cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Antioxidant Activity of Vegetable Extracts I. Flavone Aglycones

SUMMARY Hot-water extracts of several plant tissues showed the following descending order of antioxidant activity, both as cover solutions of meats and in artificial systems: green onion tops, green pepper seeds, green peppers, celery, potato peels, green onions, and tomato peel. The over-all antioxidant activity of extracts was not changed by hydrolysis of flavone glycosides, indicating that the naturally occurring glycosides possessed the same activity as the aglycones. The antioxidant activities of several known aglycones were compared and related to structural characteristics. Quereetin derivatives were the principal flavones of the extracts studied. Quereetin isolated from hydrolyzed extracts accounted for a large portion, hut not all, of the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Because of their effectiveness in heme-catalyzed systems, the most significant role of the extracts as antioxidants is apparently their ability to break the chain reaction in lipid oxidation.
Forgiveness, Flourishing, and Resilience: The Influences of Expressions of Spirituality on Mental Health Recovery

The relationships of spirituality, religion, and health have been the subject of research in a variety of disciplines over the past two decades. Findings have varied: Some findings appear to have strong evidence of relationships while other findings are deemed inconclusive. A few studies have distinguished between religion and spirituality, but most investigators have treated the two as one concept with no clear lines of distinction between them. This theoretical study, focusing on the topic of spirituality, explores several related concepts, including forgiveness, flourishing, and resilience, as a basis for developing approaches to facilitate recovery in mental health clients using spiritual interventions.
Mechanisms of human atrial fibrillation initiation: clinical and computational studies of repolarization restitution and activation latency.

Background— Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF) initiation are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that rate-dependent changes (restitution) in action potential duration (APD) and activation latency are central targets for clinical interventions that induce AF. We tested this hypothesis using clinical experiments and computer models. Methods and Results— In 50 patients (20 persistent, 23 paroxysmal AF, 7 controls), we used monophasic action potential catheters to define left atrial APD restitution, activation latency, and AF incidence from premature extrastimuli. Isoproterenol (n=14), adenosine (n=10), or rapid pacing (n=36) was then initiated to determine impact on these parameters. Compared with baseline in AF patients, isoproterenol and rapid pacing decreased activation latency (64±14 versus 31±13 versus 24±14 ms; P <0.05), steepened maximum APD restitution slope (0.8±0.7 versus 1.7±0.5 versus 1.1±0.5; P <0.05), and increased AF incidence (12% versus 64% versus 84%; P <0.05). Conversely, adenosine shortened APD ( P <0.05), yet increased activation latency (86±27 ms; P =0.002) so that maximum APD restitution slope did not steepen (1.0±0.5; P =NS), and AF incidence was unchanged (10%; P =NS). In controls, no intervention steepened APD restitution or initiated AF. Computational modeling revealed that isoproterenol steepened APD restitution by increased L-type calcium current and decreased activation latency via enhanced rapid delayed potassium reactifier current inactivation, whereas rapid pacing steepened APD restitution via increased cardiac inward potassium rectifier current. Conclusions— Steep APD restitution is a common pathway for AF initiation by isoproterenol and tachycardia via reduced activation latency that enables engagement of steep APD restitution at rapid rates. Modeling suggests that AF initiation from each intervention uses distinct ionic mechanisms. This insight may help design interventions to prevent AF.
Different structural vascular changes in angiotensin II-treated and cold-stressed rats

The role of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of structural vascular changes in experimental hypertension was investigated by comparing the effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) administration and of sympathetic stimulation by cold stress on the structure and composition of mesenteric arteries of rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered subcutaneously 100 ng/kg per min ANG II or exposed to 5°C cold overnight for 12 weeks. Sham-operated rats were controls. At the end of treatment, the mesenteric circulation of rats was perfusion-fixed for morphometric measurements by light microscopy and volume density measurements by point counting on electron micrographs. Tail systolic blood pressure of ANG II-treated rats increased by 37 mm Hg at week 2 and remained elevated for the rest of the experiment. The systolic BP of cold-stressed rats measured at room temperature did not change. These findings were confirmed by direct measurement of mean arterial pressure in free-moving rats. Compared to control rats, medial thickening of large and small arteries in ANG II-treated and cold-stressed rats was the main finding of this study. Thickening of the media in the two treated groups of rats appeared to be due to hypertrophy of vascular muscle, as indicated by the increased width of smooth muscle cells. Loose matrix (interstitial fluid compartment) was increased in media of large arteries of ANG II-treated rats, and collagen was increased in the outer media of arteries of cold-stressed rats. Measurements of compositional changes in addition to morphometric changes are needed to detect differences in the pathogenesis of structural vascular changes in the various forms of hypertension.
EEG-based communication and control: short-term role of feedback

