cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
631 BREAST FEEDING AMONG PRIVATE AND CLINIC PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 7,284 NEWBORNS

We could not find documented in the literature the commonly held belief that breast feeding is more common in upper and middle class than in the lower socioeconomic mothers. We retrospectively studied the incidence of breast feeding in our “private” and “clinic” newborn infants for a period of three years & nine months. The study comprised 7,284 newborns delivered from October, 1976 to June, 1980. 3,807 (52.2%) were admitted to the “private” service and 3,477 (47.9%) to the “clinic” service. All infants were born at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. The mothers were questioned in the delivery room as to the type of nursing they had chosen. Three different answers were obtained: breast, bottle or undecided. The overall incidence of breast feeding was 55% in the private vs. 41% in the service group. Undecided mothers were 3.1% in the first group & 5.9% in the second. Each successive year of the study showed an increase in the incidence of breast feeding. In the private group the incidence increased from 49.4% in the first year to 60.2% in the last one. There was also a rise in the “clinic” group from 22.7% to 31.7% over the same dates. Our findings point to the need for better education regarding the importance of breast feeding for all women, especially those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. For this purpose we recommend that human lactation should be introduced in the curriculum of all high schools and special emphasis should be given to breast feeding in all our maternity clinics.
Half-Space Green’s Functions for Transversely Isotropic Piezoelectric Solids

We obtain explicit closed-form solutions for the half-space Green’s functions for a transversely isotropic piezoelectric solid. The boundary of the half-space is taken to be a plane normal to the unique material axis. The Green’s functions are obtained using a formulation where general solutions in transversely isotropic piezoelectricity are expressed in terms of two potential functions; one satisfying a weighted triharmonic equation and the other satisfying a weighted harmonic equation. By assuming a series solution for the potentials we derive explicit expressions for the Green’s functions.
Nonlinear gradient isotherm parameter estimation for proteins with consideration of salt competition and multiple forms

Salt gradients in ion-exchange chromatography are routinely used to speed separation of proteins and to concentrate products, but systematic optimization of these gradients requires protein equilibrium data as a function of salt concentration. An understanding of conformational changes, aggregation, and salt effects, which include both competition and affinity modulation, is important for equilibrium isotherm parameter estimation. In this study, gradient elution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in anion exchange was well predicted by a salt-modulated nonlinear isotherm which considers salt competition. The isotherm was able to predict BSA gradient elution from batch equilibrium data. The same isotherm was also able to predict elution for various gradient slopes when fitted to an intermediate slope gradient experiment. If multiple forms due to aggregation or denaturation exist, isotherm parameters are readily averaged in batch experiments because of the long equilibration times. Similarly, gradient experiments yield averaged parameters because the salt gradient tends to merge the closely eluting forms. However, in isocractic elution, if the reaction rate is not rapid enough to give a merged peak, the estimated isotherm parameters are only fair predictors of gradient behavior and vice versa. Slower flow rates in isocratic elution can help reduce the discrepancy by allowing forms to merge through interconversion. As an alternative to determining averaged parameters, consideration of two binding forms, using VERSE-LC, an advanced rate model, gave good agreement with experimental data over the entire range of salt gradient durations.
Publication Rates of Presentations at an Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Background The Program Committee of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS) continually tries to improve the quality of the scientific program at AAOS meetings. However, according to the most recent study, the publication rate of papers presented at the 1996 annual meeting was only 34%.
Glucocorticoid stimulation of choline kinase activity during the development of mouse mammary gland.

Abstract Mouse mammary gland contains choline kinase activity that can be stimulated by polyamines. Developmental studies show that the activity of choline kinase in mammary gland is low in both virgin and nonpregnant primiparous animals but increases severalfold during pregnancy and reaches a maximal level during the lactation period. Similar increases in enzyme activity are observed by cultivation of tissue explants in the presence of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin, a combination of hormones which induces the ultrastructural and biochemical changes associated with the development of mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. The increase in enzyme activity in cultured explants is dependent only on the actions of both insulin and cortisol and parallels the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is effected by the same combination of hormones. The hormonal stimulation of choline kinase activity appears to involve the action of spermidine, a polyamine which accumulates in the cells under the influence of cortisol and mimicks the effect of cortisol on milk-protein synthesis in cultured explants.
Submicrosecond dynamics of water explosive boiling and lift-off from laser-heated silicon surfaces

