cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of Preheating after Inflation

In inflationary cosmology, the particles constituting the Universe are created after inflation in the process of reheating due to the interaction with the oscillating inflaton field. We briefly review the basics of the slow reheating, and the stage of fast preheating, when the particles are created explosively in the regime of parametric resonance. The non-perturbative, out-of-equilibrium character of the parametric resonance changes many features of reheating. For these proceedings, we will highlight a few aspects of preheating: the structural dependence of the parametric resonance on the inflationary model, including $V(\phi)={m^2 \over 2}\phi^2$, ${\lambda\over 4}\phi^4$, $1-\cos {\phi \over f}$; ``rescattering'' of created particles; and phase transitions after inflation.
UPmag: MATLAB software for viewing and processing u channel or other pass-through paleomagnetic data

With the development of pass-through cryogenic magnetometers and the u channel sampling method, large volumes of paleomagnetic data can be accumulated within a short time period. It is often critical to visualize and process these data in “real time” as measurements proceed, so that the measurement plan can be dictated accordingly. We introduce new MATLAB™ software (UPmag) that is designed for easy and rapid analysis of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and laboratory-induced remanent magnetization data for u channel samples or core sections. UPmag comprises three MATLAB™ graphic user interfaces: UVIEW, UDIR, and UINT. UVIEW allows users to open and check through measurement data from the magnetometer as well as to correct detected flux jumps in the data, and to export files for further treatment. UDIR reads the *.dir file generated by UVIEW, automatically calculates component directions using selectable demagnetization range(s) with anchored or free origin, and displays vector component plots and stepwise intensity plots for any position along the u channel sample. UDIR can also display data on equal area stereographic projections and draw virtual geomagnetic poles on various map projections. UINT provides a convenient platform to evaluate relative paleointensity (RPI) estimates using the *.int files that can be exported from UVIEW. Two methods are used for RPI estimation: the calculated slopes of the best fit line between the NRM and the respective normalizer (using paired demagnetization data for both parameters) and the averages of the NRM/normalizer ratios. Linear correlation coefficients (of slopes) and standard deviations (of ratios) can be calculated simultaneously to monitor the quality of the RPI estimates. All resulting data and plots from UPmag can be exported into various file formats. UPmag software, data format files, and test data can be downloaded from http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/er.cgi?s=erda.cgi?n=985.
Integrated branding with mergers and acquisitions

With growing numbers of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), its relationship with brands and branding has attracted the attention of academics and practitioners. However, little has been explored in this area owing to greater emphasis on tangible financial factors. This article responds to the call of prior research to explore new variables associated with branding and M&A success. So what are the factors behind successful branding in M&A? To obtain answers, we interviewed 17 senior executives who were involved in a total of 43 grand projects. As insightful outcomes of the study, we present an ‘integrated model of branding-M&A’. The authors argue that integrated branding is an inseparable part of the process of merger integration, and involves forward and backward branding for strategy implementation. The model also links corporate vision, forward and backward branding, and pre- and post-M&A activities to help manage strategic decisions on integration. In this process, we identify several critical factors that rationalize branding implementation.
Complementary characterization techniques for identification of ferroelectric domains in KNbO3 single crystals

KNbO{sub 3} single crystals are often utilized for their piezoelectric and optical properties. In this study the domain configurations in as-grown single crystals were investigated using reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Using atomic force microscopy it was possible to image the distortion induced on the crystal surface by the domain walls and to quantify the predicted angle between (001){sub pc} planes across these walls for the cases of both 90 deg. domain walls and S walls. These features can also be imaged using the other two techniques. This direct measurement of surface distortion verifies the geometrical model of domain structures, and suggests that any possible strain energy considerations are minor in predicting the surface topography in the material after phase changes from the growth temperature.
4-Acetyl Annonacin and 4-Acetyl Xylomaticin: Two Novel Bioactive Mono-Tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenins from Asimina Longifolia (Annonaceae)

Abstract Two novel bioactive acetogenins, 4-acetyl annonacin (1) and 4-acetyl xylomaticin (2), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Asimina longifolia K. (Annonaceae) by directing the fractionation with the brine shrimp lethality test. 1 and 2 each has a mono-tetrahydrofuran (THF) ring with two flanking hydroxyl groups and an α, β-unsaturated γ-lactone with a 4-acetoxyl. The presence of acetoxyl groups is a feature rarely found in the Annonaceous acetogenins. 1 and 2 showed potent and selective cytotoxicities among six human tumor cell lines.
Study of coal conversion in polycondensed aromatic compounds

