cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid orthosis system with a variable hip coupling mechanism

Existing reciprocating gait orthoses, to help restore gait to individuals with paraplegia, have a fixed 1:1 hip flexion/extension coupling ratios (FECR), limiting stride length and gait speed. The purpose of this study was to develop a hip reciprocating mechanism for the hybrid orthosis system that is capable of variable hip FECR. The design of the new variable hip reciprocating mechanism incorporates a hydraulic system which utilizes solenoid valves to control coupling between cylinders linked to each hip joint of the orthosis. A specific set of valves are pulsed to achieve continual variable hip coupling. It was shown that piston velocity was inversely proportional to pulse width and also dependent on pulsing frequency. Internal losses in the hydraulic hip reciprocating mechanism occur primarily in the cylinders. Feedback control will be achieved with a dual layer gait event detector consisting of a fuzzy inference system and a set of supervisory rules.
Microbially mediated sulphide production in a thermal, acidic algal mat community in Yellowstone National Park

Summary Our objective in this study was to characterize prokaryotic sulphide production within the oxygenic, predominantly eukaryotic algal mat in an acidic stream, Nymph Creek, in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). We used microsensors to examine fluctuations in H 2 S and O 2 concentrations over time through the vertical aspect of the ~ 3 mm mat in a 46‐48 ∞ C region of the creek. We also used analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from denaturing gradient gels, and PCR-amplified sequences of a functional gene associated with microbial sulphate respiration ( dsrA ) to characterize the bacterial community in the same region of the mat. During midday, photosynthesis rates were high within the first 500 m m m m interval of the mat and high oxygen concen
Pathogenesis of Cerebral Infarction Secondary to Mechanical Carotid Artery Occlusion

The immediate postoperative cerebral complications of 65 carotid occlusions were evaluated. The occlusions were done in all but one case for intracranial saccular aneurysms and were performed by either direct ligation (quick type) or slow turning down of a Silverstone clamp or similar device (slow occlusion). Cerebral complications occurred in 21 patients. The quick type of occlusion of the artery resulted in a complication rate of 24% whereas the slow type had a rate of 38%. A total of 123 cases involving cerebral complications after carotid ligation were collected from the literature and evaluated. The combined total of 81 cases of transient complications that were collected from the literature and from our series showed that such deficits occur frequently from 10 minutes to six hours after the occlusion of the vessel.
FEDERAL CREDIT UNIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AN ANALYSIS

CREDIT UNIONS IN THE United States have yet to celebrate their fiftieth birthday. Nevertheless, they have shown rapid growth in the last two decades and have attracted the attention of the banking community, which has become aware of the phenomenal growth of these societies and tends to view them as competitors no longer meriting special subsidy in the way of absorption by others of part of their expenses and exemption from federal income taxes. The present study seeks to trace the development of credit unions, to analyze their current operations, and to assess their place in the financial system. What do they do, and why have they grown so rapidly recently? Since no comprehensive nation-wide data are available, but only earlier studies of the situation in several states, the data used in the detailed analysis relate to federal credit unions, whose origin is as recent as 1934. The analysis of credit unions followed in the present study is centered upon their operations as reflected in balance-sheet and income data. It therefore employs techniques that resemble those of the National Bureau of Economic Research in their studies dealing with financial institutions which extended cash instalment loans to consumers, namely, industrial banking companies, personal finance companies, and personal loan departments of commercial banks, each published in 1940. It may be noted that the fourth principal lenderthe credit union-which represented in 1953 a $2 billion industry, was not included in the series. A credit union is one of a variety of types of specialized financial institutions. Its distinctive features are (1) its co-operative structure, with ownership and democratic control vested in a membership composed of individuals with some pre-existing bond of unity-in practice, chiefly occupation-and (2) its function of providing small loans for "provident" purposes to its members at rates limited by statute, while encouraging thrift and educating its members in the wise management of their own financial affairs. It originated as an
Electrically small self-resonant wire antennas optimized using a genetic algorithm

One of the major limitations of electrically small antennas is that as the size of the antenna is decreased its radiation resistance approaches zero and its reactance approaches plus or minus infinity. Most small antennas are inefficient, nonresonant and, thus, require matching networks. In this investigation, we use a genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the numerical electromagnetics code to search for resonant wire shapes that best utilize the volume within which the antenna is confined. Antenna configurations, over a ground plane, having from two to ten wire segments, were optimized near 400 MHz and then built and tested. As the cube size deceased from a side length of 0.096/spl lambda/ to 0.026/spl lambda/, the computed Qs increased from 15.8 to 590. The measured Qs increased from 16.0 to 134 for cubes of 0.093 to 0.037/spl lambda/ on edge. This process for designing small antennas using a GA produced new self-resonant antenna configurations.
Strategic Human Resource Management in Context: A Historical and Global Perspective

