cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Place and Innovation in Popular Music: The Bebop Revolution in Jazz

This paper explores the relationship between place and processes of innovation in popular music, focusing on the example of the bebop style of jazz. Bebop emerged during the 1940s both as a reaction against older jazz styles and as an expression of artistic innovation within a community of younger jazz musicians. The process of its creation and early development was situated in a set of "nested'' locales centered in New York City. This analysis examines the diverse nature of these locales and the distinctive ways in which they fostered interactions among bebop's creators and their various audiences. The analysis reveals that different locales played dissimilar roles during specific stages in bebop's emergence, as it evolved into an increasingly coherent form of cultural expression. Most importantly, certain jazz clubs in Harlem provided a setting for the early experimentation that culminated in the bebop style, but the style's subsequent formalization and popularization depended on its exposure in jazz cl...
Kinetics of inhibition of estrogen 2-hydroxylase by various haloestrogens

Inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase can be utilized in studying the kinetics of this cytochrome P450 enzyme complex and in elucidating the structural requirements of the active site. The conversion of estrogens to 2-hydroxyestrogens in rat liver microsomal preparations was examined using two radiotracer assays, the conversion of (4-/sup 14/C)-estradiol to (4-/sup 14/C)-2-hydroxyestradiol and the release of /sup 3/H/sub 2/O from (2-/sup 3/H)-estradiol. Using the microsomal fraction from male rat liver, the apparent K/sub m/ for the substrate estradiol was 2.2 microM. Competitive inhibition was observed for 2-halo- and 2,4-haloestrogens (apparent K/sub i/'s of 1.6 to 3.7 microM), while 4-haloestrogens did not produce normal inhibition patterns. Employing female rat liver microsomes in which nonclassical enzyme kinetics was observed, the synthetic steroids increased the sigmoidal character of the velocity curve. Multiple inhibition studies with 2-haloestrogens and 4-haloestrogens with the male rat liver microsomal fraction indicated that these compounds are mutually exclusive inhibitors of the 2-hydroxylase activity.
Measuring the economic impact of liberalization of international aviation on Hamburg airport

Abstract The paper describes a four-step modeling approach to estimating the impact of changes to the international aviation bilaterals on airport revenues and the income, employment and tourism effects for the local economy. The model is estimated on and applied to Hamburg airport and the State of Hamburg using a set of 10 representative markets that would have access to the German market. We find that Hamburg airport would gain 149,000 new passengers of which 17,000 would be hubbing through the airport to other international destinations. The change in passenger and operations leads to a 6 percent increase in overall airport revenues, as well as increases in local output, investment and employment. Tourism impacts were estimated separately with 11,000 new tourists and 22 new jobs in the tourism industry.
Rapid Variations in the Radio Polarization of BL Lac

THE non-thermal radio source, VRO 42.22.01 (BL Lac), shows linear polarization in both the radio1 and the optical2 regions of its spectrum. The first report of variations in the total flux density of this source included the possible detection of circularly polarized radiation in its emission at 2695 MHz (ref. 3). A recent publication4 describing extensive observations of this object at 2.8 cm and 4.5 cm has shown that the variations in its total flux density are the most rapid detected to date. BL Lac has been monitored since April 1968 at a frequency of 8 GHz (3.75 cm) as part of a programme at the University of Michigan to study the polarization of variable extra -galactic radio sources, and large variations in its linearly polarized emission have been detected.
New physics contributions to the lifetime difference in D0-D0 mixing.

We present the first general analysis of New Physics contributions to the ${D}^{0}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ lifetime difference (equivalently $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{D}$). We argue that New Physics (NP) contributions to $|\ensuremath{\Delta}C|=1$ processes can dominate the lifetime difference in the flavor $SU(3)$ limit. We provide several specific examples of models that produce sizable effects in $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{D}$ for realistic values of light quark masses, even if such NP contributions are undetectable in the current round of ${D}^{0}$ decay experiments. This makes $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{D}$ a viable observable for studies of indirect effects of New Physics.
Catheter Technique for Recording His Bundle Activity in Man

A technique for the routine recording of His bundle (H) activity in man using a bipolar or multipolar catheter is described. The recording catheter is inserted percutaneously, via the Seldinger method, into the right femoral vein and advanced fluoroscopically into the right atrium. Placement of the pre-formed curve at the catheter tip across the tricuspid valve in nine patients resulted in stable recordings of His bundle activity in successive cardiac cycles. Right atrial pacing resulted in progressive lengthening of the P-H interval with increasing frequency but the H to S-wave interval remained constant at all rates. Similar lengthening of the P-H interval was produced during atrial pacing when pressure was applied to the carotid sinus. The use of this recording technique in man will facilitate diagnostic interpretation of the electrocardiogram and can be used in various investigations of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in man.
Multigrid Solution of the Semigeostrophic Invertibility Relation

