cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
World genera of Mastigitae: review of morphological structures and new ecological data (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae).

Mastigitae comprise most unusual ant-like stone beetles, showing intriguing morphological characters and ecological adaptations. The largest adults among Scydmaeninae can be found in this group; some reaching nearly 9 mm in length, but there are also adults as small as 1.10 mm. Members of Leptomastacini are microphthalmous and depigmented; Mastigini are often black or contrastingly bicolored and have diurnal life style, adults of some species climbing bushes and trees. Papusini inhabit the driest North American deserts and are active during the warmest time of the year; other taxa live in subtropical forests; some are known to enter caves. Adults of some genera have enigmatic modifications of maxillary palps, postgenae or antennae, whose functions still remain unknown. In one genus the male genitalia are enormously elongate, so that these beetles have evolved a method of copulation not known in any other Coleoptera. The evolutionary history of Mastigitae is documented by fossils since the Upper Cretaceous, and extinct forms are even more 'extreme' in their spiny antennae and unusually elongate appendages than their extant relatives. Although phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the relationships and classification of Mastigitae, morphological structures of most genera remain undescribed. They are reviewed in the present synopsis, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult structures of all extant genera ( Ablepton, Leptomastax , Taurablepton , Mastigus , Palaeostigus , Stenomastigus , Leptochromus , Clidicus and Papusus ), with a brief review of known larval forms and fossils. Novel ecological data are given, with emphasis on habitat preferences and feeding behavior. The 'springtail trap' hypothesis for the spiny antennae of Mastigini is rejected, based on field observations and laboratory experiments. For the first time, details of feeding for Palaeostigus and Leptomastax are described. A checklist of species is given, and the main problems related to the classification, phylogeny and ecology of Mastigitae are discussed.
Extracting chemical–protein relations using attention-based neural networks

Relation extraction is an important task in the field of natural language processing. In this paper, we describe our approach for the BioCreative VI Task 5: text mining chemical-protein interactions. We investigate multiple deep neural network (DNN) models, including convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and attention-based (ATT-) RNNs (ATT-RNNs) to extract chemical-protein relations. Our experimental results indicate that ATT-RNN models outperform the same models without using attention and the ATT-gated recurrent unit (ATT-GRU) achieves the best performing micro average F1 score of 0.527 on the test set among the tested DNNs. In addition, the result of word-level attention weights also shows that attention mechanism is effective on selecting the most important trigger words when trained with semantic relation labels without the need of semantic parsing and feature engineering. The source code of this work is available at https://github.com/ohnlp/att-chemprot.
The importance of strength and stamina varies with ownership status in sand fiddler crab contests for breeding burrows

In sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, contests between residents and intruders for breeding burrows often escalate to forceful pinching. In these contests, we found that winners had greater claw armature, greater claw pinching strength, and greater pinching stamina (the ability to persist in pinching at a strength close to the initial level). Winners were not superior to opponents in body size, claw length, or pinching resilience (the ability to quickly return to former pinching strength and stamina). There was also a strong resident advantage such that residents usually won when strength and claw armature were similar among contestants. A field experiment that controlled pinching strength and stamina revealed that (1) residents readily retreat into their burrows when challenged by a male of relatively high pinching strength and (2) only intruders with high stamina win contests in which residents retreat. Contests with burrow retreats are twice as long as other contests, suggesting that high stamina enables intruders to persist in engaging residents. Intruders who lost experimental contests were more likely to immediately engage another resident if they were of high resilience. The ability to engage in multiple contests in short periods of time could prove favorable to residents and may explain their relatively high resilience. This study indicates that strength is a component of RHP and that residents, by retreating into burrows, can force upon intruders the additional requirement of high stamina before they can usurp burrow ownership. Strength and stamina have long been associated with victory in contests between males for breeding territories. However, territory owners may utilize features of their territories to gain an advantage over rivals who possess greater fighting ability. In sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator Bosc, males with larger claws usually win contests for breeding burrows but there is an ownership advantage. We show that greater strength (revealed in claw pinching force) leads to victory for burrow owners but that among intruders it only leads to an additional requirement for victory, the display of stamina (revealed in the ability to persist in forceful pinching). This is because weaker owners take refuge in burrows, forcing intruders into lengthy contests. Thus, the ownership advantage derives from the need of owners to display strength but of intruders to display strength and stamina.
In vivo evidence for dysregulation of mGluR5 as a biomarker of suicidal ideation

