cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active transport of thiamine by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.

Rat hepatocytes were freshly prepared from adult animals using the collagenase-perfusion technique. The hepatic transport of thiamine was studied in isolated liver cells. The process was found to be saturable with an apparent Kt of 0.31mM and a Vmax of 0.7 μmoles/ml intracellular fluid/5 minutes. However, at higher substrate concentrations, the process proceeded in a linear fashion. Both pyrithiamine and oxythiamine were inhibitory on the hepatic uptake of thiamine, the latter showed much weaker activity than the former. The system required the presence of sodium ions and was sensitive to ouabain. Anaerobic condition and metabolic inhibitors, e.g., 2, 4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, and iodoacetate suppressed the uptake rate of thiamine. Addition of ethanol in the incubation medium also caused significant reduction of thiamine uptake. Efflux studies indicated that a portion of intracellular thiamine is readily available for exodus. Chromatographic analyses showed that thiamine was only slightly metabolically altered during the transport process. It is suggested that thiamine is transported into isolated hepatic cells by an active, sodium-dependent process.
The asymptotic structure of an adiabatic shear band in antiplane motion

A two parameter solution for the fields near the tip of a propagating, antiplane shear band are found. The material model used here represents a rigid-plastic solid with linear thermal softening and power law rate hardening, but without work hardening.
What happens to patients who teach

Background: Over the last 35 years, the use of lay people as teaching patients has evolved from novel to routine. Purpose: Although many studies have examined the effectiveness, reliability, and validity of using trained patients to evaluate medical students and residents, little is known about the effect on patients of being teachers. This study addresses that question. Methods: Patients-in-training with actual musculoskeletal conditions completed 3 questionnaires: the SF-36 to evaluate perceived health status, the Chubon Life Situation Survey to examine perceived quality of life, and 3 visual analogue scales to assess the relationships with their personal physicians. One year later, the same questionnaires were readministered to patients who were actively teaching and those who had dropped out of training. Results: In comparison to those who dropped out of training, patients who were actively teaching demonstrated a trend toward lower health status but higher quality of life; they also reported more sat...
East German Music and the Problem of National Identity

Caught between political allegiance to the Soviet Union and a shared history with West Germany, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) occupied an awkward position in Cold War Europe. While other countries in the Eastern Bloc already existed as nation-states before coming under Soviet control, the GDR was the product of Germany's arbitrary division. There was no specifically East German culture in 1945—only a German culture. When it came to matters of national identity, officials in the GDR's ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) could not posit a unique quality of “East Germanness,” but could only highlight East Germany's difference from its western neighbor. This difference did not stem from the language and culture of the past, but the politics and ideology of the present: East Germany was socialist Germany.
Risk factors for clinical failure in patients hospitalized with cellulitis and cutaneous abscess

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and risk factors associated with clinical failure in patients hospitalized with cellulitis with or without abscess. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study among adults admitted for cellulitis/cutaneous abscess from July 1, 2009 through June 30, 2010. Binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for clinical failure among evaluable patients. Results A total of 210 cases met inclusion criteria. Among 106 evaluable cases, clinical failure occurred in 34 (32.1%) patients. Weight over 100 kg (Odds ratio [OR] = 5.20, P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) ≥40 (OR 4.10, P = 0.02), inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy (OR = 9.25, P P = 0.03), and lower end of antibiotic dosing per treatment guidelines upon discharge (OR = 3.64, P P = 0.002). Conclusion Inappropriate antimicrobial selection and dosing may adversely affect clinical outcomes among patients with cellulitis/cutaneous abscess. Obese individuals may be at particular risk for clinical failure secondary to inadequate dosing of antimicrobial therapy.
Elevated Hepatocyte-Specific Functions in Fetal Rat Hepatocytes Co-cultured with Adult Rat Hepatocytes

Fetal hepatocytes (FHEPs) are a potential source of highly proliferative transplantable cells but express low levels of liver-specific functions. We hypothesized that the microenvironment of adult hepatocytes (AHEPs) may upregulate these functions. Primary FHEPs were seeded on top of collagen-sandwiched AHEPs directly or separated by a porous transwell membrane insert. In direct co-cultures, albumin (ALB) secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 (CytP450) activity were all approximately 2 times as high as the sum of the corresponding monocultures. Using a transwell porous insert led to similar results, suggesting a major role for soluble factors. When AHEPs and FHEPs were separated after co-culture, they both initially showed significantly higher ALB secretion than control monocultures, whereas urea synthesis was significantly lower for the FHEPs only. Functions of previously co-cultured FHEPs normalized over the course of a week, but AHEP function remained high even after separation. In conclusion, co-culturing AHEPs with FHEPs increases expression of liver-specific functions in both cell types. The effect on FHEPs, but not AHEPs, was reversible. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms and optimizing this phenomenon will be useful in making fetal liver cells a potential cell source for hepatic tissue-engineering applications.
Computer Graphics in Three Dimensions for Perspective Reconstruction of Brain Ultrastructure

