cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
100.50 Atherectomy-Based Multi-Vessel PCI Is Safe in Patients With High-Risk Disease Who Are Turned Down for CABG

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with successful stent deployment is becoming increasingly feasible in severely calcified coronary arteries with the help of plaque modification systems. Coronary atherectomy can be used to facilitate stent delivery in patients referred for coronary artery
XPG-related nucleases are hierarchically recruited for double-stranded rDNA break resection

dsDNA breaks (DSBs) are resected in a 5′→3′ direction, generating single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination and also assembly of signaling complexes that activate the DNA damage checkpoint effector kinase Chk1. In fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), genetic screens have previously uncovered a family of three xeroderma pigmentosum G (XPG)–related nucleases (XRNs), known as Ast1, Exo1, and Rad2. Collectively, these XRNs are recruited to a euchromatic DSB and are required for ssDNA production and end resection across the genome. Here, we studied why there are three related but distinct XRN enzymes that are all conserved across a range of species, including humans, whereas all other DSB response proteins are present as single species. Using S. pombe as a model, ChIP and DSB resection analysis assays, and highly efficient I–PpoI-induced DSBs in the 28S rDNA gene, we observed a hierarchy of recruitment for each XRN, with a progressive compensatory recruitment of the other XRNs as the responding enzymes are deleted. Importantly, we found that this hierarchy reflects the requirement for different XRNs to effect efficient DSB resection in the rDNA, demonstrating that the presence of three XRN enzymes is not a simple division of labor. Furthermore, we uncovered a specificity of XRN function with regard to the direction of transcription. We conclude that the DSB-resection machinery is complex, is nonuniform across the genome, and has built-in fail-safe mechanisms, features that are in keeping with the highly pathological nature of DSB lesions.
Effects of guanidinium hydrochloride on the structure and immunological properties of Bordetella pertussis fimbriae

Denaturation of Bordetella pertussis fimbrial preparations by guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) has been characterized using static light scattering, c.d., fluorescence and antibody recognition. The susceptibility of Fim2 + 3 (a mixed preparation of two fimbrial types) to GdnHCl was found to be highly dependent on pH; as the pH was increased from pH 7.2 to 10.5, the concentration of GdnHCl required to induce 50% denaturation was decreased. At pH 10.5, Fim2 + 3 was denatured by GdnHCl in a three-step pathway comprising: (1) formation of a pre-denaturational intermediate at less than 1.0 M-GdnHCl; (2) dissociation of the fimbrial polymer into subunits between 2 M- and 3.2 M-GdnHCl; and (3) subunit unfolding between 2.8 M- and 3.6 M-GdnHCl. A similar pathway was also found for the denaturation of the individual fimbrial types, Fim2 and Fim3, except that unfolding of either subunit commenced at a lower GdnHCl concentration (2.2 M) than that found for the mixture of fimbriae, Fim2 + 3. The second step in the denaturation pathway, dissociation into subunits, was partially reversible, but the renaturation and reassociation of fully unfolded subunits to form fimbriae-like structures was not achieved. These findings demonstrate that the GdnHCl denaturation of complex polymeric proteins is unlikely to follow a reversible two-state denaturation pathway, and support the involvement of a chaperone-like protein in the folding and assembly of the fimbriae in vivo. Measurement of the ability of anti-fimbrial monoclonal antibodies to recognize intermediates in the denaturation pathway enabled the identification of two types of epitope which were dependent on different aspects of fimbrial tertiary/quaternary structure.
A Fast Method for Fault Phase Selection Based on the Fitting Error of Transmission Line Differential Equation Algorithm

A new fast method for fault phase selection which can apply to the differential equation algorithm of transmission lines is proposed in this paper. Six kinds of transmission line differential equations are established to describe different types of single-phase fault and phase to phase fault which can be solved by the least square method. The least-squares fitting error of the differential equation which is consistent with the real fault type is smaller, while others are bigger. A fault phase identification method by comparing the relative size of fitting error when solving differential equations under different fault types is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly identify any types and phases of faults with a typical time of 5~6ms and can be unaffected by the fault location and fault resistance. Meanwhile, the method could also work in the weak infeed conditions and has sufficient reliability.
Demands for Walkable Neighborhoods among Middle-aged and Older Adults: Do They Differ by Community Settings and Age Groups?

Walkable communities are increasingly promoted for their health, social, and environmental benefits. However, the extent to which the demand or preference for walkable communities accords with vari...
Using Pitch Height and Pitch Strength to Characterize Type 1, 2, and 3 Voice Signals.

