cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Ni(Et2PCH2NMeCH2PEt2)2]2+ as a Functional Model for Hydrogenases

The reaction of Et2PCH2N(Me)CH2PEt2 (PNP) with [Ni(CH3CN)6](BF4)2 results in the formation of [Ni(PNP)2](BF4)2, which possesses both hydride- and proton-acceptor sites. This complex is an electrocatalyst for the oxidation of hydrogen to protons, and stoichiometric reaction with hydrogen forms [HNi(PNP)(PNHP)](BF4)2, in which a hydride ligand is bound to Ni and a proton is bound to a pendant N atom of one PNP ligand. The free energy associated with this reaction has been calculated to be −5 kcal/mol using a thermodynamic cycle. The hydride ligand and the NH proton undergo rapid intramolecular exchange with each other and intermolecular exchange with protons in solution. [HNi(PNP)(PNHP)](BF4)2 undergoes reversible deprotonation to form [HNi(PNP)2](BF4) in acetonitrile solutions (pKa = 10.6). A convenient synthetic route to the PF6- salt of this hydride involves the reaction of PNP with Ni(COD)2 to form Ni(PNP)2, followed by protonation with NH4PF6. A pKa of value of 22.2 was measured for this hydride. This ...
An approach to fuel development and qualification

Some of the rationale for nuclear energy technology development in the US has been lost or forgotten over the past two decades with the lack of a focused reactor development program. But the emergence of new R&D programs points to a need to understand how best to plan for a long-term fuel development program. The rationale for such a program is not easily found in the literature, so the authors have suggested a structure and rationale. The approach is described as four phases, with emphasis on selecting a reference fuel concept, evaluating and improving the fuel to develop a fuel specification for a reference design, obtaining data to support a licensing safety case for the fuel, and final qualification of the fuel for a specific application. Because a fuel program requires long-lead-time irradiation testing, bringing a fuel design from the initial concept through licensing might take over 20 years.
Critical Study: Timmons, Mark Morality without Foundations: A Defense of Moral Contextualism

Mark Timmons's book is laudable in three ways. First, and most expected, it employs a keen critical edge against some of the day's most prominent metaethical positions. Second, it develops a new variety of moral irrealism. Third, and to my mind most important, it shines light on the landscape of current metaethical debate from an unusual angle, illuminating some oddities not so easily noticed from the usual views. This essay is a critical discussion. Before I begin to criticize I will spell out the main elements of the book's argument. Before I start to do that, though, I will set the stage with a sketch of the division between realism and irrealism in metaethics today. It used to be easy to tell a moral realist from a moral irrealist. You could just ask, "Is there really such a thing as moral wrongness?" Realists of all stripes, from Bentham to Moore to Warnock, would all say, "Of course there is," while irrealists (as we now call them retrospectively) from Mackie to Ayer say not. That isn't to disparage the subtlety of our metaethical categories. For one thing, we have not generally had any trouble distinguishing kinds of irrealism, and in particular the difference between Mackie's sort and Ayer's has always been especially clear. Ayer denied that moral judgments express any sort of proposition at all, while Mackie insisted that they do express propositions, only uniformly false ones.' Ayer's radicalism was at the level of language, denying that simple declarative sentences play the linguistic role of
Total Quality Management Defined in Terms of Reported Practice

Total quality management (TQM) has taken hold in the Western world. Organizations are either adopting or contemplating adoption of TQM programmes before they fully realize what they are getting into. Seeks to lift some of the veil on TQM. The TQM concept is described or defined in terms of what over two dozen large and well‐known Western firms are doing and achieving as a result of their TQM programmes. Specifically, reveals that TQM focuses on the customers, empowers and utilizes ideas from employees either individually or in teams, focuses on cost reduction efforts internally and on the part of the supplier, utilizes concurrent engineering and devotes considerable resources to education and training.
Euglena gracilis, A Test Organism for Study of Zinc

Valuable information on the function of metals has been gained from studying metal deficiency states in a variety of organisms (8, 20). But our knowledge of the action of zinc in intact cells has not kept pace with the great strides made in the enzymology of zinc (20). This slow advance is due largely to methodological difficulties: organisms that have been used most frequently for enzymological studies are in general not suitable for trace metal studies. Conversely, studies on the nutrition and absorption of zinc and on the pathology of zinc deficiency have been conducted with organisms that have not usually lent themselves readily to biochemical studies (cf. 3). In order to study zinc in vivo and in vitro with a single species, we have sought an organism in which A, the metal content could be rigorously controlled and B, which could be quantitatively disrupted, yielding a wide spectrum of highly active enzymes. Euglenca gracilis apparently possesses these characteristics. The present report documents the induction of a defined and controlled zinc deficiency in this alga.
Aerosol emissions from forest and grassland burnings in the southern amazon basin and central Brazil

