cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Postpartum Lactation on Lipoprotein Lipids and Apoproteins

To determine if postpartum lactation alters plasma lipoprotein lipid and apoprotein concentrations and composition, we studied 56 overnight fasting lactating and 16 nonlactating women approximately 6 weeks postpartum. Postpartum results are presented as absolute concentrations and as the difference from antepartum values determined at 36 weeks gestation. Antepartum lipoprotein lipid and apoprotein concentrations were generally not different in the 2 groups, with the single exception of whole plasma and low density lipoprotein (LDL) apoprotein (apo) B (probably a chance difference). When expressed as the antepartum and postpartum difference, the lactating and nonlactating groups were indistinguishable in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL triglyceride, cholesterol, phospholipid, and apo B concentrations. However, lactating women had higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, phospholipid, apo A-I, and apo A-II concentrations than nonlactating women when results were expressed as differences from antepartum values or as absolute values. HDL triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different between lactating and nonlactating women by either analysis. There was no significant effect of lactation on VLDL or LDL composition, but there was a significant increase in the percent cholesterol content in HDL. We hypothesize that the increase in HDL constituents in lactation is generated in part by increased catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the lactating breast.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY : II. ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA PIG AS AFFECTED BY THE INHERITANCE.

Inbred lines of guinea pig which have previously been observed to differ in their susceptibility to tuberculosis differ in their anaphylactic responses as well. The families that are relatively resistant to tuberculosis appear also to be somewhat more resistant to some one or more of the phases of the anaphylactic reaction complex.
Using Ethnography to Identify Cultural Domains within a Systems Engineering Organization

Many engineering corporations are attempting to adapt successful manufacturing quality initiatives to the office environment. These adaptations can be improved by considering the cultural domains in which knowledge is created and transferred. Ethnographic research conducted at a research engineering company identifies several shared cultural domains within the systems engineering group. It is suggested that the elements in these domains be incorporated into quality improvement, new employee training, and career development opportunities. This research identifies technology design as a common concern for both anthropologists and engineers. The nature of emerging technology practice will change to the degree that these and other disciplines interact to shape choices affecting how technology is designed rather than waiting to discuss how it should be used.
Abnormal Development of Blastocysts and Blastomeres in the Rhesus Monkey

Preimplantation stages were collected from normal rhesus monkeys by flushing of the uterine lumen. There was a high incidence of abnormal morulae and blastocysts (25%), as well as abnormal cells and cell death in otherwise normal blastocysts. In addition to cell and nuclear fragmentation, clustering of organelles in the center of the blastomeres was a common feature in early degeneration of ova and blastomeres. Large isolated cells that lagged in cytological development were found both in large numbers in an abnormal blastocyst and as individual cells in normal blastocysts. One apparently abnormal blastocyst was composed of normal trophoblast and inner cell mass cells, but lacked desmosomes and was collapsed. The cytological study of development of the blastocyst indicated that assessment of viability of primate blastocysts by light microscopic observation of morulae and blastocyst stages is probably more fraught with difficulty than might appear from studies of common laboratory animals.
Radical presence: Alternatives to the therapeutic state

This article introduces the idea of radical presence as an alternative to the current therapeutic state (or psy-complex) within which we live today. Radical presence challenges us to confront the dominance of psychological discourses which define, control, and limit the ways in which we live. It shifts our attention from diagnosis and treatment of individuals to an exploration of broader relational and institutional contexts, and the ways in which professionals and ordinary people alike can be responsive, present, and open to a multiplicity of life forms.
Structured Physically-Based Modeling

This chapter describes structured physically based modeling. The ideas of the abstraction-representation-implementation (ARI) structure and progression are combined with a paradigm of mathematical modeling to yield a canonical structure for physically based models. This structure is suited to a modular, hierarchical approach to the design of models, an approach that is familiar from structured programming. The emphasis is on the design or specification of physically based models, as opposed to their implementation. The approach is to develop and discuss a model on a blackboard, that is, create a blackboard model before implementing it in a computer program. A physically based model includes physical characteristics of the thing being modeled and specifies its behavior via mathematical equations. Thus, a large component of physically based modeling is mathematical modeling. A physically-based model can be divided into three distinct parts: the conceptual model, the mathematical model, and the posed problems. This partition is called the conceptual-mathematical-posed-problem structure, or CMP structure.
Relativistic opacities for astrophysical applications

