cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence-based separation of single-stranded DNA using nucleotides in capillary electrophoresis: focus on phosphate.

DNA analysis has widespread applicability in biology, medicine, biotechnology, and forensics. DNA separation by length is readily achieved using sieving gels in electrophoresis. Separation by sequence is less simple, generally requiring adequate differences in native or induced conformation or differences in thermal or chemical stability of the strands that are hybridized prior to measurement. We previously demonstrated separation of four single-stranded DNA 76-mers that differ by only a few A-G substitutions based solely on sequence using guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP) in the running buffer. We attributed separation to the unique self-assembly of GMP to form higher order structures. Here, we examine an expanded set of 76-mers designed to probe the mechanism of the separation and effects of experimental conditions. We were surprised to find that other ribonucleotides achieved the similar separation to GMP, and that some separation was achieved using sodium phosphate instead of GMP. Potassium phosphate achieved almost as good separations as the ribonucleotides. This suggests that the separation medium provides a physicochemical environment for the DNA that effects strand migration in a sequence-selective manner. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the mechanism involves specific interactions between the phosphates and the DNA strands or is a result of other properties of the separation medium. Phosphate generally has been avoided in DNA separations by capillary gel electrophoresis because its high ionic strength exacerbates Joule heating. Our results suggest that phosphate compounds should be examined for separation of DNA based on sequence.
Characteristics of users of online personalized genomic risk assessments: Implications for physician-patient interactions

Purpose: To evaluate what psychological and behavioral factors predict who is likely to seek SNP-based genetic tests for multiple common health conditions where feedback can be used to motivate primary prevention. Methods: Adults aged 25–40 years who were enrolled in a large managed care organization were surveyed. Those eligible could log on to a secure study Web site to review information about the risks and benefits of a SNP-based genetic test and request free testing. Two primary outcomes are addressed: accessing the Web (yes or no) and deciding to be tested (completed a blood draw at the clinic) Results: Those considering genetic susceptibility testing did not hold genetically deterministic beliefs (0.42 on scale of 0 [behavior] to 1 [genetic]) but believed genetic information to be valuable and were confident they could understand such information. Individuals who believed it important to learn about genetics (odds ratio = 1.28), were confident they could understand genetics (odds ratio = 1.26), and reported the most health habits to change (odds ratio = 1.39) were most likely to get tested. Conclusions: Individuals who present to health care providers with online genetics information may be among the most motivated to take steps toward healthier lifestyles. These motives might be leveraged by health care providers to promote positive health outcomes.
Forest Decline and Soil Nutritional Problems in Pacific Areas

Soil nutrient stresses have been determined to contribute to stand-level dieback in two Pacific forest biomes, the Hawaiian Metrosideros rain forest and remnants of the eastern Australian Eucalyptus forest. In the Hawaiian dieback, low levels of N limit indigenous forest development early in primary succession on volcanic soils, while later in primary succession, stresses appear to be associated with soil aging, acidification, loss of cations, decreasing levels of P, increases in soluble Al, and, under poor drainage, sharp increases in soluble Fe. These nutrient limitations put a ceiling on stand development and growth and are considered as one of the three causes predisposing stands to dieback. In the rural or New England dieback of eastern Australia, indigenous eucalypts are adapted to ancient soils with very low levels of P, but pasture improvement with clover and fertilization with superphosphate has imposed different stresses on remnant eucalypts in pastures and nearby forest islands. After fertilization, the trees grow faster initially, but their foliage becomes highly nutritious for insects. Other factors also contribute to a build-up of insects as pests, which now threaten the remaining eucalypts. The rural dieback represents an example of how forests with low canopy species diversity, simplified structure, lack of successional species, and which are prone to dieback under natural conditions, can be destroyed by intensification of agricultural development. The paper closes with a summary of generic factors that were found to cause forest dieback under natural conditions and compares these to the anthropogenically superimposed stresses that led to aggravated tree and forest decline in the Australian rural or New England dieback. The suggestion is made that comparative dieback research at the global level will lead to an improved understanding of natural forest dynamics as an aid in interpreting the new stresses. imposed on forests by human activity.
Empty loricas and the dynamics of Kellicottia longispina in a subalpine, oligotrophic lake

