cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on enzyme inhibition by fluoromalate and fluoroacetoacetates.

Abstract The inhibitory action of fluoromalate, fluoroacetoacetates and fluorocitrate was studied in pigeon liver particulate, rat liver mitochondrial and isolated enzyme systems. The results show that fluoromalate and fluorocitrate increase acetoacetate formation from pyruvate and CO 2 with concomitant depression of citrate synthesis in rat liver mitochondria but with an accumulation of citrate by the pigeon particles in presence of fluorocitrate. Fluoroacetoacetates are inhibitory to both acetoacetate and citrate synthesis, particularly in rat liver mitochondria. Kidney cortex but not liver homogenates rapidly hydrolyze the fluoroacetoacetates to fluoroacetate. Considerable inhibition of the malic enzyme by fluoromalate and 2,4-fluoroacetoacetate was observed, while none of the inhibitors affected oxalacetate decarboxylase. Only fluoromalate inhibited oxalacetate carboxylase and DPN-dependent malic dehydrogenase. Fluoromalate, fluorocitrate and fluoroacetoacetates inhibited β-hydroxybutyrate oxidation, but only the fluoroacetoacetates inhibited significantly the acetoacetate-synthesizing enzyme. Acetothiokinase, fumarase, and isocitric (TPN) and succinic dehydrogenases were not inhibited by any of the fluoro compounds. Several aspects of the kinetics of inhibition have been examined.
Eosinophils in Fat: Pink Is the New Brown

Subcutaneous white adipose tissue can be induced to undergo "browning" and acquire thermogenic capacity in response to physiological stimuli such as cold exposure or exercise. In this issue of Cell, Qiu et al. and Rao et al. demonstrate that pink-staining eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages play key roles in an immune cascade mediating this metabolic switch.
Natural convection, diffusion and chemical reaction in a catalytic reactor: Numerical results

Abstract The kinetics of a catalytic reactor in which diffusion, natural convection, and chemical reaction occur is investigated by solving the equations of mass, heat, and momentum transfer with a digital computer by the method of finite differences. Contour plots of the reactant concentration and stream function at various times are given. It is shown that heat generated at the catalytic surface causes natural convection, which increases the rate of reactant transport to the catalytic surface, and thus increases the rate of reaction. The effects of natural convection on the concentration profiles of the reactant and on the effective rate of reaction are explicitly demonstrated.
Cooperative relay with interference alignment for video over cognitive radio networks

Due to the drastic increase in wireless video traffic, the capacity of existing and future wireless networks will be greatly stressed, while interference will become the dominant capacity limiting factor. In this paper, we investigate cooperative relay in CR networks using video as a reference application. We incorporate interference alignment to allow transmitters collaboratively send encoded signals to all CR users, such that undesired signals will be canceled and the desired signal can be decoded at each CR user. We present a stochastic programming formulation, as well as a reformulation that greatly reduces computational complexity. In the cases of a single licensed channel and multiple licensed channels with channel bonding, we develop an optimal distributed algorithm with proven convergence and convergence speed. In the case of multiple channels without channel bonding, we develop a greedy algorithm with a proven performance bound. The algorithms are evaluated with simulations and are shown to achieve considerable gains over two heuristic schemes that do not consider interference alignment.
The chemical logic of plant natural product biosynthesis

Understanding the logic of plant natural product biosynthesis is important for three reasons: it guides the search for new natural products and pathways, illuminates the function of existing pathways in the context of host biology, and builds an enabling 'parts list' for plant and microbial metabolic engineering. In this review, we highlight the chemical themes that underlie a broad range of plant pathways, dividing pathways into two parts: scaffold-generating steps that draw on a limited set of chemistries, and tailoring reactions that produce a wide range of end products from a small number of common scaffolds.
Modelling the transport of lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae and postlarvae in the Gulf of Maine

We used a coupled physical–biological model to examine potential distances between hatching and settlement locations for lobsters in the Gulf of Maine. The physical model is based on a finite-element mesh and climatological averages of the seasonally evolving temperature and density fields. Larval trajectories from coastal and offshore hatching sites (21–224 m deep) were calculated for early, middle and late-season hatching by coupling temperature-dependent development rates and depth (the biological model) to the circulation. Model results showed large spatial differences in larval development times (from 18 to 38 days) and distances transported (19–280 km) for the early hatch. Development time and transport decreased markedly by mid-season at most sites, but strong spatial differences persisted. The eastern Maine coast appears to experience stronger removal and less resupply of larvae than other regions, consistent with observed lower recruitment. Inverse solutions of the model for larvae arriving in mid-coastal Maine indicate that they originate from a broad section of the eastern coast ‘upstream’, with those nearest the shoreline generally travelling the shortest distances. The postlarval stage is neustonic (living near the surface), and a simple inverse model demonstrates that a diurnal coastal sea breeze can contribute substantially to inshore movement during this final planktonic stage. Thus, offshore reproduction may be linked to inshore recruitment.
Making sense of the sensor: Mysteries of the macula densa

