cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gradient method transfer after changing the average pore diameter of the chromatographic stationary phase I – One-dimensional sample mixture

Abstract Three different approaches designed to transfer gradient methods from a chromatographic column 1 packed with particles (2.7 μm 90 ACORTECS-C18 or CORTECS-Triphenyl) to a column 2 packed with the same particles having a larger average pore diameter (APD = 120 Aand 450 A) are proposed for a one-dimensional sample mixture. Two approaches are based on the variation of the experimental retention plots (lnk vs. the volume fraction, φ, of the strong solvent) with increasing the APD. They lead to so-called “vertical” (vertical shift in column phase ratio, ln ϕ 2 ϕ 1 ) and “horizontal” (horizontal shift in eluent composition, Δφ1 →2) gradient method transfers. The third method is based on in silico predictions of the gradient retention times when considering the actual non-linearity of the retention plots. The adjusted gradient parameters (starting eluent composition, φ0, and temporal gradient steepness, β) are unambiguously determined by minimizing the distance between the calculated and targeted gradient retention times of all the analytes. The performances of the three approaches for gradient method transfer are compared for a sample mixture containing a non-retained compound (thiourea) and a series of five homologous compounds (n-alkanophenones). The ultimate goal is to keep unchanged the gradient retention times of all analytes when changing the APD of the particles. The results show that the in silico transfer systematically outperforms the “horizontal” transfer, which itself outperforms the “vertical” transfer. The first two approaches are the least successful ones because, even for a series of homologous compounds, the linear solvent strength model (LSSM) is only an approximate model and the best shifts in eluent composition that keeps retention factors unchanged are compound-dependent. In the end, the average relative deviations between the observed and targeted gradient retention times are 15.0, 1.7, and 0.4% (90 Ato 120 Atransfer, C18 chemistry), 5.1, 5.8 and 0.8% (90 Ato 450 Atransfer, C18 chemistry), 4.8, 0.5, and 0.4% (90 Ato 120 Atransfer, Triphenyl chemistry), and 10.4, 7.1, and 2.2% (90 Ato 450 Atransfer, Triphenyl chemistry) for the “vertical”, “horizontal”, and “in silico” gradient method transfers, respectively.
A Qualitative Study Of Sexual Assault Survivors’ Post-Assault Legal System Experiences

Following sexual assault, survivors may turn to the civil or criminal justice systems in pursuit of some form of legal justice. Informal support providers (SPs) often play a large role in survivors...
Social disorder and residence-based fear of crime: The differential mediating effects of police effectiveness

Abstract Purpose The present study aims to investigate the mediating effects of the police effectiveness on the theoretical relationship between social disorder and fear of crime. We test hypotheses derived from Wilson and Kelling's (1982) Broken Windows Theory and Skogan's (2009) Accountability and Reassurance Models. Methods Data were collected from a random-sample telephone survey of approximately 1100 residents drawn from an address-based sampling frame in Houston. We use structural equation models (SEM) to test hypotheses with combined survey-based and geo-coded data. Results Mediating effect of police effectiveness was found in the relationship of perceived social disorder and fear of crime, except for the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions The results of the present study lend additional support for both Wilson and Kelling's (1982) Broken Windows Theory and Skogan's (2009) Accountability and Reassurance Models. Future research on the relationship between social disorder and fear of crime should consider both the mediating effect of formal social control mechanisms and the moderating effect of neighborhood socio-economic statuses.
Association between conflict of interest and published position on tumor-treating fields for the treatment of glioblastoma

Abstract Objective To investigate a possible association between authors’ financial conflict-of-interest and published position on the clinical application of a medical device utilizing tumor-treating fields (TTF) for the treatment of Glioblastoma. Methods We searched Google Scholar for all articles that cite the 2015 JAMA article on TTF in treating glioblastoma. All articles were read in full to identify editorials or review articles that focus on the use of TTF in treating glioblastoma. Selected articles were coded by two investigators as favorable toward the use of TTF, or neutral/ unfavorable. Conflict-of-interest as declared by each author was recorded, and The CMS “Open Payments” Registry was used to independently identify conflict for each listed author of included articles. Results There were 15 articles with 44 independent authors included in our analysis. Of the 15 articles, nine articles were categorized as favorable with 35 authors. Of the 35 authors with favorable views, 77% (26/35) had financial conflict-of-interest with the maker of TTF, compared to 11% (1/9) of authors of neutral articles. Authors of articles with a favorable stance towards TTF were more likely to have received payments from the device manufacturer worth greater than 1 000 dollars than authors of neutral articles (66% vs. 0%, p = 0.001). Among the nine favorable articles, 89% (8/9) had at least one author who had received greater than 1 000 dollars from the device manufacturer. Conclusion Our study shows an association between authors' published stance on the use of tumor-treating fields for the treatment of glioblastoma and financial ties to the manufacturer of this device.
The accuracy of the ACSM prediction equations, for determining walking caloric expenditure, in college-aged males and females.