The seasonal dynamics of Kellicottia longispina in Lake Tahoe and an isolated embayment of Lake Tahoe, Emerald Bay, were investigated for an 18-month period in 1977–79. Population birth and death rates were similar in the two systems, although productivity and Mysis relicta densities were higher in Emerald Bay. The timing of population changes was also similar. A major population increase in late winter 1978 was preceded by an increase in egg ratio; the subsequent spring decline of K. longispina was concurrent with decreased birth rates and increased death rates. Empty loricas of K. longispina were occasionally abundant in the plankton samples and seemed to result from K. longispina deaths when densities were high and when egg ratios were declining; it is possible that population senescence was responsible for the high densities of empty loricas observed. A potentially important predator, M. relicta, defecates K. longispina remains in compact fecal pellets; however, it is unlikely that the observed empty loricas resulted from Mysis-related deaths.
A derivation of the Maxwell–Cattaneo equation from the free energy and dissipation potentials

A thermodynamic derivation is presented of the Maxwell–Cattaneo equation involving a material time, instead of a partial time, derivative of heat flux. The Ansatz is given by the functionals of free energy and dissipation potentials, relying on an extended state space and a representation theory of Edelen.
Anatomical-behavioral relationships : corpus callosum morphometry and hemispheric specialization

We obtained midsagittal measures of the corpus callosum in 60 healthy young adults (right-handed and left-handed males and females), and examined whether individual differences in anatomical measures of callosal connectivity are related to behavioral laterality measures in the same subjects. In an attempt to tap functionally-distinct callosal "channels", four behavioral laterality tasks were used that differed in sensory modality (visual, auditory, tactile) and/or level of cognitive processing (sensory versus semantic). In addition, the tasks had both intrahemispheric and interhemispheric conditions. Sex differences were found for measures of the posterior body (i.e. isthmus) of the corpus callosum, which, in turn, interacted with handedness. In contrast, only handedness effects were found for the behavioral laterality measures. Anatomical-behavioral correlations did not disclose relationships between callosal size and performance on task conditions requiring sensory interhemispheric integration or transfer. Instead, the correlational findings are consistent with the view that the corpus callosum participates in such higher order "control" functions as the support of bilateral representation of language, functional interhemispheric inhibition, and the maintenance of hemispheric differences in arousal. This is consistent with the finding that regional callosal size is related to the number of small diameter fibers, which are presumed to interconnect homologous association cortices in the two hemispheres.
Dowels as a Means of Edge‐to‐Edge Joinery in the 9th‐century AD Vessel from Bozburun, Turkey

After the excavation of the 9th-century AD merchantman from Bozburun, Turkey, from 1995 to 1998, examination of the preserved hull material revealed a method of using dowels embedded in the plank edge to join hull planking together. This method has not previously been recorded in the early medieval Mediterranean. The article discusses the characteristics of the joints in the hull planking of the Bozburun vessel, and considers its role in the transition from the shell-first to frame-first methods of assembly. © 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society
Residues specifically involved in down-regulation but not internalization of the m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract: Human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mutants were screened to determine receptor domains and cellular pathways relevant to down-regulation. Mutations in the second intracellular loop and the junctions of the third intracellular loop of the receptor, where a role for receptor activation or internalization had been previously demonstrated in HEK293 cells, were selected for this study. To assess receptor down-regulation, the m1 receptor mutants were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Because receptor internalization is expected to precede down-regulation, mutants displaying intact internalization were selected to permit interpretation of mutational effects on down-regulation alone. Four mutations were identified that specifically impaired down-regulation without altering receptor internalization: V127A, I211A, E360A, and K362A. The results define new receptor domains in the second intracellular loop and the junctions of the third intracellular loop that are involved in down-regulation. These same four mutants were also defective in signaling via the phospholipase C and the adenylyl cyclase pathways and in G protein activation, as measured by [35S]GTPγS binding. However, the level of second messenger stimulation correlated poorly with the extent of down-regulation. In summary, several mutations of the m1 receptor selectively affect down-regulation, demonstrating that internalization and down-regulation represent distinct events driven by different cellular mechanisms.
Substructural features of pulmonary endothelial cavaolae

Substructural specializations of the endothelial caveolae of rat lung capillaries are described. Dense knobs occur at the place where caveola membrane, diaphragm and plasma membrane fuse. Similar structures are seen where caveolae fuse to form complex groups and in preparations of isolated caveolae. The appearance of these knobs in transverse sections may represent a circular skeletal structure, possibly functioning to maintain the patency of the stoma and the integrity of the diaphragm. In addition, the inner concave surface of the caveola membrane contains regularly spaced globular structures, possibly enzyme clusters or binding sites. This interpretation is supported by the finding that the distribution of lead phosphate deposits (formed on reaction of caveolar 5'-nucleotidase with AMP in the presence of Pb(N0(3))(2)) corresponds with the spacing of globular structures. These substructural features of caveolae are considered with reference to the ability of caveolae to metabolize circulating vasoactive substances.
In-Class Poster Sessions

