cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints On Minimum Velocity Variance For Seismic‐Traveltime Tomography

SUMMARY Traveltime data together with known spacing between sources and receivers for seismic-transmission tomography can be used to determine rigorous constraints on the minimum and maximum wave speeds in the propagating medium. These constraints lead to a new minimum variance criterion on inversion algorithms. These results do not improve the velocity reconstructions directly, but provide rigorous and easily computed figures of merit to help evaluate the difficulty of the reconstruction problem and t he performance of tomographic-inversion codes. Specifically, these criteria may be used during preprocessing to decide whether linear or non-linear traveltime-tomography methods are required for analysing a given data set, or during post-processing to determine whether regularization methods used to constrain the maximum model variance were overly restrictive.
Food allergies: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management.

Reactions to foods are extremely common and the etiology of these reactions determines their correct management. Adverse food reactions are not all allergic. The management of food adverse reactions ranges from complete avoidance of minute amounts of food to ingesting milk after lactase supplementation. It is, therefore, important to accurately classify reactions to foods. Adverse food reactions can be categorized into the 2 following groups: nonimmunologic and immunologic. Immunologic reactions to food are mediated by the immune system, while all other reactions fall into the nonimmunologic category. Nonimmunologic reactions are grouped into either toxic or nontoxic reactions. A toxic reaction results from the pharmacologic actions of a substance within a food. These reactions can occur in anyone who is exposed to the food and do not depend on host factors. These substances may be enzymes or any agent that could cause reactions in the body. Examples of toxic reactions include nausea from bacterial food poisoning, heavy metal poisoning, and itching and flushing from histamine ingestion as seen in scombroid fish poisoning. The consumption of foods containing caffeine, such as coffee or tea, can cause jitteriness. Tyramine in aged cheeses can cause migraine headaches and alcohol ingestion is associated
Trends in PET imaging

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging is a well established method for obtaining information on the status of certain organs within the human body or in animals. This paper presents an overview of recent trends PET instrumentation. Significant effort is being expended to develop new PET detector modules, especially those capable of measuring depth of interaction. This is aided by recent advances in scintillator and pixellated photodetector technology. The other significant area of effort is development of special purpose PET cameras (such as for imaging breast cancer or small animals) or cameras that have the ability to image in more than one modality (such as PET / SPECT or PET / X-Ray CT).
3D depth migration by rotated McClellan filters

The application of McClellan transformations considerably reduces the computational cost of 3D wavefield depth extrapolation by explicit convolutional methods. The accuracy of migration methods based on McClellan transformation depends on how well the transformation filter (cos !;κ!;) is approximated; errors in this approximation cause anisotropy in the extrapolation operator and frequency dispersion in the migrated results. The anisotropy can be greatly reduced by rotating the approximate filter by 45° and averaging the rotated filter with the original filter. The application of the rotated filter yields a migration method that correctly images very steep dips, with little or no additional computational cost. McClellan migration with the improved circular response enhances the imaging of synthetic and real data.
Perception of Purkinje vessel shadows and foveal granular pattern as a measure of potential visual acuity.

Abstract Purpose To compare perception of 2 entoptic phenomena, the Purkinje vessel shadows and the foveal granular pattern, as measures of retinal visual acuity using a transscleral illumination technique that bypasses the anterior segment. Setting Retinal Vascular Center and General Eye Clinic, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Methods Both eyes of 85 patients with clear ocular media, many with retinal disease, were tested for perception of these entoptic phenomena. Also, retinal visual acuity was measured with a Potential Acuity Meter through the current refractive correction. Results Of 114 eyes with retinal acuity of 20/40 or better, 99% perceived the Purkinje vessel shadows and 86% perceived the foveal granular pattern. Of 45 eyes with retinal acuity of 20/80 or worse, 73% perceived the Purkinje vessel shadows and 4% perceived the foveal granular pattern. Conclusion Perception of the Purkinje vessel shadows does not distinguish between good and poor retinal acuity, whereas nonperception of the vessel shadows strongly suggests poor acuity. Perception of the foveal granular pattern, on the other hand, provides a positive indication of good retinal acuity and will likely prove to be predictive of good vision after removal of significant media opacity.
Vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of bis(glycino) complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II)

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of bis(glycino) complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) are reported. In order to aid band assignments, isotope substitutions such as H/D, 14 N/ 15 N, 58 Ni/ 62 Ni and 63 Cu/ 65 Cu have been carried out. Normal coordinate analyses on trans-bis(glycino) complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) have been made based on these data. The results provide definitive band assignments of the metal—nitrogen and metal—oxygen stretching modes which have been controversial.
Driving Actin Dynamics under the Influence of Alcohol

The actin cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in regulating neuronal development and activity, and dysregulation of actin dynamics has been linked to impaired cognitive function. In this issue of Cell, Rothenfluh et al. (2006) and Offenhauser et al. (2006) show that actin dynamics can also affect the cellular and behavioral responses of flies and mice to alcohol.
Larger increases in sensitivity to paracatalytic inactivation than in catalytic competence during experimental evolution of the second beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli.

