cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of Physiotherapeutic Postural screening in Children and Young people in Montenegro

The research was carried out within the campaign “Straighten up and practice!”, designed as a free counseling service in public places in several Montenegrin cities, and intended to recognize and identify postural problems in children and young people in time in Montenegro
Design progress on the Lynx soft x-ray critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer

Lynx is one of the Surveyor-class mission concept studies for the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. One of the nominal science instruments for Lynx is a soft X-ray grating spectrometer and our design using critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings can achieve the required resolving power R < 5000 and effective area < 4000 cm2. We presented an initial optical design in Gunther and Heilmann 2019 (JATIS 5, 02), and identified several points where additional ray-trace work can improve our design of the instrument. We add additional non-ideal effects to our ray-traces, namely diffraction and shadowing by the support structures of the gratings membranes and a finite energy resolution of the detector. Taken together, resolving power and effective area do not change much compared to our initial work, but this higher level of detail in the simulations shows that the design is workable in the presence of non-ideal effects.
The critical role of neuraxial anesthesia in external cephalic version.

Sir,We read with much interest the article written by Anand et al., “Development and validation of a clinical score to predict the probability of successful procedure in women undergoing external c...
Pore Size Engineering Enabled Selectivity Controlin Tandem Catalytic Upgrading of Cyclopentanone on Zeolite-EncapsulatedPt Nanoparticles

Selectivity control is the central challenge in the development of tandem catalytic processes. Zeolite encapsulated nanoparticle has been shown to be an effective catalyst architecture to regulate ...
Determination of Hydrogen Concentration in Thin Films of Absorbing Materials

Two techniques for measurement of absorbed hydrogen concentration in thin films are described: the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and an adaptation of the volumetric technique. Their relative advantages and limitations are discussed.
Targeting Innate Immunity in Cancer Therapy

The majority of current cancer immunotherapy strategies target and potentiate antitumor adaptive immune responses. Unfortunately, the efficacy of these treatments has been limited to a fraction of patients within a subset of tumor types, with an aggregate response rate of approximately 20% to date across all malignancies. The success of therapeutic inhibition of programmed death protein 1 (PD-1), protein death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has been limited to "hot" tumors characterized by preexisting T cell infiltration, whereas "cold" tumors, which lack T cell infiltration, have not achieved durable benefit. There are several mechanisms by which "cold" tumors fail to generate spontaneous immune infiltration, which converge upon the generation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of the innate immune system in tumor immunosurveillance and generation of antitumor immune responses has been long recognized. In recent years, novel strategies to target innate immunity in cancer therapy have emerged, including therapeutic stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs); the DNA sensing cGAS/STING pathway; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), such as NLRP3; and the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). In addition, therapeutic modulation of key innate immune cell types, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, has been investigated. Herein, we review therapeutic approaches to activate innate immunity within the TME to enhance antitumor immune responses, with the goal of disease eradication in "cold" tumors. In addition, we discuss rational immune-oncology combination strategies that activate both innate and adaptive immunity, with the potential to enhance the efficacy of current immunotherapeutic approaches.
Out of Bounds Injury Tests Stadium Liability Limits

Reggie Bush filed a lawsuit in St. Louis Circuit Court (currently removed to the Eastern District of Missouri) against the owners and operators of the Edward Jones Dome, the St. Louis Regional Convention and Sports Complex Authority and the St. Louis Convention & Visitors Commission. The suit arises from his injury at the November 2015 game between the San Francisco 49ers and the St. Louis Rams when Bush slipped and fell on an uncovered portion of concrete. The complaint alleges one count of premises liability and one count of general negligence.
Isolation and Reactivity of Uranyl Superoxide

The high radiation field associated with spent nuclear fuel (U(IV)O 2 ) pellets produces an array of reactive radical species that impact the corrosion and formation of secondary alteration phases. Dioxygen radicals are important as radiolysis products, but the interaction between these reactive oxygen species and U(VI)O 2 2+ and its effects on the resultant alteration phases is unclear. Herein, we report the first example of a U(VI) superoxide compound and explore its reactivity in the environments relevant to the storage of spent nuclear fuel. We utilized X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering techniques to demonstrate that the uranyl superoxide reacts with CO 2 in air to afford a mixed uranyl peroxide/carbonate within 3 days, both in solution and under atmospheric conditions. An additional transformation occurs over the course of three months to form a potassium U(VI) carbonate (grimselite), which also occurs as an alteration product on Chernobyl corium. Our results demonstrate the presence and significance of the superoxide anion in the alteration of spent nuclear fuel and indicate the impact of uranyl superoxide chemistry on high prevalence of carbonate in the secondary phases of spent nuclear fuel.
Manned space travel: from a race between nations to a race against the environmental stressors beyond earth.

