cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geneza artystyczna pomnika grobowego Józefa Frageta na Starych Powązkach w W arszawie

Neoclassical mausoleum of Jozef Fraget (1797-1867) commemorating a French industrial entrepreneur and the founder of the first factory of clad goods in Poland was constructed at Old Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw between 1867 and 1869 (quarter A, row I). The author of the torso is Leonard Marconi, and the mold is believed to have been made by the “Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein” factory in Warsaw. The original project embraced only the top, cast iron part of the tomb in the form of Doric aedicule with entablature and triangular pediment as well as the marble torso placed on prism pedestal located among four columns. The bottom, stone part, was executed later, approximately in 1913 in Wladyslaw Tuszynski stone enterprise. The Mausoleum of Fraget is a replica of the monument situated in Berlin at St. Dorothy’s Cemetery commemorating Johann August Borsig (1804-1854), the owner of the well-established metal factory in Europe. Its designer was an architect from Berlin, an apprentice of Schinkl, Johann Heinrich Strack, and the maker of the bronze torso mold was a sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch. Three other mausoleums originated from the same model: the Brand family mausoleum at the Metallurgical Cemetery in Gliwice, (between 1865 and 1890), Tomas Evans mausoleum at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw (second half of the 60s. the XIX century, currently non-existent) and in its slightly modified form, the tomb of the architect J. H. Strack at the St Dorothy’s Cemetery in Berlin (1880-1882). All the above-mentioned mausoleums except the monument decorating the tomb of the architect Strack, commemorated personalities from metallurgical industry. The particularity of the mausoleum of Jozef Fraget consists in the use of cast iron as the main constructing element. It is a distinctive feature differing the mausoleum in question from the remaining exemplary monuments made of stone.
Food Allergy Trends and Epinephrine Autoinjector Presence in Summer Camps.

Background Pediatric campers with food allergies are at greater risk for exposure and anaphylaxis. A diagnosis of asthma increases risk for anaphylaxis. Epidemiological investigations of food-allergic children at high risk for allergic reactions requiring intervention in camp settings are lacking. Objective The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of food allergies among otherwise healthy campers in summer camps throughout the United States and Canada, and to assess asthma comorbidity and determine rates of epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions present in this population. Methods We partnered with CampDoc.com, a web-based camp electronic health record system. Deidentified data were abstracted from 170 camps representing 122,424 campers. Only food allergies with a parental report of symptoms requiring intervention or with a camp prescription for an epinephrine autoinjector were included, whereas gluten, lactose intolerance, and food dyes were excluded. Asthma status and epinephrine presence on the camp medication list were assessed. Results Overall, 2.5% of campers (n = 3055) had documented food allergies. Of these campers, 22% had multiple food allergies. Median age was 11 years; 52% were female. Nuts (81%), seafood (17.4%), egg (8.5%), fruit (8.1%), and seeds (7.2%) were the top 5 food allergies reported. Of food-allergic campers, 44.3% had concurrent asthma and 34.7% of those campers were taking multiple asthma medications. Less than half (39.7%) of food-allergic children brought an epinephrine autoinjector to the camp. Conclusions Life-saving epinephrine is not necessarily available for food-allergic children in camp settings. A substantial proportion of food-allergic campers are at higher risk for anaphylaxis based on concurrent asthma status.
Abstract A52: KRAS: The Rarefied Ras Oncogene

The Ras family of small GTPases is comprised of three isoforms, HRAS, NRAS and KRAS, which are mutated in up to a third of all human cancers to promote tumorigenesis. Despite nearly identical amino acid sequence, we discovered divergent codon usage between isoform mRNA sequences. Specifically, KRAS is enriched in underrepresented (rare) codons relative to mammalian transcripts, whereas HRAS is characterized by common codons and NRAS is composed of an intermediate codon mixture. Rare codons can limit protein expression, and we tested and found that successively changing rare to common codons increased KRAS protein expression. To determine the impact of rare codon bias on KRAS-driven carcinogenesis, we converted rare to common codons in exon 3 of the endogenous Kras gene, then treated heterozygous Kras ex3op/wt mice with the carcinogen urethane to induce Kras mutation-positive lung tumors. We now report that the multiplicity of tumors in these Kras ex3op/wt mice was significantly reduced, and only weaker oncogenic mutations were detected in the Kras ex3op allele compared to the Kras wt allele. Since high oncogenic RAS expression can induce a senescent growth arrest instead of transformation to a tumorigenic state, we hypothesized that converting rare to common codons in Kras to increase protein expression may augment senescence in response to activating mutations. Indeed, ectopic expression of oncogenic Kras ex3op induced a stronger growth arrest in cultured cells than the oncogenic version of the native Kras . In summary, we have identified a novel regulatory mechanism hard-wired into the RAS genes that has a direct impact on tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Nicole L. Pershing, Benjamin Lampson, Christopher Counter. KRAS: The Rarefied Ras Oncogene. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A52. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-A52
Nonatherosclerotic limb ischemia: Prompt evaluation and diagnosis

