cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Crystalline Structure and Morphology of Aliphatic Ketone Terpolymer

The crystal structure and morphology of the commercial ethylene−propylene−ketone terpolymer has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, DSC, and transmission electron microscopy. Crystallization from both the bulk and from dilute solution was considered. In both cases crystallinities were found to be <50%. Two crystal structures were observed, both based on those displayed by the perfectly alternating copolymer of ethylene and ketone units. The phase characteristic of the perfectly alternating copolymer under ambient conditions (the α structure) is seen as a minor component in the terpolymer. Rather, the prevalent phase in the terpolymer is the so-called β phase, otherwise found in the imperfectly alternating ethylene ketone copolymer or in the perfectly alternating copolymer at elevated temperature.
Susceptibility to diabetogenic virus: Host versus pancreatic factors

Abstract Viral etiology is likely in human diabetes. In mice response to diabetogenic virus is under genetic control, only certain strains becoming hyperglycemic. Susceptibility has been attributed to viral receptors in the pancreas itself, but extrapancreatic host factors could instead be responsible, a point of possible importance in donor selection for pancreatic transplantation. To resolve this issue, F1 hybrids of a susceptible strain (DBA/2) and a resistant strain (C57BL/6) were studied. After streptozotocin destruction of their own pancreatic islets caused hyperglycemia (glucose > 400 mg/dl), they received neonatal pancreas grafts from either the susceptible or resistant parental strain. Since the experiment's genetic design prevented rejection, normoglycemia ensued and 4 weeks later 26 transplanted mice and 43 nontransplanted controls were inoculated with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Of normal C57BL/6 mice, 80% proved resistant to diabetes, while 73% of DBA/2 mice were susceptible. Normal F1's proved intermediate in susceptibility (61% diabetic) as did F1 recipients of either DBA/2 (42% diabetic) or C57BL/6 (58% diabetic) pancreas grafts. Glucose tolerance tests were done on mice which were not consistently diabetic. K values (slope of the linear regression of glucose on time) indicated that F1 recipients of C57BL/6 (resistant) pancreas had virally induced damage to transplanted islets of similar, in fact slightly greater, degree than recipients of DBA/2 (susceptible) pancreas (0.44 vs 0.19) as compared to untreated F1's (−0.01). Host factors, perhaps genes determining autoimmune response, appear more important than pancreatic factors in the determination of susceptibility to viral diabetes.
Untangling the Origins of Competitive Advantage

This paper begins to reconcile competing perspectives on the origins of competitive advantage by examining the adoption of ‘science-driven’ drug discovery, a performance-enhancing organizational practice. Science-driven drug discovery diffused slowly, allowing us to disentangle alternative theories of organizational heterogeneity. Adoption is driven by initial conditions, time-varying internal and external environmental conditions, and convergence (firms positioned least favorably adopt most aggressively). While accounting for initial conditions is critical, managers are sensitive to idiosyncratic environmental cues. The origins of competitive advantage may therefore lie in the ability to identify and respond to environmental cues well in advance of observing performance-oriented pay-offs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The oral antifertility activity of dl-cis-bisdehydrodoisynolic acid methyl ether in rats

Abstract When administered orally, dl-cis-bisdehydrodoisynolic acid methyl ether elicited 3 and 57 times the uterotrophic activity of estrone in mice and rats, respectively. The compound did not show prolonged activity characteristic of steroidal estrogens having prolonged activity. Orally, the material demonstrated 30 times the antifertility activity of mestranol in rats; whereas, the compound elicited only 4 times the gonadotrophin inhibitory activity of mestranol.
Power/Ground Pin-Map Design for Power Integrity

In this paper, a simple circuit model for IC multiple power and ground via arrays in a multilayer PCB is built based on the resonant cavity model. Using the circuit model, the parasitic inductance for the IC power and ground connection is quantitatively investigated according to via number and via patterns. The stack-up configuration of the power/ground plane pair is not critical for PDN performance in multilayer PCBs, as long as there are sufficient IC power/ground vias in an alternating pattern. The outcome of this work can be used to guide the pin-map design for high-speed packages.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The N-terminus of thrombospondin: the domain stands apart.

