cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clonal diversity in taraxacum officinale (compositae), an apomict

Allozyme analysis, morphological characters, and histocompatibility relationships have revealed unexpected amounts of clonal diversity within and among populations of unisexual animals. Plant studies, likewise, have shown that genetic diversity exists in populations of plants that have restricted recombination. However, no work has been done which investigates the extent of genotypic diversity within and among populations of an obligate apomict. This study surveyed 22 North American populations of Taraxacum officinale, an obligate gametophytic apomict. Over 20 individuals from each population were assayed electrophoretically for three enzyme systems representing five different migration zones. Seed colour was used to determine seven phenological classes that, when combined with the allozyme morphs, resulted in 47 discernible clones among 518 individuals sampled. Chromosome analysis revealed the ploidy level to be triploid in all cases. The number of clones per population ranged from 1-13, with a mean of 5·0. Sixty-six per cent of the clones were restricted to single populations, and the mean number of populations containing a particular clone is 2·1. One widespread clone was found in all but three of the populations. Diversity values, expressed as clones per individual, indicate that T. officinale proved to be more genotypically diverse than other clonal plants previously studied. Spearman's Rank Correlation test failed to show a correlation of diversity with latitude or elevation.
Everyday forms of employee resistance

Drawing on empirical material collected from over 250 individuals employed in a variety of short-term positions, this article examines how temporary employees pursue grievances against their employing organizations. The findings indicate that temporary employees generally respond to offensive behavior on the part of their employers in nonaggressive ways. Gossip, toleration, and resignation are popular, while occasionally grievances are expressed by theft, sabotage, or noncooperation. Collective responses, formal complaints, and legal action are rare. These restrained responses are traced not to the severity of injustices but to the social environment associated with temporary employment, where workers are loosely tied to their organizations and one another. This research may help explain the decline of organized resistance in the contemporary workplace.
Collision of Li+ and Na+ with C60: Insertion, fragmentation, and thermionic emission.

Interactions of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules have been studied over the collision energy range from 0 to 150 eV. We observe insertion of the alkali-metal ions to form the endohedral [${\mathrm{LiC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ and [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ species, with energy thresholds of 6 and 20 eV, respectively. At higher collision energies, the excited [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ appears to relax mainly by loss of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ units from the fullerene cage, yielding [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2\mathit{n}}$${]}^{+}$. For [${\mathrm{LiC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$, escape of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ competes effectively with ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ loss. For both ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, the signal for pure carbon fragment ions ${\mathrm{C}}_{60\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2\mathit{n}}^{+}$ increases sharply at \ensuremath{\sim}30 eV, which is attributed to thermionic emission.
The role of national registries

This editorial refers to ‘Cardiovascular risk in post-myocardial infarction patients: nationwide real world data demonstrate the importance of a long-term perspective’, by T. Jernberg et al. on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu505 In this issue of the journal, Jernberg and colleagues describe the long-term outcomes of the universe of patients admitted between 2006 and 2011 to Swedish hospitals with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.1 Over a median follow-up of 2.5 years, the study identified relatively higher rates of subsequent cardiac events, almost double those described in contemporary clinical trials.2–5 Using their national hospital claims and vital status registries, the work finds a 10% death rate within 7 days of discharge, 12% mortality at 1 year among the initial survivors, and 7% mortality over the second year. Approximately two-thirds of these deaths were considered cardiovascular. The composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke between 1 week and 1 year post-discharge was 18%, with an …
The role of glycosidically bound mannose in the assimilation of β-galactosidase by generalized gangliosidosis fibroblasts

Sunmary: ized gangliosidosis skin fibroblasts. The enzyme contains equimolar amounts of mannose and glucosamine and strongly binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose. Pretreatment of B-galactosidase with a mannosidase preparation from Aspergillus These data indicate niger reduced the rate of assimilation of the enzyme 97%. that mannosyl residues play a role in assimilation of the enzyme. This conclusion is supported by observed inhibition of 8-galactosidase assimilation by mannose, methyl CX- and @-mannopyranosides, and mannose-containing testicular
Making All Parts of the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli Accessible In Situ to Single DNA Oligonucleotides

rRNA accessibility is a major sensitivity issue limiting the design of working probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Previous studies empirically highlighted the accessibility of target sites on rRNA maps by grouping probes into six classes according to their brightness levels. In this study, a recently proposed mechanistic model of FISH, based on the thermodynamics of secondary nucleic acid interactions, was used to evaluate the accessibility of the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli to fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides when thermodynamic and kinetic barriers were eliminated. To cover the entire 16S rRNA, 109 probes were designed with an average thermodynamic affinity (ΔGooverall) of −13.5 kcal/mol. Fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry, and a brightness threshold between classes 3 and 4 was used as the requirement for proof of accessibility. While 46% of the probes were above this threshold with conventional 3-h hybridizations, extending the incubation period to 96 h dramatically increased the fraction of bright probes to 86%. Insufficient thermodynamic affinity and/or fluorophore quenching was demonstrated to cause the low fluorescence intensity of the remaining 14% of the probes. In the end, it was proven that every nucleotide in the 16S rRNA of E. coli could be targeted with a bright probe and, therefore, that there were no truly inaccessible target regions in the 16S rRNA. Based on our findings and mechanistic modeling, a rational design strategy involving ΔGooverall, hybridization kinetics, and fluorophore quenching is recommended for the development of bright probes.
LC/LC-MS/MS of an innovative prostate human epithelial cancer (PHEC) in vitro model system.

