cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye-gaze word processing

Erica is a personal computer operated by eye-gaze. By looking at menu options displayed at different locations on the computer monitor, a disabled user can invoke commands without the need for standard input devices. The design of test entry software for Erica's gaze word processor is described. A basic encoding is accomplished through a static tree-structured menu system, which associates the 85 most common ASCII characters with unique sequences of menus and eye-gaze picks. The expected length of the pick sequences is minimized based on the approximate frequencies of individual characters determined from a 55882 character corpus of English language text. Text entry speeds are further enhanced by adding context-sensitive nodes to the static tree. The menu screens corresponding to these nodes contain the five characters most likely to follow the last two characters entered, based on character transition probabilities derived from the sample corpus. >
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium Bis(β-diketonato) Pyridine-Imidazole Complexes for Hydrogen Atom Transfer

Ruthenium bis(β-diketonato) complexes have been prepared at both the RuII and RuIII oxidation levels and with protonated and deprotonated pyridine−imidazole ligands. RuII(acac)2(py-imH) (1), [RuIII(acac)2(py-imH)]OTf (2), RuIII(acac)2(py-im) (3), RuII(hfac)2(py-imH) (4), and [DBU−H][RuII(hfac)2(py-im)] (5) have been fully characterized, including X-ray crystal structures (acac = 2,4-pentanedionato, hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato, py-imH = 2-(2‘-pyridyl)imidazole, DBU = 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene). For the acac-imidazole complexes 1 and 2, cyclic voltammetry in MeCN shows the RuIII/II reduction potential (E1/2) to be −0.64 V versus Cp2Fe+/0. E1/2 for the deprotonated imidazolate complex 3 (−1.00 V) is 0.36 V more negative. The RuII bis-hfac analogues 4 and 5 show the same ΔE1/2 = 0.36 V but are 0.93 V harder to oxidize than the acac derivatives (0.29 and −0.07 V). The difference in acidity between the acac and hfac derivatives is much smaller, with pKa values of 22.1 and 19.3 in M...
Direct and efficient plant regeneration from leaf explants of Solanum tuberosum l. cv. Bintje.

A two-step procedure was used for plant regeneration from in vitro grown leaf strips (2–3 mm wide) of cv. Bintje. Step I medium was designed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxycetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.0 or 9.0 μM, in combination with 2.28 μM kinetin (K), benzyl adenine (BA), zeatin (Z) or zeatin riboside (ZR). Step II media were 2,4-D-free media containing 5.78 μM gibberellic acid (GA3) and growth regulators similar to those of step I media. Leaf explants cultured in medium I containing zeatin riboside or zeatin for 6 days and then subcultured in medium II containing zeatin riboside produced numerous shoots without callus formation. Zeatin riboside containing step I and II media caused shoot regeneration in a high number (97.5±2.2) of explants. Approximately, 33.7±8.4 shoots were regenerated from each leaf explant.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A MORPHOLOGICAL MUTANT OF Saccharomyces cerevisiae FOR SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN PRODUCTION

A new morphological mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae JD7, was isolated. This mutant had a mycelial-like form on a complex medium and a yeast-like form on a nutritionally simple medium or on a complex medium with 20% sorbitol. JD7 appeared to be a cell division cycle mutant blocked after nuclear migration and before nuclear division. No significant differences in RNA or protein contents were observed between JD7 and control strain A364A. JD7 cells settled much faster than control cells, and the viscosity vs cell concentration relationships were dependent upon the morphological conditions of the yeast. Yield stress of strain JD7 was barely observable, and the flow behavior index of the strain was similar to that of the control strain in its yeast-like form. The flow behavior index of the mycelial-like form was lower than that of the yeast-like state.
Interests, Self-Efficacy, and Choice Goals: An Experimental Manipulation.

Abstract An experimental design was used to test the hypothesis that vocational interests can be a precursor to the development of self-efficacy. Participants ( n = 180) rated job descriptions for careers in the domains of information technology, sales, and teaching that contained information on activities and work values. Participants rated those job descriptions in terms of their interest, confidence, and choice intentions. An experimental manipulation of information on work values for each of the three work domains was used to create two levels of interests in each area. Participants expressed significantly more interest in job descriptions that contained desirable work value information in each of the three occupational domains relative to the corresponding descriptions that contained information on less desirable values. Obtained results suggest that this manipulation of level of expressed interests in each occupational domain had both a direct effect on self-efficacy ratings and also an indirect effect on self-efficacy through choice goals. These findings have theoretical implications concerning the relation between interests and self-efficacy specified by social cognitive career theory ( Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ).
Severe hyperkalemia in two patients with diabetes after cosyntropin administration

Some patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for the development of hyperkalemia. Included in this group are patients with glucose-induced hyperkalemia who may have renal insufficiency, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, or other impediments to the release or action of aldosterone. In an unusual demonstration of this abnormality, two patients with diabetes, who form the basis of our report, became markedly hyperglycemic and hyperkalemic after cosyntropin administration. To our knowledge, this complication of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing has not been previously reported. It should therefore be emphasized that the use of cosyntropin as a diagnostic agent can provoke severe hyperglycemia and hyperkalemia in a susceptible subgroup of patients with diabetes mellitus.
The psychological costs of painless but recurring experiences of racial discrimination.

