cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Investigation of Grain Growth in RF-Sputtered Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films by Scanning Probe Microscopy

This work studied the electronic characteristics of the grains and grain boundaries of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films using electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Two types of ITO films were compared, deposited using radiofrequency magnetron sputtering in pure argon or 99% argon + 1% oxygen, respectively. The average grain size and surface roughness increased with substrate temperature for the films deposited in pure argon. With the addition of 1% oxygen, the increase in the grain size was inhibited above 150°C, which was suggested to be due to passivation of the grains by the excess oxygen. Electrostatic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) images confirmed that the grain growth was defect mediated and occurred at defective interfaces at high temperatures. Films deposited at room temperature with 1% oxygen showed crystalline nature, while films deposited with pure argon at room temperature were amorphous as observed from KPFM images. The potential drop across the grain and grain boundary was determined by taking surface potential line profiles to evaluate the electronic properties.
RED CELL BINDING OF BILIRUBIN.

From the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and the Hematology Division o[ the Medical Service of The Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass. Supported in part by Grants H-2405 and HTS-5255 [rom the Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. e'Trainee in HematolofD, and Research Fellow in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School. Address, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital o[ the University o[ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4, Pa. ~'~Research Fellow in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
Fifty-Seven-Year California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10 km (CaRD10). Part I: System Detail and Validation with Observations

Abstract For the purpose of producing datasets for regional-scale climate change research and application, the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for the period 1948–2005 was dynamically downscaled to hourly, 10-km resolution over California using the Regional Spectral Model. This is Part I of a two-part paper, describing the details of the downscaling system and comparing the downscaled analysis [California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10 km (CaRD10)] against observation and global analysis. An extensive validation of the downscaled analysis was performed using station observations, Higgins gridded precipitation analysis, and Precipitation-Elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) precipitation analysis. In general, the CaRD10 near-surface wind and temperature fit better to regional-scale station observations than the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis used to force the regional model, supporting the premise that the regional downscaling is a viable method to attain regional detail from large-scale analysis. This advant...
The Transient Character of the Near-Field Acoustic Radiation From a Cylindrical Diaphragm Excited by Water Hammer Transients

An investigation of the transient character of the near-field acoustic radiation from a water hammer excited, cylindrical diaphragm was conducted. The investigation was principally experimental and focused on relating the radiated waveforms to pressure transients within the pipe. The basic experimental system consisted of a length of rigid pipe extending from a flow source into a large sonar tank. The rigid pipe was interrupted by a cylindrical section of elastomeric tubing which served as a diaphragm and, thus, as an acoustic coupler between the water inside the pipe and water surrounding the pipe. A quick-closing valve downstream of the diaphragm produced water hammer transients which were coupled to the surrounding water through the diaphragm and were monitored in the near-field by hydrophones. The physical system geometry was varied to include data for a range of pipe sizes from 0.5 in. to 4.0 in. inside dia and from 10 ft to 34 ft in length. The experiments revealed that two distinct major waves could always be identified in each radiated wave pattern. One was found to originate from the primary water hammer compressive wave downstream of the diaphragm. The other major wave was attributed to a precursor wave which originated upstream of the diaphragm. The propagation paths of the two waves are identified and it is shown that their relation to one another in time space is a predictable function of geometry. It is estimated, by extrapolating from the experimental data, that an acoustic pressure in excess of 88 psi at one yard is possible from a system of realistic mechanical design.
Time of Completion of Underthrusting of Franciscan beneath Great Valley Rocks West of Salinian Block, California

Underthrusting of the Franciscan assemblage beneath Great Valley rocks seems to have been completed by the end of the Oligocene in the region west of the Salinian block. Both the Franciscan and Great Valley assemblages are latest Jurassic-Cretaceous in age. Clasts derived from both first appear together in the Vaqueros Formation (Upper Oligocene?-Lower Miocene). The Vaqueros is markedly transgressive and is generally the oldest formation in depositional contact with the Franciscan in the region under discussion. The Vaqueros locally rests on both Franciscan and Great Valley rocks, and extends across a fault separating the two. If Underthrusting ceased before the end of the Oligocene, the timing is compatible with the termination of northeast-southwest relative motion at the continental margin, and the beginning of northwest-southeast relative motion when North America encountered the Main Pacific plate. Much or all activity on the San Andreas fault followed this event. The fault offset the zone of Underthrusting.
Child and adolescent psychiatry: Exploring the option to be a manager in an academic medical center

