cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diel variation in diet composition of a riverine fish community

Although diel food habit studies have been undertaken on a number of individual species, few studies have examined diel variation in the diets of fish communities. We examined the diel diet variation and feeding periodicity of a fish community in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania. Nine species, totalling 1,098 fish, were collected at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period in October 1989, in numbers sufficient to describe their diel variation in diet composition. Diel variation in diet composition was evident in all species, as no single prey taxon was dominant in the diet of any species during any 4-h interval. Ephemeropterans were the most important prey taxa for four species of centrarchids, whereas chironomids were the main prey of banded killifish, mimic shiners, and spotfin shiners. Algae was the major component in the diet of spottail shiners, whereas bluntnose minnows contained mostly detritus. Feeding activities of rock bass, redbreast sunfish, and pumpkinseed occurred at low levels throughout the day; peak feeding occurred from 2000 to 0400 hours. Food consumption of smallmouth bass increased throughout the day with peak consumption occurring at 2000 hours. Non-centrarchids fed little during daylight hours and showed peak activity at 2000–2400 h. Construction of a 24-hour diet from six 4-h interval estimates and feeding periodicity data provided a comprehensive representation of the diel feeding ecology of all species collected.
Cognitive bibliotherapy and memory training for older adults with depressive symptoms.

Objectives: Substantial evidence indicates that depressed participants perform more poorly than nondepressed participants on a number of memory tasks. Cognitive deficits associated with depression (i.e., poor allocation of attention, poor encoding strategies), may help explain why depressed older adults are particularly prone to evidence poorer memory performance.Method: The present study compared the impact of two self-administered treatment protocols, cognitive bibliotherapy for depression plus memory training (CBT + MT) and cognitive bibliotherapy alone (CBT), to a wait-list control condition on measures of memory functioning and depression in a group of older adults experiencing depressive symptoms and memory complaints.Results: Results provide partial support for CBT as a treatment for depressive symptoms; however, memory training augmentation did not produce improvements.Conclusion: Suggestions for improving retention of older adults in self-administered treatments are discussed.
LIPASES OF BLOOD AND TISSUES. III. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF PANCREATIC LIPASE.

Abstract Porcine pancreatic lipase has been purified 315-fold. The purified pancreatic lipase was homogeneous on ultracentrifugation and free-boundary electrophoresis. On starch-gel electrophoresis and DEAE chromatography, however, at least two components were present. The optimal pH for purified pancreatic lipase was 8.0–8.1. The eluates obtained after DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of purified pancreatic lipase were completely inactive. Addition of a heat-stable factor derived from pancreatic lipase to the inactive eluates restored the specific lipase activity to about 90% of its original value before DEAE chromatography.
Modeling the dynamics of human energy regulation and its implications for obesity treatment

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and is threatening to become a global epidemic. Even more concerning, the incidence of overweight continues to increase. The health consequences and economic costs to individuals and to society are considerable. Obesity is associated with many serious health complications, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, selected cancers, and musculoskeletal disorders. In the U.S., direct and indirect medical costs attributable to obesity are estimated to approach $100 billion yearly. Obesity develops when a chronic imbalance exists between energy intake, in the form of food and drink, and energy expenditure. To date, the emphasis of treatment has been on the energy intake side of the energy balance equation. This, in part, is because it has been difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of exercise as a treatment strategy. This paper attempts to demonstrate the utility of system dynamics modeling to study and gain insight into the physiology related to weight gain and loss. A simulation model is presented that integrates nutrition, metabolism, hormonal regulation, body composition, and physical activity. These processes are typically fragmented between many different disciplines and conceptual frameworks. This work seeks to bring these ideas together highlighting the interdependence of the various aspects of the complex human weight regulation system. The model was used as an experimentation vehicle to investigate the impacts of physical activity on body weight and composition. The results replicate the “mix” of results reported in the literature, as well as providing causal explanation for their variability. In one experiment, weight loss from a moderate level of daily exercise was comparable to the loss from dieting (when both produced equivalent energy deficits). Perhaps of greater significance, the exercise intervention protected against the loss of fat-free mass, which occurs when weight loss is achieved through dieting alone, and thus promoted favorable changes in body composition. In a second experiment, exercise regimens of moderate to high level of intensity proved counter-productive as weight-reducing strategies for an obese sedentary subject. This was due to the limited energy reserves (specifically, muscle glycogen) available to such individuals. However, when the diet was changed from a balanced composition to one that was highly loaded with carbohydrates, it became possible to sustain the intense exercise regimen over the experimental period, and achieve a significant drop in body weight. The results underscore the significant interaction effects between diet composition and physical activity, and emphasize the critical role that diet composition can have in exercise-based treatment interventions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of interferon by bovine peripheral blood monocytes infected with bovid herpesvirus 2