Abstract Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) was first recognized as a thrombin-sensitive protein associated with platelet membranes. It is secreted by numerous cell types and its expression is predominant in areas of active tissue remodeling. Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are large, trimeric, matricellular proteins, composed of multiple structural motifs which interact with a diverse array of receptors and molecules. Thrombospondin’s capacity to bind multiple receptors renders it multifunctional. The functions of its isolated domains can be overlapping or contradictory. In this review, we focus on the N-terminus of the molecule, first recognized for its strong heparin binding properties and characterized by its susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage from the stalk region of thrombospondin. The N-terminus, called the heparin binding domain (HBD), interacts with a variety of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans at the membrane and in the matrix, LDL receptor-related protein (LRP), sulfated glycolipids, calreticulin, and integrins. The HBD mediates endocytosis of thrombospondin. It functions both as a soluble and an insoluble modulator of cell adhesion and motility. In contrast to thrombospondin, the HBD has pro-angiogenic activity. We propose that the HBD of thrombospondins 1 and 2 are found primarily in the cellular microenvironment in conditions of cellular injury, stress and tissue remodeling and that the HBD conveys multiple signals involved in cellular adaptation to injury.
RobinHood: sharing the happiness in a wireless jungle

Today's Enterprise Wireless LANs are comprised of densely deployed access points. This paper proposes RobinHood, an interference nulling scheme that leverages the high density of the access points to enable multiple mobile devices to transmit simultaneously to multiple access points (APs), all within a single collision domain. RobinHood also leverages the capability of the APs to communicate with each other on the wired backbone to migrate most of the complexity to the APs, while keeping the design at the mobile clients simpler. Finally, we leverage the static nature of the access points to make RobinHood more practical in networks where the mobility of clients inhibit the use of traditional interference alignment schemes. Results from our trace-driven simulations show that RobinHood obtains a throughput improvement of 6.08x and 24.2x over omniscient TDMA and IEEE 802.11, respectively.
Distribution and relations of 4- to 10-km-diameter craters to global geologic units of Mars

Abstract By correlating the 1:25,000,000 geologic map of Mars of Scott and Carr (1977) with 4- to 10-km-diameter crater density data from Mariner 9 images, the average crater density for 23 of the equatorial geologic-geomorphic units on Mars was computed. The correlation of these two data sets was accomplished by digitizing both the crater density data and geologic map at the same scale and by comparing them in a computer. This technique assigns the crater density value found in the corresponding location on the geologic data set to a discrete computer file assigned each of the 23 geologic units. By averaging the crater density values accumulated in each file, an “average” crater density for each geologic unit was obtained. Condit believes these average crater density values are accurate indicators of the relative age of the geologic units considered. The statistical validity of these average values is strongest for the geologic units of the largest areal extent. The relative ages as obtained from the average crater density values for the seven largest geologic units, from youngest to oldest, are: Tharsis volcanic material, 21 ± 4 craters/106km2; smooth plains material, 57 ± 14 craters/106km2; rolling plains material, 66 ± 16 craters/106km2; plains materials, 80 ± 17 craters/106km2; ridged plains material, 128 ± 25 craters/106km2; hilly and cratered material, 137 ± 38 craters/106km2; and cratered plateau material, 138 ± 27 craters/106km2.
Effects of stimulus duration on temporal facilitation

High-luminance surrounds can reduce perceptual latency (temporal facilitation). Test stimuli of four durations (5 msec, 100 msec, 5-sec onset, and 5-sec offset) were judged against comparison stimuli of several durations. Temporal facilitation of almost 100 msec was obtained with the 5-msec test regardless of the comparison used. With 100 msec and 5-sec onset test stimuli, temporal facilitation was less and occured only with identical test and comparison stimuli. Offset latencies were shorter than onset latencies, and only one S showed temporal facilitation with offset test stimuli. Results were discussed in terms of the temporal course of brightness.
Coupled antenna scheme using filter design techniques and tunable resonators to show simultaneous transmit and receive

In order to enable multifunction arrays with simultaneous transmit and receive, high isolation must be provided between antenna elements. This isolation should ideally be independent of the waveforms being transmitted. In this paper, a tunable baffle design is presented which provides over 30 dB of improvement in isolation for bandwidths of 7.5 MHz between adjacent antennas. This isolation can be tuned in frequency to protect a given receive channel from transmitter interference. Filter approaches are used to analyze the antenna design and extract the interactions between each resonator. The antennas and the resonant baffles can be modeled as one coupling matrix just as in filter design approaches. This allows a notch filter to be created in which the direct coupling path between antenna patches is counteracted by the interaction of the resonators in the baffle.
Shape feature abstraction in knowledge-based analysis of manufactured products

The authors focus on shape feature recognition based on the differential depth perception filter, which reduces the number of topological entities. By defining features in terms of loops, as opposed to defining them in terms of low level topological entities, substantial geometric as well as topological variation among features is captured. The space of entities in which the search for features is finally performed is loops. The reduction of this search space is first performed by the filter, and then by creating the loops from edges, both of which are significant. This assists in the reduction of combinatorial explosion. Considerable success in feature recognition has been achieved for parts with varying topology and geometry and for parts with a relatively large number of topological entities. >
Colorimetry for the Stain Technologist. II. The Specification of Chromaticity Difference

