cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission Line Theory

This article presents an overview of one of the important topics in RF and microwave engineering, the transmission line theory. In several ways, transmission line theory bridges the gap between electromagnetic theory and basic circuit theory. At high frequencies, when the physical lengths of transmission lines are comparable with wavelength, time-delay effects become predominant, leading to the distributed nature of the transmission line. This article focuses on studying the phenomenon of wave propagation on transmission lines by using the cascaded equivalent lumped-element representation and application of basic circuit theory principles. First, a quick description of several commonly used transmission line structures and a brief description about the propagating modes are presented. Transmission line equations, relating the voltage and current on a general transmission line are derived in time- and frequency-domains. Next, wave propagation on infinitely long and finite length transmission lines is described. Propagation parameters, such as characteristic impedance and propagation constant, are derived in terms of transmission line parameters. Special cases of lossless, and distortionless lines are cosidered and their propagation characteristics are studied. Terminations such as open-circuit, short-circuit, and matched-load are described, and the variation of input impedance, voltage, and current on the line is discussed. Next, the concept of standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient and their relationship to the input impedance is presented. Smith chart, a graphical representation to solve transmission line problems, is described along with few numerical examples. The article finally presents various network parameters of a general transmission line for application to microwave network analysis. Keywords: telegraphers equations; characteristic impedance; propagation constant; standing wave ratio; Smith chart
An Unanticipated Source of Hope: Stigma and Cervical Cancer in Brazil

In this article, I argue that although cervical cancer is an often stigmatized condition in Brazil, women with cervical cancer in Recife, Brazil, did not simply endure the stigma, they also perpetuated it. I draw on narrative theory and 18 months of ethnographic research in Recife to argue that rather than resisting the stigma associated with their disease, women in Recife used stigma to construct illness narratives that affirmed that they were still held to the same norms and values as the nonill. In turn, those narratives, and the healing narratives constructed along with them, provided women with hope for a future free from cervical cancer and free from the "imperfections" associated with that disease. Thus, women with cervical cancer used stigmatizing narratives both as links back to the "normal" world they inhabited before they became ill, and as bridges forward to the future they hoped to attain.
Modeling protein-DNA complexes with tangles

The mathematics of tangles has been applied to model protein-DNA binding. A tangle consists of strings properly embedded in a 3-dimensional ball. The protein complex can be thought of as a 3D ball while the DNA segments bound by the protein complex can be thought of as strings embedded within the ball. This simple model can be used to determine the topology of protein-bound DNA. We review some tangle models and related software for modeling recombinase and topoisomerase action.
Some Remarks on Speaking the Same Language

Guidance by Any Other Name This communication from John M. Brewer speaks for itself. In it Professor Brewer speaks for himself. It was inspired—if that is the right word—by Harry D. Kitson's article in the February issue of this magazine entitled “Individualized Education.” Readers will recall Professor Brewer's plea, “Let's All Speak the Same Language,” in the May 1934 issue of Occupations.
In vitro effect of parathyroid extract on isocitrate oxidation by rat kidney mitochondria.

Parathyroid extract (PTE) in vitro consistently lowered the P/O ratio associated with isocitrate oxidation by rat kidney mitochondria. As little as 2–3 U/ml (approx) was effective in the system described. Most often the PTE resulted in a stimulation of respiration by overcoming a lag period of isocitrate oxidation and resulted in a concurrent decrease in phosphorylation. PTE had no effect on succinate-stimulated respiration which did not exhibit a lag period. Dialysis or mild HC1 treatment did not eliminate the in vitro effect although such treatment resulted in a loss of biological activity. Trypsin digestion eliminated both in vitro and biological activities of the PTE. The in vitro effect was associated with a pH-precipitable (isoelectric point) fraction of the PTE. Purified hormone (PTH) did not exhibit the in vitro effect with this system. The results suggest that the active component (s) for the in vitro effect is a non-PTH polypeptide (protein) fraction of the PTE. (Endocrinology 78: 614, 1966)
Molecular orbital studies of the mast cell zinc-histamine storage complex

A zinc-histamine-heparin complex is proposed as a storage form of histamine in rat mast cells. A ring nitrogen and the ethylamine nitrogen of two histamine molecules in a square planar arrangement about one divalent zinc ion may intercalate with a portion of the heparin molecule such that two sulfonic acid or carboxylate residues provide the fifth and sixth coordinating ligands above and below the plane of the zinc histamine complex. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations employing an iterative extended Huckel method, Cusach's modification, indicate that there is little or no covalent bonding between the Zn atom and the donor nitrogen atoms. Thus the stability of the complex would appear to be owing to electrostatic interactions. These data correlate well with the demonstrated case of liberation of histamine from mast cell granules.
Multiple fiber optic probe for several sensing applications

