cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the link between maternal anxiety and overprotection.

Abstract Background Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that maternal anxiety relates to overprotection, yet studies have found conflicting evidence. The literature would benefit from a systematic review. Methods In April 2020, a systematic review on the relation between maternal anxiety and overprotection was conducted. The search was updated in January 2021. A total of 13 articles were included. Results Of 16 reported bivariate correlations, 12 showed that maternal anxiety accounted for significant variance in overprotection (7 reported a small effect and 5 reported a medium effect). In a group differences study, mothers with anxiety showed greater overprotection. Additionally, in 4 out of 7 multivariate relations maternal anxiety accounted for significant variance in overprotection over and above other factors while 3 suggested that maternal anxiety did not account for significant variance in overprotection. In a multivariate, longitudinal study, maternal anxiety predicted overprotection, over and above other factors. Given conflicting evidence, we evaluated article's methodological strength and found stronger evidence supporting a small to medium size relation compared to evidence supporting no significant relation. Limitations We report ranges of coefficients and effect sizes, but meta-analytic results are needed to determine the magnitude of these relations based on various factors. More longitudinal studies are needed to determine directionality. Conclusions Although the literature shows conflicting results, the present review supports that maternal anxiety relates to overprotection, though the effect of this relation is small to medium. It may be beneficial to incorporate mental health for parents into existing parenting interventions.
Distinct proteostasis states drive pharmacologic chaperone susceptibility for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator misfolding mutants

Pharmacological chaperones represent a class of therapeutic compounds for treating protein misfolding diseases. One of the most prominent examples is the FDA-approved pharmacological chaperone lumacaftor (VX-809), which has transformed cystic fibrosis (CF) therapy. CF is a fatal disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). VX-809 corrects folding of F508del CFTR, the most common patient mutation, yet F508del exhibits only mild VX-809 response. In contrast, rarer mutations P67L and L206W are hyper-responsive to VX-809, while G85E is non-responsive. Despite the clinical success of VX-809, the mechanistic origin for the distinct susceptibility of mutants remains unclear. Here, we use interactomics to characterize the impact of VX-809 on proteostasis interactions of P67L and L206W and compare these to F508del and G85E. We determine hyper-responsive mutations P67L and L206W exhibit decreased interactions with proteasomal, and autophagy degradation machinery compared to F508del and G85E. We then show inhibiting the proteasome attenuates P67L and L206W VX-809 response, and inhibiting the lysosome attenuates F508del VX-809 response. Our data suggests a previously unidentified but required role for protein degradation in VX-809 correction. Furthermore, we present an approach for identifying proteostasis characteristics of mutant-specific therapeutic response to pharmacological chaperones.
Investigating Self-injury Support Solicitations and Responses on a Mobile Peer Support Application

Online informal support networks may provide a critical source of support for young people who self-injure. While these platforms are often intended to mitigate digital harm, there is limited understanding of how individuals use peer support venues to seek self-injury related support and the specific contingencies of supportive exchanges. The present mixed-methods study was designed to explore the types of concerns members express on a mobile peer support application and the types of responses that they receive. Specifically, our aims were to (1) understand the prevalence of peer support types exchanged and (2) surface more nuanced themes within these categories of support. We also explore the relationship between support sought through posts and received through comments. Findings have important theoretical implications for understanding support seeking and provision through a mobile peer support app, which can help guide the design and optimization of peer-driven platforms for individuals who self-injure.
Nondegenerate Periodic Orbits

Suppose f: C → Rn is continuous together with its Frechet derivative and consider the autonomous equation $${\rm{\dot x}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {\rm{f}}\left( {{\rm{x}}_{\rm{t}} } \right)$$ (37.1) .
Optimal Tax Policy Under Uncertainty Over Tax Revenues

This paper investigates optimal tax policy when economic conditions are uncertain, creating risk in tax revenues. The updated Ramsey rule for optimal taxation with uncertainty balances volatility and deadweight loss. Tax policy affects volatility through two channels; spreading risk between public and private consumption and hedging idiosyncratic tax base risk. Risk in tax revenues can be decomposed into economic uncertainty and necessary and unnecessary tax policy risk. This paper develops a volatility index that measures the cost of unnecessary risk associated with a tax portfolio. Using panel data from all US states for the years 1964-2013, I find that almost all states held riskier portfolios in 2007 than in 1970 and half of these states exposed their tax revenues to more unnecessary risk. This suggests states could reduce their tax revenue volatility by rebalancing their tax portfolios.
Über einige cis-Formen des Canthaxanthins

