cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ursprünge und Einwirkungen

Seit ihrem Entstehen im Jahre 1947 im Zusammenhang mit Planungsprojekten des Militars ist die lineare Programmierung in weitem Mase von der Industrie angewendet worden. In Hoehsehulkreisen schrieben Mathematiker und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler uber dieses Gebiet. Dieses Kapitel soll einen kurzen Bericht uber die Ursprunge und Einwirkungen bringen, die diese schnelle Entwicklung hervorgerufen haben. Tab. 2-1-I gibt einen Uberblick uber das Entstehen und weitere Wachsen der linearen Programmierung. Pfeile deuten direkten Einflus eines Geschehens auf ein anderes an. Es ist sehr interessant, das die lineare Programmierung trotz ihrer weiten Anwendbarkeit auf alltagliche Probleme vor 1947 unbekannt war. Fourier konnte 1823 ihre Moglichkeiten erkannt haben. Kantorowicz machte 1939 in der UdSSR Vorschlage, die in den folgenden zwei Jahrzehnten dort nicht beachtet wurden, wahrend gleichzeitig andere Lander Zeuge der Entdeckung und sicheren Begrundung der linearen Programmierung wurden.
Security in Agile Development: Pedagogic Lessons from an Undergraduate Software Engineering Case Study

Integrating agile software methodologies can be fraught with risk for many software development organizations, but the potential rewards in terms of productivity, delivered functionality, and overall success rate are promising. Agile integration may be hard in certain organizational structures, but integrating security into such an approach can pose an even greater challenge. Ultimately, academia must do its part to introduce future computing professionals to these large areas of knowledge. In this paper, we consider the issues and problems of introducing secure agile software principles into undergraduate curriculum. We report observations, results, and pedagogic lessons learned from an empirical study as part of an undergraduate software engineering course. The conclusions and suggestions provide valuable insight for educators and practitioners alike since both communities deal often with how to best introduce agile and security to new initiates.
Parental and Volunteer Perception of Pyloromyotomy Scars: Comparing Laparoscopic, Open, and Nonsurgical Volunteers

Abstract Introduction: Despite evidence from prospective trials and meta-analyses supporting laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) over open pyloromyotomy (OP), the open technique is still utilized by some surgeons on the premise that there is minimal clinical benefit to LP over OP. Although the potential cosmetic benefit of LP over OP is often cited in reports, it has never been objectively evaluated. Methods: After internal review board approval, the parents of patients from a previous prospective trial who had undergone LP (n = 9) and OP (n = 10) were contacted. After consent was obtained, the parents and patients were asked to complete a validated scar scoring questionnaire that was compared between groups. Standardized photos were taken of study subjects and controls with no abdominal procedures. Blinded volunteers were recruited to view the photos, identify if scars were present, and complete questions if a scar(s) was seen. Volunteers were also asked about the degree of satisfaction if their child had si...
GAS Verification Payload - From concept through flight

The GAS Verification Payload (GVP), successfully flown on STS-3, was the forerunner of the Get Away Special class of payloads. Intended to provide GAS experiments with flight environmental information, it also served to shape out the GAS support systems and establish areas of programmatic understanding between the GSFC, JSC, and KSC. Originally envisaged as using a sounding rocket build-it, test-it, fly-it approach with minimum paperwork, this naivete dissipated when faced with the manned space flight world of JSC. What evolved was an understanding by both disciplines that safety and reliability could be achieved at lower cost without compromise.
Structure/Processing/Properties Relationships in Nanoporous Nanoparticles As Applied to Catalysis of the Cathodic Oxygen Reduction Reaction

We present a comprehensive experimental study of the formation and activity of dealloyed nanoporous Ni/Pt alloy nanoparticles for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction. By addressing the kinetics of nucleation during solvothermal synthesis we developed a method to control the size and composition of Ni/Pt alloy nanoparticles over a broad range while maintaining an adequate size distribution. Electrochemical dealloying of these size-controlled nanoparticles was used to explore conditions in which hierarchical nanoporosity within nanoparticles can evolve. Our results show that in order to evolve fully formed porosity, particles must have a minimum diameter of ∼15 nm, a result consistent with the surface kinetic processes occurring during dealloying. Nanoporous nanoparticles possess ligaments and voids with diameters of approximately 2 nm, high surface area/mass ratios usually associated with much smaller particles, and a composition consistent with a Pt-skeleton covering a Ni/Pt alloy core. Electrochemical measurements show that the mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction using carbon-supported nanoporous Ni/Pt nanoparticles is nearly four times that of commercial Pt/C catalyst and even exceeds that of comparable nonporous Pt-skeleton Ni/Pt alloy nanoparticles.
Improving gestational weight gain and breastfeeding promotion: Visual communication to overcome health literacy barriers

