cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prostaglandins on the development of cell-mediated immunity in culture and on the cytolytic activity of in vivo-generated effector cells

Abstract This study was undertaken in an attempt to better understand the role of prostaglandins in the development of the primary cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response in culture. Primary sensitization cultures with C57Bl/6 mouse spleen cells as responder cells (R) and X-irradiated P815 mastocytoma cells as allogeneic stimulator cells (S) were established in the presence and absence of test agents. The ability of effector cells to lyse P815 target cells was measured by 51 Cr-release assay on day 4. 3 H-Thymidine uptake into the cultured cells was also analyzed on the same day. Prostaglandins of the E series were shown to exert selective effects on the CMI response depending on dose, schedule of administration, and culture conditions. PGE 1 or PGE 2 enhanced the CMI resonse at 30 pM but inhibited it by 50% at 30 nM. At an optimal R/S ratio, 30 nM PGE 1 or PGE 2 always inhibited 3 H-thymidine uptake more than cytotoxicity while at suboptimal ratios it inhibited both equally. PGE 1 did not affect the kinetics of development of the CMI responses. PGE 1 was inhibitory when added 20 h before, at the same time as or as late as 24 h after antigen. The inhibitory effect was prevented by removal of PGE 1 within 24 h of addition. Pretreatment of spleen cells with PGE 1 for 20 h did not affect their subsequent response to sensitization. It seems that PGE 1 must be present during the early phase of lymphocyte activation and that it has a relatively long half-life in spleen cell cultures. The development of secondary CMI in culture was less sensitive to inhibition by PGE than that of the primary CMI. PGD 2 and PGA 2 also inhibited the induction of the primary CMI while PGF 2α enhanced it. On the other hand, PGI 2 and TXB 2 had no effect. The effect of prostaglandins on the lytic activity of the in vivo -generated effector cells was also examined. The addition of PGE 2 , PGI 2 , PGD 2 or PGA 2 to the 51 Cr-release assay resulted in significant depression of the cell-mediated lympholysis; whereas, addition of 6-keto-PGF 1α , TXB 2 , and PGF 2α caused little effect. PGE 2 , PGA 2 or PGD 2 inhibited the rate of lytic activity. In order to exert this effect, these compounds must be present during the 51 Cr-release assay and pretreatment of the effector cells had little effect on their cytotoxicity. These results indicate that prostaglandins have immunomodulating activity affecting the early phase of the development of the CMI response in culture; they also have the ability to inhibit the cytolytic effect of effector cells generated in vivo .
Live-cell imaging of aquaporin-4 diffusion and interactions in orthogonal arrays of particles

Orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) have been visualized for many years by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Our laboratory discovered that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the protein responsible for OAP formation by demonstrating OAPs in AQP4-transfected cells and absence of OAPs in AQP4 knockout mice. We recently developed live-cell, single-molecule imaging methods to study AQP4 diffusion and interactions in OAPs. The methods include single particle tracking of quantum-dot labeled AQP4, and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and small fluorophore-labeled AQP4. The full-length (M1) form of AQP4 diffuses freely in membranes and does not form OAPs, whereas the shorter (M23) form of AQP4 forms OAPs and is nearly immobile. Analysis of a series of AQP4 truncations, point mutants and chimeras revealed that OAP formation by AQP4-M23 is stabilized by hydrophobic tetramer-tetramer interactions involving N-terminus residues, and that absence of OAPs in AQP4-M1 results from blocking of this interaction by residues just upstream from Met23. These biophysical methods are being extended to identify the cellular site of AQP4 assembly, AQP4 isoform interactions, OAP size and dynamics, and the determinants of regulated OAP assembly.
Pain and suffering as viewed by the Hindu religion.

Religion and spiritual practices are among the resources used by patients to cope with chronic pain. The major concepts of Hinduism that are related to pain and suffering are presented. Ways that Hindu traditions deal with pain and suffering are reviewed, including the concept of acceptance, which has been studied in the pain medicine literature. By becoming more familiar with Hindu views of pain and suffering, pain medicine practitioners can offer potentially helpful concepts to all patients and support Hindus' spirituality as it relates to pain and suffering. Perspective: Religion or spirituality is often important to patients. This article will inform the pain medicine practitioner how pain and suffering are viewed in Hinduism, the third largest religion in the world. It is hoped that these concepts will prove helpful when treating not only followers of Hinduism but all patients.
Strategy Transformation in Learning Disabled and Nondisabled Students

In the present study we assessed whether learning disabled and non-disabled children differ in their ability to make strategy transformations. Seven types of strategy transformations were presented on simple arithmetic computation tasks. Nondisabled children were found to be superior in performance on all transformations. Significant ability-group differences emerged on (a) reduction to answer, (b) saving partial results, (c) unit building, and (d) alternative method transformations. Results of strategy-awareness measures suggested that the locus of experimental effects was related to accessing and applying strategy transformations. Three implications of the findings are discussed.
Nitrate-N loadings through subsurface environment to agricultural drainage ditches in two flat Midwestern (USA) watersheds

