cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expected Π -Adic Security Measures of Sequences

Associated with a class of AFSRs based on a ring RandΠ? R, there is a security measure, theΠ-adic complexity of a sequence. To understand thenormal behavior of Π-adic complexity we can find theaverage Π-adic complexity, averaged over all sequencesof a given period. This has been done previously for linear andp-adic complexity. In this paper we show that whenΠ2= 2, the average Π-adiccomplexity of period nsequences is nΠO(log(n)).
Self-Paced Learning for Latent Variable Models

Latent variable models are a powerful tool for addressing several tasks in machine learning. However, the algorithms for learning the parameters of latent variable models are prone to getting stuck in a bad local optimum. To alleviate this problem, we build on the intuition that, rather than considering all samples simultaneously, the algorithm should be presented with the training data in a meaningful order that facilitates learning. The order of the samples is determined by how easy they are. The main challenge is that often we are not provided with a readily computable measure of the easiness of samples. We address this issue by proposing a novel, iterative self-paced learning algorithm where each iteration simultaneously selects easy samples and learns a new parameter vector. The number of samples selected is governed by a weight that is annealed until the entire training data has been considered. We empirically demonstrate that the self-paced learning algorithm outperforms the state of the art method for learning a latent structural SVM on four applications: object localization, noun phrase coreference, motif finding and handwritten digit recognition.
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein D affects the risk of Alzheimer disease in African-Americans

Apolipoprotein D (APOD, gene; apoD, protein) is involved in neuroregenerative and neurodegenerative processes, and is upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) patients compared to nondemented controls. No genetic association studies have yet been carried out to investigate the role of APOD in AD. We have reported recently several sequence variants in the APOD gene, which are present exclusively among African blacks. In the present study we examined the role of four APOD genetic variants (Intron 1, codons 36, 108, 158) in modifying the risk of AD in 70 subjects with AD and 163 nondemented subjects from a population-based African-American cohort in Indianapolis. The Intron 1*2 allele was associated with an increased AD risk with an age, gender and APOE adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–4.43; P = 0.013), and this risk was confined to APOE*4 carriers (OR 3.12; 95% CI: 1.13–8.60; P = 0.028). The frequency of the codon 36/GT genotype was non-significantly higher in individuals with AD than nondemented subjects (4.3% vs. 1.2%) with an adjusted OR of 4.24 (95% CI: 0.66–27.14; P = 0.13). Our data suggest that the risk of AD among African-Americans may be modified by genetic variation in APOD. Larger population-based or case-control studies are needed to confirm the role of APOD genetic variation in AD. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the diaphragm and birth control pill during the first year of use among suburban adolescents.

Abstract Little attention has been paid to the diaphragm as a contraceptive option for adolescents. To compare diaphragm and birth control pill use by adolescents, 124 females (aged 13–20 years) in a suburban-based adolescent health service were interviewed at least one year after receiving a contraceptive prescription. The 73 diaphragm choosers did not differ from the 51 pill choosers in age, race, or reason for their original visit to the health service. Diaphragm choosers, however, were better students, of higher socioeconomic status, and had had fewer prior pregnancies. In the year following prescription, continuous use for 12 months was reported by 43% of diaphragm choosers and 45% of pill choosers, with significantly more pill (26%) than diaphragm (8%) choosers reporting discontinued use for at least one month while remaining sexually active. Regular use (diaphragm every intercourse, missing ≤ 1 pill/month) was reported by 36% of diaphragm choosers compared to 88% of pill choosers; and at least one pregnancy during the year was reported by 15% of diaphragm choosers and 18% of pill choosers. At follow-up interviews, diaphragm subjects disliked the immediate annoyances of the diaphragm, and pill users expressed concern about the potential side effects of the pill. No single factor or set of factors correlated with continuous and regular use of either method. Because both methods present specific problems for certain patients, we suggest that in addition to the pill, the diaphragm should receive serious consideration as a contraceptive option for adolescents.
Hierarchical object-based classification of ultra-high-resolution digital mapping camera (DMC) imagery for rangeland mapping and assessment

Ultra-high-resolution digital aerial imagery has great potential to complement or replace ground measurements of vegetation cover for rangeland monitoring and assessment. This research investigated object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques for classifying vegetation in southwestern USA arid rangelands with 4 cm resolution digital aerial imagery. We obtained high r-square values for the regressions relating ground- to imagebased measures of percent cover (r-square values: 0.82–0.92). OBIA enabled us to automate the classification process and demonstrated potential for quantifying fine-scale land cover attributes with ultra-high-resolution imagery. This approach exhibits promise for nationwide application for monitoring grazing lands.
Twenty-Five Years of Aerodynamic Research with Infrared Imaging

