cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of High-Speed Surface-Channel Charge Coupled Devices into an SOI CMOS Process Using Strong Phase Shift Lithography

To enable development of novel signal processing circuits, a high-speed surface-channel charge coupled device (CCD) process has been co-integrated with the Lincoln Laboratory 180-nm RF fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. The CCDs support charge transfer clock speeds in excess of 1 GHz while maintaining high charge transfer efficiency (CTE). Both the CCD and CMOS gates are formed using a single-poly process, with CCD gates isolated by a narrow phase-shift-defined gap. CTE is strongly dependent on tight control of the gap critical dimension (CD). In this paper we review the tradeoffs encountered in the co-integration of the CCD and CMOS technologies. The effect of partial coherence on gap resolution and pattern fidelity is discussed. The impact of asymmetric bias due to phase error and phase shift mask (PSM) sidewall effects is presented, along with adopted mitigation strategies. Issues relating to CMOS pattern fidelity and CD control in the double patterning process are also discussed. Since some signal processing CCD structures involve two-dimensional transfer paths, many required geometries present phase compliance and trim engineering challenges. Approaches for implementing non-compliant geometries, such as T shapes, are described, and the impact of various techniques on electrical performance is discussed.
Two-component signaling circuit structure and properties

Various modeling and experimental studies have analyzed the reactions, interconnections, and motifs in two-component systems, with an eye toward understanding their physiological implications and the differences between alternative designs. Examples where recent progress has been made include aspects of autoregulation, signal integration in branched pathways, cross-talk suppression, and cross-regulation via connector proteins.
Tissue transglutaminase expression promotes cell attachment, invasion and survival in breast cancer cells

Distant metastasis is frequently observed in patients with breast cancer and is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in these patients. Currently, very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the development of the metastatic phenotype in breast cancer cells. We previously found that metastatic breast cancer cells express high levels of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), but established no direct link between TG2 and metastasis. In this study, we hypothesized that TG2 plays a role in conferring the metastatic phenotype to breast cancer cells. The results obtained suggested that increased expression of TG2 in breast cancer cells contributes to their increased survival, invasion and motility. We further found that TG2 protein in a metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells was present on the cell surface in close association with integrins β1, β4 and β5. Downregulation of endogenous TG2 by small interfering RNA inhibited fibronectin (Fn)-mediated cell attachment, survival and invasion. Conversely, ectopic expression of TG2 augmented invasion of breast cancer cells and attachment to Fn-coated surfaces. We conclude that TG2 expression in breast cancer cells plays an important role in the development of the metastatic phenotype.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND OTHER POTENTIAL TREATMENTS FOR DEMENTIAS

The projection that the US elderly population will increase in size by 105% by the year 2025 has serious implications for health care professionals and family caregivers. The prevalence of illnesses associated with old age will rise significantly as the population ages. In particular, dementia, which affects 30% to 40% of individuals over age 85, will be increasingly evident. Dementia will severely impact on individual grief, family strain, and economic burden experienced by victims and caregivers unless adequate treatments that slow the onset and, possibly, the progression of dementia are identified. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) represents one of the most promising available treatments for dementia in women. Primary and secondary prevention studies as well as animal research demonstrate the potential for HRT as an efficacious treatment for dementia.
Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen halides and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to study geometrics and energies of hydrogen-bonded complexes between hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride (as proton donors) and acetylene, ethylene (as proton acceptors). Symmetrical T-shaped structures are found to be equilibrium structures for all four complexes. The strengths of the hydrogen bonds are found to be less than for conventional hydrogen bonds involving lone pairs of electrons.
Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead contamination of the big river in missouri's old lead belt

The usefulness of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead (Pb) contamination of aquatic ecosystems was assessed. Thirty-seven snapping turtles were collected from three sites on the Big River, an Ozarkian stream contaminated with Pb mine tailings. Morphometric measurements, tissue Pb concentrations (muscle, blood, bone, carapace, brain, and liver), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma glucose, osmolality, and chloride ion content were measured. The data showed no effects of Pb contamination on capture success or morphological measurements. Tissue Pb concentrations were related to capture location. Hematocrit, plasma osmolality, plasma glucose, and plasma chloride ion content were not significantly different with respect to capture location. The δ-ALAD activity levels were decreased in turtles taken from contaminated sites. Lead levels in the Big River do not appear to be adversely affecting the snapping turtles of the river. Chelydra serpentina is a useful species for biomonitoring of Pb-contaminated aquatic environments.
Effect of low pH on surface rehardening efficacy of high concentration fluoride treatments on non-cavitated lesions

