cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimal Coding, Iterative Prototyping, and Playtesting: A Novice Design Thinking Approach to Gamifying the User Experience

This case study details the methodologies we used to create a gamified library orientation experience through an iterative design process involving the phases of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. For libraries with staff skilled in basic HTML and graphic design, gamified experiences are possible when they approach them with a design-thinking mindset. In designing the gamified orientation experience, we used a minimal amount of coding and conducted usability testing with playtesters prior to launch. We describe a sequence of issues we encountered during playtests, and we discuss remedies we took to balance storyline, content, educational objectives, and gameplay.
Older adults generalize their movements across walking contexts more than young during gradual and abrupt split-belt walking

Generalization of movements from experienced to novel situations is a critical aspect of motor learning. It has been demonstrated that the training period when a movement is learned influences the movement9s generalization to untrained situations. However, little is known about how healthy aging affects these processes. For example, young adults exhibit greater generalization of movements learned on a device (e.g. split-belt treadmill or robotic arm) to movements without it (e.g, overground walking or unconstrained reaching) when participants experience small vs. large perturbations on the training device. Here, we investigated whether a similar effect would be observed in older adults. To this end, we compared the generalization of split-belt adaptation to overground walking in older (75.9 +/- 4.8 years old) and young adults (24.7 +/- 5.9 years old) when adapted gradually (i.e., small perturbations) vs. abruptly (i.e., large perturbations). We found that both age groups adapted more to the abrupt condition compared to the gradual condition, which resulted in greater adaptation effects (i.e., aftereffects) on the treadmill in the abrupt than the gradual groups. We also found that older adults generalize more than young adults, regardless of the perturbation schedule (i.e., gradual or abrupt). Our results suggest that abrupt perturbations during adaptation do not limit the generalization of movement in older adults -perhaps because they are more likely to attribute them to their own faulty movements. These results suggest that large perturbations are better than small when training older clinical populations since abrupt disturbances would lead to more adaptation and generalization of corrected movements in older people.
Social Media Expression and User Predispositions: Applying the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model to the Study of Issue Polarization:

The ability of social media users to express themselves online should be influential for opinion formation, including potential polarization. Still, little is known about how expression interacts w...
The synthesis and use of γ-chloro-enamides for the subsequent construction of novel enamide-containing small molecules

Abstract Enamides are a unique structural moiety in organic chemistry, present in numerous natural products and countless synthetic derivatives. In this report, we wish to disclose our recent work on the development of a novel, metal-free method to access trans-γ-chloro-enamides from the union of acrolein with secondary amides under mildly dehydrative conditions. Subsequent SN2 displacement of the primary alkyl chloride with a variety of nucleophiles allowed access to a number of trans-γ-functionalized-enamides. In addition to a concise substrate study, two of these derivatives were further reacted to form novel triazole products, as well as di- and trienamide-containing materials.
Chapter 8 Ras: Processor of vital signals

Summary The pivotal role of Ras as a transducer of vital signals is well established. As such, aberrant Ras signaling is associated with cancer, neurofibromatosis, and Alzheimer's disease. This realization could make detection of mutated ras a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool. Exploiting the biochemical properties of Ras has made interfering with Ras activity a potential clinical option and dissection of the relative contribution of each signaling pathway emanating from Ras will certainly provide additional targets for clinical intervention.
Temporary Movements In Stock Prices

Mean reversion in stock prices is stronger than commonly believed. I show that 1-, 3-, and 5-year returns are negatively related to future returns over the subsequent 12 to 18 months. Reversals in 1- year returns are the most reliable, with strong significance in both the full 1926 - 1998 sample and the more recent 1946 - 1998 period. The reversals are also economically significant. The full-sample evidence suggests that 25% to 45% of annual returns are temporary, reversing within 18 months. The percentage drops to between 20% and 30% after 1945. Mean reversion appears strongest in larger stocks and can take several months to show up in prices.
Structural elucidation of diglycosyl diacylglycerol and monoglycosyl diacylglycerol from Streptococcus pneumoniae by multiple-stage linear ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

