cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Reversal Sequence in the Upper Portion of the Chinle Formation, Montoya, New Mexico

An investigation of the magnetic reversal stratigraphy in the Redonda Member and the underlying shale member of the Chinle Formation at Montoya, New Mexico, reveals the presence of at least eight separate polarity intervals in the upper 133 m of the Chinle Formation. At Lucianna Mesa south of Montoya the contact between the Redonda Member and the underlying unnamed shale member occurs 3 m above a transition from normal (below) to reversed polarity (above), the reversal sequence within the Redonda having eight polarity intervals. Measurement of samples collected from the same stratigraphic interval on Redonda Mesa 30 km to the east serves as a check on a portion of this reversal sequence. The Chinle Formation in eastern New Mexico is considered to have been contemporaneous with the Newark group in the eastern United States on the basis of vertebrate paleontology. Published investigations of the Newark group have revealed only normal magnetic polarities. Because the magnetic field reversed for the entire earth the Newark cannot exhibit different polarities from those in the Chinle if the two units acquired their magnetization at the same time. Thus, there are inconsistencies between the paleontologic and paleomagnetic data for the two rock units. These inconsistencies are best answered by assuming the Chinle in New Mexico is partially or completely older than the Newark. The latter explanation is improbable when carried to the extent of assigning the Chinle a Middle Triassic age as proposed by McElhinny and Burek (1971). Until the temporal relation between the Chinle and Newark is clarified, the Newark group should not be used to define a reversal chronology. A mean paleomagnetic pole position at 79° E. long, 58° N. lat was calculated for approximately the upper half of the Chinle Formation at Montoya. Pole positions for two well-demagnetized polarity intervals (one from each member studied) have been combined with other published Upper Triassic pole positions (demagnetized) to obtain a mean Upper Triassic paleomagnetic pole position at 89° E. long, 62.5° N. lat. The similarity of this mean and of the individual Chinle poles to the published Lower Triassic pole determinations based on demagnetized samples indicates little, if any, latitudinal polar wander-continental drift relative to North America during most it not all of the Triassic.
Oral Administration of Nano-Emulsion Curcumin in Mice Suppresses Inflammatory-Induced NFκB Signaling and Macrophage Migration

Despite the widespread use of curcumin for centuries in Eastern medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, its molecular actions and therapeutic viability have only recently been explored. While curcumin does have potential therapeutic efficacy, both solubility and bioavailability must be improved before it can be more successfully translated to clinical care. We have previously reported a novel formulation of nano-emulsion curcumin (NEC) that achieves significantly greater plasma concentrations in mice after oral administration. Here, we confirm the immunosuppressive effects of NEC in vivo and further examine its molecular mechanisms to better understand therapeutic potential. Using transgenic mice harboring an NFκB-luciferase reporter gene, we demonstrate a novel application of this in vivo inflammatory model to test the efficacy of NEC administration by bioluminescent imaging and show that LPS-induced NFκB activity was suppressed with NEC compared to an equivalent amount of curcumin in aqueous suspension. Administration of NEC by oral gavage resulted in a reduction of blood monocytes, decreased levels of both TLR4 and RAGE expression, and inhibited secretion of MCP-1. Mechanistically, curcumin blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NFκB and IκBα in murine macrophages. In a mouse model of peritonitis, NEC significantly reduced macrophage recruitment, but not T-cell or B-cell levels. In addition, curcumin treatment of monocyte derived cell lines and primary human macrophages in vitro significantly inhibited cell migration. These data demonstrate that curcumin can suppress inflammation by inhibiting macrophage migration via NFκB and MCP-1 inhibition and establish that NEC is an effective therapeutic formulation to increase the bioavailability of curcumin in order to facilitate this response.
Accuracy of percutaneous core biopsy in management of small renal masses.

Objectives To determine the sufficiency and accuracy of percutaneous core needle renal biopsy in patients with small renal masses (SRMs). Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on those patients who had undergone image-guided 18-gauge core renal biopsy of SRMs ≤4 cm from February 1999 to October 2006. The information obtained included the initial biopsy technique, pathologic findings, and the clinical outcome. Results A total of 110 renal biopsies were performed for masses ≤4 cm. The average renal mass size biopsied was 2.7 cm, with a median of 4 cores taken. Of the 110 biopsies, 100 (90.9%) were sufficient for diagnosis and 10 (9.1%) were indeterminate or provided insufficient tissue. Of the 100 diagnostic biopsies, 65% were interpreted as malignant and 35% as benign. There were 8 complications (7.2%), with 2 postprocedural hematomas (1.8%). Thirty-four patients underwent surgical extirpation; the ultimate histopathologic accuracy of biopsy compared with the final surgical pathologic finding was 100% (34/34) in these patients. Conclusions Image-guided core needle biopsy is highly accurate in SRMs, and more than one third of these lesions will be benign. With a low complication rate, core biopsy provides a histopathologic diagnosis that aids in decision-making for the growing number of incidentally detected SRMs.
Iron poisoning: Complications of hypertonic phosphatelavage therapy