Executive Overview This symposium provides a new perspective for strategic human resource management (SHRM) scholarship by expanding the contexts in which this scholarship has typically been framed. In the first paper, Kaufman evaluates SHRM scholarship within the United States from a historical and cross-disciplinary context. The second paper, by Festing, discusses the concept and practice of SHRM in Germany, a dominant economic power among developed nations and Europe. Liang, Marler, and Cui focus on China and examine how strategic human resource management is unfolding in a turbulent but hugely influential emerging economy. In describing strategic human resource management practices across these broader macro contexts, the papers in this symposium provide new directions for future theoretical and empirical research on SHRM.
Barefoot and Fallen: Dorotea, Athena, Cervantes, and Homer

(2005). Barefoot and Fallen: Dorotea, Athena, Cervantes, and Homer. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 281-293.
So Close, Yet So Far Away: Early Vs. Late Dropouts

While some students drop out early in their academic career, others drop out close to completion. What similarities and differences exist between these early and late dropouts? Using a sample 3,520 first-time, full-time (FTFT) students seeking a bachelor's degree at a state university, this study employs multinomial logistic regression to model factors influencing early dropout, late dropout, and 6-year graduation. Results show that age, gender, ethnicity, and first-year college GPA are significant predictors of early dropout relative to late dropout and that early dropouts and late dropouts differed from graduates in different ways. Additionally, the majority of late dropouts do not matriculate at any college after dropping out based on National Student Clearinghouse records. Campus implications will be discussed.
Chemokine receptors are expressed widely by embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells.

We investigated the expression and functions of chemokine receptors in neural progenitor cells isolated from embryonic and adult mice. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated mRNA expression for most known chemokine receptors in neural progenitor cells grown as neurospheres from embryonic (E17) and adult (4-week-old) mice. The expression of CXCR4 receptors was demonstrated further in E17 neurospheres using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis and fura-2-based Ca2+ imaging. Most neurospheres grown from E17 mice responded to stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) in Ca2+ imaging studies. In addition, immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that these neurospheres consisted of dividing cells that uniformly colocalized nestin and CXCR4 receptors. Differentiation of E17 neurospheres yielded astrocytes and neurons exhibiting several different phenotypes, including expression of calbindin, calretinin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate, and many also coexpressed CXCR4 receptors. In addition, neurospheres grown from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of 4-week-old mice exhibited large increases in Ca2+ in response to CXCL12 and several other chemokines. In comparison, neurospheres prepared from olfactory bulb of adult mice exhibited only small Ca2+ responses to CXCL12, whereas neurospheres prepared from hippocampus were insensitive to CXCL12, although they did respond to other chemokines. Investigations designed to investigate whether CXCL12 can act as a chemoattractant demonstrated that cells dissociated from E17 or adult SVZ neurospheres migrated toward an CXCL12 gradient and this was blocked by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. These results illustrate widespread chemokine sensitivity of embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells and support the view that chemokines may be of general importance in control of progenitor cell migration in embryonic and adult brain. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy-efficient image compression in mobile devices for wireless transmission

This paper presents an adaptive compression algorithm for mobile devices to reduce the transmission energy of images through wireless networks. Our algorithm selects different compression schemes based on the amount of details in the images and the available transmission bandwidths. At low bandwidths, significant amounts of energy can be saved because the reduction in transmission energy outweighs the additional processing energy. We implement this adaptive algorithm on an HP iPAQ hw6945 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). The algorithm is invoked before transmitting images and is transparent to users. The average energy reduction is 20% with an average delay of 1.1 seconds.respectively.
Inherited forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

CJD : Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease PRNP : prion protein gene Protein infectious agent or “prion” is a concept developed by Stanley Prusiner in the 1980s of a form of infectious disease involving proteins rather than traditional pathogens.[1][1] More accurately, prion disease is a
Fluorothiocarbonyl compounds. V. Polymerization of thiocarbonyl compounds

Thiocarbonyl fluoride, fluoroalkylthio acid fluorides, and fluorothioketones are converted to high molecular weight polymers by anionic initiation at low temperatures. Amorphous poly(thiocarbonyl fluoride), (CF2S)n, is a tough elastomer that is highly resilient. Poly(thiocarbonyl fluoride) has a melting point of 35°C. and slowly crystallizes at room temperature to an opaque, stiff plastic. The glass transition point of the polymer is very low, being −118°C. as determined by the torsion pendulum method. Poly(trifluorothioacetyl fluoride) and polyhexafluorothioacetone are also elastomeric, but neither has the high resilience that is characteristic of poly(thiocarbonyl fluoride). Polyhexafluorothioacetone slowly depolymerizes at room temperature.
Transport and Reactivity of Lactate-Modified Nanoscale Iron Particles in PCP-Contaminated Soils

