cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Southern Moderates and Secession: Senator Robert M. T. Hunter's Call for Union

am a Southern man," declared Virginia's senator Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter to his son, Robert, Jr., on the eve of his departure to Washington, D.C., for the second session of the Thirty-sixth Congress., The Republican triumph in the presidential election of November 6, 1860, had precipitated a political crisis of massive proportions, for talk of southern disunion was spreading throughout the nation. By December 1, 1860, South Carolina had already issued the call for a secession convention, while identical action was taking place in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana. With the convoking of one of the most important meetings in the history of the United States Congress, Hunter's comment assumed deep significance. To save the endangered nation from disintegration and civil war, Americans would have to forsake any provincial interests for the welfare of their country. It is necessary, therefore, to know what Hunter meant when he called himself a "Southern man. "2 Born in 1809, the son of a wealthy Essex County, Virginia, plantation owner, Hunter received his undergraduate education at the University of Virginia and his legal instruction under Judge Henry St. George Tucker of Winchester, Virginia, the "famous teacher and effective apostle of State rights.", Hunter entered national politics in 1837 as a member of Virginia's delegation in the United States House of Representatives, where he served as speaker from 1839 to 1841. Six years later he was elected to the Senate, and in 1850 he became chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. During this period, amid the bitter sectional debate surrounding the territorial expansion of slavery, he emerged as a major figure in the southern rights faction of the Democratic party.4 In 1844
Correlation and Regression

Abstract A correlation is a rather unusual statistical procedure that can be used to describe a relationship between two variables or as a method to make inferences. Often scientists misuse a correlation to imply a cause and effect relationship when in fact one may or may not exist. Only a regression analysis can be used for determination of cause and effect. This chapter describes the difference between correlation and regression and describes statistical techniques for testing the strength of the relationship between variables. A discussion is provided on how to graph both a correlation and a regression and how to report the results in a scientific manuscript.
Frequency-domain electrodermal activity index of sympathetic function

A novel approach to quantify sympathetic function via the electrodermal activity (EDA) variability (EDAV) is proposed. EDAV involves power spectral density analysis of EDA data, focusing on the normalized power within the frequency band from 0.045 to 0.15 Hz, termed EDALFn. To test this index, orthostatic stress was induced on N = 10 subjects. Results showed a significant increase in the EDALFn when the subjects went from supine to standing positon. We also evaluated heart rate variability analysis on simultaneously measured electrocardiogram data. In contrast to EDALFn, the purported sympathetic measure (HRVLF and HRVLFn) did not show consistent increase in the spectral power at the above described frequency band when subjected to the orthostatic stress. Moreover, we found that EDALFn exhibited lower coefficient of variability when compared to the traditional timedomain measures of EDA indices.
New species of Sparaxis and Ixia (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from Western Cape, South Africa, and taxonomic notes on Ixia and Gladiolus

Sparaxis auriculata is a new species of this western Cape and western Karoo genus It resembles S. villosa (Burm.f.)Goldblatt in its (lowers but is probably allied to S. galeata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. Sparaxis metelerkampiae, currently a sub­species of S. variegata Sweet is raised to species rank. We propose changes to the infrageneric classification of the southern African winter rainfall genus Ixia . and describe a new species, I . aurea It is related to I odorata Ker Gawl. but differs in the larger deep yellow or orange flowers which are unscented In Gladiolus, we propose the new name. G saxatilis . for the Mpumalanga endemic, originally described as G litliicola Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, a homonym for an Ethiopian species.
Prediction of protein phosphorylation sites by integrating secondary structure information and other one-dimensional structural properties

Studies on phosphorylation are important but challenging for both wet-bench experiments and computational studies, and accurate non-kinase-specific prediction tools are highly desirable for whole-genome annotation in a wide variety of species. Here, we describe a phosphorylation site prediction webserver, PhosphoSVM, that employs Support Vector Machine to combine protein secondary structure information and seven other one-dimensional structural properties, including Shannon entropy, relative entropy, predicted protein disorder information, predicted solvent accessible area, amino acid overlapping properties, averaged cumulative hydrophobicity, and subsequence k-nearest neighbor profiles. This method achieved AUC values of 0.8405/0.8183/0.7383 for serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation sites, respectively, in animals with a tenfold cross-validation. The model trained by the animal phosphorylation sites was also applied to a plant phosphorylation site dataset as an independent test. The AUC values for the independent test data set were 0.7761/0.6652/0.5958 for S/T/Y phosphorylation sites, respectively. This algorithm with the optimally trained model was implemented as a webserver. The webserver, trained model, and all datasets used in the current study are available at http://sysbio.unl.edu/PhosphoSVM .
Doing critical educational research: a conversation with the research of John Smyth