Explosive boiling and lift-off of a thin layer of micron-sized transparent water droplets from an absorbing Si substrate heated by a nanosecond KrF laser were studied using a contact photoacoustic technique. The compressive photoacoustic response increases steeply to an asymptotic value on the order of the water critical pressure starting at a threshold laser fluence of 0.20J∕cm2, where lift-off of the water layer also occurs. Above this threshold, several reproducible discrete multimegahertz components are revealed in Fourier spectra of the acoustic transients, corresponding to nanosecond oscillations of steam bubbles inside the water droplets on the microsecond time scale of the lift-off process. The acoustic pressure buildup, bubble dynamics, and the subsequent lift-off of the thin water layer are interpreted as relaxation stages after near-spinodal explosive boiling of the superheated interfacial water.
Measuring static seated pressure distributions and risk for skin pressure ulceration in ice sledge hockey players

AbstractPurpose: To determine whether sledge hockey players with physical disability have higher average seated pressures compared to non-disabled controls. Method: Fifteen age-matched controls without physical disability and 15 experimental participants with physical disability were studied using a pressure mapping device to determine risk for skin pressure ulceration and the impact of cushioning and knee angle positioning on seated pressure distributions. Results: Regardless of participant group, cushioning, or knee angle, average seated pressures exceeded clinically acceptable seated pressures. Controls had significantly higher average seated pressures than the disability group when knees were flexed, both with the cushion (p = 0.013) and without (p = 0.015). Knee extension showed significantly lower average pressures in controls, both with the cushion (p < 0.001) and without (p < 0.001). Placement of the cushion resulted in significantly lower average pressure in controls when knees were extended (p =...
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization and the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers under homogeneous conditions in organic and aqueous media

Abstract Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization has, since its discovery by CSIRO, evolved into an extremely powerful synthetic tool for polymer chemists. The versatility of RAFT, with respect to reaction conditions and monomer class, now facilitates the preparation of materials which, only 10 years ago, could not be prepared with well-defined molecular characteristics. One particularly advantageous feature of RAFT is its applicability to the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers both directly in aqueous media under homogeneous conditions as well as in organic media. The ease of access to an almost infinite number of RAFT mediating agents now affords the synthetic chemist the ability to polymerize virtually any activated, and some non-activated, water-soluble/hydrophilic monomers. We highlight herein the application of RAFT to the synthesis of water-soluble/dispersible (co)polymers under homogeneous reaction conditions in both aqueous and organic media. Additionally, we review the aqueous solution properties of advanced stimuli–responsive systems with a particular emphasis on the stimulus-induced, and often reversible, supramolecular self-assembly characteristics of the materials. Limitations of homogeneous aqueous RAFT are also highlighted.
Accurate Self-Referenced Retrieval Algorithm for Dual-Comb Metrology

An improved algorithm for the self-referenced retrieval of an optical frequency comb's spectral magnitude and phase from a dual-comb interferogram is presented. The interferogram’s fourier spectrum is repetitively sparsely sampled to increase retrieval accuracy.
A rate-based TCP traffic model to accelerate network simulation

Traditional discrete-event simulation of large-scale networks at the packet level is computationally expensive. This article presents a fast rate-based transmission control protocol (RTCP) traffic model designed to reduce the time and space complexity for simulating network traffic whilst maintaining good accuracy. A distinct feature of the proposed model is that the transmission control protocol (TCP) congestion control behavior is represented using analytical models that describe the send rate at the traffic source as a function of the round-trip time and the packet loss rate at different phases of a TCP connection. Rather than modeling at the granularity of individual packets visiting the intermediate routers, the model approximates traffic flows as a series of rate windows, each consisting of a number of packets considered to possess the same arrival rate. The model calculates the queuing delays and the packet losses as these rate windows traverse the individual network queues along the flow path. The proposed RTCP model is able to achieve a performance advantage over other TCP models, by integrating analytical solutions and aggregating traffic using rate windows. Empirical results show that the RTCP model can correctly capture the overall TCP behavior and achieve a speedup of more than two orders of magnitude over the corresponding detailed packet-oriented simulation.
Exploring a corpus-based approach for detecting language impairment in monolingual English-speaking children

Objectives: This paper explores the use of an automated method for analyzing narratives of monolingual English speaking children to accurately predict the presence or absence of a language impairment. The goal is to exploit corpus-based approaches inspired by the fields of natural language processing and machine learning. Methods and materials: We extract a large variety of features from language samples and use them to train language models and well known machine learning algorithms as the underlying predictors. The methods are evaluated on two different datasets and three language tasks. One dataset contains samples of two spontaneous narrative tasks performed by 118 children with an average age of 13 years and a second dataset contains play sessions from over 600 younger children with an average age of 6 years. Results: We compare results against a cut off baseline method and show that our results are far superior, reaching F-measures of over 85% in two of the three language tasks, and 48% in the third one. Conclusions: The different experiments we present here show that corpus based approaches can yield good prediction results in the problem of language impairment detection. These findings warrant further exploration of natural language processing techniques in the field of communication disorders. Moreover, the proposed framework can be easily adapted to analyze samples in languages other than English since most of the features are language independent or can be customized with little effort.
Chemical binding and electron correlation in diatomic molecules as described by the FORS model and the FORS-IACC model

