cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The range and frequency dependence of VHF&#8212;UHF man-made radio noise in and above metropolitan areas

The surface distribution of composite incidental man-made radio noise power in metropolitan areas displays frequency and range variations which are predictable from a knowledge of the propagation characteristics of irregular surface terrain for low-height antennas and the noise-source spectral power densities for a Poisson distributed random noise process. The observed frequency variation of composite surface noise power in the very-low-frequency (VLF) through the lower very-high-frequency (VHF) band is porportional to the product of 1) the inverse first power of frequency, introduced by irregular terrain basic path loss dispersion for low antennas, and 2) the inverse quadratic frequency dependence of the noise-source spectral density. In the upper portion of the VHF band and in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) range, the basic path loss dispersion remains unchanged while the emission spectrum of the surface noise sources asymptotically approaches that of band-limited white noise. The observed first-order surface range dependence for composite man-made noise within an urban area is predictable from the measured variation of irregular terrain basic path loss for low-height antennas and displays a somewhat smaller exponent than the free space propagation function. The general range function for composite metropolitan area man-made noise power displays a quadratic exponential variation with distance from the urban center. The level of man-made noise power, observed from 1 to 5 miles above metropolitan areas, can be related to the surface noise distribution, the radiation pattern of the receiving antenna, and the coordinates of the airborne detector, relative to the urban center. The noise level, the noise spectral density, and the position dependence of the airborne noise power are predictable from this information plus a recognition that, as the receiver field of view increases with altitude or beamwidth, the amplitude distribution of the surface sources approaches a unit normal distribution in conformity with the central limit theorem for multiple independent random sources. Tests of the validity of the theoretical predictions of the range and frequency dependence of both surface and airborne man-made incidental radio noise power in the VHF-UHF bands have been performed, using accumulations of both surface and airborne noise data obtained from measurements in and above urban areas in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. Theoretical and experimental comparisons have confirmed the validity of the noise generation and propagation models and support their use for calculating the deterministic characteristics of metropolitan area incidental man-made noise.
Structure-energy correlation for grain boundaries in silicon

Abstract The zero-temperature energies and equilibrium volume expansions of point-defect-free grain boundaries (GBs) on the three densest planes of cubic-diamond silicon have been determined using the Stillinger-Weber potential. It is found that the energy of GBs on the second-densest plane are two to three times higher than the energy of those on the first-densest plane, and GBs on the third-densest planes have even higher energies. By examining the radial and angular distribution functions of a GB on each plane, it is shown that the energy of a GB is determined by the disorder in both bond lengths and bond angles.
Innovative Ways to Address the Mental Health and Medical Needs of Marginalized Patients: Collaborations Between Family Physicians, Family Therapists, and Family Psychologists

This article describes an innovative program to meet the needs of homeless women, children, and families residing at a transitional living center in an urban setting. The program involves collaboration between medical and mental health professionals to address the multiple problems and unmet needs of this population. Recommendations for future work in expanding collaborative practice are discussed. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Evidence

Although systemic therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) was once limited to the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon (IFN)-α, in recent years several targeted therapies have become available for first- and second-line use. These include sorafenib, sunitinib, bevacizumab (plus IFN-α), temsirolimus, everolimus, and, most recently, pazopanib. This expanded list of treatment options arose from molecular biological research that revealed aberrant signal transduction activities in RCC, enabling the identification of specific molecular targets for therapy. Molecular-targeted therapies have better efficacy and tolerability than cytokine therapy, and many are administered orally. The superior outcomes achieved with molecular-targeted agents are prompting investigators to reconsider overall survival as a primary endpoint in clinical trials, given the inherent complications of a required long duration of follow-up, a required large population, and confounding caused by crossover trial designs or effects of subsequent therapy after progression on the agent of interest. In mRCC trials, progression-free survival has become a popular primary endpoint and has served as the basis of approval for several targeted therapies. In addition to the identification of new agents, current research is focused on the evaluation of combination therapy with targeted agents. As more information regarding mechanisms of disease and drug resistance becomes available, new targets, new targeted agents, and new combinations will be studied with the goal of providing maximal efficacy with minimal toxicity. This article reviews the clinical evidence supporting the benefits of targeted agents in mRCC treatment, discusses survival endpoints used in their pivotal clinical trials, and outlines future research directions.
Chemical potential dependence of surface energetics

The dependence on chemical potentials of the atomic structure and surface energy of GaAs surfaces is explored. Total energy calculations were performed within the local density functional formalism using first principles pseudopotentials to determine the relative formation energies for various possible reconstructions ccurring on the (110) and (lll)B surfaces. For the GaAs(110) surface, in the extreme As-rich limit, a lxl structure composed of As chains is slightly lower in energy than the stoichiometric cleaved surface. The structure composed of Ga chains is found to be unstable with respect to Ga cluster formation. For the (111)B surface an As-trimer structure, with T4 registry, is found to be the most stable in the As-rich limit. The trimer structure is consistent with scanning tunneling microscope experiments.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET : III. HISTOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON FERRETS RECEIVING REPEATED INOCULATIONS OF EPIDEMIC INFUENZA VIRUS.

