cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloud fraction and cloud shadow property retrievals from coregistered TIMS and AVIRIS imagery: the use of cloud morphology for registration

The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) were operated simultaneously from the ER2 aircraft during a March 1990 test over the Rio Bravo region, Belize. Coregistration of the imagery obtained by these two instruments is necessary to utilize the data effectively. A technique for registering the TIMS imagery to AVIRIS imagery is presented. It takes advantage of the morphology of the fair weather cumulus (FWC) clouds present in the imagery for estimating inter-sensor distortions. It relies on an iterative process in which skew, nearest neighbor sampling, and cross-correlation (1D and 2D) are applied. Comparison between the AVIRIS three-band ratio (3BR) imagery and the coregistered TIMS imagery shows that TIMS is superior in detecting thin cloud and cloud edge pixels, especially over shadowed background. Although the seven scenes analyzed in the study were obtained within the same one-hour time period and over the same geographical region, the optimum temperature threshold for cloud detection, with respect to the background temperature, varies significantly from 2.1 to 3.3/spl deg/C. These values agree with the AVIRIS 3BR cloud fraction equivalent temperature thresholds to within 0.5/spl deg/C. When applying a cloud shadow mask from the AVIRIS near infrared imagery to the coregistered TIMS background imagery, a 1/spl deg/C temperature differential is found between the shadowed and nonshadowed background. This significant radiative cooling by Fair Weather Cumulus cloud shadows could introduce errors in surface emissivity retrievals by other Earth Observing System (EOS) investigators. >
Neonatal mortality clusters: a new tool for classifying neonatal outcomes.

Background A method for assessing general hospital neonatal care performance is needed that is simple, is easy to use, and requires minimal data. Methods All neonatal deaths in Washington State obstetric hospitals from 1980 to 1983 were assigned to 10 mutually exclusive neonatal mortality clusters, a new classification method derived from information available on the death certificate. Results More than one-third (35.3 percent) of all neonatal deaths fell within one of the seven clusters considered to represent potentially preventable causes of death. The rate of possibly preventable deaths was much higher in level III hospitals than in level II or level I hospitals, a finding similar to that observed in other states using different analytic approaches. Conclusions Neonatal mortality clusters offer a less complex method of classifying neonatal deaths and assessing hospital performance than other currently used techniques.
The Diminution of Judicial Competencies in the 1990's

The founders of the Kenyan Constitution envisioned a tripartite government between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches. The purpose is to prevent the concentration of power in one branch of government. However, amendments to the Kenyan Constitution have diminished the judiciary’s role in providing a check on the power of the other branches. Particularly, section 72(5) of the Constitution and others in regards to bail for drug offense is in direct contravention to the Constitution. The Amendment denies bail to suspects charged with drug related offenses, which is a clear limit on judicial discretion. This amendment represents the worst form of intrusion on the tripartite system of government in Kenya and may be a method for detaining government detractors.Invasion of the tripartite system also occurred was also invaded in the Election Petition Rules which provide that an aggrieved election participant cannot institute an Election Petition prior to the Election with a view to seeking redress.This article examines these amendments and the circumstances in Kenya that aided their enactment.
Ultrastructure of the anterior midgut in the balsam woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in relation to excretion

The epithelial cells of the anterior midgut in adult Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) were examined with light and electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. The large conical epithelial cells are characterized by extensive basal membrane infoldings often associated with mitochondria and well-developed microvilli projecting into the anterior midgut lumen. The cytoplasm contains abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles, but Golgi complexes are sparse. Numerous electron-dense and laminate concretions rich in iron, silicon, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and sulfur are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The concretions appear to be formed in the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dual role of the anterior midgut epithelial cells in the synthesis of digestive enzymes as well as in the storageexcretion of mineralized concretions is discussed.
Nondestructive Characterization of Biodegradable Polymer Erosion in Vivo Using Ultrasound Elastography Imaging.

Significant advancements in biodegradable polymeric materials have been made for numerous biomedical applications including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. The functions of these polymers within each application often rely on controllable polymer degradation and erosion, yet the process has proven difficult to measure in vivo. Traditional methods for investigating polymer erosion and degradation are destructive, hampering accurate longitudinal measurement of the samples in the same subject. To overcome this limitation, we have utilized ultrasound elastography imaging as a tool to nondestructively measure strain of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) phase sensitive in situ forming implants (ISFI), which changes with progressive loss of structural integrity resulting from polymer erosion. Using this tool, we investigated erosion kinetics of implants comprised of three different PLGA molecular weights (18, 34, and 52 kDa) in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro environment was crea...
Office management of obstructive sleep apnoea: appliances.

