cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The persistence of short-term cold acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature present significant challenges for the survival of many ectothermic species that can be tempered via thermal acclimation. In the present study, we use multiple naturally derived genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster to determine the persistence of beneficial short-term thermal acclimation on subsequent survival after cold shock. We found that the benefit of short-term acclimation persisted for 2 h in most genotypes after a rapid cold hardening treatment. Genotype did not directly influence the persistence of short-term acclimation benefits, indicating that environmental variation may be more important for the persistence of acclimation benefits rather than genetic capacity for acclimation. The present study extends the current understanding of the limits and importance of short-term acclimation events, providing greater detail on the timing of the loss of short-term acclimation benefits in a genetically variable natural population.
Factors Affecting the Growth of Eastern Red-backed Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus

Abstract: Both environmental fluctuations and physical characteristics of amphibians (e.g., body size, sex, or age class) affect their growth. Eastern Red-backed Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, are often used as indicators of habitat quality in eastern North American forests. Most of the research concerning growth in this species has focused on the influence of body size, rather than on other external or temporal factors that might affect growth. We performed a mark–recapture study spanning multiple years and seasons to compare the growth of individuals of P. cinereus across temporally variable environmental conditions. Unsurprisingly, the most significant factor affecting growth was body size. Growth also varied seasonally and annually, with greater growth of salamanders during a mild winter and more growth in 2014 than 2013. Sex-age class did interact with yearly fluctuations as evidenced by juveniles, but not adults, having reduced growth in 2014. However, color morph did not have an effect on growth....
Identification of destabilizing attacks in power systems

In a destabilizing attack against a power system, the adversary hacks into generators or load control mechanisms to insert positive feedback into the power system dynamics. The implementation of destabilizing attacks, both on the generation and load sides, have recently been studied. There are also recent advances on how to detect, i.e., realize the presence of, destabilizing attacks in power systems. However, identifying the location(s) of the compromised buses is still an open problem. This is particularly challenging if, as in practice, one does not even know the number of compromised buses. Another challenge is to keep the computational complexity low to allow fast attack identification with high accuracy. To address these various issues, we observe in this paper that destabilizing attacks can be modeled as a reparameterization of the power system's dynamical model. Therefore, we propose an attack detection method that uses the unscented Kalman filter to jointly estimate both the system states and parameters of the attack. We also propose a low-rank modification to the Kalman filter that improves computational efficiency while maintaining the detection accuracy. We show empirically that this method successfully identifies complex attacks involving many buses.
Geriatric Trauma: Emergency Nursing Considerations

As the fifth leading cause of death for adults older than 65 years of age, trauma and the appropriate management and care of the geriatric patient is pertinent in an expanding elderly population. Normal physiologic changes that occur during aging must be recognized during the initial evaluation or triage, and the common presence of comorbidities complicates the clinical care priorities. Additionally, the elderly are more likely to sustain injury in response to low energy blunt forces, such as falls, low-speed motor vehicle crashes, and any pedestrian-related collisions. As a member of the trauma team, the emergency nurse delivers comprehensive care of the injured geriatric adult, and provides pivotal assessment skills specific to the older adult. An understanding of common patterns of injury and geriatric-specific concepts are addressed, allowing the emergency nurse to act as an effective liaison for the patient, family, and healthcare team.
Structural basis for recognition of human 7SK long noncoding RNA by the La-related protein Larp7.

The La and the La-related protein (LARP) superfamily is a diverse class of RNA binding proteins involved in RNA processing, folding, and function. Larp7 binds to the abundant long noncoding 7SK RNA and is required for 7SK ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly and function. The 7SK RNP sequesters a pool of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) in an inactive state; on release, P-TEFb phosphorylates RNA Polymerase II to stimulate transcription elongation. Despite its essential role in transcription, limited structural information is available for the 7SK RNP, particularly for protein–RNA interactions. Larp7 contains an N-terminal La module that binds UUU-3′OH and a C-terminal atypical RNA recognition motif (xRRM) required for specific binding to 7SK and P-TEFb assembly. Deletion of the xRRM is linked to gastric cancer in humans. We report the 2.2-A X-ray crystal structure of the human La-related protein group 7 (hLarp7) xRRM bound to the 7SK stem-loop 4, revealing a unique binding interface. Contributions of observed interactions to binding affinity were investigated by mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry. NMR 13C spin relaxation data and comparison of free xRRM, RNA, and xRRM–RNA structures show that the xRRM is preordered to bind a flexible loop 4. Combining structures of the hLarp7 La module and the xRRM–7SK complex presented here, we propose a structural model for Larp7 binding to the 7SK 3′ end and mechanism for 7SK RNP assembly. This work provides insight into how this domain contributes to 7SK recognition and assembly of the core 7SK RNP.
Tracking Robot Motion in Three-Dimensional Space: a Laser Scanning Approach

