cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capture thread extensibility of orb-weaving spiders: testing punctuated and associative explanations of character evolution.

Spider orb-webs contain sticky prey capture threads and non-sticky support threads. Primitive orb-weavers of the Deinopoidea produce dry cribellar threads made of thousands of silk fibrils that surround supporting axial fibres, whereas the viscous threads of modern Araneoidea orb-weavers produce adhesive threads with an aqueous solution that coalesces as droplets around the axial fibres. We have previously shown that the greater diversity of the Araneoidea is phylogenetically significant and attributed this disparity to a number of advantages, considered key innovations, that adhesive thread has over cribellar thread. An important putative advantage of adhesive thread demonstrated by Kohler and Vollrath in their 1995 study is its greater extensibility, a feature that better adapts it to absorb the kinetic energy of a prey strike. However, this conclusion is based on a two-species comparison that does not take advantage of the modern comparative method that requires hypotheses to be tested in a phylogenetic context. Using a transformational analysis to examine threads produced by nine species, our study finds no support for the punctuated explanation that adhesive thread has a greater extensibility than cribellar thread. Instead, it strongly supports the associative null hypothesis that capture thread extensibility is tuned to spider mass and to architectural features of the web, including its capture area, capture spiral spacing, and capture area per radius.
Regions of low endothelial shear stress are the sites where coronary plaque progresses and vascular remodelling occurs in humans: an in vivo serial study

Aim We performed serial intracoronary studies of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) to investigate the relationships among baseline endothelial shear stress (ESS), CAD progression, and vascular remodelling. Local haemodynamic factors are critical determinants of plaque progression, vascular remodelling, and clinical CAD manifestations. Methods and results The 3-D anatomy of coronary arteries with lumen obstruction <50% was determined by fusing intracoronary ultrasound and angiographic images in 13 patients at baseline and 8 ± 2 months later. Cross-sectional area of plaque, lumen, and external elastic membrane (EEM), and coronary flow were measured. Local ESS was calculated. Subsegments with similar ESS were categorized based on low (<12 dynes/cm2) and moderate/higher ESS (≥12 dynes/cm2). There were 47 subsegments of similar baseline ESS: nine with low ESS and 38 with moderate/higher ESS. Median subsegment length was 6.9 mm (25th–75th percentiles = 4.2–12.0), and median area of similar ESS of 52.6 mm2 (25th–75th percentiles = 26.9–88.0). Subsegments with low ESS exhibited plaque progression when compared with subsegments with moderate/higher ESS (33.3% vs. 7.9%, respectively, P = 0.009 adjusted for clustering of lesions within patients) and constrictive remodelling (44.0% vs. 5.3%, respectively, P = 0.16 adjusted for clustering of lesions within patients). Expansive remodelling occurred with similar frequency in subsegments with low vs. moderate/higher baseline ESS. Conclusion Plaque progresses in subsegments with low ESS, associated with either constrictive or expansive remodelling. Different mechanisms are likely responsible for expansive remodelling in different local vascular environments. Early in vivo identification of arterial subsegments likely to develop high-risk plaque characteristics may allow for selective interventions to avoid adverse cardiac outcomes.
“I'll Take Chop Suey”: Restaurants as Agents of Culinary and Cultural Change

L'A. examine l'histoire des interactions culturelles alimentaires aux Etats-Unis entre 1870 et 1930, centrant son analyse sur le role joue par les restaurants chinois. Il decrit les effets de ces echanges interculturels sur les attitudes raciales et les preferences alimentaires de la classe moyenne americaine. Il tente de determiner pourquoi, contrairement a d'autres institutions, a une epoque de conservatisme et d'hostilite envers les immigres asiatiques, les restaurants chinois ont contribue a surmonter les barrieres ethniques et culturelles. Il soutient que d'une part la position subalterne des Chinois dans le domaine de la restauration ne representait pas un danger pour les Americains de la classe moyenne. D'autre part, la cuisine chinoise, comme d'autres cuisines ethniques, se pretait facilement a l'adaptation et a l'occidentalisation. Des plats hybrides comme le chop suey et le chow mein ont penetre et influence de facon significative le regime alimentaire des Americains. Les restaurants chinois permettaient de maintenir certaines frontieres sociales, ethniques et culturelles, et en meme temps d'en remettre en cause certaines autres.
Success and failure assessing gonad maturity in sequentially hermaphroditic fishes: comparisons between macroscopic and microscopic methods

