cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the acatalytic carbonic anhydrase VIII gene, Car8, during mouse embryonic development

The carbonic anhydrase (CA)-like protein, CA VIII, lacks the typical carbon dioxide hydrase activity of the CA isozymes. However, the high degree of amino acid sequence similarity between the products of the mouse and the human CA VIII genes suggests an important biological function. We have attempted to investigate the function of this gene in mammalian development by conducting an in situ hybridization study on sagittal sections of mouse embryos at gestation days of 9.5-16.5 using a 35S-labelled riboprobe. Results indicate that this gene (called Car8 in mice) is expressed as early as day 9.5 in a variety of organs including liver, branchial arches, neuroepithelium and developing myocardium. Between days 10.5 and 12.5, it showed a widespread distribution of mRNA expression that became more restricted as development progressed. The level of expression of Car8 mRNA was relatively high in the brain, liver, lung, heart, gut, thymus and epithelium covering the head and the oronasal cavity.
Heme orientation affects holo-myoglobin folding and unfolding kinetics1

Native myoglobin (Mb) consists of two populations which differ in the orientation of the heme by 180° rotation (as verified by nuclear magnetic resonance) but have identical absorption spectra and equilibrium–thermodynamic stability. Here, we report that these two fractions of native oxidized Mb (from horse) both unfold and refold (chemical denaturant, pH 7, 20°C) in two parallel kinetic reactions with rate constants differing 10-fold. In accord, the oxidized heme remains coordinated to unfolded horse Mb in up to 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (pH 7, 20°C).
Prebiotics Impact Fecal Microbiota and Gut Physiology in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Obesity is associated with compromised intestinal barrier function and shifts in microbiota that may contribute to inflammation. Previous research suggests benefits of supplemental fiber, but the impacts of fermentable vs. non-fermentable fibers are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of cellulose vs. fructan (short-chain fructooligosaccharides [scFOS] or inulin) supplementation on fecal microbiota and gut physiology in obese mice. METHODS: 18-wk old C57BL/6J mice (n=6/group) were fed high-fat diets (45% kcal fat) containing 5% cellulose, 10% cellulose, 10% scFOS or 10% inulin for 4-wk. Cecum and distal colon were collected to assess barrier function, histomorphology and gene expression. Fecal DNA was extracted, followed by 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina MiSeq sequencing and analysis with QIIME 1.8.0. RESULTS: Both fructans increased (p<0.05) intestinal transmural resistance and crypt depth but reduced (p<0.05) mRNA abundance of ZO-1 and occludin. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of w...
The large-scale distribution of galaxies

Six strips of the CfA redshift survey extension are now complete. The data continue to support a picture in which galaxies are on thin sheets which nearly surround vast low density voids. In this and similar surveys the largest structures are comparable with the extent of the survey. Voids like the one in Bootes are a common feature of the large-scale distribution of galaxies. The observed structure presents a serious challenge for models.
Antenna to ground-plane mutual coupling measurements on open-field test sites

There is documented disagreement as to whether or not mutual coupling between broadband antennas and the conductive ground plane has a significant effect on electric field measurements made on open-field test sites. Methods for measuring the effect of such mutual coupling are described. Experimental results indicate that the effects are significant-as much as 2 dB or more-for biconical antennas used at frequencies from 30 to 300 MHz but insignificant-less than 0.5 dB-for log-periodic antennas used at frequencies from 300 to 1000 MHz. Experimental results are presented for horizontal polarization only. >
How are your berries? Perspectives of Alaska's environmental managers on trends in wild berry abundance.

Background . Wild berries are a valued traditional food in Alaska. Phytochemicals in wild berries may contribute to the prevention of vascular disease, cancer and cognitive decline, making berry consumption important to community health in rural areas. Little was known regarding which species of berries were important to Alaskan communities, the number of species typically picked in communities and whether recent environmental change has affected berry abundance or quality. Objective . To identify species of wild berries that were consumed by people in different ecological regions of Alaska and to determine if perceived berry abundance was changing for some species or in some regions. Design . We asked tribal environmental managers throughout Alaska for their views on which among 12 types of wild berries were important to their communities and whether berry harvests over the past decade were different than in previous years. We received responses from 96 individuals in 73 communities. Results . Berries that were considered very important to communities differed among ecological regions of Alaska. Low-bush blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum and V. caespitosum ), cloudberry ( Rubus chamaemorus ) and salmonberry ( Rubus spectabilis ) were most frequently identified as very important berries for communities in the boreal, polar and maritime ecoregions, respectively. For 7 of the 12 berries on the survey, a majority of respondents indicated that in the past decade abundance had either declined or become more variable. Conclusions . Our study is an example of how environmental managers and participants in local observer networks can report on the status of wild resources in rural Alaska. Their observations suggest that there have been changes in the productivity of some wild berries in the past decade, resulting in greater uncertainty among communities regarding the security of berry harvests. Monitoring and experimental studies are needed to determine how environmental change may affect berry abundance. Keywords: wild berries; Alaska; climate change; environmental survey (Published: 15 September 2015) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2015, 74: 28704 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.28704
The effects of the surface charge and hydrophobicity of Escherichia coli on its adhesion to beef muscle

