cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Black‐White Negotiations1

One hundred and forty variables tapping aspects of the subjective culture (characteristic way or perceiving the social environment) of 300 white male students were subjected to two-mode factor analysis. Five subject types emerged from the similarities in the responses of the students to these variables. In the next phase of the study, 88 representatives of these subject types participated in experimental negotiations. Before the negotiations, caucus groups, consisting of six students homogeneous in their pretest scores, decided what positions should be upheld during the negotiations. Following the caucuses, three two-member teams were formed, from each caucus group. The teams negotiated with two-member black teams of confederates of the experimenters. Negotiations focused on three issues, each of which was represented by 10 Thurstone successive-interval method scaled positions. Negotiation outcomes were predicted from the subjective culture measures (r= .42; p < .005). The negotiation outcomes tended to be more predictable from the reference group (caucuses) preferred positions (r= .65) than from individual preferences (r= .36). Negotiators tended to overconform to caucus positions. Behavioral differential scale ratings of black negotiators predicted the outcomes better than semantic differential ratings of these stimuli. The more specific the attitude measured the more predictive it was of negotiation outcomes. Discussion focused on implications for understanding the relationship between attitudes and behavior and the process of black/white negotiations.
The Effect of Supply Disruptions on Supply Chain Design Decisions

We study an integrated supply chain design problem that determines the locations of retailers and the assignments of customers to retailers to minimize the expected costs of location, transportation, and inventory. The system is subject to random supply disruptions that may occur at either the supplier or the retailers. Analytical and numerical studies reveal the effects of these disruptions on retailer locations and customer allocations. In addition, we demonstrate numerically that the cost savings from considering supply disruptions at the supply chain design phase (rather than at the tactical or operational phase) are usually significant.
Using Test and Diagnosis to Enable Tomorrow's Robust Systems

Producing reliable, integrated systems is becoming extremely difficult due to the increasing variability and uncertainty inherent in advancing fabrication technologies; the worsening effects of various wear-out mechanisms; and environmental disturbances (e.g., soft errors due to radiation). Solutions to this problem centering on traditional approaches involving redundant resources are likely to be impractical due to the negative impact on power and performance. Because of this trend, it is widely believed that approaches for enabling chips to self-X (where X = monitor, diagnose, calibrate, compensate, heal, etc.) will be needed to ensure reliable operation over a chip’s expected lifetime. In collaboration with Prof. Mitra of Stanford University, our work in this area is focused on developing methodologies that enable integrated systems to self-monitor, self-diagnose, and self-compensate for various non-idealities. In this talk, I will describe how state-of-the-art diagnosis of failing ICs today is used today to extract valuable information about design, manufacturing and test itself. Although tremendously beneficial, a fault simulator, significant amounts of design data, and powerful computer servers are needed to perform diagnosis. It is therefore infeasible to implement traditional effect-cause diagnosis within a system. We are therefore developing efficient cause-effect (i.e., fault dictionary) based approaches for performing in-system diagnosis. I will conclude the talk by describing approaches for developing efficient fault dictionaries for on-chip implementation.
Biometrical genetic models of self-reported delinquent behavior: a twin study.

Adolescent twins reported delinquent acts on an anonymous questionaire. Intraclass correlations and mean squares were obtained by analysis of variance. Monozygotic (MZ) twins were more alike in their rates of antisocial behavior (ABS) than dizygotic (DZ) twins, and this result held for both sexes (rs MZ, 0.62–0.74; rs DZ, 0.46–0.52). Biometrical models were fitted to ASB (untransformed and log-transformed) mean squares. Only models containing a parameter for additive genetic variability fitted; the purely environmental common environment (CE) specific environment (SE) model was rejected. Several tests supported the equal environments assumption, indicating that the inference of genetic influence was legitimate. However, antisocial behavior was a complex “phenotype.” A correlation between pair means/differences showed that influences common to twin partners interacted with SE. This result suggested that random evironmental opportunities which may be present for one twin but not the other had an effect on delinquency rates. Twins also commited delinquent acts with one another. This result provides a different interpretation for the “common-environment” parameter; this parameter may reflect the influence of one twin on the other, rather than aspects of home environment determined by the twins' parents.
The effect of NO2 on erythrocyte glucose metabolism as related to changes in redox ratio [NAD+][NADH]

Abstract Glucose utilization of human erythrocytes increased to approximately 2.5 times control values when exposed to a mean NO 2 concentration of 336.6 ppm for 2 hours at 37°C and pH = 7.23. The fraction of glucose utilized by the pentose phosphate pathway remained constant so that actual glucose utilized by both this pathway and by glycolysis increased in proportion to the total glucose metabolized. The rate of total lactate plus pyruvate production remained unchanged. These data suggest that NO 2 may influence several loci of erythrocyte metabolism, including accumulation of glycolytic intermediates proximal to the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, oxidation of NADH, NADPH, and GSH, and alteration of NADH dependent enzymes.
Reactions of methylated cyclopropanes and olefins with chloroplatinic acid II. Monoacylation and the formation of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl complexes of platinum dichloride

