cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Here and now, there and then: How “departure dates” influence climate change engagement

Abstract Climate change alters landscapes, challenges economic systems, and threatens human and environmental health. Yet, despite real and present impacts, climate change remains largely an abstract risk to most people in the U.S. Using a survey with an embedded experiment, we explore responses to messages about climate “departure dates” by manipulating the spatial and temporal dimensions of future climate change impacts in two exemplar cities (New York City and Singapore) among U.S. and Singapore participants. Overall, results suggest that the influence of temporal and spatial features of departure dates is moderated by participants’ political orientation and geographic location. For instance, we observed some of the largest effects of our manipulation on the reported policy support of conservatives in the U.S. as compared to U.S. liberals and their counterparts in Singapore. We draw connections to relevant theory (e.g., construal level theory) and consider implications for climate departure dates as communication devices.
Short- and long-term effects of ethanol administration in vivo on rat liver HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities.

Short- and long-term effects of ethanol on HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities in rat liver have been investigated. Neither the reductase nor the hydroxylase activity as measured in vitro was significantly affected within 2 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (7 mmol per 100g body weight), whether tested at the diurnal low or the diurnal high point of activity. Although chronic ethanol feeding for 21 days did not affect the diurnal rhythm of either of these enzyme activities, it caused a 29% decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity and a 56% decrease in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity at the diurnal high point. The same chronic ethanol feeding caused a moderate increase in serum cholesterol and a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol concentration. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the decreased rate of cholesterol degradation to bile acids may play a significant role in the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver after chronic ethanol feeding.
Data security: data breaches

This paper focuses on recent data breaches of two differing entities, Target (2013) and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (2015). The number of accounts and people, as well as the personally identifiable financial information (PIFI) and personally identifiable information (PII), affected are discussed. Additionally, the lessons learned from each incident and the proposed or updated security measures implemented will be addressed.
Lipase Supplementation before a High-Fat Meal Reduces Perceptions of Fullness in Healthy Subjects.

Background/Aims Postprandial symptoms of fullness and abdominal discomfort are common after fatty meals. Gastric lipases hydrolyze 10% to 20% of dietary triglycerides during the stomach trituration period of digestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acid-resistant lipase on upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including fullness and bloating, as well as on gastric myoelectrical activity after healthy subjects ingested a high-fat, liquid meal.
Sensing Properties of WO3 as Thin Film Prepared by PVD towards Methanol Vapor

Three thin films were prepared by PVD starting from WO 3 powder with thicknesses (998.7, 1620, 2240 nm) respectively on glass substrates under limited thermal and pressure conditions, studied their I-V characteristics and calculated the sensitivity for 100 ppm of ethanol vapor adsorption (The temperature of the films have been changed from 25°C to 350°C). A comparison among them was achieved at 300 °C as an operating degree and found that the 1620 nm WO 3 has more sensitivity and has more power to adsorb for ethanol vapor on it.
Early Treatment for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Analysis of Safety, Outcomes, and Costs Associated with a Palliative Approach to Newborn Opioid Withdrawal

To examine the safety, outcome, and cost profiles associated with a palliative treatment model for newborns at high risk for opioid withdrawal in the setting of level I newborn care. Retrospective chart review was performed for 137 qualified infants born in a clinical university setting between 2006 and 2014 with an ICD-9 diagnosis code of 760.72 (Narcotics affecting fetus or newborn via placenta or breast milk) or 779.5 (Drug withdrawal syndrome in newborn) and admitted for Level 1 care. All were treated with a palliative model that combined early …
Promotion of the improvement of laboratory management by informatization construction

Based on relative requirements of"Laboratory Accreditation Guidelines for Testing and Calibration",total quality management is performed on personnel,equipment,samples,reagents,methods,environmental resources of laboratory by using information system.Meanwhile,a large amount of information is analyzed to provide timely and accurate data resources for public health emergency response.
Interior Deformation Monitoring of Dam Body for 300 m High Grade CFRD

Different from normal concrete faceplate rockfill dam(CFRD) at safety monitoring design for 300 m high grade CFRD,near 900 m wide of section for dam body will up against,it will be a new difficult problem at the interior deformation monitoring.The significance is expounded briefly about the interior deformation monitoring at high CFRD,it is analyzed that the insufficiency in method at interior horizontal displacement monitoring for normal CFRD.The rationality and feasibility of the method that used series staff extensometer device with CFRP material for monitoring horizontal displacement had bring forward and demonstrated.The automatic monitoring sensor based on macro pressure used to hydraulic overflow settlement cell will instead by macro displacement sensor put forwarded.The indispensability using transom type extensometer and hydraulic overflow settlement cell at settlement monitoring for high CFRD is discussed,and it is indicated that this combination layout will be a important guarantee for construction quality and safety function with concrete faceplate for high CFRD.The essentiality and possibility for setting up landscape orientation and lengthways gallery in dam body,the interior deformation monitoring at dam body extended by the lengthways gallery,and the tremendous benefit for construction period and future function period is emphasized on.
Nutritional assessment and therapy in advanced urothelial cancer