As neoliberalism marches forward further pitching the global landscape in the economic and political favor of corporations and wealthy elite, communities of colonized, minoritized, and impoverished...
Subpicosecond Photon-Energy-Dependent Hole Transfer from PbS Quantum Dots to Conjugated Polymers

We use transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to study the origin of photon-energy dependent hole transfer yields in blends of PbS quantum dots with the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). We selectively excite only the quantum dots at two different wavelengths and measure the polymer ground state bleach resulting from the transfer of photoexcited holes. The higher photon-energy pump shows a greater prompt yield of hole transfer compared to the lower photon-energy excitation, on time scales sufficient to out-compete hot carrier cooling in lead chalcogenide quantum dots. We interpret the results as evidence that the excess energy of nonthermalized, or “hot,” excitons resulting from higher photon-energy excitation allows more efficient charge transfer to the polymer in these systems. The data also demonstrate slow charge transfer rates, up to ∼1 ns, of the relaxed excitations on the PbS dots. These findings help to clarify the role of excess photon energy and carrier relaxation dynami...
Co-clinical quantitative tumor volume imaging in ALK-rearranged NSCLC treated with crizotinib

Purpose To evaluate and compare the volumetric tumor burden changes during crizotinib therapy in mice and human cohorts with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Place of readmission and outcomes after major cancer surgery.

6531 Background: Readmission rates after major cancer surgery are high (20-45%). Many patients are readmitted to a hospital different than where surgery was performed. We hypothesize that readmissi...
Tool wear of poly crystalline diamond in cutting Ti-6Al-4V alloy with high-pressure coolant supplied

Titanium alloys have high strength, low density and corrosion resistance, and are used for aircraft engines and airframe manufacture. For dimensional accuracy, titanium alloy is machined using a metal removal process. High-speed cutting is an effective method for improving productivity. As the cutting temperature increases significantly in high-speed cutting, the tool materials require both good wear-resistance and heat-resistance, and the cutting parts must be cooled to achieve efficacy and efficiency. In this study, Ti-6Al-4V was turned with a high-pressure coolant supplied, and the chip configurations and tool wear were experimentally investigated. The following results were obtained: (1) In turning with high-pressure coolant supplied, the effectiveness of chip breaking performance was improved. In this case, the chip length was shorter with the increase in the coolant pressure. (2) In the case of a cutting speed of 7.50 m/s, large wear on the cutting part was observed at cutting with conventional-pressure coolant supplied by both the CVD coated tool and the cermet tool. (3) In the case of cutting with the conventional-pressure coolant supplied by the cBN tool, tool wear of the PCD tool was smaller than that of both the CVD coated tool and the cermet tool. (4) In comparing cutting with the conventional-pressure coolant supplied and cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied using the cBN tool, the tool wear in cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied was slightly smaller than that in cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied. (5) Comparing the cBN tool and the PCD tool in the case of cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied, the PCD tool could cut to a cutting distance of 4521 m. (6) In the case of cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied by the PCD tool, which has a large diamond particle size, Ti-6Al-4V could be cut at the higher cutting speed of 12.50 m/s. (7) In the case of cutting with the high-pressure coolant supplied by the PCD tool, the tool wear of the PCD tool decreased with the increase in the diamond particle size.
Deformation Theory for Algebras of Analytic Functions

This is a very informal introduction to the theory of deformation of Banach algebras of analytic functions on finite bordered (possibly singular) Riemann surfaces. The main focus is the interaction between the deformation theory of Banach algebras and the deformation theory associated with the (singular and non-singular) Riemann surfaces. My main goal is to indicate how the sets of ideas fit together. Some discussion will be made of proof techniques, but no proofs will be given. The section of references at the end contains brief comments on the location of the proofs.
Development of a ReaxFF Force Field for Cu/S/C/H and Reactive MD Simulations of Methyl Thiolate Decomposition on Cu (100).

