cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of strain, d-band filling, and oxidation state on the bulk electronic structure of cubic 3d perovskites.

The properties of the d-band structure of the transition metal atom in cubic LaBO3 and SrBO3 perovskites (where B = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) and their dependence on strain, d-band filling, and oxidation state were investigated using density functional theory calculations and atom-projected density of states. The strain dependence of the d-band width is shown to depend systematically on the size of the B atom. We show that the transition metal d-band width and center are linearly correlated with each other in agreement with a rectangular band model. A simple matrix element formalism based on the solid state table can readily predict the strain dependence of the d-band width.
Regulation of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells by Hyaluronan

Multidrug resistance in cancer cells is often due to ATP-dependent efflux pumps, but is also linked to alterations in cell survival and apoptotic signaling pathways. We have found previously that perturbation of hyaluronan-tumor cell interaction by treatment with hyaluronan oligosaccharides suppresses the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt cell survival signaling pathway in cancer cells and reduces tumor growth in vivo. Here we find that these oligomers suppress both the MAP kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways in multidrug resistant tumor cells and sensitize these cells to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs. On the other hand, increased hyaluronan production induces resistance in drug-sensitive tumor cells. Likewise, increased expression of emmprin, which is a glycoprotein that is present on the surface of most malignant cancer cells and that stimulates hyaluronan production, also induces increased resistance. Thus, perturbation of hyaluronan signaling may provide a dual therapeutic role, since it has intrinsic suppressive effects on tumor growth as well as sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
Prevention of drug-induced memory impairment by immunopharmacotherapy.

One approach to treating drug abuse uses antidrug antibodies to immunize subjects against the illicit substance rather than administering therapeutics that target the specific CNS site of action. At present, passive vaccination has recognized efficacy in treating certain gross symptoms of drug misuse, namely, motor activation, self-administration, and overdose. However, the potential for antibodies to prevent drug-induced changes involving finer cognitive processes, such as benzodiazepine-associated amnesia, remains unexplored. To address this concept, a flunitrazepam hapten was synthesized and employed in the generation of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies. Anti-flunitrazepam mAb RCA3A3 (Kd,app = 200 nM) was tested in a mouse model of passive immunization and subsequent mole-equivalent challenge with flunitrazepam. Not only was flunitrazepam-induced sedation prevented but immunization also conferred protection to memory consolidation as assessed through contextual and cued fear conditioning ...
Local and Instantaneous Heat Transfer Characteristics of Arrays of Pulsating Jets

Recent investigations of impinging jets have revealed that pulsations in the incident flow can be an effective technique for modifying convective heat transfer characteristics. While these studies focused on single impinging jets, industrial applications of impinging jets usually involve arrays of jets. When so configured, inter-jet interaction becomes a major consideration in achieving uniform and high heat transfer. To explore the effects of flow pulsations on the heat transfer performance of jet arrays, an experimental investigation have been performed of instantaneous and time-averaged convective heat transfer to a square, in-line array of circular air jets. The flow pulsation frequency was varied from 10 Hz to 65 Hz which corresponded to Strouhal numbers based on the nozzle diameter and velocity from 0.004 to 0.028. The pulse magnitude, which was defined as the ratio of the root mean square of the pulsating component of flow velocity to the mean flow velocity, was varied from 10% to 60%. Dual sensor hot film anemometry was used to document the jet flow-field. Instantaneous and time-averaged convective heat transfer was documented using a heat flux microsensor. An ensemble averaging technique was used to separate the pulsating component of flow velocity from the turbulent component and therebymore » assess the effect of flow pulsation on turbulence intensity. Instantaneous and time-averaged convective heat transfer conditions are documented as a function of pulse magnitude and pulse frequency within an unit cell of the array.« less
Examining Perceived Honest Performance Reporting by Public Organizations: Bureaucratic Politics and Organizational Practice

