cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A population profile of very old men and women in the United States.

This article presents the 1st population profile of men and women aged 85 and over. The analysis uses Sample A the 5% sample of the 1980 census microdata files. Results show that there are not very many very old men. In 1980 nearly 70% of those aged 85 and over were women. Men were better off than women in both socioeconomic and relational characteristics in that they had higher personal incomes from nearly all sources and were more likely to be married and living independently. They were often cared for in their own homes by younger spouses; consequently they did not live in nursing homes in as great a proportion as very old women. In a sense then the generalizations about the very old have a female bias; the hidden minority of men fits the stereotype of the very old less closely than do women. (authors modified)
Transport of water and electrolytes between brain and ventricular fluid in the rabbit.

Bidirectional sodium fluxes and net transfer of potassium, chloride, and water across the ventricular ependyma were studied in anesthetized rabbits by closed perfusion of the cerebral aqueduct and anterior fourth ventricle with solutions containing trace amounts of inulin-3H and 22Na. Inulin dilution and clearance from the perfusate indicated a bulk fluid accretion of 0.37 μl min−1 cm−2 of ependymal surface. The concurrent net sodium movement into ventricular fluid occurred at a rate of .0645 ± .0060 μEq min−1 cm−2 against typical ventriculo-vascular potential gradients of 5–10 mv. Potassium entered the perfusate at concentrations approximating that of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Chloride accumulated in the ventricular system at a rate of .0356 ± .0057 μEq min−1 cm−2 and its distribution between blood and ventricular fluids approached an electrochemical equilibrium. Water was transported at reduced rates into hypotonic perfusates without associated changes in sodium influx, whereas, both water and sodium movements were inhibited by acetazolamide or cardiac glycosides. These studies imply that movement of CSF across the blood-brain-CSF barrier is an isotonic flow coupled to sodium transport and represents one-third of the total intraventricular formation of CSF.
Studies of EUV contamination mitigation

Carbon contamination removal was investigated using remote RF-O2, RF-H2, and atomic hydrogen experiments. Samples consisted of silicon wafers coated with 100 Angstrom sputtered carbon, as well as bare Si-capped Mo/Si optics. Samples were exposed to atomic hydrogen or RF plasma discharges at 100 W, 200 W, and 300 W. Carbon removal rate, optic oxidation rate, at-wavelength (13.4 nm) peak reflectance, and optic surface roughness were characterized. Data show that RF- O2 removes carbon at a rate approximately 6 times faster RF- H2 for a given discharge power. However, both cleaning techniques induce Mo/Si optic degradation through the loss of reflectivity associated with surface oxide growth for RF-O2 and an unknown mechanism with hydrogen cleaning. Atomic hydrogen cleaning shows carbon removal rates sufficient for use as an in-situ cleaning strategy for EUVoptics with less risk of optic degradation from overexposures than RF-discharge cleaning. While hydrogen cleaning (RF and atomic) of EUV optics has proven effective in carbon removal, attempts to dissociate hydrogen in co-exposures with EUV radiation have resulted in no detectable removal of carbon contamination.
High Pressure Inactivation of HAV Within Oysters: Comparison of Shucked Oysters with Whole-In-Shell Meats

High pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) within oysters bioaccumulated under simulated natural conditions to levels >105 PFU/oyster has been evaluated. Five minute treatments at 20°C were administered at 350, 375, and 400 MegaPascals (MPa). Shucked and whole-in-shell oysters were directly compared to determine if there were any differences in inactivation levels. For whole-in-shell oysters and shucked oysters, average values obtained were 2.56 and 2.96 log10 inactivation of HAV, respectively, after a 400-MPa treatment. Results indicate that there is no significant inactivation difference (P = 0.05) between inactivation for whole-in-shell oysters as compared to shucked oysters observed for all pressure treatments. This study indicates that commercial high pressure processing applied to whole-in-shell oysters will be capable of inactivating HAV pathogens.
Choline phospholipids: molecular mechanisms for human diseases: A meeting report☆

Abstract Choline phospholipids have long been recognized as important structural components of membranes. There is a growing body of evidence that some choline phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, plasmalogens, and their metabolites) also are important mediators and modulators of transmembrane signaling. Another choline phospholipid (platelet activating factor) is an important intercellular messenger acting on leukocytes, platelets, smooth muscle cells, liver, uterus, and the central nervous system. These functions may explain how choline phospholipids, such as lecithin, influence normal physiological processes as well as a diverse group of pathological processes, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings on the molecular actions of choline phospholipids were presented by leading experts in the field at a conference sponsored by the University of North Carolina and held in conjunction with the annual meeting of American Institute of Nutrition in April 1992. This review provides general background on choline and phospholipids in nutrition, metabolism, and signal transduction, and highlights the findings presented at this conference.
Designing microcapsule arrays that propagate chemical signals

