cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naturalistic studies of mentally retarded persons: V: The effects of staff instructions on student responding

A naturalistic study, with two purposes, was conducted to evaluate communication between staff and retarded persons in an institutional and in a community setting. The first purpose was to determine the natural rates of attention from staff in the form of instructions. Results showed that verbal instruction was the most prevalent (67%) followed by verbal instruction with physical assistance (12%), nonverbal instruction with physical assistance (10%), nonverbal instruction (6%), and physical assistance (5%). The second purpose was to determine the relative effectiveness of each of these types of instructions. Results showed that although verbal instruction was the most common, it was not the most effective, being surpassed by nonverbal instruction and nonverbal instruction with physical assistance. Results were discussed in terms of (a) their relation to prior research, (b) their use as nomothetic data to provide initial instruction modes, and (c) their use with specific persons on whom individual data have been collected.
Coulomb Excitation of Low-Lying Excited States in Sc 45

Properties of the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$ at 12.4 keV and the second excited state at 376 keV have been measured. A limit on the admixture of $E3$ radiation in the predominantly $M2$ decay of the first excited state has been set by looking for $E3$ Coulomb excitation of this state with ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ ions. Our result is that $B(E3,{\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\frac{3}{2}}^{+})l~105 {e}^{2}\mathrm{f}{\mathrm{m}}^{6}=2.7$ single-particle units. The mean lifetime has been remeasured as $\ensuremath{\tau}=0.470\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ sec. The $K$-conversion coefficient has been measured as 580\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}120. The energy of the second excited state was determined to be 375.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 keV. It was found to decay primarily to the first excited state with a branching ratio of 10.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5. The reduced matrix element for Coulomb excitation of the second excited state was measured to be $B(E2,{\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=60.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 {e}^{2}{\mathrm{F}}^{4}$.
Identification of a gene for β-tubulin in aspergillus nidulans

Abstract The tubulins of Aspergillus nidulans have been characterized in wild-type and ben A, B and C benomyl-resistant strains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, co-polymerization with porcine brain tubulin and peptide mapping. Four α-tubulins and at least four β-tubulins were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of wild-type proteins. Eighteen of 26 ben A mutants studied had electrophoretically abnormal β-tubulins. In these strains, one or more of the β-tubulins had either an altered isoelectric point or an altered electrophoretic mobility in the SDS gel dimension, or was diminished in amount. The a-tubulins were normal. Two-dimensional gels of protein extracts of a ben A/wild-type diploid strain demonstrated co-expression of the wild-type β-tubulins with the variant ben A tubulin. This experiment rules out post-translational modification as the source of the β-tubulin abnormalities in the ben A mutants. We therefore conclude that ben A must be a structural gene for β-tubulin. Due to the variety of abnormalities affecting β-tubulins in ben A mutants, and the absence of abnormalities affecting α-tubulins in any of the benomyl-resistant mutants, we also believe that the benomyl binding site must be located on the β-subunit of the tubulin dimer. The ben A mutants of A. nidulans promise to be useful not only for characterizing the biochemical determinants of the benomyl binding site of tubulin but also for understanding the relationship between tubulin structure and function.
Calf thymus histone as a substrate for neutral and acid proteases of leucocyte lysosomes and other proteolytic enzymes.

Abstract The use of calf thymus histone as a substrate has revealed a previously unknown neutral protease, optimally active at pH 7.2–7.3, in rabbit PMN lysosomes. The Sakaguchi reaction for the colorimetric determination of arginine has been modified, allowing a slow, linear development of color measurable at 500 nm over a period of up to 4 hr at 0–2°C. Specificity for arginine was shown since no other amino acid tested gave any color in the reaction. This new method has been used to measure arginine-reactive hydrolysis products released from histone by PMN lysosomes at neutral pH. Release of tyrosine, measured by the Folin method, was also used as an indicator of hydrolytic activity. Histone proved to be a useful substrate for the acid cathepsins of PMN, comparing favorably with hemoglobin, commonly used to measure such activity. Crystalline trypsin and chymotrypsin also hydrolyzed histone. The kinetics of arginine release by these enzymes over a period of 24 hr resembled those of neutral protease from PMN lysosomes.
Source finiteness of large earthquakes measured from long-period Rayleigh waves

