cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corona viruses: Reaching far beyond the common cold

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic. Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.
Disability, belonging, and inclusive leisure

This essay briefly chronicles a history of using binaries and disability/marginalized groups to stigmatize and disenfranchise, a practice that continues today. The time has come to change narrative...
Visible Light Communications with Inherent Agent Localization and Simultaneous Message Receiving Capabilities for Robotic Swarms

Visible Light Communication (VLC) with a camera solves two problems for swarms, communication and location of sending agent. Information from an LED cluster can be in the form of different colors and/or blinking frequency. The location of the sending agent can be extracted in the local frame of the receiving agent with the camera frame and the centroid of the LED cluster. A camera is necessary because we can parse data from many agents in a single agent’s frame simultaneously. When the camera is not being used to communicate, it can be used to collect information from the environment or usage for other tasks. In this paper we show the ability for a camera to detect different rates of blinking as well as the bit error rate of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using this setup. Additionally, we show the feasibility of VLC as a replacement or alternative communication method for robotic swarms.
Materials for emergent silicon-integrated optical computing

Progress in computing architectures is approaching a paradigm shift: traditional computing based on digital complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology is nearing physical limits in terms of miniaturization, speed, and, especially, power consumption. Consequently, alternative approaches are under investigation. One of the most promising is based on a “brain-like” or neuromorphic computation scheme. Another approach is quantum computing using photons. Both of these approaches can be realized using silicon photonics, and at the heart of both technologies is an efficient, ultra-low power broad band optical modulator. As silicon modulators suffer from relatively high power consumption, materials other than silicon itself have to be considered for the modulator. In this Perspective, we present our view on such materials. We focus on oxides showing a strong linear electro-optic effect that can also be integrated with Si, thus capitalizing on new materials to enable the devices and circuit architectures that exploit shifting computational machine learning paradigms, while leveraging current manufacturing infrastructure. This is expected to result in a new generation of computers that consume less power and possess a larger bandwidth.
Grandchild Care and Well-Being: Gender Differences in Mental Health Effects of Caregiving Grandparents.

OBJECTIVE The literature on the gendered differences of mental health as a result of grandchild care has shown mixed results. Research on grandchild care further suggests that nonresidential grandchild care improves mental health outcomes, while residential grandchild care arrangements decrease mental health outcomes in grandparents. The moderating or buffering role of social engagement remains understudied in the grandchild care-mental health relationship. The present study examines mental health effect differences between caregiving grandmothers and grandfathers, and the moderating effects of social engagement. METHOD Using 2002-2012 data from the HRS (Health and Retirement Study), a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 50 and over, I examine the mental health effects of grandchild care and the moderating effect of social engagement in fixed effects models. RESULTS Grandfathers experience particularly worsened mental health outcomes when providing grandchild care in a skipped-generation household. Both grandmothers and grandfathers experience mental health improvements from increased social engagement. Social engagement, particularly for grandmothers, serves as a buffer or produces role enhancement for grandmothers in skipped-generation care arrangements. DISCUSSION Nonresidential and residential grandchild care affect mental health outcomes differently for grandmothers and grandfathers. However, social engagement consistently serves as a buffer or mental health improvement for all grandparents. Findings further encourage the continued study of social engagement and gender differences in older adults more broadly.
Authority and Liberty in the Structure of Freud’s Thought†

(1950). Authority and Liberty in the Structure of Freud’s Thought. Psychiatry: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 167-187.
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory of Personality

Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is a psychodynamic theory of personality that achieves a high degree of integration through a synthesis of the psychodynamic, emotional unconscious of psychoanalysis, the affect-free unconscious of cognitive science, and principles of learning theory. According to CEST, people operate by two information-processing systems, a predominantly conscious, verbal, rational system and a predominantly preconscious, automatic, experiential, learning system. The two systems operate in parallel by different rules and are interactive. The influence of the experiential system on the rational system can account for everything that the psychoanalytic unconscious can and, unlike the latter, to do so in a manner consistent with evolutionary principles and cognitive science. An extensive research program is described that provides support for many of the assumptions in CEST, including the operating principles of the experiential system and the interaction of the two systems. The implications of the theory are discussed for psychotherapy and psychological research. According to CEST, there are three basic ways in which psychotherapeutic change can occur: by using the rational system to correct the experiential system, by learning directly from emotionally significant experience, and by communicating with the experiential system in its own medium (e.g., fantasy, imagery, metaphor). It is important in research to take into account the two processing systems and their influence on each other, rather than following the more customary procedure of assuming there is a single, unified system. Keywords: basic beliefs; basic needs; cognitive-experiential self-theory; experiential system; intuitive thinking; preconscious; psychotherapy; rational system; unconscious
In-vivo Lung Cancer Imaging in Mice using 360° Free-space Fluorescence Molecular Tomography

