cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hygienic survey of central air conditioning ventilation systems in public places of Yantai

Objective To understand the hygienic status and influencing factors of centralized air conditioning ventilation systems in public places in Yantai. Methods 20 public places in Yantai were sampled by randomly sampling and information on central air-conditioning unit types, fresh air position, cleaning condition, public place types and sampling point were investigated; the hygienic indices of central air conditioning ventilation systems were detected according to the Hygiene Specification for Central Air Conditioning Ventilation System in Public Buildings. Results The acceptance rate of the hygienic index of the central airconditioning in public places only reached 15%; the qualified rates of the surface dust amount, the total bacterial count, and the total fungi count in air duct was 94.0%, 33.0% and 40.0% respectively; the acceptance rate of inhalable particles, the total bacterial count, the total fungi count, and beta hemolytic streptococcus in air delivery was 53.0%, 100%, 100% and 100% respectively; the acceptance rate of legionella pneumophila in condensate was 70.0%. The Lp1 was the main type of Legion Ella pneumophila and the acceptance rate of legionella pneumophila in cooling water was 100%. Conclusion The acceptance rate of the dust amount, the total bacterial count, and the total fungi count in air duct is low in this study, and there is a risk of infection spreading. As a result, the sanitary control of concentrated air conditioners in public places must be strengthened.
Characterization of the rat NHE3 promoter

NHE3, a transmembrane protein involved in transcellular ion transport, is expressed in the apical membrane of renal and gastrointestinal epithelia. Chronic regulation by multiple stimuli, including glucocorticoid-induced transcriptional regulation, has been demonstrated. To study the tissue-specific expression and transcriptional regulation of NHE3, the 5' flanking region of the rat NHE3 gene was cloned. Two genomic libraries were screened with the 5' end of the NHE3 cDNA. The 5' flanking region and first exon were isolated. Primer extension mapped a single transcription start site in stomach, colon and kidney. The NHE3 promoter near the transcription initiation site is characterized by the absence of TATA and CAAT sequences. Two Sp1 sites, one Egr-1 site, and an initiator with the sequence GGGATTAAA mark the area of transcription initiation. Upstream sequences include multiple DNA sequence elements recognized by the glucocorticoid and thyroid receptors, Sp1, atriopeptin-2, and several other transcription factors. Transcriptional regulation by glucocorticoids and chronic acidosis was demonstrated. Promoter activity was present in OKP cells, a renal proximal tubule cell line, but not in fibroblasts. This suggests that the NHE3 promoter contains elements conferring epithelial cell-specific expression.
A multi-model analysis of the resolution influence on precipitation climatology in the Gulf Stream region

Using climate simulations from coupled and uncoupled general circulation models, this study investigates the influence of horizontal resolution in both atmospheric and oceanic model components on the mean precipitation over the Gulf Stream (GS) region. For this purpose, three sets of model experiments are analyzed. The first two examine the effects of increasing horizontal resolution of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) gradually from 100 to 10 km under fixed oceanic settings. Specifically, the AGCM is either forced with prescribed observed sea surface temperature (SST) (the first case) or coupled to a non-eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM) at a fixed horizontal resolution near 100 km (the second case). The third set of experiments examines the effects of the oceanic resolution with a pair of long-term simulations by another coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM), in which the OGCM is run respectively at non-eddy-resolving (100 km) and eddy-resolving (10 km) resolutions, while the AGCM resolution remains fixed at 50 km for both runs. In general, all simulations qualitatively reproduce the gross features of the mean GS precipitation and its annual cycle. At similar AGCM resolutions, the uncoupled models produce a GS rain band that is more realistic in both structure and strength compared to the coupled models with non-eddy-resolving oceans. This is because the prescribed observed SST better represents the gradient near the oceanic front than the non-eddy-resolving OGCMs simulate. An increase from the baseline AGCM resolution produces enhanced climatological GS precipitation, both large-scale and convective, with the latter more tightly confined to the oceanic front. The enhancement, however, is moderate and further increases in resolution achieves diminishing results. On the other hand, an increase in oceanic resolution from non-eddy-resolving to eddy resolving scheme results in more consistent simulations with observations in both intensity and structure of the rain band. The major increase is in the convective precipitation near the much-tightened SST gradient associated with the oceanic front. Therefore, the intensity improvement caused by oceanic resolution increases is more effective than that from atmospheric resolution increases. Further analyses show that the improvement of Gulf Stream precipitation climatology due to model horizontal resolution increases can be understood in terms of the atmospheric surface pressure adjustment to the sharper SST gradient near the oceanic front, which leads to stronger atmospheric surface convergence and upper level divergence. The associated ascending motion contributes to the precipitation band located in the Gulf Stream.
United States Nuclear Technology — Need for a New Approach

