cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational energy transfer in ozone by infrared-ultraviolet double resonance

Abstract Absorption transients at 254 nm have been observed in O3-O2 mixtures following laser irradiation at 9.64 μm. From analysis of these transients, we are able to determine vibrational relaxation rate constants (O3-O2 λ1−1/[O2] = (2560±370) Torr−1 S−1, λ2−1/[O2] = (640±50) Torr−1 S−1, and also a v1-v3 equilibration rate constant (O3-O3) of (1.5±1.0) × 106 Torr−1 S−1.
Modification of aqueous enzymatic oil extraction to increase the yield of corn oil from dry fractionated corn germ

Abstract In previous aqueous enzymatic oil extraction (AEOE) experiments we reported a best free oil yield of 49% of the hexane extracted yield of dry fractionated corn germ. In the current experiments, a dispersion of 10% cooked, dry-fractionated germ in water was treated with α-amylase, glucoamylase and a cellulase complex. Free oil was collected by centrifuging a foam fraction of the dispersion. Several dispersion treatments were tried to evaluate their release of free oil and effect on the production of foam. The foam contained up to 8% free oil (dispersed from germ containing 26% oil) and fines oil (not centrifugally separable), protein and germ particles. Treatment with α-amylase and glucoamylase prior to treatment with the commercial cellulase used in previous AEOE studies increased the free oil yields about 25–61% of the hexane-extractable yield. A preliminary cost analysis indicates that oil separation with the amylase enhanced AEOE appears to be preferable to AEOE alone and profitable if crude corn oil cost exceeds $1.1/kg ($0.50/lb).
Isoreticular metalation of metal-organic frameworks.

Sequential covalent transformation and metalation were performed on (Zn4O)3(BDC-NH2)3(BTB)4 with maintenance of crystallinity and porosity. Reaction of (Zn4O)3(BDC-NH2)3(BTB)4 with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde in toluene at room temperature for 5 days resulted in the formation of the extended crystalline structure (Zn4O)3(BDC-C6H5N2)3(BTB)4, which possesses iminopyridine moieties covalently bound to the organic links of the framework. Subsequent reaction with PdCl2(CH3CN)2 in CH2Cl2 at room temperature for 12 h yielded the metalated metal−organic framework (Zn4O)3(BDC-C6H5N2PdCl2)3(BTB)4. Both functionalized materials retained high crystallinty and were permanently porous with high surface areas [3200 and 1700 m2 g−1 for (Zn4O)3(BDC-C6H5N2)3(BTB)4 and (Zn4O)3(BDC-C6H5N2PdCl2)3(BTB)4, respectively.]
Atmospheric effects on visible and infrared scene clutter characerization

We examine the relationship between atmospheric-induced clutter, driven mainly by temporal variations of obscuring aerosols, and the more usual clutter attributed to spatial variations in natural background scenes. Our main approach is through the analysis of time dependent transmission-radiance measurements obtained during field experiments and through existing theories exploited in atmospheric models for generating effects of natural weather types and man made (battlefield) obscurants. We couple the obscurant modeling with other existing models for simulating natural background scenes and examine the effects of the obscurants on various scenes using recently developed analytical methods for calculating clutter metrics. Our selected clutter metric is based on what we call the block filter method that quantifies IR clutter in terms of potential false targets based on scene statistics. Our main focus is on the effects of direct transmittance, path radiance, and turbulence driven noise at multiple wavelength regimes. Preliminary results from field data show strong cross-band correlations in measured path transmission obtained over collinear lines of sight and wavelengths from the visible to infrared. The same trend holds for measured path radiance, most rigorously at the shorter wavelengths (visible and near infrared), but with a significantly enhanced noise component at the infrared wavelengths (mid and far infrared) where the effect of obscurant thermal emission comes into play. From the analysis of the imagery we have also detected both emissive and reflective contributions to the path radiance. We apply the results to four background scenes of varying degree of complexity and report the results in terms of a clutter metric representative of the particular background under both clear air and obscured conditions.
In Vitro Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization by Acoustic Impedance Monitoring, Part I: Sensor Modeling, Design, and Fabrication

This investigation aims at developing a technique to diagnose the presence of plaque in arteries by measuring the variations of the electromechanical impedance of a piezoelectric (PZT) sensor in contact with the arterial surface. The proposed technique makes use of either one or multiple PZT sensors integrated on a balloon and used prior to percutaneous transmural angioplasty interventions. The system we envision consists of two components: the active, miniaturized PZT sensors (surface-mounted on an angioplasty balloon), and the computer and software. In the proposed technique, the angioplasty balloon with the wall-mounted sensor(s) is inflated in the artery to make contact with the plaque. Initially, low pressure is used not to disrupt the plaque. The diagnostic test feeds an electrical signal that excites the sensors; by analyzing the sensors' response, information on features and properties of the plaque is obtained. Doctors will use this information to recognize unstable plaque prior to full pressuriz...
Tectonic implications of the age, composition, and orientation of lamprophyre dikes, Navajo volcanic field, Arizona

