cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The True Self: A Psychological Concept Distinct From the Self:

A long tradition of psychological research has explored the distinction between characteristics that are part of the self and those that lie outside of it. Recently, a surge of research has begun examining a further distinction. Even among characteristics that are internal to the self, people pick out a subset as belonging to the true self. These factors are judged as making people who they really are, deep down. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the true self and identify features that distinguish people’s understanding of the true self from their understanding of the self more generally. In particular, we consider recent findings that the true self is perceived as positive and moral and that this tendency is actor-observer invariant and cross-culturally stable. We then explore possible explanations for these findings and discuss their implications for a variety of issues in psychology.
CCL3 is a key mediator for the leukemogenic effect of Ptpn11-activating mutations in the stem-cell microenvironment

To the editor: Germ line–activating mutations of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11 (Shp2), a positive regulator of the Ras signaling pathway,[1][1] account for more than 50% of patients with Noonan syndrome.[2][2] These patients have an increased risk of developing leukemias,[3][3] especially
Biotype Composition of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomiidae) Populations from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina and Virginia

Fourteen populations of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina, and Virginia were evaluated for biotype composition, and two Arkansas populations ...
Theoretical Interactions of Receivers, Sources, and Attitude Objects: “RSO” Theory

(1981). Theoretical Interactions of Receivers, Sources, and Attitude Objects: “RSO” Theory. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 5, Communication Yearbook 5, pp. 833-855.
Manipulation Arguments and the Standing to Blame

The majority of recent work on the moral standing to blame (the idea that A may be unable to legitimately blame B despite B being blameworthy) has focused on blamers who themselves are blameworthy. This is unfortunate, for there is much to learn about the standing to blame once we consider a broader range of cases. Doing so reveals that challenged standing is more expansive than previously acknowledged, and accounts that have privileged the fact that the blamers are themselves morally culpable likely require revision. One such account figures in Patrick Todd’s (2012) argument for incompatibilism, which ostensibly depends on considerations involving the standing to blame. I believe this argument fails. But its failure is instructive, for it allows us to appreciate the numerous ways in which one’s blame can be morally problematic, and hence ways in which one’s standing to blame can be challenged. Thus, while one objective of this paper is to show why Todd’s argument fails, the larger aim is to use that argument to frame discussion of some important (and novel) ways in which the standing to blame can be compromised.
Antiswarming: Structure and dynamics of repulsive chemically active particles

Chemically active Brownian particles with surface catalytic reactions may repel each other due to diffusiophoretic interactions in the reaction and product concentration fields. The system behavior can be described by a "chemical" coupling parameter Γ_{c} that compares the strength of diffusiophoretic repulsion to Brownian motion, and by a mapping to the classical electrostatic one component plasma (OCP) system. When confined to a constant-volume domain, body-centered cubic (bcc) crystals spontaneously form from random initial configurations when the repulsion is strong enough to overcome Brownian motion. Face-centered cubic (fcc) crystals may also be stable. The "melting point" of the "liquid-to-crystal transition" occurs at Γ_{c}≈140 for both bcc and fcc lattices.
The Effect of Ad Customization and Ad Variation on Internet Users' Perceptions of Forced Multiple Advertising Exposures and Attitudes

What can make multiple forced online advertising exposures be perceived as more acceptable than they presently are to most viewers? This study investigates whether advertising customization and adv...
A Brief History of Medical Ultrasonics

For the 26th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging, Professor Roman Maev organized a series of presentations on the history of acoustical imaging. I am pleased to have been asked to give the presentation in this series dealing with medical ultrasonics. Clearly, books could be (and have been) written on this subject. Here my objective is to give the reader, assumed to be knowledgeable of acoustics but without experience in the application of acoustics to medical imaging, an indication of how the field has developed over the years and a sense of the problems that still challenge us. For simplicity I have concentrated on instrumentation development and the corresponding improvement in image quality and diagnostic utility.
Matrices and Linear Systems of Equations

This chapter presents matrices and linear systems of equations. An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn numbers arranged in m rows and n columns. The i th component of A , denoted by a ij , is the number appearing in the i th row and j th column of A . If A is an m × n matrix with m = n , then A is a square matrix. An m × n matrix with all components equal to zero is called the m × n zero matrix. Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and if corresponding components are equal. The sum of two matrices is defined only when both matrices have the same size. Two matrices can be multiplied together only if the number of columns of the first is equal to the number of rows of the second. Otherwise, the vectors a i and b j will have different numbers of components and the scalar product will not be defined. The chapter also presents linear systems of equations and their simplification. It describes two methods for solving sample systems of equations: (1) Gauss–Jordan elimination and (2) Gaussian elimination.
Advancements in the treatment and processing of electronic waste with sustainability: a review of metal extraction and recovery technologies