Purpose of review Oral appliances are becoming increasingly common in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). They work by advancing the mandible and opening the pharynx. There are several types of devices available for use. Many patients intolerant to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are using oral appliances for OSA. Recent findings Oral appliances have been shown to improve polysomnography, quality of life and health measures associated with OSA. There is current work to better identify patients who are ideal candidates. Development of titratable devices and monitoring are optimizing usage. They have been compared with CPAP, with both showing improvement in OSA; however, CPAP remains superior overall. Summary Oral appliances are becoming first-line therapy for mild and moderate OSA. They provide a meaningful alternative in severe OSA for patients unable to use CPAP. Device titration and usage monitoring are beginning to hone oral appliances as a therapeutic option.
Optimization of Organotin Polymers for Dielectric Applications.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing wide band gap dielectric materials as the next generation insulators for capacitors, photovoltaic devices, and transistors. Organotin polyesters have shown promise as high dielectric constant, low loss, and high band gap materials. Guided by first-principles calculations from density functional theory (DFT), in line with the emerging codesign concept, the polymer poly(dimethyltin 3,3-dimethylglutarate), p(DMTDMG), was identified as a promising candidate for dielectric applications. Blends and copolymers of poly(dimethyltin suberate), p(DMTSub), and p(DMTDMG) were compared using increasing amounts of p(DMTSub) from 10% to 50% to find a balance between electronic properties and film morphology. DFT calculations were used to gain further insight into the structural and electronic differences between p(DMTSub) and p(DMTDMG). Both blend and copolymer systems showed improved results over the homopolymers with the films having dielectric constants of 6.8 ...
QoE matters more than QoS: Why people stop watching cat videos

With the proliferation of online video, measuring quality of experience (QoE) has become a pivotal aspect for the analysis of today's over-the-top (OTT) video streaming. To monitor video QoE, we introduce YouSlow that can detect various playback events (e.g., start-up latency, rebufferings and bitrate changes) from video players while a video is being played. Using YouSlow, we have collected more than 400,000 YouTube views from more than 100 countries. We measured the impact of these playback events on video abandonment and found that rebufferings incur abandonment rates six times higher than start-up latency, mostly caused by pre-roll ads. A single rebuffering event has three times the impact of a bitrate change. Even increasing the bitrate can raise abandonment rates by a factor of four compared to keeping the bitrate constant.
THE ADAPTIVE MISPERCEPTION OF AGE IN OLDER WOMEN: SOCIOCULTURAL IMAGES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CONTROL

(1991). THE ADAPTIVE MISPERCEPTION OF AGE IN OLDER WOMEN: SOCIOCULTURAL IMAGES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CONTROL. Educational Gerontology: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 141-156.
Morphemic Analysis as Imagined by Developmental Reading Textbooks: A Content Analysis of a Textbook Corpus

Although vocabulary instruction is a pressing need for postsecondary reading instructors, a minimal amount of current postsecondary scholarship addresses this need, and almost no current scholarship addresses the textbook tradition of morphemic analysis (MA). The present article reviews the literature on MA instruction and argues for teaching MA as a flexible strategy where students have metacognitive awareness of its workings/limitations. To investigate how textbooks teach MA, the present study applied qualitative content analysis to a corpus of widely adopted textbooks. Results show that textbooks generally favored the more flexible/metacognitive approach. It is concluded that textbooks are fairly well-informed by current scholarship on MA, but they need to explicitly state that MA does not work reliably and provide more exercises in which students practice applying MA to longer, more authentic texts.
Cost Implications of Comorbidity for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Elderly Patients with Multiple Myeloma Using SEER-Medicare.

Comorbidity is more common in older patients and can increase the cost of care by increasing toxicity. Using the SEER-Medicare database from 2000 to 2007, we examined the costs and life-year benefit of Auto-HSCT for MM patients over the age of 65 by evaluating the difference over time relative to comorbidity burden. One hundred ten patients had an Auto-HSCT in the early time period (2000-2003) and 160 in the late time period (2004-2007). Patients were divided by a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 0 or greater than 1 (CCI1+). Median overall survival was 53.5 months for the late time period patients compared to 40.3 months for the early time period patients (p = 0.031). Median costs for CCI0 versus CCI1+ in the early period were, respectively, $70,900 versus $72,000 (100 d); $86,100 versus $98,300 (1 yr); and $139,200 versus $195,300 (3 yrs). Median costs for late period were, respectively, $58,400 versus $60,400 (100 d); $86,300 versus $77,700 (1 yr); and $124,400 versus $110,900 (3 yrs). Comorbidity had a significant impact on survival and cost among early time period patients but not among late time period patients. Therefore, older patients with some comorbidities can be considered for Auto-HSCT depending on clinical circumstances.
Direct Acting Antivirals in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C and Down Syndrome

