cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation

This book describes the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation. Researchers use these statistical methods to examine the choices that consumers, households, firms, and other agents make. Each of the major models is covered: logit, generalized extreme value, or GEV (including nested and cross-nested logits), probit, and mixed logit, plus a variety of specifications that build on these basics. Simulation-assisted estimation procedures are investigated and compared, including maximum simulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and method of simulated scores. Procedures for drawing from densities are described, including variance reduction techniques such as anithetics and Halton draws. Recent advances in Bayesian procedures are explored, including the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and its variant Gibbs sampling. No other book incorporates all these fields, which have arisen in the past 20 years. The procedures are applicable in many fields, including energy, transportation, environmental studies, health, labor, and marketing.
On closed-loop liveness of discrete-event systems under maximally permissive control

A class of controlled discrete-event systems modeled as controlled marked graphs (CMGs), a special case of controlled Petri nets, is considered. Liveness of controlled systems under maximally permissive feedback control policies is investigated. In the CMG context, closed-loop liveness implies that from any reachable marking (state) any transition can be enabled to fire. The concept of synchronic distances in Petri nets is used to prove sufficient conditions under which the maximally permissive control results in a live closed-loop system. >
Inductively Heated Shape Memory Polymer for the Magnetic Actuation of Medical Devices

Presently, there is interest in making medical devices such as expandable stents and intravascular microactuators from shape memory polymer (SMP). One of the key challenges in realizing SMP medical devices is the implementation of a safe and effective method of thermally actuating various device geometries in vivo. A novel scheme of actuation by Curie-thermoregulated inductive heating is presented. Prototype medical devices made from SMP loaded with nickel zinc ferrite ferromagnetic particles were actuated in air by applying an alternating magnetic field to induce heating. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was performed on both the particle-loaded and neat SMP materials to assess the impact of the ferrite particles on the mechanical properties of the samples. Calorimetry was used to quantify the rate of heat generation as a function of particle size and volumetric loading of ferrite particles in the SMP. These tests demonstrated the feasibility of SMP actuation by inductive heating. Rapid and uniform heating was achieved in complex device geometries and particle loading up to 10% volume content did not interfere with the shape recovery of the SMP
Deadlock Avoidance and Detection in Railway Simulation Systems

Avoiding or preventing deadlocks in simulation tools for train scheduling remains a critical issue, especially when combined with the objective of minimization (e.g., the travel times of the trains). The deadlock avoidance and detection problem is revisited, and a new deadlock avoidance algorithm, called DEADAALG, is proposed based on a resource reservation mechanism. The DEADAALG algorithm is proved to be exact; that is, it either detects an unavoidable deadlock resulting from the input data or provides train scheduling free of deadlocks with the scheduling algorithm SIMTRAS. Moreover, it is shown that SIMTRAS is a polynomial time algorithm with an O(|S|·|T|2 log |T|) time complexity, where T is the set of trains and S is the set of sections in the railway topology. Numerical experiments are conducted on Canada's Vancouver-Calgary single-track corridor of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. Then it is shown that SIMTRAS is efficient and provides schedules of a quality that is comparable with that of an exa...
Population and Environment

The interactions between human population dynamics and the environment have often been viewed mechanistically. This review elucidates the complexities and contextual specificities of population-environment relationships in a number of domains. It explores the ways in which demographers and other social scientists have sought to understand the relationships among a full range of population dynamics (e.g., population size, growth, density, age and sex composition, migration, urbanization, vital rates) and environmental changes. The chapter briefly reviews a number of the theories for understanding population and the environment and then proceeds to provide a state-of-the-art review of studies that have examined population dynamics and their relationship to five environmental issue areas. The review concludes by relating population-environment research to emerging work on human-environment systems.
Connected sums of unstabilized Heegaard splittings are unstabilized

Let M1 and M2 be closed, orientable 3‐manifolds. Let Hi denote a Heegaard surface in Mi . We prove that if H1#H2 comes from stabilizing a lower genus splitting of M1#M2 then one of H1 or H2 comes from stabilizing a lower genus splitting. This answers a question of C Gordon [9, Problem 3.91]. We also show that every unstabilized Heegaard splitting has a unique expression as the connected sum of Heegaard splittings of prime 3‐manifolds.
Mechanisms for Building and Sustaining Operations Improvement

The first section presents a brief, recent history of operations improvement methods. The second section introduces a framework for describing some common starting points for building improvement. The third section describes key characteristics of successful improvement initiatives. The final section looks at ways in which firms sustain their performance growth, and describes three models of continuous improvement.
Small designs for path-connected spaces and path-connected homogeneous spaces