When people learn to control the amplitudes of certain electroencephalogram (EEG) components (e.g., the 8-12 Hz /spl mu/-rhythm over sensorimotor cortex) and use them to move a cursor to a target on a video screen, feedback about performance is normally provided by cursor movement and by trial outcome (i.e., success or failure). The authors assessed the short-term effects of this feedback on EEG control. After subjects received initial training with feedback present, feedback was removed intermittently for periods of several minutes. Subjects still displayed EEG control when feedback was removed. Removal of cursor movement alone appeared to have effects comparable to removal of both cursor movement and trial outcome. These results show that, in the short-term at least, /spl mu/-rhythm control is not dependent on the sensory input provided by cursor movement. They also suggest that feedback can have inhibitory as well as facilitatory effects on EEG control, and that these effects vary across subjects. This finding has implications for the design of training procedures.
Dissipative solitons of the Ginzburg-Landau equation in normal-dispersion fiber lasers

Fiber lasers modelocked by filtering of a chirped pulse are analyzed with the Ginzburg-Landau equation. A range of experimental pulse shapes are predicted remarkably well by an exact analytical solution, and constitute dissipative temporal solitons.
A Novel Member of the Ig Superfamily,turtle, is a CNS-Specific Protein Required for Coordinated Motor Control

We describe here the cloning and functional characterization of a neural-specific novel member of the Ig superfamily, turtle ( tutl ), with a structure of five Ig C2-type domains, two fibronectin type III domains, and one transmembrane region. Alternative splicing of the tutl gene produces at least four Tutl isoforms, including two transmembrane proteins and two secreted proteins, with primary structures closely related to a human brain protein (KIAA1355), the Deleted in Colorectal Cancer/Neogenin/Frazzled receptor family, and the Roundabout/Dutt1 receptor family. An allelic series of tutl gene mutations resulted in recessive lethality to semilethality, indicating that the gene is essential. In contrast to other family members, tutl does not play a detectable role in axon pathfinding or nervous system morphogenesis. Likewise, basal synaptic transmission and locomotory movement are unaffected. However, tutl mutations cause striking movement defects exhibited in specific types of highly coordinated behavior. Specifically, tutl mutants display an abnormal response to tactile stimulation, the inability to regain an upright position from an inverted position (hence, “turtle”), and the inability to fly in adulthood. These phenotypes demonstrate that tutl plays an essential role in establishing a nervous system capable of executing coordinated motor output in complex behaviors.
Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) stabilized colloidal zero-valence metallic nanoparticles

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) stabilized colloidal metallic iron nanoparticles without additional surfactant or stabilizer were fabricated by a wet chemical reduction method. The synthesized colloidal iron nanoparticles were found to be stable in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution and the dried PMMA–Fe nanocomposites were ferromagnetic even at room temperature as illustrated by magnetometer measurement. The particle size increased with the decrease of the initial PMMA concentration and the magnetic properties also depended on the initial PMMA concentration.
Intracellular Macrophage Growth Rates and Cytokine Profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains with Different Transmission Dynamics

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains associated with IS6110 restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern clusters and strains demonstrating unique IS6110 RFLP patterns were investigated in interferon- gamma -activated THP-1 cells by measurement of binding, intracellular growth rate, and cytokine production. Binding was the same for all strains; however, strains from clusters grew significantly more rapidly than did unique strains. Maximal concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was detected at 2 days after infection, with unique strains eliciting significantly greater amounts than did strains from clusters. Interleukin (IL)-10 levels peaked at 1 day after infection with strains from clusters, whereas they peaked at 5 days after infection with unique strains. Rapid growth demonstrated by strains from clusters was highly correlated with rapid production of IL-10 and suppression of TNF-alpha in THP-1 cells during the early stages of infection. Characterization of this phenotype will further advance the investigation of virulence factors in M. tuberculosis.
Property, Possession and Permanence: A Field Study in Human Territoriality1

The relationship between the “permanence” of a person's occupancy of a place and his territorial behavior were tested in a field setting. The permanence (past residence and anticipated future residence) of suburban residents who displayed territory defenses was compared to that of control residents who had no such displays. It was found that people who had visible territorial displays on the property showed greater permanence in attachment to the property and responded more rapidly to the presence of an outsider on their property. Results were discussed with reference to the functional implications of territoriality in communities.
Increasing Access to Higher Education Among Low-Income Students: The Washington State Achievers Program

