cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T cell responses develop in parallel to Th responses and control the magnitude and phenotype of the Th effector population.

Host survival during schistosomiasis requires the development of a tightly regulated and Th2-polarized immune response against parasite egg Ags. In this system, Th1 response suppression has been thought to be enforced through the production of IL-10 by Th2 cells and natural T regulatory (Treg) cells. By comparing Th responses in schistosome egg-injected mice that lack IL-10, IL-4, and/or Treg cells, we have been able to build a detailed picture of the relative contributions of Treg cells, Th2 cells, and IL-10 to regulation of the egg-induced response. Our data indicate that eggs induce a marked Treg cell response, evident as the extensive proliferation of Foxp3 + cells that is proportionally as great as the response occurring within the Th compartment. Furthermore, we show that Treg cells prevent Th1 response development and limit the magnitude of the Th2 response. Although Treg cells are able to produce IL-10 after egg injection, we found no evidence for a role for IL-10 in Treg-mediated suppression of Th cell responses, nor did we find evidence for an inhibitory effect of Th2 cells on Th1 response development. Thus, the magnitude and phenotype of the egg-induced effector Th response are controlled by a parallel response within the Treg population.
An approximative property of spaces of continuous functions

A Banach space X is said to have property ( PROXBID ) if the canonical image of X in its bidual X ** is proximal. In other words, if J : X → X ** is the canonical embedding, then it is required that every element of X ** have at least one best approximation (i.e., nearest point) from the closed subspace J ( X ). We show below that, if X is the space of (real or complex) continuous functions on a compact set, or the space of (real or complex) continuous functions that vanish at infinity on a locally compact set, then X has property (PROXBID). At this point we should mention the existence of a variety of examples [2, 8] of Banach spaces which lack property (PROXBID).
Quality of Life Assessment in Nasal Airway Obstruction

Objectives/Hypothesis: Quality of life (QOL) assessment of patients with nasal obstruction has not been well studied. The objectives of the study were to determine the QOL of patients with nasal obstruction, to identify baseline variables predictive of patients' QOL, and to examine the relationship of QOL scores with patient assessment of nasal obstruction. Study Design: Preliminary, cross-sectional study of a larger, prospective investigation. Methods: Forty individuals met the criteria for inclusion. Participants were required to have a surgically treatable diagnosis of septal deviation, nasal valve collapse, and/or turbinate hypertrophy. Quality of life assessment was performed using the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Demographic data, along with patient assessment of nasal obstruction with a visual analogue scale, were recorded. Results: Both instruments demonstrated good inter-item correlation as measured by Cronbach's alpha. Demographic variables, previous nasal surgeries, and comorbid conditions were not significantly correlated with QOL scores with either instrument. Correlations between visual analogue scale scores and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire sleep (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.35, P = .02) and nasal symptom (r = 0.36, P = .02) domains demonstrated a trend toward significance. Patients with nasal valve collapse reported higher visual analogue scale scores for nasal obstruction compared with those with septal deviation alone (P <.01). Conclusions: Patients with nasal valve collapse demonstrated greater perception of nasal obstruction than those with septal deviation alone. The Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire appears to be a more sensitive instrument than the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index for patients with nasal obstruction. However, existing measures may lack sensitivity in estimating the QOL of patients with nasal obstruction. A disease-specific instrument for nasal obstruction may be necessary to further evaluate this disease process.
Yemeni Families and Child Lead Screening in Detroit

This project was an exploratory effort to screen and treat immigrant Yemeni children who were at high risk for lead poisoning. The Detroit metropolitan area is home to the largest number of Arabic immigrants in the United States. In addition, Detroit has the largest rate of childhood lead poisoning in the state of Michigan. No published studies were found that explored the prevalence of lead poisoning among Yemeni children in Michigan. Immigrant children from countries where knowledge of lead poisoning is limited may be particularly vulnerable because of difficulties in language and accessing health care. Children’s Hospital of Michigan CATCH School Mobile Health Center conducted this health-screening project. This article reports on the gender and health issues encountered during the community outreach lead testing effort within a Yemeni neighborhood in Detroit.
Applying Black's Theory of Law to Crack and Cocaine Dispositions:

Since crack cocaine first appeared on the streets of the United States, the criminal justice system has been overwhelmed with poor, minority drug offenders. This situation can be attributed in part to the existence of mandatory minimum sentences that treat violations associated with crack cocaine more harshly than those associated with powder cocaine. Using data from New York City, the present study uses Black's theory of law to help understand discrepancies in crack and cocaine dispositions. Results show mixed support for Black's propositions. Racial minorities are more likely to be charged with a felony and receive longer prison sentences compared to Whites. Implications of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Time slot allocation for real-time messages with negotiable distance constraints