IRON POISONING remains one o f the most serious o f accidental pediatric ingestions. Treatment following accidental iron ingestion includes the induction of emesis with syrup of ipecac or apomorphine, which is sometimes combined with a chelating agent, such as de f e roxamine . Exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, or hemodialysis are occasionally utilized. Many commonly consulted references recommend routine gastric lavage with onequarter to one-half strength disodium phosphate solution (Fleet enemas)?"-' until tablet fragments are no longer recovered. This solution combines with the ingested iron to form a poorly soluble complex of ferrous and ferric phosphate. An alternative lavage solution is a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate, which forms ferrous and ferric bicarbonate, also relatively insoluble. This is a report of a case o f severe electrolyte imbalance following gastric lavage with sodium phosphate enema solution, and is presented to alert clinicians to a potentially severe complication of currently recommended therapy for iron poisoning.
Detecting the organization of materials : perceiving the forest despite the trees

Relational processing refers to encoding relations among items. Individual-item processing refers to encoding information that makes items discriminable from other items. The present research studied the effects of extensive versus moderate individual-item processing on the encoding of relational information. Of particular interest was the idea that excessive attention to individual item information might interfere with discovering relations. In two studies, subjects performed an orienting task designed to induce either low or high individual-item processing for a list of words. Using clustering as our measure of relational processing, the results showed no difference in relational processing between the low and high individual-item processing groups. These results suggest that individual-item and relational processing are independent in the sense that increased individual-item processing neither enhances nor interferes with the encoding of relational information.
The NBS-LASL CW Microtron

The NBS-LASL racetrack microtron (RTM) is a joint research project of the National Bureau of Standards and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The project goals are to determine the feasibility of, and develop the necessary technology for building high-energy, high-current, continuous-beam (cw) electron accelerators using beam recirculation and room-temperature rf accelerating structures. To achieve these goals, a demonstration accelerator will be designed, constructed, and tested. Parameters of the demonstration RTM are: injection energy - 5 MeV; energy gain per pass - 12 MeV; number of passes - 15; final beam energy - 185 MeV; maximum current 550 ?A. One 450 kW cw klystron operating at 2380 MHz will supply rf power to both the injector linac and the main accelerating section of the RTM. The disk and washer standing wave rf structure being developed at LASL will be used. SUPERFISH calculations indicate that an effective shunt impedance (ZT2) of about 100 M?/m can be obtained. Thus, rf power dissipation of 25 kW/m results in an energy gain of more than 1.5 MeV/m. Accelerators of this type should be attractive for many applications. At beam energies above about 50 MeV, an RTM should be considerably cheaper to build and operate than a conventional pulsed rf linac of the same maximum energy and time-average beam power. In addition, the RTM provides superior beam quality and a continuous beam which is essential for nuclear physics experiments requiring time-coincidence measurements between emitted particles.
Crystal Structures and Kinetics of Monofunctional Proline Dehydrogenase Provide Insight into Substrate Recognition and Conformational Changes Associated with Flavin Reduction and Product Release

Proline dehydrogenase catalyzes the FAD-dependent oxidation of proline to Δ1- pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is the first step of proline catabolism. Here, we report the structures of proline dehydrogenase from Deinococcus radiodurans in the oxidized state complexed with the proline analog L-tetrahydrofuroic acid and in the reduced state with the proline site vacant. The analog binds against the si face of the FAD isoalloxazine and is protected from bulk solvent by the α8 helix and the β1-α1 loop. The FAD ribityl chain adopts two conformations in the E-S complex, which is unprecedented for flavoenzymes. One of the conformations is novel for the PRODH superfamily and may contribute to the low substrate affinity of Deinococcus PRODH. Reduction of the crystalline enzyme-inhibitor complex causes profound structural changes, including 20° butterfly bending of the isoalloxazine, crankshaft rotation of the ribityl, shifting of α8 by 1.7 A, reconfiguration of the β1-α1 loop, and rupture of the Arg291-Glu64 ion pair. These changes dramatically open the active site to facilitate product release and allow electron acceptors access to the reduced flavin. The structures suggest that the ion pair, which is conserved in the PRODH superfamily, functions as the active site gate. Mutagenesis of Glu64 to Ala decreases catalytic efficiency 27-fold, which demonstrates the importance of the gate. Mutation of Gly63 decreases efficiency 140-fold, which suggests that flexibility of the β1-α1 loop is essential for optimal catalysis. The large conformational changes that are required to form the E-S complex suggest that conformational selection plays a role in substrate recognition.
Small-volume rapid-mix device for subsecond kinetic analysis in flow cytometry

