cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOMOTOPY COMMUTATIVE DIAGRAMS AND THEIR REALIZATIONS

Abstract In this paper we describe an obstruction theory for the problem of taking a commutative diagram in the homotopy category of topological spaces and lifting it to an actual commutative diagram of spaces. This directly generalizes the work of G. Cooke on extending a homotopy action of a group G to a topological action of G.
Impact of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Linked Mutations in the N-Terminus of the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain on the Calcium Based Motility

Calcium binding to the Regulatory Light Chain (RLC) has been shown to alter the structure and function of isolated RLC and when it is bound to the myosin heavy chain (MHC) in muscle. Furthermore, mutations associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) have been shown to modify the affinity of the RLC for calcium binding (Szczesna et al., 2001). Here we studied the effect of calcium binding to the three N-terminal RLC mutants associated with FHC on the β-myosin mechano-chemistry using in vitro motility assays. To generate mutant β-myosin, native pig RLC was depleted from porcine cardiac MHC and reconstituted with the human cardiac WT (wild-type) or mutant (A13T, F18L & E22K) RLC. We measured the actin-activated myosin ATPase, actin sliding velocity and rotational stiffness of the mutant vs. WT myosin. Our results demonstrate that as pCa levels increased from 10 to 5.5, WT sliding velocity increased ∼20% while two of the mutants (A13T and E22K) decreased ∼10% respectively. Further increase in calcium to pCa 4 restored sliding velocity of all strains of RLC toward values observed at pCa 10. In contrast the actin-activated myosin ATPase of WT was lower ∼20% as calcium was increased from pCa 10 to 5.5 while that of A13T and E22K was increased by ∼5.5%. The velocity-pCa relationship concurs with the previously reported decreased calcium affinity values of the mutant RLC vs. WT (Szczesna et al., 2001). These results suggest that calcium binding to the RLC in the β-myosin can affect its contractile activity. The function of RLC as a calcium sensor allowing the heads to respond to the initial phases of activation and a greater strong cross bridge formation is largely compromised by FHC-linked RLC mutations.
Three-valued representative systems

A representative system defined onn voters or propositionsi = 1,⋯,n is a functionF: {1,0, -1}n → {1,0, -1} which is monotonic (D ≥ E ⇒ F(D) ≥ F(E)), unanimous (F(1,⋯, 1) = 1), dual (F(-D) = -F(D)), and satisfies a positivity property which says that the set of all non-zero vectors in {1, 0, -1}n for whichF(D) = 0 can be partitioned into two dual subsets each of which has the property that ifD andE are in the subset thenDi+Ei > 0 for somei. Representative systems can be defined recursively from the coordinate projectionsSi(D) = Di using sign functions, and in this format they are interpreted as hierarchical voting systems in which outcomes of votes in “lower” levels act as votes in “higher” levels of the system. For each positive integern, μ(n) is defined as the smallest positive integer such that all representative systems defined on {1, 0, -1}n can be characterized byμ(n) or fewer hierarchical levels. The functionμ is nondecreasing inn, unbounded above, and satisfiesμ(n) ≤ n−1 for alln. In addition,μ(n) = n−1 forn ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}, and it is conjectured thatμ does not continue to grow linearly asn increases.
Computing Aviation Sparing Policies: Solving a Large Nonlinear Integer Program

Deployed US Navy aircraft carriers must stock a large number of spare parts to support the various types of aircraft embarked on the ship. The sparing policy determines the spares that will be stocked on the ship to keep the embarked aircraft ready to fly. Given a fleet of ten or more aircraft carriers and a cost of approximately 50 million dollars per carrier plus the cost of spares maintained in warehouses in the United States, the sparing problem constitutes a significant portion of the Navy's resources. The objective of this work is to find a minimum-cost sparing policy that meets the readiness requirements of the embarked aircraft. This is a very large, nonlinear, integer optimization problem. The cost function is piecewise linear and convex while the constraint mapping is highly nonlinear. The distinguishing characteristics of this problem from an optimization viewpoint are that a large number of decision variables are required to be integer and that the nonlinear constraint functions are essentially "black box" functions; that is, they are very difficult (and expensive) to evaluate and their derivatives are not available. Moreover, they are not convex. Integer programming problems with a large number of variables are difficult to solve in general and most successful approaches to solving nonlinear integer problems have involved linear approximation and relaxation techniques that, because of the complexity of the constraint functions, are inappropriate for attacking this problem. We instead employ a pattern search method to each iteration of an interior point-type algorithm to solve the relaxed version of the problem. From the solution found by the pattern search on each interior point iteration, we begin another pattern search on the integer lattice to find a good integer solution. The best integer solution found across all interations is returned as the optimal solution. The pattern searches are distributed across a local area network of non-dedicated, heterogeneous computers in an office environment, thus, drastically reducing the time required to find the solution.
Sex differences in children's response to parental divorce: 2. Samples, variables, ages, and sources

