cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of the 2×2 SiO2, Al, and Fe Experiments Mixed with Highly Enriched Uranium on the Thermal Energy Region

The basic characteristics of waste materials such as silicon dioxide, aluminum, and iron fueled with highly enriched uranium (HEU) and moderated and reflected by polyethylene were investigated. These critical experiments were performed at the Los Alamos Criticality Experiments Facility. The primary intention of these experiments is to provide supplementary data that can be used to validate and improve criticality data for the Yucca Mountain and the Hanford Storage Waste Tanks Projects. The secondary intention of the 2x2 experiments is to reduce the H/U ratio and increase the waste material/U ratio from previously published experiments. These experiments were designed to supply data for interlaced waste material/fuel/moderator systems on the thermal region. The experiments contained silicon dioxide (SiO{sub 2}), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) mixed with 93.23% enriched uranium and moderated and reflected by polyethylene. This analysis systematically examines uncertainties associated with the critical experiments as they affect the calculated multiplication factor. The systematic analysis is separated into uncertainties due to mass measurements, uncertainties due to fabrication, and uncertainties due to composition. Each type of uncertainty is analyzed individually, and a total combined uncertainty is derived. The SiO{sub 2}-HEU experiment had a measured k{sub eff} of 0.993, the Al-HEU experiment had amore » measured k{sub eff} of 0.990, and the Fe-HEU experiment had a measured k{sub eff} of 1.000. The calculated k{sub eff} values tend to agree well with the experimental values. The sensitivity analysis of these critical experiments yielded a total combined uncertainty on the measured k{sub eff} of {+-}0.0044 for SiO{sub 2}, of {+-}0.0048 for Al, and of {+-}0.0046 for Fe.« less
Growth of Scotch Pine Trees in Bluegrass Sod as Affected by Fertilizer Depth, Release Rate, and Season of Application

Five-year-old Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing in bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod were fertilized at two depths with liquid, granular, or compressed (Tree Stake) fertilizer. Trees w...
30 years of value engineering to the IR community

The SPIE Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling and Testing subconference is now holding its 30th annual conference – one of the longest running conferences in the SPIE technical conference series. Over the years, this working group, it’s Gov’t, Industry and academic participants have shared technical innovations on all aspects of IR and EO design approaches, analysis methods, modeling and simulation tools and extensive discussions on a wide range of testing methods. The wealth of information, training and collaboration resulting from this conference has helped form, shape and grow the careers of sensor systems engineers around the world, fostering new technology growth and proliferation to benefit us all. This presentation will look back at some of the significant highlights of the conference, notable technical concepts and in some cases their evolution, key papers, and show how our industry has significantly benefitted from this SPIE Gem.
Consumer Sovereignty: A Unified Theory of Antitrust and Consumer Protection Law

This article is about the relationship between antitrust and consumer protection law. Its purpose is to define each area of law, to delineate the boundary between them, to show how they interact with each other, and to show how they ultimately support one another as the two component parts of an overarching unity: effective consumer choice (also called consumer sovereignty).Consumer choice only is effective when two fundamental conditions are present. There must be a range of consumer options made possible through competition, and consumers must be able to choose effectively among these options. The antitrust laws are intended to ensure that the marketplace remains competitive, unimpaired by practices such as price fixing or anticompetitive mergers. The consumer protection laws are then intended to ensure that consumers can choose effectively from among those options, with their critical faculties unimpaired by such violations as deception or the withholding of material information. Protection at both levels is needed to ensure that a market economy can continue to operate effectively.Legal protection of this sort is required only when the free market is not working properly. This article will demonstrate that antitrust violations stem from market failures in the general marketplace external to consumers, whereas consumer protection violations flow from market failures that take place, in a sense, "inside the consumer's heads."This approach provides a coherent theoretical platform from which antitrust and consumer protection law may be better understood and applied. It also has significant practical consequences, many of which are explored in this article. This article is a companion piece to "Using the Consumer Choice to Antitrust Law," 74 Antitrust Law Journal 175 (2007), which can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1121459.
How the economy shapes the way we think about ourselves and others