The authors present a time slot allocation scheme to support real-time communications with strict rate requirements and flexible distance constraints. They first devise an algorithm to schedule message streams on a single link. They then extend it to schedule real-time traffic on WDM optical star couplers, where the validation requirements of the device configuration are also taken into consideration in the scheduling algorithm. The results show that by decoupling the rate and distance constraint requirements of the real-time streams, high schedulability can be achieved with a small relative scheduling jitter.
Novel Methylated Biomarkers and a Robust Assay to Detect Circulating Tumor DNA in Metastatic Breast Cancer

The ability to consistently detect cell-free tumor-specific DNA in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer provides the opportunity to detect changes in tumor burden and to monitor response to treatment. We developed cMethDNA, a quantitative multiplexed methylation-specific PCR assay for a panel of ten genes, consisting of novel and known breast cancer hypermethylated markers identified by mining our previously reported study of DNA methylation patterns in breast tissue (103 cancer, 21 normal on the Illumina HumanMethylation27 Beadchip) and then validating the 10-gene panel in The Cancer Genome Atlas project breast cancer methylome database. For cMethDNA, a fixed physiologic level (50 copies) of artificially constructed, standard nonhuman reference DNA specific for each gene is introduced in a constant volume of serum (300 μL) before purification of the DNA, facilitating a sensitive, specific, robust, and quantitative assay of tumor DNA, with broad dynamic range. Cancer-specific methylated DNA was detected in training (28 normal, 24 cancer) and test (27 normal, 33 cancer) sets of recurrent stage IV patient sera with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 96% in the test set. In a pilot study, cMethDNA assay faithfully reflected patient response to chemotherapy (N = 29). A core methylation signature present in the primary breast cancer was retained in serum and metastatic tissues collected at autopsy two to 11 years after diagnosis of the disease. Together, our data suggest that the cMethDNA assay can detect advanced breast cancer, and monitor tumor burden and treatment response in women with metastatic breast cancer.
Levosimendan improves LV systolic and diastolic performance at rest and during exercise after heart failure.

The new myofilament Ca2+ sensitizer levosimendan (LSM) is a positive inotropic and vasodilatory agent. Its beneficial effects have been demonstrated at rest in congestive heart failure (CHF). Howev...
Culturally Sensitive Collaboration within Person-Centered Planning.

Person-centered planning (PCP) is a method of support for both individuals and systems. Through this process, individuals, families, and communities are strengthened by a focus on respective strengths and needs. Open-mindedness and attention to successful communication are some of the hallmarks of the procedures. These procedures are conducive to creating bridges and eliminating barriers for individuals and families who differ in some way from the normative culture. The same skillful facilitation that supports an individual who has a disability will also support an individual with a disability and cultural or language differences. This article provides background and a description of PCP based on process, components, and outcomes and examines each in relationship to working with individuals and families of other cultures and languages. Vignettes are used to provide support and examples of how professionals can be sensitive to differences in culture and language within the process.
Style of Play and Rate of Concussions in the National Football League.

Background:The majority of studies on concussion in the National Football League (NFL) focus on testing, evaluation, and outcomes. Meanwhile, there is a paucity of research on how a team’s style of play influences the risk of concussion.Hypothesis:Style of play, such as offensive and defensive strategies, is associated with the rate of concussions in the NFL.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The current study retrospectively analyzed data from the 2012 to 2014 NFL regular seasons. Reported numbers of concussions were stratified by each team and each position and were compared based on style of play, including offensive scheme (West Coast offense, Air Coryell offense, or other offensive schemes) and defensive alignment (3-4 or 4-3), attempts statistics, per-drive statistics, and offensive and defensive productions, along with strength of schedule (SoS) and team quality measured by simple rating system (SRS). Data analyses included descriptive statistics, 1-way analysis of variance, correl...
The number of lymph node metastases as a prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival in the era of sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer

e15000 Introduction: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping (SLNM) in colon cancer (CCa) is shown to be successful, sensitive and accurate. We aimed to evaluate the survival of patients (pts) undergoing SLNM ...
Instructor Notes for Topic Two: Behavioral Techniques

This chapter contains the instructor notes for Topic Two. It introduces exposure and habituation and the view that anxiety management is a fascinating combination of “the commonsense and the counterintuitive.” This session covers building and using a “courage ladder.” When exposure in “real life” is impractical, participants are invited to imagine encountering difficult scenarios—and coping with them. The session introduces the “Write, read, and shred” exercise. People are encouraged to tap what they already know about learning new things and coping with discomfort. They are invited to notice what that tells them about “being anxious and doing it anyway.”
A Method to Study the Role of DDX3 RNA Helicase in HIV-1

