cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive evolution of voltage-gated sodium channels: the first 800 million years.

Voltage-gated Na+-permeable (Nav) channels form the basis for electrical excitability in animals. Nav channels evolved from Ca2+ channels and were present in the common ancestor of choanoflagellates and animals, although this channel was likely permeable to both Na+ and Ca2+. Thus, like many other neuronal channels and receptors, Nav channels predated neurons. Invertebrates possess two Nav channels (Nav1 and Nav2), whereas vertebrate Nav channels are of the Nav1 family. Approximately 500 Mya in early chordates Nav channels evolved a motif that allowed them to cluster at axon initial segments, 50 million years later with the evolution of myelin, Nav channels “capitalized” on this property and clustered at nodes of Ranvier. The enhancement of conduction velocity along with the evolution of jaws likely made early gnathostomes fierce predators and the dominant vertebrates in the ocean. Later in vertebrate evolution, the Nav channel gene family expanded in parallel in tetrapods and teleosts (∼9 to 10 genes in amniotes, 8 in teleosts). This expansion occurred during or after the late Devonian extinction, when teleosts and tetrapods each diversified in their respective habitats, and coincided with an increase in the number of telencephalic nuclei in both groups. The expansion of Nav channels may have allowed for more sophisticated neural computation and tailoring of Nav channel kinetics with potassium channel kinetics to enhance energy savings. Nav channels show adaptive sequence evolution for increasing diversity in communication signals (electric fish), in protection against lethal Nav channel toxins (snakes, newts, pufferfish, insects), and in specialized habitats (naked mole rats).
Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of furrow-irrigated onion and corn

Furrow-irrigated onion (Allium cepa L.) production, with high N fertilization rates, may be contributing NO 3 -N to ground water in southeastern Colorado. This study determined the growth and N uptake patterns of onion grown on a silty day soil, N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) of onion, and recovery of residual N fertilizer by corn (Zea mays L.) following onion in rotation. Onion was sampled biweekly from 18 May to 15 Sept. 1998 from plots receiving 0 and 224 kg N ha -1 . Nonlabeled N and labeled 15 N fertilizer were band-applied near the onion row in split applications of 112 kg N ha -1 each on 18 May and 25 June. Onion dry matter accumulation was slow from planting to about late May, followed by a rapid increase in biomass production and N uptake. Because residual soil NO 3 -N was high, N fertilization resulted in only a small increase in bulb yield. Greatest demand for N by onion occurred during bulb development. Fertilizer N recovery by onion was 11 and 19% for May and June N applications (average 15%), respectively. Much of the fertilizer N remained in the upper 60-cm soil profile at harvest and had moved toward the onion bed center. Fertilizer 15 N detected at 180-cm soil depth indicated leaching losses from the root zone. The unfertilized 1999 corn crop recovered 24% of fertilizer N applied to onion for a total fertilizer N uptake by the two crops of 39%. Delaying N fertilizer application until onion bulbing begins may improve NFUE. Planting corn directly on the previous onion bed may result in greater N fertilizer recovery by corn.
Frequency, Duration, Commencement Time and Intensity of Temperature Inversions at St. Paul-Minneapolis

Abstract This study is based upon temperatures for the period June 1961 through July 1968, obtained from thermistors installed on a television tower at heights of 70, 170 and 500 ft. The tower was located in the heart of the metropolitan area but well outside of the main business district of either city. Only inversions ≥2 hr in duration were counted.On an annual basis only 2.5 inversions per 100 days occurred in the lower level (70–170ft) compared to 26.3 inversions per 100 days in the upper level (170–500ft). The total frequency, including the two levels and the deeper inversions that extended over both levels, equalled 45.5 per 100 days.The average duration of inversions within both levels was 6.8 hr, the 8.2-hr average in October being the longest of any month. Midnight was the single most common hour for inversion formation. Inversion intensity (defined as the temperature difference between levels) varied directly with duration of the inversions. The average intensity of all inversions within both le...
Treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a formidable and common health care problem. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to reduce the morbidity form this complex and multifaceted disease. Open surgery and endovascular techniques both aim at eliminating the source of hemorrhage. The choice of therapy can be made rationally based on an understanding of the merits, risks, and limitations of each therapy. The care of pregnant patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and patients who harbor both aneurysms and AVMs can be approached rationally with an understanding of the complex pathophysiology behind these clinical scenarios. Familiarity with the signs of mild SAH, and advances in familial screening, noninvasive imaging, and therapies for vasospasm will continue to lessen the toll of this dramatic illness on the public well-being.
Ausubel's theory of meaningful verbal learning: Implications for reading research

(1973). Ausubel's theory of meaningful verbal learning: Implications for reading research. Reading World: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 202-211.
Terminal bronchiolar or “alveolar cell” cancer of the lung. Two hundred sixty‐five cases