Patients with Down syndrome who received blood transfusions, likely in conjunction with cardiothoracic surgery for congenital heart disease and prior to the implementation of blood-donor screening for hepatitis C virus infection, face a substantial risk of acquiring the infection. In the past, interferon-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with Down syndrome was noted to have lower efficacy and potentially higher risk of adverse effects. Recently, the treatment for chronic hepatitis C has been revolutionized with the introduction of interferon-free direct acting antivirals with favorable safety, tolerability, and efficacy profile. Based on our experiences, the newly approved sofosbuvir-based direct acting antiviral therapy is well tolerated and highly efficacious in this subpopulation of hepatitis C virus infected patients with Down syndrome.
Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century

Contributors: Rolena Adorno, Kenneth J. Andrien, Thomas B. F. Cummins, John F. Guilmartin, Jr., James Lockhart, John V. Murra, Carla Rahn Phillips, William D. Phillips, Jr., R. Tom Zuidema.
In Vitro Fertilization: Contextualizing the Technology

Approximately 23,000 children have been born through in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the U.S..1 Data on the cost of infertility services shows total public and private expenditures over $2 billion in 1994 in this country.2 The number of fertility clinics has increased from 30 in 1985 to over 200 in 1997.3 As these data indicate, the area of assisted-conception technologies is an intensively developed field in the industrialized nations. The introduction of these new procedures in our society has raised a number of ethical, social, and legal issues. In this chapter my main concern is with ethical problems related to the clinical utilization of IVF as a medical technology for infertility treatment. Although important, I do not analyze here issues of embryo experimentation. Instead, my main concern is with the technology itself and with the context in which it has developed. Like other technologies, faulty evaluations and assessments have characterized IVF. This analyses attempts to help correct such problems.
The effects of acute yoga on anxiety symptoms in response to a carbon dioxide inhalation task in women

Abstract Purpose We investigated the efficacy of yoga for improving cognitive and physical anxiety symptoms, and its possible respiratory mechanism, in high-anxious women. Methods Eighteen participants completed 40 min of guided yoga and a light stretching protocol in a randomized, counterbalanced order.The 7.5%CO2-inhalation task was administered before, immediately after and 1 h after the experimental conditions.State anxiety and panic were measured before and after each inhalation task.Tidal volume, ventilation and respiratory rate were measured during every 7.5%CO2-inhalation tasks. Results There was no significant 3-way interaction(p > .05).There was a significant main effect of CO2-inhalation task on panic and respiratory measures(p Conclusions There appears to be an overall effect of general physical activity for attenuating anxiety cognitions irrespective of the physiological changes, indicating possible dissociation between the cognitive and physical symptoms of anxiety among women with anxiety sensitivity.
Jets and High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions

Strong interactions involved in hadronic collisions can be generally divided into two categories depending on the scale of momentum transfer Q 2of the processes. When Q 2 ≲ Λ2 QCD, the collisions are nonperturbative and are considered soft. On the other hand, if Q 2 is much larger than Λ2 QCD, the subprocesses on the parton level are considered hard and can be calculated via perturbative QCD (pQCD). Similarly, the proposed observables and signatures of the expected quark gluon plasma (QGP) in relativistic heavy ion collisions can also be divided into soft and hard.
A Roadmap for Reducing Cardiac Device Infections: a Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Actionable Risk Factors to Guide the Development of an Infection Prevention Program for the Electrophysiology Laboratory.

Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are highly morbid, common, and costly, and rates are increasing (Sohail et al. Arch Intern Med 171(20):1821–8 2011; Voigt et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(3):590–1 2006). Factors that contribute to the development of CIED infections include patient factors (comorbid conditions, self-care, microbiome), procedural details (repeat procedure, contamination during procedure, appropriate pre-procedural prep, and antimicrobial use), environmental and organizational factors (patient safety culture, facility barriers, such as lack of space to store essential supplies, quality of environmental cleaning), and microbial factors (type of organism, virulence of organism). Each of these can be specifically targeted with infection prevention interventions. Basic prevention practices, such as administration of systemic antimicrobials prior to incision and delaying the procedure in the setting of fever or elevated INR, are helpful for day-to-day prevention of cardiac device infections. Small single-center studies provide proof-of-concept that bundled prevention interventions can reduce infections, particularly in outbreak settings. However, data regarding which prevention strategies are the most important is limited as are data regarding the optimal prevention program for day-to-day prevention (Borer et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25(6):492–7 2004; Ahsan et al. Europace 16(10):1482–9 2014). Evolution of infection prevention programs to include ambulatory and procedural areas is crucial as healthcare delivery is increasingly provided outside of hospitals and operating rooms. The focus on traditional operating rooms and inpatient care leaves the vast majority of healthcare delivery—including cardiac device implantations in the electrophysiology laboratory—uncovered.
Philadelphia chromosome–like acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also referred to as BCR-ABL1-like ALL, is a high-risk subset with a gene expression profile that shares significant overlap with that of Ph-positive (Ph+) ALL and is suggestive of activated kinase signaling. Although Ph+ ALL is defined by BCR-ABL1 fusion, Ph-like ALL cases contain a variety of genomic alterations that activate kinase and cytokine receptor signaling. These alterations can be grouped into major subclasses that include ABL-class fusions involving ABL1, ABL2, CSF1R, and PDGFRB that phenocopy BCR-ABL1 and alterations of CRLF2, JAK2, and EPOR that activate JAK/STAT signaling. Additional genomic alterations in Ph-like ALL activate other kinases, including BLNK, DGKH, FGFR1, IL2RB, LYN, NTRK3, PDGFRA, PTK2B, TYK2, and the RAS signaling pathway. Recent studies have helped to define the genomic landscape of Ph-like ALL and how it varies across the age spectrum, associated clinical features and outcomes, and genetic risk factors. Preclinical studies and anecdotal reports show that targeted inhibitors of relevant signaling pathways are active in specific Ph-like ALL subsets, and precision medicine trials have been initiated for this high-risk ALL subset.
Associations Between the 2D:4D Proxy Biomarker for Prenatal Hormone Exposures and Symptoms of Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose Relative lengths of the index (2D) and ring (4D) fingers in humans represent a retrospective biomarker of prenatal hormonal exposures. For this reason, the 2D:4D digit ratio can be used to ...
No handshake agreement on postural tremor subtypes in Parkinson disease

