cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette smoking decreases the prolactin response to serotonergic stimulation in subgroups of alcoholics and controls.

Background: The prolactin response to serotonergic stimulation has been used as an index of central nervous system serotonin function. We evaluated the prolactin response to d,l-fenfluramine to determine whether subtypes of alcoholics differed in prolactin responsivity compared with nonalcoholics and whether cigarette smoking affected prolactin response. Methods: One hundred ten healthy, abstinent men across four groups (controls [23% smokers]; alcoholics [72% smokers]; alcoholics with antisocial personality disorder [94% smokers]; nonalcoholic antisocials [88% smokers]) received d,l-fenfluramine (100 mg orally) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Plasma prolactin levels were obtained at baseline and at half-hour intervals for 5 hr after fenfluramine/placebo administration. Plasma fenfluramine and norfenfluramine levels were obtained hourly. Results: Smokers had a blunted prolactin response to fenfluramine compared with nonsmokers without any alcoholism or antisocial personality effects. Using a cutoff point of Δ peak prolactin < 10 ng/ml, more smokers (41/76, 54%) had a dampened response to fenfluramine than did nonsmokers (7/34, 21%) [X2(1)=10.6, p < 0.003]. The percentage of low responders was greatest among smokers regardless of whether they were healthy controls, alcoholics, or antisocial. Multiple regression revealed that three variables—(1) number of pack-years of smoking, (2) actual dosage of fenfluramine received, and (3) plasma norfenfluramine level obtained—explained 43% of the variance (R2= 0.43) in Δ prolactin area under the curve. Variables that included alcoholism diagnostic status, antisocial personality diagnostic status, and impulsive aggressive personality, depressive, and suicidal traits failed to explain any additional unique variance. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking blunted the prolactin response to a pharmacological challenge with d,l-fenfluramine. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors related to smoking both appear to influence fenfluramine-induced prolactin secretion. Phenotypes of alcoholics did not differ in their prolactin response to this serotonergic probe.
Se-Ga2/3Se phase equilibria: a regular associated solution model for the Ga-Se liquid

Abstract Se vapor pressures were measured by the dew point method for the binary system Ga1·xSex, 0.60
Hemispheric differences in serial reversal learning: a study with commissurotomy patients

A serial reversal learning task involving tactile-proprioceptive discrimination and manual responses was presented alternately to the left and the right hemisphere of four "split-brain" patients. In each trial, one of two rods that differed in both diameter and surface texture was placed in the patient's hand out of view. The patient was trained to match it to samples according to either size or texture and non-verbal audio visual feedback was used to signal the correctness of each response. After reaching five consecutively correct responses, the feature to be matched was switched. When the patient again made five consecutively correct responses, the feature to be matched was reversed back. This procedure was repeated until the end of a 200-trial training run. The two hemispheres learned equally readily on the first learning task. The right hemisphere had much greater difficulty in learning the reversals than the left hemisphere and this was not attributable to a strong tendency to stay with a previously correct match. Learning with the left hemisphere showed relatively stable performance across successive reversals, whereas that with the right hemisphere showed high lability. Control trials showed that the hemispheres were equally competent in making the basic tactile-proprioceptive discriminations. Comparisons with the findings on (a) three control patients and (b) training with unrestricted visual input showed that learning with two hemispheres was easier than learning with either one alone; performance regulated by both hemispheres was also more stable.
Transgenic Mice Containing Growth Hormone Fusion Genes

New genes composed of the mouse metallothionein I promoter-regulator and the rat or human growth hormone structural gene have been introduced into mice. A large proportion of mice containing these genes express them, and some animals grow to be up to twice as large as controls. The technique has been used in part to correct the genetic defect that results in the small stature of the mutant little mouse.
(μ-dithio)bis(tricarbonyliron) as an organic disulfide mimic: insertion of low-valent metal species into the sulfursulfur bond

Abstract Low valent metal species: (Ph 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 )Ni 0 , (Ph 3 P) 2 Pd 0 , (Ph 3 P) 2 Pt 0 , η 5 -C 5 H 5 Co I and (CH 3 ) 2 Sn II insert into the SS bond of (μ-S 2 )Fe 2 (CO) 6 under mild conditions. Identical products were obtained by reactions of the dianion, [(μ-S 2 )Fe 2 (CO) 6 ] 2− with the corresponding metal chlorides.
Microdetermination of tellurium and organo-tellurium compounds

A method is described to convert elemental tellurium and organotellurium compounds quantitatively to Te(IV) by digestion with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids in the micro-Kjeldahl flask. After removal of nitrogen oxides by means of urea, exactly 5 ml of 0.02N potassium dichromate is added, whereupon Te(IV) is oxidized to Te(VI). The tellurium content of the sample is related to the amount of dichromate consumed, the latter being determined either spectrophotometrically or by back-titration with 0.02N ferrous sulfate. This method, applicable to 1–4 mg of tellurium, is amenable to automation and multi-element determinations.
Use of scatterometry for resist process control

