cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Straightening Algorithm for Row-Convex Tableaux

Abstract We produce a new basis for the Schur and Weyl modules associated to a row-convex shape D. The basis is indexed by a new class of “straight” tableaux which we introduce by weakening the usual requirements for standard tableaux. Spanning is proved via a new straightening algorithm for expanding elements of the representation into this basis. For skew shapes, this algorithm specializes to the classical straightening law. The new straight basis is used to produce bases for flagged Schur and Weyl modules, to provide Groebner and SAGBI bases for the homogeneous coordinate rings of some configuration varieties, and to produce a flagged branching rule for row-convex representations. Systematic use of supersymmetric letterplace techniques enables the representation theoretic results to be applied to representations of the general linear Lie superalgebra as well as to the general linear group.
Sodium Percarbonate: A Mild Reagent for Conversion of Tosylhydrazones and Nitroalkanes to Carbonyl Compounds

Abstract Sodium percarbonate has been found to be a good reagent for oxidative regeneration of carbonyl compounds from tosyl hydrazones and nitroalkanes.
Home Equity, Household Savings and Consumption

The home-owning family’s equity is a piggybank that can be broken open by borrowing. Each borrowing increases liabilities and cash equally, initially leaving net wealth unchanged. When those funds are spent and cash balances fall, consumption increases even as net wealth can decline. In a dynamic optimization, the marginal propensity to consume from net wealth is not always positive and can be positively correlated with housing debt.
Patient Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Screening Among Older Women

OBJECTIVES: To identify patient factors that influence physicians' decisions to recommend screening mammograms for older women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey including clinical case vignettes. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of Massachusetts internists, obstetrician/gynecologists, family/general practice physicians, and geriatricians. OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of screening mammograms recommended for women in different versions of each case vignette. RESULTS: A total of 482 (65%) of the eligible participants responded to a mailed survey of questions about breast cancer screening practices, attitudes toward ACS guidelines, and four clinical vignettes. Vignettes tested the impact of patient's age, cognitive function, nursing home residence, functional limitations, and comorbidity on the physician's decision to recommend a mammogram. Ninety-four percent of physicians reported often performing periodic clinical breast exams and mammograms for women aged 65 to 74. For women aged 75 to 84, 89% of physicians reported often performing periodic clinical breast exams, and 79% recommend mammograms. Only 48% strongly agreed with ACS guidelines for annual mammography for women over 65. Age, dementia, and nursing home residence were patient factors associated with decreased mammogram use, but limited mobility and chronic medical problems were not. Physicians were more likely to recommend a mammogram for a woman aged 65 to 74 than for a woman 75 to 84. (P = .002) Physicians were more likely to recommend a mammogram for a woman without dementia than for a woman with mild dementia (P < .05) and for a woman living with her daughter than a for a woman living in a nursing home (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Age older than 75, mild dementia, and nursing home residence are factors that negatively influence physicians' decisions to recommend mammography. Presence of chronic medical problems and functional limitations do not. Physicians appear to be using implicit judgments about quality of life and age rather than life expectancy based on comorbidity to determine breast cancer screening practices.
Sorting with associative secondary storage devices

A method for sorting large files stored on disks which possess an associative search capability is described. This method, called the bucket sort algorithm, uses a sort domain histogram to exploit the associative search capability. We discuss how to establish the sort domain histogram and analyze the performance of the bucket sort algorithm. Compared to the standard merge sort algorithm, this algorithm requires at most the processing time necessary for the initial run generation and the first pass of the merge operation. It also uses no disk storage space to store temporary results. The histogram creation process is analogous to Edelberg and Schissler's gyro sort algorithm which uses special hardware to rearrange data stored in electronic memory loops. The histogram creation process is more efficient than the gyro sort algorithm when each memory loop stores a large number of records and the distribution of sort domain values is not highly irregular.
Aggregate fluctuations, financial constraints and risk sharing*

Private information and costly state verification often result in credit rationing in models with smooth investment, affecting both loan size and total investment. The optimal contract is derived in a dynamic stochastic growth model with capital for two types of models: one with symmetric information and the other with asymmetric information and costly state verification. When all information is observed costlessly, the equilibrium optimal contract provides complete insurance to risk-averse savers against aggregate fluctuations. When information is asymmetric and there is costly state verification, the equilibrium optimal contract provides only partial insurance against aggregate shocks. The extent of insurance is measured by the marginal rate of transformation of consumption between borrowers and lenders which is closely linked to the user cost of capital. The deadweight monitoring costs create a wedge between a borrower's cost of capital and a lender's stochastic discount factor, with two results: (i) fluctuations in the user cost of capital provides a mechanism by which aggregate shocks can be␣propagated; (ii) the distribution of capital's share of output among borrowers, lenders, and monitoring costs varies even if capital's share is constant. Capital market frictions not only amplify aggregate fluctuations but also generate cross-sectional fluctuations that may not be observable in aggregate data.
A surprising dipolar cycloaddition provides ready access to aminoglycosides.