Using analysis and simulation, we show how ordered arrays of microcapsules in solution can be harnessed to propagate chemical signals in directed and controllable ways, allowing the signals to be transmitted over macroscopic distances. The system encompasses two types of capsules that are localized on an adhesive surface. The "signaling" capsules release inducer molecules, which trigger "targets" to release nanoparticles. The released nanoparticles can bind to the underlying surface and thus, create adhesion gradients, which then propel the signaling capsules to shuttle between neighboring targets. This arrangement acts like a relay, so that triggering target capsules at a particular location in the array also triggers target capsules in adjacent locations. For an array containing two target columns, our simulations and analysis show that steady input signal leads to a sustained periodic output. For an array containing multiple target columns, we show that by introducing a prescribed ratio of nanoparticle release rates between successive target columns, a chemical signal can be propagated along the array without dissipation. We also demonstrate that similar signal transmission cannot be performed via diffusion alone.
The New York Times and the Market for Local Newspapers

Recent technological advances have dramatically lowered the cost of transmitting information over large distances. In the late 1990s, the New York Times implemented a national distribution strategy, expanding delivery in over 100 cities. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data on local newspaper circulation, Times penetration, and local newspapers characteristics, we find that as Times circulation grows in a market, local newspaper circulation declines among college-educated readers. Local newspapers reposition toward local and away from national coverage, raising circulation among individuals without a degree. Availability of national newspapers in local markets changes the relationship between local preferences and local products.
ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase in hearts of hypothermic ground squirrels and rats

Abstract The reaction rates of Mg-ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in particulate suspensions of myocardium from three groups of ground squirrels 38 °C, 15 °C and 5 °C; and two groups of rats, 38 °C and 15 °C were determined at incubation temperatures of 38 °, 15 ° and 5 °C. The ATPase reaction rate decreased with decreasing incubation temperature in both control groups. In hypothermic rats (15 °C) the ATPase reaction rate also decreased with decreasing incubation temperature while in hypothermic ground squirrels (15 °C and 5 °C) no significant changes were seen. The SDH reaction rate decreased significantly with decreasing temperature in samples from both control and hypothermic rats. The SDH reaction rate in all groups of ground squirrels was lower at 15 °C than at 5 °C incubation. At low body temperatures in the ground squirrel maintenance of (1) ATPase activity regulates oxidative phosphorylation and (2) SDH minimizes or prevents anoxia by facilitating utilization of oxygen or increasing rate of carbon dioxide release.
Resilience and vulnerability in US farm policy: parsing the payment limitation debate

Since the New Deal era, the commodity title has been the major farm support program in US farm bills. Commodity programs have encouraged farmers to pursue specialized, monocultural, and input intensive production strategies that are increasingly viewed as unsustainable. Yet commodity programs remain politically resilient. As revealed in the farm payment limitation debate in the 2007 farm bill reauthorization process, political support for commodity programs is maintained through policy elasticity adaptations that combine new with old policy rationales. The recent extension of farm program support to producers of commodities that have not received benefits in the past poses a potential threat to existing commodity programs, as this legislation has institutionalized competition within production agriculture over the allocation and design of subsidies. This paper argues for renewed attention to the policy support mechanisms that undergird the conventional agrifood system in order to better understand alternative agrifood system possibilities and constraints.
The exact boundary blow-up rate of large solutions for semilinear elliptic problems

In this paper, we establish the blow-up rate of the large positive solution of the singular boundary value problem −△u=λu−a(x)up,u|∂Ω=+∞, where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in RN. The weight function a(x) in front of the nonlinearity can vanish on the boundary of the domain Ω at different rates according to the point x0 of the boundary. The decay rate of the weight function a(x) may not be approximated by a power function of distance near the boundary ∂Ω. We combine the localization method of [J. Lopez-Gomez, The boundary blow-up rate of large solutions, J. Differential Equations 195 (2003) 25–45] with some previous radially symmetric results of [T. Ouyang, Z. Xie, The uniqueness of blow-up solution for radially symmetric semilinear elliptic equation, Nonlinear Anal. 64 (9) (2006) 2129–2142] to prove that any large solution u(x) must satisfy limx→x0u(x)K(bx0∗(dist(x,∂Ω)))−β=1for each x0∈∂Ω, where bx0∗(r)=∫0r∫0sbx0(t)dtds,K=[β((β+1)C0−1)]1p−1, β=1p−1,C0=limr→0(∫0rbx0(t)dt)2bx0∗(r)bx0(r) and bx0(r) is the boundary normal section of a(x) at x0∈∂Ω, i.e., bx0(r)=a(x0−rnx0),r>0,r∼0, and nx0 stands for the outward unit normal vector at x0∈∂Ω.
Barriers to Specialty Care and Specialty Referral Completion in the Community Health Center Setting