Second-order rate constants (M-1.s-1) at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 for inactivation of first-generation (ebga and ebgb), second-generation (ebgab and ebgabcd) and third-generation (ebgabcde) experimental evolvants of the title enzyme by 2',4'-dinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-galactopyranoside are 0.042, 0.30, 10, 24 and 57 respectively. Only partial inactivation is observed, except for ebgabcde. At a single high inactivator concentration, inactivation of the wild-type ebgo is also seen. The changes in sensitivity to the paracatalytic inactivator (over a range of 10(3.3)) are larger than changes in kcat/Km for lactose (over a range of 10(2.7)) or nitrophenyl galactosides (over a range of only 10(1.3)), or changes in degalactosylation rate (over a range of 10(1.7)). These data raise the possibility that evolution in the reverse sense, towards insensitivity to a paracatalytic inactivator with a proportionally lower effect on transformation of substrate, may become a mechanism for the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics that act by paracatalytic enzyme inactivation.
A large index of refraction artificial material composed of dumbbell particles

The integration of metallo-dielectric materials into functional devices is a challenging task. By design, these materials have a very large dielectric constant that can potentially be used for miniaturization or other goals. However, by nature, these materials also exhibit diamagnetism, under illumination by an electromagnetic wave. A simple cubic lattice of spheres occupying a large volume fraction, while having a very large dielectric constant, is highly diamagnetic due to circulating surface currents on the metalic-spheres and has a relative permeability near zero [1]. Accordingly, the refractive index of such a material is around n=1.3 which means that its potential for miniaturization from electrical length scaling is limited.
Building better bugs to deliver biologics in intestinal inflammation

containment. Nevertheless, the work of Steidler and others implies that antiinflammatory biologics, at least, might be supplied directly to the intestinal lumen to affect the outcome of IBD if these limitations could be overcome. Indeed, a preliminary clinical trial using this approach in Crohn’s disease has been reported. 6 The intestinal epithelium is also an appealing target for IBD therapy. Although current thinking about IBD pathogenesis implies that intestinal inflammation arises as an inappropriate immune response to the normal commensal microbiota resident in the gut, the epithelium is also a clear target of, and contributor to, perpetuation of the disease state. 78 The intestinal epithelium is a key barrier that limits interactions between the mucosal immune system and the microbiota, as well as itself responding to luminal micro-organisms, when it is injured, with the production of chemokines and other factors that set up a vicious cycle of inflammation. Moreover, whether the epithelial barrier is compromised as a cause or a consequence of intestinal inflammation, there is now considerable evidence to suggest that restoring its barrier properties can interrupt the natural history of experimental intestinal inflammation, and thus serve as a basis for a lasting therapeutic effect in IBD. Among various strategies, the barrier properties of intestinal epithelial cells can be restored and/or augmented by administration of a variety of peptide growth factors, including epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor a, and the keratinocyte growth factors (KGFs). Indeed, high doses of recombinant KGF-2, administered systemically, were shown to be effective in ulcerative colitis in shortterm clinical trials, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and growth hormone have also been shown to exert some therapeutic effects in this setting. 9 Nevertheless, the observations with these growth factors face hurdles in wide-scale translation to therapeutic advances. First, as peptides, they have hitherto required intravenous
Enhancing the performance of medium access control for WLANs with multi-beam access point

Wireless LANs with multi-beam directional antennas have received intensive attention lately due to the potential gain in throughput performance. However, when the multi-beam directional antennas are introduced in this system, the ever popular contention-based medium access control protocol such as IEEE 802.11 MAC is no longer effective, and many challenging problems, such as beam-synchronization problem, beam-overlapping problem, mobility and receiver blocking problem (deafness problem), need to be resolved. In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol to carefully address these problems. In addition to improving communication efficiency, we also consider the backward compatibility in our design, whereby an IEEE 802.11 terminal can transparently access a multi-beam access point. Furthermore, we present an analytical model to evaluate the performance of multi-beam wireless LANs. Extensive simulation studies are used to validate the analytical model and show that our scheme can significantly improve the throughput performance
Plasmonic colorimetry: visual detection of environmentally relevant species

