cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD81 as a tumor target

CD81 participates in a variety of important cellular processes such as membrane organization, protein trafficking, cellular fusion and cell-cell interactions. In the immune system, CD81 regulates immune synapse, receptor clustering and signaling; it also mediates adaptive and innate immune suppression. CD81 is a gateway in hepatocytes for pathogens such as hepatitis C virus and Plasmodium; it also confers susceptibility to Listeria infection. These diverse biological roles are due to the tendency of CD81 to associate with other tetraspanins and with cell-specific partner proteins, which provide the cells with a signaling platform. CD81 has also been shown to regulate cell migration and invasion, and has therefore been implicated in cancer progression. Indeed, we have recently shown that CD81 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis. CD81 is expressed in most types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, melanoma, brain cancer and lymphoma, and the overexpression or down-regulation of this molecule has been correlated with either good or bad prognosis. Here, we discuss the role of CD81 in cancer and its potential therapeutic use as a tumor target.
Historical Survey of Studies of the Optical Properties of Ions in Solids

The history of scholarly work on ions in solids, with particular emphasis on optical properties, is reviewed from the very earliest work until the present. Early empirical studies are first discussed; then the basic quantum mechanical interpretations, including the adiabatic and Hartree-Fock approximations, are presented; crystal field theory and ligand field theory are discussed and applied to transition metal and rare earth ions; resonance energy transfer between ions is noted; and finally ion pairs and multiphoton transitions are reviewed. The principal emphasis is on radiative transitions between electronic states, both optical absorption and luminescent emission, with attention both to the evolution of concepts and to recent experimental methods.
Perceptions of Whooping Cranes among waterfowl hunters in Alabama: using specialization, awareness, knowledge, and attitudes to understand conservation behavior

A central component of successful wildlife conservation is the understanding of public perceptions toward a species. We administered an online survey to Alabama waterfowl hunters (n = 284) to exami...
The Relationship Between Shift Work and Men's Health.

Abstract Background More than 21 million Americans and nearly 20% of the U.S. workforce are shift workers. Non-standard shift work, defined as work that falls outside of 6 am –6 pm , can lead to poor diet, exercise, and sleep habits that lead to decreased productivity, increased workplace accidents, and a variety of negative health outcomes. Aim To investigate the associations between shift work exposure and chronic medical conditions such as metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disturbances, and depression as well as urologic complications including hypogonadism, male infertility, lower urinary tract symptoms, and prostate cancer with a focus on the effects of shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) on the severity of these negative health outcomes. Methods We reviewed the literature examining effects of shift work and SWSD on general and urologic health. Outcomes We produced a summary of effects of shift work on health with focus on the increased risk of negative health outcomes in non-standard shift workers, particularly those with SWSD, when compared to daytime workers or workers without SWSD. Results Studies have associated non-standard shift work schedules and poor health outcomes, including increased risks of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, heart disease, peptic ulcer disease, and depression, in shift workers. However, few studies have focused on the role that shift work plays in men’s urologic health. Current evidence supports associations between non-standard shift work and increased hypogonadal symptoms, poor semen parameters, decreased fertility, lower urinary tract symptoms, and prostate cancer. These associations are strengthened by the presence of SWSD, which affects up to 20% of shift workers. Unfortunately, interventions, such as planned naps, timed light exposure, melatonin, and sedative hypnotics, aimed at alleviating excessive nighttime sleepiness and daytime insomnia in non-standard shift workers experiencing SWSD, are limited and lack strong evidence to support their efficacy. Conclusions Non-standard shift work has been associated with a variety of negative health outcomes and urologic complications, especially with concurrent SWSD. Recognition of these increased risks among shift workers can potentially aid in more effective screening of chronic health and urologic conditions. Non-pharmacologic treatment of SWSD focuses on behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene while melatonin, hypnotics, and stimulants are used to alleviate insomnia and excessive sleepiness of SWSD. Further research into both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies for SWSD is needed to establish more definitive guidelines in the treatment of SWSD in order to increase productivity, minimize workplace accidents, and improve quality of life for shift workers. Deng N, Kohn TP, Lipshultz LI, et al. The Relationship Between Shift Work and Men’s Health. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:446–456.
Complex Febrile Seizures, Lumbar Puncture, and Central Nervous System Infections: A National Perspective.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine the national lumbar puncture (LP) practice patterns relative to the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections among children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with complex febrile seizures (CFS). METHODS This was a retrospective study of ED visits for CFS from 2007 to 2014 in patients aged 0 to 5 years using a national sample. Primary outcomes include the frequency of LP, incidence of CNS infections, and ED disposition. RESULTS Of 28,810 ED visits for CFS (44.4% female; mean age = 1.39 years), LP was performed in 7,445 (25.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.5%-28.2%). There was no significant difference in the proportion due to hospital teaching status or geographical region. The proportion decreased from 31.4% to 17.8% over the study period (Rao-Scott statistic = 5.85, p < 0.001). CNS infection was diagnosed in 80 (0.3%) encounters (95% CI = 41-112). The most commonly associated infections were otitis media (16.8%), upper respiratory infections (15.8%), and other viral infections (14.6%). A total of 14,696 encounters (51.0%, 95% CI = 47.9%-54.1%) resulted in a hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS Although rates have been declining, LP was performed in one-fourth of ED encounters for CFS over the 8-year study period. The incidence of CNS infections was very low, however, suggesting that this procedure could be avoided in many patients.
PLANE-SHEET ANTENNAS