The International Space Station (ISS), the largest man-made object in space, is a collaboration between space agencies of the United States, Canada, Russia, Europe and Japan. This research laborato...
New Technological System to Revolutionize the Management of Valvular Heart Diseases: Transcatheter Aortic Valve for the Treatment of Aortic Stenosis

The goal of this study is a technology analysis of a revolution for the management of valvular heart diseases given by new technological system based on transcatheter artificial aortic valve, a delivery catheter and a loading system for the treatment of aortic stenosis (a narrowing of the aortic valve because of calcium build up that restricts blood flow to aorta, the body's main artery) in patients at intermediate and greater risk for surgical therapy. In particular, this study analyzes the technological trajectories of new technology of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in relation to the established technology of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). To explore the emerging technology of TAVI for valvular heart diseases, a model is applied to show how new TAVI technology is growing and substituting established technologies of SAVR to revolutionize the management of aortic stenosis in cardiology. Statistical analyses reveal the sharp increase of the scientific production of TAVI that has a coefficient of growth as function of time equal to 0.40 (p<.001) versus a coefficient for SAVR technology of 0.10 (p<.001). This finding suggests a technological forecasting that TAVI will be the dominant technology for the treatment of patients with valvular heart diseases. Overall, then, this study shows that new technology of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) introduced in 2002 is growing in terms of scientific, inventive and innovative activity to revolutionize the management of aortic stenosis in cardiology worldwide.
CFD modeling of pre-spark heat release in a boosted direct-injection spark-ignition engine:

Accurate predictions of low-temperature heat release (LTHR) are critical for modeling auto-ignition processes in internal combustion engines. While LTHR is typically obscured by deflagration, extre...
Fear dynamically structures the ocean's pelagic zone.

Summary Fear of predation can have wide-ranging ecological effects. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 This is especially true in the ocean’s pelagic zone, the Earth’s largest habitat, where vertical gradients in light and primary productivity force numerous taxa to migrate vertically each night to feed at the surface while minimizing risk from visual predators. 5 , 6 , 7 Despite its importance and the fact that it is driven by spatial differences in perceived risk, 8 diel vertical migration (DVM) is rarely considered within the “landscape of fear” 3 , 8 , 9 framework. 10 It is also far from the only such process in the pelagic zone. We used continuous, year-long records from an upward-looking echosounder and broadband hydrophone at a cabled observatory off Central California, USA, to observe avoidance reactions by several groups of pelagic animals to the presence of their predators. As expected, vertical migration was ubiquitous, but we also observed behaviors at shorter and longer timescales that were best explained by fear of predation. The presence of foraging odontocetes induced immediate diving behavior in mesopelagic sound-scattering layers, and schools of epipelagic fishes induced similar reaction in layers of zooplankton and mesopelagic micronekton. At longer timescales, the presence of fish schools significantly deepened vertical migration, rearranging life throughout the water column. We argue that behavioral reactions to predation risk are common in the pelagic zone at a range of spatiotemporal scales and that our understanding of food webs and biogeochemical cycling in this immense biome will be incomplete unless we account for fear.
Dynamic Social Impact

In this chapter, I discuss several conceptions of simulation as a tool for doing social science and describe a specific approach, dynamic social impact theory, for understanding the self organization of society. I then discuss some ways in which simulation has and has not been useful in advancing this theory and compare it with leading examples of sucessful social science simulations based on approaches from statistical physics, microeconomics, and distributed artificial intelligence. I do this, not as a philosopher of science, a physicist, or a computer scientist expert in the logic or techniques of computer simulation. Instead I am a working social psychologist, writing about computer simulation from a user’s perspective. My kind of social psychology is not just a subfield of psychology but an interdisciplinary focus on the individual human being as both the nexus of cultural, social, historical, economic, political, and biological influences, and the agent for societal change. People are the eyes and the brains and the arms of society, which, I believe, must be seen as a complex, self-organizing system whose nature can be explored with the help of computer simulation.
Eve Triem: A Retrospective

TO READ the poems of Eve Triem is to discover her rare combination of naive delight in flowers, colors, art and gardens, along with her acute social perceptions, and her indignant response to injustice. Eternally young herself, she has an immediate appeal to the young, who reject the notion that you can't be concerned equally with slums and humming birds, as they reject the ancient shibboleths of the mind-body split or the body-spirit split. From her first publication, the voice was clear, formed, Eve's own. In reading these poems of thirty-five, forty years ago, there is the same stab of pleasure one feels in reading early Pound, Graves, Kunitz, the best of Bogan:
Cloning of the Pachysolen tannophilus Xylulokinase Gene by Complementation in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The gene coding for xylulokinase has been isolated from the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus by complementation of Escherichia coli xylulokinase (xylB) mutants. Through subcloning, the gene has been localized at one end of a 3.2-kilobase EcoRI-PstI fragment. Expression of the cloned gene was insensitive to glucose inhibition. Furthermore, the cloned gene did not cross-hybridize with E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae xylulokinase genes.
Cardiovascular adaptation to O-G (Experiment 294): Instrumentation for invasive and non-invasive studies

