cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lignin Bioproducts to Enable Biofuels

Here we report that today's and tomorrow's biofuels production facilities could benefit tremendously from increasing the value from the large amount of lignin that results from biofuels operations. Certainly, the scientific community, and biofuels industry has begun to recognize the challenges and opportunities associated with lignin.
Policing the Pirates: Digital Models for Music Distribution

According to the entertainment industry, the digital revolution is usurping its product and undermining its profit. Internet Service Providers have shown reluctance to interfere in the private domain of their users so at the behest of Hollywood, Congress in 1998 passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Nonetheless, the Recording Industry Association of America alleges that rampant Net piracy has precipitated a five percent worldwide decline of music sales in both 2000 and 2001. The personal computer has become an expedient means of downloading songs from peer-to-peer file-sharing services or “burning” CD copies onto a blank disk. To ensure compliance with the Act, some record labels have embraced technology that distorts the error correction codes on illegally copied CDs. However, this copy control solution is beset with various problems, including consumer aversion and technical fallibility. After examining the dialectical tension between business cost and consumer choice, this paper proposes some other options.
The Structure of Cytochrome Oxidase

Cytochrome oxidase or cytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase (EC 1.9.3.1) is the terminal member of the electron-transport chain and an integral part of the mitochondrial inner membrane. It catalyzes the reaction 4H+ + 4e − + O2 ⇌ 2H2O; energy is released in this reaction. Under coupled conditions this energy is not dissipated as heat but is conserved and used by the ATP synthetase complex to make ATP. The functional relationship of cytochrome oxidase to other components of the mitochondrial inner membrane is shown in Figure 1.
Sonographic recognition of major malformations and aberrant fetal growth in trisomic fetuses

Structural malformations and growth retardation are commonly observed in chromosomally abnormal newborns. This study assesses the sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting aberrant fetal growth patterns and chromosome-related major malformations. The study population consisted of 74 trisomic fetuses (trisomy 13, 9; trisomy 18, 22; trisomy 21, 43). Overall, 63% (38 of 60) of trisomic fetuses had at least one major malformation on postnatal examination. One or more major anomalies were identified by prenatal sonography in 68% (26 of 38) of these malformed fetuses and 43% (26 of 60) of the entire trisomic population. Midtrimester onset growth retardation was evident in 43% of fetuses with trisomy 13 and 59% of fetuses with trisomy 18. These findings suggest that a systematic fetal anatomic survey can be a powerful screening tool for the prenatal detection of chromosome abnormalities.
Refractive Index-Based Detection of Gradient Elution Liquid Chromatography using Chip-Integrated Microring Resonator Arrays

Refractive index-based sensors offer attractive characteristics as nondestructive and universal detectors for liquid chromatographic separations, but a small dynamic range and sensitivity to minor thermal perturbations limit the utility of commercial RI detectors for many potential applications, especially those requiring the use of gradient elutions. As such, RI detectors find use almost exclusively in sample abundant, isocratic separations when interfaced with high-performance liquid chromatography. Silicon photonic microring resonators are refractive index-sensitive optical devices that feature good sensitivity and tremendous dynamic range. The large dynamic range of microring resonators allows the sensors to function across a wide spectrum of refractive indices, such as that encountered when moving from an aqueous to organic mobile phase during a gradient elution, a key analytical advantage not supported in commercial RI detectors. Microrings are easily configured into sensor arrays, and chip-integrat...
A New Multi-mode Identification Method of Batch Process

A newmethod of multi-mode partition in the batch processes was presented on the basis of comparing the similarity of principal angles,which effectively overcomes the defects of noise or redundant data impaction on the phase partition.The main idea is to set up the principal component models of the batch data along time axis by employing the principal component analysis(PCA)approach,and then uses the principal angle method to compare the similarity of the principal component models,finally identify the steady phases and the transition phases effectively.Furthermore,an improved strategy is proposed to complete the partition criterion of the principal angle similarity.The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Dual-Cross-Linked Methacrylated Alginate Sub-Microspheres for Intracellular Chemotherapeutic Delivery.

