cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased radiation resistance in lithium-counterdoped silicon solar cells

Lithium-counterdoped n(+)p silicon solar cells are found to exhibit significantly increased radiation resistance to 1-MeV electron irradiation when compared to boron-doped n(+)p silicon solar cells. In addition to improved radiation resistance, considerable damage recovery by annealing is observed in the counterdoped cells at T less than or equal to 100 C. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements are used to identify the defect whose removal results in the low-temperature aneal. It is suggested that the increased radiation resistance of the counterdoped cells is primarily due to interaction of the lithium with interstitial oxygen.
On the Relative Stability of Singly Protonated des-Arg1- and des-Arg9-Bradykinins†

Normal-incidence surface-induced dissociation of singly protonated des-Arg 1 -bradykinin (PPGFSPFR) and des-Arg 9 -bradykinin (RPPGFSPF) has been studied using a specially designed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS). We found that, with a reaction time of 1 s, the collision-energy-resolved fragmentation efficiency curve (FEC) for des-Arg 9 -bradykinin is shifted to lower energies by about 4 eV relative to the FEC for des-Arg'-bradykinin. Because the Arrhenius activation energies found by Williams and co-workers in BIRD experiments are 0.82 and 1.2 eV for des-Arg'- and des-Arg 9 -bradykinin, respectively, we expected to find the reverse order in our long-reaction-time FTICR-SID experiments. We rationalize the difference between our data and the thermal kinetics using Tolman's theorem to calculate threshold energies from the Arrhenius activation parameters. We found that, when the preexponential factor for reaction is very high (> 10 1 7 s - 1 ) or very low (<10 1 0 s - 1 ), Tolman's correction becomes fairly large. In this case, the Arrhenius parameters are strongly correlated, and the activation energy depends on the reaction dynamics and temperature. This can result in the reversal of the order of the Arrhenius activation energies for different systems relative to the order of the threshold energies, meaning that conclusions about relative stabilities of large molecules should be based not on the thermal activation energies but rather on actual threshold energies, which can be calculated using Tolman's correction. The threshold energies extracted from the Arrhenius activation parameters are 1.15 and 1.24 eV for des-Arg 1 - and des-Arg 9 -bradykinin, respectively, assuming a temperature of 450 K. However, des-Arg'-bradykinin dissociates via a very tight transition state. Consequently, microcanonical rate-energy dependencies for these two peptides cross at very low internal energies and des-Arg 9 -bradykinin has a larger rate constant at internal energies sampled experimentally.
Epidemiological Criminology: Contextualization of HIV/AIDS Health Care for Female Inmates.

Worldwide, women are increasingly being incarcerated. One unintended consequence is the increase in unhealthy female offenders. Among the more serious health concerns are HIV and AIDS. Challenges a...
Transcriptional Regulation of Endothelial Arginase 2 by Histone Deacetylase 2

Objective— Arginase 2 (Arg2) is a critical target in atherosclerosis because it controls endothelial nitric oxide, proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Regulators of Arg2 transcription in the endothelium have not been characterized. The goal of the current study is to determine the role of specific histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the regulation of endothelial Arg2 transcription and endothelial function. Approach and Results— The HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A increased levels of Arg2 mRNA, protein, and activity in both human aortic endothelial cells and mouse aortic rings. These changes occurred in both time- and dose-dependent patterns and resulted in Arg2-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Trichostatin A and the atherogenic stimulus oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhanced the activity of common promoter regions of Arg2. HDAC inhibition with trichostatin A also decreased endothelial nitric oxide, and these effects were blunted by arginase inhibition. Nonselective class I HDAC inhibitors enhanced Arg2 expression, whereas the only selective inhibitor that increased Arg2 expression was mocetinostat, a selective inhibitor of HDACs 1 and 2. Additionally, mouse aortic rings preincubated with mocetinostat exhibited dysfunctional relaxation. Overexpression of HDAC2 (but not HDAC 1, 3, or 8) cDNA in human aortic endothelial cells suppressed Arg2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, and siRNA knockdown of HDAC2 enhanced Arg2 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated direct binding of HDAC2 to the Arg2 promoter, and HDAC2 overexpression in human aortic endothelial cells blocked oxidized low-density lipoprotein–mediated activation of the Arg2 promoter. Finally, overexpression of HDAC2 blocked oxidized low-density lipoprotein–mediated vascular dysfunction. Conclusions— HDAC2 is a critical regulator of Arg2 expression and thereby endothelial nitric oxide and endothelial function. Overexpression or activation of HDAC2 represents a novel therapy for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. # Significance {#article-title-27}
Effects of heroin and its metabolites on schedule-controlled responding and thermal nociception in rhesus monkeys: sensitivity to antagonism by quadazocine, naltrindole and ß-funaltrexamine