Abstract Coal conversions of up to 90 wt% can be obtained in solvents such as pyrene in an inert gas atmosphere. The extent of conversion is strongly dependent on the carbon content of the coal, those coals with 82–88 wt% maf carbon being the most easily converted. Under these conditions, conversion is sensitive to coal preparation and even mild air exposure can be greatly detrimental. In a hydrogen atmosphere, enhanced coal conversions are obtained in pyrene. The degree of enhancement is related to the interaction of pyrene, hydrogen and the coal mineral matter. Analyses of pyrene-coal reaction products showed the presence of hydro- and alkylated pyrenes. Alkylation can be very extensive, accounting for the transfer to pyrene of as many as one in 60 of the carbon atoms in the coal. It appears that dihydropyrene formation is catalysed by coal mineral matter and tends to increase with increasing convertibility of the coal. A mechanism is proposed by which the hydroderivative, formed in-situ by reaction with hydrogen gas, increases conversion. If the catalytic activity for hydrogenation is high and the demand for hydrogen by the coal is sufficiently low the hydroderivative will be fromed at a rate in excess of that required to liquefy coal through a hydrogen-donor mechanism. The properties of pyrene and similar solvents are discussed in relation to the beneficial effects of recycling high-boiling coal liquefaction products in process units.
Educational Leaders' Reports of Priorities and Activities in Selected Areas of Teacher Education Reform

The major reform reports of the past decade have several com mon recommendations that require the attention of teacher educators. Those recommendations have been the subject of considerable debate. But they have not necessarily resulted in a specific set of implementation activities. The authors con ducted a survey of AACTE institutions to determine whether curriculum and program structure changes were occurring.
PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS OF THE GAMETOPHYTES OF LYGODIUM JAPONICUM

Protonemata of Lygodium japonicum turn biplanar in both red and blue light regimes and remain filamentous in far-red light. Biplanar gametophytes formed in red light are longer than broad with long, rectangular cells, whereas in blue light they appear broader than long with short, isodiametric cells. Transfer of protonemata of all ages from far-red regime to red or blue light induces a morphological type of growth characteristic of the new light regime. However, only relatively young biplanar forms transferred from red or blue light are able to resume filamentous type of growth in a subsequent regime of far-red light.
Polypeptide chain structure of sting ray immunoglobulin.

Abstract The major component of sting ray immunoglobulin is characterized by a molecular weight of approx. 360 000. After cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds, the molecule can be resolved into light and heavy polypeptide chains. The light chains resemble those of other vertebrate immunoglobulins in size (mol. wt. 22 000) and electrophoretic mobility. The heavy chains are similar to the μ-chains of the human γM immunoglobulin class in molecular weight (72 000) and electrophoretic mobility. These molecular weights and the contribution which each chain makes to the mass of the intact molecule are consistent with a model of the intact structure as a dimer of the form [L2μ2]2; where L refers to the light chain and μ to the heavy chain. A higher molecular weight immunoglobulin with a molecular weight of approx. 950 000 was also observed. This protein was antigenically indentical to the main immunoglobulin component.
Time-frequency hop codes based upon extended quadratic congruences

Time-frequency hop codes are developed that can be used for coherent multiuser echolocation and asynchronous spread spectrum communication systems. They represent a compromise between Costas codes, which have nearly ideal autoambiguity but not so good cross-ambiguity properties, and linear congruential codes, which have nearly ideal cross-ambiguity but unattractive autoambiguity properties. Extended quadratic congruential code words are shown to have reasonably good autoambiguity and cross-ambiguity properties across the whole class of code sets considered. A uniform upper bound is placed on the entire cross-ambiguity function surface, and bounds are placed on the position and amplitude of spurious peaks in the autoambiguity function. These bounds depend on the time/bandwidth product and code length exclusively and lead naturally to a discussion of the design tradeoffs for these two parameters. Examples of typical autoambiguity and cross-ambiguity functions are given to illustrate the performance of the new codes. >
Nitrate cycling in Lake Titicaca (Peru‐Bolivia): the effects of high‐altitude and tropicality

SUMMARY. 1The vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen and inorganic nitrogen differed considerably between three stratification cycles in Lake Titicaca, a tropical lake (latitude 16°S) in the high Andes (3800 m altitude). In 1980/81 an anoxic layer of water extended from 200 to 275 m and contained high levels of NH4 but zero NO3. During the annual deep mixing period in 1981 this layer was substantially eroded, and was completely eliminated during deep-mixing in 1982. 2Nitrapyrin assays of nitrification demonstrated highest activity in the surface mixed layer, lowest activity just beneath the thermocline, and then increasing nitrification rates with increasing depth towards the bottom anoxic zone. Denitrification rates were slow, but detectable, in the surficial sediments of Lake Titicaca during late 1982. Much faster rates were estimated for the periods of water column anoxia. 3Lake Titicaca is a productive lake with low saturation levels of oxygen because of its high altitude. These features favour hypolimnetic anoxia, and thus denitrification which varies in magnitude from year to year.
Validating the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test With College First-Offenders