Abstract Upon reaction with chloroplatinic acid in acid anhydride solvents, several methyl-substituted cyclopropanes and olefins form platinum dichloride adducts of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyls in which the ligand is bound to platinum through both the olefin π-system and a lone pair on the carbonyl oxygen. The cyclopropane reactions are shown to proceed via initial isomerization to an olefin, followed by acylation and proton loss. The stereochemistry of the products is shown to be dependent upon the substitution on the carbons α and β to the carbonyl, and in the case where both the α- and β-carbons are methyl-substituted a single conformation cf the product is isolated.
Power and sample size for testing associations of haplotypes with complex traits

Summary Evaluation of the association of haplotypes with either quantitative traits or disease status is common practice, and under some situations provides greater power than the evaluation of individual marker loci. The focus on haplotype analyses will increase as more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are discovered, either because of interest in candidate gene regions, or because of interest in genome-wide association studies. However, there is little guidance on the determination of the sample size needed to achieve the desired power for a study, particularly when linkage phase of the haplotypes is unknown, and when a subset of tag-SNP markers is measured. There is a growing wealth of information on the distribution of haplotypes in different populations, and it is not unusual for investigators to measure genetic markers in pilot studies in order to gain knowledge of the distribution of haplotypes in the target population. Starting with this basic information on the distribution of haplotypes, we derive analytic methods to determine sample size or power to test the association of haplotypes with either a quantitative trait or disease status (e.g., a case-control study design), assuming that all subjects are unrelated. Our derivations cover both phase-known and phase-unknown haplotypes, allowing evaluation of the loss of efficiency due to unknown phase. We also extend our methods to when a subset of tag-SNPs is chosen, allowing investigators to explore the impact of tag-SNPs on power. Simulations illustrate that the theoretical power predictions are quite accurate over a broad range of conditions. Our theoretical formulae should provide useful guidance when planning haplotype association studies.
The Impact of Violations on Uncertainty and the Consequences for Attractiveness

This investigation aimed at extending past research on expectation violations by arguing that violations vary both in valence and in their influence on uncertainty and that the combination of valence and uncertainty states conjointly influences judgments of a violator’s social attractiveness. In explaining the predicted variance in uncertainty following violations, a distinction is proposed between congruent violations (i.e., behaviors that are more intense instantiations of a previously displayed message) and incongruent violations (i.e., behaviors that are opposite in meaning from previously displayed messages). Five models for explaining violation effects are contrasted. Results (a) confirm that violations differ in their impact on uncertainty, (b) generally support the validity of the proposed distinction between congruent and incongruent violations, and (c) show that the inclusion of uncertainty and valence in models of violation outcomes accounts for greater variance in social attraction than either one separately.
A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause

In this review of eight human studies on the effectiveness of an extract of Cimicifuga racemosa on alleviating menopausal symptoms, it is apparent that it is a safe, effective alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for those patients in whom estrogen replacement therapy is either refused or contraindicated.
Changes in the world income distribution

Abstract Drawing on new international comparison estimates for 127 nations, this study examines in some detail for the decinnial years 1950–1980 the world size distribution of income. Different income concepts—national output valued in different ways, and also consumption alone; and income per-equivalent adult as well as per capita—have been considered in judging how world inequality has changed. The principal findings are: (i) at a point in time, the intercountry differences in income—differences among nations—are greater than the usually observed intracountry differences in income—differences within nations; and (ii) over time systematic differences in national economic growth rates of countries led on balance to very slightly increased intercountry inequality (quite possible not beyond the margin of measurement error) but that (and this judgment is quite tentative) the changes in intracountry inequality over time have left inequality in the overall distribution unchanged.
Religious Background and Gambling Among Young Adults in the United States.

Despite the rapid growth of the gambling industry over the last 40 years, there have been few large-scale, nationally representative longitudinal studies of gambling among young adults. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to investigate whether and how the gambling behavior of young adults is associated with their religious beliefs and practices during adolescence. We find that young adults who grew up as conservative Protestants, mainline Protestants, Mormons, and Jehovah’s Witnesses; those were raised in a community with a higher percentage of conservative Protestants; and those who attended religious services weekly are less likely to have ever gambled. Among gamblers, young adults who attended religious services up to three times per month as adolescents are more likely to experience gambling problems than those who never attend. Notably, accounting for a young adult’s propensity for risk-taking behavior does not explain the associations between religion and gambling.
Multivariate analysis of Drosophila courtship.

