cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat production of lean and obese (ob/ob) mice in response to fasting, food restriction or thyroxine.

SummaryDirect measurements of heat production were made in 3 to 4 month old lean and obese mice during 3 days of fasting and 2 days of refeeding, 6 weeks of dietary restriction, and 2 weeks of thyroxine (T4) administration. Obese mice produced slightly more total heat per animal at this age but weighed 1.5 to 2 times as much as lean mice and consumed more diet ad libitum. Heat production of obese mice was not as responsive to fasting as that of lean mice. When fed equal amounts of diet, obese mice continued to produce at least as much total heat as lean mice. Heat production of obese mice was more sensitive to T4 administration when compared to that of lean mice and unlike the lean mice, T4-treated obese mice were unable to adjust food intake to maintain body weight during a T4-induced increase in thermogenesis. These data suggest that metabolic responses of obese mice to changes in energy intake or output do not occur as rapidly as those of lean mice.
A THEORY OF PATERNALISTIC IN-KIND TRANSFERS

Consumption externalities are frequently cited as a justification for in-kind transfers. In the presence of consumption externalities, in-kind transfers may achieve a Pareto optimal allocation. This paper argues that actual in-kind transfers do not achieve a Pareto optimum, but instead tend to produce a paternalistic optimum which caters to the preferences of taxpayers (donors) and ignores the preferences of recipients.
The effect of P75 on Trk receptors in neuroblastomas.

Abstract Neuroblastomas (NBs) with favorable outcome usually express TrkA, whereas unfavorable NBs frequently express TrkB and its cognate ligand BDNF. P75 (p75LNTR, NGFR, TNFRSF16) binds NGF-related neurotrophins with low affinity and usually is coexpressed with Trk receptors in NBs. Here, we investigated the importance of p75 coexpression with Trk receptors in NBs. We transfected p75 into two Trk-null NB cell lines, SH-SY5Y and NLF that were also engineered to stably express TrkA or TrkB. Cell numbers were compared between single (Trk alone) and double (Trk + p75) transfectants, and proliferation was assessed by flow cytometry. P75 coexpression had little effect on cell growth in Trk NB cells in the absence of ligand, but it increased sensitivity and greatly enhanced the effect of cognate ligand. Exogenous NGF induced greater phosphorylation of TrkA and AKT. This was associated with increased cell number in TrkA/p75 cells compared to TrkA cells (p
Abundant thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel Important waste disposal and weapon proliferation advantages

Abstract It has long been known that thorium-232 is a fertile radioactive material that can produce energy in nuclear reactors for conversion to electricity. Thorium-232 is well suited to a variety of reactor types including molten fluoride salt designs, heavy water CANDU configurations, and helium-cooled TRISO-fueled systems. Among contentious commercial nuclear power issues are the questions of what to do with long-lived radioactive waste and how to minimize weapon proliferation dangers. The substitution of thorium for uranium as fuel in nuclear reactors has significant potential for minimizing both problems. Thorium is three times more abundant in nature than uranium. Whereas uranium has to be imported, there is enough thorium in the United States alone to provide adequate grid power for many centuries. A well-designed thorium reactor could produce electricity less expensively than a next-generation coal-fired plant or a current-generation uranium-fueled nuclear reactor. Importantly, thorium reactors produce substantially less long-lived radioactive waste than uranium reactors. Thorium-fueled reactors with molten salt configurations and very high temperature thorium-based TRISO-fueled reactors are both recommended for priority Generation IV funding in the 2030 time frame.
Fetva Diplomacy: The Ottoman Şeyhülislam as Trans-Imperial Intermediary

This article explores the role of the seyhulislam, the mufti of Istanbul and the head of the Ottoman religious-legal hierarchy, as a diplomatic intermediary and introduces the concept of “fetva diplomacy.” Anyone of any confession could request a fetva (Arabic: fatwa), a non-binding legal opinion, from the seyhulislam. From the late sixteenth century, this openness to all comers led foreign powers’ representatives to cultivate close ties with the seyhulislam, often seeking his intercession and his fetvas to support their interests. Examining the diplomatic aftermath of a 1624 corsair raid on Venetian territories, this essay shows how fetva diplomacy worked in practice and how the legitimacy and religious bona fides of the seyhulislam were harnessed to give Islamic legal sanction to pragmatic political and diplomatic decisions.
Presentation 3. Governance in enterprise crowdsourcing