The source-finiteness parameters of 11 large shallow earthquakes were determined from long-period Rayleigh waves recorded by the Global Digital Seismograph Network and International Deployment of Accelerometers Networks. The basic data sets are the seismic spectra of periods from 150 to 300 s. In the determination of source-process times, we used Furumoto's phase method and a linear inversion method, in which we simultaneously inverted the spectra and determined the source-process time that minimizes the error in the inversion. These two methods yielded consistent results. The source-process times of the Sumbawa (Indonesia), Colombia-Ecuador, Valparaiso (Chile) and Michoacan (Mexico) earthquakes were estimated to be 79, 118, 69 and 77 s, respectively, from the linear inversion method. The source-process times determined from long-period surface waves were in general longer than those obtained from body waves. Source finiteness of large shallow earthquakes with rupture on a fault plane with a large aspect ratio was modeled with the source-finiteness function introduced by Ben-Menahem. The spectra were inverted to find the extent and direction of the rupture of the earthquake that minimize the error in the inversion. For a rupture velocity of 2.5 km s^(−1), the estimated rupture was unilateral, 100 km long and along the strike, N26°W, for the May 26, 1983 Akita-Oki, Japan earthquake; 165 km and S57°E for the September 19, 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquake; 256 km and N31°E for the December 12, 1979 Colombia-Ecuador earthquake; and 149 km and S15°W for the March 3, 1985 Valparaiso, Chile earthquake. The results for the August 19, 1977 Sumbawa, Indonesia earthquake showed that the rupture was bilateral and in the direction N60°E. These results are, in general, consistent with the rupture extent inferred from the aftershock area of these earthquakes.
On the Equivalence of Turbo Multiuser Detector using MMSE with A-Priori Information and Soft Interference Cancellation Followed by MMSE Filtering

This letter derives a turbo multiuser detector with linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filtering using a-priori information in order to reduce the computational complexity. The equivalence of the turbo multiuser detector developed in this letter and the one based on soft interference cancellation followed by a linear MMSE filtering is established.
Assessment of residual curarization using low-current stimulation.

The present study employed trait:-of.four (TOF) stinaalation at a current of 20 mA to assess the incidence and degree of residaal neuromuscular blockade it: 64 randomly selected Post A nesthesia Care Unit (PACU) patients. Group C (Control, n = I0) had received anaesthesia without nondepolarizing musch, relaxant; Group V (n = 25) had received vecuronium; and Group P (n = 29) had received pancuroniun:. At the end of surge~., each patient had been considered by his anaesthetist to have adequate neuromuscular junction on the basis of clinical signs and tactile or visual evaluation of responses to TOF stimulation, However, upon testing it: the PACU 15 rain later, 45% (13 of 29) of Group P patients and 8% (2 of 25) of Group V patients had a TOF ratio <0.70. This study indicates that residual curarization may be commonly encountered following long-acting relaxants despite qualitative intraoperative TOF monitoring. The present incidence, detected at a current of 20 mA, is consistent with previous reports which employed sitpramaximal TOF stimulation. We concltMe that despite iatraoperative monitoring, residual curarization following long-acting ttotzdepolarizing agents is common and that it may be detected with TOF at a low stimulating current (20 mA).
Muscle adenylic deaminase.

Der grossere Teil der Muskeldeaminase und Adenylsaure kann nur bei hohen Salzkonzentrationen extrahiert werden. Die Fahigkeit des Muskels fur Adenyldeamination scheint grosser zu sein als seine ATP-ase-Kapazitat. Beobachtungen uber die Verteilung des Enzymes und seine Kinetik werden beschrieben.
Conjectural variations strategies in accelerated cournot games

Abstract A family of constant conjectural variations strategies is defined and examined in the natural context of infinitely repeated Cournot duopoly games with discounting. It is shown that any pair of linear reaction functions in the family gives rise to a unique pair of quantities in stationary equilibrium. As the conjectures and discount parameter vary, the sum of the stationary quantities will vary anywhere between the competitive and the monopoly outcomes. Equilibrium is strongly stable and credible (in the sense of exhibiting a variation of Selten's subgame perfection) provided that firms can react quickly enough to one another's actions.
Robust Identification of 2-D Periodic Systems with Applications to Texture Synthesis and Classification

In this paper we address the problem of robust identification of separable in denominator 2-dimensional (2-D) discrete LTI systems that have a periodic impulse response. These systems arise in the context of many applications ranging from image processing to sensor arrays. The main result of the paper shows that a nominal plant that interpolates the experimental data as well as worst case bounds on the identification error can be obtained by performing a singular value decomposition on two Hankel matrices obtained from the experimental data. These results are illustrated with two practical examples arising in the context of image processing: texture synthesis and texture classification.
Species production and heat release rates in two-layered natural gas fires