Recent evidence implicates dysregulation of metabotropic glutamatergic receptor 5 (mGluR5) in pathophysiology of PTSD and suicidality. Using positron emission tomography and [18F]FPEB, we quantified mGluR5 availability in vivo in individuals with PTSD (n = 29) and MDD (n = 29) as a function of suicidal ideation (SI) to compare with that of healthy comparison controls (HC; n = 29). Volume of distribution was computed using a venous input function in the five key frontal and limbic brain regions. We observed significantly higher mGluR5 availability in PTSD compared with HC individuals in all regions of interest (P's = 0.001-0.01) and compared with MDD individuals in three regions (P's = 0.007). mGluR5 availability was not significantly different between MDD and HC individuals (P = 0.17). Importantly, we observed an up-regulation in mGluR5 availability in the PTSD-SI group (P's = 0.001-0.007) compared with PTSD individuals without SI. Findings point to the potential role for mGluR5 as a target for intervention and, potentially, suicide risk management in PTSD.
Harmonizing Legal Socialization to Reduce Antisocial Behavior: Results from a Randomized Field Trial of Truanting Young People

Legal socialization conceptualizes two processes for attaining compliance as either consensus-based or coercive-based. However, in real life, an adolescent’s exposure to police and school authorities is likely to incorporate a blend of both the consensual and coercive systems of compliance. In this article, we examine how harmonizing the way that police and school authorities engage with young people using a consensus-based legal socialization approach might influence a young person’s self-reported antisocial behavior. Drawing data from a randomized field trial of the Ability School Engagement Program in Brisbane, Australia, we find that a young person’s participation in the consensus-based program impacts self-reported antisocial behavior over time indirectly through changes in perceptions of police legitimacy, but not through changes in perceptions of school legitimacy. We conclude that young people are more likely to obey the law when they are exposed to harmonized legal socialization experiences, but it is a young person’s view of police that matters more for compliance with the law than how they view school authorities.
Abstract TMP41: High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Depression in Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Background: Depression is common in patients after stroke and is associated with worse outcomes Recognition of the causal factors contributing to post-stroke depression may lead to new treatment in...
Scattering of 43-Mev α Particles by Nuclei

The differential scattering cross sections for the elastic scattering of 43-Mev $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles by Zn, Ag, Rh, and Au are obtained over the angular range from 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The absolute errors in the cross sections are estimated to be less than 2% over most of the angular range. The group structure in the inelastic spectrum observed with protons and deuterons is also observed with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles. In the spectra of Ag, Rh, and Zn, one group near 2.7 Mev was observed. In Al, V, and Ni a number of groups were observed. In Au and Ta no groups could be resolved. Angular distributions were obtained for the 2.5-Mev group in Rh and Ag and the 2.8-Mev group in Zn. In the case of the 2.8-Mev group in Zn, the angular distribution shows a very marked diffraction pattern. The data were fitted with Butler's theoretical expression modified to eliminate the assumption that the scattering of 43-Mev $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles by nucleons is isotropic in the center-of-mass system. It is shown that this assumption can be easily eliminated in the formal treatment. A comparison with the angular distributions obtained for the 1.04-Mev ${2}^{+}$ level in Zn with both 43-Mev $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and 21.6-Mev deuterons indicates that $l=3$ is the most plausible assignment for the 2.8-Mev group.
Hierarchical Bloom Filter Framework for Security, Space-efficiency, and Rapid Query Handling in Biometric Systems

Incorporating biometric technology into IoT could enable and assist a variety of futuristic applications such as cardless border crossing, secure access control in smart buildings, and patient tracking/anti-fraud in hospitals. However, existing approaches suffer from large storage requirements and latency in query handling. Additionally, there are privacy risks due to security breaches of raw biometric templates. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical bloom filter based identification system for large-scale biometric systems that reduces storage requirements while providing template security and rapid handling of queries. We address the challenge of incorporating a hash-based bloom filter with noisy biometric data by introducing a mathematical framework that is adaptive to characteristics of any biometric database. Our proposed architecture is implemented using a face database containing 30,000 facial templates and achieves 92.05% reduction in storage size with 99.82 reduction in average query time without sacrificing accuracy. Finally, the security is analyzed against potential tampering and collision attacks.
The Intracluster Medium: An Invariant Stellar Initial Mass Function

Evidence supporting the hypothesis of an invariant stellar initial mass function (IMF) is strong and varied. The intracluster medium (ICM) in rich clusters of galaxies is one of the few contrary locations where recent interpretations of the chemical abundances have favored an IMF that is biased toward massive stars, compared with the normal IMF. This interpretation hinges upon the neglect of Type Ia supernovae toward the ICM enrichment, and a particular choice of the nucleosynthesis yields of Type II supernovae. We demonstrate here that when one adopts yields determined empirically from observations of Galactic stars, rather than the uncertain model yields, a self-consistent picture may be obtained with an invariant stellar IMF and about half of the iron in the ICM being produced by Type Ia supernovae.
First Light for Station V of the Low-Frequency All-Sky Monitor Radio Telescope