Using the model of the Full Optimized Reaction Space including the Intra-Atomic Correlation Correction, binding energies and other electronic properties have been calculated for several states of a number of diatomic molecules. In most cases this theoretical approach yields results agreeing with experimental values to within 0.2 eV. The investigation covers the molecules BH, CH, NH, OH, FH, N2, O2, F2.
Severe respiratory depression after dimethylsulphoxide-containing autologous stem cell infusion in a patient with AL amyloidosis

Adverse reactions with DMSO-cryopreserved stem cell infusion are well-recognized. However, severe, life-threatening anaphylactic reactions with DMSO are very rarely described in the literature. We report here a 58-year-old female with AL amyloidosis who developed an unexpected episode of respiratory arrest a few seconds after the beginning of thawed stem cell product infusion. Fortunately, the patient was resuscitated successfully without the need for intubation. The prompt development of the reaction just a few seconds after the stem cell infusion convincingly implicates DMSO as the potential suspect. The presence of amyloid cardiomyopathy might have also contributed to this adverse event. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 1299-1301.
Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma masquerading as dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

A black baby, born al full term of a normal healthy mother, showed multiple erosions and ulcers. No history of skin diseases was known in the family. A skin biopsy taken shortly after birth from an arm lesion showed subepidermal edema and cavity formation. Electron microscopy showed clumping of microfibrils and anchoring fibril-like fibers at the dermo-epidermal junction. In more severely affected areas, absence of anchoring fibrils and collagenolysis were found and the diagnosis of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was made. Two weeks later, the lesions healed without leaving scars and a second biopsy from the chest area revealed typical histopathology of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.
Optimal maintenance policies for serial, multi‐machine systems with non‐instantaneous repairs

We study optimal age-replacement policies for machines in series with non-instantaneous repair times by formulating two nonlinear programs: one that minimizes total cost-rate subject to a steady-state throughput requirement and another that maximizes steady-state throughput subject to a cost-rate budget constraint. Under reasonable assumptions, the single-machine cost-optimal and throughput-optimal solutions are unique and orderable, and the multi-machine optimal solutions have appealing structure. Furthermore, we establish equivalence between the two formulations and provide an illustrative numerical example. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Replay of Neuronal Firing Sequences in Rat Hippocampus During Sleep Following Spatial Experience

The correlated activity of rat hippocampal pyramidal cells during sleep reflects the activity of those cells during earlier spatial exploration. Now the patterns of activity during sleep have also been found to reflect the order in which the cells fired during spatial exploration. This relation was reliably stronger for sleep after the behavioral session than before it; thus, the activity during sleep reflects changes produced by experience. This memory for temporal order of neuronal firing could be produced by an interaction between the temporal integration properties of long-term potentiation and the phase shifting of spike activity with respect to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
The Power of Trust: Toward a Theory of Local Opposition to Neighboring Protected Areas

This article presents a model based on empirical research for explaining local opposition toward neighboring protected areas. Analyses of data from 420 semistructured interviews with local residents and nearly 1 year of participant observation around three national parks (Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, Virgin Islands National Park, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador) reveal that common assumptions about local residents as primarily motivated by rational economic stimuli are, at best, incomplete. Rather, the research reveals local distrust for park managers to be the most consistent predictor of active opposition toward neighboring national parks, overshadowing traditional rational assessments of the benefits and disadvantages associated with park presence among other factors. The research compares the relative explanatory power of different pathways leading toward park opposition and examines how perceptions of trustworthiness are developed.
Rapid determination of caffeine content in soft drinks using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy

A simple and rapid Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was developed to determine caffeine content in soft drinks without the use of organic solvents. FTIR spectrum of carbonated beverages were characterized and the region between 2800 and 3000 cm−1 was used for quantitative estimation using partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics, using the PLS-1st derivative spectra could predict the caffeine content accurately upto an R2 value greater than 0.97 and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of less than 2.43 with 4–6 factors in the prediction model. The developed model was applied to predict caffeine content in four commercial carbonated beverages in approximately 5 min. The developed procedure was further validated by recovery studies by comparing with UV spectroscopic method.
Promoting fundamental change in mathematics teaching: a theoretical, methodological, and empirical approach to the problem

Mathematics education reform, as conceptualized in the United States and a number of other countries, represents a fundamental change in the teaching of mathematics and the results it would produce for students. Whereas there are data that suggest some progress is being made in the direction of reform, teacher education and professional development during the last two decades have been largely unsuccessful in preparing teachers to enact the reform vision. In this article, I present a theoretical construct, major assimilatory structures, that can contribute to explaining the difficulty of promoting change in mathematics teaching. I describe a methodology—accounts of practice—for identifying major assimilatory structures of teachers and present an example of a major assimilatory structure, perception-based perspective, that emerged from our empirical work.
An in vitro study of the effects of serotonin on frog primary afferent terminals.

