cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival analysis of haematopoietic cell transplantation for childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a comparison study

Summary Background Favourable outcomes have been reported for patients with childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) who had received haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) at the early stage of cerebral involvement. However, comparative data for non-transplanted CCALD patients are limited. We analysed survival of CCALD patients who had not received HCT and, in a subgroup with early cerebral disease, compared survival in those who underwent HCT with those who did not. Methods Retrospective survival analyses were done on 283 CCALD patients identified at the Kennedy Krieger Institute who had not received HCT, focusing on a 30-member early stage cerebral subgroup whose neurological disability and MRI severity scores matched those in a 19-member transplanted subgroup previously reported. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test were used for survival analysis and to estimate the difference between the survival probabilities of the groups with statistical significance set at α=0·05. Findings Mean age at onset of symptoms in the entire 283 non-transplanted group was 7 years (SD 2 years). 131 (46%) patients died during the mean follow-up period of 5·9 years (5·3) at a mean age of 12·3 years (4·9). 5-year survival was 66%. The 5-year survival probability of 54% in the early stage group was significantly poorer (χ 2 =7·47, p=0·006) than the 5-year survival of 95% in the transplanted group with early stage cerebral disease. Interpretation HCT done in the early and progressive stages of CCALD is beneficial, and our data support the recommendation that transplantation be offered to patients in the early stages of CCALD.
Spatio-temporal Multi-dimensional Relational Framework Trees

The real world is composed of sets of objects that move and morph in both space and time. Useful concepts can be defined in terms of the complex interactions between the multi-dimensional attributes of subsets of these objects and of the relationships that exist between them. In this paper, we present Spatiotemporal Multi-dimensional Relational Framework (SMRF) Trees, a new data mining technique that extends the successful Spatiotemporal Relational Probability Tree models. From a set of labeled, multi-object examples of a target concept, our algorithm infers both the set of objects that participate in the concept and the key object and relation attributes that describe the concept. In contrast to other relational model approaches, SMRF trees do not rely on pre-defined relations between objects. Instead, our algorithm infers the relations from the continuous attributes. In addition, our approach explicitly acknowledges the multi-dimensional nature of attributes such as position, orientation and color. Our method performs well in exploratory experiments, demonstrating its viability as a relational learning approach.
Discoid lateral meniscus and the frequency of meniscal tears.

Objective. To use MRI to determine the incidence of discoid lateral menisci in a large study population, and to compare those patients with those without a discoid meniscus in order to assess the impact of a discoid lateral meniscus on the frequency of meniscal tears.
Antibodies against PsrP, a Novel Streptococcus pneumoniae Adhesin, Block Adhesion and Protect Mice against Pneumococcal Challenge

Pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP) is a putative adhesin encoded in the Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity island psrP-secY2A2. Challenge of mice with serotype 4, strain TIGR4, and the isogenic mutants T4ΔpsrP and T4ΔpsrP-secY2A2 determined that PsrP was required for bacterial persistence in the lungs but not for colonization in the nasopharynx or replication in the bloodstream during sepsis. In vitro experiments corroborated this anatomical site-specific role; psrP mutants failed to bind to A549 and LA-4 lung cells, yet adhered normally to human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and to cells from human and rodent capillary endothelial cell lines. We determined that the amino terminus of PsrP mediated adhesion. Microspheres coated with recombinant PsrP SRR1-BR (rPsrP SRR1-BR ) adhered to A549 cells, and moreover, preincubation of cells with rPsrP SRR1-BR inhibited TIGR4 adhesion in vitro. Antibodies against rPsrP SRR1-BR also neutralized PsrP function; antiserum against rPsrP SRR1-BR blocked TIGR4 adhesion in vitro and, following passive immunization, it protected mice against challenge. We conclude that PsrP is an adhesin required for bacterial persistence in the lungs and that rPsrP SRR1-BR is a protective antigen.
Assembly of Complete, Functionally Active Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Replication Compartments and Recruitment of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins in Transient Cotransfection Assays

