cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zodiacal light surface brightness measurements by Atmosphere Explorer-C

Abstract Using the visible airglow photometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite, we have mapped the zodiacal light surface brightness at the wavelengths monitored by the instrument: 3371, 4278, 5200, 5577, 6300, and 7319 A. The study constitutes a survey over this wavelength range, covering most of the celestial sphere, from altitudes above the atmospheric emissions, and free from atmospheric scattering and attenuation. The intensity variations reveal enhancements near elongations of 130°, and possibly near 60°, at all wavelengths. The intensity of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic pole is found to be ∼30 S10. The color ratio with respect to the Sun is found to be redder than the Sun (0.7) at all elongations.
Complementary peptides that interfere with platelet aggregation and adherence.

Abstract This article describes the application of the molecular recognition hypothesis to the critically important process of fibrinogen binding to platelets, a process that is the subject of extensive and intensive basic and clinical research. The objectives of the studies summarized below were to design, synthesize, and characterize peptides that can inhibit the binding of fibrinogen and related ligands to human platelets and thereby prevent platelet aggregation, adhesion, and clot retraction. The purpose of doing this work was twofold: first, to determine whether the molecular recognition hypothesis could serve as a useful rationale for the design of peptides that can specifically inhibit the binding of fibrinogen and related ligands to platelets; and second, to use these peptides to try to learn where fibrinogen binds to the platelet fibrinogen receptor. It was hoped that the results obtained not only would provide insight into platelet function but also might provide a rationale for the design of a clinically useful anti-thrombotic agent. Although our studies are not complete, they have resulted in the design of a variety of peptides that can inhibit platelet aggregation, adhesion, and clot retraction as a consequence of specifically inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen and related ligands to the platelet fibrinogen receptor. Although none of these peptides appears to be ligand specific, one or two of them may be specific for platelets .
New Data on A-Type Disk Stars

After a review of what has been learned to date about the Ti II disk lines at λλ3759 and 3761 in the spectra of rapidly rotating A dwarfs, new measures obtained during the past 10 yr are given. They show stars with quasi-periodic variations of 15-30 yr (as in Be stars) and probably longer. The star HR 10 has double disk lines that change relative strengths during 9 yr, consistent with the behavior found by others. They support the model by others of erratic longward components representing material falling onto the star.
Fluorescence optical tomography with a priori information

In this work, we discuss the incorporation of a priori information into the inverse problem formulation for fluorescence optical tomography. In this respect, we first formulate the inverse problem in the optimization framework which allows the incorporation of a priori information about the solution and its gradient. Then, we consider the variational problem, which is equivalent to the optimization problem and prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. Finally, we discuss the design of the functions that incorporate the a priori information into the inverse problem formulation and present a model problem to illustrate the design procedure.
Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: : A review of research

Despite increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport. The objective of this review is to provide a multilevel examination of available scholarship that contributes to understanding why there are so few women in leadership positions within sport. From a macro-level perspective, scholarship regarding the institutionalized practices of gender in sport is examined. The meso-level review includes stereotyping of leaders, issues of discrimination, and gendered organizational cultures. Finally research reviewed at the micro-level explores women's expectations in leadership positions, occupational turnover intentions, and the influence of symbolic interactionism on women's career advancement. In addition, the author identifies new research areas and additional recommendations for how best to increase the number of women in leadership positions in sport.
System Analysis of Thermochemical-Based Biorefineries for Coproduction of Hydrogen and Electricity

Fuels derived from biomass feedstocks are a particularly attractive energy resource pathway given their inherent advantages of energy security via domestic fuel crop production and their renewable status. However, there are numerous questions regarding how to optimally produce, distribute, and utilize biofuels such that they are economically, energetically and environmentally sustainable. Comparative analyses of two conceptual 2000 tonslday thermochemical-based biorefineries are performed to explore the effects of emerging technologies on process efficiencies. System models of the biorefineries, created using ASPEN Plus ® , include all primary process steps required to convert a biomass feedstock into hydrogen, including gasification, gas cleanup and conditioning, hydrogen purification, and thermal integration. The biorefinery concepts studied herein are representative of "near-term" (approximately 2015) and "future" (approximately 2025) plants. The near-term plant design serves as a baseline concept and incorporates currently available commercial technologies for all nongasifier processes. Gasifier technology employed in these analyses is centered on directly heated, oxygen-blown, fluidized-bed systems that are pressurized to nearly 25 bars. The future plant design employs emerging gas cleaning and conditioning technologies for both tar and sulfur removal unit operations. A 25% increase in electric power production is observed for the future case over the baseline configuration due to the improved thermal integration while realizing an overall plant efficiency improvement of 2 percentage points. Exergy analysis reveals that the largest inefficiencies are associated with the (i) gasification, (ii) steam and power production, and (iii) gas cleanup and purification processes. Additional suggestions for improvements in the biorefinery plant for hydrogen production are given.
A composite branch and bound, cutting plane algorithm for concave minimization over a polyhedron

