cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The resilience of chemically modified cottons. I. Reactions of alkali cellulose and of sodium cellulosates with methylene dibromide

A study has been made of the reactions of alkali cellulose with methylene dihalides, particularly methylene dibromide. These reactions have involved cotton cellulose in a swollen state, and the treated fabrics have been found to exhibit improved wet crease recovery, with little or no effect on dry crease recovery. The rates of reaction of methylene dibromide with alkali celluloses prepared from potassium hydroxide have been found to be more than double those with alkali cellulosed prepared from sodium hydroxide. The energies of activation in both cases are about 25 kcal./mole, statistically indistinguishable for the two types of alkali, and consistent with the view that covalent bonds are being formed in the course of reaction. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed. Studies have also been made of the reactions of sodium cellulosates with methylene dibromide. In one case, the sodium cellulosates were prepared by reaction of the cellulose with sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia. Here, the reactions appear interesting, but essentially difficult to control. Sodium cellulosates were also prepared by reaction of the cellulose with sodium isoamylate in xylene. When proper care is taken to exclude water from the reaction system, it is found that the reproducibility of duplicate experiments is quite good and that the rate of reaction of the sodium cellulosate with methylene dibromide is much greater than that found for an alkali cellulose prepared from sodium hydroxide.
The augmentation algorithm and molecular phylogenetic trees

The augmentation procedure of G.W. Moore leads to correct estimates of the total number of nucleotide substitutions separating two genes descendent from a common ancestor provided the data base is sufficiently dense. These estimates are in agreement with the true distance values from simulations of known evolutionary pathways. The estimates, on the average, are unbiased: they neither overaugment nor underaugment seriously. The variance of the population of augmented distance values reflects accurately the variance of the population of true distance values and is thus not abnormally large due to procedural defects in the algorithm.
Protoplast rotation in a rotating electric field: the influence of cold acclimation

An experimental and theoretical investigation has been made of the rotation of protoplasts ofSecale cereale L. (cv Puma) in a rotating electric field for the purpose of determining the electrical properties of the protoplast plasma membrane. The dependence of the protoplast rotation rate on: (1) the rotation rate of the applied electric field; (2) the electrical conductivity of the external medium; and (3) cold acclimation or lack thereof were determined. A theoretical analysis of the rotation rate of polarizable spherical cells in a rotating electric field leads to a qualitatively similar formula to that of Arnold and Zimmermann (Z. Naturforsch. 37:908–915, 1982), but it differs from this earlier work by a large numerical factor (∼180). Detailed comparisons of the observed protoplast rotation rates with the new theory show generally good agreement. The protoplast rotation measurements allow a noninvasive determination of the specific plasma membrane capacitance,c m. The average value found in the present experiments isc m=(0.56±0.08)×10−2 F/m2. Within the experimental errors, thec m values are the same for cold-acclimated and noncold-acclimated protoplasts. Determination of plasma membrane resistance from protoplast rotation measurements does not appear feasible because of the high values of the specific resistance.
Role of Osteoblasts in Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Diseases of compromised glucose metabolism, such as type II diabetes, have been for years correlated with defects in bone mass or strength. However, a reverse regulation of energy homeostasis by the skeleton was not suspected until very recently. A series of genetic studies have demonstrated that the skeleton regulates glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in an endocrine manner. The bone-derived protein osteocalcin acts as a hormone that confers the signal of the osteoblasts to the peripheral tissues that regulate energy metabolism: pancreas, muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. Osteocalcin favors β-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. In addition, insulin signaling in osteoblasts is a positive regulator of osteocalcin production and activity, confirming the existence of a pancreas-bone feedback loop. At the molecular level, two transcription factors, the broadly expressed FoxO1 and the osteoblast-enriched ATF4, act in osteoblasts to regulate energy homeostasis by regulating the activity of osteocalcin. In addition to studies in rodents, a growing body of evidence in the clinical literature has confirmed a favorable link between osteocalcin and energy homeostasis, suggesting that the metabolic functions of the skeleton are retained in humans.
A volume associated with m x n matrices

Abstract Let Aϵ mxnr with nonzero singular values σ1, σ2,…,σr. The volume of A, vol A, is defined as zero if r = 0, and otherwise, volA = Πri=1σi, or equivalently, volA =√Σdet2AIJ, summing over all r x r nonsingularsubmatrices AIJ. The matrix volume vol A generalizes the “absolute value of the determinant” from nonsingular to arbitrary matrices. Any r-dimensional unit cube in R(AT) is mapped, under A, into a parallelepiped of volume vol A. This paper gives properties and applications of vol A. In particular, the Moore-Penrose inverse of A is a convex combination of (ordinary) inverses of its maximal nonsingular submatrices, A † = Σ I , J λ IJ , or is a convex combination of Moore-Penrose inverses of its maximal full-rank submatrices, A † = Σ I λ I ∗ = Σ J λ∗ J , where the convex weights λ are proport ional to the squares of volumes of the corresponding submatrices. Since A= A †† , the matrix A is a convex combination of inverses of submatrices of A†. Interestingly, the weights of these convex combinations are the above weights (in transposed position).
Effects of phenethyl alcohol on yeast cells.

