cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood volume reduction counteracts fluid shifts in water immersion.

Six healthy men were bled by 15 percent of their total blood volume (TBV) before 7 h of seated water immersion, to test the hypothesis that some of the major physiological responses to an expansion of central blood volume can be counteracted by prior reduction of TBV. Subjects were their own controls under two conditions: seated dry in air and seated immersed to the suprasternal notch in water. Immersion without prior reduction of TBV Wet Control (WC) caused a statistically significant 22-percent increase in cardiac output (CO), 368-percent increase in urine production, and 200-percent increase in sodium excretion relative to dry control (DC) sessions. When TBV was reduced before immersion, CO was the same as during DC sessions; however there were significant increases above DC in urine flow (+73 percent) and sodium excretion (+120 percent), although they were significantly reduced from WC values. Potassium excretion was similar during DC and WC sessions, but was significantly increased (+75 percent) when subjects were immersed after 15-percent reduction of TBV.
The Effects of Grade Retention on Middle School Students' Academic Achievement, School Adjustment and School Attendance

Proponents of grade retention promote it as a method to raise standards and promote academic, emotional, and social development. This study compared a group of 74 retained-in-grade students with 74...
Dissecting the Activation Pathway of Pro-Apoptotic BAX: Mechanistic Insights and Pharmacologic Opportunities.

Abstract 768 BAX is a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member that lies dormant in the cytosol until converted into a killer protein in response to cellular stress. We previously identified an elusive trigger site that mediates BH3-induced direct BAX activation. The continuum of conformational changes that transforms ligand-triggered BAX into a lethal mitochondrial homooligomer remains undefined. Here, we apply NMR and chemical biology methodologies to characterize the key structural alterations and corresponding functional consequences that comprise the direct BAX activation mechanism. Our structure-function analysis reveals a cascade of dynamic changes involving the N-terminal loop, C-terminal helix, and BH3 domain, which convert BAX from an inactive monomer into a toxic oligomer. Our dissection of this seminal pro-apoptotic process highlights new pharmacologic opportunities to modulate cell death in hematologic malignancy by influencing key steps of the BAX activation pathway. Disclosures: Walensky: Aileron Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Direct Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Role of Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (AdNT)

Since the first reports 30 years ago of direct thyroid hormone action on target cell mitochondria (1–3), Bronk observed that the oxidative capacity of rat liver mitochondria was markedly reduced by thyroidectomy, and substantially restored within three hours after triiodothyronine (T3) injection in studies on the electron transport system (4,5) with no change whatever in coupling of oxidative phosphorylation; that is, phosphorus/ oxygen (P/0) ratios remained constant.
A review of state pharmacist collaborative practice laws.

As the landscape of healthcare delivery continues to evolve, an increased emphasis is being placed on providing high-quality outcomes in an affordable and patient-accessible manner. To support these aims, team-based care models have been developed to enable healthcare team members to practice at the
Caracol, Belize, and Changing Perceptions of Ancient Maya Society

Archaeological research at Caracol, an ancient Maya site that was rediscovered in 1937, has become a major resource in the interpretation and understanding of the ancient Maya. Caracol, in west-central Belize, is situated in a subtropical region once characterized as being unsuitable for the development or maintenance of complex societies, yet it is one of the largest, if not the largest Classic period Maya site in the southern Maya Lowlands, home to over 100,000 people at its height between AD 600 and 700. The investigations at Caracol underscore the utility of long-term archaeological projects incorporating large-scale settlement study that combine excavation with varied research designs and the use of a contextual approach. By employing Maya epigraphic history, traditional archaeology, and modern technology like LiDAR, research at Caracol details the rise, maintenance, and fall of an ancient Maya city, affording a large window into ancient Maya lifeways. Archaeological work provides evidence of sustainable agriculture, a market economy, city planning that included a road system, the impact of warfare on the site’s inhabitants, the sociopolitical status of women, the role that archaeology can play in refining written history, and the significance of commemorating the cyclical passage of time to the ancient Maya. This article summarizes archaeological research efforts at the site by the Caracol Archaeological Project over the last three decades.
Two-junction holographic spectrum-splitting microconcentrating photovoltaic system

Spectrum-splitting is a multijunction photovoltaic technology that can effectively improve the conversion efficiency and reduce the cost of photovoltaic systems. Microscale PV design integrates a group of microconcentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems into an array. It retains the benefits of CPV and obtains other benefits such as a compact form, improved heat rejection capacity, and more versatile PV cell interconnect configurations. We describe the design and performance of a two-junction holographic spectrum-splitting micro-CPV system that uses GaAs wide bandgap and silicon narrow bandgap PV cells. The performance of the system is simulated with a nonsequential raytracing model and compared to the performance of the highest efficiency PV cell used in the micro-CPV array. The results show that the proposed system reaches the conversion efficiency of 31.98% with a quantum concentration ratio of 14.41× on the GaAs cell and 0.75× on the silicon cell when illuminated with the direct AM1.5 spectrum. This system obtains an improvement over the best bandgap PV cell of 20.05%, and has an acceptance angle of ±6 deg allowing for tolerant tracking.
P-Glycoprotein attenuates brain uptake of substrates after nasal instillation.