A multiple fiber-optic particle sizing probe which uses a linear array of 11 optical fibers positioned in the focal plane of a graded index microlens is presented. The probe, a compact optical spectrum analyzer, provides simultaneous filtering of the angular spectrum of an extended quasi-monochromatic source. Active and passive configurations provide accurate measurements of the particle size distributions. The multiple fiber-optic probe together with processing electronics is a particle sizing sensor which yields the size distribution within 1-2 min.
CD spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin : best evidence against exciton model

We summarize the predictions of the exciton model that was originally proposed to explain the observed biphasic band shape of its CD spectrum in the visible region of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). It is shown that to reconcile these predictions with the observed results on the linear dichroism, the retinal isomerization time and, the retinal-retinal distance, the biphasic nature of the observed CD spectrum of bR becomes itself an evidence against the exciton model because of the uncertainty principle. Reduced bR (RbR), which retains its hexagonal structure, shows a monophasic CD spectrum with relatively small rotational strength as compared to bR. This is shown to disagree with predictions made by the exciton model. The results could best be explained in terms of retinal-protein heterogeneity leading to two or more types of bR in which their retinals suffer opposite sense of intramolecular rotational distortion along their retinal long axis. Such a retinal-protein heterogeneity disappears in reduced bR which is known to have a planar (nondistorted) retinal conjugated system, resulting in a monophasic CD with reduced rotational strength, as observed.
The Diastolic Pulmonary Gradient Does Not Predict Survival in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease

AbstractObjectives: This study sought to evaluate if diastolic pulmonary gradient (DPG) can predict survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD).Background: P...
Study on Overhead Crane Anti-Swing System with Self-Adjustable Fuzzy Control

As for shortcomings of PID and modern control method in crane anti-swing system, we introduce the fuzzy theory to the crane anti-swing on base of analyzing the crane trolley’s moving dynamic model. The cooperation between the position fuzzy controller and swing fuzzy controller achieve the goal. We use the fuzzy control system of self-adjustable quantization factors and scale factors to solve the problem that have the oscillation in limit areas causing the load lasting swing during the trolley moving position control. According to the simulation, it can solve the problem and eliminate the steady-state error completely and improve enhance the adaptivity of system. It can make the trolley reach the designation in 15s and keep the load steady.
Lineshape Fitting of Deuterium Magic Angle Spinning Spectra of Paramagnetic Compounds in Slow and Fast Limit Motion Regimes

Deuterium solid-state NMR spectra of paramagnetic compounds can be used to study metal−ligand geometry, spin couplings, and conformational dynamics. We report spinning sideband intensity simulations of temperature-dependent deuterium magic angle spinning spectra of paramagnetic complexes based upon straightforward application of the Herzfeld−Berger type routines. We adopt a point dipole description of the anisotropic hyperfine interaction and utilize an isotropic g tensor. Despite these simplifications, we demonstrate that fine structure constants, including electron−nuclear dipolar coupling and mutual orientation of the dipolar and quadrupolar tensors, can be determined on the basis of the simulations within 0.5 A and 20°, respectively. These simulations have sufficient sensitivity to detect the electron−nuclear dipolar couplings as weak as 5 kHz, which corresponds to the distance between the metal and the deuteron(s) of 3 A for S = 1/2 or 6.5 A for S = 5/2.
Fascin-1 expression in papillary and invasive urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder

Fascin-1 is an actin-bundling protein that plays an important role in cell motility and adhesion. The level of fascin-1 is low or undetectable in normal epithelial cells. However, overexpression is reported in transformed epithelial cells and in several common types of carcinomas [Bioessays. 2002;24:359-361]. Up-regulation of fascin-1 is associated with higher grades and with aggressive tumors with poorer prognoses. We found no report on the role or the protein expression of fascin-1 in urothelial carcinomas (UCs) of the urinary bladder. In this study, we examined by immunohistochemistry the expression of fascin-1 in the normal human transitional epithelium, benign vesical lesions, and different types of UCs. We found no detectable fascin-1 in the normal transitional epithelium. There was no increase of fascin-1 expression in cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, nephrogenic adenoma (n = 10), inverted papilloma (n = 5), and classic exophytic papilloma (n = 4) or in adjacent transitional epithelia associated with these conditions. Patchy or diffusely weak fascin-1 expression was observed in 42% (5/12) of superficial papillary UCs (Ta), and 95% (19/20) of invasive UCs (T2 or higher) demonstrated diffuse strong staining for fascin-1. The microinvasive foci in the lamina propria of UC (T1, n = 8) were also positive for fascin-1, although they were not as strongly stained as in the deeply invasive tumors. Interestingly, the neoplastic cells in the tips of microinvasive carcinomas were distinctly positive for fascin-1. There were significant numbers of fascin-1-positive cells (>50% of the neoplastic cells) in UCs in situ (n = 10). These findings suggest an association between increased fascin-1 expression and increased invasiveness of carcinomas in the urinary bladder.
Unusual Anionic N-Linked Oligosaccharides from Bovine Lung

