cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4514: NMR study of XR5944 interaction with diverse estrogen response elements (EREs)

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL ER has emerged as one of the most effective targets for breast cancer therapy since the discovery of the estrogen receptor (ER) as the modulator of estrogen action. However, the current ER-targeting therapies have a main limitation related to resistance. Our previous studies have shown that XR5944, a DNA bis-intercalator is capable of inhibiting the ER activity by its ability to specifically block the binding of ER to its consensus EREs. An DNA intercalator that targets ERE may be a useful therapeutic agent that can overcome the resistance to existing endocrine therapies. To understand the mechanism of the inhibition of ER-ERE interactions by XR5944, we have tested the specificity of XR5944 binding to consensus EREs (AGGTCAnnnTGACCT) with different tri-nucleotide spacer sequences as well as natural EREs using 1H NMR titration studies. Our results suggested that the ERE spacers play a significant role in determining the binding characteristics of the complex. XR5944 binds the ERE sequences in a slow-exchange binding mode on the NMR time-scale. The binding stoichiometry of XR5944 with ERE sequences was shown to be 2:1. Of those tested, the CGG/GCC and AGG/CCT spacers showed the best binding, while the CGT/ACG and TTT/AAA spacers showed the worst binding with XR5944. Results of luciferase reporter assays in MCF-7 cells indicated that XR5944 was significantly more potent in inhibiting the activity of reporters containing ERE-CGG than those containing ERE-TTT, consistent with our NMR results. Natural ERE sequences, including those located in the promoter of ER target genes TFF1, GREB1, Cathepsin D, Lactoferrin, and TGF-α, also appear to bind to XR5944 with different specificities as evident by differences in the 1H NMR spectra of their drug-DNA complexes. Thus, the affinity and specificity of the XR5944-ERE complex is influenced both by the nucleotide sequence of the half-sties and the tri-nucleotide spacer. Of the natural EREs tested, XR5944 appears to bind with the highest specificity to the ERE sequence of TFF1; hence we carried out further NMR studies of the binding of XR5944 to the TFF1 ERE sequence. Using site-specific labeling at each base, we were able to assign both the imino and H8 protons of the free TFF1 DNA and its drug complex. These assignments provide important information on the XR5944 binding sites with TFF1 ERE. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4514. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4514
NSF program benefits schools in need.

We are among the many scientists “shocked and upset” by the recent decision by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) to terminate the successful GK-12 (Graduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fellows in K–12 Education) program (“Outrage greets NSF decision to end STEM Fellows program,” J. Mervis, News & Analysis, 4 March, p. [1127][1]). Our use of these funds provides one example of the program's value. Our program deploys graduate student Fellows to rural Oregon elementary schools, where they live as scientists-in-residence with hosts for 2 weeks per academic quarter, during which they co-teach children alongside teachers, implementing professionally developed inquiry-based science curriculum kits (lesson plans, materials, and equipment). Because these schools are far from universities and other centers of science or technology, the GK-12 Fellows are in many cases the only scientists the students have ever met. The teachers also have poor connections to experts and have little prior training in teaching hands-on, inquiry-based science; working with Fellows is crucial for adopting tools that will be effective after the Fellows' departure. The program benefits the Fellows by providing valuable training in communication and organization. Ours is just one of many GK-12 programs nationwide that share the goal of improving science education. We find it remarkable that the entirety of GK-12 will be terminated, with focus redirected to “NSF programs that… partner academic scientists with local school districts.” The local environs of universities are arguably the places least in need of additional outreach efforts. The publicly funded U.S. research infrastructure has been extremely successful in advancing scientific knowledge, but largely unsuccessful in developing a public understanding of science. The nation needs more, not fewer, programs like GK-12. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6021/1127.full
Ascorbic acid enhances arsenic trioxide–induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy characterized by slow-growing plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Patients with MM typically respond to initial chemotherapies; however, essentially all progress to a chemoresistant state. Factors that contribute to the chemorefractory phenotype include modulation of free radical scavenging, increased expression of drug efflux pumps, and changes in gene expression that allow escape from apoptotic signaling. Recent data indicate that arsenic trioxide (As 2 O 3 ) induces remission of refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia and apoptosis of cell lines overexpressing Bcl-2 family members; therefore, it was hypothesized that chemorefractory MM cells would be sensitive to As 2 O 3 . As 2 O 3 induced apoptosis in 4 human MM cell lines: 8226/S, 8226/Dox40, U266, and U266/Bcl-x L . The addition of interleukin-6 had no effect on cell death. Glutathione (GSH) has been implicated as an inhibitor of As 2 O 3 -induced cell death either through conjugating As 2 O 3 or by sequestering reactive oxygen induced by As 2 O 3 . Consistent with this possibility, increasing GSH levels with N-acetylcysteine attenuated As 2 O 3 cytotoxicity. Decreases in GSH have been associated with ascorbic acid (AA) metabolism. Clinically relevant doses of AA decreased GSH levels and potentiated As 2 O 3 -mediated cell death of all 4 MM cell lines. Similar results were obtained in freshly isolated human MM cells. In contrast, normal BM cells displayed little sensitivity to As 2 O 3 alone or in combination with AA. Together, these data suggest that As 2 O 3 and AA may be effective antineoplastic agents in refractory MM and that AA might be a useful adjuvant in GSH-sensitive therapies.
Sonochemical doping of Ti-catalyzed sodium aluminum hydride