Background Rapid-mix flow cytometry has emerged as a powerful tool for mechanistic analysis of ligand binding, cell response, and molecular assembly. Although progress has come from improving sample delivery capabilities, little attention has been paid to the volumetric requirements associated with precious biological reagents. Methods By using programmable syringes, valves, and other fluidic components, we created a modular, precisely regulated rapid-mix device for the delivery of small-volume samples to the flow cytometer. The device was tested using a bead-based assay in which the binding kinetics between native biotin and fluorescein biotin-bearing beads were characterized. Results Bead suspensions and reagents paired in 35- to 45-μl aliquots were efficiently mixed by the device and delivered to the flow cytometer. Kinetic data associated with the fluorescein biotin beads were analyzed and used to calibrate the performance characteristics of the device in terms of sample delivery and mixing efficiency. Conclusion The rapid-mix device is capable of detecting subsecond kinetics of biological reactions using microliter volume of samples. Dimensions of the device have been minimized, and the quantitative aspects of sample delivery and analysis have been optimized. Further, the modular design has been optimized for adaptation to a variety of experimental protocols. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis survey: A 10-year review of incidence and outcomes

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of acute-onset (within 6 weeks after surgery) postoperative endophthalmitis and to assess the visual acuity outcomes after treatment over a 10-year period at one institution. Patients and methods This retrospective study reviews all surgical cases performed between January 1, 1984 and December 30, 1994 at the Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Medical Center, for the occurrence of nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis. Results The overall 10-year incidence of acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery was 0.093% (54/58, 123). The incidences of culture-proven acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis by surgical category were as follows: cataract surgery with or without intraocular lens (IOL) (0.082%, 34/41, 654), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (0.046%, 3/6557), penetrating keratoplasty (0.178%, 5/2805), secondary IOL placement (0.366%, 5/1367), glaucoma surgeries (0.124%, 4/3233), combined trabeculectomy and cataract surgery (0.114%, 2/1743), and combined penetrating keratoplasty and cataract surgery (0.194%, 1/515). The median visual acuity after endophthalmitis treatment was 20/200. The median visual acuities after endophthal- mitis treatment by procedure were as follows: cataract surgery with or without IOL (20/133), PPV (no light perception), penetrating keratoplasty (2/200), secondary IOL implantation (20/40), glaucoma surgery (20/80), and combined trabeculectomy and cataract surgery with or without IOL (20/150). Conclusions The overall incidence of endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery was 0.093%. The incidence of endophthalmitis was higher after secondary IOL implantation than after cataract extraction ( P = 0.008, Fisher's exact test). After treatment, the visual acuity outcomes were worse in the patients who developed endophthalmitis after PPV than after cataract extraction, glaucoma procedures, or secondary IOL implantation ( P P
Production of Biodiesel at the Kinetic Limit in a Centrifugal Reactor/Separator

The kinetics of the transesterification of soybean oil has been investigated in a centrifugal contactor reactor/separator at temperatures from 45 to 80 °C and pressures up to 2.6 bar. The high shear force and turbulent mixing achieved in the contactor minimized the effect of diffusion on the apparent reaction rate, and hence it could be assumed that the transesterification rate was limited by the reaction kinetics. The yields of product methyl esters were quantified using gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H1NMR), and viscosity measurements and typically were found to achieve 90% of complete conversion within 2 min. However, to meet American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications with one pass through the reactor, a minimum 22-min residence time at 80 °C was needed. Performance was improved by stepwise processing, allowing separation of byproduct glycerine and injection of additional small aliquots of meth...
Application of network control systems for adaptive optics

The communication architecture for most pointing, tracking, and high order adaptive optics control systems has been based on a centralized point-to-point and bus based approach. With the increased use of larger arrays and multiple sensors, actuators and processing nodes, these evolving systems require decentralized control, modularity, flexibility redundancy, integrated diagnostics, dynamic resource allocation, and ease of maintenance to support a wide range of experiments. Network control systems provide all of these critical functionalities. This paper begins with a quick overview of adaptive optics as a control system and communication architecture. It then provides an introduction to network control systems, identifying the key design areas that impact system performance. The paper then discusses the performance test results of a fielded network control system used to implement an adaptive optics system comprised of: a 10KHz, 32x32 spatial selfreferencing interferometer wave front sensor, a 705 channel "Tweeter" deformable mirror, a 177 channel "Woofer" deformable mirror, ten processing nodes, and six data acquisition nodes. The reconstructor algorithm utilized a modulo-2pi wave front phase measurement and a least-squares phase un-wrapper with branch point correction. The servo control algorithm is a hybrid of exponential and infinite impulse response controllers, with tweeter-to-woofer saturation offloading. This system achieved a first-pixel-out to last-mirror-voltage latency of 86 microseconds, with the network accounting for 4 microseconds of the measured latency. Finally, the extensibility of this architecture will be illustrated, by detailing the integration of a tracking sub-system into the existing network.
“Between Mamas”: The Anthropology of a Dispute, or—The Perils of Having Sons in the Field

This article both narrates and analyzes a conflict that my son and I were the center of in 1994 while I was conducting fieldwork with Samburu pastoralists in Northern Kenya. I draw upon a classic anthropological literature on conflict, most notably Gulliver's notion of “prehistory” to enframe a discussion of the participants' motivations, including my own. In discussing the moot held to settle the conflict and its dramatic consequences, I address the issues of inside/outside status and the role of our interlocutors in constructing our ethnographic personae in a mutually transforming process.
Earth as an occulting disk for study of solar EUV emission heights.