In-class poster sessions offer an attractive alternative to traditional term paper assignments. Poster sessions are suitable for classes of all sizes, promote collaborative learning, encourage creativity and independent thought, develop research and communication skills, and ease the grading burden on instructors. This article describes the logistics of conducting poster sessions and discusses their possible uses. When asked to compare poster sessions with traditional term papers, 100% of the students responding preferred the poster session.
Changes in plasma cytokines and their soluble receptors in complex regional pain syndrome

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic and often disabling pain disorder. There is evidence demonstrating that neurogenic inflammation and activation of the immune system play a significant role in the pathophysiology of CRPS. This study evaluated the plasma levels of cy- tokines, chemokines, and their soluble receptors in 148 subjects afflicted with CRPS and in 60 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Significant changes in plasma cytokines, chemokines, and their soluble receptors were found in subjects with CRPS as compared with healthy controls. For most analytes, these changes resulted from a distinct subset of the CRPS subjects. When the plasma data from the CRPS subjects was subjected to cluster analysis, it revealed 2 clusters within the CRPS population. The category identified as most important for cluster separation by the clustering algorithm was TNFa. Cluster 1 consisted of 64% of CRPS subjects and demonstrated analyte values similar to the healthy control individuals. Cluster 2 consisted of 36% of the CRPS subjects and demonstrated significantly elevated levels of most analytes and in addition, it showed that the increased plasma analyte levels in this cluster were correlated with disease duration and severity. Perspective: The identification of biomarkers that define disease subgroups can be of great value in the design of specific therapies and of great benefit to the design of clinical trials. It may also aid in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of CRPS, which may lead to novel treatments for this very severe condition.
Modes of Analogy

There are two main conclusions that emerge from this paper, besides clearing up some of the confusion that invariably results from not distinguishing different modes of “analogy” and talking about it as if it were just one process. First of all, I have emphasized the underlying process of interpretation that plays a key role in analogy by rendition and certain proportional analogy relations. In understanding and modeling this process lies one half of the problem of cognition. (The other half has to do with the process of accommodation, or what is more familiarly known as “learning.”).
Dissent From Within: How Educational Insiders Use Protest to Create Policy Change

This article utilizes social movement theory to analyze policy change created by site-based educators. The author uses a qualitative case study to examine how an organization comprised of teachers and administrators in New York State used protest to protect a waiver, which exempted students in their schools from having to pass statewide graduation exams. The author finds that the educators' ability to mobilize resources and to strategically frame their struggle in a manner that resonated with policymakers allowed the educator activists to capitalize on emerging controversies surrounding the state's assessment system and create policy change. This article provides a framework to understand how marginalized actors within systems of schooling organize to create change. Such a framework is becoming increasingly relevant as educators attempt to create space for local practice in the current top-down policy environment.
Efficient Numerical Integration Using Gaussian Quadrature

Simulation engineers are occasionally required to include numerical integration in their simulation models. The technique most often used is the simple "trapezoid method." In this short tutorial, we review Gaussian Quadrature techniques for nu merical integration and show how careful deployment of coefficient weights and se lection of the number of coefficients can dramatically reduce the work required to produce excellent numerical results.
FOREST ROADS AND GEOMORPHIC PROCESS INTERACTIONS, CASCADE RANGE, OREGON

A major flood in February 1996 triggered more than 100 geomorphic features affecting forest roads in a 181 km 2 study area in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Eight types of features, including mass movements and fluvial features, were mapped, measured and analysed using geographic information systems and sediment budgets for the road network. Although roads functioned as both production and depositional sites for mass movements and fluvial processes, the net effect of roads was an increase in basin-wide sediment production. Debris slides from mobilized road fills were the dominant process of sediment production from roads. Road-related sedimentation features were concentrated in a portion of the study area that experienced a rain-on-snow event during the storm and was characterized by the oldest roads and steep slopes underlain by unstable, highly weathered bedrock. The downslope increase in frequency of features and volumes of sediment produced, combined with the downslope increase in relative frequency of fluvial over mass-wasting processes, suggests that during an extreme storm event, a road network may have major impacts on stream channels far removed from initiation sites. Overall this study indicated that the nature of geomorphic processes influenced by roads is strongly conditioned by road location and construction practices, basin geology and storm characteristics. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hearing Her Voice: Collaborating With the Client on a New Story

Abstract This paper explains the use of client language to broaden existing ascribed meanings which may be restrictive and self-limiting. Illustrated through a case example, the client's story of “failure” is renegotiated into a story of success over a period of five months of therapeutic sessions. Although much of the talk is from the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 12-step model, it is not the intent of this paper to examine this particular paradigm. Rather, the focus is on the process of a collaborative narrative which the therapist and client use to loosen rigid meanings; allowing different interpretations to emerge.
The Tat and C2-V3 Envelope Genes in the Molecular Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1☆