The purpose of this study was to assess how a comprehensive precollege intervention and developmental program among low-income high school students contributed to college enrollment outcomes measured in 2006. Our focus was on the Fifth Cohort of the Washington State Achievers (WSA) Program, which provides financial, academic, and college preparation support to 500 high school students who come from the lowest 35% of Washington state income levels. One important feature of the WSA Program is that it provided funding for complete high school curriculum reform among 16 Washington high schools that have a high prevalence of low-income students. The data set contained three groups of students from these 16 high schools: Funded Achievers who were part of the WSA Program and received funding for college; Nonfunded Achievers who were part of the WSA Program and but did not receive funding for college; and Nonrecipients who were neither part of the WSA Program nor received funding for college. Results from general...
Framingham risk score and prediction of coronary heart disease death in young men

Background We tested the ability of the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and the online ATP III risk estimator to estimate risk and to predict 10-year and longer-term coronary heart disease (CHD) death in younger adults (age 18-39 years). Although prediction with individual risk factors has been tested in individuals Methods We included 10,551 male participants of the CHA study who were aged 18 to 39 years and free of baseline CHD and diabetes at enrollment from 1967 to 1973. Risk of CHD was estimated using both FRS and ATP III online risk estimator for each individual. Men were stratified into deciles according to the magnitude of predicted risk calculated from measured baseline risk factors (CHA-predicted risk). Observed CHD mortality rates for 10, 20, and 30 years of follow-up were compared with estimated risks. Death rates of CHD were low across 30 years of follow-up. Results The FRS remained Conclusions Neither method classified individuals
Mycobacterial Isolations in Captive Elephants in the United States

Interest in tuberculosis in elephants has been increasing over the past several years in the United States. Several techniques have been used to diagnose mammalian tuberculosis. Currently, the test considered most reliable for diagnosis of TB in elephants is based on the culture of respiratory secretions obtained by trunk washes.
The acquisition of the voicing contrast in Spanish: a phonetic and phonological study of word-initial stop consonants*

This paper reports on the acquisition of the voicing contrast in Mexican–Spanish word-initial stops. In Study 1, three monolingual children were recorded every two weeks for seven months, beginning when the children were about 1; 7. In Study 2, four monolingual children about 3; 10 were recorded once or twice. Two analyses were done. Instrumental analysis of the stop productions revealed that not even by age 3; 10 were the children consistently distinguishing between voiced–voiceless stop cognate pairs on the basis of adult-like voice-onset time characteristics. The spirantization analysis, however, more clearly revealed the children's phonological knowledge. Discussion focuses on the implications of the data for phonological development in general and for the phonological description of voicing in Spanish.
Methods and metrics challenges of delivery-system research.

Many delivery-system interventions are fundamentally about change in social systems (both planned and unplanned). This systems perspective raises a number of methodological challenges for studying the effects of delivery-system change--particularly for answering questions related to whether the change will work under different conditions and how the change is integrated (or not) into the operating context of the delivery system. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodological and measurement challenges posed by five key issues in delivery-system research: (1) modeling intervention context; (2) measuring readiness for change; (3) assessing intervention fidelity and sustainability; (4) assessing complex, multicomponent interventions; and (5) incorporating time in delivery-system models to discuss recommendations for addressing these issues. For each issue, we provide recommendations for how research may be designed and implemented to overcome these challenges. We suggest that a more refined understanding of the mechanisms underlying delivery-system interventions (treatment theory) and the ways in which outcomes for different classes of individuals change over time are fundamental starting points for capturing the heterogeneity in samples of individuals exposed to delivery-system interventions. To support the research recommendations outlined in this paper and to advance understanding of the "why" and "how" questions of delivery-system change and their effects, funding agencies should consider supporting studies with larger organizational sample sizes; longer duration; and nontraditional, mixed-methods designs. A version of this paper was prepared under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), US Department of Health and Human Services for presentation and discussion at a meeting on "The Challenge and Promise of Delivery System Research," held in Sterling, VA, on February 16-17, 2011. The opinions in the paper are those of the author and do not represent the views or recommendations of AHRQ or the US Department of Health and Human Services.1
Software for pest‐management science: computer models and databases from the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service

We present an overview of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) computer models and databases related to pest-management science, emphasizing current developments in environmental risk assessment and management simulation models. The ARS has a unique national interdisciplinary team of researchers in surface and sub-surface hydrology, soil and plant science, systems analysis and pesticide science, who have networked to develop empirical and mechanistic computer models describing the behavior of pests, pest responses to controls and the environmental impact of pest-control methods. Historically, much of this work has been in support of production agriculture and in support of the conservation programs of our 'action agency' sister, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service). Because we are a public agency, our software/database products are generally offered without cost, unless they are developed in cooperation with a private-sector cooperator. Because ARS is a basic and applied research organization, with development of new science as our highest priority, these products tend to be offered on an 'as-is' basis with limited user support except for cooperating R&D relationship with other scientists. However, rapid changes in the technology for information analysis and communication continually challenge our way of doing business.
Designing pulse power Generators