Abstract This work describes the proteomic characterization of a novel in vitro prostate cancer model system, the clonal prostatic human epithelial cancer (PHEC) cell lines. The model is composed of three cell lines representing the three progressive cancer states found in vivo: non-tumorigenic, tumorigenic, and metastatic. The cell lines were evaluated for differential protein expression between states using two dimensional liquid:liquid chromatographic separation followed by mass spectral identification. The proteins from cellular extracts were first separated using liquid:liquid primary separation based on their isoelectric points and hydrophobicity. The resulting peptide fractions were applied to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) separation for mass determination and protein identification based on Mascot database inquiry. Over 200 proteins that change expression over the course of progression of this in vitro prostate cancer model were discovered during the comparative analysis of the three cell lines. The importance of these proteins on prostate cancer progression remains to be elucidated with further characterizations. The combination of the two dimensional liquid:liquid separation and mass spectral identifications was used to successfully analyze differential protein expression between multiple cell lines.
Design of a digital, ultra-broadband electro-optic switch for reconfigurable optical networks-on-chip

We present a novel design for a noise-tolerant, ultra-broadband electro-optic switch, based on a Mach-Zehnder lattice (MZL) interferometer. We analyze the switch performance through rigorous optical simulations, for devices implemented in silicon-on-insulator with carrier-injection-based phase shifters. We show that such a MZL switch can be designed to have a step-like switching response, resulting in improved tolerance to drive-voltage noise and temperature variations as compared to a single-stage Mach-Zehnder switch. Furthermore, we show that degradation in switching crosstalk and insertion loss due to free-carrier absorption can be largely overcome by a MZL switch design. Finally, MZL switches can be designed for having an ultra-wide, temperature-insensitive optical bandwidth of more than 250nm. The proposed device shows good potential as a broadband optical switch in reconfigurable optical networks-on-chip.
When Allografts Fail for Instability Surgery—What to Do?

The glenohumeral joint is a highly congruous articulation that is dependent on the osseous integrity of both the glenoid rim and the humeral head. Disruptions in the bony architecture of either surface occur in up to 100% of shoulders in the setting of recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Unrecognized, as well as underappreciated, glenoid bone loss in the setting of glenohumeral instability is especially problematic. As bone loss approaches 20% or more of the glenoid surface area, surgical strategies tend to incorporate a bony reconstruction, with either an autograft or an allograft. Similarly, bone defects of greater than 25%-30% of the humeral head tend to warrant surgical treatment; although often in this setting, reconstruction of the glenoid restores smooth articulation with the humeral head, despite the defect, and no further treatment is required. Although short-term outcomes following allograft reconstruction of the glenohumeral joint are encouraging, given the relatively few medium- and long-term reports available, it is difficult to draw conclusions as to how these procedures fare over time. Cases of recurrent instability despite appropriate allograft reconstruction exist, and surgical options are typically salvage-type procedures, limited to revision allograft reconstruction or arthroplasty. This review focuses on the indications for allograft reconstruction of the glenohumeral joint, definition of and workup of patients experiencing recurrent instability following allograft augmentation, and treatment options for these difficult patients. A treatment algorithm summarizing the authors׳ recommended management of these patients has also been provided.
Effect of swirl on combustion dynamics in a lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustor

Abstract The effect of inlet swirl on the flow development and combustion dynamics in a lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustor has been numerically investigated using a large-eddy-simulation (LES) technique along with a level-set flamelet library approach. Results indicate that when the inlet swirl number exceeds a critical value, a vortex-breakdown-induced central toroidal recirculation zone is established in the downstream region. As the swirl number increases further, the recirculation zone moves upstream and merges with the wake recirculation zone behind the centerbody. Excessive swirl may cause the central recirculating flow to penetrate into the inlet annulus and lead to the occurrence of flame flashback. A higher swirl number tends to increase the turbulence intensity, and consequently the flame speed. As a result, the flame surface area is reduced. The net heat release, however, remains almost unchanged because of the enhanced flame speed. Transverse acoustic oscillations often prevail under the effects of strong swirling flows, whereas longitudinal modes dominate the wave motions in cases with weak swirl. The ensuing effect on the flow/flame interactions in the chamber is substantial.
Follow‐up survey of 308‐nm laser treatment of psoriasis

