cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tax Section Distinguished Service Award: Twenty Years of History

Established in 1995, the Tax Section’s prestigious Distinguished Service Award (DSA) has been bestowed upon 20 individuals in recognition of their extraordinary contributions to the tax profession and the tax system. I am fortunate to have enjoyed professional and personal relationships with virtually all of these honorees. As a result, I can attest first-hand to the special qualities and accomplishments that prompted their selection, and I welcome this opportunity to review the history of the DSA for the first two decades of its existence.
Effect of Providing Information on Students’ Knowledge and Concerns about Hydraulic Fracking

Governmental agencies, regulators, health professionals, and the public are faced with understanding and responding to new development practices and conditions in their local and regional environment. While hydraulic fracking (fracking) for shale gas has been practiced for over 50 years in some states, it is a relatively recent event in the northeastern United States. Providing environmental health information to the public about fracking requires understanding both the knowledge base and the perceptions of the public. The knowledge, perceptions, and concerns of college students about fracking were examined. Students were interviewed at Rutgers University in New Jersey, a state without any fracking, although fracking occurs in nearby Pennsylvania. Objectives were to determine (1) knowledge about fracking, (2) rating of concerns, (3) trusted information sources, (4) importance of fracking relative to other energy sources, and (5) the effect of a 15-min lecture and discussion on these aspects. On the second...
A low-loss millimeter wave passive frequency band splitting technique

This paper presents a millimeter wave-guiding technique for passive frequency band splitting and combining. The devices which can be made possible as a result of implementing this technique have potential for use in high speed signaling systems for the purpose of facilitating the transmission of multiple carrier frequency signals through the same guiding structure. The device splitting operation causes minor signal attenuation or power loss in the split frequency bands and is based upon modal waveguide design principles.
Echocardiographic evaluation of tricuspid valve endocarditis: An M mode and two dimensional study

Standard M mode echocardiography and a new real time two dimensional echocardiographic imaging system were utilized to follow the progressive anatomic destruction of the tricuspid valve in a patient with bacterial endocarditis. The initial two dimensional echocardiographic study revealed large vegetative masses attached to severely prolapsing tricuspid leaflets. Serial studies demonstrated eventual disruption of the chordal attachments of the anterior tricuspid leaflet resulting in frank leaflet flail. This technique was seen to complement both M mode echocardiography and cardiac angiography by providing spatial information concerning serial changes in the disordered tricuspid valve. Such findings call attention to the relative roles of various diagnostic measures, including M mode and two dimensional echocardiography, in assessing the specific anatomic and functional performance of a diseased tricuspid valve.
The rennin catalyzed hydrolysis of a tripeptide: Evidence for catalysis by two carboxyl groups

Abstract The kinetics of the rennin catalyzed hydrolysis of Z-His-Phe-Trp-OEt ∗ to produce Z-His-Phe and Trp-OEt in the acid pH range have been measured. The pH-E o k cat K m curve is bell shaped with pKa's 2.9 and 5.4. The decrease in the k cat K m values at pH's m with decreasing pH. Rennin was found to be unstable below pH 2 with good stability exhibited between pH 2 and 6. A method for chromatographing rennin and determining its milk clotting activity is presented.
Malakoplakia of the Pancreas with Simultaneous Colon Involvement: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Although malakoplakia has been reported to occur at various body sites, pancreatic malakoplakia with simultaneous colonic involvement is very rare. Lesions of malakoplakia can masquerade as tumor masses leading to unwanted resections. Nevertheless, malakoplakia can occur in association with frank carcinomas, especially in the colon. By reporting a case of pancreatic malakoplakia diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology, this paper aims to describe cytologic features of malakoplakia and to further review findings from previous reported cases of pancreatic malakoplakia in the literature. With advances in minimally invasive, image-guided aspiration technologies, cytomorphological analyses can diagnose lesions of malakoplakia. This may help avoid surgeries that would have otherwise been carried out due to a misleading impression of tumor. However challenges remain as to the further management of patients diagnosed with this condition. More studies are necessary to determine the probability of malignancies arising in association with malakoplakia, in order to devise appropriate treatment protocols.
HPV and HPV vaccine information among a national sample of college and university websites

Background and purpose To describe the availability of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccine information accessible to college students via official college and university websites. Methods A review and analysis of HPV and HPV vaccination information abstracted from a national sample (n = 214) of college/university websites. Three abstractors systematically evaluated quality and quantity of vaccination, sexual health, and HPV disease information from health service webpages. Conclusions The majority of colleges/universities had designated student health service webpages (n = 181). Of these, 86% provided information on vaccinations, but less than 50% mentioned HPV or the HPV vaccine specifically and only 32% provided any HPV educational information. Colleges/university webpages that provide sexual health and or general vaccination information had higher odds of providing information on HPV and HPV vaccination. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners who care for college-aged persons need to be cognizant of the many ways they can promote HPV vaccination. Providing accurate information about resources available at student health centers is a way to promote health on campus; the findings from this study indicate that HPV and HPV vaccine information may be lacking on many college/university websites.
Quasi-Ties: Directing Resources to Members of a Collective

