cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of the tissue manganese-lowering effect of corn, soybean meal, fish meal, wheat bran, and rice bran.

Experiments were conducted with young chicks to investigate the mechanism by which various feed ingredients reduce the bioavailability of inorganic Mn. Although corn, soybean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), wheat bran (WB), and rice bran (RB) contain significant quantities of Mn, these feed ingredients when added to a casein-dextrose diet have been shown to reduce Mn deposition in key tissues (i.e., bone, pancreas, and gallbladder). Studies reported herein indicate that reduction in tissue Mn concentration due to feed ingredient supplementation resulted from reduced Mn absorption, rather than from enhanced Mn excretion. Feedstuffs exerted their effect primarily at the gut level, although some Mn binding may also have occurred in body fluids. Fractionation of each feed ingredient indicated that the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction of WB and a corn-SBM mixture accounted for virtually all of the Mn-binding capabilities of these ingredients. In contrast, ash fraction was responsible for tissue Mn-lowering capabilities of FM. Both NDF and ash fractions of RB significantly lowered tissue Mn concentrations, but not to the same extent as that caused by RB itself. A significant portion (11 to 27%) of the total quantity of copper was found in the NDF fraction of all feed ingredients. Over 12% of the magnesium and iron in FM was contained in the NDF fraction, while 20% of the magnesium in WB and 15% of the iron in RB was likewise present in the NDF fraction. Very little K, Zn, or Mn was associated with the NDF fraction of any feed ingredients. All Ca in WB but less than 1% of Ca in RB were present in the NDF.
Rationalization of the Mechanical Properties of Alpha-Beta Ti-Mn Alloys

The behaviour of yield strength, tensile strength, tensile ductility, Bauschinger behaviour, fatigue life and crack propagation has been examined in a series of binary Ti-Mi alloys, all heat treated to give the same composition of alpha and beta phases. Since the composition of the alpha and beta phases were fixed in each of the alloys, properties depended on morphology, size and distribution, volume fraction, strength and slip characteristics of the individual phases and, in the case of crack propagation, texture. It has been possible to rationalize mechanical behaviour in terms of these variables.
Making measures count.

Summary An abundance of available laboratory information has led in part to the establishment of quantitative performance goals that use serum albumin, hemoglobin, Kt/V, and bone mineral indices to track quality of medical care and even physician reimbursement. As we look to the future, the next generation of measures should should more specifically reflect efforts to improve more fundamental outcomes, such as mortality, hospitalization, and quality of life. In this essay we address the important question of how clinicians can translate rich sources of quantitative data into a service that makes a difference in our patients9 lives; a way to distinguish exemplary from ordinary care; a means to support continuous improvement in our care patterns individually and as part of larger, integrated health care systems all while avoiding prematurely advocating flawed quality measures. We also offer a pathway for how future quality measures can be developed. Our ultimate goal is to individualize quantitative assessments and by doing so encourage more meaningful, patient-oriented care that will lead to improved outcomes, greater physician job satisfaction, and wiser allocation of scarce resources.
Day-to-Day Travel-Time Trends and Travel-Time Prediction from Loop-Detector Data:

An approach is presented for estimating future travel times on a freeway using flow and occupancy data from single-loop detectors and historical travel-time information. Linear regression, with the stepwise-variable-selection method and more advanced tree-based methods, is used. The analysis considers forecasts ranging from a few minutes into the future up to an hour ahead. Leave-a-day-out cross-validation was used to evaluate the prediction errors without underestimation. The current traffic state proved to be a good predictor for the near future, up to 20 min, whereas historical data are more informative for longer-range predictions. Tree-based methods and linear regression both performed satisfactorily, showing slightly different qualitative behaviors for each condition examined in this analysis. Unlike preceding works that rely on simulation, real traffic data were used. Although the current implementation uses measured travel times from probe vehicles, the ultimate goal is an autonomous system that r...
Geometric Considerations of Micro- to Nanoscale Elastomeric Post Arrays to Study Cellular Traction Forces