From the practical point of view, plane-sheet antennas are obviously attractive, because they can easily be cut out. They are attractive also from the theoretical point of view because a number of beautiful theorems can be established which have a fundamental influence on our understanding of antennas. The purpose of this chapter is to bring out the ideas behind these theorems.
On Duplicate Results in a Search Session

Abstract : In this paper, we introduce the PITT group's methods and findings in TREC 2012 session track. After analyzing the search logs in session track 2011 and 2012 datasets, we find that users' reformulated queries are very different from their previous ones, probably indicating their expectations to find not only relevant but also novel results. However, as indicated from our results, a major approach adopted by the session track participants, i.e. using relevance feedback information extracted from previous queries for search, will sacrifice the novelty of results for improving ad hoc search performance (e.g. nDCG@10). Such issues were not disclosed in previous years' session tracks because TREC did not consider the effects of duplicate results in evaluation. Therefore, we proposed a method to properly penalize the duplicate results in ranking by simulating users' browsing behaviors in a search session. A duplicate result in current search will be penalized to a greater extent if it was ranked in higher positions in previous searches or it was returned by more previous queries. The method can effectively improve the novelty of search results and lead to only slight and insignificant drop in ad hoc search performance.
Postural Control Deficits After Repetitive Soccer Heading.

Objective To determine the acute effects of repetitive soccer heading on postural control. Design Prospective study; participants were divided into 2 groups: a soccer heading group and a control group. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants One hundred sixty participants, including youth (age = 13.0 ± 0.8 years), high school (age = 17.2 ± 1.0 years), and collegiate (age = 20.2 ± 1.3 years) male and female soccer players, participated in this study. Interventions Participants in the soccer heading group performed 12 soccer headers (initial velocity = 11.2 m/s). Postural control testing was performed both before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) the purposeful soccer headers. Control participants performed postural control testing PRE and POST a 15-minute wait period. During postural control testing, participants were asked to stand on the MobileMat (Tekscan Inc, Boston, Massachusetts) for two 2-minute intervals with their hands on their hips and their feet together with one eyes-open and one eyes-closed trial. Main outcome measures Using the center-of-pressure data, 95% area, sway velocity, and ApEn were calculated. Multilevel linear models were used to analyze the effects of age, sex, group, condition, and concussion history simultaneously. Results Participants in the soccer heading group had significantly higher sway velocity POST than participants in the control group after controlling for age, sex, concussion history, condition, and PRE (t = -3.002; P = 0.003; 95% confidence interval, -0.482 to -0.100). There were no significant differences from PRE to POST for 95% area, M/L ApEn, and A/P ApEn. Conclusions Repetitive soccer heading does not affect most postural control measures, even among youth athletes. However, sway velocity increased after heading relative to control participants independent of age, sex, and concussion history.
Blood clearance and tissue distribution studies in the dog following intravenous administration of radioactive colloidal gold (aurcoloid).

Abstract 1.1. A study of the fate of intravenously administered radioactive colloidal gold (Aurcoloid) in the dog is presented with statistical evaluation of the results. 2.2. The liver is of predominant importance with respect to systemic uptake, accumulating approximately 94 per cent of the injected dose. 3.3. Only liver, spleen, and bone marrow appear to have the ability to concentrate significant amounts of the injected colloid. 4.4. The injected material disappears very rapidly from the circulating blood stream in an essentially smooth, two-phase process. 5.5. The effective particle size of the gold colloid used (Aurcoloid) appears to be about 40 mμ. 6.6. Comparisons of our results with those of other investigators are discussed.
Effect of the Surface Roughness of the Water and Ice Boundary on Lake Icepack Thickness Measurement Using Wideband Autocorrelation Radiometry

Wideband autocorrelation radiometry (WiBAR) is a new method to remotely measure the vertical extent of low loss layered media such as dry snowpack and freshwater lake icepack. This technique measures the pack thickness by sensing the microwave propagation time Tdelay of multi-path microwave emission of the pack. The presence of a surface roughness can affect the ability of this technique to measure the Tdelay correctly. In this paper, the effect of the surface roughness is discussed, and it is shown that the surface roughness can be measured for lake icepack by understanding the surface roughness effect.
Systemic distribution of medullary bone in the avian skeleton: ground truthing criteria for the identification of reproductive tissues in extinct Avemetatarsalia

