cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance Abuse in African American Women

Limited attention to ethnicity in research on substance abuse and women has resulted in assumptions that may not fit the experience of women of color. This study employed a combined quantitative and qualitative design to investigate substance abuse in African American women ages 21 to 48. Life experiences of women with histories of chemical dependence were compared with women who were maintaining a nonabusing lifestyle. Variables examined were history of parental substance abuse and child abuse, exposure to racism and traumatic events, and social support and spirituality. The substance abusing and nonabusing women were distinguished from each other in the areas of spirituality and family connectedness. Although all participants reported high violence exposure and personal losses, significantly more substance abusing women reported being battered, experiencing homelessness, and more traumatic events. Participants described multiple experiences with racism, though their descriptions of their responses to th...
Doing the scholarship of teaching in veterinary education: learning from science education literature.

Many resources are available from other domains that are relevant to veterinary education. "Currents in Education," edited by Katherine M. Edmondson, is intended to present thought-provoking information about teaching and learning from sources outside the veterinary field. This regular feature of JVME will highlight relevant educational research published elsewhere, and provide a brief synopsis and analysis of the work and its implications for veterinary education. Submissions are welcome.
The Modality of Ṣarîk in Tannaitic Hebrew

The Paper argues that the word sarik in tannaitic Hebrew does not, despite claims to the contrary, indicate permissibility. Analysis of apparent counter-examples illustrates the relationship between teleological necessity and weak deontic obligation.
Development of a Standardized Differential-Reflective Bioassay for Microbial Pathogens

This research examines standardizing a method for the rapid/semi-automated identification of microbial contaminates. It introduces a method suited to test for food/water contamination, serology, urinalysis and saliva testing for any >1 micron sized molecule that can be effectively bound to an identifying marker with exclusivity. This optical biosensor method seeks to integrate the semi-manual distribution of a collected sample onto a “transparent” substrate array of binding sites that will then be applied to a standard optical data disk and run for analysis. The detection of most microbe species is possible in this platform because the relative scale is greater than the resolution of the standard-scale digital information on a standard CD or DVD. This paper explains the critical first stage in the advance of this detection concept. This work has concentrated on developing the necessary software component needed to perform highly sensitive small-scale recognition using the standard optical disk as a detection platform. Physical testing has made significant progress in demonstrating the ability to utilize a standard optical drive for the purposes of micro-scale detection through the exploitation of CIRC error correction. Testing has also shown a definable trend in the optimum scale and geometry of micro-arrayed attachment sites for the technology’s concept to reach achievement.
The mitochondrial phosphate-to-oxygen ratio is not an integer

For many years, mitochondrial phosphate-to-oxygen ratios were believed to be integral values: 3 for ATP/NADH and 2 for ATP/FADH(2) . The chemiosmotic theory has demonstrated that this need not be the case because coupling sites do not directly synthesize ATP. Coupling between coupling site redox reactions and ATP synthesis occurs via proton pumping and proton flow, respectively. Most recent measurements support phosphate-to-oxygen ratios of ∼2.5 ATP/NADH and 1.5 ATP/FADH(2) ; these values match those expected from chemiosmotic calculations. Faculty members who teach metabolism are encouraged to reflect these developments in their lecture notes.
Alternatives to Standard First-Order Semantics

Alternatives to standard semantics are legion, some even antedating standard semantics. I shall study several here, among them: substitutional semantics, truth-value semantics, and probabilistic semantics. All three interpret the quantifiers substitutionally, i.e. all three rate a universal (an existential) quantification true if, and only if, every one (at least one) of its substitution instances is true.2 As a result, the first, which retains models, retains only those which are to be called Henkin models. The other two dispense with models entirely, truth-value semantics using instead truth-value assignments (or equivalents thereof to be called truth-value functions) and probabilistic semantics using probability functions. So reference, central to standard semantics, is no concern at all of truth-value and probabilistic semantics; and truth, also central to standard semantics, is but a marginal concern of probabilistic semantics.
Some characteristics of the fluorescence of quinine

Abstract The fluorescence of quinine has some anomalous features: (1) Quinine in acid solution has an excitation spectrum which fails to coincide with its absorption spectrum at long wavelengths. (2) The quantum yield is 23% higher with 390 mμ excitation than it is when 313 mμ excitation is used. (3) The emission spectra of both quinine and its parent compound, 6-methoxyquinoline, are shifted toward the red when they are excited at 390 mμ rather than near 340 mμ. (4) The fluorescence polarization in the emission band of quinine in rigid medium is inconstant, suggesting that emission arises from two singlet states simultaneously. (5) The polarization of the excitation spectrum suggests the presence of a hidden electronic transition in the long-wavelength absorption band. These unusual optical features should be considered when using quinine as either a fluorescence test substance or a quantum yield standard.
Choosing and Planning in a Climate of Insecurity: Balancing Professional Work and Family Life in Poland

