cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology of Right Bundle-Branch Block in Patients Undergoing Total Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot

The electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) occurs routinely in patients after open-heart surgery for tetralogy of Fallot (TF). To determine the etiology of the RBBB pattern, 14 patients with TF, seven with ventricular septal defects (VSD), and one with pulmonary stenosis (PS) were studied during and after cardiac surgery. Bipolar electrograms from 10 selected right ventricular epicardial sites were recorded simultaneously with an ECG. Records were obtained before and immediately after vertical right ventriculotomy, after infundibular resection, and after repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The vertical ventriculotomy alone was always associated with significant prolongation of the time of epicardial activation only to the recording sites lateral to the incision with prolongation of the QRS complex by an average of 39 msec, and with the appearance of an RBBB ECG pattern. Infundibular resection and VSD repair were not associated with any changes in the electrophysiol...
Serotonin transporter availability correlates with alcohol intake in non-human primates

A low level of alcohol intoxication upon initial exposure and impulsive aggressiveness predispose humans to alcoholism. In non-human primates, central serotonin transporter availability and turnover rate were associated with aggressive behavior and a low response to initial alcohol exposure. We assessed the respective effects of these factors on alcohol intake in a free choice paradigm. Serotonin transporter availability in the raphe area, the origin of central serotonergic projections, was measured with single-photon emission computed tomography and the radioligand [123I]β-CIT in 11 rhesus monkeys with low and high central serotonin turnover. The amount of alcohol intake in the 3-month observation period was positively correlated with serotonin transporter availability (R=0.76, P=0.006), but not with aggressiveness (R=0.19, P=0.6) or alcohol response upon first exposure (R=−0.48, P=0.2). In a linear multiple regression analysis with serotonin transporter availability, alcohol response, and aggressiveness as independent variables, 82% of the variance of alcohol intake was explained and serotonin transporter availability emerged as the only statistically significant factor (β=7.81, P=0.006). These observations indicate that there may be a direct relationship between serotonin transporter availability and alcohol intake after controlling for aggression and alcohol response on first exposure.
Targeting Trauma-related Interventions and Improving Outcomes for Women with Co-occurring Disorders

National attention to the effects of interpersonal trauma has led mental health systems to adopt policies on trauma-related services; however, there is a lack of clarity regarding targeting of these services. Data from the Women, Co-occurring Disorders and Violence Study (WCDVS) were reanalyzed by grouping women on their baseline PTSD and substance abuse presentation and assessing the differential response to an integrated mental health/substance abuse intervention. Treatment effects were largest for subgroups characterized by high levels of PTSD, whereas the effects for those in the low symptom group were near zero. These findings underscore the need for clinicians to conduct careful assessments of trauma-related symptoms and to target the most intensive trauma-related interventions to individuals with PTSD symptoms.
Reemplazos totales de cadera. Resultados y complicaciones

Resumen Se presenta el diagnostico etiologico y la edad de los primeros 300 reemplazos totales de cadera, efectuados en el Hospital for Special Surgery. Se comentan los resultados y complicaciones de los 100 primeros casos, con una evolucion minima de catorce meses y maxima de treinta y ocho (promedio, veintidos meses).
Hypoglycemia During Acute Illness in Children With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) describes a group of genetic, autosomal recessive conditions, where there is a block in cortisol biosynthesis. Approximately 95 percent of cases are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which is discussed in this article. Patients with the severe or classic form of CAH have epinephrine deficiency in addition to cortisol deficiency. Both epinephrine and cortisol are important counterregulatory hormones and help prevent hypoglycemia during physical stress. This is the first prospective study to evaluate the incidence of hypoglycemia during acute illness in children with classic CAH. Our objective was to examine blood glucose levels and symptoms of these children during the physical stressor of a typical acute illness managed at home. Twenty patients, ages 3 to 10 years with classic CAH participated. Parents were instructed regarding management of illnesses, home blood glucose monitoring and questionnaire completion. Over 29 months, 20 patients completed questionnaires and 6 patients performed home blood glucose monitoring. A blood glucose of
Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals of the PII protein from Escherichia coli

PII protein, which carries metabolic signals regulating the transcription and activity of glutamine synthetase in nitrogen assimilation in Escherichia coli, has been crystallized in space group P2(1) with a = 47.8 A, b = 62.9 A, c = 52.8 A and beta = 100.3 degrees and space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 52.2 A. b = 64.9 A and c = 100.1 A. Both the monoclinic crystals, which diffract beyond 3.0 A, and the orthorhombic crystals, which diffract beyond 2.5 A, probably have three molecules of 12,400 Da each in the crystallographic asymmetric unit.
Numerical simulation of nonlinear mode interactions in ridge-waveguide semiconductor lasers