Infrared imaging used in aerodynamic research evolved during the last 25 years into a rewarding experimental technique for investigations of body-flow field viscous interactions, such as heat-flux determination and boundary layer transition. The technique of infrared imaging matched well its capability to produce useful results, with the expansion of testing conditions in the entire spectrum of wind tunnels, from hypersonic high-enthalpy facilities to cryogenic transonic wind tunnels. With unique achievements credited to its past, the current trend suggests a change in attitude towards this technique: from the perception as an exotic, project-oriented tool, to the status of a routine experimental procedure.
Resource degradation in the African commons: accounting for institutional decay

The development literature has devoted considerable attention to the commons and has ignored the wider economic context of the commons. I develop a model of two kinds of agents (naand sophisticated) using two kinds of assets (safe and unsafe) to illustrate the possibility of resource degradation in the commons in the absence of free riding, shirking, and general theft among members of the village and its associated commons. This model makes it possible to understand that degradation of the commons arises from factors outside of the commons rather than arising from 'perverse' property rights and selfish behavior within the commons. This approach suggests a needed reformulation of development assistance away from prescriptions for the commons. Instead, development assistance must be refocused on the more serious challenge of institutional incoherence in the larger economy of which the village and its commons are but a part. 1. Re-conceptualizing the African commons My purpose here is to offer a fresh look at the persistent challenge represented by what has come to be called 'the commons'. This retrospective is motivated by the fact that there has been extraordinary analytical attention devoted to the commons, and precious little analytical attention devoted to the wider economic context of the commons. The literature abounds with diagnoses of the intricacies and theoretical details of the commons - and elaborate assessments of the alleged psychological motivations (whether or not they 'really' free ride or stint or defect or cooperate) of the individuals embedded there. However, the literature has largely ignored the fact that a commons is simply a particular institutional regime embedded (nested) in a larger and more complex constellation of institutional arrangements at the level of the nation-state. How is it possible to advance explanations about economic behavior in the commons if we ignore the circumstances of the commons in the economy? My explicit purpose, therefore, is to explore whether or not there are plausible explanations for a degraded commons that do not require the
Minimally invasive tubular resection of the anomalous transverse process in patients with Bertolotti's syndrome: presented at the 2013 Joint Spine Section Meeting: clinical article.

Object Bertolotti's syndrome consists of low-back pain caused by lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTVs) and LSTV-associated biomechanical spinal changes. There is a lack of consensus regarding the cause, clinical significance, and treatment of this condition. The authors aim to characterize the clinical presentation of patients with Bertolotti's syndrome and describe a minimally invasive surgical treatment for this condition. Methods Seven patients who underwent minimally invasive paramedian tubular-based resection of the LSTV for Bertolotti's syndrome were identified over the course of 5 years. Diagnosis was based on patient history of chronic low-back pain, radiographic findings of LSTV, and pain relief on trigger-site injection with steroid and/or anesthetics. Electronic medical records were reviewed to identify demographics, operative data, and outcomes. Results All patients presented with severe, chronic low-back pain lasting an average of 8 years that was resistant to nonoperative care. At prese...
Analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis

The broad category of antibiotics encompasses some of the most widely prescribed pharmaceuticals in the world. As is the case with any pharmaceutical, an antibiotic must be characterized in terms of its potency or activity, and the presence and quantity of impurities. Additionally, any residue or metabolite that may be present as a result of its use must be monitored. Many capillary electrophoretic techniques have been utilized in the analysis of antibiotics, addressing the various aspects of their quantitation, profiling, and monitoring. Some of the more recent applications are summarized in this review article.
Ultrashort Optical Pulse Detection for High-Speed Asynchronous Optical CDMA Networks

Like its wireless counterpart, optical code-division multiple access (optical CDMA) offers greater scalability than other optical multiplexing schemes and provides flexible quality of service, physical layer privacy and asynchronous access. However, unlike wireless CDMA, high bit-rate optical CDMA networks use much higher bandwidth, which cannot be effectively processed with modern electronics rendering many earlier developed detection schemes inapplicable. In this paper we show both theoretically and experimentally that conventional electronics-based detection is inefficient in optical CDMA networks and limits the total network throughput by the bandwidth of the photodetector used. As a solution, we show that network performance can be greatly improved using ultrafast all-optical signal processing for signal detection. Recently developed all-optical thresholding devices performing cubic transformation allow for more than seven times increase in throughput for typical network parameters. A comprehensive comparison of different detection methods for optical CDMA including optimized electronics-based and all-optical signal processing-based is given for the first time.
A Career in Cerebrovascular Disease A Personal Account