Mechanical interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in regulating many cellular functions, such as migration, proliferation and differentiation. Cells adhere to a substrate through an integrated process that involves binding and clustering of integrins to ECM ligands, actin polymerizationdriven plasma membrane extension, and contraction of the actomyosin cytoskeleton which transmits traction forces to the substrate through sites of adhesion. Interestingly, mechanical properties of the substrate, such as stiffness and ECM ligand topology, feedback to affect the ability of cells to exert these forces and spread across the substrate. To elucidate the relationship between substrate mechanics, cell adhesion and traction forces, several approaches have been developed and continually refined. The first approach was to engineer soft materials such as partially crosslinked silicone elastomers and polyacrylamide gels. Cells cultured on these substrates generated deformations that could be mapped by the displacement of embedded fluorescent markers and used to calculate traction forces. In contrast to the continuous elastic substrata method, we pioneered another approach using microfabrication tools to develop an elastomeric micropost array (mPADs). Cells cultured on this substrate deflect underlying posts as they contract. Traction forces could be calculated from these post deflections using a simple force-displacement relationship for pure bending of an elastic cylindrical beam (Eq. 1),
Microtrombidiid Mite Parasitization Frequencies and Attachment Site Preferences on Brachyceran Diptera with Specific Reference to Therevidae (Asiloidea) and Tachinidae (Oestroidea)

Malaise trapping efforts for Therevidae (Diptera: Asiloidea) have uncovered a relationship between brachyceran Diptera and mites of the family Microtrombidiidae (Acarina: Trombidioidea). Malaise trap samples from a Juniperus forest in McKinley County, New Mexico produced 39 brachyceran families, 14 of which were parasitized by microtrombidiid mites in the genera Platytrombidium Thor and Microtrombidium Haller. The frequency of parasitization was significantly higher in Tachinidae and Therevidae than the other 12 brachyceran families with parasitized individuals. Mite loads, i.e., the number of mites per individual, were also statistically different among families; some individuals were parasitized by as many as 21 mites. Mites preferred to attach at sites with soft, weakly sclerotized cuticle; the ventral cervical area and the membrane behind the hind coxae were most densely infested. Female Therevidae were attacked by mites at a significantly higher frequency than their male counterparts, but mite loads were similar. Insights into the host-parasite relationships between the flies are discussed, but the paucity of both mite and dipteran information limits their interpretation.
CONTINENTAL SHELF PARAMETERS INFERRED FROM SAR INTERNAL WAVE OBSERVATIONS

Abstract This paper presents preliminary results on the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to extract oceanographic information about the continental shelf. From late spring through early fall the thermocline on the shelf is fully developed and the entire Mid-Atlantic Bight is replete with internal waves. The surface manifestation of these internal waves is observed using the SAR on board the European Research Satellite-1. The depth of the pycnocline and the density of the surface layer can be estimated from the dispersion relation obtained from a two-layer fluid model. The other parameters that are required to make this estimate are obtained by assuming climatological bottom density, estimating the speed of propagation from the tidal-generated wave packets, and calculating the depth of the pycnocline based on the isobath where the internal waves are dissipated. This robust method for obtaining quantitative information about the structure of the shelf’s water column shows good agreement with th...
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Agents: Quantum Chemistry and MRI.

Diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents offer an alternative to Gd(3+) -based contrast agents for MRI. They are characterized by containing protons that can rapidly exchange with water and it is advantageous to have these protons resonate in a spectral window that is far removed from water. Herein, we report the first results of DFT calculations of the (1) H nuclear magnetic shieldings in 41 CEST agents, finding that the experimental shifts can be well predicted (R(2) =0.882). We tested a subset of compounds with the best MRI properties for toxicity and for activity as uncouplers, then obtained mice kidney CEST MRI images for three of the most promising leads finding 16 (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) to be one of the most promising CEST MRI contrast agents to date. Overall, the results are of interest since they show that (1) H NMR shifts for CEST agents-charged species-can be well predicted, and that several leads have low toxicity and yield good in vivo MR images.
Bounding tree-width via contraction on the projective plane and torus

If $X$ is a collection of edges in a graph $G$, let $G/X$ denote the contraction of $X$. Following a question of Oxley and a conjecture of Oporowski, we prove that every projective planar graph $G$ admits an edge partition $\{X,Y\}$ such that $G/X$ and $G/Y$ have tree-width at most three. We prove that every toroidal graph $G$ admits an edge partition $\{X,Y\}$ such that $G/X$ and $G/Y$ have tree-width at most three and four, respectively.
Depression and postoperative complications: an overview

The interaction of depression and anesthesia and surgery may result in significant increases in morbidity and mortality of patients. Major depressive disorder is a frequent complication of surgery, which may lead to further morbidity and mortality.
De novo CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Adverse outcomes with and without stem cell transplantation in a large, multicenter, rituximab treated cohort