For two protogynous hermaphrodite fish species, the performance of visual gonad analysis techniques was evaluated to determine when the use of macroscopic methods was sufficient and when microscopic techniques were necessary. Simple macroscopic gonad analysis was found to be a powerful tool for distinguishing sex and whether or not females were spawning capable or ripe for black sea bass Centropristis striata (n = 1443) and red porgy Pagrus pagrus (n = 980), often producing results that were in close agreement with more complex and expensive microscopic techniques. Estimates of key reproductive variables, such as size-dependent sex-change ogives, spawning season duration, spawning fraction and batch number, were also very similar or equal between methods. Apparent seasonal spawning activity was also predicted similarly by each method and the patterns were highly correlated with seasonal patterns in gonado-somatic indices. In contrast, distinguishing between immature females and those that were mature, but inactive, proved difficult when using macroscopic methods and, in these cases, predictions often differed from those produced microscopically. In turn, maturity ogives differed significantly between methods for C. striata (maturity ogives could not be generated for P. pagrus as nearly all fish encountered were mature). Agreement rates among male phases were also very low. Macroscopic methods were able to identify signs of sex transition in very advanced specimens, but early signs were only evident microscopically. While much more detail is visible microscopically, here several population-scale parameters important for fisheries management were estimated equally well with the unaided eye for C. striata and P. pagrus. For comprehensive, fishery-independent surveys and long-term research programmes in particular, determining when microscopic techniques are and are not necessary can greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs without compromising data quality.
Deterring driving under the influence of cannabis.

Keywords: Blood; cannabis; driving; driving under the influence; impairment; marijuana; oral fluid
Computation of insect hovering

We review the results of a recent work on a two-dimensional mechanism for insect hovering. Resolved computation of two-dimensional insect hovering shows for the first time that a two-dimensional hovering motion can generate enough lift to support a typical insect weight. The computation reveals a two-dimensional mechanism of creating a downward dipole jet of counter-rotating vortices, which are formed from leading and trailing edge vortices. This suggests that three-dimensionality is not essential for hovering. The vortex dynamics further eluciates the role of the phase relation between the wing translation and rotation in lift generation. It also gives an intuitive picture of why the instantaneous forces can reach a periodic state after only a few strokes, which in principal enables an insect to take off quickly. The model predicts the lower limits in Reynolds number and amplitude above which the averaged forces are sufficient.
Fractal Consistency: Architecting the Memory System to Facilitate Verification

One of the most challenging problems in developing a multicore processor is verifying that the design is correct, and one of the most difficult aspects of pre-silicon verification is verifying that the memory system obeys the architecture's specified memory consistency model. To simplify the process of pre-silicon design verification, we propose a system model called the Fractally Consistent Model (FCM). We prove that systems that adhere to the FCM can be verified to obey the memory consistency model in three simple, scalable steps. The procedure for verifying FCM systems contrasts sharply with the difficult, non-scalable procedure required to verify non-FCM systems. We show that FCM systems do not necessarily sacrifice performance, compared to non-FCM systems, despite being simpler to verify.
MicroRNA control of PHABULOSA in leaf development: importance of pairing to the microRNA 5′ region

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are B22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that can regulate gene expression by directing mRNA degradation or inhibiting productive translation. Dominant mutations in PHABULOSA (PHB )a ndPHAVOLUTA (PHV) map to a miR165/166 complementary site and impair miRNA-guided cleavage of these mRNAs in vitro. Here, we confirm that disrupted miRNA pairing, not changes in PHB protein sequence, causes the developmental defects in phb-d mutants. In planta, disrupting miRNA pairing near the center of the miRNA complementary site had far milder developmental consequences than more distal mismatches. These differences correlated with differences in miRNA-directed cleavage efficiency in vitro, where mismatch scanning revealed more tolerance for mismatches at the center and 3 0 end of the miRNA compared to mismatches to the miRNA 5 0 region. In this respect, miR165/ 166 resembles animal miRNAs in its pairing requirements. Pairing to the 5 0 portion of the small silencing RNA appears crucial regardless of the mode of post-transcriptional repression or whether it occurs in plants or animals, supporting a model in which this region of the silencing RNA nucleates pairing to its target.
The role of academic libraries in mentored undergraduate research: A model of engagement in the academic community

Mentored undergraduate research is an emergent pedagogy in higher education. It differs fundamentally from course-related student research and is largely independent of the curriculum. Academic libraries should engage formally with the undergraduate research community. To do so, librarians will need to think and work beyond traditional models of library service, most notably in information literacy programs. The intent of this article is to raise awareness about opportunities for library involvement with undergraduate researchers and programs. Lessons from one university, including a formal partnership between a library and an undergraduate research center, suggest some general strategies that academic libraries might explore.
The importance of seasonal temperature and moisture patterns on growth of Douglas-fir in western Oregon, USA