When studying discrimination, it is important to examine both perceived frequency and stress associated with these experiences, as well as the interplay between these two dimensions. Using data from Latino/a participants (N 168), we found an interaction effect of the reported frequency and reported stressfulness of discrimination on psychological distress (depression and anxiety), such that frequency predicted greater psychological distress for low-stress events, but high-stress events were associated with greater distress regardless of frequency. In addition, using the constructs of “stated” and “derived” stressfulness, we found that the frequency of experiences of discrimination that were rated as less stressful were, in fact, correlated with greater psychological distress. Discrimination events not experienced as stressful nonetheless may have negative implications for the target, especially if they occur frequently.
Polyelectrolyte adsorption on an oppositely charged spherical polyelectrolyte brush

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the interaction and complex formation of a spherical polyelectrolyte brush (SPB) consisting of uniformly distributed grafted polyelectrolytes (GPE) and an oppositely charged linear polyelectrolyte (LPE). This system is considered as a model for complexation of a polyelectrolyte and a soft nanoparticle. The effects of the LPE rigidity, length of the GPE chains, grafting density and core radius on complexation behavior are addressed. Depending on these parameters the GPE layer exhibits different structures, and acts on the LPE like a bare charged sphere, brush or star-like polyelectrolyte. Unlike the charged-sphere case, where the LPE binds to the solid body of the nanoparticle, the GPE arms can bind partly or completely to the LPE which in these cases is less affected by the core surface. The rigidity of the LPE also influences the conformational behavior of the brush layer. If the grafting density is small, the semiflexible LPE adopts a highly ordering solenoid conformation on the surface of the highly charged sphere. The ordered arrangement is disrupted as the GPE length increases. A higher ordering degree is also found for the semiflexible LPE at an intermediate core radius and relatively low grafting density. If the amount of surface charges is fixed, short GPEs suppress the complexation of the LPE with the SPB, compared to the cases of the long GPEs and bare charged sphere. However, the complexation propensity increases for lower grafting densities. Its dependence on the core radius is significantly different for flexible and semiflexible LPEs.
Temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rates in the triplet state of pyrazine at low temperatures

Abstract The electron spin-Lattice relaxation, (SLR) rate constants have been measured for the triplet state at pyrazine- d 4 in a cyclohexane matrix from 1 to 8 K by resolving the phosphorescent decay curve into three exponential components. A matrix kinetics is presented that gives the relationship between the SLR rate constants and the observed decay component rate constants and the decay component intensities of the three zero-field levels. An exact numerical procedure based on the Newton-Raphson technique is described in detail for systems of two and three coupled levels. This procedure was used to find the SLR rate constants starting from either the decay component rate constants or the decay component intensities. Both the matrix kinetics and the numerical procedure should be useful in many other studies involving multilevel systems whose sublevels are connected by some combination of SLR and microwaves. The observed SLR rate constants are best explained as a function of temperature as the sum of a direct process (linear in T ) and a Raman process ( T 2 dependence). Their relative magnitudes indicate that the Raman process is probably antharmonic. Vancus mechanisms for SLR in this system are examined, and a short review of SLR theory and experiment is given. The nature of the zero-field sublevels in pyrazine- J 4 is also discussed as is the effect of the choice of matrix solvent upon SLR rate constants and the phosphorescent spectrum.
The contextual nature of rhythmic interpretation

Five experiments investigated the rhythmic interpretation of polyrhythms that consisted of two or three conflicting pulse trains (e.g., three elements/repetition vs. four elements/repetition vs. five elements/repetition). The preferred rhythms were eithermeter rhythms, in which one pulse train served as the background controlling beat breaking the repetition (i.e., measure) into equal parts, orcross-rhythms, in which two or three pulse trains were integrated into a fore-ground melodic rhythm. The choice among various meter rhythms and various cross-rhythms was contextual, being based on the polyrhythm configuration, the timing between elements of each pulse train, the frequency of the elements of each pulse train, as well as the duration or intensity accentuation of the elements of each pulse train. In addition, there were consistent individual differences in strategies for rhythmic interpretation. The diversity of rhythmic interpretations occurs only with sufficiently dense stimuli, and both experimentation and theorizing must approach this level of complexity.
Protein Kinase C δ Activated Adhesion Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