Patients with advanced urothelial cancers often have cachexia and anorexia resulting in severe malnutrition and depressed immunologic function. Careful nutritional assessment early in their evaluation and early use of parenteral and enteral nutritional supplements play an important role in allowing these patients to withstand their therapies safely as well as in improving their prognosis.
Rapid and Efficient Generation of Regulatory T Cells to Commensal Antigens in the Periphery

Summary Commensal bacteria shape the colonic regulatory T (Treg) cell population required for intestinal tolerance. However, little is known about this process. Here, we use the transfer of naive commensal-reactive transgenic T cells expressing colonic Treg T cell receptors (TCRs) to study peripheral Treg (pTreg) cell development in normal hosts. We found that T cells were activated primarily in the distal mesenteric lymph node. Treg cell induction was rapid, generating >40% Foxp3 + cells 1 week after transfer. Contrary to prior reports, Foxp3 + cells underwent the most cell divisions, demonstrating that pTreg cell generation can be the dominant outcome from naive T cell activation. Moreover, Notch2-dependent, but not Batf3-dependent, dendritic cells were involved in Treg cell selection. Finally, neither deletion of the conserved nucleotide sequence 1 (CNS1) region in Foxp3 nor blockade of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)-receptor signaling completely abrogated Foxp3 induction. Thus, these data show that pTreg cell selection to commensal bacteria is rapid, is robust, and may be specified by TGF-β-independent signals.
Imaging biomarkers of ramucirumab and olaratumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

2044 Background: VEGF and PDGF receptors are overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM). Both receptor families may be important therapeutic targets. We explored early biologic markers of VEGFR-2 or PDGFR...
DEBC Detection with Deep Learning

This work presents a novel system utilizing state of the art deep convolutional neural networks to detect dead end body component’s (DEBC’s) to reduce costs for inspections and maintenance of high tension power lines. A series of data augmenting techniques were implemented to develop 2,437 training images which utilized 146 images from a sensor trade study, and a test flight using UAS for inspections. Training was completed using the Python implementation of Faster R-CNN’s object detection network with the VGG16 model. After testing the network on 111 aerial inspection photos captured with an UAS, the resulting convolutional neural network (CNN) was capable of an accuracy of 83.7% and precision of 91.8%. The addition of 270 training images and inclusion of insulators increased detection accuracy and precision to 97.8% and 99.1% respectively.
Survival and long-term outcomes after mitral valve replacement in patients aged 18 to 50 years

Abstract Objective To provide long-term data on survival and major morbidity after mitral valve replacement in patients aged 18 to 50 years. Methods Retrospective analysis of 2727 patients aged 18 to 50 years who underwent isolated mitral replacement in California and New York from 1997 to 2006. Median follow-up time was 12.4 years (maximum 15.0 years). The primary endpoint was mortality; secondary endopoints were stroke, major bleeding, and reoperation. Propensity matching yielded 373 patient pairs. Results Bioprosthetic valve use increased from 10% to 34% between 1997 and 2014 ( P P = .002). At 15 years after mitral valve replacement, the cumulative incidence of stroke was similar (9.1% [95% CI, 6.0%-13.0%] vs 9.7% [95% CI, 6.7-13.4]; HR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.57-1.59]); the cumulative incidence of major bleeding events was similar (7.9% [95% CI, 5.0%-11.5%] vs 11.5% [95% CI, 7.6%-16.2%]; HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.46-1.32]); and the cumulative incidence of reoperation after bioprosthetic valve replacement was greater (19.9% [95% CI, 15.4%-24.8%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 3.5%-8.7%]; HR, 20.3 [95% CI, 4.0-102.8]), respectively. Conclusions The significant survival benefit associated with mechanical mitral valve replacement in adults ≤50 years may be due to the practice of implanting bioprostheses in sicker patients or those judged less likely to comply with long-term medication despite adjustment for baseline characteristics in propensity score matching.
Nondestructive Hardware and Software Solutions

New and seasoned forensic examiners should always try various hardware or software solutions before resorting to destructive techniques. Typically, the number one reason why these methods are employed is user enabled security. Other reasons may include a locked provider code placed on the file system for subsidy with the carrier. iPhones depending on their version of operating system, can have the user PIN defeated. The same applies to Android. In many cases the supported devices do not need disassembly for the use of some of these tools. Still, techniques such as Joint Test Action Group and In-System Programming can also be included in the list of nondestructive methods. Like many tools that are used for mobile forensics, the reason the tool or utility was developed was not originally for forensics. Many of the tools used to exploit the phone will be limited to what it supports. Examiners must understand that these tools can also alter or wipe potential evidence.
A Control-Theoretic Assessment of Interventions During Drinking Events