Abstract A new and very effective sonochemical technique has been developed for doping NaAlH 4 with metal catalyst prior to high energy ball milling. When NaAlH 4 was sonochemically doped with 2 mol% TiCl 3 in a decalin slurry using THF as a co-solvent and then ball milled, the dehydrogenation temperature in the 90–150 °C range decreased by about 30 °C during temperature programmed desorption (5 °C/min) compared to a conventionally wet doped and ball milled sample. Similarly, during constant temperature desorption the dehydrogenation kinetics of sonochemically doped and ball milled samples of NaAlH 4 increased by factors of 9.0, 5.1 and 3.1, respectively, at 90, 110 and 130 °C over those exhibited by conventionally wet doped and ball milled samples. These marked kinetic enhancements persisted through several dehydrogenation/hydrogenation cycles, now with corresponding increases by factors of 16.1, 4.5 and 3.5, and with a striking factor of four improvement in the hydrogenation kinetics also realized at 1250 psia and 125 °C. The observed kinetic effect was interpreted in terms of the complementary mechanochemical effects imparted to the sample by high-intensity ultrasound followed by high energy ball milling. It was surmised that sonochemical doping induced superior mixing of the titanium(III) chloride and sodium aluminum hydride reagents, thereby fostering the formation of smaller catalyst and NaAlH 4 particles. This ensured a finer dispersion of the catalyst particles over the surfaces of the NaAlH 4 crystals prior to and during the subsequent high energy ball milling process, which greatly improved the mechanochemical effectiveness of ball milling. Strong evidence in support of this supposition stemmed from sonochemical doping being only marginally more effective than conventional wet doping without subsequent ball milling, and scanning electron microscopy images revealing the formation of the factor of ten smaller NaAlH 4 particles for the sonochemically doped and ball milled samples.
Poloxamer 188 volumetrically decreases neuronal loss in the rat in a time-dependent manner.

Objective Excitotoxicity is a multistep process that results in either necrosis or apoptosis. It has been associated with neuronal death in trauma, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. The final step in necrotic cell death is the rupture of a cell's plasma membrane; repair of this membrane rupture is a potentially powerful technique of neuroprotection. Poloxamer 188 (P-188) is a synthetic surfactant that seals experimentally porated membranes. This study investigated the usefulness and time dependence of intrathecal P-188 in protecting neurons in an in vivo model of excitotoxicity in the rat. Methods Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats underwent striatal infusion of quinolinic acid to produce a spherical excitotoxic lesion. Each animal then received either vehicle or P-188 at 10 minutes, 4 hours, or both time points after surgery by direct cisterna magna injection. Animals were killed at 1 week, and brains were stained immunohistochemically for the neuronal marker Neu-N. Volumes of neuronal loss were calculated and compared between groups by analysis of variance. Results All animals were found to have spherical, stereotyped lesions. The animals that received intrathecal poloxamer at the early injection time had statistically smaller lesions (8.16 +/- 6.12 mm(3); n = 5; P = 0.0015) than controls (18.25 +/- 11.42 mm(3); n = 11). Those animals that received poloxamer at both injection times also had statistically smaller lesions (10.57 +/- 9.00 mm(3); n = 7; P = 0.0095). The group that received poloxamer at the late injection time only did not have significantly decreased lesion size (14.86 +/- 7.95 mm(3); n = 5). Conclusion Intrathecal P-188 reduces neuronal loss after excitotoxic injury in the rat only when delivered immediately after the toxin. This observation confirms the potential of surfactant molecules as neuroprotectants but predicts that their usefulness is best realized by early and potentially ongoing treatment.
A parallel frontal solver on the alliant FX/80

Abstract A methodology for large-scale structural analysis using a parallel frontal solution algorithm is presented. The algorithm is well suited for concurrent processing by a multiple instructions, multiple data (MIMD) machine. The method is very adaptive to a parallel environment because of the inherent parallelism of the approach, which does not require the formation of the global structure stiffness matrix. Thus large memory and storage space are not required. The method can be applied to large-scale structures which normally cannot be analyzed efficiently by a conventional serial computer. Numerical studies using the Alliant FX/80 multiprocessor computer at the Northeast Parallel Architectures Center (NPAC) of Syracuse University indicate that significant speed-up can be achieved by applying the method to large-scale problems. The method is general and can be extended to enhance its applicability and versatility.
Kolmogorov on the role of randomness in probability theory

