cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular serotonin levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens

Amperozide, clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone are more potent serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)2A receptor antagonists than dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists. Haloperidol and S(-)-sulpiride are potent or selective dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists and lack 5-HT2A receptor antagonist properties. We studied the effect of these five proven antipsychotic drugs and one putative (amperozide) antipsychotic drug on extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of awake, freely-moving rats, using in vivo microdialysis with dual probe implantation. Risperidone (1 mg/kg) and clozapine (20 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, respectively. Amperozide (2 and 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular 5-HT levels in both regions. Olanzapine (1 and 10 mg/kg), S(-)-sulpiride (10 and 25 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) and the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL-100,907 (1 mg/kg) had no significant effect on extracellular 5-HT levels in either region. Thus, the ability to increase extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens by these antipsychotic drugs is not directly related to their affinity for 5-HT2A receptors since olanzapine and MDL-100,907 had no significant effect on extracellular 5-HT levels. A variety of mechanisms other than those involving 5-HT2A receptors, e.g., reuptake inhibition (amperozide) and blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptors (clozapine), may contribute to the ability to increase extracellular 5-HT levels in the brain. The increase in extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex or nucleus accumbens following amperozide, clozapine, or risperidone administration may not be related to the effect on psychotic symptoms but could be related to effects on other types of psychopathology such as depression, negative symptoms, or cognition.
Crop management effects on soil carbon sequestration on selected farmers’ fields in northeastern Ohio

Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest among terrestrial pools. The restoration of SOC pool in arable lands represents a potential sink for atmospheric CO 2 . Restorative management of SOC includes using organic manures, adopting legume-based crop rotations, and converting plow till to a conservation till system. A field study was conducted to analyze soil properties on two farms located in Geauga and Stark Counties in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil bulk density decreased with increase in SOC pool for a wide range of management systems. In comparison with wooded control, agricultural fields had a lower SOC pool in the 0–30 cm depth. In Geauga County, the SOC pool decreased by 34% in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) grown in a complex rotation with manuring and 51% in unmanured continuous corn ( Zea mays L.). In Stark County, the SOC pool decreased by 32% in a field systematically amended with poultry manure and 40% in the field receiving only chemical fertilizers. In comparison with continuous corn, the rate of SOC sequestration in Geauga County was 379 kg C ha −1 year −1 in no-till corn (2 years) previously in hay (12 years), 760 kg C ha −1 year −1 in a complex crop rotation receiving manure and chemical fertilizers, and 355 kg C ha −1 year −1 without manuring. The rate of SOC sequestration was 392 kg C ha −1 year −1 on manured field in Stark County.
Strategies to successfully promote sibling-mediated social interaction intervention resulting in modest effects for young children with autism1

Does sibling-mediated social intervention change typically developing children's social behaviors when playing with siblings who experience Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Does this intervention re...
An electrocardiographic estimation of the pulmonary vascular obstruction in 80 patients with mitral stenosis.

Abstract Electrocardiograms from 80 adult patients with proved mitral stenosis were correlated with the pulmonary vascular resistances as measured during cardiac catheterization. The finding of a mean QRS electrical axis of +91 or more degrees was the most frequently positive single index of increased total pulmonary resistance among those that entailed no sacrifice of diagnostic accuracy possessed by any other single electrocardiographic criterion. Significant pulmonary hypertension with total pulmonary resistances of more than 800 dynes sec. cm. −5 was associated consistently with the electrocardiographic finding of right axis deviation. However, the degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction could not be quantitatively predicted when there was evidence of partial right bundle branch block in Precordial Lead V 1 .
Adsorption of p-cresol on Granular Activated Carbon

Swine farming emits several odorous volatile organic compounds, one of which is p-cresol (CH3)C6H4(OH), 4-methylphenol). Considering the layout of a swine farm, adsorption is one of the most suitable technologies for mitigating organic pollutants. In this study, commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) was tested as an adsorbent for removing p-cresol from aqueous solution. Batch experiments with GAC were performed to assess the combined effects of temperature (15-35℃), pH (6-8), and adsorbent dose (10-30 g L -1 ) on adsorption of p-cresol. The results indicated that adsorption capacity of p-cresol decreased with the increasing adsorbent dose, whereas the effects of pH and temperature were not significant. Optimum adsorption capacity of 12.02 mg g -1 was observed at temperature of 25℃, pH of 7, and adsorbent dose of 3.2 g L -1 . It was also found that the presence of isovaleric acid and formaldehyde enhanced adsorption of p-cresol. Kinetic analyses indicated that p-cresol adsorbed mainly via chemisorption and adsorption was limited mainly via intra-particle diffusion. The role of solvent was not significant suggesting that water did not compete with p-cresol. Furthermore, surface oxygen fairly inhibited adsorption of p-cresol perhaps due to enhancement of hydrophilicity. It is proposed that adsorption occurred mainly via electron transfer between p-cresol and activated carbon. Sample design calculations are also presented to aid the swine producers to estimate the carbon dosage. Our data suggests that adsorption using GAC could effectively mitigate p-cresol released from swine facilities.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Lack Genes for Lipid A Biosynthesis and Incorporate Cholesterol for Their Survival