Robot manipulator designs, today, make use of a variety of transducers to provide joint positioning information in the feedback loops which control the robot’s movements. These sensors, including encoders, tachometers, resolvers, etc., are fairly reliable and adequate for many situations. However, as more sophisticated manipulators have been developed to meet more demanding performance specifications, joint sensors have been found to be insufficient for fully describing end effector motion. Encoders and resolvers simply cannot account for the link deformations due to large payloads or for the inadequate rigidity at the joints which together contribute to dynamic deflections at the end effector. In order to implement position control of the gripper, sensory information must be provided which defines the gripper1s position and orientation in 3-D space with respect to the inertial (or world reference) frame.
Migratory Properties and Radiosensitivity of Lymphocytes

Radioactive isotopes have proven of enormous importance in studying nearly all aspects of lymphocyte physiology, including the origin, immune functions, migratory pathways, and life-spans of these cells. In this article I shall attempt to give a brief overview of lymphocyte physiology and function and then discuss the pros and cons of the various radioisotopes that have been used to study lymphocyte migration in vivo. Detailed reviews of lymphocyte physiology have appeared elsewhere (1–4).
Fever and Pulmonary Infiltrates in a Patient With a Renal Transplant

This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Drs Paul G. Ramsey, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and Philip J. Fialkow, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine.
Preliminary Results on Adaptively Trained Neural Networks

Real world applications often involve time varying models. There is an intrinsic difficulty in dealing with this sort of models, specially when one is concerned with nonlinear syster. Layered neural networks have been successfully used in a variety of relevant problems when invariance assumptions can be properly made. On the other hand, very little can be found in the literature concerning time varying systems. We propose a new procedure to adjust weights in Neural Networks suitable for this type of models with no necessity of retraining. One of the main features of our approach concerns the designer flexibility to control a trade off problem between fitting new incoming data and causing minimum damage to the information related to the original data set. We desire to keep the error related to the late incoming data within a pre established tolerance, while maximizing the information incorporated by original training data. In this way, the designer is able to judge the relevance he or she wants to attribute to the latest data.
IBM’s Yorktown Silicon Compiler

IBM’s Yorktown Silicon Compiler includes partitioning, scheduling, data path synthesis, design iteration, controller design, logic synthesis, and timing optimization. See alsoUniv.of Karlsruhe’s DSL Synthes-s System / CADDY System— Camposano was previously involved with that system, and IBM’s HIS System—Camposano is now involved with that system.
Cholesteric and blue-phase liquid photonic crystals for nonlinear optics and ultrafast laser pulse modulations

We present a comprehensive review of nonlinear optics and photonics of two ordered phases of liquid crystals, namely, Cholesteric and Blue-phase liquid crystals that exhibit 1- and 3-D photonic cry...
Dynamic crack propagation from a circular defect in a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite

A single-ply unidirectional IM7/8552 carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite with artificially introduced circular defects is subjected to dynamic tensile loading using a modified Kolsky tension ...
Dynamic 2D implementation of 3D diffractive optics

Volumetric computer-generated diffractive optics offer advantages over planar 2D implementations, including the generation of space-variant functions and the multiplexing of information in space or frequency domains. Unfortunately, despite remarkable progress, fabrication of high volumetric space-bandwidth micro- and nano-structures is still in its infancy. Furthermore, existing 3D diffractive optics implementations are static while programmable volumetric spatial light modulators (SLMs) are still years or decades away. In order to address these shortcomings, we propose the implementation of volumetric diffractive optics equivalent functionality via cascaded planar elements. To illustrate the principle, we design 3D diffractive optics and implement a two-layer continuous phase-only design on a single SLM with a folded setup. The system provides dynamic and efficient multiplexing capability. Numerical and experimental results show this approach improves system performance such as diffraction efficiency, spatial/spectral selectivity, and number of multiplexing functions relative to 2D devices while providing dynamic large space-bandwidth relative to current static volume diffractive optics. The limitations and capabilities of dynamic 3D diffractive optics are discussed.
Laser cladding of iron-based erosion resistant metal matrix composites