We present the development and performance characteristics of a free-space fluorescence tomography system. The imaging system can capture complete angle projections of photons propagating through tissue in transillumination using a CCD camera. Experimental data on imaging lung cancer are presented. Overall, this imaging approach can offer unprecedented imaging performance in fluorescence molecular tomography of small animals.
Community Engagement: Outcomes for Occupational Therapy Students, Faculty and Clients

Students in health care professions, including occupational therapy, are required to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes in mental health and research. Persons diagnosed with a mental illness, a learning disability or an autism-spectrum disorder desire to achieve goals in higher education and employment. Faculty in health care programmes strives to meet professional goals and accreditation and institution requirements for teaching, service and scholarship. The Bridge Program, a programme based on principles of community engagement, was developed to meet the needs of these three stakeholders. The objective of this paper is to provide programme description and outcomes of the effectiveness of the Bridge Program for all three stakeholders. This uses mixed methods research design including descriptive and quantitative and qualitative one-group pre-test–post-test designs. Instruments consisted of the Occupational Therapy Student and Mental Health Population Scale and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Quantitative results support that graduate occupational therapy students gained research and clinical skills (n = 100; p = .000); clients increased performance and satisfaction toward goals (n = 113; p = .000) and faculty (n = 1) achieved goals related to teaching, service and scholarship. Programmes based on principles of community engagement can address the needs of the community, can provide outcomes that advance knowledge about community practice and can result in benefits for all stakeholders. This paper is limited to generalization and instrumentation and recommends an ongoing evaluation of other community engagement programmes involving all stakeholders in the future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjuvant therapy with carboplatin and pamidronate for canine appendicular osteosarcoma

Amputation and chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment for canine appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA). In vitro studies have demonstrated anti-tumour activity of pamidronate against canine OSA. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of adding pamidronate to standard post-operative carboplatin chemotherapy in 17 dogs with appendicular OSA treated with limb amputation. Median disease-free interval (DFI) and median survival time (MST) were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Incidence of side effects and treatment outcomes were compared to 14 contemporary control patients treated with carboplatin alone. There were no identified side effects to the pamidronate treatment. The median DFI for the study group was 185 days compared to 172 days for the control group (P = 0.90). The MST of the study group was 311 days compared to 294 days for the control group (P = 0.89). Addition of pamidronate to carboplatin chemotherapy for the treatment of canine appendicular OSA is safe and does not impair efficacy of standard carboplatin treatment.
Temporal Analysis of Time Bounded Digital Systems

To perform verification of digital systems with time bounded delays, it is essential to characterize the space of all possible system behaviors. In this paper, we describe our analysis technique which accepts a behavioral specification of the timing of a digital system and generates the set of all possible behaviors for the system. The ability to represent and reason about time ranges for events is a distinguishing characteristic of our technique and gives our analysis method both its power and complexity.
Establishment of Patterned Thalamocortical Connections Does Not Require Nitric Oxide Synthase

Subplate neurons are early-generated neurons that project into the overlying neocortex and are required for the formation of ocular dominance columns. A subset of subplate neurons express nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and produce nitric oxide (NO), a neuronal messenger thought to be involved in adult hippocampal synaptic plasticity and also in the establishment of certain specific connections during visual system development. Here, we examine whether the NOS-containing subplate neurons are involved in ocular dominance column formation in the ferret visual system. Ocular dominance columns form in ferrets between postnatal day 35 (P35) and P60. NOS expression in the visual subplate is low at birth, increases to a maximum at the onset of ocular dominance column formation, and falls thereafter. Nevertheless, blockade of NOS with daily injections of nitroarginine from P14 to P56 fails to prevent the formation of ocular dominance columns, although NOS activity is reduced by >98%. To test further a requirement for NOS in the patterning of connections during CNS development, we examined the cortical barrels in the somatosensory system of mice carrying targeted disruptions of NOS that also received injections of nitroarginine; cortical barrels formed normally in these animals. In addition, barrel field plasticity induced by whisker ablation at birth was normal in nitroarginine-injected NOS knock-out mice. Thus, despite the dynamic regulation of NOS in subplate neurons, NO is unlikely to be essential for the patterning of thalamocortical connections either in visual or somatosensory systems.
ACCRETION OF METEORITIC MATERIAL ONTO MARS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND MOONS