The Editor, when inviting this piece, thought that an account of my entry into the stroke field and the unfolding of the subsequent studies in cerebrovascular disease would be instructive for the younger readers of Stroke . Be that as it may, knowledge of how a specialty has evolved can be useful in placing present endeavor in perspective. The story is one of clinical and neuropathological studies carried out by one person, an approach now largely superseded. In 1949, after my completing a fellowship in Neurology at the Montreal Neurological Institute, Dr Wilder Penfield recommended a year of postgraduate work abroad. Dr Roy Swank, a colleague, insisted that a period of study on the Neurology Service of the Boston City Hospital (BCH) under the direction of Dr Derek Denny-Brown and Dr Raymond D Adams would be unparalleled. Dr Swank placed a telephone call and in a minute or two it was arranged that I spend a year in Neuropathology at BCH under the guidance of Dr Adams. The subject to be investigated was acute hypertensive encephalopathy. A grant-in-aid was received from the Multiple Sclerosis Society. It was for $100. In 1949 BCH was one of the world’s premier medical centers: 2000 beds and 3 academic medical services, Harvard Medical School, Boston University, and Tufts Medical School. Enthusiasm was the order of the day. The Department of Pathology, including the Section of Neuropathology, comprised the Mallory Institute of Pathology. It was a busy service, with 900 autopsies performed each year. In addition, the Coroner’s Office was housed in the Institute. In Neuropathology 700 to 800 brains were examined yearly. The abundance of pathological material would be an important factor. Two residents in Neuropathology were responsible for the day-to-day work: Dr David McDougall, the senior, and myself. Dr McDougall developed formalin dermatitis …
Educational, occupational, and relationship histories of men who were sexually and/or physically abused as children

Ninety men (mean age 26) at an urban Northeastern university were administered a self-report assessment of their early sexual and physical abuse experiences, and their educational, occupational, relationship, and substance abuse histories. Subjects were classified as sexually abused according to criteria used by Wyatt (1985) and Finkelhor (1979). Sixteen men (17.8%) experienced sexual abuse alone, 22 men (24.4%) physical abuse alone, 15 men (16.7%) both sexual and physical abuse, and 37 men (41.1%) were classified as nonabused. Of the 31 men who reported sexual abuse, 24 (77.4%) were contact, the rest noncontact. Sexually abused men reported significantly greater difficulties than nonabused men at all levels of education: grade school, high school and college. They also reported more negative job experiences and more negative experiences in relationships. Physically abused men showed a similar but less pervasive pattern of difficulties. Substance abuse was significantly more prevalent among both sexually and physically abused men than among nonabused subjects.
Molecular Typing Demonstrating Transmission of Gram-Negative Rods in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the Absence of a Recognized Epidemic

Molecular typing techniques have been used in outbreak investigations. In this study, molecular typing techniques were used to track the spread of gram-negative rods (GNRs) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the absence of an outbreak. Stool or rectal swab cultures for GNRs were obtained from all infants on admission, weekly, and on discharge. GNRs were tested for gentamicin susceptibility and were typed by contourclamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis. Transmission of identical strains of GNRs among infants was noted. Shared strains were more gentamicin resistant compared with unique strains (53% vs. 10%; ). Infants first colonized when they were 11 week of age had more total days of antibiotic treatment P p .0001 and had a higher rate of acquiring a shared and gentamicin-resistant strain, compared with infants colonized earlier. Antibiotic use increases colonization of infants in the NICU with resistant and shared strains of GNRs.
Basic Literacy: Mediating Between Power Constructs

Introduction: Moving into the Project I attend Oberlin College, which is located in Lorain County, in Northern Ohio. Lorain County, like many counties in the United States, has a program for adult education. Lorain County’s Adult Basic Literacy Education classes (also known as ABLE) reach throughout the community. There are classes in church basements, schools, prisons, community centers, and health facilities; they occur anywhere people are able to gather and usually are held in the evenings. Adults who attend these programs are most often pursuing their General Education Degree (GED); some English as a Second Language (ESL) speakers come seeking help with English; and some already have a high school diploma and just want to “brush up.” TheABLE classes are free; the programs are funded by the state, and, consequently, are strictly regulated and budgeted. I am involved with an ABLE program at Lorain County’s Joint Vocational School (JVS) every Tuesday and Thursday evening. During these evenings, there are three levels of classes. The students in the most advanced classes need about three to sixth months to prepare for the GED test itself. The next level class members usually need six to twelve months of preparation for the test. I work
Координация Пространственного и Отраслевого Развития в Рамках Кластеров. Опыт Зарубежных Стран (Coordination of Spatial and Sectoral Development within Clusters. International Experience)

Russian Abstract: В данной работе представлен краткий обзор основных подходов к координации отраслевого и территориального развития в зарубежных странах. Анализ документов стратегического планирования показывает, что в последнее время в большинстве стран кластерные инициативы нацелены на решение сразу нескольких задач экономического развития — стимулирование инновационной деятельности, организация новых рабочих мест, создание малых предприятий, привлечение инвестиций, создание положительного имиджа и продвижение бренда территории. Все это позволяет использовать кластерный подход для скоординированного решения задач отраслевого и территориального развития.English Abstract: This paper features synopsis of main approaches to the coordination of sectoral and spatial development overseas. Analysis of the documents related to the strategic planning demonstrates that recently in the majority of countries cluster initiatives are aimed at the resolution of multiple tasks of economic development: fostering of the innovative activity, creation of new employment, starting small businesses, attraction of investment, creation of positive image and promotion of the territory's brand. All this allows to implement cluster approach for the coordinating resolution of the issues of sectoral and spatial development.
A novel method for measurement of triglyceride lipase activity: suitable for microgram and nanogram quantities of tissue.