A study was conducted to understand the contributions of tile flow and baseflow to total nitrate-N (NO3-N) loadings in two subsurface (tile)-drained watersheds, namely the Big Ditch (BD) and the Upper Embarras River (UER) watersheds in Illinois. Two stream sections were selected in the watersheds and rectangular cutthroat flumes were installed at the upstream and downstream ends of the stream sections to calculate the flow mass balance for separating baseflow. The stream section at BD site had two tile outlets draining into it. The stream section at UER watershed did not have any tile drain. Tile flow was also measured along with stream flow. Water samples were collected not only from the stream sections using auto-samplers but also manually from the tile drains. Average baseflow rates per unit lengths of the stream sections at BD and UER sites were 3.5 × 10-04 and 9.4 × 10-05 m2 s-1, respectively. At BD site, for six study periods, the percentages of baseflow and tile flow contributions of NO3-N loads within the stream section were 90 and 10%, respectively. Annual NO3-N contributions by the upstream subwatersheds for BD and UER stream sections were 61,819 and 16,155 kg, respectively. Annual NO3-N loss from these two subwatersheds within BD and UER watersheds was 42.9 and 7.0 kg ha-1, respectively. For the stream section at BD site, baseflow seemed to play a more important role than tile flow in raising the NO3-N concentration level in the stream water. Land use seemed to play a major role in the significant difference in NO3-N concentrations at the two subwatersheds upstream from the project sites. Nitrate-N loadings primarily depended on precipitation, antecedent moisture condition (AMC), fertilizer application time, and evapotranspiration (ET).
A Working Memory Model of a Common Procedural Error

Systematic errors In performance are an important aspect of human behavior that have not received adequate explanation. One such systematic error is termed postcompletion error; a typical example is leaving one's card In the automatic teller after withdrawing cash. This type of error seems to occur when people have an extra step to perform in a procedure after the main goal has been satisfied. The fact that people frequently make this type of error, but do not make this error every time, may best be explained by considering the working memory load at the time the step is to be performed: The error is made when the load on working memory is high, but will not be made when the load is low. A model of performance In the task was constructed using Just and Carpenter's (1992) CAPS that predicted that high working memory load should be associated with postcompletion errors. Two experiments confirmed that such errors can be produced in a laboratory as well as a naturalistic setting, and that the conditions under which the CAPS model makes the error are consistent with the conditions under which the errors occur in the laboratory.
The Afterbirth of the Clinic: a Foucauldian perspective on "House M.D." and American medicine in the 21st century

Mirroring Michel Foucault's The Birth of the Clinic (1963), which describes the philosophical shift in medical discourse in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Fox television series House M.D. illustrates the shift in medical discourse emerging today. While Dr. Gregory House is Foucault's modern physician made flesh-an objective scientist who has perfected the medical gaze ( le regard ) and communicates directly with diseases instead of patients-his staff act as postmodern foils. They provide a parable about the state of biomedicine, still steeped in modernity but forced into a postmodern, managed care world. House M.D. , however, is more than a mere depiction of the modern-postmodern tension that exists in today's exam rooms. It is an indication of a transition period in American medicine. House M.D. nostalgically celebrates what once was and simultaneously questions what currently is, while what is about to be is in the midst of becoming.
Confidence Intervals for Gini's Diversity Measure and Shannon's Entropy Using Adjusted Proportions

Abstract Asymptotic confidence intervals are given for two functions of multinomial outcome probabilities: Gini's diversity measure and Shannon's entropy. “Adjusted” proportions are used in all asymptotic mean and variance formulas, along with a possible logarithmic transformation. Exact confidence coefficients are computed in some cases. Monte Carlo simulation is used in other cases to compare actual coverages to nominal ones. Some recommendations are made.
Studies of Photoprotection Against Porphyrin Photosensitization Using Dithiothreitol and Glycerol

Although protection against ionizing radiation by compounds containing sulfhydryl (SN) groups, such as cysteine, has been reported, these agents have been unsuccessful to date in protecting mammals against non-ionizing radiation (>200nm). This study describes successful photoprotection by dithiothreitol (DTT) and glycerol against porphyrin photosensitization having an action spectrum of 400nm. Test models used were red blood cells (RBC) obtained from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and mice photo-sensitized by hematoporphyrin (HP). A mortality rate approaching a lethal dose in 50% of the animals in 1 day (LD 50 /24 hrs) was established in 100 white mice that had received an intraperitoneal injection of 100mg HP/kg body wt., and were then irradiated with 5 × 10 6 ergs/cm 2 from a fluorescent light source emitting 320-450nm radiation. Another 100 mice were treated in an identical manner except that they received, in addition to HP, 80mg DTT/kg body weight in a 5.5% glycerol solution. This group showed 75% reduction in mortality (p 7 ergs/mm 2 of 400nm radiation showed 100% hemolysis after 180min. These cells, when irradiated under identical conditions except for the addition of DTT, manifested only 19% hemolysis during this period of time. Measurements of SH groups of RBC from patients with EPP showed a progressive decrease during photohemolysis. Comparison of the rate of photohemolysis of normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient RBC irradiated in the presence of protoporphyrin IX revealed that G6PD deficient RBC, which have an impaired ability to produce reduced glutathione (GSH), were more susceptible to porphyrin-induced photohemolysis. These studies demonstrate that DTT and glycerol offer photoprotection in an in vivo mammalian system against porphyrin photosensitization. It is suggested that the mechanism of the photoprotective action against 320-450nm radiation has many features similar to that of radioprotection by thiols and glycerol against ionizing radiation.
The Contribution of Game Genre and Other Use Patterns to Problem Video Game Play among Adult Video Gamers.

