cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rocking stiffness of mounting arrangements in electrical cabinets and control panels

Several studies have shown that the consideration of a rigid body-rocking mode in a cabinet is necessary to evaluate accurate incabinet spectra. Observations from finite element analyses are used to study cabinet rocking behavior and to show that accurate representation of the boundary conditions at the cabinet base is essential in the evaluation of correct rocking mode. Simple formulations for evaluating the rocking stiffness are developed by conducting detailed analytical studies for three different types of cabinet mounting arrangements. Availability of these formulations enables incorporation of a cabinet rocking mode in the Ritz vector approach [Nucl. Eng. Des. 190 (1990) 225] for evaluating the cabinet dynamic properties in significant mode and for generating the incabinet response spectra.
The aggregation of alamethicin.

Abstract Interfacial tension data and ultracentrifugal studies of solutions of the cyclic polypeptide alamethicin indicate that some form of micellisation takes place in aqueous solvents at very low concentrations. The aggregates increase in size as the concentration increases, at fixed ionic strength, up to about 17 monomers per micelle at 0.8 %. The presence of 6 M urea reduces the size to about 5 monomers per micelle and the presence of ethanol or methanol inhibits micellisation. Increase in ionic strength increases the aggregation number and the aggregation is also increased by lowering the pH. These facts are discussed in light of the “bilayer excitation” properties of this substance.
Effect of fibrin glue on the prevention of persistent cerebral spinal fluid leakage after incidental durotomy during lumbar spinal surgery

Approximately one million spinal surgeries are performed in the United States each year. The risk of an incidental durotomy (ID) and resultant persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a significant concern for surgeons, as this complication has been associated with increased length of hospitalization, worse neurological outcome, and the development of CSF fistulae. Augmentation of standard dural suture repair with the application of fibrin glue has been suggested to reduce the frequency of these complications. This study examined unintended durotomies during lumbar spine surgery in a large surgical patient cohort and the impact of fibrin glue usage as part of the ID repair on the incidence of persistent CSF leakage. A retrospective analysis of 4,835 surgical procedures of the lumbar spine from a single institution over a 10-year period was performed to determine the rate of ID. The 90-day clinical course of these patients was evaluated. Clinical examination, B-2 transferrin assay, and radiographic imaging were utilized to determine the number of persistent CSF leaks after repair with or without fibrin glue. Five hundred forty-seven patients (11.3%) experienced a durotomy during surgery. Of this cohort, fibrin glue was used in the dural repair in 278 patients (50.8%). Logistic models evaluating age, sex, redo surgery, and the use of fibrin glue revealed that prior lumbar spinal surgery was the only univariate predictor of persistent CSF leak, conferring a 2.8-fold increase in risk. A persistent CSF leak, defined as continued drainage of CSF from the operative incision within 90 days of the surgery that required an intervention greater than simple bed rest or over-sewing of the wound, was noted in a total of 64 patients (11.7%). This persistent CSF leak rate was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in patients with prior lumbar surgery (21%) versus those undergoing their first spine surgery (9%). There was no statistical difference in persistent CSF leak between those cases in which fibrin glue was used at the time of surgery and those in which fibrin glue was not used. There were no complications associated with the use of fibrin glue. A history of prior surgery significantly increases the incidence of durotomy during elective lumbar spine surgery. In patients who experienced a durotomy during lumbar spine surgery, the use of fibrin glue for dural repair did not significantly decrease the incidence of a persistent CSF leak.
A ‘subordinate’ genre in the voice of the ‘subordinate’ gender: the storytelling tradition in post-colonial Botswana

My study demonstrates how the Setswana storytelling tradition and its executors – illiterate women in rural areas – occupy subordinate positions in Western knowledge systems, colonialism, capitalism and patriarchy. In this article I extend black feminist propositions of ‘subjugated knowledge’ to propose a reconsideration of storytelling as alternative knowledge as I excavate and reclaim this suppressed, ignored and excluded knowledge. Through ethnographic research I seek to reveal storytelling as a highly important cultural practice, as embodied oppositional knowledge, as a place where Batswana rural women's voices can be found. The article further investigates the voicelessness of rural Batswana women by arguing that although they are marginalised, they do not succumb to their positions of powerlessness if we care to search for and listen to their voices in the right places. As storytelling is an art that was/is privately enjoyed by families in the comfort of their homes, I contend that perhaps this priv...
Mechanisms of brain injury during infant cardiac surgery.