Objective To assess the frequency of barriers to specialty care and to assess which barriers are associated with an incomplete specialty referral (not attending a specialty visit when referred by a primary care provider) among children seen in community health centers. Study design Two months after their child's specialty referral, 341 parents completed telephone surveys assessing whether a specialty visit was completed and whether they experienced any of 10 barriers to care. Family/community barriers included difficulty leaving work, obtaining childcare, obtaining transportation, and inadequate insurance. Health care system barriers included getting appointments quickly, understanding doctors and nurses, communicating with doctors' offices, locating offices, accessing interpreters, and inconvenient office hours. We calculated barrier frequency and total barriers experienced. Using logistic regression, we assessed which barriers were associated with incomplete referral, and whether experiencing ≥4 barriers was associated with incomplete referral. Results A total of 22.9% of families experienced incomplete referral. 42.0% of families encountered 1 or more barriers. The most frequent barriers were difficulty leaving work, obtaining childcare, and obtaining transportation. On multivariate analysis, difficulty getting appointments quickly, difficulty finding doctors' offices, and inconvenient office hours were associated with incomplete referral. Families experiencing ≥4 barriers were more likely than those experiencing ≤3 barriers to have incomplete referral. Conclusion Barriers to specialty care were common and associated with incomplete referral. Families experiencing many barriers had greater risk of incomplete referral. Improving family/community factors may increase satisfaction with specialty care; however, improving health system factors may be the best way to reduce incomplete referrals.
Leiomyosarcoma of the skin: Clinical, histopathologic, and prognostic factors that influence outcomes

Background Superficial leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare tumor with important clinical, pathologic, and treatment features. Previous LMS studies have included few patients, included minimal follow-up, and typically combined the superficial and subfascial (deep) forms. Objective We sought to characterize clinical features, effectiveness of treatment approaches, and long-term outcomes for LMS stratified by depth of invasion. Methods In all, 71 cases of primary superficial LMS, 48 dermal and 23 subcutaneous (mean follow-up of 8 years), were examined and clinical, histopathologic, and treatment factors reported. Results Tumor size and subcutaneous classification correlated with greater likelihood of metastasis and death at 5 years. When superficial LMS metastasizes, other skin sites are the most common distant location. Treatment with wide local excision with minimum 1-cm margins showed statistically lower rates of recurrences and metastasis compared with excision with narrow surgical margins. Fourteen cases of Mohs micrographic surgery had no recurrences or metastases. Five cases of dermal LMS metastasized, 2 of which resulted in death. Limitations This study is a retrospective review of a relatively small number of patients. Conclusion LMS can metastasize and warrants surgical intervention and long-term follow-up. Wide local excision, and Mohs micrographic surgery in particular, appear to provide the best management approach for definitive treatment.
Studies on Odontoloxozus longicornis (Diptera: Neriidae). Part I. Life History and Descriptions of Immature Stages

Colonization techniques are given for this cactiphilic species, the first of its family to be cultured successfully in the laboratory. The egg, larval, and pupal stages are described and illustrated; development required 4, 14–31, and 8–10 days, respectively. Eclosion from the egg and emergence of the adult from the pupa are also described. Larval growth in general was found to be continuous, but three instars could be distinguished on the basis of the morphology and measurements of the prothoracic spiracle and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton; these were constant throughout each instar but differed markedly from one instar to the next. Adult morphology is briefly described, and some behavioral studies are reported. A peritrichous ciliate of the genus Operculariella Stammer was found living upon the larvae cultured in the laboratory.
Potamodromy and Reproduction of Colorado Squawfish in the Green River Basin, Colorado and Utah

Abstract Movements of Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius were studied by radio-tracking and recapturing tagged fish in the Green River basin of Colorado and Utah, 1980–1988. Of 153 fish tracked, 63% were highly mobile: 41% migrated to known spawning sites, 11% migrated to suspected spawning sites, and 11 % moved to other locations. Nonmigratory behavior of tracked fish (18%) was linked with non-annual spawning or sexual immaturity. Contact was lost with 14% of the fish, but five that were lost one year migrated in subsequent years. Some fish (5%) were radio-tagged after the spawning season. Spawning migrations began about 28 d after highest spring flows when water temperatures were 9°C or greater. Movement offish to spawning areas (N = 63) averaged 140.7 km (range, 32–372.8 km) in downstream (73%) and upstream (23.8%) directions, and some fish (3.2%) moved downstream in tributaries, then upstream in the mainstream. An autumn-to-spring home range was indicated by radiotelemetry and recaptured fish. Co...
Nerve sheath myxoma in the tongue

Abstract The myxoma of nerve sheath is a rare benign neoplasm characterized by an abundant mucoid matrix and apparently arising in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves. A case occurring in the tongue is reported.
Lobbying for trade barriers: a comparison of poultry producers' success in Cameroon, Senegal and Ghana *