Abstract Erosion greatly reduces the service life of slurry handling equipment. Applying an erosion-resistant coating on equipment has been widely used to protect components from erosion. In this study, vanadium carbide (VC), titanium carbide (TiC), and tungsten carbide (WC) were blended with AISI 420 stainless steel (SS) powders, respectively, to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs) coatings on mild steel A36 by using a high power direct diode laser. The slurry erosion test was conducted at three eroding angles, 30°, 45°, and 90°, by using an abrasive waterjet to evaluate the erosion performance of the fabricated MMCs. The results showed that the resistance of 420 SS to erosion was increased at the impingement angles of 30° and 45° after adding the carbides. At 90° impingement angle, the addition of VC and TiC improved the erosion resistance of 420 SS. In contrast, the WC deteriorated the erosion resistance of 420 SS. In addition, the VC/TiC reinforced coatings had an erosion behavior of ductile material. The maximum erosion occurred at an angle of 45°. In contrast, the WC reinforced coating exhibited the erosive characteristics of brittle material, and the maximum erosion occurred at an angle of 90°. It was found that for all coatings, the VC reinforced coating exhibited the best anti-erosive performance at all impingement angles.
Two Adaptive Schemes for Image Sharpening

Two locally adaptive schemes for image sharpening are established. With appropriate selections of parameters, the schemes also smoothen the image in the area with flat-valued pixels, which leads to more pleasant-looking images. Demonstration by using standard images shows that the schemes are effective and comparable to some commonly used image-sharpening techniques in the literature.
Phase Specific Changes in Rate of Force Development and Muscle Morphology Throughout a Block Periodized Training Cycle in Weightlifters

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic and morphological adaptations that occur during distinct phases of a block periodized training cycle in weightlifters. Athlete monitoring data from nine experienced collegiate weightlifters was used. Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and ultrasonography (US) results were compared to examine the effects of three specific phases of a training cycle leading up to a competition. During the high volume strength-endurance phase (SE) small depressions in rate of force development (RFD) but statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA), and body mass (BM) were observed. The lower volume higher intensity strength-power phase (SP) caused RFD to rebound above pre-training cycle values despite statistically significant reductions in CSA. Small to moderate increases only in the earlier RFD time bands (<150 ms) occurred during the peak/taper phase (PT) while CSA and BM were maintained. Changes in IMTP RFD and CSA from US reflected the expected adaptations of block periodized training phases. Changes in early (<100 ms) and late (≥150 ms) RFD time bands may not occur proportionally throughout different training phases. Small increases in RFD and CSA can be expected in well-trained weightlifters throughout a single block periodized training cycle.
Discrepancies between effects of recombinant human growth hormone on absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes on the human jejunum compared to results reported on rat jejunum.

Previous studies in rats showed that the administration of recombinant human growth hormone markedly increased intestinal absorption of electrolytes and water and suggested that growth hormone would be a useful antidiarrheal agent. We therefore examined the effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the human jejunum in vivo, using a triple lumen nonabsorbable marker technique. Healthy subjects were studied on two different test days, one as a control and a second where recombinant human growth hormone was injected subcutaneously in a dose of 100 μg/kg. With this dose we achieved equal or higher growth hormone serum levels than in previous rat studies. However the administration of recombinant human growth hormone did not stimulate absorption or inhibit secretion of water and electrolytes in the human jejunum in vivo. We believe that the discrepancy between humans and rats is most likely due to the species difference rather than to differences in methods that were used. Therefore recombinant human growth hormone cannot be considered a useful proabsorptive antidiarrheal agent in humans.
The microbiota influences the Drosophila melanogaster life history strategy.

Organisms are locally adapted when members of a population have a fitness advantage in one location relative to conspecifics in other geographies. For example, across latitudinal gradients, some organisms may trade off between traits that maximize fitness components in one, but not both, of somatic maintenance or reproductive output. Latitudinal gradients in life history strategies are traditionally attributed to environmental selection on an animal's genotype, without any consideration of the possible impact of associated microorganisms ("microbiota") on life history traits. Here, we show in Drosophila melanogaster, a key model for studying local adaptation and life history strategy, that excluding the microbiota from definitions of local adaptation is a major shortfall. First, we reveal that an isogenic fly line reared with different bacteria varies the investment in early reproduction versus somatic maintenance. Next, we show that in wild fruit flies, the abundance of these same bacteria was correlated with the latitude and life history strategy of the flies, suggesting geographic specificity of the microbiota composition. Variation in microbiota composition of locally adapted D. melanogaster could be attributed to both the wild environment and host genetic selection. Finally, by eliminating or manipulating the microbiota of fly lines collected across a latitudinal gradient, we reveal that host genotype contributes to latitude-specific life history traits independent of the microbiota and that variation in the microbiota can suppress or reverse the differences between locally adapted fly lines. Together, these findings establish the microbiota composition of a model animal as an essential consideration in local adaptation.
STEMI: rare initial presentation of a mediastinal mass supplied by the RCA.