Recent studies have reported differences in the receptor mechanisms and intrinsic efficacies of heroin and its metabolites 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in rodents. The present study examined the generality of these findings to rhesus monkeys using two behavioral procedures. In an assay of schedule-controlled behavior, response rates were recorded under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. In an assay of thermal nociception, tail-withdrawal latencies were measured from warm water (42-58 degrees C). Heroin, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine produced dose-dependent rate-decreasing and antinociceptive effects. Antagonism studies were conducted with the competitive mu-selective antagonist quadazocine, the competitive delta-selective antagonist naltrindole, and the irreversible mu-selective antagonist beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA). Quadazocine dose-dependently antagonized the effects of all three opioids. Quadazocine pA2 values were similar across drugs and assays (7.4-7.8) and similar to quadazocine pA2 values for antagonism of other mu agonists. In contrast, naltrindole did not alter the effects of any of the opioids. beta-FNA antagonized the rate-decreasing and antinociceptive effects of heroin and morphine. Dose-effect data for heroin- and morphine-induced antinociception alone and after beta-FNA treatment were used to estimate in vivo apparent efficacy values (tau). Tau values (95% confidence limits) were 8.1 (6.9-9.6) for heroin and 2.6 (2.5-2.9) for morphine, but this difference is relatively small. These results suggest that the rate-decreasing and antinociceptive effects of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine are mediated by pharmacologically similar populations of mu opioid receptors in rhesus monkeys. The in vivo apparent efficacy of heroin at mu receptors was similar to or only slightly greater than that of morphine.
Elk-1, C/EBPα, and Pit-1 Confer an Insulin-responsive Phenotype on Prolactin Promoter Expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells and Define the Factors Required for Insulin-increased Transcription

The transcription factor(s) that mediate insulin-increased gene transcription are not well defined. These studies use phenotypic conversion of Rat2 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with transcription factors to identify components required for regulation of prolactin promoter activity and its control by insulin. The pituitary-derived GH4 cells contain all of the transcription factors required for insulin-increased prolactin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression while HeLa cells require only Pit-1, a pituitary-specific factor. However, Rat2 and CHO cells require additional factors. We had determined previously that the transcription factor that mediates insulin-increased prolactin gene expression was likely an Ets-related protein. Elk-1 and Sap-1 were the only Ets-related transcription factors tested as chimeras with LexA DNA-binding domain that were able to mediate insulin-increased expression of a LexA-CAT reporter plasmid. Elk-1 and Sap-1 are expressed in GH4 and HeLa cells but Rat2 and CHO cells express Sap-1, but not Elk-1. Expression of Elk-1 made Rat2 cells (but not CHO cells) insulin responsive. C/EBPα also binds to the prolactin promoter at a sequence overlapping the binding site for Elk-1. Expression of both C/EBPα and Pit-1 in CHO cells is required for high basal transcription of prolactin-CAT. Expression of Elk-1 converts CHO cells into a phenotype in which prolactin gene expression is increased by insulin treatment. Finally, antisense mediated reduction of Elk-1 in GH4 cells decreased insulin-increased prolactin gene expression and confirmed the requirement for Elk-1 for insulin-increased prolactin gene expression. Thus, both C/EBPα and Pit-1 were required for high basal transcription while insulin sensitivity required Elk-1.
Predicting immediate ordered recall of lists with products of probabilities

Abstract Immediate ordered recall performance is often reported in terms of recall of individual items or of lists. Schweickert, Chen and Poirier (Int. J. Psychol. 34 (1999) 447) proposed that the probability of recalling a list approximately equals the product of the conditional probabilities that each item is recalled, given its immediate predecessor is recalled. This Product of Adjacent Conditionals gave a close lower bound to the probability of recalling a list, although it is not exactly right. An alternative is that dependencies are expressed through probabilities conditioned on retrieval of higher level units such as chunks. An example is a key assumption of Anderson and Matessa (Psychol. Rev. 104 (1997) 728). This alternative is rejected here. Overall, the Product of Adjacent Conditionals formula and the Anderson and Matessa theory predicted recall of a list about equally well.
Social influence, creativity and innovation

We review research on the social influences on creativity. The main focus is on recent research on group and team creativity and the implications of this research for organizational creativity. We propose a broad model of the role of the cognitive, motivational, and social processes involved in creativity and innovation. Using this model as a framework, we highlight the influence of diversity, conflict, emotionally supportive environments, and social comparison processes on group creativity. Future directions for research on group creativity are suggested.
A phase change problem with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat

Abstract A semi-analytic solution is obtained to model conduction heat transfer with phase change into a semi-infinite slab, where the thermal conductivities and specific heats of both phases are a linear function of the temperature. This model extends the model of a previous work to include temperature-dependent specific heats.
Low molecular weight constituents of cerebrospinal fluid: N-benzoylglycine (hippuric acid).

