cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in experimentally challenged dairy calves

The objective was to describe the probability of Cryptosporidium parvum fecal oocyst shedding at different magnitudes of exposure, the pattern of fecal shedding over time, and factors affecting fecal shedding in dairy calves. Within the first 24 h of life, 36 calves were experimentally challenged with C. parvum oocysts at one of four possible magnitudes of oral exposure (1 × 10(3), 1 × 10(4), 1 × 10(5), and 1 × 10(6) oocysts), and 7 control calves were sham dosed. Fecal shedding occurred in 33 (91.7 %) experimentally challenged calves and in none of the control calves. There was a difference in the log-total number of oocysts counted per gram of feces dry weight among the four exposure groups; calves with the lowest magnitude of exposure (1 × 10(3) oocysts) shed less than the other three groups. At higher magnitudes of exposure, there was more variability in the range of fecal oocyst shedding. There was an inverse relationship between the log-total amount of oocysts counted per gram of feces dry weight and the number of days to the onset of fecal shedding per calf, i.e., the more time that elapsed to the onset of fecal shedding, the fewer oocysts that were shed. The pattern of fecal shedding over time for all calves shedding oocysts was curvilinear; the number of oocysts increased with time, reached a peak, and declined. Therefore, the dynamics of oocyst shedding can be influenced in part by limiting exposure among calves and delaying the onset of fecal oocyst shedding.
ATP negatively regulates the initiator protein of Vibrio cholerae chromosome II replication

Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, has two circular chromosomes. In bacteria that contain a single chromosome, initiation of chromosome DNA replication is mediated by DnaA, a AAA+ ATPase that unwinds the origin of replication. There is little knowledge regarding initiation of chromosome replication in bacteria with more than one chromosome. Here, we purified V. cholerae DnaA and RctB, which have been implicated in the replication of V. cholerae chromosome II, and characterized their activities in vitro. We found that RctB has origin-specific unwinding activity and can melt the origin of chromosome II (oriCIIvc) but not the origin of chromosome I (oriCIvc); conversely, DnaA promoted the unwinding of oriCIvc and not oriCIIvc. The activity of DnaA and several plasmid initiator proteins is stimulated by ATP binding. We found that RctB bound and hydrolyzed ATP even though RctB lacks any apparent ATP-binding motifs. However, we unexpectedly found that ATP inhibited the oriCIIvc binding activity of RctB, suggesting that the ATP-bound form of RctB cannot initiate replication of chromosome II. Supporting this idea, we identified an RctB mutant that does not bind ATP and found that expression of this ATP-blind RctB mutant in V. cholerae leads to significant overinitiation of chromosome II and marked inhibition of V. cholerae growth. These observations suggest that the rules that license the replication of the two V. cholerae chromosomes differ.
Absorption enhancement in silicon solar cells due to surface plasmons of nanotoroids

Enhanced absorption in silicon is needed to improve the efficiency of solar cells. Silver nanotoroids placed on top of a silicon substrate demonstrate larger absorption, will be presented. The method of moments is employed to compute the near electric fields absorbed in silicon substrate. The results show surface waves represented by large electric fields normal to the silicon surface and decayed as it gets deeper in the medium.
Manure Nitrogen Management for Corn on Loess Soil in a Sensitive Groundwater Area

A number of community water supplies in southwest Minnesota are threatened by nitrate contamination. Manure nitrogen (N) management experiments were conducted in southwest Minnesota from 2000 to 2003 to compare manure management practices (timing, rate, and method of application) for preventing negative nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) impacts on shallow ground water. Differences among manure rates produced a significant corn grain yield response in one out of four years. Mean soil inorganic N concentrations measured throughout the season showed significant soil NO₃-N differences for all manure rates in all years. Mean cornstalk NO₃-N concentrations also showed significant cornstalk NO₃-N differences for all manure rates in all years. When used to evaluate manure N management outcomes, sensible manure management practices along with N diagnostic testing can be excellent comprehensive management tools for livestock producers.
Mitochondrial Variation and Biogeographic History of Chinook Salmon

