cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Characterization of Optical Scattering Potentials

Enhanced fluctuations of integrated scattered intensity are used to measure characteristic scales of scattering potentials. The approach relies on controlling only statistical properties of the illumination and is robust against inherent perturbations.
On the Use of Confirmatory Measurement Models in the Analysis of Multiple-Informant Reports

In applied research it is important to understand the implications of the factor analytic model used to represent the covariance structure underlying a set of observed measures. Here the focus is o...
Alterations in NMDA receptors in a rat model of cortical dysplasia.

Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for theN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in epilepsy. NMDARs have also been shown to play a critical role in hyperexcitability associated with...
Sonographic evaluation of enchondroma with soft tissue extension in the setting of Ollier disease.

Enchondroma is a benign cartilaginous neoplasm that arises after entrapment of a physeal rest of cartilage within the intramedullary cavity of long bones. 1 Ollier disease is a rare sporadic developmental abnormality that results in multiple intramedullary and intracortical enchondromas. 2 Clinical problems caused by enchondromas in Oflier disease include skeletal deformities, fractures, limb length discrepancy, and a risk of malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma. 3 Enchondroma protuberans is a chondromatous lesion that arises in the intramedullary cavity of bone, protrudes through adjacent cortex, and forms a prominent exophytic mass in the adjacent soft tissues. 4 This entity can be seen in the setting of multiple enchondromatosis or solitary enchondroma and should be distinguished from osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma. 5 To this date, characterization of enchondroma protuberans and enchondromatosis has relied on radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 5-10 We recently performed a functional evaluation of a patient with a deformity of the hand related to long-standing Ollier disease using sonography to characterize the cause of pain in the patient's index finger and a clicking sensation in the middle finger.
Rapid Evaluation of Particle Properties using Inverse SEM Simulations

The characteristic X-rays produced by the interactions of the electron beam with the sample in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are usually captured with a variable-energy detector, a process termed energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The purpose of this work is to exploit inverse simulations of SEM-EDS spectra to enable rapid determination of sample properties, particularly elemental composition. This is accomplished using penORNL, a modified version of PENELOPE, and a modified version of the traditional Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear optimization algorithm, which together is referred to as MOZAIK-SEM. The overall conclusion of this work is that MOZAIK-SEM is a promising method for performing inverse analysis of X-ray spectra generated within a SEM. As this methodology exists now, MOZAIK-SEM has been shown to calculate the elemental composition of an unknown sample within a few percent of the actual composition.
Automatic Entity Recognition and Typing in Massive Text Data

In today's computerized and information-based society, individuals are constantly presented with vast amounts of text data, ranging from news articles, scientific publications, product reviews, to a wide range of textual information from social media. To extract value from these large, multi-domain pools of text, it is of great importance to gain an understanding of entities and their relationships. In this tutorial, we introduce data-driven methods to recognize typed entities of interest in massive, domain-specific text corpora. These methods can automatically identify token spans as entity mentions in documents and label their fine-grained types (e.g., people, product and food) in a scalable way. Since these methods do not rely on annotated data, predefined typing schema or hand-crafted features, they can be quickly adapted to a new domain, genre and language. We demonstrate on real datasets including various genres (e.g., news articles, discussion forum posts, and tweets), domains (general vs. bio-medical domains) and languages (e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and even low-resource languages like Hausa and Yoruba) how these typed entities aid in knowledge discovery and management.
The infrastructure and Reversibility of Testicular Atrophy Induced by Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (EGME) in the Rat

Inhalation exposure to 300 ppm ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) for 3 days produced degenerative changes in spermatocytes of pachytene and meiotic division at spermatogenic stage XIV in rats...
Computerized Geologic Map Compilation

Abstract Compilation and presentation of geologic maps are greatly aided by utilization of basic computer equipment and software. Geologic data in computer format can easily be modified to accommodate new field data. Cross sections are also easily constructed on the computer. Paper or photographic slide copies of a map can be conveniently and economically produced at various scales for use in the field or for communicating data. We scanned USGS 7.5 minute topographic base maps on a flatbed scanner. Each sheet was scanned in six 8.5 × 14 inch (22 × 36 cm) sections with 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) of overlap per section. The six scanned files were imported as PICT files into Canvas ™, spliced, and edited to eliminate overlap. Structural data, lithologic contacts, text, etc., were compiled into separate layers. The completed 7.5 minute quadrangle with all compiled structural and geologic data uses approximately 3.7 MB of disk space.
Communication Intervention for Young Children with Severe Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Via Telehealth