While recessions are a regular feature of modern economic life, researchers have only recently begun to explore their psychological implications. This review examines evidence that recessions are linked to changes in how people regard themselves and others. Specifically, it reviews work suggesting that recessions are associated with declines in individualism and increases in interdependence. It also reviews evidence indicating that economic turmoil is associated with greater racial animosity. Finally, it considers some psychological processes underlying these effects.
HNF4α-deficient Fatty Liver Provides a Permissive Environment for Sex-independent Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise worldwide. Although the incidence of HCC in males is considerably higher than in females, the projected rates of HCC incidence are increasing for both sexes. A recently appreciated risk factor for HCC is the growing problem of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is usually associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In this study, we showed that under conditions of fatty liver, female mice were more likely to develop HCC than expected from previous models. Using an inducible knockout model of the tumor-suppressive isoform of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha ("P1-HNF4α") in the liver in combination with prolonged high fat (HF) diet, we found that HCC developed equally in male and female mice as early as 38 weeks of age. Similar sex-independent HCC occurred in the "STAM" model of mice, in which severe hyperglycemia and HF feeding results in rapid hepatic lipid deposition, fibrosis, and ultimately HCC. In both sexes, reduced P1-HNF4α activity, which also occurs under chronic HF diet feeding, increased hepatic lipid deposition and produced a greatly augmented circadian rhythm in IL6, a factor previously linked with higher HCC incidence in males. Loss of HNF4α combined with HF feeding induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an IL6-dependent manner. Collectively, these data provide a mechanism-based working hypothesis that could explain the rising incidence of aggressive HCC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a mechanism for the growing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in both men and women, which is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Clinical Innovation: A Multidisciplinary Program for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Hypertension in Children and Adolescents:

Pediatric systemic hypertension (HTN) is underdiagnosed and undertreated. The Divisions of Cardiology and Nephrology at our institution developed a comprehensive outpatient HTN program to (1) screen children at risk for HTN, (2) assess cardiovascular health, and (3) optimize medical management. We report our findings during all initial visits (n = 304) from December 2011 to September 2018. Of the cohort, 38% were obese and 36% reported little to no exercise. More than half of patients ≥11 years old did not have recommended lipid screening. When evaluating ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results, clinic blood pressure did not accurately diagnose patients with or without HTN and many patients on antihypertensive medications were inadequately treated. Visit recommendations included addition of or changes to antihypertensive medication in 35% of patients. A multidisciplinary program dedicated to pediatric HTN helps screen patients who are at risk. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring identifies HTN in patients with normal clinic blood pressure and those on antihypertensive medication.
13 – Gas Lift

Publisher Summary Gas lift technology increases oil production rate by injecting compressed gas into the lower section of tubing through the casing–tubing annulus and an orifice installed in the tubing string. Upon entering the tubing, the compressed gas affects liquid flow in two ways: the energy of expansion propels the oil to the surface and the gas aerates the oil so that the effective density of the fluid is less and thus easier to get to the surface. This chapter presents the principles of gas lift systems and illustrates a procedure for designing gas lift operations. Major tasks include calculations of well deliverability, pressure and horsepower requirements for gas lift gas compression, gas lift valve selection and spacing, and selection of installation methods.
Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury

Following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), spontaneous plasticity is observed throughout the neuraxis and affects multiple key circuits. Much of this spontaneous plasticity can elicit beneficial and deleterious functional outcomes, depending on the context of plasticity and circuit affected. Injury-induced activation of the neuroimmune system has been proposed to be a major factor in driving this plasticity, as neuroimmune and inflammatory factors have been shown to influence cellular, synaptic, structural, and anatomical plasticity. Here, we will review the mechanisms through which the neuroimmune system mediates plasticity after CNS injury. Understanding the role of specific neuroimmune factors in driving adaptive and maladaptive plasticity may offer valuable therapeutic insight into how to promote adaptive plasticity and/or diminish maladaptive plasticity, respectively.
Compound flooding in Houston-Galveston Bay during Hurricane Harvey

Abstract Hurricane Harvey reached Category 4 when it made landfall on the coast of Texas in late August 2017. Harvey not only affected the coastal region with wind speeds that peaked near 50 m/s, it also dumped ~7.6 × 1010 m3 of rain over 3 days. This rainfall was equivalent to the discharge of the Amazon River over the same period and made Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone to affect the United States. Winds and rainfall interacted to produce atypical storm surges along the coast and estuaries of Texas and compound flooding in the Houston region. Data from the NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services provided information on water levels in this region. The highest water levels, 3 m above predicted, occurred from August 27th to 29th at Buffalo Bayou in the uppermost reaches of the Galveston-Trinity-Tabbs-Burnet Bay system. The peak surge occurred on Aug 29th because of the triple punch of a) the ocean wind stress and corresponding surge, plus the rainfall-related land-derived discharge from b) Buffalo Bayou and then from c) the San Jacinto River. Winds from the ocean persisted during that 3-day period and drove onshore water transport. This transport, together with anomalously high mean sea levels and the coastline modifications in the upper bay system, delayed the seaward motion of the land-derived discharge. Numerical model simulations that turned forcings on and off, highlighted the importance of the two river pulses in causing the widespread flooding. Simulations also underscored the influence of the interaction between land-derived discharge and ocean-derived surge along different parts of the Houston-Galveston Bay system.
Theories of Self-Determination

Self-Determination Theory explains the factors of intrinsic motivation (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and of extrinsic motivation (internalization and integration) that support personality development and behavioral self-regulation to improve personal wellbeing and performance of people in organizations and society.
Thrombus Extension after Great Saphenous Vein Mechanochemical Ablation.

