cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feedforward Control of Lift Hysteresis during Periodic and Random Pitching Maneuvers

A feedforward controller based on the nonlinear Goman-Khrabrov state space model is designed to compensate for the adverse lift and moment effects resulting from an airfoil pitching in a post-stalled state. The lift hysteresis is shown to be strongly dependent on the reduced frequency, so controllers based on simple synchronization with angle of attack are not likely to work at off-design conditions. The Goman-Khrabrov state space model is shown to accurately predict the lift over a wide range of frequencies and under quasi-random pitching conditions. The model is implemented in a feedforward controller that adjusts the amplitude of a short-duty cycle piezo-electric actuator located near the leading edge of the airfoil. Both periodic and quasi-random pitching motions within the stalled region are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control approach. The relatively long time delay believed to be associated with the recovery of the separated flow state limits the controllable bandwidth to k < 0.1.
Cirrhotic patients have good insight into their daily functional impairment despite prior hepatic encephalopathy: comparison with PROMIS norms

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important determinant of prognosis in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However due to inherent cognitive dysfunction, insight into HRQOL severity in patients with liver disease may be impaired. To assess insight into HRQOL using PROMIS tools compared to norms in cirrhotic patients. PROMIS tools are validated HRQOL instruments that test the domains of anger, anxiety, depression, physical function, pain behavior/impact, sleep disturbances/impairment, and social activities/roles, compared to US-norms. Patients were administered the PROMIS tools, the results of which were reviewed using a visual comparison with thed norms. Then two Likert scales from 0 to 10 per domain were administered that inquired about (1) Surprise Intensity: 0–4: not surprised, 5–10: surprised; and (2) Expectancies: 0–4: results better than expected, 5:10: as/worse than expected. Comparisons between HE/no-HE were also performed. 203 cirrhotic patients (57 yrs., 62 % men, MELD 12, 83 HE) were included. All HE patients were controlled on therapy. Prior HE patients were significantly impaired on all PROMIS domains (p < 0.01) except anger, compared to the re st. The majority (76–85 %) were not surprised with their placement vis-a-vis the norms. Similarly, a majority (59–61 %) thought their results were worse or as expected. However, a third of patients found that their PROMIS results were better than expected. Prior HE status did not significantly impact expectations or surprise based on placement with the norms. The majority of cirrhotic patients, regardless of prior HE, have good insight regarding their HRQOL issues.
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering

The mere mention of “stem cells” has been enough to spark significant controversies. Before one decides to get too riled up, however, it is best to learn more about the situation at hand. This chapter will present the embryology necessary to understand exactly what is meant by the term “stem cell,” and alternate views of what it might mean to have the stem property will be presented.
The role of alectinib in the treatment of advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in subsets of non-small cell lung cancer patients has provided with unparalleled opportunities to hinder the progression of this disease through targeting the activity of these specific molecules. Unfortunately most patients develop disease progression in less than a year of treatment with crizotinib, the first-generation ALK-inhibitor.Areas covered: We review the resistance mechanisms to ALK inhibitors as well as an overview of the clinical activity of the alectinib, a second generation ALK inhibitor.Expert commentary: Second generation ALK inhibitors as alectinib and ceritinib can overcome crizotinib-resistant mutations and improve central nervous system control. Novel third-generation inhibitors and combination of agents give hope of achieving an even longer disease control in the next decade.
Fe(II)/Fe(III) Redox Process Can Significantly Modulate the Conformational Dynamics and Electrostatics of Pirin in NF-κB Regulation

Pirin is an iron (Fe)-dependent regulatory protein of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors. Binding studies have suggested that the oxidative state of iron plays a crucial role in modulating the binding of Pirin to NF-κB p65, in turn enhancing the binding of p65 to DNA. The Fe(III) form of Pirin is the active form and binds to NF-κB, whereas the Fe(II) form does not bind to NF-κB. However, the surprising consequence of a single charge perturbation in the functional modulation of NF-κB is not well understood. Here, we use quantum mechanical calculations and microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations to explore the free-energy landscapes of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) forms of Pirin. We show that the restricted conformational space and electrostatic complementarity of the Fe(III) form of Pirin are crucial for binding and regulation of NF-κB. Our results suggest that a subtle single-electron redox trigger could significantly modulate the conformational dynamics and electrostatics of proteins in su...
Examples in legal reasoning: legal hypotheticals

This paper discusses examples, particularly hypotheticals, their use and generation, in legal reasoning. It examines the use of sequences of hypotheticals.
Woven Identities: Socioeconomic Change, Women’s Agency, and the Making of a Heritage Art in Jølster, Norway