Nuclear technology provides great benefit to mankind and has potential for much greater benefit. It is essential for best medical diagnosis and treatment; it is essential for exploration of deep space, national and global security, and many industrial applications. The growing awareness of environmental dangers from over reliance on combustion of fossil fuels; the expanding populations and growing prosperities in many nations; the strategic importance, versatility, and diminishing supplies of petro-fuels; the limitations for cost-effective use of solar and geothermal energy; and the diminishing potential for use of fusion energy, will lead to the recognition that efficient and increased use of nuclear technology is essential if we are to provide energy for future global needs at reasonable costs and in a healthy environment.
Consequences of toxic secondary compounds in nectar for mutualist bees and antagonist butterflies.

Attraction of mutualists and defense against antagonists are critical challenges for most organisms and can be especially acute for plants with pollinating and non-pollinating flower visitors. Secondary compounds in flowers have been hypothesized to adaptively mediate attraction of mutualists and defense against antagonists, but this hypothesis has rarely been tested. The tissues of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) contain toxic cardenolides that have long been studied as chemical defenses against herbivores. Milkweed nectar also contains cardenolides, and we have examined the impact of manipulating cardenolides in nectar on the foraging choices of two flower visitors: generalist bumble bees, Bombus impatiens, which are mutualistic pollinators, and specialist monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, which are herbivores as larvae and ineffective pollinators as adults. Although individual bumble bees in single foraging bouts showed no avoidance of cardenolides at the highest natural concentrations reported for milkweeds, a pattern of deterrence did arise when entire colonies were allowed to forage for several days. Monarch butterflies were not deterred by the presence of cardenolides in nectar when foraging from flowers, but laid fewer eggs on plants paired with cardenolide-laced flowers compared to controls. Thus, although deterrence of bumble bees by cardenolides may only occur after extensive foraging, a primary effect of nectar cardenolides appears to be reduction of monarch butterfly oviposition.
Abstract # 1784 Neuronal Pentraxin 2 predicts medial temporal atrophy and memory decline across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum

Neuroinflammation is thought to potentiate medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy and memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has become increasingly important to find novel immunological biomarkers that can track AD development and progression. Our study examined which pro- and anti-inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers best predicted AD neuropathology over 24 months. Using Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data (N = 285), CSF inflammatory peptides from a mass spectrometry panel were screened with stepwise regression. Linear mixed models regressed selected biomarkers against a memory factor and MTL volume across 24 months. Neuronal Pentraxin 2 (NPTX2) and Chitinase-3-like-protein-1 (C3LP1), biomarkers of synaptic plasticity and microglial activation respectively, were the only significantly selected biomarkers. Higher baseline NPTX2 levels corresponded to less MTL atrophy [R2 = .287, p
Amoeba: a shape changing storage system for big data

Data partitioning significantly improves the query performance in distributed database systems. A large number of techniques have been proposed to efficiently partition a dataset for a given query workload. However, many modern analytic applications involve ad-hoc or exploratory analysis where users do not have a representative query workload upfront. Furthermore, workloads change over time as businesses evolve or as analysts gain better understanding of their data. Static workload-based data partitioning techniques are therefore not suitable for such settings.In this paper, we describe the demonstration of Amoeba, a distributed storage system which uses adaptive multi-attribute data partitioning to efficiently support ad-hoc as well as recurring queries. Amoeba applies a robust partitioning algorithm such that ad-hoc queries on all attributes have similar performance gains. Thereafter, Amoeba adaptively repartitions the data based on the observed query sequence, i.e., the system improves over time. All along Amoeba offers both adaptivity (i.e., adjustments according to workload changes) as well as robustness (i.e., avoiding performance spikes due to workload changes). We propose to demonstrate Amoeba on scenarios from an internet-of-things startup that tracks user driving patterns. We invite the audience to interactively fire fast ad-hoc queries, observe multi-dimensional adaptivity, and play with a robust/reactive knob in Amoeba. The web front end displays the layout changes, runtime costs, and compares it to Spark with both default and workload-aware partitioning.
Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge to tidal rivers: Evidence for regional and local scale seepage