De novo CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) are a distinct subgroup of DLBCL with poor prognosis. However the role of rituximab-containing therapy and salvage stem cell transplantation in this patients' population remain to be defined. We retrospectively reviewed clinical features and outcomes of 102 patients with de novo CD5+ DLBCL treated with rituximab-containing therapy at nine different institutions. By Hans' criteria, 64 patients had activated B-cell (ABC) subtype, 24 germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, and 14 were not evaluated. No patients had a myc translocation. Eighty-three patients were treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (R-CHOP), 7 with rituximab, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (R-EPOCH), and 6 with R-CHOP with methotrexate, 3 g/m(2) . The overall response rate to front-line therapy was 85%. The 3-year progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients were 40 and 65%, respectively. The 3-year PFS for ABC- and GCB-subtypes was 34 and 45%, respectively. The 3-year OS for ABC- and GCB-subtypes was 62 and 67%, respectively. The median time to second treatment failure was 3 months and 1 month for ABC- and GCB-subtypes, respectively. Twenty of 28 (71%) transplanted patients with autologous, allogeneic, or both, relapsed. This study confirms the poor prognosis of de novo CD5+ DLBCL in a large multi-center cohort despite initial rituximab-containing chemotherapy and suggests that stem cell transplantation fails to salvage the majority of these patients. Approaches to prevent recurrence and/or novel therapies for relapsed disease are needed for this subgroup of DLBCL patients.
Multi-robot manipulation with no communication using only local measurements

This paper presents a novel approach to coordinate the manipulation forces of a group of robots without explicit communication during a cooperative manipulation task. Robots use the measurements of the motion of the object as the only information to reach a consensus on their forces. It is proven that the consensus can be reached even if all the robots have different velocity and acceleration measurements since they take measurements at different attachment points around the object while the object is rotating and translating. The convergence of the leader-following process where a leader robot actively steers the forces of all follower robots to navigate the object along a desired trajectory is also proven with Lyapunov stability arguments. We verify our method in both numerical simulations and a physics simulator, where we transport a grand piano with 1001 robots.
The Kuznets curve and the great u-turn: Income inequality in U.S. counties, 1970 to 1990

The authors examine the determinants of inequality in the distribution of family income in approximately 3,100 counties of the United States in 1970, 1980, and 1990. Such a study provides a window on global trends in social inequality during the period, which spans the tail end of the Kuznets curve and the more recent upswing in income inequality. Results from random-effects regression models that control for unmeasured heterogeneity among states reveal the continued importance of the Kuznetsian pattern of declining inequality with economic development, a positive effect of urbanization on inequality, a declining positive impact of sector dualism, an increasing positive effect of educational heterogeneity, and a persistent effect of racial dualism. Several variables associated with the recent upswing in inequality have significant effects : female labor-force participation (negative), female-headed households (positive), percent of the population over age 65 (changes from positive to negative over the period), manufacturing employment (negative), and unemployment (ambiguous). They also discuss methods of estimating the Gini coefficient for income inequality at the county level and measures of sector (farm/nonfarm) dualism, racial (Black/White) dualism, and educational heterogeneity
This Double Fidelity: The Messianic Lens for Lévinas' Eschatological Vision

(2011). This Double Fidelity: The Messianic Lens for Levinas' Eschatological Vision. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 42, Ethics, Curiosity and Ontology, pp. 160-175.
The resistance of Rattus to Warfarin in Kunming

Objective To study the resistance of Rattus to the first generation anticoagulant rodenticides in Kunming.Methods Testing method as national stipulation. Results The average lethal doses of Rattus norvegicus and R. flavipectus were 13.63 mg/kg and 181.99 mg/kg respectively,the average lethal time of two sorts of rodents were 4.93 days and 5.46 days. Conclusion It showed that the first generation anticoagulant had high sensitivity against Rattus in Kunming of Yunnan province.
The Luminescence of Mn~(2+) in Aluminate

Green-emitting phosphors of aluminate doped Ce~(3+),Tb~(3+),and Mn~(2+) were prepared by combustion synthesis.The phosphors of aluminate doped with Mn~(2+), Ce~(3+),and Tb~(3+) emitted character band of Mn~(2+).The luminescence and the optimum concentration of Mn~(2+) was interpreted by analysis of its structure.The luminescence of Mn~(2+) were reduced,especially the luminescence of Mn~(2+) were not observed in the phorphors while replaced Mg by Ca,Sr,and Ba.
Effect of hypoxia preconditioning on nervous stem cells proliferation in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia preconditioning( HPC) on nervous stem cells proliferation in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage( HIBD). Methods A total of 48 7-day old SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups( n = 12 each) : hypoxic-ischemia group,HPC plus hypoxic-ischemia group,sham operation group,and normal control group. In hypoxic-ischemia group,the left common carotid artery ligation was performed first,and then the rats were put into a sealed container containing mixed gas consisting of 8 percent of oxygen and 92 percent of nitrogen for 2. 5 h to establish HIBD model. In HPC plus hypoxic-ischemia group,HPC( putting the rats into a sealed container containing mixed gas consisting of 8 percent of oxygen and 92 percent of nitrogen for 3 h) was performed the day before operation,and then the HIBD model was established with the same way at the second day. In sham operation group,neither ligation nor HPC was performed besides separating the left common carotid artery. In normal control group,any treatment was not given. All of the rats were simultaneously killed 48 h after molding. The expressions of nestin,a marker of nervous stem cells proliferation,on cerebral cortex,subventricular zone and hippocampus were observed in all groups. Results The numbers of nestin positive cells in cerebral cortex,subventricular zone and hippocampus in the HPC plus hypoxic-ischemia group were more than those in the other three groups( P 0. 05 or P 0. 01),and the numbers of nestin positive cells in hypoxic-ischemia group were also more than those in sham operation group and normal control group( all P 0. 05). There was no significant difference in the numbers of nestin positive cells between sham operation group and normal control group( P 0. 05). Conclusions HPC has a protective effect against HIBD. It can promote the proliferation of nervous stem cells in order to enhance the rehabilitation ability of brain damage.
Patterns of Poly-Victimization in a Sample of At-Risk Youth