A technique for computer reassembly and plotting of morphological serial sections in three dimensions is described. The computer reconstruction is obtained at a savings in cost and time compared to previous model-processing or isometric drawing methods.
Process-oriented software education

In the last few years, development organizations have come to recognize that software development has moved beyond the capabilities of individual programmers and is now an engineering activity performed by teams, and the quality of a software product is highly dependent on the quality of the process used to develop it. The process movement has had a visible effect on the software industry, but how should it influence educators? In this article, the author describes his institution's response. He presents some new views of mature ideas on software quality and productivity. >
IPv6: business applications and implementation concerns

An exploration of topics pertinent to Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) including address space expansion, network topology changes, and IPSec. It also includes analysis of the problems of Network Address Translation (NAT) and how IPv6 will resolve them as well as an investigation of the limitations of the current Internet and how this new protocol will resolve them in the context of the modern corporation. Attention is also given to migration strategies for transitioning from the current Internet standard to the new one and protocols available today to facilitate the process.
Differential reward network functional connectivity in cannabis dependent and non-dependent users

Background:Emergent studies show that similar to other substances of abuse, cue-reactivity to cannabis is also associated with neural response in the brain’s reward pathway (Filbey et al., 2009). However, the inter-relatedness of brain regions during cue-reactivity in cannabis users remains unknown. Methods:In this study, we conducted a series of investigations to determine functional connectivity during cue-reactivity in 71 cannabis users. First, we used psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to examine coherent neural response to cannabis cues. Second, we evaluated whether these patterns of network functional connectivity differentiated dependent and non-dependent users. Finally, as an exploratory analysis, we determined the directionality of these connections via Granger connectivity analyses. Results:PPI analyses showed reward network functional connectivity with the nucleus accumbens (NAc) seed region during cue exposure. Between-group contrasts found differential effects of dependence status. Dependent users (N=31) had greater functional connectivity with amygdala and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) seeds while the non-dependent users (N=24) had greater functional connectivity with the NAc, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus seeds. Granger analyses showed that hippocampal and ACG activation preceded neural response in reward areas. Conclusions:Both PPI and Granger analyses demonstrated strong functional coherence in reward regions during exposure to cannabis cues in current cannabis users. Functional connectivity (but not regional activation) in the reward network differentiated dependent from non-dependent cannabis users. Our findings suggest that repeated cannabis exposure causes observable changes in functional connectivity in the reward network and should be considered in intervention strategies.
Simulation of outpatient appointment systems

An experimental computer program is described which simulates appointment systems employed by outpatient departments of hospitals. Both major kinds of appointment systems—individual and block—can be simulated. The purpose of the Simulator is to enable the user to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative appointment systems in a given clinical environment.
Characteristics associated with exposure to and participation in a televised smoking cessation intervention program for women with high school or less education.

Abstract Objectives. This paper estimates the prevalence of exposure to and participation in a televised smoking cessation intervention targeting women with high school or less education and describes characteristics related to exposure and participation. Methods. A random sample of the population of female smokers with high school or less education in the Chicago metropolitan area was used to estimate the prevalence of exposure to a targeted smoking cessation intervention with television and booklet components ( n = 722). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine characteristics related to exposure to each component and participation, defined as simultaneous use of both components, in a sample of population and registrants combined ( n = 1,727). Results. About one of every four women in the target population either saw the television series or called for the booklet (24.5%); 17.5% saw the television series, 9.4% called for the booklet, and 2.4% both saw the television series and called for the booklet. Independent predictors of booklet exposure were black, older age, annual income $40,000 or less, heavier smoking, and higher stage of readiness to quit. Adjusting for booklet exposure, independent predictors of television exposure were older age and nonblack. Independent predictors of participation were black, older age, and higher stage of readiness to quit. Conclusions. The intervention reached a substantial portion of low-educated female smokers. Women who were older, black, or at higher stages of readiness to quit were most likely to be exposed and to participate. Heavier smokers or lower income women were most likely to be exposed but not necessarily to participate.
Information requirements related to new energy technologies: NIOSH viewpoint

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is responsibe for conducting research and developing recommended standards for occupational exposures to chemical and physical hazards, including those which arise in newly developing technology. An assessment of the potential deleterious impact on the occupational environment by existing and innovative energy technologies is in progress. Programs are designed to use existing methodologies and to develop new approaches to define, anticipate and detect occupational safety and health problems, understand and prevent occupational disease and accidents, and eliminate or control hazards.
Olecranon and pretibial bursitis in atopic dermatitis: coincidence or association?

