cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions from Excited-State Proton and Electron Transfer to the Blinking and Photobleaching Dynamics of Alizarin and Purpurin

The blinking and photobleaching dynamics of alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) and purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone) are investigated using single-molecule spectroscopy. The time-dependent emission of alizarin and purpurin on glass under N2 is analyzed using the change point detection (CPD) method to compile on- and off-event distributions. The number of distinct emissive events per molecule is about four times higher for alizarin relative to purpurin, consistent with an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process to populate an emissive tautomer state. To elucidate the mechanism for blinking (i.e., switching between on and off events), maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), goodness-of-fit tests based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic, and the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) tests are used to establish the best fits to the on- and off-interval probability distributions. For both alizarin and purpurin the on intervals are log-normally distributed, and off intervals are Weibull d...
Breaking Down Silos to Promote Collaborative Reflection in Healthcare

Coordination of health services is one of the defining challenges of today’s healthcare system. The U.S. healthcare system has grown highly complex due to: a high pace of advances in science and technology; increasing expectations from patients who are more informed and better connected than ever; higher complexity of U.S. laws, regulations, and payment; and an increase in chronic illness [1]. Half of Americans have at least one chronic condition, defined as a physical or mental illness that lasts more than 3 months [1]. Long-term care of chronic conditions requires the coordination of multiple providers and agencies, which is a complex new model for healthcare delivery. Yet a growing body of literature shows that the promise of health information technology to support healthcare delivery—reducing human error and cost, while improving coordination, best practices, and efficiency—remains largely unfulfilled.
Sensitivity and motivation for social action in Karol Wojtyla’s thought

Sensitivity, as the ability to respond to internal and external stimuli, undoubtedly plays an important role in the social action of persons. Without this ability -as in the case of indifference- human being lacks a perception that is necessary in response to a specific emergency situation or a need. This article focuses on the teaching of Karol Wojtyla in his major work Acting Person, with a particular emphasis on the question of the motivation of human action. We want to reply to three basic questions related to the topic: Does this ability strengthens or weakens the culture of the Internet age, especially in Western European society? What is the primary motive of human action? Is sensitivity an essential motive and a factor of development of the person and society? What practical consequences we can draw from the teachings of the Krakow thinker about sensitivity? A person, as defined by Wojtyla, that is isolated, remains indifferent. Similarly persons who are hypersensitive hinders themselves to a mature participation in responsible love. The first quality (indifference) leads persons to flee from their duties. The second (hypersensitivity) leads persons to be overwhelmed by this challenge. The first we can describe as lack of feeling, the second as excessive compassion. The diagnosis of Wojtyla (it is more important to be than to have) remains very current and is an important stimulus in which direction to go to promote motivation for social action, and to build a society of communion of persons. Instead of an individualistic dominated competitive struggle of egos, we should try to realize a society in which the encounter of persons is characterized by mutual devotion in love.
A Serendipitous Scientist

Growing up in a middle-class Jewish home in the Bronx, I had only one professional goal: to become a physician. However, as with most of my Vietnam-era MD colleagues, I found my residency training interrupted by the Doctor Draft in 1968. Some of us who were academically inclined fulfilled this obligation by serving in the US Public Health Service as commissioned officers stationed at the National Institutes of Health. This experience would eventually change the entire trajectory of my career. Here I describe how, over a period of years, I transitioned from the life of a physician to that of a physician-scientist; my 50 years of work on cellular receptors; and some miscellaneous thoughts on subjects as varied as Nobel prizes, scientific lineages, mentoring, publishing, and funding.
rSLA: An Approach for Managing Service Level Agreements in Cloud Environments

Cloud providers offer services at different levels of abstraction from infrastructure to applications. The quality of Cloud services is a key determinant of the overall service level a provider offers to its customers. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are (1) crucial for Cloud customers to ensure that promised levels of services are met, (2) an important sales instrument and (3) a differentiating factor for providers. Cloud providers and services are often selected more dynamically than in traditional IT services, and as a result, SLAs need to be set up and their monitoring implemented to match the same speed. In this context, managing SLAs is complex: different Cloud providers expose different management interfaces and SLA metrics differ from one provider to another. In this paper, we will analyze how IT service quality has been defined and managed over time, discuss how to manage SLAs in today’s multi-layer, multi-sourced Cloud environments, and what to expect going forward. A particular focus will be made on the rSLA framework that enables fast setup of SLA monitoring in dynamic and heterogeneous Cloud environments. The rSLA framework is made up of three main components: the rSLA language to formally represent SLAs, the rSLA Service, which interprets the SLAs and implements the behavior specified in them, and a set of Xlets-lightweight, dynamically bound adapters to monitoring and controlling interfaces. rSLA has been tested in the context of a real pilot and found to reduce the client on-boarding process from months to weeks.
Reply to "comments on 'revisiting the relationship between eyewall contraction and intensification'"

