cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Preference in the Albino Rat Pup

The purpose of this investigation was co discover whether che 22-day-old rat pup would display any consistant relative preference, i.e., discrimination, for other members of ics species. Two dimensions of possible social incentives were investigated: familiar versus unfamiliar animals; age-mates versus adults. Ten pups served as Ss, six from a litter of 12 and 4 from a litter of 10. The mothers had been removed from the litter cages when the pups were 21 days old. All animals were on ad libitum feeding prior to testing. Mothers and remaining litter-mates as a group served as familiar incentives. Two additional mothers and comparable numbers of their pups served as unfamiliar incentives. Each of the four incentives was paired against each of the others in the end boxes of a short Y-maze. They were visible from the start box when the door was raised. Thus, for each S chere were six incentive pairings. Ten trials were given for each pairing, the positions of the incentives being a1ternated.l The order of pairings was random for the first 6 Ss and this order was reversed for the last 4 Ss. Relative preference scores were calculated by adding all runs to each incentive over all pairings. Since each incentive appeared in three pairings, the total possible was 30 wich 15 expected by chance. The resulting means were: familiar female (mother), 12.0; familiar agemates (siblings), 14.6; unfamiliar female, 15.7; and unfamiliar age-mates, 17.7. Lack of independence of these means precluded direct comparison. Deviations from the expected 15, however, could be tesced and were significant for the familiar female (t = 3.50, df = 9, p < .01) and for the unfamiliar agemates (t = 5.22, df = 9, p < .01). These tests give a fair indication that the results are not due to chance. Clearly, 22-day-old rat pups can discriminate among individuals of their own species. With respect to the incentive dimensions, age-maces appear to be preferred over adults and unfamiliar over familiar animals. A tentative two-factor interpretation is offered. Observation of pre-weaned litters suggests that litter-mates are a greater source of "contact comfort" than is the morher. Consequently, as Harlow and Zimmerrnann's monkeys (1759) responded to cloth surrogates in preference to lactating wire surrogates, so do rat pups respond to age-mates (cf. Scorn, 1758, pp. 184-5). The preference for unfamiliar animals is taken as representing the curiosity phenomenon. REFERENCES HARLOW, H. F., & ZIMMERMANN, R. R. Affectjonal responses in the infant monkey. Science, 1957, 130, 421432. SCOTT, J. P. Animal behavior. Chicago: Univer. of Chicago Press, 1758.
A Comparison of Long-Baseline Strain Data and Fault Creep Records Obtained Near Hollister, California

Abstract A comparison of creepmeter records from nine sites along a 12-km segment of the Calaveras fault near Hollister, California and long-baseline strain changes for nine lines in the Hollister multiwavelength distance-measuring (MWDM) array has established that episodes of large-scale deformation both preceded and accompanied periods of creep activity monitored along the fault trace during 1976. A concept of episodic, deep-seated aseismic slip that contributes to loading and subsequent aseismic failure of shallow parts of the fault plane seems attractive, implying that the character of aseismic slip sensed along the surface trace may be restricted to a relatively shallow (~ 1-km) region on the fault plane. Preliminary results from simple dislocation models designed to test the concept demonstrate that extending the time-histories and amplitudes of creep events sensed along the fault trace to depths of up to 10 km on the fault plane cannot simulate adequately the character and amplitudes of large-scale episodic movements observed at points more than 1 km from the fault. Properties of a 2–3-km-thick layer of unconsolidated sediments present in Hollister Valley, combined with an essentially rigid-block behavior in buried basement blocks, might be employed in the formulation of more appropriate models that could predict patterns of shallow fault creep and large-scale displacements much more like those actually observed.
Distortions of the extinction coefficient profile caused by systematic errors in lidar data

The influence of lidar data systematic errors on the retrieved particulate extinction coefficient profile in clear atmospheres is investigated. Particularly, two sources of the extinction coefficient profile distortions are analyzed: (1) a zero-line offset remaining after subtraction of an inaccurately determined signal background component and (2) a far-end incomplete overlap due to poor adjustment of the lidar system optics. Inversion results for simulated lidar signals, obtained with the near- and far-end solutions, are presented that show advantages of the near-end solution for clear atmospheres.
Correlations of serotonin and its metabolites in individual rat pineal glands over light: Dark cycles and after acute light exposure

Abstract Profiles of pineal indolealkylamines were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography and were correlated in individual glands of male rats sacrificed over several light: dark cycles and after acute exposure to light at night. A significant and positive correlation of 5HIAA vs 5HT in individual glands over both normal and experimental lighting conditions suggested that oxidative deamination is not a major factor in photic regulation of pineal 5HT levels and that the formation of 5HIAA is dependent on substrate availability. Regression analysis of other indole constituents revealed that there was a positive and significant correlation between 5HT vs N-acetylserotonin, but not between 5HT vs melatonin and N-acetylserotonin vs melatonin in individual glands during the dark phase of a light: dark cycle. We propose that this effect may be related to a pulsatile release of melatonin into the blood stream and is the result of sampling glands at different stages in the storage/release of melatonin.
The influence of needle exchange programs on injection risk behaviors and infection with hepatitis C virus among young injection drug users in select cities in the United States, 1994-2004.