The credibility of performance information provided by government agencies to their stakeholders is critical to performance-based accountability and policy learning. However, the public administration literature has rarely paid attention to the determinants of honest performance reporting. This study draws on the multi-actor principal-agent model and examines how bureaucratic politics (external and internal) and organizational practice (participation and culture) affect an organization's performance reporting. Based on survey data from Taiwan, the results show that supportive external environments and harmonious internal environments are likely to enhance stakeholder participation and innovation culture, which, in turn, encourage honest performance reporting.
Changes in cysteinyl leukotrienes during and after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Objective Pulmonary function frequently deteriorates after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases risk of respiratory complications after CPB. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are important mediators of respiratory dysfunction. Their role during cardiac surgery and its lung complications is incompletely understood. We studied whether production of cysteinyl leukotrienes changes during and after cardiac surgery with CPB and differs between patients with and without COPD. Methods Patients with (n = 9) and without (n = 10) moderate-to-severe COPD undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were prospectively included. Plasma and urinary cysteinyl leukotriene and leukotriene B 4 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after anesthesia induction, at end of CPB, after CPB, and 2 hours after intensive care unit admission. Gas exchange and respiratory mechanics were also assessed. Results Patients with COPD had larger airway resistances after CPB and chest closure ( P 2 to inspired oxygen fraction at intensive care unit admission (215 ± 37 vs 328 ± 30 mm Hg, P P P P P 4 in plasma and urine did not increase significantly with time and were not different between groups. Conclusions Release of cysteinyl leukotrienes increases during cardiac surgery with CPB and is larger in patients with than without COPD. This may be related to higher lung and airway production of cysteinyl leukotrienes and neutrophil activation in patients with COPD.
Lower trapezius myocutaneous island flap.

• Resurfacing of the floor of the mouth and buccal region of the oral cavity and the tonsillar region of the oropharynx may be accomplished with many variations of regional and distant vascularized flaps. Our experiences in the use of 14 lower trapezius myocutaneous island flaps are described with respect to the unique application and suitability of this flap to resurface defects in these areas, as well as the contraindications, both relative and absolute, to the use of this particular method of resurfacing. In addition, the intraoperative technique and attendant problems, as well as postoperative complications, are presented. The overall advantages and disadvantages of this flap as compared with the more traditional pectoralis myocutaneous flap are outlined. It is our belief that because of the distinct qualities of this flap, including extended scope and flap thinness, this method of reconstruction merits consideration in the preoperative planning process. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:1181-1185)
Density effects on collisional rates and population kinetics.

Abstract Although detailed quantum kinetic theory calculations obtained large plasma effects on electron collisional rates, population kinetics calculations indicate that the main impact of the density on non-equilibrium plasma models is continuum lowering. Density effects beyond continuum lowering lead to significantly smaller corrections on level populations and are uncertain since usual approximations may introduce anomalous behavior. These kinetics calculations take advantage of simple approximations to the electron collisional rates that compare reasonably well with the quantum kinetic theory results. Finally, the analysis indicates that since continuum lowering is already included in standard kinetics models, the expected impact on level populations from the quantum kinetic theory results may not be realized.
Relationships of Personality to Perceptual and Behavioral Responses in Stimulating and Nonstimulating Tasks

This study tested the interaction effects of task stimulation and extroversion on worker satisfaction and performance. In addition, the role of extroversion and neuroticism dimensions of personalit...
Graduate Education Faculty and Student Perceptions of the Ethical Climate and Its Importance in the Retention of Students.

Graduate student and faculty perceptions of the ethical climate and its importance in the retention of students were investigated at a midwestern metropolitan university. The subjects included 159 graduate students and 52 faculty members from five major areas within the College of Education. The subjects' perceptions of the ethical climate were measured by the Ethical Climate Index (ECI). There were differences between student and faculty perceptions of the ethical climate for four of the five academic areas. Results of the study indicated that a positive ethical climate is perceived by faculty and students to be important in the retention of students within graduate academic programs. Administrators and faculty members should consider the ethical climate as an important factor in retaining graduate students within academic programs.
A minimum-area floorplanning algorithm for MBC designs

This paper identifies important objectives that an MBC floorplanner using flexible, arbitrary rectilinear shapes for standard cell regions should achieve including area minimization, proximity, and connectivity. It then presents an algorithm that guarantees area minimization and connectivity and gives good results with respect to proximity.
Emerging Opportunities in Ceramics: Reports from the 4th International Congress on Ceramics

The American Ceramic Society, in collaboration with the Ceramic Society of Japan and the European Ceramic Society, and under the leadership of the International Ceramic Federation, initiated a series of international biennial Congresses on Ceramics and Glass in 2006. The first Congress, held in Toronto, Canada, was a global event designed to facilitate discussion and planning concerning major issues that face the ceramic and glass industries, culminating in the development of a historic technology roadmap for ceramics, published by Wiley. Building on the success of the first meeting, two subsequent Congresses were organized in Verona in 2008 and Osaka in 2010, each with roadmap activities and proceedings. The 4th International Congress on Ceramics (ICC4), held in Chicago, Illinois from July 15 to 19, 2012, followed in the same vein. ICC4 was organized to address emerging opportunities in ceramics and glass disciplines in themes that included aerospace; biology and medicine; environment, energy, and transportation; electronic, optical, and magnetic ceramics and their devices; nanostructured ceramics; security and strategic materials; technology entrepreneurship; and workforce development. Ceramics and glass are key to enabling technology in all the aforementioned areas and offer the possibility of achieving greater efficiency, durability, and in many cases properties and functionality that cannot be attained with any other class of materials.
The biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the water column of Lake Sammamish, Washington: response to seasonally anoxic conditions

