cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic observation of a thermally activated structure change in 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) by second harmonic generation

Using optical second harmonic generation (SHG) we observe, for the first time, a structural change in the energetic material (dry-aminated production grade) TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) upon heating. This structure change is verified by X-ray powder diffraction (XPD). The kinetics of this structure change are measured and are found to closely match commonly accepted thermal decomposition parameters for the first step, analogous to observations made for the β to δ phase transition in HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine). Consequently, these solid structure transitions appear to be coupled to the chemical decomposition mechanism or it may be the first physical process occurring. We apply this technique as a diagnostic to an ignition experiment. This experiment demonstrates that the structure change can be rapid (it is thermally activated) and that SHG can be used to indicate not only the solid structure change (large increase in SHG intensity) but also the onset to significa...
The Atomic Structure of Large Angle Grain Boundaries Determined by Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Techniques

Quantitative X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to determine the atomic structures of the ∑ = 5 and 13 [001] twist boundaries in Au with a resolution of 0.09 A or better. The reciprocal lattices of these boundaries were mapped out using synchrotron radiation. The atomic structures were obtained by testing model structures against the intensity observations with a chi square analysis. The boundary structures were modeled using polyhedra, including octahedra, special configurations of tetrahedra and Archimedian anti-prisms, interwoven together by the boundary symmetry. The results of this work point to the possibility of obtaining general rules for grain boundary structures based on X-ray diffraction observations that give the atomic positions with high resolution.
Oxide ion conduction of yttria-stabilized zirconia films deposited by atomic layer deposition

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most common electrolytes in high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs). We utilize atomic layer deposition (ALD) to fabricate the electrolyte of SOFC, which may potentially improve several fundamental characteristics of SOFC. Recently, our group demonstrated that ultra-thin ALD YSZ SOFSs can deliver high power density at low temperatures [1]. These SOFCs demonstrated not only reduction of Ohmic loss, but also enhancement of surface kinetics. The focus of this work is to investigate the surface and bulk conduction characteristics of YSZ films produced by ALD. In plane conductivity was measured as a function of film thickness and temperature dependence. YSZ thin films were deposited on standard 4 ” quartz substrates with thicknesses ranging from 8 nanometers to 55 nanometers. Micro-electrodes were patterned on top of the ALD YSZ layer by standard photolithography process. The impedances of the YSZ thin films with different thicknesses were measured. We have observed higher conductivities for thinner films which were attributed to higher oxide ion conductivity in the vicinity of the surface, and similar phenomenon was observed with YSZ films produced by electron beam evaporation [2].
REACTIONS OF 1,2-OXAPHOSPHOLENE-2- OXIDES 5.1 CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCTION

Abstract The reactions of 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-oxaphosphol-3-ene 2-oxide (1a) with a variety of reducing agents have been studied. Catalytic hydrogenation of 1a (Pd/C) resulted in reduction of the C=C bond, giving 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-oxaphospholane 2-oxide (6). By contrast, hydroboration with excess BH3-THF left the double bond intact, and reduced the P=O group. The product, 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-l,2-oxaphosphol-3-ene (7), is itself unstable, but it can be isolated as the novel borano complex 8. The P=O group in 1a can also be reduced by trichlorosilane. In this case the unstable 7 was isolated as the corresponding tungsten pentacarbonyl complex 10. Conversion of 1a to the corresponding P-sulfide 9 was readily accomplished, but 9 could not be selectively reduced with metallic sodium. Lithium aluminum hydride reduced both the C=C bond and the P=O group, but the presumed product 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-l,2-oxaphospholane (5) was unstable and underwent ring opening to a compound tentatively identifi...
Periodic distributions and non-Liouville numbers

In an earlier paper (Translation-invariant linear forms and a formula for the Dirac measure, J. Functional Analysis8 (1971), 173–188) the author proved that the ratio αβ of two real numbers is a non-Liouville number if and only if there exist two Schwartz distributions A and B with compact supports on the real line such that δ′ = A − ταA + B − τβB. The present paper presents (in Section 3) a completely new and more elementary proof of this result (stated fully as Theorems 1 and 2 at the end of Section 1) based on some fundamental properties of the mapping H0 = − Δ and H = H0 + T, where T which are established in Section 2. Further connections with Diophantine approximation (badly approximable numbers and Roth's Theorem) are presented in Section 4 where it is proved that the orders of the distributions A and B are always ⩾2 (Theorem 3) and almost always =3 (Theorem 4). Section 5 contains some partial results (Theorem 5 and Corollary 2 of Theorem 6) on the analogous question (as yet unsettled) for the Banach space C(T) of all continuous functions on the circle group T, and connects this problem with Sidon sets of integers.
Cochlear implant failures and revision.