Intracellular delivery vehicles comprised of methacrylated alginate (Alg-MA) were developed for the internalization and release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Alg-MA was synthesized via an anhydrous reaction, and a mixture of Alg-MA and DOX was formed into sub-microspheres using a water/oil emulsion. Covalently cross-linked sub-microspheres were formed via exposure to green light, in order to investigate effects of cross-linking on drug release and cell internalization, compared to traditional techniques, such as ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Cross-linking was performed using light exposure alone or in combination with ionic cross-linking using calcium chloride (CaCl2). Alg-MA sub-microsphere diameters were between 88 and 617 nm, and ζ-potentials were between −20 and −37 mV. Using human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) as a model, cellular internalization was confirmed using flow cytometry; different sub-microsphere formulations varied the efficiency of internalization, with UV-cross-link...
Repeated Measures Analysis

Repeated measures analysis is concerned with a common problem in social science research and evaluation. Often we have a situation in which we have measured the same thing at two or more points in time (called occasions), all of the measures having been taken on the same sample. Usually we assume that there are equal time periods between the occasions. For example, in the study of research teaching discussed earlier in this book we measured several outcome variables (knowledge of research, attitudes toward empirically based practice, etc.) at three points in time, the beginning of the school year, the end of the year, and again a year later. In chapter 8 we discussed the simplest kind of repeated measures analysis, one involving only two points in time and we used t tests and multivariate extensions of the t test to test for the differences in the two points in time. Now we will extend the analysis to more points in time.
Ischemic Preconditioning in the Intensive Care Unit

Preconditioning is the premise that controlled preemptive exposure to sub-lethal doses of a stressor and can condition an organism or organ to later withstand a lethal dose. This process relies on marshaling endogenous survival resources that have evolved as part of an organism’s evolutionary struggle to overcome at times harsh environmental conditions. This preconditioning response occurs through activation of myriad complex mechanisms that run the gamut from alterations in gene expression to the de novo synthesis and post-translational modification of proteins, and it may occur across exposure to a wide variety of stressors (i.e., ischemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, drugs). This review will focus on preconditioning in relation to an ischemic stressor (ischemic preconditioning) and how this process may be harnessed as a protective method to ameliorate targeted acute neurologic diseases especially. There has been considerable eagerness to translate ischemic preconditioning to the bedside, and to that end there have been recent trials examining its efficacy in various clinical settings. However, some of these trials have reached diverging conclusions with a protective effect seen in studies targeting acute kidney injury solely while no benefit was seen in larger trials targeting combined endpoints including cardio-, neuro-, and renoprotection in a cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. While an extensive body of pre-clinical research offers ischemic preconditioning as a robust and highly faithful protective phenomenon, its clinical utility remains unproven. This current state may be due to persisting gaps in our understanding of how best to harness its power. This review will provide an overview of the biological mechanisms proposed to underlie ischemic preconditioning, explore initial disease targets, examine the challenges we must overcome to optimally engage this system, and report findings of recent clinical trials.
Response to the BRAF/MEK inhibitors dabrafenib/trametinib in an adolescent with a BRAF V600E mutated anaplastic ganglioglioma intolerant to vemurafenib

Efficacy of BRAF V600E targeted therapies in brain tumors harboring the mutation has been shown in several case reports and is currently being studied in larger clinical trials. Monotherapy with vemurafenib has been associated with significant side effects, including rashes, papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Here we describe an adolescent female with anaplastic ganglioglioma and significant skin reaction to vemurafenib with subsequent tumor response and tolerance to the BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination of dabrafenib and trametinib without recurrence of previous reaction.
Housing investment, default risk, and expectations: Focusing on the chonsei market in Korea

Abstract This paper notes that the Korean chonsei lease contract, in which the tenant provides a lump sum deposit equivalent to a large part of the housing value to the landlord for the contract period, is in effect a mortgage provided by the tenant to finance the landlord's housing investment. The paper presents a model for deriving the size of the equilibrium chonsei deposit by incorporating the default risk of chonsei for the first time. Using the mortgage-market equilibrium model with default costs, this paper explores the link between default cost, house price expectations of the landlord, and the chonsei deposit. The model shows that the higher is the landlord's default cost (the less risky he/she is), the smaller is the chonsei deposit, while the more favorable are the expectations for future house prices, the greater is the chonsei deposit. The predictions of the theoretical model are tested and confirmed using bank data and survey data. The limitations of the empirical approach of existing studies are overcome by taking advantage of the survey data.
Decreasing Occlusion and Increasing Explanation in Interactive Visual Knowledge Discovery

Explanation and occlusion are the major problems for interactive visual knowledge discovery, machine learning and data mining in multidimensional data. This paper proposes a hybrid method that combines the visual and analytical means to deal with these problems. This method, denoted as FSP, uses visualization of n-D data in 2-D, in a set of Shifted Paired Coordinates (SPC). SPCs for n-D data consist of n/2 pairs of Cartesian coordinates, which are shifted relative to each other to avoid their overlap. Each n-D point is represented as a directed graph in SPC. It is shown that the FSP method simplifies the pattern discovery in n-D data, providing the explainable rules in a visual form with a significant decrease of the cognitive load for analysis of n-D data. The computational experiments on real data has shown its efficiency on both training and validation data.
The Moralization of Commercialization: Uncovering the History of Fee-Charging in the U.S. Nonprofit Human Services Sector:

Recent literature on commercialization in the American nonprofit sector attributes increased reliance on fee income to neoliberal policies. This trend is often depicted as an invasion of market for...
Turbidity affects stomatopod contest behaviours and response to UV cues

Environmental conditions change the effectiveness of animal signals by affecting the contrast between the signal and the background. In aquatic environments, fluctuations in water clarity likely drive the evolution of signalling systems by affecting signal conspicuousness. However, the effects of turbidity on signalling in many aquatic organisms remain largely unstudied. Stomatopods (mantis shrimp) are marine crustaceans known to use chromatic and achromatic signals during territorial contests over refuges. Here, we investigate how turbidity affects Neogonodactylus oerstedii contest behaviours and response to visual cues. We manipulated water clarity by adding bentonite clay, and altered visual cues by painting refuges with UV reflective (UV+) or non-UV reflective (UV-) paint. In turbid conditions, intruder stomatopods won contests less frequently. In UV+ treatments, intruders increased their rate of coils, a behaviour where the stomatopod curls so that the hard telson (tail) is facing the opponent. This result supports previous research suggesting that UV reflectance is a component of stomatopod threat displays. Intruders also increased their rate of offensive behaviours in response to UV, but only in the turbid treatment. Although this result contradicts our prediction that turbidity would reduce stomatopod response to UV cues, it suggests that turbidity does affect the transmission and perception of chromatic cues. Our results indicate that turbidity can impact assessment of visual cues and contest outcomes in aquatic organisms. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the effect of environmental light conditions on stomatopod communication as well as the effect of turbidity on intraspecific contest behaviours generally.
The Fundamental Nature of Network Security

This is one of the tutorial presentations on the first day of the MOT symposium. It is mostly verbatim, with some portions edited. It analyzes network security from a fundamental perspective and traces the evolution of the key issues.
Faith and Politics in the Post-Secular Age: The Promise of President Obama

If the modern era is properly characterized as the 'age of secularism' - a time when constitutional democracies finally have shed the last vestiges of church authority from the political realm and embrace a rationalist and humanist perspective - then the United States appears to be outside the Western mainstream. In this paper I explore how the relationship between politics and religious faith in the United States might be seen as part of the narrative of secularism that defines most other Western countries, even as the differences in the American experience might suggest an evolution of this narrative. My thesis is that President Obama might embody a means for faith and politics to co-exist in the post-secular age. I explore this paradoxical thesis in three parts. First, I analyze the concept of 'secularism' and recover an understanding of our 'secular' age that does not entail rejecting religious belief as a source of public values. Second, I discuss how Barack Obama is a secular politician in this sense, and argue that he may help to define a break from the traditional religious approach to politics exhibited by fundamentalist movements. Finally, I discuss the central question for a post-secular constitutional democracy: the role of religion in the public sphere. I conclude that the United States has the potential to be a secular state grounded in both religious belief and toleration, but this presents a continuing challenge for our polity rather than an accomplishment to be celebrated.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF ROBOT TRAJECTORIES USING RATIONAL MOTIONS

This paper discusses some special applications of the theory of rational b-spline motions to the computer aided design of robot trajectories. The main advantage of this approach is the data conformity to state of the art CAD systems which allows straightforward data transfer from CAM to CAD systems. In particular the paper focusses on applications in which the motion of the end effector is implicitly defined by task level considerations. Such applications include for example arc welding, spray painting and the scanning of surfaces with robot equipment.
Agricultural Labor: Supply of Labor

Three major types of workers are employed on farms: farm operators, unpaid family workers, and hired workers. Throughout human history, most people employed on farms were farm operators and members of their families, and their income was the difference between what they received for the commodities they sold and the costs of the inputs they bought. Many institutions affected farm incomes, from feudal sharecropping and labor supply obligations to slavery. Today hired workers, employees who are paid wages regardless of farming conditions, are the majority of persons employed on farms in most industrial countries and on large farms in developing countries. Hired workers often occupy the bottom rungs of the job ladder in the countries in which they work, with low earnings due to often seasonal work and fewer-than-average benefits. Many hired farm workers migrate from poorer to richer areas of their own country, as with migrant farm workers who move from Florida and Texas northward during the summer to fill farm jobs, or from poorer to richer countries, as from Mexico to the US or Morocco to Spain. With the hired farm workers of tomorrow growing up today somewhere far from where they will do farm work, managing the migration and employment of hired workers is an often contentious sociopolitical issue.
3D technologies for precision in orthodontics