This paper describes the calculation of chromaticity difference. The text has been written specifically for the stain technologist and is largely self-contained. The concept of a uniform chromaticity scale (UCS) is described. A UCS is a diagram in which equal perceived differences in chromaticity are represented by equal distances anywhere on the diagram. UCSs are developed by transformations of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram, and may be linear (projective) or nonlinear. The effectiveness of the various transformations has been assessed using published data on discrimination of chromaticity. The usefulness of chromaticity difference calculations is illustrated by histological examples, including Romanowsky stained blood cells and Papanicolaou stained cells from the uterine cervix. Six UCSs are used in these examples, two projective and four nonlinear.
Generalization in feed forward neural networks

It is noted that many aspects of the problem of improving generalization in feedforward neural networks have not been studied in any depth. The authors address the importance of this problem and propose two techniques to improve generalizations; proper selection of the training ensemble, and a partitioned learning strategy. These techniques are applied to a complex 2D classification problem. They also evaluate network generalization while using the cascade correlation learning architecture. It is shown that generalization is not trivial when decision boundaries are complex, proper selection of the training sample can improve generalization, and the use of a partitioned learning strategy can further enhance generalization in feedforward networks. Results also suggest that cascade correlation yields good generalization on test data. >
Adaptation in Neural Activity for Directional Control

In freely moving rats, motor cortical recordings enabled the use of a closed loop system to replace paddle pressing for a directional task. In this system, firing rates were estimated from several (8-10) motor cortical neurons at several consecutive time points. These firing rates were concatenated to form a neural activity vector (NAV). The NAV was used as input to a previously trained support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The decision function value obtained from the SVM was then used to determine which relay should be activated to produce paddle pressing signals in the task. Animals were able to use this interface immediately and significant changes in neural activity arose in a single, 45 minute, experimental session. Neural data from several subjects was examined for changes from the calibration phase to the late cortically controlled phase. Detailed analysis shows that NAVs changed significantly from the calibration phase to the cortically controlled phase, furthermore, the decision function values arising from these NAVs changed in interesting ways. By examining which neurons and times (dimensions of the NAV) were selected by the SVM to have significant impact on the decision function value as well as which dimensions of the NAV changed significantly, a mechanism of adaptation begins to emerge in which the SVM properly assigns high importance to dimensions that easily predict the desired output, however, under closed loop control, the animal selects a small number of neurons (at most or all times) and chooses to make the firing rates more distinguishable. These differences offer insight into how the rats and their SVMs collaborated to create a useable interface.
The colonial roots of inequality: access to water in urban East Africa

While water access is a major concern for all residents in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, the difficulty of hauling water is particularly pronounced in the informal settlements that are significant portions of both cities. This is an inequality that has only recently begun to be recognized as an injustice between rich and poor. Rooted in the segregation of colonial rule, it is sustained by the continuing injustice of land policies and the multiple complications involved with upgrading urban settlements.
Exploring the boundary between pollination syndromes: bats and hummingbirds as pollinators of Burmeistera cyclostigmata and B. tenuiflora (Campanulaceae)

In this study I documented the degree of specialization in the pollination systems of Burmeistera cyclostigmata and B. tenuiflora (Campanulaceae) to explore the potential role of floral isolation in the diversification of the genus. I asked which floral characteristics are important in specializing on either bat or hummingbird pollination, and whether overlap between these floral syndromes can exist. I examined nocturnal and diurnal pollen deposition, pollinator visitation rates, and single visit effectiveness and related them to intra- and interspecific variation in Burmeistera floral characteristics at Monteverde, Costa Rica. Bats and hummingbirds visited both Burmeistera species, and bats pollinated both species. Owing to differences in floral morphology, however, hummingbirds effectively pollinated only B. tenuiflora. The generalized pollination system of B. tenuiflora demonstrates that there can be overlap in the boundary between ornithophily and chiropterophily, and that nectar production and timing of anthesis do not serve as barriers between these syndromes. The high intraspecific variation in floral color from green to red or purple did not correlate with either nocturnal or diurnal pollen deposition. Degree of flower accessibility did affect pollination; nocturnal pollen deposition significantly decreased as flowers become more obstructed. In Burmeistera, floral morphology and accessibility appear to be the most important floral characteristics for specialization at the boundary between ornithophily and chiropterophily.
A Brief Data-Informed History of Science and Technology Policy

The history of modern science and technology policy is replete with examples of how data can both inform policy as well as reflect policy. In fact, the critical supporting role of data and measurement has been evident since the earliest formulation of post-war policies for science.
An Analytical Implementation of the Hull and White Model