Increases in luminal NaCl concentration at the macula densa (MD), the sensing element, activate tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). MD cell volume increases when increments are isosmotic and shrinks if osmolality increases. This interesting finding introduces additional complexity to the role of the MD in TGF.
Quality of Adolescent Mother‐Infant Interactions and Clinical Determinations of Risk Status

Thirty‐seven low‐income adolescent mother‐infant pairs who were participating in a short term early intervention program were observed during teaching episodes two times over a six month period. Independent of teaching and play assessments, clinical determinations of maternal risk status were made based on detailed home visitation notes and observations. Consistently, maternal risk status was significantly associated with more sensitive parenting behaviors including responsiveness to infant cues and to infant distress, social and emotional growth fostering behaviors and cognitive growth fostering behaviors.
Storage and injection of charged particles in an electrostatic trap

Ion confinement in an purely electrostatic ion trap is investigated. The trap consists of two concentric cylinders maintained at a potential difference and two electrically insulated end plates. If the length of the trap is long compared with the radial dimension of the trap, the radial potential distribution is practically logarithmic. The domain of ion confinement is derived by comparing the radial displacements at the apogee and the perigee of an ion orbit with the radii of the cylinders. The effect of a magnetic field superimposed along the trap axis is considered. In addition trapping of externally injected ions is studied numerically. The electrostatic trap is used to advantage, when it is required to store charge particles independent of their charge to mass ratio.
Theoretical Quantum Chemical Study of Tautomerism and Proton Transfer in 6,8-Dithioguanine

Ab initio quantum chemical calculations were performed to study the tautomeric rearrangements in the 6,8-dithioguanine. Molecular geometries of all the possible 35 tautomeric structures have been f...
Expression of cocaine sensitization: regulation by the medial prefrontal cortex.

Extracellular levels of dopamine are increased in response to systemic administration of cocaine in several brain areas including the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. While the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens is augmented after repeated daily cocaine, the response of extracellular dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex is attenuated. Since dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex has an inhibitory effect on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels and locomotor activity, the role of medial prefrontal cortex dopamine tolerance in the expression of sensitized locomotor behavior was further examined by injection of D-amphetamine sulfate into the prelimbic portion of the medial prefrontal cortex just prior to cocaine challenge in cocaine-sensitized rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were non-handled (naive) or injected with either saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days. After a seven to 12 day withdrawal period, rats were microinjected with either saline or various doses of amphetamine into primarily the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex followed by systemic injection of saline or cocaine. In naive rats, intramedial prefrontal cortex amphetamine produced a trend toward decreased locomotor responding to cocaine challenge while no effect of amphetamine was evident in daily saline pretreated rats. Daily cocaine pretreated rats that received saline in the medial prefrontal cortex demonstrated a sensitized locomotor response compared to their daily saline pretreated counterparts. This sensitization was blocked by a low dose of amphetamine (0.175 microg/side) in the medial prefrontal cortex, an effect which disappeared in animals administered higher amphetamine doses. The results suggest that in rats sensitized to cocaine, decreased medial prefrontal cortex dopamine levels in response to cocaine challenge may contribute to behavioral sensitization. Furthermore, the data indicate the possibility that there is an optimal range at which medial prefrontal cortex amphetamine exerts maximal behavioral inhibition. These findings implicate a role for decreased cortical control in producing sensitized behavioral responding to cocaine.
Prolonged Clot Lysis Time and Absence of Platelet γM-globulin in Patients with Thrombasthenia

THE presence of fibrinogen, γM-globulin, γG-globulin, albumin and plasminogen on or in normal washed platelets has been demonstrated by the use of specific antisera1–4. Taylor and Muller-Eberhard4 observed that blocking either fibrinogen or γM-globulin with specific antibody prevented normal retraction and lysis of dilute whole-blood clots prepared by the technique of Fearnley et al.4. Because platelets are also necessary for a normal response4, their studies suggested that the fibrinogen and γM-globulin adsorbed onto the platelets play an essential part in the process.
The cytokine network in lesional and lesion-free psoriatic skin is characterized by a t-helper type 1 cell-mediated response

Abstract As a psoriatic lesion develops at sites of previously uninvolved skin, cytokines and their subsequent induction of various adhesion molecules may play important pathophysiologic roles. To further define the cytokine network in psoriasis, biopsies were obtained from both lesional skin and lesion-free skin of individuals with psoriasis and compared to normal skin biopsies from control subjects. Each biopsy was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction for expression of cytokines and immunostaining to detect adhesion molecules. The results indicate that psoriatic lesions have a type 1 cytokine profile (i.e., interleukin[IL]-2, interferon[IFN]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, without a significant component of type 2 cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) accompanied by aberrant expression of endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 on dermal endothelial cells, and ICAM-1 on epidermal keratinocytes. Four of five lesion-free biopsies from psoriatic patients had prominent cytokine mRNA expression compared with skin from normal donors (particularly TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, with lesser increases in IFN-γ and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), which was accompanied by aberrant adhesion molecule expression in the same four samples. We conclude that a particular T-cell population producing type 1 cytokines accumulates in psoriatic lesions. In addition, clinically lesion-free skin is characterized by increased levels of various cytokine mRNAs, and aberrant adhesion molecule expression in both dermal and epidermal compartments.
Ligand effect on the kinetics of hydroperoxochromium(III)–oxochromium(V) transformation and the lifetime of chromium(V)