In the setting of severe septic shock, a 70-year-old woman had an ST segment myocardial infarction with ST elevations in the inferolateral leads. On cardiac catheterisation, no obstructive pathology was noted. Chest imaging revealed a large mediastinal mass measuring 8.5×6.5×7.5 cm in the visceral compartment of the mediastinum, with contrast enhancement from the right coronary artery (RCA). A biopsy was preformed and cytology was consistent with a well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm. On review of the cardiac catherisation, it was noted that the mass was deriving blood supply from the RCA. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a rare but well-documented phenomenon. In this case, MINOCA was caused by coronary steal syndrome in the setting of profound hypotension. Immediate management is with haemodynamic support; there is no role for coronary intervention.
Inverse Optimal Control with Set-Theoretic Barrier Lyapunov Function for Handling State Constraints

Although rigorous framework exists for handling state variable inequality constraints under optimal control formulations, it is quite involved and difficult to incorporate for online use. In this study, an alternative approach is proposed by combining a state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) based inverse optimal control formulation with a set-theoretic barrier Lyapunov function (STBLF). Necessary derivations are presented. Both regulator and tracking type problems are considered. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using numerical examples.
Latent growth curve modeling in exercise science

Longitudinal measurement enables the examination of behavioral or psychological change. One approach to examining longitudinal measurements is the use of latent growth curve modeling (LGCM). This a...
Variable costs and benefits of eavesdropping a green leaf volatile on two plant species in a common garden

Abstract Herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV)-mediated eavesdropping is a well-documented, inducible phenomenon that should—like any inducible phenomenon—incur fitness costs. Yet, ecological costs associated with volatile exposure alone are unclear. In a common garden experiment, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to a single HIPV would decrease herbivore damage at the cost of reduced plant growth and reproduction. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants were exposed to a persistent, low-dose (~10ng/hour) of the green leaf volatile cis-3-hexenyl acetate (z3HAC), a ubiquitous HIPV. z3HAC-treated pepper plants were shorter, had less aboveground and belowground biomass, and produced fewer flowers and fruits relative to controls while z3HAC-treated lima bean plants were taller and produced more leaves and flowers than did controls. Natural herbivory was reduced in z3HAC-exposed lima bean plants, but not in pepper. Cyanogenic potential, a putative defense mechanism in lima bean, was lower in z3HAC-exposed leaves, suggesting a growth-defense tradeoffs from z3HAC exposure alone. Plant species-specific responses to an identical priming cue have important implications for ecological costs and benefits of volatile-mediated inter-plant communication under field conditions.
Interpreting Volitional Movement Intent From Biological Signals: A Review

This article reviews technologies and algorithms for decoding volitional movement intent using bioelectrical signals recorded from the human body. Such signals include electromyograms, electroencephalograms, electrocorticograms, intracortical recordings, and electroneurograms. After reviewing signal features commonly used for interpreting movement intent, this article describes traditional movement decoders based on Kalman filters (KFs) and machine learning (ML). A number of deficiencies of the current state of the art in this field are described, and three approaches that mitigate some of these deficiencies are reviewed. They include data aggregation-based training to improve decoder performance when only limited amounts of training data are available, a shared controller that incorporates estimates of movement goals, and an adaptive decoder designed to compensate for time variations in the relationships between the human body and the prosthesis. Also included are experimental results that illustrate some of the concepts discussed in the article.
Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction

The promotional literature that lured sun-starved mid-westerners to Southern California in the 1880s hyped the region as the New Eden. But the novelists who created our vision of Los Angeles soon began to see it as Dystopia rather than Utopia, a corrupt, unreal city foreshadowing and reflecting all that is wrong with America. Now in the first literary history of Los Angeles in more than fifty years, David Fine traces the history of the place through the work of the authors who have defined it in our imaginations. The book begins with the mythifiers Helen Hunt Jackson, author of the quintessentially romantic 'Ramona' (1884) and Mary Austin, whose 1917 novel 'The Ford' was the first fictionalisation of the theft of water from the Owens Valley that became famous sixty years later in the movie 'Chinatown'. The author devotes chapters to both early and later Hollywood novels, to crime and detective novels, and to immigrant, ethnic, and apocalyptic fiction, paying detailed attention to the fiction of Upton Sinclair, James M Cain, Raymond Chandler, Ross Macdonald, John Fante, Nathanael West, Aldous Huxley, Budd Schulberg, Christopher Isherwood, Alison Lurie, Norman Mailer, Joan Didion, Thomas Pynchon, Walter Mosley, James Ellroy, Kate Braverman, and Carolyn See. The city's history, its architecture, even its disasters are all part of the story.
Guanidinium as a Probe of the Gramicidin Channel Interior