© 2015 American Mathematical Society. We prove the existence of designs of small size in a number of contexts. In particular our techniques can be applied to prove the existence of n-designs on Sd of size O d (nd logd−1(n)).
Quinone methide from 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol diacetate: (P-acetoxy)benzylation of β-dicarbonyls

Abstract Diacetate1c is a readily available quinone methide equivalent when treated with Cs2CO3 for C-(p)-acetoxy)benzylation of β-dicarbonyls in 51 – 89 % yield.
Rare and Radiative Kaon Decays

4. SHORT DISTANCE DOMINATED DECAYS . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1 K+ ---+ 7r+ vii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 KL -� 7r°vii . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. LONG DISTANCE DOMINATED RADIATIVE DECAyS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H �: =: �b,,; . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5 .3 K+ ---+ 7r+ 11 ....... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 KL -� 11 . 5.5 KL -� 11 Dalitz decays . 5.6 Direct emission KL -> 7r+7r-" . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . •
Chandra Measurement of the X-Ray Spectrum of a Quasar at z = 5.99

We report the first measurement of the X-ray spectrum of the z = 5.99 quasar SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3 from a 120 ks observation by the Chandra ACIS-S instrument. Between 0.5 and 7 keV, corresponding to 3.5-49 keV in the quasar rest frame, we find an energy index of 0.86 ± 0.2, consistent with the typical indices found for radio-quiet quasars at lower redshifts and inconsistent with the index required to match the diffuse X-ray background. We have a weak indication of a redshifted Fe K line. In comparing the counting rate between an earlier short observation and the longer observation reported here, we find evidence for source variability at the 99.9% confidence level. We note that other nearby X-ray sources would bias the measured αox = 1.70 by -0.09 if the X-ray flux were determined from within a 60'' extraction circle. Our results for the energy index and the αox are consistent with no strong evolution in the active galactic nucleus emission mechanism with redshift out to z ≈ 6 and therefore with the picture that massive black holes have already formed less than 1 Gyr after the big bang.
Regulation of Casein Messenger RNA during the Development of the Rat Mammary Gland

Casein mRNA was isolated and partially purified from RNA extracts of rat lactating mammary glands and translated in a heterologous cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. Casein mRNA activity was assayed by immunoprecipitation using a specific antiserum prepared against a mixture of the purified rat caseins. Properties of rat casein mRNA were examined using a variety of sizing techniques, including chromatography on Sepharose 4B, sedimentation on sucrose gradients after heat denaturation, and electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gels in 6 M urea. Casein mRNA activity was found in an 8-16S region after gradient centrifugation with the peak occurring at 10.5 S. In addition, the binding of rat casein mRNA to dT-cellulose was examined. Only 40% of the total casein mRNA activity was selectively retained. A partial purification of casein mRNA was accomplished by a combination of these sizing and affinity chromatography techniques. In the purified preparations casein mRNA activity comprises approximately 90% of the total mRNA activity. Characterization of this material by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed two main bands of RNA at approximately 12 and 16 S, both containing casein mRNA activity. These mRNAs were of the correct size to code for two of the principal rat caseins of approximately 25,000 and 42,000 molecular weights. Casein mRNA and total mRNA activities were then compared in total RNA extracts at various stages of normal mammary gland development in the rat, i.e. during pregnancy, lactation, and involution following weaning. A selective induction of casein mRNA activity compared to total mRNA activity was found to occur during pregnancy and lactation. Moreover, a selective loss of activity was also observed during mammary gland involution. A surprisingly high level of casein mRNA activity was found in RNA extracts from early and midpregnant mammary glands.
Planar Doppler Velocimetry: Three-Component Velocimetry in Supersonic Jets

A three-component planar Doppler velocimetry system was developed and used to make mean and instantaneous velocity measurements in a Mach 2 axisymmetric freejet. The mean measurements were in good agreement with reference laser Doppler velocimetry measurements taken in the same flowfield, whereas the instantaneous measurements were in fair agreement and indicated areas that required improvement. A detailed uncertainty analysis provided further insight into the performance of the planar Doppler velocimetry system. The calibration of the splitter/recombiner imaging system using flatfield images was improved. Speckle image noise was found to be the largest source of error affecting the turbulence results, and so digital filtering techniques were investigated and employed
SELF-SORTING IN POLYMERS

Random and block copolymers containing two different classes of hydrogen-bonding side-chains have been prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The resulting copolymers can be viewed as “universal polymer backbones” based solely on two competitive hydrogen-bonding pairs. The hydrogen-bonding side chains containing thymine and cyanuric acid-based recognition motifs are shown to self-assemble with their complementary diamido pyridine and isophthalic wedge moieties, respectively, even in the presence of competitive recognition sites, i.e., selective functionalization of the copolymers can be accomplished via a one-step orthogonal self-assembly approach displaying self-sorting in a competitive environment. These results clearly demonstrate the concept of self-sorting in synthetic polymers and suggest the design of complex polymeric materials containing competitive noncovalent interactions.
Synergetic Maneuvering of Winged Spacecraft for Orbital Plane Change