Objective: Determine whether the ACSM walking equations, which calculate caloric expenditure, were accurate for college-aged males and females.Participants: Between 2011 and 2016, 100 college-aged ...
Sound science, not politics, must inform restoration of Florida Bay and the coral reefs of the Florida Keys

The comment by Julian (2020) criticizes aspects of our paper, “Nitrogen enrichment, altered stoichiometry, and coral reef decline at Looe Key, Florida Keys, USA.” The comment begins by misrepresenting our extensive literature review, while providing no justification for the claim of a “skewed reading.” Julian’s critique focused on methods of data handling, statistics, and spatial awareness, which we demonstrate in every case to be either irrelevant or incorrect. We provide additional supporting data that refute these claims. For example, Julian criticized the removal of data points below the method detection limits (MDLs), but when these points are included, the results do not change. Further, Julian criticized our removal of outliers, but so few points were excluded that it did not change the results of the statistical analyses. Julian also misinterpreted the methods of our correlation and stepwise regression analyses but did not dispute the Kruskal–Wallis tests of our 30-year dataset that revealed significant decadal changes. Julian’s closing paragraph is replete with misinformation and demonstrates a lack of understanding as to how increased freshwater flows associated with Everglades Restoration have led to a worsening of algal blooms and coral decline in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). This comment represents a smokescreen to confuse the scientific community about the physical connectivity of the Everglades basin and the FKNMS. Past water management policies based on politics, not sound science, have caused irreparable and ongoing environmental damage to sensitive coral reef communities in the FKNMS.
Airway Protection-A Role for Vagal P2RY1 Receptors.

Recent events bring the importance of respiratory health to the forefront of our collective attention. In this issue of Cell, a new study by Prescott and Umans et al. reveals how a dedicated laryngeal sensory motor reflex circuit protects our airways from aspirated foods or liquids.
Comparative analysis of water budgets across the U.S. long-term agroecosystem research network

Abstract Understanding the movement and storage of water within agricultural landscapes as functions of management and climate is essential for more efficient and sustainable water use. However, knowledge of water storage and fluxes on U.S. agricultural lands is largely incomplete. The Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network provides a unique and geographically diverse set of agricultural study sites in the United States. The objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize the hydrologic variability across the LTAR network; 2) identify data gaps in the water budgets across the LTAR network; and 3) identify opportunities to leverage the LTAR network to improve understanding of water budgets across agricultural landscapes. For each of the 18 LTAR sites, we developed water budgets on an average annual basis. Uncertainty propagation methods combined individual component uncertainties to calculate an overall water budget uncertainty. Datasets length ranged from three to 50 years. The network covers a range of precipitation from 240 to 1400 mm yr−1, evapotranspiration from 228 to 1080 mm yr−1, and surface runoff and subsurface flow from negligible to 560 mm yr−1. However, uncertainties of where all the water is going remained high, in part because soil water storage and downward movement of water were often neglected or measured for very short periods, resulting in average water budget uncertainty of 25% of the water inputs. More accurate measurement of the major inputs and outputs, and direct measurement of water content and percolation are key to understanding how agricultural lands affect terrestrial water budgets.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and HIV Spotlight the United States Imperative for Permanent Affordable Housing

Job loss and evictions tied to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are expected to increase homelessness significantly in the coming months. Reciprocally, homelessness and the many vulnerabilities that inevitably accompany it are driving COVID-19 outbreaks in US shelters and other congregate living situations. Unless we intervene to address homelessness, these co-existing and synergistic situations will make the current public health crisis even worse. Preventing homelessness and providing permanent affordable housing has reduced the ravages of the HIV epidemic. We must take the lessons learned in 40 years of fighting HIV to respond effectively to the COVID-19 crisis. Housing is an investment that will curb the spread of COVID-19 and help protect all of us from future pandemics.
Methodology to account for the impact of stress history in layered soils for seismic vulnerability assessment of scoured bridges

Scour has been recognized as one of the leading causes of bridge collapse in the United States. Therefore, it is essential to be able to build models that accurately capture the response of bridges...
Self-Referral Patterns of Living Kidney Donors via Social Media: Examining an Expanding Platform