This paper employs control-theoretic tools to provide guidelines for in-situ interventions aimed at reducing high-risk alcohol consumption at drinking events. A dynamical directed network model of a drinking event with external intervention, suitable for mathematical analysis and parameter estimation using field data is proposed, with insights from pharmacokinetics and psychology. Later, a characterization of a bound on blood alcohol content (BAC) trajectories is obtained via Lyapunov stability analysis, and structural controllability guarantees are obtained via a graph-theoretic method. We use the degree of controllability, given to be the trace of the system’s controllability Gramian, as a metric to compare the viability of network nodes for intervention based on theoretic and heuristic centrality measures. Results of numerical examples of bars and parties, informed by field data, and the stability and controllability results, suggest that intervening in the environment in wet bars, while targeting influential individuals with high alcohol consumption motivations in private parties efficiently yield lower peak BAC levels in individuals at the drinking events.
Down Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex in Skeletal Muscle during Sepsis: Implications for Sepsis-Induced Hyperlactatemia

Sepsis shifts the dynamic metabolic interactions involved in the regulation of inter-organ substrate fluxes, and ultimately results in derangements in the plasma concentrations of metabolites. One manifestation of the septic process is the development of hyperlactatemia in the absence of overt signs of hypoperfusion. Lactate is the end-product of glycolysis. Consequently, changes in lactate concentrations during sepsis may reflect altered regulation of glucose metabolism. In skeletal muscle, the PDH complex is the link between the glycolytic pathway and oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in the metabolism of glucose. In sepsis, production of pyruvate via glycolysis is accelerated in skeletal muscle. Because the proportion of the PDH complex in the active, nonphosphorylated form is diminished during sepsis, pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate, and subsequently released into the circulation. The inhibition of PDH activity resides in a stimulation of the PDH kinase during sepsis. Although the factors responsible for lactate metabolism dyshomeostasis are unknown, evidence suggests that TNF functions as a proximal mediator.
A Novel Catalyst Evaluation System For Temporal Analysis of Reaction Products With Submillisecond Time Resolution.

Abstract A new device that can be used to study the reaction dynamics of solid-catalyzed vapor-phase reactions is described. The apparatus is based upon introducing pulses containing a single or multicomponent mixture of gases into a micro fixed-bed reactor and measuring the transient response using a quadrapole mass spectrometer over a time-scale that can approach the submillisecond range. Some key applications of the device for determination of adsorption-desorption energies of activation, identification of reaction intermediates, deducement of reaction mechanisms, and reaction networks are also summarized.
The Place for Simulation Teaching

Medical education is rapidly changing. Advanced technology has compelled educators to produce newer, more innovative teaching strategies, and techniques. Never has this been more evident than in the realm of simulation. More sophisticated mannequins, with computer enhanced capabilities of presenting normal and not-so-normal physiology, are inundating academic training centers. Excellence in healthcare delivery, improved physician competency leading to better outcomes, and patient safety, are areas in which simulation is front and center. This chapter aims to provide the reader with a look at the various components of simulation in medical education and the significant impact it has made on physician training in many medical specialties, including the field of anesthesiology.
Malthusian Checks: An Investigation into Sufficiency Conditions, Long-Term Dynamics and Implications for Inverse Projections

This is a set of notes designed to invite discussion, awaken interest, and suggest a potentially fruitful research agenda, one that links different strands of research in historical demography. The document is quite informal and does not pursue many of the leads but leaves them as open area of inquiry.
Diffusion-Reaction Systems in Neutron-Fission Reactors and Ecology

This article presents a few recent results in the application of parabolic and elliptic systems to nuclear reactor dynamics and ecology. Many open questions concerning the existence and stability of positive solutions remain unanswered. For example, the existence of nontrivial positive steady state solutions in the temperature dependent case (non-prompt feedback) in Section 2 is unknown.
Improved Hemoglobin Response with Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Gastrointestinal-Related Iron-Deficiency Anemia Versus Oral Iron

Aims To compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) versus oral iron and other IV iron therapies in patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) resulting from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.
Dieselgate: How Hubris and Bad Leadership Caused the Biggest Scandal in Automotive History

The Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal (“Dieselgate”) explores how one of the world’s largest and most highly-regarded auto manufacturers became ensnared in a self-inflicted and staggeringly costl...
Cohorts and wealth transfers: Generational changes in the receipt of inheritances, trusts, and inter vivos gifts in the United States