Abstract Background The objective of this study is to examine factors associated with thrombus extension after early experience with mechanochemical ablation, which combines mechanical damage to the venous endothelium with infusion of a sclerosant. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent mechanochemical ablation to treat saphenous vein insufficiency in the thigh including the saphenofemoral junction. Data abstracted included patient demographics, procedural details, and postprocedural outcomes. Thrombus extension was determined by postprocedural duplex ultrasound and classified as flush closure with the femoral vein and any extension of thrombus into the femoral vein. Results Seventy-three patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age of the population was 60, 17.8% were female, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.7. Seven (9.6%) patients who underwent mechanochemical ablation experienced saphenous vein closure flush with the femoral vein. Eleven (15%) patients experience extension of thrombus to less than 50% of the diameter of the femoral vein and one patient experienced complete thrombosis of the femoral vein. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or comprehensive classification system for chronic venous disorders between the group with thrombus extension and the group without, with the exception of BMI. The mean BMI in the group with thrombus extension was 26.8 vs. 32 in the group without (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in sclerosant volume used, distance between catheter tip and SFJ, and mean diameter of GSV in the thigh. Conclusions In this cohort, the incidence of thrombus extension into the femoral vein with mechanochemical ablation was high relative to rates of thrombus extension associated with reported rates of thermal ablation. Further investigation with larger cohorts, and standardized reporting is required to characterize the true rate of thrombus extension after mechanochemical ablation and identify maneuvers which may prevent thrombus extension.
Energy intake and season interact to influence physiological stress load among midlife women.

Allostatic load (AL) is an index that measures physiologic stress associated with chronic disease risk. One factor that may influence overall physiologic stress load and AL is energy consumption, b...
Love My House, Love My Bird An Intercultural Communication Perspective on Chinese Fansub Practices

Using a netnography approach, this study examines Martial, a Chinese fansub group, as an online community of practice. It finds four identities to be exhibited by members of the group: language-, e...
The Labour Market Effects of Venezuelan Refugee Crisis in the United States

This article examines the characteristics, location choice and labour market impacts of the recent inflow of Venezuelan refugees in the United States. A few interesting findings emerge from analysing the data. Unlike previous US immigration experience in the 1980s, the flow of recent Venezuelan refugees into the United States is characterized by an inflow of highly educated individuals with a college education. The finding of the analysis also suggests that the location choice of these refugees within the United States is not mainly driven by labour market conditions in the destination cities. Rather, distance to home country and climatic difference with Venezuela are the main factors in determining the flow of Venezuelan refugees into a particular US city. Consistent with this finding, most Venezuelan refugees choose to settle only in two cities in Florida: Miami and Orlando. Examining the labour market conditions in Miami and Orlando following the flow of Venezuelan refugees, the results of the analysis show a lack of evidence that the labour force participation, unemployment rate and weekly wages of US natives are adversely affected by the inflow.
Chapter 27 The Use of Photoactivatable Reagents for the Study of Cell Lineage in Drosophila Embryogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the use of photoactivatable lineage tracers in early Drosophila development. This technique involves the injection of a nuclear-targeted dextran reagent bearing caged fluorescein moieties into a precellularization embryo. All syncytial nuclei accumulate this nonfluorescent reagent and fluorescence is induced in nuclei, during or following cellularization, by a microbeam of light that stimulates photochemical uncaging. The fluorescent cell and its daughters can be identified either in the living embryo, offering the opportunity to follow the movements of cells during embryogenesis, or in fixed material allowing the positioning of clones with respect to patterns of gene expression. This photoactivatable tracer has several advantages over other cell marking techniques and is particularly suited to lineage studies in the embryo. The nuclear localization of the reagent permits single cells to be identified accurately in fields of adjoining, marked cells. The marking is precise in that the stage of the embryo and the particular cell that is marked are defined visually at the time of marking. Photoactivatable lineage tracers represent a major advance for clonal analysis in the early embryo and the study of cell movements. Any cell in the blastoderm can be marked, and the nuclear localization of the signal allows excellent resolution in identifying the daughters of individual cells.
Chapter 22 Economic perspectives on the politics of regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the three themes of economics research on regulation. The first and oldest deals with market failures and the corrective actions that government can undertake to ameliorate them. The second examines the effects of regulatory policies and asks whether government intervention is efficient or more efficient than doing nothing. The third investigates the political causes of regulatory policy. The motivation arises from the disjointness in the first two areas of research: regulation as practiced commonly has been found to be inefficient and to adopt methods that do not appear to be the best choices for tackling their associated market failures. The chapter presents an interpretative survey of the third category of research. It focuses on research that employs the conceptual model and methods of economics—that is, it assumes rational, goal-directed behavior by all relevant agents—that uses economic theoretic discussions to make predictions about political behavior and, where relevant, that employs the methods of testing theoretical hypotheses that economists commonly employ. Regardless of the motives of political actors, an essential ingredient to a theory of regulatory policy when the Coase Theorem fails is the way political officials control agencies. Whether the aim of regulation is to maximize efficiency or to transfer wealth to a special interest, politicians face a principal agent problem in trying to assure reasonable bureaucratic compliance with the objectives behind a legislative mandate.
Macroscopic Flux Quantization and Microwave Excitation in Single-Crystal YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Series of microwave-absorption lines spaced uniformly in the magnetic field have been observed in single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7-?. As the crystals are rotated, the regularly periodic lines move in field so that the component of the magnetic field along a [110] direction remains constant. Line series appear at successive threshold microwave powers and temperatures, and the lines widen dramatically as either the microwave power or the temperature is increased. The absorptions are believed to arise from the mixing of macroscopic flux states, stabilized by the microwave excitation.
The influence of spatial inhomogeneities on neutral models of geographical variation: II. The semi-infinite linear habitat