A study of 265 patients with terminal bronchiolar carcinoma of the lung was made. In the majority of cases the disease ran a rapid clinical course. In 11.7% the disease was asymptomatic. The diagnosis first was established by the cytologist in 83 instances—sputum studies (45), bronchial washings (23), pleural fluid (15). Distinguishing features of this disease are seen both in its gross and microscopic appearance. Grossly, it has been divided into 2 forms—nodular and diffuse. Cytologically, the 2 forms are identical. The most effective treatment is excisional surgery. A study of 82 cases coming to autopsy reveals the aggressiveness of this disease and its tendency to spread early and widely by way of both the blood and lymph vessels. A surprising number of metastases occurred to the brain and the adrenals. Of 82 patients treated with excisional surgery, 16 survived for more than 5 years, and 52 still are living after 4 years.
Beyond Difference: A Biologist's Perspective

This piece addresses some of the challenges to social scientific thought originating from the field of evolutionary psychology and from social scientists committed to making biological arguments an important component of the sociological discussion of gender. I provide my own biological perspective on these contemporary discussions, noting especially the different kinds of explanatory value one can expect from particular kinds of argument. I also call for the application of stricter scientific standards to arguments about the evolution of sex differentiated human behaviors. I introduce some basic genetic concepts, such as the norm of reaction, which focus attention on the interaction between genes and environment during intra-generational development. Finally, I challenge the idea that there is a necessary correlation between hormone levels and reproductive behavior in vertebrates.
Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class II Beta genes from rockfishes (genus Sebastes)

Class 11 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) beta genes were isolated from 12 species of rockfish (genus Sebastes). Multiple sequences were found in each of the species. The majority of sequences displayed the characteristics of functional MHC genes, with a small group of sequences that were possibly pseudogenes.
Distinctive Acid-Base Pattern in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

Wernicke's encephalopathy may result in severe morbidity and possible mortality when unrecognized. We report a distinctive acid-base pattern that has not been associated with this syndrome. This is a case series of patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy who had an arterial blood gas measurement performed on initial presentation. Exclusion criteria were patients with an unclear diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy and those for whom no arterial blood gas measurement was performed. Four patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy were included in the analysis. All 4 patients exhibited an anion-gap (primary) metabolic acidosis, accompanied by a primary respiratory alkalosis. Three of 4 patients exhibited a significant lactic acidosis. None of the patients had any competing diagnoses or dysfunction to account for this acid-base pattern. Patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy may exhibit a distinctive acid-base pattern consisting of a primary metabolic acidosis in conjunction with a primary respiratory alkalosis. Observation of this acid-base disturbance should prompt clinicians to consider thiamine deficiency disorders as a possible cause.
Copulatory behaviour of the ram, Ovis aries. I: A normative study

Summary Twenty-eight Targhee and two Corriedale rams, ranging in age from 3 to 6 years, were observed in 152 copulatory behaviour tests. In each test a ram was permitted to remain with a single ewe for 1 hr or until 20 min had elapsed without a mount. The first female was then removed and replaced by a second fresh receptive ewe. Rams averaged 3·91 ejaculations with the first female and 2·38 with the second. Ejaculation frequencies with the two females were highly correlated. Mounts per ejaculation averaged 3·83 for female 1 and 3·45 for female 2. Ejaculation frequencies were not significantly correlated with the frequencies of mounts per ejaculation. Initial postejaculatory intervals with the second female were significantly less than terminal intervals with the first female, but the restoration of ability to recover from ejaculation was not complete. Initial ejaculation latencies with the two females were essentially identical.
Rejection of murine ovarian cancer following treatment with regional immunotherapy: correlations with a neutrophil-mediated activation of cytostatic macrophages

Rejection of the murine ovarian teratocarcinoma (MOT) in C3HeB/FeJ mice, following intraperitoneal (ip) treatment with Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum), is abrogated by injections of silica. We, therefore, investigated whether C. parvum-elicited macrophages affect MOT targets in vitro. Tumor-cytostatic, but not cytolytic, macrophages were detected in normal and tumor-challenged mice treated with C. parvum. The dose responsiveness and kinetics of macrophage activation strongly correlated with tumor rejection. A pyridine extract of C. parvum, possessing greatly diminished tumor rejection properties, was significantly less effective in activating macrophages. Cytostatic macrophage activation and prevention of tumor outgrowth also followed treatment in C3H/HEJ mice, a strain with a known deficiency in cytolytic macrophage function. Peritoneal neutrophils, obtained 6 hr after treatment with C. parvum, were capable of activating cytostatic macrophages when reinjected ip into normal mice. These results indicate a critical role for tumor cytostatic macrophages in this immunotherapy model and suggest their activation is mediated by inflammatory neutrophils.
Empathy, Liminality, and Narrative Imagination: Rabindranath Tagore's ‘The Living and the Dead’