Abstract The use of 3D technology in orthodontics has increased recent years. 3D intra-oral scanning, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 3D printing and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology has been utilized to create “personalized” orthodontic appliances. While technological improvements to orthodontic appliances seem promising, do they truly improve treatment efficiency and/ or treatment quality? This article will review currently available orthodontic appliances which utilizes 3D technology such customized wires and CAD/CAM fabricated brackets. Customized archwires are planned from 3D virtual setup and robotically bent. Studies have shown a decrease in treatment time with the use of customized wires, however data on quality of treatment results are conflicting. While this technology is fairly accurate for mesial-distal tooth movements, it is less precise for crown tip and root torque. CAD/CAM brackets were initially shown to be more effective and efficient when compared to standard brackets, but a follow-up study showed no difference in the quality of treatment of outcomes. The study also showed the majority of the reduction in treatment time resulting from CAD/CAM brackets may be due to the indirect bonding process rather than the personalized milled slots.
Psychological flexibility as a mediator of the association between early life trauma and psychological symptoms

Abstract Early Life Trauma (ELT), trauma before the age of 18, often has a negative psychological impact, even into adulthood. ELT has been linked to a variety of psychopathologies in adulthood including anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and PTSD (e.g., Bremner et al., 2007). However, not all individuals who experience ELT report psychological issues. Few studies have examined factors contributing to this discrepancy. The present study examines psychological flexibility against development of depression and PTSD following ELT among a sample (N = 240) of undergraduates who have experienced at least one trauma. Results suggest that ELT (number of traumas and negative impact of traumas) is positively associated with depression and PTSD. Individuals with more traumas reported higher psychological flexibility; psychological flexibility was also associated with less negative impact. As expected, psychological flexibility was associated with fewer psychological symptoms (both depression and PTSD). Further, psychological flexibility partially mediated the association between negative impact of traumas and symptoms, although no mediation was supported for models including number of traumas. This suggests that psychological flexibility is a protective factor for individuals who are negatively impacted by ELT, pointing to the importance of examining impact of trauma and not just number of traumas.
The Influence of Health Motivation and Calorie Ending on Preferences for Indulgent Foods

Food and beverage manufacturers now regularly display “just below” calorie amounts (e.g., 99, 199, 299) in advertisements, presumably to appeal to health-motivated consumers. “Just below” values are those that fall one or more digits below a round number, most commonly seen as nine-ending numbers. However, although nine-ending prices are known to stimulate purchase intent, it is unclear whether or when nine-ending calorie labeling shapes food preferences. The present research shows that when consumers view indulgent foods with just-below (vs. round-ending) calorie amounts, they exhibit higher consumption intentions, purchase intent, and consumption behavior, yet only if they are high in health motivation. This is due to a tendency for health-motivated consumers to overweigh the leftmost digit in multidigit numbers—a cognitive bias known as the “level effect.” This bias results in the perception that just-below (vs. round) -ending indulgent foods have relatively fewer calories, decreasing anticipated guilt and increasing consumption intentions and behavior. The superiority of just-below calorie presentation under health motivation is attenuated with the addition of reference intake labeling (i.e., % daily calorie intake values), which equalizes the magnitude of nine- and round-ending calorie indulgent foods.
Preface to the National Lawyers Guild Review, 67-1

Introduces: 1. A Lawyer's Guide to the Repression Literature by Jennifer Earl; 2. A Criminal Mess: New York City's Response to Critical Mass Bicycle Rides, 2004-2012 by Gideon Orion Oliver; 3. Brief of Amicus Curiae National Lawyers Guild in Support of Petitioners In Kjonaas Et Al V. U.S. by Heidi Boghosian and Zachary Wolfe.
Plasmonic metal nitrides and carbides for sustainable energy and photocatalysis (Conference Presentation)

Plasmonic materials such as conventional metals, semimetals (transition metal nitrides and carbides), highly doped semiconductors, 2D and quasi-2D materials are playing an increasingly important role in emerging technologies for sustainable energy and photocatalysis. For example, enhanced hot electrons generation in transition metal nitride nanoparticles compared to conventional materials such as gold enables more efficient light-to-electricity conversion. Ultra-broadband light absorbers with titanium nitride nanoparticles and quasi-two-dimensional transition metal nitride and carbides (MXenes) that can be obtained through fast, large-scale and environmentally-friendly processes pave the way to sustainable and scalable technologies addressing the global needs for energy and water.
MPTCP Performance over Heterogenous Subpaths

Today's smartphones are equipped with both Wi-Fi and cellular interfaces, creating usage opportunities for protocols such as Multi-path TCP (MPTCP), which enable devices to use more than one interface concurrently. One of the biggest hurdles in implementing MPTCP is the heterogeneity in performance characteristics that exists across multiple interfaces. This makes the selection of primary interface of paramount importance, as this interface is also used for DNS resolution. In this work, we explore performance and IP reachability over real world networks. Our findings indicate that widespread MPTCP deployment faces significant obstacles. In particular, we perform controlled and real world experiments over multiple paths with differing loss rates and round trip latencies to assess the effect of primary path selection, and the range of issues that arise from selecting the under-performing path. Using results from our experiments, we show how heterogeneous paths can adversely affect MPTCP performance, especially when one path is lossy.
EMERGENCY TEMPORARY TRANSBAFFLE PACING FOR COMPLETE HEART BLOCK AFTER FONTAN PALLIATION

Single ventricle patients needing temporary ventricular pacing generally receive epicardial leads due to lack of venous access to the heart after Fontan surgery. A 20-year-old male with complex single ventricle (double-inlet left ventricle) with distant history of modified Fontan palliation was
Immunohistologic comparison and thrombus NET analysis in stroke and myocardial infarction.