Background. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, fundamental in the pathophysiology of atherogenesis and restenosis, is a coordinated process governed by the formation and disassembly of focal adhesions. Previous studies have demonstrated that VSMC migration is regulated via a signaling network involving protein kinase C delta (PKCδ). In these studies, we test the hypothesis that PKCδ regulates VSMC migration through modulation of cell adhesion. Materials and methods. Using primary VSMCs isolated from PKCδ wild type (+/+) and knock-out (-/-) mice, the effects of PKCδ on VSMC migration and adhesion were assessed by chemotaxis and cell adhesion. Results. In evaluating cell migration, we found a decrease in platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB; 5 ng/mL x 6 h) stimulated migration of PKCδ-/-VSMCs as compared to PKCδ+/+VSMCs, by 59.4 ± 5.9% (P < 0.01). A similar reduction in migration of PKCδ-/-VSMCs (66.5 ± 5.7%, P < 0.01) was also observed on collagen-coated (COL) membranes. Next, we examined cell attachment, a critical step of migration. PKCδ-VSMCs exhibited significantly reduced adherence by 50.3 ± 1.8% (P < 0.01). A similar defect of PKCδ-/-VSMCs was also observed on the COL surface, 30.7 ± 2.3% (P < 0.01). Interestingly, PDGF-BB did not stimulate attachment of VSMCs of either genotype. Consistent with these results, Rottlerin (2 μM), a selective inhibitor of PKCδ, blocked migration and attachment of VSMCs by 56.8 ± 3.4% (P < 0.01) and 37.7 ± 1.9% (P < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions. Taken together, our data indicate that PKCδ activation is necessary for VSMC adhesion, which could, at least in part, contribute to the regulatory function of this kinase in cell migration thus pathogenesis of vascular lesions.
“I Do the Best I Can”: Caregivers' Perceptions of Informal Caregiving for Older Adults in Belize:

In this first study of informal caregiving for older adults in Belize, 29 caregivers described their experiences of caregiving, how they perceived and managed the role, and what critical resources they needed. The three main themes identified in the caregiver interviews were the experiences of caregivers, the rewards of caregiving, and navigating the caregiver role.Caregivers identified positively with the role of care provider and they did not describe it as burdensome nor did they describe role strain. However, caregivers' complaints of poor physical health might be construed as somatic expressions of strain. The caregivers' religiosity was salient to how they viewed and coped with their caregiver role. In conclusion, culture appears to influence positively caregivers' beliefs and perceptions of caregiving in Belize. However, the expected increase in the older population and current circumstances of many caregivers and care recipients means there is a critical need for resources to support caregivers an...
Exploitation of an incoherent source for coherent processing

In this paper we will show that temporal and spatial coherence can be exploited from an incoherent source for complex amplitude processing. The method is by dispersing the spectral content and spatially encoding the incoherent source such that high temporal and desired spatial coherence can be obtained. To confirm our argument, experimental demonstrations are provided.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Residual efficacy of chlorpyrifos 4E applied through a center-pivot irrigation system on European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

Applications of chlorpyrifos 4E through an overhead center pivot at 1.12 kg (AI)/ha with and without oil (Sunoco UN) in water volumes of approximately 0.83 cm (1984-1985), 2.03 cm (1984), and 4.82 cm (1985) were compared in bioassays using first instar European corn borer, Ostrtnta nubtlalts (Hiibner). Mortality data were obtained from 24 h bioassays done at four 72-h intervals following insecticide application. During both years, neither irrigation rate nor the addition of oil had a significant effect on efficacy or residual activity of chlorpyrifos when averaged over oil versus nonoil treatments and all irrigation rates respectively. Although not statistically significant, applications with 0.83 cm water without oil resulted in highest mortality, and applications with 2.03 cm (1984) and 4.82 cm (1985) of water with oil resulted in the lowest mortality when averaged over all time periods. Quadratic (1984) and linear (1985) responses over time were observed with all four treatments. Average mortality was 33.9 and 19.9% 12 d after application in 1984 and 1985, respectively.
Particle removal mechanisms in cryogenic surface cleaning