This second of a two-part review examines four possibilities for explaining the discrepancy across studies in findings of sex differences in children's responses to parental divorce: sample type, nature of outcome variables, age of the child, and sources of data. Recommendations are made for further research that could clarify the nature and origins of differences by child gender in reactions to parental divorce. Part 1, reviewing research methodology and post divorce family forms, was published by this Journal in July 1988.
Carbon Sequestration in Soil with Consideration of CO 2 Emissions from Production Inputs: An Economic Analysis

An economic analysis of wheat and grain sorghum production systems that affect carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and sequester soil carbon (C) in metric tons (MT) is conducted. Expected net returns, changes in net C sequestered, and the value of C credits necessary to equate net returns from systems that sequester more C with those that sequester less is determined with and without adjustments for CO2 emissions from production inputs. Experiment station cropping practices, yield data, and soil C data for continuously cropped and rotated wheat and grain sorghum produced with conventional tillage and no-tillage are used. No-till has lower net returns because of somewhat lower yields and higher overall costs. Both crops produced under no-till have higher annual soil C gains than under conventional tillage. However, no-till systems have somewhat higher total atmospheric emissions of C from production inputs. The C credit values estimated in this study will equate net returns of no-tillage to conventional tillage range from $8.62 to $64.65/MT/yr when C emissions from production inputs are subtracted from soil C sequestered, and $8.59 to $60.54/MT/yr when atmospheric emissions are not considered. This indicates accounting for CO2 emissions from production inputs may not be necessary in the process to issue C credits.
Arterial and venous Doppler velocimetry in the severely growth-restricted fetus and associations with adverse perinatal outcome

Objective To evaluate the association between arterial and venous Doppler waveforms and adverse perinatal outcome in severe intrauterine growth restriction. Design Fetuses between 26 and 32 weeks' gestation with ultrasonographically estimated fetal weight below the 5th centile were included in this prospective study. The last Doppler measurements of the umbilical artery, ductus venosus, umbilical vein and middle cerebral artery before delivery and adverse outcome parameters without gestational age independence were used for statistical analysis. Adverse outcome parameters were defined as the following: fetal demise or neonatal death in the first 30 days of life; 5-min Apgar score of < 7; intubation at birth; retinopathy of prematurity; respiratory distress syndrome; necrotizing enterocolitis; stay in neonatal intensive care unit of more than 60 days; intraventricular hemorrhage; periventricular leukomalacia. Results Nineteen fetuses fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Perinatal death, low 5-min Apgar values and necrotizing enterocolitis were gestational age-independent adverse outcome parameters. Abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the ductus venosus was the only significant parameter associated with perinatal death and low 5-min Apgar scores. None of the Doppler parameters predicted necrotizing enterocolitis. Conclusion Our data suggest that management of severely growth-restricted fetuses may be aided by the study of ductus venosus Doppler velocimetry. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Effect of Amouricium extracts on the hepatic expression of CYP1A and GST's in the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides

Abstract Tropical tunicates tend to possess a diverse array of bioactive feeding and settling deterents. Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) can consume the tunicate Amouricium without adverse effects. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of dietary exposure to two tunicate extracts on biochemical defenses in pinfish. Tunicates and juvenile pinfish were collected from shallow coastal waters off northern Florida. Fish were fed krill food cubes containing either vehicle or 100 mg of tunicate extract per day for 2 days and 200 mg of tunicate extract per day for 3 additional days. Expression of hepatic CYP1A, GST families, and CDNB-activity was examined in each individual. Hepatic CYP1A in pinfish was induced 4-fold by the extract. Expression of a GST-alpha-like 20 kD protein and CDNB-activity were unchanged, but expression of mu- and pi-like 20 kD proteins tended to decrease in treated animals, though not significantly. These results indicate that dietary exposure to bioactive tunicate extracts can significantly alter detoxification (biomarker) responses in pinfish and may provide a selective advantage allowing pinfish to consume these species.
Increased DNA template and RNA polymerase associated with the breaking of seed dormancy.