Abstract Courtship records of 15 pairs of Drosophila melanogaster were analyzed for temporal stationarity of courtship behaviors, behavioral diversity, behavioral intercorrelations, sequential properties, and information transmission for both sexes. Durations of one male behavior, “orient-back,” and two female behaviors, “preen” and “stand still,” were found to change from the first to the second half of courtship. Male diversity was greater than female diversity, and both were stationary over time. Correlation analyses failed to single out any particular male or female behaviors as being influential in controlling courtship duration. Male behavior sequences formed several multibehavior loops; female behavior consisted of only a few terminal two-tuple transitions. Transmission analysis carried out on the joint male/female transition matrix showed a higher transmission rate from males to females (12%) than from females to males (7%). Potential applications of this multivariate analysis to investigations of neurobiological and evolutionary aspects of Drosophila courtship behavior are proposed.
What information does this question convey?: leveraging help-seeking behavior for improved modeling in a simulation-based intelligent tutor

Asking questions is an important help-seeking behavior that many intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) do not use. Allowing learners to ask questions of an ITS has the potential to improve learning and also to provide a new source of input for ITSs' internal models. In this paper, the different ways an ITS can input questions, answer them, and then use them to update its student model are discussed. A taxonomy of question response for model-based learning environments is proposed, and inquiry modeling, a new framework to let learners ask questions of an ITS with more freedom than existing methods, is described. Inquiry modeling is being developed and tested in a popular military training simulation, the DVTE-CAN.
190 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON MYOCARDIAL CELL DIVISION IN THE RAT

Myocardial cell division continues postnatally for 15-21 days in the newborn rat but the mechanism by which hyperplasia ceases is unknown. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the role of sympathetic nerve (SN) ingrowth on myocardial cell division in the newborn rat ventricle. Chemical sympathectomy was induced by the subcutaneous administration of 50-100 μg/g bodyweight of 6-OH-Dopamine (6-0HD) to each of 226 Holtzman newborn rat pups daily for the first seven days of life. Saline (0.1 ml) was injected into 227 control rat pups. Effective sympathectomy was verified by identifying a reduction in ventricular myocardial norepinephrine levels to 20.60%±2.32 SEM of control at 26-38 days post-birth. Activity of DNA polymerase (DNA-P) in the ventricular homogenate was used to indicate the extent of myocardial cell division. DNA-P was assayed by measuring the initial rate of incorporation of deoxy-methyl 3H thymine triphosphate (3HdTTP) into an acid-insoluble product (per mg protein) using heat denatured DNA as the primer template. Results were expressed as percent of control. DNA-P was increased in the sympathectomized pups older than 10 days. The DNA-P was highest at 16-20 days (275.29%±40.62 SEM of control), gradually decreased but remained elevated at 26-38 days (161.57%±18.9 of control). Therefore, in newborn rats, the normal decrease in myocardial cell hyperplasia appears in part due to myocardial ingrowth of the sympathetic nerves.
Proteinase-Polymerase Precursor as the Active Form of Feline Calicivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

The objective of this study was to identify the active form of the feline calicivirus (FCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Multiple active forms of the FCV RdRP were identified. The most active enzyme was the full-length proteinase-polymerase (Pro-Pol) precursor protein, corresponding to amino acids 1072 to 1763 of the FCV polyprotein encoded by open reading frame 1 of the genome. Deletion of 163 amino acids from the amino terminus of Pro-Pol (the Val-1235 amino terminus) caused a threefold reduction in polymerase activity. Deletion of an additional one (the Thr-1236 amino terminus) or two (the Ala-1237 amino terminus) amino acids produced derivatives that were 7- and 175-fold, respectively, less active than Pro-Pol. FCV proteinase-dependent processing of Pro-Pol in the interdomain region preceding Val-1235 was not observed in the presence of a catalytically active proteinase; however, processing within the polymerase domain was observed. Inactivation of proteinase activity by changing the catalytic cysteine-1193 to glycine permitted the production and purification of intact Pro-Pol. Biochemical analysis of Pro-Pol showed that this enzyme has properties expected of a replicative polymerase, suggesting that Pro-Pol is an active form of the FCV RdRP.
An Integrated Approach to Teaching a One-Semester Course in Auditing

Abstract The issue of what should be taught in the one-semester auditing course and how it should be taught has been debated for years by accounting educators and practitioners, and it continues to be an issue today. Should it be taught conceptually, practically, or through a combination of both? This article presents a method of teaching a one-semester course in auditing that combines topical coverage of the conceptual and technical aspects of auditing with a simulated audit engagement. The simulation provides an environment that requires the student to use analytical, judgment, communication, and interpersonal skills. The use of this approach indicated that students were very receptive because it allowed them to be actively involved in the process of learning.
A Model Investigation of Aerosol-Induced Changes in Boreal Winter Extratropical Circulation