Young children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Rett syndrome often experience severe communication impairments. This study examined the efficacy of parent-implemented communication assessment and intervention with remote coaching via telehealth on the acquisition of early communication skills of three young children with ASD (2) and Rett syndrome (1). Efficacy of the intervention was evaluated using single-case experimental designs. First, functional assessment was used to identify idiosyncratic/potentially communicative responses and contexts for each child. Next, parents implemented functional communication training (FCT). All of the children acquired the targeted communication responses. The findings support the efficacy of telehealth as a service delivery model to coach parents on intervention strategies for their children’s early communication skills.
Nitrogen subsidies in glacial meltwaters have altered planktonic diatom communities in lakes of the US Rocky Mountains for at least a century

We examined sedimentary diatom profiles from alpine lakes in the US Rocky Mountains to assess when glacially fed lakes started receiving nitrogen subsidies and whether that timing varies across regions. We focused on lake sediment cores from Glacier National Park and compared them to previously published work from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The only contemporary feature of these glacially fed lakes that differs from snowmelt-fed lakes is nitrate concentration, with glacially fed lakes having about 40 times higher nitrogen than snow-fed lakes; lake thermal structure and temperatures do not differ between lake types. Increases in Asterionella formosa, a strong indicator of nitrogen enrichment, occurred much earlier in glacially fed compared to snow-fed lakes across both regions. Responses to nitrogen enrichment in glacially fed lakes started at least a century ago, and in some cases, many centuries ago, whereas they occurred after 1970 in the snow-fed lakes. Furthermore, diatom assemblages in glacially fed lakes showed declines in species richness over time and greater community turnover compared to snow-fed lakes. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that throughout the late Holocene glacially fed lakes in both regions of the Rocky Mountains have followed different ecological trajectories than snow-fed lakes as a result of increasing nitrogen concentrations.
Quasi-static acoustic tweezing thromboelastometry.

Essentials Blood coagulation measurement during contact with an artificial surface leads to unreliable data. Acoustic tweezing thromboelastometry is a novel non-contact method for coagulation monitoring. This method detects differences in the blood coagulation state within 10 min. Coagulation data were obtained using a much smaller sample volume (4 μL) than currently used. SummaryBackground Thromboelastography is widely used as a tool to assess the coagulation status of critical care patients. It allows observation of changes in material properties of whole blood, beginning with early stages of clot formation and ending with clot lysis. However, the contact activation of the coagulation cascade at surfaces of thromboelastographic systems leads to inherent variability and unreliability in predicting bleeding or thrombosis risks. Objectives To develop acoustic tweezing thromboelastometry as a non-contact method for perioperative assessment of blood coagulation. Methods Acoustic tweezing is used to levitate microliter drops of biopolymer and human blood samples. By quasi-statically changing the acoustic pressure we control the sample drop location and deformation. Sample size, deformation and location are determined by digital imaging at each pressure. Results Simple Newtonian liquid solutions maintain a constant, reversible location vs. deformation curve. In contrast, the location/deformation curves for gelatin, alginate, whole blood and blood plasma uniquely change as the samples solidify. Increasing elasticity causes the sample to deform less, leading to steeper stress/strain curves. By extracting a linear regime slope, we show that whole blood or blood plasma exhibits a unique slope profile as it begins to clot. By exposing blood samples to pro- or antithrombotic agents, the slope profile changes, allowing detection of hyper- or hypocoagulable states. Conclusions We demonstrate that quasi-static acoustic tweezing can yield information about clotting onset, maturation and strength. The advantages of small sample size, non-contact and rapid measurement make this technique desirable for real-time monitoring of blood coagulation.
Clinical and genetic aspects of ovarian stromal tumors: A report from the International Ovarian and Testicular Stromal Tumor Registry.

5520 Background: Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors are rare tumors that tend to occur in children, adolescents and young adults. The International Ovarian and Testicular Stromal Tumor (OTST) Registry...
Context-aware multi-inhabitant functional and physiological health assessment in smart home environment

Recognizing the human activity, behavior and physiological symptoms in smart home environments is of utmost importance for the functional, physiological and cognitive health assessment of the older adults. Unprecedented data from everyday devices such as smart wristbands, smart ornaments, smartphones, and ambient sensors provide opportunities for activity mining and inference, but pose fundamental research challenges in data processing, physiological feature extraction, activity learning and inference in the presence of multiple inhabitants. In this thesis, we develop micro-activity driven macro-activity recognition approaches while considering the underpinning spatiotemporal constraints and correlations across multiple inhabitants. We design novel signal processing and machine learning algorithms to detect physiological symptoms and infer macro-level activity of the inhabitants, respectively. We combine these activity recognition methodologies along with the physiological health assessment approaches to quantify the functional, behavioral, and cognitive health of the older adults. real-time data collected data from a continuing care retirement community center (IRB #HP-00064387) helped us to evaluate, compare, and benchmark our proposed computational approaches with the clinical tools used extensively for functional and cognitive health assessment.
International Cooperation in Fusion Energy: Organization, Administration, and Obstacles

