cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor cell plasticity: the challenge to catch a moving target.

Every cancer cell is “different”—within one and the same tumor, between different lesions originating from the same tumor, among different patients suffering from the same tumor type, and certainly between different tumor types. The complexity of tumor development, with its genetic, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and plasticity within tumors and between primary tumors and metastases, underlies the unpredictable influences and stimuli of a tumor-associated inflammatory microenvironment, immune response, mechanical and metabolic stress, therapy-induced inflammation or interaction with microbiota. The stochastic and context dependent nature of these factors accounts for the difficulties to investigate the impact of resulting cell plasticity on tumor development, and justifies the challenge to prevent tumor recurrence. The emerging concept of cell plasticity and reciprocity (to change the phenotype by processing signals from the environment) throws more light on the actual complexity of tumor heterogeneity than can be expected solely from a unidirectional, classical cancer stem cell (CSC) model. To date, it remains widely unclear to what extent cell plasticity impacts tumor development, and it is difficult to assess by current methods. As a high tumor plasticity is likely to predict a poor outcome for patients, the future therapeutic challenge will be the development of personalized treatment strategies to predict and finally prevent cell plasticity in patients.
Qualitative behaviour of solutions of Signorini problem with perturbing the unknown boundary

Computational method for the Signorini problem in 2D is presented. Using qualitative properties of the solution on a perturbed boundary the iteration method for finding of the unknown boundary @C"c is constructed. In the first part of the method the boundary a"c=@?@C"c is localized within two mesh points of a fixed FE mesh. In the second part introducing the new multigrid algorithm the value a"c is accurated. Convergence of the method is illustrated on the concrete examples.
Oxidation Of Singular And Vicinal Surfaces Of Silicon: The Structure Of Si-Si0 2 Interface

The structure of interfaces between silicon oxides grown in dry oxygen on singular and vicinal (111) surfaces of silicon has been studied using cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Crystalline silicon was found to terminate abruptly on (111) planes, where it transforms to amorphous SiO/sub 2/. One interplanar distance high ledges, separated by (111) terraces were found to be present on all surfaces studied. The width of the terraces was surface orientation dependent. It is suggested that such a structure of the interface can be explained by a terrace-ledge-kink model and that high temperature oxidation proceeds by a ledge mechanism similar to that for evaporation from the surface.
Functional properties of low-fat soy flour produced by an extrusion-expelling system

Low-fat soy flour (LFSF) obtained by extrusion-expelling processing was investigated for functional properties. Flours with the following various levels of protein dispersibility indexes (PDI) and residual oil (RO) contents were investigated: “high” 67±4/10.4±1, “mid” 42±3/7.4±2, and “low” 14±5/6.5±0. The solubility of all three LFSF was minimal at pH 4.0 and increased at more alkaline and acidic pH levels. Water-holding capacity (WHC) increased with a decrease in PDI and RO content, whereas fat-binding capacity (FBC) decreased. Foaming stability increased as PDI and RO increased, with significant differences between all LFSF samples. Emulsification capacity (EC) was measured at three pH levels (5.5, 6.7, and 8.0). At each pH level, the “low” samples showed the least EC compared to the “mid” and “high” samples, with no significan difference between the “mid” and “high” samples at pH 6.7 and 8.0. Emulsification stability and activity decreased from low LFSF to high LFSF. This study showed that in general low LFSF was less functional than the other flours tested and there was no significant difference in the functionality of mid- and high-LFSF samples.
An extension of Burnside’s Theorem to infinite-dimensional spaces

The classical Burnside’s Theorem guarantees in a finite dimensional space the existence of invariant subspaces for a proper subalgebra of the matrix algebra. In this paper we give an extension of Burnside’s Theorem for a general Banach space, which also gives new results on invariant subspaces.
Infrared laser spectroscopy of the helium-solvated allyl and allyl peroxy radicals