Abstract We present an algorithm that combines branch and bound with cutting planes to globally minimize a concave function over a polyhedron. The algorithm solves a series of linear underestimating subproblems over subsets of the feasible region, yielding lower and upper bounds on the optimal objective value of the original problem. The algorithm also uses a form of the Tuy cutting plane in the subproblems of the branch and bound tree. As in cone splitting algorithms for concave minimization, we construct the cutting planes such that no restrictive nondegeneracy assumptions are required and such that the hyperplanes defining the cuts do not need to be explicitly calculated, eliminating matrix inversions. An additional advantage of our algorithm is that the cuts cause the linear underestimating functions to more accurately approximate the concave objective function, yielding tighter lower bounds. Computational results with the algorithm are reported.
The Strength of Second-Tier Strategies under Globalization: A Comparative Study of Nanjing and Hangzhou as Burgeoning Second-Tier Cities

As a result of the “reform and opening up” of China in the past three decades, the country’s urban landscape has increasingly reflected the changes brought about by global integration. In recent years, the reach of globalization has extended beyond the biggest Chinese cities like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou to what is known as “second-tier” cities. This article focuses on a comparative study of post-reform Nanjing and Hangzhou, two leading second-tier cities both advantageously situated in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Region. I examine how the introduction of global forces has shaped urban development narratives of each city differently, contingent upon pre-existing relationships of the cities with the state, respective provincial governments, and Shanghai, the neighboring model global city. I assert that although on the whole, second-tier cities are strongly motivated to learn from global cities due to isomorphic pressures, the consequences of a city’s unique self-imaginary can create very different strategies and directions for urban development.
Differential cross sections and escape plots for low-energy solitonic SU(2) BPS magnetic monopole dynamics

Abstract We compute the low-energy classical differential scattering cross section for solitonic BPS SU(2) magnetic monopoles using the geodesic approximation to the actual dynamics and 32K virtual parallel processors on a CM2. We compare the classical solitonic differential cross section to the low-energy quantum BPS SU(2) magnetic monopole differential cross section obtained by Schroers. Our numerical experiments suggest that the classical solitonic BPS magnetic monopole differential cross section approximates well the quantum BPS magnetic monopole differential cross section. In particular, the expected quantum interference of identical bosons at scattering angle θ = π 2 (centre-of-mass frame) is not observed numerically, and indeed is contradicted. We argue that the lack of singularities in the two-body configuration space, related to the solitonic qualities of the BPS SU(2) magnetic monopole, is responsible for the agreement observed between the classical solitonic and the quantum mechanical cross sections. We also study the scattering and bounded classical motions of BPS SU(2) dyons and their global structure in phase space by constructing “escape plots”. The escape plots contain a surprising amount of structure. The escape plots suggest that the classical dynamics of two BPS SU(2) magnetic monopoles is non-integrable and that there are closed and bounded two-monopole motions with isolated energies.
Interdendritic Spacing: Part I. Experimental Studies

Directional solidification experiments have been carried out in a succinonitrile-5.5 mol pct acetone system to characterize dendrite tip radius and interdendrite spacings as functions of growth rate and temperature gradient in the liquid. A maximum in primary dendrite spacing as a function of growth rate is observed, and this maximum is found to occur at the dendrite-cellular transition velocity. A scaling law is shown to exist between the secondary dendrite arm spacing, λ2, near the tip and the dendrite tip radius, p, which is λ2/ρ = 2.2 ± 0.3. Experimental results on ρ have been found to agree with the theoretical model based on the marginal stability criterion.
Identification of a second insulin-like growth factor in a fish species.

Abstract An internal portion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) amplified from the total cDNA of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver by a PCR was used to screen a rainbow trout liver cDNA library, and recombinant clones encoding two distinct IGFs were isolated. On the basis of a 98.7% nucleotide and 98.3% predicted amino acid identity to coho salmon IGF-I, one cDNA sequence was identified as rainbow trout preproinsulin-like growth factor I (rtIGF-I). The second cDNA sequence shared 46.1% and 43.3% identity with rtIGF-I at the nucleotide and predicted amino acid levels, respectively, and was identified as rainbow trout preproinsulin-like growth factor II (rtIGF-II). Predicted amino acid sequence comparisons of rtIGFs with those of human IGFs indicate that rtIGF-I is more similar to human IGF-I than to human IGF-II, and that rtIGF-II is more similar to human IGF-II than to human IGF-I. Southern blot analysis of rainbow trout genomic DNA probed with rtIGF-I and -II cDNA suggests that these two forms of IGF originate from separate genes. The presence of a teleost IGF-II suggests that the divergence of IGFs occurred early in vertebrate evolution.
Serial monitoring of T-cell subset ratios with monoclonal antibodies in steroid- and antithymocyte globulin-treated patients with renal allotransplants.

