cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Exact Conservation for the Euler Equations with Complex Equations of State

Conservative numerical methods are often used for simulations of fluid flows involving shocks and other jumps with the understanding that conservation guarantees reasonable treatment near discontinuities. This is true in that convergent conservative approximations converge to weak solutions and thus have the correct shock locations. However, correct shock location results from any discretizationwhose violation of conservation approaches zero as the mesh is refined. Here we investigate the case of the Euler equations for a single gas using the Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equa- tion of state. We show that a quasi-conservative method can lead to physically realistic solutions which are devoid of spurious pressure oscillations. Furthermore, we demon- strate that under certain conditions, a quasi-conservative method can exhibit higher rates of convergence near shocks than a strictly conservative counterpart of the same formal order. AMS subject classifications: 65N08, 35L60, 35L65, 76N15
Regional variations in the effects of chronic ethanol administration on GABAA receptor expression: potential mechanisms

Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors in brain adapt to chronic ethanol exposure via changes in receptor function and subunit expression. The present review summarizes currently available data regarding changes in GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA and peptide expression. Data are presented from various different brain regions and the variations between specific brain regions used to draw conclusions about mechanisms that may underlie GABA(A) receptor adaptations during chronic ethanol exposure. In the whole cerebral cortex, chronic ethanol exposure leads to a reduction of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA and peptide levels and a near equivalent increase in alpha4 subunit mRNA and peptide levels. This observation is the primary support for the hypothesis that altered receptor composition is a mechanism for GABA(A) receptor adaptation produced by chronic ethanol exposure. However, other brain regions do not display similar patterns of subunit changes. Moreover, subregions within cortex (prefrontal, cingulate, parietal, motor, and piriform) exhibit patterns of changes in subunit expression that differ from whole cortex. Therefore, regional differences in GABA(A) receptor subunit expression are evident following chronic ethanol administration, thus suggesting that multiple mechanisms contribute to the regulation of GABA(A) receptor expression. These mechanisms may include the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems, endogenous steroids and second or third messenger cross-talk.
Using augmented snapshots for viewpoint switching and manipulation in augmented reality

SnapAR is a magic-lens-based hand-held augmented reality application that allows its user to store snapshots of a scene and revisit them virtually at a later time. By storing a still image of the unaugmented background along with the 6DOF camera pose, this approach allows augmentations to remain dynamic and interactive. This makes it possible for the user to quickly switch between vantage points at different locations from which to view and manipulate virtual objects, without the overhead of physically traveling between those locations.
Ammonia Emissions from Broiler Litter and Laying Hen Manure Management Systems

Poultry farming accounted for an estimated 16% of ammonia emissions from UK agriculture in 1999. This study investigated the potential to reduce ammonia emissions by altering the ways in which poultry manures are managed. Ammonia loss measurements were made from complete broiler litter and laying hen manure management cycles (housing → manure handling → storage → land spreading). Ammonia losses were higher (probability P 0 · 05 ) from winter-housed broilers on straw (mean 2·0 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[liveweight — lw]) than from those on woodshavings (mean 1·0 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]), but there were no differences in emissions ( P > 0 · 05 ) between different litter types⧸rates during storage and following land spreading. The overall balances of ammonia emissions from broiler litter during housing, storage and following landspreading were 28, 15 and 57%, respectively. In the laying hen housing studies, ammonia losses from weekly belt-scraping (mean 3·3 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]) were more than double ( P 0 · 05 ) those from daily belt-scraping (mean 1·3 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]), with twice weekly belt-scraping estimated to reduce ammonia losses by ca. 50% compared with weekly cleaning. Ammonia losses from a commercial deep pit house (8·2 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]) were higher ( P 0 · 05 ) than from belt-scraped (2·7 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]) or stilt (1·4 g [NH3-N] h−1 500 kg−1[lw]) houses, but there were no differences between manures from the three housing types (deep-pit, belt-scraped or stilt houses) during storage or following land spreading. The overall balance of ammonia emissions from laying hen manures during housing, storage and land spreading was 51,
Do Attributes of Innovative Administrative Practices Influence Their Adoption?: An Exploratory Study of U.S. Local Government

This study examines whether particular attributes of innovative administrative practices associated with the new public management/reinventing government reform movement affect their adoption. The study uses three commonly cited attributes of innovation—cost, complexity, and relative advantage—and introduces a new one: ideological alignment. Using expert-panel and International City/County Management Association survey data, the role of the four attributes for 25 administrative innovations is analyzed across 725 U.S. local governments. Regression analysis suggests that ideological alignment (i.e., the innovation's embodiment of the new public management/reinventing government movement's ideals) and relative advantage (i.e., the innovation's beneficial impact on local government) are positively associated with the adoption of administrative innovations. The implications of findings are discussed for the process of innovation adoption and the roles of public administrators in the process.
CAMEO: A Two-Level Memory Organization with Capacity of Main Memory and Flexibility of Hardware-Managed Cache