The fungal carotenoid, canthaxanthin, C40H52O2 (4,4′-diketo-β-carotene), was converted by some thermal and photochemical treatments into a stereoisomeric mixture that was resolved chromatographically. Thus, six cis forms, termed “neo-canthaxanthins A-F”, were obtained, A–C in crystalline form, the latter being identical with central-monocis-canthaxanthin prepared by Isler et al. by total synthesis. The spectral characteristics of these stereoisomers have been studied and some tentative configurational assignments proposed.
Prospect for measuring the CP phase in the $h\tau\tau$ coupling at the LHC

The search for a new source of $CP$ violation is one of the most important endeavors in particle physics. A particularly interesting way to perform this search is to probe the $CP$ phase in the $h\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\tau}$ coupling, as the phase is currently completely unconstrained by all existing data. Recently, a novel variable $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ was proposed for measuring the $CP$ phase in the $h\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\tau}$ coupling through the ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decay mode. We examine two crucial questions that the real LHC detectors must face, namely, the issue of neutrino reconstruction and the effects of finite detector resolution. For the former, we find strong evidence that the collinear approximation is the best for the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ variable. For the latter, we find that the angular resolution is actually not an issue even though the reconstruction of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ requires resolving the highly collimated ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$'s and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$'s from the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ decays. Instead, we find that it is the missing transverse energy resolution that significantly limits the LHC reach for measuring the $CP$ phase via $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$. With the current missing energy resolution, we find that with $\ensuremath{\sim}1000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ the $CP$ phase hypotheses $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}={0}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ (the standard model value) and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}=9{0}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ can be distinguished, at most, at the 95% confidence level.
Are interpretations of ancient marine temperatures constrained by the presence of ancient marine organisms

The relationship between marine temperature and marine organisms is investigated. The adaptation of organisms to extreme temperatures is studied; it is observed that chemautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes adapt to 100 C, photoautotrophic prokaryotes to 73 C, and fungi to 60 C. The physiological and molecular factors related to thermal limits in organisms such as enzymes, lipids, or plasma membranes, are examined. Two types of thermal adaptations, resistance and capacity, are detected in organisms. Reasons for species distributions according to temperature barriers are proposed by Read (1967) and Bullock (1955) and are related to enzyme limits. The effects of an organism's composition on thermal stability is analyzed.
A unified model for hardware/software codesign

Embedded systems are almost always built with parts implemented in both hardware and software. Market forces encourage such systems to be developed with different hardware-software decompositions to meet different points on the price-performance-power curve. Current design methodologies make the exploration of different hardware-software decompositions difficult because such exploration is both expensive and introduces significant delays in time-to-market. This thesis addresses this problem by introducing, Bluespec Codesign Language (BCL), a unified language model based on guarded atomic actions for hardware-software codesign. The model provides an easy way of specifying which parts of the design should be implemented in hardware and which in software without obscuring important design decisions. In addition to describing BCL's operational semantics, we formalize the equivalence of BCL programs and use this to mechanically verify design refinements. We describe the partitioning of a BCL program via computational domains and the compilation of different computational domains into hardware and software, respectively. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Coseismic Excitation of the Earth's Polar Motion

Apart from the "shaking" near the epicenter that is the earthquake, a seismic event creates a permanent field of dislocation in the entire Earth. This redistribution of mass changes (slightly) the Earth's inertia tensor; and the Earth's rotation will change in accordance with the conservation of angular momentum. Similar to this seismic excitation of Earth rotation variations, the same mass redistribution causes (slight) changes in the Earth's gravitational field expressible in terms of changes in the Stokes coefficients of its harmonic expansion. In this paper, we give a historical background of the subject and discuss the related physics; we then compute the geodynamic effects caused by earthquakes based on normal-mode summation scheme. The effects are computed using the centroid moment tensor (CMT) solutions for 15,814 major earthquakes from Jan., 1977, through Feb., 1999, as provided in the Harvard CMT catalog. The computational results further strengthens these findings and conclusions: (i) the strong tendency for earthquakes to make the Earth rounder and more compact (however slightly) continues; (ii) so does the trend in the seismic "nudging" of the rotation pole toward the general direction of approx. 140 E, roughly opposite to that of the observed polar drift, but two orders of magnitude smaller in drift speed.
Convergence results for critical points of the one-dimensional Ambrosio-Tortorelli functional with fidelity term

In this paper, we show that critical points of the one- dimensional Ambrosio-Tortorelli functional with delity term converge to those of the corresponding Mumford-Shah functional, a famous model for image segmentation. Equi-partition and convergence of the energy- density are also derived.
Does performance of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy within 2 weeks of prostate biopsy affect the outcome?