The Low-Frequency All-Sky Monitor is a radio telescope network consisting of five stations, each with 13 Long-Wavelength Array (LWA) antennas, distributed around the North American continent. The LWA antennas are arranged so as to form a wide-angle drift scan beam, sensitive to bright radio transients, astrophysical and ionospheric, at 10–88 MHz. The multiple stations can reliably verify astrophysical events by simultaneous detection. Adding the fifth station at Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, MI, provides a wider range of declination coverage for the project. Station V, like the previous four stations, was constructed by undergraduate researchers, who continue to operate and manage the telescope. Here we report on Station V’s "first light", and discuss future prospects.
Robust depth estimation for efficient 3D face reconstruction

This paper proposes a learning based framework for efficient 3D face reconstruction. We transfer the 3D reconstruction into a statistical learning problem of finding appropriate mapping between texture and depth subspaces. Instead of using grayscales to directly estimate the depth, we use local binary pattern (LBP) to further encode the face texture, providing robustness for depth estimation under different illumination conditions. Then the high dimension learning problem between face subspaces is tackled by the kernel partial least squares (PLS) regression. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reconstruct 3D face from single frontal image efficiently and robustly.
An aging clock using metabolomic CSF

Abstract Quantifying the physiology of aging is essential for improving our understanding of age-related disease and the heterogeneity of healthy aging. Recent studies have shown that in regression models using “-omic” platforms to predict chronological age, residual variation in predicted age is correlated with health outcomes, and suggest that these “omic clocks” provide measures of biological age. This paper presents predictive models for age using metabolomic profiles of cerebrospinal fluid from healthy human subjects, and finds that metabolite and lipid data are generally able to predict chronological age within 10 years. We use these models to predict the age of a cohort of subjects with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and find an increase in prediction error, potentially indicating that the relationship between the metabolome and chronological age differs with these diseases. In our analysis of control subjects, we find the carnitine shuttle, sucrose, biopterin, vitamin E metabolism, tryptophan, and tyrosine to be the most associated with age. We showcase the potential usefulness of age prediction models in a small dataset (n = 85), and discuss techniques for drift correction, missing data imputation, and regularized regression which can be used to help mitigate the statistical challenges that commonly arise in this setting. To our knowledge, this work presents the first multivariate predictive metabolomic and lipidomic models for age using mass spectrometry analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
Low-Level Lead Exposure: Implications for Research and Practice

The purpose of this article is to review the current status of empirical research regarding the impact of low-level lead exposure on children's development and learning and to identify guidelines f...
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Led Diabetes Collaborative Drug Therapy Management Service:

Objective:To evaluate the pharmacist-led diabetes collaborative drug therapy management services in a family medicine and internal medicine clinic.Design:Mixed methods of evaluation based on the Re...
Lysozyme nephropathy: A rare and reversible cause of acute kidney injury in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia:

Acute kidney injury is a common complication in patients with hematological malignancies. The following is a brief description of a patient with a known myeloproliferative disorder that progressed ...
Social Determinants of Opioid Use among Patients in Rural Primary Care Settings

Opioid use and misuse are a widespread problem across the United States. Identifying and targeting social determinants of opioid use may help to identify predictive factors to influence interventio...
THE POWER OF THE PURSE AND BUDGETARY ACCOUNTABILITY: EXPERIENCES FROM SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN CHINA

Accountability is the cornerstone of fiscal administration. This research studies the relationship between accountability and the sharing of budgetary power. We found that the accountability in China is supported by the superior of bureaucratic power, instead of the comprehensiveness of various accountability components. The implication is that the accountability is facilitated in terms of emphasising to whom government officials are accountable within the chain of command, reducing goal conflicts and improving strategic goal attainment. However, it is hindered at the same time in terms of lacking evaluations perceived to be impartial, limited room for democratic accountability, over-implementation of policies at all costs, and weak comprehensive awareness of 'accountable for what' (as long as it is a policy direction from the top). The structure of the power of the purse both enables and limits the tone and terrain of budget accountability in particular and government accountability in general. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of weight change in a weight gain prevention study for young adults.

Objective Recovery from weight regain is uncommon during weight loss treatment. This study examined whether participants in a weight gain prevention intervention similarly struggle to recover following weight gains and which factors predict transitions. Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from the Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP), a randomized controlled trial comparing two weight gain prevention interventions with a control group. Young adults (n = 599; age 18-35 years) were followed over 3 years. Markov models identified transition rates in going above and returning below baseline weight across follow-up. Logistic regressions identified predictors of transitions. Results At each time point, approximately double the number of participants who transitioned from below to above baseline transitioned from above to below. The magnitude of weight changes from baseline and the number of weight loss strategies used predicted transitions from below to above and above to below baseline weight (with opposite relationships). Infrequent self-weighing and lower dietary restraint predicted transitions below to above baseline weight. Treatment arm, demographics, calorie consumption, and physical activity generally did not predict transitions. Conclusions Young adults engaging in weight gain prevention struggle to lose gained weight. Alternative strategies are needed to address weight gains in weight gain prevention interventions.
CLEO®/Europe-EQEC 2021 X-ray Free-Electron Lasers: the Attosecond – Ångstrom Frontier for Molecular Dynamics