Background: Bursal fluid accumulations are not usually associated with skin disease; however, several cases have been observed in a large atopic dermatitis (AD) clinic. Objective: We sought to characterize the clinical features of bursitis in AD and to assess the evidence for a mechanistic association between these conditions. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical presentation of bursitis in six adults with lifelong severe AD. The course of the bursitis and possible causative factors were assessed for each patient. Results: Ten episodes of bursitis were documented in six patients with chronic active AD. Two cases initially appeared as pretibial bursal fluid accumulations, a type of bursitis that is previously undescribed. Onset of bursitis in all cases coincided with flaring of dermatitis. The frequency of these 10 episodes in six patients among an AD population of 792 appears to be greater than the three cases per 1000 in the local Veterans Administration outpatient center. Conclusion: The unusual pretibial bursal fluid accumulations in AD, along with multiple recurrences of olecranon bursitis during flares of dermatitis, suggest that the association may not be coincidental.
Using Cognitive Flexibility Hypertext to Develop Sexual Harassment Cases.

Abstract The use of cognitive flexibility theory as a theoretical framework for designing hypertext has been found to be beneficial for learning in ill-structured domains. However, little is known of what role the learning task plays in the effectiveness of this approach. The present study examined the relationship between task, navigation, and learning transfer when utilizing a cognitive flexibility hypertext about sexual harassment with 34 graduate management students. Due to the nature of the topic, the effects of the task on student attitudes were also studied. The conclusions of the study were that there were no significant differences for the navigational choices or transfer scores, but there did appear to be a relationship between task and changing students' attitudes towards the topic.
The influence of transport properties on droplet burning

Abstract The combustion of spherical droplets burning in a quiescent oxidizing atmosphere is considered. Chemical reactions are localized in a flame sheet at which the water-gas shift reaction is taken to be in equilibrium. Since nitrogen exists in relatively large concentrations throughout the flowfield, the diffusive properties of each species are described in terms of its binary coefficient with nitrogen. The chemistry model results in molecular hydrogen being present throughout the flow with the consequence that this description of diffusion is expected to be considerably more accurate than one based on a single diffusion coefficient. The final equations are solved by finite difference methods with the flame sheet location and the burning rate as eigenvalues. The predictions for the droplet burning rate for a variety of fuels are found to be in excellent agreement with available experimental data obtained under several ambient conditions. Higher ambient temperature and higher oxygen concentrations are...
Time-course of control by specific stimulus features and relational cues during same-different discrimination training

We trained 7 pigeons to discriminate visual displays of 16same items from displays of 16different items. The specific stimulus features of the items and the relations among the items could serve as discriminative stimuli. Unlike in most studies of same-different discrimination behavior, we gave a small number of probe tests during each session of acquisition to measure the time-course of control by the learning of specific stimulus features and relational cues. Both the specific stimulus features and relational cues exerted reliable stimulus control, with the specific stimulus features exerting more control during the final three fourths of same-different learning. These findings replicate research suggesting that pigeons encode both the specific stimulus features and relational cues, and for the first time document the time-course of control by each kind of cue.
High-Precision Analysis of Translational Pausing by Ribosome Profiling in Bacteria Lacking EFP

Ribosome profiling is a powerful method for globally assessing the activity of ribosomes in a cell. Despite its application in many organisms, ribosome profiling studies in bacteria have struggled to obtain the resolution necessary to precisely define translational pauses. Here, we report improvements that yield much higher resolution in E. coli profiling data, enabling us to more accurately assess ribosome pausing and refine earlier studies of the impact of polyproline motifs on elongation. We comprehensively characterize pausing at proline-rich motifs in the absence of elongation factor EFP. We find that only a small fraction of genes with strong pausing motifs have reduced ribosome density downstream, and we identify features that explain this phenomenon. These features allow us to predict which proteins likely have reduced output in the efp-knockout strain.
Amplification Techniques in 1 John: the Interaction of Rhetorical Style and Invention

This study demonstrates that the repetitive and emphatic nature of 1 John is explained by the author's use of recognized techniques of amplification common to Graeco- Roman rhetoric as a major part of his inventional strategy. Part 1 defines ampli fication and describes specific techniques used in 1 John. Among others, these include strong words, augmentation, comparison, accumulation, expolitio, reflexio, regressio, conduplicatio and distributio. Part 2 explains the author's use of ampli fication in the context of the rhetorical species of the letter. The repetitive and amplified nature of 1 John is an integral part of the author's use of epideictic rhetoric to increase his audience's adherence to the traditional truths of the Johannine Community in the face of secessionist challenges. Amplification clarifies the author's themes and topics, as well as the distinctions between Johannine tradition and its aberrant forms.
Effect of nitrogen deprivation on amino acid uptake by the chlorophyte Platymonas subcordiformis