Forest and grassland clearing by means of prescribed fires in tropical areas of the world may be responsible for large inputs of fine particulates to the global atmosphere besides being a major source of trace gases. The major continents on which extensive biomass burning takes place are Africa and South America. Such agricultural practices of burning have been employed throughout man's existence, but the importance and significance of such burning relative to anthropogenic industrial emissions to the atmosphere has not until extremely recently been seriously studied. In August–September 1979 project “Brushfire 1979” took place based in Brasilia, Brazil. The Air Quality Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research made ground level and aircraft measurements of trace gases (e.g. CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, H2, CH3Cl, COS, NO, NO2, O3) and Florida State University sampled ground level aerosol emissions from grass and forest burnings. Aerosols were sampled using plastic 7-stage single orifice cascade impactors and FSU type linear and circular “streakers”. Long term sampling was made of regional background for total particulates ( 8 μmad). Short term sampling within grass or forest fires was made using impactors incorporated into portable kits containing 4 miniature 12–18 V dc Brailsford pumps and a disposable dry cell power pack. Sampling times of 5–15 min were found optimal under these conditions. Grass fires were sampled in the savannah area northeast of Brasilia and forest fires in the state of Mato Grosso on the southern edge of the dryland forest of the Amazon basin. Residual ash samples were collected. All of the samples were analyzed at Florida State University using PIXE for 15–20 elements including Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb and Sr. Computer reduction of the X-ray spectra was made using the “HEXB” program. One of the prominent features found was the large flux of small particles (<2.0 μm) from both fire types. P, S and Cl were mostly small particle, Mg, Al, Si and K showed a bimodal distribution biased towards the small particle range, while Ca, Ti and Fe (crustal elements) predominated in the large particle mode. As Cl was found to be exclusively small particle, a formation mechanism in which HCl gas neutralizes small organic particles containing P and S may be hypothesized. A much more extensive field program for the summer of 1980 is planned to take place in the central Amazon basin using ground and airborne aerosol samplers, to capitalize on the work pioneered in this study.
Observations of turbulent flow fields in the Chesapeake Bay estuary for tidal energy conversion

This paper presents preliminary results from a two-week long set of field experiments performed to characterize flow structure and turbulence in the mid-water column during tidal flows in the Chesapeake Bay estuary. At the deployment location, in the vicinity of Kent Island peak flood/ebb tidal flows range from +/− 40 cm/s in the along-channel direction and secondary flow in the cross-channel direction reaches peak of +/−10 cm/s during the slack parts of a tidal cycle. Conditionally sampled mean velocity profiles indicate asymmetry in the flood/ebb tidal flows, which is attributed to the tidal straining. Temporal velocity spectra are presented and show modifications of the turbulence spectra due to presence of surface gravity wave field. Time history of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate shows variations on a tidal time scale with magnitudes ranging from 10−6 to 10−3 m2/s3. Results are discussed in the context of tidal turbine design and performance.
Decolonizing visuality in security studies: reflections on the death of Osama bin Laden

This article examines connections between visuality and security, utilizing United States (US) representations of the death of Osama bin Laden to call for decolonizing visuality in security studies. While there has been increasing research in visuality and International Relations, there is less emphasis on a postcolonial visuality approach to security studies. Concerns raised by postcolonial scholars regarding power relations, being looked at (and categorized) and issues of race and gender can inform theorizing and understanding of visuality in security studies. This article analyzes pictorial, textual, and architectural representations of the death of bin Laden in order to note what was made invisible and thus forgotten in the construction of official US accounts of the killing. It argues that adopting a decolonial approach not only identifies these invisibilities in the dominant US narrative, but also directs attention to how a shift in standpoint leads to other issues, identities, and meanings about th...
National Study of Emergency Department Visits for Burn Injuries, 1993 to 2004

No studies have examined U.S. burn epidemiology from the perspective of the Emergency Department. We sought to describe patient characteristics, injury types, and Emergency Department practice patterns. Data were collected from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey between 1993 and 2004. Emergency Department visit rates for burn injury decreased from 1993 to 2004 with a peak of 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-3.4) per 1000 U.S. population in 1995 and a nadir of 1.6 (95% CI 1.2-2.0) per 1000 in 2004. The Emergency Department visit rate for burn injuries was greater for men than women (2.7 [95% CI 2.4-3.0] vs 1.8 [95% CI 1.6-2.0] per 1000) and for black than white subjects (3.4 [95% CI 2.8-3.9] vs 2.1 [95%CI 1.9-2.3] per 1000), though all these groups showed decreases. Emergency Department visit rates for burns were greatest in the first and third decades (3.3 [95% CI 2.8-3.7] and 3.5 [95% CI 3.0-4.0] per 1000, respectively) and decreased thereafter. The upper extremity was the most commonly burned part of the body (37% of total) and most burns of specified depth were partial thickness (48% of total). Less than half of patients received analgesics (47%) or topical antibiotics (38%). Emergency Department visits for burns are declining, but rates remain high in men, black individuals, and children. Burn-prevention efforts should target these groups. Upper-extremity and partial-thickness injuries are common, and less than half of patients receive analgesics or topical antibiotics. Collaboration between burn specialists and Emergency Department personnel should focus on the care of these types of injuries.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CATASTROPHIC INTERFERENCE AND GENERALIZATION IN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS

Catastrophic interference refers to the frequent inability of connectionist networks to retain old memories in the presence of new information. Although solutions to the catastrophic interference problem exist, most involve the creation of semi-distributed (only partially overlapping) representations. This has given rise to the new concern that other, desirable properties that derive from the distributed nature of networks might be lost in exchange for reduced interference. For example, it has been feared that networks may lose the ability to generalize if interference is reduced through the creation of semi-distributed representations. This article examines the close conceptual relation between interference and generalization, and reports results from simulations that examined forgetting and generalization in a prototype learning situation. Two classes of solutions to catastrophic interference were investigated: Interference-reduction techniques that rely on rearranging weights into a more robust pattern were found to leave generalizability intact. An alternative technique that reduces interference by reducing the overlap between receptive fields of static hidden units was found to trade off resistance to forgetting against a reduced ability to generalize.
Stem Cell Therapy Restores Transparency to Defective Murine Corneas

Corneal scarring from trauma and inflammation disrupts vision for millions worldwide, but corneal transplantation, the primary therapy for corneal blindness, is unavailable to many affected individuals. In this study, stem cells isolated from adult human corneal stroma were examined for the ability to correct stromal opacity in a murine model by direct injection of cells into the corneal stroma. In wild-type mice, injected human stem cells remained viable for months without fusing with host cells or eliciting an immune T-cell response. Human corneal-specific extracellular matrix, including the proteoglycans lumican and keratocan, accumulated in the treated corneas. Lumican-null mice have corneal opacity similar to that of scar tissue as a result of disruption of stromal collagen organization. After injection with human stromal stem cells, stromal thickness and collagen fibril defects in these mice were restored to that of normal mice. Corneal transparency in the treated mice was indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice. These results support the immune privilege of adult stem cells and the ability of stem cell therapy to regenerate tissue in a manner analogous to organogenesis and clearly different from that of normal wound healing. The results suggest that cell-based therapy can be an effective approach to treatment of human corneal blindness.
Tachycardia-induced ventricular electrical remodeling: a perspective on unresolved experimental mechanisms and clinical implications.

d t s t v u a t 2 n v a s v m c w i c Over the last decade, it has become widely accepted that achycardia-induced remodeling is an important pathophysologic mechanism that contributes to the initiation and aintenance of an arrhythmogenic substrate. In response o a sustained increase in activation rate, the heart undergoes emodeling, defined as an alteration in cardiac function or tructure induced by a disease process or external stimulus. hronic tachycardia induces lasting changes in electrohysiologic and structural properties of the myocardium hat increase susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias. This iewpoint focuses on the effects of chronic rapid ventricular ates on ventricular electrophysiology, highlighting areas of ontroversy or uncertainty and potential implications of achycardia-induced electrical remodeling in the clinical etting. This brief review is not meant to be exhaustive; for his the reader is referred to several recent publications on he topic.
A high yield, controllable process for producing tunable near infrared-absorbing gold nanoplates†

The purpose of this study was to optimize a new synthesis technique, “DiaSynth,” to produce near-infrared (nIR) absorbing gold nanoplates with prescribed localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelengths in higher yields over conventional synthesis methods without the need for laborious purification steps. The molecular weight cut off (MWCO; 3.5, 8, 12, 15, 25 & 50 kDa) of the regenerated cellulose membranes (RCM), temperature (25, 37, 50 & 100 °C) and surface area to volume (SA/Vol) ratio (220, 340 & 470 mm2 ml−1) of the RCM to the gold nanoplate solution were varied during the synthesis process to determine the effect of each parameter on gold nanoplates yield, LSPR peak placement and stability. Results indicate the ability of the RCM to remove ∼99% of the contaminant small gold colloid (<10 nm) produced during the synthesis process, while producing a 72% higher yield of gold nanoplates compared to a conventional one-step fabrication process. Increasing the MWCO of the RCM from 3.5 kDa to 15 kDa was found to blue shift the LSPR peak down by 40 nm. Increasing the SA/Vol ratio and temperature blue shifted the LSPR peak wavelength by hundreds of nanometers with the nIR absorbing gold nanoplate LSPR peak occurring within the range of 650–1100 nm. It was also discovered that the gold nanoplates fabricated via the DiaSynth process with dialysis (Process 1) displayed an increase in stability over time without the need of a capping agent. With the increased gold nanoplate stability, further purification and isolation of gold nanoplates was possible through sedimentation over time. This study demonstrated that increasing the temperature, SA/Vol, and MWCO of the RCM allows production of gold nanoplates of increased purity compared to other methods and the ability to tailor the tunability of the LSPR peak to a desired wavelength.
Biological response across a ridge filter carbon ion bragg peak