Background and Objectives UVB treatment with a 308-nm excimer laser is a new treatment modality for localized psoriasis. The purpose of this study is to assess patients' impressions and satisfaction with 308-nm laser treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis. Study Design/Materials and Methods Telephone survey data were obtained from patients after participation in a case series study of 124 patients with mild to moderate psoriasis treated with 308-nm UVB laser treatment for a target plaque and other lesions. The survey included information on changes in the target plaque, remission time, changes in other areas of psoriasis, satisfaction with the result, side effects of treatment, and efficacy relative to other treatments. Results Patients (55% of total) reported overall satisfaction with the treatments, and 63% of patients thought they needed additional laser treatments, including for maintenance. Subjects (25%) reported that the laser treatments were better than any other treatment they had tried. Adverse effects were mild and had either disappeared or were significantly decreased in 86% of patients. Self reported length of remission compared favorably to those for other therapies for localized disease. Conclusions UVB laser treatments provide a well-tolerated means to clear psoriasis plaques. The treatment provides a high level of patient satisfaction. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:202–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Model-driven business UI based on maps

Future business applications will often have more than 2,000 forms and need to target several user interface (UI) technologies including: Web Browsers, Windows® Applications, PDA's, and cell phones. The applications will need state-of-the-art layout combined with excellent usability with specially built forms that handle specific tasks based on user roles. How can the trade-off between developer productivity and user experience be handled?The technologies being implemented in Microsoft® Business Framework include a model-driven business UI platform that exploits flexible maps and a layered form definition. The framework generates forms based on a model of the business logic, which is an integrated part of the business framework. The generation process uses declarative and changeable maps so that the process can be controlled and modified by the business developer.
Shear Degradation of Fibrinogen in the Circulation

Plasma fibrinogen in vitro suffers a loss in clottability due to shearing. From calculation of the mass average shear to which plasma is subjected in the circulation, it is estimated that the half-life of fibrinogen is 4 days. This is in excellent agreement with reports that the half-life of fibrinogen in the circulatory system is 4 to 5 days. Hence shearing may be the mechanism for fibrinogen degradation in the circulatory system.
In vivo reversal of glutathione deficiency and susceptibility to in vivo dexamethasone-induced apoptosis by N-acetylcysteine and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, but not ascorbic acid, in thymocytes from gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-deficient knockout mice.

Cellular glutathione is released during apoptosis and may play a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The question of whether only cytosolic glutathione is important in apoptosis, or whether mitochondrial glutathione also plays a role, was investigated using gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-deficient knockout mice. Thymocytes from these mice were found to have both glutathione pools diminished and they were more susceptible to dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis. Supplementation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid replenished both glutathione pools and provided protection from apoptosis. Ascorbate supplementation was beneficial to the mitochondrial glutathione pool, but apoptosis was not prevented. NAC supplementation caused an increase in reactive oxygen species formation and cardiolipin oxidation, but had no adverse affect on the amount of apoptotic cells. Our results suggest that the glutathione status is an important factor in apoptosis and indirect evidence indicates that the cytosolic pool of glutathione may be important in DEX-induced apoptosis, with mitochondrial events being secondary, and may reflect the execution phase.
Overwintering Studies on Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kern County, California: Survival and the Experimental Induction and Termination of Diapause

More than 90% of female Culex tarsalis Coquillett collected from shelters during late autumn survived without blood or carbohydrate feeding for 35 days in a bioenvironmental chamber (BOD) set at 9Â°C and 10:14 (L:D) photoperiod. Mortality was reduced subsequently by offering females 10% sucrose. Ten females imbibed a blood meal and oviposited after transfer to an insectary (25 ± 2°C, 16:8 photoperiod), 106â132 days after collection. Three laboratory strains of C. tarsalis from California and Arizona failed to enter diapause uniformly when reared under simulated midwinter or autumnal conditions in a BOD. Vitellogenesis progressed to or beyond follicular stage I-II in 25-80% of the dissected females. Only 0-60% of females dissected after a 2-week postemergence period were inseminated. Although females imbibed a blood meal and oviposited when exposed to insectary conditions after a simulated winter period, fecundity and, especially, fertility were low, reflecting the low insemination rate. Thus, diapause would not be an efficient addition to Culex mosquito insectary culture methodology. Mosquitoes from a laboratory colony and the F1 progeny of field-collected females originating from the same site were reared and maintained as adults under natural, seminatural, and experimental diapause induction regimens. A higher proportion of the F1 progeny of field-collected females entered diapause than did laboratory-selected females. Some females in all regimens failed to respond to diapause induction cues and arrest follicular maturation at stage I. Thus, field populations from Kern County, Calif., responded heterogeneously to diapause induction cues and the genome that failed to enter diapause was selected by laboratory colonization.
Antibody Removal by Column Immunoabsorption Prevents Tissue Injury in an Ex Vivo Model of Pig-to-Human Xenograft Hyperacute Rejection