Abstract We report on the use of the Los Alamos suite of relativistic atomic physics codes to generate radiative opacities for the modeling of astrophysically relevant plasmas under local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions. The atomic structure calculations are carried out in fine-structure detail, including full configuration interaction. Three example applications are considered: iron opacities at conditions relevant to the base of the solar convection zone, nickel opacities for the modeling of stellar envelopes, and samarium opacities for the modeling of light curves produced by neutron star mergers. In the first two examples, comparisons are made between opacities that are generated with the fully and semi-relativistic capabilities in the Los Alamos suite of codes. As expected for these highly charged, iron-peak ions, the two methods produce reasonably similar results, providing confidence that the numerical methods have been correctly implemented. However, discrepancies greater than 10% are observed for nickel and investigated in detail. In the final application, the relativistic capability is used in a preliminary investigation of the complicated absorption spectrum associated with cold lanthanide elements.
Question, answer, compare: a cross-category comparison of answers on question and answer websites

Online information seekers make heavy use of websites that accept their natural language questions. This study compared the three types of such websites: social question and answer Q&A, digital reference services, and ask-an-expert services. Questions reflecting daily life, research, and crisis situations were posed to high use websites of all three types. The resulting answers’ characteristics were analyzed in terms of speed, transparency, formality, and intimacy. The results indicate that social Q&A websites excel in speed, ask-an-expert websites in intimacy, and digital reference services in transparency and formality.
Mechanical energy fluctuations in granular chains: the possibility of rogue fluctuations or waves.

The existence of rogue or freak waves in the ocean has been known for some time. They have been reported in the context of optical lattices and the financial market. We ask whether such waves are generic to late time behavior in nonlinear systems. In that vein, we examine the dynamics of an alignment of spherical elastic beads held within fixed, rigid walls at zero precompression when they are subjected to sufficiently rich initial conditions. Here we define such waves generically as unusually large energy fluctuations that sustain for short periods of time. Our simulations suggest that such unusually large fluctuations (``hot spots'') and occasional series of such fluctuations through space and time (``rogue fluctuations'') are likely to exist in the late time dynamics of the granular chain system at zero dissipation. We show that while hot spots are common in late time evolution, rogue fluctuations are seen in purely nonlinear systems (i.e., no precompression) at late enough times. We next show that the number of such fluctuations grows exponentially with increasing nonlinearity whereas rogue fluctuations decrease superexponentially with increasing precompression. Dissipation-free granular alignment systems may be possible to realize as integrated circuits and hence our observations may potentially be testable in the laboratory.
Control of Ticks Systemically with Merck MK-933, an Avermectin

Merck MK-933 (7-\[[2,6-dideoxy-4- O -(2,6-dideoxy-3- O -methyl-α-L- arabino -hexopyranosyl)-3- O -methyl-α-L- arabino -hexopyranosyl]oxy]-3’,4’,5’6,6’,7,10,11,14,15,17a,20,20a,20b-tetradecahydro-20,20b-dihydroxy-5’,6,8,19-tetramethyl-6’-(1-methylpropyl)spiro[11,15-methano-2 H ,13 H ,17 H -furo[4,3,2- pq \]\[2,6\]benzodioxacyclooctadecin-13,2’-[2 H ]pyran]-17-one), an avermectin given orally to cattle daily by capsule, was highly effective in preventing engorgement and reproduction of adults of six species of three-host ticks—Amblyomma americanum (L.), A. cajennense (F.), A. maculatum Koch, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, D. variabilis (Say), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille)—and all parasitic stages of a one-host species— D. albipictus (Packard)—at dosages of >50 μg/kg per day. A daily subcutaneous injection of 10 μg/kg per day afforded complete control, but a similar injection of 5 μg/kg per day was not completely effective. MK-933 formulated as sustained-release tablets or boluses designed to release ca. 50 μg/kg per day was also effective, but the sustained-release devices eroded at rates higher or lower than those anticipated. The activity of this chemical at such low dosage levels makes it an excellent candidate as an acaricide for the control of ticks systemically.
Circadian Analysis of Phenobarbital — Induced Hyperkinesia in Mice And Hamsters.∗:

SummaryThe effect of phenobarbital on locomotor activity was studied in mice for periods of 24 hours and in hamsters for 1–8 days. Doses of 100 to 150 mg/kg caused stimulation, 1 and 5 mg/kg doses were followed by suppression of activity, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a biphasic, suppressive-stimulant effect. Doses that caused stimulation were sufficiently toxic to induce ataxia of gait. The hyperkinetic response occurred after administration in daytime and at night. Artificial light failed to abolish the circadian rhythmic increase in activity at night in both treated and untreated animals. Repeated daily doses did not result in tolerance, but suppression of activity occurred on drug withdrawal.
Anhydride-Based Reconfigurable Shape Memory Elastomers

Soft shape memory polymers typically embody a permanently memorized geometry that cannot be altered, and therefore a new sample must be fabricated each time a new structure is required. We present a shape memory elastomeric composite featuring thermoplastic fibers as a fixing phase and a polyanhydride-based elastomer as the permanent, elastic phase. Interestingly, dynamic covalent exchange reactions at elevated temperatures (T > 50 °C) among the network chains of the elastomer allow near-complete reconfiguration of the permanent shape in the solid state. Together, these features combine to create a shape memory elastomer capable of arbitrary programming of both temporary and permanent shapes.
A Study on the Method of Self-Optimal Aiming Control for Air Combat Interception Attack