The maneuverable re-entry research vehicle is a Shuttle-borne spacecraft designed for hypersonic flight experiments. Its winged configuration permits demonstration of a synergetic maneuver for changing the orientation of a spacecraft's orbital plane. The maneuver consists of 1) retroimpulse and an unpowered descent into the atmosphere; 2) a powered aerodynamic turn; and 3) a reboost and injection into the new orbit. The steering profile must provide the required plane change without violating the vehicle's aerodynamic and aeroheating constraints. The synergetic maneuver, whose effectiveness is Earth-positio n oriented, provides more plane change for a given vehicle mass and propellant supply than the purely orbital method. The duration of the synergetic maneuver is critical to its efficiency, and high-lift, steep-bank flight is found to produce better performance than flight at maximum lift-drag ratio.
Analyzing Responses, Moves, and Roles in Online Discussions

There is much debate regarding the value and utility of grading discussions to ensure and assess full participation in the online classroom. Proponents of threaded discussions view it as an integral part of the learning process, where students seek knowledge and express understanding. Consequently, they deem it essential to assess participation. On the other hand, opponents of assessing or grading participation assert that an exceedingly active discussion can distract students from other equally or more important coursework, not to mention the impracticality of instructors responding to the vast number of submissions. This article examines a variety of grading rubrics used to promote critical thinking about course content and assess the quality of participation and contributions of online threaded discussions. We present the results of a study conducted at a historically Black institution that used Kneser’s Exchange Structure Analysis (ESA) to analyze dialogue in order to understand student exchanges, moves, and roles as well as the influence of gender in online discussions during 3 consecutive summer sessions.
Modeling of Simultaneous Deposition of Powder in Three Parallel-Oriented Cylindrical Dies

Die filling is a critical unit operation that is far from being sufficiently understood. No models or methods published can be used to study or simulate the feed shoe filling process or pressure (m...
Graph-based simulation of quantum computation in the density matrix representation

Quantum-mechanical phenomena are playing an increasing role in information processing, as transistor sizes approach the nanometer level, and quantum circuits and data encoding methods appear in the securest forms of communication. Simulating such phenomena efficiently is exceedingly difficult because of the vast size of the quantum state space involved. A major complication is caused by errors (noise) due to unwanted interactions between the quantum states and the environment. Consequently, simulating quantum circuits and their associated errors using the density matrix representation is potentially significant in many applications, but is well beyond the computational abilities of most classical simulation techniques in both time and memory resources. The size of a density matrix grows exponentially with the number of qubits simulated, rendering array-based simulation techniques that explicitly store the density matrix intractable. In this work, we propose a new technique aimed at efficiently simulating quantum circuits that are subject to errors. In particular, we describe new graph-based algorithms implemented in the simulator QuIDDPro/D. While previously reported graph-based simulators operate in terms of the state-vector representation, these new algorithms use the density matrix representation. To gauge the improvements offered by QuIDDPro/D, we compare its simulation performance with an optimized array-based simulator called QCSim. Empirical results, generated by both simulators on a set of quantum circuit benchmarks involving error correction, reversible logic, communication, and quantum search, show that the graph-based approach far outperforms the array-based approach for these circuits.
A highly diastereoselective, catalytic three-component assembly reaction for the synthesis of spiropyrrolidinyloxindoles

Spiropyrrolidinyloxindole compounds are synthesized in moderate to excellent yield via a highly diastereoselective Cu(I)-catalysed three-component assembly reaction of an imine, diazo-compound and substituted olefin dipolarophile.
Is There a Nexus between Poverty and Environment in Rural India

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between rural poverty and environmental change using district-level data from South, Central and West India. Unlike prior works, this study puts the hypothesis of bi-directional link between poverty and environment to econometric test. Environmental change is measured using a satellite-based vegetation index. Consonant with the dominant view in the literature, the evidence suggests that rural poverty spur vegetation degradation. The results also indicate that the vegetation degradation spurs rural poverty but the magnitude of the effect varies across sub regions classified on the basis of geographic and climatic factors. Thus these results provide evidence in support of existence of a poverty-environment nexus in rural India.
Television optics for the Voyager mission to Jupiter and Saturn.