Neurological injury is a major and often debilitating complication of congenital heart disease and open-heart surgery. Paradoxically, the full impact of this complication has been underscored by the marked decrease in mortality and the rescue of infants with desparate and previously lethal heart conditions. Although recent focus has been on mechanisms of brain injury originating during open-heart surgery, this article also emphasizes the importance of mechanisms initiated or perpetuated during the preoperative and postoperative periods. In addition to the usually implicated mechanism of hypoxia-ischemia, recent genetic advances suggest an important role for genetic deletion syndromes. Inflammatory cascades have been implicated in the end-organ injury seen after cardiopulmonary bypass and might play a role in neurological dysfunction. these mechanisms are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent developments in our understanding of brain injury in this population.
Reduced expression of the mu opioid receptor in some, but not all, brain regions in mice with OPRM1 A112G

OPRM1 A118G is a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region of the human mu opioid receptor (MOPR) gene OPRM1. This SNP is associated with higher morphine doses required for postoperative analgesia as well as a variety of drug addiction phenotypes. A mouse model possessing the equivalent substitution (A112G) in the Oprm1 gene was generated to facilitate mechanistic studies. Mice homozygous for the G112 allele (G/G) displayed lower antinociception to morphine compared with those homozygous for A112 allele (A/A), similar to humans, suggesting that the mice are a good model to further characterize underlying factors contributing to phenotypes associated with this SNP. Here, we compared [3H]DAMGO binding to the MOPR in the brains of A/A and G/G mice using quantitative in vitro autoradiography. A/A mice exhibited higher [3H]DAMGO binding than G/G in the cingulate, motor, and insular cortices, nucleus accumbens core and shell, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray, superficial gray of superior colliculus, and ventral tegmental area. No genotype differences were observed in somatosensory cortex, caudate putamen, and hippocampus. When males and females were examined separately, A/A mice showed higher [3H]DAMGO binding than G/G mice in more brain regions in males than in females. Radioligand binding using brain membranes also showed higher [3H]DAMGO binding in the cortex and thalamus in A/A mice than G/G mice but no genotype differences in the caudate putamen or hippocampus. Thus, the A112G SNP is associated with reduced MOPR expression in some, but not all, brain regions, and appears to have some sex differences. The elevated MOPR expression in periaqueductal gray and thalamus in A/A mice are consistent with their higher antinociceptive responses to morphine. The higher MOPR levels in nucleus accumbens and/or ventral tegmental area of A/A mice is consistent with the higher morphine-induced hyperactivity and locomotor sensitization observed in these mice. Thus, these results provide some insights into the observed decreased clinical opioid potency in humans with the A118G SNP.
Lidocaine selectively blocks abnormal impulses arising from noninactivating Na channels.

Abnormal, repetitive impulse firing arising from incomplete inactivation of Na+ channels may be involved in several diseases of muscle and nerve, including familial myotonias and neuropathic pain syndromes. Systemic local anesthetics have been shown to have clinical efficacy against myotonias and some forms of neuropathic pain, so we sought to develop an in vitro model to examine the cellular basis for these drugs' effects. In frog sciatic nerves, studied in vitro by the sucrose-gap method, peptide α-toxins from sea anemone (ATXII) or scorpion (LQIIa) venom, which inhibit Na+ channel inactivation, induced repetitively firing compound action potentials (CAPs) superimposed on a plateau depolarization lasting several seconds. The initial spike of the CAP was unaffected, but the plateau and repetitive firing were strongly suppressed by 5–30 μM lidocaine. Lidocaine caused a rapid, concentration-dependent decay of the plateau, quantitatively consistent with blockade of open Na+ channels. Early and late repetitive firing were equally suppressed by lidocaine with IC50 = 10 μM. After washout of lidocaine and LQIIa, the plateau and repetitive firing remained for > 1 h, showing that lidocaine had not caused dissociation of channel-bound α-toxin. These findings indicate that therapeutic concentrations of lidocaine can reverse the “abnormal” features of action potentials caused by non-inactivating Na+ channels without affecting the normal spike component. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 634–647, 2001
Intergenerational Trajectories and Sociopolitical Context: Latina Immigrants in Adult ESL.

In this ethnographic study, I contrast the educational experiences of two Central American immigrant women in an English as a second language (ESL) family literacy program in the San Francisco Bay area in 2002. Based on life-history interviews and classroom observations, I argue that these learners’ second language and literacy development can only be understood within the larger sociopolitical context over time. To this end, I draw on participants’ life-history narratives to situate their experiences of studying English within the larger social history of immigration in California and within the intergenerational trajectories of education in their families. Specifically, these narratives illustrate participants’ perspectives on how their language learning opportunities have been mediated by such factors as their parents’ messages about education, their previous experiences of schooling, U.S. immigration policies, the 2001 economic downturn, and the availability of bilingual education for their children. I conclude by arguing that to meet the diverse needs and goals of learners in their classrooms, ESL educators need to incorporate into the curriculum the specific sociocontextual issues that these learners confront in their daily lives.
Selection for hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: expert consensus statement