Over the last two decades, developing countries have lowered trade barriers considerably. As a result, they have experienced a surge in food commodity imports. In Ghana, Senegal and Cameroon, a flood of frozen poultry imports in the late 1990s and early 2000s threatened domestic poultry producers. In response, they organised to demand protectionist measures. This article examines why the Cameroonian and Senegalese governments responded to these demands while the Ghanaian government did not. Employing data from interviews in Senegal, newspaper coverage in all three countries, and documentation from non-governmental organisations, it argues that Cameroonian, and to a lesser extent Senegalese, producers were able to influence government policy because they faced few barriers to collective action and built alliances with consumers before lobbying government. The findings suggest that a public choice, interest group-focused approach is still useful for explaining policy outcomes in West Africa.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting the Cyclin D–CDK4/6 Axis for Cancer Treatment

Cancer cells bypass normal controls over mitotic cell-cycle progression to achieve a deregulated state of proliferation. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) governs a key cell-cycle checkpoint that normally prevents G1-phase cells from entering S-phase in the absence of appropriate mitogenic signals. Cancer cells frequently overcome pRb-dependent growth suppression via constitutive phosphorylation and inactivation of pRb function by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 or CDK6 partnered with D-type cyclins. Three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib (Ibrance; Pfizer), ribociclib (Novartis), and abemaciclib (Lilly), are in various stages of development in a variety of pRb-positive tumor types, including breast cancer, melanoma, liposarcoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. The emerging, positive clinical data obtained to date finally validate the two decades-old hypothesis that the cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathway is a rational target for cancer therapy.
Neurological biomarkers in the perioperative period

The rapid detection and evaluation of patients presenting with perioperative neurological dysfunction is of great clinical relevance. Biomarkers have been defined as biological molecules that can be used as an indicator of new onset or progression of a biological process or effect of treatment. Biomarkers have become increasingly important in this setting to supplement other modalities of diagnosis such as EEG, sensory- or motor-evoked potential, transcranial Doppler, near-infrared spectroscopy, or imaging methods. A number of neuro-proteins have been identified and are currently under investigation for potential to provide insights into injury severity, outcome, and the ability to monitor cellular damage and molecular events that occur during neurological injury. S100B is a protein released by glial cells and is considered a marker of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Clinical studies in patients undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgery indicate that serum levels of S100B are increased intraoperatively and after operation. The neurone-specific enolase has also been extensively investigated as a potential marker of neuronal injury in the context of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. A third biomarker of interest is the Tau protein, which has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Tau appears to be more specific than the previous two biomarkers since it is only found in the central nervous system. The metalloproteinase and ubiquitin C terminal hydroxylase-L1 (UCH-L1) are the most recently researched markers; however, their usefulness is still unclear. This review presents a comprehensive overview of S100B, neuronal-specific enolase, metalloproteinases, and UCH-L1 in the perioperative period.
Structure and behavior of the barringerite Ni end‐member, Ni2P, at deep Earth conditions and implications for natural Fe‐Ni phosphides in planetary cores

[1] High-pressure and high-temperature behavior of synthetic Ni2P has been studied in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell up to 50 GPa and 2200 K. Incongruent melting associated with formation of pyrite-type NiP2 and amorphous Ni-P alloy was found at an intermediate pressure range, between 6.5 and 40 GPa. Above 40 GPa, Ni2P melts congruently. At room conditions, Ni2P has hexagonal C22-type structure, and without heating it remains in this structure to at least 50 GPa. With a bulk modulus K0 = 201(8) GPa and K' = 4.2(6), Ni2P is noticeably less compressible than hcp Fe, as well as all previously described iron phosphides, and its presence in the Earth core would favorably lower the core density. In contrast to Fe2P, the c/a ratio in Ni2P decreases on compression because of the lack of ferromagnetic interaction along the c direction. Lack of the C22→C23 transition in Ni2P rules out a stabilizing effect of Ni on the orthorhombic phase of natural (Fe1−xNix)2P allabogdanite.
Learning features for object recognition

Features represent the characteristics of objects and selecting or synthesizing effective composite features are the key factors to the performance of object recognition. In this paper, we propose a co-evolutionary genetic programming (CGP) approach to learn composite features for object recognition. The motivation for using CGP is to overcome the limitations of human experts who consider only a small number of conventional combinations of primitive features during synthesis. On the other hand, CGP can try a very large number of unconventional combinations and these unconventional combinations may yield exceptionally good results in some cases. Our experimental results with real synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images show that CGP can learn good composite features. We show results to distinguish objects from clutter and to distinguish objects that belong to several classes.
A spatial time series framework for simulating daily precipitation at regional scales

In this paper, a framework for stochastic spatiotemporal modeling of daily precipitation in a hindcast mode is presented. Observed precipitation levels in space and time are modeled as a joint realization of a collection of space-indexed time series, one for each spatial location. Time series model parameters are spatially varying, thus capturing space-time interactions. Stochastic simulation, i.e., the procedure of generating alternative precipitation realizations (synthetic fields) over the space-time domain of interest (Deutsch and Journel, 1998), is employed for ensemble prediction. The simulated daily precipitation fields reproduce a data-based histogram and spatiotemporal covariance model, and identify the measured precipitation values at the rain gauges (conditional simulation). Such synthetic precipitation fields can be used in a Monte Carlo framework for risk analysis studies in hydrologic impact assessment investigations.
Uterus and endometrium: Inhibition of human endometrial stromal cell proliferation by interleukin 6