One of the most parsimonious models of interest rate behavior is the “extended Vasicek” model of Hull and White. It has only one stochastic factor, but has the flexibility to match the initial term structure in the market, making it arbitrage-free. To build the market term structure into a trinomial valuation lattice, Hull and White9s implementation of the model involves a search process at each date plus forward induction. In this article, Grant and Vora show how this process may be streamlined considerably by using an analytic solution rather than a search at each date.
Sensor network source localization via projection onto convex sets (POCS)

This paper addresses the problem of locating an acoustic source using a sensor network in a distributed manner, i.e., without transmitting the full data set to a central point for processing. This problem has been traditionally addressed through the nonlinear least squares or maximum likelihood framework. These methods, even though asymptotically optimal under certain conditions, pose a difficult global optimization problem. It is shown that the associated objective function may have multiple local optima and saddle points and hence any local search method might stagnate at a sub-optimal solution. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a convex feasibility problem and apply a distributed version of the projection onto convex sets (POCS) method. We give a closed form expression for the projection phase, which usually constitutes the heaviest computational aspect of POCS. Conditions are given under which, when the number of samples increases to infinity or in the absence of measurement noise, the convex feasibility problem has a unique solution at the true source location. In general, the method converges to a limit point or a limit cycle in the neighborhood of the true location. Simulation results show convergence to the global optimum with extremely fast convergence rates compared to the previous methods.
Late orbital recurrence after enucleation for malignarit melanoma of the choroid

A patient underwent perforating diathermy and aspiration of subretinal fluid for a non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Tumors cells were found in the sub-retinal fluid and the eye was enucleated four days after the unsuccessful reattachment operation. Pathologic examination showed no evidence of scleral invasion or extraocular extension of tumor. Twenty-nine years later, an orbital exenteration was performed for recurrent malignant melanoma, the longest recorded interval for a case showing no evidence of extraocular tumor extension at time of surgery.Patients undergoing ocular surgery invblving scleral penetration who are subsequently found to harbor an unsuspected malignant melanoma are likely best managed by prompt orbital exenteration. Surgical manipulation over the tumor has the potential of expressing tumor cells into the orbit via emissaria. The possibility of late recurrence of orbital malignant melanoma in patients subjected to such procedures should be considered.
On the pseudomomentum and generalized Stokes drift in a spectrum of rotational waves

Two Lagrangian-mean measures crucial to the accurate estimation of mean particle velocities in wavy or turbulent shear flows are considered. The measures are the pseudomomentum and generalized Stokes drift and of particular interest is their expression in terms of quantities directly measurable by fixed instruments. To proceed, the measures are first calculated for broad spectra of progressive symmetric rotational wave pairs of small amplitude. Both discrete and continuous spectra are considered and the waves may grow or decay. The expressions are then cast into a form composed of quantities that are measurable in a fixed reference frame, such as the surface slope spectrum of surface gravity waves or space–time velocity correlations in the interior of wavy shear flows. Finally, an example is given in which the measures are calculated for a plane channel flow subject to a broad spectrum of discrete progressive waves, specifically a numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow. It is seen that while the streamwise component of pseudomomentum is everywhere negative in the flow, the generalized Stokes drift changes sign, giving rise to an enhanced mass transport close to the boundary and a reduction in transport some distance from it. The sign change occurs 12.5 viscous units from the wall, near the centre of a 15 viscous units thick highly sheared layer of Stokes drift.
Secure communication using chaos

A secure communication scheme using a chaotic system is presented. The noise-like properties of chaotic signals has been exploited previously for secure communications. However, because previous methods require very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and/or the self-synchronization property of the chaotic system, their application to practical secure communication systems is limited. The proposed scheme in this paper uses a noise reduction method which has exhibited good performance for reducing the dynamical error. It determines which data stream comes from the particular system by comparing the power level of the dynamical error of each data stream. The advantages of the proposed system are that it requires no synchronization of the receiver to the transmitter and it is robust to channel noise.
Analog applications of the Josephson effect: Recent developments and future prospects

A selected group of high-frequency analog devices which have received much recent attention, the 4-wave, the 3-wave paramps, the RSJ and the SIS mixers, will be reviewed. Present achievements and problems of these devices will be discussed, comparisons made, and future prospects will be assessed.
Dynamical approaches to cognitive science.