Abstract Objective Professionally applied acidulated phosphate fluoride has been shown to reduce caries incidence. However, it has been suggested that its efficacy might be reduced in advanced non-cavitated lesions. This study aimed to compare the surface rehardening and fluoride uptake effect of 2%-NaF solutions at different pH on non-cavitated caries-like lesions with two different levels of demineralization. Methods Human enamel specimens were demineralized to create early and advanced non-cavitated lesions. Specimens for each type of lesion were divided into 3 groups, treated for four minutes with either 2%-NaF pH 3.5, 2%-NaF at pH 7.0, or neutral deionized water, and exposed to a pH cycling remineralization/demineralization model for five days. An additional treatment was then done as described above followed by five more days of cycling (total of 2 treatments, ten-day pH cycling). Specimens were analyzed for surface microhardness change and fluoride uptake. Results It was found that for both types of lesions, acidic pH fluoride treatment was significantly (p Conclusions Results from this study suggest that high concentration fluoride treatments at acidic pH are more effective in rehardening the surface of non-cavitated caries lesions and promoting fluoride uptake than those at neutral pH. This effect appears to be greater in less demineralized lesions when compared to more advanced ones. Clinical significance The results of this investigation suggest that when no other attenuating circumstances are present (e.g., the possibility of damaging tooth-coloured restorations), high concentration fluoride treatments for high risk individuals might be more efficacious using products at low pH.
Rapid Detection of Acquired and Inducible Clarithromycin Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus Group by a Simple Real-Time PCR Assay

By targeting the erm(41) and rrl genes in the Mycobacterium abscessus group, a multiplex real-time PCR assay for clarithromycin resistance showed 95% (38/40) concordance with nucleic acid testing and 95% (37/39) concordance with phenotypic testing. This assay provides a simple and rapid alternative to extended incubation or erm(41) sequencing.
Effects of prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and environmental tobacco smoke on child IQ in a Chinese cohort

Abstract Objective This study of a birth cohort in the city of Tongliang in Chongqing, China, evaluated the relationship between two prenatal exposures (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) and environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)) and child intelligence quotient (IQ) as measured by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at age 5 years. A coal-fired power plant was the major source of ambient PAH in this city. We tested the hypothesis that, after adjusting for potential confounders, prenatal exposure to these pollutants would be associated with lower IQ scores at 5 years of age. Methods Nonsmoking mothers and children were enrolled before delivery. PAH exposure was measured by DNA adducts in umbilical cord white blood cells using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence. Estimated exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was based on personal interview. At age 5 years, scores for verbal, performance, and full scale IQ were obtained. Multiple regression was used to test the main effects of adducts and environmental tobacco smoke on IQ and to explore the interactions between these exposures on IQ. Results: after adjusting for potential confounders, neither DNA adducts nor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke had significant main effects on IQ. However, significant interactions between adducts and environmental tobacco smoke were observed on full scale ( p =0.025) and verbal ( p =0.029) IQ scores, indicating that the adverse effects of prenatal PAH exposure became greater as exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increased. The interaction on performance IQ score was not significant ( p =0.135). Conclusion These results suggest that exposure of pregnant women to emissions of PAHs from the coal-burning plant, in combination with prenatal exposure to envrionmental tobacco smoke, may have adversely affected cognitive function of children at age 5. The polluting coal-fired plant has since been closed by the government, with likely important benefits to child health and development.
Experimental and Analytical Study of Sub-Watt Scale Tesla Turbine Performance

Viscous turbines, like the Tesla turbine, can be manufactured inexpensively at small scales, are robust, and are low maintenance, making them ideal for micro to watt scale energy harvesting applications. However, high efficiency turbines have not yet been demonstrated at small (sub-watt) scales. Previous studies have developed analytical models of turbine performance and analyzed parametric trends in performance for larger turbines and for air as a working fluid. In this study, the same parametric trends in performance are compared to test data for a micro-scale Tesla turbine with water as a working fluid. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is then compared to both the analytical and experimental turbine efficiencies. Tesla turbines were tested with 8 different nozzle configurations, 3 different rotor configurations, and several different flow rates. The test results show that several of the performance trends predicted by the analytical model match experimental results. The CFD solutions of the flow field are then used to help reconcile areas where the analytical predictions do not match experimental data. Certain trends in turbine performance are discussed, and the feasibility of further scaling down Tesla turbines (< 1 cm) is discussed.© 2012 ASME
Flow disturbance due to venous valves: a cause of graft failure.

Late (greater than 1 year) postoperative angiographic studies in five patients revealed evidence of flow disturbance at the distal valve, when two valves were present in the body of a saphenous vein graft (SVG(. This was associated with delayed clearance of radiopaque dye due to reduced velocity of flow. On follow-up, occlusion, thrombus formation, or development of atherosclerosis seemed to have occurred in anatomic relation to these valves. All five patients had one additional graft in a good state of preservation; three internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts, and 2 SVGs. The latter had only one venous valve, and the velocity of flow was good. It appears that good velocity of flow is essential to the integrity of coronary bypass grafts. The presence of more than one venous valve in a graft appears to cause flow disturbance and sluggish velocity, factors adversely affecting their integrity.
Repeat performance: is restorative justice another good reform gone bad?