We investigated the ability of interleukin 6 (IL-6) to modulate human endometrial stromal cell growth in vitro. Stromal cell proliferation in response to treatment with varying concentrations of IL-6 was determined. Endometrial tissue was obtained from 10 normally cycling women during the secretory phase of their menstrual cycle. Treatment with IL-6 resulted in a dose- and cell-density-dependent inhibition of endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro. The maximal inhibition was observed with 200 pg/ml of IL-6 and at a concentration of 10 5 cells/well. During in-vitro culture, stromal cells produced low amounts of IL-6 and demonstrated the presence of IL-6 receptor. These data demonstrate that IL-6 acts as a growth-regulatory signal for human endometrial stromal cells. We postulate that IL-6 may contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in normal endometrium and that perturbation of IL-6 mediated responses may play a role in disorders of the endometrium such as endometrial cancer and endometriosis.
Overview of the physics and engineering design of NSTX upgrade

The spherical tokamak (ST) is a leading candidate for a fusion nuclear science facility (FNSF) due to its compact size and modular configuration. The National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) is a MA-class ST facility in the U.S. actively developing the physics basis for an ST-based FNSF. In plasma transport research, ST experiments exhibit a strong (nearly inverse) scaling of normalized confinement with collisionality, and if this trend holds at low collisionality, high fusion neutron fluences could be achievable in very compact ST devices. A major motivation for the NSTX Upgrade (NSTX-U) is to span the next factor of 3–6 reduction in collisionality. To achieve this collisionality reduction with equilibrated profiles, NSTX-U will double the toroidal field, plasma current, and NBI heating power and increase the pulse length from 1–1.5s to 5s. In the area of stability and advanced scenarios, plasmas with higher aspect ratio and elongation, high β N , and broad current profiles approaching those of an ST-based FNSF have been produced in NSTX using active control of the plasma β and advanced resistive wall mode control. High non-inductive current fractions of 70% have been sustained for many current diffusion times, and the more tangential injection of the 2nd NBI of the Upgrade is projected to increase the NBI current drive by up to a factor of 2 and support 100% non-inductive operation. More tangential NBI injection is also projected to provide non-solenoidal current ramp-up (from I P = 0.4MA up to 0.8–1MA) as needed for an ST-based FNSF. In boundary physics, NSTX and higher-A tokamaks measure an inverse relationship between the scrape-off layer heat-flux width and plasma current that could unfavorably impact next-step devices. Recently, NSTX has successfully demonstrated very high flux expansion and substantial heat-flux reduction using a snowflake divertor configuration, and this type of divertor is incorporated in the NSTX-U design. The physics and engineering design supporting NSTX Upgrade are described.
Query languages for nested relational databases

The nested relational model has proven useful in modeling databases of complex objects. In this paper we consider query languages designed specifically to exploit the power of this model. First, formal query languages are considered: a relational calculus defining the desired power of nested relational languages, and a relational algebra that provides a procedural language suitable for query optimization. Next, two higher-level languages are discussed and compared, SQL/NF, and Heidelberg Data Base Language (HDBL). Two extensions of these languages are considered. X-SQL/NF is a role-join extended version of SQL/NF that incorporates an ISA hierarchy into the semantics of the language. A recursive version of HDBL allows the definition of a transitive closure operation on nested relations.
Cardiac Damage Prevention by Eplerenone: Comparison With Low Sodium Diet or Potassium Loading

To determine the extent to which dietary sodium modulates aldosterone-induced cardiovascular damage, and to determine whether increased dietary potassium can prevent this damage, we used the Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)/angiotensin II (Ang II) rat model of cardiac injury. This model is dependent on the presence of aldosterone for the occurrence of myocardial damage. Two sets of experiments were performed. In the first set, the following groups were studied: (1) 1% NaCl to drink (control group); (2) L-NAME/Ang II with water to drink (low salt group); (3) L-NAME/Ang II/1% NaCl (high salt group); (4) L-NAME/Ang II/1% NaCl/eplerenone (eplerenone group). Systolic blood pressure increased similarly in all groups compared with controls. Compared with the controls, the high salt group, but not the low salt or eplerenone groups, developed significant myocardial damage. In the second set of experiments three groups of animals were studied: (1) L-NAME/Ang II/1%NaCl (high salt group) (2) L-NAME/Ang II/1%NaCl/eplerenone (eplerenone group), and (3) L-NAME/Ang II/1%NaCl with an extra 1% KCl in food (high dietary potassium group). Eplerenone, but not dietary potassium supplementation, prevented the development of cardiac damage. Thus, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment and low sodium diet were effective in preventing cardiac damage, which suggests that a minimal level of aldosterone and a moderately high sodium diet are both required for the development of the cardiovascular damage in the L-NAME/Ang II model. The inability of potassium supplementation to reduce myocardial damage suggests that eplerenone's protective effect is not due to its potassium-sparing ability, but is rather related to some other feature of its selective aldosterone antagonism.
A 6,000 Year Old Red Abalone Midden from Otter Point, San Miguel Island, California:

