cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SRM Approach to Family Assessment

Abstract. In family systems, it is possible for one to put oneself at risk by eliciting aversive, high-risk behaviors from others (Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991). Consequently, it is desirable that family assessments should clarify the direction of effects when evaluating family dynamics. In this paper a new method of family assessment will be presented that identifies bidirectional influence processes in family relationships. Based on the Social Relations Model (SRM: Kenny & La Voie, 1984), the SRM Family Assessment provides information about the give and take of family dynamics at three levels of analysis: group, individual, and dyad. The method will be briefly illustrated by the assessment of a family from the PIER Program, a randomized clinical trial of an intervention to prevent the onset of psychosis in high-risk young people.
Carrier lifetime in 1.3 μm InAs quantum-dot lasers using small-signal modulation technique

Carrier lifetime measurements are a powerful tool to understand and quantify the recombination mechanisms in semiconductor lasers. In this work we report the results of carrier lifetime measurements performed on 1.3 μm p-doped InAs Quantum-Dot lasers at room temperature using the small-signal modulation technique. The carrier lifetime at a particular bias current is determined by fitting the measured optical frequency response curves to the calculated response derived from sub-threshold carrier and photon rate equations. Calculated optical response curves are dominated by a single pole regardless of whether a single or multiple carrier level rate equation analysis is used. We also measure a single pole optical response, throughout the entire range of bias currents, thus allowing us to extract the differential carrier lifetime. The recombination coefficients are extracted by simultaneously fitting the variation of differential carrier lifetime with bias current to equations relating the current and carrier lifetime to the recombination coefficients and carrier density. Specifically we find a cubic (or Auger) recombination coefficient of 1.2 x 10 -29 cm 6 /s and 5.6 x 10 -29 cm6/s in the single and multi carrier level rate equations respectively, while the bimolecular (radiative) coefficients are 1.8 x 10 -11 cm 6 /s and 6.5 x 10 -11 cm 6 /s, and the monomolecular (defect) coefficients are 2.9x10 7 /s and 5.5x10 7 /s. Regardless of the analysis used we find that the vast majority, approximately 80%, of the current at threshold is due to the cubic recombination process which is traditionally assumed to be Auger recombination.
Steam Surface Pasteurization of Beef Frankfurters

Meat and poultry products are sources of foodborne bacterial contamination. We used flash steam heating followed by evaporative cooling to quickly reduce bacterial contamination on the surface of beef frankfurters without degrading appearance. The rate of heat transfer was studied by measuring surface temperature in a pressure chamber during steam heating. Quality changes were determined by measuring color and weight as functions of steam temperature and treatment time. Efficacy of the process was verified by microbiological experiments using L. innocua. Treatment times of 30–40 set at 115–136°C gave a 4 log reduction in bacterial counts on the surface without severely affecting color or weight. After long-term storage at 6°C and at 19°C, levels of bacteria on inoculated frankfurters remained reduced and there was no difference between treated and untreated products in color or weight.
Imaging gene expression: tiny signals make a big noise.

The hypothesis of ubiquitous fluctuations in gene expression has spurred the development of general methods for tracking temporal changes in protein concentrations in individual cells. The determination of protein levels with single-molecule sensitivity represents a significant advancement in the monitoring of cellular behavior that is driven by gene expression.
Discrimination of Pediments and Alluvial Fans from Topographic Maps

Pediments and alluvial fans are commonly thought to differ in origin, yet it is difficult to distinguish between them without field evidence. Using working definitions, pediments and alluvial fans have been field-identified in the southwestern United States and an algorithm employing data from high quality topographic maps has been developed to discriminate between the two landforms. The procedure is based on the observation that drainage texture tends to become significantly finer in a headward direction on pediments but not on alluvial fans. This relationship is of a statistical nature and analysis of variance or regression techniques can be employed for texture analysis and landform identification.
Foreign Collaborations and Industrial Development: Problems of Utilizing Foreign Technicians

Foreign collaborations which result in the transfer of technical and managerial assistance (and foreign capital) from advanced to developing countries, are a direct stimulus to economic growth. Conversely, the economic and political settings in the host country (and changes therein) have a direct impact on the contributions to be made by such collaborations. Some significant aspects of this interrelationship in the Indian context are examined in this chapter.1
Integration and Fragmentation in Political Science: Exploring Patterns of Scholarly Communication in a Divided Discipline

Political science is generally thought of as a discipline with strong divisions and often intense patterns of disagreement, most of which are driven by political scientists’ subfield and methodological orientations. In this address I explore subfield and methodological cleavages in political science as they relate to patterns of scholarly communication—in particular, in how political scientists differ in the value that they give to various political science journals. Using survey data on political scientists’ assessments of quality, familiarity, and impact for 115 political science journals (Garand and Giles, 2003), I find that political scientists differ in their rankings of the elite journals in the discipline, depending on subfield and, to a lesser extent, methodological approach. However, based on correlations and factor analyses, there is strong coherence in how political scientists from different subfield and methodological groups rank the full range of political science journals. Finally, I model j...
xSADL: an architecture description language to specify component-based systems