When the performance criteria for a pulsed power generator is power density, and the duty cycle remains short (<20 s), then copper coils with an exciter are favored over permanent magnet rotors. If the permanent magnets are replaced with copper coils, steel, and an exciter, with the same total weight, the copper coil alternative will return a higher magnetomotive force/weight, and thus a higher power density system. A variable metric optimization is completed for a generator, assuming the objective is to charge a capacitor bank. The equations governing allowed current density in capacitor charging applications and alternating current/direct current (ac/dc) resistance ratios are derived.
The Determination of Sulfur and Chlorine in Coals and Oil Shales Using Ion Chromatography

Abstract The determination of sulfur and chlorine in coal and oil shale standards is reported. The procedure utilizes a sample decomposition using Eschka's mixture, followed by an ion chromatographic determination. The method was tested on samples with concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.35 percent chlorine and 0.05 to 4.4 percent sulfur. Results compare favorably with values reported in the literature. The detection limits for chlorine and sulfur were 10 and 13 ppm and the precision of the method expressed as a percent relative standard deviation was 6 percent and 5 percent for chlorine and sulfur respectively. Using this method a single operator can prepare and analyze as many as 30 samples per day.
Updated 6–11-Month Prediction of Atlantic Basin Seasonal Hurricane Activity

Abstract An updated statistical scheme for forecasting seasonal tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic basin by 1 December of the previous year is presented. Previous research by Gray and colleagues at Colorado State University showed that a statistical forecast issued on 1 December of the previous year could explain up to about 50% of the jackknife hindcast variance for the 1950–90 time period. Predictors utilized in the original forecast scheme included a forward extrapolation of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and two measures of West African rainfall. This forecast has been issued since 1991 but has shown little skill because of the as yet unexplained failure of the West African rainfall predictors during the 1990s. The updated scheme presented in this paper does not utilize West African rainfall predictors. It employs the new NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and involves predictors that span the globe. Much experimentation has led to the choosing of conditions associated with the El Nino-Southern Os...
Harnessing Governance for Democracy and Sustainability: Empirical Evidences from the Rhine

This chapter presents a study of transnational environmental governance of the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR). Can democracy be enhanced in transnational environmental governance? The chapter argues that the essence of democracy in transnational environmental governance can be facilitated by strengthening networks of relevant issues, interests, and actors in governance processes. By analyzing various issues, interests, and actors within the Rhine River basin regime, the chapter argues that democracy and sustainability have to be addressed simultaneously. Using Issue, Interests, and Actors Network (IAN) framework, the paper identifies linkages among three layers – local, national, and transnational layers – of the environmental governance in ICPR. It is argued that the dynamic and strong presence of Issues, Interests, and Actors Networks within three layers of transnational environmental regimes is a basic requirement for effective and sustainable governance of transnational environmental affairs. When there is a dynamic presence (interaction) of these issues, interests, and actors networks for a particular environmental problem, there is likelihood of achieving effective cooperation among stakeholders for transnational environmental governance. Hence the functioning of democracy can be achieved in transnational environmental governance. The chapter concludes that if a transnational regime is capable of managing linkages between different layers within it and facilitates stronger interaction among IANs in each layer, the governance process of regime will contribute to the successful governance and goal attainments of the regime.
Heart Failure Patients Need More Than Heart Failure Care.

As providers we often mentally identify our patients based on the most important condition we manage during clinical interactions, hence, for example, the term heart failure patient. In the coronary care unit we group patients into typical categories, such as ischemic, heart failure, or arrhythmia
Boll Weevil: Seasonal Patterns of Response to Traps Baited with Grandlure in the Lower Rio Grande Valley ,