Youth involved in the juvenile justice and child welfare systems are at especially high risk for exposure to violence. Research finds that poly-victims, youth who experience multiple types of victimizations, have worse outcomes than youth who experience one type of violence. We employed Latent Class Analysis to examine patterns of poly-victimization in a sample of at-risk youth (N = 467) participating in a program to reduce the effects of childhood exposure to violence and how those patterns impact self-reported violent behavior and primary mental health diagnosis. Results indicated that 96 % of the sample reported any past year violence exposure and 87 % reported at least two past year exposures. Three victimization classes emerged: low victimization, peer and physical assault, and high violence exposure. Class membership predicted violent behavior, while results related to class membership and primary mental health diagnosis were less clear. Implications for screening, assessment, and treatment are discussed.
Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus on phytoplankton production and bacterial community structure in two stratified Antarctic lakes: a bioassay approach

Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine ecosystems are recognized as sensors and sentinels of global change. As a consequence of their high sensitivity to minor climatic perturbations, permanently ice-covered lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica, represent end members in the global network of inland bodies of water. Episodic climatic events in the form of increased summer glacial melt result in inputs of organic sediment and nutrients from glacial streams to these closed basins. Phytoplankton communities residing in the oligotrophic water columns are highly responsive to pulses in nutrient availability; however, there is a lack of understanding on whether specific phytoplankton groups are more competitive during a summer flood event and how shifts in the phytoplankton community may influence heterotrophic bacteria. A bioassay approach in 3-l bottles was used to investigate the influence of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus availability on planktonic communities from the oligotrophic upper waters of two chemically distinct MDV lakes (Lakes Bonney and Fryxell) which differ in their external inputs and water column N/P stoichiometry. While microbial community responses varied between lakes and were nutrient-dependent, stimulation of phytoplankton biomass and productivity across all treatments was strongly linked with increased abundance of a single phytoplankton phylum (Chlorophyta). Despite stimulation of phytoplankton growth, primary and bacterial productivity was generally uncoupled; however, shifts in bacterial community diversity were observed in bioassays amended with either P or NP. We suggest that climate-associated increases in phytoplankton production and concomitant shifts in diversity will influence MDV bacterial community structure by altering the availability and composition of autochthonous carbon for heterotrophic production.
Drug disposition model of radiolabeled etelcalcetide in patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism on hemodialysis.

Etelcalcetide (AMG 416) is an allosteric activator of the calcium-sensing receptor for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. To characterize the time course of etelcalcetide in different matrices (plasma, dialysate, urine, and feces), a drug disposition model was developed. Nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to describe data from six adults with CKD on hemodialysis who received a single intravenous dose of [14C]etelcalcetide (10 mg; 710 nCi) after hemodialysis (study NCT02054572). A three-compartment model with the following attributes adequately described the observed concentration–time profiles of etelcalcetide in the different matrices: biotransformation in the central compartment; elimination in dialysate, urine, and feces; and a nonspecific elimination process. The terminal half-life of total C-14 in plasma was approximately 56 days. The ratio of conjugation–deconjugation rate constants between etelcalcetide and biotransformed products was 11.3. Simulations showed that three hemodialysis sessions per week for 52 weeks would contribute to 60.1% of the total clearance of etelcalcetide following single-dose intravenous etelcalcetide administration. Minimal amounts were eliminated in urine (2.5%) and feces (5.7%), whereas nonspecific elimination accounted for 31.2% of total elimination. In addition to removal of etelcalcetide, ~10% of small-molecular weight biotransformed products was estimated to have been removed through hemodialysis and in urine. This model provided a quantitative approach to describe biotransformation, distribution, and elimination of etelcalcetide, a unique synthetic d-amino acid peptide, in the relevant patient population.
Erratum: Medical and Surgical Advances in Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