This paper analyzes the trade-offs in architecting stacked DRAM either as part of main memory or as a hardware-managed cache. Using stacked DRAM as part of main memory increases the effective capacity, but obtaining high performance from such a system requires Operating System (OS) support to migrate data at a page-granularity. Using stacked DRAM as a hardware cache has the advantages of being transparent to the OS and perform data management at a line-granularity but suffers from reduced main memory capacity. This is because the stacked DRAM cache is not part of the memory address space. Ideally, we want the stacked DRAM to contribute towards capacity of main memory, and still maintain the hardware-based fine-granularity of a cache. We propose CAMEO, a hardware-based Cache-like Memory Organization that not only makes stacked DRAM visible as part of the memory address space but also exploits data locality on a fine-grained basis. CAMEO retains recently accessed data lines in stacked DRAM and swaps out the victim line to off chip memory. Since CAMEO can change the physical location of a line dynamically, we propose a low overhead Line Location Table (LLT) that tracks the physical location of all data lines. We also propose an accurate Line Location Predictor (LLP) to avoid the serialization of the LLT look-up and memory access. We evaluate a system that has 4GB stacked memory and 12GB off-chip memory. Using stacked DRAM as a cache improves performance by 50%, using as part of main memory improves performance by 33%, whereas CAMEO improves performance by 78%. Our proposed design is very close to an idealized memory system that uses the 4GB stacked DRAM as a hardware-managed cache and also increases the main memory capacity by an additional 4GB.
Neurogenic inflammation in airways

Neurogenic inflammation, due to release of neuropeptides from sensory nerves, has been demonstrated in airways of several species, particularly rodents, and may contribute to the inflammatory response in asthmatic airways. Tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A) and calcitonin-gene-related peptide released from airway sensory nerves may cause bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, plasma exudation and mucus secretion. Sensory nerves may become sensitised by inflammatory products and triggered by mediators such as bradykinin, resulting in exaggerated inflammation. The effects of tachykinins may be further amplified by loss of the major degrading enzyme, neutral endopeptidase, from epithelial cells. Several strategies for reducing neurogenic inflammation are possible.
Public choice after socialism

“Public Choice” was born during a period of time of intense ideological conflict and grew to maturity more or less in parallel with the decline of the Marxian-socialist-collectivist ideal for the organization of socio-political-economic interaction. Public choice, as a set of ideas about politics, was not a causal influence in the demise of Marxian socialism, which would have taken place even if there had been no such emergence of a subdiscipline. On the other hand, public choice has been influencial through its ability to offer an understanding-explanation of the observed failures of political processes, whether these are socialist efforts to control whole societies by command or particularized efforts at sector-by-sector politicization. The consequences of public choice will presumably be reflected in the increased difficulty that collectivist-control advocates will face in restoring the status quo ante in non-Western regimes and in expanding the range of politicization in Western settings.
An inherited alpha-1-antitrypsin variant.

The pedigree of a family some of whose members are heterozygous for an electrophoretically slower α1-antitrypsin variant is reported. Linkage relations to other common genetic markers have not been found.
Rapid Syntheses of Oligo(2,5-thiophene ethynylene)s with Thioester Termini: Potential Molecular Scale Wires with Alligator Clips

The syntheses of soluble oligo(3-ethyl-2,5-thiophene ethynylene)s via an iterative divergent/convergent approach starting from 3-ethyl-2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)thiophene are described. The monomer, dimer, tetramer, octamer, and 16-mer were synthesized. The 16-mer is 100 A long in its minimized extended zigzag conformation. At each stage in the iteration, the length of the framework doubles. Only three sets of reaction conditions are needed for the entire iterative synthetic sequence: an iodination, a protodesilylation, and a Pd/Cu-catalyzed cross coupling. The oligomers were characterized spectroscopically and by mass spectrometry. The optical properties are presented which show that at the octamer stage, the optical absorbance maximum is nearly saturated. The size exclusion chromatography values for the number average weights, relative to polystyrene, illustrate the tremendous differences in the hydrodynamic volume of these rigid rod oligomers verses the random coils of polystyrene. These differences be...
Social isolation may increase risk of periodontal disease

Original Article Merchant AT, Pitiphat W, Ahmed B, Kawachi I, Joshipura K. A prospective study of social support, anger expression and risk of periodontitis in men. J Am Dent Assoc 2003;134(12):1591-6. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose To prospectively evaluate the role of social support in periodontal disease development Source of Funding NIH Research Grants: CA55075, HL35464, DE12102, and the Royal Thai Government Type of Study Design Cohort study
Library Check-Up: Medical Residents and Fellows' Library Questionnaire Responses

