cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permanent Deviation: Understanding Our Place in History with the Aid of Sartre's Critique, Volume Two

The unfinished, posthumously published second volume of Jean-Paul Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason consists for the most part of a study of the evolution of the Soviet Union under the reign of Stalin. Essentially, Sartre sees this history as amounting to a lengthy deviation from the goal of socialism, a deviation (‘detour’) that he regards as thoroughly intelligible in light of social and historical circumstances. Some ten years after abandoning his work on this book, on the occasion of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Sartre concluded that this ‘deviation’ was permanent. At the same time, Sartre believed, as he had stated already in Volume I of the Critique, that the post-Stalinist era must be characterized as ‘One World’, a historical turning away from the plurality that had prevailed in all of past human history. The present essay attempts to capture Sartre's approach to history as ongoing ‘totalization’ – conflict-filled, subject to contingency and chance and the frequent occurrence of ‘holes’, and nevertheless intelligible. Although Stalin died many decades ago (in 1953), and the Soviet Union itself no longer exists as such, it is argued here that Sartre's approach in this book is very useful as a key to the present time. Future history is indeed unpredictable, but Sartre's techniques of historical analysis remain valid. It is also contended, more controversially, that today the ideal of democracy may be in the process of following the path of socialism in the direction of permanent deviation.
Genome Replication II: the Process

In this chapter the authors attempt to dissect the mechanisms that underlie picornavirus RNA replication by first addressing how the viral template RNA may be specifically recognized. They then discuss the coordination of viral translation with negative-strand RNA synthesis. This discussion is followed by a description of the organization of proteins in the RNA replication complex on two-dimensional membrane surfaces, with an emphasis on viral proteins that rearrange cytoplasmic membrane structures and tether RNA replication complexes to the rearranged membranous vesicles as well as viral polymerase proteins and the proteins with which they interact. Then, the chapter describes how the cascade of proteolytic processing contributes to the formation and maturation of picornavirus RNA replication complexes. Finally, steps in the synthesis and utilization of the protein-nucleotidyl primer for initiation of picornavirus RNA synthesis are presented as a lead-in to a discussion of RNA chain elongation and the topology of the RNA in the viral RNA replication complex. Given the unique viral protein-protein and protein-RNA interfaces highlighted in the processes, picornavirus RNA replication remains an attractive target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors that disrupt this crucial part of the viral replication cycle.
Cognitive Models of Human Expertise and their Scientific and Practical Value

Understanding of human expertise and its acquisition has progressed substantially since Chase & Simon’s seminal studies of chess expertise. Computational theories of expertise have been developed in domains such as memory, mental calculation, chess, and problem solving that explain expert performance at the level of cognitive structures and processes. Basic and use-inspired studies have demonstrated the generative property of cognitive models of expert skill. The latter show the value of such models for solving practical, high-stakes problems, e.g., landmine detection. The fundamentally adaptive nature of human expertise makes expert models valuable resources for understanding intelligence and engineering solutions to difficult problems. Expert performance defines the boundaries of the adaptive capability of human intelligence as well as the explanatory challenges facing unified theories of cognition, or cognitive architectures. Although the scientific significance of theoretical integration is considerable, as is its challenge, understanding the cognitive bases of human expertise has practical utility that should not be overlooked. Well-validated computational equivalents of the human mind limited to a selected domain of expertise have been developed for several domains. They include mental calculation (Staszewski 1988), chess (Gobet 1997), and exceptional mnemonic skill (Richman, Staszewski, and Simon 1995). The latter model not only simulates extraordinary performance in multiple memory tasks, it also traces the development of a clearly exceptional skill. Laboratory studies have shown that expert models have a noteworthy generative property, having proven useful for accelerating the development of expertise (Biederman and Schiffrar 1987; Chase and Ericsson 1982; Staszewski 1988; Wenger and Payne 1995). Recent field studies of expertise and skill acquisition have generalized this finding to a problematic, high-stakes domain: landmine detection (Staszewski 2008). Analyses of expert operation of two handheld landmine detection systems yielded models explaining the experts’ outstanding performance. The models were then used as blueprints to design training programs for military personnel. Fieldtesting showed that overall detection rates improved Copyright © 2008, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. substantially and manifold gains were achieved against the previously most difficult-to-find landmines. Based on the results the U.S. Army has adopted and now uses both training programs. These outcomes confirm the generative nature of models of human expertise as well as the practical value. Just as microbiologists can decipher the genomes of various well-adapted species to reproduce them, cognitive scientists can dissect the bases of expert performance in domains in which adaptation has occurred mainly through learning rather than natural selection and use the resulting models to develop scientifically principled and practical solutions to difficult problems.
Reoviren, Orbiviren und andere Virusinfektionen des Menschen