A fire burning in an enclosure with restricted ventilation will result in the accumulation of a layer of warm products of combustion mixed with entrained air adjacent to the ceiling. For many conditions, the depth of this layer will extend to occupy a significant fraction of the volume of the room. Eventually, the interface between this vitiated ceiling layer and the uncontaminated environment below will position itself so that a large portion of the combustion processes occur in this vitiated layer. A description is given here of experimental work concerning the rates of formation of product species and heat release in a turbulent, buoyant natural gas diffusion flame burning in this two-layered configuration. The enclosure was modeled by placing a hood above a burner so that it accumulated the plume gases, and the unsteady development of the ceiling layer was modeled by the direct addition of air into the upper portion of the hood. Measurements of the composition of these gases allowed the computation of stoichiometries and heat release rates. These investigations showed that the species produced in the flame depend primarily on the stoichiometry of the gases present in the ceiling layer and weakly on the temperature of the layer, but are independent of the fuel-air ratio of the mass transported into the layer by the plume. Heat release rates in the fires were compared to a theoretical limit based on a stoichiometric reaction of fuel and air with excess components left unchanged by the combustion.
Rubber phase dispersion in polypropylene

Abstract Impact properties of rubber-modified blends are significantly dependent on particle size and size distribution (dispersion). Past work has shown strong variations in these particle parameters with different processing conditions and these variations reflect, in part, different shear fields developed during melt extrusion and moulding. A major problem ensues involving property variability because of process variability. It is neither practical nor economical to place stringent controls on process variability in a plant. Instead, our current research has indicated that lightly crosslinking the rubber reduced drastically the sensitivity of dispersion to processing conditions, and, with the correct rheology between the rubber and the resin, the same dispersion could be maintained through both the extrusion and moulding stages resulting in finished parts with increased chance of dispersion and property consistency. Four rubbers of different degrees of crosslinking and three polypropylenes of different melt flow and structure were blended at six rubber levels. Mixing was carried out with two twin-screw configurations and the blends were cast or injection moulded using a ram or a screw moulder representing six different processing shear histories. Dispersion was quantitatively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spherical rubber particles revealed on the fracture surface were counted and measured to determine particle size and size distribution for the individual blends. Correlation of the results indicated how particle size and size distribution was influenced by crosslinking and the rubber/resin rheology. This provided some understanding of the mechanics of soft-phase dispersion in these blends.
Instruction and assessment of student communication skills in US and Canadian pharmacy curricula

Abstract Objectives To (1) describe the current status of instruction and assessment of communication skills and (2) identify potential changes being considered in US and Canadian pharmacy schools. Methods A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted of faculty who teach and/or oversee communication curricula. Results Seventy nine of 137 schools completed the survey. An average of 9.69 faculty members, mostly PharmD (78.5%), teach communication. Majority of schools reported all 24 domains as a “required” component of the curriculum with the exception of topics in special populations and sensitive topics. Communication is delivered primarily via lecture format and assessed by written examinations. About half the respondents indicated changes such as increased communication content and contact hours and change in delivery and assessment methods. Conclusions This survey identified current topics, delivery methods, and gaps in coverage of communication curriculum in pharmacy schools, which can help with planning of training workshops or resources for instructors, by individual schools and by AACP.
Influencing corporations' injury-producing practices: lessons learned from the Toyota recall

Through their products and behaviours, corporations greatly influence the health of populations.1 2 Some corporations, such as pharmaceutical manufacturers, develop vaccines and life-saving medications, which are essential for protecting the public's health. Other corporations manufacture products that confer benefits to society but are also associated with hundreds of thousands of injuries and deaths each year. For example, despite certain required safety features, motor vehicles are associated with approximately 34 000 US deaths each year and over 1.2 million deaths globally.3 4 Firearms are associated with approximately 30 000 US deaths annually and over 200 000 deaths worldwide.5 6 Participation by injury prevention professionals in the policy-making process is an important strategy to reduce injuries associated with some corporate behaviours. Too often, corporations pursue increased profits even though this might elevate the injury risks their products pose. This was highlighted last year during a congressional hearing about Toyota Motor Corporation's response to concerns about uncontrolled sudden acceleration.7 During its investigation, a US House of Representative's committee received over 70 000 pages of Toyota documents.8 One document, a now publicly available July 2009 presentation, given by Toyota's president and CEO of North American operations, noted a ‘win’ because Toyota saved over US$100 million by negotiating with federal regulators for an ‘equipment’, or limited, recall of certain Camry and Lexus ES models due to uncontrolled sudden acceleration.9 This 2007 ‘equipment’ recall meant that Toyota saved millions of dollars because it was not required to repair the affected cars. Instead, Toyota recalled 55 000 floor mats that could ‘potentially [get] stuck under the accelerator pedal …
Shoot damage effects on regeneration of maples (Acer) across an understorey‐gap microenvironmental gradient