ABSTRACT Hospital libraries serve a vital role in the support and education of medical residents and fellows, and librarians want to know how well the doctors' needs are being met. Questionnaires about the quality and use of library resources were administered to house staff at Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, and results from 2003–2007 were compared and contrasted. While many resource and service needs remained the same, patron feedback was helpful in guiding the library in making gradual improvements.
Nature of cytochrome C reductase in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in barley

The nature of cytochrome c reductase (CR) in wild type and nitrate reductase-deficient nar mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Steptoe) was investigated. The activity of both the 4S and 8S CR species in the wild type and nar mutants was inhibited by nitrate reductase (NR) antiserum indicating that the 4S CR species was part of NR. The subunit molecular weight of both 4S and 8S CR species, determined by a combination of SDS-PAGE and immunolocalization (ELISA), was 110,000 thus demonstrating that the 4S CR species was the monomeric form of NR. The wild type and nar mutants with significant amounts of CR activity fall into two classes — one with CR mostly in the 8S form (Steptoe, nar 1d, nar 2a) and the other with most of the CR in the 4S form (nar 1b, nar 1g, nar 1i). These results support the notion that barley NR is a dimer with identical, 110 k Da subunits.
Motional anisotropy‐induced unequal deuterium NMR spin‐lattice relaxation of 3α‐deuteriocholesterol and 3β‐deuterioepi‐cholesterol in solution as a measure of sterol motion about the molecular axis

Deuterium spin-lattice relaxation (T1) data for 3α-deuteriocholesterol and 3β-deuterioepicholesterol in solution were obtained at 12.21 MHz as a function of solvent viscosity (η). The correlation times (τc) for both 3-deuteriosterols varied in a linear fashion over the range of viscosities studied. The data showed that although both 3α-deuteriocholesterol and 3β-deuterioepicholesterol undergo rapid reorientations (τc ≈ 10−11s) in solution, the relaxation of the deuterium in 3β-deuterioeholesterol was approximately 2.5 times faster than in 3β-deuterioepicholesterol. These unequal rates of relaxation are due to the difference in the angles between the CD bond and the molecular axis for the two sterol isomers. An equation containing an angular-dependent term was derived to analyze the T1 data further. The effective correlation times (τeff), thus calculated, converged for identical viscosities. In the case of 3α-deuteriocholesterol, it was determined that rotation about the molecular axis comprised up to 60% of the motions relaxing the deuteron. The results show that for molecules having an inherent anisotropy and undergoing isotropic motions, it is possible to separate the portion of motion due to rotation about the molecular axis from other motions which contribute to the relaxation processes at a specific center.
An in vivo effect of the metabolites l-alanine and glycyl-l-leucine on the properties of the lysyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli K-12 II. Kinetic evidence

Abstract Wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 was grown in minimal medium alone or with the addition of 20 mM l -alanine or 3 mM glycyl- l -leucine. A lysyl-tRNA synthetase mutant strain was grown in minimal medium containing 20 mM l -alanine. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase from these strains was purified to 70–90% of homogeneity. Kinetic studies comparing the effect of thermal and urea inactivation on these different lysyl-tRNA synthetase preparations and measurement of the Michaelis constant for lysine and transfer RNA indicates that growth of Escherichia coli in the presence of alanine and glycyl- l -leucine induces an alteration in the properties of the synthetase. Measurement of the apparent K m for ATP at pH 7.25 indicates lysyl-tRNA synthetase has two binding sites for this substrate, and further studies indicated a dependence of the apparent K m for lysine on the ATP concentration.
Questionable evidence for the effectiveness of prosthetic treatment in managing velopharyngeal dysfunction1

Q Are prosthetic devices (palatal lift & palatal obturator) effective for managing oronasal resonance and nasal emission in participants with velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD)? 1 Abstracted from: Sell, D., Mars, M., & Worrell, E. (2006). Process and outcome study of multidisciplinary prosthetic treatment for velopharyngeal dysfunction. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 21, 495–511.
Postmortem stylization of open-source games

Open-source games can benefit from stylization of their rendering engine, even after end-of-life. Without professional content artists, it is difficult to achieve the targeted realistic look to which many games aspire. Instead, the result of their attempts is often perceived as unnatural. In other words, if users see complex, realistic textures, they expect detailed geometry. If this is not delivered, the graphics system is blamed. A more consistent effect can be achieved by removing visual clutter, such as high-frequency textures or complex shading, so that only visually relevant information is emphasized. This can often result in a significant improvement for aging game engines; the simple, low-poly geometry benefits from stylized shading that roughly matches its level of abstraction (LOA). This improves both the game itself and its community by providing users a fresh experience and boosting development efforts.
Some developmental antecedents of psychopathology1