This article focuses on the recent history and contemporary practice of a kind of traditional tapestry weaving known as smettvev in the rural county of Jolster in mountainous western Norway. Jolster has a rich fibre arts tradition and a rapidly changing society and economy, which make it an exemplary study in material culture as its fibre arts transform to accommodate these changes. This article draws on ethnographic research and interviews with representative practitioners and community members to examine how conceptions about producer and audience identity and the role of this art form in everyday life have evolved in light of changing context. The article furthermore discusses the ways in which the forms and motifs associated with smettvev are being re-appropriated by local contemporary artists working in other mediums, as well as by individuals and institutions who see smettvev as a symbol of local identity and heritage.
Beyond studentification in United States College Towns: Neighborhood change in the knowledge nodes, 1980–2010:

With the rise of the cognitive-cultural (or knowledge) economy, urban areas around the world have experienced significant changes in their social geographies. Studentification is one such change th...
Critical SFL Praxis Among Teacher Candidates: Using Systemic Functional Linguistics in K-12 Teacher Education

Drawing on examples of how two teacher educators have developed a critical SFL approach to teacher education, this chapter discusses specific principles of critical SFL to guide analysis of texts in the content areas and planning instruction that integrates these principles. It shows how we have prepared elementary and secondary teachers to use CSFL to plan instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse students, especially English language learners. The chapter concludes by providing some reflections on this process and a few guidelines for teacher educators to integrate this approach into teacher education programs.
Projecting the Water Footprint Associated with Shale Resource Production: Eagle Ford Shale Case Study

Production of oil from shale and tight reservoirs accounted for almost 50% of 2016 total U.S. production and is projected to continue growing. The objective of our analysis was to quantify the water outlook for future shale oil development using the Eagle Ford Shale as a case study. We developed a water outlook model that projects water use for hydraulic fracturing (HF) and flowback and produced water (FP) volumes based on expected energy prices; historical oil, natural gas, and water-production decline data per well; projected well spacing; and well economics. The number of wells projected to be drilled in the Eagle Ford through 2045 is almost linearly related to oil price, ranging from 20 000 wells at $30/barrel (bbl) oil to 97 000 wells at $100/bbl oil. Projected FP water volumes range from 20% to 40% of HF across the play. Our base reference oil price of $50/bbl would result in 40 000 additional wells and related HF of 265 × 109 gal and FP of 85 × 109 gal. The presented water outlooks for HF and FP wa...
Impact of PACS-EMR Integration on Radiologist Usage of the EMR

The purpose of this study was to objectively quantify the impact of implementing picture archiving and communication system-electronic medical record (PACS-EMR) integration on the time required to access data in the EMR and the frequency with which data are accessed by radiologists. Time to access a clinic note in the EMR was measured before and after integration with a stopwatch and compared by t test. An IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective review of EMR access data from security audit logs was conducted for a 14-month period spanning the integration. Correlation of these data with report signatures identified the studies in which the radiologist accessed the EMR to obtain additional clinical data. Proportions of studies with EMR access were plotted and compared before and after integration using a chi-square test. Time to access the EMR decreased from 52 to 6 s (p < 0.001). Proportion of studies with EMR access increased from 36.7% (10,175/27,773) to 44.9% (10,843/24,153) after integration (p < 0.001). Integrating PACS and the EMR substantially decreases the time to access the EMR and is associated with a significant increase in the proportion of studies for which radiologists obtain additional clinical data.
An object-oriented parser for text understanding

The parser is part of a text understanding system in which structural ambiguity is a major problem. All components of the system use a message-passing control structure. A general advantage of this form of control is that it allows the flexible integration of diverse knowledge sources. The parser transmits sub-sentential constituents for semantic interpretation. A pseudo-parallel version of the left-corner parsing algorithm with top-down filtering is used. As blind transmission would send spurious constituents, a delay mechanism is used to queue constituents until all alternative analyses of a segment have been completed.
Changes in root NH4/+ and NO3/- absorption rates of loblolly and ponderosa pine in response to CO2 enrichment