Abstract The surface characteristics of Escherichia coli strains were studied to evaluate the effect upon bacterial adhesion to beef muscle. The influence of suspension conditions upon the surface charge of a pathogenic strain, E. coli O157:H7 (EC01), and a saprophytic laboratory strain, E. coli JM109 (EC22) were investigated and compared. The cellular surface charge of most E. coli O157:H7 strains were much less affected by changes in the pH, ionic strength or concentration of surfactants in the suspending medium than was the surface charge of E. coli JM109 cells. Strong adhesion to beef muscle was found in suspending conditions of pH 4 or 10, and with a lowered ionic strength. All E. coli strains tested were negatively charged in 150 mM PBS buffer (pH 7.4) as measured by zeta potentials, ranging from −4.9 to −33.9 mV. Based on the results of adhesion to hexadecane, nine out of 22 strains tested were moderately hydrophobic with about 50% of the cells bound to the solvent. Cellular adhesion of 16 E. coli strains to beef muscle was examined in 150 mM PBS buffer. Generally, O157:H7 strains had lower adhesive properties (Sr value less than 0.10) to beef muscle than other serotypes (up to 0.39). No correlation was found between E. coli cell surface charge, hydrophobicity and adhesion to beef muscle.
Category generalization in a new context: the role of visual attention.

Abstract Infants and children have difficulty categorizing objects in new contexts. However, learning in both same and varied contexts can help young word learners overcome contextual learning difficulties. We examined the relation between infants’ visual attention to the category member and background context during learning and their ability to generalize a new category member in a new context. Of particular interest is how this relation is affected by learning in various contextual conditions. Infants (16–20 months; n = 48) were presented with eight novel noun categories in one of three contextual conditions (same context, varied context, or a combination of same and varied contexts), and tested for their generalization ability in a new context. Context was defined as the colored and patterned fabric upon which the object was presented. Results suggest that visual attention during learning is associated with category generalization ability in a new context only for infants whose learning took place in a combination of same and varied background contexts. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms by which context affects generalization.
Removal of nitrogen and sulphur oxides from waste gas using a phosphorus/alkali emulsion

SULPHUR and nitrogen oxides emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants have an important role in acid-rain production1. Most of the flue-gas desulphurization scrubbers installed to date involve wet limestone processes, which are efficient in SO2 control but are incapable of removing nitric oxide. Here we report a new and efficient method for the combined removal of SO2and NOX from flue gas, using aqueous emulsions containing yellow phosphorus and an alkali. The products comprise sulphate, nitrate and phosphate salts which can be used as fertilizer materials. The process described here may also be applied to stationary sources other than power plants, such as smelters, nitric acid plants and municipal incinerators for NOX control.
Besnoitiasis in Indiana Opossums

aand examined by light microscopy. The nodules contained myriads of 2 x 8-µm and occasional 3 x 6-µm coccidial zoites but no leukocytes. The distribution and cytology of the lesions suggested Besnoitia spp. Affected tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson’s trichrome stains. Histologic findings were similar to previous reports 1,7 and confirmed the diagnosis of besnoitiasis. The nodules represented parasitic cysts that consisted of a single severely hypertrophied cell containing myriads of 2 x 8-µm bradyzoites surrounded by a scant rim of eosinophilic host cell
Subtle Bias Against Muslim Job Applicants in Personnel Decisions

Contemporary theories of prejudice suggest that racism still exists in society, but is expressed in subtle and justifiable manners. Employing such theoretical frameworks, the present study examined subtle ways in which social category information is used differentially in personnel decisions. Participants (managers or undergraduates) were presented with background information and a resume (with a typical Muslim or European American name) for a hypothetical job applicant. After reviewing the resumes, participants judged the applicant on hirability, salary assignment, and other job-related characteristics. Results showed that the Muslim applicant, relative to the American, was unfavorably judged in salary assignment and job-related characteristics in the presence of negative information. Both managers and undergraduates exhibited the same bias. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Skin-Effect-Incorporated Transient Simulation Using the Laguerre-FDTD Scheme

