cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axonal transport and active zone proteins regulate dopaminergic synapse formation

At a typical synapse, the precise juxtaposition between the active zone and postsynaptic receptors ensures local and precise neurotransmitter release and detection. Dopamine neurons release neurotransmitter more diffusely using volume-transmission, where precise pre- and post-synaptic alignment is lacking. It is unknown whether Dopaminergic presynaptic terminals have typical active zone structures and how they develop. Here we show that presynaptic terminals of the C. elegans dopaminergic neuron PDE contain bona fide AZ proteins, including SYD-2/Liprin- and CLA-1/Piccolo. During development, synaptic vesicles (SVs) and active zone proteins (AZs) coalesce within minutes behind the advancing growth cone. Precise regulation of UNC-104/Kinesin-3-mediated SV transport through kinesin autoinhibition is required to pause transported SVs at synapses. SYD-1 and SYD-2 recruit and cluster the transiting SVs, while ELKS-1 aggregates through a distinct mechanism.
Assessing Bootstrap: Algebra Students on Scaffolded and Unscaffolded Word Problems

Bootstrap:Algebra is a curricular module designed to integrate introductory computing into an algebra class; the module aims to help students improve on various essential learning outcomes from state and national algebra standards. In prior work, we published initial findings about student performance gains on algebra problems after taking Bootstrap. While the results were promising, the dataset was not large, and had students working on algebra problems that had been scaffolded with Bootstrap's pedagogy. This paper reports on a more detailed study with (a) data from more than three times as many students, (b) analysis of performance changes in incorrect answers, (c) some problems in which the Bootstrap scaffolds have been removed, and (d) an IRT analysis across the elements of Bootstrap's program-design pedagogy. Our results confirm that students improve on algebraic word problems after completing the module, even on unscaffolded problems. The nature of incorrect answers to symbolic-form questions also appears to improve after Bootstrap.
Graphs with $$\alpha _1$$ and $$\tau _1$$τ1 Both Large

Given a graph G, let $$\tau _1(G)$$ denote the smallest size of a set of edges whose deletion makes G triangle-free, and let $$\alpha _1(G)$$ denote the largest size of an edge set containing at most one edge from each triangle of G. Erdős, Gallai, and Tuza introduced several problems with the unifying theme that $$\alpha _1(G)$$ and $$\tau _1(G)$$ cannot both be “very large”; the most well-known such problem is their conjecture that $$\alpha _1(G) + \tau _1(G) \le \left|{V(G)}\right|^2/4$$ , which was proved by Norin and Sun. We consider three other problems within this theme (two introduced by Erdős, Gallai, and Tuza, another by Norin and Sun), all of which request an upper bound either on $$\min \{\alpha _1(G), \tau _1(G)\}$$ or on $$\alpha _1(G) + k\tau _1(G)$$ for some constant k, and prove the existence of graphs for which these quantities are “large”.
Using Cluster Analysis to Compartmentalize a Large Managed Wetland Based on Physical, Biological, and Climatic Geospatial Attributes

Hierarchical and partitional cluster analyses were used to compartmentalize Water Conservation Area 1, a managed wetland within the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in southeast Florida, USA, based on physical, biological, and climatic geospatial attributes. Single, complete, average, and Ward's linkages were tested during the hierarchical cluster analyses, with average linkage providing the best results. In general, the partitional method, partitioning around medoids, found clusters that were more evenly sized and more spatially aggregated than those resulting from the hierarchical analyses. However, hierarchical analysis appeared to be better suited to identify outlier regions that were significantly different from other areas. The clusters identified by geospatial attributes were similar to clusters developed for the interior marsh in a separate study using water quality attributes, suggesting that similar factors have influenced variations in both the set of physical, biological, and climatic attributes selected in this study and water quality parameters. However, geospatial data allowed further subdivision of several interior marsh clusters identified from the water quality data, potentially indicating zones with important differences in function. Identification of these zones can be useful to managers and modelers by informing the distribution of monitoring equipment and personnel as well as delineating regions that may respond similarly to future changes in management or climate.
Acousto-Optical Interactions in Guided Wave Structures

Acousto-optic interactions using coherent light and microwave acoustics in solids have been extensively studied (for review see R. Damon, 1970; Quate, 1965). Many practical acousto-optic devices for laser beam modulation (Maydan, 1970), deflection (Gordon, 1966), filtering (Harris, 1969) and signal processing (Collins, 1967) have been realized. Recently, acousto-optic interactions in guided wave structures have been experimentally demonstrated (Kuhn et al, 1970; Kuhn et al, 1971). These thin film acousto-optical devices have significant advantages over their bulk wave counterparts because of the unique properties of guided waves. Guided optical waves propagate in a thin film with a thickness on the order of optical wavelength. The index of refraction of the film is required to be higher than that of the substrate material so that the light can be trapped in the film by total internal refractions between two interfaces. Depending on the thickness of the film, many discrete modes of either transverse electric (TE) or magnetic (TM) modes can propagate in the film.
Growth Kinetics of Cubic Boron Nitride Films and Composites