Some posit that crowdsourcing will disrupt labor markets within a decade. Therefore we need to understand how to manage this innovation. Our study is focused on large organizations — the enterprises — that buy these crowdsourcing services. Such large organizations can also be government organizations. What is crowdsourcing? It is a messy umbrella term that has become all things to all people. Specifically, our focus is on paid crowdsourcing: hire the testers through the cloud from uTest; hire coders through the cloud from Topcoder; hire the corporate graphic designer through the cloud from freelancer.com or 99designs.com; for the massive digitation project, hire microtaskers at mobileworker.com. The governance issues are similar to generic sourcing governance. However, there are some special dimensions that may be more acute for crowdsourcing. I will focus on five dimensions of interest: quality, risks in IP and privacy, risks in project control, risks in organizational reputation because of exploitation, and management of the crowd itself. A significant number of U.S. enterprises are dabbling in crowdsourcing — some of them spending in excess of one million USD. But these projects are still small, scattered, occasionally skunk-works. And the enterprise managers who pioneer crowdsourcing have few peer networks and no benchmarking.
In vitro determination of accuracy of cardiac output measurements by thermal dilution

The accuracy of cardiac output (C.O.) measurements by the thermodilution method was evaluated in an in vitro model within a flow range from 1 to 5 liters/min. For C.O. determinations, a 5F Swan-Ganz balloon-tipped thermodilution catheter and a 9520 Edwards computer were used. We made 420 measurements at known flow rates. In serial determinations, we achieved an overall accuracy of 86 to 93% compared to the reference flow; for single determinations, the accuracy ranged from 75 to 85%. The indicator volume (3, 5, or 10 cc) had no influence on the results. The thermodilution determinations at each flow rate were reproducible at between 2.5 and 8.5%. There was no difference in accuracy or reproducibility when ice-cold or room temperature saline was used. Caution in the interpretation of single C.O. determinations in low-flow states, i.e., in pediatric patients, is recommended.
Ultralow Loss High Delta Silica Germania Planar Waveguides

A plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process was developed to deposit SiO 2 -GeO 2 films suitable for high index contrast planar waveguides. These films were deposited in a standard parallel plate reactor from silane, germane, nitrous oxide, and a nitrogen carrier. The germania content of the film was equal to the mole fraction germane of the hydride precursors in the gas stream, and the refractive index of the film varied linearly with the mole fraction of germania. Low loss guides ranging from 1.5-4.0% Δ were fabricated. With standard photolithographic patterning, a 0.05 dB/cm propagation loss and minimum bend radius of 1.5 mm were measured for 2.0% A. Improvements to the photolithographic patterning to reduce sidewall roughness were required to achieve low propagation loss at higher Δ. This reduced the propagation loss for 3.5% Δ cores to 0.086 dB/cm. An average minimum bend radius of 570 μm was measured for 3.5% A, but modeling suggests the bend radius could be reduced below 500 μm with offsets to reduce transition loss. Ring resonator, fabricated from 3.5% A waveguides, exhibited a free spectral range as large as 62.7 GHz and a very low round trip insertion loss of 0.06 dB.
Monte Carlo simulations of particle acceleration at oblique shocks: Including cross-field diffusion

The Monte Carlo technique of simulating diffusive particle acceleration at shocks has made spectral predictions that compare extremely well with particle distributions observed at the quasi-parallel region of the earth's bow shock. The current extension of this work to compare simulation predictions with particle spectra at oblique interplanetary shocks has required the inclusion of significant cross-field diffusion (strong scattering) in the simulation technique, since oblique shocks are intrinsically inefficient in the limit of weak scattering. In this paper, we present results from the method we have developed for the inclusion of cross-field diffusion in our simulations, namely model predictions of particle spectra downstream of oblique subluminal shocks. While the high-energy spectral index is independent of the shock obliquity and the strength of the scattering, the latter is observed to profoundly influence the efficiency of injection of cosmic rays into the acceleration process.
Analysis of Handicapped Parking at Auburn University

The number of handicapped spaces that serve a facility is largely determined on the basis of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) guidelines, which do not take into consideration the actual land use that a parking lot serves. The ADA guideline of basing the number of handicapped spaces on the size of the parking lot does not work well for land uses such as universities. The following study looks at the campus of Auburn University in order to develop a model that will base the number of handicapped spaces on the characteristics of the facility the parking lot serves. Models were developed with occupancy rates, turnover rates, and facility characteristics as variables. A model based on the peak period occupancy rates was used to determine the recommended number of handicapped parking spaces. Using the peak period occupancy rate generates the proper number of spaces required to accommodate the demand.
I-Xe dating: intercomparisons of neutron irradiations and reproducibility of the Bjurböle standard