This paper is concerned with the optical portion of the Voyager spacecraft imaging science subsystem (ISS). After a brief description of the Voyager mission and its photographic aspects, the functional requirements for the television optics are outlined. Environmental considerations that constrained the design are summarized. One section of the paper is devoted to radiation testing and its impact on the design of the wide-angle optics. The main portion of this report, however, is devoted to a description of the Voyager television optics. Finally, Voyager imagery results that are current with the preparation of this paper are presented.
Legislating stock prices

Abstract We demonstrate that legislation has a simple, yet previously undetected, impact on stock prices. Exploiting the voting record of legislators whose constituents are the affected industries, we show that the votes of these “interested” legislators capture important information seemingly ignored by the market. A long-short portfolio based on these legislators' views earns abnormal returns of over 90 basis points per month following the passage of legislation. Industries that we classify as beneficiaries of legislation experience significantly more positive earnings surprises and positive analyst revisions in the months following passage of the bill, as well as significantly higher future sales and profitability. We show that the more complex the legislation, the more difficulty the market has in assessing the impact of these bills. Further, the more concentrated the legislator's interest in the industry, the more informative are her votes for future returns.
Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements

Suppose we wish to recover a vector x_0 Є R^m (e.g., a digital signal or image) from incomplete and contaminated observations y = Ax_0 + e; A is an n by m matrix with far fewer rows than columns (n « m) and e is an error term. Is it possible to recover x_0 accurately based on the data y? To recover x_0, we consider the solution x^# to the l_(1-)regularization problem min ‖x‖l_1 subject to ‖Ax - y‖l(2) ≤ Є, where Є is the size of the error term e. We show that if A obeys a uniform uncertainty principle (with unit-normed columns) and if the vector x_0 is sufficiently sparse, then the solution is within the noise level ‖x^# - x_0‖l_2 ≤ C Є. As a first example, suppose that A is a Gaussian random matrix; then stable recovery occurs for almost all such A's provided that the number of nonzeros of x_0 is of about the same order as the number of observations. As a second instance, suppose one observes few Fourier samples of x_0; then stable recovery occurs for almost any set of n coefficients provided that the number of nonzeros is of the order of n/[log m]^6. In the case where the error term vanishes, the recovery is of course exact, and this work actually provides novel insights into the exact recovery phenomenon discussed in earlier papers. The methodology also explains why one can also very nearly recover approximately sparse signals.
Cimiracemoside A: A new cyclolanostanol xyloside from the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa

A new 9, 19-cyclolanostane-type triterpene xyloside (1), from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa, has been isolated together with four known saponins; cimiaceroside A, 25-O-methylcimigenol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, 27-deoxyactein and 23-O-acetylshengmanol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. The structure of the new compound was established as 16β, 23 : 22β, 25-diepoxy-12-acetoxy-3β, 23, 24β-trihydroxy-9, 19-cyclolanost-7-ene-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. For the structure elucidation, 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments and high resolution electrospray ionzation Fourier transformation mass spectrometry (HRESIFTMS) were used.
The Expert's Opinion

INTERVIEWEE PROFILE: Jack M. Sparn is Vice President of Data Center Operations and Technical Services at Time Customer Service in Tampa, Florida, a subsidiary of Time Inc., which is part of Time Warner, Inc. His organization of over 118 professionals and managers is responsible for providing computer Operations, Office Systems, Telecommunications, and Data Processing Services for most of the Time Inc. businesses worldwide. Prior to joining TCS, Mr. Sparn, with over 20 years of MIS experience, had worked for First Data Resources, an American Express subsidiary, and Citicorp Diners Club, both of which concentrated on large scale credit card processing services worldwide. Prior to Citicorp, he worked for 10 years in various MIS management positions with Storage Technology.
General principles of learning-based multi-agent systems

We consider the problem of how to design large decentralized multiagent systems (MAS’s) in an automated fashion, with little or no hand-tuning. Our approach has each agent run a reinforcement learning algorithm. This converts the problem into one of how to automatically set/update the reward functions for each of the agents so that the global goal is achieved. In particular we do not want the agents to “work at cross-purposes” as far as the global goal is concerned. We use the term artificial COllective INtelligence (COIN) to refer to systems that embody solutions to this problem. In this paper we present a summary of a mathematical framework for COINs. We then investigate the real-world applicability of the core concepts of that framework via two computer experiments: we show that our COINs perform near optimally in a difficult variant of Arthur’s bar problem [1] (and in particular avoid the tragedy of the commons for that problem), and we also illustrate optimal performance for our COINs in the leader-follower problem.
The mean field theory in EM procedures for Markov random fields