Abstract In semigeostrophic theory one can recover the balanced wind and mass fields from the potential vorticity by solving a nonlinear elliptic boundary-value problem. This paper describes the efficient solution of this invertibility relation in two dimensions by a multigrid algorithm. Numerical results show this method is competitive with a generalized Buneman algorithm for the linearized cases to which the latter applies. The fully nonlinear problem is solved to well below the level of truncation error 50–80 times faster than by simple relaxation on a single grid.
On porting of computer applications into symbian cell phone platform

The wide availability of so-called “smart” phones gave engineers the opportunity to embed their software without involvement of manufacturers and service providers [2]. Recently we developed an image processing toolbox for cellular phones for educational and research purposes. The embedding of new applications brought up several implementation challenges which were common. In this paper we review the problems of code development for cell phone platforms. We analyze the sequence of necessary adaptation stages and novel visualization techniques which are required for the adequate representation of two-dimensional floating-point data [1].
Pharmaceutical and toxicological studies on the polyuronide of sapote gum.

Abstract Pharmaceutical and toxicological studies were made of the polyuronide obtained from sapote gum. The gum proved to be of value as an emulsifying and suspending agent. No toxicity was demonstrated in rabbits.^ mice, and rats after its intraperitoneal, intravenous, and oral administration in high-level single doses. It proved not to give rise to irritation when tested on skin and mucous membranes in rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans.
Incidental memory for the color-word association in the Stroop color-word test

Incidental memory for the association between color word and print color in the Stroop color-word test was examined. Subjects received either color or neutral words in various print colors or color words in black with a color patch below. Subjects named the color or the word aspect of each stimulus. For all conditions, the color-word association was held constant across trials. After naming one aspect of each stimulus, subjects were tested for their memory of the association between that aspect and the unnamed one. Subjects required more time to name the print color of color words than to perform the other event-naming tasks, and word naming was faster than color naming. Naming the print color yielded higher incidental retention of the color-word association than did naming the color patch or the word. Slowing the pace for word naming increased retention of the association. These results are discussed in relation to current models of the Stroop effect.
The myth of the gringo chief: Amazonian messiahs and the power of immediacy

In this article, I investigate the sociocultural grounding and sociopolitical position of Randy Borman, the “gringo chief” of the indigenous Cofan people of Amazonian Ecuador. Born to North American missionary-linguists, Borman grew up in Cofan communities, attended school in urban Ecuador and the United States, and developed into the most important Cofan activist on the global stage. I consider him alongside other ethnically ambiguous leaders of Amazonian political movements, whom anthropologists have described as “messianic” figures. The historians and ethnographers who write about Amazonian messianism debate the relationship between myth and reason in indigenous political action. Using their discussion as a starting point, I propose the concept of “mythical politics,” a type of transformative action that concentrates enabling forms of socio-temporal mediation in the shape of individual actors and instantaneous events. I develop my approach through a discussion of the work of Georges Sorel, Georg Lukacs...
Individual Differences in Preferences for Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Aspects of Work.

Abstract We examined individual differences in preferences for intrinsic versus extrinsic aspects of work among two representative national samples of males from the Ohio State University National Longitudinal Surveys: young men, aged 14 to 24, and middle-aged men, aged 45 to 59, when first interviewed in 1966. The statistical technique utilized to measure systematic preference differences was Multiple Classification Analysis, a nonlinear form of multiple regression analysis. Findings suggest that preferences are significantly related to age, occupation, class of worker, job satisfaction, educational attainment, and race. After simultaneously controlling for all explanatory variables, very little consistent evidence of preference differences was found between white-collar and blue-collar workers, rural and urban workers, or among individuals with different levels of income.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for small cell lung cancer.

Treatment for small cell lung cancer has not improved substantially inthe past 15 years. Some advances are being made in supportive care andby use of more intense concurrent thoracic radiotherapy. New agentssuch as the taxanes and the topoisomerase I inhibitors hold promise andare currently in phase III evaluation. The question whether doseintensity can improve the outcome of patients with small cell lungcancer has been raised for many years. Improving supportive careenhances our ability to test this question more thoroughly. This paperreviews the historical and current experience using high-dose therapywith hematopoietic stem cell support for the treatment of small lungcancer. Future directions areidentified.
Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A Is Required for Hematogenous Dissemination of Reovirus

Diverse families of viruses bind immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) proteins located in tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions of epithelium and endothelium. However, little is known about the roles of these receptors in the pathogenesis of viral disease. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an IgSF protein that localizes to TJs and serves as a receptor for mammalian reovirus. We inoculated wild-type (WT) and isogenic JAM-A(-/-) mice perorally with reovirus and found that JAM-A is dispensable for viral replication in the intestine but required for systemic dissemination. Reovirus replication in the brain and tropism for discrete neural regions are equivalent in WT and JAM-A(-/-) mice following intracranial inoculation, suggesting a function for JAM-A in reovirus spread to extraintestinal sites. JAM-A promotes reovirus infection of endothelial cells, providing a conduit for the virus into the bloodstream. These findings indicate that a broadly expressed IgSF viral receptor specifically mediates hematogenous dissemination in the host.
Cost-minimization analysis of two fluid products for resuscitation of critically injured trauma patients