Kidney transplantation remains the therapy of choice for eligible patients with ESKD. Unfortunately, obtaining a deceased donor kidney transplant entails a lengthy wait for patients on dialysis. Living donor kidney transplant allows patients to receive a higher-quality kidney transplant in a shorter time, and has been endorsed by the American Society of Transplantation as a priority (1). However, living donor kidney transplants continue to represent a minority of kidney transplants performed in the United States (2). There are many potential barriers to living donation, but one of the main reasons is identifying a healthy and willing living donor (3,4). The internet and social media present an opportunity for educating the public, sharing outcomes, and disseminating individual stories of transplant donors and recipients via official transplant center social media accounts on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. However, the effect of social media on living kidney donation has not been well studied. In this issue of Kidney360 , DuBray et al. (5) publish their study of self-referral patterns of potential living kidney donors at Vanderbilt, with the goal of better quantifying the role of social media in …
Moyamoya Disease in a Young Female With Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive stenosis of the terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and the development of a network of abnormal collateral vessels. This case depicts a 25-year-old African American female patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), whose initial hospital presentation occurred in a hypertensive emergency setting. Surveillance studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple asymptomatic right cortical strokes. Genetic testing evidenced a novel, unique pathogenic variant on the NF-1 gene. The patient underwent combined bypass surgery first and then was placed on aspirin and a blood pressure control regimen. Our case illustrates the need for clinicians to include moyamoya disease in the list of differential diagnoses when encountering a young patient, without major risk factors, presenting with ischemic stroke. It should be considered even with no known history of previously diagnosed MMD or NF-1, as these pathologies may have yet to be evaluated in subclinical cases.
The 100 most-cited articles in orthodontic journals in the last 20 years

Introduction This study aimed to identify and analyze the 100 most-cited articles published in orthodontic scientific journals in the past 21 years. Methods The research was conducted in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science data citation index, considering articles from 2000 to 2020 and the category of dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine. Information about the number of citations, citations per year, title, authors, year of publication, the title of scientific journals, type of study, keywords, and thematic field were extracted for each article. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the collected data. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between publication and the number of citations received. The VOSviewer software (Leiden University Center for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden, the Netherlands) was used to generate the keyword cooccurrence network. Results The number of citations of the 100 selected articles ranged from 122 to 547. The journal with the largest number of cited articles was the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Most of the papers were cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and the most frequent thematic fields among the selected articles were anchorage, root resorption, and rapid maxillary expansion. Orthodontic treatment, anchorage, and root resorption were the most frequent keywords. Conclusions Bibliometric analysis of citations revealed a greater centralization of orthodontic studies. Most of the articles were published in a single journal and by one country. Anchorage is a trending topic in orthodontics, and cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are the most-cited types of papers.
Reconstructing the World of the Anorectic Outpatient: Procedures for Enhancing Trustworthiness and Credibility

Conducting in-depth interviews with clinical populations often poses a number of problems for qualitative researchers. Because of the skewed perception of themselves and the world around them, and because of their propensity to distort and deny the pathology of their illness, anorexic women are an example of one such group that can create possible problems for researchers, particularly those concerned with the trustworthiness and credibility of their analysis. How should qualitative researchers approach this population? How can a credible reconstruction of reality be produced? This paper explores and discusses the procedures utilized by the authors during an 18-month project in which semi-structured, ethnographic interviews were conducted with 28 outpatients at an eating disorder treatment facility. This paper describes the methods employed by the authors to enhance the epistemological authority and trustworthiness of the analysis. These included: 1) a multi-disciplinary team approach with researchers and consultants from mass communication, family science, and clinical psychology, 2) weekly researcher team debriefing sessions to analyze and interpret recently completed interviews, 3) the exchange of thoughts and ideas from researcher diaries, journals, and coding memos, 4) the use of recovered anorexic patients as research assistants to help in the interpretation of interviews and to perform "member checks," and 5) periodic debriefing sessions with therapists at the center where the project's informants were being treated. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol5/iss1/2 Reconstructing the World of the Anorectic Outpatient: Procedures for Enhancing Trustworthiness and Credibility by Steven R. Thomsen, J. Kelley McCoy, & Marleen Williams The Qualitative Report, Volume 5, Numbers 1 & 2, May, 2000
Matchmaking the B-Cell Signature of Tolerance to Regulatory B Cells

Confirmation of clinical tolerance requires the cessation of immunosuppressive drugs, which evoke immune reactivation and allograft rejection in all but the rare individuals who successfully transition into a state of operational transplantation tolerance. Therefore, the safe conduct of trials in transplantation tolerance requires two conditions: a sensitive and reliable means to identify individuals still being maintained on immunosuppression who are most likely to exhibit tolerance after immunosuppression is withdrawn and a noninvasive means that assesses the quality or robustness of the tolerant (TOL) state. Two recent studies attempting to identify a gene signature in peripheral blood of spontaneously TOL kidney transplant recipients made the unexpected observation that TOL, but not immune-suppressed transplant recipients, exhibited enriched B cells and B-cell transcripts in their blood. In concert with the emerging appreciation of a specialized subset of regulatory B cells (Bregs) that possess immune-modulatory function, these observations raise the possibility that Bregs play a critical role in the maintenance of tolerance to renal allografts in transplant patients. This review summarizes these recent findings and speculates on the relationship of Bregs to the maintenance of transplantation tolerance.
CYCLONE — Method for Modeling Job Site Processes