Many astronauts returning from space have difficulties regulating blood pressure, some to the point of fainting during quiet standing. Experiment 294 was designed to study this and other cardiovascular effects of adaptation to microgravity and to understand the mechanisms behind it. To accomplish this several cardiovascular variables had to be measured accurately. Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output (blood pumped by the heart each minute), stroke volume (blood pumped by the heart with each beat), limb flow, limb compliance, heart size and central venous pressure all had to been recorded during various stresses to understand fully the adaptation to space and the readaptation to earth's gravity. Numerous pieces of equipment were used. Some were purpose-built for the Spacelab mission and others were derived from commercial hardware. Developing spaceflight hardware is challenging and costly, but can lead to significant new information in the unique environment of space.
Sloppy/Strict Identity, Empty Objects, and NP Ellipsis

This article proposes that, with Fiengo and May's (1994) indexing theory, a full-fledged reconstruction approach to null argument phenomena in such languages as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean becomes possible. Not only does the present NP-Ellipsis analysis preserve the insight of Otani and Whitman (1991), but it also helps overcome the drawbacks of their VP-Ellipsis analysis of null objects. This article thus argues that null NPs in these languages must be empty phrase- markers underlyingly, not empty pronouns per se, and hence, their reference properties can be determined only at LF after reconstruction. It is shown that this analysis also promises to solve certain binding-theoretic puzzles that null argument phenomena have posed.
Detection of moving targets in the visual pathways of turtles using computational models

Microcircuits in the visual cortex of freshwater turtles have been revisited. These consist of a model of the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the visual cortex. In this paper, we present, via simulation how visual input on the retina is subsequently processed by the LGN leading up to an input to the cortex that generates a wave of activity. To gain access to the information content of the cortical wave, we analyze the extent to which these waves are able to discriminate the motion direction of the targets. The results are displayed in terms of root mean square error. We also show, via simulation, the role of the geniculate nucleus in terms of noise suppression. In particular, we show that, without the geniculate complex, retinal noise is strong enough to produce cortical activities without any form of target inputs. For realistic motion discrimination, it is imperative that noise in the geniculate is suppressed.
A Review of “Theology, Disability, and Spiritual Transformation: Learning from the Communities of L’Arche”

Theology, Disability, and Spiritual Transformation attempts to plumb the considerable depths of L’Arche. French for the Ark, L’Arche names an international federation of homes for the developmental...
Emerging Groupware Successes in Major Corporations: Studies of Adoption and Adaptation

Computer support for meeting scheduling is a focus of active research in several areas, including distributed AI and intelligent agents, software engineering, and information systems. It is also of very high applied interest: After a decade of very modest success, commercial scheduling software is taking hold in some organizational settings. However, meeting scheduling is most significant for being one of the first desktop group support applications that is widely used in some large organizations. The slow acceptance of most groupware applications raised questions about the conditions under which successful use would develop. Studies of calendar use and meeting scheduling at Sun, Microsoft, and other organizations provide clear answers to the conditions under which such use can develop. In addition, differences in the patterns of use within and across organizations provide further insight into the relationship between a widely-used technology and the behaviors that accompany it. Relatively minor choices in the way groupware is rolled out could have substantial impact on the way it is used.
Optimizing interferometer experiments for cosmic microwave background B-mode measurements

The sensitivity of interferometers with linear polarizers to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) E and B modes is variant under the rotation of the polarizer frame, while interferometers with circular polarizers are equally sensitive to E and B modes. We show analytically and numerically that the diagonal elements of window functions for CMB E/B power spectra are maximized in interferometric measurements of linear polarization, when the polarizer frame is in certain rotation from the associated baseline. We also present a simulated observation to show that the 1σ errors on E/B-mode power spectrum estimation are variant under the polarizer frame rotation in the case of linear polarizers, while they are invariant in the case of circular polarizers. A simulation of a configuration similar to the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) shows that the minimum 1σ error on the B mode in interferometer measurements with linear polarizers is 26 per cent of that in interferometric measurements with circular polarizers. The simulation also shows that the E/B mixing in interferometer measurements with linear polarizers can be as low as 23 per cent of that in interferometric measurements with circular polarizers. It is not always possible to physically align the polarizer frame with all the associated baselines in the case of an interferometer array (N > 2). There exist certain linear combinations of visibilities, which are equivalent to visibilities of the optimal polarizer frame rotation. We present the linear combinations that enable B-mode optimization for an interferometer array (N > 2).
Shock-Induced Martensite Reversal in Fe/30%Ni