The article examines the strategies Poles use to reconcile their economic expectations, work and childcare opportunities, and family goals. Based on longitudinal research, it documents a shift in Poles' sense of self as they orient themselves toward personal values associated with neoliberal ideology—in particular choosing and planning among expanded material goods and life options. These changes in personal orientations are viewed against the backdrop of structural changes that have accompanied capitalist reforms and contribute to a climate of insecurity characterized by weakening social supports and the threat of unemployment. The article explains how conflicts between cultural values that prioritize family and the neoliberal values that have reshaped the workplace actually constrain choices and lead Polish citizens to make plans for the future and life choices that contribute to declining birthrates in Poland.
Universal Singularities in the Integral Quantum Hall Effect

The transition between localized and extended eigenstates in the integral quantum Hall regime is observable as a scaling phenomenon in the magnetoresistance tensor as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field strength. Field-theoretic studies on the quantum Hall effect are used to derive the scaling functions. The scaling behavior is shown to involve only a single critical exponent ($\ensuremath{\mu}$) which is the ratio between the inelastic-scattering exponent ($p$) and twice the localization length exponent ($\ensuremath{\nu}$). The results have recently been confirmed experimentally.
Resonant x-ray reflectivity measurements of a Ni/Fe alloy thin film: a composition profile

We have measured the composition profile of a Ni/Fe permalloy (0.8 Ni/0.2 Fe) thin film using glancing incidence X-ray reflectivity. Resonant reflectivity measurements were carried out by tuning the X-ray energy below and above, close and away from the respective K-edges of Fe and Ni. The information obtained using this method allows a determination of not only the electron density but also the composition profiles of the Ni/Fe alloy thin film. This non-destructive technique is a promising tool for the determination of the chemical composition of thin film. We used a matrix formalism to describe the wave propagation in a continuous medium. In our calculations, we used linear segments to approach the local electron density profile at the interfaces and Gaussian factors to account for the rms(root mean squre) roughness due to irregularities in the boundary position. We were able to obtain excellent fits to the data and get consistent geometry and composition parameters from the reflectivity measurements at five different X-ray energies. We detected oxidation layers on the top surface and between the alloy thin film and the substrate. We observed also that the Ni/Fe composition at the interfaces deviate from that of the bulk of the thin film sample.
Asymptotically linear elliptic equations

In questo lavoro si studiano le proprieta di biforcazione delle soluzioni minimali di un’equazione ellittica semilineare. In particolare si presenta una rassegna di risultati noti quando il secondo membro dell’equazione Δu=f(λ,x, u) ha un comportamento sublineare o asintoticamente lineare nella variabileu. Si dimostra poi un teorema di esistenza, unicita e biforcazione quando la crescita dif(., .,u) e sublineare inu=0 e asintoticamente lineare inu=∞.
Cellular Site of Glucocorticoid-Receptor Complex Formation

The cellular site of binding of dexamethasone by specific glucocorticoid receptors in cultured hepatoma cells was investigated with the use of certain mercurials. p-Chloromercuribenzene sulfonate and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibit the binding of steroid by receptors in cell-free extracts, but they allow the steroid-receptor complex to form in whole cells. In contrast, HgCl(2) inhibits binding both in extracts and cells. Since both organic mercury compounds, unlike HgCl(2), do not readily enter intact cells, it appears that the specific steroid binding occurs inside the cell rather than at the cell membrane.
Folding a WD repeat propeller. Role of highly conserved aspartic acid residues in the G protein beta subunit and Sec13.

The β subunit of the heterotrimeric G proteins that transduce signals across the plasma membrane is made up of an amino-terminal α-helical segment followed by seven repeating units called WD (Trp-Asp) repeats that occur in about 140 different proteins. The seven WD repeats in Gβ, the only WD repeat protein whose crystal structure is known, form seven antiparallel β sheets making up the blades of a toroidal propeller structure (Wall, M. A., Coleman, D. E., Lee, E., Iniguez-Lluhi, J. A., Posner, B. A., Gilman, A. G., and Sprang, S. R. (1995) Cell83, 1047–1058; Sondek, J., Bohm, A., Lambright, D. G., Hamm, H. E., and Sigler, P. B. (1996) Nature 379, 369–374). It is likely that all proteins with WD repeats form a propeller structure. Alignment of the sequence of 918 unique WD repeats reveals that 85% of the repeats have an aspartic acid (D) residue (not the D of WD) in the turn connecting β strands b and c of each putative propeller blade. We mutated each of these conserved Asp residues to Gly individually and in pairs in Gβ and in Sec13, a yeast WD repeat protein involved in vesicular traffic, and then analyzed the ability of the mutant proteins to fold in vitro and in COS-7 cells. In vitro, most single mutant Gβ subunits fold into Gβγ dimers more slowly than wild type to a degree that varies with the blade. In contrast, all single mutants form normal amounts of Gβγ in COS-7 cells, although some dimers show subtle local distortions of structure. Most double mutants assemble poorly in both systems. We conclude that the conserved Asp residues are not equivalent and not all are essential for the folding of the propeller structure. Some may affect the folding pathway or the affinity for chaperonins. Mutations of the conserved Asp in Sec13 affect folding equally in vitro and in COS-7 cells. The repeats that most affected folding were not at the same position in Sec13 and Gβ. Our finding, both in Gβ and in Sec13, that no mutation of the conserved Asp entirely prevents folding suggests that there is no obligatory folding order for each repeat and that the folding order is probably not the same for different WD repeat proteins, or even necessarily constant for the same protein.
A 46.4–58.1 GHz frequency synthesizer featuring a 2nd harmonic extraction technique that preserves VCO performance

