cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safe zone for superolateral entry pin into the distal humerus in children: an MRI analysis.

Background The radial nerve is at risk for iatrogenic injury during placement of pins, screws, or wires around the distal humerus. Unlike adults, detailed anatomic information about the relationship of the nerve to the distal humerus is lacking in children.
God and evil: Problems of consistency and gratuity

Through the centuries few themes have bewitched man's intellectual endeavor more than the problem of evil. Theologians and philosophers still ponder its effects on the credibility of the Christian faith. Evaluating the problem is difficult, since it involves a complex interplay of moral values, ontological commitments, logical principles, and religious loyalties. To understand better the problem of evil many philosophers have analyzed in detail its internal structure. These analyses frequently differ and are not always helpful. In this article, I survey the recent literature on the topic and note ways in which the problem has been conceived. Then I analyze and evaluate two important conceptionsthe problems of consistency and gra tu i tywhich are keys to understanding the traditional and current scholarship on God and evil. Last, I offer several observations on the subject. Some philosophers have thought that the problem of evil is not just one particular argument, but a cluster of arguments, each relating to a certain area of concern and having an identifiable structure. Of course, the precise rendition of the argument which one countenances determines the direction of his analysis. A brief survey of the different ways in which philosophers have distinguished formulations of the problem would be helpful. H. D. Aiken divides the problem of evil into the logical and the existential problems. The former pertains to the relations of key ideas contained in two essential theistic claims:
Autocatalytic model for the reduction of nickel chloride with hydrogen gas

The mechanism of hydrogen reduction of nickel chloride consists of formation of nuclei of nickel followed by the growth of these nuclei. The incubation period observed at the start of the reduction1 is usually associated with nuclei formation. The growth of the nuclei corresponds to the acceleratory period.
Directness in Chinese Business Correspondence of the Nineteenth Century

Although the literature has usually characterized Chinese business correspondence as indirect, this article illustrates how Chinese writers used directness in 115 extant English-language business letters to Jardine, Matheson & Company Ltd. in the nineteenth century. Taking a general speech-act approach and a linguistic pragmatics analysis to determine the incidence of directness and indirectness, the author then uses cultural analysis to understand why the writers used directness and indirectness. The analysis shows that indirectness in the organization of the message served to establish an informational context whereas directness served to signal a strong proximity dimension in the relationship between the correspondents. The article proposes that these Chinese writers may have chosen directness precisely to signal proximity, especially where power differentials were great.
Epithelin/Granulin Growth Factors: Extracellular Cofactors for HIV-1 and HIV-2 Tat Proteins☆

Abstract Epithelin/granulin growth factor is synthesized as a 593 amino acid precursor protein that contains 7.5 imperfectly conserved repeats of approximately 57 amino acids. Processed epithelin/granulin peptides have been isolated from vertebrate/invertebrate species and are growth factors implicated in epithelial and haemic cell function. Here they are identified as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Tat binding proteins using the yeast two-hybrid assay. Intracellularly in yeast, mutation of selected cysteines in an epithelin/granulin dimeric repeat caused loss of binding to Tat exon 1.In vitrobinding of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Tat to epithelin/granulin dimeric and monomeric repeats was also observed by GST-glutathione bead “pulldown” assays. Because Tat is actively secreted from HIV-infected cells and has been shown to serve as a mitogenic factor for angiogenesis and for Kaposi-like cells, our observations suggest that epithelin/granulin growth factors may function as biologically important extracellular Tat co-factors.
On the distribution function of various model selection criteria with stochastic regressors

Abstract It is shown that, at the same level of significance, the power functions of several alternative model selection criteria are identical. We derive the distribution function for the criterion with stochastic regressors and report some calcutions on the power function based on numerical integration.
Erratum to “Photochemistry of the gaseous hydrogen peroxide-carbon monoxide system. III. Calculated energetics for possible HO2CO complexes” [J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 85 (1995) 201–205]

Abstract At 298 K, HO2 radicals formed by secondary reactions in the photochemistry of the H2O2CO system do not react with CO, whereas OH radicals formed in the primary process do. To explain the non-reactivity of HO2, we made Hartree-Fock calculations of the energies needed to form three probable HO2CO intermediate radical complexes: The values of ΔE for the reaction HO2+CO→R and δHf° for R obtained at 298 K are as follows: R I II (sym) II (anti) III (sym) III (anti) δE ( kJ ) 89 6 9 −280 −259 δH f ° ( kJ mol −1 ) −22 −105 −102 −391 −370 From the high-temperature rate data, we conclude that the first stage of the reaction is the formation of complex I with δE the same or almost the same as the activation energy for the reaction to yield products CO2 and OH, and that every collision of the reactants with sufficient energy yields the complex.
Interaction of variable bacterial outer membrane lipoproteins with brain endothelium.