In this paper, I discuss the extent to which Kolmogorov drew upon von Mises' work in addressing the problem of why probability is applicable to events in the real world, which I refer to as the problem of the applicability of probability, or the applicability problem for short. In particular, I highlight the role of randomness in Kolmogorov's account, and I argue that this role differs significantly from the role that randomness plays in von Mises' account.
Abstract 3686: Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 fails to confer resistance against withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL We have shown previously that withaferin A (WA), a constituent of Indian Ayurvedic medicine plant Withania somnifera that has been used safely for thousands of years for treatment of different ailments, inhibits growth of cultured MDA-MB-231 (an estrogen receptor negative cell line with mutant p53) and MCF-7 (an estrogen-responsive cell line with wild-type p53) human breast cancer cells. Moreover, the WA administration significantly inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts in female athymic mice without causing any side effects. The WA-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell growth in culture and xenografts correlates with apoptosis induction. However, the mechanism underlying proapoptotic effect of WA is not fully understood. The present study was designed to study the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an oncogenic transcription factor activated in many human malignancies including breast cancer, in proapoptotic response to WA using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Growth suppressive and proapoptotic concentrations of WA (2 and 4 μM) decreased constitutive (MDA-MB-231) or interleukin-6 (IL-6)-inducible (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr705) and its upstream regulator Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2; Tyr1007/1008) in MDA-MB-231, which was accompanied by suppression of their protein levels especially at the higher concentration. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells to WA also resulted in suppression of (a) transcriptional activity of STAT3 with or without IL-6 stimulation in both cells; (b) dimerization of STAT3 (MDA-MB-231); and (c) nuclear translocation of Tyr705 phosphorylated STAT3 in both cells. To our surprise, the IL-6-stimulation, either before or after WA treatment, did not have an appreciable effect on WA-mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cell line. The IL-6-stimulated activation of STAT3 conferred only a modest protection against WA-mediated suppression of MDA-MB-231 cell invasion. General implication of these findings is that WA can trigger apoptosis and largely inhibit cell migration/invasion of breast cancer cells even after IL-6-induced activation of STAT3, which should be viewed as a therapeutic advantage for this agent. This investigation was supported by the USPHS grant CA142604-01, awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3686. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3686
Terminus behavior and response time of North Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A

Observation of the terminus behavior of 38 North Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A., since 1890 shows three different types of glacier response: (1) Continuous retreat from the Little Ice Age (LIA) advanced positions from 1890 to approximately 1950, followed by a period of advance from 1950 to 1976, and then retreat since 1976. (2) Rapid retreat from 1890 to approximately 1950, slow retreat or equilibrium from 1950 to 1976, and moderate to rapid retreat since 1976. (3) Continuous retreat from 1890 to the present. Type 1 glaciers are notable for steeper slopes, extensive crevassing and higher terminusregion velocities. Type 2 glaciers have intermediate velocities, moderate crevassing and intermediate slopes. Type 3 glaciers have low slopes, modest crevassing and low terminusregion velocities. This indicates that the observed differences in the response time and terminus behavior of North Cascade glaciers in reaction to climate change are related to variations in specific characteristics of the glaciers. The response time is approximately 20–30 years on type 1 glaciers, 40–60 years on type 2 glaciers and a minimum of 60–100 years on type 3 glaciers. The high correlation in annual balance between North Cascade glaciers indicates that microclimates are not the key to differences in behavior. Instead it is the physical characteristics — slope, terminus velocity, thickness and accumulation rate — of the glacier that determine recent terminus behavior and response time. The delay between the onset of a mass-balance change and initiation of a noticeable change in terminus behavior has been observed on 21 glaciers to be 4–16 years. This initial response time applies to both positive and negative changes in mass balance.
Application of bootstrap methods to reduced major axis line fitting

The bootstrap method developed by Efron allows the estimation of measures of statistical accuracy, such as the standard errors and confidence limits, in cases where the un- derlying distribution is unknown or where sample sizes are small. This is frequently the case for statistics and data sets of systematic interest, especially in paleontology. The utility of the bootstrap is demonstrated for the reduced major axis (RMA) method for fitting the allometric equation. The results are in good agreement with statistical properties determined by available analytical methods and are superior to many of these methods in capturing the detailed distri- bution of the parameters. The bootstrap also allows the simultaneous comparison of slope and intercept estimates between taxa. Bootstrap methods should be a valuable tool in morphometrics. (Allometry; bootstrap; arthropods.)
Computational Simulation of the F-22 Aircraft

5Launder,B.E., andSharma,B. I., “Applicationof theEnergy-Dissipation Model of Turbulence to the Calculation of Flow near a Spinning Disk,” Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 131–138. 6Nagano, Y., and Kim, C., “A Two-Equation Model for Heat Transport in Wall Turbulent Shear Flows,” Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 110, No. 3, 1988, pp. 583–589. 7Yap, C. R., “Turbulent Heat and Momentum Transfer in Recirculating and Impinging Flows,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Technology, Univ. of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK, 1987. 8Piccin, O., and Cassoudensalle, D., “Etude Dans La Souf erie F1 Des Pro les AS329 et A240,” ONERA, PV 73/1685A YG, Toulouse, France, 1987. 9Cook,P.H.,McDonald,M.A., andFirmin,M.C. P., “Airfoil RAE2822— Pressure Distributions, and Boundary Layer and Wake Measurements,” AGARD-AR 138, 1979.
Improved overlay metrology device correlation on 90-nm logic processes