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) performed within either 2 or 4 weeks of prostate biopsy is associated with surgical difficulty or immediate postoperative outcome. Methods: Of the 121 patients that underwent RALP at our institution, 104 patients were prospectively included. Patients were sequentially divided into three groups: first patient in group A (interval from biopsy to RALP: 2 weeks), second patient in group B (2–4 weeks), third patient in group C (more than 4 weeks), fourth patient in group A, and so on. The clinical, operative, pathological, and postoperative functional data were collected. Results: Group A consisted of 31 patients, group B of 33, and group C of 40 patients. Median patient age and median follow up were 61.1 years and 14.1 months, respectively. In group A, mean estimated blood loss was significantly higher than the other two groups, even though there was no significant difference in the mean console time. Postoperative complications did not make any difference among the groups. In the multivariable analysis, the interval from biopsy to surgery did not affect operative times or surgical margins, or the immediate postoperative outcomes (e.g. recovery of erectile function, continence, and biochemical recurrence). Conclusion: A short interval for less than two weeks between the prostate biopsy and the RALP seems to be feasible and safe. Further studies with larger samples are needed to corroborate these findings.
Determination of Sodium in Urine by Specific Ion Electrode

A method has been developed for determination of sodium concentration (activity) in urine using a glass electrode designed to be especially sensitive to sodium ion activity. The urine is diluted 2:20 with Tris buffer (pH 8.0) and sodium activity measured by dipping a sodium electrode and calomel reference electrode in the diluted specimen and obtaining a millivolt reading with a sensitive pH meter. The sodium concentration is then calculated from a predetermined standard curve. Concentrations of 0-200 mEq./L. may be read using the same dilution. Blind comparisons of sodium concentrations obtained by flame photometry and by sodium ion electrode showed excellent agreement.
Norms in Social Media: The Application of Theory of Reasoned Action and Personal Norms in Predicting Interactions With Facebook Page Like Ads

ABSTRACTThis study employs the theory of reasoned action and personal descriptive and injunctive norms to predict individuals’ intentions to interact with Page Like Ads on Facebook, which are a type of ad that individuals may “like,” “share,” or make a “comment” on. The survey findings from 631 respondents indicate that attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and personal descriptive norms influenced behavioral intentions to interact with page Like Ads. In addition, this study found that subjective norms, personal descriptive norms, and personal injunctive norms were shaped by interpersonal influences (e.g., family). This study contributes to research on the theory of reasoned action and personal norms and provides practical implications for media practitioners, especially for advertisers and marketers.
Endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms with electrically detachable coils: correlation of aneurysm neck size and treatment results.

PURPOSE To devise a method to measure aneurysm neck size on angiographic films, and to correlate the sizes obtained with the extent of endovascular aneurysm occlusion, performed with electrically detachable coils. METHODS The angiograms of 79 intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular occlusion using electrically detachable coils were retrospectively analyzed. A method using the average reported caliber of the major intracranial vessels was applied to determine the aneurysm neck sizes on the diagnostic angiograms. The cases were divided into two groups according to neck size, 4 mm being the discriminative value for small and wide necks. The posttreatment angiogram of each case was analyzed to evaluate the degree of occlusion achieved by the technique. RESULTS Necks were successfully measured in 95% of the aneurysms. Complete aneurysm thrombosis was observed in 85% of the small-necked aneurysms and in 15% of the wide-necked aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS Accurate angiographic measurements of neck diameter can be obtained in most aneurysms. The size of an aneurysm neck correlates well with the results of the endovascular treatment. Small-necked aneurysms can be satisfactorily occluded with this technique. In wide-necked aneurysms this technique should be reserved for lesions having a high surgical risk.
Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Dissociation of striatal dopamine terminal damage from parietal cortical cell body injury

Methamphetamine (m-AMPH) administration injures both striatal dopaminergic terminals and certain nonmonoaminergic cortical neurons. Fluoro-Jade histochemistry was used to label cortical cells injured by m-AMPH in order to identify factors that contribute to the cortical cell body damage. Rats given four injections of m-AMPH (4 mg/kg) at 2-h intervals showed hyperthermia (mean = 40.0 +/- 0.10 degrees C) and increased behavioral activation relative to animals given saline (SAL). Three days later, m-AMPH-treated animals showed indices of injury to striatal DA terminals (depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity) and parietal cortical cell bodies (appearance of Fluoro-Jade stained cells). Pretreatment with a dopamine (DA) D1, D2, or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, or administration of m-AMPH in a 4 degrees C environment, prevented or attenuated m-AMPH-induced hyperthermia, behavioral activation, and injury to striatal DA terminals and parietal cortical cell bodies. Animals pretreated with a DA transport inhibitor prior to m-AMPH showed hyperthermia, behavioral activation, and parietal cortical cell body injury, but they did not show striatal DA terminal injury. Pretreatment with a 5HT transport inhibitor failed to prevent m-AMPH-induced damage to striatal DA terminals or parietal cortical cell bodies. Animals given four injections of SAL in a 37 degrees C environment became hyperthermic, but showed no injury to striatal DA terminals or cortical cell bodies. The ability of the DA transport inhibitor to block m-AMPH-induced striatal DA damage, but not cortical injury, and the inability of hyperthermia alone to cause the cortical cell body injury suggests that m-AMPH-induced behavioral activation and hyperthermia may both be necessary for the subsequent parietal cortical cell body damage.
Processing-phase diagrams: a new tool for solution-deposited thin-film development applied to the In5O(OPri)13–In2O3 system