Purpose Results of a study to determine potential cost benefits of substituting an alternative electrolyte solution for 0.9% sodium chloride injection for the initial fluid resuscitation of trauma patients are presented. Methods Using data from a randomized clinical trial that compared 24-hour fluid resuscitation outcomes in critically injured trauma patients treated with 0.9% sodium chloride injection and those who received a balanced electrolyte solution (Plasma-Lyte A, Baxter Healthcare), a cost-minimization analysis was performed at a large medical center. The outcomes evaluated included fluid and drug acquisition costs, materials and nurse labor costs, and costs associated with electrolyte replacement. Results The use of Plasma-Lyte A was associated with a relatively higher fluid acquisition cost but a reduced need for magnesium replacement. During the first 24 hours of hospitalization, 4 of 24 patients (17%) treated with 0.9% sodium chloride injection and none of the patients who received the comparator product ( n = 22) required supplemental magnesium. Patients treated with 0.9% sodium chloride injection received a median of 4 g of magnesium (interquartile range [IQR], 2.5–4.0 g), compared with a median of 0 g (IQR 0–2 g) in the comparator group. Taking into account the costs of consumable supplies and nursing labor, the cost-minimization analysis indicated a 24-hour cost differential of $12.35 in favor of Plasma-Lyte A. Conclusion Substitution of Plasma-Lyte A for 0.9% sodium chloride injection for fluid resuscitation during the first 24 hours after traumatic injury was associated with decreased magnesium replacement requirements and a net cost benefit to the institution.
Small grains of truth

The evidence concerning the formation of the solar nebula from preexisting clouds found in the chemical composition of solar system grains is discussed. Evidence for sequential star formation in the grains is examined. It is argued that there is no model for the origin of the solar system which can account for the increasing complexity of the evidence.
Gene transcript changes in individual rainbow trout livers following an inflammatory stimulus.

Abstract Inflammatory stimuli elicit liver synthesis and subsequent release into the plasma of several proteins (positive acute phase proteins, APP) with functions in innate immunity, tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. To expand the basis for evaluating the degree of conservation of the APR in vertebrates and to assess the extent to which genes encoding both cellular and plasma proteins are affected, we profiled transcriptional changes in livers of individual rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intraperitoneal injection of Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum bacterin in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant. Twenty genes were down-regulated, some unexpectedly such as complement component 3 and α2-macroglobulin. Sixteen up-regulated genes included three encoding proteins involved in iron metabolism (hepcidin, haptoglobin, and intelectin), from which we infer that sequestration of iron is likely to be a major component of the trout APR. Activated genes encoding proteins of unknown functions included precerebellin-like plasma protein, and differentially regulated trout protein which is predicted to be cell surface associated. The only complement component that increased was C7. Genes encoding proteins that are probably not released into plasma included two fatty acid binding proteins, two transport proteins (SEC61 and a Na–Ca exchanger), GAPDH, an amino transferase, and a hydrolase. When microarray data and quantitative RT-PCR analyses were used to evaluate specific transcripts, variations were notable between individual fish, possibly a basis for natural variation in susceptibility to infectious diseases. This study suggests novel hypotheses relating to NFκB, albumin-related protein, pentraxin, hypoferremia and the complement cascade. While the capacity to mount an APR is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, the responding genes vary from species to species, and considerable variation is observed from individual to individual within a species.
Optimization of ethanol production from hot-water extracts of sugar maple chips.

Abstract Hot-water extracts from sugar maple chips prior to papermaking was employed in this study to produce ethanol by Pichia stipitis 58784. The effects of several factors, seed culture age, fermentation time, inoculum quantity, agitation rate, percent extract, concentration of inorganic nitrogen source (NH4)2SO4 and pH value, on ethanol production were investigated by orthogonal experiments. Orthogonal analysis shows that the optimal fermentation was obtained in the condition of 48-h seed culture, 120-h fermentation, 16% inoculum, 180 rpm, containing 30% extracts, 8% ammonium sulphate supplement and pH 5. This optimal condition was verified at 800-mL level in a 1.3 L fermentor. The ethanol yield reached 82.27% of the theoretical (20.57 g/L) after 120 h.
Electrohydrodynamically augmented micro heat pipes

