cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of aldehydes as primary emissions and from secondary atmospheric reactions of alkenes and alkanes during the night and early morning hours

The production of C1C4 saturated aldehydes has been calculated within the stable boundary layer between 2100 and 0900 h from the reactions of alkenes and alkanes with O3, NO3 and OH radicals. These results are compared with those available on the primary emissions of aldehydes from vehicular exhausts. For current gasoline-fueled vehicles, the secondary atmospheric production of aldehydes from the hydrocarbons emitted will usually predominate over direct emissions of aldehydes during the 2100-0900 h period. Therefore, in making assumptions about initial morning atmospheric loadings of aldehydes for purposes of model predictions as to O3 and other products, use of only an aldehyde emission inventory is inadequate. If the future population of vehicles should include a large fraction of vehicles powered with methanol and natural gas, primary aldehyde emissions, especially emissions of formaldehyde, may predominate over secondary production of aldehydes during the 2100-0900 h period.
Problems in evaluating the real-world usability of digital voice communication systems

Digital voice communication systems are being used in a wide variety of applications. Human observers are used to measure the performance of computer voice systems. We also need to determine how losses in speech quality and intelligibility affect the performance of the communicator. This paper considers several situational variables that can affect the usability and acceptance of digital voice communication systems: task constraints, user experience, and communication environment. User experience and communication environment influence the acceptability of degraded voice systems; greater experience and field environments lead to higher acceptability ratings. However, performance measures, such as task completion time, are still adversely affected by lower voice quality.
Phonon interactions at the large wave vector degeneracies in quartz

Abstract Three phonon anharmonic processes at the degeneracies of the acoustic phonon branches are found to be important in the consideration of mechanisms to explain the attenuation of ultrahigh frequency acoustic waves in quartz.
Effect of methyl substitution on the irritancy of dibenz[b,f]1,4-oxazepine (CR)

Abstract The irritant properties of 3 methylated derivatives of dibenz[ b , f ]1,4-oxizepine (CR) have been investigated, using the guinea-pig blepharospasm test and isolated cat eye preparations, and compared with the irritancy of the unsubstituted CR molecule. In both tests, the 11-methyl derivative was non-irritant whereas 3 Me-CR retained some irritancy although both were less potent than CR itself. The possible significance of these results are discussed in relation of earlier biochemical studies.
Charting alternative performance and evaluative practices

This essay specifies some recent performance work, occurring with increasing frequency, in many performance studies classrooms. This work is discussed under four headings: storymaking, replication of life performance, performance art, and improvisations. The essay also identifies some issues that students and teachers might wish to take into account when encountering the presentation of such texts. The purpose of the essay is to provide performance studies practitioners (a) a list and some defining characteristics of some current performance events to guide classroom assignments and practices, (b) a brief description of some key critical concerns associated with these performance events, and (c) a consideration of some of the implications of doing such performances in the classroom.
Towards a very low-energy building stock: Modelling the US commercial building sector to support policy and innovation planning

This paper describes the origin, structure and continuing development of a model of time varying energy consumption in the US commercial building stock. The model is based on a flexible structure that disaggregates the stock into various categories (e.g. by building type, climate, vintage and life-cycle stage) and assigns attributes to each of these (e.g. floor area and energy use intensity by fuel type and end use), based on historical data and user-defined scenarios for future projections. In addition to supporting the interactive exploration of building stock dynamics, the model has been used to study the likely outcomes of specific policy and innovation scenarios targeting very low future energy consumption in the building stock. Model use has highlighted the scale of the challenge of meeting targets stated by various government and professional bodies, and the importance of considering both new construction and existing buildings.
Gender differences on coping with job stress and organizational outcomes

Abstract The potential differing effects of coping on work-related outcomes for men and women were investigated. Participants were recruited from night classes in psychology and business and asked to complete an 113-item questionnaire. Of the 400 questionnaires distributed, 181 fully completed questionnaires (56 men and 125 women) were returned within 1 week to the respective instructors and thus were included in the analyses. All participants were working full time (< 35 hours per week). The results indicated that men and women differed on few coping responses. However, multiple regression analyses did suggest different trends on the effectiveness of coping for men and women. These results are discussed in terms of men and women's differing responses to stress in the workplace
Direct solution of an optimal layout problem for isotropic and anisotropic heat conductors on a plane

This paper suggests a procedure of direct construction of the minimal extension of a constrained optimization problem for a heat equation containing controls in the coefficients. For a somewhat simpler problem, this approach has been initiated in Ref. 1.
Relationship Between Unsteady Flow, Pressure Fluctuations, and Noise in a Centrifugal Pump—Part B: Effects of Blade-Tongue Interactions