Remediation of sites contaminated by toxic chlorinated organic compounds by using nanoscale iron particles (NIP) has received great attention owing to their high reactivity resulting from small size and large reactive surface area. However, adequate delivery of NIP into the contaminated zones for in situ remediation applications is difficult because of NIP agglomeration and sedimentation. Different surface modifications of NIP are suggested to enhance the transport of NIP in soils. This study investigated the transport and remediation efficiency of bare NIP and lactate-modified NIP (LMNIP) in field sand contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). Soil column experiments were conducted to investigate the reactivity and transport of NIP and LMNIP at different concentrations (1 and 4 g=L) under two different constant hydraulic gradients, and the consequent degradation of PCP in the soil. Bare NIP was transported only to limited distances and its distribution through the soil was nonuniform; however, LMNIP was transported uniformly throughout the soil column. Surface modification with aluminum lactate retarded agglomeration and sedimentation of NIP, but the reactivity of NIP decreased. Permeability of the soil was not impacted at low concentrations of NIP; however, at higher concentrations, NIP appeared to clog the pores, reducing soil permeability. LMNIP did not clog the pores even at higher concentration and maintained higher flow, indicating no impact on the permeability. The degradation of PCP was 53.2 and 54.8% with bare NIP at concentrations of 1 and 4 g=L, respectively, whereas the degradation of PCP was 61 and 51.6% with LMNIP at concentrations of 1 and 4 g=L, respectively. The removal of PCP from the soil on the basis of effluent analysis ranged from 6 to 14%. The low degradation of PCP may be attributed to varying reactivity depending on the dissociation and desorption of PCP from soil as a function of soil pH changes, as NIP is transported through the soil. Surface coating with lactate in LMNIP also may have hindered the direct contact of PCP with NIP during the initial stages of transport, but the reactivity of LMNIP increases to the same level as bare NIP at later times. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000107. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Nanotechnology; Hydraulic conductivity; Iron compounds; Particles; Soil pollution. Author keywords: Nanoscale iron particles; Pentachlorophenol (PCP); Sand; Transport; Reactivity; Lactate; Chemical reduction; Hydraulic conductivity.
The Molecular Taxonomy of Primary Prostate Cancer

There is substantial heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, evident in the spectrum of molecular abnormalities and its variable clinical course. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we present a comprehensive molecular analysis of 333 primary prostate carcinomas. Our results revealed a molecular taxonomy in which 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4, and FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1). Epigenetic profiles showed substantial heterogeneity, including an IDH1 mutant subset with a methylator phenotype. Androgen receptor (AR) activity varied widely and in a subtype-specific manner, with SPOP and FOXA1 mutant tumors having the highest levels of AR-induced transcripts. 25% of the prostate cancers had a presumed actionable lesion in the PI3K or MAPK signaling pathways, and DNA repair genes were inactivated in 19%. Our analysis reveals molecular heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, as well as potentially actionable molecular defects.
Colloidal processing of chemically prepared zinc oxide varistors. Part I: Milling and dispersion of powder

Chemically prepared zinc oxide powders are fabricated for the production of high aspect ratio varistor components. Colloidal processing was performed to reduce agglomerates to primary particles, form a high solids loading slurry, and prevent dopant migration. The milled and dispersed powder exhibited a viscoelastic to elastic behavioral transition at a volume loading of 43–46%. The origin of this transition was studied using acoustic spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and oscillatory rheology. The phenomenon occurs due to a volume fraction solids dependent reduction in the zeta potential of the solid phase. It is postulated to result from divalent ion binding within the polyelectrolyte dispersant chain and was mitigated using a polyethylene glycol plasticizing additive. This allowed for increased solids loading in the slurry and a green body fabrication study to be presented in our companion paper.
Student Understanding and Generalization of Functions from Single to Multivariable Calculus

approved: ______________________________________________________ Eric Weber Students struggle with the concept of functions and the notation associated with it in various mathematical contexts. This thesis investigates student understanding of function notation through their generalization of single variable functions to multivariable functions in a variety of situations. Semi-structured student interviews were conducted and analyzed through a framework using concept image and concept definition coupled with an actor-oriented generalization taxonomy. The findings suggest that students relate back to forms and situations from single variable to assign meaning to multivariable functions. Several teaching implications are suggested based on the trends that emerged in how students understand functions and notation.
Associations between self-perception of weight, food choice intentions, and consumer response to calorie information: A retrospective investigation of public health center clients in Los Angeles County before the implementation of menu-labeling regulation