Abstract This essay focuses on the motif of symbolic death in Rabindranath Tagore's‘The Living and the Dead’ to explore how social injustices occur when empathy for an individual (or a group) is blocked. Arnold Van Gennep's notion of pre-liminal, liminal and post-liminal rites of passage that situate humans in efficacious, productive social relations, is used to contextualise the liminality motif in appropriate theoretical terms, while the introductory and ending references to Martha Nussbaum's idea that literary texts serve to unblock empathy (for the reader), by making invisible pain and suffering visible, draw attention to Tagore's contribution to this kind of humanising literature, and his relevance as an important literary figure in today's world.
EYE FIXATION AND ATTENTION AS MODIFIERS OF PERCEIVED DISTANCE

An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent concomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors...
Using backward Raman scattering from coupled deuterium cells for wavelength shifting

Measurements and simulations of a dual gas-cell system, which uses Raman scattering to convert infrared laser radiation from 1064 to 1560 nm, are presented. The cells contain deuterium at a pres- sure of 25 atm. A beamsplitter is used to distribute the energy from the YAG laser between the seed and pump cells. The laser light is focused into the seed cell, which generates a lower-power, backward- propagating, pulse. This seed pulse and a laser pulse counterpropagate in the pump cell to generate a stronger 1560-nm pulse. The goal is to create a single pulse without any shorter pulses or oscillations. Simula- tion results are presented, which indicate that a beamsplitter directing 25% of the laser energy into the seed cell and the rest into the pump cell is optimal for 1560-nm generation. Laboratory testing of a dual-cell sys- tem using a 32% beamsplitter shows the generation of a 1560-nm pulse with 250 mJ/pulse with an efficiency of 35%. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical
A generalized expression optimization hook for C++ on a high-performance architectures

C++ has gained broad acceptance as an object-oriented evolutionary extension to the C language, but it severely constrains methods for operating on class objects by forcing all data manipulation through an interface which assumes that all basic operations can be implemented as they are written: as unary or binary operators. C++ allows great flexibility in the creation of complex data structures which can perform the same functionality as built-in types of many other languages but unfortunately it does not allow an equivalent level of feasibility so that operators acting on those data types can achieve the same level of efficiency as their counterparts in language-level implementations. This limitation becomes even more pronounced on high-performance computers whose advanced features require considerable cooperation between the algorithm, the compiler, and the architecture for maximum performance. This paper describes a language enhancement proposal: a special member function which interacts with overloaded operators as complete expressions. >
Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the cockroach-egg parasitoid, Tetrastichus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Eggs of a number of cockroach species are parasitized by Tetrastichus hagenowii. The ultrastructure of the sensilla on the antennae of females and males was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The females have two types of multiporous plate sensilla while the males have only one. Type 1 is found in females and males and has a relatively thin cuticular wall and many pores, while type 2 is found only in females and has a relatively thick cuticular wall and few pores. Both sexes have nonporous, thick-walled, socketed hairs; multiporous, nonsocketed hairs; multiporous, thick-walled pegs; and terminal hairs. In addition, males have multiporous, nonsocketed, long hairs. The sensilla are similar, in many respects, to the sensilla of other chalcid parasitoids. The antennal sensilla of female T. hagenowii are probably involved in ovipositional behavior. The multiporous, long hairs of the male possibly receive stimuli during mating behavior A chemoreceptive function is proposed for the multiporous plate sensilla.
The Role of Autophagy in Vascular Biology

There is increasing interest in the role of autophagic flux in maintaining normal vessel wall biology and a growing suspicion that autophagic dysregulation may be a common pathway through which vascular aging and associated pathologies develop. Within endothelial and smooth muscle cells, diverse but important triggers that range from oxidized lipids to β-amyloid seem to stimulate autophagosome formation potently. In addition, emerging evidence links autophagy to a wide array of vascular processes ranging from angiogenesis to calcification of the vessel wall. Alterations in autophagic flux are also increasingly being implicated in disease processes that include both atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. Finally, recent insights point toward an important role of autophagy in the paracrine regulation of vasoactive substances from the endothelium. Here, we review the progress in understanding how autophagy can contribute to vascular biology and the emerging strategies to target this process for therapeutic benefit.
Effects of Selected Herbicides on Plant Protoplasts

Plant protoplasts were released from immature tomato fruits by incubation with a 20% solution of polygalacturonase (Pectinol R-10, Rhom & Haas) dissolved in 0.1 M KCl + 0.1 M MgCl2. In this salt solution the protoplasts remained stabilized for up to 8 h and were used as a source of exposed plasma membrane. Gross responses of protoplasts to selected chemicals and herbicides were recorded photomicroscopically. Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) treatments resulted in a characteristic response which was different from that of general denaturants (trichloroacetic acid, ethanol, and detergents) and of osmotic shock. Initial phases of the paraquat response were characterized by a segregation of the cytoplasm into isolated areas on the inner membrane surface. The final phase was a rupture of the plasma membrane and collapse of the cell. The herbicides, 2,4′-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-diphenylether (preforan); 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron); 3-(3-chloro-4-bromophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (chlorbromuron); and α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) produced no apparent structural effect on the protoplasts.
Modeling of a–Si:H deposition in a dc glow discharge reactor