Abstract Fifty-one lamprophyre dikes of the Navajo volcanic field are randomly oriented in contrast to dikes of similar age from adjacent tectonic provinces. K Ar ages obtained on nine of these dikes indicate that they were emplaced between 28 and 19 m.y. ago. Initiation of dike emplacement was approximately coeval with the initial demarcation of the Colorado Plateau in the mid-Tertiary. Chemical analyses obtained on nine dike samples show a wide range in composition. Silica contents range from 33.6% in a phlogopite katungite to 55.9% in a felsic minette. Two of the samples have Na 2 O > K 2 O indicating that sodic volcanism was occurring concurrently with the dominant potassic volcanism. Published results of high-pressure experimental studies of katungite suggest that this magma was derived from K-metasomatised mantle. Because this potassium metasomatism produces a positive volume change, we propose a model that relates uplift of the Colorado Plateau to metasomatism, magma genesis, and dike emplacement.
Optimal update frequency model for physical machine state change and virtual machine placement in the cloud

Cloud computing is evolving into the default operational framework running modern data centers. Efficient data center operation is concerned with the total amount of energy consumed as well as assuring adequate resources are available to process all of the incoming work requests. Existing research has demonstrated several algorithms that can be used to determine the optimal number of resources required to service these requests. However, a key issue not addressed in these algorithms is determining the frequency of recalculating the number of required resources. Changing the required resources at a rate slower than the optimal update frequency results in lower energy efficiency due to the over allocation of resources. Changing the resources at a rate higher than the optimal frequency results in insufficient time for systems to change state, which results in SLA violations. In this paper, a stochastic optimization model is presented that determines the optimal update frequency for changing the states of the nodes of the cloud as well as determining the proper frequency for recalculating the maximum expected load, which improves the determination of the optimum number of resources required, therefore maximizes energy efficiency and minimizes SLA violations.
Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication and running wheel activity in the rat.

Abstract Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxicaton was induced in Wistar rats with 0.1 mg/ml PbCl 2 in the drinking water of pregnant and lactating females. Offspring were supplied lead water at weaning. Exposure totaled 14 months. Activity was measured in the Wahman LC-33 wheel. Running activity experimental and control rats was maximized with a 23-hr light cycle followed by a 5-hr dark period in the wheels. There was no significant difference in body weight gains or lead intake (as measured by water consumption) between any sex-matched group. Lead was found to produce overall hypoactivity in both males and females. Under auditory stress the hypoactivity in the males was normalized by combination of a hypoactivity component in the controls and a progressive hyperactivity in the lead animals. This study clearly shows a sex-dependent hypoactivity effect of chronic lead intoxication and suggests its mechanism as an interaction between lead and environmental stress.
Solute–solvent interactions: two-dimensional ultrafast infrared vibrational echo experiments

Abstract Two-dimensional (time–frequency) ultrafast IR vibrational echo experiments were used to investigate solute–solvent interactions in solution. The experiments were performed on symmetric (S) and antisymmetric (A) CO stretching modes of (acetylacetonato) dicarbonylrhodium(I) in dibutylphthalate (DBP) at 150 K. The two-dimensional (2D) spectrum displays quantum beats at the nominal frequency difference between the S and A modes. However, as the observation wavelength is moved to higher energy, the quantum beat frequency decreases. The change in frequency is related to the nature of the solute–solvent interactions. Model calculations indicate that interactions with the solvent result in CO local mode frequencies that are strongly correlated.
Enhancing U.S. hazardous waste accounting through economic modeling

Abstract Amid changing attitudes about the environment and emerging sustainability concerns in the late 1960s and 1970s, countries around the world began regulating multiple aspects of solid and hazardous wastes. Initial regulations and those occurring since all share the broader goal of curbing waste generation, especially that of hazardous wastes; but with few signs of progress. Using an input–output accounting framework that focuses on the domestic economy, data on the economy and hazardous waste generation are combined to provide a more complete picture of hazardous waste generation in the United States. The framework developed in this paper can be used to inform decisionmakers of the current state of the “hazardous waste economy” and can also be extended to account for other types of environmental factors.
Multiplicity for strongly indefinite semilinear elliptic system

Abstract In this paper we study a multiplicity result for a strongly indefinite semilinear elliptic system { − ϵ 2 Δ u + u = g ( x ) ∣ v ∣ q − 1 v in R N , − ϵ 2 Δ v + v = f ( x ) ∣ u ∣ p − 1 u in R N . Our interest is the relation between the number of solutions and the topology of the global minima set of a suitable ground energy function.
Observation of polarization instabilities and modulational gain in a low-birefringence optical fiber.