Abstract Sequential changes in T-cell subsets or their ratios were employed to predict severity of rejection crises and to identify those patients who might require future antirejection therapy. Forty-two percent of the transplant recipients had a pretransplant OKT4:8 ratio in the range of 1.3 ± 0.5. By contrast, only 11% had a OKT4:8 ratio of 2.9 or greater. Examination of the entire study group demonstrated that the mean OKT4:8 ratios fell ( P P n = 9) had milder rejection crises which responded rapidly to administration of one course of methylprednisolone. The second group of patients ( n = 9) were also treated initially with methylprednisolone, to which they did not respond, and subsequently received antithymocyte globulin in an attempt to control their ongoing rejection crises. Following the transplant procedure, the OKT4:8 ratio decreased in patients who were destined to have steroid-responsive rejection episodes ( P P P > 0.05) in individuals in whom the serum creatinine concentration failed to decline. The patients who failed to respond to steroid therapy were treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). OKT4:8 ratios dropped from an initial value of 2.8 ± 0.38 at the time of initiation of ATG therapy to 0.85 ± 0.17 at the end of ATG therapy. Three months after ATG therapy, the OKT4:8 ratios returned to normal. Thus, it was demonstrated that early sequential T-cell subset ratio monitoring could predict periods of rejection.
Minimization of the effective electron-neutral particle collision cross section in partially ionized noble gases

Abstract The effective collision cross sections in partially ionized noble gases are shown to possess a minimum, the profile of which creates optimum conditions for the approximate computation of electrical conductivity in all gases.
Retiform hemangioendothelioma with lymph node metastasis: A rare entity

Retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) is a rare, recently described, unique kind of low grade angiosarcoma. The tumor is characterized by distinctive arborizing blood vessels that mimic the appearance of rete testis. The tumor chiefly originates from the skin and subcutaneous tissue and has a tendency to recur locally. Only one case with lymph node metastasis has been reported previously. Another such rare case of RH is being reported in an adult female who presented with a subcutaneous nodule, underwent multiple recurrences and uniquely metastasized to regional lymph node.
Ranked-Scaling: A new descriptive panel approach for rating small differences when using anchored intensity scales

Abstract Some descriptive analysis methods use established and constant references to scale attribute intensities, where the scale represents the intensity range across a variety of products. As a result, when evaluating samples from the same food category, the observed intensity range for many attributes fall within a narrow portion of the scale. This compressed range can limit the ability to differentiate subtle differences among samples. Published approaches to relative rating techniques position/re-position samples relative to each other on a scale, relative to the full range of the scale, or relative to a reference item. Unique to Ranked-Scaling is the positioning of samples relative to intensity references. A descriptive panel, trained and experienced in the Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Method, was provided a set of 3–6 products, a list of 3–5 attributes, and standard intensity references appropriate to those attributes. For each attribute, panelists were asked to first rank the samples in order of intensity (re-tasting was permitted), then assign intensity values using the standard scale. The ability of the panelists to significantly differentiate small differences in attribute intensity and to correctly order subtle intensity differences more often with the Ranked-Scaling procedure has been demonstrated for both flavor and texture, and across product categories. The ability to show significant trends among samples tightly grouped on the anchored intensity scale has provided more meaningful guidance to product developers, while maintaining the ability to compare to product profiles from the standard methodology across projects and time.
Buffer Behavior in Computer Communication Systems

A buffer has been analyzed in a computer communication system with Poisson arrivals, periodic opportunities for service, and random blocking of service. The solution obtained reflects the waiting a customer must do until a service opportunity arises. Compared to previous solutions for this problem, the average queue length and the variance of queue length are larger by a factor which depends on the arrival rate.
Trust as an underlying factor of system administrator interface choice

System administrators are the unsung heroes of the information age, working behind the scenes to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot the computer infrastructure that underlies much of modern life. While Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are being offered as system administration tools, they mostly continue to use Command-Line Interfaces (CLIs). Based on an extensive survey of system administrators, we provide insights regarding this preference, analyze why many of these power users perceive CLIs as more effective than GUIs, and discuss findings as supported by observations from our parallel field studies. Our analysis indicates that cognition-based trust and monitoring play major roles in the interface preference for CLIs vs. GUIs. We also propose next steps for further exploration of trust in human-computer interfaces.
Clinical practice. Nondiabetic kidney disease.