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are agents of human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichioses, respectively. They are extremely sensitive to mechanical stress and are pleomorphic gram-negative bacteria. Membrane incorporation of cholesterol from the eukaryotic host is known to be essential for other fragile and pleomorphic bacteria and mycoplasmas that lack a cell wall. Thus, we tested whether cholesterol is required for E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum. Using a freeze fracture technique and biochemical analysis, these bacteria were found to contain significant levels of membrane cholesterol. These bacteria lack genes for cholesterol biosynthesis or modification. However, host cell-free bacteria had the ability to take up directly exogenous cholesterol or NBD-cholesterol, a fluorescent cholesterol derivative. Treatment of the bacteria with cholesterol extraction reagent methyl-β-cyclodextrin caused their ultrastructural changes. Furthermore, pretreatment of the bacteria with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or NBD-cholesterol deprived these bacteria of the ability to infect leukocytes, thus killing these obligate intracellular bacteria. Analysis of E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum genome sequences revealed that these bacteria lack all genes for the biosynthesis of lipid A and most genes for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which confer structural strength to gram-negative bacteria. Taken together, these results suggest that human ehrlichiosis agents became cholesterol dependent due to the loss of these genes. As the first report of gram-negative bacteria incorporating cholesterol for survival, these findings offer insight into the unique nature of their parasitism and imply that cholesterol is important in the control of human ehrlichioses.
Error-flagging support and higher test scores

Previously, providing error-flagging support during tests was reported to lead to higher scores. A follow-up controlled study was conducted to examine why, using partial crossover design. Two adaptive tutors were used in fall 2009 and spring 2010, and the data collected during their pre-test stage was analyzed. The findings are: (1) When a student solves a problem correctly on the first attempt, error-flagging support helps the student move on to the next problem more quickly without pausing to reconsider the answer. But, it may also encourage students to use error-flagging as an expedient substitute for their own judgment; (2) Given error-flagging support, many more students will arrive at the correct answer by revising their answer, which explains why students score higher with error-flagging; (3) Students will use error-flagging to reach the correct answer through trial and error even though the problems are not of multiple-choice nature. However, at least some students may engage in informed (as opposed to brute-force) trial and error. (4) Error-flagging support provided during tests could cost students time. (5) Given how often students move on after solving a problem incorrectly, without ever reconsidering their answer, providing error-flagging support during testing is still desirable.
Effect of Insecticides on the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides to adult Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and its host the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Leaf-dip and direct-dip bioassays for diamondback moth larvae and residual bioassays for adults of diamondback moth and D. insulare were used to assess mortalities. Larval mortalities at field rates were significantly higher with carbaryl, permethrin, spinosad, and tebufenozide when compared with Bacillus thuringiensis, or imidacloprid in the larval-dip bioassay 72 h after treatment. In the leaf-dip and residual bioassays, both permethrin and spinosad caused 100% mortalities to diamondback moth larvae and adults, respectively, 72 h after treatment. Of all the materials tested, only B. thuringiensis and tebufenozide were not toxic to D. insulare 24 h after treatment. Spinosad was not toxic to D. insulare 30 min after treatment. However, 100% mortality was observed 8 h after treatment.
Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part II: Resilience in Shear

This paper examines the structure and evolution of a mature tropical cyclone in vertical wind shear (VWS) using airborne Doppler radar observations of Hurricane Guillermo (1997). In Part I, the modulation of eyewall convection via the rotation of vorticity asymmetries through the downshear-left quadrant was documented during rapid intensification. Here, the focus is on the relationship between VWS, vortex tilt, and associated asymmetry within the tropical cyclone core region during two separate observation periods. A method for estimating local VWS and vortex tilt from radar datasets is further developed, and the resulting verticalstructureanditsevolutionaresubjectedtostatisticalconfidencetests.Guillermowasahighlyresilient vortex, evidenced by its small tilt magnitude relative to the horizontal scale of the vortex core. The deep-layer tilt was statistically significant, oriented on average ;608 left of shear. Large-scale vorticity and thermal asymmetries oriented along the tilt direction support a response of Guillermo to shear forcing that is consistent with balanced dynamics. The time-averaged vertical motion asymmetry within the eyewall exhibited maximum ascent values ;408 left of the deep-layer shear, or in this case, right of the deep-layer tilt. The observation-based analysis of Guillermo’s interaction with VWS confirms findings of recent theoretical and numerical studies, and serves as the basis for a more comprehensive investigation of VWS and tropical cyclone intensity change using a recently constructed multistorm database of Doppler radar analyses.
A Psychological Basis for Anesthesiologists' Operating Room Managerial Decision-Making on the Day of Surgery

