cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture.

Journal limitations on the number of permissable citations have prevented us from citing many additional important contributions made by workers in these fields. We regret that these references could not be more exhaustive. We gratefully acknowledge the helpful discussions and critiques provided by Drs. Regina Brun, Bradford Lowell, Barbara Kahn, Rudolf Leibel, and Steve Farmer. We also thank the members of our laboratories for their many contributions to the ideas presented here. This work was supported by grants R37DK28082 (JSF) and R37DK315405 (BMS) from the National Institutes of Health.
Disaster‐Prone Technologies, Environmental Risks, and Profit Maximization

SUMMARY This paper presents a model of short-run profit maximization by an industrial firm utilizing a disaster-prone technology. The firm's decisions about output rate and accident prevention activities are shown to be jointly determined by market demand, production cost and prospective accident loss data. Various institutional reasons are given for believing that, in the absence of government safety regulations, even a risk-neutral management is likely to choose an excessively high probability of a Bhopal-style disaster. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell der kurzfristigen Gewinnmaximierung fur Indu-strieunternehmungen entwickelt, deren Technologie die Gefahr von Katastrophen birgt. Die Entscheidungen der Unternehmung hinsichtiich Produktion und Unfall-vorbeugung werden bestimmt durch Nachfrage, Produktionskosten und erwartete Folgekosten von Unfallen. Aus verschiedensten institutionellen Grunden durfte sogar ein risikoneutrales Management - bei Absenz staatlicher Sicherheitsvorschrif-ten - dazu neigen, eine aus gesellschaftlicher Sicht zu hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit einer bhopalartigen Katastrophe zu wahlen. RESUME Cet article presente un modele de maximisation du profit pour une entreprise industrielle qui met en ceuvre une technologie a tres hauts risques. Les auteurs montrent que les decisions de l'entreprise concernant le taux de production et les activites de prevention des accidents sont determinees conjointement par la demande du marche, les couts de production et les donnees prospectives de pertes d'exploitation consecutives aux accidents. Cet article fournit differents raisons institutionnelles pour penser qu'en l'absence de reglementations officielles de la securite, une direction d'entreprise neutre envers le risque choisira vraisemblablement une probabilitye extremement elevee vis-a-vis d'un desastre du style de celui de Bhopal.
Isoproterenol inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2-induced growth of renal epithelial cells

The signal transduction pathways modulating bFGF effects in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEc) are not completely understood. Since the cAMP and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways can modulate the growth of RTEc, we studied whether two cAMP elevating agents, isoproterenol and 8-bromo-cAMP, would modulate basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induction of MAPK activity (ERK-2) and cell proliferation in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEc) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK clone EI1). Isoproterenol, but not bFGF, stimulated cAMP production in RPTEc and MDCKEI1 cells. bFGF, isoproterenol, and 8-bromo-cAMP alone increased ERK-2 activity in both cell types. However, isoproterenol and 8-bromo-cAMP partially inhibited the bFGF induction of ERK-2 activity, but only isoproterenol inhibited the proliferation of both cell types. PD098059 (25 µM), an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK 1/2), blocked the bFGF mitogenic effects, but did not affect the 8-bromo-cAMP-induced mitogenic effects in MDCKEI1 cells. These findings suggest that activation of ERK-2 is required but not sufficient for mitogenesis in RTEc. We conclude that isoproterenol inhibits the growth-promoting effects of bFGF in RTEc via MEK-dependent and -independent pathways.
Cytokinins affect spore formation but not cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cytokinins are N6-substituted adenine derivatives that function as essential growth hormones in higher plants. In experimental systems, cytokinins can influence cell growth and differentiation among both plant and non-plant tissues. The single-celled yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has served as an effective and useful model system for the study of a wide range of cellular phenomena generally associated with higher eukaryotes, including mammals. In an attempt to assess the efficacy of its use to dissect the molecular basis for plant hormone action, the effects of cytokinins on S. cerevisiae with respect to cell division rates and sporulation efficiencies were monitored. While none of the cytokinins tested influenced mitotic generation times, micromolar concentrations of kinetin enhanced the formation of yeast haploid ascospores and even lower concentrations of isopentenyladenine inhibited ascus formation.
What is the ultimate test that lowering lipoprotein(a) is beneficial for cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis

Purpose of reviewLipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and calcific aortic valve stenosis. We review recent studies that highlight Lp(a) in CVD and calcific aortic valve stenosis and propose pathways to clinical registration of Lp(a)-lowering agents.Recent findings
Emotional awareness training: A prerequisite to effective cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder

This paper describes a new approach to increasing emotional stability in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) through experiential exercises designed to increase their level of emotional awareness. This approach, called Emotional Awareness Training, is hypothesized to provide the groundwork for emotional stability in BPD patients and to be an important prerequisite to the effective use of cognitive and behavioral interventions with these patients. A comprehensive model for the treatment of BPD is described, which begins with emotional awareness training, followed by training in distress reduction and emotional regulation skills, and work on identifying and challenging early maladaptive cognitive schemas. A treatment manual for Emotional Awareness Training is available from the authors. The models for BPD treatment of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Therapy are reviewed and the issue of research to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment is discussed.
Evidence for motivational effects elicited by activation of GABA-A or dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell.

Microinjections of the inhibitory GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol into the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh) have been reported to induce large increases in food intake, but the effect of these injections on motivational processes is less clear. In the current study, bilateral injections of saline, muscimol (50 ng/side) or D-amphetamine (10 μg/side) were made into the AcbSh of rats trained to lever press on a progressive ratio schedule for food reward. Injections of both muscimol and amphetamine were found to produce a large increase in the breaking point relative to saline injections. This result suggests that inactivation of the AcbSh does not simply drive ingestive behavior, but also affects motivational processes assessed by the progressive ratio schedule. Breaking points were also increased by injections of amphetamine into the AcbSh.
Brave New Directions: Needed Research on the Labeling of Gifted Children

Labeling children "gifted" is a complex process whose impact ripples throughout the relationships and school careers of high potential students, at the very least. The author looks critically at previous research on this topic and makes some interesting suggestions for future efforts.
A wavelet-based almost-sure uniform approximation of fractional Brownian motion with a parallel algorithm

We construct a wavelet-based almost-sure uniform approximation of fractional Brownian motion (FBM) (Bt(H))t?[0,1] of Hurst index H ? (0, 1). Our results show that, by Haar wavelets which merely have one vanishing moment, an almost-sure uniform expansion of FBM for H ? (0, 1) can be established. The convergence rate of our approximation is derived. We also describe a parallel algorithm that generates sample paths of an FBM efficiently
Differential Twitch Kinetics in Engineered Cardiac Tissue Expressing Human Cardiac Myosins

Congestive heart failure is a debilitating disease in which the principal pathology is impaired ventricular contractility leading to diminished cardiac output, and previous work indicates that reduced contractility is based in part on the ratio of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms, α- and β-MyHC, expressed in the ventricles. Normal human ventricles express ∼10% of the fast α-MyHC on a background of the slower β-MyHC, while in failing hearts α-MyHC is reduced to virtually undetectable levels with complete replacement by β-MyHC. Data from permeabilized myocardial preparations suggests that this isoform switch may be partly responsible for reduced myocardial twitch force and pressure development by failing ventricles since β-MyHC is a slower motor protein, yet most experiments have used non-human myosins and experimental conditions in which preparations were steadily activated, thus little is known about the response of human myosins to a time-varying Ca2+ transient. To address these limitations, we recently developed a human 3D engineered cardiac tissue (hECT) system in which we can express recombinant human muscle myosin motors. Using commercially available cloning and adenoviral expression systems, α- or β-MyHC isoform expressing adenoviral particles were used to transduce human cardiomyocytes produced from human iPS cells and construct hECTs. Preparations displayed well-defined cellular structure with elongated morphology aligned in the direction of preparation shortening during electrical pacing, while histological analysis of hECT revealed appropriate protein expression and localization within the sarcomere. In response to a Ca2+ transient, the time-course of twitch force development was accelerated in hECT expressing α-MyHC compared to β-MyHC, while peak twitch force was greater in hECT expressing α-MyHC. These results demonstrate the relative contribution of myosin isoforms to myocardial twitch kinetics in human engineered cardiac tissue constructs expressing a stable background of myofibrillar proteins.
Nosocomial transmission and infection control aspects of parasitic and ectoparasitic diseases. Part II. Blood and tissue parasites

The parasites of significant concern in this category are all protozoa, many of which are not endemic to the United States. For nosocomial transmission to occur, the usual arthropod vectors and life cycles must be bypassed; this requires parenteral transfer of the parasite by such routes as blood-open wound or mucous membrane contact, contaminated needlestick injury, blood product transfusion, or organ transplantation. Two factors combine to make such parenteral transmission of parasites a potentially severe problem when it does occur. First, low index of suspicion results in diagnostic delay and potentially more severe disease. Second, the recipients of component transfusion or organ transplantation are often immunocompromised hosts and thus more likely to develop severe illness or death from the acquired parasitic infection.
Design for a Venus Orbital Imaging Radar Mission