A study of the respiratory mucous membrane was made in the turbinates of ferrets which had received repeated inoculations of influenza virus. There was no evidence that persistent immunity is related to the presence of a structural modification of the respiratory epithelium. In fact, the respiratory epithelium in fully immune animals differs histologically only in minor respects from that of the normal, untreated ferret. On the other hand, a functional difference exists between the normal and the previously infected animals as evidenced by a marked acceleration of the repair process in the latter. Serological studies at the time of reinfection, 4 months or more after the previous attack, indicate that a relation exists between the height of antibody titer and resistance. The degree of immunity is probably a product of serological immunity and the rate of tissue repair. The implications of these studies to the problem of influenza in man are discussed.
RNAi-based therapies for Huntington's disease: delivery challenges and opportunities.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a polyglutamine neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the HTT gene coding for the Huntingtin protein (HTT). Unfortunately, there is no cure for HD and there is also no known way to modify the disease progression. RNAi approaches offer the promise of a certain degree of control over the disease. However, there are several challenges in potential use of RNAi in the treatment of HD. This article will discuss the details of RNAi technology as applied to the treatment of HD, and novel approaches to overcome the drug delivery challenges.
Liability for malfunction of an expert system

At times, for a variety of reasons, an expert system will provide incorrect information or advice, and, as result, a party will suffer injury, either physical or economic. The author reviews various theories under which a party so injured might sue to recover damages and assesses the problems the plaintiff and defendant might face under each theory. He also briefly discusses potential liability for failure to use an expert system. >
Protecting the Discipline Collaboration Revisited

Collaboration has become requisite for the funding of research by the federal government because of the complex nature of health problems facing the nation. This column will present ideas from the National Institute of Health, the Institute of Medicine, the National Institute of Nursing Research, and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing that confirm the need for collaboration. The terms multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research will be considered as they apply to successful nursing research in light of loosely coupled systems. Finally, suggestions for productive interdisciplinary research will be put forth for the reader’s consideration.
Increased access to emergency contraception: why it may fail

background: To explore why increased access to emergency contraception (EC) failed to reduce pregnancies in a recent randomized controlled trial. methods: We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for unintended pregnancy using data from a trial involving sexually active women (n ¼ 1490, aged 14–24 years) randomly assigned to either increased access or standard access to EC. We used predictive modeling to generate estimated pregnancy risk scores for each participant. We then examined EC use among women at low or high baseline risk of pregnancy. results: Gravidity, recent history of unprotected sex (within 14 days of enrollment to study) and lower aversion to pregnancy predicted unintended pregnancy. Women in the increased access group were more likely than women in the standard access group to use EC repeatedly. This difference was significantly stronger (P ¼ 0.03) among low risk women than high risk women [Relative risk (RR) 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5– 15.4 and RR 5.5, 95% CI 3.8 –7.9, respectively]. conclusions: Increased access to EC had a greater impact on women who were at lower baseline risk of pregnancy. This may explain in part why increased access to EC has had no measurable benefit in clinical trials.
Identifying and respecting differences among participants in evaluation studies

Drawing on literature from the field of ethics in research and on multicultural, feminist ethical principles, the author explores methodological implications for evaluation practice.
In Pursuit of Coherent and Formalizable Understanding: Reflections on David Tall’s Three Worlds Framework