The formation of resist lines having submicron critical dimensions (CDs) is a complex multistep process, requiring precise control of each processing step. Optimization of parameters for each processing step may be accomplished through theoretical modeling techniques and/or the use of send-ahead wafers followed by scanning electron microscope measurements. Once the optimum parameters for any process having been selected, (e.g., time duration and temperature for post-exposure bake process), no in-situ CD measurements are made. In this paper we describe the use of scatterometry to provide this essential metrology capability. It involves focusing a laser beam on a periodic grating and predicting the shape of the grating lines from a measurement of the scattered power in the diffraction orders. The inverse prediction of lineshape from a measurement of the scatter power is based on a vector diffraction analysis used in conjunction with photolithography simulation tools to provide an accurate scatter model for latent image gratings. This diffraction technique has previously been applied to looking at latent image grating formation, as exposure is taking place. We have broadened the scope of the application and consider the problem of determination of optimal focus.
Biliary Excretion of Marker Solutes by Rats with 1,1-Dichloroethylene-Induced Bile Canalicular Injury

Our objective was to characterize the effects of 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE, 50 mg/kg) on bile formation by freely moving rats. This toxicant provides a new tool to study structure-function associations because it selectively injures zone 3 bile canaliculi of fed rats. Ultrastructural changes included loss of microvilli from the canalicular membrane and membrane fragments within the dilated canalicular lumens. Function studies compared biliary excretion of a battery of endogenous and exogenous marker solutes during a basal period versus that at 1 and 3 hr after toxicant treatment. DCE treatment had the following effects on biliary functions in fed rats: a slowing of organic anion transport into bile; a decrease in biliary total protein content; a striking increase in biliary leucine aminopeptidase, a canalicular membrane protein; and an accentuation of the early entry of horseradish peroxidase into bile without a change in the total amount of this large protein recovered in bile. In contrast, bile flow and bile salt excretion were not altered, Pi continued to be excluded from bile, and D-glucose continued to be reabsorbed from bile. The observed alterations in biliary functions and canalicular structure may ensue from the metabolism of DCE to semistable glutathione conjugates that congregate near the canaliculi en route to biliary excretion.
A novel RF-MEMS shunt capacitive switch design for dielectric charging mitigation

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and measurement of a new electromechanical implementation for the mitigation of dielectric charging on the signal line and substrate for RF-MEMS shunt switches. Electrostatically shielded, externally-positioned, dielectric-less actuation electrodes with mechanical stoppers are fabricated above the MEMS bridge to isolate the RF and substrate dielectrics from the DC biasing electric fields. In the ON-state, the switch exhibits a measured insertion loss of −0.32dB at 10GHz and −0.69 dB at 20GHz. In the OFF-state, the measured isolation is 15dB at 10GHz and 24dB at 20GHz.
Video Snapshot: A Bird View of Video Sequence

Video is an information-intensive media with much redundancy. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to quickly browse video content or deliver videos in limited bandwidth, which can be achieved by effective video summarization. In this paper, we present a novel pictorial video summary, called Video Snapshot, which is a bird view of video enabling viewers to grasp main contents of video at a glance. Moreover, a comprehensive scoring scheme for content filtering called PRID (Pleasurable, Representative, Informative and Distinctive), and an optimized video visualization algorithm are also proposed. The encouraging results indicate that many potential digital video applications may be leveraged by Video Snapshot, such as video browsing, retrieval and delivery in heterogeneous computing and networking environments.
Electroweak radiative Corrections to Higgs Production via Vector Boson Fusion using Soft-Collinear Effective Theory

Soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) is applied to compute electroweak radiative corrections to Higgs production via gauge boson fusion, $qq\ensuremath{\rightarrow}qqH$. There are several novel features which make this process an interesting application of SCET: The amplitude is proportional to the Higgs vacuum expectation value, and so is not a gauge singlet amplitude. Standard resummation methods require a gauge singlet operator and do not apply here. The SCET analysis requires operators with both collinear and soft external fields, with the Higgs vacuum expectation value being described by an external soft $\ensuremath{\phi}$ field. There is a scalar soft-collinear transition operator in the SCET Lagrangian which contributes to the scattering amplitude, and is derived here.
Finding International Law, Part II: Our Fragmenting Legal Community

Is there an “International Community?” This Article suggests that there is not, that the oft-discussed fragmentation of international law reveals that there are in fact multiple overlapping and competing international law communities, each with differing views on law and legitimacy.This Article reaches this conclusion by taking a fresh look not only at the sources of fragmentation, but at the sources of international law itself. Building on earlier work rethinking international law’s sources and drawing insights from legal philosophy, compliance theory, and international relations, this Article takes a closer look at three areas that have challenged traditional interpretations of international law, (1) human rights, (2) global administrative law, and (3) the law applied by international tribunals. What it finds is that the challenges posed by each area run much deeper than doctrine, that in fact, in each area a new legal community has formed that no longer shares traditional international law’s understanding of legitimate lawmaking. These legal communities no longer recognize a single, unifying doctrine of sources. Such a realization puts conflicts over international law in a new light. To the extent that debates between human rights and international humanitarian law or trade law and the environment represent debates over the standards for legitimate lawmaking rather than conflicts over interpretation, doctrinal fixes will never fully resolve them. Instead, they must be viewed as true conflicts of law; resolutions must mediate between the overlapping demands of different legal communities.
How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review.