Traditionally, few child psychiatrists have opted for careers as senior managers in academic medical centers, preferring to emphasize their clinical role and hoping their clinical work will be valued and reimbursed despite economic pressures. Yet the career of a hospital-wide manager in an academic medical center provides opportunities to promote an individual's career, the mission of the whole organization, and child psychiatry itself. Drawing on some of the issues discussed in the general literature on the clinician-executive, this article outlines the basic qualities and skills required to be a successful child psychiatrist executive and delineates the essential steps and potential pitfalls in building such a career. This delineation looks at the developmental stage of both the psychiatrist and the organization involved. The authors emphasize the importance of child psychiatrists assuming active roles within academic medical centers to protect and enhance the field of child psychiatry.
Energy management of multi-component power harvesting systems

Recent efforts in power harvesting systems have concentrated primarily on the optimization of isolated energy conversion techniques, such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic, solar, or thermal generators, but have focused less on combining different energy transducer types and have placed less emphasis on storing the converted energy for use by other devices. The purpose of this work is to analyze and present an integrated piezoelectric and electromagnetic power harvesting system utilizing existing technology for energy management and storage. Primary emphasis is on the analysis of the combination of existing, or readily obtainable, energy conversion techniques, operating as a single system, and the energy conversion efficiency of the alternating to direct current management, or storage, circuit.
Regional differences in actomyosin contraction shape the primary vesicles in the embryonic chicken brain

In the early embryo, the brain initially forms as a relatively straight, cylindrical epithelial tube composed of neural stem cells. The brain tube then divides into three primary vesicles (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain), as well as a series of bulges (rhombomeres) in the hindbrain. The boundaries between these subdivisions have been well studied as regions of differential gene expression, but the morphogenetic mechanisms that generate these constrictions are not well understood. Here, we show that regional variations in actomyosin-based contractility play a major role in vesicle formation in the embryonic chicken brain. In particular, boundaries did not form in brains exposed to the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin, whereas increasing contractile force using calyculin or ATP deepened boundaries considerably. Tissue staining showed that contraction likely occurs at the inner part of the wall, as F-actin and phosphorylated myosin are concentrated at the apical side. However, relatively little actin and myosin was found in rhombomere boundaries. To determine the specific physical mechanisms that drive vesicle formation, we developed a finite-element model for the brain tube. Regional apical contraction was simulated in the model, with contractile anisotropy and strength estimated from contractile protein distributions and measurements of cell shapes. The model shows that a combination of circumferential contraction in the boundary regions and relatively isotropic contraction between boundaries can generate realistic morphologies for the primary vesicles. In contrast, rhombomere formation likely involves longitudinal contraction between boundaries. Further simulations suggest that these different mechanisms are dictated by regional differences in initial morphology and the need to withstand cerebrospinal fluid pressure. This study provides a new understanding of early brain morphogenesis.
High‐throughput characterization of pattern formation in symmetric diblock copolymer films

Surface-pattern formation in thin block copolymer films was investigated by utilizing a high-throughput methodology to validate the combinatorial measurement approach and to demonstrate the value of the combinatorial method for scientific investigation. We constructed measurement libraries from images of subregions of block copolymer films having gradients in film thickness and a range of molecular mass, M. A single gradient film covers a wide range of film morphologies and contains information equivalent to a large number of measurements of films having a fixed thickness, h. Notably, the scale of the surface patterns is generally much larger than the molecular dimensions so that the interpretation of the patterns is more subtle than ordering in bulk block copolymer materials, and there is no predictive theory of this type of surface-pattern formation. We observed a succession of surface patterns that repeat across the film with increasing h [extended smooth regions, regions containing circular islands, labyrinthine (spinodal) patterns, holes, and smooth regions again]. The extended smooth regions and the labyrinthine patterns appear to be novel features revealed by our combinatorial study, and these patterns occurred as bands of h that were quantized by integral multiples of the bulk lamellar period, L o . The magnitude of the height gradient influenced the width of the bands, and the smooth regions occupied an increasing fraction of the film-surface area with an increasing film gradient. The average size of the spinodal patterns, A, was found to scale as λ ∼ L o 2 or λ ∼ M 1.65 and reached a limiting size at long annealing times. The hole and island features had a size comparable to A, and their size likewise decreased with increasing M. The smooth regions were attributed to an increase in the surface-chain density in the outer brush-like block copolymer layer with increasing h, and the scaling of A with M was interpreted in terms of the increasing surface elasticity with M.
Detection of acoustic repetition for very long stochastic patterns