Maps of pressure distributions computed using PDV data, combined with noise and local pressure measurements, are used for identifying primary sources of noise in a centrifugal pump. In the vicinity of the impeller pressure minima occur around the blade and near a vortex train generated as a result of non-uniform outflux from the impeller. The pressure everywhere also varies depending on the orientation of the impeller relative to the tongue. Noise peaks are generated when the pressure difference across the tongue is maximum, probably due to tongue oscillations, and when the wake impinges on the tip of the tongue.
Strategic Knowledge Management Technology

Petter Gottschalk, Norwegian School of Management BI, NorwayIdea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, 2005There are very few monographs that cover strategic knowledge management, although a larger volume...
Hopf Bifurcations in Delayed Rock–Paper–Scissors Replicator Dynamics

We investigate the dynamics of three-strategy (rock–paper–scissors) replicator equations in which the fitness of each strategy is a function of the population frequencies delayed by a time interval $$T$$ . Taking $$T$$ as a bifurcation parameter, we demonstrate the existence of (non-degenerate) Hopf bifurcations in these systems and present an analysis of the resulting limit cycles using Lindstedt’s method.
Targeted deletion of metalloproteinase 9 attenuates experimental colitis in mice: central role of epithelial-derived MMP.

Background & Aims: There is mounting evidence that matrix metalloproteinases are the predominant proteinases expressed in the gut mucosa during active inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the role of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a secreted gelatinase that is consistently up-regulated in both animal models and human inflammatory bowel disease and is associated with disease severity, in the pathogenesis of colitis by using mice containing a targeted deletion of the MMP-9 gene. Methods: Dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis and Salmonella typhimurium–induced enterocolitis were used as animal models to study colitis. Results: MMP-9 activity and protein expression were absent from normal colonic mucosa but were up-regulated during experimental colitis. MMP-9−/− mice exposed to dextran sodium sulfate or salmonella had a significantly reduced extent and severity of colitis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that MMP-9 was localized to epithelial cells and granulocytes during active colitis. The immune response to systemic administration of Salmonella typhimurium was not affected in MMP-9−/− mice. Neutrophil transmigration studies and bone marrow chimeras showed that neutrophil MMP-9 is neither required for its migration nor sufficient to induce tissue damage during colitis and that epithelial MMP-9 is important for tissue damage. MMP-9 inhibited cell attachment and wound healing in the model intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco2-BBE. Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that MMP-9 expressed by epithelial cells may play an important role in the development of colitis by modulating cell–matrix interaction and wound healing. Thus, strategies to inhibit MMP-9 may be of potential therapeutic benefit.
Adjusting for baseline measurements in the two-period crossover study: A cautionary note

It is intuitively appealing in planning a two-period crossover study to have each patient measured on the response variable at the beginning as well as at the end of both periods, and to take the change from the value at the start of the period to the value at the end as the measure of the patient's response to the treatment given during that period. This apparently innocuous procedure may, contrary to one's intuition, produce bias in the analysis of the data for a difference between the residual effects and a difference between the direct treatment effects.
In the press to scale up, what is at risk?

SLOANE, F. (1993). Multilevel models for the study oflearning. Invited address University Council for Educational Administration annual meeting, New Orleans, LA. SNOW, C. (2002). Readingfor understanding: Toward a research and developmentprogram in reading comprehension. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. THORNDIKE, E.L. (1939). On the fallacy of imputing the correlations found in groups to the individuals or smaller groups composing them. American Journal of Psychology, 52, 122-124.
Self‐Accomplishment Through Running*

Self transformation as a personal and shared social experience is shown to be achievable through distance running. Ethnographic materials, extensive interviews, and questionnaire results obtained over a two-year period show how distance running becomes a meaningful activity that is central to a runner's daily routine as well as a progressive personal identity. The researchers examine the motives and felt self-accomplishments for a wide range of runners, e.g., “joggers” to “marathoners” to “world-class” competitors, and then show how each is informed by other realms of meaning, especially the work and the family contexts. The place of running in the context of broader social changes which promote the enhancement of physical well-being is shown, as are the runners' concerns that the unique running experience may be coopted by organizational and bureaucratic demands.
VISUALIZATION OF CALF VEINS BY COLOR FLOW IMAGING

Both indirect and direct noninvasive tests have been shown to be useful for the detection of deep venous thrombi involving the proximal veins (popliteal to inferior vena cava). However, thrombi that are confined to the calf veins will not affect venous outflow and cannot be detected by the plethysmographic methods. B-mode imaging, while excellent for the major deep veins, is also limited in the calf region because the veins are small, and imaging resolution is not always adequate to permit visualization of these smaller veins. With the availability of duplex scanning with "slow flow" color capability, these veins lend themselves to study. In 30 normal subjects, we were able to visualize all paired veins from the level of the ankle to the popliteal fossa. The clinical implications of this approach are discussed.
Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl- and chlordane-contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA.