Particle removal mechanisms in cryogenic surface cleaning are examined. The effect of impacting solid carbon dioxide particles and the hydrodynamic forces and torques are included in the model. Sliding detachment models and rolling detachment models in conjunction with the theory of critical moment are used. The critical conditions for removal of particles of different sizes are evaluated. For various carbon dioxide pellet diameters, incoming flow angles, nozzle, and cleaning surface separation distances, the critical shear velocities for particle detachment are evaluated.
The use of neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate prehospital intubation does not impair outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that the success rate of prehospital intubation is improved by the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). However, a recent study has reported that prehospital intubation with NMBAs worsens outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We sought to determine the effect of the use of NMBAs to facilitate prehospital intubation on outcome after TBI. Methods: All patients admitted to our Level I trauma center with a head Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥ 3 were identified by the trauma registry (January 1998-June 2003). Patient records were matched with prehospital databases. Patients were further stratified on the basis of prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score into mild (GCS score of 14/15), moderate (GCS score of 9-13), and severe (GCS score < 9) TBI. Outcome included mortality and good outcome (survival to discharge with a GCS score of 14/15). Results: There were 3,052 patients who were identified as having been transported directly from the field. Complete prehospital data were available for 2,012 patients (66%). Of these, 920 were mild TBI (intubation rate, 17.4%), 293 moderate TBI (intubation rate, 57.7%), and 799 severe TBI (intubation rate, 95%). Overall, 72% of intubated patients received NMBAs. There were no significant differences in demographics or injury severity between the groups. Patients not receiving NMBAs were more likely to be hypotensive and have prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (p = 0.001). The unad-justed mortality for the patients intubated with NMBAs was 25% versus 37% for those not receiving NMBAs (p < 0.001). When adjusted for confounding variables, patients intubated with NMBAs were more likely to survive (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.97; p = 0.04) and have a good outcome (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6; p = 0.006) than those in the no-NMBA group. Conclusion: The use of NMBAs to facilitate prehospital intubation improves outcome for patients with TBI. The value of prehospital intubation for TBI remains to be determined; however, any trial evaluating nonintubation for TBI must be compared with NMBA-facilitated intubation to be valid.
Ultrastructural identification of mast cells obtained from human bronchial lumens

Abstract We have investigated the morphology of mast cells in human bronchial lavage fluid. Under light microscopy, these cells were seen to contain discrete metachromatically positive granules that were indistinguishable from those present in mast cells and basophils from other sources. With electron microscopy, the bronchial mast cells were shown to be mononucleated and to contain granules which primarily consisted of particulate materials. Complex structures such as scrolls and crystalloids were also found in the granules. In order to delineate the relationship between bronchial mast cells and mast cells from other anatomic sites, we studied the ultrastructure of tissue mast cells from bronchial, lung parenchymal, and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and that of basophils from peripheral blood. There were similarities as well as differences in these cells from different sources—in their size, shape, lobes of nuclei, nuclear chromatin distribution, and structure of special, presumably histamine-containing, cytoplasmic granules. Based on the electron microscopic data, we believe the intralumenal cells previously described in human beings can be classified as mast cells. The presence of viable, immunoreactive mast cells in the lumen of bronchi may have a significance in relation to respiratory allergic reactions, especially the immediate-type respiratory response.
On the product integration method for solving singular integral equations in scattering theory

Abstract This paper discusses the use of product integration in the solution of singular integral equations with a fixed Cauchy singularity. These equations occur in scattering theory.
The Denver Cyclone. Part I: Generation in Low Froude Number Flow

Abstract A numerical model is used to study the “Denver Cyclone,” a mesoscale vortex that develops in eastern Colorado under southerly to southeasterly flow. Diurnal effects (e.g., surface heating/cooling) have been excluded from these simulations, but are discussed in Part II of this study. Simulations are first performed with a southerly ambient wind (i.e., parallel to the Continental Divide). If the Froude number of the flow based on the height of the Palmer Divide (an east–west ridge to the south of Denver) is small, then a vortex forms over the Denver region. This circulation then propagates northward at just over half the upstream flow velocity, leaving essentially stagnant air in the lee of the Palmer Divide. It is shown that Coriolis turning has a negligible effect on the flow when the ambient wind is from the south. However, when the ambient wind is at an angle to the Continental Divide, northerly winds can develop along the foothills due to Coriolis turning of the flow as it approaches the Divid...
IMMUNOLOGIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FETAL CELL ANTIGENS AND TUMOR CELL ANTIGENS IN GUINEA PIGS

Inbred Strain 2/N guinea pigs were immunized with irradiated cells from two different methylcholanthrene-induced syngeneic guinea pig sarcomas (MCA-A and MCA-25), syngeneic second trimester fetal tissue, or allogeneic Strain 13,” guinea pig tissue. In one experiment immunized animals and multiparous Strain 2/N females were injected intradermally with membrane antigen extracts (MEA) of each immunizing tissue and normal Strain 2/N tissue, and evaiuated for development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (DCHR). Animals immunized to either tumor showed positive DCHR to MAE of that tumor and occasional reactions to MAE of the other tumor. Multiparous females, and females immune to second trimester fetal tissue, developed positive DCHR to fetal tissue MAE and to MAE of each tumor. In a second experiment, immunized animals and multiparous femaIes were challenged subcutaneously with viable MCA-25 tumor cells. Significant resistance to tumor growth was demonstrated in animals immunized to either tumor, multiparous females, and animals immunized to second trimester fetal tissues. A similarity between fetal antigens and tumor-associated transplantation antigens of two MCA-induced guinea pig sarcomas is suggested.
Choline Studies with Young Dairy Calves. II. Effect of Milk and Other Supplements on Blood Choline Levels