AbstractMaternal and infant outcomes in the US rank among the worst in the developed world. Too-little or too-much weight gain during pregnancy is linked to these poor outcomes and failure to initiate breastfeeding. Despite interventions, these remain public health concerns. Two important elements to improve public health efforts include greater attention to audience's levels of health literacy and increased use of effective visual communication. The purpose of this research was to investigate linking two related issues to improve health promotion efforts. A survey covered knowledge, beliefs, and opinions of weight gain during pregnancy, breastfeeding practices, and perceptions of visual information. Four conditions were implemented: a control group which received no promotional material, a group which received a gestational weight gain brochure, a group which received a breastfeeding brochure, and a group that received a brochure that combined gestational weight gain and breastfeeding information. A tota...
Studies on the Research and Development of CAPP

This paper firstly discussed the origin and development of CAPP,analyzed its organized structure and functions,expounded its basic types and supporting techniques,and secondly put forward that during the research and exploitation of CAPP,we must pay attention to meeting the need of enterprises,and also to the need of developing manufacturing techniques and CIMS as well,and finally produced the developing trend of CAPP.
Technique requirements for in-use stability testing of drug products

The concept of in-use stability testing is introduced in this paper.The importance of in-use stability testing for multidose drug products and/or products which needs constitution or dilution before use is emphasized.Based on systemic analysis for the various key elements in requirements of in-use stability testing,we put forward EMEA and ICH guidelines.The main technique requirements are further explained with the examples of three drug products.
What It Means to Own: Geoffrey Chaucer's Monk, Monastic Rule, and Giorgio Agamben

To speak of the Monk in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in terms of opulence and grandeur is to speak quite obviously. Clearly, there is an inherent condemnation of the Monk for his failure to ...
SELTENE FORM DER BECKENBODENHERNIE : KOMBINIERTE (INTRA- UND EXTRAPERITONEALE) MONOLATERALE, TRANSLEVATORISCHE, HINTERE PERINEALE HERNIE

Beckenbodenhernien treten selten auf. Man unterscheidet in abnehmender Haufigkeit: Obturator- und perineale Hernien sowie die Hernia ischiadica. Vorgestellt wird eine kombinierte intra- sowie extraperitoneal gelegene hintere perineale Hernie, vergesellschaftet mit einem Quercoloncarcinom, bei Morbus Recklinghausen. Desweiteren wird das zweizeitige Vorgehen zur chirurgischen Sanierung dargestellt.
The Role of Neurosensory Systems in the Modulation of Aging

Central nervous system control of endocrine signaling pathways has emerged as a critical regulator of the aging process. Research has shown that peripheral sensory signals represent one set of inputs capable of profoundly influencing long-term organismal health and longevity. The precise neurosensory cells engaged in this regulation, as well as the responsible cellular and molecular mechanics, are a focus of current research. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have been at the forefront of this work, with the latter’s complement of genetic tools and ability for exquisite control of discrete cell populations particularly well-suited for investigating neural circuitry. This work has broad implications for numerous fundamental questions, including the nature of neurosensory signal integration and neuroendocrine signal regulation. In addition, an emphasis on targeting conserved circuitry components should provide insight into the genetic and evolutionary basis of organismal aging.
Corruption of the TRMM microwave imager cold sky mirror due to RFI

By its end of mission in 2015, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) far exceeded its three-year design life, providing over 17 years of invaluable Earth observations. This paper details how a previously undiscovered source of calibration error for the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) has been recently detected and how a simple mitigation technique may be applied for correcting bogus data. The source of error is believed to be Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) from geostationary satellites transmitters that are collected by the TMI Cold Sky Reflector antenna beams as they sweep through the equatorial plane. This paper details how this source of error was discovered, its characteristics, and how to flag and correct for the upcoming TMI 1B11 Archive/Legacy Data.
How Do I Understand the Term Queer? Preservice Teachers, LGBTQ Knowledge, and LGBTQ Self-Efficacy

AbstractThis article describes a study that investigated preservice teachers' understandings and self-efficacy related to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) students and families. The preservice teachers indicated a broad range of understandings in relation to LGBTQ terms. They reported a relatively high sense of self-efficacy in working with LGBTQ students, with slightly lower self–efficacy in identifying biases in curricular materials and school contexts and in teaching LGBTQ content in their classrooms.
Efficient Address Translation for Architectures with Multiple Page Sizes