The measurement of triglyceride lipase activity in microgram and nanogram quantities of tissue is reported. The method involves quantitation of glycerol released from a triglyceride substrate, which is shown to provide a value of approximately one-third of that obtained by quantitation of free fatty acid release. Influences on glycerol release, including pH optimum, NaCl inhibition, and activation by serum and heparin are characterized. Two separate assays are described for the measurement of glycerol that yield identical results with nanogram quantities of tissue. The advantage of one assay is its simplicity, while the advantage of the other is that it can be adjusted to measure very small tissue samples (nanogram) with the use of microanalytical procedures (i.e., enzymatic amplification of the NAD+ product of glycerol analysis). Sensitivity of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of triglyceride lipase activity in nanogram samples of single soleus muscle fibers. Measurement of picomole quantities of glycerol produced by lipase activity in single muscle fibers represents at least a 1,000-fold increase in sensitivity compared to currently available methods.
What is the best greedy-like heuristic for the weighted set covering problem?

The greedy heuristic for the weighted set covering problem is a "column knowledge" construction heuristic where cost and row coverage information are used to insert columns into the solution. In this paper, we analyze the performance of construction heuristics that expand on the column knowledge functions described by Vasko and Wilson (1984) and row knowledge functions described by Ablanedo-Rosas and Rego (2010). If redundant columns are removed from solutions, then the basic greedy heuristic gives essentially the best results.
Nanostructured titanium nitride as a novel cathode for high performance lithium/dissolved polysulfide batteries

Abstract Lithium–sulfur (Li S) batteries could potentially revolutionize the rechargeable battery market due to their high energy density and low cost. However, low active material utilization, electrode volumetric expansion and a high rate of capacity fade due to the dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates in the liquid electrolyte are the main challenges facing further Li S battery development. Here, we enhanced Li S batteries active material utilization and decreased the volumetric expansion by using the lithium/dissolved polysulfide configuration. Moreover, a novel class of cathode materials, Titanium Nitride (TiN), was developed for polysulfide conversion reactions. The surface chemical environment of the TiN has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The existence of S Ti N bonding at the cathode electrode surface was observed, which indicates the strong interactions between TiN and polysulfides. Therefore, the TiN electrode retains the sulfur species on the cathode surface, minimizing the active material and surface area loss and consequently, improves the capacity retention. The resultant cells demonstrated a high initial capacity of 1524 mAh g−1 and a good capacity retention for 100 cycles at a C/10 current rate.
Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Academic Hardiness Scale in College Student Samples

Academic hardiness, a construct representing how students tend to respond to academic stressors, has seen increased attention in the recent literature. However, as yet, no measure exists that has been validated for use with college students. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the psychometric properties of the Revised Academic Hardiness Scale (RAHS; Benishek, Feldman, Shipon, Mecham, & Lopez, 2005) in several samples of college students from 2 institutions of higher education. Study 1 showed a 4-factor model (Commitment, Control of Affect, Challenge, and Control of Effort) to be the best-fitting solution. Studies 2 and 3 found support for the test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the 4 factors' scores. Finally, Study 4 showed evidence of the predictive validity of the RAHS scores, which accounted for significant variance in first- and second-semester college grade point average and persistence to a 2nd year at the university beyond the variance accounted for by high school academic variables. Overall, the RAHS appears to be a psychometrically sound measure for use with college students. (PsycINFO Database Record
Crystal structure of catena-poly[[chlorido­(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bi­pyridine-κ2N,N′)copper(II)]-μ-chlorido]

The title compound, [CuCl2(C12H12N2)]n, was obtained via a DMSO-mediated dehydration of Cu(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bi­pyridine)­copper(II)·0.25H2O. The central CuII atom is coordinated in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry by two N atoms of a chelating 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bi­pyridine ligand [average Cu—N = 2.03 (3) A] and three Cl atoms, one terminal with a short Cu—Cl bond of 2.2506 (10) A, and two symmetry-equivalent and bridging bonds. The bridging Cl atom links the CuII ions into chains parallel to [001] via one medium and one long Cu—Cl bond [2.3320 (10) and 2.5623 (9) A]. The structure displays both inter- and intra­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding.
A Double Prodrug with Improved Membrane Permeability over the Parent Chelator HBED Provides Superior Cytoprotection against Hydrogen Peroxide