This contribution describes the results of a new research effort in our laboratory aimed at the synthesis of novel aminoglycosides and amino-C-glycosides. Despite the importance of such compounds, and the previous development of some methodological solutions, this remains an important area of research. Notable features of our approach, which is distinct from and complementary to previous efforts, are the following: (1) Reliance on a surprising and unprecedented formation of glycal triazolines via an inverse electron demand dipolar cycloaddition of glucal. We believe this desirable transformation has not previously been discovered because of the unusual selection of substrates and solvent required. (2) Very mild reaction conditions. An initial thermal cycloaddition is carried out in an inert solvent, the triazoline generated is photochemically converted to a reactive aziridine, and the crude aziridine undergoes ring opening at room temperature in the presence of a nucleophile and a mild Lewis acid catalys...
The CS Language Concept: A New Approach to Robot Motion Design

Current robot control techniques are primarily concerned with position control and, recently, with force control, where a motion planner is used primarily to compute set point changes. The actual control system is fixed and internal and cannot be modified easily through software. Current robot languages are also limited in their ability to specify changes to the control structure. For compliant motion, such as as sembly, more flexibility is needed in the control system, that is, an ability to tailor the controller to the task. This paper develops a high-level control system (CS) language that allows one to specify compliant control tasks as vector equa tions and inequalities that relate sensed and controlled vari ables such asf·v = 0 andfXv=0 . We show how such requirements can be reformulated as an objective function of an optimization process subject to constraints arising from the dynamic equations involved. Specifically for the two examples above, we show how such requirements can be re formulated as ...
Nonthermal Electrons in Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow Models of Sagittarius A

We investigate radiatively inefficient accretion flow models for Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole in our Galactic center, in light of new observational constraints. Confirmation of linear polarization in the submillimeter emission argues for accretion rates much less than the canonical Bondi rate. We consider models with low accretion rates and calculate the spectra produced by a hybrid electron population consisting of both thermal and nonthermal particles. The thermal electrons produce the submillimeter emission and can account for its linear polarization properties. As noted in previous work, the observed low-frequency radio spectrum can be explained if a small fraction (≈1.5%) of the electron thermal energy resides in a soft power-law tail. In the innermost region of the accretion flow, turbulence and/or magnetic reconnection events may occasionally accelerate a fraction of the electrons into a harder power-law tail. We show that the synchrotron emission from these electrons, or the Compton upscattering of synchrotron photons by the same electrons, may account for the X-ray flares observed by Chandra.
Imaging heterochromatin in human embryonic stem cells with light-sheet Bayesian microscopy

We present a novel super-resolution microscope for the study of chromatin architecture. In eukaryotic cells, chromatin is organized into two distinct domains: lightly packed, and actively transcribed euchromatin, and highly condensed, and transcriptionally silent heterochromatin. While being transcriptionally repressive, heterochromatin is known to serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins, and therefore, plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression [1]. However, despite its importance, the architecture of heterochromatin remains elusive, due to the lacking of powerful tools. Single-molecule super-resolution microscopy [2,3], invented by Betzig [4], Hess [5], and Zhuang [6], improves the spatial resolution of light microscopy by over an order of magnitude to ~20-30 nm, and therefore offers a new approach to examine the 3D architecture of chromatin. However, its fundamental requirement of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fluorescence signal to detect single fluorophore has limited its applications mainly to the study of the cytoskeleton and membrane proteins that reside near the surface of a cell [7-9]. To image beyond the surface of a cell where chromatin resides, we develop a Light-Sheet Bayesian Super-resolution Microscope (LSB-SRM). This microscope is a marriage between two recently developed techniques: light-sheet single molecule super-resolution microscopy and Bayesian super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm. The light-sheet condenser selective illuminates the nucleus of a cell, suppresses the fluorescence background from fluorophore in unwanted layer of the cell, and therefore increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the single-molecule detection. The Bayesian algorithm can efficiently resolve single molecules in images with noisy background. A combination of the two allows us to directly visualize heterochromatic structures in the nucleus of human embryonic stem cells at super-resolution. Our study shows that the heterochromatin organize into nanometer scale domain structures in H1, human embryonic stem cells, which is consistent with the topological domain theory derived from recent sequencing experiments [10,11].
Phase spaces for asymptotically de Sitter cosmologies