A planetary exploration mission to map the surface of Venus is discussed. A review of the Venus exploration program provides a basis for determining the probable scientific requirements for resolution, planetary coverage, etc., for such a mission. From these requirements, the range of possible mission, radar, and spacecraft functional requirements is determined and a single 'point' design is investigated in some detail. This point design, which provides full planet mapping at resolutions better than 200 meters, is based on Mariner-class spacecraft technology, including a conventional bipropellant propulsion system, currently under development, capable of delivering the required payload into a 500-km circular Venus orbit.
An investigation of driver distraction near the tipping point of traffic flow stability.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationship between driver distraction and characteristics of driver behavior associated with reduced highway traffic efficiency. Background: Research on the three-phase traffic theory and on behavioral driving suggests that a number of characteristics associated with efficient traffic flow may be affected by driver distraction. Previous studies have been limited, however, by the fact that researchers typically do not allow participants to change lanes, nor do they account for the impact of varying traffic states on driving performance. Methods: Participants drove in three simulated environments with differing traffic congestion while both using and not using a cell phone. Instructed only to obey the speed limit, participants were allowed to vary driving behaviors, such as those involving forward following distance, speed, and lane-changing frequency. Results: Both driver distraction and traffic congestion were found to significantly affect lane change frequency, mean speed, and the likelihood of remaining behind a slower-moving lead vehicle. Conclusions: This research suggests that the behavioral profile of “cell phone drivers,” which is often described as compensatory, may have far-reaching and unexpected consequences for traffic efficiency. Application: By considering the dynamic interplay between characteristics of traffic flow and driver behavior, this research may inform both public policy regarding in-vehicle cell phone use and future investigations of driving behavior. Keywords: Driver distraction;
Factors related to hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify factors predictive of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The data can be used to predict which patients in this group have a high probability of requiring permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion. METHODS Seven hundred eighteen patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who were treated between 1990 and 1999 were retrospectively studied, to identify factors contributing to shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. With these data, a stepwise logistic regression procedure was used to determine the effect of each variable on the development of hydrocephalus and to create a scoring system. RESULTS Overall, 152 of the 718 patients (21.2%) underwent shunting procedures for treatment of hydrocephalus. Four hundred seventy-nine of the patients (66.7%) were female. Of the factors investigated, the following were associated with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, as determined with a variety of statistical methods: 1) increasing age (P < 0.001), 2) female sex (P = 0.015), 3) poor admission Hunt and Hess grade (P < 0.001), 4) thick subarachnoid hemorrhage on admission computed tomographic scans (P < 0.001), 5) intraventricular hemorrhage (P < 0.001), 6) radiological hydrocephalus at the time of admission (P < 0.001), 7) distal posterior circulation location of the ruptured aneurysm (P = 0.046), 8) clinical vasospasm (P < 0.001), and 9) endovascular treatment (P = 0.013). The presence of intracerebral hematomas, giant aneurysms, or multiple aneurysms did not influence the development of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION The results of this study can help identify patients with a high risk of developing shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. This may help neurosurgeons expedite treatment, may decrease the cost and length of hospital stays, and may result in improved outcomes.
The DnaK chaperone modulates the heat shock response of Escherichia coli by binding to the sigma 32 transcription factor

Abstract The heat shock response and the heat shock proteins have been conserved across evolution. In Escherichia coli, the heat shock response is positively regulated by the sigma 32 transcriptional factor and negatively regulated by a subset of the heat shock proteins themselves. In an effort to understand the regulation of the heat shock response, we have purified the sigma 32 polypeptide to homogeneity. During the purification procedure, we found that a large fraction of the overexpressed sigma 32 polypeptide copurified with the universally conserved DnaK heat shock protein (the prokaryotic equivalent of the 70-kDa heat shock protein, HSP70). Further experiments established that purified sigma 32 bound to DnaK and that this complex was disrupted in the presence of ATP. Consistent with the fact that dnaK756 mutant bacteria overexpress heat shock proteins at all temperatures, purified DnaK756 mutant protein did not appreciably bind to sigma 32.
Formation of orthorhombic YBa2Cu3O7−x at 900–1020°C in air from a precursor containing BaCuO2.5