For decades, researchers have been interested in archaeological sites on California's Channel Islands that contain large concentrations of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shells. Known as red abal...
“I've Got a Theory Paper---Do You?”: Conceptual, Empirical, and Theoretical Contributions to Knowledge in the Organizational Sciences

Is “the field of management's devotion to theory too much of a good thing?” [Hambrick, D. C. 2007. The field of management's devotion to theory: Too much of a good thing? Acad. Management J.50(6) 1346--1352]. In his paper, Hambrick criticizes the practice employed by many journals in the management field that requires that papers submitted for publication make a strong theoretical contribution. I argue that part of the problem is caused by the misunderstanding and misuse of the term “theory.” To clarify the status of theory, I review three modes of research formulation in the organizational sciences: theories, models, and conceptual frameworks. Language plays an important role in scientific research. I therefore discuss two research languages that are used in research in management that appear to be the farthest apart: mathematics, which is the language of precision; and narratives, which is the language that provides rich data. I provide a discussion of the use of mathematics in theory development and the use of narratives in research development. The two languages and three modes of research formulation are needed for contribution to knowledge, which should be the main goal of research in organization science.
Of Earth and Stone

AbstractCalifornia archaeology continues to intrigue archaeologists around the world despite a downplayed and limited array of archaeological theory. This is particularly apparent in the Mojave Desert where a few theories have dominated for decades and are seldom explicitly incorporated into research designs. It is argued that landscape archaeology offers the region an appropriate analytical framework. Several examples of its application reveal that the approach is an ideal means to study key themes of prehistory in the Mojave. These include the effects of environmental changes such as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, as well as concerns about social organization, economy, and ideology.
Synergistic integration of electrocoagulation and algal cultivation to treat liquid anaerobic digestion effluent and accumulate algal biomass

Abstract An integrated system of electrocoagulation and algal cultivation was developed to treat a high strength wastewater—anaerobic digestion liquid effluent for reclaimed water and value-added algal biomass production. The integrated system synergistically takes advantages of both electrocoagulation and algal cultivation to enhance the efficiencies of wastewater treatment. The electrocoagulation treated wastewater had low turbidity with better light penetration (108 NTU) to enable algal growth. The algal cultivation had high removal efficiencies of phosphorus (99.4%) and nitrogen (88.2%). The dissolved iron in the electrocoagulation treated wastewater enhanced lipid accumulation of the algae. The results present that total phosphorus and nitrogen in the reclaimed water were 0.78 g L−1 and 35.5 mg L−1 respectively, and the harvested algal biomass had 35% of lipid, 53% of protein, and 6.4% of carbohydrate. This study concluded a new route for agricultural wastewater treatment that turns wastewater from an environmental liability into a valuable asset.
Observing social gestures: an fMRI study.

We investigated the effects of social content of gestures on brain activation patterns. We used a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment with participants observing gestures varied by type (fascist salute, wave, or arm lift), number of images shown at a time, and face frequency. We sought to determine whether increasing the social content of the gesture spreads activation from traditional sensorimotor regions engaged in mirror neuron activity to prefrontal regions concerned with social behavior. Results indicate that viewing a highly provocative gesture (fascist salute) compared to a less provocative but still socially meaningful gesture (wave) reveals activation in prefrontal and limbic areas. In addition, as expected there was more inferior frontal gyrus activation when participants observed a greater number of gesturing actors. Additionally, the psychological characteristics of shame and defeat affected activation in the inferior parietal lobe, which is part of the mirror neuron system, for the fascist salute compared to the wave contrast. We conclude that observing social gestures activates social- and emotion-processing areas of the brain, and the activation varies depending on the observer’s psychological characteristics.
Wolbachia wSinvictaA Infections in Natural Populations of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta: Testing for Phenotypic Effects

Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that commonly infect many arthropods and some nematodes. In arthropods, these maternally transmitted bacteria often induce a variety of phenotypic effects to enhance their own spread within host populations. Wolbachia phenotypic effects generally either provide benefits to infected host females (cytoplasmic incompatibility, positive fitness effects) or bias host sex ratio in favor of females (male-killing, parthenogenesis, feminization), all of which increase the relative production of infected females in host populations. Wolbachia surveys have found infections to be exceedingly common in ants, but little is known at this juncture as to what phenotypic effects, if any, they induce in this group. Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals from native populations of the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta commonly harbor one or more of three Wolbachia variants. One of the variants, wSinvictaA, typically occurs at low prevalence in S. invicta populations, appears to have been transmitted horizontally into S. invicta three or more times, and has been lost repeatedly from host lineages over time. In order to determine the phenotypic effects and likely population dynamics of wSinvictaA infections in these ants, brood production patterns of newly mated fire ant queens were studied during simulated claustral founding and measured wSinvictaA transmission fidelity within mature single-queen families. No clear evidence was found for Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility, significant fitness effects, or male-killing. Maternal transmission was perfect to both virgin queens and males. Possible mechanisms for how this variant could be maintained in host populations are discussed.
Mean field and information theoretic algorithms for direct segmentation of tomographic images

The weak membrane model with optimization by mean field annealing is applied to the direct segmentation of tomographic images. Models based on the minimum description length principle that include penalties for measurement error, boundary length, regions, and means are also introduced. Outliers are prevented by upper and lower bound constraints on pixel values. Several models are generalized to three-dimensional images. The superiority of the present models to convolution backprojection is demonstrated experimentally. >
Particle separation using bulk acoustic waves in a tilted angle microfluidic channel

In prior research, separation of particles or biological cells in liquids has been accomplished using a balance of ultrasonic forces and viscous drag forces, which depend on particle size and acoustic contrast. Recent work by two groups has exploited surface acoustic waves launched into tilted microfluidic channels for particle or cell separation. Here we demonstrate a similar tilted-channel approach using machined channels in PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate)) and PZT (lead zirconate titanate) wafer excitation. Experimental obsservations confirm the separation of particles. Simulations have been used to understand the observed particle motion and to identify operating parameters for particle separation.
What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?

The Young's modulus (E) of a material is a key parameter for mechanical engineering design. Silicon, the most common single material used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), is an anisotropic crystalline material whose material properties depend on orientation relative to the crystal lattice. This fact means that the correct value of E for analyzing two different designs in silicon may differ by up to 45%. However, perhaps, because of the perceived complexity of the subject, many researchers oversimplify silicon elastic behavior and use inaccurate values for design and analysis. This paper presents the best known elasticity data for silicon, both in depth and in a summary form, so that it may be readily accessible to MEMS designers.
New Action Theory and Contemporary Families

Growing diversities among families and households throughout Western societies are documented. The prevailing conceptual approach has been to distinguish “the family” from alternative life-styles. That dichotomy, rooted in functionalist thought (“old action theory”) is rejected. Drawing on what is called “new action theory” a model for conceptualizing contemporary families is presented. The model assumes that persons construct their families within a societal context that, as Giddens argues, is both constraining and enabling. The authors conceive of families as primary groups. There are least four kinds of interdependencies —each with numerous subfacets, and existing in varied combinations—that give rise to perceptions of families: extrinsic, intrinsic, sexual, and formal. The authors identify two broad expressions of primary groups. One is based on generalized exchange and univocal reciprocity. The other rests on restricted exchange and mutual reciprocity/contingency. Because the authors argue that socia...
Dimension statistics of rain cell cores and associated rain rate isopleths derived from radar measurements in the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States

Employing a multi-year radar database of precipitation in a mid-Atlantic coast region, the authors have characterized rain cell size statistics. The measurements were made with a high resolution, high power radar in which equicircle diameter contours of resolutions of 1 km and greater were identified out to ranges of 100 km from the radar. The rain cell was constructed by its core intensity isopleth and a family of enveloping contours having defined rain rate intervals in the regions between them. The isopleth statistics were extracted from a database of cores with rain level number 7 (18-24 mm/h) and greater. >
Renewable surfactants in spray adjuvants

Adjuvants are chemically and biologically active components that improve herbicide performance. Certain herbicides require the addition of an adjuvant to be effective. Adjuvants sometimes enhance the penetration of herbicide into plants by ensuring adequate spray coverage and maintaining the herbicide contact with plant tissues, or by increasing the rate of foliar and/or stomatal penetration. Although adjuvants are typically categorized as “inert” or “essentially non-phytotoxic” (i. e. not toxic to plants) compounds, many can produce wide ranging effects on physiological and metabolic processes within plants, animals, and/or microorganisms. Surfactants affect the environment not only in their use and disposal, but also in their production and delivery. Agrochemical formulations and delivery systems that consist of surfactants are evolving to meet new standards including increased safety, convenience, and efficiency of application, as well as lower production costs. Regulatory bodies across the globe are insisting on the requirement of extensive testing to meet stringent safety criteria. Here we discuss the changing trend of renewable chemicals in the crop protection adjuvant.
Quantitative Whole Body Autoradiographic Microimaging for Pharmaceutical Research