Abstract Douglas-fir growth in the Pacific Northwest is thought to be water limited. However, discerning the relative influence of air temperature and plant available soil water (W) on growth is difficult because they interact with each other, with other climate factors and with the inherent seasonal timing of cambial activity. Douglas-fir growth response to air temperature and W patterns during the growing season was examined using time series regression analysis of dendrometer data collected at approximately four-week intervals from 1998 through 2009. Five study sites were located in mature forest stands along an elevation gradient from the Pacific coast to the west slope of the Cascade Mountains (∼1200 m) in Oregon, USA. Maximum daily air temperature (T) and W were similar in relative importance to tree growth at four of the five sites. W was substantially more important at one site. Growth rate increased with T to an optimum (Topt) and decreased with higher T. At the two drier sites T and W affected growth interactively in that Topt decreased with decreasing W. We conclude that both T and W affect growth and that T consistently limits growth at three of the five sites and at all sites in years with above average summer temperature. Should climate change result in hotter summers in the region as predicted by climate models, we suggest that Douglas-fir will experience progressive temperature limitation.
Countable sequenceable groups

Abstract A finite group G having n elements is said to be sequenceable if there exists an arrangement b 1 , b 2 …,b n of its elements such that b 1 , b 1 b 2 ,…, b 1 b 2 ⋯ b 1 is also an arrangement of the elements of G . This definition can be extended to the case when G is countably infinite by requiring the existence of a sequence b 1 , b 2 ,… , containing each element of G exactly once, such that the sequence b 1 ,b 1 b 2 ,… also contains each element of G exactly once. With this definition every countably-infinite group is sequenceable.
An exploratory study of the effect of sex role stereotyping on attitudes toward magazine advertisements

In this study, sex role portrayals were manipulated in an advertisement created for the study. The roles used were professional and housewife. One hundred one respondents chosen from several southwest towns were exposed to either the professional version of the ad or the housewife version, and were asked to evaluate the ad on a semantic differential scale. One of the items in the scale was an evaluation of the role of the individual in the ad, and was used in a manipulation check. The result of the ad evaluations indicated significantly higher scores for the professional version of the ad than for the housewife version.
Sub-linear queries statistical databases: privacy with power

We consider a statistical database in which a trusted administrator introduces noise to the query responses with the goal of maintaining privacy of individual database entries. In such a database, a query consists of a pair (S,f) where S is a set of rows in the database and f is a function mapping database rows to {0,1}.The true response is ∑r∈Sf(DBr),a noisy version of which is released. Results in [3, 4] show that a strong form of privacy can be maintained using a surprisingly small amount of noise, provided the total number of queries is sublinear in the number n of database rows. We call this a sub-linear queries (SuLQ) database. The assumption of sublinearity becomes reasonable as databases grow increasingly large. The SuLQ primitive – query and noisy reply – gives rise to a calculus of noisy computation. After reviewing some results of [4] on multi-attribute SuLQ, we illustrate the power of the SuLQ primitive with three examples [2]: principal component analysis, k means clustering, and learning in the statistical queries learning model.
Approximate optical cloaking in an axisymmetric silicon photonic crystal structure

Axisymmetric photonic crystal structures may be designed to possess interesting optical properties, particularly when the photonic band structure of the material is highly anisotropic. We use finite element calculations to demonstrate an approximate electromagnetic cloaking effect imparted by a structure consisting of concentric silicon photonic crystal layers. The results show that it is possible to bend light around an object by simply using anisotropy. The calculations show that the cloaking mechanism is fundamentally different from Pendry's approach. This design may work as a practical solution for optical cloaking.
Motor and perceptual timing deficits among survivors of childhood leukemia

Objective There is growing evidence of cerebellar-frontal system change in children treated for leukemia with chemotherapy alone (Lesnik et al., 1998). Methods We compared 22 long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), aged 8-18, to 22 age- and gender-matched controls on tasks emphasizing cerebellar-frontal functioning including judgment of time duration and motor timing. Groups were also compared on a judgment of pitch task, used as a control measure. Children with ALL were at least 5 years from diagnosis, treated with intrathecal chemotherapy (methotrexate in all, hydrocortisone and cytarabine in 20/22), but not radiation therapy, and free from recurrence of disease. Results After controlling for IQ, the ALL group had poorer performance than controls on judgment of long duration and motor timing, but not judgment of pitch. Conclusions Treatment with intrathecal and infusional chemotherapy for childhood ALL may be associated with skill deficits comparable to those seen in individuals with cerebellar-frontal abnormalities.
Considerations for Stochastic Convective Parameterization