In recent decades, the medical and surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have become the focus of a number of scientific investigations. This effort has been led by an international group of neurologists and neurosurgeons with the goal of studying functional recovery and developing new medical and surgical treatments to facilitate improved clinical outcomes. Currently, two of the most pressing ICH investigational goals are (1) early blood pressure control, and (2) safe hematoma volume reduction. Answering these questions would support decision-making, level-of-care choices, and the global research strategy of developing biologically informed treatments. The authors review the contemporary medical management and the conventional and minimally invasive surgical approaches to spontaneous ICH, as well as discuss the scope of the problem, recent clinical trials, management issues, and relevant questions for future research. They propose the hypothesis that strategies using minimally invasive techniques, including clot aspiration with stereotactic guidance, may give better results with improved clinical outcomes compared with standard open surgical approaches. They also discuss the level of evidence for the variously known approaches.
Auditory Sensitivity of the Turtle

Auditory sensitivity functions were obtained by electro-physiological methods for the turtle, Pseudemys scripta, and these were compared to behavioral threshold data obtained under comparable stimulation conditions. The turtle can hear tones between 20 and 1000 cps with maximum sensitivity in the range from 200 to 700 cps. Data support the electrical hypothesis of auditory nerve action.
Life-Cycle Cost and Environmental Assessment of Decentralized Nitrogen Recovery Using Ion Exchange from Source-Separated Urine through Spatial Modeling

Nitrogen standards for discharge of wastewater effluent into aquatic bodies are becoming more stringent, requiring some treatment plants to reduce effluent nitrogen concentrations. This study aimed to assess, from a life-cycle perspective, an innovative decentralized approach to nitrogen recovery: ion exchange of source-separated urine. We modeled an approach in which nitrogen from urine at individual buildings is sorbed onto resins, then transported by truck to regeneration and fertilizer production facilities. To provide insight into impacts from transportation, we enhanced the traditional economic and environmental assessment approach by combining spatial analysis, system-scale evaluation, and detailed last-mile logistics modeling using the city of San Francisco as an illustrative case study. The major contributor to energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was the production of sulfuric acid to regenerate resins, rather than transportation. Energy and GHG emissions were not significantly se...
Do international students crowd-out or cross-subsidize Americans in higher education?

Abstract Recent growth in international enrollment at U.S. universities has raised controversy. While critics accuse international students of displacing American students, university administrators have argued that they provide much needed tuition revenue. This paper examines how international students impact domestic enrollment, focusing on a unique boom and bust in international matriculation into U.S. graduate programs from 1995 to 2005. Overall foreign students appear to increase domestic enrollment. This positive effect is linked to cross-subsidization, whereby high net tuition payments from foreign students help subsidize the cost of enrolling additional domestic students.
Control of chemoselectivity in asymmetric tandem reactions: Direct synthesis of chiral amines bearing nonadjacent stereocenters

This paper describes the mechanistic insight-guided development of a catalyst system, employing a phenolic proton donor catalyst in addition to a cinchonium-derived phase-transfer catalyst, to control the chemoselectivity of two distinct intermediates, thereby enabling the desired asymmetric tandem conjugate addition–protonation pathway to dominate over a number of side-reaction pathways to provide a synthetic approach for the direct generation of optically active amines bearing two nonadjacent stereocenters.
Central Banks and Monetary Policy

One of the best-loved English-language books for children is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. It tells the story of a girl, swept by cyclone out of her native Kansas, who has adventures with a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, a Cowardly Lion and witches good and bad, searching for and finding the Wizard himself. It might also be a parable about monetary policies in late nineteenth century America; Baum himself was a politically aroused newspaper editor who had sympathy for those who wanted to get rid of the gold standard and allow the money supply to expand and interest rates to fall. The “Oz”, according to this hypothesis, could be the ounce of gold, its standard measure of quantity, the yellow brick road a path to the hidden lair of gold, and the Wizard, who, once he is no longer behind curtains appears weak and fallible, the false authority of the gold standard itself. Or not.
Planes and Lines

This chapter discusses planes and lines. The easiest way to specify a plane geometrically is to specify a vector perpendicular to the plane and one point on the plane. The chapter presents a situation in which a vector ν is perpendicular to a certain plane and there is a point P 0 = ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) on the plane. If P is on the plane, then the vector P 0 P is in the plane and, hence, is perpendicular to ν. Conversely, if P 0 P is perpendicular to ν, then P 0 P lies in the plane and so does P . The most convenient way of specifying a line is to give one point P 0 on the line and a nonzero vector ν parallel to the line.
Transesophageal Pacing and Electrocardiography in the Neonate: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses

Transesophageal pacing and electrocardiography have important diagnostic and therapeutic uses in the neonate. Electrode placement is simple, and transesophageal ECG recording may be accomplished using available ECG recorders. Transesophageal pacing requires a special stimulator to administer stimulus pulses of 10 msec duration. Transesophageal ECG aids in establishing specific electrophysiologic Transesophageal ECG aids in establishing specific electrophysiologic diagnosis in neonates with rhythm disturbances. Transesophageal pacing is useful for treatment of atrial bradycardia as well as for cardioversion of a variety of tachycardias. There have been no serious long-term complications reported from use of transesophageal pacing and electrocardiography.
Bilingual Learning (Learning L1 and L2 in an L1 and L2 Environment)

This article discusses the many facets of bilingual learning in multilingual and multicultural environments. It describes the different models of bilingual education in public schools, and how bilingual language acquisition can occur in homes, neighborhoods, and community-based heritage-language programs. The article also examines theoretical models and practical techniques for developing biliteracy. Language transfer, codeswitching, and cognitive development in bilingual individuals are discussed to challenge misconceptions about bilingual learning and show how the research in these areas supports the idea that the acquisition of bilingualism in individuals is helpful for their overall personal and academic growth.
Within‐industry agglomeration of occupations: Evidence from census microdata

This study uses worker‐level data on industry, occupation, and place of work to explore differences in the spatial properties of production, administrative, and R&D occupation groups within industries. To measure differences, we calculate location quotients at the local labor market level and the Duranton and Overman (2005) agglomeration index for each group. We find appreciable differences in the spatial distribution of occupation groups within most manufacturing industries, with R&D occupations consistently exhibiting the highest degree of spatial concentration. Our results are consistent with the core theoretical and empirical results in the agglomeration literature.
Willingness to Comply With Biosecurity in Livestock Facilities: Evidence From Experimental Simulations.

Disease in U.S. animal livestock industries annually costs over a billion dollars. Adoption and compliance with biosecurity practices is necessary to successfully reduce the risk of disease introduction or spread. Yet, a variety of human behaviors, such as the urge to minimize time costs, may induce non-compliance with biosecurity practices. Utilizing a “serious gaming” approach, we examine the how information about infection risk impacts compliance with biosecurity practices. We sought to understand how simulated environments affected compliance behavior with treatments that varied using three factors: 1) The risk of acquiring an infection, 2) the delivery method of the infection risk message (numerical, linguistic and graphical), and 3) by the certainty of the infection risk information. Here we show that compliance is influenced by message delivery methodology, with numeric, linguistic, and graphical messages showing increasing efficacy, respectively. Moreover, increased situational uncertainty and increased risk were correlated with increases in compliance behavior. These results provide insight towards developing messages that are more effective and provide tools that will allow managers of livestock facilities and policy makers to nudge behavior towards more disease resilient systems via greater compliance with biosecurity practices.
Arylation of Diazoesters by a Transient N—H Insertion Organocascade.

A unique urea-catalyzed transient N-H insertion organocascade gives rise to double arylation of nitrodiazoesters (I) and (V), enabling the preparation of a large family of unsymmetric α,α-diaryl esters.
Inhibition of Cathepsin S Reduces Lacrimal Gland Inflammation and Increases Tear Flow in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome.

Cathepsin S (CTSS) is highly increased in Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) patients tears and in tears and lacrimal glands (LG) of male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a murine model of SS. To explore CTSS’s utility as a therapeutic target for mitigating ocular manifestations of SS in sites where CTSS is increased in disease, the tears and the LG (systemically), the peptide-based inhibitor, Z-FL-COCHO (Z-FL), was administered to 14–15 week male NOD mice. Systemic intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 2 weeks significantly reduced CTSS activity in tears, LG and spleen, significantly reduced total lymphocytic infiltration into LG, reduced CD3+ and CD68+ cell abundance within lymphocytic infiltrates, and significantly increased stimulated tear secretion. Topical administration of Z-FL to a different cohort of 14–15 week male NOD mice for 6 weeks significantly reduced only tear CTSS while not affecting LG and spleen CTSS and attenuated the disease-progression related reduction of basal tear secretion, while not significantly impacting lymphocytic infiltration of the LG. These findings suggest that CTSS inhibitors administered either topically or systemically can mitigate aspects of the ocular manifestations of SS.
Bolstering gun injury surveillance accuracy using capture-recapture methods.

