cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Protoplasts for Genetic Research

Protoplasts isolated from cells of higher plants have provided a new, much heralded, experimental material for cell biologists and physiologists (1, 2). Though the potential of plant protoplasts as a system for genetic research has often been stressed, very little has been written about the kinds of unique genetic questions that can be resolved by the use of protoplasts. This paper describes the attributes of plant protoplasts relevant to their use in genetic experimentation, and reviews recent work from the author's laboratory using protoplasts in a diverse array of experimental contexts. For a discussion of the method involved in protoplast isolation, manipulation, and culture, several recent review articles may be consulted (2-4). Protoplasts have several characteristics that make them a unique material for the study of the genetics of higher eukaryotes. (i) It is possible to generate large, homogeneous populations of protoplasts of known genetic composition from single plants. Protoplasts of any genotype, be it haploid or diploid, mutant or aneuploid, can be easily obtained. This property is in contrast to single cells derived from in vitro cell cultures, that vary markedly in their genetic composition and physiological state. (ii) Protoplasts are devoid of the normal plant cell wall, and can be treated experimentally much as cultured mammalian cells. The absence of a wall permits protoplasts to fuse with one another, and allows the uptake of externally supplied particles or objects. (iii) Protoplasts can be cultured with high efficiency. It is common to have plating efficiencies of 50% or over with protoplasts, while this is a rare event with single cells derived from in vitro cell cultures. (iv) Protoplasts of some plant species are capable of regenerating into entire organisms. This attribute makes it possible to genetically analyze the mechanisms and processes of development. Other plant cell cultures also accomplish this feat. However, the possibility of combining regeneration to whole plants with the ease of working with haploid 'single cells makes plant protoplasts an unequaled material for genetically dissecting and analyzing biological processes. Perhaps these features are best understood by considering examples of the kinds of genetic experiments that have successfully used protoplasts. All of the work described below has been made possible or easier by the availability of protoplasts. Protoplasts used in the following experiments were derived from leaf mesophyll cells and were subsequently cultured according to the methods described by Nagata and Takebe (5).
Codesign of PA, Supply, and Signal Processing for Linear Supply-Modulated RF Transmitters

This paper presents a method for achieving high-efficiency linear transmitters by codesign of the RF power amplifier (PA), dynamic supply, and signal processing. For varying amplitude signals, the average efficiency of the PA is improved by adding a supply modulator with requirements derived from nonstandard PA modeling. The efficient PA and supply modulator both introduce signal distortion. A targeted linearization procedure is demonstrated with reduced complexity compared to standard digital predistortion. Experimental results on a 2.14-GHz 81% efficient 40-W peak power GaN PA illustrate the codesign method by achieving 52.5% composite power-added efficiency with high linearity for a W-CDMA signal with a 23-MHz supply modulator bandwidth.
Mapping of Sp1 regulation sites in the promoter of the human α1‐proteinase inhibitor gene

Keratoconus is a potentially blinding disease that thins the central cornea. In afflicted corneas, the level of an inhibitor, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), is found reduced. An increased expression of transcription factor Sp1 is also demonstrated. To examine the role of Sp1 in regulation of the human α1-PI gene, a 1.4-kb (−1397/+9) 5′-flanking promoter sequence that contains 10 Sp1 sites was cloned. Previous transient transfection experiments showed that Sp1 expression indeed repressed the α1-PI promoter activity. In this study, 12 DNA segments, a series of 5′, 3′, and internal deletions of the 1.4-kb α1-PI promoter sequence, were ligated into the SEAP (secreted alkaline phosphatase) reporter gene vector and transfected into human corneal stromal cells. Co-transfection with a Sp1 expression vector pPacSp1 was also performed in parallel. The SEAP enzyme activity was assayed. A fragment with 489 bp (−480/+9) of the 3′ sequence, and three fragments with internal deletions, were found to confer a majority of the full promoter activity. Other deletions significantly abolished the promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments further revealed that the most proximal Sp1 site (−100/−87) may be an essential element involved in the negative regulation of α1-PI promoter activity by Sp1. Interaction between the proximal and distal Sp1 sites also seemed to be important. These results provide the first in-depth characterization of the transcription mechanisms regulating the expression of α1-PI. Mapping of the Sp1 sites may help elucidate the molecular pathway leading to the alterations observed in keratoconus. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 482–489, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct Analog-to-QRS detection front-end architecture for wearable ECG applications

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a highly integrated architecture for direct Analog-to-QRS detection for ultra low power single chip implementation suitable for long term wearable monitoring. A novel variable input-feature correlated asynchronous sampling technique is proposed for direct sampling-cum-data compression at the ECG electrodes with embedded mixed-signal algorithm for direct recognition and capture of the fiducial points of the ECG signal, to indicate the occurrence of the Q, R and S waves. Simulation results show two key advantages (a) large compression at the source and (b) direct analog to information conversion with 98% accuracy of detection, with extremely low power and storage requirements.
IUE observations of the 'Butterfly' Nebula M2-9