Given the current constellation of fiscal, moral, and logistical problems facing its corrections industry, the USA is on the cusp of a widespread penal reform movement. For the past 200-plus years, each US penal reform that intended to diminish penal practices resulted in widening the reach and deepening the roots of the nation’s punishment system. The question asked here is: is the restorative justice movement in the USA headed the way of past benevolent penal reforms? A new type of social movement: the regressive social movement model is presented. Three past benevolent penal reforms – the penitentiary, the adult reformatory movement, and parole are dissected in order to formulate a regressive reform profile and tested against the restorative justice movement. Field research finds that a repeat performance of regressive reform is in progress. In each of the eight restorative justice movement, variables demonstrate characteristics evident in past benevolent penal campaigns, resulting in a redirection of ...
Mass spectra of some dimeric photoproducts of pyrimidines.

Abstract The mass spectra of photo-cycloaddition products of thymines and uracils and a photocoupled product of 5-bromouracil have been measured. Characteristic fragmentation has been documented for dimers joined through a cyclobutane ring, adducts derived from oxetane and azetidine linkages and a coupled product linked through a 5,5′-bond.
Visualizing Model-Based Predictive Controllers

One common problem with information displays, particularly in process control, is that relevant data is often scattered across several, separate displays that obscure important relationships and fail to show event information. The current displays used for model-based predictive controllers demonstrate several of the problems that this kind of a design can incur. It is hard to get a good sense of the recent, current and near-future status of the controller (situation awareness), and it is difficult to make informed decision when making changes to the controller (putting data into context). This forces users to navigate around a virtual workspace and attempt to compile the data necessary to make an informed conclusion. We have applied several design principles to show how it is possible to re-represent data into hierarchical data layers that support the cognitive tasks of monitoring, diagnosis, and control. This design forms a coherent, coordinated workspace which helps orient users to problems in the cont...
Liquid automatic dishwashing detergents: A profile of toxicity

The recent introduction of liquid automatic dishwashing detergents (LADDs) has resulted in numerous calls to poison information centers and, subsequently, a large number of referrals to emergency departments. As with their traditional granular counterparts, LADDs contain alkaline builders that contribute to the pH of these products. Exposure to granular automatic dishwashing detergents has been associated with caustic injury similar to the pathology produced by other alkaline corrosives. Do LADDs produce similar toxicity? There is no published information that profiles the toxic manifestations associated with exposure to LADDs. To determine their toxicity, all LADD exposures reported to a regional poison information center over a 12-month period were collected. One hundred ninety-two human exposure cases were reviewed. Pediatric patients accounted for 76% of the exposures; 76% were ingestions, 12% were dermal exposures, and 12% were ocular exposures. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were exposed to a full-strength product, and 21% contacted a dilute product or one that had already been through the dishwashing cycle. Of the patients who ingested a LADD, 91.1% remained asymptomatic, 8.2% had minor symptoms, and only one (0.7%) suffered moderate toxicity. In contrast, 91.3% of all patients who had an ocular exposure developed minor or moderate toxicity (73.9% vs 17.4%). Of dermal exposures, 69.6% were asymptomatic, and those with symptoms were the result of inappropriate use. Overall, 78.7% remained asymptomatic, 18.2% developed minor toxicity, and 3.1% developed moderate toxicity. Small oral and dermal exposures usually do not result in toxicity and do not necessitate referral to an ED. Ocular exposures are associated with a high incidence of at least minor toxicity and require ED evaluation.
Random variability modeling and its impact on scaled CMOS circuits

Random variations have been regarded as one of the major barriers on CMOS scaling. Compact models that physically capture these effects are crucial to bridge the process technology with design optimization. In this paper, 3-D atomistic simulations are performed to investigate fundamental variations in a scaled CMOS device, including random dopant fluctuation (RDF), line-edge roughness (LER), and oxide thickness fluctuation (OTF). By understanding the underlying physics and analyzing simulation results, compact models for random threshold (V th ) variations are developed. The models are scalable with device specifications, enabling quantitative analysis of circuit performance variability in future technology nodes. Using representative circuits, such as the inverter chain and SRAM cell, key insights are extracted on the trend of variability, as well as the implications on robust design.
Nutrient fluxes in a eutrophic coastal Louisiana freshwater lake