Summary The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 64 young adults whose mothers had participated 17 years earlier in the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin interview study of childrearing A permissive home atmosphere in childhood appears to be related to neurotic (including hypochondriacal) and psychotic disturbances in female young adults, while a cold home atmosphere is related to psychopathological disorders in young adult males Also for young adult males there tends to be an association between an excessively warm-nonpunitive home atmosphere in childhood and the development of strong anxiety and psychotic disturbances Phobic and psychotic disorders tend to have emerged from a cold-punitive home atmosphere for males For females a warm-punitive or permissive-punitive home atmosphere appears to be related to neurotic disturbances and the paranoid reaction These findings were examined with and without K scale corrections with no significant differences in results
Growth may be good for the poor, but decline is disastrous: On the non-robustness of the Dollar–Kraay result

Abstract The Dollar–Kraay result (that the income elasticity of the lowest quintile's income is essentially one) is identified as a statistical artifact related to the irregular sampling intervals in their data. Corrected results suggest an asymmetric response to growth versus decline.
Stock markets, banks and the sources of economic growth in low and high income countries

This paper studies the effects of stock markets and banks on the sources of economic growth, productivity and capital accumulation, using a large cross country panel that includes high- and low-income countries. Results show that, in low-income countries, banks have a sizable positive effect on capital accumulation. We find that stock markets, however, have not contributed to capital accumulation or productivity growth in these countries. Given the emphasis that has been placed in developing equity markets in developing countries, these findings are somewhat surprising. Conversely, in high-income countries, stock markets are found to have sizable positive effects on both productivity and capital growth, while banks only affect capital accumulation.
“Out of My League”: A Real-World Test of the Matching Hypothesis

The matching hypothesis predicts that individuals on the dating market will assess their own self-worth and select partners whose social desirability approximately equals their own. It is often treated as well established, despite a dearth of empirical evidence to support it. In the current research, the authors sought to address conceptual and methodological inconsistencies in the extant literature and to examine whether matching occurs as defined by Walster et al. and more generally. Using data collected in the laboratory and from users of a popular online dating site, the authors found evidence for matching based on self-worth, physical attractiveness, and popularity, but to different degrees and not always at the same stage of the dating process.
Time to end the stem cell wars

Comment on Kawada et al, page [3581][1] Kawada and colleagues demonstrate that MSCs from bone marrow become cardiomyocytes in infarcted mouse hearts. The results address a raging controversy about stem cells. Several prominent scientists have maintained that the only true stem cells in bone
Concentration oscillations in the isothermal decomposition of Na2S2O4

Abstract Sodium dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ) undergoes decomposition in aqueous solution in accordance with the overall reaction: . The concentration of Na 2 S 2 O 4 has been experimentally observed to undergo damped oscillation with time in a closed, isothermal system. Reaction-rate expressions developed herein were solved with the aid of an analog and a digital computer and the solutions obtained displayed oscillatory behavior in the reactant concentration. A necessary condition for such oscillations is the autocatalytic formation of at least two intermediates which oscillate themselves and at least one of which is coupled to the reactant by a reversible-reaction step. The detailed chemical mechanism of oscillation in the Na 2 S 2 O 4 system remains to be determined experimentally.
Rubber and rubber elasticity: A review

The physical basis of rubber elasticity is reviewed, particular attention being given to the dependence of elastic stresses upon the imposed strains and upon the molecular constitution of the rubber. Applications of this fundamental understanding to a variety of other phenomena, including thixotropic effects shown by rubbers containing particulate fillers, the crystallinity and rigidity of partially crystalline polymers, and the frictional properties of soft solids are also referred to. A brief survey is included of some important but still unsolved problems in rubber elasticity.
Substructures in explosively deformed Cu and Cu-Al alloys

Abstract Thin sheets of copper and copper aluminum solid solutions were explosively deformed at different pressures and examined in the electron microscope. It was found that after a critical pressure the mode of deformation changed from slip to microtwinning. This critical pressure depends on stacking fault energy.
Ridge collision tectonics in terrane development

Abstract Some allochthonous terranes form along active continental margins when slivers of forearc crust (or more extensive crust) are displaced along arc-parallel strike-slip faults. Such faults can be generated or reactivated in response to either oblique subduction or ridge collision (collision between an oceanic spreading ridge and the leading edge of the forearc). The mechanical and thermal effects of ridge collision are important factors in the origin crustal development of some forearc sliver terranes. Some of the effects of ridge collision are well illustrated in the South American forearc near the Chile triple junction (46° S) where the Chile Rise is colliding today. Impingement of the Chile Rise, in conjuction with oblique subduction, has caused an elongate forearc sliver terrane to move northward away from an extensional zone at the collision site. The terrane is bounded on the east by the arc-parallel Liquine-Ofqui fault system (LOF) which coincides roughly with the forearc-arc boundary, and on the south by the Golfo de Penas extensional basin. Fault fabrics, recent seismicity, and paleomagnetic results indicate a component of right-lateral strike-slip movement on the LOF. Neotectonic geomorphology and pre- and post-seismic vertical strain data from the 1960 Concepcion earthquake indicate a west-down dip-slip component of movement. Three-dimensional finite element models of ridge collision in this region substantiate these shear strains and development of an arc-parallel fault at about 150–200 km from the trench. Development of the forearc crust during Miocene and younger collision also involved intrusion of silicic magmas and emplacement of the Pliocene(?) Taitao ophiolite within about 15 km of the trench. The ophiolite and the silicic magmas constitute anomalous additions to the forearc crust, and record tectonic events leading to the origin of the allochthonous terrane carrying them. Similar ophiolite/silicic plutonic associations may help unravel the origin of other allochthonous terranes.
Spatially-localized NMR spectroscopy employing an inhomogeneous surface-spoiling magnetic field gradient. 2. Surface coil experiments with multicompartment phantom and rat in vivo