The amount of electronic waste (e-waste) globally has doubled in just five years, from approximately 20 million tons to 40 million tons of e-waste generated per year. In 2016, the global amount of e-waste reached an all-time high of 44.7 million tons. E-waste is an invaluable unconventional resource due to its high metal content, as nearly 40% of e-waste is comprised of metals. Unfortunately, the rapid growth of e-waste is alarming due to severe environmental impacts and challenges associated with complex resource recovery that has led to the use of toxic chemicals. Furthermore, there is a very unfortunate ethical issue related to the flow of e-wastes from developed countries to developing countries. At this time, e-waste is often open pit burned and toxic chemicals are used without adequate regulations to recover metals such as copper. The recovered metals are eventually exported back to the developed countries. Thus, the current global circular economy of e-waste is not sustainable in terms of environmental impact as well as creation of ethical dilemmas. Although traditional metallurgical processes can be extended to e-waste treatment technologies, that is not enough. The complexity of e-waste requires the development of a new generation of metallurgical processes that can separate and extract metals from unconventional components such as polymers and a wide range of metals. This review focuses on the science and engineering of both conventional and innovative separation and recovery technologies for e-wastes with special attention being given to the overall sustainability. Physical separation processes, including disassembly, density separation, and magnetic separation, as well as thermal treatment of the polymeric component, such as pyrolysis, are discussed for the separation of metals and non-metals from e-wastes. The subsequent metal recovery processes through pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biometallurgy are also discussed in depth. Finally, insights on future research towards sustainable treatment and recovery of e-waste are presented including the use of supercritical CO2.
Understanding the impact of neurologic complications in patients with cirrhosis

Patients with cirrhosis may experience neurologic complications, including hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy may be classified as covert (mild symptoms (e.g. lack of awareness)) or ove...
TCTAP C-225 I Am Okay, I Am Just Sad - A Case of "Unusual Heart Attack"/ MINOCA

### Patient Initials or Identifier Number RV ### Relevant Clinical History and Physical Exam A 56-year-old lady with underlying mild coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with typical angina radiating to the left arm. Upon arrival at the emergency department, she
Optimizing whole blood storage: hemostatic function of 35-day stored product in CPD, CP2D, and CPDA-1 anticoagulants.

Background Transitioning from whole blood (WB) to components developed from efforts to maximize donor yield. Components are advantageous for specific derangements, but treating hemorrhage with components requires significantly more volume to provide similar effects to WB. Because storage lesion and waste remain problematic, this study examined hemostatic function of refrigerated WB stored for 35 days in anticoagulants citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenosine (CPDA-1), citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), or citrate-phosphate-double dextrose (CP2D). Methods Refrigerated WB units from healthy donors were sampled over 35 days. Global hemostatic parameters were measured by thromboelastometry, thrombogram, platelet aggregometry, and platelet adhesion to collagen under shear conditions. The effects of transfusion filtration and mixing 35-day stored product with fresh WB were evaluated. Results Countable platelets declined as aggregation clusters appeared in microscopy. While gross platelet agonist-induced aggregation declined over time, normalization revealed aggregation responses in remaining platelets. Peak thrombin generation increased over time. Clot strength diminished over storage in tissue factor-activated samples (normalized by filtration of aggregates). Functional fibrinogen responses remained consistent throughout. Filtration was necessary to maintain consistent platelet adhesion to collagen beyond collection day. Few differences were observed between anticoagulants, and stored/fresh mixing studies normalized coagulation parameters. Conclusions WB is easier to collect, store, and transfuse. WB provides platelets, an oft-neglected, critical resuscitation component, but their individual numbers decline as aggregates appear, resulting in diminished coagulation response. WB has better performance in these assays when examined at earlier time points, but expirations designated to specific anticoagulants appear arbitrary for hemostatic functionality, as little changes beyond 21 days regardless of anticoagulant.
X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Basic Concepts and Theory for 3D Transition Metal Atoms

We discuss the basic theory underlying the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism technique with emphasis on 3d transition-metal atoms. The basic concepts are developed from an elementary level and illustrated by model calculations using an atomic picture and a simple Hamiltonian that accounts for two key interactions associated with the dichroism effect: the spin-orbit and exchange interactions. We present calculations for a one-electron model that is shown to be equivalent to a configuration-based model for the d 9 configuration and discuss the relationship between the measured dichroism signal and the spin, orbital, and total magnetic moments. Our results can be cast into a simple two-step model that considers the core shell as the “source” of photoelectrons with polarized spin and/or angular momentum and the valence shell as a spin- or angular-momentum resolving “detector.” We also point out that, according to the initial-state rule, the dichroism intensity is linked to the ground-state d-shell occupancy and moments.
Randomized Locality-Preserving Discriminant Analysis for Dimensionality Reduction and Hyperspectral Image Classification