PECVD reactors are increasingly used for the manufacturing of electronic components. This paper presents a reactor model for the deposition of amorphous hydrogenated silicon in a dc glow discharge of Ar–SiH4 The parallel-plate configuration is used in this study. Electron and positive ion densities have been calculated in a self-consistent way. A macroscopic description that is based on the Boltzmann equation with forwardscattering is used to calculate the ionization rate. The dissociation rate constant of SiH4 requires knowledge about the electron energy distribution function. Maxwell and Druyvesteyn distributions are compared and the numerical results show that the deposition rate is lower for the Druyvesteyn distribution. The plasma chemistry model includes silane, silyl, silylene, disilane, hydrogen, and atomic hydrogen. The sensitivity of the deposition rate toward the branching ratios SiH3 and SiH2 as well as H2 and H during silyl dissociation is examined. Further parameters that are considered in the sensitivity analysis include anode/cathode temperatures, pressure, applied voltage, gap distance, gap length, molar fraction of SiH4, and flow speed. This work offers insight into the effects of all design and control variables.
Phosphorus and carbohydrate limitation of fecal coliform and fecal enterococcus within tidal creek sediments

Aquatic sediments can be a significant reservoir of bacterial indicators of fecal contamination at levels higher than the waters above them. Several environmental factors have been identified that can enhance the role of sediments as a reservoir for enteric pathogens, including carbon and/or phosphorus availability. In order to investigate the influence of these and other environmental factors on sediment fecal bacteria populations, sediment samples were collected from a coastal watershed in southeastern North Carolina and analyzed for fecal coliform and fecal enterococcus using a modified membrane filtration technique. Measurements of sediment phosphorus, sediment carbohydrate, and environmental factors were made and relationships with bacteria concentrations were assessed. These observations were accompanied by an experimental laboratory manipulation of phosphorus and carbohydrate and their effects on sediment-associated fecal coliform and enterococcus. Field results suggested that sediment-associated indicator bacteria were not limited by sediment phosphorus or carbohydrate. Experimental results suggested that sediment-associated fecal bacteria were more frequently limited by bioavailable carbohydrate. Sediment phosphorus was limiting for fecal enterococcus only where sediment P was initially low (<31 μg P g−1). A strong positive response by sediment fecal coliform concentrations to recent (24 h) precipitation was evidence that stormwater runoff delivers fecal bacteria loadings that are only partly measurable by conventional water sampling schemes, and by driving sediment and sediment P-loading plays a significant role in enhancing aquatic sediments as reservoirs for fecal microbes.
Electrochemical reduction of a binuclear dioxo-bridged molybdenum(V) complex with ethylenediaminetetraacetate*

Summary Electrochemical reduction of the binuclear, dioxo-bridged Mo(V) complex Mo 2 O 4 (EDTA) 2− has been studied at mercury electrodes in pH 7–10 borate, phosphate and NH 4 + /NH 3 buffers. The effect of pH, buffer composition and supporting electrolyte concentration on the reduction mechanism has been investigated. The complex is reduced by a concerted four-electron, four-proton transfer to a binuclear Mo(III) product, Mo 2 O 2 (H 2 O) 2 (EDTA) 2− . Protonated buffer species H 3 BO 3 . H 2 PO 4 − and NH 4 + are directly involved in the electrode reaction mechanism, which is postulated to be a pre-equilibrium transfer of two electrons followed by rate-limiting reaction between the proton donor and initial product and subsequent reduction to Mo(III). Interaction of unprotonated buffer species with the Mo(III) product facilitates the removal of protons upon reoxidation to Mo 2 O 4 (EDTA) 2− .
Kinematic calibration of a parallel robot for small animal biopsies

In biomedical research it is difficult to perceive tumors or cells and perform biopsies manually. Robotics technology can offer a reliable solution for accurate needle insertion. A novel 5 degrees of freedom (DOF) robot for inserting needles into small animal subjects was developed. The robot can realize dexterous alignment of the needle using two parallel mechanisms, and has a syringe mechanism to insert needles to subjects. Operations on small animals require high accuracy positioning during needle insertion. In this paper, kinematic calibration of the 5 DOF robot using an optical tracker as an external sensor is performed to enhance accuracy of the system.
Enhanced settlement on microtopographical high points by the intertidal red alga Halosaccion glandiforme