Shock experiments with α-phase Fe/30%Ni have been done at temperatures from 20°C to 400°C using the W.S.U. gas gun. Hugoniot elastic limits were found to be independent of initial temperature up to at least 275°C with mean value of 9.05 kbars. Amplitude of the phase transition wave varied with temperature in a manner similar to that reported by Rohde (1). Transition pressure at room temperature (uncorrected for shear) was 78 kbars, compared to 71 kbars reported by Rohde and 82 kbars reported by Loree et al. (2). At 400°C the wave profile consisted of two waves, not three. Amplitude of the first was approximately 5.5 kbars. Separation between first and second waves supports the hypothesis that the first is the transition wave, the second is the final wave3 and the elastic wave does not form because the transition collapsed the deviators. This must be regarded as tentative because of the poor quality of records at 400°C. With one exception recovered specimens showed no increase in austenite content for initial temperatures less than 200°C. Between 200°C and 400°C retained γ increased linearly. This contrasts with results reported by Rohde et al. (3) who found significant increases even below the transition pressure and at room temperature.
Judging Political Hearts and Minds: How Political Dynamics Drive Social Judgments

We investigated how judgments of political messengers depend upon what would benefit one’s preferred candidate. In Study 1a, participants were asked to evaluate the warmth and competence of the writer of a pro- or anti-Obama political message for the 2012 presidential election (Obama/warm; Romney/competent). When judging the messages, warmth was emphasized by Democrats and competence by Republicans. Study 1b replicated these effects for messages about Romney as well. Study 2 examined the 2004 presidential election where perceptions of the party candidates’ warmth and competence reversed (Bush/warm; Kerry/competent). There competence was emphasized by Democrats and warmth by Republicans. Study 3 showed that varying the warmth and competence of each party’s prospective candidates for the 2016 election influences whether warmth or competence is emphasized by Democrats or Republicans. Thus, differences between Republicans and Democrats in emphasizing warmth or competence reflect a dynamic motivated cognition ...
Differentiation of human trophoblast cells in vitro as revealed by immunocytochemical staining of desmoplakin and nuclei

The differentiation of isolated human cytotrophoblast cells has been studied by staining cells with anti-desmoplakin antibodies, to reveal cell boundaries, and with anti-nuclear antibodies, to reveal nuclei. During the first 24 h after plating in Ham9s/Waymouth medium, mononucleated cytotrophoblast cells began to spread and aggregate, forming colonies. This was accompanied by progressive changes in the pattern of desmoplakin staining. In single cells, desmoplakin was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. As cells aggregated, desmoplakin was redistributed and formed linear, punctate arrays at regions of cell-cell contact, consistent with desmosome formation. A pavement-like staining pattern was maintained even at 5 days. Double staining for desmoplakin and nuclei revealed that most cells within colonies were mononucleated. When plated in a growth medium originally formulated for keratinocytes, cytotrophoblast cells aggregated and formed desmosomes normally. However, after 48 h, cell diameters were increased and nuclei changed from being evenly distributed to forming clusters within large cells, consistent with syncytiotrophoblast formation. While cells grown in Ham9s/Waymouth medium for 2 days could be induced to differentiate by switching to keratinocyte growth medium, cells cultured for 5 days before switching were resistant to the differentiation-inducing effects of the keratinocyte medium. Desmosome-type junctions within colonies of trophoblast cells were unstable and, even after 5 days in culture, could be disrupted by lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. While syncytiotrophoblast formation in keratinocyte growth medium (which contains epidermal growth factor, insulin and hydrocortisone) was accompanied by a 15- to 20-fold increase in chorionic gonadotropin secretion, syncytiotrophoblast formation occurred to a similar extent in keratinocyte basal medium (which does not contain these factors) but with only a twofold increase in chorionic gonadotropin release. These results support the notion that biochemical and morphological differentiation of trophoblast are independent events.
They Reap but Do Not Sow: How Multinational Corporations Are Putting an End to Virtuous Capitalism

The actions of “world-based” multinational corporations (MNCs) have effectively decoupled the revenue generation and the production sides of the business equation. This decoupling has led to an end of “virtuous capitalism,” which has widespread ramifications for the societies within highly developed countries as well as those in developing and underdeveloped nations. This article presents an overview of the defining aspects of virtuous corporations and the linkages to virtuous capitalism. It then describes the actions of Apple Computer as emblematic of an MNC that is nonvirtuous in its practices. The article then discusses how the encouragement of globalized trade has prompted the shift away from virtuous capitalism and closes with a summary of possible actions that could reverse the decline in corporate virtue.
Informative, Compare and Contrast, and Persuasive Essay Composing of Fifth and Seventh Graders Not All Essay Writing Is the Same