Although the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has been shown to have good validity and reliability with clinical samples, little data has been examined with respect to youthful problem drinkers, particularly college students. Data collected with 312 students cited their first time for breaking university drinking rules was examined to evaluate the factorial validity and internal consistency of the 10-item scale, and also to test the validity of the AUDIT against two scales designed with a previous cohort specifically to measure hazardous (The Drinking Context Scale) and harmful drinking (the College Alcohol Problem Scale) in college students. Overall, results suggest that the AUDIT is a valid and reliable screening device for college students, and could play an important role in assessing youthful problem drinkers for early intervention programming.
Evaluation of the feasibility of a far‐infrared laser based on intersubband transitions in GaAs quantum wells

The threshold current and quantum efficiency are calculated for an FIR injection laser based on intersubband transitions in GaAs single quantum wells. By considering the balance of gain against the free carrier and transverse optical phonon absorption, and the intersubband transition time, the wavelength dependence of the threshold current is calculated. For the wavelength range 50-120 microns, the required threshold currents are the lowest and have reasonable values of 1-10 kA/sq cm. The threshold quantum efficiency in that range is expected to be about 0.0001.
Lethal infection by a previously unrecognised metazoan parasite

Abstract Summary Background New microbial pathogens or variant clinical manifestations of known organisms may be first found in immunodeficient patients. An HIV-infected man developed a rapidly-enlarging abdominal mass, suggestive of a neoplasm, that subsequently invaded his liver and caused death. Initial studies showed unusual tissue morphology that could not be matched with any known disease process. Methods Tissues obtained from biopsy at laparotomy and necropsy were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and broad-range ribosomal DNA-amplification and sequence analysis. Findings Tissue lesions were characterised by peculiar cytoplasmic sacs containing minute cells with very prominent nucleoli. The pathological process was recognised as a parasitic infection, although its features were different from those of any known eukaryotic pathogen. Phylogenetic analysis of a 357 bp 18S rDNA sequence amplified directly from the involved tissue indicated that the causative agent was a previously-uncharacterised cestode. Interpretation Fatal disease produced by this newly recognised cestode may not be limited to immunodeficient hosts. Awareness of this metazoan infection may allow early diagnosis—by morphology and DNA sequence analysis—and perhaps successful treatment of subsequent cases.
Gonadal Steroid Sulfates and Sulfatase. VI. Comparative Metabolism in Isolated Seminiferous Tubules and Minces of Human Testis

ABSTRACT Seminiferous tubules were separated from sections of human tests and incubated under indentical conditions as minces from the same testes. The rate of cleavage of 3H-pregnenolone sulfate and the metabolism of 3H-pregnenolone and 14C-DHA was compared in the isolated seminiferous tubules and intact minces. The various products were isolated, identified and the amounts produced in a 2-hr period expressed as pmoles/mg protein incubated. On this basis it was demonstrated that steroid sulfatase and 20α-reductase activities were always higher in seminiferous tubules, while C17-C20 lyase and 17-hydroxylase activities were higher in minces than in tubules. No difference was observed in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase or 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in tubules and minces. The data demonstrate that seminiferous tubules from human testes have the capacity to convert pregnenolone sulfate to testosterone and suggest that pregnenolone sulfate which has been shown to be present in high c...
The Change of Conception of English-language Teaching of Taiwanese EFL Student-Teachers after Teaching Practicum

Abstract This study explored the change in English as a foreign language (EFL) student teachers’ conceptions of English language teaching (ELT) after a year-long ELT practicum. The participants were given surveys about their conceptions of ELT before and after their teaching practicum (TP). Analysis of the survey data revealed four main categories of conceptions about ELT. After TP, there were substantial differences in the distributions of responses in the four main categories. The environment that an ELT practicum fosters could be the key to new insights and knowledge about English teaching.
The Dicrotic Pulse: A Common, Non-Ominous Finding After the Ross Operation

We noted a dicrotic pulse in several patients following a Ross operation. Although the etiology of this unique arterial waveform is not completely understood, it has been reported as a sign of low cardiac output and a poor prognosis. We reviewed preoperative echocardiograms and postoperative radial arterial pressure tracings in 33 patients who underwent a Ross procedure between 2000 and 2004. We found a dicrotic pulse to occur commonly (20/33; 61%) following a Ross operation. Moderate to severe preoperative aortic insufficiency was present in 19/20 patients (95%) in whom a dicrotic pulse was noted and in only 3/13 (23%) who did not exhibit a postoperative dicrotic pulse (p<0.001). A dicrotic pulse was not associated with an increased use of vasoactive infusions or longer hospitalization following the Ross operation. The dicrotic pulse should be recognized as a common postoperative finding in Ross patients that does not herald a delayed postoperative convalescence. The mechanism for a dicrotic pulse in these patients is speculative but may result from changes in vascular compliance secondary to chronic aortic insufficiency.
The american society for testing materials F-30 committee on EMS