Early during the herpes simplex virus (HSV) lytic cycle or in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibitors, core viral replication machinery proteins accumulate in intranuclear speckled punctate prereplicative foci, some of which colocalize with numerous sites of host cellular DNA synthesis initiation known as replisomes. At later times, in the absence of inhibitors, several globular or large irregularly shaped replication compartments are formed; these compartments also contain progeny viral DNA and incorporate the IE175(ICP4) transcription factor together with several cellular proteins involved in DNA replication and repair. In this study, we demonstrate that several forms of both prereplication foci and active viral replication compartments that display an appearance similar to that of the compartments in HSV-infected cells can be successfully assembled in transient assays in DNA-transfected cells receiving genes encoding all seven essential HSV replication fork proteins together with oriS target plasmid DNA. Furthermore, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-pulse-labeled DNA synthesis initiation sites colocalized with the HSV single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) in these replication compartments, implying that active viral DNA replication may be occurring. The assembly of complete HSV replication compartments and incorporation of BrdU were both abolished by treatment with phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) and by omission of any one of the seven viral replication proteins, UL5, UL8, UL9, UL42, UL52, SSB, and Pol, that are essential for viral DNA replication. Consistent with the fact that both HSV IE175 and IE63(ICP27) localize within replication compartments in HSV-infected cells, the assembled HSV replication compartments were also able to recruit both of these essential regulatory proteins. Blocking viral DNA synthesis with PAA, but not omission of oriS, prevented the association of IE175 with prereplication structures. The assembled HSV replication compartments also redistributed cotransfected cellular p53 into the viral replication compartments. However, the other two HSV immediate-early nuclear proteins IE110(ICP0) and IE68(ICP22) did not enter the replication compartments in either infected or transfected cells.
Leaf conductance decreased under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) for three perennials in the Nevada desert

Summary • A common response of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (CO2) is decreased leaf conductance. Consequently, leaf temperature is predicted to increase under elevated CO2. • Diurnal patterns of leaf conductance and temperature were measured for three desert perennials, the C3 shrub Larrea tridentata, C3 tussock grass Achnatherum hymenoides and C4 tussock grass Pleuraphis rigida, at the Nevada Desert FACE facility. Measurements were made on ambient and c. 550 µmol mol−1 CO2 plots through both a wet and dry year. • Reductions in conductance were 35%, 20% and 13% for Pleuraphis, Achnatherum and Larrea, respectively. Decreased conductance occurred throughout the day only for Pleuraphis. Both C3 species had smaller CO2 effects during dry periods than wet. Leaf temperature did not differ significantly between elevated and ambient CO2 for any species. Comparisons of blower-control and nonring plots indicated that the FACE apparatus did not confound our results. • All three species exhibited decreased leaf conductance under elevated CO2, although reductions were not uniform during the day or among years. Nonetheless, leaf energy balance was only minimally changed for these microphyllous desert perennials.
Differential Gene Expression Governed by Chromosomal Spatial Asymmetry

Summary SpoIIABF complex is determined by its phosphorylation state; only dephosphorylated SpoIIAA can effect The activity of the transcription factor F is confined to the release of
Modeling Tumor–Immune Dynamics

Mathematical models of tumor–immune interactions provide an analytical framework in which to address specific questions regarding tumor–immune dynamics and tumor treatment options. We present a mathematical model, in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), that governs cancer growth on a cell population level. In addition to a cancer cell population, the model includes a population of Natural Killer (NK) and CD8+ T immune cells. Our goal is to understand the dynamics of immune-mediated tumor rejection, in addition to exploring results of applying combination immune, vaccine and chemotherapy treatments. We characterize the ODE system dynamics by locating equilibrium points, determining stability properties, performing a bifurcation analysis, and identifying basins of attraction. These system characteristics are useful, not only for gaining a broad understanding of the specific system dynamics, but also for helping to guide the development of combination therapies. Additionally, a parameter sensitivity analysis suggests that the model can predict which patients may respond positively to treatment. Numerical simulations of mixed chemo-immuno and vaccine therapy using both mouse and human parameters are presented. Simulations of tumor growth using different levels of immune stimulating ligands, effector cells, and tumor challenge, are able to reproduce data from published studies. We illustrate situations for which neither chemotherapy nor immunotherapy alone are sufficient to control tumor growth, but in combination the therapies are able to eliminate the entire tumor.
Effects of indomethacin on brain blood flow, cerebral metabolism, and sagittal sinus prostanoids after hypoxia

We tested the hypotheses that during recovery from hypoxia, newborn piglets exhibit a posthypoxic cerebral hyperemia, indomethacin-pretreated piglets exhibit a posthypoxic cerebral hypoperfusion, and that the changes caused by indomethacin are dose dependent and related to the loss of prostanoids. We studied piglets exposed to 40 min of hypoxia after pretreatment with high (5 mg/kg, n = 9) or low (0.3 mg/kg, n = 8) doses of indomethacin or placebo (n = 9) and allowed to recover for 120 min. In the placebo and low-dose pretreatment groups, total and regional brain blood flow increased during hypoxia but returned to baseline 10 min after hypoxia. High-dose indomethacin pretreatment was associated with a posthypoxic hypoperfusion to certain brain regions at 10 min of recovery to values similar to those after indomethacin treatment before the onset of hypoxia. During and after hypoxia, the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was preserved in both the placebo and low-dose groups and decreased significantly during hypoxia in the high-dose group. Sagittal sinus prostacyclin was reduced significantly in both indomethacin-treated groups throughout the study. We conclude that a posthypoxic hyperemia is not observed in newborn piglets. This finding was not altered by pretreatment with a therapeutic dose of indomethacin, whereas a pharmacological dose was associated with selective hypoperfusion to certain brain regions both before hypoxia and during recovery from hypoxia.
A Configurable 12–237 kS/s 12.8 mW Sparse-Approximation Engine for Mobile Data Aggregation of Compressively Sampled Physiological Signals