Most dimensionality reduction (DR) methods assume that hyperspectral data conforms to unimodal Gaussian distribution, which does not hold true in real-world scenarios. Local Fisher discriminant analysis (LFDA) is a DR method that is proficient in handling multimodal non-Gaussian data attributes, albeit the high computational costs due to class-specific data learning involved. As a solution, this paper introduces a novel framework that can effectively process multimodal hyperspectral data attributes through integration of computationally efficient fast random projection (RP)-based DR methods with traditional LFDA method. In particular, two variations of RPs- Gaussian and Hadamard projection-based LFDA methods are considered, which is followed by supervised classification using composite kernel support vector machines. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RP-LFDA methods gave superior classification performance compared to conventional LFDA even at low dimensions.
The better the farm, the better the food: institutional diet, agricultural practices, and nutrition in U.S. almshouses

The expansion of institutional care for the poor and sick in the United States during the late nineteenth century included increased attention on the benefits of farms as a component of institution...
Developmental regulation of microtubule‐based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria in health and diseases

Mitochondria are cellular power plants that supply most of the ATP required in the brain to power neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Given their extremely polarized structures and extended long axons, neurons face an exceptional challenge to maintain energy homeostasis in distal axons, synapses, and growth cones. Anchored mitochondria serve as local energy sources; therefore, the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring ensures that these metabolically active areas are adequately supplied with ATP. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of major aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, anchored mitochondria in aging neurons need to be removed when they become dysfunctional. Investigations into the regulation of microtubule (MT)-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria under physiological and pathological circumstances represent an important emerging area. In this short review article, we provide an updated overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies showing (1) how mitochondria are transported and positioned in axons and synapses during neuronal developmental and maturation stages, and (2) how altered mitochondrial motility and axonal energy deficits in aging nervous systems link to neurodegeneration and regeneration in a disease or injury setting. We also highlight a major role of syntaphilin as a key MT-based regulator of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in mature neurons.
Impact of inoculation with local effective microorganisms on soil nitrogen cycling and legume productivity using composted broiler litter

Abstract Local effective microorganism (LEM) is an inoculant produced using leaf litter collected from forest floors near the location where it is to be utilized. While this locally-sourced inoculant is used around the world, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits or drawbacks of its use in agricultural systems. The objectives of this study were to observe the effects of combining LEM with composted broiler litter to fertilize edamame (Glycine max L.) on plant-available nitrogen, nematode trophic group communities, and soybean productivity. The study was carried out in a randomized, complete block design on piedmont soils in the southeastern United States comparing broiler litter composted with LEM, False-LEM or water (Control) treatments which were applied at the beginning of each growing season (June 2015, 2016, 2017). In the first year of the study, soil (0–10 cm) that received the LEM treatment mineralized greater amounts of N and mineralized N faster than CONT soils (P = 0.0665 and P = 0.0717), respectively, during one week of incubation. In year 2 (2016) plots experienced drought stress, with soil moistures as low as 2%. In LEM plots soil samples taken during the drought contained significantly greater populations of all nematodes, excluding Mononchidae when compared to the other treatments. When calculated per unit of soil N, measured after application of treatments, no differences in edamame soybean yield were observed between treatments. Combining LEM with composted broiler litter jump-started N mineralization early in growing seasons and maintained abundance of multiple nematode trophic groups during drought. This signifies LEM's potential to strengthen a soil's food web resistance to drought stress – providing more security for a functional agroecosystem under uncertain climate conditions.
Parametric study of operating conditions of an SO2-depolarized electrolyzer

Abstract Large-scale hydrogen generation is needed to satisfy both existing commercial demands and the realization of a hydrogen economy. The hybrid sulfur cycle has the potential to meet this goal without the use of fossil fuels. The ability to model and predict how the electrolyzer step of the cycle is affected by independent and interdependent variables is vital to maximizing the efficiency of the overall cycle. Our parametric study of the SO2-depolarized electrolyzer, representing one half of the overall reaction cycle, has identified desirable conditions and will help guide further development for operation that will achieve the benchmarks for economic feasibility. We discuss the interactions among the inlet flow rates, applied current, and cell temperature and pressure, on the resulting cell voltage and acid concentration in the liquid product stream. For example, we find that using a sulfonated polybenzimidazole (s-PBI) membrane and a platinum catalyst, a constant current density of either 0.5 A cm−2, 0.75 A cm−2, or 1 A cm−2 with an acid concentration of 65 wt% H2SO4 can be produced at a cell voltage of 0.59 V, 0.63 V, and 0.67 V, respectively, by maintaining a cell temperature of 130 °C, a pressure of 2 bar, and a water-to-SO2 stoichiometry of 2.77. Finally, we discuss directions for future research based on the findings in this manuscript.
Developing Health Literacy Communication Practices for Medical Students