AbstractIn their comment, Kieu and Zhang critique the recent study of Stern et al. that examined the contraction of the radius of maximum wind (RMW) and its relationship to tropical cyclone intensification. Stern et al. derived a diagnostic expression for the rate of contraction and used this to show that while RMW contraction begins and accelerates as a result of an increasing negative radial gradient of tangential wind tendency inward of the RMW, contraction slows down and eventually ceases as a result of the increasing sharpness of the wind profile around the RMW during intensification. Kieu and Zhang claim that this kinematic framework does not yield useful understanding, that Stern et al. are mistaken in their favorable comparison of this framework to earlier work by Willoughby et al., and that Stern et al. are mistaken in their conclusion that an equation for the contraction of the RMW derived by Kieu is erroneous. This reply demonstrates that each of these claims by Kieu and Zhang is incorrect.
Differential toxin response of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as a function of nitrogen speciation in batch and continuous cultures, and during a natural assemblage experiment.

Abstract The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle, isolated from the U.S. Pacific Northwest, was examined in unialgal laboratory cultures and in natural assemblages during shipboard experiments, to examine cellular growth and domoic acid (DA) production as a function of nitrogen (N) substrate and availability expected during bloom development and decline. Laboratory experiments utilizing batch cultures conducted at saturating (120 μmol photons m−2 s−1) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), demonstrated that P. multiseries (strain NWFSC-245) grows equally well on the three N substrates tested (nitrate [NO3−], ammonium [NH4+] and urea), and achieved an average specific growth rate of 0.83 d−1. Despite equivalent growth rates, cellular toxicity (particulate DA concentration normalized to cell abundance) varied as a function of N substrate, with urea-grown cells demonstrating 1.3- and 3.4-fold more toxicity than both NH4+- and NO3−-grown cells. Cellular toxicity of the N-limited chemostat cultures, grown at a dilution rate of 0.48 d−1, were less than the cellular toxicity measured for the N-replete batch cultures for all three N substrates, but again cellular toxicity varied as a function of N substrate and the urea-supported cells were 3.5- and 4.3-fold more toxic than the respective NH4+- and NO3−-supported cells. Starved cultures of P. multiseries showed no decline in cellular toxicity or change in the order of toxicity as a function of N substrate, and cells previously supported by urea were 13- and 5-fold more toxic than NH4+- and NO3−-supported cells. At all three levels of N-sufficiency, the urea-grown cells consistently produced the highest concentration of particulate DA per cell compared to cells grown on either NO3− or NH4+. Shipboard N enrichment experiments using natural phytoplankton assemblages were conducted off the west coast of Washington in an area characterized by elevated concentrations of macronutrients and iron. All N (NO3−, NH4+ and urea) treatments showed significant increases in biomass (as measured by total and size-fractionated chlorophyll a) and the abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species over the 6-d experiment. As with the unialgal laboratory experiments, cellular toxicity varied as a function of the N source supporting growth, and the planktonic assemblages enriched with either NH4+ or urea demonstrated greater cellular toxicity than the assemblages supported solely by NO3−. These laboratory and field results demonstrate that N substrate can regulate the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species, and that N source should be considered when evaluating the potential effects of cultural eutrophication on the growth of toxigenic diatoms.
Characterization of Microfluidic Devices Using Microparticles

Inertial microfluidics has been attracting intense interest and has been proving to be a powerful tool for size-based, high-throughput, and passive sample preparation in cell biology and clinical diagnostics. For the characterization of an inertial microfluidic device, it is convenient to use buoyant polymer particles to mimic cell suspensions for visualizing their focusing and size-based separation in the device. This characterization methodology provides a convincing way to analyze the device performance comprehensively and helps in predicting cell motion in the device while eliminating the cost and the inconvenience of dealing with Biological samples.
Heterogeneity in Target Date Funds: Strategic Risk-taking or Risk Matching?

The use of target date funds (TDFs) as default options in 401(k) plans increased sharply following the Pension Protection Act of 2006. We document large differences in the realized returns and ex ante risk profiles of TDFs with similar target retirement dates. Analyzing fund-level data, we find evidence that this heterogeneity reflects strategic risk-taking by families with low market share, especially those entering the TDF market after 2006. Analyzing plan-level data, we find little evidence that 401(k) plan sponsors consider, to any economically meaningful degree, the risk profiles of their firms when choosing among TDFs. Received June 13, 2013; editorial decision March 20, 2018 by Editor Laura Starks. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Cephalocarida: Living Fossil Without a Fossil Record