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether, without prompting, anesthesiologists tendto make managerial decisions to increase the clinical work per unit time of the sitesto which they are assigned during their scheduled time present. Although a soundbasis for decision-making involving individual ORs, the heuristic is often subop-timal economically when applied to decisions involving multiple ORs.METHODS: Two studies were performed at one hospital. 1) A retrospective analysiswas made of anesthesiologists’ managerial decisions when caring for sequentiallists of patients. 2) Patients’ and surgeons’ waiting on nights and weekends werestudied before/after education on optimal decision-making.RESULTS: 1) Anesthesiologists’ decisions resulted in an increase in their clinical workper unit time, not a reduction in patient waiting. 2) Paradoxically, such efforts onnights and weekends caused increased patient and surgeon waiting. Decisionswere unchanged after education on a different way to assign cases.CONCLUSIONS: In a companion article, we showed that clinicians tended to makedecisions that increased the clinical work per unit time at each moment in each OR,even when doing so resulted in an increase in overutilized OR time, higher staffingcosts, unpredictable work hours, and/or mandatory overtime. The current studiesshow that such efforts to work fast cannot be explained as a consequence of effortsto reduce surgeon and patient waiting. Rather, the heuristic followed is consistentwith increasing one’s personal clinical work per unit time at one’s assignedanesthetizing location.
Measurements Pertaining to the Co-ordination of Radio Reception With Power Apparatus and Systems

EXPERIENCE has shown that electric-power apparatus and circuits may, under certain circumstances, influence radio reception. Groups representing electric-apparatus manufacturers, power companies, radio-apparatus manufacturers and service have been co-operating for several years on the control of this influence. Reports by these groups have summarized progress as this work proceeded. Standard measurement equipments and methods have been established. Papers have been presented also covering various aspects of the general problem. This paper gives the results of practical experience with standard equipments and methods for the measurement of radio influence factors. The various elements in the chain between measured characteristics of the power apparatus and the noise measured in the radio set are analyzed. Quantitative values for the various factors involved in average cases are given.
Combined renal artery stenosis and aortic aneurysm: Treatment options

The purpose of this study was to analyze outcomes of two different treatment strategies in patients treated for renal artery (RA) stenosis and a coincidental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A total of 50 patients were encountered who required treatment for concomitant RA stenosis and an AAA from 1980 to 1994. Simultaneous operative aortic and RA reconstruction was done in 32 patients, whereas 18 patients where treated with preoperative percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty (PTRA). The two groups were well matched with respect to age, AAA size, incidence of hypertension, preoperative creatinine level, and creatinine clearance (all p values > 0.07). Aortorenal bypass (18 RAs), reimplantation (18 RAs), or endarterectomy (2 RAs) was performed to correct a mean RA stenosis of 88%, whereas 23 RAs (91% mean stenosis) were treated with preoperative PTRA. PTRA failed in four patients with RA stenosis, and they were successfully treated with surgery (3 bypasses and 1 reimplantation). Statistical analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference between these four failed PTRA patients, the 14 successful PTRA patients, and the 32 RA reconstruction patients in terms of operating time (p = 0.15), operative blood loss (p = 0.20), intensive care unit days (p = 0.71), or total hospital days (p = 0.94). Among the 40 patients available for follow-up, hypertension was cured in seven, improved in 10, unchanged in 15, and worse in eight with no difference demonstrated between the groups (p = 0.73). These data suggest that preoperative PTRA has no specific advantage over surgical RA reconstruction in patients with concomitant RA stenosis and AAA. Failed PTRA did not preclude or complicate subsequent operative RA revascularization.
Historical perspective: Arthur Kornberg, a giant of 20th century biochemistry

For physics, the period from the beginning to the middle of the 20th century was one of great scientific excitement and revolutionary discovery. The analogous era for biochemistry, and its offspring, molecular biology, was the second half of the 20th century. One of the most important and influential leaders of this scientific revolution was Arthur Kornberg. The DNA polymerase, which he discovered in 1955 and showed to have the remarkable capacity to catalyze the template-directed synthesis of DNA, contributed in major ways to the present-day understanding of how DNA is replicated and repaired, and how it is transcribed. The discovery of DNA polymerase also permitted the development of PCR and DNA sequencing, upon which much of modern biotechnology is based. Kornberg's studies of DNA replication, which spanned a period of nearly 30 years, culminated in a detailed biochemical description of the mechanism by which a chromosome is replicated. The final years of Kornberg's life were devoted to the study of polyphosphate, which he was convinced had a crucial role in cellular function.
Inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases block angiotensin II inhibition of Na(+) pump.