The tremor of Parkinson disease (PD) is classically defined as a resting tremor, but postural tremor is a frequently observed accompaniment.1 The postural tremor may be mild and inconsequential, thus ignored by both patient and physician. Conversely, it can be more bothersome and disabling than rest tremor. In this situation, its specific pathophysiology assumes clinical importance, to guide treatment. It is broadly divided into re-emergent tremor2 (resting tremor that reappears after a latency with fixed posture) or postural tremor (immediate onset with posture). The latter is further subdivided into enhanced physiologic tremor, essential tremor (ET), or dystonic tremor, based on key clinical characteristics.3 Surface electrophysiology is a useful diagnostic aid to classify these postural tremor subtypes. Its utility lies in recording tremor frequencies under different conditions: rest, posture, action, and limb weighting.4 For re-emergent tremor, resting and postural tremor frequencies are similar, whereas ET postural tremor is at least 1.5 Hz higher than PD rest tremor.3 With enhanced physiologic tremor (a peripherally generated tremor), weighting the limb changes the tremor frequency, which distinguishes it from centrally generated tremor conditions (such as ET and PD).4 Phasic co-contraction of EMG burst activity in forearm muscles suggests dystonic tremor.4 Moreover, electrophysiology can assess for distractibility during contralateral limb tapping, a hallmark of functional tremor.3,4 Despite these differences, there may be clinical and electrophysiologic overlap, and the postural tremor of PD may elude specific diagnosis.
Are precues effective in proactively controlling taboo interference during speech production

This research investigated whether precues engage proactive control to reduce emotional interference during speech production. A picture-word interference task required participants to name target pictures accompanied by taboo, negative, or neutral distractors. Proactive control was manipulated by presenting precues that signalled the type of distractor that would appear on the next trial. Experiment 1 included one block of trials with precues and one without, whereas Experiment 2 mixed precued and uncued trials. Consistent with previous research, picture naming was slowed in both experiments when distractors were taboo or negative compared to neutral, with the greatest slowing effect when distractors were taboo. Evidence that precues engaged proactive control to reduce interference from taboo (but not negative) distractors was found in Experiment 1. In contrast, mixing precued trials in Experiment 2 resulted in no taboo cueing benefit. These results suggest that item-level proactive control can be engaged under certain conditions to reduce taboo interference during speech production, findings that help to refine a role for cognitive control of distraction during speech production.
Administrative Law Without Courts

As part of the UCLA Law Review’s Symposium on The Safeguards of Our Constitutional Republic, this Article argues that it is a mistake to fixate on courts as the core safeguard in the modern administrative state. So much of administrative law happens without courts. Put differently, federal agencies regulate us in many meaningful, and sometimes frightening, ways that either evade judicial review entirely or are at least substantially insulated from such review. This Article surveys the phenomenon. It sketches out seven categories of such agency action, drawing on examples from both the Obama and Trump Administrations and highlighting some of the relevant scholarship. The Article concludes with a few observations concerning the implications of administrative law without courts for administrative law theory and doctrine and a call for more scholarly attention.
The Decline of Belligerent Recognition: Desuetude in International Law