†Environmental Science Program, Paciﬁc University, 2043 College Way, Forrest Grove, Oregon 97116, USA‡Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, USA§U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Island Field Ofﬁce, 4469 48th Avenue Court, Rock Island, Illinois 61201zzNational Fish Health Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Biochemical Resources Division, Leetown Science Center,Kearneyville, West Virginia 25430(Received 29 July 1999; Accepted 27 January 2000)Abstract—Fifty paddleﬁsh (Polyodon spathula) collected from two sites on the Ohio River and from one site on the CumberlandRiver, USA, were examined to determine gonad polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and chlordane concentrations, amounts of plasmasex steroids (testosterone and estradiol), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresoruﬁn-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the presence ofimmunoreactive cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein. Percent hatch and liver, spleen, and kidney histology were also determined.Gonad PCB and chlordane concentrations were signiﬁcantly higher in Ohio River paddleﬁsh than in Cumberland River paddleﬁsh.Gonad PCB and chlordane concentration and gonad percent lipid were correlated in Ohio River paddleﬁsh. Five of 10 Ohio Riveregg samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration’s action limit for chlordane (0.30mg/g). Polychlorinatedbiphenylcongener-speciﬁc analysis detected predominantly the tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobiphenyls in paddleﬁsh testes. Plasma testosterone levelswere signiﬁcantly lower in males collected from the upper Ohio River site than those collected from the lower part of the river.There was no measurable hepatic microsomal EROD activity in any of the 50 paddleﬁsh collected from the three sites. Westernblotting analysis conﬁrmed that a rabbit antitrout CYP1A1 IgG antibody did not recognize a CYP1A protein in paddleﬁsh livermicrosomes. Percent hatch was not signiﬁcantly different in eggs collected from the Cumberland (88–96%) and Ohio Rivers (90–95%). Histological analysis of liver, spleen, and kidney detected the presence of hepatic steatosis and hemosiderosis, spleniclymphoid cell depletion, and hyperplasia of interrenal and chromafﬁn tissues. Immunosuppression, hepatic metabolic disorders, andaltered neuroendocrine function may be occurring in Ohio River paddleﬁsh. Results presented here suggest that organochlorineexposure may be jeopardizing the long-term health of Ohio River paddleﬁsh and that additional investigation of contaminant effectson immune system function and hormone levels in paddleﬁsh is warranted.Keywords—Paddleﬁsh Polychlorinated biphenyls Chlordane Reproduction BiomarkersINTRODUCTION
Results of a Southwest Oncology Group Phase III Trial of Carboplatin plus Cyclophosphamide versus Cisplatin plus Cyclophosphamide in Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Cisplatin combined with cyclophosphamide has been considered a very active treatment for advanced ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, cisplatin is associated with dose-limiting neurotoxicity, as well as possible neuropathy, ototoxicity, and occasional renal dysfunction. Carboplatin, a cisplatin analogue, is active against advanced ovarian cancer, with a presumed lower incidence of emesis, ototoxicity, neuropathy, and renal dysfunction. The Southwest Oncology Group initiated a phase III randomized trial, in which 342 patients with stage III (suboptimal disease) and stage IV ovarian cancer were randomly assigned to treatment with six courses of intravenous cisplatin 100 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 or carboplatin 300 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2. The median survival for the cisplatin arm was 17.4 months; for the carboplatin arm, median survival was 20.0 months. The null hypothesis of a 30% survival superiority with the cisplatin arm was rejected at the p = 0.02 level. Clinical response rates were 52% for the cisplatin arm and 61% for the carboplatin arm. There was less thrombocytopenia in the cisplatin arm (p < 0.001); however, there was less nausea and emesis (p < 0.001 for courses one to five), renal toxicity (p < 0.001), anemia (p < 0.001), hearing loss (p < 0.001), and neuromuscular toxicity (p < 0.001) in the carboplatin arm. Carboplatin/cyclophosphamide proved to have a significantly better therapeutic index than cisplatin/cyclophosphamide in these patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
A nondegenerate fuzzy optimality condition for constrained optimization problems without qualification conditions

Abstract Fuzzy optimization conditions in terms of the Frechet subdifferential for reflexive spaces were investigated by Borwein, Treiman and Zhu (1998) in [1] . To achieve the nondegenerate form, it is well known that some qualification conditions should be assumed. In this paper, we are going to prove that the nondegenerate fuzzy optimality condition even holds with no qualification conditions in Asplund spaces (in particular, reflexive spaces) for optimization problems with semi-continuous and continuous data. The results are even new in finite-dimensional frameworks.
The relationship between bathing, skin flora and the physiologic and behavioral responses of premature infants