Colorimetric detection of chemical species based on specially tailored noble metal nanoparticles is garnering increasing interest in the scientific community. The aggregation/dispersion of unmodified or ligandfunctionalised plasmonic nanostructures upon binding to an environmental pollutant results in a colorimetric response, which can be easily discerned with the naked eye. This review offers a snapshot of recent advances in this field of plasmonic colorimetry. The identification and detection of anionic, neutral and cationic chemical species among a wide variety of other environmentally significant pollutants remains a particularly important but difficult challenge. The optical transduction of target-ligand interactions at the surface of plasmonic nanostructures via a distinct colour change is very attractive for the development of environmental sensors. Such a litmus test-type colorimetric transduction sensing scheme offers extreme simplicity and excellent robustness for practical applications.
Effect of Priming and Seed Size on Germination and Emergence of Six Food-Type Soybean Varieties

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a good source of protein and oil, is used to produce nutritious isoflavone-rich soybean-based foods. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the germination difference among soybean seeds in various seed sizes and (ii) to evaluate effects of seed pretreatment on germination and seedling emergence. Six varieties of different seed size class were used: (i) small size (MFS-561 and V08-4773), (ii) medium size (Glen and V03-47050), and (iii) large size (MFL-159 and V07-1897). Pregermination treatments include 0, 5, or 10 hours soaking and germinating/planting with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Large seed size varieties showed low germination rate and N addition caused the least reduction in germination in these seeds during the first 24 hours. While N had no effect on seed germination after 72 hours, growth in N treated seed was low. Seedling emergence was comparable across varieties in 2013 and water priming and N application had no effect. However, while varieties did not differ in final emergence for nonprimed seeds in 2014, water priming led to a high reduction in seedling emergence of large seed varieties in this study. Application of N fertilizer had no effect on seedling emergence in field experiments.
Evaluation of Coupled Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Cryogenic Collection-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFE-CC-SFC) for Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

Evaluation de l'interface SFE-CC-SFC avec differentes experiences pour tester son efficacite du point de vue qualitatif et quantitatif. Description de l'analyse d'etalons d'hydrocarbures, de stabilisants d'agent de propulsion et d'additifs de polymere
Amino Acids of Colon and Rectum. Possible Involvement of Diaminopimelic Acid of Intestinal Bacteria in Antigenicity of Ulcerative Colitis Colon.

Summary and ConclusionsIn addition to 15 amino acids identified in normal and in ulcerative colitis colon mucosa, an amino acid, alpha-epsilon diaminopimelic acid, was demonstrated in some samples of ulcerative colitis rectal and colon tissue. This finding may be related to the presence of metabolic products of gram-negative intestinal bacteria. The supernates of disintegrated suspensions of spherophorus necrophorus and lysozyme digests of spherophorus necrophorus or B. proteus contain a component reacting similarly to colon mucosa with ulcerative colitis serum, as demonstrated by positive hemagglutination and agar gel diffusion reactions. Incubation of alpha-epsilon diaminopimelic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid, with pepsin hydrolysates of globulin and colon tissue, yielded complexes also reacting as antigens with ulcerative colitis serum.1. Fifteen amino acids were identified in hydrolysates of normal and ulcerative colitis rectal and colon mucosa and submucosa. 2. Rectal and colon tissue from patient...
SWASH OSCILLATION AND RESULTING SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

A numerical model for predicting the swash oscillation on a beach is described and compared with field data on wave setup and swash statistics on a moderately steep beach with a nearshore bar.
Improving UAV Safety During Piloted Flight Phases by Keeping the Autonomous Controller in the Loop

This paper presents the results of placing an H-infinity controller in the loop with the human pilot of a 33% scale Yak-54 UAV. An H-infinity controller is used because it is already present onboard the aircraft for use by its autonomous flight mode. The goal of the research was to improve the safety of the aircraft above that of the open loop aircraft. However, simulation of the control system with the H-infinity controller in the loop with pilot commands revealed surprising drawbacks. With the controller tuned to provide responses of similar magnitude and mode shape to that of the open loop aircraft, the system experienced a 0.2 to 0.3 second pure delay due to the presence of the H-infinity controller. Analysis shows this delay renders the control system response similar to that of an inebriated pilot. Changing the controller to reduce this delay resulted in exaggerated responses that could send the aircraft into unsafe flight regimes. In either case, the mismatch between pilot inputs and aircraft responses creates a risk of PIO. As a result, the Aerospace Department has decided not to implement this control scheme on a flight test aircraft due to the significant flight risks.
New neuromuscular blocking drugs.