Hyperacute rejection of a pig-to-primate organ xenograft is triggered by binding of anti-pig endothelial cell antibodies to the vascular endothelium of the xenograft and complement activation. Xenograft survival can be prolonged by pretransplant depletion of antibody with plasmapheresis or organ perfusion. However, these techniques have disadvantages for use immediately pretransplant or in the post-transplant period, including a marked reduction in coagulation proteins. To remove IgM and IgG from human plasma we employed a reusable Ig-binding column containing polyclonal antihuman IgG (heavy chain- and light chain-specific) conjugated to Sepharose beads (Therasorb, Baxter Corp.). Human blood was separated into plasma and cell fractions. Column absorption of plasma followed by recombination of plasma and cell fractions in the perfusion system resulted in 90.5 and 86.0% reduction in total IgG and IgM, respectively, and in a 47.0 and 69.4% reduction in IgG and IgM anti-pig endothelial cell antibodies, respectively. When the cellular fraction was recombined with untreated plasma and used to perfuse pig hearts in an ex vivo perfusion system, there was rapid cessation of normal cardiac rhythm (25.2 ± 5.6 min) and intense deposition of Igs, complement proteins, and fibrin in the tissues. In contrast, perfusion with blood containing column-absorbed plasma was able to sustain cardiac function, with normal sinus rhythm maintained for 258 ± 48.1 min, without tissue deposition of IgM or complement proteins and minimal deposition of IgG. We conclude that column absorption can be used effectively to deplete plasma of anti-pig endothelial cell antibodies. This procedure may be an effective method to help prevent hyperacute rejection of a pig heart transplanted into a human recipient.
A comparison of eight lung function indices in smoking and non-smoking office workers.

A generally healthy office working population (N = 644) was investigated using eight pulmonary function indices obtained from maximum expiratory flow volume curves and single breath nitrogen/closing volume tests. Abnormal test results were related to smoking history. Results showed a) increases in pulmonary dysfunction among current smokers on most tests, b) delta nitrogen as the test most sensitive to smoking effects, and c) some reversal of smoking-related dysfunction in exsmokers. These findings may have implications in the early detection of chronic obstructive lung disease.
A Lie group topology for normal and abnormal human behavior

A Lie-topology of human behavior has been generated in terms of a group of continuous transformations in multidimensional reactivity-adaptability coordinates, connections between the conscious and unconscious surfaces being made through a finite number of interpretive parameters. Neuroses and personality disorders are mathematically classified in terms of pure rotation groups, while reactive depressions and reactive manias fall into the category of dilation groups. The distortions, exaggerations and multiply-fragmented behaviors characteristic of psychoses are explained and classified by combined rotation-dilation Lie groups that can include both real and imaginary parameters. Neurobiophysical implications of the Lie topology are mentioned in relation to abnormal reaction formations and behavioral complexes that may be environmental or organic in origin.
Maternal surfactant protein A influences the immunoprotective properties of milk in a murine model

Maternal surfactant protein A influences the immunoprotective properties of milk in a murine model
Mixed- versus Unmixed-List Designs in Paired-Associate Learning

Investigations of a new experimental variable from the arrangements of reinforcements (R) and tests (T) in paired-associate learning were furthered by a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design: 64 ...
The reconfiguration of the low temperature microgravity physics facility

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is building the Low Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility (LTMPF) as a multi-user research facility for the International Space Station.
X-ray streak camera temporal resolution improvement using a longitudinal time-dependent field ☆

Abstract X-ray streak cameras (XSC) have been known to be one of the fastest detectors for ultrafast X-ray science. A number of applications in material science, biochemistry, accelerator physics, require sub-picosecond resolution to study new phenomena. In this paper, we report on a new method which can potentially improve the temporal resolution of a streak camera down to 100 fs. This method uses a time-dependent acceleration field to lengthen the photoelectron bunch, improving the time resolution as well as reducing the time dispersion caused by initial energy spread and the effects from the space charge forces. A computer simulation of an XSC using this method shows significant improvement in the resolution.
Mitosis and early meiosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis and the evolution of mitosis in the phylum ciliophora