Software architecture (SA) provides a formal basis to describe and analyze a software system as a collection of components and their interactions (connectors). However, the current understanding and specification for a connector are still insufficient. Furthermore, there still exists a gap between architecture design and component-based implementation. This paper attempts to tackle these problems by providing an architecture description language (ADL), xSADL. In the specification of a connector, xSADL can help designers to deal with two kinds of architectural mismatches: behavior mismatch and message mismatch. xSADL is also supported by a GUI-based CASE tool. To help transform the architecture design by xSADL to a component-based software implementation, a component framework, 3CoFramework, is also introduced. xSADLand 3CoFramework complement each other and construct an architecture-based component development environment.
Changes in personality profile associated with laparoscopic surgery for chronic pelvic pain

Abstract Study Objective. To determine whether surgical treatment of chronic pelvic pain is associated with changes in personality profile. Design. Prospective clinical trial (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting. University-affiliated tertiary referral center. Patients. Sixteen women undergoing laparoscopic surgery for evaluation and treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Intervention. Before and 3 months after surgery all subjects completed the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 and the West Haven-Yale multidimensional pain inventory. Measurements and Main Results. Laparoscopic surgery for chronic pelvic pain was associated with a postoperative decrease in pain severity score by 53% (p Conclusion. Improvement in chronic pelvic pain is associated with an improvement in personality profile. Abnormal versus normal preoperative scores for hypochondriasis, depression, or conversion hysteria scales are not predictive of change in pain or activity level after surgery.
Perinatal Health Care Policy: How it Will Affect the Family in the 21st Century

Demographic trends, pressures to reduce medical care costs and to improve access, biomedical research, and women's preferences for health care will result in many important changes in perinatal health care during the next 2 decades. These changes have the potential for influencing family structure and functioning. For example, the rates of teen‐age pregnancy, unwanted or mistimed pregnancy, and infertility, with all their attendant adverse consequences, might be reduced.
Cytoplasmic Entry of Listeria monocytogenes Enhances Dendritic Cell Maturation and T Cell Differentiation and Function

Protective immunity to the intracellular bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes , is mediated by a vigorous T cell response. In particular, CD8 + cytolytic T cells provide essential effector function in the clearance of bacterial infection. The cytoplasmic entry of Listeria facilitated by listeriolysin O is an essential feature not only of the bacteria’s virulence, but of the ability of the bacteria to elicit protective immunity in the host. To determine how cytoplasmic entry of Listeria regulates the development of protective immunity, we examined the effects of this process on the maturation of murine dendritic cells (DC) and on their ability to prime naive CD8 + T cell responses. Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) were induced by listerial infection only when the bacteria invaded the cytoplasm. In addition, the production of IL-12, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α was most efficiently triggered by cytosolic Listeria . Naive T cells primed by peptide-loaded DC infected with either wild-type or nonhemolytic mutant Listeria proliferated equivalently, but a much larger proportion of those primed by wild-type Listeria monocytogenes produced IFN-γ. Costimulatory molecules induced by cytosolic entry regulated T cell proliferation and, as a result, the number of functional T cells generated. DC-produced cytokines (specifically IL-12 and IL-10) were the major factors determining the proportion of T cells producing IFN-γ. These data highlight the requirement for listerial cytoplasmic invasion for the optimal priming of T cell cytokine production and attest to the importance of this event to the development of protective CTL responses to this pathogen.
Wavepacket Modeling of the Jet Noise Source

This research is motivated by the need for physical models for the jet noise source to be used in practical noise prediction schemes for propulsion-airframe integration concepts. The emphasis is on jets with high-subsonic velocities typical of modern turbofan engines. The basis for the source model is an amplitude-modulated traveling wave - the wavepacket. Its parameters are determined by minimizing the difference between the modeled and experimental sound intensity distributions in the far field. Even though the pressure signal that reaches the far field is highly filtered, sufficient information is available to construct a wavepacket with reasonable physical characteristics. A simple stochastic extension of this concept shows a connection between the shape of the far-field sound pressure level spectrum and the emission polar angle. It suggests that the broadening of the spectrum with increasing polar angle can be explained on the basis of a single noise source (the wavepacket), rather than the prevailing model of two disparate noise sources, one coherent and the other incoherent.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF CULTURE AREAS: Melanesianist Anthropology in Transition

