cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MISRs for Fast Authentication of Long Messages

In this paper we investigate the performance of using Multiple Input Shift Registers (MISRs) for message authentication. Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) have been shown to be an efficient mechanism for authentication. Inspired by literature in digital system testing we present the use of MISRs for authentication. Such schemes are useful in sensor networks, the smart-grid, and multimedia authentication. n-bit MISRs have n, s-bit input streams while LFSRs have only one input bit stream. Therefore, MISRs present a potential for an n-fold speedup while maintaining similar hardware complexity as an LFSR. We first show that the MISR is a hash function that is epsilon-almost universal, epsilon-opt secure, and epsilon-balanced. We then use a pseudorandom function along with an MISR to generate a message authentication code (MAC) that is provably secure. We compare the software and hardware implementation of our MAC with other schemes. In software our scheme requires 8ms to compute a tag for a message of size 4MB (megabytes). In hardware our method results in a speedup of at least 10 over other methods.
Stem Cell Research and Biopsychosocial Perspectives From the Sciences, Government, and Community

Stem cell research is a fairly new technological advancement that has been accompanied by a wide range of support and scrutiny. On February 22, 1997, Dolly, the sheep, was successfully cloned in Scotland, while controversy erupted over the moral, ethical, and social implications of creating life. Though many agree that using human embryos is morally acceptable, the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and European countries have passed legislation limiting or prohibiting stem cell research. This article considers the biopsychosocial benefits and potential hazards of stem cell research and how this research may affect social work practice.
Inotropic Agents in Hypoxic Cat Myocardium DEPRESSION AND POTENTIATION

The effects of several inotropic agents were investigated in papillary muscle preparations from normal cats and cats that had undergone previous total extrinsic cardiac denervation. The papillary muscles were bathed in a modified Krebs-Ringer's solution which was equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2 for the control drug studies or 5% O2-5% CO2-90% N2 for the hypoxia studies. This degree of hypoxia produced a 32 ± 3% decrease in tension in papillary muscles from normal cats and a 14 ± 4% decrease in catecholamine-depleted papillary muscles. During hypoxia there was depression of the maximum response to ouabain and norepinephrine with otherwise unchanged dose-response curves. Deterioration of the hypoxic muscles occurred after exposure to norepinephrine concentrations of 5 x 10-7M and greater. The dose-response curve for angiotensin II was unchanged by hypoxia. However, during hypoxia, the dose-response curves for two heptapeptide analogues of angiotensin II, 1-des-5-Valand 1-des-5-Ile-angiotensin II, were augme...
Fractional occupations and density-functional energies and forces.

The explicit inclusion of fractional occupation numbers in density-functional calculations is shown to require an additional term to make the energy functional variational. The contribution from this term to the density-functional force exactly cancels the correction term depending on changes in the occupation number. For occupation numbers obeying a Fermi distribution, the resulting functional is identical in form to the grand potential; other choices for the form of the occupation numbers will result in different functionals. These terms, although numerically small, should be included in practical calculations that allow for fractional occupation numbers.
Regulation of fetal lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis by de novo palmitate supply

Abstract Lung surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) is highly dependent on the supply of palmitate as a source of fatty acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the regulation of disaturated PC production during late prenatal lung development. Choline incorporation into disaturated PC and the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis was determined by the relative incorporation of [14C]choline and 3H2O, respectively, in 20-day-old fetal rat lung expiants and in 18-day-old expiants which were cultured 2 days. Addition of exogenous palmitate (0.15 mM) increased (26%) choline incorporation into disaturated PC but did not inhibit de novo fatty acid synthesis, as classically seen in other lipogenic tissue. Even in the presence of exogenous palmitate, de novo synthesis accounted for 87% of the acyl groups for disaturated PC. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by agaric acid or levo-hydroxycitrate decreased the rate of choline incorporation into disaturated PC. When expiants were subjected to both exogenous palmitate and 60% inhibition of de novo synthesis, disaturated PC synthesis was below control values and 75% of disaturated PC acyl moieties were still provided by de novo synthesis. These data show that surfactant disaturated PC synthesis is highly dependent on the supply of palmitate from de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Thermal contact conductance in a vacuum.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Thesis. 1966. Mech.E.
A Viral Deubiquitylating Enzyme Restores Dislocation of Substrates from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in Semi-intact Cells