Abstract The equilibrium structure of the semi-infinite, one-dimensional stepping-stone model is investigated in the diffusion approximation. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into a semi-infinite linear array of equally large, panmictic colonies that exchange gametes uniformly and symmetrically. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection; every allele mutates to new alleles at the same rate. Boundaries corresponding to an impenetrable geographical barrier and to contact with a region of extremely high population density or dispersal rate (a “density-mobility boundary”) are both treated. Relative to a homogeneous infinite habitat, a geographical barrier raises, and a density-mobility boundary lowers, the probability of identity. For fixed average position of the two points of observation, the probability of identity decreases with increasing separation. For fixed separation, the probability of identity decreases (increases) as the average position recedes from the barrier (density-mobility boundary). The sole dimensionless parameter in the theory is β = 4ρo √2uVo, where ρo, u, and Vo represent the population density, mutation rate, and variance of gametic dispersion per generation, respectively. The characteristic length is √ V o (2u) . Lower and upper bounds on the probability of identity are established; these yield a simple approximation for β ⪢ 1. The probability of identity is obtained as an integral; from this solution, approximations close to and far from the boundary are derived and the exact mean homozygosity at a geographical barrier is evaluated.
Flow in Healthy and Stenosed Arteries

Mathematical and computational models for blood flow in normal and diseased arteries include vessel geometry, material properties, governing equations, and proper initial and boundary conditions. Models for stenosis, carotid, coronary, aorta, abdominal aortic aneurysm, pulmonary capillaries, graft, and stent are presented, with controlling factors and research focuses for each model discussed and proper references cited. Recent trends and potential applications for artery modeling are also discussed. Keywords: artery; blood flow; carotid; coronary; aorta; aneurysm; graft; stent; atherosclerosis; pulmonary capillary
Risk Assessment and Public Policy Issues

While exploitation of the fundamental biological phenomenon of genetic change has been the principal well spring of agrarian evolution and, in no small way, has assisted the advancement of civilisation, it did not emerge as an issue of social concern until scientists attained the means to manipulate life at the molecular level. In essence, commercialisation of the products of recombinant DNA technology is just another facet in a long history of human intervention in nature for agricultural and food production. And, as such, the same parameters of risk-based assessment should apply. Commercialisation of all types of organisms must be undertaken within a regulatory framework that insures adequate protection of the consumer and the environment while not stymieing innovation. The latter may slow the entry of new products into the marketplace and such a delay can sustain reliance on less efficient, less precise, less predictable and sometimes more hazardous alternative technologies and products. Keywords: public concerns; transatlantic dichotomy; environmental; food safety; super viruses; gene flow; fertility; chloroplasts; pharmaceutical; labelling
Teaching the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve in Introductory Economics

Consistency in the development and presentation of the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model in introductory economics is crucial. Logical consistency requires drawing on the underlying microeconomic fundamentals, especially for distinguishing between 'movements along' and 'shifts in' the short-run aggregate supply curve. Empirical consistency requires accounting for observed changes in real national output and the aggregate price level, for example, the absence of deflation over the past half-century for the U.S. economy. The conventional treatment of aggregate supply typically found in economic principles texts is criticized and a case is made for dropping the long-run aggregate supply curve in favor of a more dynamic analysis based on chronological time. A simple linear aggregate demand-aggregate supply model is offered for explaining both rigorously and intuitively the annual behavior of an economy.
Turning AGN Microlensing From a Curiosity Into a Tool