Autoradiographic (ARG) microimaging is probably the highest spatial resolution method for imaging the distribution of radiolabeled compounds. This method can be used in sections of whole small animals such as mice, rats and even small monkeys, or in parts of animals, using the new large-block cryomicrotomes. Radiolabeled compounds and their metabolites have been studied in normal animals as well as in animal models of human disease. By sacrificing animals at various time intervals after the injection of the radiocompounds, the dimension of time can be introduced, thus generating data showing the temporo-spatial distribution and biokinetic pathways of compounds. This technique can be used to study the biodistribution of new compounds, the toxicity of substances, and the effects of pharmacological interventions of various active compounds (Som and Sacker, 1992; Ullberg, 1954; Berlin and Ullberg, 1963a; Berlin and Ullberg, 1963b; Cohen and Hood, 1969; Busch, 1977, Cross, 1977a; Cross, 1977b; Som et al., 1983; d’Argy et al., 1984; Yonekura et al., 1985).
Going to Meet James Baldwin in Provence

The author travels to St.-Paul-de-Vence, the site of Baldwin’s final decades, with the intention of understanding expatriation and/or exile more deeply. The intention of this visit is to fill in some of the gaps in Baldwin’s official biographies, which do not tend to dwell on his time spent in Provence as much as his time in Paris, Turkey, New York, and elsewhere. By interviewing a woman who knew Baldwin well during those years, the author manages to add new layers to his understanding of Baldwin’s late years, but finally arrives at the understanding that writing (rather than analyzing) is the main goal of the expatriate writer. Inspired by Baldwin’s muse, he stops contemplating his subject and gets to work, finally connecting the act of writing to expatriation by doing it.
CaMKIIα knockdown decreases anxiety in the open field and low serotonin-induced upregulation of GluA1 in the basolateral amygdala

Hyperactivation of the amygdala is implicated in anxiety and mood disorders, but the precise underlying mechanisms are unclear. We previously reported that depletion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) using the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) potentiated learned fear and increased glutamate receptor (Glu) expression in BLA. Here we investigated the hypothesis that CaMKII facilitates anxiety-like behavior and increased Glu/AMPA receptor subunit A1 (GluA1) expression following depletion of 5-HT in the BLA. Infusion of 5,7-DHT into the BLA resulted in anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT) and increased the phosphorylation of CaMKIIα (Thr-286) in the BLA. Knockdown of the CaMKIIα subunit using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered shRNAi concomitantly attenuated anxiety-like behavior in the OFT and decreased GluA1 expression in the BLA. Our results suggest that the CaMKII signaling plays a key role in low 5-HT-induced anxiety and mood disturbances, potentially through regulation of GluA1 expression in the BLA.
Safety Impacts of a Statewide Centerline Rumble Strip Installation Program

Lane departures are a precipitating event in most fatal crashes in the United States. This problem is particularly pronounced on high-speed undivided highways, which are prone to cross-centerline crashes. A common countermeasure to reduce such crashes involves installing centerline rumble strips (CLRS), which provide an audible and tactile warning to alert drivers of an impending lane departure event. This study assessed the safety effects of a statewide CLRS implementation program conducted by the Michigan Department of Transportation (DOT) between 2008 and 2010. This program included the installation of CLRS across the Michigan DOT–maintained network of rural, high-speed nonfreeway facilities. Shoulder rumble strips (SRS) were installed in combination with the CLRS at locations with paved shoulders at least 6 ft in width. The empirical Bayes method was used to assess the effectiveness of 4,077 mi of two-lane highways where CLRS were installed as part of this initiative. CLRS were found to reduce target ...
Chicanas in White-Collar Jobs: “You Have to Prove Yourself More”

Using the theoretical perspective originally developed by West and Zimmerman (1987)—wherein gender is viewed as a dynamic, interactional accomplishment rather than a categorical status, this article explores how both gender and race-ethnicity are reinforced and affirmed among 152 selected Chicana white-collar workers in a major public university. Based on results from a 1989–1990 mail survey and in-depth interviews with 35 randomly-selected respondents, I find that the tasks performed in the workplace, sex-and-race/ethnic discrimination and harassment, and the female-associated tasks Chicanas continue to do at home, all intensify their accomplishment of gender as well as reinforce occupational segregation by gender and gender-race/ethnicity. Moreover, Chicanas' attachment to family is linked ideologically to the survival of the Chicano culture, rendering their accomplishment of gender an overt act of racial-ethnic and cultural politics. This particular finding may well be a neglected truth in many women's...
PARTICULATE MATTER EMITTED FROM AIRCRAFT ENGINES

This paper reviews literature addressing aircraft engine particulate formation. Special emphasis is placed on deducing an understanding of the mechanisms of particle formation and destruction within aircraft engines with an eye toward enlight ening the design of fuel additives or new engines to minimize PM2.5 emissions. First, a brief overview of soot evolution is presented. Next, a review of the literature pertaining to engine combustors is provided. Subsequently, a brief overview of some rece nt work on engine -out particulate characterization and atmospheric effects of aircraft particulates is provided. Finally, a few ongoing and recently completed research programs addressing soot formation and measurement in aircraft engines are discussed.