Guanidinium is a planar trigonal cation which is similar in size to the gramicidin channel pore. We measured the effect of guanidinium on the conductance properties of the gramicidin channel and theoretically evaluated its interactions with the β-6.3 channel interior using an energy minimization and conformational search approach. Guanidinium current (measured in the absence of other permeable ions) could not be detected directly (g(Guan)/g(K) < 0.004). However, guanidinium induces blocks in gramicidin channel potassium currents. The average block duration gets shorter with increased membrane potential suggesting that guanidinium can penetrate the ion channel. Energy minimization calculations indicate that, by reorienting along the pathway, the guanidinium should be able to penetrate the gramicidin channel. This finding is illustrated by a computer graphics animation of the series of minimum-energy orientations. The low permeability of the channel to guanidinium is tentatively ascribed to an entropic barrier resulting from the restrictions on the ion motion in the channel.
Ama tu ritmo, el que se esconde

Con la vida. Luz Mary Giraldo (prologo de Cristo Rafael Figueroa). Universidad Javeriana, coleccion Creacion Literaria, Bogota, 1996, 63 pags.
Metallurgical Uses of the Fe 57 Mössbauer Effect in Metallic Iron and Plain Carbon Steels

Literature describing the Fe57 Mossbauer effect in metallic iron, steels, and ferrous compounds occurring in steels is reviewed and compared with new, computer-analyzed data obtained in 298°K measurements on metallic iron and carbon steels. Characteristics of Mossbauer patterns are sensitive to carbon content and therrnornechan history. Relative to standard sodium nitroprusside, the average effcctive magnetic field for three grades of recrystallized iron is 339 ± 2 kOe.
The Benefits of Investment Banker Directorships

We document that investment banker directorships are mutually beneficial to the investment bank and the firm. Investment bankers serve on boards of larger, higher growth firms. These firms benefit from lower gross spreads and smaller underpricing when issuing equity, and raise more external capital. The benefits are often larger when top-tier investment bankers serve as directors. Firms with investment bankers are also less financially constrained. This result is robust to controlling for self-selection. The affiliated investment bank benefits by underwriting a larger fraction of the firms' securities issues, but does not appear to extract monopoly rents in the form of higher fees. Our results are consistent with firms selecting specialist directors with complementary expertise that benefits both the firm and the investment bank.
Chapter 22 Pharmacogenomics for forensic toxicology in enabling personalized medicine

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pharmacogenomics for forensic toxicology in enabling personalized medicine. With the completion of the human genome project, one of the most tangible benefits is the emerging practice of pharmacogenomics as a part of genomic and personalized medicine. While pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics are currently used interchangeably, pharmacogenetics is readily defined as the study of the genetic effect—for example, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)—on an individual's ability to metabolize a drug or compound, whereas pharmacogenomics is concerned with the whole genome effect on drug metabolism and efficacy. Pharmacogenomic biomarker, in combination with well-accepted biomarkers such as therapeutic drug monitoring and other functional testing, emerging proteomic biomarkers and possibly molecular imaging, enables personalized medicine. The combination identifies the right patient, with the right diagnosis/treatment, matching with the right drug, the right dose, and at the right time, thus achieving clinical efficacy with no or minimized toxicity.
Literature growth in pharmacokinetics

The literature growth in pharmacokinetics and bioavailability between the years 1964 and 1980 is analyzed. During much of this period, the literature doubled approximately every 1.6 years. However, during the period 1978-1980, little or no growth was observed. During the period 1950-1967, the total chemical literature increased exponentially with a half-life of 8.28 years; between 1968 and 1980, the half-life was 12.4 years. Thus, the pharmacokinetic literature increased at a much more rapid pace than did the total chemical literature in general. The subject of growth is considered in a general context, particularly as influenced by psychological, sociological, political, and economic factors. It is concluded that while mathematical functions may adequately describe past literature trends, they have little if any utility in predicting future trends in specific research areas such as pharmacokinetics.
Inhibition of lymphocyte‐mediated cytolysis by the local anesthetics benzyl and salicyl alcohol

The local anesthetics, benzyl and salicyl alcohol, are effective inhibitors of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis (LMC) in vitro. LMC is not inhibited when the cytotoxic lymphocytes or target cells are preincubated in drug concentrations which are inhibitory if present during the reaction. Analysis of the cytolytic reaction has indicated that the inhibition of LMC is due to an interference with the interaction of lymphocytes and target cells, rather than suppression of the lytic phase of the reaction. Investigation of the effect on LMC of a number of different compounds with local anesthetic properties has shown that they inhibit LMC when present in similar concentrations to those known to block nerve impulse conduction. It is suggested that reversible cell membrane disorganization produced by these substances is the means whereby LMC is inhibited.
A Septicemia of the Southern Armyworm Caused by Bacillus Cereus