The Cephalocarida (Sanders 1955) is a small class of crustaceans that has had major impact on phylogenetic studies of the subphylum. Among crustaceans, its morphology has been regarded as most primitive and thus most like that of the hypothetical crustacean ancestor (Sanders 1957, 1959a, 1959b, 1963a, 1963b; Hessler 1964, 1969; Cisne 1974, 1982; Hessler and Newman 1975; Manton 1977). As such, it has been especially influential in extrapolations on the origin of crustaceans and relationships with other taxa (Sanders 1957; Cisne 1974; Hessler and Newman 1975). Four aspects of the Cephalocarida loom large in these interpretations.
American English loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish

L'A. s'interesse dans cet article aux emprunts de l'espagnol de Porto Rico a l'anglais, plus particulierement dans une variante connue sous le nom de Barrio, parlee a l'origine dans les quartiers a l'est de Manhattan (New York). L'A. retrace le developpement de ces emprunts et sa diffusion dans certaines villes des USA (Chicago, Key West), en examinant des corpus qu'il avait rassembles a la suite d'enquetes. Il observe que le processus d'emprunt etait plutot oral qu'ecrit, et que les adoptions lexicales refletaient la prononciation anglaise regionale. De plus, il observe une certaine regularite du vocabulaire dans les differentes villes ou se sont implantes les Portoricains (New-York, Chicago, Key West).
Team Katniss? Adolescent Girls’ Participation in a Voluntary Archery After-School Program

According to USA Archery, the National Governing Body for the Olympic and Paralympic sport of archery, since December of 2011, the number of archery clubs has nearly doubled and individual membership is up 25%. Owners of archery ranges across the United States are experiencing long waiting lists of adolescents who are interested in learning the sport, and many owners contribute this surge in popularity to The Hunger Games (2008–2010) franchise, a dystopian series featuring Katniss Everdeen, a bow and arrow wielding teenage girl who becomes a reluctant revolutionary instrumental in destroying a totalitarian government. The link between the series and the recent surge in archery is explored here. In this feminist, qualitative study, nine girls (n = 9) between the ages of 11 and 14 were interviewed about their experience participating in at least one 6-week after-school archery program. The results of this study suggest that The Hunger Games series influenced the girls, both directly and indirectly, to parti...
Design and Control of a Novel Grip Amplifier to Support Pinch Grip with a Minimal Soft Hand Exoskeleton

Hand exoskeletons could potentially improve hand use after stroke but are typically obtrusive and non-intuitive. Here, we provide a rationale for a control strategy suitable for a minimalistic hand exoskeleton. We also report on pilot testing of the strategy, and on a soft actuator design for implementing the strategy. The strategy is based on four experimental observations from studies conducted in our laboratory with unimpaired individuals and stroke survivors. First, using only a pinch grip, unimpaired people can achieve a substantial level of hand function when measured with clinical assessments. Second, the level of achieved function corresponds well with what is necessary to drive daily hand use, as measured by a novel wearable sensor with stroke survivors. Third, even people with severe hand impairment after stroke have a well-preserved ability to control isometric finger flexion force, even though they cannot use their hand to manipulate objects. Fourth, such individuals also exhibit highly correlated forces between fingers. From these observations we propose a control strategy that measures residual finger flexion of digits 3–5 (middle-pinky fingers) to control the force of an exoskeleton assisting in pinch grip. We implemented this “residual force control” strategy using the FINGER exoskeleton and found that unimpaired subjects could intuitively use this strategy to pick up an object and learn to amplify their grip force (Repeated Measures ANOVA, $\mathbf{p} \pmb{ ). We have also begun developing a soft exoskeleton to implement the residual force control strategy, and we report on the actuator design here. The results of preliminary testing of the actuator show that the actuator could produce a sufficient amount of force ( $\pmb{13.06} \mathbf{N}\pmb{\pm.33} \mathbf{SD})$ to assist the hand.
Using the 13C/12C carbon isotope ratio to characterise the emission sources of airborne particulate matter: a review of literature.

Particulate matter (PM) from atmospheric aerosols contains carbons that are harmful for living organisms and the environment. PM can originate from vehicle emissions, wearing of vehicle components,...
Annals On Call - Hidden Curriculum

In this episode of Annals On Call, Dr. Centor and his guest, Dr. Jack Ende, discuss how informal aspects of the teaching environment can be just as influential as the formal curriculum.
Mitos y realidades de la inmigración europea en el paisaje rural de la literatura uruguaya (1920-1950)

El presente ensayo confronta diferentes visiones del inmigrante europeo en la literatura uruguaya de tematica y ambiente rural con estudios recientes en el area de las ciencias sociales sobre inmigracion en el Rio de la Plata durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. A traves del analisis de una seleccion de poemas de Fernan Silva Valdes y cuentos y ensayos de Juan Jose Morosoli, el articulo busca determinar mitos y realidades en la representacion del inmigrante y su proceso de asimilacion a la sociedad del periodo. Asimismo, el ensayo argumenta contra la simplificacion del proceso de integracion del inmigrante a la sociedad uruguaya que predomina tanto en la historiografia como en la critica literaria tradicional.
Finite Element Interface Crack Analysis With Application to Massive Hydraulic Fracturing Containment