Nonlinear perturbation of effective group index is calculated numerically in semiconductor ridge waveguide laser structures under an influence of a strong driving wave (mode). Model of nonlinear interaction of waves is used to obtain conditions for appearance of anomalous dispersion of modal index and also for inversion of the group index of guided waves (modes of the ridge-waveguide laser structures). Ranges around critically anomalous dispersion (CAD) points, where the effective group index passes zero value, are calculated numerically. CAD points form closed loops in graphs of detuning vs. driving wave intensity. These loops define ranges where superluminal propagation, as well as slowed reflection of probe wave can be obtained. Numerical simulations are performed for an InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs double quantum well (DQW) laser structure and also for a GaAs/AlGaAs separate confinement heterostructure. The threshold intensities for the appearance of CAD points, as well as the influence of relaxation rate and optical confinement on the appearance of superluminal regime are compared for the DQW and SCH structures.
Towards energy efficient scaling of scientific codes

Energy consumption is becoming a crucial concern within the high performance computing community as computers expand to the peta-scale and beyond. Although the peak execution rates on tuned dense matrix operations in supercomputers have consistently increased to approach the peta-scale regime, the linear scaling of peak execution rates has been achieved at the expense of cubic growth in power with systems already appearing in the megawatt range. In this paper, we extend the ideas of algorithm scalability and performance iso-efficiency to characterize the system-wide energy consumption. The latter includes dynamic and leakage energy for CPUs, memories and network interconnects. We propose analytical models for evaluating energy scalability and energy efficiency. These models are important for understanding the power consumption trends of data intensive applications executing on a large number of processors. We apply the models to two scientific applications to explore opportunities when using voltage/frequency scaling for energy savings without degrading performance. Our results indicate that such models are critical for energy-aware high-performance computing in the tera- to peta-scale regime.
Role of estrogen in the dopaminergic control of prolactin secretion

The effect of estrogen on the dopaminergic control of PRL secretion was investigated. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol benzoate (25 microgram/kg, sc) daily for 5 days resulted in a marked elevation of the serum PRL concentration. This estrogen-induced increase in serum PRL levels was apparently not the result of a suppressed release of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood, since the mean dopamine concentration in hypophysial portal plasma in estrogen-treated rats was 2.5 times that in vehicle-treated animals. It was found that under in vitro conditions, dopamine was much less effective in inhibiting the release of PRL from pituitary glands of estrogen-treated rats than from glands of vehicle-treated controls. The capacity of PRL cells to internalize dopamine and incorporate it into PRL secretory granules was evaluated in anterior pituitary tissue obtained from estrogen- or vehicle-treated animals. When tissue fragments of the anterior pituitary gland were incubated in the presence of dopamine (10(-5) M) for 30 min at 37 C and then homogenized and fractionated by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was found that the amount of dopamine associated with PRL granules from anterior lobe tissue of estrogen-treated rats was only 40% of that from the tissue of vehicle-treated controls. These results are supportive of the hypothesis that the ability of estrogen to antagonize the inhibitory action of dopamine on PRL secretion is mediated through an estrogen-induced reduction in the capacity of the PRL cell to incorporate dopamine into PRL secretory granules. (Endocrinology 108: 440, 1981)
Practical graduate software engineering projects: can something useful be built in one semester?

First year software engineering graduate students are required to take a Survey in Software Engineering course as a pre-requisite to all other graduate level studies at Southwest Texas. Along with covering the software engineering body of knowledge, students form in teams to work on a case study or project. During the fall semester of 2001, the author presented the students with a real world problem of building a web site for one of the other university colleges. To spread out the learning experience, this professor also had a graduate software engineering quality class running concurrently. That class became the software quality assurance and test teams for the first year students. A master's program in software engineering should not be looked on as a stepping-stone to a PhD. It has to be a real-world experience with building a product for real customers. These students, 29 in the survey and 19 in the quality courses, had a high percentage of adult learners and two with PhDs in unrelated fields. 50% had worked in programming related jobs but none had been on a product team that actually delivered an end product. At the onset the requirements could not have been simpler - build a web site for an associate dean who knew exactly what he wanted. The end result was far from simple with the customer changing requirements up to finals' week. There were many learning opportunities for both classes. This paper describes the learning environment, the problem presented, lessons learned, and effort expended. It compares the efforts and results to other software engineering student semester projects. Based on the author's experience, a framework and selection criteria for the types of software engineering projects that can successfully be completed in one semester are presented.
Easing the burden of caregiving for the paraprofessionals.