Limb ischemia is most often associated with atherosclerosis and older age. When a younger patient without risk factors for atherosclerosis presents with symptoms of limb ischemia, vascular occlusion may not be suspected initially, thus delaying diagnosis and treatment. Delayed diagnosis can lead to a poor outcome. Here, we describe several uncommon causes of limb ischemia and their initial presentations, workup, and treatment to help guide the practitioner in making a timely diagnosis in this unusual patient population.
Introduction to Webs of Memory, Frames of Power: Collective Remembering in the Archaeological Record

Over the past few decades, archaeologists have increasingly viewed collective memory as critical to the establishment and legitimation of power relations. For societies in the past and present, collective memory can be drawn on to clarify group identity, justify or subvert hierarchies, invent traditions, and define behaviors. The contributors to this special issue focus on the process of remembering, how it produced multiple archaeologically visible understandings of the past, and how these viewpoints impacted power-laden social negotiations. To better elucidate this process, this introduction situates the concept of collective remembering within recent materialist frameworks that emphasize the integration of human and nonhuman actors into webs of interaction. We suggest that by viewing collective memory from the standpoint of interactions, multiple viewpoints can be recognized. We argue in turn that accounting for the diverse actors invested in memory production provides archaeologists a means to delineate how the past becomes a site of contested values that social groups are constantly reworking to define membership, justify social hierarchy, and validate resistance.
Does private security affect crime?: a test using state regulations as instruments

Private security is employed to deter criminals from attacking specific targets, presumably not to produce general deterrence. Indeed, private security generates negative spillovers as criminals su...
Immersion and coherence in a visual cliff environment

We report on the design and results of an experiment investigating Slater's Place Illusion (PI) and Plausibility Illusion (Psi) in a virtual visual cliff environment. Existing presence questionnaires could not reliably distinguish the effects of PI from those of Psi. They did, however, indicate that high levels of PI-eliciting characteristics and Psi-eliciting characteristics together result in higher presence, compared to any of the other three conditions. Also, participants' heart rates responded markedly differently in the two Psi conditions; no such difference was observed across the PI conditions.
Baseline levels of coral disease in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

There has been a worldwide increase in the reports of diseases affecting marine organisms. In the Caribbean, mass mortalities among organisms in reef ecosystems have resulted in major shifts in community structure. However, our ability to fully understand recent disease outbreaks is hampered by the paucity of baseline and epidemiological information on the normal disease levels in the ocean. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) is considered one of the last relatively pristine coral reef ecosystems remaining in the world. As such, it provides the unique opportunity to document the normal levels of disease in a coral reef system exposed to limited human influence. In July 00 , baseline surveys were conducted at sites throughout the NWHI to quantify and characterize coral disease. Ten disease states were documented with the most common disease found to be Porites trematodiasis. This disease was widespread and is known to exclusively affect Porites sp. coral. Numerous other conditions were observed but at much lower levels of occurrence. Numbers of colonies affected by Porites trematodiasis were not enumerated but other types of conditions were counted with the average prevalence of disease estimated at 0. %. Several of the observed disease states were distinct from what has been described from other coral reef systems. Coral genera exhibited differences in types of syndromes and prevalence of disease. Pocilloporids, common corals on the reefs of the NWHI, were comparatively resistant to disease. In contrast, acroporids showed the greatest damage from disease and the highest estimated prevalence of disease.
Six week evaluation of the potential for topical desoximetasone 0.25% spray to induce photoallergic skin reaction.

AbstractPurpose: Desoximetasone 0.25% topical spray is a novel formulation that has not been tested or approved for safety and efficacy. The primary objective was to determine the potential of desoximetasone 0.25 and 0.05% topical sprays, as well as a vehicle to induce photoallergic skin reaction after repeated topical application and irradiation to the skin using a controlled photopatch testing procedure.Materials and methods: 53 subjects completed the study, each with six application sites (two of each treatment), three of which were irradiated and three non-irradiated, for an induction period of three weeks and then challenge period at week 6.Results: Desoximetasone 0.25 and 0.05%, as well as vehicle showed no evidence of potential to induce photosensitization. There was statistically significantly greater irritation at the vehicle irradiated site in comparison to the irradiated treatment area of desoximetasone 0.25% (p = .005) and the irradiated treatment area of desoximetasone 0.05% (p = .008).Conclu...
A level set approach for shock-induced $$\upalpha $$ź---$$\upgamma $$ź phase transition of RDX