Abstract The micronuclear mitotic spindle of Tetrahymena pyriformis contains several distinctive elements. The 150 or so continuous microtubules (MTs) from a peripheral sheath just inside the inner nuclear membrane while the kinetochore bundles traverse the center of the nucleoplasm. A new set of microtubules, the separation spindle, appears during the 10-fold nuclear elongation which occurs during late anaphase. Both the separation spindle and peripheral sheath MTs are present in the macronucleus during macronuclear division but there are no definite kinetochore MTs. In the crescent stage of meiotic prophase both peripheral sheath and kinetochire MTs are present in the micronucleus. By using our own, and other workers', data in conjunction with the phylogenetic scheme for the ciliates which has been designed by Corliss (1974, 1975), we have attempted to trace out the evolutionary history of the various elements of the ciliate mitotic spindle. For example, the micronuclear separation spindle can be followed, from its point of origin within the primitive gymnostomes, throughout the phylum. The separation spindle of the macronucleus, by contrast, is lost at the level of the heterotrichs. Similarly, the anaphase breakdown and reconstitution of the nuclear envelope, which occurs in the primitive Loxodes magnus , can be followed up some phyletic branches, such as the heterotrichs, but in the suctorians and some other groups this feature seems to have been lost. Tracing the evolution of the ciliate mitotic spindle is made very difficult both by the incompleteness of the data and by what appear to be a number of cases of secondary reduction and parallel evolution. In general, however, the evolution of mitosis correlates well with the phylogeny of the ciliates constructed by Corliss and we consider this an independent substantiation of the general correctness of his phylogeny.
Overview and examples of instructional modules

The fundamental instructional design concepts underlying the systematic development of new computer-based courseware are defined and illustrated. The advantages of the electronic chalkboard and electronic studyguide are discussed.
Impacts of Southern Oak Seedling Survival on Investment Returns in Mississippi

Abstract Increasingly, landowners are establishing hardwood plantations to satisfy their land management goals. Unfortunately, little is known about how competition control affects initial seedling survival and subsequent investment returns for hardwood plantations. This study examines five alternative competition control regimes for southern oak establishment. The regimes include no site preparation, disking only, sub-soiling with rotary mowing, herbicides only, and herbicides with rotary mowing and sub-soiling. The analysis includes both before— and after-tax estimates of land expectation value (LEV) for comparing alternatives. Our results suggest that greater returns can be achieved for southern oak plantations in Mississippi during both good and bad rainfall years using herbicides only or herbicides with rotary mowing and sub-soiling for competition control. Applying intensive competition control during the first year yields after-tax LEVs of $577.64 to $691.66 per hectare despite precipitation levels...
Truth-conditions, truth-bearers and the new B-theory of time

In this paper I consider two strategies for providing tenseless truth-conditions for tensed sentences: the token-reflexive theory and the date theory. Both theories have faced a number of objections by prominent A-theorists such as Quentin Smith and William Lane Craig. Traditionally, these two theories have been viewed as rival methods for providing truth-conditions for tensed sentences. I argue that the debate over whether the token-reflexive theory or the date theory is true has arisen from a failure to distinguish between conditions for the truth of tensed tokens and conditions for the truth of propositions expressed by tensed tokens. I demonstrate that there is a true formulation of the token-reflexive theory that provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of tensed tokens, and there is a true formulation of the date theory that provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of propositions expressed by tensed tokens. I argue that once the views are properly formulated, the A-theorist’s objections fail to make their mark. However, I conclude by claiming that even though there is a true formulation of the token-reflexive theory and a true formulation of the date theory, the New B-theory nonetheless fails to provide a complete account of the truth and falsity of tensed sentences.
Genetic instability assessed by sister chromatid exchange analysis in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model and its relationship to metastatic potential.

The original Dunning R-3327 tumor, described in 1961, has given rise to distinct sublines of different metastatic potentials. The different phenotypes cannot be explained by differences in chromosomal number, DNA content, or nuclear pleomorphism. Sister chromatid exchange is an interchange between two strands of DNA indicative of DNA damage. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges is a well-accepted measure of genetic instability. To determine whether an assay of genetic instability could distinguish sublines capable of generating cells of the metastatic phenotype, cells from three sublines of low ( 90%) metastatic potential were cultured in 10 microM 5-bromodeoxyuridine to label DNA. Chromosome preparations were made and sister chromatids were differentiated with Hoechst 33258 dye and Giemsa stain. Sixty metaphase spreads from each subline were scored for SCE and chromosome number. The low metastatic sublines G, AT-1, and AT-2 had 0.32 +/- standard deviation 0.10, 0.38 +/- 0.12, and 0.14 +/- 0.05 sister chromatid exchanges per chromosome, respectively. The high metastatic sublines AT-3, MAT-Lu, and MAT-LyLu had 0.55 +/- 0.17, 0.32 +/- 0.1, and 0.33 +/- 0.2 sister chromatid exchanges per chromosome, respectively. Subline differences in metastatic potentials cannot be explained by incidences of sister chromatid exchanges.
Oxidant Stress and Blood Pressure Responses to Angiotensin II Administration in Rats Fed Varying Salt Diets