Abstract The effects of serotonin on the membrane potential of primary afferent terminals of isolated hemisected frog spinal cords was investigated by sucrose gap recordings from dorsal root. Serotonin produced two distinctive changes in primary afferent terminal membrane potential: modest (about 0.5 mV) hyperpolarizations in low concentrations (0.01–1.0 μM) and larger (about 1.0 mV) slow depolarizations in higher concentrations (3.0–100 μM). The hyperpolarizations appeared related to a direct activation of 5-HT 1A receptors on afferent terminals. The depolarizations were attributed to both direct and indirect actions and appeared to be generated by activation of 5-HT 2 and/or 5-HT 1C receptors. The results suggest that 5-HT released from terminals in the frog dorsal horn could exert a modulatory action on the afferent input of the spinal cord, but different effects generated by activation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes are dependent upon the concentration of the amine.
Erosion damage in glass and alumina

The effect of room-temperature erosion on material removal from and strength properties of soda-lime glass and sintered alumina was determined. The results were compared to the elastic/plastic indentation fracture model. The dependence of erosion rate and strength of soda-lime glass on the kinetic energy of the impacting particles was in good agreement with predictions. The lack of agreement between theory and experiment for sintered alumina was attributed to microstructural aspects of the erosion damage that are not modeled by indentation fracture.
The Frobenius-Perron operator as a product of two operators

Abstract We show that the Frobenius-Perron operator P S : L 1 ( X ) → L 1 ( X ) associated with a nonsingular transformation S : X → X on a σ-finite measure space X is the product of an isometry and a weak contraction.
Photodynamic therapy activated with cerenkov luminescence from beta-emitting radionuclides

Cerenkov luminescence generated from radionuclides was used as a novel light source for photodynamic therapy. This technique, in conjunction with administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid, was shown to inhibit growth of U-87 glioblastoma cells in vitro.
Variations in Uterine Innervation During the Estrous Cycle in Rat

Uterine innervation undergoes profound remodeling during puberty, pregnancy, and after parturition. However, the extent to which uterine innervation may change during the estrous cycle is uncertain. The objective of the present study was to determine whether nerve fiber density of the uterine horn is altered during the estrous cycle and, if so, which subpopulations are affected. Immunostaining for the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 revealed fibers within the vascular zone, myometrium, and endometrium, with greater density in the ovarian and cervical regions than in the middle. In most structures, nerve density was reduced during estrus. This could not be accounted for by increased target volume, as the reduction in longitudinal muscle innervation persisted after correction for changes in target size. Immunostaining for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive parasympathetic nerves revealed fibers associated predominantly with the vascular zone and circular muscle within the cervical region. No cyclical variation was detected. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves were present within all structures, and density was highest at the ovarian end. These fibers also did not vary significantly through estrous. Dopamine b-hydroxylase-immunoreactive sympathetic nerves innervated all structures, with greater density in the ovarian end. These fibers were reduced substantially during estrus, but the decline was also significant in proestrus, thus preceding that detected by using the pan-neuronal marker. We conclude that the estrous cycle in rat is accompanied by structural remodeling of sympathetic nerves by way of retraction or degeneration of terminal fibers during estrus. The structural loss of the terminal axon apparently is preceded by depletion of catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:561‐571, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Current saturation mechanism and FBSOA of the SIMEST

Abstract It is demonstrated that the current saturation mechanism for the SIMEST is due to operation of the thyristor region in a non-regenerative mode by the shunting of holes from the P-base region via a lateral P-MOSFET, a mechanism not observed in previous power devices. The FBSOA of the SIMEST is shown to be limited by avalanche breakdown in the drift region at low current densities and by the breakdown of the lateral N-channel MOSFET at high current densities. The effects of the parametric variations on the output characteristics and the FBSOA are reported for the first time.
On Metallic Reflection and the Influence of the Layer of Transition