Platymonas subcordiformis (UTEX 171) was cultured axenically for 4 d in constant light in a nitrate-containing medium and harvested in the log-phase of cell division. Cells were resuspended in artificial sea water without nutrients and either kept in constant light or placed in constant darkness. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the free amino acid pools of the cells and to determine rates of net entry of each of a mixture of 18 amino acids at daily intervals for 5 d. Free amino acid pools decreased both in light and darkness in the absence of a nutrient sypply. The influx of amino acids in cells maintained in the light increased selectively. Comparison of the rate of entry of 14C-labeled glycine and net disappearance of glycine from the medium indicated extrusion of non-volatile labeled carbon that did not interact with reagents specific for amine groups. Light was required for synthesis of additional transporter protein which was apparently responsible for increased influx in cells maintained in the light. This response was blocked in the presence of cycloheximide. Cells maintained in the dark for prolonged periods retained the capacity to respond to light by synthesis of new transporter protein. Analysis of incorporation of amino acids into macromolecules indicated that both the overall rate and the pattern of amino acid incorporation were modified in the light. Analysis of the kinetics of glycine entry at a series of temperatures indicated that the concentration of glycine at which entry is half the maximum rate is approximately 2.7 μM at the cell surface.
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy

Antibiotics have greatly changed the practice of medicine for the better. Many infections commonly treated in the outpatient setting with antibiotics (eg, urinary tract infections, streptococcal pharyngitis), which previously caused significant morbidity and mortality, are now typically benign. However, with antibiotic therapy come side effects, ranging in severity from mild nausea to life-threatening cytopenias. This article highlights important complications of antibiotic therapy that may be encountered by outpatient providers. Side effects by system are discussed, and a few important drug-specific complications and important drug-drug interactions highlighted.
Flow visualization of convex louver fin arrays to determine maximum heat transfer conditions

Abstract A flow visualization study was performed for the convex louver fin geometry. The visualization was achieved using dye in a 20:1 scale model with water as the fluid. The louver angle and fin pitch were varied to determine the conditions that produced maximum mixing and therefore are expected to produce maximum heat transfer. The mixing efficiency was described using a dye mixing angle. The Reynolds number based on louver length was varied from 400 to 3000. For most configurations, the mixing angle increased with Reynolds number. Louver angles of 19 and 24° were tested. For each value of fin pitch ( F p ) to chevron height ( H ), the larger louver angle resulted in a large mixing angle. F p /4 H = 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 were tested the F p /4 H = 1.5, producing the largest mixing angle. The separation structure produced by the convex louver geometry was also studied using flow visualization.
Purification and characterization of the fatty acid synthase from Bugula neritina.

Abstract The fatty acid synthase from Bugula neritina has been purified 100-fold using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 382 000 Da, as judged by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions in the presence of SDS revealed one major protein band of approximately 190 000 Da suggesting that the enzyme is a homodimer. The size of the enzyme, together with the observation that the FAS activity is independent of the concentration of acyl carrier protein, indicate that the FAS from Bugula neritina is a type I. A detailed analysis of the products of the purified FAS indicated that palmitic acid is the primary product and longer chain fatty acids are not produced.
The accuracy and precision of measuring Lorazepam from three liquid preparations.

OBJECTIVES Commercially available lorazepam solution contains both polyethylene glycol (PEG) and propylene glycol. When large doses are administered for deep sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), PEG may cause diarrhea, and the accumulation of propylene glycol may result in toxicity. These adverse effects may be avoided by preparing a slurry from crushed lorazepam tablets suspended in water immediately prior to administration. This slurry, which is extemporaneously prepared at bedside by nurses, lacks a suspending agent, and, therefore, the rapid settling of drug particles may produce suspensions that are not homogeneous. Thus, there may be significant inaccuracy and imprecision in dosage measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy and precision of lorazepam dosage measurement from three liquid preparations: 1) tablet slurry prepared at bedside by a nurse; 2) lorazepam suspension extemporaneously prepared by a pharmacist; and 3) the commercially available lorazepam solution. METHODS Sixteen PICU nurses measured three doses of lorazepam (0.5 mg, 1.5 mg, 3.5 mg) in triplicate from each of the three liquid preparations using oral syringes. PICU nurses prepared the slurry by mixing crushed lorazepam tablet(s) with water and drawing up the appropriate dose in an oral syringe. Additionally, nurses drew up the appropriate dose from a pharmacist-prepared lorazepam suspension (1 mg/mL) and the commercially available lorazepam solution (2 mg/mL). All samples were analyzed by HPLC and the groups were compared using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Dosage accuracy for the slurry (91.2 ± 7.8%) and suspension (109.2 ± 4.9%) were significantly different from the commercially available solution (101.5 ± 3.1%) (P < .05). Imprecision in dosage measurement, as determined by the relative standard deviation, was greatest for the slurry (8.6%) as compared to the suspension (4.5%) and commercially available solution (3.0%). CONCLUSIONS Dosage measurement from lorazepam slurry and suspension led to significant deviation from the intended dose. Dosage measurement using the slurry was the least precise among the three preparations.
Adjuvant therapy for localized prostate cancer