Viral replication requires the use of host cell proteins and enzymes. Many viruses utilize viral helicases at various stages of their life cycle; these viruses have evolved to encode directly helicase or helicase-like proteins. In contrast, the genomes of retroviruses are devoid of viral helicases. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has adopted the ability to use one or more cellular RNA helicases for its replicative life cycle. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the approach for assaying the RNA unwinding activity of RNA helicases measuring the effect of helicase inhibitors on HIV-1 replication.
Cavitating Multiphase Flow over Oscillating Hydrofoils

*† ‡ Many maritime applications involve the use of dynamically moving hydrofoils. Numerical simulations using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are carried out to analyze the effect of cavitation on the dynamic stall of an oscillating hydrofoil. It was found that the flow physics changes considerably with cavitation. The dynamic stall vortex (DSV) was formed at an angle of attack much smaller than for the non-cavitating case. The vortical structures were found to be distorted as compared to the non-cavitating case. Cavitation prevented the pairing process for the secondary vortices, and resulted in increased strength of tertiary and quaternary vortices, leading to large oscillation in the coefficient of lift during the downward pitching motion.
Multifaceted transport characteristics of nanomedicine: needs for characterization in dynamic environment.

Nanomedicine for cancer, where nanoparticles (NPs) are used to deliver drugs, imaging agents, and heat to tumors, shows great potential of improved therapeutic outcomes. In spite of promising early stage results, its clinical efficacy is still significantly limited due to complex transport barriers in vivo. These transport barriers are associated with tumor microenvironment, which is highly complex and heterogeneous and varies spatiotemporally. Thus, in order to improve the in vivo efficacy of nanomedicine, NPs need to be designed and characterized considering their interaction with these complex transport barriers. In this article, thus, we discuss the multifaceted transport characteristics of NPs and their interaction mechanisms with the tumor microenvironment. We also illustrated that NPs have highly spatiotemporal and multiscale distribution around tumor. This dynamic and complex nature of NP transport needs to be taken into consideration in design strategies and evaluation criteria for successful del...
New records and a new species of Nosopsyllus (Nosopsyllus) Jordan, 1933 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) from Iran.

Six species of the subgenus Nosopsyllus have previously been reported from Iran. In this paper N. consimilis (Wagner, 1898) and N. fidus (Jordan & Rothschild, 1915) are reported for the first time and a description of N. farahae , n. sp. is given.
Risk Factors For Radiation Pneumonitis In Patients With Lymphoma Treated With Chemotherapy and Photon Or Proton Radiotherapy

Introduction As volume-based radiotherapy planning has become a more standard part of combined modality therapy for lymphomas, dose-volume based constraints for organs-at-risk are needed for treatment planning. Conformal techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy and proton radiotherapy may achieve lower doses to certain organs like the heart, but may result in higher doses to other tissues like the lungs and breasts. We sought to define the dosimetric risk factors that are associated with development of radiation pneumonitis (RP). Methods This is a single-institution retrospective analysis of patients with thoracic lymphomas treated with combined modality therapy between 1999 and 2013 who had at least 4 months of follow-up after radiotherapy. Univariate analyses (UVA) were performed using Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Of the 89 patients analyzed, 13 (14.6%) were diagnosed with RP (at least Grade 1, Common Toxicity Criteria v4.0). Patients were predominantly female (62%) and never smoked (67%). Diagnoses were grouped as Hodgkin lymphoma (62.9%) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (37.1%), and 18.5% were also treated with autologous stem cell transplants. UVA showed that RP was more commonly associated with a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (38%) than Hodgkin lymphoma (8%), despite exposure to bleomycin in the majority of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Higher lung doses were significantly associated with RP using multiple lung dose-volume parameters: mean lung dose (12.3 vs. 16.7 Gy, p=0.002), volume of lung receiving 20 Gy (27.3% vs. 39.1%, p=0.0009), and volume of lung receiving 5 Gy (51% vs. 66.8%, p=0.004). The majority (67%) of patients who developed RP had mean lung doses of over 15 Gy, whereas only 24% of those who did not develop RP had mean lung doses above 15 Gy, see [Figure][1]. Heart dosimetric parameters were also significantly associated with RP, including mean heart dose (13.3 vs. 21.5 Gy, p=0.004), volume of heart receiving 20 Gy (25.4% vs. 48.3%, p=0.003), and volume of heart receiving 5 Gy (57.6% vs. 81.1%, p=0.04). There were not enough events to determine if heart and lung parameters were independently associated with RP, but they were strongly correlated (R=0.75). ![Figure][2] Gender, smoking history, and autologous transplant were not significantly associated with RP. None of the 13 patients treated with proton radiotherapy developed RP. In general, patients treated with proton radiotherapy had lower mean heart doses (9.4 vs. 15.4 Gy) and mean lung doses (9.6 Gy vs. 13.5 Gy). Conclusions Higher doses to lung and heart are associated with increased risk of RP, and doses to these critical structures should be considered carefully during volume-based consolidative radiotherapy using advanced techniques. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
Analysis on epidemic characteristics of varicella in Heping District of Shenyang City from 2008-2012