To examine the hypothesis that NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox)-derived superoxide generation is involved in the development of angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension, we evaluated the responses to ANG II infusion (65 ng/min; osmotic mini-pump) for 2 weeks in rats treated with or without apocynin (APO) (inhibitor of Nox subunits assembly) in drinking water (12 mmol/L). Rats were grouped according to their diets with varying salt content (normal salt [NS], 0.4%; high salt [HS], 8%; low salt [LS], 0.03%) given during the 2-week experimental period. The variation in salt intake did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP, recorded via pre-implanted arterial catheter) but showed proportionate levels in urinary excretion rate of Isoprostaglandin(2alpha) (U(ISO)V; NS, 179 +/- 26; HS, 294 +/- 38; LS, 125 +/- 7 ng/kg/24 h). Treatment with ANG II increased MAP proportional to salt intake (NS, 126 +/- 3 to 160 +/- 5; HS, 116 +/- 4 to 184 +/- 5; LS, 125 +/- 1 to 154 +/- 5 mm Hg). However, ANG II increased U(ISO)V only in NS rats (250 +/- 19 ng/kg/24 h) but not in HS or LS rats. In response to ANG II, Nox subunits protein expression increased in HS but not in the NS or LS rats. Apocynin treatment partially ameliorated these changes in Nox proteins in HS rats but did not alter ANG II-induced increases in MAP or U(ISO)V. These data suggest that Nox activation may not be the sole factor or alternatively, that a constitutively active isoform of Nox is involved in oxidative stress mechanism that is associated with dietary salt or ANG II-induced hypertension.
Approximate likelihood ratios for general estimating functions

SUMMARY The method of estimating functions (Godambe, 1991) is commonly used when one desires to conduct inference about some parameters of interest but the full distribution of the observations is unknown. However, this approach may have limited utility, due to multiple roots for the estimating function, a poorly behaved Wald test, or lack of a goodness-of-fit test. This paper presents approximate likelihood ratios that can be used along with estimating functions when any of these three problems occurs. We show that the approximate likelihood ratio provides correct large sample inference under very general circumstances, including clustered data and misspecified weights in the estimating function. Two methods of constructing the approximate likelihood ratio, one based on the quasi-likelihood approach and the other based on the linear projection approach, are compared and shown to be closely related. In particular we show that quasi-likelihood is the limit of the projection approach. We illustrate the technique with two applications.
Proton Potential Anomaly and Nonlocal Potentials

A detailed study of the variations of the difference between the proton-nuclear potential and the neutron-nuclear potential is carried out using ground-state mass data. A previous analysis of mirror nuclei has delimited the problem and suggested that the well difference can be neither constant nor strictly $Z$ dependent. It is found by using analytical techniques as well as calculations performed with the Oak Ridge Oracle that the potential anomaly varies with the symmetry parameter $\frac{(N\ensuremath{-}Z)}{A}$ and that the proportionality constant does not change very greatly as one proceeds from a static well to a velocity-dependent well. This is somewhat surprising in view of many studies which suggest that the nuclear symmetry energy is considerably influenced by the velocity dependence of the nuclear potential. The relative insensitivity to velocity dependence or nonlocality is attributed to surface effects not taken into account in the analyses of infinite nuclear matter.A number of possible origins of the well differences are examined including (a) the failure of Koopman's theorem, (b) the breakdown of electrostatic laws, (c) the presence of Heisenberg forces, (d) the effect of the exclusion principle, and (e) the spin dependence of nuclear forces. It is concluded that the last two effects account for the bulk of the proton potential anomaly. Indeed, these last two effects suggest that the well depths used in neutron scattering and in proton scattering vary individually with the symmetry parameter, and it is suggested that experimentalists attempt to seek out these variations in careful, low-energy scattering experiments.
Third-order polarizabilities of symmetric and nonsymmetric polyene and cyanine-like organic molecules

The second hyperpolarizability, (gamma) , of the donor-acceptor polyene compounds (CH3)2N-(CHequalsCH)3-CHO, 3, (CH3CH2CH2CH2)2N- (CHequalsCH)2-CHequalsC(CN)2, 4, the cyanine compound [CH2CH2OCH2CH2-N-(CHequalsCH)3-CHequalsN-CH2CH2OCH2CH2]+ClO4-, 5, and the linear polyenes CH3- (CHequalsCH)n-CH3, where n equals 4, 1, or 5, 2, have been measured by third harmonic generation (THG) at 1907 nm, in a series of solvents ranging in polarity from CCl4 to CH3OH. It was found that 3, with the moderately strong formyl acceptor, had positive values of (gamma) which exhibit a peak as a function of solvent polarity. In contrast, 4, with the stronger dicyanovinyl acceptor, had positive (gamma) in very nonpolar solvents but increasingly negative (gamma) values in solvents of moderate to high polarity. These solvent- dependent hyperpolarizabilities are associated with a change in geometry from a highly bond length alternated, polyene-like structure for the formyl-substituted compound in nonpolar solvents, to a cyanine-like structure, with very little bond length alternation, for the dicyanovinyl-substituted compound in polar solvents.
C-B4-02: Determining Genetic Risk Factors for Post- Hospitalization development of Deep-Vein Thrombosis