Guttman and Julesz (1963) employed recycling frozen noise segments (RFNs) as model stimuli in their classic study of the lower limits for periodicity detection and short-term auditory memory. They reported that listeners can hear iteration of these stochastic signals effortlessly as “motorboating” for repetition periods ranging from 50 to 250 msec and as “whooshing” from 250 msec to 1 sec. Both motorboating and whooshing RFNs are global percepts encompassing the entire period, as are RFNs in the pitch range (repetition periods shorter than 50 msec). However, with continued listening to whooshing (but not motorboating) RFNs, individuals hear recurrent brief components such as clanks and thumps that are characteristic of the particular waveform. Experiment 1 of the present study describes a cross-modal cuing procedure that enables listeners to store and then recognize the recurrence of portions of frozen noise waveforms that are repeated after intervals of 10 sec or more. Experiment 2 compares the relative saliencies of different spectral regions in enabling listeners to detect repetition of these long-period patterns. Special difficulty was encountered with the 6-kHz band of RFNs, possibly due to the lack of fine-structure phase locking at this frequency range. In addition, a similarity is noted between the organizational principles operating over particular durational ranges of stochastic patterns and the characteristics of traditional hierarchical units of speech having corresponding durations.
Sensitive period for reversal of carbon-dioxide amnesia in goldfish.

Spontaneous upstream swimming of goldfish ( N = 1118) into a quiet well was suppressed in one training trial by brief electric shock (2.0 V/cm). Posttraining treatment with normoxic carbon dioxide solution (saturated with 80% CO 2 : 20% O 2 ) produced retrograde amnesia; the extent depended upon the duration of CO 2 treatment (0.5–32 min) and the training-CO 2 treatment interval (0.5–256 min). CO 2 -induced amnesia was reversed by treatments previously found to enhance retention retroactively. Complete reversal of amnesia was observed when a retention-enhancing temperature shift (a 4-min abrupt shift from 25° to 10° to 25°C) closely preceded (−8 min) or followed (+8 or +16 min) the CO 2 treatment within the first 2 hr after training. Beyond this sensitive period enhancing treatments were ineffective; a delay of 64 min between CO 2 treatment and temperature shift weakened the reversal effect. Both treatments, alone or in combination, had no effect upon upstream swimming performance of noncontingently shocked controls. The time constraints for the posttraining amnesia reversal implicate processes involved in the consolidation of the memory trace.
Association of early bilateral middle ear effusion with language at age 5 years.

Objective.— This study tested the hypothesis that children with early persistent middle ear effusion (MEE) are at risk for later language deficit. Method.— We recruited 698 newborns and monitored them for MEE every 2 to 4 weeks at home until age 3 years. Language skills were assessed on 294 subjects at age 5, while controlling for 8 demographic and environmental factors. Language outcomes at age 5 years were studied as a function of duration of bilateral MEE from birth to age 3 years. Results.— A significant relation was found between duration of bilateral MEE and speech sound sensitivity (Carrow Elicited Language Inventory) and articulation (Goldman-Fristoe Articulation). Children's ability to discriminate speech sounds in a quiet environment (Carrow Auditory Visual Abilities Test) was less affected by early prolonged MEE in homes that provided more cognitive stimulation. Conclusions.— These exploratory results indicate that prolonged early MEE may predispose children to language deficits at age 5 years. The language deficits are of small magnitude and may or may not be clinically significant. Language stimulation at home may protect against some of the effects of prolonged MEE.
Lipoprotein products of lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer

Abstract High-density lipoprotein substrates and products of human plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase have been labelled with radioisotopic cholesteryl esters in order to facilitate identification. [ 3 H]Cholesteryl esters were formed by endogenous HDL 3 /VHDL enzyme ( d > 1.125 g / ml ) following incubation with mixed vesicles of phosphatidylcholine, unesterified cholesterol and 3 H-labelled unesterified cholesterol. Transfer of labelled esters to acceptor lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL, d g / ml ) was employed to distinguish a hypothetical transfer complex. Separation of labelled HDL 3 /VHDL was by gel-permeation chromatography. The results indicate that a subpopulation of labelled HDL 3 /VHDL cholesteryl esters (43–61% of total) were removed by VLDL/LDL during a 3 h transfer period and these derive from the smaller lipoproteins of the spectrum. HDL carrying non-transferable [ 3 H]cholesteryl esters localize to the larger HDL 3 . Transfer rates were proportional to ratios of acceptor to donor lipoproteins. Net transfer of cholesteryl esters from the smaller HDL 3 also occurred, but was smaller in magnitude (about 10.5% of total). Acyltransferase assays indicated that enzyme distribution is skewed to larger-sized HDL 3 , suggesting that the non-transferable components might be lecithin: cholesterol acyltransf erase-containing parent complexes, while the smaller transfer products contain little acyltransferase. The results fit the hypothesis that a parent HDL 3 -lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase complex generates a smaller-sized lipoprotein product which is active in cholesteryl ester transport.
High strength, high conductivity composites