To solve the problem of air combat autonomous interception attack,a Self-Optimal Aiming Control(SOAC) method is proposed.Firstly,the problems of autonomous interception attack are analyzed.Then,the basic idea about SOAC is introduced and the equations of aiming error are deduced.And subsequently,the model of SOAC is established and the process of SOAC is designed.Finally,the comparison experiment with the method of proportional navigation control and the robustness experiment are performed,and the results show that the method of SOAC is very effective for the problems of autonomous interception attack.
Immunoregulatory Effect of IL-18 on Cytokines in Splenocytes in Mice with Radiation Lesion

Objective To explore the immunoregulatory effect of IL-18 on cytokines in splenocytes in mice radiated with 60Co. Methods The C57 mice were treated with IL-18 before or after the radiation of 60Co. Two weeks after the radiation,the mice splenocytes were cultured in vitro,and the levels of IL-2,IFN-γ,GM-CSF,and IL-4 in the supernatants and the content of IgG in the serum were measured with ELISA kit. Results The capacity of splenocytes to secret IL-2,IFN-γ,and GM-CSF was improved in mice with radiation lesions after treated with IL-18. The levels of IL-2,IFN-γ,and GM-CSF in mice receiving IL-18 after radiation lesion was significantly higher than those in mice receiving IL-18 before radiation lesion. But the levels of IL-4 and IgG did not change obviously. Conclusion IL-18 could promote the splenocytes to secret IL-2,IFN-γ,and GM-CSF in mice with radiation lesion.
Reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) of a little known southeastern copper plate

Advanced imaging tools such as 3D technologies and photogrammetry are rapidly becoming the norm in archaeological laboratories throughout the world. Until recently, many of these technologies required specialized knowledge often beyond the training of most archaeologists. However, new advances, in the ease of use of software and less expensive equipment, have made these technologies more accessible. Despite this, the technology can still be daunting. Indeed, the inexperienced operator can sometimes produce results that are unwieldy and inaccurate. Further, no single technique provides a panacea for digital curation and preservation, since no one program is appropriate every type of artifact. Here we present a case study using reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) on a copper plate from Chauga (38OC47) in Oconee County, South Carolina, that was not amenable to other imaging techniques. We found that RTI provided us with a way to record new digital artifact data thus providing us with new information abo...
Use of controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices to control reproduction in goats: A review

High reproductive rates are necessary in order to increase the productivity of goat operations. Progesterone and its analogues are widely used in other species to control the reproductive system to facilitate synchronized births, induce fertile estrus or to facilitate the use of assisted reproductive techniques with the goal of increasing productivity of livestock. Progesterone impregnated controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices are approved for delivery of the natural hormone progesterone to synchronize and induce fertile estrus in sheep. A few studies have reported a high estrous response and pregnancy rates when CIDRs are used to induce estrus in goats. However, significant variation exists in the duration of treatment (5-16 days) and in the use of exogenous gonadotropins as part of the treatment protocol. As gonadotropins are not currently approved for commercial use in small ruminants in the USA, studies are needed to determine the necessity for exogenous gonadotropins and whether they can be replaced by enhancing endogenous secretion through photoperiodic manipulation of the doe and \ or increase stimulation through the 'buck-effect'. Future studies must not only evaluate efficacy, but should consider the economic feasibility of using CIDRs in commercial production systems.
Strategies employed by sexual minority adolescents to cope with minority stress

Sexual minority adolescents (SMA) experience disparities in health and behavioral health outcomes, including high rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, substance use, HIV risk behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. These outcomes are commonly attributed to minority stress. Stress experiences are different for SMA than their adult counterparts. For example, disclosing their sexual orientation may be more likely to result in homelessness because these youth more often live with parents or other family members. Although stress in this population has been explored in previous research, very little is known about how SMA cope. Relying upon an adolescent coping model, this study examined the coping strategies, responses, and resources of SMA related to stress. Forty-eight racially and ethnically diverse SMA (age 14-19) were recruited for 90-minute tape-recorded interviews. The semi-structured interviews were guided by a life history calendar. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and entered into QSR NVivo. All transcripts were coded by two members of the research team and went through a consensus process. Forty-three unique coping statements emerged that fit with the Compas model of adolescent coping. SMA cope with minority stress in similar ways to heterosexual youth coping with general stress, but findings suggest that SMA may also use different kinds of coping resources. Although further research is needed, the present study identified a variety of ways SMA cope with stress and can inform future research on the development interventions.
Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure—diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Technical advancements have enabled the spinal deformity surgeon to correct severe spinal mal-alignment. However, proximal adjacent segment pathology (ASP) remains a significant issue. Examples include proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF). Agreement on the definition, classification, and pathophysiology of PJK and PJF remains incomplete, and an understanding of the risk factors, means of prevention, and treatment of this problem remains to be elucidated. In general, PJK is a relatively asymptomatic radiographic diagnosis managed with patient reassurance and monitoring. On the other hand, PJF is characterized by mechanical instability, pain, and more severe kyphosis, with potential for neurologic compromise. Patients who develop PJF more often require revision surgery than those with PJK. This chapter will review the current understanding of PJK and PJF.
Exogenous Epidermal Growth Factor Fails to Accelerate Functional Recovery in the Autotransplanted Ischemic Pig Kidney