A nationally representative online survey (n = 3,380) was used to assess the contribution of patterns of video game play to problem video game play (PVGP) symptomatology. Game genre, enjoyment, consumer involvement, time spent gaming (gaming days in the past month and hours on days used), and demographic variables were all examined. The study confirms game genre’s contribution to problem use as well as demographic variation in play patterns that underlie problem video game play vulnerability. Identification of a small group of game types positively correlated with problem use suggests new directions for research into the specific design elements and reward mechanics of “addictive” video games. Unique vulnerabilities to problem use among certain groups demonstrate the need for ongoing investigation of health disparities related to contextual dimensions of video game play.
Ridge event detection: T-phase signals from the Juan de Fuca spreading center

An analysis of T-phase source locations determined in the mid-1960s for an area of the northeast Pacific Ocean encompassing the Juan de Fuca spreading center reveals that most of the source locations are associated with regions where seamount chains intersect the spreading center and with edifices both along and near the spreading center. The T-phase source locations also tend to cluster on, or near, areas of the most concentrated and vigorous hydrothermal venting along the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Of the 58 T-phase source locations determined for a period from October 1964 through December 1966, only one was found to be associated with an earthquake detected by the National Geophysical Data Center/National Earthquake Information Service because of the characteristic small magnitude of spreading-center seismic events. Monitoring T-phase activity originating along the 80 000 km-long global seafloor spreading-center system offers a practical and unique opportunity to better understand the dynamics and oceanic effects of episodic spreading-center tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal processes.
A recombinant extracellular domain of the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor binds TSH in the absence of membranes

We produced large quantities of the extracellular domain of the human TSH receptor (ETSHR) using the baculovirus expression system. Insect cells containing the ETSHR protein were sequentially extracted using lysis, nuclease, and high salt buffers to enrich for recombinant protein. The ETSHR protein was purified to homogeneity on a C4 reverse phase semipreparative column using HPLC. The recombinant protein was identified as ETSHR by immunoreactivity with antibodies prepared against TSHR-derived synthetic peptides. The identity of the ETSHR was further confirmed by amino acid compositional analyses, which agreed with the amino acid composition predicted from reported cDNA sequence analyses. Protein sequence analyses confirmed that the first 26 amino acids of the N-terminal region and the C-terminal amino acid were identical to the predicted amino acid sequence. The purified ETSHR was refolded in the presence of 1.5 M guanidine-HCl and 1 mM each of cystine and cysteine. [125I] TSH bound to the refolded ETSHR in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and was specifically blocked by unlabeled TSH, but not by LH or FSH. It was notable that a membrane requirement was not essential for TSH to bind to ETSHR.
Surface remodelling of reticulocytes produced in response to erythroid stress.

ACCELERATED erythropoiesis is associated with the production of reticulocytes of excessive size, perhaps as the result of skipped divisions during erythroid cell proliferation in the bone marrow1. Isotopic studies have been interpreted as showing that these “stress reticulocytes” are short-lived and are replaced by progressively smaller cells with more normal life spans1–6. It has recently been suggested, however, that stress reticulocytes are not destroyed in toto but are made smaller by a process of remodelling or surface fragmentation7; loss of only portions of these cells could explain most of the isotopic findings, although the residual cells might remain intact.
Evapotranspiration of Pineapple in Hawaii.

The plants of the cerrado and caatinga ecological provinces of Brazil, the suggested original home of pineapple (3), have many and varied mechanisms whereby they have adapted to the frequent development of moisture stress. The pineapple plant presents a peculiarly interesting combination of those traits that have been proposed for xerophytic and sc!erophyllous plants (10, 15). Preferential collapse of the water storage tissue of the leaf in time of moisture stress is further evidence of the intriguing adaptation of the pineapple plant to water deficit (15, 19). Reduction in the daytime rate of vapor exchange from the pineapple leaf (14) could well be accomplished by the highly cutinized upper epidermis and the deeply entrenched stomatal pores with an overlying mat of trichomes on the undersurface. The very low rate of but 0.3 to 0.5 nig of water lost per cm2 of leaf surface in an hour contrasts sharply with the 26 mg from a corn leaf, and the 43 mg from a cocklebur leaf (23). Such restricted daytime gas exchange through the leaf requires some compensatory mechanism for a CO2 supply for photosynthesis. The acid metabolism of crassulacean plants has been shown to provide such a mechanism, and it has been reported specifically for pineapple (21, 22).
The Development of Motivation to Lead and Leader Role Identity