Purpose. Previous literature has suggested the absence of an effective barrier between the nasal mucosa and the brain for compounds administered via the nasal route. These experiments were conducted to elucidate the role of the blood-brain barrier efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in attenuating delivery of P-gp substrates to the brain after nasal administration in mice.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and the Treatment of Panic Disorder: Efficacy and Strategies

In this article, we review the efficacy and applications of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder. Research supports CBT as an effective first-line treatment of panic disorder that offers relatively quick onset of action and long-term maintenance of treatment benefits. These characteristics, plus the acceptability, tolerability, and cost-efficacy of CBT, make it an especially attractive treatment option for panic disorder. We review these findings as well as some newer developments in the field including research on emotional acceptance, the importance of context in extinction learning, and the use of CBT in combination with pharmacotherapy.
Environmental Disclosure as Legitimation: Is It in the Public Interest?

In this chapter, I review evidence that explores the use of voluntary environmental disclosure as a tool of legitimacy. Legitimacy theorists argue that rather than being a vehicle for transparency and increased accountability, corporations may be using voluntary environmental reporting to enhance their image and reduce exposures to social and political pressure. The chapter presents evidence that both the level of environmental disclosure and changes in the extent of information provision appear to be related to differences in social and political exposure. I also explore in more detail the conflicting findings in the literature with respect to the relation between corporate environmental performance and environmental disclosure. Overall, I argue that voluntary corporate environmental disclosure as it currently exists does not appear to be in the public interest, and I offer my suggestions for bringing the practice more into alignment with what it would seem society desires.
Going Beyond Shallow Semantics

Shallow semantic analyzers, such as semantic role labeling and sense tagging, are increasing in accuracy and becoming commonplace. However, they only provide limited and local representations of local words and individual predicate-argument structures. This talk will address some of the current challenges in producing deeper, connected representations of eventualities. Available resources, such as VerbNet, FrameNet and TimeBank, that can assist in this process will also be discussed, as well as some of their limitations.
Environmental photochemistry of dienogest: phototransformation to estrogenic products and increased environmental persistence via reversible photohydration

Potent trienone and dienone steroid hormones undergo a coupled photohydration (in light)-thermal dehydration (in dark) cycle that ultimately increases their environmental persistence. Here, we studied the photolysis of dienogest, a dienone progestin prescribed as a next-generation oral contraceptive, and used high resolution mass spectrometry and both 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify its phototransformation products. Dienogest undergoes rapid direct photolysis (t1/2 ∼ 1–10 min), forming complex photoproduct mixtures across the pH range examined (pH 2 to 7). Identified products include three photohydrates that account for ∼80% of the converted mass at pH 7 and revert back to parent dienogest in the absence of light. Notably, we also identified two estrogenic compounds produced via the A-ring aromatization of dienogest, evidence for a photochemically-induced increase in estrogenic activity in product mixtures. These results imply that dienogest will undergo complete and facile photolytic transformation in sunlit surface water, yet exhibit greater environmental persistence than might be anticipated by inspection of kinetic rates. Photoproduct mixtures also include transformation products with different nuclear receptor binding capabilities than the parent compound dienogest. These outcomes reveal a dynamic fate and biological risk profile for dienogest that must also take into account the composition and endocrine activity of its transformation products. Collectively, this study further illustrates the need for more holistic regulatory, risk assessment, and monitoring approaches for high potency synthetic pharmaceuticals and their bioactive transformation products.
Embryonic exposure of chicken chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) leads to heightened sensitivities towards the exposed scent

In chickens, food consumption can be altered by exposing the chicks to scents as embryos. We exposed eggs to an orange-scented food additive in the final days of incubation. Following hatching, we tested these exposed chicks’ ability to detect this scent at a variety of concentrations. We found that orange-exposed chicks responded to an orange-scented solution at lower concentrations than control chicks. This sensitization may allow chicks to be more effective at locating acceptable food items but requires further testing to determine its significance. Orange-exposed and control chicks were also tested with the scent of raspberry. Orange-exposed chicks responded to the raspberry presentation significantly more than the control chicks did, suggesting that the embryonic exposure to orange may have influenced how the chicks responded towards another fruity smell. This result suggests that chicks may be learning general characteristics of exposed scents while in the egg, though this needs further research.
Interdisciplinary Pediatric Palliative Care Team Involvement in Compassionate Extubation at Home: From Shared Decision-Making to Bereavement.