Processors and operating systems (OSes) support multiple memory page sizes. Superpages increase Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) hits, while small pages provide fine-grained memory protection. Ideally, TLBs should perform well for any distribution of page sizes. In reality, set-associative TLBs -- used frequently for their energy efficiency compared to fully-associative TLBs -- cannot (easily) support multiple page sizes concurrently. Instead, commercial systems typically implement separate set-associative TLBs for different page sizes. This means that when superpages are allocated aggressively, TLB misses may, counter intuitively, increase even if entries for small pages remain unused (and vice-versa). We invent MIX TLBs, energy-frugal set-associative structures that concurrently support all page sizes by exploiting superpage allocation patterns. MIX TLBs boost the performance (often by 10-30%) of big-memory applications on native CPUs, virtualized CPUs, and GPUs. MIX TLBs are simple and require no OS or program changes.
GaN-Based Sensors

Recent progress in the use of surface-functionalized GaN for sensing of gases, heavy metals, UV photons and biological molecules is reviewed. The use of such sensors for monitoring nerve cells is also explored. Additionally, we briefly review progress with InN-based chemical sensors. For the detection of gases such as hydrogen, the GaN is coated with a catalyst metal such as Pd or Pt to increase the detection sensitivity at room temperature. Functionalizing the surface with oxides, polymers, and nitrides is also useful in enhancing the detection sensitivity for gases and ionic solutions. The use of enzymes or adsorbed antibody layers on the semiconductor surface leads to highly specific detection of a broad range of antigens of interest in the medical and homeland security fields. We give examples of recent work showing sensitive detection of glucose, lactic acid, prostate cancer, and breast cancer markers. Nerve cell-GaN surface coupling allowed for the analysis of cell reactions to different neuroinhibitors. InN chemical sensors have also been shown to be viable for sensing anions, pH, and polarity.
Reappropriating Hackathons: The Production Work of the CHI4Good Day of Service

The popularity of hackathons has increased as technology pervades more facets of our lives. Originally designed for programmers, hackathons are now being appropriated by new stakeholders across diverse sectors. Yet with this evolution in hackathons, we no longer adequately understand what is produced and, thereby, the value of these events. We conducted an interview study with 22 stakeholders - participants, representatives of nonprofit organizations, and organizers - of the CHI4Good Day of Service to understand what is produced through philanthropic hackathons. Whereas traditional hackathons are oriented around the production of code or prototypes, our analysis of interview data suggests that the production work of philanthropic hackathons also includes technical capacity and expertise, expanded social networks, an exposure to design process, affective experiences, and an opportunity for participants to shape their identities against a cross-sectoral, interdisciplinary backdrop. We conclude by reflecting on implications for the CHI community in carrying out philanthropic events styled after hackathons.
Thinking Critically about Data Displays.

The quality of a data display can have an impact on the interpretation of those data. A survey of the literature indicates that data displays can vary in quality of accuracy, clarity, and efficacy....
Decentralized Adaptive Control of a Nuclear Reactor

Abstract The adaptive decentralized control of large scale systems (LSS) using local state feedback is investigated. The results are then applied to a liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor.
Black Women Students at Predominantly White Universities: Narratives of Identity Politics, Well-Being and Leadership Mobility

This narrative inquiry study uses personal experiences as a method of ethnographic research among Black women student leaders. The collegiate life stories of six African American women undergraduates experiencing gendernoir racial battle fatigue are described and analyzed. Combined are participant journaling, lived experiential interviews, and organizational observations within various organizational situations. Participants’ narratives are presented to understand the process of enacting leadership within varied organizational contexts while experiencing racial and gender-racialized aggressions. A three-dimensional narrative inquiry is utilized to restory field texts. In this instance, narrative inquiry is applied to demonstrate how participants respond to the effects of cumulative racial stressors in ways that positively influence their practice of leadership. Emergent themes were as follows: (a) buffered leadership and (b) holistic leadership. Participants spoke of avoiding gender-racialized aggression ...
Ferroelectric Polarization and Second Harmonic Generation in Supramolecular Cocrystals with Two Axes of Charge-Transfer

Ferroelectricity in organic materials remains a subject of great interest, given its potential impact as lightweight information storage media. Here we report supramolecular charge-transfer cocrystals formed by electron acceptor and donor molecules that exhibit ferroelectric behavior along two distinct crystallographic axes. The solid-state superstructure of the cocrystals reveals that a 2:1 ratio of acceptor to donor molecules assemble into nearly orthogonal mixed stacks in which the molecules are positioned for charge-transfer in face-to-face and edge-to-face orientations, held together by an extended hydrogen-bonding network. Polarization hysteresis was observed along the face-to-face and edge-to-face axes at room temperature. The noncentrosymmetric nature of the cocrystals, required to observe ferroelectric behavior, is demonstrated using second harmonic generation measurements. This finding suggests the possibility of designing supramolecular arrays in which organic molecules support multidimensional...
Book Review: The Mentor’s Guide: Facilitating Effective Learning Relationships:

Zachary, L. J. (2000). The Mentor's Guide: Facilitating Effective Learning Relationships (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 261 pp. ISBN 978-0-470-90772 (paperback) In our field of adult education practice, in which learning is discussed in its myriad meanings, Zachary's contribution with The Mentor's Guide adds richly to the discourse as she encourages us to question and reflect on our role as mentors. The book offers seasoned mentors an opportunity to reexamine values, concepts, and terms, prevalently portrayed in this broad field of what is called adult education these days. Newcomers can benefit from the suggestions and resources by exploring the ones presented through their respective lenses and assumptions. In her preface, Zachary claims this book to be a "guide and companion" complete with "strategies and techniques" that will help the reader "manage intentional mentoring relationships" (p. xv). The Mentor's Guide portrays a currently popular take on mentoring. A definite affinity to andragogical values is inherent in the concepts that undergird Zachary's definition and approach to mentoring. In Part 1 of the two-part guidebook, Zachary moves the reader through a larger picture introduction that addresses the context of mentoring and the function of mentoring in today's education and training settings for adults from her vantage point. In Part 2, she has us travel through phases of mentoring, which Zachary has peppered with definitions, vignettes that illustrate issues, and subsequent exercises. The vignettes and exercises give ample fodder for building on experiences and ideas through guided reflection on concepts, brainstorming on themes, and considerations of key points, summarized by Zachary with nicely organized charts and fill-in templates. Primarily framed within contemporary humanist and constructivist principles of adult education philosophy, Zachary distinguishes her particular take on mentoring as different from the "traditional model of wisdom" transmitted from "master" to "apprentice" (p. 1). Zachary defines mentoring as grounded in a mutual learning relationship. This orientation raises concerns and bears consideration. Given our many roles in the many teaching-learning settings with adults, the role of mentor is distinguished from that of teacher in its purpose, strategies, and methods. Although mutual benefit and learning can emerge from a mentor-mentee relationship, the key in mentoring is the identification of goals and expectations between the mentor and mentee to work toward a mutually developing relationship to meet those goals. It is often a particularly popular notion of self-directedness that gapes wide open and becomes a catchall about which many nod in agreement. However, thoughtful reconsideration of andragogical principles and the role of adult educator and of mentor ought to prevail. …
Hospitalist Case Study

(1999). Hospitalist Case Study. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 275-276.
Unfolding the Mysteries of Protein Metamorphosis.

Since the proposal of Anfinsen’s thermodynamic hypothesis in 1963, our understanding of protein folding and dynamics has gained significant appreciation of its nuance and complexity. Intrinsically disordered proteins, chameleonic sequences, morpheeins, and metamorphic proteins have broadened the protein folding paradigm. Here, we discuss noncanonical protein folding patterns, with an emphasis on metamorphic proteins, and we review known metamorphic proteins that occur naturally and that have been engineered in the laboratory. Finally, we discuss research areas surrounding metamorphic proteins that are primed for future exploration, including evolution, drug discovery, and the quest for previously unrecognized metamorphs. As we enter an age where we are capable of complex bioinformatic searches and de novo protein design, we are primed to search for previously unrecognized metamorphic proteins and to design our own metamorphs to act as targeted, switchable drugs; biosensors; and more.
Medical Error and Individual Accountability

Do some pernicious patient safety problems remain unresolved, even after systems changes, because health care professionals are not personally held accountable for their failure to meet standards?
The HJM Model: Its Past, Present, and Future, Keynote Address IAFE 1997 Conference

When I was I thinking about what to discuss in this address, my mind wandered across many topics. I first thought about discussing martingale probability measures and the topologies of asset pricing. I quickly discarded this topic for obvious reasons(and one not so obvious). The not so obvious one is that I was asked to avoid using any equations. I next thought about preaching on the evils of 'value at risk,' but learned that Steve Ross had talked about this in the past. One doesn't want to imitate a master. So, I rejected that topic. By then I was desperate. To illustrate how much so, I even thought about a banking topic=FE asset/liability management. I rejected this as well because after lunch, there is always the danger of putting everyone to sleep. Then, an inspiration hit. I remembered when I was a graduate student in the late 70s at MIT, how much I enjoyed listening to Bob Merton and Fischer Black talk about the historical development of the Black-Scholes formula. Who did what, and when? What were the stumbling blocks in the development, in particular, solving the Black-Scholes partial differential equation. To this day, I still like recounting those stories to my students. So, I thought I would share my insights and recollections on the development process of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton term structure model with you. In the process, I will take advantage of the historic progression to discuss the salient issues regarding its derivation and implementation. In addition, I will also discuss its extensions to foreign currency and credit derivatives. Finally, I will share my predictions with you on the future of research in this area, and on the future of the field of financial engineering itself.
Timed Refinement for Verification of Real-Time Object Code Programs

