cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability of migrating motor complex in humans.

Fasting gastrointestinal motility in the human is characterized by the regular cycling activity of the migrating motor complex (MMC). Our purpose was to define the variability of the MMC within and between a group of six healthy subjects studied for 6–9 hr over six separate days with a perfused catheter system. A total of 88 phase III events was observed during 255 hr of recording in this group. The mean MMC cycling time varied significantly between subjects (range 113–230 min,P<0.001), and variation within subjects also was wide (sd range 58–70 min). Seventy-one percent of phase III events commenced in the gastric antrum, 18% in the proximal duodenum, 10% in the distal duodenum, and 1% in the proximal jejunum. For each subject, the velocity of propagation of phase III decreased significantly (P<0.001), and phase III duration increased significantly (P<0.001), with increasing distance from the os. In the antrum, phase I was predominant, and significant (P<0.006) variation between subjects was noted for percentage of MMC cycle occupied by phase I (overall mean ±sd 55±23%). Phase II was predominant in both duodenum and jejunum (mean range 70–80%), and no significant variation was noted between subjects for percentage of MMC occupied by phase II. We conclude that human MMC activity varies widely between individuals and within the same individual when studied on separate days.
Multifunctional polymers as multi‐role materials for photonics

Multifunctional polymers can play multi-roles such as laser light source, passive interconnects, optical signal processing and optical data storage in the development of photonics technology. In this paper, two approaches to achieve nanostructure control to introduce multifunctionality at both molecular and bulk levels are presented. A novel concept of multiphasic nanostructured composites is discussed. Various applications of a specific multifunctional property introduced by strong two-photon absorption and efficient fluorescence are presented. The combined action of these two functions produces unconverted emission. Specific applications discussed are upconversion lasing, optical data storage, confocal microscopy, and photodynamic therapy.
CHOLINERGIC AGONIST CARBACHOL ENABLES ASSOCIATIVE LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN PIRIFORM CORTEX SLICES

Patil, Madhvi M., Christiane Linster, Eugene Lubenov, and Michael E. Hasselmo. Cholinergic agonist carbachol enables associative long-term potentiation in piriform cortex slices. J. Neurophysiol. 8...
Immunohistochemical Localization of the Na-K-Cl Co-transporter (NKCC1) in the Gerbil Inner Ear

We mapped the cellular and subcellular distribution of the Na-K-Cl co-transporter (NKCC) in the adult gerbil inner ear by immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody (MAb T4) generated against human colon NKCC. Heavy immunolabeling was seen in the basolateral plasma membrane of marginal cells in the stria vascularis and dark cells in the vestibular system. Subpopulations of fibrocytes in the cochlear spiral ligament and limbus and underlying the vestibular neurosensory epithelium also stained with moderate to strong intensity, apparently along their entire plasmalemma. Because MAb T4 recognizes both the basolateral secretory (NKCC1) and the apical absorptive (NKCC2) isoforms of the co-transporter, we employed reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to explore isoform diversity in inner ear tissues. Using NKCC1 and NKCC2 isoform-specific PCR primers based on mouse and human sequences, only transcripts for NKCC1 were detected in the gerbil inner ear. The presence of abundant NKCC1 in ...
Smart Polymeric Cathode Material with Intrinsic Overcharge Protection Based on a 2,5-Di-tert-butyl- 1,4-dimethoxybenzene Core Structure

Polymer-based electroactive materials have been studied and applied in energy storage systems as a valid replacement for transition metal oxides. As early as 1999, Hass et al. proposed an interesting concept on the possible incorporation of both charge storage and overcharge protection functionality into a single material. However, there are virtually no examples of polymeric materials that can not only store the charge, but also consume the overcharge current. Herein, a new material based on a cross-linked polymer (I) with 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene as the core structure is reported. The cyclic voltammogram of the synthesized polymer shows a single oxidation/reduction peak at 3.9–4.0 V. At 1C rate (56 mA/g), polymer I shows stable cycling up to 200 cycles with <10% capacity loss. The redox shuttle mechanism remarkably can be activated when cell voltage is elevated to 4.3 V and the overcharge plateau at 4.2 V (2nd plateau) is persistent for more than 100 hours. The overcharge protection was due to the release of a chemical redox shuttle species in the electrolyte during the initial charging process. Both DFT calculations and NMR analysis of the aromatic signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum of electrolytes from “overcharged” cells provide evidence for this hypothesis.
Quando se cruzam fronteiras diaspóricas e identidades distópicas

Para dezenas de milhares de latino-americanos - homens e mulheres, mesticos e indigenas, jovens e nao tao jovens assim -, atravessar a fronteira internacional de ingresso nos Estados Unidos ainda equivale, em pleno seculo XXI, a invadir, individualmente ou em pequenos grupos, um territorio estrangeiro. A fronteira e extensa, e ha milhoes de compatriotas e familiares esperando"do outro lado". Para alguns, a fronteira e simplesmente uma linha imaginaria que delimita dois paises; mas, para a maioria dos que tentam cruzar a delimitacao,"a fronteira" e perigosa - de fato, tao perigosa quanto seria, segundo uma certa visao, culturalmente transgressiva.
Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor

In the past ten years we have witnessed a revival of, and subsequent rapid expansion in, the research on zinc oxide (ZnO) as a semiconductor. Being initially considered as a substrate for GaN and related alloys, the availability of high-quality large bulk single crystals, the strong luminescence demonstrated in optically pumped lasers and the prospects of gaining control over its electrical conductivity have led a large number of groups to turn their research for electronic and photonic devices to ZnO in its own right. The high electron mobility, high thermal conductivity, wide and direct band gap and large exciton binding energy make ZnO suitable for a wide range of devices, including transparent thin-film transistors, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes that operate in the blue and ultraviolet region of the spectrum. In spite of the recent rapid developments, controlling the electrical conductivity of ZnO has remained a major challenge. While a number of research groups have reported achieving p-type ZnO, there are still problems concerning the reproducibility of the results and the stability of the p-type conductivity. Even the cause of the commonly observed unintentional n-type conductivity in as-grown ZnO is still under debate. One approach to address these issues consists of growing high-quality single crystalline bulk and thin films in which the concentrations of impurities and intrinsic defects are controlled. In this review we discuss the status of ZnO as a semiconductor. We first discuss the growth of bulk and epitaxial films, growth conditions and their influence on the incorporation of native defects and impurities. We then present the theory of doping and native defects in ZnO based on density-functional calculations, discussing the stability and electronic structure of native point defects and impurities and their influence on the electrical conductivity and optical properties of ZnO. We pay special attention to the possible causes of the unintentional n-type conductivity, emphasize the role of impurities, critically review the current status of p-type doping and address possible routes to controlling the electrical conductivity in ZnO. Finally, we discuss band-gap engineering using MgZnO and CdZnO alloys.
Erbium Alloyed Aluminum Nitride Films for Piezoelectric Applications

Aluminum nitride (AlN) films have been explored for sensor and actuator applications, but the resultant piezoelectric coefficient is still too low to make the films more competitive with more commonly used piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT). While AlN does have the disadvantage of a lower piezoelectric response, it does have the ability to maintain its piezoelectric properties above 400°C, something that is not possible with other piezoelectric materials. It is desirable to achieve a larger piezoelectric response for AlN in order to facilitate the integration of nitride based devices into existing technologies but conventional methods of improving the response by growing higher quality film only result in slight improvements in the piezoelectric response. A method of improving the d33 piezoelectric coefficient beyond any values found in literature may be possible by exploring methods of improving PZT films. Rare earth doping has been reported to improve the piezoelectric properties of PZT resulting in significant increases in the piezoelectric coefficient. Research has been conducted using rare earth dopants to improve upon the optical properties of AlN, but the impact on piezoelectric effect has never been considered. Thin, 250-1000 nm, AlN:Er films have been reactively sputtered using erbium (Er)/aluminum alloyed targets to explore any improvement in piezoelectric properties of the AlN:Er films as compared to AlN films. AlN films with 0.5 and 1.5% Er concentrations have been found to have piezoelectric coefficients that are larger than comparable ‘Er-free’ AlN films. AlN films with only 0.5% Er quantities were found to increase the d33 coefficient compared to a similar AlN film depending on the thickness of the film. This increase results in d33,f values greater than 7pm/V which is larger than most values found in literature. By increasing the Er content to 1.5%, values of d33,f were found to be as large as 15 pm/V. This enhanced piezoelectric response is still lower than that of PZT, but can be used to create superior actuator devices than that of typical AlN films.
Cloning, characterization and expression of the gene coding for a cytosine-5-DNA methyltransferase recognizing GpC

A novel gene encoding a cytosine-5-DNA methyltransferase recognizing the dinucleotide GpC was cloned from Chlorella virus NYs-1 and expressed in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The gene was sequenced and a predicted polypeptide of 362 amino acids with a molecular weight of 41.903 kDa was identified. The protein contains several amino acid motifs with high similarity to those of other known 5-methylcytosine-forming methyltransferases. In addition, this enzyme, named M. Cvi PI, shares 66% identity and 76% similarity with M. Cvi JI, the only other cytosine-5-DNA methyltransferase cloned from a Chlorella virus. The short, frequently occurring recognition sequence of the new methyltransferase will be very useful for in vivo chromatin structure studies in both yeast and higher organisms.
Paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in temperate forest soils