AbstractThe reversibility of ischemic renal injury is dependent on epithelial cell regeneration and repopulation of the nephron. Renal cells produce and respond to many growth factors. In the rat, epidermal growth factor (EGF) is mitogenic for tubular cells and accelerates renal recovery after ischemia. We used a pig renal autotransplant model to evaluate the effect of exogenous EGF on renal recovery in a large animal more analogous to man. Group 1 animals underwent left autotransplant after 120 minutes of warm ischemia and received either a single intra-arterial dose of recombinant human EGF (EGF, 10−7 M.) (N = 11) or vehicle alone (N = 6). Group 2 animals underwent left autotransplant after 72 hours of cold preservation with Collins’ solution and received a similar intra-arterial dose plus a subcutaneous dose of EGF (0.5ml. of 10−3 M.) (N = 8) or vehicle alone (N = 6). Contralateral nephrectomy was performed in all animals.Daily creatinine measurements revealed no beneficial effect from EGF on recovery ...
Droplet Evaporation and Combustion

Liquid fuels are widely used in various combustion systems for their ease of transport and storage. Due to their high energy content, liquid fuels are the most common fuels in transportation applications. Before combustion can take place, liquid fuel must be vaporized and mixed with the oxidizer. To achieve fast vaporization, liquid fuel is injected into the oxidizer (normally air) at high speeds. Soon after injection, the liquid fuel breaks up into droplets, forming a spray. Droplets then collide and coalesce, producing droplets of different sizes. Due to the high density of liquid fuel, the momentum of the liquid spray has a profound impact on local flow fields, creating turbulence and gas entrainment. In piston engines, the complexities of droplet combustion are further complicated by the occurrence of successive multiple transient events including gasification, ignition, flame propagation, and, ultimately, burn-out. As such, droplets can be considered the building block for providing fuel vapor in combustion systems. Understanding of single-droplet evaporation and combustion processes therefore provides important guidance in design of practical burners. Topics covered in this chapter include (1) droplet evaporation in both quiescent and convective environments, (2) droplet combustion, (3) initial droplet heating, and (4) characterization of droplet distributions.
Measuring Direct Teaching Costs: Does an Undergraduate Business Degree Cost More to Produce than a Nonbusiness Degree?.

ABSTRACTMany universities have implemented tuition differentials for certain undergraduate degree programs, citing higher degree costs or higher demand. However, most college accounting systems are unsuited for measuring cost differentials by degree program. This research outlines a method that can convert commonly available financial data to a more appropriate form for cost analysis. Results show that the average faculty teaching salary cost differs between degree programs, but that these differences are more a function of class size and success rates than average faculty salaries.
Cobblestone Area-Forming Cell (CAFC) Content of Cord Blood Does Not Predict Engraftment in Double Cord Blood Transplantation.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Delayed engraftment remains a serious problem following cord blood (CB) transplantation. It may be due, at least in part, to the limited dose of CB hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) transplanted. Limitations associated with HSPC dose may be reduced by the transplantation of 2 CB units. In an accompanying abstract, de Lima et al. report in detail on an ongoing MDACC randomized study in which patients received double CB units as either 2 unmanipulated units (2×UN), or 1 unmanipulated and 1 ex vivo expanded CB unit (UN+EX). This study has revealed that one CB unit ultimately predominates as the source of long-term, sustained hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that the number of primitive HSPC in the CB unit might ultimately predict which CB unit would ultimately prevail. The in vitro cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) assay was used to provide a measure of primitive components of the CB HSPC in each unit. A photomicrograph of a typical cobblestone area (CA) derived from a single CB-derived CAFC is shown. (Figure) CA persisting in in vitro culture for ≥6 weeks (derived from CAFCwk6) represent relatively primitive HSPC and their numbers may provide a qualitative profile for CB units. We hypothesized that of the two CB units transplanted, the one with the greater number of CAFCwk6 would ultimately persist long-term in the patient. METHODS: Clinical samples of 2×UN or UN+EX CB cells were plated in the in vitro CAFC assay. 1 The frequency of CAFCwk6 was estimated and total CAFCwk6 numbers transplanted for each CB unit calculated. CAFCwk6 data for each CB unit and engraftment data from patients were analyzed to determine whether the number of CAFCwk6 transplanted was predictive of which CB unit would ultimately be responsible for long-term, sustained engraftment. RESULTS: Preliminary data was accrued from 10 patients.(Table) Six patients received 2×UN and 4 patients received UN+EX (EX indicated by #). CAFCwk6 content at transplant was predictive of which CB unit would ultimately be responsible for long-term, sustained engraftment in only 6 of the 10 cases (60%). CONCLUSION: CAFCwk6 represent a relatively primitive component of the HSPC compartment, however, these data suggest that CAFCwk6 numbers, although possibly a qualitative measure, are not a predictor of long-term sustained engraftment. Download : Download high-res image (174KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Non-glycanated Decorin Is a Drug Target on Human Adipose Stromal Cells

Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) have been identified as a mesenchymal cell population recruited from white adipose tissue (WAT) by tumors and supporting cancer progression. We have previously reported the existence of a non-glycanated decorin isoform (ngDCN) marking mouse ASCs. We identified a peptide CSWKYWFGEC that binds to ngDCN and hence can serve as a vehicle for ASC-directed therapy delivery. We used hunter-killer peptides composed of CSWKYWFGEC and a pro-apoptotic moiety to deplete ASCs and suppress growth of mouse tumors. Here, we report the discovery of the human non-glycanated decorin isoform. We show that CSWKYWFGEC can be used as a probe to identify ASCs in human WAT and tumors. We demonstrate that human ngDCN is expressed on ASC surface. Finally, we validate ngDCN as a molecular target for pharmacological depletion of human ASCs with hunter-killer peptides. We propose that ngDCN-targeting agents could be developed for obesity and cancer treatment.
Glucose metabolism in bone

The adult human skeleton is a multifunctional organ undergoing constant remodeling through the opposing activities of the bone-resorbing osteoclast and the bone-forming osteoblast. The exquisite balance between bone resorption and bone formation is responsible for bone homeostasis in healthy adults. However, evidence has emerged that such a balance is likely disrupted in diabetes where systemic glucose metabolism is dysregulated, resulting in increased bone frailty and osteoporotic fractures. These findings therefore underscore the significance of understanding the role and regulation of glucose metabolism in bone under both normal and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shed new light on the metabolic plasticity and the critical functions of glucose metabolism during osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, these studies have begun to identify intersections between glucose metabolism and the growth factors and transcription factors previously known to regulate osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Here we summarize the current knowledge in the nascent field, and suggest that a fundamental understanding of glucose metabolic pathways in the critical bone cell types may open new avenues for developing novel bone therapeutics.
Surgical intervention for pituitary apoplexy: an analysis of functional outcomes

OBJECTIVEPituitary apoplexy is a clinical syndrome consisting of neurological and endocrine abnormalities secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia of an underlying pituitary adenoma. The authors investigated whether there was a significant difference in neurological, endocrine, and nonneuroendocrine outcomes for patients with pituitary apoplexy, based on the time between symptom onset and surgical intervention.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 32 patients who had presented to their institution with acute pituitary apoplexy and subsequently undergone endonasal transsphenoidal resection in the period from 2003 to 2014. All patients had undergone preoperative MRI demonstrating evidence of apoplexy in the form of intratumoral hemorrhage, ischemia, and necrosis. Neurological deficits, partial or complete endocrinopathy, and nonneuroendocrine abnormalities were analyzed both pre- and postoperatively.RESULTSPreoperatively, neurological deficits including visual loss and cranial nerve ...
Augmented realty as virtual design interface

Augmented Reality (AR) increasing occupies an important place in manufacturing, transportation, branding, tourism, education, and many other areas of life. It finds its applications in a diverse range of disciplines from remote collaboration and navigation to interactive print and data visualization. Unlike virtual reality (VR) fully immersed in non-physical datascapes and often self-referential, AR closely correlates the virtual and the physical realities and makes them highly interconnected and interdependent through location awareness, enhanced data overlays, and user-focused content. As such, it provides a unique opportunity to seamlessly extend physical environments with virtual interfaces.
The design and implementation of the integrated pediatric heart failure care program

Abstract The heart failure and heart transplant program at St. Louis Children's Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine began as one cardiologist and nurse coordinator serving as consultants for heart transplant patients in the hospital. As patient volumes increased, the program grew accordingly and has developed into an integrated heart failure program, which is part of a larger multidisciplinary team. The heart failure and heart transplant program provides comprehensive care for patients both in the hospital and at home, from the initial diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, through advanced heart failure, heart transplant and post-transplant. Research is a vital part of the program, allowing for new and improved pathways for treatment and programmatic experience also lends to the development of new protocols. The program receives referrals from across the United States, working closely with the referring centers to establish close working relationships in order to provide excellent care for patients and return them to their home environment as soon as possible. An integrated approach has many benefits, including the ability to follow patients closely and quickly identify the appropriate timing for referral for transplantation.
Making Public Key Functional Encryption Function Private, Distributively