We present a thermodynamically consistent level sets approach based on regularization energy functional which can be directly incorporated into a Galerkin finite element framework to model interface motion. The regularization energy leads to a diffusive form of flux that is embedded within the level sets evolution equation which maintains the signed distance property of the level set function. The scheme is shown to compare well with the velocity extension method in capturing the interface position. The proposed level sets approach is employed to study the $$\upalpha $$?---$$\upgamma $$? phase transformation in RDX single crystal shocked along the (100) plane. Example problems in one and three dimensions are presented. We observe smooth evolution of the phase interface along the shock direction in both models. There is no diffusion of the interface during the zero level set evolution in the three dimensional model. The level sets approach is shown to capture the characteristics of the shock-induced $$\upalpha $$?---$$\upgamma $$? phase transformation such as stress relaxation behind the phase interface and the finite time required for the phase transformation to complete. The regularization energy based level sets approach is efficient, robust, and easy to implement.
Do Electronic Cigarettes Have a Role in Tobacco Cessation

Tobacco use continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Even with behavioral and pharmacologic treatment, long-term tobacco cessation rates are low. Electronic nicotine delivery systems, commonly referred to as electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, are increasingly used for tobacco cessation. Because e-cigarettes are widely used in this setting, health care professionals need to know if they are safe and effective. The purpose of this article is to review literature regarding use of e-cigarettes as a tool for tobacco cessation in patients who are ready to quit, as well as those who are not ready to quit, along with some selected patient populations. The safety and clinical implications of e-cigarette use are also reviewed. Small, short-term studies assessing smokers' use of e-cigarettes suggest that e-cigarettes may be well tolerated and modestly effective in achieving abstinence. High-quality studies are lacking to support e-cigarettes use for cessation in patients with mental health issues. One small prospective cohort study concluded that patients with mental health issues reduced cigarette use with e-cigarette use. Although one study found that patients with cancer reported using e-cigarettes as a tobacco-cessation strategy, e-cigarettes were not effective in supporting abstinence 6 and 12 months later. Additional research is needed to evaluate the use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in patients with pulmonary diseases. No data exist to describe the efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in pregnant women. Although study subjects report minimal adverse effects with e-cigarettes and the incidence of adverse effects decreases over time, long-term safety data are lacking. Health care providers should assess e-cigarette use in their patients as part of the tobacco cessation process.
Optimizing procedures for shipping marine fish eggs using white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, as a model

Abstract As marine finfish aquaculture expands, there is an increasing interest in the ability to ship early life stages from breeding centers to hatcheries. Here we conducted a 24 h air shipping simulation with eggs of white seabass (WSB; Atractoscion nobilis). We examined the effects of a pH buffer on water quality, post-shipping egg survival, and subsequent hatching success, at egg densities of 1000, 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 eggs/L. The pH buffer, 8.3 Trizma®, was tested at varying concentrations of zero (NT = 0.00 g/L), low (LT = 0.75 g/L), medium (MT = 1.5 g/L) and high (HT = 3.0 g/L). Shipping densities up to 5000 eggs/L consistently yielded >70% survival immediately after simulated shipment, hatching success >70%, and >45% survival 48 h after the simulations, when Trizma concentrations were under 1.5 g/L. At those densities, pH was maintained at ~8.0 when buffered at a minimum Trizma level of 0.75 g/L. The highest densities of 10,000 and 15,000 eggs/L yielded lower survival 0–6% after 24 h, regardless of pH buffer concentration. Based on the results from these air-shipping simulations, we recommend WSB eggs be shipped in seawater with a maximum of 0.75 g/L Trizma® at densities no >5000 eggs/L. We believe this represents an important step in improving long distance transport protocols and provides useful guidance in air transport of other economically and ecologically important marine species.
Substrate specificity of Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease and its overlap with DNA photolyase activity.

The action of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that operates on UV damage in DNA overlaps with that of DNA photolyase from yeast: homo- and heterocyclobutane dipyrimidines in DNA are substrates for both enzymes, but pyrimidine adducts or the “spore photoproduct” in DNA are not. As expected from this overlap, the action of the two enzymes is mutually interfering: single-strand nicks introduced by the endonuclease effectively preclude photoreactivation; conversely, formation of a photolyase-cyclobutane dipyrimidine complex can prevent nicking by the endonuclease.
Causal Relationships in Health and Disease

In July of 1998, a 55-year-old man developed a new and unusual appearing rash on both of his arms. His symptoms began approximately 3 weeks earlier, when he first experienced weakness in his left hand. His physician ordered a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain, which was normal. Suspecting that the man’s symptoms were caused by a transient ischemic attack, or mini-stroke, the physician prescribed aspirin.
Embolization of a congenital arteriovenous malformation arising off the internal mammary artery.