When examined by gas chromatography, methylated acid extracts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contain large numbers (20–40) of constituents ranging in concentration from about 1 to 30 μg/ml. We have recently undertaken the identification of these constituents by the use of chemical ionization mass spectrometry and electron impact mass spectrometry as primary tools. In this paper we report the identification in CSF of N-benzoylglycine (hippuric acid), an acid not hitherto reported in CSF.
Measurement of foothill‐springs to determine soil‐moisture and ground‐water conditions in Snake Basin, Idaho

Need for an index to dryness of watershed—To forecast runoff from snow-cover closely every year it appears necessary that watersheds be normally wet each spring, or that the proper allowance be made for dryness of the earth-mantle. Theoretically, water-supply forecasting based on snow-surveys presupposes a close relationship exists between the amount of water stored as snow in the mountains at the end of winter and the runoff that occurs during the succeeding spring and summer months. This is notably the case in western United States, except occasionally when abnormal conditions occur, such as excessive dryness of watershed. Obviously, when the earth-mantle is very dry, an inordinate amount of the water from melting snow may be withheld on watersheds to replenish the soil-moisture and ground-water. At such times the runoff, compared to the mountain snow-cover, will be smaller. The water-supply forecaster is bothered to know how much smaller, because he does not have satisfactory ground-water records from which to determine the correction accurately.
Should prenatal hydronephrosis that resolves before birth be followed postnatally? Analysis and comparison to persistent prenatal hydronephrosis.

Prenatal ultrasonography has greatly enhanced detection of congenital genitourinary abnormalities. However, although persistent prenatal hydronephrosis (PPH) is typically imaged and followed postnatally, it remains unclear if prenatal hydronephrosis that resolves in utero (RPH) should be similarly managed. We determined postnatal abnormalities associated with RPH and compared these to those associated with PPH. We performed a retrospective review of all consecutive patients evaluated for prenatal hydronephrosis over 24 months. Patients were followed prenatally with serial ultrasounds and postnatally with ultrasonography and a voiding cystourethrogram. Of the consecutive 165 patients enrolled in the study, 72 had RPH. The average prenatal anterior–posterior renal pelvis length was significantly longer in patients with PPH (5.5 mm) than in those with RPH (4.9 mm) (p = 0.01). Recurrent postnatal hydronephrosis occurred in 44 % of patients with RPH, with eventual resolution in 34 % of those affected. In comparison, 29 % of PPH cases resolved postnatally. Mean time to resolution was statistically shorter for PPH (116 days) than for RPH (175 days) (p = 0.01). Seven PPH patients required surgery, while no RPH patients needed intervention (difference was statistically significant). A significant number of RPH children had postnatal hydronephrosis. Despite a slower resolution time, no children with RPH required intervention. Although RPH may recur postnatally, the significantly lower chance of intervention being required suggests that these children may not require postnatal imaging.
Abstract 5278: Circulating microRNAs profile as a novel biomarker for osteosarcoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary bone tumor in children, with approximately 400 cases each year diagnosed in patients under the age of twenty. Current therapies can achieve long-term relapse free survival rates near 75% for those with localized disease, while survival rates for patients with overt metastatic disease at diagnosis are often less than 20%. Without adjuvant chemotherapy, over 80% of children will develop metastatic or recurrent disease and all patients require long term monitoring. However, there are no reliable, non-invasive biological markers to detect the presence or progression of disease, assess therapy response, or provide upfront risk stratification. The present method for detecting and monitoring disease status in OS is radiographic imaging which is often difficult to interpret. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, stable, small non-coding RNA molecules that are key post-transcriptional regulators and are ideal candidates for circulating biomarker development due to their stability in plasma, ease of isolation with high sensitivity, and the unique expressions associated with specific disease states. As such, we have developed a signature profile of circulating miRNAs utilizing a novel genetically engineered mouse model of OS that can discriminate between mice with and without OS. Specifically, we have determined that circulating miR-205 is decreased 3.2-fold in mice with disease compared to disease-free mice, whereas miR-574-3p, miR-214, and miR-335-5p are increased 1.4, 1.9, and 2.9 fold respectively in the diseased mice. Finally, based upon prior studies utilizing other cancer models, we believe that we will be able to directly translate these findings from the mouse model to patients afflicted with osteosarcoma. Citation Format: Wendy Allen-Rhoades, Lyazat Kurenbekova, Susan Hilsenbeck, Tsz-Kwong Man, Lawrence Donehower, Jason T. Yustein. Circulating microRNAs profile as a novel biomarker for osteosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5278. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5278
Shock layers in perturbed systems related to steady conservation laws

Singular perturbation techniques are used to determine the locations of shock layers in steady solutions of a hyperbolic system to which viscosity terms have been added.
Selenium incorporation into selenoproteins in the Se-adequate and Se-deficient rat.