An investigation of the physiological effects of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) on exponentially growing yeast cells is reported. RNA, DNA, protein and aminoimidazole ribotide syntheses and glucose uptake and incorporation are inhibited by PEA at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.3%. Two classes of response curves are found and the sensitivities of processes in each class to PEA differ. Glucose incorporation and RNA synthesis are the most sensitive processes in their respective classes. The effects of PEA at 0.3% or less are largely or completely reversible. It is deduced that PEA inhibits intracellular processes as well as the cell membrane.
Microstructural evolution during scuffing of hardened 4340 steel: implication for scuffing mechanism

Microstructural changes occurring during scuffing failure in hardened 4340 steel were studied with a block-on-ring test rig using a step-loading test protocol. Tests were interrupted before, during, and after scuffing. Both surface and sub-surface changes in the original tempered microstructure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Results of our study showed that scuffing occurred by severe and sudden plastic deformation of near-surface material in a sub-second time frame. Based on this observation and other previously observed microstructural changes, i.e. formation of a large fraction of retained austenite during scuffing, a scuffing mechanism based on adiabatic shear instability is proposed. The proposed scuffing mechanism can effectively explain most of the phenomenological observations associated with scuffing failure.
Hydrogen rebonding and defect formation in a -Si:H

The effect of short-range hydrogen rebonding in creating metastable defects in a-Si:H is studied with a tight-binding molecular-dynamics model that takes into account both electronic and structural energies. The formation energy of defects created by transferring hydrogen from Si-H sites to weak Si-Si bond sites is found to scale linearly with the Si-Si bond length. This H rebonding mechanism can account for several features of thermally generated and light-induced defects. This suggests that the bond-length disorder may be the dominant factor in controlling the defect density in a-Si:H.
Do Women With Triplets “Eat For Three?” a Retrospective Study Demonstrating Caloric Volume and Diet Quality of Women With Multiple Gestations.

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine dietary intakes and nutritional profiles of women with triplets confined to hospitalized bedrest. Little data exist as to the nutritional needs of women with multiple gestations, although recommendations for weight gain have been extrapolated. The food volume of nine hospitalized women at varying gestational ages with triplet pregnancies were evaluated. The tool employed was the food record and the women self-recorded 5 day food intakes for the purpose of caloric and nutrient measurement. The women demonstrated intakes typical for a singleton gestation by the beginning of the third trimester despite frequent nourishments of their own choice. Possible factors which may have affected intakes were: 1) reduced gastric space from a recumbent position and increased fetal mass, 2) reduced peristalsis due to terbutaline and/or lack of activity due to bed rest and 3) the possibility of a higher degree of reflux and/or gastric discomfort owing to the multiple gestation itself. Our data suggests the actual caloric intake for mothers of multiples confined to bedrest may decline inversely with advancing gestation. The question of facilitated intestinal absorption of nutrients in the face of increased need remains unanswered and what level of supplementation is helpful or harmful is still unknown.
Population Estimates of Intravenous Drug Users and HIV Infection in Los Angeles County

This study applies multiple-capture models to drug treatment data and the synthetic estimation method to arrestee data to provide estimates of the number of IVDUs in Los Angeles County in 1989. Based on the 5% HIV-prevalence rate currently found in IVDUs in Los Angeles, it is estimated that there could be as many as 9,500 HIV-infected IVDUs. The estimates of IVDUs are generally higher than those obtained by back-calculation methods which often undercount IVDU-related AIDS cases and do not consider deaths for causes other than HIV infection.
Effects of Surface Conductors On the TEM Late-time Apparent Resistivity

Summary For the central-loop induction TEM (transient electromagnetic) method, the effects of surface conductors on the late-time apparent resistivity are investigated. These conductors can be pipelines, power lines, railroad tracks, fences, brine ponds, etc. In this paper, two cases are investigated through numerical simulations: a long, linear conductor parallel to one edge of a square transmitting loop, and a short, linear conductor inside and crossing the edge and outside of the square transmitting loop. These conductors are in contact with the earth over their entire length. This work focuses on the computational simulation of TEM responses for these types of conductors. The TEM responses are calculated using a 3D finite-difference timedomain electromagnetic code. Results of the 3D TEM simulations show that care must be exercised in interpreting the TEM responses in the presence of surface conductors.
Conditioned freezing in the rat as a function of shock intensity and CS modality