▪ Abstract In the last decade, anthropology has faced challenges to its self-definition associated both with new worldly circumstances and scholarly trends inside and outside the discipline. Recent interest in globalization has provoked discussion concerning what anthropology should be about, how it might be done, and what its relationships are to other bodies of literature and knowledge practices. Unsettling questions have been raised about working concepts of culture, ethnography, the field, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Extending the rethinking of “place” in anthropology begun by Appadurai, I consider the future of “culture areas” as discursive frameworks for organizing disciplinary practices. Some characteristics of anthropological regionalism are located by contrasting them to interdisciplinary area studies, insofar as globalization poses apparently similar challenges to each. Because of its iconic disciplinary status as an exemplar of “real” anthropology, Melanesianist ethnography is given ex...
RACE AND EARTH IN HEIDEGGER'S THINKING DURING THE LATE 1930s

In 1934 Heidegger offered an account of what a Volk is in terms of the existential analytic of Dasein set out in Being and Time, but soon after he abandoned this framework as he began the task of overcoming metaphysics. Integral to this new task was a confrontation with the racial policies not just of the Nazis but also of the Allies because he believed that the Western philosophical tradition was deeply implicated in these policies. Against this background, this paper explores Heidegger's attempts—hitherto unrecognized—in the late 1930s to sketch another way of thinking what his contemporaries called “race” using the conceptual resources he had introduced in “The Origin of the Work of Art.” The paper also includes some criticisms of Emmanuel Faye's recent study, Heidegger: The Introduction of Nazism into Philosophy.
Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels are associated with local inflammatory findings in patients with osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with disease progression in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), but the reasons for this remain unclear. We hypothesized that higher CRP would be related to local inflammatory findings in the joints of patients with OA. Methods Plasma and synovial membrane specimens from 54 OA patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty or arthroscopy were obtained. Synovial fluid was obtained from 25 of these patients. Hematoxylin and eosin stained synovial membrane sections were scored for degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. Plasma high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels, and serum and synovial fluid interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Fifty-seven percent of patients with idiopathic OA had inflammatory infiltrates within the synovial membrane. The mean hsCRP level in patients with inflammatory infiltrates was significantly higher than those without inflammation (4.7±5.0mg/L vs 1.7±3.6mg/L, P =0.003). There were significant correlations between hsCRP levels and synovial fluid IL-6 ( r =0.64, P =0.0006), degree of synovial inflammatory infiltration ( r =0.43, P =0.002), and body mass index ( r =0.31, P =0.02). Multivariate analysis indicated that only degree of inflammatory infiltrate was significantly associated with hsCRP level ( P =0.026). Conclusion These results suggest that systemic hsCRP levels reflect synovial inflammation in OA patients, perhaps by means of synovial IL-6 production. Future studies are needed to clarify how these infiltrates and their products may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Quantifying transmission reliability margin

In bulk electric power transfer capability computations, the transmission reliability margin accounts for uncertainties related to the transmission system conditions, contingencies, and parameter values. We propose a formula which quantifies transmission reliability margin based on transfer capability sensitivities and a probabilistic characterization of the various uncertainties. The formula is verified by comparison with results from two systems small enough to permit accurate Monte Carlo simulations. The formula contributes to more accurate and defensible transfer capability calculations.
Molecular Stating of Prostate Cancer. II. A Comparison of the Application of an Enhanced Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Prostate Specific Antigen Versus Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen

AbstractCurrent imaging modalities used to stage prostate cancer clinically fail to detect extracapsular disease in a significant subset of patients. A molecular based peripheral blood assay using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction has recently been shown to be a highly sensitive staging modality for detecting extraprostatic disease preoperatively. The assay uses primers that are specific for prostate specific antigen (PSA). We compare the application of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay using primers specific for the human prostate specific membrane antigen with results obtained from the same specimens by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for PSA. Prostate specific membrane antigen, a recently cloned prostatic antigen, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that has been described as prostate specific. These assays were applied to ribonucleic acids extracted from the peripheral blood lymphocyte fraction of 80 patients with clinically localized prostate canc...
2-D wavelength demultiplexer with potential for >/= 1000 channels in the C-band.

We demonstrate a 2-D wavelength demultiplexer by using a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) and a diffraction grating in bulk optics, which yields a hyperfine channel spacing 5 GHz (40 pm) with 1.75 GHz (14 pm) -3dB bandwidth, >20dB channel isolations, and a very large free spectral range. The 2-D wavelength demultiplexer is capable of having a very large number (≥1000) of hyperfine channels in the C-band (1530–1570 nm). We also present the first analytic theory for the 2-D demultiplexer.
Soft-decision majority decoding of Reed-Muller codes

We present a new soft-decision majority decoding algorithm for Reed-Muller codes RM(r,m). First, the reliabilities of 2/sup m/ transmitted symbols are recalculated into the reliabilities of 2/sup m-r/ parity checks that represent each information bit. In turn, information bits are obtained by the weighted majority that gives more weight to more reliable parity checks. It is proven that for long low-rate codes RM(r,m), our soft-decision algorithm outperforms its conventional hard-decision counterpart by 10 log/sub 10/(/spl pi//2)/spl ap/2 dB at any given output error probability. For fixed code rate R and m/spl rarr//spl infin/, our algorithm increases almost 2/sup r/2/ times the correcting capability of soft-decision bounded distance decoding.
The evolving role of immunotherapy in prostate cancer