We introduce a refinement-based notion of correctness for verification of interrupt driven real-time object code programs, called timed refinement. The notion of timed refinement is targeted at verification of low-level object code against high-level specification models. For timed refinement, both the object code (implementation) and the specification are encoded as timed transition systems. Hence, timed refinement can be construed as a notion of equivalence between two timed transition systems that allows for stuttering between the implementation and specification, and also allows for the use of refinement maps. Stuttering is the phenomenon where multiple but finite transitions of the implementation can match a single transition of the specification. Refinement maps allow low-level implementations to be verified against high-level specification models. We also present a procedure for checking timed refinement. The proposed techniques are demonstrated with the verification of object code programs of six case studies from electric motor control applications.
Using technology to facilitate second language learning

This chapter discusses current issues in second language learning and also how state-of-the-art technologies are being used to assist second language learners. Five key pedagogical approaches that facilitate second language learning are presented, along with technologies used for second language learners that exemplify aspects of these approaches. Strengths of these technologies and their limitations are discussed. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for designing and implementing sustainable technologies for second language learning.
Development and Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Multiplex Assay for the Detection of Allergenic Peanut Using Chloroplast DNA Markers

Peanut is one of the most commonly consumed allergy-causing foods in the United States. Prevention of accidental consumption by allergic individuals is assisted by methods that effectively identify...
Macrocyclic Compounds from Ansamycin Antibiotic Class as Inhibitors of PD1–PDL1 Protein–Protein Interaction

The ability of tumors to escape from immune destruction is attributed to the protein-protein interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) proteins expressed by immune T cells and cancer cells, respectively. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of the PD1-PDL1 interaction presents an important therapeutic target against a variety of tumors expressing PDL1 on their cell surface. Recently, five antibodies have been approved and several are in clinical trials against the PD1-PDL1 protein-protein interaction target. In contrast, there are very few reports of small-molecule inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 interaction, and most of them have relatively modest or weak inhibition activities, emphasizing the difficulty in designing small-molecule inhibitors against this challenging target. Therefore, we focused our attention on macrocycles that are known to exhibit target activity comparable to large macromolecules despite having molecular weights closer to small, drug-like molecules. In this context, our present study led to the identification of several macrocyclic compounds from the ansamycin antibiotics class to be inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 interaction. Importantly, one of these macrocyclic antibiotics, Rifabutin, showed an IC50 value of ca. 25 µM. This is remarkable considering it has a relatively low molecular weight and still is capable of inhibiting PD1-PDL1 protein-protein interaction whose binding interface spans over ca. 1970 A2. Thus, these macrocycles may serve as guiding points for discovery and optimization of more potent, selective small-molecule inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 interaction, one of the most promising therapeutic targets against cancer.
A common framework for three micromechanics approaches to analyze elasto-plastic deformations of fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract Three micromechanics approaches (method of cells, Fourier series analysis, and transformation field analysis) are formulated so that the final expressions relating the local sub-cell strain to the homogenized macro-strain in a unit cell are similar, although the three techniques and assumptions made to deduce them are different. This allows for a direct comparison of the three methods, and, more importantly, enables one to use the same algorithm for solving equations after the strain concentration and the strain transformation matrices have been determined from the three methods. Elastic constants found from the three approaches compare well with each other, and with those experimentally found. The micromechanics approaches are embedded in a finite element scheme to study elasto-plastic deformations of fiber-reinforced composites. The three sets of the axial stress-axial strain curves are found to correlate well with each other, and with the experimental ones. We use these micromechanics approaches to determine strains in each sub-cell from the macro-strains (i.e., dehomogenize global strains into local strains), find stresses in each constituent or sub-cell, and then employ the micromechanics technique to find macro-stresses (i.e., homogenize stresses) and stiffnesses.
Impact of breast cancer treatments on cancer clinic resource utilization.

e18324Background: Understanding clinic-based resource utilization among breast cancer (BC) patients is critical for the development of bundled payment models, and redesigning efficient value based ...
Neural systems underlying reward cue processing in early adolescence: The role of puberty and pubertal hormones