Introduction Health literacy and its associated communication practices are critical to patient-centered care and have been endorsed by various associations as important for health professional tra...
Consumer willingness to pay for community solar in New Jersey

Abstract Clean energy policy and technology are important in reducing the impacts of greenhouse gases. Understanding location community solar and expected benefits is vital for successful policy optimization. We assess public preferences for community solar programs with attributes such as land-use array, proximity, reduction of fossil fuel generation, environmental quality, and energy cost savings in New Jersey. There is preference for development of community solar in commercial areas, followed by landfills, and farmlands.
Viral Infections, Susceptible Populations, Evolution of Disease and Variant Creation Related to SARS-CoV-2

Covid-19 has created a major health challenge as a pandemic and demonstrates the threats that human populations face with increased population numbers and density of living situations. The spread of the disease has resulted from mutations making the virus more easily transmitted. Analysis of the viral genome also shows substantial recombination among viral species, quasi-species and variants since an evolutionary event some 5,000 years ago which created several coronavirus groups. Rapid evolution due to recombination and purifying selection of the viral genome, pose a substantial difficulty in producing vaccines and methods of preventing transmission without onerous social distancing and other practices. Typical aspects of the natural history of pathogen infection in mammalian populations that limit the spread, duration and severity of disease (immunity, etc.) appear to be undermined by these features of viral mutation and gene exchange. Breakthrough infections, reinfection after disease and viral escape of vaccines due to evolution of mutations, indicate the possibility of endemic coronavirus in human populations.
Spontaneous liquid outflow from hydrophobic nanopores: Competing liquid–solid and liquid–gas interactions

Understanding liquid flow behavior in a nanoenvironment is of utmost importance for a vast array of biological and engineering applications. Both the liquid–solid interaction (LSI) and liquid–gas interaction (LGI) significantly affect the liquid outflow from hydrophobic nanopores in a liquid–gas–nanopore system. However, the individual contribution of these interactions on the spontaneous liquid outflow from the hydrophobic nanopores is not clear. To fill this scientific gap, we present an experimental study of the competition between the LSI and LGI on the nanoscale liquid outflow behavior in a liquid nanofoam (LN) system. LN samples, consisting of water and nanoporous silicas with similar pore size distribution but different average pore sizes, are subjected to cyclic pressure-induced liquid infiltration-outflow tests with or without the presence of a gas phase. Considerable difference in the liquid outflow behavior has been observed as pore size varies, indicating the size effect on the competition between the LSI and LGI. In smaller nanopores, the stronger LSI dominates the liquid outflow behavior as the LGI is diminished due to the nanoconfinement enhanced gas oversolubility. In contrast, in larger nanopores, LGI becomes a stronger driving force for the liquid outflow. These fundamental findings provide important insights on liquid flow behavior in a nanoenvironment and can facilitate a rational design of high performance nanofluidics-based systems.
Facial expression analysis

Computer analysis of human face images includes detection of faces, identification of people, and understanding of expression. Among these three tasks, facial expression has been the least studied, and most of the past work on facial expression tried to recognize a small set of emotions, such as joy, disgust, and surprise. This practice may follow from the work of Darwin, who proposed that emotions have corresponding prototypic facial expressions. In everyday life, however, such prototypic expressions occur relatively infrequently; instead, emotion is communicated more often by subtle changes in one or a few discrete features. FACS-code Action Units, defined by Ekman, are one such representation accepted in the psychology community. In collaboration with psychologists, we have been developing a system for automatically recognizing facial action units. This talk will present the current version of the system. The system uses a 3D Active Appearance Model to align a face image and transform it to a person-specific canonical coordinate frame. This transformation can remove appearance changes due to changes of head pose and relative illumination direction. In this transformed image frame, we perform detailed analysis of both facial motion and facial appearance changes, results of which are fed to an action-unit recogniser.
A channel access protocol for embedding CSMA on spread-spectrum packet radio networks

The application of CSMA (carrier-sense multiaccess) in a spread-spectrum packet radio network using a receiver-based code unique to each terminal is proposed and studied. The technique is realized by two protocols, namely, the R-base/CSMA and the R-base/CSMA-BT (Busy Tone) code, which are presented and analyzed, assuming a single-hop network, asynchronous transmission, Poisson arrivals, and exponentially distributed packet lengths. The authors also consider the delay capture properties of speed-spectrum waveforms. The network is modeled as a continuous-time two component-state Markov chain. The R-base/CSMA-BT code protocol has also been examined under zero propagation delay since it becomes collision-free in this case. Throughput versus the traffic rate characteristics have been obtained for both protocols with several number of users and at different propagation delays. >
Hierarchical Multilevel and Hybrid Potential Preconditioners