This paper introduces a 2 nd harmonic extraction technique in a 46.4-58.1 GHz frequency synthesizer. The frequency doubling approach is based on tapping second harmonic signals at the VCO supply and tail nodes and amplifying them to provide a differential output. Since the amplifiers do not load the VCO outputs, neither the tuning range nor the frequency of the VCO is affected. Moreover, a novel noise bypass technique is utilized to ensure that the amplifiers do not degrade the VCO phase noise. As a result, the frequency synthesizer achieves 22.4% tuning range (46.4-58.1 GHz) and phase noise below -118dBc/Hz while consuming 66mW power from a 1V supply. The synthesizer occupies 0.6mm×1mm in IBM 32SOI CMOS.
Identification of two forms of fluorine in tissues of rats inhaling hydrogen fluoride.

Nonionizable fluorine has been detected in the plasma of several species including the human, however, the exact nature and source of this fluorocompound(s) remain unknown. In the current investigation, the fluoride ion sensitive electrode was employed to determine the fluoride content of ashed (total F) and unashed (ionic F-) tissues of rats exposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF). Total fluorine concentration consistently exceeded ionic fluoride concentration in tissues of HF-exposed rats, suggesting the presence of fluorine in unashed tissue which did not respond to the F- ion sensitive electrode. The concentration of this nonresponding fluorine fraction, termed the ..delta..F fraction, was estimated by subtracting the ionic F- from the total F concentration of each sample. Pulmonary and plasma ..delta..F concentrations increased with time following whole body inhalation exposure to HF. It was possible to separate ..delta..F from ionic F- by calcium phosphate adsorption, indicating the the ..delta..F fraction consists of nonionizable fluorine. Upon Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography, plasma ..delta..F migrated near the bed volume, providing evidence that it is of low molecular weight. Finally, a strong correlation between plasma ..delta..F concentration and airborne HF concentration was observed, indicating that inorganic fluoride (as HF) is the ultimate source of the low-molecular-weight, nonionizablemore » fluorine species present in tissues of HF-exposed rats.« less
Intercellular junctions in the developing mammalian thymus.

Lymphopoiesis in fetal thymuses of mice and rabbits was studied to try to correlate heterogeneity of lymphocytes with heterogeneity of embryonic origin. The thymuses of fetal mice of 11 to 14 days gestation and of fetal rabbits of 18 and 19 days gestation were examined by electron microscopy. At the time of earliest appearance of lymphoid cells in both species desmosomes were seen on both epithelial and lymphoid cells. These desmosomes persisted for several days, then disappeared from completely differentiated lymphocytes in both species. The similarity between epithelial and lymphoid cells in their earliest developmental stages suggests a common precursor cell for both.
Delay-Hiding energy management mechanisms for DRAM

Current trends in data-intensive applications increase the demand for larger physical memory, resulting in the memory subsystem consuming a significant portion of system's energy. Furthermore, data-intensive applications heavily rely on a large buffer cache that occupies a majority of physical memory. Subsequently, we are focusing on the power management for physical memory dedicated to the buffer cache. Several techniques have been proposed to reduce energy consumption by transitioning DRAM into low-power states. However, transitions between different power states incur delays and may affect whole system performance. We take advantage of the I/O handling routines in the OS kernel to hide the delay incurred by the memory state transition so that performance degradation is minimized while maintaining high memory energy savings. Our evaluation shows that the best of the proposed mechanisms hides almost all transition latencies while only consuming 3% more energy as compared to the existing on-demand mechanism, which can expose significant delays.
Migration and Relocation Trauma of Young Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Awareness as Prelude to Effective Intervention

(2010). Migration and Relocation Trauma of Young Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Awareness as Prelude to Effective Intervention. Childhood Education: Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 161-168.
Does Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Predispose to Recurrent or Severe Forms of Clostridium difficile Infections