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 1052–1061 Abstract The scope and magnitude of anthropogenic noise pollution are often much greater than those of natural noise and are predicted to have an array of deleterious effects on wildlife. Recent work on this topic has focused mainly on behavioural responses of animals exposed to noise. Here, by outlining the effects of acoustic stimuli on animal physiology, development, neural function and genetic effects, we advocate the use of a more mechanistic approach in anthropogenic environments. Specifically, we summarise evidence and hypotheses from research on laboratory, domestic and free-living animals exposed to biotic and abiotic stimuli, studied both observationally and experimentally. We hope that this molecular- and cellular-focused literature, which examines the effects of noise on the neuroendocrine system, reproduction and development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, cognition and sleep, audition, the immune system, and DNA integrity and gene expression, will help researchers better understand results of previous work, as well as identify new avenues of future research in anthropogenic environments. Furthermore, given the interconnectedness of these physiological, cellular and genetic processes, and their effects on behaviour and fitness, we suggest that much can be learned from a more integrative framework of how and why animals are affected by environmental noise.
Reflecting on Life Remembering as a Major Process in Adult Development

In this article, the authors present a view of remembering as a major process through which adult development takes place. They begin by reviewing functional and conversational approaches to rememb...
Social Learning Strategies in Networked Groups

When making decisions, humans can observe many kinds of information about others' activities, but their effects on performance are not well understood. We investigated social learning strategies using a simple problem-solving task in which participants search a complex space, and each can view and imitate others' solutions. Results showed that participants combined multiple sources of information to guide learning, including payoffs of peers' solutions, popularity of solution elements among peers, similarity of peers' solutions to their own, and relative payoffs from individual exploration. Furthermore, performance was positively associated with imitation rates at both the individual and group levels. When peers' payoffs were hidden, popularity and similarity biases reversed, participants searched more broadly and randomly, and both quality and equity of exploration suffered. We conclude that when peers' solutions can be effectively compared, imitation does not simply permit scrounging, but it can also facilitate propagation of good solutions for further cumulative exploration.
Romani Language: Cataloging Ramifications for a Language in the Process of Standardization

In this article, the author discusses issues related to the cataloging of a language, Romani (or Romany), which is only in the twenty-first century beginning to achieve some degree of standardization. In his discussion, the author focuses on issues of Romani orthography, specifically a small number of unusual Unicode characters that may cause technical problems in certain automated cataloging environments, such as OCLC WorldCat, the OCLC cataloging client Connexion, and online library catalogs.
Free recall of successive lists: Effect of category size and category repetition

Subjects classified and recalled four successive word lists, each of which contained six obvious categories. Three categories were repeated in every list. Words from nonrepeated categories were recalled better than words from repeated categories and words from categories fudged to be small were recalled better than words from categories fudged to be large.
A fault oriented partial scan design approach

The authors propose a fault oriented partial scan design methodology to be performed as a sequel to test generation. Given the cost of converting each flip-flop to a scanned flip-flop and an overall bound on the cost of the scan design, the program OPUS-2 selects a set of flip-flops which are most likely to improve the quality of test generation. The expected improvement in testability is modeled by profit functions quantifying the reduction in weighted cycles, or the reduction in SCOAP values at hard-to-detect fault sites. Experiments performed on ISCAS89 sequential benchmark circuits show that, by analytically selecting only 10-20% of the flip-flops, the circuits can be tested to the same level of quality as a fully scanned circuit. The advantages of the proposed method are that the highest possible fault coverage can be achieved while limiting the cost of scan to a user-specified limit. >
Thermus thermophilus L11 Methyltransferase, PrmA, Is Dispensable for Growth and Preferentially Modifies Free Ribosomal Protein L11 Prior to Ribosome Assembly

