cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral hole burning as a probe of molecular environment

Non-Photochemical Hole Burning, NPHB, is one of a number of phenomena universally observed in glasses, and termed anomalous because they are not observed in crystalline solids. All of these phenomena are explainable by postulating the existence of a set of nearly isoenergetic configurations of the atoms or molecules of the glass. These configurations, first proposed independently by Anderson eta!.' and by Phillips2, are modelled as a double well potential and are called two level systems, 115. If there is a broad distribution of the parameters characterizing these potentials, all of the anomalous properties are explainable in terms of tunneling and phonon-assisted tunneling between the potential minima. NPHB is unique among these anomalous glass properties in that it requires the presence of a dilute probe species in the glass. For such systems, electronic or vibrational transitions of the probe are inhomogeneously broadened and monochromatic excitation, at w, of these transitions can cause a loss of absorption at the excitation frequency. This is the hole burning phenomenon. The presence of the probe molecule can cause some TLS strongly coupled to the probe to differ from their intrinsic properties. Thus these TLS have been called TLSCx to indicate their interaction with the extrinsic probe species. The other TLS are refered to as TLSmt, with the subscript indicating their intrinsic nature. In a model of NPHB proposed by Small and Shu4, it is the rate of conversion of ThS that is the rate determining step for hole formation. For short bum times, however, the hole widths are determined by ThS. Thus NPHB can be used to probe both short range (TLS) and spatiallyaveraged (TLS) glass properties. In this paper, we report on the use of NPHB (kinetics and hole widths) to investigate structural details of various materials. We first present data on NPHB of the dye oxazine 720 in two different forms of glassy ethanol. Next, we show how NPHB is sensitive to the configurational relaxation that occurs in glassy water at temperatures between 100 K and the glass to crystal transition temperature. Finally, we present some preliminary data on NPHB of the DNA binding dye, TO-PRO-3.
A FOURTH PAIR OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS IN A WHITE-TAILED DEER

A fourth pair of mandibular molars in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was located posterior to the third pair. There was a distinct gap between the third and fourth molars on both left and right sides.
Identification of some soluble esterases of the carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Abstract Aqueous-extractable esterases of the carrot ( Daucus carota L.) showed optimal activity between pH 6•8 and 7•2. Acetyl, propionyl, and n -butyryl esters of phenol, sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate, and glycerol and n -hexyl ester of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate were hydrolyzed by carrot esterases. Lack of activity with n -octyl ester of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and triolein indicated the absence of a lipase or an esterase able to hydrolyze long-chain soluble esters. Esterases capable of hydrolyzing acetyl-, propionyl-, and n -butyrylcholine also were absent in the carrot extract. Carrot esterases showed maximal activity with phenyl esters, while the esters of sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and triglycerides were hydrolyzed at slower rates. Activity decreased as the acyl chain-length was increased. Inhibition studies with diethyl p -nitrophenyl thiophosphate (parathion), tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) and diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) at concentrations from 10 −1 to 10 −10 M with nine substrates indicated the presence of six esterases. Four esterases were classified as carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) and two fit into the arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) classification. Evidence is presented suggesting the hydrolysis of TEPP and DFP by the carrot extract.
Alternating-current Stark-effect line shapes in multiphoton ionization spectra

Closed-form expressions have been derived for the intensity-broadened asymmetric line shapes produced by the well-known ac Stark effect. This treatment is applied to reproduce experimental spectra successfully by taking into account the effects of the spatial and temporal distribution of the light intensity.
Nitrogen Turnover by Sequential Immobilization and Mineralization during Residue Decomposition in Soils

Additions of 15 N-labeled fertilizers to soils often induce mineralization of nonlabeled N, and such mineralization poses problems when interpreting the results of isotopic analyses. We studied the effects of added 15 NO 3 - on turnover of N during the decomposition of corn (Zea mays L.) residues in soils. Samples of a Galva silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) were treated with various levels of corn stover and various levels of 15 N-labeled NO 3 - and were incubated for 90 d. Evolution of CO 2 and concentrations and isotopic composition of NO 3 - were monitored. Increases in rates of NO 3 - addition increased initial rates of immobilization of labeled N and subsequent rates of mineralization of nonlabeled N. The sequential immobilization of labeled N and mineralization of nonlabeled N resulted in substantial replacement of labeled NO 3 - by nonlabeled NO 3 - . Early added-N-induced immobilization of labeled N often was offset by subsequent added-N-induced mineralization of nonlabeled N before the end of the study. Sequential immobilization and mineralization should be recognized as a potential source of error in 15 N-tracer studies because sequential processes violate the commonly held assumptions that mineralization and immobilization occur simultaneously. This error could be avoided by recognizing that sequential immobilization and mineralization can occur and that the sequential processes result in a different distribution of isotopes than does simultaneous mineralization-immobilization turnover.
Defects related to N-sublattice damage in electron irradiated GaN