From 1972–75, more boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were caught in grandlure traps in the lower Rio Grande Valley from mid-August to mid-September after defoliation, harvest, and stalk and root destruction of the cotton than at any other time of the year. Larger numbers were collected in traps after poor stalk and root destruction in August and early September than after good stalk and root destruction. Good and poor stalk and root destruction is judged by the percentage of cotton acres which has been treated in that manner; 100% of all cotton acreage with all stalks and roots destroyed is good and 90% or less is judged to be poor. More weevils were usually collected in March, the time of plant emergence, than at any other time of year except for the August-September period. In early August 1973 and 1974, the period of defoliation, 69 and 79% of the females and 20 and 53% of the males, respectively, that were collected, were in intermediate to firm diapause.
Developmental Time in Relation to Temperature for Microplitis croceipes, M. demolitor, Cotesia kazak (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Endoparasitoids of the Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Developmental times for the immature stages of four species of endoparasitoids of Heliothis virescens (F.), Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), M. demolitor Wilkinson, Cotesia kazak (Telenga), and Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg), were studied at 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, and 35°C. The responses of M. croceipes and H. didymator to increases in temperature were significantly different from each other ( P 0.05; F = 0.58; df = 1, 18). The developmental temperature optima were 33°C for M. croceipes , 31°C for C. kazak and M. demolitor , and 29°C for H. didymator.
Effect of Ti Intermetallic Catalysts on Hydrogen Storage Properties of Magnesium Hydride

Magnesium hydride is a promising candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage and thermal energy storage applications. A series of Ti-based intermetallic alloy (TiAl, Ti3Al, TiNi, TiFe, TiNb, TiMn2, and TiVMn)-doped MgH2 materials were systematically investigated in this study to improve its hydrogen storage properties. The dehydrogenation and hydrogenation properties were studied by using both thermogravimetric analysis and pressure–composition–temperature (PCT) isothermal to characterize the temperature of dehydrogenation and the kinetics of both desorption and absorption of hydrogen by these doped MgH2. Results show significant improvements of both dehydrogenation and hydrogenation kinetics as a result of adding the Ti intermetallic alloys as catalysts. In particular, the TiMn2-doped Mg demonstrated extraordinary hydrogen absorption capability at room temperature and 1 bar hydrogen pressure. The PCT experiments also show that the hydrogen equilibrium pressures of MgH2 were not affected by these additives.
Effect evaluation on tuberculosis health education intervention among middle school students in Binhai newly developed area Hangu of Tianjin

Objective To know the status of knowledge, attitude and behavior of tuberculosis among the middle school students in Binhai newly developed area Hangu of Tianjin and to evaluate the effects of tuberculosis health education intervention. Methods A total of more than 800 students in 3 middle schools were performed the preinterventional questionnaires. Then the same questionnaires were conducted after implementing the health education intervention by various measures which students would like to get the knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and treatment, including health lecture, knowledge competition, class meeting, blackboard newspaper, billboard, propaganda panel, brochure. The results of the questionnaires before and after health education intervention were compared and analyzed. Result After tuberculosis health education intervention, the single awareness ratio of 5 key messages concerning infectivity, transmission routes, suspicious symptoms, preventive measures and free policy was significantly increased, from 60.20 %, 59.40 %,65.20 %, 16.10 %, 46.00 % to 95.40 %, 81.00 %, 84.50 %, 39.20 %, 73.40 % respectively(P0.01). The total awareness ratio of the key messages within survey respondents was increased from 49.40 % to 74.70 %(P0.01). The ratio of holding reasonable attitude concerning‘the possibility of suffering from tuberculosis is in all likelihood',‘tuberculosis can be prevented and treated',‘tuberculosis patients should not be discriminated'and‘would like to get health knowledge'was increased respectively from 44.1 %, 44.90 %, 42.00 %, 79.90 % before intervention to 63.70 %, 81.30 %,69.50 %, 96.30 % after intervention(P0.01). The ratio of holding correct behaviors concerning ‘to see a doctor in time'and‘tell health knowledge about tuberculosis to more people'was increased respectively from 49.90 %, 27.70 %to 79.20 %, 64.20 %(P0.01). Conclusion The health education intervention for tuberculosis has remarkable effects.Comprehensive interventions including health lecture, knowledge competition, class meeting, blackboard newspaper,billboard and propaganda materials which the pictures should be effective health education intervention measurements in the middle school. In addition to publicize in the middle school using above-mentioned intervention measurements, we should adopt the health educational approaches which be suited to middle school students, such as internet, televisions and peer education.
Present and prospect of domestic and foreign efficacy criterion standards for health insecticide