Fluxes of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) were investigated into two tidal rivers on the north and south shore of Long Island, NY, during July 2015. Ground-based handheld thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, combined with direct push-point piezometer sampling, documented spatially heterogeneous small-scale intertidal seepage zones. Pore waters were relatively fresh and enriched in nitrogen (N) within these small-scale seeps. Pore waters sampled just 20 cm away, outside the boundary of the ground-based TIR-located seepage zone, were more saline and lower in N. These ground-based TIR-identified seeps geochemically represented the terrestrial fresh groundwater endmember, whereas N in pore waters sampled outside of the TIR-identified seeps was derived from the remineralization of organic matter introduced into the sediment by tidal seawater infiltration. A 222Rn (radon-222) time-series was used to quantify fresh SGD-associated N fluxes using the N endmembers sampled from the ground-based TIR pore water profiles. N fluxes were up-scaled to groundwater seepage zones identified from high-resolution airborne TIR imagery using the two-dimensional size of the airborne TIR surface water anomalies, relative to the N flux from the time-series sampling location. Results suggest that the N load from the north-shore tidal river to Long Island Sound is underrepresented by at least 1.6–3.6%, whereas the N load from SGD to a south-shore tidal river may be up to 9% higher than previous estimates. These results demonstrate the importance of SGD in supplying nutrients to the lower reaches of tidal rivers and suggest that N loads in other tidal river environments may be underestimated if SGD is not accounted for.
Does team-based learning improve performance in an infectious diseases course in a preclinical curriculum?

To examine whether introduction of Team-based Learning (TBL) improves student learning resulting in improved performance on final examination questions and decreased failures in an infectious diseases course.
2016 in review: FDA approvals of new molecular entities

An overview of drugs approved by FDA in 2016 reveals dramatic disruptions in long-term trends. The number of new molecular entities (NMEs) dropped, reflecting the lowest rate of small-molecule approvals observed in almost five decades. In addition, the pace of industry consolidation slowed substantially. The impact of mergers and acquisitions decreased the total number of organizations with past approval experience and continued research and development (R&D) activities to 102, divided evenly between more established pharmaceutical and newer biotechnology companies. Despite these substantial differences, the industry continued to pursue regulatory incentives, as evidenced by a continued increase in the fraction of NMEs approved using an orphan or priority designation, and almost all oncology drugs approved in 2016 utilized these mechanisms.
Weighted L1 approximation on [−1,1] via discrete de la Vallée Poussin means

Abstract We consider some discrete approximation polynomials, namely discrete de la Vallee Poussin means, which have been recently deduced from certain delayed arithmetic means of the Fourier–Jacobi partial sums, in order to get a near–best approximation in suitable spaces of continuous functions equipped with the weighted uniform norm. By the present paper we aim to analyze the behavior of such discrete de la Vallee means in weighted L 1 spaces, where we provide error bounds for several classes of functions, included functions of bounded variation. In all the cases, under simple conditions on the involved Jacobi weights, we get the best approximation order. During our investigations, a weighted L 1 Marcinkiewicz type inequality has been also stated.
How Visualization Can Foster Diversity and Inclusion in Next-Generation Science

Visualization researchers, developers, practitioners, and educators routinely work across traditional discipline boundaries, oftentimes in teams of people that come from a diverse blend of backgrounds, using visualizations as a common language for collaboration. There is a looming global workforce shortage in the computational science and high-tech space, primarily due to a disconnect between population demographics and the demographics of those educated to fill these jobs. The visualization community is uniquely positioned to bring a fresh approach to making diversity and inclusion fundamental tenets that are necessary rather than desirable.
Keynote: Privacy in Today's World

Privacy has become an issue of increasing importance in today's world of networked computing, mobile devices, embedded computing, and large-scale data analysis. This work describes several privacy solutions and challenges.
Language Acculturation, Acculturation-Related Stress, and Marital Quality in Chinese American Couples

The current study examines the longitudinal indirect pathways linking language acculturation to marital quality. Three waves of data were collected from 416 Chinese American couples over eight years (Mage.wave1 = 48 for husbands, 44 for wives). Actor-partner interdependence model analyses revealed that for both husbands and wives, lower levels of language acculturation were associated with higher levels of stress over being stereotyped as a perpetual foreigner. Individuals' foreigner stress, in turn, was directly related to greater levels of their own and their partners' marital warmth, suggesting that foreigner stress may have some positive relational effects. However, individuals' foreigner stress also was associated with increases in their own depressive symptoms, which predicted higher levels of marital hostility in the partner. Overall, these results underscore the complexity of how language acculturation and foreigner stress relate to marital quality and the importance of considering the interdependence of the marital system.
Resonant-plane common-mode filter in differential lines

The presence of common-mode noise in differential lines is a major contributor to signal integrity problems in high-speed digital systems. Common-mode noise is typically excited by skew. It can occur due to timing mismatches at the driver, length mismatches due to routing constraints, or phase velocity mismatches due to inhomogeneous dielectrics with fiber-weave effect. Common mode noise results in increased crosstalk and electromagnetic interference on packages and boards. This paper introduces the resonant-plane common-mode filter, a new differential-line design to suppress common-mode noise. This design is applicable for stripline-type differential lines and is based on adjusting the ground via pitch to create a high-impedance current return path for common-mode signals.
A Framework for Generating High Throughput CNN Implementations on FPGAs