Dormanit seeds of Hazel (Cworylus avellatta L.) re(luire a period of after-ripeniing at low temliperlat'ire before they beconme capable of subsequent germiination. (Gibberellic acid (GA;) c-n fully replace this requirement (2, 6). The identification of gibberellin-likz substar.s in extracts of chilled ( noni-dormant) seeds led Frankland and Wareiing (7) to suggest that gibberellin synthesis nmay be involved in the after-ripening process. GA, lhas also beeni sho -n to iniduce synthesis of hlydrolytic enzymiles in other seed tissues (13) and enhlanice RNA svynthesis in isolated nluclei of pea seedlings (9). Since derepression of genetic material has beeln shown to accompany the breaking of l)otato bud dormiiancy by ethylene chlorohydriii ('12) the possibility arises that the breaking of dormancy bv GA, ma similarly r .,ult in gene derepression. To test this possibility we have studied the effect of GA3 on chromatin-directed RNA synthesis in relation to the breaking of Hazel seed dormancy. All seeds were sterilized for 5 min in 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite, sowl1 on absorbant paper soaked witt. water or GiA;, '(1 ug/nil) and subsequently maintained at 25° in the dark for the required period. Embryonic axes were then excised by severing the cotyledonary ipetioles. KINA synthesis was measured y)V ,2O9 incorporation. Twenty embryonic axes were incubate(l f(r 3 hr in 1 nil of me(liutm (125 ,Lc ''1(4'1 % Sucrose an(l an() n\1 amonium acetate b)uffer, pH 6.0) at 250 and nucleic acids subsequently extr acte(l by the l)llenol-dupanol miethio(d of Cherry ct ild. (5). Polyacrylamnide gel electrophoresis was used to fractionate the RMTA specie:, (based on 1). alt'.:ough the data presented here represents total RNA. Gel electrophoresis also establislhed, on thle l)asis of molecular weight, that there was no significant incorporatiotn of label into bacterial RNA in any samples (unipublished data). Chromatin was prepared from emibryonic axes by general methods based on those of Huang and Bonner (8) and
Curvature of the San Andreas fault, California

The course of the San Andreas fault between Point Arena and San Bernardino undulates back and forth across a segment of a small circle with a radius of 9°. The pole of the circle is in southeastern Idaho, about 40 km (25 mi) south of Pocatello. This fault, associated with the great earthquakes of 1857 and 1906, is too curved to be a transform fault separating the rigid plates of North America and the Pacific.
Levels of Evidence: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) and Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Systems (EHDI).

Abstract Levels of evidence differ according to the audience addressed. Implementation of universal newborn hearing screening requires responses to a complex myriad of diverse groups: the general public, families with children who are deaf or hard of hearing, the deaf and hard of hearing communities, hospital administrators, physicians (pediatricians, general practitioners, ear nose and throat physicians, geneticists), managed care, Medicaid, insurance agencies, and politicians. The level of evidence required by medical/health agencies and task forces may differ from the levels of evidence available in education and intervention. Issues related to the low incidence of the disability, the lack of a normal distribution within the disability study, the obstacles to random assignment to treatment, and designs that include a control group with “no treatment” have implications legally and ethically for the professional providing services to families and children who are deaf or hard of hearing. This session will discuss issues related to “convenience samples,” number of subjects included in research studies, and the population required to obtain a large enough sample of children with low-incidence disabilities. The level of evidence required to demonstrate sensitive periods of development, which are a critical element for justification of implementing a universal newborn hearing screening includes both behavioral and neurological information. Sensitive periods may have different duration for different aspects of development, such as social-emotional development, auditory and speech development, or language development. Further complicating the question of sensitive periods of development are the distinct possibility that different sensitive periods exist for development of age-level vocabulary, for establishing English phonology, or for mastering English syntax. Research outcomes provide evidence that age of identification of hearing loss is reduced, that age of intervention initiation is lowered, and that the outcomes of intervention are better because of the establishment of a screening program. Most professionals in communication disorders believe that screening is not the actual cause of better developmental outcomes but that the age when children begin to have access to language and communication and the characteristics of the intervention are the primary cause of better outcomes. Screening is the avenue through which access to quality intervention is made available. The research still remains at an infant level of development such that there is very little evidence for the efficacy of specific characteristics of the intervention provided. Learning outcomes (1) The learner will be able to identify the obstacles in conducting research on the effectiveness of intervention of children identified through universal newborn hearing screening programs. (2) The learner will be able to identify the type of research on developmental outcomes of children with early-identified hearing loss.
On a conjecture of Rose

Abstract Let Δ be a triangulation of a topological n ball embedded in R n . Rose has conjectured that if the module C r ( Δ ) of piecewise polynomial functions of smoothness r on Δ is free, then so is C r−1 ( Δ ) . For n =2, we prove the conjecture, and we show that it is false in all higher dimensions.
Gentrification as global habitat: a process of class formation or corporate creation?