Compressive sensing (CS) is a promising technology for realizing low-power and cost-effective wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) in pervasive health systems for 24/7 health monitoring. Due to the high computational complexity (CC) of the reconstruction algorithms, software solutions cannot fulfill the energy efficiency needs for real-time processing. In this paper, we present a 12—237 kS/s 12.8 mW sparse-approximation (SA) engine chip that enables the energy-efficient data aggregation of compressively sampled physiological signals on mobile platforms. The SA engine chip integrated in 40 nm CMOS can support the simultaneous reconstruction of over 200 channels of physiological signals while consuming $ of a smartphone’s power budget. Such energy-efficient reconstruction enables two-to-three times energy saving at the sensor nodes in a CS-based health monitoring system as compared to traditional Nyquist-based systems, while providing timely feedback and bringing signal intelligence closer to the user.
Notch Signaling In B-ALL Reveals PLK1 As A Potential Therapeutic Target In B-ALL: PLK1-Selective Inhibitor Poloxin Modulates Cyclin B and P53 Pathways, Leading To Growth Arrest and Apoptosis

Abstract Background Notch is a well-known oncogene in T-ALL, yet appears to have tumor suppressor effects in B-ALL. These cell type-specific effects of Notch signaling mirror consequences seen in early lymphocyte development and raises the question of how Notch leads to such divergent consequences in closely related cell types. In exploring these Notch mechanisms we discovered a B-ALL specific Notch-mediated reduction in the cell cycle regulator Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), revealing a novel targetable kinase in B-ALL. Approach To explore the consequences of Notch-mediated down regulation of cell cycle regulator kinase PLK1, we targeted PLK1 kinase function with the novel PLK1-selective inhibitor poloxin in human B-ALL lines. Results PLK1 is highly expressed in B-ALL verses normal tissues (panel A), correlates with cyclin B expression, is expressed >2-fold higher in B-ALL with t(1;19) than other B-ALL samples, and may predict response of ALL to methotrexate. In our panel of human B-ALL cell lines poloxin induced G2/M growth arrest and decreased cell number by >80% (panel B), and decreased survival in B-ALL cells (>75% AnnexinV+, panel C). PLK1 inhibition led to tumor suppressor p53 stabilization, revealing >5-fold increase in p53 protein levels following poloxin treatment in B-ALL (panel D). Mechanistically, PLK1 inhibition leads to both cytoplasmic re-localization of cyclin B, disrupting the CDC2-cyclinB complex, as well as phosphorylation of p53 at Ser20, which destabilizes p53-MDM2 interaction and thus accumulation of p53. Conclusions While exploring the mechanisms of cell type-specific effects of Notch signaling in ALL, we have found a novel therapeutic target, the cell cycle regulator PLK1. Our findings reveal a novel therapeutic approach whereby PLK1-selective inhibition via poloxin induces growth arrest and apoptosis in human B-ALL via consequences on cyclin B and p53 pathways. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Surface Reaction Analysis by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation and Microstructure Analysis of AIN Layer Produced by In-Situ Direct Nitriding Process

In-Situ direct nitriding process to produce AIN in aluminum alloy powder by utilizing the reaction between aluminum and nitrogen gas at temperatures below 823K has been developed. Topmost-surface analysis by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy using Synchrotron Radiation (SR-XPS) was conducted and chemical bonding changes on aluminum powder surface during heating were investigated. Deoxidization of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) surface film by Mg contented in the powders occurred over 670K and Al2O3 film was deoxidized and reduced. After the deoxidization of Al2O3 surface film, aluminum in powder reacted with nitrogen gas and AIN layer was produced upon the powder surface. In-Situ reacted AIN had a good bonding with aluminum matrix and showed a laminar structure with a layer thickness of 20-30nm. The content of reacted AIN strongly depends on a period of heating in nitrogen gas and on surface area of raw powder.
Host resistance to bacteria in hemorrhagic shock. VI. Effect of endotoxin on antibacterial defense.