Convective parameterizations in general circulation models (GCMs) generally only aim to simulate the mean or first-order moment of convection; higher moments associated with subgrid variability are not explicitly considered. In this study, an empirically based stochastic convective parameterization is developed that uses an assumed mixed lognormal distribution of rainfall, tuned with parameter values derived from observations, to control selected nonmean statistical properties of convection. Testing of this stochastic convective parameterization reveals that large-scale model dynamics interacts heavily with the convective parameterization, in ways such that the resulting output is fundamentally different from the input. This suggests stochastic parameterizations cannot be calibrated outside of a model’s dynamical framework. Implications are discussed for the relative merits of the empirical approach versus another approach that introduces the stochastic process within the framework of the convective parameterization. Inclusion of the variance arising from unresolved scales by stochastic parameterization of convection is found to have a substantial impact upon atmospheric variability in the Tropics, including intraseasonal and longer timescales.
Large-scale application of some modern CSM methodologies by parallel computation

Abstract In this paper, the authors demonstrate the significant benefits that High Performance Computing has provided for several large-scale applications of some modern Computational Structural Mechanics (CSM) methodologies. Large complex dynamic analyses, involving large strain/deformation and inelasticity, were reasonably performed by parallel processing with recent constitutive models and modern computational techniques. The predictions were made with finite element and mesh-free method software developed by the authors, using Message Passing Interface on CRAY T3E and IBM SP platforms. Excellent scalability on hundreds of processors was attained, which demonstrated the large-scale viability of the methodologies and greatly improved the authors’ research and development productivity.
PEYER'S PATCHES: AN ENRICHED SOURCE OF PRECURSORS FOR IGA-PRODUCING IMMUNOCYTES IN THE RABBIT

The proliferative and differentiative potential of Peyer's patch, peripheral blood, and popliteal lymph node cells was assessed by allogeneic cell transfer followed by quantitation of donor immunocytes by immunofluorescence. It was found that Peyer's patches are a highly enriched source of cells which have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into IgA-producing immunocytes and that the Peyer's patch cells are far more efficient in seeding the gut of irradiated recipient rabbits with donor cells that give rise to immunoglobulin-producing cells than cells from peripheral blood or popliteal lymph nodes.
Effect of catch‐and‐release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Catch-and-release angling is popular in many parts of the world and plays an increasingly important role in management of recreational fisheries. Although the magnitude of catch-and-release mortality is well documented for many species, potential sublethal effects have been little studied. An experiment was conducted to assess directly the effects of catch-and-release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepede. Angling mortality was 0.00 ± 0.092% for largemouth bass caught on plastic grubs. There was no difference (P = 0.57) in weight gain between caught and uncaught fish over a 40-day angling and recovery period. Although catch-and-release angling appears to have no effect on largemouth bass growth, previous studies documented sublethal effects on growth and reproduction in other species, suggesting that the occurrence and magnitude of sublethal effects vary among species.
Can test length be reduced during synthesis process

Conventional multi-level logic synthesis is targeted to reduce the area of the logic circuits (estimated via literal count). This paper looks at multi-level combinational logic synthesis from the objective of minimizing test length, i.e. the size of a test set to detect all irredundant single stuck-at faults in the circuit. The length of a test set affects the test application cost. The synthesis process has been modified to obtain circuits that can be tested with smaller test length. Results of the implementation have shown significant reduction in test length with little increase in run time over the MIS-II synthesis system and very little increase in literal count. >
Fulcrum: condensing redundant reads from high-throughput sequencing studies

Motivation: Ultra-high-throughput sequencing produces duplicate and near-duplicate reads, which can consume computational resources in downstream applications. A tool that collapses such reads should reduce storage and assembly complications and costs. Results: We developed Fulcrum to collapse identical and nearidentical Illumina and 454 reads (such as those from PCR clones) into single error-corrected sequences; it can process paired-end as well as single-end reads. Fulcrum is customizable and can be deployed on a single machine, a local network or a commercially available MapReduce cluster, and it has been optimized to maximize easeof-use, cross-platform compatibility and future scalability. Sequence datasets have been collapsed by up to 71%, and the reduced number and improved quality of the resulting sequences allow assemblers to
Wnt Signaling in Skin Development, Homeostasis, and Disease