Summary 1Removal of milk from the diets of calves at 5 weeks of age resulted in a drop in blood choline values. 2Feeding choline chloride or choline chloride and methionine did not increase blood choline levels. 3While not conclusive, some data are presented that indicate returning milk to the diet of calves caused elevation of blood choline. 4Evidence is presented which indicates that a component of milk other than choline or methionine may influence blood choline levels. 5Intravenous injections of choline chloride produced only a temporary rise of the choline content of the blood. It was rapidly removed from the blood stream. Injections of 2g. proved to be fatal.
Rapid calcium mobilization by vasopressin and prostaglandin F2α is independent of sodium influx in quiescent 3T3 cells

Vasopressin (VP) rapidly increased 45Ca2+ efflux. A VP antagonist prevented VP from mobilizing Ca2+ and stimulating DNA synthesis. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) also stimulated rapid 45Ca2+ release. The effectiveness of different prostaglandins corresponded to their effectiveness as mitogens. The removal of external Na+ or Ca2+ had no effect on VP-or PGF2 alpha-induced 45Ca2+ release. The present results indicate that the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by these hormones is independent of Na+ or Ca2+ influx and that Ca2+ mobilization is important for growth stimulation.
Matchings in Polytopal Graphs.

Abstract : A matching M of a graph G is a set of edges of G such that each vertex of G is incident with a most one edge of M, and that no edge of G may be added to M without violating this restriction. A number of new results on matchings are obtained, in particular concerning planar and polytopal graphs. A typical result is the following one which deals with (pi bar)(G), the largest possible number of edge-disjoint matchings of G. Theorem: The largest value of (pi bar)(G), possible for 3-polytopal graphs G is 12. (Author)
Public Discourse, Community Concerns, and Civic Engagement: Exploring Black Social Networking Traditions on BlackPlanet.com

This study explores community life on a black social network site, BlackPlanet, to see whether and how participants engage in public discussions; if these discussions center on issues considered to be critical to the black community; and if so, the extent to which participants' online networks are used to foster some level of civic engagement. Participation analysis, content analysis, and a thematic analysis were used to analyze public discussions on the site's community forums. The findings show that participants are deeply committed to ongoing discussions about black community issues. However, none of these discussions moved beyond a discursive level of civic engagement, suggesting that the potential for mobilization through social networking online has not yet been realized, despite the traditional orientation to community service among blacks in America.
Gastric outlet obstruction and epidermolysis bullosa

We describe a case of pyloric atresia coexisting with epidermolysis bullosa, almost certainly of the junctional type. The coexistence of pyloric atresia and junctional epidermolysis bullosa (PA-JEB syndrome) has been repeatedly observed. This syndrome has several clinical fea- tures that distinguish it from Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). These include a lack of prominent granulation tissue formation and increased frequencies of genitourinary tract involvement and ear anomalies. Aplasia curls congenita is sometimes present; esoph- ageal atresia is uncommonly present. In all 12 patients examined to date, normal basement membrane zone expression of laminin-5 biochemically distinguishes PA-JEB syndrome from Herlitz JEB. Mutations in the [34 integrin gene have been observed in one patient with PA- JEB syndrome. Thus there are both clinical and biochemical reasons to separate the PA-JEB syndrome from Herlitz JEB. This is the second known case of papillary hyperplasia of the amnion to be seen in any setting. The other was a case of JEB without pyloric atresia.
Quality as a substitute for quantity

Abstract Increased product reliability shifts down the inverse demand schedule if reliability is treated as a substitute (and not as a complement) for quantity. For quasilinear preferences, price-inelastic demand is sufficient for reliability to be viewed as a substitute for quantity.
Acquiring advanced technology. Decision-making strategies at twelve medical centers.

This study describes decision making regarding the acquisition of technology in 12 major medical centers. The financial impact of a project was the most widely cited criterion of decision, but financial considerations were less important than either the impact of a technology on the quality of clinical care or its contribution to teaching and research. Rarely were criteria set out explicitly or in advance. Although exemplary models exist, the technology assessment process at most institutions is described as "political," "informal," or "ad hoc."
Software engineering-from the beginning

The paper discusses ideas and techniques for integrating concepts of software engineering into the first year of a computer science program. The importance of introducing the student to certain "programming in the large" concepts at an early stage is argued. There is a discussion of a general top down approach to teaching introductory Ada programming which starts with the use of modules to write programs and moves on to the analysis and implementation of these modules. The approach conveys the importance of specification and high level design to the development process and stresses the need for an architectural view prior to specific work on low level functionality and algorithm design. The paper addresses how to introduce into CS1 and CS2 type courses a prescribed set of software engineering concepts that are associated with estimation and planning, specification, design, and software quality issues. The paper presents several thoughts on the nature of software development processes that are appropriate at this level. In addition, the paper discusses a current activity that introduces first year students to time management and defect management concepts.
Tests of models for saccade-vergence interaction using novel stimulus conditions.