Objective To review cases involving implant failure and revision surgery in a large cochlear implant program. Study design Retrospective case series. Setting Cochlear implant program in an academic medical center. Patients Adults and children who underwent revision cochlear implantation (n = 58). Intervention Diagnosis and explantation of failed cochlear implants, with subsequent reimplantation. Assessment of implant function and speech perception. Main outcome measures Device type, time from implantation to revision, cause of failure, performance with original implant versus revision, number of electrodes placed, and surgical challenges related to reimplantation. Results Forty-five patients initially implanted at this program and 13 patients implanted elsewhere underwent revision surgery. The institutional device failure rate was 3.7% and the overall revision rate was 5.1%. Reasons for implant revision included documented internal device failure (46%), scalp flap complications (17%), optimization of electrode placement (13%), unexplained deterioration of performance (12%), technology upgrade (10%), and intratemporal pathology (3%). Revision surgery typically involved only minor anatomic challenges, but five patients required circumodiolar drillout procedures to improve electrode position. Electrode insertion was equal or deeper in 53 of 58 cases. Speech perception ability decreased in only three patients. Conclusions Management of implant failures and performance of revision surgery are becoming increasingly important in cochlear implant programs. Outcomes are generally excellent. Revision implantation is a safe and appropriate procedure that should be pursued in a timely fashion when patients experience cochlear implant failure.
SPATIAL COMPETITION, PRICING, AND MARKET POWER IN TRANSPORTATION: A DOMINANT FIRM MODEL*

Transport firms compete over space. We develop a dominant firm model of transport services wherein one firm (the railroad) has market power, but competes in space with a competitive alternative (truck-barge). When constrained, the dominant firm prices to "beat the competition", which impedes efficiency when demand has some elas- ticity. We extend the basic model in a number of directions that include the relationship between monopoly prices and the generalized concavity of the shipper demand functions, the effects of multiple terminal markets, the role of joint production (fronthaul-backhaul markets), and the effects of capacity constraints.
Electrical conductivity of some permetrylpolysilanes doped with arsenic pentafluoride

Abstract Permethylpolysilanes, Me(SiMe2)nMe in which n is approximately 48, and longchain poly(dimethylsilylenes), with or without extensive branching, exhibit electrical conductivity and electron spin resonance when doped with arsenic pentafluoride.
Molecular markers of carcinogenesis.

Abstract The protein products of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play critical roles in the development of many cancers. The expression of a number of these proteins can be detected in extracellular fluids such as blood. This article reviews the literature on the application of methods for the detection of the proteins of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the blood of humans with cancer or at risk for the development of cancer. The detection of these proteins in blood may be useful molecular markers of carcinogenesis that could play an important part in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention. pharmacol. ther. 77(2):135–148, 1998.
Phylogenetic relationships within Cornus (Cornaceae) based on 26S rDNA sequences

Phylogenetic relationships within the dogwood genus Cornus have been highly controversial due to the great morphological heterogeneity. Earlier phylogenetic analyses of Cornus using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data (including rbcL and matK sequences, as well as restriction sites) and morphological characters suggested incongruent relationships within the genus. The present study generated sequence data from the nuclear gene 26S rDNA for Cornus to test the phylogenetic hypotheses based on cpDNA and morphological data. The 26S rDNA sequence data obtained represent 16 species, 13 from Cornus and three from outgroups, having an aligned length of 3380 bp. Both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these sequences were conducted. Trees resulting from these analyses suggest relationships among subgroups of Cornus consistent with those inferred from cpDNA data. That is, the dwarf dogwood (subg. Arctocrania) and the big-bracted dogwood (subg. Cynoxylon and subg. Syncarpea) clades are sisters, which are, in turn, sister to the cornelian cherries (subg. Cornus and subg. Afrocrania). This red-fruited clade is sister to the blue- or white-fruited dogwoods (subg. Mesomora, subg. Kraniopsis, and subg. Yinquania). Within the blue- or white-fruited clade, C. oblonga (subg. Yinquania) is sister to the remainder, and subg. Mesomora is sister to subg. Kraniopsis. These relationships were also suggested by the combined 26S rDNA and cpDNA data, but with higher bootstrap and Bremer support in the combined analysis. The 26S rDNA sequence data of Cornus consist of 12 expansion segments spanning 1034 bp. These expansion segments evolve approximately four times as fast as the conserved core regions. The study provides an example of phylogenetic utility of 26S rDNA sequences below the genus level.
Comparison of permeable reactive barrier, funnel and gate, nonpumped wells, and low-capacity wells for groundwater remediation

This modeling study compared the performance of a no-action and four active groundwater remediation alternatives: a permeable reactive barrier, a funnel and gate, nonpumped wells with filter media, and a low-capacity extraction and injection well. The simulated aquifer had an average seepage velocity of 0.04 m d−1, and the initial contaminant plume was 58 m long and 13 m wide. For each active alternative, mass transport modeling identified the smallest structure necessary to contain and remove the contaminant plume. Although the no-action alternative did not contain the plume, each active alternative did contain and remove the plume, but with significantly different installation and operation requirements. Low-capacity pumping wells required the least infrastructure, with one extraction well and one injection well each discharging only 1.7 m3 d−1. The amount of time necessary to remove the contaminant plume was similar among active alternatives, except for the funnel and gate, which required much more tim...
Tertiary inversion in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and the development of major erosional scarps