Despite extensive characterization of the role of platelet activation and the coagulation cascade in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), few studies have analyzed the immune cell composition of AIS thrombi. Recent articles describing a function of neutrophil-derived extracellular nucleosomes (NETs) in thrombus formation9 highlight the great need for clinical immunohistologic analyses in acute vascular disease. In this issue of Neurology ®, Novotny et al.1 conduct a study comparing thrombus histology between AIS and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with a focus on the role of immune cells and NETs.
The Challenge of Assessing Character: Measuring APA Goal 3 Student Learning Outcomes

Goal 3 of the APA Goals for Undergraduate Major in Psychology specifies three dimensions of character development deemed central to the major. The purpose of this article is to review the current s...
Nitric Oxide Regulates Macrophage Fungicidal Activity via S-nitrosylation of Dectin-1

Introduction: Recognition of fungal surface β-glucan by pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1 is a critical process for fungal clearance in the lung. In humans, persistent fungal infection is observed in individuals with particular Dectin-1 polymorphism. We have identified that nitric oxide (NO) modifies critical cysteines in pattern recognition molecules to disassemble and alter protein function. There is a hydrophobic S-nitrosylation motif present in surfactant protein-D (SP-D) that is also present in Dectin-1. We hypothesized that Dectin-1 can be modified by nitrosative stress potentially leading to impairment of fungal clearance. Materials and Methods: Recombinant Dectin-1 was incubated with l-nitrosocysteine (L-SNOC) and S-nitrosylated Dectin-1 was detected by Biotin-switch assay. Cells of a murine macrophage line (Raw 264.7) were incubated with S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) and Dectin-1 shedding from the cell surface was determined by Western blot. Dectin-1 quaternary structure was determined by native gel electrophoresis. Dectin-1 function was assayed by NF-κB activity and IL-6 mRNA real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phagocytic activity was measured by fluorescence labeled zymosan beads. Results: Dectin-1 was S-nitrosylated by l-nitrosocysteine (L-SNOC) in vitro, as determined by Biotin-switch assay, resulting in structural disruption. We used Western blotting and flow cytometry to demonstrate that incubation of a murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7 cells) with GSNO reduced the surface Dectin-1 expression as a result of shedding to the media. The shedding of Dectin-1 is due to formation of S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-Dectin-1 and disruption of the Dectin-1 oligomeric complex. GSNO also induces Dectin-1 shedding from the cell surface. The functional significance of GSNO treatment of macrophages is shown by reduced β-glucan-mediated signaling in terms of NF-κB function and IL-6 expression. Finally, it was demonstrated that GSNO treatment reduces the capability of macrophages to phagocytose zymosan. Conclusions: These data provide mechanistic data to support the role of Dectin-1 nitrosylation as a mediator of reduced fungal clearance in the face of increased NO exposure.
Amyloid plaque deposition accelerates tau propagation via activation of microglia in a humanized app mouse model

Abstract Microglia have an emerging role in development of tau pathology after amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer’s disease, although it has not been definitively shown. We hypothesize that plaque-associated activated microglia accelerate tau propagation via enhanced phagocytosis and secretion of tau. Here we show that the injection of adeno-associated virus expressing P301L tau mutant into the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in humanized APPNL-G-F knock-in mice induces exacerbated tau propagation in the dentate gyrus compared to wild type mice. Depletion of microglia dramatically reduces accumulation of phosphorylated tau (pTau) in the dentate gyrus as well as an extracellular vesicle (EV) marker, Tumor susceptibility gene 101, co-localized in microglia. Mac2+ activated microglia secrete significantly more EVs compared to Mac2− microglia in APPNL-G-F mice in vivo when injected with lentivirus expressing EV reporter gene mEmerald-CD9, suggesting enhanced EV secretion by microglial activation. Our findings indicate that amyloid plaque-mediated acceleration of tau propagation is dependent on activated microglia, which show enhanced EV secretion in vivo.
360-Video Navigation for 360-Multimedia Delivery Systems: Research Challenges and Opportunities

