cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Genetically Optimized Predictive System for Success in General Chemistry Using a Diagnostic Algebra Test

In higher education, many high-enrollment introductory courses have evolved into “gatekeeper” courses due to their high failure rates. These courses prevent many students from attaining their educational goals and often become graduation roadblocks. At the authors’ home institution, general chemistry has become a gatekeeper course in which approximately 25% of students do not pass. This failure rate in chemistry is common, and often higher, at many other institutions of higher education, and mathematical deficiencies are perceived to be a large contributing factor. This paper details the development of a highly accurate predictive system that identifies students at the beginning of the semester who are “at-risk” for earning a grade of C- or below in chemistry. The predictive accuracy of this system is maximized by using a genetically optimized neural network to analyze the results of a diagnostic algebra test designed for a specific population. Once at-risk students have been identified, they can be helped to improve their chances of success using techniques such as concurrent support courses, online tutorials, “just-in-time” instructional aides, study skills, motivational interviewing, and/or peer mentoring.
Adding developmental trajectories to the DMGT: nonlinear and nonadditive genetic inheritance and expertise acquisition

Gagne has offered a most impressive synthesis of the developmental literature regarding the giftedness and talent. Given the comprehensiveness of the treatment, it would seem difficult that any commentator would be able to do anything more that tinker with some tangential feature of the model. Nonetheless, I would like to suggest that in future, elaborations of the model should be devoted to the specification of developmental trajectories—how participating factors, components and processes change over time. Especially crucial would be the explicit recognition that these trajectories may assume a far more complex form than specified in unidimensional and monotonic maturation models. Let me provide two examples. First are the trajectories in genetic inheritance predicted by a recent emergenic and epigenetic model of talent development (Simonton, 1999). According to this model, many talents require multiplicative rather than additive inheritance, that is, the gift demands a distinctive configuration of genetic traits. In addition, the genetic traits do not appear all at once but rather exhibit variable growth trajectories, including growth curves with delayed developmental onsets. This latter possibility is critical because according to a multiplicative model, a particular gift does not initiate development until all genetic components have begun epigenetic growth. Just as crucial is the fact that this model allows for nonmonotonic trajectories, so that talent can be lost as well as gained over time. This curvilinear trend can occur, for example, when some latedeveloping genetic traits contribute to the talent in a negative manner. Second are the complex trajectories that can arise in expertise acquisition. Too often researchers in this area assume that ‘practice makes perfect’ and that ‘the more
Brachydactyly in acrosyndactyly

Metacarpal and phalangeal length were determined in thirty-five patients with constriction band syndrome and acrosyndactyly. Shortening of the remaining phalanges is a consistent component of acrosyndactyly and gives additional functional disability.
Organization and Cooperation: International Institutions and Policy Coordination*

Systems of policy coordination since 1945 may be classified as rule-governed systems relying on decentralized national decisions (a stylized Bretton Woods system) or discretionary bargaining in which coordination decisions are taken collectively at the international level (e.g. world economic summits). The European Monetary System combines elements of these two models. National attachments to rules cannot be explained solely by the strength of international institutions. A discretionary bargaining model of coordination is more likely to be successful when national leaders share a policy diagnosis that both cuts across economic issue areas and divides their own domestic political coalitions and governments. International organizations may facilitate policy coordination under a rule-based system through provision of resources to ease adjustment costs and rule clarification, and in a discretionary bargaining system by brokering, providing information and model building.
‘More than being in a class’: adolescents’ ethnolinguistic insights in a two-way dual-language program

Much of the debate regarding outcomes of various types of dual-language programs has focused on linguistic and academic results, and with good reason: improving the educational outcomes of language minorities and supporting societal multilingualism are vital goals. More rarely explored, however, are these programs’ ethnolinguistic outcomes: the ways in which they provide students with insights into themselves, language, language learning processes and others. This study uses interview and audio data to examine ways in which adolescents reported learning about themselves, language and its learning and others through participation in an extracurricular high school program for Spanish-dominant English language learners (ELLs) and English-dominant Spanish language learners (SLLs). Findings suggest the program provided opportunities for adolescents’ recognition and ratification of peer ethnolinguistic identities, understanding of language-in-use as an ethnolinguistic phenomenon, awareness of language learning ...
Nectar: Its Production and Functions in Trumpet Creeper

Studies of the trumpet creeper, Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae), reveal five distinct nectary systems, a phenomenon never before reported among temperate zone plants. Ant activity, centered around the four extrafloral systems, clearly demonstrates the ant-guard symbiosis usually associated only with tropical or subtropical species. Floral nectar, an attractant for hummingbird and bumblebee pollinators, differs chemically from the ant-attracting nectar produced extraflorally.
Modeling and Segmentation of Noisy and Textured Images Using Gibbs Random Fields