IUE observations of the peculiar 'Butterfy' nebula M2-9 indicate that it is not a normal planetary nebula. The ultraviolet spectrum is characterized by few emission lines and a weak continuum. Mg II 2800 A is the strongest emission line present and may be indicative of a binary nucleus. Lines of N v, Q I, N III, N IV, Si III, and C III are seen, but C IV and O III are conspicuous by their absence. T(e) = 10,250 + or - 400 K was determined for the core. Nitrogen in the core is found to be overabundant by about a factor of 5 over the solar value. M2-9 may be an object in the early stages of becoming a planetary nebula.
Myoelectric response of the human triceps brachii to displacement-controlled oscillations of the forearm.

The dynamic relations between the surface myoelectric activity in tonically contracting triceps brachii and the forearm rotation (proportional to triceps stretch) were measured by imposing small, sinusoidal, displacement-controlled perturbations on the forearm position. Three normal, adult, male subjects participated in these experiments. The amplitude of the forearm rotation, the driving frequency, and the tonic contraction level were all carefully regulated. The mean rectified triceps EMG (the output) showed a strong harmonic at the driving frequency, and the frequency-response characteristics were computed directly by comparing the amplitude and phase of this harmonic to that of the forearm flexion angle (the input). The (electrical) reflex gain is defined as the amplitude ratio of output to input. The system response was measured from 2 to 18 Hz, at two tonic contraction levels and two forearm rotation amplitudes, about a mean position of 90° forearm flexion. The results show clearly that the system response is nonlinear: the reflex gain decreases with forearm rotation amplitude. (This gain also increases with tonic contraction level for sufficiently low values of the latter variable.) The measured frequency-response characteristics of the system can be modeled approximately as a second order linear lead filter with a single time delay, followed by a saturating nonlinearity. Both model independent estimates and least-squares model fitting, yielded values of the time delay of the order of 25 ms, suggesting that a segmental mechanism mediates reflex activity. Simplified calculations and limited measurements are presented to show that a nonlinear system of the type we have identified with constant displacement driving may appear linear under constant torque driving. Our directly-measured frequency-response characteristics differ from those reported by investigators employing random, rather than periodic, driving; possible reasons for these apparent discrepancies are discussed.
Neutral particle analyzer diagnostic on the National Spherical Torus Experiment

The neutral particle analyzer (NPA) diagnostic on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) utilizes a PPPL-designed EIIB spectrometer that measures the energy spectra of minority hydrogen and bulk deuterium species simultaneously with 39 energy channels per mass specie and a time resolution of 1 ms. The calibrated energy range is E=0.5–150 keV and the energy resolution varies from ΔE/E=3%–7% over the surface of the microchannel plate detector. The NPA measures Maxwellian spectra of residual hydrogen to obtain ion temperatures and measures the energetic ion spectra produced by injection of up to 100 keV deuterium neutral beams into deuterium plasmas. The NPA views across the coinjection paths of the three neutral beam sources on NSTX which localizes the measured charge exchange effux to the intersection region. The incorporation of horizontal scanning for the NPA over a sightline tangency range of Rtan=125–−75 cm has enabled measurement of the anisotropic energy distribution of the beam ions. Vertica...
Heat shock proteins and immune system

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as HSP 60 (Hsp60), Hsp70, Hsp90, and gp96, have been reported to play important roles in antigen presentation and cross-presentation, activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and activation and maturation of dendritic cells. HSPs contain peptide-binding domains that bind exposed hydrophobic residues of substrate proteins. As part of their molecular chaperone functions, HSPs bind and deliver chaperoned, antigenic peptides to MHC class I molecules at the cell surface for presentation to lymphocytes. HSPs also bind nonprotein molecules with exposed hydrophobic residues including lipid-based TLR ligands. Recombinant HSP products may be contaminated with pathogen-associated molecules that contain exposed hydrophobic residues such as LPS (a TLR4 ligand), lipoprotein (a TLR2 ligand), and flagellin (a TLR5 ligand). These contaminants appear to be responsible for most, if not all, reported in vitro cytokine effects of HSPs, as highly purified HSPs do not show any cytokine effects. We propose that HSPs are molecular chaperones that bind protein and nonprotein molecules with exposed hydrophobic residues. The reported antigen presentation and cross-presentation and in vitro HSP cytokine functions are a result of molecules bound to or chaperoned by HSPs but not a result of HSPs themselves.
Rotordynamic analysis using the Complex Transfer Matrix: An application to elastomer supports using the viscoelastic correspondence principle