In many signal processing and pattern recognition applications, the hidden data are modeled as Markov processes, and the main difficulty of using the maximisation (EM) algorithm for these applications is the calculation of the conditional expectations of the hidden Markov processes. It is shown how the mean field theory from statistical mechanics can be used to calculate the conditional expectations for these problems efficiently. The efficacy of the mean field theory approach is demonstrated on parameter estimation for one-dimensional mixture data and two-dimensional unsupervised stochastic model-based image segmentation. Experimental results indicate that in the 1-D case, the mean field theory approach provides results comparable to those obtained by Baum's (1987) algorithm, which is known to be optimal. In the 2-D case, where Baum's algorithm can no longer be used, the mean field theory provides good parameter estimates and image segmentation for both synthetic and real-world images. >
Impedance measurements of components for the ALS

The high current and short bunch length of the ALS beam make the machine susceptible to beam instabilities over a frequency range extending to 13 GHz and beyond. All components of the storage ring have been carefully designed to minimize the impedance presented to the beam, and assemblies have been laid out to avoid resonant enclosures between components. Novel bellows shields allowing considerable mechanical movement while maintaining a low impedance are described. Results are presented of impedance measurements of ALS components and assemblies of components, using a precision coaxial wire technique in frequency domain, extending to frequencies beyond cut-off. All measurements were performed at the Lambertson Beam Electrodynamics Laboratory of the Center for Beam Physics at LBL. >
Decision making and trade without probabilities

What is a rational decision-maker supposed to do when facing an unfamiliar problem, where there is uncertainty but no basis for making probabilistic assessments? One answer is to use a form of expected utility theory, and assume that agents assign their own subjective probabilities to each element of the (presumably known) state space. In contrast, this paper presents a model in which agents do not form subjective probabilities over the elements of the state space, but nonetheless use new information to update their beliefs about what the elements of the state space are. This model is shown to lead to dierent predictions about trading behavior in a simple asset market under uncertainty. A controlled laboratory experiment tests the predictions of this model against those of expected utility theory and against the hypothesis that subjects
Crime Pattern Detection Using Data Mining

Data mining can be used to model crime detection problems. Crimes are a social nuisance and cost our society dearly in several ways. Any research that can help in solving crimes faster will pay for itself. About 10% of the criminals commit about 50% of the crimes. Here we look at use of clustering algorithm for a data mining approach to help detect the crimes patterns and speed up the process of solving crime. We will look at k-means clustering with some enhancements to aid in the process of identification of crime patterns. We applied these techniques to real crime data from a sheriff?s office and validated our results. We also use semi-supervised learning technique here for knowledge discovery from the crime records and to help increase the predictive accuracy. We also developed a weighting scheme for attributes here to deal with limitations of various out of the box clustering tools and techniques. This easy to implement data mining framework works with the geo-spatial plot of crime and helps to improve the productivity of the detectives and other law enforcement officers. It can also be applied for counter terrorism for homeland security.
Photochemistry of 4- and 5- phenyl substituted isoxazoles

5-Phenylisoxazole (4) and 4-phenylisoxazole (22) underwent phototransposition to 5-phenyloxazole (5) and 4-phenyloxazole (24) respectively. Labeling with deuterium or methyl confirmed that these phototranspositions occurred via the P4 pathway which involves only interchange of the N2 and C3 ring position. Thus, 4-deuterio-5-phenylisoxazole (4-4d), 4-methyl-5-phenylisoxazole (10), and 5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole (23) phototransposed to 4-deuterio-5-phenyloxazole (5-4d), 4-methyl-5-phenyloxazole (11), and 5-methyl-4-phenyloxazole (25) respectively. In addition to phototransposition, isoxazoles 4, 10, and 23 also underwent photo-ring cleavage to yield benzoylacetonitrile (9), α-benzoylpropionitrile (15), and aceto-α-phenylacetonitrile (26) respectively. Irradiation of 5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazole (16) in acetonitrile led to 5-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)oxazole (17), the P4 phototransposition product. Irradiation of 16 in methanol led to a substantial decrease in the yield of 17 and to the formation of a mixture of (E) and (Z)-2-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-benzoylaziridines 18a and 18b.
Protection of software-based survivability mechanisms

Many existing survivability mechanisms rely on software-based system monitoring and control. Some of the software resides on application hosts that are not necessarily trustworthy. The integrity of these software components is therefore essential to the reliability and trustworthiness of the survivability scheme. We address the problem of protecting trusted software on untrustworthy hosts by software transformations. Our techniques include a systematic introduction of aliases in combination with a "break-down" of the program control-flow; transforming high-level control transfers to indirect addressing through aliased pointers. In so doing, we transform programs to a form that yields data flow information very slowly and/or with little precision. We present a theoretical result which shows that a precise analysis of the transformed program, in the general case, is NP-hard and demonstrate the applicability of our techniques with empirical results.
Turbulence-driven Polar Winds from T Tauri Stars Energized by Magnetospheric Accretion