Background. In 1978, the National Prostatic Cancer Project launched two protocols evaluating adjuvant therapy after surgery (Protocol 900) or irradiation (Protocol 1000) for clinically localized prostate cancer. All patients underwent staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Methods. After definitive treatment, the patients were randomized either to receive cyclophosphamide 1 g/m 2 intravenously every 3 weeks for 2 years or estramustine phosphate 600 mg/m 2 orally daily for up to 2 years or to undergo observation only
Role of molecular genetics in identifying 'fine tuned' natural enemies of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius: a review.

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), is a highly successful invasive species in the continental United States, Hawaiian archipelago, several Caribbean Islands, Australia, Bermuda, and a number of other countries worldwide. It also is one of only a few invasive intraspecific hybrids that has been well characterized genetically. The natural enemy complex of Brazilian peppertree includes two thrips and two psyllids that appear to be highly adapted to specific haplotypes or their hybrids. Successful biological control of Brazilian peppertree will require careful matching of the appropriate natural enemies with their host plant genotypes. The Brazilian peppertree model reviewed here could provide a useful framework for studying biological control agents on other invasive weed species that have exhibited intraspecific hybridization.
Sons of the Sun: The Mythological Foundations of the First Dynasty of Uruk

AbstractThe Sun-god’s particular patronage of the legendary first dynasty of Uruk is well documented in the Sumerian epic tradition, even as evidence for the veneration of the god in this city is minimal. It is argued here that the Sun-god’s special status is part of a broader network of relationships centering upon the goddess Inana, which sought to identify the kings—of Uruk and later of Ur—not only with her lover, Dumuzi, but also with her twin brother, Utu, thereby doubly affirming their bond with the patroness of Uruk. The equation of the ostensibly contradictory roles of lover and brother, a unity of opposites, motivates aspects of the imagery and metaphorical language of the Uruk I epic cycle.
Grapho-analytical method of analyzing bit life and replacement

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to determine a means of evaluating data obtained from an Eickhoff double drum ranging arm shearer loader. The data included usage of bits, bit holders replaced and bit holders repaired. An analysis was forthcoming to evaluate the anticipated cost of bits and their replacement. This paper was concerned with bit replacements and bit life to demonstrate a technique for determining the efficient use of such a shearer in a coal mine with given geological and technical parameters.
Autophagy regulates tissue overgrowth in a context-dependent manner

Autophagy is a catabolic process that has been implicated both as a tumor suppressor and in tumor progression. Here, we investigate this dichotomy in cancer biology by studying the influence of altered autophagy in Drosophila models of tissue overgrowth. We find that the impact of altered autophagy depends on both genotype and cell type. As previously observed in mammals, decreased autophagy suppresses Ras-induced eye epithelial overgrowth. In contrast, autophagy restricts epithelial overgrowth in a Notch-dependent eye model. Even though decreased autophagy did not influence Hippo pathway-triggered overgrowth, activation of autophagy strongly suppresses this eye epithelial overgrowth. Surprisingly, activation of autophagy enhanced Hippo pathway-driven overgrowth in glia cells. These results indicate that autophagy has different influences on tissue growth in distinct contexts, and highlight the importance of understanding the influence of autophagy on growth to augment a rationale therapeutic strategy.
The normal modes of the thermosphere

The linearized momentum, energy, and continuity equations for the thermosphere can be reduced to a form that gives the vertical structure for each horizontal wave mode. The vertical structure equation can be described in terms of the normal modes, or eigenmodes, of the thermosphere. The latter are obtained by using a 27-layer model that includes a realistic temperature profile and the effects of the Lorentz force, viscosity, and heat conduction. The normal modes have one real eigenfrequency for every two complex conjugate eigenfrequency values. The real modes have a dominant rotational wind component and are nonpropagating. The complex modes have comparable divergent and rotational wind components. The complex eigenvalues give vertically propagating modes, primarily associated with the transient response to forcing, and are significantly affected by the dissipation in the upper E region and F region. Results show that the rotational wind component dominates in the steady state when the forcing is due to the two-cell convection pattern at high latitudes and that the normal modes explain the large shears and large winds speeds that are typically observed in the high-latitude E region. The vertical energy flux for the normal modes is also calculated. The results show that the flux is upward above 130 km but downward in the lower E region for the total solution. The downward energy flux is a contribution from the real eigenmode structure.
Rib cage and abdominal piezoelectric film belts to measure ventilatory airflow.