The ribosomal protein L11 in bacteria is posttranslationally trimethylated at multiple amino acid positions by the L11 methyltransferase PrmA, the product of the prmA gene. The role of L11 methylation in ribosome function or assembly has yet to be determined, although the deletion of Escherichia coli prmA has no apparent phenotype. We have constructed a mutant of the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus in which the prmA gene has been disrupted with the htk gene encoding a heat-stable kanamycin adenyltransferase. This mutant shows no growth defects, indicating that T. thermophilus PrmA, like its E. coli homolog, is dispensable. Ribosomes prepared from this mutant contain unmethylated L11, as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and are effective substrates for in vitro methylation by cloned and purified T. thermophilus PrmA. MALDI-TOF MS also revealed that T. thermophilus L11 contains a total of 12 methyl groups, in contrast to the 9 methyl groups found in E. coli L11. Finally, we found that, as with the E. coli methyltransferase, the ribosomal protein L11 dissociated from ribosomes is a more efficient substrate for in vitro methylation by PrmA than intact 70S ribosomes, suggesting that methylation in vivo occurs on free L11 prior to its incorporation into ribosomes. Extensive modification is a feature of many components of the translational apparatus, with the most common being methylation. In addition to methylated ribosomal RNAs, several ribosomal proteins are also methylated or acetylated. The most highly methylated protein component of the bacterial translational apparatus is the 50S ribosomal subunit protein
Neuronal Tsc1/2 complex controls autophagy through AMPK-dependent regulation of ULK1

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a disorder arising from mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, characterized by the development of hamartomas in various organs and neurological manifestations including epilepsy, intellectual disability and autism. TSC1/2 protein complex negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) a master regulator of protein synthesis, cell growth and autophagy. Autophagy is a cellular quality-control process that sequesters cytosolic material in double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and degrades it in autolysosomes. Previous studies in dividing cells have shown that mTORC1 blocks autophagy through inhibition of Unc-51-like-kinase1/2 (ULK1/2). Despite the fact that autophagy plays critical roles in neuronal homeostasis, little is known on the regulation of autophagy in neurons. Here we show that unlike in non-neuronal cells, Tsc2-deficient neurons have increased autolysosome accumulation and autophagic flux despite mTORC1-dependent inhibition of ULK1. Our data demonstrate that loss of Tsc2 results in autophagic activity via AMPK-dependent activation of ULK1. Thus, in Tsc2-knockdown neurons AMPK activation is the dominant regulator of autophagy. Notably, increased AMPK activity and autophagy activation are also found in the brains of Tsc1-conditional mouse models and in cortical tubers resected from TSC patients. Together, our findings indicate that neuronal Tsc1/2 complex activity is required for the coordinated regulation of autophagy by AMPK. By uncovering the autophagy dysfunction associated with Tsc2 loss in neurons, our work sheds light on a previously uncharacterized cellular mechanism that contributes to altered neuronal homeostasis in TSC disease.
Continuous pentobarbital infusion in children is associated with high rates of complications

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the incidence and severity of complications related to continuous pentobarbital (PB) infusion for sedation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Materials and Methods : We conducted a retrospective, chart review study. All patients admitted to the PICU from January 1997 through June 1998 who received continuous IV PB infusion for sedation (n = 8) were included. Results : All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated prior to PB infusion. PB was used only as a second line sedative after a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine failed to achieve adequate sedation. After initiation of PB, we were able to decrease or discontinue benzodiazepines and/or opioid doses and discontinue neuromuscular blocking drugs in all patients. We observed a high incidence of complications (62.5%) related to PB or the phenobarbital treatment used for barbiturate weaning, including blood pressure instability (25%), oversedation (12.5%), drug reaction (12.5%) and neurologic sequelae (12.5%). Discontinuation of the drug was required in 25% of the cases. Conclusions : We found continuous PB infusion to be an effective sedative for children when other drugs fail. However, we observed a high rate of clinically significant complications requiring discontinuation of the drug.
Collaboration in the Information Age: the future of multimedia messaging in healthcare

Today's communication tools have become multidimensional - they encompass both real-time (calls, meetings) and non-real-time (voice mail, e-mail, databases) and include multiple modes of communication, from voice and video to full-text, files and URLs. The once separate techniques for communications are overlapping to help us become more competitive, while streamlining our work and putting us back in control of our time and activities. Telepresence for work and healthcare is changing the behavioral model for collaboration, increasing efficiency and providing greater flexibility, more timely access to information and consistent support. Two large-scale collaborative telehealth projects, the Illinois Rural Telehealth Alliance and the University HealthSystem Consortium desktop videoconferencing initiative, are examples of how collaborative technologies are altering business practices and strategic direction and preparing organizations for the challenges of the 21st Century where geographically dispersed collaborators will be able to work together in rich ways.
Buoyancy and Wind-Driven Convection at Mixed Layer Density Fronts