Little is known about the role of pediatric palliative care (PPC) programs in providing support for home compassionate extubation (HCE) when families choose to spend their child’s end of life at home. Two cases are presented that highlight the ways in which the involvement of PPC teams can help to make the option available, help ensure continuity of family-centered care between hospital and home, and promote the availability of psychosocial support for the child and their entire family, health care team members, and community. Though several challenges to realizing the option of HCE exist, early consultation with a PPC team in the hospital, the development of strategic community partnerships, early referral to home based care resources, and timely discussion of family preferences may help to make this option a realistic one for more families. The cases presented here demonstrate how families’ wishes with respect to how and where their child dies can be offered, even in the face of challenges. By joining together when sustaining life support may not be in the child’s best interest, PPC teams can pull together hospital and community resources to empower families to make decisions about when and where their child dies.
Hopf-Landau Bifurcation Near Strange Attractors

In this lecture we will examine two different conjectures about the onset of turbulence in dynamical systems that depend on a real parameter. These are the Hopf-Landau (HL) Conjecture and the Ruelle-Takens (RT) Conjecture. We have noticed, in conversations with some experts in dynamical systems, a general attitude that these two conjectures are not only different (which is obvious) but, in fact, incompatible. What we propose to show in this lecture is that there are sound mathematical reasons for concluding that, for a large class of dynamical systems, these conjectures can be compatible. In other words we will show that one can have Hopf-Landau bifurcations in the vicinity of strange attractors.
Oxytocin improves probabilistic reversal learning but not effortful motivation in Brown Norway rats.

Abstract Deficits in cognition and motivation are common and debilitating aspects of psychiatric disorders, yet still go largely untreated. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is a potential novel therapeutic for deficits in social cognition and motivation in psychiatric patients. However, the effects of OT on clinically relevant domains of non-social cognition and motivation remain under studied. The present study investigated the effects of acute and chronic (21-day) administration of subcutaneous OT (0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/kg) in cross-species translatable operant paradigms of reward learning and effortful motivation in male and female Brown Norway (BN) rats (n = 8–10/group). Reward learning was assessed using the probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT) and effortful motivation was measured using the progressive ratio breakpoint task (PRBT). As predicted, BN rats exhibited baseline deficits in the detection of reversals of reward contingency in the PRLT relative to Long Evans (LE) rats. The two strains performed equally in the PRBT. Thirty minutes after a single OT injection (1 mg/kg), measures of both initial probabilistic learning (trials to first criterion) and subsequent reversal learning (contingency switches) were significantly improved to levels comparable with LE rats. The OT effect on switches persisted in male, but not female, BN rats 30 min, 24 h, and 6 days after long-term OT administration, suggesting the induction of neuroplastic changes. OT did not affect effortful motivation at any time-point. The beneficial effects of OT on reward learning in the absence of increased effortful motivation support the development of OT as a novel therapeutic to improve cognitive functioning.
Effects of Rose Residue, Manure and Inoculation on Yield and Some Yield Components in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivation

Calisma, bazi nohut cesitlerine (Aydin 92, Azkan ve Gokce) organik (gul posasi, ahir gubresi ve bakteri asilama) ve kimyasal gubre uygulamalarinin verim ve verim ogeleri uzerine etkilerini belirlemek amaciyla Dinar/Afyonkarahisar' da 2011 yilinda yurutulmustur. Deneme tesaduf bloklarinda bolunmus parseller deneme duzenine gore 3 tekerrurlu olarak kurulmustur. Arastirmada bitki boyu, ilk bakla yuksekligi, bitkide dal, bakla ve tane sayisi, bitki tane agirligi, biomas verimi, tane verimi, hasat indeksi, 100 tane agirligi ve protein orani ozellikleri incelenmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore, bitki boyu 38,87-44,23 cm, ilk meyvenin yuksekligi 17,37-21,43 cm, bitki dal sayisi 2,70-3,53 adet, bitkide bakla sayisi 30,37-50,37 adet, bitkide tane sayisi 29,43-48,47 adet, bitki tane verimi 10,50-18,30 g, bitki agirligi 20,87-42,50 g, yuz tane agirligi 34,67-40,43 g, tane verimi 128,1-188,6 kg/da, hasat indeksi %32,10-53,08 ve protein orani %22,67-25,67 arasinda degisim gostermistir. Sonuc olarak organik (gul posasi, ahir gubresi ve bakteri asilama) ve kimyasal gubre uygulamalarinin nohut cesitleri uzerindeki etkisi verim ozellikleri yonunden onemli olmustur. Tum cesitler icerisinde Gokce cesidi ve uygulamalar icerisinde ahir gubresi, kimyasal gubreleme ve gul posasi on plana cikmaktadir.
Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquid fuel negative temperature coefficient region (NTC) and low-temperature heat release (LTHR) in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC)