Although obesity continues to rise and remains a great public health concern in the U.S., a number of important levers such as self-perception of weight and calorie postings at point-of-purchase in restaurants are still not well-characterized in the literature, especially for low-income and minority groups in Los Angeles County (LAC). To study this gap, we examined the associations of self-perception of weight (as measured by body weight discrepancy) with food choice intentions and consumer response to calorie information among low-income adults residing in LAC during the pre-menu labeling regulation era. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the aforementioned associations utilizing data from the 2007–2008 Calorie and Nutrition Information Survey (CNIS). The CNIS was a local health department study of 639 low-income adults recruited from five large, multi-purpose public health centers in LAC. Survey participants who reported that their desired weight was less than their current weight (versus desired weight the same as current weight) had (i) higher odds of intending to select lower-calorie foods under the scenario that calorie information was available at point-of-purchase (aOR = 2.0; 95 % CI: 1.0–3.9); and (ii) had higher odds of reporting that it is “very important” to have these calorie postings on food items in grocery stores (aOR = 3.1; 95 % CI: 0.90–10.7) and in fast-food restaurants (aOR = 3.4; 95 % CI: 1.0–11.4). Self-perception of weight was found to be associated with the intention to select lower-calorie foods under the scenario that calorie information was available at point-of-purchase. Future public health efforts to support menu labeling implementation should consider these and other findings to inform consumer education and communications strategies that can be tailored to assist restaurant patrons with this forthcoming federal law.
Services to African American Children in Poverty: Institutional Discrimination in Child Welfare?

Using national secondary case file data, this study addressed race, poverty, and service equity in public child welfare. Two research questions were posed: (a) Do poor children and families receive services to meet the conditions of poverty? (b) Does service delivery impact African American and Caucasian children equitably? Answers to questions were framed within the context of institutional discrimination theory. Using descriptive and variance estimation statistics, African American children were found to be poorer on all indicators. Service disparity occurred due to higher African American poverty coupled with low overall rates of poverty-related service. Indirect institutional discrimination was suggested.
An electroolfactogram study of odor response patterns from the mouse olfactory epithelium with reference to receptor zones and odor sorptiveness

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) responses to odors, measured at the population level, tend to be spatially heterogeneous in the vertebrates that have been studied. These response patterns vary betwe...
Influenza B-Associated Reye's Syndrome: Incidence in Michigan and Potential for Prevention

Prospective surveillance for Reye's syndrome in Michigan revealed the occurrence of 46 cases between December 15, 1973 and June 1, 1974. In an attempt to determine the incidence of influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome, a randomized point-prevalence survey of 1,041 schoolchildren was done in a county in Michigan where there had been simultaneous outbreaks of influenza B and Reye's syndrome. Of the children tested, 20% had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus B/Hong Kong/5/72 of '1:20. Based upon this countywide survey, the incidence of Reye's syndrome following influenza B was estimated as between 30.8 and 57.8 cases of Reye's syndrome per 100,000 cases of influenza B. A detailed epidemiologic investigation of the patients who developed Reye's syndrome indicated that the syndrome occurred four times more frequently in children living in rural areas than in children in the urban areas of the state. These studies indicate that, in addition to antecedent viral infections such as influenza B, factor(s) that are most likely extrinsic or environmental also play a role in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome.
Intravenous busulfan and cyclophosphamide as an autologous transplant conditioning regimen for relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

16508 Purpose: High-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become the standard of care for chemosensitive relapsed Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Multiple conditioning regimens ...
Erratum to: 'Reference-free inference of tumor phylogenies from single-cell sequencing data'.

Unfortunately, the original version of this article [1] contained an error. Figures 2, ​,44 and ​and55 were incorrect and the captions for Figs. 4 and ​and55 were incorrect. Below are the correct figures and captions: Fig. 2 Histogram of k-mer relative abundances. Both 20- and 25-mer relative abundance densities appear log-laplacian. These data included 20- and 25-mers found in all tumor cells. a Histogram of 20-mer relative abundances in log10 scale. b Histogram of 25-mer ... Fig. 4 20-mer bootstrap consensus neighbor-joining tree built from T10 primary breast tumor cells (prefix C), T16 primary (prefix P) and metastatic data (prefix M). Distinct groupings of cells are labeled as clusters Fig. 5 20-mer bootstrap consensus neighbor-joining tree built from T16 primary (prefix P) and metastatic data (prefix M). Distinct groupings of cells are labeled as clusters
Flowering Habit of Male Sterile Line in New Rice 97200A