In this study, the influence of a geostrophically balanced horizontal density gradient on turbulent convection in the ocean is examined using numerical simulations and a theoretical scaling analysis. Starting with uniform horizontal and vertical buoyancy gradients, convection is driven by imposing a heat loss or a destabilizing wind stress at the upper boundary, and a turbulent layer soon develops. For weak lateral fronts, turbulent convection results in a nearly homogeneous mixed layer (ML) whose depth grows in time. For strong fronts, a turbulent layer develops, but this layer is not an ML in the traditional sense because it is characterized by persistent horizontal and vertical gradients in density. The turbulent layer is, however, nearly homogeneous in potential vorticity (PV), with a value near zero. Using the PV budget, a scaling for the depth of the turbulent low PV layer and its time dependence is derived that compares well with numerical simulations. Two dynamical regimes are identified. In a convective layer near the surface, turbulence is generated by the buoyancy loss at the surface; below this layer, turbulence is generated by a symmetric instability of the lateral density gradient. This work extends classical scalings for the depth of turbulent boundary layers to account for the ubiquitous presence of lateral density gradients in the ocean. The new results indicate that a lateral density gradient, in addition to the surface forcing, can affect the stratification and the rate of growth of the surface boundary layer.
Determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and development of prediction models in three US cohorts.

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that vitamin D may protect against colorectal, prostate, breast, and oropharyngeal cancers(1–6) and other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease(6–9), diabetes(6, 9–11), and hip fractures(12–14). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the primary circulating form of vitamin D(6, 15), is an accepted biomarker for measuring vitamin D status in clinical settings(16); however, it is strongly dependent on season of blood draw. Although 25(OH)D is fairly reproducible over 2–3 years(17, 18), one measurement is weaker in characterizing longer term exposure(19, 20). Furthermore, measuring 25(OH)D requires the availability of blood samples and monetary resources for laboratory assays, limiting the feasibility of this approach for many large-scale epidemiologic studies. Individual determinants of vitamin D status, such as latitude and regional estimates of solar radiation(21–23) or dietary assessment(24–26), have been used as surrogates of vitamin D exposure, but each alone contributes a small proportion of 25(OH)D. An alternative approach to assess vitamin D status is to combine known determinants of circulating 25(OH)D to derive a predicted score from questionnaire data using measurements of plasma 25(OH)D available for a subset of the study population; reported r2 from such predictive models have ranged from 0.21 to 0.42(18, 27–29). Although the r2 between predicted and measured 25(OH)D has been used to assess the “validity” of the predicted 25(OH)D approach, the r2 in this context has limitations given that a single measure is not a true gold standard of long-term average 25(OH)D concentration. Such an “alloyed” or imperfect gold standard will underestimate true “validity”(30–32). More importantly, a comparison of high versus low circulating 25(OH)D level in the population, which may be estimated by high and low predicted 25(OH)D, may be the more relevant factor for testing exposure-disease hypotheses in epidemiologic studies. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of regression models to predict 25(OH)D based on determinants of vitamin D status in three cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII), and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Predicted 25(OH)D scores have been used in several analyses within these cohorts(8, 18, 33, 34) but, with the exception of HPFS(18), no formal validation has been conducted previously and the specific prediction models varied with each analysis. We also evaluated reproducibility of plasma 25(OH)D over 10–11 years in NHS participants.
Inhibitory Effects of Inhaled Methyl Methacrylate Vapor on Amphibian Skeletal Muscle

The effect of inhaled vapors of methyl methacrylate (MMA) at a 2000 ppm concentration was studied on electrically stimulated in situ amphibian skeletal muscle preparations. Upon exposure to the vapor for 30 min, there was a significant fall in maximal twitch tension, a depression in elicited responses to a train of tetanizing stimuli and an upward and rightward shift in the strength-duration curve. Responses during a 30-minute post-exposure recovery period seldom reached sham control values.
Encroachment of Endophyte-infected on Endophyte-free Tall Fescue☆

Abstract Persistence of endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is erratic. Little information exists as to how fast endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum )-infected (E+) tall fescue might encroach on E- tall fescue and whether specific conditions might influence the speed of encroachment. Plots of E+ and E- tall fescue genotypes 7 and 17 were established using a modified Nelder's design to compare performance of the E+ forms of the plants in pure and mixed communities at different population densities. The plots were planted at the USDA Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Laboratory in Watkinsville, Georgia, and the University of Georgia Plant Sciences Farm in Bogart, Georgia. Plants were grown over a 5 year period and dry matter yield monitored 1, 3, and 5 years after establishment. Relative crowding coefficients were calculated for each to establish trends of encroachment of the E+ on the E- plants in the mixed communities. Generally, dry matter yields of E+ tall fescue were greater than E- tall fescue regardless of whether they were grown in pure or mixed communities. As time progressed, the difference in dry matter yield between E+ and E- tall fescue grown in mixed communities was greater than that of the pure communities. Relative crowding coefficients increased as time progressed. Relative crowding coefficients at the Watkinsville location were greater after 5 years than those at the Plant Sciences Farm. Therefore, site specific conditions exist which affect the competitiveness of E- tall fescue and degree of encroachment by E+ tall fescue. Research is needed to identify which biotic, abiotic and management variables exacerbate encroachment of E+ tall fescue to better define the conditions which best suit E- tall fescue.
Narcissism, Entitlement, and Questionable Research Practices in Counseling: A Pilot Study