Hepatic resection offers a chance of a cure in selected patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM). To achieve adequate patient selection and curative surgery, (i) precise assessment of the extent of disease, (ii) sensitive criteria for chemotherapy effect, (iii) adequate decision making in surgical indication and (iv) an optimal surgical approach for pre-treated tumours are required. For assessment of the extent of the disease, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is recommended depending on the local expertise and availability. Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT may offer additive information in detecting extrahepatic disease. The RECIST criteria are a reasonable method to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy. However, they are imperfect in predicting a pathological response in the era of modern systemic therapy with biological agents. The assessment of radiographical morphological changes is a better surrogate of the pathological response and survival especially in the patients treated with bevacizumab. Resectability of CLM is dependent on both anatomic and oncological factors. To decrease the surgical risk, a sufficient volume of liver remnant with adequate blood perfusion and biliary drainage is required according to the degree of histopathological injury of the underlying liver. Portal vein embolization is sometimes required to decrease the surgical risk in a patient with small future liver remnant volume. As a complete radiological response does not signify a complete pathological response, liver resection should include all the site of a tumour detected prior to systemic treatment.
In vivo distraction-coping in the treatment of test anxiety: A 1-year follow-up study

Data obtained from 19 clinically test anxious students supported the efficacy of an 8-week treatment program that combined relaxation skill training, cognitive restructuring, and systematic desensitization for the reduction of test anxiety in a previous study by Thyer , Papsdorf , Himle , McCann , Caldwell, and Wickert (1981). Significant reductions in test, state, and trait anxiety, and increases in the rationality of personal belief systems were observed. Cognitive performance on an anagram solution task and behavioral performance on a test of manual dexterity also were improved posttreatment. In this present study, 12-month follow-up data on 14 (73.6%) of the original Ss are reported. The results indicate a maintenance of the significantly decreased levels of test anxiety and continued reductions in trait anxiety and irrationality . The significance of these findings is discussed.
Electron Spin Resonance of the Triplet State of a Photochemical Oxidation Product of Crystalline Durene

Abstract An optical method of detection of electron spin resonance of metastable states has permitted the investigation of the triplet entity responsible for the blue component in the phosphorescence of purified crystalline durene. This entity has fine structure parameters and D/hc = ±(0.335 ± 0.003) cm−1 E/hc = ∓ (0.043 ± 0.002) cm−1 The principal axes of the fine structure tensor and the magnitudes of its principal values are consistent with Sponer and Kanda's attribution of this phosphorescence to an aldehydic photo-oxidation product of the durene molecule.
Dynamic ductile fracture of a low-strength steel

The upper-shelf dynamic fracture properties of a low-strength high-toughness steel, A533 Grade B Class 1, have been investigated with a coupled pressure bars techniques, using small compact specimens. Toughness data were generated from numerical simulations with a dynamic viscoplastic finite-element fracture code. The dynamic ductile fracture process was found to involve a larger critical microstructural distance than that associated with quasi-static loading conditions.
Responding to the complex and gendered needs of refugee women

Refugee women’s experiences and needs are qualitatively different from those of men. However, women’s experiences have long been overlooked in favor of a male-centered paradigm that governs the response to survivors of warfare. To close this gap in science and practice, a needs assessment was conducted with 31 refugee women. The findings revealed the importance of considering the impact of refugee women’s sociodemographic characteristics on their experiences in resettlement and the significance of their need for basic resources. Meeting these needs may facilitate the resettlement process and ameliorate the gendered effects of resettlement on refugee women.
Postoperative Pain: Nurses’ Knowledge and Patients’ Experiences

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding postoperative pain and identify postoperative patients' pain intensity experiences. The assessment and management of acute postoperative pain is important in the care of postoperative surgical patients. Inadequate relief of postoperative pain can contribute to postoperative complications such as atelectasis, deep vein thrombosis, and delayed wound healing. A pilot study with an exploratory design was conducted at a large teaching hospital in the eastern United States. The convenience samples included 31 nurses from the gastrointestinal and urologic surgical units and 14 first- and second-day adult postoperative open and laparoscopic gastrointestinal and urologic patients who received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used to measure nurses' knowledge about pain management. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was used to measure patients' pain intensity. The nurses' mean score on the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was 69.3%. Patients experienced moderate pain, as indicated by the score on the SF-MPQ. There is a need to increase nurses' knowledge of pain management.
Can We Trust Our Memories? C. I. Lewis's Coherence Argument