The clinical use of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED) has been hindered by its lack of bioavailability. N,N′-bis(2-boronic pinacol ester benzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl esters 7 a–c, respectively, and their dimesylate salts 8 a–c, are double prodrugs that mask the two phenolate and two carboxylate donors of HBED as boronic esters and carboxylate esters, respectively. Their activation by chemical hydrolysis and oxidation, their passive diffusivity, and their cytoprotective capabilities have been investigated here. 8 a–c hydrolyzed in minimum essential medium at 37 °C with half-lives of 0.69, 0.81, and 2.28 h, respectively. The intermediate formed, 9 [N,N′-bis(2-boronic acid benzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid], then underwent oxidative deboronation by H2O2 to give HBED (k=1.82 m−1 min−1). Solubility measurements in mineral oil and in phosphate buffer indicated that 7 a had a better balance between lipid and aqueous solubilities than did HBED. 7 a was also able to passively diffuse across a lipid-like silicone membrane (log flux=−0.36), whereas HBED-HCl was not. 8 c provided better protection to retinal cells than did HBED against a lethal dose of H2O2 (84 % vs. 28 % protection, respectively, at 44 μm). These results suggest that the double prodrugs have better membrane permeability than does HBED, and therefore could be therapeutically useful for improving the delivery of HBED.
Operation of series and shunt converters with 48-pulse series connected three-level NPC converter for UPFC

The 48-pulse series connected 3-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter approach has been used in unified power flow controller (UPFC) application due to its near sinusoidal voltage quality. This paper investigates the control and operation of series and shunt converters with 48-pulse voltage source converters (VSC) for UPFC application. A novel controller for series converter is designed based on the ldquoangle controlldquo of the 48-pulse voltage source converter. The complete simulation model of shunt and series converters for UPFC application is implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The practical real and reactive power operation boundary of UPFC in a 3-bus power system is specifically investigated. The performance of UPFC connected to the 500-kV grid with the proposed controller is evaluated. The simulation results validate the proposed control scheme under both steady state and dynamic operating conditions.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of interlayer dielectrics

Interlayer dielectrics with low dielectric constants are needed for current and future ULSI technology nodes. [1,2] However an understanding of the defects which limit reliability and cause increased leakage currents is not yet developed for these low-k films. As reported previously [3], we have observed several performance limiting defects with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) that correlate quite strongly to leakage current measurements. We have recently made significant progress in developing a fundamental understanding of how film composition and processing parameters affect specific defects and how these defects are related to leakage currents. In this new work we utilize EPR and leakage current measurements to investigate over fifty low-k dielectrics with potential use as ILDs and ESLs. Films investigated include various compositions of SiOC, SiO 2 , SiN, SiCN, and SiC deposited deposition on 300 mm (100) silicon wafers. They exhibit a wide range of dielectric constant, sample chemistry, and density.
3D printing for cost-effective, customized, reusable multi-modality imaging phantoms

3D printing is a developing technology that allows for the rapid fabrication of arbitrary three dimensional shapes. The technology is becoming increasingly affordable, accurate and accessible to researchers. As a result they are an attractive option for research groups to quickly and cheaply fabricate multi-modality imaging phantoms. In this work one 70 mm long, 50 mm diameter and two reusable 11 mm long, 20 mm diameter cylindrical phantoms with wells for imaging agents were fabricated for use with a high resolution PET system under development at Stanford. The 3D printed phantoms were imaged using flat panel X-ray, CT, MRI and PET modalities. The phantoms show that 3D printing can be an effective technique for quickly, and cheaply fabricating customized reusable phantoms for multiple imaging modalities.
United We Stand? The Role of Ethnic Heterogeneity in the Immigration and Violent Crime Relationship at the Neighborhood Level:

The current study makes several contributions to the extant literature on the relationship between immigration and neighborhood crime. I review classical and contemporary theories and argue that these theories make contradictory predictions regarding the moderating effects of ethnic heterogeneity on the immigration and crime relationship. Previous immigration and crime studies cannot help adjudicate between these positions because they have only considered diversity as a mediator or a control variable. I use multiple measures of diversity to conduct the first comprehensive study of the moderating effects of ethnic heterogeneity on the immigration and violent crime relationship at the neighborhood level. The results indicate that greater diversity strengthens the protective effect of immigrant residential concentration. These findings contradict the assumptions of classical theories and support the more recent immigration and crime perspectives.
Further Study of Sequences and Series