Micrometeorites provide a continuous, planet-wide flux of chondritic material which is accreted onto the surface of Mars and its moons. The micrometeorite contribution will perturb the chemical and mineralogical composition of the soil on Mars as well as on the Martian moons. Since the soil of Mars appears to be of uniform composition, direct measurement of the flux of micrometeorites at Mars by a future Mars orbiting spacecraft coupled with a determination of the meteoritic fraction of the soil from a Mars Sample Return Mission should allow inference of the global soil production rate on the planet. The micrometeorite contribution to the regoliths of Phobos and Deimos may be sufficient to coat these moons with a layer of chondritic meteoritic material sufficient to obscure the underlying bedrock, making inferences of the bulk mineralogy by reflection spectroscopy or other surface analysis techniques difficult or even impossible. The meteoritic aerosol contribution to the atmosphere of Mars may also be significant, and these particles could serve as condensation nuclei for the ice grains detected in the atmosphere by the Phobos 2 spacecraft.
Death with "dignity": the wedge that divides the disability rights movement from the right to die movement.

Much of the American debate over physician assisted death (PAD) is framed as an ideological split between conservatives and liberals, pro life and pro choice advocates, and those who emphasize morality versus personal autonomy. Less examined, but no less relevant, is a split within the ranks of progressives—one that divides those supporting a right to die in the name of human rights from disability rights activists who invoke human rights to vehemently oppose euthanasia. This paper reviews how “dignity” serves both as a divisive wedge in this debate but also as a value that can span the divide between groups and open the way to productive discourse. Supporters of legalized euthanasia use “dignity” to express their position that some deaths might indeed be accelerated. At the same time, opponents adopt the concept to argue that physician assisted suicide stigmatizes life with a disability. To bridge this divide, the worldviews of two groups, Compassion & Choices and Not Dead Yet, are studied. The analysis concludes that the two organizations are more parallel than contrary—a finding that offers opportunities for dialogue and perhaps even advances in public policy.
Structured approach to physically-based modeling for computer graphics

This thesis presents a framework for the design of physically-based computer graphics models. The framework includes a paradigm for the structure of physically-based models, techniques for "structured" mathematical modeling, and a specification of a computer program structure in which to implement the models. Because the framework emphasizes the structure and organization of models, we refer to it as "Structured Modeling." The Structured Modeling framework focuses on clarity and "correctness" of models, emphasizing explicit statement of assumptions, goals, and techniques. In particular, we partition physically-based models, separating them into conceptual and mathematical models, and posed problems. We control complexity of models by designing in a modular manner, piecing models together from smaller components. The framework places a particular emphasis on defining a complete formal statement of a model's mathematical equations, before attempting to simulate the model. To manage the complexity of these equations, we define a collection of mathematical constructs, notation, and terminology, that allow mathematical models to be created in a structured and modular manner. We construct a computer programming environment that directly supports the implementation of models designed using the above techniques. The environment is geared to a tool-oriented approach, in which models are built from an extensible collection of software objects, that correspond to elements and tasks of a "blackboard" design of models. A substantial portion of this thesis is devoted to developing a library of physically-based model "modules," including rigid-body kinematics, rigid-body dynamics, and dynamic constraints, all built with the Structured Modeling framework. These modules are intended to serve both as examples of the framework, and as potentially useful tools for the computer graphics community. We illustrate the use of the library to build some sample models, and include discussion of various possible additions and extensions to the library. Structured Modeling is an experiment in modeling: an exploration of designing via strict adherence to a dogma of structure, modularity, and mathematical formality. In our experience, Structured Modeling has proven to be a useful aid in the design and understanding of complex physically-based models.
Improving mathematics and science education in rural Australia: A practice report

There has been a steady decline in the number of secondary and tertiary students studying mathematics and science. Rural schools also report a shortage of qualified teachers in these disciplines. This paper describes the steps taken at the University of New England (UNE) to improve the provision of mathematics and science education (MS) in rural Australia. Initiatives such as the use of an online interactive digital classroom by rural NSW schools presenting MS contexts based on a SMART (sustainable, management, and accessible rural technologies) Farm will be presented. Research to improve teacher confidence and competence in these areas will be discussed along with the steps being taken to develop a Higher Education Research Facility (HERF) which will support research and engagement in the STEM domain.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy and stroke risk reduction: an analysis of clinical trials data