The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) F-30 Committee on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) began creating voluntary consensus standards for EMS including air medical transport in 1984. The F-30 Committee is composed of more than 200 members who represent both the “producers” and the “users” of EMS. Approximately 10 of the 39 standards published by the F-30 Committee either deal directly or indirectly with air medical programs. The standards are refined through yearly evaluation and reviewed in detail every four years. Due to concerns with the ASTM process, several of the initial members resigned in 1988. Changes made to the scope and practice of the F-30 Committee have resulted in some of these participants returning to the process. New standards must be developed only after a “needs assessment” demonstrates that such a standard should exist. Relevant pre-existing standards must be reviewed. Clinical practice has been excluded from the work of the F-30 Committee. Air medical programs may participate as members of the F-30 Committee for a nominal yearly fee, which provides members with an updated book of standards. Meetings are held biannually. The Guide for Establishing the Qualifications, Education and Training of EMS Aeromedical Patient Care Providers is approaching its four-year review, and a number of other standards, which are of particular interest to the air medical community, are currently under development.
Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA

Abstract Stratigraphic investigations of fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine sediments exposed in stream cuts, quarry walls, and deep trenches east of the Sierra Nevada in Owens Valley near Lone Pine, California have enabled the reconstruction of pluvial Owens Lake level oscillations. Age control for these sediments is from 22 radiocarbon (14C) dates and the identification and stratigraphic correlation of a tephra, which when plotted as a function of age versus altitude, define numerous oscillations in the level of pluvial Owens Lake during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. We have constructed a lake-level altitude curve for the time interval ∼27,000 cal yr BP to present that is based on the integration of this new stratigraphic analysis with published surface stratigraphic data and subsurface core data. Pluvial Owens Lake regressed from its latest Pleistocene highstands from ∼27,000 to ∼15,300 cal yr BP, as recorded by ∼15 m of down cutting of the sill from the altitudes of ∼1160 to 1145 m. By ∼11,600 cal yr BP, the lake had dropped ∼45 m from the 1145 m sill. This lowstand was followed by an early Holocene transgression that attained a highstand near 1135 m before dropping to 1120 m at 7860–7650 cal yr BP that had not been recognized in earlier studies. The lake then lowered another ∼30 m to shallow and near desiccation levels between ∼6850 and 4300 cal yr BP. Fluvial cut-and-fill relations north of Lone Pine and well-preserved shoreline features at ∼1108 m indicate a minor lake-level rise after 4300 cal yr BP, followed by alkaline and shallow conditions during the latest Holocene. The new latest Quaternary lake-level record of pluvial Owens Lake offers insight to the hydrologic balance along the east side of the southern Sierra Nevada and will assist regional paleoclimatic models for the western Basin and Range.
Electron attachment to C60 in nonpolar solvents

Abstract Rate constants for electron attachment to C60 were measured by pulse radiolysis in several nonpolar solvents. The rates for this highly exoergic reaction are fast, comparable to the rates found for the most efficient acceptors, such as SF6. The linear dependence of the rate on electron mobility for liquids in which the mobility is low, indicates the reaction is diffusion limited, but the rate drops below the diffusion rate for liquids in which the mobility is high.
Unexpected phosphate salt-catalyzed hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in model disaccharides: Cellobiose and maltose

Abstract Monobasic sodium phosphate salt is shown to unexpectedly catalyze cellobiose and maltose hydrolysis to glucose at temperatures between 90 °C and 120 °C and pH 4 in aqueous solution. A selectivity of up to 80% glucose is achieved, which increases with increasing disaccharide dilution. The catalytic role of the phosphate salt is evident in a comparison of the measured activation energy of the catalyzed process for cellobiose hydrolysis of 59 kJ mol −1 versus that reported for the background reaction of 136 kJ mol −1 . The normalized rate of catalysis over background significantly increases further at higher pH. Zero-order dependence of hydrolysis rate on disaccharide concentration as well as a logarithmic dependence of hydrolysis rate on phosphate salt concentration is observed. A heterogeneous catalysis mechanism is proposed, which is supported by the presence of condensed phosphate in reaction solution via 31 P NMR spectroscopy. This mechanism involves disaccharide chemisorption and subsequent activation via interactions with surface acid/base sites.
Groups of graphs of groups

We classify all groups of color preserving automorphisms (isometries) of edge colored complete graphs derived from finite groups.
Don't Fence Me In: Contracts, Copyright, and the Singing Cowboys

Abstract Often denigrated or outright ignored in film and television scholarship, Roy Rogers and Gene Autry, Hollywood's most popular “singing cowboys,” challenged the studio system during the industry's transition to television in the mid-1950s. Rogers and Autry both sued Republic Pictures in an attempt to halt the broadcasting of their older films. Although their cases ultimately failed, the singing cowboys succeeded in highlighting important issues related to cultural property (e.g., moral rights, copyright, the right to publicity and contract law) in the popular and trade press. These cases remain understudied within mainstream media studies despite the fact that Rogers and Autry helped set legal precedent, are frequently cited in contemporary case law, and well illustrate the complex dynamics of distributing older media via emerging technologies.
Model Study for a General Approach to Morphine and Noroxymorphone via a Rare Heck Cyclization