Root growth and physiological uptake capacity for NH 4 + and NO 3 − were examined for seedlings of loblolly and ponderosa pine grown for 160 days under two CO2 levels, ambient (35 Pa) and ambient plus 35 Pa (70 Pa). Fraction of biomass allocated to active fine roots as well as total N (NH 4 + + NO 3 − ) absorption per unit root dry mass were unaffected by CO2. On a whole-plant basis, elevated CO2 led to a significant increase in N acquisition in loblolly but not in ponderosa pine. However, even in loblolly pine where CO2 significantly increased plant N acquisition, the relative increase, in biomass far exceeded the gain in N, i.e. a 60% increase in total dry weight was accompanied by only a 30% increase in N gain in response to high CO2. We suggest that the commonly reported decline in tissue N concentration of these and other species at high CO2 is largely caused by inability of the root systems to sufficiently compensate for increased N demand. Elevated CO2 significantly altered root uptake capacity of the different N forms, i.e., high CO2 significantly increased NO 3 − absorption rates, but decreased NH 4 + absorption rates in both species though the decrease in loblolly was insignificant. However, elevated CO2 increased root respiration rate in loblolly pine while significantly decreasing it in ponderosa pine. This indicates that CO2-induced changes in plant preference for inorganic N forms is not simply regulated by root energy status. If changes in plant preference for inorganic N forms represent typical responses to elevated CO2, the results could have important implications for N dynamics in managed and natural plant communities.
Endosonography in Diagnosing and Staging of Pancreatic and Ampullary Cancer

This article details the use of endosonographic ultrasonography in diagnosing and staging ampullary and pancreatic carcinoma for which endosonographic ultrasonography is shown to be more accurate than conventional ultrasonography, computed tomography, and angiography. Endosonographic ultrasonography has become a useful tool in planning treatment of patients with ampullary and pancreatic tumors.
Paper-Based Sensors: Emerging Themes and Applications

Paper is a versatile, flexible, porous, and eco-friendly substrate that is utilized in the fabrication of low-cost devices and biosensors for rapid detection of analytes of interest. Paper-based sensors provide affordable platforms for simple, accurate, and rapid detection of diseases, in addition to monitoring food quality, environmental and sun exposure, and detection of pathogens. Paper-based devices provide an inexpensive technology for fabrication of simple and portable diagnostic systems that can be immensely useful in resource-limited settings, such as in developing countries or austere environments, where fully-equipped facilities and highly trained medical staff are absent. In this work, we present the different types of paper that are currently utilized in fabrication of paper-based sensors, and common fabrication techniques ranging from wax printing to origami- and kirigami-based approaches. In addition, we present different detection techniques that are employed in paper-based sensors such as colorimetric, electrochemical, and fluorescence detection, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, as well as their applications including disease diagnostics, cell cultures, monitoring sun exposure, and analysis of environmental reagents including pollutants. Furthermore, main advantages and disadvantages of different types of paper and future trends for paper-based sensors are discussed.
Modeling the intersectionality of processes in the social production of health inequalities

Abstract Background The recent pair of studies by Bauer and Scheim make substantial contributions to the literature on intersectionality and health: a validation study of the Intersectional Discrimination Index and a study outlining a promising analytic approach to intersectionality that explicitly considers the roles of social processes in the production of health inequalities. Rationale In this commentary, I situate Bauer and Scheim's contribution within the wider landscape of intersectional scholarship. I also respond to emerging concerns about the value of descriptive intersectional approaches, in particular the critique that such approaches blunt the critical edge and transformative aims of intersectionality. Finally, I outline important future directions for intersectional scholarship modeling social processes, in particular, the need for addressing structural determinants of inequalities intersectionally. Conclusions Whether a study is descriptive or analytic, engagement with theory is essential in order to maintain the critical and transformative edge of intersectionality. Theories of population health such as fundamental causes, social production, and ecosocial theory, should be framed and applied in explicitly intersectional terms. As the field moves toward intersectional evaluations of social processes, attention should be given to all ecological levels but especially the structural/institutional level. This attention includes considering interactions between intersectional social strata and contexts and considering the roles of structural-level discrimination in shaping population health outcomes intersectionally.
IMPACT OF CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN UTTARAKHAND

Background: Child feeding practices are the major contributors to the growth of children and have a crucial impact on the nutritional status of children. Awareness about the role of breastfeeding and complementary foods along with the knowledge about their nutritional benefits for the development, growth of infants is very important especially in rural areas. Objective: To know breastfeeding practices and nutritional status among children with focus on strengthening these practices to improve the health of infants in Uttarakhand. Material and Methods: Z-score test for two population proportions was used for specifying the significance level and test P-value was used for comparing the state i.e. Uttarakhand and its districts according to the two divisions namely, Kumaon and Garhwal. Results: In Kumaon division, the districts with healthy child feeding practices was observed were Udham Singh Nagar and Bageshwar, whereas in Garhwal division, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, and Rudraprayag were the districts with better practices as compared to the whole state. It was also observed that Garhwal division is rated higher than Kumaon division for best child feeding practices adopted while raising children. Conclusion: Through this study, it has been concluded that breastfeeding was prevalent in rural women but there lies a scope of improvement in their knowledge pertaining to the feeding practices. Keywords: Child Feeding, Breastfeeding, Complementary feeding, Infants, Nutrition, Uttarakhand
Thulium: YAG Laser Resection for Benign Prostatic Enlargement