A macrocyclic superoxochromium complex L2(H2O)CrOO2+ (L2 = meso-Me6-[14]aneN4) is generated from L2Cr(H2O)22+ and O2 with kon = (2.80 ± 0.07) × 107 M−1 s−1. One-electron reduction of L2(H2O)CrOO2+ produces a transient hydroperoxo complex that readily undergoes intramolecular conversion to L2Cr(V), k1 = 1.00 ± 0.01 s−1 in acidic aqueous solutions, and 0.273 ± 0.010 s−1 at pH >7, with an apparent pKa of 5.9. The decay of L2Cr(V) in the pH range 1.3–6.2 obeys the rate law, −d[L2Cr(V)]/dt = (0.0080 (± 0.0049) + 8.19 (± 0.13) [H+])[L2Cr(V)]. Both the kinetics of formation and lifetime of L2Cr(V) are significantly different from those for the closely related [14]aneN4 complex. The X-ray structure of the parent Cr(III) complex, [L2Cr(H2O)2](ClO4)3·4H2O, shows that the macrocyclic ligand adopts the most stable, “two up-two down” configuration around the nitrogens.
Bioactivity of recombinant feline interleukin-2 on human and feline leukocytes

Abstract Interleukin(IL)-2 is a 16 000 Da protein product of T lymphocytes which is the principle cytokine responsible for clonal expansion of T lymphocytes as a response to antigen exposure. Deficiency of functional IL-2 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency syndrome and may be important in the pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency syndrome as well. Additionally, IL-2 may enhance secretion of interleukin-5 from the TH 2 subset of CD 4 + T cells, promote peripheral and systemic eosinophilia, and contribute to the eosinophilia which characterizes the inflamed airways of human beings and cats with asthma. We recently reported the sequence of feline IL-2 and the synthesis of recombinant feline IL-2. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioactivity of recombinant feline IL-2 on human and feline leukocytes. We established dose-response relationships between recombinant feline IL-2 and radiolabeled proliferating human and feline leukocytes using thymidine incorporation as a marker of bioactivity. We found that recombinant human IL-2 promotes proliferation of both human and feline leukocytes. However, recombinant feline IL-2 promotes proliferation of feline cells, but not human cells.
Experimental intoxication of guinea pigs with multiple doses of the mycotoxin, penitrem A.

Young female guinea pigs were fed various doses of penitrem A every 3 days for 3 weeks. Guinea pigs fed penitrem A had muscle tremors, seizures, and ataxia, and total weight gains were less than those of control guinea pigs. Histologic examination of multiple tissues and electron microscopic examination of liver and kidney revealed no differences between guinea pigs fed penitrem A and controls. Sera harvested at necropsy from guinea pigs fed penitrem A and control guinea pigs did not differ significantly in mean values of two liver enzymes (ornithine carbamoyltransferase and sorbital dehydrogenase), complement, total protein, and differential proteins (albumin;α1,α2,β, andγ gobulins). Results of this study indicate that penitrem A causes only central nervous system dysfunction; evidence of cytotoxicity for extraneural tissues was not found.
Metrology at the nanoscale: what are the grand challenges?

Nanometrology provides the means to measure and characterize nanometer scale process and product performance and covers an expanse of topics including instrumentation, measurement methods (off-line and in-process applications), and standards. To meet the needs of the emerging integrated manufacturing community it is important that research on scale-up of nanotechnology for high-rate production, reliability, robustness, yield, efficiency and cost issues for manufactured products and services be pursued. To achieve this, new research directions must include a systems approach that encompasses the characterization of instrumentation, three dimensional metrology, and production-hardened metrology. To illustrate the value of metrology and the role of standards to facilitate product realization, a number of National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) sponsored workshops have been organized. This paper provides an overview of some key findings and recommendations identified at two nanomanufacturing workshops held in 2004 and 2006 that were focused on metrology, instrumentation, and standards.
BICAR: A New Algorithm for Multiresolution Spatiotemporal Data Fusion