Summary 1 We measured whole-plant survival, frequency of leader (mainstem terminal bud) damage among survivors and growth responses of intact and damaged juveniles of three Acer species over 3 years along a microenvironmental gradient represented by the understorey and two sizes of artificially created canopy gaps in central Massachusetts, United States of America. 2 For all species combined, survival decreased while the frequency of leader damage among survivors increased across the gradient of microsite exposure. Acer rubrum L. (red maple) showed the highest survival (65‐93%) but also very high leader damage (80‐97%). Acer pensylvanicum L. (striped maple) showed fairly high survival (81‐93%) in all but the most exposed microsites (24‐36%) and had the lowest leader damage overall (17‐44%). Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) was intermediate for both survival (25‐86%) and leader damage (55‐96%). 3 Growth differed significantly among sites and species. Both intact and damaged plants showed greater growth in gaps than in understorey, particularly in large gaps. For most growth variables in most microsites, A. pensylvanicum ♢ A. rubrum > A. saccharum when plants were intact, but A. rubrum ♢ A. pensylvanicum > A. saccharum when damaged . Species differences in growth varied among sites, with large gaps producing more pronounced effects than small gaps and understorey for both intact and damaged plants. 4 Growth recovery was inversely related to leader damage frequency among species, and thus at least partially offset the effects of damage on net growth across the populations. 5 The microsite- and species-specific responses to leader damage may influence gap regeneration and forest composition. A. pensylvanicum may be favoured by its regrowth advantage over A. rubrum and A. saccharum in the understorey, where damage is likely to occur during prolonged pre-gap periods. In contrast, A. rubrum shows a decisive advantage over its congeners in regrowth in the centres of large gaps, where the probability of a juvenile tree capturing canopy gap space is highest.
MIMO Transceivers With Decision Feedback and Bit Loading: Theory and Optimization

This paper considers MIMO transceivers with linear precoders and decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), with bit allocation at the transmitter. Zero-forcing (ZF) is assumed. Considered first is the minimization of transmitted power, for a given total bit rate and a specified set of error probabilities for the symbol streams. The precoder and DFE matrices are optimized jointly with bit allocation. It is shown that the generalized triangular decomposition (GTD) introduced by Jiang, Li, and Hager offers an optimal family of solutions. The optimal linear transceiver (which has a linear equalizer rather than a DFE) with optimal bit allocation is a member of this family. This shows formally that, under optimal bit allocation, linear and DFE transceivers achieve the same minimum power. The DFE transceiver using the geometric mean decomposition (GMD) is another member of this optimal family, and is such that optimal bit allocation yields identical bits for all symbol streams-no bit allocation is necessary-when the specified error probabilities are identical for all streams. The QR-based system used in VBLAST is yet another member of the optimal family and is particularly well-suited when limited feedback is allowed from receiver to transmitter. Two other optimization problems are then considered: (a) minimization of power for specified set of bit rates and error probabilities (the QoS problem), and (b) maximization of bit rate for fixed set of error probabilities and power. It is shown in both cases that the GTD yields an optimal family of solutions.
Extralegal Factors in Felony Sentencing: Classes of Behavior or Classes of People?

The radical-conflict perspective of criminology stresses that legal sanctions are applied more against classes of people than classes of behavior. To test this proposition we took a class of behaviors–sex offenses–and a class of people–designated “normal primitives”–in an attempt to determine which of the groups accounted for more of the variance in sentence severity. We found that although sex offenders enjoyed considerably higher social status than did normal primitives, sex offender status accounted for more than eight times the amount of variance in sentence severity than did normal primitive status after controlling for legally relevant variables. These findings cast doubt on class-based models of sentencing.
Patent Holdup, Antitrust and Innovation: Harness or Noose?

This essay reviews Michael Carrier’s analysis of antitrust and standard setting in his new book: Innovation for the 21st Century: Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law. While Innovation for the 21st Century offers a balanced and informative summary on patent holdup, we find that Carrier’s treatment of antitrust and standard setting avoids too many of the critical policy questions. One critical and emerging issue in this area, and one Professor Carrier largely ignores, is the use of Section 5 of the FTC Act to govern the standard setting process, as in In re N-Data. We explore and highlight some of the critical legal and economic issues associated the use of Section 5 in the patent holdup context, the standard courts should apply to this conduct under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and the fundamental issue of whether innovation and economic growth would be better served by relying on contract and patent law rather than antitrust. We conclude that it is highly unlikely that optimal regulation of standard setting activity includes the creation of perpetual contractual commitments backed by the threat of antitrust and state consumer protection remedies, without rigorous economic proof of substantial consumer injury that cannot be reasonably avoided. In our view, the current state of affairs described herein presents a critical threat to standard setting activity and innovation.
Compound-Specific Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen Isotopic Ratios for Amino Acids in CM and CR Chondrites and their use in Evaluating Potential Formation Pathways