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the correlation between thermal characteristics of neat Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) in relation to Low Temperature Heat Release (LTHR), ignition delay, and combustion delay within the Negative Temperature Coefficient region (NTC), utilizing a Box-Behnken design matrix. There were 15 trials of 3 control input parameters which were strategic manipulations of ASTM standard D7668-14a. The standard parameters are: 1000 bar for injection pressure, a combustion chamber temperature of 595.5 °C, and an injection pulse width of 2.5 ms. It was observed that, at ASTM standard, the Derived Cetane Number of neat Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) and IPK was 47.38 and 25.9, respectively. Results show that the LTHR duration and energy release were reduced when two parameters were simultaneously increased in ULSD operation. Meanwhile, for both fuels, the duration and energy release in LTHR has increased when two parameters were simultaneously reduced. It was found that the lower set wall temperature resulted in increased NTC region and LTHR increased to over 10% of the total energy release. The maximum combustion pressure for both ULSD and IPK where increased by 17.2% and 16.1% respectively from the standard due to the increase in injection pressure and pulse width.
Performance Study of a Convolutional Time-Domain Audio Separation Network for Real-Time Speech Denoising

Time-domain audio separation networks based on dilated temporal convolutions have recently been shown to perform very well compared to methods that are based on a time-frequency representation in speech separation tasks, even outperforming an oracle binary time-frequency mask of the speakers. This paper investigates the performance of such a time-domain network (Conv-TasNet) for speech denoising in a real-time setting, comparing various parameter settings. Most importantly, different amounts of lookahead are evaluated and compared to the baseline of a fully causal model. We show that a large part of the increase in performance between a causal and non-causal model is achieved with a lookahead of only 20 milliseconds, demonstrating the usefulness of even small lookaheads for many real-time applications.
Entrepreneurial Orientation, Collaborative Engagement, and Performance: Evidence From Rural Economic Development Organizations:

AbstractThis study examines the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and collaborative engagement on the performance of rural economic development organizations. The authors theorize that an or...
Final results of a phase II trial of first-line FOLFIRINOX for advanced gastroesophageal cancers.

4532Background: Standard first-line regimens for patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas have moderate clinical benefit with objective response rates (ORR) of approximately 40-50%...
Mental health among the Hmong population in the U.S.: A systematic review of the influence of cultural and social factors:

SummaryAs refugees of the war in Southeast Asia, Hmong experienced various traumatic events. Evidence suggests the persistence of psychiatric disorders related to trauma in refugees even after prol...
Beauty and Attractiveness in the Human Voice

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the difference between vocal beauty and vocal attractiveness by determining whether perceptual ratings of vocal beauty and vocal attractiveness could be dissociated in a cohort of normal raters without a diagnosed sexual desire disorder. Methods Twenty five gay male participants were presented with randomly-chosen samples from the Geneva Voices and Faces Database, and were asked to rate each sample in terms of beauty, attractiveness for a relationship of short duration, and attractiveness for a relationship of long duration. Responses were recorded on a visual analog scale (0–100) using a touch-screen interface. The number of stimulus repetitions and the participant response times were also recorded. Statistical analyses were done using two-way Analysis of Variance tests and independent student's t tests. P values were considered statistically significant at the P Results Participants rated male voices significantly higher in terms of beauty, attractiveness for a relationship of long duration, and attractiveness for a relationship of short duration (P Conclusion In a cohort of gay male raters without a diagnosed sexual desire disorder, vocal beauty and vocal attractiveness ratings of male and female voices are two related but distinct perceptual constructs that can, under certain circumstances, be dissociated. In general, gay men rated male voices equivalently for beauty, short-term, and long-term attractiveness, while the same ratings for female voices showed a significant difference between ratings of beauty and ratings of short-term and long-term attractiveness.
Abstract 15229: Clinical Phenotype Differences in Outcomes and Responses of Spironolactone in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Introduction: Several clinical phenotypes have been described in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This heterogeneity may explain why no therapies have improved ...
Special Considerations of Anastomotic Leaks in Crohn's Disease