Flowering habit of male sterile line in rice was an important feature in affecting hybrid rice seed production.The flowering habit and outcrossing rate of a new three-line selection rice CMS 97200A and restorer line No.3 were systematic studied.The result showed that male sterile line had concentrated flowering period,early flowering time,big opening spikelet angle(the duration of opening spikelet was 1.1~1.4 h;lower stigma exsertion rate;average panicle enclosure rate was 13.91%;average surface area was 1.20 mm2),high rate of hybrid seed.The flowering habit of male sterile line and restorer line were studied to improve the quality and production of seed,which could reduce costs and improve economic efficiency.
Building Long Term Trust in Vehicular Networks

In vehicular networks (VN), the response time is critical, whereas, an autonomous and efficient way of preventing hazardous situations on roads plays an important role in the successful deployment of the system. Trust or reputation models often need to be integrated with inter-vehicle communication protocols in use to avoid selfish or malicious behavior by the vehicles exploiting the system. Existing trust and reputation models for VNs lack the capability of fast and accurate trust management suitable for the ephemeral association of vehicles. In this paper, we design an augmented trust model for VNs by assigning each vehicle a long term trust value. Our model eliminates the overhead of repeated bootstrapping and ensures accountability of the vehicles for incident reporting and other critical actions. The two main features of our framework, viz. a three- party authentication and privacy protocol, and a trust propagation model, both of which are crucial for a successful deployment of VNs, can also be used in any generic security application.
Fracture Immobilization and Splinting

Fracture immobilization in the acute orthopedic trauma patient is necessary for pain control, fracture reduction, and joint stability. However, precise splinting is achieved through much experience and repetition, with focus on soft tissue protection and proper final positioning. This instructional chapter will address splinting principles, techniques for common upper and lower extremity splints, and possible complications related to those placed incorrectly.
Exceptionality in Spanish Stress

Stress in vowel-final non-verbs in Spanish regularly falls on the penultimate syllable, while stress in consonant-final words regularly falls on the final syllable. There are two main classes of exceptions to this regularity: stress on the syllable preceding the regular one, and stress on the syllable following the regular one. Harris (1983) provides arguments that the second class of exceptions is morphologically systematic, but falls short of the stronger claim that this pattern is simply a subcase of the regular stress pattern. I argue here that there is much to be gained from this stronger claim, including a simple and elegant analysis of the first class of exceptions.
Behavioral Choices and Shifts, Niche Construction, Natural Selection, Extinctions, and Asymmetry

As noted in Chap. 1, in the last few decades, particularly with the rise of Evo-Devo, authors have increasingly pointed out the need for a “post-Darwinian view” of evolution or an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.
Increased Risk of Revision After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Soft Tissue Allografts Compared With Autografts: Graft Processing and Time Make a Difference:

Background:The optimal graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remains controversial.Purpose:To compare the risk of aseptic revision between bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts, hamstring autografts, and soft tissue allografts.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Prospectively collected ACLR cases reconstructed with BPTB autografts, hamstring autografts, and soft tissue allografts were identified using the Kaiser Permanente ACLR Registry. Aseptic revision was the endpoint. The type of graft and allograft processing method (nonprocessed, <1.8-Mrad irradiation with and without chemical processing [Allowash or AlloTrue], ≥1.8-Mrad irradiation with and without chemical processing, and chemical processing alone [BioCleanse]) were the exposures evaluated. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and race. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were employed.Results:The cohort included 14,015 cases: there were 8924 (63.7%) male patients, there were 6397 ...
Unintended Consequences of Expanded Mandatory Reporting Laws

The Penn State child sex abuse case highlighted failures to act among numerous adults in positions of responsibility, as chilling details of football coach Gerald Sandusky’s sexual abuse of children over the course of decades came to light.1 Although it is unclear whether adults who chose to ignore ongoing child sexual abuse and rape would have acted differently had there been a legal requirement in place, it would have at least enabled their prosecution after the fact. In the aftermath, Pennsylvania adopted extensive new legislation to prevent and detect child abuse. In particular, Pennsylvania expanded its definitions of mandatory reporters, requiring child abuse awareness training for any licensed health care professional in the state and significantly expanding mandatory lay reporters to include essentially any individual in contact with children, rather than specifically those in contact with children by virtue of their profession. In Philadelphia, these new reporting requirements have flooded the reporting hotline, contributing to excessive waiting times, unanswered calls, spurious calls, and unnecessary reports, leading to the inability to pursue many of these reports.2 Although the Pennsylvania Department of Human Services has acted to address these flaws, few have questioned the wisdom of this expansion of mandatory reporting. There is no indication that the increase in reporting has improved the safety of Philadelphia’s children, and there is reason to believe it may detract. How is it possible that the expansion of mandatory reporting, a step designed to protect vulnerable children from harm, may have had the opposite effect? Mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect has a history of … Address correspondence to Mical Raz, MD, PhD, Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program/Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 1310 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Dr, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, E-mail: micalraz{at}mail.med.upenn.edu
Through the looking glass: Organizing practice in less institutionalized organizations