Abstract Defects related to the N-sublattice of GaN are studied with electron irradiation. Selective damage of the N-sublattice is achieved by irradiating the samples with 0.42 MeV electrons. A new shallow donor B 1 with binding energy of 24.9±0.4 meV was found after irradiation with ground state bound exciton emission at 3.4732 eV. Among the possible defects, the nitrogen vacancy (V N ) is the most likely candidate for the new donor B 1 . In addition, an interesting change in the excitonic luminescence of the irradiated sample is observed under focused 267 nm laser beam illumination at cryogenic temperatures. The intensities of O N X A and Si Ga X A , the total band edge luminescence intensity, and the luminescence decay lifetime of free and bound excitons all increase with laser exposure time, and the relative intensity of the B 1 -bound exciton emission decreases. This effect is not observed with below bandgap illumination. We propose that this reflects the light-induced dissociation of non-radiative defect complexes of O N and Si Ga with N i , subsequently the migration of N i and then at least partial annihilation of N i with V N . The new donor B 1 -bound exciton emission and the light-induced instability start to disappear upon annealing around 300 °C, indicating the thermal dissociation of donor–nitrogen complexes and annihilation of the irradiation-induced vacancy- and interstitial-type defects.
Nonlinear snapping considerations for laminated cylindrical panels

Abstract A higher-order displacement function is incorporated within nonlinear deformation shell theory in order to investigate laminated composite cylindrical shells under large deformation. The second Piola stress and Green strain tensors are used in the formulation. Furthermore, both static and dynamic features of a cylindrical panel during the snapping process are discussed.
HELICAL SENSE OF POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEINS

IN this paper no attempt will be made to give a general review of the rotatory properties of polypeptides and proteins, since such an account has appeared recently.’ Instead, some work will be summarized, most of it as yet unpublished, which relates to the determination of one aspect of the detailed macromolecular conformations of such molecules. It is now evident, as a result of recent investigations,* that the optical rotatory dispersion serves to distinguish the helical conformation of a synthetic polypeptide from random conformations. Since the helical conformation3 (Fig. I) appears to be a basic structural unit not only of synthetic polypeptides but also of proteins4 it is important to be able to determine the sense of helix. Helices are dissymmetric and as such can be either right-handed or left-handed. The work reported here describes two methods (and some results) for determining the relative sense of helical polypeptides through the use of optical rotatory dispersion measurements and has been carried out in most part by Norland, Stryer and Fasman in our laboratory. Although the equation (I) proposed by Moffitt5 now is recognized
Boarding and public schools: Navajo educational attainment, conduct disorder, and alcohol dependency.

Many critics of United States government operated boarding schools for American Indians have asserted that the boarding school experience has lasting deleterious effects on personality development. Specifically, it has been suggested that a boarding school education is likely to lead to problems with alcohol in adulthood. To examine that assertion, data from interviews with over 1000 Navajos are analyzed concerning schooling, conduct disorder and the history of alcohol use. Consistent with data on the U.S. population generally, Navajo high school dropouts reported greater problems with alcohol than did graduates. Contrary to expectations, Navajos with a history of alcohol dependency were no more likely to have attended boarding schools than those who did not report patterns of alcohol dependency. Language: en
Entrainment characteristics of buoyant axisymmetric plumes in atmospheric inversions

The entrainment in a buoyant plume, within the similar profiles approximation assumed here, is controlled by the initial buoyancy, and the atmospheric inversion rate. The spreading of the plume, V/sub e/ 5, it is the initial momentum flux that characterizes the plume rise. The effect of atmospheric inversion rate on the entrainment parameter is initially small but becomes dominant in the region of negative buoyancy where ..cap alpha../sub 1/ and ..cap alpha../sub 2/ are both small and ..cap alpha../sub 2/ is negative.
Polychlorinated biphenyls: evidence of transplacental passage in the Sherman rat.

Abstract The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254, was given orally in peanut oil to pregnant Sherman rats once daily from day 7 to day 15 of organogenesis. Dose levels were 0, 10 and 50 mg/kg/day. No statistical difference was found between control and dosed groups with respect to the total weight of litters, the percentage of pups born dead or the survival rate to weaning. Residue levels of PCB-derived material were measured in the foetuses, in the milk ingested by sucklings and in tissues of weanlings by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. Liver enlargement was observed in weanlings from dosed rats, but not in those from controls. There was a significant increase in the relative liver weights of weanlings from dosed rats compared with those from controls and the livers of most of the exposed weanlings contained enlarged hepatocytes, accompanied, in some cases, by cytoplasmic vacuolization and bile-duct proliferation, particularly in the group given the higher dosage.
Methanol Conversion to Light Olefins

Abstract Light olefins will play a dominant role in any future methanol-based chemicals economy. Olefins are initial products in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons over zeolite catalysts [1]. The overall reaction path may be represented by
Human chromosomal heteromorphism in American blacks. V. Racial differences in size variation of the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes.