Stable hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopic ratios (oD, 013C, and olSN) of organic compounds can revcal information about their origin and formation pathways. Several formation mechanisms and environments have been postulated for the amino acids detected in carbonaceous chondrites. As each proposed mechanism utilizes different precursor molecules, the isotopic signatures of the resulting amino acids may indicate the most likely of these pathways. We have applied gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry to measure the compound-specific C, N, and H stable isotopic ratios of amino acids from seven CM and CR carbonaceous chondrites: CM1I2 Allan Hills (ALH) 83100, CM2 Murchison, CM2 Lewis Cliff (LEW) 90500, CM2 Lonewolf Nunataks (LON) 94101, CRZ Graves Nunataks (GRA) 95229, CRZ Elephant Moraine (EET) 92042, and CR3 Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 99177. We compare the isotopic compositions of amino acids in these meteorites with predictions of expected isotopic enrichments from potential formation pathways. We observe trends of decreasing ODC and increasing oD with increasing carbon number in the aH, (l-NH2 amino acids that correspond to predictions made for formation via Streckercyanohydrin synthesis. We also observe light ODC signatures for ~-alanine, which may indicate either formation via Michael addition or via a pathway that forms primarily small, straight-chain, amine-terminal amino acids (n-ro-amino acids). Higher deuterium enrichments are observed in amethyl amino acids, indicating formation of these amino acids or their precursors in cold interstellar or nebular environments. Finally, individual amino acids are more enriched in deuterium in CR chondrites than CM chondrites, reflecting different parent-body chemistry.
Allergic manifestations and cutaneous histamine responses in patients with McCune Albright syndrome.

McCune Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare disorder characterized by precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, and fibrous dysplasia. Its cause is an activating mutation in the GNAS gene, encoding a subunit of the stimulatory G protein, Gsalpha (Gsα). The action of any mediator that signals via Gsα and cyclic AMP can be up regulated in MAS. We had observed gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, and anaphylaxis in McCune Albright patients. As histamine is known to signal via histamine 1 (H1) and histamine 2 (H2) receptors, which couple with stimulatory G proteins, we attempted to mechanistically link histamine responsiveness to the activating GNAS mutation. We hypothesized that responsiveness to histamine skin testing would differ between MAS patients and healthy controls. After obtaining informed consent, we performed a systematic review of histamine responsiveness and allergic manifestations in 11 MAS patients and 11 sex-matched, Tanner-stage matched controls. We performed skin prick testing, quantifying the orthogonal diameters of wheals and erythema. We also quantitated G protein mRNA expression. The peak wheal and flare responses to histamine were significantly higher in MAS patients compared to controls. This study suggests that MAS patients may be at risk for exaggerated histamine responsiveness compared to unaffected controls.
Determination of cardiac geometry from impedance measurements

The basic formulation and some preliminary results of the utilization of impedance based measurements for obtaining cardiac geometry information are presented. This geometrical information is required for forward and inverse bioelectric calculations and could be utilized to enhance the display of epicardial surface recordings. The measured potentials are affected by the strength of the source, the distances to the source and the sink electrodes, the conductivity of the volume and the shape of the epicardial surface. The formulation and preliminary results emphasize the estimation of epicardial recording Electrode coordinates from the impedance measurements. It is shown that the measurements can also yield information about the geometry of the boundary of the heart. >
Salmonella enteritidis control programs in the United States

A sharply rising incidence of salmonellosis in humans caused by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in the United States between 1985 and 1989 resulted in a government-sponsored outbreak traceback program which was started in 1990. Layer flocks considered the sources of egg-implicated outbreaks would be tested for SE and the eggs from these flocks would be diverted to pasteurization plants. A program to eliminate SE from primary and multiplier breeding flocks was started at the same time. A subsequent spent hen survey and a survey of prepasteurized liquid egg material revealed that SE was much more prevalent than had been suspected, and that the highest prevalence was found in the northeastern and middle Atlantic states. Since the SE rates did not decrease during the next 2 years, a pilot project was started in 1992 in Pennsylvania, in one of the most highly affected areas. The project was designed to reduce the number of SE outbreaks by diverting eggs from SE-affected flocks and at the same time attempting to delineate the epidemiology and control aspects of the disease. With the results generated during the fist 18 months of the Pilot Project, a much larger SE prevention program will start in the same area, in October 1993.
Different Evolutionary Constraints on Chemotaxis Proteins CheW and CheY Revealed by Heterologous Expression Studies and Protein Sequence Analysis