[Objective]To know the epidemic characteristics and strength of varicella in Heping District of Shenyang City,provide the accurate basis for the government to make the control measures.[Methods]The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic data of varicella in Heping District.[Results]The average annual incidence rate of varicella in Heping District of Shenyang City from 2008-2012 was 103. 20 / lakh. The male-to-female ratio was 1. 29 ∶ 1. The incidence rate in males and females was 116. 51 / lakh and 89. 97 / lakh respectively( P 0. 01). The peak seasons were November to January and April to June,which the cases accounted for 69. 06% of total cases. There was an obvious occupational peak,while the students and kindergarten children respectively accounted for 60. 09% and 10. 02% of total cases. 83. 93% of reported cases were people aged 4-24 years old.[Conclusion]The average reported incidence rate of varicella in Heping District of Shenyang City is high. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring,and implement prevention and control measures,to effectively control the outbreak.
What Factors Are Associated With Occupational Health Office Staffing, Job Stress, and Job Satisfaction?

Objective This study sought to identify factors associated with occupational health staffing in health care settings, provide benchmarking data, and investigate relationships between staffing and worker stress and satisfaction. Methods Members of the Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare were sent an online survey. Data on facility served, staffing, job attitudes, and work stress were collected and analyzed. Results Number and types of personnel served were the largest predictors of staffing, accounting for 38 and 41% of the variability seen, respectively. Number of personnel served was related to worker stress and lack of work/life balance. Conclusion Offices that required a provider presence had roughly one provider, seven nurses, and three clerical staff per 8000 personnel served. Occupational health workers are generally highly satisfied, and staffing has little relation to sources of job stress and satisfaction.
Embryonic stem cells as a cell source for tissue engineering

Tissue engineering could generate off-the-shelf organs for transplantation to treat a variety of debilitating ailments such as diabetes or Parkinson’s disease. One of the major barriers to the realization of this enormous potential is the lack of renewable sources of cells for transplantation. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) have the potential to provide such a source of cells because of their ability to differentiate into all somatic cells and their seemingly unlimited proliferative capability. In this chapter, we address the potential and the challenges associated with the use of ESCs in tissue engineering. In particular, we address methods to proliferate and direct ESC differentiation, to isolate and transplant ESCs and to incorporate them into existing tissue engineering approaches. We also address issues associated with the host’s immune rejection, ESC-derived tumor formation and scale-up processes.
Highlighting the challenge of delayed overall survival (OS) curve separation in immunotherapy clinical trials.

3009 Background: Cancer immunotherapy holds great potential but can elicit delayed responses, unlike chemotherapy. A delay in the separation of OS curves (between the control and treatment arms) ha...
CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 solar cells with thin absorbers analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry: Insights into quantum efficiency and optical/collection losses

CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells fabricated with thin absorber layers were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry to deduce their multilayer structures, which enable quantum efficiency (QE) simulations. For all cells with thin absorbers studied here, the measured QE spectra are reduced relative to those simulated assuming 100% carrier collection in the active CIGS-containing layers. Thus, the measured QE spectra can be understood in terms of both optical and carrier collection losses, the latter for electrons and holes generated near the Mo contacts. Collection losses are negligible for standard (2.2 μm) absorbers.
A historical overview of combat stress control units of the U.S. Army.

Combat stress control units have been deployed to the Gulf War, Somalia, Haiti, Guantanamo Bay, Bosnia, and Kosovo. They have been very flexible and useful mental health tools for commanders in both combat and peacekeeping operations for the past decade. In their operational role they have been effective, but their garrison mission remains unclear. This article summarizes the uses, missions, and lessons learned from the various combat stress control missions around the world.
Productivity Enhancement Using Analytically Based Maintenance Planning

Abstract A general definition of productivity is used as the basis for illustrating the potential impact of maintenance planning upon manufacturing system productivity. Following the definition of productivity, the analytical framework necessary to evaluate availability improvements associated with preventive maintenance are developed. The two analytical constructions, productivity and availability, are illustrated and connected using a simple and rather conservative numerical example. Even the results of this simple example imply substantial. productivity gains. It is suggested that the next major evolution in industrial productivity will be the result of increased use of preventive maintenance in manufacturing facilities
New Tuberculosis Drugs