To the Editor: We congratulate Dr. Hunter (June 22 issue)1 on her timely review. It must be emphasized, however, that neuromuscular blocking drugs should be used only by practitioners who are skill...
History of Exchange Rate

In finance, an exchange rate or a foreign exchange rate or a forex rate or an FX rate (i.e., e t ($/€)) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. Exchange rate is the price (value) of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency. The history of money goes back thousands of years. Numismatics is the scientific study of moneys and their history in all their varied forms and functions. Many items have been used as commodity money, such as animals, barley, wine, oil, cowrie shells, beads, and naturally occuring rare precious metals and stones, as well as many other things that be considered as valuable to the average person. Most ancient moneys started to become tokens a long time ago. The word “nomisma”1 (derived from nomos = anything assigned, a usage, a custom, a law, an ordinance), meaning coin, was and still is used by Greeks for “currency” and “money.” Historically, the island of Aegina (Greece) participated in the early days of coinage (silver coins since 670 B.C.), the first money in Europe. Then, coins were minted in Athens, Corinth, Euboea, Syracuse, and in other Greek city-states and their colonies. Hence, objects of gold or silver or copper present many of money’s essential properties. Modern money appeared in paper currency form (banknotes) as early as the Ptolemaic Egypt (first century BC), and in Europe during the fourteenth century AD, and as coins much earlier. The industrial revolution, the independence of European nations, the economic boom, and the increase in trade of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led us to a need for a more formalized system of payments and settling international trade balances.
Electric Bicycle Related Injury and Risk Factors in Hangzhou

In China,there were about 30 million electric bicycles by 2007.The sharp increase of electric bicycles in use led to a rise of related traffic accidents and became an important public health problem.There were about 660000 electric bicycles in Hangzhou city by 2007.The causes of rising electric bicycle usage were complicated.In 2010,the deaths of electric bicycle accidents accounted for 23.39% of all fatalities of traffic accidents in Hangzhou.The leading cause to death was brain injury.These electric bicycle accidents were caused by various factors.After correlation analysis,prevention measures were proposed in this article,such as enhancing traffic management,social publicity of traffic safety(i.e.community education),manufacturers’ technology in safety control,as well as cyclists and pedestrians’ self-protection.The article aims to provide reference for electric bicycle injury prevention and control.
Molecular genetic analysis of Varroa destructor mites in brood, fallen injured mites, and worker bee longevity in honey bees

Two important traits that contribute to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony survival are resistance to varroa and longevity of worker bees. We investigated the relationship between a panel of single nucleotide polymorphism markers and three phenotypic measurements of colonies: (a) percentage of mites in brood (MIB); (b) proportion of fallen injured mites; and (c) longevity of workers. We used single marker analysis to identify genetic intervals that may confer resistance and increased lifespan. One gene related to memory and learning, Ddc was identified for MIB, as was acj6, which functions for olfactory perception. These genes may contribute to elevated levels of mite detection and removal. Three genes were identified with high relevance for mite injury. CYP315A1 and Ptp69D function in motor neuron axon guidance in response to chemical stimuli. RabGAP11 is also involved in sensory function, specifically sensory organ development. Evidence for the longevity quantitative trait locus was also strong and one g...
Disinfection Effect of Medical Institutions in Lulong County of Hebei during 2008-2010

[Objective]To understand the disinfection quality of medical institutions in Lulong county of Hebei,so as to prevent and control the nosocomial infection. [Methods]According to Disinfection technology standard(Ministry of Health) and Hygienic standard for disinfection in hospital(GB 15982-1995),the disinfection effect was tested in medical institutions(including dental clinics) in Lulong county of Hebei. [Results]From 2008 to 2010,a total of 195 medical institutions were tested(61 in 2008,66 in 2009 and 68 in 2010),and the total qualified rate was 94.61%(2 389/2 525).The annual qualified rate of disinfection effect showed an increasing trend,which was 91.28%(723/792),94.04%(805/856) and 98.17%(861/ 877),respectively. [Conclusion]The disinfection quality of medical institutions at different levels in Lulong county was good,but qualified rates of indoor air and object surface were low.It is necessary to strengthen the training of disinfection knowledge among medical staff,improve the management and supervision in medical institutions,enhance the disinfection quality of medical institutions,so as to prevent and control the nosocomial infection.
Terrain analysis in real-time strategy games: an integrated approach to choke point detection and region decomposition

Autonomous agents in real-time strategy (RTS) games lack an integrated framework for reasoning about choke points and regions of open space in their environment. This paper presents an algorithm which partitions the environment into a set of polygonal regions and computes optimal choke points between adjacent regions. This representation can be used as a component for AI agents to reason about terrain, plan multiple routes of attack, and make other tactical decisions. The algorithm is tested on a set of popular maps commonly used in international Starcraft competitions and evaluated against answers made by human participants. The algorithm identified 97% of the choke points that the participants found and also identified a number of bottlenecks that human participants did not recognize as choke points.
A photograph-based measure of students' beliefs about math

While there is some consensus on the importance of students' beliefs about mathematics, it can be difficult to measure those beliefs. Thirty-five sixth-graders and 54 undergraduates completed a photo sort task that required them to make judgments about the extent to which activities depicted in a series of photographs "involved math." Results show the measure had some desirable properties, thus providing a proof of concept for non-verbal, photograph-based measures of students' views of mathematics.
Light amplification and squeezing in coherently pumped atomic systems