Abstract Orthorhombic YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x was obtained when a synthesized precursor containing Y 2 O 3 , BaCuO 2.5 and CuO was heated rapidly to 950–1020°C in air, held for 30 min, and quenched. During DTA at 20°C/min, the BaCuO 2.5 in the precursor decomposed 838°C. The BaCuO 2.5 constituent did not completely decompose during heating at ≥ 50°C/min up to 1020°C and 10 min holding at 950–54°C and 1020°C, when powder or bulk orthorhombic YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7– x formed. Thirty minutes of processing of the precursor mixed with 5 or 10 wt.% silver or excess copper at 1020°C in air resulted in superconductors with > 10 μm size voids beneath dense surfaces.
Conformation and Dynamics of Atactic Poly(acrylonitrile). 1. Trans/Gauche Ratio from Double-Quantum Solid-State 13C NMR of the Methylene Groups

The trans/gauche ratio of backbone bonds in atactic poly(acrylonitrile) (aPAN) was characterized by several two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiments, using 15% 13CH2-carbon labeled aPAN. An estimate of the conformational ratio was obtained from a double-quantum filtered NMR experiment, which correlates the 13C−13C internuclear vector of two adjacent 13CH2 groups with their 13C chemical shift anisotropies. The orientation of the chemical shift tensor was determined in auxiliary experiments. The backbone conformation of two successive bonds was characterized by double-quantum NMR spectroscopy, which correlates the orientation-dependent 13C chemical shifts of two adjacent 13CH2 segments. The experiments were performed with and without 13C−13C dipolar decoupling. From the three two-dimensional NMR spectra that were obtained, the trans/gauche ratio of aPAN was determined as 90%:10% (±10%). This value is compatible with the previously reported experimental density and wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of...
The Virtual Integrated Design Method

Quality function deployment proposes to take into account the “voice of the customer,” through a list of customer needs, which are (qualitatively) mapped to technical requirements in House One. But customers do not perceive products in this space and do not make purchase decisions in this space. Marketing specialists use statistical models to map between a simpler space of customer perceptions and the long and detailed list of needs. For automobiles, for example, the main axes in perceptual space might be categories such as luxury, performance, sport, and utility. A product's position on these few axes determines the detailed customer requirements consistent with the automobile's position such as interior volume, gauges and accessories, seating type, fuel economy, door height, horsepower, interior noise level, seating capacity, paint colors, trim, and so forth. Statistical models such as factor analysis and principal components analysis are used to describe the mapping between these spaces, which we call ...
Business Anthropology in a Work Subculture: Korean and Japanese Young, Single, Working Women

Business anthropologists elicit spontaneous thoughts and observe everyday behavior of people at different points in the organization. Rather than only percentages of work satisfaction and dissatisfaction, anthropologists ferret out the complex reasons behind these percentages. Anthropological research goes beyond the official corporate culture into the experiences and perception that make up the "culture of work." Aiming at a compromise between fairness and productivity, anthropologists analyze power relations and track stimulants and deterrents of worker motivation.
Incorporation of a rough ocean surface and semi-infinite water body in multiple scattering computations of polarized light in an atmosphere-ocean system

The use of accurate space-born polarimetric measurements to retrieve tropospheric aerosol characteristics is a promising remote sensing tool, but also imposes strong requirements on the atmosphere-ocean model in terms of its adequacy and on computational techniques in terms of their accuracy and efficiency. The present work is concerned with computing the reflection matrix of an atmosphere-ocean system within this context. We use the Ambartsumyan non- linear integral equation to obtain the reflection matrix for a semi-infinite homogeneous ocean body containing hydrosols. The reflection and transmission matrices of a statistically rough ocean surface are obtained using the standard Kirchhoff formulation, with shadowing effects taken into account. The reflection properties of the combined ocean body and ocean surface are obtained employing the adding method. We use the Fourier decomposition of the scattering matrices and separation of the first-order scattering to substantially reduce the computational burden. An atmospheric model containing aerosols and molecules is computed and added on the top of the ocean system using the adding/doubling method. We report preliminary computational data and discuss the variation of the degree of linear polarization of singly and multiply scattered radiation as a function of scattering geometry, surface roughness, and aerosol and molecular optical depth.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Searching satellite imagery with integrated measures

Due to the advances in imaging and storage technologies, the number and size of images continue to grow at a rapid pace. This problem is particularly acute in the case of remotely sensed imagery. The continuous stream of sensory data from satellites poses major challenges in storage and retrieval of the satellite imagery. In the mean time, the ubiquity of Internet has resulted into an ever-growing population of users searching for various forms of information. In this paper, we describe the search engine SIMR-Satellite Image Matching and Retrieval system. SIMR provides an efficient means to match remotely sensed imagery. It computes spectral and spatial attributes of the images using a hierarchical representation. A unique aspect of our approach is the coupling of second-level spatial autocorrelation with quad tree structure. The efficiency of the web-based SIMR has been evaluated using a database of images with known characteristics: cities, towns, airports, lakes, and mountains. Results show that the integrated signature can be an effective basis for accurately searching databases of satellite based imagery.
Loss of CPSF2 expression is associated with increased thyroid cancer cellular invasion and cancer stem cell population, and more aggressive disease.