We propose a framework to generate highly efficient accelerators for inferencing on FPGAs. Our framework consists of multiple algorithmic optimizations for computation complexity and communication volume reduction, a mapping methodology for efficient resource utilization, and a tool for automatic \textttVerilog generation. The algorithmic optimizations improve throughput of frequency domain convolution so as to satisfy a given set of hardware constraints. While the Overlap-and-Add (OaA) technique has been known, it performs "wasted" computation at the edges. We propose a novel Concatenate-and-Pad (CaP) technique, which improves OaA significantly by reducing the "wasted" computation on the padded pixels. The proposed CaP used in conjunction with OaA enables us to choose a fixed FFT size at design time, and achieve low computation complexity for layers with various image sizes and kernel window sizes. We also develop a novel frequency domain loop tiling technique to further boost throughput by improving data reuse. Our mapping methodology optimizes the architecture for the target device by fast design space exploration. We quantitatively categorize FPGAs by capturing their DSP resources, on-chip memory size and external memory bandwidth into a device coefficient. We identify the optimal architectural parameters based on the tradeoff between computation and communication cost. Our framework includes a tool to automatically generate fully synthesizable \textttVerilog. We demonstrate the framework by generating high throughput accelerators for state-of-the-art CNN models on Intel HARP heterogeneous platform. Using our framework, we achieve throughput of $780.6$ $GOPS$, $669.1$ $GOPS$ and $552.1$ $GOPS$ for AlexNet, VGG16 and FCN-16s respectively. These correspond to $6.8\times$ (AlexNet) and $4.9\times$ (VGG16) improvement compared with the state-of-the-art implementations.
Transgender Patients: What Radiologists Need to Know.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to examine a few of the barriers the transgender population faces in achieving equitable health care, to suggest ways radiologists and radiology staff ca...
Learning parametric models for social infectivity in multi-dimensional Hawkes processes

Efficient and effective learning of social infectivity presents a critical challenge in modeling diffusion phenomena in social networks and other applications. Existing methods require substantial amount of event cascades to guarantee the learning accuracy and they only consider time-invariant infectivity. Our paper overcomes those two drawbacks by constructing a more compact model and parameterizing the infectivity using time-varying features, thus dramatically reduces the data requirement, and enables the learning of time-varying infectivity which also takes into account the underlying network topology. We replace the pairwise infectivity in the multidimensional Hawkes processes with linear combinations of those time-varying features, and optimize the associated coefficients with lasso-type of regularization. To efficiently solve the resulting optimization problem, we employ the technique of alternating direction method of multipliers which allows independent updating of the individual coefficients by optimizing a surrogate function upper-bounding the original objective function. On both synthetic and real world data, the proposed method performs better than alternatives in terms of both recovering the hidden diffusion network and predicting the occurrence time of social events.
A look at the trend in diabetes-related complications in the U.S. over the past two decades: looking ahead

It has been more than two decades since the publication of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study. These two landmark studies demonstrated unequivocally that lowering blood glucose delayed the onset and slowed the progression of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes (1,2). Five years later, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) confirmed that microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes can be reduced by lowering blood glucose levels, lipid levels and blood pressure through intensive therapy (3-6).
Can Noncognitive Components of Admissions Data Predict Dental Student Performance and Postdoctoral Program Placement

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate whether the noncognitive factors of the dental student application, including undergraduate major and interview score, predicted success in the predoctoral program and placement in postdoctoral programs. The study population consisted of 169 students in the Harvard School of Dental Medicine DMD graduating Classes of 2012 through 2016. Noncognitive factors in the dental application, including letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, undergraduate major, and dental school admission interview performance, were collected for the study population. Groups were analyzed for differences among undergraduate majors and any association between postgraduate placement and dental school performance. Dental school performance measures were grades obtained in the third and fourth years in a combination of preclinical and clinical course assessments. The results showed that neither interview score nor undergraduate major was significantly associated with dental school performance or postdoctoral program placement. There was a non-significant association between interview score and performance in the course Treatment of Active Disease. These results suggest that noncognitive factors of the dental school application offered low yield to predicting predoctoral student performance and residency placements, with interview performance possibly outweighing undergraduate major in selection of successful predoctoral candidates.
Commercial Space Technologies and Applications: Communication, Remote Sensing, GPS, and Meteorological Satellites, Second Edition