Abstract Numerous methods are available to calculate rotordynamic whirl frequencies, including analytic methods, finite element analysis, and the transfer matrix method. The typical real-valued transfer matrix (RTM) suffers from several deficiencies, including lengthy computation times and the inability to distinguish forward and backward whirl. Though application of complex coordinates in rotordynamic analysis is not novel per se, specific advantages gained from using such coordinates in a transfer matrix analysis have yet to be elucidated. The present work employs a complex coordinate redefinition of the transfer matrix to obtain reduced forms of the elemental transfer matrices in inertial and rotating reference frames, including external stiffness and damping. Application of the complex-valued state variable redefinition results in a reduction of the 8×8 RTM to the 4×4 Complex Transfer Matrix (CTM). The CTM is advantageous in that it intrinsically separates forward and backward whirl, eases symbolic manipulation by halving the transfer matrices’ dimension, and provides significant improvement in computation time. A symbolic analysis is performed on a simple overhung rotor to demonstrate the mathematical motivation for whirl frequency separation. The CTM׳s utility is further shown by analyzing a rotordynamic system supported by viscoelastic elastomer rings. Viscoelastic elastomer ring supports can provide significant damping while reducing the cost and complexity associated with conventional components such as squeeze film dampers. The stiffness and damping of a viscoelastic damper ring are determined herein as a function of whirl frequency using the viscoelastic correspondence principle and a constitutive fractional calculus viscoelasticity model. The CTM is then employed to obtain the characteristic equation, where the whirl frequency dependent stiffness and damping of the elastomer supports are included. The Campbell diagram is shown, demonstrating the CTM׳s ability to intrinsically separate synchronous whirl direction for a non-trivial rotordynamic system. Good agreement is found between the CTM results and previously obtained analytic and experimental results for the elastomer ring supported rotordynamic system.
Stalagmite stable isotope record of recent tropical cyclone events

We present a 23 yr stalagmite record (1977-2000) of oxygen isotope variation, associated with 11 tropical cyclones (TCs), from Actun Tunichil Muknal cave in central Belize. High-resolution microsampling yielded a record of monthly to weekly temporal resolution that contains abrupt decreases (negative excursions) in calcite δ 18 O values that correspond with recent TC rain events nearby. A logistic discriminant model reliably identifi ed TC proxy signals using the measurable parameters δ 18 O and δ 13 C values, and single point changes in δ 18 O value. The logistic model cor- rectly identifi ed 80% of excursions as TC events and incorrectly classifi ed only 1 of nearly 1200 nonstorm sampling points. In addition to enabling high-resolution TC frequency reconstruction, this geologic proxy also provides information about the intensity of individual TCs. A multiple regression predicted TC intensity (R 2 = 0.465, p = 0.034) using sampling frequency and excursion amplitude. Consistent with previous low-resolution studies, we found that the decadal average δ 18 O value was lower during the 1990s when several TCs produced rainfall in the area, but higher during the 1980s when only one TC struck. Longer, accurately dated, high-resolution speleo- them stable isotope records may be a useful new tool for paleotempestology, to clarify associa- tions between highly variable TC activity and the dynamic range of Quaternary climate.
Sensitive Ultrasonic Detection of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using an Entropy-Based Signal Receiver

The dystrophinopathies comprise a group of X-linked genetic diseases that feature dystrophin deficiency. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal, smooth, and/or cardiac muscle. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe dystrophinopathy, and with an incidence of 1:3500 male births. Despite understanding the structural and genetic basis for DMD, the pathogenesis and clinical basis for more severe involvement in specific skeletal muscle groups and the heart are poorly understood. Current techniques, such as strength testing, for monitoring progress of disease and therapy in DMD patients, are imprecise and physically demanding for test subjects. Ultrasound is well-suited to detect changes in structure and organization in muscle tissue in a manner that makes low demands on the patient. Therefore, we investigated the use of ultrasound to quantitatively phenotype the remodeling process in patients with DMD. Beam-formed RF data were acquired from the skeletal muscles of nine DMD and five normal subjects imaged with a clinical imaging system (HDI5000 w/7 MHz probe applied above left biceps muscle). From these data, images were reconstructed using B-mode (log of analytic signal magnitude) and information-theoretic receivers (Hf -receiver). Hf images obtained from dystrophic muscle contained extensive “mottled” regions (i.e. areas with heterogeneous image contrast) that were not readily apparent from the B-Mode images. The two dimensional autocorrelation of DMD Hf images have broader peaks than those of normal subjects, which is indicative of larger scatterer sizes, consistent with pathological changes of fibers, edema, and fatty infiltration. Comparison of the relative peak widths (Full width measured at 60% maximum) of the autocorrelation of the DMD and normal Hf images shows a quantitative difference between the two groups (p < 0.005, student two-tailed paired t-test). Consequently, these imaging techniques may prove useful for longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and therapy.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, X-ray Structure, and Pharmacokinetics of Aminopyrimidine c-jun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitors

Given the significant body of data supporting an essential role for c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in neurodegenerative disorders, we set out to develop highly selective JNK inhibitors with good cell potency and good brain penetration properties. The structure−activity relationships (SAR) around a series of aminopyrimidines were evaluated utilizing biochemical and cell-based assays to measure JNK inhibition and brain penetration in mice. Microsomal stability in three species, P450 inhibition, inhibition of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pharmacokinetics in rats were also measured. Compounds 9g, 9i, 9j, and 9l had greater than 135-fold selectivity over p38, and cell-based IC50 values < 100 nM. Moreover, compound 9l showed an IC50 = 0.8 nM for inhibition of ROS and had good pharmacokinetic properties in rats along with a brain-to-plasma ratio of 0.75. These results suggest that biaryl substituted aminopyrimidines represented by compound 9l may serve as the first small molecule inhibitors to...
Convergence of multiple sources of information on infant individuality: neonatal behavior, infant behavior, and temperament reports

Abstract To shed light on the notion of enduring individual infant characteristics, convergence of three presumably interrelated measures of infant individuality was examined. Data collected included standardized behavioral assessments of the newborn (NBAS), maternal reports of infant temperament (at 3 and 9 months), and naturalistic observations of infant behavior at 1, 3, and 9 months. Infant temperament reports were significantly stable from 3 to 9 months; observed infant fussiness was significantly stable from 1 to 3 and 3 to 9 months; observed altertness/social responsiveness was not stable over time. Analyses of convergence of neonatal and infant behavior revealed that 9-month infant alertness/social responsiveness was significantly correlated with neonatal habituation. Similar analyses of neonatal behavior and reported temperament revealed that 3-month reported dullness was significantly correlated with neonatal habituation and range of state. At 9 months, temperament ratings of infant fussiness and unpredictability were significantly correlated with autonomic stability; fussiness was also significantly correlated with regulation of state. Finally, no significant relationships were observed between reported temperament and observed infant behavior. These results fail to support a simple notion of enduring individuality in infants over their first year of life.
Sensitization of infant visual attention: Role of pattern contrast

Abstract Sensitization is a general arousal process that increases an organism's reactivity to environmental stimuli. Sensitization has been shown to influence young infants' responsiveness to visual patterns, and prior research has pointed to the amount of contrast energy in a pattern as an important factor in generating sensitization. In this experiment, the black-and-white contrast of an achromatic checkerboard pattern was manipulated, and the effects on 4-month-olds fixations were assessed during repeated presentations. High-contrast patterns were found to elicit relatively more fixation overall than low-contrast patterns. Furthermore, the pattern with the highest contrast elicited response increments between Trials 1 and 2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesized relation between pattern-contrast energy and sensitization.
Body size and the toxicokinetics of trifluralin in rainbow trout

Abstract Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) ranging from 0.2 to 3395 g were exposed to trifluralin (TF) in water at concentrations of 0.6-2.0 μg/liter. Trout of all body sizes rapidly accumulated TF from the water. The uptake clearance ( P , ml hr −1 g −1 ) of TF from the water decreased as body weight (BW, g) increased, This decrease followed the allometric equation P (ml/hr) = 182·BW 0.66 . Other kinetic parameters affected by body size were the steady-state volume of distribution which had a BW exponent value of 1.07 and the biological half-life which increased in larger fish. The relatively larger volume of distribution in larger fish reflected an increased capacity for TF in peripheral compartment-associated tissues. Metabolic elimination and the bioconcentration factor of TF did not change systematically with changes in body size. Variation in total body lipid content could not adequately explain the increase in peripheral storage capacity for TF; the decreased plasma protein binding that was observed in larger trout may also have been involved.
Technical note: An improved range chart for normal and long‐tailed symmetrical distributions

The distribution of the range of a sample, even in the case of a normal distribution, is not symmetric. Shewhart's control chart for range and other approximations for range from skewed distributions and long-tailed (leptokurtic) symmetrical distributions assume the distribution of range as symmetric and provide 3 sigma control limits. We provide accurate approximations for the R-chart control limits for the leptokurtic symmetrical distributions, using a range quantile approximation (RQA) method and illustrate the use of the RQA method with a numerical example. As special cases, we provide constants for the R-chart for the normal, logistic, and Laplace distributions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by 226 Ra enrichments

THE flow of ground water directly into the coastal ocean has been studied previously by in situ measurements, seep meters and diffusion gradient models1. Although these techniques provide ample evidence that such flows occur, they do not provide a means of quantifying the groundwater flux on a regional scale. Here I report large enrichments of 226Ra in coastal waters of the South Atlantic Bight, and demonstrate that groundwater discharge is the main source of the 226Ra surplus. Using 226Ra data for brackish ground waters with estimates of residence times of nearshore waters, I conclude that the groundwater flux to these coastal waters must be about 40% of the river-water flux during the study period. Besides Ra, other metals, nutrients and organic compounds are expected to be enriched in brackish ground waters, so these findings require an upward revision of terrestrial fluxes of dissolved materials to these coastal waters, and perhaps a re-evaluation of such fluxes to the global ocean. These fluxes may be sensitive to hydrological factors, groundwater usage, dredging and sea-level change.
Temperature dependence of Eu 4f and Eu 5d magnetizations in the filled skutterudite EuFe4Sb12