Background Previously we reported that the variable outer membrane lipoprotein Vsp1 from the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae disseminates from blood to brain better than the closely related Vsp2 [1]. Here we studied the interaction between Vsp1 and Vsp2 with brain endothelium in more detail.
Quasiparticle interaction in liquid 3He

Abstract The quasiparticle interaction in liquid 3 He is studied. It is shown that part of the interaction can be considered induced through the exchange of density and spin-density excitations. The coupling of these excitations to quasiparticles is shown to be given rigorously by the quasiparticle interaction itself in the long wavelength limit. The induced part of the interaction is then calculated by determining the density-density and spin-density-spin-density response functions assuming that the irreducible particle-hole vertex functions are frequency independent. The remainder of the interaction is shown to be given by a vertex function which does not have certain singularities and it is argued that it can be approximated by the Brueckner G -matrix. From the net interaction Landau parameters are extracted and compared with the experimentally known ones. Since the agreement was not satisfactory, the consequences of making a theory in terms of “paramagnons” is explored. This leads to much better numerical results, but the theory is less satisfactory. Consideration of the density-density response function arrived at here shows it to be similar to one proposed by Pines and Nozieres [3, 24], who assumed a local relation between a density fluctuation and the potential it produces. We come to the conclusion that the numerical discrepancies between our calculated Landau parameters and the experimental ones probably arise from neglect of the exchange of two and more spin fluctuations. In the paper following this one, O. Sjoberg makes application of our theory to calculate the Landau parameters of nuclear matter. No “soft” excitations such as the spin fluctuations of liquid 3 He exist in nuclear matter, and the theory appears to be quantitatively much better there, although some of the crucial Landau parameters are not directly measurable, and a direct check is not possible.
Reliable geocasting solution for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Reliable data delivery for underwater acoustic sensor networks is a major concern in applications such as surveillance, data collection, navigation, and ocean monitoring. Geocasting - which is the transmission of data packet(s) to nodes located in a certain geographic region - is becoming a crucial communication primitive. In this work, two versions of a distributed, reliable, and efficient underwater geocasting protocol, which are based on different degrees of neighbor information, are proposed for underwater networks whose acoustic modems use random-access Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. By jointly considering the position uncertainty of nodes, MAC, and routing functionalities, packet transmissions are prioritized and scheduled in order to maximize link reliability while limiting end-to-end geocasting delay. Moreover, a mechanism is designed to save the number of transmissions by selecting only a subset of neighbors for packet forwarding. Performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated and compared via simulations against existing geocasting solutions tailored for terrestrial wireless networks.
Reproducing kernels and estimation-control duality

Consider the following two optimization problems in Hilbert spaces Hi, i=1,2: minimize ||f|| H i f ? Ui Ui = {f?Hi: H i = ri (t), t?I}. We define these two problems as dual if H 1 = Hi [1]
The influence of blame and believability factors on the processing of simple versus aggravated rape cases

In this study we test two hypotheses concerning the processing of simple and aggravated rape cases. First, we test the hypothesis that aggravated rape cases are taken more seriously than simple rape cases by decision makers in the criminal justice system and, thus, aggravated cases will result in more serious outcomes. Second, we test the hypothesis that the influence of factors relating to the blame and believability of a victim on case processing is greater in simple than in aggravated rape cases. Our results indicate that the characteristics and outcomes of aggravated and simple rape cases are surprisingly similar, and that there is little evidence of an interaction between type of case and victim characteristics.
Case Finding Effectiveness of Partner Notification among Patients with Early Syphilis in Madagascar

Case Finding Effectiveness of Partner Notification among Patients with Early Syphilis in Madagascar N. Ravelomanana1,∗, M. Khan2, K. Van Damme1, B. Randrianasolo1, V. Ramaniraka1, N. Ranaivo1, D. Ratsiambakaina1, E. Hook3, F. Behets2 1 University of North Carolina, Madagascar (UNC-MAD), Antananarivo, Madagascar 2 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 3 University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
Essentials of Tibetan Traditional Medicine

Review of Essentials of Tibetan Traditional Medicine , Thinley Gyatso and Chris Hakim. 2010. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley. Pp. 416. $24.95 (paperback). ISBN 978‐1556438677.
Reproducibility and Quality Control in the Analysis of Biological Samples for Lead and Mercury

A simple statistical calculation was applied to 8 years of data on routine control sample and duplicate analyses from a laboratory quality control program. This provided standard deviations truly representative of this laboratory at no additional analytical expense, and accurate information on how they varied with concentrations. From these, the detection limit of the method, upper warning limits, and upper control limits for differences between duplicate analyses were calculated. These values were conveniently used for quality control in determinations of lead in blood and of mercury in urine.
Thoughts in Season

Author's summary.— The arts, and especially literature, must be emphasized rather than de-emphasized in the curriculum if we are not to debase the school as an ethical institution.
The use of nonhydrogenous wedges for therapeutic neutron beam shaping.