This new edition introduces and examines the space technologies that benefit our everyday lives. Each chapter now includes exercises and problems, and the content covers new satellites and emerging technologies. It explores the ever-improving quality of satellite systems and services, and also investigates ways to bring about higher resolution satellite imagery and lower satellite costs. The focus is on man-made satellites, which are becoming smaller, smarter, cheaper, and easier to launch, having a longer life span, and are less susceptible to interference. Furthermore, the book considers advances in several key technologies that affect the satellite industry. Includes extensive study questions and exercises after each chapter. Explains present commercial space technology and its future outlook. Explores the many applications of space technologies and their impact on our lives, including real world examples. Presents a future outlook on robotics, communications and navigation, and human health and nanotechnology. Provides a clear understanding of space, space technologies, space applications, space security, space regulations, a space roadmap, and their impact on the lives of humans now and for generations to come.
Sustaining Lamentation for Military Moral Injury: Witness Poetry that Bears the Traces of Extremity

Witness poetry offers unique ways to recognize and lament the wounds of war. Poet Carolyn Forche defines poems of witness as those that “bear the trace of extremity within them, and they are, as such, evidence of what occurred” (1993, p. 30). Witness poetry, written in response to and in conditions of extremity (utmost suffering and intense struggle), can help recognize and lament the grievous losses of moral injury in ways no other genre of literature can. Leaders in faith communities can draw upon witness poetry to recognize war-related losses and to facilitate lamentation with the expectation of finding ways to live with moral injury in the context of small groups of military service members, veterans, and their families.
Chapter 9 – Applications of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy to polymers

This chapter discusses the increase in utility of solid state NMR in the study of polymer systems. This is largely because of the unique information that is available from the NMR measurements including the information relative to chemical structure, the molecular conformation, and packing in the solid state. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been used for two general classes of samples— the one that are insoluble such as crosslinked or intractable systems and the other for which solid-state NMR spectroscopy provides information about the nature of the solid state such as the conformation, crystallographic forms, and the morphological character of the solid. The interpretation of spectra from solid-state NMR spectroscopy is more complicated than the interpretation of solution NMR spectra. The utility of solid state NMR continues to grow. Many new applications particularly those based on motional differences of the phases are developing because experiments are easier to do with better spinners and decoupling methods.
New insights into the pathophysiology and development of novel therapies for sickle cell disease

Although the seminal event in sickle cell disease is the polymerization of abnormal hemoglobin, the downstream pathophysiology of vasoocclusion results from heterotypic interactions between the altered, adhesive sickle cell red blood cells, neutrophils, endothelium, and platelets. Ischemia reperfusion injury, hemolysis, and oxidant damage all contribute to heightened inflammation and activation of the hemostatic system. These various pathways are the focus of emerging treatments with potential to ameliorate disease manifestations. This review summarizes the considerable progress in development of these agents despite challenges in selection of study end points and complex pathophysiology.
Latest results from RHIC + Progress on determining $\hat{q}L$ in RHI collisions using di-hadron correlations

Results from Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Physics in 2018 and plans for the future at Brookhaven National Laboratory are presented.
Complex hepato-pancreato-biliary caseload during general surgery residency training: are we adequately training the next generation?

Abstract Background Information on procedure volume of graduating chief residents (GCRs) for hepato-pancreato-biliary(HPB) surgical procedures may inform assessments of resident training. This study sought to characterize trends in operative volumes over a 19-year period to define the degree to which general surgery residents gain exposure to HPB procedures during training. Methods The ACGME was queried for all HPB operations performed by GCR between 2000-2018. Total procedures as well as means and fold change was calculated and reported for each year. Results Between 2000–2018, the number of general surgery residency programs varied between 240 and 254. A total of 411,383 HPB procedures (36.2% liver, 42.8% pancreas, 21% complex biliary) were performed by 22,229 GCR. Each year of the study, GCR had similar mean number total procedures:liver 7.4, pancreas 8.7, and complex biliary 4.4. For liver procedures there was no difference in the fold change over time, however for pancreas there was an increase in the fold change from 2.25 to 3.25. Conclusion Most GCRs are graduating with a low number of HPB procedures and trends suggesting a decrease in the mean number of procedures per GCR and an increasing variability among residents.
Gamma-ray spectroscopic characterization of long, rapidly-grown KSr2I5:Eu crystals

Abstract Collimation and volumetric studies were done to evaluate the gamma-ray spectroscopic performance of KSr2I5:Eu scintillators grown via the vertical Bridgman method. To demonstrate practical crystal growth for large-scale production, O1 in. × 6 in. long crystals were grown using fast pulling rates up to 5 mm/h and short cooling times. The long crystals were sectioned into shorter O1 in. cylinders to investigate sample-to-sample variation of scintillation properties, the effects of self-absorption and scintillation non-uniformity using different gamma-ray excitation configurations. The best light output and energy resolution achieved for the largest volume and aspect ratio crystals (60 cm3 or O1 in × 4.7 in. long) were 53,500 ph/MeV and 4.6% at 662 keV. Finally, we produced eight O1 in. × 1 in. (12.5 cm3) cylindrical samples, four from each boule, with energy resolutions between 3.1%-3.5% at 662 keV.
Social Networks Analysis in Accounting and Finance