Abstract The production of interferon by bovine peripheral blood leukocytes infected with bovid herpesvirus 2 (BHV-2) was investigated in preparation for studying mechanisms of resistance to BHV-2. It was found that bovine peripheral blood monocytes produced high levels of interferon in response to BHV-2 inoculated at a multiplicity of 1. Virus-induced interferon was not stable at pH 2, was destroyed at 56°C or by incubation with trypsin and was active against both vesicular stomatitis virus and BHV-2. Interferon of high specific activity was produced by incubating monocytes for 5 h with BHV-2 in serum-containing medium, replacing the inoculum with serum-free medium for an additional 16 h, and concentrating the serum-free medium by dialysis against dry polyethylene glycol. Interferon concentrations of 40,000 units per mg of protein were readily attained.
Characterization of the plasma and mitochondrial membrane potentials of alveolar type II cells by the use of ionic probes

The lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) and the potassium analog Rb+, were used to monitor the membrane potential (ΔΨ) of freshly isolated rabbit type II alveolar epithelial cells. Type II cells were found to accumulate TPMP+ rapidly at 37°C in Hanks' balanced-salt solution with 5 μM tetraphenyl boron, but this accumulation was partially due to non-membrane potential dependent binding of TPMP+ to the cell. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was found to abolish ΔΨ and permitted correction for bound TPMP+ or Rb+. TPMP+ remaining in the cell following correction for binding represents the sum of mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential dependent accumulation. The accumulation of Rb+ by the type II cell was found to be independent of the mitochondrial membrane potential and indicated a trans-plasma membrane Rb+ distribution potential of −62.9 ± 4 mV. A similar value was obtained by estimating the plasma membrane potential dependent accumulation of TPMP+ in type II cells whose mitochondria were depolarized with carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The release of TPMP+ due to CCCP treatment also permitted an estimation for the trans-mitochondrial membrane potential of −141.8 ± 10 mV. These techniques of membrane potential measurements were found to be sensitive to changes in ΔΨ induced by a number of inhibitors and ionophores. The ability to measure the membrane potential of the type II pneumocyte, and the changes caused by various agents, should be useful in characterizing the functional responses of this pulmonary surfactant producing cell.
Covariance Analysis of Cassini Titan Flyby using SAR and Altimetry Data

The Cassini spacecraft is equipped with a radar system that provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and altimetry data types for scientiflc purposes. The radar operates in these modes during close ∞ybys of Titan; due to operations constraints, ground-based radiometric navigation data are unavailable. This paper discusses a covariance study of Titan ∞ybys using both SAR and altimetry data as additional navigation observables and show the possibility of improving the trajectory reconstruction during these ∞ybys. Realistic measurement accuracies and trajectory model are considered; the result that there is a possible improvement of planar motion estimation by an order of magnitude.
Local Control of Microdomain Orientation in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films with Electric Fields

Local control of the domain orientation in diblock copolymer thin films can be obtained by the application of electric fields on micrometer-length scales. Thin films of an asymmetric polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate diblock copolymer, with cylindrical polymethylmethacrylate microdomains, were spin-coated onto substrates previously patterned with planar electrodes. The substrates, 100-nanometer-thick silicon nitride membranes, allow direct observation of the electrodes and the copolymer domain structure by transmission electron microscopy. The cylinders aligned parallel to the electric field lines for fields exceeding 30 kilovolts per centimeter, after annealing at 250°C in an inert atmosphere for 24 hours. This technique could find application in nanostructure fabrication.
The reverse transcriptase activity in cell-free medium of chicken embryo fibroblast cultures is not associated with a replication-competent retrovirus

Abstract Background: Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has previously been reported in concentrated medium of primary chicken embryo cell cultures using the traditional RT assay. Recently, using the newly-developed and highly-sensitive product-enhanced reverse transcriptase (PERT) assay, RT activity has been detected in live, attenuated vaccines grown in chicken cell substrates. Furthermore, this activity has been associated with particles that contain RNA related to an ancient, endogenous avian retrovirus family designated as EAV-0. Objective: To investigate whether the RT activity present in vaccines produced in specific pathogen-free chicken cell substrates is associated with an infectious retrovirus that can replicate in human cells. Study design: The kinetics of RT activity produced by 10-day-old chicken embyro fibroblast (CEF) cultures was determined by analyzing cell-free medium in a PCR-based RT (PBRT) assay. Material containing the peak PBRT activity was used as the inoculum to infect various human cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Filtered supernatants from control and test cultures were analyzed for the presence of replication-competent retroviruses by the PBRT assay. The cells were monitored for other adventitious agents by routine observation for cytopathic effect (CPE) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at culture termination. Results: The PBRT activity did not increase above the background level in the human target cells through at least five cell passages, thus indicating the absence of a replicating retrovirus. No other adventitious agents were detected based upon TEM analysis and the absence of CPE. Conclusion: The RT activity produced by chicken primary cell cultures is not associated with a retrovirus that can replicate in human cells.
A Self-Financing, Multimodal, Public-Private Partnership Approach to Restore Metropolitan Mobility