Abstract Objective Our purpose was to assess whether participation in needle exchange programs (NEPs) influenced incident hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through effects on injection risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs) in the United States. Methods Data were drawn from three multi-site studies carried out in four major cities that enrolled IDUs over the period 1994–2004. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, NEP use, injection risk behaviors, and prevalent or incident HCV infection. Results Of the total participants ( n = 4663), HCV seroprevalence was 37%; among those who initially tested negative and completed follow-up at three, six, or 12 months ( n = 1288), 12% seroconverted. Nearly half of participants reported NEP (46%) use at baseline. Multivariate results showed no significant relationship between NEP use and HCV seroconversion. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, IDUs reporting NEP use were significantly less likely to share needles (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.67–0.88). Additionally, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and program use, sharing needles, sharing other injection paraphernalia, longer injection duration, and injecting daily were all positively related to prevalent infection. Conclusions Our results suggest an indirect protective effect of NEP use on HCV infection by reducing risk behavior.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Phenol and Its Oxidative Coupling Products from Activated Carbon

Activated carbon remains one of the most economical adsorbents for the removal of contaminants from water. In particular, activated carbon is known to have an extremely high affinity for phenol and its derivatives. This has been shown to be the result of a catalytic process wherein activated carbon catalyzes the oxidative coupling reactions of phenol in aqueous solution when molecular oxygen is present. These reactions are believed to be the source of the difficulty of regenerating activated carbon loaded with phenol. This paper reports on efforts toward using supercritical fluids to regenerate activated carbon combined with a concurrent temperature-programmed desorption study to identify reaction products and their binding strength to the carbon surface. The results show unequivocally that part of the phenol is chemisorbed on the surface and part of it undergoes polymerization. Dihydroxybiphenyls and phenoxyphenols are the major reaction products present on the surface. Isotope studies showed that surface carbon atoms do not directly participate in these reactions. Supercritical extraction was found to perform as well as solvent extraction for the regeneration of activated carbon loaded with phenol. However, due to the chemisorbed nature of these oxidative coupling products, the reduced mass-transfer limitations afforded by supercritical extraction cannot improvemore » the overall extent of extraction even though the rate is improved with the addition of cosolvents.« less
Illumination-dependent densities of modes in nonlinear photonic crystals

When the unit cell of the photonic crystal contains material which undergoes an optical Kerr effect, internal illumination will change the refractive index distribution without modifying the crystal periodicity and induce significant modifications of the dispersion relations. We describe these modifications by a self-consistent computation of the band structure where the occupation of a photon mode with specific frequency, Brillouin-zone vector and polarization is kept fixed. This requires to solve a sequence of ordinary, linear, photonic band structure problems. The resulting non-linear photonic band structure explicitly depends on the mode occupation, itself determined by the level of illumination. We carry out specific non-linear band structure calculations for the woodpile structure where rods are considered experiencing refractive index changes according to various types of illumination. It is shown that, for positive Kerr coefficient, a strong illumination moves the photonic band gap to lower frequency while slightly modifying its width. The use of different illumination polarizations and frequencies results in modifications of the band structure and the spectral location of the Van Hove singularities in the density of states.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Refinement of the structure of Li2TiO3

Abstract The crystal structure of lithium titanate has been redetermined using x-ray diffraction patterns from flux-grown single crystals supplied by George Uhlig. Li2TiO3 is monoclinic, space group C 2 c . with a = 5.041, b = 8.806, c = 9.726 A , β = 100°01′, and Z = 8. Titanium and oxygen positions were obtained from Patterson maps, and the lighter lithium atoms located by Fourier difference methods. Atomic coordinates and temperature factors were refined by least squares analysis of 470 observed intensities. The mean bond lengths, Li-O 2. 14A and Ti-O 1. 95A, compare favorably with other oxides. The structure is a derivative structure of sodium chloride. The cation ordering found in Li2TiO3 is only one of several NaCl-like arrangements found in oxides. The superstructures with two cation valence types which are consistent with Pauling's rules, are derived from stereochemical arguments.
A Chelating N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand in Organochromium Chemistry

Several chromium complexes supported by a chelating N-heterocyclic carbene ligand have been prepared in an attempt to study their ability to catalyze the polymerization of ethylene. LCrCl3(THF) (3) (L = 1,1‘-methylene-3,3‘-di-2,6-diisopropylphenylimidazole-2,2‘-diylidene (2)) was found to polymerize ethylene when activated by either excess methylaluminoxane (MAO) or excess Et2AlCl. Chloride abstraction from 3 with Na+BARF - (BARF = tetrakis(3,5-di-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate) yielded a dinuclear, chloride-bridged product, [(LCrCl)2(μ-Cl)3]+BARF - (4). In a similar fashion, reaction of 3 with 3.0 equiv of AlMe3 gave the dinuclear, chloride-bridged alkyl cation [(LCrMe)2(μ-Cl)3]+AlX4- (X = Me, Cl) (5), which is isostructural to 4. A triaryl complex was also prepared by reaction of 2 with CrPh3(THF)3, giving LCrPh3 (6) in good yield. Similarly, a series of alkyl and aryl chloride complexes of the form LCrRCl2(THF) (R = Me (7a), Ph (7b), tolyl (7c)) have also been made from the appropriate CrRCl2(THF)3 start...
Dynamic fracture of a kane-mindlin plate