To rapidly discriminate between selenoproteins and Se-binding proteins, SDS + 2-mercaptoethanol treatment and then gradient SDS-slab gel electrophoresis was used to remove loosely bound Se from proteins while separating protein subunits according to molecular weight. This technique was used to study the nature and time course of /sup 75/Se incorporation into selenoproteins. Male weanling rats were fed either a Se-adequate (0.35 ppm Se) or a Se-deficient (less than 0.02 ppm Se) diet for 20-41 days, injected iv with 50 microCi (/sup 75/Se)selenite (100 microCi/micrograms Se), and sacrificed 1, 3, 24, or 72 hr after /sup 75/Se injection. At 1 and 3 hr, a 55-kDa plasma /sup 75/Se protein contained the most /sup 75/Se of any /sup 75/Se protein observed in any tissue in either Se-adequate or Se-deficient rats. At 24 and 72 hr, a 23-kDa /sup 75/Se protein (glutathione peroxidase subunit) in liver cytosol was the second-most labeled /sup 75/Se protein observed in Se-adequate rats. The second-most labeled /sup 75/Se protein in Se-deficient rats was a 17-kDa /sup 75/Se protein in testes at 24 and 72 hr. /sup 75/Se proteins of 10, 14, 45, and 65 kDa as well as lesser amounts of other /sup 75/Se proteins were also detected.more » In a separate experiment, cycloheximide pretreatment eliminated /sup 75/Se labeling of any of the /sup 75/Se proteins, demonstrating that protein synthesis is required for Se incorporation. The rise and fall of various /sup 75/Se proteins with time suggests that these seleno-proteins may be important in the flux of Se between tissues.« less
Testing for linearity in generalized linear models using kernel smoothing

A test statistic proposed by Li (1999) for testing the adequacy of heteroscedastic nonlinear regression models using nonparametric kernel smoothers is applied to testing for linearity in generalized linear models. Simulation results for models with centered gamma and inverse Gaussian errors are presented to illustrate the performance of the resulting test compared with log-likelihood ratio tests for specific parametric alternatives. The test is applied to a data set of coronary heart disease status (Hosmer and Lemeshow, (1990).
Efficient amplification using the /sup 4/F/sub 3/2//spl rarr//sup 4/I/sub 9/2/ transition in Nd-doped silica fiber

Amplification characteristics of the three-level /sup 4/F/sub 3/2//spl rarr//sup 4/I/sub 9/2/ transition in Nd-doped silica glass fiber are investigated under strong signal saturation and high pump power (150 mW). Aluminum codoped Nd-silica fibers exhibit strong superfluorescent behavior in the four-level /sup 4/F/sub 3/2//spl rarr//sup 4/I/sub 11/2/ transition which limits the optical conversion efficiency into the three-level transition. Ge-doped silica fibers do not exhibit this limitation and can efficiently amplify in the three-level transition with current laser-diode pump technology.
Effect of modification of inhibitory amino acids on arginase activity

Abstract The effect of modification of various amino acids, which are inhibitory on liver arginase activity, have been investigated. (1) Branched-chain amino acid, l -valine, l -leucine, and l -isoleucine are potent inhibitors of bovine liver arginase. However, their corresponding α-keto derivatives do not inhibit the enzyme. (2) Although l -ornithine and l -lysine are also potent inhibitors of arginase, their methylated derivatives are not inhibitory when present at concentrations between 10 and 25 m m . (3) Also included is the first description of the chemical synthesis of δ-N-trimethyl- l -ornithine. An analogue of this compound, δ-N-monomethyl- l -ornithine, has been shown to occur in nature.
CIRCULAR INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY

This work defines the unique instantaneous frequency (IF) of an arbitrary time signal to be the circular instantaneous frequency (cIF) of the curvature radius of the signal’s trajectory on the phase plane, where the signal’s conjugate part is obtained from Hilbert transform (HT). Because a general signal of a dynamical system of multiple degrees of freedom contains multiple modal vibrations, its cIF varies dramatically and is not useful for system identification and other applications. If the signal is decomposed into modal vibration components without moving average, each component has no local extrema within each fundamental period and no local loops on the phase plane, each component’s referred instantaneous frequency (rIF) with respect to the origin on the phase plane may be non-circular but is always non-negative, and the time-varying rIF and referred instantaneous amplitude (rIA) are convenient for combining the use of perturbation analysis for system identification. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) of Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is valuable for decomposing a general nonlinear nonstationary signal into zero-mean intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), and HT enables accurate calculation of rIF and rIA of each IMF. Although the concept of circular frequency cannot be used for signal decomposition, it enables the development of time-domain-only techniques for online frequency tracking. A 5-point frequency tracking method is developed to eliminate the incapability of the original 4-point Teager–Kaiser algorithm (TKA) for frequency tracking of signals with moving averages. Moreover, a 3-point conjugate-pair decomposition (CPD) method is derived based on circle-fitting using a pair of conjugate harmonic functions. It is shown that both CPD and TKA are based on the concept of circle fitting, but TKA uses finite difference and CPD uses curve fitting in numerical implementation. However, the accuracy of TKA is easily destroyed by noise because of the use of finite difference. On the other hand, because CPD is based on curve fitting, noise filtering is an implicit capability and its accuracy increases with the number of processed data points. The rIF from HHT and the cIF from CPD and TKA are different by definition. Moreover, because the instantaneous frequency and amplitude are assumed to be constant in CPD and TKA, the cIF from CPD and TKA also deviates from the exact cIF.
Phenomenology of the next sequential lepton