Die Reoviren des Menschen waren die ersten Viren, bei denen man eine doppelstrangige RNS als Genom nachweisen konnte. Spater fand man zahlreiche Viren mit dieser auffallenden Eigenschaft; diese Viren wurden in der Famihe Reoviridae zusammengefast. Die Reoviridae besitzen eine, in mehreren Segmenten (im ahgemeinen 10–12) vorliegende Doppelstrang-RNS, sind nach einer Ikosaeder-Symmetrie gebaut, eine Huhe ist nicht vorhanden, gegen Lipidlosungsmittel sind sie resistent. Die Viren entwickeln sich im Cytoplasma, wo sich ein elektronenoptisch dichter Innenkorper nachweisen last. Die Synthese der Viren geschieht in enger Verbindung mit der granularen Matrix im Cytoplasma der Wirtszelle und wird von der Ausbildung regelmasig substrukturierter filamentoser und tubularer Elemente begleitet.
Presumed Dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Indiana, USA.

In 1979 and 1980, mosquitoes were collected using dry-ice-baited CDC miniature light traps and human bait in east-central Indiana, USA, where cases of dog heartworm were reported. Ten mosquito species were collected, but Aedes trivittatus and Aedes vexans made up 88% of the catch. Mosquitoes were dissected and examined for the presence of filarioid parasites in the head, thorax, abdomen and Malpighian tubules. Infective stages were found in 1 Ae. vexans and 1 Ae. trivittatus in 1979 and in 20 Ae. trivittatus in 1980. Preinfective stages were found in the Malpighian tubules of 1 Ae. trivittatus collected in 1979. Results indicate that Ae. trivittatus is a principal vector of D. immitis in east-central Indiana.
An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. III. Entomological and ecological studies.

Results in entomological and vertebrate host investigations made during dual outbreaks of Mayaro (MAY) and yellow fever (YF) viruses in Belterra, Para, Brazil in 1978 are reported. Over 9,000 insects representing 26 species were assayed in 396 pools for the presence of arboviruses. Pools of Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar yielded the only isolates of either MAY or YF virus. The minimum field infection rate for nine isolates of MAY virus from Hg. janthinomys was 1:82, and for two isolates of YF virus was 1:368. Analysis of collection data showed Hg. janthinomys to be attracted to man as a blood source and present in all habitats sampled, although most abundant in the forest canopy. Twelve hundred bird sera and 584 mammal sera were tested by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests for antibody to MAY virus. Highest MAY antibody prevalence rates were found among marmosets (Calithrix argentata, 32 positive of 119 tested, 27%). Mayaro virus was also isolated from the blood of a sylvan marmoset captured at the peak of the MAY virus outbreak. Experimental infection of marmosets with MAY virus confirmed that a substantial viremia follows infection with this virus. Marmosets were also found with HI antibody to YF virus (5/119, 4%). The results presented indicate that Hg. janthinomys was the principal vector of both MAY and YF viruses and that marmosets were the main amplifying hosts for MAY virus, and perhaps for YF virus as well.
Analytic Queries over Geospatial Time-Series Data Using Distributed Hash Tables

As remote sensing equipment and networked observational devices continue to proliferate, their corresponding data volumes have surpassed the storage and processing capabilities of commodity computing hardware. This trend has led to the development of distributed storage frameworks that incrementally scale out by assimilating resources as necessary. While challenging in its own right, storing and managing voluminous datasets is only the precursor to a broader field of research: extracting insights, relationships, and models from the underlying datasets. The focus of this study is twofold: exploratory and predictive analytics over voluminous, multidimensional datasets in a distributed environment. Both of these types of analysis represent a higher-level abstraction over standard query semantics; rather than indexing every discrete value for subsequent retrieval, our framework autonomously learns the relationships and interactions between dimensions in the dataset and makes the information readily available to users. This functionality includes statistical synopses, correlation analysis, hypothesis testing, probabilistic structures, and predictive models that not only enable the discovery of nuanced relationships between dimensions, but also allow future events and trends to be predicted. The algorithms presented in this work were evaluated empirically on a real-world geospatial time-series dataset in a production environment, and are broadly applicable across other storage frameworks.
Changes in HPV Knowledge Among College Women from 2008 to 2015