Abstract To determine how angiotensin II inhibits the Na + pump (Na + , K + –ATPase) in rat zona glomerulosa, we selectively blocked signaling proteins that could be activated by the angiotensin AT 1 receptor and known to affect Na + pump activity. Inhibitors of protein kinase C [calphostin C (1 μM); staurosporine (1 μM)], phospholipase A 2 [arachidonyl triflouromethyl ketone (25 μM); quinacrine (75 μM)], diacylgycerol lipase [RHC-80267 (5 μM)], and tyrosine phosphorylation [tyrphostin 47 (100 μM)] had no effect on angiotensin II inhibition of the Na + pump. On the other hand, inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases [phenylarsine oxide (5 μM) and 4-bromotetramisole oxalate (100 μM)] blocked angiotensin II inhibition, where as inhibitors of serine/threonine phosphatases [okadaic acid (1 μM) and microcystin (1.5 μM)] did not. Thus, angiotensin II inhibition of the Na + pump may in part be mediated by a tyrosine phosphatase.
Transgene expression in strawberries driven by a heterologous phloem-specific promoter

Strawberry is susceptible to diseases caused by phytoplasmas, mycoplasma-like prokaryotes restricted to sieve elements in the phloem tissue of infected plants. One strategy to improve strawberry resistance to phytoplasmas involves transgenic expression of anti-microbial peptide genes in phloem. For targeted phloem-specific expression, we constructed a binary vector with an expression cassette bearing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) under control of the Arabidopsis sucrose-H+ symporter gene (AtSUC2) promoter. Transgenic strawberry lines were generated with high efficiencies by a modified transformation protocol, which combines the adoption of a 3-day pre-selection period following transformation, and the addition of 10-μM thidiazuron to the regeneration medium. Histological GUS activity indicated that the reporter gene was expressed specifically in phloem of leaves, petioles, and roots of transgenic plants. The results suggest that the transformation protocol and the AtSUC2 promoter may be useful for engineering phytoplasma-resistant transgenic strawberries.
Feasting, Craft Specialization, and the Ritual Mode of Production in Small‐Scale Societies

Economic intensification has been documented in a diversity of small-scale societies. The existing archaeological theory concerning such intensification has tended to privilege economic and political explanations and largely ignores social action and ritual performance as motivations for economic change. In this article, 1 use both ethnographic and archaeological data to argue that ceremonial feasting and the need for socially valued goods, which are critical for ritual performance and necessary for a variety of social transactions, create the demand that underwrites and sustains economic intensification in small-scale societies. Food for large-scale feasts is acquired through the intensification of food production and procurement targeted specifically for feasting, rather than from the surplus available from routine subsistence production. Large-scale demands for socially valued goods tend to result in specialization on the production of "extraordinary" material culture, which is characterized by two modes of circulation, in networks of social obligations or as offerings in sacred locations. [Key words.craft specialization, exchange, feasting, ritual]
Towards a magnetic localization system for 3-D tracking of tongue movements in speech-language therapy

This paper presents a new magnetic localization system based on a compact triangular sensor setup and three different optimization algorithms, intended for tracking tongue motion in the 3-D oral space. A small permanent magnet, secured on the tongue by tissue adhesives, will be used as a tracer. The magnetic field variations due to tongue motion are detected by a 3-D magneto-inductive sensor array outside the mouth and wirelessly transmitted to a computer. The position and rotation angles of the tracer are reconstructed based on sensor outputs and magnetic dipole equation using DIRECT, Powell, and Nelder-Mead optimization algorithms. Localization accuracy and processing time of the three algorithms are compared using one data set collected in which source-sensor distance was changed from 40 to 150 mm. Powell algorithm showed the best performance with 0.92 mm accuracy in position and 0.7o in orientation. The average processing time was 43.9 ms/sample, which can satisfy real time tracking up to ~20 Hz.
Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

In spite of forty years of effective chemotherapy for tuberculosis, the molecular mechanisms of antibacterial compounds in Mycobacterium tuberculosis have only recently been revealed. Broad spectrum antibacterials, including streptomycin, rifampicin, and fluoroquinolones have been demonstrated to act on the same targets in M. tuberculosis as they do in E. coli. Resistance to these agents results from single mutagenic events that lead to amino acid substitutions in their target proteins. The mechanisms of action of the unique antitubercular drugs, including isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide have also recently been defined. Resistance to isoniazid can be caused either by mutations in the katG-encoded catalase-peroxidase, the enzyme responsible for drug activation, or by the molecular target, the inhA-encoded long chain enoyl-ACP reductase. Ethambutol appears to block specifically the biosynthesis of the arabinogalactan component of the mycobacterial cell envelope, and pyrazinamide has no known target. With the resurgence of tuberculosis and the appearance of strains which are multiply resistant to the above compounds, present tuberculosis chemotherapies are threatened. New approaches to the treatment of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis are needed.
Increasing importance of stem cell gene therapy in adenosine deaminase deficiency