In “How Humans Learn to Think Mathematically”, David Tall endeavors to account for mathematical thinking and learning from childhood to mathematical research; he does this while maintaining an eye toward formalization, as one might expect of the editor of “Advanced Mathematical Thinking” (Tall, 1991) – a seminal work in proof-oriented undergraduate mathematics education. Indeed, “How Humans...” directly reflects Tall’s career in many ways, lending it an autobiographical flavor. I appreciated the fascinating insight into Professor Tall’s own thinking and learning about mathematical thinking and learning over his decades of work. The book serves as a synthesis of many of the major projects and ideas from Tall’s career and makes frequent reference to his work with various graduate students. As a result, many of the elements that comprise his overarching “three worlds” framework will be familiar to many mathematics educators. Like most mathematics education frameworks, the three worlds framework partitions mathematical thinking and doing in various ways, but most prominently into the embodied, symbolic, and formal worlds of mathematics. Tall provides a number of examples to show how students can encounter the same “concept” over the course of their schooling through the three worlds, generally in the embodied and symbolic worlds before formalizing. Unlike the authors of some frameworks, Tall tries to avoid privileging any one of these three ways of thinking about mathematics, because his ultimate goal is the coordination of various meanings into a unified whole called a crystalline concept. Unlike many texts, Tall’s presentation will be accessible to anyone with advanced mathematics training, although it reflects the sensibilities of someone who has engaged in pedagogical conversations with mathematicians, as evidenced by Byers’ (2014) complimentary review. Though Tall casts a vision for flexible and coherent understanding across the worlds, he acknowledges several barriers to understanding the unity of crystalline concepts. It was primarily these barriers that fostered the questions I was left pondering at the close of the book.
Time course investigation of PPARα- and Kupffer cell-dependent effects of WY-14,643 in mouse liver using microarray gene expression

Administration of peroxisome proliferators to rodents causes proliferation of peroxisomes, induction of {beta}-oxidation enzymes, hepatocellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, with chronic exposure ultimately leading to hepatocellular carcinomas. Many responses associated with peroxisome proliferators are nuclear receptor-mediated events involving peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (PPAR{alpha}). A role for nuclear receptor-independent events has also been shown, with evidence of Kupffer cell-mediated free radical production, presumably through NAPDH oxidase, induction of redox-sensitive transcription factors involved in cytokine production and cytokine-mediated cell replication following acute treatment with peroxisome proliferators in rodents. Recent studies have demonstrated, by using p47{sup phox}-null mice which are deficient in NADPH oxidase, that this enzyme is not related to the phenotypic events caused by prolonged administration of peroxisome proliferators. In an effort to determine the timing of the transition from Kupffer cell-to PPAR{alpha}-dependent modulation of peroxisome proliferator effects, gene expression was assessed in liver from Ppar{alpha}-null, p47{sup phox}-null and corresponding wild-type mice following treatment with 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-pyrimidynylthioacetic acid (WY-14,643) for 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week or 4 weeks. WY-14,643-induced gene expression in p47{sup phox}-null mouse liver differed substantially from wild-type mice at acute doses and striking differences in baseline expression of immune related genes were evident. Pathway mapping of genesmore » that respond to WY-14,643 in a time- and dose-dependent manner demonstrates suppression of immune response, cell death and signal transduction and promotion of lipid metabolism, cell cycle and DNA repair. Furthermore, these pathways were largely dependent on PPAR{alpha}, not NADPH oxidase demonstrating a temporal shift in response to peroxisome proliferators. Overall, this study shows that NADPH oxidase-dependent events, while detectable following acute treatment, are transient. To the contrary, a strong PPAR{alpha}-specific gene signature was evident in mice that were continually exposed to WY-14,643.« less
Carbon: A Suggested New Hexagonal Crystal Form

Evidence for a new polymorphic form of carbon, similar to but distinct from chaoite, has been discovered. It is trigonal, with a 0 = 5.33 angstroms and c 0 = 12.24 angstroms. It is produced along with chaoite on the surfaces of graphitic carbons under free-vaporization conditions at low pressures, with temperatures above approximately 2550°K.
Near-field microscopy of collapsed Langmuir–Blodgett films

Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (FL-NSOM) is used to probe the nanoscale structure in stained phospholipid monolayers deposited on glass substrates at moderate surface pressures. The FL-NSOM images reveal new liquid-expanded (LE) and liquid-condensed (LC) domains, including one-to-one correlation between fluorescence contrast and film topography. In particular, films of the phospholipid DPPC stained with DiIC12 exhibit multilayer structures that are observed within the solid phase domains and have LE-like fluorescence signals. These features are attributed to clusters of dye molecules resulting from the localized collapse of the film upon compression. Such collapsed features are also observed in supported films of 100% DiIC12 deposited at high surface pressure. In these films, spatially-resolved spectroscopy shows that the collapsed structures are amorphous based on the fluorescence spectrum while the molecules within the solid phase of the film have a fluorescence spectrum indicative of molecular aggregates.
Sequencing the human microbiome in health and disease