Intense linearly polarized light has been used to observe polarization instabilities due to the optical Kerr effect in a low-birefringence optical fiber. Near the onset of instability small intensity modulations are amplified and a sixfold increase in modulation depth is observed. The transmission through a crossed polarizer is markedly different for intense beams aligned near the fast and slow axes. The critical power of 250 W is in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Preliminary design and scheduling of a batch agrochemical plant

Abstract Several alternative designs for the manufacture of a new agrochemical were examined using combinatorial optimization. Decisions involved in these preliminary designs include how many pieces of equipment to buy, when to install them, the amount of intermediates and product to produce to satisfy uncertain demands, and when to operate the equipment. Because of the complexity and number of decisions to make, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) has been formulated and solved that maximizes expected net present value (ENPV). Case studies were run that concentrated on sharing of equipment and on staged expansions. Both shared and dedicated equipment cases were run with unlimited expansions, expansion in year two, expansion in year three, and no expansions. The shared case with unlimited expansions needed 44% less capital expense than the dedicated case with no expansions. A full range of deterministic cases was studied as well to illustrate the range of possible NPVs for the shared equipment case, resulting in NPVs from 40 to 110% of the ENPV. This preliminary analysis reduced multiple design options to a manageable number from the initial design phase to the final process design. For any future batch plant design, this systematic optimization approach should be used when complex tradeoffs are being considered.
The Detection of Far-Ultraviolet Line Emission from Balmer-Dominated Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud*

We present the first far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra of the four known Balmer-dominated supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud, acquired with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). The remnants DEM L 71 (SNR 0505-67.9), SNR 0509-67.5, SNR 0519-69.0, and SNR 0548-70.4 are all in the nonradiative stages of evolution and exhibit expansion speeds ranging from ~500 to ~5000 km s-1. We have detected broad emission lines of Lyβ, Lyγ, C III, and O VI in DEM L 71 (VFWHM ~ 1000 km s-1) and have detected broad Lyβ and O VI emission in SNR 0519-69.0 (VFWHM ~ 3000 km s-1). In addition, broad Lyβ emission (VFWHM ~ 3700 km s-1) has been observed in SNR 0509-67.5, the first detection of broad line emission from this SNR. No emission was detected in our FUSE spectrum of SNR 0548-70.4, allowing us to place only upper limits on the FUV line fluxes. The spectra of these SNRs are unaffected by postshock cooling and provide valuable probes of collisionless heating efficiency in high Mach number shocks. We have used the F(Lyβ)/F(1032) flux ratio and relative widths of the broad Lyβ and O VI lines to estimate the degree of electron-proton and proton-oxygen ion equilibration in DEM L 71, SNR 0509-67.5, and SNR 0519-69.0. Although our equilibration estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty due to the faintness of the FUV lines and contributions from bulk Doppler broadening, our results are consistent with a declining efficiency of electron-proton and proton-oxygen ion equilibration with increasing shock speed. From our shock velocity estimates, we obtain ages of 295-585 yr for SNR 0509-67.5 and 520-900 yr for SNR 0519-69.0, in good agreement with the ages obtained from SN light-echo studies.
Temporal Dimensions of Conversational Interaction The Role of Response Latencies and Pauses in Social Impression Formation

Four experiments examined whether variations in response latencies to a speaker’s query can be used to infer certain characteristics of a respondent. Across all experiments, participants listened to a set of monologues that varied in their underlying speech act (honesty, confidence, certainty, compliance). In Experiment 1, participants were asked to produce a designated one-word response to each monologue with the latency that conveyed either the most favorable or unfavorable impression. Experiment 2 relied on a perceptual rating task and confirmed that those latencies produced to express the most positive and negative impressions were in fact perceived as such by an independent group of participants. More important, the acceptance range of response latency behavior varied with different speech acts and evaluative dimensions. Experiments 3 and 4 extended these findings by revealing that the duration of inter-sentence pauses of a speaker’s monologue appears to be the primary determinant of response timing ...
The international labor defense and black America

(1985). The international labor defense and black America. Labor History: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 165-194.
SOME EFFECTS OF SOCIAL DEPRIVATION ON BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMBS

Abstract The effects of artificial rearing of lambs on the development of social behavior and growth were determined by rearing lambs (1) in a flock, (2) individually with a ewe, (3) artificially with other lambs, and (4) artificially as individuals. Selected aspects of the lambs' behavioral development were determined by placing the lambs individually in a series of social and nonsocial test conditions each week from 1 to 8 weeks of age. Behavior during testing was strongly dependent on rearing environment.
Effect of D-fenfluramine on serotonin release in brains of anaesthetized rats.