Terminally misfolded glycoproteins are ejected from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol and are destroyed by the ubiquitin proteasome system. A dominant negative version of the deubiquitylating enzyme Yod1 (Yod1C160S) causes accumulation of dislocation substrates in the ER. Failure to remove ubiquitin from the dislocation substrate might therefore stall the reaction at the exit site from the ER. We hypothesized that addition of a promiscuous deubiquitylase should overcome this blockade and restore dislocation. We monitored ER-to-cytosol transport of misfolded proteins in cells permeabilized at high cell density by perfringolysin O, a pore-forming cytolysin. This method allows ready access of otherwise impermeant reagents to the intracellular milieu with minimal dilution of cytoplasmic components. We show that addition of the purified Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitylase to semi-intact cells indeed initiates dislocation of a stalled substrate intermediate, resulting in stabilization of substrates in the cytosol. Our data provide new mechanistic insight in the dislocation reaction and support a model where failure to deubiquitylate an ER-resident protein occludes the dislocon and causes upstream misfolded intermediates to accumulate.
Can bariatric surgery be done as an outpatient procedure

It has become increasing clear that some types of bariatric surgery can be performed as outpatient operations. This is currently limited to lap-band, lap-RYGB, and some lap-revision operations, but may soon be applicable to other bariatric procedures. In fact, most lap-band procedures are currently performed in ambulatory surgical centers that often lack the capacity for an overnight stay. Lap-RYGB has been recently reported with 23-hour outpatient admission requiring an overnight stay. Careful patient selection, surgeon experience, and integrating the appropriate perioperative care components are associated with clinical success. Surgeon recognition of these possibilities and patient demand are already pushing this care across the nation. Only time will tell how many other bariatric operations will be performed as outpatient procedures, but if the past is any indication of the future, this trend should continue to increase. The question thus is not whether bariatric surgery can be done as an outpatient procedure, but rather by whom and in what setting can patient outcome be optimized. In the end, rhetoric is rhetoric and data are data, and we should let documented patient outcome, the crown jewel of bariatric surgery, guide the future.
SM-centric transformation: circumventing hardware restrictions for flexible GPU scheduling

To circumvent the limitation from the hardware scheduler on GPU, we create an SM-centric transformation technique. This technique enables complete control of the mapping between tasks and streaming multi-processors (SMs), and enables controlling the number of active thread blocks on each SM. Results show that our approach achieves better speedup than previous ones with kernel co-run cases.
Thermal constraints and optimization of winter feeding and habitat choice in white-tailed deer

I examined the activity and habitat choice of white-tailed deer in winter to determine how deer balance feeding in habitats which may expose them to cold with resting in sheltered habitats. Average heat gain or loss of deer for feeding, resting and walking in four habitats in each of 24 h were estimated for two winter periods (early-mid and late winter). These values were used in a dynamic optimization model to predict the hourly behavior-habitat choices which enable deer to maintain thermal homeostasis, minimize the risk of exceeding lethal body temperatures and satisfy daily energy requirements. The behavior and habitat choices observed under natural conditions were consistent with the model predictions. Deer foraged for the maximum time that was thermally possible in both sampling periods and they used exposed habitats without incurring high heat losses. Deer appeared to avoid overheating in sheltered habitats during daylight and avoid hypothermia in exposed habitats at night.
Numerical simulations of dynamic interfacial crack growth allowing for crack growth away from the bond line

Dynamic crack growth is analyzed numerically for a plane strain bimaterial block with an initial central crack subject to impact tensile loading. The material on each side of the bond line is characterized by an isotropic hyperelastic constitutive relation. Potential surfaces of decohesion are interspersed in the material on either side of the bond line and along the bond line. The cohesive surface constitutive relation allows for the creation of new tree surface and dimensional considerations introduce a characteristic length into the formulation. Full transient analyses are carried out. The resistance to crack initiation, the crack speed history and the crack path are predicted without invoking any ad hoc failure criterion. Three calculations are carried out for a PMMA/Al bimaterial. The imposed loading and the properties of the adjacent materials are kept fixed, while the bond line strength is taken to be 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the strength of PMMA. The nominal crack speed decreases with increasing bond line strength. When the bond line strength is 1/4 that of PMMA, the crack remains on the bond line although there is an attempt at branching off the bond line. For the intermediate case, a bond line strength 1/2 that of PMMA, repeated branching of the main crack off the bond line into the PMMA occurs, together with micro-crack nucleation on the bond line. The crack branches off the bond line into the PMMA when its strength is 3/4 that of PMMA, with the main direction of growth being parallel to the bond line, but with the crack progressively drifting further into the PMMA.
Multiple Logit Analyses of the Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Toxicity of Propoxur to German Cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) and Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effect of temperature and humidity on the toxicity of propoxur to adult female German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), was examined. With high humidity, propoxur was found to be least toxic near 25°C. At either temperature extreme (10 or 3.5°C), increased mortality indicated a quadratic relationship between temperature and mortality. Mortality also increased at low humidities. In contrast, the effect of temperature on the toxicity of propoxur to western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was a simple linear relationship which increased with increasing temperature. Exposure time was also related to changes in the toxicity of propoxur to the spruce budworm in both a linear and quadratic fashion. Multiple logit models were used to evaluate these multifactor toxicity experiments.
SECTION OF ENGINEERING: A PRAGMATIC LOOK AT THE OCEANS' MINERAL RESOURCES*

