cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation and interpretation of the asymmetric Stokes Q, U, and V line profiles in sunspots

We present a first approach to systematic characterization and interpretation of observed asymmetries of Stokes profiles as a function of spatial position within sunspots. Spatial maps of the full Stokes profiles of Fe I 6302.5 A gathered in large sunspots using the HAO Stokes II instrument reveal asymmetries that vary systematically across large sunspots observed during 1980. We use the inversion technique by Landolfi to extract the velocity gradients along the line of sight (LOS) which give rise to these asymmetries. The gradients derived from full Stokes profiles are in agreement with previous characterizations of the Evershed flow derived from Stokes I profiles alone (i.e., a flow increasing with depth in the atmosphere). By coupling this semiempirical gradient of velocity with a magnetic field inclination varying along the LOS, the synthesized profiles are able to mimic basic observed features of the broad-band circular polarization present in our data and observed previously by others. This characterization has magnetic field lines which become progressively more horizontal with depth in the penumbra.
Bunching of fluxons in a long Josephson junction with surface losses.

It is known that the sine-Gordon model of a long Josephson junction with a surface-loss term predicts a spatially oscillating trailing tail of a strongly contracted fluxon. In the present work, it is demonstrated that this should give rise to bunched (bound) states of fluxons, although the onset of the bunching drastically differs from the standard situation recently investigated in terms of the perturbed nonlinear Schro\ifmmode\ddot\else\textasciidieresis\fi{}dinger model. Influence of the bunching on the I-V characteristic of an annular junction with a finite number of trapped fluxons is analyzed qualitatively. It is demonstrated that the bunching may set in with a small hysteresis, and it increases voltage at a given current. The latter effect has been observed in most recent experiments with the annular junction.
Addictions are not rational: A socio-economic model of addictive behavior

Drawing on important insights from psychological and other noneconomic literature and combining these with economic insights, a careful explanation of why addictive behavior is not rational is provided and a socio-economic model is developed to explain addictive behavior. The model incorporates a much broader conception of human behavior than does mainstream economics, and a broader recognition of the variety of factors that influence human behavior. The model is consistent with intuitive wisdom and the wisdom of religious and spiritual traditions. There is much scope for further research.
Linking financial strain to marital instability: Examining the roles of emotional distress and marital interaction.

Using a sample consisting of 4,997 married couples from the National Survey of Families and Households, individual emotional distress, the occurrence of couple disagreements, couple fighting, and couple quality time together mediated the relationship between financial strain and personal assessments of marital instability. The overall results suggest that financial strain influences both positive and negative forms of couple interaction which are stronger mediators than personal emotional distress of the relationship between financial strain and marital instability. The results further suggest that there were no gender differences among these linkages.
Population trends in the Teotihuacán Valley, A.D. 1400–1969

Abstract Despite abundant data on preconquest sites and population in the Valley of Mexico, recent surveys yielded little information on post‐conquest settlement, sites being classified as either Aztec or modern on the basis of pottery. Through an integrated research project involving surface survey, documentary data (including especially dated site occupation), and studies of recent and modern pottery in the area, sites have now been identified for the whole period 1400–1969. Detailed seriation to establish phases is not yet completed, and absolute population estimates will depend on this. But three main periods can be identified already, and relative population shifts recognized. Contrary to general assumption hitherto, Aztec pottery styles can now be seen to continue well into the seventeenth century: thus the first period, 1400–1650, appears to be one of gradual rather than dramatic population decline. Between 1650 and 1800 ‘modern’ ceramics appear and become increasingly common. During this time, pop...
Atmospheric circulation, upwelling, and organic-rich rocks in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras

Abstract By using the basic principles of atmospheric circulation and analogies from present circulation patterns, it is possible to construct qualitative atmospheric circulation models on paleogeographic maps. The wind patterns predicted by these models then serve as the basis for predicting the locations of ancient upwelling zones. Atmospheric circulation and upwelling models for seven geologic stages in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic were constructed and the distribution of the upwelling zones compared with the distribution of organic-rich rocks. For all time periods together, the correlation was statistically significant. When the individual time periods were analyzed separately, the following pattern emerged: significant correspondence between upwelling zones and organic-rich rocks in the Triassic, middle early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous, and middle Paleogene to Neogene. No significant correspondence was found for the intervening times. Upwelling does not account for all organic-rich rocks; so-called anoxic oceanic events and transgressions play an important role in their deposition. It is suggested that upwelling contributes significantly to the pattern of organic-rich rock distribution, and is important in determining organic facies.
A rat model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation during breast cancer therapy