Ultrashort, coherent light pulses with wavelengths and durations on the atomic scale are now widely available due to the revolutionary advances made in x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) technologies in the past few years [1] , [2] . The use of a free-electron gain medium, as opposed to discrete atomic transitions in traditional lasers, provides complete tunability from extreme ultraviolet (100 nm) to hard x-ray (1 Angstrom) wavelengths – enabling elemental, chemical site and spin selectivity to probe dynamics in complex systems. These ultrashort, tunable x-ray pulses have large energy content (10 12 -10 13 photons/pulse), particularly relative to high harmonic generation (HHG) sources – enabling focused intensities up to 10 20 W/cm 2 and exploration of nonlinear x-ray phenomena [3] - [5] . The transverse coherence of the x-ray pulses generated by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FELs is excellent [6] – enabling coherent diffraction imaging, x-ray holography and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Going further, a fully coherent FEL pulse with longitudinal coherence is reliably achieved by seeding the source [7] – enabling time-domain coherent control using two phase-coherent waveforms delayed with attosecond precision [8] . The combination of all of these properties from advanced XFELs portend a bright future for multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies to elucidate nuclear and electronic dynamics on the atomic scale that probe not only charge densities and motions, but also quantum coherence and correlations between valence electrons and holes in systems of chemical importance [10] . This tutorial will review XFEL radiation properties and their origins, and illustrate their use via case studies involving molecular dynamics in the gas and liquid phase.
Insect and Disease Disturbances Correlate With Reduced Carbon Sequestration in Forests of the Contiguous United States

Major efforts are underway to harness the carbon sequestration capacity of forests to combat global climate change. However, tree damage and death associated with insect and disease disturbance can reduce this carbon sequestration capacity. We quantified average annual changes in live tree carbon accumulation associated with insect and disease disturbances utilizing the most recent (2001 – 2019) remeasurement data from National Forest Inventory plots in the contiguous United States. Forest plots recently impacted by insect disturbance sequestered on average 69% less carbon in live trees than plots with no recent disturbance, and plots recently impacted by disease disturbance sequestered on average 28% less carbon in live trees than plots with no recent disturbance. Nationally, we estimate that carbon sequestration by live trees, defined as the estimated average annual rate of above- and belowground carbon accumulation in live trees (diameter at breast height ≥ 2.54 cm) on forest land, has been reduced by 9.33 teragrams carbon per year (95% confidence interval: 7.11 to 11.58) in forests that have experienced recent insect disturbance and 3.49 teragrams carbon per year (95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 5.70) in forests that have experienced recent disease disturbance, for a total reduction of 12.83 teragrams carbon per year (95% confidence interval: 8.41 to 17.27). Strengthened international trade policies and phytosanitary standards as well as improved forest management have the potential to protect forests and their natural capacity to contribute to climate change mitigation.
An Overview of International Dispute Settlement

The importance of crafting practical and acceptable ways to effectively manage and resolve international conflicts and disputes is apparent. This article - the initial article in a new law journal intended to specialize in issues of international dispute settlement - suggests a framework for thinking about this subject.The article addresses, and discusses in detail, the following questions: (1) What are the characteristics of “international disputes” and how do such disputes differ from other disputes? (2) When and why do we have to try to settle such international disputes? (3) Do states have obligations to settle their disputes peacefully and, if so, what are the sources of such obligations? (4) What kinds of international disputes are there (discussing subject matter, character, nature of parties, importance, effect on other nations, and appropriateness of judicial or other kinds of settlement)? (5) Do disputes follow a typical pattern (discussing how they arise, subsequent history, effect of third party intervention, and range of outcomes)? 6) What techniques are available for settling international disputes (discussing negotiation, good offices and mediation, fact finding and conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, and settlement through the UN or other international organizations)? 7) When is a dispute actually settled?; 8) How can disputes be avoided?; 9) What is the relevance of law to dispute settlement?This article was reprinted in C. Ku and D.F. Diehl, INTERNATIONAL LAW: CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY READINGS (Lynn Reiner1998). A second companion article by the author on “International Dispute Settlement and the Role of International Adjudication” appears in the Emory Journal of International Dispute Resolution, Vol.1, No. 2 (Spring 1987), pp. 142-173.
Is the endocrine research pipeline broken? A systematic evaluation of the Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines and trial registration.