The raging passions which civil wars unleash make them peculiarly difficult to bring under any sort of legal pattern. The bitterness lingers on for decades, often for generations. The result is disruptive of the international order as well as the domestic society which the war breaks in twain.1 International wars, on the other hand, from the time of Grotius to the beginning of World War I gradually yielded to the restraints of international norms. Explicit rules governing the conduct of the belligerents as well as third states were established finding consensus in such Declarations as those of Paris and London. In the elusive task of finding a law appropriate to civil conflicts the nineteenth century statesmen applied the norms of international wars to domestic conflicts as we have shown; whenever that is, the nature of the civil strife was of such proportions as to justify the “awful title of war.” As stated previously, belligerent recognition reached its apogee during the American Civil War and almost immediately thereafter ceased to be used by the major maritime powers. The cessation of its use presents a problem which in the civil law system is known as “desuetude.”2
Forces in Tension: The State, Civil Society and Market in the Future of the University

The year 2013 marks the fiftieth anniversary of Clark Kerr’s Godkin Lectures at Harvard University, published in the first edition of his influential work, The Uses of the University (Kerr 1963).
Pilot investigation of a novel white matter imaging technique in Veterans with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury.

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to assess utility of in vivo myelin imaging in combat Veterans with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We hypothesized that...
Recurrent stroke in midlife is associated with not having a primary care physician.

Objective To determine using a population-based study whether midlife stroke patients having a primary care physician (PCP) at the time of first stroke have a lower risk of stroke recurrence and mortality than those who do not have a PCP. Methods First-ever ischemic stroke patients 45 to 64 years of age at stroke onset were ascertained through the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project from 2000 to 2013 in Texas. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between not having a PCP and stroke recurrence or all-cause mortality in separate models. Cases were followed up for up to 5 years or until December 31, 2013, whichever came first. Cases were censored for recurrence if they died before experiencing a recurrent event. We adjusted for clinical risk factors that could be associated with having a PCP and recurrence or mortality. Results There were 663 first-occurrence ischemic stroke cases. Of these, 77% had a PCP, 43% were female, and average age was 55.6 years. Five-year recurrence risk was 14.6%, and mortality risk was 19.2%. Not having a PCP was associated with higher recurrence risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.02–3.02). Having a PCP was not associated with mortality. Sensitivity analyses showed that results were robust to different ways to adjust for chronic conditions. Conclusion This study found lower rates of stroke recurrence among those with a PCP at the time of first stroke. Future studies could determine the value of establishing a PCP before stroke hospital discharge for secondary stroke prevention.
Re-Situating Information Poverty: Information Marginalization and Parents of Individuals With Disabilities

This article outlines a constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014) study of information poverty among a group of mothers of individuals with Down syndrome and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)...
BENIGN ALVEOLAR RIDGE KERATOSIS: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF 174 CASES AND P53 EXPRESSION PATTERN

Objectives Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (BARK) is a benign hyperkeratosis that occurs as a poorly demarcated white papule or plaque on the retromolar area or edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa caused by trauma. Histopathologic features are identical to cutaneous lichen simplex chronicus, a condition that results from chronic habitual skin scratching/picking. P53 protein is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in DNA repair. P53 protein has been shown to be present within 5-25% of the basal cell nuclei in normal oral mucosa and reactive lesions. The objective of this study is to report on the histopathologic features of BARK and to explore P53 expression pattern. Study Design Cases of BARK were identified from the biopsy service of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine from January, 2016 to December, 2017. Randomly selected cases were studied for the presence of P53. Results There were 174 cases comprising 119 males and 55 females (2.2:1; M:F) with a median age of 57 years (range 15-86). The majority were in the sixth (31.0%) and seventh (29.3%) decades. There were 112 (64.4%) cases on the retromolar pad and 62 (35.6%) on the edentulous alveolar mucosa; 27 (15.5%) cases were bilateral. Histopatho-logically, the oral mucosa showed hyperkeratosis often with wedge-shaped hypergranulosis and occasional focal parakeratosis. The epithelium exhibited mild to moderate acanthosis and slight surface undulations or papillomatosis, with tapered rete ridges, often confluent at the tips. The study for P53 performed in 11 cases showed less than 25 % nuclear positivity. Conclusion BARK is a distinct benign clinicopathologic entity caused by friction that is the intraoral counterpart of cutaneous lichen simplex chronicus with which it shares similar histopathologic features. It is not a mere hyperkeratosis which would relegate it to the clinical entity of leukoplakia, and which is a potentially malignant condition.
Decomposing the Low PCE Inflation Rate

The current low PCE inflation rate can largely be attributed to energy, health care, and housing.
Legal crime: an analytical framework for studying international criminogenic polices

Increasing globalisation increases the difficulty of studying crime (and analogous social injury) exponentially and necessitates new methods and theoretical. The current paper proposes a new analyt...
Fred Moten’s Refusals and Consents: The Politics of Fugitivity:

This essay analyzes Fred Moten’s “antipolitical” romance with the “fugitive black sociality” that he radically opposes to “politics,” defined as inescapably tied to antiblack modernity. By comparin...
On Identification and Retrieval of Near-Duplicate Biological Images: a New Dataset and Protocol

Manipulation and re-use of images in scientific publications is a growing issue, not only for biomedical publishers, but also for the research community in general. In this work we introduce BINDER - Bio-Image Near-Duplicate Examples Repository, a novel dataset to help researchers develop, train, and test models to detect same-source biomedical images. BINDER contains 7,490 unique image patches for model training, 1,821 same-size patch duplicates for validation and testing, and 868 different-size image/patch pairs for image retrieval validation and testing. Except for the training set, patches already contain manipulations including rotation, translation, scale, perspective transform, contrast adjustment and/or compression artifacts. We further use the dataset to demonstrate how novel adaptations of existing image retrieval and metric learning models can be applied to achieve high-accuracy inference results, creating a baseline for future work. In aggregate, we thus present a supervised protocol for near-duplicate image identification and retrieval without any “real-world” training example. Our dataset and source code are available at hms-idac.github.io/BINDER.
STING mediates immune responses in a unicellular choanoflagellate

Abstract Animals have evolved unique repertoires of innate immune genes and pathways that provide their first line of defense against pathogens. To reconstruct the ancestry of animal innate immunity, we have developed the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, one of the closest living relatives of animals, as a model for studying mechanisms underlying pathogen recognition and immune response. We found that M. brevicollis is killed by exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and selectively avoids ingesting them. Moreover, M. brevicollis expresses STING, which, in animals, activates innate immune pathways in response to cyclic dinucleotides during pathogen sensing. M. brevicollis STING increases the susceptibility of M. brevicollis to P. aeruginosa-induced cell death and is required for responding to the cyclic dinucleotide 2’3’ cGAMP. Furthermore, similar to animals, autophagic signaling in M. brevicollis is induced by 2’3’ cGAMP in a STING-dependent manner. This study provides evidence for a pre-animal role for STING in antibacterial immunity and establishes M. brevicollis as a model system for the study of immune responses.
Abstract 396: Successful Virtual Reality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in Schools: Digitally Linking a Physical Manikin to a Virtual Lifesaving Scenario

Introduction: The AHA trains over 20 million people in CPR skills annually. Virtual Reality (VR) education may improve student engagement, but the efficacy of VR-CPR programs has not been adequatel...
Abstract 3095: CT Perfusion Deficits Are Present in Acute Transient Ischemic Attack Patients Utilizing 320 Detector Row Whole Brain CT Perfusion Studies and are Associated with ABCD2 score

INTRODUCTION: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are generally milder forms of cerebral ischemia, without end organ damage. However, infarction or permanent ischemia is seen in TIA. The use of perfusion techniques such as cerebral blood volume (CBV), time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) provide real time data about ischemia. Whole brain CT perfusion studies are limited to only a few dozen stroke centers that have high detector row CT scanners. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that TIA9s have significant numbers of perfusion deficits using whole brain 320 detector row CT perfusion, and to show an association between the ABCD2 score and the presence of perfusion deficit using whole brain perfusion. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all TIA patients for CT perfusion deficits at our "Gold+, JACHO" stroke center from 2008 to 2010. Exclusion criteria included patients who did not receive a CT scan during the study period and all ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients as confirmed by MRI or CT. Patients that had an ABCD2 score at time of imaging/admission were included in the study. Perfusion imaging was reviewed at admission by a neurologist and a radiologist; and reports stated if a perfusion deficit was noted, type (CBV, TTP, MTT, CBF) and vascular territory. RESULTS: Of 368 TIA patients, 66 patients had perfusion deficits. The largest group of patients had MCA territory involved at 52 of 66 (78.79%). The second largest of the groups was 11 (16.67%) with PCA territory or posterior fossa involved. Lastly 3 patients had ACA territory involvement (4.55%).The most common perfusion abnormality was increased TTP with 48 patients(72.73%). Increased MTT was noted in 17 patients (25.76%) and change in CBF in 14 patients (21.21%); and 6 patients with decreased CBV (9.09%). Using logistic regression, the components of ABCD2 score (age, blood pressure, character of symptoms, history of diabetes, and duration of symptoms) were reviewed in relation to the presence of perfusion deficit. Increased age greater than 65, hypertension (both systolic and diastolic) at the time of the TIA, patients that had weakness rather than only speech abnormalities, and duration of symptoms longer than an hour were all more likely to have a perfusion deficit. However, a history of diabetes or hypertension was not associated with a higher likelihood of perfusion deficit. DISCUSSION: The ABCD2 score can determine whether TIA patients are admitted for other diagnostic tests. Attention to CT perfusion in association with ABCD2 scores may better address potential risk factors of secondary stroke. CONCLUSION: There are perfusion deficits in TIA patients using 320 detector row whole brain perfusion protocol. Also, worsening criteria in each of the ABCD2 score modalities, except diabetes, is associated with a higher likelihood of a perfusion deficit.
MediaCommons Framework: An Immersive Storytelling Platform and Exodus