This paper presents a new approach to the use of Gibbs distributions (GD) for modeling and segmentation of noisy and textured images. Specifically, the paper presents random field models for noisy and textured image data based upon a hierarchy of GD. It then presents dynamic programming based segmentation algorithms for noisy and textured images, considering a statistical maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion. Due to computational concerns, however, sub-optimal versions of the algorithms are devised through simplifying approximations in the model. Since model parameters are needed for the segmentation algorithms, a new parameter estimation technique is developed for estimating the parameters in a GD. Finally, a number of examples are presented which show the usefulness of the Gibbsian model and the effectiveness of the segmentation algorithms and the parameter estimation procedures.
Graphics software for remote terminals and their use in radiation treatment planning

Interactive graphics' ability to provide a meaningful interface to investigators in a variety of applied fields has been recognized for many years. Nowhere is this promise greater than in medicine and the life sciences. Levinthal's interactive program for constructing and displaying complex molecular structures is well-known. Neurath and Frey have analyzed chromosome spreads by delegating to human perception the light-pen dissection of individual chromosomes from overlapping clusters while leaving subsequent measurements and final classification to the computer. Cox and Clark's Programmed Console has introduced many radiotherapists to the use of computers in treatment planning. Other applications at this facility and elsewhere illustrate the great value of interactive graphics support in deriving insight from large clinical data bases, exploring complex biological models in the hope of improving treatment strategies, and developing cost-effective algorithms or special hardware for patient monitoring.
The vibration model and quality factor analysis of Timoshenko nanowires with surface stress

The Young-Laplace equation was incorporated into Timoshenko beam theory to model the free vibration of bending nanowires while taking into account the surface properties. Three boundary conditions were considered: cantilever, simply-supported and fixed-fixed ends. A method based on Fourier series expansion is introduced to solve for the free vibration solution with specific initial conditions. The quality factor for vibrating nanowires in a viscous environment is calculated based on damping ratio of beams and the influence of surface stress on the quality-factor of bending nanowire sensors is discussed.
The Role of Hierarchy in Response Surface Modeling of Wind Tunnel Data

This paper is intended as a tutorial introduction to certain aspects of response surface modeling, for the experimentalist who has started to explore these methods as a means of improving productivity and quality in wind tunnel testing and other aerospace applications. A brief review of the productivity advantages of response surface modeling in aerospace research is followed by a description of the advantages of a common coding scheme that scales and centers independent variables. The benefits of model term reduction are reviewed. A constraint on model term reduction with coded factors is described in some detail, which requires such models to be well-formulated, or hierarchical. Examples illustrate the consequences of ignoring this constraint. The implication for automated regression model reduction procedures is discussed, and some opinions formed from the author s experience are offered on coding, model reduction, and hierarchy.
Understanding hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients

Controlling blood glucose in hospitalized patients is important as both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are associated with increased cost, length of stay, morbidity and mortality. A limiting factor in stringent control is the concern of iatrogenic hypoglycemia. The association of hypoglycemia with mortality has led to clinical guideline changes recommending more conservative glycemic control than had previously been suggested, with the use of patient specific approaches when appropriate. Healthier, stable patients may be managed with stricter control while the elderly and severely ill may be managed less aggressively. While the avoidance of hypoglycemia is essential in clinical practice, recent studies suggest that a higher mortality rate occurs in spontaneous rather than iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Therefore, inpatient hypoglycemia may be viewed more as a biomarker of disease rather than a true cause of fatality.
Systematic learning of agricultural technologies

Abstract While technological learning has long been recognized in industrial settings, it has received little attention in agriculture. The basic idea is that technological performance improves through experience, i.e. ‘learning by doing’. In this paper learning is viewed as being of three types: informational, observational and experiential learning. The cost of learning and the complexity of the technology are identified as affecting the rate of learning. Overall community learning is seen as an important dimension in the rates of adoption and adaptation of new technologies. Research and extension efforts to increase agricultural productivity should incorporate activities to facilitate learning by researchers and extension agents as well as farmers.
Object-oriented design and ballistics software

The object-oriented design methodology is applied to the problem of designing ballistics software. This problem is sufficiently large and complex that the methodology must be iterated at successively lower levels of abstraction. The manner in which the design unfolds is illustrated.
Model for the Moisture Quenching of Solid-Matrix Phosphorescence via the Young's Modulus of Filter Paper

Experimental Young's modulus values were obtained as a function of adsorbed moisture content for filter paper samples with no absorbed salt and with several different types of salt adsorbed on filter paper. The Young's modulus values were correlated with the room-temperature phosphorescence intensities and room-temperature phosphorescence lifetimes of several phosphors adsorbed on filter paper samples with the use of a theory for the Young's modulus of paper and solid-matrix phosphorescence quenching concepts. Phosphorescence intensity ratios changed much more dramatically than phosphorescence lifetime ratios, both with increasing moisture uptake on the filter paper and with decreasing modulus ratio of the filter paper samples. The changes in the phosphorescence parameters, due to the adsorption of moisture on filter paper, were caused primarily by alterations of the hydrogen-bonding network in the amorphous regions of filter paper.
Kidins220/ARMS is expressed in neuroblastoma tumors and stabilizes neurotrophic signaling in a human neuroblastoma cell line.