A dynamic method for modeling construction processes is presented and illustrated in the context of the construction of the Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. The method develops the concept of flow units which pass through network representations of the system being modeled. The networks consist of elements corresponding to activities or functions inherent in the concrete forming and placement process. These network models provide a medium for documenting and communicating information regarding construction processes. A computer simulation solution of the network using discrete simulation techniques is also presented.
Displays attentive to unattended regions: presenting information in a peripheral-vision-friendly way

This study proposes that a visual attentive user interface should present information in a peripheral-vision-friendly way, rather than degrading the display resolution for unattended areas, as is sometimes practiced. It suggests that information presented in unattended areas could advantageously be perceived by our peripheral vision without compromising the primary task performance. The paper will discuss an empirical study in which several motion-based stimuli were examined on the periphery in a dual-task scenario. A proposed new design of GPS Navigation System design will then be described to demonstrate the concept of peripheral-vision-friendliness.
Relative Importance Of Stroke Sequelae According To Patients And Caregivers. (P7.160)

Objective: To determine the most important sequelae from stroke in terms of quality of life (QOL) for survivors and caregivers. Background: Survivors and caregivers sometimes assign different values to sequelae of stroke. The most used outcome scales, e.g., mRS, NIHSS, Barthel index; measure disability either in terms of activities of daily living/independence and are heavily weighted towards motor deficits. It is critical to understand what sequelae have greatest impact on QOL of survivors and caregivers, to focus post-stroke interventions. Methods: We surveyed 33 stroke patients and 28 corresponding caregivers using questionnaires about stroke sequelae. Residual problems were rated in 2 ways: (1) from most to least important in terms of QOL; (2) severe, moderate, mild, none. Symptoms included change in: personality or behavior, motor function, language, sensation, mood, walking, swallowing, sleep, empathy (understanding emotions of others and expressing emotion through tone of voice and facial expression), and sexual function. Results: Mean age (survivors): 66 (31-83) years; mean 22.2 months post-stroke; 42% women. Lesion site: 14 left, 14 right hemisphere, 3 bilateral, 2 brainstem. Among survivors of left hemisphere stroke and their caregivers, spelling/writing difficulties were the most frequently identified (71%), followed by word-retrieval and mood problems (noted by 57% of caregivers) and right-sided weakness identified (57% of survivors). Among caregivers of right hemisphere stroke survivors, the most commonly reported problem was loss of empathy (50%), followed by “other cognitive problems” and “change in personality and behavior.” Among right hemisphere stroke survivors, few residual deficits were reported, but equally common were: fatigue, left-sided weakness, problems with mood, reading, writing, memory, and sexual function ( 21% each). Conclusion: There is a greater concordance in rating the most important sequelae among patients and caregivers with left compared to right hemispheric stroke. Deficits in writing and empathy are underestimated as residual problems from stroke. Efforts to understand the causes and alleviate these problems are needed to improve QOL after stroke. Disclosure: Dr. Urrutia has received research support from Genentech Inc., and Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. Dr. Johnson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hillis has received research support from Allon Pharmaceutical.
Energetics of La1-xAxCrO3-δ perovskites (A = Ca or Sr)

Abstract A series of perovskites with the general formula La1−xAxCrO3−δ (A=Ca or Sr) have been synthesized in the solid solution range 0.0 x ⩽ 0.3 and 0.0⩽δ⩽0.5x with a variety of heat treatments. High-temperature drop solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO·B2O3 at 1080 K was performed to determine their enthalpies of formation from oxides at room temperature. The enthalpy of oxidation involved in the reaction 2 Cr Cr x + V O · · + 0.5 O 2 ( g ) = 2 Cr Cr · + O O x is roughly independent of oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ) in each series with a given dopant composition, but varies with composition (x). The values change from −620±260 to −280±80 kJ/mol O2 when x = 0.1 –0.3 for Ca-doped samples, and from −440±150 to −290±50 kJ/mol O2 for Sr-doped ones. This dependence of enthalpy of oxidation on composition suggests oxygen vacancies are increasingly short-range ordered in reduced samples. The higher oxidation state of chromium is stabilized by the substitution of alkaline earth ions, but with increasing doping, the enthalpy of formation of the fully oxidized sample in both Ca and Sr-doped systems becomes more endothermic. This destabilization effect is attributed to the large endothermic enthalpy of oxygen vacancy formation (395±30 kJ/mol of V O · · ) for the reaction A A x + O O x = A La ' + 0.5 V O · · + 0.5 O 2 (A=Ca or Sr) that over-rides the exothermic enthalpies of oxidation. At a given composition, Sr-doped LaCrO3 is more stable than its Ca-doped counterpart, which is consistent with basicity arguments.
Interaction and personalization of criteria in recommender systems