We previously described a diverse family of sulfated anionic N-linked oligosaccharides released by peptide: N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF) from calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells (Roux, L., Holoyda, S., Sundblad, G., Freeze, H.H., and Varki, A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8879-8889). Since a major fraction of the intact lung consists of endothelial cells, we reasoned that bovine lung might be a rich source of similar molecules. Total N-linked oligosaccharides from bovine lung acetone powder were released by PNGaseF, labeled by [3H]NaBH4 reduction, and the anionic fractions were studied with a variety of techniques. The sugar chains with lesser negative charge (designated Class I) share several properties of conventional multiantennary complex-type chains. However, unlike the case with CPAE cells, sialic acids account only for a minority of the anionic properties and only a small proportion carry sulfate esters. A variety of different treatments indicate that most of the unexplained negative charge is due to multiple carboxylic acid groups. Resistance to beta-glucuronidase and alpha-iduronidase suggests that these may be previously undescribed modifications of mammalian oligosaccharides. The most highly charged N-linked chains (designated Class II) are more similar in general structure to the corresponding ones from CPAE cells, although relatively more abundant. Their high charge is primarily due to chondroitin sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. Sequential digestion studies suggest that a significant proportion of these molecules have more than one type of glycosaminoglycan chain associated with them. Compositional analysis indicates the presence of xylose residues in Class II, but not Class I molecules. However, unlike the case with conventional glycosaminoglycans, these residues are not at the reducing terminus. Most previously reported structures of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides are derived from the glycoproteins of blood cells, plasma, or the secretions of cultured mammalian cells. This library of N-linked oligosaccharides from an intact mammalian organ (lung) contains a high proportion of novel anionic sugar chains whose structures are different from conventional complex-type sialylated chains and only partially related to those from CPAE cells. Further exploration of the N-linked chains of intact mammalian tissues seems warranted.
The French Paradox: Implications for Variations in Global Convergence

Abstract A debate divides the cross-cultural community between advocates of global convergence and those foreseeing continued cultural divergence. Given competing evidence, we examine anomalous cultural findings of the ‘French Paradox’ to re-evaluate existing theory on convergence dynamics. By differentiating between the levels of analysis of micro individual values and macro societal practices, we question the regular processes of a top-down-bottom-up model of convergence. In addition, our analysis uncovers power structures interdependency ( PSI ) between the political and economic elites of a nation as a potential mediator explaining discrepant results.
Studies of DNA bending and flexibility using gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoretic methods have become established as primary tools in the study and elucidation of sequence-directed curvature both in free DNA and in the operator DNA of several site-specific nucleoprotein complexes. Results using them have been generally consistent with physical methods sensitive to DNA structure and conformation in those instances where direct comparisons can be made, and in a number of cases, gel methods have provided unique information not presently available from other techniques. Two basic strategies have been used: one based upon anomalous gel mobility effects; and a second based upon cyclization properties of curved DNA. Within each of these categories, various approaches have been used, some of which can lead, in favorable cases, to quantitative estimation of bending angles. In this review, the various gel-based methods that have been used to date are critically discussed and the qualitative and quantitative information that can be obtained from them is evaluated. A number of possible structural models for DNA curvature are described and a distinction is drawn between static or fixed bending and bending due to anisotropic flexibility at specific sequence loci. The importance and roles of gel electrophoretic methods in providing experimental approaches to this question are discussed. It is suggested that both static curvature and anisotropic flexibility in operator DNA may provide much of the basis for indirect readout of sequence information by specific site-binding regulatory proteins.
Simultaneous Determination of Zalcitabine and Stavudine in Maternal Plasma, Amniotic Fluid, Placental, and Fetal Tissues Using Reversed Phase on Silica Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract In order to study the placental transfer of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a quick and simple reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated using an underivatized silica column for the separation and analysis of DDC and D4T from rat plasma, amniotic fluid, placental, and fetal homogenate. Extraction of DDC, D4T, and their internal standard lamivudine (3TC) from the matrices was processed by protein precipitation using ice cold acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Spherisorb S3W silica column (4.6 mm × 100 mm) equipped with a Phenomenex guard column. The mobile phase consisted of 20% methanol in 22 mM formic acid. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min, and MRM was used for detection. The calibration curves for each day of validation showed good linear response over the range from 2 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL. The absolute recoveries for all the drugs are all higher than 70%, and the matrix effe...
School contextual experiences and longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood

The current study examined the direct and multiplicative influences by adolescent school context experiences (disengagement and maltreatment) and contextual characteristics (school minority concentration and school aggregated family poverty) on changes in depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Adolescent experiences with maltreatment and school disengagement were positively associated with changes in depressive symptoms over time. In addition, the school disengagement effect was larger among Hispanic youth than African American or European American adolescents. The influence by maltreatment was significantly greater in minority-concentrated school contexts. Final models that included cross-level interaction terms explained approximately 10.54% of level 1 variance and 17.10% of level 2 variance (ICC=2%). Adolescent school experiences and being of Hispanic ethnic background exert continued developmental influences on changes in young adult depressive symptoms. Thus, school-based health promotion programs need to consider school contextual effects on the subsequent development and wellbeing of youth. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging biologics in the treatment of uveitis

The pathogenic mechanisms underlying uveitis syndromes continue to be evaluated using animal models and in the clinical setting. As the complex interactions between ocular immune cells, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cellular adhesion molecules are uncovered, targeted therapies directed against these immune mediators will continue to be developed. Traditional immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids and steroid-sparing immunomodulatory agents, have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of uveitic syndromes, but side effects and drug toxicities often limit the use of these medications. The biologic agents, a newer class of medications, target specific immune pathways and have demonstrated efficacy in rheumatologic, dermatologic and neurologic conditions. Biologic therapies (e.g., TNF-α inhibitors and IL-2 receptor inhibitor) targeting ocular immune cell surface receptors, cytokines and chemokines continue to be developed and have shown promise in the treatment of uveitis and ocula...
Field Detection of X-Disease Mycoplasmalike Organism in Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Using a DNA Probe

The seasonal and geographic distribution of X-diseased Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say)was studied in south, central, and northwest Michigan in 1988 and 1989 using a DNA probe. C6c, a fragment of pWXl derived from infected Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee), detected eastern X-disease in diseased P. irroratus . Maximum numbers of infected leafhoppers were detected at the beginning of the emergence of each generation in early June and in late September. In early summer the percentage of X-diseased leafhoppers at the various sites ranged from 12.2 to 43.3%, and in the late season from 3.3 to 36.4%. The X-diseased leafhoppers occurred only in south and central Michigan.
An experimental investigation of damage-dependent material damping of laminated composites

An experimental program is reported in which the material damping of laminated graphite/epoxy specimens was measured as a function of matrix cracking. The damping test apparatus is designed to measure the first mode free vibration response of a cantilevered beam. Damping is calculated by the logarithmic decrement method. Matrix cracks are introduced into the material, and damping is measured at several levels of damage. The results from six different laminate stacking sequences are recorded and compared to each other. Damping is found to be significantly affected by the laminate ply stacking sequence, and is also seen to increase dramatically with the presence of matrix cracks. Finally, mathematical model predictions are compared to the experimental results.
The surgical management of symptomatic peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical presentation and morbidity of the surgical management of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of surgically treated PNSTs at the University of Miami between 1991 and 2008. RESULTS: There were a total of 140 cases, including 87 schwannomas, 34 neurofibromas, and 19 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). The average age of the total study group was 49.0 years; it was significantly lower for patients with neurofibroma. There was a high correlation between neurofibroma tumors and neurofibromatosis-1. Most patients with benign tumors presented with a painful mass, paresthesias, or numbness without significant weakness. Patients who had previously undergone attempted resections and preoperative biopsy had a significantly increased risk (41 %) for developing postoperative neurologic deficits when compared with patients who presented with de novo tumors (15%). Intraoperative monitoring appeared to reduce the risk of postoperative motor deficit, particularly in neurofibromas. Most MPNSTs (>80%) were diagnosed at stage IIB or higher and had a combined mortality rate of 31.6% at 78 months. Tumor size was the best predictor of adverse outcome, as all MPNST mortalities occurred in patients with a tumor size of more than 7 cm. CONCLUSION: PNSTs are a heterogeneous group of lesions. Benign tumors respond well to marginal excision, whereas MPNSTs are aggressive sarcomas that require multimodal management. There was a significantly increased risk of postoperative neurologic deficits in patients who had undergone a previous biopsy, and thus tertiary referral without biopsy is recommended when a PNST is suspected.
Safety and Sanctuary Pentecostalism and Youth Gang Violence in Honduras

Ethnographic research on Pentecostal youth in a Honduran colonia reveals the ways in which they maneuver through the violence in their community. They maintain an uneasy relationship with gang members in which they claim exemption from everyday violence because of their belief in being saved. Drawing on Pentecostalism's doctrine of separation from community life, they exclude themselves from violent retribution by appealing to their rights to the sanctuary of the church. A call to the sanctuary of Pentecostalism also allows many gang members to escape the violence of street life. Pentecostal conversion is thus one way for young men to present a reformed persona that the larger community affirms.
Carcinoma of the pancreas and extrahepatic bile ducts