In connection with experiments on insect physiology being carried on in the laboratories of the Division of Control Investigations, mature larvae of the southern armyworn ( Prodenia eridania Cram.) have been used in large numbers. The insects have been reared in greenhouse cages on turnip, cabbage, and spinach foliage. For a while the work was greatly hampered by the outbreak of an epidemic disease from which 400 to 500 larvae died each day. The affected insects, most of them mature larvae, stopped feeding, dropped to the ground, and lay fully extended with few signs of life for several hours before death. They usually regurgitated, sometimes repeatedly, and were frequently coated with moist sand from the bottom of the cage. Blood (haemolymph) smears from larvae that appeared motionless but still responsed slightly to irritation contained many large rod-shaped bacteria, both free in the plasma and phagocytized in the few blood cells that were present. This bacterium has been isolated, identified as Bacillus cereus ,[1][1] and shown to cause a pathogenic septicemia in seemingly normal larvae of the southern army worm. [1]: #fn-1
Visual register-transfer description of VLSI microarchitectures

A new visual approach to creating and manipulating symbolic descriptions of VLSI microarchitectures at the register-transfer (RT) level is described. The MIES visual RT description provides a number of views of a microarchitecture's datapath and controller that visually emphasize different aspects of a design. The key view ties together a symbolic description of the RT operations invoked by a controller with the flow and manipulation of data in the datapath. A prototype implementation demonstrates a number of interesting capabilities, which are illustrated using several examples. >
Friction and cutting forces in cryogenic machining of Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Conventional cutting fluid serves both as a coolant and lubricant. In cryogenic machining, liquid nitrogen (LN2) is recognized as an effective coolant due to its low temperature; however, its lubrication properties are not well known. The focus of this study was to investigate how the friction between the chip and the tool is affected by focused jetting LN2 to the cutting point in machining Ti–6Al–4V. Results of cutting force measurements indicated that the cold strengthening of titanium material increased the cutting force in cryogenic machining, but lower friction reduced the feed force. A mathematical model was developed to convert the measured 3D forces in oblique cutting into the normal and frictional force components on the tool rake face, and then to calculate the effective friction coefficient. It was found that the friction coefficient on the tool–chip interface was considerably reduced in cryogenic machining. Increased shear angle and decreased thickness of the secondary deformation zone, findings from a chip microstructure study, offer further evidence that friction is reduced.
VLA observations of T Tauri stars. II - A luminosity-limited survey of Taurus-Auriga

The results of a 4.885-GHz VLA survey of 46 T Tau stars and Herbig-Haro objects with log L 0.2 or greater in the Taurus-Auriga dark clouds, performed in February 1982, with 40-60-min observation times, are presented in tables and contour maps and discussed. Upper limits are given for objects not detected at 4.885 GHz; additional observations at 1.465, 14.965, and 22.485 GHz are included for the objects detected; and spectral indices are derived for 10 objects. The individual objects are characterized in detail, and it is concluded that detectable radio emission is more likely for T Tau stars with associated Herbig-Haro objects than for those without. The implications of the nonthermal spectra identified in several objects for theories of theoretical models of radio emission are indicated.
12-m antenna design for a joint US-European array

The prospect of a joint Millimeter Array development effort between the U.S. and Europe has led to various antenna designs. This paper describes a new 12-m antenna design that has many new features which are not widely used among existing millimeter wavelength antennas. These include: light-weight machined aluminum panels; feedlegs with triangular roofing for reflecting scattered rays to the sky; double-layered carbon- fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) trusses on large radius supports; rotating counterweight for reducing the moment of inertia; a yoke incorporating CFRP trusses and a steel beam structure; and a displacement-measuring metrology system. A design incorporating these features could achieve a combination of high performance and reasonable overall cost. The paper also discusses in detail a number of key issues of interest for future millimeter wavelength antenna development. The design is influenced by the large number of antennas required for the Millimeter Array.
Theoretical Studies of the Physical Properties of Rodlike and Related Polymers

This review focuses on a new type of para-catenated aromatic polymer being used in the preparation of high-performance films and fibers of exceptional strength, thermal stability, and environmental resistance, including inertness to essentially all common solvents. Polymers of this type include the cis- and trans-poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO), the cis- and trans-forms of the corresponding poly(pphenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT), and the structurally similar poly(5,5ʹ-bibenzoxazole-2.2ʹ-diyl-l,3-phenylene) (AAPBO) and poly(2,5-benzoxazole) (ABPBO) and their sulfurcontaining analogues. Because of their rigidity, these polymers become highly oriented in solution and some display liquid crystalline behavior. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the authorsʹ theoretical work on the structures, conformational energies, intermolecular interactions, electronic properties, electrical conductivity, and electrooptical properties of these chains, including, in some cases, the so-called articulated forms and the protonated forms known to exist in strong acids. The emphasis is on how such studies provide a molecular understanding of the unusual properties and processing characteristics of this new class of materials.
The ‘Be True To Your School’ Phenomenon: An Empirical Investigation