Although reports of research misconduct and questionable research practices (QRPs) have been prevalent in the literature, very little has been written about these issues in the field of counseling. The current pilot study addresses (a) the continuous drive for evidence-based practice in education and counseling and (b) the relationship between QRPs and individual characteristics. QRPs are reported for the sample, indicating that this does exist, at least minimally, within the field of counseling. The authors also explored the role of demographic and specific personality characteristics in explaining QRPs.
Growth, Composition and Longevity of the Axenic Mosquito

A procedure has been developed for the routine axenic culture of mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti) utilizing a defined medium. Larvae were reared individually in tubes of sterile medium consisting of egg albumin, RNA, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals. The rates of growth, pupation, and adult emergence of axenic and standard reared mosquitoes were compared and found to be the same. On the other hand the longevity of the adults reared axenically as larvae was greater, and the biochemical composition of the pupae differed. This method has been applied to mass culture, other mosquito species, and the investigation of unknown growth factors, insect hormones, and protein and nu cleic acid metabolism using radiolabeled precursors. J. Nutr. 102: 1057- 1066, 1972.
Changing the Culture of Schooling: Navajo and Yup'ik Cases

Here we present two cases in which indigenous teacher groups are transforming the culture of schooling. Working within a community school and on the margins of schooling, Navajo teachers at Rough Rock and Yup'ik teachers and elders in southwestern Alaska are finding creative ways to use their culture, their knowledge, and their language in the construction of curriculum and pedagogy. These teacher groups have created zones of safety in which resistance to conventional practices can be expressed and innovative approaches to schooling investigated and practiced. The work of these teacher groups has theoretical implications for community-based teacher preparation. The challenge remains in transferring these cultural creations to the wider institution of schooling.
Spontaneous breathing trial reduces mechanical ventilation weaning when compared with SmartCare™ ventilation

Mechanical ventilation (MV) weaning is commonly performed using a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) with pressure support ventilation after a daily weaning screen [1]. Recently there has been increased interest in automatic weaning trials, using respiratory rate, tidal volume and ETCO2 monitoring during SBT [1,2]. So far there is no clinical evidence comparing an automatic weaning trial with SBT. Our study's objective was to compare MV and weaning times between Automatic Weaning Ventilation System (SmartCare™/PS) and SBT groups.
Augmenting visualization with natural language translation of interaction: a usability study

As visualization tools get more complicated, users often find it increasingly difficult to learn interaction sequences, recall past queries, and interpret visual states. We examine a query-to-question (Q2Q) supporting system that takes advantage of natural language generation (NLG) techniques to automatically translate and display query interactions as natural language questions. We focus on a symmetric pattern of multiple coordinated views, cross-filtered views, that involves only nominal/categorical data. We describe a study of the effects of pairing a visualization with a Q2Q interface on several aspects of usability. Q2Q produces considerable improvements in learnability, efficiency, and memorability of visualization in terms of speed and the length of interaction sequences that users follow, along with a modest decrease in error ratio. From a visual language perspective, we analyze how Q2Q speeds up users' comprehension of interaction, particularly when a visualization representation has deficiencies in illustrating hidden items or relationships.
Sustaining Groundwater: Role of Policy Reforms in Promoting Conservation in India*

Groundwater depletion has become an increasingly important policy concern in many countries around the world especially so in India, which is the largest user of groundwater for irrigation. Groundwater is contended to have ushered green revolution in the country. However, a downside to this pattern of development is that it is not sustainable. As in other countries, the stocks of groundwater are rapidly depleting in India. Against this backdrop, it is important to understand what policies can help conserve this vital resource. This study uses data from observation and monitoring wells of the country to identify depletion hot-spots and evaluate the impact of two policiesrainwater harvesting mandates and delaying of paddy transplanting time- on water tables. Rain water harvesting mandates did not have salutary effects on water tables in the short run and delayed transplanting of paddy resulted in increased use of groundwater.
Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Pollution by Termiticides

Chlordane and heptachlor, the major insecticides employed in the U.S. in 1986 for termite control, are EPA class B2 (probable human) carcinogens. Following injection in soil near homes, these termiticides have been found to enter indoor air at an average concentration in excess of 1 µg/m3 and an individual lifetime cancer risk in excess of 10−4. These results from EPA Region III are consistent with those of a previous national survey. In that millions of homes require termiticide treatment, it is suggested that widespread use of chlordane and heptachlor constitutes a significant public health risk. These termiticides should be replaced by noncarcinogenic alternatives.
Fluorescence Polarization from Oriented Systems