The programmatic trend today in magnetic fusion is for greater international cooperation to stretch limited resources and maintain scientific momentum. When national programs exist of comparable si...
DISINCENTIVES TO BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ON THE NAVAJO NATION

In this paper, we explore the underdevelopment of the business sector on the Navajo reservation. We explore why the Navajo reservation continues to be economically depressed and find that formal an...
Silicon Nanoparticles: Stability in Aqueous Slurries and the Optimization of the Oxide Layer Thickness for Optimal Electrochemical Performance

In this study, silicon nanoparticles are oxidized in a controlled manner to obtain different thicknesses of SiO2 layers. Their stability in aqueous slurries as well as the effect of oxide layer thickness on the electrochemical performance of the silicon anodes is evaluated. Our results show that slightly increasing the oxide layer of silicon nanoparticles significantly improves the stability of the nanoparticles in aqueous slurries and does not compromise the initial electrochemical performance of the electrodes. A careful comparison of the rate and cycle performance between 400 °C treated Si nanoparticles and pristine Si nanoparticles shows that by treating the silicon nanoparticles in air for slightly increasing the oxide layer, improvement in both rate and cycle performance can be achieved.
ATTAINABLE ACCURACY OF COMPACT DISCRETIZATIONS OF THE POISSON EQUATION

This chapter describes the attainable accuracy of compact discretizations of the Poisson equation. Itb discusses the attainable order of truncation error of finite difference discretizations of Poisson's equation defined on a bounded two-dimensional domain R with boundary ∂R and boundary data. The chapter presents O ( h n )-point discretization. It is well known that to achieve O ( h n ) global error, one normally need only use formulas with local error O ( h n− 2 ) at irregular points. The chapter presents the example of an O ( h 4 ) method that uses formulas with O ( h 2 ) local error for its irregular points to indicate how little effect these can have even on coarse grids.
Theological Voices in Wendell Berry’s Fiction

This article explores the theological thinking of writer-farmer-thinker Wendell Berry and aligns his fiction with the criticism of institutional religion revealed in his essays. With an ecologist’s sense of interdependence and interconnectedness, Berry’s criticism is based on what can be described as a theology of membership. This theology of membership recognizes all creation as gift from God, with its goodness evidence of God’s love. Such love imposes on us an order and obligation of love and gratitude, both modeling and inviting us to respond with loving care for God’s world and each other. A theology of membership is placed and practiced, requiring responsibility and action in this world even as we appreciate its pleasures and joys.
Factors affecting early versus late remission in acromegaly following stereotactic radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a well-established treatment modality for patients with acromegaly. Our previously published study demonstrated a median time to remission of 29 months. This study aims to identify factors affecting the timing of remission and also to quantify the rate of late remission. This is a retrospective analysis of acromegaly patients who underwent SRS between 1988 and 2016. Early and late remissions were defined based on our prior median remission time of 29 months. The median imaging and endocrine follow-ups are 66 and 104.8 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis was conducted to analyze factors leading to late remission. A total number of 157 patients, of those 102 (64.9%) patients achieved remission. of those 102 patients, 62 patients (60.7%) had remission in less than 29 months (early remission) whereas 40 patients (39.3%) achieved remission later than (late remission) 29 months. The two groups differed significantly in the time interval between the last resection and the first SRS (p = 0.040) whole sella radiosurgery (p = 0.025) or radiosurgery to the cavernous sinus (p = 0.041). Competing risk analysis showed the interval between resection and SRS was significantly longer in the late remission group (HR 1.013, 95% CI 1.004–1.02; p = 0.007). Fifty-one of 157 patients (32.5%) developed a new endocrine deficiency following SRS. Those with shorter time between resection and SRS were more likely to achieve early remission. While most patients achieve remission in less than 4 years, the latency of effect with SRS yields a small percentage of patients achieving remission beyond that time point.
Minimizing disk I/O in two-bit breadth-first search

We present a breadth-first search algorithm, two-bit breadth-first search (TBBFS), which requires only two bits for each state in the problem space. TBBFS can be parallelized in several ways, and can store its data on magnetic disk. Using TBBFS, we perform complete breadth-first searches of the original pancake problem with 14 and 15 pancakes, and the burned pancake problem with 11 and 12 pancakes, determining the diameter of these problem spaces for the first time. We also performed a complete breadth-first search of the subspace of Rubik's Cube determined by the edge cubies.
The effects of feeding monensin on rumen microbial communities and methanogenesis in bred heifers fed in a drylot