The cell wall of the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae contains glucopyranosyl diacylglycerol (GlcDAG) and galactoglucopyranosyldiacylglycerol (GalGlcDAG). The specific GlcDAG consisting of vaccenic acid substituent at sn-2 was recently identified as another glycolipid antigen family recognized by invariant natural killer T-cells. Here, we describe a linear ion-trap multiple-stage (MSn) mass spectrometric approach towards structural analysis of GalGlcDAG and GlcDAG. Structural information derived from MSn (n = 2, 3) on the [M + Li]+ adduct ions desorbed by electrospray ionization affords identification of the fatty acid substituents, assignment of the fatty acyl groups on the glycerol backbone, as well as the location of double bond along the fatty acyl chain. The identification of the fatty acyl groups and determination of their regio-specificity were confirmed by MSn (n = 2, 3) on the [M + NH4]+ ions. We establish the structures of GalGlcDAG and GlcDAG isolated from S. pneumoniae, in which the major species consists of a 16:1- or 18:1-fatty acid substituent mainly at sn-2, and the double bond of the fatty acid is located at ω-7 (n-7). More than one isomers were found for each mass in the family. This mass spectrometric approach provides a simple method to achieve structure identification of this important lipid family that would be very difficult to define using the traditional method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic Studies on the Destructive Action of Oxygen on Lyophilized Serratia marcescens

Abstract Dried Serratia marcescens (ATTC strain 14041) cells were exposed to various partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen. The colony-forming ability of the organisms was rapidly destroyed during exposure to oxygen but was unimpaired by exposure to purified nitrogen. The degree of inactivation depended upon temperature, time, and the partial pressure of oxygen, regardless of whether pure oxygen or dry air was used. The inactivation by oxygen followed the expression -1nN/N0 = k[O2]1/3t1/2, where N0 and N are the number of viable organisms before and after exposure respectively, [O2] is oxygen concentration, t is time, and k is the rate constant. At 25 C, k was 276 ± 36 moles-1/3 cc1/2 hr-1/3 for oxygen pressures between 5.5 and 258 torr. In the temperature range between -78 and 40 C, the rate constant may be expressed as k = 105.95±04.2 exp[(-430 ± 26) cal/RT] moles-1/3 cc1/3 hr-1/2.
Algorithm and Feature Selection for VegOut: A Vegetation Condition Prediction Tool

The goal of the VegOut tool is to provide accurate early warning drought prediction. VegOut integrates climate, oceanic, and satellite-based vegetation indicators to identify historical patterns between drought and vegetation conditions indices and predict future vegetation conditions based on these patterns at multiple time steps (2, 4 and 6-week outlooks). This paper evaluates different sets of data mining techniques and various climatic indices for providing the improved prediction accuracy to the VegOut tool.
Economic and Fiscal Governance: The Hardening of European Soft Law

The European Union’s new architecture of fiscal and economic governance can be difficult to understand. How do two legislative packages, a treaty, a strategy and a “European Semester” interact to shape member state policies? This paper argues, on the basis of a review and presentation of the new fiscal governance architecture, that what we see is a hardening of European soft law. The new European Union fiscal governance involves both tougher and more automatic sanctions for states that violate the Stability and Growth Pact, and an expansion of mechanisms of surveillance and Commission involvement in member state economic and fiscal planning. The result is planned to combine the information and constant surveillance of soft law with the judicial enforceability and tough sanctions of hard law.
Locomotion and Task Demands Differentially Modulate Thalamic Audiovisual Processing during Active Search.

Summary Active search is a ubiquitous goal-driven behavior wherein organisms purposefully investigate the sensory environment to locate a target object. During active search, brain circuits analyze a stream of sensory information from the external environment, adjusting for internal signals related to self-generated movement or "top-down" weighting of anticipated target and distractor properties. Sensory responses in the cortex can be modulated by internal state [1–9], though the extent and form of modulation arising in the cortex de novo versus an inheritance from subcortical stations is not clear [4, 8–12]. We addressed this question by simultaneously recording from auditory and visual regions of the thalamus (MG and LG, respectively) while mice used dynamic auditory or visual feedback to search for a hidden target within an annular track. Locomotion was associated with strongly suppressed responses and reduced decoding accuracy in MG but a subtle increase in LG spiking. Because stimuli in one modality provided critical information about target location while the other served as a distractor, we could also estimate the importance of task relevance in both thalamic subdivisions. In contrast to the effects of locomotion, we found that LG responses were reduced overall yet decoded stimuli more accurately when vision was behaviorally relevant, whereas task relevance had little effect on MG responses. This double dissociation between the influences of task relevance and movement in MG and LG highlights a role for extrasensory modulation in the thalamus but also suggests key differences in the organization of modulatory circuitry between the auditory and visual pathways.
Kinetics of Movement in Narrow Channels

Publisher Summary The “narrow” in refers to the condition in which the diameter of the channel is so small that the molecules or ions in the channel are not able to pass around each other. The no-pass condition gives rise to two different sets of special effects in narrow channels. First, it provides a physical and mathematical constraint that allows the derivation of some general “thermodynamic” type of relations. The three most important relations discussed in this chapter are relation between the flux ratio, the number of ions in the channel, and the dependence of the streaming potential and of the ratio of the osmotic to diffusive water permeability on the number of water molecules in the channel. The second set of results is concerned with the implications of the no-pass condition for the general kinetic description of transport in narrow channels. Two examples discussed in the chapter are the possibilities (1) that the local mobility of an ion may depend primarily on the mobility of the chain of water molecules in the channel that it must push, rather than on its own ion-wall interaction, and (2) that one ion cannot move in the channel without displacing all other channel ions.
Evaluation of techniques for recognition of ventricular arrhythmias by implanted devices