Abstract The genetic variation of many species in the Northern Hemisphere has been influenced by climatic changes during the Pleistocene Epoch. Phylogeographic studies can help determine intraspecific relationships and postglacial recolonization routes for many of these species, potentially leading to a more complete understanding of how flora and fauna respond to dramatic climate change. We analyzed the variation in the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from California to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, to gain insight into the role of Pleistocene glaciation in the genetic structuring of this species. The geographic distribution of haplotypes revealed high levels of genetic diversity in the Columbia River drainage. Nested clade analysis suggests northward expansion from this area during the late Pleistocene, a hypothesis that is further supported by evidence of demographic growth and population expansion in the northern portion of the species' range. Estimates of the...
Collisionally induced ionization of Rubidium atoms in rydberg states

Abstract The efficiency of collisional ionization of excited rubidium atoms is demonstrated for Rb ★ —Kr collisions. Since the power required to optically saturate the Rydberg levels is much lower than for photoionization, the technique promises to reduce the laser requirements in single-atom detection and other resonance ionizatlon experiments.
Survey of obstetric providers' views on the anesthetic risks of maternal obesity.

Background Maternal obesity is increasing in prevalence and associated with numerous complications. Surveys document that obstetricians recognize the obstetric and perinatal health risks of maternal obesity. To determine if they recognize the anesthetic risks and discuss them antenatally with obese patients, we surveyed all obstetric providers at a university-affiliated obstetric unit. Methods The survey listed complications of obesity and pregnancy sampled from the literature, including eight anesthetic complications, ten prenatal obstetric complications, ten intrapartum or postpartum obstetric complications, five medical complications and five neonatal complications. Respondents reported if and when they routinely discuss each. Reported routine discussion rates were averaged across respondents and complication categories. We postulated that anesthetic aspects would be discussed less frequently than others. Results Thirty-six of the 55 obstetric providers responded (65.5%). On average, anesthetic complications were discussed during prenatal care 13.5% of the time, less often than prenatal obstetric complications (48.5%, Wilcoxon signed rank test, P P P =0.0001). The survey failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the rate of discussion between anesthetic and neonatal complications (13.5% vs. 22.2%, Wilcoxon signed rank test, P =0.05). Twenty-four respondents reported that they did not routinely discuss any of the listed anesthetic complications with their obese patients in the prenatal period. Conclusions This preliminary study suggests that antenatal education about the anesthetic implications of obesity may not be part of routine prenatal care for obese pregnant women.
Toxic and protective effects of analogues of Helminthosporium sacchari toxin on sugarcane tissues

Abstract Host-selective toxin and three groups of smaller, structurally related compounds were isolated from culture fluids of Helminthosporium sacchari . The lower mol wt compounds (toxoids) differ from HS toxin in the number of galactose units per molecule. Toxoids protect sugarcane tissues from toxin, as shown by use of the assay based on toxin-induced loss of electrolytes. Toxoid III (three units of galactose per molecule) was most effective at preventing toxicity; it gave 90% protection at a 24:1 ratio, on a molar basis. Toxoid II (two units of galactose) was intermediate, and toxoid I (one unit of galactose) provided the least protection against HS toxin. Protection was apparent when tissues were exposed to toxoid III for 1 h, rinsed to remove free toxoid, then exposed to toxin. This data suggest that toxoids act as competitive inhibitors of HS toxin. This is consistent with the hypothesis that toxin binds to a receptor molecule in susceptible cells. Toxoids I and II induced no loss of electrolytes from any of the tested clones of sugarcane. Toxoid III caused losses and runner lesions on clones NG 77–234 and NG 77–82, but not on clones Co 453 and NG 77–103; all four clones are equally susceptible to H. sacchari .
Manipulating nano-scale light fields with the Asymmetric Bowtie nano-Colorsorter

We present a class of devices called Asymmetric Bowtie nano-Colorsorters. These devices have specifically engineered symmetries enabling them to capture, confine, spectrally filter and steer optical fields while maintaining nanoscale field distributions.
The Qualitative Spatial Dynamics of Motion in Language