The prognosis for men with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is limited, and patients have very few treatment options, particularly if the treatment failed with docetaxel (Taxotere). As a result, there is a requirement for novel approaches to therapy. Using immunotherapy to induce immune responses to prostate cancer in preclinical and clinical studies appears to be a valid therapeutic approach. In a pivotal phase III trial, treatment with sipuleucel-T, an autologous cellular vaccine consisting of activated antigen-presenting cells loaded with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gave a median overall survival of 25.8 months compared with 21.7 months for placebo-treated patients, resulting in a 22% relative reduction in the risk of death. Based on these results, sipuleucel-T became the first therapeutic vaccine approved for any type of cancer in the USA. PROSTVAC(®)-VF, a poxvirus-based vaccine engineered to present prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and three immune costimulatory molecules, and GVAX, a vaccine consisting of two prostate cancer cell lines (LnCAP and PC3) and genetically modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), both showed promising results in phase II studies, although GVAX failed to meet its primary end point of overall survival when compared with docetaxel in a phase III study. T-cell modulation is another potential immunotherapeutic strategy for CRPC. Ipilimumab, an antibody against the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, is being evaluated in phase I/II studies, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or GVAX, with activity in prostate cancer. CRPC is one of the few tumour types where immunotherapy is the current standard of care. Further research, however, will be necessary to improve antitumour responses and clinical benefits, including the use of novel combinatorial approaches.
Gas Monitoring During Drilling Substantiates Hydrogen Occurrence and Eliminates Corrosion as Source: ABSTRACT

Chromatograms from the simultaneous use of 2 gas "sniffers," one monitoring hydrocarbon gases and one monitoring H2, while drilling 5 uncased exploratory bore holes in Paleozoic rocks in Kansas substantiates that H2/N2-rich gas emissions are from the sedimentary rocks above the Central North American rift system and are not the result of corrosion of casing pipe. The gases extend over an area of more than 100 mi2, within which they appear to be migrating through formation waters along permeable zones at the silty to sandy base of pyritic shales. H2 was detected in various zones from ±500 ft depth in the Indian Cave Sandstone (Pennsylvanian) to depths of 2,100 ft in the Hunton Limestone (Silurian-Devonian). Negati e peaks (noncombustible), which overlapped the H2 positive peaks on the Wheatstone Bridge chromatograms, are thought to indicate N2 gas. Possible N2 gas occurs from about 1,300 to 2,100 ft, from the Heebner Shale Member (Pennsylvanian) to the Hunton Limestone. H2/N2 peaks on the chromatograms correlate well with the crossover peaks indicative of gas zones on open-hole wireline logs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 257------------
Symptom onset in the first 2 years of employment at a wood products plant using diisocyanates: Some observations relevant to occupational medical screening

Background Questionnaires are essential tools for medical screening, but their role in monitoringworkersatincreasedriskofoccupationalasthma(OA)remainsindeterminate. Methods Employees who were at a newly established wood products plant without previous exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) completed an initial questionnaireandfromonetofourfollow-upquestionnairesduringa2-yearperiod.Onset of symptoms in 132 workers was assessed by exposure groups and modeled using generalized estimating equations. Results Onset of attacks of dyspnea with wheeze, attacksof dyspnea orcough at rest, and chest tightness were significantly associated with MDI exposure after controlling for age, smoking,andwooddustexposure.Onsetofcoughonmostdayswassignificantlyrelatedto smoking and dust. Onset of phlegm production was significantly related to both MDI and dust exposure. Conclusions Onset of certain symptoms is significantly associated with MDI exposure. Early detection of MDI-associated health effects using a short screening questionnaire appears feasible. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:226–233, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. {
A Novel Approach to an Embedded Systems Curriculum

Universities around the world have modified their computer engineering curricula to include courses and modules focusing on the design of embedded systems including reconfigurable hardware, real-time processing, embedded processors, and firmware/software systems. This paper describes a different approach to embedded systems education - the development of an embedded systems track within an existing computer science program. This approach allows for an intentionally designed balance of computer science, computer engineering, mathematics, and science courses deemed necessary for a comprehensive embedded systems program
Threshold structure of channel aware distributed scheduling in ad-hoc networks: An optimal stopping view