The dose distribution of carbon ion beams was modified to cover 14 cm peak width using a ridge filter suitable for clinical application. The results of cell survival as a function of depth of penetration of carbon ions and the mouse skin (foot) response at the proximal-, mid-, and distal-peak positions using four daily fractions are reported. The objective of these studies is to verify whether the dose distribution in the peak region is properly compensated to produce uniform biological effect. The implications of the shape of the dose distribution in the peak region to radiotherapy application are discussed.
Left Ventricular Functional Analysis through Model-Driven Object Labeling in Echocardiograms

Cardiac cavity labeling is crucial for the detection of heart abnormalities and estimation of numerous heart indexes. A deformable model-based splitting technique is presented that improves on our segmentation algorithm and provides labeling of cardiac chambers in echocardiograms. This is utilized to provide a multiplicity of cardiac indexes, including left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output and stroke volume. Validating experiments are performed on real patient data.
Modulation of linear nail growth to treat diseases of the nail.

Abstract Diseases affecting the nail can cause significant distress and interfere with an individual's self-esteem, personal relationships, and professional life. Often, hand and foot function is adversely affected. Certain diseases are characterized by accelerated nail growth while others show a decrease. In this review, drugs known to influence the growth rate of nails are examined, highlighting their potential use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of nail disease. This approach, described recently in the context of the yellow nail syndrome, 1 may be extended to other common disorders such as nail psoriasis, brittle nails, and onychomycosis.
Nicotine and brain-stimulation reward: Interactions with morphine, amphetamine and pimozide

Using a rate-independent discrete trial method of determining thresholds for rewarding electrical intracranial stimulation in rats, we evaluated the pharmacological interaction of nicotine plus morphine, d-amphetamine, or the D2 receptor antagonist, pimozide. Both morphine and amphetamine shifted the dose-response curve for nicotine down and to the left, indicating increased efficacy and potency, respectively. Pimozide at doses that have no effect on performance and only minimal effect on brain-stimulation reward blocked the effect of nicotine. These data suggest that the same dopaminergic substrate that supports the positive reinforcing effects of other drugs of abuse also supports nicotine reward.
Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin

A late Quaternary ichthyofauna from Homestead Cave, Utah, provides a new source of information on lake history in the Bonneville basin. The fish, represented by 11 freshwater species, were accumulated between ∼11,200 and ∼1000 14C yr B.P. by scavenging owls. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Lake Bonneville varied with its elevation; 87Sr/86Sr values of fish from the lowest stratum of the cave suggest they grew in a lake near the terminal Pleistocene Gilbert shoreline. In the lowest deposits, a decrease in fish size and an increase in species tolerant of higher salinities or temperatures suggest multiple die-offs associated with declining lake levels. An initial, catastrophic, post-Provo die-off occurred at 11,300–11,200 14C yr B.P. and was followed by at least one rebound or recolonization of fish populations, but fish were gone from Lake Bonneville sometime before ∼10,400 14C yr B.P. This evidence is inconsistent with previous inferences of a near desiccation of Lake Bonneville between 13,000 and 12,000 14C yr B.P. Peaks in Gila atraria frequencies in the upper strata suggest the Great Salt Lake had highstands at ∼3400 and ∼1000 14C yr B.P.
In Vitro Viscoelastic Flow Measurements of a Pediatric End-to-Side Anastomosis to the 12cc Penn State Ventricular Assist Device

Congenital cardiovascular defects are the leading cause of infant mortality due to birth defects, accounting for 29% of all birth defect-related infant deaths [1]. Each year over 35,000 babies are born with heart defects in the United States. A quarter of these patients require invasive treatment [2]. Although transplantation has proven to be a viable option for recovery, it is limited by an inadequate supply of donor organs. The average wait time for a transplant in 2005 was 107 days, and without the availability of transplants, approximately 40% of infants in need of a cardiovascular transplant may die [3,4].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Vector-valued H p Corona Theorem on the Polydisk

For the corona problem on the bidisk, we find analytic solutions belonging to the Orlicz-type space \(\exp {\left( {L^{{\frac{1}{3}}} } \right)}.\) In addition, for 1 ≤ p < ∞, an \( \mathcal{H}^{p} {\left( {D^{2} } \right)}\) corona theorem is established. Similar techniques can be used for the polydisk.
Mammalian anti proliferative signals and their targets

The effect of mitogens on the mammalian cell cycle is opposed by the action of antimitogens, such as TGF-beta, cAMP agonists, and various antiproliferative drugs. The recent identification of TGF-beta receptors that initiate antimitogenic signals and of cell cycle kinase inhibitors that respond to these signals has provided new insights into this process. The evidence argues that mitogenic and antimitogenic signals confront each other by regulating in opposite ways the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases that control cell commitment to DNA replication.
Fatal case of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.