Field shaping wedges made of Teflon, aluminum, steel, and lead were designed for a p(66)Be(49) therapeuticneutron beam. Design considerations, expectations, and actual measured changes in dose profiles are presented.
THE EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF FINANCIAL PRACTICES

This paper presents a model in which financial practices are chosen by decentralized units on the basis of expectations regarding financial market conditions, while the probability distribution governing market conditions itself depends on the choices made. If all agents are unboundedly rational, there is a unique equilibrium in which expectations are self-fulfilling. The assumption of universal unbounded rationality is relaxed by introducing an optimization cost, which leads to the possibility that optimizers may not have a sufficiently great evolutionary advantage to eliminate nonoptimizers entirely. In this case behavioral heterogeneity can persist even in the long run. For certain classes of probability distributions governing financial conditions, the evolutionary dynamics of population composition can help explain a number of stylized facts regarding the dynamics of financial practices which have hitherto been explained on the basis of learning dynamics or systematic cognitive biases.
Teaching NeuroImages: Characteristic phenotype of Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy

A 21-year-old woman presented with clinically classic signs of Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy1 (figure). Genetic testing of collagen VI genes revealed a homozygous mutation c.2329T>C, p.Cys777Arg in the COL6A2 gene, consistent with the clinical diagnosis.
Potential applications of a human tumor stem cell bioassay to the cytogenetic assessment of human cancer

Abstract Our group recently developed a soft agar colony bioassay for the study of human tumor stem cells. Initial applications of this bioassay to the cytogenetic assessment of a variety of human solid tumors has been very promising. The advantages inherent to cytogenetic sampling of the clonogenic tumor cells within colonies reside in the marked quantitative and qualitative enhancement of metaphase chromosomes. Due to the large number of potentially analyzable mitotic figures in many tumor clusters following as little as 24–48 hr in culture, utilization of standard Giemsa, G-, C-, and NOR-banding techniques has been possible. We feel this technique will overcome a variety of the technical difficulties inherent to the cytogenetic study of both human solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies.
Identification of a natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) from human erythroid cells

We have previously shown that RBC significantly augment NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity when added at the initiation of cytotoxicity assays. We now report that RBC cytosol contains a soluble factor that mediates a similar enhancement of NK activity when the factor is precoated on a plastic surface. We have purified this NKEF by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration HPLC. While gel filtration HPLC shows that NKEF has an apparent molecular mass of between 300 and 400 kDa, SDS-PAGE analysis indicates an apparent molecular weight of 48 and 24 kDa under nonreducing and reducing conditions, respectively. Immune serum obtained from a rabbit immunized with purified NKEF blocks NKEF augmentation of NK activity. In contrast, preimmune serum fails to inhibit NKEF activity. Anti-NKEF antibody reacts with the cytosol of NK-sensitive erythroleukemic target cell K562. Western blot analysis indicates that this antibody recognizes a 24-kDa protein both in RBC and in K562. We have generated tryptic peptides from NKEF and obtained partial amino acid sequences from three of the peptides. Two of the sequences show no significant homology with any known sequences. The third sequence shows partial identity with a deduced sequence from a murine erythroleukemia-related gene. Thus, NKEF is a novel protein with unique amino acid sequence. Our results of NKEF in RBC suggest that RBC could play an important role in regulating NK function.
Dopamine"autoreceptors": pharmacological characterization by microiontophoretic single cell recording studies.

The effects on the firing of single dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (and adjacent ventral tegmental area) of a representative group of catecholamine agonists and antagonists were studied in rats using single cell recording and microiontophoretic techniques. Microiontophoretic application of DA or the DA agonist apomorphine depressed the firing of these cells; the DA antagonist trifluoperazine blocked this effect. However, the α-agonist clonidine had no depressant effect and the β-agonist isoproteronol had only a weak depressant action on DA neurons. Furthermore, the α-antagonist piperoxane and the β-antagonist sotolol were completely ineffective in blocking the depressant effects of DA. These results show that DA-sensitive receptors on the soma of DA neurons are pharmacologically distinct from α or β adrenoreceptors. Because of their location and selective responsiveness to DA agonists, the catecholamine receptors on the soma of DA neurons appear best classified as DA “autoreceptors”.
Genome-wide association studies: progress and potential for drug discovery and development.