Although associations of cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) are well accepted, the association between cholesterol and stroke has been a subject of some confusion. Epidemiologic evidence suggests no association between plasma concentrations of cholesterol and stroke, and earlier clinical trials were also negative. Two early meta-analyses of clinical trials designed to evaluate the effects of cholesterol lowering on CHD concluded that cholesterol lowering had no effect. More recently newer, more potent and better tolerated agents (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, reductase inhibitors) have become available and have been tested for their efficacy in reducing cholesterol and CHD in both primary prevention and secondary prevention trials. Meta-analyses of these trials, in contrast to the earlier trials, reveal a powerful statistically significant effect to reduce stroke as well as CHD in secondary prevention (30%); the direction of the effect is the same in trials of primary prevention or trials that randomized patients with and without CHD (mixed primary and secondary prevention trials) where the risk reductions for stroke, although not reaching statistical significance are 11 and 30%, respectively. An important difference in the newer analysis is the availability of several trials of secondary prevention in which low density lipoprotein cholesterol was lowered 25-30% and in which CHD event reduction was similarly reduced by 30%. Mechanisms for stroke reduction likely involve retardation of plaque progression in the intracranial and extracranial carotid arteries, plaque stabilization, and, in addition, stroke may be reduced partly as a consequence of CHD reduction.
Applied Humanism: A Model for Normalized Behavior Programming

Applied Humanism (AH) is an approach to behavior programming based on six relationship principles that can be inculcated into all of an agency's service delivery components. It uses normalizing methods to manage inappropriate behavior while fostering the development of equitable relations.
Variations in individual physician success rates within an in vitro fertilization program might be due to patient demographics

Abstract Objective To determine whether there are variations in individual physician success rates in an IVF program, even with uniform laboratory and treatment protocols. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Boston IVF, a private practice. Patient(s) Patients Intervention(s) Retrospective analysis of IVF success rates for Boston IVF for the year 1999, as reported to the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology. Main outcome measure(s) Each individual physician's clinical pregnancy and live birth rates for patients aged Result(s) Among 13 physicians, the clinical pregnancy rate in the Conclusion(s) In the ideal patient group, in which patient demographics are uniform, there are no statistical differences in individual physician performance within the same IVF program. Variation exists in the success rates between the physicians in the
Side-coupled slab-symmetric structure for high-gradient acceleration using terahertz power

A slab-symmetric dielectric-loaded accelerator structure, consisting of a vacuum gap between dielectric-lined conducting walls, is described. The device is resonantly excited by an external drive laser which is side coupled into the acceleration region; a novel coupling scheme, which consists of an array of narrow, equally spaced slots in the upper structure boundary, is presented and analyzed in detail. This structure partakes of the advantages of earlier slab-symmetric optical acceleration proposals, but will use a terahertz-frequency external radiation source ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=340\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$), allowing realistic electron beams to be used in a proof-of-principle experiment. Two- and three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations are used to verify the mode patterns and study the effects of the couplers, including time-dependent calculations of the filling of the structure and particle-in-cell computations of the beam wakefields. Details of the resonance are found to be highly sensitive to the coupling slot geometry: the presence of the couplers can lead to frequency detuning, changes in the field breakdown limits and overall $Q$ factor, and distortions of the field pattern. Beam wakefields are enhanced by the presence of the slots, but found to have no significant effect on the beam transport. The resonant accelerating fields, which are nearly constant along the short transverse direction, are found to have between 10 and 15 times the amplitude of the driving radiation, with only a small ($l10%$) admixture of other nonaccelerating modes. Field gradients are computed to be near $100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ when the structure is driven with 100 MW of terahertz laser power. Possible manufacturing methods for a prototype device are discussed.
Bromouracil mutagenesis in Escherichia coli evidence for involvement of mismatch repair.

Bromouracil mutagenesis was studied in several strains of E. coli in combination with measurement of incorporation of bromouracil in DNA. For levels below 10% total replacement of bromouracil for thymine, mutagenesis was negligible compared with higher levels of incorporation. Such a nonlinear response occurred both when the bromouracil was evenly distributed over the genome and when a small proportion of the genome was highly substituted. Also, the mutation frequency could be drastically lowered by amino acid starvation following bromouracil incorporation. These observations suggest the involvement of repair phenomena. Studies of mutagenesis in recA− and uvrA− mutants, as well as studies of prophage induction, did not support an “error prone” repair pathway of mutagenesis. On the other hand, uvrD− and uvrE− mutants, which are deficient in DNA mismatch repair, had much increased mutation frequencies compared with wild type cells. The mutagenic action of bromouracil showed specificity under the conditions used, as demonstrated by the inability of bromouracil to revert an ochre codon that was easily revertable by ultraviolet light irradiation. The results are consistent with a mechanism of bromouracil mutagenesis involving mispairing, but suggest that the final mutation frequencies depend on repair that removes mismatched bases.
Expression and Activity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Late Fetal Rat Lung Is Cell- and Sex-Specific