Molecular techniques have revolutionized the practice of standard microbiology. In particular, 16S rRNA sequencing, whole microbial genome sequencing and metagenomics are revealing the extraordinary diversity of microorganisms on Earth and their vast genetic and metabolic repertoire. The increase in length, accuracy and number of reads generated by high-throughput sequencing has coincided with a surge of interest in the human microbiota, the totality of bacteria associated with the human body, in both health and disease. Traditional views of host/pathogen interactions are being challenged as the human microbiota are being revealed to be important in normal immune system function, to diseases not previously thought to have a microbial component and to infectious diseases with unknown aetiology. In this review, we introduce the nature of the human microbiota and application of these three key sequencing techniques for its study, highlighting both advances and challenges in the field. We go on to discuss how further adoption of additional techniques, also originally developed in environmental microbiology, will allow the establishment of disease causality against a background of numerous, complex and interacting microorganisms within the human host.
Alkylindole-sensitive receptors modulate microglial cell migration and proliferation.

Ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expressed by microglia have been shown to regulate distinct components of their activation process, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation into M1 or M2 phenotypes. Cannabinoids, including the active component of the Cannabis plant, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the synthetic alkylindole (AI) compound, WIN55212-2 (WIN-2), activate two molecularly identified GPCRs: CB1 and CB2. Previous studies reported that WIN-2 activates an additional unknown GPCR that is not activated by plant-derived cannabinoids, and evidence indicates that microglia express these receptors. Detailed studies on the role of AI-sensitive receptors in microglial cell activation were difficult as no selective pharmacological tools were available. Here, three newly-developed AI analogues allowed us to determine if microglia express AI-sensitive receptors and if so, study how they regulate the microglial cell activation process. We found that mouse microglia in primary culture express functional AI-sensitive receptors as measured by radioligand binding and changes in intracellular cAMP levels, and that these receptors control both basal and ATP-stimulated migration. AI analogues inhibit cell proliferation stimulated by macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) without affecting basal cell proliferation. Remarkably, AI analogues do not control the expression of effector proteins characteristic of M1 or M2 phenotypes; yet activating microglia with M1 and M2 cytokines reduces the microglial response to AI analogues. Our results suggest that microglia express functional AI-sensitive receptors that control select components of their activation process. Agonists of these novel targets might represent a novel class of therapeutics to influence the microglial cell activation process. GLIA 2015;63:1797–1808
Molecular systematics of the scaled quail complex (Genus callipepla)

We obtained 1,040 bp of sequence from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes cytochrome b (cyt b; 736 bp) and NADH-subunit 2 (ND2; 304 bp) to address phylo- genetic relationships among the four species in the Scaled Quail complex. California Quail (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's Quail (C. gambelii) were sister taxa, whereas the rela- tionships of the Elegant Quail (C. douglasii) and Scaled Quail (C. squamata) were unclear; they might be sister species, or Elegant Quail might be the sister to California plus Gambel's quails. A third, less-likely alternative predicts a contemporaneous origin of Elegant Quail, Scaled Quail, and the ancestor of California and Gambel's quail. The latter phylogenetic hy- pothesis, however, matches Hubbard's (1973) biogeographic model. Irrespective of which biogeographic hypothesis is correct, calibration of mtDNA genetic distances suggests that the speciation events are much older than the late Pleistocene dates given by Hubbard. Cal- ibration of the rate of mtDNA (cyt b, ND2) evolution based on dating of fossil remains of the extinct species Cyrtonyx cooki suggested a rate of 2% per million years. Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus), and Montezuma Quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) were successively more distantly related to the Scaled Quail complex. Phylo- genetic trees derived from allozymes (Gutierrez et al. 1983) and mtDNA sequences were topologically identical, suggesting that both types of gene trees recover the species tree. Re-
Operative trephination for non-acute frontal sinus disease

Abstract The surgical care of chronic frontal sinus disease presents a significant challenge to otolaryngologists. Most cases refractory to medical intervention can be successfully managed with an endoscopic intranasal frontal sinusotomy. In rare instances, the disease process cannot be adequately managed through an intranasal approach alone, and a frontal sinus trephination can be utilized with great success and minimal additional morbidity. The indications, technique, and potential complications of a combined endoscopic intranasal frontal sinusotomy and frontal sinus trephination are here described.
Alternative Approaches in the Study of Complex Situations