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. A limited number of studies have looked at the risk factors for recurrent CDI. Mitochondrial NeuroGastroIntestinal Encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a rare multisystemic disorder that causes gastrointestinal dysmotility. Herein we present a patient with MNGIE who suffered recurrent and severe C. difficile infection despite appropriate treatment. We aim to bring the gastroenterologist's attention to gastrointestinal dysmotility as a possible risk factor for the development of recurrent or severe forms of C. difficile infections.
The effects of voluntary contraction effort on quadriceps femoris electromyogram median frequency in humans: a muscle and sex comparison

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of voluntary contraction efforts on the median frequency (fmed) of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from the quadriceps femoris muscle in healthy men and women. A group of 30 healthy volunteers (15 men, 15 women) were assessed for EMG activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during isometric contractions with the knee at 60° flexion. Subjects performed a series of 5 s maximal voluntary isometric contractions that anchored the perceptual range with a "10" on a 10-point scale. Sub-maximal isometric contractions were then separately performed at the following perceived effort levels on the 10-point scale: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, in a random order. Subjects were instructed to maintain the contraction at each perceived level of effort for 5 s. The fmed of the three muscles was assessed using a power spectrum analysis performed over 11 consecutive, 512 ms, epochs overlapping each other by half their length during the middle 3 s of each contraction. The fmed for each of the 11 epochs was then determined for each muscle, followed by calculation of the means and normalized coefficients of variation [(standard deviation/mean)×100%] for each contraction. The results demonstrated that the mean fmed of VL was significantly greater than those of the other two muscles, and that fmed of RF was significantly greater than that of VM. The VL muscle demonstrated a significant increase in mean fmed across the contraction efforts, compared to the VM and RF muscles that displayed a significant decrease. The men displayed significantly higher fmed values for the VM muscle than did the women, as well as showing a significantly greater increase across the contraction efforts for the VL muscle. The variability of fmed was shown to be significantly higher for the VM muscle, compared to the VL and RF muscles. The findings of this study suggest that the fmed statistic is most sensitive to contraction intensity efforts for the VL muscle, and that men display significantly higher values for the VL and VM muscles, compared to women.
Minimum sequence requirements for the binding of paromomycin to the rRNA decoding site A.

We have recently introduced a computational methodology that combines molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free-energy calculations, and in vitro binding assays to predict the minimum RNA structural requirements for selective, high-affinity RNA binding to small-molecule ligands. Here, we show that this methodology can be applied to the conformationally flexible aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin. A RNA consisting of an 11-mer:10-mer duplex that contains one 16S ribosome RNA decoding A-site bound to paromomycin was simulated for 4 ns. The methodology predicts that the 11-mer:10-mer duplex binds to paromomycin with high affinity, whereas smaller RNA duplexes lose complex stability and the ability to bind paromomycin. The predicted high-affinity binding to paromomycin of the 11-mer:10-mer duplex was confirmed experimentally (EC50 = 0.28 μM), as well as the inability of smaller complexes to bind. Our simulations show good agreement with experiment for dynamic and structural properties of the isolated A-site, including hydrogen-bonding networks and RNA structural rearrangements upon ligand binding. The results suggest that MD simulations can supplement in vitro methods as a tool for predicting minimum RNA-binding motifs for both small, rigid ligands, and large, flexible ligands when structural information is available. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 95–111, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cutaneous cryptococcosis without evidence of systemic involvement

As many as 15% of cases of systemic infection with Cryptococcus neoformans have cutaneous involvement. The existence of primary cutaneous disease is controversial. We report a patient with cutaneous cryptococcosis without evidence of visceral involvement at the time of diagnosis. She has been followed up for 5 years and remains free of systemic involvement. Cutaneous cryptococcosis does not always signify systemic disease.
Fetal and Neonatal Development of the Microsomal Monooxygenase System

(1976). Fetal and Neonatal Development of the Microsomal Monooxygenase System. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-42.
Flat beam studies in the SLC Linac

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) was recently converted to flat beam operation (/spl gammaspl epsivsub x/=10 /spl gammaspl epsivsub y/), producing a factor of two increase in luminosity. In this paper we review the results of flat beam studies in the SLC Linac. In summary, the injected beams from the damping rings had invariant horizontal emittances as low as 30 mm-mrad and invariant vertical emittances as low as 2 mm-mrad. The emittances measured at the end of the linac after tuning for 3/spl times/10/sup 10/ particles are about 5 to 8 mm-mrad vertically and 40 to 50 mm-mrad horizontally. Flat beam operation began 3/17/93. >
Hepatic and Metabolic Effects of Ethanol: Pathogenesis and Prevention

Mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity of ethanol are reviewed, including effects resulting from alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) mediated excessive hepatic generation of NADH and acetaldehyde. Gastric ADH explains first-pass metabolism by ethanol; its activity is low in alcoholics and in females and is decreased by some commonly used drugs. In addition to ADH, ethanol can be oxidized by liver microsomes: studies over the last 25 years have culiminated in the molecular elucidation of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (2E1) which causes metabolic tolerance to ethanol and to various commonly used medications, enhanced degradation of testosterone and vitamin A (with vitamin A depletion) and selective hepatic perivenular toxicity. The latter results from free radical generation and activation of various xenobiotics, causing increased vulnerability of the heavy drinker to the toxicity of industrial solvents, anaesthetic agents, commonly prescribed drugs, over-the-counter analgesics, chemical carcinogens and even nutritional factors such as vitamin A and beta-carotene. Furthermore, induction of the microsomal pathway contributes to increased acetaldehyde generation which promotes GSH depletion and lipid peroxidation and other toxic effects. Nutritional deficits may affect the toxicity of ethanol and acetaldehyde, as illustrated by the depletion in glutathione, ameliorated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Other 'supernutrients' include polyenylphosphatidylcholine, shown to correct the alcohol-induced hepatic phosphatidylcholine depletion and to prevent alcoholic cirrhosis in non-human primates.
Perfectionism in High-Ability Students: Relational Precursors and Influences on Achievement Motivation

The purpose of the present study was to create and test a model that (a) illustrated variables influencing the development of perfectionism, and (b) demonstrated how different types of perfectionis...
Ultra-compact silicon nanophotonic modulator with broadband response

Electro-optic modulators have been identifi ed as the key drivers for optical communication and signal processing. With an ongoing miniaturization of photonic circuitries, an outstanding aim is to demonstrate an on-chip, ultra-compact, electro-optic modulator without sacrifi cing bandwidth and modulation strength. While silicon-based electro-optic modulators have been demonstrated, they require large device footprints of the order of millimeters as a result of weak non-linear electro-optical properties. The modulation strength can be increased by deploying a high-Q resonator, however with the trade-off of signifi cantly sacrifi cing bandwidth. Furthermore, design challenges and temperature tuning limit the deployment of such resonance-based modulators. Recently, novel materials like graphene have been investigated for electro-optic modulation applications with a 0.1 dB per micrometer modulation strength, while showing an improvement over pure silicon devices, this design still requires device lengths of tens of micrometers due to the ineffi cient overlap between the thin graphene layer, and the optical mode of the silicon waveguide. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, silicon-based, electro-optic modulator with a record-high 1 dB per micrometer extinction ratio over a wide bandwidth range of 1 μm in ambient conditions. The device is based on a plasmonic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) waveguide, which effi ciently concentrates the optical modes ’ electric fi eld into a nanometer thin region comprised of an absorption coeffi cient-tuneable indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer. The modulation mechanism originates from electrically changing the free carrier concentration of the ITO layer which dramatically increases the loss of this MOS mode. The seamless integration of such a strong optical beam modulation into an existing silicon-on-insulator platform bears signifi cant potential towards broadband, compact and effi cient communication links and circuits.
In vivo and in vitro effects of the pineal gland and melatonin on [Ca2++ Mg2+]‐dependent ATPase in cardiac sarcolemma

The possible diurnal variation in cardiac [Ca(2+) + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase (Ca2+ pump) activity and the influence of pinealectomy and melatonin on this enzyme in rat heart have been studied. Lowest levels of cardiac sarcolemmal membrane [Ca(2+) + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase activity were measured in late afternoon in rats kept under a 14:10 light:dark cycle. Late in the dark phase the enzyme activity began to increase with the rise continuing until 0900, 3 hr after light onset. These time-dependent changes in [Ca(2+) + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase activity did not occur in either pinealectomized or light-exposed rats suggesting that melatonin, secreted from the pineal gland during the night, induces the change in [Ca(2+) + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase activity, In vitro studies in which cardiac tissue was incubated in the presence of melatonin over a wide range of doses showed that this indole stimulated the Ca2+ pump. The half-maximal effect of melatonin was observed at a melatonin concentration of 28 ng/ml. These findings suggest that the daily change in [Ca(2+) + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase activity in the sarcolemma of heart tissue is a result of the circadian rhythm in pineal melatonin production and secretion. These findings may be applicable to normal cardiac physiology.
Multifractal measures and stability islands in the anisotropic Kepler problem

The relation between the binary code for the trajectories in the anisotropic Kepler problem (AKP) and the coordinates in the surface of section is investigated. The binary label 0<η<1 is found to be a strictly increasing function of the starting point 0<X<2 on the heavy axis for time-reversal symmetric trajectories, excepting a single island for mass ratios between 1.5 and 1.8 which was discovered by Broucke. The function η(x) was calculated with a step size Δx=0.0002, and the corresponding binary label down to 2−48. Relatively flat portions can be associated with trapping near the unstable Kepler-type orbit for low mass ratios, and with trapping on either side of the light axis for large mass ratios. The ƒ(α) curves, fractal dimension of the set with Holder exponent α, is unusually wide in both of these limits.
Patterns of ecomorphological convergence among mainland and island Anolis lizards