Kidins220/ARMS is expressed in neuroblastoma tumors and stabilizes neurotrophic signaling in a human neuroblastoma cell line
On the phase structure of spin-1 planar magnetic chains

The phase structure of a class of quantum spin-1 chains with axial symmetry is analyzed in the light of a pseudospin approach developed recently for the study of planar ferromagnets. The prominent feature of the resulting picture is that a transition to a Goldstone-like phase occurs at some critical coupling, in spite of the one-dimensional nature of the system which would prevent spontaneous breaking of the axial symmetry in the ordinary sense.
Generalized Inversion of Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Data and a Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific

Abstract It is hypothesized that the circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and atmosphere satisfies the equations of a simple coupled model to within errors having specified covariances, and that the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean array (TAO) measures the circulation to within errors also having specified covariances. This hypothesis is tested by finding the circulation that is the weighted least squares best fit to the dynamics of the simple model, to its initial and boundary conditions, and to a year of monthly mean TAO data for sea surface temperature, for the depth of the 20°C isotherm, and for surface winds. The fit is defined over the entire tropical Pacific and from 1 April 1994 to 31 March 1995. The best-fit circulation or state estimate is calculated using variational methods. Posterior error covariances are estimated using statistical simulation. The best fit is also subjected to a significance test. It is found that, although the fit to data is largely within standard errors, the misfit to dynam...
The evolution of the OATP hepatic uptake transport protein family in DMPK sciences: from obscure liver transporters to key determinants of hepatobiliary clearance

Over the last two decades the impact on drug pharmacokinetics of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs: OATP-1B1, 1B3 and 2B1), expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocyte, has been increasingly recognized.OATP-mediated uptake into the hepatocyte coupled with subsequent excretion into bile via efflux proteins, such as MRP2, is often referred to as hepatobiliary excretion.OATP transporter proteins can impact some drugs in several ways including pharmacokinetic variability, pharmacodynamic response and drug-drug interactions (DDIs).The impact of transporter mediated hepatic clearance is illustrated with case examples, from the literature and also from the Pfizer portfolio.The currently available in vitro techniques to study the hepatic transporter proteins involved in the hepatobiliary clearance of drugs are reviewed herein along with recent advances in using these in vitro data to predict the human clearance of compounds recognized by hepatic uptake transporters.
Integrated microfluidic devices for combinatorial cell-based assays

The development of miniaturized cell culture platforms for performing parallel cultures and combinatorial assays is important in cell biology from the single-cell level to the system level. In this paper we developed an integrated microfluidic cell-culture platform, Cell-microChip (Cell-μChip), for parallel analyses of the effects of microenvironmental cues (i.e., culture scaffolds) on different mammalian cells and their cellular responses to external stimuli. As a model study, we demonstrated the ability of culturing and assaying several mammalian cells, such as NIH 3T3 fibroblast, B16 melanoma and HeLa cell lines, in a parallel way. For functional assays, first we tested drug-induced apoptotic responses from different cell lines. As a second functional assay, we performed “on-chip” transfection of a reporter gene encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) followed by live-cell imaging of transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression. Collectively, our Cell-μChip approach demonstrated the capability to carry out parallel operations and the potential to further integrate advanced functions and applications in the broader space of combinatorial chemistry and biology.
Maternal sensitivity and infant emotional reactivity: Concurrent and longitudinal relations

SUMMARY Although the construct of infant reactivity is thought to be a temperamental dimension, investigators have been interested in the relation between emotional reactivity and maternal behaviors. In this study, infants' emotional reactivity to frustrating stimuli and maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed at 5 and 10 months of age. Cluster analysis of infants' emotional expressions revealed three patterns of expressive behavior emerged at both ages: (1) frequent anger and negative (distress) expressions, (2) intense anger expressions, and (3) frequent happy expressions. Results demonstrated that patterns of emotional reactivity at 5 and 10 months differed by maternal interactive style. In addition, patterns of emotional reactivity at 10 months of age could be predicted by differences in maternal caregiving, and conversely, 5-month infant reactivity was predictive of 10-month maternal behavior. Conclusions are made regarding ways that mothers socialize emotions and the bi-directional natu...
Detection of regional perfusion abnormalities during adenosine stress echocardiography with intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin.