Infrared spectra in the C–H stretch region are reported for the allyl (CH2CHCH2) and allyl peroxy (CH2=CH–CH2OO·) radicals solvated in superfluid helium nanodroplets. Nine bands in the spectrum of the allyl radical have resolved rotational substructure. We have assigned three of these to the ν1 (a1), ν3 (a1), and ν13 (b2) C–H stretch bands and four others to the ν14/(ν15+2ν11) (b2) and ν2/(ν4+2ν11) (a1) Fermi dyads, and an unassigned resonant polyad is observed in the vicinity of the ν1 band. Experimental coupling constants associated with Fermi dyads are consistent with quartic force constants obtained from density functional theory computations. The peroxy radical was formed within the He droplet via the reaction between allyl and O2 following the sequential pick-up of the reactants. Five stable conformers are predicted for the allyl peroxy radical, and a computed two-dimensional potential surface for rotation about the CC–OO and CC–CO bonds reveals multiple isomerization barriers greater than ≈300 cm−1...
Acute effects of vasoactive drug treatment on brachial artery reactivity.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate whether concomitant therapy with vasoactive medications alters the results of noninvasive assessment of endothelial function. Background Ultrasound assessment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation is emerging as a useful clinical tool. The current practice of withholding cardiac medications before ultrasound studies has unknown utility and would limit the clinical use of the methodology. Methods To determine whether a single dose of a vasoactive drug influences brachial reactivity, we examined flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation in 73 healthy subjects (age 27 ± 6 years). Studies were completed at baseline and 3 h after randomized treatment with a single oral dose of placebo, felodipine (5 mg), metoprolol (50 mg), or enalapril (10 mg). To determine if holding vasoactive therapy for 24 h before study yields different results than continuation of clinically prescribed medications, we examined vascular function in 72 patients (age 57 ± 10 years) with coronary artery disease. Ultrasound studies were performed 24 h after the last dose and again 3 h after patients took their clinically prescribed medications. Results In healthy subjects one dose of all three drugs lowered blood pressure, and metoprolol also lowered heart rate. However, there was no significant effect of treatment on brachial artery dilation. In patients with coronary artery disease on chronic treatment, taking prescribed medications reduced blood pressure and heart rate, but had no significant effect on brachial artery dilation. Conclusions Recent administration of commonly used nonnitrate vasoactive drugs has no significant effect on brachial reactivity. These findings suggest that current practice of withholding cardiac medications before testing endothelial function may not be necessary, making this methodology more practical for clinical use.
Measuring Positive Emotion With the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Anhedonic Depression Scale

Low positive emotion distinguishes depression from most types of anxiety. Formative work in this area employed the Anhedonic Depression scale from the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ-AD), and the MASQ-AD has since become a popular measure of positive emotion, often used independently of the full MASQ. However, two key assumptions about the MASQ-AD-that it should be represented by a total scale score, and that it measures time-variant experiences-have not been adequately tested. The present study factor analyzed MASQ-AD data collected annually over 3 years (n = 618, mean age = 17 years at baseline), and then decomposed its stable and unstable components. The results suggested the data were best represented by a hierarchical structure, and that less than one quarter of the variance in the general factor fluctuated over time. The implications for interpreting past findings from the MASQ-AD, and for conducting future research with the scale, are discussed.
Fluorocarbon metal compounds—role models in organotransition metal chemistry

Abstract Early studies on organo-transition metal complexes with fluorocarbon ligands are reviewed in a historical context in relation to the renaissance of organometallic chemistry which followed the discovery of ferrocene.
The use of transgenic mice for studying mutagenicity induced by 1,3-butadiene.

Abstract The availability of in vivo transgenic mouse mutagenesis assays provides the opportunity to study the induction of mutations that reflects the integration of pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, DNA repair responses, and tissue susceptibilities. Transgenic mice containing in vivo marker genes for mutagenicity within shuttle vectors also permit the determination of the resulting mutational spectra in tissues of mice following exposure to mutagens and carcinogens. Exposure of B6C3F 1 lacI transgenic mice to the rodent carcinogen 1,3-butadiene by inhalation results in an increase in the overall lacI mutant frequency in bone marrow with an increased frequency of point mutations at A:T base pairs. These studies demonstrate the utilization of transgenic mouse models for establishing linkages between exposure to carcinogens, internal tissue dose, and in vivo mutational events.
Combined Forced and Free Convection in a Boundary Layer Flow

Consideration is given to the combined forced and free convection flow and heat transfer about a nonisothermal body subjected to a nonuniform free stream velocity. Similar solutions for the laminar boundary layer equations are found to exist when the free stream velocity and surface temperature vary respectively as xm and x2m−1. The parameter controlling the relative importance of the free and forced convection is Gr/Re2. A flow separation phenomenon may occur when the forced and free convection act in opposite directions. Extensive numerical solutions of the transformed boundary layer equations have been carried out for the cases of uniform wall temperature and uniform wall heat flux for a Prandtl number of 0.7 (gases) over a wide range of values of Gr/Re2. Results are reported for the heat transfer, shear stress, and velocity and temperature fields. Criteria are given for cataloging flows as purely forced, purely free, and mixed.
cDNA analysis demonstrates that the BRCA2 intronic variant IVS4-12del5 is a deleterious mutation.