Although genetic studies have been critically important for the identification of therapeutic targets in Mendelian disorders, genetic approaches aiming to identify targets for common, complex diseases have traditionally had much more limited success. However, during the past year, a novel genetic approach — genome-wide association (GWA) — has demonstrated its potential to identify common genetic variants associated with complex diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Here, we highlight some of these recent successes, and discuss the potential for GWA studies to identify novel therapeutic targets and genetic biomarkers that will be useful for drug discovery, patient selection and stratification in common diseases.
Novel nanostructures of rutile fabricated by templating against yarns of polystyrene nanofibrils and their catalytic applications.

This Article describes a facile approach to the synthesis of rutile nanostructures in the form of porous fibers or bundles of nanotubes by maneuvering the surface wettability of yarns made of polystyrene nanofibrils. Specifically, hierarchically porous fibers were obtained by hydrolyzing titanium tetraisopropoxide to form TiO2 nanoparticles in the void spaces among hydrophobic nanofibrils in each yarn. After calcination in air at 800 °C, the resultant fibers were comprised of many interconnected rutile nanoparticles whose diameters were in the range 20–80 nm. After converting the nanofibrils and yarns into hydrophilic surfaces through plasma treatment, however, the TiO2 formed conformal coatings on the surfaces of nanofibrils in each yarn during hydrolysis instead of just filling the void spaces among the nanofibrils. As a result, bundles of rutile nanotubes were obtained after the sample had been calcined in air at 800 °C. The thermodynamically stable rutile nanostructures were then explored as supports ...
Microbial Growth Patterns of Rehydrated Freeze-Dried Foods. II. Chicken

SUMMARY Microbial growth patterns in rehydrated freeze-dried chicken at 4, 20, 30, and 37°C are similar to those of rehydrated freeze-dried shrimp, and are greatly influenced by storage temperature, time, and initial number of microorganisms present. Lag time was shortest at 37 and 30°C, four times as long at 20°C as at 37°C, and 120 times as long at 4°C as at 37°C. At 37°C, the maximum population was 300,000 times the initial population, while at 30°C it was 115,000 times wafter 26 hr. The microbial population increased 100,000-fold at 55 hr at 20°C, and 500-fold at 15 days at 4°C. A natural contaminant in the freeze-dried chicken examined, eoagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, was found to be at a level of 3040 organisms per gram, out of a total population of 10° organisms per gram. Fecal enterococci were also present in the freeze-dried material at a level of about 10° to 10° per gram. Rehydration studies show that Staphylococcus aureus and “fecal enterococci” as natural contaminants in freeze-dried chicken can grow in competition with the natural flora at 20 °C or above and that the competition may be due to the nature of the microbial distribution on the chicken surface. Refrigeration temperatures in the vicinity of 4°C completely suppressed the growth of S. aureus and greatly extended the shelf life of rehydrated chicken.
Galactose and glucose metabolism in the isolated perfused suckling and adult rat liver.

Abstract The development of the technique for the perfusion of the immature liver has enabled us to characterize metabolic differences in carbohydrate metabolism in the suckling versus adult rat livers. Livers of fasted suckling and adult rats were perfused with 4 m M galactose or 4 m M glucose. Galactose uptake was the same for both age groups during the first 35 min. The adult liver maintained the initial rate of uptake after this period while the immature liver began to take up galactose more rapidly. By the end of the experimental period, on a weight basis, uptake by the young liver was three times that of the adult. Analysis of the livers at the end of the 90 min perfusion showed hepatic galactose concentrations to be one-half of circulating media levels. Glucose output was observed in each group during perfusion with either galactose or glucose. In the immature liver, galactose perfusion stimulated more glucose output than did the glucose perfusion. In the adult, however, both sugars resulted in the same levels of glucose output. Galactose perfusion resulted in glucose levels in young liver being higher than the media; while in the adult, the level was lower than the media. Galactose perfused livers of the suckling and adult contained significantly more uridine-5′-diphosphogalactose than the glucose perfused livers of each age.
Direct measurements of the constant-volume heat capacity of solid parahydrogen from 22.79 to 16.19 cm 3 /mole and the resulting equation of state

The constant-volume heat capacity of solid parahydrogen ($p\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) has been measured directly from below 4 K to the melting line for six molar volumes (22.787 to 16.19 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole). These data have been analyzed using the Mie-Gr\"uneisen equation of state (EOS) to give the volume and temperature dependence of the Gr\"uneisen parameter and the EOS for $p\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, as well as the volume dependence of the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction parameter for orthohydrogen impurities. Good agreement is found with earlier 4-K high-pressure compression data, and reasonable agreement with direct strain-gauge measurements of $P(V,T)$. The thermodynamic properties for solid $p\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at $P=0$ are obtained by extrapolation to larger molar volumes, with the $T=0$, $P=0$ equilibrium volume given as 23.234 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole and the triple-point volume of the solid as 23.48 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole. The rather large temperature dependence of the Gr\"uneisen parameter which results from a comparison with high-pressure melting-line data is discussed in terms of an explicit temperature dependence of the lattice vibration spectrum. No indications were found for phase transitions in solid $p\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, nor for premelting anomalies.
Genetics of cell-surface antigens: regional mapping of three components of the human cell-surface antigen complex, AL, on chromosome 11.