Abstract Although perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles produce myocardial contrast after intravenous injection, it is unknown whether their use can accurately identify myocardial blood-flow abnormalities during stress echocardiography. Accordingly, we compared the background-subtracted peak myocardial videointensity (PMVI) after intravenous injections of PESDA before and during adenosine stress (100 to 140 units/kg/min) in 10 open-chest dogs with angiographically significant left circumflex artery disease. The ratios of PMVI in the ischemic region compared with the adjacent normal left anterior descending perfusion bed were measured, as were wall-thickening and coronary-flow ratios. In the dogs with a >50% diameter stenosis, there was a decrease in PMVI ratio during adenosine stress by >0.20 in 9, whereas wall-thickening ratios decreased in only 5. PMVI in the ischemic zone increased by 1.5 units in 8 of 10 adjacent normal zones. We conclude that regional myocardial-perfusion abnormalities can be detected with intravenous PESDA during adenosine stress echocardiography.
Radiation related toxicities in national wilms' tumor study number 1

Abstract Twenty-six of 359 patients randomized into the first National Wilms' Tumor Study developed soft tissue complications which could be related to radiation. There were 15 instances of liver damage, 7 lung, 2 renal and 2 cardiac. Three additional patients with infection were recorded as having had radiation damage; however, the direct relationship to radiation and secondary infection is unclear in these patients. Signs and symptoms were transient in all but 3 patients; 1 of these required surgical intervention for esophageal varices, but remained well 4 years thereafter. Three patients have died, 2 from pulmonary fibrosis following high doses of radiation to the lungs, and 1 from cardiotoxicity which was recorded as related to concomitant Adriamycin administration.
Genus distributions for bouquets of circles

Abstract The genus distribution of a graph G is defined to be the sequence {gm} such that gm is the number of different imbeddings of G in the closed orientable surface of genus m. A counting formula of D. M. Jackson concerning the cycle structure of permutations is used to derive the genus distribution for any bouquet of circles Bn. It is proved that all these genus distributions for bouquets are strongly unimodal.
Concentration dependence of protein permeability across the canine visceral pleura

Abstract Water and protein movement across the pulmonary endothelial-visceral pleural membrane of spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs was analyzed to determine if the protein concentration at the microvascular membrane ( C pro ) influences microvascular permeability. The left lung was enclosed in a water-impermeable membrane, creating a visceral pleural space (VPS); fluid and solute fluxes were determined as the filtration or reabsorption of water and protein in the VPS. The plasma protein concentration was experimentally varied by plasmaphoresis with saline replacement while the pleural fluid protein concentration was varied by introducing different concentrations of plasma mixed with saline into the VPS. Hydrostatic pressures were maintained within a physiologic range (pulmonary capillary pressure 12.1–16.1 mm Hg). The plasma protein concentration fell as low as 1.98 g/dl, and C pro , calculated as the mean of the plasma and pleural fluid protein concentrations, ranged from 1.73 to 6.23 g/dl. The relationship between C pro and the apparent homoporous diffusional permeability for protein (P h s ), P h s (cm/sec × 10 −6 ) = 0.95 C pro (g/dl) + 2.28 , was highly significant (r = 0.87, P C pro to this level (r = 0.21, P > 0.4). Although the solute concentration at the endothelial membrane should be considered when evaluating changes in protein permeability, under most experimental conditions the magnitude of this effect will be small.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain tumors correlated with pathology.

Rationale and objectives Evaluate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) for assessing and grading brain tumors. Materials and methods The research was done at Detroit Medical Center in a 1.5-T Siemens MR magnet using single-voxel or multivoxel MRS. This study consisted of 27 patients: 10 females and 17 males ages 22–83 years (average age 43.8). The data were recorded for three peaks—N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr)—which were used to calculate the ratios Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr. Results Abnormal spectra were seen in 25 patients and normal spectra in 2. In 16 patients with brain astrocytoma of various grades, the pathology grading was correlated with Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr. These values were 6.53 and 3.35 for nine patients with Grade 4 astrocytoma; 1.85 and 1.62 for three patients with Grade 3 astrocytoma; 2.21 and 1.50 for three patients with Grade 2 astrocytoma; and 1.45 and 1.49 for one patient with Grade 1 astrocytoma. The remaining nine patients with abnormal spectra were also correlated with pathology. Conclusion MRS ratios can be used to differentiate malignant and nonmalignant lesions from normal brain tissue. In general, high-grade astrocytoma have higher Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr ratios compared with low-grade astrocytoma.
Isolated hepatic perfusion for unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer

Abstract Background. Unresectable colorectal liver metastases are a significant clinical problem. Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a regional treatment technique that delivers high dose chemotherapy, biologic agents, and hyperthermia via a completely isolated vascular recirculating perfusion circuit as a means of regionally treating liver tumors. This study presents our results of IHP with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plus melphalan or IHP with melphalan alone followed by infusional floxuridine (FUDR) and leucovorin in patients with advanced or refractory unresectable hepatic colorectal metastases. Methods. Fifty-one patients with unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases underwent a 60-minute IHP with 1.5 mg/kg melphalan and hyperthermia (39°C to 40°C). Thirty-two patients received IHP with 1 mg TNF with melphalan and 19 patients had IHP with melphalan alone followed by monthly hepatic intra-arterial infusional (HAI) FUDR (0.2 mg/kg/day) and leucovorin (15 mg/M2/day) for 14 days monthly for up to 12 months. Twenty-six patients failed 1 or more previous treatment regimens for established hepatic metastases and 27 had greater than 25% hepatic replacement (PHR) by tumor. Patients were monitored for response, toxicity, and survival. Results. There was 1 perioperative death (2%), and only 2 patients (4%) had measurable perfusate leak during IHP (both less than 4%). In the 32 patients treated with IHP alone there were no detectable systemic TNF or melphalan levels during perfusion. The overall objective radiographic response rate (all partial [PR]) was 76% (38 of 50 assessable patients) with a median duration of 10.5 months (range, 2 to 21 months). Twenty-four of 31 patients (77%) had a PR after IHP alone and 14 of 19 (74%) after IHP with postperfusion HAI. Median duration of response was 8.5 months after IHP alone and 14.5 months after IHP and HAI; median survival was 16 and 27 months, respectively. There were 18 PRs in 26 patients (69%) whose prior therapy had failed and 18 PRs in 27 patients (67%) with PHR of 25 or greater. Conclusions. IHP can be performed with acceptably low morbidity and has significant antitumor activity in patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer including those with refractory disease or PHR of 25 or greater. HAI appears to prolong the duration of response after IHP, and this combined treatment strategy deserves additional clinical evaluation as a therapeutic modality in this setting. (Surgery 2001;129:176-87.)
Dietary fat amount and carbohydrate type regulate hepatic acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity. Possible links between ACAT activity and plasma cholesterol levels

The effects of dietary fat amount and carbohydrate type were evaluated on hepatic acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in guinea pigs to determine whether there was a correlation between plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations induced by diet and rates of hepatic cholesterol esterification. Animals were fed two different fat:carbohydrate ratios: 2.5:58% (ww) (low fat) or 25:29% (ww) (high fat) with either sucrose or starch as the sole carbohydrate source. Fat contributed 6.9 and 53% of total calories respectively. Consumption of high fat diets resulted in higher plasma cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001) while simple carbohydrate intake increased plasma triacylglycerol levels (P < 0.01). Animals fed the high fat:sucrose diet exhibited the highest plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. The type of carbohydrate affected the distribution of hepatic cholesterol pools in that animals fed sucrose had higher concentrations of free while those fed starch had higher levels of esterified cholesterol (P < 0.01). Hepatic ACAT activity was up-regulated in animals fed high fat diets (P < 0.01) with no effect due to carbohydrate type. A significant correlation was found between hepatic ACAT activity and plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) and between hepatic ACAT activity and cholesterol influx to the liver (r = 0.97, P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that modifications in hepatic ACAT activity induced by dietary factors could be a response to the influx of cholesterol to the liver or could be related to the rates of incorporation of cholesteryl ester into lipoproteins secreted by the liver.
Preparation of 111In leukocytes after hemolytic removal of erythrocytes.

Abstract An optimized procedure is described for isolation and highefficiency radiolabeling of leukocytes using 111 In-oxine. The chief advantages over conventional methods include virtually no loss of leukocytes during washing and separation steps; a significant reduction in the time required to prepare leukocytes for radiolabeling compared to non-hemolytic preparations; a 28% increase in the average labeling efficiency obtained using 111 In-oxine; >95% cell viability as measured by the trypan blue exclusion test; elimination of contaminating red blood cells from the leukocyte pellet prior to labeling; and 80% survivability at 15 min post injection (measured as per cent of blood activity on leukocyte fraction).
The Economic Utility of Foreign Language Study.

This study applies economic utility theory to the question of why students choose to learn a specific foreign language (FL). Economic utility, a basic theory of economics, explains the preference of a consumer for a given product. To measure utility, we surveyed 84 graduate business students about their reasons for studying 1 of the 8 languages offered at Thunderbird, The American Graduate School of International Management. We compared their responses with economic indicators such as the gross domestic product (GDP), population, GDP per capita, corporate job opportunities, direction of trade statistics, and most active big emerging markets. According to the indicator, different languages assume economic importance. The study, although limited in scope by sample size, yields insight into the real and perceived costs and benefits of learning a FL.
The biosynthesis of the 6-deoxy-D-erythro-2,5-hexodiulose sugar of decoyinine

Abstract 1. 1. 6-Deoxy- D - erythro -2,5-hexodiulose, the glucoside of the naturally occurring nucleoside, decoyinine, arises directly from D -[I- 14 C]glucose or uniformly 14 C-labeled D -fructose. 2. 2. Additional proof for the structure of this hexodiulose has been provided by the isolation of the C-6′ of decoyinine as iodoform. 3. 3. Psicofuranine, labeled with 14 C in the adenine and at C-6 of the D -psicose, is directly converted to decoyinine by Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The ratio of the 14 C in the adenine to that in the hexodiulose of decoyinine was the same as the ratio of the 14 C in the adenine to that in the psicose of the labeled psicofuranine added to the growing cultures of S. hygroscopicus . In addition, all of the 14 C in the hexodiulose of decoyinine resided at C-6. These results show that psicofuranine and decoyinine are interconverted.
Dynamic light scattering studies of resorcinol formaldehyde gels as precursors of organic aerogels