Effective chemotherapy for tuberculosis (TB) was developed and evolved during the late 1940s through the early 1970s. For many years, isoniazid (INH) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) for 18–24 months with streptomycin during the initial several months were standard therapy (Fox 1968; Indian Council of Medical Research 1963). This regimen was replaced by a 9-month regimen of INH and rifampin (RIF) supplemented with either ethambutol or streptomycin during the initial 2 months (Fox and Mitchison 1975; British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association 1976). It was later found that the length of therapy could be decreased to 6 months with the addition of pyrazinamide (PZA) during the initial 2 months of therapy with INH and RIF (Singapore Tuberculosis Service/British Medical Research Council 1991; British Thoracic Association 1981). The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR – resistance to at least INH and RIF) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR – resistance to INH and RIF plus resistance to a fluoroquinolone and one or more of the injectable drugs: kanamycin, amikacin, and capreomycin) strains of TB has increased the need to discover and develop new and improved therapies for this disease. The so-called second-line TB drugs are less effective than the primary agents, and a higher incidence of adverse reactions occurs with their use. Therapy for MDRTB usually consists of a quinolone (e.g., moxifloxacin) and three to four other agents including an injectable drug. Options for treatment of XDRTB are often quite limited particularly in resource-poor settings.
Detachment of Turbulent Boundary Layers With Varying Free-Stream Turbulence and Lower Reynolds Numbers

Experiments were conducted to determine if free-stream turbulence scale affects detachment of turbulent boundary layers. In consideration of possible interrelation between scale and intensity of turbulence, the latter characteristic also was varied and its role was evaluated. Flow over a 2­dimensional airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel was studied with the aid of hot-wire anemometry, liquid-film visualization, a Preston tube, and static pressure measurements. Profiles of velocity, relative turbulence intensity, and integral scale in the boundary layer were measured. Detachment boundary was determined for various angles of attack and free-stream turbulence.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Sarcoma

Immunotherapy is now recognized as an effective therapeutic option for many cancer types. Checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have emerged as pivotal agents in the paradigm shift that we have witnessed in cancer management. The FDA has approved many of these agents to treat a variety of cancers including melanoma, lung cancer, renal and bladder cancer to name but a few. Research examining the role of immunotherapy in the management of sarcoma is in its infancy. To date, a limited number of early phase clinical trials have been performed in patients with advanced sarcoma. These studies focused on incorporating checkpoint inhibition as monotherapy or doublet therapy. Ongoing immunotherapy trials in sarcoma are investigating checkpoint inhibition in combination with small molecule therapies, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other immunotherapy agents targeting different aspects of the immune system. This chapter reviews the literature surrounding the safety and efficacy of checkpoint inhibition in treating sarcomas and explores novel immunotherapeutic strategies incorporating checkpoint inhibition that may be considered in sarcoma.
Ineffective Esophageal Motility Is Associated with Impaired Bolus Clearance but Does Not Correlate with Severity of Dysphagia

Ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) is defined as a distal contractile integral 0.01). There was a moderate inverse correlation between dysphagia and percent bolus clearance (R = − 0.37) in group A, but none in group B (R = 0.09). The classification of IEM did not discriminate from normal studies for symptom severity in our cohort. However, patients with IEM did have an inverse correlation between dysphagia score and bolus clearance, but those without IEM did not. Adding impedance information to the motor pattern classification should be considered in the symptom assessment in minor motility disorders.
Video IBPster

At iGrid2002, members of the Logistical Computing and Internetworking (LOCI) Lab had two goals. The first was to present an application, Video IBPster, built using the tools of the Network Storage Stack that delivers DVD-quality video without dropping frames, without losing data and without specialized multi-media streaming servers. The Video IBPster demo easily played MPEG-2 video files encoded at bit-rates up to 15 Megabit/s (Mbps). The second goal was to determine performance limits when using multiple, untuned TCP streams to retrieve a striped and replicated file across a long network. Since tools built using the Network Storage Stack allow striped downloads from multiple servers in parallel and since the client machines were all connected to Gigabit Ethernet (GigE), we hoped that we would observe a linear scale up of throughput when downloading from multiple servers. Although we did see increased throughput, it was not linear.
Absorption and secondary scattering of X-rays with an off-axis small beam for a cylindrical sample geometry

Expressions for X-ray absorption and secondary scattering are developed for cylindrical sample geometries. The incident-beam size is assumed to be smaller than the sample and in general directed off-axis onto the cylindrical sample. It is shown that an offset beam has a non-negligible effect on both the absorption and multiple scattering terms, resulting in an asymmetric correction that must be applied to the measured scattering intensities. The integral forms of the corrections are first presented. A small-beam limit is then developed for easier computation.
Productive pleasures across binary regimes: Phenomenologies of bisexual desires among Latino men:

Modern orders were founded on the repudiation of sexual ambiguity and the confinement of desire within discursive classifications of man/woman and hetero/homosexual binaries. However, the persisten...
Velocity Measurements in Microchannels With a Laser Scanning Microscope and Particle Linear Image Velocimetry