We introduce a method for spatiotemporal data fusion and demonstrate its performance on three constructed data sets: one entirely simulated, one with temporal speech signals and simulated spatial images, and another with recorded music time series and astronomical images defining the spatial patterns. Each case study is constructed to present specific challenges to test the method and demonstrate its capabilities. Our algorithm, BICAR (Bidirectional Independent Component Averaged Representation), is based on independent component analysis (ICA) and extracts pairs of temporal and spatial sources from two data matrices with arbitrarily different spatiotemporal resolution. We pair the temporal and spatial sources using a physical transfer function that connects the dynamics of the two. BICAR produces a hierarchy of sources ranked according to reproducibility; we show that sources which are more reproducible are more similar to true (known) sources. BICAR is robust to added noise, even in a “worst case” scenario where all physical sources are equally noisy. BICAR is also relatively robust to misspecification of the transfer function. BICAR holds promise as a useful data-driven assimilation method in neuroscience, earth science, astronomy, and other signal processing domains.
Going digital: a look at assumptions underlying digital libraries

What are digital libraries, how should they be designed, how will they be used, and what relationship will they bear to what we now call “libraries”? Although we cannot hope to answer all these crucial questions in this short article, we do hope to encourage, and in some small measure to shape, the dialog among computer scientists, librarians, and other interested parties out of which answers may arise. Our contribution here is to make explicit, and to question, certain assumptions that underlie current digital library efforts. We will argue that current efforts are limited by a largely unexamined and unintended allegiance to an idealized view of what libraries have been, rather than what they actually are or could be. Since these limits come from current ways of thinking about the problem, rather than being inherent in the technology or in social practice, expanding our conception of digital libraries should serve to expand the scope and the utility of development efforts.
Master production scheduling, customer service and manufacturing flexibility in an assemble-to-order environment

A key element of manufacturing planning and control involves the inter-functional coordination of various manufacturing requirements. This paper reports the results of a simulation experiment that compares alternative master production scheduling (MPS) procedures in an assemble-to-order environment. The MPS procedures are superbills and covering sets. For a given investment in safety stocks the managerial problem is how to construct the MPS in order to minimize the firm's delivery time pressures. The results of the simulation experiment strongly support the use of the superbill techniques over the covering set technique. Moreover, of the experimental factors that influence delivery time performance, the choice of master production scheduling technique has the largest effect. Demand variability has the next greatest effect on delivery time performance. The safely stock level has the third greatest effect and product commonality was fourth. Finally, the managerial implications of the results are discussed i...
On the Arctic climate paradox and the continuing role of atmospheric circulation in affecting sea ice conditions

[1] The reduction in ice cover observed in the late 1980s and early 1990s has been attributed to the strongly positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) phase during that time. However, despite a change in the AO to more neutral conditions since then, ice extent and the fraction of old ice have continued to decrease. This mismatch between the AO index and loss of ice can be explained by the frequency of three main sea level pressure (SLP) patterns that yield overall variability in SLP, rather than the presence of a single, coherent physical pattern of SLP reduction associated with the positive mode of the AO. These three patterns were in phase during the peak AO period but their frequency has varied differently since then, with two of the patterns continuing to contribute to reduced ice cover in the western Arctic. Hence, regional atmospheric circulation remains a significant factor in recent reductions in ice cover.
Deploying the ODIS robot in Iraq and Afghanistan

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have shown the importance of robotic technology as a force multiplier and a tool for moving soldiers out of harms way. Situations on the ground make soldiers performing checkpoint operations easy targets for snipers and suicide bombers. Robotics technology reduces risk to soldiers and other personnel at checkpoints. Early user involvement in innovative and aggressive development and acquisition strategies are the key to moving robotic and associated technology into the hands of the user. This paper updates activity associated with rapid development of the Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) robot for under vehicle inspection and reports on our field experience with robotics in Iraq and Afghanistan. In February of 2004, two TARDEC Engineers departed for a mission to Iraq and Afghanistan with ten ODIS Robots. Six robots were deployed in the Green Zone in Baghdad. Two Robots were deployed at Kandahar Army Airfield and two were deployed at Bagram Army Airfield in Afghanistan. The TARDEC Engineers who performed this mission trained the soldiers and provided initial on site support. They also trained Exponent employees assigned to the Rapid Equipping Force in ODIS repair. We will discuss our initial deployment, lessons learned and future plans.
Strengthening of moment‐resisting frame structures against near‐fault ground motion effects

Near-fault ground motions with forward directivity are characterized by a large pulse. This pulse-like motion may cause a highly non-uniform distribution of story ductility demands for code-compliant frame structures, with maximum demands that may considerably exceed the level of code expectations. Strengthening techniques for multi-story frame structures are explored with the objective of reducing maximum drift demands. One option is to modify the code-based SRSS distribution of story shear strength over the height by strengthening of the lower stories of the frame. The modified distribution reduces the maximum story ductility demand, particularly for weak and flexible structures. However, this strengthening technique is less effective for stiff structures, and is almost ineffective in cases in which the maximum demand occurs in the upper stories, i.e. strong and flexible structures. As an alternative, the benefits of strengthening frames with elastic and inelastic walls are evaluated. The effects of adding walls that are either fixed or hinged at the base are investigated. It is demonstrated that strengthening with hinged walls is very effective in reducing drift demands for structures with a wide range of periods and at various performance levels. Wall inelastic behavior only slightly reduces the benefits of strengthening with hinged walls.Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose detection of radiated rice by infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Infrared spectroscopy based on sensitive wavelengths (SWs) and chemometrics was proposed to discriminate the nine different radiation doses (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 Gy) o...
Very Asymmetric Marking Games