CheW and CheY are single-domain proteins from a signal transduction pathway that transmits information from transmembrane receptors to flagellar motors in bacterial chemotaxis. In various bacterial and archaeal species, the cheW and cheY genes are usually encoded within homologous chemotaxis operons. We examined evolutionary changes in these two proteins from distantly related proteobacterial species, Escherichia coli and Azospirillum brasilense. We analyzed the functions of divergent CheW and CheY proteins from A. brasilense by heterologous expression in E. coli wild-type and mutant strains. Both proteins were able to specifically inhibit chemotaxis of a wild-type E. coli strain; however, only CheW from A. brasilense was able to restore signal transduction in a corresponding mutant of E. coli. Detailed protein sequence analysis of CheW and CheY homologs from the two species revealed substantial differences in the types of amino acid substitutions in the two proteins. Multiple, but conservative, substitutions were found in CheW homologs. No severe mismatches were found between the CheW homologs in positions that are known to be structurally or functionally important. Substitutions in CheY homologs were found to be less conservative and occurred in positions that are critical for interactions with other components of the signal transduction pathway. Our findings suggest that proteins from the same cellular pathway encoded by genes from the same operon have different evolutionary constraints on their structures that reflect differences in their functions.
Regressive Imagery in Creative Problem-Solving: Comparing Verbal Protocols of Expert and Novice Visual Artists and Computer Programmers

We applied computer-based text analyses of regressive imagery to verbal protocols of individuals engaged in creative problem-solving in two domains: visual art (23 experts, 23 novices) and computer programming (14 experts, 14 novices). Percentages of words involving primary process and secondary process thought, plus emotion-related words, were tabulated. Visual art protocols were higher in primary process thought and emotion-related words; those from programming were higher in secondary process thought. Almost no main effects of expertise or interactions were found. Correlations between the measures (particularly those involving emotion-related words) also varied as a function of task. This pattern suggests cognitive processes vary considerably across different creative problem-solving tasks or domains, and that a more domain-specific approach to creative cognition may be advisable. Further implications for integrating and consolidating some extant lines of creativity research are discussed.
p‐Bromobenzyl Bromide

[589-15-1] C7H6Br2 (MW 249.94) InChI = 1S/C7H6Br2/c8-5-6-1-3-7(9)4-2-6/h1-4H,5H2 InChIKey = YLRBJYMANQKEAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a stable protecting group for hydroxyl groups removable by Pd-catalyzed amination followed by acid treatment, reagent used for the p-bromobenzylation of a variety of heterofunctional groups and carbon nucleophiles, substrate for Suzuki type coupling reactions) Alternate Name: α-bromo-4-bromotoluene, 1-bromomethyl-4-bromobenzene, 1-bromo-4-bromomethyl-benzene. Physical Data: mp 60–62 °C, bp 116–124 °C (at 12 Torr). Solubility: soluble in ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid, and most other organic solvents; decomposes in hot water. Form Supplied in: light orange crystalline solid. Commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, IR, HPLC, and elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: can be prepared by photobromination of 4-bromotoluene;1 bromination of 4-bromotoluene with NBS in CCl4 and catalytic dibenzoyl peroxide.2 Purification: crystallize from ethanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive; lachrymator; moisture sensitive; stored under nitrogen; causes burns; and irritant to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose off this material. Dissolve or mix it with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
Conditional mouse models demonstrate oncogene-dependent differences in tumor maintenance and recurrence

Diversity in the pathophysiology of breast cancer frustrates therapeutic progress. We need to understand how mechanisms activated by specific combinations of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and hormonal signaling pathways govern response to therapy and prognosis. A recent series of investigations conducted by Chodosh and colleagues offers new insights into the similarities and differences between specific oncogenic pathways. Expression of three oncogenes relevant to pathways activated in human breast cancers (c-myc, activated neu and Wnt1) were targeted to murine mammary epithelial cells using the same transgenic tetracycline-responsive conditional gene expression system. While the individual transgenic lines demonstrate similarly high rates of tumor penetrance, rates of oncogene-independent tumor maintenance and recurrence following initial regression are significantly different, and are modifiable by mutations in specific cooperating oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor gene expression. The experiments make three notable contributions. First, they illustrate that rates of tumor regression and recurrence following initial regression are dependent upon the pathways activated by the initiating oncogene. The experiments also demonstrate that altered expression or mutation of specific cooperating oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in different rates of tumor regression and recurrence. Finally, they exemplify the power of conditional mouse models for elucidating how specific molecular mechanisms give rise to the complexity of human cancer.
AN IMPROPER TREATMENT OF QUANTIFICATION IN ORDINARY ENGLISH