Understanding processing–property relationships of a precursor is important for achieving the desired properties in opto-electronic thin-films. This work highlights the construction of a processing-phase diagram of the novel In2O3 precursor In5O(OPri)13 for transparent conducting oxide applications. The decomposition behavior of the precursor was profiled with thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and temperature programmed desorption mass spectroscopy. Decomposition occurred at 150–230 °C. Higher temperature exothermic reactions were identified as structural rearrangement/ordering processes. The precursor powder was found to crystallize into the bixbyite structure at 300–350 °C, presenting a non-crystalline phase-processing window for the material. Crystallization of a film was monitored with in situ X-ray diffraction annealing, which showed a markedly higher crystallization onset of 500 °C and a much larger non-crystalline oxide window. The decomposition and crystallization behavior of the precursor powders and films were combined into a master processing-phase diagram. Solution deposited, crystalline In2O3 films annealed under Ar–4%H2 achieved a conductivity of 165 S cm−1 with high visible transparency (80%) and exhibited a mobility of 9.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 with a carrier concentration of 1.1 × 1020 cm−3.
Prolactin-stimulated mitogenesis of cultured astrocytes is mediated by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.

: Prolactin (PRL) has been reported to activate cellular proliferation in nonreproductive tissue, such as liver, spleen, and thymus. Recently, we have extended the possible role of PRL as a mammalian mitogen by demonstrating a mitogenic effect of PRL in cultured astrocytes. Although the cellular mechanisms by which PRL regulates cell growth are not fully understood, protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as one of the transmembrane signaling systems involved in the regulation of PRL-induced cell proliferation in Nb2 lymphoma cells and liver. In the present studies, we examined the possible role of PKC in PRL-induced proliferation of cultured astrocytes. Incubation of cultured astrocytes with 1 nM PRL resulted in a rapid translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane, with maximal PKC activity in the membrane occurring 30 min after exposure to PRL. Translocation of PKC activity occurred over a physiological range of PRL, with maximal PKC activation occurring at 1 nM. At concentrations greater than 10 nM PRL, there was a decrease in the amount of PKC activity associated with the membrane fraction compared with that of cells stimulated with 1 nM PRL. Incubation of astrocytes with PRL in the presence of the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, 1-(-5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, or polymyxin B blocked the PRL-induced increase in cell number with IC50 values of approximately 2 nM, 10 μM, and 6 μM, respectively. PKC is the only known cellular receptor for 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), which stimulates the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane. Incubation of astrocytes with 20 nM TPA resulted in an increase in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cell number, whereas 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, an inactive phorbol ester, was ineffective. To examine further the effect of TPA and PRL on cellular proliferation, cultured astrocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of TPA in the presence or absence of a minimal effective dose of PRL (100 pM). In the absence of PRL, incubation with TPA resulted in an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve, with 100 nM TPA resulting in a maximal increase in cell number. In the presence of 100 pM PRL, the TPA dose-response curve was shifted to the left, with maximal activity occurring with 10 nM TPA. Chronic stimulation of astrocytes with 500 nM TPA depleted the cells of PKC and blocked the PRL-induced increase in cell number. Finally, TPA treatment decreased cell-surface binding of 125I-PRL. These data indicate that the PKC is involved in the mitogenic effect of PRL in cultured astrocytes.
From Inuit to implementation: omega-3 fatty acids come of age.