Abstract We study dynamic crack problems for an elastic plate by using Kane-Mindlin's kinematic assumptions. The general solutions of the Laplace transformed displacements and stresses are first derived. Path independent integrals for stationary cracks subjected to transient loads and steadily growing cracks are deduced. For a stationary crack in a very thin plate subjected to impact loads, the crack tip dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF), K1(t), is related to the far field plane stress one, K10(t), by K 1 ( t ) = K 1 0 ( t ) / 1 − v 2 where ν is Poisson's ratio. For a crack steadily growing with speed V, the crack tip DSIF, K1(V), is given by K 1 ( V ) = B ( V ) / ( A ( V ) ( 1 − v 2 ) ) K 1 0 ( V ) where K10(V) is the plane stress DSIF and A(V) and B(V) are known functions of V. These results are applied to compute the DSIF for a semi-infinite stationary crack in an unbounded plate subjected to impact pressure on the crack faces. The results of DSIF for a finite crack in an infinite plate under uniform impact pressure on the crack surfaces show that for each plate thickness, the maximum DSIF is higher than that for the plane stress case.
Ice surface velocity patterns on Seward Glacier, Alaska/Yukon, and their implications for regional tectonics in the Saint Elias Mountains

Seward Glacier, on the Alaskan/Yukon border along the Gulf of Alaska, sits atop an important structural and morphological junction in the Saint Elias orogen. It is situated at the intersection between the Fairweather and Bagley strike–slip faults, and in the hanging wall of the Malaspina and Chugach–Saint Elias thrust faults. An ice surface velocity map of Seward Glacier derived from interferometric synthetic aperture (InSAR) reveals a complex flow pattern, which implies there is a previously unmapped northwest-trending supra-/subsurface ridge crossing the Seward. Analysis of additional remote-sensing images, ASTER, ERS SAR and the InSAR coherence map, confirms this observation. The presence of this ridge leads to a set of tectonic models describing the possible interaction of the underlying faults.
Cyclic 3′, 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate Levels in Separated Bone Cells

It has been shown that both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) increase the concentration of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in skeletal tissue. Since these two hormones have opposing actions on bone resorption, it has been postulated that the cell types upon which the hormones act in skeletal tissue may be different. We have previously shown that osteoblasts and osteocytes contain adenylate cyclase responsive to both PTH and CT whereas the enzyme prepared from periosteum and marrow cells did not respond to either. To further examine the postulate, the effect of these hormones on the concentration of cyclic AMP was determined. Bovine PTH (5 U⁄ml = 4.0 μg⁄ml ≅ 4.2 x 10-7M) significantly increased the concentration of cyclic AMP⁄μg DNA in periosteum, osteoblasts, and osteocytes but not in marrow cells. Porcine CT (0.5 U⁄ml = 8.0 μg⁄ml ≅ 3.0 x 10-6M) significantly increased the concentration of cyclic AMP⁄μg DNA in periosteum, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and marrow cells. Adenylate ...
Neutron scattering studies of crude oil viscosity reduction with electric field

Abstract The small angle neutron scattering experiment has confirmed the theoretical prediction that a strong electric field induces the suspended nano-particles inside crude oil to aggregate into short chains along the field direction. This aggregation breaks the symmetry, making the viscosity anisotropic: along the field direction, the viscosity is significantly reduced. The experiment enables us to determine the induced chain size and shape, verifies that the electric field works for all kinds of crude oils, paraffin-based, asphalt-based, and mix-based. The basic physics of such field induced viscosity reduction is applicable to all kinds of suspensions.
Light attenuation length of barium fluoride crystals

Abstract This report presents a deduction of a formula which can be used to calculate the light attenuation length of barium fluoride crystals based on the transmittance (or absorbance) data measured by a spectrophotometer.
A Seafloor Electric Field Instrument

A seafloor instrument has been constructed to measure a horizontal component of the electric field, using a long antenna (up to 1000m) to increase sensitivity. The instrument has a depth capability of 5200m and may be deployed for several months at a time, collecting over 14 Mbytes of data under the control of a microprocessor. Instrumental noise is mainly caused by the Ag-AgCl electrodes used to make contact with the sea water, and is about 10-24V2/m2Hz at frequencies above 1Hz, following an f-2 power law at frequencies (f) below 1Hz. For controlled source signals averaging techniques such as synchronous stacking and block averaging have been used to detect narrow band (5.6×10-4Hz) signals as small as 10-12V/m. The instrument is designed to include the pressure transducer described by COX et al. (1984) and has already been used for the study of ocean bottom seismic signals, magnetotelluric experiments and controlled source electromagnetic soundings.
Dissociation of Calcium and Sodium Clearances in Patients With Hypoparathyroidism by Infusion of Chlorothiazide