Cytogenetic analysis has been performed on a series of deletion mutations on human chromosome 11 of AL hybrid clones in which specific markers have been lost as a result of treatment with mutagenic agents. Such analysis has localized the three previously identified components of the AL cell-surface antigen complex to the indicated regions of chromosome 11: a1 and a3:11p13 → 11pter; a2: 11q13 → 11qter. Using these methodologies human lactic dehydrogenase A localization on the short arm as reported by others has been confirmed. Evidence is presented provisionally assigning this gene to 11p13 → 11pter.
Guidelines and checklists for preparing the planning report

Guidelines and corresponding checklists aim towards providing criteria for preparing and evaluating planning documents. The criteria proposed are intended to assess the standards of quality acceptable to technical editors, authors, managers and customers. Detailed guidelines supported by over one hundred checklist items form the starting point for a procedure which rapidly and consistently identifies where planning reports do not meet minimum requirements. Hundreds of reports, primarily planning studies of interdisciplinary projects, such as airports, power generation and distribution plants, medical care facilities and socio-economic systems have validated the procedure. Guidelines and checklists are provided for: (1) Validation of Requirements, (2) Utilization of Resources, (3) Documentation of the Planning Process, and (4) Appraisal of Achievements and Workmanship Standards.
Stochastic modeling of pressure fluctuations in a three‐phase fluidized bed

Pressure fluctuations were measured at various axial positions of a three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactor or simply fluidized bed by means of pressure probes over a span of time under various operating conditions. The resultant time series have been analyzed off-line by evaluating their autocorrelation functions and power spectra with emphasis on the effects of the axial position of the fluidized bed and of the viscosity of the aqueous fluidizing medium. A stochastic model of bubble motion in the three-phase fluidized bed has been developed. The model-based autocorrelation functions have been derived under various operating conditions; these functions have been compared with the experimental results
On direct routing in the valiant load-balancing architecture

It is very hard to design a network with performance guarantees, partly because it is hard to estimate the future traffic matrix. With no knowledge of the traffic matrix, one can use the valiant load-balancing (VLB) architecture which can support any traffic satisfying the node capacity constraints. To interconnect N nodes of capacity r, the VLB architecture requires a logical full mesh of link capacity c = 2r/N. Uniform load-balancing can guarantee throughput, but is not necessary if the traffic matrix is known, in which case the amount of load-balancing can be reduced. In this paper we study adaptive load-balancing in two cases: when only local traffic information is known to a node, and when the network traffic matrix is known. We give linear programming formulations to maximize directly routed traffic in both cases, so as to reduce the average hop count of packets. In the case when the traffic matrix is known, we show that direct routing is not always feasible with c = 2r/N, but c = 3r/N sufficient
Effects of cerebral intraventricular magnesium injections and a low magnesium diet on nonspecific excitability level, audiogenic seizure susceptibility and serotonin

Abstract Cerebral intraventricular injections of 17 and 50 μg magnesium in artificial cerebrospinal fluid progressivelt depressed the Non-specific Excitability Level of permanently cannulated 150–200 g rats fed a low magnesium diet for 21 days. Compared with control diet, a low Mg diet caused an increase in brain serotonin. Weanling rats fed a low Mg diet for 2 weeks, then injected with 25 μg Mg via acute cannulations, displayed reduced audiogenic seizure susceptibility compared with sham-injected controls.
Can low level image differences account for the ability of human observers to discriminate facial identity

A fundamental difficulty for image- or appearance-based models of face recognition is to distinguish variations in image structure between two different individuals from those that can occur for a given individual due to changes in lighting, facial expression, or pose. The research described in the present article was designed to examine how human observers are able to cope with this problem. In two experiments, observers performed either a match-to-sample task (Experiment 1) or same-different identity judgments (Experiment 2) for photographs of unfamiliar individuals. A key aspect of these studies is that the matching or same stimulus pairs were never identical; that is to say, they always differed in terms of facial expression or the pattern of illumination. In order to provide a quantitative assessment of appearance-based models, we also measured the optical differences for each pair of same or different images using a variety of possible distance metrics based on the pattern of pixel intensities or wavelet decompositions. These difference measures were then correlated with the accuracy of observers' judgments for each individual stimulus pair. The results clearly show that human observers can readily distinguish relevant from irrelevant image changes in comparisons of facial identity, but that this performance cannot be explained by any of the appearance-based models we tested.
Implicit consistent and continuum tangent operators in elastoplastic boundary element formulations