Very low quality (VLQ) evidence translates into very low confidence in the balance of risk and benefits based on the estimates drawn from the body of evidence. Consequently, this assessment highlights gaps in the research evidence, i.e. knowledge gaps, for important clinical questions. In this way, expert guideline panels identify priority knowledge gaps that, arguably, should inform the research agenda and prioritize scarce research economical resources. The extent to which the research agenda reflects the knowledge gaps identified in clinical practice guidelines is unknown. A systematic evaluation of the Endocrine Society (ES) clinical practice guidelines portfolio from 2008 to 2014 was conducted with the objectives to identify (1) recommendations in the ES clinical practice guidelines based on VLQ evidence reflecting knowledge gaps in endocrinology, and (2) active research designed to address these gaps by searching the clinical trial registry, clinicaltrials.gov, using terms describing patients (diseases), interventions, comparison, and outcomes. In 25 ES guidelines, we found 660 recommendations, of which 131 (20 %) were supported by VLQ evidence. Clinical trialists are attempting to answer 28 (21 %) of these knowledge gaps by performing 69 clinical trials. The research enterprise is addressing one in five knowledge gaps identified in clinical practice recommendations in endocrinology. These findings suggest an inefficiency in the allocation of very scarce research economical resources. Linking the research agenda to evidence gaps in clinical practice guidelines may improve both the efficiency of the research enterprise and the translation of evidence into more confident clinical practice.
Caffeine inhibition of ionotropic glycine receptors.

We found that caffeine is a structural analogue of strychnine and a competitive antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors (GlyRs). Docking simulations indicate that caffeine and strychnine may bind to similar sites at the GlyR. The R131A GlyR mutation, which reduces strychnine antagonism without suppressing activation by glycine, also reduces caffeine antagonism. GlyR subtypes have differing caffeine sensitivity. Tested against the EC50 of each GlyR subtype, the order of caffeine potency (IC50) is: α2β (248 ± 32 μm) ≈α3β (255 ± 16 μm) > α4β (517 ± 50 μm) > α1β(837 ± 132 μm). However, because the α3β GlyR is more than 3-fold less sensitive to glycine than any of the other GlyR subtypes, this receptor is most effectively blocked by caffeine. The glycine dose–response curves and the effects of caffeine indicate that amphibian retinal ganglion cells do not express a plethora of GlyR subtypes and are dominated by the α1β GlyR. Comparing the effects of caffeine on glycinergic spontaneous and evoked IPSCs indicates that evoked release elevates the glycine concentration at some synapses whereas summation elicits evoked IPSCs at other synapses. Caffeine serves to identify the pharmacophore of strychnine and produces near-complete inhibition of glycine receptors at concentrations commonly employed to stimulate ryanodine receptors.
Discovery and validation of peripheral blood gene expression profiles predictive of poor outcome and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease associated with increase mortality. In this study we aim to identify and validate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression profiles predictive of poor outcomes and IPF progression Methods: We collected transplant free survival (TFS) data, extracted RNA from PBMCs and performed Microarrays in IPF patients from a discovery (N=45) and replication cohort (N=75) at the University of Chicago and Pittsburgh, respectively. Significance analysis of Microarrays was used to identify genes associated with TFS. Hierarchical clustering and qRT-PCR were used to validate Microarray findings. Transcript counts were measured by the nCounter system (NanoString) in a larger (N=120), prospectively followed IPF cohort (University of Pittsburgh), at multiple time points per patient (N=425). A linear mixed model was used to identify significant associations between FVC and FVC% with gene expressions over time after adjusting for differences in age, gender and immunosuppression use. Results: Hierarchical clustering based on 52 outcome predictive genes distinguished two clusters of IPF patients with significant differences in TFS (HR:2.08,CI:1.29-3.32,P=0.017). No differences in age, gender or immunosuppression use were identified between patients in these clusters. 43 and 40 genes of the 52-gene profile were significantly associated with changes over time in FVC and FVC%, respectively, by the linear mixed model (P<0.05). Conclusions:A 52-gene profile is predictive of TFS. The majority of these genes are also associated with changes in FVC and FVC% over time.
Transmembrane potential changes caused by shocks in guinea pig papillary muscle

To study transmembrane potential (Vm) changes (delta Vm) caused by extracellular field stimulation, Vm was recorded in 10 guinea pig papillary muscles by a double-barrel microelectrode. A 10-ms shock was delivered during the action potential plateau or during diastole. Six shock strengths (1.8 +/- 0.4, 3.8 +/- 0.7, 5.6 +/- 0.9, 7.2 +/- 1.1, 11.1 +/- 1.9, and 17.8 +/- 1.5 V/cm) were given with both polarities. The tissue was then treated with either 30 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX; n = 5) or 30 microM TTX plus Ca(2+)-free (n = 5) perfusion. For shocks during the action potential plateau, delta Vm caused by the six potential gradients was 22.4 +/- 9.6, 43.6 +/- 17.4, 54.7 +/- 17.9, 60.4 +/- 18.1, 65.4 +/- 13.7, and 66.4 +/- 12.2 mV for shocks causing depolarization and 41.1 +/- 16.5, 68.3 +/- 22, 80.5 +/- 20.4, 84.0 +/- 19.5, 93.6 +/- 16.3, and 98.9 +/- 15.4 mV for shocks causing hyperpolarization. The relationship between delta Vm and shock potential gradient was not linear. During diastole, hyperpolarizing shocks induced initial hyperpolarization, then depolarization followed again by hyperpolarization. A new depolarization upstroke occurred immediately after the shock. After TTX or TTX plus Ca(2+)-free perfusion, point stimuli 10 times diastolic threshold could not induce an action potential, but a shock field of 1.8 +/- 0.2 V/cm still induced action potentials. The peak value of depolarization measured with respect to resting potential (-87 +/- 5 mV) during the hyperpolarizing shock decreased from +14 +/- 22 before to -66 +/- 30 mV with TTX perfusion (P < 0.01). The fast upstroke rate of depolarization both during and immediately after the end of hyperpolarizing shocks was inhibited by TTX perfusion. Thus 1) the relationship between delta Vm and shock potential gradient is not linear; 2) field but not point stimulation can induce an action potential when Na+ channels are inactivated; and 3) during diastole Na+ channels are activated twice by a 10-ms hyperpolarizing shock, once during shock-induced hyperpolarization and again immediately after the end of the shock.
On a theorem of Ismagilov