Previous reports have identified a deficient hypocalciuric response to chronic treatment with thiazide diuretics in patients with hypoparathyroidism. The present study was designed to ascertain if the acute response to thiazide diuretics is impaired in hypoparathyroidism. Five normal subjects and five patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied with the renal clearance technique during water diuresis. In normal subjects the clearance of calcium/clearance of sodium was 0.98 +/- 0.14 before, and 0.33 +/-0.03 during the intravenous infusion of chlorothiazide. In patients with hypoparathyroidism the corresponding ratios were 1.69 +/- 0.27 and 0.57 +/- 0.10. In both groups the drug-induced fall in clearance was 65% of control. The concentration of chlorothiazide in plasma and its rate of excretion were comparable in both groups. It is concluded that the acute action of thiazides is not impaired in hypoparathyroidism.
Synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of transition metal silicide nanowires

We develop rational chemical strategies to synthesize novel one-dimensional nanowire materials of transition metal silicides, investigate their physical properties, and use them as nanoscale building blocks for the bottom-up assembly of integrated photonic, electronic, and spintronic nanosystems. Transition metal silicides are extremely important to microelectronics because of the ohmic contact and interconnect many silicides (NiSi, CoSi 2 , and TiSi 2 ) provide. Furthermore, many silicides are direct bandgap semiconductors (CrSi 2 , β-FeSi 2 ) and are promising for silicon-based photonics. The recent discovery of Fe x Co 1-x Si alloys as ferromagnetic semiconductors make them promising for spintronic applications as well. Herein, we describe the chemical synthesis of free standing single-crystal nanowires (NWs) of FeSi, the only transition metal Kondo insulator and isostructural CoSi, an important metallic silicide for CMOS electronics. Straight and smooth FeSi and CoSi nanowires are produced on silicon substrates covered with a thin layer of silicon oxide through the decomposition of the single source organometallic precursors trans -Fe(SiCl 3 ) 2 (CO) 4 and Co(SiCl 3 )(CO) 4 , respectively, in a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Unlike typical vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) NW growth, silicide NWs form without the addition of metal catalysts, have no catalyst tips, and depend strongly on the surface employed. The physical properties of these new FeSi and CoSi nanowires, including electrical transport and X-ray spectroscopy, are reported. This general approach to silicide nanowire growth is likely to yield other functional silicide nanosystems with significant applications in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, and for Fe x Co 1-x Si, silicon based spintronics.
Protective actions of soy isoflavones and n-3 PUFAs on bone mass in ovariectomized rats

Ovariectomy (OVX) in female rats precipitates a marked reduction in endogenous estrogen concentrations and induces bone remodeling abnormalities that augment bone loss and increase the risk of developing osteopenia. This research examined the combined effects of two levels of soy isoflavones (IFs), trace (-IF) and high (+IF) (0.03 and 3.43 mg/g protein, respectively), and two levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on bone conservation in 2-month-old sexually mature OVX Sprague-Dawley rats. All dietary treatments provided 110.4 g/kg of fat from either safflower oil (N6) or a blend of safflower oil and menhaden oil (N3). OVX rats were randomly assigned to the N6-IF, N6+IF, N3-IF and N3+IF groups. The OVX and sham rats were euthanized after 12 weeks of feeding. Data for sequential femoral and tibial in vivo bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were determined every 4 weeks. The hindlimb mineral data indicated a trend toward a positive bone mineral-sparing effect related to +IF. Among the OVX rats, those fed the N3+IF diet had a significantly higher value for tibial BMC. The concentration of serum pyridinoline cross-links was significantly lower in the N3+IF group. These findings indicate a complementary action of soy IFs and n-3 PUFAs for attenuating bone mineral reduction in OVX rats.
Pretending to Be Japanese: Artistic Play in a Japanese-American Church and Family

Abstract With high rates of out-marriage and dwindling need for bilingual worship, Japanese-American churches face a critical question: “Why retain the Japanese part of our identity?” This article explores how one layperson (Naomi Takahashi Goto) draws from her experience as an artist, teacher, and mother to help her congregation answer this question. Through play and Japanese artifacts, she equips church members to construct a theology that reaffirms their identity as Japanese-American Christians. By engaging in artistic play, the congregation experiences true selves that can gracefully hold in tension Christian faith, Japanese ancestry, and American culture.
MEASUREMENT OF WATER DIFFUSIVITY IN AQUEOUS LITHIUM BROMIDE AND LITHIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS

A relatively simple method was employed for measurement of water diffusivity in aqueous lithium bromide and lithium chloride solutions. The twin bulb apparatus used for these measurements was developed using an analogy between this apparatus and the conventional diaphragm cell apparatus. Tritiated water (TOH) was used as a tracer for these experiments because of its chemical similarity and proximity to the molecular weight of water. High tracer activity used at the beginning of the experiments allowed the use of relatively shorter time duration for each experiment (s;≈ 20 h) and a quasi-steady state equation to calculate the diffusivity from the observed tracer activity data Initially, the water diffusivity in lithium bromide solutions for concentrations varying from 0.5 M to 3 M (22.1 weight percent) was measured to obtain a comparison with published values. The lithium bromide concentration was further varied from 3 M to 11 M (57.4 weight percent) to obtain data in the concentration range usually employ...
Optical Absorption Study of the Reduction Kinetics of Rutile Crystals