Normal American blacks were studied by the RFA (R-bands by fluorescence using acridine orange) technique to estimate the frequency of size variation of the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes and to compare the data on Caucasians.
Mercury transport in response to storm events from a northern forest landscape

Concentrations and fluxes of mercury (Hg) species in surface waters of forested watersheds are affected by hydrological events. The mechanisms of Hg transport during these events are poorly understood and yet may influence Hg bioavailability and exposure to aquatic biota. Three storm events with varying magnitude and intensity were investigated (June, September and November 2005) at a forested watershed in the Adirondack region of New York State, USA. Concentrations of Hg species increased during these events, both above and downstream of wetlands in the watershed. While Hg flux was higher from wetland drainage, the Hg flux from the upland site exhibited a greater relative increase to elevated runoff. Hg flux was controlled by discharge; however, Hg species concentrations were not well correlated with discharge, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), or total suspended solids (TSS) through the duration of events. A counter-clockwise hysteresis response of DOC with increasing runoff contrasted with the clockwise response for total Hg, suggesting different contributions from source areas for these solutes. Correspondence with elevated total K and NO3− (α < 0·05) during the rising limb of the hydrograph suggests rapid delivery of throughfall Hg, potentially enhanced by hillslope hollows, to the stream channel. As the watershed saturated, stream Hg appears to be derived from the soil Hg pool. Results suggest that particulate Hg did not contribute substantially to total Hg flux during events (<25%). These results emphasize the role of watershed attributes and storm characteristics in Hg transport and bioavailability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromechanics of local viscoelastic buckling in thick composites

Abstract The time-dependent, local microbuckling of multilayered viscoelastic media is modeled with emphasis on bifurcation and imperfection sensitivity. The instability or ‘growth-of-waviness’-type analysis is carried out for initially straight fibers (bifurcation), as well as for initially wavy fibers (imperfection-sensitivity), assuming a perfect-slip condition at the fiber-matrix interface. The concept of dominant wavelength (i.e. the fastest growing wavelength within the Fourier spectrum), previously defined for viscoelastic bifurcation (Biot, M. A. ‘Mechanics of Incremental Deformations’, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1965), is extended from the single fiber analysis (Bhalerao, M. and Moon, T., On the growth-of-waviness in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: viscoelastic bifurcation and imperfection sensitivity, ASME J. Appl. Mechanics, in press, 1995) to multiple fiber analysis for a multilayered medium. A parametric study is presented which covers a wide range of physically relevant values. The results for the multiple fiber analysis are found to be analogous to those for single fiber analysis. The bifurcation dominant wavelength depends negligibly on matrix properties, yet highly on the applied load. On the other hand, the imperfection-sensitive dominant wavelength is predicted to depend strongly on matrix properties, while negligibly on load. The imperfection-sensitive wavelength is the one important in composites processing and in-service behavior.
Rapid Formation and Spectroscopic Observation of Polystyrene Conjugation in Individual Micron-Diameter Particles with Visible Radiation

Rapid generation of polystyrene conjugation in individual micron-diameter particles isolated in a visible wavelength radiation trap is reported. Double-bond formation, as a result of radical recombination and hydrogen abstraction, in the backbone of the polymer chain is monitored by observing the magnitude and duration of emission from the polymeric particles. These processes, which ultimately lead to polymer degradation, are observed to be strongly dependent upon the thermal conductivity and polarity of the solvent used to suspend the particles. Doping the polymer with chemical modifiers containing chromophores in order to reduce photodegradation is demonstrated to be counterproductive.
Medial fibrosis, vascular calcification, intimal hyperplasia, and arteriovenous fistula maturation.

Background Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) for hemodialysis frequently fail to mature because of inadequate dilation or early stenosis. The pathogenesis of AVF nonmaturation may be related to pre-existing vascular pathologic states: medial fibrosis or microcalcification may limit arterial dilation, and intimal hyperplasia may cause stenosis. Study Design Observational study. Setting & Participants Patients with chronic kidney disease (N = 50) undergoing AVF placement. Predictors Medial fibrosis, microcalcification, and intimal hyperplasia in arteries and veins obtained during AVF creation. Outcome & Measurements AVF nonmaturation. Results AVF nonmaturation occurred in 38% of patients despite attempted salvage procedures. Preoperative arterial diameter was associated with upper-arm AVF maturation ( P = 0.007). Medial fibrosis was similar in patients with nonmaturing and mature AVFs (60% ± 14% vs 66% ± 13%; P = 0.2). AVF nonmaturation was not associated with patient age or diabetes, although both variables were associated significantly with severe medial fibrosis. Conversely, AVF nonmaturation was higher in women than men despite similar medial fibrosis in both sexes. Arterial microcalcification (assessed semiquantitatively) tended to be associated with AVF nonmaturation (1.3 ± 0.8 vs 0.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.08). None of the arteries or veins obtained at AVF creation had intimal hyperplasia. However, repeated venous samples obtained in 6 patients during surgical revision of an immature AVF showed venous neointimal hyperplasia. Limitations Single-center study. Conclusion Medial fibrosis and microcalcification are frequent in arteries used to create AVFs, but do not explain AVF nonmaturation. Unlike previous studies, intimal hyperplasia was not present at baseline, but developed de novo in nonmaturing AVFs.
The elusiveness and importance of bladder diverticular in children