A novel velocity measurement method for microscale flow field characterization is reported, particle linear image velocimetry (PLIV). The method records a series of one-dimensional images that represent the trace of particles in the flow across a one-dimensional imager. Linear imaging results in a faster frame rate than planar imaging, allowing observation of larger microscope magnification or measurement of faster flow rates in real-time than comparable techniques. In contrast to particle image velocimetry (PIV), PLIV does not require high-speed cameras or shutters. Furthermore, PLIV is adaptable to multiple linear imager formats and, as one example, can use laser scanning confocal microscopes (LSCM) that acquire images slowly but with high spatial resolutions and optical sectioning ability. Higher resolution can be obtained for flows where in-plane velocity gradient in the direction of the optical path (z-direction) is important. This paper presents the PLIV algorithm, and demonstrates its utility by measuring Poiseuille flow with 1-μm resolution in a microfluidic environment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Evaluating lambda terms with traversals

Abstract This paper presents a method to evaluate untyped lambda terms based on a term tree-traversing technique and judicious use of eta-expansion. The traversal method is inspired by Game Semantics. As traversals explore nodes of the term tree, they dynamically eta-expand some of the subterms to locate their non-immediate arguments. A quantity called dynamic arity determines the necessary amount of eta-expansion to perform at a given point. Traversals are finitely enumerable and characterize the paths in the tree representation of the beta-normal form when it exists. Correctness of the evaluation method follows from the fact that traversals implement leftmost linear reduction, a non-standard reduction strategy based on head linear reduction.
DeepStore: In-Storage Acceleration for Intelligent Queries

Recent advancements in deep learning techniques facilitate intelligent-query support in diverse applications, such as content-based image retrieval and audio texturing. Unlike conventional key-based queries, these intelligent queries lack efficient indexing and require complex compute operations for feature matching. To achieve high-performance intelligent querying against massive datasets, modern computing systems employ GPUs in-conjunction with solid-state drives (SSDs) for fast data access and parallel data processing. However, our characterization with various intelligent-query workloads developed with deep neural networks (DNNs), shows that the storage I/O bandwidth is still the major bottleneck that contributes 56%--90% of the query execution time. To this end, we present DeepStore, an in-storage accelerator architecture for intelligent queries. It consists of (1) energy-efficient in-storage accelerators designed specifically for supporting DNN-based intelligent queries, under the resource constraints in modern SSD controllers; (2) a similarity-based in-storage query cache to exploit the temporal locality of user queries for further performance improvement; and (3) a lightweight in-storage runtime system working as the query engine, which provides a simple software abstraction to support different types of intelligent queries. DeepStore exploits SSD parallelisms with design space exploration for achieving the maximal energy efficiency for in-storage accelerators. We validate DeepStore design with an SSD simulator, and evaluate it with a variety of vision, text, and audio based intelligent queries. Compared with the state-of-the-art GPU+SSD approach, DeepStore improves the query performance by up to 17.7×, and energy-efficiency by up to 78.6×.
Development of a Thermal Management System for Electrified Aircraft

This paper describes the development and optimization of a conceptual thermal management system for electrified aircraft. Here, a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) vehicle is analyzed with the following electrically sourced heat loads considered: motors, generators, rectifiers, and inverters. The vehicle will employ liquid-cooling techniques in order to acquire, transport, and reject waste heat from the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to threefold: 1) Present a potential modeling framework for system level thermal management system simulation, 2) Analyze typical system characteristics, and 3) Perform optimization on a system developed for a specific vehicle to minimize weight gain, power utilization, and drag. Additionally, the paper will study the design process, specifically investigating the differences between steady state and transient sizing, comparing simulation techniques with a lower fidelity option and quantifying expected error.
A numerical study into element type and mesh resolution for crystal plasticity finite element modeling of explicit grain structures

A large number of massive crystal-plasticity-finite-element (CPFE) simulations are performed and post-processed to reveal the effects of element type and mesh resolution on accuracy of predicted mechanical fields over explicit grain structures. A CPFE model coupled with Abaqus/Standard is used to simulate simple-tension and simple-shear deformations to facilitate such quantitative mesh sensitivity studies. A grid-based polycrystalline grain structure is created synthetically by a phase-field simulation and converted to interface-conformal hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes of variable resolution. Procedures for such interface-conformal mesh generation over complex shapes are developed. FE meshes consisting of either hexahedral or tetrahedral, fully integrated as linear or quadratic elements are used for the CPFE simulations. It is shown that quadratic tetrahedral and linear hexahedral elements are more accurate for CPFE modeling than linear tetrahedral and quadratic hexahedral elements. Furthermore, tetrahedral elements are more desirable due to fast mesh generation and flexibility to describe geometries of grain structures.
The prevalence of high school multi-sport participation in elite national football league athletes