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the potential benefits of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) forces on the operation of micro heat pipes. In these experiments, electric fields were used to orient and guide the flow of the dielectric liquid within the micro heat pipe from the condenser to the evaporator. The experiments indicate the heat transport capability of the EHD micro heat pipes is increased by up to six times of that of conventional ones. In parallel, an analytical model was developed to predict the maximum heat transport capability for various electric field intensities and micro heat pipe geometries. The analytical model agrees well with the experimental results for the geometry studied experimentally. The model shows that large pore sizes are optimal from a heat transport capacity perspective. Finally, a critical assessment of the experimental results suggest an alternative design capable of achieving as much as a 180 times improvement in the heat transport capacity in comparison to traditional micro heat pipes.
Group Secret Key Generation via Received Signal Strength: Protocols, Achievable Rates, and Implementation

Secret key generation among wireless devices using physical layer information of radio channel has been an attractive alternative for ensuring security in mobile environments. Received signal strength (RSS) based secret key extraction gains much attention due to its easy accessibility in wireless infrastructure. However, the problem of using RSS to generate keys among multiple devices to ensure secure group communication in practice remains open. In this work, we propose a framework for collaborative key generation among multiple wireless devices leveraging RSS. To deal with mobile devices not within each other’s communication range, we employ relay nodes to achieve reliable key extraction. To enable secure group communication, two protocols are developed to perform collaborative group key generation via star and chain topologies respectively. We further provide the theoretic analysis on the achievable secrecy rate for both star and chain topologies in the presence of an eavesdropper. Our prototype development using MICAz motes and extensive experiments using fading trend based key extraction demonstrate the feasibility of using RSS for group key generation in both indoor and outdoor environments, and concurrently achieving a lower bit mismatch rate compared to existing studies.
Global versus local optimization in redundancy resolution of robotic manipulators

In redundancy resolution of robotic manipulators with more than the required degrees of freedom at the kinematic level, the minimization of the Euclidean norm of the joint velocities at the dynamic level, and the minimization of the kinetic energy of the manipulator at any moment of the task execu tion have long been suggested in the literature. In this paper the global optimization of the above characteristics are worked out by using integral-type criteria. The results are in surprisingly simple and elegant forms and give new insights to the redundancy resolution of robotic manipulators. The relations between local and global optimization are discussed.
A low-power area-efficient switching scheme for charge-sharing DACs in SAR ADCs

Analysis and experimental results for a new switching scheme and topology for charge sharing DACs used in successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs is presented. The characteristics of the SAR algorithm are exploited to develop a switching scheme that reduces the number of required unit capacitors by nearly an order of magnitude over conventional charge sharing DACs without the aid of any additional reference voltages. The proposed topology also enables a rail-to-rail voltage swing at the DAC output enabling a differential voltage input at the ADC of up to twice the supply voltage. An 8-bit SAR ADC using the proposed DAC is implemented in a 90nm CMOS process and consumes 700 nW at 0.7 V and 100 kS/s while occupying 0.0135 mm2.
Simultaneous variable flip angle–actual flip angle imaging method for improved accuracy and precision of three‐dimensional T1 and B1 measurements

A new time-efficient and accurate technique for simultaneous mapping of T(1) and B(1) is proposed based on a combination of the actual flip angle (FA) imaging and variable FA methods. Variable FA-actual FA imaging utilizes a single actual FA imaging and one or more spoiled gradient-echo acquisitions with a simultaneous nonlinear fitting procedure to yield accurate T(1)/B(1) maps. The advantage of variable FA-actual FA imaging is high accuracy at either short T(1) times or long repetition times in the actual FA imaging sequence. Simulations show this method is accurate to 0.03% in FA and 0.07% in T(1) for ratios of repetition time to T1 time over the range of 0.01-0.45. We show for the case of brain imaging that it is sufficient to use only one small FA spoiled gradient-echo acquisition, which results in reduced spoiling requirements and a significant scan time reduction compared to the original variable FA method. In vivo validation yielded high-quality 3D T(1) maps and T(1) measurements within 10% of previously published values and within a clinically acceptable scan time. The variable FA-actual FA imaging method will increase the accuracy and clinical feasibility of many quantitative MRI methods requiring T(1)/B(1) mapping such as dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion and quantitative magnetization transfer imaging.
Model of silorane composite for bone stabilization application

Improvements in body armor and battlefield medical care have resulted in an increase in survival rates but also an increase in survivable battlefield extremity injuries (Covey 2002; Covey 2006; Owens, Kragh et al. 2007). It is well known that these traumatic extremity injuries require adequate stabilization to achieve an optimal healing outcome. Extremity fractures also affect a large proportion of the civilian population. In 2005, 5.7 million Americans suffered an injury resulting in bone fracture (CDC/NCHS). Transport of these domestically injured individuals to medical facilities also requires stabilization to avoid further injury.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The relationship between past-year drinking behaviors and nonmedical use of prescription drugs: Prevalence of co-occurrence in a national sample