Abstract The purpose of this study was to document the consequences of bathing premature infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Although bathing is a standard nursing procedure in most NICUs, there is minimal scientific evidence justifying its' use. Investigating the traditional practice of bathing is significant to neonatal nursing and has the potential for further research and change in the care of premature infants. Changing the traditional practice of bathing could also be time and cost effective and may have a positive impact on the developmental outcome of premature infants. Forty premature infants between the ages of 14 to 21 days were the subjects of this study. Infants were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. Infants in the control group were bathed every other day as is the practice in the NICU at UCLA while infants in the experimental group were not bathed for four days. Infants in both groups were observed for 45 minutes for their behavioral and physiologic responses during the bath-time if they are in the control group or at an equivalent time if they are in the experimental group. Skin cultures were obtained on all infants on the first day when they are recruited to the study and four days later. Preliminary results indicate that infants who were bathed had significant drops in their oxygen saturation levels and frequent state changes. There were no differences between groups on skin culture results.
The functional significance of certain duplicate motor patterns on the cerebral cortex in primates including man

Summary Rotation elicitable from direct irritation or implantation of the cortical irritant, penicillin, in both rostral and posterior parts of the temporal operculum and on the island cortex in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) has been described and illustrated in photographs. The pathways to and from these temporal and island areas have been considered and the results obtained have been compared with related reports in the literature on rotation in monkeys and man. The probably role of the precentral and postcentral insular areas and their related paths to the contraction of the muscles (sometimes called the agonists) on the side of an extremity in the direction of movement of that extremity and the commensurate relaxation of the muscles (sometimes called the antagonists) cooperating with them on the other side of the extremity is discussed.
Short-term memory items in repeated free recall

Two-store models of memory interpret free recall serial position effects as outputs of two storage mechanisms, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Recent items primarily represent STM output, and earlier items represent LTM output. In two free recall experiments, using written and oral recall, lists were presented for two immediately successive recalls. The typical free recall recency effect was observed in the first recall. In the second, recall of early items was nearly identical to Recall 1, but recall of recent items declined sharply. Results were interpreted as supporting two-store models of memory.
Electronic structure of ternary semiconductor alloys: CPA calculations using sp3s∗ bandstructures

Abstract Coherent potential approximation (CPA) calculations of the electronic structure of the III-V ternary alloys GaAs 1− x P x , Ga x In 1− x As, Ga x Al 1− x As, Ga x In 1− x P, and GaSb 1− x P x are reported. Results are presented for the CPA self-energies, state densities, and band-bowing functions for these materials. The calculations utilize the sp 3 s ∗ bandstructures as input into the Chen and Sher CPA formalism. The present work is the first utilization of these bandstructures in CPA calculations for ternary alloys and the first CPA treatment ofGaSb 1− x P x . In qualitative agreement with previous studies, the results of these calculations show that alloy disorder effects are small for GaAs 1− x P x , of moderate importance for Ga x In 1− x As and Ga x Al 1− x As, and relatively large for Ga x In 1− x P. However, such effects are found to be significant for GaSb 1− x P x , with this alloy predicted to be in the strong scattering regime.
Isoelectric fractionation and characterization of polypeptides from human serum very low density lipoproteins.

Abstract Tris-soluble polypeptides obtained from totally delipidated human serum very low density lipoprotein were isolated and characterized. The very low density apolipoproteins were separated by a newly developed method of isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH gradient. Four polypeptides were isolated that differed from the major proteins of the high density or low density lipoproteins. Three of these proteins had indistinguishable amino acid compositions, but different isoelectric points, COOH-terminal alanine, no isoleucine, cysteine or cystine. Two of these three polypeptides had NH 2 -terminal serine. The polymorphism of apolipoprotein-Ala, so designated from the COOH-terminal residue, was related to sialic acid content; one form contained 2 moles of sialic acid per mole of protein, the second, 1 mole per mole of protein, and the third, no sialic acid. The fourth polypeptide had an amino acid composition different from the first three polypeptides and from other polypeptides obtained from very low density lipoprotein. This polypeptide had NH 2 -terminal threonine, COOH-terminal resistant to carboxypeptidase A, no histidine, cysteine, cystine or sialic acid. These four polypeptides constituted approx. 40% of the total protein in very low density lipoprotein.
Getting a clear picture: young children's understanding of a televised image

Previous research has established that very young children, unlike older people, often have difficulty using a televised image as a source of information about a real event. After watching on a live video monitor as an adult in the next room hid a toy, 2-year-olds usually did not find it, but after watching directly through a window, children of this age succeeded. In the first experiment reported here, 2-year-olds could see hiding events directly and on a video monitor at the same time. This video–reality training did not improve performance on subsequent standard trials with video as the only source of information. In a second experiment, an adult demonstrated correct search behavior using video, finding a toy as the child watched on the video monitor. Despite this training and assistance, most of the children did not appear to recognize the connection between a video image and reality.
Predicting Micellar Solution Properties of Binary Surfactant Mixtures

The widespread use of surfactant mixtures in practical surfactant applications motivates the need for a comprehensive predictive theory that will improve our fundamental understanding of the behavior of these complex systems and facilitate the design and optimization of new surfactant mixtures. With this in mind, we have combined a molecular model of mixed micellization with a thermodynamic framework to predict a broad spectrum of solution properties of mixed surfactant systems. The molecular model accounts for micellar mixing nonidealities resulting from electrostatic and steric interactions between the surfactant hydrophilic heads and from packing of surfactant hydrophobic tails of unequal lengths in the micellar core. In particular, we describe in detail a rigorous treatment of electrostatic interactions that enables the theory to quantitatively predict properties for binary mixtures containing nonionic, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants, including the critical micelle concentration (cmc)...
Hydrogen bonding, H-D exchange, and molecular mobility in thin water films on TiO2(110).