The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause anogenital cancers and genital warts; however, it can be prevented through the HPV vaccine, which has been available since 2006. While this vaccine is targeted toward 11-to-12-year-olds, 18-to-26-year-old young adult women are eligible for "catch-up" vaccination. Knowledge of HPV may impact HPV vaccine uptake among this population. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in HPV knowledge and HPV vaccine information sources among young adult college women over a 7-year period. Two independent samples (N = 223 for 2008; N = 323 for 2015) completed a 23-item knowledge scale and survey regarding HPV. Adjusted logistic regression models compared the odds of correctly answering each knowledge item between each time period. The study found that HPV knowledge increased significantly over time (p < 0.01). The participants in 2015 were more likely than the 2008 participants to accurately report that a condom can decrease the chance of HPV transmission; there is a vaccine for women that prevents certain types of HPV; HPV can cause genital warts; HPV can be passed to a newborn at birth; and even if you do not see a wart, you can transmit HPV. Recent participants were also more likely to correctly report only women can get HPV as false. While improvements in HPV knowledge were found over time, misperceptions regarding outcomes associated with HPV persist. In order to promote HPV vaccination among this population, health literacy skills, in addition to knowledge, should be improved.
Validating a model for detecting magnetic field intensity using dynamic neural fields

Several animals use properties of Earth's magnetic field as a part of their navigation toolkit to accomplish tasks ranging from local homing to continental migration. Studying these behaviors has led to the postulation of both a magnetite-based sense, and a chemically based radical-pair mechanism. Several researchers have proposed models aimed at both understanding these mechanisms, and offering insights into future physiological experiments. The present work mathematically implements a previously developed conceptual model for sensing and processing magnetite-based magnetosensory feedback by using dynamic neural fields, a computational neuroscience tool for modeling nervous system dynamics and processing. Results demonstrate the plausibility of the conceptual model's predictions. Specifically, a population of magnetoreceptors in which each individual can only sense directional information can encode magnetic intensity en masse. Multiple populations can encode both magnetic direction, and intensity, two parameters that several animals use in their navigational toolkits. This work can be expanded to test other magnetoreceptor models.
Quantum Information Theory: The Purified Quantum Theory

The final chapter of our development of the quantum theory gives perhaps the most powerful viewpoint, by providing a mathematical tool, the purification theorem, which offers a completely different way of thinking about noise in quantum systems. This theorem states that our lack of information about a set of quantum states can be thought of as arising from entanglement with another system to which we do not have access. The system to which we do not have access is known as a purification . In this purified view of the quantum theory, noisy evolution arises from the interaction of a quantum system with its environment. The interaction of a quantum system with its environment leads to correlations between the quantum system and its environment, and this interaction leads to a loss of information because we cannot access the environment. The environment is thus the purification of the output of the noisy quantum channel. In Chapter 3, we introduced the noiseless quantum theory. The noiseless quantum theory is a useful theory to learn so that we can begin to grasp an intuition for some uniquely quantum behavior, but it is an idealized model of quantum information processing. In Chapter 4, we introduced the noisy quantum theory as a generalization of the noiseless quantum theory. The noisy quantum theory can describe the behavior of imperfect quantum systems that are subject to noise.
Reservoir Modeling of Simultaneous CO 2 -EOR and Storage Projects

Reservoir modeling of simultaneous CO2-EOR and storage projects is mainly performed for “history matching” the predicted behavior of injected CO2 with measured behavior for ensuring it safe storage in subsurface. It can also be used to answer numerous management and optimization strategies related questions including effect of given variable on overall project performance, evaluation of a new CO2 injection strategy, and means to enhance the storage capacity of CO2 storage reservoirs.
Deep Moving Poselets for Video Based Action Recognition

We propose a new approach to action classification in video, which uses deep appearance and motion features extracted from spatio-temporal volumes defined along body part trajectories to learn mid-level classifiers called deep moving poselets. A deep moving poselet is a classifier that captures a characteristic body part configuration, with a specific appearance and undergoing a specific movement. By having this mid-level representation of a body part be shared across action classes and by learning it jointly with action classifiers, we obtain a representation that is interpretable, shared and discriminative. In addition, by using sparsity-inducing norms to regularize action classifiers, we can reduce the number of deep moving poselets used by each class without hurting performance. Experiments show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the popular and challenging sub-JHMDB and MSR Daily Activity datasets.
The biopsychosocial model and chiropractic: a commentary with recommendations for the chiropractic profession

There is an increasing awareness, interest and acceptance of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model by all health care professionals involved with patient care. The areas of spine care and pain medicine are no exception, and in fact, these areas of health care are a major centerpiece of the movement from the traditional biomedical model to a BPS model of patient assessment and delivery of care. The chiropractic approach to health care has a history that is grounded in key aspects of the BPS model. The profession has inherently implemented certain features of the BPS model throughout its history, perhaps without a full understanding or realization. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the BPS model, its relationship with spine care and pain management, and to discuss the BPS model, particularly psychosocial aspects, in the context of its historical relationship with chiropractic. We will also provide recommendations for the chiropractic profession as it relates to successful adoption of a full integration of the BPS model.
Methods for assessing forward and backward light scatter in patients with cataract.