Abstract Mutation screening of the breast and ovarian cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 is becoming an increasingly important part of clinical practice. Classification of rare non-truncating sequence variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is problematic because it is not known whether these subtle changes alter function sufficiently to predispose cells to cancer development. Several studies have reported the biochemical analysis of BRCA2 variants, which disrupted the 5′ and 3′splicing consensus elements (the GU-AG rule). However, little has been done to look into the consequences of variants located outside the 5′ and 3′ consensus splice sites. cDNA analysis demonstrates that the BRCA2*IVS4-12del5 splice site variant results in the deletion of exon 5, and the gene putatively produces a truncated BRCA2 protein of 164 amino acids instead of 3418 with the incorporation of 22 out of frame amino acids. The pattern of breast, melanoma, and pancreatic cancers in the paternal kindred is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance of a deleterious BRCA2 mutation. Analysis of a tumor specimen indicates loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Sequence alignment indicates the deleted region is well conserved across different species. These results support the conclusion that BRCA2 IVS4-12del5 is a deleterious mutation. This study will shed light on the reclassification of intronic variants that do not disrupt the 5′ and 3′ splice sites (the GU-AG rule).
Exposure of acetylcholine receptor to the lipid bilayer.

Summary All four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor in membrane fragments isolated from T. californica have been labeled with a photolabile hydrophobic probe, [3H]adamantanediazirine, which selectively labels regions of integral membrane proteins in contact with the hydrocarbon core of the lipid bilayer. As all of the homologous subunits are exposed to the lipid bilayer, it is probable that they each interact with the surrounding membrane in a similar fashion.
Women Construct Self-Esteem in their Own Terms: A Feminist Qualitative Study

The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of self-esteem from adult women's perspectives. Based on qualitative interviews with 59 women, we found similar denotative definitions of self-...
Examining the Factor Structure of the Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale

The 64-item Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Hare SRP; Paulhus, Neumann, & Hare, in press) is the most recent revision of the SRP, which has undergone numerous iterations. Little research has been conducted with this new edition; therefore, the goal of this study was to elucidate the factor structure as well as the criterion-related, convergent, and discriminant validity of the measure in a large sample of college students (N = 602). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the best fitting model was the original 4-factor model proposed by the authors of the Hare SRP (compared to a 1-factor, 2-factor, and 4-factor random model). The 4-factor model revealed superior fit for the data relative to the other alternative models. In addition, we elaborated on the psychometric properties of this 4-factor model in this sample. The Hare SRP total and factor scores evidenced good internal reliability as well as promising criterion-related, convergent, and discriminant validity in terms of predicting scores on c...
Sulfhydryl compounds may mediate gastric cytoprotection

Ethanol induces hemorrhagic gastric erosions and causes a dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds in rat gastric mucosa. Sulfhydryl-containing drugs protect rats from ethanol-induced gastric erosions, whereas sulfhydryl blocking agents counteract the mucosal cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin F2 beta. These observations suggest that endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryls may mediate prostaglandin-induced gastric cytoprotection and that sulfhydryl drugs may have potential for preventing or treating hemorrhagic gastric erosions.
A Colorful Solubility Exercise for Organic Chemistry

A discovery chemistry laboratory has been developed for the introductory organic chemistry student to investigate the concepts of polarity, miscibility, solubility, and density. The simple procedure takes advantage of the solubility of two colored dyes in a series of solvents or solvent mixtures, and the diffusion of colors can be easily visualized. The clear and obvious results help promote an immediate understanding of the relevant concepts, as well as providing a memorable foundation to draw upon in future experiments.
ANALYSIS OF UNIT-MAGNITUDE CONSTRAINED PHASOR RECONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS

Many physical problems in adaptive optics and imaging application result in the optimization of a Hermitian form, x¯THx, where H is an (n×n) Hermitian matrix and x is an n-component complex vector whose elements are constrained to have unit magnitude. In this work the technique of Lagrange multiplers is used to derive the governing nonlinear equations. An efficient numerical algorithm is constructed to solve the nonlinear equations. Of particular interest are applications that admit of nonunique solutions (e.g., problems arising from phase difference measurements). Newton’s method is applied to an inflated system of equations. This significantly improves the region inside which Newton’s method converges quadratically. A practical example of phasor reconstruction from phase difference measurements is given to illustrate the developed theory. In the example it is shown how the Lagrange multipliers can be used to give an a posteriori estimate of the measurement noise. For general Hermitian matrices, practical considerations of the developed algorithm are discussed.
Geometric methods for the synthesis of spherical mechanisms for the generation of functions, paths and rigid-body positions using conformal projections

Abstract This article briefly reviews the geometric constructions of conformal projections of spherical mechanisms and their components; such as positioning a pair, constructing binary and ternary links, locating coupler points, positioning rigid-bodies, constructing great circles, angles, bisectors, mid-normals, and less-circles. Then, it presents the methods, and constructions for the synthesis of spherical mechanisms for function generation using pole, inversion, and overlay techniques; and for spherical path and rigid-body position generation using pole techniques. Syntheses of the spherical slider-crank, spherical crank-rocker and spherical cam-follower mechanisms are also included. These very simple geometric synthesis techniques are illustrated with numerical examples. Analytical expressions for each geometric construction are given for computer aided solutions on the projection plane and then transfer the solution into the inertial reference system.
African American Churches and Political Mobilization: The Psychological Impact of Organizational Resources