Light amplification without population inversion may be induced by optical coherence among the coupled slates driven by laser fields or by the difference between the absorption and emission paths manifested by quantum interference. The optical coherence and quantum interference may lead to interesting statistical properties, such as narrower intrinsic linewidths and amplitude squeezing in inversionless lasers with coherently pumped atomic systems as active media.
Siblings in Child and Adolescent Individual Therapy

Part II examined ways in which clinicians work primarily with parents on creating intimacy between siblings. Part III, on the other hand, details situations where clinicians play a more active role in sibling therapy with children, adolescents, and adults. Chapter 7 identifies two primary situations where a therapist might work directly with child or adolescent siblings to help bring peace to rivaling siblings or to activate a source of compensatory support in cases of trauma (Garcia, Shaw, Winslow, & Yaggi, 2000; Gnaulati, 2002; Schibuk, 1989). Chapter 8 examines how sibling work within a family context can help in the assessment and intervention of overall marital and parental hostility.
Challenges in Managing Information Security in the New Millennium

In the past decade two developments have brought information security management issues to the fore. First has been the increased dependence of organizations on information and communication technologies, not only for key operational purposes but also for gaining strategic advantage. Second, abetted by information and communication technologies, the whole business model for many organizations has been transformed. Whereas in the past companies could rely on confining themselves to a particular geographical area to conduct their business. Today companies are increasingly becoming location independent and are finding themselves to be strategically disadvantaged if they are confined to a particular place. The consequence of advances in information technologies and the changing boundaries of the firm have brought the importance of data and information to the fore. This is because it is information that helps companies realize their objectives and helps managers to take adequate decisions. In the business model of the past, data and information to a large extend was confined to a particular location and it was relatively easy to protect it from falling in the hands of those who should not have it (i.e. maintain confidentiality). Because information was usually processed in a central location, it was also possible to ensure, with a relative degree of certainty, that it’s content and form did not change (i.e. maintain integrity) and ensure that it was readily accessible to authorized personnel (i.e. maintain availability). In fact maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability were the main tenants for managing security. Today because the nature of the organization and scope of information processing has evolved, managing information security is not just restricted to maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability. Perhaps as Dhillon & Backhouse, (2000) point out, the emphasis should be on establishing responsibility, integrity of people, trustworthiness and ethicality.
Expanding the Dimensions of Best Practice in CBL

Four community-based learning projects that differ across time to completion, discipline, and team are examples used in developing a framework of possible project models in which universities can engage with community partners. The case study method contextualizes this framework and produces suggestions for "best practice" when project goals change over time, and new partnerships develop, as project needs and priorities change. Authors discuss the political nature of working with various stakeholders and offer suggestions for successful project completion based on student, faculty, and community partner perspectives. The authors seek to expand the scope of what constitutes best practice in CBL.
Hypertension's 3 Dilemmas and 3 Solutions: Pharmacology of the Kidney in Hypertension.

The Hypertension Community has 3 conflicting dilemmas: a goal systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg or less (the SPRINT Trials), 40% of our 60,000,000 hypertensives still sustain blood pressures above 140/90 mm Hg, and our most potent antihypertensive drug minoxidil sits on the sidelines, imprisoned in the Food and Drug Administration's Black Box designation. My solutions to these dilemmas are: (1) review of the facts of our most potent antihypertensive drug minoxidil which is essentially free of toxicity, (2) treatment focus on the fundamental cause of high blood pressure, that is excess dietary sodium and, (3) prevention of, and/or reversal of, the fundamental mechanism of worsening hypertension, arteriolar hypertrophy. Summary The Hypertension Community has 3 conflicting dilemmas: a goal systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg or less (the SPRINT Trials), 40% of our 60,000,000 hypertensives still sustain blood pressures above 140/90 mm Hg, and our most potent antihypertensive drug minoxidil sits on the sidelines, imprisoned in the Food and Drug Administration's Black Box designation. My solutions to these dilemmas are: (1) review of the facts of our most potent antihypertensive drug minoxidil which is essentially free of toxicity, (2) treatment focus on the fundamental cause of high blood pressure (HBP) and excess dietary sodium and, (3) prevention of, and/or reversal of, the fundamental mechanism of worsening hypertension, arteriolar hypertrophy. My focus at UT Southwestern in Dallas was on extremely severely hypertensive patients with a quantifiable, measurable complication of HBP, progression of nephrosclerotic damage to kidneys. This model had the greatest likelihood of exposing fundamental disregulatory mechanisms in hypertensive patients (which it did) and the potential for study of the most relevant antihypertensive drug interactions to achieve optimal blood pressure control (which it did). By maintaining diastolic pressures at 80 mm Hg or less in the first National Institutes of Health-supported, long-term randomized clinical trial to save the kidneys, the bases for a fundamental blood pressure support mechanism (arteriolar hypertrophy) was illuminated but not fully described until now. This fundamental hypertensinogenic mechanism results from HBP but with time and severity, becomes its own raison d'etre. I am now aged 84 years. As a result of a stroke 20 years ago, which caused permanent double vision, and because of poor blood pressure control with triple therapy, I started using minoxidil 5 mg/d along with atenolol and occasional furosemide. Now, along with some dietary salt restriction, my resting blood pressure is 110/65-125/75 and, despite >30 years history of HBP, I have no retinal arteriolar hypertrophy nor arcus senilis (Dr. Schwartz-U. of Miami) which is almost universally present at this age. Yes, prevention of, or reversal of, arteriolar hypertrophy should be a central focus of HBP treatment. I simply wish to share a bit of accumulated wisdom that might be of use to others.
Dissolution of the chrysotile structure in nitric-acid solutions at different pH