Hydrogen bonding, H-D exchange and diffusion in water films (2 monolayers) on TiO2(110) have been studied using water electron-stimulated desorption. For T 70 K, H-D exchange and molecular diffusion between these “layers” occur with a distribution of activation energies. The results demonstrate that all the water molecules that are directly bound to TiO2(110) – i.e. water in the first and second layers – are also hydrogen bonded to each other, thus influencing the chemistry of the water/TiO2(110) interface.
Detection of short-lived free radicals by low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping in whole living animals.

Abstract We report the direct observation of sulfur trioxide anion free radical (SO . 3 − ) from the body of live mice by using a low-frequency (1.2 GHz, L-band) EPR spin trapping method. Intraperitoneal injection of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline- N -oxide (DMPO) (15 mmol/kg) used as trapping agent was followed by sequential iv injections of sodium sulfite (2-5 mmol/kg) and sodium dichromate (0.3 mmol/kg). The mouse was placed in an L-band loop gap resonator. The observed spectra consisted of two superposed components: DMPO/SO . 3 − ( a N = 14.0, a H = 16.0) and Cr(V) ( g = 1.9798). The time course for the generation and reduction of DMPO/SO . 3 − was followed. The signal intensity reached a maximum at about 7 min. In vitro experiments carried out at 9.15 GHz confirmed the production of SO . 3 − under the conditions used for in vivo studies; the hyperfine splittings of DMPO/SO . 3 − produced in the in vitro experiments were the same as those produced in the in vivo studies. The production of SO . 3 − is supported by oxygen uptake studies, which show that the prior addition of 300 mM DMPO inhibits oxygen consumption by SO . 3 − .
Long-term potentiation of nicotinic synaptic transmission in rat superior cervical ganglia produced by phorbol ester and tetanic stimulation

The long-term potentiation of nicotinic synaptic transmission induced by both active phorbol ester (4h-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, PdBu) and tetanic trains of preganglionic stimulation was studied in single neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat using intracellular recording techniques. PdBu significantly increased the mean amplitude of both the unitary evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and the fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) to 17.0F3.3 mV (control 8.4F1.9 mV, n=5) and 2.8F0.4 nA (control 0.8F0.1 nA, n=10), respectively. There was no significant change in either the resting membrane potential, input resistance, or the threshold for the initiation of an action potential. The response to exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) was also not changed following exposure to PdBu. In low-calcium, high-magnesium solutions, PdBu significantly increased the quantal content of EPSPs approximately threefold from a control of 0.9F0.2 (n=5) to 2.6F0.6 (n=5). The quantal content of EPSCs was also increased to 1.3F0.2 (control 0.5F0.1, n=10). PdBu increased the frequency of miniature EPSPs (mEPSPs) to 196F47% (n=6) of control, while the amplitude, rise time, rate of rise, and decay of mEPSPs were not significantly changed. Tetanic stimulation significantly increased the amplitude of the unitary synaptic EPSPs and EPSCs without significantly changing the resting membrane potential, input resistance, threshold for initiation of an action potential, or the response to exogenously applied ACh. Tetanic stimulation significantly increased quantal content of EPSPs and EPSCs threefold. The results obtained with tetanically induced LTP are similar to the results obtained with phorbol ester-induced LTP in these ganglion neurons. These results suggest that both tetanically induced and phorbol ester-induced LTP, in the rat, share similar mechanisms which involve, at least in part, activation of PKC-dependent mechanisms to increase quantal release from sympathetic preganglionic axon terminals.
"Fairest of them all" for myelodysplastic syndromes

Several therapeutic options are now available for patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
The DNA binding arm of lambda repressor: critical contacts from a flexible region

Segments of protein that do not adopt a well-ordered conformation in the absence of DNA can still contribute to site-specific recognition of DNA. The first six residues (NH2-Ser1-Thr2-Lys3-Lys4-Lys5-Pro6-) of phage lambda repressor are flexible but are important for site-specific binding. Low-temperature x-ray crystallography and codondirected saturation mutagenesis were used to study the role of this segment. All of the functional sequences have the form [X]1-[X]2-[Lys or Arg]3-[Lys]4-[Lys or Arg]5-[X]6. A high-resolution (1.8 angstrom) crystal structure shows that Lys3 and Lys4 each make multiple hydrogen bonds with guanines and that Lys5 interacts with the phosphate backbone. The symmetry of the complex breaks down near the center of the site, and these results suggest a revision in the traditional alignment of the six lambda operator sites.
Teaching Self-Management Skills to Learning Disabled Adolescents:

Learning disabled adolescents often display deficiencies in problem-solving and interpersonal social skills. These deficiencies tend to pose particular difficulties for successful transitions from the school to work environments. The present 3-year study investigated the impact of a self-management training program for LD adolescents (N = 67 across all three years) who were attending a vocational-technical school. The study specifically examined changes in subjects' problem-solving and job-related social skills. Results showed significant and substantial improvements in LD students who received the self-management training program compared to both LD and non-learning disabled students who were not trained. Implications for enhancing the curriculum for LD adolescents as well as the potential limitations of the findings are discussed.
The Surgical Treatment of Cancer: A Comparison of Resource Utilization following Procedures Performed with Curative and Palliative Intent

BACKGROUND Costs associated with the provision of medical care continue to escalate. Therefore, providers must evaluate the cost-effectiveness and benefit to individual healthcare practices. The authors evaluated the immediate and short-term resource utilization needs of patients undergoing surgical intervention with curative or palliative intent. METHODS Three hundred two patients undergoing surgery with therapeutic intent were observed from the time of admission for intervention until the time of death or until 6 months from the time of the surgical procedure. Surgeons preoperatively identified each case as either curative or palliative in intent. Demographic information, as well as the nature of all interactions with the cancer center, was recorded. RESULTS Surgeons identified 58 (19%) procedures as palliative and 244 (81%) as curative in intent. Demographic characteristics between the two groups were similar, although recurrent or metastatic disease was more often present in palliative rather than curative patients (P = 0.0078) and palliative intent patients were more likely to have received previous therapy. During the 6-month period, 4690 encounters occurred with the cancer center. The mean number of encounters per patient in each group was similar, although curative intent patients were more likely to have visits with therapeutic intent including chemotherapy administration (P = 0.01), radiation (P = 0.003), or repeat surgical procedures (P = 0.006). In contrast, palliative patients were more likely to be admitted for management of symptoms (P = 0.0001) and had fewer hospital-free days than did curative patients (P = 0.0069). CONCLUSIONS The average number of encounters for patients undergoing treatment of disease was not significantly different, suggesting that patients undergoing surgery with palliative intent do not require a greater amount of resources than curative intent patients. The nature of the interactions, however, was different, suggesting that resource needs are different and may need to be anticipated in the assessment of how better quality outcomes can be achieved in the palliative surgery setting. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Generation of surface hydronium from water and hydrogen coadsorbed on Pt(111)

Abstract The effective electrode potential of an ultrahigh vacuum model of the electrode-electrolyte interface was controlled through coadsorption of varying amounts of hydrogen with water on Pt(111) at 100 K. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) demonstrated formation of surface H 3 O + ions upon heating > 20% saturation coverages of hydrogen with water to 150 K, indicating an effective electrode potential below the potential of zero charge (pzc). Comparison of these results with cyclic voltanunetry of well-ordered Pt(111) in weakly-adsorbing electrolytes suggests that the pzc lies around + 0.2 V RHE and that the breadth of the hydrogen regions of the voltammograms is due to potential dependent interactions between coadsorbed H and H 3 O + .
Assessing the Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Eyes with Pseudodrusen and Soft Drusen In Vivo Using Adaptive Optics Imaging

Purpose To investigate the cone photoreceptor mosaic in eyes with pseudodrusen as evidenced by the presence of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) and conventional drusen using adaptive optics (AO) imaging integrated into a multimodal imaging approach. Design Observational case series. Participants Eleven patients (11 eyes) with pseudodrusen and 6 patients (11 eyes) with conventional drusen. Methods Consecutive patients were examined using near-infrared reflectance (IR) confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and eye-tracked spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and flood-illuminated retinal AO camera of nonconfluent pseudodrusen or conventional drusen. Correlations were made between the IR-SLO, SD-OCT, and AO images. Cone density analysis was performed on AO images within 50 × 50-μm windows in 5 regions of interest overlying and in 5 located between SDD or conventional drusen with the same retinal eccentricity. Main Outcome Measures Cone densities in the regions of interest. Results The pseudodrusen correlated with subretinal accumulations of material in SD-OCT imaging and this was confirmed in the AO images. Defects in the overlying ellipsoid zone band as seen by SD-OCT were associated with SDD but not conventional drusen. The mean ± standard deviation cone density was 8964±2793 cones/mm 2 between the SDD and 863±388 cones/mm² over the SDD, a 90.4% numerical reduction. By comparison the mean cone packing density was 9838±3723 cones/mm² on conventional drusen and 12 595±3323) cones/mm² between them, a 21.9% numerical reduction. The difference in cone density reduction between the two lesion types was highly significant ( P 0.001). Conclusions The pseudodrusen in these eyes correlated with subretinal deposition of material in multiple imaging modalities. Reduced visibility of cones overlying SDD in the AO images can be because of several possible causes, including a change in their orientation, an alteration of their cellular architecture, or absence of the cones themselves. All of these explanations imply that decreased cone photoreceptor function is possible, suggesting that eyes with pseudodrusen appearance may experience decreased retinal function in age-related macular degeneration independent of choroidal neovascularization or retinal pigment epithelial atrophy.
Studies of oceanic tectonics utilizing detailed surveying and stratigraphy