We consider the phenomenology of a sequential, charged lepton in the mass range 6 --13 GeV. We find the semileptonic branching ratio of such a lepton to be approx. 13%; the dominant two-body modes are found to include the decay L ..-->.. ..nu../sub L/F* with a branching ratio approx. 6%. In this analysis we assume that the mass of the lepton under consideration is lighter than the t quark such that decays such as L ..-->.. ..nu../sub L/t-barq, where q= (d, s, or b) are kinematically forbidden. We also find that decays such as L ..-->.. ..nu../sub L/B* (c-barb) can also be as large as approx. 6% depending on the mixing angles; the lifetime of such a lepton is found to be approx. 2.6 x 10/sup -12/M/sub L//sup -5/ sec, where M/sub L/ is in GeV.
INHIBITION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE D AND SUPEROXIDE GENERATION BY GLUCOSE IN DIABETIC NEUTROPHILS

Diabetics are prone to infection, in part, due to neutrophil dysfunction and impaired superoxide generation. The mechanism of impaired superoxide generation in diabetes remains unknown. We report herein that neutrophils from poorly controlled diabetics have impaired ability to generate superoxide in response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP) but not to 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Phosphatidic acid, a phospholipase D (PLD) -mediated product of membrane phosphatidylcholine is decreased in response to FMLP. The impaired superoxide generation and activation of phospholipase D are readily reversible once the diabetic neutrophils are incubated in normal glucose concentration. These data show that decreased superoxide generation by neutrophils in insulin-dependent diabetics is, in part, due to impaired activation of phospholipase D and is solely due to high glucose concentrations.
The posttranslational modification cascade to the thiopeptide berninamycin generates linear forms and altered macrocyclic scaffolds

Berninamycin is a member of the pyridine-containing thiopeptide class of antibiotics that undergoes massive posttranslational modifications from ribosomally generated preproteins. Berninamycin has a 2-oxazolyl-3-thiazolyl-pyridine core embedded in a 35-atom macrocycle rather than typical trithiazolylpyridine cores embedded in 26-atom and 29-atom peptide macrocycles. We describe the cloning of an 11-gene berninamycin cluster from Streptomyces bernensis UC 5144, its heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans TK24 and Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712, and detection of variant and incompletely processed scaffolds. Posttranslational maturation in S. lividans of both the wild-type berninamycin prepeptide (BerA) and also a T3A mutant generates macrocyclic compounds as well as linear variants, which have failed to form the pyridine and the macrocycle. Expression of the gene cluster in S. venezuelae generates a variant of the 35-atom skeleton of berninamycin, containing a methyloxazoline in the place of a methyloxazole within the macrocyclic framework.
Robust plotting of generalized lemniscates

A root neighborhood (or pseudozero set) of a degree-n polynomial p(z) is the set of roots of all polynomials P˜(z) whose coefficients differ from those of p(z), under a specified norm in Cn+1, by no more than a given amount e. In the case of a weighted infinity norm, root neighborhoods are bounded by generalized lemniscates (algebraic curves of degree 4n). A simple description of generalized lemniscates may be cast in terms of multipolar coordinates: namely, the product of the distances r1,...,rn of a variable point z from the n roots z1,...,zn of p(z) is equal to a degree-n polynomial in the distance r of z from the origin (in the case of "ordinary" lemniscates, this polynomial specializes to a constant). The ability to efficiently and faithfully graph lemniscates is important in numerical analysis, control theory, and other scientific/engineering applications. By constructing the tensor-product Bernstein form over a bounding rectangle, we develop a robust adaptive algorithm to plot lemniscates, employing quadtree subdivision to efficiently achieve any desired resolution. Moreover, singular points of the lemniscate (if any) may be explicitly identified and incorporated into the subdivision.
Rates of sulfonation of polystyrenes crosslinked with pure p‐, 2:1/m:p‐, and commercial divinylbenzenes

Data for the rates of sulfonation of polystyrene crosslinked with 2, 4, and 8% pure p-, 2:1/m:p-, and commercial divinylbenzenes at 60 and 80°C. have given activation energies varying from 11,520 to 40,190 cal./mole. Rates are lowest and activation energies highest for the p-divinylbenzene crosslinked structures. This is attributed to differences in rates of diffusion through the different types of network structures and is consistent with previously noted decreased swelling ratios for the para crosslinked types.
What Do We Know, How Much, and Why It Matters: Organizational Culture and AHRD Research 1994-2009

The purpose of this structured literature review was to find out how organizational culture has been studied within the Academy of Human Resource Development. We reviewed articles published in the ...
Reported Behavior to Hypothetical Hurricane Warnings: Examining the Importance of Warning Content

The current study examined the factors of importance when deciding actions to take when a hurricane warning has been issued. Self-reports were made by participants related to predicted behavior to each of 16 vignettes describing a hurricane scenario. In addition, reports of what each participant felt others would behave were also collected. Results showed four variables (strength of storm, estimated time of arrival, current weather, and number of false alarm warnings) were significant predictors of all three self-reported behaviors (evacuate, prepare but don't evacuate, and do nothing) and two of the predicted behavior of others (evacuate and do nothing). The results are discussed in terms of hurricane warning content.
Heuristics Versus Logical Positivism: Solving the Wrong Problem