The early stages of the reduction kinetics of single-crystal rutile, TiO2, were studied by optical absorption techniques for specimens re duced in the range 550° to 760°C at a constant vacuum level of 10−3 mm Hg. When reduced to a room-temperature resistivity value of ∼103 ohm-cm, rutile shows a blue coloration as a re sult of a broad infrared absorption band centered at a wavelength of 1.2μ. The kinetics of growth of the optical absorption coefficient at 1.2μ fit a parabolic relation of the form (Δα)2=K′t. The Arrhenius rate constant, K′, exhibited an activation energy of 111 ± 9 kcal/mole which is ∼50% too high for the diffusion of oxygen in rutile. It is postulated that the defect center is likely to be a Ti interstitial and that the kinetics reflect the self-diffusion of Ti as the rate-con trolling mechanism.
Seasonal dynamics of selected species of V-A mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune

Seasonal dynamics of five vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( Acaulospora scrobiculata, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora calospora, S. pellucida and S. persica ) occurring in a Massachusetts sand dune were examined to determine the period of maximum sporulation. Although the maximum spore population was found in October, three distinct seasonal patterns were evident. Spore abundance of A. scrobiculata and G. gigantea was highest in October samples, and that of S. calospora was greatest in the August collection. A bimodal trend of peak spore abundance in October and May, was detected for S. pellucida and S. persica . Statistically significant seasonal trends were demonstrated for A. scrobiculata and S. persica . No statistically significant linear or curvilinear relationship could be demonstrated between spore abundance and edaphic factors (pH, organic matter or chloride). High levels of spore abundance for one species in a sample were associated with significantly lower levels of sporulation by the other species in the same sample (with the exception of S. pellucida ), suggesting antagonistic interactions between species.
Composing Power Series Over a Finite Ring in Essentially Linear Time

Fix a finite commutative ringR. Letuandvbe power series overR, withv(0)=0. This paper presents an algorithm that computes the firstnterms of the compositionu(v), given the firstnterms ofuandv, inn1+o(1)ring operations. The algorithm is very fast in practice whenRhas small characteristic.
Excitation - ionization by photoabsorption at low and intermediate energies

We present first results for excitation - ionization of helium satellite lines above the double-ionization threshold using the hyperspherical close-coupling (HSCC) method. The ratio for excitation of the satellite line to the main line (i.e. n = 1) is calculated over a wide range of energies from near the double-ionization threshold to energies above which perturbation methods are expected to be more suitable. Comparison with very recent experiments of Wehlitz et al shows excellent agreement for all satellite lines of n = 2,3,4 as well as for the angular distribution asymmetry parameter .
Stable Racial Integration in the Contemporary United States: An Empirical Overview

This article presents a broad empirical overview of the extent of racial integration in the contemporary United States. It begins with a discussion of how to measure stable racial integration in ne...
Identification of Alkylphenols and Other Estrogenic Phenolic Compounds in Wastewater, Septage, and Groundwater on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

As part of a larger effort to characterize the impacts to Cape Cod drinking water supplies from on-site wastewater disposal, we developed two analytical methods using HPLC and GC/MS for a range of compounds identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including the nonionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) and their degradation products. We analyzed samples for nonylphenol, octylphenol, and their ethoxylates up to the hexaethoxylate using an HPLC method, with detection limits ranging from 2 to 6 μg/L. A set of phenolic compounds including bisphenol A and nonylphenol were derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS with detection limits from 0.001 to 0.02 μg/L. Total APEOs in untreated wastewater and septage samples ranged from 1350 to 11 000 μg/L by the HPLC method. Nonylphenol was detected in all septage samples at concentrations above 1000 μg/L. Phenylphenol and bisphenol A were detected in septage and wastewater at about 1 μg/L. In groundwater downgradient of an infiltration bed for second...
Is Literal Meaning Conventional

This paper argues that the literal meaning of words in a natural language is less conventional than usually assumed. Conventionality is defined in terms that are relative to reasons; norms that are determined by reasons are not conventions. The paper argues that in most cases, the literal meaning of words—as it applies to their definite extension—is not conventional. Conventional variations of meaning are typically present in borderline cases, of what I call the extension-range of literal meaning. Finally, some putative and one or two genuine exceptions are discussed.
Interfacing MATLAB with a parallel virtual processor for matrix algorithms