Microlensing of gravitationally lensed quasars by the stars in the foreground lens galaxy can be used to probe the nature of dark matter, to determine the mean stellar mass in the lens galaxy, and to measure the internal structure of quasar accretion disks. Until recently, little progress has been made toward using microlensing for these purposes because of the difficulty in obtaining the necessary data and the lack of good analysis methods. In the last few years, both problems have been solved. In particular, Bayesian analysis methods provide a general approach to measuring quantities of physical interest and their uncertainties from microlensing light curves. We discuss the data and the analysis methods and show preliminary results for all three astrophysical applications.
Tunneling microscopy of 2H-MoS2: A compound semiconductor surface.

Molybdenum disulfide, a layered semiconductor, is an interesting material to study with the tunneling microscope because two structurally and electronically different atomic species may be probed at its surface. We report on a vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy study of 2H-MoS2. Atomic resolution topographs and current images show the symmetry of the surface unit cell and clearly reveal two distinct atomic sites in agreement with the well-known x-ray crystal structure.
O professor-pesquisador diante da produção escrita dos alunos

Com base no construtivismo radical de von Glasersfeld, foi possivel estabelecer a fundamentacao teorica para justificar a escrita de alunos como material informativo para seus professores. Definimos os professores construtivistas como professores-pesquisadores que criam modelos a partir da matematica dos alunos, planejando para eles atividades baseadas nesses modelos. Esse professor-pesquisador se propoe a fazer uma leitura hermeneutica da escrita dos estudantes, o que requer uma disposicao para dar razao a eles. Tal leitura leva o professor a perceber como os alunos estao construindo conhecimento e tambem a aprofundar a sua propria compreensao da matematica. Foi utilizada a producao escrita de alunos para descrever o processo de leitura do professor-pesquisador que trabalha com uma postura construtivista.
Development of a novel remote-controlled and self-contained audiovisual-aided interactive system for immobilizing claustrophobic patients

In radiotherapy, only a few immobilization systems, such as open-face mask and head mold with a bite plate, are available for claustrophobic patients with a certain degree of discomfort. The purpose of this study was to develop a remote-controlled and self-contained audiovisual (AV)-aided interactive system with the iPad mini with Retina display for intrafractional motion management in brain/H&N (head and neck) radiotherapy for claustrophobic patients. The self-contained, AV-aided interactive system utilized two tablet computers: one for AV-aided interactive guidance for the subject and the other for remote control by an operator. The tablet for audiovisual guidance traced the motion of a colored marker using the built-in front-facing camera, and the remote control tablet at the control room used infrastructure Wi-Fi networks for real-time communication with the other tablet. In the evaluation, a programmed QUASAR motion phantom was used to test the temporal and positional accuracy and resolution. Position data were also obtained from ten healthy volunteers with and without guidance to evaluate the reduction of intrafractional head motion in simulations of a claustrophobic brain or H&N case. In the phantom study, the temporal and positional resolution was 24 Hz and 0.2 mm. In the volunteer study, the average superior–inferior and right–left displacement was reduced from 1.9 mm to 0.3 mm and from 2.2 mm to 0.2 mm with AV-aided interactive guidance, respectively. The superior–inferior and right–left positional drift was reduced from 0.5 mm/min to 0.1 mm/min and from 0.4 mm/min to 0.04 mm/min with audiovisual-aided interactive guidance. This study demonstrated a reduction in intrafractional head motion using a remote-controlled and self-contained AV-aided interactive system of iPad minis with Retina display, easily obtainable and cost-effective tablet computers. This approach can potentially streamline clinical flow for claustrophobic patients without a head mask and also allows patients to practice self-motion management before radiation treatment delivery.
Autoxidation of methyl linolenate. The effect of antioxidants on product distribution

Studies on autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of antioxidants have shown that there can be significant differences in the proportions and types of products produced in ‘inhibited’ autoxidations, as compared with control autoxidations, in the absence of an antioxidant. The autoxidation of methyl linolenate has been used as a model system with which to study the effects of different concentrations of both natural and synthetic antioxidants on the proportions of the various types of oxidation product formed. The antioxidants studied included α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylhydroxychroman (PMHC), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), and mono-tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). In order to investigate the effect of the antioxidants, the oxidation products were analysed for the proportions of diperoxides and monohy-droperoxides present, and the monohydroperoxide class was further analysed for the proportions of cis, trans and trans, trans dienes and ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ hydroperoxides. In all cases where any significant oxidation occurred the extent of the change in product distribution caused by the antioxidant increased as the antioxidant concentration increased. In many cases the extent of methyl linolenate oxidation occurring under standard conditions (after 100 h at 40°C) also increased as the antioxidant concentration increased, but this was not so for δ-tocopherol, BHT and TBHQ. The importance of these findings in relation to food systems and to the understanding of antioxidant behaviour is discussed.
Formation of ‘Beach Rock’ at Siesta Key, Florida and its influence on barrier island development