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a eutrophic Louisiana freshwater lake system (Lac des Allemands) was studied. Nutrients from runoff entering the lake, as well as sediment-interstitial and lake water nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, were measured seasonally. Sedimentation rates in the lake were determined using137Cs dating. Phosphorus levels in the lake were found to be largely dependent on concentrations in the incoming bayou water from upland drainage. Lake water concentrations appear to respond to fluctuations in incoming waters. Laboratory equilibrium studies showed bottom sediments in the lake are a major sink for the incoming dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus. Total nitrogen concentrations in the lake water generally exceeded incoming runoff concentrations, suggesting fixation by the large blue-green algae population in the lake as being the major source of nitrogen to the system. Sedimentation ranged from 0.44 cm/year to 0.81 cm/year, depending on the proximity to the inlet bayous. Even though the lake is eutrophic the sediment served as a buffer by removing large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through sedimentation processes. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were accumulating in the sediment at rates of 60, 7.1, and 1.1 g/m2/year, respectively. The water quality of the lake is likely to continue to decline unless measures are taken to reduce municipal, industrial, and agricultural inputs of phosphorus into the lake.
Developmental sialic acid modifications in rat organs

The changes in expression of sialic acids in Sprague-Dawley rats in the prenatal and early postnatal time period have been examined in multiple organs, both visceral and non-visceral. In all organs examined, there is a dramatic increase in both N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) shortly after birth. The bulk of the sialic acid is present in the ganglioside fraction in all tissues examined. As total amounts of sialic acid present in gangliosides decrease, the proportion present in the low molecular weight cytosolic fraction increases. A curious observation is that Neu5Ac hydroxylase activity is present at the time of the increase in sialic acid, but its activity does not correlate with Neu5Gc expression after the early postnatal period. This implies that Neu5Gc expression has another level of regulation besides CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase activity.
On large induced trees and long induced paths in sparse random graphs

Abstract Let Gn,p denote the graph obtained from deleting the edges of Kn, the complete graph with vertex set Vn = {1,2, …, n}, independently with equal probability 1 − p. Assume that p = p(n) is such that np = c > 1. We describe an algorithm FindTree for finding induced trees in a graph. By analyzing how FindTree performs in Gn,p, we obtain the following results. Let Tn be the order of the largest induced subtree of Gn,p. We find a number t(c) such that Tn is almost surely larger than (t(c) − e)n for any e > 0. Also, if Ln denotes the length of the longest induced path in Gn,p, then we find a number h(c) such that Ln is almost surely larger than (h(c) − e)n for any e > 0.
Sequence of an S-protein of Lycopersicon peruvianum and comparison with other solanaceous S-proteins

cDNA clones for an S-allele, designated S5, of the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) of Lycopersicon peruvianum have been isolated by probing a pistil cDNA library with cDNAs for S-alleles of Petunia inflata and Solanum chacoense. The longest S5-cDNA is 869 bp and contains an open reading frame of 217 amino acids. An alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of S5-protein with that of the 18 S-proteins from five other solanaceous species is presented. Sequence comparison further refines the primary structural features of the S-proteins previously revealed from comparison of subsets of these sequences. Based on this comparison and evidence presented elsewhere, it is proposed that accumulation of point mutations, and not intragenic recombination, is responsible for the generation of new allelic specificities.
Response to injury of skin involved and uninvolved with psoriasis, and its relation to disease activity: Koebner and‘reverse’Koebner reactions

We studied the response to a standard skin injury in the involved and uninvolved skin of twenty-four subjects with psoriasis to determine whether a relationship exists between disease activity and the Koebner reaction. We found that 25% of patients had a positive Koebner reaction and 67% had a positive 'reverse' Koebner reaction (psoriasis clearing following skin injury). If psoriasis occurred in one area of injury, all injured areas developed psoriasis, and 'all-or-none' phenomenon. If psoriasis cleared from the traumatized area, no psoriasis occurred in the uninvolved sites. The 'reverse' Koebner reaction and the Koebner reaction are thus mutually exclusive. Disease activity, by our criteria, did not predict a positive Koebner reaction, but a positive Koebner reaction did predict subsequent disease activity. These observations suggest that humoral factors govern the development of clearing or psoriasis after a standard injury.
Transitions between the public mental health system and jail for persons with severe mental illness: a Markov analysis

Proposed changes to the mental health care system are usually debated in terms of either health benefits or costs savings. However, because of the extensive intersection between the mental health system and the criminal justice system, changes in the organization and financing of mental health services may change the jail detention rate. We analyze jail incarcerations for felonies and non-felonies following the start of a public managed mental health care program in King County, Washington (including Seattle). We analyze unique data that tracks individuals in and out of the public mental health, Medicaid, and criminal justice systems for 1993-1998. In this manuscript we examine individuals with severe mental illness who were enrolled in the Washington state Medicaid program. The final sample size has monthly observations on 6766 unique individuals aged 18-64. We estimate Markov models of the monthly transition probabilities among living in the community with no public mental health treatment, receiving inpatient or outpatient mental health or substance abuse services, or being in jail for either a felony or non-felony charge. The transition probabilities are adjusted for demographics and policy changes that occurred during our study period. There is little evidence of any change in the jail detention rate for severely mentally ill users of the county mental health system in contrast with other SMI individuals following the public managed care program.
Dynamic load factors for plastic deformation of hexagonal subassembly ducts