Introduction: Benign prostatic enlargement has been a major part of urology and its treatment has been challenged by numerous technologies arising as the years go by. TURP remains a standard in comparison to new techniques that has been introduced. Recently laser, specifically thulium:yag, has been found to be a promising contender for TURP.
Pathologic complete response rate according to HER2 detection methods in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers are known to have significant clinical and pathological response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST). The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with pathological complete response (pCR), defined as no residual invasive carcinoma in the breast and axillary lymph nodes (ypT0/is ypN0), among patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and to compare pCR rates between breast cancers with HER2 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) versus HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the absence of protein overexpression by IHC. We conducted a retrospective review of HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with NST and surgery at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between January 2013 and May 2018. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status were assessed according to the 2018 ASCO/CAP guidelines. During the study period, 560 patients were identified. Of 531 patients with IHC results available, 455 patients had HER2 IHC 3+, and 76 had IHC < 3+ but HER2 amplification detected by FISH. The overall pCR rate was 59% (330/560). The pCR rate among patients with HER2 protein overexpression (IHC 3+) was 67%, compared to 17% among patients with HER2 amplification by FISH (IHC < 3+). On univariate and multivariate analyses, HER2 protein overexpression by IHC (IHC 3+) was a significant predictor of pCR, along with grade 3 histology, PR-negative status, and dual anti-HER2 therapy. Although both HER2 IHC and FISH are standard HER2 testing methods in breast cancer, achievement of pCR is associated with HER2 IHC expression level, among other factors.
Molecular and Ecological Studies of a Virus Family ( Iridoviridae) Infecting Invertebrates and Ectothermic Vertebrates

Research involving viruses within the family Iridoviridae (generically designated iridovirids to distinguish members of the family Iridoviridae from members of the genus Iridovirus) has markedly increased in recent years [...].
A 14-GHz Bang-Bang Digital PLL with sub-150fs Integrated Jitter for Wireline Applications in 7nm FinFET

Increased transceiver throughput requires clock sources of ever greater fidelity. This work demonstrates a digital PLL with 143fs rms jitter (in 1kHz-100MHz band), enabled by a low noise, 13.5–15.7GHz digitally controlled oscillator providing fine resolution (1.2MHz/LSB) without relying on coarse band selection. The TDC-less PLL eliminates limit cycles by substantial reduction of the loop latency, achieved by a look-ahead digital loop filter operated at 3.5GHz, or 10x the reference clock frequency. The 7nm FinFET implementation measures 0.06mm2 and consumes 40mW.
Leveraging Framework Instability: A Journey from Energy Storage to Drug Delivery

Amorphous pharmaceuticals often suffer from poor physical stability, which can negate their high solubility, fast dissolution rate, and better oral bioavailability vs. crystalline forms. This represents a major hurdle to processing, storage, and delivery of amorphous pharmaceuticals. Several approaches to addressing these problems have been pursued, but there is still a need for a general method for stabilizing the amorphous form. We describe a novel approach using a water-unstable metal-organic framework as a drug delivery vehicle that demonstrates improved amorphous form stability accompanied by remarkably enhanced solubility and a fast dissolution rate. This research project spanned eleven years from conception to realization and dissemination. With origins in understanding the stability or porous solids for energy storage materials, the work also highlights potential of basic science understanding to illuminate new areas of application.
Change: Leadership Essentials for Chest Medicine Professionals.

Change is a fact of life; the absence of change creates stagnation. This is perhaps especially true in health care, where progress in treating disease depends on innovation and progress. At the same time, change is often uncomfortable. Thus, it is helpful to model the change process to optimize the chances of successfully effecting change. Furthermore, how to lead change is a critical leadership competency. Three models for leading change are reviewed: the first-the eight stages of change-which was not designed for health care; the second called "switch"; and the third called Amicus, which was uniquely designed for health care. The models share many common features, with the explicit reminder in the third model that physicians should be involved in the change effort early. Although sparse, the evidence does suggest the applicability of these models to health care. Beyond having a roadmap for leading change, it is helpful to assess the worthiness of undertaking a change effort and of predicting the phasic response to change efforts, given that humans are often change-averse. In this regard, both the "payoff matrix" and the change curve, derived from the work of Kubler-Ross on grieving, are offered as tools. Finally, physicians' avidity for change is framed by two opposing vectors. On the one hand, physicians share in the general human aversion to change. On the other hand, physicians are data-reverent and also wish to do their best for patients, which encourages their embrace of ever-increasing evidence and change.
Reimagining the Wheel: Using Circular Calendars for Planning in Law School Libraries

This essay proposes using a wheel or circular calendar to identify and document the events and projects of an academic law school year, both in and out of the classroom. The idea of harnessing the natural cyclical process of law school for library planning comes from concept mapping, which can conceptualize an issue by using a variety of mapping strategies to organize and show the relationships between pieces of information and a central concept. Using a wheel graphic to visualize a process can facilitate project management and aid in teaching legal research strategy.
Size-asymmetric competition among snails disrupts production of human-infectious Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.