Using a single source of data, such as police records, or combining data from multiple sources results in an undercount of gun-related injuries. To improve gun-related injury surveillance accuracy by using capture–recapture methods, data were culled from law enforcement, emergency departments, emergency medical services, media, and medical examiner records. The data overlap was operationalized using capture–recapture to generate estimates of uncounted gun incidents. Dependencies between data sources were controlled using log-linear modeling for accurate estimates. New Haven, Connecticut. The study population included subjects injuried/killed from a gun projectile. Incidence was measured using capture–recapture. 49 gun injuries occurred within the defined geography. No single source recorded more than 43 gun-related injuries/deaths. Log-linear modeling estimated the actual number of injuries to be 49.1 (95% CI 49–49.9). Capture–recapture may be less useful in large metropolitan areas that cross state geographical boundaries because of how government agency data are aggregated within each state. No single data source achieves complete gun-related case ascertainment. Log-linear and capture–recapture methods significantly improve gun-related injury estimates.
Population structure and clonal prevalence of scleractinian corals (Montipora capitata and Porites compressa) in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu

Abstract As the effects of anthropogenic climate change grow, mass coral bleaching events are expected to increase in severity and extent. Much research has focused on the environmental stressors themselves, symbiotic community compositions, and transcriptomics of the coral host. Globally, fine-scale population structure of corals is understudied. This study reports patterns of population structure and clonal prevalence found in Montipora capitata and Porites compressa in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Generated using ddRAD methods, genetic data reveals different patterns in each taxa despite them being exposed to the same environmental conditions. STRUCTURE and site-level pairwise FST analyses suggest population structure in M. capitata resembling isolation by distance. Mantel tests show strong, significant FST correlations in M. capitata in relation to geographic distance, water residence time, and salinity and temperature variability (range) at different time scales. STRUCTURE did not reveal strong population structure in P. compressa. FST correlation was found in P. compressa in relation to yearly average sea surface height. We also report high prevalence of clonal colonies in P. compressa in outer bay sites exposed to storms and high energy swells. Amongst only outer bay sites, 7 out of 23 sequenced individuals were clones of other colonies. Amongst all 47 sequenced P. compressa individuals, 8 were clones. Only one clone was detected in M. capitata. Moving forward, it is crucial to consider these preexisting patterns relating to genetic diversity when planning and executing conservation and restoration initiatives. Recognizing that there are differences in population structure and diversity between coral taxa, even on such small-scales, is important as it suggests that small-scale reefs must be managed by species rather than by geography.
Ending on a high note: Downstream ORFs enhance mRNA translational output.

Eukaryotic mRNAs were long thought to only translate a single protein product, but it is now recognized that many mRNAs can also encode small open reading frames (ORFs). In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Wu et al characterized small ORFs in the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of human and zebrafish mRNAs and found that many are indeed translated. The peptides encoded by these downstream ORFs (dORFs) are often poorly conserved across evolution, but many dORFs are nonetheless functional, as the act of their translation can promote translation of the canonical ORF.
DeviceAR: techniques for device-oriented augmented reality interactions

We present DeviceAR, a set of techniques to facilitate AR-based interactions with connected devices. These techniques allow HoloLens to discover and establish communication with devices, control them, and seamlessly exchange digital information using holographic interfaces.
Heparin-modified alginate microspheres enhance neovessel formation in hiPSC-derived endothelial cells and heterocellular in vitro models by controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor.

A formidable challenge in regenerative medicine is the development of stable microvascular networks to restore adequate blood flow or to sustain graft viability and long-term function in implanted or ischemic tissues. In this work, we develop a biomimetic approach to increase the binding affinity of the extracellular matrix for the class of heparin-binding growth factors to localize and control the release of proangiogenic cues while maintaining their bioactivity. Sulfate and heparin moieties are covalently coupled to alginate, and alginate microspheres are produced and used as local delivery depots for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Release of VEGF from sulfate-alginate and heparin-alginate bulk hydrogels and microspheres was sustained over 14 days. In vitro evaluation with human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived endothelial cells and aortic ring assay in a chemically defined hydrogel demonstrates development of primitive three-dimensional vessel-like networks in the presence of VEGF released from the chemically modified alginate microspheres. Furthermore, our results suggest that the sulfate groups available on the chemically modified alginate microspheres promote some new vessel formation even in VEGF-free samples. Based on this evidence, we conclude that sulfate- and heparin-alginate hydrogels are adaptive and bioactive delivery systems for revascularization therapy and translational vascular tissue engineering.
A Taxonomy of Critical Dimensions at the Intersection of Learning Analytics and Educational Measurement