It has been shown that the rate of decomposition of methyl thiolate species on copper is accelerated by sliding on a methyl thiolate covered surface in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature. The reaction produces small gas-phase hydrocarbons and deposits sulfur on the surface. Here, a new ReaxFF potential was developed to enable investigation of the molecular processes that induce this mechanochemical reaction by using density functional theory calculations to tune force field parameters for the model system. Various processes, including volumetric expansion/compression of CuS, CuS2, and Cu2S unit cells; bond dissociation of Cu–S and valence angle bending of Cu–S–C; the binding energies of SCH3, CH3, and S atoms on a Cu surface; and energy for the decomposition of methyl thiolate molecular species on copper, were used to identify the new ReaxFF parameters. Molecular dynamics simulations of the reactions of adsorbed methyl thiolate species at various temperatures were performed to demonstrate the validity o...
CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening of Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, cause extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of their molecular biology. Although techniques for the generation of targeted gene disruptions have long been available for apicomplexans, such methods are not readily scalable to the entire genome. We recently used CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt all nuclear protein-coding genes in T. gondii using a pooled format. The method relies on transfection of a guide RNA library into parasites constitutively expressing Cas9. Here, we present the complete workflow of such a screen, including preparation of the guide RNA library, growth and testing of the recipient strain, generation of the mutant population, culture conditions for the screen, preparation of genomic DNA libraries, next-generation sequencing of the guide RNA loci, and analysis to detect fitness-conferring genes. This method can be deployed to study how culture conditions affect the repertoire of genes needed by parasites, which will enable studies of their metabolic needs, host specificity, and drug-resistance mechanisms. In addition, by manipulating the background in which the screen is performed, researchers will be able to investigate genetic interactions, which may help uncover redundancy or epistasis in the parasite genome. Using this method, a genome-wide screen and its analysis can be completed in 3 weeks, after ∼1 month of preparation to generate the library and grow the cells needed, making it a powerful tool for uncovering functionally important genes in apicomplexan parasites.
Pouchitis: clinical characteristics and management

Pouchitis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the ileal reservoir in patients who have undergone IPAA. Approximately half of all UC patients who undergo this procedure will have at least one episode of pouchitis, with approximately 15% experiencing a chronic course. PSC and other EIM increase the likelihood of developing pouchitis while smoking is protective. Similar genetic and autoimmune mechanisms to UC appear to occur in an ileal reservoir that demonstrates increasingly colon-like adaptations with respect to bacterial content and mucosal characteristics. While most patients have a good response to antibiotic therapy, those with chronic disease become a therapeutic challenge with the specter of dysplasia looming in the foreground.
Transitive separation logic

Separation logic (SL) is an extension of Hoare logic by operations and formulas that not only talk about program variables, but also about heap portions. Its general purpose is to enable more flexible reasoning about linked object/record structures. In the present paper we give an algebraic extension of SL at the data structure level. We define operations that additionally to heap separation make assumptions about the linking structure. Phenomena to be treated comprise reachability analysis, (absence of) sharing, cycle detection and preservation of substructures under destructive assignments. We demonstrate the practicality of this approach with the examples of in-place list-reversal and tree rotation.
Association of Usual Sleep Duration With Hypertension: The Sleep Heart Health Study

Study Objectives: Limited experimental data suggest that sleep restriction acutely elevates blood pressure; however, little is known about the relationship between usual sleep duration and hypertension. This study assesses the relationship between usual sleep duration and hypertension in a community-based cohort. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: The Sleep Heart Health Study, a community-based prospective study of the cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing. Participants: Two thousand eight hundred thirteen men and 3097 women, aged 40 to 100 years. Interventions: None. Measurements and Results: Usual weekday and weekend sleep durations were obtained by questionnaire, and their weighted average were categorized as less than 6, 6 to less than 7, 7 to less than 8, 8 to less than 9, and 9 or more hours per night. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater, or use of medication to treat hypertension. The relationship between sleep duration and hypertension was examined using categorical logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, race, apnea-hypopnea index, and body mass index. Compared to subjects sleeping 7 to less than 8 hours per night, those sleeping less than 6 and between 6 and 7 hours per night had adjusted odds ratios for hypertension of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.35-2.04) and 1.19 (1.02-1.39), respectively, whereas those sleeping between 8 and 9 and 9 or more hours per night had adjusted odds ratios for hypertension of 1.19 (1.04-1.37) and 1.30 (1.04-1.62), respectively (p <.0001 for association of sleep duration with hypertension). These associations persisted when analyses were further adjusted for caffeine and alcohol consumption, current smoking, insomnia symptoms, depression symptoms, sleep efficiency, and prevalent diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: Usual sleep duration above or below the median of 7 to less than 8 hours per night is associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension, particularly at the extreme of less than 6 hours per night.
Molecular characterization of the insecticidal activity of double-stranded RNA targeting the smooth septate junction of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

The western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) gene, dvssj1, is a putative homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster gene, snakeskin (ssk). This gene encodes a membrane protein associated with the smooth septate junction (SSJ) which is required for the proper barrier function of the epithelial lining of insect intestines. Disruption of DVSSJ integrity by RNAi technique has been shown previously to be an effective approach for corn rootworm control, by apparent suppression of production of DVSSJ1 protein leading to growth inhibition and mortality. To understand the mechanism that leads to the death of WCR larvae by dvssj1 double-stranded RNA, we examined the molecular characteristics associated with SSJ functions during larval development. Dvssj1 dsRNA diet feeding results in dose-dependent suppression of mRNA and protein; this impairs SSJ formation and barrier function of the midgut and results in larval mortality. These findings suggest that the malfunctioning of the SSJ complex in midgut triggered by dvssj1 silencing is the principal cause of WCR death. This study also illustrates that dvssj1 is a midgut-specific gene in WCR and its functions are consistent with biological functions described for ssk.
Another Look at the “Daily Office” in the Apostolic Tradition:

The daily prayer practices outlined in the Apostolic Tradition, their origins, and even the number of prayer hours, have been points of dispute among scholars. However, new sources of the Apostolic...
Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid: The good, the bad, and the alternatives

Although isoniazid (INH) has been successful in treating Tuberculosis (TB) since its introduction in 1952, there has been continual reports of drug-associated hepatotoxicity in TB patients. These toxic side effects may reveal more about the recipient of the drug, than the drug itself. A combination of pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic studies have identified polymorphisms within enzymes involved in INH metabolism and detoxification. These essential metabolic enzymes include N-acetyltransferase 2, Cytochrome P450 2E1, and glutathione S transferases. Different phenotypes of these enzymes can affect the rate of INH metabolism, resulting in production of hepatotoxic metabolites. This review is intended to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of INH by examining its Administration, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination, while suggesting potential alternatives within INH personalized treatment to help reduce hepatotoxicity.
Radiologists' Field Guide to Retrievable and Convertible Inferior Vena Cava Filters

OBJECTIVE. Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are commonly used in patients who are at risk for life-threatening pulmonary embolism. After the introduction of permanent devices, numerous retrievable and convertible designs became available. Inaccurate identification can lead to confusion in options for filter retrieval and anticoagulation. CONCLUSION. This article highlights device designs of retrievable and convertible IVC filters to assist interpretation of diagnostic studies.
Relation Among Right Ventricular Dysfunction, Lung Damage, and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19.

We read with interest the paper by Li et al. ([1][1]), which evaluated the prognostic value of speckle-tracking echocardiography derived right ventricular longitudinal strain (RVLS) in 120 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The authors confirmed that impaired RVLS was
Maintaining Operations and Staff Morale Amid Redevelopment and Construction

The purpose of this article is to share how one Canadian hospital is using a blend of project management and change management strategies as well as operational readiness best practices to help maintain operations and staff morale in a large urban emergency department as it redevelops its current space (to approximately double the current size) over a four-year period. Crucial to its ongoing success is robust support of senior and program leadership, project and change management resources and clinical leads working collaboratively to address and plan for the impacts of construction.
Natural selection can favor ratchet robustness over mutational robustness

The vast majority of fitness-affecting mutations are deleterious. How natural populations evolve to cope is a question of fundamental interest. Previous studies have reported the evolution of mutational robustness, that is, natural selection favoring populations with less deleterious mutations. By definition, mutational robustness provides a short-term fitness advantage. However, this overlooks the fact that mutational robustness decreases finite asexual populations9 ability to purge recurrent deleterious mutations. Thus, mutational robustness also results in higher risk of long-term extinction by Muller9s ratchet. Here, we explore the tension between short- and long- term response to deleterious mutations. We first show that populations can resist the ratchet if either the selection coefficient or the ratio of beneficial to deleterious mutations increases as fitness declines. We designate these properties as ratchet robustness, which fundamentally reflects a negative feedback between mutation rate and the tendency to accumulate more mutations. We also find in simulations that populations can evolve ratchet robustness when challenged by deleterious mutations. We conclude that mutational robustness cannot be selected for in the long term, but it can be favored in the short-term, purely because of temporary fitness advantage. We also discuss other potential causes of mutational robustness in nature.
Palliative Care Attitudes and Experiences among Resident Physicians at Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

Abstract Context Seriously ill Black patients receive lower quality palliative care than White patients. Equitable access requires palliative care skills training for all physicians. Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) play a key role in educating Black physicians and have less access to palliative care resources. Objective To investigate palliative care attitudes and experiences among primary care residents at HBCUs. Methods Internal Medicine and Family Medicine residents at two HBCUs completed an online survey assessing attitudes towards palliative care and teaching and clinical experiences in palliative care. We performed a descriptive analysis of survey items. Results Among 91 residents who completed the survey (response rate 48%), 65% were women and 68% Black. Most (96%) said that learning about palliative care was moderately/very important to their career; however, two-thirds of respondents considered care for dying patients to be depressing and half reported receiving negative messages about palliative care from other physicians. Residents reported receiving less teaching about providing palliative care (5.4 ± 2.3 on 10-point scale) than about managing sepsis (8.3 ± 1.8; P Conclusion In the first survey exploring palliative care education at HBCUs, residents viewed palliative care as important but described the quality of their palliative care education as poor. This study highlights opportunities for improving palliative care education at HBCUs as a step toward addressing disparities in serious illness care.
U.S. v. Google: A Tough Slog; But Maybe an Intriguing Possibility?