This study examined the relationship between past-year drinking behaviors and nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) in a nationally representative sample. Prevalence estimates in the United States were derived based on data collected from face-to-face interviews using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n = 43,093 individuals aged 18 years and older). Nonmedical use of prescription opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives was more prevalent among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) than those without AUDs. The odds of reporting NMUPD were 18 times higher among alcohol dependent participants compared to past-year abstainers (OR = 18.2, 95% CI = 13.9–23.8). Although individuals with AUDs constituted less than 9% of the total sample, those with AUDs accounted for more than one in every three nonmedical users of prescription drugs. The past-year co-occurrence of AUDs and NMUPD was more prevalent among young adults 18–24 years of age than individuals 25 years and older. More than one in every four young adults aged 18–24 years who met the criteria for past-year DSM-IV alcohol dependence also reported past-year NMUPD. These findings suggest that the treatment for AUDs should include a thorough assessment of NMUPD, especially among young adults.
The association between dry eye disease and depression and anxiety in a large population-based study.

Purpose To investigate the association between dry eye disease and each of depression and anxiety. Design Retrospective, case-control study. Methods setting : University of North Carolina outpatient clinics. study population : All patients over the age of 18 years seen between July 2008 and June 2013 were included in the analysis. observation procedure : Cases were defined according to ICD-9 diagnosis codes for dry eye disease, anxiety, and depression. outcome measure : Separate odds ratios were calculated for dry eye disease and each of anxiety and depression. Similar odds ratios were also calculated between dry eye disease and rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic disease with a known association with dry eye, as a way of validating our approach. Results A total of 460 611 patients were screened; 7207 patients with dry eye were included, while 20 004 patients with anxiety and 30 100 patients with depression were included. The adjusted odds ratio for dry eye disease and anxiety was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6–3.0). For dry eye disease and depression, the odds ratio was 2.9 (95% CI 2.7–3.1). Conclusions We identified a statistically significant association between dry eye disease and each of depression and anxiety. Such an association has implications for ophthalmologists in the management and treatment of dry eye disease.
δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Isozymes and Lead Toxicitya

ALAD is a zinc metalloenzyme whose inhibition by lead is the first and most sensitive indicator of lead exposure and whose decreased activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lead poisoning. This heme biosynthetic enzyme is encoded by a gene located at chromosome 9q34, which has two codominant alleles, ALAD1 and ALAD2. The occurrence of two frequent alleles for ALAD stimulated an investigation into the possible pharmacogenetic role of the enzyme polymorphism in lead poisoning. In a New York City population at high risk for lead exposure, individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the less common allele, ALAD2, had blood lead levels greater than or equal to 30 micrograms/dl more frequently than expected. These findings suggest a potential genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning in individuals with the ALAD 1-2 and 2-2 phenotypes.
Robustness of the a b Signal Detection Theory Model of Decision Making

Bustamante, Fallon, and Bliss (2006) showed that the a b Signal Detection Theory (SDT) model was more parsimonious, generalizable, and applicable than the classical SDT model. Additionally, they demonstrated that both models provided statistically equivalent and uncorrelated measures of sensitivity and bias under ideal conditions. The purpose of this research was to show the robustness of the a b model for handling extreme responses. We conducted an empirical evaluation of operators' decision-making and two Monte Carlo simulations. Results from the empirical study showed that the a b model provided equivalent yet independent measures of decision-making accuracy and bias, whereas the classical model failed to provide independent measures in the presence of extreme responses. The Monte Carlo simulations showed a similar trend for the superiority of the a b model. Results from this research provide evidence to support the use of the a b model instead of the classical model.
Heuristics and Life-Sustaining Treatments

Surrogates’ decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments (LSTs) are pervasive. However, the factors influencing surrogates’ decisions to initiate LSTs are relatively unknown. We present evidence from two experiments indicating that some surrogates’ decisions about when to initiate LSTs can be predictably manipulated. Factors that influence surrogate decisions about LSTs include the patient’s cognitive state, the patient’s age, the percentage of doctors not recommending the initiation of LSTs, the percentage of patients in similar situations not wanting LSTs, and default treatment settings. These results suggest that some people may use heuristics when making these important life-and-death decisions. These findings may have important moral implications for improving surrogate decisions about LSTs and reconsidering paternalism.
Human kidney 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a high affinity nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme and differs from the cloned type I isoform.