We have developed a novel plasma-assisted physical deposition process for the growth of cubic boron nitride films. Our approach recognizes the central role of kinetics in the formation of this metastable phase and utilizes high substrate temperatures, a low flux of boron, and energetic nitrogen ions from a compact ECR source. We have been able to reduce the ion-energy needed to form the cubic phase to substantially below 100 eV with substantial improvements in the film crystallinity and orientation and an associated reduction in the film stress. Using this method we have demonstrated the growth of cubic BN films on silicon to thicknesses in excess of 1.9 µm. In-situ RHEED measurements show that the deposition process is optimized in a narrow range ion energies (ΔE ~ 15 eV) controlled by a do substrate bias potential. The optimum substrate bias potential is inversely proportional to the nitrogen ion flux. Additional insight into the evolution of thin-film stress during growth is provided by polarized FTIR spectroscopy measurements which also shed light on the initial nucleation mechanism of the cubic phase.
Law and the Handicapped

Other contributors to this volume have focused primarily on what “can” be done and what “ought to” be done to help people with handicaps cope with those handicaps. I would like to discuss what “must” be done—that is, what are some of the legal rights of persons with handicaps?
Smooth dynamical systems which realize arithmetical and logical operations

Although many biological and man-made systems combine aspects of digital and analog processing, until recently there has been very little theoretical work on models this type and many basic questions remain unresolved. In this paper we describe input-output systems governed by ordinary differential equations i) whose behavior is robust in the sense that certain well-defined qualitative aspects of the output depend only on certain well-defined qualitative aspects of the input and ii) are capable of generating behavior of the type one usually associates with digital systems. It is show that rather simple differential equation models can robustly execute arithmetical and logical operations; in particular, we show that continuous-time dynamical systems can simulate arbitrary finite automata.
Comparison of Quality in Aquacultured Fresh Catfish Fillets II. Pathogens E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter , Vibrio , Plesiomonas , and Klebsiella †.

Aquacultured channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) were evaluated for the presence of human pathogenic bacteria. Fresh catfish fillets procured from three catfish processors in the southeastern United States during the four annual seasons (e.g., summer, fall, winter, and fall) were screened for selected human pathogens. At each sampling time point, 20 freshly processed catfish fillets were randomly selected from each processor during each season. Five catfish fillets were randomly selected for aerobic plate counts and all 20 fillets were screened for five pathogenic bacteria viz. Campylobacter jejuni/coli , Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae , Plesiomonas shigelloides , and Vibrio cholerae . There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the aerobic plate counts due to differences in unit processing operations and processing season. C. jejuni/coli , E. coli O157:H7 and K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae were not isolated. Only P. shigelloides and V. cholerae were isolated during the warm weather.
Women Scholars, Integration, and the Marianist Tradition: Learning From Our Culture and Ourselves

In the fall of 1997, a group of junior tenure-track women faculty in the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Dayton decided to meet regularly in order to support each others’ scholarly endeavors in the process of achieving promotion and tenure. The group of subsequently became known as the Writing ”“Writers’ Support Group (WWSG). In 2000, the group conducted a self-study of its group process to determine how the formation of women’s WWSG fit with the mission and characteristics of a Marianist university. The results suggest that, although each of the characteristics could be identified in the group processes, the group best identified with the Marianist mandate to educate in family spirit. Each member of the group considered the possible reasons for this outcome.
ZERO RANGE COVARIANT THREE BODY EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes zero range covariant three-body equations. The fixed past-uncertain future program for a particulate quantum mechanics maintains covariance by using only free particle wave functions. To make a dynamical theory out of this kinematic phenomenology, the first step is to obtain three particle dynamical equations containing only two particle observables as input. Rather than simply taking the zero range limit in Brayshaw's theory, this chapter also presents a direct derivation of the three-body equations using a method developed in the nonrelativistic context. The method described in the chapter applies the two-body scattering boundary condition at zero range to each of the pairs in the three-body configuration space wave function. Essentially, the same derivation is given by Brayshaw applying the boundary condition at finite range, but it is felt that his more abstract treatment tends to conceal the essential simplicity of the approach. As he gives the general result for a finite number of angular momentum states and also proves the on-shell unitarity of the resulting three-body amplitude, this chapter focuses only to the case of three spinless particles with zero total and relative angular momentum.
Customization and generation of floor plans based on graph transformations