Previously unpublished data from the stepwise heating analysis of the Valecitos 1 (V1) Bjurbole standard are presented together with the results of an isotopic dilution measurement of a KI monitor included in the V1 irradiation package. The results of these analyses are compared with the values observed in other irradiations. Apparent I-Xe 'formation' ages are reproducible for three different samples of Bjurbole, suggesting isotopic homogeneity for initial iodine in the bulk material. The systematics of neutron capture in Xe-135 (produced from U-235 neutron fission) are examined and verified in irradiated BCR-1.
Abstract 1228: Interleukin 8 (IL8) is a modulator of tumorigenicity in colon cancer initiating cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: At least 20% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) will develop colitis associated cancer (CAC) within 30 years of disease onset. Furthermore, patients with UC have a 5 fold greater risk of developing CAC than the incidence of CRC in the general population. Recently, we isolated and propagated colon cancer initiating cells (CCICs) from UC and CRC patients, and showed that these cells generated tumors in mice and propagated as spheres in vitro. IL8 is a pro-inflammatory chemokine with known proliferation and migration properties. Previously, we showed that inhibition of IL8 inhibited the growth of CCIC-derived tumors in vivo. We hypothesize that IL8 modulates several cancer processes and potentiates the progression from colitis to cancer. Methods: Conditioned media from UC and CRC patient sphere cell isolate cultures were used for measurement of secreted IL8. Exogenous IL8 (10 ng/mL) was added to sphere cultures and proliferation was evaluated. In addition, we knocked down IL8 and IL8 receptor (CXCR1) expression in CRC cell line by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and measured proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We then monitored CCICs from UC or CRC patients, either in the presence or absence of IL8, for symmetric vs. asymmetric division via time lapse video. Results: The chemokine array showed an increase in IL8 in both UC and CRC spheres. Spheres treated with IL8 proliferated faster than controls. Sphere numbers increased with increased exposure to IL8 on days 5 and 7. Conditioned media concentrations of IL8 were increased in both CRC (361-2446 pg/mL) and colitic spheres (208-599 pg/mL) when compared to commercial CRC cell lines (HT29-20.8 and SW480-74.6, respectively). In vitro, knockdown of IL8 or CXCR1 decreased proliferation 1.8-fold compared to the non-targeting controls. Similarly, in vivo xenografts of IL8 or CXCR1 knockdown cells showed 80% decreased tumor growth. UC-derived CCICs exposed to exogenous IL8 exhibited an increase in proliferation starting as early as 16 hrs. We also observed that IL8 treated cells showed a higher percentage of symmetric cellular divisions (68%) when compared to untreated cells (42%). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that IL8 potentiates proliferation and symmetric cell division, which is thought to be associated with tumorigenicity. This indicates that IL8 may contribute to the progression of colitis-associated cancer through a modulation of tumorigenic processes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1228. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1228
Internet availability of contraceptives.

Abstract Objective: To measure the accessibility of contraceptive supplies over the Internet. Methods: We performed an Internet search with the use of search engines and key words. We posed as consumers purchasing both prescription and over-the-counter contraceptive supplies. The number of clicks or web pages accessed, costs, shipping time, barriers to access, and prescription requirements were compared for selected birth control supplies. Results: More than 200 web sites were visited to locate at least one site where we could purchase each selected product. Contraceptive supplies, including male and female condoms, spermicides, vaginal sponges, intrauterine devices (IUDs), diaphragms, and cervical caps, were easily obtained without a prescription from foreign web sites. Oral contraceptive pills (OCs) were readily available online in November 1999; some sites had discontinued sales by February 2000, but OCs could still be purchased with no prescription in August 2000. None of the four prescription sites supplied physician or prescriber credentials. The contraceptive costs varied by vendor and product. A type of copper IUD could be purchased for less than $50.00, whereas a single package of emergency contraceptive pills cost $141.00 from one vendor because of prescription and shipping fees. Some emergency contraceptive pills ordered arrived after 72 hours or did not arrive and the purchase was not refunded. A levonorgestrel IUD was shipped without difficulty in December 1999, but a second device, ordered in February 2000, was temporarily impounded by United States Customs. Conclusion: This method of contraceptive purchase is accessible, expensive, erratically regulated, and rapidly changing.
The effect of the new risk-based capital requirements on the market for swaps

The new risk-based capital requirements for banks cover swap agreements as well as the normal on-balancesheet items. The capital calculation is based on a fixed small percentage plus the current market value of the swap, if it is positive. Using option valuation methodology, anticipated capital requirements over the life of a swap are calculated. These requirements are compared to cushions that banks might want to hold against the risks of above average loss rates. For interest rate swaps, the cost of the capital requirements is small, amounting to about 1 bp/year on a swap; in a matched pair, this would amount to 2 bp in the bid-offer spread. On currency swaps, the cost of the capital requirements appears to be much more substantial, closer to 4 bp per year on a swap. In a matched pair, the excess of the capital requirements over desired cushion could amount to 7 bp in the bid offer spread.
Enabling Global Trade above the Clouds: Restructuring Processes and Information Technology in the Transatlantic Air-Cargo Industry

Neither conventional economic geography nor transport geography have paid sufficient attention to the restructuring of the logistics industry. As anecdotal evidence mounts in the business literature about revolutionary changes taking place in the distributive sectors of the economy, more analysis from a geographic perspective is needed. Among transport modes, air cargo is unique because it is one of the backbones of global trade for many commodities. The author analyzes the transformations affecting the transatlantic (USA–Europe) air-cargo market, focusing on the changing roles of the different types of firms in the industry in performing the functions necessary for the transportation of goods by air and for processing associated information. The importance of information handling, processing, and transmittal has been amplified relative to transportation functions, redefining the interrelationship between the physical space of goods flows and the virtual space of information flows. As a result, functional...
Why does airway inflammation persist? Is it leukotrienes?