The purpose of this study was to develop a breast cancer model in rats, in which myeloablative chemotherapy and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (SBMT) could be evaluated systematically for therapeutic effect. The Wistar-Furth (WF) DMBA-4 breast cancer cell line transplanted into naive WF rats produced rapidly growing tumors that were lethal within 2 months. SBMT was performed following preparation with a regimen (Bu-Cy), consisting of busulfan 16 mg/kg by gastric gavage on days -3 and -2 followed by 250 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide i.p. on day -1. Marrow was prepared from the femurs of donors and infused i.v. into the recipient on day 0. In all, 15 rats treated with Bu-Cy without marrow died, while 22 of 25 transplanted rats survived. In total, 16 rats with measurable tumors showed tumor responses following transplantation, but tumors recurred and survival was minimally prolonged. Of nine rats transplanted before clinical tumors were detected, five became long-term survivors that resisted further tumor challenge. It was concluded that the DMBA-4 breast cancer in WF rats could serve to evaluate SBMT following myeloablative doses of chemotherapy at various tumor loads. At large tumor loads therapy was not curative, but at low tumor burdens cures were possible and resistance to subsequent tumor challenge was demonstrated. The model may be useful for further studies of stem cell infusion in rodent tumor systems.
A method for phenomenological analysis of ecological data

The experimental meaning of the phenomenological differential equations for a competing population is reviewed. It is concluded that it is virtually impossible to construct the differential equations precise enough for studying stability. We consider instead a method of phenomenological analysis which can be applied to a set of population curves. We suggest an ecological index calculated from the population curves, which indicates a group property of the entire system. As a function of time, the index is presumably insensitive to Volterra type fluctuations. A marked increase of the index's value however indicates a marked change of the environmental conditions. It is not easy to deduce the group property from the population curves alone, because a change in population is in general due to the superposition of external disturbances and Volterra fluctuations.
A micromethod for the screening of individual seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and brassica campestris (rapeseed) for low sinapine content

The association of sinapine with the fishy or crabby odour present in eggs laid by certain brown egg laying hens when fed diets containing rapeseed meal indicates the desirability of removing sinapine from the original rapeseed. A method is presented whereby seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and B. campestris may be selected for low levels of sinapine. The method, based on microextraction, rapid chromatographic separation of sinapine and visual estimation of its fluorescence allows detection of 0.025 μg sinapine and enables 300-400 seed samples to be screened daily.
Rolling contact deformation of 1100 aluminum disks

The plastic deformation produced by pure, two dimensional, rolling contacts has been studied by subjecting 1100 aluminum disks to repeated contacts with well-defined relative peak contact pressures in the range 2 ≤P 0/k c ≤ 6.8. Two microstructural conditions are examined: as-received (warm worked) and annealed, displaying cyclic softening and cyclic hardening, respectively. Measurements of the distortion of wire markers imbedded in the rims, microhardness values of the plastically deformed layer, and changes in disk radius and width are reported. These are used to evaluate the plastic circumferential, radial, and axial displacements of the rim surface and the depth of the plastically deformed layer. These features are compared with the classical, elastic-quasi plastic analysis of rolling, and with recent elastic-plastic finite element calculations. The results show that the rim deformation state approaches plane strain when the disk width-to-Hertzian half contact width-ratioB/w ≥ 200. The presence of a solid lubricant has no detectable influence on the character of the plane strain deformation. The measurements of the per cycle forward (circumferential) displacements for the two conditions are self-consistent and agree with the finite element calculations when the resistance to plastic deformation is attributed to the instantaneous cyclic yield stress, but not when the resistance is identified with the initial monotonie yield stress. At the same time, the extent of the plastic zone is 5× greater than predicted by the analyses. These and other results can be rationalized by drawing on the special features of the resistance to cyclic deformation. They support the view that the deformation produced by theN th rolling contact is governed by the shape of the stress-strain hysteresis loop after the corresponding number of stress-strain cycles which depends on the cycle strain amplitude, degree of reversibility, and the strain path imposed by the contact loading at different depths.
Abrasive wear of some titanium-carbonitride-based cermets☆

Abstract A series of titanium-carbonitride-based cermets was tested in abrasion. The alloys had TiN-to-(TiC + TiN) alloy ratios of between 0 and 0.6. They had been cold pressed and sintered with a binder of 12.5wt.%Ni-10wt.%Mo-10wt.%VC. The materials were abraded under three-body conditions by 85 μm SiC and quartz abrasives and by 1 μm diamond polishing paste. The wear mechanisms for the larger abrasives were similar to those described for WC-Co cermets, i.e. plastic indentation and microspalling for the hard abrasive (SiC), and fine-scale microspall formation for the relatively soft abrasive (quartz). The diamond polish gave the same wear mechanism as the SiC abrasives, only on a smaller scale. The three abrasives all gave the highest wear rates for intermediate values of alloy hardness and toughness, at a TiN-to-(TiN + TiC) ratio of 0.2 and the lowest wear rate for the hardest alloy, which had an alloy ratio of 0.6. Zum Gahr's model for abrasion of low ductility materials was used to evaluate the data. The model overestimates the contribution of brittle microfracture. The wear data were also correlated with tool performance data in machining of gray cast iron. The correlation is quite poor; the need for additional work is discussed.
Conservation biology: Roads and genetic connectivity