It is well known that when light is propagated in an absorbing medium, the dynamical equations and the boundary conditions are of exactly the same form as for a transparent medium. From a mathematical point of view the only difference between the two cases is that μ , the refractive index in a transparent medium, is replaced in the absorbing medium by a complex quantity μ — ia where μ is the “refractive index” of the medium, i. e. , the ratio of the velocity of light in air to that in the medium, and a is the coefficient of absorption. When dealing with the problem of reflection we shall take the plane of xy as that of incidence, and x = 0 as the surface of separation of the two media; the vectors representing the displacements will then be of the forms e ipt-i ( x cos ϕ + y sin ϕ )/V in the incident, and re ipt+i ( x cos ϕ - y sin ϕ )/V in the reflected wave. Here ϕ is the angle of incidence for the frequency, and V the velocity of propagation in the first medium. The incident wave is of unit amplitude, and if r = Re iθ , then R and θ represent the amplitude and change of phase in the reflected wave.
Oxygen isotope studies of illite/smectite and clinoptilolite from Yucca Mountain: implications for paleohydrologic conditions

Abstract Illite/smectite (I/S) and clinoptilolite mineral separates from drill holes in 11 Ma old altered volcanic tuffs of Yucca Mountain, Nevada were analyzed for δ 18 O values. We reconstruct the diagenetic and paleohydrologic conditions using the isotopic composition of clay minerals combined with other independent geological observations. Our isotopic data show that the δ 18 O values of clay minerals preserve paleohydrologic information from a Middle to Late Miocene episode of hydrothermal alteration at Yucca Mountain. We provide additional evidence for a dual decoupled groundwater circulation system at Yucca Mountain ca. 11 Ma ago. A near-surface system dominated by downward percolation of groundwater is separated from a deeper hydrothermal system by profound thermal and isotopic discontinuities near the R0–R1 I/S transition. Given the set of inferred formation temperatures and the isotopic composition of formation water, we show that the current set of isotopic compositions of clinoptilolite is significantly lower than those at the time of formation, and are not significantly different from the equilibrium values defined by the current groundwater δ 18 O and geothermal gradient. We conclude that, unlike I/S, clinoptilolite has not preserved its original isotopic composition over the past 11 million years, but we do not know how long is necessary to reset the isotopic signature of clinoptilolite under near-surface conditions. The current groundwater at Yucca Mountain is 4%. more enriched in 18 O than the paleogroundwater 10–11 Ma ago as inferred from our reconstruction. This shift may be attributed to a change in the pattern of atmospheric circulation, such as by surficial uplift of the Sierra Nevada, which caused it to become an orographic barrier to moisture penetrating inland from the west.
Regulated expression of collagenases MMP-1, -8, and -13 and stromelysins MMP-3, -10, and -11 by human corneal epithelial cells.

Purpose This study investigated the regulated expression of collagenases (MMP-1, -8, and -13) and stromelysins (MMP-3, -10, and -11) by human corneal epithelial cells treated with IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and doxycycline, a medication used to treat ocular surface diseases. Methods Primary human corneal epithelial cell cultures were treated with IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, with or without their corresponding inhibitors. Total RNA extracted from cells treated for 4 to 24 hours was subjected to semiquantitative RT-PCR and Northern hybridization. Conditioned media from 24-hour-treated cultures were evaluated for MMP production by ELISA and activity assays. Results Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Northern hybridization revealed that the mRNAs of MMP-1, -13, -3, -10, and -11 were dose dependently upregulated by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, whereas MMP-8 and -14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were not altered, in corneal epithelial cells. MMP ELISA and activity assays confirmed this dose-dependent increase in MMP-1, -13, -3, and -10 protein production in conditioned media by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. This stimulated production was inhibited by their neutralizing antibodies and by IL-1 receptor antagonist. Doxycycline suppressed stimulated MMP-1, -10, and -13 production at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions This study demonstrated that IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha upregulate collagenases (MMP-1, -13) and stromelysins (MMP-3, -10, and -11) in human corneal epithelial cells. Doxycycline suppresses stimulated MMP-1, -13, and -10 at the mRNA and protein levels, which suggests that collagenases and stromelysins may play a role in the pathogenesis of sterile corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases.
A heuristic checklist for an accessible smartphone interface design

Smartphone technology has evolved into a multi-functional device with advanced capabilities, but this mobile technology remains inaccessible to many individuals with visual impairments or upper extremity disabilities. This paper provides a heuristic checklist for accessible smartphone interface design, developed through reviewing existing design standards and guidelines and validating these guidelines with user involvement. Specifically, a set of preliminary user requirements (59 items) was extracted from existing standards, guidelines, and user requirements regarding mobile handheld device accessibility. Subsequently, the requirement set was filtered using a participatory method and then integrated to create an operational version of design guidelines. These guidelines were then used in a heuristic evaluation and usability testing on high-fidelity prototypes produced by a commercial manufacturer. A heuristic checklist for designing accessible smartphones was formed, which may also be applicable to other touchscreen handheld devices (e.g., printer screen) in terms of accessibility features. The initial set of 59 user requirements was re-organized into 44 statements in six general categories: mechanical controls, display, speech and general operation controls, audio feedback controls, touch-operated controls, and others. Using results from both qualitative and quantitative methods provides support, though with some limitations, for this accessibility checklist. This checklist is intended as a practical design support tool for use in early design phases of handheld products. A number of challenges and limitations are discussed as well.
Balancing justice and reconciliation in East Timor