Abstract High strength, high conductivity materials are required for a number of advanced applications. Although the currently developed materials systems provide some advantages over copper alloys, additional effort is needed to improve the elevated temperature microstructural stability and the through thickness conductivities. Engineered materials, developed through emerging nanophase processes, offer significant potential for achieving these goals.
Effect of oxygen tension on the generation of F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde in peroxidizing rat liver microsomes

Although numerous methods have been developed for the detection of lipid peroxidation, it is generally recognized that most of these lack specificity and/or sensitivity, particularly when applied to in vivo situations. We have reported recently that a series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds, termed F2-isoprostanes, are formed in vivo from the free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid and appear to be a useful marker of oxidant stress. Because of formation of other products of lipid peroxidation, such as alkanes and malondialdehyde (MDA), are affected by oxygen tension, which may influence their usefulness as markers of oxidant stress, we carried out a systematic study of the generation of F2-isoprostanes at various oxygen concentrations and compared these changes with the generation of MDA. The disappearance of the F2-isoprostane precursor, arachidonic acid, was used as a reference measure. Rat liver microsomes were peroxidized using an iron-ascorbate system. The incubations were carried out in sealed flasks at 37 degrees under N2 and various concentrations of O2 up to 100%. F2-isoprostanes were quantified by mass spectrometry and MDA by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Microsomal fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. Both MDA and F2-isoprostane formation increased in a time-dependent manner up to 15 min. Their formation correlated with a loss of polyunsaturated fatty acid and with an increase in O2 tension up to 21% O2. At oxygen tensions above 21%, MDA generation continued to increase, while F2-isoprostane generation and arachidonic acid loss did not. Levels of MDA and F2-isoprostanes increased a maximum of 65 and 9.4 times baseline values, respectively. These studies, therefore, define factors that influence the formation of F2-isoprostanes in an in vitro model of lipid peroxidation. Further, they demonstrate that higher O2 tensions do not block formation of F2-isoprostanes and validate their usefulness for assessing lipid peroxidation under high, as well as low, oxygen tension.
Organized labor and the immigrant in New York city, 1900–1918

(1961). Organized labor and the immigrant in New York city, 1900–1918. Labor History: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 182-201.
CADASIL presenting as schizophreniform organic psychosis.

Abstract Objective To describe an Asian patient with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) presenting with schizophreniform organic psychosis. Methods Case report. Results We report a case of CADASIL in an Asian female presenting with frank psychotic symptoms. After resolution of her psychosis, she showed persistent distractibility, which indicated signs of cognitive impairment. Conclusion Although neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly present in this disorder, psychotic symptoms are rare and should be recognized. There is a need for timely diagnosis and management of this disorder.
Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides

Background. Many botanicals, particularly ornamental houseplants, contain crystals of calcium oxalate called raphides. Raphides have known toxic effects when chewed, including painful edema, vesicle formation, and dysphagia. We report a food-borne illness outbreak associated with ingestion of raphides. Methods. On February 24, 2003, the Chicago Department of Public Health was notified of multiple cases of oral burning and facial edema associated with lunch in an office cafeteria on February 21. The investigation included a case-control study, interviews with kitchen staff, an environmental inspection, and laboratory analysis of leftover foods. Results. Ten cases were identified, including one admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for potential airway obstruction secondary to severe edema, and another seen by Emergency Department staff for oral edema and pain. Ten of 10 case-patients reported oral stinging and burning, and 8 of 10 reported dysphagia. Four of 10 case-patients continued to have symptoms 2 week...
HYDRATED ELECTRON FORMATION ON LASER EXCITATION OF P‐PYRIDOXYL AMINO ACIDS and PROTEINS

Evidence from a characteristic transient spectrum, its lifetime and quenching by N2O demonstrates that XeCl excimer laser excitation of the reduced form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate bound to lysine residues will produce the hydrated electron. The phenoxyl-type radical coproduct was also observed. The results identify a useful label of protein structures for site-specific electron generation which can occur outside the region of light absorption by aromatic residues of protein. The results also represent the first observation of hydrated electron formation from flash excitation of a vitamin B6 cofactor.
Some observations on the photometric estimation of mitochondrial volume.

1. 1. The dependence of the optical density of a mitochondrial suspension on mitochondrial concentration, osmotic pressure, the refractive index of the medium (Fig. 2), and the wavelength of incident light (Fig. 1) have been examined. 2. 2. Empirical equations which describe the observed relation have been deduced and subjected to empirical verification (e.g. eqn. (8)). 3. 3. The measurements necessary for using these equations for calculating mitochondrial volume from photometric data are described. 4. 4. The simplifications resulting from keeping constant the refractive index of experimental and calibrating solutions are pointed out. 5. 5. The application of photometric techniques to a biological problem, the study of permeability, has been discussed. 6. 6. It is pointed out that a number of changes can occur in mitochondria producing changes in optical density which might be spuriously interpreted as volume changes. Techniques for testing whether an observed optical density change is in fact due to osmotic phenomena are described. 7. 7. A rough theoretical basis for the empirical equations is discussed.
Mercosul External Policies in a Multipolar World