Abstract At the shallowest point of the Faroe-Shetland Channel, between the Faroe Islands and the Shetland Isles, the sea bed is deformed into a series of major scarps and hollows. The cuspate scarps, or 9Judd Falls9, are up to 15 km in length and are over 200 m high. Interpretation of 3D seismic data and high resolution 2D seismic data shows that the scarps are part of a larger series of structures that are partly buried. A second series of buried asymmetric hollows has been mapped 50 km to the northwest. Both sets of hollows are interpreted to have a deep-water erosional origin, postulated to be associated with the initiation of the high-energy bottom currents of the south-flowing Northern Component Water from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea into the North Atlantic. Present-day measurements presented here show that deep-water current velocity can peak at over 0.8ms -1 . Both erosional complexes are positioned directly above Tertiary inversion structures, and this study has identified two periods of compressional deformation, latest Ypresian and late Lutetian, in addition to previously documented phases. Compression in the area has been linked to changes in the interaction between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Iceland mantle plume. Enhanced plume activity also concentrated deep-water flow in the Faroe-Shetland Channel by physically impeding deep-water currents elsewhere. Where enhanced deep-water flow encountered the partial barriers of the inversion structures, accelerated turbulent erosional currents carved the scarps into the sea bed.
Rate and Equilibrium Constants for Phosphoryltransfer between Active Site Histidines of Escherichia coli HPr and the Signal Transducing Protein IIIGlc

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) plays a central role in catabolizing many sugars; regulation is effected by phosphorylation of PTS proteins. In Escherichia coli, the phosphoryltransfer sequence for glucose uptake is: PEP --> Enzyme I(His191) --> HPr(His15) --> IIIGlc(His90) --> IIGlc(Cys421) --> glucose. A rapid quench method has now been developed for determining the rate and equilibrium constants of these reactions. The method was validated by control experiments, and gave the following results for phosphoryltransfer between the following protein pairs. For phospho-HPr/IIIGlc (and HPr/phospho-IIIGlc), k1 = 6.1 x 10(7) M-1 s-1, k-1 = 4.7 x 10(7); for the mutant H75QIIIGlc in place of IIIGlc, k1 = 2.8 x 10(5) M-1 s-1, k-1 = 2.3 x 10(5). The derived Keq values agreed with the Keq obtained without use of the rapid quench apparatus. Keq for both reactions is 1-1.5. The rate of phosphoryltransfer between HPr and wild type IIIGlc is close to a diffusion-controlled process, while the reactions involving the mutant H75QIIIGlc are 200-fold slower. These rate differences are explained by an hypothesis for the mechanism of phosphoryltransfer between HPr and IIIGlc based on the structures of mutant and wild type proteins (see Pelton et al. (Pelton, J. G., Torchia, D. A., Remington, S. J., Murphy, K. P., Meadow, N. D., and Roseman, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33446-33456)).
Behavior of Partial Monolayers of Argon Adlayers Deposited on Graphite

This calculation examines the properties of partial monolayers of argon deposited on graphite, over an interval $20\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}90\mathrm{K}$. In particular, we focus upon the phase transitions. Two peaks in the specific heat are found. The first peak is very sharp and narrow. It has been identified as a rotation of the adlayer from an angle off the substrate symmetry axis, to that axis. The calculated orientational behavior is compared with predictions of the two dimensional Ising model. The broad peak around $49.5\mathrm{K}$ is identified as a melting transition which is characterized by a loss of local sixfold symmetry.
Magnetic moment of the first excited state in 171Yb

Using Mossbauer technique the magnetic moment of the 32-rotational state in 171Yb (μ = 0.351 ± 0.003) and E2/M1 mixing ratio for the ground state transition (δ2 = 0.45 ± 0.03) have been determined. The magnetic properties of the K = 12 ground state rotational band of 171Yb are discussed in terms of the Nilsson model.
Cardiovascular Interaction of Nicotine, Ergonovine, and Hypercholesterolemia in the Rabbit