In this paper, skin effect is incorporated into the unconditionally stable Laguerre finite-difference time-domain method for transient simulation of multiscale structures. The skin effect is modeled by imposing the surface impedance boundary condition (SIBC) to the surface of the conductor, which significantly reduces the computational effort. Two methods of applying SIBC are proposed and discussed in detail. A procedure for transferring the time-domain convolution into Laguerre domain in recursive form is also discussed. In addition, a method for embedding and de-embedding port resistors for fast simulation and accurate extraction of frequency-domain response is proposed. The results have been validated using measurements, along with the stability analysis of the two implementation methods. Simulation results from the multiscale structures are presented and are compared with measurements which show good accuracy and improved computational efficiency.
Global analysis of arterial fluorescence decay spectra

Global analysis of time-resolved fluorescence measured at multiple emission wavelengths was applied to simulated fluorescence spectra and arterial fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence of human optic samples was produced with nitrogen laser excitation. Simulated spectra had decay characteristics in the range expected from previous studies of artery tissue. For both types of spectra, the emission decay was analyzed with global analysis to model the decay with a sum of exponentials. Decay constants were held fixed across wavelengths while pre-exponential coefficients were wavelength-dependent. For the simulated spectra, global analysis was compared to the traditional method in which decay constants and pre-exponential coefficients are assumed wavelength-dependent. On the simulated data, three decays could be reliably estimated by global analysis seven when only two exponential decays were identified with the traditional method. On the arterial data, the intermediate decay and the long decay significantly increased between normal samples and fibrous plaque. The pre-exponential coefficient of the long decay was larger in the blue rang of the spectrum for the samples with advanced atherosclerosis. We conclude that global analysis markedly improves the recovery of exponential decay trends in time-resolved fluorescence spectra. Application to artery tissue fluorescence reveals characteristic spectral changes associated with atherosclerosis.
The boundary behaviour of derivatives of univalent functions

We shall be concerned in this paper with the derivatives of a class of functions f(z) which are analytic and univalent in the unit disc D: ]z[ < 1. It is known [2], for example, that the derivative f' (z) of a univalent function can have radial limits only on a set of measure zero on the circle K: ]z[ = 1. [Indeed, this class of univalent functions was constructed to settle a problem of Bloch and Nevanlinna ([-4], p. 138), namely, whether the derivative of a function of bounded characteristic is also of bounded characteristic. Since the derivative of a function in the class of univalent functions described above possesses radial limits on a set on K of measure zero, it is clear that the derivative of a function in this class cannot be of bounded characteristic, so that the Bloch-Nevanlinna problem has a negative answer. For Frostman's original solution, see [2].] However, it has been observed by McMillan that it is a trivial consequence of the Koebe Verzerrungssatz that the derivative f' (z) of any univalent function is a normal analytic function (cf. [1]), so that, by a theorem of MacLane [-3], f'(z) possesses angular limits at a set of points which is dense on K. Now the class of univalent functions which we shall examine in this paper, namely, the class of univalent functions whose derivatives possess radial limit values on a set of measure zero on K, will prove useful in demonstrating certain properties of the class of all univalent functions, as in Theorem 1, where we prove that the derivative of any univalent function possesses radial limits (and hence angular limits) at a non-denumerable set on K. If we compare the derivatives of this special class of univalent functions with the modular function, which is also normal in D, but has the property that the dense set on K at which it possesses angular limits is denumerable, we see that this special class of univalent functions is of independent interest. In particular, Theorem 3 provides a sufficient condition for the existence of radial limit values other than 0 and ~ for the derivative of a function of the class under consideration.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING MILK SOMATIC CELLS.

Abstract The reliability of estimating milk somatic sells was determined by improved direct microscopic counting techniques, by Michigan Mastitis Test (MMT) gelation score, by Catalase Test score, by Feulgen-DNA score, and by Feulgen-DNA reflectance spectrophotometry. Each of the above assays was performed in duplicate on 75 fresh quarter milk samples. The within-sample coefficient of variation for microscopic estimations of total milk somatic cells was 19%. There was no significant difference (P ≅ 0.35) between the number of cells in smears prepared by a 0.01-ml pipette and by a 0.01-ml platinum wire loop. The number of total cells was significantly affected by counters (P 4 to 118×10 4 cells per milliliter. The within-sample coefficients of variation for MMT gelation scores, Catalase Test scores, Feulgen-DNA scores, and per cent reflectance Feulgen-DNA were 18, 8, 13, and 1%, respectively. The correlations of the number of total cells with MMT scores, Catalase Test scores, Feulgen-DNA scores, and per cent reflectance Feulgen-DNA were 0.95, 0.91, 0.96, and −0.93, respectively. The low within-sample coefficient of variation, high correlation with total cells, sensitivity, objectivity, and ease of operation indicated that per cent reflectance Feulgen-DNA should be of value in estimating somatic, cells in milk.
A software science counting strategy for the full Ada language

A software science counting strategy is defined for the Ada* programming language. Two initial approaches, one based on intuition and the other based on trial-and-error, prove unsatisfactory. The third, based on the BNF description of Ada, leads to a satisfactory counting strategy. In contrast to most software science counting strategies, ones that consider only executable code, this strategy provides rules for classifying tokens in an entire Ada program, including declarations, as operators and operands.
Acoustic attraction of Pacific reef sharks: effect of pulse intermittency and variability.