Leadership development has been continually recognized by organizations as a competence and a mind-set that is worthy of substantial time and resources. Although various approaches have stressed the development of skills or behaviors, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the development of attitudes and belief systems is also relevant. In an effort to increase knowledge in this area, the authors conducted a quasi-experimental study to understand whether motivation to lead (social-normative) and leader role identity would increase in business students exposed to behavior-modeling methods emphasizing the importance of transformational leadership. The results show that, in comparison with students in an introduction to management course, the quasi-experimental–condition students significantly increased the value that they placed on the leader role, as well as their identity as leaders. The findings are discussed in terms of both theoretical and practical implications.
CALCULATING QUOTIENT ALGEBRAS OF GENERIC EMBEDDINGS

Many consistency results in set theory involve forcing over a universe V0 that contains a large cardinal to get a model V1. The original large cardinal embedding is then extended generically using a further forcing by a partial ordering ℚ. Determining the properties of ℚ is often the crux of the consistency result. Standard techniques can usually be used to reduce to the case where ℚ is of the form P(Z)/J for appropriately chosen Z and countably complete ideal J. This paper proves a general algebraic Duality Theorem that exactly characterizes the Boolean algebra P(Z)/J. The Duality Theorem is general enough that it applies even if the original embedding in V0 was itself generic. Thus it has as corollaries the theorems of Kakuda, Baumgartner, Laver and others about preservation properties of precipitous and saturated ideals. A corollary is drawn showing that precipitous ideals are indestructible under small proper forcing.
Study of continental material transported through the atmosphere to the oeean

I am deeply honored to have been selected as a recipient of the 1987 Okada Prize by the Oceanographical Society of Japan. The present paper reviews my work and recent studies of other investigators concerning mineral aerosol (dust) particles in the marine atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. I would like to emphasize the importance of atmospheric deposition of continental substances to the ocean environment.
Suppression of peptide YY-induced hyperphagia by terbutaline

Abstract Central administrations of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY (PYY) produce robust increases in food intake, and this response may be contingent upon the availability of insulin. In contrast, β2-adrenergic agonists decrease food intake, and this effect also appears to be dependent on circulating insulin. To investigate a possible interaction between PYY and β2-adrenergic function, rats were given systemic injections of terbutaline, a β2 agonist, at doses of 0, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg prior to injections of 0.57 nmol PYY in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Terbutaline pretreatment significantly decreased feeding elicited by PYY in a dose-dependent fashion. This suggests that β2-adrenoreceptor activity is involved in PYY-induced feeding.
High-operating temperature (HOT) broadband quantum-dot infrared photodetector

In this paper, a high operating temperature (HOT) broadband InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) infrared photodetector (QDIP) is reported. The QDIP covers a wide detection spectrum range from 3 μm to 10 μm. A large photoresponsivity of 12.0 A/W at a low bias voltage of 0.15V and a high peak specific photodetectivity D* of 1.2×10 8 cmHz 1/2 /W are obtained at a high operating temperature of 298 K.
Identification of the I− → Pr3+ charge transfer transition in the excitation spectrum of LuI3:Pr3+

Abstract The excitation spectrum of LuI 3 :Pr 3+ is dominated by a strong ultraviolet band centered at 320 nm. This band is identified as the I − → Pr 3+ charge transfer transition. The Pr 3+ 4f 2 → 4f 1 5d 1 interconfiguration optical transitions are located within the host lattice absorption band. The luminescence of LuI 3 :Pr 3+ under charge transfer excitation is dominated by the Pr 3+ 4f 2 → 4f 2 intraconfiguration optical transitions. The absence of luminescence from the charge transfer state is due fast (nonradiative) relaxation of the charge transfer state into the Pr 3+ 4f 2 states.
Superinfection reconciles host-parasite association and cross-species transmission.

Abstract Parasites are either dedicated to a narrow host range, or capable of exploiting a wide host range. Understanding how host ranges are determined is very important for public health, as well as wildlife, plant, livestock and agricultural diseases. Our current understanding of host–parasite associations hinges on co-evolution, which assumes evolved host preferences (host specialization) of the parasite. Despite the explanatory power of this framework, we have only a vague understanding of why many parasites routinely cross the host species’ barrier. Here we introduce a simple model demonstrating how superinfection (in a heterogeneous community) can promote host–parasite association. Strikingly, the model illustrates that strong host–parasite association occurs in the absence of host specialization, while still permitting cross-species transmission. For decades, host specialization has been foundational in explaining the maintenance of distinct parasites/strains in host species. We argue that host specializations may be exaggerated, and can occur as a byproduct (not necessarily the cause) of host–parasite associations.
Influence of pH and electrolyte on the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin.