Abstract As East Timor emerges from a long Indonesian nightmare, it is seeking to balance the agendas of justice and reconciliation. The verdict on justice for East Timor is one of disappointment. The main obstacle to accountability is Indonesia, abetted by an international community that seeks its assistance in the “war on terror.” East Timor's leaders have emphasized reconciliation while promoting a healing process and good governance. Recent violence reveals just how difficult this task remains. The hybrid tribunal established in East Timor by the UN was once heralded as an important innovation in transitional justice, avoiding the high cost and lengthy proceedings of other international tribunals. However, the tribunal has been unable to hold accountable those who bear the greatest responsibility for outrages committed against Timorese and defendants did not get fair trials or competent defense. A truth commission report released in December 2005, Chega! (Enough), emphasizes justice and reparations. T...
Ballistic trauma to the abdomen in a rural setting: case report

Although penetrating mechanisms such as gunshots and stabbings are responsible for the majority of injuries in urban settings, blunt mechanisms are the norm in rural areas. We present a case of a young man in a rural area who was struck by a metal fragment while splitting firewood. This seemingly low-velocity mechanism was found to have caused significant penetrating trauma. Language: en
A clinical procedure for the measurements of the ocular pulse-pressure relationship and the ophthalmic arterial pressure

Abstract A methodology is presented for the measurement in humans of the ocular pulse-pressure relationship and the ophthalmic arterial pressure. It is an objective method based on simultaneous recording of the IOP and pulse as a function of IOP. The pulse amplitude of supine normal subjects was found to decrease as a non-linear function of pressure. The IOP causing extinction of the pulse, the ophthalmic arterial systolic pressure, was well defined and was associated with loss of vision. The pulse-pressure relationships were qualitatively similar in normal eyes of healthy adult subjects and identical in pairs of eyes. In 20 normal subjects with a mean IOP in the supine position of 19·5 mmHg, the mean ophthalmic arterial systolic pressure was 82 mmHg, and the mean brachial arterial pressure was 92 mmHg.
The absorption spectrum and reactivity of excited triplet state diphenylcarbene

The absorption spectrum of excited triplet state diphenylcarbene (*3 DPC) has been measured for the first time. In acetonitrile, the *3 DPC (λmax = 360 nm) is efficiently quenched by amines. The linear correlation of the log of the bimolecular quenching rate constants with amine ionization potential corroborates the spectral assignment and indicates a one-electron or charge-transfer mechanism for *3 DPC decay.
PRECOCENE-INDUCED EFFECTS ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN CRICKETS

Abstract 1. 1. Female crickets Acheta domesticus (L.) and Nemobius fasciatus (de Geer) with pre-vitellogenic ovaries were treated by surface contact with precocene I or II beginning 12hr after adult emergence. 2. 2. Egg production decreased dose-dependently but transiently in both species after treatment with either compound. 3. 3. Ovarian development was normal in female A. domesticus administered juvenile hormone I concurrently with the onset of precocene treatment. 4. 4. Evidence for decreased feeding by precocene-treated females was observed in both species, and starvation retarded ovarian development in A. domesticus.
The Strengths of Muslim American Couples in the Face of Religious Discrimination Following September 11 and the Iraq War

In a qualitative research study, interviews with six married Muslim American couples revealed their remarkable strengths in coping with the trauma of religious discrimination following September 11 and the Iraq War. Using the lens of trauma theory, this article examines how Muslim American couples are relationally affected by religious discrimination and, paradoxically, how they have responded with increased resiliency through the strengths of their shared faith practice. This article informs social work practitioners how to recognize and foster the strengths, coping mechanisms, and faith integration of Muslim Americans as they respond to the negative affects of their present-day sociopolitical environment.
The oral pathological conditions of the Broken Hill (Kabwe) 1 cranium