Rabbits were treated with nicotine and a hypercholesterolemic diet for 24 weeks. At the initiation of the experiment and at four-week intervals thereafter, the following functions were measured: peripheral circulation through the use of the thermal circulation index (TCI), systolic blood pressure, and coagulation time. After 24 weeks, the heart and vessels of the hind legs were examined for pathological changes. Throughout the course of the experiment, the peripheral circulation was depressed, the systolic pressure elevated, and the coagulation rate speeded. Peripheral pathological changes were minimal and areas of cardiac necrosis observed in a similar previous study were absent. In order to determine the cause of this apparent discrepancy, a second group of rabbits was then similarly treated except that ergonovine was added to the regimen. The 24-week histological examination this time revealed cardiac necrosis in all animals receiving the combined nicotine-cholesterol-ergonovine treatment. This effect ...
Anticipation of 24-hr feeding schedules in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Anticipatory wheel running in response to resticted feeding schedules was studied in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and in sham-operated controls. Despite the absence of circadian periodicity in free-feeding conditions, rats with SCN lesions anticipated restricted access to food at 24-hr intervals in the presence of a light-dark cycle and in constant light. Neither rats with SCN lesions nor controls were able to anticipate feedings at 18-hr intervals. Adrenalectomy did not prevent anticipatory activity to a 24-hr feeding schedule in either group. These results suggest that circadian oscillators outside SCN can be entrained by restricted feeding schedules or, alternatively, that anticipatory activity is based on the hourglass principle, i.e., a clock which requires daily resetting.
Synthetic Analogue of the {Fe2(μ-OH)2(μ-O2CR)}3+ Core of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Hydroxylase via Synthesis and Dioxygen Reactivity of Carboxylate-Bridged Diiron(II) Complexes

We describe the synthesis and dioxygen reactivity of diiron(II) tetracarboxylate complexes [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(N,N-Me2en)2] (2) and [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(N,N-Bn2en)2] (6), where ArTolCO2- = 2,6-di(p-tolyl)benzoate. These complexes were prepared as models for the diiron(II) center in the hydroxylase component of soluble methane monooxygenase (MMOH). Compound 6 reacts with dioxygen to afford PhCHO in ∼60(5)% yield, following oxidative N-dealkylation of the pendant benzyl group on the diamine ligand. The diiron(III) complex [Fe2(μ-OH)2(μ-O2CArTol)(O2CArTol)3(N-Bnen)(N,N-Bn2en)] (8) was isolated from the reaction mixture. The 4.2 K Mossbauer spectrum of 8 displays a single quadrupole doublet with parameters δ = 0.48(2) mm s-1 and ΔEQ = 0.61(2) mm s-1. The {Fe2(μ-OH)2(μ-O2CR)}3+ core structure in 8 matches that of the fully oxidized form of MMOH. The conversion of 6 to 8 closely parallels the chemistry of MMOH in which an O2-derived oxygen atom is inserted into the C−H bond of methane. Several ...
A hierarchical flight planner for sensor-driven UAV missions

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly becoming economical platforms for carrying a variety of sensors. Building flight plans that place sensors properly, temporally and spatially, is difficult. The goal of sensor-driven planning is to automatically generate flight plans based on desired sensor placement and temporal constraints. We present a hierarchical sensor-driven flight planning system capable of generating 2D flights that satisfy desired sensor placement and complex timing and dependency constraints. The system makes use of several well-known planning algorithms and includes a user interface. Results demonstrate that the algorithm is general enough for use by a human in several simulated wilderness search and rescue scenarios.
People of Clay: Portrait Objects in the Peabody Essex Museum

AbstractThis article focuses on the nineteenth century clay figures from India housed at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, USA. In considering the commission and collecting of these clay figures as tangible by-products of the Indo-American relationship between traders in the 19th century, I look at three distinct categories within portrait-objects: life-size clay representations of two mendicant figures; three Calcutta merchants given as gifts; and a set of miniature clay dolls representing various Indian social types. Accounting for various European and American presences in nineteenth century India and acknowledging asymmetrical power relations in such encounters, I home in on iconographical and technological choices made by the Krishnagar craftsmen to point to the juxtaposition of the local and the adopted. This adoption, I suggest, is not a straightforward one but a moment in a series of moments of transaction among different cultural subjects. Extending these relations to a climate of...
The response of the subthalamo-pallidal networks of the Basal Ganglia to oscillatory cortical input in Parkinson’s disease

Primary motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease such as bradykinesia and rigidity are associated with increased oscillatory and synchronized activity in the beta frequency band (10-30Hz) throughout the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry (see, for example, [1]). The origin of the pathological beta-band oscillations is not completely understood, however it appears that both cortical circuits (reviewed in [2]) as well as subthalamo-pallidal circuitry [3] in the basal ganglia contribute to the generation and expression of pathological rhythmicity. The objective of this study is to explore the oscillatory interactions between cortical and basal ganglia networks in parkinsonian patients and in computational models of Parkinson’s disease. Two types of data from were recorded from subjects with Parkinson’s disease during the implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. We performed microelectrode recordings of neuronal units and local field potentials from the subthalamic nucleus. We also recorded surface EEG from prefrontal and motor areas recorded simultaneously with the recordings in the subthalamic nucleus. The analysis of these data reveals complex patters of correlations between synchrony in cortical circuits (which can be studied noninvasively) and synchrony in the basal ganglia circuits (which requires invasive procedures for investigation). These results are used to guide the development of computational models to study how activity in the subthalamo-pallidal circuits can be entrained by the oscillatory cortical input. We used conductance-based models for the excitatory-inhibitory networks of neurons from the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of Globus Pallidus [4,5] and subject them to a series of artificially-generated cortical inputs as well as to the input signals derived from the experimentally recorded EEG. The biologically-realistic temporal patterns of synchrony, which are generated by the subthalamo-pallidal model network [4] are observed in the networks under cortical inputs too (although for different parameter values). The patterns of responses of beta-band bursting in the model suggest that the experimentally observed beta-band synchronization in Parkinson’s disease may be promoted by the simultaneous action of both cortical and subthalamo-pallidal network mechanisms. This may explain why some theories explaining the origins of pathological beta-band activity in Parkinson’s disease suggest a cortical origin of pathological oscillations, while others suggest local, subthalamo-pallidal generation [1-3].
Construction of a ceramometal mandibular repositioning splint