11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD) catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to cortisone and plays an important role in the mammalian kidney in regulating cortisol access to the mineralocorticoid receptor. 11 beta HSD-deficient states, such as the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), and licorice ingestion result in hypertension in which cortisol acts as a mineralocorticoid. A gene and complementary DNA sequence encoding type I human 11 beta HSD have been described, but this gene is normal in patients with AME. Separate 11 beta HSD isoforms have been described in rat and rabbit kidney, but 11 beta HSD has not been characterized in human kidney. Kinetic analysis of 11 beta HSD activity in human fetal kidney microsomes revealed only a high affinity isoform (apparent Km, 60 nmol/L for cortisol, 13 nmol/L for corticosterone), the activity of which was exclusively nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) dependent. No 11-oxo-reductase activity was seen in either renal homogenates or ...
Polyhedral groups and graph amalgamation products

Abstract A polyhedral group G is defined to be the orientation-preserving subgroup of a discrete reflection group acting on hyperbolic 3-space H 3 , and having a fundamental polyhedron of finite volume. A special presentation for G is obtained from the geometry of the polyhedron. This gives G the structure of a graph amalgamation product, and which, in some cases, splits as a free product with amalgamation. The simplest examples of polyhedral groups are the so-called tetrahedral groups. Other examples are given amongst the the groups PGL(2, O m ), where O m is the ring of algebraic integers in the quadratic imaginary field Q( -m ) , m >0.
Polyelectrolyte domains and intrinsic disorder within the prismatic Asprich protein family.

A number of fully functional proteins have been identified to exist in a partially or fully disordered state. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) are recognized as an important sequence c...
Charting the water's edge

In Coast Lines, Mark Monmonier charts the history of efforts to map the world's coastlines. Not a straight-forward task: the 'line' of a coast can be battered by tides and storms, cluttered with rocks and wrecks, and manipulated by political, societal and military sensibilities. Reviewing the book, Deborah Jean Warner enjoyed the anecdotes and human aspects of Monmonier's narrative. But she echoes his warning for today's mariners, who may learn more from their GPS devices than from the best of nautical charts.
Evaluation of Professional Development for Language Teachers in California

: The California Foreign Language Project (CFLP), established in 1988 by the California legislature, is a professional development program designed to improve and expand foreign language teaching in California while promoting access and equity within educational institutions for every student. As one of the nine content areas of the California Subject Matter Project, CFLP is a voluntary project that served 609 elementary, secondary, and postsecondary foreign language teachers from 43 counties in 1998/1999. This article describes the origin and rationale of the California Foreign Language Project and discusses the importance of professional development programs, a topic of growing interest given the nationwide focus on student performance and school reform. Finally, the components of professional development program evaluation, and specifically of CFLP's Evaluation Design, will be presented, along with the findings from the 1998/1999 program year.
Detection by high-performance liquid chromatography of methotrexate and its metabolites in tumor tissue from osteosarcoma patients treated with high-dose methotrexate/leucovorin rescue

Methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates were detected in osteogenic sarcoma tumor samples obtained from patients 24 or 48 h after receiving high-dose MTX/leucovorin rescue therapy. Tumor samples were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and polyglutamyl metabolites, along with MTX, were quantitated using both direct u.v. absorption at 313 nm and an enzyme titration assay. Good agreement between these two methods was found although the more sensitive enzyme assay detected peaks in some samples not detected by u.v. absorbance. A wide variation in MTX:MTX polyglutamate levels (1:1 to 25:1) was found among the six clinical samples studied. Also, no correlation between the extent of polyglutamate formation and plasma levels (determined at the time of tumor sampling) was observed. High intracellular levels of a derivative which appears to be the 7-hydroxy metabolite of MTX were also detected in four of six samples. This material coeluted with authentic standard, showed spectral properties like standard 7-OH-MTX, and did not inhibit dihydrofolate reductase.
On the microstructure and crystallography of directionally solidified MoSi2-Mo5Si3 eutectics

Abstract Directionally solidified MoSi2-Mo5Si3 eutectic rods were produced by the Czochralski method. A script lamellar microstructure was produced and an inverse square root dependence upon the pull rate (39–210 mm/h) was observed for the lamellar spacing. The eutectic rods were textured with [001] of Mo5Si3 and 〈110〉 of MoSi2 parallel to the rod axis and an orientation relationship consisting of [110]MoSi2[110]Mo5Si3 and (1¯10)MoSi2 ||(002)Mo5Si3 was present in all of the samples. The eutectic grows with a lamellar plate morphology inclined at 15° relative to the rod axis and four growth variants are possible. A script lamellar microstructure, as viewed in the transverse plane, was produced by periodic branching of the Mo5Si3 lamellae and this branching was not associated with any change in crystallography. Addition of 0.35 at.% erbium produced a more fibrous microstructure and an erbium-rich compound, Er2Mo3Si4 with space group 21/c, formed congruently with the Mo5Si3-MoSi2 during solidification. A ledge-terrace growth mechanism was proposed to explain the observed microstructures.
Contrasting roles for STAT4 and STAT6 signal transduction pathways in murine renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Recent data support a modulatory role for CD4 T cells in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). CD4 T cells can functionally differentiate to either a Th1 (IFN-γ producing) or the co...
Effects of Edemagenic Stress on Lymph Transport in the Rat Mesentery