The present data confirm previous reports that freezing in the rat is a useful index of aversive conditioning. Forward conditioning produced reliable CS-evoked freezing in comparison with pseudoconditioning controls. When a white noise was the CS, conditioned freezing increased with shock intensity; when a localized light was the CS, freezing did not vary with shock intensity.
Haplotype relative risks: an easy reliable way to construct a proper control sample for risk calculations

Summary An alternative to Woolf's (1955) relative risk (RR) statistic is proposed for use in calculating the risk of disease in the presence of particular antigens or phenotypes. This alternative uses, as the control sample, the parental antigens or haplotypes not present in the affected child. The formulation of a haplotype relative risk (HRR) thus eliminates the problems of sampling from the same homogeneous population to form both the disease sample and an appropriate control. We show that, in families selected through a single affected individual, where transmission of the four parental haplotypes can be followed unambiguously, the mathematical expectation of the HRR is identical to that of the RR. Since the sample formed from the ‘non-affected’ parental haplotypes is clearly from the same population as the disease sample, the HRR thus provides a reliable alternative to the RR. A further advantage obtains when family data are being collected as part of a study since the control sample is then automatically contained in the family material. Data from studies of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are used to obtain an estimate of the risk to those with HLA antigens or phenotypes associated with IDDM using the HRR statistic. A comparison of the HRR's and RR's for these data is also presented.
Characterization of HfBx films deposited by r.f. diode and r.f. magnetron sputtering

Abstract The electrical resistivity, microstructure and X-ray photoemission spectra of approximately 1000 A thick HfB x films deposited by r.f. diode and r.f. magnetron sputtering are reported. The resistivity of these films was found to depend strongly on the oxygen impurity but not on the boron concentration in the film. An increase in the x value from 1 to 5 was shown to increase the film resistivity by less than a factor of 2, but an increase in the oxygen impurity concentration from 0.3% to 0.6% was found to increase the film resistivity by nearly a factor of 10. The oxygen impurity concentration in the film was estimated from Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles of films deposited with various oxygen partial pressures. The presence of HfB 2 in the film was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction techniques. The binding energies of Hf4f 7 2 and B 1 s transitions for HfB 2 were found to be 14.4 ± 0.2eV and 187 ± 0.2eV respectively.
On distance reconstruction for sensor network localization

Sensor localization typically exploits distance measurements to infer sensor positions with respect to known anchor nodes. Missing or unreliable measurements for specific nodes can impede such procedures, raising the problem of distance measurement reconstruction using distance information from other nodes. Here we develop further structural features of matrices of pairwise distances, as inherited from the classical multidimensional scaling problem. We show in particular an inertial property which can be successfully exploited to overcome inconsistencies that result in certain cases from an earlier approach of [1]. We likewise develop linear algebraic solutions to the missing distance problem.
CARBON-13 AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF VARIOUS COMPLEXES OF COBALT(III) WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINE-N, N′-DIACETATE-N, N′-DI-3-PROPIONATE

Abstract Two nitro, two aqua and a dinitro complex of ethylenediamine-N-N′-diacetato-N,N′-di-3-propionatocobaltate have been isolated. The four quinquedentate complexes have been resolved optically and their electronic absorption and CD spectra measured. Pmr spectra at 250 MHz have also been measured for the quinquedentate complexes as well as for the dinitro complex. Those of the quinquedentate complexes are quite complicated and difficult to interpret. 13C magnetic resonance spectra have been measured for all of these complexes and also for the sexidentate, trans(O5) and trans(O5O6) isomers of [Co(EDDDA)]−. The 13C spectra are much less complex and indicate that this technique can be useful as a tool for the study of stereochemistry of metal complexes with ligands containing several carbon atoms.
Perceptions of prenatal testing for birth defects among rural Latinas.

Objectives To examine rural Latinas’ understandings of prenatal testing, birth defects, and risk in the context of their expanded AFP (XAFP) screening decisions. Design We conducted a qualitative study using data from in-depth interviews with 33 Latina women receiving prenatal care at three clinic sites in rural areas of California. We analyzed qualitative data by identifying themes that emerged during iterative transcript readings. Quantitative data was used to generate descriptive summary statistics. Results The majority of the participants had not completed high school and had low levels of acculturation. Women in our study tended to view XAFP screening as a routine component of prenatal care that was important for the “health of the baby.” Reasons for accepting the XAFP test included reassurance, emotional preparation, and desire for information. Misconceptions included a belief that a normal screening result provides a guarantee of the fetus’s health. Generally, participants indicated that, regardless of the screening results, they would not undergo amniocentesis because of the potential miscarriage risk nor would they terminate a pregnancy if their fetus was found to have a chromosome problem. Numerous specific beliefs that differ substantially from medical models regarding birth defects were articulated. Conclusions XAFP screening decisions among rural Latinas are sometimes based on misconceptions of the meaning of test results and the risks associated with undergoing or foregoing testing, and therefore are frequently incongruent with personal testing philosophies and values. Educational efforts and counseling should include clear communication regarding the goals of prenatal screening programs to help these women make informed testing decisions that are reflective of their values and preferences.
The Human Progenitor Cell Antigen (CD34) Is Localized on Endothelial Cells, Dermal Dendritic Cells, and Perifollicular Cells in Formalin-Fixed Normal Skin, and on Proliferating Endothelial Cells and Stromal Spindle-Shaped Cells in Kaposi's Sarcoma