After a brief evaluation of why the psychological impact of organizational resources has been under-examined, I use data from the 1984 National Black Election Study to analyze the impact of church attendance and political church membership on electoral and political participation and on the psychological components of action--consciousness, system responsiveness, and governmental trust. I find that while church attendance was not a very strong predictor of political involvement or of the differing components of motivation, going to a political church was an extremely influential indicator of both in the 1984 elections.
Direct synthesis of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines from 2-fluorobenzonitriles

In a search for new methods for preparing 2,4-diaminoquinazolines having a diversity of substituents in the benzenoid ring, it was found that the reaction of 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile with guanidine carbonate gave 2,4-diamino-5-fluoroquinazoline in excellent yield. Extension of this approach to other 2-fluorobenzonitriles, some of which were elaborated for the first time, showed that this reaction possesses considerable generality. The cyclization was successful even when electron donating groups were present at position six. Only in two cases where a primary or secondary amino group was also present ortho to the cyano group was this transformation unsuccessful.
D-Galactose 6-phosphate: anomeric distribution and analysis of its synthesis from D-galactose and polyphosphoric acid

Abstract D -Galactose 6-phosphate as synthesized by direct phosphorylation of D -galactose with polyphosphoric acid is contaminated with two of its positional isomers. These were separated from D -galactose 6-phosphate and from each other, and identified as D -galactose 3- and 5-phosphate by enzymic, chromatographic, and mass-spectral analysis. The previous misidentification of these isomers as furanose forms of D -galactose 6-phosphate has led to erroneous reports concerning the anomeric distribution of D -galactose 6-phosphate. The anomeric distribution of D -galactose 6-phosphate in a purified preparation was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy to be 32% α-pyranose, 64% β-pyranose, and no more than 4% furanose anomers.
THE EXTRACTION OF SELECTED M(III) METALS BY BIS 2‐ETHYLHEXYL PHOSPHORIC ACID IN N‐HEPTANE

Abstract The extraction of Y 3+ , Pm 3+ , Eu 3+ , Tm 3+ , Lu 3+ , Am 3+ and Cm 3+ from an aqueous chloride phase into a solution of (2-C 2 H 5 ·C 6 H 12 O) 2 PO(OH), HDEHP, in n -heptane has been studied as a function of the concentration of extractant in the organic phase and of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase. From these data the stoichiometries of extraction have been deduced as: M A 3+ +2.5(HY) 2 o ⇌MY(HY 2 ) 2 o +3H A + where the subscripts A and O refer, respectively, to mutually equilibrated aqueous and organic phases. (The formulation of extracted entities is based solely upon established ratios and is in no sense to be interpreted in terms of established structure.) Corresponding to the stoichiometries, values of K , F and [H + ] obtained from the hydrogen ion dependency plots were inserted in the equation: K= K s F a /[H + ] b to obtain values of K s . ( K is the observed distribution ratio, F the equilibrium concentration of HDEHP in the organic phase, [H + ] the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase, and a and b the respective extractant and hydrogen ion dependencies.) The equation is applied specifically to a system embodying 1.0F (NaCl + HCl) at 22±2°C. The K s ( n -neptane) value is higher than the K s (benzene) value for each of the cations studied. Comparisons with extraction systems employing ( n -C 8 H 17 O) 2 PO(OH) and [C 4 H 9 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 O] 2 PO(OH), respectively symbolized as HDOP and HDNOP, are made.
Comparative mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids

Abstract The comparative oxidation of 1-14C- and U-14C-labeled fatty acids has been studied in beef heart mitochondria. The relative rates of oxidation depended on the conditions employed. Under certain conditions, the rate of oxidation of U-14C-labeled acids decreased as unsaturation increased, whereas under the same conditions [1-14C]linoleate was oxidized faster than [1-14C]palmitate, as measured by the production of radioactive carbon dioxide. Addition of l -(−)-carnitine and ATP together produced an intense pulse of oxidation. For [1-14C]palmitate, maximum oxidation under such conditions occurred at an energy charge of around 0.65. A search was made for evidence that oxidation of polyunsaturated acids could proceed by “γ-oxidation” to yield methylmalonic acid via propionic acid. No such evidence could be found, and it is concluded that in beef heart mitochondria, the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids can be acounted for solely on the basis of β-oxidation under the conditions used here.
Personas and decision making in the design process: an ethnographic case study