Aerogels are exceptionally light foams formed by extraction of the solvent from a gel under supercritical conditions where surface tension forces are greatly reduced. This results in very little shrinkage of the gels when dried. The dried aerogels have extremely high surface area and have applications as catalyst supports and thermal and acoustic insulators. While most studies have used aerogels formed from silicon dioxide, the authors focused on organic aerogels obtained by the reaction of resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF). The kinetics of the gel formation have been studied using dynamic light scattering. These studies encompass three areas:(1) initial reaction of RF into branched 'clusters' as a function of resorcinol/catalyst (Na2CO3) ratio; (2) aggregation of the clusters into linear chains to form the gel network; and (3) the modulus of the completely gelled sample. The initial particle size increases linearly with R/C ratio as was observed by TEM on dried samples. The scattering intensity increases exponentially as the gel is formed as is observed for polymer gels formed by spinodal decomposition. The cooperative diffusion coefficient (which is directly related to the gel modulus) scales with concentration to a power of approximately unity, which is larger than the 3/4 usually observed for polymer networks.
Heat Transfer Spectroscopy and “Heat Transfer-Distance” Curves

Thermal radiative transfer between objects as well as near-field forces such as van der Waals or Casimir forces have their origins in the fluctuations of the electrodynamic field. Near-field radiative transfer between two objects can be enhanced by a few order of magnitude compared to the far-field radiative transfer that can be described by Planck’s theory of blackbody radiation and Kirchoff’s laws. Despite this common origin, experimental techniques of measuring near-field forces (using the surface force apparatus and the atomic force microscope) are more sophisticated than techniques of measuring near-field radiative transfer. In this work, we present an ultra-sensitive experimental technique of measuring near-field using a bi-material atomic force microscope cantilever as the thermal sensor. Just as measurements of near-field forces results in a “force distance curve”, measurement of near-field radiative transfer results in a “heat transfer-distance” curve. Results from the measurement of near-field radiative transfer will be presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Environmental Control of Ovarian Diapause in Culex pipiens

Colonies of autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens L. established from a single location in Boston, Mass., were used to define environmental conditions for ovarian diapause. Unrestricted ovarian development requires 15 hours or more of light per day at 18Â°C, while less than 12 hours of light stimulates the entire population to enter diapause. Higher temperatures reduce the prevalence of diapause. The photosensitive period begins on the day of the larvalpupal molt. Only inbred anautogenous mosquitoes enter ovarian diapause,. and, of these, ability to enter diapause is universal in the Boston population. When diapausing adult C. pipens are exposed to 16 hours of light per day, ovaries resume development. Primary follicles generally degenerate leaving a relic and secondary follicles develop beyond diapause, to the stage present in gonoactive non-blood-fed mosquitoes.
Cyclones, bi-cycles, and psychoanalysis: the witch-of-us? complex and The Wizard of Oz.

Works of applied psychoanalysis normally use psychoanalytic theory to reveal the secret meanings of works of art. An attempt is made to reverse the directionality of such analyses and see whether a work of art, The Wizard of Oz, has something to teach psychoanalysis about adolescent female psychosexual development. The author argues that the popularity and importance of the film is an effect of its symbolic representation of a girl's entry into menarche, and the meaning of this milestone for herself and for her mother. He addresses ideas about feminine castration fears (or what more recently have been called fears of genital injury), issues about menopause, and fantasies—both surprising and violent— around the meanings of menarche for both mother and daughter.
Using the speech understanding in noise (SUN) test for adult hearing screening1.

Purpose To develop a novel speech-in-noise test for adult hearing screening—the Speech Understanding in Noise (SUN) test. The goal was to design a fast, automated, easy-to-use test to identify diff...
Sparse resultant of composed polynomials I * mixed-unmixed case

The main question of this paper is: What happens to sparse resultants under composition? More precisely, let f1,…, fnbe homogeneous sparse polynomials in the variables y1,…, yn and g1,…, gn be homogeneous sparse polynomials in the variables x1,…,xn. Let fiο(g1,…,gn) be the sparse homogeneous polynomial obtained from fi by replacing yj by gj. Naturally a question arises: Is the sparse resultant of f1ο(g1,…,gn),…,f n(g1,…,gn) in any way related to the (sparse) resultants of f1,…,fn and g1,…,gn? The main contribution of this paper is to provide an answer for the case when g1,…,gn are unmixed, namely, Resc1,…,cn (f1 ο (g1,…,gn),…,fn ο (g1,…,gn)) = Resd1,…,dn (f1,…,fn)Vol(Q)ResB(g1) where Resd1,…,dn stands for the dense (Macaulay) resultant with respect to the total degrees di of the fi's, B stands for the unmixed sparse resultant with respect to the support B of the gj's,ResC1,…,Cn stands for the mixed sparse resultant with respect to the naturally induced supports Ci of the fi ο(g1,…,gn)'s, and Vol(Q) for the normalized volume of the Newton polytope of the gj. The above expression can be applied to compute sparse resultants of composed polynomials with improved efficience.
Ion‐Beam Analysis of Silica Sol‐Gel Films: Structural and Compositional Evolution