Abstract 1. 1. A group of 109 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas and extrahepatic bile ducts, verified by operation or necropsy, has been reviewed. 2. 2. The disease occurred approximately twice as frequently in males as in females. 3. 3. The average age of the patients was 56.9 years. 4. 4. Weight loss was the most common symptom. It was usually extreme (average 13.8 kg.) and occurred rapidly. 5. 5. Jaundice was the most common chief complaint and abdominal pain the most common initial symptom. 6. 6. The average duration of symptoms was 5.5 months. 7. 7. Jaundice was the most common physical sign and was present in over three-fourths of the cases. 8. 8. Courvoisier's law was of relatively little value in making a correct diagnosis prior to operation. The law was of considerable value to the surgeon at the time of laparotomy, as it indicated the type of duct obstruction which was present. The operative findings proved the law to be accurate in over 80 per cent of the cases. 9. 9. Laboratory studies were of practically no value in diagnosis. 10. 10. Roentgen studies were positive or suggestive in one-fourth of the cases. 11. 11. In the non-icteric patients the difficulties in diagnosis were greater than in the icteric group. In the former cases the condition was most often confused with carcinoma of the stomach or colon. 12. 12. Evidence of antecedent biliary tract infection, as indicated by contraction of the gall-bladder or thickening of its wall, was noted in approximately one-eighth of the operative cases, while calculi were present in the gall-bladder in one-sixth. 13. 13. Cholecystogastrostomy was regarded as the best palliative operation. The operative mortality for this procedure was 29.17 per cent. 14. 14. In ten cases, according to the diagnoses made at the time of operation, the ratio of cases of carcinoma of the pancreas and of the bile ducts was 2:1. Necropsy examination of these same cases proved that the ratio was 1:2. 15. 15. In three cases of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, transduodenal resection was performed, with one post-operative death and two recoveries. 16. 16. Hemorrhage was the most common cause of death following operation. 17. 17. The average duration of life following palliative biliary gastrointestinal anastomosis was 7.2 months in a group of twenty-one patients traced. 18. 18. Post-mortem examination showed the most common site of metastases to be the regional lymphnodes, while metastases to the liver and lungs occurred next in frequency. 19. 19. In the group of thirty cases examined post-mortem, there were four instances of multiple malignancies.
Suppression of RNA synthesis in lymphocytes by inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes.

Abstract Incorporation of 3H-uridine by normal and stimulated human lymphocytes and rat thymocytes is suppressed in the presence of certain protease inhibitors. The degree of suppression is unrelated to the phase of cell stimulation. Of the agents tested TPCK, TLCK, BTEE, BAA and TAME were active in decreasing order of potency. Soybean and ovomucoid trypsin inhitors were inactive. Lymphocyte stimulation was markedly depressed by TPCK, TLCK, BTEE and TAME in decreasing order of potency. Less suppression of lymphocyte stimulation was observed if exposure to inhibitor was delayed. Treated cells appeared viable as judged by trypan blue exclusion and trypsin resistance, but cell motility was diminished.
Allometric scaling and prediction of concentration-time profiles of coagulation factors in humans from animals

Allometric scaling is a useful tool in early drug development and can be used for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from animal PK parameters. The main objective of this work was to predict concentration-time profiles of coagulation factors in humans in a multi-compartment system using animal PK parameters. The prediction of concentration-time profiles in humans in a multi-compartment system was based on the predicted values of clearance and volumes of distribution (V(c), V(ss) and V(β)) from animals. Five coagulation factors from the literature were chosen that were described by two-compartment model in both humans and animals. Clearance and volumes of distribution from animals were allometrically scaled to humans and then were used to predict concentration-time profiles in humans. The predicted concentration-time profile for a given coagulation factor was accurate for most of the time points. Percent prediction error range varied across coagulation factors. The prediction error >50% was observed either at 1 or a maximum of two time points for a given drug. The study indicated that the allometric scaling can be useful in the prediction of concentration-time profiles of coagulation factors in humans from animals and may be helpful in designing a first-in-human study.
Teaching Teams to be Teams: An Exercise Using the Myers-Briggs® Type Indicator and the Five-Factor Personality Traits —:

This article reports results of a student-team intervention that used team members' personality assessments on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Five-Factor Model to enhance the team development process and engender an appreciation of the effect of different personalities on team functioning and performance. The majority of participants reported that knowledge of team members' personality types was helpful in understanding team member behavior and was used in managing team dynamics. Those teams that used extreme division of labor were more likely to respond that the personality-based intervention was not helpful in managing team dynamics.
DYNAMICS OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN A BODY-CENTERED CUBIC LATTICE. II. HIGHER ENERGIES