Personas have become a well-lauded method to aid designers in keeping the needs of the intended user population at the forefront of the design process. However, few studies have ethnographically observed design teams that use personas, and fewer studies have looked specifically at how designers linguistically invoke personas in their decision-making sessions. This discourse analysis of the decision-making sessions of designers at a top tier design firm reveals that although the designers dedicate much time researching, developing, and refining personas, personas themselves make relatively few appearances in the designers' language during decision-making sessions. This study shows that, for persuasive ends, these designers, who are advocates of personas, routinely use other less precise and more designer-centric linguistic mechanisms in lieu of personas. Despite the scarcity of personas in the decision-making sessions, this ethnographic case study also explores the value of personas for this team even when the personas are not explicitly linguistically invoked.
System G Data Store: Big, Rich Graph Data Analytics in the Cloud

Big, rich graph data is increasingly captured through the interactions among people (email, messaging, social media), objects (location/map, server/network, product/catalog) and their relations. Graph data analytics, however, poses several intrinsic challenges that are ill fitted to the popular Map Reduce programming model. This paper presents System G, a graph data management system that supports rich graph data, accepts online updates, complies with Hadoop, and runs efficiently by minimizing redundant data shuffling. These desirable capabilities are built on top of Apache HBase for scalability, updatability and compatibility. This paper introduces several exemplary target graph queries and global feature algorithms implemented using the newly available HBase Coprocessors. These graph algorithmic coprocessors execute on the server side directly on graph data stored locally and only communicates with remote servers for the dynamic algorithmic state, which is typically a small fraction of the raw data. Performance evaluation on real-world rich graph datasets demonstrated significant improvement over traditional Hadoop implementation, as prior works observed in their no-graph-shuffling solutions. Our work stands out at achieving the same or better performance without introducing incompatibility or scalability limitations.
Substrate specificity of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase.

Abstract Evidence is presented that a single enzyme is responsible for hydroxylation of three naturally occurring aromatic keto acids; p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylpyruvate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate.
A remark about pointed bubbles

The polymer expansion is a formal algebraic identity between a partition function and logarithm in statistical physics problems. The expansion gives a systematic method to control the free energy or to establish exponential tree-graph decay of connected correlations. Here, the convergence properties of the polymer expansion are analyzed in connection with three practical examples, including: intersecting bonds in chemical polymer chains; a connected closed hypersurface built from the (d-1)-faces of the d-dimensional unit cubes; and the set of Feynamn diagrams in the perturbation series of the Euclidean field theory partition function Z. The example of connected polymer chains is generalized to apply to other lattice models, including n-state Ising models at high temperature; short range lattice gases at high temperature; and weak coupling lattice field and gauge theories.
Visible harmonic emission as a way of measuring profile steepening

First observed visible harmonics of CO/sub 2/-laser-irradiated plane and microballoon targets are reported. For intensities >5 x 10/sup 14/ W/cm/sup 2/, the harmonic production efficiency is constant over several visible harmonics with a cutoff at a high harmonic number. Two-dimensional particle simulations performed where there is a highly steepened density profile show a flat spectrum for high harmonics, with a cutoff at the harmonic where the upper density shelf is underdense. Harmonics thus offer a means of measuring the upper density shelf and its dynamics.
Intraerythrocytic rickettsial inclusions in Ocoee salamanders ( Desmognathus ocoee ): prevalence, morphology, and comparisons with inclusions of Plethodon cinereus

Reports of an unusual intraerythrocytic pathogen in amphibian blood have been made for decades; these pathogens appear as membrane-bound vacuoles within erythrocytes. It is now understood that the pathogen is a Rickettsia bacteria, which are obligate intracellular parasites, and most are transmitted by arthropod vectors. In an effort to further understand the host range and characteristics of this pathogen, we examined 20 Ocoee salamanders (Desmognathus ocoee) from a site in southwest North Carolina for the presence of rickettsial inclusions and report the general characteristics of infections. Seven individuals (35%) were infected, and this level of prevalence was consistent with all other members of this genus examined to date. In contrast, infections within the genus Plethodon tend to occur in less than 10% of individuals, based on review of the literature. The difference could be related to the semi-aquatic nature of Desmognathus salamanders versus the completely terrestrial Plethodon. It is also possible that both groups are hosts to different types of rickettsial bacteria, since the inclusions found here only vaguely resembled those found recently in red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus). Inclusions in Ocoee salamanders measured 4 µm in diameter on average, and most cells (88%) only had one inclusion. Of all infected individuals, inclusions occurred in approximately 3% of erythrocytes. Similar to that found in red-backed salamanders, infected hosts were significantly larger than non-infected. Future investigations into the nature of this unusual parasite of amphibians would help to further our understanding of its life cycle and transmission.
DQ-Frame Modeling of an Active Power Filter Integrated With a Grid-Connected, Multifunctional Electric Vehicle Charging Station