Abstract The dynamic plastic deformation of a hexagonal subassembly duct subjected to an internal step pulse is computed for various wall thicknesses and pulse magnitudes. The results are compared to the corresponding plastic deformations of a duct loaded by static internal pressures of the same magnitudes as the step pulses. It is shown that the dynamic deformations exceed the static deformations by factors of 1.7 to 2.0. The results for deformation across flats cover a range of several wall thicknesses for pressures as high as twice the yield load of an undeformed can. The time duration of the dynamic response is also determined.
Scanning Fiber-optic Endomicroscope System for Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Tissue

A scanning fiber-optic miniature endomicroscope system was developed for tissue nonlinear optical imaging. Real-time two-photon fluorescence and SHG imaging of rat tail tendon and skin/hair was demonstrated for the first time with the fiber-optic endomicroscope.
Glacial geomorphology: modeling processes and landforms

Abstract The primary goal of glacial geomorphology is to provide physically-based explanations of the past, present and future impacts of glaciers and ice sheets on landform and landscape development. To achieve this requires the integration of studies of landform with studies of the processes responsible for form development (over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales). During the twentieth century significant improvements in approaches to recognizing and describing glacial landforms have been matched by impressive advances in understanding and modeling ice flow and glacial erosion and deposition processes. At present process models are being tested explicitly in terms of predicting the development of known forms (which also provides new insight into the controls on form development). Evaluations of the implications of deformable beds for process and form development are also being attempted. Finally, we are reassessing long-held beliefs about the significance of glacial action in landform development and sediment production. As we head towards the twenty-first century, glacial geomorphology, will advance through the use of three-dimensional numerical models that include ice flow, basal sliding (with explicit consideration of deformable beds), erosion and deposition processes, and underlying material characteristics. These models will be used to address form evolution and test process models, and will include both the temporal and spatial aspects of form development. Space-based landform recognition, as well as the challenges presented by the concerns of global change, will place heightened emphasis on large-scale problems, which will include reexamination of the basic significance of glacial versus nonglacial action in landform development and sediment production.
Further analysis of stuttering as a phonetic transition defect

Abstract This article presents a further analysis of stuttering as a phonetic transition defect. Three types of phonetic transitions are identified. Two of these occur within words and represent sites where stutterings are readily detectable. The third transition involves movement from the end of one word to the beginning of the next. Spectrographic evidence is provided to show that stuttering also occurs at points of transition of this type. The same data are interpreted relative to their implications for stuttering theory, research, and therapy.
Endogenous Histones Function as Alarmins in Sterile Inflammatory Liver Injury Through Toll-like Receptor 9 in Mice

Sterile inflammatory insults are known to activate innate immunity and propagate organ damage through the recognition of extracellular damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. Although DAMPs such as endogenous DNA and nuclear high-mobility group box 1 have been shown to be critical in sterile inflammation, the role of nuclear histone proteins has not yet been investigated. We report that endogenous histones function as DAMPs after ischemic injury through the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 to initiate inflammation. Using an in vivo model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we show that levels of circulating histones are significantly higher after I/R, and that histone neutralization significantly protects against injury. Injection of exogenous histones exacerbates I/R injury through cytotoxic effects mediated by TLR9 and MyD88. In addition, histone administration increases TLR9 activation, whereas neither TLR9 nor MyD88 mutant mice respond to exogenous histones. Furthermore, we demonstrate in vitro that extracellular histones enhance DNA-mediated TLR9 activation in immune cells through a direct interaction. Conclusion: These novel findings reveal that histones represent a new class of DAMP molecules and serve as a crucial link between initial damage and activation of innate immunity during sterile inflammation. (Hepatology 2011; 54:999–1008)
A set-theoretical approach to biology

In a preceding paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics 20, 71–93, 1958) the principle of biotopological mapping was formulated in terms of a continuous mapping of an abstract space, made from the set of biological properties which characterize the organism, by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods. In this paper it is shown that we may consider directly the mappings of the different sets of properties which characterize different organisms without taking recourse to abstract spaces. All the verificable conclusions made in the preceding paper remain valid. A serious difficulty mentioned previously is, however, avoided and the possibility of more general predictions is established.
Fabrication and electromechanical performance of a novel high modulus ionogel micro-actuator