A user's informational need and preferences can be modeled by criteria, which in turn can be used to prioritize candidate results and produce a ranked list We examine the use of such a criteria-based user model separately in two representative recommendation tasks: news article recommendations and product recommendations We ask the following: are there nonlinear interactions among the criteria; and should the models be personalized? We assume that that user ratings on each criterion are available, and use machine learning to infer a user model that combines these multiple ratings into a single overall rating We found that the ratings of different criteria have a nonlinear interaction in some cases, for example, article novelty and subject relevance often interact We also found that these interactions vary from user to user.
The Economic Approach to Personnel Research

We compare the economic approach to research on personnel and organizational design to approaches from behavioral disciplines. Instead of a survey of the field, our emphasis is on topics which are important in organizational research outside of economics, yet have been little emphasized by economics. We contend that many of these topics hold great promise for insights from the economic approach. In some cases we sketch ways in which economists can approach these topics. We also briefly discuss empirical methods in personnel economics.
BioPasteur: Instructions for the group discussion

The purpose of this exercise is to let students experience a few biases that can be deleterious to strategic decision-making. In particular, students are induced to fall into a confirmatory trap, and to experience other biases such as anchoring and sampling bias. Although the exercise can be performed individually, it is a better vehicle to explore how some team-level dynamics and structural choices can either increase or reduce the probability of falling into such biases. The exercise creates a situation that mirrors the one leading to the Challenger disaster.
The Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) on Astro-1

BBXRT is one of four pointed instruments comprising NASA’s Astro-1 mission, currently scheduled for a 9–10 day flight in May 1990 on board the Space Shuttle Columbia. X-ray Spectra of over 150 sources will be obtained in the energy range 0.3 to 12 keV, with energy resolution of ~100 eV FWHM and timing resolution of 64 μs. BBXRT’s large throughput, broad band mirrors, coupled to segmented cooled Si(Li) detectors, give us the first opportunity to study in detail X-ray spectral features, from oxygen to the iron K band. In developing this instrument, we have made extensive use of detector background reduction techniques in order to be able to observe the many faint extragalactic sources discovered with the Einstein observatory. Sources in our observing plan have been selected to give us in a 2–4 ks observation < 103 net counts with negligible background. Specific scientific objectives range from refinements of spectra previously obtained at lower resolution, such as a search for relativistic line shifts in compact objects, to observations of faint extragalactic sources for which spectral information is, at best, sketchy, viz. elliptical galaxies and distant quasars. High on our priorities are a search for emission from SN1987A and the first simultaneous observations in the UV and X-ray band of selected sources such as cataclysmic variables and late-type stars.
A programming system for the dynamic manipulation of temporally sensitive data

In computer-participative multimedia applications, the computer not only manipulates media, but also digests it and performs independent actions based on media content. In this thesis I discuss an approach to the design of environments to support the development of computer-participative multimedia applications and I describe the implementation of the VuSystem, a computer-participative multimedia system built using this approach. The system is unique in that it combines the programming techniques of visualization systems and the temporal sensitivity of multimedia systems. I report measurements made of the performance of the VuSystem, which demonstrate its practicality. I conclude with a brief summary of users' experiences with the VuSystem, and suggests future directions for research in this area. Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.
The effects of excessive amounts of diethylstilbestrol on experimental endometriosis in monkeys.

4 rhesus monkeys with both induced and natural endometriosis were given massive and prolonged doses of diethylstilbestrol. 2 of the monkeys died from hemorrhages deriving from hyaline necroses of the uterus in 1 and of the vaginal apex in the other. cyclic bleeding ceased and ovarian function was inhibited in all the animals. Endometrial tissue was found in the pelvic lymph nodes of all animals raising the possibility that the condition may be spread by the lymph. There was no evidence of a recession of the external endometriosis; instead in 2 animals cystic hyperplasia was found in the affected areas. It appears that stilbestrol administration exerts its beneficial effects on the control of endometriosis through inhibition of ovarian function. However no long-term therapeutic value was demonstrated and the possible risks form the associated tissue changes do not seem warranted.
A new type of lock detector for phase locked loops

A new type of phase locked loop (PLL) lock detector is described. The new detector is substantially more robust in its ability to distinguish between phase lock and false lock than the classical phase quadrature lock detector. The theory is applied to a second-order loop with imperfect integrator, and it is shown that the classical phase quadrature lock detector is actually a first-order approximation of the new lock detector. The abilities of the new lock detector and the simple phase quadrature lock detector to differentiate between phase lock and false lock are compared and results are given. >
Why 'Fiscal Austerity'?: A Review of Recent Evidence on the Economic Effects of Sovereign Debt