Nitrification is a biologically mediated nutrient transformation, which influences the availability of inorganic nitrogen to other microorganisms and plants and mediates mobility of nitrogen in the environment. Ammonia oxidation, the rate-limiting step of nitrification, is performed by two groups of microbes: ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) that couple this process with the chemoautotrophic fixation of carbon. Due to the energetic constraints on these organisms, both AOA and AOB likely oxidize large amounts of ammonia to fix relatively small amounts of carbon in natural environments. Here we sought to investigate paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by AOA and AOB in forest soils. To accomplish this objective, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify changes in AOA and AOB ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes during in situ incubations. We then used qPCR data alongside AOA and AOB community profiles at each site to convert changes in amoA gene copy number to carbon accumulation by each group. Finally, we regressed group-specific carbon accumulation values against observed values of NO3− accumulation to establish cross-site relationships between ammonia oxidation and carbon accumulation by each group. By this procedure we estimated that forest soil AOA oxidized 59.8 μg of ammonia-N to add 1 μg of carbon to biomass, while forest soil AOB oxidized 58.2 μg of ammonia-N to add 1 μg of carbon to biomass. These findings represent the first field-based estimates of paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by these organisms, and could be used to inform microbially explicit models of nitrification in forest soils.
Analysis of the VKI Family: Germline Genes from an SLE Patient and Expressed Autoantibodies

Our studies of anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus have demonstrated a preferential use of the VKI family to encode light chains of antibodies that express the anti-DNA associated 31 idiotype. This idiotype is present on a high percentage of anti-DNA antibodies in approximately 80% of SLE patients1,2. In this study, we employed PCR to obtain VKI germline genes from a lupus patient in order to address the following questions: Do the VKI germline genes of an individual with autoimmune disease differ from those of healthy individuals? What VKI genes are used to encode autoantibodies and are they used to encode protective antibodies also? Does the VKI gene family display peculiarities in V gene segment rearrangement or somatic mutation?Our analysis shows that the coding region sequences of germline genes of an autoimmune individual are highly homologous to those of non-autoimmune individuals. In addition, the same germline genes can be utilized to encode antibodies to both exogenous and self a...
Lossless compression of dynamic PET data

We describe two approaches to lossless compression of dynamic PET data. In the first, a sequence of sinogram frames are compressed using differential encoding followed by lossless entropy-based compression. The second approach applies lossless compression to data stored in a sinogram/timogram format in which the arrival times of each photon pair are stored in spatial order, indexed by the sinogram. Compression of the timogram is performed using entropic coding of the differential arrival times in each sinogram bin. We describe these compression methods and present results from simulated and real data comparing multiframe and sinogram/timogram formats. Both formats produce substantial reductions in data size compared to the raw data, with higher compression factors achieved using the sinogram/timogram format when high temporal resolution is required.
The fractured flexible ureteroscope with locked deflection.

With technological advances in flexible ureteroscopes upper urinary tract endoscopy has become the standard for diagnosis and treatment of select upper tract stones and urothelial cancers. While flexible scopes have greatly expanded endourological patient care, they require frequent repair. Common malfunctions include loss of deflection, broken optical fibers and working channel damage.1 Fortunately, when these malfunctions occur it is possible to modify or abort a procedure with little risk of complication. We report a case of ureteroscope malfunction in which the ureteroscope locked in a kinked position within the renal pelvis.
Mosaic Evolution in the Primate Brain: Differences and Similarities in the Hominoid Thalamus

Development of evolutionary hypotheses about the brain or central nervous system (CNS) in any particular taxon depends on solid comparative neurobiological data. Differences among closely related species are likely to be quantitative, and in comparative neuroanatomy a histological technique amenable for quantitative comparisons is a Nissl stain that colors all neuronal perikarya and glial nuclei. Nissl-stained serial sections throughout the brain permit identification of discrete populations of neurons according to their cytoarchitecture, i.e., the arrangement, orientation, density, and coloring features of the nerve cells. Measurements on and within architecturally distinct regions called nuclei or laminae can then be made (Armstrong, 1979; Bauchot, this volume; Zilles et al., this volume; Galaburda and Pandya, this volume).
Learning activities for secondary and post-secondary CS courses

In an educational environment meant to serve all students, consideration for diverse learning styles ought to be a prerequisite for our classroom presentations. Gifted teachers know it is their concern for each and every student's progress that precedes and makes possible their effectiveness. As most of us are aware, gender and ethnicity data regarding computer science degree recipients, as well as the extremely low numbers of minority and female faculty in this discipline, show an atrocious lack of diversity. We feel teaching methods which encourage and support students with diverse learning styles communicates the commitment and concern that faculty have for all students. It is this extra attention, as much as the actual activities themselves, which may make the difference to a student who is becoming discouraged. As an added benefit, these new approaches also make ideas more accessible to students, in general since concepts presented with a variety of methods increases each student's chance of understanding.
Scientific Journals as Fossil Traces of Sweeping Change in the Structure and Practice of Modern Geology.