The human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) is selectively expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. In either cryostat sections of snap-frozen skin, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of normal skin, anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody immunostained vascular endothelial cells and perivascular/interstitial dendritic cells, particularly in the reticular dermis. A distinctive population of perifollicular spindle-shaped cells in the midportion of the follicle (ie, bulge area), which is the site of the putative hair follicle stem cells, were CD34 positive, as were spindle-shaped cells in and around the eccrine glands accentuating their basement membrane zone. In patch/plaque--and tumor-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, CD34 expression was present on both the proliferating endothelial cells as well as the spindle-shaped stromal cells. CD34 positive endothelial cells and spindle-shaped stromal cells may play important participatory and supportive functions in both normal and diseased skin.
PFISR nightside observations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines, and their relation to boundary auroral features

We present results from a coordinated camera and radar study of the auroral ionosphere conducted during March of 2006 from Poker Flat, Alaska. The campaign was conducted to coincide with engineering tests of the first quarter installation of the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). On 31 March 2006, a moderately intense auroral arc, (~10 kR at 557.7 nm), was located in the local magnetic zenith at Poker Flat. During this event the radar observed 7 distinct periods of abnormally large backscattered power from the F-region. These were only observed in the field-aligned radar beam, and radar spectra from these seven times show naturally enhanced ion-acoustic lines (NEIALs), the first observed with PFISR. These times corresponded to (a) when the polar cap boundary of the auroral oval passed through the magnetic zenith, and (b) when small-scale filamentary dark structures were visible in the magnetic zenith. The presence of both (a) and (b) was necessary for their occurrence. Soft electron precipitation occurs near the magnetic zenith during these same times. The electron density in the vicinity where NEIALs have been observed by previous studies is roughly between 5 and 30×10 10 m −3 . Broad-band extremely low frequency (BBELF) wave activity is observed in situ by satellites and sounding rockets to occur with similar morphology, during active auroral conditions, associated with the poleward edge of the aurora and soft electron precipitation. The observations presented here suggest further investigation of the idea that NEIALs and BBELF wave activity are differently-observed aspects of the same wave phenomenon. If a connection between NEIALs and BBELF can be established with more data, this could provide a link between in situ measurements of downward current regions (DCRs) and dynamic aurora, and ground-based observations of dark auroral structures and NEIALs. Identification of in situ processes, namely wave activity, in ground-based signatures could have many implications. One specific example of interest is identifying and following the temporal and spatial evolution of regions of potential ion outflow over large spatial and temporal scales using ground-based optical observations.
The reaction of gem-dichloroallyllithium with halides of silicon, germanium, tin and mercury, and with triphenylborane. Equilibrium vs. kinetic control of regioselectivity

Abstract The reactions of gem-dichloroallyllithium, which was prepared by the low temperature reactions of n-butyllithium with 3,3,3-trichloropropene or with 3,3-dichloroallyltriphenyllead, with trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylchlorogermane, trimethyltin bromide, mercuric chloride and iodomethane were examined. With trimethylchlorosilane and iodomethane, 1,l-dichloroallyl products were obtained exclusively and with trimethyltin bromide and mercuric chloride, only 3,3-dichloroallyl products were obtained. The reaction with trimethylchlorogermane (equimolar amount) gave a 5.7/1 mixture of Me3GeCCl2CHCH2 and Me3GeCH2CHCC12. This ratio was decreased to 0.65 when a deficiency of trimethylchlorogermane was used because, as a control experiment confirmed, gem-dichloroallyllithium equilibrates with Me3GeCC12CHCH2 to form Me3GeCH2CHCCl2. gem-Dichloroallyllithium formed an adduct with triphenylborane with structure Li[Ph3BCH2CHCCl2], and its hydrolysis (acid medium) gave HCCl2CHCH2.
Nature and oral women in India: Reconstituting social knowledge

This ethnographic study investigates the relationship between oral women and nature in urban India. Forty‐eight oral women from urban slums in Delhi, India, were interviewed during the summer of 1991. The primary question was how these women perceive the relationship between themselves and the natural environment, including trees, mountains, rivers, and forests. This group identified nature as coexisting with women, nature having an innate power of its own and women having a sacred and familial relationship to nature. The study also addresses the question of how this group's perception of nature is different from and in contradiction to literate conceptions of nature, thus creating subordination and exploitation for oral women, especially in the urban context.
Oligomeric guanidine synthesis assisted by TFA-sensitive arylsulfonylthiourea