The early colonization patterns of the red alga IIuZosaccion gZandz@rme (Gmel.) were examined on artificial substrata cast from molds of both real (e.g. barnacles) and model surfaces with and without surface “roughness” at the scale of lOO-1,200 pm. Settlement over a 3-d period was always at least 35 times higher on rough substrata than on smooth substrata. This difference was due to the high (84-98%) settlement of spores on the tips of individual small-scale surface projections (i.e. the roughness elements). An outplanting experiment suggested that the greater abundance of sporelings on the tips of surface projections resulted from settlement processes rather than differential postsettlement mortality. When sporeling densities were compared at larger spatial scales (e.g. areas near the base of the substrata vs. areas near the top), they varied greatly on smooth substrata, with highest densities found near surface transitions (e.g. corners and edges). On rough surfaces, the sporelings were more evenly distributed among the various areas. Thus, smaller scale features (i.e. lOO-1,200 pm) of the surface appear to be more important than larger scale features (1-2 cm) in determining the settlement of H. glandiforme.
When sentimental rules collide: “Norms with feelings” in the dilemmatic context

According to a recently prominent account of moral judgment, genuine moral disapprobation is a product of two convergent vectors of normative influence: a strong negative affect that arises from the mere consideration of a given piece of human conduct and a (socially acquired) belief that this conduct is wrong (Nichols, 2002). The existing evidence in favor of this "norms with feelings" proposal is rather mixed, with no obvious route to an empirical resolution. To help shed further light on the situation, we test a previously unexamined prediction that this account logically yields in a novel dilemmatic context: when individuals are faced with a moral dilemma that pits two or more "affectively-charged" moral norms against each other, the norm underwritten by the strongest feeling ought to determine the content of dilemmatic resolution. Across three studies, we find evidence that directly challenges this prediction, offering support for a Kolhberg-style "rationalist" alternative instead. More specifically, we find that it is not the participants' degree of norm-congruent emotion (whether situationally or dispositionally assessed) or its correlates, but rather their appraisal of the relative costs associated with various alternative courses of action that appears to be most predictive of how they resolve the experimentally induced moral conflict. We conclude by situating our studies within an overarching typology of moral encounters, which, we believe, can help guide future research as well as shed light on some current controversies within this literature.
A reproducible canine model of esophageal varices

Abstract One of the most promising nonoperative techniques for control of variceal hemorrhage is sclerosis via the fiberoptic endoscope. Many questions remain, however, about sclerosing agents, guidelines for effective use, and limitations of endoscopic techniques. A reproducible large animal model of esophageal varices would facilitate the critical evaluation of techniques for variceal hemostasis or sclerosis. Our purpose was to develop a large animal model of esophageal varices. Studies in pigs and dogs are described which led to the development of a reproducible canine model of esophageal varices. For the final model, mongrel dogs had laparotomy, side-to-side portocaval shunt, inferior vena cava ligation, placement of an ameroid constrictor around the portal vein, and liver biopsy. The mean (± SE) preand postshunt portal pressure increased significantly from 12 ± 0.4 to 23 ± 1 cm saline. Weekly endoscopies were performed to grade the varix size. Two-thirds of animals developed medium or large sized esophageal varices after the first operation. Three to six weeks later, a second laparotomy with complete ligation of the portal vein and liver biopsy were performed in animals with varices (one-third of the animals). All dogs developed esophageal varices and abdominal wall collateral veins of variable size 3–6 wk after the first operation. After the second operation, the varices became larger. Shunting of blood through esophageal varices via splenic and gastric veins was demonstrated by angiography. Sequential liver biopsies were normal. There was no morbidity or mortality. Ascites, encephalopathy, or spontaneous variceal bleeding did not occur. We have documented the lack of size change and the persistence of medium to large esophageal varices and abdominal collateral veins in all animals followed for more than 6 mo. Variceal bleeding could be induced by venipuncture for testing endoscopic hemostatic and sclerosis methods. We suggest other potential uses of this reproducible canine model of esophageal varices.
Bayesian restoration of image sequences using 3-D Markov random fields

The authors describe a method for restoring sequences of noisy images obtained by acquiring different views of the same scene. The method uses a 3-D Markov random field and a least-square-error matching to establish the temporal-spatial neighborhood of a pixel in an image under restoration. The problem of image sequence restoration is posed as the problem of maximizing the conditional probabilities. This task is accomplished by a modified version of the iterated conditional modes method where Gibbs distribution is used to model the prior probability. >
Factors Affecting Light‐Induced Pink Discoloration of Annatto‐Colored Cheese

The effects of light type, exposure and intensity, storage temperature, pH, fat content, and age and source of colorant were evaluated on stability of annatto colorants in cheese. Exposure to cool white fluorescent lighting resulted in a decrease in Hunter b values and hue throughout storage. Decreased temperature reduced the loss of a and b values after 2 days of light exposure. As time of exposure increased, reduction of a and b also increased. As pH changed from 5.4 to 4.8, b values were reduced at a faster rate than a values resulting in an intense pink color. Commercial cheese colorants extracted from annatto seeds were variable in color stability.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome 1976–2005 and associated interstitial lung disease: a population-based study of incidence and mortality