Seaward-dipping strata of carbonate-cemented shell debris located along the coast of Siesta Key on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula have long been interpreted to be beachrock equivalent in age to the Pleistocene Anastasia Formation (Stage 5e) of the east coast of Florida. Detailed examination of thin sections along with radiometric dating and isotopic analyses demonstrates clearly that this is a Holocene deposit that is not beachrock but was lithified in a meteoric environment. Whole rock dates, dates from shells only, and from cement only demonstrate that these beach deposits were in place by at least 1800 yr BP and might have been there as long ago as 4300 yr BP. This means that some type of barrier island was in place at that time. Previous investigations have depicted Siesta Key as having a maximum age of 3000 yr with these deposits being located about 2 km landward of the beach deposits. This suggests that the beach deposits might have been the site of the original position of Siesta Key. These data also indicate that sea level must have been near its present position at the time that these foreshore beach deposits were deposited; sometime between 1800 and 4300 yr ago. This scenario indicates that sea level along this coastal reach probably reached its present level at least about 2000 yr ago.
Lack of association between renal cell carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Objectives. To determine the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after a diagnosis of the other malignancy. Methods. The 1973 to 1994 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data base was used to determine the age-, sex-, race-, and calendar year-specific incidence rates for each year for RCC and NHL. The expected number of second cancers for each sex, race, and follow-up period (less than 1, 1 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 or more years) was obtained by multiplying these incidence rates by the age-, sex-, race-, and calendar year-specific number of person-years at risk, with these products summed over the different age groups and calendar years. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated (observed/expected number of second cancers), with statistical significance determined using the Poisson test. Results. From 1973 to 1994, 32,293 individuals in the SEER data base were diagnosed with RCC and 63,997 with NHL. NHL was diagnosed after RCC in 67 cases versus 59.8 expected (SIR 1.12, P = 0.19) and RCC after NHL in 96 cases versus 56.1 expected (SIR 1.71, P<0.0001). Only white males and females had a significantly increased risk of RCC after NHL, which was limited to the first year of follow-up. Excluding the first year of follow-up, NHL was diagnosed after RCC in 54 cases versus 49.3 expected (SIR 1.10, P= 0.27) and RCC after NHL in 54 cases versus 45.1 expected (SIR 1.20, P = 0.11). Conclusions. When the first year of follow-up is excluded, there is no increased risk of NHL after RCC or vice versa.
An experimental-numerical analysis of fracture process zone in concrete fracture specimens

Abstract Moire interferometry was used to determine the distribution of the crack opening displacement (COD) along the process zones of stably growing cracks in five crack-line wedge-loaded, double cantilever beam (CLWL-DCB) specimens and four prenotched three point bend specimens. An optimization procedure, employing the generation phase of a finite element analysis, was used to best fit a postulated continuous crack closure stress vs COD relationship to the experimental results. The resultant continuous function agreed well with the three straight-line segments of the crack closure stress vs COD relationship anticipated for these specimens and derivable previously only by experimental-numerical techniques. The controversy regarding the specimen geometry dependency of the crack closure stress relationship was effectively resolved by these limited tests. The fracture responses of these two types of specimens were modeled using the application phase of a finite element analysis.
Flash X-ray measurements with a time projection Compton spectrometer

Abstract We have developed a “time projection Compton spectrometer” (TPCS) to measure the time-integrated photon energy spectrum between 0.1 and 2 MeV of short-pulse, intense bremsstrahlung sources. A target in the TPCS produces Compton electrons when illuminated by the flash X-ray source. Target electrons are trapped magnetically by current in a rod on the axis of an evacuated drift tube. The curvature and gradient of the magnetic field cause the electrons to drift parallel to the spectrometer axis. The time of electron arrival at the end of a 1 m drift encodes the energy spectrum of the X-ray burst. The detector is a plastic scintillator coupled to a fast photomultiplier tube. Despite heavy shielding, enough prompt X-rays penetrate to give a time fiducial. Background is measured on shots with the X-ray target removed. The response of the TPCS is calculated using the TIGERP computer code to model photon/electron transport in the target and a sophisticated algorithm to compute electron drift velocity. The response functions and signal are the known components of a matrix equation, which is solved to determine the unknown spectrum. We tested the TPCS with flash X-ray sources on the Saturn accelerator. Signals have been analyzed, spectra unfolded and results compared with other methods.
The role of emotionality and self-regulation in the appraisal–coping process: tests of direct and moderating effects