The polarized emission from dipolar emitters rigidly embedded in the organized molecular components of an assembled system can indicate some of the lower angular resolution features of the emitter angular probability density. This information is useful to indicate changes in the angular probability density (referred to from now on as N) as the result of perturbations. It is generally less useful in ascertaining a detailed shape of N due to the limited amount of angular information provided by dipolar emission, although this shape determination can be accomplished under some circumstances. We summarize in this review a general method to quantitate N in terms of an infinite set of irreducible order parameters. We show that the number and rank of the order parameters. We show that the number and rank of the order parameters that are detectable with a particular experimental form of the polarized emission technique indicate the extent of the angular resolution theoretically obtainable by the technique. The experimental techniques discussed in this chapter include timeresolved fluorescence depolarization from mobile components of a biological assembly and steady-state fluorescence polarization from immobilized or slowly moving components of a biological assembly. The time-resolved technique detects higher resolution features of N. A closely related technique, electron spin resonance (ESR) of spin labels in ordered assemblies, detects the spin angular probability density with a resolution that exceeds that obtainable from fluorescence techniques. The mathematical relationship between ESRand fluorescence polarization-detected angular densities is discussed, and an
Experimental Genome-Wide Determination of RNA Polyadenylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The polyadenylation of RNA is a near-universal feature of RNA metabolism in eukaryotes. This process has been studied in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using low-throughput (gene-by-gene) and high-throughput (transcriptome sequencing) approaches that recovered poly(A)-containing sequence tags which revealed interesting features of this critical process in Chlamydomonas. In this study, RNA polyadenylation has been studied using the so-called Poly(A) Tag Sequencing (PAT-Seq) approach. Specifically, PAT-Seq was used to study poly(A) site choice in cultures grown in four different media types—Tris-Phosphate (TP), Tris-Phosphate-Acetate (TAP), High-Salt (HS), and High-Salt-Acetate (HAS). The results indicate that: 1. As reported before, the motif UGUAA is the primary, and perhaps sole, cis-element that guides mRNA polyadenylation in the nucleus; 2. The scope of alternative polyadenylation events with the potential to change the coding sequences of mRNAs is limited; 3. Changes in poly(A) site choice in cultures grown in the different media types are very few in number and do not affect protein-coding potential; 4. Organellar polyadenylation is considerable and affects primarily ribosomal RNAs in the chloroplast and mitochondria; and 5. Organellar RNA polyadenylation is a dynamic process that is affected by the different media types used for cell growth.
Asset Price Reactions to News at the Zero Lower Bound

This paper analyzes the reaction of interest rates and the stock market to macroeconomic news announcements (MNAs) at the zero lower bound (ZLB). I start by using a shadow rate term structure model to formulate three predictions for the sensitivity of interest rates to MNAs. First, “better”-than-expected macroeconomic data increases interest rates. Second, as the expected duration of the ZLB increases, whether because economic conditions are worse or because monetary policy changes, interest rates become less sensitive to macroeconomic data. Third, this attenuation in the sensitivity of interest rates is largest for intermediate-maturity rates. I verify these predictions by using a broad sample of MNAs and high-frequency intraday futures data on interest rates. Turning to stocks, I show that the stock market's reaction to MNAs can be decomposed into an interest rate news term that is directly related to interest rates' reaction to MNAs and a cash flow plus risk premium news term. Using the same sample of MNAs and high-frequency intraday futures data on the stock market, I empirically estimate the stock market's sensitivity to macroeconomic data as well as that of the constituent news terms. Based on the interest rate news term alone, the expected duration of the ZLB should increase the sensitivity of stocks to macroeconomic news. The data furthermore suggests that the expected duration of the ZLB decreases the magnitude of the cash flow plus risk premium news term.
Using plant‐soil feedbacks to predict plant biomass in diverse communities

It has become clear that plants can create soils that affect subsequent plant growth. However, because plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are typically measured in monoculture experiments, it remains unclear to what extent PSFs affect plant growth in communities. Here we used data from a factorial PSF experiment to predict the biomass of 12 species grown in 162 plant community combinations. Five different plant growth models were parameterized with either monoculture biomass data (Null) or with PSF data (PSF) and model predictions were compared to plant growth observed in communities. For each of the five models, PSF model predictions were closer to observed species biomass in communities than Null model predictions. PSFs, which were associated with a 28% difference in plant biomass across soil types, explained 10% more variance than Null models. Results provided strong support for a small role for PSFs in predicting plant growth in communities and suggest several reasons that PSFs, as traditionally measured in monoculture experiments, may overestimate PSF effects in communities. First, monoculture data used in Null models inherently includes "self " PSF effects. Second, PSFs must be large relative to differences in intrinsic growth rates among species to change competitive outcomes. Third, PSFs must vary among species to change species relative abundances.
Influence of Thrips on Cotton Yields in Alabama