The element-specific and shell-specific magnetism of Eu in the filled skutterudite ferrimagnet Eu{sub 0.95}Fe{sub 4}Sb{sub 12} has been investigated using Eu M{sub 4,5}- and Eu L{sub 2,3}-edge x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy as a function of temperature. Eu L{sub 3}-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that Eu is mostly in the divalent state. Eu M{sub 5}-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy, measured by electron yield, shows nearly equal fractions of Eu{sup 2+} and Eu{sup 3+} states because it probes a significant portion of the surface volume which is dominated by the Eu{sup 3+} impurity state. Sum-rule analysis of the Eu M{sub 4,5}-edge XMCD spectrum measured at 4.9 K yielded the 4f spin moment of (7.15 {+-} 0.3){micro}{sub B} per Eu{sup 2+} ion. By comparing the Eu L{sub 2,3}-edge XMCD spectrum in the ferrimagnetic state of Eu{sub 0.95}Fe{sub 4}Sb{sub 12} to that of a divalent Eu reference compound, the clathrate Eu{sub 8}Ga{sub 16}Ge{sub 30}, we show that the 5d spin polarization of Eu in the skutterudite is strongly enhanced by the exchange coupling with the 3d band electrons of Fe, which were shown to have an ordered moment of ?0.21{micro}{sub B}/Fe in our earlier Fe L{sub 2,3} XMCD measurements. The temperature dependence ofmore » the magnetic order parameter, determined from the Eu L{sub 3}-edge XMCD intensity, yields a mean-field-like exponent ({approx} 0.52) in the skutterudite and a three-dimensional Heisenberg-type ({approx} 0.36) exponent in the clathrate.« less
Effect of the aerosol on fog microstructure

The propagation of radiation through a cloud depends on the concentration and size distribution of drops. A series of aerosol measurements in various types of fogs and hazes shows a direct relationship between a subset of the dry aerosol and fog drops. These measurements allow identification of the specific aerosol component (fog condensation nuclei, FCN) upon which fog droplets condense. The extensive variability of these particle concentrations can be seen in the preliminary FCN climatology which is presented. It is shown that the variability in fog drop concentration is largely due to differences in FCN concentrations which are characteristic of various air masses.
Neutrinos with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary dimension

The theoretical description of fermions in the presence of Lorentz and $CPT$ violation is developed. We classify all Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating and invariant terms in the quadratic Lagrange density for a Dirac fermion, including operators of arbitrary mass dimension. The exact dispersion relation is obtained in closed and compact form, and projection operators for the spinors are derived. The Pauli Hamiltonians for particles and antiparticles are extracted, and observable combinations of operators are identified. We characterize and enumerate the coefficients for Lorentz violation for any operator mass dimension via a decomposition using spin-weighted spherical harmonics. The restriction of the general theory to various special cases is presented, including isotropic models, the nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic limits, and the minimal Standard-Model Extension. Expressions are derived in several limits for the fermion dispersion relation, the associated fermion group velocity, and the fermion spin-precession frequency. We connect the analysis to some other formalisms and use the results to extract constraints from astrophysical observations on isotropic ultrarelativistic spherical coefficients for Lorentz violation.
Basal Localization of the Presumptive Auxin Transport Carrier in Pea Stem Cells

By means of an indirect immunofluorescence technique with the use of monoclonal antibodies, the location of the presumptive auxin transport carrier of pea stem tissue was identified in the plasma membranes at the basal ends of parenchyma cells sheathing the vascular bundles. The results represent what is believed to be the first direct evidence for the hypothesized basal efflux carrier conferring polarity to auxin transport in plant stems.
Soil Moisture Response to Snowmelt and Rainfall in a Sierra Nevada Mixed-Conifer Forest