In October 2020 the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an antitrust suit against Google. It is an alleged monopolization (Sherman Act, Sec. 2) case. In this paper I lay out the main issues in the case and raise an intriguing possibility.
Inter-capsule fusion and capsule shell destruction using dynamic covalent polymers

Herein, capsule shells containing hindered urea bonds were prepared using interfacial polymerization in an oil-in-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. After isolation and mild heating, the polymer shells can be fused into monoliths or destroyed. These dynamic polymer shells provide a route to control the morphology of composite materials with application in energy storage, separations, additive manufacturing, controlled release, and so on.
U.K. proceeds with NEO plan

The British National Space Centre (BNSC) is moving ahead with implementing a series of recommendations it has received about how the United Kingdom can best contribute to international efforts concerning “near-Earth objects,” or NEOs. These are objects in the solar system that are believed to be fragments from planet formation. On August 20, BNSC announced that it is inviting proposals from organizations concerning the establishment of a Near Earth Object Information Center. The U.K.Task Force on Potentially Hazardous Near Earth Objects, which was announced by Science Minister Lord David Sainsbury of Turville, had included the creation of this facility among its August 2000 recommendations.
Tn917 transposon mutagenesis and marker rescue of interrupted genes of Streptococcus mutans

In order to study virulence factors of the opportunistic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans we have used Tn917 mutagenesis to generate mutants defective in specific phenotypic properties believed to be associated with virulence. This work describes the procedures required to use the temperature-sensitive transposon Tn917 delivery vector pTV1-OK, along with two techniques to recover inactivated genes. This vector has proven useful in generating transposon mutants of a poorly transformable S. mutans strain. We have successfully isolated mutants with diminished growth at pH 5.0, with defects in production of a mutacin, formerly known as BLIS or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance and with nutritional requirements in minimal media including adenine, glutamate and arginine auxotrophy. The transposon has been used successfully in two strains of S. mutans, JH1005 and NG8, where transposition frequencies of 10−5 and 10−4 were observed, respectively. Rescue of inactivated genes was achieved using a recovery vector, pTV21Δ2TetM, that generates a replicative E. coli plasmid by reciprocal recombination with the mutant S. mutans chromosomal transposon site, and shot-gun cloning chromosomal DNA of mutants into pUC18, followed by selection of ampicillin and erythromycin resistant transformants in E. coli. The techniques described here can be adapted for generating mutants and recovering genes from a number of other Gram-positive and possibly Gram-negative bacteria.
Data Mining of Image Segments Data with Reduced Neurofuzzy System

The target detection from raw images is a primary task in the image processing. Simultaneously, in order to perform the target detection in the image processing, a large number of variables or factors including unnecessary factors may be involved. This paper presents the pattern recognition through the image scaling based upon the characteristics of various images using the reduced dimension from the original characteristic dimension of the images. Using the less number of dimensions comparing to the original characteristic dimensions, the processing procedures can be simplified and able to overcome the restrictions of the systematic problems. To estimate the performance of the system, neurofuzzy systems with multivariate analysis including factor analysis, principal component analysis, and Fuzzy C-means clustering analysis, are applied. Using the proposed algorithm, the analyses of various image data can be compared.
Towards an ontology based visual query system

This paper discusses an ontology based visual query system of Ecosystem Services Database. A new visual query languge for OWL is proposed.
A frequency domain method for time-shift estimation and alignment of discrete time signals

Alignment of discrete-time signals using time shifts obtained through cross-correlation techniques in the time domain without interpolation can only be done to within an integer multiple of the sampling period. In many cases, the accuracy of such techniques is not sufficient. In this paper, we discuss an alignment procedure which essentially overcomes this difficulty by determining the time shifts in the discrete frequency domain. An examples illustrating the effectiveness of this procedure for aligning seismic data is also presented.
A microcontinuum model of electrokinetic coupling in the extracellular matrix: perturbation formulation and solution

A microcontinuum model is formulated to describe electrokinetic transduction interactions and transport in the extracellular matrix (ECM). A unit cell approach is used in which the ECM is modeled as an ordered array of charged solid cylinders surrounded by a diffuse double layer. The model includes the effects of overlapping diffuse double layers and the associated electrokinetic coupling within the bulk of the unit cell as exist under physiological conditions. A system of coupled differential equations is developed to describe the electrokinetic coupling within the unit cell. A perturbation expansion of the governing system is solved using the numerical grid generation technique and the electromechanical coupling coefficients for articular cartilage are determined. >
The unstable elbow.