A 66-year-old man without diabetes has worsening hypertension. He has a serum creatinine level of 1.8 mg per deciliter (159 μmol per liter), proteinuria (2+), and a fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 140 mg per deciliter (3.6 mmol per liter). He smokes half a pack of cigarettes per day. Ultrasonography reveals small, symmetric kidneys without hydronephrosis or cysts. How should this patient be evaluated and treated to slow the progression of kidney disease?
Growth in Agarose of Human Cells Infected With Cytomegalovirus

Cultured cells transformed by certain DNA and RNA viurses develop the ability to multiply when suspended in a medium gelled with agarose. Normal fibroblasts obtained from human diploid lines do not grow in agarose medium but will do so after being transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. We report here that after infection by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) human diploid fibroblasts acquire the capacity to grow in agarose medium for several generations. Clones of infected cells grew for weeks although in every case they ultimately underwent lysis, apparently related to persistent replication of virus. Virus was inoculated at very low multiplicities (high dilution) in an effort to select non-infectious defective virions still capable of inducing cell stimulation. Viral suspensions were also irradiated (UV-CMV) to preferentially suppress infectivity. Dilute or irradiated virus yielded similar colonies of replicating cells although permanent transformation was not achieved. One clone derived from UV-CMV infected cells was passaged four times before undergoing lysis. During these passages the cells exhibited alterations in morphology and orientation. Our inability to obtain permanently transformed cells after inoculation with irradiated or diluted CMV may be due to complementation or the failure of the CMV DNA to achieve integration with the cellular genome. If permanent cellular transformation by human CMV is achieved in subsequent experiments, it will still remain to demonstrate whether this phenomenon bears any relationship to neoplasia in man. It is of interest that CMV is taxonomically related to EB and Herpes simplex type 2 viruses which have been associated with human cancer.
Effects of non-equilibrium plasma discharge on counterflow diffusion flame extinction

Abstract A non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion system was developed by integrating a counterflow burner with a nano-second pulser to study the effects of atomic oxygen production on the extinction limits of methane diffusion flames at low pressure conditions. The production of atomic oxygen from the repetitive nano-second plasma discharge was measured by using two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF). The results showed that both the atomic oxygen concentration production and the oxidizer stream temperature increased with the increase of the pulse repetition frequency for a constant plasma voltage. The experimental results revealed that the plasma activated oxidizer significantly magnified the reactivity of diffusion flames and resulted in an increase of extinction strain rates through the coupling between thermal and kinetic effects. Numerical computations showed that atomic oxygen quenching strongly depends on the oxidizer stream temperature. The kinetic effect of atomic oxygen production by a non-equilibrium plasma discharge on the enhancement of flame extinction limits was demonstrated, for the first time, at high repetition frequencies with elevated oxidizer temperatures. The reaction paths for radical production and consumption were analyzed. It was concluded that in order to achieve significant kinetic enhancement from atomic oxygen production on flame stabilization, the plasma discharge temperature needs to be above the critical crossover temperature which defines the transition point from radical termination to chain-branching.
The effect of adriamycin and duramycin on calcium translocation in liposome systems modeled on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Abstract Adriamycin (doxorubicin, AdM) is a potent antineoplastic agent which binds specifically and with high affinity to the acidic phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) [Goormaghtigh et al. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 597, 1]. Duramycin (DM), a polypeptide antibiotic, has been reported to interact selectively with phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol [Navarro et al. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4645]. The selectivity of DM—PE interaction was confirmed. AdM and DM were then used to explore the roles of CL and PE in Ca 2+ translocation in a phosphatidylcholine (PC)/ PE/CL liposome system modeled on the inner mitochondrial membrane with the following results: (i) AdM (100–400 μ m ) altered Ca 2+ uptake by PC/PE/CL (4/4/1, mol/mol) liposomes in a concentration-dependent fashion which varied with temperature, external Ca 2+ concentration, and liposome PE content, (ii) Addition of AdM was qualitatively equivalent to increasing temperature, Ca 2+ concentration, or liposome PE content, and cooperative interactions among these parameters were observed. An increase in any one factor generally enhanced Ca 2+ uptake; simultaneous increases in several factors inhibited uptake, (iii) Inhibition of Ca 2+ uptake was correlated with efflux of Arsenazo III. (iv) Ca 2+ uptake by PC/PE/CL liposomes is biphasic [Kester and Sokolove (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 980, 127]. DM suppressed the PE-dependent slow phase and stimulated the PE-independent initial phase. Ca 2+ uptake by PC/PE/CL liposomes in the presence of DM resembled uptake by PC/CL liposomes. These data confirm the ability of PE to enhance the slow, highly temperature-dependent component of CL-mediated Ca 2+ translocation and suggest that this process is sensitive to lipid phase behavior.
Sympathohippocampal sprouting is directed by a target tropic factor

Abstract In order to determine what aspect of septohippocampal denervation elicits sympathetic sprouting, entorhinal lesions were made to first elicit intensification of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in the dentate molecular layer. Transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the septum confirmed that the dense band of AChE staining reflects the presence of septohippocampal fibers. Animals receiving entorhinal lesions, followed 30 days later by septal lesions, demonstrated the same pattern of sympathetic sprouting as seen in animals without entorhinal lesions. These results suggest that sympathohippocampal sprouting is directed by a tropic factor released by the cholinergic-denervated hippocampal formation.
Effects of normal hematocrit on ambulatory blood pressure in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease

Effects of normal hematocrit on ambulatory blood pressure in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease. Background Hypertension is a recognized complication of partial correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in hemodialysis patients. We used interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring to study the effects of partially corrected anemia versus normal hematocrit (hct) on BP in hemodialysis patients. Methods Repeated interdialytic ABP monitoring was performed for up to one year in 28 chronic hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease who were randomized to achieve and maintain normal hct levels (42 ± 3%, group A) or anemic hct levels (30 ± 3%, group B) with epoetin. Routine BP measurements obtained at dialysis treatments were also evaluated. Results Mean hct levels were 30.7 ± 0.7% in group A and 30.6 ± 0.7% in group B at baseline, then 39.3 ± 1.2% (group A) and 33.5 ± 0.6% (group B) at four months, and 42.0 ± 1.1% (group A) and 30.4 ± 1.0% (group B) at 12 months. Baseline ABP and routine dialysis unit BP levels were not different between the groups. At 2, 4, 8, and 12 months of follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in any BP parameters between groups or increases in any BP parameters in either group A or group B patients compared with baseline. At 12 months, the mean nighttime diastolic BP (DBP) in group A patients was slightly but significantly lower than the mean daytime DBP (daytime DBP 76.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg vs. nighttime DBP 72.9 ± 2.1 mm Hg, P Conclusion Correction of hct to normal with epoetin in chronic hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease did not cause increased BP as assessed by interdialytic ABP monitoring or by the measurement of routine predialysis and postdialysis BP. There was little diurnal change in systolic or diastolic BP at baseline or after correction of anemia to normal levels, and although mean nighttime DBP was lower than mean daytime DBP at 12 months in group A, the maintenance of normal hct levels did not affect the abnormal diurnal BP pattern seen at moderately anemic hct levels in most patients.
C/EBPbeta represses p53 to promote cell survival downstream of DNA damage independent of oncogenic Ras and p19(Arf).

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) is a mediator of cell survival and tumorigenesis. When C/EBPβ−/− mice are treated with carcinogens that produce oncogenic Ras mutations in keratinocytes, they respond with abnormally elevated keratinocyte apoptosis and a block in skin tumorigenesis. Although this aberrant carcinogen-induced apoptosis results from abnormal upregulation of p53, it is not known whether upregulated p53 results from oncogenic Ras and its ability to induce p19Arf and/or activate DNA-damage response pathways or from direct carcinogen-induced DNA damage. We report that p19Arf is dramatically elevated in C/EBPβ−/− epidermis and that C/EBPβ represses a p19Arf promoter reporter. To determine whether p19Arf is responsible for the proapoptotic phenotype in C/EBPβ−/− mice, C/EBPβ−/−;p19Arf−/− mice were generated. C/EBPβ−/−;p19Arf−/− mice responded to carcinogen treatment with increased p53 and apoptosis, indicating p19Arf is not essential. To ascertain whether oncogenic Ras activation induces aberrant p53 and apoptosis in C/EBPβ−/− epidermis, we generated K14-ER:Ras;C/EBPβ−/− mice. Oncogenic Ras activation induced by 4-hydroxytamoxifen did not produce increased p53 or apoptosis. Finally, when C/EBPβ−/− mice were treated with differing types of DNA-damaging agents, including alkylating chemotherapeutic agents, they displayed aberrant levels of p53 and apoptosis. These results indicate that C/EBPβ represses p53 to promote cell survival downstream of DNA damage and suggest that inhibition of C/EBPβ may be a target for cancer cotherapy to increase the efficacy of alkylating chemotherapeutic agents.
Antihypertensive effect of a new imidazoline compound (clonidine) and chlorthalidone, individually and in combination

Abstract In individualized dosage ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 mg daily, the new imidazoline compound clonidine (Catapres ® ) had an antihypertensive effect equivalent to that of Chlorthalidone, 100 mg daily, in 48 outpatients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Sedation and dryness of the mouth, each present in about two thirds of patients, impaired the usefulness of clonidine as a single antihypertensive agent. Combined therapy with clonidine and Chlorthalidone provided greater antihypertensive effect and was well tolerated. The possibility of therapy combining clonidine with diuretic doses smaller than those in this study should be explored.
Dynamics of Dense Water Descending a Continental Slope