β-Bromoethylbenzene was converted to the pentacycle 6 in 11 steps. The key features of this model were the toluene dioxygenase catalyzed production of diol 13 and the stereospecific Heck closure of 5 to 6.
Hypervascular Hepatic Focal Lesions: Spectrum of Imaging Features

Detection and characterization of liver lesions often present a diagnostic challenge to the radiologists. Liver lesions may be classified as hypovascular and hypervascular based on degree of hepatic arterial blood supply. Common hypervascular liver lesions include hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar carcinoma, and metastases from primary tumors such as islet cell tumor, carcinoid, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and thyroid carcinoma. In this review article, we discuss the spectrum of imaging features of hypervascular liver lesions.
An Exploration of Undergraduate Music Majors’ Melodic Dictation Strategies

Based on the needs for viable melodic dictation strategies and thoughtful approaches to teaching prerequisite skills, the central research question guiding this qualitative study was as follows: What strategies do dictation takers describe having used on successfully completing a standard melodic dictation? Six sophomore music majors, recommended by their theory professors as consistently successful in melodic dictation, completed two cycles each of a standard dictation coupled with a follow-up reflection interview focused on strategies. Three overarching themes emerged from data analysis: (1) Participants are highly skilled at directing their attention during dictation, (2) participants prioritize tasks carefully during each listening of a dictation, and (3) participants skillfully coordinate a variety of musical and problem-solving skills to complete dictations successfully.
Flavor mixing signals for realistic supersymmetric unification.

The gauge interactions of any supersymmetric extension of the standard model involve new flavor mixing matrices. The assumptions involved in the construction of minimal supersymmetric models, both SU(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) and grand unified theories, force a large degree of triviality on these matrices. However, the requirement of realistic quark and lepton masses in supersymmetric grand unified theories forces these matrices to be nontrivial. This leads to important new dominant contributions to the neutron electric dipole moment and to the decay mode p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{K}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}$, and suggests that there may be important weak scale radiative corrections to the Yukawa coupling matrix of the up quarks. The lepton flavor-violating signal \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\gamma} is studied in these theories when tan\ensuremath{\beta} is sufficiently large that radiative effects of couplings other than ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{t}}$ must be included. The naive expectation that large tan\ensuremath{\beta} will force sleptons to unacceptably large masses is not borne out: radiative supressions to the leptonic flavor mixing angles allow regions where the sleptons are as light as 300 GeV, provided the top Yukawa coupling in the unified theory is near the minimal value consistent with ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{t}}$. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
Virtual QCD corrections to Higgs boson plus four parton processes

We report on the calculation of virtual processes contributing to the production of a Higgs boson and two jets in hadron-hadron collisions. The coupling of the Higgs boson to gluons, via a virtual loop of top quarks, is treated using an effective theory, valid in the large top quark mass limit. The calculation is performed by evaluating one-loop diagrams in the effective theory. The primary method of calculation is a numerical evaluation of the virtual amplitudes as a Laurent series in $D\ensuremath{-}4$, where $D$ is the dimensionality of space-time. For the cases $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}q\overline{q}$ and $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}{q}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\overline{q}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ we confirm the numerical results by an explicit analytic calculation.
The Bargmann-Wigner method in Galilean relativity

The equations of motion of a spin one particle as derived from Levy-Leblond's Galilean formulation of the Bargmann-Wigner equations are examined. Although such an approach is possible for the case of free particles, inconsistencies which closely parallel those encountered in the Bargmann-Wigner equations of special relaticity are shown to occur upon the introduction of minimal electromagnetic coupling. If, however, one considers the vector meson within the Lagrangian formalism of totally symmetric multispinors, it is found that the ten components which describe the vector meson in Minkowski space reduce to seven for the Galilean group and that in this formulation no difficulty occurs for minimal electromagnetic coupling.
Elevated CO2 reduces disease incidence and severity of a red maple fungal pathogen via changes in host physiology and leaf chemistry