We construct two types of phase spaces for asymptotically de Sitter Einstein–Hilbert gravity in each spacetime dimension d ⩾ 3. One type contains solutions asymptotic to the expanding spatially-flat (k = 0) cosmological patch of de Sitter space while the other is asymptotic to the expanding hyperbolic (k = −1) patch. Each phase space has a non-trivial asymptotic symmetry group (ASG) which includes the isometry group of the corresponding de Sitter patch. For d = 3 and k = −1 our ASG also contains additional generators and leads to a Virasoro algebra with vanishing central charge. Furthermore, we identify an interesting algebra (even larger than the ASG) containing two Virasoro algebras related by a reality condition and having imaginary central charges . Our charges agree with those obtained previously using dS/CFT methods for the same asymptotic Killing fields showing that (at least some of) the dS/CFT charges act on a well-defined phase space. Along the way we show that, despite the lack of local degrees of freedom, the d = 3, k = −1 phase space is non-trivial even in pure Λ > 0 Einstein–Hilbert gravity due to the existence of a family of ‘wormhole’ solutions labeled by their angular momentum, a mass-like parameter θ0, the topology of future infinity (I+), and perhaps additional internal moduli. These solutions are Λ > 0 analogues of BTZ black holes and exhibit a corresponding mass gap relative to empty de Sitter.
Electric dipole moments in gauge mediated models and a solution to the SUSY CP problem

Abstract The SUSY CP problem in the framework of gauge mediated SUSY breaking model is considered. We first discuss the electric dipole moments of the electron and neutron, which are likely to be larger than the experimental upper bound if all the phases in the Lagrangian are O(1). We derive a constraint on the phases in the so-called μ- and Bμ-parameters and gaugino masses. Then, we discuss a model in which the CP violating phase can be adequately suppressed. If the μ- and Bμ-parameters originate from the same superpotential interaction as the SUSY breaking field, the CP violating phase vanishes. However, in this class of models, the ratio Bμ/μ becomes too large, and we discuss a possible scenario to fix this problem.
Star clusters as Type Ia supernova factories

We find a remarkably enhanced production rate in star clusters (relative to the field) of very short-period, massive double white dwarf stars and of giant-white dwarf binaries. These results are based on N-body simulations performed with the new GRAPE-6 special purpose hardware and are important in identifying and characterizing the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. The high incidence of very close double white dwarf systems is the result of dynamical encounters between (mostly) primordial binaries and other cluster stars. Orbital hardening rapidly drives these degenerate binaries to periods under ~10 hr. Gravitational radiation emission and mergers producing supra-Chandrasekhar objects follow in less than a Hubble time. If most stars are born in clusters, then estimates of the double white dwarf merger rates in galaxies (due to cluster dynamical interaction) must be increased more than 10-fold. A majority of the Roche lobe overflow giant white dwarf binaries are not primordial; they are produced in exchange reactions. Most cases result in a common envelope and formation of a double white dwarf binary rather than supersoft X-ray sources leading possibly to a Type Ia supernova.
A QUASI-EXACTLY SOLVABLE N-BODY PROBLEM WITH THE sl(N+1) ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE

Starting from a one-particle quasi-exactly solvable system, which is characterized by an intrinsic sl(2) algebraic structure and the energy-reflection symmetry, we construct a daughter N-body Hamiltonian presenting a deformation of the Calogero model. The features of this Hamiltonian are (i) it reduces to a quadratic combination of the generators of sl(N+1); (ii) the interaction potential contains two-body terms and interaction with the force center at the origin; (iii) for quantized values of a certain cohomology parameter n it is quasi-exactly solvable, the multiplicity of states in the algebraic sector is (N+n)!/(N!n!); (iv) the energy-reflection symmetry of the parent system is preserved.
Technology and the pursuit of economic growth

Technology's contribution to economic growth and competitiveness has been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. This book demonstrates the importance of a historical perspective in understanding the role of technological innovation in the economy. The authors examine key episodes and institutions in the development of the U.S. research system and in the development of the research systems of other industrial economies. They argue that the large potential contributions of economics to the understanding of technology and economic growth have been constrained by the narrow theoretical framework employed within neoclassical economies. A richer framework, they believe, will support a more fruitful dialogue among economists, policymakers, and managers on the organization of public and private institutions for innovation. David Mowery is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at the School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley. Nathan S. Rosenberg is Fairleigh Dickinson Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He is the author of Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (CUP, 1983).
Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other: comments on the split decomposition

Let K denote a field and let V denote a vector space over K with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A : V → V and A*: V → V that satisfy both conditions below: (i) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing A* is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A* is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing A is diagonal. We call such a pair a Leonard pair on V. Referring to the above Leonard pair, it is known there exists a decomposition of V into a direct sum of one-dimensional subspaces, on which A acts in a lower bidiagonal fashion and A* acts in an upper bidiagonal fashion. This is called the split decomposition. In this paper, we give two characterizations of a Leonard pair that involve the split decomposition.
Gamma rays from grazing incidence cosmic rays in the earth's atmosphere