Chapter 2 continues the study of sequences and series. Although the ancient Greeks and Babylonians knew how to add integers and proved many formulae using geometry, there were limitations to their techniques. For example, they did not know how to represent the fourth power of a number because we all live in a three-dimensional space. Additionally, there are infinitely many examples of sequences and series that involve fractional expressions or combinations of exponential and trigonometric functions that were unknown in ancient times. In Chapter 2 you will learn different methods of finding exact sums and will prove many formulae using other creative ideas. It introduces the Leibniz harmonic triangle and shows its connection with the well-known Pascal triangle. Properties of the Leibniz triangle will be used to prove sums of infinite series. Additionally, trigonometric series are introduced and some interesting methods of evaluating finite and infinite trigonometric series. While there is no formula for a sequence of prime numbers, using the Cantor theorem, the reader will attempt to find a finite arithmetic progression that contains only prime numbers. Methods of proofs are mastered in this chapter.
Less Theory. More Description

Sociology must worry less about theoretical innovation and more about empirical description.
Enhancing Telehealth Education in Nursing: Applying King’s Conceptual Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment:

Telehealth technologies are increasingly used in the provision of nursing care to clients and populations. The education of nurses must include content and practice with telehealth technologies. The authors of this article discuss how one school of nursing has infused telehealth content and resources into undergraduate and graduate curricula using King’s conceptual system and theory of goal attainment as a guide.
Reaching out to diaspora Chinese in East Africa: Barriers and Bridges:

The influx of Chinese in East Africa presents churches with an opportunity to engage in cross-cultural evangelism right in their own neighborhoods. East African churches are well equipped to engage...
Folk City: New York and the Folk Music Revival

Folk City: New York and the American Folk Music Revival outlines the role played by New York City in precipitating the folk music revival that is such a noteworthy aspect of the history of the 1960...
An overview of low profile miniaturized antennas for low frequency applications

In this paper, an overview of recent advancements in theory and design of low-profile miniaturized antennas that can radiate purely vertical polarization is presented. Low profile antennas are desired for mobile platforms to reduce visibility and air drag. Also for operation in near ground communication at low VHF and HF bands, vertical polarization is highly desirable considering much higher path-loss for horizontally polarized wave propagation. In this paper designs and principles of operations of three different low-profile antennas with vertical polarization are presented.
Proteorhodopsins dominate the expression of phototrophic mechanisms in seasonal and dynamic marine picoplankton communities

The most abundant and ubiquitous microbes in the surface ocean use light as an energy source, capturing it via complex chlorophyll-based photosystems or simple retinal-based rhodopsins. Studies in various ocean regimes compared the abundance of these mechanisms, but few investigated their expression. Here we present the first full seasonal study of abundance and expression of light-harvesting mechanisms (proteorhodopsin, PR; aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, AAnP; and oxygenic photosynthesis, PSI) from deep-sequenced metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of marine picoplankton (<1 µm) at three coastal stations of the San Pedro Channel in the Pacific Ocean. We show that, regardless of season or sampling location, the most common phototrophic mechanism in metagenomes of this dynamic region was PR (present in 65-104% of the genomes as estimated by single-copy recA), followed by PSI (5-104%) and AAnP (5-32%). Furthermore, the normalized expression (RNA to DNA ratio) of PR genes was higher than that of oxygenic photosynthesis (average ± standard deviation 26.2 ± 8.4 vs. 11 ± 9.7), and the expression of the AAnP marker gene was significantly lower than both mechanisms (0.013 ± 0.02). We demonstrate that PR expression was dominated by the SAR11-cluster year-round, followed by other Alphaproteobacteria, unknown-environmental clusters and Gammaproteobacteria. This highly dynamic system further allowed us to identify a trend for PR spectral tuning, in which blue-absorbing PR genes dominate in areas with low chlorophyll-a concentrations (<0.25 µgL-1). This suggests that PR phototrophy is not an accessory function but instead a central mechanism that can regulate photoheterotrophic population dynamics.
In Vivo Animal Models for Controlled-Release Pulmonary Drug Delivery

Prediction of drug delivery performance in the human lung is most often based on observations in commonly used laboratory animals. Even though cell cultures are a useful and inexpensive tool, they are limited to the study of single or a few processes. The complexity and numerous biological interactions of a drug and delivery system can be accurately evaluated only in vivo. The anatomical and physiological differences between species should be carefully considered and are reviewed in this chapter. In addition, the methods of aerosol delivery and dose calculation are presented. Then, techniques and methods to assess drug delivery performance in these in vivo models are reviewed. Lastly, animal models of disease are discussed. These factors are crucial for the correct interpretation of the results of studies and the subsequent extrapolation to humans.
Thermal Analysis of ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Formation

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the formation of MgB2 from amorphous boron powder and MgH2/Mg powder. The B and powder mixture demonstrated that forms near 600degC with an estimated activation energy of 239 kJ/mole. The B and Mg powder mixture has an additional low temperature reaction near 425degC that is initiated by Mg(OH)2 decomposition. Similar effects can be duplicated with the hydride powder via moisture contamination.
On the Maximum Modulus for a Certain Class of Unimodular Trigonometric Polynomials

A certain class of trigonometric polynomials of degree N squared is defined. The polynomials in this class have coefficients which are piecewise complex exponentials and therefore have unit modulus. The supremum norm for the polynomials in this class are studied. The cases where the frequencies in the coefficient sections are a permutation of the integers from 1 to N, and where the frequencies are independent uniformly distributed random variables are treated.
Effects of serotonergic agonists on neuroendocrine responses of rhesus monkeys and patients with depression and anxiety disorders.