Using in vivo microdialysis of brains of anaesthetized rats, we have examined the acute and chronic effects of D-fenfluramine on the release of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HIAA within the frontal cortex, the lateral hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens. A single dose of the drug (10 mg/kg) stimulated 5-HT release by 331-810% and decreased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) release by 30%, within all 3 brain areas. These changes were maximal 30 min after drug administration, and values returned to baseline after 120 min. Among animals receiving D-fenfluramine (3 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 8 days and examined 24 h after the last dose, the basal release of 5-HT from frontal cortex was unaffected. However, the levels of 5-HT in this region, and its evoked release after a subsequent dose of D-fenfluramine (10 mg/kg), were significantly reduced in animals that had received the larger chronic dose. 5-HT release was restored to normal if such rats were given tryptophan (100 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h prior to the acute D-fenfluramine dose; moreover, 5-HT release from, and levels in, frontal cortex also returned to normal without additional treatment after a 28-day washout period. These observations suggest that the chronic administration of D-fenfluramine fails to affect spontaneous 5-HT release in rat brain, and reduces the release evoked by acute D-fenfluramine only when very high doses are given. Moreover, this reduction is reversible with time or with administration of 5-HT's circulating precursor, tryptophan.
Subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema: a three-year follow up.

Purpose: To report the long-term visual outcome of subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diffuse diabetic macular oedema (CSME). Design: Non-comparative case-series. Methods: The main outcome measures of this 3-year follow-up study of infrared (810 nm) subthreshold diode micropulse laser photocoagulation for CSME were visual outcome and the angiographic CSME status of 19 patients (25 eyes). Results: Visual acuity stabilized or improved in 84% of treated eyes by the end of the first year. The result was maintained in the second year and by the third year, 92% maintained vision. However, more patients needed supplementary grid laser in the third year than in the second year. CSME decreased in 92% of the eyes and resolved in 88% in the first year. By the second year, 92% showed complete resolution. However, in the third year, recurrent CSME was noted in 28% of patients. Conclusion: This study has the longest follow up reported so far and demonstrating that subthreshold micropulse diode laser photocoagulation has a beneficial long-term effect on visual acuity and resolution of CSME with minimal chorio-retinal damage.
A small scale exploration of potential benefits of routine rounds by a Chronic Pain Nurse Specialist on orthopaedic wards

Summary This study is a small-scale audit to evaluate the effectiveness of regular ward rounds by a Chronic Pain Nurse Specialist (CPNS) on orthopaedic wards in a UK District General Hospital. Objectives were to assess existing practice in relation to pain management, identify the impact of regular ward rounds by the CPNS and identify key improvements for patient care. A retrospective audit of current practice was undertaken using patients' medical records. This was followed by the CPNS commencing bi-weekly ward rounds and then a further audit. Participants were those admitted to orthopaedic wards with non-malignant musculoskeletal pain for which surgery was not appropriate. The length of hospital stay of these patients was significantly reduced ( p =0.0001). The largest sub-group of patients admitted had chronic back pain, and a greater number of patients received pain management interventions. The introduction of ward rounds by the CPNS appeared to have an effect on the length of stay of this sub-group and on pain management.
COLONIZATION OF THE MOUSE INTESTINE WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI

Young albino Swiss mice, of the NCS and NCS-D colonies, proved highly susceptible to the establishment of intestinal infection with an enteropathogenic strain of E. coli administered per os or by stomach tube. The period of highest susceptibility was rather short, extending from the day of birth to approximately 2 weeks of age. Adult NCS and NCS-D mice failed to become experimentally colonized with E. coli, even when large doses were administered per os on 3 consecutive days. The extent of colonization of the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract was related to the size of the infective dose. Many of the young mice died within 2 to 3 days following per os infection with large doses of enteropathogenic E. coli. However, practically all the animals which survived cleared their intestinal infection at approximately the same age. For example, in mice infected with 23 x 10(6) bacteria, colonization of the intestinal tract usually came to an abrupt end when the animals were 24 to 28 days old, irrespective of the age at which they had been infected. There is suggestive evidence that the acquisition of resistance with age, and the ability of adult animals to control the intestinal infection, are related to the development in the gastrointestinal tract of a microbiota which is antagonistic to E. coli.
Essence reflection meetings: field study