Research on social capital has found that individuals who access resources through social relations gain competitive advantage and systems with high levels or desirable distributions of social capital are more effective. These effects depend on actors allocating resources to others in their social system at-large instead of to others with whom they share specific social relationships. It is hypothesized that actors who identify with others in a social system as a collective are more likely to allocate resources uniformly throughout the system. Thus, identification with the collective can serve as a quasi-tie, directing the allocation of resources, but not defined by specific social relations. Findings from a longitudinal, multilevel network study of teachers' use of computers support multiple theories of resource allocation and, in particular, confirm that teachers who identify with the collectives of their schools are less likely to favor close colleagues and close colleagues of close colleagues, in their provision of help.
Use of Doceri Software for iPad in Online Delivery of Chemistry Content

Doceri software for iPad is useful for both synchronous online and asynchronous online delivery of chemistry course content. Using the Doceri wireless connection between the iPad and a personal computer that is running Adobe Connect, online synchronous instruction can be accomplished in which drawings can be completed by hand on the iPad. For asynchronous delivery, lectures can be easily recorded by Doceri on the iPad. As with synchronous lectures, the content on display can be easily annotated over, making it easy for the instructor to highlight materials while talking.
The psychoacoustic reality of words

While words are divided by blank spaces in print, there is no such obvious convention for separating words in spoken language. An experiment was conducted to ascertain the degree to which less obvious cues are available to signal boundaries between words. Native speakers of English who had no familiarity with Modern Greek listened to tape-recorded speech sequences in Greek into which a brief pause had been inserted. Their job was simply to indicate whether the pause had occurred within one word or between two words. A control group of Greeks exhibited nearly universal agreement. While American Ss responded correctly to just over half the Greek test items, as a group their responses were systematic. It was hypothesized that they were using implicit rules for segmenting English which do not apply to Greek. Suggestions were made as to the exact nature of these rules.
Particle creation in colour-electric fields

Abstract The decay of the Yang-Mills vacuum in a uniform colour-electric field is calculated using the method of Bogoliubov transformations. The result does not agree with that obtained by simmation of the corresponding perturbation series.
Major Groove Recognition Elements in the Middle of the T7 RNA Polymerase Promoter

T7 RNA polymerase recognizes a relatively small promoter extending only 17 base pairs upstream from the start site for transcription. A model for this recognition suggests that the enzyme interacts with the major groove of duplex DNA in the region centered at position −9 [Muller, D. K., et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3306−3313], and recent kinetic analyses of promoters containing base analogs at positions −10 and −11 have provided support for this model [Schick, C., & Martin, C. T. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 4275−4280; Schick, C., & Martin, C. T. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 666−672]. In the current work, we extend this analysis across the proposed major groove, identifying specific base functional group contacts at positions −9 through −5. Specifically, the 6-carbonyl of guanine at positions −9 and −7, the 6-amino group of adenine at position −8, the 5-methyl group of thymine at position −6, and the 2-amino group of guanine at position −5 are identified as primary contacts. The results strongly support the model...
Stress intensity factors of a crack lying in a viscoelastic layer embedded in two different media under an anti-plane concentrated load

Abstract A general solution to the problem of a crack lying in a viscoelastic layer sandwiched between two different media under an anti-plane concentrated load is presented. The fundamental elastic solution is obtained as a rapidly convergent series in terms of complex potentials via successive iterations of Mobius’ transformation in order to satisfy continuity conditions on two different interfaces. Based on the correspondence principle, the Laplace-transformed viscoelastic solution is then directly determined from the corresponding elastic solution. Therefore, the time-dependent mode-III stress intensity factor (SIF) of the crack tip can be solved numerically in a straightforward manner. Furthermore, the viscoelastic moduli of polyurethane at various temperatures are regressed from a uni-axial test with a constant load while a standard solid model is applied to formulate the viscoelastic constitutive equation. Finally, the effects of working temperature, boundary conditions and the geometric relation on the SIF are also discussed.
Simple photogrammetric diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia.

• It is often clinically important, but also often difficult, to make a definitive morphologic diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia in a young child. If, however, one can obtain a photograph of the fundus, including the optic disc, one can make a simple measurement of the horizontal diameter of the optic disc and make this diagnosis. To determine if the horizontal diameter of the optic disc on a 35-mm photographic transparency could be used to separate patients with optic nerve hypoplasia from normal individuals, I measured directly on the transparency the horizontal diameter of the optic disc image taken by a standard 30° field fundus camera with ×2.5 magnification in a series of 55 normal eyes, and in 16 eyes with clinically confirmed optic nerve hypoplasia. For the normal series of eyes, the mean optic disc horizontal image diameter was 3.88 mm, with a range of 3.44 to 4.70 mm. For the series of eyes with optic nerve hypoplasia, the mean horizontal diameter was 2.64 mm, with a range of 1.80 to 3.27 mm. There was no overlap between the normal control series and the pathologic series. In subjects with no major ametropia (
The Effect of Diphenylhydantoin on the Activity of Selected Enzymes in Chronic Isolated Cerebral Cortex of Cat