During natural activities, two types of eye movements – saccades and vergence – are used in concert to point the fovea of each eye at features of interest. Some electrophysiological studies support the concept of independent neurobiological substrates for saccades and vergence, namely saccadic and vergence burst neurons. Discerning the interaction of these two components is complicated by the near-synchronous occurrence of saccadic and vergence components. However, by positioning the far target below the near target, it is possible to induce responses in which the peak velocity of the vertical saccadic component precedes the peak velocity of the horizontal vergence component by ∼ 75 ms. When saccade–vergence responses are temporally dissociated in this way, the vergence velocity waveform changes, becoming less skewed. We excluded the possibility that such change in skewing was due to visual feedback by showing that similar behavior occurred in darkness. We then tested a saccade-related vergence burst neuron (SVBN) model proposed by Zee et al. in J Neurophysiol 68:1624–1641 (1992), in which omnipause neurons remove inhibition from both saccadic and vergence burst neurons. The technique of parameter estimation was used to calculate optimal values for responses from human subjects in which saccadic and convergence components of response were either nearly synchronized or temporally dissociated. Although the SVBN model could account for convergence waveforms when saccadic and vergence components were nearly synchronized, it could not when the components were temporally dissociated. We modified the model so that the saccadic pulse changed the parameter values of the convergence burst units if both components were synchronized. The modified model accounted for velocity waveforms of both synchronous and dissociated convergence movements. We conclude that both the saccadic pulse and omnipause neuron inhibition influence the generation of vergence movements~when they are made synchronously with saccades.
Insect herbivore faunal diversity among invasive, non-invasive and native Eugenia species: implications for the enemy release hypothesis.

Abstract The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) frequently has been invoked to explain the naturalization and spread of introduced species. One ramification of the ERH is that invasive plants sustain less herbivore pressure than do native species. Empirical studies testing the ERH have mostly involved two-way comparisons between invasive introduced plants and their native counterparts in the invaded region. Testing the ERH would be more meaningful if such studies also included introduced non-invasive species because introduced plants, regardless of their abundance or impact, may support a reduced insect herbivore fauna and experience less damage. In this study, we employed a three-way comparison, in which we compared herbivore faunas among native, introduced invasive, and introduced non-invasive plants in the genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) which all co-occur in South Florida. We observed a total of 25 insect species in 12 families and 6 orders feeding on the six species of Eugenia. Of these insect species, the maj...
Angiotensin II signaling and its implication in erectile dysfunction.

ABSTRACT Introduction Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the primary effector of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Ang II exerts its diverse physiologic actions via angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors. Recent evidence shows that tissue RAS exists in the penis, therefore indicating a significant role for Ang II in erectile function. Aim To summarize the recent findings on the importance of Ang II in normal erection physiology and the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods This article reviews the literature that relates to the role of RAS in the regulation of erectile function. Main Outcome Measures Evidence in the literature on the association between Ang II and the development of ED. Results Elevated Ang II levels contribute to the development of ED in humans and different animal models. Pharmacologic therapy interrupting RAS may be beneficial for patients with ED. Conclusions. Studies have demonstrated that RAS is crucial in erectile function. Better understanding of the signaling pathways mediating Ang II physiologic actions will provide important information for the treatment of ED. Jin LM. Angiotensin II signaling and its implication in erectile dysfunction.
ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF SPLENIC NECROSIS IN THE DOG

Ultrasonographic findings of splenic infarction and necrosis in three dogs are presented. Two previously unreported ultrasonographic patterns are identified: (1) Focal, hypoechoic or isoechoic, circular, wellmarginated nodular masses with peripheral lesions causing deformation of the splenic margin. (2) Diffuse hypoechoic or heteroechoic coarse/“lacy” parenchymal pattern with no deformation of margin. The presence of gas within the splenic parenchyma of one dog was detected by both radiography and ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic patterns of splenic infarction in both man and the dog are discussed
Pharmacokinetic screening of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in dogs