The Ventura Freeway slices through wildlife habitat near Los Angeles. A case study shows how large highways such as this can seriously impede genetic exchange in large vertebrates.
Target cells for duck enteritis virus in lymphoid organs

Duck enteritis virus (DEV), a herpesvirus, has been shown to cause lymphoid organ atrophy and immunosuppression in white Pekin ducklings. The cells that support virus replication and could be important for immunosuppression were identified in this study. Lymphoid organs of white Pekin ducks infected at 2 weeks of age were collected at 3, 6, 8 and 10 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). Frozen sections were double-stained for DEV-infected (DEV+) and epithelial cells, DEV+ and CD3+ cells or DEV+ and B cells. DEV antigen was detected in the spleen, thymus and bursa for 3, 6 and 8 d.p.i., respectively. DEV antigen was demonstrated in epithelial cells of all examined lymphoid organs. B cells were irreversibly depleted from bursa; however, the depletion in the spleen was only for 8 d.p.i. Depletion of CD3+ cells was only observed in the thymus. These data show that the target cells for DEV are epithelial and B cells.
CBCT Dosimetry: Orthodontic Considerations

This article reviews the general principles of radiation biology and dose measurement. Effective doses for typical imaging examinations used in orthodontics include: panoramic, 5.5 to 22 microsieverts (μSv); cephalometric, 2.4 to 6.2 μSv; large field-of-view cone beam CT, 58.9 to 1025.4 μSv. This can be compared with average annual natural background radiation of 3000 μSv/yr. Issues of radiation risk, particularly for children, as well as mechanisms for dose reduction are discussed.
Formation of filled carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules

Abstract Nanotubes filled with pure Cu and Ge have been formed by using an arc discharge with metal/graphite composite anodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. These nanotubes are found in the soot deposited on the chamber walls instead of on the redeposited rod on the cathode as is the case with experiments in He. Since Cu and Ge do not form stable carbide phases, catalyze carbon fiber growth or have significant carbon solubility, a new mechanism is needed to explain the formation of these nanowires. It is proposed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, produced by the hydrogen arc are the precursors to the graphitic layers encapsulating the Cu or Ge nanowire. Direct evidence for this mechanism is given by evaporating pyrene (C16H10) and Cu or Ge together to form filled nanotubes. When evaporating a composite anode in hydrogen using ferromagnetic elements, such as Co, encapsulated nanoparticles are formed instead of nanowires. Encapsulated nanoparticles are also obtained when evaporating pyrene and cobalt, supporting the assertion that PAH molecules are precursors to nanostructure formation. Reasons for the difference between nanoparticle and nanowire formation are attributed to differences in reactivity of the metal with carbon.
Effects of overtraining and two non-correction training procedures upon a brightness discrimination reversal

The effects of overlearning and two non-correction training procedures upon the reversal of a black-white discrimination task were investigated. Overtraining and the Non-Entry pro­ cedure facilitated reversal learning. Experiments concerned with learning in a simul­ taneous discrimination task have used two types of non-correction training procedures. In the Entry (E) procedure an incorrect response is usually defined in terms of the rats entry into the (unbaited) goal­ box associated with S-. In the Non-Entry (NE) pro­ cedure an incorrect response is usually defined in terms of the rats entry into a "pre-goal area" and/or the pushing against S-, typically a locked door. The E procedure was used by Paul & Havlena (1965) and versions of the NE procedure were used by Reid (1953) and Mackintosh (1963). Hence in the E procedure S enters a goal box following either a correct or an in­ correct response, whereas in the NE procedure S enters a goal box only following a correct response. A group trained under the E procedure and then given reversal training faces non-reinforcement of the pre­ viously correct response; whereas a group trained under the NE procedure is blocked or prevented from making the originally correct response or response chain. On the basis of this observation Paul (1965) speculated that the inconsistent findings with regard to the effect of post-critical trials upon discrimination reversal might be due, in part, to the described differences in training procedures. The present experiment was de­ signed to test the effects of overtraining upon discrim­ ination reversal under the two types of training pro­ cedures. Mefhod Subjects. Thirty-two male albino rats, weighing about 230 gm on their arrival from Charles River Breeding Laboratories, served as Ss.2 Apparatus. A T-maze with a 10-in. gray stem and 20-in. arms was usee:. The maze was 4 in. wide, 5 in. high and covered with wire screening. One arm of the T, up to the center of the choice region was painted white; the other half of the choice region and the other arm was painted black. Twelve and three-quarter in. from the end of each arm there was a one-way swinging door painted the same color as the arm in which it was located. These doors could be locked to prevent S from pushing through them. A small goal dish was attached to the inner end wall of each arm, and was painted the
The Storied South: Voices of Writers and Artists