Piezoelectric film-based respiratory belts are described and tested. To the extent that a two-degree of freedom model consisting of rib cage and abdominal motion is able to assist in quantifying ventilation, the piezoelectric belts can monitor flow in a manner analogous to the monitoring of volume with two magnetometer pairs or two respiratory inductive plethysmograph belts. The piezoelectric belts are shown to measure flow linearly when compared with a screen pneumotachometer to a flow of at least 2.6 L/s. There is no phase shift between the peak flow of belts and the pneumotachometer up to a frequency of at least 9.2 Hz. During normal ventilation, 68 and 95% of the peak flows measured with the belts fall within ±10 and 20%, respectively, of the flows measured with a screen pneumotachometer.
The Global Flora: Descriptive statistics with a commentary and an ethnobotanical example

This paper briefly describes the world’s flora, based on the materials available at ThePlantList.org, a large web site built by a collaboration of botanists at Kew Gardens and the Missouri Botanical Garden. The paper details the number and distribution of families, genera, species, authors, publication dates and several other elements of the flora. The author notes several of the most notable features of this global scientific enterprise. Though it might seem arcane, the database is widely utilized, and as such seems worth examining. For example, a search of Wikipedia.com found 901 references to ThePlantList.org.
Summary of exchange perturbation calculations for H2 at large separations

Perturbation procedures applied to energy computation for ground and first excited state of hydrogen molecule at large separation
Temporal patterns of diversity: assessing the biotic and abiotic controls on ant assemblages

In this study, we use 12 months of data from 11 ant assemblages to test whether seasonal variation in ant diversity is governed by either the structuring influences of interspecific competition or environmental conditions. Because the importance of competition might vary along environmental gradients, we also test whether the signature of competition depends on elevation. We find little evidence that competition structures the seasonal patterns of activity in the ant assemblages considered, but find support for the effects of temperature on seasonal patterns of diversity, especially at low-elevation sites. Although, in general, both competition and the environment interact to structure ant assemblages, our results suggest that environmental conditions are the primary force structuring the seasonal activity of the ant assemblages studied here.
Imaging and Coding in the Olfactory System

▪ Abstract Functional imaging methods permit analysis of neuronal systems in which activity is broadly distributed in time and space. In the olfactory system the dimensions that describe odorant stimuli in “odorant space” are still poorly defined. One way of trying to characterize the attributes of this space is to examine the ways in which its dimensions are encoded by the neurons and circuits making up the system and to compare these responses with physical-chemical attributes of the stimuli and with the output behavior of the animal. For documenting distributed events as they occur, imaging methods are among the few tools available. We are still in the early stages of this analysis; however, a number of recent studies have contributed new information to our understanding of the odorant coding problem. This paper describes imaging results in the context of other data that have contributed to our understanding of how odors are encoded by the peripheral olfactory pathway.
Implementation Challenges for Clinical and Research Information Systems: Recommendations from the 2007 Winter Symposium of the American College of Medical Informatics

The American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI), is “a college of elected fellows from the United States and abroad who have made significant and sustained contributions to the field of medical informatics” and is a component of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA). Over the last few years in its winter symposium, ACMI has discussed a variety of issues related to the adoption and deployment of electronic health records (EHRs). Beginning in winter 2004, ACMI addressed what would be needed to promote greater adoption of electronic health records. The recommendations led to AMIA's “Got EHR?” initiative (www.amia.org/gotehr) and a series of articles summarizing the ACMI participants' recommendations.1–4 In 2005, the ACMI symposium focused on personal health records (PHRs), and the resulting article outlined recommendations for the deployment of PHRs, an area that is now showing increasing development nationwide.5 In 2006, with the growing interest in clinical decision support (see AMIA's Clinical Decision Support Roadmap initiative http://www.amia.org/inside/initiatives/cds/), ACMI addressed the knowledge management that would be needed for effective broad-based use of clinical decision support systems. These recommendations were presented at the 2006 AHRQ Patient Safety and Healthcare …
Virtual microfluidic traps, filters, channels and pumps using Marangoni flows