In our attempts to track changes in geological practice over time and to isolate the source of these changes, we have found that they are largely connected with the germination of new geologic subdisciplines. We use keyword and title data from articles in 68 geology journals to track the changes in influence of each subdiscipline on geology over all. Geological research has shifted emphasis over the study period, moving away from economic geology and petroleum geology, towards physics- and chemistry-based topics. The Apollo lunar landings had as much influence on the topics and practice of geological research as the much-cited plate-tectonics revolution. These results reflect the barely-tangible effects of the changes in vocabulary and habit of thought that have pervaded the substance of geology. Geological literature has increased in volume and specialization, resulting in a highly fragmentary literature. However, we infer that "big science," characterized by large amounts of funding, collaboration, and large logistical investments, makes use of this specialization and turns "twigging" into a phenomenon that enhances, rather than inhibits, the progress of science.
Stress to Endoplasmic Reticulum of Mouse Osteoblasts Induces Apoptosis and Transcriptional Activation for Bone Remodeling

ATF4 is an essential regulator in osteogenesis as well as in stress responses to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We addressed a question: Does ER stress to osteoblasts upregulate ATF4 expression? If so, do they exhibit ATF4-mediated bone remodeling or apoptosis? ER stress, induced by Thapsigargin and tunicamycin, elevated a phosphorylated form of eIF2α and ATF4, but the cellular fate depended on treatment duration. The treatment for 1 h, for instance, activated Runx2, and type I collagen, while the treatment for 24 h induced apoptosis. Our observations suggest that there is a threshold for ER stress and osteoblasts present a bi-phasic pattern of their fate.
Aortic coarctation diagnosed in a hypertensive child undergoing Doppler sonography for suspected renal artery stenosis

A 5-year-old girl presented with hypertension, with no perceived blood pressure differential between the lower and upper extremities. Doppler ultrasound revealed a tardus-parvus pattern with diminished systolic acceleration and peak systolic velocities in the abdominal aorta and both main renal arteries. Doppler interrogation of the suprasternal aorta showed a normal waveform, suggesting a partial obstruction distally. Echocardiography and aortography confirmed severe discrete aortic coarctation with transverse arch hypoplasia. Because classic findings of aortic coarctation may not be present, especially in the older child, the radiologist must be aware that a tardus-parvus Doppler waveform in the abdominal aorta and bilateral renal arteries is suggestive of proximal aortic stenosis, which may be localized by spectral Doppler of the aortic arch.
Childhood sexual abuse precipitating maternal hospitalization

Abstract CHILD ABUSE often occurs in families with multiple and frequent stresses [1]. Disclosure of the abuse and the resulting therapeutic interventions may increase the stresses on family members and the family structure [2, 3], Some parents express greater concern about the disruption of their own lives caused by sexual abuse than they express for the victimized child [4, 5,]. Under such circumstances, the child may be deprived of the support needed to cope with the traumatic experience. This paper provides three case reports of unusual examples of family disruption following childhood sexual abuse. In each case the mother's hospitalization was precipitated by the disclosure and investigation of the child's sexual assault complaint.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Postlaparotomy Pain

This study was designed to evaluate the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) postoperative program administered by a physical therapy department. A surgeon, a physical therapist, a recovery room nurse, and unit nurses participated in the program which included preoperative evaluation and patient education, application of sterile electrodes parallel to the incision in the operating room, TENS activation in the recovery room, follow-up visits, and data collection. Seventy-five patients who underwent laparotomy and received TENS at the most comfortable machine settings were compared by chart review to 75 patients who had undergone similar surgical procedures performed by the same surgeon before TENS postoperative pain management had been instituted. The TENS was applied for an average of five days; machine settings of intensity, frequency, and pulse width tended to be midrange. The TENS group took significantly less pain medication, but the length of hospital stay was not significantly different. Patients with TENS rated their pain on 10-point scales as more intense than uncomfortable. This study demonstrated that a well-structured interdisciplinary program of postoperative TENS management can reduce the amount of pain medication taken by patients after laparotomy.
Improving Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation with Smoothed Priors and Syntactic Features

In this paper we propose several novel approaches to improve phrase reordering for statistical machine translation in the framework of maximum-entropy-based modeling. A smoothed prior probability is introduced to take into account the distortion effect in the priors. In addition to that we propose multiple novel distortion features based on syntactic parsing. A new metric is also introduced to measure the effect of distortion in the translation hypotheses. We show that both smoothed priors and syntax-based features help to significantly improve the reordering and hence the translation performance on a large-scale Chinese-to-English machine translation task.
Hydrodynamic modeling of planing catamarans with symmetric hulls