Abstract A reduced-gravity model is used to examine the dynamics of dense water descending a continental slope. The model solves for the geostrophically adjusted state before it is subjected to significant frictional decay. For such bottom-mounted flow, it is argued that frictional torque would dominate the net vorticity balance to equalize the edge flows, resulting in double velocity cores. Constrained by the geostrophic balance, the dense water thus may settle only over a concave bottom and is sheetlike, covering typically the whole slope rise. As such, the adjustment is characterized by a spreading rather than sinking of the layer—with little descent of the upper edge but a swift downslope current propelling the lower edge. Through the mechanical energy balance, it is found in addition that a greater density anomaly would increase the total entrainment flux to more strongly dilute the original anomaly, yielding a product water that is less varied in the water-mass properties. Model predictions compare ...
Paying Attention to Mindfulness and Its Effects on Task Performance in the Workplace

Although the concept of mindfulness has attracted scholarly attention across multiple disciplines, research on mindfulness in the field of management remains limited. In particular, little research in this field has examined the nature of mindfulness and whether it relates to task performance in organizational and occupational settings. Filling these gaps, the present article delineates mindfulness by (a) defining it as a state of consciousness in which attention is focused on present-moment phenomena occurring both externally and internally, (b) comparing it to a range of other attention-related concepts, and (c) developing theory concerning the factors that determine when mindfulness is beneficial versus costly from a task performance standpoint.
The mechanics of individuality in nature. II. Barriers, cells, and individuality

The cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann is generalized to the effect that throughout the natural world, in physics, biology, and sociopsychology, there is a widespread phenomenon of the existence of organized cells, whose organization is usually protected by barriers. These barriers exist not only in space, but in time and even in other domains. These barriers typically not only protect the organization within the cell from external disturbance, but they actively participate in reducing the internal disorganization. It appears that the quantum phase cell or its equivalent, the discrete quantum state, may be a physical analog of the organized biological cell. The sampling and ambiguity theorems of communication theory throw new light on phase cells. The quantum phase cell has both configuration and momentum elements, which are analogous respectively to the somatic elements in the cytoplasm of a cell and the genetic elements in the DNA. A biological cell or organism, a physical quantum state, and a human being as a sociopsychological entity each has a natural individuality. A natural individuality is a somewhat mysterious thing, since in addition to specificity, it also involves stochasticity and complementarity. There are some striking and unexplained spin-analog characteristics in biology which have a relation to boson- and fermion-analog characteristics in biology that corresponds with the known relation in physics. The hypothesis suggested in our earlier paper, that quantum mechanical entropy is diminished in interaction, is clarified and sharpened in this paper.
Diffusion coefficient of cyclic GMP in salamander rod outer segments estimated with two fluorescent probes

Experiments have demonstrated that single photoisomerizations in amphibian and primate rods can cause the suppression of 3-5% of the dark circulating current at the response peak (Baylor, D. A., T. D. Lamb, and K. W. Yau. 1979. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 288:613-634; Baylor, D. A., B. J. Nunn, and J. L. Schnapf. 1984. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 357:575-607). These results indicate that the change in [cGMP] effected by a single isomerization must spread longitudinally over at least the corresponding fractional length of the outer segment. The effective longitudinal diffusion coefficient, Dx, of cGMP is thus an important determinant of rod sensitivity. We report here measurements of the effective longitudinal diffusion coefficients, Dx, of two fluorescently labeled molecules: 5/6-carboxyfluorescein and 8-(fluoresceinyl)thioguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, introduced into detached outer segments via whole-cell patch electrodes. For these compounds, the average time for equilibration of the entire outer segment with the patch pipette was approximately 6 min. Fluorescence images of rods were analyzed with a one-dimensional diffusion model that included limitations on transfer between the electrode and outer segment and the effects of intracellular binding of the dyes. The analyses yielded estimates of Dx of 1.9 and 1.0 microns 2.s-1 for the two dyes. It is shown that these results place an upper limit on Dx for cGMP of 11 microns2.s-1. The actual value of Dx for cGMP in the rod will depend on the degree of intracellular binding of cGMP. Estimates of the effective buffering power for cGMP in the rod at rest range from two to six (Lamb and Pugh, 1992; Cote and Brunnock, 1993). When combined with these estimates, our results predict that for cGMP itself, Dx falls within the range of 1.4-5.5 microns 2.s-1.
Mental encoding and neural decoding of abstract cognitive categories: a commentary and simulation

The premise of Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) of functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI) data is that mental encodings or states give rise to patterns of neural activation, which in turn, give rise to patterns of blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses distributed across sets of voxels. Statistical learning algorithms can then be used to detect relationships between mental encodings and BOLD responses, typically through pattern classification. Amongst many other applications, this technique has been used to evidence abstract category representation in an assortment of brain areas and across a range of cognitive domains. In this commentary, we address a critical domain-general caveat to inferring abstract category representation from MVPA that has been partly overlooked in the recent literature: specifically, the distinction between representing specific exemplars within categories, and representing the abstract categories themselves. Using a simulation, we demonstrate that certain forms of MVPA training and testing do not constitute sufficient evidence of category representation, and illustrate prospective and novel retrospective resolutions for this issue.
Serum progesterone and endovaginal sonography by emergency physicians in the evaluation of ectopic pregnancy.