Abstract If A and B are bounded selfadjoint operators and AB is trace class, then the absolutely continuous part of A + B is unitarily equivalent to the direct sum of the absolutely continuous parts of A and B .
An Approach to Safe Microwave Cooking of Pork Roasts Containing Trichinella spiralis

Pork roasts, obtained from pigs experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis, were cooked at 50% power in four microwave ovens. The attainment of consistently well done roasts is the primary requisite for development of safe cooking methods. Recommendations for cooking of trichinous pork roasts, with adequate margins of safety, are made for each oven.
Vibrometry of industrial workers: A case study

Abstract Vibrometry was performed on 165 factory workers and supervisors in 18 different job classifications. A low vibrometry score indicates insensitivity to vibrations and thus potential compression neuropathy. Males had significantly higher scores than females. Subjective estimates of the job's repetitiveness, force requirement and wrist angle movement did not correlate significantly with the vibrometry score but pace did (self-paced jobs had higher scores). Questions relating to pain in the hands and numbness in the hands were significant predictors of the score. The conventional vibrometry score is the total from seven frequencies. Analysis shows only the top frequencies (125, 250, 500 Hz) are needed and possibly just 250 and 500 Hz.
A New Fixed-Overlap Partitioning Algorithm for Determining Stability of Bioinformatics Gene Rankers

Feature (gene) selection has become an important and necessary step for combating high dimensionality, a problem found in bioinformatics datasets. Many studies have focused on gene selection, examining both the design of these techniques and the classification performance of prediction models built using these techniques. However, it is only recently that any work has focused on the robustness or stability of these gene selection techniques. Robustness is important because techniques which do not give reliable gene lists cannot be trusted to give useful genes. Previous papers studying stability typically generate multiple random sub samples of the original dataset and compare the genes chosen from these with one another, or compare the genes from the sub samples directly with the genes from the original data. These methods both have known problems, either with comparing two randomly-generated datasets with an unknown level of overlap or with comparing two datasets of different sizes. This paper introduces a new algorithm for generating sub sample datasets called fixed-overlap partitions. This will generate sub samples which have exactly the desired level of overlap and number of instances. Using this method we evaluate nineteen feature selection techniques using twenty-six real world DNA microarray datasets. Our results show that there are three rankers (Deviance, Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, and Precision-Recall Curve) which are consistently the most stable. However, the level of overlap, the quality of the data, and the number of genes selected have an effect on which ranker will be the most stable in a given situation. The fixed-overlap partitions algorithm in particular is able to find how varying levels of overlap can cause different levels of difficulty to sometimes resemble one another (for example, moderate-difficulty datasets behave like easy-difficulty datasets at low levels of overlap, but diverge as the overlap increases).
A Brief History of the Pacific Sociological Association

Founded in 1929 by Emory S. Bogardus, the PSA is the oldest regional sociological association. During its 85-year history, the association has steadily increased in membership, participation, registration and size of its annual meeting, complexity of organizational structure, and has moved from a gemeinshaft to a gesellshaft culture and to a more inclusive and democratic association. Much of this change has mirrored the growth of sociology in general and of higher educational institutions in U.S. and has been made possible essentially through the work and effort of volunteers.
CIRCADIAN VARIATION OF THEOPHYLLINE (T) PHARMACOKINETICS IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN

Most previous T pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted during the day. We examined nocturnal pharmacokinetics in five asthmatic patients (aged 7 to 11 y) who received equivalent doses of either TheoDur tablets (TD) or Somophyllin-CRTR capsules (S), given every 12 h, during 1 week and the alternate preparation during the next. Patients remained on TD and S for six days, after which blood was obtained at 1 min pre-dose and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h post-dose for two consecutive dosing intervals. Sera were analyzed in duplicate for T by an enzyme immunoassay method. Differences of maximum and minimum serum T concentrations (STCmax-min); areas under concentration/time curves (AUC); and times to maximum concentrations (Tmax) were determined for TD and S during each dosing interval. Although in all patients TD provided for less STC fluctuation at night, S is better absorbed than TD during the night. Tmax for TD occurs very late in the night dosing interval. These preliminary results indicate that a circadian variation of T pharmacokinetics exists and that the characteristics of this variation are different for S and TD.
Cold Chicago: Uncivil Modernity, Urban Form, and Performance in the Upstart City

Since the Haymarket massacre of 1886, Chicagoans have buried and resurrected the city's experiences in performances, politics, and built environments. From Sullivan to Gehry to Chris Ware, from socialist militancy to immigrants' rights, from 19th-century commemorations of the Paris Commune to 21st-century stagings of architectural and political conflicts, Chicago has generated drama in urban theory and practice as well as in theatre.
Electron contamination due to Lucite in a 45-MV photon beam

The presence of the Lucite blocking tray in a 45‐MV betatron beam leads to a considerable loss in the skin‐sparing properties of this unit. Measurements conducted with a parallel‐plate chamber show that the surface dose is approximately doubled (up to 58% of the maximum absorbed dose) and the depth of maximum dose is reduced by as much as 1.5 cm by the Lucite. These results suggest that separate dosimetry data should be kept for blocked and unblocked fields. The penetration of the electron contamination to the open field depth of maximum dose can lead to erroneous results if attenuation measurements are made at that depth. Studies of the effect of the lead sheet and leaded acrylic on the surface dose showed that under normal circumstances the presence of high‐Z materials increases the surface dose, hence these materials cannot in general be used as electron filters on very high energy x‐ray units. A Luciteless blocking tray with universal triangular corner blocks has been designed for use in special cases requiring a reduced surface dose.
Capital Ideas and Market Realities: Option Replication, Investor Behavior and Stock Market Crashes

Kristaps Licis continues his review of Web information of value of alternative investments. Two sites which offer direct advisor commentary and information on individual hedge funds as well as the hedge fund industry in general are reviewed.
Effect of different capping environments on the optical properties of CdS nanoparticles in reverse micelles

CdS (E=2.5 eV) nanoparticles were synthesized in reversed micelles and capped with materials of different band gaps and charge compensation ability: Cd(OH)2 (4.0 eV), ZnS (3.2 eV), and CdO (2.3 eV). The preparations allowed the examination and comparison of the efficiencies of confinement of the electron and hole by the various capping materials. The absorption and emission spectra of the capped CdS nanoparticles suggest the following: (1) Efficient capping and strong quantum confinement are observed for CdS particles of small size (<3.8 nm), showing well-resolved photoexcitation spectra; (2) the confinement efficiency improves with capping thickness; (3) although ZnS has smaller band gap than Cd(OH)2, it was more efficient in surface-charge compensation and it is the best capping agent of the three materials; and (4) the similar band gaps of CdO and CdS resulted spectroscopically in strong mixing between the excited states of these materials. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 439–450, 1999
LIMITATIONS OF THE LIGNIN PEROXIDASE SYSTEM OF THE WHITE-ROT FUNGUS, PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM

The lignin peroxidase enzyme system of the white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium was assayed for its capacity to degrade two recalcitrant aliphatic ether compounds, high-molecular-mass polyethylene glycol (PEG 20 000) and methyl tert-butyl ether. Ligninolytic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium were spiked with each ether compound and incubated in reaction vessels. Separate incubations were conducted in which the ether compounds were present as sole carbon source. Other parameters, such as varying the methyl tert-butyl ether concentration and veratryl alcohol additions were tested. No significant degradation of either compound was observed under any of the conditions tested. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to the oxidative limitations of the lignin peroxidase enzyme system and structural features of substrate molecules that may be requisite for oxidation by this system.
Solution-phase parallel synthesis of hexahydro-1H-isoindolone libraries via tactical combination of Cu-catalyzed three-component coupling and Diels-Alder reactions.

Parallel solution-phase synthesis of combinatorial libraries of hexahydro-1H-isoindolones exploiting a novel “tactical combination” of Cu-catalyzed three-component coupling and Diels–Alder reactions was accomplished. Three distinct libraries consisting of 24 members (library I), 60 members (library II), and 32 members (library III) were constructed. Variation of three substituents on the isoindolone scaffold in library I was exclusively achieved by the choice of the building blocks. In the syntheses of libraries II and III, sublibraries of isoindolone scaffolds were prepared initially in a one-pot/two-step process and were further diversified via Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with boronic acids at two different diversification points. The Lipinski profiles and calculated ADME properties of the compounds are also reported.
Fatal Pulmonary Embolism from Jugular Veins Following Benign Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Abstract The fatal course of a patient with so-called benign superior vena cava syndrome who died of pulmonary embolism originating in obstructed jugular veins is presented. This combination has not been reported previously, and it is worthwhile to be aware of the jugular veins as a site of origin for thromboembolic phenomena.
Mössbauer studies of illites and heat-treated illite as related to coal-conversion processes