Abstract 1. 1. Responses to low-frequency, pulsed sounds were observed in 5 species of reef sharks at Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. During 45 sound playback periods 253 sharks were sighted, while 44 were seen during 45 corresponding control periods. 2. 2. Of three artificial attractive sounds of identical frequency (25–100 Hz), significantly more sharks were seen during Sound 2 (10 pulses/sec, intermittent) and Sound 3 (15−7·5 pulses/sec, intermittent) than during Sound 1 (10 pulses/ sec, continuous). Response intensities of attracted individuals were highest for Sound 3, somewhat less for Sound 2 and least for Sound 1. 3. 3. Results indicate that pulse intermittency clearly enhances attractive value and is probably more important in this regard than pulse-rate variability.
Impact of donor and recipient factors on allograft survival in lung transplantation: A single-center analysis.

Abstract Background It remains unclear which donor and recipient factors influence long-term allograft function in lung transplantation (LTx). Methods From October 1988 to February 2005, a total of 280 recipients underwent LTx at our center. Donor data and cause of death (CoD) were analyzed. The CoD was categorized according to rate of increase in intracranial pressure at the time of death. Each donor and recipient factor was correlated with long-term graft function. Recipient details, type of transplant, indication for transplant, and time on waiting list were analyzed. Recipients were stratified based on allograft ischemia time (AIT): 0 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10, and >10 hours. Results Mean donor age was 30.9 years (36.7% male); 49.8% were cytomegalovirus (CMV) positive. Donor CoD was characterized by a slow rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) in 34.4%, rapid ICP in 18.7%, an intermediate ICP in 44.3%, and with no rise in 2.6%. A graft survival benefit was seen with female donors (P = .048); 34.4% of recipients ultimately developed graft failure at long term follow-up. Mean recipient age was 48 years; 63% were male and mean body-mass index (BMI) was 23.6; 60.2% had single lung transplantation, and mean wait list time was 323 days. Mean AIT totaled 421 minutes. Graft survival was longer with AIT of 8 to 10 hours compared to 6 to 8 hours (P = .03). Conclusions Donor factor analysis implied only female donor status conferred a long-term graft survival advantage. Intracranial pressure rise differences appear clinically unimportant. Prolonged cold ischemic time (>10 hours) or low recipient BMI did not adversely affect allograft function in our review.
Steroidal allylic fluorination using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride: A convenient method for the synthesis of 3β-acetoxy-7α-and 7β-fluoroandrost-5-en-17-one ☆

Abstract This paper discusses our findings regarding fluorination of the diastereomeric 3β-acetoxy-7-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-ones ( 3 and 4 ) at the allylic 7-hydroxyl group using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride under various experimental conditions. The reaction led to the formation of allylic 7α- and 7β-fluoro derivatives, 6 and t7 , contaminated with small amounts of 3β-acetoxy-5α-fluoroandrost-6-en-17-one ( 8 ), the rearrangement product, and 3β-acetoxyandrosta-4,6-dien-17-one ( 9 ), the elimination product. However, synthesis of 3β-acetoxy-7α-fluoroandrost-5-en-17-one ( 6 ) and 3β-acetoxy-7β-fluoroandrost-5-en-17-one ( t7 ) has been achieved in high isomeric purity by careful manipulation of the experimental conditions. Also included herein is a convenient chemical synthesis of pure 3β-acetoxy-7α-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one ( 4 ) and 3β-acetoxy-7β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one ( 3 ), the starting materials for the present fluorination reaction. The structure of a degradation product, 3β-acetoxy-5α-hydroxyandrost-6-en-17-one ( 5 ), has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis to ascertain unambiguously its absolute configuration.
Phasing arbitrarily sampled multidimensional NMR data.

Abstract The recent re-introduction of the two-dimensional Fourier transformation (2D-FT) has allows for the transformation of arbitrarily sampled time domain signals. In this respect, radial sampling, where two incremented time dimensions ( t 1 and t 2 ) are sampled such that t 1 = τ cos α and t 2 = τ sin α , is especially appealing because of the relatively small leakage artifacts that occur upon Fourier transformation. Unfortunately radially sampled time domain data results in a fundamental artifact in the frequency domain manifested as a ridge of intensity extending through the peak positions perpendicular to +/− the radial sampling angle. Successful removal of the ridge artifacts using existing algorithms requires absorptive line shapes. Here we present two procedures for retrospective phase correction of arbitrarily sampled data.
Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy: Current Controversies and Treatment Strategies