This paper presents an empirical evaluation of the team reflection support provided by the Software Engineering Method and Theory (SEMAT) Essence framework, and compares Essence reflection meetings to other types of team reflection meetings. The researchers conducted a field study involving seven graduate master student teams running Essence reflection meetings throughout their practicum projects aiming at delivering a working product for an industry client. The main result validates that Essence meetings generate reflective team discussions through a thinking framework that is holistic, state-based, goal-driven, and method-agnostic. Student teams benefit from stepping back and assessing the project holistically throughout its lifecycle. The goals set by the framework's checklists lead the teams to address critical aspects of the project that have not been considered. All team members are encouraged to express their views and influence the various project dimensions. Essence reflection meetings are comparable and complementary to Agile retrospectives, and project teams might want to leverage both techniques. The value added by Essence reflections is to surface unknown issues, help monitor progress, steer the project to a higher state, and prevent retrospectives from being repetitive by varying styles.
Monetized medicine: from the physical to the fiscal

Abstract This paper explores professional rivalries as one force driving market-driven healthcare. Extending their jurisdiction beyond industrial settings, industrial engineers calibrated the physician's labor against fiscal metrics by devising product lines for hospitals. These products––diagnostic related groups (DRGs)––were not, however, intended as commodities. Economists, in contrast, proffered theoretical arguments justifying why medical care was best provided using market-like mechanisms. They assumed care as a commodity. The passage of the law mandating prospective Medicare payments for DRGs created a functioning market in care by identifying the products of engineers with the assumption of economists. Accountants, meanwhile, took this as a business opportunity to increase revenues. The transformation of medical service to care was intended to reduce runaway medical costs. Market-driven healthcare has resoundingly failed to fulfill that intention. Nevertheless, it has won a symbolic success. The trade in care also implies a merger of the physical and the fiscal and puts a “price on life”. The fact that much of medical practice and ethics presuppose health as a matter of wealth says that life and death, no less than health and sickness, are professional artifacts and commodities rather than natural phenomena.
Order in the Secondary School: Strategies for Control and Their Consequences

Whether one looks at concerns expressed in response to surveys or at the allocation of effort on a day to day basis, teachers and administrators give order a high priority. Order dominates attention because the fundamental character of schools as organizations makes disorder always an imminent possibility. In the first part of this paper, I will consider the reasons that order is consistently problematic in public secondary schools. I will then analyze varying policies for pursuing order in four junior high schools, indicating why different strategies were chosen and with what effects they were practiced.
Bond-selective photodissociation of aliphatic disulfides.

The photochemistry of aliphatic disulfides is presented. The photolysis products are photoionized with coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation and analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. With 248-nm excitation, the predominant dissociation pathway is S—S bond cleavage. With 193-nm excitation, S—S bond cleavage, C—S bond cleavage, and molecular rearrangements are all observed as primary processes. The branching ratio for S—S bond cleavage relative to C—S bond cleavage is typically 1–2 orders of magnitude greater at 248 run than 193 run. This wavelength dependence cannot be explained readily by photodissociation from the ground electronic state. The ground state S—S bond energy, ∼ 280 kJ/mol, is much larger than the C—S bond energy, ∼ 235 kJ/mol. If dissociation occurred from the ground state, higher wavelength radiation would be expected to favor the lower energy process, but the opposite effect is observed. Thus, excited state photochemistry is indicated. These results are discussed with respect to the differences between low and high energy collision-induced dissociation of peptides that contain disulfide linkages and to the possibility of achieving bond-selective photodissociation of such ions.
The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: Emphasis on human plasma

We report for the first time that ketamine (K) is bound as much as 47% to human plasma. It was shown that binding of K to plasma and albumin is dependent on pH; binding is decreased at pH lower than 7.4 and increased at higher pH. This is in concordance with the pKa of K being 7.5; the partition coefficient between an organic phase and buffer was found to be sensitive to small pH changes. Binding of K is also influenced by albumin concentration and the affinity of K for human α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is much higher than for human albumin (HSA). The major metabolite nor-K does not appreciably displace K from binding sites on HSA. These findings may explain in part the variability of binding of K observed with different human samples. Human cord plasma exhibits a lower binding of K than adult plasma. This is probably the result of much lower AAG concentration in cord compared to adult plasma; cord and adult plasma albumin levels are known to be only slightly different. Since K has 2 optically active isomers, one of which is more potent than the other, experiments on the binding of racemic and the 2 isomers of K were performed; no differences in binding to AAG were found. We were, however, able to show that tris (butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) can abolish binding of K to AAG. Thus the presence of TBEP would interfere in determining plasma levels and distribution of K. An example would be in the measurement of the partition of K between human red cells and plasma. We determined this ratio in human blood in the absence of TBEP and found it to be similar to that reported for dog red blood cells and plasma.
Bilinear approximation of general non-linear dynamic systems with linear inputs

Two methods are developed by which control systems that are non-linear in the state variables but linear in the inputs may be approximated by bilinear systems in the neighbourhood of a steady state. For both methods the approximations can be made successively more accurate at the expense of higher dimensionality, and can be a considerable improvement over the linear approximation. The resulting dimensionalities are determined as functions of the accuracy. Illustrative examples are given, and finally the two models are compared. Both are found to have considerable merit.
Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban.