We investigate a competitive version of the coloring number of a graph G = (V, E). For a fixed linear ordering L of V let s (L) be one more than the maximum outdegree of G when G is oriented so that x ← y if x <Ly. The coloring number of G is the minimum of s (L) over all such orderings. The (a, b)-marking game is played on a graph G = (V, E) as follows. At the start all vertices are unmarked. The players, Alice and Bob, take turns playing. A play consists of Alice marking a unmarked vertices or Bob marking b unmarked vertices. The game ends when there are no remaining unmarked vertices. Together the players create a linear ordering L of V defined by x < y if x is marked before y. The score of the game is s (L). The (a, b)-game coloring number of G is the minimum score that Alice can obtain regardless of Bob’s strategy. The usual (1, 1)-marking game is well studied and there are many interesting results. Our main result is that if G has an orientation with maximum outdegree k then the (k, 1)-game coloring number of G is at most 2k + 2. This extends a fundamental result on the (1, 1)-game coloring number of trees. We also construct examples to show that this bound is tight for many classes of graphs. Finally we prove bounds on the (a, 1)-game coloring number when a < k.
Plasmatocyte spreading peptide is encoded by an mRNA differentially expressed in tissues of the moth Pseudoplusia includens

Abstract It has long been known that blood cells (hemocytes) are an essential component of the invertebrate immune system, yet little is known about the molecules mediating their function. Recently, we identified plasmatocyte spreading peptide (PSP1) from the mothPseudoplusia includenswhich regulates the trafficking and adhesion of a hemocyte subclass called plasmatocytes. Here, we report the cloning of a cDNA (p15) that encodes a PSP1 precursor protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that a homologous prepro-PSP1 mRNA is expressed in fat body, and that other PSP1-related transcripts are expressed in nervous tissue and hemocytes. Coupledin vitrotranscription/translation reactions indicated thatp15produces a protein recognized by a PSP1 polyclonal antibody. Immunoblotting experiments further revealed that a putative pro-PSP1 protein is present inP. includensplasma and fat body.
Does Public Service Motivation Lead to Budget Maximization? Evidence from an Experiment

ABSTRACT One of the most enduring theories in public management is Niskanen's model of the budget-maximizing bureaucrat. While popular, the image of bureaucrats relentlessly advocating for larger budgets has been frequently attacked. A chief criticism is that the assumption of self-interest does not align with budget maximization, since bureaucrats have little direct way to benefit from larger budgets. A more plausible assumption that offers a stronger causal logic for maximization behavior is that bureaucrats are motivated to help others. If they believe that spending on public goods is beneficial to society, public employees may be likely to advocate for larger budgets. Using vignette-experiment methodology, this article finds that individuals with higher levels of public service motivation do not advocate for significantly higher budgets. The results undercut an alternative theoretical means to support Niskanen's original theory, thereby further undermining the budget maximization model. [Supplementary...
Low dose phenytoin is an osteogenic agent in the rat.

Long-term use of phenytoin for the treatment of epilepsy has been associated with increased thickness of craniofacial bones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that low doses of phenytoin are osteogenic in vivo by measuring the effects of phenytoin administration on serum and bone histomorphometric parameters of bone formation in two rat experiments. In the first experiment, four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily I.P. injections of 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day of phenytoin, respectively, for 47 days. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were increased by 5 and 50 mg/kg/day phenytoin. The increases in osteocalcin and ALP occurred by day 7 and day 21, respectively. The tibial diaphyseal mineral apposition rate (MAR) at sacrifice (day 48) was significantly increased in rats receiving 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin. At a dose of 150 mg/kg/day, the increase in serum ALP, osteocalcin and MAR was reversed. No significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, or 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were seen. In a second experiment, three groups of rats received daily I.P. injection of lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 42 days. Phenytoin also did not affect the growth rate or serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D3 levels. Daily injection of 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin significantly increased several measures of bone formation, i.e., serum ALP and osteocalcin, bone ALP, periosteal MAR, and trabecular bone volume. However, rats receiving lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 1 mg/kg/day) did not show significant increases in the serum bone formation parameters. In contrast, metaphyseal osteoblast surface, osteoblast number, osteoid thickness, surface, and volume were all significantly increased in rats treated in 1 mg/kg/day but not with 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin, suggesting that the tibial diaphysis and metaphysis bone formation parameters might have different dose-dependent responses to phenytoin treatment. Administration of the test doses of phenytoin did not significantly affect the histomorphometric bone resorption parameters. In conclusion, these findings represent the first in vivo evidence that phenytoin at low doses (i.e., between 1 and 5 mg/kg/day) is an osteogenic agent in the rat.
Abundant androgen regulated mRNAs in mouse submandibular gland: cell-free translation of renin precursor mRNA