Abstract The fluorescence spectrum of bovine serum albumin was altered in the pH regions 4–5 and 7–9. Between pH 7 and 9 a decrease in intensity occurred without a wavelength shift, whereas between pH 4 and 5 an intensity decrease was accompanied by a blue shift. The fluorescence titration curve in the region of pH 7–9 was shifted toward a higher pH in the presence of KCl. The effect was nearly complete at a KCl concentration of 0.1 M. The binding of Cl− to some basic groups, most likely to ϵ-amino groups with unusually low pKa, stabilized the protonated nonquenching species and retarded their titration. A study of the effect of pH on I− quenching further indicated that these basic groups may be located in the immediate vicinity of a tryptophan in the protein but on adjacent subunits of the protein. Although the fluorescence alteration between pH 4 and 5 reflects the N–F transition, the intensity decrease between pH 7 and 9 is not a manifestation of a structural change which is known to occur within this pH region.
Ground-based stellar interferometry with adaptive optics

A ground-based stellar interferometer appears to be a potentially useful research tool in studying stellar astrophysics and synthesizing a high resolution stellar image; however, its short-exposure performance is easily degraded by atmospheric turbulence. Even though adaptive optics has been recognized as a promising technology to improve image quality for a large aperture telescope, the question is often asked: "Is adaptive optics needed in a ground-based stellar interferometer?" In this paper, we develop the appropriate theory and provide simulation results to show why adaptive optics is needed in a ground-based optical interferometer. We also present a novel adaptive optics testbed including a tip-tilt error compensation system and a higher-order phase aberration compensation system to verify our theoretical simulation results.
A comparison of the thermal and photochemical oxidation of 2‐propanol by two peroxoanions

The chain length (i.e., relative quantum yield) for the oxidation of 2-propanol by peroxodisulfate ion at 25°C has been studied. A number of initial experiments were carried out in order to clarify the influence of dissolved oxygen, light intensity, cupric ion, and acetone absorption. After these problems were understood, conditions satisfactory for evaluation of chain length were chosen. The chain length was found to be 500 (to within ±100). The difference between this value and the thermal oxidation chain length of 1800 at 60° is, in both direction and magnitude, as expected for a common mechanism and a low activation energy for the propagation steps. A remarkable difference is seen for comparable reactions of peroxodisulfate and peroxodiphosphate anions.
Latining America: Black‐Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies Claudia Milian. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2013.

Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies Claudia Milian. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2013.Claudia Milian's Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies is a fresh contribution to Latina/o, ethnic, and American studies literature that brings these disciplines into dialogue to reveal the gaps that would otherwise be hidden if not for her push towards an interdisciplinarity and a more intersectional approach to studies of race. Her work explores the "other subjectivities and localities that have yet to be charted within and beyond the configurations of Latinidad (the sense of being Latina/o)" and examines how US black and dark-brown subjects experience what she terms "Latinities," "a spoken act and linguistic performance of brownness that is enacted by a black, Latined subject" (6, 60). Her study is comprised of six chapters: an introduction, four ruminations on Latinity, and an epilogue that deconstructs the use of @ to label Latina/os (i.e., Latin@) in writing.In chapter 1, "Southern Latinities," Milian argues that popular American discourse casts African Americans and Latina/os within a southern imaginary, both east and west, which then establishes connections between race, ethnicity, and southern locations. Milian deconstructs these southern positionings to explain how idealized conceptions of geospatial racializations cannot account for transgressive bodies (e.g., African Americans living in New Mexico) that not only inhabit but also move between places. Building on W.E.B. Du Bois's notion of "double consciousness," Milian explores the "parallel lines of color" in the US by sigMurray naling how through an "open double consciousness" these groups, beyond just African American and/or black subjects, come to realize their position within a discourse of southernness that works to marginalize their place within American society (58).In chapter 2, "Passing Latinities," Milian focuses on two popular African American writers, Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson, and their trips to Latin America. She sees both journeys as embodying a key Latinity within Latino, Latina, and Latin American (her distinctions) subjectivity: the notion of "passing" both socially and geographically. Milian argues that in traveling south to Latin America, Mexico, and Nicaragua respectively, the authors acquired a heightened sense of their own blackness. For Hughes, his migration southward shifted his once-marginalized American blackness into a whiteness/brownness that granted him access to an elevated social standing and helped him develop a "transcontinental [approach] to blackness" (60). …
Building a better PHR paradigm: Lessons from the discontinuation of Google Health ™