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments late fetal lung maturation by advancing the ontogeny of fetal lung development and by stimulating surfactant synthesis. Previous studies have indicated that fibroblastalveolar epithelial cell communications mediate surfactant synthesis in the fetal lung and EGF acts through such a mechanism. We investigated the hypothesis that is differential activity and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in fetal lung fibroblasts during the canalicular stage of lung development mediates EGF effects. To test this hypothesis, we examined fetal rat lung fibroblasts (FLFs) and type II cells of late gestation (canalicular and saccular stages; 17-22 days) by EGF-R binding techniques, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analysis. Specific EGF binding increased 181% in day 18 female FLFs, with male FLFs exhibiting a similar increase on day 19. In contrast, specific EGF binding was low in type II cells, did not increase during late gestation, and there were no sex-specific differences. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed a predominant 170-kDa EGF-R band in fibroblasts that increased with gestation (peak = 19 days), and was stronger in females. Immunoprecipitation of EGF-treated cells demonstrated the tyrosine kinase activity of the identified receptor. In contrast, type II cells showed minimal signal that did not increase until day 21 of gestation. We also examined whole fetal lung sections by immunohistochemistry to determine cell-specific expression of the EGF-R in vivo. Immunohistochemistry revealed specific EGF-R staining in columnar and cuboidal epithelia of small conducting airways and in mesenchyme of epithelial-mesenchymal borders (including subepithelial mesenchyme). In contrast, alveolar epithelia showed minimal staining, while subalveolar mesenchyme EGF-R staining peaked at day 19 of gestation. We conclude that cell-specific and sex-specific differences in EGF-R binding and EGF-R immunolocalization appears in the fetal lung at a developmental stage that is critical for alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. The results suggest a role for EGF-R activation in late fetal alveolar epithelial cell maturation, which is mediated through mesenchymal-epithelial cell communication.
Occupational cancer risks for pesticide workers

Abstract There has been concern in recent years about the cancerogenic potential of pesticidal residues in food. Since pesticide workers receive much higher exposure to such chemicals at the work level, an assessment of the range of materials with cancerogenic potential has been made by a review of the literature. One hundred and seventy-five papers bearing on the subject were found. Their review has disclosed that many pesticidal chemicals possess at least low levels of cancerogenic activity for laboratory species. The review has demonstrated the major effect of spontaneous tumor incidence when chemicals of low cancer producing potential are being evaluated. It has also been established that some carriers and vehicles of pesticidal chemicals are cancerogenic or co-cancerogenic in man. There is some evidence of synergistic action between ingredients of particular preparations but no indication of additive cancerogenic potential among the various pesticides studied.
SARS coronavirus spike protein-induced innate immune response occurs via activation of the NF-κB pathway in human monocyte macrophages in vitro.

A purified recombinant spike (S) protein was studied for its effect on stimulating human peripheral blood monocyte macrophages (PBMC). We examined inflammatory gene mRNA abundances found in S protein-treated PBMC using gene arrays. We identified differential mRNA abundances of genes with functional properties associated with antiviral (CXCL10) and inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-8) responses. We confirmed cytokine mRNA increases by real-time quantitative(q) RT-PCR or ELISA. We further analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the prominent IL-8 response. By real-time qRT-PCR, S protein was shown to stimulate IL-8 mRNA accumulation in a dose dependent manner while treatment with E protein did not. Also, titration of S protein-specific production and secretion of IL-8 by ELISA showed that the dose of 5.6nM of S produced a significant increase in IL-8 (p=0.003) compared to mock-treated controls. The increase in IL-8 stimulated by a concentration of 5.6nM of S was comparable to concentrations seen for S protein binding to ACE2 or to neutralizing monoclonal antibody suggesting a physiological relevance. An NF-kappaB inhibitor, TPCK (N-Tosyl-L-Phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone) could suppress IL-8 production and secretion in response to S protein in PBMC and THP-1 cells and in HCoV-229E virus-infected PBMC. Activation and translocation of NF-kappaB was shown to occur rapidly following exposure of PBMC or THP-1 cells to S protein using a highly sensitive assay for active nuclear NF-kappaB p65 transcription factor. The results further suggested that released or secreted S protein could activate blood monocytes through recognition by toll-like receptor (TLR)2 ligand.
Sorting numbers in linear expected time and optimal extra space