Despite rising popularity of planing catamarans, numerical methods for predicting their hydrodynamics are rather scarce and incomplete. The hydrodynamic interaction between hulls planing parallel to each other is known to become significant when spacing between hulls is sufficiently small. In the present study, a potential-flow method of hydrodynamic sources is applied for modeling steady hydrodynamic characteristics of twin-hull setups. Parametric calculations are carried out for symmetric hulls in variable speed regimes at different spacings, hull aspect ratio, and deadrise angles. Results are presented for the lift coefficient and center of pressure, and some illustrations are given for the water surface elevations. The lift coefficient is found to increase with smaller spacings and higher aspect ratios at moderate and high Froude numbers.
Homoepitaxial graphene tunnel barriers for spin transport

Tunnel barriers are key elements for both charge-and spin-based electronics, offering devices with reduced power consumption and new paradigms for information processing. Such devices require mating dissimilar materials, raising issues of heteroepitaxy, interface stability, and electronic states that severely complicate fabrication and compromise performance. Graphene is the perfect tunnel barrier. It is an insulator out-of-plane, possesses a defect-free, linear habit, and is impervious to interdiffusion. Nonetheless, true tunneling between two stacked graphene layers is not possible in environmental conditions usable for electronics applications. However, two stacked graphene layers can be decoupled using chemical functionalization. Here, we demonstrate that hydrogenation or fluorination of graphene can be used to create a tunnel barrier. We demonstrate successful tunneling by measuring non-linear IV curves and a weakly temperature dependent zero-bias resistance. We demonstrate lateral transport of spin ...
A Study of Chalcidoid Wings (Hymenoptera)

Chalcidoid Wings, showing as they do an extreme reduction in venation for the Hymenoptera, would seem to offer little promise of producing any evidence concerning relationships with other Hymenoptera or groupings within the superfamily. It has, however, frequently been observed that the rows of macrotrichia on the wing surfaces of many insects are useful in tracing out the paths of obsolescent or obsolete veins. The chalcidoid wings are, fortunately, provided with well-marked rows of these macrotrichia and, also, fairly-definite ridges where some of the veins once lay. As there are, at the same time, various ridges in these wings which have no direct relationship to the venation, and a great many setae which do not lie on the paths of obliterated veins, it is only through the study of long series of chalcidoid wings that any conclusions at all can be drawn.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ca(HSO4)2·2 H2SO4 or H2(Ca(HSO4)4), respectively.

A crystalline compound of the empirical formula CaSO4·3 H2SO4, obtained by crystallization from CaSO4 saturated, hot, conc.
Cardiac Strain in a Swine Model of Regional Hibernating Myocardium: Effects of CoQ10 on Contractile Reserve Following Bypass Surgery

There is conflicting clinical evidence whether administration of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) improves function following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Using a swine model of hibernating myocardium, we tested whether daily CoQ10 would improve contractile function by MRI at 4-week post-CABG. Twelve pigs underwent a thoracotomy and had a constrictor placed on the left anterior descending (LAD). At 12 weeks, they underwent off-pump bypass and received daily dietary supplements of either CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo. At 4-week post-CABG, circumferential strain measurements in the hibernating LAD region from placebo and CoQ10 groups were not different and increased to a similar extent with dobutamine (-14.7 ± 0.6 versus -14.8 ± 0.1, respectively (NS)). Post-sacrifice, oxidant stress markers were obtained in the mitochondrial isolates and protein carbonyl in the placebo, and CoQ10 groups were 6.14 ± 0.36 and 5.05 ± 0.32 nmol/mg, respectively (NS). In summary, CoQ10 did not improve contractile reserve or reduce oxidant stress at 4-week post-CABG.
New antiepileptic drugs: focus on ezogabine, clobazam, and perampanel

Ezogabine, clobazam, and perampanel are among the newest antiseizure drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 2011 and 2012. Ezogabine and perampanel are approved for adjunctive treatment of partial epilepsy. Perampanel is also approved for adjunctive treatment of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ezogabine and perampanel have novel mechanisms of action. Ezogabine binds to voltage-gated potassium channels and increases the M-current thereby causing membrane hyperpolarization. Perampanel is a selective, non-competitive 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid receptor antagonist, which reduces neuronal excitation. Clobazam has been used worldwide since the 1970s and is approved for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Clobazam is the only 1,5-benzodiazepine currently in clinical use, which is less sedating than the commonly used 1,4-benzodiazepines. Phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials demonstrated efficacy and good tolerability of these 3 new antiepileptic drugs. These drugs represent a welcome addition to the armamentarium of practitioners, but it remains to be seen how they will affect the landscape of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Modeling of Melt Flow and Surface Standing Waves in a Continuous Casting Mold