In this study HIV-1 proviral DNA sequences derived from 201 clones of the C2-V3 env region and the first exon of tat were obtained from six HIV-1-infected heterosexual couples. These molecular data were used to confirm the epidemiological relationships. The ability of the molecular data to draw such conclusions was also tested. A bootstrap parsimony analysis of the C2-V3 sequences showed one couple failed to cluster and only two couples clustered in more than 70% of the replicates. The rapid diversification of the C2-V3 region and the length of time that elapsed since the infection event may have limited the certainty of the conclusions that can be reached to infer epidemiological relatedness from this region. Using data from the tat region, all couples clustered, four of them in more than 80% of bootstrap replicates. A single clone from the tat region did not cluster with others from that patient or with those from that patient's partner, indicating that multiple clones are necessary to firmly establish phylogenetic linkage. Nevertheless, the tat region was much more useful in establishing epidemiological relationships among this group than the commonly used C2-V3.
Inactivated influenza virus, when presented on dendritic cells, elicits human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses

Inactivated or subunit virus preparations have been excellent vaccines for inducing antibody responses. Generation of cytolytic T cell responses, however, is thought to require replicating virus, primarily to provide sufficiently large amounts of cytoplasmic proteins for processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by antigen-presenting cells. Potent human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses to live replicating influenza A virus are generated when dendritic cells are used as the antigen-presenting cells. Here, we demonstrate that dendritic cells pulsed with poorly replicating, heat- or ultraviolet-inactivated influenza virus, induce equally strong CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte responses. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes are generated in the apparent absence of CD4+ helper cells or exogenous cytokines. Active viral protein synthesis is not required to charge class I molecules on dendritic cells. When pulsed with inactivated virus, < 1% of dendritic cells express nonstructural protein 1, which is only synthesized in the infectious cycle. To be optimally effective, however, the inactivated virus must retain its fusogenic activity, and presumably access the cytoplasm of dendritic cells. The data indicate, therefore, that dendritic cells require only small amounts of viral protein to charge class I molecules, most likely via traditional class I processing pathways. These results reopen the potential use of inactivated virus preparations as immunogens for cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
Beam-target interaction experiments for bremsstrahlung converter applications

For multi-pulse radiography facilities, we are investigating the possible adverse effects of (1) backstreaming ion emission from the bremsstrahlung converter target and (2) the interaction of the resultant plasma with the electron beam during subsequent pulses. These effects would primarily manifest themselves in a static focusing system as a rapidly varying X-ray spot. To study these effects, we are conducting beam-target interaction experiments on the ETA-II accelerator (a 6.0 MeV, 2.5 kA, 70 ns FWHM pulsed, electron accelerator) by measuring spot dynamics and characterizing the resultant plasma for various configurations.
Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer

We have evaluated the use of the Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system for real-time fluorescence protein-based optical imaging of metastatic progression in live animals. We found that green fluorescent protein-expressing cells (100 x 10(6)) were not detectable in a mouse cadaver phantom experiment. However, a 10-fold lower number of tdTomato-expressing cells were easily detected. Mammary fat pad xenografts of stable MDA-MB-231-tdTomato cells were generated for the imaging of metastatic progression. At 2 weeks postinjection, barely palpable tumor burdens were easily detected at the sites of injection. At 8 weeks, a small contralateral mammary fat pad metastasis was imaged and, by 13 weeks, metastases to lymph nodes were detectable. Metastases with nodular composition were detectable within the rib cage region at 15 weeks. 3-D image reconstructions indicated that the detection of fluorescence extended to approximately 1 cm below the surface. A combination of intense tdTomato fluorescence, imaging at > or = 620 nm (where autofluorescence is minimized), and the sensitivity of the Xenogen imager made this possible. This study demonstrates the utility of the noninvasive optical tracking of cancer cells during metastatic progression with endogenously expressed fluorescence protein reporters using detection wavelengths of > or = 620 nm.
The Effects of the Texas Youth Leadership Forum Summer Training on the Self-Advocacy Abilities of High School Students With Disabilities

Federal and state policies concerning disability issues are often made based on advocacy efforts by individuals with disabilities and their allies. Providing self-advocacy and leadership training t...
Hybrid Optical/RF Channel Performance Analysis for Turbo Codes