In this paper we examine C. I. Lewis’s view on the role of coherence – what he calls “congruence” – in the justification of beliefs based on memory or testimony. Lewis has two main theses on the subject. His negative thesis states that coherence of independent items of evidence has no impact on the probability of a conclusion unless each item has some credibility of its own. The positive thesis says, roughly speaking, that coherence of independently obtained items of evidence – such as converging memories or testimonies – raises the probability of a conclusion to the extent sufficient for epistemic justification, or, to use Lewis’s expression, “rational and practical reliance”. It turns out that, while the negative thesis is essentially correct (apart from a slight flaw in Lewis’s account of independence), a strong positive connection between congruence and probability – a connection of the kind Lewis ultimately needs in his validation of memory – is contingent on the Principle of Indifference. In the final section we assess the repercussions of the latter fact for Lewis’s theory in particular and for coherence justification in general. (Less)
Judicial Independence in a Civil Law Regime: The Evidence From Japan

Because the Japanese judiciary exclusively hires young and unproven jurists for its lower courts, it maintains elaborate career incentive structures. We use personnel data on 276 judges (every judge hired between 1961 and 1965) to explore the determinants of career success and test whether politicians manipulate those incentives. We find strong evidence that the system rewards the most productive judges, but little evidence of ongoing school cliques, and no evidence that the system favors judges who mediate over those who write opinions. We also find that even as late as the 1980s, those judges who joined a prominent leftist organization in the 1960s were still receiving less attractive jobs than their colleagues. Moreover, judges who decided a case against the government incurred the risk that the government would punish them with less attractive posts. Finally, judges who declared unconstitutional a crucial section of the electoral law received less attractive posts than those who held it constitutional.
The mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation: Recent investigations of model systems☆

Abstract Systems composed of molybdate and thiol ligands such as L(+)-cysteine reduce all known substrates of nitrogenase enzymes in the presence of a reductant (NaBH 4 or Na 2 S 2 O 4 ) and substrate amounts of ATP. Cocatalytic amounts of iron of ferredoxin-type compounds act as electron transfer catalysts, accelerating the conversion of the molybdothiol complexes into the active reduced form. Experiments with molecular nitrogen reveal diimide, N 2 H 2 , to be a precursor of ammonia.
Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry

Biotechnology implies the technical exploitation of biological processes. One of nature's most important biological processes is the degradation of wood and other lignocellulosic materials to carbon dioxide, water, and humic substances. Consequently, there should be possibilities to apply biotechnology to wood conversion. This article summarizes briefly the knowledge relating to the enzymic degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. However, it is mainly focused upon biotechnological processes in commercial use or in various stages of development for the pulp and paper industry. Areas covered are ethanol and protein production, water purification, development of new bleaching techniques, microbial delignification (biopulping), and development of “biosensors” for analysis of pulp fiber surfaces.
Abstract 4817: Using the Mendelian randomization approach to clarify the role of well-done meat and heterocyclic amine exposure in the etiology of colorectal polyps

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: High red meat intake and meat-derived mutagen heterocyclic amines (HCAs) exposure have been linked to the risk of colorectal polyps and cancer. HCAs are activated and detoxified by a group of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes. Internal exposure dose to these carcinogens is determined by both external exposure and genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding these enzymes, providing a unique opportunity to conduct a Mendelian randomization analysis to reduce bias associated with observational epidemiological studies. Methods: In a colonoscopy-based case-control study, we recruited 5,386 participants, including 2,057 patients with colorectal polyps, and 3,329 polyp-free controls. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed to construct a HCA metabolizing score. Data on dietary intake of meat by cooking methods and doneness level were obtained through telephone interviews to derive dietary HCA exposure level. Interactions between HCA metabolizing score and dietary exposure variables were evaluated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression models to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: HCA metabolizing score was unrelated to polyp risk among those with a low intake of total meat or red meat and low dietary HCA exposure. These dietary variables also tended to not be associated with polyp risk among those with a low HCA metabolizing score. Risks of polyps associated with meat intake and HCA exposure, however, were elevated among those with a high risk HCA metabolizing score. The interactions between dietary meat exposures and HCA metabolizing score were statistically significant for most of the analyses (P α0.05). Participants with the highest meat intake and HCA exposure level and a high risk HCA metabolizing score had a 30% to 40% elevated risk of developing any polyps and 60% to 80% elevated risk of developing advanced or multiple adenomas. Conclusions: Dietary meat intake and dietary exposure to HCAs is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal polyps, and this association is modified by genetic polymorphisms in HCA metabolizing enzymes. This study provides strong evidence supporting a causal role of HCA exposure in the etiology of colorectal tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4817. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4817
Hyperspectral Confocal Fluorescence Microscope: A New Look into the Cell.