SUMMARY The effect of diphenylhydantoin, an anticonvulsant, on the specific activity alterations of enzymes related to function, membrane stability and energy processes in the chronic isolated cerebral cortex of the cat as a function of time after undercutting is described. Data are also presented demonstrating the action of diphenylhydantoin on the development of hyperexcitability in terms of duration of afterdischarge monitored by surface-recording post stimulus. RESUME Ľactivite enzymatique etait mesuree sur le cortex isole de chats jusqu'au vingthuitieme jour et chez des chats de controle. La diphenylhydantoine diminuait le taux de monoamine oxidase qui resultait de la section sous piale mais elle n'affectait pas ľactivite des autres enzymes (dehydrogenase succinique, Na/K-dependant ATPase, choline acetylase et acetylcholine esterase). Dans le cortex normal et dans le cortex isole hyperexcitable, la diphenylhydantoine diminuait la duree de la post-decharge. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Enzymaktivitat wurde im unterschnittenen Cortex von Katzen bis zu 28 Tagen nach dem Eingriff und bei Kontrollen gemessen. Diphenylhydantoin vermindert den Anstieg der Monoaminooxidase als Folge der Unterschneidung. Es hat jedoch keine Wirkung auf die Veranderung der Aktivitat anderer Enzyme (Succinyldehydro-genase, Natrium-Kalium abhangige ATPase, Cholinacetylase und Acetylcholinesterase). Sowohl im normalen wie im hyperexcitablen unterschnittenen Cortex vermindert Diphenylhydantoin die Dauer der Nachentladung. RESUMEN Se mide la activadad encimatica en el cortex cronicamente aislado del gato a lo largo de 28 dias. La difenilhidantoina disminuye el aumento de la monoaminoxidasa que se produce al aislar el cortex, pero no modifica los cambios de actividad de otras encimas (dehidrogenasa succinica, Na/K-ATPasa, acetilasa colinica y esterasa acetilcolinica). Tanto en el cortex normal como en el aislado hiperexcitable, la difenilhidantoina disminuye la duration de las post-descargas.
Selective Poisoning and Deactivation of Acid Sites on Sulfated Zirconia Catalysts forn-Butane Isomerization

Reaction kinetics measurements, selective poisoning, and microcalorimetry were used to study the activity, selectivity, and deactivation of acid sites on a sulfated zirconia catalyst forn-butane isomerization at 423 K. The sulfated zirconia catalyst has a distribution of acid site strengths, containing 50 μmol/g of strong acid sites characterized by heats of ammonia adsorption from 125 to 165 kJ/mol. The strongest acid sites (heats from 145 to 165 kJ/mol) are responsible for the high initial activity of the catalyst, but these sites deactivate rapidly under reaction conditions. The acid sites exhibiting heats from 125 to 145 kJ/mol are less active than the stronger sites, but deactivate more slowly. Weaker sites have low activity and deactivate more rapidly after the intermediate sites are deactivated or poisoned. Bronsted acidity is necessary for extended catalytic activity, although Lewis acid sites may play a role in generating the initial high activity. Acid sites with heats of ammonia adsorption from 125 to 165 kJ/mol show good selectivity for production of isobutane (ca. 93%), while sites with heats from 120 to 125 kJ/mol show lower isobutane selectivity (ca. 80%).
Floxuridine Hepatic Arterial Infusion Associated Biliary Toxicity Is Increased by Concurrent Administration of Systemic Bevacizumab

Purpose Systemic bevacizumab (Bev) was added to hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) floxuridine (FUDR)-based chemotherapy in three studies in an attempt to improve outcomes. A specific review of biliary toxicity was carried out.
On-line calibration of positioning accuracy of CNC lathe using a double-frequency laser interferometer

Positioning accuracy is an important factor affecting the performance of CNC machine tools. Targeting a high positioning accuracy, a fast and effective calibration technique is in an increasing demand from both machine tool users and manufacturers. This paper introduces an on-line calibration approach to dynamically evaluate the positioning accuracy of a CNC lathe through statistical estimation. A double-frequency laser interferometer is configured to measure the respective motions in the lathe's two perpendicular axes during the machining process, triggered by a cutting force dynamometer. Positioning accuracy calibration is realised by comparing the nominal positions from the CNC motion controller to their actual values measured by the laser interferometer system. Compared to that achieved at the machine idle state or the free running state using conventional techniques, this on-line calibration approach provides a more efficient way to get a real picture of the actual performance of a CNC machine tool under its working condition. It also gives a truthful reference to effectively compensate positioning errors of the CNC machine tool.
Spermatozoon Ultrastructure of Hangingflies, Bittacus strigosus and Bittacus stigmaterus