There seems to be a continuing debate concerning two alternative approaches to the study of complex situations. The debate occurs explicitly or implicitly in discussions of the proper way to study any number of problems; e.g., the proper way to examine the nature of higher educationo,1 ommunity action programs,2 the phenomena of poverty. Sometimes the issue is phrased in terms of the relative merits of quantitative as opposed to qualitative work, sometimes in terms of the relative advisability of developing preliminary hypotheses a; opposed to assuming a more exploratory stance. Certain merits are claimed for each approach: reliability, precision, the possibility of prediction and control, for the one; and validity, evocativeness, the possibility of sympathetic understanding, for the other. Underlying the debates on appropriate research strategy there is often disagreement on a more fundamental matter, the conceptual framework for understanding complex situations.
Compressive sensing in nonstationary array processing using bilinear transforms

Compressive sensing (CS) has successfully been applied to reconstruct sparse signals and images from few observations. For multi-component nonstationary signals characterized by instantaneous frequency laws, the sparsity exhibits itself in the time-frequency domain as well as the ambiguity domain. In this paper, we examine CS in the context of nonstationary array processing. We show that the spatial averaging of the ambiguity function across the array improves the CS performance by reducing both noise and cross-terms. The corresponding time-frequency distribution which is reconstructed through L 1 minimizations yields significant improvement in time-frequency signature localizations and characterizations.
The efficacy of a thrombin-based hemostatic agent in unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Blood loss following total knee arthroplasty can lead to substantial morbidity and the need for blood transfusions. Hemostatic agents have been used to minimize blood loss and to decrease transfusion rates. Floseal is a thrombin-based hemostatic agent with unknown efficacy for achieving these goals in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods: We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial on the use of Floseal in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, with the primary end point being blood loss as measured through drain output. Demographic characteristics, operative side, diagnosis, intraoperative details, implant choice, hospital course, laboratory values, visual analog scale pain scores, knee range of motion, adverse events, transfusion rates, and deviations from protocol were recorded. Results: A total of 196 patients were enrolled, with ninety-seven patients being randomized to the Floseal group and ninety-nine patients being randomized to the control group. There were no significant differences between the Floseal and control groups in terms of drain output at twenty-four hours (711 compared with 702 mL; p = 0.823). No differences were noted between the groups in terms of operative side, diagnosis, intraoperative details, implant choice, hospital course, laboratory values, visual analog scale pain scores, knee range of motion, or transfusion rates. Complications occurred infrequently. In the acute postoperative period, there were two cases of cellulitis (one in each group), two deep venous thromboses (one in each group), and one paralytic ileus (in the control group), all of which resolved with nonoperative measures. At the six-week follow-up, one patient in the Floseal group had died from a cause unrelated to surgery, two patients (one in each group) had suture abscesses with cellulitis that resolved with postoperative antibiotics, and four patients (two in each group) underwent knee manipulation under anesthesia to achieve improved knee motion. With the numbers available, there was no significant association between Floseal use and the occurrence of these adverse events. Conclusions: The present study showed that Floseal had no demonstrable effect on blood loss as measured through drain output following total knee arthroplasty. There were also no notable adverse events associated with its use. The usefulness of Floseal as a hemostatic agent in total knee arthroplasty remains unclear. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Adiabatic Following and the Self-Defocusing of Light in Rubidium Vapor

The narrow-line output of a dye laser on the low-frequency side of 2P1/2 resonance line (7948 A) of rubidium was self-defocused by passage through dilute rubidium vapor. The defocusing was caused by the electronic nonlinearity associated with adiabatic following of the laser field by the pseudomoment of the resonant atoms. Using the corresponding nonlinear dielectric constant, the wave equation was solved numerically and gave excellent quantitative agreement with experiment.
SEX, GULLIBILITY, AND THE BARNUM EFFECT

The term “Barnum effect” refers to the tendency of people to accept personality interpretations containing vague statements that are universally true of the population at large. Some researchers have attributed the high acceptance rate of such statements to the gullibility of their subjects, while others suggested that factors such as social desirability, situational insecurity, or prestige of the interpreter may be significant contributors. Previous research has not shown sex to have significant main effects on acceptance of bogus personality interpretations but has suggested that sex may interact with certain variables that are situation-specific. In the present study, 75 undergraduate students administered projective ‘personality tests’ to friends who were approximately the same age. After a waiting period of two days, all subjects who had been ‘tested’ were given feedback consisting of a set of those general statements. They then rated the accuracy of their friends' interpretation. As in previous stud...
Clinical and functional outcomes of depression treatment in patients with and without chronic medical illness.