Confocal microscopy is widely used in cell biology. Like other filter-based systems, traditional confocal microscopes are limited by the spectral bands established by each optical filter. As a result, emission spectra from labels and/or autofluorescence can be overlapped leading to spectral crosstalk and inability to quantify the amount of signal originating from each individual fluorescent species. The need for accurate quantification of in vivo cellular processes and in-depth knowledge of organelle development and microstructure led Monsanto to search for non-commercial microscopes that could achieve those goals. Through a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) established between Monsanto and Sandia Corporation in August 2006, we built a new 3D-hyperspectral confocal fluorescence imaging system, specifically designed to meet the analytical requirements of plant specimens.
Analysis of Long-term Survivors With Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Although recent data show improvement in long-term survival among patients with SCLC, only a small number of patients (1% to 6%) is cured by current treatment programs. Clearly, new innovative therapy is needed, and continued research with recently developed agents like N901 blocked ricin is warranted. 33 Application of new molecular genetic techniques may assist in earlier diagnosis, which might translate into improved prognosis. 34 Modern multimodality therapy may be effective in surgically resectable patients with stage I or II disease, but continued improvements in chemotherapy, bone marow transplantation, hyperfractionation radiotherapy, and radiosensitizers will be required for the majority of SCLC patients. Because of their association with long-term adverse effects, prolonged administration of alkylating agents and nitrosourea compounds should be avoided, as should use of high-dose fraction PCI. Measures to prevent second lung cancers and development of other malignancies, including chemoprevention and smoking cessation, should also be employed. 35 The identification of new prognostic subgroups should aid in the selection of patients for more intensive treatment to prolong survival and achieve a cure.
Effects of dam nutrition on growth and reproductive performance of heifer calves.

A 3-yr study was conducted with heifers (n = 170) whose dams were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of late gestation (LG) or early lactation (EL) dam nutrition on subsequent heifer growth and reproduction. In LG, cows received 0.45 kg/d of a 42% CP supplement (PS) or no supplement (NS) while grazing dormant Sandhills range. During EL, cows from each late gestational treatment were fed cool-season grass hay or grazed sub-irrigated meadow. Cows were managed as a single herd for the remainder of the year. Birth date and birth weight of heifer calves were not affected (P > 0.10) by dam nutrition. Meadow grazing and PS increased (P = 0.02; P = 0.07) heifer 205-d BW vs. feeding hay and NS, respectively. Weight at prebreeding and pregnancy diagnosis were greater (P 0.10). There was no effect (P > 0.10) of LG or EL dam nutrition on age at puberty or the percentage of heifers cycling before breeding. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in pregnancy rates due to EL treatment. Pregnancy rates were greater (P = 0.05) for heifers from PS dams, and a greater proportion (P = 0.005) of heifers from PS dams calved in the first 21 d of the heifers' first calving season. Nutrition of the dams did not influence (P 0.10). Dam nutrition did not affect (P > 0.10) heifer ADG or G:F ratio. Heifers from PS dams had greater DMI (P = 0.09) and residual feed intake (P = 0.07) than heifers from NS cows if their dams were fed hay during EL but not if their dams grazed meadows. Heifers born to PS cows were heavier at weaning, prebreeding, first pregnancy diagnosis, and before their second breeding season. Heifers from cows that grazed meadows during EL were heavier at weaning but not postweaning. Despite similar ages at puberty and similar proportions of heifers cycling before the breeding season, a greater proportion of heifers from PS dams calved in the first 21 d of the heifers' first calving season, and pregnancy rates were greater compared with heifers from NS dams. Collectively, these results provide evidence of a fetal programming effect on heifer postweaning BW and fertility.
A reinforcement-depletion urn model: a contiguity case

An urn contains balls ofs different colors. The problem of the reinforcement of a specified color and random depletion of balls has been considered by Bernard (1977,Bull. Math. Biol.,39, 463–470) and Shenton (1981,Bull. Math. Biol.,43, 327–340), (1983,Bull. Math. Biol.,45, 1–9). Here we consider a special relation between a reinforcement and depletion, leading to a hypergeometric distribution.
BENTHIC DIATOMS FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA CONTINENTAL SHELF: INNER AND MID SHELF1

Sediments samples collected by SCUBA divers at two times and three sites in the inner and middle continental shelf of North Carolina contain a well-developed benthic diatom flora. The most abundant species included the pennate forms Cocconeis disculoides, Diploneis papula, Navicula pullus, Delphineis surrirella, Amphora sublaevis, and A. tenerrila. Biomass of this distinct benthic microflora ranged from 16 to 97 mg chl a.m −2 and is comparable to sediment chlorophyll a values reported in previous studies
Similarity Search Problem Research on Multi-dimensional Data Sets