The relationship between gentrification and globalisation has recently become a significant concern for gentrification scholars. This has involved developing an understanding of how gentrification has become a place-based strategy of class (re)formation during an era in which globalisation has changed sociological structures and challenged previously established indicators of social distinction. This paper offers an alternative reading of the relationship between gentrification and globalisation through examining the results of a mixed method research project which looked at new-build gentrification along the River Thames, London, UK. This research finds gentrification not to be distinguished by the gentrifer-performed practice of habitus within a ‘global context’. Rather, the responsibility for gentrification, and the relationship between globalisation and gentrification, is found to originate with capital actors working within the context of a neoliberal global city. In order to critically conceptualise this form of gentrification, and understand the role of globalisation within the process, the urban theory of Lefebvre is drawn upon.
Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancer: lessons learned from cetuximab

As early detection strategies have not been successful, most patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) present with advanced (stages III and IV) disease. Oral cavity tumors are treated primarily with surgical resection and advanced tumors of the pharynx and larynx are generally treated with combined modality therapy (chemoradiation). The major advances in the management of HNC have evolved from the integration of targeted therapeutics into treatment regimens. Presently, the most important target for new therapeutic strategies in HNC is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and so far only cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in the HNC population as a radiation-sensitizing agent for patients undergoing primary radiation-based treatment and for patients with recurrent or metastatic disease. Other receptor and non-receptor kinase targeting strategies are under active clinical investigation as well. The increasing number of molecular targeting strategies in clinical development underscores the need to identify which HNC patients will respond to specific therapies. This article focuses on the current preclinical and clinical evidence of monoclonal antibodies targeting EGFR in HNC. We will first review the mechanisms of action of cetuximab, its clinical trials and side-effect profiles, and its present clinical application. Then, the current development status of other molecular antibodies and two molecular inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib, will be examined. Finally, by focusing on cetuximab, the current issues in EGFR targeting will be reviewed and we propose future directions of EGFR targeting. We hope that this review will provide further insight into the future directions of targeted therapy in the management of advanced HNC.
Neuroaxial hydromorphone for control of postsurgical, obstetric, and chronic pain

H YDROMORPHONE (dihydromorphinone) is a semisynthetic, /x-selective opioid agonist developed more than 80 years ago and used for control of moderate to severe pain. Except for a 6-ketone substitution, hydromorphone's chemical structure and molecular weight are similar to that of morphine (Fig 1). Similarities also exist regarding lipid solubility and polarity; however, hydromorphone exhibits higher analgesic potency. On a milligram basis, the analgesic potency of oral and intravenous (IV) hydromorphone has been reported to be five times greater than morphine after a single dose L2 and three times greater with continuous exposure) After IV administration, analgesic onset and time to peak effect are more rapid than morphine, although the duration of activity is slightly shorter (3.5 v 4 h). 1'4'5 Peak analgesic effect is noted 10 to 20 minutes after IV injection, and minimum effective plasma concentration is 4 ng/mL. 1'4'5 Hydromorphone's elimination half-life is approximately 2.5 hour s , and the parent compound is primarily metabolized in liver by Ndemethylation and glucuronidation. 4'6'7 Free drug, as well as the glucuronidated metabolite, are excreted in urine, v's Drug accumulation, leading to exaggerated effect/toxicity, can be expected in patients with hepatic and renal failure) Hydromorphone is associated with dose-dependent reductions in respiratory rate and minute ventilation, however, it is less sedating than morphine 7'9 and less likely to release histamine. 1'7 When compared with equivalent IV doses of morphine, patients treated with hydromorphone expe-
Translocation of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the cell surface in permeabilized 3T3-L1 adipocytes: effects of ATP insulin, and GTP gamma S and localization of GLUT4 to clathrin lattices

Insulin stimulates the movement of two glucose transporter isoforms (GLUT1 and GLUT4) to the plasma membrane (PM) in adipocytes. To study this process we have prepared highly purified PM fragments by gently sonicating 3T3-L1 adipocytes grown on glass coverslips. Using confocal laser immunofluorescence microscopy we observed increased PM labeling for GLUT1 (2.3-fold) and GLUT4 (eightfold) after insulin treatment in intact cells. EM immunolabeling of PM fragments indicated that in the nonstimulated state GLUT4 was mainly localized to flat clathrin lattices. Whereas GLUT4 labeling of clathrin lattices was only slightly increased after insulin treatment, labeling of uncoated PM regions was markedly increased with insulin. These data suggest that GLUT4 recycles from the cell surface both in the presence and absence of insulin. In streptolysin-O permeabilized adipocytes, insulin, and GTP gamma S increased PM levels of GLUT4 to a similar extent as observed with insulin in intact cells. In the absence of an exogenous ATP source the magnitude of these effects was considerably reduced. Removal of ATP per se caused a significant increase in cell surface levels of GLUT4 suggesting that ATP may be required for intracellular sequestration of these transporters. When insulin and GTP gamma S were added together, in the presence of ATP, PM GLUT4 levels were similar to levels observed when either insulin or GTP gamma S was added individually. Addition of GTP gamma S was able to overcome this ATP dependence of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 movement. GTP gamma S had no effect on constitutive secretion of adipsin in permeabilized cells. In addition, there was no effect of insulin or GTP gamma S on GLUT4 movement to the PM in noninsulin sensitive streptolysin-O-permeabilized 3T3-L1 fibroblasts overexpressing GLUT4. We conclude that the insulin-stimulated movement of GLUT4 to the cell surface in adipocytes may require ATP early in the insulin signaling pathway and a GTP-binding protein(s) at a later step(s). We propose that the association of GLUT4 with clathrin lattices may be important in maintaining the exclusive intracellular location of this transporter in the absence of insulin.
Privacy-aware mobile services over road networks