Three methods of electrogram analysis have been investigated: rate, irregularity, and amplitude distribution. In 35 episodes in 19 patients, these three algorithms were applied to 15 s recorded passages of ventricular electrograms during supraventricular tachycardia (N=11), ventricular tachycardia (N=11), and ventricular fibrillation (N=13). Each was individually paired with a recording of sinus rhythm from the same patient. Each algorithm was successful at distinguishing the tachyarrhythmias from sinus rhythm at one or more levels of algorithm parameterization. Rate alone discriminated supraventricular tachycardia from ventricular fibrillation but did not distinguish between supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. Rate combined with irregularity distinguished between ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, but did not discriminate between ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia. It is concluded that algorithms based on rate, irregularity, and amplitude distribution analysis of ventricular electrograms may distinguish sinus rhythm from tachyarrhythmias, but may not distinguish among tachyarrhythmias. >
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare auto-inflammatory condition that primarily affects children and adolescents. It presents with recurrent episodes of pain related to the presence of foci of sterile bone inflammation. The long bones of the lower extremities are more frequently affected and the spine can also be involved. Imaging studies, including whole-body magnetic resonance, are important for diagnosis and detection of asymptomatic lesions. Bone biopsies may be necessary to exclude other diseases, including malignancy and infections. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause relief of symptoms in the majority of cases. Bisphosphonates and TNF-α blockers are alternatives for patients who do not respond or who have spinal involvement.
The Formation of Sunlike Stars

Understanding how stars like the sun formed constitutes one of the principal challenges confronting modern astrophysics. In recent years, advances in observational technology, particularly at infrared and millimeter wavelengths, have produced an avalanche of critical data and unexpected discoveries about the process of star formation, which is blocked from external view at optical and shorter wavelengths by an obscuring blanket of interstellar dust. Fueled by this new knowledge, a comprehensive empirical picture of stellar genesis is beginning to emerge, laying the foundations for a coherent theory of the birth of sunlike stars.
The Scales of Hail

Abstract The first climatic investigations of hail in North America were by Lemons and Flora during the 1940's. These were followed by more intensive, state-scale climatic investigations in the 1960's to meet insurance concerns. Subsequent concerns with hail by the aviation industry and the weather modification community led to the first collection of mesoscale hail data from dense networks and radar studies during the 1960's and 1970's. This paper is a review of available hail information presented in a series of time and space scales. Although the North American hail data and information are less than adequate, there is much more hail information than exists elsewhere in the world. Very extensive findings on hail are available for Alberta, Illinois and Colorado. Phenomenologically oriented studies have focused on hailstones, point hailfalls, hailstreaks, hailstorm, hailswaths and hail days over various sized areas. Results for each of these classifications are presented according to studies that focused...
Peptic hydrolysis of ovalbumin modified by acetylation.

Abstract 1. 1. Two types of acetylated ovalbumin derivatives designated as N-and N,O-acetylovalbumin were prepared by treatment with ketene at pH's 5.6 and 9.0, respectively. 2. 2. Both limited and extensive acetylation decreases the digestibility of ovalbumin by crystalline pepsin. 3. 3. The limited digestion of the N,O-acetylovalbumin may be attributed to three influences: the acetyl groups on the seven amino groups unsubstituted in the N-acetyl derivative, those on the tyrosyl residues, and those in unidentified positions, rather than to any one of these. 4. 4. The results are in agreement with the view that pepsin is of broad specificity toward protein substrates.
Effects of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program on Multiple Risk Behaviors and Psychosocial Outcomes Among Women at Risk for Heart Disease

Background: The Mediterranean Lifestyle Program was evaluated for its effects on multiple behavioral risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) among postmenopausal women with diabetes.Purpose: Our purpose is to test a comprehensive lifestyle management intervention to reduce CHD risk in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.Methods: Participants (N = 279) were randomized to usual care (UC) or Mediterranean Lifestyle Program, a lifestyle change intervention aimed at the behavioral risk factors (eating patterns, physical activity, stress management, and social support) affecting risk for CHD in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.Results: In original and intent-to-treat analyses, Mediterranean Lifestyle Program participants showed significantly greater improvement in dietary behaviors, physical activity, stress management, perceived support, and weight loss at 6 months compared to UC.Conclusions: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program in improving self-care among women with type 2 diabetes, showed that postmenopausal women could make comprehensive lifestyle changes, and provided evidence that a program using social-cognitive strategies and peer support can be used to modify multiple lifestyle behaviors.
Respiratory electron transport system activity during larval development of lytechinus variegatus lamarck (echinodermata: echinoidea)