Scientific storytelling can be utilized to effectively convey research by synthesizing media-based data sets within a narrative frame. The “MediaCommons Framework” (MCF) was developed to efficiently integrate high-resolution media via cluster display systems for immersive, collaborative visualization. By incorporating temporal, spatial, and audio localization components into a wide-range of high-resolution media types, the MediaCommons Framework provides an ideal platform for scientific storytelling as it offers a coherent view of contextualized data, imparting a more engaging and intelligible experience to the public. As a case study, we describe our experiences using the framework to develop a storytelling application for the 2013 EX3: Exodus, Cyber-archaeology, and the Future digital museum exhibit. The use of the MCF within EX3 demonstrates the significance of advanced visualization in archaeology and the exigency to advance cyber-archaeological and other transdisciplinary research endeavors. This chapter’s focus is on the technology used during the Exodus exhibit to convey stories to an audience within a museum-like environment. It includes high-level technical details about the framework used, our experiences developing and using storytelling applications for tiled-display walls, and the outcome of the public events these applications were used in. The experiences mentioned in this chapter are from the points of view of the framework’s developers, exhibit content creators and managers, as well as archaeologists who have had the chance to use the applications to tell their stories to their targeted audience. This research embodies the ancient World Building methodology outlined in Seldess et al. (Chap. 11).
Myomectomy for fertility enhancement and preservation.

Objective To review, evaluate, and synthesize current published reports assessing the value of abdominal myomectomy in infertile women and those desiring to preserve fertility potential. Data Identification Major studies dealing with myomectomy were identified through Medline Searches. Study Selection Those papers reporting the results of myomectomy, factors influencing them, and potential future innovations were obtained. Results More than half of women not previously pregnant and undergoing myomectomy to preserve childbearing capacity for treatment of recurrent pregnancy wastage or previous infertility conceive. The long duration of infertility before surgery, absence of other factors to explain their not conceiving, and short time interval subsequent to surgery in which conception occurs suggests myomectomy has value in treatment of patients with leiomyomata and otherwise unexplained infertility. The operation carries acceptable risk. Approximately 25% of women undergoing myomectomy have recurrent leiomyomata, but most recurrences are sufficiently delayed to allow adequate opportunity for conception. Conclusions Abdominal myomectomy is an appropriate alternative to hysterectomy for most women who wish to preserve childbearing potential or enhance it. For the future, myomectomy by endoscopic techniques may hold similar potential.
Cognitive and Behavioral Knowledge About Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Among Children and Parents

Youngsters9 knowledge about insulin-dependent diabetes was assessed across three domains: (1) general information; (2) problem solving; and (3) skill at urine testing and self-injection. These youngsters9 parents completed the general information and problem-solving components of the assessment battery. All test instruments used showed good reliability. The test of problem solving was more difficult than the test of general information for both parents and patients. Mothers were more knowledgeable than fathers and children. Girls performed more accurately than boys, and older children obtained better scores than did younger children. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the youngsters made significant errors on urine testing and almost 40% made serious errors in self-injection. A number of other knowledge deficits were also noted. Duration of diabetes was not related to any of the knowledge measures. Intercorrelations between scores on the assessment instruments indicated that skill at urine testing or self-injection was not highly related to other types of knowledge about diabetes. Furthermore, knowledge in one content area was not usually predictive of knowledge in another content area. The results of this study emphasize the importance of measuring knowledge from several different domains. Patient variables such as sex and age need to be given further consideration in the development and use of patient educational programs. Regular assessment of patients9 and parents9 knowledge of all critical aspects of diabetes home management seems essential.
Silica Gel Plates for Culture of Marine and Nonmarine Organisms

Marine and nonmarine species of bacteria grew well when a simplified silica gel plate preparation was used.
Gauging perceptions of ocean acidification in Alaska