Medullary bone (MB) is an estrogen-dependent, sex-specific tissue produced by female birds during lay and inferred to be present in extinct avemetatarsalians (bird-line archosaurs). Although preliminary studies suggest that MB can be deposited within most skeletal elements, these are restricted to commercial layers or hormonally treated male pigeons, which are poor analogues for wild birds. By contrast, studies in wild bird species noted the presence of MB almost exclusively within limb bones, spurring the misconception that MB deposition is largely restricted to these regions. These disparate claims have cast doubt on the nature of MB-like tissues observed in some extinct avemetatarsalians because of their “unusual” anatomical locations. Furthermore, previous work reported that MB deposition is related to blood supply and pneumatization patterns, yet these hypotheses have not been tested widely in birds. To document the skeletal distribution of MB across Neornithes, reassess previous hypotheses pertaining to its deposition/distribution patterns, and refine the set of criteria by which to evaluate the nature of purported MB tissue in extinct avemetatarsalians, we CT-scanned skeletons of 40 female birds (38 species) that died during the egg-laying cycle, recorded presence or absence of MB in 19 skeletal regions, and assessed pneumatization of stylopods. Selected elements were destructively analyzed to ascertain the chemical and histological nature of observed endosteal bone tissues in contentious skeletal regions. Although its skeletal distribution varies interspecifically, we find MB to be a systemic tissue that can be deposited within virtually all skeletal regions, including cranial elements. We also provide evidence that the deposition of MB is dictated by skeletal distribution patterns of both pneumaticity and bone marrow; two factors linked to ecology (body size, foraging). Hence, skeletal distribution of MB can be extensive in small-bodied and diving birds, but more restricted in large-bodied species or efficient flyers. Previously outlined anatomical locations of purported MB in extinct taxa are invalid criticisms against their potential reproductive nature. Moreover, the proposed homology of lung tissues between birds and some extinct avemetatarsalians permit us to derive a series of location-based predictions that can be used to critically evaluate MB-like tissues in fossil specimens.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray microtomography pore-scale analysis of oil recovery in mixed-porosity carbonates

With the recognition that carbonate reservoir rocks commonly contain a significant microporosity component (pore sizes ∼1 μm), there has been an ongoing effort to understand how this affects hydrocarbon recovery. This work reports x-ray microtomography (XMT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on two characteristic rock types. One is micropore dominated, and the other exhibits mixed-pore sizes. Several new techniques are introduced to accommodate investigation of full-sized core-plug samples having preserved wettability and to perform such studies with native fluids. First, the uses of high-field NMR techniques are demonstrated to determine porosity, overall oil and water content, and how these fluids are distributed between micro- and macropores. It is found that microporosity values agree with those obtained by optical (total pore system) analysis. Second, the use of xenon gas to tag the native oil phase for XMT imaging is demonstrated, showing how this helps determine contributions from pores that are smaller than the instrument resolution. Finally, a new method that uses NMR measurements of oil and water saturations to constrain the image analysis is demonstrated. The analysis shows the extent to which oil recovery occurs from the different pore systems. In both rock types, oil in the macroporosity is preferentially swept. Nevertheless, in agreement with a recent theory, oil recovery from the microporosity is significant. For the 70% microporosity sample, approximately one-third of the total oil recovery comes from the micropores, a factor that agrees well with theory.
Writing for Patients on the Participatory Web: Heuristics for Purpose-Driven Personas

Background: The participatory web complicates professional communicators' goals of providing accurate, usable, and trustworthy content, especially for health and medical topics. Professionals can better reach their audiences by understanding individuals' purposes for using e-health. Literature review: Previous literature has shown the need for audience analysis in e-health, and has called for personalized, nuanced, and contextualized methods for developing audience-centered content. Professional communicators in e-health can use personas as a strategy to help account for users' diverse, evolving, and extra-institutional purposes in accessing e-health, whether that content is professionally-generated or user-generated. Research questions: 1. What are patients' larger information-seeking contexts? 2. For what purposes do patients use e-health? 3. How can professional communicators leverage this deepened understanding of their audience's purposes to improve their content? Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with seven community members who self-identified as e-health users. They were asked about their larger health information-seeking practices, specific instances of using e-health, and website preferences. Results: Participants use e-health among other sources including medical professionals. They use an array of e-health sites, including professional and user-generated sites, and have diverse purposes in using that array of sites. Conclusion and implications: The results suggest that professional communicators deepen their audience analysis to account for informational context, emotional context, and the diverse and shifting purposes of their users. Heuristics for professionals are provided to develop purpose-driven personas.
A Central Limit Theorem for extrinsic antimeans and estimation of Veronese–Whitney means and antimeans on planar Kendall shape spaces