The use of inhomogeneous surface-spoiling magnetic field gradients for elimination of signal from surface lying regions of a sample was theoretically examined in the companion article (W. Chen and J.J.H. Ackerman, NMR Biomed. 3, 147-157 (1990)). Using the spoiling gradient coil design described therein, this article presents experimental verification of the feasibility of such an approach to enhanced spatial localization. Single coil mode 31P NMR surface coil interrogation of both a two compartment phantom and rat in vivo are shown to provide excellent suppression of surface lying regions with minimal degradation of signal from the deep lying region of interest. Both pulse-and-collect and spin echo sequences were highly efficient in concert with spoiling gradient periods of 0.5-2 ms and driving currents of 0.5-2 A. The use of a current-generated surface spoiling gradient offers a robust means to remove surface tissue signal contributions and can be implemented with a wide range of localizing pulse sequences and imaging protocols.
Redifferentiation of iodine-refractory BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic papillary thyroid cancer with dabrafenib.

Purpose: To determine whether the selective BRAF inhibitor, dabrafenib, can stimulate radioiodine uptake in BRAF V600E-mutated unresectable or metastatic iodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Experimental Design: Ten patients with BRAF V600E-mutant iodine-refractory PTC were enrolled. Absence of radioiodine uptake on iodine-131 whole body scan obtained within 14 months of study entry was required. Each patient received dabrafenib (150 mg twice daily) for 25 days before thyrotropin α-stimulated iodine-131 whole body scan (4 mCi/148 MBq). Patients whose scan showed new sites of radioiodine uptake remained on dabrafenib for 17 more days, and then were treated with 150 mCi (5.5 GBq) iodine-131. The primary endpoint of the study was the percentage of patients with new radioiodine uptake after treatment with dabrafenib. Results: Six of 10 patients (60%) demonstrated new radioiodine uptake on whole body scan after treatment with dabrafenib. All 6 were treated with 5.5 GBq iodine-131. Two patients had partial responses and 4 patients had stable disease on standard radiographic restaging at 3 months. Thyroglobulin decreased in 4 of 6 treated patients. One patient developed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. There were no other significant adverse events attributed to dabrafenib. Conclusions: Dabrafenib can stimulate radioiodine uptake in patients with metastatic BRAF V600E-mutant iodine-refractory PTC, representing a potential new therapeutic approach for these patients. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 1028–35. ©2014 AACR .
Psychological Risk Factors in Headache

Headache is a chronic disease that occurs with varying frequency and results in varying levels of disability. To date, the majority of research and clinical focus has been on the role of biological factors in headache and headache-related disability. However, reliance on a purely biomedical model of headache does not account for all aspects of headache and associated disability. Using a biopsychosocial framework, the current manuscript expands the view of what factors influence headache by considering the role psychological (i.e., cognitive and affective) factors have in the development, course, and consequences of headache. The manuscript initially reviews evidence showing that neural circuits responsible for cognitive-affective phenomena are highly interconnected with the circuitry responsible for headache pain. The manuscript then reviews the influence cognitions (locus of control and self-efficacy) and negative affect (depression, anxiety, and anger) have on the development of headache attacks, perception of headache pain, adherence to prescribed treatment, headache treatment outcome, and headache-related disability. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of the clinical implications of considering psychological factors when treating headache.
Computer model for predicting underwater color images

A computer model to simulate the formation of color underwater images has been developed. The model simulates the appearance of an underwater image as seen by an underwater camera. The images are intended to portray the appearance of a planar reflectance map that has been illuminated with artificial illumination. The input to the model consists of the geometry of the camera, artificial lights, the environmental constants that govern the propagation of light underwater, and the reflectance values of the map. To simulate the appearance of color images the spectrally varying nature of these inputs has been taken into account. This article describes the algorithm and illustrates the images that can be obtained as a function of different water types and camera/light configurations. A specific imaging geometry is used to simulate the appearance of objects that would be seen by a towed underwater imaging platform. The images have been synthesized in two types of ocean water at several distances. The results indicate the important role that frequency dependent scatter and absorption play in the process of underwater image formation.
Ventricular fibrillation survivors in whom tachyarrhythmia cannot be induced: outcome related to selected therapy.