In recent years, an argument has developed in social work research between supporters of the heuristic paradigm and the defenders of the traditional positivistic model. The authors believe that this is the wrong argument, and that supporters of the heuristic paradigm are really opposed to a kind of naive inductionism rather than science in general. The authors argue that the whole notion of paradigm shift obscures more than it clarifies and that the argument can be resolved by using an approach to science based on ideas advanced by Popper and Ravetz that avoids naive inductionism.
Sex by Age Difference in Couples Applying for Marriage

Summary.-The purpose was to look at the ages of couples applying for marriage licenses and to assess whether the preferences for younger or older mates continues. Analysis indicated that in 63% of couples the male partner was the older, with men on average being two years older than women. However, when looking at the age range for "male-older" couples in comparison with that for "female-older,'' no significant difference was found. These results are discussed in relation to sociobiological and reinforcement theories. In our society, it has been a tradition for women to seek out men who are older than themselves and for men to seek out younger women (Atkinson & Glass, 1985). It is estimated that husbands tend to be an average of two or three years older than their wives (Shehan, Berardo, Vera, & Carley, 1991), with 27% of husbands being five or more years older than their spouses (Atkinson & Glass, 1985). Some research supports this preference in age of a possible mate. For example, Kendrick (1996) found that among adolescents, boys were open to dating girls of all ages, but girls indicated that they would prefer a male partner older or about the same age as themselves. In personal advertisements placed in newspapers, more men indicate their desire to meet women of younger age whereas women indicate their wish to date men of equal or older age (Hayes, 1995). Why this tendency for younger women to be with older men? There are two views that offer an explanation. The sociobiological view or evolutionary perspective states that women would choose wealth and status in male partners to enable them and their offspring to be protected and cared for. An older man would more lrkely possess higher status in a career and in society in general and would be capable of ensuring the woman's protection. For men, this hypothesis contends that they would choose a mate to ensure their genetic lineage. A younger woman would have a greater chance of having more children in her remaining child-bearing years than an older woman (Hyde & DeLarnater, 1997). Another view, based on reinforcement theory, would explain this agepreference behavior by asserting that an individual's choice of a partner would be based on reinforcements obtained from that person. Because our
Calculated polarizabilities for some aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Ground-state molecular polarizabilities of some aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons have been calculated using the method of Marchese and Jaffe. The polarizability components for the typical normal alkane n-heptane are found to be very nearly independent of conformation; those for biphenyl show a significant dependence but the average polarizability is approximately constant. The polarizabilities of the n-alkanes in general are seriously underestimated, but relatively good agreement with experiment is obtained for benzene and biphenyl.
Long-term outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to define the potential for long-term survival with severe left ventricular dysfunction after coronary bypass and to quantify any improvement in overall functional status. Methods Left ventricular dysfunction was confirmed preoperatively and the long-term survival and functional outcome after bypass was determined by follow-up studies obtained during the span of a decade. Results From 1/1990 to 12/1999, 86 patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (mean ejection fraction, 0.18 ± 0.03; range, 0.10 to 0.20) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. There were 10 perioperative deaths (11% mortality). The mean survival was 55 months (standard deviation ± 34 months; range, 2 to 141 months) with an actual 5-year survival rate of 59% (actuarial 5-year 65%, 10-year 33%). Echocardiography obtained between 1 and 6 months, 6 months and 1 year, 1 and 2 years, 2 and 4 years, 4 and 6 years, and 6 and 11 years showed the ejection fraction improved to 0.29 ± 0.08 ( p p p p = 0.002), 0.36 ± 0.14 ( p = 0.004), and 0.30 ± 0.11 ( p = 0.004), respectively. At 1 to 6 months, 6 months to 1 year, and 1 to 2 years, the diastolic left ventricular dimension was unchanged, but the systolic left ventricular dimension decreased significantly from 5.02 ± 0.77 cm to 4.26 ± 0.91 cm ( p = 0.046), 3.98 ± 1.43 cm ( p = 0.08), and 4.10 ± 1.14 cm ( p = 0.07). The preoperative New York Heart Association classification for all patients improved from 2.8 ± 0.8 to 1.6 ± 0.7 ( p Conclusions Patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction can derive long-term benefit from coronary bypass through improved left ventricular contractility as documented by a significantly decreased systolic left ventricular dimension and increased ejection fraction. Successful bypass is associated with a 59% actual 5-year survival rate and significantly improved New York Heart Association functional class.
Generation and characterization of point defects in SrTiO3 and Y3Al5O12

Abstract Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was applied to characterize point defects in single crystals of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 and SrTiO 3 after populating different types of defects by relevant thermal treatments. In SrTiO 3 , PALS measurements identified Sr vacancy, Ti vacancy, vacancy complexes of Ti–O (vacancy) and hydrogen complex defects. In Y 3 Al 5 O 12 single crystals the measurements showed the presence of Al-vacancy, (Al–O) vacancy and Al-vacancy passivated by hydrogen. These defects are shown to play the major role in defining the electronic and optical properties of these complex oxides.
Isolation and partial characterization of hormonally sensitive mitochondrial nad(p) transhydrogenase of liver