Summary and conclusions1. The mortality rate from one intravenous MLD/100 of endotoxin was reduced from 100% to 40-60% by antibiotic therapy given prior to or at the time of injecting the endotoxin. This was true even if the antibiotic was given orally and was completely non-absorbable. Therefore, endotoxins from intraintestinal bacteria are involved in the death from an intravenous MLD/100 of endotoxin. Data are given to show that antibiotics act solely as antibacterial agents, and not as anti-endotoxic agents.2. A sublethal intravenous dose of endotoxin promptly induced in rabbits an increased sensitivity to a supplementary fractional dose of endotoxin so that a second dose given one hour later increased the mortality from zero to 67%, even though the total of both doses, if given as a single initial dose, was not lethal. Recovery of nearly normal resistance to the second dose of endotoxin required about 4 hours. Antibiotics given with the initial dose rendered the second dose harmless; but the same ant...
Hypocalcemia and Tetanic Seizures in Hypophysectomized Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

SummaryTetanic convulsions were observed in hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus kept in calcium deficient but hyperosmotic conditions. Analysis of sera revealed a large decrease in total calcium and inorganic phosphate although sodium, potassium, and chloride were unaffected. These defects in calcium metabolism were corrected by returning the tetanic fish to a calcium-rich environment.
Investigation of primary school suspected food poisoning event

Objective To explore the risk factors of food poisoning and to propose reasonable proposal,prevention and control measures. Methods The cases were searched by developing case definitions.Then a matched case-control study was applied to analyze the suspicious meal and food,a canteen health survey was carried out,and collected samples for common enteric pathogens isolated culture and biochemical identification. Results Seventy-three cases were found and met case definition,including 57 suspected cases,16 probable cases; 2 were teachers and 71 were residential students.The incidence rate was 12.6%( 73 / 581).The main symptoms were stomachache 97. 3%( 71 / 73,nausea 31. 5%( 23 / 73),vomit 20. 5 %( 15 / 73). Some students reflected throat discomfort and burning sensation.The case-control study indicated that braised duck meat with potatoes was questionable high-risk food( OR = 4.2,95% CI: 1. 3- 14. 0). Conclusion This event is one case of food poisoning caused by solanine. School should enhance supervision and administration to canteen hygiene and raw materials to prevent food-poisoning event outbreaks.
Dynamics of Sugar and Cellulose Synthesis in Bolls of Island Cotton(Gossypium barbadense L.)

Sugar contents and cellulose deposition were monitored in the bolls of two varieties Xinhai 21 and Xinhai 28(YX-193 and XH-28) of island cotton in South Xinjiang in 2006 and 2007.After anthesis,total sugars in boll shells,seeds and fiber kept increasing and reached their maximum level at 21-28 days post anthesis(DPA).After that the sugar contents rapidly declined and reached the low level at the boll opening period.The cellulose was synthesized starting form 14 DPA and reached a peak at the boll opening stage.Soluble solids contents in fibers kept decreasing linearly during the boll development.Total soluble sugars,reducing sugars and their conversion rates showed an order as: fibers seeds boll shells,and were generally higher in YX-193 than in XH-28.The results indicate that sugar unloading and conversion capacities in bolls are related to fiber development and YX-193 has advantages over XH-28.
Monte-CarloSimulation Analysis for UAV Ground Target Position Accuracy

In order to provide design basis for ground target position system of reconnaissance UAV,the mathematical model and error model of target position using electro-optical payload are derived.The error elements which influence the target position accuracy are introduced and the target position accuracy is simulated using Monte-Carlo analysis.The main error elements are also analyzed and the result helps a more reasonable system error allocation.Testing result of target position system designed on the accuracy analysis fully meets the system accuracy,avoids unnecessary component accuracy requirement,and saves the system cost.The application also proves the validity of Monte-Carlo simulation analysis for target position system.
Workload characterization and optimization of TPC-H queries on Apache Spark

Besides being an in-memory-oriented computing framework, Spark runs on top of Java Virtual Machines (JVMs), so JVM parameters must be tuned to improve Spark application performance. Misconfigured parameters and settings degrade performance. For example, using Java heaps that are too large often causes a long garbage collection pause time, which accounts for over 10–20% of application execution time. Moreover, recent computing nodes have many cores with simultaneous multi-threading technology and the processors on the node are connected via NUMA, so it is difficult to exploit best performance without taking into account of these hardware features. Thus, optimization in a full stack is also important. Not only JVM parameters but also OS parameters, Spark configuration, and application code based on CPU characteristics need to be optimized to take full advantage of underlying computing resources. In this paper, we used the TPC-H benchmark as our optimization case study and gathered many perspective logs such as application, JVM (e.g. GC and JIT), system utilization, and hardware events from a performance monitoring unit. We discuss current problems and introduce several JVM and OS parameter optimization approaches for accelerating Spark performance. As a result, our optimization exhibits 30–40% increase in speed on average and is up to 5x faster than the naive configuration.
The CDE property for minuscule lattices

Abstract Reiner, Tenner, and Yong recently introduced the coincidental down-degree expectations (CDE) property for finite posets and showed that many nice posets are CDE. In this paper we further explore the CDE property, resolving a number of conjectures about CDE posets put forth by Reiner–Tenner–Yong. A consequence of our work is the completion of a case-by-case proof that any minuscule lattice is CDE. We also explain two major applications of the study of CDE posets: formulas for certain classes of set-valued tableaux; and homomesy results for rowmotion and gyration acting on sets of order ideals.
Genetic Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Recovered from the Environmental Surveillance Samples During a Sporadic Case Investigation of Foodborne Illness

Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic human-pathogenic bacterium known to cause acute meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. This human-pathogenic microorganism has been isolated from a variety of food and environmental samples, and has been also linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with powdered infant formula (PIF). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration have a policy of zero tolerance of these organisms in PIF. Thus, this agency utilizes the presence of these microorganisms as one of the criteria in implementing regulatory actions and assessing adulteration of food products of public health importance. In this study, we recovered two isolates of Cronobacter from the 91 environmental swab samples during an investigation of sporadic case of foodborne illness following conventional microbiological protocols. The isolated typical colonies were identified using VITEK2 and real-time PCR protocols. The recovered Cronobacter isolates were then characterized for species identification by sequencing the 16S rRNA locus. Further, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was accomplished characterizing seven known C. sakazakii-specific MLST loci (atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, and pps). Results of this study confirmed all of the recovered Cronobacter isolates from the environmental swab samples to be C. sakazakii. The MLST profile matched with the published profile of the complex 31 of C. sakazakii. Thus, rRNA and 7-loci MLST-based sequencing protocols are robust techniques for rapid detection and differentiation of Cronobacter species, and these molecular diagnostic tools can be used in implementing successful surveillance program and in the control and prevention of foodborne illness.
Ionic Liquids Containing Block Copolymer Based Supramolecules

Block copolymer (BCP)-based supramolecules provide a versatile strategy to generate functional materials using noncovalent bond between small molecules and BCPs. Here, we report supramolecules composed of phenol-containing ionic liquids (ILs) hydrogen bonded to BCP, polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP). IL-containing supramolecules exhibit ordered structures in a wide range of IL loading and chemistry. Rheological behaviors and nanostructures of IL-containing supramolecules can be tuned by controlling the IL loading without losing ordered structure. The hydrogen bonds and nanostructures can be retained in a wide range of temperatures with different IL chemistry. Supramolecules provide a diverse platform toward IL materials with ordered structure and tunable properties with high tolerance of thermal treatment and processing.
Firefighting societal human-system ignorance at B-schools

Predicated on B-schools' recent bifurcation is a coherent unity of societal human-system knowledge and skills that, regardless of their specific discipline, B-school students could acquire easily, to enable their self-development into capable business professionals. As its tangible vignettes progress inductively, this article tidies up crucial B-school practices linked to truly societal human systems. Commencing with the alphabet, parameters and variables, the article culminates in a reciprocally-causal societal structure, which could be driving the dynamic societal process of B-school instructors firefighting societal human-system ignorance individually, just as innovative business enterprises vie to surpass their own tipping point, while they fire fight quality hurdles in new product development.
Hydrogen Bonding of 1,2-Azaborines in the Binding Cavity of T4 Lysozyme Mutants: Structures and Thermodynamics

Protein crystallography and calorimetry were used to characterize the binding of 1,2-azaborines to model cavities in T4 lysozyme in direct comparison to their carbonaceous counterparts. In the apolar L99A cavity, affinity for Ab dropped only slightly versus benzene. In the cavity designed to accommodate a single hydrogen bond (L99A/M102Q), Gln102═O···H—N hydrogen bonding for Ab and BEtAb was observed in the crystallographic complexes. The strength of the hydrogen bonding was estimated as 0.94 and 0.64 kcal/mol for Ab and BEtAb, respectively. This work unambiguously demonstrates that 1,2-azaborines can be readily accommodated in classic aryl recognition pockets and establishes one of 1,2-azaborine’s distinguishing features from its carbonaceous isostere benzene: its ability to serve as an NH hydrogen bond donor in a biological setting.
Streamer propagation in water

Prebreakdown events in water have been photographed for selected electrode geometries. From these measurements, the modes of propagation were identified and the propagation velocities were estimated. Streamers propagating from the anode were an order of magnitude faster than the initial cathode propagation mode. The measurement results are compared with similar results obtained in hydrocarbon and silicon oils. Knowledge of streamer propagation phenomena is required to predict and control switching behavior.
Coastal marine habitats harbor novel early-diverging fungal diversity