During the past 25 years, the cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have been the subject of increasing investigation. In the late 1970s, epidemiological studies revealed that Greenland Inuits had substantially reduced rates of acute myocardial infarction compared with Western control subjects. These observations generated more than 4500 studies to explore this and other effects of ω-3 fatty acids on human metabolism and health. From epidemiology to cell culture and animal studies to randomized controlled trials, the cardioprotective effects of ω-3 fatty acids are becoming recognized. These fatty acids, when incorporated into the diet at levels of about 1 g/d, seem to be able to stabilize myocardial membranes electrically, resulting in reduced susceptibility to ventricular dysrhythmias, thereby reducing the risk of sudden death. The recent GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico)-Prevention study of 11,324 patients showed a 45% decrease in risk of sudden cardiac death and a 20% reduction in all-cause mortality in the group taking 850 mg/d of ω-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids have potent anti-inflammatory effects and may also be antiatherogenic. Higher doses of ω-3 fatty acids can lower elevated serum triglyceride levels; 3 to 5 g/d can reduce triglyceride levels by 30% to 50%, minimizing the risk of both coronary heart disease and acute pancreatitis. This review summarizes the emerging evidence of the use of ω-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease.
Assessment of Human Islet Viability Using Various Mouse Models

To date no in vitro viability test is known to accurately predict in vivo human islet function, making transplantation into various nonimmune animal models mandatory. The diabetic mouse model has been proposed as a standard method for human islet viability assessment. However, the use of streptozotocin for diabetes induction is associated with inconsistency with respect to induction protocols and the significant mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to compare a nondiabetic NOD-scid mouse model to its diabetic counterpart in terms of predicting islet viability. Diabetes was induced in NOD-scid mice using intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at concentrations ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg. Blood glucose levels were monitored for 7 to 10 days, and mice that had levels of >300 mg/dL were used in the experiment. For nondiabetic mice, blood glucose and baseline human C-peptide levels were checked after an overnight fast. Transplantation of 2000 human islet equivalent was done in both models using the same technique. Islet function was determined in the diabetic mice by return to normoglycemia for 2 consecutive days and measurement of fasting human C-peptide on days 7 and 14 posttransplant. Viability was tested in nondiabetic mice after intraperitoneal injection of glucose (2 g/kg) and the measurement of human C-peptide levels using radioimmunoassay. Titration of the streptozotocin dose from 200 to 100 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in mice mortality (40% to 10%) and an increase of diabetes induction (55% to 81%). The 23 human islet isolations tested in both models showed complete consistency of the viability results.
Purification and regulatory properties of liver phosphorylase kinase

Abstract Liver phosphorylase kinase in crude extracts appears to be approximately the same size as the skeletal muscle enzyme and is regulated by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In addition, the liver kinase resembles the muscle kinase in that it requires calcium ions for full activity; however, the latter enzyme is only partially inhibited by excess EGTA. Smaller forms of the liver kinase are obtained upon purification; these may represent degradation products due to limited proteolysis. The smallest form, M r = 35,000, is unresponsive to the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and to calcium. A form of intermediate size, which appears to be made up of 80,000 molecular weight subunits, requires calcium but is not responsive to the protein kinase
Swirling Students: Articulation Between A Major Community College District and a State-Supported Research University

As the country experiences a recession and institutions of higher education increase tuition to compensate for diminishing state support, the transferability of credits among and between institutions is essential to students seeking to earn a baccalaureate degree. Students, parents, and taxpayers cannot afford to pay twice for the same courses or for additional courses. In this environment, articulation becomes a very important issue, particularly when research has shown that a significant number of students enroll in more than one institution on their path to a degree. The focus of this article is the swirling students between the Maricopa Community Colleges and Arizona State University. Swirling students, also a national phenomenon, encounter a number of challenges that institutions need to address. The history of articulation agreements in Arizona was explored to provide insight into the transfer model available to students enrolled at the Maricopa Community Colleges and Arizona State University. The d...
Towards numerical solutions of the Schrödinger equation for diatomic molecules

Premiere application des methodes de perturbation a n corps et d'amas couples, utilisant des orbitales Hartree-Fock et «correlantes» numeriques pour des molecules diatomiques. Exemples de H 2 et LiH
Time-Optimal Control of Axisymmetric Rigid Spacecraft Using Two Controls

In this paper, we consider the minimum-time reorientation problem of an axisymmetric rigid spacecraft with two independent control torques mounted perpendicular to the spacecraft symmetry axis. The objective is to reorient the spacecraft from an initial attitude, with some angular velocity, to a e nal attitude with a certain angular velocity in minimum time. All possible control structures, including both singular and nonsingular arcs, arestudied completely byderivingthecorrespondingformulasand thenecessary optimality conditions. Itisshown that a second-order singular control can be part of the optimal trajectory. It is also shown that for an inertially symmetric and a nonspinning axisymmetric rigid body, it is possible for ine nite-order singular controls to be part of or the whole optimal trajectory. In particular, for a nonspinning axisymmetric rigid body, the second-order singular trajectory is shown to be an eigenaxis rotation. An efe cient method for numerically solving the optimal controlproblem,basedonacascadedcomputationalschemethatusesbotha directmethodand anindirectmethod, is also presented. Numerical examples demonstrate optimal reorientation maneuvers with both nonsingular and singular subarcs, and comparisons are made between eigenaxis rotations and the true time-optimal rotations.
Visual software tools for multimedia authoring

Multimedia authoring tools were originally developed more than 20 years ago to help non-programmers construct multimedia presentations, especially in the area of primary education. Since then, both the application scope and the target audience have broadened. In this paper, we review several of the more popular visual tools for multimedia authoring.
Gastrinomas: a 42-year experience.