ABSTRACT The hydraulic fracturing containment problem is idealized to the analysis of an interface crack problem. Unlike previous studies, the interface crack geometry with the correct crack tip singularity was modeled. To accomplish this purpose, analytical interfacial crack tip stress and displacement expressions were derived and implemented into the finite element code PAPST via the enriched element technique. The accuracy of this technique was validated through comparisons with analytical and other numerical solutions in previous studies. Parametric studies were then carried out to determine the relative importance of in situ stress and material property difference on fracture containment. A Maximum Stress Fracture Criterion was defined for this purpose The results indicated that in situ stress and material property difference play different roles in containing crack growth through the material interface. Prior to the arrival of the crack tip at the interface, material property difference dominates the containment process by determining the pressure level required for the crack to grow to the interface. Once the crack tip arrives at the interface, the in situ stress is the dominant factor in containing crack growth through the material interface.
CRT-300.04 Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis Using Excimer Laser Coronary Atherectomy and Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Guided by Optical Coherence Tomography

The rate of in-stent restenosis (ISR) has become increasingly prevalent with the exponential growth in stent implantation due to an aging population and a higher life expectancy, in addition to the high rates of obesity and diabetes. In this prospective, single-operator, all-comer study, we sought
Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in the Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device Population.

Objectives Determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of vancomycin in the pediatric ventricular assist device population. Design A retrospective, population pharmacokinetic study. Setting Large, quaternary care children's hospital. Patients Less than 19 years old initiated on vancomycin while undergoing ventricular assist device therapy from 2011 to 2018 in our institution. Interventions Patient data were summarized by using descriptive statistical methods, and population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by using NONMEM (Icon, PLC, Dublin, Ireland). Simulation was performed to identify a vancomycin dosing strategy that resulted in a trough concentration less than 15 mg/L and an area under the curve0-24:minimum inhibitory concentration ratio of greater than 400. Measurements and main results A total of 69 patients (male 50.7%, median age 7.1 years [interquartile range, 2.4-11.9]) met study criteria (HeartWare [Framingham, MA] = 37, Berlin Heart [Berlin, Germany] = 22, Impella [Abiomed, Danvers, MA] = 4, RotaFlow [Maquet, Hirrlingen, Germany] right ventricular assist device = 3, HeartMate II [Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL] = 2, Berlin Heart biventricular assist device = 1). Patients received a median of 21 doses (interquartile range, 13-44 doses) of IV vancomycin (14.8 ± 1.8 mg/kg/dose) along with vancomycin as an intrathoracic irrigation (n = 48; 69.6%). The mean serum concentration was 12.2 ± 5.2 mg/L at 11.2 ± 6.9 hours after a dose. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model best fit the data with allometric scaling on clearance and volume of distribution. Clearance was characterized by total body weight and serum creatinine, and volume of distribution was characterized by total body weight. Simulation identified doses greater than 15 mg/kg/dose with extended intervals were necessary to achieve endpoints. Conclusions Vancomycin dosing in pediatric ventricular assist device patients should be altered in comparison to nonventricular assist device patients and should be accompanied with frequent serum concentration monitoring.
Clinical implications of variable relative biological effectiveness in proton therapy for prostate cancer.

To study the potential consequences of differences in the evaluation of variable versus uniform relative biological effectiveness calculations in proton radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Experiment...
Inflammatory Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in the Central Nervous System

This review presents the current recommended therapeutic interventions for inflammatory disease in the central nervous system (CNS) secondary to systemic diseases of immune dysregulation. Treatment recommendations for CNS inflammation associated with rheumatologic conditions, immune-related adverse effects from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and demyelinating disease from tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNFs) are explored. Additional therapeutic options for inflammation related to postviral syndromes and genetic immunodeficiencies are also discussed. In addition to treatment of mild, moderate, and severe CNS rheumatologic disease as guided by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), early consideration of rituximab for severe IgG4-related disease and induction with anti-TNF therapy for severe neurosarcoidosis should be considered. Although often not first line, treatment options for CNS inflammatory diseases based on disease mechanism are emerging, including tocilizumab for Behcet’s disease, natalizumab for ICI associated autoimmune encephalitis, and abatacept for treatment of infiltrative disease secondary to CTLA-4 deficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell treatments represent highly efficacious but risky options for autoimmunity related to genetic immunodeficiency. While early high dose steroids remains first line therapy for most CNS inflammatory conditions, a rapidly expanding arsenal of immune targeted therapies offers clinicians tailored disease specific options for treatment.
Systematic Missing Pattern Defects Introduced by Topcoat Change at PC Lithography: A Case Study in the Tandem Usage of Inspection Methods