Abstract Affective neuroscience research suggests that maturational changes in reward circuitry during adolescence present opportunities for new learning, but likely also contribute to increases in vulnerability for psychiatric disorders such as depression and substance abuse. Basic research in animal models and human neuroimaging has made progress in understanding the normal development of reward circuitry in adolescence, yet, few functional neuroimaging studies have examined puberty-related influences on the functioning of this circuitry. The goal of this study was to address this gap by examining the extent to which striatal activation and cortico-striatal functional connectivity to cues predicting upcoming rewards would be positively associated with pubertal status and levels of pubertal hormones (dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, estradiol). Participants included 79 adolescents (10–13 year olds; 47 girls) varying in pubertal status who performed a novel reward cue processing task during fMRI. Pubertal maturation was assessed using sex-specific standardized composite measures based on Tanner staging (self-report and clinical assessment) and scores from the Pubertal Development Scale. These composite measures were computed to index overall pubertal maturation as well as maturation of the adrenal and gonadal axes separately for boys and girls. Basal levels of circulating pubertal hormones were measured using immunoassays from three samples collected weekly upon awakening across a three-week period. Results indicated greater striatal activation and functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to reward cue (vs. no reward cue) on this task. Also, girls with higher levels of estradiol showed reduced activation in left and right caudate and greater NAcc-putamen connectivity. Girls with higher levels of testosterone showed greater NAcc connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula. There were no significant associations in boys. Findings suggest that patterns of activation and connectivity in cortico-striatal regions are associated with reward cue processing, particularly in girls. Longitudinal follow-up neuroimaging studies are needed to fully characterize puberty-specific effects on the development of these neural regions and how such changes may contribute to pathways of risk or resilience in adolescence.
Exploring Induced Pedagogical Strategies Through a Markov Decision Process Framework: Lessons Learned

An important goal in the design and development of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) is to have a system that adaptively reacts to students’ behavior in the short term and effectively improves their learning performance in the long term. Inducing effective pedagogical strategies that accomplish this goal is an essential challenge. To address this challenge, we explore three aspects of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework through four experiments. The three aspects are: 1) reward function, detecting the impact of immediate and delayed reward on effectiveness of the policies; 2) state representation, exploring ECR-based, correlation-based, and ensemble feature selection approaches for representing the MDP state space; and 3) policy execution, investigating the effectiveness of stochastic and deterministic policy executions on learning. The most important result of this work is that there exists an aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) effect in our experiments: the policies have significantly different impacts on the particular types of students as opposed to the entire population. We refer the students who are sensitive to the policies as the Responsive group. All our following results are based on the Responsive group. First, we find that an immediate reward can facilitate a more effective induced policy than a delayed reward. Second, The MDP policies induced based on low correlation-based and ensemble feature selection approaches are more effective than a Random yet reasonable policy. Third, no significant improvement was found using stochastic policy execution due to a ceiling effect.
Dementia with Lewy bodies presenting as frontotemporal dementia phenotype

We herein report two patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) presenting characteristic symptoms suggestive of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Patient 1 presented behavioural and personality changes from the onset, such as restlessness, compulsive behaviours, and stereotypical speech. A neuroimaging study showed preferential frontal involvement, and this patient fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for bvFTD. However, 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy revealed a markedly lowered uptake, suggesting the diagnosis of possible DLB. Patient 2 fulfilled the criteria for probable DLB, but later presented bvFTD-like symptoms similar to those in patient 1. These patients suggest that DLB can be a candidate for differential diagnosis of bvFTD in the clinical setting.
Improved Doppler Radar/Satellite Data Assimilation

Abstract : Our goal is to develop a short-term high-resolution data assimilation capability that can provide the Navy with improved analyses and forecasts of atmospheric conditions with sufficient detail and accuracy for supporting the Navy mission in threat detection, weapons development, and weather safe operations. The data assimilation system will utilize all available weather data, such as Doppler radar, in situ, and remotely sensed observations. The system will run efficiently and generate a detailed analysis of the atmosphere with sufficient accuracy to predict target area weather conditions. This information can then be fed back to weapon system operators to improve detection and strike capabilities.
Just Wastin’ Time

This chapter presents data on student engagement and time devoted to classroom instruction. The typical elementary school day is 6 hours and 24 minutes long. About five hours of this time is scheduled for academic instruction. Twenty percent of this scheduled instructional time is spent on non-instructional activities like classroom management, transitions, and periods where the students are waiting in line. In poorly managed classrooms, this non-instruction figure is as high as 45% of scheduled instructional time. The chapter continues by looking at data on student engagement in learning, that is, how much time students spend focusing on learning tasks. For the less engaged student, only about one hour and 15 minutes of a typical day is spent learning. The chapter concludes by noting that in addition to these frustrating challenges from time distractions, teachers spend another nine to 12 hours per week on out-of-classroom activities such as mentoring, coaching, tutoring, attending school functions, meeting with parents, preparing lesson plans, and grading homework. It is little wonder that 50% of all new public school teachers leave the profession within their first five years. They got into the field to teach and find they spend much of their time doing other things besides teaching.
Engineered “Zuluness”: Language, Education, and Ethnic Identity in South Africa, 1835–1990