With the emergence of new 360-degree cameras, ambisonic microphones, and VR/AR display devices, more diverse multi-modal content has become available, and with it the demand for the capability of streaming 360-degree videos to enhance users? 360-multimedia experience on mobile devices such as mobile phones and head-mounted displays. The big issue for the mobile 360-multimedia delivery systems is the huge resource demand on the underlying networks and devices to deliver 360-multimedia content with high quality of experience. In this talk, we will discuss the research challenges of 360-degree video delivery systems such as the large bandwidth, low latency, users? disorientation, and cyber-sickness, and opportunities to solve these challenges including rate adaptation algorithms of tiles videos, view prediction algorithms, content navigation, enhancement of DASH streaming for 360-videos, and control of Quality of Experience (QoE) [1]. We will briefly dive into more details of the concept of navigation graphs for 360-degree videos and present the opportunity of navigation graphs to organize 360-video content that can help in viewing navigation, caching and improvements of QoE [2]. We will show how navigation graphs are serving as models for viewing behaviors in the temporal and spatial domains, and can assist with view predictions, bandwidth, and latency control. Our experimental results are encouraging [3] and support the intuition that if we can encapsulate viewing patterns of 360-degree videos into navigation graphs at multiple levels of contextual details, we will be able to stream "need-to-see" 360-content to wireless HMD devices in timely manner within bandwidth-constrained environments, and enhance viewing quality experience of 360-degree videos in augmented reality applications.
Basic auditory processing and emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

The ability to understand others' emotions from subtle cues is a critical skill for navigating the complex social world, with increasing demands placed on this capability as children enter adolescence. Individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) of developing psychosis exhibit social isolation with specific impairments in social cognition (Thompson et al., 2011) and emotion recognition (Addington et al., 2008; Amminger et al., 2011; Corcoran et al., 2015). The degree of social impairment and the severity of emotion recognition deficits are greater in individuals who later convert to psychosis than in those who do not (Cornblatt et al., 2011). Emotion recognition deficits thus represent promising targets for improving early identification and intervention strategies (Addington et al., 2008; Amminger et al., 2011; Cornblatt et al., 2011; Kee et al., 2003; Niemi et al., 2005). A significant challenge remains however, to identify a precursor of emotional recognition deficits for use as a salient diagnostic tool and therapeutic target. Impairments in basic auditory processes may underlie the auditory emotion identification deficits and social functioning deficits associated with psychotic disorders and at-risk states. The auditory properties of speech convey emotional content (Banse and Scherer, 1996; Hammerschmidt and Jurgens, 2007), and the ability to identify emotion from these vocal cues is impaired in schizophrenia (Addington et al., 2008; Amminger et al., 2011; Bach et al., 2009; Corcoran et al., 2015; Cornblatt et al., 2011; Dickey et al., 2010; Dickey et al., 2008; Kee et al., 2003; Leitman et al., 2007; Leitman et al., 2010; Niemi et al., 2005; Thompson et al., 2011), schizotypal personality disorder (Dickey et al., 2010; Dickey et al., 2008), and CHR subjects (Corcoran et al., 2015; Thompson et al., 2011). We recently reported that individuals with schizophrenia exhibit wide ranging basic auditory processing deficits, and that additional basic auditory processing abilities, including formant discrimination, sinusoidal amplitude modulation detection, and duration discrimination are associated with the ability to recognize emotion in voice (Kraus et al., 2019). In this study, we have aimed to determine whether CHR individuals exhibit similar widespread auditory processing deficits associated with impaired emotion recognition.
Risk-Based Monitoring of Industrial Systems

In this paper we studied different maintenance policies for the control of production systems that are subject to deterioration over time. Two types of basic maintenance policies are considered: scheduled preventive maintenance and maintenance on demand. For both approaches the policies could be further classified, based on the mode of observation: the process itself for the outputs of the process. The performances of these four policies are analyzed, and the long-run disutilities related to them are derived. Numerical examples showed that by monitoring the process using the appropriate optimal maintenance policy, significant savings could result.
SYN-DMAC: a directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks with synchronization

Directional antenna has received intensive research interests in recent years due to its potential to increase communication efficiency and resilience to interference and jamming. In this paper, we provide a novel directional MAC protocol termed SYN-DMAC for ad hoc networks with synchronization. We demonstrate our proposed SYN-DMAC can efficiently address the major open problems in the directional MAC design such as the deafness problem, the hidden terminal problem, the exposed terminal problem and the head-of-line (HOL) blocking problem. Preliminary simulation results show that our scheme significantly improves throughput in comparison with IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol
Household Welfare and Poverty Dynamics in Burkina Faso: Empirical Evidence from Household Surveys