Source distributions of UV and X-ray emission in corona and chromosphere determined from flight of spacecraft-borne instruments into Earth shadow
Shapes, masses and interiors of satellites

Abstract Limb-fitting methods applied to Voyager images of the satellites of Saturn have shown that some of these satellites are well-represented by triaxial ellipsoids. Furthermore, the observed ratios of the differences of the principal axes of these satellites are consistent with those values expected for synchronous satellites in hydrostatic equilibrium. For satellites of known mass, measurement of the shape leads to a determination of the satellite's moment of inertia and internal structure. The moment of inertia of Mimas determined by Dermott and Thomas (Icarus, 73, 25–65, 1988) shows clearly that Mimas is not homogeneous. For satellites of unknown mass, but known mantle composition, measurement of the shape can lead to a determination of the satellite's mass and mean density. This method has been successfully applied to Enceladus.
Use of Flavor-Amplified Foods to Improve Nutritional Status in Elderly Persons

Impairment of taste and smell perception can lead to decreased food intake in the elderly. The losses in chemosensory functioning can result from normal aging, disease state, drugs, and environmental pollutants. Experimental investigations are underway to develop practical taste enhancers. Clinical studies suggest that the addition of odors to foods to compensate for diminished chemosensory functioning is often helpful in increasing intake of nutrient-dense foods in older persons.
Measurement of placement error between self-assembled polymer patterns and guiding chemical prepatterns

Extensive pattern customization will be necessary to realize viable circuit patterns from line-space arrays generated by block copolymer directed self assembly (DSA). In pattern customization with regard to chemical epitaxy of lamellar block copolymers, quantitative and precise knowledge of DSA-feature registration to the chemical prepattern is critical. Here we measure DSA pattern placement error for spatial frequency tripling and quadrupling indexed to specific lines in the chemical prepattern. A range of prepattern line widths where minimal DSA placement error can be expected is identified, and a positive correlation between DSA placement accuracy and prepattern uniformity is shown. Considering the experimental non-idealities present in the chemical prepatterns used in this work that arise from using electron-beam lithography, we anticipate that 3σ DSA placement errors will be at a minimal level if highly uniform chemical prepatterns produced by optical lithography are used.
Cambrian–Ordovician non-marine fossils from South Australia

Newly discovered trace and body fossils from the Grindstone Range Sandstone of South Australia reveal evidence of megascopic life on land during the Cambrian–Ordovician. Arthropod trackways (Diplichnites gouldi) are interpreted here to have formed on land. The most persuasive evidence for this view is that footprints vary in clarity along the length of the trackway as it traversed moist then dry silt, then biological soil crust. Compatible, though not diagnostic of walking on land is trackway symmetry, without one side buoyed up by current. The footprints bulge outward and are partially filled with miniature talus cones. Footprints also are alternate as in walking, rather than opposite as in sculling. Arthropod resting traces (Selenichnites sp. indet.) have 11 lateral furrows, and footprints are bundled into sets of 8–11, most like euthycarcinoids. No arthropod dwelling burrows were found in associated palaeosols, so the track maker was more likely amphibious than fully terrestrial. Associated trace fossi...
Practice and career outcomes of double-boarded psychiatrists.

Background The practice patterns and career paths of physicians who are double-boarded in medicine, family practice, or neurology and psychiatry are not well understood. Given increased attention to integrated medical and psychiatric care, these individuals may play an important role. Objective To compare the practice patterns and career paths of physicians who are double-boarded in medicine, family practice, or neurology and psychiatry with physicians who are boarded in general psychiatry, and among double-boarded physicians with various training sequences and specialty types. Method A survey was distributed to all physicians identified by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) as double-boarded in medicine, family practice, or neurology and psychiatry, and an equal number of physicians who are boarded in general psychiatry. Results Compared with psychiatrists who are not double-boarded, double-boarded psychiatrists are significantly more likely to be older, more likely to be male, to practice in consultation-liaison or inpatient settings, and to assume positions of leadership in departments of psychiatry or in general health care organizations. Among the various groups of double-boarded physicians, 39% continue to practice their medical specialty in addition to their psychiatry practice, although this varies by medical specialty, sequence or type of program, and motivation for double-board training. Conclusion Double-boarded physicians appear to be a distinct group within psychiatry and may serve as an important bridge to the general medical environment because of their leadership roles and medical psychiatric practice patterns. Further understanding of their career development and roles is warranted.
An essential role for natural killer cells in augmentation of allograft survival mediated by donor spleen cells.