In this paper, we present our continuous work on designing an algorithm to find nearest neighbors to given queries. In our previous work, we analyze the situation that there are multiple queries with different level of importance, and define a weight for each query point. We also propose an algorithm to find nearest neighbors to multiple queries with weights and enhanced our algorithm based on query point distribution. In this paper we analyze the data distribution on various dimensions, and apply the shrinking concept for the improvement and enhancement of our multi-query search approach.
Of myths and movements : rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history

The Chipko movement emerged in the early 1970s in the Garhwal region of the Indian Himalayas. In attempting to draw attention to the difficulty of sustaining their livelihoods in the region, local communities engaged in protest by hugging trees that were marked for felling in state-owned commercial forests. As the story of these protests spread across India and the globe, Chipko was transformed into a shining symbol of grassroots activism. Ironically, as the Chipko story was embraced worldwide by ecologists, ecofeminists, policy makers and academics so it became increasingly disconnected from the realities that gave rise to the original protests. Chipko now exists as a myth, tenuously linked to an imagined space of the Himalayas that represents the timeless realm of pristine nature and simple peasant life - the terrain that escapes history. Or, in the more prosaic language of policy makers, it is one of several 'disturbances' to have emerged from a mountainous region that has, since the late 1800s, been characterized as 'backward' or 'isolated.' This book brings the Chipko movement back from the realm of myth into the world of geographical history. It traces the modes of administration and policy intervention in the region through the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial phases, and reveals how its biogeography has been shaped by varying struggles over resources, livelihoods and autonomy. Chipko, when seen in the context of its geographical history, shows that the question of sustainability in Garhwal, or in any other 'backward' or 'pristine' realm of the world, hinges more on an understanding of substantive democratic processes than on the need to make heroes or villains of those who participate in activist movements.
STOCHASTIC MODELS AND FACTOR ANALYSIS

The present paper discusses the relationship between the traditional factor analytic model and stochastic models of test behaviour for the case of dichotomous manifest variables. It is shown that the factor loadings can be interpreted as parameters of item trace lines. Furthermore, by comparing a linear and a nonlinear model of item characteristics, it is suggested that the assumption of a small number of latent dimensions or factors (small in comparison to the number of manifest variables) always requires the estimation of communalities making the explicit conceptualization of specific factors unnecessary. In addition, it is indicated that, because of the arbitrariness of criteria for the number of common factors, the general tendency among researchers to extract a small number of latent dimensions will, for a given data set, lead to quite similar results regardless of the trace line model chosen.
A semiparametric model selection criterion with applications to the marginal structural model

Estimators of the parameter of interest in semiparametric models often depend on a guessed model for the nuisance parameter. The choice of the model for the nuisance parameter can affect both the finite sample bias and efficiency of the resulting estimator of the parameter of interest. In this paper we propose a finite sample criterion based on cross validation that can be used to select a nuisance parameter model from a list of candidate models. We show that expected value of this criterion is minimized by the nuisance parameter model that yields the estimator of the parameter of interest with the smallest mean-squared error relative to the expected value of an initial consistent reference estimator. In a simulation study, we examine the performance of this criterion for selecting a model for a treatment mechanism in a marginal structural model (MSM) of point treatment data. For situations where all possible models cannot be evaluated, we outline a forward/backward model selection algorithm based on the cross validation criterion proposed in this paper and show how it can be used to select models for multiple nuisance parameters. Finally, we apply the forward model selection algorithm to a MSM analysis of the relationship between boiled water use and gastrointestinal illness in HIV positive men.
Both Suspension and Alternatives Work, Depending on One's Aim

In this commentary on the special series, I argue that whereas a zero-tolerance approach to school discipline is “something stupid” (Kauffman & Brigham, 2000) the use of suspension might not be. Despite its limitations, suspension and other forms of punishment serve as effective deterrents of behavior problems for most children, especially when they are combined with positive and proactive alternatives to suspension. Too often, advocates of those alternatives fail to recognize why suspension is valued by educators, while also making the mistake of advocating for alternatives that have their own limitations and share the same aim of suspension—obedience and compliance to adults and rules. Typically, those alternatives are less effective and efficient than suspension in achieving that aim. Thus, educators reject them. Instead of advocating for the elimination of the use of suspension, it might be wiser for researchers to advocate for a combination of evidence-based techniques (both positive and punitive) th...
Coordinate system control: Adaptive meshes