Pre-main-sequence stars are observed to be surrounded by both accretion flows and some kind of wind or jetlike outflow. Recent work by Matt and Pudritz has suggested that if classical T Tauri stars exhibit stellar winds with masslossratesabout0.1timestheiraccretionrates,the windcan carry awayenoughangularmomentumto keep thestars frombeingspunupunrealisticallybyaccretion.Thispaperpresentsapreliminarysetof theoreticalmodelsofaccretiondriven winds from the polar regions of T Tauri stars. These models are based on recently published self-consistent simulations of the Sun’s coronal heating and wind acceleration. In addition to the convection-driven MHD turbulence (which dominates in the solar case), we add another source of wave energy at the photosphere that is driven by the impact of plasma in neighboring flux tubes undergoing magnetospheric accretion. This added energy, determined quantitatively from the far-field theory of MHD wave generation, is sufficient to produce T TauriYlike mass-loss rates of at least 0.01 times the accretion rate. While still about an order of magnitude below the level required for efficient angular momentum removal, these are thefirst self-consistent models of T Tauri winds that agree reasonably
The Hubble Constant

Considerable progress has been made in determining the Hubble constant over the past two decades. We discuss the cosmological context and importance of an accurate measurement of the Hubble constant, focusing on six high-precision distance-determination methods: Cepheids, tip of the red giant branch, maser galaxies, surface brightness fluctuations, the Tully-Fisher relation, and Type Ia supernovae. We discuss in detail known systematic errors in the measurement of galaxy distances and how to minimize them. Our best current estimate of the Hubble constant is 73±2 (random) ± 4 (systematic) km s−1 Mpc−1. The importance of improved accuracy in the Hubble constant will increase over the next decade with new missions and experiments designed to increase the precision in other cosmological parameters. We outline the steps that will be required to deliver a value of the Hubble constant to 2% systematic uncertainty and discuss the constraints on other cosmological parameters that will then be possible with such ac...
Perturbative gauge theory and closed string tachyons

We find an interesting connection between perturbative large N gauge theory and closed superstrings. The gauge theory in question is found on N D3-branes placed at the tip of the cone 6/Γ. In our previous work we showed that, when the orbifold group Γ breaks all supersymmetry, then typically the gauge theory is not conformal because of double-trace couplings whose one-loop beta functions do not possess real zeros. In this paper we observe a precise correspondence between the instabilities caused by the flow of these double-trace couplings and the presence of tachyons in the twisted sectors of type IIB theory on orbifolds 3,1 × 6/Γ. For each twisted sectors that does not contain tachyons, we show that the corresponding double-trace coupling flows to a fixed point and does not cause an instability. However, whenever a twisted sector is tachyonic, we find that the corresponding one-loop beta function does not have a real zero, hence an instability is likely to exist in the gauge theory. We demonstrate explicitly the one-to-one correspondence between the regions of stability/instability in the space of charges under Γ that arise in the perturbative gauge theory and in the free string theory. Possible implications of this remarkably simple gauge/string correspondence are discussed.
Representation and detection of deformable shapes

We describe some techniques that can be used to represent and detect deformable shapes in images. The main difficulty with deformable template models is the very large or infinite number of possible nonrigid transformations of the templates. This makes the problem of finding an optimal match of a deformable template to an image incredibly hard. Using a new representation for deformable shapes, we show how to efficiently find a global optimal solution to the nonrigid matching problem. The representation is based on the description of objects using triangulated polygons. Our matching algorithm can minimize a large class of energy functions, making it applicable to a wide range of problems. We present experimental results of detecting shapes in medical images and images of natural scenes. We also consider the problem of learning a nonrigid shape model for a class of objects from examples. We show how to learn good models while constraining them to be in the form required by the matching algorithm.
Robotically Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty with a Handheld Image-Free Sculpting Tool

Although unicompartmental knee arthroplasty may pose a lower risk of perioperative complications and achieve better functional outcomes than total knee arthroplasty, a high degree of accuracy of implant positioning and soft tissue balance are required to optimize durability and implant survivorship. First-generation robotic technology improved implant position compared with conventional methods. This article reviews the next-generation robotic technology, an image-free handheld robotic sculpting tool, which offers an alternative method for optimizing implant positioning and soft tissue balance without the need for preoperative computed tomography scans and with price points that make it suitable for use in outpatient surgery centers.
Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 6-O-[11C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyl]guanines, new potential PET breast cancer imaging agents for the DNA repair protein AGT

Abstract Novel radiolabeled O6-benzylguanine derivatives, 6-O-[11C]-[(methoxymethyl)benzyl]guanines ([11C]p-O6-MMBG, 1a; [11C]m-O6-MMBG, 1b; ([11C]o-O6-MMBG, 1c), have been synthesized for evaluation as new potential positron emission tomography (PET) breast cancer imaging agents for DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).
Cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation mark DNA for elimination in Oxytricha trifallax