This article described laboratory and chairside techniques for making a porcelain-bonded-to-metal occlusal overlay repositioning splint and suggests how both dental laboratory technician and dentist can anticipate and overcome some problems commonly encountered during fabrication and seating. A ceramometal occlusal overlay and repositioning splint is often the splint of choice for patients who must wear one at all times during prolonged occlusal splint therapy. Unlike the commonly used acrylic resin splints, the ceramometal splint is durable, provides good esthetics and anatomic functional tooth form, and can be worn at all times including meals.
The effects of strong irrelevant thirst on food-rewarded instrumental performance

.In Experiment I, rats received one food rewarded trial per day in a runway. One group received all its trials under hunger (Group H); the second group received a random half of its trials under hunger and the other half of its trials under hunger plus thirst (Group H·HT). Group H·HT ultimately ran slower on HT trials than on H trials. In Experiment II, the effects of shifting from H to-HT-and vice versa were examined in a five-phase design. In general, rats run under H ran faster than rats run under HT, and shifts from H to HT produced rapid decreases in speed, while shifts from HT to H produced extremely slow increases in speed. The results of both experiments were interpreted as indicating that the reward value of food is greater under H than under HT and that the manipulation H vs. HT may be viewed as theoretically similar to manipulation of reward magnitude. It has been shown that rats deprived of both food and water (hunger plus thirst, HT) eat less when food alone is given and are inferior in food-rewarded instrumental performance to rats deprived only of food (hunger, H) (e.g., Bolles & Morlock, 1960; Kendler & Law, 1950; Levine, 1956; Verplanck & Hayes, 1953), at least when thirst is strong (22 h deprivation or more). These results may be interpreted as indicating that the reward value of food is less under HT than under H. The purpose of the two experiments reported here was to determine if the effects on performance of manipulating H vs, HT are similar to the effects of manipulating reward magnitude. If the effects on performance of these two manipulations are similar, it would then seem feasible to ask whether or not these similar effects are produced through the same mechanisms. Although the results of previous studies investigating instrumental performance as a function of H vs. HT are compatible with the interpretation that the reward value of food is less under HT than under H, they are also compatible with other interpretations for two reasons. First, previous studies measuring instrumental performance as a function of H vs. HT have employed
Evaluation of rail passenger equipment crashworthiness strategies

Comparisons are made of the effectiveness of competing crashworthiness strategies---crash energy management (CEM) and conventional passenger train design. CEM is a strategy for providing rail equipment crashworthiness that uses crush zones at the ends of cars. These zones are designed to collapse in a controlled way during a collision, distributing the crush among the train cars. This technique preserves the occupied spaces in the train and limits the decelerations of the occupant volumes. Two scenarios are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the crashworthiness strategies---(a) a train-to-train collision of a cab-car-led passenger train with a standing locomotive--led passenger train and (b) a grade-crossing collision of a cab-car-led passenger train with a standing highway vehicle. The maximum speed for which all the occupants are expected to survive and the predicted increase in fatalities and injuries with increasing collision speed are determined for both train designs. Crash energy management is s...
Primary Care Visit Length, Quality, and Satisfaction for Standardized Patients with Depression

BACKGROUND The contribution of physician and organizational factors to visit length, quality, and satisfaction remains uncertain, in part, because of confounding by patient presentation.
Concentration-dependent bupivacaine myotoxicity in rabbit extraocular muscle.

Purpose Bupivacaine myotoxicity to the extraocular muscles, from retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia, has been reported after cataract surgery and other intraocular procedures. However, there are no data on the concentration-dependence of bupivacaine in causing extraocular muscle toxicity. Methods Six aged rabbits received different concentrations of bupivacaine (0.75% and lower) in 3 extraocular muscles, namely, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of each rabbit's eye. The animals were euthanized at 5 days or 1 month after the injections. Hematoxylin and eosin− and Masson trichrome−stained sections were obtained from the involved extraocular muscles after paraffin embedding. Results Five days after the initial injection, the 0.75% bupivacaine-injected extraocular muscles showed extensive myonecrosis and degeneration with early-stage regenerating muscle fibers. However, muscle tissue injected with half-concentration bupivacaine (0.38%) showed scattered and significantly fewer areas of mild muscle fiber degeneration with regeneration. There were no areas of muscle tissue degeneration observed in any muscle injected with quarter-concentration bupivacaine (0.19%). At 1 month, however, only 0.75% bupivacaine-injected muscles displayed areas of regenerated muscle fiber cells with foci of scar formation. There was no visible scar formation in muscles injected with any bupivacaine concentration lower than 0.75%, or with saline, at 1 month after injection. Conclusions Extraocular muscle injection with full-strength bupivacaine (0.75%) can cause myonecrosis and degeneration acutely, with regeneration appearing by 5 days, followed by some late-stage scar formation. However, no long-term effects were observed with bupivacaine concentrations of 0.38% or 0.19%.
Worldwide Control of Rheumatic Fever