The Storied South features the voices--by turn searching and honest, coy and scathing--of twenty-six of the most luminous artists and thinkers in the American cultural firmament, from Eudora Welty, Pete Seeger, and Alice Walker to William Eggleston, Bobby Rush, and C. Vann Woodward. Masterfully drawn from one-on-one interviews conducted by renowned folklorist William Ferris over the past forty years, the book reveals how storytelling is viscerally tied to southern identity and how the work of these southern or southern-inspired creators has shaped the way Americans think and talk about the South. The Storied South offers a unique, intimate opportunity to sit at the table with these men and women and learn how they worked and how they perceived their art. The volume also features 45 of Ferris's striking photographic portraits of the speakers and a CD and a DVD of original audio and films of the interviews. |The Storied South features the voices--by turn searching and honest, coy and scathing--of twenty-six of the most luminous artists and thinkers in the American cultural firmament, from Eudora Welty, Pete Seeger, and Alice Walker to William Eggleston, Bobby Rush, and C. Vann Woodward. Masterfully drawn from one-on-one interviews conducted by renowned folklorist William Ferris over the past forty years, the book reveals how storytelling is viscerally tied to southern identity and how the work of these southern or southern-inspired creators has shaped the way Americans think and talk about the South.
Two-Step Synthesis of a Novel Cd17 Sulfide Cluster through Ionic Clusters

A novel discrete neutral Cd17 sulfide cluster (denoted CMM-9) with seven corners has been synthesized by slow diffusion of methanol into a mixed solution (DMF/CS2 = 1:1, weight ratio) containing an ionic starting material CMM-4. The structures of CMM-4 and CMM-9 are determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at 150 K. The structure of the new Cd17 cluster is distinctly different from the well-known C1 cluster that also has 17 Cd sites. The UV/Vis spectrum of the new cluster CMM-9 revealed a maximum absorption at 305 nm in DMF solution, which is slightly red-shifted compared to the regular C1 cluster (C1, [Cd17S4(SPh)28]2–, with a maximum absorption at 296 nm).
Shear force effects on fretting fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V

The present study examined the role of shear force on fretting fatigue behavior as well as its interdependence on other test variables, such as bulk stress, normal load, relative slip, and coefficient of friction, by using a fretting test system where shear force was controlled independent of other applied loads. Two contact geometries were used: cylinder-on-flat and flat-on-flat. For a given applied bulk stress and normal load condition, there is a simple relationship between shear force and relative slip up to a maximum value of shear force where contact condition changes from partial slip to gross slip. The effects of shear force and relative slip therefore can be combined together to characterize fretting behavior such as in a fretting map. Under a prescribed loading condition, fretting fatigue life decreases as shear force increases in partial slip condition. Further, the inter-relationships between shear force and other variables appear to be independent of contact geometry. In the tests where shear force is not applied independently rather when generated indirectly through the compliance of fretting setup, it is affected by the applied bulk stress and normal load, which in turn affect the relative slip range. Therefore, there is a complex interaction among various variables, and it is difficult to isolate their effects on fretting behavior in such test conditions. An independent control of relative slip in the fretting test thus provides an alternate means to characterize the variables’ effects and their interdependence.
Lasers for cutaneous congenital vascular lesions: a comprehensive overview and update

The use of laser to treat cutaneous lesions began with Dr. Leon Goldman and his coworkers in 1963. Ten years later, these authors described promising effects on angiomas using the continuous-wave neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. In 1983, Anderson et al. proposed the photothermolysis theory. The selective destruction of vascular lesions is based on this principle, and it is still a guide for treatment of vascular lesions. Over the past 25 years, laser treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions has progressed significantly. Vascular lasers such as argon, tunable dye, krypton, and copper vapor were used in the past and were associated not only with risk of scarring but also hyper- and hypopigmentation. Since then, new devices were developed in order to minimize these side effects. This article presents an overview and update of the current available treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions and covers future directions for vascular laser technology.
Siderophile interelement variations in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sediments from Caravaca, Spain

A detailed profile of the siderophiles Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Caravaca, Spain, indicates that the major fractionation mechanisms are local redistribution, reworking, and diagenetic mobilization. Large fractions of the Fe, Co, and Re and perhaps a small amount of Pd and Au appear to be terrestrially derived, but nearly all of the Ni, Os, Ir, and Pt must be derived from an extraterrestrial source. Only the basal layers at Caravaca and Stevns Klint, Denmark, are representative of the initial fallout and integrated Ir fluences across entire sections can be misleading. These suggest a concentration oft 120mg/g projectile in the fallout and a global fluence of chondritic matter oft 140mg cm−2.
EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF ZIRCONIA AND YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA FILMS ON SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATES BY REACTIVE SPUTTERING