Cytosine methylation of DNA is conserved across eukaryotes and plays important functional roles regulating gene expression during differentiation and development in animals, plants and fungi. Hydroxymethylation was recently identified as another epigenetic modification marking genes important for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Here we describe de novo cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation in the ciliate Oxytricha trifallax. These DNA modifications occur only during nuclear development and programmed genome rearrangement. We detect methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine directly by high-resolution nano-flow UPLC mass spectrometry, and indirectly by immunofluorescence, methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing. We describe these modifications in three classes of eliminated DNA: germline-limited transposons and satellite repeats, aberrant DNA rearrangements, and DNA from the parental genome undergoing degradation. Methylation and hydroxymethylation generally occur on the same sequence elements, modifying cytosines in all sequence contexts. We show that the DNA methyltransferase-inhibiting drugs azacitidine and decitabine induce demethylation of both somatic and germline sequence elements during genome rearrangements, with consequent elevated levels of germline-limited repetitive elements in exconjugant cells. These data strongly support a functional link between cytosine DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation and DNA elimination. We identify a motif strongly enriched in methylated/hydroxymethylated regions, and we propose that this motif recruits DNA modification machinery to specific chromosomes in the parental macronucleus. No recognizable methyltransferase enzyme has yet been described in O. trifallax, raising the possibility that it might employ a novel cytosine methylation machinery to mark DNA sequences for elimination during genome rearrangements.
The Sources of Fluctuations in Aggregate Inventories and GNP

A simple real linear-quadratic inventory model is used to determine how cost and demand shocks interacted to cause fluctuations in aggregate inventories and GNP in the United States, 1947–1986. Cost shocks appear to be the predominant source of fluctuations in inventories and are largely, though not exclusively, responsible for the fact that GNP is more variable than final sales. Cost and demand shocks are of roughly equal importance for GNP. These estimates, however, are imprecise. With different, but plausible, values for a certain target inventory-sales ratio, cost shocks are less important than demand shocks for GNP fluctuations.
Meteorological Models For Optical Properties In The Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Observational experiments on turbulent intensities and aerosol distributions in the marine boundary layer (MBL) have been performed over several years. Observations have been made with ship-mounted and airplane-mounted sensors. Objectives have been to relate optical properties to meteorological descriptions which utilize scaling laws for the MBL. The approach has been to incorporate* in the descriptions the surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture, the processes at the inversion and the profiles within the intervening convectively mixed layer. We have found that the optical turbulence parameter Cn2 can be readily estimated using measured mean values of wind, temperature, and humidity with recent bulk formulas to derive the surface fluxes. These estimates appear to be more reliable than values obtained from direct (but difficult to perform) turbulence measurements. The model for obtain-ing the estimates was evaluated on the basis of optical Cn2 values with good agreement. Good comparisons have been observed between extinction values obtained from transmission measurements and those obtained from calculations on measured aerosol distributions. Existing empirical formulations which related the latter to wind speed and relative humidity appear to be inadequate except for climatological purposes. This is because other influences on equilibrium aerosol distribution are not included. Reformulation of these expressions is being performed to include the height of the inversion (mixing volume) and surface fluxes (aerosol generation and transport).
Passive Visible To Infrared Transducer For Dynamic Infrared Image Simulation

Abstract. A passive visible to infrared image transducer is described which, for the first time, allows practical simulation of high resolution dynamic infrared imagery. A theoretical performance analysis is presented which indicates that an MTF (modulation transfer function) of 50% at 5 cycles/mm is achievable with a time response of less than 20 msec and a required input power of less than 2 mW/cm2 per simulated degree AT. Experimental results on working devices are reported which match theoretical predictions. Successful simulation of high speed real-world infrared imagery is described. Suggestions for future work which should further enhance resolution and dynamic range are presented.
Navier-Stokes analysis of turbine blade heat transfer

Comparisons with experimental heat transfer and surface pressures were made for seven turbine vane and blade geometries using a quasi-three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes analysis. Comparisons are made for cases with both separated and unseparated flow over a range of Reynolds numbers and freestream turbulence intensities. The analysis used a modified Baldwin-Lomax turbulent eddy viscosity mode. Modifications were made to account for the effects of: (1) freestream turbulence on both transition and leading edge heat transfer; (2) strong favorable pressure gradients on relaminarization; and (3) variable turbulent Prandtl number heat transfer. In addition, the effect of heat transfer on the near wall model of Deissler is compared with the Van Driest model.
Predictive Modeling Techniques to Forecast Energy Demand in the United States: A Focus on Economic and Demographic Factors