Purpose To compare objective methods for assessing backward and forward light scatter and psychophysical tests in patients with cataracts. Setting Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. Design Prospective case series. Methods This study included patients scheduled for cataract surgery. Lens opacities were grouped into predominantly nuclear sclerotic, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and mixed cataracts. Backward light scatter was assessed using a rotating Scheimpflug imaging technique (Pentacam HR), forward light scatter using a straylight meter (C-Quant), and straylight using the double-pass method (Optical Quality Analysis System, point-spread function [PSF] meter). The results were correlated with visual acuity under photopic conditions as well as photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity. Results The study comprised 56 eyes of 56 patients. The mean age of the 23 men and 33 women was 71 years (range 48 to 84 years). Two patients were excluded. Of the remaining, 15 patients had predominantly nuclear sclerotic cataracts, 13 had cortical cataracts, 11 had posterior subcapsular cataracts, and 15 had mixed cataracts. Correlations between devices were low. The highest correlation was between PSF meter measurements and Scheimpflug measurements ( r = 0.32). The best correlation between corrected distance visual acuity was with the PSF meter ( r = 0.45). Conclusions Forward and backward light-scatter measurements cannot be used interchangeably. Scatter as an aspect of quality of vision was independent of acuity. Measuring forward light scatter with the straylight meter can be a useful additional tool in preoperative decision-making.
Study of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted cotton fabrics initiated by atmospheric pressure plasma

Abstract There is a significant interest in developing environmentally responsive or stimuli-responsive smart materials. In this paper, the thermo-responsiveness of cotton fabrics treated by helium atmospheric pressure plasma was investigated. Thermo-responsive cotton fabrics were prepared by grafting poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) on their surfaces using atmospheric plasma. The thermoregulation properties under different environmental temperatures have been evaluated via thermal imaging analysis, comfort test and SEM. The grafting of PNIPAM on cotton fabrics was verified via ATR-FTIR, XPS, and ToF-SIMS. The analysis results indicate that cotton fabrics with PNIPAM treatments possess thermo-responsiveness when wetted. It was found that fabrics with plasma-initiated PNIPAM treatments have higher heat transfer coefficient above 32 °C and lower heat transfer coefficient below 32 °C than untreated fabrics. The heat transfer coefficient of a PNIPAM grafted cotton has a 10% difference from that of an untreated cotton at temperatures above and below LCST.
ON MULTIVARIATE DISPLAY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multivariate display and discusses a few methods that are either exemplary of a class of others or are sufficiently useful and unique to warrant inclusion. Polygon plots as well as other sorts of iconic displays based upon nonmetaphorical icons are useful for the qualitative conveyance of information and are made more useful if the icons are displayed in a position that is meaningful. Trees are the only display methods that do a good job at depicting the covariance structure among the variables. A powerful use of a graphic display is to present information in a nonlinear way. Thus, the exploded diagrams of automobile transmissions show clearly as to which pieces go where and indicate clearly as to which orders of assembly are possible and which are not. The complex charts of population, often found in statistical atlases, provide many stories of immigration trends.
Family and caregiver involvement in pain management.

Pain management is a common concern of elderly patients with chronic cancer pain as well as many nonmalignant chronic illnesses. Family caregivers are central to pain management efforts, particularly in the home care environment. Pain management is cited as an aspect of caregiving with both physical and emotional demands.
Design and Evaluation of Two Robotic Furnishings Partnering with Each Other and Their Users to Enable Independent Living

We introduce a pair of domestic, robotic furnishings aimed at improving the ability of people to live and work independently. The robotic pair--a mobile, robot-cube and a continuum-robotic lamp-- work together with their human cohabitants to perform routine tasks of daily living enumerated in the 'CS-PFP10' protocol used by rehabilitation therapists to evaluate the capacity for independent living. The iterative design and basic behaviors of the robot pair are considered in this paper, as are results from a formative user evaluation involving older adults and a second study involving twelve clinical staff from a rehabilitation hospital. Finally, we offer recommendations that generalize to related efforts. As robots will inevitably become part of domestic routines, reporting on this robot pair serves as a design exemplar for future development of domestic robots that enable and dignify older individuals.
“Methylene Bridge” to 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists: Conformationally Constrained Phenylguanidines

Arylguanidines, depending upon their aromatic substitution pattern, display varying actions at 5-HT3 receptors (e.g., partial agonist, agonist, superagonist). Here, we demonstrate that conformational constraint of these agents as dihydroquinazolines (such as A6CDQ; 1) results in their conversion to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. We examined the structure-activity relationships of 1. Replacement/removal of any of the guanidinium nitrogen atoms of 1 resulted in decreased affinity. All three nitrogen atoms of 1 are necessary for optimal binding affinity at 5-HT3 receptors. Introduction of substituents as small as an N2-methyl group abolishes affinity. The results are consistent with homology modeling/docking studies and binding data from site-directed mutagenesis studies. Introducing a "methylene bridge" to the arylguanidine structure, regardless of its functional activity, results in a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
Epidemiology and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission in Patients With Sepsis