Purpose: Identification of molecular factors that promote thyroid cancer progression have important clinical implications for therapy and prognostication in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The aim of this study was to validate and determine the function of dysregulated genes that were associated increased mortality in patients with PTC. Experiemental Design: We selected the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 2 (CPSF2) gene from the top 5 significantly dysregulated genes associated with PTC-associated mortality from our previous study. We used 86 PTC samples enriched for aggressive disease (recurrence and mortality) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). In vitro functional studies of the validated gene were performed. Results: Decreased CPSF2 gene expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival (P = .03), large tumor size (T3 and T4) (P = .03), tumor recurrence (P < .01), and mortality (P < .01), independent of BRAF V600E mutation status. CPSF2 knockdown increase...
Studies on Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

The presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity was demonstrated in extracts of Papaver somniferum and Ricinus communis . The product of this reaction, 4-aminobutyric acid, was found to be present in Datura stramonium and Delphinium ajacis . It was identified as the only product of glutamic acid metabolism in squash preparations and was not metabolized further.
Monte Carlo simulations of individual variability and their effects on simulated heat stress using thermoregulatory modeling

This paper addresses a variable-dependence (VD) MC method developed based on a previous attempt (VI-MC method) (J. Therm. Biol. 29 (2004), 515) to be incorporated in a thermoregulatory model. Simulated individuals with anthropometrics by VI- and VD-MC methods for US Army population were compared using principal component analysis and Fisher's exact tests. The results indicated that VD-MC data represented overall body size as the primary component and body shape as the secondary component that were more realistic and similar to the measured US Army data (p>0.05) rather than VI-MC data (p<0.05). Such differences consequently affected individual thermoregulatory responses to simulated heat stress. The VD-MC method provides a more realistic representation of individual variability and thus underpins more realistic predictions of individual thermoregulatory responses.
Are sex-selective abortions a characteristic of every poor region? Evidence from Brazil

Introduction of ultrasound equipment has been associated with higher sex ratio (number of male live births divided by female live births) for some developing countries. So far, studies have solely focused in regions with a cultural preference for males, which may introduce misleading conclusions about the association between poverty and sex-selective abortions. We analyzed poor Brazilian municipalities that either (a) did not have ultrasound equipment, or (b) had the introduction of ultrasound equipment for the first time. Propensity score matching was performed, resulting in 155 pairs of comparable municipalities. We found a sex ratio of 1.039 for municipalities that had the introduction of ultrasound equipment and of 1.047 for those that did not. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The use of the propensity score matching approach was successful in reducing bias. Concerns about an association between local poverty and sex-selective abortions should not be a barrier against access to maternal technology. While sex-selective abortions are an important concern for some developing countries, they are not a specific characteristic of poverty.
6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of olfactory tubercles and caudate nuclei: Effect on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats

Abstract Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats has been used as an animal model of psychosis. Much evidence has indicated that this behavior is mediated by an effect of amphetamine on CNS dopamine. There are two distinct ascending dopamine pathways (i.e. nigro-striatal and mesolimbic). Attempts to determine which of these two pathways mediates amphetamine-induced stereotypy have been inconclusive. In an effort to clarify this question 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were made in the forebrain terminal areas of the two pathways in rats and the response of the animals to the subsequent administration of d -amphetamine and apomorphine observed. The brains were then analyzed by histofluorescence microscopy to determine the boundaries of dopamine depleted areas. The results indicate that amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior is mediated by the dopamine projection to the head of the caudate nucleus. The mesolimbic dopamine pathways does not appear to be necessary for amphetamine-induced stereotypy.
31.1: Invited Paper: The Impact of Self‐luminous Electronic Devices on Melatonin Suppression

Self-luminous electronic devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths, close to the peak sensitivity of melatonin suppression. The present paper uses the mathematical model to estimate acute melatonin suppression by electronic devices and computer screens. Results of a study testing these predictions are also presented.
The formation of cognitive locks in single party dominant regimes