As suggested in the lyrics from the popular Beach Boys song, students may be expected, by themselves and/or others, to ‘be true’ to their school; to be loyal to their alma mater. It is likely that the reader can readily recall their own school ‘fight’ song and rousing cheers at sporting events touting the superiority of the home team.
Intestinal epithelial apoptosis initiates gut mucosal injury during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the newborn piglet

Neonates and young infants exposed to extracorporeal circulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and cardiopulmonary bypass are at risk of developing a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with multi-organ dysfunction. We used a piglet model of ECMO to investigate the hypothesis that epithelial apoptosis is an early event that precedes villous damage during ECMO-related bowel injury. Healthy 3-week-old piglets were subjected to ECMO for up to 8 h. Epithelial apoptosis was measured in histopathological analysis, nuclear imaging, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. Plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Intestinal mast cells were isolated by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. Cleaved caspase-8, caspase-9, phospho-p38 MAPK, and fas ligand expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry, western blots, and reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR. Piglet ECMO was associated with increased gut epithelial apoptosis. Extensive apoptotic changes were noted on villus tips and in scattered crypt cells after 2 h of ECMO. After 8 h, the villi were denuded and apoptotic changes were evident in a majority of crypt cells. Increased circulating I-FABP levels, a marker of gut epithelial injury, showed that epithelial injury occurred during ECMO. We detected increased cleaved caspase-8, but not cleaved caspase-9, in epithelial cells indicating that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was active. ECMO was associated with increased fas ligand expression in intestinal mast cells, which was induced through activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We conclude that epithelial apoptosis is an early event that initiates gut mucosal injury in a piglet model of ECMO.
When Having 'Been There' Doesn't Mean I Care: When Prior Experience Reduces Compassion for Emotional Distress

For those who are struggling with a difficult experience and who seek the support of others, it is a common assumption that others who have been through the experience in the past will be more understanding. To the contrary, the current research found that participants who had previously endured an emotionally distressing event (e.g., bullying, unemployment) more harshly evaluated another person's failure to endure a similar distressing event compared to participants with no experience enduring the event. These effects emerged for three naturally occurring distressing events, as well as one experimentally-induced distressing event. The effect was driven by the tendency for those who previously endured the distressing event to view the event as less difficult to overcome. Taken together, the paper's findings present a paradox such that, in the face of struggle or defeat, the people we are most apt to seek for advice or comfort may be the least likely to provide it.
Teacher Technicians: A “New” Metaphor for New Teachers

Abstract New teachers enter classrooms and face a multitude of complex instructional dynamics. One of the most perplexing and difficult dimensions of classroom teaching focuses on how teachers learn to manage student behavior. All too often preservice teachers learn more “knowledge about” classroom management than they do “knowledge how” to actually deal with classroom problems. The reason for this circumstance is simple: preservice teachers experience an information overload without a concomitant experiential opportunity to use what they know. Lasley proposes that teacher educators simplify the classroom management training process through limiting the skills covered and by focusing in more depth on what teachers do experience.
Anthropology, Mission and the African Woman: A Womanist Approach

This essay is adapted from a number of public lectures given by Linda Thomas, an African-American Womanist theologian and anthropologist. In this piece, the author calls on Christians to consider a new paradigm for mission by privileging the voices of those we have violated by our attempt to fulfill the "Great Commission" of Matthew 28. In particular, she lifts up the voices of African women who have much to teach us. By listening to and receiving the hospitality of African women, the author learns to be missionized; that is, to see God in a people not indoctrinated by Christianity. This paradigm for mission, though seemingly revolutionary, is one Jesus advocates in Luke, chapters nine and ten.
Review of Distribution of Nodal Disease in Differentiated Thyroid Cancers in an Oncosurgical Center in Sri Lanka

There are not many publications on the prognostic implications of nodal disease in patients with papillary thyroid cancers (PTC). This study explored the distribution of nodes with respect to the levels, optimal management of the neck for patients with PTC, and its survival advantages. Followup of 79 patients with thyroid cancer (59 with PTC) at the National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka, was analyzed. The most common histologic type of all thyroid cancers presenting to the Institute was differentiated PTC which affected 59 patients (74.7%). Of them, 29 (50.0%) had positive lymph node metastases in the neck these nodes were found on clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasound in all. Therfore necessitating a comprehensive neck dissection. Among the patients with nodal disease, 5 had nodes in Level 1 at the time of presentation. All patients in this group had multiple levels of positive nodes. Metachronous nodal disease was found in 9 (31.4%) patients, with a disease-free period ranging from 2 months to 37 years. Among the patients with nodal disease, 13 had a single nodal group involvement and the majority of these were Level 4 nodes (46.2%). Central node (Level 6) involvement was found in nine (15.3%) patients. Multiple nodal group involvement indicating multifocal disease was present in 16 (27.6%) patients. Extracapsular nodal spread at presentation and extracapsular thyroid disease at presentation was 10 (16.9%) and 17 (28.8%), respectively. Nodal neck recurrences during followup were present in 2 patients. Level 1 nodal metastases was present if 5 (8.5%) patients in our group. It is recommended that Level 1 nodes be explored during neck resection for PTC. Because 27.6% of the patients had multifocal disease, it may be important to recommend inclusion of a Level 1 clearance in the presence of multiple nodal involvement. There is a subgroup of patients who had highly aggressive nodes, indicated by extracapsular penetration, which even after radical clearance and external beam radiotherapy have a tendency to recur locally. This indicates an important prognostic feature of the nodal disease in PTC. Because 27.6% of the patients studies had multifocal nodal disease, we consider a comprehensive nodal clearance is necessary for patients with clinically positive nodes.
Mathematical modeling of impingement drying of corn tortillas