Parasites can harm hosts and influence populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, parasites are reciprocally affected by population- and community-level dynamics. Understanding feedbacks between infection dynamics and larger scale epidemiological and ecological processes could improve predictions and reveal novel control methods. We evaluated how exploitative resource competition among hosts, a fundamental aspect of population biology, influences within-host infection dynamics of the widespread human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in its intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. We added size-dependent consumption of shared resources to a parameterized bioenergetics model to predict a priori the growth, parasite production, and survival of an infected focal host coexisting with an uninfected conspecific competitor in an experiment that varied competitor size. The model quantitatively anticipated that competitors disrupt growth and parasite production, and that these effects increase with competitor size. Fitting the model to these data improved its match to host survivorship. Thus, resource competition alters infection dynamics, there are strong size asymmetries in these effects, and size-asymmetric resource competition effects on infections dynamics can be accurately predicted by bioenergetics theory. More broadly, this framework can assess parasite transmission and control in other contexts, such as in resource competitive host communities or in response to eutrophication, food supplementation, or culling.
Long-Range Propagation of Indirect Excitons in MoSe 2 /WSe 2 van der Waals Heterostructure

We realize long-range propagation of indirect excitons in a MoSe 2 /WSe 2 heterostructure. The data show that the long-range propagation of indirect excitons is possible in van der Waals heterostructures with the predicted moire superlattice potentials.
Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Microcystin-LR in Water Samples Via Target-Induced Displacement of Aptamer Associated [Ru(NH3)6]3+

In this study, we demonstrate the successful development of an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for point-of-use detection and quantification of the highly potent microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in wate...
Secret messengers: Extracellular RNA communication in the immune system*

One of the hallmarks of the immune system is a dynamic landscape of cellular communication through the secretion of soluble factors, production of cell-bound ligands, and expression of surface receptors. This communication affects all aspects of immune cell behavior, integrates the responses of immune cells in tissues, and is fundamental to orchestrating effective immunity. Recent pioneering work has shown that the transfer of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) constitutes a novel mode of cellular communication. This communication involves diverse RNA species, with short noncoding RNAs especially enriched in the extracellular space. These RNAs are highly stable and selectively packaged for secretion. Transferred RNAs have functions in target cells that both mirror their cell-intrinsic roles and adopt novel mechanisms of action. These extracellular RNAs both impact the behavior of individual immune cells and participate in local and systemic immune responses. The impacts of RNA communication on immune cells and disease states have important implications for the development of novel clinical biomarkers and innovative therapeutic designs in immune-related disease. In this review, we will discuss the foundation of knowledge that is establishing RNA communication as an active and functional process in the immune system.
The Archean origin of oxygenic photosynthesis and extant cyanobacterial lineages

The record of the coevolution of oxygenic phototrophs and the environment is preserved in three forms: genomes of modern organisms, diverse geochemical signals of surface oxidation and diagnostic P...
The role of the variational formulation in the dimensionally-heterogeneous modelling of the human cardiovascular system

The modelling of the cardiovascular system entails dealing with different phenomena pertaining to different time, constitutive and geometrical scales. Specifically, the problem of integrating various geometrical scales can be understood from a kinematical point of view, which means to integrate models with different kinematics, and in particular different dimensionality. In this context, all the variational machinery can be employed to derive consistent variational formulations according to the underlying kinematical hypotheses that rule over the corresponding models. In this work we discuss the application of variational formulations to model the blood flow in the cardiovascular system making use of heterogeneous representations. Two examples of applications are used to show the capabilities and potentialities of the present approach.
Free energy landscape of activation in a signalling protein at atomic resolution

The interconversion between inactive and active protein states, traditionally described by two static structures, is at the heart of signalling. However, how folded states interconvert is largely unknown due to the inability to experimentally observe transition pathways. Here we explore the free energy landscape of the bacterial response regulator NtrC by combining computation and nuclear magnetic resonance, and discover unexpected features underlying efficient signalling. We find that functional states are defined purely in kinetic and not structural terms. The need of a well-defined conformer, crucial to the active state, is absent in the inactive state, which comprises a heterogeneous collection of conformers. The transition between active and inactive states occurs through multiple pathways, facilitated by a number of nonnative transient hydrogen bonds, thus lowering the transition barrier through both entropic and enthalpic contributions. These findings may represent general features for functional conformational transitions within the folded state. While active and inactive conformations of proteins have been characterised, pathways connecting these states remain largely obscure. Pontiggia et al.find that the inactive state of NtrC represents an ensemble of different conformers that interconvert to the active state via multiple pathways.
Enrichment of Auxotrophic Mutants of Aspergillus flavus by Tritium Suicide