Background Patients with sepsis are particularly vulnerable to readmissions. We describe the associated etiology and risk factors for readmission in patients with sepsis using a large administrative database inclusive of patients of all ages and insurance status. Methods Our study cohort was derived from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s National Readmission Data from 2013 to 2014 by identifying patients admitted with sepsis. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission with etiology identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes. Results From a total 1,030,335 index admissions; mean age, 66.8 ± 17.4 years (60% age ≥65 years), 898,257 patients (87.2%) survived to discharge. A total of 157,235 (17.5%) patients had a 30-day readmission; median time to readmission was 11 days (interquartile range, 5-19). Infectious etiology (42.16%; including sepsis, 22.86%) was the most commonly associated cause for 30-day readmission followed by gastrointestinal (9.6%), cardiovascular (8.73%), pulmonary (7.82%), and renal causes (4.99%). Significant predictors associated with increased 30-day readmission included diabetes (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.08; P $3.5 billion within the United States. Conclusion We describe that readmission after a sepsis hospitalization is common and costly. The majority of readmissions were associated with infectious etiologies. The striking rate of readmission demands efforts to further clarify the determinants of readmission and develop strategies in terms of quality of care and care transitions to prevent this outcome.
Parental Warmth and Interpersonal Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Efficacy

Sexual victimization rates of women in the United States remain worryingly high. Much research has focused on the reduction of sexual violence with varying levels of success. One promising avenue o...
Charity and Commerce: Joseph Hall’s Reception of Catholic Casuistry and Economic Thought

Joseph Hall’s cases of conscience treatise, Resolutions and Decisions of Divers Practicall Cases of Conscience, is noteworthy in its genre for its interaction with early-modern Continental Roman Ca...
Patient satisfaction and total hip arthroplasty: a review

Primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been recognized as a reliable intervention for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. Despite several notable advances in this procedure, studies have identified at least 7% of patients who remain dissatisfied. There is no general consensus on how to measure patient satisfaction in orthopedic surgery. However, validated tools have been used in multiple studies to further investigate this problem. A comprehensive review was conducted to examine the factors associated with patient satisfaction following THA. Associations in literature included patient expectation, age, sex, pain management, patient comorbidities (medical or psychiatric that existed prior to surgery), and length of stay. The continuous collection of patient satisfaction data using validated and reliable measurement tools is necessary to improve this important patient-reported outcome after THA.
Fluid resuscitation in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis presenting with severe sepsis or septic shock: A case control study.

Abstract Due to the potential risk of volume overload, physicians are hesitant to aggressively fluid-resuscitate septic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD). Primary objective: To calculate the percentage of ESRD patients on HD (Case) who received ≥30 mL/Kg fluid resuscitation within the first 6 h compared to non-ESRD patients (Control) that presented with severe sepsis (SeS) or septic shock (SS). Secondary objectives: Effect of fluid resuscitation on intubation rate, need for urgent dialysis, hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission and LOS, need for vasopressors, and hospital mortality. Medical records of 715 patients with sepsis, SeS, SS, and ESRD were reviewed. We identified 104 Case and 111 Control patients. In the Case group, 23% of patients received ≥30 mL/Kg fluids compared to 60% in the Control group (p
Correlation between newborn conditions and nutritional guidance management in gestation

Objective To explore the correlation between newborn conditions and nutritional guidance management in gestation and find a prenatal nutrition management pattern helpful for basic-level hospitals and benefiting the newboms' birth health.Methods 362 newborns were equally divided into an experimental and a control group.The newboms' conditions were prospectively and comparatively analyzed.The results were statistically analyzed.Results The incidences of birth defects,stillbirth,low birth weight,macrosomia,and premature birth in were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group.Conclusions Implementing nutrition management mode of nutrition large class combined with individualized nutritional intervention during pregnancv can improvw the neonatal birth health level and is suitable for being generalized in basic-level hospitals. Key words: Newborn conditions; Nutrition during pregnancy; Health level
Effects of oxidation on pyroxene visible-near infrared and mid-infrared spectra