Turbo coded data transmission over a hybrid channel, consisting of parallel free space optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) links, is considered, and analytical bit error performance results are derived. The FSO link is modeled using the gamma-gamma distribution function, and both random and block fading channels are used. Random and specific codeword bit selections for transmission through the RF link are considered. Conditions to guarantee bit error rate (BER) performance improvement in hybrid channels over FSO only links are derived. In the case of block fading channels, the hybrid channel using turbo codes is found to provide several dBs of gain in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over an optical only link. A technique to jointly optimize puncturing and RF bit selection patterns for the hybrid channel is also presented. Results demonstrate significant BER performance improvement obtained from the proposed joint optimization approach.
Subduction zone metamorphism – pioneering contributions from the Alps

Circum-Pacific-type high-pressure (HP) metamorphic belts occupy contractional sutures marked by intensely deformed, imbricated nappes that verge seaward. Mineral assemblages reflect recovered depths of ∼25–50 km for mafic and felsic crustal units carried down on an underlying oceanic plate; such units recrystallized prior to disengagement and exhumation of slices of chiefly low-density rock. Low-grade parts of Alpine-type subduction complexes are similar to regurgitated circum-Pacific-type HP belts, but coesite ± microdiamond inclusions in tough, unreactive host minerals show that lithospheric underflow and continental collision involve partial recovery of ultra-high-pressure (UHP) rocks from depths of 100–140 km. Associated garnet peridotites from the Central Alps and several other collision sutures display exsolution lamellae and intergrowths suggesting the former existence of majoritic garnet and additional phases requiring formation at >300 km, attesting to earlier, unrelated mantle upwelling, or to t...
Vision assisted control for manipulation using virtual fixtures

The "steady hand" concept is a way of providing assistance for direct manipulation by applying constraints on the motion of a tool shared by a user and a robot. We explore in detail one family of constraints: virtual fixtures for use in path following tasks. Vision is used to sense the desired path, and then the robot encourages motion toward and along the path through a direction-based control law. This "soft" virtual fixture allows the user to move in other, non-preferred directions, maintaining the user's sense of autonomy and control. Experimental results show that user performance in assisted path following improves with virtual fixture augmentation, and differs with varying fixture compliance.
Metabolomics: the final frontier?

The connection between genomics, proteomics and metabolomics is evident in even the most simplistic of scientific models. Genes give rise to mRNA. Proteins are translated from mRNA and then proceed to carry out a myriad of functions within the cell, including the metabolism of small molecules such as glucose and adenosine triphosphate. Not that many years ago, scientists used to study the 'big 4' biomolecules under the guise of genes, transcripts, protein and metabolites. The last decade of biomedical research, however, has been witness to the growth of the 'omics' industries. Genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics have become core technologies within almost every major academic or industrial research program around the world. What was missing was the final piece of the omics puzzle: metabolomics.
Coregulators: From Whence Came These “Master Genes”

IT IS NOW OVER a decade since the first nuclear receptor (NR) coactivator, steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1), was cloned and discovered to be a new type of transcription factor that does not bind DNA, but rather, binds directly or indirectly to NRs to mediate their transcriptional potency. The NR coactivators belong to a class of molecules now termed “coregulators.” Employing an operational definition, we define coactivators as molecules that enhance transcription, and corepressors as molecules that repress transcription. Current evidence indicates that this operational definition can be modified by gene, cell, and signaling context for any one coregulator. Our current understanding is that NRs and other DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) search out the target genes to be regulated by binding to specific DNA sequences (or other TFs at such sequences) termed “TF-response elements” (1 ); the second job of NRs is to recruit the coregulators that perform all of the subsequent reactions needed to ind...
Principal Length Scales in Second-Order Closure Models for Canopy Turbulence

Abstract Triaxial sonic anemometer velocity measurements vertically arrayed at six levels within and above a pine forest were used to examine the performance of two second-order closure models put forth by Wilson and Shaw and by Wilson. Based on these measurements, it was demonstrated that Wilson’s model reproduced the longitudinal velocity standard deviation σu better than did Wilson and Shaw’s model. However, Wilson and Shaw’s model reproduced the measured mean velocity 〈u〉 near the forest–atmosphere interface better than Wilson’s model did. The primary mechanisms responsible for discrepancies between modeled and measured 〈u〉 and σu profiles were investigated. The conceptual formulations of these two closure models differ in the characteristic length scales and timescales used in the closure parameterizations of the mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate term, the pressure–strain rate term, and the flux-transport term. These characteristic length scales were computed and compared with measured i...
Approaching the Quarter-Century Mark: AIDS Coverage and Research Decline as Infection Spreads

As we approach the 25th anniversary of the outbreak of the AIDS epidemic, the disease continues to be the most devastating that humankind has ever faced, with the potential to kill more people than...
Abiotic Protein Fragmentation by Manganese Oxide: Implications for a Mechanism to Supply Soil Biota with Oligopeptides