Differing selective pressures on islands versus the mainland may produce alternative evolutionary outcomes among closely related lineages. Conversely, lineages may be constrained to produce similar outcomes in different mainland and island environments, or mainland and island environments may not differ significantly. Among the beststudied island radiations are Caribbean Anolis lizards. Distinct morphotypes, or ‘ecomorphs’, have been described, and the same ecomorphs have evolved independently on each Greater Antillean island. The mainland Anolis radiation has received much less attention. We use a large morphological data set and a novel phylogenetic hypothesis to show that mainland Anolis did not evolve the same morphotypes as island Anolis, despite some island species being more closely related to mainland species than to island species that share their morphotype. A maximum of four of the six Caribbean ecomorphs were found to exist on the mainland, and just 15 of 123 mainland species are assignable to a Caribbean ecomorph. This result was insensitive to differing taxon samples and alternative phylogenetic hypotheses. Mainland convergence to a Caribbean ecomorph occurs only among species assigned to the grass-bush ecomorph. Thus, the ecomorphs that have evolved convergently multiple times in the Caribbean have not evolved in parallel on the mainland. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mainland and island environments offer different selective pressures. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 852‐859.
Selected Constraints in the Relationship Between Social Work Education and Practice.

Abstract The gap between graduate social work education and practice has long been identified as an issue of concern to both groups as well as to the professional organizations with which they are affiliated. In the past decade the gap has widened and become of sufficient magnitude to warrant action so that the relationship between the two can be enhanced. This paper highlights some of the critical issues identified by both practitioners and educators.
Dimensions of early speech sound disorders: A factor analytic study.

The goal of this study was to classify children with speech sound disorders (SSD) empirically, using factor analytic techniques. Participants were 3–7-year olds enrolled in speech/language therapy (N = 185). Factor analysis of an extensive battery of speech and language measures provided support for two distinct factors, representing the skill dimensions of articulation/phonology and semantic/ syntactic skills. To validate these factors, 38 of the children were followed to school age to re-evaluate speech and language skills and assess reading/spelling achievement. The validity of the two factors was supported by their differential associations with school-age reading and spelling achievement, persistence of SSD, and affection status in family members. A closer relationship of the family member to the proband and male gender predicted higher odds of a disorder. The findings suggest that articulation/phonology and language abilities are at least partially independent in children with SSD and that these constructs have distinct clinical and biological correlates.
Hounsfield Units for Assessing Bone Mineral Density and Strength: A Tool for Osteoporosis Management

Background: Measurements obtained from clinical computed tomography examinations may yield information leading to the diagnosis of decreased bone mineral density, without added expense to the patient. The purpose of the present study was to determine if Hounsfield units, a standardized computed tomography attenuation coefficient, correlate with bone mineral density and compressive strength. Methods: Twenty-five patients (including eighteen female and seven male patients with a mean age of 71.3 years) undergoing both lumbar spine dual x-ray absorptiometry scans and computed tomography imaging were evaluated to determine if Hounsfield units correlated with bone mineral density and T-scores. Normative data were generated from lumbar spine computed tomography examinations for eighty consecutive trauma patients and were stratified by age and sex. Separately, polyurethane foam blocks of varying densities were imaged with computed tomography and were subjected to mechanical testing to determine compressive strength. Compressive strength values and Hounsfield units were analyzed for correlation. Results: Significant correlations were found between Hounsfield units and bone mineral density, age, and T-scores and between Hounsfield units and compressive strength (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Hounsfield units obtained from clinical computed tomography scans that are made for other purposes correlate with dual x-ray absorptiometry scores as well as compressive strengths based on osseous models and potentially provide an alternative method for determining regional bone mineral density at no additional cost to the patient. The information could conceivably be applied toward fracture risk assessment, diagnosis of osteoporosis, and early initiation of needed treatment. Clinical Relevance: These data may have utility for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.
Meaning from Methods Re-presenting Narratives of an HIV-affected Caregiver

This article outlines the methodological process followed in examining a portion of an interview in which an older woman tells of two incidents where she felt effects of associative HIV-related stigma. Through the process of applying different techniques of narrative analysis, the author learned research methods and deepened interpretations of the text. Data management techniques both reflect assumptions and augment understanding. In narrative analysis, the structural whole can best be understood by first examining the architectural detail. This report demonstrates how meaning can emerge from method, theory from transcription, and richness from rigor. It also argues for the utility of narrative analysis to social work research, teaching, and practice.
THE EROSION IN EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING

The competitiveness of Western European manufacturing is slowly being eroded away and European firms must act decisively to halt this decline. Costs in Europe are high and getting higher. Productivity is not keeping pace. European manufacturers have adopted some of the ideas that have proved useful to manufacturers elsewhere around the globe, but they need to do more. Many European countries remain net exporters of direct investment. If the erosion is to be halted, European manufacturers must address overcapacity, particularly among the many small factories there, inappropriate plant locations, and company organizations that foster too much country-specific independence.
Ranitidine use is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants

Commentary on: Terrin G, Passariello A, De Curtis M, et al. Ranitidine is associated with infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and fatal outcome in newborns. Pediatrics 2012;129:e40–5.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the oesophagus. Pharmacotherapy aimed at reducing problems attributed to GER includes histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers), such as ranitidine, which reduce stomach acidity. Extremely preterm infants often exhibit clinical signs consistent with GER,1 and GER medications are among the most commonly prescribed medications in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).2 Approximately one third of extremely premature (<28 weeks gestation), very low birthweight (VLBW; <1500 g) infants acquire infections during their NICU stay. Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a serious intestinal morbidity in preterm infants, occurs in approximately 10%. About half … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.2011-0796%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22157140%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=129/1/e40&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F1%2F36.atom
Participation of both Host and Virus Factors in Induction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in F344 Rats Infected with SARS Coronavirus

To understand the pathogenesis and develop an animal model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the Frankfurt 1 SARS-CoV isolate was passaged serially in young F344 rats. Young rats were susceptible to SARS-CoV but cleared the virus rapidly within 3 to 5 days of intranasal inoculation. After 10 serial passages, replication and virulence of SARS-CoV were increased in the respiratory tract of young rats without clinical signs. By contrast, adult rats infected with the passaged virus showed respiratory symptoms and severe pathological lesions in the lung. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in sera and lung tissues were significantly higher in adult F344 rats than in young rats. During in vivo passage of SARS-CoV, a single amino acid substitution was introduced within the binding domain of the viral spike protein recognizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is known as a SARS-CoV receptor. The rat-passaged virus more efficiently infected CHO cells expressing rat ACE2 than did the original isolate. These results strongly indicate that host and virus factors such as advanced age and virus adaptation are critical for the development of SARS in rats.
The mechanics of an organized wave in turbulent shear flow. Part 3. Theoretical models and comparisons with experiments

The dynamical equations governing small amplitude wave disturbances in turbulent shear flows are derived. These equations require additional equations or assumptions about the wave-induced fluctuations in the turbulence Reynolds stresses before a closed system can be obtained. Some simple closure models are proposed, and the results of calculations using these models are presented. When the predictions are compared with our data for channel flow, we find it essential that these oscillations in the Reynolds stresses be included in the model. A simple eddy-viscosity representation serves surprisingly well in this respect.
Minimization of flare dipole via shape optimization and matching circuits

A broadband planar dipole (flare dipole), radiating from 250 to 1000MHz range (Gain>0 dBi), is optimized by altering its shape and applying multistage L-C circuit optimization at its feeding port. After optimization the flare dipole performance is aimed to shift to 150 MHz (a 70% reduction in electrical size). Of particular interest is that this is done without use of materials.
Do politicians use the press to get free advertising

If the media is biased towards conflict, candidates and issues raised negatively will receive more news coverage. I test this hypothesis using a new data set from the 2000 California election. Preliminary results show negative campaigning increases press coverage.
History of Paleocurrent Investigations (1963–1976)

The years since 1963 have seen rapid progress in all aspects of paleocurrents — primary sedimentary structures, the study of dispersal patterns, and in basin analysis. Today paleocurrent studies are made not only in terrigenous sandstones, but in carbonate rocks, volcaniclastic deposits, and even in argillaceous sediments and evaporites. And, unlike 1963, there are today many more studies of paleocurrents in Recent and Pleistocene sediments.
Spatial and temporal pulse design considerations for a marine sediment classification sonar

A linear FM sonar system was developed to support the objective of remote acoustic classification of seafloor sediments. It is a calibrated, wideband, digital, frequency modulated sonar that provides quantitative, high-resolution, low-noise sub-bottom data. Since the linear sonar system can precisely transmit a specified waveform, the calibrated digitally recorded reflection data can be processed to estimate the acoustic impulse response of the seabed and sediment attenuation. An acoustic pulse with special frequency domain weighting characteristics is designed to provide low temporal sidelobe levels and a nearly constant resolution with depth even after passing through a sediment with high losses such as sand. After correlation processing, the wideband acoustic pulse yields an effective beam pattern with high spatial resolution and insignificant sidelobe levels. Data sets generated with the FM profiler indicate that the required temporal and spatial characteristics of the sonar are realized in practice. >
The Costs And Benefits Of A Finance Lab