The skin and its appendages constitute the largest organ of the body. Its stratified epithelia offer protection from environmental stresses such as dehydration, irradiation, mechanical trauma, and pathogenic infection, whereas its appendages, like hair and sebaceous glands, help regulate body temperature as well as influence animal interaction and social behavior through camouflage and sexual signaling. To respond to and function effectively in a dynamic external environment, the skin and its appendages possess a remarkable ability to regenerate in a carefully controlled fashion. When this finely tuned homeostatic process is disrupted, skin diseases such as cancers may result. At present, the molecular signals that orchestrate cell proliferation, differentiation, and patterning in the skin remain incompletely understood. It is increasingly apparent that many morphogenetic pathways with key roles in development are also important in regulating skin biology. Of these, Wnt signaling has emerged as the dominant pathway controlling the patterning of skin and influencing the decisions of embryonic and adult stem cells to adopt the various cell lineages of the skin and its appendages, as well as subsequently controlling the function of differentiated skin cells. Here we will review established concepts and present recent advances in our understanding of the diverse roles that Wnt signaling plays in skin development, homeostasis, and disease.
Renal Effects of Guanabenz: A New Antihypertensive

In order to determine the effects of guanabenz upon renal function, clearance studies were performed on hypertensive volunteers during sustained steady-state water diuresis. The data reveal an acute fall in renal hemodynamics and a marked reduction in sodium excretion during the 3rd and 4th hour after administration. Tha antinatriuresis was due to decreased filtration and enhanced distal nephron reabsorption of sodium, principally in association with secretion of potassium. Chronic administration of guanabenz for one week produced a sustained reduction in blood pressure, but there was no change in either body weight or 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Repeat clearance studies revealed no change with either renal hemodynamics or sodium clearance. The data suggest that the acute antinatriuresis is a transient hemodynamic event and chronic therapy with guanabenz will not be complicated by sodium retention, a feature characteristic of other antihypertensive agents.
Long‐Range Radio NAVAID Signal Reliability

This paper presents the results of a continuing study of long-range radio navigation signal reliability for Loran-C, VLF communication, and Omega. In particular, a preceding article on this subject is updated. Meaningful statistics, such as mean time between failures and mean time to repair, on Loran-C, VLF communication, and Omega ground stations have been obtained from failure data supplied by the U.S. Naval Observatory. Trends in failure statistics from late 1973 through 1981 are presented by both six-month and year intervals. These trends show that the signal reliability of Loran-C has substantially improved in recent years. VLF communication stations show random fluctuations which have degraded performance in certain years while Omega signal integrity has remained fairly constant since 1973. Probabilities of completing a stated mission of given duration (in 1981) are calculated for each transmitter type in zero- to two-station redundancy situations. Redundant signal coverage calculations show that airborne equipment should be structured to take advantage of redundant signals having good geometry.
Conditional model order estimation

A new approach to model order selection is proposed. Based on the theory of sufficient statistics, the method does not require any prior knowledge of the model parameters. It is able to discriminate between models by basing the decision on the part of the data that is independent of the model parameters. This is accomplished conceptually by transforming the data into a sufficient statistic and an ancillary statistic with respect to the model parameters. It is the probability density function of the ancillary statistic when adjusted for its dimensionality that is used to estimate the order. Furthermore, the rule is directly tied to the goal of minimizing the probability of error and does not employ any asymptotic approximations. The estimator can be shown to be consistent and, via computer simulation, is found to outperform the minimum description length estimator.
Tree-roost Characteristics of Subadult and Female Adult Evening Bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina

Abstract We radio-tracked 4 solitary subadult (2 male and 2 females) and 3 adult female evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) to 7 and 14 roost trees, respectively, during the summer of 1997 on the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Roosts for both age-classes were located in cavities and under exfoliating bark in live trees and dead snags. Based on nightly exit counts, adult female evening bats roosted communally. Some roosts were presumed to be active maternity colonies. Five of six subadult roosts and one adult female roost were located under exfoliating bark on dead snags in beaver (Castor canadensis) ponds. Thirteen of 14 adult female evening bat roosts were located in cavities in live longleaf pines (Pinus palustris) in stands of relatively mature, park-like, pine plantations. One subadult roost was located under exfoliating bark in a live longleaf pine. No evening bats roosted in the more densely canopied, nearby bottomland hardwood stands, mixed pine-hardwood stands or loblolly pine (P. taeda) s...
Slums and Skyscrapers

Commonplace nineteenth-century popular imagery of the city states simultaneously that the city’s streets are paved with gold and that the city is a snare and destroyer of youth. The golden image was associated with overseas immigrants, and by extension with young rural Americans who moved to the city in the hope of finding wealth. The formula of the city as a destroyer of youth flourished in popular novels and theater and was really a part of the Victorian fascination with sex and crime. The tales and dramas in this genre pandered to a rural or unsophistocated urban audience’s prurient desires to hear about prostitution, gambling, and crime and to enjoy both the pleasures of views of the forbidden and the comfort of the moral ending in which evil was punished. In this sense, the voyeurism of the city-as-destroyer formula is continued today in our urban police and detective television shows.
Brave New Statutes: Grandparent Visitation Statutes as Unconstitutional Invasions of Family Life and Invalid Exercises of State Power