The Broken Hill (Kabwe) 1 cranium exhibits dental caries on ten teeth, multiple periapical lesions, periodontal disease, severe anterior dental wear, and hypercementosis, conditions all little-studied in Middle Pleistocene humans and making Broken Hill 1 of great value to discussions of the antiquity of oral pathological conditions. These individual pathological conditions, however, have never previously been described in detail; the focus has been on diagnosing an overarching syndrome connecting the temporal and oral lesions. This case study examines the individual dentoalveolar pathological conditions to provide data for cross-comparison using ordinal scores (e.g., carious lesions, interdental septum condition), descriptions (e.g., hypercementosis, periapical lesions), and continuous measurements (cemento-enamel junction to alveolar crest distances). Differential diagnoses are explored including age-related hyposalivation, dental wear, lead poisoning, and diet, and are discussed within the context of past published attempts. Studies on recent humans have demonstrated correlations between oral disease, systemic health, and diet, suggesting Broken Hill 1 likely suffered from larger systemic inflammation related to its age, health, and perhaps subsistence.
Nonverbal Components in the Communication of Assertiveness

Male and female subjects, viewing only the nonverbal behavior of high/ low male and female models, rated model behavior according to (a) the degree to which nine body parts conveyed information regarding level of assertiveness, (b) overall assertiveness, (c) a semantic differential scale, (d) the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule completed by subjects instructed to place themselves in individual model's roles, and (e) narrative forms indicating means by which various body parts communicated information regarding models' levels of assertiveness. Results indicated high assertive models were distinguished from low for all dependent measures on the basis of nonverbal cues alone. Moreover, nonverbal behavior revealed more information regarding level of assertiveness for male than for female models. In addition, particular body dimensions (i.e., hands, arm position, and overall body cues) were found significantly more salient than others in the communication of assertiveness. These findings were discussed with rega...
The gas phase thermochemistry of the reaction: C2F5Br + I2 = C2F5I + IBr

Abstract The gas phase equilibrium for the reaction CF 3 CF 2 Br (g) + I 2(g) = CF 3 CF 2 I (g) + IBr (g) has been studied over the temperature range 620–670 K. A third law treatment of the data gave Δ H r (1, 298) = 9.2 ± 0.2 kcal mole −1 . This result is compared with other thermochemical data, and values for the heats of formation of C 2 F 5 Br, C 2 F 5 Cl and C 2 F 5 H are derived.
Longitudinal outcome among patients with ischemic vascular dementia1

Longitudinal studies carried out in this laboratory for the past 12 years among patients with ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) are summarized. The criteria for the diagnosis of probable IVD and definite IVD are described and are consonant with the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers recommended criteria. Demography of IVD patients and associated risk factors are described, and the types of cerebral infarcts causing IVD are listed. Control of risk factors for stroke stabilizes patients with IVD as judged by serial cognitive testing. Control of hypertension and cigarette smoking and a reduction in hyperlipidemia all benefit IVD patients. Best cognitive results are obtained if hypertension is controlled within the upper limits of normal with mean systolic blood pressure values maintained above and around 137 mm Hg. Serial measurements of cerebral perfusion indicate that cognition and cerebral perfusion fluctuate together. When demented and nondemented patients with stroke are compared, overall cerebral perfusion is reduced to a greater extent in the stroke patients with dementia, particularly within cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter. Leuko-araiosis is twice as great in demented stroke patients compared to stroke patients who are cognitively intact. In longitudinal studies, cerebral perfusion declined further among stroke patients with cognitive deterioration, but, when cerebral perfusion became stabilized, cognitive performance likewise stabilized or improved.
Sharing cuts under aggregated forecasts when decomposing multi-stage stochastic programs

Abstract Sampling-based decomposition algorithms (SBDAs) solve multi-stage stochastic programs. SBDAs can approximately solve problem instances with many time stages when the stochastic program exhibits interstage dependence in its right-hand side parameters by appropriately sharing cuts. We extend previous methods for sharing cuts in SBDAs, establishing new results under a novel interaction between a class of interstage dependency models, and how they appear in the stochastic program.
Air pollution and the duration of acute respiratory symptoms.

Abstract The possibility that air pollution exposure can extend the duration of respiratory symptoms was examined in a diary study of student nurses. This diary study has already shown associations between air pollution and incidence rates of respiratory symptoms. After individual risk factors and temperature were controlled for, photochemical oxidants were significantly (p < .0001) associated with the duration of episodes of coughing, phlegm, and sore throat. Some heterogeneity of response to oxidants was seen; there was little effect on asthmatics, but the impact increased as family income increased. Plots of the mean duration of symptoms, by quintiles of oxidants, for which the other covariates were controlled, showed strong signs of a dose-response relationship for coughing and phlegm and moderate signs of a monotonic dose-response relationship for sore throat. The relationships continued for concentrations below the current ambient standard for ozone. Chest tightness or discomfort was significantly a...
Cointegration results of farm incomes and production costs in US agriculture