Abstract Drylot beef cow-calf systems are viable alternative management systems to traditional forage-based systems. In such confinement, adding ionophores such as monensin to the diets of beef cattle is common, and has been shown to improve feed efficiency and increase average daily gain. The addition of monensin is also commonly utilized as a strategy for methane mitigation, as this ionophore class antimicrobial acts to interfere with ion flux primarily within Gram-positive cells through its action as an ion carrier. It is widely accepted that suppression of these ruminal organisms results in the reduction of substrates for rumen methanogenic archaea, reducing methane production. However, several studies have indicated that cattle may adapt to monensin, and within weeks of feeding, may return to prior levels of methane production. Our hypothesis is that feeding monensin to bred beef heifers in confinement will temporarily decrease methane production from shifts in the methanogenic archaeal and bacterial communities. Sixteen fall-born bred heifers were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 8 per treatment) and were fed a control diet or a diet containing monensin for 70 days using headgates. In vivo gas exchange of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and methane production were measured for 24-h periods throughout the trial using individual calorimeter head boxes. Rumen content sampling was conducted on day 0, 18 and 53 of the trial through oral lavage. Upon completion of sampling, DNA was isolated for ruminal bacteriome composition utilizing deep, next-generation sequencing of the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S bacterial rRNA gene. Level of methanogen 16S rRNA was quantified using qPCR. There was a significant reduction in phylum SR1 (P 0.05). Heifers fed monensin did not produce significantly less methane than the control (P > 0.05) on a liters per day basis, which was consistent throughout the study. These data suggest methane production is not reduced long-term when animals are fed monensin in confinement. Additionally, the data suggest that monensin supplementation does not suppress all classical Gram-positive populations, rather it influences finer shifts in bacterial species that may be key in ruminant function. Determining the stability of the ruminal microbiome over time in heifers fed monensin may provide further insights to long-term methane mitigation in cow-calf systems.
Analytical study of transient performance of thermoelectric coolers considering the Thomson effect

Abstract Analytical solutions of transient temperature distributions within semiconductor elements are presented in this study. The performance of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) under the influences of the Thomson effect, Joule heating, and combined radiation and convection cooling is investigated. The solution of the temperature distributions is obtained by solving the governing heat conduction equation using the superposition technique with the aid of a special transformation function. The closed-form transient temperature profiles for the semiconductor element sizes, applied current, cooling load, heating power, power consumption, and the system coefficient of performance (COP) of a TEC are presented. The interrelationships between the aforementioned effects are examined in detail. The analytical temperature solution presented in this study can be utilized by design engineers in the thermoelectrics industry as a convenient means to demonstrate compliance of the device heating or cooling design specification requirements.
The Art of Cosmopolitanism: Visual Potentialities in Ma Jun, Tomokazu Matsuyama, David Diao, and Patty Chang

Since the creation of chinoiserie for export, or as developed in Europe for the European mass market as early as in the sixteenth century, an idea of blending and mixing within an overlapping cosmopolitan space has mingled with elements of power asymmetries connected with the notions of the popular imagination, the art object, and the everyday. The contemporary artists Ma Jun, Tomokazu Matsuyama, David Diao, and Patty Chang each in their own way have harnessed this concept of chinoiserie and switched the power function into a consciously appropriated scaffolding for their work.
Structure of Riemannian Foliations

For Riemannian foliations on closed manifolds, Molino has found a remarkable structure theorem [Mo 8,10]. This theorem is based on several fundamental observations. The first is that the canonical lift \(\hat{\mathcal{F}}\) of a Riemannian foliation F to the bundle \(\hat{M}\) of orthonormal frames of Q is a transversally parallelizable Riemannian foliation. The canonical lift \(\hat{\mathcal{F}}\) on \(\hat{M}\) is a foliation of the same dimension as F on M, and invariant under the action of the orthogonal structural group of \(\hat{M}\) Now let M be closed and oriented, and consider on \(\hat{M}\) the closures of the leaves of \(\hat{\mathcal{F}}\) The second fundamental observation is that these closures form the fibers of a fibration \({{X}_{0}} \to \hat{M}\xrightarrow{{\hat{\pi }}}\hat{W}\) over the space \(\hat{W}\) of orbit closures, with typical fiber Xo. The foliation \(\hat{\mathcal{F}}\) induces on X0, and on each fiber of \(\hat{\pi }\), a Lie foliation with dense leaves. The Lie algebra of the model group G of this Lie foliation is another structural invariant of the foliation. With the help of this structure theorem, many questions on Riemannian foliations can be reduced to questions on Lie foliations, by passing to the bundle of transversal orthonormal frames. We state all this in more detail, but without proof, which is the main topic of Molino’s book [Mo 10].
A Single Trait Measure of Scalability