Rates of anastomotic leak following intestinal resections in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease are significantly influenced by clinical characteristics. While the literature can be contradictory due to significant heterogeneity in the published data, several common themes appear to consistently arise. With respect to Crohn's disease, low serum albumin, preoperative abscess, reoperative abdominal surgery, and steroid use are associated with an increased risk of postoperative intra-abdominal septic complications. On the contrary, biologic therapy, immunomodulator use, and method of anastomosis appear not to confer increased anastomotic-related complications. Undoubtedly, a low rate of anastomotic leakage is inherent to procedures within colorectal surgery but diligent attention must be paid to identify, optimize, and, therefore, reduce known risks.
Conventional versus restricted Anti-Xa-Guided heparin protocol in adult patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Objective The optimal intensity of anticoagulation for adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two anticoagulation protocols using conventional (0.3-0.7 IU/ml) versus restricted (0.2-0.5 IU/ml) anti-factor Xa (anti-Xa) targets for the management of unfractionated heparin (UFH) in adult ECMO patients. Methods This retrospective before-after cohort study compared two groups of ECMO patients who received UFH for at least 24-h from March 2016 to May 2019. The primary outcome was the composite rate of major bleeding or thrombotic events per ECMO day. Secondary outcomes included the mean amount of blood products transfused per ECMO day, the proportion of patients who were within the target anti-Xa at 24-h, the time to achieve target anti-Xa, and the number of heparin infusion adjustments to reach target anti-Xa. Results Forty-one patients were included in this analysis (conventional, n = 25; restricted, n = 16). There was no difference in the composite rate of major bleeding or thrombotic events per ECMO day (p = .090). The restricted group had lower rates of packed red blood cells (pRBC) transfusion per ECMO day (mean 1 ± 1 vs 3 ± 2 units, p = .003) and required fewer heparin infusion adjustments to reach the target (p = .007). There was no difference between the groups in the number of patients who achieved target anti-Xa at 24-h (p = .940). Conclusion In adult ECMO patients, anticoagulation with a restricted anti-Xa target was associated with lower pRBC transfusions and did not provoke an excess of thrombotic events.
Acoustic Emission from Stress Rupture and Fatigue of an Organic Fiber Composite

A series of tests was carried out to determine the scatter in acoustic emission data gathered during stress rupture and fatigue testing of a simple fiber-reinforced epoxy composite. Single-end organic fiber-epoxy strands were monitored for acoustic emission during tension tests to failure, stress rupture tests, and dynamic fatigue tests. During the stress rupture and fatigue tests, the plots of summation of acoustic emission counts versus time were found to resemble metal creep curves in that primary, secondary, and tertiary regions could be distinguished. Because of a significant amount of scatter, only a limited correlation can be made between the slope of the summation of acoustic emission in the steady-state region and the specimen life during stress rupture and fatigue testing. In addition, flawed specimens were easily sorted out during the tension tests. These results indicate that acoustic emission data gathered during composite fatigue and stress rupture testing might be useful for life prediction.
Evaluating development and community benefits of shopping malls: A case study using input/output analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the real estate development and community interaction aspects of US shopping malls. The existing research on shopping mall development and redevelopment can more comprehensively address the importance of malls to the communities in which they are located. Existing shopping mall research focuses on lease valuation, tenant location, retail agglomeration economies, retail demand externalities and intangible asset value. Largely, neglected areas of research are the community and economic contributions of shopping malls. These are critical issues given the age of shopping malls worldwide, the need for adjacent area redevelopment and requirement of large public subsidies for infrastructure construction.Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates the critical role of shopping malls as town centres and catalysts for area development and redevelopment. A review of the existing research on shopping malls and retail economic contributions to communities is...
Immunological specificity and mechanism of action of IgG lupus anticoagulants

Although observations have implied that lupus anticoagulants have immunologic specificity toward anionic phospholipids, this assumption has been directly demonstrated in only one patient with a monoclonal IgM paraprotein. We tested the generality of this hypothesis directly by isolating five IgG lupus anticoagulants from patients with lupuslike syndromes and/or thrombosis. IgG lupus anticoagulant fractions were isolated free of other plasma proteins and free of contaminating phospholipid by adsorption to and elution from cardiolipin-cholesterol-dicetyl phosphate liposomes, followed by chromatography on protein A-Sepharose. Cardiolipin liposomes, but not phosphatidylcholine liposomes, were capable of removing all, or nearly all, lupus anticoagulant activity from patient plasma. The affinity-purified IgG preparations reacted with cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid, but not with phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, and inhibited calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin and of factor X to phosphatidylserine-coated and to cardiolipin-coated surfaces. F(ab')2 fragments retained lupus anticoagulant activity and bound to cardiolipin in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant activity were both present in acidic fractions on isoelectric focusing. These data strongly suggest that most, if not all, lupus anticoagulants are antibodies that have immunologic specificity towards anionic phospholipids, thereby blocking the calcium-mediated binding of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors to coagulation-active phospholipid surfaces.
Antroduodenal motility in neurologically handicapped children with feeding intolerance

Background Dysphagia and feeding intolerance are common in neurologically handicapped children. The aim is to determine the etiologies of feeding intolerance in neurologically handicapped children who are intolerant of tube feedings.
A service management framework for M-commerce applications