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to double within the next century. Despite this trend, the extent and mechanisms through which elevated CO2 affects plant diseases remain uncertain. In this study, we assessed how elevated CO2 affects a foliar fungal pathogen, Phyllosticta minima ,o fAcer rubrum growing in the understory at the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment experiment in Durham, North Carolina. Surveys of A. rubrum saplings in the 6th, 7th, and 8th years of the CO2 exposure revealed that elevated CO2 significantly reduced disease incidence, with 22%, 27%, and 8% fewer saplings and 14%, 4%, and 5% fewer leaves infected per plant in the three consecutive years, respectively. Elevated CO2 also significantly reduced disease severity in infected plants in all years (e.g. mean lesion area reduced 35%, 50%, and 10% in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively). To assess the mechanisms underlying these changes, we combined leaf structural, physiological and chemical analyses with growth chamber studies of P. minima growth and host infection. In vitro exponential growth rates of P. minima were enhanced by 17% under elevated CO2, discounting the possibility that disease reductions were because of direct negative effects of elevated CO2 on fungal performance. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) verified that conidia germ tubes of P. minima infect A. rubrum leaves by entering through the stomata. While stomatal size and density were unchanged, stomatal conductance was reduced by 21‐36% under elevated CO2, providing smaller openings for infecting germ tubes. Reduced disease severity under elevated CO2 was likely due to altered leaf chemistry and reduced nutritive quality; elevated CO2 reduced leaf N by 20% and increased the C:N ratio by 20%, total phenolics by 15%, and tannins by 14% (Po0.05 for each factor). The potential dual mechanism we describe here of reduced stomatal opening and altered leaf chemistry that results in reduced disease incidence and severity under elevated CO2 may be prevalent in many plant pathosystems where the pathogen targets the stomata.
Prevention of Carotid Artery Thrombosis by Oral Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist in Dogs

Background and Purpose Current antithrombotic therapy in acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction in which a combination of antiplatelet agents (aspirin) and anticoagulants (heparin) was used led to partial reduction of acute thrombotic complications. Recent advances in antiplatelet research led to the discovery of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex (GPIIb/IIIa), the final common pathway for platelet aggregation. The present study was undertaken to determine the oral antithrombotic efficacy of a potent and specific platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, DMP728, in an electrically induced carotid artery thrombosis model in dogs. Based on the powerful antiplatelet efficacy of this mechanism in inhibiting all agonist-induced platelet aggregation as well as in inhibiting platelet procoagulant activity (thrombin generation and hence fibrin formation), an orally active antagonist for this integrin receptor might have potential benefits in stroke. Methods Anesthetized dogs were instrumented for monitorin...
Impact of Two Social-Cognitive Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: Test of an Amenability to Treatment Model.

An amenability to treatment model stipulates that interventions may be differentially effective for subgroups of individuals with similar characteristics. Using such a model, the present study tests the impact of two social-cognitive interventions implemented in the sixth (Intervention I) and eighth/ninth (Intervention II) grades on students' skill acquisition and on their ninth and tenth grade substance use. A randomized factorial design was used to examine main and interaction effects within the context of student family household status and gender. Positive program effects were found for Intervention II on skill acquisition and overall drug involvement. Interaction effects of Intervention II x Family Household Status provided support for the amenability to treatment model, but no support for the model was observed based on student gender. Possible explanations for the study findings are presented and future research directions are proposed to address why differences emerge in amenability to intervention and why such differences occur for specific subgroups.
Using liquid helium to study fluid interface coalescence effects

The impact of a liquid drop on a liquid surface has been studied extensively with acoustic techniques and high-speed imaging in the past decade. Experiments show that only a small range of drop parameters cause entrained bubbles. Numerical studies give an empirical formula for the boundaries of the entrainment region. The formula depends on the drop size, impact velocity, etc. Experimental studies have been done in water, and it would be of interest to study the same phenomenon in a very different fluid, such as liquid helium. We are performing experiments with liquid helium using new high speed acoustic and optical probles. Methods to systematically form droplets of liquid helium have been studied. Preliminary acoustic signals showed traces similar, but not identical, to those observed in water.
Patchy retinal degeneration in tetraparental mice.

TETRAPARENTAL mice, formed by combining two eight-cell stage embryos into one, provide a unique opportunity for studying mammalian developmental phenomena1,2. When the two embryos forming a given mouse originate from different inbred strains, the adult offspring displays chimaerism in many tissues including skin2, liver3 and blood4,5, if the two parental strains differ at a genetic locus expressed in the tissue under examination. The pattern of mosaicism can provide information on how the tissue developed. Although chimaerism in the nervous system would clearly be of great interest both from morphogenetic and physiological points of view, it has not until now been demonstrated in these mice, as far as we are aware.
Comparative Analysis of Lean Construction with Design-Build Using a Framework of Contractual Forms of Agreement

AbstractThe purpose of this comparative analysis is two-fold: (1) to promote thinking and generate dialogue regarding lean construction within the design and construction community; and (2) to provide this community, including students of lean construction, with a practical, contract language-based framework with which to compare the elements of widely understood design-build with lesser-known lean construction. This comparative analysis explains lean construction thinking through discrete, clause-by-clause comparison of a template integrated project delivery (IPD) agreement (which is a lean construction influenced agreement) with an industry-standard design-build agreement. Comparison identifies numerous contractual topics included in both agreements, labeled universalizing contract topics. Deeper analysis of these identified common topics reveals differing intent and contractual obligations for the parties thereby substantiating insight into the overarching goals for lean construction (LC) and design-bu...
Vasculitis, Mast Cells and the Collagen Diseases