This study analyses the dynamic relationships between farm incomes and production costs in the US agricultural industry by applying the cointegration technique. The results provide evidence of long-run equilibrium relationships between cash marketings and production costs. However, the results do not show such relationships between total revenues, which include cash marketings and government payments, and production costs. Chief conclusions of this study are that if market forces alone were to guide farmers' decisions, one could expert long-run equilibrium relationships between the cash receipts and costs; however, government interventions seem to disrupt this equilibrium. The results also suggest that production costs can be forecast using cash marketings which are found to be weakly exogenous. The Error Correction Model and Vector Autoregression Model are used to estimate and compare simulation performances of the cointegrated system of cash marketings and production costs.
Slow Control for the TRD Gas Supply System of AMS-02

AMS(Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer) [ http://ams.cern.ch/AMS ] is a high energy physics experiment that will operate for three years on the International Space Station. Supersymmetric dark matter could produce an excess in the 10-300GeV positron spectrum. A 10−5 separation of positrons from protons is needed for this signal and will be achieved partially by a TRD (Transition Radiation Detector). Apart from the radiator, the TRD is a gaseous detector is filled with Xe:CO2=80:20 and refreshed by 7 liters of gas per day. This paper describes the TRD gas supply system and the slow electronics control system for it, which will keep gas gain variations below 3%.
Early manifestations of NNK-induced lung cancer: role of lung immunity in tumor susceptibility.

A strong correlation exists between smoking and lung cancer; however, susceptibility to lung cancer among smokers is not uniform. Similarly, mice show differential susceptibility to the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which produces lung tumors in A/J but not in C3H mice. Host immunity may play a role in the susceptibility to cancer, and cigarette smoke/nicotine suppresses the immune system through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Mammalian lungs express α7-nAChRs, and NNK is a high-affinity agonist for α7-nAChRs. To examine whether NNK differentially modulates lung immunity in susceptible and resistant mouse strains, A/J and C3H mice were treated with NNK and/or immunized with sheep red blood cells. Lung tissues and RNA of treated and untreated animals were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for α7-nAChR and COX-2 expression. Spleen- and the lung-associated lymph node cells from control and immunized animals were asse...
Orthotropic elasto-plastic behavior of AS4/PEEK thermoplastic composite in compression

Uniaxial compression tests were performed on off-axis coupon specimens of unidirectional AS4/APC-2 thermoplastic composite at various temperatures. The elasto-plastic and strength properties of AS4/APC-2 composite were characterized with respect to temperature variation by using a one-parameter orthotropic plasticity model and a one-parameter failure criterion. Experimental results show that the orthotropic plastic behavior can be characterized quite well using the plasticity model, and the matrix-dominant compressive strengths can be predicted very accurately by the one-parameter failure criterion.
Stress-State Effects on the Fracture of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be Bulk Amorphous Alloy

The effects of wide changes in stress state on the flow and fracture behavior of a single Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glass (BMG) of known chemistry are summarized. Both compression and tension samples were tested with superimposed hydrostatic pressures up to 1230 MPa in addition to notched tension samples tested at 0.1 MPa as well as with 490 MPa superimposed pressure. A wider range of stress states were obtained by including compression experiments conducted in pressure/shear conditions with normal stresses up to 8.7 GPa. The critical shear stress at fracture in the present BMG chemistry and sample dimensions tested is relatively unaffected by these significant changes in stress state, again indicating the normal stress/pressure dependence of flow in this particular BMG chemistry and processing conditions is vanishingly small. The present results are compared to those obtained on other metallic glasses tested under similar conditions and those that exhibit inclusion-initiated failure that demonstrate a much different dependence for similar changes in stress state.
A self-dual integral equation for solving EM scattering from PEC, PMC, and IBC objects

A novel integral equation is proposed in this paper to solve electromagnetic scattering from objects with impedance surfaces. Derived from a new implementation of the impedance boundary condition (IBC), this integral equation is also able to calculate scattering from perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) objects if the surface impedance is set to zero or infinity. By including both the surface electric and magnetic currents as unknown quantities, the proposed formulation is a dual formulation of itself, and is free of spurious interior resonance corruption. Several examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the formulation.
Melt chain dimensions of poly(ethylene-1-butene) copolymers via small angle neutron scattering

The radii of gyration for a series of poly(ethylene−1-butene) copolymers of varying ethyl branch content were measured as a function of temperature in the melt via small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and their temperature coefficients, d ln C∞/dT = κ, changed from negative to positive. The characteristic ratio C∞ decreased with increasing ethyl branch frequency. When possible, these results were compared with those obtained from ϑ solvents and from rotational isomeric (RIS) state theory. The SANS-based chain dimensions were slightly larger than those obtained from ϑ solvents. The values of κ differed significantly from those extracted from ϑ-solvent measurements. Serious discrepancies with RIS-based calculations were observed.