A method based on tritium suicide was developed to enrich auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus flavus. N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) was chosen as a mutagen, since a wide variety of mutations were induced by the action of 0.1% NG on A. flavus conidia suspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The decimal reduction time under these conditions was about 30 min, and the surviving population contained 4 to 6% auxotrophs after 1 hr of mutagenesis. This proportion was then increased by tritium suicide of wild-type cells. At a concentration of 1.3 μm, 3H-leucine was incorporated better than 3H-proline or 3H-thymidine into the germinating conidia. With about 20 hr of incubation and a short treatment in a high-speed mixer to disentangle mycelia and conidia, a 5- to 20-fold decrease in the number of survivors resulted from the incorporated 3H-leucine (5 c/mmole) after 1 week of storage at 5 C. At a 10-fold lower concentration, the uptake of radioactivity and the subsequent suicide rate were much lower. With 3H-leucine, the proportion of auxotrophs in the surviving population rose from 5 to about 20% during 2 weeks of storage at 5 C. Mutants requiring various intermediates for protein or nucleic acid synthesis or requiring vitamins were isolated. Finally, it was noted that A. flavus shows a much higher resistance to tritium suicide than does Escherichia coli.
Educational standards for management accountants: A critical need

Abstract The last five years have seen the development of a trend that may be characterized as “the professionalization of accounting education”. One major element of this movement has been the development of a formal recommended curriculum for students planning a career in public accounting. However, a similar proposed curriculum for management accounting students has not resulted. Although the management accounting profession has made great advances during the past few years, a single formal recommended curriculum has not been developed. This article expresses concern over the lack of such a curriculum, and urges the management accounting arm of the profession to join in developing a single recommended academic curriculum for management accountants.
Effects of hypoxic and hyperoxic incubation on the reactivity of the chicken embryo (Gallus gallus) ductus arteriosi in response to catecholamines and oxygen

Development in chronic hypoxia has been shown to have a significant negative impact on the developing cardiovascular system. The developing chicken embryo has two ductus arteriosi (DA) that shunt blood away from the lungs to the systemic circuit and constrict during hatching in response to an increase in arterial partial pressure of O(2). The goal of this study was to determine the influence of O(2) levels during incubation on the vascular reactivity of the O(2)-sensitive DA using the chicken as a novel model system. In addition, we measured blood gas and air cell O(2) during these developmental stages. Chicken embryos were incubated in hypoxia (15% O(2)), normoxia (21% O(2)) or hyperoxia (30% O(2)) and examined on incubation days 16 and 18 and as internally pipped and externally pipped embryos. The vasoreactivity of the DA was measured in response to an increase in O(2) and during stepwise increases in noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PE). The DA from embryos incubated in hypoxic conditions contracted in response to O(2) at a later hatching stage than the DA from embryos incubated in normoxic or hyperoxic conditions. The DA from day 18 embryos incubated in hypoxic conditions had a significantly weaker contractile response to NA and PE when compared with the DA from embryos incubated in normoxic or hyperoxic conditions. Blood gas and air cell O(2) were lowest for embryos incubated in hypoxic conditions and highest for embryos incubated in hyperoxic conditions. Incubation in hypoxia significantly delays the maturation of DA, while incubation in hyperoxia accelerates development.
Mutational analysis of two herpes simplex virus type 1 late promoters.

Abstract To investigate the cis-acting sequence elements that are involved in the regulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 late gene expression, linker-scanning mutations were constructed in the promoters of the glycoprotein C and glycoprotein H genes. Each promoter mutation was inserted upstream of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene in a recombinant virus, and the relative activities of beta-galactosidase expressed from individual recombinant viruses were compared. This analysis identified three sequence elements in each promoter: a TATA element, an element that overlapped the start of transcription, and an element downstream from the start of transcription. Primer extension analysis confirmed these results and showed that mutations in either the TATA element or the initiation sequence could eliminate normal transcription initiation. Analysis of expression from hybrid promoters revealed that the TATA and the initiation elements were interchangeable, at least when correctly aligned, and that the initiation element plays a pivotal role in determining the actual site of transcription initiation.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (Staphylococcal)

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute, multisystem febrile illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus. A similar illness caused by group A streptococcal infections is discussed in Chapter 34. The currently accepted criteria for confirming a case of TSS include fever, hypotension, a diffuse erythematous macular rash, subsequent desquamation, evidence of multisystem involvement, and lack of evidence of another likely cause of the illness (Table 1).
Expression of a heat-stable NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii results in furan aldehyde detoxification