In the currently standard ways of representing quantification in logical form, this sentence has 120 different readings, or quantifier scopings. Moreover, they are truly distinct, in the sense that for any two readings, there is a model that satisfies one and not the other. With the standard logical forms produced by the syntactic and semantic translation components of current theoretical frameworks and implemented systems, it would seem that an inferencing component must process each of these 120 readings in turn in order to produce a best reading. Yet it is obvious that people do not entertain all 120 possibilities, and people really do understand the sentence. The problem is not Just that inferencing is required for disamblguation. It is that people never do dlsambiguate completely. A single quantifier scoping is never chosen. (Van Lehn [1978] and Bobrow and Webber [1980] have also made this point.) In the currently standard logical notations, it is not clear how this vagueness can be represented. 1
Partial tuning of motor cortex neurons to final posture in a free-moving paradigm

Motor cortex neurons in the monkey brain were tested with a diverse and naturalistic arm movement set. Over this global set of movements, the neurons showed a limited but significant degree of tuning to the multijoint posture attained by the arm at the end of each movement. Further supporting the hypothesis that the neurons are partially tuned to end posture, the postures preferred by the neurons significantly matched the postures evoked by electrical stimulation of the same cortical sites. However, much of the variance in neuronal activity remained unexplained even by the end-posture model, and thus other variables must have contributed to the response profile of the neurons. One possibility is that motor cortex neurons become tuned to the wide variety of movement parameters that are relevant to the animal’s normal behavioral repertoire, and, therefore, any one parameter accounts for only a limited amount of neuronal variance.
Germplasm Release: Tetraploid Clones with Resistance to Cold-Induced Sweetening

Long-term cold storage is necessary to supply potatoes to the processing industry throughout the year. Cold-induced sweetening prevents current potato cultivars from producing acceptable chips after cold storage. Resistance to cold-induced sweetening has been introgressed into the cultivated potato from wild Solanum relatives. This paper describes five tetraploid interspecific hybrid clones that can be used in breeding programs to improve chip quality in cold-stored tubers. The clones are male and female fertile, and are adapted to temperate zone production environments. All clones except M1 have low levels of glycoalkaloids. They produce acceptable chip color following storage at 4.4°C for 3 months. Tubers from all clones have high specific gravity. Following cold storage, tuber glucose and fructose contents are low compared to standard cultivars. Tuber sucrose contents for the five clones are either comparable to that in standard cultivars or much greater.
Diverse juvenile life-history behaviours contribute to the spawning stock of an anadromous fish population

Habitat quality often varies substantially across space and time, producing a shifting mosaic of growth and mortality trade-offs across watersheds. Traditional studies of juvenile habitat use have emphasised the evolution of single optimal strategies that maximise recruitment to adulthood and eventual fitness. However, linking the distribution of individual behaviours that contribute to recruitment at the population level has been elusive, particularly for highly fecund aquatic organisms. We examined juvenile habitat use within a population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that spawn in a watershed consisting of two interconnected lakes and a marine lagoon. Otolith microchemical analysis revealed that the productive headwater lake accounted for about half of juvenile growth for those individuals surviving to spawn in a single river in the upper watershed. However, 47% of adults had achieved more than half of their juvenile growth in the downstream less productive lake, and 3% of individuals migrated to the estuarine environment during their first summer and returned to freshwater to overwinter before migrating back to sea. These results describe a diversity of viable habitat-use strategies by juvenile sockeye salmon that may buffer the population against poor conditions in any single rearing environment, reduce density- dependent mortality and have implications for the designation of critical habitat for conservation purposes. A network of accessible alternative habitats providing trade-offs in growth and survival may be important for long- term viability of populations.
The Structure of a Spiritual Revolution : Black Baptists and Women in Ministry

A significant body of empirical studies shows the relationship between support for women clergy and denominational affiliation, but few analyze how pulpit discourse influences congregants’ support or disapproval of women clergy. Gender inequality among clergy is partly attributable to cultural values resident in local congregations; hence, studying how religious elites craft narratives concerning gender and ordination helps us understand the mechanisms involved in moving women into ecclesiastical authority. This article delineates how a new senior pastor’s liberal preaching and female clerical appointment helped Second Baptist transform into an internal system of support for women to exercise ministerial leadership and spiritual gifts. This article demonstrates the role of leadership, discourse, symbols, and mentoring in producing more women clergy and shaping the beliefs and values of the congregation.
CELLULAR EVENTS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO RESPONSE OF MOUSE SPLEEN CELL POPULATIONS SEPARATED BY DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION IN ALBUMIN GRADIENTS