Abstract This paper describes the results of a project to interface MATLAB with a parallel virtual processor (PVP) that allows execution of matrix operations in MATLAB on a set of computers connected by a network. The software, a connection-oriented BSD socket-based client–server model, automatically partitions a MATLAB problem and delegates work to server processes running on separate remote machines. Experimental data on the matrix multiply operation shows that the speed improvement of the parallel implementation over the single-processor MATLAB algorithm depends on the size of the matrices, the number of processes, the speed of the processors, and the speed of the network connection. In particular, the advantage of doing matrix multiply in parallel increases as the size of the matrices increase. A speedup of 2.95 times was achieved in multiplying 2048 by 2048 square matrices using 15 workstations. The algorithm was also implemented on a network of four PC's, which was up to 2.5 times as fast as four workstations. The study also showed that there is an optimal number of processes for a particular problem, and so using more processes is not always faster.
Evidence for a gamma-turn motif in antifreeze glycopeptides

Knowledge of the secondary structure of antifreeze peptides (AFPs) and glycopeptides (AFGPs) is crucial to understanding the mechanism by which these molecules inhibit ice crystal growth. A polyproline type II helix is perhaps the most widely accepted conformation for active AFGPs; however, random coil and alpha-helix conformations have also been proposed. In this report we present vibrational spectroscopic evidence that the conformation of AFGPs in solution is not random, not alpha-helical, and not polyproline type II. Comparison of AFGP amide vibrational frequencies with those observed and calculated for beta and gamma-turns in other peptides strongly suggests that AFGPs contain substantial turn structure. Computer-generated molecular models were utilized to compare gamma-turn, beta-turn, and polyproline II structures. The gamma-turn motif is consistent with observed amide frequencies and results in a molecule with planar symmetry with respect to the disaccharides. This intriguing conformation may provide new insight into the unusual properties of AFGPs.
Plasmonic Nanopillar Arrays for Large-Area, High-Enhancement Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors

Efforts to create reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based chemical and biological sensors has been hindered by difficulties in fabricating large-area SERS-active substrates with a uniform, reproducible SERS response that still provides sufficient enhancement for easy detection. Here we report on periodic arrays of Au-capped, vertically aligned silicon nanopillars that are embedded in a Au plane upon a Si substrate. We illustrate that these arrays are ideal for use as SERS sensor templates, in that they provide large, uniform and reproducible average enhancement factors up to ∼1.2 × 10(8) over the structure surface area. We discuss the impact of the overall geometry of the structures upon the SERS response at 532, 633, and 785 nm incident laser wavelengths. Calculations of the electromagnetic field distributions and intensities within such structures were performed and both the wavelength dependence of the predicted SERS response and the field distribution within the nanopillar structure are discussed and support the experimental results we report.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclic Oligomeric [cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2P(C4H2S)2PPh2)]n and Model Complexes for the Edge and Corners in the Cyclic Oligomer

Conducting organometallic polymers are an interesting class of materials because they combine the electronic properties of metals with the simpler processing requirements of organic polymers. In an approach to incorporating poly(thiophene) segments into controlled three-dimensional environments, we have synthesized 5,5‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,2‘-bithiophene, Ph2P(C4H2S)2PPh2, and have reacted this ligand with Mo(CO)4(nbd) in a 1:1 ratio. The product of this reaction is a cyclic oligomer, as indicated by the presence of only cis-Mo(CO)4 absorptions in the IR spectrum and the absence of resonances of free phosphines in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum. Size exclusion chromatography of the polymer in THF gives an Mn value of 6.0 × 103 and Mw value of 9.7 × 103 for the polymer. To better understand the structural features of the polymer, model complexes for the edge, Mo(CO)5(Ph2P(C4H2S)2PPh2)Mo(CO)5, and the corner, cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2P(C4H2S)2H)2 and cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2PC4H2S)H)2, of the cyclic polymer have been prepare...
Marital Status, the Economic Benefits of Marriage, and Days of Inactivity due to Poor Health

Purpose. This study explored whether the economic benefits of marriage mediate the association between marriage and health and if that relationship is conditional on the level of shared economic resources. Methods. Pooled, cross-sectional data from NHANES 2001–2006 were analyzed using multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial regression for the number of days of inactivity due to poor physical or mental health. Results. Persons that were divorced/separated reported the highest average number of days of inactivity (mean = 2.5) within a 30 day period, and married persons reported the lowest number of days of inactivity (mean = 1.4). Multivariate results indicated that widowed persons did not report significantly more days of inactivity than married persons. Income to poverty ratio reduced the size and eliminated statistical significance of the difference between divorced/separated and never married marital statuses compared to married persons. The interaction effect for marital status and income to poverty ratio was statistically significant suggesting that the relationship between marital status and inactivity is conditional on shared income. Conclusion. Marriage confers health protective benefits in part through pooled income relative to other marital statuses.
Prediction of preterm delivery by transvaginal ultrasound of the cervix in patients with prior cone biopsy