We put forth a new notion of distributed public key functional encryption. In such a functional encryption scheme, the secret key for a function f will be split into shares \(\mathsf {sk}_i^f\). Given a ciphertext \(\mathsf {ct} \) that encrypts a message x, a secret key share \(\mathsf {sk}_i^f\), one can evaluate and obtain a shared value \(y_i\). Adding all the shares up can recover the actual value of f(x), while partial shares reveal nothing about the plaintext. More importantly, this new model allows us to establish function privacy which was not possible in the setting of regular public key functional encryption. We formalize such notion and construct such a scheme from any public key functional encryption scheme together with learning with error assumption.
Targeting Inflammatory Vasculature by Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane-derived compartments that regulate physiology and pathology in the body. Naturally secreted EVs have been well studied in their biogenesis and have been exploited in targeted drug delivery. Due to the limitations on production of EVs, nitrogen cavitation has been utilized to efficiently generate EV-like drug delivery systems used in treating inflammatory disorders. In this short review, we will discuss the production and purification of EVs, and we will summarize what technologies are needed to improve their production for translation. We describe the drug-loading processes in EVs and their applications as drug delivery systems for inflammatory therapies, focusing on a new type of EVs made from neutrophil membrane using nitrogen cavitation.
Historic Roots of Team Theory and Practice

Current levels of development in the theory and practice of work teams rest on a complex historical foundation. This chapter provides an overview of that foundation with an emphasis on early laboratory research and practical developments at work sites in Western Europe, the U.S., and Australia. The contributions of major thought leaders are mentioned, including Lewin, Emery, and Trist. And the path of development is traced up to the recent use of virtual teams. The theory continues to be further elaborated by field studies in a wide range of settings and by practice that has spread to new areas of business, to non-profit organizations, and to government. Finally, the business case for use of teams is briefly addressed, emphasizing the point that teams are so widely used now that the quality of their implementation rather than their presence is the key to competitive advantage.
Some characteristics of the thermal neutron scattering probability

An explicit form for the function representing the probability that a neutron with velocity v' shall be scattered into an element of volume in velocity space d/sup 3/ nu about v, by elastic collisions with atoms of arbitrary mass number A in a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution characterized by a temperature T, is derived. Analytical representations of this probability are presented for scattering cross sections which are either independent of relative speed or exhibit a Gaussian dependence. The scattering probability resulting from the former assumption is examined in some detail, and then employed in a calculation of the mean energy change per collision. (auth)
The Importance of Case Reports in Advancing Scientific Knowledge of Rare Diseases

Case reports are defined as the scientific documentation of a single clinical observation and have a time-honored and rich tradition in medicine and scientific publication. Case reports represent a relevant, timely, and important study design in advancing medical scientific knowledge especially of rare diseases. While there are clear limitations to the methodology of case studies in determination of treatment and establishment of new tests, the observation of a single patient can add to our understanding of etiology, pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of particularly rare diseases, and to the training of potential junior investigators. In recent years this class of scientific publication has come under scrutiny and disfavor among some in the medical scientific publication community and case studies are frequently relegated to the lowest rung of the hierarchy of study design. In this chapter the author will review and summarize the debate around the scientific publication of case reports in the context of the study of rare diseases and will present a taxonomy that ideally will encourage further dialogue on the topic. Future research on the importance of case reports in advancing knowledge of rare diseases is recommended.
Bone marrow of normal guinea pigs.

1. A method is presented describing the technic for obtaining bone marrow from the iliac crest of the guinea pig by aspiration. 2. The cellular constituents in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of normal guinea pigs are presented. 3. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in guinea pigs are compared with those of other observers and with other animal species where the aspiration technic was used.
FUNGI | Classification of the Deuteromycetes

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 2, pp 893–898, © 1999, Elsevier Ltd.
Concepts of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Vascular Compression During Intracranial Hypertension

Publisher Summary Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) has become an increasingly common practice in neurosurgical units. Intracranial hypertension is produced by a variety of pathological states, and the increased pressure rather than the underlying disorder may be primarily responsible for death in patients. There is general agreement that the intracranial hypertension disturbs brain function by reducing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and causing brain herniation with brainstem compression or displacement. This chapter measures ICP continuously in patients with severe head injury, brain tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, cerebral hypoxia, pseudotumor cerebri, or encephalitis, and regional CBF has been measured in some of these patients using the 133 Xe clearance technique. Several models have been developed in an attempt to simulate clinical conditions in the laboratory animal. This report describes observations in one of these animal models. In recent reports on the effects of increased ICP on CBF increasing emphasis has been placed on the concept that changes in ICP affect CBF through alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and that in this respect, they may be compared with changes in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) by considering CPP to be the difference between SAP and ICP. This chapter discusses the effects of changes in ICP and SAP on CBF in the same animal, with intact and defective autoregulation, as a means of further evaluating several proposed mechanisms of autoregulation; the sensitivity of autoregulation to raised ICP;)and the response of CBF to a concomitant increase in SAP and ICP at a constant CPP, with intact and defective autoregulation.
Determiner Gapping as Higher-Order Discontinuous Constituency