Over the last decade there has been considerable literature generated concerning caregiver burden and the effects of intervention (Safford, 1980; Rabins 1982; Barnes, 1981; Davis, 1983; Beam, 1984; Zarit, 1985). This literature focuses primarily on the family as the caregiver and not the long-term care nurse or aide or the home health aide as the primary caregiver.
Global scale lunar sample return using projectiles launched from a low-flying spacecraft

Abstract Since the Moon has no atmosphere it is possible to fly over the surface at very low altitudes without experiencing drag forces. If a spacecraft flying at a low altitude were to fire a projectile into the lunar surface, a second trailing spacecraft could capture material from the resulting cloud of ejecta. This procedure could be repeated over many sites on the Moon with a fresh collector for each location. Eventually, the collector spacecraft would seal its cargo in a reentry vehicle and return to Earth with the samples. Compared with a robotic lander, the advantage of this architecture is the ability to sample locations over the entire Moon, wherever the topography will permit such maneuvers. Our crater ejecta models show that 1–10 g of material can be collected from the ejecta curtain of a 2 m radius crater at an altitude of 150 m, assuming a collector surface area of 1 square meter. We studied numerous means of creating these craters and developed two scenarios: a reduced velocity explosive excavator (EE), and a higher velocity impact excavator (IE).
Violence among children and adolescents and the role of the pediatrician

Violence has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and has become the single most important public health problem affecting adolescent males. It is believed that violence and its subsequent morbidity and mortality have a multifactorial origin, including developmental factors, gang involvement, access to firearms, drugs, the media, poverty, and family violence. Pediatricians have a critical role in reducing violence through early identification of family violence, education and counseling to decrease well-known risk factors, and provision of nonviolent problem-solving and coping strategies to children, youth, and their families. It is essential that we initiate preventive measures now rather than be paralyzed by the weight of the crisis. Language: en
The Optimal Taxation of International Investment Income: A Comment

In a recent issue of this Journal, Thomas Horst [1980] presented an elegantly simple set of formulas for optimal taxes on foreign-source capital earnings. Unlike most previous treatments, Horst's incorporates interest-elastic supplies of capital. It also includes domestic taxes on capital. The presence of these taxes assumes special importance when capital supplies vary with the rate of return. To discover the optimal level of tax to impose on foreign-source capital earnings, one needs to know the opportunity cost of removing a unit of capital from the domestic economy. Horst's answer, following Harberger [1976] and others, is to use a weighted sum of gross and net rates of return. The assumption is that when a unit of capital is exported, part is taken from domestic production and part comes from new savings. The opportunity cost of the first part is the gross-of-tax rate of return, and of the second, the net-of-tax return to capital. Thus, we get a weighted sum. This formulation, because it explicitly considers the role of savings (or desired asset stocks) in setting the tax rate, is a big step forward. However, Horst's conclusions apply only under very limited conditions. First, it is necessary to recognize that capital is not a good, but rather constitutes expenditures on future goods. Tax policies toward capital affect welfare by altering relative prices of present and future goods, thereby altering the distribution of consumption over the life cycle (see Feldstein [1978]). Tax effects on capital supplies come about through this alteration in life cycle consumption patterns. Therefore, the best way to assess welfare effects of altering the capital supply is with a utility function that can be used to compare different consumption patterns, i.e., an intertemporal utility function. Section I below demonstrates that such a function can be used to obtain a general measure of the opportunity cost of exported capital
Sidney W. Bijou: The Illinois Years, 1965-1975

Sidney W. Bijou is among the founders of behavior analysis, but the record of his contributions is incomplete. It has not systematically described his contributions beyond his tenure at the University of Washington (1948–1965). The purpose of this paper is to describe his contributions over the course of the next decade—his years at the University of Illinois (1965–1975). I begin by reviewing his education and training, contributions at Washington, and why he left and moved to Illinois. Then, I describe his Illinois years: his appointments, colleagues, and service; the Child Behavior Laboratory; grant funding and publications; further service, awards, and recognition; and influence on his colleagues, students, classroom teachers and research supervisors, and visiting scholars. Bijou is modest about his contributions at Illinois, but he advanced the field in many ways over the course of the decade, especially the careers of his colleagues and students.
Domestic Violence and Local Law Enforcement in Texas: Examining Police Officers' Awareness of State Legislation

In the past decade many states have introduced new legislation that allows police officers to make warrentless arrests in misdemeanor cases of domestic violence. Previous research has concentrated on examining those factors which influence police officers'use of discretion in terms of making arrests, but it has failed to evaluate whether police officers are aware of the changes in the law. This exploratory study evaluated 64 Texas police officers and found that a sizable minority of officers did not know the conditions under which an arrest could have been made.
Consistent Indicators and Methods and a Scalable Sample Design to Meet Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring Information Needs Across Scales

Consistent Indicators and Methods and a Scalable Sample Design to Meet Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring Information Needs Across Scales DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i4_toevs
Socially-Charged Pupil and Psychologist Effects On Psychoeducational Decisions