Background. In patients with chronic medical conditions, depression can be viewed as an expected reaction to illness or an independent condition requiring active treatment. We examine how clinical and functional outcomes of depression treatment compare in primary-care patients with and without chronic medical illness.Method. Health plan administrative data were used to identify primary-care patients initiating antidepressant treatment, including a general sample (n=204) and cohorts with ischemic heart disease (n=68), diabetes (n=93), or obstructive lung disease (n=74). Telephone interviews at baseline, 2 months, and 6 months assessed depression (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Hopkins Symptom Checklist depression scale), functional status (SF-36) and days of disability because of to illness.Results. At baseline, depression severity in patients with diabetes and obstructive lung disease was similar to those without medical co-morbidity, but significantly lower in those with ischemic heart disease. Social and emotional functioning were similar across all groups, but those with chronic medical illness reported greater physical impairment. All groups showed significant improvement in depression over six months, but the rate of improvement was significantly slower in those with heart disease. All groups showed significant and similar improvement in social and emotional functioning, but physical functioning showed little change. Days of disability and restricted activity improved significantly in all groups. Improvement in depression during treatment was strongly related to change in disability.Conclusions. Patients with chronic medical illness and co-morbid depression show significant improvements in mood, social and emotional functioning, and disability following initiation of depression treatment. Depression may be a stronger determinant of disability than is stable chronic medical illness.
Starting System for Stop/Start with Change of Mind

Further fuel consumption improvement of stop/start vehicles can be achieved by expanding the fuel cut period. In order to maintain vehicle response, ability to restart the engine during an engine stop event, known as change of mind (CoM), is necessary. Two current technologies to enable CoM are belt driven starter generator and permanently engagement starter. Both these technologies, however, require modification to additional vehicle components. The conventional pinion-shift-type starter has constant timing between pinion movement and motor rotation. If applied to CoM, the conventional starter risks making a loud noise or suffering serious mechanical damage during pinion engagement into the rotating ring gear of the engine and so is considered as unacceptable. Theses issues can be solved by using a new pinion-shift-type starter, which has independently controllable pinion movement and motor, and starter operation control, which can change the starter operation depending on engine speed. Furthermore, engine speed prediction based on engine rotational energy gives more accurate starter operation control which improves noise and restart response. The new pinion-shift-type starter and starter operation control with engine speed prediction has been fitted to vehicles and the performance compared to conventional starter systems. It is confirmed that engagement noise for CoM restart is equivalent to normal start engagement and that restart response is faster than current starting system with conventional starters. In this paper, details of the newly developed starter and starter control are described, together with performance of the new starting system.
Breach Avoidance or Treaty Avoidance?: The Problem of Over-compliance and U.S. Ratification of the Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes

Over the past two decades, the failure of the United States to ratify a string of global multilateral environmental agreements has become a significant source of frustration for environmentalists and diplomats. The common perception is that Washington politics is to blame. The problem has even led to scholarly suggestions that any new climate agreement coming out of the Paris negotiations later this year could be entered into by the U.S. as an Executive Agreement rather than a Senate-approved treaty. Delay has been uniquely serious, however, with respect to the 1989 Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes. Signed under the elder President Bush and approved by the Senate in 1992, the agreement has remained stuck in legal limbo for almost a quarter of a century – unratified and thus without U.S. membership. In this article, we dispute the common perception that politics is the sole reason for ratification delays. Rather, a legal issue, which has received little attention, has proven to be an equally significant impediment whether U.S. law provides adequate authority for domestic agencies to carry out treaty obligations. With respect to Basel Convention ratification, it has been commonly believed that further implementing legislation is necessary. Similar assessments of inadequate domestic implementing authority apply to other pending MEAs. We make two central points in this article. First, with respect to the Basel Convention specifically, a careful review of existing legal authorities reveals that the Executive Branch already has, at this point in time, sufficient authority to implement Convention obligations. Second, we argue that the Executive Branch needs to reconsider the underlying premises for ratification. Instead of conditioning ratification on the ability to achieve perfect compliance or “over-compliance,” we argue that a more appropriate standard is “substantial compliance.” The relaxed standard would ease ratification not only for Basel but other MEAs as well. It would also ensure that breach avoidance, the purpose of over-compliance, does not simply become treaty avoidance. Ultimately, the promise that multilateral environmental agreements hold for helping our global environment lies both in the specific rules and obligations that they create for immediate action as well as in their development of institutions and entrenchment of environmental norms and values necessary for long-term behavior change. Effective realization of that promise, however, will require the full commitment of the U.S., which can only come with full membership.
Elo ratings for structural credit assignment in multiagent systems