Abstract While ocean acidification (OA) poses a significant threat to ocean-related ecosystems and communities reliant on marine fisheries, aquaculture, and coral reef systems, limited public understanding and awareness can prevent coastal regions from being able to adequately assess the need for OA adaptation or mitigation. This study assessed public understanding of OA and how social and demographic factors influence the public’s concern for OA. The analysis was based on 311 questionnaires from full-time Alaska residents. The results showed that most Alaskans self-reported to have a basic awareness of OA, and subsequently were able to recognize that CO 2 emissions related to human activity are the dominant driver of changing ocean conditions. However, there was a low recognition of how natural variability in the marine environment affects OA, and most respondents were not very confident in their understanding of OA-related science. Moreover, even though many communities in Alaska are reliant on commercial and subsistence fishing activities, the respondents had a low awareness of fisheries-related OA risk. Given the ongoing debate associated with climate change research, evaluating CO 2 mitigation efforts through the perspective of OA could give individuals an unbiased way to assess the pros and cons of more intensive efforts to curb CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, using OA communication to enhance the understanding of how natural variability influences OA around the state and the potential economic implications for Alaska fisheries would help residents and stakeholders make informed decisions when considering fisheries management plans, food security, and job diversity as OA intensifies. Solidifying the understanding that any reduction in pH and intensification of OA can have implications for marine species that are irreversible on human timescales will reinforce not only that OA is an immediate concern, but also the importance of taking action now.
Alternative pathway therapy for urea cycle disorders: twenty years later.

Alternative pathway therapy is currently an accepted treatment approach for inborn errors of the urea cycle. This involves the long-term use of oral sodium phenylbutyrate, arginine supplements, or both, depending on the specific enzyme deficiency, and treatment of acute hyperammonemic crises with intravenous sodium benzoate/sodium phenylacetate plus arginine. A review of 20 years of experience with this approach illustrates the strengths and limitations of this treatment. It has clearly decreased the mortality and morbidity from these disorders, but they remain unacceptably high. The medications are generally well tolerated, but severe accidental overdosage has been reported because of the infrequent use of the medication. There is also a difference in their metabolism between newborns and older children that must be addressed in determining dosage. To avoid these complications it is recommended that drug levels in blood be monitored routinely and that very specific treatment protocols and oversight be followed to avoid overdoses. Finally, it must be acknowledged that alternative pathway therapy has limited effectiveness in preventing hyperammonemia and must be combined with effective dietary management. Therefore in children with neonatal-onset disease or in those with very poor metabolic control, liver transplantation should be considered. There should also be the continued search for innovative therapies that may offer a more permanent and complete correction, such as gene therapy. (J Pediatr 2001;138:S46-S55)
Investigation of the atmospheric reactions of chloropicrin

Abstract An experimental and modeling study was conducted to assess the atmospheric impacts of chloropicrin emissions. Chloropicrin absorption cross sections were measured in the ∼ 270–390 nm wavelength region, and its overall photodecomposition quantum yield under simulated sunlight conditions was found to be 0.87 ± 0.26. In environmental chamber experiments, chloropicrin significantly enhanced rates of NO oxidation, O 3 formation, and consumptions of alkanes and other organic reactants. This is attributed to the formation of Cl atoms and NO x in its photodecomposition. A previously developed atmospheric chemical mechanism was expanded to include chloropicrin and Cl atom reactions. It gave reasonably good simulations of the chamber experiments. This mechanism predicted that when emitted into polluted urban atmospheres, chloropicrin would have between 0.4 and 1.5 times the ozone impact of the average of emitted VOCs on a mass emitted basis. This value varied depending on environmental conditions and assumptions made concerning the photodecomposition mechanism. The data obtained in this study were inconsistent with a previous study of chloropicrin's photodecomposition in air, probably due to differences in the light sources employed.
Composite Toffoli gate with two-round error detection

We introduce a fault-tolerant construction to implement a composite quantum operation of four overlapping Toffoli gates. The same construction can produce two independent Toffoli gates. This result lowers resource overheads in designs for quantum computers by more than an order of magnitude. The procedure uses Clifford operations and 64 copies of the non-Clifford gate $T=\mathrm{exp}[i\ensuremath{\pi}(I\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{z})/8]$. Quantum codes detect errors in the circuit. When the dominant source of error is $T$-gate failure with probability $p$, then the composite Toffoli circuit has a postselected failure rate of $3072{p}^{4}$ to lowest order.
Solution calcium concentration and application date effects on pod calcium uptake and distribution in florunner and tifton‐8 peanut

Abstract Calcium is known to be passively absorbed by developing peanut pods directly from the soil solution. However, the factors influencing the distribution of Ca in the hull and seed have not been thoroughly studied. In this study of two peanut cultivars (Florunner and Tifton‐8) differing in hull and seed size, pod zones containing differing solution concentrations of Ca (0.025, 0.625, 1.875 and 3.75 mM) were separated from the rooting medium. The increased pod surface area, and hull thickness of Tifton‐8 resulted in greater uptake of Ca (mg pod‐1) and higher hull Ca concentrations when compared to Florunner. However, the thin hull of Florunner (0.59 nun, compared to 1.04 mm for Tifton‐8) resulted in a mean seed Ca contribution to total pod Ca uptake of 62.5% compared to 46.5% for Tifton‐8. Increasing the calcium level in the pod zone increased pod dry weight in both Florunner and Tifton‐8. Pods grown in 3.75 mM Ca for the first 30 days after initial pegging, followed by no Ca in the pod zone until 30...