Total acid-soluble and dissolved Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the water column of a seasonally anoxic lake (Lake Sammamish, Washington) were measured on a monthly basis during the course of a year. These data, in conjunction with Fe, Mn, sulfide, and nutrient data, are used to assess the biochemical processes controlling the distribution of trace metals in the lake and how the importance of these processes varies with time. Thermodynamic calculations are used to examine changes in dissolved metal speciation in the bottom waters during the year and to assess the saturation state of metal-sulfide phases. Spatial and temporal changes in the redox conditions of the bottom waters result in increases in dissolved Co and Ni concentrations, peaks in particulate Co profiles, decreases in dissolved Cu and Cr concentrations, and significant changes in dissolved metal speciation during stagnation. The rcdox-driven cycling of Fe and Mn in the hypolimnion has a dramatic effect on Co distributions, a slight effect on Ni concentrations, and virtually no effect on Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn concentrations. Biological uptake and regeneration processes result in a correlation between Zn and silicate concentrations throughout the water column, and it appears that biological cycling may also influence the distribution of Cd. During the sulfidic phase of stagnation dissolved Cd concentrations in the bottom waters may be controlled by metal-sulfide precipitation, Cr(V1) is probably reduced to more particle-reactive Cr(II1) and removed by settling particles, and Cu(H) is most likely reduced to Cu(1) and precipitated as a metal-sulfide phase.
Seasonal nitrogen fixation dynamics in a marine microbial mat: Potential roles of cyanobacteria and microheterotrophs

Diel rates of nitrogen (N,) fixation (acetylene reduction) and primary production (14C0, fixation) were examined seasonally on a North Carolina Atlantic coastal, intertidal, benthic microbial mat community dominated by the filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacterial genera Microcoleus and Lyngbya. Highest hourly and daily rates of Nz and CO2 fixation were observed during spring through fall. During this period, an inverse temporal relationship was noted between these processes, with CO, fixation closely tracking irradiance and Nz fixation rates remaining low during daylight and becoming maximal at night. Under the influence of the photosynthetic (PS 2) inhibitor 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)- 1,l dimethylurea (DCMU), daytime N, fixation was enhanced, indicating in situ 0, inhibition of Nz fixation. The most pronounced DCMU stimulation of daytime N2 fixation was in spring-fall. Both N2 and CO, fixation rates were lower in winter. Winter patterns of diel N, fixation were the reverse of those in summer, with maximum rates at midday. The reversal was related to seasonal changes in daily and hourly photosynthetic rates, leading to differential 0, suppression of N, fixation. Seasonal changes in cyanobacterial community composition and bacterial diazotrophy may have played additional roles in determining diel rates and patterns of N2 fixation and mat production. Results indicate a more important role for bacteria in the dynamics of mat Nz fixation than has been previously recognized.
Temperature dependent pressure induced linewidths of O216 and 18O16O transitions in nitrogen, oxygen and air

Abstract The temperature dependent pressure induced broadening of several oxygen resonant transitions have been measured. For O 2 16 the isolated magnetic fine-structure transition J N ′ ′ ← J N = 1 1 ← 1 0 and the magnetic rotational transition 3 2 ← 1 2 are investigated in both nitrogen and oxygen. Additionally, pressure broadening of the magnetic rotational transition of 18O16O 2 1 ← 0 1 is measured in air. This work improves precision and accuracy of the linewidth of the fine-structure transition and provides the first temperature dependent linewidth measurements at higher frequency.
Polarization-maintaining fiber based optical coherence tomography for polarization-sensitive measurements

We present a polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber based optical coherence tomography system for polarization-sensitive and phase-sensitive measurements. Using a single detector, a single depth scan accurately yields retardance and polarization-insensitive reflectivity information along an A-line. Interference patterns on the orthogonal polarization channels are frequency multiplexed and extracted by digital band-pass filters. Images are insensitive to sample rotation in plane perpendicular to ranging. The use of PM-fibers allows direct calculation of birefringence without correcting the polarization transformations known in single-mode non-PM fibers. The system can be configured for differential phase measurements with minor modifications. In this case, a dual detector setup in the detection arm is used, and frequency multiplexing is not utilized.
Analysis of responses of allicin, a compound from garlic, in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat and in the rat