Isolated and dense patterns were formed at process layers from gate through to back-end on wafers using a 90 nm logic device process utilizing ArF lithography under various lithography conditions. Pattern placement errors (PPE) between AIM grating and BiB marks were characterized for line widths varying from 1000nm to 140nm. As pattern size was reduced, overlay discrepancies became larger, a tendency which was confirmed by optical simulation with simple coma aberration. Furthermore, incorporating such small patterns into conventional marks resulted in significant degradation in metrology performance while performance on small pattern segmented grating marks was excellent. Finally, the data also show good correlation between the grating mark and specialized design rule feature SEM marks, with poorer correlation between conventional mark and SEM mark confirming that new grating mark significantly improves overlay metrology correlation with device patterns.
Aerial image analysis based on UV reticle inspection

Sub-wavelength or Super-resolution lithography requires us to review defects after reticle inspection, be it at the mask house or at incoming inspection, with a completely new approach. With the advent of UV reticle inspection for the 0.25 micrometer and below regime, the lithography engineer in a wafer fab will ask for much more detailed classification and characterization of a reticle. While reticles are supposedly 100% defect free when they arrive at the customer, a detailed analysis of any potential printable defect is done by fab engineers as well as many mask engineers. A time consuming and QUALITATIVE analysis is often performed by AIMS metrology, however, no real QUANTITATIVE estimate of the 'printability' can be given. This paper discusses the solution of using fast aerial image analysis of defect information gathered by an advanced UV inspection system, with accurate printability prediction. The described methodology is on-line, real-time, and can be performed in an automatic mode with any inspection.
Use of orthopedic manual physical therapy to manage chronic orofacial pain and tension-type headache in an adolescent

Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is frequently associated with multiple headache types. While the efficacy of orthopedic manual physical therapy (OMPT) intervention for TMD with/without headache symptoms has been investigated, it has received less attention than other musculoskeletal conditions. This case describes the OMPT treatment and outcome of a 14 year-old female with a 2-year history of facial pain surrounding the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and bilateral occipital and temporal tension-type headaches (TTHs). Intervention included manual mobilization of the TMJ and surrounding cervical/facial soft tissue structures, postural re-education, and patient/family education on prevention, self-treatment, and postural adaptations. Outcomes included pain free and maximal mouth opening (MMO), pressure pain threshold (PPT) over the masseter muscle belly, fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire-physical activity subscale (FABQ-PA), jaw pain and function questionnaire (JPFQ), visual analog pain scale (VAS) for facial pain, and headache frequency, duration, and intensity on a VAS. Results included increased pain free and MMO by 22 mm, improved PPT bilaterally by 403.05 kPa on the affected, and 360.88 kPa on the unaffected side, and decreased reported headache frequency, duration, and intensity. Score decreases of 5 points on VAS with MMO, 8 points on FABQ-PA, and 5 points on JPFQ were also noted. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of OMPT on pain processing and functional outcomes in patients with TMD and headache.
Usefulness of Cochrane Intervention Reviews for the Practicing Dermatologic Surgeon

Background The Cochrane Collaboration produces systematic, evidence-based reviews of clinically relevant topics in medicine, including those relevant to dermatologic surgery. Objective To assess the utility of Cochrane reviews for practicing dermatologic surgeons. Methods Search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews on February 20, 2012 for topics relevant to dermatologic surgery. Assessment of clinical recommendations with regard to their likelihood to affect medical decision-making in clinical dermatologic surgery. Results Fifteen Cochrane reviews met the search criteria; three offered positive conclusions regarding the comparative effectiveness of different therapies for the same indications. Conclusions Cochrane reviews offer outstandingly complete evidence-based summaries of their topics. As such, the methodology of Cochrane reviews is a model for reviews in dermatologic surgery. Because of the dearth of high-level evidence in dermatologic surgery, the ability of Cochrane reviews to provide specific recommendations remains limited. Furthermore, dermatologic surgery may be inherently difficult to study because of the rapid evolution of procedures, intraprocedure complexity and variation, difficulties inherent in randomizing patients to interventions, and intersurgeon skill variation. That being said, the dermatologic surgery literature continues to improve and grow, and investigators are now broaching the special challenges associated with research in this area.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Automotive Fuel Additives: Diisopropyl Ether