The operate-design-build-operate concept presented in this article involves introducing rush-hour tolls prior to infrastructure investment to manage demand, with surplus revenue dedicated for infrastructure expansion. Not only would the existing highway system operate more efficiently, but so would the improved system. This approach provides up-front toll revenue to help pay for expensive urban freeway expansion projects, making them more financially feasible. The approach can facilitate private involvement in the delivery of integrated roadway pricing and transit and high-occupancy-vehicle systems in metropolitan areas. New public-private partnership approaches are suggested that employ outcome-based contracting systems and financial incentives to maximize public mobility goals. An illustrative application at the regionwide level is discussed.
State plant closing laws: Their union support

Restrictions on entrepreneurial decisions have traditionally been directed at controlling the conditions of work, the physical environment, and the safety and healthfulness of products. Now, however, newly proposed industry regulation takes a different approach: to control business closing and reinvestment decisions. This approach to business regulation relies on two conventional economic arguments, externalities and monopoly power, for its justification. This paper makes a first effort at explaining statistically the political attractiveness of this regulation at the state level. We contend that the legislation will tend to receive its strongest political support in those states where the costs of the restrictions can be externalized to the rest of the country.
Stereo Vision embedded system for Augmented Reality

Stereo Vision processing is a critical component of Augmented Reality systems that rely on the precise depth map of a scene to properly place computer generated objects with real life video. Important aspects of the stereo processing are the creation of a dense depth map, high boundary precision, low latency and low power. We present an embedded system for Stereo Vision Processing based on a custom GigE vision board with an Altera Stratix IV FPGA and the Acadia® II System-On-Chip that replaces an existing GPU/PC based system. By porting the stereo algorithm to an FPGA, we reduced the size and power requirements by reducing the workload of the CPU and eliminated the need of a high-end graphics card. The embedded system processes the same algorithm as the GPU/PC based system, but at 10× lower power and lower latency. Placed in a small enclosure, the overall system enables more user mobility for a more compelling user experience.
Evaluation of Simple Causal Message Logging for Large-Scale Fault Tolerant HPC Systems

The era of petascale computing brought machines with hundreds of thousands of processors. The next generation of exascale supercomputers will make available clusters with millions of processors. In those machines, mean time between failures will range from a few minutes to few tens of minutes, making the crash of a processor the common case, instead of a rarity. Parallel applications running on those large machines will need to simultaneously survive crashes and maintain high productivity. To achieve that, fault tolerance techniques will have to go beyond checkpoint/restart, which requires all processors to roll back in case of a failure. Incorporating some form of message logging will provide a framework where only a subset of processors are rolled back after a crash. In this paper, we discuss why a simple causal message logging protocol seems a promising alternative to provide fault tolerance in large supercomputers. As opposed to pessimistic message logging, it has low latency overhead, especially in collective communication operations. Besides, it saves messages when more than one thread is running per processor. Finally, we demonstrate that a simple causal message logging protocol has a faster recovery and a low performance penalty when compared to checkpoint/restart. Running NAS Parallel Benchmarks (CG, MG, BT and DT) on 1024 processors, simple causal message logging has a latency overhead below 5%.
Applied Use of Composite Quality Measures for EHR-enabled Practices.

Introduction: The Primary Care Information Project (PCIP) of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has been assisting providers to implement health information technology such as electronic health records (EHRs) since its founding in 2005. Currently, all practices affiliated with PCIP are offered technical support services in order to improve the use of the EHR. We studied the performance of clinical practices on EHR-derived Composite Quality Measures (CQMs) over time. Because specific EHR functionalities are important to calculating the quality measures, we hypothesize that performance on each of the CQMs will differ according to the EHR functionalities, and that this can inform the process of developing targeted technical assistance for the practices. Methods: We created four CQMs: (1) Screening, (2) Assessment, (3) Control-BP, and (4) Control-Other. Using data from 93 practices, we identified three tertiles of CQM performance (premier, average, and low tiers) for each measure. A scatterplot of CQMs in 2010 versus 2011 was used to examine the individual movement of practices by tier. A dependent t-test compared the change in mean CQMs, and a chi-square test examined the association between the score and performance tier changes. Results: Over a one-year period, low tier practices demonstrated the highest gains, average tier practices had modest gains, and premier tier practices had gains in some measures, but losses in others. On the Screening CQM 70 percent of practices remained within the same tier, with 60 percent on Assessment, 52 percent on Control-BP, and 38 percent on Control-Other; the Control-Other group showed the greatest improvement. Discussion: By considering EHR functionalities associated with each of the four CQMs, we suggest that technical assistance can be better targeted to low-tier performing practices. In addition, there is still the potential for improvement over time at practices more familiar with key functionalities.
Topology identification for traffic and configuration management in dynamic networks