The treatment of depression during pregnancy is both a common and complex clinical challenge. The decision to expose the fetus to antidepressant medication during pregnancy must be weighed against the risks of untreated maternal depression to both mother and fetus. Maternal depression during pregnancy has been associated with increased rates of preterm birth and maternal substance use. The safety of antidepressant use during pregnancy seems to be largely reassuring but there remain 2 areas of controversy including neonatal withdrawal syndrome and primary pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Individualized treatment recommendations based on the patient's history are essential to optimize outcomes.
Photoacoustic computed tomography without accurate ultrasonic transducer responses

Conventional photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) image reconstruction methods assume that the object and surrounding medium are described by a constant speed-of-sound (SOS) value. In order to accurately recover fine structures, SOS heterogeneities should be quantified and compensated for during PACT reconstruction. To address this problem, several groups have proposed hybrid systems that combine PACT with ultrasound computed tomography (USCT). In such systems, a SOS map is reconstructed first via USCT. Consequently, this SOS map is employed to inform the PACT reconstruction method. Additionally, the SOS map can provide structural information regarding tissue, which is complementary to the functional information from the PACT image. We propose a paradigm shift in the way that images are reconstructed in hybrid PACT-USCT imaging. Inspired by our observation that information about the SOS distribution is encoded in PACT measurements, we propose to jointly reconstruct the absorbed optical energy density and SOS distributions from a combined set of USCT and PACT measurements, thereby reducing the two reconstruction problems into one. This innovative approach has several advantages over conventional approaches in which PACT and USCT images are reconstructed independently: (1) Variations in the SOS will automatically be accounted for, optimizing PACT image quality; (2) The reconstructed PACT and USCT images will possess minimal systematic artifacts because errors in the imaging models will be optimally balanced during the joint reconstruction; (3) Due to the exploitation of information regarding the SOS distribution in the full-view PACT data, our approach will permit high-resolution reconstruction of the SOS distribution from sparse array data.
The magnetic ledger-card computer

Business and government have a need for mechanization of record-keeping and accounting. Both big business organizations and government organizations seem to be approaching a solution to this problem by means of largescale computing equipment and largescale random-access electronic memory devices.
A randomised controlled crossover trial evaluating Television Assisted Prompting (TAP) for adults with acquired brain injury

Assistive technologies for cognition (ATC) provide an effective means to compensate for prospective memory failures among adults with acquired brain injury (ABI; de Joode, van Heugten, Verhey, & van Boxtel, 2010; Sohlberg et al., 2007). This study evaluated a novel ATC device, the Television Assisted Prompting (TAP) system, which provides audiovisual reminders at scheduled prospective times on a person's home television. A randomised, controlled crossover design evaluated task completion for two preferred, two non-preferred, and two structured experimental tasks among 23 adults with ABI between two conditions: TAP prompting or typical (TYP) practice, without TAP reminders. Main outcomes showed a significant advantage of prospective memory prompting (72% completion) over no prompting (43% completion) and higher task completion with TAP prompting for researcher-assigned experimental tasks (81%) compared to self-selected preferred (68%) or non-preferred (68%) tasks. Results are discussed in the context of AT...
Einstein boundary conditions in relation to constraint propagation for the initial-boundary value problem of the Einstein equations

We show how the use of the normal projection of the Einstein tensor as a set of boundary conditions relates to the propagation of the constraints, for two representations of the Einstein equations with vanishing shift vector: the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formulation, which is ill posed, and the Einstein-Christoffel formulation, which is symmetric hyperbolic. Essentially, the components of the normal projection of the Einstein tensor that act as nontrivial boundary conditions are linear combinations of the evolution equations with the constraints that are not preserved at the boundary, in both cases. In the process, the relationship of the normal projection of the Einstein tensor to the recently introduced ``constraint-preserving'' boundary conditions becomes apparent.
Central role of SIAH inhibition in DCC-dependent cardioprotection provoked by netrin-1/NO

Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), a large transmembrane receptor of netrin-1, is critical for mediating netrin-1’s cardioprotective function. In the present study we investigated novel mechanisms underlying netrin-1–induced, rapid, and feed-forward up-regulation of DCC, which is believed to sustain nitric oxide (NO) production to potentiate cardioprotection. Intriguingly, NO markedly reduced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) that is specific for regulation of protesome-dependent DCC degradation, resulting in accumulation of DCC. The two SIAH isoforms compensate for each other when one is repressed; inhibition of both SIAH1 and SIAH2 using combined siRNAs significantly reduced infarct size while improving cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart. This effect was absent in DCC-deficient mice. Moreover, in vivo RNAi inhibition of SIAH1/2 further augmented netrin-1’s cardioprotective function. In summary, these data identify a novel therapeutic target of SIAH in facilitating NO/netrin-1–dependent cardioprotection, using the DCC receptor. Combination of netrin-1 and SIAH RNAi may prove to be a substantially effective therapy for myocardial infarction.
Circle Time: An Exploratory Study of Activities and Challenging Behavior in Head Start Classrooms