Abstract Congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the internal mammary artery (IMA) are exceptionally rare. Patients with AVMs arising off the left IMA may present with continuous precordial murmurs and/or a pulsatile chest mass. AVMs in this location pose a risk of enlargement, rupture, infection, or high-output cardiac failure. The potential risks associated with AVMs warrant early therapeutic intervention. We describe a case of a congenital AVM originating from the left IMA, which was successfully embolized with n‑butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) using a transcatheter arterial approach.
Terror Management Motivation Fuels Structure-Seeking

Abstract According to terror management theory, cultural worldviews function to mitigate mortality concerns. Looking closer, we observe that any specific cultural meaning system, such as national or religious identification, rests on nonspecific, domain-general conceptions of the world as structured—that is, simple, clear, consistent, and marked by a coherent relation of parts. If nonspecific structure provides the epistemic foundation for death-denying worldviews, then people would be expected to compensate for mortality concerns by projecting structure on their social and physical environments, even when no objective structure exists. Supporting this hypothesis, several studies show that mortality salience (MS) increases diverse tendencies to seek and prefer well-structured interpretations of social stimuli. For example, MS increases attraction to clear-cut stereotypes and predictable behavior, and it decreases liking for disordered time tables and visually chaotic artworks. Studies furthermore show that individuals disposed to prefer well-structured knowledge (typically measured with the Personal Need for Structure Scale) are especially likely to respond to MS by affirming nonspecific epistemic structure. This chapter reviews select findings from this emerging literature. Discussion looks across findings for ways to understand the deep-seated motives that drive people to project structure on the world and their lives.
Metro-Viz: Black-Box Analysis of Time Series Anomaly Detectors

Millions of time-based data streams (a.k.a., time series) are being recorded every day in a wide-range of industrial and scientific domains, from healthcare and finance to autonomous driving. Detecting anomalous behavior in such streams has become a common analysis task for which data scientists employ complex machine learning models. Analyzing the behavior and performance of these models is a challenge on its own. While traditional accuracy metrics (e.g., precision/recall) are often used in practice to measure and compare the performance of different anomaly detectors, such statistics alone are insufficient to characterize and compare the algorithms in a systematic, human-interpretable way. In this extended abstract, we present Metro-Viz, a visual analysis tool to help data scientists and domain experts reason about commonalities and differences among anomaly detectors, and to identify their strengths and weaknesses.
Modeling and simulations of two dimensional propagation of shear shock waves in relaxing soft solids

Abstract Soft solids, such as gelatin or soft tissue, have a shear wave speed that is smaller than the compressional wave speed. Recent observations of shear shock wave generation in the brain, which can easily reach a large Mach number regime, suggest that the cubic nonlinear behavior of soft solids could be responsible for traumatic brain injury. However, currently there are no two-dimensional (2D) models describing the propagation of linearly-polarized shear shock waves in relaxing soft solids. These models are required to model the fundamental wave propagation physics like diffraction, focusing etc., and are related to traumatic brain injuries as it can be used to model the skull/brain morphology. In this work, we present a two-dimensional system of first-order equations modeling the propagation of shear shock waves in a relaxing soft solid, and then this system is solved numerically using the piecewise parabolic method, a high-order finite volume method. The numerical solutions are validated in two parts. First, the nonlinear component, which is designed for large Mach numbers, is validated with a step-shock Riemann problem. Then relaxation mechanisms based on a generalized Maxwell body, which model the non-classical attenuation that occurs in soft tissue, are compared to analytical solutions with an error of 5%-10%. The validation of attenuation also includes dispersion due to causality which is determined by the Kramers-Kronig relations. Finally, the full numerical method, which includes nonlinearity, attenuation, and dispersion, is compared to ultrasonic measurements of shear shock wave propagation in tissue-mimicking phantoms. Two experiments were performed based on high frame-rate ultrasound imaging and tracking in a gelatin phantom 1) planar shear shock waves, and 2) focused shear shock wave propagation. The experimental and numerical waveforms closely match, e.g. the RMS amplitude error is between 12.05% and 12.27%. Moreover, the frequency-content of the temporal signal was compared for third and fifth multiples of fundamental harmonic validating the generation of odd-harmonics due to cubic nonlinearity. Furthermore, the numerical tool was able to estimate the nonlinear parameter in the phantom ( β = 4.4 ) using a grid-parameter-search. In context of traumatic brain injury, the current method can be used to study the shear shock formation in 2D-sections of human skull, and can also be used for nonlinear parameter estimation in brain.
Perforating Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis in Syphilis.