In 1947, a patient with metastatic islet cell tumor was treated for intractable ulcer disease at the University of Chicago Medical Center. Eight years later, in retrospect, it was recognized that he and another patient had the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZE). From 1947 until the present, 30 patients with the ZE syndrome have been treated at this institution. Twenty-one (70%) were male and 9 (30%) were female. Their ages ranged from 24 to 76 years. Most (79%) had abdominal pain, however, melena (42%), hematemesis (33%), and severe diarrhea (35%) were prominent as well. Symptoms were present for a mean of 5.8 years before diagnosis. Over their entire clinical course, duodenal ulcers occurred in 96% of patients, gastric ulcers in 24%, jejunal ulcers in 29%, esophageal ulcers in 6%, and stomal ulcerations in 58%. Eleven (38%) of all gastrinomas were proved to occur in the duodenum; 10 (34%) were pancreatic in origin, including 3 with the MEN I syndrome; 3 (10%) were extrapancreatic and extraduodenal in origin, and no tumor was found in 5 (17%). Each of the 3 patients with MEN I developed a proven pancreatic islet cell carcinoma with metastases as well as hyperparathyroidism and a pituitary lesion.
An alternative speed control for industrial sewing machines

Occupations which normally involve a fixed workstation and can be effectively operated from a sitting position would appear to be highly compatible with the lack of mobility of paraplegics. However, owing to the traditional operational-control configuration of many machines which require use of the lower limbs, employment for paraplegics is limited in these occupations. A speed-control mechanism suitable for use by paraplegics was designed and compared with the traditional treadle speed control used on industrial sewing machines. This control was operated by chest movement displacing a lever in contact with the subject in the region of the sternum. Subjects for this study were twenty non-handicapped individuals primarily without any previous sewing experience. Data were collected by questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and performance on sewing tasks. There was no significant difference between the two control devices in accuracy and task-completion time. The chest-control device required significantly fewer machine stops during task performance. The chest-control device produced less overall postural stress than the traditional treadle control. Overall preference for the two control devices was divided equally among the subjects. The chest-control device will enable many of those unable to use their lower limbs to operate any one of a series of stitching-related machines by providing access to, and control of, the machine. The control device appears to provide the potential for both the handicapped and non-handicapped to achieve performance equal to that achieved by the latter group with conventional treadle controls. It is suggested that the alternative control could be used not only with industrial sewing machines, but also with other machines that require a fixed workstation and can be operated from a sitting position.
A constitutive theory for polyolefins in large amplitude oscillatory shear

A versatile transient network theory has been used as a framework for the interpretation of large amplitude oscillatory behavior of polyolefin melts in terms of their entanglement kinetics. The model reasonably describes all previously published measurements of the large amplitude oscillatory shear behavior on melts. Seven polyolefins are examined, three new materials and four previously studied. A qualitative difference in the nonlinear behavior in large amplitude oscillatory shear has been identified between the polyethylenes examined and the two other polyolefins, polystyrene and polyisobutylene.
Obstructions to toric integrable geodesic flows in dimension 3

The geodesic flow of a Riemannian metric on a compact manifold Q is said to be toric integrable if it is completely integrable and the first integrals of motion generate a homogeneous torus action on the punctured cotangent bundle T*Q\Q. If the geodesic flow is toric integrable, the cosphere bundle admits the structure of a contact toric manifold. By comparing the Betti numbers of contact toric manifolds and cosphere bundles, we are able to provide necessary conditions for the geodesic flow on a compact, connected 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold to be toric integrable.
Economics and the second law: An engineering view and methodology

Abstract An operationally convenient methodology is presented for pricing the penalties of thermodynamic irreversibilites occurring in equipment processes. Starting with a recognition of the individual internal and relevant external irreversibilities thermodynamic arguments are used to formulate both entropy and energy measures in terms of operating conditions. The energy measures lead to economic pricing relating to system energy expenditure and sometimes system energy rating penalties. The analysis loop is closed by considerations relating to the reduction of the individual irreversibilities in terms of trade-off factors. The usual available energy or ‘exergy’ analysis provides an answer to the overall costs of the collective internal irreversibilities. Depending on the system definition, relevant ‘external’ irreversibilities may be excluded. The lack of detail does not allow the development of trade-off factors and, moreover, inhibits judgments as to the relevance of an energy rating penalty in addition to an energy expenditure penalty.
Dead Sea Apples and Desire-Fulfillment Welfare Theories