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that have anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties are mainly metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, EC 3.3.2.3). Therefore, sEH has emerged as a therapeutic target for treating various cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory pain. N,N'-Disubstituted ureas are potent sEH inhibitors in vitro. However, in vivo usage of early sEH inhibitors has been limited by their low bioavailability and poor physiochemical properties. Therefore, a group of highly potent compounds with more drug-like physiochemical properties were evaluated by monitoring their plasma profiles in dogs treated orally with sEH inhibitors. Urea compounds with an adamantyl or a 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group on one side and a piperidyl or a cyclohexyl ether group on the other side of the urea function showed pharmacokinetic profiles with high plasma concentrations and long half lives. In particular, the inhibitor trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB) not only is very potent with good physiochemical properties, but also shows high oral bioavailability for doses ranging from 0.01 to 1mg/kg. This compound is also very potent against the sEH of several mammals, suggesting that t-AUCB will be an excellent tool to evaluate the biology of sEH in multiple animal models. Such compounds may also be a valuable lead for the development of veterinary therapeutics.
A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions

Abstract The accuracy of first impressions was examined by investigating judged construct (negative affect, positive affect, the Big five personality variables, intelligence), exposure time (5, 20, 45, 60, and 300 s), and slice location (beginning, middle, end). Three hundred and thirty four judges rated 30 targets. Accuracy was defined as the correlation between a judge’s ratings and the target’s criterion scores on the same construct. Negative affect, extraversion, conscientiousness, and intelligence were judged moderately well after 5-s exposures; however, positive affect, neuroticism, openness, and agreeableness required more exposure time to achieve similar levels of accuracy. Overall, accuracy increased with exposure time, judgments based on later segments of the 5-min interactions were more accurate, and 60 s yielded the optimal ratio between accuracy and slice length. Results suggest that accuracy of first impressions depends on the type of judgment made, amount of exposure, and temporal location of the slice of judged social behavior.
Simultaneous appearance of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and multifocal choroiditis indicate a common causal relationship.

Purpose: To report simultaneous occurrence of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and multifocal choroiditis (MFC) in the same eye of a 33-year-old Caucasian woman.Methods: Review of clinical and fluorescein angiographic features of a patient who presented with decreased visual acuity and was followed for 3 months.Results: Patient presented with concurrent lesions of MEWDS and MFC occurring in the same eye. During the follow-up period MEWDS lesions resolved and MFC lesions evolved into chorioretinal scars.Conclusions: Simultaneous development of MEWDS and MFC may indicate a possible common causal entity.
Strained-layer InGaAs quantum-well heterostructure lasers

The incorporation of intentional strain in heterostructure lasers was almost unheard of a decade ago or so and considered a problem to be avoided. Advances in both epitaxial crystal growth technology and the understanding of the physics and reliability of these materials have led to a remarkable increase in the commercial use of strained-layer lasers. The industry has benefited from an increase in the available range of emission wavelengths from quantum-well diode lasers and dramatic improvement in their time-zero performance. In the paper, we review the characteristics of strained-layer InGaAs quantum-well heterostructure lasers that have resulted in the emergence of this important technology.
Sex differences in perceptions of desired rewards, availability of rewards, and abilities in relation to occupational selection

The perception of the rewards desired in an occupation, the rewards perceived to be available in an occupation, and the perceived match of abilities to those required in an occupation are examined for male and female college students majoring in business and for female students majoring in education. The findings indicate that females choosing business as an occupation are very similar to males choosing business, in their perceptions of their desired outcomes in relation to those available in an occupation and in their perceptions of their abilities in relation to those required by an occupation. On the other hand, females choosing business show significant differences in comparison to females choosing education in all of these dimensions. The implication is that there are very few sex differences in these perceptions when choice of occupation is held constant.
Determinants of irrigation technology choice in Egypt

Existing studies of irrigation technology choice broadly maintain that farmers adopt drip and sprinkler systems because these modern technologies increase yields and lower irrigation costs relative to traditional flooding. Supply-side assistance from extension agents and irrigation equipment firms dominate the literature's prescriptions for promoting adoption. The Egyptian land reclamation experience challenges the literature's assumptions regarding modern irrigation benefits, and demonstrates that demand-side agents, such as crop traders, are effective technology facilitators. Furthermore, the Egyptian case suggests that production flexibility and interactive relationships, both of which the recent industrial technology literature highlights as important adoption variables, also influence irrigation technology choice.
Overload protection of A-C instruments

The behavior of indicating instruments subjected to overloads is described. The principles underlying design requirements of protective devices are presented and certain features of instrument design which enhance the effectiveness of protective devices are mentioned. Test results on current circuit and voltage circuit protective devices which are mounted within the case of a single-phase wattmeter are given. The current circuit tests cover overloads ranging up to over 200 times rated current. The latter represent direct connection of the current circuit across a 240-volt power circuit while the voltage circuit of the wattmeter was energized.
Acraspisoides gen. nov. (Diptera: Therevidae: Agapophytinae): a new genus of stiletto-flies from Australia