Abstract This paper introduces an approach for automatic generation of rectangular floor plans based on existing legacy floor plans with the capability of further improvement and customization. Our approach first derives a dual graph from the given input file specifying a floor plan. It then either automatically reproduces varied floor plans retaining the connectivity of the original plan or performs transformation rules to manipulate spatial relations among rooms, and to generate modified floor plans corresponding to specific requirements. Our approach introduces constraints, such as the maximum width-height ratio, to support the flexibility for various design requirements. A graphical user interface is provided for users to perform the automatic generation process. An experiment has been conducted to validate the feasibility of our approach and time taken in generating floor plans. It shows that our method is able to generate highly-customized floor plans in reasonable time.
A Look at Web-based Instruction Today: An interview with Badrul Khan, Part 1

In the first of this two-part series, Ann Taylor and Badrul Khan discuss how Web-based instruction has grown since its inception and explore the particular case of MOOCs.
Heat-flux enhancement response for novel flow-boiler operations under resonant, sub-harmonic, and superharmonic imposition of vapor pulsation frequencies relative to a liquid flow-rate pulsation frequency

This paper presents fundamental results from experimental investigations of shear/pressure-driven internal flow boiling of FC-72 in a horizontal test section of total flow channel length 1000 mm, gap height 2 mm, and width 15 mm. It compares effects of the frequencies of vapor and liquid pressure fluctuations (pulsations) on the experimentally measured heat-flux rates and heat transfer coefficients at a representative location within the flow boiler under a flow operation method in which re-circulating vapor maintains an annular flow regime over the entire length of the device. For liquid flow/pressure pulsations at 3.8–3.9 Hz, four externally imposed inlet vapor pressure fluctuation conditions were considered: (1) no externally imposed vapor pulsations and (2)–(4): high-amplitude externally imposed vapor pulsations at (2) the same, (3) half, and (4) double the inlet liquid pulsation frequency. Representative pressure differences within the flow boiler are also examined. Local time-averaged heat-flux and heat transfer coefficient responses of these flows are compared with previously published data at the same liquid pulsation frequency, but at a different inlet liquid flow rate, vapor quality, and pressure. The reported measurements, and the discussions and conclusions in this paper, enable better understanding of an established pulsation-induced heat-flux enhancement phenomenon which may be used in future cooling systems to significantly enhance average heat-flux values over the entire length of an annular flow boiler. The main conclusion is that, for the flow conditions investigated, optimal heat transfer efficiency occurs when vapor and liquid pulsations are imposed at the same frequency on the flow-boiler inlet.
Quasi-Experimental Designs

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by W.R. Shadish, volume 18, pp. 12655–12659, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
THE RELATIVE AUTONOMY OF JEFFREY ALEXANDER

Abstract The strong program in cultural sociology is distinctive in contemporary U.S. sociology. At a time when middle-range theory dominates, the strong program in some respects follow an older model of theorizing through the development of a self-consciously programmatic theoretical endeavor. The article traces this quality of the strong program to its relationship to older theoretical traditions that inspire its ambitions (though it differs from these in important ways). Another aspect of the strong program that exerts an important influence is its institutional identification with the Yale Center for Cultural Sociology. The article focuses on the Center's weekly culture workshop as a nexus that allows for it to both pursue a distinctive theoretical program that nonetheless remains closely connected to developments in U.S. cultural sociology more generally.
Role of Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities: Patient, Clinician, and System Perspectives

Over the last decade, health information technology (IT) has dramatically transformed medical practice in the United States. On May 11-12, 2017, the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, in partnership with the National Science Foundation and the National Health IT Collaborative for the Underserved, convened a scientific workshop, "Addressing Health Disparities with Health Information Technology," with the goal of ensuring that future research guides potential health IT initiatives to address the needs of health disparities populations. The workshop examined patient, clinician, and system perspectives on the potential role of health IT in addressing health disparities. Attendees were asked to identify and discuss various health IT challenges that confront underserved communities and propose innovative strategies to address them, and to involve these communities in this process. Community engagement, cultural competency, and patient-centered care were highlighted as key to improving health equity, as well as to promoting scalable, sustainable, and effective health IT interventions. Participants noted the need for more research on how health IT can be used to evaluate and address the social determinants of health. Expanding public-private partnerships was emphasized, as was the importance of clinicians and IT developers partnering and using novel methods to learn how to improve health care decision-making. Finally, to advance health IT and promote health equity, it will be necessary to record and capture health disparity data using standardized terminology, and to continuously identify system-level deficiencies and biases.
High-Speed Transmission of Images with Limited Diffraction Beams