ABSTRACT The creation of Mercosur rested on perceptions of US and European economic and political “hegemony” to which the new regional trade arrangement was viewed as an appropriate response. Since then the world economy has evolved in ways that question these assumptions, driven by the sharp increase in the number of economic activities that are in competition on a world scale. Other major economies, notably China and India, have been more successful than the Southern Cone countries in adapting to this multipolar world economy, challenging Mercosul to find new responses.
Bone mineral density in elderly men and women: results from the Framingham osteoporosis study.

Our study investigated bone mineral density of the proximal femur and ultradistal and proximal radius in a population of elderly men and women. The Framingham study started in 1948, following a population-based sample for evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors and events. During the 20th biennial Framingham examination (1988–89) we conducted the Framingham osteoporosis study, measuring bone mineral density in the proximal femur and distal and proximal radius for 1154 study participants. Ages ranged from 68 to 98 years, with a mean age of 76 years. Bone mineral density was measured using Lunar SP2 and DP3 densitometers. This cross-sectional study evaluates mean bone mineral density measurements at each site by 5 year age intervals for men and women, testing for trends in bone density with age. Analyses were repeated adjusting for weight and height. Among the 446 and 708 women, bone mineral density of the femur and bone mineral content of the proximal radius were inversely and significantly related to age in both sexes and were considerably higher in men than women at all sites. The linear decline with age group in our cross-sectional study remained after multivariate adjustment for height and weight. The ultradistal radius showed no significant correlation with age for either sex. There were significant correlations between the bone measurements made at different sites for both men and women (range in r = 0.27–0.89). Cross-sectional curves of bone mineral density with age showed no significant differences in slope between males and females. In this cross-sectional study, we found that increased age was significantly associated with decreased bone mass in a linear and equivalent fashion for both men and women through the elderly years in the proximal femur and proximal radius.
Metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene in rat liver cytosol

The present study investigates the metabolism of the potent carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene in rat liver cytosol preparations. Three metabolites of 3-methylcholanthrene were characterized by HPLC and GC/MS analysis. These metabolites were identified as 1-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, 1-keto-3-methylcholanthrene and cholanthrene. The results of the present study, taken together with earlier studies, suggests that the first step in the metabolic activation of 3-methylcholanthrene is hydroxylation at the 1-position, the most easily oxidized reactive center in the molecule.
Displagive transformations in near-equiatomic niobium-ruthenium alloys—I. Morphology and crystallography

Abstract Displacive phase transformations in near-equiatomic Nb-Ru alloys have been studied using electrical resistivity measurements, optical metallography and X-ray diffraction. Alloys containing between 41 and 45 at.% Ru undergo a CsCl (β) to tetragonal (β′)transformation on cooling from 1500°C to room temperature. Alloys containing more than 46 at.% Ru exhibit a two step CsCl (β) to tetragonal (β′) to orthorhombic (β″) transformation on cooling to room temperature. Although the product of each successive transformation consists of stacks of twins (in β ′ → β ″, twins within twins), the transformations do not proceed by the advance of sharp planar interfaces as in many of the first order martensitic transformations resulting in morphologically similar products. Rather, the interphase region consists of a small volume of the crystal over which the parent phase is gradually distorted into the product phase.
Comparison of cyclic delta-opioid peptides with non-peptide delta-agonist spiroindanyloxymorphone (SIOM) using the message-address concept: a molecular modeling study.

Based upon the message-address concept, this molecular modeling study used the δ-selective agonist spiroindanyloxymorphone (SIOM) as a molecular template for a conformational search and analysis of δ-selective opioid peptides. It was assumed that the tyramine moiety plays the same role for δ-opioid receptor recognition in both peptide and non-peptide ligands. Using 20 reported low-energy conformations of Tyr-cyclo[d-Cys-d-Pen]-OH (JOM-13) for comparison, the geometrical relationship of the two aromatic rings present in SIOM was used for the identification of potential active conformations of JOM-13, from which two δ-receptor-binding models (I and II) were constructed. Models I and II differ from each other in the arrangement of the peptide backbones. To evaluate the two models, a conformational search of two other known δ-selective ligands, [d-Pen2,d-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and [d-Pen2,l-Pen5]enkephalin (DPLPE) was performed, using the geometrical relationship of the two aromatic rings defined in the two receptor-binding models as a molecular template. Among the conformations generated from the molecular simulation, low-energy conformers of DPDPE and DPLPE conforming to models I and II were identified. Unlike model I, conformers of DPDPE and DPLPE that fit model II contain a cis amide bond in the Gly3 residue.
Outcome following posterior fossa craniectomy in patients in the sitting or horizontal positions.