Technology has revolutionized the practice of finance. In order to provide business students a current and relevant education, schools in the U.S. and abroad are increasingly adopting the latest technology in the instruction of finance. A finance lab typically provides real-time or delayed market data, simulation and risk analysis software, and Bloomberg terminals to illustrate various financial concepts and to train students in the use of technology. This paper discusses numerous important constituents of a finance lab, their costs and benefits, and some potential funding sources.
A Review of the Literature of the Followership Since 2008

Followership continues to be a field of study in the larger field of leadership. In 2008, Ricketson offered an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the variables of leadership styles and c...
Predicting Rates of Weathering Rind Formation

A theory for non-Gaussian transport, based on concepts from percolation theory, is applied here to the development of weathering rinds on surface and near surface clasts. In this theory, solute transport through heterogeneous media behaves distinctly from the fluid flow. In particular, although the solute transport velocity and fluid velocities are identical at the scale of a single pore, as transport distances increase, the solute velocity diminishes approximately as a power law. Solute transport distances, x , thus increase as a sublinear power, q , of the transport time, t , with predicted values of q intermediate between 0.5 and 1.0. The known behavior of the solute transport distance as a function of time turns out to be identical to the observed thickness of weathering rinds as a function of time. The value of q depends on conditions of saturation and dimensional constraints to flow. Fractures, for example, constrain flow to two-dimensional surfaces. Both two- and three-dimensional values were found in nature. However, nearly all the weathering rind studies analyzed yielded values of q consistent with unsaturated conditions. One of three exceptions was the case of submarine basalts, which yielded a q value consistent with saturated conditions, as expected. The cases of the Yakima and Truckee River valley weathering rinds, however, where the values of q also indicated saturated conditions, were less easily explained. On the other hand, four Alpine rind studies analyzed, as well as three others derived from the literature, were all consistent with unsaturated conditions and flow constrained to two dimensions. Microfractures could guide flow along two-dimensional surfaces in Alpine environments. Occurrence of frost shattering of surface clasts in Alpine environments has been cited by other authors. Contrasts in rind thicknesses were found to be generally compatible with contrasts in total solute transport distances when fluid flow velocities were assigned based on geometric mean values of the hydraulic conductivity for a given rock type and gravity flow. However, rind development under Alpine conditions may be slower than expected.
Physiological Roles and Adverse Effects of the Two Cystine Importers of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT When cystine is added to Escherichia coli, the bacterium becomes remarkably sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. This effect is due to enlarged intracellular pools of cysteine, which can drive Fenton chemistry. Genetic analysis linked the sensitivity to YdjN, a secondary transporter that along with the FliY-YecSC ABC system is responsible for cystine uptake. FliY-YecSC has a nanomolar K m and is essential for import of trace cystine, whereas YdjN has a micromolar K m and is the predominant importer when cystine is more abundant. Oddly, both systems are strongly induced by the CysB response to sulfur scarcity. The FliY-YecSC system can import a variety of biomolecules, including diaminopimelate; it is therefore vulnerable to competitive inhibition, presumably warranting YdjN induction under low-sulfur conditions. But the consequence is that if micromolar cystine then becomes available, the abundant YdjN massively overimports it, at >30 times the total sulfur demand of the cell. The imported cystine is rapidly reduced to cysteine in a glutathione-dependent process. This action avoids the hazard of disulfide stress, but it precludes feedback inhibition of YdjN by cystine. We conjecture that YdjN possesses no cysteine allosteric site because the isostructural amino acid serine might inappropriately bind in its place. Instead, the cell partially resolves the overaccumulation of cysteine by immediately excreting it, completing a futile import/reduction/export cycle that consumes a large amount of cellular energy. These unique, wasteful, and dangerous features of cystine metabolism are reproduced by other bacteria. We propose to rename ydjN as tcyP and fliY-yecSC as tcyJLN . IMPORTANCE In general, intracellular metabolite pools are kept at steady, nontoxic levels by a sophisticated combination of transcriptional and allosteric controls. Surprisingly, in E. coli allosteric control is utterly absent from the primary importer of cystine. This flaw allows massive overimport of cystine, which causes acute vulnerability to oxidative stress and is remedied only by wasteful cysteine efflux. The lack of import control may be rationalized by the unusual properties of cysteine itself. This phenomenon justifies the existence of countervailing cysteine export systems, whose purpose is otherwise hard to understand. It also highlights an unexpected link between sulfur metabolism and oxidative damage. Although this investigation focused upon E. coli, experiments confirmed that similar phenomena occur in other species.
Response to Brian Daley and Paul Gavrilyuk on The Unity of Christ

I am deeply grateful to my colleagues for their careful attention to my work, and for the invitation to respond to their comments in the pages of the Scottish Journal of Theology. It is a privilege to participate in such a conversation among friends and fellow scholars.