Interactions of grazing incidence, ultra high-energy cosmic rays with the earth's atmosphere may provide a new method of studying energetic cosmic rays with gamma-ray satellites. It is found that these cosmic ray interactions may produce gamma-rays on millisecond timescales which may be detectable by satellites. An extremely low gamma-ray background for transient gamma-ray events and a large area of interaction, the earth's surface, make the scheme plausible. The effective cross section of detection of interactions for cosmic rays above 10(exp 20) eV is found to be more than two orders of magnitude higher than Earth-based detection techniques. This method may eventually offer an efficient way of probing this region of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum where events are scarce. In this paper, a conceptual model is presented for the production of short bursts of gamma-rays based on these grazing incidence encounters with the Earth's atmosphere.
Income Inequality and the Informal Economy in Transition Economies

Abstract For transition economies, income inequality is positively correlated with the share of output produced in the informal economy. Increases in income inequality also tend to be correlated with increases in the share of output produced in the unofficial economy. These hypotheses are supported significantly by empirical data for 16 transition economies between 1987 to 1989 and 1993 to 1994. Various causal mechanisms may operate in both directions, an increasingly large informal economy causing more inequality due to falling tax revenues and weakened social safety nets, and increasing inequality causing more informal activity as social solidarity and trust decline. J. Comp. Econom., March 2000, 28(1), pp. 156–171. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807.
Adaptive vergence for the stereo matching of oblique imagery

Abstract The use of oblique imagery for the extraction of man-made features, such as buildings for cartographic applications, introduces several problems to the process of stereo matching that are not present when traditional near-nadir imagery is used. When oblique imagery is brought into a collinear epipolar alignment, the ground-plane is usually not perpendicular to the camera axis, a simplifying assumption made with most near-nadir imagery. The obliquity of the ground-plane causes the greatest problem for stereo matchers. To accomodate the larger range of disparity, the stereo process must either increase its search window, or utilize an adaptive vergence mechanism to control the search window on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Increasing the search window increases both the search time and the chance for aliasing to occur. We show that adding an adaptive vergence mechanism to an existing stereo system provides a substantial improvement in its ability to process oblique imagery.
A closed, expanding universe in string theory

Abstract We present a conformal field theory - obtained from a gauged WZW model - that describes a closed, inhomogeneous expanding and recollapsing universe in 3 + 1 dimensions. A possible violation of cosmic censorship is avoided because the universe recollapses just when a naked singularity was about to form. The model has been chosen to have c = 4 (or c = 4 in the supersymmetric case), just like four dimensional Minkowski space.
On the Calculation of Random Walk Properties from Lattice Bond Enumeration

Abstract We examine the range of validity of previously developed lattice bond enumeration methods for the calculation of asymptotic properties of random walks on inhomogeneous periodic lattices.
EchoWear: smartwatch technology for voice and speech treatments of patients with Parkinson's disease

About 90 percent of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience decreased functional communication due to the presence of voice and speech disorders associated with dysarthria that can be characterized by monotony of pitch (or fundamental frequency), reduced loudness, irregular rate of speech, imprecise consonants, and changes in voice quality. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with patients with PD to improve speech intelligibility using various intensive in-clinic speech treatments. SLPs also prescribe home exercises to enhance generalization of speech strategies outside of the treatment room. Even though speech therapies are found to be highly effective in improving vocal loudness and speech quality, patients with PD find it difficult to follow the prescribed exercise regimes outside the clinic and to continue exercises once the treatment is completed. SLPs need techniques to monitor compliance and accuracy of their patients' exercises at home and in ecologically valid communication situations. We have designed EchoWear, a smartwatch-based system, to remotely monitor speech and voice exercises as prescribed by SLPs. We conducted a study of 6 individuals; three with PD and three healthy controls. To assess the performance of EchoWear technology compared with high-quality audio equipment obtained in a speech laboratory. Our preliminary analysis shows promising outcomes for using EchoWear in speech therapies for people with PD.
Effect of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on Charpy Test Results from Miniaturized Steel Specimens

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained through electrical discharges between an electrode and a workpiece, which are separated by a dielectric fluid. EDM produces a recast layer on the surface of the workpiece, which in carbon steels is typically harder and more brittle than the base metal, and is often characterized by microcracks. This type of damage, particularly in the notch region of a steel specimen, can adversely affect impact test results. The objective of this investigation is to assess the possible influence of EDM on miniaturized Charpy test results. We tested Kleinstprobe (KLST)-type Charpy specimens of two reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, machined with different combinations of two machining processes (EDM and milling). Comparison of the impact results, combined with metallographic observations and microhardness measurements on the recast layers and the base metals, indicated no detrimental effect of EDM on the impact toughness of the materials investigated. The maximum thickness of the recast layer was about 16 μm, and the magnitude of the EDM-induced hardening varied between 34 % and 84 % with respect to the hardness of the base material, depending on the carbon content of the steel. No microcracks were observed.
Collider phenomenology of Higgs bosons in Left-Right symmetric Randall-Sundrum models