. A Japanese neonate with fatal pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is described. The patient lapsed into a coma shortly after birth with severe metabolic acidosis caused by accumulation of lactate and pyruvate. Hyperammonemia was also present and found to be the cause of the coma. Despite intensive treatment, the patient died at 93 hours of age. Enzyme study showed that the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase was not detected in either the liver or the kidneys. This is the third reported case of fatal pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and hyperammonemia is described for the first time in this condition.
SU-GG-I-141: Quantification of FA and ADC Changes with Age in the Brainstem of Healthy Children Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Purpose: To provide a benchmark for comparison with diseased and injured pediatric brainstem, we quantified age‐dependent changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in 20 healthy children with diffusiontensorimaging (DTI). Method and Materials:Diffusion raw images were acquired in 20 healthy volunteer children aged 6–25 years using a 3‐T MR scanner (Trio, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Quantitative FA and ADC maps were computed offline using Siemens Neuro3D Syngo DTI task card. FA and ADC maps from multiple time points were co‐registered through T1‐weighted 3D structural scans. Regions‐of‐interest (ROIs) were manually delineated using an in‐house image analysis package. FA and ADC averages across the previously defined ROIs were fitted over the natural logarithm of age. FA and ADC were also averaged on each slice to examine the inter‐slice variation. Results: The fitted curves show a rising trend of FA but a decreasing trend of ADC with age as indicated by their slopes (pons: FA 0.07, ADC −0.08; corticospinal tract: FA 0.07, ADC −0.03; medial lemniscus: FA 0.06, ADC −0.06). The average FA of brainstem ROI over each slice was low in the medulla oblongata and increased towards pons and midbrain, as opposed to the high ADC in the medulla oblongata, deceasing in the pons and the midbrain. Conclusion: The increasing trend of FA and decreasing trend of ADC with age in pediatric brainstem was consistent with previous reports. The similar slopes with FA as compared to different slopes with ADC might indicate incongruence in characterizing the underlying structural changes. The slice‐by‐slice analysis demonstrates a large variation in FA and ADC in the craniocaudal direction within the brainstem. Our results from healthy subjects can provide an important benchmark for later comparison with pediatric patients receiving cancertreatment involving brainstem. Acknowledgement: NIH grant HD049888 and ALSAC.
Time periodic solutions of nonlinear wave equations

Existence and regularity of solutions of $$(1)u_{tt} - u_{xx} = \varepsilon K(x,t,u,u_t )0< x< \pi ,0 \leqslant t \leqslant 2\pi $$ together with the periodicity and boundary conditions $$(2)u(x,t + 2\pi ) = u(x,t),u(0,t) = 0 = u(\pi ,t)$$ is studied both with an without the dissipation ut. A solution is a pair (χ, u). A main feature of interest here is an infinite dimensional biofurcation problem. Under appropriate conditions on K, global existence results are obtained by a combination of analytical and topological methods.
Synthesis and Purification of 3-Hydroxykynurenine-O-β-glucoside, a Primate Lens Ultraviolet Filter, and Its Application in a Two-Step Assay for β-Glucosidase Activity

Abstract 3-Hydroxykynurenine-3- O -β-glucoside (3-HKG) functions in the primate lens as a filter of 295- 400-nm light, thereby protecting the retina from damaging UV radiation. Although extensive studies have been conducted to determine the functional role of 3-HKG in the primate lens, an efficient method for its synthesis and purification has yet to be developed. Several procedures have been reported for the synthesis of 3-HKG; however, these procedures either result in low yields or require numerous sequential reactions and purification steps. In this study, we report a two-step synthesis of 3-HKG with a one-step purification and a two- to eightfold increase in yield over previously reported methods. Additionally, an assay was developed to confirm the presence of a β-glycosidic linkage in the purified reaction product and we propose a method by which 3-HKG can be used as a general probe of β-glucosidase activity. The assay consists of adding glucose oxidase to the 3-HKG/glucosidase solution and then allowing the hydrogen peroxide, generated from the interaction of glucose with glucose oxidase, to oxidize 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthomattin (XAN) and 4,6-dihydroxyquinolinequinone carboxylic acid (DHQCA). Both XAN and DHQCA absorb strongly between 400 and 500 nm and the color change of the solution can be seen by eye. In addition, XAN fluoresces in the visible region with λ max = 527 nm.
rtTA toxicity limits the usefulness of the SP-C-rtTA transgenic mouse.