This paper describes how Marangoni flows of various forms can be generated in thin liquid films for the purposes of microfluidic manipulation. Several microfluidic components, including traps, channels, filters and pumps, for manipulating aqueous droplets suspended in a film of oil on blank, unpatterned substrates are demonstrated. These are ‘virtual’ devices because they have no physical structure; they accomplish their function entirely by localized variations in surface tension (Marangoni flows) created in a non-contact manner by heat sources suspended just above the liquid surface. Various flow patterns can be engineered through the geometric design of the heat sources on size scales ranging from 10 to 1000 μm. A point source generates toroidal flows which can be used for droplet merging and mixing. Virtual channels and traps, emulated by linear and annular heat fluxes, respectively, demonstrate nearly 100% size selectivity for droplets ranging from 300 to 1000 μm. A source of heat flux that is parallel to the surface and is triangular with a 10 ◦ taper serves as a linear pump, translating droplets of about the same size at speeds up to 200 μ ms −1 . The paper includes simulations that illuminate the working principle of the devices. Models show that Marangoni flows scale favorably to small length scales. By using microscale thermal devices delivering sharp temperature gradients, it is possible to generate mm s −1 flow velocities with only small increases (<1 ◦ ) in liquid temperature. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
The career needs of IS personnel: does the dual career ladder work?

The author challenges the utility of the dual career ladder, i.e. managerial or technical career options, for IS (information systems) personnel by exploring how well it fits their career needs. On the basis of data collected from two major banks. IS personnel are found to possess a diversity of career orientations. Further analysis suggests that the dual career ladder only partially satisfies the variety of career needs of IS personnel. Serious questions regarding the effectiveness of the technical career ladder, in particular, are raised. Potential problems with the technical path are cited, and recommendations for IS managers are made. >
Alternative work arrangements and perceived career success: Current evidence from the big four firms in the US

Abstract This study examines the influences of alternative work arrangements (AWAs), subordinate gender, and supervisor attitudes and beliefs regarding AWAs on performance evaluation judgments in public accounting. One hundred and forty-two experienced professionals from two US Big Four firms evaluated a hypothetical subordinate’s performance in an experimental setting. Results indicated that subordinate gender and AWA participation were significantly related to supervisors’ perceptions of the subordinate’s career success. We also found that individual differences in supervisors’ attitudes and beliefs regarding AWAs were systematically related to their performance evaluation judgments, and indicate that cultural support for AWAs is not uniform among experienced Big Four professionals. Further, the association between these attitudes and beliefs and performance evaluation judgments are consistent with an organizational justice interpretation of AWA use. Implications of these results for the Big Four’s work-life balance initiatives in the US are discussed.
Caregiver Perspectives of Memory and Behavior Changes in Stroke Survivors

Post-stroke memory and behavior changes (MBC) are associated with negative outcomes for stroke survivors and caregivers. This article describes the types of MBC that occur most frequently and caregivers' responses to these behaviors. Data were obtained through in-person interviews and administration of questionnaires to 132 caregivers of first-time stroke survivors 3-9 months after stroke. MBC were measured with a modified version of a Memory and Behavior Problems checklist. On average, caregivers reported 7.7 +/- 3.6 (range 0-17) behaviors. Common stroke survivor MBC included appearing sad or depressed, interrupting the caregiver, and being restless or agitated. These MBC were distressing to caregivers. Caregivers may not recognize some MBC as potential symptoms of depression. In addition, caregiver misunderstanding of the amount of control survivors may have over some behaviors has implications for rehabilitation and caregivers' responses to these changes.
Changes in Fungal Community Composition in Response to Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Nitrogen Fertilization Varies with Soil Horizon

Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and rates of nitrogen (N)-deposition to forest ecosystems are predicted to alter the structure and function of soil fungal communities, but the spatially heterogeneous distribution of soil fungi has hampered investigations aimed at understanding such impacts. We hypothesized that soil physical and chemical properties and fungal community composition would be differentially impacted by elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and N-fertilization in spatially separated field samples, in the forest floor, 0-2 cm, 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth intervals in a loblolly pine Free-Air-Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment. In all soils, quantitative PCR-based estimates of fungal biomass were highest in the forest floor. Fungal richness, based on pyrosequencing of the fungal ribosomal large subunit gene, increased in response to N-fertilization in 0-2 cm and forest floor intervals. Composition shifted in forest floor, 0-2 cm and 2-5 cm intervals in response to N-fertilization, but the shift was most distinct in the 0-2 cm interval, in which the largest number of statistically significant changes in soil chemical parameters (i.e phosphorus, organic matter, calcium, pH) was also observed. In the 0-2 cm interval, increased recovery of sequences from the Thelephoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Hypocreaceae, Clavicipitaceae, and Herpotrichiellaceae families and decreased recovery of sequences from the Amanitaceae correlated with N-fertilization. In this same depth interval, Amanitaceae, Tricholomataceae and Herpotriciellaceae sequences were recovered less frequently from soils exposed to eCO2 relative to ambient conditions. These results demonstrated that vertical stratification should be taken into consideration in future efforts to elucidate environmental impacts on fungal communities and their feedbacks on ecosystem processes.
The accuracy and reliability of 3D CT/MRI co-registration in planning epilepsy surgery