Typically developing writers in fifth (n = 110, M = 10 years 8 months) or seventh (n = 97, M = 12 years 7 months) grade wrote informative, compare and contrast, and persuasive essays for which the content was held constant-two mountains with a history of volcanic eruption. Relevant background knowledge was provided by reading text and showing colorful illustrations to the students before writing each genre. Results showed considerable variability between genre pairs within and across individual writers in content quality, organization quality, and length. Results, which support multiple expository genres, are consistent with prior research showing multiple genres (narrative vs. expository or even within narrative). Results are discussed in reference to the importance of assessing multiple genres in inferring composing expertise as emphasized by Olinghouse and colleagues.
THE DEMISE OF KING COTTON

Cotton fields were associated closely with rolling plains and black people in the traditional South. Cotton acreage within the region has declined sharply from its peak in 1929, and the crop has become increasingly concentrated in favored areas. The demise of cotton is best described by a mini-atlas of comparable maps of cotton and its correlatives. The once close relationship between cotton and black people has weakened steadily since World War I. The long-term effect of the boll weevil on cotton acreage may have been exaggerated.
A Case for Case Studies

ABSTRACT Case studies are conspicuously absent from the literature on second language learning and teaching. Negative attitudes toward case studies may be attributable to the fact that they are viewed as aspects of a non-scientific tradition. Researchers have begun to question the straitjacket effects of the “scientific method” on educational research. Case studies allow subjects to stand out as individuals and are characterized by natural rather than treatment variables. Many aspects of the second language learning/teaching process are not amenable to experimentation at the present time and case studies are valuable as precursors to experimentation.
Un Journal de Province sous la Révolution: Le “Journal de Marseille” de Ferréol Beaugeard (1781–1797)

Cette premiere etude complete d’un titre important de la presse provinciale - le Journal de Marseille (suite du Journal de Provence) - publie pendant treize ans dans la grande cite phoceenne, couvre toutes les activites du journal et tous les aspects de sa gestion, notamment son administration financiere. La procedure engagee sous le Directoire contre son directeur et principal redacteur, Ferreol Beaugeard, a livre de precieux renseignements sur l’histoire de la Revolution en Provence. L’etude du periodique est une contribution notable au « mouvement sectionnaire » marseillais, puisque le journal devient en mai 1793 l’organe quasi-officiel du federalisme marseillais. Par sa methode et sa documentation hors pair, ce livre est un ouvrage de base sur la presse de province.
Origin of maize: The tripartite hypothesis

The oldest known archaeological race of maize is a pod-popcorn. The closest living wild relative of cultivated maize is teosinte. Although the morphological differences between maize and teosinte are spectacular in appearance they are conspecific genetically. The tripartite hypotheses proposes that the ancestor of domesticated maize was a now extinct wild pod-popcorn; that teosinte originated from maize-Tripsacum hybridization; and that introgression with either teosinte or Tripsacum gave rise to the tripsacoid syndrome characteristic of many modern races of maize. Maize and teosinte cross readily, and exchange genes wherever they are sympatric. Hybrids between maize and Tripsacum are not always easy to produce, but natural introgression between these taxa is possible. However, artificially induced introgression from Tripsacum into maize failed to produce either teosinte-like offspring or the combination of tripsacoid characteristics assumed to indicate such introgression during the evolution of several South American races of maize. The available archaeological data seem to exclude teosinte as a possible ancestor of domesticated maize. This will make maize the only cereal without a living direct ancestor. Biosystematic studies suggest that teosinte is so closely related to domesticated maize that it could be accepted as the progenitor of maize.
Attitudes of processors and distributors towards processing in the natural foods industry

ABSTRACT In the last twenty years products bearing the term ‘natural’ have proliferated in the marketplace. Major food companies have made ‘natural’ claims often with a disclaimer that ‘no artificial preservatives or other such additives have been added’. In the 1970s, the Federal Trade Commission staff developed a two pronged standard encompassing the use of additives and ‘minimal processing’; it was not adopted and there is still no federal standard for the term. However, terms such as ‘natural’ and ‘minimal processing’ continue to be used to describe foods that, contrary to consumers’ expectations and the earlier proposal, are produced with complex processing technologies. As part of the federal legislative mandate to develop standards for production of organic foods, processing standards are also being proposed. It appears that groups developing these standards are not considering the inclusion of a ‘minimal processing’ prong, although there may be a need for this later. In this paper we have studied ...
Modernizing the savage: Colonization and perceptions of landscape and lifescape