The ability of plants and microorganisms to take up organic nitrogen in the form of free amino acids and oligopeptides has received increasing attention over the last two decades, yet the mechanisms for the formation of such compounds in soil environments remain poorly understood. We used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to distinguish the reaction of a model protein with a pedogenic oxide (Birnessite, MnO2) from its response to a phyllosilicate (Kaolinite). Our data demonstrate that birnessite fragments the model protein while kaolinite does not, resulting in soluble peptides that would be available to soil biota and confirming the existence of an abiotic pathway for the formation of organic nitrogen compounds for direct uptake by plants and microorganisms. The absence of reduced Mn(II) in the solution suggests that birnessite acts as a catalyst rather than an oxidant in this reaction. NMR and EPR spectroscopies are shown to be valuable tools to ob...
Models of Human Expertise as Blueprints for Cognitive Engineering: Applications to Landmine Detection

Landmines pose a major military threat as well as a serious humanitarian problem. The difficulty of detecting buried landmines, especially modern landmines with minimal metallic content, contributes heavily to the problem. The two projects described here took a cognitive engineering approach to improve detection capability via development and implementation of scientifically principled operator training. Each analyzed and modeled the landmine detection skills of expert users of two different handheld detection systems, the PSS-12, the U.S. Army standard equipment, and the PSS-141, an advanced technology system under development at the time of this work. Model-based training programs were developed and tested. Both proved highly effective for developing detection skills, producing the greatest increases in detection rates against the most challenging targets. The US Army has adopted and now uses both programs. Results demonstrate the practical utility of information-processing models of expertise for desig...
Complex Förster Energy Transfer Interactions between Semiconductor Quantum Dots and a Redox-Active Osmium Assembly

The ability of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) to engage in diverse energy transfer processes with organic dyes, light-harvesting proteins, metal complexes, and redox-active labels continues to stimulate interest in developing them for biosensing and light-harvesting applications. Within biosensing configurations, changes in the rate of energy transfer between the QD and the proximal donor, or acceptor, based upon some external (biological) event form the principle basis for signal transduction. However, designing QD sensors to function optimally is predicated on a full understanding of all relevant energy transfer mechanisms. In this report, we examine energy transfer between a range of CdSe–ZnS core–shell QDs and a redox-active osmium(II) polypyridyl complex. To facilitate this, the Os complex was synthesized as a reactive isothiocyanate and used to label a hexahistidine-terminated peptide. The Os-labeled peptide was ratiometrically self-assembled to the QDs via metal affinity coordination,...
Treatment of Hair Loss

Hair loss is a common and distressing symptom. With the approval of two drugs that promote hair growth — finasteride and minoxidil — we can now treat patients with some types of hair loss. Both drugs influence the hair-growth cycle and increase the length and diameter of existing hair, although their mechanisms of action differ. In this article, I will focus on the treatment of two common problems, androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata, both of which involve a reversible alteration of the hair-growth cycle. The Hair-Growth Cycle Hair growth is cyclic, with phases of growth (anagen), involution (catagen), and rest . . .
Effect of egg yolk size on yolk cholesterol concentration.

SummaryWithin a line of birds, there was an inverse relation between size of the yolk and cholesterol concentration of the yolk. On a dry weight basis there was a difference between the regression coefficients for 2 strains with respect to yolk cholesterol. A differential rate of cholesterol transfer into the follicle existed between strains. While a negative relationship existed between ovum size and cholesterol concentration, a positive relationship existed between ovum size and solids content. The solids content of developing ovum increased rapidly until the ovum reached 3 g, after which the solids content increased slowly as the ovum size increased. There was no difference in the solids content of the mature boiled egg yolks between lines “B” and “C”.
Selection & Optimization in Huffman Decoding of AAC Decoder

Huffman decoding is the keystone for the advanced audio coding,the efficiency of decoding and memory requirement is important. The paper discusses various methods lor Huffman decoding, selects appropriate methods and optimizes the MIPS and memory requirement for ARM platform,this makes an 10% improvement in the MIPS and reduces the memory requirement largely.
Application of improving nursing intervention in congenital heart disease under 10kg patients during operation

Objective:To observe the respiratory function and nursing intervention effect of congenital heart disease under 10 kg patients before and after operation.Methods:60 patients with congenital heart disease under 10 kg were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.To observe the blood gas analysis,P-plateau,P-peak before,in and after CPB and change of compliance before operation 1 day and after operation 24 hours.Results:There were no remarkable difference of pH and PaCO2 before operation 1 day and after operation 24 hours in experimental group.The PaO2 and SpO2 in contol group were decreased.P-peak before,in and after CPB in control group was higher than that of experimental group,while the change of compliance was lower than that of experimental group.Conclusion:The improving nursing intervention could remarkably improve the respiratory functon and pulmonary ventilation after operation in patients with congenital heart disease under 10 kg.
Corpus-based Chinese and American Tourist Gaze Analysis and its Implications for Tourism Translation