‘Cognitive locks’ are ideational path dependencies in policy making (Blyth, 2001). This article argues that one source of cognitive locks is the presence of single party dominant regimes. Single party dominant regimes exist where a single party has managed to control the process of executive formation for an unusually long period of time. Because of their long tenure in executive office, dominant parties are often in positions to implement strong cognitive locks on their political societies. Not all cognitive locks are the same, however. Rather, how the dominant party behaved, either as a ‘distributional coalition’ or as an ‘encompassing organization’ (Olson, 1982) and how it subsequently incorporated ‘voice’ (Hirschman, 1970) to accommodate multiple interests, strongly influence the scope of the dominant party’s cognitive lock. These observations are utilized in two brief case illustrations derived from well-known cases of single party dominance.
Sources of dentists' stress.

A two-page questionnaire on stress in dentistry was completed by dentists participating in the Health Screening Program at the 3982 ADA Annual Session. The ques­tions focused on the dentists' perceived sources of stress. Six items form a pattern for stress: some are unique to dentistry, others relate to today’s fastpaced society.
The magic glove

This article introduces an instrumented glove and its application for robotic and human-assisted material handling manipulators. In its simplest form, worn by an operator, the sensory glove measures the force the wearer imposes on any part of the material handling robot or the object being maneuvered by the material handling robot This measured force is then transmitted as radio frequency (RF) signals to the controller of the material handling robot, which in turn maneuvers the load so that the human operator only needs to exert a small portion of the force, leaving the actuator of the system to provide the remaining force required. Therefore, the actuators of the material handling system add exertion only in response to the operator's hand force on the material handling system, or on the object maneuvered by the robot. Our experimental glove has proven entirely effective in manipulating objects naturally similar to the way we manipulate objects manually without activating many switches and pushbuttons to command the device.
Six just-noticeable differences in retinal image quality in 1 line of visual acuity: Toward quantification of happy versus unhappy patients with 20/20 acuity

Purpose To determine the number of JND's of wavefront blur necessary to induce a one line loss of best corrected visual acuity (VA).
Share with care: a quantitative evaluation of sharing approaches in high-level synthesis

This paper focuses on the resource sharing problem when performing high-level synthesis. It argues that the conventionally accepted synthesis flow when resource sharing is done after scheduling is sub-optimal because it cannot account for timing penalties from resource merging. The paper describes a competitive approach when resource sharing and scheduling are performed simultaneously. It provides a quantitative evaluation of both approaches and shows that performing sharing during scheduling wins over the conventional approach in terms of quality of results.
High-resolution multi-heterodyne spectroscopy based on Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers

In this Letter, we present a method of performing broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy with conventional, free-running, continuous wave Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers (FP-QCLs). The measurement method is based on multi-heterodyne down-conversion of optical signals. The sample transmission spectrum probed by one multi-mode FP-QCL is down-converted to the radio-frequency domain through an optical multi-heterodyne process using a second FP-QCL as the local oscillator. Both a broadband multi-mode spectral measurement as well as high-resolution (∼15 MHz) spectroscopy of molecular absorption are demonstrated and show great potential for development of high performance FP-laser-based spectrometers for chemical sensing.
A simple, highly sensitive assay for measurement of digitonin during receptor solubilization.

Abstract A simple and highly sensitive assay for measuring total digitonin in biological samples is described. The assay is based on the ability of digitonin to hemolyze red blood cells. The precision and reproducibility of the assay was excellent with intra- and inter-assay variabilities of
Long-term experiences with carbamazepine (Tegretol) in children with seizures.

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Excitation and adaptation of Limulus photo-receptors by light and Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

Abstract Receptor-mediated signal transduction is a rapidly developing area of research in which the paths of discovery in biochemistry and physiology are converging. A small number of intracellular messengers appear to mediate a variety of responses to stimuli as diverse as light, hormones and neurotransmitters. The main focus of this review will be on intracellular messengers of visual excitation and adaptation in the ventral photoreceptors of Limulus with an emphasis on the possible role that phosphoinositide metabolism may play in these processes. Because of their large size, the ventral photoreceptors have been a favorite preparation for studying the molecular basis of excitation and adaptation. In Limulus the photoreceptive membranes are composed of microvilli, as is the case in the complex eyes of many other invertebrates. The extrapolation of knowledge obtained from Limulus to other microvillar photoreceptors can be justified on the basis of common structure and physiology, but to draw inferences about non-microvillar photoreceptors is less justifiable.
Phosphoglyceric kinase in human vascular tissue.