The sea floor off the coasts of Washington and southern British Columbia consists of two major features: the Cascadia Basin and the chain of seamounts to the west of it, called the Cobb Rise. The Basin is magnetically featureless and appears to be a syncline deeply filled by sediment. Clues to the tectonic history of the region are therefore more likely to be found on and beyond the Cobb Rise, which forms the western boundary of the Basin and interrupts the westward flow of terrigenous sediment. A program of detailed topographic and magnetic surveving, complemented by heat-flow coring and seismic profiling, is underway to attempt to determine the structure and history of the abyssal hills on the seaward side of Cobb Rise. Knowledge of the stratigraphy and the topography of the basement-sediment interface is expected to reveal the approximate age of the sea floor in this area and possibly the nature of the basement itself. The magnetic and geothermal data may provide direct evidence of the subcrustal structure associated with Cobb Rise, particularly if the transition zone between the high heat flow on the rise and the low heat flow west of it can be studied in detail. A small seamount has been discovered at 47°N, 132°W and has been intensively surveyed as the nucleus of the future survey area. It rises 630 meters above the surrounding bumpy plain and has extremely steep faces to the south and east. Heat flow near the seamount is somewhat below the oceanic average and the several long gravity cores obtained in the area show some correlable layering in the pelagic ooze.
Metabolic Adaptations in Higher Animals VI. Liver Arginase Activity During Adaptation to High Protein Diet.

Summary1. Liver arginase activity of rats increased within one day when the casein content of their diet was increased from 25% to 45% or 70% whether the results were expressed as activity per liver or per g of liver protein nitrogen. Arginase activity of the group receiving 45% casein continued to increase for 4 days and that of the group receiving 70% casein continued to increase for 7 days. Average liver weight of the high protein groups also increased significantly above that of the 25% casein group. 2. Growth rate and food consumption were depressed for one day when the casein content of the diet was increased to 45%, and for 2 or 3 days when it was increased to 70%; thereafter, growth rates of the 3 groups differed only slightly. 3. When the casein content of the diet was dropped from 70% to 25% and rate of loss of arginase activity was plotted graphically the curve obtained was almost the reverse of that obtained when the casein content of the diet was raised from 25% to 70%. 4. A correlation betwe...
A more powerful method for testing for agreement between a judge and a known standard

We assume that a judge's task is to categorize each ofN subjects into one ofr known classes. The design of primary interest is employed if the judge is presented withs groups, each containingr subjects, such that each group of sizer consists of exactly one subject of each of ther types. The probability distribution for the total number of correct choices is developed and used to test the null hypothesis that the judge is “guessing” in favor of the alternative that he or she is operating at a better than chance level. The power of the procedure is shown to be superior to two other procedures which appear in the literature.
Heavy quark hadroproduction in perturbative QCD

Existing calculations of heavy quark hadroproduction in perturbative QCD are either based on the conventional zero-mass perturbative QCD theory, valid for energy scales much higher than the quark mass, or on a next-to-leading order (NLO) fixed-flavor-number (FFN) scheme which is appropriate for energy scales comparable to the quark mass. We formulate this problem in the general mass variable-flavor-number scheme which incorporates initial (final) state heavy quark parton distribution (fragmentation) functions as well as exact mass dependence in the hard cross section. This formalism has the built-in feature of reducing to the FFN scheme near threshold and to the conventional zero-mass parton picture in the very high energy limit. Making use of existing calculations in the NLO FFN scheme, we obtain more complete results on bottom quark production in the general scheme to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3}$ both for current accelerator energies and for CERN LHC. Modest improvement over the FFN results is observed in the reduced scale dependence of the cross section and in the increased magnitude of the cross section, in the direction of experimental measurement. It is shown that the general scheme represents a more efficient way of organizing the perturbation series, since the bulk of the large NLO $({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3})$ FFN contribution to the single heavy-quark inclusive cross section is already contained in the (resummed) order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2}$ ``heavy flavor excitation'' term in this scheme. Remaining limitations of the present calculation and possible improvements are discussed.
The Value of Better Information on Technology R&D Programs in Response to Climate Change