The leukotrienes are eicosanoids, derived from a cell membrane phospholipid constituent arachidonic acid, which is selectively cleaved by phospholipase A 2 from cell membranes. Arachidonic acid is converted sequentially to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) and then to leukotriene A 4 (LTA 4 ) by a catalytic complex consisting of 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) and the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). In the presence of leukotriene-C 4 synthase, glutathione is adducted at the C-6 position of LTA 4 to yield the molecule known as LTC 4 , which is exported from the cytosol to the extracellular microenvironment, where the glutamic acid moiety is cleaved to form LTD 4 . Cleavage of the glycine moiety from LTD 4 results in the formation of LTE 4 , which is the stable excretory product. LTC 4 , LTD 4 , and LTE 4 , are known as the cysteinyl leukotrienes; together these molecules constitute the material formerly known as the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). All three cysteinyl leukotrienes have the same range of biological effects; however, LTE 4 is much less potent than its precursor molecules. Among the cells in the lung that possess the enzymatic activities to produce the cysteinyl leukotrienes are mast cells, eosinophils, and alveolar macrophages. There is, now, compelling information to implicate the cysteinyl leukotrienes as mediators of asthmatic bronchoconstriction. Increased production of the cysteinyl leukotrienes, as measured by increases in urinary excretion of LTE 4 , has been demonstrated after allergen inhalation (1, 2) in subjects with atopic asthma and during episodes of acute severe asthma (2). Also, subjects with aspirin-induced asthma have higher baseline levels of urinary LTE 4 when compared with other subjects with asthma (3); this level increases after aspirin ingestion, and is associated with an overexpression of LTC 4 synthase in airway biopsies (4). Treatment with drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cysteinyl leukotrienes or block the CysLT 1 receptor, which mediates the action of the cysteinyl leukotrienes in the airways, markedly attenuates allergen-induced, aspirin-induced, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (5–7) and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (8), as well as improving spontaneous bronchoconstriction (9, 10), and other indices of asthma control (11). Taken together, these studies indicate an important role for the cysteinyl leukotrienes in causing bronchoconstriction.
Spectrally resolved fluxes derived from collocated AIRS and CERES measurements and their application in model evaluation: Clear sky over the tropical oceans

[1] Spectrally resolved outgoing thermal-IR flux, the integrand of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), has a unique value in evaluating model simulations. Here we describe an algorithm for deriving such clear-sky outgoing spectral flux through the entire thermal-IR spectrum from the collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measurements over the tropical oceans. On the basis of the predefined scene types in the CERES Single Satellite Footprint (SSF) data set, spectrally dependent ADMs are developed and used to estimate the spectral flux each AIRS channel. A multivariate linear prediction scheme is then used to estimate spectral fluxes at frequencies not covered by the AIRS instrument. The whole algorithm is validated using synthetic spectra as well as the CERES OLR measurements. Using the GFDL AM2 model simulation as a case study, applications of the derived clear-sky outgoing spectral fluxes in model evaluation are illustrated. By comparing the observed spectral fluxes and simulated ones for the year of 2004, compensating errors in the simulated OLR from different absorption bands are revealed, along with the errors from frequencies within a given absorption band. Discrepancies between the simulated and observed spatial distributions and seasonal evolutions of the spectral fluxes are further discussed. The methodology described in this study can be applied to other surface types as well as cloudy-sky observations and also to corresponding model evaluations.
Cell-cell Interactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium

Understanding the pathogenesis of joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis involves dissection of the cellular and molecular interactions that occur in synovial tissue. Development of effective targeted therapies has been based on progress in achieving such insights. Safer and more specific approaches to treatment could flow from discovery of cell-cell interaction pathways that are specific to inflammation of the joint and less important in the defense against systemic infection. This article highlights selected cell-cell interactions in rheumatoid arthritis synovium that may be worthy of evaluation as future therapeutic targets.
Response of channel × blue hybrid catfish to chronic diurnal hypoxia