The paper first proves the existence of a nonlinear, feedback loop due to the effect of an active power filter (APF) on the grid voltage for a multifunctional electric vehicle charging station. A linear, open-loop model is derived based on direct quadrature (DQ)-theory in discrete time (DT). Based on this model, a linear, closed-loop model is further developed with DQ-theory in DT. A triangle-hold equivalent instead of a zero-order-hold equivalent is employed in the model for better representation. The developed linear, closed-loop model is finally generalized to general power systems. Simulations are carried out to verify the developed models under transient conditions. The short-time (1-2 ms), transient stability of the grid with an APF is determined with the developed model. In contrast to existing stability analyses in the phasor domain, using DQ-theory can linearize the loop and simplify the loop model in DT domain.
Abrusoside e, a further sweet-tasting cycloartane glycoside from the leaves of Abrus precatorius☆

Abstract A novel cycloartane glycoside, designated abrusoside E, has been isolated from the leaves of Abrus precatorius . Its structure was determined as 3β-O-[β- d -glucuronopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β- d -glucopyranosyl](20S,22S)-3β,22-dihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-26,29-dioic acid δ-lactone based upon spectroscopic methods carried out on the parent compound and its mono- and dimethyl esters. While abrusoside E was found to be only marginally sweet, the monomethyl ester proved to be more potently sweet-tasting.
Magnetization reversal and coercive force in ultrathin films with perpendicular surface anisotropy: Micromagnetic theory

Quasistatic magnetization reversal in ultrathin magnetic films with perpendicular surface anisotropy is discussed. In order to focus on the role of the surface anisotropy, magnetization is presumed uniform across the film plane, and its variation along the film normal is subject to micromagnetic analysis of a functional including the shape anisotropy energy from dipolar interactions. Different reversal processes\char22{}such as nucleations, coherent and incoherent rotations, domain-wall motion, and abrupt jumps\char22{}are found in films, depending on the values of shape anisotropy, surface anisotropy, exchange stiffness, and film thickness. The coercivity of ultrathin magnetic films in fields perpendicular to the film plane decreases with the square of the reciprocal of the film thickness, which coincides very well with experimental observations. Magnetization reversal processes resulting from applying in-plane external fields are also described.
Molecular simulation of the adsorption of MTBE in silicalite, mordenite, and zeolite beta.

The use of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as a gasoline additive has resulted in serious environmental problems following spills and leaks, primarily due to MTBE's high solubility in water. Remediation technologies have involved air stripping, advanced oxidation, and sorption on granular activated carbons (GAC). Hydrophobic zeolites, such as silicalite, dealuminated Y, mordenite, and beta, have been of interest in recent studies for the removal of MTBE from water. Some of these materials have shown a better performance than GAC particularly in the μg/L range. We made Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption of pure MTBE in silicalite, mordenite, and zeolite beta with different Na+ loadings at room temperature to reveal the factors affecting the adsorption process. The results show that although the three zeolites studied here have similar pore volumes, the pore structure of zeolite beta causes a significant difference on the predicted amount of MTBE adsorbed. It was found that ...
Polymorphic Amplified Typing Sequences and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Yield Comparable Results in the Strain Typing of a Diverse Set of Bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates

Polymorphic amplified typing sequences (PATS), a PCR-based Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) strain typing system, targets insertions-deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms at XbaI and AvrII restriction enzyme sites, respectively, and the virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, hlyA) in the O157 genome. In this study, the ability of PATS to discriminate O157 isolates associated with cattle was evaluated. An in-depth comparison of 25 bovine O157 isolates, from different geographic locations across Northwest United States, showed that about 85% of these isolates shared the same dendogram clade by PATS and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), irrespective of the restriction enzyme sites targeted. The Pearson's correlation coefficient, r, calculated at about 0.4, 0.3, and 0.4 for XbaI-based, AvrII-based and combined-enzymes PATS and PFGE similarities, respectively, indicating that these profiles shared a good but not high correlation, an expected inference given that the two techniques discriminate differently. Isolates that grouped differently were better matched to their locations using PATS. Overall, PATS discriminated the bovine O157 isolates without interpretive biases or sophisticated analytical software, and effectively complemented while not duplicating PFGE. With its quick turnaround time, PATS has excellent potential as a convenient tool for early epidemiological or food safety investigations, enabling rapid notification/implementation of quarantine measures.
Study of surface plasma-wave reflectance and roughness-induced scattering in silver foils

The results of an experimental investigation of both scattering and reflectance of roughened silver foils are described. Roughness has been induced by use of calcium fluoride on glass or of random dispersions of small spheres on glass onto which opaque silver layers have been evaporated. A detailed comparison of the wavelength location of the experimental surface-plasma resonance has been made to scattering calculations including second-order self-energy corrections to the surface-plasmon dispersion relation. Self-consistent roughness parameters have been obtained from such an analysis, although limitations in the present theory are emphasized. Remarks are made on depolarization scattering.
Hypomagnesemia and isoproterenol cardiomyopathies: Protection by probucol.