We argue that an approach to discontinuous constituency via prosodic lambda binding initiated by Oehrle (1994) and adopted by some subsequent authors (de Groote, 2001; Muskens, 2003; Pollard, 2011) needs to recognize higher-order prosodic variables to provide a fully systematic treatment of two recalcitrant empirical phenomena exhibiting discontinuity, namely, split gapping involving determiners and comparative subdeletion. Once we admit such higher-order prosodic variables, straightforward analyses of these phenomena immediately emerge. We take this result to provide strong support for recognizing such higher-order prosodic variables in this type of approach. We also touch on the more general issue of alternative approaches to discontinuity in categorial grammar, and suggest that an approach that recognizes (possibly higher-order) prosodic functors like the one we propose here leads to a more principled treatment of certain interactions between phenomena exhibiting complex types of discontinuity than competing approaches.
Indefense of a Moth. The Search for Foundations of Environmental Ethics

My dissertation “Uber Leben” (Wurzburg: Ergon, 1996, 400 pp.) (several meanings: beyond life, about life and survival) attempts to answer the single question: How is the preservation of “pterophorus pentadactylus” to be accounted for? This inconspicuous species of moth is scarcely known and its extinction is irrelevant to statistical ecology.
Neurochemical Aspects of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a debilitating group of diseases associated with site-specific premature and slow death of specific neuronal populations and synapses in brain and spinal cord that modulate thinking, skilled movements, decision making, cognition, and memory (Graeber and Moran, 2002; Soto and Estrada, 2008). These diseases include Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), Huntington disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and prion diseases. In AD, neurons die in the nucleus basalis; in PD, neurodegeneration occurs in the substantia nigra; degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons is involved in the pathogenesis of HD; and ALS is characterized by damage to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It is not clear when does a neurodegenerative disease actually start and how long does it take for neuropathological changes to appear. As stated in Chapter 1, the most important risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases are old age, positive family history, unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to toxic environment (Fig. 8.1) (Farooqui and Farooqui, 2009). Normal aging is accompanied by alterations in structural organization and functioning of brain tissue. Aging also causes an increase in inflammatory signaling in the nervous system as well as dysfunction of the immune system elsewhere in the body. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized not only by long-standing chronic activation of microglia but also by sustained release of inflammatory mediators.
How Citizen Potawatomi Nation utilizes energy efficiency and renewable energy to address its high energy burden

Abstract Tribal lands comprise 2% of the United States but contain 5% of the potential renewable resources totaling over 14 billion MWh of energy generation potential. A vast majority of this potential has been undeveloped. Challenges such as difficulty accessing capital, securing interconnection and power purchase agreements, and persistent poverty have hindered energy development. The Citizen Potawatomi Nation is recognized for utilizing energy efficiency and renewable energy to address its high energy burden.
Cadmium and Nickel Adsorption Study Using Modified Biosorbent

Wheat straw was chemically modified by alkaline treatment followed by succinylation and sodium carbonate treatment for the use of cadmium and nickel adsorbent. The adsorption efficiency was calculated in different conditions. The experimental parameters were solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial metal concentrations. The biosorbent was analysed by FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) to investigate the changes of surface functional group. The maximum adsorption percentages of cadmium (>99%) and nickel (>98%) were achieved using 5 g/L adsorbent with 50 mg/L initial metal concentrations. The adsorption kinetic study showed that the reaction was pseudo-second order kinetics and the adsorption isotherm was well fit by the Langmuir adsorption model. The dynamic column study indicates that modified adsorbent has a better adsorption capacity towards cadmium than nickel.
Women by Women: A Gender Analysis of Sierra Titles by Women Designers

This chapter examines representations of female experience in several Sierra games designed by women in the 1980s and 1990s, specifically Roberta Williams’s King’s Quest series and Phantasmagoria, Jane Jensen’s Gabriel Knight: The Sins of the Fathers, and Lori Cole’s Quest for Glory I. This chapter concludes that female designers have not necessarily produced more female-centered games, but also that these designers have used their games as a platform to express and comment on the experience of living as a woman in gendered spaces characterized by gender disparity and sexual violence. This study finds that women in these games typically have more limited options than the men in the same games, and these women often experience or perpetrate more violence than men in these games.
Voluntary elevated ethanol consumption in adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats: Procedural contributors and age-specificity.