To quantify the atmospheric reactivity of diisopropyl ether (DIPE), we have conducted a study of the kinetics and mechanism of reaction 1: OH + DIPE {r_arrow} products. Kinetic measurements of reaction 1 were made using both relative (at 295 K) and absolute techniques (over the temperature range 240-440 K). Rate data from both techniques can be represented by the following: k{sub 1} = (2.2{sub -0.8}{sup +14}) x 10{sup -12} exp[(445 {plus_minus} 145)/T] cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1}s{sup -1}. At 298 K, k{sub 1} = 9.8 x 10{sup -12} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1}s{sup -1}. The products of the simulated atmospheric oxidation of DIPE were identified using FT-IR spectroscopy; isopropyl acetate and HCHO were the main products. The atmospheric oxidation of DIPE can be represented by i-C{sub 3}H{sub 7}O-i-C{sub 3}H{sub 7} + OH + 2NO {r_arrow} HCHO + i-C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OC(O)CH{sub 3} + HO{sub 2} + 2NO{sub 2}. Our kinetic and mechanistic data were incorporated into a 1-day simulation of atmospheric chemistry to quantify the relative incremental reactivity of DIPE. Results are compared with other oxygenated fuel additives. 30 refs., 9 figs.
Factor structure and clinical utility of the Beck depression inventory in patients with binge eating disorder and obesity.

Abstract Objective The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is often used to assess depression symptoms, but its factor structure and its clinical utility have not been evaluated in patients with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity. Methods A total of 882 treatment-seeking obese patients with BED were administered structured interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders) and completed self-report questionnaires. Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a brief 16-item BDI version with a three-factor structure (affective, attitudinal and somatic). Both 21- and 16-item versions showed excellent internal consistency (both α=0.89) and had significant correlation patterns with different aspects of eating disorder psychopathology; three factors showed significant but variable associations with eating disorder psychopathology. Area under the curves (AUC) for both BDI versions were significant in predicting major depressive disorder (MDD; AUC=0.773 [16-item], 73.5% sensitivity/70.2% specificity, AUC=0.769 [21-item], 79.5% sensitivity/64.1% specificity) and mood disorders (AUC=0.763 [16-item], 67.1% sensitivity/71.5% specificity, AUC=0.769 [21-item], 84.2% sensitivity/55.7% specificity). The 21-item BDI (cutoff score ≥16) showed higher negative predictive values (94.0% vs. 93.0% [MDD]; 92.4% vs. 88.3% [mood disorders]) than the brief 16-item BDI (cutoff score ≥13). Conclusions Both BDI versions demonstrated moderate performance as a screening instrument for MDD/mood disorders in obese patients with BED. Advantages and disadvantages for both versions are discussed. A three-factor structure has potential to inform the conceptualization of depression features.
Sub-Alfvénic Nonideal MHD Turbulence Simulations with Ambipolar Diffusion. I. Turbulence Statistics

Most numerical investigations on the role of magnetic fields in turbulent molecular clouds (MCs) are based on ideal magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD). However, MCs are weakly ionized, so that the time scale required for the magnetic field to diffuse through the neutral component of the plasma by ambipolar diffusion (AD) can be comparable to the dynamical time scale. We have performed a series of 256{sup 3} and 512{sup 3} simulations on supersonic but sub-Alfvenic turbulent systems with AD using the Heavy-Ion Approximation developed in Li et al. (2006). Our calculations are based on the assumption that the number of ions is conserved, but we show that these results approximately apply to the case of time-dependent ionization in molecular clouds as well. Convergence studies allow us to determine the optimal value of the ionization mass fraction when using the heavy-ion approximation for low Mach number, sub-Alfvenic turbulent systems. We find that ambipolar diffusion steepens the velocity and magnetic power spectra compared to the ideal MHD case. Changes in the density PDF, total magnetic energy, and ionization fraction are determined as a function of the AD Reynolds number. The power spectra for the neutral gas properties of a strongly magnetized medium with a low AD Reynolds number are similar to those for a weakly magnetized medium; in particular, the power spectrum of the neutral velocity is close to that for Burgers turbulence.
Significance of the soil in environmental quality improvement--a review.

Abstract The broad outlines of plant and animal ecology are indicated and ecosystems are defined. The impact of agriculture and industry on these systems is indicated. The major forces bringing about instability of the soil are pointed out. Wind erosion, water erosion, nutrient and oxygen balances are described in principle. Intensification and specialization of agriculture are described in some detail. These intensive practices are compared to the older “normal” agriculture. Hence, the courses of the modern agricultural problems in environmental pollution and waste management are indicated. The magnitude of the pesticide problem is defined and the need for regulation is emphasized. Special consideration is given to chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury compounds. The process of eutrophication is defined and is described as a natural process. Sources of artificial enrichment of the water are described as well as city and rural waste water. The remedial measures that need to be taken to maintain and/or improve the environment are discussed. Systems of handling animal wastes are described in some detail. Dry, slurry, and wet systems are described in regard to management. The control of excessive fertilizer nutrients, pesticides, and agricultural chemicals including heavy metals is outlined in some detail. Animal manure management as a part of the soil fertility system is described. Nitrogen and phosphorus management is discussed in some detail. Utilization of city waste water and sewage treatment plant sludges are indicated. Solid waste disposal on the land as a means of environmental improvement is considered from the point of view of disposing of raw sewage, sewage sludge, and solid wastes generally. Fruit and vegetable processing wastes can be treated by a process of overland flow in order to bring about adequate oxidation of these wastes. Wastes from packing plants for animal processing are much stronger wastes and require more complex treatment than fruit and vegetable processing wastes. Oil-spills as a pollutant on land are described in more or less quantitative terms. Remedial measures are given.
A maximum relative entropy principle for distribution of personal inc.Ome with derivations of several known inc.Ome distributions