Abstract Impingement drying of corn tortillas was modeled using governing equations for heat and mass transfer during the drying process. Mass transfer within the product was modeled as diffusion-driven mass flux. Heat transfer was driven according to Fourier's Law of conduction. Boundary conditions for drying in both air and superheated steam were incorporated into the model. Convective heat transfer accounted for heat flow into the product at the surface. When drying in air, convective mass transfer prevailed; in superheated steam, differences in vapor pressure between the drying medium and the product surface accounted for mass transfer. Temperature and moisture content predictions followed the experimental trends with both air and steam drying (115–145°C). Steam condensation unaccounted for by the model resulted in underpredictions in the moisture content in steam drying at low temperatures. Product thickness and drying medium temperature had a significant effect on moisture content and temperature profile over time.
The future of Islam after 9/11

Abstract This article projects the possible future of Islam in Iran, Egypt, Jordan, and beyond, by analyzing the historical background and extrapolating from survey data collected before and after 11 September 2001. Islamic culture is actively produced, rather than being an inevitable reflection of social arrangements, so it is important to understand how its intellectual leaders and activists perceive and resolve the issues facing their faith. The key concepts are targets, in relation to which ideas are produced, and societal visibility . If these targets are visible and clear, then one may be able to reasonably estimate the kind of religious discourses most likely to develop in the Islamic movement in the future. The future of Islam is most visible in Iran, where there is a move toward reformism and rejection of political Islam. In Jordan, there is a moderate visibility to predict that the country’s Islamic movement will continue its tradition of moderation and conservatism. In Egypt, the future of Islam is least visible. While extremism is on a decline, it is not clear the degree to which a leftist-conservative alliance will dominate the country’s cultural landscape.
Direct Feeding Damage on Cucumber by Mixed-Species Infestations of Thrips palmi and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Distributions of Thrips palmi Karny and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) within plants and relative contributions of each species to fruit scarring were investigated in field plantings of cucumber, Cucumis sativus (L.). Densities of T. palmi (number per unit area plant substrate) were greatest on foliage, whereas F. occidentalis densities were greatest on flowers. Densities of both species were lowest on fruits. Both species had secondary sex ratios that were biased towards females. The proportion of male F. occidentalis increased substantially in flower samples. Temporal variation in the incidence of fruit scarring, within and between field plantings, was related to variation in densities of F. occidentalis (but not T. palmi ). Within-field spatial variation in fruit scarring on a given harvest was also associated primarily with variation in F. occidentalis densities. Because small, developing fruits physically support the female flowers, the high densities of F. occidentalis in flowers may create opportunities for them to incidentally feed upon and scar young fruit.
Repeated separations of 2‐year‐old squirrel monkeys from familiar mother surrogates

Six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during their first year of life were isolated and repeatedly separated from cloth mother surrogates. Subsequently, they were returned to the colony for 1 year and received visual access to normally reared squirrel monkeys. At 2 years of age, the surrogates were reintroduced to the monkeys under conditions identical to those of their first year through cycles of separation and reunion of the surrogate. These monkeys displayed increased high-energy activity, indicative of the classic protest response upon separation, but did not display a depressive phase. Also, during the 2-year test, the monkeys manifested enhanced levels of several self-directed behaviors compared to a group of socially reared control monkeys.
Series expansions for the mutual coupling in microstrip patch arrays

A dominant-mode mutual coupling theory is developed for an array of microstrip patches. One of the key features of the formulation is that only values for isolated self- and mutual impedance are needed in the formulation, making the method suitable for either a cavity model or spectral-domain analysis, or compatible with experimental measurements. The formulation is equivalent with D.M. Pozar's (1982) moment-method formulation. A series expansion of the solution is derived, allowing for approximate formulas accurate to any specified order. These formulas do not require matrix inversion. Formulas up to third order require less computation time that the exact solution, for single elements of the impedance, admittance, and scattering matrices. These expansions are computationally efficient for large sparse arrays. >