We investigated the notion of school psychologist expectancy-bias against the socially disenfranchised child. Pupil race and social class were varied factorially in a bogus psychoeducational report mailed with related materials to 600 randomly selected members of APA Division 16 (School Psychology). Nearly 36% (N = 217) of the original sample returned usable data, including diagnostic impressions, remediation recommendations, and responses to a traditional moralism scale. School psychologists acquitted themselves well overall. However, relatively traditional respondents evaluated the middle-class black pupil as more mentally retarded than his lower-class counterpart and also recommended him more strongly for a custodial program at a separate school. Alternative explanations of these findings are discussed.
Annealing Studies of Broad-Band Luminescence from Ion-Implanted ZnSe

Broad-band luminescence from ion-implanted ZnSe samples was measured as a function of isochronal annealing. Samples were implanted at room temperature with N, Br, or Ar ions. One conspicuous band, in the general location of 5400 A, appears as a result of annealina to 130°C. The other broad band in the spectra is located at 6400 A and is attributed to Se vacancies. The green (5400-A)band disappears after heat treatment of the samples in molten Zn at 960°C. This emission is attributed to Zn vacancies. Strong complexing of VZn with BrSe and NSe is deduced from the wavelength shift of the peaks of the emission bands. Some enhancement of the 5400-A band intensity is observed upon implantation with Ar.
An analysis of the statistical disclosure attack and receiver-bound cover

Anonymous communications provides an important privacy service by keeping passive eavesdroppers from linking communicating parties. However, an attacker can use long-term statistical analysis of traffic sent to and from such a system to link senders with their receivers. Cover traffic is an effective, but somewhat limited, counter strategy against this attack. Earlier work in this area proposes that privacy-sensitive users generate and send cover traffic to the system. However, users are not online all the time and cannot be expected to send consistent levels of cover traffic; use of inconsistent cover traffic drastically reduces its impact. We propose that the anonymity system generate cover traffic that mimics the sending patterns of users in the system. This receiver-bound cover (RBC) helps to make up for users that aren't there, confusing the attacker. To study the statistical disclosure attack and different cover traffic methods, we introduce an analytical method to bound the time for an attacker to identify a contact of Alice with high probability. We use these bounds to show that cover traffic sent by Alice greatly increases the time for attacker success, especially as the amount of traffic from other users increases. Further, we show that RBC greatly enhances the defense, forcing the attacker to take additional time proportional to the amount of cover used. We also examine the effectiveness of the attack and cover traffic when the attacker can only observe part of the traffic in the system. We validate our analysis through simulations that extend to realistic social networks. When RBC is used in combination with user generated cover traffic, the attack takes a very long time to succeed.
Socioeconomic Class Bias in Turnout, 1964–1988: The Voters Remain the Same.

We address the question of whether class bias in the American electorate has increased since 1964. We analyze the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey and the National Election Studies for seven consecutive presidential elections, 1964–88. Our results show that conclusions regarding changes in class bias are sensitive to which measure of socioeconomic class is used—income, education, or occupation. We argue that income is the appropriate measure since government policies that discriminate based on socioeconomic class are most likely to do so based on income and there are measurement problems associated with using either education or occupation over time. Our analysis shows that there has been almost no change in class bias in the electorate since 1964.
Advances in selective wet oxidation of AlGaAs alloys

We review the chemistry, microstructure, and processing of buried oxides converted from AlGaAs layers using wet oxidation. Hydrogen is shown to have a central role in the oxidation reaction as the oxidizing agent and to reduce the intermediate predict As/sub 2/O/sub 3/ to As. The stable oxide is amorphous (Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/)/sub 2/O/sub 3/ which has no defects along the oxide/semiconductor interfaces but can exhibit strain at the oxide terminus due to volume shrinkage. The influence of gas flow, gas composition, temperature, Al-content, and layer thickness on the oxidation rate are characterized to establish a reproducible process. Linear oxidation rates with Arrhenius activation energies which strongly depend upon AlAs mole fraction are found. The latter produces strong oxidation selectivity between AlGaAs layers with slightly differing Al-content. Oxidation selectivity to thickness is also shown for layer thickness <60 nm. Differences between the properties of buried oxides converted from AlGaAs and AlAs layers and the impact on selectively oxidized vertical cavity laser lifetime are reported.
Pombe: A gene-finding and exon-intron structure prediction system for fission yeast

A special program developed by the authors, called Pombe, identifies protein coding regions in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Linear discriminant analysis was applied to predict 5*-terminal, internal, 3*-terminal exons (coding-exon) and introns. The accuracy of the prediction was tested by cross verifications. The sensitivity, specificity and correlation coeYcient for the internal exon prediction were 98·5%, 99·9% and 98·3% respectively at the nucleotide level. Open reading frames were studied and used to predict intron-less genes: 99·0% of such genes were identified with correct stopping sites. The gene structure was determined by dynamic programming and the prediction achieved 97·0% correlation coeYcient at the nucleotide level. The program is available at http://clio.cshl.org/genefinder. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating sustained tones with the cicada's rapid sequential buckling mechanism