Institutional work generally assumes an ex ante existence of a strong institution. This study focuses on organizing processes in less institutionalized organizations in order to understand how organizations are sustained through a perspective of micro- foundations. Grounded ion a longitudinal case study of a Chinese Student Association (CSA) in a large Midwest university, the study finds that practices at CSA configure as members engage in confrontations of ideology of goals, i.e., rational, spontaneous and legitimate, regarding what CSA is about and should be like, i.e., organizational identity for fifteen months. Specifically, organizing practices with a rational underpinning dominated temporarily and CSA then resumed the spontaneous-based practices. Rather than a common understanding that practices are fluid and that the domination of one practice results from confrontations of competing ideologies regarding organizational identity, a close analysis suggests that competing configurations of practice ma...
Fluorosis: is it really a problem?

ABSTRACT Background Scientists have noted an association between mottled enamel and fluoride exposure since the early 1900s. By the mid-1900s, they also recognized that fluoride intake was related to lower caries incidence. To harness the protective effect of fluoride while limiting the occurrence of fluorosis, dental researchers have recommended that the fluoride level in drinking water be 1 part per million or less. Overview Despite the recognition that fluoride levels in water can be controlled to offer caries protection with minimal risk of fluorosis, the cosmetic defect continues to appear. However, although the word “fluorosis” conjures up images of brown stained and pitted enamel, such severe cases rarely are seen in the United States. Children in this country are exposed to fluoride from numerous sources and the appearance of mild fluorosis is not unusual. Conclusions and Practice Implications In most cases, fluorosis is a minor cosmetic defect that should not be cause for alarm. Dentists should educate their patients about the optimal range of fluoride intake for caries protection, sources of fluoride and the possibility of fluorosis.
Fast, furious and enduring: Sensitive versus critical periods in sexual differentiation of the brain

Understanding critical periods in brain development and how they impact adult functioning is a primary goal of neuroscience. The sexual differentiation of the brain is a unique critical period in that it is initiated by endogenous production of a critical signaling molecule in only one sex, testosterone in fetal males. Females, by contrast, do not produce testosterone but are highly responsive to it and remain sensitive to its masculinizing effects well past the close of the critical period in males. Compared to other well characterized critical periods, such as those for the visual system or barrel cortex, the masculinization of the brain is telescoped into a few short days and initiated prenatally. The slightly longer and postnatal sensitive period in females provides a valuable tool for understanding this challenging but fundamental developmental process.
DNA mismatch repair in trinucleotide repeat instability

Trinucleotide repeat expansions cause over 30 severe neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy type 1, and fragile X syndrome. Although previous studies have substantially advanced the understanding of the disease biology, many key features remain unknown. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) plays a critical role in genome maintenance by removing DNA mismatches generated during DNA replication. However, MMR components, particularly mismatch recognition protein MutSβ and its interacting factors MutLα and MutLγ, have been implicated in trinucleotide repeat instability. In this review, we will discuss the roles of these key MMR proteins in promoting trinucleotide repeat instability.
Cooperative visibility maintenance in SE(3) for multi-robot-networks with limited field-of-view sensors

Coordination of motion between multiple robots requires the robots to sense their relative poses. Common sensors depend on maintaining a line-of-sight between the sensor and the object being sensed. When the robots move relative to one another, they must coordinate their motions to ensure that these lines-of-sight are preserved. We propose a control method to preserve desired lines-of-sight in a multi-robot system where each robot has configuration space SE(3). A key feature of the control method is its ability to reject persistent bounded disturbances, enabling its use alongside additional control tasks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the edge-preserving control in simulations involving additional input velocities that tend to break the edges.
Noninvasive Methodology to Study the Kinetics of Microbial Growth and Metabolism in Subsurface Porous Materials

Abstract The effect of pore size on the growth of Escherichia coli through anaerobic, nutrient-saturated cores packed with different sizes of spherical glass beads (75–150 m to 710–1180 m) under static conditions was determined by following, noninvasively, the rate of gas production. The rate of hydrogen production and the final amount of hydrogen produced decreased with a decrease in pore size. Kinetic parameters describing microbial processes were estimated by nonlinear regression using modified versions of the integrated Monod and Michaelis-Menten equations. This new mathematical approach accurately estimated kinetic parameters from ideal and experimentally obtained data sets. The data suggest that the reduced rate of bacterial growth observed in cores with smaller pore sizes may be due to a restriction of bacterial cell division.
Cripto-1: A Common Embryonic Stem Cell and Cancer Cell Marker