Objectives: Early youth specialization is increasingly being researched and identified as a risk factor for overuse injuries and burnout. This study aimed to characterize high school sport speciali...
Isotopic constraints on wildfire derived HONO

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor to hydroxyl radical (OH) that determines atmospheric oxidative capacity and thus impacts climate and air quality. Wildfire is not only a major direct source of HONO, but it also results in highly polluted conditions that favour heterogeneous formation of HONO from nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and nitrate on both ground and particle surfaces. However, these processes remain poorly constrained. To quantitatively constrain the HONO budget under various fire/smoke conditions, we combine a unique dataset of field concentrations and isotopic ratios (15N/14N and 18O/16O) of NOx and HONO, with an isotopic box model. Here we report the first isotopic evidence of secondary HONO production in near-ground wildfire plumes, and the subsequent quantification of relative importance of each pathway to total HONO production. Most importantly, our results reveal that nitrate photolysis plays a minor role (
Engaging STEM Graduate Teaching Assistants In Evidence-Based Practice

Location: Dewberry Hall Graduate teaching assistants are often placed in our undergraduate classrooms and laboratories with minimal preparation or support. As part of a Curriculum Impact Grant, we have piloted a series of workshops to help STEM GTAs build a teaching community and develop their understanding of evidence-based teaching practice. This poster will outline our program goals and program design. We seek feedback from faculty from across campus interested in preparing graduate students for GTA roles and providing ongoing teaching development support for GTAs as the engage with our students.
Carcinogenic Risk of Benzene Derived from Animal and Human Data

Benzene is widely considered to be an animal and human carcinogen but there are wide-ranging estimates of its potency. Risk assessments of benzene and human leukemia have primarily focused on exposure by inhalation over an occupational lifetime. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates benzene as a contaminant in food additives and thus is interested in the risk from lifetime exposure by the oral route. The risk from lifetime ingestion of benzene is assessed using the NTP animal gavage studies and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) epidemiology studies, and the results are compared. The unit risks derived from the human epidemiology data for leukemia are similar to those derived from the rodent data when the animal risks are summed over all organ sites in each sex grouping. The collective unit risk values calculated from the animal data were.038 and.039 per mg/kg body weight/day exposure for male and female mice, respectively. The unit risks calculated from the human epidemiology data were.043 and.024 per mg/kg body weight/day exposure using the relative and absolute risk models, respectively.
Hyperbolic Geometry of Gyrovector Spaces

The ability of Thomas precession to unify Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry is further demonstrated in this chapter by the introduction of (i) hyperbolic rooted vectors, called rooted gyrovectors; (ii) equivalence relation between rooted gyrovectors; and (iii) translations between rooted gyrovectors, called gyrovector translations.
An optimistic concurrency control mechanism without freezing for distributed database systems

Optimistic concurrency control mechanisms have the tendency of freezing the system in order to validate a transaction at the end of the transaction's execution phase. This paper presents an optimistic concurrency control that does not freeze the database system. According to the property of conflicting transactions, concurrency control is divided into two counterparts. While one part is exercised at the data object, which responds instantly to consistency violation, the other part is exercised by messages flowing between transactions as background tasks. The whole system need not stop during the time concurrency control is exercising, nor during the time the system is restoring its state when consistency is violated. This makes the mechanism more attractive, since a higher degree of parallelism is provided between consistency control and transaction execution. An object-based model is used to present the mechanism in a distributed database system, in which communication relies heavily on message passing.
Critical role of hexokinase II in 3-Bromopyruvate-induced cell death: A potential target for cancer therapeutics

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4695 One important metabolic feature of cancer cells is their increased dependence on glycolysis for ATP generation, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic alteration provides a biological basis for inhibiting glycolysis as a mean to preferentially kill cancer cells. Previous studies demonstrated that inhibition of glycolysis by 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) effectively killed cancer cells that were highly glycolytic due to hypoxia or mitochondrial defects. Here we report that hexokinase II (HK II), an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of the glycolytic pathway, plays an important role in mediating the cytotoxic action of 3-BrPA. Treatment of cancer cells with 3-BrPA resulted in a preferential covalent modification of HK II protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as evidenced by a gel mobility shift of the HK II band under denaturing conditions. This chemical modification was also demonstrated in vitro when protein extracts were incubated with 3-BrPA in a cell-free mixture. The hexokinase enzyme activity was inhibited by 3-BrPA in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, this compound did not cause a mobility shift of the HK II band in two clones of cells that were resistant to 3-BrPA, suggesting that KH II is a critical drug target. Direct treatment of isolated mitochondria with 3-BrPA caused a dissociation of HK II from the mitochondria, and the released HK II appeared as an up-shifted band upon SDS-PAGE analysis. Subsequent to 3-BrPA-induced HK II dissociation from the mitochondria, the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was released from the mitochondria. Interestingly, there was no significant cytochrome c release under these experimental conditions. Our data suggest that 3-BrPA may directly target HK II and cause cell death by two important mechanisms: depletion of ATP by inhibition of glycolysis and release of AIF by its dissociation from the mitochondria. Because the Warburg effect is frequently seen in cancers and HK II is over-expressed in many cancer cells, targeting HK II seems to be a logical strategy to effectively and selectively kill cancer cells.
A model for delay evaluation of a CMOS inverter