Social network analysis (SNA) shifts the focus from individuals and organizations in isolation to their environment and the connections around them, making it a useful tool to investigate the underlying mechanisms of corporate decisions. In this article we systematically summarize SNA research in accounting and finance and offer a roadmap that may help this emerging literature to move forward. We identify 56 studies published in top accounting and finance journals between 2007 and 2020 employing SNA. These studies examine a wide variety of topics, including corporate governance, financial reporting and audit quality, investor decisions, lender decisions, analyst behavior, management compensation, and tax strategies. We provide an overview of the most relevant paradigms of network theory and classify the 56 studies accordingly. We also provide an outline of the key concepts and tools of SNA, including an empirical illustration. Finally, we critically discuss major empirical findings, opportunities, and challenges for future research. We believe SNA will continue to offer an interesting avenue to conduct high-impact and cross-disciplinary research in accounting and finance.
Transient Photochemistry of Nitrobenzene and Nitronaphthalenes

Conventional flash photolysis of nitrobenzene and 1- and 2- nitronaphthalenes produces their respective radical anions in deaerated triethylamine-acetonitrile solutions. In deaerated tri- ethylamine-nonpolar media, instead of the radical anion, their respective protonated neutral radicals are formed. 1-Nitronaphthalene yields in deaerated pure alcohols the neutral radical and the radical anion in deaerated alkaline alcohols. The transient absorption spectra of these species are presented. These transients, with the exception of neutral 1-nitronaphthalene radical in pure alcohols (where it decays via first order kinetics), decay via second order kinetics. The measured rate constants for their decay are given. Possible mechanism for the formation of these transient species is discussed.
Semi-calibrated 2-currents are pseudoholomorphic, with applications

We show that any semi-calibration of degree 2 is locally induced by a smooth almost complex structure. We provide some applications of this result in the regularity theory for semi-calibrated 2-currents. Calibrated geometry made its appearance, in full generality, in the landmark paper [16]. A connection with calculus of variations (e.g. [1]) was immediate, since calibrated integral currents are mass minimizers for their boundaries. Further interest in the topic came later on, with highly remarkable works that relate the regularity properties of calibrated currents to important geometric issues, such as theory of invariants and gauge theory (see e.g. [14], [21] and [22]). In recent years the topic has been enlarged by looking, more generally, at semi-calibrated currents, see e.g. [19] and the nal section of [22] for geometric motivations. These currents are no longer mass minimizers for their boundaries, but they turn out to be almost minimizers. The regularity theory for semi-calibrated currents is however generally expected to be better than that for arbitrary almost minimizers. In this note we focus on semi-calibrations of degree 2. A classical example of calibration of degree two is the Kahler form in a complex manifold. The analogue semi-calibration is the almost Kahler form in an almost Hermitian manifold. In this case semi-calibrated 2-currents turn out to be pseudo holomorphic. We will show that we can induce an almost complex structure that turns any given semi-calibrated 2-current into a pseudo holomorphic one. This can be viewed as a local classi cation result for semi-calibrations of degree 2 in the spirit of the classi cation theory of parallel calibrations described in [18], Chapter 4. The classi cation of parallel 2-forms of unit comass was obtained in [16]. ∗ Address 1 : Fine Hall, Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA E-mail address 1 : cbellett@math.princeton.edu Address 2 : Einstein Drive, Princeton NJ 08540 USA E-mail address 2 : costante@math.ias.edu †Research partially supported by the Giorgio and Elena Petronio Fellowship and the National Science Foundation under agreement No. DMS-1128155.
HUMAN FREEDOM AND TWO FRIEDMEN: MUSINGS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION FOR THE EFFECTIVE REGULATION OF CORPORATE BEHAVIOUR†

In this essay, which was delivered as the Torys Lecture, Vice Chancellor Strine considers the implications of globalization for the effective regulation of corporate behaviour affecting interests other than those of stockholders against the backdrop of the West's political and economic experience. He concludes that consistent with prior experience, the globalization of corporate markets will require a corresponding expansion of the polity to protect those aspects of human freedom that are affected in important ways by corporate behavior. As a practical matter, this means that if the U.S. and other Western nations wish to limit the ability of corporations to generate externalities and impair rights the West has embraced as important to individuals' ability to lead the good life, they will have to give up some of their sovereignty to international institutions in exchange for regulation that is co-extensive with the sphere in which corporations conduct their activities.
Self-similar solutions for high-energy density radiative transfer with separate ion and electron temperatures