As evidenced by measurement data, channel fading and co-channel interference occur on the same time scales, and it is therefore difficult to determine if packet losses are due to interference change or channel variation. The coupling between the timescales of fading and interference at the MAC layer calls for a unified PHY/MAC design. Using optimal stopping theory, we first devise channel aware distributed scheduling to exploit rich PHY/MAC diversities in single-hop ad-hoc networks, for a variety of PHY-layer models. We show that the optimal channel aware distributed scheduling algorithms have threshold structures, and hence are amenable to easy implementation. We then generalize the study to multi-hop wireless networks, and discuss further open issues such as the delay performance of distributed scheduling.
Women, Peace and Security: An Analysis of the National Action Plans Developed in Response to UN Security Council Resolution 1325

This research analyzes the 11 national action plans that were adopted between June 2005 and October 2008 as a response to the United Nations Security Council's Resolution 1325. Resolution 1325, one of the most important UN resolutions within the field of peace and security, was adopted unanimously on 31 October 2000. The resolution highlights the consequences of violent conflict on women and girls and the important role of women in peacebuilding and post-conflict processes. In 2002 and again in 2004, UN member states were invited to prepare national action plans in order to take strong steps towards the implementation of UNSCR 1325. This study examines the similarities and differences in the plans and compares the points identified in the plans to the relevant points in UNSCR 1325.
Flow Stress of MgO Single Crystals Compressed Along [100] at High Hydrostatic Pressures

The compressive yield strength of the soft orientation of MgO single crystals (the [100] loading axis) was measured under hydrostatic pressures up to 1000 MPa in two devices. An initial set of monotonic loading experiments indicated that the yield strength under pressure was decreased by 2.1 to 3.1×10−4MPa−1 in units of fractional decrease (dσ/σ) per increase in chamber pressure. Individual crystals were deformed in increments at various pressures in a series of interrupted tests; the results indicated that pressure had no effect on yield strength. (The interrupted tests would be more likely than the monotonic experiments to demonstrate intrinsic material behavior since they avoided variations in strength among crystals and had more uniform platen friction conditions.) All specimens were tested without protective jackets, leading to slip-band observations that contradict a previous theory of the effect of jackets on the flow stress of MgO single crystals during high-pressure tests. It is concluded that hydrostatic pressure up to 1000 MPa has a negligible effect on the yield strength of the soft orientation of MgO single crystals, in accordance with predictions made from earlier models by Davis and Gordon.
Myocarditis as a Complication of Infantile Chlamydia trachomatis Pneumonitis

The case is presented of an infant with chlamydia pneumonitis who developed clinical and electrocardiographic signs of myocarditis. No significant antiviral antibodies developed. Elevated antichlamydial IgG titers were demonstrated during the initial phase. These declined during convalescence. This report provides further evidence associating C. trachomatis with infectious myocarditis.
The Role of Civil Society Actors in Reparations Legislation

In an attempt to address the harm suffered by victims of human rights abuse, civil society groups have come to play an increasingly large and critically important role in the development of reparations legislation. Through their unique knowledge of victims’ experiences as well as their financial, organizational and personnel resources, these groups influence transitional governments to enact legislation to benefit previously disenfranchised victim populations. Civil society groups are involved in a number of different aspects of reparations legislation including the drafting of laws and amendments, the giving of legal advice to victims and lawmakers alike, and the raising of public and media awareness on issues concerning material and symbolic reparations. This article discusses three case studies of civil society groups in Germany, Argentina and South Africa. Analysis of the dilemmas faced by these groups reveals their various motivations, strategies and actions relating to the implementation of reparations legislation. Through their personal connection with victims and extensive knowledge of human rights abuse, civil society groups are uniquely situated to develop pragmatic solutions to governmental obstacles. While civil society groups are not without their shortcomings, an analysis of their methods is instructive for future activists hoping to influence reparations legislation. This article concludes that civil society groups’ inclusion of victims in the development of reparations legislation is essential to their past and future success.
Alkali-promoted AlPO4 catalysts, II. Cyclohexene skeletal isomerization to 1- and 3-methylcyclopentenes

Skeletal isomerization of cyclohexene to 1- and 3-methylcyclopentenes has been carried out at temperatures ranging from 250–400 °C using a microcatalytic pulse technique, over AlPO4 catalysts having various amounts of alkali cations (1–5 wt.%, Li, Na and K). Apparent rate constants and activation energies were calculated in terms of Bassett and Habgood's kinetic model for first order processes in which the surface reaction is the controlling step and partial pressure of the reactant is low. The results show that alkali-containing catalysts exhibit lower activity and higher selectivity to 1-methylcyclopentene than pure AlPO4 due to the modification of the surface acidity by alkali impregnation.
What motivates females and males to pursue careers in mathematics and science

Drawing on Eccles’ expectancy-value model of achievement-related choices, we examined the personal aptitudes and motivational beliefs at 12th grade that move individuals toward or away from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations at age 29. In the first set of analyses, occupational and lifestyle values, math ability self-concepts, family demographics, and high school course-taking more strongly predicted both individual and gender differences in the likelihood of entering STEM careers than math scores on the Differential Aptitude Test. In the second set of analyses, individual and gender differences in career decisions within STEM disciplines (health, biological, and medical sciences (HBMS) versus mathematics, physical, engineering, and computer sciences (MPECS)) were best predicted by occupational values (i.e. preferences for work that were people oriented and altruistic predicted entrance into HBMS instead of MPECS careers). Females were less likely to hold the beliefs that...
UNILATERAL RENAL HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES WITH HYPERTONIC MANNITOL.