Consider a mobile client who travels over roads and wishes to receive location-based services (LBS) from untrusted service providers. How might the user obtain such services without exposing her private position information? Meanwhile, how could the privacy protection mechanism incur no disincentive, e.g., excessive computation or communication cost, for any service provider or mobile user to participate in such a scheme? We detail this problem and present a general model for privacy-aware mobile services. A series of key features distinguish our solution from existing ones: a) it adopts the network-constrained mobility model (instead of the conventional random-waypoint model) to capture the privacy vulnerability of mobile users; b) it regards the attack resilience (for mobile users) and the query-processing cost (for service providers) as two critical measures for designing location privatization solutions, and provides corresponding analytical models; c) it proposes a robust and scalable location anonymization model, XStar, which best leverages the two measures; d) it introduces multi-folded optimizations in implementing XStar, which lead to further performance improvement. A comprehensive experimental evaluation is conducted to validate the analytical models and the efficacy of XStar.
A standard shoelace prevents equinus posturing of the ankle during circular external fixation of the tibia.

The use of Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Frames (frames) for limb reconstruction and complex distal tibial fractures is increasingly common [1,2]. Ankle stiffness and equinus deformity are recognised complications of tibial frames [3,4]. Therapy to address these complications has been shown to be costly and time consuming [2]. Full weight-bearing mobilisation of the affected limb is the best form of therapy to maintain range of motion while the frame is in situ. Many patients are unable to comply with this however, due to anticipation of pain during weight-bearing. Active non-weight-bearing range of motion of the ankle is a reasonable alternative in this group, but some patients are unable to comply with this, and all patients will adopt an equinus attitude of the ankle during times of sleep. Jain et al. [3] have described a ‘catapult splint’ that can be attached to a frame and used to maintain a dorsiflexed ankle in static or dynamic mode. Three such splints can be manufactured from a single car tyre inner tube, and the authors report excellent results with its use. We utilise a similar technique using a
To See or Not to See: Blinded by Guilt: Reply to Commentary

In response to Annabella Bushra's discussion and her focus on what is missing in the clinical material, the author speculates about the repetition of the historical trauma of purifying mixed race in the face of its complexity—trying to neatly package race despite it not so neatly fitting into any one category—and losing the individual by overly focusing on skin color. The author considers the silence, secrecy, and transgression in the treatment and, in this context, a few of Bushra's key points are addressed—sorting out the nature of hate in relation to Susan, passing as transgression, and White guilt. A distinction is made between a malevolent, destructive hate and a loving hate, and White guilt is considered as a defense against recognition of the other.
High‐resolution seismic study in the Gas Hills uranium district, Wyoming

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the high‐resolution seismic technique for the mapping of stratigraphic and structural controls in the Gas Hills uranium district, Wyoming. The test area is one in which uranium deposits are in Tertiary sediments which unconformably overlie a Mesozoic Paleozoic section. Paleochannels on the unconformity appear to control the localization of the uranium. Drilling in the area allows an evaluation of the effectiveness of the study. Using both sonic and density logs, we computed synthetic seismograms to evaluate the feasibility of predicting the success of the seismic reflection technique and to test this prediction using surface seismic methods. The field study was undertaken utilizing primarily two energy sources—a high‐frequency vibrator (40–350 Hz), and one‐pound dynamite charges shot in 10-ft holes. A limited amount of data was also acquired using detonating cord on the surface. Some three‐dimensional (3-D) data were also acquired, and a later study ...
Suicide among elders: a Durkheimian proposal

This article proposes a model based on Durkheim’s suicide framework as a tool for enhancing gerontological practitioner’s ability to detect and prevent suicide among elders. Although many suicide detection tools are based on psychological factors, this model focuses on identifying environmental stressors that may increase psychological stressors. To illustrate our concepts, we use case files from one author’s experience as a practicing social worker in nursing homes. We offer this model not as a replacement for psychological detection tools, but as an additional tool for practitioners who work to identify and prevent suicides among the elderly.
The Fox Genes in the Liver: From Organogenesis to Functional Integration

Formation and function of the liver are highly controlled, essential processes. Multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks cooperate in this complex system. The evolutionarily conserved FOX, for Forkhead bOX, class of transcriptional regulators is critical to many aspects of liver development and function. The FOX proteins are small, mostly monomeric DNA binding factors containing the so-called winged helix DNA binding motif that distinguishes them from other classes of transcription factors. We discuss the biochemical and genetic roles of Foxa, Foxl1, Foxm1, and Foxo, as these have been shown to regulate many processes throughout the life of the organ, controlling both formation and function of the liver.
Factors associated with outcome and gradual improvement in survival over time in 1065 equine neonates admitted to an intensive care unit.