Abstract The intergenerational transfer of assets helps create and maintain wealth inequality over time, and cohort differences in these wealth transfers provide unique insights into the changing mechanisms that lead to inequality. We examine cohort differences in asset transfers in two ways. First, we explore whether there are general cohort differences. Second, we examine how transfers have changed across four specific U.S. birth cohorts. We draw on ideas from research on cohort succession processes to document differences across cohorts in financial resources, and we draw on work on bequest behavior to address how resource differences might lead to cohort differences in transfers. Using the Survey of Consumer Finances, we find that members of younger cohorts are less likely than members of older cohorts to receive any transfer but that younger recipients receive larger transfers. We also find that members of younger cohorts are less likely to receive inheritances and trusts, more likely to receive inter vivos gifts, and less likely to inherit at any age than members of older cohorts. Our findings underscore the importance of birth cohorts in studies of inequality and suggest that wealth inequality may worsen over time given that a smaller number of people are receiving large transfers.
Rethinking the Undergraduate Political Science Major: The Wahlke Report Revisited

As new trends and challenges impinge on higher education, reconsideration of the structure and purpose of the political science major will be fundamental in determining its future. The Wahlke report, or “Liberal Learning and the Political Science Major” by John C. Wahlke, was published in 1991 as the Report of Task Force on the Political Science Major, appointed by APSA President Lucian Pye, and as part of volume on “Liberal Learning and Arts and Sciences Majors” compiled by Association of American Colleges. The report set forth a vision of liberal political education, and a set of recommendations for achieving it. In the intervening years, though, new challenges to the political science major—from unsustainable costs and new technologies to changing student populations and demands for new skills—have emerged. The coming challenge will be to respond to these changes while retaining a core structure and coherence of the political science major.
Multiview Co-segmentation for Wide Baseline Images using Cross-view Supervision

This paper presents a method to co-segment an object from wide baseline multiview images using cross-view self-supervision. A key challenge in the wide baseline images lies in the fragility of photometric matching. Inspired by shape-from-silhouette that does not require photometric matching, we formulate a new theory of shape belief transfer—the segmentation belief in one image can be used to predict that of the other image through epipolar geometry. This formulation is differentiable, and therefore, an end-to-end training is possible. We analyze the shape belief transfer to identify the theoretical upper and lower bounds of the unlabeled data segmentation, which characterizes the degenerate cases of co-segmentation. We design a novel triple network that embeds this shape belief transfer, which is agnostic to visual appearance and baseline. The resulting network is validated by recognizing a target object from realworld visual data including non-human species and a subject of interest in social videos where attaining large-scale annotated data is challenging.
Geomagnetic Storm Induced Mid-latitude Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities and Their Implications for GPS Positioning over North America: A Case Study

This paper presents mid-latitude ionospheric plasma irregularities associated with a geomagnetic storm and their impacts on high-precision GPS positioning solutions. We focus on the geomagnetic storm on 7–8 September 2017. Our study shows the vulnerability of mid-latitude GPS positioning to this geomagnetic storm event due to the storm-induced plasma irregularities. Results indicate more than 80% GPS stations over North America experienced large position errors (>0.5 m) within 30°−60° latitudes in the earlier period of the storm. Afterwards, the impacts became less significant and the large position error mainly concentrated within 50°−60° latitudes. The considerable degradation in the position accuracy correlates with occurrence of cycle slips that was attributed to ionospheric scintillations of GPS signals. This study allows us to improve knowledge of ionosphere response impacts on GPS at middle latitudes under extreme space weather conditions and increase awareness towards development of mitigation and predication means.
Histone deacetylase 3 is required for development and metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Hormones are chemical communication signaling molecules released into the body fluids to stimulate target cells of multicellular organisms. We recently showed that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) plays an important role in juvenile hormone (JH) suppression of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we investigated the function of another class I HDAC member, HDAC3, and show that it is required for the normal development of T. castaneum. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the HDAC3 gene affected development resulting in abnormally folded wings in pupae and adults. JH analog, hydroprene, suppressed the expression of HDAC3 in T. castaneum larvae. The knockdown of HDAC3 during the final instar larval stage resulted in an increase in the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in JH action. Sequencing of RNA isolated from larvae injected with dsRNA targeting malE (E. coli gene, control) or HDAC3 followed by differential gene expression analysis identified 148 and 741 differentially expressed genes based on the P-value < 0.01 and four-fold difference, and the P-value < 0.05 and two-fold difference, respectively. Several genes, including those coding for myosin-I heavy chain (Myosin 22), Shaven, and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 were identified as differentially expressed genes in HDAC3 knockdown larvae. An increase in histone H3 acetylation, specifically H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27, was detected in HDAC3 knockdown insects. Overall, these data suggest that HDAC3 affects the acetylation levels of histones and influences the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the regulation of growth, development, and metamorphosis.
Research at Work: Sampling, Central Tendency, and Causation

A basic understanding of statistics is an important piece of social work practice, informing the ability of social workers to interpret and evaluate existing research and to conduct evaluations of ...
Pharmacist Transition-of-Care Services Improve Patient Satisfaction and Decrease Hospital Readmissions.