We study the corrections to Higgs physics in a model of a single warped extra dimension with all fields except the Higgs in the bulk, and a gauge symmetry extended to SU(2){sub L} x SU(2){sub R} x U(1){sub B-L}. We find that generically the Higgs coupling to electroweak gauge boson pairs is suppressed, the coupling to gluons is enhanced, and the coupling to photons is often suppressed, but can be enhanced.
NILCOXETER ALGEBRAS CATEGORIFY THE WEYL ALGEBRA

In this paper we present an example of elaborate categorical structures hidden in very simple algebraic objects. We look at the algebra of polynomial differential operators in one variable x, also ...
A Double-Mode RR Lyrae Star with a Strong Fundamental-Mode Component

NSVS 5222076, a 13th magnitude star in the Northern Sky Variability Survey, was identified by L. Oaster as a possible new double-mode RR Lyrae star. We confirm the double-mode nature of NSVS 5222076, supplementing the survey data with new V-band photometry. NSVS 5222076 has a fundamental-mode period (P0) of 0.4940 days and a first-overtone period (P1) of about 0.3668 days, giving a period ratio of P1/P0 =0.743. In most double-mode RR Lyrae stars, the amplitude of the first-overtone mode's pulsation is greater than that of the fundamental-mode pulsation. That is not true for this star. Its fundamental-mode light curve has an amplitude twice as large as that of the first-overtone mode, a ratio very rarely seen even among the double-mode RR Lyrae stars that have relatively strong fundamental-mode pulsation. Data from the literature are used to discuss the location in the Petersen diagram of double-mode RR Lyrae stars having strong fundamental-mode pulsation. Such stars tend to occur toward the short-period end of the Petersen diagram, and NSVS 5222076 is no exception to this rule.
Challenges for policy makers and organizational leaders: addressing trends in mental health inequalities.

We typically think of acutely and chronically mentally ill patients as those who belong in psychiatric hospitals and the latter category of patients belonging in “regular” hospitals, but the intersection of physical and mental illness draws attention to important challenges for policy makers and organizational leaders. This article illuminates some broad trends in the health status of people with mental illnesses, canvasses important features of inequalities suffered by people with mental illnesses, and suggests strategies for systemic reform. Most reform recommendations I offer are in the area of healthcare organization leadership and management. Other key reforms will likely be legislative, regulatory, and insurance-related. Social and cultural reforms in organizational practices and structures will also be critical.
A construction of two distinct canonical sets of lifts of Brauer characters of a p-solvable group

In [5], Navarro defines the set $$\hbox{Irr}(G|Q,\delta)\subseteqq \hbox{Irr}(G)$$ , where Q is a p-subgroup of a p-solvable group G, and shows that if δ is the trivial character of Q, then Irr(G|Q, δ) provides a set of canonical lifts of IBr p (G), the irreducible Brauer characters with vertex Q. Previously, in [2], Isaacs defined a canonical set of lifts Bπ(G) of Iπ(G). Both of these results extend the Fong-Swan Theorem to π-separable groups, and both construct canonical sets of lifts of the generalized Brauer characters. It is known that in the case that 2∈π, or if |G| is odd, we have Bπ(G) = Irr(G|Q, 1 Q ). In this note we give a counterexample to show that this is not the case when $$2\notin \pi$$ . It is known that if $$N\triangleleft G$$ and χ∈Bπ(G), then the constituents of χ N are in Bπ (N). However, we use the same counterexample to show that if $$N\triangleleft G$$ , and χ∈Irr(G|Q, 1 Q ) is such that θ ∈Irr(N) and [θ, χ N ] ≠ 0, then it is not necessarily the case that θ ∈Irr(N) inherits this property.
Currency crises and dynamics of real wages

How do currency crises impact real wages? Nominal wage rigidity leads to a large and temporary decline in real wages. Also, labor productivity tends to decline during crisis leading to a similar decline in real wages. Finally, currency crises can reduce the bargaining power of labor resulting in lower real wages. Using a panel of 86 countries during 1970–2010, the author examines the dynamics of real wages and labor productivity following a large depreciation of the nominal exchange rate in the short, medium, and long run in order to determine the relative importance of each of these factors. The results indicate that in a sample of countries with median exchange rate depreciation of 56 % during crises, real wage per employee on average declines between 20 and 25 % just a year after a currency crisis. Ten years following a currency shock, real wages are still 10–20 % below the pre-crisis level. Labor productivity also declines. But, the decline in real wages is larger and more persistent. The long-lasting nature of the decline in real wages implies that factors beyond nominal wage rigidities are at work. The weak link between real wages and labor productivity during currency crises provides some suggestive evidence in favor of the ‘bargaining power’ hypothesis. The results are robust to different definitions of currency crises and estimation methods.
Analysis of wear debris from full-scale bearing fatigue tests using the ferrograph