### Pathoanatomy The pathoanatomy of an elbow dislocation can be thought of as a disruption of the circle of soft tissue or bone, or both, that begins on the lateral side of the elbow and progresses to the medial side in three stages (Fig. 1-A). In stage 1, the lateral collateral ligament is partially or completely disrupted (the ulnar part is disrupted). This disruption results in posterolateral rotatory subluxation of the elbow, which can reduce spontaneously (Fig. 1-B). Stage 2 involves additional disruption anteriorly and posteriorly. There is an incomplete posterolateral dislocation of the elbow in which the concave medial edge of the ulna rests on the trochlea. On a lateral radiograph of the elbow, the coronoid process appears to be perched on the trochlea. This dislocation can be reduced with use of minimal force or by the patient manipulating his or her own elbow. Stage 3 is subdivided into three parts. In stage 3A, all of the soft tissues around and including the posterior part of the medial collateral ligament are disrupted, leaving only the important anterior band (the anterior medial collateral ligament) intact. This permits posterior dislocation by a posterolateral rotatory mechanism. The elbow pivots on the intact anterior band of the medial collateral ligament. Reduction is accomplished by gentle manipulation of the elbow beginning with supination and valgus stress, temporarily recreating the deformity, followed by application of traction, varus stress, and pronation simultaneously. The intact anterior medial collateral ligament provides stability if the forearm is kept in pronation to prevent posterolateral rotatory subluxation during valgus stress-testing. Stage-3A instability is most commonly seen in the presence of fractures of the radial head and coronoid process. In stage 3B, the entire medial collateral complex is disrupted. Varus, valgus, and rotatory instability are all present following reduction. In stage 3C, the instability …
Vortex dynamics in YBa2Cu3O7−δ with in-plane columnar defects introduced by irradiation

Abstract We report on the effects of introducing columnar defects by irradiation in clean single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−δ in a direction parallel to the ab-plane. The defects were introduced by bombarding the samples with 208Pb56+ ions at an energy of 1.4 GeV. We find that the defects suppress the first order melting transition for magnetic fields aligned parallel or at small angles relative to the defects. The columnar defects inhibit vortex motion of vortices parallel to the defects, while the vortices experience less pinning when they are perpendicular to the defects. Our results suggest that the pinning anisotropy is increased, at least for magnetic fields up to the matching field dose of 1 T.
EPR study of free radicals induced by ultrasound in organic liquids II. Probing the temperatures of cavitation regions

Abstract The spin trap nitrosodurene was used for the detection of radical intermediates formed by 50kHz ultrasound in argon-saturated n-alcohols, n-alkanes, cyclic ethers, toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). Radicals, produced by pyrolysis in collapsing cavitation bubbles, such as .CH2R in n-alkanes, .CH2R and .CH2OH in n-alcohols, .CH2-phenyl in toluene, .CH2OR and .CH2R in cyclic ethers and .CH3 and .N(CH3)R in DMF and DMA were spin trapped. Secondary radicals formed by hydrogen abstraction from organic liquids (such as .CHRR′ radicals in n-alcohols and n-alkanes and .CH2N-type radicals in DMF and DMA) by the primary pyrolysis radicals were also spin trapped. For a series of n-alcohols, the logarithm of the rate of radical formation decreases linearly with the vapour pressures of the n-alcohols. The kinetic isotope effect, kH/kD, for the ultrasound-induced production of .CHRR′ and .CDRR′ radicals in mixtures of n-dodecane and n-dodecane-d26 was found to be 2.6. For the .CH2-phenyl and . CD 2 - phenyl -d 5 radicals from toluene-toluene-d8, the ratio kH/kD = 1.09 was obtained. From the temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect, the temperature region of hydrogen abstraction radical formation (.CHRR′) in n-dodecane was estimated to be 750±150 K; the effective temperature of the region where benzyl radicals are formed from toluene by sonochemical pyrolysis was estimated to be about 6000 K. This method appears to be a promising tool for probing the temperatures to different sonochemical regions.
Lafora's Disease: The Role of Skin Biopsy

Lafora's disease is a neurometabolic disease characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy. It is thought to be transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. The diagnosis of Lafora's disease is based on both clinical symptomatology and histologic detection of intracytoplasmic periodic acid-Schiff-positive inclusions, termed Lafora bodies. Despite the absence of cutaneous clinical findings, typical inclusions are present in eccrine duct cells and peripheral nerve of skin biopsies. By electron microscopy, the inclusions are electron-lucent and contain glycogenlike granules and filamentous material. Skin biopsy is a convenient and the least invasive method of establishing the diagnosis of Lafora's disease.
Experiences with User-Centered Design for the Tigres Workflow API