The synthetic biocides triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) are routinely added to a wide array of antimicrobial personal care products and consumer articles. Both compounds can persist in the environment and exhibit toxicity toward a number of biological receptors. Recent reports of toxicological effects in wildlife, human cell cultures, and laboratory animals have heightened the interest in the occurrence of these biocide and related toxic effects. The present study aimed to summarize published environmental concentrations of biocides and contrast them with toxicity threshold values of susceptible organisms. Environmental occurrences and toxicity threshold values span more than six orders of magnitude in concentration. The highest biocide levels, measured in the mid parts-per-million range, were determined to occur in aquatic sediments and in municipal biosolids destined for land application. Crustacea and algae were identified as the most sensitive species, susceptible to adverse effects from biocide exposures in the parts-per-trillion range. An overlap of environmental concentrations and toxicity threshold values was noted for these more sensitive organisms, suggesting potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic environments. Affirmative evidence for this is lacking, however, since studies examining environmental occurrences of biocides vis-a-vis the health and diversity of aquatic species have not yet been conducted.
Grain boundary energy anisotropy: a review

This paper reviews findings on the anisotropy of the grain boundary energies. After introducing the basic concepts, there is a discussion of fundamental models used to understand and predict grain boundary energy anisotropy. Experimental methods for measuring the grain boundary energy anisotropy, all of which involve application of the Herring equation, are then briefly described. The next section reviews and compares the results of measurements and model calculations with the goal of identifying generally applicable characteristics. This is followed by a brief discussion of the role of grain boundary energies in nucleating discontinuous transitions in grain boundary structure and chemistry, known as complexion transitions. The review ends with some questions to be addressed by future research and a summary of what is known about grain boundary energy anisotropy.
The life cycle of Pygidiopsis ardeae Køie, 1990 (Digenea, Heterophyidae).

Ocellate cercariae, consistent with the description of Cercaria angularis Honer, 1961, developing in rediae in Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) and Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu) (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae) from Denmark, were shown to be larvae of Pygidiopsis ardeae Koie, 1990 (Heterophyidae, Pygidiopsinae). Euryhaline fishes such as the sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus and Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus), and the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer) are second intermediate hosts in Danish inlets. These species and the flatfishes Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) and Limanda limanda (Linnaeus) were laboratory infected. Cercariae penetrated the gills where some encysted, but most scattered throughout the body via efferent branchial arteries and the dorsal aorta to encyst mostly in the mesenteries, spleen, and on the surface of other viscera. Twelve-week-old (15 C) metacercariae fed to domestic chickens and pigeons developed to adults of P. ardeae in less than 4 days. Grey herons, Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, were naturally infected with P. ardeae, which was not found in gulls or cormorants from the same area and feeding on similar fishes.
Phylogeographic and demographic effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in a montane salamander, Plethodon fourchensis.

Climatic changes associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles profoundly affected species distributions, patterns of interpopulation gene flow, and demography. In species restricted to montane habitats, ranges may expand and contract along an elevational gradients in response to environmental fluctuations and create high levels of genetic variation among populations on different mountains. The salamander Plethodon fourchensis is restricted to high-elevation, mesic forest on five montane isolates in the Ouachita Mountains. We used DNA sequence data along with ecological niche modelling and coalescent simulations to test several hypotheses related to the effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on species in montane habitats. Our results revealed that P. fourchensis is composed of four wellsupported, geographically structured lineages. Geographic breaks between lineages occurred in the vicinity of major valleys and a narrow high-elevation pass. Ecological niche modelling predicted that environmental conditions in valleys separating most mountains are suitable; however, interglacial periods like the present are predicted to be times of range expansion in P. fourchensis. Divergence dating and coalescent simulations indicated that lineage diversification occurred during the Middle Pleistocene via the fragmentation of a wideranging ancestor. Bayesian skyline plots showed gradual decreases in population size in three of four lineages over the most recent glacial period and a slight to moderate amount of population growth during the Holocene. Our results not only demonstrate that climatic changes during the Pleistocene had profound effects on species restricted to montane habitats, but comparison of our results for P. fourchensis with its parapatric, sister taxon, P. ouachitae, also emphasizes how responses can vary substantially even among closely related, similarly distributed taxa.
Boundary-layer computation by an N parameter integral method using exponentials