The authors address the problem of identifying the topology of a network from data collected at a designated node (possibly one of the network nodes). The data considered are descriptions of the local neighborhood about each node, which specify the identities of the node and of its neighbors. These data are neither required to be correct nor complete. The authors propose a model that describes and relates the network topology and the data. They define costs associated with this model, and reduce the identification problem to a combinational optimization problem with and an objective function based on these costs. A pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm is derived, which yields a local minimum of the objective function. The local minimum appears to be a reasonable solution, as shown by a range of examples. >
Organizing Immigrant Communities in American Cities: Is this Transnationalism, or What?

CCIS THE CENTER FOR COMPARATIVE IMMIGRATION STUDIES Organizing Immigrant Communities in American Cities: Is this Transnationalism, or What? By Gustavo Cano University of California, San Diego Guest Scholar, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper No. 103 August, 2004 University of California-San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0510
In vivo and in vitro studies of opiates and cellular immunity in narcotic addicts.

Abnormalities of humoral and cellular immunity had been observed in parenteral heroin abusers in studies performed before the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1,2). In the 1980s, HIV infection, with the resultant development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), became one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in parenteral drug abusers (3–5). Due to the long latency period of HIV infection, the number of new cases of AIDS in parenteral drug abusers is expected to increase significantly during the first half of the 1990s. Since HIV infection causes profound impairments of cellular immunity, information on immunologic abnormalities which precede HIV infection in heroin addicts assumes great importance. Such abnormalities could possibly alter the susceptibility of these patients to HIV infection (6) or the rate of progression of HIV infection towards AIDS (7).
Sibship Sex Composition: Effects on Educational Attainment

Abstract This study decomposes the detrimental effects of increased sibship on educational attainment by the sex of the respondent and his/her siblings. Previous theories regarding the interaction of gender and sibship sex composition are reviewed and a new hypothesis is offered: a revision of the sex minority hypothesis, positing that an increased number of siblings of the opposite sex (regardless of the of the respondent's gender) are harmful to educational achievement since sex minority children may find their gender-specific needs unmet, may suffer from socialization by the family that conflicts with sex role expectations within the educational system, or because there may exist returns to scale for “gender-specific”goods within the household. Findings reveal that it is the number of opposite sex siblings that most hurts educational attainment efforts, marshalling support for the revised sex minority hypothesis.
A coplanar waveguide filter using thin-film high temperature superconductor

The design of a coplanar waveguide low-pass filter mode of high-critical-temperature superconducting YBCO film on a LaAlO/sub 3/ substrate is described. The patterned and packaged coplanar waveguide low-pass filter of YBCO exhibited measured insertion losses in liquid nitrogen superior to the loss of similar thin-film copper filter throughout the 0-to-9.5-GHz passband. Coplanar waveguide models for use with thin-film normal metal (with thickness either greater or less than the skin depth) and YBCO are discussed and used to compare the losses of the measured YBCO and copper circuits. >
Digital architectures: a rhetoric of electronic document structures

As multimedia communication continues to grow, online technologies have dramatically changed the ways we use and present information-so much so, that we need new theories and models for understanding how technology and content are related in the new communication environment. The paper presents a theory of digital architecture, explains how SGML, HTML, and information architectures are related in the creation of a new online literacy and rhetoric, and discusses concepts, skills, and resources needed for educating tomorrow's technical communicators.
Software techniques for improving MPP bulk-transfer performance

Brewer & Kuszmaul (1994) demonstrated how barriers and traffic interleaving can alleviate the problem of bulk-transfer performance degradation on the Thinking Machines CM-5 massively parallel processor (MPP) by exploiting the observation that one-on-one communication avoids network congestion. We apply and extend these techniques on the Intel Paragon and MIT Alewife machines. Because these machines lack the CM-5's fast hardware support for barriers, we introduce a token-passing scheme that avoids barriers while maintaining one-on-one communication. We also introduce a new algorithm-distributed dynamic scheduling-that brings Brewer & Kuszmaul's observations to bear on irregular traffic patterns by massaging traffic into a sequence of near-permutations at runtime, without requiring any preprocessing or global state. The measured performance of our algorithm exceeds that of traffic interleaving (the most effective technique proposed by Brewer & Kuszmaul) on all three platforms, and is comparable to the performance of static scheduling, which requires preprocessing and global state.
Interfacial condensation of phenylphosphonic dinitrile with diamines