For a recent topcoat change at gate lithography in the 32nm technology, it was found that the newly created focus condition caused systematic missing pattern on wrong-way gate structures. To find the correct focus condition, several inspections had to be used in tandem. These included focus exposure matrix measurements to evaluate the structures of interest at varying focus, process window centering inspections to find general impact of focus changes, and automatic process inspections to ensure consistency of the structures of interest with varying focus.
Molecular identity, anatomy, gene expression and function of neural crest vs. placode-derived nociceptors in the lower airways

The lower airways (larynx to alveoli) are protected by a complex array of neural networks that regulate respiration and airway function. Harmful stimuli trigger defensive responses such as apnea, cough and bronchospasm by activating a subpopulation of sensory afferent nerves (termed nociceptors) which are found throughout the airways. Airway nociceptive fibers are projected from the nodose vagal ganglia, the jugular vagal ganglia and the dorsal root ganglia, which are derived from distinct embryological sources: the former from the epibranchial placodes, the latter two from the neural crest. Embryological source determines nociceptive gene expression of receptors and neurotransmitters and recent evidence suggests that placode- and neural crest-derived nociceptors have distinct stimuli sensitivity, innervation patterns and functions. Improved understanding of the function of each subset in specific reflexes has substantial implications for therapeutic targeting of the neuronal components of airway disease such as asthma, viral infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A Call to Action: Lessons Learned from a Book Club about Supporting and Mentoring Underrepresented STEM Students

The participation rates of historically underserved students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) remains an important concern, as inequitable access in the form of treatment and opportunities within the education system is a constant struggle. To unpack this issue, a book club was organized as an intervention at a university in the southeastern part of the United States. Findings from the book club intervention suggest that university faculty should (a) understand the importance of continuous early exposure to STEM, (b) nurture underrepresented students’ STEM identities, (c) form collaborations and partnerships with STEM professionals from underrepresented groups, and (d) commit to mentoring STEM underrepresented students. In this article, we argue that these objectives can be accomplished through the exposure to STEM professionals from underrepresented groups and the integration of STEM research in undergraduate coursework. Finally, we share the lessons we learned with respect to how the book served as our call to action in our professorial duties.
Evaluating impacts of coastal flooding on the transportation system using an activity-based travel demand model: a case study in Miami-Dade County, FL

Recent climatic disasters have shown the vulnerability of transportation infrastructures against natural hazards. To understand the risk of coastal hazards on urban travel activities, this study presents an activity-based modeling approach to evaluate the impacts of storm surge on the transportation network under sea-level rise in Miami-Dade County, FL. A Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based algorithm is applied to generate population attributes and travel diaries in the model simulation. Flooding scenarios in 2045 are developed based on different adaptation standards under the 100-year storm surge and population projections are from the land-use conflict identification strategy (LUCIS) model. Our analysis indicates that about 29.3% of the transportation infrastructure, including areas of the US No. 1 highway, roadways in the south and southwest of the county, and bridges connecting Miami Beach area, will be damaged under the storm surge when a low-level adaptation standard is chosen. However, the high-level adaptation standard will reduce the vulnerable infrastructures to 12.4%. Furthermore, the total increased travel time of the low-level adaptation standard could be as high as twice of that in the high-level adaptation standard during peak morning hours. Our model results also reveal that the average increased travel time due to future storm surge damage ranges between 14.2 and 62.8 min per trip.
University Libraries as Advocates for Latin American Indigenous Languages and Cultures

The revitalization of Latin American Indigenous languages started many years ago, but only some university libraries in the United States have taken steps to advocate for preservation, access, inclusion, and diversity through collection building covering these languages and cultures. This study examines holdings of Quechua, Nahuatl, Guarani, Zapotec, Maya, Mapudungun, and Aymara materials in 87 university libraries in the United States. This study seeks to answer the question: are university libraries in the United States supporting inclusion and diversity through the purchase of Latin American Indigenous language materials? In addition, the author explores what initiatives university libraries could take to further the revitalization and advancement of these Indigenous languages.
Optimizing trajectory ordering for fast radial ultra-short TE (UTE) acquisitions.