Abstract Pyroxene spectral features in the visible near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths are affected by oxidation resulting from traditional metamorphic processes as well as impact metamorphism. The observed effects are due to modifications in the crystal arising from changes in crystallization temperature or pressure or from substituting Fe3+ for Fe2+. Highly oxidized pyroxenes from terrestrial mantle xenoliths and shock experiments indicate that the spectral effects of oxidation are greater in clinopyroxene than orthopyroxene because clinopyroxene can accommodate more Fe3+ structurally. Changes in clinopyroxene VNIR related to increasing oxidation include a shift in the 0.8 μm absorption band to shorter wavelengths and a strengthening of the Fe2+↔Fe3+ intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) band, which reduces the band depth of the 1.0 μm feature by ~20%. Although shocked clinopyroxenes are oxidized to similar levels to that seen in the mantle xenoliths, the effects of shock overprint those of oxidation in the VNIR. These include a decrease of ~76% intensity of the 2.35 μm feature and a decrease of ~70% intensity of the 1.0 μm feature. In the MIR, the effects of oxidation and shock are minimal, resulting in a 5% overall decrease in band depth. These shifts and changes can be interpreted as a result of changes in the polyhedra surrounding the Fe cations which reduce crystal field splitting and the order of the crystal structure. Determination of planetary surface composition through VNIR remote sensing methods requires careful consideration of potential changes induced via shock and/or oxidation processes.
Cycles of heat and aerial-exposure induce changes in the transcriptome related to cell regulation and metabolism in Mytilus californianus

The intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus is subjected to thermal and oxygen cycles due to fluctuations of the tidal cycle. Mussels that reside in high-shore microenvironments experience extended periods of aerial-exposure and greater thermal challenges than low-shore populations. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of daily extended periods of aerial-exposure and midday thermal events on the physiology of mussels by monitoring transcriptome-wide gene expression in a simulated tidal environment. Mussels were acclimated to aerial-exposure for 20 h a day combined with a simulated midday solar heating event of + 8 °C. Results revealed that 11% of the transcriptome exhibited robust patterns of rhythmic gene expression. Two broad sets of genes were induced, including one that was upregulated during the daytime thermal stress period and another following the 4-h evening high-tide. The daytime thermal stress associated gene set was enriched for genes related to cellular regulatory pathways such as those that encode transcription factors while genes expressed following evening submergence varied in functional theme. Additionally, genes related to energy metabolism were also upregulated during warming periods of the tidal cycle. Comparing these data to published data from a previous tidal simulation study revealed that acclimation to daily heat stress yielded a muted transcriptional response to heat compared to an acute response observed in mussels maintained under isothermal conditions. These results indicate that M. californianus displays phenotypic plasticity with respect to transcriptomic expression and that this trait likely promotes homeostasis in the intertidal environment.
World History and National Identity in China: The Twentieth Century

Nationalism is pervasive in China today. Yet nationalism is not entrenched in China's intellectual tradition. Over the course of the twentieth century, the combined forces of cultural, social, and political transformations nourished its development, but resistance to it has persisted. Xin Fan examines the ways in which historians working on the world beyond China from within China have attempted to construct narratives that challenge nationalist readings of the Chinese past and the influence that these historians have had on the formation of Chinese identity. He traces the ways in which generations of historians, from the late Qing through the Republican period, through the Mao period to the relative moment of 'opening' in the 1980s, have attempted to break cross-cultural boundaries in writing an alternative to the national narrative.
A Developmental Hierarchical-Integrative Perspective on the Emergence of Self-Regulation: A Replication and Extension.

This study replicated and extended the Feldman (2009) study by applying the developmental hierarchical-integrative model to understand the emergence of self-regulation. Participants included 360 children (48.6% boys; 62.8% identified as Caucasian and 36.9% African American) and their families, predominantly from a low-income, rural background. Families completed assessments on child physiological, attention, emotion, and self-regulation when children were 6-, 15-, 24-, and 36-month-old, when caregiver sensitivity was observationally assessed. A path model revealed that child attention regulation at 6 months predicted physiological regulation at 15 months, and child attention regulation at 15 months predicted emotion regulation at 24 months. Attention regulation at 24 months predicted better self-regulation at 36 months. Notably, caregiver sensitivity moderated several developmental pathways. Findings support a continuous model of early self-regulation development and the ongoing individual-environment interplay in early childhood.
Metamorphic Testing for Hybrid Simulation Validation

Proper validation of a simulation model is essential for confidence in its accuracy and credibility. However, many of the most effective approaches for simulation validation require access to data that may be unavailable. Metamorphic Testing (MT), an approach from traditional software testing, has been shown to be useful for verification of simulation software in similar situations. Recent research shows that MT can be applied to the validation of agent based and discrete event simulation models as well. In this paper we build on that work and show how MT can be applied to hybrid simulation models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying it on a case study of helping behavior among servers in a restaurant.
Nutrition and Cancer Prevention: New Insights into the Role of Phytochemicals. Future Directions