Majority of surface and subsurface defects in the continuously cast steel may be attributed to surface standing waves and turbulence. A lot of work has been done on surface defects and on understanding the behavior of thesurface waves but there is a dearth of literature connecting the two. Also 3-D modeling of surface waves with heat transfer and solidification has received little attention. In the present study, a 3-dimensional mathematical model incorporating turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification using a commercial code, FLOW3D, was developed. Using the model, the applicability of Froude criterion for scaling down industrial flow systems was analyzed. Although the small scale models, using this criterion, correctly predict the general fluid flow but the prediction of surface waves is not very accurate. Also, the effect of temperature is difficult to incorporate in water models. The model was used to study the effect of temperature on surface waves and verify the water modeling results. The effects of casting and SEN parameters on the fluid flow and surface waves were studied.
Learning for the Future: Educating Career Fisheries and Wildlife Professionals

Abstract. Demand for career professionals in the fish and wildlife professions is expected to increase over the next 10–12 years. I discuss education and training of fisheries and wildlife career professionals including who colleges and universities need to educate to meet the professions' needs. I provide a perspective on what these career professionals will need to know and how we will educate and train them. I suggest that we need to educate a more diverse workforce and a workforce that adopts an international perspective on fisheries and wildlife conservation. Designing curricula to meet the professions’ needs will require on-going dialog with state, provincial, and federal agencies and will require innovative approaches that integrate knowledge requirements for these jobs with skill development. The ideal curriculum will have bounded flexibility, accommodate multiple career goals, integrate essential skills and incorporate conservation-relevant concepts throughout, meet professional certification req...
Metabolism of Pesticides

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on biotransformation as it applies to pesticides. The enzymes involved in biotransformation are frequently referred to as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, XMEs. The word metabolism may also be used to designate the effect of an organism, through its enzymes, on the chemical structure of foreign compounds now more often referred to as xenobiotics. Knowledge of the metabolism of pesticides is essential for several reasons, including the development of more selective insecticides, and provides, in part, the fundamental basis for science-based risk assessments for human and environmental health. Until recently, and as a matter of necessity, this research was carried out almost exclusively on experimental animals and the results, particularly in the case of human health risk assessments, extrapolated to humans. At the same time, studies utilizing surrogate animals will also be revolutionized by such new techniques of molecular biology as the use of knockout and transgenic including “humanized” mice, and the knowledge of the genomes of many species. These same techniques through the study of genetic polymorphisms will enable us to identify human populations at increased risk and enable comparative studies to be carried out at the level of specific isoforms of the XMEs involved.
Embodied gesture learning from one-shot

This paper discusses the problem of one shot gesture recognition. This is relevant to the field of human-robot interaction, where the user's intentions are indicated through spontaneous gesturing (one shot) to the robot. The novelty of this work consists of learning the process that leads to the creation of a gesture, rather on the gesture itself. In our case, the context involves the way in which humans produce the gestures - the kinematic and anthropometric characteristics and the users' proxemics (the use of the space around them). In the method presented, the strategy is to generate a dataset of realistic samples based on biomechanical features extracted from a single gesture sample. These features, called “the gist of a gesture”, are considered to represent what humans remember when seeing a gesture and the cognitive process involved when trying to replicate it. By adding meaningful variability to these features, a large training data set is created while preserving the fundamental structure of the original gesture. Having a large dataset of realistic samples enables training classifiers for future recognition. Three classifiers were trained and tested using a subset of ChaLearn dataset, resulting in all three classifiers showing rather similar performance around 80% recognition rate Our classification results show the feasibility and adaptability of the presented technique regardless of the classifier.
Learning to Globalise: Socrates, US Education Abroad, and the Boundaries of Citizenship.

This article interprets interview-based research to reveal an incongruity between coinciding discourses of the twenty-first-century global marketplace and aspirations to universal equality, both co...
On environment-aware channel estimation for wireless sensor networks using Magnetic Induction

The Magnetic Induction (MI)-based communication techniques enable the applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in complex environments, such as underground and underwater environments. However, the complex environments usually consist of many conductive objects that can significantly enhance or block the MI signals. Efficient communications can be achieved if we can smartly utilize the positive factors and prevent the channel from the negative factors by selecting the optimal operating frequency and routing relays in the networks. However, this strategy cannot be realized if the environment is unknown to us. To address such a problem, we propose an environment-aware method for WSNs applications in the complex environments. In this paper, a channel model is first developed by considering the complex environments and the positive/negative factors are analyzed based on the model. Then, based on the training data obtained by the handshake between transceivers, the Kernel method is used to learn the positive/negative factors in the environment. Finally, an example of environment-aware routing protocol is presented to show that the proposed environment-aware method can be used to significantly improve the efficiency of the networks by optimally selecting the channel and the routing relays.
Supplementary Motor Area Stroke Mimicking Functional Disorder.