Scientific data volumes have been growing exponentially. This has resulted in the need for new tools that enable users to operate on and analyze data. Cyber infrastructure tools, including workflow tools, that have been developed in the last few years has often fallen short if user needs and suffered from lack of wider adoption. User-centered Design (UCD) process has been used as an effective approach to develop usable software with high adoption rates. However, UCD has largely been applied for user-interfaces and there has been limited work in applying UCD to application program interfaces and cyber infrastructure tools. We use an adapted version of UCD that we refer to as Scientist-Centered Design (SCD) to engage with users in the design and development of Tigres, a workflow application programming interface. Tigres provides a simple set of programming templates (e.g., sequence, parallel, split, merge) that can be can used to compose and execute computational and data transformation pipelines. In this paper, we describe Tigres and discuss our experiences with the use of UCD for the initial development of Tigres. Our experience-to-date is that the UCD process not only resulted in better requirements gathering but also heavily influenced the architecture design and implementation details. User engagement during the development of tools such as Tigres is critical to ensure usability and increase adoption.
Diurnal Variation in Plasma Levels of Retinol, Tocopherol, and β-Carotene

Diurnal changes in human plasma levels of the fat-soluble vitamins retinol (R), alpha-tocopherol (E), and β-carotene (CAR) have not been determined. Plasma levels of these three vitamins in 15 healthy volunteers were measured five times over a 24-hour period. Highly sensitive and specific HPLC assays were used. Mean ± SEM levels for R, E, and CAR were 591 ± 36 ng/mL, 10.3 ± 0.6 μg/mL, and 271 ± 28 ng/mL, respectively. Differences between subjects’ mean levels were large and highly significant (p < 0.0001). Relative to the first 8 AM fasting plasma sample, nonfasting plasma levels drawn over the next 24 hours showed no statistically significant or clinically important changes. The percent increases in standard deviation among subjects due to diurnal variation were 1.5%, 3.3%, and 2.3%, respectively, for R, E, and CAR. This implies that sample sizes for crosssectional studies investigating differences between two treatments in these vitamin plasma levels would need to be increased by 3%, 7%, and 5%, respectively, if measurements are to be taken throughout the day. Plasma levels may be obtained at random during the day, and need not be 8 AM fasting levels. The small addition in variation introduced by diurnal fluctuations would have minimal impact upon the precision of estimates of treatment effect and sample sizes.
Studies on main group metal-transition-metal bonded compounds 7. A 199Hg NMR study of home group of some group VI trasition-metal mercury compounds

Abstract A 199Hg Fourier Tranformation NMR study has been carried out on Hg[M(CO)3C5H5]2 (M = Cr, Mo, W), [C5H5(CO)3M]HgCl, and [C5H5(CO)3W]HgX (X = Cl, Br, I, SCN). The 199Hg chemical shifts are −80, +115 and −348 ppm respectively for the symmetrical compounds, −542, −617, and −997 ppm for the chloride and −1200, −1529 and −924 ppm for the Br, I, SCN-tungsten derivatives respectively. The 199Hg chemical shifts for several other mercury derivatives are reported for comparison. All chemical shifts are relative to 90% HgMe2/10% internal lock C6F6 with positive values indicating decreasing shielding. The J199Hg-183W values are 151, 706, 690, 630 and 684 Hz for the symmetrical compound and the Cl, Br, I and SCN derivatives respectively. The factors which may influence these parameters are discussed briefley.
Sex specific issues relating to nuclear cardiology.

Coronary heart disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in women. Despite the importance of this health problem, women in general have not received the same degree of agressiveness in diagnosis and treatment as men have received. Contributing to underdiagnosis and undertreatment in women include the results of the Framingham study, which showed that women with angina have better prognoses than men, and the results of multicenter percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting trials, which showed that women have higher morbidity and mortality rates in the periprocedure periods. These higher morbidity and mortality rates can largely be explained by the older ages of women when they have symptomatic coronary heart disease and the attendant higher incidence of comorbid diseases in an elderly population. Because of the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen, the incidence of disease of the epicardial coronary arteries in the absence of significant risk factors in premenopausal women is very low despite the fairly high incidence of chest pain syndromes. Some of these women may have endothelial dysfunction, some small vessel disease, and some may have the visceral pain syndrome. When coronary heart disease does present in middle-aged women, it tends to be less severe than in middle-aged men. The recognized limitations of stress perfusion imaging in single vessel disease, as well as resolution limitations in small hearts and limitations due to soft tissue attenuation artifacts, all must be considered when imaging women. Applications of nuclear techniques to some of the unique aspects of chest pain in women such as small vessel disease or endothelial dysfunction represent as yet unmet challenges.
An Engineering Economic Analysis of a Program for Artificial Groundwater Recharge