Computer studies in the dynamics of radiation damage in a body-centered cubic lattice representing $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron are extended to knock-on energies up to 1500 eV. The mean number ${N}_{d}$ of defects created is calculated first for a knock-on of 100 eV in a large variety of directions. In one "representative" direction the knock-on energy is varied up to 1500 eV. It is seen that ${N}_{d}$ increases approximately linearly with knock-on energy $E$. The usual formula ${N}_{d}=\frac{E}{2{E}_{d}}$ can be used with an effective threshold energy ${E}_{d}$ of 50 to 55 eV. Dynamic features of a single collision and a cascade of collisions are investigated. The free-atom binary model is not adequate for a single collision for the purpose of estimating the transfer of kinetic energy. In a cascade, the initially localized kinetic energy of the knock-on is seen, in a relatively short time, to divide into equal amounts of potential energy in the lattice and total kinetic energy of moving atoms. The process of channeling of an iron atom projected into the lattice along a low-index direction is studied with the same model. The range of the channeled atom is found to be proportional to the $\frac{3}{2}$ power of its initial energy, in disagreement with the predictions of the impulse approximation and in agreement with recent experiments.
Highly efficient blue organic light emitting devices with indium-free transparent anode on flexible substrates

Abstract Indium-free transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) may provide a lower cost solution for the transparent anode in large area displays and solid-state lighting. Low temperature deposition processes are essential for manufacturing compatible with flexible substrate materials. We report herein a near room temperature sputtering process for generating an indium-free TCO coating on a flexible substrate. Specifically, we deposited gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) uniformly over a 12″ diameter area at nominally room temperature on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), without any noticeable damage to the PET substrate. The GZO films exhibit excellent physical, optical and electrical properties: roughness ∼7 nm, transmittance >85% and resistivity ∼10 −3 ohm cm. Phosphorescent blue organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were fabricated on these substrates with comparable performance (16% external quantum efficiency and 33 lm/W power efficiency at 1 mA/cm 2 ) to that of devices fabricated on glass with GZO or indium tin oxide (ITO) as the anodes. These results demonstrate the utility of using GZO instead of the higher cost material ITO on PET for flexible displays and solid-state lighting.
Tunneling studies of BSCCO-2223 in the ab-plane direction.

Abstract We have measured the energy gap of highly c-axis oriented Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 (2223) polycrystals in the ab-plane direction with a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Our best tunneling conductance curve showed that the Δab of 2223 should be close to, but not larger than 39 meV. Both 2223 to normal metal, and 2223 to 2223 tunneling show similar energy gap values.
Hermite WENO limiting for multi-moment finite-volume methods using the ADER-DT time discretization for 1-D systems of conservation laws

This is among the first applications of Hermite WENO limiting to an ADER time discretization.A single HWENO-limited polynomial evolves both the state values and derivatives.These HWENO methods do not relax to a first-order Godunov scheme for steep discontinuities.These HWENO limiters are much more flexible than most WENO limiters, able to be derived based on any set of polynomials. New Hermite Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (HWENO) interpolants are developed and investigated within the Multi-Moment Finite-Volume (MMFV) formulation using the ADER-DT time discretization. Whereas traditional WENO methods interpolate pointwise, function-based WENO methods explicitly form a non-oscillatory, high-order polynomial over the cell in question. This study chooses a function-based approach and details how fast convergence to optimal weights for smooth flow is ensured. Methods of sixth-, eighth-, and tenth-order accuracy are developed. These are compared against traditional single-moment WENO methods of fifth-, seventh-, ninth-, and eleventh-order accuracy to compare against more familiar methods from literature. The new HWENO methods improve upon existing HWENO methods (1) by giving a better resolution of unreinforced contact discontinuities and (2) by only needing a single HWENO polynomial to update both the cell mean value and cell mean derivative.Test cases to validate and assess these methods include 1-D linear transport, the 1-D inviscid Burger's equation, and the 1-D inviscid Euler equations. Smooth and non-smooth flows are used for evaluation. These HWENO methods performed better than comparable literature-standard WENO methods for all regimes of discontinuity and smoothness in all tests herein. They exhibit improved optimal accuracy due to the use of derivatives, and they collapse to solutions similar to typical WENO methods when limiting is required. The study concludes that the new HWENO methods are robust and effective when used in the ADER-DT MMFV framework. These results are intended to demonstrate capability rather than exhaust all possible implementations.
pDAWG: An Integrated Database for Plant Cell Wall Genes