Expert elicitations are a promising method for determining how R&D investments are likely to have an impact on technological advance in climate change energy technologies. But, expert elicitations are time consuming and resource intensive. Thus, we investigate the value of the information gained in expert elicitations. More specifically, given baseline elicitations from one study, we estimate the expected value of better information (EVBI) from revisiting and improving these assessments. We find that the EVBI is very large in comparison with the cost of performing expert elicitations. We also find that EVBI is higher on technologies with larger budgets and with net values that are not too high or too low.
Government Run vs. University Managed Agricultural Extension: A Review of Nepal, India and the United States

Aims: The creation of an agricultural extension system and its evolution over time is affected by many factors such as history of the country, cultural and community mandates, farming systems, and public policy. There are notable differences in the agricultural extension systems operating around the globe. The purpose of this paper was to review the agricultural extension systems in Nepal, India, and the United States Methodology: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted to identify the similarities and differences in the agricultural extension systems in the stated countries. Relevant documents used included creation legislation for each country, global analysis from organizations such as Food and Agricultural Organization, and peer-reviewed journal articles. The authors’ extension experiences working in the stated countries also provided inputs to develop this paper. Results: Differences were observed in the area of extension models, program delivery, outcomes assessment, and research–extension interface among agricultural extension systems compared in this study. The program delivery mechanism of Nepal and India was mainly driven by ‘top down expert model’. Contrary to this, in the United States, extension was operating under a learning model. In all three countries many small scale-farmers felt
NETSCAL: A Network Scaling Algorithm for Nonsymmetric Proximity Data.

A simple property of networks is used as the basis for a scaling algorithm that represents nonsymmetric proximities as network distances. The algorithm determines which vertices are directly connected by an arc and estimates the length of each arc. Network distance, defined as the minimum pathlength between vertices, is assumed to be a generalized power function of the data. The derived network structure, however, is invariant across monotonic transformations of the data. A Monte Carlo simulation and applications to eight sets of proximity data support the practical utility of the algorithm.
Vertically Oriented Polymer Electrolyte Nanofiber Catalyst Support for Thin Film Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are highly efficient and offer high power density, but high precious-metal loading and degradation of carbon-supported platinum (Pt) catalysts still hinder commercialization. Ionomer binders in conventional electrodes also introduce undesirable, high oxygen-transport resistance. This paper presents an alternative composite Nafion nanofiber catalyst support electrode, in which the nanofibers provide robust internal proton transport to a conformal Pt catalyst coating without impeding O2 transport. The high-surface-area electrodes are prepared by solution casting ionomer onto a sacrificial template to simultaneously fabricate the nanofibers and the membrane. Thin Pt films are deposited on the nanofibers using either physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition. The electrochemical characterization of the nanofiber electrodes demonstrates the high current density and specific activity of this nanofiber approach relative to prior electrodes fabricated by depositing Pt directly onto other Nafion surfaces.
Intracellular calcium movements during relaxation and recovery of superfast muscle fibers of the toadfish swimbladder

The mating call of the Atlantic toadfish is generated by bursts of high-frequency twitches of the superfast twitch fibers that surround the swimbladder. At 16°C, a calling period can last several hours, with individual 80-100-Hz calls lasting ∼ 500 ms interleaved with silent periods (intercall intervals) lasting ∼ 10 s. To understand the intracellular movements of Ca(2+) during the intercall intervals, superfast fibers were microinjected with fluo-4, a high-affinity fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator, and stimulated by trains of 40 action potentials at 83 Hz, which mimics fiber activity during calling. The fluo-4 fluorescence signal was measured during and after the stimulus trains; the signal was also simulated with a kinetic model of the underlying myoplasmic Ca(2+) movements, including the binding and transport of Ca(2+) by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) pumps. The estimated total amount of Ca(2+) released from the SR during a first stimulus train is ∼ 6.5 mM (concentration referred to the myoplasmic water volume). At 40 ms after cessation of stimulation, the myoplasmic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]) is below the threshold for force generation (∼ 3 µM), yet the estimated concentration of released Ca(2+) remaining in the myoplasm (Δ[CaM]) is large, ∼ 5 mM, with ∼ 80% bound to parvalbumin. At 10 s after stimulation, [Ca(2+)] is ∼ 90 nM (three times the assumed resting level) and Δ[CaM] is ∼ 1.3 mM, with 97% bound to parvalbumin. Ca(2+) movements during the intercall interval thus appear to be strongly influenced by (a) the accumulation of Ca(2+) on parvalbumin and (b) the slow rate of Ca(2+) pumping that ensues when parvalbumin lowers [Ca(2+)] near the resting level. With repetitive stimulus trains initiated at 10-s intervals, Ca(2+) release and pumping come quickly into balance as a result of the stability (negative feedback) supplied by the increased rate of Ca(2+) pumping at higher [Ca(2+)].