The processes of colonization and landscape reconfiguration are often discussed as related, but separate, issues. In this paper we demonstrate that these issues are linked and are important in understanding the relationship between land use, culture, ideology and society. An important part of the colonization project is the perception of land as barren, infertile and/or unsafe (evidenced in the connotations of land descriptions such as desert, bog, wilderness) and the people on it as non-existent and/or savage. Thus heroic, military incursion would be necessary for initial settlement. Case studies of the Midwestern United States, Patagonia in Argentina, and Palestine demonstrate how the colonization project has led to the transformation of the landscape and the oppression (and often removal) of the indigenous population. In all three places the land was defined by the encroaching regimes as empty, barren and dangerous. That definition justified military-style incursions and massive land transformation projects, such as draining wetlands and large-scale irrigation of deserts, in the name of modernization to make the land more habitable. In all three areas there was relatively equitable land distribution initially, waves of migration in and out of the area, and export-based agricultural production. Findings from historical analysis and field research demonstrate how social capital is built around perceptions of the landscape for colonizers and colonized. For colonizers, by interpreting the land as harsh and the natives as savage they developed a unification of purpose in achieving a dominion over both. For the colonized, in this case Palestinians, American Plains Indians, and Mapuche Indians, the recognition of a greater integration with nature is serving as a unifying element in their struggle for indigenous rights.
Moving from the Consortium to the Reference Desk: Keeping Chat and Improving Reference at the MSU Libraries

The experience of the Mississippi State University (MSU) Libraries illustrates the challenges presented by moving from consortial to local chat, as well as an evaluation of the advantages of chat reference in an academic setting. Countering the consortial, instant-messaging model prevalent in virtual reference today, the MSU Libraries have found chat offers advantages in an academic community. Moving to a local setting, it was possible for the MSU Libraries to maintain quality control over chat transactions while building relationships with faculty and students across campus.
Decreased Nitric-oxide Synthase Activity Causes Impaired Endothelium-dependent Relaxation in the Postischemic Heart

Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important regulator of endothelial function and vascular tone in biological tissues. While endothelial dysfunction occurs following ischemia and has been attributed to altered NO. formation, the biochemical basis for this dysfunction is unknown. Therefore, studies were performed to determine the effects of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on eNOS in isolated rat hearts subjected to periods of global ischemia or ischemia followed by reperfusion. eNOS activity was assayed by L-[14C]arginine to L-[14C]citrulline conversion and alterations in the amount and distribution of eNOS determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. While activity was preserved after 30 min of ischemia with a value of 1.1 +/- 0.1 pmol x min-1 x mg of protein-1, it decreased by 77% after 60 min and became nearly undetectable after 120 min. Reperfusion resulted in only a partial restoration of activity. The decline in activity with ischemia was due, in part, to a loss of eNOS protein. Hemodynamic studies showed that the onset of impaired vascular reactivity paralleled the loss of functional eNOS. Subjecting isolated eNOS to conditions of acidosis, which occur during ischemia, followed by restoration of pH as occurs on reperfusion, caused a combination of reversible and irreversible loss of activity similar to that seen in ischemic and reperfused hearts. Thus, loss of endothelial function following ischemia is paralleled by a loss of eNOS activity due to a combination of pH-dependent denaturation and proteolysis.
Specific heat of GE 7031 varnish (4 – 18 K)

Abstract The specific heat of General Electric 7031 varnish has been measured in the temperature range 4–18 K. The results match reasonably well with those of Phillips from 1–4 K, considering the variability of the varnish due to different methods of preparations, and hence different solvent retention.
Effect of nanovaccine chemistry on humoral immune response kinetics and maturation

Acute respiratory infections represent a significant portion of global morbidity and mortality annually. There is a critical need for efficacious vaccines against respiratory pathogens. To vaccinate against respiratory disease, pulmonary delivery is an attractive route because it mimics the route of natural infection and can confer both mucosal and systemic immunity. We have previously demonstrated that a single dose, intranasal vaccine based on polyanhydride nanoparticles elicited a protective immune response against Yersinia pestis for at least 40 weeks after immunization with F1-V. Herein, we investigate the effect of nanoparticle chemistry and its attributes on the kinetics and maturation of the antigen-specific serum antibody response. We demonstrate that manipulation of polyanhydride nanoparticle chemistry facilitated differential kinetics of development of antibody titers, avidity, and epitope specificity. The results provide new insights into the underlying role(s) of nanoparticle chemistry in providing long-lived humoral immunity and aid in the rational design of nanovaccine formulations to induce long-lasting and mature antibody responses.
2-Dimensional Integrated VCSEL and PiN Photodetector Arrays for a Bidirectional Optical Links

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized separate and monolithically integrated 2-dimentional vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and photodetector arrays for optical board-to-board communications. The arrays of VCSELs, detectors, and integrated arrays have been fabricated on a hexagonal grid so as to maximize the number of devices that can be coupled to a circular waveguide. The integrated laser/detector arrays are in intermeshed hexagonal grids of the same period but are offset one half of a period. This results in die that have mirror symmetry after a rotation of 60 degrees. The photodetector epilayers are grown epitaxially on top of a conventional VCSEL structure. A novel fabrication process is employed which enables etching down to carefully expose the top laser facet. Device characteristics are observed to be uniform across the entire array. This in addition to the mirror symmetry of the die allow for the usage of these arrays as optical transceivers.
Trypanosoma cruzi: inhibition of protein synthesis by nitrofuran SQ 18,506.