656 657 ANTENATAL SONOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF NEONATAL SURVIVAL IN EXTREME PREMATURITY JOYCE D. RUBIN, REINALDO FIGUEROA, ANDREW ELIMIAN, PAUL OGBURN JR, J. GERALD QUIRK, DAVID GARRY, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether antenatal sonographic biometric measurement(s) could predict survival in extremely premature neonates. STUDY DESIGN: The study population included all live-born babies with a GA 22-25 wk, delivered at our hospital from 1995-2002, and who had prenatal ultrasound < 10 days prior to delivery. GA was based on LMP or sonographic estimates obtained < 14 wk. The maternal charts were reviewed for basic demographic characteristics, which included age, parity, and ethnicity. Sonographic biometric measurements included the BPD, HC, FL, AC, and EFW. The EFW was calculated with the formula of Hadlock et al. Excluded from the study were cases missing any of the biometric data, stillborns, and those cases with a chromosomal or structural anomaly. Neonatal information obtained from the chart included BW, Apgar score, and survival. Survival was defined as discharge of a live infant from the hospital. The study was IRB-approved and statistical analysis considered a P value of < .05 as significant. RESULTS: There were 120 newborns meeting entry criteria with an overall survival of 50%. Neonatal survival rates at 22, 23, 24, and 25 wk were 8%, 23%, 56%, and 69%, respectively. The threshold values for each biometric measurement below which there was no survival were BPD < 4.8 cm, HC < 18.0 cm, AC <16.4 cm, FL < 3.8 cm, and EFW <450 g. The most significant independent sonographic predictors of neonatal survival were the HC (P = .04) and FL (P = .01). The EFW, BPD, and AC were not predictors of survival. The mean difference of EFW from actual BW was -33.7 ± 146 g or a 2.4%. CONCLUSION: Sonographic measurement of the HC or FL can predict Volume 189, Number 6 Am J Obstet Gynecol SMFM Abstracts S237
Dynamic plastic flow buckling of short cylindrical shells due to impulsive loading

Abstract A theory is postulated to explain the dynamic plastic buckling of short cylindrical shells subjected to uniform radially inward impulses. Formulas are derived which predict wavelengths (or mode numbers) and threshold impulses in general agreement with the experimental results that are presented. According to the theory, the restoring moment primarily consists of a directional moment brought about by yielding in a biaxial plastic state of stress; for the practical strain hardening values used the hardening contribution to the restoring moment is secondary. This conclusion is based on the relative influences on the preferred modes and threshold impulses.
Evaluation of progressive image loading schemes

Although network bandwidth has increased dramatically, high-resolution images often take several seconds to load, and considerably longer on mobile devices over wireless connections. Progressive image loading techniques allow for some visual content to be displayed prior to the whole file being downloaded. In this note, we present an empirical evaluation of popular progressive image loading methods, and derive one novel technique from our findings. Results suggest a spiral variation of bilinear interlacing can yield an improvement in content recognition time.
Study of Zn-Ni and Zn-Co alloy coatings electrodeposited on steel strips I: Alloy electrodeposition and adhesion of coatings to natural rubber compounds

Abstract The electrodeposition of Zn-Ni and Zn-Co binary alloy coatings on low carbon steel plates from simple acid baths has been studied. Coatings were examined for their composition, phase structure, morphology and deformability. Their properties and plating conditions were optimized such that these coatings would serve to formulate an improved composite coating systems for steel tire cords, replacing the conventional brass coating. In view of this, adhesion of several as-deposited and deformed coatings to a commercial natural rubber compound was evaluated. A dual-layer coating system consisting of a zinc-rich Zn-Co alloy underlayer and a nickel-rich Ni-Zn alloy top layer was found to exhibit characteristics most suitable for application on steel tire cords.
The functionally distinct fission yeast formins have specific actin-assembly properties

Fission yeast expresses three formins required for distinct actin cytoskeletal processes: Cdc12 (cytokinesis), For3 (polarization), and Fus1 (mating). We propose that in addition to differential regulation, key actin-assembly properties tailor formins for a particular role. In direct comparison to the well-studied Cdc12, we report the first in vitro characterization of the actin-assembly properties of For3 and Fus1. All three share fundamental formin activities; however, particular reaction rates vary significantly. Cdc12 is an efficient nucleator (one filament per approximately 3 Cdc12 dimers) that processively elongates profilin-actin at a moderate rate of 10 subunits s(-1) μM(-1), but lacks filament-bundling activity. Fus1 is also an efficient nucleator, yet processively elongates profilin-actin at one-half the rate of and dissociates 10-fold more rapidly than Cdc12; it also bundles filaments. For3 nucleates filaments 100-fold less well than Fus1, but like Cdc12, processively elongates profilin-actin at a moderate rate and lacks filament-bundling activity. Additionally, both the formin homology FH1 and FH2 domains contribute to the overall rate of profilin-actin elongation. We also confirmed the physiological importance of the actin-assembly activity of the fission yeast formins. Point mutants that disrupt their ability to stimulate actin assembly in vitro do not function properly in vivo.
Anisotropic superconductivity in UPt3

Abstract A consistent picture of conventional superconductivity in UPt 3 is presented which explains qualitatively the gap anisotropy, the dependence of T c on crystal perfection, the low value of the specific heat discontinuity at T c and the induced magnetic form factor. The model obtained is based on results of a local density band calculation for UPt 3 which are in excellent agreement with photoemission experiments and on estimates of the strength and anisotropy of the electron-phonon interaction. The key feature is anisotropy of the superconducting energy gap which arises from the variation of the electronic mass on the Fermi surface.
Mechanisms of amethopterin resistance in leukemia. I. Effects of weak folic acid antagonists on mouse leukemias.