Eight-five patients were studied to determine the prognosis of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias at the time of electrophysiologic study. Twenty-five patients (29%) were not inducible when we used a stimulation protocol consisting of up to four extrastimuli delivered at two right ventricular sites. Patients with no inducible arrhythmias were younger (53 vs 59 yrs; p = .06) and had higher ejection fractions (.49 vs .34; p less than .04) than the inducible ventricular fibrillation survivors. Sex, cardiac diagnosis, time from event to electrophysiologic study, and antiarrhythmic therapy at the time of event did not discriminate between those with and those without inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Survival free of recurrent sudden death or ventricular tachycardia was .86 +/- .05 and .95 +/- .05 for patients with and without inducible tachyarrhythmias, respectively (p = .22). Nine of 25 (36%) patients with no inducible arrhythmias developed inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias when testing was repeated with an antiarrhythmic drug. Ventricular fibrillation survivors not inducible at the time of programmed ventricular stimulation (using a stimulation protocol consisting of four extrastimuli delivered at two right ventricular sites) seem to have a good prognosis. Many "noninducible" patients develop inducible tachyarrhythmias when placed on antiarrhythmic therapy. Because it is possible that these drugs are proarrhythmic, empiric antiarrhythmic therapy should be avoided in these patients.
Interdisciplinary Teaching of Visual Perception through Art and Science

ABSTRACT This paper tells the tale of an adventure in teaching an interdisciplinary course about visual perception, combining visual art and vision science, called “Making Visual Illusions.” The authors co-taught a course that brought together the hands-on methods of the art studio and the science laboratory, using visual illusions as a theme to guide student explorations. One unexpected issue that arose was the time needed to discuss basic concepts and the connections between fields in order to communicate the deeper ideas the students needed to learn. This paper explores aspects of the course that worked well and makes suggestions for improvement.
Background-free Auger line shape of Ag N2,3VV measured with positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract Auger spectra for the Ag(100) N 2,3 VV transition obtained utilizing positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) are presented. This low energy transition of Ag is difficult to separate from the large secondary background which is present using electron induced Auger electron spectroscopy (EAES) and has not been studied extensively. In our measurements, the secondary electron background is eliminated by utilizing a positron beam whose energy is below the energy range of the of the Auger electrons. Measurements of the temperature dependence of PAES intensity, I PAES , and positronium fraction, f Ps , indicate that I PAES is proportional to the quantity (1 − f Ps . Electron energy spectra taken at high temperature ( f Ps ≈ 1) clearly demonstrate that the prominent low energy tail (LET) present in the PAES spectra is associated with Auger transitions and is not due to secondary electrons induced by collisions with the primary positron beam. The Auger line shape of the N 2,3 VV transition of Ag(100) is accounted for in terms of the convolution of the density of states of the N 2,3 core levels and the density of states of the correlated two-hole final states estimated from the N 2,3 XPS core level spectra and the Auger line shape of the M 4 VV transition. In addition, possible mechanisms leading to the production of the LET including a N 2 N 3 V transition followed by a N 3 V-VVV transition and/or electron energy loss during the escape from the topmost layer are discussed.
Relationship between in vivo mitomycin c exposure, sister chromatid exchange induction and in vitro mitogenic proliferation. I. Development of murine splenic cell system

In vivo administration of mitomycin C (MMC) to C57BL/6J mice induced a rapid, initial suppression (24 hours post injection) of in vitro mitogenesis. This was followed by of the mitogen concentration-response curves were found of the three mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, but not for lipopolysaccharide. By 144 hours post injection, the dose-response curves and magnitude of the responses had returned to approximately control (untreated) levels. This approach provides a model system for the functional assessment of in vivo cellular damage by MMC.
Geochemistry and origin of basalt of the Columbia River Group, Oregon and Washington

Strontium isotope and major- and trace-element data from the voluminous middle Miocene tholeiitic basalts of the Columbia River Group differentiate the lavas stratigraphically and reflect the origin of the basalt. The Picture Gorge Basalt has relatively low Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios (0.7035 to 0.7039) and a major- and trace-element composition consistent with an origin from the upper mantle. The Picture Gorge Basalt is clearly distinguished from the Imnaha basalt in northeast Oregon and from the widespread, mainly younger Yakima Basalt. The Yakima Basalt, including lava flows in the Vantage, Grande Ronde, and Imnaha regions, forms a relatively coherent geochemical group with moderate to high initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios (0.7045 to 0.7080), which increase with decreasing age of the lava and show an inverse relation with Sr abundance. Possible explanations include progressive contamination of parental mantle—derived magmas by crustal material or derivation from an inhomogeneous upper mantle. It is suggested that the Yakima Basalt formed during a major readjustment episode related to plate motions in an extensional tectonic regime. This caused diapiric upwelling of upper mantle peridotite with formation of great volumes of olivine tholeiite magma, which underwent extensive olivine fractionation. The Columbia Plateau may be a continental analogue of the marginal seas of the western Pacific Ocean.
Infiltrative diseases of the small bowel and malabsorption.