Epitaxial single crystal growth of zirconia (ZrO 2 ) and yttria stabilized zirconia (ZrO 2 ·Y 2 O 3 ) films on sapphire substrates was achieved for the first time by using reactive sputtering. And the relations of crystallographic orientations between the epitaxial films and sapphire substrates was determined. Yttria stabilized zirconia films seem to offer hiah quality SOI substrates, since the crystal structure of ZrO 2 ·Y 2 O 3 is cubic fluorite and its lattice constant is closely matched to those of semiconductors such as Si and GaAs.
Comparative facilitation and inhibition of lordosis in the guinea pig with progesterone, 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, or 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one

Abstract The major 5α-reduced metabolites of progesterone tentatively identified in neural tissue of the guinea pig were evaluated in this species for their ability to facilitate and inhibit lordosis responses of spayed females after estradiol benzoate (EB) pretreatment. 5α-Dihydroprogesterone was found to be an effective facilitative agent, but at doses of 0.05-0.3 mg administered at time intervals from 12–60 hr after estradiol, it was not as potent as progesterone. The steroids 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, evaluated at only one dose level (0.18 mg) and at one time interval after estradiol (36 hr), were found to have moderate facilitative effects, but they were not as effective as 5α-dihydroprogesterone. The inhibitory influences of the metabolites studied were found to be weak relative to progesterone when given at doses of 0.6 mg 1 hr after EB. However, when 5α-dihydroprogesterone was given at a higher dose (3.6 mg) it was then found to be an effective inhibitor of the lordosis response. The results indicate that this metabolite has behavioral influences similar to those of progesterone for both facilitation and inhibition of estrus. It was suggested that the superior potency of injected progesterone may be due to mechanisms of bioavailability, including relative solubility differences of the two steroids when administered subcutaneously.
Misoprostol is effective treatment for patients with severe chronic constipation

To assess the efficacy of misoprostol in the treatment of patients with severe chronic constipation, nine such patients were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study of misoprostol (1200 µg/day) or placebo, that lasted three weeks. During this period each patient received the drug for one week and placebo for another with a week washout period in between. A colonic transit study, using radiopaque markers, was performed during each of the treatment weeks, while the number of stools and their total weight was recorded by each patient for the appropriate periods. Colonic transit time was significantly and consistently decreased by misoprostal compared to placebo [66 hr±10.2 vs 109.4 hr±8.1 (P=0.0005)]. Misoprostrol significantly increased the total stool weight per week [976.5 g±288.8 vs 434.6 g±190.5 (P=0.001)] and also significantly increased the number of stools per week compared to placebo [6.5±1.3 vs 2.5±0.11 (P=0.01)]. The incidence of abdominal pain was similar in both groups. We concluded that misoprostol, during a short trial period, proved effective in increasing the frequency and weight of bowel movements and decreasing colonic transit time in patients with severe chronic constipation. It may be used as a therapeutic measure to treat such patients.
Managing Diversity in the Workplace

In the changing demographics of American society, workplace diversity is today's reality. Organisations that refuse to recognise this fact risk failure in the future. Managing diversity is a business issue, not a moral, social, or legal concern. The challenge is not creating a diverse workforce, but empowering one. It is about enlightening managers to persuade a diverse workforce to raise its productivity by utilising all members to their fullest potential, thereby increasing profitability or effectiveness. Diversity refers not just to race and gender, but encompasses differences such as ages, merged companies, union/non‐union, exempt/non‐exempt, organisational newcomers and organisational oldtimers. The goal is to get the level of performance from a heterogeneous group that was formerly attained by the homogeneous group. Learning to manage diversity makes companies more competitive. In order to effectively manage diversity, organisational culture change is usually necessary.
Group Theory and the Electric Circuit

Electrical networks consisting of inductances, resistances, and capacitances form a group with the impedance function as an absolute invariant. That is, to a given impedance function there corresponds an infinite number of networks, any one of which can be obtained from any other by a special linear transformation of the instantaneous mesh currents and changes of the network. In this manner one may arrive at the complete infinite set of networks equivalent to a given network of any number of meshes. This is done by writing down the three fundamental quadratic forms of the network. Then a linear affine transformation of the instantaneous mesh currents and charges of the network results in the formation of new quadratic forms, the matrices of the coefficients of which represent a member of the group, i.e., an equivalent network. Instead of performing the substitutions, the three matrix multiplications ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}AC$ are used, one for each quadratic form, where $A$ represents the original matrix, $C$ the transformation matrix, and ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ its conjugate. It may be possible to extend this theory to include continuous systems where the quadratic forms become integrals or infinite series and one deals with infinite matrices and infinite transformations.
Relationship between Defect Size and Fatigue Life Distributions in Al-7 Pct Si-Mg Alloy Castings

A new method for predicting the variability in fatigue life of castings was developed by combining the size distribution for the fatigue-initiating defects and a fatigue life model based on the Paris–Erdogan law for crack propagation. Two datasets for the fatigue-initiating defects in Al-7 pct Si-Mg alloy castings, reported previously in the literature, were used to demonstrate that (1) the size of fatigue-initiating defects follow the Gumbel distribution; (2) the crack propagation model developed previously provides respectable fits to experimental data; and (3) the method developed in the present study expresses the variability in both datasets, almost as well as the lognormal distribution and better than the Weibull distribution.
Evaluation of the FLEXX incremental construction algorithm for protein-ligand docking.