Controversy continues to surround the use of the sitting position for neurosurgical procedures. This retrospective review of 579 posterior fossa craniectomies performed over a 4-yr period from 1981 through 1984 examines outcome following these procedures performed with the patients in cither the sit
Intelligent seam tracking using ultrasonic sensors for robotic welding

This paper presents a novel approach for seam tracking using ultrasonics. An ultrasonic seam tracking system has been developed for robotic welding which tracks a seam that curves freely on a two-dimensional surface. The seam is detected by scanning the area ahead of the torch and monitoring the amplitude of the waves received after reflection from the workpiece surface. Scanning is accomplished by using two ultrasonic sensors (a transmitter and a receiver) mounted on a stepper motor such that the transmitter angle is the same as the receiver angle. The motor is mounted on the end-effector just ahead of the welding torch and covers a ninety degree arc in front of the torch. If there is no seam then the receiver receives most of the transmitted waves after reflection, but if there is a seam then most of the transmitted waves are dispersed in directions other than that of the receiver. The system has been tested and is very robust in the harsh environments generated by the arc welding process. The robustness of the system stems from using various schemes such as time windowing, a waveguide, air and metal shields, and an intelligent sensor manager. This ultrasonic system offers some distinct advantages over traditional systems using vision and other sensing techniques. It can be used to weld very shiny surfaces, and is a very economical method in terms of cost as well as computational intensity. The system can be used to detect seams less than 0.5 mm wide and 0.5 mm deep.
Containment for c, s, t operators on a binary relation

The operators c, s and t are complement, symmetric and transitive closure of a binary relation. If u and v denote finite sequences of these operators then we define u ≤ v iff for every binary relation \( uR \subseteq vR \). We find the distinct representative and containment between these sequences. The asymmetric operator is not one of these. There are 54 representatives for binary relations, 20 for transitive relations, and 10 for symmetric relations. There are 26 component types of a binary relation, 10 for transitive relations, and 6 for symmetric relations. There are 16 connected types of a binary relation, 8 for transitive relations, and 4 for symmetric relations. We study well founded relations. Total relations may not be contractible but well founded ones are. The complement of (a Hasse diagram of) a non-empty partial order of arbitrary cardinality is contractible. Ordered sets are naturally homotopy equivalent to partially ordered sets. There are 10 relations which can have arbitrary polyhedral homotopy type and 42 are either contractible or the homotopy type of a wedge of n-spheres. The homotopy type of two relations is not determined.
Influence of flooding on electrochemical and chemical properties of West African soils

An understanding of the influence of flooding on electrochemical and chemical properties of soils provides insight needed in their management for rice production in West Africa. With this objective, the influence of flooding on electrochemical and chemical properties of 15 lowland soils from five rice producing countries in West Africa was studied. The soils were held under flooded conditions in greenhouse pots for 15 weeks. Soil pH and redox potential (Eh), and anoxic soil solutions drawn weekly were monitored for the changes with respect to major and micronutrients. The electrochemical properties of the soils and their solutions with time tended to stabilize in a narrow range. Soils widely differed in their capacities to release ammonium, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil solution and thus provided useful information regarding the potential deficiencies of plant nutrients, and also, for the occurrence of Fe toxicity to lowland rice. Measurements made on the soil solution phase of the soils provided information for predicting the dynamic relationships among Eh, pH and Fe(II). The soil solution EC was closely related to the solution concentrations of K, Ca and Mg. The soils differed in the pattern and in the amounts of Fe released in soil solution and this information may be helpful in devising a strategy for the management of Fe toxicity to lowland rice.
Changes Related to Casein Precipitation in Frozen Concentrated Milk

Summary During storage of frozen concentrated skimmilk, lactose crystallization preceded protein precipitation. Cellulose acetate and free-boundary electrophoresis indicated that the precipitated protein was identical to normal casein. Casein precipitation was accompanied by losses of soluble calcium, phosphate, and citrate, but there was no change in the sodium or potassium content of centrifuged reconstituted milk. Precipitation occurred through interaction of the casein with colloidal tricalcium phosphate in the unfrozen portion. Cooling of concentrated skimmilk with agitation before freezing hastened lactose crystallization and subsequent casein precipitation, but quiescent cooling and freezing yielded a more stable product. The quiescently frozen samples were more stable when stored at +15F than at +5F, but samples cooled with agitation deteriorated more rapidly at the higher temperature. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol, and citrate delayed lactose crystallization in frozen concentrated skimmilk and protected casein from precipitation, once crystallization had occurred. Carboxymethylcellulose and glycerol delayed lactose crystallization but did not protect casein. In fluid skimmilk systems containing 2 m KCl and 0.1 m (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , added glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and sorbitol delayed casein gelation and maintained ultrafiltrable calcium at higher concentrations than in controls containing no added carbohydrate. Results of this investigation suggest that sugars hinder the interaction of colloidal Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 with the casein micelle.
Ronchi Test of Fifth-Order Aberrations