Abstract The growing complexity and increasing volume of healthcare information is currently overwhelming many healthcare professionals and patients within the U.S. healthcare system. The federally mandated digitization of physician-generated electronic medical records (EMRs) may facilitate the expedited adoption of the patient-controlled personal health records (PHRs) as the majority of Americans want to be more involved in their own care. The world׳s greatest purveyor of information gathering and organization, Google Inc., attempted to facilitate a comprehensive PHR paradigm but the project was discontinued after experiencing limited success. PHR adoption rates among U.S. citizen-patients remain low. Most research offers a simplified, one-size-fits-all checklist of generalized PHR problems that need correction or compare Google׳s efforts to those of other companies. Unfortunately, low PHR implementation rates cannot be framed within, or assisted by, a widely cast call-to-action and a generic solution. In an effort to combine academic research and industry-based grey literature, this article explores various databases and search engines (i.e. EBSCO, JSTOR, Texas Tech University׳s OneSearch SM , Google Web Search, and Google Scholar), and relates a list of 22 potential deficiencies that may have contributed to the discontinuation of Google Health™. Findings are itemized and presented in an attempt to help refine healthcare communication and documentation protocols, and to reinvigorate the imagination of scholars, clinicians, and health informatics professionals.
Reduction in DNA repair capacity following differentiation of murine proadipocytes.

Abstract It has been suggested that terminally differentiated mammalian cells have a decreased DNA repair capacity, compared with proliferating stem cells. To investigate this hypothesis, we have examined γ-ray-induced DNA strand breaks and their repair in the murine proadipocyte stem cell line 3T3-T. By exposure to human plasma, 3T3-T cells can be induced to undergo nonterminal and then terminal differentiation. DNA strand breaks were evaluated using the technique of alkaline elution. No difference was detected among stem, nonterminally differentiated, and terminally differentiated cells in the initial levels of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. Each of the strand break dose responses increased as a linear function of γ-ray dose. The strand breaks induced by 4 Gy rejoined following biphasic kinetics for each cell type. At each time point examined after irradiation, however, the percentage of strand breaks that had not rejoined in terminally differentiated cells was three to six times greater than in stem cells. The rate of strand break rejoining in nonterminally differentiated cells was of an intermediate value between that of the stem and of the terminally differentiated cells. These results indicate that, at least for 3T3-T cells, differentiated cells have a reduced capacity for DNA repair.
Stability in Einstein-scalar gravity with a logarithmic branch

We investigate the non-perturbative stability of asymptotically anti-de Sitter gravity coupled to tachyonic scalar fields with mass saturating the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound. Such "designer gravity" theories admit a large class of boundary conditions at asymptotic infinity. At this mass, the asymptotic behavior of the scalar field develops a logarithmic branch, and previous attempts at proving a minimum energy theorem failed due to a large radius divergence in the spinor charge. In this paper, we finally resolve this issue and derive a lower bound on the conserved energy. Just as for masses slightly above the BF bound, a given scalar potential can admit two possible branches of the corresponding superpotential, one analytic and one non-analytic. The key point again is that existence of the non-analytic branch is necessary for the energy bound to hold. We discuss several AdS/CFT applications of this result, including the use of double-trace deformations to induce spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Uremic toxins inhibit hepatic uptake of eprosartan

Background Hepatic clearance of eprosartan (Epr) is significantly decreased in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Uremic toxins may directly inhibit the transporter-mediated uptake and efflux thereby reducing hepatic clearance of Epr, which is not metabolized by CYPs. Methods The inhibitory effects of the uremic toxins, CMPF and indoxyl sulfate, on uptake transporters (rOatp2 and hOATP-C) and the efflux transporter (P-gp) were examined using transient transfected HEK293 cells and MDR1-MDCK cells, respectively. The effects of these uremic toxins on Epr uptake were further evaluated in rat hepatocytes and hOATP-C transfected cells. Results Both CMPF and indoxyl sulfate exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of rOatp2 and hOATP-C. The IC50s of CMPF on rOatp2 and hOATP-C mediated uptake of estrone sulfate (1 μM) were 25 μM and 55 μM, respectively. Indoxyl sulfate is a weaker inhibitor of rOatp2 and hOATP-C with IC50s of 97 μM and 397 μM, respectively. Both uremic toxins had no effects on P-gp. The uptake of Epr was mainly mediated by rOatp2 in rat. At 200μM, CMPF significantly inhibited Epr uptake by 53% in rat hepatocytes. The uptake of Epr was mediated by OATP-C in human hepatocytes with a K m value of 12.5± 0.3 μM. CMPF dose-dependently inhibited Epr (5 μM) uptake by hOATP-C with an IC50 of 125.9± 1.3 μM. Conclusion Our study suggests that the inhibitory effect of CMPF may at least partially contribute to the reduced hepatic clearance of Epr in ESRD patients. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P2–P2; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.012
Comparative study of aging in the mouse olfactory bulb