Purpura and necrotizing vasculitis complicate high dose adrenocortical therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathological changes in five cases are summarized. Tissue mast cells are concentrated around blood vessels and store heparin, histamine, hyaluronic acid and in some species, serotonin. These pleuri-potential cells upon „trauma” yield these potent biological substances which may act as prime movers in the inflammatory reaction. Association of these cells with adrenocortical steroids, fibrogenesis and anaphylaxis is further evidence that they play a role in the panangiitic reaction of hypercortisonism. Purpura e vasculitis nectotisante rende complicate le uso de therapia a alte doses de steroides adrenocortical in arthritis rheumatoide. Es summarisate le alterationes pathologic incontrate in cinque casos. Mastocytos del tissu es concentrate circum le vasos de sanguine e effectua un thesaurisation de heparina, histamina, acido hyaluronic, e—in certe species—de serotonina. Quando le mastocytos, que es pluripotential, es „traumatisate”, illos libera le mentionate biologicamente potente substantias que alora pote ager como promotores primari del reaction inflammatori. Le association de iste cellulas con steroides adrenocortical, fibrogenese, e anaphylaxe supporta additionalmente le these que illos ha un rolo in le reaction panangiitic de hypercortisonismo.
Phosphorylation-Dependent Changes in Structure and Dynamics in ERK2 Detected by SDSL and EPR

Mitogen-activated protein kinases are regulated by occupancy at two phosphorylation sites near the active site cleft. Previous studies using hydrogen exchange to investigate the canonical mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-2, have shown that phosphorylation alters backbone conformational mobility >10 A distal to the site of phosphorylation, including decreased mobility within amino acids 102–105 and increased mobility within 108–109. To further describe changes after enzyme activation, site-directed spin labeling at amino acids 101, 105–109, 111, 112 and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to investigate this region. The anisotropic hyperfine splitting of the spin labels in glassy samples was unchanged by phosphorylation, consistent with previous crystallographic studies that indicate no structural change in this region. At positions 101, 111, and 112, the mobility of the spin label was unchanged by diphosphorylation, consistent with little or no conformational change. However, diphosphorylation caused small but significant changes in rotational diffusion rates at positions 105–108 and altered proportions of probe in a motionally constrained state at positions 105, 107, and 109. Thus, electron paramagnetic resonance indicates reproducible changes in nanosecond side-chain mobilities at specific residues within the interdomain region, far from the site of phosphorylation and conformational change.
Linear Dispersive Decay Estimates for the 3+1 Dimensional Water Wave Equation with Surface Tension

We consider the linearization of the three-dimensional water waves equation with surface tension about a flat interface. Using oscillatory integral methods, we prove that solutions of this equation demonstrate dispersive decay at the somewhat surprising rate of . This rate is due to competition between surface tension and gravitation at wave numbers and is connected to the fact that, in the presence of surface tension, there is a so-called “slowest wave”. Additionally, we combine our dispersive estimates with type energy bounds to prove a family of Strichartz estimates.
Aerial Photography: Use in Detecting Simulated Insect Defoliation in Corn

Artificial defoliation in corn was used to explore the usefulness of aerial photography in detecting crop insect infestations. Defoliation on the top of plants was easily detected, while that on the base was less so. Aero infrared film with Wratten 89B filter gave the best results, and morning flights at the scale of 1:15840 are recommended. Row direction, plant growth stage, and time elapse since defoliation were not important factors.
1,3-Dipolar [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-α-Diphenyl Nitrone to the Benzene Ligand in Reductively Activated [Mn(CO)3(η4-C6H6)]-

We have established that the η4-benzene ligand in [Mn(CO)3(η4-C6H6)]- undergoes a stepwise cycloaddition reaction with N-α-diphenyl nitrone in a sequence in which the Lewis acid BF3 is first used to induce nucleophilic addition of [Mn(CO)3(η4-C6H6)]- to N-α-diphenyl nitrone. The BF3 can be removed by protonation to give the neutral intermediate [Mn(CO)3{η5-C6H6CHPhN(Ph)OH}], which can be cyclized by addition of excess KH and PPNCl to drive ring closure and form containing an isoxazolidine ligand that is the [3 + 2] cycloaddition product of the nitrone with benzene.
Treatment Patterns in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: A Retrospective Analysis

Objective. To describe treatment patterns and factors influencing treatment in a real-world setting of US patients with metastatic melanoma (MM). Methods. This was a retrospective claims-based study among patients with MM diagnosed between 2005 and 2010 identified from MarketScan databases. Results. Of 2546 MM patients, 66.8% received surgery, 44.7% received radiation, 38.7% received systemic therapies, and 17.7% received all modalities. Patients with lung, brain, liver, or bone metastases were less likely to undergo surgery (all P < 0.0001); patients with lung (P = 0.04), brain (P < 0.001), or liver metastases (P = 0.03) were more likely to receive systemic therapies; patients with brain (P < 0.0001) or bone metastases (P < 0.0001) were more likely to receive radiation therapy. Oncologists were more likely to recommend systemic therapy (P < 0.0001) or radiation (P < 0.0001), while dermatologists were more likely to recommend surgery (P = 0.002). Monotherapy was the dominant systemic therapy (82.4% patients as first-line). Conclusions. Only 39% of MM patients received systemic therapies, perhaps reflecting efficacy and safety limitations of conventional systemic therapies for MM. Among those receiving systemic therapy, monotherapy was the most common approach. Sites of metastases and physician speciality influenced treatment patterns. This study serves as a baseline against which future treatment pattern studies, following approval of new agents, can be compared.
Gypsy law and Jewish law