Background. Previous studies have shown that skin allograft survival can be augmented by the administration of donor spleen or donor bone marrow in antithymocyte serum (ATS) treated recipients. Because natural killer cells (NK) have been reported to possess immunoregulatory properties, we investigated whether the ability of donor spleen or bone marrow cells to enhance allograft survival was dependent on the presence of donor NK cells. Methods. Recipient (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 strain mice (H2 haplotypes K b/k , A b/k , E -/k , D b/d ) were treated with ATS on days -1 and +2 relative transplantation of a C3H (H-2 k ) skin allograft. On day +7, each recipient was randomly assigned to one of the following groups that received i.v. donor C3H cell infusions via the tail vein: 1) 5.0×10 7 wild-type donor spleen cells (SPC); 2) 5.0×10 7 spleen cells from C3H/HeJ-Lyst bg-2J /+ mice (commonly called beige mice and have selectively impaired NK cell function); 3) 2.5×10 7 wild-type donor bone marrow cells (BMC); 4) 2.5×10 7 beige C3H bone marrow cells; and 5) no donor cell infusion (ATS controls). In another experiment, each recipient was randomly assigned to one of the following groups that received injections of: 1) 4.75 ×10 7 spleen cells depleted of NK cells; 2) 2.5×10 6 purified splenic NK cells; 3) a coinfusion of 5.0×10 7 beige spleen cells and 2.5×10 6 purified wild-type splenic NK cells. Results. Recipients infused with wild-type SPC exhibited significant augmentation of allograft survival compared with ATS controls. However, graft survival was reduced in recipients that were infused with spleen cells from beige mice compared with recipients infused with wild-type SPC (median survival time (MST): 38 vs. 92 days, P=0.02). In contrast, infusions of beige BMC augmented allograft survival as well as wild-type BMC (MST: 47 vs. 49 days, P=0.76). Furthermore, the ability of wild-type SPC to augment allograft survival was abrogated by the depletion of NK cells (MST=92 vs. 34 days, respectively, P=0.005). The coinfusion of beige SPC and purified splenic NK cells enhanced allograft survival as well as wild-type SPC (MST=56 days, P=0.65). Finally, recipients infused with purified NK cells did not experience increased graft survival compared to recipients that received no infusion (MST=29 vs. 33 days, respectively, P=0.6). Conclusions. Donor splenic NK cells are necessary, but not sufficient, for the extension of graft survival by infusion of donor splenocytes, suggesting that they may work in concert with another cell-type. In contrast, the extension of graft survival by donor bone marrow does not depend on the presence of donor NK cells.
A test for modulation of synaptic efficacy by induced membrane potential variance

A modification of Klopf's heterostatic adaptive neuron hypothesis is proposed, in which membrane potential variance, rather than depolarization, has adaptive influence on individual nerve cells. Recordings from each of two configurations of three-cell networks of Aplysia buccal ganglia test for either nonspecific or associative effects of excess membrane potential and current variance, in the form of noise injection into voltage-clamped postsynaptic neurons. No effects of noise are reported, suggesting either that the hypothesis is incorrect, or else that the frequency spectrum or duration of recording were inappropriate to produce the adaptive modulation.
The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross

. Edward Alsworth Ross gained fame as a founding father of American sociology; however, he was trained as an economist by Richard T. Ely and made significant contributions in economics before he moved into sociology. Ross was the John Kennneth Galbraith of the popidist-progressive era. The similarity in background, methodology, Weltanschauung, and controversial academic and political styles of these men is discussed. Ross became a cause celebre after his dismissal from Stanford University in 1900 which became a major academic freedom case. Although he was a professional economist for only six years, Ross made original contributions in the areas of taxation, debt management, value theory, uncertainty, and location theory. The discussion of uncertainty as a factor in production precedes Knight's concept of risk and uncertainty and challenges neoclassical policy conclusions in a dynamic environment. His treatment of location theory includes a discussion of agglomeration, externalities, regional dualism, factor endowment, and comparative advantage to explain economic mobility.
The Corporate Structure of Financial Conglomerates

This article considers the public policy issues regarding the appropriate corporate structure of a firm that provides basic banking services along with other financial services. We refer to such firms as financial conglomerates—a category that includes universal banks, multiproduct bank holding companies, and other diversified financial firms that perform basic banking functions. We address the question of how the regulation of the basic banking business in the United States should be organized in a world economy in which American banks must compete with financial conglomerates.
Identification and Characterization of Migratory and Nonmigratory Bull Trout Populations in the St. Mary River Drainage, Montana