A subjective income x∗ (x) is defined as a general function of real income x and of income functional or occupational distributions of income, both in respect of pay rates and shares of total income were discussed by Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Marx at considerable length (Ranadive 1978). Functional income data is much easier to collect than personal income data, but the latter becomes important to collect in consumer-oriented societies
Nanoporous organosilicas as preconcentration materials for the electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene.

We describe the use of nanoporous organosilicas for rapid preconcentration and extraction of trinitrotoluene (TNT) for electrochemical analysis and demonstrate the effect of template-directed molecular imprinting on TNT adsorption. The relative effects of the benzene (BENZ)- and diethylbenzene (DEB)-bridged organic−inorganic polymers, having narrow or broad pore size distributions, respectively, on electrochemical response and desorption behavior were examined. Sample volumes of 0.5−10 mL containing 5−1000 ppb TNT in a phosphate-buffered saline buffer were preconcentrated in-line before the detector using a microcolumn containing 10 mg of imprinted BENZ or DEB. Square-wave voltammetry was used to detect the first reduction peak of TNT in an electrochemical flow cell using a carbon working electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Imprinted BENZ released TNT faster than imprinted DEB with considerably less peak tailing and displayed enhanced sensitivity and an improvement in the limit of detection (LOD)...
An experimental study of OH solubility in rutile at 500–900 °C, 0.5–2 GPa, and a range of oxygen fugacities

The solubility of OH in pure synthetic rutile was experimentally constrained at 0.5–2.0 GPa and 500–900 σC, in equilibrium with four oxygen fugacity (ƒ O2) buffering mineral assemblages: hematite ⴀmagnetite (HM), nickel ⴀnickel oxide (NNO), cobalt ⴀcobalt oxide (CCO), and iron ⴀwustite (IW). The hydroxyl concentration ([OH], in parts per million H 2O by weight) of equilibrated rutile crystals was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Measurements at 1 GPa at individual ƒ O2 buffers demonstrate that [OH] in rutile depends strongly on temperature: at HM, [OH] increases from 48 to 267 ppm as temperature rises from 500 to 900 σC, whereas at NNO, [OH] increases from 108 to 956 ppm over the same temperature range. The [OH] in rutile also increases strongly with decreasing ƒ O2 at any pressure and temperature, and exhibits a slight, linear, positive dependence on pressure at a given temperature and ƒ O2. The observed systematic dependences on pressure, temperature, and ƒ O2 indicate that hydrogen substitutes into rutile as hydroxyl, (OH), via forward progress of the reaction Ti 4+ O2 + 1 /2H2O = Ti 3+ O(OH) + 1 /4O2. Our measured [OH] values are significantly greater than those determined in previous studies on finer ⴀgrained, polycrystalline rutile, which likely suffered diffusive loss of H during quenching. This is supported by our observation of narrow, OH ⴀdepleted rims on otherwise high ⴀOH run products, pointing to minor but important diffusive H loss from crystal rims during quenching. Fitting of isothermal variations in composition with ƒ O2 at 1 GPa and temperature indicates nearly ideal, multi ⴀsite mixing of the TiO 2 ⴀTiOOH solid solution. A fit to the entire data set suggests standard volume, enthalpy, and entropy of the hydration reaction of, respectively, 1.90 τ 0.48 cm 3 /mol, 219.3 τ 1.3 kJ/mol, and 19.9 τ 1.4 J/(mol 뜂K) (1 Ξ uncertainty). These constraints form the basis for use of [OH] in rutile as a thermobarometer and oxybarometer in experimental and natural systems. The moderate to high [OH] in nominally anhydrous rutile at all investigated temperatures, pressures, and fO2 values imply that Ti 3+ may be higher than previously suspected in some terrestrial
Cardiovascular risks of stopping antiplatelet therapy before non-cardiac surgery for patients with coronary stents

Commentary on: P Albaladejo, E Marret, CM Samama, et al.. Non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents: the RECO study.Heart2011;97:1566–72.
True and False Positive Rates in Maximum Contaminant Level Tests

The U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is promulgating a revised national primary drinking water regulation (NPDWR)which includes a monthly sample size and maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total coliform bacteria in public water systems. No previous quantification has been made of the coliform content that must be present in the sampled water in order for an MCL to be exceeded. This paper presents a method for evaluating the coliform level an MCL will detect with likelihood P.
Telephone Call Reminders and Attendance in an Adolescent Clinic