Health insecticide efficacy criterion needs uniform and canonical standards,scientific standards not only estimate the effectiveness of insecticidal products properly,but also play a guide and regulation on its production technique,safety,as well the notion of vector prevention and control.This review aims at putting forward the advantage worth learning of foreign standard and promoting Chinese related ones more scientific,standardization and internationalization by comparing domestic and foreign(mainly advanced one) efficacy criterion standards for health insecticide.
DNA Methylome Analyses Implicate Fallopian Tube Epithelia as the Origin for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most common and lethal form of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Two distinct tissues have been suggested as the tissue of origin: ovarian surface epithelia (OSE) and fallopian tube epithelia (FTE). We hypothesized that the DNA methylome of HGSC should more closely resemble the methylome of its tissue of origin. To this end, we profiled HGSC ( n = 10), and patient-matched OSE and FTE ( n = 5) primary fresh-frozen tissues, and analyzed the DNA methylome using Illumina 450K arrays ( n = 20) and Agilent Sure Select methyl-seq ( n = 7). Methylomes were compared using statistical analyses of differentially methylated CpG sites (DMC) and differentially methylated regions (DMR). In addition, methylation was evaluated within a variety of different genomic contexts, including CpG island shores and Homeobox ( HOX ) genes, due to their roles in tissue specification. Publicly available HGSC methylome data ( n = 628) were interrogated to provide additional comparisons with FTE and OSE for validation. These analyses revealed that HGSC and FTE methylomes are significantly and consistently more highly conserved than are HGSC and OSE. Pearson correlations and hierarchal clustering of genes, promoters, CpG islands, CpG island shores, and HOX genes all revealed increased relatedness of HGSC and FTE methylomes. Thus, these findings reveal that the landscape of FTE more closely resembles HGSC, the most common and deadly EOC subtype. Implications: DNA methylome analyses support the hypothesis that HGSC arise from the fallopian tube and that due to its tissue-specificity and biochemical stability, interrogation of the methylome may be a valuable approach to examine cell/tissue lineage in cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 787–94. ©2016 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 765][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/14/765?iss=9
A comparison of seasonal foliar chlorophyll change among ecotypes and cultivars of Andropogon gerardii (Poaceae) by using nondestructive and destructive methods

Leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration can be an indicator of plant health, including photosynthetic potential and nutrient status. In some cases, this measure can indicate the degree to which plants are water-stressed. Traditional methods of measuring Chl concentration have involved a destructive sampling technique: extraction and spectrophotometric analysis. A compatible nondestructive method to measure leaf Chl concentration exists and applies transmittance spectroscopy to plants with a Minolta SPAD-502 meter. These techniques were evaluated by comparing leaf Chl concentration in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). Leaves were sampled from plants representing three ecotypes (originating from Central Kansas, Eastern Kansas, and Illinois, USA) and two cultivars of A. gerardii growing in Hays, Kansas, USA. Leaf Chl concentration was measured using nondestructive and destructive techniques. We documented a saturating relationship between destructively measured leaf Chl concentration and SPAD index resulting from a decelerating change in SPAD index as Chl concentration increased. The comparison of A. gerardii ecotypes and cultivars demonstrated highest Chl concentration in the ecotype and cultivar from areas with historically low precipitation, Central Kansas and A. gerardii var. hallii, respectively. A high ratio of Chl a to Chl b is an index of drought adaptation and was also manifested in A. gerardii from drier regions. Thus, drought-adapted ecotypes and cultivars might be able to maintain high photosynthetic productivity and protect photosystem II during dry periods. Conversely, the ecotypes and cultivar originating from areas with higher precipitation had lower leaf Chl and a lower Chl a/b ratio.
It Came From Beneath: Detecting and Mitigating Vapor Intrusion

Indoor exposure to naturally occurring radon gas has rocketed into public awareness since the 1980s, but now a similar, albeit lesser-known form of indoor pollution is gaining attention of its own. That form is vapor intrusion, the migration of volatile chemicals from groundwater and soil into buildings above them. Although indoor air quality has been a topic of intense public health inquiry for many years, it’s only been relatively recent that vapor intrusion has been recognized as a source of indoor air contaminants. Today researchers are searching for ... There are four main sources of vapor intrusion: industrial sites, military sites, dry cleaners, and gas stations—all locations that produced or heavily used solvents, degreasers, and other volatile chemicals, or that still do. Few experts feel comfortable estimating the scale of vapor intrusion in the United States. But Kelly Pennell, an engineering associate professor at the University of Kentucky Superfund Research Center, says, “Almost every urban environment we have has some kind of historical contamination associated with it.” If volatile chemicals are present as contaminants, then vapor intrusion may be a concern. “No one really knew [vapor intrusion] had the potential to have as many impacts as it does until the late 1990s and even into the 2000s,” says Dave Folkes, a Colorado-based engineer and senior principal at Geosyntec Consultants. “There was a lot of fear, unknowns, uncertainty because it was very new science, and we really didn’t know much about it. We were all running around trying to learn how to do things quickly.” Today, Folkes says, the field is more mature; there are tools for assessing and mitigating vapor intrusion, and regulations governing how to deal with it. With that maturation has come a more nuanced understanding of how vapor intrusion occurs and the health risks it can pose. It has also raised new questions. “Vapor intrusion is a complex problem that requires the integration of multiple disciplines to address the issue,” says William Suk, director of the Superfund Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), which funds a number of vapor intrusion projects. “By looking at the problem from a health perspective and an engineering perspective, scientists are working to understand how to detect chemicals and predict exposure, identify health concerns, and mitigate the problem.”
Enteric Leaks after Gastric Bypass: Prevention and Management