Abstract Objective To investigate the accuracy and reliability of 3D CT/MRI co-registration technique for the localization of implanted subdural electrodes in the routine epilepsy presurgical evaluation, in so doing assess its usefulness in planning the tailored resection of epileptic focus. Methods Four external anatomic fiducial makers were used for co-registration of volumetric pre-implant brain MRI and post-implant head CT using Curry 5.0 software in 19 epilepsy presurgical candidates. The location of subdural electrodes derived from the co-registration was compared to that obtained by intra-operative digital photographs by using gyral/sulcal patterns and cortical vasculature as anatomic markers. Results The mean localization error was 4.3 ± 2.5 mm in all 19 patients. However, the mean localization error was 3.1 ± 1.3 mm in 13 patients with all four reliable fiducial markers; whereas the mean localization error was 6.8 ± 2.4 mm in 6 patients with two or three reliable fiducial markers. Conclusion Visualization of subdural electrode positions on a patient’s cortex can be accurately performed in the routine clinical setting by 3D CT/MRI co-registration. However, the accuracy of co-registration is dependent upon having reliable surface fiducial markers. In practice, confirmation of location accuracy, such as with intra-operative digital photographs, is necessary for planning of tailored resective surgery. Significance The combination of 3D CT/MRI co-registration and intra-operative digital photography techniques provides a practical and effective algorithm for the localization and validation of implanted subdural electrodes.
The diagnostic interface between histology and molecular tests in myeloproliferative disorders.

Purpose of review The sighting of the Philadelphia chromosome in 1960, later shown to harbor the BCR-ABL mutation in chronic myeloid leukemia, is arguably the most seminal contribution to molecular oncology. In the decades that followed, other cytogenetic and molecular disease markers have been described and effectively incorporated into routine diagnostic tests. This review discusses how this process is unfolding in myeloproliferative disorders. Recent findings In 2003, a karyotypically-occult FIP1L1-PDGFRA was reported in a subset of patients with blood eosinophilia and bone marrow mastocytosis; this mutation has since joined several other molecular markers for eosinophilic (e.g. PDGFRbeta- and FGFR1-rearrangements) and mast cell (e.g. KITD816V) disorders. In 2005, JAK2V617F was described in polycythemia vera and other BCR-ABL myeloproliferative disorders; the particular discovery has already had a major impact on current diagnostic approaches in polycythemia vera. These remarkable molecular discoveries are both redefining and reinforcing the diagnostic role of bone marrow histopathology. Summary Recent progress in the molecular pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders calls for a paradigm shift in traditional diagnostics, which is based on subjective technologies or assignment to a 'consensus'-based ever-changing list of inclusionary and exclusionary criteria. Routine clinical practice might be better served by diagnostic algorithms that incorporate molecular disease markers, which complement histological impression.
Design of an artificial skin. IV. Use of island graft to isolate organ regeneration from scar synthesis and other processes leading to skin wound closure

Deep skin wounds in the adult mammal close spontaneously by epithelialization, wound contraction, and scar synthesis. In previous wound healing studies, it has been unsuccessfully attempted to separate from each other the natural processes that close wounds. In this study, we attempted to isolate skin regeneration from spontaneous processes of wound closure using "island" grafts. A porous analog of the extracellular matrix, composed of a graft copolymer of type I collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate, was seeded with uncultured autologous keratinocytes and served to induce regeneration of the dermis and the epidermis. Grafts of the copolymer, measuring 1 x 2 cm, were placed in the center of 5 x 6-cm wounds in guinea pigs. By day 14, the edges of the island grafts were clearly separated from the host epidermis and dermis by a distinct bed of granulation tissue. Histologic study of island grafts on day 14 showed that the copolymer grafts had largely degraded and that a new epidermis and dermis had been synthesized in its place. The thickness of the new epidermis increased as the density of cells seeded into the graft increased. No synthesis of epidermis or dermis was observed in the granulation tissue outside the perimeter of the island grafts. We conclude that island grafting allows the study of early events in skin regeneration in isolation from epithelialization, contraction, and scar synthesis.