The Ronchi test of focusing symmetrical optical instruments is described. The test patterns of fifth-order aberrations are evaluated and compared with those of the third order. The same types of aberration, irrespective of their order, yield the same type of pattern. It is concluded that the test is well suited to determine the general character of the error pertinent to the instrument.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE : V. EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE RATE OF INACTIVATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE BY ALCOHOL.

Addition of neutral salts to the lytic filtrate results in an increased rate of inactivation of the latter when alcohol is added to it. This effect of salts is the more marked the higher the valency of the cation. Conversely, removal by dialysis of salts originally present in the lytic filtrate tends to render lytic agent less sensitive to alcohol. Restitution of the original salt content to the dialyzed filtrate tends to bring the sensitiveness to alcohol in the dialyzed filtrate to the level of the non-dialyzed control. It appears, therefore, that inactivation of the lytic agent by alcohol depends directly on the rate of precipitation of the coagulable constituents of the medium, and is not the result of a direct toxic action of alcohol on "bacteriophagum intestinale." Considered in association with our earlier findings, these results speak in favor of the chemical nature of the agent of transmissible lysis.
The Rate of Milk Secretion as Affected by an Accumulation of Milk in the Mammary Gland

Summary 1.It was shown that the speed of milk secretion in unit time is governed by the amount of milk accumulated in the udder or the interval between milkings. If the amount of milk secreted during the first hour is called 100 per cent the amount of milk secreted each succeeding hour is approximately 95 per cent of that secreted during the preceding hour. 2.The curves showing the rate of milk secretion follow the same course as a chemical reaction when the products of the reaction are not removed indicating that milk secretion is a chemical process and follows the usual laws of physical chemistry. 3.Under the experimental conditions noted it was calculated that cows milked three times per day would produce 110 per cent and those milked four times per day 116 per cent of the milk secreted by cows milked twice daily. 4.The data indicates that the per cent of fat and total solids gradually decrease with the lengthening of the interval between milkings until the time interval exceeds fourteen to sixteen hours. Thereafter there is a slight increase up until the twenty-fourth to twenty-sixth hour, followed again by a gradual decline until the thirty-sixth hour.
Morphology and location of dense-core vesicles in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster, Panulirus interruptus.

The appearance and distribution of dense-core vesicles in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Following five fixation techniques, three types of dense-core vesicles were identified on the basis of size and morphology. Type-I vesicles are found in a distinct neuronal fiber system that appears to be involved in chemical transmission within the ganglion. Type-II vesicles occur in nerve processes in the ganglion, in major nerve trunks and in the perineural sheath of the nerves and ganglion. Type-III vesicles are present in all neuronal somata of the ganglion. The distinct morphology and location of the three types of vesicles suggest that their functional roles differ. Furthermore, the histochemical, biochemical and physiological data available for the Stomatogastric ganglion indicate that Type-I vesicles may store dopamine.
RNA-seq: technical variability and sampling

RNA-seq is revolutionizing the way we study transcriptomes. mRNA can be surveyed without prior knowledge of gene transcripts. Alternative splicing of transcript isoforms and the identification of previously unknown exons are being reported. Initial reports of differences in exon usage, and splicing between samples as well as quantitative differences among samples are beginning to surface. Biological variation has been reported to be larger than technical variation. In addition, technical variation has been reported to be in line with expectations due to random sampling. However, strategies for dealing with technical variation will differ depending on the magnitude. The size of technical variance, and the role of sampling are examined in this manuscript. In this study three independent Solexa/Illumina experiments containing technical replicates are analyzed. When coverage is low, large disagreements between technical replicates are apparent. Exon detection between technical replicates is highly variable when the coverage is less than 5 reads per nucleotide and estimates of gene expression are more likely to disagree when coverage is low. Although large disagreements in the estimates of expression are observed at all levels of coverage. Technical variability is too high to ignore. Technical variability results in inconsistent detection of exons at low levels of coverage. Further, the estimate of the relative abundance of a transcript can substantially disagree, even when coverage levels are high. This may be due to the low sampling fraction and if so, it will persist as an issue needing to be addressed in experimental design even as the next wave of technology produces larger numbers of reads. We provide practical recommendations for dealing with the technical variability, without dramatic cost increases.
SECTORIAL POLYPLOIDY AND PHYLLOTAXY IN THE CRANBERRY (VACCINIUM MACROCARPON AIT.)