Gene knockout technologies have been used to elevate the mouse as a model species. However, little work has examined age and strain differences in the mouse olfactory system. The present study compared the olfactory bulbs of mature (6 month) and aged (24 month) males of BALB/cBy, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2 strains. Volumes of the glomerular (GLM), external plexiform (EPL), and mitral/granule cell (MIG) layers varied little from strain to strain. Volume measurements increased with age even when corrected for body weight differences. Two nonoverlapping interneuron populations were examined with immunohistochemistry. Staining for the calcium binding protein calretinin varied little between strains, but age-related increases in staining were seen in EPL of C57BL/6J mice. Typical patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were observed in all subjects except for old DBA/2 mice, which evidenced considerable staining in submitral areas. Age-related increases were observed in BALB/cBy and DBA/2 mice but not in the C57BL/6J strain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining was similar in old BALB/cBy and DBA/2 mice, with astrocytes in all layers of the bulb, but more concentrated in the MIG. However, C57BL/6J tissue revealed very large astrocytes relatively evenly distributed in all layers. Cell proliferation dropped dramatically with age. Labeled cells could still be observed along the lateral ventricles, but very few were observed within the rostral migratory stream or subventricular zone. Although TUNEL labeling revealed many apoptotic figures in the granule cell layer of young subjects, almost no staining was seen in aged mice.
The effect of hexafluorodiethyl ether (flurothyl) on the metabolism of rat brain amino acids labelled by (U-14C)glucose.

The incorporation of radioactivity into the Krebs cycle related amino acids from [U-14C]glucose has been studied in rat brain during the development of a seizure induced by Flurothyl at (1) the time of the first myoclonic jerk, (2) 40 seconds later, and (3) at the onset of the seizure. Under the experimental conditions employed no change was observed in the levels of the amino acids or in the specific radioactivity of glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, GABA or alanine at any of these times.
Effects of Short Interval Cyclic Flooding on Growth and Survival of Three Native Shrubs

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. inkberry holly, sweetspire, possumhaw, rain garden, flood tolerance, landscape SUMMARY. The effect of short interval cyclic flooding on root and shoot growth of ‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly (Ilex glabra), ‘Henry’s Garnet’ sweetspire (Itea virginica), and ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw (Viburnum nudum) was studied in a greenhouse inAuburn,AL.Liners(4.4inches long)ofeach species wereplantedintotrade1-gal pots in 1 pine bark:1 peat by volume (PB:P) or fine textured calcined clay (CC). ‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly and ‘Henry’s Garnet’ sweetspire were planted 18 Apr. 2008; the experiment was repeated with the addition of ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw on 16 June 2008. Plants were flooded to substrate level for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 7 days. Flooding cycles were repeated at least five times with 7 days of draining between each flood cycle. During draining, plants received no irrigation. Nonflooded plants were watered as needed. Flooded plants for all species except ‘Winterthur’ possumhaw showed decreased root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and final growth index when compared with non-flooded plants. Survival was higher in CC than PB:P for both experiments. All plants maintained good visual quality and shoot growth. As a result, overall, these plants seemed tolerant of flooding despite differences in growth.
AccudoseTM Aerosol—An Effective House Fly (Diptera; Muscidae: Musca domestica L.) Adulticide Control System for Cage Type Poultry Houses

An automatic piped aerosol system (Accudose TM) using 0.7% synergized pyrethrin insecticide, was tested at a typical narrow cage poultry farm for the control of adult house flies, Musca domestica L. A similar narrow cage poultry farm was used as a control with all house fly control measures left up to the cooperating poultryman. AccudoseTM was compared with other house fly control methods at other similar farms which included three types of man-portable ultra volume (ULV) generators and an integrated (biological-chemical) program. Results of the five month test demonstrated that the AccudoseTM system suppressed house fly populations better than other control methods.
LIMITATIONS OF EXPERIMENTS IN EDUCATION RESEARCH

Researchbasedonrandomizedexperiments(alongwith high-quality quasi-experiments) has gained traction in education circles in recent years. There is little doubt this has been driven in large part by the shift in research fundingstrategybytheDepartmentofEducation’sInstitute of Education Sciences under Grover Whitehurst’s lead, described in more detail in his article in this issue.
An Automated Design of Minimum-Area IC Power/Ground Nets

Given tree topologies for routing power/ground (p/g) nets in integrated circuits, this paper formulates and solves the problem of determining the widths of the branches of the trees. Constraints are developed in order to maintain proper logic levels and switching speed, to prevent electromigration, and to satisfy certain design rule and regularity requirements. The area required by the p/g distribution system is minimized subject to these constraints. Some case studies are also presented.
Averaging and Statistics

Statistical mechanics is commonly used to calculate the macroscopic properties of a large system from the system’s full microscopic description [1], “Macroscopic” properties are those properties that can be obtained without having a detailed knowledge of atomic coordinates. Traditional thermodynamic quantities such as pressure, temperature, entropy, and free energy are macroscopic variables. By a “large system,” I mean a system whose complete mechanical description requires many (say, Avogadro’s Number) independent variables. A “full” microscopic description is a description that is mechanically complete; i.e., it gives all of the positions, momenta, amplitudes, quantum states and phases, etc., of all of the particles and fields.
Effect of Corneal Polarization Axis on Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness by Scanning Laser Polarimetry