Summary Objective Classifying dysphonic voices as type 1, 2, and 3 signals based on their periodicity enables researchers to determine the validity of acoustic measures derived from them. Existing methods of signal typing are commonly performed by listening to the voice sample and visualizing them on narrow-band spectrograms that require training, time, and are subjective in nature. The current study investigated pitch-based metrics (pitch height and pitch strength) as correlates to characterizing voice signal types. The computational estimates were validated with perceptual judgments of pitch height and pitch strength. Methods Pitch height and pitch strength were estimated from Auditory-Sawtooth Waveform Inspired Pitch Estimator Prime algorithm for 30 dysphonic voice segments (10 per type). Ten listeners evaluated pitch height through a single-variable matching task and pitch strength through an anchored magnitude estimation task. One way analyses of variance were used to determine the effects of signal type on pitch height and pitch strength estimates. Relationship between computational and perceptual estimates was evaluated using correlation coefficients and their significance. Results There was a significant difference between signal types in both computational and perceptual pitch strength estimates. Periodic type 1 signals had greater pitch strength compared to type 2 and 3 signals. Auditory-Sawtooth Waveform Inspired Pitch Estimator Prime produced robust computational estimates of pitch height even in type 3 signals when compared to other acoustic software. Listeners were able to reliably judge pitch height in type 2 and 3 signals despite their lack of a clear fundamental frequency. Conclusions Pitch height and pitch strength can be measured in all dysphonic voices irrespective of signal periodicity.
Declarative assembly of web applications from predefined concepts

A new approach to web application development is presented, in which an application is constructed by configuring and composing concepts drawn from a catalog developed by experts. A concept is a self-contained, reusable increment of functionality. Each concept includes both front-end and back-end functionality, and exports a collection of components—full-stack GUI elements, backed by application logic and database storage. To build an app, the developer imports concepts from the catalog, tunes them to fit the application’s particular needs via configuration variables, and links concept components together to create pages. Components of different concepts may be executed independently, or bound together declaratively with dataflows and synchronization. The instantiation, configuration, linking and binding of components is all expressed in a simple template language that extends HTML. The approach has been implemented in a platform called Deja Vu, which we outline and compare to conventional web application architectures. We describe a case study in which a collection of applications previously built as team projects for a web programming course were replicated in Deja Vu. Preliminary results validate our hypothesis, suggesting that a variety of non-trivial applications can be built from a repository of generic concepts.
Preprocedural three-dimensional planning aids in transcatheter ductal stent placement: A single-center experience

Objectives Describe the use of three-dimensional (3D) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) modeling to better define ductal anatomy to improve preprocedural planning for ductal stent placement. Background Ductal stenting is an alternative to surgical shunting in patients with ductal dependent pulmonary blood flow. Ductal anatomy is often complex with extreme tortuosity and risk of pulmonary artery isolation, thus increasing procedural risks. Methods CT angiograms were segmented to produce 3D PDA models. Ductal morphology was characterized with attention to access approach, degree of pulmonary artery offset/risk of isolation and ductal tortuosity. 3D models were retrospectively compared with biplane angiography. Results 3D modeling was performed in 12 patients with adequate image quality for complete analysis in 11; median (interquartile range) age/weight 17 days (8-20 days) and 3.1 kg (2.4-3.9 kg). The PDA was reverse oriented in nine with average length of 17.2 ± 2.5 mm and high tortuosity (mean tortuosity index 52, range 3-108). From 3D modeling, two patients were excluded from ductal stenting-extreme ductal tortuosity and threatened pulmonary artery discontinuity, respectively. Ductal stenting was successful in the remaining nine with no major procedural complications. 3D modeling predicted a successful access approach based on the aortic orientation of the ductus in all patients (five carotid, two axillary, two femoral). When comparing 2D angiography with 3D models, angiography consistently underestimated ductal length (-3.2 mm ± 1.6 mm) and tortuosity (-14.8 ± 7.2). Conclusions 3D modeling prior to ductal stent placement for ductal dependent pulmonary blood flow is useful in procedural planning, specifically for eligibility, access approach, and accurate ductal measurements. Further studies are needed to determine if 3D planning improves procedural outcomes.
Residual Urine Output and Mortality in a Prospective Hemodialysis Cohort.