A person’s scalability for a trait is a measure of the consistency of that person’s behavior over situations. For any trait, sufficient data for measuring scalability include (1) observations of behavior-in-situation, and, (2) a prior metric for assigning elevation scores to the observed behaviors. The generalizability of scalability scores will be enhanced to the degree that the range of situations is representative of the domain of interest. A paper-and-pencil set of “situations” may be considered as a sample from that domain, albeit one which, because of its homogeneity, is lacking in both statistical power and conceptual generality.
Molecular Models of DNA Structures and Dynamics: Principles, Techniques and Applications

Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, such as: closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic, metal wires for 'skeletal models', graphic computations and animations by computers, artistic rendering, and so on, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. Computer molecular models also allow animations and molecular dynamics simulations that are very important for understanding how DNA functions in vivo.
The Industrious Revolution: The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Demand

The previous chapter explored the paths by which households became more industrious in the course of the long eighteenth century, devoting more of their labor to market-oriented activities. The concept at this study's core argues that this new industriousness was substantially motivated by new consumer aspirations. Is it possible to observe consumer behavior consistent with the industrious revolution hypothesis? First a word is necessary about what we are not looking for. The new consumer demand was not a “consumer revolution,” an exploding volume of purchased goods that jump-started the growth of production in the “leading sectors” of the Industrial Revolution. Indeed, it is striking how little the expansion of industrial production and the unfolding of consumer demand touch each other directly until the twentieth century. Nor was the new consumer demand driven primarily by emulation, where rising incomes allowed progressively lower socioeconomic strata to adopt, and be incorporated into, the material world of their social superiors. Rather, the consumer demand of this era was associated with a broadened choice in the selection of “consumer technologies” whereby the ultimately consumed “Z-commodities” sought by various socioeconomic groups could be produced. An increased substitutability between the goods and the time inputs in consumption made possible substantial redistributions of the productive resources of the household at the same time as it encouraged renegotiation of the distribution of consumption resources within the household. That is, consumer demand developed through an interaction of market and household productive systems.
Styles of centrifugal pumps used in pumping carbon to minimize carbon attrition

Attrition of activated carbon in either the carbon-in-pulp (CIP) or carbon-in-leach (CIL) method of gold extraction can lead to, at the least, loss of expensive carbon that has to be made up, and at the worst, loss of both the carbon and any gold that was attached to it. Carbon attrition therefore represents a significant factor in both the efficiency and cost of the extraction process, and efforts to reduce attrition through process and equipment selection pay dividends. In evaluating carbon attrition potential, one would note that an individual carbon particle is in jeopardy virtually any time it is in motion. Since the motivators of this motion are primary centrifugal pumps, the purpose of this paper is to review the current styles of these pumps now in use and to examine their performance in minimizing carbon attrition.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Lymphomas: Methods, Data, and Challenges

Antigen 16 (CD19) is an optimal target for targeted cellular therapy against all B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL)/chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, targeting CD19 can result in prolonged B-cell aplasia. Given the clinical experience with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab with temporary B-cell aplasia, severe clinical consequence has not been observed. Intravenous gamma globulin has proven to effectively supplement humoral immunity in hypogammaglobulinemic patients. Genetically engineered recombinant T-cell receptors directed against a specific tumor antigen (chimeric antigen receptors, CARs) can recognize and kill tumor cell targets. This review will focus on the clinical experience of targeting CD19 with CAR-modified T cells (19-CAR-T) for B-cell lymphomas, excluding CLL/SLL and multiple myeloma which are covered in other chapters of this book.
Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Minimally Invasive Gluteal Augmentation.

BACKGROUNDThere is increased emphasis on the importance of the gluteal region in the perception of beauty. Biodegradable fillers provide a nonsurgical method of augmenting and rejuvenating this area.OBJECTIVETo review pertinent aspects of anatomy, patient evaluation, injection technique, and complic
Interfacial energies of supercritical CO2 and water with 2:1 layered silicate surfaces: A density functional theory study

Abstract Interfacial energies between supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and water with a model clay surface under conditions related to hydraulic fracturing have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Planewave DFT methods in the program VASP (Kresse and Furthmuller, 1996) were used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at a temperature of 333.33 K to calculate these interfacial energies and molecular structures. The calculated interfacial energies between scCO2 and water with the K+-bearing model clay surface were 0.022 and 0.0422 J/m2, respectively. The lower interfacial energy between scCO2 and model clay suggests that scCO2 would create a better fracturing fluid because it can enter the nanopores of clay-dominated shales more readily than water. This entrance into nanopores before fracturing occurs could create a more complex fracture network. The orientations of the scCO2 molecules with respect to the silicate layer also suggest that scCO2 is not influenced by a charged ion surface on the surface of the silicate whereas the water is. These interfacial structures also provide insight into why scCO2 would have a lower interfacial energy with silicate than water.
Al Muhajiroun: The Early Days (1996–2004)