Phenylphosplionic dinitrile has been prepared and polymers from its condensation with diamines using the interfacial technique are reported. The polymers are believed to Colitain the following repeating units: Die Grenzflachenpolykondensation von Phenylphosphonsauredinitril mit verschleiednen Dianinen wurde untersucht. Es wird angenommen, das die Polymeren folgende Strukturelemente enthalten:
Tetrahedral mesh refinement in distributed environments

The adaptive mesh refinement is one of the main techniques used for the solution of partial differential equations. Since 3-dimensional structures are more complex, there are few refinement methods especially for parallel environments. On the other hand, many algorithms have been proposed for 2-dimensional structures. We analyzed the Rivara's longest-edge bisection algorithm, studied parallelization techniques for the problem, and presented a parallel methodology for the refinement of non-uniform tetrahedral meshes. The main goal of this research is to propose a practical refinement framework for real-life applications. We describe a usable data structure for distributed environments and present a utility capable of distributing the mesh data among processors to solve large mesh structures.
Inborn errors of cholesterol biosynthesis.

Cholesterol has several essential functions in normal cell physiology. Not only is cholesterol a major component of cellular membranes, but it is also the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and plays an important role in embryonic and postnatal development. For many years, mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) was the only known genetic disorder of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway [1, 2]. However, the discovery of increased levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and hypocholesterolemia in patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) in 1993 [3, 4] opened the way for the emergence of a new group of metabolic disorders — inborn errors of post-squalene cholesterol. At first glance, these disorders appear to be very heterogeneous: one disorder with profound physical and neurologic disease (MKD), two disorders classified as multiple malformation syndromes (SLOS and desmosterolosis [5]), and two others as skeletal dysplasias (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome (CDPX2) [6] and CHILD syndrome [7, 8]). However, there are several features shared by these disorders. For example, a distinctive facial dysmorphism is a major characteristic of SLOS, but similar facial features have also been reported in some patients with MKD and CDPX2. Moreover, whereas marked skeletal abnormalities are hallmarks of CDPX2 and CHILD syndrome, rhizomelic shortness has been described in MKD, SLOS, and desmosterolosis as well.
XWRC: externally-loaded weighted random pattern testing for input test data compression

This paper presents an input test data compression scheme that combines the advantages of weighted pseudorandom testing techniques and LFSR reseeding. The scheme requires low area overhead and the compression achieved is not limited by the LFSR reseeding bounds. The test data storage requirements of both the static and dynamic versions of the proposed scheme are lower than previously published results. The total numbers of test patterns that need to be applied are much lower than that for any weighted pseudorandom testing or hybrid BIST scheme. Further, the method provides an easy way to trade off between test application time and test data compression. The static version of the scheme can be easily implemented without any modification to the current test generation flow while the dynamic version can be used if the ATPG can be modified. Experimental results on a large industry design show that over 100times compression is achievable by the proposed scheme
Modes of thermal protection in newborn muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus)

The muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), a native of Greenland and the Canadian North West Territories, give birth in late April, and the newborn calves are known to tolerate an ambient temperature (Ta) of -35°C.At birth the calves weigh about 8 kg, increasing in weight with 0.6 kg. day-1 for the first 30 days. With a deep body temperature (DBT) of 39.5°C (range 37.7–41.3°C) the newborn calves are consequently able to maintain a thermogradient of at least 70°C between body core and the environment. The calves use primarily two modes of thermal protection: High metabolic heat production and prime fur insulation. Metabolic rate was about 3.5 W.kg-1 at thermoneutrality in calves aged from 8 h to 7 days. Lower critical temperature at this age was about -7°C and a drop in Ta to -30°C increased metabolism to about 5.3 W.kg-1.Upper critical temperature at age 4–7 days is as low as 20°C, while it in calves aged only 18–24 h appears to be even lower. The calves possess great amounts of brown adipose tissue (BAT) at birth. Mitochondria from the BAT deposits were isolated and found to be in an extremely loose-coupled state with a great capacity for thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle contained very few mitochondria and is hardly employed in aerobic non-shivering thermogenesis. Calves shiver visibly while drying just after birth, but are normally not seen shivering thereafter. The conductance value for the dry pelt of newborn calves averaged 3.2 W.m-2.°C-1 (n=4).Wetting of the pelt with ice-water at a Ta of 3°C increased conductance to 8.8 W.m-2.°C-1.The conductance of the pelt was also influenced by wind, being 10 W.m-2.C-1 at a windspeed of 10 m. sec-1.The legs of the newborn calves are heavily furred and countercurrent circulation is not present, subcutaneous temperature just above the hooves being +29.8°C at Ta of -24°C as compared to 37.5°C on the back. The newborn calves could cope with a Ta of -30°C without apparent problems under experimental conditions, but they suffered hypothermia when exposed to a Ta of -33°C in combination with wind of 10 m. sec-1.At birth these calves are, however, able to walk, albeit with difficulty, with a DBT of 31°C.Wetting of the intact newborn calf with ice-water at a Ta of +6°C was tolerated, but the calves will most certainly succumb to the unlikely event of wetting of the pelt combined with strong winds.
Role of Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and NIDDM