This paper presents an assessment and comparison of boundary element method (BEM) formulations for elastoplasticity using both the consistent tangent operator (CTO) and the continuum tangent operator (CON). These operators are integrated into a single computational implementation using linear or quadratic elements for both boundary and domain discretizations. This computational setting is also used in the development of a method for calculating the J integral, which is an important parameter in (nonlinear) fracture mechanics. Various two-dimensional examples are given and relevant response parameters such as the residual norm, computational processing time, and results obtained at various load and iteration steps, are provided. The examples include fracture problems and J integral evaluation. Finally, conclusions are inferred and extensions of this work are discussed.
Emulsification of Crude Oil by Rhodococcus erythropolis Strain ST-2 via a Cell-Surface, Lysozyme-Sensitive Glycoprotein

Summary Rhodococcus erythropolis strain ST-2 emulsified and grew on crude oil as sole carbon and energy source. The emulsifying agent was produced constitutively in the absence of oil and was associated with the cell surface. Emulsifying activity was proportional to cell density and unaffected by autoclaving, air drying at 50 °C, or lyophilization. Lysozyme treatment diminished emulsification activity by more than 50%, but protein-digesting enzymes had no effect on activity. Treatment of whole cells with 8 M urea yielded cell-free extracts of the emulsifying polymer. Chemical analysis revealed the polymer to be about 73% protein, 27% carbohydrate. When the extracted polymer was treated with lysozyme a 30 kDa protein was precipitated. The extracted glycoprotein exhibited only moderate surface-tension reduction of water, and reached a critical concentration at about 0.04 mg/ml. The strain ST-2 glycoprotein polymer apparently is noncovalently bound to the cell surface and has peptidoglycan-like structural components critical for emulsifying activity.
The metabolism of D- and L-lysine specifically labeled with 15N.

Abstract 1. 1. An investigation of the metabolism by the rat of D - and L -lysine labeled with 14 C and 15 N in either the α- or ϵ-amino group has shown that pipecolate, previously identified as the L -isomer, was found from both D - and L -lysine following removal of the α-amino group. D -Lysine was a much better precursor of L -pipecolate than was L -lysine. 2. 2. The conversion of L -lysine to α-aminoadipate, as shown by 14 C recovery, was too limited to permit an accurate determination as to which nitrogen atom of lysine was retained in this conversion. 3. 3. The present data, together with previous observations which indicated that L -pipecolate was metabolically inert, suggest that the principal pathway of L -lysine metabolism does not include L -pipecolate as an intermediate.
Character Is Capital: Success Manuals and Manhood in Gilded Age America

In late nineteenth-century America, a new type of book became commonplace in millions of homes across the country. Volumes sporting such titles as The Way to Win and Onward to Fame and Fortune promised to show young men how to succeed in life. But despite their upbeat titles, success manuals offered neither practical business advice nor a simple celebration of the American Dream. Instead, as Judy Hilkey reveals, they presented a dire picture of an uncertain new age, portraying life in the newly industrialized nation as a brutal struggle for survival, but arguing that adherence to old-fashioned virtues enabled any determined man to succeed. Hilkey offers a cultural history of success manuals and the industry that produced and marketed them. She examines the books' appearance, iconography, and intended audience--primarily native-born, rural and small-town men of modest means and education--and explores the genre's use of gendered language to equate manhood with success, femininity with failure. Ultimately, argues Hilkey, by articulating a worldview that helped legitimate the new social order to those most threatened by it, success manuals urged readers to accommodate themselves to the demands of life in the industrial age.
Carleman estimates for some elliptic systems

A Carleman estimate for a certain first order elliptic system is proved. The proof is elementary and does not rely on pseudo-differential calculus. This estimate is used to prove Carleman estimates for the isotropic Lame system as well as for the isotropic Maxwell system with C1 coefficients.
High frequency somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissue of Populus spp.

Abstract A high frequency somatic embryogenesis protocol was developed for biotechnological manipulations of hybrid poplar in which embryogenic callus was derived from non-embryonic explants. Somatic embryos of Populus alba × P. grandidentata (NC-5339) were differentiated directly on leaf explants and indirectly from embryogenic cell suspension callus initiated from leaf tissue. Leaf explants were induced to form embryogenic callus in darkness on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 5 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.05 mg/l benzyladenine (BA), and 30 gg/l sucrose. The auxin to cytokinin ratio (5 mg/l 2,4-D to 0.05 mg/l zeatin) was optimized for globular-shaped embryo initiation from cell suspension callus. Heart-shaped embryo development occurred after removal of 2,4-D from the culture medium, and development progressed to embryo maturity on the same medium. Late stage torpedo-shaped embryos germinated following a 1-week subculture on MS medium containing 5 mg/l IAA and 0.05 mg/l BA, and germinated embryos were successfully transferred ex vitro to greenhouse growth conditions.
The carboxyl terminal amino acids of β-lactoglobulins A and B