A plant-based diet is important for maintaining health. Substances in fruits and vegetables, alone and in combination with one another, have been shown to have specific anticancer actions. The Ninth Annual Research Conference of the American Institute for Cancer Research has brought together leading scientists who are examining the mechanisms by means of which certain dietary agents may prevent cancer and limit its invasiveness once it has developed.
4D Minimal Non-simple Sets

One method of verifying that a given parallel thinning algorithm "preserves topology" is to show that no iteration ever deletes a minimal non-simple ("MNS") set of 1's. The practicality of this method depends on the fact that few types of set can be MNS without being a component. The problem of finding all such types of set has been solved (by Ronse, Hall, Ma, and the authors) for 2D and 3D Cartesian grids, and for 2D hexagonal and 3D face-centered cubic grids. Here we solve this problem for a 4D Cartesian grid, in the case where 80-adjacency is used on 1's and 8-adjacency on 0's.
Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: Implications for management

This study investigated gender-related differences in ethical attitudes of 318 graduate and undergraduate business students. Significant differences were observed in male and female responses to questions concerning ethics in social and personal relationships. No differences were noted for survey items concerning rules-based obligations. Implications for future management are discussed.
Analysis of South China Sea Shelf and Basin Acoustic Transmission Data

Abstract : My long-term research goals are: (1) The characterization, understanding, and prediction of the statistics (mean, variance and coherence) of low-frequency acoustic signals and ambient noise in the littoral zone. The signal statistics are primarily influenced by the ocean variability and bottom properties. The noise statistics are influenced by atmospheric forcing and shipping in addition to the ocean and bottom variability. (2) The development and improvement of inverse techniques for measuring the dynamics and kinematics of meso and finer-scale sound speed structure and ocean currents in coastal regions. (3) The understanding of three-dimensional sound propagation physics including horizontal refraction and azimuthal coupling and the quantification of the importance of these complex physics in the prediction of sound signals transmitted over highly variable littoral regions. This is a three-year (2009-2011) project to complete the analysis of both the shelf and basin acoustic data collected from the Northeastern South China Sea (NE SCS) during the Windy Island Soliton Experiment (WISE). These data were collected between April 2005 and October 2006. The objectives of the basin acoustic data analysis are twofold: The first is to study and characterize the supertidal-to-seasonal-scale impacts of the transbasin nonlinear internal waves on long-range transmission loss. The second is to understand and quantify the variability of the observed ambient noise level in the basin. The second objective constitutes the primary focus of my data analysis effort in FY10.
Theoretical models for the calculation of the reaction π + d → p + p in the resonance region

We discuss the currently accepted model used to describe the reaction π + d → p + p. We show that this model is inconsistent with unitarity constraints and with our general understanding of pion-deuteron interactions. An alternate calculational procedure is proposed.
Immobile and tough versus mobile and weak: effects of ultraviolet B radiation on eggs and larvae of Manduca sexta

Although indirect effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on insects are well known (e.g. UV radiation can modify plant chemistry), direct effects of solar radiation on insects have received little attention. Radiation in the UVB range (300–320 nm) is damaging because it is absorbed directly by proteins and DNA. UVB should be toughest on immobile or small life stages, such as eggs or early larval instars. In the present study, the effects of UVB radiation on eggs and larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) are examined. The present study aimed to address: what natural levels of UV do they experience; how does UVB affect the performance of eggs; and how does it affect the performance of larvae? In addition, do M. sexta larvae use behaviour to avoid UVB exposure and, consequently, are they physiologically less robust to UVB? In these experiments, eggs and late larval instars of M. sexta are found to be robust to natural levels of UV radiation. By contrast, young larvae are not only more susceptible to damage from UVB, but also they use behavioural means to avoid it. The strategy of using behaviour may relax selection pressures on morphological and physiological mechanisms for preventing (or recovering from) damage by environmental UV radiation.
'His Brain Has Been Mismanaged with Great Skill': How Will Jurors Respond to Neuroimaging Testimony in Insanity Defense Cases?

The robust debate over neuroimaging has highlighted a series of law-and-policy questions dealing primarily with reliability, admissibility and availability. When we consider the topic that I will be addressing in this paper - the impact of this evidence on juror decision-making in insanity defense cases - we need to recalibrate our focus so as to incorporate other questions that are as essential (most likely, more essential) to the resolution of the underlying dilemma: (1) to what extent will such evidence - apparently, less inherently easy to falsify - have on jurors whose inherent suspicion of mental state opinion testimony is well-documented, (2) will this falsifiability issue even matter to jurors whose personal values/moral codes reject the motion of any non-responsibility verdict because it is dissonant with their heuristics-driven false ordinary common sense, (3) will there now be some shred of truth in one of the standard insanity defense myths (that the insanity defense is a rich man's ploy); that is, will the rich and famous be able to disproportionately rely on neuroimaging testimony in their trials?, (4) to what extent will sanism and pretextuality drive juror behavior in such cases, and (5) what are the therapeutic jurisprudence implications of the answers to all of these questions? This presentation addresses, though it does not fully answer, all of these questions in the hopes that other legal scholars will be stimulated to consider them each in depth in the future.
Fault Propagation Through Embedded Multiport Memories