In the present study, spermatozoon ultrastructure was documented in two species of hangingflies, Bittacus strigosus Hagen (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) and B. stigmaterus Say. Structures considered important to phylogenetic assessment that were observed in B. strigosus and B. stigmaterus included a short bilayered acrosome, elongated nucleus, tube-like glycocalyx, centriole adjunct material, accessory bodies, two mitochondrial derivatives, extra axonemal rods, globular units, and 9+2 arrangement of microtubules in the axoneme. Comparisons were made to Bittacus planus Cheng, which was previously examined by electron microscopy (Xie and Hua 2010). Similarities among the ultrastructural characteristics of the three Bittacus species support the monophyly of this genus. Displacement of a mitochondrial derivative by an accessory body was documented for the first time. This paper includes clarifications on differences between accessory bodies and extra axonemal rods, which are issues important to phylogenetic placement.
Synthesis and optical properties of asymmetric polyamides derived from cyclopropyl diacids and diamines

The polyamides were prepared from the dicarbonyl chloride of (+) (S)- or (−)(R)-trans-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid (C3A) with either the dihydrochloride salt of (+)(S)- or (−)(R)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclopropane (C3B) or the dihydrobromide salt of (+)(S)- or (−)(R)-trans-1,2-bis(methylamino)cyclopropane (C3MB) by interfacial polycondensation. Several diamide model compounds composed of these monomers were also synthesized. The polyamides [poly(C3A-C3B)] derived from C3A and C3B have the capability of hydrogen bonding, while the polyamides [poly-(C3A-C3MB)] derived from C3A and C3MB do not. Poly(C3A-C3B) were insoluble in common organic solvents except strong acids. Poly(C3A-C3MB) were soluble in common organic solvents. Poly(C3A-C3B) had melting points higher than 300°C. Poly(C3A-C3MB) melted at 180–235°C. The ORD and CD study has shown that poly(+)C3A(+)C3B in methane sulfonic acid (MSA), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) (5 v % MSA), and tetramethylenesulfone (TMS) (5 v % MSA) exhibits a very strong Cotton effect or CD peak at 212–218 mμ, attributable to a component of the split π–π* transition of the amide chromophores. Poly(+)C3A(+)C3MB in MSA and TFE (5 v % MSA) shows a strong Cotton effect or CD peak at 217–223 mμ and an intermediate Cotton effect or CD trough at 202–204 mμ as well as an intermediate Cotton effect or CD trough at 220–222 mμ and an intermediate Cotton effect or CD peak at 202–204 mμ in TFE and TMS. These peaks and troughs may be assigned to splitting of the π–π* transition. The CD spectra of poly(+)C3A(+)C3MB in nonacidic media are quite different from those in acidic media: they are almost mirror images. The CD spectra in this transition induced by MSA suggests that a transition from a compact helix to another more extended helix with opposite handedness occurs similar to poly-L-proline I ⇄ II. This transition may be explained by electrostatic repulsion between protonated amide groups. Viscosity data have shown that the conformation is changed to a highly extended from in acidic media. The polyamides and diamides derived from enantiomers exhibit mirror image spectra. Poly(+)C3A(+)C3B and poly(+)C3A(+)C3MB in every solvent studied exhibit a marked enhancement of the rotatory strength of ORD and CD with respect to the corresponding diamide models.
Reduced cerebral infection of Neospora caninum in BALB/c mice vaccinated with recombinant Brucella abortus RB51 strains expressing N. caninum SRS2 and GRA7 proteins.

Neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of bovine neosporosis, an important disease affecting the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. Currently there is no effective vaccine available to prevent N. caninum infection in cattle. In this study, we examined the feasibility of developing a live, recombinant N. caninum vaccine using Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 as the expression and delivery vector. We generated two recombinant RB51 strains each expressing SRS2 (RB51/SRS2) or GRA7 (RB51/GRA7) antigens of N. caninum. BALB/c mice immunized by single intraperitoneal inoculation of the recombinant RB51 strains developed IgG antibodies specific to the respective N. caninum antigen. In vitro stimulation of splenocytes from the vaccinated mice with specific antigen resulted in the production of interferon-γ, but not IL-5 or IL-10, suggesting the development of a Th1 type immune response. Upon challenge with N. caninum tachyzoites, mice vaccinated with strain RB51/SRS2, but not RB51/GRA7, showed significant resistance to cerebral infection when compared to the RB51 vaccinated mice, as determined by the tissue parasite load using a real-time quantitative TaqMan assay. Interestingly, mice vaccinated with either strain RB51 or RB51/GRA7 also contained significantly lower parasite burden in their brains compared to those inoculated with saline. Mice vaccinated with strain RB51/SRS2 or RB51/GRA7 were protected to the same extent as the strain RB51 vaccinated mice against challenge with B. abortus virulent strain 2308. These results suggest that a recombinant RB51 strain expressing an appropriate protective antigen(s), such as SRS2 of N. caninum, can confer protection against both neosporosis and brucellosis.
Field Effect Conductance Measurements on Thin Crystals of Sexithiophene