Abstract This article is concerned with random objects in the complex projective space ℂ P k − 2 . It is shown that the Veronese–Whitney (VW) antimean, which is the extrinsic antimean of a random point on ℂ P k − 2 relative to the VW-embedding, is given by the point on ℂ P k − 2 represented by the eigenvector corresponding to the smallest eigenvalue of the expected mean of the VW-embedding of the random point, provided this eigenvalue is simple. We also derive a CLT for extrinsic sample antimeans, and an asymptotic χ 2 -distribution of an appropriately studentized statistic, based on the extrinsic antimean, which in the particular case of a VW-embedding is then used to construct nonparametric bootstrap confidence regions for the VW-antimean planar Kendall shape. Simulations studies and an application to medical imaging are illustrating the proposed methodology.
Can natural language processing provide accurate, automated reporting of wound infection requiring reoperation after lumbar discectomy?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Surgical site infections are a major driver of morbidity and increased costs in the postoperative period after spine surgery. Current tools for surveillance of these adverse events rely on prospective clinical tracking, manual retrospective chart review, or administrative procedural and diagnosis codes. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop natural language processing (NLP) algorithms for automated reporting of postoperative wound infection requiring reoperation after lumbar discectomy. PATIENT SAMPLE Adult patients undergoing discectomy at two academic and three community medical centers between January 1, 2000 and July 31, 2019 for lumbar disc herniation. OUTCOME MEASURES Reoperation for wound infection within 90 days after surgery METHODS Free-text notes of patients who underwent surgery from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2015 were used for algorithm training. Free-text notes of patients who underwent surgery after January 1, 2016 were used for algorithm testing. Manual chart review was used to label which patients had reoperation for wound infection. An extreme gradient-boosting NLP algorithm was developed to detect reoperation for postoperative wound infection. RESULTS Overall, 5,860 patients were included in this study and 62 (1.1%) had a reoperation for wound infection. In patients who underwent surgery after January 1, 2016 (n=1,377), the NLP algorithm detected 15 of the 16 patients (sensitivity=0.94) who had reoperation for infection. In comparison, current procedural terminology and international classification of disease codes detected 12 of these 16 patients (sensitivity=0.75). At a threshold of 0.05, the NLP algorithm had positive predictive value of 0.83 and F1-score of 0.88. CONCLUSION Temporal validation of the algorithm developed in this study demonstrates a proof-of-concept application of NLP for automated reporting of adverse events after spine surgery. Adapting this methodology for other procedures and outcomes in spine and orthopedics has the potential to dramatically improve and automatize quality and safety reporting.
Hospital Readmissions in Hospice Patients: Evaluation of Medication-Related Causes for Readmission.

Context:Hospital readmissions, frequent medication changes, and polypharmacy are common issues for hospice patients. It is important to consider if close monitoring of medications by pharmacists co...
Reference accuracy in spine surgery.

Objective The references list is an important part of a scientific article that serves to confirm the accuracy of the authors' statements. The goal of this study was to evaluate the reference accuracy in the field of spine surgery. Methods Four major peer-reviewed spine surgery journals were chosen for this study based on their subspecialty clinical impact factors. Sixty articles per journal were selected from 12 issues each of The Spine Journal, Spine, and Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, and 40 articles were selected from 8 issues of Global Spine Journal, for a total of 220 articles. All the articles were published in 2019 and were selected using computer-generated numbers. From the references list of each article, one reference was again selected by using a computer-generated number and then checked for citation or quotation errors. Results The results indicate that 84.1% of articles have a minor citation error, 4.5% of articles have a major citation error, 9.5% of articles have a minor quotation error, and 9.1% of articles have a major quotation error. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine had the fewest citation errors compared with the other journals evaluated in this study. Using chi-square analysis, no association was determined between the occurrence of errors and potential markers of reference mistakes. Still, statistical significance was found between the occurrence of citation errors and the spine journals tested. Conclusions In order to advance medical treatment and patient care in spine surgery, detailed documentation and attention to detail are necessary. The results from this study illustrate that improved reference accuracy is required.
"It is this very knowledge that makes us doctors": an applied thematic analysis of how medical students perceive the relevance of biomedical science knowledge to clinical medicine.