I read the article by Lainka et al. ([12][1]) with great interest. I want to make some comments on the case and the emerging role of stem cell gene therapy (SCGT) in adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. The treatment of choice is currently stem cell transplantation (SCT) from a histocompatible
Removal of image intensifier veiling glare by mathematical deconvolution techniques

X-ray images acquired with an image intensifier detector system suffer from veiling glare, a low-frequency degradation described by a point spread function (PSF). The PSF has two experimentally determined parameters unique to a given image intensifier. This information is utilized to deconvolve the degradation from digitally acquired images. Results demonstrate a significant increase in contrast ratio of high-contrast objects after deconvolution and image restoration.
Aging Skeletal Muscle: Physiologic Changes and the Effects of Training

According to the 1996 US Census Bureau population projections (middle series), during the period from 1995 through 2030, the percentage of the American population that is 65 years of age or older and 85 years of age or older will increase by 107% and 133%, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of those under 65 years of age will increase by only 21%.1 In addition, the percentages of older people with disabilities in activities of daily living and of older people requiring institutionalization for disabilities are expected to remain similar to current levels over the next 30 years, although these statistics vary by ethnicity.1 This means that the number of people requiring institutionalization for disabilities will increase substantially. Based on these data, the physiologic changes that occur in skeletal muscle as a result of aging and the effects of exercise on aging skeletal muscle are going to be of increased importance to physical therapists. The purpose of this update is to discuss the effects of aging on skeletal muscle and to discuss how exercise affects aging skeletal muscle. As humans age, the force-generating capacity (strength) of their skeletal muscles is reduced.2,3 As a result, many older people experience difficulty in performing their activities of daily living.2 Recent research indicates that the observed loss of force production in older people is primarily to the result of muscle atrophy and alterations in the percentage of contractile tissue within muscle3–6 rather than deficits in muscle activation (motor unit [MU] recruitment and firing rates).7–9 ### Effects on Muscle Fiber Number and Size Skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) decreases with age (Fig. 1).3,4,6 This phenomenon, which is referred to as sarcopenia, can be the result of a reduction in fiber size, fiber number, or a combination …
Challenging nature’s monopoly on the creation of well-defined nanoparticles

recently begun to attempt to emulate nature’s ability to control those physical and chemical traits. The PRINT technology, which combines modern soft lithography with the unique properties of perfluoropolyether molds, enables the production of nanoparticles with unprecedented control of size, shape, chemical composition, deformability and surface functionality. This scalable ‘top-down’ fabrication process allows for the generation of well-defined nanostructures without the need for molecular assembly. The ability to flexibly engineer various matrix materials offers unique opportunities for the development of nanomedicines with desired functionality. The strength and versatility of PRINT makes it a powerful platform in nanomedicine for elucidating the role of physical and chemical properties of nanodelivery vehicles on the behavior and fate at the cellular, tissue and whole organism level. Utilizing the PRINT technology, we are generating well-defined nanomedicines with tailored properties for preclinical studies against a variety of human diseases.
Rectangular microstrip radiator for a multielement local hyperthermia applicator

An effective local hyperthermia applicator should deliver controlled wave energy to anatomic sites so as to safely heat a tumor while leaving normal tissue unharmed. A multielement microstrip array can provide such control and has the advantage of a thin, lightweight, conformable structure that can heat sites in the chest-wall, abdominal and pelvic regions more efficiently. An important component of the design is a low-loss dielectric cover layer that increases the cavity resonance (Q) of a rectangular microstrip patch radiating into a biological medium. Impedance matching and radiated electric-field pattern characteristics are also improved by the cover layer for the goal of hyperthermia application. The choice of substrate dielectric constant is discussed as a major consideration in multielement microstrip array design. >
Recovery threshold for optimal weight ℓ 1 minimization

We consider the problem of recovering a sparse signal from underdetermined measurements when we have prior information about the sparsity structure of the signal. In particular, we assume that the entries of the signal can be partitioned into two known sets S 1 , S2 where the relative sparsities over the two sets are different. In this situation it is advantageous to replace classical l 1 minimization with weighted l 1 minimization, where the sparser set is given a larger weight. In this paper we give a simple closed form expression for the minimum number of measurements required for successful recovery when the optimal weights are chosen. The formula shows that the number of measurements is upper bounded by the sum of the minimum number of measurements needed had we measured the S 1 and S 2 components of the signal separately. In fact, our results indicate that this upper bound is tight and we actually have equality. Our proof technique uses the “escape through a mesh” framework and connects to the Minimax MSE of a certain basis pursuit denisoing problem.
Evidence-based Medicine in Rhinosinusitis