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the strategies that languages employ to express motion, focusing on the distinction between path predicates, such as enter, arrive, and leave and manner-of-motion predicates, such as walk, bike, and roll. We present an overview of some qualitative spatiotemporal models of movement, and discuss their adequacy for capturing motion constructions in natural languages. Building on many aspects of these qualitative models, we introduce a framework within dynamic logic for the characterization of spatial change. This model, called Dynamic Interval Temporal Logic (DITL), is developed to analyze both classes of motion predicates, as well as complex compositional constructions involving spatial and manner Prepositional Phrases. Further, DITL serves as a semantics for a linguistically expressive markup language for annotating spatiotemporal information in text, called Spatiotemporal Markup Language (STML). We outline the syntax of this language, and discuss how DITL provides for a ...
Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist NPC 12626 from saline.

Because excitatory amino acids have been implicated in several physiological phenomena, antagonists of excitatory amino acid function may have significant therapeutic potential as anticonvulsants, neuroprotectants and anxiolytics. Drug discrimination procedures in animals have proven useful to compare and contrast the behavioral effects of site-selective NMDA antagonists. In the only previous study using a competitive NMDA antagonist as a training drug, rats were trained to discriminate NPC 12626 (2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonohepatanoic acid) from nondrug. The major goal of the present study was to establish and characterize a nonhuman primate model of NPC 12626 discrimination. Adult male squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate NPC 12626 from saline under a two-lever fixed ratio-30 schedule of food reinforcement. The monkeys required between 80 and 120 training sessions to acquire this discrimination after the training dose had been raised from 3 to 20 mg/kg i.m. The competitive NMDA antagonists CGP 37849 (D,L-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5- phosphono-3-pentanoic acid) and CPPene (D-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid) substituted completely for NPC 12626, while the potent noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801), did not. These results reflect a profile of discriminative stimulus effects which support that observed in rats and establish a primate model for use in further study of the behavioral effects of the competitive NMDA antagonists.
Characterization of membrane curvature in micromachined silicon accelerometers and gyroscopes using optical interferometry

Micromachined silicon sensors often exhibit curvature of released membrane structures due to internal stresses, doping gradients, and crystalline defects. This curvature can be a significant source of error in inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes. Development of process conditions that reduce curl requires a rapid, accurate method for obtaining high-resolution flatness data over a complex two-dimensional surface. This work reports on the use of a commercially-available, nondestructive optical characterization tool that provides high-resolution profiles of micromachined structures. This interferometry technique is shown to be a significant extension of traditional process development tools, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and test structures. Statistical information on flatness of test structures, accelerometers, and gyroscopes is reported as a function of processing conditions. Unexpected and previously undetected phenomena are revealed by the interferometry measurement. Optimization of the diffusion-annealing cycle provides structures that are flat to within 0.1 micrometers. The flatter parts now being produced have contributed to recent advances in the performance of Draper Laboratory's inertial sensors.
The Development and Validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale

A series of three studies were conducted to develop and validate a scale to measure violence, harassment, and discrimination toward cross-dressers, transgenderists, and transsexuals. In Study 1, we developed the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS). In Study 2, we established the GTS's ability to predict parents' reactions to either a gender conforming or a gender non-conforming boy or girl. Correlations between the GTS and scales that assess homophobia and gender role ideologies suggest convergent validity. In Study 3, we conducted a factor analysis of the scale, found further evidence of the scale's discriminant and convergent validity, and tested the scale's ability to predict previous contact with gender non-conformists. Taken as a whole, the results of these studies demonstrate the basic psychometric properties of a new and useful scale to measure antipathy toward people who cross genders and sexes.
Always growing and learning: A case for self-assessment