This article argues that, in light of Dead Sea apple cases, we should reject desire-fulfillment welfare theories (DF theories). Dead Sea apples are apples that look attractive while hanging on the tree, but which dissolve into smoke or ashes once plucked. Accordingly, Dead Sea apple cases are cases where an agent desires something and then gets it, only to find herself disappointed by what she has gotten. This article covers both actual DF theories and hypothetical (or idealized) DF theories. On actual DF theories the agent's well-being is determined by her actual desires, while on hypothetical DF theories the agent's well-being is determined by the desires that she would have if she were fully and vividly informed with respect to non-evaluative information. Various actual and hypothetical DF theory responses to Dead Sea apple objections are considered, and all such responses are argued to be inadequate.
Eponyms in the operating room: careers of five American physicians.

Many clinicians have made significant contributions to medical knowledge and practice; few have a procedure, a syndrome, a sign, an instrument, or other term named after them.1,2 Every medical specialty has common eponyms, and anesthesiology is no exception. In an earlier report, we examined the careers of six eponymous European physicians—Sydney Ringer (1835-1910), Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844-1924), August Karl Bier (1861-1949), Sir Ivan Whiteside Magill (1888-1986), Sir Robert Macintosh (1897-1990), and Brian Arthur Sellick (1918-1996).3 From the scores of individuals who have advanced our knowledge of anaesthesia and laid the foundations of our specialty,4 we have selected a few names that are used very commonly in operating rooms in the United States. We examine the lives and careers of these individuals to explore the circumstances that led to their contributions. We also comment on how and why their achievements continue to play such an important role in the daily practice of clinical anesthesiology the world over.
Intermediate Stages in the Embryonic Development of the Gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta: a Scanning Electron Microscope Study

Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to study embryonic development of the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, from the fourth to the seventh day of development (70 to 165 hr post-trefoil at 20° C). At the beginning of this four-day interval, the embryo is more or less spherical and its only external features are the blastopore and a band of cilia in the median sagittal plane; by the end, it has become an early unhatched veliger. Developmental events observed include: closure of the blastopore and formation of the stomodeum; the differentiation of a characteristic ciliary pattern; a series of events related to the development of the shell field and mantle cavity; elongation of the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis; torsion; the formation of the larval kidneys, operculum, statocysts, foot, anus, excretory pore, and velum. Particular attention is given to shell field morphogenesis.
Quantum detection and channel capacity for communications applications

The fundamental performance limits and channel capacity of optical communications systems operating over the free space channel will be examined using quantum detection theory.
Effect of stress and microstructural changes on magnetic properties of nickel-alumina composites

Abstract In this work the effect of inclusions such as alumina on the structure-sensitive magnetic properties of nickel under prolonged exposure to stress and high temperature was studied. Samples containing varying amounts of alumina inclusions were prepared by powder metallurgical techniques. The tests were conducted under a stress range of 0–20 MPa at a temperature of 650°C, and the magnetic properties were measured at predetermined time intervals. Results from the study indicate that the product of coercivity and remanence is a good indicator of the evolution of the microstructure.
A search for cooperative infection of P1-lysogenic Escherichia coli by restricted lambda phage☆

Abstract Phage λ · C that has been propagated in Escherichia coli C plates with very low efficiency on E. coli K. The probability that such restricting cells in log-phase or stationary cultures will become phage-yielders rises sharply as the m.o.i. by λ · C increases. The process, which has been termed cooperative infection, is detectable at an m.o.i. of 2 in this system. Both λ · C and λ · K plate with very low efficiency on E. coli C (P1) and on E. coli K (P1). The question of whether these restricting hosts can support cooperative infection has been examined. Neither λ · C nor λ · K could cooperatively infect E. coli C (P1). In E. coli K (P1), λ · K barely overcame the restriction barrier in stationary cultures only, and only at an m.o.i. of 15 and greater. The efficiency was very much lower than that observed in the case of cooperative infection of E. coli K by λ · C. It was concluded that λ · K cannot cooperatively infect E. coli K (P1). In E. coli K (P1), λ · C cooperatively infected only a small fraction of log-phase or stationary populations. It appeared that this fraction was composed of those cells which could support phage growth when singly infected with λ · K. These cells retained the P1-directed mechanism which modifies λ DNA, but probably lost the P1-directed mechanism which restricts λ DNA. The behavior of restricted λ in the P1-lysogens contrasts sharply with their efficient cooperative infection by restricted phage T1 described by other workers. The biochemical data available on the degradation of restricted phage DNA and the properties so far described for isolated restriction enzymes cannot yet explain why cooperative infection takes place in one system but not in another.
Use of Coomassie blue-polyurethane interaction inscreening of polyurethanase proteins andpolyurethanolytic bacteria