Abstract 1. 1. Extraction with 2% tert. -amyl alcohol of mitochondria prepared from rat- or pig-liver, or treatment with 1% digitonin causes the release from mitochondrial membranes of NAD[P] transhydrogenase [NADPH 2 :NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.1.1] activity. 2. 2. These extracts contain two apparently separate enzymic systems: a) an NADPH 2 to 3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide system that is insensitive to humoral agents and b) an NADH 2 to 3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide system that is stimulated by the addition in vitro of 10 −7 M estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, estriol or 10 −4 M epinephrine or serotonin. 3. 3. Addition of beef-heart lecithin to this transhydrogenase activity confers estrogen sensitivity to the NADPH 2 to 3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide transhydrogenase system. 4. 4. It is postulated that phospholipid-enzyme interaction is necessary to achieve proper conformation for directing the NAD(P) specificity and humoral sensitivity of this mitochondrial transhydrogenase system.
Adoption of computer aided software engineering (CASE) technology: an innovation adoption perspective

This study examines the impact of various organizational and technology characteristics on the adoption of computer aided software engineering (CASE) technology. Based on research in innovation adoption and IS implementation, the study develops a research model comprised of seven factors that are important for the successful adoption of CASE technology. The data for the study were collected through a field survey of IS managers in the midwest area and 90 responses were received. The results of discriminant analysis reveal that of the seven predictor variables, five are important to differentiate adopters from non-adopters. They are the existence of a product champion, strong top management support, lower IS expertise, perception that CASE technology has greater relative advantage over other alternatives, and a conviction of the cost effectiveness of the technology. The results are consistent with findings in innovation adoption literature as well as case studies of many firms' experience on CASE implementation.
The averch and Johnson analysis of public utility regulation twenty years later

The Averch and Johnson model of a rate-of-return regulated firm seems to have captivated economists and focused their attention on modest technical inefficiency. Pricing distortions, which were revealed by Welliscz, and the incentive for more extreme technical distortions, which was described by Westfield, are not as widely considered or even understood twenty years after the articles appeared. Analysis using uncertainty and dynamic methods has also failed to treat the full range of rate-of-return implications. To do justice to these original contributions more effort is called for in designing new institutions of public utility regulation.
The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

Duplicate static bioassays were conducted using a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio, Hippolyte sp.) with the LC-50 values recorded at 4-, 8-, 24-, 48-, and 96-hr intervals. The simulated refinery effluent contained phenol (0.10 mg/L), sulfide (0.17 mg/L), chromium (0.25 mg/L), ammonia (10 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (10 mg/L), and kaolinite (20 mg/L). This arbitrary reference mixture (ARM) contains approximately the concentration of compounds recommended by EPA for 1977. Of the six ARM components, No. 2 fuel oil was the most toxic followed in decreasing order by sulfide, ammonia, phenol, chromium, and kaolinite. Temperature was the most important environmental variable affecting short term toxicity of the ARM to the grass shrimp. Light intensity, photo-period, and salinity had no significant effect. There was no difference in sensitivity of grass shrimp collected from five locations along the gulf and eastern coasts of the United States. Similarly, there was no difference in the response of two grass shrimp genera,Palaemonetes andHippolyte to the ARM and there were no differences among the three species ofPalaemonetes tested. In comparing the sensitivities of the two genera of grass shrimp and the pinfish (Lagodon rhombroides) to the ARM, the grass shrimp were more sensitive.
Molecular thermodynamics of gases in mixed solvents

The general thermodynamic relation between Henry's constant for a solute in a mixed solvent and Henry's constants for the solute in the pure solvents is discussed in terms of limiting activity coefficients. The inadequacy of several common excess free energy expressions is shown, and results are presented for a form of Kirkwood-Buff solution theory based on pair distribution functions. Several unknown integrals in the theory are approximated by an empirical function of solvent composition and of solvent properties which generally predicts experimental data for gases in both simple and complex binary solvents with good accuracy. Prediction of fugacities of gaseous components in ternary and higher solvents and in nonideal solutions is considered.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of lysophospholipids in human ascitic fluids: comparison of the lysophospholipid contents in malignant vs nonmalignant ascitic fluids.

Lysophospholipids (lyso-PLs), including various glycerol-based and sphingosine-based lysophospholipids, play important roles in many biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes. The classical methods to analyze these lipids involve gas chromatography and/or high-performance liquid chromatography, which are time-consuming, cumbersome, and sometimes inaccurate due to the incomplete separation of closely related lipid species. We now describe the quantitative analysis of lyso-PLs in ascites samples from patients with ovarian cancer using electrospray ionization spectrometry. Three new classes of lyso-PL molecules are detected: alkyl-LPA, alkenyl-LPA, and methylated lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Importantly, the following lysophospholipid species are significantly increased in ascites from patients with ovarian cancer, compared to patients with nonmalignant diseases (e.g., liver failure): LPA (including acyl-, alkyl-, and alkenyl-LPA species), lysophosphatidylinositol, and sphingosylphosphorylcholine. Lysophosphorylcholine contents are also significantly different among ascitic fluids from the two groups of patients. However, the total phosphate content in ascites samples from patients with ovarian cancer is not significantly different compared to that from patients with nonmalignant disease.
Female interpreters of Ibsen on Broadway, 1896–1947: Minnie Maddern Fiske, Alla Nazimova & Eva Le Gallienne