AbstractThe authors examine the key characteristics of the boreal winter extratropical circulation changes in response to anthropogenic aerosols, simulated with a coupled atmosphere–slab ocean general circulation model. The zonal-mean response features a pronounced equatorward shift of the Northern Hemisphere subtropical jet owing to the midlatitude aerosol cooling. The circulation changes also show strong zonal asymmetry. In particular, the cooling is more concentrated over the North Pacific than over the North Atlantic despite similar regional forcings. With the help of an idealized model, the authors demonstrate that the zonally asymmetrical response is linked tightly to the stationary Rossby waves excited by the anomalous diabatic heating over the tropical east Pacific. The altered wave pattern leads to a southeastward shift of the Aleutian low (and associated changes in winds and precipitation), while leaving the North Atlantic circulation relatively unchanged.Despite the rich circulation changes, th...
METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES

Abstract Soil microorganisms play important roles in soil quality and plant productivity. The development of effective methods for studying the diversity, distribution, and behavior of microorganisms in soil habitats is essential for a broader understanding of soil health. Traditionally, the analysis of soil microbial communities has relied on culturing techniques using a variety of culture media designed to maximize the recovery of diverse microbial populations. However, only a small fraction (
Milk production, reproductive and growth performances of Damascus goats under northern Cyprus conditions

Abstract This experiment was carried out at the Ercan State Farm in northern Cyprus, near Nicosia. This research was focused on the evaluation of milk production, reproduction and growth performances of Damascus goats with the aim of examining methods to improve the milking ability of does nursing kids. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Damascus goat for milk yield, reproduction and growth performance in the region. According to the data observed, birth rates (based on the number of does bred) for 2001 and 2002 were 70.2 and 80.5%, litter size (based on the number of kids born to the number of does giving birth) for 2001 and 2002 were 1.62 and 1.56, kidding percentage (based on the number of kids born per 100 does brought to the buck) were 114.3 and 125.9%, respectively. Average daily milk yield, lactation milk yield and lactation length of Damascus does were 1.900 ± 0.042, 489.4 ± 12.784 kg and 254.7 ± 2.359 days, respectively. Average 73.4 ± 3.5 kg extra marketable milk was obtained by using our recommended system (30 days suckling + 30 days milking and residual suckling). By this way, milk yield increased 39% in the first 90 days (259.0 kg) and it means 16% on the whole lactation period. Average daily weight gain of kids was determined as 174.1 ± 4.4 g for our recommended system (30 days suckling + 30 days milking and residual suckling).
Roundtable: logic synthesis in design

No doubt about it, logic synthesis has arrived, or so concludes our panel in this frank discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of actual systems. The roundtable begins with a brief look at the motivation for logic synthesis, continues with commentary on synthesizing control logic versus data flow logic, and then examines current systems and why they succeed.
Differential equations and the method of equivalance

This paper describes an outline of how an algorithm described by the author in (3) may be extended to find a complete set of invariants of the underdetermined systems of ordinary differential equations under the two pseudo-groups currently of interest in non-linear control theory.
Room temperature wear characteristics of Al2O3-particle-reinforced aluminum alloy composite

Abstract Room temperature dry wear and friction properties of a metal matrix composite sliding against cast iron have been studied in a pin-on-plate reciprocating wear tester. The composite consists of Al 2 O 3 particles in an aluminum alloy matrix. Wear is caused by abrasion, interfacial adhesion and ploughing of the softer surface with the asperities of the harder surface and the debris. With increasing load the friction coefficient and wear initially increase and then ecrease. The decreases in wear and friction are caused by increased hardness resulting from re-embedding of the fractured Al 2 O 3 particles near the surface of the composite plate at high loads. The wear characteristics of the composite have been studied over the range of normal stress from 0.31 to 4.72 MPa.
Static magnetic field modulation of myosin phosphorylation: Calcium dependence in two enzyme preparations

Abstract The effects of weak, environmental range, static (d.c.) magnetic fields on myosin light chain phosphorylation in two enzyme preparations are reported. Specifically, the proposal that sensitivity to microtesla-level magnetic fields may be related to Ca2+ ion binding is examined using both myosin light chain kinase and protein kinase C assays. The electromagnetic field exposure system allowed spatial control of the applied static magnetic field in the 0.1–200 μT range in the absence of a.c. components above ± 0.1 μT. The results showed that phosphorylation strongly depends on calcium ion concentration in the reaction mixture. Of interest is the observation that the magnetic field effect is maximal at low Ca2+ concentration for the calmodulin assay, whereas high Ca2+ concentration is required for the protein kinase C assay.
THE EFFECT OF LAND ALIENATION ON SETTLEMENT