Cell suspensions from the spleens of normal mice or mice injected with sheep erythrocytes were separated on a discontinous bovine serum albumin density gradient. Four bands or subpopulations were obtained and were assayed for antibody-forming cells, and for antigen-sensitive precursor cells. The antibody-forming cells were assayed by the hemolytic plaque assay and the antigen-sensitive precursors were assayed by the number of plaque-forming cells which developed after 3 or 5 day's culture with antigen. It was found that both antibody-forming cells and their precursors were present in the denser region of the gradient when spleen cell suspensions were taken from unimmunized mice. In contrast, both antibody-forming cells and precursors floated to the top in cell suspensions from mice sacrificed 1, 2, or 3 days after antigen injection. The change in density was detectable as early as 12 hr and was complete by 18 hr. The cell which changed in density was specific for the antigen that brought about that change. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Fast and novel analysis of the EM radiation from large reflector antennas via Gaussian beams

A relatively simple procedure, which resembles a geometric theory for Gaussian beam reflection and diffraction, is developed for the fast analysis of electrically large reflector antennas. The feed radiation is expressed initially in terms of a relatively few sets of identical, rotationally symmetric vector Gaussian beams (GBs) with constant interbeam angular spacing. These GBs, which are launched from the feed region, are incident on the reflector surface and are thus reflected by it. A relatively simple, closed form expression has been developed for describing the fields associated with the reflection of a general electromagnetic (EM) astigmatic GB incident on an electrically large smooth surface. A closed form expression is also obtained for describing the diffraction of a general astigmatic GB by the curved reflector edge. Such a GB based analysis completely avoids the need for the conventional numerical computation of the physical optics (PO) integral for evaluating the fields radiated by reflector antennas. Some numerical results indicating the utility of this GB method are presented for the case of offset parabolic reflector antennas, although the method should be applicable to other smooth, electrically large reflector shapes.
Stochastic Dominance for Measure Based Uncertain Decision Making

Our interest is in the problem of comparing alternatives with uncertain payoffs when the uncertainty is represented using a measure. We first describe various aspects of the use of a measure to represent uncertainty. We recall that probability is a special well-understood example of measure-based uncertainty. We note that stochastic dominance provides a well-established method for comparing alternatives in the case of probabilistic uncertainty. Inspired by this we develop an extension of the use of stochastic dominance for comparing uncertainty profiles to the case where the uncertainty is represented by a measure. We refer to this as measure based stochastic dominance. Do to the fact that in most cases a stochastic dominance relationship does not exist between alternatives this requires us to consider the use of surrogates for measure based stochastic dominance to compare alternatives. Here we investigate a class of surrogates for measure based stochastic dominance that we call Measure Weighted Means MWM. As we see these MWM are numeric values consistent with measure based stochastic dominance.
High fill-factor imagers for neuromorphic processing enabled by floating-gate circuits

In neuromorphic modeling of the retina, it would be very nice to have processing capabilities at the focal plane while retaining the density of typical active pixel sensor (APS) imager designs. Unfortunately, these two goals have been mostly incompatible. We introduce our transform imager technology and basic architecture that uses analog floating-gate devices to make it possible to have computational imagers with high pixel densities. This imager approach allows programmable focal-plane processing that can perform retinal and higher-level bioinspired computation. The processing is performed continuously on the image via programmable matrix operations that can operate on the entire image or blocks within the image. The resulting dataflow architecture can directly perform computation of spatial transforms, motion computations, and stereo computations. The core imager performs computations at the pixel plane, but still holds a fill factor greater than 40 percent--comparable to the high fill factors of APS imagers. Each pixel is composed of a photodiode sensor element and a multiplier. We present experimental results from several imager arrays built in 0.5 micrometer process (up to 128 × 128 in an area of 4 millimeter squared).
Implementing Equal Educa tion Opportunity Policy A Comparison of the Outcomes of HEW and Justice Department Efforts

This research examines the differential impact of HEW and Justice Department enforcement efforts to implement equal educational opportunity policy in four Southern states between 1968 and 1974. The evidence indicates that equal education opportunity remains an unfulfilled goal and that the patterns of deviation from the ideal are at least partially attributable to the enforcement agency. Reasons are suggested for the patterns found. Policy analysts will find clear examples of the impact of both problem definition and implementation on policy outcomes.
Taxonic Structure of Infant Reactivity: Evidence From a Taxometric Perspective

Previously, we proposed a theoretical framework that classified infants into qualitative categories of reactivity, rather than on a continuous dimension. The present research used an objective statistical procedure (maximum covariance analysis, or MAXCOV) to determine if a qualitative latent structure, consistent with our theoretical conjectures, would be found to underlie quantitative indices of reactivity to stimuli in a sample of 599 four-month-old infants. Results of the MAXCOV analysis showed clear evidence of a latent discontinuity underlying the behavioral measures of infant reactivity. The base rate of the latent class (or taxon) was estimated at 10%. Infants within the putative high-reactivity taxon, compared with infants not in the taxon, were elevated on measures of behavioral inhibition at 4.5 years. These results provide objective empirical support for a central tenet in our theoretical model by supporting the taxonicity of infant reactivity.