Field effect conductance measurements were made on individual microscopic crystals of the organic semiconductor sexithiophene (6T). These crystals, ranging from 1 to 6 molecules (2−14 nm) in thickness and from 1 to 2 μm in diameter, were deposited by thermal evaporation onto SiO2 substrates previously patterned with closely spaced (∼400 nm) pairs of Au wires. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of these substrates demonstrated the growth of individual 6T crystals between the wires. The resulting wire/6T/wire structures were used in a transistor configuration to probe the in-plane conductance of the crystals as a function of transverse electric field (i.e., perpendicular to the substrate). These measurements showed (1) no discernible dependence of the carrier mobility on thicknesseven down to crystals as thin as a monolayersuggesting that much of the current is carried by the first monolayer next to the SiO2, (2) activated transport (EA = 25 meV) at temperatures above 100 K but nearly temperature-independent tra...
Morphological and biophysical identification of fibrous proteins in the amniote epidermis

Epidermal material from a variety of reptilian species, avian and mammalian scales have been examined by standard histological and x-ray diffraction techniques. It has been found that morphologic and/or tinctorial properties are not good criteria for the identification of specific fibrous protein types. The distribution of fibrous protein types in reptilian epidermal material is very variable, especially in turtles. Lepidosaurian reptiles (the tuatara, snakes and lizards) are unique in showing an alternating vertical distribution of feather and α-type proteins over the entire body surface. The protein distribution in crocodilian scales resembles exactly that found on avian scales. Mammals only possess the α-type protein whatever the nature of the epidermal structure of modification.
Transition metal catalyzed hydroarylation of olefins using unactivated substrates: Recent developments and challenges

Abstract The addition of aromatic C–H bonds across olefin C C bonds (olefin hydroarylation) is an important synthetic methodology for the preparation of alkylated arenes. Traditional methods utilizing Friedel–Crafts catalysts result in a significant waste stream and substantial polyalkyated products. In order to achieve high overall yield of monoalkylated compounds, Friedel-Crafts catalysis must be combined with a second transalkylation catalytic step. Reactions that incorporate substituted olefins are selective for branched products. In addition, the regioselective synthesis of disubstituted alkyl arenes is difficult to achieve. Recent development of transition metal based catalysts provides non-Friedel-Crafts pathways for the production of alkyl arenes. Systems based on Ru(II), Ir(III), and Pt(II) have been developed, and mechanistic studies have begun to provide insight into the details of these catalysts. Herein, we review recently published results in the area of transition metal catalyzed olefin hydroarylation with a comparison of known catalysts and discussion of challenges yet to be overcome.
Effect of image interactivity technology on consumer responses toward the online retailer

The present study empirically examined whether image interactivity technology (IIT), which enables the creation and manipulation of product images on a retailer's Web site, affects experiential value and instrumental value.This study also examined whether IIT affects telepresence (i.e., simulated experience with the product in a store) and how IIT, telepresence, and value variables affect consumer responses toward an online retailer. A proposed model was supported using an experimental design with 206 subjects and Analysis of Moment Structures. Significant hypothesized paths were found between level of IIT, telepresence, and value variables. In addition, telepresence, experiential value, and instrumental value produced significant hypothesized paths with consumer response variables (attitude, willingness to purchase, and willingness to patronize). Implications for Web site development and marketing apparel online are provided.
Photoswitchable dynamic combinatorial libraries: coupling azobenzene photoisomerization with hydrazone exchange.

The novel azobenzene-based monomer 1 was prepared, equipped with the necessary functionality to undergo simultaneous dynamic exchange processes: hydrazone exchange and photoisomerization. Acid-promoted hydrolysis of the azobenzene building block produced a dynamic combinatorial library of cyclic oligomers, while multibuilding block libraries were also generated upon addition of proline-based monomers. Libraries equilibrated under thermal conditions were dominated by trans isomers of the azobenzene macrocycles, whereas light-induced isomerization resulted in a conformational change of the library members to their corresponding cis-azo form. In the presence of a pentaproline template, a slower rate of thermal relaxation of the cis-azobenzene species 1c was observed, resulting in stabilization and amplification of this receptor due to favorable binding interactions. The facile identification and application of such photoswitchable receptors have the potential to allow for greater control over molecular recog...
A model of the mechanism of transport in packed, distended, and fluidized beds