Intensive study of the biomedical sciences remains a core component of undergraduate medical education with medical students often completing up to 2 years of biomedical science training prior to entering clerkships. While it is generally accepted that biomedical science knowledge is essential for clinical practice because it forms the basis of clinical reasoning and decision-making, whether medical students perceive an expanded role for their biomedical science knowledge remains to be examined. We conducted a qualitative research study to explore how medical students in the first clerkship year perceived the relevance of biomedical science knowledge to clinical medicine during this pivotal time as they begin their transition from students to physicians. To identify previously unidentified perspectives and insights, we asked students to write brief essays in response to the prompt: How is biomedical science knowledge relevant to clinical medicine? Ten codes and four themes were interpreted through an applied thematic analysis of students’ essays. Analysis of students’ essays revealed novel perspectives previously unidentified by survey studies and focus groups. Specifically, students perceived their biomedical science knowledge as contributory to the development of adaptive expertise and professional identity formation, both viewed as essential developmental milestones for medical students. The results of this study have important implications for ongoing curricular reform efforts to improve the structure, content, delivery, and assessment of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Identifying the explicit and tacit elements of the formal, informal, and hidden curriculum that enable biomedical science knowledge to contribute to the development of adaptive expertise and professional identity formation will enable the purposeful design of innovations to support the acquisition of these critical educational outcomes.
The envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2 increases intra-Golgi pH and forms a cation channel that is regulated by pH.

KEY POINTS: We report a novel method for the transient expression of SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein in intracellular organelles and the plasma membrane of mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Intracellular expression of SARS-CoV-2 E protein increases intra-Golgi pH. By targeting the SARS-CoV-2 E protein to the plasma membrane, we show that it forms a cation channel, viroporin, that is modulated by changes of pH. This method for studying the activity of viroporins may facilitate screening for new antiviral drugs to identify novel treatments for COVID-19. ABSTRACT: The envelope (E) protein of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-1 is proposed to form an ion channel or viroporin that participates in viral propagation and pathogenesis. Here we developed a technique to study the E protein of SARS-CoV-2 in mammalian cells by directed targeting using a carboxyl-terminal fluorescent protein tag, mKate2. The wild-type SARS-CoV-2 E protein can be trafficked to intracellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate complex, where its expression increases pH inside the organelle. We also succeeded in targeting SARS-CoV-2 E to the plasma membrane, which enabled biophysical analysis using whole-cell patch clamp recording in a mammalian cell line, HEK 293 cells, and two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes. The results suggest that the E protein forms an ion channel that is permeable to monovalent cations such as Na+ , Cs+ and K+ . The E current is nearly time- and voltage-independent when E protein is expressed in mammalian cells, and is modulated by changes of pH. At pH 6.0 and 7.4, the E protein current is activated, whereas at pH 8.0 and 9.0, the amplitude of E protein current is reduced, and in oocytes the inward E current fades at pH 9 in a time- and voltage-dependent manner. Using this directed targeting method and electrophysiological recordings, potential inhibitors of the E protein can be screened and subsequently investigated for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and possible efficacy in treating COVID-19.
Religious Associations: Hosanna-Tabor and the Instrumental Value of Religious Groups

In its 2012 decision in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Church & Sch. V. EEOC, the Supreme Court held that the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment require recognition of a “ministerial exception” to general antidiscrimination statutes (in that case, the ADA), because religious institutions must have autonomy in selecting their ministers. In the course of its analysis, however, the Court made a very interesting move. In response to the government’s argument that the case could be resolved under the general First Amendment right of association, the Court responded that this position was “untenable,” and indeed “remarkable,” because the very existence of the Religion Clauses indicated that religious groups must be treated differently from secular groups. It also rejected the view that its groundbreaking decision in Employment Division v. Smith, which interpreted the Free Exercise Clause extremely narrowly, precluded reliance on the Religion Clauses here, curtly distinguishing Smith on the grounds that it did not involve “government interference with an internal church decision that affects the faith and mission of the church itself.” Hosanna-Tabor thus appears to stand for the propositions that religious groups are different from secular groups for constitutional purposes and entitled to extra constitutional protections, and further, that religious institutions such as churches possess broader Free Exercise rights than do individuals. In this article, I argue both these propositions are indefensible in light of the text, history, and purposes of the Religion Clauses. I further argue that granting religious institutions special constitutional rights raises some very difficult, ultimately irresolvable boundary problems regarding the scope of the ministerial exception.Ultimately, I conclude that a much better analytic course for the Court to have followed in Hosanna-Tabor would have been to rely on the freedoms of association and Assembly protected by the First Amendment, which the Court so casually rejected. The effect of relying on Assembly and association would be to grant all groups whose activities are relevant to democratic politics a right of autonomy, including a right to select its members and leaders. Religious groups would certainly qualify for such a right (thus affirming the result in Hosanna-Tabor), but so would many secular groups on the same terms. I discuss the ways in which this vision of associational rights fits well with the overall structure of the First Amendment, and with the instrumental role that religious groups (as opposed to individuals) play in our society. Relying on Assembly and association also avoids the boundary problems raised by the ministerial exception, and defuses the tension with free-speech doctrine created by the Court’s preferential treatment of religious groups in Hosanna-Tabor. I conclude by exploring the ways in which the existence of the Religion Clauses may be relevant to religious groups’ Assembly/associational rights, even if they are not the source of those rights.
Prognostic implications and outcomes of cardiac arrest among contemporary patients with STEMI treated with PCI.