Background:Pharmacists ability to directly impact patient satisfaction through increases in the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys utilizing transitio...
Adenoidectomy Without Tonsillectomy for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

ObjectiveThe primary objective was to determine if obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can improve after adenoidectomy.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary children’s hospital betwee...
Zur Pathophysiologie beim septischen Schock

Ich mochte mich zunachst fur die freundliche Einladung bedanken, die es mir ermoglicht hat, hervorragende Referate uber dieses Thema zu horen und dementsprechend viel zu lernen.
The influence of FDA advisory information and black box warnings on individual use of prescription antidepressants

We examine how use of antidepressant medications is influenced by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings about the increased risk of suicidality associated with pediatric antidepressant use. With individual-level data on antidepressant use from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we consider whether consumer responses to FDA warnings differ among targeted (children) and non-targeted (adult) age-groups. Because the warning labels specifically mentioned new users, we examine separately the effects of the warnings on initiations of antidepressant therapy and on continued use of antidepressants. We find evidence consistent with reduced initiation of antidepressant use among the intended population of children, and that usage among children with more highly educated parents responded earlier to FDA information. However, we also find spillover effects of reduced initiation among the non-targeted population of adults. Overall, our results indicate that the FDA warning may have led consumers to perceive risks beyond those specifically mentioned.
Social Safety Nets and COVID-19 Stay Home Orders across US States: A Comparative Policy Analysis

Sub-national policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been politicized in the US. Survival analysis was run on when stay-at-home orders were enacted and lifted across US states from March to ...
From Prescription to Transcription: Genome Sequence as Drug Target

Personalizing treatments to account for genetically mediated differences in drug responses is an exciting opportunity to improve patient outcomes. In this issue, Soccio et al. reveal new mechanisms by which non-coding variants alter the activity of the anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone.
An analytical solution for wellbore heat transmission in layered formations

This paper presents an analytical method for determining wellbore heat transmission during liquid or gas flow along the tubing. The mathematical model describes the heat transfer of the flowing fluid in the wellbore and in the surrounding formation as one whole physical system. The transient heat transfer equations in the two regions with coupling at the sandface are solved simultaneously. Previous treatments of wellbore heat transmission are improved upon in several aspects. Non-homogeneous formations are treated which consist of several layers with different physical properties and arbitrary initial temperature distributions in the vertical direction. Closed form analytical solutions are obtained in real space and in Laplace space, which can be used to calculate the temperature distribution along the wellbore and in the formation, and to evaluate heat transfer rate and cumulative heat exchange between wellbore and formation. A more accurate formula is given for the widely-used transient heat conduction function f(t/sub D/) of thermal resistance. This is shown to differ from Ramey's approximate solution at early time, while approaching it at late time. 14 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Formulation of a liquid diet for ethanol studies involving gestation and lactation in the rat

This report describes the preparation of a liquid diet for rat studies involving ethanol ingestion during gestation and lactation. The control diet was formulated to contain 30% of energy from casein including methionine at 0.5 mg/kcal, 11.5% of energy from corn oil, 58.5% of energy from dextrose, cellulose, and adequate vitamins and minerals. Calculations for the isocaloric substitution of dextrose with ethanol are described as well as the use of xanthan gum to disperse and emulsify ordinary solid diet components. The use of this liquid diet as the sole source of nutrition for the rat during gestation and lactation produced energy intakes, gestational weight gains, litter sizes, percent survival to weaning and weaning weights similar to those expected of a conventional diet even when ethanol was substituted for dextrose to provide 30% of total energy.
Propagation of dendritic spikes mediated by excitable spines: a continuum theory.

1. Neuroscientists are currently hypothesizing on how voltage-dependent channels, in dendrites with spines, may be spatially distributed or how their numbers may divide between spine heads and the ...
Anti-Infectivity Activity of Human Salivary Secretions toward Human Immunodeficiency Virus:

The purpose of this investigation was to adapt an MT-2 cell syncytium-forming assay for measuring anti-infectivity activity of salivary secretions toward HIV and to determine the distribution of this activity in a population of healthy adult subjects. Whole saliva samples were collected from 27 volunteers, who reported that they did not belong to any group at high risk for HIV infection, and tested for anti-infectivity activity using the syncytium-forming assay. Nine of these subjects were subsequently retested on one or more occasions to assess the variability in appearance of this activity. Parotid and extraparotid salivas of six subjects were also tested. Samples were frozen immediately after collection and submitted in blinded fashion for quantitation of their anti-HIV activity using a syncytia-forming MT-2 cell assay or the p24 antigen ELISA. Nine out of the 27 subjects showed detectable anti-HIV infectivity activity. One parotid sample and one extraparotid sample out of four from subjects with posit...
Disease mechanisms associated with mutations of the GNE gene