This article will demonstrate that these open-ended grandparent visitation statutes are unsustainable under either of two theories of law. The first theory, a traditional rights theory, is based on the constitutional recognition of a right to family integrity. This article takes the position that open-ended grandparent visitation statutes are unsustainable under the traditional rights theory because grandparents cannot be included in the family as it is defined by tradition and constitutional law.Under the second theory, a state power theory, grandparent visitation statues are unsustainable because they do not fall within the range of permissible action by political authority in a free society. Grandparent visitation statutes are unjustifiable under a police power theory of political authority, and, since they impact fully functional intact families, they cannot be justified as an exercise of parens patriae power. Instead, they represent ill advised experiments in social psychology.
Conceptualizing the Private Police

The war on terrorism has brought new urgency to a subject that remains poorly understood: the private police. The debate surrounding the creation of the Transportation Security Administration and the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal share a common question: what is the proper relationship between the state and policing? This Article lays out the conceptual framework needed to develop a response. There is much confusion about the private police - much of which can be attributed to their inadequate conceptualization. Is private policing a continuation of longstanding historical practice? Is it related to the privatization of other government services? What analytic approach is most suitable? The little scholarship on private policing that exists offers interpretive approaches that are sometimes inconsistent, or only partially congruent. Likewise, legal scholarship has often assumed without discussion who the private police are before proceeding to traditional doctrinal analysis. Even worse, when courts talk about private policing, they make unstated assumptions about their topic that are sometimes erroneous. Yet these disagreements and misunderstandings remain unexamined. Private police now employ more people and spend more dollars than our public police agencies do. What is more, private police are increasingly referred to as front-line soldiers in the war against terrorism. Yet when courts, commentators, and lawmakers discuss the private police, they demonstrate only a shallow or incomplete understanding of the nature and extent of the work private police perform. To that end, in this Article I offer a socio-legal approach to the problem: how should we think about private policing? First, I examine and critique the dominant interpretive perspectives on private policing. Second, based upon a pluralistic understanding, I offer a typology of private policing that will help guide the analysis of commentators, courts, and lawmakers. I then suggest some ways in which the perspective that I have outlined can enrich or, in some cases, correct some views of private policing.
Novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease

Cardiometabolic disease emerges as a worldwide epidemic and there is urgent need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this chronic disease. The chemical environment to which we are exposed has significantly changed in the past few decades and recent research has implicated its contribution to the development of many chronic human diseases. However, the mechanisms of how exposure to chemicals contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease are poorly understood. Numerous chemicals have been identified as ligands for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor functioning as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. In the past decade, the function of PXR in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism has been extensively studied by many laboratories and the role of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has been well-established. The identification of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has provided an important tool for the study of new mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure impacts human chronic diseases. Recent studies have revealed novel and unexpected roles of PXR in modulating obesity, insulin sensitivity, lipid homeostasis, atherogenesis, and vascular functions. These studies suggest that PXR signaling may contribute significantly to the pathophysiological effects of many known xenobiotics on cardiometabolic disease in humans. The discovery of novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease not only contributes to our understanding of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to chronic diseases but also provides strong evidence to inform future risk assessment for relevant chemicals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
Scalar Extensions of an Orthogonal Ennuple of Vectors

(1930). Scalar Extensions of an Orthogonal Ennuple of Vectors. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 529-533.
Local Stent-Based Release of Transforming Growth Factor–β1 Limits Arterial In-Stent Restenosis

The long-term success of intra-arterial stenting remains limited by in-stent restenosis (ISR). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and convert SMCs into extracellular matrix (ECM)-synthesizing cells. Here, we evaluate the effects of stent-based delivery of TGF-β1 on ISR in a rabbit model. Channeled stents loaded with TGF-β1 or control microspheres were deployed in rabbit aortas. Stented aortas were harvested at 7 and 28 d and evaluated for Ki-67-positive cells, collagenous ECM production, and intima-to-media (I/M) ratio. At 7 d, the TGF-β1 group exhibited fewer Ki-67-positive cells were found for the TGF-β1 group (17.87 ± 2.18 cells per mm(2)) relative to control (25.07 ± 2.65 cells per mm(2), p = 0.04), but increased collagen content (31.4 ± 2.5 percentage area) compared with control (29.3 ± 1.2 percentage area, p = 0.019). The I/M ratio in the TGF-β1 group was reduced by 50% and 9.1% versus control at 7 d (0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.02, p = 0.0001) and 28 d (1.80 ± 0.05 vs. 1.98 ± 0.08, p = 0.0038), respectively. Stent-based controlled release of TGF-β1 limits ISR and is associated with inhibition of SMC proliferation but an increase in ECM production.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiopulmonary Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum.