ABSTRACT The process of land alienation involves the disposal of the public domain by the federal government and the acquisition of land by settlers. Land alienation policies affected the way in which the land was settled. Homesteads, railroad grants, purchase via scrip, and state grants all played a role in the settlement of Kandiyohi County, central Minnesota, during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Dutch and Swedish settlers took up land in restricted areas of the county because of the pattern of available land resulting from the various policies. Homestead entries contained the largest proportion of original farmsteads in the mid-1880s. These patterns resulting from initial settlement conditions are still observable.
Dynamics of interacting Brownian particles

Abstract A memory function formulation has been used for the dynamics of interacting Brownian particles in colloidal systems and polymer dispersions. By introducing approximations at the level of the force correlation function, the theoretical scattering functions agree well with the experimental photon correlation spectroscopy data.
Arterial graft patency in coronary artery bypass grafting: what do we really know?

Abstract Background . With increasing use of beating heart techniques for bypass of the left anterior descending coronary artery with the left internal mammary artery (LIMA), appropriate concerns have been raised of whether graft patency by these techniques compares favorably with conventional, arrested heart techniques. Methods . All published articles that examine outcome efficacy of the LIMA graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery were reviewed. Because angiography has been considered the "gold standard," only those studies that included angiographic follow-up were analyzed. Results . From 1972 through 1998, there have been 37 peer-reviewed publications that examined outcomes of LIMA grafting in conventional coronary bypass grafting, of which 27 contained angiographic follow-up data. The completeness of angiographic follow-up was variable, but early graft patency (≤1 month) in studied patients ranged between 94% and 99%. Late graft patency (up to 15 years) ranged from 51% to 98%. Five recent series of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting that contained LIMA graft patency data show early graft patency rates between 91% and 99%. Conclusions . Meaningful comparison of LIMA graft patency between arrested heart, conventional coronary artery bypass grafting, and minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting is difficult; however, early graft patency by both techniques can confidently be stated as being 90% or greater.
Innovation in pediatric clinical education: application of the essential competencies.

Background At the Section on Pediatrics Education Summit in July 2012, consensus was achieved on 5 essential core competencies (ECCs) that represent a knowledge base essential to all graduates of professional physical therapist education programs. Key points This article offers suggestions for how clinical instructors (CIs) might use the ECCs to identify student needs and guide student learning during a pediatric clinical education experience. Pediatric CIs potentially might choose to use the ECCs as a reference tool in clinical education to help (1) organize and develop general, clinic-specific clinical education objectives, (2) develop and plan individualized student learning experiences, (3) identify student needs, and (4) show progression of student learning from beginner to intermediate to entry level. Conclusions The ECCs may offer CIs insights into the role of pediatric clinical education in professional physical therapist education.
Clutch size manipulations in two seed beetles: consequences for progeny fitness.

Seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) lay their eggs on discrete resource patches, such that competition among larvae for food is an important component of their biology. Most seed beetles, including Stator limbatus, lay eggs singly on individual seeds and avoid superparasitism except when seeds are limiting. In contrast, S. beali, a closely related congener, lays eggs in clutches on a single seed. We tested the hypothesis that natural selection on larval life history characters favors small clutches (selection against large clutches) in S. limbatus, but that selection against large clutches is relaxed in S. beali because of the large size of its host's seeds. We manipulated clutch size and examined its relationship to offspring fitness. Clutch size affected the survivorship of S. limbatus larvae(r 2=0.14), but had no detectable effect on the survivorship of S. beali larvae (r 2=0.04). Also, clutch size had a large effect on development time and body weight of S. limbatus, but not of S. beali. We discuss the implications of this result for the evolution of clutch size in S. limbatus and S. beali.
Improvements to the solar forcing data record

Two improvements are described regarding the total solar irradiance measurement record, which provides the net incoming energy driving the Earth’s climate system. The first is improved absolute accuracy, which reduces offsets between measurements, improves knowledge of the Earth’s radiative (im)balance, and helps make the data record more robust against potential future data gaps. The second improvement described is work by the instrument teams acquiring the measurements toward a better irradiance composite, achieved by analysis of instrument artifacts and estimating timedependent uncertainties. This composite will provide climate modelers an improved 34-year solar forcing record.
Effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia on counterregulatory hormone responses during hypoglycemia in humans.