Introduction Although residual urine output (UOP) is associated with better survival and quality of life in dialysis patients, frequent measurement by 24-hour urine collection is burdensome. We thus sought to examine the association of patients’ self-reported residual UOP, as an alternative proxy of measured residual UOP, with mortality risk in a prospective hemodialysis cohort study. Methods Among 670 hemodialysis patients from the prospective multicenter Malnutrition, Diet, and Racial Disparities in Kidney Disease study, we examined associations of residual UOP, ascertained by patient self-report, with all-cause mortality. Patients underwent protocolized surveys assessing presence and frequency of UOP (absent, every 1–3 days, >1 time per day) every 6 months from 2011 to 2015. We examined associations of baseline and time-varying UOP with mortality using Cox regression. Results In analyses of baseline UOP, absence of UOP was associated with higher mortality in expanded case-mix adjusted Cox models (ref: presence of UOP): hazard ratio (HR), 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–2.72). In analyses examining baseline frequency of UOP, point estimates suggested a graded association between lower frequency of UOP and higher mortality, although estimates for UOP every 1 to 3 days did not reach statistical significance (reference: UOP >1 time per day): HR, 1.29 (95% CI, 0.82–2.05) and HR, 1.97 (95% CI, 1.24–3.12) for UOP every 1 to 3 days and absence of UOP, respectively. Similar findings were observed in analyses of time-varying UOP. Conclusion In hemodialysis patients, there is a graded association between lower frequency of self-reported UOP and higher mortality. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical impact of more frequent assessment of residual UOP using self-reported methods.
Alcohol use is not a significant contributor to myelodysplastic syndromes.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a class of clonal neoplastic disorders of largely unknown etiology, and published data remain inconclusive regarding the association between lifetime alcohol consumption and MDS risk. In these analyses, data from a population-based case–control study were used to investigate this association. Eligible cases of MDS were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Reporting System; controls were matched by sex and age-decile. A central review process was used to confirm MDS diagnosis and classify subtypes. Unconditional and polytomous logistic regression were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival by category of lifetime alcohol consumption. In total, 398 cases of MDS and 698 controls were included. Alcohol consumption at 23–30, 31–49, and 50–65 years of age, recent consumption 1 year before diagnosis/interview, and lifetime consumption were not found to be significantly associated with MDS in males (OR range 0.63–0.99) or females (OR range 0.58–1.70). Analysis by MDS subtype further suggested there was not a significant association between recent alcohol consumption and odds of disease by subtype (OR range 0.39–1.13). Lifetime alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with survival after diagnosis of MDS Previously reported associations between alcohol consumption and MDS risk were inconsistent. Results from our analyses by sex and disease subtype do not support alcohol as a significant contributor to risk of MDS.
Intradural extramedullary spinal metastases from uterine carcinosarcoma: A case report.

Background In recent years, improvements in oncological care have led to an increased incidence of intradural extramedullary spinal metastases (IESMs) attributed to uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). When such lesions occur, they typically carry a poor prognosis. Here, we have evaluated newer treatments, management strategies, and outcomes for IESM due to UCS. Case description A 59-year-old female with a history of recurrent UCS presented with the new onset of the left lower extremity pain, numbness, and episodic urinary incontinence. When the MR revealed an enhancing intradural extramedullary mass posterior to the L1 vertebral body, she underwent a focal decompressive laminectomy. Although she improved neurologically postoperatively, she succumbed to the leptomeningeal spread of her disease within 2 postoperative months. Conclusion Management of IESM due to UCS requires multifaceted, individualized treatment modalities, including neurosurgery, radiation therapy, and medical oncologic management to maximize outcomes.
High-Order Fully-Reconfigurable Balanced Bandpass Filters Using Mixed Technology Resonators

This manuscript reports on high-order balanced bandpass filters that are continuously tunable in terms of frequency and bandwidth (BW) and can be intrinsically switched-off. They are based on a hybrid integration scheme in which capacitively-loaded coaxial and microstrip resonators are effectively combined within the same filter volume. Low in-band insertion loss and high out-of-band selectivity are obtained in its differential mode of operation through the realization of a quasi-elliptic transfer function. High levels of suppression are obtained in its common mode of operation through multiple transmission zeros and resistively-loaded resonators. The concept is presented through various synthesized examples. For practical validation purposes, a mixed-technology prototype was manufactured and measured. It demonstrated frequency tuning between 2.22 – 2.94 GHz, BW tuning between 104 – 268 MHz, and an intrinsically switched-off mode with isolation >50 dB. For all these states, the common mode suppression was > 35 dB.
Rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid alleviate deficits in cognition, synaptic regulation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an Aβ1-42-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background Rosmarinus officinalis, commonly known as rosemary, is a medicinal herb that presents significant biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant activities. Recent findings correlate impaired adult neurogenesis, which is crucial for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity and hippocampal functioning, synaptic regulation with the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations call for the need to developing compounds that promote neurogenesis and alleviates deficits in cognition and synaptic regulation. Purpose and study design The present study was conducted to determine the proneurogenic effects of R. officinalis and its active compounds (ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid) in comparison to Donepezil in an Aβ1-42-induced mouse model of AD. Methods BALB/c mice were divided into ten groups. Half were injected with Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus through stereotaxic surgery to generate the disease groups. The other half received control injections. Each set of five groups were administered orally with vehicle, an ethanolic extract of R. officinalis, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid or donepezil. Behavior analysis included the Morris water maze test, the novel object recognition test and the Elevated plus maze. The mice were then sacrificed and the hippocampal tissue was processed for immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Results The results show a protective effect by rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid in reversing the deficits in spatial and recognition memory as well as changes in anxiety induced by Aβ1-42. The neuronal density and the expression levels of neurogenic (Ki67, NeuN and DCX) and synaptic (Syn I, II, III, Synaptophysin and PSD-95) markers were also normalized upon treatment with rosmarinic and ursolic acid. Conclusion Our findings indicate the potential of R. officinalis and its active compounds as therapeutic agents against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity in AD.
Extracting weak magnetic contrast from complex background contrast in plan-view FeGe thin films.