We have recently developed a database, pDAWG, focused on information related to plant cell walls. Currently, pDAWG contains seven complete plant genomes, 12 complete algal genomes, along with computed information for individual proteins encoded in these genomes of the following types: (a) carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) family information when applicable; (b) phylogenetic trees of cell wall-related CAZy family proteins; (c) protein structure models if available; (d) physical and predicted interactions among proteins; (e) subcellular localization; (f) Pfam domain information; and (g) homology-based functional prediction. A querying system with a graphical interface allows a user to quickly compose information of different sorts about individual genes/proteins and to display the composite information in an intuitive manner, facilitating comparative analyses and knowledge discovery about cell wall genes. pDAWG can be accessed at http://csbl1.bmb.uga.edu/pDAWG/.
Monitoring the initial phase of a slow curing epoxy through the dynamic viscoelastic properties

The isothermal curing of an epoxy mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and diglycidyl ether of 1,4 butanediol was monitored through the dynamic viscoelastic properties. Measurements were made at a frequency of 37.7 s−1 using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer Model R-17 fitted with a piezoelectric load cell and interfaced with a microcomputer. Cures were conducted at four temperatures, 15.6 ± 0.2°C to 40.1 ± 0.2°C with the cure time varying from 35 to 11 hours, respectively. Additional measurements of the steady shear viscosity, up to three hours after cure initiation, were conducted using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer Model R20. These results show that in the early stages of the cure cycle, the fluids show low elasticity and constant viscosity. Also, independent of temperature, the relationship, η′ = 0.05 η″, holds, although it is not maintained near the gel point. This implies that initially, the longest relaxation time is independent of the extent of reaction and the temperature.
Children's understanding of number is similar to adults' and rats' : numerical estimation by 5-7-year-olds

Adult number representations can belong to either of two types. One is discrete, language-specific, and culturally-derived; the other is analog and language-independent. Quantitative evidence is presented to demonstrate that analog number representations are adult-like in young children. Five- to 7-year-olds accurately estimated rapidly presented groups of 5--11 items. Groups were presented in random order and random arrangements controlling for overall area. Children's data were qualitatively, and to some degree quantitatively, similar to adult data with one exception: the ratio of the standard deviation of estimates to mean estimates decreased with age.
Extension Commercialization: How Much to Charge for Extension Services

As public agricultural extension organizations around the world examine the possibility of privatizing or commercializing part or all their services, several issues arise. In this paper I address the question of how to price the services provided. Using available data from Israel, a supply (marginal cost) function is estimated for the Israel Extension Service, and a demand function for extension services is estimated. The derived number of visits and the per visit price are calculated. Several general extension-related policy issues that may also be applicable to other countries are discussed.
How do object reference frames and motion vector decomposition emerge in laminar cortical circuits

How do spatially disjoint and ambiguous local motion signals in multiple directions generate coherent and unambiguous representations of object motion? Various motion percepts, starting with those of Duncker (Induced motion, 1929/1938) and Johansson (Configurations in event perception, 1950), obey a rule of vector decomposition, in which global motion appears to be subtracted from the true motion path of localized stimulus components, so that objects and their parts are seen as moving relative to a common reference frame. A neural model predicts how vector decomposition results from multiple-scale and multiple-depth interactions within and between the form- and motion-processing streams in V1–V2 and V1–MST, which include form grouping, form-to-motion capture, figure–ground separation, and object motion capture mechanisms. Particular advantages of the model are that these mechanisms solve the aperture problem, group spatially disjoint moving objects via illusory contours, capture object motion direction signals on real and illusory contours, and use interdepth directional inhibition to cause a vector decomposition, whereby the motion directions of a moving frame at a nearer depth suppress those directions at a farther depth, and thereby cause a peak shift in the perceived directions of object parts moving with respect to the frame.
Digital Hammurabi: design and development of a 3D scanner for cuneiform tablets

Cuneiform is an ancient form of writing in which wooden reeds were used to impress shapes upon moist clay tablets. Upon drying, the tablets preserved the written script with remarkable accuracy and durability. There are currently hundreds of thousands of cuneiform tablets spread throughout the world in both museums and private collections. The global scale of these artifacts presents several problems for scholars who wish to study them. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain access to a given collection. In addition, photographic records of the tablets many times prove to be inadequate for proper examination. Photographs lack the ability to alter the lighting conditions and view direction. As a solution to these problems, we describe a 3D scanner capable of acquiring the shape, color, and reflectance of a tablet as a complete 3D object. This data set could then be stored in an online library and manipulated by suitable rendering software that would allow a user to specify any view direction and lighting condition. The scanner utilizes a camera and telecentric lens to acquire images of the tablet under varying controlled illumination conditions. Image data are processed using photometric stereo and structured light techniques to determine the tablet shape; color information is reconstructed from primary color monochrome image data. The scanned surface is sampled at 26.8 μm lateral spacing and the height information is calculated on a much smaller scale. Scans of adjacent tablet sides are registered together to form a 3D surface model.
Software for computers with parallel or pipeline architecture (abstract)