Abstract Purpose Additional spoiler gradients are required in 3D UTE sequences with random view ordering to suppress magnetization refocusing. By leveraging the encoding gradient induced spoiling effect, the spoiler gradients could potentially be reduced or removed to shorten the TR and increase encoding efficiency. An analysis framework is built that models the gradient spoiling effects and a new ordering scheme is proposed for fast 3D UTE acquisition. Theory and methods UTE signal evolution and spatial encoding gradient induced spoiling effect are derived from the Bloch equations. And the concept is validated in 2D radial UTE simulation. Then an optimized ordering scheme, named reordered 2D golden angle (r2DGA) scheme, for 3D UTE acquisition is proposed. The r2DGA scheme is compared to the sequential and 3D golden angle schemes in both phantom and volunteer studies. Results The proposed r2DGA ordering scheme was applied to two applications, single breath-holding and free breathing 3D lung MRI. With r2DGA ordering scheme, breath-holding lung MRI scan increased 60% scan efficiency by removing the spoiler gradients and the free breathing scan reduced 20% scan time compared to the 3D golden angle scheme by reducing the spoiler gradients. Conclusions The proposed r2DGA ordering scheme UTE acquisition reduces the need of spoiler gradients and increases the encoding efficiency, and shows improvements in both breath-holding and free breathing lung MRI applications.
Financial Hardship Among Nonelderly Adults With CKD in the United States.

Rationale & objective The burden of financial hardship among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been extensively studied. Therefore, we describe the scope and determinants of financial hardship among a nationally representative sample of adults with CKD. Study design Cross-sectional. Setting & participants Nonelderly adults with CKD from the 2014-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Exposure Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Outcome Financial hardship based on medical bills and consequences of financial hardship (high financial distress, food insecurity, cost-related medication nonadherence, delayed/forgone care due to cost). Financial hardship was categorized into 3 levels: no financial hardship, financial hardship but able to pay bills, and unable to pay bills at all. Financial hardship was then modeled in 2 different ways: (1) any financial hardship (regardless of ability to pay) versus no financial hardship and (2) inability to pay bills versus no financial hardship and financial hardship but able to pay bills. Analytical approach Nationally representative estimates of financial hardship from medical bills were computed. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of sociodemographic and clinical factors with the outcomes of financial hardship based on medical bills. Results A total 1,425 individuals, representing approximately 2.1 million Americans, reported a diagnosis of CKD within the past year, of whom 46.9% (95% CI, 43.7%-50.2%) reported experiencing financial hardship from medical bills; 20.9% (95% CI, 18.5%-23.6%) reported inability to pay medical bills at all. Lack of insurance was the strongest determinant of financial hardship in this population (odds ratio, 4.06 [95% CI, 2.18-7.56]). Limitations Self-reported nature of CKD diagnosis. Conclusions Approximately half the nonelderly US population with CKD experiences financial hardship from medical bills that is associated strongly with lack of insurance. Evidence-based clinical and policy interventions are needed to address these hardships.
Thiol Catalyzed Aerobic Debenzylation of Alcohols and Amines

We report a radical method for the removal of benzyl and p-methoxybenzyl groups from amines and alcohols using a selec-tive hydrogen-atom abstraction under aerobic conditions. The key usage of the strongly electrophilic thiyl radical derived from commercially available pentafluorothiophenol allowed for a chemoselective abstraction process leading to C-N or C-O bond cleavage. This approach is applicable to an array of alcohols and amines without addition of a stoichiometric external oxidant or hazardous reagents.
Black Arson in Albany, New York

The fondness for freedom, it has been well documented, prompted men and women in servitude, whether indentured or chattel, blacks or whites, to vent grievances and frustrated hopes in a variety of behavior, ranging from malingering and thievery to arson, flight, and insurrection. In the years following American independence there "were no revolts involving large numbers of Negroes," but the quiet gave way to uneasiness and threats in 1792-especially in Virginia, where news of the slave rising in St. Domingo caused rumbles of apprehension. It has been reasonably asserted (Jordan, 1969: 391-392) that "the typical pattern [of slave rebelliousness] in the 1790's was some fire and much smoke." That is, slave resistance was usually manifested by few numbers and "spontaneous outbursts on the part of individuals or small groups." An incident in the upper Hudson Valley in the autumn of 1793 seems to confirm this generalized assessment, but at Albany there was a considerable amount of fire with the smoke. And this occurrence is as remarkable for its setting as for its particular development. The great Albany fire of 1793 has been mentioned (Jordan, 1969: 392) as an illustration of how "Slaves sometimes turned to arson: the . . . fire . . . was set by Negroes who for some reason held a grudge against their owner;
Relating taxonomies with regulations

Increasingly, taxonomies are being developed for a wide variety of industrial domains and specific applications within those domains. These industry or application specific taxonomies attempt to represent the vocabularies commonly used by the practitioners. These formal representations have the potential to automate information retrieval, facilitate interoperability and improve decision making. Decisions made must comply with existing government regulations and codes of practices, which are not always known to the industry practitioners. Although regulations and codes are now in digital forms and are often available online, it remains difficult to search for relevant regulatory information that are applicable to particular decisions. As industry practitioners, unlike legal practitioners, are familiar with one or more industry-specific taxonomies but not necessarily regulatory organization systems, it would be desirable to relate regulations with existing industry-specific taxonomies.The mapping from a single taxonomy to a single regulation is a trivial keyword matching task. In this paper, we examine techniques to map a single taxonomy to multiple regulations, as well as to map multiple taxonomies to a single regulation. Those techniques include cosine similarity, Jaccard coefficient and market-basket analysis. These techniques provide a metric that measures the similarity between concepts from different taxonomies. Preliminary evaluations of the three metrics are performed using examples from the building industry. These examples illustrate the potential regulatory benefits from the mapping between various taxonomies and regulations.
Economically Sustainable Safe Drinking Water Systems for the Developing World