Through arylsulfonyl activation of thiourea, efficient synthesis of oligomeric guanidines can be achieved in either solution or solid-phase. Incorporation of TFA-sensitive arylsulfonyl groups, such as Pbf, during the synthesis greatly simplifies deprotection procedures for obtaining the final oligomeric guanidine products.
Performance and Imagination: Toward an Anthropology of the Spectacular and the Mundane

Culture is created from time to time, but it is performed all the time. Once it is created, constant performance keeps the culture alive. Doing culture is a performance whether it is the industrial or business processes we do in work hours, or ritual, or preparing a meal. Culture can be stored in the form of artifacts and writings; it can be remembered in peoples' heads. But to be living, vital culture, it has to be performed constantly.
Intraplatelet reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage and platelet apoptosis augment non-surgical bleeding in heart failure patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist device.

AbstractNon-surgical bleeding (NSB) is the most common clinical complication among heart failure (HF) patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs). Understanding the role of platelet functionality contributing to NSB after CF-LVAD implantation is crucial for prevention and management of this adverse event. The aim of this study was to examine the role of intraplatelet reactive oxygen species (ROS) and platelet damage on the incidence of bleeding events after CF-LVAD implantation in HF patients. We recruited 25 HF patients implanted with CF-LVADs and 11 healthy volunteers as the control. Intraplatelet ROS generation, platelet mitochondrial damage and platelet apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry. Among 25 patients, 8 patients developed non-surgical bleeding within one month after CF-LVAD implantation. Intraplatelet ROS, depolarized and apoptotic platelet were found to be pre-existing conditions in all baseline samples of the 25 HF patients when compared to the hea...
The ANK repeat : A ubiquitous motif involved in macromolecular recognition

Many proteins rely on stable, noncovalent interactions with other macromolecules to perform their function. The identification of a repeated sequence motif, the ANK repeat, in diverse proteins whose common function involves binding to other proteins indicates one way nature may achieve a wide range of protein-protein interactions. In this article, we describe evidence that these ANK repeats are involved in the specific recognition of proteins and possibly DNA, and present a model for the folding of the motif.
Contributions of Raymond Pearl to Poultry Science

Abstract RAYMOND PEARL died on November 17, 1940, at the age of 61 years. During a decade in charge of poultry investigations at the Maine Experiment Station he made more contributions to poultry science than most people are likely to make in a lifetime. It seems desirable, therefore, to have some record of his achievements in that period and to bring together in one place a list of his publications concerning poultry, which were published in many different journals. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Raymond Pearl was born at Farmington, New Hampshire, on June 3, 1879. He graduated from Dartmouth with the degree A.B. in 1899 and from Michigan with the Ph.D. in 1902. For four years thereafter he was on the staff at the University of Michigan as instructor in zoology, but during the last of those four years he visited laboratories in Europe. At University College, London, his natural interest in variation . . .
Structure of the cuticle of the common house cricket with reference to the location of lipids

Cuticle segments from the thorax, abdomen, and jumping legs of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, were examined using histological techniques for light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and direct examination of frozen-fractured cuticle. The surface of untreated cuticle is covered by a lipid film which obscures fine surface detail. Standard EM preparative procedures, as well as washing the cuticle with ethanol before examination, remove this film exposing previously covered openings to dermal gland ducts and wax canals. An epicuticle, exocuticle, mesocuticle, endocuticle, and a deposition layer were present in all transverse sections of cuticle. Light microscopy showed that the exocuticle and mesocuticle are heavily impregnated with lipids, whereas there is little lipid associated with the endocuticle. Frozen-fractured cuticle clearly shows the 'plywood' structure of the meso- and endocuticle, while the exocuticle fractures as if it were a solid sheet. The epicuticle is composed of a dense homogeneous layer, cuticulin, outer epicuticle, and the outer membrane. Superficial wax was detected only in cuticle samples prepared using vinylcyclohexane dioxide as a polar dehydrant. The results were used to construct a comprehensive model of the cuticle of A. domesticus.
Physical model for burst noise in semiconductor devices

A physical model for burst noise in p−n junction devices is presented. It is proposed that burst noise results when the current through a defect is modulated by a change in the charge state of a single recombination-generation center located adjacent to the defect. The burst noise amplitude and pulse widths are related to the basic properties of the recombination-generation center and the defect. The model leads to a simple interpretation of the equivalent circuit for diodes which exhibit this type of noise.
Adriatic Sea surface circulation as derived from drifter data between 1990 and 1999