Submandibular glands of male mice contain at least four abundant mRNAs that occur at low concentrations in glands of females. The male-specific mRNAs code for polypeptides of 48,000, 43,000, 29,000, and 27,000 MW. Androgenic regulation of these mRNAs is illustrated by their apparent absence in glands of castrate males and by their accumulation in glands of females treated with testosterone. Selective hybrid-arrested translation experiments also indicate reduced levels of these male-specific sequences in female gland cytoplasm. The 48,000 MW male-specific polypeptide is reduced in translation products directed by gland mRNA from C57BL10/J mice (variants deficient in salivary renin), suggesting the corresponding mRNA codes for a renin precursor. The identity of this polypeptide is confirmed by immune selection with renin-specific antibody.
A novel class of supercoil-independent nuclease hypersensitive site is comprised of alternative DNA structures that flank eukaryotic genes.

The cell makes a fundamental distinction between genes and non-gene sequences, which mechanistically underlies the process of gene regulation. Here, we describe the properties of a novel class of genetic sites that reproducibly flank and delineate the coding regions of the eukaryotic genes tested. Defined in vitro reaction conditions that include altered solvation and elevated temperature rendered the sites hypersensitive to nuclease cleavage. Consequently, the complete coding regions of the Drosophila genes tested were quantitatively excised from genomic DNA or genomic clones by this treatment. Identical reaction products were generated from linear or supercoiled DNA substrates. Chemical modification and fine-structure analysis of several cleavage sites flanking Drosophila genes showed that the cleavage sites were stable nucleic acid structures that contained specific arrangements of paired and unpaired nucleotides. The locations and properties of the cleavage sites did not correspond to previously known nuclease hypersensitive sites nor to known alternative DNA structures. Thus, they appear to represent a new class of genetic site. In a deletion analysis, the minimal sequence information necessary to direct in vitro nuclease cleavage 3' to the Drosophila GART gene co-localized with the signal required for termination of transcription in vivo. The data suggest that a novel class of DNA site with distinct structural properties encodes biological information by marking the boundaries of at least some gene expression units in organisms as diverse as Plasmodium and Drosophila.
Homobuffer thickness effect on the background electron carrier concentration of epitaxial ZnO thin films

Epitaxial ZnO thin films were grown on r-plane sapphire substrates using plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. ZnO homobuffer layers grown at a lower temperature were introduced to improve the crystallinity of the top ZnO thin films. Thicker homobuffer layers lead to better crystallinity of the subsequent epitaxial ZnO thin films due to the strain relaxation effect. Residual background electron carrier concentration in these undoped ZnO thin films first decreases, then increases as the buffer layer thickness increases from ∼1 to 30 nm, with a minimum electron concentration of ∼1×1017 cm−3 occurring in ZnO homobuffer of ∼5 nm. These results demonstrate that the optimized ZnO homobuffer thickness to achieve both good ZnO crystallinity and low residual electron concentration is determined by the relative electron carrier concentration ratios and mobility ratios between the buffer and epi-ZnO layers.
Regulation of B Cell:T Cell Interactions: Potential Involvement of an Endogenous B Cell Sialidase

In light of the ability of B cells treated with neuraminidase to interact more effectively with T cells, the increased capacity of activated, but not small resting B cells, to interact with T cells could be associated with the level of sialylation on certain B cell surface molecules which influences the effectiveness of the physical interaction between B and T cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if activation of B cells altered sialylation via an endogenous sialidase which affected both the initial interaction between T and B cells and subsequent B cell-induced T cell proliferation. The competitive neuraminidase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc2en), inhibited LPS-mediated enhancement of B cell conjugate formation with Ia-specific T cell clones as well as enhancement of their capacity to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction. The addition of NeuAc2en during LPS stimulation did not affect the surface expression of Ia, LFA-1, ICAM-1 or mB7, suggesting that inhibitio...
An investigation of Runge-Kutta processes, and equivalence of scalar and vector cases

The number p + 1 of Ki’s or stages must be chosen large enough, and the parameters must be determined so that the Taylor series of Y,(Z + h) matches that of Y(..I? + h) through the terms involving h”. These requirements generate a system of nonlinear algebraic equations in the parameters. As indicated in the following table, the number of equations grows rapidly with m-and much more rapidly for the vector case (k > 1, the formula is to be used for systems of differential equations) than for the scalar case (k = 1, for a single differential equation).
A hydrodynamic theory of desalination by electrodialysis