(2000). Female interpreters of Ibsen on Broadway, 1896–1947: Minnie Maddern Fiske, Alla Nazimova & Eva Le Gallienne. Ibsen Studies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 54-67.
MR angiography of the foot and ankle

To better understand the use of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in evaluating peripheral vascular disease, the authors studied arteries in the foot and ankle. Twenty patients with arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremity were studied with two-dimensional time-of-flight MRA, and the results were compared with those of 10 conventional x-ray arteriograms, four digital subtraction arteriograms, and three intraoperative arteriograms. The studies were reviewed and rated by three radiologists blinded to the patients' clinical history. Also, the first 16 patients were examined with MRA before and after intravenous injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine. The mean confidence levels for the reviewers' interpretations of the MRA studies were significantly higher than those for the conventional arteriograms for the medial plantar, lateral plantar, and plantar arch arteries of the feet (P < or = .005). Postcontrast MRA images were inferior to precontrast images because of overlapping of veins and arteries. Time-of-flight MRA without gadolinium can serve as a useful complementary study for evaluating patients with peripheral vascular disease in the foot and ankle.
Reaction of carboxylic acids under coal liquefaction conditions. 2. Under hydrogen atmosphere

Abstract Pyrolytic reactions of benzoic and 2-naphthoic acids were examined in microautoclave reactors in a hydrogen atmosphere and over a temperature range typical of that used for direct liquefaction conversion of coals to synthetic liquid fuels. Reactions of selected salts and other derivatives were also examined. Reactions were also conducted in the presence of water, since the role of water in direct liquefaction is somewhat controversial. The acids converted via anhydride formation in the absence of water. Conversions at 400° were essentially identical with those N2, indicating that H2 is not effective in intervening in the reaction at this temperature. This is verified by comparing reactions in the presence of dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), where some hydrogenation was afforded by the DHP in either atmosphere, but no effect of H2 was noticed. Reactions of benzoic anhydride suggest that H2 does convert the carboxyl radical back to the acid. At 450°C, the conversion is lower in H2 than in N2. At 450°C, H2 opens a new pathway, via the aldehyde, for pyrolysis. Water mainly prevents formation of anhydride species. In the presence of water, only decarboxylation and reduction reactions were dominant processes in conversion of the acids. Radical attack on the ipso-carbon atom and subsequent decarboxylation may be responsible for the acid conversion. Direct reduction of the acids occurs only at 450°C. The effect of water on reducing conversions at 450°C is not nearly so pronounced in H2 as in N2, supporting the idea that at this high temperature H2 may open a new route to decomposition. The calcium and sodium salts of the acids are quite stable, but iron(III) benzoate hydrogenates readily.
Schema integration analysis for the development of GIS databases

Abstract Analysing the differences and similarities in data descriptions for two or more databases is a common and difficult task for many database development environments. This task is important whether the environment concerns a spatial data transfer process, a database design process for a multi-purpose land information system and/ or a federated group of inter-operable databases in a land information systems network. Schema integration analysis is a stage in a process of information integration undertaken to identify and reconcile differences and similarities between data descriptions. Both the structural and semantic descriptions in a schema need to be processed to identify equivalent concepts. An example of schema integration analysis is described in the context of a database of urban land parcels.
Technical Aspects of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

The usage of functional data in radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning (RTP) process is currently the focus of significant technical, scientific, and clinical development. Positron emission tomography (PET) using ( 18 F) fluorodeoxyglucose is being increasingly used in RT planning in recent years. Fluorodeoxyglucose is the most commonly used radiotracer for diagnosis, staging, recurrent disease detection, and monitoring of tumor response to therapy (Lung Cancer 2012;76:344-349; Lung Cancer 2009;64:301-307; J Nucl Med 2008;49:532-540; J Nucl Med 2007;48:58S-67S). All the efforts to improve both PET and computed tomography (CT) image quality and, consequently, lesion detectability have a common objective to increase the accuracy in functional imaging and thus of coregistration into RT planning systems. In radiotherapy, improvement in target localization permits reduction of tumor margins, consequently reducing volume of normal tissue irradiated. Furthermore, smaller treated target volumes create the possibility of dose escalation, leading to increased chances of tumor cure and control. This article focuses on the technical aspects of PET/CT image acquisition, fusion, usage, and impact on the physics of RTP. The authors review the basic elements of RTP, modern radiation delivery, and the technical parameters of coregistration of PET/CT into RT computerized planning systems.
Influence of maternal birth weight on rate of fetal growth and duration of gestation

Birth certificates of infants born in Tennessee during 1979 to 1984 were linked with the birth certificates of their mothers, who were born in Tennessee during 1959 to 1966 (n=43,891) to study the association between maternal and infant birth weights. A highly significant association (P