This chapter contains sections titled: Higher-Order Field Formulation Higher-Order Potential Formulation Hierarchical Multilevel Potential Preconditioner Hybrid Multilevel/Multigrid Potential Preconditioner Numerical Experiments Symmetric Hierarchical Multilevel Potential Preconditioner Key Attributes of Multigrid and Multilevel Potential Preconditioners
An analysis of the effect of gaussian error in object recognition

Object recognition is complicated by clutter, occlusion, and sensor error. Since pose hypotheses are based on image feature locations, these effects can lead to false negatives and positives. In a typical recognition algorithm, pose hypotheses are tested against the image, and a score is assigned to each hypothesis. We use a statistical model to determine the score distribution associated with correct and incorrect pose hypotheses, and use binary hypothesis testing techniques to distinguish between them. Using this approach we can compare algorithms and noise models, and automatically choose values for internal system thresholds to minimize the probability of making a mistake.
Protecting and Supporting Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Evaluating the Recent World Bank and IDB Policy Initiatives

In this article, John Head draws on his experience with international financial institutions to offer both descriptive and prescriptive observations about the recent legal initiatives taken by the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank ("IDB") on issues related to the interests of indigenous peoples, particularly in Latin America. He focuses on three questions: Are those recent initiatives helpful? Are they legal? And are they enough? In addressing those three questions – which he answers yes, yes, and no, respectively – Mr. Head explains (1) why, as a practical matter, it is vitally important that the World Bank and the IDB contribute to the multilateral efforts to protect and assist indigenous peoples in Latin America, (2) why, as a legal matter, he dismisses criticisms raised by some commentators alleging that involvement by international financial institutions in such issues constitutes unlawful "mission creep" or tramples on the sovereignty of their member states, and (3) why, in looking to the future, the most appropriate way to assure that the international development finance institutions continue contributing to the well-being of indigenous peoples is by updating the charters of those institutions.
Evaluation of reflection and transmission coefficients for multi-layered chiral structures

The paper examines a structure consisting of an arbitrary number of layers of different chiral materials, backed by either a perfect conductor or a penetrable half-space. A plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization is obliquely incident on the structure. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the structure can be determined by a chain-matrix algorithm.
Carol G. Jenkins, Medical Library Association President 2001-2002.

A quiet elegance, a strong vision for the future of the profession, and a pleasant but persistent way of getting things done are the qualities that first come to mind when I think of Carol G. Jenkins. I have been fortunate to get to know Carol as a fellow health sciences librarian over the years, first from afar and more recently at closer range, now that we serve together as colleagues on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). Carol was born in Dallas, where the Medical Library Association (MLA) will hold its annual meeting during her presidential year. Carol's Texas roots go back many generations, and she had her first medical library job there. She still has relatives in Texas and in Oregon. Carol cites her personal interests as reading (she is an avid book club contributor), gardening, enjoying art, working on restoring the family's historic farmhouse, and being a mainstay of her family.
Maximum-likelihood calibration of small gamma cameras for 511 keV positron annihilation radiation

The feasibility of employing maximum-likelihood (ML) position estimation in small scintillation cameras for use in FDG coincidence imaging was investigated. A small camera consisting of a Hamamatsu R-2487 position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) coupled to a single 8 mm thick NaI(Tl) crystal was calibrated with a tungsten and lead shielded 511 keV /sup 18/F source. The same calibration method has been previously employed at 140 keV using /sup 99m/Tc. The source was positioned at each location of the image space to determine detector-signal distributions used in look-up table (LUT) generation. Corrected 511 keV point-array and flood images were obtained using the resulting 511 keV calibration LUT. Resolution was 2.0 mm-2.5 mm full-width at half maximum (FWHM). This demonstrates that it may be feasible to use ML estimation to obtain accurate event positioning in similar imaging detectors employing more suitable scintillators.
Motivic cohomology of the simplicial motive of a Rost variety

Abstract We compute the motivic cohomology groups of the simplicial motive X θ of a Rost variety for an n -symbol θ in Galois cohomology of a field. As an application we compute the kernel and cokernel of multiplication by θ in Galois cohomology. We also show that the reduced norm map on K 2 of a division algebra of square-free degree is injective.
SU‐GG‐I‐61: Is It Safe? A Look at Exposures in the Shadow of MDCT Scanner Gantries