The nitric-acid dissolution of chrysotile was investigated with the aim of revealing the effect of pH on its structure. Chrysotile becomes more soluble at lower pH, with the octahedral, brucite sheet more readily dissolved than the tetrahedral sheet. The dissolution of the brucite sheet increases the pH of the solvent, because of the release of OH − groups along with the Mg 2+ ions. At pH 2.00, the characteristic cylindrical fibre bundle structure of chrysotile is retained after dissolution, although the outside surface of each fibre becomes rough. Chrysotile remains fibrous upon dissolution at pH 1.08, but the fibres are no longer crystalline and their cylindrical structure collapses. The nitric-acid treatments result in an increase in both the specific surface area and the pore volume of chrysotile.
Metabolomic changes demonstrate reduced bioavailability of tyrosine and altered metabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway with ingestion of medical foods in phenylketonuria.

Abstract Background Deficiencies of the monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine synthesized from Tyr and serotonin synthesized from Trp, are of concern in PKU. Our objective was to utilize metabolomics analysis to assess monoamine metabolites in subjects with PKU consuming amino acid medical foods (AA-MF) and glycomacropeptide medical foods (GMP-MF). Methods Subjects with PKU consumed a low-Phe diet combined with AA-MF or GMP-MF for 3 weeks each in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Metabolomic analysis was conducted by Metabolon, Inc. on plasma (n = 18) and urine (n = 9) samples. Catecholamines and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were measured in 24-h urine samples. Results Intake of Tyr and Trp was ~ 50% higher with AA-MF, and AA-MF were consumed in larger quantities, less frequently during the day compared with GMP-MF. Performance on neuropsychological tests and concentrations of neurotransmitters derived from Tyr and Trp were not significantly different with AA-MF or GMP-MF. Plasma serotonin levels of gut origin were higher in subjects with variant compared with classical PKU, and with GMP-MF compared with AA-MF in subjects with variant PKU. Metabolomics analysis identified higher levels of microbiome-derived compounds synthesized from Tyr, such as phenol sulfate, and higher levels of compounds synthesized from Trp in the kynurenine pathway, such as quinolinic acid, with ingestion of AA-MF compared with GMP-MF. Conclusions The Tyr from AA-MF is less bioavailable due, in part, to greater degradation by intestinal microbes compared with the Tyr from prebiotic GMP-MF. Research is needed to understand how metabolism of Trp via the kynurenine pathway and changes in the intestinal microbiota affect health for individuals with PKU. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01428258 .
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare disorder. We present here a case of SCCP exhibiting multiple unique clinical findings, demonstrating the variability of SCCP at presentation.
Preschoolers’ Visual Attention during Electronic Storybook Reading as Related to Different Types of Textual Supports

Preschoolers’ (n = 32) attention to print and pictures was documented during an electronic storybook reading session. Children (M = 51.06 months; SD = 7.34 months) looked at a 12-page book that contained three types of pages, each of which was presented four times over the course of the book: (1) silent presentation of print, (2) print that was read aloud, and (3) print that was both read aloud and highlighted. Our research objectives were to analyze whether the way in which print was presented related to the ways in which children attended to print and pictures during the reading session. Gaze fixation duration to print and pictures was assessed using a Tobii X2-60 portable eye tracking unit, which captured corneal reflection data for each child. Children’s total fixation duration to print was greatest when print was read aloud and highlighted as compared to when it was presented silently or read aloud. In addition, children looked at print more when it was displayed silently than when the computer read the story to children, although this difference was much smaller in magnitude. Children attended to pictures more than print across pages, but this difference was most notable when the story was read aloud. Results demonstrate the potential utility of nonverbal print referencing strategies during book reading.
Theory and Application of the Relationship Between Steady-State Isotope Effects on Enzyme Intermediate Concentrations and Net Rate Constants