Objective . To determine the effect of a single telephone call reminder on appointment compliance among adolescents in an inner city, hospital-based clinic. Methods . A randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Adolescent Clinic, a part of the Ambulatory Pediatric Practice Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, from December 1995 to November 1996. A total of 703 routine adolescent ambulatory appointments were randomized to receive either a single telephone call reminder 1 day before the appointment or to receive no reminder. A single telephone call attempt was directed primarily to the parent or guardian of the patient in the assignment group. If not available, the reminder message was left with the patient or other family member, or on the answering machine. The study variables selected included age, gender, appointment time, distance from clinic, and payment source, and for the intervention group, the recipient of the reminder telephone call. The outcome measure was the attendance rate. Results. The intervention group ( n = 347) and control group ( n = 356) were well balanced for all study variables. The overall attendance rate was 49.8%. Only 204 (58.8%) of the 347 attempted intervention appointments were contacted successfully by telephone. In the attempted intervention analysis, the attendance rate of 55.6% in the intervention group ( n = 347), regardless of whether subjects were successfully contacted by telephone, was 26.1% greater than the 44.1% attendance rate in the control group. In the completed intervention analysis, the attendance rate of 65.2% in the successfully contacted individuals within the intervention group ( n = 204) was increased by 47.8% over that in the control group. In the univariate analysis, attendance for self-paying patients (25.4%) was worse than that for any group. In the logistic regression analysis, both the reminder telephone call intervention and the payment source were independent predictors of attendance. In the group that was called successfully ( n = 204), there was no association between attendance and the recipient of the telephone call. Conclusions . Telephone reminders are a very effective method of increasing attendance in a hospital-based adolescent clinic. The reminder is a consistently effective intervention whether the message is delivered to the patient, to the parent or other family member, or to a telephone answering machine. Adolescent patients whose visits are not covered by Medicaid or commercial insurance are least likely to attend their clinic appointments, and a telephone call reminder has no effect on this pattern.
Platelet and fibrinogen kinetics in canine tumors.

Abstract Fifty-three dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors were evaluated for abnormalities in the concentration and in vivo survival of platelets and fibrinogen. Thrombocytopenia occurred only in animals with extensive tumor involving spleen or marrow. Platelet survival was shortened in 6 of 15 (40%) dogs with localized tumor [mean 4.4 days ± 0.3 (S.E.); normal 5.4 days ± 0.1] and 30 of 35 (80%) dogs with metastatic tumor (mean 3.2 days ± 0.2). Platelet survival progressively shortened during studies performed in dogs with ongoing disease. Fibrinogen concentration was increased (mean 420 ± 30 mg/dl) in 44 of 53 (83%) of tumor-bearing dogs (normal 210 ± 10 mg/dl). Neither histology nor extent of disease, including presence of hepatic metastases, appeared to influence fibrinogen concentration significantly. Fibrinogen survival was below the normal range in 3 of 15 (20%) dogs with localized tumor and in 9 of 34 (26%) dogs with metastatic tumors. Thus, platelet consumption appeared to be the most significant hemostatic abnormality in tumor-bearing dogs. This model may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in preventing tumor-related hemostatic abnormalities.
Comparison of wire-guided cricothyrotomy versus standard surgical cricothyrotomy technique

e Abstract—We compared a wire-guided cricothyrotomy technique vs. standard surgical cricothyrotomy in terms of accuracy in placement, complications, performance time, incision length, and user preference. We conducted a randomized, crossover controlled trial in which Emergency Medicine (EM) attendings and residents performed cricothyrotomies by both standard and wire-guided techniques (using a commercially available kit) on human cadavers after a 15-min training session. Procedure time, incision length, and physician preference were recorded. Cadavers were inspected for accuracy of placement and complications. Airway placement was accurate in 13 of 15 cases for the standard technique (86.7%), and 14 of 15 cases for the wire-guided technique (93.3%). When comparing wireguided vs. standard techniques, there were no differences in complication rates or performance times. The wire-guided technique resulted in a significantly smaller mean incision length than the standard technique (0.53 vs. 2.53 cm, respectively, p < 0.0001). Overall, 14 of 15 physicians stated that they preferred the wire-guided to the standard technique. Our data suggest that this wire-guided cricothyrotomy technique is as accurate and timely to use as the standard technique and is preferred by our physician operators. In addition, the technique results in a smaller incision on human cadaver models. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
Atherosclerosis Susceptibility Loci Identified in an Extremely Atherosclerosis-Resistant Mouse Strain