Abstract An algorithm is shown that sorts n numbers, each representable in h bits, in θ(n) time on the average where the numbers to be sorted are selected randomly from some interval. The algorithm only uses θ(log n) bits of extra space, which is asymptotically optimal.
The evolution of cooperative breeding; is there cheating?

fi t u m a p d d e t a Over the past four decades biologists have developed a body f theory to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. Three ey conditions have been modeled in which the fitness of indiiduals can be enhanced by their cooperative acts. Cooperation an evolve and be stable when (i) cooperative individuals share enes with the recipients (Hamilton, 1964a,b), (ii) when coopration is a byproduct of selfish action (West-Eberhard, 1975; rown, 1983; Connor, 1986), and (iii) when there is directed eciprocation for cooperative acts (Trivers, 1971; Axelrod and amilton, 1981; Sachs et al., 2004). Cooperative breeding is a ommon example of cooperation observed in numerous species f vertebrates and invertebrates; it occurs when some members f a social group delay independent breeding and help others aise young (Brown, 1987). In their struggle to understand why ndividuals should invest in the offspring of others, biologists ave developed an exclusive, and sometimes idiosyncratic, set f models to explain the evolutionary maintenance of cooperaive breeding (e.g. Gaston, 1978; Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick, 978; Wiley and Rabenold, 1984; Jamieson, 1989; Emlen et al., 991; Connor and Curry, 1995; Zahavi, 1995; Cockburn, 1998; lutton-Brock, 2002; Kokko et al., 2001, 2002). Despite the ealth of theory to explain the evolution of cooperative breedng, it is not immediately evident how these hypotheses relate to ne another or to general theories of cooperation (Axelrod and amilton, 1981; Queller, 1985; Bull and Rice, 1991; Connor, 995; Sachs et al., 2004; Foster and Wenseleers, 2006; Lehmann nd Keller, 2006). Bergmuller et al. (2007) attempted to bridge the theoretical ivide between the evolution of cooperation and cooperative reeding. They developed a seven part classification system or cooperation theory and used it to connect hypotheses for he maintenance of cooperative breeding in vertebrates. Here, e review a simpler, tripartite framework for the evolution of
Some effects of x-ray on the infective larvae of the cattle nematode Trichostrongylus axei.

Abstract 1. 1. Doses up to 90,000 r x-ray failed to inhibit the motility of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei maintained in tap water at room temperature for 28 days. 2. 2. Irradiation of about 5,000 r apparently stimulated the infective power of the larvae without an apparent increase in their pathogenic effects on the host. 3. 3. With increased irradiation above 10,000 r, a gradual reduction in the number of adult nematodes in the stomachs of rabbits was evident. 4. 4. There was a gradual reduction in the proportion of male to female parasites recovered as the dose of x-ray was increased above 5,000 r. No male worms were recovered from rabbits that received larvae exposed to 60,000 r. 5. 5. No worms were recovered from rabbits given larvae exposed in vitro to 90,000 r.
Nylon 6.6 accelerated aging studies: thermal–oxidative degradation and its interaction with hydrolysis

Abstract Accelerated aging of Nylon 6.6 fibers used in parachutes has been conducted by following the tensile strength loss under both thermal–oxidative and 100% relative humidity conditions. Thermal–oxidative studies (air circulating ovens) were performed for time periods of weeks to years at temperatures ranging from 37 °C to 138 °C. Accelerated aging humidity experiments (100% RH) were performed under both an argon atmosphere to examine the ‘pure’ hydrolysis pathway, and under an oxygen atmosphere (oxygen partial pressure close to that occurring in air) to mimic true aging conditions. As expected the results indicated that degradation caused by humidity is much more important than thermal–oxidative degradation. Surprisingly when both oxygen and humidity were present the rate of degradation was dramatically enhanced relative to humidity aging in the absence of oxygen. This significant and previously unknown phenomena underscores the importance of careful accelerated aging that truly mimics real world storage conditions.
Existence of Dyons in the Coupled Georgi-Glashow-Skyrme Model

We prove the existence of a continuous family of finite-energy particle-like solutions in the coupled Georgi–Glashow–Skyrme model carrying both electric and magnetic charges, known as dyons. Due to the presence of electricity and the Minkowski spacetime signature, we need to solve a variational problem with an indefinite action functional. Our results show that, while the magnetic charge is uniquely determined by the topological monopole number, the electric charge of a solution can be arbitrarily prescribed in an open interval.
Effects of the inhibitors azide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and aurovertin on nucleotide binding to the three F1-ATPase catalytic sites measured using specific tryptophan probes.