The desire to design and build skyrmion-based devices has led to the need to characterize magnetic textures in thin films of functional materials. This can usually be achieved through the Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and the Lorentz scanning transmission electron microscopy (LSTEM) in thin film cross-section and single crystal specimens. However, direct imaging of the magnetic texture in plan-view samples of thin (< 50 nm) films has proved to be challenging due to the complex "background" contrast associated with the microstructure and defects, as well as contributions from bending of the specimens. Using a mechanically polished 35 nm plan-view FeGe thin film, we have explored three methods to extract magnetic contrast from the complex background contrast observed; (1) background subtraction in defocused LTEM images, (2) frequency filtered CoM-DPC reconstructed from LSTEM datasets and 3) registration of 4D-STEM datasets acquired at different tilt angles. Using these methods, we have successfully implemented real space imaging of both the helical phase and skyrmion phase. The ability to understand nanoscale magnetic behavior from plan-view thin films is a fundamental step towards development of highly integrated spin electronics.
Outcomes of Patients With HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Metastatic to Brain Treated With HER2-Targeted Systemic Therapy and Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Purpose/Objective(s) For patients with HER2-positive breast cancer metastatic to brain, HER2-directed systemic therapies are increasingly used with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), with a goal to avoid or delay whole brain radiotherapy. These include monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab (Herceptin, H) and pertuzumab (Perjeta, P), antibody-drug conjugates such as ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as lapatinib. Limited data exist regarding appropriate timing with SRS and outcomes of this treatment regimen for HER2-positive breast cancer metastatic to the brain. Materials/Methods A single-institution retrospective review was performed to identify and collect clinical data on patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer metastatic to the brain who were treated with SRS. Outcomes analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the chi-square statistic was used to compare different treatment groups. Results Of 82 patients with breast cancer metastatic to the brain treated with SRS from 2009-2020, 33 (40%) had positive HER2 status, 18 of whom had hormone receptor positivity. At brain metastasis diagnosis, 15 patients (45%) had > 1 intracranial metastasis (range 2-7), and the median maximal brain metastasis dimension was 2.0 cm. Fifteen patients had uncontrolled extracranial disease. After brain metastasis diagnosis, 9 patients (27%) were treated with systemic therapy first (3 with T-DM1, 1 with T-DM1+HP, 1 with lapatinib+HP, 3 with chemotherapy+HP, 1 with chemotherapy) with a median of 18.6 months between the start of systemic therapy and SRS. Seven patients (21%) were treated with SRS first, followed by systemic therapy in 6 of these patients (these were multi-agent regimens with 4 including T-DM1 or lapatinib). Seventeen (52%) received concurrent systemic therapy and SRS upfront (3 with T-DM1, 2 with T-DM1+chemotherapy, 2 with lapatinib, 4 with HP, 5 with hormone therapy, 1 with chemotherapy). Median follow-up time was 21.1 months. Median overall survival was 24.8 months and not statistically different between treatment groups (table). Four patients (12%) developed symptomatic radionecrosis; 3 were on T-DM1 concurrent with SRS (of a total of 10 patients treated with this combination whether upfront or following initial systemic therapy). Conclusion In this small patient sample, we noted favorable survival outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer metastatic to the brain when treated with HER2-targeted therapies together with SRS. The sequence of systemic therapy and SRS does not appear to impact survival outcomes. Concurrent treatment with T-DM1 and SRS may be associated with higher rates of radionecrosis.
Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction and Manifold Learning

We have little visual guidance to help us identify any meaningful lowdimensional structure hidden in high-dimensional data. The linear projection methods of Chapter 7 can be extremely useful in discovering lowdimensional structure when the data actually lie in a linear (or approximately linear) lower-dimensional subspace (called a manifold) ℳ of input space ℜr. But what can we do if we know or suspect that the data actually lie on a low-dimensional nonlinear manifold, whose structure and dimensionality are both assumed unknown? Our goal of dimensionality reduction then becomes one of identifying the nonlinear manifold in question. The problem of recovering that manifold is known as nonlinear manifold learning.
Synthesis of Nonspherical Microcapsules through Controlled Polyelectrolyte Coating of Hydrogel Templates