Abstract An instrumented copper sphere, 1·5 in. in dia., was provided with a small calorimeter which permitted measurements of the local thermal transfer within a packed bed of spheres of uniform diameter. A 12 in. dia., 20 in. long column packed with 1·5 in. spheres in a rhombohedral number six, blocked passage array was employed to study the local thermal transport as the result of the steady flow of air over a range of superficial Reynolds numbers from 875 to 3618. A boundary layer model based upon the established behavior of thermal and material transfer from single cylinders and spheres in turbulent fluid streams is discussed. Local air velocity in the flow passages was measured directly. A characteristic turbulence intensity within the flow passage was established from the local thermal transfer measurements and was found to agree with direct “hot- wire” measurements. The model provides an analytic expression which was found to represent transport from single cylinders and spheres, and arrays of cylindrical, spherical, and commercial packing. In addition, the model applies to distended and fluidized beds of spherical particles. The over-all deviation was 9·8 per cent for the various types of packed arrays. This model predicted the height of a gas phase transfer unit in commercial packed columns being irrigated with liquid within 12 per cent for twelve cases involving both absorption and vaporization.
Fermi liquid theory: A brief survey in memory of Gerald E. Brown

Abstract I present a brief review of Fermi liquid theory, and discuss recent work on Fermi liquid theory in dilute neutron matter and cold atomic gases. I argue that recent interest in transport properties of quantum fluids provides fresh support for Landau's approach to Fermi liquid theory, which is based on kinetic theory rather than effective field theory and the renormalization group. I also discuss work on non-Fermi liquids, in particular dense quark matter.
Microbial populations of teat ends of dairy cows, and bedding materials

Abstract The relationship between total coliform, klebsiella, streptococcal, and staphylococcal populations of common bedding materials and the organisms recoverable from the teat ends was investigated. Effects of sawdust, wood shavings, and wheat straw as bedding materials were studied in a 9 wk trial of Latin square design in which each of three five-cow groups was bedded for 3 wk on each of the beddings. Cows bedded on sawdust had greatest teat end populations of total coliforms and klebsiella. Streptococci were most numerous on straw-bedded cows. Staphylococci were more numerous on straw- and sawdust-bedded cows than on those bedded on shavings. These differences appeared to be related in a general way to bacterial populations in the beddings. Estimates of bacterial populations of both fresh and used beddings revealed differences among beddings. Differences among teat-swab counts of cow groups and among experimental periods indicated the importance of individual cow factors and uncontrolled environmental factors on teat end bacteria.
Complications of the Management of Acute Respiratory Failure and Their Prevention

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/13-2-11934 We present an analysis of the complications or the management of Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) in 1,955 patients over a ten year period at Queens Hospital Center in New York City. Stress ulcer gastric bleeding, renal failure, nosocomial infections, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmias, atelectasis, barotrauma, laryngeal and tracheal complications are reviewed. Based on our experience, recommendations regarding the avoidance of these complications are presented.
Recursively presented games and strategies

Abstract The complexity of an infinite game is determined in part by the complexity of the set of winning strategies for the game. In this paper we consider effectively closed, recursively bounded Gale–Stewart games. We give a coding for the winning strategies of such games so that any two different strategies are winning for different sets of games. We show that under our coding of winning strategies, the set of winning strategies can be effectively isomorphic to an arbitrary recursively bounded Π 0 1 -class. This strengthens the well-known result that recursively presented games need not have recursive winning strategies. We also show that for every recursively presented game, there is a polynomial time presented game which has the same set of winning strategies. Thus even feasibly presented games need not have recursive solutions. Finally we develop some criteria which ensures that a polynomial time presented game has a polynomial time winning strategy.
Is Helicobacter pylori seropositivity related to body mass index in the United States

Summary Background: Helicobacter pylori infection may decrease serum ghrelin and increase gastric leptin levels, which may, in turn, decrease body mass index. Aim: To determine whether H. pylori seropositivity is associated with body mass index. Methods: Serum H. pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene product A (CagA) antibody levels were measured on 6724 adult participants of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–91). We evaluated the association between H. pylori/CagA antibody status [both negative (−/−), H. pylori-positive/CagA-negative (+/−), or both positive (+/+)] and body mass index, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. We also investigated whether H. pylori/cytotoxin-associated gene product A antibody status was associated with fasting serum leptin levels. Results: H. pylori/CagA antibody status was not associated with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% CI: 0.9–1.6 comparing (+/+) to (−/−) and adjusted OR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8–1.5 comparing (+/−) to (−/−)], overweight (body mass index 25 to <30 kg/m2) [adjusted OR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.7–1.2 comparing (+/+) to (−/−) and adjusted OR 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8–1.3 comparing (+/−) to (−/−)], or fasting serum leptin level in the USA population. Conclusions: H. pylori seropositivity and CagA antibody status are not associated with body mass index or fasting serum leptin level.
Mathematical modeling of bacterial track-altering motors: Track cleaving through burnt-bridge ratchets