Abstract Temperament negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and self-regulation were investigated as predictors of children's appraisal and coping styles and adjustment problems in a community sample of children (8–12 years, N =101). Mother and child reports of negative life events, temperament, and adjustment problems were obtained, and children reported on their threat and positive appraisals, active and avoidant coping styles. Negative emotionality was positively associated with threat appraisals, avoidant coping, and adjustment problems above the effects of negative life events. Self-regulation predicted more active coping and lower adjustment problems. Contrary to prediction, positive emotionality was not related to positive appraisals or active coping, but predicted lower adjustment problems independently of those variables. The results suggest that negative emotionality engenders a style of appraisal and coping that exacerbates the effects of stress, whereas self-regulation may mitigate the effects of stress on children's adjustment problems.
Monaural speech segregation

Speech segregation from a monaural recording is a primary task of auditory scene analysis, and has proven to be very challenging. We present a multistage model for the task. The model starts with simulated auditory periphery. A subsequent stage computes midlevel auditory representations, including correlograms and cross‐channel correlations. The core of the system performs segmentation and grouping in a two‐dimensional time‐frequency representation that encodes proximity in frequency and time, periodicity, and amplitude modulation (AM). Motivated by psychoacoustic observations, our system employs different mechanisms for handling resolved and unresolved harmonics. For resolved harmonics, our system generates segments—basic components of an auditory scene—based on temporal continuity and cross‐channel correlation, and groups them according to periodicity. For unresolved harmonics, the system generates segments based on AM in addition to temporal continuity and groups them according to AM repetition rates. We derive AM repetition rates using sinusoidal modeling and gradient descent. Underlying the segregation process is a pitch contour that is first estimated from speech segregated according to global pitch and then adjusted according to psychoacoustic constraints. The model has been systematically evaluated, and it yields substantially better performance than previous systems.
160Gb/s OTDM clock recovery

ABSTRACT In this work, we demonstrate clock recovery from a patterned 160Gb/s optical-time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream. A cascaded LiNbO 3 Mach-Zehnder modulator is employed as an efficient optical-electrical mixer. A phase-locked-loop (PLL) is used to lock the cross-correlation component between the optical signal and a local oscillating signal. As a result, clock signal at 10GHz is extracted from the 160Gb/s optic al TDM signal. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) timing jitter of the 10GHz clock signal is ~ 130 fs. Keywords : Clock Recovery, Cascaded Modulator INTRODUCTION In ultra high speed optical communication networks, clock recovery is an essential element for any optical access node because it synchronizes the receiver decision circuitry with the incoming data stream 1 . Therefore, a stable clock source with low jitter characteristic 2 at the receiver end is required. However, due to the speed limitation of electrical circuits, at data rates beyond ~ 40 Gb/s, it becomes increasingly difficult to perform the stable clock recovery electronically. Optical clock recovery techniques that can be scaled to data rates of many tens of Gb/s to > 100 Gb/s will be a prerequisite to high data rate communication links of the future. For the optical clock recovery systems, the key steps are Optical-Electric (OE) mixing and cross-correlation detection. One approach to high-speed clock extraction is the injection mode locking technique, in which optical clock signal is obtained by launching the pulse trains into the cavity of a self-pulsating laser
Industry Standards in ARL Libraries: Electronic and On-Demand

Purpose – Little is known about the current state of industry standards subscriptions in US libraries. In this age of electronic access and tightening budgets, many libraries are re‐examining whether or not to alter paper subscriptions of standards to electronic versions and/or switch to on‐demand delivery.Design/methodology/approach – Two surveys were conducted in an attempt to gauge the extent to which other libraries are currently collecting standards in electronic format, or providing on‐demand purchasing for industry standards.Findings – The number of libraries purchasing electronic standards or providing on‐demand purchasing in 2003 appears to be incongruous with comments from both surveys. In the 2001 survey, librarians could not find ways to fund on‐demand purchasing and, in the 2003 survey, a number of libraries were purchasing some sets on an irregular basis to save money. A little over half (51 percent) of the responding libraries provide electronic versions of standards and 60 percent indicate...
Optical Wavefront Correction In Real Time

A theory of optical Bragg diffraction is given and it is shown that an array of Bragg cells, each cell carrying two orthogonal sound waves, can be used to correct in real time section-by-section amplitude and phase and overall tilt errors of an optical wavefront distorted by atmospheric turbulence. Because of the tilt correction an object is auto-matically tracked and the image stabilized. A section-by-section tilt correction can be achieved if two cell arrays are used. The spectral bandwidth of an image corrected by Bragg cells is also considered.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Judgmental Bias in the Rating of Attitude Statements