Abstract A hydrodynamic theory of demineralization by electrodialysis has been developed for a multichannel system with steady laminar flow between plane, parallel membranes. The modeling of the system is found to be governed by four basic similarity parameters: (i) a dimensionless applied potential, (ii) the product of the channel aspect ratio and the inverse Peclet number, (iii) the ratio of brine and dialysate inlet concentrations, and (iv) a parameter measuring membrane resistance. For sufficiently long channels it is shown that there are two distinct regions: a “developing” region where the concentration diffusion layers are growing, and a “developed” region where the diffusion layers fill the channel. Parabolic and uniform velocity profiles are considered and self-consistent solutions are derived for the distributions of salt concentration, electric field and current density in the system, as well as for the total current. An integral method of solution is used. In the limits of low and high polarization analytic solutions are obtained which when matched at their point of equality closely approximate the complete numerical solutions. It is found that under a wide range of operating conditions, the solution for the total current is represented by the empirical formula I ^ = [ 1 − exp ( − Ψ ^ 3 ) ] 1 / 3 , where I and Ψ ^ are, respectively, a dimensionless current and potential embodying the four similarity parameters mentioned. Comparison is made of the calculated limiting total current with experiment.
The Susceptibility of the Agents of Chronic Respiratory Disease of Chickens and Infectious Sinusitis of Turkeys to Various Antibiotics

Abstract THERE is considerable evidence indicating that infectious sinusitis in turkeys and chronic respiratory disease of chickens are caused by related agents. Jungherr (1949) on the basis of pathological lesions both in infected chicken embryos and in infected birds, showed that the agents of chronic respiratory disease of chickens and infectious sinusitis of turkeys are closely related if not identical. Van Roekel, Olesiuk and Peck (1952) and Johnson (1951) were unable to distinguish the agents of turkey sinusitis from chronic respiratory disease of chickens, since turkeys and chickens can be infected reciprocally. Grumbles, Boney and Delaplane (1952) produced chronic respiratory disease in chickens by placing them either in direct contact or in close proximity to turkeys infected with sinusitis. Various microorganisms have been implicated as the etiological agents of these two diseases. Groupe et al. (1948, 1949) reported the isolation of a psittacoid virus from the sinus exudate of an infected …
Verification of the spectral performance model of an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer

Modeling is an important part of any instrument development. For the shearing imaging spectrometer in use at the Malabar Test Facility, PL/LIMN a comprehensive model was developed. Preliminary testing and verification were done. The model was then used to perform a parametric study of CCD cameras for this instrument. The results indeed agree with intuition and serve as another verification of this model code.
A Family of Partial Difference Sets with Denniston Parameters in Nonelementary Abelian 2-Groups

We construct a family of partial difference sets with Denniston parameters in the groupZ4t×Z2tby using Galois rings.
Differential characterization of Wilson primes for q[t]

We consider an analog, when ℤ is replaced by Fq[t], of Wilson primes, namely the primes satisfying Wilson’s congruence (p−1)!≡−1 to modulus p2 rather than the usual prime modulus p. We fully characterize these primes by connecting these or higher power congruences to other fundamental quantities such as higher derivatives and higher difference quotients as well as higher Fermat quotients. For example, in characteristic p>2, we show that a prime ℘ of Fq[t] is a Wilson prime if and only if its second derivative with respect to t is 0 and in this case, further, that the congruence holds automatically modulo ℘p−1. For p=2, the power p−1 is replaced by 4−1=3. For every q, we show that there are infinitely many such primes.
The excretion of the citrovorum factor by hyperthyroid rats.

Abstract 1. 1. The administration of desiccated thyroid to normal rats caused an increase in the excretion of the Leuc. citrovorum factor in the urine. 2. 2. Animals deficient in folic acid did not excrete increased amounts of the citrovorum factor (LCF) when they were rendered hyperthyroid. 3. 3. In immature rats fed diets containing folic acid and 0.25% of desiccated thyroid, the administration of vitamin B 12 or of whole liver powder caused an increased urinary excretion of the citrovorum factor.
VALIDATION OF INCREASING PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AS A PREDICTOR OF PROSTATE CANCER DEATH AFTER TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER WITH SURGERY OR RADIATION

ABSTRACT Purpose: Many patients who undergo surgery or radiation therapy to treat localized prostate cancer experience an increase in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) after treatment. This study documents patterns of PSA recurrence after surgery or radiation to treat localized prostate cancer and quantifies the extent to which an increasing PSA predicts death from prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Posttreatment PSA levels were measured on a population based cohort of 1,136 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer in community practice in Connecticut between 1990 and 1992, and treated within 6 months of diagnosis with surgery or radiation with or without androgen withdrawal therapy. The major outcome measure was death from prostate cancer. Results: PSA recurrence followed a log-linear pattern over time. Patients who died of prostate cancer had a median PSA doubling time of 0.8 years (25th and 75th percentiles 0.5 to 1.4 years). Patients who did not die of prostate cancer within 10 years of diagnosis had either no posttreatment increase in serum PSA (40%) or had a PSA doubling time longer than 1 year (44%). Conclusions: Patients whose posttreatment PSA doubling times before the initiation of androgen withdrawal therapy are less than 1 year are at high risk of dying of prostate cancer within 10 years of diagnosis. Men with PSA recurrences that are doubling at rates greater than 1 year are at low risk of death from prostate cancer within 10 years of diagnosis.
Emittance formula for slits and pepper-pot measurement