Abstract Performance traits and metabolic responses of the channel × blue hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus female × I. furcatus male) in response to chronic diurnal hypoxia were evaluated in this 197-d study. Sixteen 0.1-ha earthen ponds were stocked with 15,169 hybrid catfish/ha (47 g/fish) and managed to maintain the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration greater than 12%, 24%, 36%, or 48% of saturation. Growth and yield of channel × blue hybrid catfish were significantly related to minimum nightly dissolved oxygen concentration. The cumulative effect of nocturnal dissolved oxygen concentration and the duration of exposure to hypoxia (termed dissolved oxygen-minutes) proved to be a better independent variable for regression analysis than minimum nightly dissolved oxygen concentration. Gross and net yield and mean individual weight increased curvilinearly as dissolved oxygen-minutes increased. Chronic nightly hypoxia affected daily feed consumption and channel × blue hybrid catfish in the higher dissolved oxygen treatments grew faster because they consumed a greater percentage of their body weight at each feeding. Feed consumption increased linearly in response to dissolved oxygen-minutes during the peak production period (June–August), but curvilinearly over the entire study. Body compositional indices largely were unaffected by chronic nightly hypoxia. Lipid was the primary depot affected by hypoxia and lipid indices increased with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration and with increasing total feed fed. Citrate synthase activity was 14.6% higher in the highest compared to the lowest dissolved oxygen treatment and a strong inverse relationship between citrate synthase activity and fish body mass was observed in the highest dissolved oxygen concentration treatment. Results of this study suggest that pond dissolved oxygen concentration should be maintained at 48% saturation during the peak production period (water temperatures above 25 C) and at 36% saturation during the rest of the growing season.
Naming Practices in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Brazil: Names, Namesakes, and Families in the Parish of São José, Minas Gerais

This article explores the onomastic universe of the parish of Sao Jose del Rei, Minas Gerais, during the period 1751–1890. The analysis draws upon a nearly complete set of parish registers of birth...
Curve of growth analysis laboratory absorption spectra for a random exponential band of Voigt lines, with application to ultraviolet spectra of HNO3

Abstract A computerized method for optimal fitting of experimental absorption data to curves of growth based on a statistical band model with Voigt line shape and an exponential distribution of line intensities is described. The general method is applied to ultraviolet absorption spectra of HNO 3 vapor.
Mobile ad hoc backbones for multi-radio networks

We present a new distributed protocol for setting up and maintaining a backbone for multi-hop mobile networks with multiple radio interfaces. Our solution, termed MM-Backs, is effective in producing backbones with limited size, while being robust and reliable in the face of node mobility. We also describe how MM-Backs can be used to transparently support ad hoc routing, without the need to modify a routing protocol to adapt to multiple radios. We compare our protocol with a solution for mobile backbones running in single-radio networks. MM-Backs provides backbones of reasonable size, with superior connectivity, shorter route lengths, higher resilience and lower maintenance-related overhead. When running AODV over MM-Backs backbones we observe a remarkably higher packet delivery ratio and lower overhead than when running AODV over singleradio backbones or by itself.
Experimental characterization of intrapulse tissue conductivity changes for electroporation

Cells exposed to short electric pulses experience a change in their transmembrane potential, which can lead to increased membrane permeability of the cell. When the energy of the pulses surpasses a threshold, the cell dies in a non-thermal manner known as irreversible electroporation (IRE). IRE has shown promise in the focal ablation of pathologic tissues. Its non-thermal mechanism spares sensitive structures and facilitates rapid lesion resolution. IRE effects depend on the electric field distribution, which can be predicted with numerical modeling. When the cells become permeabilized, the bulk tissue properties change, affecting this distribution. For IRE to become a reliable and successful treatment of diseased tissues, robust predictive treatment planning methods must be developed. It is vital to understand the changes in tissue properties undergoing the electric pulses to improve numerical models and predict treatment volumes. We report on the experimental characterization of these changes for kidney tissue. Tissue samples were pulsed between plate electrodes while intrapulse voltage and current data were measured to determine the conductivity of the tissue during the pulse. Conductivity was then established as a function of the electric field to which the tissue is exposed. This conductivity curve was used in a numerical model to demonstrate the impact of accounting for these changes when modeling electric field distributions to develop treatment plans.
The development of QC standards for ARM data products

This paper describes a standard for the representation of data quality information relevant to a geophysical data set, and the specific implementation of this standard for the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. The standard is applicable to near real-time instrument data as well as episodic or batch-processed model data. It was designed especially to facilitate use of data quality checks or "QC" by automated processes but also simplifies interpretation and visualization of this data quality information for humans. The standard is extensible and customizable, permitting an arbitrary number of data quality checks, either global in nature or specific to individual data variables. For the ARM data set, this standard has been implemented in netCDF, which permits arbitrarily verbose descriptions of the data quality checks, while storing the results in a compact, efficient format. In addition, we describe tools developed for the creation and population of the QC fields, rule-based validation of adherence to the QC standards, and the display of QC information in ARM data sets.
Understanding the chemical properties of macerals and minerals in coal and its potential application for occupational lung disease prevention