The cicada uses a rapid sequence of buckling ribs to initiate and sustain vibrations in its tymbal plate (the primary mechanical resonator in the cicada's sound production system). The tymbalimba, a music controller based on this same mechanism, has a row of 4 convex aluminum ribs (as on the cicada's tymbal) arranged much like the keys on a calimba. Each rib is spring loaded and capable of snapping down into a V-shape (a motion referred to as buckling), under the downward force of the user's finger. This energy generated by the buckling motion is measured by an accelerometer located under each rib and used as the input to a physical model.
Septic implantation syndrome in dogs and cats: a distinct pattern of endophthalmitis with lenticular abscess.

Objective To summarize the clinical and pathologic findings in a group of dogs and cats with progressive clinical ocular disease, which were diagnosed with suppurative endophthalmitis and lens capsule rupture. Animals studied Twenty cats and forty-six dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation or evisceration for intractable uveitis and/or glaucoma. Procedure Biopsy submission requests and microscopic case material were evaluated for clinical and histological features, including history of ocular trauma, duration of ocular disease, pattern of inflammation, and the presence of intralenticular microorganisms. Results The median duration for cats and dogs was 6 and 5 weeks, respectively. A history of trauma was reported for four (20%) cats and 18 (39%) dogs. All confirmed cases of trauma—three in cats and 14 in dogs—were caused by a cat scratch. Microscopically, all cases had suppurative endophthalmitis centered on the lens, lens capsule rupture, cataract, and lenticular abscess. Infectious organisms were identified by Gram stain within the lens of 14 (70%) cats and 30 (65%) dogs. Gram-positive cocci were seen most commonly. Male cats were overrepresented as compared to females. There were no apparent gender, age or breed predilections in dogs. Conclusions A unique pattern of slowly progressive or delayed-onset endophthalmitis with lens capsule rupture, lenticular abscess, and frequently intralenticular microorganisms is associated with traumatic penetration of the globe and lens capsule. The term Septic Implantation Syndrome (SIS) is favored in lieu of ‘phacoclastic uveitis’ to avoid confusion with phacolytic uveitis and to clearly implicate the role of intralenticular microorganisms in the pathogenesis. Key Words: bacteria, eye, phakitis, trauma.
Reflection High-Energy-Electron Diffraction Study of Inp and InAs (100) In Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

InP and InAs (100) were grown by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy (GSMBE) with arsine, phosphine, and elemental indium. Reflection high-energy-electron diffraction (RHEED) was used to monitor surface reconstructions and growth rates. (2×4) to (2×1) transition was observed on InP (100) as phosphine flow rate increased. (4×2) and (2×4) patterns were observed for In-stabilized and As-stabilized InAs surfaces, respectively. Both group-V and group-rn-induced RHEED oscillations were observed. The group-V surface desorption activation energy were measured to be 0.61 eV for InP and 0.19 eV for InAs. By this growth rate study, we are able to establish a precise control of V/HII atomic ratios in GSMBE of InP and InAs.
The effects of developmental stage and source leaf position on integration and sectorial patterns of carbohydrate movement in an annual plant, Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae).

A well-integrated plant shows extensive carbohydrate translocation through the plant body. Even in highly integrated plants, however, translocation patterns will be sectorial if vascular tissue restricts carbon movement to sectors along stems. Both integration and sectorial translocation patterns are sensitive to plant architecture and thus may change as a plant develops. These patterns should vary also with the position of the source leaf because leaves at each node are unique in age and vascular relationship to the rest of the plant. I measured the effects of developmental stage and location of the source leaf on integration and sectoriality in an annual plant, Perilla frutescens, by labeling plants with 14C at one of three leaves and four developmental stages. Stage and source leaf affected both integration and sectoriality. Most notably, integration declined and sectoriality increased during seed fill, when resource demand at each node was high. Furthermore, translocation was least extensive from the leaf supporting the largest number of seeds on its axillary branch. These results suggest that plants are not homogeneous collections of subunits; rather, the role of each leaf in a plant’s carbon budget is a function of its age and location on the plant.
Strategic Reorganization in Multi-Agent Systems: Inspired by Intelligent Human Organizations