Abstract Equilibrium nucleotide binding to the three catalytic sites of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase was measured in the presence of the inhibitors azide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and aurovertin to elucidate mechanisms of inhibition. Fluorescence signals of β-Trp-331 and β-Trp-148 substituted in catalytic sites were used to determine nucleotide binding parameters. Azide brought about small decreases inKd (MgATP) andKd (MgADP). Notably, under MgATP hydrolysis conditions, it caused all enzyme molecules to assume a state with three catalytic site-bound MgATP and zero bound MgADP. These results rule out the idea that azide inhibits by “trapping” MgADP. Rather, azide blocks the step at which signal transmission between catalytic sites promotes multisite hydrolysis. Aurovertin bound with stoichiometry of 1.8 (mol/mol of F1) and allowed significant residual turnover. Cycling of the aurovertin-free β-subunit catalytic site through three normal conformations was indicated by MgATP binding data. Aurovertin did not change the normal ratio of 1 bound MgATP/2 bound MgADP in catalytic sites. The results indicate that it acts to slow the switch of catalytic site affinities (“binding change step”) subsequent to MgATP hydrolysis. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide shifted the ratio of catalytic site-bound MgATP/MgADP from 1:2 to 1.6:1.4, without affectingKd (MgATP) values. Like azide, it also appears to affect activity at the step after MgATP binding, in which signal transmission between catalytic sites promotes MgATP hydrolysis.
Role of cellular proteinases in acute myocardial infarction II. influence of in vivo suppression of myocardial proteolysis by antipain, leupeptin and pepstatin on myocardial infarct size in the rat

Proteinases present in myocytes and leukocytes have been thought to contribute to ischemic myocellular death. To test this concept, the effects of three potent proteinase inhibitors (leupeptin, antipain and pepstatin) on myocardial infarct size were investigated. In the first experiment, rats received leupeptin intravenously (in either a "low" [10 mg/kg] or a "high" [40 mg/kg] dose) 10 minutes before coronary artery occlusion; additional doses were given 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after occlusion. Low and high doses were previously shown to reduce proteolysis in ischemic myocardium by 49 and 72%, respectively. Infarct size, measured histologically at 72 hours, did not differ significantly among control (40 ± 2% of left ventricular surface, n = 30), low dose (37 ± 5%, n = 21) and high dose (41 ± 3%, n = 23) groups. In the second experiment, rats received a combination of leupeptin (40 mg/kg), antipain (20 mg/kg) and pepstatin (5 mg/kg) intravenously before and 2 and 4 hours after coronary occlusion. This treatment was previously shown to decrease proteolysis in ischemic regions by 88% at 15 minutes and by 72% at 6 hours of occlusion. Infarct size, determined at 6 hours by incubating heart slices in triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride, was not significantly different between control (44 ± 3% of left ventricular weight, n = 23) and treated (48 ± 2%, n = 30) animals. Thus, despite almost complete suppression of proteolysis throughout the development of irreversible injury, the ultimate extent of ischemic damage was not reduced. These results indicate that proteolysis occurring during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction does not in itself cause ischemic myocellular death. Accordingly, proteinase inhibition soon after coronary occlusion does not appear to be an infarct-sparing mechanism.
Ambivalent Sexism and Relationship Patterns among Women and Men in Ukraine

The present study was designed to examine the ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women and men in a sample of Ukrainian college students and young professionals. Findings support previous theoretical assertions that in reaction to current trends toward cultural remasculinization, Eastern European women may hold attitudes similar to women in other cultures marked by gender inequality (Glick & Fiske, 2001). As predicted, Ukrainian women were found to hold stronger benevolent sexist attitudes about their own gender roles and more hostile attitudes toward men than were their male counterparts. In addition, benevolent and hostile attitudes about the genders held by both women and men were related to negative relationship attitudes such as fear of intimacy, and anxious or avoidant attachments for both genders.
KIDLINK: Patterns of Growth.