Mobile commerce (m-commerce) refers to an ability to conduct wireless commerce transactions using mobile applications in mobile devices. M-commerce applications can range from as simple as an address book synchronization to as complicated as credit card transactions. M-commerce is expected to grow dramatically in the near future supporting simple to complex commerce transactions. Even though the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is designed to facilitate the development of wireless applications, it will not be sufficient to handle complex business transactions that require cooperation of different service applications. In order to handle these complex mobile commerce transactions efficiently, an intelligent, robust and scalable framework that provides diverse m-commerce services is required. This paper describes in detail such an m-commerce framework based on the Java Intelligent Network Infrastructure (JINI) and Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP).
No More Heterodyne Blues: Gas Masses From Millimeter and Sub-Millimeter Continuum Photometry

I argue that reliable extragalactic gas masses can be derived from millimeter and sub-millimeter photometry. On the basis of currently-available information, such calculated masses are more accurate, for many types of galaxies, than those determined from CO line observations. This accuracy is due to several factors: (l) in contrast to the J = 1 → 0 CO line in many cases, the dust emission is optically thin; (2) at very long far-infrared wavelengths, the dust emission is only linearly proportional to less-certain input parameters such as temperature; (3) a great deal has been accomplished in estimating values appropriate to the Milky Way for the most uncertain factor in converting long-wavelength dust emission into gas mass, the ratio N(H2)/τλ and (4) variations in this ratio for galaxies other than the Milky Way is very likely to be easier to estimate than is the case for analysis of molecular line data. Equally important, in my view, the conversion of long-wavelength dust emission into gas mass is extremely straightforward, with the systematic uncertainties of the conversion being clear and, thus, subject more to debate than to conjecture.
Deontic Logic as Founded on Tense Logic

Most of the recent work in deontic logic has concentrated on problems concerning “conditional obligation”. I’ve felt for a long time that this has been a mistake. A proper theory of conditional obligation, like one of “conditional quantification”, will be the product of two separate components: a theory of the conditional, and a theory of obligation.
Understanding Defect-Stabilized Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene

The noncovalent functionalization of graphene by small molecule aromatic adsorbates, phenanthrenequinone (PQ), is investigated systematically by combining electrochemical characterization, high-resolution interfacial X-ray scattering, and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The findings in this study reveal that while PQ deposited on pristine graphene is unstable to electrochemical cycling, the prior introduction of defects and oxygen functionality (hydroxyl and epoxide groups) to the basal plane by exposure to atomic radicals (i.e., oxygen plasma) effectively stabilizes its noncovalent functionalization by PQ adsorption. The structure of adsorbed PQ molecules resembles the graphene layer stacking and is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding with terminal hydroxyl groups that form at defect sites within the graphene basal plane. The stabilized PQ/graphene interface demonstrates persistent redox activity associated with proton-coupled-electron-transfer reactions. The resultant PQ adsorbed structure is essentially independent of electrochemical potentials. These results highlight a facile approach to enhance functionalities of the otherwise chemically inert graphene using noncovalent interactions.
Sib-pair linkage analyses of Alzheimer's disease

Sib-pair linkage analyses were used to search for linkage to a set of chromosome 19 and 21 marker loci in two sets of families with Alzheimer's disease. The advantage of this technique is that no assumption is made about the mode of inheritance of the disease. Some mild suggestions of linkage were found in early-onset families for a chromosome 21 marker and in a set of late-onset families for a chromosome 19 marker
Job characteristics and job satisfaction: When cause becomes consequence

Abstract The present study examined the causal influence of cues concerning an individual's own task satisfaction on subsequent task descriptions. In two separate experiments, subjects performed a laboratory task and completed a task satisfaction instrument. Subjects were then randomly told that their scores indicated either a high or low level of satisfaction. In the first experiment, in which the task was performed individually, subjects given satisfaction feedback rated the task as higher in job scope on the Job Diagnostic Survey than subjects given dissatisfaction feedback. In the second experiment, in which the task was performed in three-person groups, subjects given satisfaction feedback, as compared with those given dissatisfaction feedback, rated the group atmosphere, the physical environment, and other characteristics of the task situation as having been more positive. The results of these experiments raise serious questions about the previous causal interpretations for job characteristics—job satisfaction correlations based on cross-sectional, self-report data.
Factors associated with students' perception of preceptor excellence.