Abstract SQ 18,506 is a nitrofuran compound related to the trypanocide Lampit. In vitro , radiolabeled leucine, uridine, and thymidine were incorporated into macromolecular protein, RNA, and DNA in order to study growth inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi . Our findings suggest that the primary effect of the drug is on protein synthesis and not mediated solely by inhibition of RNA synthesis as indicated by prior studies. The drug was also found to reduce markedly the uptake of uridine into the nucleotide precursor pool but to affect only slightly the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA.
Effective R&M activities

Alion's System Reliability Center (SRC) has developed a systematic approach for independently assessing all aspects of the product's life cycle to determine whether proven reliability and maintainability (R&M) activities are being utilized within an organization. Alion SRC's Reliability Maturity Assessment benefits from lessons learned in a wide range of industries to objectively identify strengths and weaknesses to provide a numerical rating of an organization's current reliability maturity. The assessment also provides an actionable improvement plan for moving the organization forward to higher levels of reliability maturity.
Indifference within Indignation: Anthropology, Human Rights, and the Haitian Bracero

An elaboration on the political-economy approach makes explicit its implicit critique of liberal human rights ideology. Evidence from fieldwork among Haitian migrant sugarcane workers (braceros) and returnees on both sides of the island of Hispaniola highlights the tradition's blind spots. Economic unfreedom renders the bracero vulnerable to infringements of his basic civil liberties. This condition draws into question Western human rights activists' inattention to the economic and social roots of labor and minority rights abuses
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. An underdiagnosed genetically heterogeneous disorder with protean manifestations.

Nine probands with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and 65 of their relatives underwent clinical and histological investigation. Seven previously unrecognized cases were found through family studies. In addition to previously reported manifestations, massive uterine bleeding and hypothyroidism were noted. Three patients with gastrointestinal tract bleeding had predisposing lesions; possibly arterial abnormalities predispose to hemorrhage from gastrointestinal lesions. Dominant inheritance could not be documented, but autosomal recessive transmission could have occurred in four families. Findings in three families suggest that subjects heterozygous for a PXE gene may have increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal tract, degenerative vascular, and ocular disorders. The mode of transmission in the fifth family does not fit either a dominant or a recessive pattern. Firm evidence for genetic heterogeneity in PXE was not found but was adduced from the pattern of inheritance in this family.
Io's thermal anomalies: Clues to their origins from comparison of ground based observations between 1 and 20 µm

The observed frequency of occurrence of high temperature events, the linking of high and lower temperature thermal anomalies, and observed stability of volcanic regions since Voyager suggests that high temperature silicate eruptions could support the entire observed population of cooler temperature anomalies.
Combined ADP and thromboxane A2 antagonism prevents cyclic flow variations in stenosed and endothelium-injured arteries in nonhuman primates.

BACKGROUNDThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that clopidogrel, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, can eliminate cyclic flow variations in stenosed and endothelium-injured coronary and femoral arteries in nonhuman primates.METHODS AND RESULTSWe studied five anesthetized, open-chest baboons. Blood flow velocity in the coronary and femoral arteries was monitored by pulsed Doppler flow probes placed around the arteries. Cyclic flow variations were established by mechanically injuring the endothelium of the arteries and by narrowing the arteries with external constrictors. Clopidogrel (10 to 20 mg/kg i.v. bolus plus 2.5 mg.kg-1 x h-1 continuous infusion) was administered 60 minutes after cyclic flow variations were established. Clopidogrel abolished cyclic flow variations in the coronary and femoral arteries of all five baboons (frequency of cyclic flow variations, 0/h versus 14/h at baseline, P < .001). Then epinephrine was infused (maximum average dose, 2.2 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1 i.v.)....
Overview of flat panel displays for avionics applications

Flat panel display technology changes at an ever increasing pace. New developments continually optimize power, size, weight, and performance which in turn revolutionize avionics capabilities. A myriad of technologies exists, each with its own merits and shortcomings. This paper discusses the attributes of several flat panel display technologies, including plasma and liquid crystal displays, and their application in the avionics environment.
The allergic response to stinging insects V. Fractionation of whole body and venom sac extracts of bee