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of energy metabolism increased throughout the larval development of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Respiratory electron transport system activity was 2.51 μg—at 0 hr −1 mg protein −1 in the blastula and 4.01 μg—at 0 hr −1 mg protein −1 in the feeding pluteus. 2. 2. Larval protein content increased during this period. 3. 3. The increase in organismal metabolic rate was the result of increased protein-specific ETS activity (probably associated with mitochondrial population increase) and larval growth.
The fragile X(q27) form of X‐linked mental retardation: FUdR as an inducing agent for fra(X)(q27) expression in lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and amniocytes

The effect of FUdR on the expression of fra(X)(q27) was examined in lymphocytes and/or fibroblasts from 16 affected males and 5 carriers from 10 families; six different culture media were used: F10, 5% serum, pH 7.3(37 degrees C); medium 199, 5% serum, pH 7.6(37 degrees C); folate-free 199, 5% serum, pH 7.6(37 degrees C), and these three media with FUdR (0.05 micron). In lymphocytes there was no significant difference in the percentage of fra(X) expressing cells between any of the FUdR-containing media. The highest percentage of expressing cells seen in lymphocytes with FUdR was 56%. The average enhancement in males with FUdR in the 199 and folate-free 199 media was 30%. This relative enhancement with FUdR was very much higher in a few blood specimens delayed in transit and FUdR may prevent some of the false-negative results obtained from mailed specimens. FUdR did not induce the marker in four obligate carriers with previously negative results. The fibroblasts from affected males were grown in the six specific media for the last 48 hr. Two of the six media yielded reproducibly positive results. These were 199-FUdR and folate-free 199-FUdR with mean percentages of expressing cells of 12.8 +/- 7.1% and 11.3 +/- 6.1%, respectively. F10-FUdR, which contains thymidine, did not permit expression of the marker in fibroblasts and there was no difference in the percentage of fra(X) expression in 199-FUdR media with or without folate. It was concluded that FUdR shows promise as an agent to permit prenatal diagnosis of the condition and to enhance the detection of the marker in lymphocyte cultures.
Generalized Ellipsometric Method for the Absorbing Substrate Covered with a Transparent-Film System. Optical Constants of Silicon at 3655 A

A new generalized method of determining all optical parameters of the system of an optically absorbing substrate covered by a transparent film is described. This is based on the successful numerical inversion of Drude’s exact ellipsometric equation. The input data of Δ and ψ can be obtained either by the use of different film thicknesses or of one film but with different ambients or multiple angles of incidence, or by any combination of these measurements. The method has been applied to the case of silicon for 3655 A and the optical constants (n2–ik2) of silicon were found to be n2 = 6.66±0.02 and k2 = 2.22±0.04.
Atmospheric chemistry of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane

Abstract A one-dimensional eddy diffusion model was used to investigate the fate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (F-134a) in the atmosphere. The substitution of F-134a for F-12 (CF 2 Cl 2 ) used in mobile air conditioning applications would eliminate the possibility of chlorine-related stratospheric ozone depletion from those applications and would introduce no more, and probably less, hydrogen fluoride (HF) into the stratosphere than the continued use of F-12. Such a substitution would only be possible if a commercial process is developed which can produce F-134a in suitable quantities.
CO2-enhanced transport of small molecules in thin films: A fluorescence study

Steady-state fluorescence measurements have been used to measure the rate of transport of a fluorescent probe (pyrene) out of ca. 250 nm thick films of polystyrene in contact with CO2(sc) at pressures in the range 35−110 bar (estimated CO2 content in the film up to 0.11 weight fraction) and several temperatures (35, 40, 50, and 60 °C). At constant temperature, the estimated pyrene diffusion coefficient increases by approximately 4 orders of magnitude from the lowest to the highest CO2 content (e.g., from ca. 10-14 cm2/s for ca. 0.04 CO2 weight fraction to ca. 10-10 cm2/s for ca. 0.11 CO2 weight fraction at 60 °C). We estimate the glass transition pressure at a given temperature (Pg(T)) in two ways: (1) from the inflection point of the log D vs P(CO2) plot, (2) matching log D at a given temperature and P(CO2) to the value obtained for an unswollen film at Tg (D is measured by the rate of loss of the probe into a vacuum).
High-Resolution Density Gradient Sedimentation Analysis

The principle of stability for a sample layered in a density-gradient liquid column is discussed, and a method for separating ribonucleoprotein particles by means of sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge is described.
Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift

There is widespread agreement in the natural sciences that observed increases in average global temperatures over the past century are due in large part to the anthropogenic (human generated) emission of greenhouse gases, primarily stemming from fossil fuel combustion and land use changes (e.g., deforestation). Many social processes have been identified for their contribution to climate change. However, few theoretical approaches have been used to study systematically the relations of the social with the biosphere. Our goal is to illustrate how the theory of metabolic rift provides a powerful approach for understanding human influence on the carbon cycle and global climate change. We extend the discussions of metabolism (the relationship of exchange between nature and humans) and metabolic rift to the biosphere in general and to the carbon cycle in particular. We situate our discussion of the metabolic rift in the historical context of an expanding, global capitalist system that largely influences the organization of human interactions with the environment. The general properties of a metabolic rift between nature and society include the disruption or interruption of natural processes and cycles, the accumulation of waste, and environmental degradation. Due to capitalism's inherent expansionary tendencies, technological development serves to escalate commodity production, which necessitates the burning of fossil fuels to power the machinery of production. As this process unfolded historically, it served to flood carbon sinks and generate an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Technological “improvements” have actually increased the amount of resources used, since expansion in production typically outstrips gains in efficiency – a situation known as the Jevons paradox. The theory of the metabolic rift reveals how capital contributes to the systematic degradation of the biosphere.
The Role of Ashed Bone in Hard Tissue Implants

A novel composite consisting of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, UHMWPE, and ashed bone has been evaluated for human implant applications. The structure and mechanical properties of this composite have been studied using x-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic torsion tests. Dynamic properties of the composite and its role in the enhancement of bone ingrowth and damping of vibrations at bone-implant interface are discussed. The new composite offers a novel technique that can provide the desired biological and mechanical fixation in a total hip surgery.
Periphyton light transmission relationships in Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, USA

Abstract Light transmission was measured through intact, submerged periphyton communities on artificial seagrass leaves. The periphyton communities were representative of the communities on Thalassia testudinum in subtropical seagrass meadows. The periphyton communities sampled were adhered carbonate sediment, coralline algae, and mixed algal assemblages. Crustose or film-forming periphyton assemblages were best prepared for light transmission measurements using artificial leaves fouled on both sides, while measurements through three-dimensional filamentous algae required the periphyton to be removed from one side. For one-sided samples, light transmission could be measured as the difference between fouled and reference artificial leaf samples. For two-sided samples, the percent periphyton light transmission to the leaf surface was calculated as the square root of the fraction of incident light. Linear, exponential, and hyperbolic equations were evaluated as descriptors of the periphyton dry weight versus light transmission relationship. Hyperbolic and exponential decay models were superior to linear models and exhibited the best fits for the observed relationships. Differences between the coefficients of determination ( r 2 ) of hyperbolic and exponential decay models were statistically insignificant. Constraining these models for 100% light transmission at zero periphyton load did not result in any statistically significant loss in the explanatory capability of the models. In most all cases, increasing model complexity using three-parameter models rather than two-parameter models did not significantly increase the amount of variation explained. Constrained two-parameter hyperbolic or exponential decay models were judged best for describing the periphyton dry weight versus light transmission relationship. On T. testudinum in Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, significant differences were not observed in the light transmission characteristics of the varying periphyton communities at different study sites. Using pooled data from the study sites, the hyperbolic decay coefficient for periphyton light transmission was estimated to be 4.36 mg dry wt. cm −2 . For exponential models, the exponential decay coefficient was estimated to be 0.16 cm 2 mg dry wt. −1 .
The Interplay of Bent-Shape, Lateral Dipole and Chirality in Thiophene Based Di-, Tri-, and Tetracatenar Liquid Crystals

A range of mesogenic molecules varying in both bend angle and strength of lateral dipole were synthesized, and their phase behavior was characterized by polarizing microscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and electrooptical measurements. We find the general destabilization of the liquid crystallinity caused by strong lateral dipolar groups and the bent molecular shape are off-set in mesomorphic tetracatenars, which display stable nematic, smectic, columnar, and cubic mesophases. The broad mesomorphism of the tetracatenars containing lateral dipoles and their incompatibility with chiral induction are explained by considering that loosely correlated dimers exist within the mesophases. Chiral mesophases of derivatives with strong lateral dipoles were achieved by attaching fewer or different side chains to each end of the mesogen.
Ion binding by repeat hexapeptide of elastin.