Diverticula of the bladder are due to congenital areas of weakness in its wall. Their relationship to ureteral reflux makes them important to discover, yet due to their dynamic nature they can be elusive on uroradiologic studies and at cystoscopy. Fluoroscopically monitored voiding cystourethrography is the most efficient method of detection but even this examination has false negatives.
Automatic routing and retrieval using Smart: TREC-2

Abstract The Smart information retrieval project emphasizes completely automatic approaches to the understanding and retrieval of large quantities of text. We continue our work in the TREC 2 environment, performing both routing and ad-hoc experiments. The ad-hoc work extends our investigations into combining global similarities, giving an overall indication of how a document matches a query, with local similarities identifying a smaller part of the document that matches the query. The performance of the ad-hoc runs is good, but it is clear we are not yet taking full advantage of the available local information. Our routing experiments use conventional relevance feedback approaches to routing, but with a much greater degree of query expansion than was previously done. The length of a query vector is increased by a factor of 5 to 10 by adding terms found in previously seen relevant documents. This approach improves effectiveness by 30–40% over the original query.
金表面に固定化した DNA のキャラクタリゼーションと制御

相補的な表面分光法であるフーリエ変換赤外分光法(FTIR)と X 線光電子分光法(XPS)を用い，一本鎖 DNA(ssDNA)の金に対する固定化について検討した．ssDNA の固定化は，塩基配列と緩衝液の組成に依存する．塩濃度が高く，2 価のカチオンを含む緩衝液を使用した場合は，より高い飽和密度の固定化 DNA が得られる．金に対するホモオリゴヌクレオチドの相対的な吸着親和性は，塩基依存性を示し，A>C≥G>T となる．オリゴ(dA)の金に対する高い親和性は，dA・dT ハイブリッドの変性を引き起こし，d(Tm-An)ブロックオリゴヌクレオチドは，d(A)ブロックを介して金に吸着する．その結果，d(T)ブロックは表面から離れてブラシ状のコンホメーションになり，d(Tm-An)のグラフト密度は，d(A)ブロックの長さによって制御される．ブラシ状コンホメーションは，DNA ハイブリダイゼーションに最適なグラフト密度<1013 DNA/cm2 を構築する．
Molecular mechanics force-field development for amino acid zwitterions

Understanding the conformational flexibility of amino acid zwitterions (ZWs) and their associated conformational energies is crucial for predicting their interactions in biological systems. Gas-phase ab initio calculations of ZWs are intractable. Molecular mechanics (MM), on the other hand, is able to handle large systems but lacks the necessary force field parameters to model ZWs. To develop force field parameters that are able to correctly model ZW geometries and energetics we used a novel combinatorial approach: amino acid ZWs were broken down structurally into key functional components, which were parameterized separately. Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation calculations on small carboxylates, on the glycine cation, and on novel hydrogen bonded systems, coupled with available experimental data, were used to generate MM3(2000) ZW parameters (Allinger N. L.; Yuh, Y. H.; Lii, J.-H. J Am Chem Soc 1989, 111, 8551). The MM3 results from this combinatorial approach gave geometries that are in good agreement with neutron diffraction experiments, plus their frequencies and energies appear to be reasonably modeled. Current limitations and future development of MM force fields are discussed briefly.
Anatomy and systematics of Dendroseris (sensu lato)

Anatomical study of the genusDendroseris (Compositae: Cichorieae), endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands, was undertaken to determine if segregate genera were valid. Other questions include the significance of pith bundles and of receptacular bristles, and whether the ancestors of these peculiar rosette trees and shrubs were woody or herbaceous. Anatomical evidence, when added to that from gross morphology, suggests that the segregation as distinct genera ofRea, Phoenicoseris, andHesperoseris is probably not justified, and that they are better treated as subgenera ofDendroseris. Differences in pollen morphology, floral trichomes, achene and leaf anatomy provide good species characteristics. These all appear, respectively, as variations on a basic plan, andDendroseris can be envisaged as derived from a common stock in the Juan Fernandez Islands. The genus is not particularly primitive within the family or tribe. The presence of additional bundles in the flowers ofD. litoralis may be interpreted as related to gigantism. The separate corolla lobes inD. gigantea probably do not represent a vestige of an actinomorphic condition. Pith bundles inDendroseris may have been present in ancestors; in any case, they seem likely to have increased in prominence with increase in stem diameter. Available evidence seems to favor the interpretation of growth forms inDendroseris as derived from an herbaceous ancestry.
Divergent effects of short term glucocorticoid excess on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in normal men.