In this note, a rigid formula for slits and pepper-pot emittance measurement is derived. The derivation is based on the one- dimensional slit measurement setup. A mathematical generalization of the slit emittance formula to the pepper-pot measurement is discussed.
Closure and disclosure in pre-trial argument

Plea bargaining has for some time been a controversial subject for criminologists, and more recently it has commanded considerable public attention in North America. In part, the concern over plea bargaining revolves around the issue of whether vernacular practices for conducting and settling disputes should be bur? dened with cases marked for legal resolution. While the topic remains controver? sial in the legal literatures, very little empirical work has been done to examine just what these conversational practices look like, and to describe how they are used, in effect, to perform legal judgments.1 It is my intention in this paper to
Schizophrenia: one coat of many colors.

For a long while the scientific picture of the biochemical origins of schizophrenia presented a large number of apparently quite unconnected isolated findings. Recently however a clearer account has emerged that begins to tie most of these facts together into a single coherent account. In other words, in most cases, a single complex mechanism seems to be involved. The earlier attempts at providing a single hypothesis – for example the transmethylation, dopamine (DA), serotonin, redox, and glutamate hypotheses – are coming to be seen as parts of an interlinked whole.
The effects of ATP depletion and ionophore A12387 on calcium transport in the secretory rat enamel organ

An in-vitro system was used to study the effects of ATP depletion in the cells of the enamel organ and the use of the calcium ionophore A23187 on the mineralization of rat molar secretory stage enamel and 45Ca-movement through the enamel organ. Mineralization of the explants and 45Ca-uptake by the enamel were both enhanced by ATP depletion. No changes in these parameters were observed when the ionophore was added to the medium. The mechanism that limits the rate of calcium transport through the enamel organ during the secretory phase of enamel development is thus ATP-dependent. The result is consistent with the Takano-Crenshaw hypothesis for transcellular calcium transport. Use of the calcium ionophore A23187 failed to define further the nature of the calcium transport mechanism.
Cellular Electrophysiological Changes Induced In Vitro by Radiofrequency Current: Comparison with Electrical Ablation

The purpose of this study was to examine the cellular electrophysiological effects of radiofrequency energy delivery in an in vitro canine epicardial preparation and compare the effects of those of high energy electrical ablation in a similar preparation. Ten joules of direct current energy or 40 volts of radiofrequency energy were delivered by a 6 French 2-mm tip catheter to the epicardial surface of 2 x 3 cm epicardial strips superfused with Tyrode's solution. Direct current energy delivery produced a crater and central zone of necrosis surrounded by a border zone of viable but damaged tissue that extended up to 10-12 mm from the site of energy delivery. Cellular electrophysiological abnormalities that included a less negative resting membrane potential, decreased peak dV/dT, decreased action potential amplitude, and decreased action potential duration (APD) were approximately linearly related to the distance from the crater edge. In addition, viable and inexcitable cells were frequently interspersed. Between 2 and 5 mm from the crater edge, 36.4% of the cells were inexcitable whereas others displayed normal action potential characteristics. In contrast, radiofrequency current produced a central zone of necrosis surrounded by a smaller border zone. Cellular damage that was qualitatively similar to that produced by direct current energy extended only up to 6-8 mm from the edge of the crater. In addition, severe abnormalities were noted in intracellular potentials recorded within 2 mm of the ablation site, and only minor abnormalities further away. Lesions were relatively homogeneous. Between 2 and 5 mm from the ablation site only 2.6% of the cells were inexcitable (P < 0.05 vs direct current). In conclusion, radiofrequency current produces lesions that are smaller and more homogeneous than those produced by direct current ablation. Although the border zone is small, a region of partially depolarized but viable myocardium is present after radiofrequency current energy delivery. These findings provide a cellular basis for several clinical observations that have been made following radiofrequency current energy delivery.
Four dimensional matrix characterization P-convergence fields of summability methods

In 1945 Agnew presented two dimensional matrix characterization of convergent fields. The goal of this paper is to present four dimensional matrix characterization of P-convergent field. This will be accomplished by the presentation of the following multiple dimensional analogues of Agnew's theorem. If A is a four-dimensional multiplicative with multiplier 0, then there are sequences 0=@s"0<@s"1<@s"2<... and 0=@r"0<@r"1<@r"2<... of integers such that each bounded double sequence {x"k","l} oscillating so slowly thatP-limm,nmax@s"m=