The field of organizational design in multi-agent systems is still in need of powerful tools and methods for enabling effective design, control, and transformation of organizations of different kinds. In this work, we address the problem of reorganization in a distributed problem solving model as a typical multi-agent system application. We look into adaptation of concepts and theories from social organization theory. In particular, we get insights from Schwaninger's model of Intelligent Human Organizations. To this goal, we implement and utilize a multi-level organizational control model which uses a strategic management and an operative management layer to exert organizational control and also to make interactions between these two levels of control possible. Experimental evaluations are performed using a modified model of pursuit game. The results indicate that the proposed model allows the system to stay ahead of the organizational change, resulting in performance improvements, despite the additional ...
Three-dimensional simulation of KeV photon laser operation using GeV ultra short laser-generated electron bunches

Summary form only given. The recent discovery of electron bunch acceleration to GeV energies using ultra-short laser pulses propagating through centimeter-scale plasmas has stimulated interest in the use of these "mono-energetic" electron bunches to drive self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron lasers (FELs). Theoretically, one can generate 0.1-1 keV coherent FEL photon pulses provided an electron bunch having high peak current, concomitant with low emittance and energy spread, can be achieved and successfully injected into the FEL wiggler. We have simulated the bubble acceleration of electrons using the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code VPIC. The VPIC code has recently been optimized for the Roadrunner computer platform3 facilitating simulation of the entire acceleration process in the laboratory frame in 3-D. The electron distribution from these VPIC simulations is used as input for the 3-D FEL code FELEX4 to calculate the self-consistent growth from spontaneous emission of the 0.1 -1 keV photon pulse produced in the wiggler. FELEX models the interaction of the electron pulse with the optical pulse including the transverse dependences of the wiggler field (including wiggler field errors, if desired), and the transverse fall off of the electron density and optical field intensity. Examples of these simulation will be shown including the effects of electron beam quality on FEL extraction efficiency. These calculations provide an initial estimate of the specifications for both the electron acceleration quality and the FEL wiggler design parameters.
Designing Resilient Systems-of-Systems: A Survey of Metrics, Methods, and Challenges

Resilience is the ability of a system to react to and recover from disturbances with minimal effect on its dynamic stability. While resilience has been the focus of research in several fields, in the case of systems-of-systems SoSs, addressing resilience is particularly interesting and challenging. As infrastructure SoSs, such as power, transportation, and communication networks, grow in complexity and interconnectivity, measuring and improving the resilience of these critical SoSs is vital in terms of safety and providing uninterrupted services. While the resilience of SoSs depends on the reliability of their constituent systems, traditional reliability and risk assessment approaches cannot adequately quantify their resilience. In this paper, we provide an evaluation of the various methods available and challenges associated with designing resilient SoSs by 1 indicating important differences between resilience and various related system attributes, 2 providing a critical assessment of the current reliability and risk techniques in addressing SoS resilience, and 3 discussing the application of recent multidisciplinary research that can guide the design of resilient SoS. Finally, we highlight key challenges in this design process and propose a series of research themes that can shape future research in this field.
Complications of fluoroscopically guided extraforaminal cervical nerve blocks. An analysis of 1036 injections.

Background: A number of serious complications associated with fluoroscopically guided extraforaminal cervical nerve blocks have been reported in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to determine the rate of complications associated with these blocks and to determine whether needle positioning during the procedure affected the prevalence of complications at one institution. Methods: Between October 1999 and June 2003, we performed 1036 fluoroscopically guided extraforaminal cervical nerve blocks in 844 patients. Plain radiographs documenting the procedure were made as part of the standard quality-assurance protocol. An independent observer who was uninvolved with the procedures reviewed a prospectively kept database on all patients. We subsequently reviewed the patient records to identify complications. Results: There were no catastrophic complications such as vessel damage, paralysis, or death. Overall, fourteen patients (1.66%) had a minor complication in association with the procedure. With the numbers available, the rate of complications associated with pdeep injection (798 blocks) was not significantly different from that associated with shallow injection (238 blocks) (1.89% compared with 0.84%). However, the rate of complications associated with anterior placement of the needle tip (thirty-three blocks) was higher than that associated with ideal placement of the needle tip (904 blocks) (6.06% compared with 1.55%) (p = 0.04). Conclusions: No catastrophic complications occurred in this series of 1036 nerve blocks. We found that the medial-lateral needle depth as seen on frontal-view radiographs was not associated with complications, although the anterior positioning of the needle as seen on lateral-view radiographs was associated with minor complications. Our results suggest that, with our technique, cervical nerve blocks are relatively safe procedures. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Characterization of tachykinin receptors in ferret trachea by peptide agonists and nonpeptide antagonists