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine circle time activities in eight Head Start classrooms. A total of 7 h of observations occurred in eight classrooms. Songs and academic activities were the most frequently occurring activities. Challenging behavior during circle time also was examined. The three activities with the highest frequency of challenging behavior were roll call, discussion, and calendar routines. Limitations of the study along with implications for research and practice are presented.
Bonnichsen v. United States: Time, Place, and the Search for Identity

On its surface, Bonnichsen v. United States is an administrative law case, reviewing a decision by the Secretary of the Interior regarding the appropriate reach of a specific set of legislative and regulatory rules. As such, Judge Gould, writing for a panel of the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals (Ninth Circuit) decided that the secretary's office had overstepped its bounds; in short, its interpretation of the rules in question was not reasonable. But underneath the legal categories, Bonnichsen is a much more complicated and politically charged case. It is about competing conceptions of history and spirituality. It is about sovereignty (although that word is not uttered once in the decision, aside from reciting a definition of Native Hawaiians) and the clash of cultures. It is less about the standards for decision making and more about who the appropriate decision makers are. It is a case about a man who lived 9,000 years ago and about how today we should understand his cultural identity.
Urinary TIINE concentrations in a randomized controlled trial of doxycycline in knee osteoarthritis: Implications of the lack of association between TIINE levels and joint space narrowing

Objective To use the collagenase cleavage site neoepitope, TIINE, a marker of type II collagen breakdown in cartilage, to analyze the mechanism underlying the slowing of joint space narrowing (JSN) in patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with doxycycline. Methods The creatinine-adjusted urinary TIINE concentration was determined at baseline and every 6 months thereafter in a subset of patients who completed a 30-month randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effect of doxycycline on radiographic progression of JSN. The subset was selected a priori to permit comparison of 60 radiographic progressors with 60 radiographic nonprogressors. JSN was determined in highly standardized, semiflexed anteroposterior images. Results The coefficient of variation of TIINE concentrations over the 5 study visits was 30%. At the 5 semiannual followup visits, the mean TIINE concentration for doxycycline-treated patients was higher than that for the placebo group. In both treatment groups, the correlation between TIINE levels and JSN in the index knee was weak (for doxycycline, r2 = 0.06, P = 0.08; for placebo, r2 = 0.06, P = 0.05). Conclusion High variability from visit to visit limits the sensitivity of the TIINE assay for detecting changes in individual patients and restricts its utility to group comparisons. The increase in TIINE concentration with treatment indicates that inhibition of collagenase-mediated breakdown of type II collagen in articular cartilage is unlikely to have accounted for the observed reduction of JSN in the index knees of patients in the doxycycline treatment group.
Initial results on calorimetry and imaging of MeV gamma rays with a 10-liter liquid xenon time projection chamber (LXe-TPC)

The experiment LXe-CAT (Liquid Xenon-Coded Aperture Telescope), which we have proposed for (gamma) -ray astrophysics observations in the 300 keV - 10 MeV energy range, uses a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber (LXe-TPC) as a position sensitive (gamma) -ray detector, and a coded aperture mask to provide a telescope with an angular resolution of 30 ft over a field of view (FOV) of 28 degree(s) X 28 degree(s). The point source localization accuracy is about 2 ft for a 10(sigma) source. To demonstrate the spectroscopy and imaging capabilities of the LXe-TPC as a (gamma) -ray detector we have designed, built and are currently testing a 10 liter prototype with a sensitive area of approximately 400 cm2 and an active liquid depth of 5 cm. Studies on stability, spectroscopy and imaging response of this detector to various (gamma) -ray sources will be presented. The unique capability of the LXe-TPC to identify and reject background events based on Compton kinematics reconstruction has also been demonstrated.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Successful Model of Setting Up a Bariatric Practice

Vital for any surgeon choosing to perform bariatric surgery is to be financially savvy. Establishing a practice is not a simple matter. This article will describe how physicians can establish their practice in weight loss medicine. To better insure success, wisdom dictates that one perform a geographical study with respect to (1) obesity in the population, (2) number of bariatric surgeons in the area, (3) the nature of the insurance companies, (4) the type of insurance (helath maintenance organization, HMO versus private pay versus Medicare, Medicaid, etc.), and (5) the leverage that the practice might be able to acquire (what is not being done by your competitors). To improve the financial strength of your practice, (1) learn what must be improved within your practice; (2) increase the ratio of time in the operating room to time in the office; (3) increase the number of patients referred to you. Most important is flexibility; the only people who really survive are chameleons because only chameleons adapt to different situations. Setting up a bariatric practice can be quite difficult, especially in the academic setting, but it is not impossible. A team approach is essential, whether one is speaking of a team of characteristics that make an office suitable, a team of experts within the office to appropriately evaluate patients, a team of professionals in the office to ensure efficient insurance approval, or a team of persons in the operating room to ensure that the surgery is optimized. The local environment must always be kept in mind.
An electron microscopic study of Schistosoma mansoni migration through mouse tissue: ultrastructure of the gut during the hepatoportal phase of migration.