Compounds such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) are generated through the dehydration of xylose and glucose, respectively, during dilute-acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass and are also potent microbial growth and fermentation inhibitors. The enzymatic reduction of these furan aldehydes to their corresponding, and less toxic, alcohols is an engineering approach that has been successfully implemented in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ethanologenic Escherichia coli, but has not yet been investigated in thermophiles relevant to biofuel production through consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). Developing CBP-relevant biocatalysts that are either naturally resistant to such inhibitors, or are amenable to engineered resistance, is therefore, an important component in making biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass feasible. A butanol dehydrogenase encoding gene from Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E (Teth39_1597), previously shown to have furfural and 5-HMF reducing capabilities, was cloned into a suicide plasmid, pDCW171 and transformed into a lactate dehydrogenase mutant of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. Integration of the gene into the C. bescii chromosome was verified via PCR amplification and stable expression was observed up to 75°C. Heterologous expression of the NADPH-dependent BdhA enzyme conferred increased resistance of the engineered strain to both furfural and 5-HMF relative to the wild-type and parental strains. Further, when challenged with 15 mM concentrations of either furan aldehyde, the ability to eliminate furfural or 5-HMF from the culture medium was significantly improved in the engineered strain. A genetically engineered strain of C. bescii (JWCB044) has been constructed that shows both an improved tolerance to furan aldehydes and an improved ability to eliminate furfural and 5-HMF from the culture medium. The work presented here represents the first example of engineering furan aldehyde resistance into a CBP-relevant thermophile and further validates C. bescii as being a genetically tractable microbe of importance for lignocellulosic biofuel production.
Incarceration During Pregnancy

Women are now the fastest growing group among incarcerated persons in the United States. With approximately 6 percent to 10 percent of incarcerated women pregnant, the intersection of pregnancy and incarceration is an important issue. Incarcerated women are more likely to experience illness and serious diseases, and pregnant incarcerated women are particularly vulnerable, reporting late or less than optimal prenatal care. Nurses working in labor and delivery, postpartum units and correctional facilities are at the forefront of assessment, education and advocacy for pregnant women who are incarcerated. This column takes a second look at two recent studies in which researchers examined the health of pregnant incarcerated women (and their newborns) and discusses the importance of advocacy for this at-risk population.
A perceptual space of local image statistics

Local image statistics are important for visual analysis of textures, surfaces, and form. There are many kinds of local statistics, including those that capture luminance distributions, spatial contrast, oriented segments, and corners. While sensitivity to each of these kinds of statistics have been well-studied, much less is known about visual processing when multiple kinds of statistics are relevant, in large part because the dimensionality of the problem is high and different kinds of statistics interact. To approach this problem, we focused on binary images on a square lattice – a reduced set of stimuli which nevertheless taps many kinds of local statistics. In this 10-parameter space, we determined psychophysical thresholds to each kind of statistic (16 observers) and all of their pairwise combinations (4 observers). Sensitivities and isodiscrimination contours were consistent across observers. Isodiscrimination contours were elliptical, implying a quadratic interaction rule, which in turn determined ellipsoidal isodiscrimination surfaces in the full 10-dimensional space, and made predictions for sensitivities to complex combinations of statistics. These predictions, including the prediction of a combination of statistics that was metameric to random, were verified experimentally. Finally, check size had only a mild effect on sensitivities over the range from 2.8 to 14 min, but sensitivities to second- and higher-order statistics was substantially lower at 1.4 min. In sum, local image statistics form a perceptual space that is highly stereotyped across observers, in which different kinds of statistics interact according to simple rules.
Nucleotide interactions with 5-HT1A binding sites directly labeled by [3H]-8-hydroxy-2-(di)-n-propylamino) tetralin ([3H]-8-OH-DPAT)

Abstract Nucleotide interactions were examined at 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) binding sites labeled by [3H]-8-hydroxy-2-(di)-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). At a 10−4M concentration, GTP and GDP decreased specific binding of 0.4 nM [ 3 M]-8-OH-DPAT to 47 ± 4 and 61 ± 1% of control values respectively. This nucleotide effect was significantly greater (P
Effects of dietary and iron supplementation on hematocrit levels of preschool children