■ Treatment for rhinosinusitis should be based on the current understanding of the pathology of the disorder, consideration of comorbid conditions, and the various treatment modalities available.
Simulation of Process-Stress Induced Warpage of Silicon Wafers Using ANSYS® Finite Element Analysis

Wafers warp. It is important to minimize warpage in order to achieve optimal die yield and potentially prevent future device failure. Although the word warpage is widely used in the literature to represent wafer bow (convex or concave shape), in the real world wafers are often seen into warp into saddle shapes. This complicates the characterization of both the sources of and solutions to warpage, because (as will be discussed) Stoney's formula (relating intrinsic stress and curvature) does not apply for structures warped with compound curvature, and standard wafer warpage measurements are not designed to measure compound curvature. During thin film deposition, wafer warpage occurs due to the intrinsic stresses and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of the different thin films and the substrate. Unfortunately, whereas the introduction of the thermal stresses due to CTE mismatch into a finite element model is easily understood, the introduction of intrinsic stress is not. Further, although ...
Catheter-related infection: diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Introduction: Catheter infection continues to be a serious problem in critically ill patients. This review will examine the inc idence, epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, risk factors for and treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Methods: Relevant articles were culled from a Medline search and other review articles on catheter-related infection. Important abstracts presented within the past year were included in the review if the data had not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. Results: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) increase morbidity and the cost of care of patients. The predominant organisms associated with CRBSI are coagulase nega tive staphylococci, enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis usually requires catheter removal and culture but newer techniques such as “differential time to positivity” may permit diagnosis of CRBSI in situ. Reducing risk factors for infection are important: education of house staff, use of the subclavian insertion site, skin preparation with chlorhexidine solutions, use of maximum barrier precau tions during catheter insertion and catheter maintenance with chlorhexidine sponges. If infection rates are still high after institution of these measures, use of antiseptic or antibiotic-impregnated catheters should be considered. Treatment of CRBSI in critically ill patients manda tes catheter removal and treatment with systemic antibiotics. Conclusions: The best treatment for CRBSI is prevention. Ongoing studies are evaluating the effectiveness of newer antiseptic catheters, the risk of developing antibiotic resistance when using antibiotic-impregnated catheters and the contribution of multiple interventions on the development of CRBSI. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001; 30:419-29
Bilingual Child-Language Acquisition along the United States—Mexico Border: The El Paso—Ciudad Juárez—Las Cruces Triangle

The multilingual-multicultural Southwest provides a ready laboratory for the study of bilingual child-language ontogeny. The language situation along the United States-Mexican border, exemplified by the El Paso, Texas, Las Cruces, New Mexico, and Ciudad Juarez (Chihuahua), Mexico triangle is an apt case in point. Language acquisition is viewed in the light of the multiple model-sources to which children of varying socioeconomic status are exposed. There is reason to believe that, even in a presumably homogeneous context of standard- speaking parents, children are exposed not to a single “unitary” model-source, but to a number of them (including nonstandard ones). The homogeneous language situation may then actually be a fiction. Longitudinal investigations are needed which might well show that a number of standard and nonstandard registers, codes, or styles are acquired actively, passively, or both by virtually all youngsters, whatever their socioeconomic status.
Early description of synchronous double spinal vascular malformations by Łucja Frey in 1928

The Polish neurologist Łucja Frey (1889-1942) is principally remembered for her description of the auriculotemporal nerve (or Frey's) syndrome. She also reported a complex case of spinal cord vascular malformation in 1928, which included one of the earliest accurate anatomopathological depictions of a spinal arteriovenous malformation as well as the first known observation of double synchronous spinal cord vascular malformation. An abbreviated translation of Frey's report is followed by a discussion of the place occupied by her contribution in the development of our current understanding of spinovascular disorders.
“Queer for Uncle Sam”: Anita’s Latina diva citizenship in West Side Story

This essay addresses West Side Story’s enduring legacy among Latinas/os through a queer, feminist reading of the character Anita, informed by Latina/o performance and dance studies. Rita Moreno’s bodily migrations in her portrayal of Anita in the 1961 film and the character’s narrative mobility within the musical embody a kinesthetic model for the ways Latinas/os enact queered relations to dominant conceptions of citizenship in the United States. In particular, Anita captures and catalyzes the affective ambiente central to Latina/o assertions of cultural citizenship and queer utopian visions.
Work Addiction: Implications for EAP Counseling and Research