Objectives. To identify factors associated with preceptor excellence as rated by student pharmacists and to assess the correlation of excellent ratings with years as pharmacist, specialty certification, and faculty appointment status.Methods. A retrospective analysis of student pharmacist evaluations of preceptors from May 2009 to May 2012 was completed to determine factors associated with preceptor excellence.Results. Preceptors who showed an interest in teaching, related to the student as an individual, encouraged discussion, were accessible, provided feedback, served as a role model, were organized, and/or spent increased time with students were more likely to be rated excellent.Conclusion. Serving as role models and showing an interest in teaching demonstrated the strongest association with being an excellent preceptor. Identifying factors students associate with preceptor excellence may result in enhanced preceptor recruitment, development, and training.
Staurosporine-induced morphological differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells rapidly elaborated an extensive network of neuritic processes following treatment with staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. These neurites were retracted within 24hr following removal of inhibitor. Another inhibitor of protein kinase C, II7 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride], also induced rapid, reversible neurite outgrowth. However, neurites induced by these two inhibitors were morphologically distinct: staurosporine-treated cells elaborated a branching neuritic network adjacent to cell bodies, with some longer, unbranching neurites extending out of this network, while H7-treated cells elaborated only long, unbranching neurites. HA-1004 [N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide], which inhibits of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases but not protein kinase C, did not induce neuritogenesis. Staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth did not require protein synthesis but did require microtubule assembly, suggesting that cells contained the necessary components for neuritogenesis, and that alterations in protein phosphorylation alone was sufficient to initiate neurite outgrowth by rearrangement of existing structures or cytoskeletal precursors. These results implicate phosphorylation in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis.
Structural commonalities of high-temperature superconductors

It is shown that all of the presently known high-temperature superconductors belong to one structural type with a basic cell of approximate 4/mmm,D 4h symmetry in tetragonal compounds andmmm,D 2h symmetry in orthorhombic compounds. In the Ba(Pb1−xBi x )O3 and YBa2Cu3O7−δ compounds the basic cell is the unit cell and in the (La1−x Sr x )2CuO4, BiSrCaCuO and TIBaCaCuO compounds it is half the unit cell. The features of more than one copper oxide layer per basic cell, oxygen-free cation layers (e.g., Ca, Y) between CuO2 layers, and slightly puckered CuO2 planes seem to favor higher transition temperatures. The feasibility of several proposed or potentially superconducting structures are analyzed by this scheme.
Punitive Damages in Bad Faith Actions Against Insurers in the USA: The Impact of Campbell v. State Farm

This article provides an overview of the history and practice of punitive damages in the USA, including U.S. Supreme Court resistance to punitive damages beginning in the 1990s. The 2003 Campbell decision continued this doctrinal trend in an case of seemingly egregious insurer “bad faith.” Examining insurance bad faith cases after Campbell, it appears that the Court’s decision had a practical impact as well as a doctrinal impact. Since Campbell, insurers appear to have enjoyed greater judicial protection against punitive damages in bad faith cases, expanding a trend discernable after the Court’s 1996 BMW v. Gore decision. However, the 50 states have not modified their jury instructions on punitive damages since these decisions, seemingly ceding this area to the courts as a matter of federal constitutional review. The 2007 Williams v. Philip Morris decision continued the trend in a non-insurance case, as the court overturned a large punitive award against a tobacco company.
Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus in neurodegenerative diseases and cell death

Fragmentation of the neuronal Golgi apparatus (GA) was reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, and in spinocerebelar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). In transgenic mice expressing the G93A mutant of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) of familial ALS (fALS), fragmentation of the GA of spinal cord motor neurons and aggregation of mutant protein were detected months before the onset of paralysis. Moreover, cells that expressed the G93A and G85R mutants of SOD1 showed fragmentation of the GA and decreased viability without apoptosis. We summarize here mechanisms involved in Golgi fragmentation implicating: (a) the dysregulation by mutant SOD1of the microtubule-destabilizing protein Stathmin, (b) the disruption by mutant SOD1of the neuronal cytoplasmic dynein, (c) the coprecipitation of mutant SOD1 with Hsp25 and Hsp27, (d) the reduction of detyrosinated microtubules by aggregated tau which resulted in non-apoptotic cell death and (e) the disruption by mutant growth hormone of the trafficking from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the GA. The data indicate that neuronal Golgi fragmentation is an early and probably irreversible lesion in neurodegeneration, caused by a variety of mechanisms. Golgi fragmentation is not secondary to apoptosis but it may "trigger" apoptosis.
Bridging the gap for beginning teachers: researcher as mentor

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits of an unintended mentoring relationship between researchers and beginning teachers during a longitudinal, qualitative study. The study highlights the opportunity for teacher preparation to serve as a bridge to close the gap in learning between the relatively theoretical world of teacher preparation and practical world of classroom teaching. Design/methodology/approach – The study analyzed extensive qualitative data relating to two beginning teachers over a five-year period. As a theoretical framework this study drew from Lave and Wenger's (1991) theories of legitimate peripheral participation and communities of practice. In addition, significant parallels were drawn to applications of figured worlds (Holland et al., 1998) which addressed the manner in which teachers were able to “figure themselves” into teaching contexts. Findings – This study provides support for developing communities of practice to bridge the gap of support between teacher ...
Development of Ultrafine, Lamellar Structures in Two-Phase {gamma}-TiAl Alloys