Excerpt The World Health Organization convened a meeting of expert staff members and consultants in Geneva during 1977 to consider the prospects for worldwide rheumatic fever control. Their report,...
Chicago Healthy Aging Study: Objectives and Design

Investigators in the Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS) reexamined 1,395 surviving participants aged 65–84 years (28% women) from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) 1967–1973 cohort whose cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles were originally ascertained at ages 25–44 years. CHAS investigators reexamined 421 participants who were low-risk (LR) at baseline and 974 participants who were non-LR at baseline. LR was defined as having favorable levels of 4 major CVD risk factors: serum total cholesterol level <200 mg/dL and no use of cholesterol-lowering medication; blood pressure 120/≤80 mm Hg and no use of antihypertensive medication; no current smoking; and no history of diabetes or heart attack. While the potential of LR status in overcoming the CVD epidemic is being recognized, the long-term association of LR with objectively measured health in older age has not been examined. It is hypothesized that persons who were LR in 1967–1973 and have survived to older age will have less clinical and subclinical CVD, lower levels of inflammatory markers, and better physical performance/functioning and sleep quality. Here we describe the rationale, objectives, design, and implementation of this longitudinal epidemiologic study, compare baseline and follow-up characteristics of participants and nonparticipants, and highlight the feasibility of reexamining study participants after an extended period postbaseline with minimal interim contact.
Discussion: Evaluation of Corrosive Degradation in Coated Steel Using Alternating Current Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract F. Mansfeld discusses “Evaluation of Corrosive Degradation in Coated Steel Using Alternating Current Impedance Spectroscopy,” by D.F. Wei, I. Chatterjee, and D.A. Jones, which was published in Corrosion 51, 2 (1995): pp. 97–104. A reply from Jones follows.
Abstract 610: The role of oxidative stress in the growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of brown button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) in human prostate cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL An increasing body of clinical and in vivo/in vitro studies suggests that some chemical components in specialty mushrooms like maitake (Grifola frondosa) may exert cancer preventive effects. Edible mushrooms, which have a similar content of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, steroids, etc., have been less well-studied for their anticancer and cancer preventive activity. For example, only one publication has reported the inhibition of human breast cancer cell growth by brown button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The objectives of our research were to evaluate the anti-prostate cancer activity and mechanism(s) of action of brown button mushroom extracts. A hot water extract was prepared from freeze-dried brown button mushroom powder and fractioned with hexane and ethyl acetate. The IC50 of ethyl acetate fraction from brown button mushrooms (BBEA) was ∼0.1mg/ml. The inhibitory potency against LNCaP human prostate cancer cells correlated with the total phenol content, suggesting that these may be the active anticancer components. To further investigate the mechanisms of BBEA's anticancer effects, we examined the production of H2O2 by the extract using FOX assay and examined oxidative stress, proapoptotic, and cell cycle arrest markers by western blot. BBEA (0.1mg/ml) produced ∼50µM H2O2 under cell culture conditions after 6h. The expression of the oxidative stress marker, αH2A.X, in LNCaP cells was enhanced by BBEA after 12 and 24h, suggesting that pro-oxidative effects may be a possible anticancer mechanism. BBEA also increased caspase-3 and PARP cleavage and reduced the expression of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E2, suggesting induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by BBEA. In summary, this is the first report of the anticancer effects of phenolic compounds in brown button mushrooms and these results demonstrate that further study of BBEA is warranted. Microarray studies are currently under way to better characterize the anticancer activity of BBEA against human prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 610. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-610
Xe2Cl and Kr2F excited state (4 2Γ) absorption spectra: measurements of absolute cross sections

Abstract Absolute absorption cross sections for the lowest excited states (4 2 Γ) of Xe 2 Cl and Kr 2 F have been measured at discrete wavelengths in the visible and ultraviolet (Xe 2 Cl: 325 ⩽ λ ⩽ 495 nm; Kr 2 F: 248 ⩽ λ ⩽ 570 nm). The wavelengths observed for the 9 2 Γ ← 4 2 Γ band peak in each spectrum confirm the predictions of theory. However, the spectral profile and magnitude of the Xe 2 Cl and Kr 2 F absorption cross sections are considerably different from those predicted theoretically for the corresponding rare gas dimer ions, Xe + 2 and Kr + 2 .
BACE2 Expression Increases in Human Neurodegenerative Disease