In modern-day South Africa, both the state and the wider society assume that people whose mother tongue is Zulu are Zulus. How can we explain this close relationship between language and ethnic ide...
Influence of Soft Tissue Preservation in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A 16-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND Surgical technique in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been a topic of debate over the last 50 years. Evidence-based studies are needed to compare one technique to another. This study investigated the outcome of the direct superior approach in primary THA as measured by patient perception of pain and recovery over a 16-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a series of 3,357 consecutive patients who underwent primary THA by a single surgeon using the direct superior approach between 2001 and 2017. The surgical technique was modified twice during this 16-year period. The first modification (2007) consisted of piriformis tendon preservation. The second modification (2012) consisted of iliotibial band (ITB) preservation. These two modifications of the surgical technique created three different patient groups. A telephone interview regarding patient pain and recovery after each THA was conducted with 147 patients who had staged bilateral THA procedures wherein the surgical technique was modified between the first and second (contralateral) THA. RESULTS Results show the addition of ITB preservation to capsular repair, with or without piriformis preservation, greatly improves the patient's perception of pain and recovery, causing the majority of patients to prefer their ITB-preserving surgery over their ITB-sacrificing surgery. In addition, the dislocation rate over this 16-year period is 0.17%. CONCLUSION The direct superior approach to the hip results in excellent stability with a dislocation rate of 0.17%. The patient's perception of pain and recovery is dramatically improved with preservation of the iliotibial band.
Extremum seeking control of battery powered vapor compression systems for commercial vehicles

Abstract This paper investigates the real-time energy optimization of battery powered vapor compression systems (VCS) for commercial vehicles. Battery powered VCS are critical for maintaining passenger comfort in engine-off situations, such as for long-haul truck drivers who sleep inside their vehicle overnight. This paper proposes the use of extremum seeking control (ESC), a class of real-time, model-free optimization algorithms, to determine the combination of system inputs that minimizes VCS power consumption while meeting desired cooling requirements. We examine the implementation of three different ESC algorithms established in literature: perturbation-ESC (P-ESC), least squares-ESC (LS-ESC), and recursive least squares-ESC (RLS-ESC) on an experimental setup consisting of a battery powered VCS cooling a vehicle cabin. Experimental results demonstrate significant increases (up to 33%) in energy efficiency and battery life through algorithm use, with RLS-ESC being the most effective of the three.
Retrospective Descriptive Analysis of West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) in Northwest Louisiana.

Context. West Nile virus (WNV) has become endemic in many states in the United States in recent years. One in 150 individuals with West Nile virus infection develops the West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and can cause permanent and sometimes fatal neurological damage. Aims. The aim of the study was to describe the presentation characteristics and epidemiology of WNND in Louisiana to improve future recognition of cases and decrease inappropriate antibiotic use. Settings and Design. It was a retrospective descriptive-analytic cohort study. A total of 23 patients with WNND were identified at one tertiary care hospital center in Northwest Louisiana from a retrospective chart review from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2017. Results. The median age was 49 years (range: 15–75) for patients with WNND. Of 23 patients diagnosed with WNND, twelve (52%) were diagnosed with encephalitis (WNE), six (26%) were diagnosed with meningitis (WNM), and five (22%) with myelitis (WNME). The common symptoms with WNND were fever in 65%, altered mental status in 61%, headache in 52%, fatigue in 43%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 43%, rigors in 30%, imbalance in 26%, rash in 9%, and seizures in 26% of patients. Most patients presented in the late summer season. The average duration of antibiotics given was six days. The average number of days from the admission to the diagnosis of WNND was nine days (3 to 16 days). Twenty-one (91%) patients survived the infection. Conclusions. Identifying WNV infection early in its clinical course would help in decreasing inappropriate antibiotic use when patients presented with fever and meningeal symptoms. Performing WNV serology in CSF studies is critical in making the diagnosis.
Market Liquidity: Asset Pricing, Risk, and Crises

by Yakov Amihud, Haim Mendelson and Lasse Heje Pedersen, University Press, Cambridge (2013) ISBN 978-0-521-19176-0. © 2013, Cambridge University Press The work of Yakov Amihud, Haim Mendelson and L...
Holocaust Fact and Holocaust Fiction: The Dual Vision of H.G. Adler