In this paper we investigate the applications of Elo ratings (originally designed for 2-player chess) to a heterogeneous nonlinear multiagent system to determine an agent's overall impact on its team's performance. Measuring this impact has been attempted in many different ways, including reward shaping; the generation of heirarchies, holarchies, and teams; mechanism design; and the creation of subgoals. We show that in a multiagent system, an Elo rating will accurately reflect the an agent's ability to contribute positively to a team's success with no need for any other feedback than a repeated binary win/loss signal. The Elo rating not only measures "personal" success, but simultaneously success in assisting other agents to perform favorably.
SUPPORTING MEANINGFUL INITIAL LEARNING OF THE ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY: CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN TEXTBOOK PRESENTATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese and U.S. textbooks present the associative property of multiplication (AP) to support student’s initial learning. For all of the identified worked examples, we analyzed the nature of context and the purpose of using word problems and illustrations. There were important cross-cultural differences in textbook presentations. The U.S. reform textbook did not explicitly introduce AP; the U.S. traditional textbooks introduced AP and applied it to computation while the accompanying word problems and illustrations did not help students understand AP. In contrast, the Chinese textbook introduced AP through a word problem context while seamlessly incorporating sense making of AP. Our findings of cross-cultural differences suggest alternative approaches for grounding fundamental mathematical ideas in word problems and illustrations to support students’ meaningful initial learning.
Diabetes and Prediabetes and Risk of Hospitalization: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the magnitude and types of hospitalizations among persons with prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and diagnosed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study included 13,522 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (mean age 57 years, 56% female, 24% black, 18% with prediabetes, 4% with undiagnosed diabetes, 9% with diagnosed diabetes) with follow-up in 1990–2011 for hospitalizations. Participants were categorized by diabetes/HbA 1c status: without diagnosed diabetes, HbA 1c RESULTS Demographic adjusted rates per 1,000 person-years of all-cause hospitalizations were higher with increasing diabetes/HbA 1c category ( P trend 1c ≥7.0% had the highest rates of hospitalization (3.1 times higher than those without a history of diagnosed diabetes, HbA 1c 1c P 1c P 1c category were different by race ( P interaction = 0.011) and by sex ( P interaction = 0.020). There were significantly excess rates of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, gastrointestinal, iatrogenic/injury, neoplasm, genitourinary, neurologic, and infection causes among those with diagnosed diabetes compared with those without a history of diagnosed diabetes (all P CONCLUSIONS Persons with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and prediabetes are at a significantly elevated risk of hospitalization compared with those without diabetes. Substantial excess rates of hospitalizations in persons with diagnosed diabetes were for endocrine, infection, and iatrogenic/injury causes, which may be preventable with improved diabetes care.
Comparison of muscle activity during use of computer pointing devices in CAD operators

This study examined the use of four different computer pointing devices on surface electromyographic activity of the index finger, forearm and shoulder/neck muscles among CAD operators in the workplace. Subjects were randomly assigned to use their own mouse, a trackball, a joystick mouse or an experimental mouse. Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in muscle load for the upper trapezius, extensor indicis proprius, and extensor carpi ulnaris across pointing devices for CAD operations. The flexor digitorum superficialis muscle load remained relatively constant when all pointing devices were compared.
Effect of dietary fat on the disposition of cholesterol-4-C14 in rats.

SummaryRats were maintained for 30 to 76 days on a purified diet containing 20% fat as hydrogenated cottonseed oil, corn oil, or coconut oil and then injected intravenously with a tracer dose of cholesterol-4-C14. In the 6 days following injection higher excretion of C14 was observed in animals maintained on hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Of the activity extracted by petroleum ether after saponification, a lower percentage was present in the digitonin-precipitable fraction in animals fed coconut oil. Smaller amounts of cholesterol were excreted by the coconut oil-fed rats. No consistent differences were observed in total C14 activity of various organs of the different dietary groups at any time period. Neither serum cholesterol nor serum C14 activity was affected by variation of the type of dietary fat given these rats.
Significance and Global Impact of IFRS and Basel III in the Future of Financial Regulation: Addressing Themes of the Symposium 'The Promise and Perils of Convergence in Financial Regulation and Consumer Protection' (Presentation Slides)

Why is global regulatory convergence of such vital importance given the prevailing global economic and financial environment? Such importance is not only evidenced by the current information uncertainty hovering over the global financial markets, but also the need for enhanced transparency and financial informational disclosure and reporting - which can be fostered where regulatory convergence is possible. Whilst certain standards such as the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 8, are intended to “enhance the relevance and reliability of an entity’s financial statements, and the comparability of those financial statements over time and with the financial statements of other entities”, the global adoption and endorsement of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), it is certain, will require time – as well as a huge change and transition for many major economies across the globe – as reflected by the most recent statistics.
Research and Development on Environmental Friendly Electronic Product