The doxycycline (DOX)-inducible gene expression systems allow tight temporal and spatial control of transgene expression, invaluable in studies of organ development and disease pathogenesis. Transgenic mice using the human Surfactant Protein C promoter to drive the expression of the reverse tetracycline transactivator (SP-C-rtTA) enabled functional analysis of essential gene function during lung development. Here we report that DOX-fed SP-C-rtTA mice during the period in which Type II cells differentiate results in cellular toxicity that may have confounded the interpretation of previous reports using this line. These effects included impaired alveologenesis, loss/reduction in expression of surfactant-associated proteins, and death. Severity was dependent on genetic background: outbred mice or those on a CD1 background are highly susceptible, whereas the C57BL/6 background appeared resistant by morphological criteria. However, quantitative analysis reveled that DOX-fed, SP-C-rtTA C57BL/6 pups had reduced surfactant mRNA accumulation that could contribute to synthetic lethality when combined with other genetic alterations. We conclude that the combination of genetic backgrounds, length of DOX exposure and the presence of the SP-C-rtTA transgene contributed more than previously appreciated to the similarities seen in the phenotypes reported by investigators using the SP-C-rtTA, (tetO) 7 -Cre. These studies demonstrate the importance of using appropriate SP-C-rtTA only controls in all experiments.
The supersonic fan engine - An advanced concept in supersonic cruise propulsion

Engine performance and mission studies were carried out for turbofan engines equipped with supersonic through-flow fans. The mission was for a commercial supersonic transport with a Mach 2.32 capability. The advantages of the supersonic fan engines are discussed in terms of mission range comparisons with other engine types. The effects of fan efficiency, inlet losses, and engine weight on engine performance and mission range are shown. The range of a supersonic transport with supersonic fan engines could be 10 to 20 percent better than with other types having the same technology core.
Synthesis, crystal chemistry, and optical properties of metal borates

Crystalline inorganic borates comprise a structurally intriguing, technologically important class of solid-state oxides. During the past 18 months, new and unique examples have been synthesized; enhanced performance characteristics have been realized; and improved descriptions of physical properties have been developed. Combined, these advances will likely increase the overall scope of applicability for these materials.
Participant Observations and Recommendations From an Integrated Design Project in Architecture and Engineering

An interdisciplinary design project was conducted with students in the mechanical engineering and architecture departments at the University of Idaho. In order to offer the multidisciplinary design experience within the available bandwidth of instructors, the project was structured around and integrated into existing courses and resources. Past interdisciplinary product design courses have shown the value of interdisciplinary work in the professional development of students in addition to being effective at developing innovative new products. Descriptions of these courses provide insights on conducting them with regards to team structure, course structure, design process, and other topics. This paper summarizes observations reported from students and instructors involved in this project. Observations highlight challenges in project management, examples of cultural differences between disciplines, approaches to design, specifics of project ownership, and perceptions of level of detail in work products. Based on those observations, recommendations are made to develop and deploy a design process that facilitates the strengths of both disciplines and enables mentor guided project management. In addition, these recommendations will help establish a team culture and work setting that does not violate the culture of either discipline while enabling joint decision making, and address directly the impacts of a domain biased product as the design project focus.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Individual differences in overt and covert measures of sexism

The present research was conducted to examine individual differences in responses to overt and covert measures of sexism. First, 25 women and 16 men rated the negative content of sexist state­ments in order to create a covert and an overt measure of sexism. Next, an additional group of 35 men and-74 women responded to these measures in order to determine the relationships between sex, educational maturity, political party affiliation, participation in a gender awareness course, willingness to help a woman in the future and covert and overt sexism. Main effects for sex of respondent, and enrollment in a gender awareness course were hypothesized such that men, and students not enrolled in a gender awareness course would score higher than women, and students in a gender awareness course on both measures with scores for the covert measure being highest. Additionally, sex by political party affiliation, sex by educational maturity, and sex by willingness to help a woman in the future interactions were hypothesized such that conservative men, men with less educational maturity, and men unwilling to help a woman in the future would score higher than women in each case. Once again for each interaction men’s scores for the coven items were hy­pothesized to be highest. Results obtained partially supported the hypotheses. Main effects for sex, and willingness to help a woman in the future, and a sex by enrollment in a gender awareness course interaction occurred. Results are discussed in terms of existing research and the lack of awareness of sexism in current society.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN ARMED FORCES AND THEIR LINK WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM AND COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS 1910-1961

The Point of Departure: The Military Transfer Concept A cursory examination of the literature now available on the South African Defence Force would suggest that such literature contains an embarrassment of riches. A more careful scrutiny, however, suggests that. in terms of nominal measurement. it can be grouped into fairly discrete categories covering the first (1880-1881) and second (1899-1902) Anglo-Boer Wars, World Wars I and II, the Korean conflict. and the growth of the South African Defence Force as a natural complement to the world isolation engendered by the pursuit of the policy of apartheid. The last category is more appropriately considered as part of the civil-military and foreign policy history of the Republic of South Africa because of the severance of the Commonwealth tie in 1961 and the declaration of the arms embargo against the Republic in 1963.
Pre-B-cell Colony-enhancing Factor (PBEF/Visfatin) Gene Expression is Modulated by NF-κB and AP-1 in Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells

A localized intrauterine inflammatory response is often associated with the initiation of normal human parturition, whereas infection causes a similar but more florid response initiating preterm labor. Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) is expressed in the human fetal membranes and is up-regulated by labor, severe infection and inflammatory stimuli. The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in the response of PBEF to an inflammatory stimulus and compare it with IL-8. The results showed that this treatment of amniotic epithelial-like cells (WISH) and primary amniotic epithelial cells increased expression of PBEF and IL-8, but IL-8 responded 100-fold more than PBEF. IL-1beta treatment together with a panel of NF-kappaB and AP-1 inhibitors demonstrated the involvement of these transcription factors in the up-regulation of PBEF. These data show that an inflammatory stimulus in the fetal membranes inducing NF-kappaB and AP-1 would up-regulate PBEF as well as IL-8.
The ICE project

The International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft passed through the plasma tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner (G/Z) on Sept. 11, 1985, and made in situ measurements of particles, fields, and waves. The scientific results indicate that Alfven's magnetic-field capture and draping model is correct; that the comet/solar-wind interaction produces energetic ions (probably by the pick-up process), and that the bow wave, as seen on the flanks, is not a shock but an extended interaction region. It is concluded that the ICE spacecraft survived the encounter virtually unscathed and made field and particle measurements upstream of Comet Halley, actually detecting the comet via plasma wave and energetic particle measurements.
The influence of a high level of corn oil on rat serum lipoproteins.

Abstract Although the stated requirement for linoleic acid in humans is less than 2% of the dietary calories, recently there has been considerable emphasis on the necessity to substitute dietary polyunsaturates for saturates in order to reduce serum cholesterol levels. In this study we have sought to determine the nutritional consequences of feeding a very high level of linoleate to rats. Three groups of thirty adult animals each were fed a semipurified diet consisting by weight of casein 17%; mineral mixture 5.5%; vitamin mixture in glucose 2.2%; cellulose fiber 3.0%; and corn oil 0% (group A), 10% (group B) or 40% (group C), which was provided at the expense of glucose. At the end of four weeks on the diets, blood was obtained in the fasting state from 16 rats in each group. The serum was ultracentrifugally fractionated into six classes of lipoproteins and analyzed for lipid composition and protein content. Disc gel electrophoresis using lipid and protein stains established that the various lipoprotein subclasses were reasonably free of adjacent density fractions. Although the total serum cholesterol levels were practically the same in the three groups, the cholesterol moiety of the major low density lipoproteins, LDL2 (d 1.019–1.050), but not of very low density lipoproteins, VLDL (d 1.006) or low density lipoproteins, LDL1 (d 1.006–1.019), was substantially and very significantly increased in rats fed the high level of corn oil as compared to the other groups. The concentration of the very low density lipoproteins was significantly lower in group C than in the groups A and B. The LDL2 concentration but not that of LDL1 was significantly greater in group C as compared to group A. The cholesterol/total lipid ratio was significantly greater in both LDL2 and LDL1 but not in VLDL of group C as compared with group A. The serum high density lipoproteins were relatively less influenced by the ingestion of an excessive level of corn oil at this time period. The serum lipoprotein levels as well as their lipid composition were generally similar in groups A and B and suggested that a moderate level (5%) of dietary linoleate did not cause any untoward changes in rats. On the basis of current information on the metabolism of lipoproteins, it has been proposed that the increase in rat serum LDL2 of group C reflects the status of the liver and that a large portion of the cholesterol moiety of LDL2 is perhaps derived from the liver while the protein and phospholipid portions may represent remnants of VLDL catabolism. In view of the magnitude of the changes observed in LDL2-cholesterol as well as in the liver cholesterol and triglycerides due to the ingestion of a 40% corn oil diet in a usually resistant species, namely the rat, further work along these lines with other species including human and nonhuman primates merits our attention.
Conformational Dynamics of 1,2-Dichloroethane on Illite during Sorption and Desorption

Abstract In situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy is used in this study to gain insight into the molecular level mechanisms by which 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) is retained on the surfaces of an illite specimen clay. The results support the conclusions presented earlier for 1,2-dibromoethane in which sorption is described as a process of condensation to form a liquid enriched in the gauche conformer due to the presence of a dielectric field. In addition, spectral evidence suggest the presence of a "sorbed" vapor phase, different in composition to unassociated vapor phase chemical, that desorbs more rapidly than the liquid. The behavior of DCA on clay surfaces is consistent with accepted concepts used to explain characteristic isotherm behavior observed for the sorption of vapor phase chemicals on porous media. This in turn supports the importance of sorbent porosity in the retention process.
Experimental and zero-dimensional analysis of CO2-N2 gas cyclic injection processes

Abstract This study investigates the influence of dominant mechanisms in the cyclic injection of a CO2 and N2 process through laboratory experiments. A PVT cell was used to perform six cycles of injection at typical conditions found in shallow depleted oil reservoirs (150 psig and 70°F)—the prime reservoir candidates for gas cyclic injection. These conditions are kept for five different injected mixtures, said 100%–0%, 80%–20%, 53%–47%, 20%–80%, and 0%–100% of CO2 and N2 respectively. Experimental results are presented to reveal the mechanisms taking place during this process. A zero-dimensional model, based on a tuned cubic EOS, is proposed to successfully predict a component's trend through all cycles and observed experimental compositions in both phases.
Possible Functional Linkage Between the Cardiac Dihydropyridine and Ryanodine Receptor: Acceleration of Rest Decay by Bay K 8644 ☆