SummaryDeterminations were made of the phosphoglyceric kinase activities exhibited by intima-media layers of various types of human blood vessels. A total of 445 vascular specimens was included in the study. The average activity of the thoracic descending aorta expressed in millimoles of 1,3-diphos-phoglycerate formed per gram fresh tissue per hour was .277; the corresponding values recorded for the ascending aorta, abdominal aorta, pulmonary artery, coronary artery, and inferior vena cava were, respectively, .276, .233, .298, .282, and .164. The mean enzyme activity exhibited by lipid-arteriosclerotic aortic tissue samples was 86.2% of that observed for normal tissue of the same arterial specimens.
Multiple mechanisms in the regulation of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450IIE1

Cytochrome P450IIE1 is involved in the metabolic activation of many xenobiotics involved with human toxicity. In particular, cellular concentrations of P450IIE1 are significantly induced by the most widely abused drug in our society today, alcohol. As a result, the synthesis and degradation of this form of P450 has significant health consequences. The regulation of the steady-state concentration of P450IIE1 is an extremely complex process. The enzyme is regulated by transcriptional activation, mRNA stabilization, increased mRNA translatability and decreased protein degradation. The principal mechanism which controls the induction process depends on the chemical nature of the inducer, the age, and the nutritional and hormonal status of the animal. There also appear to be significant sex differences in the expression of P450IIE1. It is entirely possible that the regulation of the enzyme concentration under any given set of conditions will involve all of the mechanisms to different extents.
The Kapitza Conductance of Metal Single Crystals by the Second Sound Technique

We have determined the Kapitza conductance h K of high-purity single crystals of gallium, copper, lead, and tin, between 1.2 and 2 K, by an improved version of the second sound method developed by Challis and Sherlock.1 By using a special mounting technique, we were able to avoid strains in the samples on cooling. A comparison of our results with those given in the literature shows that our values of h K are consistently higher than those obtained by using the steady-state method. By introducing different amounts of strain in a given sample we were able to reduce its h K by corresponding amounts. Thus we were able to cover, for a given metal, the entire range of reported steady-state values. We were also able to demonstrate that in the region of 1–2 K strain not only reduces h K but also increases the temperature dependence considerably. Although a reduction of h K with strain has been reported with the steady-state measurements, it is not accompanied by an increase in the temperature dependence. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Our study of the superconductors lead and tin shows that the temperature exponent is nearly the same in the superconducting and normal states. The absolute value of h K decreases in lead typically by 6 % and increases in tin by 5 %.
Precibarial and cibarial chemosensilla in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract The internal anatomy of the anterior alimentary canal of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) B-biotype, was examined by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the location and number of precibarial and cibarial gustatory sensilla. Elucidation of the epipharyngeal organ complex within the precibarium revealed 10 precibarial sensilla located proximal to where the paired maxillary stylets diverge on their retraction. The sensory organ complex within the cibarium consists of 8 sensilla, 6 on the epipharyngeal sclerite with 2 found within the hypopharyngeal sclerite. Fine structure investigation revealed the individual neurons to terminate at sensillar pores, which allow direct contact with passing fluids, thus supporting a chemosensory function. Ultrastructure of the neurons is similar to that of precibarial and cibarial gustatory chemosensilla found in other piercing-sucking insects. Their importance to whitefly feeding is discussed.
Treg Cells, Life History, and Diversity

Regulatory T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor have a profound and nonredundant role in several aspects of immunological tolerance. We will review here the specification of this lineage, its population dynamics, and the diversity of subphenotypes that correlate with their diverse roles in controlling inflammation in a variety of settings.
McNamara's cognitive model of self-transformation

In choosing between theories of the self, McNamara selects from those that are limited to humans, rather than from multi-level conceptions that highlight that which we share with other animals. The ability of other animals to take goal-directed action without reflecting self-consciously on their choices suggests that the sense of division that interests McNamara emerges developmentally in tandem with the more complex human sense of Self. McNamara's model of self-transformation through decentering is based on cognitive models of pretend play, which is precisely the context in which some theorists believe these more complex capacities emerge. Although the process of decentering may have played a role in the cultural evolution of the executive Self, research on play suggests that it was the human capacity for pretend play that enabled the development of the more complex human self and not religious practices or institutions per se.
Minimum-time approach to obstacle avoidance constrained by envelope protection for autonomous UAVs