Judges holding divergent attitudes toward high contact uses of water reclaimed from community sewage rated two sets of attitude statements regarding this issue. Results showed a close linear relationship between item scale values obtained from positive and negative attitudinal groups, and also a somewhat reduced range of ratings for judges holding unfavorable personal attitudes toward reuse. These findings, and the findings of previous research on this issue, were seen as being consonant with an item displacement theory of rating performance and supportive of equal interval measurement.
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS IN VERY LOW BIRTH INFANTS RANDOMIZED TO A DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED DEXAMETHASONE TRIAL. † 1158

PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS IN VERY LOW BIRTH INFANTS RANDOMIZED TO A DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED DEXAMETHASONE TRIAL. † 1158
Nanopatterned structures for biomolecular analysis toward genomic and proteomic applications

We report our fabrication of nanoscale devices using electron beam and nanoimprint lithography (NIL). We focus our study in the emerging fields of NIL, nanophotonics and nanobiotechnology and give a few examples as to how these nanodevices may be applied toward genomic and proteomic applications for molecular analysis. The examples include reverse NIL-fabricated nanofluidic channels for DNA stretching, nanoscale molecular traps constructed from dielectric constrictions for DNA or protein focusing by dielectrophoresis, multi-layer nanoburger and nanoburger multiplets for optimized surface-plasma enhanced Raman scattering for protein detection, and biomolecular motor-based nanosystems. The development of advanced nanopatterning techniques promises reliable and high-throughput manufacturing of nanodevices which could impact significantly on the areas of genomics, proteomics, drug discovery and molecular clinical diagnostics.
Some q-integrals associated with modular forms

Abstract Using some identities of Ramanujan and the theory of modular forms, we evaluate certain q -integrals.
Survey of genetic screening for oocyte donors

Abstract Objective: To describe current screening practices of oocyte donation programs in the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies (SART). Design: Descriptive data from a mailed questionnaire. Setting: Academic medical center. Participant(s): In vitro fertilization programs in SART. Intervention(s): Survey mailed to IVF programs in the SART registry. Main Outcome Measure(s): Current practices, opinions, and genetic criteria for oocyte donor selection. Result(s): Results from 159 of 229 (69%) eligible oocyte donation programs are described. Most centers (70%) completed fewer than 25 cycles and used both anonymous and directed donors. There was considerable variability in limits on numbers of cycles or births allowed per donor, with many centers having no limits. As well, the use of well-established screening tests for genetic disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, varied considerably. Consultation with a geneticist was possible at most (89%) centers and specifically mentioned by some centers as a means to help make decisions. Conclusion(s): Most programs follow recommendations made by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) for screening of gamete donors, but a significant percentage does not use well-established testing. The widespread availability of genetic consultation should promote responsible screening practices.
Interstitial cells of Cajal: primary targets of enteric motor innervation.

For many years morphologists have noted the close relationship between interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and nerve fibers within the tunica muscularis of gastrointestinal (GI) organs. These observations led to speculations about a role for ICC in mediating neural inputs to the GI tract. Immunohistochemical and functional studies demonstrated the presence of receptors for the neurotransmitters utilized by enteric motor neurons, and changes in second messengers in ICC after field stimulation of intrinsic enteric neurons showed that ICC were functionally innervated in GI muscles. Recent double labeling experiments have shown that both excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor neurons are closely associated with ICC in the deep muscular plexus (IC-DMP) of the small intestine and intramuscular ICC (IC-IM) of the proximal and distal GI tract. Enteric motor neurons form synaptic-like structures with IC-IM and IC-DMP. Far fewer close contacts are found between enteric motor neurons and smooth muscle cells. Experiments on W/W(V) mutants that lack IC-IM in the stomach, lower esophageal sphincter, and pylorus have shown that these ICC are critical components of the neuromuscular junction. Cholinergic excitatory and nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmission are severely decreased in tissues lacking IC-IM, yet there is no loss of cholinergic or nitrergic neurons in W/W(V) mutants. These data suggest that either the post-junctional mechanisms responsible for receiving and transducing neurotransmitter signals are specifically expressed by ICC, or that the large extracellular spaces typically between nerve terminals and smooth muscle cells may not allow effective concentrations of neurotransmitters to reach receptors expressed by smooth muscle cells. These findings indicate an important role for certain classes of ICC in enteric neurotransmission and predict that loss of ICC in human motor disturbances may significantly compromise neural regulation of GI motility.