Background: Venothromboembolism (VTE) including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are significant health care problems. A highly specific DVT risk stratification model requires a combination of genetic, environmental, clinical, laboratory and radiographic measurements. Genetic factors associated with DVT in post-hospitalized medical and surgical patients are incompletely understood. Aim: Using the Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP) population and a limited number of disease associated polymorphisms were used to determine whether these markers were associated with DVT in the post-hospitlalization period. Methods: Marshfield Clinic patients who have experienced a DVT between 1999 and 2007 enrolled in the PMRP were genotyped for 52 disease associated polymorphisms (N=1124). From these individuals we identified 451 who experienced a DVT after post-hospitalization for a medical (N=164) or surgical (N=136) procedure or both (N=151). This cohort was compared to the PMRP population that had a recorded hospitalization without a post-hospitalization DVT during the same time period (N=1662). Results: Polymorphisms in APOB (rs1042031), PLAU (rs2227564), HTR2A (rs6313) and the Vitamin D receptor haplotype (rs731236 and rs7975232) were associated with post hospitalization DVT. When the population that incurred a DVT was stratified by DVT category (post medical, post surgical or both), the PLAU polymorphism was most strongly associated with individuals experiencing a DVT post-surgically. Vitamin D receptor haplotype was significantly associated with individuals experiencing both post medical and post surgical DVTs, and polymorphisms associated with cholesterol and lipid levels were most likely to be associated with post-medical DVTs. Conclusions: This hypothesis generating study demonstrates that there are many polymorphisms that are associated with DVT that have yet to be characterized. Categorization of associated DVT polymorphisms will involve careful interrogation of both the environmental conditions as well as genetic alleles of individuals. Genes such as PLAU, HTR2A, and Vitamin D are just now being investigated for thrombogenic effects and in future may lead to a better understanding of indentifying the individuals at risk for a DVT post hospitilization.
Phospho-NSAIDs Have Enhanced Efficacy in Mice Lacking Plasma Carboxylesterase: Implications for their Clinical Pharmacology

Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the metabolism, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of phospho-NSAIDs in Ces1c-knockout mice.
Effects of emissions reductions on ozone predictions by the regional oxidant model during the July 1988 episode

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Oxidant Model, ROM2.2, was applied to a 210 July 1988 episode to test the regional episodic ozone response to different combinations of the across-the-board nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) reductions in the eastern half of the United States. Geographical variations on the regional ozone responses to the across-the-board NOx and VOC reductions are investigated. Biogenic influences are also discussed. Subject to the limitation imposed by current input and model accuracy, the ROM results suggest that reduction of NOx emissions is a key factor in reducing regional ozone. The primary benefit of VOC reductions appears to be in reducing ozone peak values near NOx-source-intensive areas, such as large urban centers and/or large NOx point sources. In these NOx-source-intensive areas, a strategy featuring a combination of both NOx and VOC reductions appears to be most effective in reducing the regional ozone. Biogenic VOC emission...
Effect of surface charge of carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide on particle interactions in aqueous suspensions

Abstract Particle interactions in aqueous suspensions of amorphous carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide were monitored by viscometry and fiber optic Doppler anemometry. An extensive, network-like particle arrangement was believed to form when the pH approached the point of zero charge. This particle network is responsible for the maximum deviation from Newtonian rheology which was observed when the pH approached the point of zero charge.
An improved method for monitoring cell death in cell suspension and leaf disc assays using evans blue

Cell viability or cell death is an important variable to monitor in many studies of host/pathogen interactions. However for studies that focus on events within the first few hours of the interaction, many of the viability assays currently being used are either too laborious and time consuming or measure the cell's temporary metabolic state rather than irreversible cell death. Evans blue has proven over the years to be a dependable stain for microscopic determination of cell death. We have used this stain to develop a spectrophotometric procedure that allows rapid, reproducible quantification of the stain retained by dead cells. This spectrophotometric procedure was used to compare plant/bacteria interactions involving either soybean/Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea or tobacco/P. syringae pv. syringae. Relative increases in cell death during these interactions in suspension cell systems were measured by both the spectrophotometric and microscopic technique and found to be similar. The spectrophotometric procedure was also adapted for leaf disc assays.
Flow patterns in dilated cardiomyopathy: a pulsed-wave and color flow Doppler study.