Abstract The Adriatic Sea surface circulation for the period 1990–1999 is studied using the data of more than 200 satellite-tracked drifters. The spatial structure and the temporal variability of the surface currents, at meso- to seasonal scales, are described in terms of Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics estimated from the low-pass filtered drifter velocities. Maps of mean currents, subtidal velocity variance and mean kinetic energies were produced using a 40-km averaging scale. The mean flow map confirms that the global cyclonic circulation in most of the Adriatic basin is broken into three re-circulation cells in the northern, central and southern sub-basins (the latter two being controlled by the bathymetry of the Jabuka and South Adriatic Pits, respectively). An isolated cyclonic gyre prevails near the head of the basin. Mean velocities in the cyclonic gyres can exceed 25 cm s −1 in the coastal areas where the velocity variance is also maximum (reaching 500 cm 2 s −2 ). Values near 2×10 7 cm 2 s −1 , 2 days and 18 km were obtained for the diffusivity and the Lagrangian integral time and spatial scales in the along-basin direction, respectively. In the across-basin direction, the statistics are typically 50% of the above values. Geographical and seasonal variations of the Lagrangian statistics can be substantial. It was found that the fluctuating velocities (or the mesoscale eddies) have a preferential cyclonic sense of rotation. The gyres and the coastal currents are mostly prevailing in summer and fall. In winter and spring, they are less intense but the southern one tends to re-circulate more around the South Adriatic Pit. The mean eddy kinetic energy is maximum in winter and fall throughout the central and southern sub-basins. The drifters showed that the southeastward flow along the Italian Peninsula has a width varying between 45 and 70 km and a mean core speed of 25–35 cm s −1 . In the northern and central sub-basins, maximum velocities are found within 5–10 km off the coast in winter and spring, while a weaker maximum is seen more offshore (15–25 km) during the other seasons. In the southern Adriatic, the current is wider in summer, fall and winter, whereas in spring, it becomes thinner (maximum core speed near 10 km from shore and width of about 50 km). The maximum core speed is generally larger in summer than in winter.
APACT: Its Organization and Impact on Resistance to U.S. Tobacco Imperialism.

This article presents a case study of the formation and first year activities of the Asia Pacific Association for the Control of Tobacco Products (APACT). The case study is organized around five key concepts that address the organizing activity that led this coalition of antismoking groups to create a multinational association in the Asia Pacific region. These concepts are need, team building, funding, management and program development. APACT was born out of the need for Asia Pacific anti-smoking groups to resist US trade sanctions. Sanctions which the US threatened to apply to a number of Asia Pacific nations if those nations refused to eliminate trade barriers to US tobacco marketing and sales. The development of APACT's social action program and its impact is presented for the year 1989-90. Also included is a brief statement of APACT's five-year plan for controlling tobacco related diseases.
Landmine detection and classification with complex-valued hybrid neural network using scattering parameters dataset

Neural networks have been applied to landmine detection from data generated by different kinds of sensors. Real-valued neural networks have been used for detecting landmines from scattering parameters measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR) after disregarding phase information. This paper presents results using complex-valued neural networks, capable of phase-sensitive detection followed by classification. A two-layer hybrid neural network structure incorporating both supervised and unsupervised learning is proposed to detect and then classify the types of landmines. Tests are also reported on a benchmark data.
A Linear-Centric Modeling Approach to Harmonic Balance Analysis

In this paper, we propose a new harmonic balance simulation methodology based on a linear-centric modeling approach. A linear circuit representation of the nonlinear devices and associated parasitics is used along with corresponding time and frequency domain inputs to solve for the nonlinear steady-state response via successive chord (SC) iterations. For our circuit examples, this approach is shown to be up to 60/spl times/ more run-time efficient than traditional Newton-Raphson (N-R) based iterative methods, while providing the same level of accuracy. This SC-based approach converges as reliably as the N-R approaches, including for circuit problems which cause alternative relaxation-based harmonic balance approaches to fail. The efficacy of this linear-centric methodology further improves with increasing model complexity, the inclusion of interconnect parasitics and other analyses that are otherwise difficult with traditional nonlinear models.
Analysis of teleseismic P waves with a 5200-station array in Long Beach, California: Evidence for an abrupt boundary to Inner Borderland rifting