Summary(1) A definite increase in survival time of mice inoculated with the Ak4 and Ak4R strains of transplantable mouse leukemia was noted when the animals were kept on a purified diet containing no folic acid and no riboflavin, to which had been added sulfasuxidine and 9-methyl PGA. (2) This increase in survival time could be prevented by the administration of citrovorum factor or folic acid; but not of riboflavin.
Stem-loop structure in the 5' region of potato virus X genome required for plus-strand RNA accumulation

Computer-generated thermodynamic predictions and solution structure probing indicated two stem-loop structures, stem-loop 1 (SL1; nt 32-106) and stem-loop 2 (SL2; nt 143-183), within the 5' 230 nt of potato virus X (PVX) RNA. Because the existence of SL1 was further supported by covariation analysis of several PVX strains, the functional significance of this structure was investigated by site-directed mutational analysis in a tobacco protoplast system. In general, mutations that reduced genomic plus-strand RNA accumulation similarly affected coat protein accumulation, indicating that subgenomic plus-strand RNA was also affected. In contrast, minus-strand RNA levels remained relatively unchanged. Mutational analysis of the stem C (SC) region of SL1 indicated that pairing was more important than sequence, which was consistent with the covariation analysis. Alterations that increased length and stability of either SC or stem D (SD) were deleterious to plus-strand RNA accumulation. The formation of internal loop C between SC and SD, as well as specific nucleotides within this loop, were also required. Several modifications were made to the terminal GAAA tetraloop, a motif known for enhanced RNA stability. Both GANA and GAAG motifs resulted in wild-type levels of RNA accumulation. However, a UUCG tetraloop was detrimental, indicating that the sequence of this element was important beyond just providing stabilization of the structure. These data indicate that multiple features of SL1 are critical for accumulation of PVX plus-strand RNA.
An axisymmetric free surface with a 120 degree angle along a circle

An axisymmetric flow due to a submerged sink in water of infinite depth is considered, with a stagnation point on the free surface above the sink. Forbes & Hocking (1990) calculated numerically a flow for each value of the Froude number F smaller than a critical value Fc. For F close to Fc there is a ring-shaped bump on the free surface. At F=Fc, the crest of the bump becomes a ring of stagnation points. We use the numerical procedure of Hocking & Forbes to show that the bump is the first crest of a train of axisymmetric waves. The wave amplitude decreases with increasing distance from the source. Then we give a local analysis of axisymmetric free-surface flows with a circular ring of stagnation points. We find flows in which the surface has a discontinuity in slope with an enclosed angle of 120° all along the ring. This behaviour is consistent with the numerical solution for F=Fc near the crest of the bump.
Genetic regulation of cholesterol absorption and plasma plant sterol levels: commonalities and differences.

The molecular basis of the processes that control two closely related traits, the absorption of cholesterol from the intestines and plasma plant sterol levels, are only partially understood. The discovery that mutations in two novel hemitransporters, ATP binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8, underlie a rare inborn error in plant sterol metabolism, β-sitosterolemia, represents a major breakthrough in this field. More recently, genetic studies in the mouse that mapped loci in linkage with cholesterol absorption and plasma plant sterol levels and studies in humans that examined the relationship of plasma plant sterol levels to sequence variation in the ABCG5/ABCG8 locus suggested the involvement of other genes. Moreover, studies in β-sitosterolemic patients, in ABCG5/ABCG8-targeted animals, and on a newly developed cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, suggest commonalities and differences in the regulation of the two traits. This review summarizes the evidence for genetic control of cholesterol absorption and plasma plant sterol levels, presents the evidence for commonalities and differences between the two traits, and discusses recent developments and future perspectives in this field.
LATERAL MOTION OF A SLENDER BODY BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL WALLS

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to determine the lateral flow of an ideal fluid past a slender body, when the flow is constrained by a pair of closely spaced walls parallel to the long axis of the body. In the absence of walls, the flow field would be nearly two-dimensional in the cross-flow plane normal to the body axis, but the walls introduce an effective blockage in the cross-flow plane, which causes the flow field to become three-dimensional. Part of the flow is diverted around the body ends, and part flows past the body in the inner cross-flow plane with a reduced 'inner stream velocity'. An integro-differential equation of identical form to Prandtl's lifting-line equation is derived for the determination of this unknown inner stream velocity in the cross-flow plane. Approximate solutions are applied to determine the added mass and moment of inertia for a accelerated body motions and the lift force and moment acting on a wing of low aspect ratio. It is found that the walls generally increase these forces and moments, but that the effect is significant only when the clearance between the body and the walls is very small.
Evaluation of intranasal midazolam in children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Background:Intravenous midazolam and opioids are used to produce conscious sedation in children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). However, children may experience significant fear and anxiety before receiving these medications, especially during separation from parents and during venipunc