Recent increases in oil price further strengthen the argument that coal and coal products will play an increasingly important role in fulfilling the energy needs of our society. Coal is an aggregate of heterogeneous substances composed of organic (macerals) and inorganic (minerals) materials. The objective of this review was to assess whether some chemical parameters in coal play a role in producing environmental health problems. Basic properties of coal--such as chemical forms of the organic materials, structure, compositions of minerals--vary from one coal mine region to another as well as from coals of different ranks. Most importantly, changes in chemical properties of coals due to exposure to air and humidity after mining--a dynamic process--significantly affect toxicity attributed to coal and environmental fate. Although coal is an extremely complex and heterogeneous material, the fundamental properties of coal responsible for environmental and adverse health problems are probably related to the same inducing components of coal. For instance, oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) in the coal forms iron sulfate and sulfuric acid, which produces occupational lung diseases (e.g., pneumoconiosis) and other environmental problems (e.g., acid mine drainage and acid rain). Calcite (CaCO3) contained in certain coals alters the end products of pyrite oxidation, which may make these coals less toxic to human inhalation and less hazardous to environmental pollution. Finally, knowledge gained on understanding of the chemical properties of coals is illustrated to apply for prediction of toxicity due to coal possibly before large-scale mining and prevention of occupational lung disease during mining.
Parahippocampal projections to posterior auditory association cortex (area Tpt) in Old-World monkeys.

Retrograde and anterograde tracing methods were used to study the connections between the parahippocampal gyrus and the posterior auditory association cortex (area Tpt) in the Old-World monkey. Nine monkeys received injections of tritiated amino acids in different areas of the parahippocampal gyrus, and three monkeys received injections of the retrograde tracer fast blue in area Tpt of the auditory association cortex. It was observed that the medial part of the posterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus (areaTH) gives rise to projections that terminate in layers I–III of area Tpt. Using complementary retrograde tracing experiments, the cells of origin for this projection were identified in layers V and VI of area TH. The findings reveal a direct structural coupling between auditory association cortices and a temporal region thought to play a role in learning and memory. These connections may form part of a neural system in the monkey that is related to acoustic learning and memory. Homologous systems in humans may be involved in auditory learning and language acquisition.
Implant positioning system using mutual inductance

Surgical placement of implantable medical devices (IMDs) has limited precision and post-implantation the device can move over time. Accurate knowledge of the position of IMDs allows better interpretation of data gathered by the devices and may allow wireless power to be focused on the IMD thereby increasing power transfer efficiency. Existing positioning methods require device sizes and/or power consumptions which exceed the limits of in-vivo mm-sized IMDs applications. This paper describes a novel implant positioning system which replaces the external transmitting (TX) coil of a wireless power transfer link by an array of smaller coils, measures the mutual inductance between each coil in the TX array and the implanted receiving (RX) coil, and uses the spatial variation in those mutual inductances to estimate the location of the implanted device. This method does not increase the hardware or power consumption in the IMD. Mathematical analysis and electromagnetic simulations are presented which explain the theory underlying this scheme and show its feasibility. A particle swarm based algorithm is used to estimate the position of the RX coil from the measured mutual inductance values. MATLAB simulations show the positioning estimation accuracy on the order of 1 mm.
Changes In Stream Temperatures In Response To Restoration Of Groundwater Discharge And Solar Heating In A Culverted, Urban Stream

Boone Creek is a mountainous headwater stream that lies within an urbanized environment in northwestern North Carolina. The primary source of thermal pollution in Boone Creek is the urban infrastructure, which affects stream temperatures through (1) heated runoff, which creates temperature surges and (2) the elimination of groundwater–surface water interactions. In this study, we use a Monte Carlo thermal mixing model to predict the thermal impact of removing a 700-m-long culvert. Our thermal mixing model balances stream discharge and temperatures with surface-heat exchange parameters and restored base?ow. We calculate the daily-average groundwater discharge velocity at 15 locations in the stream using signal decay in streambed temperatures, and utilize a Monte Carlo implementation of the heterogeneous base?ow ?eld in the thermal mixing model. We also calculate surface-heat exchange per unit area for conditions upstream and downstream of the existing culvert and utilize those values in the thermal mixing model. Our modeled temperatures suggest a decrease in summer stream temperatures downstream of the culvert that average 1.35 °C and 1.17 °C for upstream and downstream surface-heat exchange conditions, respectively. The results of our study have implications for the balance between base?ow and the urban infrastructure in any high-gradient urban stream that experiences similar thermal effects.
Reduced impact loading following gait retraining over a 6- month period