Human Cripto-1 has been implicated in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. During early embryonic development, Cripto-1 functions as a co-receptor for transforming growth factor-β family members, including Nodal/growth differentiation factors 1 and 3, and is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation and anterior/posterior and left-right axis establishment. In normal adult tissues Cripto-1 is expressed at very low levels, while its expression significantly increases in approximately 50–80% of different types of human carcinomas. Overexpression of Cripto-1 in mouse mammary epithelial cells leads to their transformation in vitro and enhances migration, invasion, branching morphogenesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Transgenic mouse studies have shown that overexpression of Cripto-1 in the mammary gland results in mammary hyperplasias and papillary adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, Cripto-1 is expressed at high levels in different types of human tumors. In conclusion, while during embryogenesis Cripto-1 performs specific and regulatory functions related to cell and tissue patterning, inappropriate expression of Cripto-1 in adult tissues leads to cell transformation and tumor progression.
Sued and nonsued physicians: Satisfactions, dissatisfactions, and sources of stress

Among 80 physicians interviewed, work satisfactions derived primarily from their intellectual interest in medicine and from meeting the challenges of practice. Economic changes generated some frustration and complaint but were not a major stressor. Fifty-one physicians had been sued for medical malpractice and 29 had not. Litigation generated emotional disequilibrium and was identified by 23% of those sued as comprising the single most stressful period of their lives. The development of physician support groups and educational programs focusing on coping strategies may be an essential feature of interventions aimed at diminishing the stressful aspects of litigation.
High T c YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x and Tl m Ca n Ba 2 Cu n+1 O x Thin Films by Sputter Deposition from Stoicthiometric Oxide Targets

Thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-x and TlmCanBa2Cun+1Ox (m= 1, 2; n= 1, 2) are sputter-deposited from stoichiometric oxide targets using an off-centered and a facing target sputtering configurations, respectively. These configurations are used to minimize the preferential resputtering effect due to energetic particle bombardments of the growing films, encountered during sputter deposition from a Ba containing oxide target. Examination of plasma during sputtering of various targets reveals a smaller dark space and more intense plasma for the targets having higher Ba concentration. These together with the decreasing negative DC voltage of the target with increasing Ba content indicate a high secondary electron yield for Ba, resulting in the presence of a substantial amount of negatively charged particles (e.g., O) during sputter deposition. These particles are accelerated with full cathode (target) potential toward the substrate, causing the preferential resputtering effect observed in the conventional parallel plate sputtering configuration. The compositions of the YBa2Cu3O7−X and TlmCanBa2Cun+1Ox films sputter-deposited using the off centered and the facing target configurations are almost identical (>95%) to that of the target because this effect is greatly minimized in these sputtering configurations. The absence of energetic particle bombardments in the facing target sputtering is consistent with the results that a near-zero optical emission intensity at the substrate was observed with a spatially resolved optical spectrometer. Using these sputtering configurations, we have succeeded in the in-situ growth of YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films at ≃650 °C on Si substrates directly (no buffer layers) with a zero resistance Tc as high as 79 K and the the preparation of various superconducting TlmCanBa2Cun+1Ox thin films with a zero resistance Tc as high as 123 K. The effects of film thickness, substrate temperature, and cooling down conditions on the superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films on Si are reported. In addition, the post-annealing conditions and effects of substrate temperature and heating rate during post annealing on the nucleation and growth morphologies of the various TlmCanBa2Cun+1Ox thin films are presented and discussed.
Abstract 1136: Decrease in maturation of stem cells along the neuroendocrine lineage contributes to stem cell overpopulation that drives human CRC development