Mistranslation of tourism materials occurs for lack of understanding of the gaze differences between Chinese and Western tourists.The authors in this paper intend to investigate these differences.A corpus-based comparative analysis of the data collected from TripAdvisor,reveals the conspicuous gaze differences between Chinese and American tourists in visiting Sanya,Hainan,China.The value orientation,hidden behind the tourist gaze,plays as a filter,which decides what the tourists see and what to ignore in their travel.In different tourist spots,different aspects of tourists value orientations exhibit their influence on shaping the tourists gaze.These findings shed light on and can serve as a good reference for translators on the translation of tourism materials.
Body fat content and serum lipid levels.

Here, relationships of the percentage of body fat and various serum lipid components in men and women are reported.
A Larger, Expanding Universe

On a clear, moonless night, we can look up and see a hazy, faintly luminous band of light that stretches across the sky from one horizon to the other; it is known as the Milky Way. According to ancient Greek myth, the goddess Hera, Queen of Heaven, spilled milk from her breast into the sky. The Romans called the spilt milk the Via Lactea, or the “Milky Way.” It also is designated as our Galaxy, derived from the Greek word galakt- for “milk,” the celestial milk from Hera’s breast.
Retention of Acid Tolerance and Acid Shock Responses of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Non-O157:H7 Isolates.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 survival due to induced acid tolerance or shock responses when exposed to lactic acid over time was studied. Induced acid tolerance or shock responses could allow pathogens, like E. coli O157:H7, to survive acidic conditions in foods during storage. Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates 932 and E009 and a non-O157:H7 strain, 23716, were grown to stationary phase at 32°C and exposed to one of two treatments: acid shock or acid adaption. Acid-shocked cells were exposed to lactic acid at pH 3.5 or 4.0. Acid-adapted cells were exposed to pH 5.5 for an adaptation period and then exposed to an acid challenge of pH 3.5 or 4.0. Samples were incubated at either 25 or 32°C and survival of the isolates at 0, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h (7 days), 336 h (14 days), and 504 h (21 days) was determined. All three isolates survived longer with larger populations at pH 4.0 and 25°C compared to the other treatments. In cases where a difference was observed in the two responses, acid-shocked cells had a higher survival rate (typically less than 2 logs) than acid-adapted cells in most cases. Isolate differences were observed at the two pH and temperature levels. Isolate 932 was the most resistant to the acidic conditions during the incubation period. E009 intermediate, and strain 23716 was the most sensitive.
Misdiagnosis of Atypical Femur Fractures

A 60-year-old Caucasian female was brought to the Emergency Room with a fracture of the right femur and severe leg pain. Per first responder reports, the patient fell in her patio, but she was unclear of the precise circumstances relating to the fall. Until the day of the fracture, the patient was in her usual state of good health. X-ray on the day of admission reported fracture of the proximal femoral diaphysis, with comminution. Her vitals were normal on admission. The patient was admitted for surgical repair by open reduction and intramedullary rodding. Her postoperative course was complicated with anemia due to blood loss. Acute physical and occupational rehabilitation enhanced her capacity to ambulate. While her pain improved, she continued to complain of leg spasms for which she received Percocet. Discharged with a wheelchair and walker, the patient underwent 6 further months of strength training. Repeat X-rays showed good alignment of the fragments.
The Computer: Aid to Learning and Satisfaction from Practice

By analyzing their clinical activities and linking their education to real events in practice, physicians can enhance not only their skills but their satisfaction from practice as well. Many of the effective methods we have described can be facilitated by the computer. Some physicians, and all hospitals, have access to computer services for financial and administrative activities, and many are now also using personal computers to analyze their practice, access medical information, and expedite communication with colleagues. They are now seeking guidance in diagnosis and therapy to improve their patient care.
Study of hydrogen release from carbon films by helium and deuterium glow discharges

Protium‐rich carbon films were deposited by an RF‐assisted DC glow‐ discharge in methane gas. The desorption characteristics of the trapped protium by ion bombardment in a subsequent glow‐discharge were studied using partial pressure analysis of the desorbed species. Desorption by both helium and deuterium glow‐discharges was investigated. In a helium glow, protium was released primarily as H2 and in a deuterium glow, as H2 and HD. The desorption rate over time cannot be described by a single e‐folding rate. A desorption cross‐section was estimated by fitting an exponential to the data measured near the beginning of the desorption run sequence. At a bias voltage of 350 V, both D and He ions show a near identical desorption cross‐section of ∼7.5×10−17 cm2. Deuterium glows were found to desorb ∼4 times more protium than those from helium glows at comparable operating conditions.
Frequency truncation method for quasilinear symmetrizable hyperbolic systems