Abstract Background Cardiac arrest (CA) complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with a disproportionately higher risk of mortality. We described the contemporary presentation, management, and outcomes of CA patients in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods We reviewed 1,272 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent PCI between 1/1/2011-12/31/2016 and compared characteristics and outcomes between non-CA (N = 1,124) and CA patients (N = 148), defined per NCDR definitions as pulseless arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or defibrillation within 24-hr of PCI. Results Male gender, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, in-hospital STEMI, left main or left anterior descending culprit vessel, and initial TIMI 0 or 1 flow were independent predictors for CA. CA patients had longer door-to-balloon-time (106 [83,139] vs. 97 [74,121] minutes, p = 0.003) and greater incidence of cardiogenic shock (48.0% vs. 5.9%, p Conclusions In a contemporary cohort of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, CA occurs in >10% of patients and is an important mechanism of mortality in patients with in-hospital STEMI. While CA is associated with adverse outcomes, it carries no additional risk of long-term mortality among survivors highlighting the need for strategies to improve the in-hospital care of STEMI patients with CA.
Efficient Optical Coupling between III-V Semiconductor and SiN x Waveguides via Heteroepitaxial Integration

We demonstrate the first reported integration of III-V waveguides (GaAs/Al0.4Ga0.6As) with SiN x waveguides via heteroepitaxial III-V-on-silicon growth. We achieve efficient optical coupling (-2.5 dB loss/transition) at 1550 nm and low threading dislocation density $(4\times 10^{6}\text{cm}^{-2})$ , suitable for fabrication of high-performance optoelectronic devices. © 2021 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Using Checksums to Detect Data Corruption

In this paper, we consider the problem of malicious and intended corruption of data in a database, acting outside of the scope of the database management system. Although detecting an attacker who changes a set of database values at the disk level is a simple task (achievable by attaching signatures to each block of data), a more sophisticated attacker may corrupt the data by replacing the current data with copies of old block images, compromising the integrity of the data. To prevent successful completion of this attack, we provide a defense mechanism that enormously increases the intruders workload, yet maintains a low system cost during an authorized update. Our algorithm calculates and maintains two levels of signatures (checksum values) on blocks of data. The signatures are grouped in a manner that forces an extended series of block copying for any unauthorized update. Using the available information on block sizes, block reference patterns and amount of concurrently active transactions in the database, we calculate the length of this chain of copying, proving that the intruder has to perform a lot of work in order to go undetected. Therefore, our technique makes this type of attack very unlikely. Previous work has not addressed protection methods against this knowledgeable and equipped intruder who is operating outside the database management system.
Control of HCO3-dependent exchangers by cyclic nucleotides in vascular smooth muscle cells.

A variety of membrane transport systems responsible for the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) have been identified in smooth muscle (Aickin, 1986; Aalkjaer and Cragoe, 1988; Wray, 1988; Kikeri et al., 1990) and smooth musclelike cells (Boyarsky et al.,1988a,b; Putnam,1990). These include the ubiquitous Na/H exchanger and at least two HC03-dependent transport systems (Fig. 1): i) a putative alkalinizing (Na + HCO3)/C1 exchanger (although the role of Cl in this exchanger is still at issue) (Aickin and Brading, 1984; Aalkjaer and Mulvany, 1988); and ii) an acidifying Cl/HCO3 exchanger. While these exchangers are important for determining steady state pHi (Aalkjaer and Cragoe, 1988; Boyarsky et al., 1988a; Wray, 1988; Kikeri et al., 1990; Putnam and Grubbs, 1990), defending pHi against acid/base disturbances (Aalkjaer and Cragoe, 1988; Boyarsky et al., 1988b; Putnam, 1990) and mediating cellular responses to external signals (Berk et al., 1987; Ganz et al., 1989), only the Na/H exchanger has been extensively studied in regard to the factors which regulate its activity. In fact, the regulation of the HCO3-dependent transport systems is poorly studied in any cell.
The Dinitrophenylation of Human Carbonic Anhydrase B