We investigated the effects of short term glucocorticoid excess on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in healthy men. Subjects (n = 5) underwent blood sampling at 10-min intervals for 6 h before and on days 2, 5, and 8 of glucocorticoid treatment, and for 24 h (n = 6) to examine pulsatile LH and GH release before and during dexamethasone administration (1.5 mg orally twice daily for 1 week). In the time-course study, we found significant decreases on day 8 in serum concentrations of estradiol (from 144 +/- 18 to 99 +/- 18 pmol/L), free testosterone (from 105 +/- 10 to 87 +/- 10 pmol/L), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (from 6.0 +/- 1.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 mumol/L; P less than 0.05). Mean serum LH concentrations did not change (baseline, 5.3 +/- 1.2 IU/L; glucocorticoid, 4.2 +/- 0.61 IU/L). The mean plasma somatomedin-C concentration rose from 0.74 +/- 0.08 to 2.0 +/- 0.35 U/mL (P less than 0.05), and the mean serum GH concentration increased from 1.2 +/- 0.90 micrograms/L (basal) to 4.2 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L (day 8 of dexamethasone; P less than 0.01). Deconvolution analysis of 24-h serum GH and LH concentration profiles revealed that the half-life of endogenous GH and the duration and amplitude (maximal rate of secretion) of computer-resolved GH secretory bursts were not influenced significantly by dexamethasone. The mass of GH secreted per burst rose 1.6-fold. Glucocorticoid treatment also increased detectable GH secretory burst frequency from 12 +/- 1.6 to 18 +/- 1.6 episodes/24 h, decreased the GH interburst interval from 127 +/- 23 to 79 +/- 5 min, and increased the daily GH secretion rate from 41 +/- 11 to 101 +/- 11 micrograms/L.day. These effects on the somatotropic axis were specific, since the half-life of LH; LH secretory burst frequency, amplitude, mass, and duration; and the total daily LH production rate (and LH secretion in response to exogenous GnRH) were not altered by dexamethasone administration. We conclude that short term moderate glucocorticoid excess augments pulsatile GH secretion without influencing the episodic release of LH in normal men.
Color signal correlation detection by matched spatial filtering

A polychromatic correlation detection technique by complex spatial filtering is presented. This technique utilizes a diffraction grating and three co-lineared (red, green, and blue) coherent sources. The technique of complex spatial filter synthesis for the polychromatic corelation detection is demonstrated. This technique offers true color correlation detection which is very suitable for color signal recognition and identification. The correlation diffraction efficiency with this technique is generally higher than that of the wavelength-multiplexed technique. Several interesting experimental demonstrations of this color signal correlation detection scheme are provided. Finally we note that this color signal detection technique is a simple and versatile processing technique which has broad range of applications of complex color signal detection, recognition and identification.
Computational modeling of a stereoselective epoxidation: reaction of carene with peroxyformic acid.

Electronic structure theory was used to model the epoxidation of 3-carene by peroxyformic acid. Reactants, products, and transition states were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory, followed by B3LYP/6-311+G** and MP2/6-311+G** single point calculations. The reaction pathway yielding the trans-epoxide product was found to have a significantly lower reaction barrier (7.8 kcal/mol) than that leading to the cis-epoxide product (9.4 kcal/mol), in agreement with expectations. Magnetic shieldings of the two isomeric carene epoxides were also calculated, using the GIAO method, and compared to experimental 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Although the calculated carbon spectra proved inconclusive, the proton shieldings calculated for the trans-epoxide correlated much more closely to the experimental values for the major epoxidation product than did the shieldings calculated for the cis-epoxide, serving to verify the identity of the major product.
Peptide map comparisons of similar serologically defined HLA-DR antigens isolated from different lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Abstract In these studies, we have examined the possibility that DR subtypes, closely related to each other in structure, compose the major DR allotypic groups. The structures of DR molecules, isolated from pairs of cell lines that had the same serologically defined HLA-DR type, were compared by peptide mapping. HLA-DR molecules isolated from pairs of cell lines in which both members were either DR1, DR2, or DR7 were identical. However, DR molecules isolated from cell lines LG-29 (DR5) and LG-38 (DR5) displayed two distinct differences in their small (β) subunits. This number of differences, two of 15 peptides or 15%, is much fewer than is observed between DR allotypes (∼50%) and suggests that at least two subtypes exist within the DR5 allotype family.
Some Insulator Designs Require Special Features to Insure Radio Quietness