Abstract In this work, a novel, high modulus sulfonated polymer is utilized as an ionomer for ionic liquid containing micro- ionic actuators (ionogel) is presented. The ionic polymer is composed of one-to-one ratio 4,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)- N,N-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine and 4,4’-biphenol with bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone (DPA-PS:BP). The ionogel maintains a relatively higher modulus (700 MPa for 120 wt% of ionic liquid) compared to other widely used ionomers. High modulus of ionogel enables to realize thin films through solution casting. As an initial demonstration of a micro-ionic actuator, an ionic micro cantilever (200 μm x 33 μm x 5 μm) has been micromachined by using focused ion beam (FIB) milling on the substrate. The micro cantilever performance under DC actuation is tested using optical profilometer and a maximum tip displacement is 42 μm at 1.6 V was obtained.
Crystal structure of Na12-A·9CH3 OH, a methanol sorption complex of zeolite 4-A, with some discussion of the corresponding acetonitrile complex

Abstract The crystal structure of zeolite 4-A solvated with methanol, stoichiometry Na12Si12Al12O48·9CH3OH per unit cell, has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m; a = 12.298(2) A . The 12 Na+ cations occupy three sites: six at Na(1) are on threefold axes near the centres of 6-rings, three at Na(2) are associated with 8-ring oxygens and three at Na(3) are in the large cavity opposite 4-rings. The nine methanol oxygens, all in the large cavity, associate with the 12 Na+ ions in two ways: six oxygens bridge between 6-ring and 4-ring Na+ ions, and three coordinate to 8-ring Na+ ions. As compared to hydrated or dehydrated zeolite 4-A, two Na+ ions have moved from 6-ring to 4-ring sites R1 = 0.062 for 381 reflections. In the acetonitrile sorption complex of zeolite 4-A, the occupancies of the Na(1), Na(2) and Na(3) ions are again found to be six, three and three, respectively. The Na(2) and Na(3) positions are, however, more like those in dehydrated zeolite 4-A. Two positions, X(1) and X(2), which inaccurately represent acetonitrile density, have been found. Two X(1)'s bridge from each Na(3) ion to two Na(1) ions as in Na12-A · 9CH3OH. Unlike that structure, two X(2)'s are found to be coordinated to each Na(2) ion, R1 = 0.083 for 375 reflections.
Nanoparticle Netpoints for Shape‐Memory Polymers

This work was supported by Award No. KUS-C1-018-02, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), and by the National Science Foundation, Award No. DMR-1006323. Facilities available though the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR) were used for this study.
Actin-myosin interaction: inhibition of the myosin adenosine triphosphatase by actin.

In the absence of magnesium ion, the addition of actin to myosin in a 1 :4 ratio has a strong inhibitory effect on the adenosine triphosphatase activity, in contrast to the well-known activating effect of actin in the presence of magnesium ion. This finding suggests that both effects result from a conformational change in the active site of the myosin adenosine triphosphatase.
Satellite-tracked cumulus velocities

The research indicates that extreme caution must be exercised in converting cloud velocities into winds. The motion of fair-weather cumuli obtained by tracking their shadows over Springfield, Missouri revealed that the standard deviation in the individual cloud motion is several times the tracking error. The motion of over-ocean cumuli near Barbados clearly indicated the complicated nature of cumulus velocities. Analysis of whole-sky images obtained near Tampa, Florida failed to show significant continuity and stability of cumulus plumes, less than 0.3 mile in diameter. Cumulus turrets with 0.3 to 2 mile in size appear to be the best target to infer the mean wind within the subcloud layers. Cumulus or stratocumulus cells consisting of x number of turrets do not always move with wind. The addition and deletion of turrets belonging to a specific cell appear to be the cause of the erratic motion of a tracer cell. It may by concluded that the accuracy of wind estimates is unlikely to be better than 2m/sec unless the physical and dynamical characteristics of cumulus motion is futher investigated.
Directional correlation in direct and sequential double ionization of model atoms

We discuss directional dependence in the time development of spatial wavefunctions, which includes jet formation, for two-electron model atoms exposed to intense laser fields. Two competing scenarios for double ionization are evident: (1) both electrons emerge simultaneously from the core region and on the same side of the nucleus, and (2) the electrons detach on opposite sides but not simultaneously. The importance of the electron-electron repulsion contribution to the competing processes is investigated for various laser intensities.
T Follicular Helper Cell Dynamics in Germinal Centers

T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells are a specialized subset of effector T cells that provide help to and thereby select high-affinity B cells in germinal centers (GCs). To examine the dynamic behavior of T(FH) cells in GCs in mice, we used two-photon microscopy in combination with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter. Unlike GC B cells, which are clonally restricted, T(FH) cells distributed among all GCs in lymph nodes and continually emigrated into the follicle and neighboring GCs. Moreover, newly activated T(FH) cells invaded preexisting GCs, where they contributed to B cell selection and plasmablast differentiation. Our data suggest that the dynamic exchange of T(FH) cells between GCs ensures maximal diversification of T cell help and that their ability to enter ongoing GCs accommodates antigenic variation during the immune response.
The Zirconia-Titania System