A new Australian genus of Therevidae, Acraspisoides gen. nov., comprising a single species (A. helviarta sp. nov.) is described and illustrated. This new genus is placed within the subfamily Agapophytinae based on the presence of velutum patches on the fore and hind femora. Acraspisoides is easily separated from other agapophytine genera by the combination of characters: large ventral lobe on aedeagus, multiple rows of postocular setae in both sexes, antennae positioned low on frons, and wing cell m 3 closed. Cladistic analyses using all genera of Agapophytinae (including Acraspisoides) based on adult morphological characters and sequence data of the protein-encoding gene, elongation factor-1 (EF-1a ), were performed to determine the phylogenetic placement of Acraspisoides gen. nov. in the subfamily. Analysis of the combined morphological and molecular matrices produced two most parsimonious trees, placing Acraspisoides gen. nov. as the most basal genus of Agapophytinae.
PTH modulation of NCC activity regulates TRPV5 Ca2+ reabsorption

Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to increase transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)5 activity and decrease Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) activity, we hypothesized that decreased NCC-mediated Na(+) reabsorption contributes to the enhanced TRPV5 Ca(2+) reabsorption seen with PTH. To test this, we used mDCT15 cells expressing functional TRPV5 and ruthenium red-sensitive (45)Ca(2+) uptake. PTH increased (45)Ca(2+) uptake to 8.8 ± 0.7 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) (n = 4, P < 0.01) and decreased NCC activity from 75.4 ± 2.7 to 20.3 ± 1.3 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) (n = 4, P < 0.01). Knockdown of Ras guanyl-releasing protein (RasGRP)1 had no baseline effect on (45)Ca(2+) uptake but significantly attenuated the response to PTH from a 45% increase (6.0 ± 0.2 to 8.7 ± 0.4 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1)) in control cells to only 20% in knockdown cells (6.1 ± 0.1 to 7.3 ± 0.2 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1), n = 4, P < 0.01). Inhibition of PKC and PKA resulted in further attenuation of the PTH effect. RasGRP1 knockdown decreased the magnitude of the TRPV5 response to PTH (7.9 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) for knockdown compared with 9.1 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1) in control), and the addition of thiazide eliminated this effect (a nearly identical 9.0 ± 0.1 nmol·mg(-1)·min(-1)). This indicates that functionally active NCC is required for RasGRP1 knockdown to impact the PTH effect on TRPV5 activity. Knockdown of with no lysine kinase (WNK)4 resulted in an attenuation of the increase in PTH-mediated TRPV5 activity. TRPV5 activity increased by 36% compared with 45% in control (n = 4, P < 0.01 between PTH-treated groups). PKC blockade further attenuated the PTH effect, whereas combined PKC and PKA blockade in WNK4KD cells abolished the effect. We conclude that modulation of NCC activity contributes to the response to PTH, implying a role for hormonal modulation of NCC activity in distal Ca(2+) handling.
Applied Professional Ethics and Institutional Religion: The Methodological Issues

In the last several years, philosophical enthusiasm for applied profes sional ethics has spread from medicine to law, education, government, engineering, business, and to other professional and semiprofessional fields. Each involves an institutional structure within which professional practitioners provide specific services to those who seek them, and within which practitioner behavior in providing these services is regulated by both formal and informal institutional codes and conventions. Recent work in applied ethics has forced reinspection of these codes and conventions and of the moral features of the professional practices they govern?from client confidentiality to the exchange of fees?and has revealed characteristic dilemmas and conflicts which are endemic to these areas of professional ac tivity. Indeed, in some cases?for instance, in the de-paternalization of medicine?the inquiries of applied professional ethicists have begun to pro duce quite striking changes in professional practice itself. But there remains one area of institutional practice which has not yet come under the scrutiny of contemporary applied professional ethics: this is the provision of religious services, or, more generally, the institutional prac tice of religion. In this exploratory paper, I'd like to do two things: first, to show that because religious practitioners are in many important ways like professionals in other fields, we may expect their practices to generate the same sorts of issues discussed in other areas of applied professional ethics; and second, to consider the special methodological problems analysis of these moral issues might present.
Fluid-Structure Interactions for Pulsatile Flow through Elastic Arteries

In the cardiovascular system, blood flow is under constant interaction with arterial walls. The current effort investigates the effect of flexible arteries. Both rigid wall and deformable wall simulations on two different geometries are simulated using finite element approach. Fluid structure interaction simulations are carried out using an arbitrary LagrangianEulerian formulation. It is found that the model with curved geometry was slightly stiffer when compared to the uniform geometry case. Furthermore, large changes in wall shear stresses are observed in the case of curved artery. The comparison between the simulations considering rigid arteries and deformable arteries showed substantial increase in the wall shear stresses for the rigid artery. This indicates that as the artery becomes more and more rigid, its wall shear stress increases leading to atherosclerosis. In addition, it is observed that the calculated difference in shear stress between the simulations performed using rigid walls assumption with that of deformable walls was in the range of 30-40 % at the maximum shear stress location.