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used with increasing frequency to support pregnant and postpartum patients with severe cardiac or pulmonary failure, although patient management and clinical outcomes are underreported. This study represents patients who received ECMO during the peripartum period. Methods All pregnant or postpartum patients treated with ECMO in the medical intensive care unit between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2015, were included in this study. Data were analyzed retrospectively. The primary objective was to characterize the circumstances and clinical characteristics of the patients who received ECMO, describe our management during pregnancy and at the time of delivery, evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes, and report bleeding and thrombotic complications. Results Eighteen peripartum patients were treated with ECMO during the study period; 4 were pregnant at the time of cannulation. Median age was 32.6 years, and median gestational age in pregnant patients was 32 weeks. Sixteen patients (88.9%) survived to hospital discharge. Fetal survival was 14 (77.8%) in the entire cohort and 100% in patients cannulated after fetal viability. Two patients successfully delivered on ECMO. Bleeding complications developed in 6 patients (33.3%) and were associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. No fetal complications were attributed to ECMO. Conclusions ECMO can be used during pregnancy and postpartum with favorable maternal and fetal outcomes, and it outweighs the risk of bleeding or thrombotic complications when managed by an experienced, multidisciplinary team.
Neurogenic Astrocytes and Their Glycoconjugates: Not Just “Glue” Anymore

Cells with certain attributes of very immature astroglial cells and their radial precursors can act as stem and/or progenitor cells during developmental and persistent neurogenesis. Neural stem/progenitor cells both express and are affected by a variety of developmentally regulated macromolecules and growth factors, and such signaling or recognition molecules are being uncovered through extensive genomic and proteomic studies, as well as tested using in vitro/in vivo cell growth bioassays. Glycosylated molecules are appreciated as distinct signaling molecules during morphogenesis in a variety of tissues and organs, with glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans) serving as mediators for the interactions of cells with each other and their substrates, to confer growth and differentiation cues to precursor cells in search of identity. Neurogenic astrocytes and associated glycoconjugates, especially extracellular matrix molecules, are discussed in the context of neurogenesis and stem/progenitor cell growth, fate choice, and differentiation.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate as a cause of Subdural Hematoma

AbstractNontraumatic subdural hematoma secondary to dural metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate was encountered in 2 patients. The mechanism of production and a review of the literature are presented.
Abstract A21: Developing a model for engaging underserved breast cancer survivors: Expanding a financial assistance program to include support and education

Background: Living Beyond Breast Cancer9s grant assists with the financial hardship of breast cancer treatment. Since 2006, the grant has funded more than 1,200 women by paying household bills. $1.1 million has been distributed in the Philadelphia region. 90% of recipients earn less than 300% of the federal poverty line; 63% are women of color. A 2010 needs assessment indicated that recipients were unfamiliar with LBBC9s programs and had limited interactions with the organization. Personal and financial crises made seeking information and support a low priority. Methods: Interventions developed increase contact time with recipients and provide personalized invitations to other LBBC education and support programs. Applicants receive a peer support phone call from an LBBC Breast Cancer Helpline volunteer to share information about upcoming programs and refer to resources to meet their needs. Special invitations to recipients offer registration fee waivers to LBBC conferences and invite them to tailored programs for low-income families. Results: 65% of applicants were previously unaware of Living Beyond Breast Cancer and its programs. All applicants receive 10-20 minutes of phone peer support and invitations to two local programs. Applicants receive breast cancer publications on topics related to their concerns or experience. A nutrition-on-a-budget series was piloted in 2013 to address recipients9 other wellness needs and provide meals. 14 women participated and reported that the program increased their knowledge of other nutrition resources available and increased their likelihood of using other LBBC services. Conclusions: A financial assistance program provides a unique opportunity to engage underserved breast cancer survivors who may not otherwise seek support and education from an organization. The addition of peer support interventions helps assess and alleviate other concerns and connects recipients to a support system that they can access throughout their experience. These interventions can act as a model for other regional and national grant programs. Citation Format: Catherine Creme Henry, Arin Ahlum Hanson, Janine Guglielmino. Developing a model for engaging underserved breast cancer survivors: Expanding a financial assistance program to include support and education. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A21.
You Can’t Trick Us!