The article on Gypsy law by Walter Weyrauch and Maureen Bell is a pioneering attempt to describe the role of law among the Roma (Gypsies).1 Because there is no written law, Weyrauch and Bell are not in a position to give an account of the development of Romani law over its approximately one thousand year history. This lack is in striking contrast to Jewish law. Although there are eras when we know little or nothing about Jewish law, we can nonetheless give an account of its development over a very long period of time.
Nuclear Cardiology Technology Study Guide

A.M Alessi, M.B. Farrell, B.J. Grabher, M.C. Hyun, S.G. Johnson, and P. Squires Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2010, 211 pages, $249 If anyone is serious about passing the NMTCB’s nuclear cardiology technology examination, acquiring further knowledge of nuclear cardiology, or just
Is the Tyrosine Rich Eggshell Protein of Schistosoma Mansoni an Electron Transport Chain

The schistosome eggshell is composed of two kinds of cross-linked proteins. One is glycine rich and the other is extremely tyrosine rich and highly repetitive. The highly conserved sequence of the tyrosine residues in the tyrosine rich protein suggests that it may play a role as an electron transport chain during eggshell cross-linking. Studies using model synthetic peptides suggest that the tyrosine rich protein may adopt a left-handed structure, possibly a left-handed alpha-helix.
Abscisic acid receptors: multiple signal-perception sites.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in various aspects of plant growth and development and in adaptation of plants to various environmental stresses. Cell response to ABA is initiated by ABA perception with a cell receptor. Recently, three distinct ABA receptors have been identified, opening a door to uncover the initial events of ABA signal transduction. The aim of this Botanical Briefing is to present a perspective of the ABA receptors identified. SCOPE This Briefing offers an introduction to the three ABA receptors identified and an analysis of the complexity and multiplicity of ABA receptors, and provides some viewpoints on future research.
Influence of point defects on grain boundary mobility in bcc tungsten

Atomistic computer simulations were performed to study the influence of radiation-induced damage on grain boundary (GB) sliding processes in bcc tungsten (W), the divertor material in the ITER tokamak and the leading candidate for the first wall material in future fusion reactors. In particular, we calculated the average sliding-friction force as a function of the number of point defects introduced into the GB for a number of symmetric tilt GBs. In all cases the average sliding-friction force at fixed shear strain rate depends on the number of point defects introduced into the GB, and in many cases introduction of these defects reduces the average sliding-friction force by roughly an order of magnitude. We have also observed that as the number of interstitials in the GB is varied, the direction of the coupled GB motion sometimes reverses, causing the GB to migrate in the opposite direction under the same applied shear stress. This could be important in the microstructural evolution of polycrystalline W under the harsh radiation environment in a fusion reactor, in which high internal stresses are present and frequent collision cascades generate interstitials and vacancies.
How Are People Empowered to Help a Homeless Relative

The purpose of this research is to understand variations in caregiver empowerment and satisfaction using a sample of people who have a homeless relative. Data analyses test four hypotheses, developed from theories and research on caregiver stress. Multivariate regression analyses of data from 118 interviewees largely support the hypotheses. Results show that empowerment is significantly higher among people with a homeless relative who experience less caregiver burden, receive more helpful social support, have greater faith in others, and report more success getting help and care for their family, including their homeless relative. More satisfied caregivers experience significantly fewer feelings of stigmatization and greater faith in other people, while their homeless relative receives more extensive social support, more help, and more health care. Caregiver satisfaction is also higher among empowered people from smaller households who help their homeless relatives with daily activities. These findings co...
Green's function for a third-order generalized right focal problem

Abstract We determine the Green's function for the third-order three-point generalized right focal boundary value problem x‴(t)=0, t 1 ⩽t⩽t 3 , x(t 1 )=x′(t 2 )=0, γx(t 3 )+δx″(t 3 )=0, where δ>0, and determine conditions on the coefficients and boundary points to ensure its positivity. Then we use the Krasnoselskii and Leggett and Williams fixed point theorems to prove the existence of solutions to the nonlinear problem x‴(t)=f t,x(t) , t 1 ⩽t⩽t 3 , x(t 1 )=x′(t 2 )=0, γx(t 3 )+δx″(t 3 )=0, for certain constraints placed on nonnegative f.