We report a simple approach to fabricate custom-shape microcapsules using hydrogel templates synthesized by stop flow lithography. Cargo-containing microcapsules were made by coating hydrogel particles with a single layer of poly-l-lysine followed by a one-step core degradation and capsule cross-linking procedure. We determined appropriate coating conditions by investigating the effect of pH, ionic strength, and prepolymer composition on the diffusion of polyelectrolytes into the oppositely charged hydrogel template. We also characterized the degradation of the templating core by tracking the diffusivity of nanoparticles embedded within the hydrogel. Unlike any other technique, this approach allows for easy fabrication of microcapsules with internal features (e.g., toroids) and selective surface modification of Janus particles using any polyelectrolyte. These soft, flexible capsules may be useful for therapeutic applications as well as fundamental studies of membrane mechanics.
Sensitivity and Specificity of the Coma Recovery Scale–Revised Total Score in Detection of Conscious Awareness

Abstract Objective To describe the sensitivity and specificity of Coma Recovery Scale–Revised (CRS-R) total scores in detecting conscious awareness. Design Data were retrospectively extracted from the medical records of patients enrolled in a specialized disorders of consciousness (DOC) program. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were completed using CRS-R–derived diagnoses of minimally conscious state (MCS) or emerged from minimally conscious state (EMCS) as the reference standard for conscious awareness and the total CRS-R score as the test criterion. A receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to demonstrate the optimal CRS-R total cutoff score for maximizing sensitivity and specificity. Setting Specialized DOC program. Participants Patients enrolled in the DOC program (N=252, 157 men; mean age, 49y; mean time from injury, 48d; traumatic etiology, n=127; nontraumatic etiology, n=125; diagnosis of coma or vegetative state, n=70; diagnosis of MCS or EMCS, n=182). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Sensitivity and specificity of CRS-R total scores in detecting conscious awareness. Results A CRS-R total score of 10 or higher yielded a sensitivity of .78 for correct identification of patients in MCS or EMCS, and a specificity of 1.00 for correct identification of patients who did not meet criteria for either of these diagnoses (ie, were diagnosed with vegetative state or coma). The area under the curve in the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis is .98. Conclusions A total CRS-R score of 10 or higher provides strong evidence of conscious awareness but resulted in a false-negative diagnostic error in 22% of patients who demonstrated conscious awareness based on CRS-R diagnostic criteria. A cutoff score of 8 provides the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, accurately classifying 93% of cases. The optimal total score cutoff will vary depending on the user's objective.
Detecting motion on center manifolds from a time series-an example

Recent progress in control from a geometric viewpoint using nonlinear dynamics techniques has focused primarily on linear control. When using embedding methods to locate local properties of controllable states, hyperbolicity is always assumed. However, many problems which contain symmetries also contain nonlinear instabilities. It is the purpose of this paper to give a procedure for detecting these nonlinear directions from time series using embedding methods.
Host-Virus Interactions in Escherichia coli: Effect of Stationary Phase on Viral Release from MS2-Infected Bacteria

Infection of stationary-phase Escherichia coli with MS2 bacteriophage results in the production, but not the release, of progeny virus by the host. Substantial protein synthesis in stationary-phase cells indicates that general protein synthesis is not sufficient to assure cell lysis or viral release.
Construction and Modelling of a Carangiform Robotic Fish

We describe an experimental testbed which we have constructed to study carangiform fish-like swimming. We mimic a carangiform fish with a three-link robot, the tailfin link of which acts as a flat-plate hydrofoil. We experiment with sinusoidal signals to the joint actuators. The experimental results agree well with a simulation assuming quasi-steady flow around the tailfin.
The web of modularity : arithmetic of the coefficients of modular forms and q-series

Basic facts Integer weight modular forms Half-integral weight modular forms Product expansions of modular forms on $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ Partitions Weierstrass points on modular curves Traces of singular moduli and class equations Class numbers of quadratic fields Central values of modular $L$-functions and applications Basic hypergeometric generating functions for $L$-values Gaussian hypergeometric functions Bibliography Index.
Life VS voltage performance of flat conductor cables & lightweight round wire systems

A study has been made to arrive logically at appropriate voltage ratings for unshielded fiat conductor cables and round insulated wires in air. The criterion used is corona starting at sea level and at various altitudes for single and multi-insulation systems. These idealized values depend upon the insulation thickness and dielectric constants. Observed data were in adequate agreement with the calculations. It is concluded that some existing constructions may have been rated at excessively high voltages.
Cloud Motions on Mars

A search of several thousand plates in the Lowell Observatory collection yielded 28 groups of plates on which the positions of well-defined transient bright spots (often assumed to be clouds) could be followed on a nearly daily basis. These groups of plates were from 15 different oppositions of Mars, starting from 1907 and ending with 1958. All but two of these spanned four nights or more, and the maximum interval covered was thirty nights. Whether they appeared to show motion or not, the successive positions and shapes of all apparently associated bright spots or clouds were plotted on Mercator projections with the use of a projection plate reader especially designed at the Planetary Research Center for planet image studies of this kind. Clouds near the limb were avoided.
A freestream-preserving fourth-order finite-volume method in mapped coordinates with adaptive-mesh refinement