In conclusion, the entire self-assessment process is dynamic and ongoing. It is challenging and time-consuming, yet most gratifying as educators develop enhanced self-understanding and self-knowledge. The self-assessment process simultaneously enables teachers to touch reality (present focus) as well as to dream (future focus). The self-assessment process allows teachers to take care of themselves. Although the incoming president of the NAEYC appropriately urged participants in the 1994 Professional Development Institute “to look out for each other, take care of each other” (Daniels, 1994), it behooves each one of us to make sure that we take care of ourselves as well. This advice is not intended to be a call for self-centeredness; we do a much better job in our own work with others when we have taken care of ourselves. Continuous personal and professional self-assessment provides that opportunity to take care of ourselves. The kind of renewal that self-assessment provides is “preserving and enhancing the greatest asset you have—you” (Covey, 1989, p. 288).
New Leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina: Comparative Anatomy, Character Analysis, and Phylogenetic Hypotheses

ABSTRACT Herein we describe and name two new species of leontiniid notoungulates, one being the first known from Chile, the other from the Deseadan South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA) of Patagonia, Argentina. The Chilean leontiniid is from the lower horizons of the Cura-Mallin Formation (Tcm1) at Laguna del Laja in the Andean Main Range of central Chile. This new species, Colpodon antucoensis, is distinguishable from Patagonian species of Colpodon by way of its smaller I2; larger I3 and P1; sharper, V-shaped snout; and squarer upper premolars. The holotype came from a horizon that is constrained below and above by 40Ar/39Ar ages of 19.53 ± 0.60 and 19.25 ± 1.22, respectively, suggesting an age of roughly 19.5 Ma, or a little older (∼19.8 Ma) when corrected for a revised age of the Fish Canyon Tuff standard. Either age is slightly younger than ages reported for the Colhuehuapian SALMA fauna at the Gran Barranca. Taxa from the locality of the holotype of C. antucoensis are few, but they (e.g., the mylodo...
GIS in Evaluation: Utilizing the Power of Geographic Information Systems to Represent Evaluation Data

This article provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and how the technology can be used to enhance evaluation practice. As a tool, GIS enables evaluators to incorporate contextual features (such as accessibility of program sites or community health needs) into evaluation designs and highlights the interactions between programs and their environments. Evaluators can formatively utilize GIS to examine implementation issues and their connections to the communities served and summatively to study program impacts and the factors contributing to variations between program sites. Improvements in technology as well as in data storage and access make this a feasible tool for a broader range of users. Through a hypothetical case study, the article discusses the strengths, limitations, and future trends of GIS in the context of the evaluation field.
ASSESSMENT OF DEPRESSION IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: DEVELOPMENT OF A ''TRUNK AND BRANCH'' MODEL

The objective of the present investigation was to improve the detection of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been hypothesized that the overlap of MS symptomatology and neurovegetative depression symptoms may lead to an over-diagnosis of depression in MS. Discerning what is depression and what is more attributable to the disease renders a complicated picture when assessing depression in medically ill people. Given this, "trunk and branch" models have been proposed. In such models "trunk" symptoms are purported to be the symptoms common to the medical condition and less likely reflective of depression. "Branch" items are those symptoms that are independent of the medical condition and likely reflect depression. In the present investigation we compared depressed individuals with MS, non-depressed individuals with MS, and non-depressed controls, to devise a "trunk and branch" model for use with individuals with MS. By identifying which symptoms are typical in MS, which exceed what is typical in MS, and which symptoms are independent of MS, but more often present in depressed individuals with MS, we hoped to present a better understanding of the nature of depression in MS.
Working with Atypical Learners

Meeting the needs of atypical learners is rewarding, but it can also be difficult and frustrating. As a member of the English department and the liaison between my colleagues and our college's Acce...
Ethylated fluoresceins: Assay of cytochrome P-450 activity and application to measurements in single cells by flow cytometry

Four ethylated derivatives of fluorescein were synthesized and their metabolism by mouse liver homogenates and cultured mouse hepatoma cells was investigated. Two of the ethylfluoresceins are specifically metabolized by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inducible cytochrome P-450 to yield fluorescein, which is about 15 times more fluorescent than the ethylated compounds. One of these fluorogenic derivatives, ethoxyfluorescein ethyl ester, is useful for flow cytometric analysis and sorting of intact, viable cells on the basis of cytochrome P-450 activity. The structure-activity relationship of the ethylfluoresceins is discussed.
Responder Status Criterion for Stepped Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Young Children.