Objective: To determine a discriminatory level for serum progesterone (SP) in pregnant patients with no definite intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) on endovaginal ultrasonography (US) in the differentiation of ectopic pregnancy from normal IUPs. Methods: A prospective observational study in a convenience sample of women at risk for ectopic pregnancy was performed at an urban teaching hospital from May 1991 until May 1994. Women aged ≥18 years presenting to the ED with a positive pregnancy test in combination with pelvic or abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, orthostasis, adnexal mass or tenderness, or any historical risk factor for ectopic pregnancy were eligible. Hypotensive or unstable patients were excluded. Endovaginal US was performed and patients with no definite IUP had a serum 3-hCG and SP measured. Results: 314 patients were enrolled, with 14 excluded for lack of follow-up or incomplete SP data, yielding 300 patients. The initial endovaginal US diagnoses included 169 definite IUP, 31 abnormal IUP, 5 definite ectopic pregnancy, and 95 no definite IUP. 68/95 had SP measured, with values of 22.8 ± 13.4 ng/mL (mean ± SD) for IUP; 4.9 ± 6.5 for spontaneous abortion, and 7.5 ± 7.2 for ectopic pregnancy. The mean values were significantly different (2-tailed t-test) for ectopic pregnancy vs IUP and for spontaneous abortion vs IUP. An SP of ≥11 ng/mL (sensitivity 91%; specificity 84%) was post hoc the best cutoff value for suggesting an IUP when the endovaginal US was not definite for IUP. Conclusions: SP cannot reliably discriminate ectopic pregnancy vs spontaneous abortion in pregnant patients with no definite IUP on endovaginal US; however, a low SP (<11 ng/mL) in this sonographic category suggests an abnormal pregnancy.
Support for a linear length-tension relation of the torso extensor muscles: An investigation of the length and velocity EMG-force relationships

Abstract This study investigated the hypothesis that the length-tension relation of the torso erectors would be linear, mirroring the observed linear increase in extension strength capability toward full flexion. The effect of torso extension velocity on the tension capability of these muscles was also investigated for common motion speeds. A myoelectric-based approach was used wherein a dynamic biomechanical model incorporating active and passive tissue characteristics provided muscle kinematic estimates during controlled sagittal plane extension motions. A double linear optimization formulation from the literature provided muscle tension estimates. The data of five male subjects supported the hypothesis of a linear length-tension relation toward full flexion for both the erector spinae and latissimus muscles. Velocity trends agreed with that predicted by Hill's exponential relation, although linear trends were found to fit the data almost as well. The results have implications for muscle tension estimation in biomechanical torso modeling, and suggest a possible low back pain injury mechanism through tissue strain while lifting in fully flexed postures.
Relations between dense sphere packings

Abstract A survey is made of periodic three-dimensional assemblies of equal spheres in which each sphere has from 6 to 11 nearest neighbors. Space group data are derived for 34 of the more dense sphere packings formed by stacking planar layers of three kinds. The relation of the density of sphere packings to coordination number and the “symmetry-equivalence” of spheres are briefly discussed.
The effect of applied displacement rate on the observation of crack instability

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of displacement rate on the load-displacement behavior of strain-rate insensitive materials upon crack propagation. It is shown that if a crack is being loaded continuously during its propagation the point of crack instability does not correspond to a sudden load-drop and indeed the load may continue to increase. This phenomenon results in a higher absorbed energy to fracture during rapid loading.
Advances in data analytic methods for evaluating treatment outcome and mechanisms of change: introduction to the special issue

This series of articles, which provide an overview of several advanced statistical methods for evaluating treatment outcomes and mechanisms of change, makes up the first research methods–oriented special issue to appear in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Like most active areas of scientific inquiry, the field of biostatistics and quantitative psychology continues to innovate and progress at a remarkable pace. These recent advancements provide researchers with the tools needed to ask and get answers to progressively nuanced and complex questions. It is our hope that the articles included in this special issue will spark an interest among applied researchers to investigate and learn how these and other newer statistical methods might be used to enhance their own line of research.
Screening for adolescent depression: a comparison of depression scales

The ability of two depression scales, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), to identify cases of DSM-III-R major depression and dysthymia was investigated in a large, community sample of high school students. Receiver operating characteristics analyses indicated that different caseness criteria should be used for boys and girls for both the CES-D and the BDI. Internal consistency-reliability and sensitivity and specificity for detecting current episodes of current depression and dysthymia were adequate and comparable to those found with adult samples, but both the CES-D and the BDI generated many false positives. Multiple screening using the "serial" strategy increased positive predictive power substantially for both the CES-D and the BDI, whereas using the "parallel" strategy had very little effect on the efficacy of the two screeners. The results indicate that neither the BDI nor the CES-D should be used by themselves as methods for case ascertainment in either epidemiological or experimental studies, although the BDI does function somewhat better than the CES-D as a screener.
Surface approximation: A deterministic approach to modelling spatially variable systems☆