Malabsorption leading to deficiency states has been described in a variety of infiltrative, inflammatory and infectious diseases of the small intestine. The infiltrative diseases are particularly interesting with intestinal changes usually developing late in the course, associated with rapid progression of symptoms and a generally poor prognosis. Malabsorption may occur as a result of anatomic changes affecting the epithelial surface, or alternatively because normal exchange between the epithelium and the blood and lymph vessels of the lamina propria is impeded. Infiltrative deposits in the muscularis mucosa and externa, and the serosa also have been implicated. Although several biochemical and morphologic studies suggest that steatorrhea occurs as a result of altered cellular transport of lipid, recent evidence favors an intraluminal abnormality in lipid distribution resulting from excessive growth of an upper intestinal bacterial flora and its effect upon bile-salt metabolism and upon nutrients such as vitamin B12.
Hebrew and Egyptian Apocalyptic Literature

The long-accepted theory that Hebrew literature is largely the product of Babylonian influences is now discredited, both because of the unquestionable originality of Hebrew thought, in general, and in particular because the use of cuneiform models and materials is recognized to have been greatly overrated. Eventually Amurru or Khatti or Caphtor may be found to have made important contributions in the intellectual realm, as they have in the material, but at present the most powerful antidote for Pan-babylonianism is to be found in Egypt. Not that the view is returning which once prevailed among the Greeks, that all culture and wisdom came from the valley of the Nile, but the extent and importance of its influence, especially in Palestine, is becoming more and more evident.
Homoepitaxial growth and electrical characterization of GaN-based Schottky and light-emitting diodes

Abstract Homoepitaxial growth of GaN epilayers on free-standing hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) GaN substrates offered a better control over surface morphology, defect density, and doping concentration compared to conventional heteroepitaxial growth. The FWHM of the (0 0 0 2) X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve from homoepitaxial GaN was measured to be as low as 79 arcsec, much smaller than ∼230 arcsec for GaN grown on sapphire. Schottky diodes grown on GaN substrates exhibited sharper breakdown characteristics and much lower reverse leakage than diodes on sapphire. However, the homoepitaxial devices had poor scalability due to the presence of yield-killing defects originating from the substrate surface. Vertical InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on GaN substrates showed reduced series resistance and reverse leakage compared to lateral LEDs on sapphire. Wafer mapping demonstrated that the distribution of leaky homoepitaxial devices correlated well with that of macroscopic defects in the GaN substrates.
Optimization of klystron buncher cavities

The bandwidth of a klystron output cavity scale (approximately) as...0.8P0.2, where p is the beam perveance and P is the beam power. For high-perveance (p > 10 (mu) pervs), high-power (P > 10 kW) electron beams, it is relatively straightforward to design a broadband output cavity. However, the design of the input cavity of the broadband klystron is more difficult. The purpose of the input cavity is to produce a velocity-moldulated electron beam with a frequency-dependant modulation amplitude that will optimize the bandwidth of the entire klystron system, while providing a large enough magnitude of velocity modulation to minimize the length of the klystron. This paper shows how a multiplet (multiple cavity) buncher cavity can be designed to provide broadband (> 20%) operation while keeping the drift length of the klystron short.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1-(1H-Indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)formamide

In the title compound, C 18 H 16 N 2 O 3 , the indole ring is planar and the two adjacent carbonyl groups are mutually trans oriented with a torsion angle of 144.8 (3)°. The single C-C bond linking the two carbonyl functionalities is 1.539 (4) A. Molecules are linked into a two-dimensional network by intermolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds.
Carbon cycle instability as a cause of the Late Pleistocene Ice Age Oscillations: Modeling the asymmetric response

A dynamical model of the Pleistocene ice ages is presented, which incorporates many of the qualitative ideas advanced recently regarding the possible role of ocean circulation, chemistry, temperature, and productivity in regulating long-term atmospheric carbon dioxide variations. This model involves one additional term (and free parameter) beyond that included in a previous model (Saltzman and Sutera, 1987), providing the capacity for an asymmetric response. It is shown that many of the main features exhibited by the delta(O-18)-derived ice record and the Vostok core/delta(C-13)-derived carbon dioxide record in the late Pleistocene can be deduced as a free oscillatory solution of the model.
Performance evaluation for IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed coordination function