The GNE gene encodes the rate-limiting, bifunctional enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase. GNE mutations underlie two distinct disorders, dominant inherited sialuria characterized by dramatically increased sialic acid levels and recessive hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), characterized by decreased sialic acid production. This review describes the central role of GNE in sialic acid metabolism and the two intriguing disorders associated with GNE defects, sialuria and HIBM.
Age of the Earliest African Anthropoids

The earliest fossil record of African anthropoid primates (monkeys and apes) comes from the Jebel Qatrani Formation in the Fayum depression of Egypt. Reevaluation of both geologic and faunal evidence indicates that this formation was deposited in the early part of the Oligocene Epoch, more than 31 million years ago, earlier than previous estimates. The great antiquity of the fossil higher primates from Egypt accords well with their primitive morphology compared with later Old World higher primates. Thus, the anthropoid primates and hystricomorph rodents from Fayum are also considerably older than the earliest higher primates and rodents from South America.
Darwinian selection and "altruism".

Models are proposed for evolution at a single locus affecting altruistic behavior in which genotypic fitnesses are Darwinian and frequency (but not density) dependent. The fitnesses are composed, either in a multiplicative or an additive way, of factors which depend on the receipt and donation of altruistic behavior. The factors are determined from the matrices of conditional probabilities which describe the genotypes of relatives. Since selection occurs, these probabilities are in terms of genotype frequencies. The relationship between the risk to helper and benefit to recipient which allows altruism to evolve is shown to depend on the kinship coefficient between helper and helped, the particular fitness function proposed and the degree of dominance of the altruism. The commonly accepted criteria of W. D. Hamilton [J. Theor. Biol. 7 (1964), 1–16, 17–52] apply only in the additive case. A second class of models of social cooperation independent of relationship and its evolutionary dynamics are discussed.
Analysis of kinamycin D-mediated DNA cleavage

Abstract Kinamycin D is a potent antitumor antibiotic; however the biological mode of action is poorly understood. Recent efforts suggest the natural product is capable of generating reactive oxygen species under acidic pH to induce DNA damage in the presence of a reducing agent.
Surgical pearl: a novel adaptor for cryotherapy.

is a beginner. Pain and tissue damage caused by digital pressure is also minimized. After the filler is injected into the wrinkle, the rounded (convex) surfaceofthespoonisappliedwithgentlemassaging movements to spread out the injected substance (Fig 1). To reduce friction, a topical antibiotic can be usedtolubricate thespoon.Thisisparticularlyuseful for filler injections of the nasolabial fold. Furthermore, a teaspoon may be utilized if too much filler is injected into a site. The filler may be removed by squeezing out the excess through the initial opening by applying digital pressure. The teaspoon, however, can also be useful in extracting this extra material. The downward pointing tip of the teaspoon can be used with a scratching, hoe-like movement to extract and eliminate the excess material (Fig 2). Inbothsituations,weconsidertheteaspoonavery useful adjunct tool for dermal filler injection.
Calibration of pollak condensation nuclei counters using charged, monodisperse aerosols

Abstract Three Pollak condensation nuclei counters were calibrated separately using a commercially available aerosol source which produces a uniform, singly charged, monodisperse aerosol. Sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate aerosols of five particle sizes in the range of 0.0204–0.0730 μm were produced using an electrostatic classifier in concentrations from 5125 cm −3 to 1.121 × 10 6 cm −3 . The aerosol concentrations were corrected for doubly charged particles as well as for pressure effects in the Pollak counter. The greatest difference of the three instruments from the aerosol source was 24% below the source at 10 4 particles/cm 3 and 35 % below at 10 6 particles/cm 3 . These counts were also found to be within 10 % of those made with a Pollak counter maintained at the State University of New York, Albany. This agreement of three instruments to an independent aerosol source and to an accepted standard proves that Pollak counters, constructed according to Pollak's specifications, can measure particle concentrations reliably, and that the original calibrations provided by Pollak can be used without significant alteration.
Chloroplast and Cytoplasmic Enzymes

Chloroplastic and cytoplasmic forms of pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf carbonic anhydrase were separated by isoelectric focusing. The two forms have identical pH optima, 7.0 for the hydration reaction and 7.5 for the dehydration reaction, and identical Michaelis constants for CO2, 0.03 M. Neither isozyme is affected by any of several compounds involved in carbon metabolism in the green plant.
Development of a novel soft X-ray source for laboratory applications☆

Abstract A new soft X-ray source has been developed and characterized. X-rays are generated by the illumination of a multialkali photocathode with visible light to produce electrons that are accelerated onto a thin metal film anode. The novel feature of the design is that the photocathode and anode are in close proximity so that the X-ray emission is a spatial and temporal replica of the input light signal. Measurements of the X-ray emission brightness, energy spectrum and minimum source size are presented, and some unique applications of the new source are discussed.
Stereochemistry of oligomeric proteins