Experiments were conducted in several locations in Alabama during the 3-year period 1962 through 1964 for control of thrips on seedling cotton. Where thrips were abundant enough to cause plant damage, control resulted in more uniform and vigorous plants. However, thrips control had no influence on rate of maturity or on total yield of seed cotton.
Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires by Heterogeneous Nucleation; Mechanistic Aspects Influencing Nanowire Diameter and Length

The growth of silver nanowires via polyol synthesis is studied by employing AgCl nanocubes of varying size as the heterogeneous nucleants. The final mean silver nanowire diameter is found to be independent of the size of the heterogeneous nucleant, showing that the diameter is not significantly influenced by the nucleation event. Kinetic studies determine that nanowire diameter, length, and aspect ratio grow in parallel to one another and with the extent of the Ag+ reduction reaction, demonstrating that growth is limited by the reduction rate. The results are interpreted to support nanowire growth by a surface-catalyzed reduction process occurring on all nanowire surfaces and to exclude nanoparticle aggregation or Ostwald ripening as a primary components of the growth mechanism.
Severe and refractory hypertension in a young woman

Refractory hypertension in a young person is an uncommon clinical problem, but one that may be referred to hypertension specialists. Factitious hypertension is fortunately quite rare but should be considered when evaluating patients who are refractory to numerous classes of antihypertensive therapies and have failed to achieve control despite input from multiple providers. A 19-year-old woman was referred to us after failing to achieve blood pressure control by a primary physician and two subspecialists in nephrology and hypertension; she also had numerous emergency department visits for symptomatic and severe hypertension. Exhaustive diagnostic testing for secondary causes and witnessed medication dosing in an outpatient setting was unrevealing. Subsequent inpatient admission demonstrated normalization of BPs with small doses of intravenous antihypertensive agents. During the hospitalization, she was observed "pocketing" her oral medications in the buccal folds and then discarding them in a trash container. Confrontation by psychiatrists and the hypertension specialists led to the admission that she had learned to start and stop beta-blockers and clonidine to induce severe, rebound hypertension. Factitious and induced hypertension is a rare cause of resistant or refractory hypertension. Nevertheless, hypertension specialists should suspect the diagnosis when there is a history of visits to multiple institutions and physicians, negative secondary workup, absence of overt target organ damage, history of psychiatric illness, and employment in the medical field.
125 years of floristic research and collecting at The New York Botanical Garden

As part of The New York Botanical Garden’s 125th anniversary, a summary of floristic research by NYBG staff is presented. The first 50 years of the Garden were extremely productive and resulted in floras covering most of the United States and Canada. The focus of research at the Garden shifted to the Neotropics and diversified, especially in northern South America and Brazil, and continues to thrive.
Response: Pauses for Questions: Why Adopt the Agambenian Characterization of Philosophy for Children?

In an educational milieu obsessed with data-driven decision-making and outcomes-based learning, how do we understand the value of Philosophy for Children (P4C)? Our author’s answer is compelling: P4C is a way of doing philosophy, a way of learning, which suspends all answers. The purpose is not to come to an answer, but rather to foster the permanent delay of inquiry. The benefit of P4C is therefore an experience, not an outcome: the experience of potentiality itself, to learn and not-learn.
Pruning Method Affects Flowering and Sprouting on Crapemyrtle

‘Natchez’ (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei) and ‘Carolina Beauty’ (Lagerstroemia indica L.) crapemyrtle were pruned in three manners including topping, pollarding, and pencil-pruning plus a non-pruned control for four years to determine infl uence on fl owering and sprouting. The topping and pollarding of ‘Natchez’ delayed appearance of the fi rst fl ower up to one month compared to non-pruned trees for the fi rst two years following initial pruning. In contrast, topping and pollarding ‘Carolina Beauty’ induced fl owering by as much as one week sooner one and three years following initial pruning with no effect in years two and four. Topping both cultivars delayed peak fl owering date compared to non-pruned trees. Topping ‘Natchez’ the fi rst and second year following initial pruning and pollarding in the second year reduced duration of fl owering period compared to the non-pruned trees. Flower effect (panicle number × panicle volume) was not infl uenced by pruning method on ‘Carolina Beauty’ for any year. Flower effect for topped ‘Natchez’ was signifi cantly smaller than for pollarded and pencil-pruned trees the fi rst year after pruning; fl ower effect on non-pruned ‘Natchez’ was no different from any of the pruning treatments. Pruning cut diameter was inversely correlated with number of days ‘Natchez’ trees were in fl ower, number of fl ower panicles, and date of fl owering; however, cut diameter infl uence on fl ower effect was not predictable for ‘Carolina Beauty’. Sprouting along the trunk and from the roots increased with diameter of the pruning cut. Topping took less time to complete than other pruning methods in all but the last year which probably accounts for its popularity. Topped trees grew in height following pruning faster than pollarded trees, which grew faster than pencil-pruned trees, which grew faster than non-pruned trees for both cultivars.