SummaryUnilateral renal artery infusions of hypertonic mannitol increase ipsilateral urine flow, but do not change PAH or creatinine clearances in the anesthetized dog, when infused at 300 mg/min for 10 minutes. In the dog with hemorrhagic hypotension, unilateral renal artery infusion of 480 mg/min of hypertonic mannitol produces a 50% increase in renal blood flow ipsilaterally and a 6% increase contralaterally. These effects are seen in the absence of any change in plasma volume or any increase in the hypotensive arterial pressures.
Evaluation of Phosphated Egg Shell and Fertilizer Phosphates in Turkey Starter Diets

Abstract Three experiments of 28 days duration were conducted to evaluate phosphated egg shell and fertilizer phosphates as supplemental phosphorus sources. Large White, female poults of the Nicholas strain were used in all studies. The birds were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 28 percent protein. Phosphorus sources and calcium carbonate were added to furnish the desired levels of Ca and P. Dietary treatments and tap water were given ad libitum and birds were raised in battery brooders with raised wire floors. Bioavailability of phosphorus from two fertilizer phosphates, concentrated super phosphate (CSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), was high. Relative biological values for CSP and DAP were 95 and 96 percent, respectively, as compared to 100 percent for mono-sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4 · H2O), the reference standard. The relative biological value of phosphated egg shell was 99.5 and 100.1 percent in two separate experiments. CSP and DAP contained 2.35 to 2.48 percent of fluorine and were somewhat toxic, depressing body weight gain and feed efficiency when fed to supply recommended or higher than recommended levels of supplemental phosphorus. Depressions in body weight gain and feed efficiency were observed in two experiments. High fluorine levels from CSP and DAP apparently did not affect tibia breaking strength and percent tibia ash in these short term experiments. Fluorine content of tibia ash was significantly (P
Synthetically encoding 10 nm morphology in silicon nanowires.

Si nanowires (NWs) have been widely explored as a platform for photonic and electronic technologies. Here, we report a bottom-up method to break the conventional “wire” symmetry and synthetically encode a high-resolution array of arbitrary shapes, including nanorods, sinusoids, bowties, tapers, nanogaps, and gratings, along the NW growth axis. Rapid modulation of phosphorus doping combined with selective wet-chemical etching enabled morphological features as small as 10 nm to be patterned over wires more than 50 μm in length. This capability fundamentally expands the set of technologies that can be realized with Si NWs, and as proof-of-concept, we demonstrate two distinct applications. First, nanogap-encoded NWs were used as templates for Noble metals, yielding plasmonic structures with tunable resonances for surface-enhanced Raman imaging. Second, core/shell Si/SiO2 nanorods were integrated into electronic devices that exhibit resistive switching, enabling nonvolatile memory storage. Moving beyond these ...
Imaging large-scale cellular activity in spinal cord of freely behaving mice.

Sensory information from mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin plays key roles in adaptive and protective motor behaviours. To date, very little is known about how this information is encoded by spinal cord cell types and their activity patterns, particularly under freely behaving conditions. To enable stable measurement of neuronal and glial cell activity in behaving mice, we have developed fluorescence imaging approaches based on two- and miniaturized one-photon microscopy. We show that distinct cutaneous stimuli activate overlapping ensembles of dorsal horn neurons, and that stimulus type and intensity is encoded at the single-cell level. In contrast, astrocytes show large-scale coordinated calcium responses to intense but not weak sensory inputs. Sensory-evoked activity is potently suppressed by anaesthesia. By revealing the cellular and computational logic of spinal cord networks under behaving conditions, our approach holds promise for better understanding of healthy and aberrant spinal cord processes. Imaging cellular activity in mouse spinal cord has been historically difficult. Here the authors develop cellular resolution fluorescence imaging approaches in the spinal cord of behaving mice, and report distinct activity patterns of neurons and astrocytes in response to different sensory inputs.
Quantifying the reduction in potential infection risks from non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in strawberries by low dose electron beam processing