A new integral method is presented for the accurate calculation of laminar boundary-layer flows. The method is written for unspecified order TV of approximation and permits rapid qualitative solutions for low N (1 or 2), and very accurate solutions for high TV (3 to 5). Exponentials are used in the velocity approximation and as weighting functions. The resulting integral relations and a simple method for obtaining initial profile parameters are given. Results are presented for flow with continuous and discontinuous external pressure gradient and suction conditions and for favorable and adverse pressure gradients covering the spectrum of boundary-layer flows from stagnation point to separation. For TV = 5 the absolute error in the wall shear is generally of the order of 10~4.
Oral Streptococcal Bacteremia in Hospitalized Patients: Taxonomic Identification and Clinical Characterization

Oral streptococci have been associated with systemic diseases, including infective endocarditis and neutropenic bacteremia. We analyzed 58 recent oral streptococcal bloodstream isolates, and we obtained clinical and demographic data for source patients. The sodA gene was found to be a better target than the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer for DNA sequence-based species identification. Together, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis were significantly more likely than the 12 combined remaining species to be isolated from neutropenic patients.
Personality differences and stressful life events. Differences between treated periodontal patients with and without maintenance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether personality differences exist between patients who have had periodontal therapy and continued in maintenance compared with those who have had periodontal therapy and no maintenance. In addition, an attempt was made to determine whether there were differences in reactions to stressful life events among the 2 groups of patients. Patients were evaluated for personality differences using the adjective check list, A background questionnaire was used to gather personal data and information pertinent to stressful life events. The maintained group had a more positive image of themselves. They had higher achievement, endurance and affiliation scores than did the patients without maintenance. The unmaintained group had higher negative aggression scores, a higher incidence of stressful life events, and less stable personal relationships in their lives.
Association of Grb7 with phosphoinositides and its role in the regulation of cell migration.

Abstract Grb7 is the prototype of a family of adaptor molecules that also include Grb10 and Grb14 that share a conserved molecular architecture including Src homology 2 (SH2) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Grb7 has been implicated as a downstream mediator of integrin-FAK signal pathways in the regulation of cell migration, although the molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. In this paper, we investigated the potential role and mechanisms of PH domain in Grb7 in the regulation of cell migration. We found that the PH domain mediated Grb7 binding to phospholipids bothin vitro and in intact cells. Furthermore, both Grb7 and its PH domain preferentially interacted with phosphatidylinositol phosphates showing strongest affinity to the D3- and D5-phosphoinositides. The PH domain interaction with phosphoinositides was shown to play a role in the stimulation of cell migration by Grb7. It was also shown to be necessary for Grb7 phosphorylation by FAK, although it was not required for Grb7 interaction with FAK or recruitment to the focal contacts. Last, we found that PI 3-kinase activity played a role in both Grb7 association with phosphoinositides and its stimulation of cell migration. In addition, both FAK binding to PI 3-kinase via its autophosphorylated Tyr397 and integrin-mediated cell adhesion increased Grb7 association with phosphoinositides. Together, these results identified the Grb7 PH domain interaction with phosphoinositides and suggested a potential mechanism by which several signaling molecules including Grb7, FAK, and PI 3-kinase and their interactions cooperate to mediate signal transduction pathways in integrin-mediated cell migration.
Functional mapping imprinted quantitative trait loci underlying developmental characteristics

Genomic imprinting, a phenomenon referring to nonequivalent expression of alleles depending on their parental origins, has been widely observed in nature. It has been shown recently that the epigenetic modification of an imprinted gene can be detected through a genetic mapping approach. Such an approach is developed based on traditional quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping focusing on single trait analysis. Recent studies have shown that most imprinted genes in mammals play an important role in controlling embryonic growth and post-natal development. For a developmental character such as growth, current approach is less efficient in dissecting the dynamic genetic effect of imprinted genes during individual ontology. Functional mapping has been emerging as a powerful framework for mapping quantitative trait loci underlying complex traits showing developmental characteristics. To understand the genetic architecture of dynamic imprinted traits, we propose a mapping strategy by integrating the functional mapping approach with genomic imprinting. We demonstrate the approach through mapping imprinted QTL controlling growth trajectories in an inbred F2 population. The statistical behavior of the approach is shown through simulation studies, in which the parameters can be estimated with reasonable precision under different simulation scenarios. The utility of the approach is illustrated through real data analysis in an F2 family derived from LG/J and SM/J mouse stains. Three maternally imprinted QTLs are identified as regulating the growth trajectory of mouse body weight. The functional iQTL mapping approach developed here provides a quantitative and testable framework for assessing the interplay between imprinted genes and a developmental process, and will have important implications for elucidating the genetic architecture of imprinted traits.
Tracking Resistance Test Methods [includes discussion]