The role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the etiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders has been a focus of considerable research for many years. Recent progress in biochemical neuropharmacology has resulted in the delineation of a variety of serotonin receptor subtypes. More specific agonists and antagonists for the serotonin receptor subtypes are available, and a few are available for clinical use. One research strategy has been to administer “challenge” doses of a serotonin receptor agonist to patients and compare the behavioral and neuroendocrine response to that of healthy controls. At times it has been possible to utilize this strategy both before and after pharmacologic treatment in order to allow an evaluation of the treatment on the sensitivity of the receptor system.
Cutting Stock, Linear Programming, Knapsacking, Dynamic Programming and Integer Programming, Some Interconnections

Cutting stock problems have many connections with Linear, Dynamic and Integer Programming, many of the connections being through the Knapsack Problem. This paper relates some of the connections arising from the one dimensional cutting stock. Little background in mathematical programming is presumed.
Appropriated authority: a theory of transnational sport governance

The organisations regulating international sport comprise a distinct mode of transnational governance. Although domestic and international sport governing bodies are typically constituted as privat...
Stochastic Analysis of Long-Span Bridges with Active Control

The possible application of an active control system to long-span bridges subjected to random wind turbulences is explored. Servomechanisms and active tendons are utilized for the active control system, wherein the closed-loop feedback control algorithm is used. The wind load is separated into two parts; the self-excited loads and the buffeting loads. The self-excited wind load is dependent on the bridge motion, whereas, the buffeting wind load is modeled as a stationary stochastic process. The control problem is formulated in the frequency domain and the statistics of the bridge response and the control forces are obtained using the method of random vibration analysis. The stability of the bridge with or without an active control system is investigated. Both problems of single degree of freedom flutter and classical flutter are formulated. The effectiveness of the proposed active control system in suppressing the bridge response and enhancing its stability under strong wind gusts is demonstrated.
Teaching Social Medicine as Collaborative Ethnographic Research and Advocacy on Homelessness and Serious Mental Illness

We review our attempts in multiple medical schools since the 1990s to build critical social medicine intellectual and practitioner communities dedicated to reducing health disparities and to promoting social justice for medically underserved/mis-served vulnerable populations. Our participation in the periodic “overhauls” of the required undergraduate medical student curriculum has been disappointing and time-consuming. We have had to humbly recognize the practical limits of a required social science of medicine curriculum, despite our conviction that exposure to social science and humanities concepts can make better physicians and researchers. Our smaller scale focused elective courses and clinical-/community-based practicums have been better received. Building MD/PhD social science tracks in physician/scientist training programs also has been intellectually rewarding. The exceptional ambition and intelligence of physician/social scientists, coupled with the “fragmented occupational and institutional habitus” imposed on them, promotes innovative thinking (following Bourdieu) (Bourdieu, Homo academicus, 1st edn. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1990; Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, 1st English edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977). Living simultaneously in the applied world of medicine and the world of social science/humanities steeped in theoretical critique, they face the contradictory epistemologies, funding logistics, and practical professional priorities of their training, and this often leads to creative critical analysis. More practically, the MD/PhD programs have anchored our intellectual communities of critical social scientists and dedicated clinicians. Frustrated, however, by the zero-sum time competition between teaching undergraduate medical students versus the passion we feel for research and social justice advocacy, we experimented by integrating first-year medical students into our ongoing research. We trained them as ethnographers, working side by side with them. Their energy and the quality of the research data they collected exceeded our expectations. Furthermore, their enduring intellectual bonds and friendships spawned new social medicine initiatives independent from us. They enrich the intellectual environment of the medical school and motivate other students to pursue their commitments to health and social equality. Integrating the excitement of medical research on urgent social problems with teaching and mentorship obligations has proved more sustainable and inspiring than our over one dozen multiple – often more expensive and time-consuming – pedagogical and program-building initiatives over the years. Our challenge now is to bring social medicine research/advocacy opportunities for medical students to scale, as an integral component of the required undergraduate medical school curriculum.
Experimental Study of Geopolymer Concrete Produced from Waste Concrete

AbstractThis paper investigates complete recycling of waste concrete to produce new geopolymer concrete (GPC). Specifically, GPC was produced using waste concrete fines (WCF) and class-F fly ash (F...
Contemporary patterns of racial/ethnic disparities in surgical treatment and overall survival for localized resectable non-small cell lung cancer in the United States.