In 48 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, pulsed-wave and color Doppler examination were performed. In addition, 14 normal patients served as control subjects. Peak inflow velocity at the level of the mitral valve, middle left ventricle, and apex and outflow velocity at the level of the apex, middle left ventricle, and subaortic area were measured. In normal patients there was brisk propagation of inflow velocity to the apex. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy demonstrated delayed propagation and prolongation of the duration of inflow compared with control subjects ( p
Candidate's Thesis: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in an Inner-City, Managed Care Environment †

Objectives/Hypothesis Universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) programs aim to identify and treat educationally significant hearing loss in the first months of life. Several states have mandated UNHS for all newborns. Such programs have been successful in small, homogeneous populations. As larger states attempt to implement such programs, important obstacles have arisen, particularly in sparsely populated rural environments and in the inner city, where poverty, unstable living situations, and inadequate access to health care make follow-up of infants failing initial testing difficult. Study Design We performed a prospective longitudinal study e-amining the effects of increasingly comple- and e-pensive interventions designed to ensure that children failing initial hearing screening returned for complete evaluation and habilitation. Methods A UNHS program based on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions testing was implemented at Temple University Hospital, with 2,000 births per year. At 6 months into the program, efficacy was assessed and modifications in follow-up methodology were made in an attempt to improved rate of return of infants failing newborn screening. The effect of these interventions was reassessed 6 months later. Results In its first 12 months, the Temple University Infant and Young Child Hearing Intervention Initiative successfully screened 95% (2,031) of all newborns using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Collecting a complete database profile for each newborn, establishing rapport with the family, and offering immediate follow-up appointments yielded a 61% return rate after discharge. The addition of a dedicated project secretary, free day-care for siblings, and cab vouchers for transportation and the elimination of a requirement for health maintenance organization referrals increased follow-up yield to 75%. Conclusion Given adequate resources and planning, UNHS can be successful, even in economically depressed environments.
The macrophage disappearance reaction (mdr) as an in vivo test of delayed hypersensitivity in mice.

The macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR), as an in vivo analogue of in vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity, was utilized in mice immunized with M. tuberculosis or mouse thyroid extract (MTE). The optimal schedule for the induction of macrophages in peritoneal exudates and the optimal concentration of antigen for the MDR were determined. Macrophage disappearance occurred 4 hr after immunized mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μg of soluble antigen. The MDR was found to be antigen specific. Intraperitoneal injection of an unrelated antigen or tissue culture medium alone did not cause macrophage disappearance; however, the re-injection of the antigen used for immunization caused a 70-80% reduction of macrophages. Macrophage disappearance was greater in mice immunized with M. tuberculosis than in mice immunized with MTE. Comparison of the MDR with the footpad test in these 2 groups showed that mice immunized with M. tuberculosis developed a higher degree of delayed hypersensitivity than...
Hormonal Inhibition of the Prothoracic Gland by the Brain in Locusts

MOULTING and its control are similar in all arthropods and the mechanisms presumably have a common origin. The final hormone responsible for bringing about the moult itself is, in all groups, a sterol the configuration of which is similar to that of alpha-ecdysone1–5. The moulting hormones of insects and crustaceans act on the alternate groups5–7. The Y organ of Crustacea and the prothoracic gland (PTG) of insects, which produce the moulting hormones in these two groups, have many anatomical and morphological similarities and are believed to be homologous8–12. The Y organ of crabs secretes crust-ecdysone, which has tentatively been identified as 20-hydroxy-ecdysone4, while the moulting hormone secreted by the prothoracic gland of locusts appears also to be an hydroxylated ecdysone13.
Up-regulation of adenosine transporter-binding sites in striatum and hypothalamus of opiate tolerant mice.

Abstract Opioid–adenosine interactions have been demonstrated at both cellular and behavioral levels. Short-term morphine treatment has been shown to enhance adenosine release in brain and spinal tissues. Since adenosine uptake and release is regulated by a nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive adenosine transporter, we examined the effects of morphine treatment on this transporter-binding site. Adenosine transporter-binding sites were examined using equilibrium binding studies with [ 3 H]nitrobenzylthioinosine in brain regions of morphine-treated mice. A 72-hour morphine pellet implantation procedure, which previously produced up-regulation of central adenosine A 1 receptors and created a state of opiate dependence [G.B. Kaplan, K.A. Leite-Morris and M.T. Sears, Alterations in adenosine A 1 receptors in morphine dependence, Brain Res., 657 (1994) 347–350], was used in this current study. This chronic morphine treatment significantly increased adenosine transporter-binding site concentrations in striatum and hypothalamus by 12 and 37%, respectively, compared to vehicle pellet implantation. No effects of morphine treatment were demonstrated in cortex, hippocampus, brainstem or cerebellum. In behavioral studies, mice receiving this same chronic morphine or vehicle treatment were given saline or morphine injections (40 or 50 mg/kg i.p.) followed by ambulatory activity monitoring. In the chronic vehicle treatment group, morphine injections significantly stimulated ambulatory activity while in the chronic morphine treatment group there was no such stimulation by acute morphine, suggestive of opiate tolerance. Morphine-induced up-regulation of striatal and hypothalamic adenosine transporter sites could potentially alter extracellular adenosine release and adenosine receptor activation and mediate aspects of opiate tolerance and dependence.