Processing of two-phase gamma-TiAl alloys (Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb or minor modifications thereof) above the alpha-transus temperature (T {sub alpha}) produced unique refined-colony/ultrafine lamellar structures in both powder- and ingot-metallurgy (P/M and I/M, respectively) alloys. These ultrafine lamellar structures consist of fine laths of the gamma and alpha {sub 2} phases, with average interlamellar spacings (lambda {sub Lambda}) of 100-200 nm and alpha {sub 2}-alpha {sub 2} spacings (lambda {sub alpha}) of 200-500 nm, and are dominated by gamma/alpha {sub 2} interfaces. This characteristic microstructure forms by extruding P/M Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys above T {sub alpha}, and also forms with finer colony size but slightly coarser fully-lamellar structures by hot-extruding similar I/M alloys. Alloying additions of B and W refine lambda {sub L} and lambda {sub alpha} in both I/M Ti-47Al (cast and heat-treated above T {sub alpha}) or in extruded Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys. The ultrafine lamellar structure in the P/M alloy remains stable during heat-treatment at 900 {degrees}C for 2h, but becomes unstable after 4h at 982 {degrees}C; the ultrafine lamellar structure remains relatively stable after aging for {gt}5000 h at 800 {degrees}C. Additions of B+W dramatically improve the coarsening resistance of lambda L and lambda alpha in the I/M Ti-47Al alloys aged for 168 h at 1000{degrees}C. In both the P/M and I/M Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys, these refined-colony/ultrafine-lamellar structures correlate with high strength and good ductility at room temperature, and very good strength at high temperatures. While refining the colony size improves the room-temperature ductility, alloys with finer lambda {sub L} are stronger at both room- and high-temperatures. Additions of B+W produce finer as-processed lambda {sub L} and lambda {sub alpha} in I/M TiAl alloys, and stabilize such structures during heat-treatment or aging.
Regulation of Rat-Liver Glycoprotein: N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Transferase Activity by Pyrimidine Nucleotides

CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid : glycoprotein sialyltransferase activities were assayed in rat liver microsomal fractions using desialylated fetuin as the substrate acceptors for N-acetylneuraminic acid. It was found that cytidine nucleotides specifically depressed enzyme activities. CMP was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 0.62 mM. N-Acetylneuraminic acid at 1.15 mM had no effect on enzyme activities. Uridine nucleotides at 1.15 mM, especially UDP, increased enzyme activities. UDP may act as an allosteric activating agent increasing the apparent V. Other nucleotides, sugars and nucleotide-sugars at similar concentrations affected sialyltransferase activities only slightly. A general mechanism is proposed for the regulation of glycosyltransferase activities by free nucleotides.
From Radar to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

As war engulfed Europe from September 1939, and the Axis powers overran most of the western European countries in 1940, the United States undertook to build up quickly its military capabilities. By late 1940, a full year before the U.S. was drawn into war as a combatant, there began a massive move of scientists, especially physicists, temporarily into new organizations set up to develop technologically advanced weapons. One of the first of these, destined to become one of the largest, was the “Radiation Laboratory,” so named with an intent to obscure its purpose, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, established in November of 1940 by the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). Its mission was to develop radio detection and ranging (to become known as Radar), inspired by the startling performance of the pulsed cavity magnetron revealed to U.S. military officers and members of the National Defense Research Committee by the British “Tizard Mission.” Although magnetrons as generators of electromagnetic energy of short wavelength had been developed in several places many years earlier, the new magnetron was a breakthrough in that it could produce microwave pulses many orders of magnitude more intense than could anything else then in existence. It was an ideal device for the development of radar. The visit from the beleaguered British scientists and high military officers, headed by Sir Henry Tizard, had entered into this exchange of secret new military technology to try to obtain technical help and manufacturing support from US industry, relatively insulated from air attack. The cavity magnetron has been described, in view of its developed use in the war, as possibly the most important cargo ever to cross the Atlantic, although many other secret developments were included in the exchange. For example, the British progress toward releasing nuclear energy was also revealed.
The association between hypertension treatment, control, and functional status

The authors examined the relationship between hypertension treatment, control, and functional status among 356 "uncomplicated" hypertensive patients receiving care in 16 teaching hospital group practices. Antihypertensive drug therapy and blood pressure control were determined from a medical record review. Functional status (health perceptions, mental health, role, and physical functioning) was assessed with a questionnaire. After adjustment for potential confounders, hypertensive patients without drug therapy were less likely to have impairment in mental health functioning, compared with patients receiving one or more than one antihypertensive medication (9% versus 25% and 20% respectively, p less than 0.05). However, uncontrolled hypertensive patients were more likely to have role limitations than patients controlled only at the end or throughout the record review period (51% versus 39% and 36%, respectively, p less than 0.05). Patients controlled throughout the review period had the least impairment for each measure of functional status. These preliminary findings suggest that pharmacologic therapy may have a negative influence on the mental health of "uncomplicated" hypertensive patients, but that the dual goals of blood pressure control and positive functional status are not incompatible.