Abstract The migration of Schistosoma mansoni in mouse liver was studied with the aid of the electron microscope. The parasite was found within the central veins surrounded by host circulating blood cells. There was a mild inflammatory reaction in the bordering liver tissue. At this stage of development, the anatomy of the migrating larva was transformed by the appearance of a large central tube with a patent lumen representing the alimentary tract. The tube bifurcated caudally and formed two lateral ceca. The fine structure and contents of the alimentary tract were studied. The alimentary tract was divided into three major segments. The villous lining and muscular coats of each segment were appropriately adapted to the specific roles of ingestion, digestion, or egestion. The alimentary tract contained host red cells in various stages of dissolution, other cellular fragments, presumably derived from the host, and a granular amorphous material similar in density to host plasma. In the initial esophageal segment the luminal inclusions were relatively intact and easily identifiable. In the postesophageal segment and ceca the contents were transformed into electron-dense irregularly shaped granules. The appearance of these granules was similar to the hemoglobin-derived pigments described by other investigators.
The synergy of social network analysis and knowledge mapping: a case study

Formal structures underpinning organisational charts may not really reflect the actual knowledge flows. It is the informal networks that have played a critical role in getting important work done in organisations. In order to better understand the knowledge flow through these informal networks, knowledge maps can be developed to illustrate the actual knowledge flows. Social network analysis is a technique that can be applied in building knowledge maps and can help analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the networks effectively. This paper provides a case study to illustrate the application of social network analysis to develop knowledge maps for a leading organisation. Borrowing and adapting techniques from other disciplines, such as social network analysis, needs to be done to push the new frontiers of knowledge management.
Analysis of fiber types in the pigeon's metapatagialis muscle II. Effects of denervation

The pigeon's metapatagialis muscle consists of three slips, two twitch and one tonic, and these slips are distinguishable at the gross anatomical level. Comparative studies of denervation are facilitated because the two fiber types are under the same mechanical forces, can be denervated as one muscle, and can be distinguished after denervation. Both fiber types atrophied after denervation, with the twitch fibers having a more variable response. Pathological alterations observed by light microscopy suggested that the twitch fibers were more affected by denervation than the tonus fibers. Ultrastructurally, both fiber types showed the same changes, with the twitch fibers again being more consistently altered. Proliferation of the transverse tubular system and sarcoplasmic reticulum were more marked in the tonus than twitch fibers, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum proliferated prior to the transverse tubules. Filament and fibril degeneration, peripheral and central degeneration, lysosomes and their derivatives, and satellite cell proliferation were common to both fiber types. Contracture knots were common to the denervated fibers, and were suggested to be characteristic of degenerating fibers. Degenerating motor end plates were observed, and most neurons in the fibers were naked, lacking myelin sheaths. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the neuron in maintaining the muscle, and the possibility of denervation inducing a transformation of tonic to twitch fibers.
Simulation of electrocatalytic hydrogen production by a bioinspired catalyst anchored to a pyrite electrode.

The possibility of using the active site, the [FeFe]H cluster, of the bacterial di-iron hydrogenases as a catalyst for hydrogen production from water by electro- or photocatalysis is of current scientific and technological interest. We present here a theoretical study of hydrogen production by a modified [FeFe]H cluster stably linked to a pyrite electrode immersed in acidified water. We employed state-of-the-art electronic-structure and first-principles molecular-dynamics methods. We found that a stable sulfur link of the cluster to the surface analogous to that linking the cluster to its enzyme environment cannot be made. However, we have discovered a modification of the cluster which does form a stable, tridentate link to the surface. The pyrite electrode readily produces hydrogen from acidified water when functionalized with the modified cluster, which remains stable throughout the hydrogen production cycle.
Environmental gradients and identification of wetlands in north-central Florida