A 52-year-old right-handed women was referred from an outside hospital with a diagnosis of stroke. On arrival at our hospital, her National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 9 (Table I in the online-only Data Supplement). She had a strength of 0/5 in right upper and lower extremity muscle groups. There was decreased sensation to finger touch in the right lower extremity. She was oriented to person, place, and time. She did not have spatial neglect, motor neglect, apraxia, or abulia. Speech was fluent with intact comprehension, naming, and repetition. Cranial nerve examination was normal. Interestingly, the patient was able to bear weight and demonstrated a positive Hoover sign that raised suspicion of functional paresis. She was outside the intravenous thrombolysis window but within the thrombectomy window. She had history of nonischemic cardiomyopathy, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. She underwent noncontrast computed tomographic (CT) examination of the brain along with a multiphasic CT angiography of the intracranial circulation and CT angiography of the neck. The noncontrast examination was negative for acute stroke (Figure 1). However, CT angiography demonstrated an abrupt cutoff in distal portion of the callosomarginal artery branch of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA; Figure 2). Bilateral common and internal carotid arteries did not show stenosis or atherosclerotic disease. She was admitted to the stroke service for further management. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was not done because the compatibility of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator could not be determined. A follow-up noncontrast CT brain was performed after 12 hours which revealed a small nonhemorrhagic acute infarct in the posterior third of left medial frontal gyrus corresponding to the supplementary motor area (SMA; Figure 1). She was empirically started …
Ten Lessons for Leading Evidence-Based Treatment Groups on an Inpatient Unit

Psychiatric inpatient units provide acute stabilization, assessment, and treatment services to populations in crisis. Often these services and therapies are delivered in group settings. From the pe...
Phenobarbital population pharmacokinetics across the pediatric age spectrum

OBJECTIVE Phenobarbital is frequently used in pediatric patients for treatment and prophylaxis of seizures. Pharmacokinetic data for this patient population is lacking and would assist in dosing decisions. METHODS A retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis was designed for all pediatric patients <19 years of age initiated on phenobarbital at our institution from January 2011 to June 2017. Patients were included if they were initiated on intravenous or enteral phenobarbital for treatment or prophylaxis of seizures and had a serum phenobarbital concentration monitored while an inpatient. Data collection included the following: age, weight, height, gestational age, core body temperature, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartase aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urine output over the prior 12 hours, phenobarbital doses and serum concentrations, and potential drug-drug interactions. Descriptive statistical methods were used to summarize the data. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM and simulation was performed for doses of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg kg-1 dose-1 , iv, followed by enteral doses of 3, 4, 5, and 6 mg kg-1 d-1 . RESULTS A total of 355 patients (50.3% male, median gestational age 39 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 35, 40), median age 0.28 years (IQR 0.06, 0.82). Median phenobarbital dose was enteral = 2.6 (IQR 1.9, 3.9) mg kg-1 dose-1 ; intravenous = 2.6 (IQR 2.2, 4.9) mg kg-1 dose-1 ) and mean serum concentration was 41.1 ± 23.9 mg/L at median 6.5 (IQR 2.9, 11.1) hours after a dose. A one-compartment proportional error model best fit the data where clearance and volume of distribution were allometrically scaled using fat-free mass. Significant covariates included serum creatinine, postmenstrual age, and drug-drug interactions on clearance, and age in years on volume of distribution. SIGNIFICANCE Phenobarbital dosing of 30 mg kg-1 dose-1 ,iv, followed by 4 mg kg-1 d-1 had the highest probability of attaining a therapeutic concentration at 7 days. Postmenstrual age and drug-drug interactions should be incorporated into dosing decisions.
Design, Implementation, and Interpretation of Clinical Trials

The findings from Phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted since the 1950s have lead to major advances in the clinical treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The impact of these clinical trials is best evaluated by examining the substantial decline in mortality attributed to breast cancer in countries that have accepted and applied the results from Phase III clinical trials in the broader clinical setting [1]. Concomitant with the wider acceptance of the merits of RCTs for testing new therapeutic interventions, there have been important developments in the biostatistical methods utilized in RCTs that reflect recognition of the integral role of statistical science in clinical research.
Identifying science concepts and student misconceptions in an interactive essay writing tutor

We present initial steps towards an interactive essay writing tutor that improves science knowledge by analyzing student essays for misconceptions and recommending science webpages that help correct those misconceptions. We describe the five components in this system: identifying core science concepts, determining appropriate pedagogical sequences for the science concepts, identifying student misconceptions in essays, aligning student misconceptions to science concepts, and recommending webpages to address misconceptions. We provide initial models and evaluations of the models for each component.
Wound healing after laser surgery.