The potential of the world's oceans and the submerged parts of the continents has often been described by the prophets of wealth in overly optimistic terms, premised mainly on the vastness of the resource. Even the most conservative estimate of the amount of minerals contained in the oceans and the sediments below is indeed huge. To place mineral development in the U.S. Continental Shelf area in perspective, it should be noted that minerals recovered through drill holes (oil, gas, and sulfur) comprise by far the bulk of the dollar value of marine mineral production. The production of dissolved minerals, recovered from seawater proper, amounts to slightly over $100 million per yr in the form of magnesium metal and compounds, salt, and bromine. A third category, that of solid minerals, is one of the least significant now and the most difficult to predict. There is no present production from the deep ocean floors, and little is known of their mineral potential. The widespread occurrence on these floors of manganese nodules that also contain a significant amounts of copper, nickel, and cobalt has aroused international interest.
Using the kernel trick in compressive sensing: Accurate signal recovery from fewer measurements

Compressive sensing accurately reconstructs a signal that is sparse in some basis from measurements, generally consisting of the signal's inner products with Gaussian random vectors. The number of measurements needed is based on the sparsity of the signal, allowing for signal recovery from far fewer measurements than is required by the traditional Shannon sampling theorem. In this paper, we show how to apply the kernel trick, popular in machine learning, to adapt compressive sensing to a different type of sparsity. We consider a signal to be “nonlinearly K-sparse” if the signal can be recovered as a nonlinear function of K underlying parameters. Images that lie along a low-dimensional manifold are good examples of this type of nonlinear sparsity. It has been shown that natural images are as well [1]. We show how to accurately recover these nonlinearly K-sparse signals from approximately 2K measurements, which is often far lower than the number of measurements usually required under the assumption of sparsity in an orthonormal basis (e.g. wavelets). In experimental results, we find that we can recover images far better for small numbers of compressive sensing measurements, sometimes reducing the mean square error (MSE) of the recovered image by an order of magnitude or more, with little computation. A bound on the error of our recovered signal is also proved.
Learning the number of gaussian components using hypothesis test

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the correct number of components in a Gaussian mixture given a sample data set. In particular, an extension of Gaussian-means (G-means) and Projected Gaussian-means (PG-means) algorithms is proposed. All these methods are based on one-dimensional statistical hypothesis test. G-means and PG-means are wrapper algorithms of the k-means and Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithms, respectively. Although G-means is a simple and fast algorithm, it does not perform well when clusters overlap since it is based on k-means. PG-means can handle overlapped clusters but requires more computation and sometimes fails to find the right number of clusters. In this paper, we propose an extension, called Extended Projected Gaussian means (XPG-means). XPG-means is a wrapper algorithm of Possibilistic Fuzzy C-means (PFCM) algorithm. XPG-means integrates the advantages of both algorithms while resolving some of the disadvantages involving overlapped clusters, noise, and computational complexity. More specifically, XPG-means handles overlapped clusters better than G-means because of the use of fuzzy clustering, handles noise better than both algorithms because it uses possibilitistic clustering. XPG-means is less computationally expensive than PG-means because it uses local hypothesis testing scheme used by G-means that is specific to Gaussians wherease PG-means uses a more general Kolmogorov-Smirnow test on Gaussian mixtures. In addition, XPG-means demonstrates less variance in estimating the number of components than either of the other algorithms.
Phoneme accuracy as a function of mode of communication in pediatric cochlear implantation

This study investigated phoneme accuracy in cochlear implanted (CI) children using auditory-oral versus total communication modes of communication as a function of sentences containing words easily guessed by the linguistic environment versus words unaided by the linguistic environment. A total of 173 children from 33 different states and five Canadian provinces participated. Communication mode was assessed through a parental rating scale inquiring how emphasis was placed on speech and auditory development in the educational setting. Thirty-six sentences varying in length (three, five, or seven syllables) contained a key word predicting speech intelligibility in deaf children. Average phoneme accuracy was 76.38% for the CI children. Across CI participants, vowel productions were more accurate (81.30%) than consonants (73.64%). Overall, phoneme accuracy was higher for key words in sentences containing more contextual information (78.57%) than lower contextual information (74.21%). Consonants were more accu...
Properties of Silver Sulfadiazine-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae

Two silver sulfadiazine-resistant isolates of Enterobacter cloacae obtained in a burns unit where the drug was in use were studied. These strains were resistant to elevated levels of the drug, and they were cross-resistant to silver benzoate, but not to silver nitrate. Growth of the strains in nutritionally poor defined media sensitized them to the inhibitory action of the drug. Exposure of the bacteria to penicillins rendered them susceptible to silver sulfadiazine. The resistant bacteria harbored episomes for resistance to carbenicillin and kanamycin; however, resistance to silver sulfadiazine could not be transferred by these episomes. Twenty-three strains of E. cloacae isolated in a general hospital were sensitive to much lower levels of the drug (≤50 μg/ml).
Can neighborhood associations be allies in health policy efforts? Political activity among neighborhood associations

We examined organizational characteristics and types of political actions of neighborhood associations, and factors influencing the amount of political activity among the associations. We hypothesized that four neighborhood characteristics (population size, income, educational level, and percentage of owner-occupied households) and six organizational characteristics (budget, number of staff, size of board, newsletter publication, coalition involvement, and resident involvement) would influence the amount of political activity of the associations. We obtained data from the 1990 U.S. Census and a survey of neighborhood associations (n = 84) in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. We found that neighborhood associations engaged in numerous and diverse political activities. Results from multiple regression analyses revealed that median household income was negatively associated with amount of political activity. Population size of the neighborhood and intensity of involvement in multi-organization coalitions were both positively associated with political activity (all significant at p < .05). We conclude that neighborhood associations, particularly those in larger and poorer neighborhoods, can be key allies in health and social policy efforts. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Employment Interview via the Telephone: Are We Sacrificing Accurate Personality Judgments for Cost Efficiency?

The goal of the study was to determine whether impoverished personality judgments of job candidates would be yielded by interviewers who conduct telephone interviews in comparison to face-to-face interviews due to the telephone interviews' inherent lack of crucial nonverbal communication. Participants in this study conducted mock job interviews using either the face-to-face format or the telephone format, while their behavior was coded by independent raters. For each participant, self-ratings of job-related personality traits were obtained from the applicant, while ratings of the applicant's personality were obtained from the interviewer and a peer of the applicant. It was found that the average self-interviewer and peer-interviewer agreement correlations, which were used as the criteria for accuracy, were significantly greater when the interviewer implemented the face-to-face interview method, thus supporting the hypothesis. An item analysis further supported the hypothesis in that face-to-face interviewers were found to rate the candidates significantly higher/more favorably on those traits that are typically conveyed via nonverbal communication.
Stress matters: Effects of anticipated lexical stress on silent reading

This paper presents findings from two eye-tracking studies designed to investigate the role of metrical prosody in silent reading. In Experiment 1, participants read stress-alternating noun–verb or noun–adjective homographs (e.g. PREsent, preSENT) embedded in limericks, such that the lexical stress of the homograph, as determined by context, either matched or mismatched the metrical pattern of the limerick. The results demonstrated a reading cost when readers encountered a mismatch between the predicted and actual stress pattern of the word. Experiment 2 demonstrated a similar cost of a mismatch in stress patterns in a context where the metrical constraint was mediated by lexical category rather than by explicit meter. Both experiments demonstrated that readers are slower to read words when their stress pattern does not conform to expectations. The data from these two eye-tracking experiments provide some of the first on-line evidence that metrical information is part of the default representation of a word during silent reading.
Intermittent pneumatic compression and pharmacologic thrombosis prophylaxis.

Purpose of review Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, together referred to as venous thromboembolism, represent a common, very serious healthcare concern. The Surgeon General recently issued a 'call to action' for venous thromboembolism, and the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Surgical Care Improvement Project developed and implemented measures regarding thrombosis prophylaxis. Despite these measures, only about 50% of the 'at-risk' patients worldwide receive appropriate thrombosis prophylaxis. Recent findings New data are available regarding intermittent pneumatic compression. Several novel laboratory-synthesized anticoagulants have demonstrated both efficacy and safety in orthopedic surgery patients and are in various stages of approval. These drugs are pills and have a similar or improved efficacy/safety profile as traditional anticoagulants, including vitamin K antagonists. Summary Intermittent pneumatic compression in conjunction with currently available parenteral anticoagulants has shown the greatest efficacy in very-high-risk surgical patients. The new oral anticoagulants have similar efficacy and safety profiles as existing parenteral anticoagulants and allow easy and cost-effective outpatient administration without the need for monitoring. Since it has been shown that most venous thromboembolism events occur following hospital discharge, these new anticoagulants may result in very significant reduction in the overall incidence of venous thromboembolism events.
/spl mu/Choices: an object-oriented multimedia operating system