Abstract Populations of migratory and nonmigratory bull trout Salvelinus confluentus were identified in the St. Mary River drainage, Montana. Migratory fish were most conspicuous because they were caught in traps operated near creek mouths or moved between creeks. Capture of postspawning bull trout in traps during four consecutive years suggested that most migratory fish had spawned by late September. Migratory bull trout reached maturity mainly as age-5 fish that were typically 300 mm or larger in total length. Estimates based on the recapture of tagged fish in traps indicated that populations of migratory adult bull trout were significantly larger than the mean values from annual catches of trapped fish. Juvenile migratory bull trout departed natal creeks mainly as age-2 or age-3 fish. The scarcity of age-4 bull trout in trap samples indicated that most migratory age-4 fish were immature and inhabited either the downstream lakes or main-stem river. Conversely, the abundance of age-4 bull trout in electr...
Overview of the MetaRing architecture

Abstract The basic MetaRing architecture is a full-duplex ring providing fairness and spatial bandwidth reuse. Concurrent access and spatial bandwidth reuse enable simultaneous transmission over disjoint segments of the bidirectional ring. It therefore increases the potential throughput in each direction, by a factor of four or more. In this work, we overview the MetaRing principles: (1) Distributed global fairness algorithm, a simple and robust mechanism based on a single control signal (i.e., one bit of information) that regulates the access to the ring. (2) Protocol for service integration of: (i) synchronous or real-time traffic which is periodic and requires a connection set-up and which will have guaranteed bandwidth as well as bounded delay, and (ii) connectionless or asynchronous traffic with no real-time constraints that can use the remainder of the bandwidth. Integration is an important function for multi-media applications. (3) Protocol and requirements for multi-ring and dual-bus MetaRing networks. (4) Principles and requirements for interconnecting MetaRing with wide-area networks (WANs). We show that (i) the WAN-to-ring interconnection requires a separate queue for asynchronous traffic and relies on the use of the fairness mechanism for internal flow control, whereas (ii) the WAN-to-dual-bus configuration of the MetaRing network is simpler, since it does not require any buffering and does not rely on a fairness mechanism for internal flow control furthermore; it is fault tolerant and has better synchronous traffic performance.
Surface charge and ledge dynamics in cadmium sulfide

Abstract Assuming a primarily ledge-localized surface charge, an analysis of sublimation-related annihilation of point defects in ionic crystals is presented. The results indicate that the process of accomodation and annihilation of these defects is a function of ledge spacing (λ) and that the process is optimized at a given value of λ. These results are consistent with recent experimental observations on cadmium sulfide surfaces.
Temporal relationships between DNA metabolism and the growth-inhibitory response produced by dexamethasone in rat glioma cell cultures.

The temporal relationships between aspects of DNA metabolism and the suppression of cell proliferation were investigated in rat glioma (strain C6) monolayer cultures exposed to 10μM dexamethasone. Cell densities (cell number per cm2), rates of DNA synthesis (dpm of [3H]thymidine incorporated per μg DNA per min), and cellular DNA (μg DNA per cm2) were measured daily in control and dexamethasone-treated cultures over a 3-day period. The percentage of cells in metaphase and the proportion of metaphases containing >2n(42) chromosomes also were determined in control and treated cultures. When log-phase C6 cultures were exposed to dexamethasone (day 0), cell densities were not significantly different from controls by day 1. Cell proliferation ceased thereafter in dexamethasone-treated cultures, whereas control cell populations continued to proliferate at log-phaserates. In contrast, cellular DNA increased exponentially in control and treated cultures over the 3-day period. On days 0 and 1, control and treated cells each contained 6 pg DNA. By day 3, the DNA content per treated cell increased to >20 pg; control cells each contained 10 pg DNA. The rates of DNA synthesis in the treated cultures did not differ significantly from controls on days 1 and 2. However, the rate in the treated cultures decreased significantly on day 3, one day after cell proliferation ceased. On day 2, the percentage of cells found in metaphase in the treated cultures was 0.32% compared to 0.64% in control cultures. By day 3, these percentages decreased to 0.20% and 0.22%, respectively. However, the proportion of metaphases containing >42 chromosomes increased 1.5-fold in the treated cultures relative to controls. These results indicate that nonproliferating dexamethasone-treated cells contain elevated amounts of DNA. Thus dexamethasone action appears to arrest the cell cycle at any point between the completion of DNA replication and mitosis.
Fluctuating wall pressures near separation in highly swept turbulent interactions

Fluctuating wall pressures have been measured in Mach 5 interactions generated by sharp, upswept fins at angles of attack of 16 to 28 deg. The results show that rms pressure distributions, like the mean, can be collapsed in conical coordinates. The wall pressure signal near separation is intermittent and is qualitatively similar to that measured in unswept interactions and other swept flows. However, the dominant separation shock frequencies in the swept flows are up to an order of magnitude higher than those in unswept interactions under identical incoming flow conditions. In light of the present observations, it appears that an earlier remark, by Gilson and Dolling, that separation is characterized by a shuddering compression system, in contrast to a translating separation shock is erroneous due to a combination of weak shock strength and inadequate spatial resolution. Furthermore, although the maximum rms pressure near separation increases with increasing interaction strength, as in swept compression ramp flows, comparison of data from the two flow types indicates that the appropriate correlating parameter is the interaction sweepback angle.
The volcanic rocks of the Valley Area, Park County, Wyoming