Abstract Synthetic elastin hexapeptides, N -formyl-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly- O -methyl, n -formyl-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val- O -methyl, and N -formyl-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Ala- O -methyl were studied in order to determine their affinity and selectivity for calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, and potassium ions. Of the three permutations N -forrnyl-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly- O -methyl had the highest calcium affinity, k a ∼- 0.5 × 10 6 . All three hexamers displayed a selectivity toward calcium, although strontium did bind well also. The peptides could not compete effectively with water for magnesium ions and had little affinity for sodium and potassium ions. The significance of these results lies in the possible role of this hexameric sequence in calcium binding in natural elastin.
Cohesive properties of metallic compounds: Augmented-spherical-wave calculations

We present a conceptual model and calculational procedure for the study of the electronic structure of metallic compounds. The model consists of spherical atoms compressed into finite volumes appropriate to the solid. The model involves no adjustable or experimentally derived parameters. All contributions to the total energy (other than the Madelung energy) are obtained from independent compressed-atom calculations. Interatomic interactions enter the calculations through the electronic configuration (the distribution of the valence charge among $s$, $p$, $d$, etc., states) and boundary conditions which give the atomic valence levels a finite width. These environmental constraints, which specify the state of the compressed atoms, are obtained from energy-band calculations. For the latter we introduce a new method, which we call the augmented-spherical-wave (ASW) method to stress its conceptual similarity to Slater's augmented-plane-wave (APW) method. The ASW method is a direct descendant of the linear-muffin-tin-orbitals technique introduced by Andersen; when applied to pure metals, it yields results which closely approximate those of the much more elaborate Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker calculations of Moruzzi, Williams, and Janak. The combined ASW compressed-atom procedure is tested on (i) the empty lattice, (ii) the pure metals Na, Al, Cu, and Mo, and (iii) the ordered stoichiometric compounds NaCl, NiAl, and CuZn. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the procedure by using it to study the anomalous tendency of Ni and Pd (as compared to their Periodic Table neighbors Co, Cu, Rh, and Ag) to form hydride phases. We have calculated the total energies of the six pure metals and their monohydrides. The total energy differences exhibit the anomaly and an analysis of quantities internal to the calculation reveals its origin.
Morphological and physiological properties of serotonergic neurons in dissociated cultures from the postnatal rat dorsal raphe nucleus.

Abstract We have developed dissociated primary cultures of the dorsal raphe nucleus from postnatal 9–12-day-old rats. The nucleus was dissected out from brain slices, dissociated, and cultured over a glial feeder layer. Serotonin immunocytochemistry revealed that 62% of cultured neurons were serotonergic. There was no significant difference in diameters between serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons. With the whole-cell patch-clamp method, cultured neurons were tested for responses to 8-hydroxydipropylaminotetraline (8-OH-DPAT, a selective agonist for 5-HT 1A ), and then treated with serotonin immunocytochemistry. Ninety-two percent of neurons responding to 8-OH-DPAT were serotonergic. These results were used to identify serotonergic neurons. In most cases, serotonergic neurons did not show spontaneous firings of action potentials. Constant current depolarizations elicited trains of action potentials that usually did not show marked adaptation. Application of 8-OH-DPAT inhibited action potential firing. The current–voltage relation of the 8-OH-DPAT-induced current indicated an inward rectification with its reversal potential near E K . Serotonergic neurons were depolarized by phenylephrine, bombesin, and gastrin-releasing peptide. This culture system will serve as a useful tool for elucidating the cellular, physiological, and molecular properties of brain serotonergic neurons.
From Plato to Erikson: How the war on ‘bad play’ has impoverished higher education

For centuries, the titans of educational reform—Plato, Rousseau, Dewey, Piaget, Erikson, Csikszentmihalyi and others—have championed the educational benefits of play. Yet many professors and admini...
Treatment of Calcaneal Fracture With Severe Soft Tissue Injury and Osteomyelitis: A Case Report

Advancements in surgical technique have resulted in the ability to reconstruct lower extremity injuries that would have previously been treated by amputation. Currently, a paucity of data is available specifically addressing limb amputation versus reconstruction for calcaneal fractures with severe soft tissue compromise. Reconstruction leaves the patient with their native limb; however, multiple surgeries, infections, chronic pain, and a poor functional outcome are very real possibilities. We present the case of a complex calcaneal fracture complicated by soft tissue injury and osteomyelitis that highlights the importance of shared decision-making between patient and surgeon when considering reconstruction versus amputation. This case exemplifies the need for open communication concerning the risks and benefits of treatment modalities while simultaneously considering the patient's expectations and desired outcomes.
Exotic characters of unitriangular matrix groups