Abstract Mossbauer spectra of iron species in the following illites were studied: Grundite, Fithian, Minerva, and New Albany. Spectra of samples of Fithian illite heated at temperatures of 225, 700, and 1000 °C were also obtained. Analyses of these spectra provide Mossbauer parameter values of iron species in the illites and heat-transformed illite for comparison with similar species found in coals containing illites and in coal process residues derived from them. The illites contain both ferric and ferrous species. Mossbauer parameters for one of the ferric species, designated M(2), are virtually the same as those of pyrite. The two species are therefore difficult to distinguish from one another. Values of the concentration of pyrite in coals and shales may be inflated if the pyrite concentration is measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Mossbauer spectra of the heat-treated illite samples reveal changes in iron distribution, principally at the 700 and 1000 °C levels, where there are found three and six different iron species respectively. These changes are accompanied by reduction of ferric to ferrous iron. This process should be integrated into any assessment of the iron chemistry which accompanies coal-conversion processes.
The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate

Describes the career of Senator McCarthy and explains how he was able to gain so much influence over the U.S. Senate.
Hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase in the chicken Harderian gland

Abstract The Harderian gland (HG), a sero-mucous secreting organ in the eye orbit, has long been recognized as immunologically important in chickens. During experimentation to characterize immune components of the gland, proteomics analysis revealed the presence of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS). Extraction of total RNA followed by RT-PCR produced cDNA of 597 base pairs. DNA sequencing revealed nucleic acid and predicted amino acid sequences that were 99% aligned with the one published sequence for chicken H-PGDS of the spleen. Alignment with murine, rat, and human H-PGDS were 69, 69, and 66%, respectively. Ocular vaccination of chickens with a Newcastle Disease/Infectious Bronchitis vaccine (Mass.-Ark. Strain) induced an increase in H-PGDS expression determined by real-time PCR. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of frozen HG sections showed positive stained cells for both H-PGDS and mast cell tryptase in the sub-epithelial cell layers of the HG ducts. Based on the potent vasoactive role of PGD2, it appears that the chicken HG is a site of active mucosal immunity partially mediated by PGD2 synthesized by H-PGDS in the gland.
Using paths in the classroom: experiences and adaptations

Walden’s Paths was designed to enable teachers to collect, organize, and annotate Web-based information for presentation to their students. Experiences with the use of Walden’s Paths in high-school classrooms have identified four needs/issues: (1) better support for the gradual authoring of paths by teachers, (2) support for student authoring of paths including the ability for students to collaborate on paths, (3) more obvious distinction between content of the original source materials and that added by the path author, and (4) support for maintaining paths over an evolving set of source documents. These observed needs have driven the development of new versions of Walden’s Paths. Additionally, the experiences with path authoring have led to a conceptualization of meta-documents, documents whose components include complete documents, as a general domain where issues of collaboration, intellectual property, and maintenance are decidedly different from traditional document publication.
Xenopus transcription factor IIIC (TFIIIC) specifically interacts with the “B” block region of the TFIIIA gene

Transcription factors IIIC (TFIIIC), TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III are commonly required for class III gene transcription in vitro. To understand the diversity and specificity of Xenopus TFIIIC, we have further characterized this factor. Our analyses indicate that a partially purified TFIIIC fraction contains an activity which specifically recognizes the "B" block element of TFIIIA gene. Stable complex formation assays with HeLa cell extracts demonstrate that the TFIIIA gene can stably sequester TFIIIC. off
Absorption edge fine structure study with subunit cell spatial resolution using electron channeling

Abstract By combining the channeling and blocking effect in electron energy loss spectroscopy the absorption edge of an atom residing on a particular crystal site can be enhanced relative to the absorption edge of an atom on another nonequivalent site. Using this experimental arrangement it is shown that the near edge fine structures of octahedral and tetrahedral Al3+ in sillimanite, Al2SiO5, are different. This provides a technique for experimentally separating the empty states above the Fermi level for the same element on dissimilar lattice sites in the same crystal.
Indignation, inspiration, and interaction on the internet: emotion work online in the anti-human trafficking movement

Despite the absence of face-to-face interactions, the web offers digital activists a surprisingly rich setting for emotion work, facilitating evocative storytelling and offering easy and immediate opportunities to engage in symbolic action. This article uses data from interviews with activists to analyze how emotion work is done online, including personalizing statistics to generate moral shock and telling survivor stories to demonstrate efficacy and create hope for social change. Furthermore, it argues that the web, especially social media, facilitates interactions between activists, state actors, and end users that provide mutual affirmation and validation. A positive unintended emotional consequence of such interactions is that activists working in the field draw encouragement and motivation from users at home.