Abstract Extracts of whole body and of venom sac of wasps (Polistes exclamans) were fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Nine fractions were separated from whole body, and eight from venom sac preparations. Fractions 6 of venom sac and 8 of whole body were the active components in direct skin testing. The antigenic heterogeneity of each of the fractionated products was examined by means of appropriate rabbit antisera to wasp extracts. All nine of the whole body fractions gave precipitation, as did four of the eight venom sac fractions. They variously gave between one and three lines of precipitation. In addition to this, fractions 6 and 7 of whole body showed, by testing with rabbit antiserum, common reactions, respectively, with bee and yellow jacket, and were presumed to be the components of wasp that were responsible for cross-sensitizations in patients. A final discussion, comparing the findings for bee, wasp, and yellow jacket, is given in the third paper of this series.
Differential Display of Genes in Normal and Hypoplastic Fetal Murine Lungs

Abstract To evaluate lung development at the level of gene expression, a comparison was made between normal and hypoplastic murine fetal lungs by using the mRNA differential display technique. We focused on altered gene expressions at gestational day (Gd) 19 in normal and hypoplastic murine lungs. Hypoplastic fetal lungs were created by gavaging pregnant mice at Gd8 with 25 mg of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) [1]. Normal as well as gavaged mice were euthanized by an overdose of halothane at Gd19, and fetuses were removed by laparotomy. Lungs were excised and total RNA was extracted from normal and hypoplastic fetal lungs. Differential display technique was carried out using the RNAimage kit (GenHunter Corp., TN). Each reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using one specific anchor primer H-T11M (5′HindIII-T11A/C/G3′) and one arbitrary primer. We have used a total of 3 different anchor primers and 24 arbitrary primers for each sample. There were 20 differentially expressed cDNA clones, either induced, inhibited, enhanced, or reduced in hypoplastic fetal lungs as compared to normal. Of these, one clone (NL2) with reduced expression in Gd19 hypoplastic lungs had 100% homology with mouse nucleosome assembly protein I gene. Another clone (NT5) with induced expression in hypoplastic lungs is an unknown gene. Further, analyses of Northern blots of lungs from various gestational ages showed that the expression of NT5 was induced in hypoplastic lungs at Gd18, whereas in normal lungs it was first expressed at the neonatal stage and was increasingly expressed into adulthood. There is a single hybridized band, approximately 400 bp long for NT5 message. Dexamethasone induced expression of NT5 in normal Gd14 pseudoglandular lungs cultured for 7 days; however, different growth factors did not. Northern blot hybridization of multiple adult mice tissues showed NT5 expression in the lung, intestine, and spleen. The thyromimetic action of nitrofen and the interactive functional pathways of dexamethasone with T3are known. Therefore, we suggest that the isolation and characterization of NT5 may provide valuable information on the regulation of lung development.
Brainstem corticospinal tract diffusion tensor imaging in patients with primary posterior fossa neoplasms stratified by tumor type: a study of association with motor weakness and outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows in vivo delineation of brainstem white matter tracts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not abnormalities of DTI metrics and fiber tractography correlate with neurological deficits and clinical status in patients with primary posterior fossa tumors. METHODS: A review of patients with primary posterior fossa tumors who underwent magnetic resonance imaging with DTI was performed. Patients were stratified by tumor type (well-circumscribed or infiltrating lesions). Fractional anisotropy (FA) color maps were used to localize the corticospinal tracts within the brainstem. FA, mean diffusivity, and eigenvalues were measured. Tractography was performed. Correlations between DTI metrics and clinical status and between DTI metrics and neurological examination findings were assessed within each patient group using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Comparisons of DTI metrics were also made between patient groups (infiltrating lesions versus well-circumscribed lesions). RESULTS: Thirty patients were studied (mean age, 14.1 yr; 16 male, 14 female). Eighteen patients had infiltrating lesions and 12 had well-circumscribed lesions. Twelve patients (four well-circumscribed and eight infiltrating) demonstrated motor weakness on physical examination (four right, three left, five bilateral). Patients with well-circumscribed lesions and weakness had higher mean diffusivity and lower FA in the contralateral corticospinal tract (P < 0.05). No such association was seen in patients with infiltrating tumors. In 102 total patient-years of follow-up (average follow-up period, 4.2 yr), 17 patients (six well-circumscribed and 11 infiltrating lesions) demonstrated complete response or stable disease and six patients (three well-circumscribed and three infiltrating lesions) demonstrated progressive disease or death. No differences were seen in terms of DTI metrics between patients with infiltrating lesions and those with well-circumscribed lesions. Patients with well-circumscribed tumors and a bad outcome had significantly lower transverse eigenvalue measures in the corticospinal tracts compared with those with a more favorable clinical status (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with well-circumscribed primary posterior fossa masses, higher mean diffusivity and lower FA in the brainstem corticospinal tract are associated with contralateral motor deficits; lower transverse eigenvalue may be observed with an unfavorable clinical outcome.