Evidence is reviewed that free fatty acids (FFAs) are one important link between obesity and insulin resistance and NIDDM. First, plasma FFA levels are elevated in most obese subjects. Second, physiological elevations in plasma FFA concentrations inhibit insulin stimulated peripheral glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner in normal controls and in patients with NIDDM. Two possible mechanisms are identified: 1) a fat-related inhibition of glucose transport or phosphorylation, which appears after 3-4 h of fat infusion, and 2) a decrease in muscle glycogen synthase activity, which appears after 4-6 h of fat infusion. Third, FFAs stimulate insulin secretion in nondiabetic individuals. Some of this insulin is transmitted in the peripheral circulation and is able to compensate for FFA-mediated peripheral insulin resistance. FFA-mediated portal hyperinsulinemia counteracts the stimulation of FFAs on hepatic glucose production (HGP) and thus prevents hepatic glucose overproduction. We speculate that, in obese individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop NIDDM, FFAs will eventually fail to promote insulin secretion. The stimulatory effect of FFAs on HGP would then become unchecked, resulting in hyperglycemia. Hence, continuously elevated levels of plasma FFAs may play a key role in the pathogenesis of NIDDM in predisposed individuals by impairing peripheral glucose utilization and by promoting hepatic glucose overproduction.
In vitro embryotoxicity of the cysteine proteinase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-alanine-diazomethane (Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2) and benzyloxycarbony1-phenylalanine-phenylalanine-diazomethane (Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2)

This study makes use of whole embryo culture to investigate the potential embryotoxicity of benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-alanine-diazomethane (Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2) and benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-phenylalanine-diazomethane (Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2), two low molecular weight, active site-directed and irreversible inhibitors of the lysosomal cysteine proteinases. Peptidyl diazomethanes are the most specific inhibitors available for lysosomal cysteine proteinases and can be hypothesized to interrupt visceral yolk sac (VYS)-mediated nutrition during early organogenesis. When added directly to the culture medium of gestational day 10–11 rat conceptuses, both compounds inhibited lysosomal cysteine proteinase activity in the VYS in a concentration-dependent fashion that correlated with the degree of embryotoxicity observed. Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2 and Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 were also found to increase the protein content of the VYS, even though all other conceptal growth parameters decreased. This effect was dependent on the serum content of the culture medium and the exposure time. Histological examination of Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2-treated conceptuses revealed a dramatic increase in the size and number of vacuoles in the VYS endoderm epithelium, suggestive of inhibition of VYS proteolysis. At the same time, excessive cell death was observed throughout the neuroepithelium and in specific regions of the mesenchyme of the corresponding embryos. This cell death manifested morphological characteristics of apoptosis and could be detected by supravital staining with Nile Blue Sulphate. These findings provide additional evidence in support of the hypothesis that lysosomal cysteine proteinases play a critical role in VYS-mediated histiotrophic nutrition and suggest that peptidyl diazomethanes may be useful in further characterization of these enzymes. The possible direct effects of these inhibitors on embryonic cells and the relationships between interruption of VYS-mediated nutritional processes and embryonic cell death are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities

Throughout much of the tropics, human-wildlife conflict impedes local support for national parks. By channelling tourism revenue to local residents, conservationists hope to offset wildlife costs and improve local attitudes toward conservation. To date tourism revenue-sharing (TRS) programmes have met mixed success. Local conditions and national policies that shape the success of TRS programmes were identified by comparing the experiences of both implementers and beneficiaries of pilot TRS programmes at three parks in western Uganda. Between 1995 and 1998, communities around these parks used a total of US $83 000 of tourism revenue to build 21 schools, four clinics, one bridge, and one road. In 1996, the Ugandan parliament passed legislation that changed both the amount of money available for TRS and the institutions responsible for sharing the money. The programme was suspended at all three parks while the implementing agency (Uganda Wildlife Authority) struggled to design a programme that complied with the new legislation. TRS funds collected before 1996 were shared through 1998, but since then no revenue has been shared. However, a revised TRS programme is expected to resume in 2001. In semi-structured interviews, both implementers and beneficiaries evaluated local TRS programmes and compared them to other benefit-sharing projects, particularly those promoting sustainable use of non-timber products within park boundaries (n = 44). Both groups of respondents listed revenue-sharing as the most important advantage of living next to a national park. Seventy-two per cent of respondents indicated that they thought TRS had improved attitudes towards the protected areas, and 53% thought TRS was more important then sustainable use of non-timber forest products. Although respondents were generally positive about TRS, in informal discussions respondents repeatedly mentioned four potential obstacles to TRS success, namely poorly defined TRS policies and unsteady implementing institutions, corruption, inadequate funds, and numerous stakeholders with differing priorities. From this survey and literature from experiences in other African countries, there are four key components of successful revenue-sharing programmes: long-term institutional support, appropriate identification of the target community and project type, transparency and accountability, and adequate funding. With firm institutional support and realistic expectations, TRS can play an important role in improving local attitudes towards conservation.
The Structure of Affect: Reconsidering the Relationship Between Negative and Positive Affectivity

During the past decade organizational scientists have devoted considerable research attention to the topic of workplace affect. Despite important advances, continued progress depends on a better understanding of the structure of affective experience. The goal of this paper is to review progress to date. In particular, we review evidence pertaining to four constructs that have been widely used to organize research on affect: positive affectivity, negative affectivity, hedonic tone, and affect intensity. We review various structural models pertaining to these four constructs, devoting special attention to integrative frameworks and future research needs.
The changing colors of a quantum-confined topological insulator.

Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) is a 3D topological insulator, its strong spin–orbit coupling resulting in the well-known topologically protected coexistence of gapless metallic surface states and semiconducting bulk states with a band gap, Eg ≃ 300 meV. A fundamental question of considerable importance is how the electronic properties of this material evolve under nanoscale confinement. We report on catalyst-free, high-quality single-crystalline Bi2Se3 with controlled lateral sizes and layer thicknesses that could be tailored down to a few nanometers and a few quintuple layers (QLs), respectively. Energy-resolved photoabsorption spectroscopy (1.5 eV < Ephoton < 6 eV) of these samples reveals a dramatic evolution of the photon absorption spectra as a function of size, transitioning from a featureless metal-like spectrum in the bulk (corresponding to a visually gray color), to one with a remarkably large band gap (Eg ≥ 2.5 eV) and a spectral shape that correspond to orange-red colorations in the smallest samples...
When a favela dared to become a gated condominium: The politics of race and urban space in Rio de Janeiro

An analysis of the key political events that led to the installation of gates and cameras around Jacarezinho, the second-largest favela in Rio de Janeiro, in July 2001 and the reaction to them by the news media is here framed by ethnographic data gathered since June 2001 among Afro-Brazilian activists in Rio de Janeiro. Study of the newspaper coverage of the creation of the “favela-condominium” and the public debate that followed shows that such discourses, albeit often tacitly, dehumanized Afro-Brazilians by linking them to crime and corruption and depicted the favelas as likely to produce future generations of dangerous blacks who would continue to terrorize the imagination and lives of nonfavela people. Attention to the way race and urban space intersect is necessary if scholarship on Brazilian cities intends to understand and dialogue with favela activists, who have no choice but to confront their continued dehumanization.
A broadband microwave radiometer technique at X-band for rain and drop size distribution estimation

Radiometric brightness temperatures below about 12 GHz provide accurate estimates of path attenuation through precipitation and cloud water. Multiple brightness temperature measurements at X-band frequencies can be used to estimate rainfall rate and parameters of the drop size distribution once correction for cloud water attenuation is made. Employing a stratiform storm model, calculations of the brightness temperatures at 9.5, 10, and 12 GHz are used to simulate estimates of path-averaged median mass diameter, number concentration, and rainfall rate. The results indicate that reasonably accurate estimates of rainfall rate and information on the drop size distribution can be derived over ocean under low to moderate wind speed conditions.
Emotional expression in the family as a context for children's appraisals of interparental conflict

The cognitive contextual framework proposes that the emotional climate in the family plays a role in shaping how children perceive and evaluate interparental conflict. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 144 8- to 12-year-old children and their parents. Children in families that expressed high levels of negative affect and low levels of positive affect reported greater self-blame for conflict, but parents' expressiveness did not predict children's threat appraisals. Positive and negative expressiveness moderated the association between exposure to parental conflict and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. These data suggest that the broader family context can shape the meaning of conflict to children and increase understanding of the conditions under which parental discord leads to child maladjustment.
Bioeconomic modelling and salmon aquaculture: an overview of the literature