The lymphatic system transports fluid from the interstitium into the vascular network of lymphatic vessels through a series of valves, nodes and post-nodal ducts that converge into the subclavian veins. The lymphatics are intimately involved in fluid circulation, macromolecular homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune function. All of these functions rely on the generation and regulation of lymph flow along the collecting lymphatic vessels. An imbalance between the lymphatic load and the ability to transport lymph can lead to lymphedema. Lymphedema occurs with a pathological increased in load, impaired vasculature (either anatomically or functionally deranged), or in situations where there is a relative distortion of both factors [1]. Edema has become a growing concern amongst breast cancer patients; surveys have reported up to 90% of women develop lymphedema in their arms within 3 years of nodal dissection surgery [2]. Despite these statistics, our knowledge of edema remains very basic and thus there is a lack of effective treatment.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
End the minimum wage debate: Revise the concept itself

The debate over raising the minimum wage focuses on the wrong point. We should be trying to change the concept of minimum wage to one that reflects what it really is—an entry wage. The real issue in the minimum wage debate needs to be one of clarifying the underlying human/social purpose of the minimum wage concept.
Relaxation measurements on ferromagnetic rare earth hydroxides

The hydroxides (RE(OH)3) of the rare earths Tb, Dy, and Ho are known to be ferromagnetic at liquid He temperatures. They show an extreme magnetic anisotropy. Measurements of their ac susceptibility in their real and imaginary parts from 1.5 to 700 Hz are reported. The low-field measurements reveal Cole-Cole semicircles with well defined relaxation times, leading to activation energies of a few 10−3 eV. The high-field ac susceptibility shows an abrupt jump at a well defined amplitude of the driving field. As demonstrated by switching experiments it takes tens of minutes for the magnetization to follow a change of the dc magnetic field. The time variation of the magnetization can be approximated by a logarithmic law. It can be concluded from a phenomenological description that two different relaxation processes are observed the first of which is thermally activated and the second one is similar to a thermal after-effect. Die Hydroxide der seltenen Erden Tb, Dy und Ho sind ferromagnetisch bei Temperaturen des flussigen Heliums. Sie zeigen eine extreme magnetische Anisotropie. Es wird uber Messungen ihrer Wechselstromsuszeptibilitat im Real- und Imaginarteil zwischen 1,5 und 700 Hz berichtet. Aus den Niedrigfeldmessungen resultieren Cole-Cole-Kreise mit wohl definierten Relaxationszeiten, aus deren Temperaturabhangigkeit Aktivierungsenergien von einigen 10−3 eV errechnet werden konnen. Die Wechselstromsuszeptibilitat bei hoheren Feldern zeigt einen scharfen Sprung bei einer ganz bestimmten Feldstarkenamplitude. Aus Schaltexperimenten folgt, das die Magnetisierung einer Anderung des Gleichfeldes nur sehr langsam (einige 10 Minuten) folgt. Die zeitliche Anderung der Magnetisierung wird am besten durch ein logarithmisches Gesetz angenahert. Phanomenologisch kann geschlossen werden, das zwei verschiedene Relaxationsprozesse vorliegen, von denen der erste thermisch aktiviert ist, wahrend der zweite der thermischen Nachwirkung ahnelt.
Kinected conference: augmenting video imaging with calibrated depth and audio

The proliferation of broadband and high-speed Internet access has, in general, democratized the ability to commonly engage in videoconference. However, current video systems do not meet their full potential, as they are restricted to a simple display of unintelligent 2D pixels. In this paper we present a system for enhancing distance-based communication by augmenting the traditional video conferencing system with additional attributes beyond two-dimensional video. We explore how expanding a system's understanding of spatially calibrated depth and audio alongside a live video stream can generate semantically rich three-dimensional pixels containing information regarding their material properties and location. We discuss specific scenarios that explore features such as synthetic refocusing, gesture activated privacy, and spatiotemporal graphic augmentation.
Doppler Tomography of Accretion Disks in Algol Binaries

Doppler tomography of Hα spectra of four Algol-type binaries TT Hya, SW Cyg, U CrB, and U Sge has revealed quasi-stable accretion disks around the mass gaining star in each system. In the tomograms, these accretion structures are nearly symmetric distributions of gas between the stellar surface and the Roche lobe around the mass gainer. The disk is most stable in TT Hya and SW Cyg, which have orbital periods greater than 4.5 days. However, the morphology of the accretion structures in the shorter period systems, U CrB and U Sge, can change from a disklike distribution to a streamlike distribution. During a streamlike epoch of these systems, the gas stream in the Doppler tomogram closely follows the predicted free fall path from the inner Lagrangian point toward the mass gainer. However, during the disklike stage, the intensity of the disk is comparable to that of the gas stream. These tomograms display the first maps of accretion disks in the Algol-type class of interacting binaries.
ARTISANAL METHODS IN FRENCH OYSTERCULTURE: A REGIONAL COMPARISON1