Limited diffraction beams have a large depth of field.1 They could have applications in medical imaging,2 tissue characterization,3 volumetric imaging,4 estimation of transverse velocity of blood flow,5 nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials,6 2D and 3D high frame rate imaging with simple hardware,5,7−8 as well as other physics related areas such as electromagnetics9 and optics.10 In this presentation, limited diffraction beams are used as carriers to transfer signals in parallel over a large distance.
Screening high‐risk populations for esophageal and gastric cancer

Cancers of the esophagus and stomach remain important causes of mortality worldwide, in large part because they are most often diagnosed at advanced stages. Thus, it is imperative that we identify and treat these cancers in earlier stages. Due to significant heterogeneity in incidence and risk factors for these cancers, it has been challenging to develop standardized screening recommendations. This review summarizes the current recommendations for screening populations at high risk of developing esophagogastric cancers.
“I’d Rather Die than Wrestle”: Gender, Spirituality, and Agency Amongst the Luba Mai-Mai

This chapter explores the complex imbrications of gender, spirituality, and agency amongst the Luba Mai-Mai before and after the Congolese Five-Year War (1997–2002), in search of practices of hope in a context otherwise characterized by sociopolitical instability and precarity. The story of Chatty Masangu wa Nkulu, a female Mai-Mai fighter, provides an intimate and multilayered ethnographic account of the constraints that normative understandings of gender (based on western feminist scholarship) place on African women, particularly in contexts of conflict. Rather than providing a pathway for increasing the capacity of Mai-Mai women and girl fighters, applying western liberal feminist constructions of agency uncritically in the southeastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo hereafter) paradoxically highlights their vulnerability. However, Chatty’s lived experience as a woman and a warrior in the Upper Lomami province of Congo calls for a reimagining of gender, and a turn toward Luba epistemologies that celebrate personhood, locating agency and hope in the interplay of the material and immaterial worlds.
Accuracy of patient-specific instrumentation in shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background There has been significant recent emphasis on the use of patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) in shoulder arthroplasty. However, clinical data are lacking to support the increased time and expense associated with PSI. Our purposes were to determine whether PSI significantly improves implantation accuracy during total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and to analyze available techniques and correlation with clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that PSI may improve glenoid component position radiographically but without correlation with clinical outcomes. Methods The MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were queried. Included articles reported use of any preoperative or intraoperative PSI techniques, models, or guides to assist with TSA prosthesis implantation. The primary outcomes were mean deviation from the preoperative plan in version (in degrees), inclination (in degrees), and entry-point offset on the glenoid (in millimeters). Results Among the included articles, 518 TSA procedures (352 anatomic and 166 reverse) were performed. The mean postoperative errors in both version and inclination angles were 5° or less in 20 articles (90.9%) using PSI. Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in version error (P > .999, I2 = 64.6%), inclination error (P = .702, I2 = 82.2%), or positional offset (P = .777, I2 = 85.7%) between PSI and standard instrumentation. No data regarding patient-reported outcome measures, range of motion, strength, or glenoid component loosening and longevity were reported. Conclusions Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in accuracy between PSI and standard instrumentation. Although PSI may possess the potential to improve TSA techniques, further investigations regarding long-term clinical outcomes, impact on operating room time, and cost-effectiveness are warranted before PSI can be routinely recommended over conventional instrumentation.
Financial Stress and Risk for Entry into Medicaid Among Older Adults.

Background and Objectives Spending in the Medicaid program is a significant concern to both state and federal policy makers. Medicaid spending is driven by program enrollment and services use. Older adults with high health care needs incur a disproportionate proportion of program spending. This analysis identifies factors that place older Medicare beneficiaries at increased risk for entering into Medicaid. Research Design and Methods We use multinomial logistic regression and the 2011-2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) to examine the risks among older Medicare beneficiaries for entering into Medicaid over a 6-year follow-up period. We examine both time-invariant and time-varying factors to measure the impact of social and health and functioning changes at older ages. Results The risk of entry into Medicaid was higher for older adults who relocated to a nursing home (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 7.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.33-11.26) or other residential care setting (RRR: 1.36; 95% CI: 0.96-1.92) compared to those who remained in traditional community settings. Older adults who reported skipping a meal in the last month because there was not enough money to buy food were 2.4 times (95% CI: 1.10-5.21) more likely to enter Medicaid than those who did not. Similarly, older adults who reported not having enough money to pay household utility bills in the last year were 1.89 times (95% CI: 1.08-3.30) more likely to enter Medicaid. Discussion and Implications Study findings suggest that trouble paying for basic needs increases the risk of entry into Medicaid. Further research is required to examine whether addressing these needs through improved access to social services that enable older adults to live safely in their home may delay or mitigate entry into Medicaid.
Sensing air quality: Spatiotemporal interpolation and visualization of real-time air pollution data for the contiguous United States