Vegetation composition, soil morphology, and hydrology were characterized along wetland-to-upland gradients at six forested sites in north-central Florida to compare results of Federal wetland delineation methods with 3–5 yr of hydrologic data. Wetland and non-wetland identifications were supported by hydrology data in eight of nine plant communities. Lack of hydric soil indicators and hydrophytic vegetation in two upland communities (scrub and mixed mesic hardwoods) agreed with a deep water table. Six wetland communities (cypress dome, cypress strand, bayhead, cypress/bayhead, red maple/oak swamp, and cedar swamp) with field indicators of wetland hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils were inundated or had water tables at or near the ground surface at least 5% of the growing season in most years., Flatwoods communities, however, occurred at intermediate positions on the moisture gradient and could not be consistently identified as wetland or upland communities. Identification of flatwoods as wetlands depended on wetland delineation method and was not usually supported by hydrologic measurements. In the flatwoods community, soil properties and vegetation composition were correlated with the mean and standard deviation of water-table depths, as well as the depth continuously exceeded by the water table at least 5% of the growing season in most years. Various hydrologic parameters need to be considered in addition to the 5% exceedence level currently used in Federal wetland delineation guidance when characterizing wetland conditions in low-gradient areas such as flatwoods.
Intercell interference coordination for D2D discovery in LTE-A HetNets

Device-to-device (D2D) communication enables mo- bile devices to directly communicate with each other without the help of infrastructure and to reuse radio resources within cellular networks. When D2D user equipments (UEs) use the same radio resources for discovery and communication as the cellular network, intercell interference (ICI) may degrade the D2D dis- covery performance. Therefore, ICI between the cellular network and D2D UEs should be coordinated to avoid performance degradation. In this paper, we evaluate the benefits of time- domain intercell interference coordination (ICIC) approaches in D2D discovery by using almost blank subframes (ABS). Also, we present the benefits of using multi-hop discovery. Index Terms—D2D discovery , HetNets, Intercell Interference Coordination, LTE, System Level Simulations.
Candidiasis: detection by gas-liquid chromatography of D-arabinitol, a fungal metabolite, in human serum

D-Arabinitol was identified as a major metabolite of Candida species in human subjects. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentration of D-arabinitol in serum. The study included subjects who were healthy and cancer patients who had proven invasive candidiasis or were colonized with Candida. D-Arabinitol concentrations greater than 1.0 microgram per milliliter were found in serum from patients with invasive infection. This technique may prove valuable in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.
EXCITONIC SUPERCONDUCTIVITY - THE MISSING LINK

We discuss the factors which determine the strength of the excitonic coupling constant and show that, in general, it will be small. However, we show that by proper choice of the system and its energy levels, strong coupling should be possible. In this case superconductivity at higher temperatures should occur.
Combustion of hydrocarbons in purified fluorine

Abstract Emission spectra and ionization are compared in premixed flames of CH 4 burning in commercial F 2 (0.4% O 2 ) with those burning in purified F 2 . Oxygen impurity is reduced to below 0.02% in the purified F 2 by reaction with SbF 5 . No appreciable differences exist between the spectra of flames burning in commercial and purified F 2 ; both are dominated by bands of CHF and CH. CH emission is thus an intrinsic property of F 2 -hydrocarbon combustion. In contrast, ionization (as measured by a Langmuir probe) is reduced to an undetectable level in flames with purified F 2 and is roughly proportional to O 2 concentration in flames with unpurified F 2 . Ionization is thus not an inherent property of F 2 -hydrocarbon combustion.
Improving long-term weight loss: Pushing the limits of treatment

This paper adopts an aggressive stance on short-term and long-term weight losses produced by treatment of obesity. For many years the behavior therapy field has settled for small weight losses. This has resulted in part from a focus on “maintenance,” which implies something worth maintaining. Complacency has occurred because of the contest mentality underlying the design of parametric studies which compare behavior therapy to various alternatives and find behavior therapy to be the “treatment of choice.” It is not surprising that behavior therapy emerges the victor in these contests, given that the comparison groups are pseudotreatments such as nondirective group therapy rather than the widely used forms of dieting (e.g., Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, self-imposed diets). There is renewed cause for hope, however. The most recent generation of behavioral programs can produce substantial weight losses, apparently because programs are both longer and better. This paper proposes specific methods for testing the limits of treatment for obesity, in hopes that greater initial losses will be accompanied by more effective approaches to maintenance. In addition, we propose that more attention be focused on matching individuals to treatments, so that professionals serve a dual role of providing their treatment to those who are best suited and referring others elsewhere.
SENSITIVITY OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS TO UV RADIATION

Abstract—The viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as measured by trypan blue dye exclusion, is decreased by exposure to UV radiation in vitro. The toxicity of the UV radiation is doseand wavelength-dependent; UVC is approximately 10 times more effective than UVB and 105 times more effective than UVA.
Electric fields in the middle atmosphere

Middle atmospheric electrodynamics is characterized by discussing the present understanding of the background electrical conductivity and the sources for electric fields and currents within the medium. Results of recent research that contradicts the historical view of the region are presented. Of principal interest to the present direction of the field is the attempt to quantize the low and high altitude electric generators such as thunderstorms or ionospheric convection. It is noted that the many-fold increase in available electric parameter data from within the middle atmosphere has been a great stimulus to recent research; however, these measurements have tended to raise more questions than they give answers.