In order to develop Stepped Care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), a definition of early response/non-response is needed to guide decisions about the need for subsequent treatment. The purpose of this article is to (1) establish criterion for defining an early indicator of response/non-response to the first step within Stepped Care TF-CBT, and (2) to explore the preliminary clinical utility of the early response/non-response criterion. Data from two studies were used: (1) treatment outcome data from a clinical trial in which 17 young children (ages 3–6 years) received therapist-directed CBT for children with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were examined to empirically establish the number of PTSS to define early treatment response/non-response; and (2) three case examples with young children in Stepped Care TF-CBT were used to explore the utility of the treatment response criterion. For defining the responder status criterion, an algorithm of either three or fewer PTSS on a clinician-rated measure or being below the clinical cutoff score on a parent-rated measure of childhood PTSS, and being rated as improved, much improved or free of symptoms functioned well for determining whether or not to step up to more intensive treatment. Case examples demonstrated how the criterion were used to guide subsequent treatment, and that responder status criterion after Step One may or may not be aligned with parent preference. Although further investigation is needed, the responder status criterion for young children used after Step One of Stepped Care TF-CBT appears promising.
Covering the vertex set of a graph with subgraphs of smaller degree

Abstract The problem of covering the vertex set of a graph with subsets spanning subgraphs of smaller degree is studied. The result of this study is applied to give a new bound on the chromatic number of a graph in terms of the maximum vertex-degree of the graph and the maximum number of vertices in a clique of the graph. By using this bound, it is shown that if d is at least 7 and e is at least 4, then there is no regular graph of valency d , chromatic number d , whose smallest circuit has at least e edges; this settles a conjecture of Branko Grunbaum.
Real-world inpatient programs: Shedding some light—A critique

Abstract This critique is a response to an article by Morisse, Batra, Hess, Silverman, and Corrigan (1996) , in which “a token economy for the real world” is promulgated as an alternative to the comprehensive social-learning program and assessment technology presented by Paul and Lentz (1977) . The article misrepresents the treatment-and-assessment procedures that have been empirically validated as the most effective and cost-efficient for inpatient programs. The article also inappropriately cites the results of prior reports as support for an oversimplified approach to the development and implementation of inpatient programs. The promoted approach is in direct opposition to the widely recognized need for empirically validated interventions and evaluations in mental health services. Not only are data lacking to support assertions of effectiveness for the resulting program but illustrative examples demonstrate technically unsound procedures as well as an ethically questionable emphasis on staff desires to the exclusion of patient needs. We attempt to correct Morisse et al.'s inaccuracies and misconceptions regarding the work of Paul and colleagues, note the major problems with their perfunctory approach, and provide recommendations for implementation and maintenance of empirically validated procedures for inpatients.
Estimating development cost of an interactive website based cancer screening promotion program.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the initial development costs for an innovative talk show format tailored intervention delivered via the interactive web, for increasing cancer screening in women 50–75 who were non-adherent to screening guidelines for colorectal cancer and/or breast cancer. Methods The cost of the intervention development was estimated from a societal perspective. Micro costing methods plus vendor contract costs were used to estimate cost. Staff logs were used to track personnel time. Non-personnel costs include all additional resources used to produce the intervention. Results Development cost of the interactive web based intervention was $.39 million, of which 77% was direct cost. About 98% of the cost was incurred in personnel time cost, contract cost and overhead cost. Conclusions The new web-based disease prevention medium required substantial investment in health promotion and media specialist time. The development cost was primarily driven by the high level of human capital required. The cost of intervention development is important information for assessing and planning future public and private investments in web-based health promotion interventions.
“This Should Not Be Happening in This Country”: Private‐Life Violence and Immigration Intersections in a U.S. Gateway City