Summary This paper examines the literature on work addiction, including recent definitions of the construct and the psychometric properties of the first instrument to measure work addiction. The growing anecdotal and empirical literature are discussed in terms of the impact of work addiction on family functioning with practical implications for EAP counselors.
Evolutionary Equilibria in Network Markets

Evolutionary game theory predicts that new survival strategies arise from random mutations. Over time, mutants genetically encoded with the superior survival strategy will have more offspring and nonmutants will be driven from the population. This paper argues that the introduction of a mutant technology with strong positive feedback and cascade effects into the market for a network good may result in something like an evolutionarily stable equilibrium that increases social welfare.
A Bayesian multivariate joint frailty model for disease recurrences and survival

Motivated by a study for soft tissue sarcoma, this article considers the analysis of diseases recurrence and survival. A multivariate frailty hazard model is established for joint modeling of three correlated time-to-event outcomes: local disease recurrence, distant disease recurrence (metastasis), and death. The goals are to find out (i) the effects of treatments on local and distant disease recurrences, and death, (ii) the effects of local and distant disease recurrences on death, and (iii) the correlation between local and distant recurrences. By our approach, all these three important questions, which are commonly asked in similar medical research studies, can be answered by a single model. We put the proposed joint frailty model in a Bayesian framework and use a hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for the computation of posterior distributions. This hybrid algorithm relies on the evaluation of the gradient of target log density and a guided walk progress, and it combines these two strategies to suppress random walk behavior. A further distinction is that the hybrid algorithm can update all the components of a multivariate state vector simultaneously. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the proposed joint frailty model and the computation algorithm. The motivating soft tissue sarcoma data set is analyzed for illustration purpose. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The March to Distribution

In the decade prior to the publication of his magnum opus, The Distribution of Wealth (1899), Clark developed and consolidated the various strands of the argument for which he is most famous — the marginal productivity theory of distribution. While one can trace the germ of this concept to his 1877 ‘The New Philosophy of Wealth’, it is not until the 1890 ‘The Law of Wages and Interest’ that we see a complete statement of the principle lying behind the theory.
Activism, Professionalism, or Condominium?

Characterizing present sociology requires a change in historical perspective from a focus on ideas and programs. The relevant features are politicization, feminization, and caste-like hierarchy, which are not entirely consistent with one another. But if we put aside nostalgia for the idea of sociology as a science, sociology can be understood as a politically identified discipline oriented to fact. There are antecedents to this in the history of sociology, such as the pre-1945 field of rural sociology. This outcome is consistent with the preservation of the caste system, but allows sociology to appeal to student audiences.
Being Assigned Work in Prison Do Gender and Race Matter

With a majority of inmates being assigned some type of work while incarcerated, work assignments are a staple of U.S. prisons. These work assignments are likely to impact not only prisoner behavior while in prison, but also may impact their ability to obtain gainful employment after prison. Historically, it has been noted that work in prison has been influenced by gender and racial norms and stereotypes. These stereotypical assignments may not be beneficial for inmates, especially in a time when work assignments are increasingly providing the only work skills inmates may receive while incarcerated. Using a nationwide data set of prisoners incarcerated facilities, the current study uses multilevel modeling to examine the nature of work assignments for male and female state prisoners and whether these assignments are based on gender and/or racial stereotypes. Results indicate that there are indeed lingering stereotypes influencing work assignments for men and women in U.S. prisons.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Analysis of Perfused Peripapillary Capillaries in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Normal-Tension Glaucoma.

Purpose To compare perfused peripapillary capillary density in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), and normal patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Methods A retrospective review of POAG, NTG, and normal patients imaged with OCT-A was performed. En face OCT angiograms identifying peripapillary vessels were obtained using a spectral-domain OCT system (Avanti RTVue-XR). A custom image analysis approach identified perfused peripapillary capillaries, quantified perfused capillary density (PCD), and generated color-coded PCD maps for 3.5- and 4.5-mm-diameter scans. We compared PCD values, PCD maps, standard automated perimetry (Humphrey visual field [HVF]) parameters, and OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness analyses across all groups. Results Forty POAG, 26 NTG, and 26 normal patients were included. Annular PCD in POAG (34.24 ± 6.76%) and NTG (37.75 ± 3.52%) patients was significantly decreased compared to normal patients (42.99 ± 1.81%) in 4.5-mm scans (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Similar trends and statistical significances were seen in 3.5-mm scans. Linear regression analysis resulted in moderate correlations between annular PCD values and other glaucomatous parameters. Pearson coefficients comparing annular PCD from 4.5-mm scans in POAG and NTG groups to HVF mean deviation, HVF pattern standard deviation, and average RNFL thickness all showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). Color maps showed that POAG and NTG patients had a reduction of perfused capillaries that progressed in size when comparing early, moderate, and severe glaucoma groups. Conclusions Optical coherence tomography angiography can uniquely identify changes in peripapillary PCD in glaucoma patients. Optical coherence tomography angiography may offer insights into the pathophysiology of glaucomatous damage and risk factors for disease progression.
Advising Non-CE Students in Graduate Programs

To determine advising patterns in civil engineering programs for non-civil engineering graduate students, data from 21 schools geographically distributed in the United States were assembled. Specif...
Multimedia Field Test Thinking About Exposures? There’s an App for That!