Rutherford backscattering and forward recoil spectrometry have been used to determine the chemical composition and density of SiO2sol-gel films. The as-deposited films are relatively dense, because of considerable interpenetration of weakly branched silicate precursors, while they contain significant amounts of hydroxyl groups in their structure. Annealing in flowing Ar increases the density of the films with values approaching that of amorphous silica at temperatures as low as 450°C but it fails to completely remove all the hydroxyl groups from the structure.
Heparin as inhibitor of mammalian protein synthesis. II. Degree of sulfation; related sulfated mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract Heparin is a potent inhibitor of initiation of translation of rabbit globin mRNA in a Krebs ascites cell-free system, as well as being a potent anticoagulant. Progressive desulfation of heparin in the presence of acid for 1 h decreases heparin's anticoagulation activity by 50%, while incubation of heparin for longer than 8 h is necessary to cause 50% loss of heparin's activity as a protein-synthesis inhibitor. Partial resulfation of amino groups of inactive desulfated heparin restores heparin's protein-synthesis inhibitory ability almost completely, while negligible anticoagulant activity is restored. Proteoheparin is active as both a protein-synthesis inhibitor and an anticoagulant, while heparan sulfate lacks both activities.
Motion detection in the presence and absence of background motion in an Anolis lizard.

1. Anolis lizards respond to a moving object viewed in the periphery of their visual field by turning their eye to fixate the object with their central fovea. This paper describes the relative effectiveness of different patterns of motion of a small black lure in eliciting these eye movements and the way motion of a backdrop of vegetation affects the response. 2. The stimulus was positioned 45° from the animal's line of gaze and oscillated in the vertical axis at different frequencies between 0.5 and 10 Hz. At each frequency, the amplitude of the oscillation was increased until the lizard flicked its eye towards the stimulus. The minimum amplitude needed for response (0.22° of visual angle) was independent of frequency and waveform. The probability of any response occurring was, however, lower at higher frequencies (7 and 10 Hz) and a 1.5 Hz square wave evoked the greatest proportion of responses. 3. Sinusoidal oscillation of a background of vegetation at 1.6 Hz during or before motion of the stimulus lure reduced the probability of an eye flick but did not raise the minimum amplitude needed for a response. The suppressive effect was greatest when the lure was oscillated at frequencies close to that of the background. It is concluded thatAnolis, which rely upon motion to detect objects in the periphery of the visual field, filter out irrelevant motion such as that of windblown vegetation by (1) responding preferentially to particular patterns of motion and (2) short term habituation to commonly present patterns of motion.
Gene prioritization using a probabilistic knowledge model

We are interested in exploiting domain knowledge for the task of candidate gene prioritization. In this paper, we present a new gene prioritization method that learns a probabilistic knowledge model and exploits it to prioritize candidate genes. The knowledge model is represented by a network of associations among domain concepts (e.g., genes) and is extracted from a domain database (e.g., protein-protein interaction database). This knowledge model is then used to perform probabilistic inferences and applied to the task of gene prioritization. We evaluate our new method on five diseases and show that it outperforms a recently described network-based method for candidate gene prioritization.
Global myopia: globalization theory in International Business

Abstract This paper critically evaluates some shortcomings in the handling of the globalization concept in International Business (IB). In particular, the paper identifies disciplinary isolation (and its consequences) and lack of a general, theoretically satisfying, definition for the concept as key culprits driving the often myopic views of globalization in IB. Some remedies are proposed, and a general definition of globalization is offered in the hope of stimulating a wider discussion.
Budhead,a Fork Head/HNF-3 Homologue, Is Expressed during Axis Formation and Head Specification in Hydra☆

Accumulating evidence indicates that a common set of genes and mechanisms regulates the developmental processes of a variety of triploblastic organisms despite large variation in their body plans. To what extent these same genes and mechanisms are also conserved among diploblasts, which arose earlier in metazoan evolution, is unclear. We have characterized a hydra homologue of the fork head/HNF-3 class of winged-helix proteins, termedbudhead,whose expression patterns suggest a role(s) similar to that found in vertebrates. The vertebrateHNF-3β homologues are expressed early in embryogenesis in regions that have organizer properties, and later they have several roles, among them an important role in rostral head formation. In the adult hydra, where axial patterning processes are continuously active,budheadis expressed in the upper part of the head, which has organizer properties. It is also expressed during the formation of a new axis as part of the development of a bud, hydra's asexual form of reproduction. Expression during later stages of budding, during head regeneration and the formation of ectopic heads, indicates a role in head formation. It is likely thatbudheadplays a critical role in head as well as axis formation in hydra.
CO oxidation by Ti- and Al-doped ZnO: Oxygen activation by adsorption on the dopant