We evaluated the effect of continuous physiological hyperinsulinemia on counterregulatory hormone responses in seven healthy subjects, each studied on two occasions. Hormone responses were measured during identical 2-h periods of hypoglycemia (plasma glucose target 3.5 mmol/L) at insulin levels of 350 pmol/L or 640 pmol/L. During hypoglycemia, there were significant (50-1400%) increases in glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, and cortisol which were comparable in the two groups. We further evaluated the influence of the duration of mild hyperinsulinemia on the responses in an additional group of normal subjects (n = 7). Brief (30 min) exposure to insulin was compared to a prolonged (3.5 h) insulin infusion, each followed by identical hypoglycemia. Plasma insulin (approximately 350 pmol/L) and plasma glucose (target 3.3 mmol/L) were similar in both groups. The increases in epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, and cortisol during hypoglycemia were virtually identical in the two groups. However, the secret...
Coupled DSMC-PMC radiation simulations of a hypersonic reentry

bhw = line half-width, A E = radiative energy, W Eabs = radiative energy absorbed by cell, W Ebundle = radiative energy carried by photon bundle, W Eemis = emission energy, W Etrans = transmitted radiative energy, W Kn;1 = freestream Knudsen number, dimensionless k, k1, k2 = line-center index, dimensionless L = nose radius of the Stardust blunt body, m l1;2 = ratio between face endpoints, m Nrays per cell = number of rays emitted from one cell Ntotal rays = initial number of rays for an entire computational domain na = atom number density, m 3 ne = electron number density, m 3 n = ion number density, m 3 Qemis = total integrated emission coefficient,W=cm-sr Qemis;k = accumulated atomic emission lines from i 1 to k, W=cm-sr Qemis; = partially integrated emission coefficient, W=cm-sr qR = radiative heat flux,W=m qc = convective heat flux,W=m R = random number, dimensionless Rc = radius of curvature, m r = radial component of photon travel distance in a cell, m S = distance from stagnation point, m Sd = distance from emission point to cell-face intersection point, m sx, sy, sz = directional cosines in a Cartesian coordinate system Trot = rotational temperature, K Ttrn = translational temperature, K Tvib = vibrational temperature, K Te = electron temperature, K Vcell = cell volume, m V1 = freestream velocity, m=s X = horizontal coordinate of direct simulation Monte Carlo domain for the Stardust geometry, m xi, yi, zi = intersection points of a photon bundle with a cell face, m xe, ye = emission locations, m x1, x2 = coordinates of cell boundary along X axis, m Y = vertical coordinate of direct simulation Monte Carlo domain for the Stardust geometry, m y1, y2 = coordinates of cell boundary along Y axis, m Z = horizontal coordinate of photon Monte Carlo domain for the Stardust geometry, m = optical length, dimensionless "i = emission coefficient of a bound-bound transition at the line-center wavelength, W=cm-sr " = emission coefficient at a wavelength, W=cmm-sr = polar angle, rad = absorption coefficient, cm 1 = wavelength, A
Material selection considerations for gas separation processes

Advantages and disadvantages associated with common membrane types used in gas separation operations are reviewed. Comparisons between dense-walled and several different types of asymmetric structures are made. In addition to overall membrane structure, the molecular natures of different membrane material types are treated. Tradeoffs between the use of rubbery and glassy polymers are considered first, followed by a treatment of the optimization of glassy membrane permeability and permselectivity properties. Material optimization principles are defined in terms of the basic thermodynamic solution and kinetic transport properties of polymers, and applications of these principles are illustrated for a modified poly(phenylene oxide) and a homologous series of polyimides derived from pyromellitic dianhydride.
Far u.v. dayglow measurements - atomic oxygen.

Abstract Previous measurements on the height profile of the atomic oxygen dayglow at 1304 A have been reconfirmed in a rocket experiment at Wallops Island, Va., U.S.A. on 12 Nov. 1963. Higher resolution has permitted measurement of the 1302 A line intensity with respect to the other two ground state lines at 1304·7 and 1305·8 A. The three lines appear to have equal intensity at all altitudes. The 1641 A and 3325 A lines were not present above a level of 25 R.
Application of an adaptive least squares correlation algorithm for stereo matching planetary image data

[1] An adaptive least squares (ALS) correlation algorithm and a region-growing algorithm were implemented into a stereo-matching computer program. This program (referred to as the Stereo Matching Tool Kit (SMTK)) was designed specifically for the application to planetary image data. The ALS algorithm matches a patch of one image to the corresponding area in a second image. The matching procedure is an iterative process that minimizes the sum of the square differences between the two patches to determine an optimal set of transformation parameters. Successful matches are then used to predict potential match points for surrounding locations. Using potential match points in conjunction with the region-growing algorithm, a population of match points between the two images is determined. The stereo-matching process is initiated by using the ALS algorithm in conjunction with Spacecraft, Planet, Instrument, C-matrix, and Events (SPICE) information to automatically determine a set of seed points. SMTK was tested on two planetary image data sets: Mariner 10 and Clementine. SMTK-derived digital elevation models compare well with topography generated by an area-based stereo matcher requiring manual selection of seed points, analog stereo techniques, and photoclinometry.
The role of wave propagation in the motion of an elastic body