Stem cell (SC) overpopulation is thought to drive tumor initiation and progression during colon cancer development, but it is unclear what causes the SC overpopulation. Because most neuroendocrine (NE) cells (NECs) in normal colonic crypts reside within the SC niche at the crypt bottom, we thought that aberrant NECs might be linked to the SC overpopulation. We hypothesized that (i) in normal crypts, SC and NEC populations are anatomically and functionally related, and (ii) during tumorigenesis, changes in these relationships quantitatively correlate with increased SC numbers. We tested this hypothesis - using quantitative immunohistochemical mapping - as a first step towards understanding how interactions between SC and NEC might become altered during colon tumorigenesis. In normal human colonic crypts, most (>80%) cells staining for ALDH1, a colonic SC marker, co-stained for chromogranin-A (CGA) and several other NE markers. Neither ALDH1+ nor CGA+ cells co-stained for MCM2, a marker for proliferating cells. These findings indicate that, in normal colonic crypts, many ALDH1+ cells have NE characteristics. In contrast, the proportion of ALDH1+ cells that co-stained for NE markers progressively decreased (to Citation Format: Bruce M. Boman, Tao Zhang, Shirin Modarai, Lynn Opdenacker, Fields Jeremy. Decrease in maturation of stem cells along the neuroendocrine lineage contributes to stem cell overpopulation that drives human CRC development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1136.
Variability and uncertainty in the rodent controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Controlled cortical impact (CCI) has emerged as one of the most flexible and clinically applicable approaches for the induction of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rodents and other species. Although this approach has been shown to model cognitive and functional outcomes associated with TBI in humans, recent work has shown that CCI is limited by excessive variability in lesion size despite attempts to control velocity, impact depth, and dwell time. New method Thus, this work used high-speed imaging to evaluate the delivery of cortical impact and permit the identification of specific parameters associated with technical variability in the CCI model. Results Variability is introduced by vertical oscillations that result in multiple impacts of varying depths, lateral movements after impact, and changes in velocity, particularly at the prescribed impact depth. Conclusions Together these data can inform future work to design modifications to commonly used CCI devices that produce TBI with less variability in severity and lesion size.
Boudreaux on high wages; a critique

Professor Don Boudreaux has made many contributions to pro- moting liberty and good economics including his refutations of common economic fallacies concerning unions, free trade, occupa- tional licensure, and the minimum wage. Yet, we must take issue with a recent column of his entitled «Do We Need to Bring Back the Reagan Years?» In it he offers what we consider several economic fallacies. We start off by repeating it in its entirety, one, because it is so short, and two, to obviate any pos- sible misinterpretations. Then, we make clear our criticism of it. Do We Need to Bring Back the Reagan Years? By Don Boudreaux Heard on the radio this morning while driving in northern Vir- ginia: We need policies to bring back the high-paying jobs this coun- try lost since the Reagan years. I missed the name and affiliation of the particular interviewee who issued this proclamation. Of course, this proclamation is, in one form or another, a familiar one. It trips frequently out of the mouths and off of the keyboards of politicians and pundits too numerous to count. Yet it is economic foolishness.
Is it in your face?: Exploring the effects of sexual dimorphism on perception of leadership potential

Perceptions of a leader in a work environment is important from 2 perspectives: the leader themselves and more importantly the external observer. But what information does the observer use when mak...
Postbiopsy Pigmentation is Prognostic in Head and Neck Melanoma

To assess postbiopsy pigmentation (PBP) as a prognostic feature in patients with cutaneous head and neck (HN p < 0.001] and 5-year OS [65.0% (50.0–76.6%) vs. 83.6% (75.7–89.2%); p = 0.005]. After multivariable adjustment, PBP remained associated with shorter DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–2.93; p = 0.047], but was not prognostic of OS. In patients with H&N melanoma, PBP is associated with significantly shorter DFS. Patients with PBP may warrant greater consideration for SLNB and closer postoperative surveillance.
Stability and change in antagonism over the lifespan

Abstract Central to the discussion of how to intervene upon antagonism when it interferes with daily life is whether the trait is relatively stable or may change with time. The current stability examines the topic of stability and change in antagonism, by first discussing what is meant by stability and change, and then describing the “normative” trajectories for antagonism across the lifespan. Next we discuss potential future directions for research on stability and change in antagonism, focusing on the need for research into both adolescent development and major life events as catalysts for change. Throughout the chapter, we consider the utility of different theoretical models of personality development for understanding whether and why antagonism changes across lifespan.
Measuring Ion-Pairing and Hydration in Variable Charge Supramolecular Cages with Microwave Microfluidics

Metal-organic supramolecular cages can act as charged molecular containers that mediate reactions, mimic enzymatic catalysis, and selectively sequester chemicals. The hydration of these cages plays a crucial role in their interactions with other species. Here we use microwave microfluidics to measure the hydration and ion pairing of two metal-organic cage assemblies that are isostructural but have different overall anionic charge. We supplement our measurements with density functional theory calculations to compare binding site energies on model metal-organic cage vertices. We find that the cage with dianionic vertices is more strongly hydrated and forms a distinct ion pair species from the cage with trianionic vertices. We evaluate multi-ion species and distinct ion pair solvations as possible sources for differences in ion dynamics and hydration. Broadly, this work highlights the utility of microwave microfluidics to elucidate the consequences of charge states on metal-organic complexes in solution. The hydration and ion pairing of metal-organic supramolecular cages plays a crucial role in their interaction with guests but is difficult to quantify with standard analysis. Here, the authors show that microwave microfluidics to measure the hydration and ion pairing of two tetrahedral metal-organic cages.