Abstract PURPOSE: Scanning laser polarimetry uses an anterior segment compensating device that assumes a fixed axis of corneal birefringence, which we call the corneal polarization axis. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the distribution of corneal polarization axes among a population of normal eyes and to evaluate the relationship between corneal polarization axis and posterior segment retardation. METHODS: We constructed a noninvasive slit lamp–mounted device incorporating two crossed linear polarizers and an optical retarder in order to measure the slow axis of corneal birefringence. Normal subjects underwent corneal polarization axis measurement. A subset of eyes underwent scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (n = 32) and macula (n = 29), and retardation measurements were evaluated in each group. RESULTS: One hundred eighteen eyes of 63 normal subjects (35 female, 28 male) underwent corneal polarization axis measurement (mean age, 45.5 ± 17.1 years). Six eyes (5.1%) demonstrated unmeasurable corneal polarization. In the remaining 112 eyes, the mode of the corneal polarization axis distribution was 10 to 20 degrees nasally downward (range, 90 degrees nasally downward to 54 degrees nasally upward). A significant ( P R 2 = .52), with a mean difference of 11.2 ± 10.5 degrees (range, 0–52 degrees). Corneal polarization axis was significantly associated ( R 2 = .52–.84) with retinal nerve fiber layer and macula summary retardation parameters (average thickness, ellipse average, superior and inferior average, superior and total integral; P CONCLUSIONS: The mean corneal polarization axis among normal corneas is nasally downward; however, considerable intraindividual and interindividual variability exists. The linear relationship between corneal polarization axis and posterior segment retardation parameters is responsible, in part, for the wide distribution of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness data generated by scanning laser polarimetry.
A Causal Model for Integrating Workplace Spirituality into Hospitality Organizational Transformation

The purpose of this article is to explore the emerging construct of workplace spirituality and its application in hospitality organizational transformation. After a review of the literature, a causal model for workplace spirituality in organizational transformation is proposed. The goal of the research was to investigate linkages between dimensions of workplace spirituality, organizational transformation (defined as transformational leadership, organizational climate, and organizational learning capability), and work attitudes. The topic of workplace spirituality remains largely uncharted in the hospitality literature, offering researchers opportunities for new discoveries and hospitality organizations opportunities to improve their effectiveness.
Teaching undergraduate students to draw phylogenetic trees: performance measures and partial successes

An in-depth understanding of the process and products of evolution is an essential part of a complete biology education. Phylogenetic trees are a very important tool for understanding evolution and presenting evolutionary data. Previous work by others has shown that undergraduate students have difficulty reading and interpreting phylogenetic trees. However, little is known about students’ ability to construct phylogenetic trees. This study explores the ability of 160 introductory-level biology undergraduates to draw a correct phylogenetic tree of 20 familiar organisms before, during and after a General Biology course that included several lectures and laboratory activities addressing evolution, phylogeny and ‘tree thinking’. Students’ diagrams were assessed for the presence or absence of important structural features of a phylogenetic tree: connection of all organisms, extant taxa at branch termini, a single common ancestor, branching form, and hierarchical structure. Diagrams were also scored for how accurately they represented the evolutionary relationships of the organisms involved; this included separating major animal groups and particular classification misconceptions. Our analyses found significant improvement in the students’ ability to construct trees that were structured properly, however, there was essentially no improvement in their ability to accurately portray the evolutionary relationships between the 20 organisms. Students were also asked to describe their rationale for building the tree as they did; we observed only a small effect on this of the curriculum we describe. Our results provide a measure, a benchmark, and a challenge for the development of effective curricula in this very important part of biology.
Structure and Magnetism of Nanocrystalline KδMnO2

The structure and magnetic properties of sol-gel-synthesized, nanocrystalline K σ MnO 2 were investigated. The nanoparticles were determined by x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to be single-crystal rods of the cryptomelane phase of MnO 2 , with a typical particle size of 6 nm × 20 nm. The field and temperature dependence of the magnetization indicates superparamagnetic behavior, with a blocking temperature of 15K. The dependence of the magnetic properties on particle size, surface layers and mixed valency is discussed.
Productive Phonology and Phonological Awareness in Preschool Children.

This article reports on a longitudinal examination of the relationship between productive phonological ability and phonological awareness in children under 6 years of age. This study followed 45 subjects with variant productive phonology levels from the mean age of 3;6 to 6;0. The Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis (KLPA) (Khan & Lewis, 1976), which ranks children from 0 to 4 on phonological process usage, was given at 6-month intervals, along with two measures of phonological awareness. Logit analysis showed that children with poor productive phonology, as measured by process usage, had a lower probability of meeting criterion on both of the phonological awareness measures. Further, a change in KLPA rank from poor to good speech predicted significant exponential increases in the probability of success on the two dependent variables. We concluded that, as a child matures in productive phonology, accompanying exponential growth in phonological awareness occurs.