In the United States, the rise in ethnic diversity due to immigration in recent decades has been most visible in new “gateway” cities and towns, such as the Baltimore–Washington, D.C. corridor, now the fourth-largest gateway for new immigration. Among the more grave issues that immigrant women face in these gateways and elsewhere is the experience of intimate partner violence. This article reports on a study using qualitative methods to document the problem, approaches, and challenges in the rapidly diversifying city of Baltimore, Maryland. We report on individual and focus-group interviews with professionals in 10 agencies who work directly with the Baltimore populations. Drawing on intersectionality theory, we propose a conceptual framework that disaggregates the location of “immigration” into four components: contexts of exit, contexts of reception, racial and class hierarchies, and culture. The study's results problematize cultural essentialist models and raise questions about current U.S. legal systems regarding immigration.
Classification of adverse events occurring in a surgical intensive care unit.

Abstract Introduction We aimed to describe the preventability and provider specificity of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) deaths and complications compared with those in a cohort of trauma patients. Methods Data were collected on all trauma and SICU admissions from July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2004, from administrative (Trauma Base and Project Impact) and morbidity databases. Services were protocol driven and staffed by in-house attendings. Performance improvement assessments were made by consensus. Deaths and complications were classified as preventable, potentially preventable, or nonpreventable, and provider-specific or not. Statistical significance was established at the P Results One hundred sixty-eight deaths (5.6% rate), 464 procedure-related, and 694 non–procedure-related complications were noted in 2969 SICU patients compared with 166 deaths (3.6% rate), 178 procedure-related, and 261 non–procedure-related complications in 4,655 trauma patients. Thirty-one percent of SICU deaths were preventable/potentially preventable compared with 14% of trauma deaths, but only 1.9% was attributable to the SICU provider. SICU complications were less frequently preventable/potentially preventable than in trauma patients (52% versus 61%) and less often provider-specific (5% versus 19%). Conclusions SICU complications are deemed preventable less often than in trauma patients and, if so, infrequently incriminate the SICU provider. Preventable and potentially preventable SICU deaths are rarely attributed to SICU care. These data suggest that SICU performance improvement should focus on systems solutions and pre-SICU care.
Papaver at high altitudes in the rocky mountains

In the Rocky Mountains south of the Yukon Territory there are two, possibly three,Papaver species at alpine elevations. The diploidP. pygmaeum Rydb. is found only in and around the Glacier-Waterton International Park. It is a member of thealpinum complex of sect.Scapiflora and linked to the EuropeanP. alpinum L. by a chain of taxa through inner Asia. The hexaploidP. kluanense D. Love is an alpine representative of the circumpolarradicatum complex of the same section and occurs disjunct from Alaska and Yukon south to New Mexico. In the Uintah Mountains of Utah is a small population ofPapaver whose affiliation and rank within the sectionScapiflora is not yet established. It seems to be related most closely toP. pulvinatum A. Tolm. andP. alaskanum Hulten. A key to the taxa of this region is presented.
Compensated polarized light microscopy using cellophane adhesive tape.

Compensated polarized light microscopy is a useful diagnostic tool whose basis is poorly understood by the clinician. The elementary physics of compensated polarized light are reviewed. A simple method of converting the ordinary light microscope into a compensated polarized light microscope, using cellophane adhesive tape and polarizing sunglass, is described.
The role of the red gland in Mercenaria mercenaria in detoxification

Abstract Brown cells of the red gland in Mercenaria mercenaria are involved in the excretory process. We studied their involvement in the removal of foreign substances from the tissues of Mercenaria. Toluidine blue (soluble dye) accumulated in brown cells after dye injection into the foot muscle and after addition to brown cell isolates. In comparison, carmine red (particulate dye) did not accumulate under the same conditions. FITC-labeled bovine albumen accumulated in brown cells when introduced in vivo and to cell isolates. Kinetic studies indicated uptake of FITC-albumen occurred within 2 h when added to cell isolates and within 24 h after injection into the foot muscle. Brown cell isolates were separated into three fractions on a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Fraction 1 contained primarily what appeared to be precursor brown cells. The majority of the cells in fraction 2 were brown cells. Fraction 3 was entirely brown globular material. Assays indicated the presence of acid phosphatase, glutathione reductase and lysozyme in lysates from each fraction. Thus it appears that brown cells of the red gland contain enzymes involved in detoxification and degradative processes.
Urinary Gonadotrophins in Normal Men