The rise of al Muhajiroun (ALM) in the UK took place after Omar Bakri Mohammed’s departure from Hizb ut Tahrir (HT). Free from the restraints of HT leadership, OBM clearly became more radical over time. This chapter discusses the activities of al Muhajiroun during that period and how he pushed the boundaries of social and legal acceptability in Britain. The information is reinforced with contextual reference by OBM as discussed during extended interviews with him. The discussion takes place against the backdrop of wider Islamist movements and the UK Government’s attempts to suppress what it believed to be a growing existential threat. The organizational structure of al Muhajiroun is outlined, its methods of recruitment, how contacts were made, how contacts became students, and students became members.
Numerical Simulation of Seasonal Variations of Base Course Resilient Modulus in Pavement Structures in Nonfrost Regions

AbstractThe seasonal variation of unbound material properties is often significant, and water within a pavement structure is a principal cause of pavement deterioration. A small water content incre...
Delirium in COVID-19: A case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement.

Abstract Introduction Neuropsychiatric manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described, including anosmia, ageusia, headache, paresthesia, encephalitis and encephalopathy. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the virus causes central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and therefore little guidance is available regarding potential workup or management options. Cases We present a series of four consecutive cases, seen by our psychiatry consultation service over a one-week period, each of which manifested delirium as a result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Discussion The four cases highlighted here all occurred in older patients with premorbid evidence of cognitive decline. Unique features seen in multiple cases included rigidity, alogia, abulia, and elevated inflammatory markers. In all four cases, a change in mental status was the presenting symptom, and three of the four cases lacked significant respiratory symptoms. In addition to discussing unique features of the cases, we discuss possible pathophysiologic explanations for COVID-19 delirium. Conclusions Delirium should be recognized as a potential feature of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may be the only presenting symptom. Based on the high rates of delirium demonstrated in prior studies, hospitals should consider adding mental status changes to the list of testing criteria. Further research is needed to determine if delirium in COVID-19 represents a primary encephalopathy heralding invasion of the CNS by the virus, or a secondary encephalopathy related to systemic inflammatory response or other factors.
Governance and funding best practices for embedded research programs.

Abstract Health systems are increasingly embracing embedded research (ER) program models that allow researchers to integrate into operational and clinical practices. Successful ER programs rely on unique funding streams and bidirectional relationships with health system operational and executive leaders. This commentary summarizes current practices and recommendations for funding and governing ER programs. Three funding best practices are recommended: a mixed portfolio of short-term and long-term projects funded through a combination of internal and external sources; leveraging the community benefit requirement of non-profit hospitals and forming connections in the development office; and a research and implementation franchise model. Governance best practices include a strong relationship between researchers, operational and executive leaders and an external advisory committee to ensure that research topics are relevant to the needs of patients, the health system, and other stakeholders. These recommended best practices can help lay the foundation for early attempts to identify shared challenges and successes as health systems establish new ER programs and existing programs continue to mature.
Toddler obesity prevention: A two‐generation randomized attention‐controlled trial

Rapid weight gain increases risks of obesity and associated co-morbidities. The objective was to reduce the rate of body mass index (BMI) growth (BMI z score), relative to control. Secondary outcomes were toddler-mother physical activity, mealtime interactions and fruit/vegetable intake. The randomized three-arm, eight-session, 4-month trial, conducted 2009-2013, included two intervention arms (responsive parenting and maternal lifestyle) and an attention control (home safety). Baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up evaluations included weight and length/height, ankle accelerometry, video-recorded mealtime interactions (Emotional Availability Scales) and 24-h diet recalls (Healthy Eating Index-2015 [HEI-2015]). Analyses used linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures comparing intervention versus control changes in BMI z score. We recruited 277 racially mixed (70% African American) toddler-mother dyads (mean ages 20.1 months and 27.3 years) from US WIC and primary care clinics and randomized them into intervention versus control; 31% toddlers and 73% mothers were overweight/obese. At follow-up, changes in the rate of toddler BMI z score and maternal BMI were non-significant. Maternal lifestyle group toddlers and mothers spent 24.43 and 11.01 more minutes in physical activity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.55, 46.32, and 95% CI: 1.48, 20.54, respectively). Fruit intake increased in both intervention groups. Hostile mealtime interactions increased in the maternal lifestyle group, and in supplementary analyses, mealtime interactions were significantly higher in the responsive parenting group than in the maternal lifestyles group, suggesting that toddler dietary interventions include responsive parenting. Intervention effects were stronger among older versus younger toddlers. Despite no impact on weight gain, additional research should examine integrated two-generation responsive parenting and maternal lifestyle interventions among toddler-mother dyads.
Is working memory capacity related to baseline pupil diameter

The relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and baseline pupil diameter was examined. Participants (N = 341) performed several WMC tasks and baseline pupil diameter was measured in a dark room with a black background screen. The results indicated a weak and non-significant correlation between WMC and baseline pupil diameter consistent with some prior research. A meta-analysis of available studies (k = 26; N = 4356) similarly indicated a weak and non-significant correlation between WMC and baseline pupil diameter. Moderator analyses indicated that the primary moderator responsible for heterogeneity across studies was where the study was conducted. Studies from one laboratory tend to demonstrate a significant positive correlation, whereas other laboratories have yet to demonstrate the correlation. Broadly, the results suggest that the correlation between WMC and baseline pupil diameter is weak and not particularly robust.
Use of Mussels and Semipermeable Membrane Devices to Assess Bioavailability of Residual Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Three Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Mussels (Mytilus cf. trossulus) were transplanted to a heavily oiled and extensively treated site on Smith Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska, in 1992. A new monitoring and assessment tool, the semipermeable membrane device, was also deployed to compare hydrocarbon uptake with mussels and to evaluate the route of exposure to mussels. Both mussels and semipermeable membrane devices accumulated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons during 14- and 52-day deployments, particularly at the oiled site. Accumulation levels were similar between mussels and the semipermeable membrane devices, but the distribution of individual hydrocarbons differed. The results permit some inference about route of exposure to mussels. Sheens leaching from subsurface deposits of residual oil, and particulate material with adsorbed hydrocarbons were apparently more important exposure pathways than dissolved hydrocarbons in water. Semipermeable membrane devices show promise as monitoring tools and to provide insights into exposure pathways for biota. 20 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.
Automated Analysis of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Magnetic Resonance Elastography Exams for Prediction of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25% of the global population. The standard of diagnosis, biopsy, is invasive and affected by sampling error and inter-reader variability. We hypothesized that widely available rapid MRI techniques could be used to predict nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) noninvasively by measuring liver stiffness, with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and liver fat, with chemical shift-encoded (CSE) MRI. Besides, we validate an automated image analysis technique to maximize the utility of these methods. Purpose To implement and test an automated system for analyzing CSE-MRI and MRE data coupled with model-based prediction of NASH. Study type Prospective. Subjects Eighty-three patients with suspected NAFLD. Field strength/sequence A 1.5 T using a flow-compensated motion-encoded gradient echo MRE sequence and a multiecho CSE-MRI sequence. Assessments The MRE and CSE-MRI data were analyzed by two readers (5+ and 1 years of experience) and an automated algorithm. A logistic regression model to predict pathology-diagnosed NASH was trained based on stiffness and proton density fat fraction, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated using 10-fold cross validation for models based on both automated and manual measurements. A separate model was trained to predict the NASH severity score (NAS). Statistical tests Pearson's correlation, Bland-Altman, AUROC, C-statistic. Results The agreement between automated measurements and the more experienced reader (R2 = 0.87 for stiffness and R2 = 0.99 for proton density fat fraction [PDFF]) was slightly better than the agreement between readers (R2 = 0.85 and 0.98). The model for predicting biopsy-diagnosed NASH had an AUROC of 0.87. The NAS-prediction model had a C-statistic of 0.85. Data conclusion We demonstrated a workflow that used a limited MRI acquisition protocol and fully automated analysis to predict NASH with high accuracy. These methods show promise to provide a reliable noninvasive alternative to biopsy for NASH-screening in populations with NAFLD. Level of evidence 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
Circular utilization of food waste to biochar enhances thermophilic co-digestion performance

Abstract Codigestion is an emerging approach to improve wastewater sludge biogas production and valorize food waste (FW). This study explores FW-derived biochar as a codigestion amendment for the first time and reports a matrix experiment using four diverse biochar amendments (mixed food waste, pinewood, bonechar, unamended control) across four FW types (vegetable, rice, chicken, mixed). It demonstrated that biochar derived from mixed FW can greatly improve the performance of biogas production and yield relative to unamended control and other biochars. The mixed food waste (MFW) biochar amendment led to 34.5%, 35.6%, and 47.5% increase in methane production from mixed FW compared to biochars made of wood, bone and non-amendment control, and the maximum methane production rate of MFW biochar reactors could be up to 6.7–9.9 times of the control. These results suggest that a more circular utilization of FW by integrating biochar production with codigestion can bring great benefits to FW management.
Realization of a Topological Phase Transition in a Gyroscopic Lattice

Topological metamaterials exhibit unusual behaviors at their boundaries, such as unidirectional chiral waves, that are protected by a topological feature of their band structure. The ability to tune such a material through a topological phase transition in real time could enable the use of protected waves for information storage and readout. Here we dynamically tune through a topological phase transition by breaking inversion symmetry in a metamaterial composed of interacting gyroscopes. Through the transition, we track the divergence of the edge modes’ localization length and the change in Chern number characterizing the topology of the material’s band structure. The work reported in this chapter provides a new axis with which to tune the response of mechanical topological metamaterials.
A comparative study assessing the incidence and degree of hyperkalemia in patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin-receptor blockers.