It is the purpose of this paper to give a detailed description together with a discussion of the mode of origin of a series of the Absaroka volcanic rocks. The area lies within the limits of the Ishawooa Sheet of the Absaroka Folio (No. 52) and the Valley Post Office, near the center of the region, is on the South Fork of the Shoshone River, about 43 miles southwest of Cody, Wyoming. The Ishawooa Sheet was originally mapped under the direction of Arnold Hague in 1893 and 1897 and the subdivisions of the volcanics which the writer used in mapping this region are essentially the same as those used by Hague and others throughout the Absaroka Mountains and Yellowstone National Park. These subdivisions are shown in the legend of the geologic map, Figure 1. The plan of this paper is to give first a description of the pyroclastic rocks together with a discussion of their mode of origin and to follow this with a similar treatment of the early basalt sheets.
Immobility and flight associated with antinociception produced by activation of the ventral and lateral/dorsal regions of the rat periaqueductal gray.

It has long been known that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays an important role in the modulation of nociception. Given that activation of the lateral PAG also produces wild running and tachycardia, it has been suggested that PAG mediated antinociception is part of an integrated defensive reaction. However, an alternative hypothesis is that these effects are merely a secondary response to aversive brain stimulation. If antinociception and flight reactions are caused by aversive brain stimulation, then these effects should always occur together. The objective of the present study was to determine whether antinociception and locomotion could be dissociated by microinjecting morphine and kainic acid into various subdivisions of the caudal PAG. Non-selective activation of lateral and dorsal regions of the PAG by microinjection of kainic acid produced wild running, while injections into the ventrolateral PAG produced immobility. Microinjection of morphine evoked similar locomotor effects, although the onset to effect was slower with morphine (approximately 5 min vs. 1 min for kainic acid), and the antinociceptive efficacy of microinjecting 0.2 μl of morphine was less than with kainic acid injections. In fact, microinjection of morphine evoked locomotor effects in the absence of antinociception on 39% of the tests. Increasing the injection volume to 0.4 μl (dose remained at 5 μg) greatly enhanced the likelihood that antinociception and locomotor effects (e.g. running, freezing, circling) occurred simultaneously (79%). These findings indicate that, although distinct locomotor effects are associated with antinociception from the ventral and more dorsal regions of the PAG, antinociceptive and locomotor effects can occur independently. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that ventral and dorsal regions of the PAG integrate defensive freezing and flight reactions, respectively.
Confucius: The Forgotten Management Theorist:

Although the management literature is now quite extensive in identifying many important contributors to the discipline, it still maintains an American and European focus. This paper has proposed that the Chinese philosopher Confucius was an early and important management theorist. Confucius was an early management consultant, traveling China, offering advice to any government leader who would listen. His advice is not inconsistent with the advice offered by leading behaviorally-oriented management consultants today.Organisational science has been advanced by individuals from many parts of the world, including important contributions from Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. This paper has proposed that the Western view of management emphasises an American and European tradition, however, important contributors to management theory and practice are often not recognised in this narrow perspective. Readers are advised to look beyond the traditional boundaries in seeking time-honored advice in managing ...
High-speed graph analytics with the galois system

The Galois project at UT Austin has developed a high-level programming model and a lightweight parallel execution engine that enable application writers to write and tune complex parallel applications at a high level of abstraction.This talk describes the experiences of our group and of our industrial collaborators in using the Galois system for "big data" graph analytics. We show that (i) the rich programming model of Galois enables application programmers to write sophisticated graph analytics algorithms that cannot be expressed directly in current graph analytics DSLs, (ii) even when the same algorithm is used, the lightweight execution engine permits Galois programs to run much faster than programs in other DSLs, and (iii) the APIs of most current graph analytics DSLs can be implemented on top of the Galois system in a few hundred lines of code.
Identification of Recombination in the Envelope Gene of Simian Foamy Virus Serotype 2 Isolated from Macaca cyclopis

The full-length sequence of simian foamy virus serotype 2 (SFVmcy-2), isolated from a Taiwanese macaque, was determined. SFVmcy-2 was highly related to SFV serotype 1 (SFVmcy-1), an isolate from the same species, except in the putative receptor binding domain (RBD) in env, which contained novel sequences related to SFV serotype 3 (SFVagm-3), isolated from an African green monkey. The results identify a potential region of neutralization in SFVs and demonstrate recombination between genetically divergent foamy viruses.
Inverse Kirkendall mixing in collision cascades