Abstract Strawberries are vulnerable to harboring microbial pathogens because they are generally not washed due to their perishable nature. The focus of this study was to quantify the reduction in infection risks associated with non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli serotypes contaminated strawberries if the strawberries are exposed to low doses ∼1 kGy (kiloGray) of electron beam (eBeam) irradiation. A cocktail of six serotypes of non O157 E. coli namely, O26:H11, O45:H2, O103:H2, O111:NM, O121:H19, and O145 was employed. Strawberry puree rather than whole strawberries were used in this study to ensure dose uniformity that is critical for accurate interpretation of microbial reduction. The results show that when these serotypes are exposed to ≤1 kGy eBeam dose, there is approximately 4-log reduction in their numbers when they are present within a strawberry matrix (puree). Quantitative microbial risk assessments suggest that if a typical strawberry serving (150 g) was heavily contaminated (∼105 CFU/serving size), 2 out of 10 susceptible individuals (20%) would get sick (without eBeam treatment). However, if these contaminated strawberries had been treated with 1 kGy of eBeam dose, the infection risks would have be significantly reduced to approximately 4 out of every 100,000 individuals (0.004%). Similarly, even at low levels of contamination (∼102 CFU/serving), the infection risks would be reduced from 6 out of 10,000 susceptible individuals to approximately 4 out of 100 million susceptible individuals.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Management

The concurrent presence of patent ductus arteriosus and hyaline membrane disease and this association leading to respiratory complication have renewed interest in understanding the pathophysiologic basis of patent ductus arteriosus. Discussed are several interesting advances that have taken place during the past decade in the diagnosis and management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease.
Surface Reconfiguration of Binary Lipid Vesicles via Electrostatically Induced Nanoparticle Adsorption

We demonstrate the adsorption of nanoparticles (NPs) with charged patches onto a binary vesicle encompassing polar neutral and polar zwitterionic lipids via an implicit solvent coarse-grained model and molecular dynamics simulations. Our investigations on the interactions between NPs and a binary vesicle demonstrate that the adsorption of charged NPs onto a binary vesicle surface can induce structural reorganization of the lipid bilayer. The approach of the NP to the vesicle surface is accompanied by spatial reorganization of the zwitterionic lipids, and the degree of reorganization is found to depend on the NP patch size. Interfacial adsorption of the NP is observed to promote a group of zwitterionic lipids to cluster at the adsorption site. Spatial reorganization of the zwitterionic lipids is activated by favorable electrostatic interactions with the NP and not between the lipids. The favorable electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged lipid headgroup moieties increases and assists the cluste...
The Fashioning of Colonial Opium Policy in Arakan and Tenasserim, 1826–1852

Although opium consumption has a long history in Burma, it is difficult to establish the specifics — by whom opium was consumed, in what context and how much — before the colonial era. Nonetheless, in order to better understand the development of the colonial opium industry this chapter briefly discusses opium consumption in pre-colonial Burma and outlines the British East India Company’s involvement in the Asian opium trade prior to the annexation of Arakan and Tenasserim in 1826. This chapter also sets opium consumption in Burma in a transnational context, briefly examining opium consumption and regulation elsewhere in Asia and establishing connections between regulation and consumption in India and China and in Burma which subsequent chapters will explore in greater detail. This chapter’s examination of British rule and opium administration in Arakan and Tenasserim introduces in nascent form several of the recurrent themes in this study: the connection between opium and labour, the recurrent question of the rationale for British drug policy and imperial rule and the importance of transnational networks in determining imperial drug policy. In order to understand the context of the colonial opium industry, it may be helpful to first sketch a very brief history of opium consumption, moving from the global history of opium to the local history of opium consumption in Burma.
The Current Status of Theoretically Based Approaches to the Prediction of the Critical Heat Flux in Flow Boiling

The phenomena governing the critical heat flux (CHF) in flow boiling in ducts and rod bundles vary with the flow pattern. Separate models are needed for dryout in annular flow, wall overheating in ...
Putative parentage of six Old World polyploids in Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae: Scorzonerinae) based on ITS, ETS, and plastid sequence data

Using plastid, ITS, and ETS sequences, we investigated the parentage of polyploids Tragopogon buphthalmoides, T. castellanus, T. coloratus, T. gracilis, T. latifolius, and T. tuberosus. One of the parents of T. tuberosus is a member of the Collini clade (likely T. marginatus) and the second parent is part of the Angustissimi clade, most likely T. pusillus. Tragopogon bornmuelleri and T. rechingeri are not likely parents of T. buphthalmoides. Tragopogon crocifolius and T. lamottei are parents of T. castellanus. Tragopogon latifolius var. latifolius is an allotetroploid, with one parent from the Angustissimi clade (T. graminifolius or T. pusillus) and the other parent is a diploid or tetraploid from the Profundisulcati clade (likely T. buphthalmoides); one likely parent of tetraploid T. coloratus is a tetraploid T. buphthalmoides and the other one is a diploid T. australis (T. porrifolius ssp. australis). Molecular data clearly argue against the inclusion of this tetraploid within T. coloratus (2n = 12). Tragopogon tomentosulus is not closely related to T. gracilis. Tragopogon acanthocarpus is non-monophyletic based on rDNA and plastid sequence data. Homogenization of rDNA repeats has occurred to varying degrees in the Eurasian polyploids.
Design optimization for deep-submicron CMOS device at low temperature operation