Abstract The release of amino acids from the carboxyl terminal end of β-lactoglobulins A and B has been studied with the use of carboxypeptidases A and B. The action of carboxypeptidase A catalyzes the hydrolysis of two moles of isoleucine and about one mole of histidine per mole of native protein at pH 8.5. The S-sulfo derivative releases two moles of isoleucine and two moles of histidine under the same conditions. When the native proteins were hydrolyzed with a combination of carboxypeptidases A and B, a wide spectrum of amino acids was found with leucine appearing as the amino acid following histidine. It appears that the two phenotypes, β-lactoglobulin A and β-lactoglobulin B, do not differ in the sequence of amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the molecules. In addition, they do not seem to differ in the manner they are hydrolyzed by the carboxypeptidase preparations.
Low energy p-p scattering and the quark confinement radius

Abstract The low energy proton—antiproton cross sections are calculated using a new annihilation potential derived from a confined quark—gluon model. The result is compared with the new precise elastic and charge exchange data. It is studied how variations in the nucleon (antinucleon) quark core size effect the predictions. With a core size consistent with the proton charge form factor the overall agreement with the data is very good.
The differential geometry of shape from shading: Biology reveals curvature structure

Shape from shading is a classical inverse problem in computer vision. We introduce a novel mathematical formulation for calculating local surface shape based on covariant derivatives, rather than the customary integral minimization or P.D.E approaches. Motivated by neurobiology, we introduce the shading flow field (the tangent map to the image isophotes) between the image and the surface levels. Just as in the perceptual organization of texture, we use the parallel transport of our shading flow field to move the isophote field at different points on the unknown surface to a single point, amassing restrictions on our surface curvatures. Under simplifying assumptions we solve exactly for the light source/surface pairs needed for a local image patch to have a given shading flow. The magnitude of the brightness gradient then restricts this family to a single light source and surface estimate pair, up to the concave/convex ambiguity and an additional elliptical/saddle ambiguity. Example calculations illustrate our approach.
A 28K polypeptide is the translation product of 9 S RNA encoded by region 1A of adenovirus 2

Abstract The 9 S RNA from region 1A of adenovirus 2, normally a “late” product, is made early after infection in the presence of cycloheximide. The in vitro translation product of both the early cycloheximide RNA and the late RNA is a 28K polypeptide.
Decentralized inventory control policies for equipment management in a many-to-many network

This paper investigates decentralized control methods for managing equipment inventories in the longhaul portion of less-than-truckload (LTL) networks. Performance is measured with respect to: (1) cost of moving empty equipment, (2) cost of owning equipment, and (3) backorders due to stocking out of empty equipment. Our basic approach has two steps: solve a static linear program to determine where to obtain empty equipment, and apply a pull-based re-order rule to determine when to move empty equipment. The method is applied to a non-stationary dataset representing one year of shipments for one of the United States' largest LTL carriers. With sufficient systemwide inventory, transportation cost was found to be very close (<1% difference) to its lower bound (derived from static data), with infrequent backorders.
Lighting for Today's Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Lighting plays a pivotal role in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Lighting must accommodate 3 distinctly different groups: newborns, health care professionals, and families. Although wards housing several infants still exist, many NICUs are being designed as a series of single-family rooms. All individuals interacting in these environments have a right to expect a supportive lighting system. Lighting should be quiet, reliable, efficient, and maintenance-free. Lighting should be as simple to change as the moment-to-moment needs of the different populations change. The intent of this article is to provide relevant direction as it pertains to lighting design in today's NICUs. After reviewing the lighting accommodations required for 3 distinctly different groups of people—infants, families, and staff—basic concepts deemed important for design considerations in the NICU are outlined. This article puts forth a goal-oriented approach to ensuring a successful lighting result, and refers to useful lighting resources.
Residual brain dysfunction observed one year post-mild traumatic brain injury: combined EEG and balance study.