The discussion of the formulation and properties of the adaptive mesh algorithm is as complete as space permits. As should be clear from the discussion, adaptive gridding is most useful for singular perturbation problems where localized regions with large gradients develop spontaneously. Often, choosing the correct weight function is not trivial, and, sometimes, it is appropriate to cause the mesh to respond to structure in several dependent variables simultaneously.
Subjective response as a consideration in the pharmacogenetics of alcoholism treatment

Currently available pharmacological treatments for alcoholism have modest efficacy and high individual variability in treatment outcomes, both of which have been partially attributed to genetic factors. One path to reducing the variability and improving the efficacy associated with these pharmacotherapies may be to identify overlapping genetic contributions to individual differences in both subjective responses to alcohol and alcoholism pharmacotherapy outcomes. As acute subjective response to alcohol is highly predictive of future alcohol related problems, identifying such shared genetic mechanisms may inform the development of personalized treatments that can effectively target converging pathophysiological mechanisms that convey risk for alcoholism. The focus of this review is to revisit the association between subjective response to alcohol and the etiology of alcoholism while also describing genetic contributions to this relationship, discuss potential pharmacogenetic approaches to target subjective response to alcohol in order to improve the treatment of alcoholism and examine conceptual and methodological issues associated with these topics, and outline future approaches to overcome these challenges.
The Association Between Hypotonia and Brain Tumors in Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Children with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) inherited tumor predisposition syndrome are at risk for the development of brain tumors. In addition, children with neurofibromatosis type 1 often exhibit low tone (hypotonia). In this study, the authors explored the hypothesis that hypotonia could be a clinical indicator of glioma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. A total of 56 children between 1 and 7 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 were evaluated. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was available for 19 of these children. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between hypotonia and glioma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (90% sensitivity and 78% specificity). These results suggest that hypotonia might be a clinically useful indicator of brain tumor in this at-risk population.
Selection for urease activity during Helicobacter pylori infection of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Helicobacter pylori strain J166 recovered from experimentally inoculated rhesus monkeys had up to a 250-fold-increased urease activity over that before inoculation. This was found to result from the selection of urease positive J166 clones from a heterogenous inoculum, which was predominantly urease negative due to a 1-bp insertion in the ureA gene. These results confirm the importance of urease for H. pylori colonization. Strain J166 is particularly well adapted to the rhesus monkey, since it colonized preferentially despite the fact that less than 0.1% of the inoculum was urease positive.
Re-187, recycling r-process elements through stars, and the age of the Galaxy.

The enhanced beta-decay rate of ionized Re-187 in stars has been studied within the context of a detailed numerical model of the production of r-process elements and their recycling through stars during the course of galactic evolution. It is concluded that the enhanced decay rate does not significantly reduce the Re-Os chronometer age for the Galaxy. Consequently, the Re-187 beta-decay half-life and the Os-186/Os-187 neutron cross-section ratio remain as the significant uncertainties in this chronology. Unlike the uncertainties in other chronologies, both are amenable to laboratory measurements.
Teaching Prospect Theory with the Deal or No Deal Game Show

Summary Recent evidence indicates that decision makers are more sensitive to potential losses than gains. Loss aversion psychology has led behavioural economists to look beyond expected utility by developing prospect theory. We demonstrate this theory using the Deal or No Deal game show.
Pulmonary capillary permeability in man and a canine model of chemical pulmonary edema.

Abstract Pulmonary capillary permeability-surface products (PSP) for sucrose and water have been calculated in normal, awake man and in anesthetized dogs using multiple indicator dilution data and a numerical deconvolution technique to estimate maximal extraction. In man and control animals the PSP for sucrose was found to be 9.1 and 7.1 cm 3 /sec, respectively, while PSPs for water were found to be 34.0 and 30.9 cm 3 /sec. The effects of flow and choice of the reference tracer (red blood cells or albumin) were examined. With the exception of water in man, the PSPs for sucrose and water did not change significantly with an increased cardiac output, regardless of the reference tracer chosen. Pulmonary capillary damage induced by the infusion of 75 mg/kg of alloxan in dogs increased the PSPs for sucrose and water by 35 and 52%, respectively, when red cells formed the reference tracer material. This change was eliminated for sucrose when albumin formed the reference tracer and reduced the magnitude of the change for water from 52 to 34%. The permeability increases in the alloxan damaged dogs occurred in the presence of normal pulmonary artery and wedge pressures. We conclude that the exchange of water is not flow-limited at physiologic or higher rates of perfusion and that albumin is misleading as a reference tracer in multiple indicator dilution studies of pulmonary edema.
Analysis of Composition and Structure of Coastal to Mesopelagic Bacterioplankton Communities in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