Background C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are extremely resistant to atherosclerosis, especially males. To understand the underlying genetic basis, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis on a male F2 (the second generation from an intercross between 2 inbred strains) cohort derived from an intercross between C3H and C57BL/6 (B6) apolipoprotein E–deficient ( Apoe −/−) mice. Methods and Results Two hundred forty-six male F2 mice were started on a Western diet at 8 weeks of age and kept on the diet for 5 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and fasting plasma lipid levels were measured. One hundred thirty-four microsatellite markers across the entire genome were genotyped. Four significant QTLs on chromosomes (Chr) 2, 4, 9, and 15 and 4 suggestive loci on Chr1, Chr4, and Chr7 were identified for atherosclerotic lesions. Unexpectedly, the C3H allele was associated with increased lesion formation for 2 of the 4 significant QTLs. Six loci for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 6 for non-HDL cholesterol, and 3 for triglycerides were also identified. The QTL for atherosclerosis on Chr9 replicated Ath29 , originally mapped in a female F2 cohort derived from B6 and C3H Apoe −/− mice. This locus coincided with a QTL for HDL, and there was a moderate, but statistically significant, correlation between atherosclerotic lesion sizes and plasma HDL cholesterol levels in F2 mice. Conclusions These data indicate that most atherosclerosis susceptibility loci are distinct from those for plasma lipids except for the Chr9 locus, which exerts effect through interactions with HDL.
Retirement: Perspectives and Theory

Retirement research by occupational therapists is lim- ited. With more elderly aeoale facing retirement, occuoational thera- pists need to provide pri-reiirement counseling. This paper examines factors which influence retirement and surrrrests occuoational therao~ intervention to assist in pre-retirement pla~ing. The model of humA& occupation is used as a framework to organize assessment of elderly retirees.
ALTERNATIVE ANALYSES OF LOCOMOTIVE STRUCTURAL DESIGNS FOR CRASHWORTHINESS

Enhanced crashworthiness performance of North American locomotives is proposed by both increasing the design loads on specific structural components or by describing the crashworthiness performance under specific impact conditions. The design loads for a conventional North American locomotive and the description of performance are intended to provide the same level of crashworthiness protection. A generic design was developed to illustrate the types of calculations that can be used to show that the design loads can be supported and the desired level of performance can be met. The performance of the generic locomotive subjected to a collision with a grade crossing object is measured by its ability to prevent penetration of the object into the occupied volume where the crew rides out the collision. The closed form hand calculations apply established structural analysis limit load theory and show the design loads can be supported. The finite element analysis results capture large deformation non-linear behavior and show the desired level of performance is achieved.
Cytochemistry of Phosphatases in Myxococcus xanthus

An Mg 2+ -dependent and a K + -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase were localized by cytochemistry at or near both surfaces of the cytoplasmic membrane of Myxococcus xanthus . An alkaline and an acid phosphatase resided at the external surface of the membrane or in the periplasm. All enzymes could be extracted from partially fixed cells with Mg 2+ -deficient buffers. Suboptimal external phosphate elicited dissociation of adenosine triphosphatase from the membrane but not that of the unspecific phosphatases. The dissociated enzymes migrated into the cytoplasm where they were associated mainly with cytoplasmic aggregates. Images
Multiple QTLs Influence Variation in Paraoxonase 1 Activity in Mexican Americans

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density-lipoprotein-associated enzyme known to protect against cellular damage from toxic agents, may also have antioxidant properties. Although the importance of the influence of the PON1 structural locus on chromosome 7q21-22 for variation in the concentration and activity of the enzyme is well-documented, the contribution of other loci is poorly understood. Based on the recent observations of at least one additional quantitative trait locus (QTL) for PON1 activity in pedigreed baboons, we conducted a whole-genome linkage screen for QTLs other than the PON1 structural locus that may influence PON1 activity in humans. We measured PON1 activity in frozen serum for 1,406 individuals in more than 40 extended pedigrees from the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS). We used a maximum-likelihood-based variance decomposition approach implemented in SOLAR to test for QTLs that may influence PON1 activity. In addition to a QTL for which we detected the strongest, significant evidence (LOD = 31.41) at or near the PON1 structural locus on chromosome 7q21-22, we also localized at least one additional significant QTL on chromosome 12 (LOD = 3.56). Furthermore, we detected suggestive evidence for two more PON-related QTLs on chromosomes 17 and 19. We have provided evidence that other genes, in addition to the well-known ones on chromosome 7, play a role in influencing normal variation in PON1 activity.
HIV-1 transcription is regulated by splicing factor SRSF1

Efficient transcription of the HIV-1 genome is regulated by Tat, which recruits P-TEFb from the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and other nucleoplasmic complexes to phosphorylate RNA polymerase II and other factors associated with the transcription complex. Although Tat activity is dependent on its binding to the viral TAR sequence, little is known about the cellular factors that might also assemble onto this region of the viral transcript. Here, we report that the splicing factor SRSF1 (SF2/ASF) and Tat recognize overlapping sequences within TAR and the 7SK RNA. SRSF1 expression can inhibit Tat transactivation by directly competing for its binding to TAR. Additionally, we provide evidence that SRSF1 can increase the basal level of viral transcription in the absence of Tat. We propose that SRSF1 activates transcription in the early stages of viral infection by recruiting P-TEFb to TAR from the 7SK snRNP. Whereas in the later stages, Tat substitutes for SRSF1 by promoting release of the stalled polymerase and more efficient transcriptional elongation.