Abstract Air pollution has been a major risk to public health. It is imperative to monitor the spatiotemporal patterns of regional air pollution. However, air pollution data are often collected at a limited set of locations and archived at different times. In order to monitor pollution in the continuous space-time domain, traditional interpolation methods tend to treat space and time separately when estimating the pollution data at un-sampled locations and times. But such methods may not be able to yield satisfactory interpolation results. In addition, a vast amount of air quality data have been available to request in real time with the advance of modern sensors, but existing approaches are limited in their ability to process large data sets and support real-time visualizations. In this research, we investigate and compare several spatiotemporal interpolation methods with the goal to conduct interpolation on real-time air pollution data at a large geographic area. Both accuracy and efficiency are evaluated in this study. Based on the findings, we developed a visualization approach using a proposed method that allows real-time summarization and presentation of hourly air pollution data across the contiguous United States. A web application is developed that provides a portal to the public to visualize air quality.
Conditional Protein Rescue (CPR) by Binding-Induced Protective Shielding

An effective method to modulate the stability of proteins is essential to biological research. Herein, we describe a new technology that allows conditional stabilization of proteins based on masking of a degron tag by a specific intracellular protein cue. A target protein is fused to a degron tag and an affinity sensor domain. When the sensor detects its target protein, the degron is effectively concealed and the target protein is rescued. By introducing nanobodies as the sensor, we allow for virtually any endogenous protein to be targeted. In a model system using yeast cytosine deaminase, we demonstrate low cell death background yet maintain the ability to elicit strong activation and prodrug-mediated cell killing using GFP as the rescue protein. The flexibility in choosing different masking targets provides a straightforward method to generalize the strategy for conditional protein rescue in a wide range of biological contexts, including oncoprotein detection.
A formant frequency estimator for noisy speech based on correlation and cepstrum

A formant estimation scheme combining the advantageous features of correlation and cepstral domains, which is capable of handling the adverse effect of observation noise was investigated. A residue-based least squares optimization technique based on a model-fitting approach was introduced in order to obtain formant frequencies from noisy observations. Simulations were carried out to estimate formant frequencies from synthetic and natural speech signals under noisy conditions. The human vocal-tract system was represented by a P-th order AR system with a transfer function. A formant frequency estimation scheme based on a new ramp cepstrum model was developed which is capable of efficiently handling the noisy environment. The once-repeated ACF was employed which can significantly reduce the effect of noise in the correlation domain. It was observed that the proposed method provides an accurate formant frequency estimate even at a low level of SNR.
Listening Across the Ages: Measuring Generational Listening Differences with the LCI-R

In this study, I consider ways that identification with diverse generational cultures might impact conceptualization of what it means to listen well. Using an online survey, I employ the Revised Li...
A Lattice of Chemicalized Kinship : Toxicant Reckoning in a Depressive-Reparative Mode

This essay introduces fourteen essays and artworks comprising this issue’s Special Section, Critical Commentary, Critical Perspectives, Lab Meeting, and Cover Art that address the topic of Chemical Entanglements: Gender and Exposure. This introduction emphasizes not only the varied vernaculars of chemicalized knowing highlighted in this scholarship and artwork but also their shared theorization of how specific molecular encounters are propelled by biopolitical systems that extend or curtail relationality amongst humans, other species, and the environment.
Integrating strategies for improving diagnostic reasoning and error reduction.

ABSTRACT Errors of diagnostic reasoning contribute significantly to patient harm. Students, novice diagnosticians, and even experienced clinicians often have difficulty understanding or describing the processes of diagnostic reasoning. Inappropriate use of cognitive heuristics and poor logical reasoning by novice or experienced diagnosticians may result in missed or delayed diagnoses. Reduction of diagnostic errors through knowledge acquisition, self-reflection, and check lists has individually demonstrated some improvements in diagnostic reasoning. Implementing the diagnostic and reasoning tool (DaRT), a method of reasoning which integrates the evidence-based strategies of knowledge acquisition, metacognition, and logical reasoning skills throughout the patient encounter, results in improvement in diagnostic reasoning in advanced practice nurses. Use of the DaRT in one university setting resulted in significant improvement in advanced health assessment skills and diagnostic reasoning abilities as demonstrated by improvements of 28-55% end-of-program Health Education Systems Incorporated scores. Translation into practice settings may further support the use of this multiple-modality tool.
Jitter suppression for resonant galvo based high-throughput laser scanning systems