β-Secretase, the rate-limiting enzymatic activity in the production of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, is a major target of Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics. There are two forms of the enzyme: β-site Aβ precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1 and BACE2. Although BACE1 increases in late-stage AD, little is known about BACE2. We conducted a detailed examination of BACE2 in patients with preclinical to late-stage AD, including amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and age-matched controls, cases of frontotemporal dementia, and Down's syndrome. BACE2 protein and enzymatic activity increased as early as preclinical AD and were found in neurons and astrocytes. Although the levels of total BACE2 mRNA were unchanged, the mRNA for BACE2 splice form C (missing exon 7) increased in parallel with BACE2 protein and activity. BACE1 and BACE2 were strongly correlated with each other at all levels, suggesting that their regulatory mechanisms may be largely shared. BACE2 was also elevated in frontotemporal dementia but not in Down's syndrome, even in patients with substantial Aβ deposition. Thus, expression of both forms of β-secretase are linked and may play a combined role in human neurologic disease. A better understanding of the normal functions of BACE1 and BACE2, and how these change in different disease states, is essential for the future development of AD therapeutics.
Assurance of dynamic adaptation in distributed systems

Long running applications often need to adapt due to changing requirements or changing environment. Typically, such an adaptation is performed by dynamically adding or removing components. In these type of adaptations, components are often added to or removed from multiple processes in the system. As a result, during adaptation, the system may consist of both changed and unchanged processes, causing old and new components to overlap. This overlapping of components during adaptation may induce cross-component communication, which may lead to behavior during adaptation that is unpredictable and/or undesirable. In this paper, we discuss an approach to model and verify overlap adaptation. We use the transitional-invariant lattice and the transitional-faultspan lattice to verify the correctness of adaptation in the absence and the presence of faults, respectively. We also discuss a framework to support implementation of overlap adaptation.
Plages for speaking in teamsterville

(1976). Plages for speaking in teamsterville. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 15-25.
A Year of Cataloging Research

Library Resources and Technical Services is celebrating 2010 as the Year of Cataloging Research by publishing guest editorials and highlighting papers that advance this important initiative.
Solubility of Anthracene in Ternary Cyclohexane + Propanol + 1-Pentanol and Cyclohexane + Butanol + 1-Pentanol Mixtures

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in ternary cyclohexane + 1-propanol + 1-pentanol, cyclohexane + 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, cyclohexane + 1-butanol + 1-pentanol, and cyclohexane + 2-butanol + 1-pentanol solvent mixtures at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. For each of the four ternary solvent systems, 19 compositions were studied. Results of these measurements are used to test the predictive ability of the ternary solvent form of the Jouyban−Acree model. Computations showed that the model predicted the observed solubility behavior to within an overall average absolute deviation of about 1.2 %.
The degenerative state of the intervertebral disk independently predicts the failure of human lumbar spine to high rate loading: an experimental study.

Abstract Background In the elderly, 30%–50% of patients report a fall event to precede the onset of vertebral fractures. The dynamic characteristics of the spine determine the peak forces on the vertebrae in a fall. However, we know little about the effect of intervertebral disk degeneration on the failure of human spines under the high loading rates associated with such falls. We hypothesized that MR estimates of disk hydration and viscoelastic properties will provide better estimates of failure strength than bone density alone. Methods Seventeen L1–L3 human spine segments were imaged (magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), their dynamic responses quantified using pendulum based impact, and the spines tested to failure under high rate loading simulating a fall event. The spines' stiffness and damping constants were computed (Kelvin–Voigt model) with disk hydration and geometry assessed from T2 and proton density images. Findings Under impact, the spines exhibited a second-order underdamped response with stiffness and damping ranging (17.9–754.5) kN/m and (133.6–905.3) Ns/m respectively. Damping, but not stiffness, was negatively correlated with higher ultimate strength ( P P P Interpretation The strong correlation between disk viscoelastic properties and MR-estimated hydration with the spine segments' ultimate strength clearly demonstrates the need to include disk degeneration as part of fracture risk assessment in the elderly spine.
Kudzu control and impact on monetary returns to non-industrial private forest landowners in Mississippi.

Kudzu—Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.)—was initially planted in the southern United States and subsequently spread throughout the countryside following changes in land use. Kudzu covers more than 2.8 million ha which prevents uses such as timber production and establishment of carbon plantations. Using data collected on sites in Mississippi, this study examines the after-tax monetary trade-offs of controlling kudzu using different herbicide regimes. The results suggest that the most cost-effective way to control kudzu patches is to apply Escort XP using an aerial applicator. This application is appropriate for both young and old kudzu patches and whether the landowner intends to afforest the site with pine or oak.
Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in endotoxin shock☆