Enteric leaks following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass cause devastating morbidity and are one of the main causes of mortality. The most common presenting signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tachycardia, and fever. Upper gastrointestinal series or computerized tomography scans can be used to make the diagnosis when the clinical picture is equivocal. Prompt diagnosis and treatment optimizes outcomes. Preventative measures include meticulous dissection, ensuring adequate blood supply and minimal tension. Buttressing materials can be used to reinforce staple lines. Treatment is largely surgical for source control, debridement, and possibly placement of a gastrostomy tube in the gastric remnant.
イネ芽生えに対して根の成長促進活性を有する水素化またはジクロロ化されたN-フタロイル-L-スレオニン類およびそれらの脱水フタルイミド類

Hydrogenated N-phthaloyl-L-threonines (P-Thrs) and their dehydrated phthalimides (2-phthalimido-2-butenoic acids, P-BTEAs), novel plant growth regulators, were readily synthesized. N-(4 5-Dichlorophthaloyl)-L-threonine and its dehydrated phthalimide also were synthesized. The synthetic P-Thrs and P-BTEAs had strong root growth-promoting activity for rice seedlings. The P-Thr activities were 1.6- to 2.2-fold the control value at 1 × 10 -4 M, and the activities of the dehydrated P-BTEAs were a little higher, 2.1- to 2.6-fold the control value at the same concentration. Hydrogenation of the benzene ring of the phthaloyl group reduced root growth-promoting activity. Interestingly, none of the hydrogenated and dichlorinated P-Thrs and P-BTEAs had significant root growth-promoting activity for seedlings of lettuce. Chinese cabbage and black gram, like that of the original N-phthaloyl-L-threonine (P-Thr, 5a) and its dehydrated phthalimide (P-BTEA, 6a).
The American Judicial System

The “rules of law” function to guide and control the agencies of government and the behavior of individuals who are subject to the government. Rules of law can thus be viewed as a system for shaping behavior and adjusting or avoiding disputes. As such, law draws from the common expectations of society. Some rules of law represent regulations promulgated by executive order or by governmental administrative agencies. Others represent statutes, constitutions, or constitutional amendments developed by the legislative branch of government. The authoritative opinion of the courts will frequently set forth the precise construction to be given to these rules of law, and a succession of opinions on particular cases may lead to the development of “basic legal doctrines.” Where the legislative and executive branches of government are silent on a matter before the court, the court will not hesitate to articulate new law. There are also, of course, innumerable rules and standards of conduct that have their origin in community custom rather than any deliberate act of the government. Some of these customs may be enforceable by a formal agency of government. Others are not enforceable but, as we shall see, many rules of law, such as those governing mining, have had their origin in community custom.
TOWARDS AN ANALYSIS OF MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ATTACHMENT TO THE HOME

This paper presents an exploratory study of individual differences in the experience of affective bonds towards the home. It is suggested that these differences should be accounted for by individual differences in the mental representation of the self in relation to the home place that people develop over the life-span. Several dimensions are proposed which enable the meaning of the attachment relationship to be characterized. Some hypotheses are formulated concerning the relationship between patterns of attachment and life stages.
A Ferrocene-Based Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte Catalyzes Bacterial Electrode Respiration

Summary For emerging bioelectronic technologies, charge-transfer processes remain rate limited by energy-level mismatching and poor contacts at biotic-abiotic interfaces. Direct chemical modification of these interfaces represents an underdeveloped approach for amplifying biocatalyzed current production. We present the synthesis and application of DSFO+, a redox-active molecule that is designed for membrane affinity and that catalytically couples to biological respiratory transmembrane electron transport, similarly to a heme-containing protein. DSFO+ was employed with three strains of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (an electrogenic wild-type and two non-electrogenic knockout mutants) and amplified anodic biocurrent in all strains without toxicity at a physiologically relevant redox potential. Of particular interest, DSFO+ increased metabolic efficiency and biological electron production, thus stimulating respiratory biocurrent production in non-electrogenic bacterial phenotypes. The overall effect is akin to a "protein prosthetic" electron transfer agent.
Single-Molecule Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission with Plasmonic Gratings