The tachykinin receptors mediating mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction were studied in the ferret trachea in vitro. Substance P (SP) and the selective agonist for NK1 receptor ([Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP), but not selective agonists for NK2 ([Ala5,beta-Ala8]neurokinin A-(4-10)) and NK3 ([MePhe7]neurokinin B) receptors, induced secretion of macromolecules in a concentration-dependent fashion. The nonpeptide NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-96,345, but not the nonpeptide NK2 receptor antagonist, SR-48968, inhibited SP-induced secretion. Both neurokinin A (NKA) and [Ala5,beta-Ala8]NKA-(4-10), but not NK1 and NK3 selective agonists, evoked a concentration-dependent smooth muscle contraction. SR-48968, but not CP-96,345, inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the response to NKA. CP-96,345 and SR-48968 did not affect the concentration-dependent increase in macromolecule secretion or smooth muscle contraction by carbachol. These findings indicate that NK1 receptors mediate secretion of macromolecules and NK2 receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction, in response to tachykinins in the ferret trachea in vitro.
Charge transport in the electrospun nanofiber composite membrane's three-dimensional fibrous structure

Abstract In this paper, a Fiber Network (FN) ion transport model is developed to simulate the three-dimensional fibrous microstructural morphology that results from the electrospinning membrane fabrication process. This model is able to approximate fiber layering within a membrane as well as membrane swelling due to water uptake. The discrete random fiber networks representing membranes are converted to resistor networks and solved for current flow and ionic conductivity. Model predictions are validated by comparison with experimental conductivity data from electrospun anion exchange membranes (AEM) and proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cells as well as existing theories. The model is capable of predicting in-plane and thru-plane conductivity and takes into account detailed membrane characteristics, such as volume fraction, fiber diameter, fiber conductivity, and membrane layering, and as such may be used as a tool for advanced electrode design.
Abstract 3326: Reliability Of Hematoma Volume Calculation At Local Sites In The Setting Of A Multicenter Intracerebral Hemorrhage Clinical Trial

Background: In the clinical trials evaluating new therapies for acute management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), rapid hematoma volume (HV) measurements from computed tomographic (CT) scan using previously described ‘ABC/2’ method at study sites is frequently required for either determining eligibility or stratification. However, the accuracy of this method by multiple observers using variable visual display modes is not known. Method: We performed a post hoc analysis of a multicenter clinical trial that recruited ICH patients within 6 hours of symptom onset at ten sites in the United States. HV was measured by local site investigators to determine eligibility for enrollment ( Results: HV measurements by both the manual and the computer methods were available in 51 patients enrolled in the trial (mean±standard deviation [SD] age 62±15 years; 26 were women.) The mean±SD HV using as calculated by he computer method (14.6±15.3 mL) was not statistically different from the values calculated by the manual method (16.5±15 mL; p=0.6). Using Spearman’s correlation, there was a significant correlation between the two methods (rho 75%, p Conclusion: Rapid measurements at study sites for either determining eligibility or stratification provides reliable HV measurements despite measurements by multiple observers using variable visual CT scan display modes.
Friction between Brush Layers of Charged and Neutral Bottle-Brush Macromolecules. Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the lubricating properties of neutral and charged bottle-brush coatings as a function of the compression and shear stresses and brush grafting density. Our simulations have shown that in charged bottle-brush systems under shear there is a layer with excess counterions located in the middle between brush-bearing surfaces. The main deformation mode of the charged bottle-brush layers is associated with the backbone deformation, resulting in the backbone deformation ratio, α, and shear viscosity, η, being universal functions of the Weissenberg number. In the case of neutral bottle-brush systems, in addition to the backbone deformation there is also side chain deformation. The coupling between backbone and side chain deformation violates universality in the deformation ratio, α, dependence on the Weissenberg number and results in scaling exponents varying with the compression stress and brush grafting density. The existence of different length scales controlling d...
Static and Dynamic Simulations of a Generic UCAV Geometry Using the Kestrel Flow Solver

The Kestrel CFD solver is used to characterize the static and dynamic aerodynamic behavior of a generic UCAV configuration with control surfaces, named the DLR-F19. Computational results are compared to wind tunnel data from experiments performed in DNW-NWB wind tunnel at several different angles-of-attack, ranging from 0 to 30 degrees, with no flap deflections and flap deflections for maximum roll. Results for several angles-ofsideslip are also presented. The aerodynamics around the UCAV configuration are highly nonlinear, even at moderate angles-of-attack, due to vortex interactions. In general, good agreement between computational results and the wind tunnel experimental data for total force coefficients is achieved using relatively inexpensive steady-state simulations with the SARC turbulence model for the static cases, and unsteady simulations with the SARC turbulence model for the dynamic pitching motions. However, unsteady simulations using a DDES turbulence model are required for angels-of-attack greater than 20-degrees. The computational models have difficulty predicting the finer details of the nonlinear moments, most likely due to the challenge of accurately predicting separation and vortex breakdown. This work is a contribution to the NATO RTO Task Group AVT-201 on Stability and Control estimation methods.
Erythromelalgia: A Novel Mutation in SCN9A Causing Chronic Neuropathic Burning Feet Syndrome without Classic Skin Findings (P5.025)