We report on a test of FLEXX, a fully automatic docking tool for flexible ligands, on a highly diverse data set of 200 protein-ligand com- plexes from the Protein Data Bank. In total 46.5% of the complexes of the data set can be reproduced by a FLEXX docking solution at rank 1 with an rms devia- tion (RMSD) from the observed structure of less than 2 A. This rate rises to 70% if one looks at the entire generated solution set. FLEXX produces reli- able results for ligands with up to 15 components which can be docked in 80% of the cases with acceptable accuracy. Ligands with more than 15 components tend to generate wrong solutions more often. The average runtime of FLEXX on this test set is 93 seconds per complex on a SUN Ultra-30 worksta- tion. In addition, we report on ''cross-docking'' ex- periments, in which several receptor structures of complexes with identical proteins have been used for docking all cocrystallized ligands of these com- plexes. In most cases, these experiments show that FLEXX can acceptably dock a ligand into a foreign receptor structure. Finally we report on screening runs of ligands out of a library with 556 entries against ten different proteins. In eight cases FLEXX is able to find the original inhibitor within the top 7% of the total library. Proteins 1999;37:228-241.
The newsboy problem under progressive multiple discounts

Abstract Previous research on the newsboy problem is based on the assumption that excess inventory is either discounted once and sold or disposed of. Real world settings, especially in the apparel industry, involve many cases where multiple discounts are used. Under multiple discounts, a retailer has a series of discounts that are progressively used as the product remains on the shelf. In this paper we formulate and solve a newsboy problem with multiple e discounts. The new problem is solved with the objectives of 1) maximizing the expected profit and 2) maximizing the probability of achieving a target profit. We show that multiple discounts, when possible, provide higher expected profit than using a single discount. We verify the analytical results using numerical integration and illustrate the results with numerical examples.
IL-13 Regulates Th17 Secretion of IL-17A in an IL-10–Dependent Manner

IL-13 is a central mediator of airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus expression, both hallmarks of asthma. IL-13 is found in the sputum of patients with asthma; therefore, IL-13 is an attractive drug target for treating asthma. We have shown previously that IL-13 inhibits Th17 cell production of IL-17A and IL-21 in vitro. Th17 cells are associated with autoimmune diseases, host immune responses, and severe asthma. In this study, we extend our in vitro findings and determine that IL-13 increases IL-10 production from Th17-polarized cells and that IL-13-induced IL-10 production negatively regulates the secretion of IL-17A and IL-21. To determine if IL-13 negatively regulates lung IL-17A expression via an IL-10-dependent mechanism in vivo, we used a model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strain A2 infection in STAT1 knockout (KO) mice that increases lung IL-17A and IL-13 expression, cytokines not produced during RSV infection in wild-type mice. To test the hypothesis that IL-13 negatively regulates lung IL-17A expression, we created STAT1/IL-13 double KO (DKO) mice. We found that RSV-infected STAT1/IL-13 DKO mice had significantly greater lung IL-17A expression compared with that of STAT1 KO mice and that increased IL-17A expression was abrogated by anti-IL-10 Ab treatment. RSV-infected STAT1/IL-13 DKO mice also had increased neutrophil infiltration compared with that of RSV-infected STAT1 KO mice. Neutralizing IL-10 increased the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs of STAT1 KO mice but not STAT1/IL-13 DKO mice. These findings are vital to understanding the potential side effects of therapeutics targeting IL-13. Inhibiting IL-13 may decrease IL-10 production and increase IL-17A production, thus potentiating IL-17A-associated diseases.
Spatial variability in the structure of the Roberts Mountains allochthon, western Nevada