Compared with scalpel wounds, CO2 laser wounds show delays in inflammation, collagen production, reepithelialization, and tensile strength in the early stages of healing. Some of these delays are similar to those seen with electrocautery and burn wounds. Later stages compensate for these early deficiencies, because scalpel and laser wounds become more similar in epithelialization and wound strength over time. Healed CO2 laser wounds tend to have less scar contraction than scalpel wounds. Debridement of initial laser wound char, tissue cooling techniques during lasering, and pulsed modes of laser delivery all seem to result in more rapid, favorable healing. Similar wound healing trends have been seen with the CO2 laser in bone, with other lasers, and with laser vascular and neural anastomosis. Biostimulation with low-level laser energy is a complex subject of ongoing investigations.
Facile target validation in an animal model with intracellularly expressed monobodies

Rapidly determining the biological effect of perturbing a site within a potential drug target could guide drug discovery efforts, but it remains challenging. Here, we describe a facile target validation approach that exploits monobodies, small synthetic binding proteins that can be fully functionally expressed in cells. We developed a potent and selective monobody to WDR5, a core component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) methyltransferase complex. The monobody bound to the MLL interaction site of WDR5, the same binding site for small-molecule inhibitors whose efficacy has been demonstrated in cells but not in animals. As a genetically encoded reagent, the monobody inhibited proliferation of an MLL-AF9 cell line in vitro, suppressed its leukemogenesis and conferred a survival benefit in an in vivo mouse leukemia model. The capacity of this approach to readily bridge biochemical, structural, cellular characterization and tests in animal models may accelerate discovery and validation of druggable sites.
Mast Cell Expression in Heart Transplant Acute Cellular Rejection (ACR): A Retrospective Single Institution Analysis

Purpose Heart transplant patients require close follow-up with endomyocardial biopsies, which is the gold standard. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) in endomyocardial biopsies is graded using ISHLT criteria (1990, 2005). The role of mast cells is not very well studied in ACR; results of experimental murine models are ambiguous. To our knowledge, there are no studies specifically analyzing mast cells in ACR for human cardiac transplantation. In our study, we aimed to show whether or not mast cell infiltrates can be used to differentiate low from high grade ACR. Methods This single-institution retrospective study included 42 cases of grade 2/1R (ISHLT 1990/2005) and higher grades of ACR between 2/2016 and 9/2018. 8 cases of ISHLT grade 0 were also examined to serve as a control set. All cases were divided into 3 groups (Table). Mast cells were identified and counted using CD117 immunohistochemistry at 400x magnification. Total mast cell count per biopsy as well as average number of mast cell per fragment (defined by 2mm square) were evaluated. ANOVA and post hoc analysis were performed. Results Biopsies with any ACR showed statistically higher mast cells when compared to negative biopsies. A one way between subjects ANOVA of the three groups was performed and showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.0007). Post hoc analysis utilizing the Tukey-Kramer test revealed a statistically significant difference between grades 3a/3b and grade 0 (q=5.81) and grade 2 and grade 0 (q=3.73). Although grades 3a/3b showed higher average and total number of mast cells when compared to grade 2 ACR, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Our results show that the total and average number of mast cells per fragment in higher grades of ACR (3a,3b, 2) are significantly higher than grade 0 ACR. The average number of mast cells between grades 3a/3b and grade 2 was not statistically significant. Overall, these results show that mast cells may play an active role in higher stages of acute cellular rejection.
Effect of cost exposure on medical students' preferred mammography screening strategies: A randomized comparison.

AbstractIntroduction: Many high value care educational interventions have focused on shaping clinical decision-making for individual patients. Few have investigated how trainees integrate cost info...
Does Antitrust Regulation of Patent Monopoly Promote Innovation

One of the prominent questions across the patent and antitrust policy domains is whether the antitrust intervention into a formation of patent monopoly promotes or discourages innovation. This stud...
Spaceship in the Desert: Energy, Climate Change, and Urban Design in Abu Dhabi

Responses to climate change, like its effects, materialise contingently. What does this mean and how might it change the ways we decide to go about living and reflecting upon a planet marked by glo...
An Exploration of Telephone and E-Mail Communications for Design-Related Construction Problems

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is a fragmented one that relies on the collaboration of diverse stakeholders for the success of a project. Many times, stakeholders in...
Merqury: reference-free quality and phasing assessment for genome assemblies

Abstract Recent long-read assemblies often exceed the quality of available reference genomes, making validation challenging. Here we present Merqury, a novel tool for reference-free assembly evaluation based on efficient k-mer set operations. By comparing k-mers in a de novo assembly to those found in unassembled high-accuracy reads, Merqury estimates base-level accuracy and completeness. For trios, Merqury can also evaluate haplotype-specific accuracy, completeness, phase block continuity, and switch errors. Multiple visualizations, such as k-mer spectrum plots, are provided for evaluating assembly quality. We demonstrate on both human and plant genomes that Merqury is a fast and robust method for assembly validation. Availability of data and material Project name: Merqury Project home page: https://github.com/marbl/merqury, https://github.com/marbl/meryl Archived version: DOI or unique identifier of archived software or code in repository (e.g. enodo) Operating system(s): Platform independent Programming language: C++, Java, Perl Other requirements: gcc 4.8 or higher, java 1.6 or higher License: Public domain (see https://github.com/marbl/merqury/blob/master/README.license) Any restrictions to use by non-academics: No restrictions applied