Abstract Despite nearly a century of study, the diversity of marine fungi remains poorly understood. Historical surveys utilizing microscopy or culture-dependent methods suggest that marine fungi are relatively species-poor, predominantly Dikarya, and localized to coastal habitats. However, the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies to characterize microbial communities has challenged traditional concepts of fungal diversity by revealing novel phylotypes from both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Here, I used ion semiconductor sequencing (Ion Torrent) of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU/28S) to explore fungal diversity from water and sediment samples collected from four habitats in coastal North Carolina. The dominant taxa observed were Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota, though all fungal phyla were represented. Diversity was highest in sand flats and wetland sediments, though benthic sediments harbored the highest proportion of novel sequences. Most sequences assigned to early-diverging fungal groups could not be assigned beyond phylum with statistical support, suggesting they belong to unknown lineages.
Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Endovascular repair is particularly appealing in cases of thoracic aortic aneurysm because the surgical alternative requires thoracotomy and aortic cross-clamp, resulting in pulmonary dysfunction, cardiac strain, downstream ischemia, and reperfusion injury. Moreover, localized aneurysms of the thoracic aorta are relatively easy to treat by endovascular means, using simple aortoaortic stent-grafts; hence, the endovascular thoracic aortic aneurysm repair was rapidly adopted in the early 1990s.1 Yet this area of endovascular technology remains something of a work in progress. Thoracic aortic stent-grafts still fail to meet many of the requirements of long-term success because the affected segment is long, wide, curved, far from the femoral arteries, and close to the origins of visceral or cerebral branches. There remain many obstacles to be overcome before endovascular repair can be considered safe, durable, and effective for the majority of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Some problems affect repair in any part of the thoracic aorta, while some are segment-specifi c; some problems are amenable to refi nements of operative technique, while others must wait for fundamental advances in stent-graft technology.
Scattering neutrinos caught in the act

Neutrinos are one of the most common particles in the universe, yet they are one of the most difficult to study. That is because neutrinos, which have no electrical charge, interact very weakly. For example, it has been claimed that a typical neutrino from radioactive decay can pass through a light-year–long column of lead with only a fifty-fifty chance of interacting. On page 1123 of this issue, Akimov et al. ( 1 ) report results that call this claim into question. Their work describes the observation of a process known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (or CEνNS), which was first predicted by Freedman in 1974 ( 2 ).
Witches and Queens: Queen Anna and Representations of Female Power

This chapter presents Anna’s transformation from Danish princess to Scottish queen. Using the juxtaposition of the royal marriage and witchcraft persecutions, the chapter considers societal concerns about women, sexuality and danger. This chapter examines the representational dichotomy that pits deviant female sexuality against appropriate female sexuality. As is often the case with such dichotomies, Anna could not fully remain on the side of appropriate feminine performance. In her plotting, her temper and her Catholicism, she moved dangerously close to the very image of disruptive female power that spurred on the witch trials and continued to haunt the nation. As such, Anna and the witches were part of a representational dichotomy that frequently collapsed, leaving Anna to take the role of the disruptive, subversive woman.
Spatial Variation in the Raman Spectrum of Sr Ti O3

With traditional Raman sources the observed spectra were spatial averages of the Raman scattering over a large volume of the sample. Since the advent of the laser with its high degree of spatial coherence, the beam can be easily focused to a 10μ cross-section, allowing one to explore possible spatial variation in the Raman scattering[1]. This technique is particularly useful for the study of crystals which exhibit domain structure since it permits distinction between the true bulk spectrum and possible effects associated with inhomogeneities at domain boundaries.
Youth places: collaborative cartography with young people in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

The paper presents the participatory design project "Youth Places", aimed to develop a youth collaborative mapping of the city. The goal is supporting young people to change power and authority by proposing appropriate and meaningful places for their age group in the public space. The paper presents a pilot application of a collaborative cartography platform with a group of young people (14--22 years old) in the region of Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The application provided space and structure for participation, allowing youth to voice their opinions about the use of public space through co-creation and collaborative reflection. The project produced promising preliminary results, including engagement, positive feedback, and increased locus of control. Aiming to address youth's need to participate in community as active and competent citizens, the project intends to share the results with the municipal authorities to inform public policies in the future.
The Enigma of Being Yourself: A Critical Examination of the Concept of Authenticity:

As the term is typically used, authenticity refers to the degree to which a particular behavior is congruent with a person’s attitudes, beliefs, values, motives, and other dispositions. However, re...
Microphysics of Summer Clouds in Central West Antarctica Simulated by Polar WRF and AMPS

Abstract. The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) provided a highly detailed set of remote sensing and surface observations to study Antarctic clouds and surface energy balance, which have received much less attention than for the Arctic due to greater logistical challenges. Limited prior Antarctic cloud observations has slowed the progress of numerical weather prediction in this region. The AWARE observations from WAIS Divide during December 2015 and January 2016 are used to evaluate the operational forecasts of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) and new simulations with Polar WRF 3.9.1. The Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations are conducted with advanced microphysics schemes and with the WRF single-moment 5-class microphysics (WSM5C) also used by AMPS. AMPS simulates few liquid clouds during summer at WAIS Divide, inconsistent with observations of frequent low-level liquid clouds. Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations show that this result is a consequence of WSM5C. More advanced microphysics schemes simulate more cloud liquid water and produce stronger cloud radiative forcing, resulting in downward longwave and shortwave radiation at the surface more in agreement with observations. Similarly, increased cloud fraction is simulated with the more advanced microphysics schemes. All of the simulations, however, produce smaller net cloud fractions than observed. Ice water paths vary less between the simulations than liquid water paths. The colder and drier atmosphere driven by GFS initial and boundary conditions for AMPS forecasts produces lesser cloud amounts than the Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations driven by ERA-Interim.
Techniques to Optimize the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography: Insights from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Database.