We consider a non-equilibrium plasma radiatively heated by an external source in the high-energy density regime. It is shown that self-similar solutions resembling the classic Marshak wave exist fo...
Visceral pain

Visceral pain, although different from somatic pain in several important features, is not as widely researched and consequently our knowledge of neurophysiologic mechanisms as well as clinical management of visceral pain states remains unsatisfactory. Several recent studies have employed different visceral pain animal models to provide insight into the peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms underlying pain originating from the urinary bladder, ureter, and gastrointestinal tract. The effects of opioid and nonopioid drugs in these models have also been evaluated and are reviewed in this article. The importance of anatomic pathways relaying pain sensation in the central nervous system, particularly the newly described dorsal column pathway, is also discussed. In human subjects, new techniques like positron emission tomography are now being used to better understand visceral pain perception. Such findings deriving from basic animal research and human studies summarized in the present overview lead to a better understanding of visceral pain states and may be helpful in developing better treatment strategies to combat visceral pain states in the clinical setting.
Reinforcement learning and risk preference in equity linked notes markets

Abstract Individuals who follow a reinforcement learning heuristic put too much weight on recent failures or successes in placing their next bets. Using a large sample of equity-linked notes (ELNs) investments in South Korea, we find evidence showing a negative effect of reinforcement learning on future investments that lasts longer than one investment period. After losses, investors are less likely to repurchase equity-linked notes and spend less on their repurchases. This behavior also results in reinforcement learners underperforming rational agents. The difference in returns received by reinforcement and non-reinforcement groups is economically large at approximately 10.7%. However, these negative effects of reinforcement learning are mitigated by investors’ higher risk attitudes. We find that more risk-seeking investors are less likely to shun ELNs after undesirable prior returns and that this effect persists for more than one period. The underperformance of reinforcement learners is also reduced with high risk-taking. Overall, our findings highlight how combining different psychological traits can diagnose and improve biases in investor decision-making.
A Self-Management Framework to Assess the Need for Nutritional Supplementation in People Living with HIV/AIDS

The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has de-elevated human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) from an acute to a more manageable chronic disease. This advancement has necessitated people living with this disease to take an active role in their own care. A self-management framework to help assess the critical need for nutritional supplementation in people living with HIV/AIDS was presented. A synopsis of the literature found that those in need of this dietary practice included people with a lower socioeconomic status, mental health disorders, and substance-use problems. These HIV-seropositive people were likely to follow adverse dietary practices that contribute to depletion of CD4 T cells and compromise the proper functioning of the immune system. It was concluded that it is vital that professionals working with people living with HIV/AIDS integrate nutritional supplementation into their HIV/AIDS care.
Untangling Life Goals and Occupational Stereotypes in Men’s and Women’s Career Interest

Gender Role Congruity Theory predicts that women would be more attracted to masculine-stereotyped occupations and men would be more attracted to feminine-stereotyped occupations if the occupations were perceived as affording goals that aligned with their gender roles. This study of college STEM (science technology engineering, and mathematics) students systematically examined the impact of occupation stereotypes and life goals related to career status, family, and helping others on career interest. Participants, drawn from introductory STEM classes (N = 186, 88 female) at a public university in the Southeastern U.S., indicated their preferences between pairs of occupations that differed in their gender stereotype. Within each occupation pair, one occupation was described as compatible with one of three goals (high salary, family-friendly, and helping others). A 1 year follow-up was conducted on 148 of the original and an additional 52 new participants (N = 200, 103 female). Results indicated that men showed greater interest in masculine occupations, regardless of the goal affordance of the alternative feminine occupation. For women, occupations with higher salaries received greater interest ratings than occupations associated with helping others (masculine or feminine stereotyped) and family friendly work hours (masculine stereotyped only). For women, family-friendly occupations were rated similarly to higher salary occupations, only in the feminine-stereotyped conditions. Findings were generally replicated at the second time point. These counterintuitive findings suggest the need for research to examine how gender differences in life goals change over the early adult years for women and men in STEM and other fields.
Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis: Some History and Controversies

Treatment of and research on anxiety disorders depends on the adequate conceptualization and measurement of these conditions. We review the history of the nosology of anxiety disorders and note that divisions of “neurosis” have inadvertently taken attention away from what is shared among conditions now classified separately. We note the changes in the definition of agoraphobia over time and the striking differences between DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions. We mention ongoing controversies in the diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Finally, we discuss controversies surrounding the proper placement of obsessive-compulsive disorder and putatively related conditions in future diagnostic classifications. We hope that reviewing controversial aspects of diagnosis is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders.
The Doctrine of Inevitable Discovery: A Plea for Reasonable Limitations