Anxiety Coach is a smartphone application ("app") for iOS devices that is billed as a self-help program for anxiety in youth and adults. The app is currently available in the iTunes store for a one-time fee of $4.99. Anxiety Coach is organized around three related content areas: (a) self-monitoring of anxiety symptoms, (b) learning about anxiety and its treatment, and (c) guiding users through the development of a fear hierarchy and completion of exposure tasks. Although the app includes psychoeducation about anxiety as well as information regarding specific skills individuals can use to cope with anxiety (e.g., cognitive restructuring), the primary focus of the app is on exposure tasks. As such, the app includes a large library of potential exposure tasks that are relevant to treating common fears and worries, making Anxiety Coach useful to clients and clinicians alike. Additionally, Anxiety Coach prompts users to provide fear ratings while they are carrying out an exposure task and displays a message instructing users to stop the exposure once fear ratings drop by half. These features work together to create an app that has the potential to greatly increase the reach of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety.
Metabolomic analysis of the mechanism of action of yerba mate aqueous extract on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative enteropathogen that infects millions of people worldwide each year; the emergence of drug-resistant strains has heightened the need for novel treatments. Aqueous extracts of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) effectively inhibit drug-resistant S. Typhimurium in vitro. Some chemical constituents that contribute to the extract’s antibacterial activity have been identified, but the mechanism of action of the extract is still unknown. This study sought to gain insight into the antibacterial mechanism of yerba mate extract against S. Typhimurium. Assays for catalase activity and membrane permeability were used to select time points for an LC-MS metabolomics analysis of S. Typhimurium intracellular components. Yerba mate extract induced changes in central carbon metabolism in S. Typhimurium, reduced catalase activity by means other than direct inhibition, and did not change membrane integrity despite a significant increase in the production of a cell wall precursor. Additional significant differences were observed in the global metabolic regulators alpha-ketoglutarate and acetylphosphate, the energy-related molecule NAD+, and in an unexpected match to the antibacterial compound yohimbine. This work provides the first evaluation of the mechanism of action of yerba mate extract on S. Typhimurium, revealing a major impact on central carbon metabolism, catalase activity, and possible metabolic links to interference in energy production and membrane integrity. The putative identification of the antibacterial compound yohimbine and the many unidentified compounds provides additional avenues for future investigations of yerba mate compounds capable of traversing or binding to S. Typhimurium’s membrane.
The Hyperfine Structure of the $sup 2$P$sub 3$2 State of Al$sup 27$. The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment

The hyperfine structure of the $3p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ has been measured by the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interaction constants $a$ and $b$ have been found to be $a=94.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ Mc/sec., $b=18.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25$ Mc/sec.
Hydrological response to bauxite mining and rehabilitation in the jarrah forest in south west Australia

Abstract Study region Jarrah forest in south west Australia. Study focus The hydrological response to bauxite mining in the jarrah forest could differ from other land uses such as timber harvesting or clearing for agriculture, since mining involves excavation of the upper regolith in addition to changes in forest cover due to clearing and subsequent rehabilitation. Three catchments, one subject to mining, a second subject to an intensive forest thinning treatment and an untreated control were monitored for streamflow, rainfall, groundwater and leaf area index over a 36-year period. New hydrological insights for the region Mining caused a peak streamflow response of 225 mm or 18% of rainfall, before returning to pre-disturbance levels 11 years after mining commenced. Streamflow changes were closely associated with changes in a groundwater discharge area in the valley floor. Changes in groundwater level, in turn, were related to rainfall and leaf area index, and these effects did not differ between mine rehabilitation and unmined catchment areas. The streamflow response to mining could not be distinguished from the intensive thinning treatment in this study, or from clearfelling or clearing for agriculture reported elsewhere in the jarrah forest. The results indicate that shallow subsurface flow processes, considered to dominate streamflow generation in jarrah forest catchments, do not extend beyond the valley floor and immediately adjacent slopes which were not disturbed by mining.
Improving Access to Oral Health Services Among Uninsured and Underserved Populations: FirstHealth Dental Care Centers

The author discusses the efforts of the FirstHealth of the Carolinas health care network in eliminating rural disparities in access to oral health services in North Carolina. Topics include FirstHealth's opening of three pediatric dental care centers in the Hoke, Montgomery, and Moore counties of North Carolina, and the impact of access to oral health services on eliminating oral health disparities.