Abstract The CO2 hydration activity of human carbonic anhydrase B is rapidly inactivated by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene at neutral pH. The inactivation reaction is second order and is retarded by the presence of various enzyme inhibitors. The second order rate constant for inactivation is about 100 times the second order rate constant for the reaction of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and α-N-acetylhistidine. The inactivated enzyme was purified and was found to contain one 2,4-dinitrophenyl group per molecule, at the 3' position of a histidine residue. While such a reacted enzyme has lost more than 95% of its CO2 hydration activity, it retains over half its esterase activity. The dinitrophenyl group can be quantitatively removed by thiolysis, regenerating a fully active native carbonic anhydrase. Dinitrophenyl carbonic anhydrase binds iodoacetate with somewhat greater affinity than the unmodified enzyme. However, iodoacetate does not react covalently with the dinitrophenyl enzyme, as it does with the native enzyme. Analysis of the tryptic peptides of dinitrophenyl carbonic anhydrase shows that reaction takes place with histidine residue 204, the same residue modified by iodoacetate. It is suggested that histidine 204, while clearly in the active site, may not play any direct role in enzyme catalysis. Modifications at this position may disrupt the normal substrate binding site.
Partial arithmetic/spl minus/algorithms and architectures

This paper proposes a new concept in computer arithmetic and delineates algorithms for addition, subtraction and multiplication. The proposed architecture is capable of performing additions in constant time and multiplication, in time less than in the best known architectures. The internal representation of numbers is called "a+b" and requires two memory words. The paper also discusses special coding multiplication and organization of the multiplier for VLSI implementation. >
Ethnic nationalism and the fall of empires : Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923

Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires is a wide-ranging comparative study of the origins of today's ethnic politics in East Central Europe, the former Russian empire and the Middle East. Centred on the First World War Era, Ethnic Nationalism highlights the roles of historical contingency and the ordeal of total war in shaping the states and institutions that supplanted the great multinational empires after 1918. It explores how the fixing of new political boundaries and the complex interplay of nationalist elites and popular forces set in motion bitter ethnic conflicts and political disputes, many of which are still with us today. Topics discussed include: * the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire * the ethnic dimension of the Russian Revolution and Soviet state building * Nationality issues in the late Ottoman empire * the origins of Arab nationalism * ethnic politics in zones of military occupation * the construction of Czechoslovak and Yugoslav identities Ethnic Nationalism is an invaluable survey of the origins of twentieth-century ethnic politics. It is essential reading for those interested in the politics of ethnicity and nationalism in modern European and Middle Eastern history.
Ultrafast Neural Network Training for Robot Learning from Uncertain Data

A capability for learning from uncertain data has been a major and perennial requirement for many real-life robotic applications. In that context, a new methodology for ultrafast learning using neural networks is presented. It requires only a single iteration to train a feed-forward network with near-optimal results. Uncertainty reduction algorithms are also incorporated in a natural and optimal fashion. As such, this methodology is intended to become an essential building block for future architectures of intelligent systems. Its application to multi-robot observation of multiple moving targets is illustrated.
Aspects of Mechanisms in Type B Drag Reduction

Drag reduction by macromolecular additives is briefly reviewed and shown to comprize two extreme forms of gross flow behaviour. Types A and B, that are respectively associated with random-coiling and extended additive conformations. The mechanism of drag reduction is discussed within the framework of an “Additive-Burst Matrix”, devised such that its rows represent macromolecular states while its columns connote turbulent burst events. Experiments are presented wherein Type A and Type B behaviour were both induced by polyelectrolyte additives of the identical backbone structure and molecular weight. Results for Type B drag reduction revealed that, at fixed Re∞f, flow enhancement increased almost linearly with additive concentration; also, a typical gross flow trajectory commenced on the maximum drag reduction asymptote and then exhibited “retro-onset” into the polymeric regime of less than maximum drag reduction. Comparisons between selected Type A and B trajectories also delineated “additive equivalence” at “iso-slip” points, where different polymer solutions achieved the same flow enhancement. Interpretation of these experimental results suggests that Type B drag reduction is likely more fundamental to the mechanism of additive-turbulence interaction than the more widely studied Type A.
Agency, autonomy, and social intelligibility

Popular Frankfurt-style theories of autonomy hold that (i) autonomy is motivation in action by psychological attitudes that have ‘authority’ to constitute the agent's perspective, and (ii) attitudes have this authority in virtue of their formal role in the individual's psychological system, rather than their substantive content. I pose a challenge to such ‘psychologistic’ views, taking Frankfurt's and Bratman's theories as my targets. I argue that motivation by attitudes that play the roles picked out by psychologistic theories is compatible with radically unintelligible behavior. Because of this, psychologistic views are committed to classifying certain agents as ‘autonomous’ whom we intuitively find to be dysfunctional. I then argue that a necessary condition for autonomy is that an agent's behavior is intelligible in a particular way: autonomy necessarily involves acting from a subjective practical perspective that is, in principle, minimally comprehensible to others – not simply in a causal sense, but in a substantive, socio-cultural sense.
Serologic Evidence of Infection with Ehrlichia spp. in Wild Rodents (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) in the United States