In reinstating the Iowa murder conviction of Robert Williams, the Supreme Court accepted explicitly for the first time the doctrine of inevitable discovery. Applied for some time by state and federal courts, the doctrine of inevitable discovery is a means by which evidence obtained illegally can still be admitted against defendants in criminal cases. Unfortunately, the Court chose to adopt the doctrine without any of the safeguards necessary to insure that the deterrent impact of the exclusionary rule would be preserved, and in a form that is subject to and almost invites abuse. This article warns of the danger to fundamental constitutional protections posed by the open-ended approach taken by the Supreme Court to the doctrine of inevitable discovery in Nix v. Williams (Williams II). It then recommends a means of applying the doctrine so as to accomplish its purpose of avoiding unwarranted exclusion of probative evidence without significantly diluting the impact of the exclusionary rule.
Modifications of Breathing for Phonation

The sections in this article are: 1 Laryngeal Function 2 Breathing for Phonation 3 Summary
Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity and Representation

In contrast to most cultural histories of imperialism, which analyse Orientalist images of rather than by women, Gendering Orientalism focuses on the contributions of women themselves. Drawing on the little-known work of Henriette Browne, other `lost' women Orientlist artists and the literary works of George Eliot, Reina Lewis challenges masculinist assumptions relating to the stability and homogeneity of the Orientalist gaze. Gendering Orientalism argues that women did not have a straightforward access to an implicitly male position of western superiority, Their relationship to the shifting terms of race, nation and gender produced positions from which women writers and artists could articulate alternative representations of racial difference. It is this different, and often less degrading, gaze on the Orientalized `Other' that is analysed in this book. By revealing the extent of women's involvement in the popular field of visual Orientalism and highlighting the presence of Orientalist themes in the work of Browne, Eliot and Charlotte Bronte, Reina Lewis uncovers women's roles in imperial culture and discourse.
An Experiment with the Boyer-Moore Theorem Prover: A Proof of the Correctness of a Simple Parser of Expressions

The objective of this report is to convey the essential idea of a proof by the Boyer-Moore theorem prover of the correctness of a parser. The proof required a total of 147 functions and lemmas — all of which have been listed in the appendix of [4].
Do Tags Exceeding 2% of Total Body Weight Impair Lake Sturgeon Movement?

AbstractA common guideline for attaching or imbedding transmitters for fish is that the transmitter weight should not exceed 2% of the total weight in air of a fish. This guideline is thought to limit the negative effects of tagging, but little research supports it. Our objectives were to compare the postrelease dispersal rates of 48 hatchery-reared fingerling Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (265–305 mm, 80–100 g) surgically implanted with sonic transmitters equating to 2% and 4% of fish body weight, and to compare the dispersal rates between fish stocked in two river systems in Wisconsin. Downstream dispersal rates of the 2% and 4% treatments were not significantly different within the individual rivers but were significantly different between rivers. We recommend that transmitters weighing up to 4% of total body weight can be used without effects on the movement of fingerling Lake Sturgeon.Received January 6, 2015; accepted June 29, 2015
Better rested, but more stressed? Evidence of the effects of resident work hour restrictions.

Abstract Objective After the publication of the 2009 Institute of Medicine report addressing resident sleep, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented new work hour restrictions in 2011. We explored the effects of a resident schedule compliant with 2011 limits on resident sleep, fatigue, education, and aspects of professionalism. Methods Partially randomized cohort study of residents and hospitalist attendings on general pediatric inpatient teams at a large children's hospital. Five intervention group interns worked a shift-based schedule compliant with 2011 restrictions with a 12 hour maximum shift. Six control group interns maintained the existing every fourth night, 30-hour call schedule. Interns kept daily work and sleep logs. Interns and attendings were surveyed regarding perceptions of education, professionalism, and overall well-being. Results The average amount of intern sleep per 24 hours did not differ between intervention and control groups (7.5 vs 7.3 hours; P = .63). However, intervention interns had a lower proportion of duty hours without any sleep in the preceding 24 hours compared to interns in the control group (1% vs 15%; P Conclusion Implementation of new duty hour restrictions should produce more rested interns at work. However, resident and faculty perceptions of education and professionalism may be adversely affected. The unexpected finding of increased work load compression may contribute to these outcomes.
Frequency domain analysis of nonlinear systems: general theory

A unified study of the applications of Volterra functional series to nonlinear-system analysis is presented with special emphasis on frequency-domain results which either have not been published before, or where rigour had been lacking. In particular, an in-depth analysis of the harmonic and intermodulation frequency components due to each Volterra kernel of a given order will be presented and explicit formulas which complement those already published will be given. The effects of manipulating various kernels, which need not be symmetric, on the overall response, as well as on the composite kernels will be investigated. These results are then applied to the analysis of dynamical systems described by a system of nonlinear state equations and a read-out map