A model is proposed for computing the propagation delay of a CMOS inverter. The model takes into account the shape of the input waveform, the capacitive load, and the transconductances of the PMOS and NMOS transistors. The model uses either an analytical solution or a power series approximate solution for the differential equations that govern the behavior of the inverter. Regression equations are developed for the times spent in different regions of operation. The equations help in improving the speed of the program. >
The Future Network: Its prospects and challenges

Information and Communication technologies enable to create new services or businesses for beneficial to our life over network. This introduces the traffic pattern changes so the requirements for networking is also changed. To meet new requirements of these changes, there are the activities to propose new network architecture and networking management methods as the Future Network. In this talk, the activities of exploiting the Future Network are reviewed in the several different categories such as system design, infrastructure implementation, management and operation of ICT system and applications. The possible use cases of the Future Network are also presented to understand what benefit the Future Network brings. Then, we clarify that programmability, virtualization and managed flexibility are important aspects of realizing the Future Network.
Microencapsulation and functional bioactive foods

ABSTRACT In their active forms, the organic structures become the packaging units and carriers of nutrients intended for targeted delivery by nature, providing protection for the encapsulated active materials. This packaging and delivery role is mimicked in the microencapsulation process. One complex problem juxtaposes encapsulation effectiveness against accessibility and bioavailability of the entrapped nutrients; the others include providing nutrients that improve health and well-being instead of drugs, and the daily use of the “whole” foods including the “active” components only to prevent future health problems. Presently, new foods and functions are being delivered through new technologies such as functional hydrogels, nanoemulsions and nanoparticles. Future foods such as nutraceuticals and pharmafoods may be delivered in forms that control the amounts of bioactives released at targeted organs. Nutrients may be delivered through foods tailored to individual genetic makeup (nutrigenomics), for an individual's metabolic needs, related to a specific element, metabolomics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Microencapsulation mimics nature by packaging active components within structures that provide protection and delivers nutrients at appropriate sites. As such, it provides a benefit to bioactive functional food components by limiting the adverse food processing environment, which can be deleterious at times, such as the presence of water and oxygen. By controlling the structure matrix, the release time and dosage of bioactive contents are controlled for intentional site-time delivery. This knowledge is leading the way bioactive components will be delivered for personal and body function and health-enhancing benefits through functional foods.
Synchrony of Division in Clonal Microcolonies of Escherichia coli

Abstract Hoffman, Heiner (New York University, New York, N.Y.), and Michael E. Frank. Synchrony of division in clonal microcolonies of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:513–517. 1965.—A common pattern of synchrony of division was found in 18 clonal microcolonies studied by means of time-lapse photomicrography. One of these is described in detail. Cell counts at 1-min intervals were carried into the 11th generation of a microcolony photographed for 5.25 hr. The counts indicated that an early synchrony of division occurred which apparently was gradually dissipated during the course of cultivation. However, when times of cell division for each generation were plotted, it became apparent that each generation conformed to a distribution curve which gradually changed in its characteristics from one generation to the next. The range of time during which the divisions occurred increased from 16 min in the 6th generation to at least 74 min in the 11th. Overlap between distribution curves increased from 3 min between the 7th and 8th generations, where it initially occurred, to at least 20 min between the 10th and 11th. Skewness of the distribution curve progressed from a negative value (−0.943) in the 5th generation to a positive value (+0.339) in the 10th. Genealogical identification of the first and last quarters of the cells to divide within a generation revealed, early in the course of cultivation, a cell subline which was dividing in a pattern of synchrony independent of the colony as a whole. The characteristics of this synchronous pattern, however, gradually progressed with each new generation toward those of the microcolony as a whole.
EFFECTS OF A PROGRAM OF ENDURANCE EXERCISES ON PHYSICAL WORK. CAPACITY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF FIFTEEN MIDDLE-AGED MEN.

Abstract Fifteen previously sedentary professional men, ranging in age from 35 to 55 years, participated in a six month program of endurance conditioning exercises consisting of running and calisthenics which became progressively more strenuous. Exercise capacity and body specific gravity increased significantly. It is concluded that a vigorous exercise program is feasible for actively employed, middle-aged professional men and that such a program produces changes in functional capacity and body composition that run counter to the trend usually seen with aging.