Concerns about the economic effect of high sovereign debt levels have motivated policy makers to constrain or reduce the growth of fiscal deficits, a practice commonly known now as “fiscal austerity.” However, what do we know about the economic impacts of sovereign debt? This article provides an overview of some recent empirical economic research into this question. The article first discusses data and estimation challenges confronted by empirical research into the impact of sovereign debt on economic growth. The article then reviews several studies, which vary by country sample, time period studied, and estimation technique employed. The article also reviews recent empirical studies of the economic consequences of sovereign default. The results of this article’s survey suggest that while the bulk of the evidence shows a negative relationship between sovereign debt levels and economic growth, the evidence to date is mixed on whether higher debt burdens cause or are merely correlated with lower economic growth, and on whether there exists a certain ‘threshold’ beyond which this negative relationship arises. Only a few studies have provided evidence on the economic mechanism through which higher debt burdens impact economic growth. This review of the research does, however, reveal stronger evidence that sovereign default episodes have negative impacts on an economy’s growth. The article concludes by raising some important questions to be addressed if we are to better understand the economic impacts of debt.
Empirical Kinetics and Their Role in Elucidating the Utility of Transition-State Theory to Mineral–Water Reactions

Transition-state theory (TST) is a successful theory for understanding many different types of reactions, but its application to mineral–water systems has not been successful, especially as the system approaches saturation with respect to a rate-limiting phase. A number of investigators have proposed alternate frameworks for using the kinetic rate data to construct models of dissolution, including Truesdale (Aquat Geochem, 2015; this issue). This alternate approach has been resisted, in spite of self-evident discrepancies between TST expectations and the data. The failure of TST under certain circumstances is a result of the presence of metastable intermediaries or reaction layers that form on the surface of reacting solids, and these phenomena are not anticipated by the current theory. Therefore, alternate approaches, such as the shrinking object model advocated by Truesdale, represent a potentially important avenue for advancing the science of dissolution kinetics.
Historical Archaeologies of Global Capitalism and Colonization

The Historical Archaeology of Buenos Aires:. City at the End of the World. Daniel Schavelzon. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. 187 pp. Domestic Architecture and Power: The Historical Archaeology of Colonial Ecuador. Ross W. Jamieson. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. 244 pp. Historical Archaeology in Wachovia: Excavating Eighteenth- Century Bethabara and Moravian Pottery. Stanley South. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. 442 pp. Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. Uzi Baram and Lynda Carroll. eds. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. 272 pp.
Parenchymatous degeneration of the central nervous system in childhood leukemia

A 7-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia suffered increasing dementia, seizures, ataxia, and spasticity. The neuropathologic findings appeared unique, and included extensive fibrillary gliosis, with lesser degrees of myelin loss and axonal dystrophy. Similar though less severe findings were observed on re-examination of CNS tissues from 23 other children who died of leukemia. Subcortical fibrillary gliosis was particularly prominent in 22 of 23 cases, and occurred symmetrically in the subependymal and subpial regions, inferior olives, cerebellar roof nuclei, substantia nigra, internal and external capsules, subventricular nuclei, basis pontis, and ventral horns of the spinal cord. The subcortical fibrillary gliosis was out of proportion to the myelin pallor and was not associated with leukemic infiltration. Alzheimer Type II glia were also present diffusely in 22 of 24 cases. No clear etiologic association could be established between the severity of the neuropathologic alterations and the following actors: age at death, duration of illness, elevated intracranial pressure, or treatment regimens. However, the reported case demonstrated the most severe parenchymatous changes at autopsy and received the most intensive treatment of the CNS. This association suggests that the neurologic deterioration may be the consequence of antileukemic treatment. Additional studies to define the frequency of such CNS abnormalities and the factors leading to their development are needed.
Patient engagement: an investigation at a primary care clinic.

Background Engaged employees are an asset to any organization. They are instrumental in ensuring good commercial outcomes through continuous innovation and incremental improvement. A health care facility is similar to a regular work setting in many ways. A health care provider and a patient have roles akin to a team leader and a team member/stakeholder, respectively. Hence it can be argued that the concept of employee engagement can be applied to patients in health care settings in order to improve health outcomes. Methods Patient engagement data were collected using a survey instrument from a primary care clinic in the northern Indian state of Punjab. Canonical correlation equations were formulated to identify combinations which were strongly related to each other. In addition, the cause-effect relationship between patient engagement and patient-perceived health outcomes was described using structural equation modeling. Results Canonical correlation analysis showed that the first set of canonical variables had a fairly strong relationship, ie, a magnitude > 0.80 at the 95% confidence interval, for five dimensions of patient engagement. Structural equation modeling analysis yielded a β ≥ 0.10 and a Student's t statistic ≥ 2.96 for these five dimensions. The threshold Student's t statistic was 1.99. Hence it was found the β values were significant at the 95% confidence interval for all census regions. Conclusion A scaled reliable survey instrument was developed to measured patient engagement. Better patient engagement is associated with better patient-perceived health outcomes. This study provides preliminary evidence that patient engagement has a causal relationship with patient-perceived health outcomes.
Observations on the complexity of the east anatolian fault, turkey