OVERVIEW Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) are the most commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive medications in the United States, yet whether ACEI or ARB use is associated with a greater risk of hyperkalemia remains uncertain. Using real-world evidence from electronic health records, our study demonstrates that treatment with ACEI is associated with both a higher incidence and greater degree of hyperkalemia than treatment with ARB in adjusted models, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. Providers should therefore consider this possible difference in hyperkalemia risk when choosing between ACEI and ARB therapy.
Investigating the Effects of a Manipulative Model of Computer Memory Operations on the Learning of Programming

AbstractFour replications of a study were conducted to assess the effects of using a simulation of computer operations as an introduction to a beginning programming course. It was determined that the simulation influenced the student’s choice of algorithms throughout the course. However, no differences were observed in knowledge of the syntax or ability to trace program segments.
Numerical Simulation of Lagrangian Turbulent Quantities in Two and Three Dimensions

Publisher Summary For both two- and three-dimensional flow fields, numerical simulation appears to be a valuable tool for Lagrangian study, and opens up interesting perspectives in this field of study. This chapter discusses the Eulerian two- and three-dimensional numerical turbulent fields that were used to study Lagrangian statistics. While such calculations can be quite costly and are not recommended for application to practical problems involving complex boundaries and sources, these computations can provide a good deal of information about the Lagrangian field and its relation to the Eulerian field. However, it must be noted that one can get extensive information about the relation between the Eulerian and Lagrangian field quite easily from a numerical simulation, but in a sense, numerical simulations provide almost too much information. Little is known about the Eulerian–Lagrangian relation problem, and a good deal of output information is available from a numerical simulation. Numerical simulation is a means of providing the data needed to study the Eulerian–Lagrangian problem, but stronger theoretical understanding of this problem is essential.
Incorporaion of 1c-amino-acids by malaria (plasmodium lophurae): III. Metabolic fate of selected amino-acids☆

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocyte-free Plasmodium lophurae (avian malaria) directly incorporate carbon 14 from arginine, lysine, and methionine into the parasite proteins; malaria-infected cells incorporate 14 C-proline mainly into the proteins of the parasitized cell. 2. 2. 14 C-Glutamic acid is principally metabolized to 14 COa by the free parasite and is not involved to a large degree in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Stochastic Volatility, Bond Yields, and the Q Theory of Investment

Recent empirical work using panel data documents that, while the correlation of investment and Tobin’s Q is low, the correlation of investment and credit spreads is high. We propose an explanation for these empirical findings, based on time-varying risk, i.e. stochastic volatility. In our model, firms finance investments using defaultable debt as well as equity issuance, and they are subject to standard profitability shocks as well as shocks to volatility. An increase in volatility leads to an increase in the probability of default and hence the credit spread, while reducing investment and increasing equity value. This shock hence generates a negative correlation between investment and credit spreads, and between investment and Q, helping the model match the data.
Genetic analysis of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine incorporation into cultured human T lymphoblasts.

Abstract In order to analyze the cellular determinants that mediate the action of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, the growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects and the metabolism of the dideoxynucleoside were examined in wild type human CEM T lymphoblasts and in mutant populations of CEM cells that were genetically deficient in either nucleoside transport or deoxycytidine kinase activity. Whereas 2',3'-dideoxycytidine at a concentration of 5 microM inhibited growth of the wild type CEM parental strain by 50%, two nucleoside transport-deficient clones were 4-fold resistant to the pyrimidine analog. The deoxycytidine kinase-deficient cell line was virtually completely resistant to growth inhibition by the dideoxynucleoside at a concentration of 1024 microM. An 80% diminished rate of 2',3'-[5,6-3H]dideoxycytidine influx into the two nucleoside transport-deficient lines could account for their resistance to the dideoxynucleoside, while the resistance of the deoxycytidine kinase-deficient cells to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine toxicity could be explained by a virtually complete failure to incorporate 2',3'-[5,6-3H]dideoxycytidine in situ. Two potent inhibitors of mammalian nucleoside transport, 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine and dipyridamole, mimicked the effects of a genetic deficiency in nucleoside transport with respect to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine toxicity and incorporation. These data indicate that the intracellular metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in CEM cells is initiated by the nucleoside transport system and the cellular deoxycytidine kinase activity.