This case discusses two pharmacokinetic interactions between ibuprofen and phenytoin, resulting in phenytoin toxicity.
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Organizational Performance

The introduction and enhancement of its application in the organization is recognized as an important weapon for sustaining competitive advantage and improving performance. The application of technology to improve organizational processes has become increasingly important since it provides the reference for directing the organizations to enhance their performance and competitiveness.
Bubble-Point Measurements of n-Butane + n-Octane and n-Butane + n-Nonane Binary Mixtures

Mixtures of small gaseous hydrocarbons with longer chain hydrocarbons are of interest to the natural gas industry as well as other industries in which separations are critical. In particular, binary mixtures of n-nonane are of interest, because n-nonane was recently incorporated into the GERG-2008 equation of state, but there is little experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data available to support the equation. The bubble-point pressures of four compositions of each of the binary mixtures n-butane + n-octane and n-butane + n-nonane were measured over the temperature range of 270 to 370 K. The data and the expanded uncertainty (at a 95 % confidence level, k = 2) of each point are reported. Additionally, the data are compared to existing literature data for the n-butane + n-octane and the GERG-2008 equation for both systems. This is the first report of vapor–liquid equilibrium measurements on n-butane + n-nonane binary mixtures.
Neonatal Deep Hypothermia: Heart Function and Metabolism

We present evidence, based particularly on studies of Peromyscus leucopus, that neonatal rodents in deep hypothermia (T b ≤ 7°C)—although apneic—steadily take up O2 across the lungs and distribute it via the circulatory system. We argue that the myocardium, respiratory rhythmogenic neurons, and possibly other vital tissues depend for their survival during deep hypothermia on this continuing O2 supply. In regards their steady O2 uptake and its significance, neonatal rodents resemble rodent hibernators during deep hypothermia. However, details differ strikingly. Neonates, having stopped breathing on entry to hypothermia, take up O2 via the mouth and nares by apneic mechanisms. Moreover, neonates lose sinoatrial (SA) pacing of ventricular contraction on entry to hypothermia and depend on quasi-rhythmic ventricular escape contractions to maintain cardiac activity. During deep hypothermia, physiologically limited mechanisms of respiratory and circulatory O2 transport combine to provide neonate tissues with a limited rate of O2 supply that is vitally important.
On the Reproducibility of Psychological Science

ABSTRACTInvestigators from a large consortium of scientists recently performed a multi-year study in which they replicated 100 psychology experiments. Although statistically significant results were reported in 97% of the original studies, statistical significance was achieved in only 36% of the replicated studies. This article presents a reanalysis of these data based on a formal statistical model that accounts for publication bias by treating outcomes from unpublished studies as missing data, while simultaneously estimating the distribution of effect sizes for those studies that tested nonnull effects. The resulting model suggests that more than 90% of tests performed in eligible psychology experiments tested negligible effects, and that publication biases based on p-values caused the observed rates of nonreproducibility. The results of this reanalysis provide a compelling argument for both increasing the threshold required for declaring scientific discoveries and for adopting statistical summaries of e...
Structural and functional consequences of a disease mutation in the telomere protein TPP1.

Telomerase replicates chromosome ends to facilitate continued cell division. Mutations that compromise telomerase function result in stem cell failure diseases, such as dyskeratosis congenita (DC). One such mutation (K170Δ), residing in the telomerase-recruitment factor TPP1, provides an excellent opportunity to structurally, biochemically, and genetically dissect the mechanism of such diseases. We show through site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography that this TPP1 disease mutation deforms the conformation of two critical amino acids of the TEL [TPP1’s glutamate (E) and leucine-rich (L)] patch, the surface of TPP1 that binds telomerase. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we demonstrate that introduction of this mutation in a heterozygous manner is sufficient to shorten telomeres in human cells. Our findings rule out dominant-negative effects of the mutation. Instead, these findings implicate reduced TEL patch dosage in causing telomere shortening. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into telomerase-deficiency diseases and encourage the development of gene therapies to counter such diseases.
Extended Abstract: When Higher Product Reviews Reduce Purchase Likelihood

Product reviews are an essential prepurchase proxy for customers to evaluate anticipated consumption experiences (Chatterjee 2001; Herr et al. 1991). Academic research has investigated the influence of product reviews on perceived quality and purchase intentions (Liu 2006); however, this research offers little guidance as to the effects of product reviews on purchase intentions in the context of bundles. Bundling has developed into a common practice for firms (Brough and Chernev 2012; Harris and Blair 2006), and customers of Amazon.com encounter bundled products nearly every time they shop. Thus, providing a better understanding of how product reviews affect purchase intentions offers potentially valuable theoretical and managerial implications. This research offers an exploratory investigation into whether consumers’ bundle purchase intentions always improve as individual product reviews increase in favorability.