Abstract A fourth-order accurate finite-volume method is presented for solving time-dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on mapped grids that are adaptively refined in space and time. Novel considerations for formulating the semi-discrete system of equations in computational space are combined with detailed mechanisms for accommodating the adapting grids. These considerations ensure that conservation is maintained and that the divergence of a constant vector field is always zero (freestream-preservation property). The solution in time is advanced with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. A series of tests verifies that the expected accuracy is achieved in smooth flows and the solution of a Mach reflection problem demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in resolving strong discontinuities.
Reasoning about knowledge: Children’s evaluations of generality and verifiability

In a series of experiments, we examined 3- to 8-year-old children's (N=223) and adults' (N=32) use of two properties of testimony to estimate a speaker's knowledge: generality and verifiability. Participants were presented with a "Generic speaker" who made a series of 4 general claims about "pangolins" (a novel animal kind), and a "Specific speaker" who made a series of 4 specific claims about "this pangolin" as an individual. To investigate the role of verifiability, we systematically varied whether the claim referred to a perceptually-obvious feature visible in a picture (e.g., "has a pointy nose") or a non-evident feature that was not visible (e.g., "sleeps in a hollow tree"). Three main findings emerged: (1) young children showed a pronounced reliance on verifiability that decreased with age. Three-year-old children were especially prone to credit knowledge to speakers who made verifiable claims, whereas 7- to 8-year-olds and adults credited knowledge to generic speakers regardless of whether the claims were verifiable; (2) children's attributions of knowledge to generic speakers was not detectable until age 5, and only when those claims were also verifiable; (3) children often generalized speakers' knowledge outside of the pangolin domain, indicating a belief that a person's knowledge about pangolins likely extends to new facts. Findings indicate that young children may be inclined to doubt speakers who make claims they cannot verify themselves, as well as a developmentally increasing appreciation for speakers who make general claims.
Bone Sarcomas Arising in Fibrous Dysplasia

Twelve patients with histologically proved sarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia of bone (six monostotic, six polyostotic) are described. In five (Group I) the existence of the dysplasia was known years before the sarcoma arose, and in seven (Group II) the discovery of both lesions was concurrent. The average age of patients in Group I [See figure in the PDF file] was fifteen years when compared with thirty-five years in Group II. In only one instance could the history of previous radiotherapy be elicited. The histological examination of the primary bone sarcomas revealed eight osteosarcomas, two chondrosarcomas, and two spindle-cell sarcomas.
Whiplash injury prevention with active head restraint

Abstract Background Previous epidemiological studies have observed that an initial head restraint backset greater than 10 cm is associated with a higher risk of neck injury and persistent symptoms. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between the active head restraint position and peak neck motion using a new human model of the neck. Methods The model consisted of an osteoligamentous neck specimen mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying an anthropometric head stabilized with muscle force replication. Rear impacts (7.1 and 11.1 g) were simulated with and without the active head restraint. Physiologic rotation was determined from intact flexibility tests. Significant reductions (P 0.3 and P Findings The active head restraint significantly reduced the average peak spinal rotations, however, these peaks exceeded the physiologic range in flexion at head/C1 and in extension at C4/5 through C7/T1. Correlation was observed between the head restraint backset and the extension peaks at C4/5 and C5/6. Interpretation Correlation between head restraint backset and spinal rotation peaks indicated that a head restraint backset in excess of 8.0 cm may cause hyperextension injuries at the middle and lower cervical spine. The active head restraint may not be fully activated at the time of peak spinal motions, thus reducing its potential protective effects.
Little Changes to Interlibrary Loan Services Make a Big Difference at a Small Academic Library

Over the past five years, McGrath Library at Hilbert College has made its interlibrary loan services more convenient, efficient, and beneficial to both students and faculty. As a direct result, use of ILL has increased. This article discusses what small changes McGrath Library has made to improve interlibrary loan services and how these changes benefit both students and faculty. Just a few little changes have added up to a big increase in interlibrary loan use at McGrath.
The use of different eye regions in the mantis shrimp Hemisquilla californiensis Stephenson, 1967 (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) for detecting objects