Abstract Our interest in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was generated by reports that described blocking of the effects of bradykinin and the inhibition of kallikrein by these agents. Since plasma kinins are released during shock, these drugs were tested in this pathological condition. Although, on closer inspection, the antibradykinin effect turned out to be rather unspecific in most tests and the significance of kinin release during shock can be questioned, administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs protects dogs against the effects of injected endotoxin. This was proved by Hinshaw, Erdos, and collaborators in 200 dogs. They pretreated dogs with acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, or phenylbutazone. The animals were subsequently shocked by i.v. injection of a ld 80 dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Injection of endotoxin to dogs elicits a biphasic hemodynamic response. Immediately after the injection, the mean systemic arterial blood pressure decreases for a short time and then increases; this is followed by a longer lasting hypotension in the second phase of shock. The first decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure in shock is explained by hepatic pooling of blood as indicated by the increasing portal venous pressure. Aspirin blocked both the primary and the secondary decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure and the increase in portal venous pressure in the shocked animals. Pretreatment with aspirin also significantly increased the rate of survival. The administration of indomethacin or phenylbutazone led to somewhat different results. Indomethacin diminished the decrease in blood pressure in the first phase of shock but did not block the increase in portal venous pressure. After this short period of hypotension, the dogs treated with indomethacin maintained a normal blood pressure for the duration of the experiments, in contrast to the control group. Phenylbutazone, in a smaller number of studies, protected the animals in the second phase of shock only. Although all three drugs used in these studies abolished the hypotension in the second phase of shock, their modes of action on the splanchnic circulation might be different.
Reevaluation of 3′Eκ Function in Stage- and Lineage-Specific Rearrangement and Somatic Hypermutation

Abstract Transgenic studies have led to the conclusion that the 3′E κ enhancer functions to suppress κ variable region gene assembly in T lineage cells and in progenitor B cells and have also implicated 3′E κ as a critical element in promoting somatic hypermutation of κ variable region genes. To assess the role of the endogenous 3′E κ , we assayed these processes in mice homozygous for mutations in which the 3′E κ sequences were deleted by the loxP /Cre method (3′E κ Δ/Δ mice). In contrast to transgenic findings, we found that deletion of the endogenous 3′E κ did not deregulate κ gene rearrangement in T lineage cells or in pro-B cells. Furthermore, immunization of the 3′E κ Δ/Δ mice led to the generation of specific antibodies with mutation patterns typical of affinity maturation, showing that there is no absolute requirement for the 3′E κ with respect to somatic mutation of endogenous κ genes.
A study of the effect of perchloroethylene exposure on semen quality in dry cleaning workers.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of perchloroethylene (PCE) exposure on human semen quality. We compared the semen quality of 34 dry cleaners with that of 48 laundry workers. We examined the relationships of 17 semen parameters to expired air levels of PCE and to an index of exposure based on job tasks in the last three months. The average sperm concentration was over 80 million for both dry cleaners and laundry workers, but approximately one-quarter of each group was oligospermic. The overall percentage of abnormal forms was similar for the two groups; however, sperm of dry cleaners were significantly more likely to be round (t = -3.29, p = 0.002) and less likely to be narrow (t = 2.35, p = 0.02) than the sperm of laundry workers. These effects were dose-related to expired air levels and to the exposure index after controlling for potential confounders (e.g., heat exposure). The average percent motile sperm for both groups was slightly over 60%; however, sperm of dry cleaners tended to swim with greater amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) than those of laundry workers (t = -1.73, p = 0.09), and level of PCE in expired airmore » was a significant predictor of ALH in the multiple regression model (t = 2.00, p = 0.05). In addition, exposure index was a significant negative predictor of the sperm linearity parameter (t = -2.57, p = 0.01). These results suggest that occupational exposures to PCE can have subtle effects on sperm quality. Additional analyses are required to determine whether these effects are associated with changes in fertility.« less
Choked-Flow Inlet Orifice Bubbler for Creating Small Bubbles in Mercury

Pressure waves created in liquid mercury pulsed spallation targets like the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, induce cavitation damage on the target container. The cavitation damage is thought to limit the lifetime of the target for power levels at and above 1 MW. One way to mitigate the damage would be to absorb the pressure pulse energy into a dispersed population of small bubbles, however, creating a bubble size distribution that is sufficiently large and disperse in mercury is challenging due to the high surface tension. Also, measuring the population is complicated by the opacity and the high level of turbulent mixing. Recent advances in bubble diagnostics by batch sampling the mercury made it possible to compare bubble populations for different techniques in a SNS-1/20th scale test loop. More than 10 bubblers were tested and the most productive bubblers were taken for in-beam testing at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) WNR user facility. One bubbler design, referred to as the inlet-orifice bubbler, that showed moderate success in creating populations also has an added advantage that it could easily be included in the existing SNS full-scale mercury target configuration. Improvements to the bubbler were plannedmore » including a reduction of the nozzle size to choke the gas injection, thus steadying the injected mass flow and allowing multiple nozzles to work off of a common plenum. For the first time, reliable bubble population data are available in the prototypical target geometry and can be compared with populations that mitigated cavitation damage. This paper presents those experimental results.« less