Purpose To present a case of peripheral ulcerative keratitis with perforation in the setting of syphilis. Method A single observational case report in urban USA. Case presentation A patient with multiple sexual partners presented with bilateral peripheral ulcerative keratitis, unilateral corneal perforation, and a pustular rash. Workup was positive for syphilis as well as HSV, HIV, and multiple autoantibody tests. Findings improved after treatment for syphilis. Conclusion Bilateral peripheral ulcerative keratitis in syphilis has been reported in one prior case. However, corneal perforation in the setting of syphilis infection has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO CIGARETTES AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES ON ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION

Impaired endothelial function precedes development of atherosclerosis. Acute and chronic exposure to tobacco cigarette (TC) smoke is associated with endothelial dysfunction as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), but the effects of electronic cigarette (EC) use are unknown. The aim of this
Singing Away the Social Distancing Blues: Art Therapy in a Time of Coronavirus

This essay explores the abundance of art flourishing as a therapeutic antidote to the COVID-19 pandemic and panic arising across the world. Specifically, I discuss how the act of viewing, making, a...
Presence and search for meaning in sport: Initial construct validation

Abstract According to Frankl (1959), the will to meaning is a fundamental human motive. Perceiving life as meaningful is associated with a number of sources and positive outcomes. Similar findings emerged when looking at domain-specific meaning, such as work. Surprisingly, sport-specific meaning is yet to be empirically investigated or measured. Therefore, the purpose of this two-study project was to examine the psychometric properties of the Meaning in Sport Questionnaire (MSQ), a sport-specific meaning measure. Survey responses (n = 329) from Study 1 were used to assess factorial validity and measurement invariance for the MSQ. Results from Study 2 with a different sample (n = 402) supported initial convergent validity for the two subscales of presence and search for meaning in sport. The MSQ is a new measure that can be used to investigate the extent to which athletes perceive their sport to be meaningful and search for such meaning.
Multi-asset Spread Option Pricing and Hedging

We provide two new closed-form approximation methods for pricing spread options on a basket of risky assets: the extended Kirk approximation and the second-order boundary approximation. The latter method generalizes the results in Li et al. [J. Deriv., 2008, 15, 58–80] to spread options on an arbitrary number of assets. Numerical analysis shows that while the latter method is more accurate than the former, both methods are extremely fast and accurate. Closed-form approximations for important Greeks are also derived. Our approximation methods enable the accurate pricing of a bulk volume of spread options on a large number of assets in real time, which offers traders a potential edge in a dynamic market environment.
The Nozoe Autograph Books: Stories behind the Stories

Nozoe book signatories: The signatures of 14 chemists are presented along with anecdotal commentaries on the circumstances and research that went into their signing of the Nozoe Autograph Books (shown top (l to r): Sir Derek Barton, Carl Djerassi, Albert Eschenmoser; bottom (l to r): Roald Hoffmann, Rolf Gleiter, Ryoji Noyori). This Essay and the interactive website that accompanies the Nozoe Autograph Book project are available free-access for a three-year period at http://www.tcr.wiley-vch.de/nozoe.
Scalable Sparse Matrix Techniques for Modeling Crack Growth

Elastic plastic fracture mechanics relies on the finite element method both as an engineering tool to evaluate residual strength of a damaged structure and to implement research theories that cannot be evaluated analytically. One common formulation assumes that the crack plane is flat and that the structure is symmetric about the crack plane. This situation arises for typical laboratory coupons such as the compact tension and middle crack tension specimens. Crack growth is modeled by monitoring analysis results for a critical fracture criterion, extending the crack, and resuming the analysis. When a symmetry plane corresponds to the crack-plane, an efficient crack growth procedure called nodal release can be used. A typical implementation reduces to the simultaneous solution of a set of linear equations, each of which corresponds to a displacement in the body being modeled. The system of equations is symmetric positive definite and sparse. This paper presents scalable sparse matrix factorization and update techniques required for efficient crack extension using nodal release.
Lubricant Spin-off from Magnetic Recording Disks

As the rotation rate of magnetic recording disks increases over the next few years, lubricant spin-off from the disk surface may be significant. Lubricant thickness was measured as a function of spin time at 10 000 rpm on typical carbon overcoated magnetic recording disks initially lubricated with 10–135 A of perfluoropolyether Zdol. The viscosity of the lubricant film increased as the film thickness decreased with spin time. Lubricant spin-off in response to air shear stress on the free surface was approximately described by viscous flow. The rate of lubricant removal by evaporation was compared to the spin-off removal rate in films between 10 and 50 A thick. Dispersion interaction and chemisorption are expected to retain a molecularly thin film of lubricant on the disk surface.
Comparison of growth, acetate production, and acetate inhibition of Escherichia coli strains in batch and fed-batch fermentations.