The IEEE 802.11e working group aims to enhance the current 802.11 medium access control (MAC) to support integrated data and voice (or video) communications. Till now, a draft of the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) has been proposed. In the literature, there is very limited analysis about EDCF since it is a new protocol, and most related work are only confined to simulation or saturation state. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of EDCF by dividing the traffic into two groups, namely real-time packets and non-real-time packets, and use an analytical model to quantify the performance of both IFS priority and contention window (CW) priority in the EDCF. In our analysis, we assume that the traffic arrival is a Poisson process. We provide a queue model for EDCF. Since there are multiple stations contending for one channel in the system, the queue model for EDCF cannot be a regular M/G/1 model. We redefine the service time and the waiting time so that we can still use M/G/1 model in the analysis. To validate the accuracy of our analytical results, we have done extensive simulations and we observed that EDCF does provide service differentiation between different traffic categories. But due to the inherent contention characteristic of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) MAC protocol, the delay cannot be guaranteed, even for the highest priority traffic. A lot more work needs to be done for the MAC protocol to effectively support service differentiation in the future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical tension can specify axonal fate in hippocampal neurons

Here we asked whether applied mechanical tension would stimulate undifferentiated minor processes of cultured hippocampal neurons to become axons and whether tension could induce a second axon in an already polarized neuron. Experimental tension applied to minor processes produced extensions that demonstrated axonal character, regardless of the presence of an existing axon. Towed neurites showed a high rate of spontaneous growth cone advance and could continue to grow out for 1–3 d after towing. The developmental course of experimental neurites was found to be similar to that of unmanipulated spontaneous axons. Furthermore, the experimentally elongated neurites showed compartmentation of the axonal markers dephospho-tau and L-1 in towed outgrowth after 24 h. Extension of a second axon from an already polarized neuron does not lead to the loss of the spontaneous axon either immediately or after longer term growth. In addition, we were able to initiate neurites de novo that subsequently acquired axonal character even though spontaneous growth cone advance began while the towed neurite was still no longer than its sibling processes. This suggests that tension rather than the achievement of a critical neurite length determined axonal specification.
Optimization of Differential Display of Prokaryotic mRNA: Application to Pure Culture and Soil Microcosms

The methods used for isolation and quantification of mRNA in environmental samples are designed to specifically measure in situ gene expression and activity. Direct extraction of mRNA from soils (24) and quantification of mRNA by an RNase protection assay (11) have been performed for naphthalene dioxygenase in soils and for soluble methane monooxygenase in aquifer sediments (27). Reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR amplification of mRNA for soluble methane monooxygenase in activated sludge (25) and for lignin peroxidase in soils (6) has also been performed. These methods of mRNA analysis are a natural complement to DNA extraction and hybridization or PCR analysis for detecting sequences of catabolic genes or for determining ribosomal DNA concentrations in natural samples (12). However, the previously described mRNA analytical methods are limited by their need for a priori information on gene sequences in order to design specific probes or primers for mRNA measurement. The differential display (DD) technique and the closely related RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) method have been used to detect and isolate differentially expressed genes under induced and uninduced conditions in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes (10, 18, 20, 32). The DD procedure, in which a poly(T) primer is used for the RT reaction and an additional arbitrary primer is used for the PCR, has been used exclusively in eukaryotic expression studies. The RAP-PCR method differs from the DD technique in that arbitrary primers are used for both the RT and PCR steps, and the RAP-PCR method has been used for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic studies. In the procedure described here an arbitrary primer is used for the RT reaction, and the same arbitrary primer is used in conjunction with a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) primer for the PCR. The objectives of this investigation were (i) to optimize and define reproducible conditions for using the DD technique to recover novel mRNAs from bacteria and (ii) to explore the use of DD for recovering cryptic or unknown RNA sequences transcribed under in situ conditions in soil. While DD has very recently been applied to environmentally related research, the focus has been limited to eukaryotes. This technique has been used to discover genes induced in a white rot fungus by pentachlorophenol (16) and in rat Sertoli cells by cadmium acetate and polychlorinated biphenyls (30). In this regard, the DD technique potentially could be used to identify known or cryptic microbial genes that are differentially expressed under altered field conditions, such as chemical exposure, oxidative stress, extreme pH, anaerobiosis, heat shock, and starvation.
Information‐processing abnormalities as neuropsychological vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia

Studies of schizophrenic patients in psychotic and clinically remitted states and of biological relatives indicate that subtle anomalies in information processing may be critical components of neuropsychological vulnerability to schizophrenia. We describe a conception of possible abnormalities and several recent strategies to differentiate these possibilities. Within Continuous Performance Test conditions, varying the perceptual load vs. the active, working memory load yields a distinction between a stable vulnerability factor across clinical states and a potential mediating vulnerability factor. Specialized backward masking paradigms offer ways to separate two initial sensory-perceptual processes from attentional shifting processes. Top-down attentional influences on sensorimotor gating allow examination of the role of central executive processes in modulating early sensory processes. Initial results are discussed.