The generation of directed movement of cellular components frequently requires the rectification of Brownian motion. Molecular motor enzymes that use ATP to walk on filamentous tracks are typically involved in cell transport, however, a track-altering motor can arise when an enzyme interacts with and alters its track. In Caulobacter crescentus and other bacteria, an active DNA partitioning (Par) apparatus is employed to segregate replicated chromosome regions to specific locations in dividing cells. The Par apparatus is composed of two proteins: ParA, an ATPase that can form polymeric structures on the nucleoid, and ParB, a protein that can bind and destabilize ParA structures. It has been proposed that the ParB-mediated alteration of ParA structures could be responsible for generating the directed movement of DNA during bacterial division. How precisely these actions are coordinated and translated into directed movement is not clear. In this paper we consider the C. crescentus segregation apparatus as an example of a track altering motor that operates using a so-called burnt-bridge mechanism. We develop and analyze mathematical models that examine how diffusion and ATP-hydrolysis-mediated monomer removal (or cleaving) can be combined to generate directed movement. Using a mean first passage approach, we analytically calculate the effective ParA track-cleaving velocities, effective diffusion coefficient, and other higher moments for the movement a ParB protein cluster that breaks monomers away at random locations on a single ParA track. Our model results indicate that cleaving velocities and effective diffusion constants are sensitive to ParB-induced ATP hydrolysis rates. Our analytical results are in excellent agreement with stochastic simulation results.
SLEDE: event-based specification of sensor network security protocols

The semantic gap between specification and implementation languages for sensor networks security protocols impedes the specification and verification of the protocols. In this work, we present SLEDE, an event-based specification language and its verifying compiler that address this semantic gap. We demonstrate the features of SLEDE through an example specification of the μTesla, secure broadcast protocol for sensor networks.
Parasite-mediated reductions in the growth of nymphal backswimmers

Engorged, parasitic water mites were observed to decrease the growth rate and to increase the stadium length of nymphal backswimmers. Unengorged mites were found to have no effect on the host. The extended stadium lengths of parasitized hosts should reduce the instantaneous rate of natural increase of populations of parasitized hosts because this rate is sensitive to any factor that delays the onset of reproduction.
Patterns of cellular organization and cell division in the epithelium of the cultured lens

Crystalline lenses (rabbit) were cultured for periods ranging from 1 hr to 46 days. A dialysis system which facilitates the culture of large numbers of lenses under virtually identical conditions was used. The lens was enclosed in a dialysis bag containing 2–3 ml of synthetic culture medium (inside medium), and immersed in a 125 ml flask containing 50 ml of the same medium (outside medium). Several lenses were incubated in one flask and the outside medium was changed at regular intervals of 1–3 days. Some lenses were injured after 8 days of culture and incubated for 2 further days. In most cases, tritiated thymidine was introduced into the medium just prior to termination of culture. Whole-mount preparations and autoradiographs of the epithelia were examined and the general and nuclear morphology, number of mitotic figures and number of radioactive nuclei noted. Lenses remained clear and refractile as long as 30 days. Except for small areas probably related to injuries accidentally inflicted during isolation of the lens, the epithelia of these lens showed little morphological alteration. These preparations indicated that cell density in the germinative zone approaches that of the central area as culture continues, and that the epithelium tends to extend on to the posterior capsule. Cell division in the epithelium of such lenses does not cease during culture, but the distribution of labeled nuclei and mitotic figures is altered; this alteration appears to follow a well defined sequence. The lenses injured during culture showed a great burst of cell division around the site of injury 48 hr later. Lenses that became cataractous did so after the appearance of microbial infection in the outside culture medium. The epithelia of these lenses showed great alterations in general morphology, very extensive nuclear labeling, and nearly complete population of the posterior capsule by epithelial cells. The various patterns of cell proliferation observed in the epithelia of cultured lenses, and comparison of these with that found in vivo, seem to indicate that physical forces exerted on the lens (such as those due to the varying tension of the suspensory ligaments) and the resulting wear and tear on the epithelium may be causally related to the rate of cell proliferation and the distribution of dividing cells in this tissue. This hypothesis, as opposed to that involving diffusible chemical inhibitors or stimulators, is discussed.
Improved estimation of structure predictor quality

Background Methods that can automatically assess the quality of computationally predicted protein structures are important, as they enable the selection of the most accurate structure from an ensemble of predictions. Assessment methods that determine the quality of a predicted structure by comparing it against the various structures predicted by different servers have been shown to outperform approaches that rely on the intrinsic characteristics of the structure itself.
Thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer networks of a triblock copolymer elastomer and an lonomeric plastic. II. Mechanical behavior

Thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer networks, IPN's, are defined as combinations of two physically crosslinked polymers. A styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene (SEBS) triblock elastomer was combined with an ionomer prepared from a random copolymer of styrene, methacrylic acid, and isoprene (90/10/1 by volume), and subsequently neutralized. Two subclasses of the thermoplastic IPN's were identified. A sequential polymerization method yielded the chemically blended thermoplastic IPN's (CBT IPN's). Melt blending of the separately synthesized polymers produced the mechanically blended thermoplastic IPN's (MBT IPN's). Stress-strain and Rheovibron characterization revealed that the CBT IPN's exhibited greater tensile strength and higher elongation at break, but lower moduli than the MBT IPN materials of the same overall composition. Analysis of moduli data with the theories of Takayanagi, Davies, Budiansky, and Kerner disclosed more equal dual phase continuity for the MBT IPN's than the CBT IPN's at each composition. The low modulus of the more rubbery CBT IPN compositions was attributed to a decrease in the effective chain end-to-end distance between crosslinks in the elastomeric (EB) center block, brought about by the synthetic method.
Relation between coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and cardiac enzyme elevation following percutaneous coronary intervention.