Laser scanning has been widely used in material processing and optical imaging. Among the established scanners, resonant galvo scanners offer high scanning throughput and 100% duty cycle and have been employed in various laser scanning microscopes. However, the common applications of resonant galvo often suffer from position jitters which could introduce substantial measurement artifacts. In this work, we systematically quantify the impact of position sensor, data acquisition system and air turbulence and provide a simple solution to achieve jitter free high-throughput measurement.
Bounds on Dark Matter from CMB Observations

Observational evidence from large scale structure, gravitational lensing, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and galaxy rotation curves have confirmed the existence of dark matter, yet its nature remains a mystery. A well motivated dark matter candidate is the supersymmetric neutralino. While neutralinos are stable particles, they annihilate in pairs, releasing energy in the form of standard model particles. Some of this energy is absorbed by the surrounding gas, causing the gas to heat and ionize. The excess free electrons scatter CMB photons coming to us from the surface of last scattering, modifying the CMB power spectra. We show that precise measurements of the CMB can place bounds on dark matter properties.
A Free Pass for Foreign Firms? An Assessment of SEC and Private Enforcement Against Foreign Issuers

While proponents of the bonding hypothesis have posited that foreign firms crosslist in the United States to signal compliance with the strict U.S. corporate governance regime, these scholars have taken the enforcement of U.S. securities laws largely for granted. This Note presents an empirical examination of previously unexplored data on the enforcement of U.S. securities laws against foreign issuers. The results suggest that relative to domestic issuers, foreign issuers in the United States have benefited not only from a more lax set of rules, but also from a more forgiving public enforcement agency. At the same time, U.S. courts have limited private enforcement against foreign issuers, thus restricting an alternative to public enforcement and further widening the gap between the corporate governance regime for U.S. issuers and the one for foreign issuers.
Working Time Characteristics and Mental Health among Corrections and Transportation Workers.

Objectives Mental health disorders are a leading cause of work disability and while the psychosocial workplace environment plays a critical role, working time characteristics are also implicated. We sought to examine the association between working time characteristics and mental health in a cohort of two unionized, full-time worker populations, correctional supervisors, and transportation maintainers. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed workers on working time characteristics across seven domains including length of the shift, the intensity or proximity of sequential shifts, the time of day, and social aspects of work hours including predictability, variability, control, and free time. Burnout symptoms (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory) and depressive symptoms (eight-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) were assessed along with the psychosocial work environment and health behaviors. We used log-binomial regression models to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for age, gender, and company. Results A total of 318 workers were surveyed. The majority (72%) of workers reported a fixed shift. The prevalence of burnout symptoms was higher among workers reporting more frequent shift intensity (working 6 or more days in a row) (PR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.31; P = 0.04). Low psychological demands and high worker social support were associated with fewer burnout symptoms, independent of working time characteristics. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in workers reporting more frequent unpredictable work (PR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.35; P = 0.04) and was lower among workers reporting increased schedule control (PR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96; P = 0.01). Higher worker social support as well as sufficient sleep and adequate exercise were associated with fewer depressive symptoms, independent of working time characteristics. Conclusions Different working time characteristics were associated with work-related mental health (i.e. burnout) as well as general mental health (i.e. depressive symptoms). Work intensity was associated with the prevalence of burnout symptoms and the results suggest that the mechanism may be through the need for recovery from the psychosocial exposures of work. Both schedule control and predictability were associated with depressive symptoms and the results suggest that work-life imbalance and lack of recovery may be implicated. Comprehensive prevention policies that consider work organization along with the psychosocial work environment and work-life balance may help to improve workers' mental health.
Rootstocks influence the response of ripening grape berries to leafroll associated viruses

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV) infections are accompanied by symptoms with varying severity. Using a dedicated experimental vineyard, we studied the responses to GLRaVs in ripening berries from Cabernet franc grapevines grafted to different rootstocks and with zero, one, or pairs of leafroll infection(s). RNA sequencing data were mapped to a high-quality Cabernet franc genome reference assembled to carry out this study and integrated with hormone and metabolite abundance data. This study identified several molecular levers that participate in responses to GLRaVs, including those that are condition-dependent. This included describing common responses to GLRaVs that were reproduced in two consecutive years, in plants grafted to different rootstocks, and in more than one infection condition. Though different infections were inconsistently distinguishable from one another overall, the effects of infections in plants grafted to different rootstocks were distinct at each developmental stage. Conserved responses included the modulation of pathogen detecting genes, increases in abscisic acid signaling and cytoskeleton remodeling gene expression. The abundance of abscisic acid (ABA), related metabolites, ABA and hormone signaling-related gene expression, and the expression of several transcription factor families differentiated rootstocks overall. These data show that rootstock influences the effect of GLRaVs in ripening berries.
Projection Operators for Various Contexts