Abstract A behavioral assay was used to assess the ability of the stomatopod Hemisquilla californiensis to perceive and respond to a moving target under different wavelengths and intensities of light illumination. Subjects responded to targets rotating horizontally across their visual field by a brief startle response of their eyes or antennules but did not track the targets. Under white light responses were elicited down to a light intensity of 0.9 μW cm − 2 . Responses were seen in blue light at intensities as low as 0.5 μW cm − 2 , and in green light down to 1.0 μW cm − 2 . The animals were less sensitive to red light, with no responses seen at intensities below 3.0 μW cm − 2 . Subjects did not respond to the targets at all under infrared light. This response pattern mirrors the computed sensitivity spectrum of ommatidia in the species' peripheral hemispheres but not that in most of the central bands. We conclude that this species uses the monochromatic vision in the peripheral hemispheres of its eyes to recognize objects and that the sharply tuned color receptors of the central band serve to add supplemental information if light conditions allow.
Effects of Angling on a Previously Fished and an Unfished Warmwater Fish Community in Two Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract Population structure and other vital statistics were determined for warmwater fish populations in two adjacent lakes for two successive 3-year periods. Allen Lake (7.8 hectares), containing bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, pumpkinseeds Lepomis gibbosus, yellow perch Perca flavescens, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and northern pike Esox lucius, was open to angling during, and for about 10 years before this investigation. Mid Lake (4.7 hectares), with the same species, was closed to angling until fishing was permitted throughout the second 3-year period. Before angling began in Mid Lake, large proporations of the populations were of large, old fish, and total annual mortality rates (which were natural mortality rates) were low. The fished populations in Allen Lake comprised mainly small or intermediate size fish throughout the study. After angling in Mid Lake the fish populations and their vital statistics became like those in Allen Lake: Length- and age-frequency distributions shifted towar...
Asymptotic behavior of solutions to polynomial renewal equations

Abstract Many special functions arise as “renormalized” limits of sequences of polynomials that satisfy a polynomial renewal equation. We determine the asymptotic behavior of these sequences of polynomials for both ordinary and “coefficientwise” convergence, and illustrate it with specific examples.
Effect of CO2 and O2 on germination of Erysiphe polygoni conidia

The inhibition of germination of Erysiphe polygoni conidia in relation to high concentrations of CO2 was almost a straight-line function, with ED 50 at 10% CO2 and ED 100 at 20% CO2. For O2 the ED 50 was 5 % and ED 100 at 2%. Normal germination occurred between 6% and 20% O2. The effects of high Pco2 (10%) and low Po2 (5%) were additive. In 100% N2 or 100% CO2 atmosphere, 50% conidia were rendered unviable after about 3 h and 100% after about 6 h. However 1–2% O2 in an atmosphere of N2 was able to keep the spores viable for at least 24 h.
Transdiaphragmatic Approach for Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation in Dogs

An approach combining ventral midline celiotomy with transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy for permanent electronic cardiac pacemaker implantation was evaluated in seven dogs with bradycardia. Dogs ranged in body weight from 6.7 to 32 kg, with a mean of 22.2 ± 11.1 kg. Body conformation varied from narrow, deep-chested animals to very broad-chested animals. The new approach was used with equal facility in all of these dogs. Thoracocentesis was performed intraoperatively after diaphragmatic closure. No dogs required postoperative thoracocentesis or tube thoracostomy. All seven dogs survived the surgical procedure. Two dogs required three subsequent operations by the new approach for correction of exit block or faulty pulse generators. No problems were encountered during these reoperations, which occurred 2 days, 1 month, and 5 months, respectively, following the previous surgery. No serious complications attributable to the surgical approach were seen in any of the dogs, with follow-up times ranging from 6 hours to greater than 12 months (five dogs still alive). The transdiaphragmatic approach is a rapid, cosmetic, and subjectively less painful means for permanent pacemaker implantation in dogs.
Prevalence of Amlodipine‐Related Gingival Hyperplasia

Calcium channel blockers are known to contribute to gingival hyperplasia. The vast majority of reports discuss patients taking the drug nifedipine. During the past few years a newer calcium channel blocker, amlodipine, has been used with increasing frequency. To date, six cases have been published indicating that amlodipine may also promote gingival hyperplasia; however, no data have been reported regarding the prevalence of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to examine a large group of patients taking amlodipine and determine the prevalence of gingival hyperplasia. One hundred fifty dentate patients who had been taking amlodipine, 5 mg per day for at least 6 months, volunteered to undergo a screening examination for gingival hyperplasia. Mild hyperplasia (< 1/3 clinical crown) was found in five patients-a prevalence of 3.3%. This is significantly less (P < .001) than rates reported for patients taking nifedipine, and not significantly different from rates previously reported in control groups of cardiac patients not taking calcium channel blockers. The results from this group of patients indicated that amlodipine, 5 mg per day, did not induce gingival hyperplasia.
G-protein signaling modulator-3 regulates heterotrimeric G-protein dynamics through dual association with Gβ and Gαi protein subunits.