The ability to image single molecules (SM) has been the dream of scientists for centuries, and because of the substantial recent advances in microscopy, individual fluorescent molecules can now be observed on a regular basis. However, the development of such imaging systems was not without dilemmas, such as the detection and separation of individual fluorescence emissions. One method to solve this problem utilized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to enhance the emission intensity of SMs. Although enhancing the SM emission intensity has yielded promising results, this method does not fully utilize the unique plasmonic properties that could vastly improve the SM imaging capabilities. Here, we use SPR excitation as well as surface plasmon-coupled emission from a high-definition digital versatile disc grating structure to image and identify different fluorophores using the angular emission of individual molecules. Our results have important implications for research in multiplexed SM spectroscopy and SM fluore...
Wanted for 21st Century Schools: Renaissance STEM Teacher Preferred.

As education seeks to mold itself to fit the demands of the 21st century, STEM education will continue to be an important consideration. The integrated and crosscutting nature of STEM is incorporated into the Next Generation Science Standards in which engineering design is raised to the same level as scientific inquiry and is expected to be taught in science classrooms. This report analyzes a 2014 Utah survey of science teachers to understand how prepared Utah science teachers are to teach engineering design and the relationship between their preparedness and beliefs about whether building prototypes, computer modeling, and mathematical modeling belong in the instruction of engineering design. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results indicate that physics teachers are the most prepared to teach engineering design and that science teachers are significantly more prepared to teach an integrated STEM curriculum, such as engineering design, when they agree that modeling techniques from each STEM discipline should be used in instruction. It is recommended that teachers in STEM classrooms be comfortable and fluid in each STEM discipline, instead of representing one single subject expertise with some familiarity with the other three.
Operations Research Applied to City Planning

Although interest in the application of operations research to urban planning arose shortly after World War II, few opportunities for practical work were available until a decade later. At that time intense activity in the area of transportation planning led to participation by operations research workers in large scale studies of land use in and around urban centers. More recent events, such as the success of PPBS in Federal Government planning, have widened the spectrum for study of day-to-day operations of cities. At the present time, however, we have had only limited experience, and this has been confined almost entirely to a few long-range planning areas.
Evidence Supporting a Role for Gpr30, an Orphan Member of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Superfamily, in Rapid Estrogen Signaling

Estrogens exert their effects on female reproductive tissue, skeletal bone integrity, cardiovascular flow and central nervous system function. These diverse physiological responses are manifested by specific receptors whose identification has important implications for human health and disease. The fact that estrogens promote numerous biochemical actions, some of which occur in seconds, and others which are measured in hours, strongly suggests that more than one class of receptor may participate in estrogen signaling.
Effect of Dextromethorphan, Diphenhydramine, and Placebo on Nocturnal Cough and Sleep Quality for Coughing Children and Their Parents: In Reply

In Reply .— We appreciate the opportunity to have additional dialogue regarding over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications and our recent publication.1 Dr Skoner's letter highlights several concerns that have been raised regarding the use of these medications. Unfortunately, most of these issues are due to the lack of data and publications surrounding these medications in the setting of acute cough in children and a lack of safe therapeutic alternatives. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not endorse the use of these medications for the …
Evaluation of a Chitosan Hemostat in a Porcine Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy Model: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background and Objective: The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) would provide complete hemostasis and sealing of the collecting system at a low cost. Chitos...
Outcomes and Lessons Learned from the Tribal Veterans Representative Program: A Model for System Engagement.

American Indian and Alaska Native Veterans are more rural than Veterans of any other race or ethnicity and face significant barriers to accessing care. Since 2001, the Tribal Veterans Representative (TVR) Program, a partnership between the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and tribal nations, has trained liaisons from tribal communities to facilitate access to VA benefits and services. We delineate the TVR program model alongside supporting data. We reviewed TVR training materials and program evaluations to identify components of the program essential for increasing access to VA services and benefits. We then report a quantitative assessment of benefits attained in one tribal community. The TVR model is characterized by the exchange of two sets of knowledge and resources—‘institutional’ and ‘community’—during a co-sponsored educational program aiming to train community liaisons about the institution. The institution leads the program’s content; the community’s traditions inform its process. Following the program, liaisons use support networks comprising trainers, trainees and local organizations to teach other community members to access health care and benefits. In the evaluation community, one liaison has facilitated access for hundreds of Veterans, with financial compensation exceeding $400,000 annually. The TVR program has begun to demonstrate its utility for other rural populations, though further formal evaluation is recommended. Compared with similar models to increase rural populations’ access to health care and benefits, the long-term support networks from the TVR model may be most useful when the institution must build trust and engage with the target population.