Abstract Several studies have reported that elevation of cardiac creatine kinase (CK) enzymes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with an increase in cardiac morbidity and mortality during follow-up. However, it remains unclear if enzyme elevation contributes to the adverse outcomes or is simply a marker for adverse events. We conducted a case-control study to determine if angiographically determined atherosclerotic plaque burden correlated with CK elevation. Patients (cases, n = 23) with CK elevation after PCI were identified along with 46 age- and gender-matched controls without CK elevation. Detailed angiographic analysis quantified the percentage of coronary artery length with any luminal irregularity, a surrogate for plaque burden. The CK elevation group was characterized by a greater number of smokers (65% vs 33%, p = 0.02), more thrombus-containing lesions (22% vs 2.2%, p = 0.014), and more frequent abrupt closure (13% vs 0%, p = 0.03). In addition, the case group had a 50% increase in atherosclerotic plaque burden compared with controls (30 ± 14% vs 20 ± 14%, p = 0.006). These data suggest that CK elevation after PCI is a marker for more extensive atherosclerosis, which may explain the worse prognosis of these patients.
Deductibility and optimal state and local fiscal policy

Abstract I present a model of optimal state and local fiscal policy in the presence of deductibility and exporting to non-residents. This model explains the puzzling continued reliance on the general sales tax after the 1986 Tax Reform Act.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Chemical Assessment of Water Quality in Relation to the Shope Creek Trout Farm

Abstract North Carolina is the second largest commercial producer of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in the United States, yet few studies have measured the effects of trout farm effluent on regional water bodies. Our objective was to assess water quality directly upstream and downstream of a low-production rainbow trout farm located on Shope Creek, a second-order stream in western North Carolina, using both biological and chemical assessment methods. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected upstream and downstream of the trout farm annually from 2009 to 2011 using Hester-Dendy samplers. Organisms were identified to family and compared using the Family Level Biotic Index. We found no significant difference between mean upstream and downstream index values, suggesting no negative impacts of trout farm effluent on the macroinvertebrate community. Water samples were collected from each site on four days over a two month period, with three subsamples taken per site, per day. There were no significant dif...
Ultraviolet-photoproduced organic solids synthesized under simulated jovian conditions: molecular analysis.

In an earlier paper, Khare and Sagan reported the production of a brownish polymeric material from the near-ultraviolet irradiation of simulated jovian atmospheres with a low hydrogen abundance. Examination of this product indicates that hydrogen sulfide is the initial photon acceptor; the powder resulting after extraction with benzene is 84 percent sulfur, largely S8. In results reported here, the remaining 16 percent was pyrolyzed and then examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis at 450 C yielded a series of alkanes, alkenes, C3-alkylbenzenes, aromatics, thiophenes, alkylthiophenes, alkylmercaptans, alkyldisulfides, together with the nitrogenous compounds hydrogen cyanide, methyl cyanide, alkylisothiocyanates, acrylonitrile, and allylisothiocyanates. Some of these compounds might be sought on Jupiter and Saturn and their satellites by remote infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy and directly by entry probes.
Closed loop, DM diversity-based, wavefront correction algorithm for high contrast imaging systems

High contrast imaging from space relies on coronagraphs to limit diffraction and a wavefront control systems to compensate for imperfections in both the telescope optics and the coronagraph. The extreme contrast required (up to 10(exp -10) for terrestrial planets) puts severe requirements on the wavefront control system, as the achievable contrast is limited by the quality of the wavefront. This paper presents a general closed loop correction algorithm for high contrast imaging coronagraphs by minimizing the energy in a predefined region in the image where terrestrial planets could be found. The estimation part of the algorithm reconstructs the complex field in the image plane using phase diversity caused by the deformable mirror. This method has been shown to achieve faster and better correction than classical speckle nulling.
Major Histories, Minor Literatures, and World Authors

In his article "Major Histories, Minor Literatures, and World Authors" Theo D'haen discusses how the idea of world literature has made a remarkable comeback in literary studies. A major feature of this revival has been increased attention from a "world perspective" to literatures until recently little studied beyond disciplinary boundaries, particularly so some "major" literatures such as Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, and various Indian-language literatures. As such, these literatures have come to join what has usually been thought of as "European" world literature. What this move, however to be welcomed in itself, obscures is the even further peripheralization of a number of "smaller" literatures, amongst them many European ones. Thus world literature in its newly emerging guise is merely upping the ante for such minor literatures, or, alternatively, reshaping such literatures in the image and interest of the few "major" literatures which are deemed worthy of inclusion in the "new" world literature.