Abstract The subunits of many oligomeric proteins are organized into stable arrays with high symmetry. When these proteins interact with small molecules such as enzyme substrates or inhibitors, a variety of non-equivalent forms of the protein may be produced. Some of these forms have the same atomic composition, but differ in the spatial arrangement of the subunits. These species differ in all of their properties (conformation, affinity for substrate, etc.), and the relationships among them and among their subunits may be defined using stereochemical nomenclature which has been developed for small molecules. In many cases, the number of such forms is quite large. Rigorous, group-theoretical methods for enumerating all possible species are described and illustrated for the enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase.
The structural and piezoelectric properties of epitaxial AℓN on Aℓ 2 O 3

The piezoelectric properties of epitaxial AlN films grown by the method of chemical vapor deposition utilizing trimethylaluminum and ammonia as chemical reactants were investigated. Large variations of the measured electromechanical coupling coefficient, k2, were found in different regions of the same sample and on different samples having approximately the same h/λ value. Electron microscope observations of replicated as-grown and etched surfaces of epitaxial AlN were used to show a relationship between surface facet ordering and the magnitude of k2. A plot of k2 measured at various h/λ values shows k2 as large as 0.6% for films grown at a rate of ˜0.2 µm/min and measured at ˜400 MHz.
Impaired word-stem completion priming but intact perceptual identification priming with novel words: evidence from the amnesic patient H.M.

We hypothesized that word-stem completion (WSC) priming and perceptual identification (PI) priming, two types of repetition priming, rely on different cognitive and neural mechanisms: WSC priming on a modification mechanism that influences lexical retrieval, and PI priming on plasticity in pre-lexical perceptual systems. We compared the priming performance of the amnesic patient H.M. with words that came into common usage after the onset of his amnesia, and thus were novel to him (post-1965 words), and with familiar (pre-1953) words. We also tested age- and education-matched normal control subjects (NCS) and a patient with anterograde amnesia of recent onset (P.N.). The modification hypothesis predicted that H.M. would fail to show WSC priming with post-1965 words because pre-existing lexical representations of the test stimuli would be necessary for priming to occur. H.M.'s WSC priming score in the post-1965 condition did not differ from 0, and was inferior to the performance of NCS and of P.N. In contrast, H.M. displayed normal WSC priming in the pre-1953 condition. H.M. also showed robust and equivalent levels of PI priming in both conditions. A final experiment demonstrated preserved post-1965 word PI priming in H.M. when his baseline performance was matched with his post-1965 WSC priming baseline score. Our results challenge models that assume that most kinds of verbal repetition priming rely on the same or similar perceptual mechanisms.
Lattice animal enumeration as a test of detailed balance in the Clarke-Vvedensky model of epitaxial growth

Abstract We simulated lattice animal configurations on the square lattice using the method of Clarke-Vvedensky in their epitaxial growth model. We keep a list of occupied sites according to their number of occupied nearest-neighbor sites. New animal configurations are generated by picking sites from this list with probability proportional to exp(−B/kBT) where B is the number of occupied nearest-neighbors of that site, T is the temperature and kB is Boltzman's constant, and moving the particle at the picked site to a randomly chosen perimeter site of the cluster, without regard to the initial and final configurations of the cluster, except that it must remain connected, and continually updating the list. By comparing with exact enumeration results, we find that this method does not generate the correct animal configurations. We then show that the correct animal configurations can be generated by modifying the method to take into account the initial and final configurations of the clusters. Our results show that the Clarke-Vvedensky model of epitaxial growth does not satisfy detailed balance in the equilibrium limit.
Static job scheduling in partitionable mesh connected systems

Abstract The static job scheduling problem in a partitionable mesh connected system (PMCS) is addressed. The relationship between static job scheduling and system partitioning is discussed and a lower bound for the absolute worst case performance of any polynomial time static job scheduling approximation algorithm in PMCS is obtained. A heuristic algorithm based on the simple partitioning strategy, layer by layer, and the scheduling policy, longest processing time first, is presented and its performance is analyzed. We prove that 5 + 4p/(8q − p) is a worst case absolute performance bound of our algorithm, where p × q is the size of the PMCS. The bound is improved to 5 when each job requires a square submesh. If for any job we have a ⩽ p/m and b ⩽ q/m, where a × b is the size of the job and m ⩾ 3, then the bound is reduced to 2 + 2/(m − 2); if, in addition, every job requires a square submesh, then the bound is improved to 2 + (2m − 1)/(m – 1)2.
Matched processors for quantized control: A practical parallel-processing approach