Purpose:Computed tomography(CT) is used quite frequently as an imaging tool during interventional radiology (IR) procedures. Interventional radiologists at our institution often stand adjacent to the gantry of the CTscanner while scanning in “biopsy” mode, as it is commonly thought that the shadow of the gantry is the safest place to be if one remains in the room during CT scanning. An investigation was performed to more closely investigate the radiationdose to persons standing in the shadow of the gantry. Method and Materials:OSL area monitors were used to gather long‐term dose data at various points outside the CT gantry. Measurements were performed on 16 and 64 slice scanners used in the IR department. Results:Dose rates varied substantially within the shadow of the CTscanner gantry for both the 16 slice and 64 slice scanners. Compared to the value in the center of the gantry shadow, doses measured halfway between the center and edge of the gantry towards the “foot” side were 34.8 and 17.0 times higher for the 16 slice and 64 slice scanners, respectively. Similarly measured doses towards the “head” side were 4.2 and 3.4 times higher than dose levels in the center of the shadow for the 16 slice and 64 slice scanners, respectively. The ratio of foot side to head side doses was 8.2 and 5.0 for the 16 slice and 64 slice scanners, respectively. Conclusion: Asymmetric distribution of hardware within the gantry can lead to steep dose gradients along the table axis in the shadow of modern CT gantries. It was found that the dose to someone standing in the shadow of a CT gantry can vary by as much as a factor of 35 based on position within the shadow.
Classical many-body calculation of relativistic nuclear collisions

A zero-parameter, classical, many-body model of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is proposed. Inclusive proton cross sections from 250- and 400-MeV/nucleon $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$+U, 400-MeV/nucleon $^{4}\mathrm{He}$+U, and 800-MeV/nucleon $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$+NaF collisions are in good agreement with the model.
Experiments in automated analysis of concurrent software systems

It is unlikely that any single approach to analysis of concurrent software systems will meet all the needs of software developers throughout the development process. Thus, experimental evaluation of different analysis techniques is needed to determine their relative strengths and practical limitations. Such evaluation requires automated tools implementing the analysis techniques.This paper describes a prototype toolset automating the constrained expression approach to the analysis of concurrent software systems. The results of preliminary experiments with the toolset are reported and the implications of these experiments are discussed.
Higher order mode and multimode acoustic transmission through the walls of flat-oval ducts

The transmission of sound energy, in the form of internally propagated higher order modes, through the walls of “flat-oval” air conditioning ducts is investigated by means of numerical solutions to the equations of motion for the duct walls and the acoustic wave equation governing sound propagation inside the duct. A multimode sound transmission model thus established is used to provide an explanation of discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results obtained in previous work. Both predicted and measured data are given and agreement between the two is tolerably good.
Processing of polymer latex emulsion: Batch coagulation

A small-scale batch experiment has been developed to establish processing conditions for latex coagulation in an extruder environment—characterized by the prevailing flow field, temperature, and pressure. Our experiments have shown that the most effective processing means to control the particle size distribution and also the particle morphology is the coagulation temperature. The changes in hydrodynamics, introduced by variations in the channel depth and rotor speed, affect the average particle size to a lesser degree. The morphology of the coagulated particles and their size distribution have been found to play an important role in the latex dewatering process. By coagulating well above the glass transition temperature(s) of the polymer, an order of magnitude drop in the specific surface area of the coagulated particles has been observed.
A review of non-destructive methods for quality evaluation and sorting of agricultural products

A number of methods for quality evaluation and sorting of agricultural products have been developed by different researchers over the past three decades. These methods are based on the detection of various physical properties which correlate well with certain quality factors of the products. This paper presents an overview of various methods which are based on one of the following properties: density, firmness, vibrational characteristics, X-ray and gamma ray transmission, optical reflectance and transmission, electrical properties, and nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR. The sophistication of non-destructive methods has evolved rapidly with modern technologies. Optical methods which utilize high-speed optical detection and computerized data processing are the most successful methods which can provide high-speed quality evaluation and sorting of several products with a high degree of accuracy. The use of various modern image acquisition techniques, such as solid-state TV camera, line-scan camera, X-ray scanning, ultrasonic scanning, and NMR imaging, in conjunction with image processing techniques has provided new opportunities for researchers to develop many new and improved techniques for non-destructive quality evaluation of agricultural products.
Aneurysmectomy in treatment of ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with postinfarction and traumatic ventricular aneurysms.