Abstract Alcohol consumption is typically initiated during adolescence, with the incidence of binge drinking (production of blood ethanol concentrations [BECs] > 80 mg/dL) peaking during this stage of development. Studies in outbred rats investigating the consequences of adolescent ethanol exposure have typically employed intragastric, vapor, or intraperitoneal administration to attain BECs in this range. While these procedures have yielded valuable data regarding the consequences of adolescent exposure, they are varyingly stressful, administer the full dose at once, and/or bypass digestion. Consequently, we have worked to develop a model of voluntary elevated ethanol consumption in outbred adolescent Sprague-Dawley males and females, building on our previous work (see Hosova & Spear, 2017). This model utilizes daily 30-min access to 10% ethanol (v/v) in chocolate Boost® from postnatal day (P)28–41. Experiment 1 compared intake levels between (1a) animals given either ball-bearing or open-ended sipper tube tips for solution access, (1b) animals separated from their cage mate by wire mesh or isolated to a separate cage during solution access, (1c) animals given solution access with or without simultaneous access to banana-flavored sugar pellets, and (1d) animals that were either moderately food-restricted or fed ad libitum. Experiment 2 compared intake levels between animals given daily solution access and animals given access only on a “Monday-Wednesday-Friday” intermittent schedule. Experiment 3 compared adolescent and adult (P70–83) consumption using the finalized procedure as based on the results of Experiments 1 and 2. As in our previous work, consumptions well within the binge range were produced on some days, with high-consumption days typically followed by several days of lower consumption before increasing again. Sipper tube type (1a) and simultaneous pellet access (1c) did not affect consumption, while intake was significantly higher in non-isolated (1b), food-restricted (1d), daily-access (2), and adolescent (3) animals. However, although ethanol intake was higher in food-restricted animals, the resulting BECs were equivalent or higher in non-restricted animals, likely due to a hepatoprotective effect of moderate food restriction. Post-consumption intoxication ratings correlated with BECs and were notably higher in adults than adolescents, despite the lower voluntary consumption levels of adults, confirming prior reports of the attenuated sensitivity of adolescents to ethanol intoxication relative to adults. The final model utilized ball-bearing sipper tube tips to provide daily access to 10% ethanol in chocolate Boost® to free-feeding adolescent animals separated from their cage mate by wire mesh, with no food provided during solution access. This easy-to-implement model is effective in producing elevated voluntary ethanol consumption in adolescent, but not adult, Sprague-Dawley rats.
Long-Term Outcome of a Brief Intervention to Address Adolescent Drug Abuse in a School Setting

The present study used data from a randomized controlled trial on brief interventions with adolescents to identify distinct longitudinal patterns of substance use and identify predictors, as well a...
Keratinocyte Carcinoma Mortality in the United States as Reported in Death Certificates, 2011–2017

BACKROUND Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) mortality is relatively modest and its measures are subject to considerable error. Deaths due to KC have been decreasing through 2000 and were relatively stable until 2010. OBJECTIVE To estimate the KC mortality rates (MRs) from 2011 to 2017 in USA based on death certificates. METHODS A population-based analysis of Center of Disease Control and Prevention data. Main outcomes and measures were the age-adjusted (US 2000 standard population) MRs. RESULTS Overall, KC MRs increased significantly (b = 0.04, p < .01). For the period studied, KC MR was 1.24 per 100,000 persons per year (0.62 for sun-exposed sites, 0.38 for genital and 0.23 for perianal sites). At sun-exposed genital and perianal anatomic sites, KC MRs have been increasing in whites, but not in blacks. CONCLUSION There was a 17% decrease in the KC MRs until 2000, followed by an increase of 44% through 2017. The accuracy of KC MRs is uncertain. If indeed the increase in mortality is verified, causes may include an increase in KC incidence, an increase of immunosuppressed populations, and changes in the cause of death documentation.
T Cell Engineering and the Rise of CAR-T Cell Therapies

Abstract Although cellular therapies for cancer have only recently burst onto the clinical scene, the underpinnings of these new therapeutics originate in three initially separate fields stretching back over the past 100 years. The ability of immune cells to recognise cancer cells and kill them was first discovered in the early 1900s, and, largely through bone marrow transplant, was leveraged therapeutically by adoptive cell transfer. More recently, the observations of how T cells activate in response to an antigen and form a broader immune response allowed physician-scientists to engineer immune cells to recognise specific targets of interest using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). In parallel, gene transfer technology was developed by groups studying retroviruses, who ultimately overcame numerous safety and scalability challenges to generate lenti- and retroviral vectors capable of stably and safely transferring genes into primary human immune cells. In this chapter, we chronicle the origins of these fields and their convergence leading to the first clinically successful CAR-T cell therapies. Looking towards the future, we conclude by describing some of the challenges awaiting this entirely new biomedical frontier of cellular therapeutics.