The growth characteristics and acetate production of several Escherichia coli strains were compared by using shake flasks, batch fermentations, and glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations to assess the potential of each strain to grow at high cell densities. Of the E. coli strains tested, including JM105, B, W3110, W3100, HB101, DH1, CSH50, MC1060, JRG1046, and JRG1061, strains JM105 and B were found to have the greatest relative biomass accumulation, strain MC1060 accumulated the highest concentrations of acetic acid, and strain B had the highest growth rates under the conditions tested. In glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations, strains B and JM105 produced only 2 g of acetate.liter-1 while accumulating up to 30 g of biomass.liter-1. Under identical conditions, strains HB101 and MC1060 accumulated less than 10 g of biomass.liter-1 and strain MC1060 produced 8 g of acetate.liter-1. The addition of various concentrations of sodium acetate to the growth medium resulted in a logarithmic decrease, with respect to acetate concentration, in the growth rates of E. coli JM105, JM105(pOS4201), and JRG1061. These data indicated that the growth of the E. coli strains was likely to be inhibited by the acetate they produced when grown on media containing glucose. A model for the inhibition of growth of E. coli by acetate was derived from these experiments to explain the inhibition of acetate on E. coli strains at neutral pH.
Recent Studies in Chinese Kinship

Chinese Family and Kinship. Hugh Baker. The Politics of Marriage in Contemporary China. Elisabeth Croll. Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845–1945. Arthur P. Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang.
Why production technology is not a measure of competitiveness in the biotechnologies

The differing situations in the US and Japan with regard to biotechnology have meant that the US is the front runner. The American system pushes researchers to think of biotechnology as a means to create new products: the Japanese system is more oriented towards production engineering. In the near future Japan's relatively weak position in the biosciences will hamper its efforts to become a major competitor in biotechnology. However, the current situation may change and Japan's focus on production engineering become more salient. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Life on the bottom: the chemical and morphological asymmetry of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) sagittae

We observed that paired winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) sagittae are not morphologically or chemically identical. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) chemical asymmetry was detected between the sagittae in five of eight elements (with three other elements, Sr, I, and Sn not statistically different). The blind-side otolith exhibited higher mean concentrations of Ba, Mn, Mg, Cu, and Zn trace elements than the eyed-side otolith. These asymmetries may be due to blind-side otoliths absorbing higher concentrations of transitional elements, partly as a result of environmental heterogeneity caused by redox reactions emanating from the sediments. Metamorphic transformation and the subsequent shift to the benthos by fully formed fish may also account for element concentration levels that were significantly different between juveniles and both sub-adults and adults. Our results also suggest that chemical uptake in a pair of winter flounder sagittae is an asynchronous event, and that each otolith potentially records the chemical history of its environment independent of the other. The physiological pathway for entry into winter flounder otoliths is uncertain and warrants further testing. Overall, our results have implications for other flatfish genera as well, and demonstrate the need for standardization of methodology when conducting otolith chemistry on flatfishes.
Comparing Perspectives of Patients, Caregivers, and Clinicians on Heart Failure Management.

Abstract Background Although substantial effort has been devoted to reducing readmissions among heart failure (HF) patients, little is known about factors identified by patients and caregivers that may contribute to readmissions. The goal of this study was to compare the perspectives of HF patients, their caregivers, and their care team on HF management and hospital admissions. Understanding these perspectives may lead to better strategies for improving care during the post-hospital transition and for reducing preventable readmissions. Methods and Results We performed freelisting, an anthropologic technique in which participants list items in response to a question, with hospitalized HF patients (n = 58), their caregivers (n = 32), and clinicians (n = 67). We asked about home HF management tasks, difficulties in managing HF, and perceived reasons for hospital admission. Results were analyzed with the use of Anthropac. Salience indices (measures of the most important words for defining the domain of interest) were calculated. Patients and clinicians described similar home HF management tasks, whereas caregivers described tasks related to activities of daily living. Clinicians cited socioeconomic factors as challenges to HF management, whereas patients and caregivers cited limited functional status and daily activities. When asked about reasons for hospitalization, patients and caregivers listed distressing symptoms and illness, whereas clinicians viewed patient behaviors to be primarily responsible for admission. Conclusions These findings highlight that although some similarities exist, there are important differences among patients, caregivers, and clinicians in how they perceive the challenges of HF management and reasons for readmission. Understanding these differences may be critical to developing strategies to reduce readmissions.
Soft Shoulders Ahead: Spurious Signatures of Soft and Partial Selective Sweeps Result from Linked Hard Sweeps