Steady-state kinetic isotope effects on enzyme-catalyzed reactions are often interpreted in terms of the microscopic rate constants associated with the elementary reactions of interest. Unfortunately, this approach can lead to confusion, especially when more than one elementary reaction is isotopically sensitive, because it forces one to consider the full catalytic cycle one step at a time rather than as a complete whole. Herein we argue that shifting focus from intrinsic effects to net rate constants and enzyme intermediate concentrations provides a more natural and holistic interpretation by which the effects of partial rate limitation are more easily understood. In doing so, we demonstrate how the experimental determination of isotope effects on enzyme intermediate concentrations allows a direct determination of isotope effects on net rate constants. The chapter is divided into three main sections. The first outlines the basic theory and its interpretation. The second discusses an application of the theory in the study of the radical SAM enzyme DesII. The final section then provides the complete mathematical treatment.
Theory of outflows

Following a brief review of the current observational picture of outflows from low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects, various theoretical model ingredients are discussed, focusing on a scenario in which the outflows correspond to centrifugally driven winds from magnetized accretion disks. Among the topics considered are the wind kinematics and dynamics, the outflow thermal and ionization structure, and nonsteady ejection. Particular attention is paid to some of the outstanding questions in both theory and observations.
Bulk-Density Representations of Branched Planar Ice Crystals: Errors in the Polarimetric Radar Variables

AbstractRecent interest in interpreting polarimetric radar observations of ice and evaluating microphysical model output with these observations has highlighted the importance of accurately computing the scattering of microwave radiation by branched planar ice crystals. These particles are often represented as spheroids with uniform bulk density, reduced from that of solid ice to account for the complex, non-uniform structure of natural branched crystals. In this study, we examine the potential errors that arise from this assumption by comparing scattering calculations of branched planar crystals with those of homogeneous, reduced-density plate crystals and spheroids with the same mass, aspect ratio, and maximum dimension. Our results show that this assumption leads to significant errors in backscatter cross-sections at horizontal and vertical polarization, specific differential phase (KDP), and differential reflectivity (ZDR), with the largest ZDR errors for ice crystals with the most extreme aspect rati...
Predictive and mechanistic multivariate linear regression models for reaction development

Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) models utilizing computationally-derived and empirically-derived physical organic molecular descriptors are described in this review. Several reports demonstrating the effectiveness of this methodological approach towards reaction optimization and mechanistic interrogation are discussed. A detailed protocol to access quantitative and predictive MLR models is provided as a guide for model development and parameter analysis.
A violência institucionalizada pela indústria cultural: debates educativos

As obras cinematograficas nos oferecem rica materia-prima para novos entendimentos de mundo, de cultura e de linguagens que podem ser reconstruidos em diferentes contextos, bem como lancam questoes sensiveis e ambiguas, que surgem como inquietacoes para aprender a pensar sobre a violencia institucionalizada. Por meio de uma abordagem hermeneutica, interpretamos e compreendemos a serie Game of Thrones como uma possibilidade de estabelecer um contraponto as complexas dinâmicas da violencia fisica na arena social, pois ha questoes tecnicas vinculadas ao mercado subjacentes ao filme que nos provocam reflexoes sobre os problemas pungentes na vida contemporânea. A educacao, nesse sentido, possui uma dimensao politica de desafiar com a propria obra cinematografica os padroes instituidos, viabilizando novos debates a reeducacao dos modos de agir massificados e violentos, a fim de respeitar e valorizar as diferencas socioculturais. Somente por um caminho de infindavel reconciliacao com o outro em suas diferencas e conflitos sociais poderemos superar o sentimento individualista diante da violencia e das permanentes relacoes controversas e conflitos que nos assolam. Os resultados indicam que e preciso levar em consideracao a forma institucionalizada em que a educacao se concretiza como apropriacao de conhecimentos da industria cultural, para superar as obviedades e banalidades do mundo e instaurar dialogos educativos menos opressores, apassivadores e conformistas, articulando projetos sociais contra a reincidencia ou perpetuacao das violencias comercializadas e outros tipos de barbarie na escola.
Interferon Antagonists of Influenza Viruses

Although our understanding on how influenza and Thogoto viruses inhibit the IFN response has greatly increased in the last years, there are still many interesting unanswered questions in this field. It will be important to determine the precise mechanisms of action of the NS1 and ML proteins of these viruses, as well as their contribution to host and tissue tropism and to virulence. Research in this area also requires a better knowledge on the cell processes that result in activation of the IFN system and in the induction of the IFN-mediated antiviral state. In addition, development of vaccines and antivirals against influenza virus might be possible by targeting the NS1 protein. If successful, these approaches would also represent a proof-of-concept that can be applied to many other viruses known to contain IFN antagonist genes.
A scalable, flow-and-context-sensitive taint analysis of android applications