A phase diagram for the zirconia-titania system is proposed, based on the existence of a hitherto unreported compound, ZrTiOd. Thermal-expansion and X-ray diffraction experiments were performed on three series of specimens heated at 980°, 1370°, and 176O°C., respectively.
The stock market behaviour prior and subsequent to new highs

Until recently, the empirical focus of the finance literature has been on the long-accepted weak-form and potentially semistrong-form of market efficiency, as initially argued by Sharpe and by Lintner. A recently heavily researched area of behavioural financial research may bring us one step closer to understanding the psychology of investors and its effects on financial markets. The objective of this article is to investigate the aggregate behaviour of the stock market immediately prior and subsequent to new stock market highs over the period 1988 to 2002. General results indicate that abnormal returns over five windows prior to new level highs with highs of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 points in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 index are significantly lower than returns over the same windows on non-high days. Interestingly, there is little momentum associated with abnormal returns subsequent to new highs. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the variance of abnormal returns in the windows ...
Artificial Intelligence control applied in wind energy conversion system

This work presents a field oriented control (FOC) of active and reactive power applied on Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) integrated in wind energy conversion system (WECS). The main objective of this work is to compare the performances of energy produced by the use of two types of controllers ( PI regulator and the neural network regulator (NN)) in order to control the wind power conversion system to compare their precision & robustness against the wind fluctuation and the impact on the quality of produced energy .A field oriented control of DEFIG stator is also presented to control the active and reactive power. To show the efficiency of the performances and the robustness of the two control methods those were analyzed and compared by simulation using Matlab/Simulink software. The results described the favoured method.
Energy dependent endocytosis by erythrocyte ghosts. V. Effects of neuraminidase and pronase digestion.

Abstract Mild treatment of washed erythrocytes with pronase or of erythrocyte ghosts with neuraminidase led to removal of a few well defined components of the membrane, those which were exposed on the outer face of the membrane. Such digestion had no effect on the ATPase activity or upon energy dependent endocytosis as carried out by ghosts isolated from cells which had been digested. Thus, the protein components of the machinery of endocytosis are inaccessible to the pronase enzymes from the outside of the intact erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with high levels of pronase led to a much more extensive nonspecific proteolysis which inactivated both ATPase and energy-dependent endocytosis.
Behavior of Segmental Precast Posttensioned Bridge Piers under Lateral Loads

AbstractA segmental precast posttensioned (SPPT) bridge pier is an economic recentering structural system. Understanding the seismic behavior of a SPPT system is an important step toward its application in high seismic zones. This paper presents a detailed three-dimensional finite-element (FE) model that was developed using the ABAQUS platform. A brief description and discussion of cyclic tests on eight large-scale SPPT piers is also presented. Four of the piers were constructed and tested to a predefined degree of damage. Then, these piers were retrofitted and retested. The FE models developed and presented in this paper predicted the backbone curves of the piers that were tested directly after construction with an average error of 7% for drift angles smaller than 2.5%. For drift angles greater than 2.5%, the average error reached 13%. For piers that were retrofitted and retested, the error in predicting the backbone curve depended on the state of damage before the retest. When preexistent microcracks we...
Luminescent platinum(II) bis(1,1-dithiolate) complexes☆

Abstract The bis(1,1-dithiolate) complexes (TBA) 2 [Pt(ecda) 2 ], (TBA) 2 [Pt( i -mnt) 2 ] and (PPN) 2 [Pt(ecda) 2 ], where TBA = tetra-n-butylammonium, ecda = 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate, i -mnt = 1,1-dicyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate and PPN = bis(triphenylhosphoranylidene)ammonium, have been prepared and their photoluminescent properties have been investigated. Intense emission is observed in frozen solvent glasses and in the solid state at 77 K, but not in fluid solution at 298 K. The emission is assigned to a charge-transfer-to-dithiolate phosphorescence, involving an excited state having the same orbital parentage as the strongly allowed, low energy charge-transfer band in the absorption spectrum. The counter-ion influences the energy of the charge-transfer absorption and emission bands slightly but significantly as a result of weak ion-pairing that occurs in solution. Photolysis with λ 400 nm) and therefore does not arise from the emissive excited state of the complex.
An investigation of diffraction efficiency of magneto-optic deflection in garnet film

Abstract A more precise analytic expression for the diffraction efficiency of the parallel stripe-domain magneto-optic deflection based on the Faraday rotation is derived. The calculated values are compared with the measured data. A new method to enhance the diffraction efficiency is presented. The experiment shows that the efficiency is increased by about 35 times.
Local thermal equilibrium: An application to packed bed catalytic reactor design