Abstract Dynamical ideas are beginning to have a major impact on cognitive science, from foundational debates to daily practice. In this article, I review three contrasting examples of work in this area that address the lexical and grammatical structure of language, Piaget's classic ‘A-not-B' error, and active categorical perception in an embodied, situated agent. From these three examples, I then attempt to articulate the major differences between dynamical approaches and more traditional symbolic and connectionist approaches. Although the three models reviewed here vary considerably in their details, they share a focus on the unfolding trajectory of a system's state and the internal and external forces that shape this trajectory, rather than the representational content of its constituent states or the underlying physical mechanisms that instantiate the dynamics. In some work, this dynamical viewpoint is augmented with a situated and embodied perspective on cognition, forming a promising unified theoretical framework for cognitive science broadly construed.
Neuroimaging of Mobility in Aging: A Targeted Review

Background The relationship between mobility and cognition in aging is well established, but the relationship between mobility and the structure and function of the aging brain is relatively unknown. This, in part, is attributed to the technological limitations of most neuroimaging procedures, which require the individual to be immobile or in a supine position. Herein, we provide a targeted review of neuroimaging studies of mobility in aging to promote (i) a better understanding of this relationship, (ii) future research in this area, and (iii) development of applications for improving mobility. Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included (i) aging, older adults, or elderly; (ii) gait, walking, balance, or mobility; and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based morphometry, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, event-related potential, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results Poor mobility outcomes were reliably associated with reduced gray and white matter volume. Fewer studies examined the relationship between changes in task-related brain activation and mobility performance. Extant findings, however, showed that activation patterns in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal and frontal cortices were related to mobility. Increased involvement of the prefrontal cortex was evident in both imagined walking conditions and conditions where the cognitive demands of locomotion were increased. Conclusions Cortical control of gait in aging is bilateral, widespread, and dependent on the integrity of both gray and white matter.
Evaluating Adoption of Emerging IT for Corporate IT Strategy: Developing a Model Using a Qualitative Method

The acquisition and evaluation of new technologies is critical to the development of a timely IT strategy. We report the findings of a four round Delphi study designed to elicit a cohesive set of issues that affect an IT executive's decision to adopt an emerging IT into corporate IT strategy. Based on the results, we present the Emerging Information Technology Evaluation Model, which IT executives and academicians can use to support a strategic adoption decision.
The effect of national culture and economic wealth on global software piracy rates

According to a recent survey on global software piracy [9], the Business Software Alliance estimated that the illegal duplication, distribution, or sale of commercial business software cost the U.S. software industry $11.75 billion in lost sales in 2000, and brings to $71.6 billion the losses incurred since the surveys began in 1994. Software piracy rates are calculated by estimating the demand for software based on the worldwide number of PC shipments and the sale of U.S. business applications. By assuming that for each new personal computer sold there will be a set of accompanying software sales, the difference between expected demand and supply (in the form of sales) is attributed to software piracy. The global piracy rate—calculated by combining the data for all countries and treating the world as a single market—increased for the first time from 36% in 1999 to 37% in 2000. Averages across individual countries continue to decline, however, from 61% in 1999 to 58% in 2000 (see Figure 1). The highest regional software piracy rates are in Eastern Europe, with rates of more than 60%, suggesting six of every 10 software packages in use are pirated copies. Eleven countries are estimated to have a software piracy rate of 80% and above, with Vietnam (97%), China (94%), the Ukraine/other CIS (89%), Indonesia (89%), and Russia (88%) at the top of the list. Because of the size of their respective software markets, however, the greatest financial losses occur in the U.S., Japan, China, Germany, the U.K., France, and Italy. These seven countries account for $7.5 billion or 60% of lost sales worldwide in 2000. Although the U.S. has the lowest piracy rate in the world at 24% for 2000, the U.S. software market is four times that of any other country, and so the U.S. alone accounts for more than $2.6 billion in lost sales. Most countries protect software copyright using copyright and intellectual property rights legislation. In the U.S., such legislation includes the 1997 No Internet Theft (NET) Act, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the 1999 Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act, the latter raising the maximum fine to $150,000 for each instance of willful copyright infringement.
Proteins: dynamics and function.

The focus in my paper changes from the genes to gene products, which are proteins. I will describe some of the results of theoretical methods that are used to understand the functioning of these gene products. Since there is no plan for a “human protein consortium,” I will restrict myself to describing what has been going on in this area.
STUDIES IN IRON TRANSPORTATION AND METABOLISM: VI. ABSORPTION OF RADIOACTIVE IRON IN PATIENTS WITH FEVER AND WITH ANEMIAS OF VARIED ETIOLOGY