The Ferrograph was used to determine the types and quantities of wear particles generated during full-scale bearing fatigue test. Deep-groove ball bearings made from AISI 52100 steel were used. A MIL-L-23699 tetraester lubricant was used in a Recirculating lubrication system containing a 49-μm absolute filter. Test conditions included a maximum Hertz stress of 2.4 GPa, a shaft speed of 15 000 rpm and a lubricant supply temperature of 74°C (165°F). four fatigue failures were detected by accelerometers in this test set. In general, the Ferrograph was more sensitive (up to 23 h) in detecting spall initiation than either accelerometers or the normal spectrographic oil analysis (SOAP). Four particle types were observed: normal rubbing wear particles, spheres, nonferrous particles, and severe wear (spall) fragments. Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting in Anaheim, California, May 5–8, 1980
Clinical risk score correlates with yield of PET scan in patients with colorectal hepatic metastases

Although positron emission tomography (PET) detects occult metastatic disease in approximately 20% of patients with isolated hepatic colorectal metastases, it is associated with false negative results in up to 16%. We hypothesized that patients with a poorer prognosis (as defined by clinical risk score [CRS]) would have a higher yield from PET. All patients with colorectal liver metastases who were imaged by means of PET between 1998 and 2002 were identified from a prospective PET database. All patients were assigned a CRS, with one point added for each of five preoperative factors (disease-free interval 5 cm, tumor number >1, carcinoembryonic antigen >200, and node-positive primary lesion). A total of 85 PET scans were reviewed. In half the patients (53%), PET provided no additional information over conventional imaging. Occult extrahepatic disease was detected or questionable findings seen on conventional imaging were confirmed in 20% of PET scans, whereas PET readings were inaccurate in 27%. PET findings were correlated with CRS in a subset of 63 patients presenting with a first occurrence of hepatic colorectal metastases. Among patients with a CRS of 0, no patient had extrahepatic disease detected by PET and 57% had false positive readings, whereas among patients with a CRS of 1 or more, 14% were found to have additional disease that was detected only by PET, and there were no false positive readings (P<0.001, Fisher's exact test). Patients with isolated hepatic colorectal metastases and a CRS of 0 should undergo conventional imaging alone prior to surgical exploration.
The Platinum-Catalyzed Oxidation of 2-Propanol

Abstract The platinum-catalyzed oxidation of 2-propanol was run over a series of single-turnover (STO) characterized Pt/CPG (Controlled Pore Glass) catalysts. Comparison of reaction rates with STO site densities showed that the oxidation was taking place on the more coordinatively unsaturated corner atoms on the catalysts. Specific site TOFs were found to be 5.5, 7.9, and 5.0 moles 0 2 uptake/mole of site/mm for the 3 M I , 3 M R , and 3 MH sites, respectively. Initial rate data were obtained for reactions run at several 2-propanol concentrations at three separate oxygen pressures. These data were analyzed using the double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burke method commonly employed in enzyme kinetic determinations. The data obtained showed that oxygen was adsorbed about 200 times more strongly than 2-propanol in these reactions. A maximum rate value of 18 moles of O 2 consumed/mole of active site/min was calculated. This value represents the maximum rate for the reaction when it is run under zero-order conditions for both reactants without diffusion limitations. The present data were obtained, however, under first order reaction conditions. Given the difference in reaction conditions, the experimentally determined TOF of 6 min −1 is not an unreasonable value.
Effect of Resonant Microwave Power on a PIG Ion Source

We have investigated the effect of applying microwave power at the electron cyclotron frequency on the characteristics of the ion beam extracted from a hotcathode PIG ion source. No change was seen in the ion charge state distribution. A small but significant reduction in the beam noise level was seen, and it is possible that the technique may find application in situations where beam quiescence is important.
Criteria for a standard command language based on data abstraction

A solution is offered to some fundamental problems that have thwarted previous efforts to develop a standard command language. The technical approach is based on the form of modularity provided by data abstraction, and this is introduced from the point of view of the end user, together with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages that might be perceived at this level. This leads to the statement of a simple but stringent set of criteria for the inclusion of functional capabilities in a standard command language and the testing of various candidates against them. Some candidates are accepted and others rejected, resulting in an initial proposal for the scope of a standard command language that is small and simple enough to have a hope of success.
On the relationship between strand spaces and multi-agent systems