Objective A very few studies describe the epidemiology of primary Sjogren9s syndrome (pSS). The reported frequency of pulmonary involvement in pSS varies widely depending on the detection method employed, and consists mainly of various forms of airways disease. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and mortality of pSS and of lung disease in pSS, focusing on interstitial lung disease (ILD). Methods A population-based incidence cohort of patients diagnosed with pSS in 1976–2005 was assembled. Diagnosis was based on the 2002 American-European Consensus Group criteria for pSS. Cumulative incidence adjusted for the competing risk of death was estimated. A Cox model with a time-dependent covariate was used to determine the incidence and the standardised mortality HR of pSS. Results 85 patients with pSS were identified (mean age 59.9 years; 91% women). The annual incidence of pSS was 4.2, 95% CI (3.3 to 5.1)/100 000 population and it increased with higher age at pSS diagnosis (18–44 years: 2.1/100 000 vs ≥75 years: 12.3/100 000). Standardised mortality ratio in pSS compared with the general population was 0.92, 95% CI (0.57 to 1.41). A total of 105 patients with pSS and ILD were identified (mean age 58.1 years; 91% women). Among patients with pSS without prior ILD, the cumulative incidence of ILD in patients with pSS was 10% (±3%) at 1 year after diagnosis of pSS and increased to 20% (±4%) by 5 years after pSS. The development of lung disease in pSS was associated with poor survival (HR 2.16; 95% CI 0.99 to 4.74). Conclusions pSS incidence seems to be almost the same as was reported in a previous study conducted among Olmsted County Minnesota population. Survival among patients with pSS and general population does not differ substantially. However, patients with pSS who have ILD likely have increased premature mortality.
Contextual Determinants of Personality

An approach is developed that relies on the principle that an individual's personality is best described and understood in terms of various contexts in which that individual is embedded. Five different kinds of contexts are considered: historical, cultural (and subcultural), developmental, organizational, and interpersonal. Each is illustrated with findings from two national sample surveys (one done in 1957; the other in 1976) that measured social motives through thematic apperceptive techniques. This contextual approach implies that personality is dynamically accumulative over the life span and that it is best assessed by subdividing a given personality characteristic into variants of that characteristic, which, if measured, can accurately pick up the contextual effects on the characteristic.
Teacher Work Sample Methodology: Displaying Accountability Of U.S. Teacher Education Program Effectiveness

Productive strategies for evaluating outcomes in teacher licensure programs are becoming increasingly important in the education field. Research data from 492 teacher licensure program completers from 2006-2009 in the School of Education, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (USA) was compiled after accreditation by the Colorado Department of Higher Education (CDHE) and the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC). Three categories including subject matter knowledge, pedagogy, and caring teaching skills were acknowledged in accreditation. An important pedagogy experience for students during the licensure program was teacher work sample methodology. This article discusses teacher work sample methodology, explains the experience of building a teacher work sample (TWS) and presents data regarding students’ results from TWS rubrics. Findings demonstrate teacher education program effectiveness and highlight the effective use of TWSs to meet accreditation requirements.
Double Loop Network Architectures--A Performance Study

Single loop networks tend to become unreliable and suffer from poor performance when the number of nodes in the network becomes large. One approach to increasing reliability and improving performance is to use a double loop. In this paper, the performance (using analytical and simulation models) of a class of highly reliable double loop network architectures is presented. The richer topology of double loop networks allows more sophisticated routing algorithms to be used. Several routing algorithms are studied, including: fixed, adaptive to failure, and fully adaptive to failure and traffic load conditions.
apoA-IV tagged with the ER retention signal KDEL perturbs the intracellular trafficking and secretion of apoB.

To examine the role of apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) in the intracellular trafficking and secretion of apoB, COS cells were cotransfected with microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), apoB-41 (amino terminal 41% of apoB), and either native apoA-IV or apoA-IV modified with the carboxy-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, KDEL (apoA-IV-KDEL). As expected, apoA-IV-KDEL was inefficiently secreted relative to native apoA-IV. Coexpression of apoB-41 with apoA-IV-KDEL reduced the secretion of apoB-41 by ∼80%. The apoA-IV-KDEL effect was specific, as neither KDEL-modified forms of human serum albumin or apoA-I affected apoB-41 secretion. Similar results were observed in McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cells, which express endogenous MTP. The full inhibitory effect of apoA-IV-KDEL on apoB secretion was observed only for forms of apoB containing a minimum of the amino-terminal 25% of the protein (apoB-25). However, apoA-IV-KDEL inhibited the secretion of both lipid-associated and lipid-poor forms of apoB-25. Dual-label immunofluorescence microscopy of cells transfected with native apoA-IV and apoB-25 revealed that both apolipoproteins were localized to the ER and Golgi, as expected. However, when apoA-IV-KDEL was cotransfected with apoB-25, both proteins localized primarily to the ER. These data suggest that apoA-IV may physically interact with apoB in the secretory pathway, perhaps reflecting a role in modulating the process of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly and secretion.
The Production of Larval Chironomidae in the Mud at Loch Leven, Kinross