Allicin, diallyl disulfide-oxide, an active ingredient released from garlic is a systemic vasodilator that acts by an unknown mechanism. In the present experiments, pulmonary vascular responses to allicin (0.1-1.0 mg) were studied in the intact-chest anesthetized cat and in the isolated lung of the rat under constant flow conditions. When baseline tone in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat was raised with U46619 (11 alpha,9 alpha-epoxymethano-9 alpha,11 beta-dideoxyprostaglandin F2 alpha), intralobar injections of allicin produced dose-related decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure without changing left atrial pressure indicating that allicin had significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary vascular bed when tone was increased experimentally. Allicin also decreased systemic arterial pressure in a dose-related manner. In terms of relative vasodilator activity in the cat, allicin was 100-fold less potent than sodium nitroprusside and many orders of magnitude less potent than isoproterenol. In the cat, vasodilator responses to allicin were unchanged by methylene blue or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Allicin also significantly diminished the pulmonary pressor response to ventilatory hypoxia in the isolated perfused rat lung. These data show that allicin has significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat and the rat. The present data suggest that pulmonary vasodilator responses to allicin are independent of the synthesis of endothelial-derived relaxing factor or the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase.
Brain-Based Devices for the Study of Nervous Systems and the Development of Intelligent Machines

The simultaneous study of brain function at all levels of organization is difficult to undertake with current experimental tools. Present day electrophysiology only allows the recording of at most hundreds of neurons while an animal is performing a behavioral task. Because of this limitation and the sheer complexity of the nervous system, computational modeling has become essential in developing theories of brain function. Accordingly, our group has constructed a series of brain-based devices (BBDs), that is, physical devices with simulated nervous systems that guide behavior, to serve as a heuristic for testing theories of brain function. Unlike animal models, BBDs permit analysis of activity at all levels of the nervous system as the device behaves in its environment. Although the principal focus of developing BBDs has been to test theories of brain function, this type of modeling may also provide a basis for robotic design and practical applications.
“Points Ain't Everything”: Emergent Goals and Average and Percent Understandings in the Play of Basketball among African American Students

This study examines the shifting nature of the cultural practice of basketball as players move from middle school to high school play and related shifts in players' statistical evaluations linked to play. Thirty-four middle and high school African American basketball players were observed and interviewed as they participated in the practice of basketball. Results show that the practice of basketball differs at these two levels of play corresponding to differences in mathematics linked to play.
Involvement of the PrrB/PrrA Two-Component System in Nitrite Respiration in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3: Evidence for Transcriptional Regulation

Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain 2.4.3 is capable of diverse metabolic lifestyles, including denitrification. The regulation of many Rhodobacter genes involved in redox processes is controlled, in part, by the PrrBA two-component sensor-regulator system, where PrrB serves as the sensor kinase and PrrA is the response regulator. Four strains of 2.4.3 carrying mutations within the prrB gene were isolated in a screen for mutants unable to grow anaerobically on medium containing nitrite. Studies revealed that the expression of nirK, the structural gene encoding nitrite reductase, in these strains was significantly decreased compared to its expression in 2.4.3. Disruption of prrA also eliminated the ability to grow both photosynthetically and anaerobically in the dark on nitrite-amended medium. Complementation with prrA restored the wild-type phenotype. The PrrA strain exhibited a severe decrease in both nitrite reductase activity and expression of a nirK-lacZ fusion. Nitrite reductase activity in the PrrA strain could be restored to wild-type levels by using nirK expressed from a heterologous promoter, suggesting that the loss of nitrite reductase activity in the PrrA and PrrB mutants was not due to problems with enzyme assembly or the supply of reductant. Inactivation of prrA had no effect on the expression of the gene encoding NnrR, a transcriptional activator required for the expression of nirK. Inactivation of ccoN, part of the cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase shown to regulate the kinase activity of PrrB, also caused a significant decrease in both nirK expression and Nir activity. This was unexpected, since PrrA-P accumulates in the ccoN strain. Together, these results demonstrate that PrrBA plays an essential role in the regulation of nirK.
Possible influence of bacterial quorum sensing on the hydrolysis of sinking particulate organic carbon in marine environments

A central component of the ocean's biological carbon pump is the export of sinking, photosynthetically derived, particulate organic carbon (POC). Bacteria colonize these particles and produce enzymes that hydrolyse sinking POC thereby acting as one of the major controls on the biological pump. Here we provide evidence that a bacterial cell-cell communication mechanism, quorum sensing (QS), may influence the activity of hydrolytic enzymes on sinking particles. We collected sinking POC from a site off Vancouver Island, Canada and found that it contained acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs), a suite of well-known bacterial communication molecules. Furthermore, we observed that the addition of exogenous AHLs to incubations containing sinking POC affected the activity of key hydrolytic enzymes involved in POC degradation in some cases. Our results suggest that AHL-based QS could play an important role in regulating the degradation of sinking POC and that variability in AHL-triggered POC hydrolysis is a heretofore unrecognized process that impacts the marine biological carbon pump.
Energy supplies and future engines for land, sea, and air