Structural variability in rocks of the upper plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust indicates a complex history of thrust emplacement during the mid-Paleozoic Antler orogeny. The Roberts Mountains allochthon consists predominantly of a highly deformed assemblage of structurally imbricated lower continental-slope and continental-rise sedimentary and volcanic rocks of early Paleozoic age. It has been interpreted variously as a back-arc thrust and as a grounded accretionary prism that overrode the upper Precambrian and lower Paleozoic passive margin of western North America. Current understanding of structural and stratigraphic relations supports the second interpretation. The trace of the Roberts Mountains thrust trends south-southwesterly across Nevada from near the Idaho border to the vicinity of Tonopah (38°N lat.), where it is interpreted to swing westerly and extend to the Sierra Nevada. Subparallel to the thrust trace is the trend of the western boundary of the late Precambrian passive continental margin as deduced from lower Paleozoic facies patterns and the 87Sr/86Sr = 0.706 line. The westerly deflection of these and younger trends has been attributed by some workers to crustal deformation of late Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic age, and by others to an original bend in the continental margin. Results presented here support the latter interpretation. Structures in the northern and central segments of the Roberts Mountains thrust (characterized by south-southwest trace) consist of a single phase of folds and indicate easterly transport. The inferred southern segment of the thrust, with a westerly trend, exhibits two and locally three phases of folds interpreted as being genetically related to emplacement of the thrust. First-phase folds in the south are correlated with folds in the central and northern segments of the thrust and, after the effects of superimposed structures are geometrically removed, also yield an easterly transport direction. Cross folds in the southern part of the allochthon and their absence to the north indicate different structural histories for the regions. Structures in the allochthon are interpreted as having developed during the formation of an accretionary prism. Differences in structural, history are related to differential rates of slip on the allochthon's basal thrust during transport and emplacement. Development of cross folds in the south is thought to be due to a local reduction in the rate of displacement and corresponding internal shortening of the upper-plate rocks caused by resistance to subduction of a west-facing promontory of continental crust.
Promoting Access to Knowledge, Strategy, and Disposition in Students: A Research Synthesis:

The emphasis in this paper is on access, defined as the ability to draw on or utilize one’s intellectual resources in situations where those resources are relevant. A number of factors influence access. They have been identified in various strands of research representing different construct and curriculum perspectives. To date, few attempts have been made to synthesize this research. This is the purpose of the present paper, which utilizes a framework thought to have relevance across research domains. According to this framework, two factors influence students’ ability to access knowledge, strategy, and disposition. The first is organizational in nature, the second relates to the amount of reflective awareness possessed by the individual. This paper discusses how organization and awareness factors influence access in each of the informational categories and how teachers can better attend to these factors and thus promote access or transfer in students.
InAs y P 1-y metamorphic buffer layers (MBLs) on InP substrates for mid-IR diode lasers

InAs QWs grown with InAs y P 1-y metamorphic buffer layers on InP substrates demonstrate mid-IR emission. A novel Al-free InAsP/InGaAs SCH design provides improved carrier confinement, allowing InAs QW laser emission near λ∼2.5µm @77K.
Crustal Spreading in Southern California: The Imperial Valley and the Gulf of California formed by the rifting apart of a continental plate

The current excitement among geologists and geophysicists stemming from the "new global tectonics" has led to a widespread, speculative reinterpretation of continental geology. The Gulf of California and its continuation into the Imperial Valley provide an excellent opportunity for studying the border zone between the North American and Pacific plates, and an interface of continental and oceanic tectonics. The Salton trough, the landward extension of the gulf, is a broad structural depression, comparable in size with the deeper marine basins of the southern part of the gulf, but here partially filled with sediments deposited by the Colorado River.
The relationship between eligibility criteria for participation in alcohol brief intervention trials and other alcohol and health-related variables.

In clinical trials of brief interventions for alcohol use, individuals typically are defined as eligible for the research through meeting quantity-frequency (QF) of alcohol consumption criteria, alcohol-related problems criteria, or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate preintervention and posttreatment differences among three groups of research participants eligible for participation in a brief intervention clinical trial by meeting the AUDIT total score criterion only, the QF criterion only, or both. The participants were 301 men and women 21 years of age or older who presented for medical treatment at one of twelve primary care clinics and were screened for participation in the clinical trial. Participants completed an assessment protocol at preintervention and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postintervention. The analyses showed statistical differences among the three subgroups on three outcome dimensions of alcohol consumption, related consequences and behaviors, and medical complications; for bo...
Peanut Drying Energy Consumption — A Simulation Analysis

Abstract During the past few years the cost of conventional sources of energy has dramatically increased and future supplies are uncertain. Available energy sources must be used in the most efficient manner. However, with any changes in recommended peanut drying procedures, product quality must be maintained. An analysis of various factors affecting energy consumption and drying time of peanuts was performed, using a computer simulation model. The analysis included consideration of ambient conditions, dryer controls, and initial peanut moisture. The analysis indicated that the airflow rate used in many commercially available farm dryers is necessary to adequately dry high moisture peanuts, but that a lower airflow rate would be adequate for low-moisture peanuts. A lower airflow rate would reduce energy consumption. Increasing the temperature rise of the drying air would speed drying but would also lower milling quality. Energy consumption was lowest early in the drying season when ambient drying potential...
Unitary Solution to Coherent Cyclic DOA Estimation Problem

Two unitary formulations of cyclic DOA algorithms are proposed, which are appropriate for both cyclic MUSIC algorithm and conjugate cyclic MUSIC algorithm. Firstly, the two approaches achieve a substantial reduction of the computational complexity via real-valued decomposition. Secondly, these unitary methods can deal with the direction-finding problem in situations with highly correlated or coherent signals. Finally, these unitary methods allow to select desired signals and to ignore interferences by exploiting the cyclostationary property of SOIs. Compared with cyclic MUSIC algorithm, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods
Low and minimal flow inhalational anaesthesia.