Strand spaces are a popular framework for the analysis of security protocols. Strand spaces have some similarities to a formalism used successfully to model protocols for distributed systems, namely multi-agent systems. We explore the exact relationship between these two frameworks here. It turns out that a key difference is the handling of agents, which are unspecified in strand spaces and explicit in multi-agent systems. We provide a family of translations from strand spaces to multi-agent systems parameterized by the choice of agents in the strand space. We also show that not every multi-agent system of interest can be expressed as a strand space. This reveals a lack of expressiveness in the strand-space framework that can be characterized by our translation. To highlight this lack of expressiveness, we show one simple way in which strand spaces can be extended to model more systems.
Decomposition in Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass

Abstract A statistical analysis of the solute distribution in amorphous Pd 40 Ni 40 P 20 has been performed with atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM). Atom probe results indicate that chemical short range ordering is present in the as-cast alloy. Phase separation at the nanometer level is observed in glassy samples after annealing above the glass-transition temperature. Crystallization proceeds by phase separation into three distinct crystalline phases.
R&D‐induced Growth in the OECD?

The study uses aggregate and manufacturing sector data for a group of ten OECD countries for the period 1971 to 1995 to estimate a system of two equations implied by a model of R&D-induced growth in steady state. These equations relate R&D intensity to productivity growth and the latter to output growth. The author finds evidence of a positive impact of aggregate R&D intensity on the growth rates of productivity and output. The null hypothesis that growth is not induced by R&D is rejected in favor of the Schumpeterian endogenous growth framework without scale effects. The R&D impact for the aggregate economy is distinctly larger than for the manufacturing sector. Finally, an extension of the empirical model shows that openness has a positive impact on productivity growth.
Convenient Route to Secondary Sulfinates: Application to the Stereospecific Synthesis of α-C-Chiral Sulfonamides

A convenient synthesis of α-chiral sulfinates from readily available precursors has been accomplished via the corresponding heterocyclic thioethers and sulfones. Treatment of the sulfinates with hydroxylamine sulfonate in aqueous solution provides α-C-chiral primary sulfonamides in good yield (14 examples) with retention of stereochemical purity.
Modeling the Structure and Dynamics of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Dark Matter and Tides

We report the results of N-body simulations of disrupting satellites aimed at exploring whether the observed features of dSphs can be accounted for with simple, mass-follows-light (MFL) models including tidal disruption. As a test case, we focus on the Carina dwarf spheroidal (dSph), which presently is the dSph system with the most extensive data at large radius. We find that previous N-body, MFL simulations of dSphs did not sufficiently explore the parameter space of satellite mass, density, and orbital shape to find adequate matches to Galactic dSph systems, whereas with a systematic survey of parameter space we are able to find tidally disrupting, MFL satellite models that rather faithfully reproduce Carina's velocity profile, velocity dispersion profile, and projected density distribution over its entire sampled radius. The successful MFL model satellites have very eccentric orbits, currently favored by CDM models, and central velocity dispersions that still yield an accurate representation of the bound mass and observed central M/L ~ 40 of Carina, despite inflation of the velocity dispersion outside the dSph core by unbound debris. Our survey of parameter space also allows us to address a number of commonly held misperceptions of tidal disruption and its observable effects on dSph structure and dynamics. The simulations suggest that even modest tidal disruption can have a profound effect on the observed dynamics of dSph stars at large radii. Satellites that are well described by tidally disrupting MFL models could still be fully compatible with ΛCDM if, for example, they represent a later stage in the evolution of luminous subhalos.
Compensation of Gravity Induced Heliostat Deflections for Improved Optical Performance

Heliostat optical performance can be affected by both wind- and gravity-induced deflections in the mirror support structure. These effects can result in decreased energy collection efficiency, depending on the magnitude of structural deflections, heliostat orientation and field position, and sun position. This paper presents a coupled modeling approach to evaluate the effects of gravity loading on heliostat optical performance, considering two heliostat designs: The National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) heliostat and the Advanced Thermal Systems (ATS) heliostat. Deflections under gravitational loading were determined using finite element analysis (FEA) in ANSYS Mechanical, and the resulting deformed heliostat geometries were analyzed using Breault APEX optical engineering software to evaluate changes in beam size and shape. Optical results were compared against images of actual beams produced by each respective heliostat, measured using the Beam Characterization System (BCS) at Sandia National Laboratories. Simulated structural deflections in both heliostats were found to have visible impacts on beam shape, with small but quantifiable changes in beam power distribution. In this paper, the combined FEA and optical analysis method is described and validated, as well as a method for modeling heliostats subjected to gravitational deflection but canted in-field, for which mirror positions may not be known rigorously. Furthermore, a modified, generalized construction method is proposed and analyzed for the ATS heliostat, which was found to give consistent improvements in beam shape and up to a 4.1% increase in Annual Incident Power Weighted Intercept (AIPWI).Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Highly efficient enantiospecific synthesis of imidazoline-containing amino acids using bis(triphenyl)oxodiphosphonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.