SummaryReasons for performing study There is a paucity of information regarding the association between common disorders and outcome over time in a large population of ill equine neonates. Objectives To describe the relative frequency of neonatal disorders in a large population of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit, to determine the disorders and factors associated with nonsurvival and determine if the outcome of ill neonatal foals has improved over time. Study design Retrospective study. Methods Cases were selected from equine neonatal (≤14 days of age) admissions between 1982 and 2008. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the disorders, clinical parameters and laboratory variables associated with nonsurvival or natural death and assess survival over time after accounting for potential confounding variables. Results A total of 1065 foals were included in the study. Overall, 775 of 1065 (72.8%) foals survived to be discharged from the hospital and 290 (27.2%) foals were nonsurvivors. Age at admission, sepsis score, proportion of foals with positive blood cultures and proportion of survivors were significantly different (P<0.001) between primary disease categories. Variables retained in the multivariable model for nonsurvival included positive blood culture, neutrophils <2.28 × 109/l, temperature ≤37.6°C, bicarbonate, PCO2, presence of infectious orthopaedic disorders and sepsis score. The adjusted odds of survival for foals admitted in the 2000s were approximately 3.4 (95% CI = 1.9–6.0, P<0.001) times higher than that of foals admitted in the 1980s. Conclusions Primary disorders, sepsis, temperature, acid base status and neutropenia are the main factors that affect outcome in this population of equine neonates. The survival of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit has increased dramatically over a 26 year period.
Effects of 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate and its possible tri-gamma-glutamyl metabolite (5,8-dideazaisoPteGlu3) on colon adenocarcinoma, and the folate dependent enzymes thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase.

A series of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-quinazolines was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of colon adenocarcinoma and the folate-dependent enzymes, thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. Of the quinazolines tested, 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate, (IAHQ), when administered at 85 mg/kg on days 2 and 10 after tumor implantation delayed the growth of colon tumor No. 38, and resulted in 6 of 20 tumor-free animals at 90 days. In contrast, methotrexate had no effect on the growth of colon tumor No. 38 at maximally tolerated doses. IAHQ was also active against human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) in tissue culture, requiring a concentration of 5 × 10-7 M to inhibit cell growth 50% after 72 hours continuous exposure.
Dilemma at 29,000 Feet: An Exercise in Ethical Decision Making Based on the 1996 Mt. Everest Climbing Disaster

This article describes an exercise based on the 1996 Mt. Everest mountain climbing disaster designed to teach concepts related to ethical decision making. The exercise requires analyzing multiple s...
Assessing the Impact of Lustration on Trust in Public Institutions and National Government in Central and Eastern Europe

Lustration is alternately theorized and anecdotally alleged to either undermine or contribute to the democratic transitions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) by supporting or undermining trust in...
Large-deviation sampling laws for constrained simulation optimization on finite sets

We consider the problem of selecting an optimal system from among a finite set of competing systems, based on a "stochastic" objective function and subject to a single "stochastic" constraint. By strategically dividing the competing systems, we derive a large deviations sampling framework that asymptotically minimizes the probability of false selection. We provide an illustrative example where a closed-form sampling law is obtained after relaxation.
How Fit are You

(1959). How Fit are You? Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 36-74.
A Signaling Model of a Lawyer with Private Information About Her Talent

I examine the incentives and effort choices of lawyers that reflect their anticipation that those perceived as high-talent lawyers will be able to command higher fees in future contracts they are offered by the observers of their effort levels. The analysis employs three versions of a two-type (high or low talent) signaling model of a lawyer with private information about her talent. Each version involves a long-run monetary payoff that is a function of effort, type, and believed type. These payoff functions are constructed to examine how private information about talent might affect the probability of winning at trial and/or the cost of effort. For each model version, I find the full-information equilibrium, the conditions under which the full-information equilibrium provides a separating equilibrium under asymmetric information, and the effort levels that provide a separating equilibrium under asymmetric information. Finally, I examine two versions of a continuum-type model so as to verify the robustness of the two-type model’s results.
Compact Families of Meromorphic Functions