Effective energy planning and governmental decision-making policies heavily rely on accurate forecast of energy demand. This paper discusses and compares five different forecasting techniques to model energy demand in the United States using economic and demographic factors. Two artificial neural network (ANN) models, two regression analysis models, and one autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model are developed based on the historical data from 1950 to 2013. While ANN model 1 and regression model 1 use gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and per capita personal income as independent input factors, ANN model 2 and regression model 2 employ GDP, GNP, and population (POP) as the predictive factors. The forecasted values resulted from these models are compared with the forecast made by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) for the period of 2014–2019. The forecasted results of ANN models and regression model 1 are close to those of the U.S. EIA; however, the results of regression model 2 and ARIMA model are significantly different from the forecast made by the U.S. EIA. Finally, a comparison of the forecasted values resulted from three efficient models showed that the energy demand would vary between 95.51 and 100.08 quadrillion British thermal unit (btu) for the period of 2014–2019. In addition, we have discussed the possibility of self-sufficiency of the United States in terms of energy generation based on the information of current available technologies nationwide.
Evaluation of sulfuric acid baking and leaching of enargite concentrates

Over the last fifty years, the treatment of enargite concentrates has not received much attention, primarily because of the availability of other clean concentrates suitable for processing with existing smelting and/or leaching technologies. As traditional copper ores have become scarcer, copper-arsenic ore deposits have garnered more interest. Arsenic release is a significant concern during the treatment of enargite concentrates by pyro or hydrometallurgical methods. Enargite is also very refractive in standard leaching procedures. Thus, economical treatment options for enargite concentrates are needed. Preliminary experiments have shown that the acid bake-leach process could be adapted and used for the treatment of enargite concentrates. In this study, low-temperature (100-400o C) sulfuric acid baking of an enargite concentrate followed by water leaching has been evaluated. The results indicate the thermal transformation of enargite to copper sulfate happens during sulfuric acid baking, with most of the arsenic being released from the concentrate into the gas phase when baking at 400o C. The condition for maximum copper extraction (~100%) from the concentrate was found to be 400o C, a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.5 mL/g and two hours baking time. Part of the arsenic was captured in the form of arsenopyrite (FeAsS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis proved the presence of some arsenic in the form of claudetite (As 2 O 3 ) in the baked concentrate. Acid baking of pure enargite behaved in a similar fashion.
Using Focus to Generate Complex and Simple Sentences

One problem for the generation of natural language text is determining when to use a sequence of simple sentences and when a single complex one is more appropriate. In this paper, we show how focus of attention is one factor that influences this decision and describe its implementation in a system that generates explanations for a student advisor expert system. The implementation uses tests on functional information such as focus of attention within the Prolog definite clause grammar formalism to determine when to use complex sentences, resulting in an efficient generator that has the same benefits as a functional grammar system.
Can a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Higgs lead to symmetry non-restoration?

The calculation of finite temperature contributions to the scalar potential in a quantum field theory is similar to the calculation of loop corrections at zero temperature. In natural extensions of the Standard Model where loop corrections to the Higgs potential cancel between Standard Model degrees of freedom and their symmetry partners, it is interesting to contemplate whether finite temperature corrections also cancel, raising the question of whether a broken phase of electroweak symmetry may persist at high temperature. It is well known that this does not happen in supersymmetric theories because the thermal contributions of bosons and fermions do not cancel each other. However, for theories with same spin partners, the answer is less obvious. Using the Twin Higgs model as a benchmark, we show that although thermal corrections do cancel at the level of quadratic divergences, subleading corrections still drive the system to a restored phase. We further argue that our conclusions generalize to other well-known extensions of the Standard Model where the Higgs is rendered natural by being the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone mode of an approximate global symmetry.
Programmatic and direct manipulation, together at last

Direct manipulation interfaces and programmatic systems have distinct and complementary strengths. The former provide intuitive, immediate visual feedback and enable rapid prototyping, whereas the latter enable complex, reusable abstractions. Unfortunately, existing systems typically force users into just one of these two interaction modes. We present a system called Sketch-n-Sketch that integrates programmatic and direct manipulation for the particular domain of Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). In Sketch-n-Sketch, the user writes a program to generate an output SVG canvas. Then the user may directly manipulate the canvas while the system immediately infers a program update in order to match the changes to the output, a workflow we call live synchronization. To achieve this, we propose (i) a technique called trace-based program synthesis that takes program execution history into account in order to constrain the search space and (ii) heuristics for dealing with ambiguities. Based on our experience with examples spanning 2,000 lines of code and from the results of a preliminary user study, we believe that Sketch-n-Sketch provides a novel workflow that can augment traditional programming systems. Our approach may serve as the basis for live synchronization in other application domains, as well as a starting point for yet more ambitious ways of combining programmatic and direct manipulation.