Characterizing the nature of the adaptive process at the genetic level is a central goal for population genetics. In particular, we know little about the sources of adaptive substitution or about the number of adaptive variants currently segregating in nature. Historically, population geneticists have focused attention on the hard-sweep model of adaptation in which a de novo beneficial mutation arises and rapidly fixes in a population. Recently more attention has been given to soft-sweep models, in which alleles that were previously neutral, or nearly so, drift until such a time as the environment shifts and their selection coefficient changes to become beneficial. It remains an active and difficult problem, however, to tease apart the telltale signatures of hard vs. soft sweeps in genomic polymorphism data. Through extensive simulations of hard- and soft-sweep models, here we show that indeed the two might not be separable through the use of simple summary statistics. In particular, it seems that recombination in regions linked to, but distant from, sites of hard sweeps can create patterns of polymorphism that closely mirror what is expected to be found near soft sweeps. We find that a very similar situation arises when using haplotype-based statistics that are aimed at detecting partial or ongoing selective sweeps, such that it is difficult to distinguish the shoulder of a hard sweep from the center of a partial sweep. While knowing the location of the selected site mitigates this problem slightly, we show that stochasticity in signatures of natural selection will frequently cause the signal to reach its zenith far from this site and that this effect is more severe for soft sweeps; thus inferences of the target as well as the mode of positive selection may be inaccurate. In addition, both the time since a sweep ends and biologically realistic levels of allelic gene conversion lead to errors in the classification and identification of selective sweeps. This general problem of “soft shoulders” underscores the difficulty in differentiating soft and partial sweeps from hard-sweep scenarios in molecular population genomics data. The soft-shoulder effect also implies that the more common hard sweeps have been in recent evolutionary history, the more prevalent spurious signatures of soft or partial sweeps may appear in some genome-wide scans.
Restoration of frequency-dependent depression of the H-reflex by passive exercise in spinal rats

Restoration of frequency-dependent depression of the H-reflex by passive exercise in spinal rats
Antigen-induced late-phase airway obstruction in the guinea pig?

Hartley or Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (n=136) were actively sensitized to ovalbumin orAscaris suum protein by five different regimes. Specific airway resistance (sR AW) was measured in conscious animals by a plethysmographic procedure before, immediately following and at various intervals (up to 96 h) after aerosolized antigen or vehicle challenge. Each sensitization and challenge regime produced an immediate allergic response with positive responses (defined as a 2-fold increase in sR AW) in 78–100% of animals. Recovery from the immediate response followed by late-phase responses was observed in only two out of a group of four animals. The results failed to substantiate literature reports of a high incidence of late responses in the guinea pig at 4–8, 17–24 or 72 h after allergen challenge.
A term structure model with preferences for the timing of resolution of uncertainty

In this paper we present a model of the term structure of interest rates with imperfect information and stochastic differential utility, a form of non-additive recursive utility. A principal feature of recursive utility, that distinguishes it from time-separable expected utility, is its dependence on the timing of resolution of uncertainty. In our model, we parametrize the nonlinearity of recursive utility in a way that corresponds to preferences for the timing of resolution. This way we show explicitly the dependence of prices on the rate of information, as a consequence of the nature of utilities. State prices and the term structure of interest rates are obtained in closed form, and are shown to have a form in which derivative asset pricing is tractable. Comparative statics relating to the dependence of the term structure on the rate of information are also discussed.
Mutational Enzymatic Resistance of Enterobacter Species to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Mutants with enhanced β-lactam resistance were selected from strains of Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes by using three antibiotics. High-level β-lactamase-producing mutants had similar degrees of increased resistance, enzyme substrate profiles, and isoelectric (pI) values irrespective of the selective agent. Reverse mutants from a resistant E. cloacae mutant regained the susceptibility pattern originally exhibited by the wild type, or were of enhanced susceptibility, and no longer expressed increased β-lactamase production. β-Lactamases of the mutants were similar in pI values to the wild-type enzyme. The increased resistance of the mutants therefore appeared to be accounted for by increased β-lactamase production. Images
Sociology: Shaping US climate opinion

Exposure to scientific information cannot explain entirely the levels of public concern about global warming in the United States. Now research shows that US views on climate change are largely affected by the actions of political groups.
Penile Repair in Patients with Epispadias-Exstrophy Complex—Can we Prevent Resultant Hypospadias?

Purpose: Male genitalia reconstruction in patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex often leads to secondary hypospadias, thus requiring additional surgery and resulting in possible complications. We describe a technique of male epispadias repair to prevent resultant hypospadias.Materials and Methods: The complete penile disassembly technique is modified by multiple Z-plasties, which enable creation of a funnel-like bladder neck and urethral plate lengthening. A total of 29 patients 2 months to 12 years old presenting with pure epispadias and bladder exstrophy were treated with this technique between 2004 and 2011. These patients were compared to 19 patients 1 day to 11 years old with exstrophy-epispadias treated with the standard penile disassembly technique between 2000 and 2004.Results: Outcome measures were urethral orifice position, penile length and complications. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding penile length or complications. In the study group the ...
Homo- and copolymers of furan–maleic anhydride and furan–dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate adducts via aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization

Homo- and copolymers of the Diels-Alder adduct of furan with maleic anhydride (F-MA) and of furan with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate (F-DMAD) were synthesized by aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization and characterized by IR, NMR, and DSC. Microstructural product analyses by 13C-NMR indicated the copolymer composition to be 50 : 50 of each of the monomers when an equimolar mixture of RuCl3 and K2RuCl5, was used as the catalyst, with the cis-form predominant for poly(F-MA) and the trans-form predominant for poly(F-DMAD). On the practical side, the acidic and ester functionality of the copolymer would lend itself to be both blendable (and selectively extractable) with some already existing petroleum-based acrylate polymers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acquired resistance to TKIs in solid tumours: learning from lung cancer

The use of advanced molecular profiling to direct the use of targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has revolutionized the treatment of this disease. However, acquired resistance, defined as progression after initial benefit, to targeted therapies inevitably occurs. This Review explores breakthroughs in the understanding and treatment of acquired resistance in NSCLC, focusing on EGFR mutant and ALK rearrangement-positive disease, which may be relevant across multiple different solid malignancies with oncogene-addicted subtypes. Mechanisms of acquired resistance may be pharmacological (that is, failure of delivery of the drug to its target) or biological, resulting from evolutionary selection on molecularly diverse tumours. A number of clinical approaches can maintain control of the disease in the acquired resistance setting, including the use of radiation to treat isolated areas of progression and adding or switching to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Furthermore, novel approaches that have already proven successful include the development of second-generation and third-generation inhibitors and the combination of some of these inhibitors with antibodies directed against the same target. With our increased understanding of the spectrum of acquired resistance, major changes in how we conduct clinical research in this setting are now underway.
The Simulation of Neural Elements by Electrical Networks Based on Multi-Aperture Magnetic Cores

Multilevel storage, gating, controlling threshold-level, and summation are basic functional operations common to several systems for the simulation of neural behavior by electrical networks. It is shown how these may be realized very efficiently in terms of multi-apertured magnetic cores; in a typical example, only two cores of the type described by Crane are required for a circuit with threshold control of three simultaneous gates and non-destructive analog read-out. A logic element equivalent to a self-holding relay exhibits dc current gain and has compatible input-output connections.
Evidence for selective resputtering as the growth mechanism of pair-order anisotropy in amorphous TbFe films

Processing conditions for rf magnetron sputter-deposited amorphous TbFe films in which an atomic scale structural anisotropy (ASSA) results as a natural consequence of selective resputtering at the film surface during growth are presented. The ASSA, measured using polarization-dependent X-ray absorption fine structure with quantitative modelling via a parametrized nonlinear least squares fitting, is described as a pair order anisotropy (POA) where a statistical preference exists for like atom pairs in-plane and unlike atom pairs perpendicular to the film plane. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) energy increases with increasing POA for samples grown using decreasing rf power and increasing working gas pressure. The POA directly reflects the anisotropic electrostatic environment at the rare earth site which is required for PMA to result from a single ion anisotropy mechanism.
The Phenomenon of Conglomerate Crystallization. V. Clavic Dissymmetry in Coordination Compounds. IV. A Neutron Diffraction Study of K[trans-Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]

Abstract The structure of K[ trans -Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 ] has been determined by neutron diffraction data collected at room temperature ( ca. 21 °C). The substance crystallizes as a conglomerate of antipodal crystals, many large enough for neutron diffraction work. The space group and cell constants are: P 2 1 2 1 2 1 ; a = 11.275(3), b = 12.806(5) and c = 6.696(3) A. The cell volume is 966.82 A 3 and given the M r of 316.12 g mol −1 , the D (calc; Z = 4) is 2.170 g cm −3 . The data (1553 unique reflections) were corrected for absorption (μ = 79.533 cm −1 ) and there was no decay during data collection, as expected from the X-ray study. All heavy atoms were initially placed at the positions found with X-rays, refined isotropically and, after locating the hydrogens in a difference map, all atoms were refined isotropically. Conversion to anisotropic motion was followed by 12 cycles of least-squares fitting (200 variables), at which point the structural refinement converged to its final R and R w factors of 0.056 and 0.056, respectively. The goodness of fit was 1.133. The positional parameters of the two studies are in close agreement, as expected. For example, the average value of the CoN(NH 3 ) bonds in the X-ray and neutron studies are, respectively, 1.958(3) A and 1.949(9) A. The average value of the CoN(NO 2 ) distances for the X-ray and neutron studies are 1.956(3) A and 1.948(9) A, while the average NO distances are 1.230(4) and 1.222(6) A for the former and latter, respectively. The most important result derived from this study is the accurate location of the hydrogens of the −NH3 ligands which had caused problems in two previous X-ray studies of salts of this anion. In this analysis, we found that −N1(NH 3 ) is well behaved thermally while −N2(NH 3 ) is much less so, the reason being that the three hydrogens of the amines attempt to form hydrogen bonds with the adjacent oxygens of the basal plane −NO 2 ligands — which is impossible while satisfying all of them equally well. One of the two amino ligands manages better than the other one, as we shall demonstrate below.