Abstract Objectives There is still considerable debate and controversy about whether EEG can be used as a robust clinical tool for assessment of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Nonhomogeneous subject populations, inaccurate assessment of severity of brain injury, time since injury when EEG testing was performed, the lack of EEG research conducted serially and in conjunction with other behavioral measures as injury evolves over time may contribute to the existing controversies. In this study, we implemented a concussion assessment protocol combining a series of EEG and balance measures throughout one year post-injury to document the efficacy of EEG and balance measures as relate to differential recovery of patients suffering from MTBI. Methods Three hundred and eighty subjects at risk for MTBI were initially recruited for baseline testing. Forty nine from this initial subjects pool subsequently suffered a single episode of concussive blow and were tested on day 7, 15, 30 days, 6 months and 12 months post-injury. EEGs were recorded while sitting, standing on the force plate and then on a foam base of support with eyes open/closed conditions. EEG alpha power (8–12 Hz) and its percent suppression from sitting to standing postures were computed. The center of pressure (COP) measures were obtained from the force platform and analyzed for eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Results Percent alpha power suppression from sitting to standing postural conditions significantly increased in MTBI subjects shortly after the injury ( p r 2 = 0.53, p r 2 = 0.609, p Conclusions The efficacy of serially implemented EEG measures in conjunction with balance assessment over the course of MTBI evolution to document residual cerebral dysfunction was demonstrated. Specifically, alteration of EEG alpha power dynamics in conjunction with balance data in the acute phase of injury with respect to baseline measures may predict the rate of recovery from a single concussive blow. Significance Neurophysiological measures are excellent tools to assess the status and prognosis of patients with MTBI.
Effects of a Pre-Kindergarten Mathematics Intervention: A Randomized Experiment

Abstract Research indicates that a socioeconomic status-related gap in mathematical knowledge appears early and widens during early childhood. Young children from economically disadvantaged families receive less support for mathematical development both at home and in preschool. Consequently, children from different socioeconomic backgrounds enter elementary school at different levels of readiness to learn a standards-based mathematics curriculum. One approach to closing this gap is the development and implementation of effective mathematics curricula for public preschool programs enrolling economically disadvantaged children. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 40 Head Start and state preschool classrooms, with 278 children, to determine whether a pre-kindergarten mathematics intervention was effective. Intervention teachers received training that enabled them to implement with fidelity, and a large majority of parents regularly used math activities teachers sent home. Intervention and control...
High efficiency photo-induced dissociation of precursor ions in a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer

High efficiency photo-induced dissociation (PID) has been demonstrated in a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This instrument focuses isomass ion packets to temporal and spatial dimensions similar to those of the focused laser pulses from a high power excimer laser. This high density overlap of photons and ions yields highly efficient fragmentation and also provides high resolution selection of specific precursor ion mass-to-charge ratio values. Using 193 nm photon excitation of the molecular ion of bromobenzene (m/z = 1561, fragmentation, collection, and PID efficiencies af 79%, 132%, and 104%, respectively, were obtained. Characteristic fragmentations of toluene, nitrobenzene, acetophenone, triethylamine, N,N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, and cyclohexene have also been demonstrated.
The influence of college on women's choice of teaching as a career

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of college on undergraduate women's choice of school teaching as a career. A causal model was proposed and tested on a sample of 2,730 nonminority women attending 74 four-year colleges and universities. The model posited that teaching career choice at the end of the sophomore year of college was a function, not only of aptitude, family background, secondary school experiences, and precollege career choice, but also of college characteristics, institutional environmental dimensions and measures of the college experience. The model, as operationalized in this study, explained 26% of the variance in teaching career choice at the end of the sophomore year. With precollege career choice held constant, both the selectivity/prestige of the institution attended and the strength of the environmental press for academic/intellectual competition had negative effects on teaching career choice. The results tend to confirm expectations that college has a significant, unique influence on women's teaching career choice which is not simply the result of differences among the students enrolled. Compared with the effects of precollege variables, however, this influence is quite small.
Breastfeeding, Parenting, and Early Cognitive Development

Objective To explain why breastfeeding is associated with children's cognitive development. Study design By using a nationally representative longitudinal survey of early childhood (N = 7500), we examined how breastfeeding practices, the early introduction of solid foods, and putting an infant to bed with a bottle were associated with cognitive development across early childhood. We also explored whether this link can be explained by parenting behaviors and maternal education. Results There is a positive relationship between predominant breastfeeding for 3 months or more and child reading skills, but this link is the result of cognitively supportive parenting behaviors and greater levels of education among women who predominantly breastfed. We found little-to-no relationship between infant feeding practices and the cognitive development of children with less-educated mothers. Instead, reading to a child every day and being sensitive to a child's development were significant predictors of math and reading readiness outcomes. Conclusions Although breastfeeding has important benefits in other settings, the encouragement of breastfeeding to promote school readiness does not appear to be a key intervention point. Promoting parenting behaviors that improve child cognitive development may be a more effective and direct strategy for practitioners to adopt, especially for disadvantaged children.
Getting high-performance silicon from system-level design

System-level design techniques promise a way to lessen the productivity gap between fabrication and design. Unfortunately, these techniques have been slow to catch on, in part because they do little to help designers optimize hardware. This paper presents a brief summary of three system-level design techniques. Platform-based design, SystemC, and Chip-in-a-day, in order to propose that more system-level abstraction of physical performance is needed to make these techniques more useful. An analysis of design-productivity for three chips designed with the Chip-in-a-Day flow is also presented.