1. The isotope technic for studying iron absorption has been extended to measure the unabsorbed isotope in feces as well as the amount synthesized into hemoglobin. The recovery of radioiron from feces was shown to be accurate within 10 per cent. 2. There was suggestive evidence to indicate that, with the 1 mg. per kilogram dose employed, normal subjects may sometimes absorb more iron than is converted within a two week period into hemoglobin. 3. Patients with fever, untreated pernicious anemia, and refractory anemia were shown to absorb more iron than they use for hemoglobin. 4. Patients with hemolytic anemia may absorb more iron than can be recovered in the peripheral blood at any one time because isotopic hemoglobin is removed from the circulation at a rapid rate. 5. Except in afebrile patients with hypochromic anemia, acceptance of the per cent of a given dose of radioiron which appears in circulating hemoglobin as a measure of iron absorption must be made with caution. 6. The theory that mucosal cells accept iron for absorption or block its assimilation provides the best known explanation for iron absorption; but patients with adequate iron stores may assimilate considerable quantities of the metal and the block must be regarded as relative.
Viral placentitis in congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Two cases of viral placentitis due to cytomegalovirus infection are described. Special emphasis is given to the morphologic alterations, specifically plasmacytic infiltration, persistence of Hofbauer cells, and edematous congested villi with focal fibrosis, independent of the intranuclear inclusion bodies which might aid in increasing the index of suspicion and initiating appropriate studies.
Estimation of the growth rate in fetuses with an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio compared to those with suspected growth restriction without evidence of centralization of blood flow.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the growth rate in fetuses with suspected growth restriction according to their Doppler characteristics. METHODS A retrospective cohort of fetuses with suspected growth restriction was identified. We reviewed umbilical artery and middle cerebral Doppler pulsatility indices and calculated the cerebroplacental ratio. Three study groups were determined: (1) normal umbilical artery Doppler findings; (2) abnormal umbilical artery findings with a normal cerebroplacental ratio; and (3) abnormal umbilical artery findings with an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio. The primary outcome was the growth rate as estimated by fetal biometry from serial sonographic evaluations. Analysis of the mean growth rate in each study group was performed by analysis of variance. In addition, linear regression analysis comparing the cerebroplacental ratio to the growth rate was performed. RESULTS Fetal growth restriction was suspected in 416 patients; 176 patients were included in this analysis: 113, 38, and 25 in groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The estimated mean (SD) growth rate in group 3 was significantly lower than in groups 1 and 2: 8.3 (4.4) versus 19.6 (6.0) and 18.6 (7.7) g/d, respectively (P < .001). Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between the growth rate and cerebroplacental ratio (r = 0.76; R(2) = 0.58) as well as the birth weight and cerebroplacental ratio (r = 0.78; R(2) = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS In fetuses with suspected growth restriction and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings, an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio is strongly associated with reduced fetal growth. In contrast, if the cerebroplacental ratio is normal, even in the setting of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings, fetuses grow similarly to those with normal umbilical artery findings.
Flow and Structure Measurements of a Passively Compliant Wing

This paper discusses an experimental effort to study the fluid-structure interactions of flexible membrane wings at low Reynolds number by synchronized acquisition of Particle Image Velocimetry and Digital Image Correlation. The compliant wings are battenreinforced flat plates with multi-cell, scalloped membrane sections similar to some micro air vehicle designs. The data analyzed in this paper consists of time-resolved, two-component flow measurements over the model/membrane surface as well as in the near wake and 3D membrane displacement measurements. The flow over a baseline rigid flat plate is included to compare time-averaged flow properties and investigate how the membrane wings alter the flow. Membrane wing models of varying pre-tension were also investigated utilizing the digital image correlation technique to better understand the frequency response and flexibility effects of the compliant wings. The time-dependent dynamics of velocity and membrane vibrations indicate that membrane fluctuations have a strong influence on the surrounding flow, affecting the shear layer emanating from the wings’ leading edge and the development of the flow in the wake of the airfoil. Spectral and correlation analysis show quantitative evidence of membrane vibrations driving the flow over the wing and into its wake.
‘Last of the Poore Flock of Hatfield’ Sir Thomas Benger's Biography

Sir Thomas Benger was appointed Master of the Revels in 1560 partly as a reward for his loyalty to Elizabeth. As her auditor and member of her household at Hatfield he had been imprisoned several times by Mary's Council. During his tenure as Master of the Revels Benger produced an average of six masques, four plays, and other entertainments each year at court. Some of his masques and entertainments were connected to the factional intrigues surrounding the queen's marriage negotiations between 1560 and 1572. Of the forty-six plays he produced, only eleven were performed by adult playing companies; the rest were performed by boys. The preponderance of boy players in his revels schedule, together with Benger's use of three-dimensional scenery and his emphasis on verisimilar effects, defined a unique period in the history of Elizabeth I's revels. Benger's family was not wealthy, and the financial burden of undertaking a court office proved disastrous. Despite several attempts by the Crown to ease his situation, Benger died so heavily in debt that he made a special plea to the queen: as 'one of the last of the poore flock of Hatfield' he requested that one of the grants he had received be exercised by his executors in order to pay his bills and legacies.
Synthesis and Unit Cell Parameter Refinement of 25 Tungsten Bronze Ferroelectrics