The Kidlink project began in 1990 with the goal of creating a global dialogue among the ten to 15‐year‐old youths of the world. The primary medium for this exchange has been through e‐mail mailing lists. Over four years, that project has experienced nearly an order of magnitude growth. This growth has entailed major changes in both the way the dialogue itself has been structured and in the organization of the volunteers who run the project. Growth is much more of a challenge for those Internet projects that provide contact with individuals than for those that are primarily providing access to information. The success of KIDLINK provides a useful model for others.
Novel association of haemophagocytic syndrome with Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus‐related primary effusion lymphoma

Haemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a fulminant, often fatal, systemic illness that occurs in association with infection and malignancy. We provide the first report of HPS that heralded a primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a rare neoplasm linked to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. The patient was a 38-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with fever, sweats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and refractory anaemia. Examination of the spleen demonstrated haemophagocytosis; analysis of ascites revealed PEL. Treatment with chemotherapy and ganciclovir resulted in complete remission of both conditions. This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges posed by HPS and supports the trial of antiviral agents in combination with chemotherapy in patients with PEL.
Specialty training and mortality after esophageal cancer resection.

Background Surgeons with advanced training have lower mortality rates with some surgical procedures. The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of thoracic surgery training on mortality rates of esophageal cancer resection. Methods We studied esophageal cancer resection in the national Medicare population during 1998 and 1999. Operative mortality rates (in-hospital or 30-day) were compared for thoracic surgeons and other surgeons, adjusting for patient characteristics, hospital volume, and surgeon volume. Surgeons with specialty training in thoracic surgery were those certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. Results Of the 1,946 patients, 625 (32%) had their operation performed by a thoracic surgeon. After adjustment for patient characteristics, mortality rates were 37% (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.82) higher for surgeons without specialty training compared with thoracic surgeons (adjusted mortality 16.5% versus 12.4%; p = 0.01). However, differences in mortality between high-volume and low-volume hospitals (24.3% versus 11.4%; p Conclusions Specialty training in thoracic surgery has an independent association with lower mortality after esophageal resection. But specialty training appears to be less important than hospital and surgeon volume.
Projections of lamprey spinal neurons determined by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

The spinal cords of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) and adult river lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) were injected with horseradish peroxidase through a transection 1 cm caudal to the last gill. Some animals also had a spinal hemisection 1 cm caudal to the injection. After recovery periods of 1 to 52 days, the spinal cords were treated with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, and the projections of various cell types determined in wholemount slides. From these observations the following conclusions were drawn. Most dorsal cells (primary sensory cells) are bipolar with a long rostral projection and a short caudal projection of no more than 5-10 mm. Both processes travel in the ipsilateral dorsal column. Their peripheral processes enter the dorsal roots as branches of their central axons. Some dorsal cells send processes out three or more dorsal roots both rostral and caudal to the cell body. Myotomal motoneurons have characteristic locations in the medial gray column and send prominent transversely oriented dendrites into the lateral columns. A few motoneurons are unusually large. In addition to giant interneurons the majority of smaller rostrally projecting interneurons also have decussating axons. A recently described cell type, the oblique bipolar cell, appears to have an exclusively crossed rostral projection. Although most edge cells project rostrally, as many as 20% may have a caudal projection or both rostral and caudal projections. Edge cells project equally to the ipsilateral and contralateral spinal hemicord, but their processes do not extend more than about 18 mm in sea lamprey larvae and 37 mm in adult river lampreys. Lateral cells project exclusively to the ipsilateral caudal hemicord. A few cells which resemble lateral cells in location and in possessing large lateral dendrites, project rostrally. However, these have atypical morphologic features which probably distinguish them from true lateral cells. Thus far, regardless of cell type, all decussating axons seem to pass ventral to the central canal, while decussating medial dendrites pass dorsally.
Reduction of spurious baseline effects in NMR.

The practical limitation on sensitivity in broad‐line NMR is frequently spurious effects on the baseline rather than the masking of the signal by thermal noise. I discuss some of the causes of spurious baseline effects and describe a simple circuit used to reduce them by a factor of 300.
Recent Developments in Measurement and Possible Applications to the Measurement of Psychomotor Behavior: A Response

Abstract The possible utilization of item response theory (IRT) and adaptive testing in psychomotor situations leads to a number of interesting suppositions. The question of test validity is crucial and the application of those procedures could help enhance the quality and generalizability of research results. Examination of the results of several previous studies indicates that adaptive testing may be easily applied in a number of psychomotor problems. The application of IRT will depend upon the type of model chosen. Various models are considered from a heuristic standpoint with the binomial model being the most logically suitable approach. The continuous response model needs to be examined more thoroughly. The combination of selected IRT models with other approaches such as sequential probability testing and trials-to-criterion testing was discussed. The use of validity generalization was suggested. It was concluded that in order for approaches of this type to be feasible, researchers needed to construc...