This paper is addressed to those computer users who have the following interests in common. First, they are engaged in the numerical study of a discipline at a level where they wish to write or to understand critical portions of a computer code written in some high-level or scientific language. Second, the amount of numerical manipulations required in their study is large enough to require highly efficient use of the hardware of a major computer facility in order to prevent a calculation from becoming prohibitively costly. Finally, they are willing to accept the responsibility for making the code efficient, but they wish to minimize the amount of their time spent in doing so. At present it is usually difficult to realize the third of these interests in light of the first two. Big problems point to computers with special architectures, and these are usually difficult to program efficiently without devoting a sizable effort to data storage and data management. This paper explores some strategies that can be useful in reducing this difficulty. All of our examples will involve the solution of partial differential equations in three-dimensions by means of numerical algorithms requiring meshes with rectangular topologies. In all cases these "big problems" are defined to have data bases that are too large to fit in core.
Engineering Education in Finland

The Finnish education system differs considerably from that of the United States. Starting at age seven, Finnish students are legally required to complete nine years of formal education. They then have the option of either entering the workforce or attending a vocational school, a polytechnic, or a university. This paper describes the path a Finn takes to acquire a degree in engineering. It describes Finland's goal of using engineering education to help adapt itself to survival in a technology-based 21st century. The paper's main focus is on the Bachelor's degree; however, it also describes the Master's and Doctorate degrees.
Density matrix of liquid 4He at low temperatures

Abstract Penrose gives an explicit formula for the density matrix of liquid 4He under equilibrium conditions in the temperature range T
Selection of guide sequences that direct efficient cleavage of mRNA by human ribonuclease P

Any RNA, when in a complex with another oligoribonucleotide known as an external guide sequence (EGS), can become a substrate for ribonuclease P. Simulation of evolution in vitro was used to select EGSs that bind tightly to a target substrate messenger RNA and that increase the efficiency of cleavage of the target by human ribonuclease P to a level equal to that achieved with natural substrates. The most efficient EGSs form transfer RNA precursor-like structures with the target RNA, in which the analog of the anticodon stem has been disrupted, an indication that selection for the optimal substrate for ribonuclease P yields an RNA structure different from that of present-day transfer RNA precursors.
FLUCTUATIONS AND PAIRING IN FERMI SYSTEMS: A CROSSING-SYMMETRIC APPROACH

Treating competing fluctuations, e.g., density, spin, current, need a tractable, self-consistent approach. One method that treats particle-particle and particle-hole correlations self-consistently is the diagrammatic "crossing-symmetric equations" method. In a general calculation for pairing, non-local interaction plays an important role in enhancing certain quantum fluctuations and thereby determining the pairing symmetry.
Electronic structure and vibrational entropies of fcc Au-Fe alloys

Phonon density of states (DOS) curves were measured on alloys of face-centered-cubic (fcc) Au-Fe using nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The NRIXS and INS results were combined to obtain the total phonon DOS and the partial phonon DOS curves of Au and Fe atoms from which vibrational entropies were calculated. The main effect on the vibrational entropy of alloying comes from a stiffening of the Au partial phonon DOS with Fe concentration. Force constants were calculated from first principles for several compositions and show a local stiffening of Au-Au bonds close to Fe atoms. The calculated phonon DOS curves reproduce the experimental trend. The stiffening is attributed to two main effects comparable in magnitude: (i) an increase in electron density in the free-electron-like states and (ii) stronger sd hybridization.
Second-order conditional modeling of turbulent nonpremixed flames with a compositep PDF

Abstract A second-order conditional model for turbulent nonpremixed flames with a composite probability density function (pdf) is presented. The composite pdf represents three parts of the scalar field: a fully turbulent part, a surrounding nonturbulent part, and a superlayer part. The conditional equations are derived using Favre averaging (density weighting) with the interfacial interaction terms appearing in explicitly separate groups. These equations are closed by a second-order scheme and models for the interfacial terms. Nitric oxide formation is computed by a model including the effects of intermittency and nonequilibrium oxygen-atom cocentration. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated by comparisons of model predictions with three different sets of experimental data for turbulent nonreacting and reacting jets. The calculated results are also compared with those obtained without the consideration of the superlayer and with those predicted by a unconditional model using different pdf shapes. Although the uncertainties of the experimental data prevent us from drawing solid conclusions from these comparisons, it is shown that the model predictions can be improved by incorporating intermittency and a composite pdf. The improvements are most significant for the scalar field. The nitric oxide calculations indicate that the effect of the superlayer can be significant, suggesting the use of the proposed model in this area.