An integrated approach is needed for combining path planning for obstacle avoidance with envelop protection to ensure that a UAV is operated within its safe operational limits while maneuvering in obstacle fields. This paper presents a minimum-time approach to this problem by treating obstacle avoidance and envelope protection as inequality constraints in a state space formulation. The approach is used to study the guidance of a rotary wing UAV for aggressive maneuvering in avoiding an obstacle while staying within its operational envelope. The Nonlinear Trajectory Generator (NTG) is used as a real-time optimization solver, and load factor and rotor flapping angle are considered as limit parameters. A nonlinear simulation model of a rotary wing test bed within the Georgia Tech Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Simulation Tool (GUST) is used to evaluate the proposed approach.
An analysis tool to quantify the efficiency of cell tethering and firm-adhesion in the parallel-plate flow chamber

The parallel-plate flow chamber is applied in immunological studies to quantify the adhesivity of cells (e.g. leukocytes) onto ligand-bearing substrates (e.g. endothelial cells) under fluid-flow conditions that mimic the human vasculature. It is also applied to quantify platelet adhesion in vascular injury models, and tumor cell adhesion in models of cancer metastasis. Typical measures of cell adhesion in this setup include the rolling and adherent cell density. These measures are functions of not only the cellular adhesivity, but also of the physical features of the experimental system (e.g. inlet cell concentration) and observation time. Here, we present a mathematical model to better analyze experimental data on cell rolling, firm-arrest and transmigration. The overall goal is to quantify the biological adhesivity of cells independent of the physical parameters that control the rate of cell-substrate and cell-cell collision. This analysis yields four independent parameters: Primary capture frequency quantifies the rate at which cells in the free stream initiate rolling. Firm-arrest frequency is a measure of the transition from rolling to firm-binding. These two frequency parameters are inversely proportional to the distance the average cell convects in the free stream adjacent to the substrate before tethering, or rolls on the substrate before firm-adhesion, respectively. Rolling-release frequency is introduced to quantify the reversible release of cells from rolling back into the free stream. Finally, cell-cell capture probability quantifies the fraction of collisions between cells in free stream and recruited substrate-bound cells that result in tethering. The proposed analysis methodology may find application in studies of inflammation, thrombosis and cancer research.
Colony formation and plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts of Solanum etuberosum

A procedure for the culture of Solanum etuberosum mesophyll protoplasts with subsequent shoot regeneration is described. Several factors affected protoplast yield, colony formation, and shoot regeneration from in vitro plants. A protoplast isolation medium with 0.6 M sucrose produced twice the yield as one with 0.3 M sucrose. uowever, a higher concentration of osmoticum was inhibitory to colony development unless it was diluted into a lower osmoticum medium in a bilayer system. A 16 hour light/8 hour dark photoperiod for stock plants allowed twice the protoplast yield compared to plants grown under continuous light but no effect was found on subsequent colony formation or shoot regeneration. The concentrations of four major salts in the protoplast plating medium were critical for a high frequency of colony formation from protoplasts. Levels of 0.25 × or 1 × were considerably better than 4 ×. Fast colony formation, but at a lower efficiency, was obtained with a monolayer plating method. A bilayer plating system allowed a higher efficiency but colonies developed more slowly. For the best treatments, the frequency of colony formation from protoplasts ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 × 10-3 with 37% to 66% of the colonies producing shoots ten weeks after protoplast isolation.
Quantitation of volatiles and nonvolatile acids in an extract from coffee beverages: correlation with antioxidant activity.

The antioxidant activities of a commercial brewed coffee were investigated by measuring malonaldehyde (MA) formation from oxidized cod liver oil using a gas chromatographic method (MA-GC assay) and a thiobarbituric acid method (TBA assay). The highest antioxidant activity obtained by the MA-GC assay was from regular whole brewed coffee (97.8%) at a level of 20%, and the highest antioxidant activity obtained by the TBA assay was from decaffeinated whole brewed coffee (96.6%) at a level of 5%. Among 31 chemicals identified in a dichloromethane extract, guaiacol, ethylguaiacol, and vinylguaiacol exhibited antioxidant activities, which were comparable to that of α-tocopherol. Among nine chlorogenic acids (three caffeoylquinic acids, three feruloylquinic acids, and three dicaffeoylquinic acids) identified, 5-caffeoylquinic acid contained the greatest amount both in regular (883.5 μg/mL) and in decaffeinated (1032.6 μg/mL) coffees; it exhibited 24.5% activity by the MA-GC assay and 45.3% activity by the TBA ass...