The paper describes the design of the /spl mu/Choices object-oriented multimedia operating system. /spl mu/Choices provides an architecture for interconnecting different OS subsystems, with these subsystems realized as separate modules. The modules are implemented as independent object-oriented frameworks. Frameworks interact through exported abstract interfaces. The sub-classing of components within frameworks enables application and media-specific customization. /spl mu/Choices also provides a unified scheme for memory handling and passing across, as well as between, all OS subsystems. This allows buffer transfers and manipulation within and between operating system modules without copying, while allowing subsystems to specialize their views of memory buffers for efficient handling of problem-specific behavior. Interpreted agents may be embedded in the kernel that can control system level processing of multimedia streams without interference, eliminating excessive system call overhead. Operating system support for authentication, encryption, and delegation is transparently provided via an extensible framework that customizes interfaces to operating system resources. A new networking subsystem based on an asynchronous transfer mode network environment allows quality of service guarantees within the network protocol stack. These features are combined in /spl mu/Choices to give an environment that supports high bandwidth multimedia streams.
An inquiry into the cirrus-cloud thermostat effect for tropical sea surface temperature

In this paper, we investigate the relative importance of local vs remote control on cloud radiative forcing using a cumulus ensemble model. It is found that cloud and surface radiation forcings are much more sensitive to the mean vertical motion associated with large scale tropical circulation than to the local SST. When the local SST is increased with the mean vertical motion held constant, increased surface latent and sensible heat flux associated with enhanced moisture recycling is found to be the primary mechanism for cooling the ocean surface. Large changes in surface shortwave fluxes are related to changes in cloudiness induced by changes in the large scale circulation. These results are consistent with a number of earlier empirical studies, which raised concerns regarding the validity of the cirrus-thermostat hypothesis (Ramanathan and Collins, 1991). It is argued that for a better understanding of cloud feedback, both local and remote controls need to be considered and that a cumulus ensemble model is a powerful tool that should be explored for such purpose.
Resveratrol-based combinatorial strategies for cancer management

In recent years combination chemoprevention has been increasingly appreciated and investigated as a viable and effective strategy for cancer management. A plethora of evidence suggests that a combination of agents may afford synergistic (or additive) advantage for cancer management by multiple means, such as by (1) enhancing the bio-availability of chemopreventive agents, (2) modifying different molecular targets, and (3) lowering the effective dose of agent/drug to be used for cancer management. Resveratrol has been shown to afford chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against certain cancers. Recent studies are suggesting that resveratrol may be very useful when given in combination with other agents. The two major advantages of using resveratrol in combination with other agents are synergistically or additively enhancing the efficacy against cancer and limiting the toxicity and side effects of existing therapies. However, concerted and multidisciplinary efforts are needed to identify the most optimal combinatorial strategies.
Early effects of prescribed fire on the structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus community in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest

The eects of a prescribed fire on the presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the root tips of ponderosa pine were investigated one year after a prescribed ground fire. Ectomycorrhizas were sampled within 1 m# plots before and one year after the fire, and in nearby control plots that were not burned. The cores were divided into litter}organic, upper mineral, and lower mineral layers. The total ectomycorrhizal biomass in the control plots did not dier between year one and year two samples for any core layer, while in the fire plots the destruction of the litter}organic layer resulted in an eight-fold reduction in total ectomycorrhizal biomass. Mycorrhizal biomass in the two mineral layers was not significantly reduced by the fire. We used molecular tools to identify fungi directly from the ectomycorrhizas. In unburned plots members of the Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae were among the most frequent and abundant ectomycorrhizal types; species of most other taxa were rare. In the control plots these two families were among the dominant species in both years, but patchiness on a fine spatio-temporal scale caused some major changes in ranking of individual species between sample years. Rhizopogon subcaerulescens was the most pronounced example; its biomass in the control plot samples was seven times greater in year two than in year one because of an exceptionally large cluster of mycorrhizas encountered in a single core. The eect of fire on individual species was dicult to assess because of this patchiness and because all species were low in abundance after the fire. The most abundant pre-fire species were reduced to undetectable post-fire levels, while several less abundant species, including R. subcaerulescens, Cenococcum geophilum, and several unknown types were not substantially reduced by the fire. We speculate that the more abundant species, Martellia sp., thelephoroid 1, and Tomentella sublilacina, were dierentially aected because their dominance was most prominent at the litter and organic layers. In any case, a short-term eect of this fire appears to be increased species evenness.
Preemptive Learning, Competency Traps, and Information Technology Adoption: A Real Options Analysis

Many previous real options studies suggest that increase in investment uncertainties makes deferral options more valuable. We propose a new real options model where both organizational capabilities and technological learning are emphasized. Our model demonstrates that when a company is capable of reaping sufficient benefits from preemptive learning of a new information technology, it will expedite its adoption of the technology under greater uncertainty. When exogenous gains created by technology advance are independent of technological learning, they tend to have minimal impact on the company's optimal adoption strategy. The results of our analysis also support the view that existing technology capabilities may lead to competency traps hindering a company's technological adaptation.
Dialkylaminophosphorus metal carbonyls. 14. Stereochemistry of some HX additions to the (iPr2NP)2Fe2(CO)6 unit from (iPr2NP)2COFe2(CO)6