To descnbe the pharmacokinetic behaviour and practical aspects of low (0.5–1l· min−1) and minimal (0.25–0.5 l · min−1) flow anaesthesia. A Medline search located articles on low flow anaesthesia, and computer simulated anaesthetic uptake models are used. Most, 85–90%, of anaesthetists use high fresh gas flow rates during inhalational anaesthesia. Low/minimal flow anaesthesia with a circle circuit may avoid the need for in-circuit humidifiers, raise the temperature of inspired gases by up to 6°C, reduce cost by about 25% by reduction of fresh gas flows to 1.51· mm−1, and reduce environmental pollution with scavenged gas. Knowledge of volatile anaesthetic pharmacokinetic behaviour facilitates the use of minimal/low flow rates. Small amounts of nitrogen or minute amounts of methane, acetone, carbon monoxide, and inert gases in the circuit are of no concern, but the degradation of desflurane (to carbon monoxide by dry absorbent) and sevoflurane (to compound A by using a fresh gas flow of >2 l · min−1) must be avoided. With modem gas monitoring technology, safety should be no more of a concern than with high flow techniques. The use of fresh gas flow rates of < 1l · min−1 for maintenance of anaesthesia has many advantages, and should be encouraged for inhalational anaesthesia with most modem volatile anaesthetics.
Characterization of normal brain and brain tumor pathology by chisquares parameter maps of diffusion-weighted image data

Abstract Objective: To characterize normal and pathologic brain tissue by quantifying the deviation of diffusion-related signal from a simple monoexponential decay, when measured over a wider than usual range of b -factors. Methods and materials: Line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI), with diffusion weighting at multiple b -factors between 100 and 5000 s/mm 2 , was performed on 1.5 T clinical scanners. Diffusion data of single slice sections were acquired in five healthy subjects and 19 brain tumor patients. In-patients, conventional T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained for reference purposes. The chisquare ( χ 2 ) error parameter associated with the monoexponential fits of the measured tissue water signals was then used to quantify the departure from a simple monoexponential signal decay on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Results: Diffusion-weighted images over a wider b -factor range than typically used were successfully obtained in all healthy subjects and patients. Normal and pathologic tissues demonstrated signal decays, which clearly deviate from a simple monoexponential behavior. The χ 2 of cortical and deep grey matter was considerably lower than in white matter. In peritumoral edema, however, χ 2 was 68% higher than in normal white matter. In highly malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or anaplastic astrocytoma, χ 2 values were on average almost 400% higher than in normal white matter, while for one low grade astrocytoma and two cases of metastasis, χ 2 was not profoundly different from the χ 2 value of white matter. Maps of the χ 2 values provide good visualization of spatial details. However, the tumor tissue contrast generated appeared in many cases to be different from the enhancement produced by paramagnetic contrast agents. For example, in cases where the contrast agent only highlighted the rim of the tumor, χ 2 enhancement was present within the solid part of the tumor. Conclusion: The deviation from a purely monoexponential diffusion signal decay becomes evident as diffusion encoding is extended well beyond the normal range. The χ 2 error parameter as a measure of this deviation seems to provide sufficient lesion contrast to permit differentiation of malignant brain tumors from normal brain tissue.
Outage Theorems for MIMO Block-Fading Channels

The connection between the average codeword or frame error probability (FEP) of space-time codes and the outage probability over general block-fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels is established. Three archetypal problems are considered under general fading distributions in a single framework wherein the receiver has channel state information whereas the transmitter knows a) the fading distribution but not the channel realization b) the channel realization but must follow a short term (per codeword) average power constraint, and c) the channel realization but is constrained only by a long-term average power constraint. Three telescoping sets of space-time codes are defined for a given rate and it is shown that average FEPs arbitrarily close to the respective outage probabilities for each of the three cases a)-c) can be achieved by codes in each set for sufficiently large frame lengths. For the smallest set among the three which contains codes with a spectral norm constraint that is stricter than the average or maximum energy constraints commonly assumed, firm sphere-packing lower bounds on the FEP are obtained, and, consequently, strong converse theorems are proved which assert that the respective outage probabilities also represent the best achievable FEP in the large frame-length limit. Moreover, the set of spectral norm constrained codes are also shown to be large enough to contain universal codes that can communicate reliably over any channel realization for which the mutual information exceeds the information rate of the code
Specific Social Responses to Age-Related Dysfunction

This presentation will focus on the possibilities of distinguishing the manifestations of aging from symptoms of disease prevalent in older persons, when disability and morbidity become common.
TTL-CMOS input buffers with no static power dissipation

Two new implementations of CMOS input buffers that handle TTL level voltages with almost negligible static power dissipation are presented. These buffers reduce the output rising transition time by nearly 25% over existing buffer designs. The power dissipated during signal transitions is comparable or smaller under normal loading conditions.