Abstract The process of heat transfer in a packed bed catalytic reactor is analysed in terms of the method of volume averaging. Equations are derived for both the solid and fluid phase and constraints are developed which must be satisfied if the homogeneous or one-equation model is valid. The results of this analysis provide guidelines for the use of either homogeneous or heterogeneous models and clearly indicate the parameters that must be considered in making the choice between these two models.
Giant cell tumors of tendon sheath

Abstract Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is the second most common tumor found in the hand. Although it frequently is grouped along with pigmented villonodular synovitis, it is a separate type of lesion with only some histologic similarities. It is characteristically a more nodular form of localized tenosynovitis occurring primarily in the hands. Surgical removal is the standard of treatment although this carries an incidence of recurrence averaging 10%. One must remove this tumor and all satellite lesions at its primary presentation meticulously. Careful surgical technique and appropriate planning will ensure complete excision and reduce the incidence of recurrence.
Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Endometrial Carcinoma

Background Recent studies have demonstrated ubiquitous somatic microsatellite mutations in some cancers of the colon, endometrium, stomach, and pancreas. Purpose Our purpose was to characterize the frequency and nature of this replication error (RER) or mutator phenotype in sporadic endometrial carcinoma. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and tumor tissues from 45 patients with sporadic endometrial cancer were screened for the RER phenotype at three microsatellite loci. To further characterize when these alterations were acquired relative to clonal expansion, the sizes of the altered microsatellites in different tumor and normal regions were determined using selective UV radiation fractionation. Approximately 150-300 histologically defined cells on stained tissue sections were covered with small ink dots, and UV irradiation was used to destroy the DNA of cells not covered by ink. Undamaged DNA from seven to 25 spots per section were extracted, then analyzed at the Mfd27, Mfd41, and Mfd47 microsatellite loci and also at the c-K-ras gene locus with individual polymerase chain reactions. Radioactively labeled amplified DNAs were analyzed by electrophoresis and autoradiography. Fisher's exact test and the logrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results The RER positive (RER+) phenotype was detected in nine (20%) of 45 sporadic endometrial carcinomas. The topographic tissue distributions of the altered microsatellites revealed clues to their pathogenesis. The RER+ phenotype was homogeneously present in the primary tumors and their metastases and was absent from adjacent normal and hyperplastic endometrium. The altered microsatellites were predominantly the same sizes throughout five tumors but demonstrated greater intratumor heterogeneity in three tumors. In one case, the primary tumor was stable but its metastasis was unstable. Mutant c-K-ras alleles were significantly more frequent in RER+ (56%) than in RER negative (RER-) (14%) tumors (P = .0165) and appeared to be acquired after the RER+ phenotype in one tumor. There were no significant clinical differences between the RER+ and RER- tumors. Conclusions and implications The RER+ phenotype is frequently present in sporadic endometrial cancers and is expressed before and during clonal expansion. The underlying mutator mutations are probably heterogeneous, since the RER+ phenotypes were diverse. The absence of altered microsatellites in adjacent normal endometrium demonstrates that the expression of the RER+ phenotype is limited to neoplastic tissue. The bulk of the microsatellite alterations appeared to be acquired prior to clonal expansion, suggesting that expression of the underlying genomic instability contributes to, and is not a consequence of, transformation.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity: implications of two-phase blood flow in capillaries.

Abstract The classical view of oxygen (O 2 ) uptake in pulmonary capillaries assumes implicitly that capillary blood can be regarded as a continuous homogeneous hemoglobin solution. In this study a theoretical model was used to examine the role played by the particulate (two-phase) nature of blood on pulmonary oxygen exchange. Red cells were modelled as discrete hemoglobin (Hb) containing spheres flowing in single file suspension through a cylindrical capillary surrounded by a uniform annulus of alveolar tissue. The model accounted for the free diffusion of O 2 from alveolar air space through tissue and plasma, free and Hb facilitated diffusion of O 2 inside red cells, and the intracellular kinetics of O 2 -Hb binding. Oxygen uptake was driven by a specified O 2 tension at the alveolar surface. The computed pulmonary diffusing capacity (D l O 2 ) decreased with increasing spacing (L s ) between red cells. The reduction in D l O 2 with increasing L s was marshalled more by a reduction in membrane diffusing capacity (D m O 2 ), than by the reduction in erythrocyte diffusing capacity (De O 2 ). The dependence of D m O 2 on cell spacing stemmed from the manner in which O 2 flowed across the alveolar surface into the discrete sinks (red cells) within the capillaries. The degree to which L s influenced D m O 2 was dependent on tissue and plasma layer thickness relative to red cell dimensions. The results indicate that the functional area of the alveolo-capillary membrane for O 2 exchange depends on the red cell content of capillaries. Thus, D m O 2 is not indicated solely by the morphology of the exchange apparatus (and physical parameters), but has functional determinants as well.