Abstract That the East Anatolian fault is made up of discrete segments of different strike and diverse structural style is well illustrated by oblique hand-held photographs taken from the Space Shuttle. Linear and curvilinear faults plus major folds show the variable deformability of the collage of material that constitutes the Anatolian Plate, now undergoing the early stages of collision tectonics.
A comparative study of time-marching and space-marching numerical methods

Menees (1981) has conducted an evaluation of three different flowfield codes for the Jupiter entry conditions. However, a comparison of the codes has been made difficult by the fact that the three codes use different solution procedures, different computational mesh sizes, and a different convergence criterion. There are also other differences. For an objective evaluation of the different numerical solution methods employed by the codes, it would be desirable to select a simple no-blowing perfect-gas flowfield case for which the turbulent models are well established. The present investigation is concerned with the results of such a study. It is found that the choice of the numerical method is rather problem dependent. The time-marching and the space-marching method provide both comparable results if care is taken in selecting the appropriate mesh size near the body surface.
Effect of arsenic implantation on electrical characteristics of LPCVD WSi/sub 2//n-Si Schottky contacts

Electrical characteristics of As-implanted low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) WSi/sub 2//n-Si Schottky barriers are reported. It is shown that As implantation results in a significant Schottky-barrier lowering and an increase in the diode ideality factor n. Silicide annealing prior to As implantation is more effective in reducing Schottky-barrier height. Nearly ohmic characteristics were obtained for As-implanted LPCVD WSi/sub 2/ Schottky barriers. Arsenic implanted into high-temperature annealed silicide films was more effective in reducing the effective Schottky-barrier height. Detailed SIMS analysis indicated higher As concentration at the silicide/silicon interface when implanted into high-temperature-annealed silicide films. >
Mycotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery presenting as infected pericardial effusion.

We report a case of a 67-year-old man with a known history of multivessel coronary artery disease who presented with shortness of breath. His previous angiogram, performed 5 years earlier, showed disease in the left anterior descending artery, trifurcation marginal artery, and a chronically occluded right coronary artery. He declined surgery at that time. On presentation, he complained mostly of shortness of breath worsening over the last week, associated with nausea and vomiting. He also reported subjective fever and chills but denied weight loss or night sweats. His initial evaluation, including an ECG and cardiac enzymes, did not show evidence of acute coronary syndrome, but a computed tomography of the chest showed a significant pericardial effusion (Figure 1). His white blood cell count was elevated at 15 000 with 78% neutrophils. His erythrocyte sedimentation rate was also …
Wall slip determination for coarse food suspensions in tube flow at high temperatures

Abstract An alternative method, developed based on variable particle concentration in conjunction with the wall slip correction method originally established by Mooney, was used to determine wall slip for model coarse food suspensions consisting of 1.5% CMC solution and green peas (15–30% v/v) in tube flow at high temperatures (85–135 °C). Within the wall shear stress range of 19.4–125 Pa, the slip coefficient varied from 3.09 × 10 −3 to 1.01 × 10 −2 m/Pa s and could be described well as a power function of wall shear stress. The rate of change in slip coefficient with wall shear stress decreased with the increase in the consistency coefficient of the carrier fluid. The opposite trend was observed with the increase in flow behavior index of the carrier fluid. It was also found that in general, contribution of the slip effect on the measured flow rate increased with the increase in particle concentration. The modified method presented here offers a simple alternative approach for computation of the wall slip effect of coarse food suspensions in continuous tube flow at high temperature, the scarce information of which is essential for further determination of their rheological properties.
Scleral surgery: Selected indications and techniques

Fifteen case histories illustrate a wide variety of indications and techniques for scleral surgery. No significant technical difficulties occurred during any of these procedures. Few post-operative complications ensued, and none caused serious consequences. In an attempt to arrest possibly progressive staphylomas, grafts can be performed on prophylactic bases. Such prophylactic surgical therapy may be useful in carefully selected circumstances, especially when trauma is likely to recur, or when elevated intraocular pressure is likely to develop.
Cancer metastasis is selective or random depending on the parent tumour population