Abstract This paper focuses on scalable static analysis techniques for finding information leaks in Android apps. Finding such leaks scalably is challenging because Android apps have on average over 100 invocations of sensitive APIs, yielding a massive multi-source taint analysis problem. We present the design of STAR, a context-sensitive and flow-sensitive multi-source taint analysis aimed at tackling this problem. STAR incorporates two main ideas to achieve high performance and scalability. The first is a novel summarization technique we refer to as symbolic summarization, which is crucial for the analysis to scale well with the number of source APIs. The second is a combination of techniques aimed at efficient propagation of abstract states both within and across method boundaries. Our experiments over a dataset composed of 400,000 apps show that the proposed techniques improve performance over an IFDS-style analysis by a factor of 30 on average, and by up to four orders of magnitude on large apps.
FRI0501 Negative temporal artery biopsies: comparison between biopsy-negative gca and non-gca patients

Background Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) plays a key role in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, approximately 15%–20% of patients ultimately diagnosed with GCA have negative biopsies. Among patients with negative TAB, it is often challenging to identify patients with GCA from those with an alternate (non-GCA) diagnosis. Objectives To compare TAB-negative GCA with patients receiving a non-GCA alternate diagnosis. Methods Two cohorts were retrospectively identified through direct medical record review. The first cohort consisted of patients with TAB-negative GCA diagnosed between 1/1/1998 and 12/31/2013. The second cohort included all patients with a negative TAB performed between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2010 in which a non-GCA alternate diagnosis was provided after a minimum of 6 months of follow up. Final diagnoses were confirmed by consensus among two rheumatologists and a physician abstractor. Baseline characteristics were compared between the two cohorts using chi-square and rank sum tests. Results 110 patients with TAB-negative GCA and 195 non-GCA patients with a negative TAB were identified. Alternate diagnoses for non-GCA patients are listed in table 1. Age, sex, number of days on glucocorticoids prior to biopsy, and biopsy length were similar in both groups. Time from first symptom to diagnosis was longer in non-GCA patients [mean (SD); 2.6 (2.5) vs 1.5 (2.1) months; p Conclusions In this cohort, neither headache nor vision loss at presentation were associated with an ability to discriminate between diagnosis of TAB-negative GCA compared to patients without GCA. ACR criteria may be helpful in identifying patients with TAB-negative GCA. Among patients with negative TAB, constitutional symptoms and claudication (jaw/limb) were more frequently associated with an ultimate diagnosis of TAB-negative GCA. Disclosure of Interest None declared
LOCAL AND GLOBAL CHROMATIN INTERACTIONS ARE ALTERED BY LARGE GENOMIC DELETIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

Background Large Copy Number Variants (CNVs) in the human genome are strongly associated with common neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. However, given that these large CNVs each affect many genes directly and an often even larger number of genes indirectly, understanding the molecular mechanisms that connect these loci with the clinical phenotypes is a considerable challenge. Methods Using Hi-C for the genome-wide analysis of long-range chromosome interactions and ChIP-Seq for the analysis of regulatory histone marks we studied the epigenomic effects of the prominent large deletion CNV on chromosome 22q11.2, in a cohort of Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs), and also replicated a subset of the findings in LCLs with the common large deletion CNV on chromosome 1q21.1. Results We found that, in addition to local and global gene expression changes, there are pronounced and multilayered effects on chromatin states, chromosome folding and topological domains of the chromatin that emanate from the large CNV locus. Regulatory histone marks are altered in the deletion proximal regions, and in opposing directions for activating and repressing marks. There are also significant changes of histone marks elsewhere along chromosome 22q and genome wide. Chromosome interaction patterns are weakened within the deletion boundaries and strengthened between the deletion proximal regions. We detected a change in the manner in which chromosome 22q folds onto itself, namely by increasing the long-range contacts between the telomeric end and the deletion proximal region. Further, the large CNV affects the topological domain that is spanning its genomic region. Finally, there is a widespread and complex effect on chromosome interactions genome-wide, i.e. involving all other autosomes, with some of the effect directly tied to the deletion region on 22q11.2. Discussion These findings outline novel principles of how such large genomic deletions can alter nuclear organization and affect genomic molecular activity. Our work demonstrates that there are molecular mechanisms other than the gene expression changes that result from the alteration of the copy number of a given gene, that should be taken into account when studying this problem. Multiple molecular levels of control should be assayed and analyzed in an integrated fashion when studying this essential phenomenon of human genome biology and pathophysiology.
ABET Won't Let Us Do That!.

While occupying various academic leadership positions, we repeatedly encounter the use of ABET accreditation to influence decision making around engineering curricula. For instance, ABET criteria a...