In this work we establish the local solvability of quasilinear symmetrizable hyperbolic system using a frequency truncation method. The compressible Euler equations of fluid dynamics, Einstein equations of general relativity and non-Newtonian fluid dynamics are given as examples.
Potential biomarkers for alzheimer’s disease screened in a small Brazilian population

Alzheimer rsquo s Disease AD leads neurodegenerative diseases ranking and because of this clinical attention focus on the identification of blood serum and plasma rsquo biomarkers in AD patients since diagnostic have not a gold standard yet In order to improve diagnose current study explore relation between biochemical and hematological rsquo parameters which are commonly applied as lipid profile liver enzymes glucose and hemogram Furthermore different stages of AD have been evaluated through Clinical Dementia Rating CDR and Mini Nutritional Assessment MNA evaluated nutritional status since nutritional status interferes directly in parameters reached For this purpose this study included patients being women and men in different stages of AD Our data report that malnutrition level is directly related with disease progression as discussed in literature over the years With regard to hematological analysis significate difference was observed between parameters and groups where patients in moderate stage of disease improved erythrocytes and had greater values of globular volume when compared to final stage suggesting that AD is a possible risk factor to anemia Biochemical data also presented significate difference showing that disease progression High Density Lipoprotein HDL values and total cholesterol are directly proportional Take into consideration significate differences from this study and since AD means a heterogeneous disease more studies are needed to validate in vivo essays that may be relevant to identify this disease nbsp
SUPPORTING HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

The care of HIV-infected patients is demanding, raising concerns among health care workers regarding safety, competence, and emotional endurance. Many health care workers are reluctant to undertake this challenging work. For many professions within health care, for example nursing, there is a clearly articulated responsibility to treat all ill individuals. Less unanimity on this point continues among physicians. Clearly, a first issue is to continue the discussion of the nature of physicians' professional responsibilities and to convey an understanding of the duties of physicians to medical students and to those considering careers as doctors. Meanwhile, efforts must continue to recruit individuals in all areas of health care to work with HIV-infected people. To some extent, this process will happen as a natural consequence of the evolution of the epidemic and its decreasing geographic and demographic restriction. "Mainstreaming" AIDS care will also require continuing attention to important issues, such as acquiring and maintaining the requisite professional competence in the management of HIV-related illnesses, ensuring the availability of support services that are required for the comprehensive care of HIV complications, and continuing education on and proactive monitoring of infection control practices. All of these activities assist in the creation of a positive environment for the care of AIDS patients. In addition, the emotional consequences of caring for HIV-infected people should be directly addressed, although there is less information on which strategies are useful. A supportive working environment, characterized by some meaningful element of control by all health care workers not just the medical staff, nonauthoritarian management, explicit and responsive processes for approaching the inevitable ethical dilemmas that arise in the care of HIV-infected patients, and a recognition of the emotional, psychological, and technical aspects of medical care are essential. In such an environment, health care providers will be able to develop and institute programs that address their particular needs. Strategies that have been helpful are diverse and include support groups, rotation of clinical assignments, part-time work, social activities away from the workplace, and collective spiritual activities.
Cut From the Same Cloth? Comparing Urban District CBAs Within States and Across the United States:

There is considerable speculation and some empirical evidence that teacher collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) in urban school districts are more restrictive to district administrators than CBA...
Teaching As if Children Matter

This chapter sets a context for juxtaposing theories of learning and development with educational reforms as they affect teacher education and classroom practices. No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top, and the Common Core standards are critiqued, followed by discussion of the old learning theory foundations of many taken-for-granted classroom practices. These are contrasted with a constructivist perspective. The chapter ends with a brief overview of the organization of the book and summary of its chapters.
Nonconformity Advertising to Teens

ABSTRACT Nonconformity advertising delineates consumers9 characteristic of nonconformity and stresses that even those consumers with a strong need for nonconformity favor the focal brand. Given that today9s teens strive to be exclusive and unique, it is proposed that campaigns applying Reeve9s Unique Selling Proposition through nonconformity advertising would be effective in targeting the teenage market. Both a field and a laboratory study were conducted to track the influence of nonconformity advertising on adolescents9 perception of Cheerwine, a soft drink introduced to a new market region. Results showed that the campaign enticed more favorable brand perceptions and greatly increased product trial, supporting that Unique Selling Proposition could be an effective advertising strategy toward teens if the right benefit is implied.