The years 2012 and beyond seem likely to record major changes in energy use and power generation. The Japanese tsunami has resulted in large countries either scaling back or abolishing the future use of nuclear energy. The discovery of what seems like vast amounts of economically deliverable natural gas has many forecasting a rapid switch from coal- to gas-fired generating plants. On the other hand, environmentalists have strong objections to the production of natural gas and of petroleum by hydraulic fracturing from shale, or by extraction of heavy oil. They believe that global warming from the use of fossil fuels is now established beyond question. There has been rapid progress in the development of alternative energy supplies, particularly from on-shore and off-shore wind. Progress toward a viable future energy mix has been slowed by a U.S. energy policy that seems to many to be driven by politics. The author will review the history of power and energy to put all of the above in context and will look at possible future developments. He will propose what he believes to be an idealized energy policy that could result in an optimum system that would be arrived at democratically.
System specification and synthesis with the SpecCharts language

There is a need for capturing behavioral specifications of entire systems and obtaining multi-chip designs from those specifications. The authors discuss system level specification and synthesis issues, along with the unique requirements they place on a specification language. Since no current language meets those requirements, the SpecCharts language was created on top of VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). The SpecCharts language permits concise, understandable, and accurate specification of systems while supporting the concept of behavioral hierarchy, which considerably aided the specification of hardware systems modeled by the authors. Its constructs aid system level synthesis tasks such as partitioning, estimation, interface synthesis, and bus merging by permitting high level communication, and maintaining information and permitting modification at the level at which most modelers think at. >
Covert Auditory Attention Generates Activation in the Rostral/Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to mediate conscious information processing or high-capacity attention. However, previous functional imaging studies have largely relied on tasks that involve motor function as well as attention. The work from our group utilizing an auditory continuous performance task demonstrated increased activity in a caudal division of the ACC that borders the supplementary motor area (SMA). Activity in this region was attributed to motor responding as well as attention. In the present study, we used 15O H2O positron emission tomography (PET) to map brain activation during nonmotor, covert auditory attention. Our hypothesis was that a different region within the ACC, anterior to the SMA, would be active during covert attention (CA). Six men and six women were asked to monitor aurally presented syllables presented at a 1-sec interstimulus interval. During the CA condition, subjects were asked to continuously discriminate target (.19 probability) from nontarget stimuli. Simultaneous recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) confirmed the discrimination of target and nontarget stimuli and the allocation of attention capacity. Comparison of the monitored versus nonmonitored presentation of stimuli demonstrated significant activity in a rostral/dorsal division of the right ACC, anterior to SMA. Other regions of activation included the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere, consistent with neurocognitive models of language and vigilance. We conclude that a rostral/dorsal subdivision of the right ACC is specific for conscious attention during auditory processing, in contrast to premotor response formation.
Assessing Administrative Laws for Forestry Prescribed Burning in the Southern United States: A Management-Based Regulation Approach

SUMMARY Prescribed burning in forestry is a valuable land management tool that has been extensively used in Australia, Eurasia, and North America. Nevertheless, fire is inherently dangerous and may impose risk upon humans, properties, and other natural resources. With the case of southern United States, the objective of this study is to assess the trend of administrative law reforms for forestry prescribed burning within the theoretical framework of management-based regulation. A key finding is that existing regulations focus on the production and management process of prescribed burning to identify and reduce risk. They demand moderate resource commitments, and many are related to the planning stage of a burn rather than the implementation stage. These results will assist the public in comprehending the rationale and trend of administrative law reforms for prescribed burning. Countries facing similar challenges in achieving a sustainable growth of forest resources can also learn from these legal reform e...
The development, properties, and application of the complex phase lead compensator

Phase lead compensation is an important and reliable method for classical control design in the frequency domain for both continuous-time systems and discrete-time systems. First order or single phase lead compensators consist of a single stable real-axis zero to the right of a single stable real-axis pole. This paper introduces a new phase lead compensator structure which is a variation of a double lead compensator in that the poles and zeros appear in complex conjugate pairs. This new compensator can arbitrarily reduce the difference between the low and high frequency gains compared to a double lead compensator depending on the damping ratios of the complex conjugate poles and zeros; at the cost of a narrowing of the gain peak and an increase in the rate of change between the low and high frequency gain. This paper examines the implications of these tradeoffs and concludes that they may well be worthwhile for some applications.
Characterization of Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1 Infection In Situ Reveals an Unusual Pattern of Late Gene Expression and Capsid Protein Localization