Abstract Background/purpose Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution intravascular imaging modality used to assess coronary arteries and as an adjunctive tool for optimization of percutaneous coronary interventions. Overall, the rate of complications and adverse events related to intravascular imaging is low. Limited data exist on the most commonly reported complications and modes of failure related to the use of OCT. Therefore, we analyzed the post-marketing surveillance data from the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database to assess the reported complications and failure modes for OCT and reviewed techniques to optimize device use. Methods/materials The MAUDE database was queried for all event reports involving coronary OCT devices. Two independent reviewers identified 49 device reports included in the final analysis. Modes of failure and device-related patient complications were assessed. Results Of the 49 cases with reported device-related issues, 6.1% involved malfunction prior to insertion of the OCT catheter, and 30.6% of reported events did not result in an associated patient-related adverse event. The most commonly reported adverse events included coronary dissection and difficulty removing the catheter within a previously stented segment. No events of contrast-induced nephropathy were reported. Conclusions Findings from the MAUDE database highlight the modes of device-related events associated with OCT. Device issues are uncommon, and as a result, users should be aware of optimal techniques to prevent and minimize adverse events related to device use.
Comparative Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Different Age Groups in the United States.

BACKGROUND Data on the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by age group are available in countries outside of the United States or localized populations within the United States. We aimed to estimate the incidence rates (IRs) of IBD by age group using a US multiregional data set. METHODS We used the Optum Research Database to identify incident IBD patients with a disease-free interval of 1.5 years between 2005 and 2015. Overall and age-specific IRs were calculated for 4 different age groups: pediatric (0-17 years), young adult (18-25 years), adult (26-59 years), elderly (>60 years). Time trends of incidence were evaluated in each age group. Perianal phenotype (in Crohn's disease [CD]) was also compared. RESULTS The mean IR for the cohort (n = 60,247) from 2005 to 2015 was 37.5/100,000. The IR was highest in adult and elderly cohorts (36.4 and 36.7/100,000 respectively). In the adult and elderly groups, the IR for UC was higher than that for CD, whereas the opposite was true in the pediatric and young adult groups. The IR increased over the 10-year study period for all age groups (time trends P < 0.001). The elderly group had less perianal disease than the adult group (20.8 vs 22.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In one of the most comprehensive evaluations of the incidence of IBD in the United States, we found an incidence rate similar to those of other national populations. We also confirmed differences of specific IBD phenotypes based on age groups, with lower rates of perianal disease in the elderly.
Intussusception Protocol Implementation: Single-Site Outcomes With Clinician and Family Satisfaction.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes, costs, and clinician and parent satisfaction after implementation of a protocol to discharge patients from the emergency department (ED) after successful reduction of uncomplicated ileocolic intussusception. Materials and methods In March 2017, an intussusception management protocol was implemented for children presenting with ultrasound findings of ileocolic intussusception. Those meeting inclusion criteria were observed after successful radiological reduction in the ED and discharged after 6 h with resolution of symptoms. Retrospective chart review was completed for cases before and after protocol implementation for clinical outcomes and costs. Clinicians and parents were surveyed to assess overall satisfaction. Results Charts were reviewed before (42 encounters, 37 patients) and after (30 encounters, 23 patients) protocol implementation. After implementation, admission rates decreased from 95% (40/42) to 23% (7/30; P Conclusions An intussusception protocol can facilitate early discharge from the ED and improve patient care without increased risk of recurrence. Additional benefits include decreased hospital- and patient-related costs, elimination of antibiotic use, and parent as well as clinician satisfaction.
Low and Higher Wage Workers Report No Differences in Four Barriers to Primary Care Access.

Lower wage workers, known to seek more care in the emergency department (ED), may encounter more barriers to timely outpatient primary care. This study aimed to identify differences in self-reporte...
CD30+ lymphomatoid skin toxicity secondary to ipilimumab.

Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that works by blocking the receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 to increase T-cell activation and proliferation.1 Although a morbilliform rash is a well-known dermatologic toxicity of ipilimumab, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of CD30+ lymphoid skin reactions from ipilimumab.1
Abstract 107: Acetyl-coa Carboxylase 2 Prevents Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Reducing Glucose Reliance

In cardiac hypertrophy, the adult heart switches from mainly using fatty acids to increased reliance on glucose to maintain its energetic demands. Reducing fatty acid overload and further increasin...
Quantifying drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by LC-MS/MS proteomics