16S rRNA gene amplicons were pyrosequenced to assess bacterioplankton community composition, diversity and phylogenetic community structure for 17 stations in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) sampled in March 2010. Statistical analyses showed that samples from depths ≤ 100 m differed distinctly from deeper samples. SAR 11 α-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated communities at depths ≤ 100 m, which were characterized by high α-Proteobacteria/γ-Proteobacteria ratios (α/γ > 1.7). Thaumarchaeota, Firmicutes and δ-Proteobacteria were relatively abundant in deeper waters, and α/γ ratios were low (< 1). Canonical correlation analysis indicated that δ- and γ-Proteobacteria, Thaumarchaeota and Firmicutes correlated positively with depth; α-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes correlated positively with temperature and dissolved oxygen; Actinobacteria, β-Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia correlated positively with a measure of suspended particles. Diversity indices did not vary with depth or other factors, which indicated that richness and evenness elements of bacterioplankton communities might develop independently of nGoM physical-chemical variables. Phylogenetic community structure as measured by the net relatedness (NRI) and nearest taxon (NTI) indices also did not vary with depth. NRI values indicated that most of the communities were comprised of OTUs more distantly related to each other in whole community comparisons than expected by chance. NTI values derived from phylogenetic distances of the closest neighbor for each OTU in a given community indicated that OTUs tended to occur in clusters to a greater extent than expected by chance. This indicates that “habitat filtering” might play an important role in nGoM bacterioplankton species assembly, and that such filtering occurs throughout the water column.
Familial transmission of alcohol use: II. Imitation of and aversion to parent drinking (1960) by adult offspring (1977)--Tecumseh, Michigan.

The "fall-off" effect, when offspring respond to parental high-volume levels by moderating their own drinking, appears highly predictable across generations and is mediated both by subsequent parent drinking level and offspring's perception of problematic intake by their parents. This fall off by adult offspring appears to follow community norms; it occurs, on the average, at the level of daily drinking by fathers, and when the mother approaches daily-drinking levels. An aversion effect holds more to cross-sex parents with problems; thus, both sons and daughters show a nonimitation and fall off to their cross-sex parents who are high-volume problem drinkers. Conversely, however, daughters often imitate a high-drinking father with no problems. For high-drinking mothers, without problems or with problems (numbers are small), daughters' drinking appears "polarized": most (60%) are abstemious, but a higher number than expected (about 35%) show high volume thus imitating the mother's volume, compared to about ...
The Impact of Henry George on British Economists, I The First Phase of Response, 1879-82; Leslie, Wicksteed and Hobson

steadily increasing wealth, and its land reform message, evoked a strong response during the 1880s. Land reformers, politicians, journalists, socialists and large numbers of the general populace, as well as the professional economists, were all affected. The book had the greatest sale of any on an economic subject to that date; in fact, sales were about 100,000
The Three Faces of Evaluation What can be Expected to Work

Evaluations of intervention programs have concentrated on the adequacy of research design and the specification of outcome, while tending to ignore the integrity of the programs being evaluated. This third face of evaluation, assessing program integrity, involves information as to the adequacy of the conceptualization of the treatment, the duration and intensity of the program, the quality and quantity of personnel, and the match of treatment, treater and treated. The study by Kassebaum, Ward, and Wilner (1971), which utilizes an exemplary research design and provides considerable information on program integrity, is analyzed in detail to demonstrate that the almost complete lack of program integrity rendered the drawing of conclusions about the efficacy of group counseling in the correctional setting impossible from the results reported in this research. Continued lack of attention to the question of program integrity can only lead to further, and generally unproductive, debate about "what works." It is ...
Relationship of Sex, Strain, and Body Weight to Carcass Yield and Offal Production in Turkeys

Abstract Three strains of male and female market turkeys (British United Turkeys, Hybrid, and Nicholas) were grown under commercial contract production conditions and slaughtered at a range of BW (4,200 to 17,640 g) and age (13 to 22 wk) that covers the range of commercial market weights in use at the time of the study. During processing, the weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet plus shanks, heart, liver, gizzard, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, water uptake, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, fat pad alone, tail, wings, drumsticks, thigh meat, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, scapula meat,lower back, upper back with ribs, breast skin, thigh skin, thigh bone, and hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle) were determined. The data were subjected to least squares analyses using models that included strain and sex effects relative to live BW. Significant differences in yield between the sexes but not among strains were found for feet plus shanks, gizzard, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, and scapula meat. Similarly, significant differences in yield among strains but not between sexes alone were found for blood, feathers, heart, and hind half. The relationships of live BW with all other variables showed both strain and sex differences in yield. Whereas whole carcass yield as a function of BW was affected by sex alone, most other components varied by both sex and strain. Thus, choice of strain, sex, and age at slaughter affect the projected production of edible carcass and offal components.