The suggested requirements for radio-free pin-type, switch and bus, and suspension insulators, if acceptable, indicate and justify from a factory testing and production viewpoint, the following conclusions as regards existing standard designs: 1. For distribution voltages up to 4,400 or even 5,500 volts, the small one-piece pin-type insulators used require no “radio-proofing”, even on solidly grounded pins. 2. If there is 6 to 12 inches of crossarm in series with small one-piece pin-type insulators on low-voltage distribution lines up to 13 kv, no “radio-proofing” is needed on the insulators. 3. Standard untreated pin-type insulators used on 17 to 69-kv distribution and transmission lines have radio noise-influence voltages in the order of several thousand microvolts at a test potential about ten per cent above the usual line-to-ground voltages. “Radio-proofed” pin-type insulators, readily meeting reasonable requirements for freedom from radio interference, are available for use on lines in this voltage range. 4. Standard cemented pin-and-cap switch and bus insulators up to the 69-kv rating, with the exception of the 66-S-class, readily meet the suggested requirements for freedom from radio interference without any special “radio-proofing” treatment; they are inherently quiet. 5. Standard switch and bus insulators for the 66-S-class and the 115-kv and higher-voltage classes may require “radio-proofing” or other precautions to meet the suggested abnormally low requirements. These insulators with slight changes can be made to meet these requirements readily. 6. Regular cemented pin-and-cap suspension insulators of modern manufacture readily meet the suggested requirements for freedom from radio interference without any form of “radio-proofing” they are inherently quiet.
Synthesis of the hexahydrobenzofuran subunit of the milbemycins and the avermectins

Abstract A synthesis of the hexahydrobenzofuran subunit of milbemycins J and K has been accomplished in 17 steps from 4-methyl-1,4-pentadienol.
The Index of Prohibited Books in Sixteenth Century Mexico: Theological Conservatism and Adaptive Responses to Censorship

In this article the author discusses two principal themes: (1) the ways in which the Inquisition in Mexico exercised its power to censor books and to remove suspect or forbidden books from circulation; and (2) the ways in which this process was less effective and omnipotent than is generally assumed. The time frame for this article is mostly the sixteenth century with some consideration of the early seventeenth century.
SILK MEDIATED DEFENSE BY AN ORB WEB SPIDER AGAINST PREDATORY MUD-DAUBER WASPS

Stabilimenta are zigzag and spiral designs of seemingly conspicuous silk included at the centers of many spider webs. We examined the association of stabilimenta with the ability of spiders to defend themselves against predatory mud-dauber wasps. We found that Argiope trifasciata (Araneae, Araneidae) were significantly more likely to survive attacks by Chalybion caeruleum and Sceliphron caementarium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) when spiders included stabilimenta in webs. This association could not be explained by factors such as differences in sizes or conditions of spiders nor locations of webs. We suggest that stabilimenta may function to delay pursuit of spiders as they drop from webs by physically blocking wasps, camouflaging spiders or distracting attacking wasps. Stabilimenta may function in a role very similar to the retreats built by many other genera of spiders and appear to be an adaptation to reduce the predation pressure faced by spiders that have evolved foraging habits at highly exposed diurnal web sites.
Toward a Theoretical Outline of the Subject: The Centrality of Adorno and Lacan for Feminist Political Theorizing

This essay draws on Adorno's concept of the non-identical in conjunction with Lacan's concept of the Real to propose a “theoretical outline of the subject” as central for feminist political theorizing. A theoretical outline of the subject recognizes the limits of theorizing, the moment where meaning fails and we are confronted with the impossibility to fully grasp the subject. At the same time, it insists on the importance of a coherent (if not whole) subject through which to effect transformations in the sociopolitical sphere. Since the non-identical is more grounded in the material world than the Real, and the Real allows us more than the non-identical to grasp the anxieties and desires that lead to totalizing theories, it is a complementary Adornian-Lacanian theoretical framework that holds a central promise for feminist political theorizing.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) dosing period and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Abstract Background and aim Expert guidelines for treatment of cardiac arrest recommend administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) every three to five minutes. However, the effects of different dosing periods of epinephrine remain unclear. We sought to evaluate the association between epinephrine average dosing period and survival to hospital discharge in adults with an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Methods We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on 20,909 IHCA events from 505 hospitals participating in the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) quality improvement registry. Epinephrine average dosing period was defined as the time between the first epinephrine dose and the resuscitation endpoint, divided by the total number of epinephrine doses received subsequent to the first epinephrine dose. Associations with survival to hospital discharge were assessed by using generalized estimating equations to construct multivariable logistic regression models. Results Compared to a referent epinephrine average dosing period of 4 to Conclusion Less frequent average epinephrine dosing than recommended by consensus guidelines was associated with improved survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Sequenced Compared With Simultaneous Anthracycline and Cyclophosphamide in High-Risk Stage I and II Breast Cancer: Final Analysis From INT-0137 (S9313)

Purpose We conducted a phase III randomized study of two adjuvant treatment schedules of doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) in early-stage breast cancer to determine if administration of sequential single agents (A → C) results in superior disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) versus the same total dose given in combination (AC). Patients and Methods High-risk node-negative or low-risk node-positive breast cancer patients received AC given: (arm I) concurrently (AC) doxorubicin 54 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 1.2 g/m2 intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks for six cycles; or (arm II) in sequence (A → C) doxorubicin 40.5 mg/m2 IV days 1 and 2 every 3 weeks for four cyles followed by cyclophosphamide 2.4 gm/m2 IV every 2 weeks for three cycles. Total dose and duration were identical, but the intensity of each drug was increased on A → C. Both arms included granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support and prophylactic antibiotics. All but premenopausal women with receptor negative tumors recei...
Modeling ATR processes to predict their performance by using invariance, robustness and self-refusal approach