Full-length genomic DNA of the recently identified laboratory mouse papillomavirus 1 (MusPV1) was synthesized in vitro and was used to establish and characterize a mouse model of papillomavirus pathobiology. MusPV1 DNA, whether naked or encapsidated by MusPV1 or human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) capsids, efficiently induced the outgrowth of papillomas as early as 3 weeks after application to abraded skin on the muzzles and tails of athymic NCr nude mice. High concentrations of virions were extracted from homogenized papillomatous tissues and were serially passaged for >10 generations. Neutralization by L1 antisera confirmed that infectious transmission was capsid mediated. Unexpectedly, the skin of the murine back was much less susceptible to virion-induced papillomas than the muzzle or tail. Although reporter pseudovirions readily transduced the skin of the back, infection with native MusPV1 resulted in less viral genome amplification and gene expression on the back, including reduced expression of the L1 protein and very low expression of the L2 protein, results that imply skin region-specific control of postentry aspects of the viral life cycle. Unexpectedly, L1 protein on the back was predominantly cytoplasmic, while on the tail the abundant L1 was cytoplasmic in the lower epithelial layers and nuclear in the upper layers. Nuclear localization of L1 occurred only in cells that coexpressed the minor capsid protein, L2. The pattern of L1 protein staining in the infected epithelium suggests that L1 expression occurs earlier in the MusPV1 life cycle than in the life cycle of high-risk HPV and that virion assembly is regulated by a previously undescribed mechanism.
Growth of carbon nanowalls at atmospheric pressure for one-step gas sensor fabrication

Carbon nanowalls (CNWs), two-dimensional "graphitic" platelets that are typically oriented vertically on a substrate, can exhibit similar properties as graphene. Growth of CNWs reported to date was exclusively carried out at a low pressure. Here, we report on the synthesis of CNWs at atmosphere pressure using "direct current plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition" by taking advantage of the high electric field generated in a pin-plate dc glow discharge. CNWs were grown on silicon, stainless steel, and copper substrates without deliberate introduction of catalysts. The as-grown CNW material was mainly mono- and few-layer graphene having patches of O-containing functional groups. However, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirmed that most of the oxygen groups could be removed by thermal annealing. A gas-sensing device based on such CNWs was fabricated on metal electrodes through direct growth. The sensor responded to relatively low concentrations of NO2 (g) and NH3 (g), thus suggesting high-quality CNWs that are useful for room temperature gas sensors.
Physics of type Ia supernovae

The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth of high-quality data for thermonuclear explosions of a white dwarf star, the type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Advances in computational methods provide new insights into the physics of the phenomenon and a direct, quantitative link between observables and explosion physics. Both trends combined provided spectacular results, allowed to address, to identify specific problems and to narrow down the range of scenarios. Current topics include the relation between SNe Ia and their progenitors, the influence of the metallicities and accretion on the explosion, and details of the burning front. How can we understand the apparent homogeneity and probe for the diversity of SNe Ia? Here, we want give an overview of the current status of our understanding of supernovae physics in light of recent results.
Comparison of Safety, Renal Function Outcomes and Efficacy of Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Radio Frequency Ablation of Renal Masses

Purpose: With the increased incidence of low stage renal cancers, thermal ablation technology has emerged as a viable treatment option. Current AUA (American Urological Association) guidelines include thermal ablation as a treatment modality for select individuals. We compared the laparoscopic and percutaneous approach for the radio frequency ablation of renal tumors under the guidance of urological surgeons.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our radio frequency ablation database of patients with renal masses undergoing laparoscopic or computerized tomography guided percutaneous radio frequency ablation with simultaneous peripheral fiberoptic thermometry from November 2001 to January 2011 at a single tertiary care center. Data were collected on patient demographics, and surgical and clinicopathological outcomes stratified by approach.Results: A total of 298 patients with 316 renal tumors underwent laparoscopic (122 tumors) or computerized tomography guided (194 tumors) radio frequency ablation. There were...
A STUDY OF LANGUAGE DISABILITIES IN CEREBRAL PALSIED CHILDREN.