A highly efficient enantiospecific synthesis of imidazoline-based amino acids is reported from dipeptides composed of a C-terminal β-amino-α-amino acid residue using bis(triphenyl) oxodiphosphonium trifluoromethanesulfonate. These imidazolines were easily converted to imidazoles and incorporated into macrolactam analogues of bistratamide H without loss of stereochemical integrity.
A hybrid classification scheme for mining multisource geospatial data

Supervised learning methods such as Maximum Likelihood (ML) are often used in land cover (thematic) classification of remote sensing imagery. ML classifier relies exclusively on spectral characteristics of thematic classes whose statistical distributions (class conditional probability densities) are often overlapping. The spectral response distributions of thematic classes are dependent on many factors including elevation, soil types, and ecological zones. A second problem with statistical classifiers is the requirement of the large number of accurate training samples (10 to 30 × |dimensions|), which are often costly and time consuming to acquire over large geographic regions. With the increasing availability of geospatial databases, it is possible to exploit the knowledge derived from these ancillary datasets to improve classification accuracies even when the class distributions are highly overlapping. Likewise newer semi-supervised techniques can be adopted to improve the parameter estimates of the statistical model by utilizing a large number of easily available unlabeled training samples. Unfortunately, there is no convenient multivariate statistical model that can be employed for multisource geospatial databases. In this paper we present a hybrid semi-supervised learning algorithm that effectively exploits freely available unlabeled training samples from multispectral remote sensing images and also incorporates ancillary geospatial databases. We have conducted several experiments on Landsat satellite image datasets, and our new hybrid approach shows over 24% to 36% improvement in overall classification accuracy over conventional classification schemes.
Development of Automated Detection of Radiology Reports Citing Adrenal Findings

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of automated detection of adrenal nodules, a common finding on CT, using a newly developed search engine that mines dictated radiology reports. To ensure Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, we utilized a preexisting de-identified database of 32,974 CT reports from February 1, 2009 to February 28, 2010. Common adrenal descriptors from 29 staff radiologists were used to develop an automated rule-based algorithm targeting adrenal findings. Each sentence within the free text of reports was searched with an adapted NegEx negation algorithm. The algorithm was refined using a 2-week test period of reports and subsequently validated using a 6-week period. Manual review of the 3,693 CT reports in the validation period identified 222 positive reports while the algorithm detected 238 positive reports. The algorithm identified one true positive report missed on manual review for a total of 223 true positive reports. This resulted in a precision of 91% (217 of 238) and a recall of 97% (217 of 223). The sensitivity of the query was 97.3% (95% confidence interval (CI), 93.9–98.9%), and the specificity was 99.3% (95% CI, 99.1–99.6%). The positive predictive value of the algorithm was 91.0% (95% CI, 86.6–94.3%), and the negative predictive value was 99.8% (95% CI, 99.6–99.9%). The prevalence of true positive adrenal findings identified by the query (7.1%) was nearly identical to the true prevalence (7.2%). Automated detection of language describing common findings in imaging reports, such as adrenal nodules on CT, is feasible.
Block copolymers as templates for functional materials

There are applications and devices which require controlled distribution of material functionality (electrical, optical, catalytic, magnetic) in two or three dimensions. At the nanometer length scale, attempts to meet this challenge have included template-mediated materials chemistry [1] in which track-etched membranes, porous alumina and zeolites serve as the nanoscale reaction vessels for the synthesis of the functional materials. The ability to control both the length scale and the spatial organization of block copolymer morphologies makes these materials particularly attractive candidates for use as templates in the synthesis of functional nanocomposites. Appropriate choices of the repeat units of the block sequences renders them capable of selectivity sequestering preformed inorganic nanoclusters or selectively solubilizing inorganic reagents for in-situ cluster synthesis. Methods exist to produce nanoscale voids which percolate through the structure, leading to processes which coat or backfill the channels with functional materials.
Heterodyne efficiency for a coherent laser radar with diffuse or aerosol targets

The performance of a Coherent Laser Radar is determined by the statistics of the coherent Doppler signal. The heterodyne efficiency is an excellent indication of performance because it is an absolute measure of beam alignment and is independent of the transmitter power, the target backscatter coefficient, the atmospheric attenuation, and the detector quantum efficiency and gain. The theoretical calculation of heterodyne efficiency for an optimal monostatic lidar with a circular aperture and Gaussian transmit laser is presented including beam misalignment in the far-field and near-field regimes. The statistical behavior of estimates of the heterodyne efficiency using a calibration hard target are considered. For space based applications, a biased estimate of heterodyne efficiency is proposed that removes the variability due to the random surface return but retains the sensitivity to misalignment. Physical insight is provided by simulation of the fields on the detector surface. The required detector calibration is also discussed.