825 628 549 with the brace with no pressure (Br0) and with brace with bladders inflated at 7 psi (∼48 kPa) (Br7). The b abM was considered equal to zero in both the NoBr and Br0 conditions. A motion capture system (8-camera Vicon 512) recorded the trajectories of markers placed on the subject’s lower body segments during repeated walking trials. In addition to gait analysis, an evaluation session including a visual analog scale (VAS), in which subjects scored the amount of experienced pain in a 0–10 range and a questionnaire about the use of the brace were administered. Results All subjects performed the test in all three conditions. In the following table, the peak values (max), obtained from the average curve (over three trials) of the n adM, normalized by the subject’s mass, are reported. No substantial changes were found in the contralateral n adM max among conditions. The average values over conditions of contralateral n adM max are also reported in the table. Typically, normal subjects show n adM max values of about 400 N mm/kg. Subjects judged the brace effective in providing additional stability and in reducing pain for both the Br0 and the Br7 conditions. All subjects scored a reduction of VAS for pain during Br0 trials (avg = 1.5) when compared to NoBr trials (avg = 3.1), while only two subjects experienced less pain during the Br7 trials (Table 1). Discussion The possibility of using a brace with different pressure levels allows customizing the intervention on OA patients needing different amounts of external knee adduction moment reduction. The increased sense of stability could be a consequence of the enhanced proprioceptive feedback on the affected knee due to the presence of the brace. The preliminary results suggest that the brace can be effective in limiting pain.
Flexible Composite Transducers

Flexible piezoelectric composites made from PZT spheres and polymers with 1-3 connectivity were fabricated using several types of polymers. The dielectric constants of the composites were 300 to 400 and the piezoelectric voltage coefficients g33 were 45 to 55×lO−3 V-m/N. The high-frequency properties of the composites were measured in both the thickness and radial mode of resonance. The frequency constants and the coupling coefficients of the composites for the thickness mode of resonance are comparable with the corresponding values for PZT. Possible applications of the composites are indicated.
Comparison of the catalytic activity of Au3, Au4+, Au5, and Au5- in the gas-phase reaction of H2 and O2 to form hydrogen peroxide: a density functional theory investigation.

We report a detailed density functional theory (B3LYP) analysis of the gas-phase H2O2 formation from H2 and O2 on Au3, Au4+, Au5, and Au5-. We find that H2, which interacts only weakly with the Au ...
Divertor heat flux reduction by D2 injection in DIII-D

D{sub 2} gas injected into ELMing H-mode discharges in DIII-D reduced total integrated heat flux to the divertor by {approximately}2{times} and peak heat flux by {approximately}5{times}, with only modest degradation to plasma stored energy. Steady gas injection without particle pumping results in eventual degradation in stored energy. The initial reduction in peak heat flux at the divertor tiles may be primarily due to the increase in radiated power from the X-point/divertor region. The eventual formation of a high density region near the X-point appears to play a role in momentum (and energy) transfer from the flux surfaces near the outboard strike point to flux surfaces farther out into the scrapeoff. This may also contribute to further reduction in peak heat flux.
Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic alteration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: therapeutic approaches to prevention of atherosclerosis

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, an independent coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor, is inversely associated with CHD. Whether interventions to increase concentrations of HDL--particularly the HDL2, HDL3, and apolipoprotein A1 subfractions--will reduce the incidence of CHD in high-risk patients is thus an area of intense speculation. Both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic regimens will raise HDL concentrations. Nonpharmacologic approaches include habitual high-level aerobic exercise and weight loss--both of these somewhat more effective in men than in women--cessation of cigarette smoking, and changing of dietary habits. A number of drugs have been found to elevate HDL cholesterol. These include the bile acid-binding resin cholestyramine, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, phenytoin, exogenous estrogens, and alcohol. Terbutaline has also been reported to raise HDL cholesterol. It is not yet known whether, and to what degree, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic elevation of HDL cholesterol will retard or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis. Conversely, HDL cholesterol is lowered by a broad variety of drugs, including anabolic--androgenic steroids, exogenous progestins, and probucol, which are used therapeutically to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Some agents used to treat hypertension also reduce HDL cholesterol, especially thiazide diuretics and the beta blockers, with the possible exception of pindolol. In the antiadrenergic class of antihypertensive agents, reserpine and methyldopa lower HDL cholesterol, but the alpha blocker prazosin does not appear to affect HDL cholesterol. The alpha agonist guanabenz has no effect on HDL cholesterol, and the vasodilator carprazidil has been reported to raise HDL cholesterol. In light of these facts, investigations should be undertaken to determine whether the metabolic effects of antihypertensive agents blunt their beneficial effects on CHD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Implications of Including Women's Daily Lives in a Feminist GIScience