A tremendous variety of types of targets, sensors, and environments is a great challenge for modern ATR systems, applications, and technologies. This makes extensive large-scale experimentation to evaluate performance of Automated Target Recognition (ATR) systems nearly impossible and motivates the proposed approach and algorithms to overcome this problem by using predictive modeling. This paper presents a methodology of ATR performance prediction called Predictive Modeling of Invariance and Robustness (PMIR). The key idea is to use parameters of ATR algorithms for predicting ATR performance. The levels of robustness and invariance of parameters are used here as predictive indicators of ATR performance along with self-refusal capabilities of the algorithms.
Dermatologic Manifestations of Infection in the Compromised Host

Among the most formidable challenges to the clinician is the care of the patient with an impaired immune system—the compromised host.1–4 Two characteristics in particular contribute to the complexity of management of infection in these patients: the exceptionally broad variety of potential microbial pathogens, and the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations of disease resulting from the abnormal immune response.5–7
Patient-specific models of deep brain stimulation: Influence of field model complexity on neural activation predictions

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become the surgical therapy of choice for medically intractable Parkinson's disease. However, quantitative understanding of the interaction between the electric field generated by DBS and the underlying neural tissue is limited. Recently, computational models of varying levels of complexity have been used to study the neural response to DBS. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quantitative impact of incrementally incorporating increasing levels of complexity into computer models of STN DBS. Our analysis focused on the direct activation of experimentally measureable fiber pathways within the internal capsule (IC). Our model system was customized to an STN DBS patient and stimulation thresholds for activation of IC axons were calculated with electric field models that ranged from an electrostatic, homogenous, isotropic model to one that explicitly incorporated the voltage-drop and capacitance of the electrode-electrolyte interface, tissue encapsulation of the electrode, and diffusion-tensor based 3D tissue anisotropy and inhomogeneity. The model predictions were compared to experimental IC activation defined from electromyographic (EMG) recordings from eight different muscle groups in the contralateral arm and leg of the STN DBS patient. Coupled evaluation of the model and experimental data showed that the most realistic predictions of axonal thresholds were achieved with the most detailed model. Furthermore, the more simplistic neurostimulation models substantially overestimated the spatial extent of neural activation.
Tectonic geomorphology of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains (California): Evidence for uplift and basin formation

Hypotheses regarding uplift of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Sierra), California, USA, vary from a single slowly tilting block to rapid Pliocene and/or Quaternary uplift in the south exclusively. To test these hypotheses, we examined geomorphic indices of the western Sierra. We interpret longitudinal profiles of the larger westerly flowing rivers, mountain front sinuosity, valley floor-to-width to height ratio, and relief ratio to show that relative tectonic activity is greater in the southern Sierra near the Kern River Gorge fault. The Sierra range crest profile indicates that the increased tectonism is related to more recent uplift in the southern Sierra. Only westward migration of Basin and range extension is consistent with the locus of uplift in the southern Sierra. We hypothesize that the Sierra topography is the result of Pliocene delamination-related uplift in the central Sierra and post-Pliocene interaction of the San Andreas, Garlock, and Sierra Nevada Frontal fault zones.
Anxiety and plasma cortisol at the crest of the circadian cycle: Reappraisal of a classical hypothesis

Near-maximal anxiety by subjective and behavioral criteria was evoked and terminated in phobic patients by initiation and termination of rapid live confrontation ("flooding in vivo") with the specific stimulus that each avoided, at a time approximating the crest of the circadian cycle of adrenal cortical function. The procedure was associated with moderate, but not marked, elevations of plasma cortisol above control levels in some, but not all, subjects. Differences in anxiety levels as self-rated by the patients did not account for differences in cortisol response. The findings should stimulate further reevaluation of the hypothesis that affective arousal is the key psychological determinant of adrenal cortical function. Dissociation between subjective-behavioral arousal and plasma cortisol during flooding may be a manifestation of what behavior therapists call "desynchrony of fear."
Adaptive Control of Evolving Gossamer Structures

A solar sail is an example of a gossamer structure that is proposed as an propulsion system for future space missions. Since it is a large scale flexible structure that requires a long time for its deployment, active control may be required to prevent it from deviating into a non-recoverable state. In this paper, we conceptually address control of an evolving flexible structure using a growing double pendulum model. Controlling an evolving system poses a major challenge to control design because it involves time-varying parameters, such as inertia and stiffness. By employing a neural network based adaptive control, we illustrate that the evolving double pendulum can be effectively regulated when fixed-gain controllers are deficient due to presence of time-varying parameters.
Prenatal Estrogen Exposure Differentially Affects Estrogen Receptor-Associated Proteins in Rat Testis Gonocytes