The technique of projection operators was explored further by showing a variety of examples of their use in non-memory contexts. These examples include tracing over quantum spaces to obtain correlation functions that appear naturally in the linear response theory of transport coefficients originated by Kubo, a use important to the theory of electrical resistivity. They include applications to the quantum control of dynamic localization relating to an understanding of internal structures in the evolution of a quantum dimer. They involve integration of classical variables to obtain the BBGKY (Born-Bogolubov-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon) hierarchy in classical statistical mechanics of gases, as well as use in the Torrey-Bloch equation in NMR microscopy, a subject of relevance to medical physics. They even apply to the simple railway-track problem of Chap. 1.
Antimelanoma activities of chimeric thiazole–androstenone derivatives

The discovery of chimeric anti-melanoma agents is reported. These molecules are potent growth suppressors of melanoma cells in vitro with growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) values as low as 1.32 µM. Compounds were more toxic to melanoma cells in vitro than commonly used anti-melanoma agent dacarbazine as measured by TUNEL assay. They induced both caspase-independent apoptosis evident by colocalization of TUNEL with endonuclease G (EndoG) and caspase-mediated apoptosis measured by colocalization of TUNEL with caspase-activated DNase (CAD). In addition, compounds 3 and 5 strongly induced oxidative injury to melanoma cells as measured by TUNEL colocalization with heme oxygenase-1 (HO1). Dacarbazine induced only caspase-independent apoptosis, which may explain why it is less cytotoxic to melanoma cells than compounds 3, 4 and 5.
Putting “the Torah” back into “the Book of Moses” in Miqṣat Ma‘aśe ha-Torah: A new proposed reconstruction of 4Q397 14–21 6

In this article, I build upon observations by Emile Puech regarding the available space in 4Q397 14–21 6, one of the manuscripts of Miqṣat Ma‘aśe ha-Torah (MMT), in order to propose an alternate re...
Hybrid phenology matching model for robust crop phenological retrieval

Abstract Crop phenology regulates seasonal agroecosystem carbon, water, and energy exchanges, and is a key component in empirical and process-based crop models for simulating biogeochemical cycles of farmlands, assessing gross and net primary production, and forecasting the crop yield. The advances in phenology matching models provide a feasible means to monitor crop phenological progress using remote sensing observations, with a priori information of reference shapes and reference phenological transition dates. Yet the underlying geometrical scaling assumption of models, together with the challenge in defining phenological references, hinders the applicability of phenology matching in crop phenological studies. The objective of this study is to develop a novel hybrid phenology matching model to robustly retrieve a diverse spectrum of crop phenological stages using satellite time series. The devised hybrid model leverages the complementary strengths of phenometric extraction methods and phenology matching models. It relaxes the geometrical scaling assumption and can characterize key phenological stages of crop cycles, ranging from farming practice-relevant stages (e.g., planted and harvested) to crop development stages (e.g., emerged and mature). To systematically evaluate the influence of phenological references on phenology matching, four representative phenological reference scenarios under varying levels of phenological calibrations in terms of time and space are further designed with publicly accessible phenological information. The results indicate that the hybrid phenology matching model can achieve high accuracies for estimating corn and soybean phenological growth stages in Illinois, particularly with the year- and region-adjusted phenological reference (R-squared higher than 0.9 and RMSE less than 5 days for most phenological stages). The inter-annual and regional phenological patterns characterized by the hybrid model correspond well with those in the crop progress reports (CPRs) from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Compared to the benchmark phenology matching model, the hybrid model is more robust to the decreasing levels of phenological reference calibrations, and is particularly advantageous in retrieving crop early phenological stages (e.g., planted and emerged stages) when the phenological reference information is limited. This innovative hybrid phenology matching model, together with CPR-enabled phenological reference calibrations, holds considerable promise in revealing spatio-temporal patterns of crop phenology over extended geographical regions.
Simulating the Selection of Resistant Cells with Bystander Killing and Antibody Coadministration in Heterogeneous HER2 Positive Tumors