Summary This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts.
Thermodynamic analysis of CO2 capture solvents

Abstract There is enormous and growing world-wide activity in developing new and improved processes for post-combustion capture of CO2, frequently using chemical absorption. Developers of new processes and solvents make positive claims for their technology in terms of low energy consumption, but these are usually difficult to validate. A practical issue that hampers clear analysis of CO2 capture with chemical solvents is that superior process performance is a complex combination of solvent characteristics (e.g., absorption capacity, enthalpy of absorption, mass transfer and kinetics, hydraulic properties) and process innovations (e.g., absorber intercooling, lean-vapor compression, interheated strippers). This work breaks up the problem by focusing on the solution thermodynamics of the CO2-solvent system (a subset of solvent characteristics), which may well be the most important contributor to superior CO2-capture technology. What are the characteristics of the “best” solvent based upon solution thermodynamics? This question is tackled by creating artificial solvents for which the only restriction is thermodynamic consistency, and then performing a relative evaluation using process simulation with a fixed, standard flowsheet. The study provides useful insight into the interacting roles of absorption capacity and enthalpy of solution in understanding and identifying the “optimum thermodynamic solvent,” and may serve as a guide for research into new solvents. The key insight from the study is that solvents similar to the common solvents in use today and with low- to mid-range enthalpies of solution are optimum based upon thermodynamics alone. Further, for a common solvent it is usually detrimental to increase the absorption capacity while keeping the enthalpy of solution constant.
Mechanical support of the unrepaired postinfarction ventricular septal defect with the Abiomed BVS 5000 ventricular assist device.

Physical examination reveals a large pulsatile mass in the supraclavicular region. 3D-CT, angiography and MRA are useful for definite diagnosis and surgical treatment. Deletion of chromosome 22q11 was recently reported in some cases of cervical aortic arch but was not evident in this case. The female predilection for aneurysm formation is consistent with a genetic factor. The pathologic finding of cystic medial degeneration in the aneurysm has been reported in a large surgical series and supports the importance of recognition and surgical intervention in this condition, whether patients are symptomatic or not. References
Aiding Peace, Abetting Violence: Third Parties and the Management of Conflict.

When and how will third parties intervene in the conflicts of others? When will third parties further violence, and when will they foster peace? These are questions addressed by Black's theory of t...
Evolutionary Relationship of the Brachyphyllinae to the Glossophagine Genera Glossophaga and Monophyllus

Analysis of the chromosomes of Glossophaga soricina, Monophyllus redmani (Glossophaginae), Phyllonycteris aphylla, Erophylla sezekorni , and Brachyphylla nana (Brachyphyllinae) revealed that there are no detectable differences in the G- and C-band patterns of the karyotypes of these species. Data from these species are compatible with the hypothesis that the karyotype of Macrotus waterhousii is most like that primitive for the family Phyllostomatidae (Patton and Baker, 1979). The karyotype of these five genera can be derived from that of Macrotus waterhousii by five pericentric inversions, seven fusions, and one fission. If the primitive karyotype for the family Phyllostomatidae is similar to that of M. waterhousii , then these members of the Glossophaginae and the Brachyphyllinae have shared a common ancestor after evolving this highly derived karyotype. These data cast doubt on the validity of the subfamily Brachyphyllinae, which may be more properly classified as a subtaxon of the Glossophaginae. The magnitude of classical morphological variation and the magnitude of chromosomal variation do not appear to be correlated.
Aseismic slip on the San Andreas Fault south of Loma Prieta

Two digital creepmeters installed within the San Andreas fault zone after the 18 Oct 1989 Loma Prieta main shock show less than 1 cm of post seismic right-lateral slip in the four months following the earthquake. At Mt. Madonna road a 23 mm coseismic fracture slipped a further 3 mm after heavy rain, and at Nyland Ranch near San Juan Bautista the fault slipped approximately 9 mm starting 42 days after the main shock. If the current trend at Nyland Ranch persists, more than 2 cm of post seismic slip will develop by 1991. At both sites minor left-lateral displacements occurred which are attributed to near-surface soil effects. The abutments of the railroad bridge across the Pajaro River at Chittenden, which were extended by the 1906 earthquake, were not extended during the Loma Prieta event although they have evidently moved apart by more than 7 cm since bridge reconstruction in 1940. This corresponds to 10 cm of right-lateral slip which could be related to M>5 events in mid-century or could be due to aseismic slip at a mean rate of 2.1 mm/a. The absence of significant surface slip within the fault zone in the decades before and the months following the Loma Prieta event suggests either that near-surface deformation is distributed over a wide zone or that a slip deficit remains. Several authors have proposed this region as a future location for M≈5 events.