Abstract Applications of quantitative proteomics are rapidly emerging in the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Here, we focus on the targeted MRM-based proteomics, which is widely utilized in quantifying drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET) proteins. The basic workflow is explained from proteotypic peptide selection, sample processing, protein extraction, and digestion, to LC-MS/MS quantification. Multiple factors that can affect protein quantification during the workflow are introduced, including biological, chemical, and technical aspects. Various optimization approaches to address and control for these factors are described. Many useful and promising applications of quantitative proteomics in drug development and beyond are discussed.
Diverging from the shadows: explaining individual deviation from plea bargaining in the “shadow of the trial”

The “shadow of the trial” (SOT) theory posits that plea decisions result from mathematical predictions of probability of conviction (POC) at trial and potential trial sentence (TS). Tests of the SOT model often find support in the aggregate, but not at the individual level. This study examines the factors that account for adherence to, or deviation from, the SOT model, such as mathematical competence, a factor not previously examined in tests of the SOT model. Participants were randomly assigned to one of nine conditions corresponding to manipulations of probability of conviction (10%, 50%, 90%) and potential trial sentence (5, 15, 25 months). After reading a case description, participants were asked whether they would accept a plea offer and how much time in jail they would be willing to spend; a subset of participants was offered a counter plea offer. Participants then answered questions assessing numeracy and about their legal opinions and personal characteristics. Results showed that probability of conviction, but not trial sentence, influenced shadow model adherence. Participants assigned to 50% and 90% POC conditions were significantly less likely to deviate from the SOT model than participants assigned to 10% conditions. This effect did not interact with TS. Additionally, the odds of fitting the SOT model increased significantly as participants’ numeracy scores increased. Our results raise questions about the validity of the SOT model at low POCs and challenge its assumption that defendants are capable of conducting the mathematical calculations required to fit the model.
Literary Indians: aesthetics and encounters in American literature to 1920: by Angela Calcaterra, Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 2018, 229 pp., $29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4696-4694-7

Much can be said about the “great” works of literature, many of which have their origins not in written form but in oral and artistic expressions. It is this aspect of the “literary aesthetic” that...
Overview of relevant findings and recommendations from The National Security Commission on AI Final Report

The Fiscal Year 2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) established the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) as an independent Commission to “consider the methods and means necessary to advance the development of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and associated technologies by the United States to comprehensively address the national security and defense needs of the United States.”
The Administrative Presidency and the Environment: Policy Leadership and Retrenchment from Clinton to Trump

The “administrative presidency” is a model of presidential/bureaucratic relations that dates back to the presidency of Richard Nixon. A presidential aide, Frederic Malek, wrote a detailed plan for ...
A partial skeleton of Septencoracias from the early Eocene London Clay reveals derived features of bee-eaters (Meropidae) in a putative stem group roller (Aves, Coracii)

A partial skeleton of the putative stem group roller Septencoracias is described from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK). With an age of about 55 million years, the bones represent one of the earliest fossil records of a coraciiform bird. The new fossil reveals that the proximal pedal phalanges of the three anterior toes of Septencoracias exhibit markedly widened distal ends. This distinctive trait is not found in other representatives of the Coracii, but occurs in the Meropidae (bee-eaters). The quadrate likewise exhibit a derived characteristic of the Meropidae, and the beak is narrower than in rollers. These previously unnoticed features are of particular interest, because the Meropidae result as the sister taxon of the Coracii in sequence-based analyses. Calibrated molecular data suggest that the divergence between the Coracii and the Meropidae occurred at 55.6 Ma, with the new fossil being only slightly younger than this date. However, phylogenetic analyses recovered Septencoracias within the Coracii, so that the derived features shared with the Meropidae most likely are either plesiomorphic and were lost in the Coracii, or they represent parallelisms that evolved convergently in Septencoracias and the Meropidae. In any case, these traits suggest that Septencoracias differed from extant rollers in its ecological preferences and foraging mode.
Improving Follow-Up of Tests Pending at Discharge.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Follow-up on results of inpatient tests pending at discharge (TPAD) must occur to ensure patient safety and high-quality care continue after discharge. We identified a need to improve follow-up of TPAD and began a quality improvement initiative with an aim of reducing the rate of missed follow-up of TPAD to ≤20% within 12 months. METHODS The team used the Plan-Do-Study-Act method of quality improvement and implemented a process using reminder messages in the electronic health record. We collected data via retrospective chart review for the 6 months before the intervention and monthly thereafter. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of patients with missed follow-up of TPAD, defined as no documented follow-up within 72 hours of a result being available. The use of a reminder message was monitored as a process measure. RESULTS We reviewed charts of 764 discharged patients, and 216 (28%) were noted to have TPAD. At baseline, the average percentage of patients with missed follow-up was 80%. The use of reminder messages was quickly adopted. The average percentage of patients with missed follow-up of TPAD after beginning the quality improvement interventions was 35%. CONCLUSIONS We had significant improvement in follow-up after our interventions. Additional work is needed to ensure continued and sustained improvement, focused on reducing variability in performance between providers and investing in technology to allow for automation of the follow-up process.