Abstract Let UT n ( q ) denote the unitriangular group of unipotent n × n upper triangular matrices over a finite field with cardinality q and prime characteristic p . It has been known for some time that when p is fixed and n is sufficiently large, UT n ( q ) has “exotic” irreducible characters taking values outside the cyclotomic field Q ( ζ p ) . However, all proofs of this fact to date have been both non-constructive and computer dependent. In the preliminary work Marberg (2010) [15] , we defined a family of orthogonal characters decomposing the supercharacters of an arbitrary algebra group. By applying this construction to the unitriangular group, we are able to derive by hand an explicit description of a family of characters of UT n ( q ) taking values in arbitrarily large cyclotomic fields. In particular, we prove that if r is a positive integer power of p and n > 6 r , then UT n ( q ) has an irreducible character of degree q 5 r 2 − 2 r which takes values outside Q ( ζ p r ) . By the same techniques, we are also able to construct explicit Kirillov functions which fail to be characters of UT n ( q ) when n > 12 and q is arbitrary.
Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi: Historian of German Jewry

This article draws attention to a rarely considered dimension of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s scholarship and teaching, namely, his engagement with the history of German Jewry. It examines the manner in which Yerushalmi approached this subject—generally through the twin poles of antisemitism and Wissenschaft des Judentums—and suggests that analyzing it with reference to the Arendtian categories of “pariah” and “parvenu” provides us with a key to unlocking some of the motivations that drove Yerushalmi’s particular interests. The article concludes with some speculation as to why, by contrast, Yerushalmi seemed to avoid the history of Eastern European Jewry, in spite of his oft-repeated pride in and intimacy with his own personal heritage.
Standard Approaches to Relapsed Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Although the addition of rituximab to induction chemotherapy regimens has resulted in an improved time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced indolent lymphoma, approximately 50% of patients will still relapse and require therapy. In the evaluation of the relapsed patient, important landmarks in the patient’s lymphoma history, such as original date of diagnosis, Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score, initial absolute lymphocyte count, and the response and TTP from each treatment received to date, should be noted. Other comorbid medical conditions may also impact the choice of therapy. A rebiopsy is useful to identify patients who have undergone transformation to a large cell lymphoma. Tumor imaging with computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is necessary to identify patients with high-bulk disease and to compare with prior scans to establish the pace of the relapse. Patients with high-risk relapse should be considered for salvage chemotherapy and stem cell transplant. Those patients with standard relapse are candidates for radioimmunotherapy or any of a multitude of chemotherapy regimens. The choice of chemotherapy will depend on what agents the patient has been previously exposed to and their response to those agents. In summary, the treatment of relapsed indolent lymphoma has improved substantially with the addition of rituximab and radioimmunotherapy. New drugs that are now being tested in current phase I and II trials will likely contribute further to this improvement when they become integrated with or sequenced after the standard regimens.
Neuroimaging features of C9ORF72 expansion

Hexanucleotide expansion intronic to chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) has recently been identified as the most common genetic cause of both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and of frontotemporal dementia with or without concomitant motor neuron disease. Given the common frequency of this genetic aberration, clinicians seek to identify neuroimaging hallmarks characteristic of C9ORF72-associated disease, both to provide a better understanding of the underlying degenerative patterns associated with this mutation and to enable better identification of patients for genetic screening and diagnosis. A survey of the literature describing C9ORF72 neuroimaging thus far suggests that patients with this mutation may demonstrate symmetric frontal and temporal lobe, insular, and posterior cortical atrophy, although temporal involvement may be less than that seen in other mutations. Some studies have also suggested cerebellar and thalamic involvement in C9ORF72-associated disease. Diffuse cortical atrophy that includes anterior as well as posterior structures and subcortical involvement thus may represent unique features of C9ORF72.
Evolution and potential function of fibrinogen-like domains across twelve Drosophila species.

The fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain consists of approximately 200 amino acid residues, which has high sequence similarity to the C-terminal halves of fibrinogen β and γ chains. Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) containing one or more FBG domains are found universally in vertebrates and invertebrates. In invertebrates, FREPs are involved in immune responses and other aspects of physiology. To understand the complexity of this gene family in Drosophila, we analyzed FREPs in twelve Drosophila species. Using the genome data from 12 Drosophila species, we identified FBG domains in each species. The results show that the gene numbers in each species vary from 14 genes up to 43 genes. Using sequence profile analysis, we found that FBG domains have high sequence similarity and are highly conserved throughout. By comparison of structure and sequence conservation, some of the FBG domains in Drosophila melanogaster are predicted to function in recognition of carbohydrates and their derivatives on the surface of microorganisms in innate immunity. Sequence and structural analyses show that FREP family across 12 Drosophila species contains conserved FBG domains. Expansion of the FREP families in Drosophila is mainly accounted by a major expansion of FBG domains.
The effects of a thin film dopant precursor on the structure and properties of femtosecond-laser irradiated silicon

Femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation of a silicon substrate coated with a thin film is a flexible approach to producing metastable alloys with unique properties, including near-unity sub-band gap absorptance extending into the infrared. However, dopant incorporation from a thin film during fs-laser irradiation is not well understood. We study the thin film femtosecond-laser doping process through optical and structural characterization of silicon fs-laser doped using a selenium thin film, and compare the resulting microstructure and dopant distribution to fs-laser doping with sulfur from a gaseous precursor. We show that a thin film dopant precursor significantly changes the laser-material interactions, modifying both the surface structuring and dopant incorporation processes and in turn affecting p–n diode behavior.
Mineralogy influences structure and diversity of bacterial communities associated with geological substrata in a pristine aquifer.