Abstract Reaction of (iPr2NP)2COFe2(CO)6 with aniline in boiling hexane results in addition of aniline to the (iPr2NP)2Fe2(CO)6 unit to give yellow (iPr2NPNHPh)(iPr2NPH)Fe2(CO)6, shown by X-ray diffraction to have a syn orientation of the two iPr2N groups. However, the (XPNiPr2)(iPr2NPH)Fe2(CO)6 adducts (X = Cl, OEt, OCH2SiMe3) of (iPr2NP)2Fe2(CO)6 with H and ROH (R = Et, CH2SiMe3) respectively, are shown by X-ray diffraction to have an anti orientation of the two iPr2N groups.
First year experiences of NSF REU grant: emerging issues in computer networking

In this paper, we describe our first year experiences of administering the NSF-supported Research Experiences for Undergraduates program award. Emerging issues in computer networking were the main focus of our program, which supported research projects of eight undergraduate students at Columbus State University in the summer of 2004. The main focus of this paper is on the lessons learned for successful future administration of the grant by shining the spotlight on select student projects completed within this program.
Early Numeracy and Literacy: Untangling the Relation Between Specific Components

Although it is evident that advanced aspects of numeracy are dependent on the successful acquisition of early skills, this developmental process does not occur in isolation from other academic factors. Early literacy skills are intertwined with the acquisition of early numeracy skills, particularly at the informal numeracy and numeral knowledge phases. However, the localization of these domains’ impact in early numeracy development is unclear. To address this issue, 180 preschool children 3.13 to 5.88 years (51.1% female, 66.7% Caucasian, 14.4% African-American, 4.4% Hispanic, 14.4% other race/ethnicity) were assessed on measures of print knowledge, vocabulary, informal numeracy, and numeral knowledge. Results indicated that the relation between language and numeral knowledge is fully mediated by informal numeracy skills and the relation between informal numeracy skills and numeral knowledge skills is partially mediated by print knowledge. Explanations of the findings, implications for mathematics educati...
Topoisomerase I and RecQL1 Function in Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Reactivation

Cellular topoisomerases and helicases are thought to play an essential role in herpesvirus replication and gene expression and are considered to be potential targets for antiviral therapies. Topoisomerase I (Topo I) and Topo II inhibitors can selectively inhibit Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle DNA replication. We found that the Topo I inhibitor camptothecin and, to a lesser extent, the Topo II inhibitor etoposide are potent inhibitors of the transcription and replication function of the EBV-encoded immediate-early protein Zta (also referred to as ZEBRA, EB1, and BZLF1). Camptothecin inhibited the Zta transcription activation of endogenous and reporter-linked viral promoters. Small interfering RNA depletion of Topo I also inhibited the Zta-dependent activation of lytic cycle DNA replication. Topo I could be coimmunoprecipitated with Zta, but this interaction was restricted to EBV-positive cells, suggesting that other viral proteins stabilize the interaction between Zta and Topo I. We also found that the RecQL1 helicase, which is known to associate with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) OriLyt, interacts with EBV OriLyt. Treatment with camptothecin reduced both Zta and RecQL1 binding to OriLyt in vivo, suggesting that Topo I promotes replication protein assembly at OriLyt.
Optimum Design of Stepped Transmission-Line Transformers

This paper describes the optimum stepped-transmission-line transformer structure for matching two unequal characteristic impedances. For any specified bandwidth, the steps are designed to yield a Tchebycheff-type (or equal-ripple) reflection-coefficient response. Over this band, the maximum vswr is less than that obtainable with any other stepped-transformer having the same number of steps. Design method and technique for eliminating discontinuity-capacitance effects are given. The measured results for a coaxial and a waveguide model are presented and found to verify the method.
Avoiding Spending While Meeting Patients' Wishes: A Model of Community-Based Palliative Care Uptake in California from 2014–2022

Abstract Background: Community-based palliative care can improve outcomes and avoid unnecessary spending, but the effects of its widespread adoption on health care spending in California is unknown. Objective: To estimate the spending avoided if, by 2022, more than 100,000 Californians received community-based palliative care (CBPC) per year. Design: We estimated the 6-month per-patient spending avoided through three mature CBPC programs in California and extrapolated data to predict the total avoided spending statewide over 8 years if enrollment in the three programs proceeded according to our model. Results: If Californians participated in CBPC in the numbers envisioned, in 2014 there would have been a $72 million reduction in intensive hospital based care, while still respecting patients' wishes, and nearly $1.1 billion in spending could be avoided in 2022. Overall hospital spending would be reduced by more than $5.5 billion through 2022. Conclusions: Existing CBPC programs have the potential to provid...
Sexual Dimorphism: Mystery Neurons Control Sex-Specific Behavioral Plasticity

Sexual dimorphisms in the neurons and circuits of males and females control sex-specific behaviors that characterize each sex. A recent study describes a pair of newly discovered, male-specific neurons in C. elegans that control a sex-specific learning behavior termed sexual conditioning.
The relatively high frequency of whole-body mutations compared with fractionals induced by x-rays in Drosophila sperm.