An analytical method is described for determining the random pattern testability of permanent faults in the prelogic driving the data-in and the address lines of a multiport random access memory whose outputs are directly observable. The results can be used with minimal extensions to existing detection probability tools such as the cutting algorithm.
Critical components for successful collaborative learning in CS1

A Computer Science 1 course is an ideal environment in which to introduce collaborative learning exercises that help meet specific learning outcomes. However, collaborative learning requires more than merely "group work" where an assignment is given to a "team" of 3-5 students. Successful implementation must incorporate five critical components: common task, small-group interactions, collaborative behavior, positive interdependence, and individual and group accountability and responsibility. Many attempts at collaborative learning fail because the exercises are not explicitly designed to address the last three of these five critical components. Several detailed collaborative learning exercises are presented to demonstrate how each of the critical components can be addressed and successfully used in CS1.
Parallel file system testing for the lunatic fringe: the care and feeding of restless I/O power users

Over the last several years there has been a major thrust at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory toward building extremely large scale computing clusters based on open source software and commodity hardware. On the storage front, our efforts have focused upon the development of the Lustre file system and bringing it into production in our computer center. Given our customers' requirements, it is assured that we will be living on the bleeding edge with this file system software as we press it into production. A further reality is that our partners are not able to duplicate the scale of systems as required for these testing purposes. For these practical reasons, the onus for file system testing at scale has fallen largely upon us. As an integral part of our testing efforts, we have developed programs for stress and performance testing of parallel file systems. This paper focuses on these unique test programs and upon how we apply them to understand the usage and failure modes of such large-scale parallel file systems.
Subadult Age-at-Death Estimation From the Human Calcaneus

The estimation of age from subadult skeletal remains relies on the measurement of bones, which when unavailable or damaged hampers the ability to generate a reliable age estimate. The goal of this project was to demonstrate two methods for estimating age at death from the developing human calcaneus. These methods are generated from a sample of 32 European American and African American males and females with ages ranging from 1 to 19 years from the Hamann–Todd Collection. The first method was based on linear regression from two standard measurements of the calcaneus (maximum length and middle breadth); the second was based on transition analysis of fusion states of the calcaneal epiphysis. Results suggest that both methods perform well in estimating subadult age at death. Additional testing with larger contemporary samples would likely increase the accuracy of both methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splay elasticity in an oligomeric liquid crystal

Abstract A magnetically-induced Freedericksz transition was used in conjunction with capacitance techniques to determine the splay elastic constant of the 4,4′-dialkoxyphenylbenzoate monomer ‘5OO5rsquo; [C5H11OC6H4COOC6H4OC5H11] and its dimer. As a function of reduced temperature in the nematic phase, it was found that K 11 of the dimer is only about 20 per cent larger than that of the monomer. Moreover, the values of K 11/S 2 versus reduced temperature, where S is the scalar order parameter, are equal to within experimental noise. These results suggest that for short oligomers Meyer's entropic model for splay elasticity in polymer liquid crystals is not applicable. A lowest order correction to the entropic model is suggested, which partially accounts for excluded volume and dispersive effects.
The developmental potential of frozen-thawed hamster preimplantation embryos following embryo transfer: Viability of slowly frozen embryos following slow and rapid thawing

Abstract Hamster preimplantation embryos were slowly frozen (0.33°C/min) and seeded above 10°C in TC-199 containing 1.5 M-DMSO. These embryos were thawed either slowly (1.5°C/min) or rapidly (90°C/min). The thawed embryos were examined by morphology, trypan blue exclusion and viability after embryo transfer. Slow thawing gave significantly higher viability compared to rapid thawing. The early preimplantation embryos demonstrate higher sensitivity to freezing. The three tests of viability (morphology, trypan blue exclusion and embryo transfer) were found to be positively correlated.
Commensalism between a Marine Mussel, an Anemone and several other Organisms

ON February 4, 1937, Mr. A. R. Holland, assisting us in biochemical investigations on the California mussel, Mytilus californianus, brought to our attention one individual which showed a fair-sized cup or raised crater, built of the same calcareous material as constitutes the shell, attached at its base to the anterior region of the inside of the left valve, protruding through the mantle into the gill chamber, and containing a number of commensal invertebrates and some attached plant material.