Using data from a water-balance instrument cluster with spatially distributed sensors we determined the magnitude and within-catchment variability of components of the catchmentscale water balance, focusing on the relationship of seasonal evapotranspiration to changes in snowpack and soil moisture storage. Co-located, continuous snow depth and soil moisture measurements were deployed in a rain-snow transition catchment in the mixed-conifer forest in the Southern Sierra Nevada. At each elevation sensors were placed in the open, under the canopy, and at the drip edge on both north- and south-facing slopes. Snow sensors were placed at 27 locations, with soil moisture and temperature sensors placed at depths of 10, 30, 60, and 90 cm beneath the snow sensor. Soils are weakly developed (Inceptisols and Entisols) and formed from decomposed granite with properties that change with elevation. The soil- bedrock interface is hard in upper reaches of the basin (>2000 m) where glaciers have scoured the parent material approximately 18,000 yr ago. Below an elevation of 2000 m soils have a paralithic contact (weathered saprolite) that can extend beyond a depth of 1.5 m, facilitating pathways for deep percolation. Soils are wet and not frozen in winter, and dry out in the weeks following spring snowmelt and rain. Based on data from two snowmelt seasons, it was found that soils dry out following snowmelt at relatively uniform rates; however, the timing of drying at a given site may be offset by up to 4 wk because of heterogeneity in snowmelt at different elevations and aspects. Spring and summer rainfall mainly affected sites in the open, with drying after a rain event being faster than following snowmelt. Water loss rates from soil of 0.5 to 1.0 cm d -1 during the winter and snowmelt season reflect a combination of evapotranspiration and deep drainage, as stream baseflow remains relatively low. About one-third of annual evapotranspiration comes from water storage below the 1-m depth, that is, below mapped soil. We speculate that much of the deep drainage is stored locally in the deeper regolith during periods of high precipitation, being available for tree transpiration during summer and fall months when shallow soil water storage is limiting. Total annual evapotranspiration for water year 2009 was estimated to be approximately 76 cm. © Soil Science Society of America.
Diesel Particle Filter and Fuel Effects on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions

The impacts of biodiesel and a continuously regenerated (catalyzed) diesel particle filter (DPF) on the emissions of volatile unburned hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH, were investigated. Experiments were conducted on a 5.9 L Cummins ISB, heavy-duty diesel engine using certification ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD, S ≤ 15 ppm), soy biodiesel (B100), and a 20% blend thereof (B20). Against the ULSD baseline, B20 and B100 reduced engine-out emissions of measured unburned volatile hydrocarbons and PM associated PAH and nitro-PAH by significant percentages (40% or more for B20 and higher percentage for B100). However, emissions of benzene were unaffected by the presence of biodiesel and emissions of naphthalene actually increased for B100. This suggests that the unsaturated FAME in soy-biodiesel can react to form aromatic rings in the diesel combustion environment. Methyl acrylate and methyl 3-butanoate were observed as significant species in the exhaust for B20 and B100 and may serve as markers of the presence of biodiesel in the fuel. The DPF was highly effective at converting gaseous hydrocarbons and PM associated PAH and total nitro-PAH. However, conversion of 1-nitropyrene by the DPF was less than 50% for all fuels. Blending of biodiesel caused a slight reduction in engine-out emissions of acrolein, but otherwise had little effect on carbonyl emissions. The DPF was highly effective for conversion of carbonyls, with the exception of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde emissions were increased by the DPF for ULSD and B20.
Risk/Benefit Assessment: The “Greased Pig” of Drug Development

Failure to adequately address the issue of risk/benefit assessment during drug development can result in delays in the approval of new drugs. The concept of risk/benefit is elusive to many pharmaceutical sponsors and little information concerning this concept is delineated in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The purpose of this paper is to outline key risk/benefit variables which influence the approval of new drugs and to present case histories to illustrate the impact of these variables on the approval process. Finally, the concept of the “ideal” drug which involves the analysis of risk factors associated with a given disease and its treatment is outlined.
Incorporating Rubble Mound Jetties in Elliptic Harbor Wave Models

Simulation models based on the elliptic mild- or steep-slope wave equation are frequently used to estimate wave properties needed for harbor engineering calculations. To enhance the practical applicability of such models, a method is developed to accommodate the effects of rubble mound structures that are frequently found along the sides of harbor entrance channels. The results of this method are found to match those of other mathematical models under appropriate conditions but also to deviate from those of parabolic approximations in some cases as a consequence of increased angular scattering induced by dissipation. Comparison with hydraulic model data also shows that this approach is useful for designing pocket wave absorbers that are used to attenuate wave heights in entrance channels.
Estrus anorexia: Single-tube intake and barpress rate in the albino rat

An inhibition of the motivation to feed in estrus was found in albino rats with two different measures: 1-h intake from a single drinking tube, and barpress rate with an ascending FR schedule. A variety of liquid foods were used: sucrose, whole milk, nonfat milk, and lactose. All of the foods showed the inhibition associated with estrus; but the inhibition was not greater for less preferred than for more preferred foods. The data support previous work showing that the estrous cycle modified the motivation for food considered as calories, but fail to provide evidence that the estrous cycle modified the palatability of foods differentially.
Fracture-Based Formability Prediction in Incremental Forming

In recent years considerable research has been done in incremental forming due to its greater process flexibility and higher forming limits. In incremental forming the formability depends to a great extent on the toolpath via the incremental depth being used. A lack of fracture models to accurately predict failure in this process has hampered the utilization of incremental forming as an industrial level forming process. This paper deals with the use of a new fracture model in which both the effects of hydrostatic pressure and shear on damage are incorporated to accurately predict fracture in Single Point Incremental Forming.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Solid-phase synthesis of symmetrical 5',5'-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters.