From a measurement perspective, a variety of analytic approaches are fast emerging in the data mining and exploratory analytics branches of the field of data sciences. In particular, for learning analytics, more theory is needed showing how the analytical approaches are related to one another and to their respective purposes when measurement is involved. For example, machine learning acting on process data can yield sets of specific patterns as results, but the critical question from a measurement perspective is: What do these results mean and how can they be used successfully in learning analytics? That is, if the goal is to make an inference regarding some underlying variable or set of elements about a student (or a teacher, school, or other agent or program within an educational setting), what claims are being made regarding the evidence and how can learning analytics contribute? In this paper we introduce techniques that move toward theory extensions that need to be developed at the intersection of learning analytics with measurement technology. For elucidating potential theoretical components from a measurement perspective, we draw on a type of case study research in the computer science domain, specifically employing “use cases.” A use case in computer science describes a scenario of use for software. Different use cases can describe different situations in which software may have utility. Like other multi-case designs, use cases can offer a means of exploring relationships and advancing potential theories by comparing similarities and differences among the cases. Here we explore three LA use case examples that differ purposively in critical ways. Examining their similarities and differences highlights potential dimensions that distinguish among emerging LA use cases at the intersection of data science and measurement technology.
Modeling Process and Device Behavior of Josephson Junctions in Superconductor Electronics With TCAD

We report the development of a process/device simulation platform to model superconductor electronics. The process simulator leverages the back-end modeling capabilities of Florida object-oriented process/device/reliability simulator (FLOOXS) and builds on the existing models to simulate processes specific to Josephson junction (JJ) fabrication. The device simulator uses the process generated models and computes the normal-state electrical properties of a Nb/Al-AlO/Nb JJ. It is used to predict key operational figures of merit and how they vary with changes in process models. By integrating the process and device simulation tools, this research aims to offer an environment for the simulation of JJ circuits.
Effects of corn processing and cattle size on total tract digestion and energy and nitrogen balance.

This study used 18 calves (295 ± 29 kg) and 18 yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) fed whole, cracked or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate nutrient digestion and energy balance across different types of processed corn and sizes of cattle. Cattle were fed a diet comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) from whole, cracked or SFC to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements. Subsequently, cattle were placed in individual stanchions and urine and feces was collected together with measures of gas production via indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction of corn processing and cattle size (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) and rumination rate (min/kg DM intake; DMI) was not affected by corn processing or cattle size. Eating rate (min/kg DMI) was faster (P < 0.01) for yearlings compared to calves. Total tract starch digestion was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed cracked (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Dietary digestible energy and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to cracked or whole. A greater proportion of digestible energy was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to cracked and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than cracked. Conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in this study was more closely related to a dynamic model used to estimate metabolizable energy of feeds to dairy cows than to a linear model used to predict metabolizable energy of feeds to beef cattle. If library estimates of net energy for maintenance are correct, then retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar between each type of processed corn; however, retained energy was greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed cracked compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC. Yet, observed amounts of net energy based on measures of retained energy were not different (P ≥ 0.60) between cracked and SFC. Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or cattle size, although cattle fed cracked had numerically greater (P ≤ 035) N retention. These data indicate that physical processing of corn provides greater net energy to cattle in comparison to whole corn.
Chapter 2 - Cellular dissection of zebrafish hematopoiesis

Zebrafish as a model system have been instrumental in understanding early vertebrate development, especially of the hematopoietic system. The external development of zebrafish and their genetic amenability have allowed in-depth studies of multiple blood cell types and their respective genetic regulation. This chapter highlights some new data in zebrafish hematopoiesis regarding primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in the embryonic and adult fish, allowing the isolation of prospective progenitor subsets. It also highlights assays developed to examine the function of these progenitors in vivo and in vitro, allowing an evolutionary understanding of the hematopoietic system and how zebrafish can be better utilized as a model system for a multitude of hematopoietic disorders.
Decision by Sortition: A Means to Reduce Rent-Seeking

This essay gives an overview of how arandomized decision mechanism (sortition)can be expected to reduce the intensity ofself-interested activity by rent-seekingfactions within democracies. The socialcosts of rent-seeking are briefly reviewed.I then make the case that randomization ofcollective decision making proceduresattenuates rent-seeking expenditures. Iillustrate the argument by reference to thehighly contested Presidential election of2000. Finally, I buttress that argument bycomparing plurality voting and sortitionwithin the context of Tullock's Efficient Rent-seeking model (1980).
Causes of Climate. John G. Lockwood; The Atmosphere. Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck; Land in America. Richard N. L. Andrews, Editor

(1980). Causes of Climate. John G. Lockwood; The Atmosphere. Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck; Land in America. Richard N. L. Andrews, Editor. Physical Geography: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 197-200.