An estimated 1.5 million people (mostly children) died in 2007 from waterborne illness. While this number is unacceptably high, it represents a 16 percent improvement over the previous three years. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions to delivering clean water in the developing world. It then discusses safe water projects for a children's dormitory in Mae Nam Khun, Thailand, and for a community in Chirundu, Zambia. Both projects were designed and implemented by the Seattle University student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (SU-EWB). These projects had technical challenges that are relatively easy to resolve in the developed world, but were particularly challenging in their contexts. This paper examines how these challenges were met through collaboration with several organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control in the United States and small businesses within the host countries.
Aminoglycosides: Current Role in Antimicrobial Therapy

Aminoglycosides remain the cornerstone of antibiotic therapy for nosocomial, gram-negative bacillary infections despite the recent introduction of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones with antipseudomonal activity. Initially, aminoglycosides were used as antiaerobic gram-negative antimicrobial therapy. Currently, they have a key role in many types of infections, such as gram-negative urosepsis and in febrile granulocytopenic patients, because of their established antipseudomonal activity. Empiric treatment of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic cancer patients with an aminoglycoside, in combination with an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam, accounts for much of the aminoglycoside use. Amikacin is emerging as one of the most effective aminoglycosides on the basis of resistance rates, pharmacokinetic factors likely to affect clinical efficacy, safety, and overall cost of therapy.
Excited state isomerization in a new ruthenium chelating sulfoxide complex

Abstract Electrochemical and photochemical studies of a photochromic complex with a chelating sulfoxide are reported. Electrochemical data do not support evidence for isomerization following electrochemical oxidation. However, irradiation of solutions containing [Ru(bpy)2(PhNSO)](PF6)2 (bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine, PhNSO is N-benzylidine-2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethanamine) demonstrate excited state S → O isomerization. The S-bonded absorption maximum is 382 nm, while the O-bonded isomer features absorption maxima at 360 and 486 nm. The quantum yield of isomerization is 0.033 and the S-bonded isomer is emissive at low temperature (77 K). These data and an electronic structural model explaining this reactivity are introduced.
Departmental organization, legitimacy, and faculty militancy: Structural sources of pro union sentiment in a public university

This paper examines the influence of departmental organization on faculty sentiments for social change via unionization. Two structural sources (inequalities of resources between departments; goal-rewarded discontinuities within departments) and one individual source (discontent with departmental governance) of attitudinal militancy are specified in path models and empirically examined using a sample of 338 faculty in 38 departments in a large, public university. Results lend limited support for inequalities of resources between departments as a source of militancy. Departmental discontinuities have important effects on the legitimacy of rewards, but only a weak indirect effect on militancy. Governance discontent has a strong impact on the legitimacy of rewards and an interesting indirect effect on militancy.
A characterization of the classical groups

By one method of classification there are three types of (complex, connected) classical groups, (a) GL(n. C), (b) SO(n, C), and (c) Sp(n, C). So designated, each type is given as a specific group of matrices. It is perhaps neater (and for us more pertinent) to describe these groups by means of the special linear representation which each type admits.
Use of antibiotics in cancer and leukemia

THE ASSOCIATION of infectious complications with leukemia has been a well accepted clinical observation. To a lesser degree, infections occur in patients with other types of neoplasm which do not directly involve the hematopoietic system. Recent studies have not only substantiated the clinical impression that these patients are prone to develop serious bacterial or fungal infection, but have characterized the types of infection. The role of antimicrobial agents in both the prevention and the therapy of infection developing in patients with leukemia and cancer will be discussed. The question about the use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with leukemia and cancer can be disposed of quickly. There is no answer since definitive studies have not yet been performed. The general aspects of prophylaxis have been discussed in recent reviews and in other papers of this symposium. In a discussion of prophylaxis in patients with leukemia and cancer, it is essential to understand the natural course of the specific type of disease under consideration. The incidence of infection in chronic lymphatic leukemia, for example, is higher than in carcinoma of the lung. Furthermore, the selection of a prophylactic drug would be based upon information now available concerning the bacterial agents most often involved in the production of infection in these patients. From the data available, there is little reason to be optimistic that clinical trials of anitbiotic prophylaxis will be successful. The increased susceptibility to infection of patients with cancer is usually due to local factors produced by the neoplasm, consisting of obstruction of a viscus which encourages secondary infection and impedes therapy. A prime example of this is the frequent occurrence of lung abscess associated with bronchogenic carcinoma. Perforation of the intestinal tract may lead to localized or generalized peritonitis. Another major factor involved in production of infection in patients with cancer is related to surgical intervention. There are probably other subtle alterations in resistance secondary to carcinoma but these are poorly understood and elude measurement. On the other hand, the surgical procedures may be extensive, requiring extirpation of considerable tissue; the procedure may be lengthy; bleeding sites may be numerous, catheters may be retained in the urinary bladder or veins for long periods of time. Specific alterations in general resistance are not defined here, but the reduction in local defense mechanisms by trauma and changes in microbial flora by antibiotics are
Characterization of a spliced exon product of herpes simplex type-1 latency-associated transcript in productively infected cells