Sixty-eight spastic, 24 athetoid, and 32 normal children were administered the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities to determine whether this instrument would distinguish among the groups. N...
Peritoneal Cavity Regulatory B Cells (B10 Cells) Modulate IFN-γ+CD4+ T Cell Numbers during Colitis Development in Mice

The spleen regulatory B cell subset with the functional capacity to express IL-10 (B10 cells) modulates both immune responses and autoimmune disease severity. However, the peritoneal cavity also contains relatively high frequencies of functionally defined IL-10–competent B10 cells. In this study, peritoneal cavity B10 cells shared similar cell surface phenotypes with their spleen counterparts. However, peritoneal cavity B10 cells were 10-fold more frequent among B cells than occurred within the spleen, intestinal tract, or mesenteric lymph nodes and were present at higher proportions among the phenotypically defined peritoneal B1a > B1b > B2 cell subpopulations. The development or localization of B10 cells within the peritoneal cavity was not dependent on the presence of commensal microbiota, T cells, IL-10 or B10 cell IL-10 production, or differences between their fetal liver or adult bone marrow progenitor cell origins. The BCR repertoire of peritoneal cavity B10 cells was diverse, as occurs in the spleen, and predominantly included germline-encoded VH and VL regions commonly found in either the conventional or B1 B cell compartments. Thereby, the capacity to produce IL-10 appears to be an intrinsic functional property acquired by clonally diverse B cells. Importantly, IL-10 production by peritoneal cavity B cells significantly reduced disease severity in spontaneous and induced models of colitis by regulating neutrophil infiltration, colitogenic CD4+ T cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production during colitis onset. Thus, the numerically small B10 cell subset within the peritoneal cavity has regulatory function and is important for maintaining homeostasis within gastrointestinal tissues and the immune system.
Combined Heat and Controlled Atmosphere Quarantine Treatments for Control of Codling Moth in Sweet Cherries

Nonchemical quarantine treatments, using a combination of short-duration high temperatures under low oxygen, elevated carbon dioxide atmospheric environment were developed to control codling moth in sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.). The two treatments developed are a chamber temperature of 45°C for 45 min and a chamber temperature of 47°C for 25 min under a 1% oxygen, 15% carbon dioxide, −2°C dew point environment. Both these treatments have been shown to provide control of all life stages of codling moth while preserving commodity market quality. The third and fourth instars of codling moth are equally tolerant to CATTS treatments and are the most tolerant immature stages to these treatments. We determined that low levels of oxygen are more important than elevated carbon dioxide in achieving high levels of insect mortality. Efficacy tests of both treatments resulted in 100% mortality of 5,000 third instars of codling moth in each treatment. These treatments may be used to provide quarantine security in exported sweet cherries where codling moth is a quarantine concern and fumigation with methyl bromide is not desired.
Querying of death certificates in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Data from death certificates are often used in research; however, little has been published on the processing of vague or incomplete information reported on certificates. The goal of this study was to examine the querying efforts in the United States used to clarify such records. METHODS: The authors obtained data on the querying efforts of the 50 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia. Descriptive statistics are presented for two units of analysis: registration area and death record. Using data from a single registration area, Washington State, the authors compared the percent change in age-adjusted death rates for data from before and after querying to analyze the effect of querying on selected causes of death. RESULTS: Fifty-one of the 52 registration areas queried either demographic or cause-of-death information. Almost 90% of queries were returned; the underlying cause of death changed in approximately 68% of these records. This data translates into about 3% of total U.S. death records, given that 4% of total U.S. death records were queried about cause of death. The impact of queries on age-adjusted death rates varied by cause of death. Generally, the effect is most obvious for cause-of-death categories that are specific and relatively homogenous. CONCLUSION: Querying continues to be widely practiced. In the case of cause-of-death queries, this method refines the assigned underlying cause of death for records reported with vague or incomplete information. Language: en
Measurement of selected hip, knee, and ankle joint motions in newborns

As clinicians become more involved in preventative screening, assessment, and treatment of newborns and infants, an increasing need exists for quantitative, normal joint range-of-motion data for this population. We used a goniometer to assess in 40 healthy, full-term newborns the following passive ranges of motion: hip extension, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and the popliteal angle. Every infant except one lacked full extension at both the hip and the knee. Plantar flexion was generally limited, but dorsiflexion was unlimited. Popliteal angle measurements showed the greatest amount of variation among the infants. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that those infants with greater dorsiflexion tended to have less plantar flexion, and those with a greater limitation of knee extension measured with the hip extended tended also to have a smaller popliteal angle. Intrauterine position and newborn flexor tone are discussed as possible contributing factors to the results obtained in this study.
Sustainability in highrise building design and construction