Serious, refractory or recurrent, or both, paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia occurred in 8 of 33 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysm established by angiocardiography. The arrhythmia was ventricular in origin in five patients and supraventricular in three. Six of the eight patients were operated upon and the aneurysms resected. Four patients survived the operation and had no recurrence of the arrhythmias during a follow-up period of 7 to 25 months. One of these patients had a traumatic myocardial aneurysm associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The other three patients had postinfarction aneurysms; ventricular tachycardia had been present in two and recurrent atrial flutter in the third. Two patients died after operation. They differed from the surviving patients in that they both had three-vessel coronary artery disease and severe impairment of myocardial contractility. Two patients responded satisfactorily to medical treatment so that surgery was not considered necessary. One of these had a postinfarction aneurysm and ventricular tachycardia that recurred less frequently with antiarrhythmic therapy. The other had a traumatic myocardial aneurysm and supraventricular tachycardia that was adequately controlled with drugs. Aneurysmectomy should be considered in the management of patients with postinfarction or traumatic ventricular aneurysms who present with refractory ventricular or supraventricular tachycardia.
The Definition of Lying

Few moral questions have greater bearing on the conduct of our everyday lives than questions about the morality of lying. These questions are also important for ethical theory. An important test of any theory of right and wrong is whether it gives an adequate account of the morality of lying. Conceptual questions about the nature of lying are prior to questions about the moral status of lying. Any theory about the moral status of lying presupposes an account of what lying is. This paper proposes and defends a definition of lying. My definition is preferable to the other definitions I examine, and the shortcomings of these other definitions motivate my definition. Three features of my definition are noteworthy. First, I argue that standard dictionary definitions overlook a necessary condition of lying, namely, that the liar cannot believe that the statement she makes is true. Second, contrary to most standard definitions, I argue that lying does not require that the liar intends to deceive others. Third, I hold that in order to tell a lie, one must make a statement that one warrants to be true.
Determination of Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rates in Different Seasons and Their Application in Grazing Management

Abstract Eight mature horses weighing 576 ± 32 kg (mean ± SD) were used to compare differences in pasture dry matter (DM) intake rate in October (period 1), February (period 2), and May (period 3). Horses were randomly assigned to a pair of adjacent 5 m × 5 m grazing cells containing nontoxic, endophyte-infected tall fescue. Horses had access to each cell for 4 hours. Pasture DM intake rate was estimated over the entire 8-hour period by measuring the pre- and postgrazing herbage mass within each cell and was expressed as kg DM/100 kg body weight (BW)/hr. Mean 8-hour DM intake rate in period 1 (0.17 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) was greater (P
Stimulation of leptin release by arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in adipose tissue from obese humans

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of arachidonic acid and its metabolites on leptin formation by explants of human adipose tissue over a 48-hour incubation in primary culture. We found that arachidonic acid or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulated leptin release by explants of subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese humans. The stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid on leptin formation was blocked by NS-398, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. There was appreciable release of PGE(2) to the medium over 48 hours, and this was inhibited by 99% in the presence of 200 nmol/L dexamethasone or 5 micromol/L NS-398. The increase in PGE(2) release correlated with induction of COX-2 activity during the 48-hour incubation. The increase in COX-2 activity was blocked by 200nmol/L dexamethasone. The level of leptin mRNA at 48 hours was reduced by 28% if PGE(2) was added in the absence of dexamethasone, while in the presence of dexamethasone, the amount of leptin mRNA was enhanced by 156%. These data suggest that when upregulation of COX-2 is blocked by dexamethasone, exogenous PGE(2) enhances both leptin release and leptin mRNA accumulation by explants of human adipose tissue in primary culture.
Effects of chronic estrogen replacement therapy on beat-to-beat blood pressure dynamics in healthy postmenopausal women.

Abstract Recent data showing gender differences in autonomic control of heart rate and acute estrogen effects on vasodilatation suggest that estrogen may influence autonomic regulation of heart rate and blood pressure. We aimed to determine the effect of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy on autonomic control of beat-to-beat heart rate and blood pressure dynamics. Subjects included 20 healthy postmenopausal women aged 60 to 75 years with normal exercise tolerance tests, 10 of whom were taking oral estrogen for 13±3 (±SEM) years. Six healthy premenopausal women were also studied. Continuous electrocardiographic and noninvasive radial artery blood pressure measurements and intermittent forearm blood flow recordings (by venous-occlusion plethysmography) were obtained before and after a 20-minute, 60° head-up tilt and a 420-kcal meal during periods of spontaneous and metronomic breathing (at 0.25 Hz). Low-frequency (0.01- to 0.15-Hz) and high-frequency (0.15- to 0.50-Hz) heart rate and blood pressure spectral powers were computed with a fast Fourier transform. Cardiovascular and heart rate spectral power responses to upright tilt and meal digestion were the same in postmenopausal estrogen users and nonusers. However, during spontaneous breathing the blood pressure spectral power responses to upright tilt and meal ingestion were significantly different between the two groups of women. The low-frequency systolic pressure power response to upright tilt was smaller in estrogen users than nonusers ( P =.01). After meal ingestion nonusers had an early postprandial fall (20 to 30 minutes after the meal) and late rise (50 to 60 minutes) in low-frequency systolic and diastolic pressure powers, which were significantly attenuated in estrogen users ( P <.02). Healthy premenopausal women had a response similar to that of postmenopausal estrogen users. Estrogen may attenuate the low-frequency vasomotor response to posture change and meal digestion in healthy postmenopausal women. This effect of estrogen may represent damping of vasomotor instability after menopause.
POWER FUNCTIONS FOR CATEGORY JUDGMENTS OF DURATION AND LINE LENGTH