Objective: To report a case of Erythromelalgia without classic skin findings. Background: Erythromelalgia, also known as red neuralgia is a condition caused by mutation of voltage-gated sodium channel (alpha subunit gene SCN9A ) . We report a case of erythromelalgia causing chronic neuropathic burning without classic skin changes. Introduction: A 43 years old African American man with a history of supposed juvenile myopathy and lactic acidosis was referred to Neurology clinic for burning feet for further diagnostic evaluation. Patient had a history of generalized muscle aches and burning in bilateral feet since childhood. Although he wanted to become a football player, the inability to tolerate shoes for a long time precluded this ambition. Gradually worsening symptoms since age 21 years (1990) eventually prompted him to seek further medical care. Carbamazepine effectively controlled the burning pain in the feet. Methods: Electromyography/nerve conductions and muscle biopsy performed at age 21 years of age (1990) were unremarkable. Onset of similar symptoms in the son by age 7 years (2014) prompted further work up to consider a genetic etiology, specifically, erythromelaglia. Results: A novel mutation of SCN 9A, c.733C>G (p.Leu245Val) , the gene implicated in erythromelalgia, that segregates only with the symptomatic individuals of his family. The patient, son, brother and nephew, all of whom were symptomatic, carried the same mutation. The characteristic redness and swelling was notably absent in our patient and his son. Discussion: The absence of the hallmark erythema and edema of the feet likely delayed diagnosis. This case illustrates the importance of considering erythromelalgia if there is a family history of similar symptoms even in the absence of typical features. Knowing the genetic diagnosis allows for prognostication, substantiates his diagnosis and improves overall outlook of his medical condition. Disclosure: Dr. Mankad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Konersman has nothing to disclose.
Disorders of Substance Abuse and Dependence

Drug addiction continues to exact enormous human and financial costs on society, at a time when available treatments remain inadequately effective for most people. Given that advances in treating other medical disorders have resulted directly from research of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of the disease process, an improved understanding of the basic neurobiol-ogy of addiction should likewise translate into more efficacious treatments. This chapter reviews our knowledge of circuits in the brain that mediate addiction and the changes in these circuits, induced by drugs of abuse at the molecular level, which represent the pathophysiology of addiction.
Commerce and the Republic on a Hill

The historian of slavery, Eugene Genovese, has written that once an ideology emerges ‘it alters profoundly the material reality and in fact becomes a partially autonomous feature of that reality’.1 America in 1783 was far from being an ideal egalitarian republican society. Still, Thomas Jefferson felt that America came as close as any nation could to exemplifying the republican ideal. Immediately after independence he developed a vision which aimed to protect the material conditions necessary for the preservation of American republicanism.
Refractory Severe Thrombocytopenia Associated with Intravenous Treprostinil Use: a Case Report

Background: Intravenous epoprostenol was the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Treprostinil, a tricyclic benzidene prostocycline analog of epoprostenol has been favored over epoprostenol due to its more advantageous mode of administration and similar efficacy. All prostocyclines are known to cause thrombocytopenia, but severe platelet reductions are rare below 100,000/μL. Aim: We report the first case of severe thrombocytopenia associated with intravenous treprostinil with subsequent recovery of a normal platelet count following transition to epoprostenol. Case Report: A 55 year-old Caucasian woman diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension noted significant improvement in symptoms and exercise tolerance following initiation of intravenous treprostinil. However, she developed new onset severe thrombocytopenia with her platelet count falling to 51,000/μL (150,000–399,000/μL) and recurrent anterior epistaxis after receiving intravenous treprostinil for six months. She had no known hematologic disorders or history of recurrent bleeding and was not receiving any other new medications. There was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolysis, coagulation factor deficiency, or splenic sequestration. Empiric treatment with corticosteroids was started for positive antiplatelet IgG direct antibody, but the platelet count further declined to 25,000/μL. The patient was subsequently transitioned from intravenous treprostinil to epoprostenol under the assumption that her severe thrombocytopenia was an idiosyncratic reaction rather than a class effect of prostocyclines. Her platelet count had returned to normal two weeks after the transition. Conclusion: In practice, patients developing thrombocytopenia from epoprostenol are frequently switched to treprostinil hoping to attenuate the degree of thrombocytopenia. This case is the first report of severe thrombocytopenia associated with intravenous treprostinil, as well as its successful resolution following transition to another prostocycline analog, epoprostenol. Although the exact mechanism of thrombocytopenia is unknown, it raises a question if the cyclohexane ring on treprostinil compared to the lactone ring on epoprostenol can potentially lead to more severe thrombocytopenia. Although at this point, it is uncertain if severe thrombocytopenia is an idiosyncratic reaction to treprostinil, this report will hopefully draw attention to this potential adverse effect and identify the mechanism of this reaction.