Using a combination of theory and experiments, we show that ZnO substitutionally doped with Ti or Al oxidizes CO by several parallel reaction pathways that differ from the traditional Mars-van Krevelen (MVK) mechanism. In one, the dopant atoms at the surface of the doped oxide adsorb and activate O 2 so that it reacts with CO. In the other, a surface oxygen atom from the lattice next to the dopant, D, moves onto the dopant and creates an O-D group and an oxygen vacancy. The O-D group is capable of oxidizing a reductant. To test these predictions made by theory, we have prepared Ti- and Al-doped ZnO and have shown that these compounds oxidize CO at temperatures at which pure-phase ZnO, Al 2O 3, or TiO 2 do not. The proposed mechanisms were made plausible by studying CO oxidation with 18O 2.
Central injection of substance P elicits grooming behavior and motor inhibition in mice

Abstract Substance P undecapeptide (SP) was injected into the lateral ventricles of adult male Swiss-Webster mice. Two behaviors were observed after peptide. SP increased grooming in a naloxone non-reversible manner and reduced exploratory motor activity. Both effects were dose dependent. Both effects may point to psychoactive properties for SP.
The quantitative potential for breast tomosynthesis imaging

Purpose: Due to its limited angular scan range, breast tomosynthesis has lower resolution in the depth direction, which may limit its accuracy in quantifying tissue density. This study assesses the quantitative potential of breast tomosynthesis using relatively simple reconstruction and image processing algorithms. This quantitation could allow improved characterization of lesions as well as image processing to present tomosynthesis images with the familiar appearance of mammography by preserving more low-frequency information. Methods: All studies were based on a Siemens prototype MAMMOMAT Novation TOMO breast tomo system with a 45° total angular span. This investigation was performed using both simulations and empirical measurements. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using the breast tomosynthesis geometry and tissue-equivalent, uniform, voxelized phantoms with cuboid lesions of varying density embedded within. Empirical studies were then performed using tissue-equivalent plastic phantoms which were imaged on the actual prototype system. The material surrounding the lesions was set to either fat-equivalent or glandular-equivalent plastic. From the simulation experiments, the effects of scatter, lesion depth, and background material density were studied. The empirical experiments studied the effects of lesion depth, background material density, x-ray tube energy, and exposure level. Additionally, the proposed analysis methods were independently evaluated using a commercially available QA breast phantom (CIRS Model 11A). All image reconstruction was performed with a filtered backprojection algorithm. Reconstructed voxel values within each slice were corrected to reduce background nonuniformities. Results: The resulting lesion voxel values varied linearly with known glandular fraction (correlation coefficient R2>0.90) under all simulated and empirical conditions, including for the independent tests with the QA phantom. Analysis of variance performed on the fit line parameters revealed statistically significant differences between the two different background materials and between 28 kVp and the remaining energies (26, 30, and 32 kVp) for the dense experimental phantom. However, no significant differences arose between different energies for the fatty phantom, nor for any of the many other combinations of parameters. Conclusions: These strong linear relationships suggest that breast tomosynthesis image voxel values, after being corrected by our outlined methods, are highly positively correlated with true tissue density. This consistent linearity implies that breast tomosynthesis imaging indeed has potential to be quantitative.
c-Myc-induced aberrant DNA synthesis and activation of DNA damage response in p300 knockdown cells.

We previously showed that in quiescent cells, p300/CBP (CREB-binding protein)family coactivators repress c-myc and prevent premature induction of DNA synthesis. p300/CBP-depleted cells exit G1 early and continue to accumulate in S phase but do not progress into G2/M, and eventually they die of apoptosis. Here, we show that the S-phase arrest in these cells is because of an intra-S-phase block. The inappropriate DNA synthesis that occurs as a result of forced expression of c-myc leads to the activation of the DNA damage response as evidenced by the phosphorylation of several checkpoint related proteins and the formation of foci containing γ-H2AX. The activation of checkpoint response is related to the induction of c-myc, as the phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins can be reversed when cells are treated with a c-Myc inhibitor or when Myc synthesis is blocked by short hairpin RNA. Using the DNA fiber assay, we show that in p300-depleted cells initiation of replication occurs from multiple replication origins. Chromatin loading of the Cdc45 protein also indicates increased origin activity in p300 knockdown cells. Immunofluorescence experiments indicate that c-Myc colocalizes with replication foci, consistent with the recently reported direct role of c-Myc in the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus, the inappropriate S-phase entry of p300 down-regulated cells is likely to be because of c-Myc-induced deregulated replication origin activity, which results in replicative stress, activation of a DNA damage response, and S-phase arrest. Our results point to an important role for p300 in maintaining genomic integrity by negatively regulating c-myc.