The production of four dominant species of larval Chironomidae (Chironomus anthracinus. Glyptotendipes paripes. Polypedilum nubeculosum and Limnochironomus pulsus) was measured and compared between different sections of the mud zone covering a total area of 662 ha (50 per cent of the loch bed) from March 1971 to March 1972. The results showed that the performance of Chironomus was very similar throughout the area in respect to numbers, growth and production but it was more variable in other species. The mean annual dry weight production of Chironomus over the whole area was 26 g/m2 and the four species together raised this to 29 g/m2 (equivalent to 579 k J/m2). The numbers of Chironomus increased and Glyptotendipes decreased through the sampling period. Estimates of biomass are given for other larval Chironomidae present in the mud. The accuracy of the results is discussed. as well as the variations in the seasonal growth of larvae and the changing composition of the community; some tentative estimates are given of assimilation by larval Chironomidae. The methods used for analysing these data are described in an appendix.
Relatives without rheumatoid arthritis show reactivity to anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies that are associated with arthritis-related traits: studies of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To examine reactivity to anti–citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs) and determine associations between ACPAs and other rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–related autoantibodies and clinically assessed swollen or tender joints in unaffected first-degree relatives of RA patients. Methods Serum samples were obtained from first-degree relatives without RA according to the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the 2010 ACR/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria. A bead-based assay was used to measure 16 separate ACPAs in sera from 111 antibody-positive first-degree relatives who were positive on at least 1 visit for any of 5 RA-related autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor [RF], anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 [anti–CCP-2], and RF isotypes), and sera from 99 antibody-negative first-degree relatives who were never autoantibody positive. Cutoffs for positivity for each ACPA were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves derived from data on 200 RA patients and 98 blood donor controls, in which positivity for ≥9 ACPAs had 92% specificity and 62% sensitivity for RA. In first-degree relatives, ACPA reactivity was assessed, and associations between ACPAs (number positive, and positivity for ≥9 ACPAs) and RA-related characteristics were examined. Results Fifty-seven percent of anti–CCP-2–positive first-degree relatives and 8% of anti–CCP-2– negative first-degree relatives were positive for ≥9 ACPAs. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and pack-years of smoking, an increasing number of ACPAs was directly associated with the presence of ≥1 tender joint on examination (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.34), with the greatest risk of having ≥1 tender joint seen in first-degree relatives positive for ≥9 ACPAs (OR 5.00, 95% CI 1.37–18.18). Conclusion RA-free first-degree relatives (even those negative for RF and anti–CCP-2) demonstrate reactivity to multiple ACPAs, and the presence of an increasing number of ACPAs may be associated with signs of joint inflammation. Prospective evaluation of the relationship between these findings and the progression of classifiable RA is warranted.
The Value of Completing Crowdfunding Projects

Crowdfunding systems are social media websites that allow people to donate small amounts of money that add up to fund valuable larger projects. These websites are structured around projects: finite campaigns with welldefined goals, end dates, and completion criteria. We use a dataset from an existing crowdfunding website — the school charity Donors Choose — to understand the value of completing projects. We find that completing a project is an important act that leads to larger donations (over twice as large), greater likelihood of returning to donate again, and few projects that expire close but not complete. A conservative estimate suggests that this completion bias led to over $15 million in increased donations to Donors Choose, representing approximately 16% of the total donations for the period under study. This bias suggests that structuring many types of collaborative work as a series of projects might increase contribution significantly.
AGENCY AND ENLIGHTENMENT: Comment on W. Warren Wagar's "Toward a Praxis o f World Integration"

However rare, a call to the secular and universal values of the Enlightenment is a special pleasure in an era of fractional identities where the dominant intellectual process is one which poses a "victim Olympics" as the highest form of analysis .That said, Wagar's assertion of the desirability of a "democratic, liberal, and socialist world commonwealth" would, should it actually become someone 's praxis, require an historic agent. Wagar leaves this in a voluntarist mode: people should become self-consciously internationalist and form, as metaphorically and not so metaphoricallylimned in his provocative novel, a "world party."
Democratization and Just Cause

This paper examines the expanded conception of just cause proposed by May and McMahan and argues that on the expanded conception, democratization may be a just cause for war.
Incorporating Experiential Education into Entry-level College Biology Curriculum