H. G. Adler bears the singular honor of having been simultaneously a prominent Holocaust historian, novelist, and poet. His diligence and discipline as a writer were nothing short of phenomenal. Although he returned from his ordeal in Theresienstadt, Auschwitz and several labor camps physically and mentally exhausted and in despair at the loss of his wife and her mother to the Auschwitz gas chambers, he completed his massive study of the Theresienstadt labor and transit camp in 1948. In addition, his major works of fiction, Panorama and The Journey, were written in 1948 and 1950. Adler faced the same challenge that originally confronted many authors who were also survivors of the camp experience: how to find a language that might convey to their readers the unconveyable, a way of describing events to help them imagine what continues to be called unimaginable. The harsh resonance of poems he wrote while still in Theresienstadt manages to approach this goal. His son says of these poems that “they show the bodily torment of human beings condemned to extermination. Besides physical details the poems evoke an all-pervasive sense of fear and a tangible, suffocating feeling of anguish.” In one of them he introduces the idea of a “gestrige Zukunft,” a “yesterday future,” the notion that after the Holocaust conventional chronology cease to function. An “afterdeath” of the Holocaust stains memory and coexists with any future one chooses to pursue. Adler concentrates in a single turn of phrase the violation of se.quential time that remembrance of atrocity has added to the thesaurus of the literary imagination. In his Theresienstadt volume, in his poetry and in his fiction Adler developed styles that would compel his readers to “see differently” the subjects of his writing, creating unconventional pathways to our appreciation of the unfamiliar landscape of catastrophe we call the Holocaust.
Outcomes of an Equine Assisted Learning Curriculum to Support Well-Being of Medical Students and Residents.

Objectives of this study were to evaluate an equine assisted learning (EAL) curriculum designed for medical students and resident physicians, and to determine impacts of the curriculum on participant perceptions of burnout and well-being. The EAL curriculum incorporated evidence-based skills and concepts to increase happiness and/or resilience. A pre/post intervention design was used, with 18 EAL participants receiving the curriculum within their month-long community based primary care clerkship elective, and 10 control (CTL) participants who did not receive the curriculum within their clerkship elective. Three waves of surveys tested participant responses before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention. Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) screened for depression and anxiety, and Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI) addressed burnout. Analysis of covariance evaluated differences between EAL and CTL groups. EAL participants rated the curriculum highly (9.2 on a 10-point scale). The evaluations were overwhelmingly positive with participants able to identify key concepts that were most helpful, how they would apply those concepts to patient care and interactions with colleagues, and how the horses added value to their learning experience. Significant positive effects of EAL on burnout were identified in terms of improved MBI personal achievement scores, as well as a trend towards improved well-being scores. There was also a trend (P < .08) towards PHQ-4 depression scores to be lower in EAL group at T3. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide AU: quantitative evidence of positive outcomes associated with an EAL curriculum designed to strengthen well-being in medical students and resident physicians.
Does Variceal Drainage Affect Arteriovenous Malformation Obliteration and Hemorrhage Rates After Stereotactic Radiosurgery? A Case-Matched Analysis.

Background Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is widely accepted as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery in the management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Dilated AVM outflow veins or varices may be caused by high-flow or partial outflow obstruction, which may increase the risk of a hemorrhage before or after SRS. Objective To compare the obliteration and hemorrhage risks in patients with and without AVM varices (AVMv). Methods From our prospective database of 1012 AVM patients who underwent Gamma Knife® (Elekta) SRS, we identified 103 patients with AVMv, and 847 patients without varices. The median follow-up was 52 mo. Balancing variable score matching was performed to compare obliteration and hemorrhage rates between the 2 groups. Results Obliteration rates in the AVMv group were 38% at 3 yr, 65% at 4 yr, and 70% at 5 yr. Patients with an AVMv had no difference in the final obliteration rate compared to patients who did not have variceal drainage (P = .35). Actuarial hemorrhage after SRS in the matched patients with AVMv was 4.9%, 13%, and 13.7%, at 1, 3, and 5 yr, respectively. The rate of hemorrhage in the group with no varix was 2.9%, 5.4%, and 9.1% at 1, 3, and 5 yr, respectively (P = .14). Conclusion The presence of AVM variceal venous drainage did not affect the obliteration rate and did not confer a higher risk of a subsequent hemorrhage both before and after SRS.
Outlook and Summary Remarks

By completely writing this book, the concept, implication, and research framework of agricultural cybernetics (AC) have been created for ideological thought to solve problems in agricultural crop production and management. In this book the following aspects are explored and discussed with required methodological approaches:
Effective Communication About Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise

In the United States, people are deeply divided over the issue of climate change. Ideological and partisan divisions have been found to have a major influence on the way homebuyers evaluate flood risks to their homes and their neighborhoods. The survey reported in this book focused on the views of real estate agents, and their understanding of the way in which prospective homebuyers perceive flood risk related to sea-level rise. To put these responses into context, this chapter synthesizes some of the social science research about factors that affect risk perception, as well as the effectiveness of communication strategies that use salient, local and visual imagery.