We previously reported that gonocytes from 3-day-old rat testes proliferate in response to estradiol. In the present study, we found that purified gonocytes contained the mRNAs of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and the chaperones Hsp90, p23, and Cyp40, but no inducible Hsp70. Immunoblot analysis showed high levels of ERβ, Hsp90, p23, Cyp40, and the constitutive Hsc70 in gonocytes. Prenatal exposure to the estrogenic compounds diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A, genistein, and coumestrol led to significantly increased Hsp90 mRNA levels in testis, but not p23 and Cyp40. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that Hsp90 mRNA was prominent in gonocytes, where it was increased following phytoestrogen exposure, whereas bisphenol A induced a more generalized increase throughout the testis. Immunoblot analysis of testicular extracts demonstrated that Hsp90 protein levels were significantly increased following estrogen exposure, and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that this increase occurred predominantly in gonocytes. By contrast, no change was observed in the expression of Cyp40, p23, and ERβ, whereas Hsc70 was increased by bisphenol A only. Using an antibody and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction probes specific for Hsp90α, we subsequently confirmed that Hsp90α was primarily expressed in gonocytes, and that it was increased following estrogen exposure. Hsp90 immunolocalization in fetal and prepubertal testes showed an increased expression in fetal gonocytes upon estrogen exposure, but no difference in the subsets of Hsp90-positive germ cells in prepubertal testes. These results demonstrate that prenatal estrogen exposure specifically affects Hsp90 expression in gonocytes. Considering the interaction of Hsp90 with several signaling molecules, changes in its expression levels may lead to subsequent changes in gonocyte development.
Bioaccessibility of metals in alloys: evaluation of three surrogate biofluids.

Bioaccessibility in vitro tests measure the solubility of materials in surrogate biofluids. However, the lack of uniform methods and the effects of variable test parameters on material solubility limit interpretation. One aim of this study was to measure and compare bioaccessibility of selected economically important alloys and metals in surrogate physiologically based biofluids representing oral, inhalation and dermal exposures. A second aim was to experimentally test different biofluid formulations and residence times in vitro. A third aim was evaluation of dissolution behavior of alloys with in vitro lung and dermal biofluid surrogates. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of sixteen elements in six alloys and 3 elemental/metal powders. We found that the alloys/metals, the chemical properties of the surrogate fluid, and residence time all had major impacts on metal solubility. The large variability of bioaccessibility indicates the relevancy of assessing alloys as toxicologically distinct relative to individual metals.
The effect of N-acetylcysteine in the nucleus accumbens on neurotransmission and relapse to cocaine.

Background Relapse to cocaine seeking has been linked with low glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) causing potentiation of synaptic glutamate transmission from prefrontal cortex (PFC) afferents. Systemic N -acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to restore glutamate homeostasis, reduce relapse to cocaine seeking, and depotentiate PFC-NAcore synapses. Here, we examine the effects of NAC applied directly to the NAcore on relapse and neurotransmission in PFC-NAcore synapses, as well as the involvement of the metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 (mGluR2/3) and 5 (mGluR5). Methods Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine for 2 weeks and following extinction received either intra-accumbens NAC or systemic NAC 30 or 120 minutes, respectively, before inducing reinstatement with a conditioned cue or a combined cue and cocaine injection. We also recorded postsynaptic currents using in vitro whole cell recordings in acute slices and measured cystine and glutamate uptake in primary glial cultures. Results NAC microinjection into the NAcore inhibited the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. In slices, a low concentration of NAC reduced the amplitude of evoked glutamatergic synaptic currents in the NAcore in an mGluR2/3-dependent manner, while high doses of NAC increased amplitude in an mGluR5-dependent manner. Both effects depended on NAC uptake through cysteine transporters and activity of the cysteine/glutamate exchanger. Finally, we showed that by blocking mGluR5 the inhibition of cocaine seeking by NAC was potentiated. Conclusions The effect of NAC on relapse to cocaine seeking depends on the balance between stimulating mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 in the NAcore, and the efficacy of NAC can be improved by simultaneously inhibiting mGluR5.
Evolutionary Induction of Trading Models

Financial markets data present a challenging opportunity for the learning of complex patterns not readily discernable. This paper investigates the use of genetic algorithms for the mining of financial time-series for patterns aimed at the provision of trading decision models. A simple yet flexible representation for trading rules is proposed, and issues pertaining to fitness evaluation examined. Two key issues in fitness evaluation, the design of a suitable fitness function reflecting desired trading characteristics and choice of appropriate training duration, are discussed and empirically examined. Two basic measures are also proposed for characterizing rules obtained with alternate fitness criteria.
Structural basis of muscle O2 diffusing capacity: evidence from muscle function in situ

Although evidence for muscle O2 diffusion limitation of maximal O2 uptake has been found in the intact organism and isolated muscle, its relationship to diffusion distance has not been examined. Th...
Tunability of radiation generated at wavelengths below 1 A by anti-Stokes scattering from nuclear levels

Experiments show that under certain conditions, long-wavelength radiation can be strongly coupled to the nucleus. Additional experiments demonstrate the utility of this effect as a powerful tool for nuclear spectroscopy and show how tunable subangstrom radiation can be produced. Future experiments and applications are discussed.