We analyze teleseismic P waves from four Mw ≥ 6.5 earthquakes recorded by a petroleum industry survey in Long Beach, California. The survey used a 2-D array with up to 5200 seismometers, 120 m mean spacing, and 7 – 10 km aperture. At frequencies near 1 Hz, P wave travel times and amplitudes exhibit coherent lateral variations over scales as short as ~400 m, including locally delayed travel times and increased amplitudes at the crest of the Long Beach anticline. Deeper heterogeneity is indicated by P wave phase velocities that deviate from reference model predictions for events from southwestern azimuths. We postulate that a sharp northeastward increase in Moho depth from the Inner Borderland (IB) to mainland southern California causes the anomalous phase velocities. Elastic forward modeling finds the travel times are fit well by a Moho that dips 65° to the northeast and flattens ~10 km southwest of the Newport-Inglewood fault zone. Constraining the felsic thickness of mainland crust to 28 km requires an 8 km thick layer with a P-velocity of 7 km/s beneath it, which could result from basal accretion of former Farallon ocean crust or magmatic underplating during Miocene volcanism. Forward models with a 65° Moho dip predict a P-to-s conversion with a phase velocity of ~5 km/s. Deconvolution of the array's mean P wave signal isolates a similar later arriving phase. The steep crust thickness transition supports a locally abrupt boundary to IB rifting. Our results highlight the utility of dense short-period arrays for passive imaging at near surface to uppermost mantle depths.
Tree growth inference and prediction when the point of measurement changes: modelling around buttresses in tropical forests

Estimation of tree growth is generally based on repeated diameter measurements. A buttress at the height of measurement will lead to overestimates of tree diameter. Because buttresses grow up the trunk through time, it has become common practice to increase the height of measurement, to ensure that measurements remain above the buttress. However, tapering of the trunk means that increasing measurement height will bias estimates of diameter downward by up to 10% per m of height. This bias could affect inference concerning species differences and climate effects on tree demography and on biomass accumulation. Here we introduce a hierarchical state space method that allowsformalintegrationofdataondiametertakenatdifferentheightsandcanincludeindividualvariation,temporal effectsorothercovariates.WeillustrateourapproachusingspeciesfromBarroColoradoIsland,Panama,andLaSelva, Costa Rica. Results include trends that are consistent with some of those previously reported for climate responses and changesovertime,butdifferinrelativemagnitude.Byincludingthefulldata-setandaccountingforbiasandvariation among individuals and over time, our approach allows for quantification of climate responses and the uncertainty associated with measurements and the underlying growth process.
Predictors of supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution among at-risk parents.

Supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution is associated with increased father involvement which can buffer against the negative effects of parental relationship dissolution. Low-income, at-risk families are much more likely to experience relationship dissolutions; hence, supportive coparenting after dissolution is particularly important in these families. We examined whether relationship (commitment and quality) and child (difficult temperament and gender) characteristics predicted initial levels of, and change in, supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,603). We used structural equation modeling of latent growth curves to examine four time points collected at the focal child’s birth and first, third, and fifth birthdays. Ninety-percent of the mothers had nonmarital births, and about three-quarters had a high school diploma or less education. Overall, supportive coparenting decreased over time. Mothers in more committed relationships prior to the dissolution initially had significantly lower supportive coparenting. But over time, mothers who had been in more committed relationships increased in supportive coparenting. Mothers who had been in higher quality relationships prior to dissolution initially reported more supportive coparenting. At each time point, if a mother was romantically involved with a new partner, she reported significantly lower supportive coparenting compared to mothers who were single. With regard to child characteristics, mothers who reported their child as more difficult had significantly lower initial supportive coparenting. Similar results for fathers are discussed. Overall, the relationship characteristics of parents were important predictors of supportive coparenting both initially and over time.
Salvage of upper extremities with humeral fracture and associated brachial artery injury

Abstract Background Humeral fractures with brachial artery injury present a challenge for treating surgeons. Treatment practices vary, including use of vascular shunts, multispecialty teams versus an upper-extremity surgeon, and temporizing external fixation. Our objectives were to describe our treatment approach, to define “absolute ischaemia,” to determine whether to use a vascular shunt, and to identify variables that could improve limb salvage rate. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 38 patients with humeral fracture and brachial artery injury from 1999 through 2012 at a level I trauma centre. Demographic and treatment characteristics were compared between blunt and penetrating injuries and between treatment by multispecialty teams and treatment by an upper-extremity surgeon. We investigated other variables of interest, including immediate internal fixation, shunt use, time to brachial artery repair, and flap coverage. This study focused on immediate limb salvage and not on eventual functional outcomes of the limb or patient satisfaction regarding the extremity. The main outcome measure was salvage versus amputation. Results Thirty-six upper extremities were successfully salvaged, and two underwent eventual amputation. Immediate internal fixation (33 of 38 patients) did not have an adverse effect on the rate of successful limb salvage ( p > .05). Shunt use and treatment by an upper-extremity surgeon were not associated with improved salvage rate ( p > .05). The need for flap coverage was significantly associated with failed salvage of the extremity ( p = .02). Conclusions Salvage of the upper extremity with humeral fracture and associated brachial artery injury is not dependent on time to brachial artery repair, shunt use, or specialty of treating surgeon. Immediate internal fixation can be performed without adversely affecting the potential for successful salvage. Flap coverage, which is an indicator of severity of soft-tissue injury, correlates with amputation in these severe injuries. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Quantifying Analytes in Paper‐Based Microfluidic Devices Without Using External Electronic Readers