A number of investigators have recently demonstrated that for several perceptual continua, category judgments follow the psychophysical power law as faithfully as do magnitude estimations and cross-modal matches. The continua thus scaled so far are loudness (Marks, 1968; Ward, 1972), brightness, vibration, number, finger span, paleness, and redness (Marks, 1968), lilted weight (Curtis, Attneave, & Harrington, 1968), and electric shock (Gibson & Tomko, 1972). This is an impressive array, but two basic physical dimensions, those of line length and duration, have been neglected. The present note presents evidence that category judgments of stimuli on these continua also follow the power law. Fig. 1 shows category judgments of line length and duration plotted in log-log coordinates. These data are taken from Figs. 1 and 2 of the classic paper of Stevens and Galanter (1957). It can be seen that the points lie on a straight line, evidence that they are well fit by a simple power function. The best fitting power functions for the data
Induction interferon therapy in naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C: increased end-of-treatment virological responses but absence of long-term benefit.

Background and aims: The low efficacy of interferon monotherapy and data from viral kinetic studies led us to evaluate the efficacy of interferon administered daily in chronic hepatitis C. Patients and methods: Thirty-eight naive patients with chronic hepatitis C and active liver disease randomly received 3 or 5 MU IFN-α daily for 1 month, followed by the same dose three times a week for 11 months. Results were compared to a three-times-a-week scheme of 3 MU IFN-α for 1 year. Results: At the end of the induction period, 27 out of 38 (71%) patients had cleared HCV-RNA with a significantly higher rate in the 5 MU than in the 3 MU group (17 out of 18 or 94% vs. 10 out of 20 or 50%, P=0.003). The end-of-treatment virological response rate was 66% (25 out of 38) in the induction groups and 40% (10 out of 25) in the control group (P=0.04). Six months after completion of therapy, the sustained response rate dropped to 29% (11 out of 38) compared to 28% (7 out of 25) in the standard regimen. Conclusions: In chronic hepatitis C, treatment with 5 or 3 MU IFN-α daily during the first month of a standard IFN regimen leads to significantly increased end-of-treatment virological responses, but long-term responses are similar to those of standard IFN monotherapy.
The archeological determination of diet and natural resources, and the case for cooperation

There is no doubt that archeological and physical anthropological specialists have mutual problems, mutual interests and many mutual goals. There can be some doubt that they have attacked their problems and pushed toward their aims in as efficient a method as is scientifically possible. This efficiency could be developed and increased by the use of a planned approach to the gathering and study of skeletal and cultural data. An outline that should aid in a fruitful cooperation is suggested and several lines of field and laboratory approach are briefly described or discussed. It is not in the author's mind that he has a panacea which should cure every ill of communication or data processing but rather that he has offered a basic method that will, at the least, get more knowledge for the research dollar.
IL-6-deficient mice form granulomas in murine schistosomiasis that exhibit an altered B cell response.

Abstract IL-6 can play an important role in various biological activities. Using IL-6-deficient, 129 × C57BL/6 mice and normal littermate controls, we studied the role of IL-6 in granulomas of mice infected with schistosomiasis mansoni. Granulomas from IL-6 +/+ mice produced large quantities of IL-6, derived from T, B, and myeloid cells. Yet, IL-6 mutant mice generated normal-appearing granulomas of appropriate size. Multiple-parameter flow cytometric analysis of dispersed granuloma cells revealed no substantial differences. Granuloma cells and splenocytes were cultured in vitro to measure cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Compared to control cells, IL-6 −/− granuloma cells secreted more IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. However, splenocytes secreted cytokines comparably. In the IL-6 −/− state, the granuloma cells released less IgE and substantially more IgM, although IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA secretion remained normal. ELISPOT assay showed that dispersed granuloma cells from IL-6-deficient animals had substantially more IgM-secreting B cells. Thus, schistosome granulomas make IL-6 that is not essential for most aspects of granuloma development. However, IL-6 deficiency results in some disturbance of granuloma cytokine and immunoglobulin expression.