INTRODUCTION.-DERMEN AND Bain (1944) reported that colchicine treatments applied to runner tips or to meristematic lateral buds of the cranberry resulted in the development of polyploid stem sectors much more frequently than in the development of completely polyploid stems. Stem sectors were utilized as sources of completely polyploid material, however, by forcing lateral buds located on the sectors to develop into branches. The presence of sectors was indicated by the simultaneous occurrence of diploid and polyploid types of leaves on the treated branches. The order in which the two types of leaves alternated along the stems was obviously controlled by the interaction between width of the sector and phyllotaxy of the stem. The present paper reports an analysis of the mathematical and anatomical principles underlying the relations between sectors and phyllotaxy. CHARACTERISTICS OF SECTORS.-Sectors as a rule were either totally tetraploid, epidermally tetraploid, or internally tetraploid (Dermen and Bain, 1944), and were usually laid down continuously as long as the stem elongated. Narrow sectors occasionally disappeared completely, particularly after resumption of growth following a period of dormancy. In two instances epidermal and internal sectors occurred on opposite sides of the same runner stem. The most conspicuous feature of sector-bearing stems was the peculiar alternation of diploid and tetraploid leaves along the stems. To understand better the phenomenon of alternation, the stem may be visualized as a long slender cylinder having a br.oad strip, the sector, marked along one side, while the phyllotactic arrangement is thought of as a spiral line winding around the cylinder and bearing nodes at regular angular intervals. Tetraploid leaves would then appear at those node positions which happened to fall within the limits of the marked strip, and diploid leaves at all positions outside of it. But since cranberry runner leaves are spaced relatively far apart on very slender stems, the spiral arrangement of leaves is not readily apparent, the leaves instead appearing to follow one another in simple linear succession. In the linear direction, diploid leaf would succeed diploid leaf until the phyllotactic spiral crossed the tetraploid sector, when there would follow as many successive tetraploid leaves as there were adjacent nodes within its limits; after this, diploid leaves would again appear until the sector is reached once more. Thus as long
Ethics for engineers: A code and its support

A code of professional ethics for engineers should be. regarded as a positive factor that defines, encourages, and supports ethical behavior, rather than as a negative factor that outlaws and punishes the unethical.
The use of the isotropic orientation factor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies of the actin filament.

A Dale-Eisinger style analysis (R. E. Daleet al., Biophys. J.26, 161, 1979) is used to produce three-dimensional plots that display the limits on the average orientation factor 〈k2〉 that is required to calculate molecular distances in F-actin from fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. Maxima and minima plots are generated for the transfer of energy from a donor to a single acceptor and for transfer to multiple acceptors that are related by F-actin helical symmetry. The analysis is performed in terms of dipole cone half-angles rather than depolarization factors, in order to facilitate the modeling of the multiple acceptor problem. Calculations are carried out under the restrictive condition of a single electric dipole moment per fluorophore. In addition, both surface and volume averaging of the donor and acceptor dipoles are considered. Comparisons between the plots show that for the multiple acceptor cases with F-actin symmetry, there is a great reduction in the range for maxima and minima limits on 〈k2〉. The calculations also suggest guidelines for the choice of fluorescence label that will result in an average orientation factor occurring within acceptable limits, i.e., inside the limits for which 〈k2〉=2/3 may be employed. Thus, without having detailed knowledge of the mean donor or acceptor dipole relative orientations, the use of 〈k2〉=2/3 in radial coordinate studies of F-actin is more than reasonable and is fairly assured of being correct.
A Study of the Birth and Death of a Regulatory Agenda: The Case of the EPA Noise Program.

It has long been the case that once funded, government programs are almost impossible to eliminate—and this remains true despite the Reagan administration's efforts in several areas. Most organizations build up constituencies over the years that can be called upon to protect them if threatened. Thus it was particularly remarkable that the administration was able to disband the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during itsfirst term and thus halt a major social regulatory program without a public outcry. This article chronicles the history of this short-lived regulatory program and suggests how economic analysis and politics combined to allow the Reagan administration to zero out the program.
Attraction of adult tribolium confusum to flour conditioned by male conspecifics.

Adult Tribolium confusum, deprived of food for 6 days, were confronted with (1) a choice between fresh flour and flour conditioned by male conspecifics and (2) a choice between fresh flour and flour conditioned by female conspecifics. Both sexes, whether in mixed groups or in unisexual groups, preferred flour conditioned by males to fresh flour but showed no preference between fresh flour and flour conditioned by females. It was shown that there is an olfactory basis for the attraction of adult T. confusum to flour conditioned by male conspecifics, suggesting that a male-produced pheromone is involved.