SummaryA modified alcoholic precipitation method is described for the preparation of non-toxic gonadotrophic concentrates from normal male urine.Assayed in normal rats, such concentrates of pooled samples of urine of healthy college men give a quantitative titer of 1.0 to 4.5 rat units per liter. In normal mice titers of 6.0 to 20.0 mouse-uterine units per liter were obtained.Assayed in hypophysectomized rats it is found that follicle stimulation and interstitial cell repair are usually produced at the same dosage level, although in some instances follicle stimulation may be produced at a dosage level as low as one-third that necessary for interstitial cell repair.
Preclinical Development of Antiviral Drugs

The early preclinical development of an antiviral agent is accomplished essentially in two stages. The first stage consists of gathering data to estimate the potential therapeutic index of the agent. This process includes testing for antiviral activity and for cytotoxicity in vitro and performing preliminary pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies in vivo. The second stage consists of carrying out more-extensive safety (toxicology) studies to determine any significant potential toxicities before the agent is used in humans. Chronic-toxicity studies, reproductive toxicity studies, and carcinogenesis bioassays are performed to support clinical trials of longer duration and, ultimately, approval of efficacious antiviral agents. It is essential to identify toxicities early in the developmental process for both safety and economic reasons. Progress in determining the mechanisms of specific toxicities will greatly aid in risk assessment and in our ability to predict and avoid these toxicities.
The reactions of 1,2-dioctylcyclopropene with silver nitrate

Sterculene (1,2-di-n-octylcyclopropene) reacts slowly with dilute solutions of silver nitrate in acetonitrile with formation of a silver mirror and production of 9-methylene-10-octadecanone. The reaction is rapid in alcohols; finely-divided silver is formed and sterculene is transformed into 9-alkoxymethyl-9-octadecenes together with smaller amounts of the unsaturated ketone. In neither case is the silver formed in stoichiometric quantities. The reaction ofSterculia foetida oil methyl esters with alcoholic silver nitrate was used to demonstrate the possible application of this reaction to the determination of cyclopropene fatty acids.
Fly and the Fly Bottle: On Dwayne Huebner, the Uses of Language, and the Nature of the Curriculum Field

A review of“Curricular language and classroom meanings”(Huebner, D. 1966. In J. B. Macdonald & R. Leeper, Eds.,Language and meaning, pp. 8–26. Washington, DC: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.)
THE EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ON THE RECOVERY OF CHLOROPLAST RIBOSOMES, MEMBRANE ORGANIZATION, AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN THE ac-20 STRAIN OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI

The ac-20 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is characterized by low levels of chloroplast ribosomes when grown mixotrophically. Cells can be transferred to minimal medium and their ribosome levels increase. If, at the time of transfer, cells are exposed to chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the chloroplast, or cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, ribosome recovery is not affected; however, recovery is blocked by exposure to rifampicin, an inhibitor of chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It is therefore concluded that ac-20 cells suffer from an impaired chloroplast ribosomal RNA synthesis. Mixotrophic ac-20 cells are also characterized by low rates of photosynthetic electron transport, disorganized chloroplast membranes, and a small pyrenoid. If chloramphenicol is applied to transferred cells whose chloroplast ribosome levels have already recovered, recovery of photosynthetic electron transport and of structural integrity does not occur. Under the same conditions, cycloheximide has no effect on recovery. It is concluded that the structural and photosynthetic lesions in ac-20 are a secondary consequence of the low levels of chloroplast ribosomes. Finally, we present evidence that recovery of photosynthetic electron transport requires the transcription of chloroplast DNA. This transcription is apparently triggered by light.
Coral reef protection