Among the visible mutations of postmeiotic origin in the sperm cells of Drosophila treated with x rays, 93% appeared to be whole-body, the remaining 7% being fractionals. Among the mutations detected in a chemically treated series and those of postmeiotic spontaneous origin, the percentage of fractionals was relatively high. The high proportion of whole-body mutations in the x-ray- treated series could be accounted for on the theory of Muller, Carlson, and Schalet that radiation may break the bends of both bases of a nucleotide pair, thereby allowing their rotational substitution with resultant whole-body mutation. In all three series, the mutant tissue of the fractionals as a rule seemed to involve half of the body, so far as could be determined upon external examination of the fractionals. This half-body amount of mutant tissue indicates that these fractionals arise not as delayed effects followed by errors in replication at the first or later divisions of the fertilized egg (events which would lead to one-fourth or less mutant tissue), but rather that the fractionals in question arise as permanent changes in an already existing DNA molecule, these observations thus supporting the recent conclusions of Muller and his coworkers as to the usual naturemore » of the mutational event. However, some of the mutants may possibly have been one-fourth mosaics. If they were, they would indicate that mutations might sometimes be due to an error in the replication of the gene. (auth)« less
A common origin for 3/4- and 2/3-power rules in metabolic scaling

A central debate in biology has been the allometric scaling of metabolic rate. Kleiber's observation that animals' basal metabolic rate scales to the 3/4-power of body mass (Kleiber's rule) has been the prevailing hypothesis in the last eight decades. Increasingly, more evidences are supporting the alternative 2/3-power scaling rule, especially for smaller animals. The 2/3-rule dates back to before Kleiber's time and was thought to originate from the surface to volume relationship in Euclidean geometry. In this study, we show that both the 3/4- and 2/3-scaling rules have in fact one common origin. They are governed by animals' nutrient supply networks-their vascular systems that obey Murray's law. Murray's law describes the branching pattern of energy optimized vascular network under laminar flow. It is generally regarded as being closely followed by blood vessels. Our analysis agrees with experimental observations and recent numerical analyses that showed a curvature in metabolic scaling. When applied to metabolic data, our model accurately produces the observed 2/3-scaling rule for small animals of ~10 kg or less and the 3/4-rule for all animals excluding the smallest ones (~15 g). The model has broad implications to the ongoing debate. It proves that both the 3/4- and 2/3-exponents are phenomenological approximations of the same scaling rule within their applicable mass ranges, and that the 2/3-rule does not originate from the classical surface law.
Dietary Intake and Eating-Related Cognitions Related to Sleep Among Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese

OBJECTIVE : To examine associations of sleep duration and regularity with dietary intake and eating-related cognitions among adolescents who are overweight/obese. METHODS : Participants were 315 adolescents being evaluated through Healthy Kids, Healthy Weight. Outcomes were reported sleep duration and regularity (bedtime shift, wake-time shift, sleep duration shift). Major predictors were dietary intake (e.g., consumption of calories and sugar-sweetened beverages) and eating-related cognitions (food preoccupation, eating self-efficacy). RESULTS : Findings were that staying up (i.e., bedtime shift) and sleeping in later (i.e., wake-time shift) on weekends compared with weekdays significantly relates to drinking more sugar-sweetened beverages, the latter for males. Sleeping in on weekends was related to greater food preoccupation. CONCLUSIONS : Sleep regularity was the most important variable in its relationships with dietary intake. Evaluating sleep patterns and improving them with behavioral interventions should be considered as an additional weight loss strategy to promote dietary adherence.
Field Dependent Electrical Conduction in Metal-Insulator-Metal Devices using Alumina-Silicone Nanolaminate Dielectrics

Hybrid alumina-silicone nanolaminate films were synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. PECVD allows digital control over nanolaminate construction, and may be performed at low temperature for compatibility with flexible substrates. These materials are being considered as dielectrics for application such as capacitors in thin film transistors and memory devices. In this work, we present the temperature dependent current versus voltage (I-V) measurements of the nanolaminate dielectrics in the range of 200- 310 K to better asses their potential in these applications. Various models are used to know the different conduction mechanisms contributing to the leakage current in these nanolaminate films. It is observed that space charge limited current (SCLC) mechanism is the dominant conduction process in the high field region whereas Ohmic conduction process is contributing to the leakage current in the low field region. The shallow electron trap level energy (E t ) of 0.16 eV is responsible for SCLC mechanism whereas for Ohmic conduction process the activation energy (E a ) for electrons is about 0.22 eV. An energy band diagram is given to explain the dominance of various conduction mechanisms in different field regions in these nanolaminate films.
Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery

Purpose Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and 3-dimensional printing of surgical splints are becoming the standard of care for orthognathic surgery, but costs have not been thoroughly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to compare the cost of VSP and 3-dimensional printing of splints (“VSP”) versus that of 2-dimensional cephalometric evaluation, model surgery, and manual splint fabrication (“standard planning”). Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study including patients planned for bimaxillary surgery from January 2014 to January 2015 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients were divided into 3 groups by case type: symmetric, nonsegmental (group 1); asymmetric (group 2); and segmental (group 3). All cases underwent both VSP and standard planning with times for all activities recorded. The primary and secondary predictor variables were method of treatment planning and case type, respectively. Time-driven activity-based micro-costing analysis was used to quantify the differences in cost. Results were analyzed using a paired t test and analysis of variance. Results The sample included 43 patients (19 in group 1, 17 in group 2, and 7 in group 3). The average times and costs were 194 ± 14.1 minutes and $2,765.94, respectively, for VSP and 540.9 ± 99.5 minutes and $3,519.18, respectively, for standard planning. For the symmetric, nonsegmental group, the average times and costs were 188 ± 17.8 minutes and $2,700.52, respectively, for VSP and 524.4 ± 86.1 minutes and $3,380.17, respectively, for standard planning. For the asymmetric group, the average times and costs were 187.4 ± 10.9 minutes and $2,713.69, respectively, for VSP and 556.1 ± 94.1 minutes and $3,640.00, respectively, for standard planning. For the segmental group, the average times and costs were 208.8 ± 13.5 minutes and $2,883.62, respectively, for VSP and 542.3 ± 118.4 minutes and $3,537.37, respectively, for standard planning. All time and cost differences were statistically significant (P Conclusions The results of this study indicate that VSP for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery takes significantly less time and is less expensive than standard planning for the 3 types of cases analyzed.
Visual Revelations: Waiting for Achilles

There is a famous paradox, attributed to the Greek mathematician Zeno, in which there is a race between the great hero Achilles and a lowly tortoise. In view of their vastly different speeds, the t...
On identification of some ocean parameters through remote sensing

Identification problems occurring in remote sensing systems related to oceanography are examined and stated. Need for taking a broad view of the total problem is emphasized. Alternate methods to solve the identification problems are mentioned. Algorithms derived from optimal estimation theory are applied to identify some of the ocean parameters using microwave radiometer and spectrometer data. Results are presented to show feasibility of the suggested techniques. Need is shown to use distributed parameter representation for the process models.
“A model for current controlled negative resistance in a p-type insulator”

In a previous work [1] a current controlled conduction instability was investigated for a model in which the intrinsic dielectric conductivity was zero. The present work extends the calculations to a more realistic model in which the dielectric has p-type intrinsic conductivity and thermionic hole injection from the anode.
Expression Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and Multi-Drug Resistance 1 (MDR1; ABCB1) Identify Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) That Have Superior Clinical Outcomes.

Background: Standard chemotherapy fails in 40–50% of patients with DLBCL. Some patients can be salvaged with high-dose regimens, suggesting a role for drug resistance in this disease. While genes in the glutathione (GSH) pathway and ATP-dependent transporter (ABC) family have been implicated in drug resistance in other malignancies, their role in lymphoma, and DLBCL in particular, remains unclear. Methods: We examined expression of 21 key members of these families in two tissue-based expression-microarray datasets of DLBCL patients, prior to CHOP chemotherapy. Expression signals derived from Affymetrix MAS 5.0 software (SF/NF=1) were publicly available for the primary dataset (Monti et al, Blood2005; 105: 1851; http://www.broad.mit.edu/cgi-bin/cancer/datasets.cgi) and were independently generated for the validation dataset (Houldsworth et al, Blood, 2004; 103: 1862). Univariable analysis was performed for freedom from progression (FFP) using a linear-effects Cox proportional-hazards model. Recursive partitioning with CART (Salford Systems, San Diego, CA) was used to develop a classification tree for the 2-year freedom-from-progression rate (FFP2) based on median-adjusted gene expression. Results: In univariable analysis, expression of GPx1 had the most significant adverse association with FFP in the primary dataset (n=130), hazard ratio (HR) 1.68 (95% CI: 1.26 – 2.22, p Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest an important role for redox-stress defense and drug elimination in the treatment failure of DLBCL and identify GPx1 and ABCB1 as potentially powerful biomarkers of early response and response duration. Coordinate expression of these genes delineates a subgroup of patients with superior clinical outcomes regardless of other clinical and biological risk stratification in current use. Prospective, treatment-based studies with uniform inclusion and response criteria are needed to validate these markers in clinical practice.