Improved test methods are presented for determining electrical tracking resistance of insulating materials under conditions of surface contamination. Simple and easily reproduced, they provide maximum correlation with service experience. Tests both for rating materials and for evaluating them in actual equipment are described.
Predicting the production of neutron-rich heavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions using a semi-classical model including evaporation and fission competition, GRAZING-F

Background: Multinucleon transfer reactions have recently attracted attention as a possible path to the synthesis of new neutron-rich heavy nuclei.Purpose: We study transfer reactions involving massive nuclei with the intention of understanding if the semi-classical model GRAZING coupled to an evaporation and fission competition model can satisfactorily reproduce experimental data on transfer reactions in which fission plays a role.Methods: We have taken the computer code grazing and have added fission competition to it (grazing-f) using our current understanding of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}/{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}$, fission barriers, and level densities.Results: The code grazing-f seems to satisfactorily reproduce experimental data for $+1p,+2p$, and $+3p$ transfers but has limitations in reproducing measurements of larger above-target and below-target transfers. Nonetheless, we use grazing-f to estimate production rates of neutron-rich $N=126$ nuclei, actinides, and transactinides.Conclusions: The grazing code, with appropriate modifications to account for fission decay as well as neutron emission by excited primary fragments, does not predict large cross sections for multinucleon transfer reactions leading to neutron-rich transactinide nuclei but predicts opportunities to produce new neutron-rich actinide isotopes.
R70-12 Diagnosis of Single-Gate Failures in Combinational Circuits

This paper is concerned primarily with methods of diagnosis, as opposed with detection of (single-gate) failures in combinational circuits, with but one primary output. Most previous papers in this area have been concerned with diagnosis and have neglected the detection problem. One result of interest is that it is shown that "for complete diagnosis the number of tests which must be applied to the circuit is proportional to the number of gates and is independent of the number of primary input terminals." Assumed but not given in their method is an algorithm for the purpose of computing a test to distinguish between two failures if such exists.
Diarrhea in Palliative Care Patients

SUMMARYDiarrhea in palliative care patients may be acute or chronic and may be due to infection or overuse of laxatives. Potential causes of diarrhea are discussed. Studies of drug therapy in the management of diarrhea in advanced disease patients are summarized. Evaluation instruments that have been used to assess this symptom are described. Some open research questions are listed. Four treatment algorithms, evidence tables and drug therapy tables which include drug costs are presented.
Stage Response Calibration of the Mark III and Marple Personal Cascade Impactors

Experimental and correlated stage responses (the fraction of particles entering an impactor that are collected on a stage) are presented for the Andersen Mark III and Marple personal cascade impactors. The impactors were operated upright and fully assembled so that interstage interference and wall losses could be properly studied. The observed stage responses showed maxima that fell significantly short of unity, meaning that a monodisperse aerosol is never collected exclusively on one stage, but is distributed among several stages and internal losses. Correlations for the stage responses are presented so that the experimental results can be used to determine size distributions with available data-inversion algorithms. Simulations with log-normal distributions show significant differences between dpa50 histograms and the more accurate distributions that result by taking the response functions into account.
Direct search methods for nonsmooth optimization

We present analytical tools that enable development of globally convergent direct search methods for minimization of nonsmooth locally Lipschitz functions. The theory is illustrated with the design of new algorithms.
TCAM Razor: A Systematic Approach Towards Minimizing Packet Classifiers in TCAMs

Packet classification is the core mechanism that enables many networking services on the Internet such as firewall packet filtering and traffic accounting. Using ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the de facto standard in industry. TCAMs classify packets in constant time by comparing a packet with all classification rules of ternary encoding in parallel. Despite their high speed, TCAMs suffer from the well-known range expansion problem. As packet classification rules usually have fields specified as ranges, converting such rules to TCAM-compatible rules may result in an explosive increase in the number of rules. This is not a problem if TCAMs have large capacities. Unfortunately, TCAMs have very limited capacity, and more rules means more power consumption and more heat generation for TCAMs. Even worse, the number of rules in packet classifiers have been increasing rapidly with the growing number of services deployed on the internet. To address the range expansion problem of TCAMs, we consider the following problem: given a packet classifier, how can we generate another semantically equivalent packet classifier that requires the least number of TCAM entries? In this paper, we propose a systematic approach, the TCAM Razor, that is effective, efficient, and practical. In terms of effectiveness, our TCAM Razor prototype achieves a total compression ratio of 3.9%, which is significantly better than the previously published best result of 54%. In terms of efficiency, our TCAM Razor prototype runs in seconds, even for large packet classifiers. Finally, in terms of practicality, our TCAM Razor approach can be easily deployed as it does not require any modification to existing packet classification systems, unlike many previous range expansion solutions.