The effect of the dihydropyridinel-Type Ca chanel agonist Bay K 8644 on post-rest contractions in ferret ventricular muscle and isolated myocytes was investigated. Bay K 8644 was shown to abolish rest potentiation and greatly accelerate rest decay. The post-rest contraction suppressed by Bay K 8644 was accompanied by action potentials of large amplitude and longer duration, but voltage-clamp measurements showed that this suppression was not due to a supra-optimal ICatrigger. Caffeine-induced contractures and rapid cooling contractures demonstrated an accelerated rest-dependent decline in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca content in the presence of Bay K 8644, which was present even with Ca-free superfusion during rest. Thus, the Bay K 8644-induced decline of SR Ca during rest was independent of extracellular Ca or ICa. To explore whether the binding of Bay K 8644 to the dihydropyridine receptor could alter the SR Ca release channel /ryanodine receptor in a more direct way, ryanodine binding was measured in the absence and presence of Bay K 8644. Ryanodine binding to isolated ferret ventricular myocytes was increased by Bay K 8644 under conditions where sarcolemmal-SR junctions might be expected to be intact, but not after physical disruption. These results are consistent with a working hypothesis where Bay K 8644 may bind to the dihydropyridine receptor and this may lead to physical changes in the linkage between the dihydropridine receptor and a subset of ryanodine receptors, thereby increasing the opening of the SR Ca release channel during rest (and accelerating resting Ca loss).
A New Multiscale Model for the Madden–Julian Oscillation

Abstract A multiscale model of the MJO is developed here that accounts, in a simplified fashion, for both the upscale transfer from synoptic to planetary scales of momentum and temperature from wave trains of thermally driven equatorial synoptic-scale circulations in a moving convective envelope as well as direct mean heating on planetary scales. This model involves idealized thermally driven congestus synoptic-scale fluctuations in the eastern part of the moving wave envelope and convective superclusters in the western part of the envelope. The model self-consistently reproduces qualitatively many of the detailed structural features of the planetary circulation in the observations of the MJO, including the vertical structure in both the westerly onset region and the strong westerly wind burst region, as well as the horizontal quadrupole planetary vortex structure. The westerly midlevel inflow in the strong westerly region and the quadrupole vortex are largely produced in the model by the upscale transpor...
Roll out the barrel.

The structure of the OmpA transmembrane domain reveals an eight stranded, anitparallel β-barrel in which the interior, potentially transmembrane passageway is occluded by polar and nonpolar amino acid residues.
An evaluation of the NINCDS-ADRDA neuropsychological criteria for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a confirmatory factor analysis of single versus multi-factor models.

Neuropsychological test batteries are frequently used to assess the nature and severity of cognitive deficits among patients with early Alzheimers Disease (AD) and related disorders. The NINCDS-ADRDA criteria are among the most widely used guidelines to diagnose dementia (McKhann et al.,1984). These criteria specify eight distinct areas of neuropsychological function that should be evaluated in patients with suspected cognitive impairment. Recent studies have suggested that neuropsychological deficits observed in AD may be explained by a single general factor related to memory deficits or to executive dysfunction. In contrast, the results of other investigations have indicated that multiple qualitatively different factors underlie cognitive abilities in AD. In the present study, we used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the structure of cognitive abilities in AD and to assess the extent to which single and multiple ability factors accurately represent neuropsychological test data obtained from patie...
Tight and loose value automorphisms

Etude de quelques structures (automorphismes de valeurs) liees a la theorie de la mesure. Classification exhaustive
Energy transfer between coumarins in a dye laser

Abstract An energy transfer laser experiment is reported in which coumarin 1 acted as the energy donor and coumarin 314 as the lasing acceptor. At an optimum concentration of 10−2 M for the coumarin 1 and 10−3 M for the coumarin 314 in methanol, the mixture was twice as efficient as a laser than coumarin 314 alone.
Life Satisfaction and Social Desirability Among Adolescents in a Residential Treatment Setting: Changes Across Time

ABSTRACT Forty-five adolescents first entering a residential treatment setting were administered a multidimensional measure of life satisfaction as well as a measure of social desirability. Students were re-administered the life satisfaction measure once per month across a three-month time span. Results revealed that social desirability had a minimal effect on the domains represented in the satisfaction instrument. Further, satisfaction ratings across a number of domains significantly increased as a function of time. These increases were curvilinear, with significant decreases in satisfaction reports observed after the first month followed by significant increases across the next two months. The findings provided support for the sensitivity of life satisfaction reports as an outcome indicator of treatment efficacy. Implications of these findings as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.