Four classes of phosphitylating reagents were subjected to reactions with aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the corresponding polymer-bound mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphitylating reagents. The solid-phase reagents were reacted with unprotected nucleosides (e.g., thymidine, adenosine, 3‘-azido-3‘-deoxythymidine, cytidine, or inosine) in the presence of 5-(ethylthio)-1H-tetrazole. Polymer-bound nucleosides underwent oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups with DBU, and the acidic cleavage, respectively, to afford 5‘,5‘-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters in 59−78% yield.
Experience with Risk-Based Software Defect Prediction Models

We share with you our experience in developing, analyzing, and validating software requirementsriskmodels.Inadditiontotellingyouaboutsuccesses,wetellyouaboutsomeof theproblemsinadaptingsuchmodelstorealworldapplicationsliketheNASASpaceShuttle and Goddard Space Flight Facility. We believe you will find this article helpful because if requirements risk can be identified early in development, you could save your customers a lot of heartburn, once their software is delivered! I. Purpose O
Abnormal recrossing retinotectal projections after early lesions in Syrian hamsters: Age-related effects

If the superficial layers of the right superior colliculus (SC) of a newborn hamster are removed, fibers from the left eye not only terminate in the surviving deeper layers of the right SC, but also cross the tectal midline and terminate in the medial third of the left SC. If the right eye is also removed at birth, the abnormally recrossing fibers from the left eye will spread over the entire surface of the left SC31. In this series of experiments, we ablated the right SC of hamsters at birth, but enucleated the right eye on different days postnatally in order to examine the spreading of the axon terminal pattern as a function of age. When the animals were young adults, the pattern of retinofugal projection of the left eye was traced using the Fink-Heimer technique or with autoradiography. It was found that the projections from the left eye continue to spread over the entire left SC when the right eye was removed up until day 10, though their distribution was more sparse when the eye was removed on days 7–10 than when it was removed on days 0–6. When the removal of the right eye was delayed until day 12, the lateral spreading of recrossing axons was markedly reduced. When the right eye was removed on day 14, the distribution of the projections from the left eye was restricted to the medial third of the left SC, just as if no early eye removal had been performed. It appears that after a critical age is reached, even when terminal space is available the axons and axon terminals will not move, at least not over any appreciable distance.
Rescue of the fission yeast snRNA synthesis mutant snm1 by overexpression of the double-strand-specific Pac1 ribonuclease

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe temperature-sensitive mutant snm1 maintains reduced steady-state quantities of the spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and the RNA subunit of the tRNA processing enzyme RNase P. We report here the isolation of the pac1+ gene as a multi-copy suppressor of snm1. The pac1+ gene was previously identified as a suppressor of the ran1 mutant and by its ability to cause sterility when overexpressed. The pac1+ gene encodes a double-strand-specific ribonuclease that is similar to RNase III, an RNA processing and turnover enzyme in Escherichia coli. To investigate the essential structural features of the Pac1 RNase, we altered the pac1+ gene by deletion and point mutation and tested the mutant constructs for their ability to complement the snm1 and ran1 mutants and to cause sterility. These experiments identified four essential amino acids in the Pac1 sequence: glycine 178, glutamic acid 251, and valines 346 and 347. These amino acids are conserved in all RNase III-like proteins. The glycine and glutamic acid residues were previously identified as essential for E. coli RNase III activity. The valines are conserved in an element found in a family of double-stranded RNA binding proteins. Our results support the hypothesis that the Pac1 RNase is an RNase III homolog and suggest a role for the Pac1 RNase in snRNA metabolism.
Attachment Styles and Reactions to Nonverbal Involvement Change in Romantic Dyads Patterns of Reciprocity and Compensation

Attachment-theory principles suggest that those with different attachment styles will react to nonverbal involvement change in a manner consistent with their approach/avoidance orientations and mental working models of self and others. It was hypothesized that preoccupieds initially reciprocate increases in involvement, but compensate for decreases, whereas dismissives initially compensate for increases in involvement, but reciprocate decreases. A second hypothesis predicted that over time interactants reciprocate both increases and decreases in nonverbal involvement. Partners in enduring romantic relationships participated in two separate conversations. Between conversations, one member of each dyad was enlisted as a confederate who increased or decreased nonverbal immediacy and positive affect in the second conversation. Results indicated that, regardless of attachment style, targets reciprocated confederate behavior in the increase-involvement condition and displayed behavior indicative of both compensation and reciprocity in the decrease-involvement condition. However, preoccupieds showed the strongest pattern of reciprocating increases in involvement and compensating for decreases in involvement. Results also demonstrated a pull toward reciprocity over time. Findings are interpreted in light of the bidimensional model of distancing and interaction adaptation theory, with results most supportive of the latter theory.
Family Financial Socialization: Theory and Critical Review