Point-of-care (POC) and point-of-use assays are critical for identifying and measuring the quantity of analytes in a variety of environments that lack access to laboratory infrastructure. In quantitative versions of these assays, both the duration of the assay and the output signal must be measured. Measurements of time most often are performed using a timer that is external to the platform of the assay. Such measurements are relatively simple and inexpensive, and in some cases, can be integrated into the device itself. In contrast, measurements of signal typically are accomplished using hand-held electrochemical, absorbance, reflectance, transmittance, or fluorescence readers, and as such, these measurements can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, particularly in the context of extremely resource-limited environments such as remote villages in the developing world. The World Health Organization has identified the use of external readers as a challenge that must be overcome when creating ideal POC diagnostic assays for use in the developing world. In fact, they have listed “equipment-free” as one of seven necessary attributes for diagnostic tests in these regions. Herein, we describe two complimentary assay strategies that address this issue. By using paper-based microfluidic devices, we show that the level of an analyte can be quantified by simply measuring time: no external electronic reader is required for the quantitative measurement (Figure 1). The methods involve either 1) tracking the time required for a sample to react with and ultimately pass through a hydrophobic detection reagent in a single conduit within a threedimensional (3D) paper-based microfluidic device (Figure 1a) (we call this a digital assay), or 2) counting the number of bars that become colored after a fixed assay period in a related paper-based microfluidic device (Figure 1b; we refer to this as an analog assay). The methods described herein require only a timer, the ability to see color, and/or the
Dopamine β‐Hydroxylase: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine (NE), and is known to exist in two forms: soluble and membrane-bound. It has been reported that the two forms are similar in their immunoreactivity, carbohydrate content, and binding affinities for various substrates, and are apparently dissimilar in subunit structures and hydrophilicity. Furthermore, added structural complexity is observed within sDBH itself. Our results indicate that purified sDBH, which runs a single band on a nondenaturing gel, exhibits three protein bands of 75 kDa, 72 kDa, and 69 kDa on SDS polyacrylamide gel. The majority of sDBH exists as a 72-kDa protein. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of this 72-kDa protein indicates that it consists of two polypeptides of equimolar concentrations, where one differs from the other by three extra amino acids at its NH2 terminus. Whether they are different proteolytic cleavage products is not known. Thus, the structure of DBH appears to be more complex than originally considered. In vitro translation of total mRNA of bovine adrenal medulla followed by immunoprecipitation of DBH produces a single 72-kDa band on SDS polyacrylamide gel. This suggests either that there is only one in vitro mRNA translation product, which is modified to become different forms of DBH, or that multiple translation products are present but are indistinguishable by molecular weight. These subjects have been discussed in detail in this paper.
Metaphor as Structure Mapping: The Relational Shift.

GENTNER, DEDRE. Metaphor as Structure Mapping: The Relational Shift. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1988, 59, 47-59. The goal of this research is to clarify the development of metaphor by using structure-mapping theory to make distinctions among kinds of metaphors. In particular, it is proposed that children can understand metaphors based on shared object attributes before those based on shared relational structure. This predicts (1) early ability to interpret metaphors based on shared attributes, (2) a developmental increase in ability to interpret metaphors based on shared relational structure, and (3) a shift from primarily attributional to primarily relational interpretations for metaphors that can be understood in either way. 2 experiments were performed to test these claims. There were 3 kinds of metaphors, varying in whether the shared information forming the basis for the interpretation was attributional, relational, or both. In Experiment 1, children aged 5-6 and 910 and adults produced interpretations of the 3 types of metaphors. The attributionality and relationality of their interpretations were scored by independent judges. In Experiment 2, children aged 45 and 7-8 and adults chose which of 2 interpretations-relational or attributional-of a metaphor they preferred. In both experiments, relational responding increased significantly with age, but attributional responding did not. These results indicate a developmental shift toward a focus on relational structure in metaphor interpretation.
Language in Ethiopia: implications of a survey for sociolinguistic theory and method

Work of the Language Survey of Ethiopia is drawn on to illustrate that social surveys can contribute to scientific theories and methods as well as to policy making. Findings with regard to four general problems are indicated: a metric of linguistic distance (considered here in terms of selection of diagnostic traits for linguistic areas, subgrouping of related languages, and dialect variation within a language; measurement of basic cognate frequencies; and testing of mutual intelligibility, a typology of the processes of language spread (lingua franca, mother tongue, superposed variety); verbal deference behavior (in use of Amharic second person pronouns); and pidginization (Simplified Italian of Ethiopia). Some comparisons to findings in sociolinguistics research elsewhere are made. (Language surveys; measurement of linguistic distance; language spread; social meaning and mode of address; pidginization.)