With the development of global economy,environmental problems become more serious.Green manufacturing and environmental protection becomes a noticeable issue.European Union,China and many other countries have enacted legislations to force manufacturers to produce environmental friendly products.As a leading global company in electronic manufacturing,Motorola Inc.has the obligation to provide environmental friendly,healthy and safe process,products and service.This paper focuses on introducing Motorola experiences on the development of environmental friendly products, e.g.the conception of design for environment and its application in the life cycle stages of Motorola products,the evalua- tion tools for environmental friendly products and several successful examples such as energy efficient charge and no-lead package.The purpose is to improve society's understanding on environmental performance of the products,and provide technical guidelines for the design of environmental friendly products.
Common Benign Cutaneous Tumors And Tumor-Like Lesions Of The Head And Neck

The otolaryngologist is confronted with a wide variety of benign and malignant skin neoplasms. In this article, common benign cutaneous, epithelial, and nonepithelial tumors and tumor-like lesions of the head and neck region are described. Clinical presentation, histopathology, and differential diagnosis are discussed where appropriate.
Determinants of Maternal Mortality in Rural China

A case-control study of maternal mortality was conducted in selected rural areas of two provinces in China: Henan province, which has a relatively lower socio-economic status and higher maternal mortality rates, and Jiangsu province with higher socio-economic status and lower maternal mortality rates. The major cause of maternal mortality in the two provinces was postpartum hemorrhage and the largest proportion of deaths occurred on the road between the women's home and the health care facility. Results indicate that the expectant mother's socio-economic status, knowledge of maternal care, and the nature and level of maternal care provided all influence rural maternal death rates. However, socio-economic factors were only significant predictors of mortality in the poorer province. Implications for health policy and future research are discussed.
Diagnostic profiles of adult psychiatric outpatients with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Objective Despite growing recognition that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent, impairing, and comorbid disorder that persists into adulthood, reports on the nature and extent of its psychiatric comorbidities have been mixed to date. This study compared the prevalence rates of all major Axis I disorders as well as borderline personality disorder in an unselected sample of adult psychiatric outpatients with and without ADHD. Methods As part of the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we administered a DSM-IV-based semi-structured diagnostic interview assessing ADHD and other psychiatric disorders to 1134 patients presenting for initial evaluation at an outpatient psychiatric practice. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the rates of each disorder in patients with versus without an ADHD diagnosis (both overall and by Combined and Inattentive type). Results Patients with (versus without) any ADHD diagnosis had significantly higher rates of bipolar disorder, social phobia, impulse control disorders, eating disorders, and BPD, and significantly lower rates of major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder (all p Conclusion In this novel investigation of the psychiatric profiles of an unselected sample of treatment-seeking adult outpatients with versus without ADHD, a distinct pattern of comorbidities emerged across subtypes, with implications for the accurate assessment and treatment of patients presenting for psychiatric care.
War as an Evil

The ethics of war in the just war tradition is one that takes war to be morally neutral in itself.1 War could be justified if certain conditions were met, and war could be chosen as a morally acceptable means to achieve justified ends. If war is recognized as intrinsically evil, then the deliberate choice of war could not be justified in the way that just war theory attempts to do. Take for comparison how torture of human beings is intrinsically evil. There is consequently no “just torture theory” to distinguish between torturing justly and torturing unjustly. Given this, the only moral question to ask is whether it could be a lesser evil to torture than to allow some other great evil. Some would answer “no,” but even those who answer “yes” have to regret the evil they do and be required to make amends or accept punishment for doing evil, even if what they do is the lesser evil.
Aggregate Equilibrium/The Multiplier and Accelerator in a Simple Keynesian Model

This chapter presents a perspective on aggregate equilibrium/the multiplier and accelerator in a simple Keynesian model through a report that was published in The Wall Street Journal on August 14, 1981. As per the report, the commerce department reported that business inventories rose 0.7% in June to a seasonally adjusted $493.51 billion after rising 0.7% in May to $490.25 billion. Some economists had feared that the slowdown in the economy since the first quarter might saddle businesses with large inventories. That, analysts feared, could lead to further reductions in production later in the year. The inflation-adjusted output of goods and services rose at a strong 8.6% annual rate in the first quarter and then fell at a 1.9% rate in the second period. Most economists expect a further decline in the current quarter. Despite that swing in the economy, analysts believe the inventory situation has worsened only slightly. That view was shared by Ago Ambre, a senior Commerce Department economist.