An elementary volume of any elastic body subjected to an external force moves in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This behaviour also holds for the centre of mass of an elastic body, but the means by which any portion of the body is 'informed' of an imposed external force must be waves that are generated by that force and are multiply reflected within the medium. To illustrate their influence we consider the motion of an elastic bar with free ends subjected to either an impulsive force or a constant force applied to the end at the moment t = 0. We also study motion of the bar with one fixed end due to a constant force. For this latter situation, the free end of the bar remains in periodic motion about the position described conventionally by Hooke's law. In the presence of dissipation, the behaviour of a nearly elastic bar approaches with time that of a rigid bar subjected to the same forces. These examples of motion of an elastic bar allow us to illustrate resistance of a body to the change of its velocity (inertia) and relate it to wave propagation.
Alcohol Use in Retirement Communities

OBJECTIVES Anecdotal reports and two previous studies suggest that retirement communities have a particularly high prevalence of heavy drinking. The objective of this study was to verify or refute this finding and to identify characteristics associated with heavy drinking in retirement communities. METHODS This cross-sectional study used a mailed survey to gather information from three retirement communities in suburban Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The questionnaire included alcohol use questions adapted from the Khavari questionnaire and the CAGE questionnaire to screen for alcohol abuse. RESULTS Three hundred seventeen of 454 independent residents of the retirement communities completed and returned surveys for a response rate of 70%. Mean age of respondents was 83 ± 6 years, 100% were white, 77% were female. Forty-seven percent used some alcohol, 15% had one to six drinks per week, 8% had seven or more drinks per week. Only two people screened positive on the CAGE questionnaire for abusive drinking. The majority of drinkers had decreased alcohol use since moving to the community. Male sex, socialization, lack of religious affiliation, and smoking were factors whose percentages increased significantly with increasing alcohol use. Although drinkers were more likely to smoke cigarettes, no indicators suggested that they were less healthy than abstainers. CONCLUSIONS Despite the advanced age of this population, regular alcohol use was prevalent. In contrast to previous reports from retirement communities, heavy and abusive drinking were uncommon by our measures, perhaps because of the older age and female predominance of the sample. Drinking appears to be associated with more social contacts and, possibly, better health status.
Aroclor 1254 treatment and fasting influences on rat liver mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthesis with ADP and ATP.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture. Aroclor 1254 (ARO), -induced wasting in male rats is associated with increased permeability of hepatic mitochondria. This was correlated with hyperuremia and stimulated urea synthesis, hypoglycemia and suppressed glucogenesis after an ammonium acetate injection, and decreased retention of assimilated nitrogen and food intake. For ARO-toxic rats (100 mg/kg, ip, for 1, 2, and 4 days) versus Tween 80-treated, ad libitum-fed controls, mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate (CP) formation (the initial step in urea synthesis from NH4+) was progressively stimulated for the duration of treatment from NH4+ and ATP but not from NH4+ and ADP. ARO maximal stimulation of CP formation also correlated with significant loss in body weight. Mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase synthesis of citrulline from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate was also stimulated. In comparison to fasted rats (24 hr), mitochondrial CP synthesis from NH4+ was enhanced with ADP but not with ATP. This ARO uncoupling of mitrochondrial NH4+ metabolism and stimulation of CP formation with exogenous ATP and citrulline synthesis may have resulted from increased availability of substrates and cofactors in the matrix space, leakage of enzymes from the matrix, or a combination of these effects. These results are consistent with an increased inner membrane permeability and fragility during isolation and assays. In agreement with our previous studies, the data show that ARO exposure poises hepatic mitochondria toward the synthesis of urea intermediates.
Computing temperature variabilities due to stochastic and fuzzy thermal properties

The thermal properties and boundary conditions of real (not theoretical) thermal systems are imprecise or uncertain. As a consequence, the temperatures and heat fluxes exhibit variability which is usually expressed in terms of a standard deviation. Generally uncertain system parameters are assumed to be stochastic. However, in real life it is highly probable that they are better described by fuzzy variables. This paper describes how to compute the variability for parameters which are stochastic, fuzzy, or both. It is shown that, for the problem considered here, a first order perturbation analysis gives reasonably accurate estimates of the system variability for both types of parameters.
Recrystallization and grain growth induced by ELMs-like transient heat loads in deformed tungsten samples

Tungsten has been chosen as the main candidate for plasma facing components (PFCs) due to its superior properties under extreme operating conditions in future nuclear fusion reactors such as ITER. One of the serious issues for PFCs is the high heat load during transient events such as ELMs and disruption in the reactor. Recrystallization and grain size growth in PFC materials caused by transients are undesirable changes in the material, since the isotropic microstructure developed after recrystallization exhibits a higher ductile-to-brittle transition temperature which increases with the grain size, a lower thermal shock fatigue resistance, a lower mechanical strength, and an increased surface roughening. The current work was focused on careful determination of the threshold parameters for surface recrystallization, grain growth rate, and thermal shock fatigue resistance under ELM-like transient heat events. Transient heat loads were simulated using long pulse laser beams for two different grades of ultrafine-grained tungsten. It was observed that cold rolled tungsten demonstrated better power handling capabilities and higher thermal stress fatigue resistance compared to severely deformed tungsten. Higher recrystallization threshold, slower grain growth, and lower degree of surface roughening were observed in the cold rolled tungsten.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: A review of neurological complications