Synthesis and unit cell parameter refinement of 25 ferroelectric compounds with the tungsten bronze structure are reported. A general chemical formula for these compounds is (A1, A2, C) B 10 O 30 , where specifically A1 and A2 = K, Na, Ba, Sr, Pb, La, Eu, Sm, Y, Bi; C = Li; and B = Nb, Ta, Ti, W. All compounds were prepared by solid state sintering at temperatures ranging from 1100°C to 1380°C. Refined cell parameters (tetragonal with space group P4bm[100]), I/I cor values, calculated densities and Z values are included for the 25 compounds.
Analysis of Motions in Comic Book Cover Art: Using Pictorial Metaphors

Motion can be depicted using literal pictorial devices (representing features present in the real world) and metaphorical pictorial devices (representing features that do not occur in the real world). How are literal and metaphorical pictorial devices used in comic book cover art? We analyzed the pictorial devices used to depict the motion running in 400 Silver Age (1956–1971) and Bronze Age (c. 1970–1985) superhero comic book covers (Frankenhoff & Thompson, 2012). Literal devices (such as arm and leg positions) were used additively; that is, artists preferred to use many literal devices. On the other hand, metaphorical devices (such as action lines) were not used additively; artists preferred to use only one metaphorical device. We propose the Literal Additive Metaphorical One-And-Done (LA-MOAD) theory to account for the use of literal and metaphorical devices in comic book cover art. The differential use of literal and metaphorical devices by comic book artists may be unique to comic book cover art, or it may reflect a basic function of our visual system.
A risk based methodology for managing material/product life cycle disruptions

A product design methodology is introduced to manage material and product life cycle disruptions and provides an integrated strategic risk management approach. This leads to a reduction in the number of design iterations caused by disruptive events. The methodology considers material risk, product risk, and reliability risk early in the design cycle as specified by IEEE 1332. The level of risk, as a metric, allows a designer to best select a component for a product design without needing access to sensitive corporate information. Knowledge base techniques are used when there is incomplete supplier and/or reliability information. Reliability analysis tools (e.g. 217Plus models and physics of failure models) are also used to support the knowledge base. Examples for determining component life cycle risk and reliability risk are provided.
We Are Who We Were: Korean and Korean American Spiritualities

Chapter 3 explores Korean ana Korean American spiritualities. It begins by offering a brief literature overview of Asian American and Korean American theologians and social studies and their emphasis on Korean and Korean American spiritualities. It introduces folklore and the themes of filial woman, spirit, and fox as primordial tools of religious education in a shamanistic Korea. The chapter also discusses the faith practices of Korean American women in the church asa legacy of this primordial spirituality.
Real-time solution of linear computational problems using databases of parametric reduced-order models with arbitrary underlying meshes

A comprehensive approach for real-time computations using a database of parametric, linear, projection-based reduced-order models (ROMs) based on arbitrary underlying meshes is proposed. In the offline phase of this approach, the parameter space is sampled and linear ROMs defined by linear reduced operators are pre-computed at the sampled parameter points and stored. Then, these operators and associated ROMs are transformed into counterparts that satisfy a certain notion of consistency. In the online phase of this approach, a linear ROM is constructed in real-time at a queried but unsampled parameter point by interpolating the pre-computed linear reduced operators on matrix manifolds and therefore computing an interpolated linear ROM. The proposed overall model reduction framework is illustrated with two applications: a parametric inverse acoustic scattering problem associated with a mockup submarine, and a parametric flutter prediction problem associated with a wing-tank system. The second application is implemented on a mobile device, illustrating the capability of the proposed computational framework to operate in real-time.
Oral mucosal diseases: evaluation and management.

Abstract Oral mucosal diseases encompass several common conditions that affect the general population. Some of these disorders present with signs and symptoms that are pathognomonic for the condition, whereas others present with similar features that can make clinical diagnosis difficult to achieve. It is important for physicians to have a clear understanding of these disorders to provide appropriate care to patients. This article reviews clinical aspects of common oral mucosal disorders, including candidiasis, herpes simplex viral infections, aphthous stomatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, and mucous membrane pemphigoid.
Integrative meta-modeling identifies endocytic vesicles, late endosome and the nucleus as the cellular compartments primarily directing RTK signaling