The benefits from growth following devaluation of the CFA franc in Burkina Faso in 1994 were undermined by increasing income inequality. Factors that fed that growth in income inequality: disparities in wages and in educational attainment and unequal access to productive assets. Fofack, Monga, and Tuluy investigate the dynamics of poverty and income inequality in a cross-section of socioeconomic groups and geographical regions over the five-year growth period following the 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc in Burkina Faso. Results show rapidly increasing urban poverty accompanied by rising income inequality, declining poverty-growth elasticities, and significant changes in the poverty map. In rural areas, the incidence of poverty remained the same and income inequality did not increase. In contrast, the distribution of welfare across socioeconomic groups was more stable. The rank ordering of socioeconomic groups on the welfare scale did not change during the post-devaluation growth period. Poverty remains largely a rural phenomenon, whose inelastic nature may justify a shift toward growth-oriented policies that at least maintain the rural poor's share of income to reduce poverty in the medium term. Among factors that feed into income inequality: disparities in wages and in educational attainment and unequal access to productive assets (especially human capital). This paper - a joint product of Macroeconomics 3 and Macroeconomics 4, Economic Management and Social Policy Group; and Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe Country Director's Office, Africa Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to better understand the dynamics of poverty and how the benefits of growth are distributed in Sub-Saharan African countries. The authors may be contacted at hfofack@worldbank.org, cmonga@worldbank.org, or htuluy@worldbank.org.
Dissatisfied Citizens: Ethnonational Governance, Teachers’ Strike and Professional Solidarity in Mostar, Bosnia–Herzegovina

AbstractThis ethnographic and anthropological study documents the contours of professional solidarity among teachers in postwar and postsocialist Bosnia–Herzegovina. The article illustrates how ethnically divided Croat and Bosniak teachers at the first ‘reunified’ school in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina – the famed Mostar Gymnasium – came together to strike together, and to voice their profession-shaped citizen demands. These teachers frequently referred to themselves as nezadovoljni građani or dissatisfied citizens, stressing the generational, moral and economic aspects of their predicament. The combined feelings of citizen-dissatisfaction, loss of social status and being left out of administrative procedures – which enable access to rightful entitlements – led to the formation of a teachers’ protest group across the lines of ethnic citizenship. These joint actions generated a shift in the teachers’ political subjectivities, however provisional, and they probed the horizon of ethnic politics in postwar ...
A finite element modeling of the low pressure plasma deposition process—II: Stress analysis

Abstract Thermal stresses that develop during the low pressure plasma deposition process and the subsequent temperature cycling period for a multi-layered composite material were analyzed using a finite element analysis method. Starting from the known temperature distribution in the deposit and substrate (Part I), the multi-layered material was cooled to room temperature, the steel substrate removed, was given an annealing heat treatment, and finally was exposed to a service environment. Computed thermal stresses and distortions that develop in the multi-layered composite showed marked effects of thermal and mechanical properties of each material. It was shown that the peak thermal stress could be reduced by the substrate removal process at low temperature, and maximum tensile and compressive radial stresses develop in the middle of each layer, not at the interface of adjacent materials. In addition, effects of temperature gradient heating and cooling on the thermal stress distribution were established. Such a computational pocedure may become a useful tool for the multi-layered composite alloy design and development.
The Human Urinary Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Precursor: ISOLATION OF A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE 160-KILODALTON HEPARIN-BINDING PRO-EGF WITH A TRUNCATED CARBOXYL TERMINUS (*)

In this report, we describe the isolation from human urine of a predominant 160-kDa epidermal growth factor (EGF)-immunoreactive glycoprotein that exhibits affinity for heparin. The purification procedure involved concentration and dialysis of 20-30-liter batches of fresh urine on a high capacity ultrafiltration apparatus followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, heparin-agarose, and Sephacryl S-300. A nearly homogeneous preparation of 160-kDa protein was obtained with a yield of approximately 1 mg of 160-kDa protein from 25 liters of urine. The amino-terminal sequence of the purified 160-kDa protein, H2N-SAPQHXSXPEGTXA-, matched residues 21-34 of the predicted sequence of human prepro-EGF and established that the 160 kDa protein (pro-EGF) is a product of the prepro-EGF gene. Characterization of the carboxyl terminus of the purified protein by digestion with carboxypeptidase B and by immunoblotting with antisera against synthetic carboxyl-terminal and juxtatransmembrane peptides of prepro-EGF indicated that the carboxyl terminus has been truncated at an arginine residue that corresponds, most likely, to the carboxyl-terminal arginine of the EGF moiety. The intact 160-kDa pro-EGF is biologically active as evidenced by its specific binding to the EGF receptor and activation of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase in A-431 cell membranes. Purified pro-EGF competitively inhibited the binding of 125I-EGF to human fibroblasts, and it stimulated the proliferation of these cells in culture. When immobilized onto culture dishes, the heparin-binding pro-EGF appeared to function both as an adhesion molecule and as a growth factor for serum-free mouse embryo cells.
Analytical Mechanics: VARIATIONAL CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATION TO MECHANICS

OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER 2 Nature is found to conspire in just such a way that the time integral of the Lagrangian is smallest if the motion obeys Newton's Laws. Mechanics can be based on the single principle: Minimize the time integral of the Lagrangian. Three laws of motion can be condensed into one universal principle! The mathematical language needed to provide the framework for this is called variational calculus. The variational calculus can be used as a powerful tool in solving mechanics problems with explicit constraints. It is also the most general means of solving nonholonomic problems with constraints on the velocities such as for rolling motion. This type of problem cannot be solved by choosing coordinates equal to the number of degrees of freedom but must be embedded in a higher-dimensional space. The well-known theoretical physicist E. P. Wigner refers to the “unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in theoretical physics.” Mathematical beauty is and should be the chief guiding principle of theorists, according to P. A. M. Dirac, one of the inventors of quantum mechanics. Although it is hard to define exactly what mathematical beauty is, the search for beauty was the guiding principle in the invention of two major advances in physics in the twentieth century: relativistic quantum mechanics and general relativity. In this chapter, we will discover an elegant formulation of classical mechanics. The mathematical techniques uncovered here are not only beautiful, but they have become the language of modern theoretical physics. […]
Studies on Species of Asclepias. VI. Toxicology, Pathology, and Pharmacology†

The toxicology and pathology of alcoholic extracts of the roots of Asclepias tuberosa L., Asclepias syriaca L., Asclepias speciosa Torr., Asclepias incarnata L. var. alba Hort., Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra Hort., and Asclepias curassavica L. have been studied and the results are reported. The de-alcoholized, buffered, filtered fluidextract of the root of Asclepias tuberosa L. was subjected to a preliminary pharmacological examination, and the results are discussed.
The State of Medical Sociology—A Review Essay*

Birenbaum, Arnold, 1981. Health Care and Society. Montclair: N.J.: Allanheld Osmun. Bowling, Ann. 1981. Delegation in General Practice: A Study of Doctors and Nurses. London: Tavistock Publications. Cockerham, William C. 1982. Medical Sociology. 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Locker, David. 1981. Symptoms and Illness: The Cognitive Organization of Disorder. London: Tavistock Publications.
Ionospheric and thermospheric variations associated with prompt penetration electric fields

[1] This paper presents a comprehensive modeling investigation of ionospheric and thermospheric variations during a prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) event that took place on 9 November 2004, using the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIMEGCM). The simulation results reveal complex latitudinal and longitudinal/local-time variations in vertical ion drift in the middle- and low-latitude regions owing to the competing influences of electric fields and neutral winds. It is found that electric fields are the dominant driver of vertical ion drift at the magnetic equator; at midlatitudes, however, vertical ion drift driven by disturbance meridional winds exceeds that driven by electric fields. The temporal evolution of the UT-latitude electron density profile from the simulation depicts clearly a super-fountain effect caused by the PPEF, including the initial slow-rise of the equatorial F-layer peak height, the split of the F-layer peak density, and the subsequent downward diffusion of the density peaks along magnetic field lines. Correspondingly, low-latitude total electron content (TEC) becomes bifurcated around the magnetic equator. The O/N2column density ratio, on the other hand, shows very little variations during this PPEF event, excluding composition change as a potential mechanism for the TEC variations. By using realistic, time-dependent, high-latitude electric potential and auroral precipitation patterns to drive the TIMEGCM, the model is able to successfully reproduce the large vertical ion drift of ∼120 m/s over the Jicamarca incoherent radar (IS) in Peru, which is the largest daytime ion drift ever recorded by the radar. The simulation results are validated with several key observations from IS radars, ground GPS-TEC network, and the TIMED-GUVI O/N2column density ratio. The model-data intercomparison also reveals some deficiencies in the TIMEGCM, particularly the limitations imposed by its upper boundary height as well as the prescribed O+ flux.
Notch and MAML Signaling Drives Scl-Dependent Interneuron Diversity in the Spinal Cord

The ventral spinal cord generates multiple inhibitory and excitatory interneuron subtypes from four cardinal progenitor domains (p0, p1, p2, p3). Here we show that cell-cell interactions mediated by the Notch receptor play a critical evolutionarily conserved role in the generation of excitatory v2aIN and inhibitory v2bIN interneurons. Lineage-tracing experiments show that the v2aIN and v2bIN develop from genetically identical p2 progenitors. The p2 daughter cell fate is controlled by Delta4 activation of Notch receptors together with MAML factors. Cells receiving Notch signals activate a transcription factor code that specifies the v2bIN fate, whereas cells deprived of Notch signaling express another code for v2aIN formation. Thus, our study provides insight into the cell-extrinsic signaling that controls combinatorial transcription factor profiles involved in regulating the process of interneuron subtype diversification.