Experiential education should be seen as a valuable supplemental component of curriculum, in addition to traditional lectures. Not only do students gain increases in factual knowledge, conceptual understanding, and critical thinking ability, but students become more engaged in the lessons, enjoy a more relevant curriculum, and add to their store of experiences for reflection. Experiential education also offers an opportunity to break down barriers and incorporate lessons from other disciplines for a more realistic and holistic learning environment. This report focuses on how to successfully incorporate experiential education into entry-level college curricula, in the form of field trips. A literature search has revealed common practices that help in successfully employing experiential education, as well as reasons why experiential education is not used as much as it should be, given the benefits it provides to students. I have described the introductory biology course field trip program from the University of Washington as an example of how to incorporate experiential education into curricula, as well as provided lesson plans for the field trips that I lead for the university. By providing these lessons plans, I hope that other educators will find useful in influencing the development of their own lesson plans, and help them integrate experiential education into their lessons. EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION IN COLLEGE CURRICULA 4
Comparing heads-up, hands-free operation of ground robots to teleoperation

Today, most commercially available UGVs use teleoperation for control. Under teleoperation, users’ hands are occupied holding a handheld controller to operate the UGV, and their attention is focused on what the robot is doing. In this paper, we propose an alternative called Heads-up, Hands-free Operation, which allows an operator to control a UGV using operator following behaviors and a gesture interface. We explore whether Heads-up, Hands-free Operation is an improvement over teleoperation. In a study of 30 participants, we found that when operators used these modes of interaction, they performed missions faster, they could recall their surroundings better, and they had a lower cognitive load than they did when they teleoperated the robot. Keywords-human-robot interaction; person detection; person following; gesture interaction; teleoperation
Incarnation, Panentheism, and Bodily Resurrection: A Systems-Oriented Approach

Christian theologians assume that systematic theology should make use of the language and methodology of natural science wherever possible to set forth contemporary understanding of Christian doctr...
Growth and Characterization of Lithium Niobate Thin Films on Diamond/Si(100) Substrates

A low temperature metal-organic decomposition process for depositing LiNbO3 thin films on diamond/Si(100) substrates is reported. X-ray diffraction studies show that the films are highly textured polycrystalline LiNbO3 with a (012) orientation. Scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal that the LiNbO3 thin films have dense, smooth surface without cracks and pores, and adhere very well to the diamond substrates. The grain size in the LiNbO3 thin films is in the range of ∼0.2-0.5 μm. The effect of the processing procedures on the surface morphology of the LiNbO3 films is investigated. Possible reasons for the elimination of microcracks in the LiNbO3 films are discussed.
Oxygen vacancy diffusion in bulk SrTiO3 from density functional theory calculations

Abstract Point defects and their diffusion contribute significantly to the properties of perovskite materials. However, even for the prototypical case of oxygen vacancies in SrTiO 3 (STO), the predictions of oxygen vacancy activity vary widely. Here we present a comprehensive and systematic study of the diffusion barriers in bulk STO. Using density functional theory (DFT), we assess the role of different supercell sizes, density functionals, and charge states. Our results show that vacancy-induced octahedral rotations, which are limited by the boundary conditions of the supercell, can significantly affect the computed oxygen vacancy diffusion energy barrier. In addition, we find that the diffusion energy barrier of a charged oxygen vacancy is lower than that of a neutral one. This difference is magnified in small supercells. We demonstrate that with increasing supercell size, the effects of the oxygen vacancy charge state and the type of DFT exchange and correlation functional diminish, and all DFT predicted migration energy barriers asymptote to a range of 0.39–0.49 eV, which is smaller than the reported experimental values. This work provides important insights and guidance that should be considered for investigations of point defect diffusion in perovskite materials and in oxide superlattices.
Indications of dx2-y2 superconductivity in the two dimensional t-J model.

Supercomputing correlations in the two dimensional t-J model at zero temperature are evaluated using numerical techniques. At the fermionic density 〈n〉\ensuremath{\sim}1/2, strong signals of ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ superconductivity were observed in the ground state. These conclusions are based on a study of static pairing correlations, the Meissner effect, and flux quantization as indicators of superconductivity. A tentative phase diagram of the two dimensional t-j model is presented.
Yaw-inducing Mechanism and Experimental Investigation of Shielding Layer With Irregular Barrier on Surface

To study the yaw-inducing mechanism of shielding layer with irregular barrier on surface,the mechanical model of projectile impacting on yaw-inducing layer was established according to Hertz contact theory.The impact attitude and velocity of projectile,the material properties and geometrical size of irregular barrier were synthetically taken into account.The dynamic differential equations while projectile impacting on irregular barrier were presented based on rigid kinematics theory.The yawing angle of projectile increases with the increase of impact velocity,and the calculation results are close to experimental results in definite impact velocity.The result shows that the attack angle and angular velocity are obviously generated due to the great unsymmetrical contact forces caused by irregular barrier.The unsymmetrical contact forces increase with the increase of impact velocity,and the penetration capacity of the projectile is reduced greatly.