Chronic magnesium deficiency is associated with injury of heart muscle, blood vessels, and neuronal tissue. Despite its clinical significance, the mechanism of magnesium deficiency-induced damage remains unclear. The myocardial necrosis induced by injecting catecholamines, which is augmented by magnesium deficiency, is thought to involve a free radical component through catecholamine autoxidation. α-tocopherol was shown to ameliorate the myocardial necrosis induced by magnesium-deficiency (Freedman et al. BBRC 1990;170:1102-1106), suggesting a role for free radicals in this process. If free-radical injury plays a role in magnesium deficiency, then the catecholamine-associated free-radical production may explain the synergistic myocardial injury between catecholamine and magnesium deficiency. To test the hypothesis that free-radical damage may play a role in magnesium deficiency-induced myocardial necrosis, we investigated the protective effects of probucol, a hypolipidemic agent with antioxidant properties. Hamsters were fed a Mg-deficient diet for 14 days with or without probucol. At the end of this period, some animals were sacrificed, while others were injected with isoproterenol and killed 48 hours later. All hearts were processed for morphometric analysis of the lesions. Changes in serum lipids were also determined. Probucol reduced the size and number of both the isoproterenol- and magnesium deficiency-induced cardiac lesions. Our results suggest that it is probucol's antioxidant property and not its hypolipidemic action that is responsible for this protection.
Exact large deviation bounds up toT c for the Ising model in two dimensions

We prove an upper large deviation bound for the block spin magnetization in the 2D Ising model in the phase coexistence region. The precise rate (given by the Wulff construction) is shown to hold true for all β > βc. Combined with the lower bounds derived in [I] those results yield an exact second order large deviation theory up to the critical temperature.
Parameterizations and modes of stable distributions

Abstract The standard parameterizations used for stable distributions are poorly suited for both numerical work and for modeling. We suggest two parameterizations that are better for such purposes. The mode of a general stable density is numerically located and generalizations to multivariate stable laws are discussed.
Coherent super-position of multiple beams in a large mode area fiber

We examine through simulation and experiments the operation of multi-mode-optical fiber that reimages a periodic input optical pattern. Besides the observation of a partial Talbot self-imaging effect we also find a recurrence effect due to the core/cladding boundary of the optical fiber. We use the beam propagation method to simulate diffraction and refraction of light in the optical fiber device. The details of the device are described and its optical properties using a close-packed hexagonally-shaped array of apertures placed at regular positions on a triangular lattice are examined. Our simulations identify the optimal length of the Multi-mode fiber to get high fidelity self-image. Experiments are performed to validate the simulation results.
"Feeling blue" in Spanish: a qualitative inquiry of depression among Mexican immigrants.

Studies of the cultural construction of depression among Mexican immigrant men in the USA are rare. This paper is a qualitative inquiry into how this population of men identifies depression and its perceived causes and remedies. Data were gathered from seven focus groups with a total of 38 adult Mexican immigrant men. Results indicate that depresion (depression) is a valid and familiar concept among this group. While the reporting of somatic symptoms does occur, it appears that interpersonal problems and affective symptoms are among the most salient in identifying someone as depressed. The causes are described as predominantly social in origin, arising directly out of the participants' experiences of immigration and adaptation. Similarly, the proposed remedies are primarily social in nature with an emphasis being put on help from the community, the family, or a professional. Colloquial terms are provided in both Spanish and English and direct quotes from the focus group discussions are included.
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations

A leading scholar of Iran explores the American-Iranian relationship--once a close friendship--penetrating the hidden social and political processes of both countries and tracing their joint history from the 1940s through the bizarre Iran-Contra affair and its aftermath. Illustrated.
Plasma and Flows in the Heliosheath

Voyager 2 (V2) is now 20 AU deep into the heliosheath; if the heliosheath width were similar to that in the Voyager 1 (V1) direction, then V2 is 2/3 of the way to the heliopause. We present recent V2 observations, compare with observations from V1, and compare with model predictions. The speed of the flows observed by V2 in the heliosheath are, on average, remarkably constant at 150 km/s. The flow angle has changed dramatically, however, and is now over 60° from radial, with more of the turning occurring in the RT than RN planes. These flows are very different than those at V1, where the speed was always below 100 km/s and decreased across the heliosheath. Models predict VR at V2 well, but the the flow angle predictions differ from the observations. The average density and temperature of the plasma decreased by a factor of two in 2008, recovered in 2011, and have not changed significantly since 2011.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Difference between Human Insulin and Insulin Lispro Detected with Adaptive Nanostructures