Abstract The Fourier series in two independent variables represents an approximate solution to the two-dimensional diffusion equation and can be used to describe the spatial pattern resulting from dispersal of some organisms. For regularly spaced sample points, the mathematical properties of Fourier series and procedures for finding the series which best fits a particular set of data can significantly decrease the number of variables that must be retained during computer simulation of interacting, mobile populations.
Adsorption of water on clean gold by measurement of work function changes

Abstract The interaction of water vapor with clean bulk gold surfaces was studied by means of measurement of work function changes. A work function decrease of as much as one volt occurred on exposure of gold to water vapor. Both physical adsorption and chemisorption contributions to this work function decrease could be distinguished. Water was found to chemisorb on the gold with an activation energy of 3 to 9 kcal/mole and had a desorption energy of about 25 kcal/mole.
GaN-based vertical cavity lasers with semiconductor/dielectric and all dielectric reflectors

GaN-based vertical cavity structures containing bottom AlN/GaN DBRs with top dielectric DBRs on freestanding c-GaN and all dielectric DBRs on GaN on c-sapphire were investigated. Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) technique allowed the use of both top and bottom all dielectric reflector stacks without substrate removal and the fabrication of the active region containing InGaN multiple quantum wells entirely on the nearly defect-free laterally grown wing regions to avoid nonradiative centers caused by extended and point defects. Compared with the cavity containing hybrid-DBRs on freestanding GaN, the cavity with all dielectric DBRs exhibited quality factors up to 1200 at high optical excitation and an order of magnitude lower stimulated emission threshold density (nearly 5 μJ/cm 2 ). Vertical to lateral growth ratio for ELO could be enhanced up to 5 by increasing the V/III ratio and employment of NH3 modulation, which minimizes the use of dry etching to reduce the cavity thickness and therefore is promising for high quality vertical cavities with all dielectric DBRs.
Control by a hair’s breadth: the role of microRNAs in the skin

MicroRNAs have continued to attract enormous interest in the scientific community ever since their discovery. Their allure stems from their unique role in posttranscriptional gene expression control as well as their potential application as therapeutic targets in various disease pathologies. While much is known concerning their general biological function, such as their interaction with RNA-induced silencing complexes, many important questions still remain unanswered, especially regarding their functions in the skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of microRNAs in the skin in order to shine new light on our understanding of cutaneous biology and emphasize the significance of these small, single-stranded RNA molecules in the largest organ of the human body. Key events in epidermal and hair follicle biology, including differentiation, proliferation, and pigmentation, all involve microRNAs. We explore the role of microRNAs in several cutaneous processes, such as appendage formation, wound-healing, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, carcinogenesis, immune response, and aging. In addition, we discuss current trends in research and offer suggestions for future studies.
A circuit model for the PIFA

The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is probably the most popular antenna in the modern mobile devices. Despite its popularity, currently there is no circuit model that accurately explains its input impedance or its far-field radiation patterns. This paper presents a novel circuit model for the PIFA antenna. The presented model will be used to compute the input impedance and far-field patterns of a PIFA antenna given its physical dimensions.
Precise tabulation of the maximally-skewed stable distributions and densities

Abstract The cdf and pdf of the maximally skewed ( β = 1) stable distributions are tabulated to high precision, by means of Zolotarev's integral representation, for α = 0.50 (0.02) 2.00, at fractiles corresponding to p = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 (0.01) 0.99, 0.995, 0.999, 0.9999. This tabulation is intended to be suitable for developing and calibrating a numerical approximation to these distributions. The probability at the tabulated fractiles is estimated to be accurate to within 4.1 × 10 −10 . The densities have an absolute precision of 2.0 × 10 −13 and a relative precision of 1.6 × 10 −12 . Zolotarev's correction of the discontinuity at α = 1 is graphically illustrated. The full tabulation, documented here, is available by anonymous FTP.
Cross sections for electron-impact excitation out of metastable helium levels.

Absolute apparent cross sections for electron-impact excitation out of the 2/sup 3/S metastable level of He to the 3/sup 3/S, 4/sup 3/S, 3/sup 3/P, 3/sup 3/D, 4/sup 3/D, 5/sup 3/D, and 6/sup 3/D levels have been measured by a novel method. A beam of metastable atoms from a hollow-cathode discharge is crossed by an electron beam of energy from 3 to 16 eV, and the emission from the excited states is detected. Absolute calibration is made by measuring the ratio of electron excitation cross section to the known optical-absorption cross section and using knowledge of the pertinent branching ratios. Direct electron-impact excitation cross sections for the 3/sup 3/P, 3/sup 3/S, and 3/sup 3/D levels are obtained.