The French oyster industry has changed significantly since the widespread introduction of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and, a comparison of three oyster producing regions in France indicates that social factors and physical geography are important parameters in the continued success of traditional French oyster culture. The integration of scientific research with the work of local artisans is considered a major goal for the future of oyster culture as well as the development of low capital culture schemes and polyculture methods.
Career Satisfaction of Generation X Law Enforcement Officers

Generation X-age workers are increasingly staffing law enforcement agencies in the United States. This article seeks to determine the level of career satisfaction for this age group of officers. The author used a questionnaire format to solicit responses across a range of officer ages, experience and agency personnel size to determine their career satisfaction levels. Interesting responses were obtained that addressed three broad areas of the study. Specifically, whether explanation of the work environment prior to hiring was accurate, whether rate of pay in relation to educational level is adequate, and whether they feel included in decisions affecting the workplace. This article presents the results of the study, and suggestions for police managers to increase career satisfaction for Generation X officers.
Distributed opportunistic scheduling for ad-hoc communications: an optimal stopping approach

We consider distributed opportunistic scheduling (DOS) in wireless ad-hoc networks, where many links contend for the same channel using random access. In such networks, distributed opportunistic scheduling involves a process of joint channel probing and distributed scheduling. Due to channel fading, the link condition corresponding to a successful channel probing could be either good or poor. In the latter case, further channel probing, although at the cost of additional delay, may lead to better channel conditions and hence higher transmission rates. The desired tradeoff boils down to judiciously choosing the optimal stopping strategy for channel probing and the rate threshold. In this paper, we pursue a rigorous characterization of the optimal strategies from two perspectives, namely, a network-centric perspective and a user-centric perspective. We first consider DOS from a network-centric point of view, where links cooperate to maximize the overall network throughput. Using optimal stopping theory, we show that the optimal strategy turns out to be a pure threshold policy, where the rate threshold can be obtained by solving a fixed point equation. We further devise an iterative algorithm for computing the threshold. Next, we explore DOS from a user-centric perspective, where each links seeks to maximize its own throughput. We treat the problem of rate threshold selections for different links as a non-cooperative game. We explore the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium, and show that the Nash equilibrium can be approached by the best response strategy. We then develop an online stochastic iterative algorithm using local observations only, and establish its convergence. Finally, we observe that there is an efficiency loss in terms of the throughput at the Nash equilibrium, and introduce apricing-based mechanism to mitigate the loss.
Temperature dependence of C3(X1Σg+) reactions with alkenes and alkynes, 295-610 K

Abstract C3 reaction rates with ethene, acetylene and various of their alkyl-substituted derivatives are measured in the temperature range 295–610 K. Reactions with ethene and acetylene have 6–8 kcal/mol activation energies which become negative for the multiply alkyl-substituted species. The reaction chemistry of C3 is compared with similar species and we conclude that the mechanism involves electrophilic addition at the carbon-carbon multiple bond. Reaction rates are apparently pressure independent over the range of 5–100 Torr.
Zoning and the courts in texas

In Texas the law of zoning is developing along narrow lines and a constitutional amendment is thought to be necessay.
Getting Started With Debriefing for Meaningful Learning

Abstract Debriefing for Meaningful Learning© (DML) is a method of debriefing that can be used in simulation environments and other clinical settings to foster student's reflective thinking and learning. It has been used successfully with prelicensure nursing students, graduate nursing students, and interdisciplinary health care students throughout the nursing curriculum with positive learning outcomes. This method can be challenging to learn because it uses Socratic questioning and principles of active learning to uncover thinking associated with actions, but once learned, DML can be a model for reflective thinking that students can use to develop clinical reasoning and become reflective practitioners. Moreover, DML challenges taken-for-granted assumptions in an iterative yet consistent process of group dialog that students can use long into their practice. This article describes how faculty can get started using DML and demonstrates the iterative process of the method with examples from simulation debriefing.
Computer simulations of conductance noise in a dynamical percolation resistor network.

Computer simulations of a dynamical bond percolation model in the form of a random resistor network are described. The conductance of a two-dimensional random resistor network is calculated using the transfer matrix approach when the network is at the percolation threshold. Keeping the total number of broken bonds fixed, a fraction of broken bonds are allowed to exchange places with adjacent unbroken bonds, and the conductance of the network is recalculated. This procedure is repeated a great many (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{3}$) times, and the Fourier transform of the resulting time trace of the conductance yields the spectral density of the dynamical percolation network. The dynamical percolation noise has a Lorentzian power spectra with a characteristic lifetime that represents the regeneration rate of the lattice.
Choosing between models of choosing between sequences: comments on Shidoji (1993)

Previous studies have used a sequence choice procedure to explore the cognitive representations of forthcoming response sequences. Subjects choose as quickly as possible between memorized sequences...