Rodent (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) blood and sera collected from 14 states were tested for seroreactivity to a cultured isolate of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Of the 1,240 samples tested, 136 (11%) were found to be reactive at titers of ≥32. Rodents with HGE agent-specific antibodies were found in New York (23% of 491 samples; geometric mean endpoint titer [GMT] = 441), Connecticut (11% of 100 samples; GMT = 481), California (9% of 32 samples; GMT = 323), Colorado (2% of 212 samples; GMT = 256), Florida (7% of 27 samples; GMT = 362), Maryland (7% of 15 samples; titer = 64), New Jersey (4% of 76 samples; titer = 256), and Wisconsin (13% of 8 samples; titer = 128). Samples from Georgia (n = 16), Illinois (n = 27), Nevada (n = 27), North Carolina (n = 52), Ohio (n = 57), and Utah (n = 100) were not reactive. The earliest seroreactive sample was from a Peromyscus leucopus mouse collected in June 1986 in Connecticut, and the majority of the seroreactive samples (68%) were from this species. Samples from other Peromyscus species (P. boylii, P. maniculatus, and P. gossypinus) were also found to be reactive, with a GMT for the genus of 410. Several species of Neotoma woodrats (N. fuscipes, N. lepida, N. albigula, and N. mexicana) from California and Colorado had antibodies that reacted with the HGE agent (genus GMT = 194), suggesting that enzootic cycles of Ehrlichia spp. exist outside of the areas of confirmed human disease. Attempts to amplify and detect ehrlichial DNA from the limited tissues available (n = 40 animals) were unsuccessful. Further studies are needed to determine the identity of the organisms inducing antibody production in these rodent species and to elucidate the epidemiology and public health importance of these agents.
Chemical balance of the Earth's crust

Abstract The chemical composition and lithologic proportions of average sedimentary and igneous rocks are analyzed by a linear least squares regression. The best set of internally consistent data for sediments in geosynclines, continental platforms, deep ocean basin and the average igneous and sedimentary rock are shown below. These results are based on published estimates of the chemical composition of igneous and sedimentary rocks and the relative volume of sediments on the continents and in the deep ocean basins. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe(total) MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O CO 2 Geosynclines 55.2 12.0 3.6 3.2 8.3 1.0 2.4 8.6 Platforms 49.5 10.7 3.2 3.3 12.3 0.9 2.2 10.8 Av. sed. 55.9 13.8 4.4 3.6 5.8 1.2 2.6 5.2 Av. ig. 59.0 15.0 5.0 3.6 7.0 3.4 3.2 The lithologic proportions are: geosyncline—24% sandstone, 58% shale, and 16% carbonate; platform—23% sandstone, 49% shale and 26% carbonate; average sedimentary rock—13% sandstone, 33% shale, 12% carbonate, and 41% pelagic; average igneous rock is approximately 2/3 granodiorite and 1/3 tholeiite. These data indicate a chemical balance of major elements in the Earth's upper crust during the last 1.5 b.y.
Biophysical and Mechanistic Insights into Novel Allosteric Inhibitor of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase

Extracellular stimulation of the B cell receptor or mast cell FcϵRI receptor activates a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately leading to antigenic or inflammation immune responses, respectively. Syk is a soluble kinase responsible for transmission of the receptor activation signal from the membrane to cytosolic targets. Control of Syk function is, therefore, critical to the human antigenic and inflammation immune response, and an inhibitor of Syk could provide therapy for autoimmune or inflammation diseases. We report here a novel allosteric Syk inhibitor, X1, that is noncompetitive against ATP (Ki 4 ± 1 μm) and substrate peptide (Ki 5 ± 1 μm), and competitive against activation of Syk by its upstream regulatory kinase LynB (Ki 4 ± 1 μm). The inhibition mechanism was interrogated using a combination of structural, biophysical, and kinetic methods, which suggest the compound inhibits Syk by reinforcing the natural regulatory interactions between the SH2 and kinase domains. This novel mode of inhibition provides a new opportunity to improve the selectivity profile of Syk inhibitors for the development of safer drug candidates.
Can International Nongovernmental Organizations Boost Government Services? The Case of Health

Do international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) lessen the need for states to provide their own services? In the case of health, many assume that INGOs limit health spending by governments. Against the conventional wisdom, we argue that these organizations create increased demand for governmental health spending through three mechanisms: (1) indirectly affecting the policy-making climate (“climatic conditioning”), (2) aiding domestic NGO and health activists in their efforts, and (3) directly pressuring governments for increased health spending themselves. Given these mechanisms, health INGOs, although typically supplying health services of their own within a country, should augment pressure for public service provision by the state and, it follows, lead to increased state health spending. We test our argument using a new data set on health INGOs, together with a well-established model of health spending, and find ample support for our arguments. Increases in health INGOs' activities do lead to increased governmental health spending, mainly by indirectly affecting the policy-making climate and, most especially, advancing the effective efforts of domestic activists.