Our understanding of mineralogical influences on subsurface microbial community structure and diversity has been difficult to assess due to difficulties in isolating this variable from others in the subsurface environment. In this study, biofilm coupons were used to isolate specific geological substrata from the surrounding geological matrix during colonization by microorganisms suspended in the surrounding groundwater for an 8-week period. Upon retrieval, the structure and diversity of the microbial community associated with each type of substratum was evaluated using 16S rDNA-based terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Phylogenetic affiliations of the populations associated with each type of substratum were established based on sequence analysis of near full-length 16S rDNA obtained through construction of a clone library. Hematite, quartz, and saprolite each harbored a community dominated by members of the division Proteobacteria (>67% of community). However, the different substrata selected for different subdivisions of bacteria within the Proteobacteria. After accounting for the influence exerted by substratum type on recovery of DNA from the attached populations, both phylogenetic data and Jaccard and Bray–Curtis similarity indices derived from terminal-restriction fragment (T-RF) profiles suggested a strong mineralogical influence on the structure and composition of the solid phase-associated community. The results suggest that mineralogical heterogeneity influences microbial community structure and diversity in pristine aquifers.
Specific Heterophile Antibody from Infectious Mononucleosis Serum.

SummarySpecific heterophile antibody was prepared by adsorption to beef erythro-cytes and elution with diethyl ether. Using a formula based on the antigen-antibody relationship permitting maximum elution, up to 10% of the antibody was recoverable. The eluted material, further purified by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, had the characteristics of heterophile antibody. The material was found to be unstable at —20°C or 4°C storage, but was relatively stable in 30% sucrose and 50% glycerin at 4°C.
An efficient computational scheme for the analysis of periodic systems

Abstract In this paper a new efficient numerical scheme for the stability analysis of linear systems with periodic parameters is suggested. The approach is based on the idea that the state vector and the periodic matrix of the system can be expanded in terms of Chebyshev polynomials over the principal period. Such an expansion reduces the original problem to a set of linear algebraic equations from which the solution in the interval of one period can be obtained. Furthermore, the technique is combined with Floquet theory to yield the transition matrix at the end of one period and provide the stability conditions via an eigen-analysis procedure. Two formulations are presented. The first formulation is suitable for a set of equations written in state space form, while the second can be applied directly to a set of second order equations. The application is demonstrated through practical illustrative examples including the parametric excitation problem of a fixed-fixed column. The numerical results thus obtained are compared with those obtained from DVERK, a Runge-Kutta code available in the IMSL library. An error-bound analysis is also included. It is concluded that the suggested schemes not only provide accurate results but are also computationally very efficient. In particular, the second formulation is found to be several times faster than the standard Runge-Kutta type codes.
Runway obstacle detection using onboard sensors: Modeling and simulation analysis

In recent years, the increasing demand on the national airspace system (NAS) has propelled further research on new technologies, communication systems, sensors and methods to handle the growing congestion around the terminal area. These include programs such as the runway incursion prevention system (RIPS), automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B), the national aeronautics and space administrationpsilas (NASA) synthetic vision systems (SVS) and more recently, NASApsilas integrated intelligent flight deck (IIFD) project. One of the aspects of the IIFD is an external hazard monitor (EHM) function that interfaces with onboard terrain and obstacle databases, communications, and also with aircraft sensors. The EHM is envisioned to provide improved obstacle detection and hazard evaluation with added integrity and reliability. The work in this paper is performed in support of the EHM function and presents a modeling and simulation framework that models the aircraft sensors, synthesizes their measurements and analyzes their runway obstacle detection capability using both simulations and flight data playback. Various sensor parameters, measurement errors and physical properties of potential runway hazards/objects are evaluated in the simulations. Particular sensors that are considered for this work are: airborne laser scanner (ALS), 3D imaging camera, and forward-looking infrared camera (FLIR). The sensors are evaluated with regard to detection metrics such as probability of detection and time-to-alarm. Furthermore, results from the simulations using playback of actual flight test data in the vicinity of Braxton county airport (K48I), WV and Reno (RNO), NV are presented.