In Sections 1 and 2 we treat normal families of meromorphic functions. These are families that are sequentially compact when regarded as functions with values in the extended complex plane. We give two characterizations of normal families, Marty’s theorem in Section 1 and the Zalcman lemma in Section 2. From the latter characterization we deduce Montel’s theorem on compactness of families of meromorphic functions that omit three points, and we also prove the Picard theorems. Sections 3 and 4 constitute an introduction to iteration theory and Julia sets. In Section 3 we proceed far enough into the theory to see how Montel’s theorem enters the picture and to indicate the fractal nature (self-similarity) of Julia sets. In Section 4 we relate the connectedness of Julia sets to the orbits of critical points. In Section 5 we introduce the Mandelbrot set, which has been called the “most fascinating and complicated subset of the complex plane.”
Education as a Socializing Institution for Constructing Achievement Oriented Identities for Female Students in Ghana

In 2009, while conducting a study on women and education in Ghana, what I found most compelling was the academic achievement  comparative grades  of female students from single-parent homes, who attended an under-resourced secondary school located in Ghanas capital, Accra. I returned to Ghana in the fall of 2010 to research why these female students from disadvantaged backgrounds in Ghana were exhibiting such high levels of academic achievement relative to their more privileged counterparts. What can explain their academic success? In answering this, I conducted surveys, in depth qualitative interviews and participant observation. My findings indicate that factors driving their success were rooted not in structural/external factors such as access to resources, commonly cited by previous research in this area, but in internal factors, specifically spirituality and discipline, socialized through the institution of education itself. This paper makes the case then that investing in programs that promote internal development  belief in self  within the structure of education as critical to addressing one of the most important issues facing education systems worldwide, namely, how can achievement gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged students be closed?
Using accelerometers to remotely and automatically characterize behavior in small animals.

Activity budgets in wild animals are challenging to measure via direct observation because data collection is time consuming and observer effects are potentially confounding. Although tri-axial accelerometers are increasingly employed for this purpose, their application in small-bodied animals has been limited by weight restrictions. Additionally, accelerometers engender novel complications, as a system is needed to reliably map acceleration to behaviors. In this study, we describe newly developed, tiny acceleration-logging devices (1.5-2.5 g) and use them to characterize behavior in two chipmunk species. We collected paired accelerometer readings and behavioral observations from captive individuals. We then employed techniques from machine learning to develop an automatic system for coding accelerometer readings into behavioral categories. Finally, we deployed and recovered accelerometers from free-living, wild chipmunks. This is the first time to our knowledge that accelerometers have been used to generate behavioral data for small-bodied (<100 g), free-living mammals.
Abstract 1810: PTEN association with mTOR pathway activation and outcomes in bladder cancer

Background: We have recently identified increased mTOR pathway activation in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCC). We next sought to determine the relationship of PTEN, an upstream negative mediator of the mTOR pathway, to mTOR activity and outcomes in UCC patients. Methods: Patients with UCC (n=118) were examined for PTEN expression, including intensity of expression (0 no expression, 1+ low, 2+ moderate, 3+ intense expression) and predominant subcellular localization (nuclear, non-nuclear). Results were correlated with the presence of lymph node (LN) metastases, recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival by univariate and multivariate analysis. PTEN intron/exon mutational analysis was performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and mutational status was correlated with PTEN protein expression in a subset of 91 specimens. Results: The majority of patients (91/118; 81%) demonstrated moderate to intense expression of PTEN, with PTEN loss in only 2 patients. PTEN was primarily localized to the nucleus in 30/116 (26%) patients, with some level of nuclear PTEN staining in 74/116 (64%) of patients. In LN metastases, reduced PTEN intensity was associated with an increased percentage of phospho-mTOR cells (p=0.02). PTEN mutational analysis identified 3 variants (c.132C>T, c.511C>G, c.892C>G) which were associated with absent PTEN protein expression and diffuse phospho-mTOR expression. Reduced RFS was correlated with positive surgical margins (p=0.09), carcinoma in situ (p=0.09) and nuclear PTEN (p=0.08). Reduced overall survival was significantly associated with metastases (p=0.04) and nuclear PTEN expression (p=0.04). Stepwise multivariable analysis showed an association between reduced RFS and LN metastases (p=0.03), carcinoma in situ (0.05) and nuclear PTEN (p=0.07). Conclusions: Alterations in PTEN expression and subcellular localization appear to mediate mTOR pathway activity in bladder cancer cells, although few mutations appear to account for reduced PTEN expression. Nuclear localization of PTEN is a relatively new finding and its function in mediating cancer behavior is under investigation. Our finding of worsened outcomes with nuclear PTEN localization warrant further functional investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1810.
Isolated rat liver needs calcium to make bile.