Abstract The interaction of the dye Coomassie blue with intact polyurethane provides the basisfor a rapid and sensitive assay system for bacterial strains posing polyurethanase activity. Thepotential advantage of this system in enumerating and characterizing polyurethanolytic bacteriaderives largely from the intense color of the dye-substrate complex, which allows the use of verylow substrate concentrations and a corresponding decrease in the time required to detect lowerlevels of enzyme activity. The method entails incubation of agar plates containing thepolyurethane substrate, followed by immersion in 0.1% Coomassie blue then destaining with 10%acetic acid-40% methanol. Resulting agar plates contain transparent bands corresponding toenzymatic activity against a blue background.
Energy Balances of Curing Concrete Bridge Decks

Atmospheric conditions for several days after concrete is poured influence the exothermic, temperaturedependent, hydration reactions of concrete’s cementitious (binding) components. Because excessively high concrete temperatures or lack of water eventually can lead to cracking, the initial days are critical to determining the concrete’s long-term durability. Accurate model forecasts of concrete temperatures and moisture would help engineers to determine an optimal time to pour. Such forecasts require adequate environmental predictions. Existing models of curing concrete bridge decks employed by engineers lack realistic boundary conditions and so cannot handle many atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric energy exchange parameterizations typically are intended for use over areas much larger than bridges and so may not be useful as boundary conditions in curingconcrete models. To determine proper boundary conditions for the curing-concrete model discussed here, energy balances of four curing concrete bridge decks were estimated from observations made in the atmosphere as well as inside the concrete. Common meteorological techniques to estimate energy balance terms were used to bound the estimates. Most (70%‐85%) of the concrete heat transfer occurred at the bridge’s top. Sensible, latent, net radiative, and runoff water (sprayed on the top surface) heat fluxes, respectively, contributed 6%‐24%, 15%‐ 58%, 10%‐34%, and 0%‐73% of the top surface heat transfer. Bottom heat transfer was less than 30% of the top surface transfer. Laboratory calorimetry and the energy balance results agree to within 20% that the hydration reactions evolved about 190 kJ kg21 by 24 h after mixing. This agreement validates the exchange coefficients proposed for the heat and moisture balances of these small areas both during periods when the concrete generated heat and later when the concrete was more passive in its environment.
Angular distributions of electrons photodetached from the B− ion

A crossed-beams apparatus has been used to measure, for the first time, the angular distributions of electrons photodetached from B− ions. The angular dependent yields of the ejected photoelectrons were determined using energy-and angle-resolved electron spectroscopy. The asymmetry parameter was found to be essentially constant at β 0.18 over the spectral range 1.78–2.09 eV
New advances and steam laser cleaning of opaque and transparent critical substrates: with IR-lasers to new laser cleaning mechanism

Dry and steam laser cleaning, DLC and SLC, of nano-and micro contaminant particles from UV/vis opaque and transparent critical substrates has been studied in front-side laser illumination geometry with the help of time-resolved optical techniques using a nanosecond IR CO2-laser and different energy transfer media (ETM) fluids. In the case of SLC, microscopic details of particle-ETM-substrate interactions in pre-deposited micron-thick ETM layers have been revealed preliminarily by means of time-resolved optical microscopy. Fundamental DLC and SLC mechanisms for removal of nano- and micro-particles from opaque and transparent critical substrates have been determined. Optimal conditions for nearly complete laser cleaning have been chosen for different combinations of contaminating nano- and micro-particles and substrates.
Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXVII: Bumblebee venom allergy and allergens

Background: Allergic reactions to bumblebee stings are much less common than allergic reactions to honeybee stings. Preliminary studies suggest that there may be a high degree of cross-reactivity between honeybee and bumblebee venoms. Objective: This study was done to determine the immunochemical and structural relationships between bumblebee and honeybee venom allergens. Methods: Allergens were purified from bumblebee venom and compared immunochemically with sera from patients with allergy and hyperimmunized rabbits. The purified proteins were characterized, enzyme activities were measured, and the complete amino acid sequences of two proteins were determined. Results: The venoms were highly cross-reactive, consistent with the degree of structural similarity in the phospholipases. Hyaluronidases and acid phosphatases were also similar. Bumblebee venom contained several proteins not found in honeybee venom, including an interesting tryptic amidase related to clotting enzymes and acrosin. Conclusion: Skin testing with honeybee venom will detect almost all cases of bumblebee venom allergy, however; RAST with bumblebee venom can detect some additional cases.