range of L shells with L* centered ∼6. This work establishes the radial phase space density gradient at constant adiabatic invariants as a function of universal time during storm times, and three types of geomagnetic storms are defined according to the degree of energy-dependent enhancements of energetic electrons during recovery phases. Initial results from this study suggest a source outside geosynchronous orbit for low-energy electrons and a major source inside for high-energy electrons.
Differential susceptibility of Amblyomma maculatum and Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidea) to the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae

Abstract Nymph and adult ticks from Ambylomma americanum and Ambylomma maculatum were treated with conidia and blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (90517) and Metarhizium anisopliae (20500). Fungal suspensions of conidia harvested from potato dextrose plates containing 10 8 conidia/ml caused greater than 90% mortality in adult A. maculatum but less than 10% mortality in adult A. americanum over a 28 day time course. Similarly, infection with M. anisopliae (10 8 conidia/ml) resulted in 60 and 15% mortality in A. maculatum and A. americanum , respectively. Nymphs of both tick species were more susceptible to fungal infection reaching mortality rates of almost 100% for A. maculatum and over 35% for A. americanum . Scanning electron microscopy of infected ticks showed rapid attachment, germination, and proliferation of fungal spores on A. maculatum cuticles, and to a much lesser extent on A. americanum cuticles. Pentane extracts of A. americanum cuticle hydrocarbons inhibited germination and hyphal growth of B. bassiana conidia, whereas no inhibition was observed using A. maculatum extracts. Significant mortality towards A. americanum was observed (>60%, 28 days) only when the ticks were treated with B. bassiana directly from the growth medium (10 7 blastospores/ml, grown for 3–4 days in Sabouraud dextrose + 0.5% yeast extract liquid media). These results indicate tick species display differential susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae , and that the ability to overcome fungistatic compounds present in the tick epicuticle may determine the likelihood of successful infection and virulence.