The effects of a 5 week period of dietary and medicinal iron supplementation on hematocrit levels of a group of preschool children from low socioeconomic backgrounds were studied. Two thirds of all children showed no change in hematocrit levels. Diet alone and diet plus 30 mg. of elemental iron per day were associated with statistically significant increases in mean hematocrit level. A slightly greater increase in mean hematocrit was seen in the iron-supplemented group. This study indicates that although severe nutritional anemia is not a common problem in this group of children, short-term improvement in nutrition is followed by significant increases in hematocrit. Only slight additive effect was obtained by the use of medicinal iron in the diet. It is suggested that an increase in hematocrit or hemoglobin level following therapy may constitute a better indicator of the prevalence of nutritional deficiency than a single measurement of such parameters as hemoglobin, hematocrit, or serum iron.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Language Transition among the Children of French- and Spanish-Caribbean Immigrants in the US

In this study, language transition among the children of Caribbean immigrants in the US is examined from two main perspectives. First, speeds of language transition among children in French- and Spanish-Caribbean immigrant families are compared. Second, the mediating roles of socio-demographic factors and sibling characteristics in language transition are also examined. The results reveal that, with increasing assimilation, children in French-Caribbean families experience a faster transition to English monolingualism than their counterparts with Spanish-Caribbean parents. Transition to English monolingualism is also negatively associated with the number of first-generation siblings within a household. However, increases in the number of second- and first-generation monolingual-English siblings significantly shift children's language use towards complete Anglicisation. Instructively, this impact offsets the influence which ethnically endogamous parents have on the retention of the mother-tongue within immi...
Stochastic Morphological Modeling of Random Multiphase Materials

A short-range-correlation (SRC) model is introduced in the framework of Markov/Gibbs random field theory to characterize and simulate random media. The Metropolis spin-flip algorithm is applied to build a robust simulator for multiphase random materials. Through development of the SRC model, several crucial conceptual ambiguities are clarified, and higher-order statistical simulation of random materials becomes computationally feasible. In the numerical examples, second- and third-order statistical simulations are demonstrated for biphase random materials, which shed light on the relationship between nth-order correlation functions and morphological features. Based on the observations, further conjectures are made concerning some fundamental morphological questions, particularly for future investigation of physical behavior of random media. It is expected that the SRC model can also be extended to third- and higher-order simulations of non-Gaussian stochastic processes such as wind pressure, ocean waves, and earthquake accelerations, which is an important research direction for high fidelity simulation of physical processes.
Mapping spectroscopic ellipsometry of CdTe solar cells for property-performance correlations

Mapping spectroscopic ellipsometry (M-SE) has been applied for optimization of polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cell fabrication on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) coated glass superstrates. During fabrication of these solar cells, the structure undergoes key processing steps after the sputter-deposition of the CdS/CdTe. These steps include CdCl 2 treatment of the CdTe layer and subsequent deposition of ultrathin Cu. Additional steps involve final metal back contact layer deposition and an anneal for Cu diffusion that completes the device. In this study, we have fabricated cells with variable absorber thickness, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µm, and variable CdCl2 treatment time, ranging from 5 to 30 min. Because both CdS window and Cu back contact layers are critical for determining device performance, an understanding of their deposition processes and process-property-performance relationships is important for device optimization. We have applied M-SE to map the effective thickness (volume/area) of the CdS and Cu films over 15 cm × 15 cm substrates prior to the fabrication of 16 × 16 arrays of dot cells. The model for M-SE analysis has been established using single-spot real time SE (RT-SE). We report correlations of cell performance parameters with the CdCl 2 treatment time and with the effective thicknesses from M-SE analysis. We demonstrate that correlations between optical/structural parameters extracted from M-SE analysis and device performance parameters facilitate process optimization.
The homodimeric form of glycine N-methyltransferase acts as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-binding receptor.

In the rat, cytochrome P4501A1 gene expression is thought to be regulated by several trans-acting factors including the 4S polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-binding protein, which was recently identified as glycine N-methyltransferase [Raha, A., Wagner, C., MacDonald, R. G., and Bresnick, E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5750-5756]. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is one of those unique proteins which exhibit diversity in function. Different subunit configurations are involved in its enzymatic role as a methyltransferase and as PAH-binding receptor. Here we report a systematic study of the oligomeric state of GNMT in the presence of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in vivo and in vitro. We have used chemical cross-linking and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to show that the B[a]P-binding unit of GNMT is a homodimer. We recently reported that phosphorylation is involved in the interaction of B[a]P with the 4S PAH-binding protein [Bhat, R., Weaver, J. A., Wagner, C., Bodwell, J. E., and Bresnick, E. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32551-32556]. In the present study, this observation has been amplified by using bacterially expressed GNMT, which was post-translationally modified by a reticulocyte lysate and ATP-generating system. This modification was also accompanied by the formation of homodimers in the presence of B[a]P. These results indicate that post-translational modification is involved in determining the final configuration, i.e., dimeric form, of GNMT which then acts as a PAH-binding receptor.