Financial literacy research of the past 40 years (1970–2010) has largely ignored the reasons for sociodemographic differences in financial outcomes. The primary purpose of this paper is to initiate a theoretical discussion regarding family financial socialization—what it is; why it is important; and how its tenets could help advance understanding of individual differences in financial literacy. To this end, we propose a conceptual model that integrates family socialization theory and recent trends in financial literacy research. The study concludes with an interdisciplinary critical review of 100 articles which provide illustrations, highlight gaps, and present opportunities for further research with many practical guidelines for advancing deeper understanding of financial literacy from a socialization perspective.
Defining diversity: the evolution of diversity

Purpose – The Hospitality Industry Diversity Institute (Hidi) has put together a review of diversity research that looks at the entrance of diversity into the management conversation, how it compares and contrasts with affirmative action, the transformation of diversity into a broad based and inclusive concept, and some concerns with a broad diversity definition. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology includes qualitative archival research which has been done to establish the review. The design of the paper flows through the entrance of diversity to an inclusion of diversity today, with a concern on a broad definition of diversity.Findings – The research has led the author to affirm The Diversity Task Force's 2001 definition of diversity, whereby diversity includes “all characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals” (Diversity Task Force, 2001).Research limitations/implications – Hidi wishes to be mindful of a broad definition of diver...
Soluble proteins from rat olfactory bulb promote the survival and differentiation of cultured basal forebrain neurons.

Abstract A previous study of cholinergic development indicated a possible trophic relationship between the olfactory bulb and its afferents from the basal forebrain (Large et al., J. Neurochem. , 46 (1986) 671–680). To examine this possibility further, cultured embryonic basal forebrain neurons from rat were used as a test system for trophic factor activity hypothesized to be present in olfactory bulb. Basal forebrain neurons grown in defined medium typically died within 2–3 days. However, survival and differentiation were strikingly enhanced by soluble extracts of olfactory bulb tissue. This trophic effect was noticeable with 2 μ/ml olfactory bulb protein, and plateaued at 100 μ/ml. The activity was heat- and trypsin-sensitive, non-dialyzable, stable in the cold, resistant to NGF antiserum, and approximately 100–150 kDa in size. Nerve growth factor, bovine serum albumin, laminin and extracts from heart did not mimic the activity. Long-term growth (21 days) in the presence of olfactory bulb proteins resulted in extensive neurite production, formation of thick neurite fascicles, and aggregation of cells. Some glia were present, as evidenced by the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein, and large numbers of cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase and true acetylcholinesterase. Trophic activity was also present in medium conditioned by olfactory bulb slices, implying secretion of active factors.
Experiments on a beam-rigid body structure repetitively impacting a rod

This paper investigates the experimental dynamics of a beam structure that supports an attached rigid body and that can impact a comparatively compliant base structure. The problem area is motivated by impact phenomena that are observed in certain structures internal to nuclear reactors. The assembly is subjected to base excitation at specified frequency and acceleration, and the resulting displacement and velocity time histories are recorded and used to obtain spectra, phase diagrams, and Poincare sections. The measurements validate simulation results obtained by using a constraint and modal mapping method based on the two sets of modes when the structure is in-contact, and when it is not-in-contact. Generalized coordinates are mapped across the impact discontinuities in the modal representation. The forced response simulation predicts the test specimen’s response over a range of excitation frequencies. The specimens are fabricated as single integral structures from acrylnitrile butadene styrene plastic through rapid prototyping technology in order to eliminate the undesirable dissipation and flexibility arising from joints and connections. The experimental system can exhibit complex response characteristics, and the influences on complexity of deadband clearance and of asymmetry in the point of impact are examined in the experiments.
Extended interface grammars for automated stub generation

An important challenge in software verification is the ability to verify different software components in isolation. Achieving modularity in software verification requires development of innovative interface specification languages. In this paper we focus on the idea of using grammars for specification of component interfaces. In our earlier work, we investigated characterizing method call sequences using context free grammars. Here, we extend this approach by adding support for specification of complex data structures. An interface grammar for a component specifies the sequences of method invocations that are allowed by that component. Our current extension provides support for specification of valid input arguments and return values in such sequences. Given an interface grammar for a component, our interface compiler automatically generates a stub for that component that 1) checks the ordering of the method calls to that component, 2) checks that the input arguments are valid, and 3) generates appropriate return values based on the interface grammar specification. These automatically generated stubs can be used for modular verification and/or testing. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by experimenting with the Java Path Finder (JPF) using the stubs generated by our interface compiler.