Bioeconomic models can be used to assist producers and decision-makers in identifying optimal production system designs, operation management strategies, and alternative development and policy approaches. This paper reviews the literature on bioeconomic modelling in aquaculture since 1993 and builds on an earlier article by Leung (1994) which examines this literature for the 1974-1993 period. In order to identify the papers reviewed in the present study, a thorough online search in various databases and some specific journals was conducted. Observations on the general state-of-the-art of bioeconomic modelling in aquaculture are discerned based on a comparative analysis of work in the field, with specific reference to salmon aquaculture. Implications for salmon aquaculture systems in Chile and elsewhere are discussed.
Visually-aided tactile exploration

In this paper we present a system which utilizes vision and touch for object apprehension. We define apprehension as the determination of the properties of an object and the relationships among these properties. This is in contrast to recognition, which goes a step further in the determination process by attaching a label to the object as a whole. Vision is used to to obtain initial information about the object, including position, two dimensional segmentation, and three dimensional edge analysis. This data is then used to guide an active tactile system in its exploration of the object. The visual and tactile data are combined into a spatial polyhedral representation designed to allow further exploration of the object, as well as high level reasoning about the object and its components.
Probing Beneath Meanings of Multicultural Education

AbstractAround the world, interest in variations of multicultural education appears to be growing due to factors such as immigration and increased integration of the global economy. As terms like “culture” and “multicultural education” move from one national context to another, it is important to pay attention to the steering role that such terms play in framing problems, constructing discourse communities, and subsequently shaping practice in schools. In this paper, I probe meanings that lie below the surface of four conceptions of multicultural education in a global context, and their implications for curriculum. I distinguish between these four conceptions using two perpendicular axes. One axis differentiates between emphasis on cultural difference, and emphasis on equity and social justice. The other axis differentiates between a nationbound perspective and a global perspective. I briefly present “ideal types” of each conception of multicultural education in terms of underlying assumptions, ideas and ...
Legal Aspects of Brain Death and Organ Donorship

There are inevitable tensions between the rights and interests of brain-dead organ donors, their families, and the public’s need for organs. Consequently, lawmaking in the arena of brain death and organ donation is controversial, because lawmakers must balance these competing interests to the satisfaction of all involved. This chapter examines different approaches that legal systems have taken worldwide in balancing these interests. Specifically, we examine the evolution of the legal definitions of brain death followed by a discussion of express consent models for organ donorship, contrasting those with presumed consent models. We also examine unique consent approaches that are not readily classifiable. Understanding the different approaches taken to codifying brain death into law and the different approaches taken to ­capture donors’ and their families’ consent to donate will help inform the reader as to how lawmakers worldwide have sought ever more efficient ways to increase organ donation.
Active Control of the Operating Temperature in a Loop Heat Pipe with Two Evaporators and Two Condensers

The operating temperature of a loop heat pipe (LHP) with multiple evaporators is a function of the total heat load, heat load distribution among evaporators, condenser temperature and ambient temperature. Because of the many variables involved, the operating temperature also showed more hystereses than an LHP with a single evaporator. Tight temperature control can be achieved by controlling its compensation chamber (CC) temperatures at the desired set point. This paper describes a test program on active control of the operating temperature in an LHP with two evaporators and two condensers. Temperature control was achieved by heating one or both CC's. Tests performed included start-up, power cycle, sink temperature cycle, CC temperature cycle, and capillary limit. Test results show that, regardless one or two CC's were heated to the set point temperature, one of CC's was always flooded with liquid. The loop could operate successfully at the desired set point temperature under most conditions, including some fast transients. At low heat loads, however, the CC temperature could suddenly increase above the set point temperature, possibly due to a sudden change of the vapor content inside the evaporator core.
More on Mentorship

To the Editor: As I read Mr. Bohannon's article entitled “Mentorship: A Relationship Important to Professional Development,” in the June 1985 issue of Physical Therapy, I was elated to see the topic of mentors addressed. I concur with the author that the potential value of a mentor relationship may enhance professional development significantly. Bohannon provides a review of the literature that certainly represents current knowledge and views about mentor relationships. Many of the obstacles he identifies undoubtedly exist, but the obstacles he presents are only part of a much larger picture. Because the suggestions he offers for fostering mentorship are based on current literature, he has inadvertently encouraged the reader to adopt what appears to be an unrealistic set of expectations. My intention in writing this response is not to question the author's review or his discussion of mentor relationships.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/65/920?iss=6