A case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum with multisystem involvement is described. Neurological complications, as reported in the literature, are reviewed. These include cerebrovascular insufficiency, multiple lacunar infarcts, aneurysms, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, progressive intellectual deterioration, and psychic and mental disturbance which may be due to cortical atrophy. Seizures occur more frequently than in the general population. Hypertension and alteration of cerebral vessels are the two basic pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the neurological complications of this disease.
On finding the number of graph automorphisms

This paper investigates the enumerability of the function GA, the number of automorphisms of an undirected graph, in relation to the computational complexity of GI, the Graph Isomorphism problem. A function f (on graphs) is b(n)-enumerable if there exists a function g/spl isin/PF such that for all n-node graphs G, g(G) lists b(n) numbers, one of which is f(G). The results in this paper show the following connections between the enumerability of GA and the Graph Isomorphism problem. 1. For /spl epsiv/ e/spl ap/2.718, GA is c/sup n/-enumerable.
Preterm premature rupture of membranes: does the duration of latency influence perinatal outcomes?

Objective Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is the leading identifiable cause of prematurity. We hypothesized that, when controlled for delivery gestational age, potential prolonged exposure to inflammation/infection could be harmful to the developing fetus. Study Design We studied a retrospective cohort of pregnancies with PPROM at 22.0–33.9 weeks' gestation. The primary outcome was perinatal survival without major morbidity (grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Regression models assessed predictors of perinatal morbidity. Results Three hundred six women were included. PPROM occurred at a median of 29.4 weeks' gestation (interquartile range [IQR], 24.7–32.1 weeks' gestation). Median latency was 8 days (IQR, 3–15 days). Median delivery age was 31.4 weeks' gestation (IQR, 27.4–33.3 weeks' gestation). Two hundred seventy-seven infants (91%) survived; 233 infants (84% of survivors, 76% of all babies) did not have major morbidities. Gestational age (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.68) and congenital sepsis (odds ratio, 13.2; 95% confidence interval, 3.9–44.5), but not latency, predicted perinatal morbidity in multivariate models. Conclusion Latency does not appear to worsen outcomes in pregnancies that are complicated by PPROM.
Pediatric fatality secondary to EDTA chelation

Background. Chelation therapy has emerged as a popular treatment modality to remove heavy metals that are thought to cause autism. We report a fatality that occurred as a consequence of chelation therapy for autism when the incorrect form of EDTA was administered. Case Report. A five-year-old autistic male was being chelated in a physician's office. While receiving his third treatment he went into cardiac arrest. It was not determined until after the child's death that he had been given edetate disodium rather than edetate calcium disodium, causing profound hypocalcemia and triggering the cardiac events that led to his death. Discussion. In 1991, the CDC recommended using only edetate calcium disodium, not edetate disodium, to children because edetate disodium may induce tetany and possible hypocalcemia as illustrated in this case. Conclusion. The use of chelation therapy in autistic children has not been validated and can have tragic consequences.
Comments on "Narrow-band interference rejection using real-time Fourier transforms

In their paper on narrow-band interference excision in DS-SS systems D. Davidovici and E.G. Kanterakis (ibid., vol.37, p.713-22, 1989) concluded that excision need not improve the bit-error rate at high-interference levels. It is argued that while this conclusion follows from the specific cases examined, it does not apply to more realistic spread-spectrum system designs. >
Planar Spindle Orientation and Asymmetric Cytokinesis in the Mouse Small Intestine

A major feature of epithelial cell polarity is regulated positioning of the mitotic spindle within the cell. Spindles in cells of symmetrically expanding tissues are predicted to align parallel to the tissue plane. Direct measurement of this alignment has been difficult in mammalian tissues. Here, we analyzed the position of spindles in intact mouse intestinal epithelium using microtubule immunofluorescence and three-dimensional confocal imaging. Mitotic cells were identified in the proliferative zone of intestinal crypts. Spindle angle relative to the apical cell surface was determined either by direct measurement from confocal images or with a computational algorithm. Angles averaged within 10° of parallel to the apical surface in metaphase and anaphase cells, consistent with robust planar spindle positioning, whereas spindles in prometaphase cells showed much greater angle variability. Interestingly, cytokinetic furrows appeared to extend from the basal cell surface toward the apical surface. This type of image analysis may be useful for studying the regulation of spindle position during tissue remodeling and tumor formation.