Deterministic ‘quantized control’ problems are investigated from a novel and often computationally feasible ‘matched processors’ (MPs) perspective. It is noted that a bank of independent MPs, each matched to an admissible decision sequence, can evaluate, given the state and remaining duration, the dynamic performance cost-to-go values corresponding to a suitably selected ‘small’ subset of all admissible decision sequences. By choosing the best admissible decision sequence in this subset and using its first decision at each stage a computationally feasible and generally sub-optimum MP control scheme is produced. This scheme is found to be ideally suited for very-large-scale integration. In particular, for processes that are linear in the state and performance criteria that are quadratic in the state, the cost-to-go reduces to a simple quadratic function of the given state which in turn results in an MP control scheme structure similar to offered VLSI-based digital computers. It is demonstrated that the pro...
Immunology: Vitamins prime immunity

The finding that derivatives of vitamin B can bind to an antigen-presenting protein that stimulates specialized immune cells suggests a novel mechanism by which the immune system detects microbial infections. See Article p.717 Although mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells comprise up to 10% of the human T-cell population, surprisingly little is known about their role in physiology and pathology. This is in large part because the identity of the antigen or antigens recognized by MAIT cells in an MR1-restricted manner is unknown. This study reports the structure of the MHC-like molecule MR1 in complex with the vitamin B9-like protein pterin. Bacterial vitamin B derivatives are shown to activate MAIT cells, suggesting that the elusive antigens for MAIT cells are microbial vitamin metabolites and that the physiological role of these cells is to detect microbial infections.
Noble Gases from the Peace River LaLande and Achilles Meteorites

Abstract The noble gas contents and isotopic abundances were measured for samples of the Peace River, LaLande and Achilles chondrites. The noble gases determined from a single Peace River chondrule were enriched in radiogenic Xe 129 and Ar 40 . The cosmic ray exposure ages and the potassium-argon gas retention ages are calculated.
Modeling and Control of a High Pressure Combined Air/Fuel Injection System

A high pressure combined air-fuel injection system is designed and tested for an experimental free liquid-piston engine compressor. The application discussed utilizes available high pressure air from the compressor’s reservoir, and high pressure fuel to mix and then inject into a combustion chamber. This paper addresses the modeling, design and control for this particular high-pressure air-fuel injection system, which features an electronically controlled air/fuel ratio control scheme. This system consists of a fuel line and an air line, whose mass flow rates are restricted by metering valves. These two lines are connected to a common downstream tube where air and fuel are mixed. By controlling the upstream pressures and the orifice areas of the metering valves, desired A/F ratios can be achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated by a lumped-parameter model in simulation and validated by experiments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Root distribution of delta-operator formulated polynomials

Owing to its superior performance in high-speed signal processing/control, work on delta-operator based discrete time system implementations have attracted considerable attention. Stability and performance of such a system is closely related to the root distribution of its characteristic equation with respect to a certain 'shifted' circle in the complex plane; the underlying sampling time determines its centre and radius. An algorithm that checks root distribution of a given polynomial with respect to this stability boundary is proposed. It is based on a scaled version of the well known Marden-Jury table that determines root distribution with respect to the unit circle in the complex plane; this is the stability boundary corresponding to discrete time systems that are implemented using the more conventional shift operator. The Marden-Jury table offers several additional advantages that are not all present in other available algorithms applicable to shift operator based polynomials. The proposed algorithm possesses all these properties, and the scaling scheme used ensures improved numerical accuracy and the existence of a limiting form.
Leiomyomata uteri, genetic amniocentesis, and the risk of second-trimester spontaneous abortion.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of leiomyomata uteri on the risk of second-trimester spontaneous abortion and to determine whether genetic amniocentesis further increases this risk. Study Design: We retrospectively identified pregnant women with leiomyomata uteri who underwent genetic amniocentesis (cases) at the University of Rochester and the Johns Hopkins Hospital between April 1994 and June 2000. Two control groups were also identified: (1) pregnant women without leiomyomata who had undergone genetic amniocentesis (amnio only) and (2) pregnant women at similar gestational ages with leiomyomata who had not undergone amniocentesis (myoma only). Cases and controls were matched for maternal age and parity. All subjects were then followed up to ascertain pregnancy outcomes. Results: One hundred twenty-eight women with leiomyomata uteri who underwent genetic amniocentesis were identified and matched with 128 amnio-only controls and 128 myoma-only controls. The incidence of spontaneous abortion was 6.3% among the cases, 0.8% in the amnio-only controls, and 7.0% in the myoma-only controls. The relative risk (95% CI) for spontaneous abortion was 8.0 (1.02-63.04) for cases versus amnio only but was not significantly different from 1.0 for cases versus myoma-only controls. Conclusions: Women with leiomyomata are at an increased risk for second-trimester spontaneous abortion. Midtrimester amniocentesis does not appear to further increase this risk.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186: 913-5.)