e20057Background: Racial disparities in the surgical treatment of early stage lung cancers are well documented for African-Americans relative to Whites. However, there is a paucity of contemporary ...
Names and the transidioma: Language and power in the 21st century

Abstract The experience of linguistic globalization, and the communicative disorder it entails, requires a serious retooling of most basic units of semiotic analysis. The complexity and indeterminacy of late-modern communication affects most sociolinguistic assumptions behind social interactions. In particular, we can no longer assume a model of dialogue based on shared indexical knowledge. By introducing the concept of transidioma – i.e. the ensemble of communicative practices of people embedded in translingual environments and engaged in interactions that blend face-to-face and digitally-mediated communication – this paper documents the renewed reliance on denotational references, especially proper names, as a primary strategy to handle dialogue during asylum hearings.
Ferric citrate reduces fibroblast growth factor 23 levels and improves renal and cardiac function in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease

Iron deficiency, anemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are common and interrelated complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that are linked to CKD progression, cardiovascular disease and death. Ferric citrate is an oral phosphate binder that decreases dietary phosphate absorption and serum FGF23 concentrations while increasing iron stores and hemoglobin in patients with CKD. Here we compared the effects of ferric citrate administration versus a mineral sufficient control diet using the Col4a3 knockout mouse model of progressive CKD and age-matched wild-type mice. Ferric citrate was given to knockout mice for four weeks beginning at six weeks of age when they had overt CKD, or for six weeks beginning at four weeks of age when they had early CKD. Ten-week-old knockout mice on the control diet showed overt iron deficiency, anemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased serum FGF23, hypertension, decreased kidney function, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Ferric citrate rescued iron deficiency and anemia in knockout mice regardless of the timing of treatment initiation. Circulating levels and bone expression of FGF23 were reduced in knockout mice given ferric citrate with more pronounced reductions observed when ferric citrate was initiated in early CKD. Ferric citrate decreased serum phosphate only when it was initiated in early CKD. While ferric citrate mitigated systolic dysfunction in knockout mice regardless of timing of treatment initiation, early initiation of ferric citrate also reduced renal fibrosis and proteinuria, improved kidney function, and prolonged life span. Thus, initiation of ferric citrate treatment early in the course of murine CKD lowered FGF23, slowed CKD progression, improved cardiac function and significantly improved survival.
Modeling Temperature Effects on Population Density of the Dengue Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Mosquito density plays an important role in the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue and Zika. While it remains very challenging to estimate the density of mosquitoes, modelers have tried different methods to represent it in mathematical models. The goal of this paper is to investigate the various ways mosquito density has been quantified, as well as to propose a dynamical system model that includes the details of mosquito life stages leading to the adult population. We first discuss the mosquito traits involved in determining mosquito density, focusing on those that are temperature dependent. We evaluate different forms of models for mosquito densities based on these traits and explore their dynamics as temperature varies. Finally, we compare the predictions of the models to observations of Aedes aegypti abundances over time in Vitoria, Brazil. Our results indicate that the four models exhibit qualitatively and quantitatively different behaviors when forced by temperature, but that all seem reasonably consistent with observed abundance data.
Use of FEF25–75% to Guide IgG Dosing to Protect Pulmonary Function in CVID

Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) can protect against lung function decline in CVID. We tested whether increasing IgG dosage was beneficial in patients who exhibited a decline in forced expiratory flow at 25–75% (FEF25–75%) even though they were receiving IgG doses within the therapeutic range. Of 189 CVID patients seen over 12 years, 38 patients met inclusion criteria, were seen on ≥ 3 visits, and demonstrated a ≥ 10% decrease in FEF25–75% from visits 1 to 2. FEF25–75%, forced expiratory flow at 1 s (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC at visit 3 were compared among those with non-dose adjustment (non-DA) versus additional IgG dose adjustment (DA). Three FEF25–75% tiers were identified: top (> 80% predicted), middle (50–80%), and bottom (< 50%). DA and non-DA groups did not differ in clinical infections or bronchodilator use, although the non-DA group tended to use more antibiotics. In the top, normal tier, FEF25–75% increased in DA, but the change did not achieve statistical significance. In the middle moderate obstruction tier, visit 3 FEF25–75% increased among DA but not non-DA sets (11.8 ± 12.4%, p = 0.003 vs. 0.3 ± 9.9%, p = 0.94). Improvement in FEV1/FVC at visit 3 was also significant among DA vs. non-DA (7.2 ± 12.4%, p = 0.04 vs. − 0.2 ± 2.7%, p = 0.85). In the bottom, severe tier, FEF25–75% was unchanged in DA (− 0.5 ± 5.2%, p = 0.79), but increased in non-DA (5.1 ± 5.2%, p = 0.02). Among IGRT CVID patients with moderate but not severe obstruction as assessed by spirometry, increasing IgG dosage led to an increase in FEF25–75% and FEV1/FVC.