A protein sensor based on nanostructured adaptive silver films (ASFs) is developed for soft protein adsorption and detection with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Under protein deposition, the ASFs modify their local nanostructure so that the conformational state of proteins is preserved and SERS is optimized. The sensor is used to examine differences in Raman spectra of two insulin isomers, human insulin and its analogue insulin lispro. These two insulins differ only in the interchange of two neighboring amino acids; specifically, the propyl−lysyl sequence at the C-terminus of the B-chain in insulin lispro is inverted as compared to human insulin. This switch leads to conformational changes at the C- and N-termini and has an important clinical effect for diabetes treatment. The difference in SERS spectra for the two insulins was detected at a submonolayer density, 80 fmol/mm2, with only 25 amol in the probed area, and macroscopic enhancement factor 3 × 106. The performed studies indicate that SE...
Analyzing language policy and social identification across heterogeneous scales

Attempts to improve education often change how language is used in schools. Many such efforts aim to include minoritized students by more fully including their languages. These are often met with resistance not so much about language but more about identity. Thus processes of social identification are implicated in efforts to change language in education. If we are to understand how identity and language policy interconnect, we must analyze how stability and change are produced in each. This requires attention to macro-level patterns and to micro-level practices. But a two-scale account—micro instantiation of macro categories and micro changes shaping macro structures—does not adequately explain identity and language policy. This article focuses on educational language policy implementation, how language use and social identification change in an evolving policy context. We argue that change and stability in language policy implementation must be explained with reference to heterogeneous resources from multiple timescales—beyond micro and macro—as these resources establish and change social identities. We review recent research using multiple timescales to understand social processes like identification and policy implementation, and we illustrate the use of such a scalar account to describe the social identification of one student in a sixth grade classroom in Paraguay in the midst of a major national educational language policy change. We show how a person's identification as a new kind of minority language speaker involved heterogeneous resources from various spatiotemporal scales. We argue that analysis of the heterogeneous resources involved in social identification is essential to understanding the role that these processes play in cultural, pedagogical, and language change.
Differences in Dynamic Brand Competition Across Markets: An Empirical Analysis

We investigate differences in the dynamics of marketing decisions across geographic markets empirically. We begin with a linear-quadratic game involving forward-looking firms competing on prices and advertising. Based on the corresponding Markov perfect equilibrium, we propose estimable econometric equations for demand and marketing policy. Our model allows us to measure empirically the strategic response of competitors along with economic measures such as firm profitability. We use a rich dataset that combines sales, marketing mix, factor cost, and advertising cost data for eighteen geographic markets in the frozen entree category. We find that larger markets tend to be less price-sensitive and more profitable than smaller markets. We also find evidence of positive carryover of own advertising on own demand. In terms of consumer substitution patterns, we find that the role of advertising in our data seems to be more category-building complementary than share-stealing competitive. The complementary role is stronger in larger markets. On the supply side, we find that firms make smaller adjustments to own advertising as goodwill goes up. Consistent with cross-advertising effects on demand, firms make smaller larger adjustments to advertising in response to competitive goodwill in the less competitive larger in the more competitive smaller markets. Finally, we find that consumer welfare decreases increases in larger smaller markets when firms move to a zero-advertising regime.
The organization of engaged and quiescent translocons in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells

Protein translocons of the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum are composed of numerous functional components whose organization during different stages of the transport cycle in vivo remains poorly understood. We have developed generally applicable methods based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to probe the relative proximities of endogenously expressed translocon components in cells. Examination of substrate-engaged translocons revealed oligomeric assemblies of the Sec61 complex that were associated to varying degrees with other essential components including the signal recognition particle receptor TRAM and the TRAP complex. Remarkably, these components not only remained assembled but also had a similar, yet distinguishable, organization both during and after nascent chain translocation. The persistence of preassembled and complete translocons between successive rounds of transport may facilitate highly efficient translocation in vivo despite temporal constraints imposed by ongoing translation and a crowded cellular environment.
Attenuated translocation of group IVa phospholipase A2 and up-regulated annexin-1 synthesis by glucocorticoid blocks β2-integrin adhesion in neutrophils

We examined the effect of glucocorticoid stimulation in blocking beta 2-integrin adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) isolated from human subjects. Surface expression of CD11b and ERK-1/2-mediated gIVaPLA2 phosphorylation, which are required for beta 2-integrin adhesion, were not affected by treatment with or =10(-7) M FP; by contrast, complete blockade of nuclear translocation of cytosolic gIVaPLA2 was effected by 10(-9) M FP in eosinophils. Our data indicate that the cell surface ANXA1 synthesis is capable of blocking beta 2-integrin adhesion in both PMNs and eosinophils. However, in contrast to eosinophils, FP does not cause either substantial ANXA1 synthesis or nuclear transport of cytosolic gIVaPLA2 in PMNs and thus does not block beta2-integrin adhesion, a necessary step for granulocyte cell migration in vivo.