The issue of whether metastases result from the random survival of cells released from the primary tumour or from the selective growth of specialized subpopulations of cells having properties that allow them to complete the metastatic process is important to our understanding of tumour biology1,2. Previous studies have provided indirect evidence that the process of metastasis favours the survival of cells having a metastatic phenotype(s)3–8. Direct evidence that the process is selective would be provided by the demonstration that cells populating spontaneous metastases are, in general, more metastatic than most of the parent tumour cells; some9–11, but not all12,13, previous reports have failed to provide such evidence, suggesting that the process is random. These discrepancies could be due to differences in the biological characteristics of the various tumour systems studied and in the experimental conditions14. In the present study, these variables were minimized by using three metastatic variant cell lines of the B16 melanoma. We report that, even in controlled conditions, the process of metastasis can appear as either selective or random depending on the nature of the initial population. Specifically, metastasis by the unselected, poorly metastatic parent B16 tumour was indeed selective. In contrast, metastasis by previously selected B16 lines appeared to be random.
In Vivo Detection of Extrapancreatic Insulin Gene Expression in Diabetic Mice by Bioluminescence Imaging

Background Extrapancreatic tissues such as liver may serve as potential sources of tissue for generating insulin-producing cells. The dynamics of insulin gene promoter activity in extrapancreatic tissues may be monitored in vivo by bioluminescence-imaging (BLI) of transgenic mice Tg(RIP-luc) expressing the firefly luciferase (luc) under a rat-insulin gene promoter (RIP). Methods The Tg(RIP-luc) mice were made diabetic by a single injection of the pancreatic β-cell toxin streptozotocin. Control mice were treated with saline. Mice were subject to serum glucose measurement and bioluminescence imaging daily. On day eight of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and tissues harvested for quantitative luciferase activity measurement, luciferase protein cellular localization, and insulin gene expression analysis. Results Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Tg(RIP-luc) mice demonstrated a dramatic decline in the BLI signal intensity in the pancreas and a concomitant progressive increase in the signal intensity in the liver. An average of 5.7 fold increase in the liver signal intensity was detected in the mice that were exposed to hyperglycemia for 8 days. Ex vivo quantitative assays demonstrated a 34-fold induction of the enzyme activity in the liver of streptozotocin-treated mice compared to that of the buffer-treated controls. Luciferase-positive cells with oval-cell-like morphology were detected by immunohistochemistry in the liver samples of diabetic mice, but not in that of non-treated control transgenic mice. Gene expression analyses of liver RNA confirmed an elevated expression of insulin genes in the liver tissue exposed to hyperglycemia. Conclusions BLI is a sensitive method for monitoring insulin gene expression in extrapancreatic tissues in vivo. The BLI system may be used for in vivo screening of biological events or pharmacologic activators that have the potential of stimulating the generation of extrapancreatic insulin-producing cells.
Ultrastructural characteristics of Sin Nombre virus, causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

A previously unrecognized disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, was described following an outbreak of severe, often lethal, pulmonary illness in the southwestern United States in May–June, 1993. We have now studied the morphologic features of the causative agent, Sin Nombre virus (SNV), by thin section electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy of infected Vero E6 cells. SNV virions were roughly spherical and had a mean diameter of 112 nm. They had a rather dense envelope and closely apposed fine surface projections, 7 nm in length. Filamentous nucleocapsids were present within virions. Viral inclusion bodies were present in the cytoplasm of infected cells; these appeared granular or filamentous, depending on the plane of section. All of these characteristics were similar to published descriptions of other hantaviruses; however, unlike all other hantaviruses and virtually all other member viruses of the familyBunyaviridae which bud upon smooth intracytoplasmic membranes, SNV budding occurred almost entirely upon the plasma membrane of infected cells. Virus budding was associated with the formation of long 28 nm diameter tubular projections. Occasional elongated 47 nm diameter virus-like particles were seen to bud upon intracytoplasmic membranes. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy, viral antigens were localized over virions, inclusions, and tubular projections associated with virion morphogenesis.
Long period fiber grating sensors coated with nano iron/silica particles for corrosion monitoring

In this study, a novel long period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor coated with a thin film of nano iron and silica particles is proposed, designed, and tested for corrosion and environmental monitoring. Nano iron particles were introduced to facilitate the monitoring of the corrosion rate while nano silica particles were added to improve coating transparency and robustness. Proof-of-concept tests have demonstrated that the coated thin film did not affect the sensitivities of either the intensity or wavelength of the LPFG sensor to temperature and pH values. However, the resonant wavelength of the coated LPFG sensor increased as iron particles were gradually corroded away. Therefore, with a parallel LPFG sensor for nearby temperature and pH measurements, the proposed novel sensor can measure the corrosion rate of nano iron particles and, once calibrated and correlated, provide critical information about a nearby reinforcing steel bar and structural member.