Regulation of the assembly and function of G-protein heterotrimers (Gα·GDP/Gβγ) is a complex process involving the participation of many accessory proteins. One of these regulators, GPSM3, is a member of a family of proteins containing one or more copies of a small regulatory motif known as the GoLoco (or GPR) motif. Although GPSM3 is known to bind Gαi·GDP subunits via its GoLoco motifs, here we report that GPSM3 also interacts with the Gβ subunits Gβ1 to Gβ4, independent of Gγ or Gα·GDP subunit interactions. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation studies suggest that the Gβ-GPSM3 complex is formed at, and transits through, the Golgi apparatus and also exists as a soluble complex in the cytoplasm. GPSM3 and Gβ co-localize endogenously in THP-1 cells at the plasma membrane and in a juxtanuclear compartment. We provide evidence that GPSM3 increases Gβ stability until formation of the Gβγ dimer, including association of the Gβ-GPSM3 complex with phosducin-like protein PhLP and T-complex protein 1 subunit eta (CCT7), two known chaperones of neosynthesized Gβ subunits. The Gβ interaction site within GPSM3 was mapped to a leucine-rich region proximal to the N-terminal side of its first GoLoco motif. Both Gβ and Gαi·GDP binding events are required for GPSM3 activity in inhibiting phospholipase-Cβ activation. GPSM3 is also shown in THP-1 cells to be important for Akt activation, a known Gβγ-dependent pathway. Discovery of a Gβ/GPSM3 interaction, independent of Gα·GDP and Gγ involvement, adds to the combinatorial complexity of the role of GPSM3 in heterotrimeric G-protein regulation.
Effects of Alkyl Amide Solvents on the Dispersion of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Stable dispersions of both as-produced (raw soot) and purified laser-generated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been demonstrated with several alkyl amide solvents. Optical absorption analysis over a range of concentrations has been utilized to estimate the dispersion limits for as-produced SWNTs in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N,N-diethylacetamide (DEA), and N,N-dimethylpropanamide (DMP). In addition, extinction coefficients have been calculated using Beer's law for each solvent at energies of 1.27 and 1.77 eV, corresponding to the electronic transitions of semiconducting and metallic SWNTs, respectively. The results imply that high polarizability and optimal geometries (appropriate bond lengths and bond angles) may account for the favorable interaction between SWNTs and the alkyl amide solvents. The successful dispersion of purified SWNTs in DMA has enabled extinction coefficients of 43.4 and 39.0 mL·mg-1·cm-1 to be calculated at the selected energies, respectively....
Independent Judgment-Linked and Motor-Linked Forms of Artificial Grammar Learning

Three experiments investigated whether a motor-linked measure (string typing speed) and an judgment-linked measure (grammatical judgment of strings) accessed the same implicit learning mechanisms in the artificial grammar learning task. Participants first studied grammatical strings through observation or through responding to each letter by typing it and then performed typing and grammatical judgment tests. Grammatical judgment test performance was better after observation than after respond learning, whereas typing test performance on higher order relations was worse after observation than after respond learning (Experiment 1). Participants transferred grammatical knowledge across letter sets on the grammatical judgment test, but not on the typing test (Experiment 2). Typing speed did not differ for hits (grammatical strings classified by participants as grammatical) and misses (grammatical strings classified as nongrammatical, Experiment 3). These results are consistent with typing and grammatical judgment tests tapping independent mechanisms and indicate that implicit learning may consist of many different forms of learning rather than being a unitary learning mechanism.
Characteristics Of Fiber Optic Local Area Networks With A Ring Architecture

This paper reviews the operational characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of implementing ring architectures for fiber optic local area networks. Different types of single and dual ring approaches are considered, as well as ring networks with novel connection architectures. Methods for the economical growth and upgrading of fiber optic ring systems are presented.
Learned face–voice pairings facilitate visual search

Voices provide a rich source of information that is important for identifying individuals and for social interaction. During search for a face in a crowd, voices often accompany visual information, and they facilitate localization of the sought-after individual. However, it is unclear whether this facilitation occurs primarily because the voice cues the location of the face or because it also increases the salience of the associated face. Here we demonstrate that a voice that provides no location information nonetheless facilitates visual search for an associated face. We trained novel face–voice associations and verified learning using a two-alternative forced choice task in which participants had to correctly match a presented voice to the associated face. Following training, participants searched for a previously learned target face among other faces while hearing one of the following sounds (localized at the center of the display): a congruent learned voice, an incongruent but familiar voice, an unlearned and unfamiliar voice, or a time-reversed voice. Only the congruent learned voice speeded visual search for the associated face. This result suggests that voices facilitate the visual detection of associated faces, potentially by increasing their visual salience, and that the underlying crossmodal associations can be established through brief training.
Effects of stress on nonassociative learning processes in male and female rats

In this study we assessed habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response (ASR) to discern whether intense, inescapable stress affects nonassociative learning differently in male and female rats. Rats were inescapably stressed 2 hours per day over 3 consecutive days. ASR magnitudes were measured at several times post-stress (1, 4, 8, and 15 days after cessation). Females generally showed greater ASR magnitudes (compared to males), but both sexes exhibited short and long-term habituation across the testing days. ASR magnitudes were only affected by stress in male subjects. The effect in males was an increase in short-term sensitization of the ASR on post-stress day-4. The results suggest that stressed males and females react differently to ASR testing, in that stress males appear to develop an exaggerated ASR response over repeated test sessions due to short-term sensitization. The source of the short-term sensitization is discussed with regards to possible stress-induced enhanced contextual learning during ASR testing on post-stress day-1.