Recently, intracellular receptor signaling has been identified as a key component mediating cell responses for various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the extent each endocytic compartment (endocytic vesicle, early endosome, recycling endosome, late endosome, lysosome and nucleus) contributes to receptor signaling has not been quantified. Furthermore, our understanding of endocytosis and receptor signaling is complicated by cell- or receptor-specific endocytosis mechanisms. Therefore, towards understanding the differential endocytic compartment signaling roles, and identifying how to achieve signal transduction control for RTKs, we delineate how endocytosis regulates RTK signaling. We achieve this via a meta-analysis across eight RTKs, integrating computational modeling with experimentally derived cell (compartment volume, trafficking kinetics and pH) and ligand-receptor (ligand/receptor concentration and interaction kinetics) physiology. Our simulations predict the abundance of signaling from eight RTKs, identifying the following hierarchy in RTK signaling: PDGFRβ > IGFR1 > EGFR > PDGFRα > VEGFR1 > VEGFR2 > Tie2 > FGFR1. We find that endocytic vesicles are the primary cell signaling compartment; over 43% of total receptor signaling occurs within the endocytic vesicle compartment for these eight RTKs. Mechanistically, we found that high RTK signaling within endocytic vesicles may be attributed to their low volume (5.3 × 10-19 L) which facilitates an enriched ligand concentration (3.2 μM per ligand molecule within the endocytic vesicle). Under the analyzed physiological conditions, we identified extracellular ligand concentration as the most sensitive parameter to change; hence the most significant one to modify when regulating absolute compartment signaling. We also found that the late endosome and nucleus compartments are important contributors to receptor signaling, where 26% and 18%, respectively, of average receptor signaling occurs across the eight RTKs. Conversely, we found very low membrane-based receptor signaling, exhibiting <1% of the total receptor signaling for these eight RTKs. Moreover, we found that nuclear translocation, mechanistically, requires late endosomal transport; when we blocked receptor trafficking from late endosomes to the nucleus we found a 57% reduction in nuclear translocation. In summary, our research has elucidated the significance of endocytic vesicles, late endosomes and the nucleus in RTK signal propagation.
Cellular and molecular targets for the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and 3rd most common cause of cancer-related death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents more than 90% of primary liver cancer and is a major public health problem. Due to the advanced stages of HCC at the time of diagnosis, utilizing the conventional treatment for solid tumors frequently ends with treatment failure, recurrence, or poor survival. HCC is highly refractory to chemotherapy and other systemic treatments, and locoregional therapies or selective internal radiation therapies are largely palliative. Considering how the pathogenesis of HCC often induces an immunosuppressed state which is further amplified by post-treatment recurrence and reactivation, immunostimulation provides a potential novel approach for the treatment of HCC. Immune response(s) of the body may be potentiated by immunomodulation of various effector cells such as B-cells, T-cells, Treg cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and other antigen-presenting cells; cellular components such as genes and microRNA; and molecules such as proteins, proteoglycans, surface receptors, chemokines, and cytokines. Targeting these effectors individually has helped in the development of newer therapeutic approaches; however, combinational therapies targeting multi-faceted biomarkers have yielded better results. Still, there is a need for further research to develop novel therapeutic strategies which may act as either complementary or an alternative treatment to the standard therapy protocols of HCC. This review focuses on potential cellular and molecular targets, as well as the role of virotherapy and combinational therapy in the treatment of HCC.
The Emotional Intelligence of Children’s Behavior in an Attentive Parenting Style of Kindergarten School with reference to Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Kindergarten is the important foundation for education. In order to build emotional Intelligence behavior, some of the kindergarten schools in Nakhon Ratchasima have done study process through the Diana Baumrind parenting style. The study outcome revealed that the Nakhon Ratchasima’s kindergarten schools have used appropriate adjustable and flexible parenting styles towards children’s maturity. The teacher’s care level is fair and the majority of children are in a highest level of emotional intelligence behaviors. Keywords: emotional intelligence behavior, attentive parenting style, kinder garden school, Nakhon Ratchasima Province.
High-Resolution Patterning and Transferring of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials onto Tape toward Roll-to-Roll Production of Tape-Based Wearable Sensors

This paper reports on a simple and versatile method for patterning and transferring graphene-based nanomaterials onto various types of tape to realize flexible microscale sensors. The method involves drop-casting a graphene film on a prepatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface containing negative features by graphene suspensions, applying Scotch tape to remove the excess graphene from the nonpatterned areas of the PDMS surface, and then transferring the patterned graphene from the inside of the negative features at the PDMS surface onto a target tape. The feature size of transferred graphene patterns on the final tape is as small as a few micrometers. This method is easy to implement, but does not require the use of expensive equipment, except for needing a PDMS substrate containing negative features. This method has a high versatility in producing micropatterns of graphene-based nanomaterials on different types of adhesive tape. For the purpose of application demonstration, flexible mechanical sensors and sensor arrays, smart gloves, and plant leaf sensors on tapes to realize real-time monitoring of important signals indicating human motion and plant water transport behavior have been developed. This technology will open a new route for low-cost, scalable, and roll-to-roll production of graphene-based sensors on tape.