Summary This paper presents a review of the recent literature on sustainability in construction and design with a focus on highrise buildings. The paper is divided into the following main sections: energy consumption, environmental effects and green practices for highrise buildings. A number of concepts in sustainable design are reviewed including passive solar design, renewable energy resources, cogeneration and tri-generations, embodied energy reduction, net zero energy building, carbon emission reduction, envelope environment quality, green materials, efficient mechanical design and innovative structural systems. Their applications in a dozen signature and iconic structures are described. In order to achieve net zero energy in a new highrise building, first, multiple green solutions need to be evaluated using two categorical solutions: passive solar and envelop environment design and renewable energy resources along with efficient energy generators. Next, a robust optimization algorithm should be used to select the optimum set of solutions. This is worth pursuing in future sustainable design of highrise buildings because they are massive and complex structures with many components. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Magnoliaceae (Liriodendron and Magnolia)

The family Magnoliaceae comprises 8 to 12 genera, including some 200 species of trees and shrubs distributed in southeast Asia, the eastern United States through Central America, and from the West Indies to eastern Brazil (Harlow et al. 1991). It is divided into two subfamilies or tribes, Magnolieae and Liriodendreae (Gardiner 1989). Within the Magnolieae, the well-known genera are Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, and Talauma, while the only known genus in the Liriodendreae is Liriodendron.
Identification and Characterization of Newsworthy Verbs in World News

We present a data-driven technique for acquiring domain-level importance of verbs from the analysis of abstract/article pairs of world news articles. We show that existing lexical resources capture some the semantic characteristics for important words in the domain. We develop a novel characterization of the association between verbs and personal story narratives, which is descriptive of verbs avoided in summaries for this domain.
Anand Viscoplasticity Model for the Effect of Aging on Mechanical Behavior of SAC305 Operating at High Strain Rate and High Temperature

Portable products such as smartphones and tablets stay in the powered on condition for a majority of their operational life during which time the device internals are maintained at higher than ambient temperature. Thus, it would be expected for interconnects in portable products to be at a temperature high than room temperature when subjected to accidental drop or shock. Furthermore, electronics in missile-applications may be subjected to high strain rates after prolonged period of storage often at high temperature. Electronics systems including interconnects may experience high strain rates in the neighborhood of 1–100 per sec during operation at high temperature. However, the material properties of SAC305 leadfree solders at high strain rates and high operating temperatures are scarce after long-term storage. Furthermore, the solder interconnects in simulation of product drop are often modeled using elastic-plastic properties or linear elastic properties, neither of which accommodate the effect of operating temperature on the solder interconnect deformation at high operating temperature. SAC305 solders have been shown to demonstrate the significant degradation of mechanical properties including the tensile strength and the elastic modulus after exposure to high temperature storage for moderate periods of time. Previously, Anand’s viscoplastic constitutive model has been widely used to describe the inelastic deformation behavior of solders in electronic components under thermo-mechanical deformation. Uniaxial stress-strain curves have been plotted over a wide range of strain rates (e = 10, 35, 50, 75 /sec) and temperatures (T = 25, 50, 75, 100, 125°C). Anand viscoplasticity constants have been calculated by non-linear fitting procedures. In addition, the accuracy of the extracted Anand constants has been evaluated by comparing the model prediction and experimental data.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Antiviral activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) against Gross murine leukemia virus in vitro.

SummaryAra-A, an antiviral agent with broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, was observed to inhibit Gross murine leukemia virus (an RNA tumor virus) in cell culture. Its activity was selective and was observed at concentrations well below cytotoxic levels.
Comparison of Human Versus Rodent Cell Transformation: Importance of Cell Aging

Rodent models are used for the identification of carcinogenic agents and for studies of mechanisms of carcinogenesis. An underlying assumption is that the information gained from animal studies will extend to humans. However, a fundamental difference must exist between human and rodents in terms of neoplastic development because cancers generally arise in rodents after a few years whereas the same cancers require decades in humans. For example, the spontaneous incidence of tumors in rodents after two years is approximately equal to that in humans at 70 years (1). It is an important problem in cancer biology to understand this fundamental difference between rodents and humans. One approach to this problem is to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of neoplastic transformation of cells in culture from different species by determining the number and type of genetic events involved. Cellular and molecular studies offer the opportunity to examine species differences and similarities.
The dynamics of conceptual change in immunology

The classical view of scientific progress that was advanced by analysts as philosopher Karl Popper and sociologist Robert Merton was one of a smooth and progressive evolution toward the ultimate goal—a complete understanding of the physical world. Scientists of all types shared this view, and the ideas represented by “smooth” and “progressive” were considered to be implicit in the very notion of an evolutionary sequence. But the term “smooth” as an adequate description of the workings of science was soon brought into question from several different directions. This chapter examines the reasons for the decline of the initially productive research program of immunology early in the twentieth century, and the devolution of several of its components into the hands of “outsiders.” This is followed by the appearance of a completely different theoretical framework and an entirely new set of research questions and technical approaches.