In this paper, we argue that a feminist geographical analysis that examines women as active agents in their daily lives, pays attention to the multiplicity of women’s experiences in relational space, and values knowledge for transformative purposes, provides insights as to how GIScience might develop in the near future. We draw upon our research with two different community organizations in North Philadelphia to show how a feminist geographical analysis can shape the conceptualization of a community GIS. We argue that collaborative work with community organizations based on “a view from below” necessitates alternative institutional arrangements while providing rich data to better understand the intersection of daily life and information and communication technologies (ICT) as experienced, in the particular case of our work, by poor women. Our research illustrates that understanding ICT frameworks from the perspective of women and in the context of their daily lives has important implications for GIScience.
Information assurance/protection issues in wireless networks

This paper outlines issues involved in improving the security, survivability and availability of wireless networks. DoD is already investing in the protection of its wired information systems. This paper will outline, from a protocol layer perspective, the unique aspects of extending information assurance to wireless systems, address the Information Assurance/Protection issues associated with software programmable radios (i.e. the Joint Tactical Radio System), and describe a recently initiated project at AFRL in this area.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development of Low-Cost Multifunction Sensors for Lightweight Fire and Forget Antitank Weapon System

This paper covers the design description, operation, and preliminary evaluation of a multifunction sensing device that is capable of measuring two axes of angular rate and two axes of linear acceleration from a single instrument. The equations for obtaining three axes of angular rate and three axes of linear acceleration from a single instrument are also developed. Test data is presented that illustrates state-of-the-art performance on available multifunction sensors. Finally, methods of improving the performance of multifunction sensors are discussed.
Influence of Diafiltration, Lactose Hydrolysis and Carbon Dioxide on Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Camembert Cheese Made from Ultrafiltered Milk

Double diafiltration with simultaneous partial fermentation of skim-milk retentates reduced the buffering capacity of ultrafiltered retentates and suppressed the survival and growth of enteropathogenic E. coli (EEC) serotype 0124 in Camembert cheese made by ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Hydrolysis of lactose in ultrafiltered retentates did not increase starter culture activity against EEC 0124 survival and growth in UF Camembert cheese. Carbon dioxide suppressed EEC 0124 development in UF Camembert cheese along with the growth of the normal ripening microflora necessary for cheese production.
u- and d-quark masses in Nambu's BCS model.

It is suggested that ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{d}}$g${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{u}}$ is a natural consequence of Nambu's four-fermion interaction model (with the BCS mechanism) if a small admixture of the charged-current interaction is included.
Particle sizing with a fast polar nephelometer

We reported previously the design of a polar nephelometer that uses a rotational confocal imaging setup to enable fast scanning of the scattering phase function within a field of view of 55 degrees . The full dynamic range of the detection system can be used by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by means of averaging successive scans. The calibration of the angular response of the instrument is achieved by obtaining the transfer function of the optical detection system using Rayleigh scatterers. Accurate particle sizing of individual polystyrene spheres (ranging from 1.5 to 9 micro m in diameter) in aqueous suspension is achieved by maximizing a correlation coefficient between precalculated tables of Mie phase functions and data obtained from the polar nephelometer. Good correlation is achieved between experimental and theoretical data, proving the functioning of the instrument as a fast and convenient particle sizer.
AC contingency dispatch based on security-constrained unit commitment

In this paper, an effective ac corrective/preventive contingency dispatch over a 24-h period is proposed based on security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model. The SCUC model includes unit commitment, ac security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF), and load shedding (LS) for steady state and contingencies. The objective of this SCUC model is to obtain the minimum bid-based system operating cost while maintaining the system security. The prevailing generation constraints, such as hourly power demand, system reserves, fuel and emission limits, ramp up/down limits, and minimum up/down time limits, are included in this model. In addition, system constraints such as time-limited emergency controls for a given contingency and ac network security limits are taken into account. The proposed ac solution for the hourly scheduling of generating units is based on Benders decomposition. Case studies with the six-bus system, the IEEE 118-bus test system, and 1168-bus system are presented in detail in this paper.
Toward dysfunctional connectivity: a review of neuroimaging findings in pediatric major depressive disorder

Child and adolescent psychiatric neuroimaging research typically lags behind similar advances in adult disorders. While the pediatric depression imaging literature is less developed, a recent surge in interest has created the need for a synthetic review of this work. Major findings from pediatric volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional connectivity studies converge to implicate a corticolimbic network of key areas that work together to mediate the task of emotion regulation. Imaging the brain of children and adolescents with unipolar depression began with volumetric studies of isolated brain regions that served to identify key prefrontal, cingulate and limbic nodes of depression-related circuitry elucidated from more recent advances in DTI and functional connectivity imaging. Systematic review of these studies preliminarily suggests developmental differences between findings in youth and adults, including prodromal neurobiological features, along with some continuity across development.