The latency-associated transcripts (LATs) of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) are the only viral RNAs accumulating during latent infections in the sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. The major form of LAT that accumulates in latently infected neurons is a 2 kb intron, spliced from a much less abundant 8.3 primary transcript. The spliced exon mRNA has been hard to detect. However, in this study, we have examined the spliced exon RNA in productively infected cells using ribonuclease protection (RPA), and quantitative RT-PCR (q-PCR) assays. We were able to detect the LAT exon RNA in productively infected SY5Y cells (a human neuronal cell line). The level of the LAT exon RNA was found to be approximately 5% that of the 2 kb intron RNA and thus is likely to be relatively unstable. Quantitative RT-PCR (q-PCR) assays were used to examine the LAT exon RNA and its properties. They confirmed that the LAT exon mRNA is present at a very low level in productively infected cells, compared to the levels of other viral transcripts. Furthermore, experiments showed that the LAT exon mRNA is expressed as a true late gene, and appears to be polyadenylated. In SY5Y cells, in contrast to most late viral transcripts, the LAT exon RNA was found to be mainly nuclear localized during the late stage of a productive infection. Interestingly, more LAT exon RNA was found in the cytoplasm in differentiated compared to undifferentiated SY5Y cells, suggesting the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of the LAT exon RNA and its related function may be influenced by the differentiation state of cells.
Towards wireless capsule endoscopic ultrasound (WCEU)

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has revolutionized the capacity for evaluation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although WCE provides high quality images of the GI tract, evaluation is limited to the mucosal surface. This work investigates feasibility and design considerations for wireless capsule endoscopic ultrasound (WCEU) that combines the benefits of WCE and ultrasound imaging. This work has two goals: (1) evaluate transducer designs appropriate for WCEU and (2) investigate whether peristalsis can produce sufficient contact to ensure acoustic coupling. Between mechanical scanning (MS) and side-looking array (SLA) designs, MS performs better for both imaging performance and system complexity. In vivo imaging in pigs demonstrates promising results, although the effect of peristalsis and resulting coverage needs further investigation and quantification.
Interannual Variability of Meridional Heat Transport in a Numerical Model of the Upper Equatorial Pacific ocean

Abstract The interannual heat budget of the Pacific equatorial upwelling zone is studied using a primitive equation, a reduced gravity model of the upper Pacific equatorial ocean. The model is forced with monthly mean FSU winds from 1971 to 1990. A meridional overturning cell transports heat poleward with poleward flowing warm surface water compensated by colder, deeper equatorward flow. A horizontal cell transports heat equatorward as warmer equatorward flow, which enters the equatorial zone near the western boundary to feed the Equatorial Undercurrent, is compensated by colder poleward flow in the eastern basin. The heat transported by transient eddies is equatorward. Heat transport anomalies from the 20-year mean balance the time rate of change of heat content on interannual and seasonal timescales. Anomalies of surface heat flux do not contribute significantly to the interannual heat budget. Although each simulated ENSO event develops differently, similarities in the interannual heat budget emerge. He...
Measurement of σ tot in Proton-Proton Scattering in Pure Spin States

An experiment was done using the new accelerated polarized proton beam at the Argonne National Laboratory zero-gradient synchrotron and a polarized proton target. The total cross section for proton-proton scattering at 3.5 GeV/c was measured in the spin states \ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow} and \ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow} perpendicular to the beam direction. The two cross sections were found to be equal within the experimental error of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5%.
Novel fullerene acceptors: synthesis and application in low band gap polymer solar cells

One novel C60 derivative F1 and its corresponding C70 derivative F2 were designed and synthesized by the [4+2] cyclic addition reaction. The optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of them were carefully characterized. The LUMO energy levels of them are about 0.06 eV higher than that of PCBM. The power conversion efficiency of the polymer solar cells based on P3HT as donor and F1 and F2 as acceptors, reached 3.63% and 3.35%, respectively. When using PBDTTT-C to replace P3HT as a donor, the performance of F1 and F2 based devices reached 3.00% and 5.07%, respectively.