Intratumoral heterogeneity is a leading cause of treatment failure resulting in tumor recurrence. For the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), two major types of resistance include changes in HER2 expression and reduced payload sensitivity, often exacerbated by heterogenous HER2 expression and ADC distribution during treatment. ADCs with bystander payloads such as trastuzumab-monomethyl auristatin E (T-MMAE) can reach and kill adjacent cells with lower receptor expression that cannot be targeted directly with the ADC. Additionally, coadministration of T-DM1 with its unconjugated antibody, trastuzumab, can improve distribution and minimize heterogeneous delivery. However, the effectiveness of trastuzumab coadministration and ADC bystander killing in heterogenous tumors in reducing the selection of resistant cells is not well-understood. Here, we use an agent-based model to predict outcomes with these different regimens. The simulations demonstrate that both T-DM1 and T-MMAE benefit from trastuzumab coadministration for tumors with high average receptor expression (up to 70 and 40% decrease in average tumor volume, respectively), with greater benefit for non-bystander payloads. However, the benefit decreases as receptor expression is reduced, reversing at low concentrations (up to 360 and 430% increase in average tumor volume, respectively) for this mechanism that impacts both ADC distribution and efficacy. For tumors with intrinsic payload resistance, coadministration uniformly exhibits better efficacy than ADC monotherapy (50-70% and 19-36% decrease in average tumor volume for T-DM1 and T-MMAE, respectively). Finally, we demonstrate that several regimens select for resistant cells at clinical tolerable doses, highlighting the need to pursue other mechanisms of action for durable treatment responses. Significance Statement Experimental evidence demonstrates heterogeneity in the distribution of both ADCs and the target receptor in the tumor microenvironment, which can promote the selection of resistant cells and lead to recurrence. Here we quantify the impact of increasing the antibody dose and/or utilizing bystander payloads in heterogeneous tumors using an agent-based model and highlight the need for alternative cell killing mechanisms to avoid enriching resistant cell populations.
Interacting Dirac fermions under a spatially alternating pseudomagnetic field: Realization of spontaneous quantum Hall effect

Both topological crystalline insulator surfaces and graphene host multivalley massless Dirac fermions which are not pinned to a high-symmetry point of the Brillouin zone. Strain couples to the low-energy electrons as a time-reversal-invariant gauge field, leading to the formation of pseudo-Landau-levels (PLLs). Here we study periodic pseudomagnetic fields originating from strain superlattices. We study the low-energy Dirac PLL spectrum induced by the strain superlattice and analyze the effect of various polarized states. Through self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations we establish that, due to the strain superlattice and PLL electronic structure, a valley-ordered state spontaneously breaking time reversal and realizing a quantum Hall phase is favored, while others are suppressed. Our analysis applies to both topological crystalline insulators and graphene.
Media effects in a transitional society: Setting the political agenda in the Kosovo elections of 2007

Th is study suggests that during the 2007 campaign in Kosovo, political parties and mass media set the election agenda while disregarding the priorities of the public. However, neither media nor parties were able to set the public agenda independently. Th e results presented here empirically confi rm recent claims that media and politics have achieved some balance in Eastern Europe, though mass media in this region still fail to represent society as a whole, refl ecting the agendas of political elites alone. Th e present study stresses the symbiotic interrelation between media and party agendas during elections and that their infl uence on public agenda is at the highest when operating interac- tively.
Strategies for predicate-aware register allocation

For predicated code a number of predicate analysis systems have been developed like PHG, PQA or PAS. In optimizing compilers for (fully) predicated architectures like the Itanium® 2 processor, the primary application for such systems is global register allocation. This paper classifies predicated live ranges into four types, develops strategies based on classical dataflow analysis to allocate register candidates for all classes efficiently, and shows that the simplest strategy can achieve the performance potential provided by a PQS-based implementation. The gain achieved in the Intel® production compiler for the CINT2006 integer benchmarks is up to 37.6% and 4.48% in the geomean.
Purification and properties of isoleucyl ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract The isoleucyl ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The protein has a molecular weight of 112,000 and an s20,w of 5.9S. The amino acid composition has been determined. The enzyme is protected from heat inactivation and tryptic digestion by the presence of adenosine triphosphate and Mg++ plus saturating amounts of isoleucine or valine.
The Design of Learning Software: Principles Learned from the Computer as Learning Partner Project.

This paper describes general curriculum design principles and specific software design implementations resulting from an ongoing collaboration between software designers and programmers, researchers, and a classroom teacher and his students. Research and observations in the classroom setting led to both the emergence of useful learning principles as well as the design of a specific piece of software, E-LabBook. The paper traces the development of the software in the context of the principles that emerged during the design process.
Identification of intron/exon boundaries in genomic DNA by inverse PCR.

This unit describes identifying intron/exon boundaries in genomic DNA by comparing nucleotide sequences of genomic DNA to cDNA. Cloned genomic DNA is prepared for inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by digesting the DNA with a restriction enzyme and circularizing the restriction fragments by ligation. Diverging primer pairs for each exon are designed on the basis of the cDNA sequence. The circularized restriction fragments are amplified using these diverging primers, the PCR product is sequenced, and the sequence is compared to the cDNA sequence to determine the location of the intron/exon boundaries. The lower complexity of cloned DNA (e.g., YAC, P1, or cosmid DNA) facilitates preparation of good template. This unit describes identifying intron/exon boundaries in genomic DNA by comparing nucleotide sequences of genomic DNA to cDNA.