Design optimization for 0.3 mu m channel CMOS technology at liquid-nitrogen temperature. (77 K) is described. The trade-off between circuit performance and reliability of deep submicrometer CMOS devices at low-temperature operation is theoretically and experimentally examined. A simulator has been developed which selects power-supply voltage and process/device parameters for low-temperature operation. Based on the simulated results, design optimization for low-temperature operation has been proposed to determine power-supply voltage and various process and device parameters. This scaling guideline has been applied to a 0.3 mu m CMOS device. Excellent device characteristics and a functional ring oscillator circuit have been obtained at 77 K. >
Scaling of the SOI field effect diode (FED) for memory application

Memory arrays consume a very large area in chip designs; yet memory cell scaling lags significantly transistor scaling. With transistor channel lengths in the nanoscale regime, the six transistor static random access memory cell (6T-SRAM) and the (one transistor/one capacitor) dynamic memory (DRAM) both suffer from excessive leakage current. Consequently, there is a widely recognized need for urgent progress in memory technology. The Thin Capacitively Coupled Thyristor (TCCT) based memory cell (T-RAMs) approach is a most promising, CMOS compatible alternative to the “standard” cell both for SRAM [1] and DRAM cell [2] designs. However, the T-RAMs demand the precise control of doping profiles of the pn junctions so as to achieve correct breakdown characteristics. To address these difficulties, we explored the possibility of replacing the thyristor with a suitable Field Effect Diode (FED), which displays similar I–V characteristics without suffering from the above technological drawbacks [3]. In this paper, we studied the scalability of the FED and compare it with TCCT by numerical simulations.
Properties of Fuzzy-Probability Sets in Safe Navigation

Abstract In order to have an intelligent supporting system for collision avoidance manoeuvre using a fuzzy model we need to research it in the form of simultaneously incorporating navigational environment, ship's manoeuverability and nawigator. In this paper the authors determine forms of membership function, of fuzzy-probability sets: “risk assesment on collision in observation time”, “safe assesment on collision in manoeuvring” and “way economy in collision avoidance manoeuvre”. The forms of the membership function are determined for three types of ships (small, medium, large) and for two visibilities (poor, good) in different regions of water (open sea, restricted). Therefore, the authors discuss distributions of the probability density of the membership function and the correlation among them.
Active control of thermoacoustic instability in a model combustor with neuromorphic evolvable hardware

Continuous Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) have previously been proposed as an enabling paradigm for evolving analog electrical circuits to serve as controllers for physical devices [6]. Currently underway is the design of a CTRNN-EH VLSI chips that combines an evolutionary algorithm and a reconfigurable analog CTRNN into a single hardware device capable of learning control laws of physical devices. One potential application of this proposed device is the control and suppression of potentially damaging thermoacoustic instability in gas turbine engines. In this paper, we will present experimental evidence demonstrating the feasibility of CTRNN-EH chips for this application. We will compare our controller efficacy with that of a more traditional Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), showing that our evolved controllers consistently perform better and possess better generalization abilities. We will conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings and plans for future work.
DELTA MODULATION TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES

The last few years have witnessed a growing interest from industry and research institutions towards the transmission of information in digital form. This paper surveys the different analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion techniques employed in communications systems. A discussion of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the Differential PCM, Linear Delta Modulation and the Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) is presented.
Early life social stress and resting state functional connectivity in postpartum rat anterior cingulate circuits.

Abstract Introduction Continued development and refinement of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) fMRI techniques in both animal and clinical studies has enhanced our comprehension of the adverse effects of stress on psychiatric health. The objective of the current study was to assess both maternal behavior and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) changes in these animals when they were dams caring for their own young. It was hypothesized that ECSS exposed dams would express depressed maternal care and exhibit similar (same networks), yet different specific changes in RSFC (different individual nuclei) than reported when they were adult females. Methods We have developed an ethologically relevant transgenerational model of the role of chronic social stress (CSS) in the etiology of postpartum depression and anxiety. Initial fMRI investigation of the CSS model indicates that early life exposure to CSS (ECSS) induces long term changes in functional connectivity in adult nulliparous female F1 offspring. Results ECSS in F1 dams resulted in depressed maternal care specifically during early lactation, consistent with previous CSS studies, and induced changes in functional connectivity in regions associated with sensory processing, maternal and emotional responsiveness, memory, and the reward pathway, with robust changes in anterior cingulate circuits. Limitations The sample sizes for the fMRI groups were low, limiting statistical power. Conclusion This behavioral and functional neuroanatomical foundation can now be used to enhance our understanding of the neural etiology of early life stress associated disorders and test preventative measures and treatments for stress related disorders.