SummaryWhen normal rat livers were perfused with heparinized normal rat whole blood by the Brauer et al. technique, between 10 and 15 μl of bile were excreted per minute. This amount was drastically reduced by the addition of sodium citrate to the blood. When calcium chloride was subsequently added, bile flow returned to normal if the interval between the additions of citrate and calcium was not over an hour. Magnesium chloride had no such corrective effect. Two tests of liver function, generation of factor VII and conversion of [14C]alanine to TCA-precipitable 14C, were unaffected by the addition of citrate to plasma-free perfusions.
Inhaled Glucocorticoids for Asthma

Glucocorticoids are the most effective therapy available for patients with asthma. They may be administered either orally or, much more safely, by inhalation. With the recognition that airway infla...
Solid-liquid mass transfer in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed

Solid-liquid mass transfer in co-current two- and three-phase fluidized beds of water, air and benzoic acid pellets is studied. An axial dispersion model is used to describe the liquid flow when evaluating the solid-liquid mass transfer. The axial concentration profile of benzoic acid in the liquid is compared to that obtained experimentally and is found to be accurate. Three-phase fluidized bed solid-liquid mass-transfer coefficients are higher than the corresponding two-phase bed coefficients. The mass-transfer coefficient increases with increasing gas rate and is independent of liquid rate over the entire range studied. The mass-transfer coefficient also appears to be dependent on particle size, but only at high gas rates. At low or zero gas rates, k is nearly independent of particle size. A generalized correlation is developed which accurately and conveniently predicts the mass transfer in both two- and three-phase fluidized beds. Comparison to the solid-liquid mass-transfer characteristics of slurry bubble columns is also performed.
Joint Scale-Change Models for Recurrent Events and Failure Time

Recurrent event data arise frequently in various fields such as biomedical sciences, public health, engineering, and social sciences. In many instances, the observation of the recurrent event process can be stopped by the occurrence of a correlated failure event, such as treatment failure and death. In this article, we propose a joint scale-change model for the recurrent event process and the failure time, where a shared frailty variable is used to model the association between the two types of outcomes. In contrast to the popular Cox-type joint modeling approaches, the regression parameters in the proposed joint scale-change model have marginal interpretations. The proposed approach is robust in the sense that no parametric assumption is imposed on the distribution of the unobserved frailty and that we do not need the strong Poisson-type assumption for the recurrent event process. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed semiparametric estimators under suitable regularity conditions. To estimate the corresponding variances of the estimators, we develop a computationally efficient resampling-based procedure. Simulation studies and an analysis of hospitalization data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
P10.16 Factors associated with acceptance of genital herpes testing for black patients presenting for care at an std clinic

Background 15.5% of the population in the United States is infected with herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 rates are disproportionately high in black Americans, with seroprevalence approaching 50% in some communities. Knowledge of infection status is an important prevention tool. We evaluated barriers to acceptance of serological testing for HSV-2 in black patients presenting to an STD clinic. Methods This ongoing study evaluates factors associated with HSV-2 serological test acceptance in patients living in the Southeastern US Participants did not report a history of genital herpes and data analyses were restricted to black patients (93.5% of the study population). Sera were tested with HerpeSelect ® assays. χ 2 tests determined differences between groups based on testing. Univariate (UV) and multivariable (MV) analyses were performed to determine odds ratios (OR) for factors associated with test acceptance. Results Of 112 participants, only 85 (75.9%) accepted HSV-2 testing. Although only one participant felt their test results would be positive, seroprevalence for HSV-2 was 31.7%. Test acceptance was more common in persons presenting for symptom evaluation (53.1%) than as contacts (17.2%) or for screening (29.7%). In UV analyses, participants who reported depression (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1, 8.3), previous HIV testing (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.1, 7.9) and STI history (OR 5.8; 95% CI 1.5, 24.4) were more likely to accept testing. Only previous HIV testing (AOR 7.4; 95% CI 1.2, 66.4) remained significant in MV analysis. Conclusions While many participants accepted testing, the rate was lower than in previous studies with little perception of risk. Culturally tailored interventions are needed to enhance assessment of HSV risk and test acceptance. Disclosure of interest statement No disclosures.
Static Adsorption of an Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactant on Carbonate Minerals

The static adsorption of C12–14E22, which is a highly ethoxylated nonionic surfactant, was studied on different minerals using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Of particular interest is the surfactant adsorption in the presence of CO2 because it can be used for foam flooding in enhanced oil recovery applications. The effects of the mineral type, impurities, salinity, and temperature were investigated. The adsorption of C12–14E22 on pure calcite was as low as 0.01 mg/m2 but higher on dolomite depending on the silica and clay content in the mineral. The adsorption remained unchanged when the experiments were performed using a brine solution or 0.101 MPa (1 atm) CO2, which indicates that electrostatic force is not the governing factor that drives the adsorption. The adsorption of C12–14E22 on silica may be due to hydrogen bonding between the oxygen in the ethoxy groups of the surfactant and the hydroxyl groups on the mineral surface....
Neuropeptides promote neutrophil adherence to endothelial cell monolayers

The objective of this study was to determine whether substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), at physiologically relevant concentrations, affect leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. ...