We study ion-beam mixing of metallic bilayer interfaces using classical molecular-dynamics simulations of 5 keV collision cascades in the vicinity of Co/Cu and Ni/Cu ~111! interfaces. We find that the production of vacancies and interface roughening is asymmetrical. On average, more Cu is introduced into the Co or Ni parts than vice versa, and more vacancies are produced in the Cu, indicative of an inverse Kirkendall effect in collision cascades. The effect is explained by the difference in melting points leading to different recrystallization rates of the two materials. @S0163-1829~99!11601-1# The forced mixing of atoms across interfaces is of both technological and scientific interest for ion implantation in layered structures, precipitation dissolution in reactor materials, and processing of materials by high strain conditions. Theoretical approaches to treating materials under such driving conditions has recently been reviewed by Martin and Bellon. 1 An as yet unknown element in these formulations, however, is an atomistic description of the mixing events at the interface. Such a description, specifying the configuration of mixed atoms and any defects that are created, is important as these details strongly influence the resulting microstructures. The kinetic roughening of interfaces is for instance expected to be sensitive to the average number of atoms
Development of ‘naked-tufted’ seed coat mutants for potential use in cotton production

Use of chemical mutagenesis has been highly successful in most major crops. The objective of this research was to develop ‘naked-tufted’ seed mutants and to incorporate this genetic trait into cotton to enhance crop quality and reduce processing costs. In 1997, six commercial cultivars were treated with 2.45% v/v ethyl methane sulfonate. In 1999, three M3 plants were identified that had partially naked seed coats. The trait was stabilized through individual plant selections from 2000 to 2004. During 2005 and 2006, the homozygous naked-tufted M8 mutant lines were evaluated for lint yield, lint percent, fibers/seed, fibers/mm2, fiber quality, seed oil content, ginning efficiency and yarn spinning performance. Overall, the naked-tufted seed mutants had lower lint yield, lower fibers/seed, lower lint/seed, and lower fibers/mm2 when compared with their original fuzzy parents. The lint turnout from the mutants was similar to the fuzzy parents and the commercial cultivars. The naked-tufted seed mutants had higher seed oil percent, 6–17% lower short fiber contents, significantly reduced seed coat neps (37–42%), higher elongation and yarn tenacity than their fuzzy counterparts. Preliminary data also showed that the naked-tufted mutants required less energy to gin.
Plant-mediated RNA interference of effector gene Mc16D10L confers resistance against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in diverse genetic backgrounds of potato and reduces pathogenicity of nematode offspring

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a major problem for potato production in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. In spite of long-term breeding efforts no commercial potato cultivars with resistance to M. chitwoodi exist to date. The RMc1(blb) resistance gene against M. chitwoodi has been introgressed from Solanum bulbocastanum into cultivated potato (S. tuberosum), but M. chitwoodi pathotypes are able to overcome this resistance. In this study, an RNA interference (RNAi) transgene targeting the M. chitwoodi effector gene Mc16D10L was introduced into potato cvs Russet Burbank and Desiree, and the advanced breeding line PA99N82-4, which carries the RMc1(blb) gene. Stable transgenic lines were generated for glasshouse infection assays. At 35 days after inoculation (DAI) with M. chitwoodi race 1 the number of egg masses (g root)−1 formed on RNAi lines of cvs Russet Burbank and Desiree was reduced significantly by up to 68% compared to empty vector control plants. At 55 DAI, the number of eggs was reduced significantly by up to 65%. In addition, RNAi of Mc16D10L significantly reduced the development of egg masses and eggs formed by the RMc1(blb) resistance-breaking M. chitwoodi pathotype Roza on PA99N82-4 by up to 47 and 44%, respectively. Importantly, the plant-mediated silencing effect of Mc16D10L was transmitted to M. chitwoodi offspring and significantly reduced pathogenicity in the absence of selection pressure on empty vector control plants. This finding suggests that the RNAi effect is stable and nematode infection decreases regardless of the genotype of the host once the RNAi process has been initiated in the nematode through a transgenic plant. In summary, plant-mediated down-regulation of effector gene Mc16D10L provides a promising new tool for molecular breeding against M. chitwoodi.
Latino Students and Spiritual Release Time Programs: Does Releasing Students From Class for Spiritual Instruction Impede Academic Achievement?

The Latino population is growing rapidly in the United States. In keeping with the devout spirituality that animates Latino culture, one program that appeals to many Latino families with school-age children is release time, a littleknown program that allows children to be released from class to receive spiritual instruction. The increasing use of high-stakes standardized testing has placed pressure on schools to eliminate spiritual release time programs due to concerns that excusing students from class may hinder their academic achievement. This study sought to test the assumption that releasing Latino students from class to receive spiritual instruction results in lower test scores relative to their nonparticipating peers. The results suggest that release time enhances rather than inhibits academic achievement.
F.I.M. imaging of solute atoms in dilute binary alloys.

Field ion microscope study of imaging solute atoms of dilute Pt-based W, Pd, Co, Ni and Au alloys