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced the establishment on 13 November of the first U.S. zone to protect a sensitive coral reef area from potential damage by ships. The Florida Keys' Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, just one of a handful of such areas globally, has been designated by the International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations. The area protects a zone of more than 3,000 square nautical miles stretching from the Biscayne National Park to the Dry Tortugas.
Quantification of Water-Content of Simulated Nuclear Waste Glasses Using Nuclear Reaction Measurements

Water content of glasses is an important factor in glass manufacture. In the case of slurryfed processing of waste glass melters, the water content of waste glasses may change the waste form properties significantly. A reliable, non-contact and quantitative measurement technique, with a spatial resolution of about 2-mm was used to determine the concentration of dissolved water molecules in simulated nuclear waste glasses. The 19F resonant reaction was used. The 1H (19F, αγ)16O reaction requires a resonance energy that is available by use of a 6.471 MeV19F beam. A series of ten segments of slurry-fed, joule-heated, research-scale melter tests were conducted to determine the redox effects on processing of various feeds. Representative glass samples were collected at the middle of each segment. Their hydrogen contents were measured. The hydrogen content was correlated to the feed processing and redox of the glasses.
The status of manip - a multicomputer architecture for solving, combinatorial extremum-search problems

In this paper, we report the status of study on MANIP, a parallel computer for solving combinatorial extremum-search problems. The most general technique that can be used to solve a wide variety of these problems on a uniprocessor system, optimally or sub-optimally, is the branch-and-bound algorithm. We have adapted and extended branch-and-bound algorithms with lower-bound tests for parallel processing. Three major problems are identified in the design: interconnection networks for supporting the selection of subproblems, anomalies in parallelism and virtual-memory support. A unidirectional ring network has been shown to be the most cost-effective selection network. We provide sufficient conditions so that anomalies can be eliminated under certain conditions and show that anomalies are unavoidable otherwise. Lastly, we develop a modified branch-and-bound algorithm so that the amount of memory space required under a best-first search is significantly reduced.
Developing Marketing Decision Support Systems in Consumer Goods Firms

Presents a foundation for the development of marketing decision support systems (MDSS). Argues that traditional management information systems typically follow a sequential flow through analysis, design, and implementation; MDSS involves a developmental approach emphasizing iteration and evaluation through the various stages. Surmises that MDSS offers marketing managers the advantages of an interactive system to supply them with useful information to help improve decision making.
808.1-Pos Board # B59.1 – Thermodynamic Molecular Switch in the Hydrophobic Interaction of 35 Dipeptide Pairs

Applying the Planck-Benzinger methodology, the sequencespecific hydrophobic interactions of 35 dipeptide pairs were examined over a temperature range of 273-333 K. The results imply that the negative Gibbs free energy minimum at a well-defined stable temperature, , has its origin in the sequence-specific hydrophobic interactions, which are highly dependent on details of molecular structure. Each case confirms the existence of a thermodynamic molecular switch wherein a change of sign in DCpo (T) leads to true negative minimum in the Gibbs free energy change of reaction and a maximum in the related equilibrium constant. All interacting biological systems examined using the Planck-Benzinger methodology have shown such a thermodynamic switch at the molecular level, suggesting its existence may be universal.
A note on a class of skew distribution functions: Analysis and critique of a paper by H. A. Simon

This note is a discussion of H. A. Simon's model (1955) concerning the class of frequency distributions generally associated with the name of G. K. Zipf. The main purpose is to show that Simon's model is analytically circular in the case of the linguistic laws of Estoup-Zipf and Willis-Yule. Insofar as the economic law of Pareto is concerned, Simon has himself noted that his model is a particular case of that of Champernowne; this is correct, with some reservation. A simplified version of Simon's model is included.
THE IUPS PROJECT ON PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND CONDUCT

Abstract For the past several years the International Union of Psychological Science has been encouraging its 42 member national societies to develop and adopt national codes of ethics for governing the professional conduct of psychologists. Efforts have also been directed toward the development of international principles to apply in cross-cultural research undertaken by psychologists. Both of these activities have been funded in a minor way by the Office of the Secretary-General of IUPS.
Lysosomal dysfunction results in lamina-specific meganeurite formation but not apoptosis in frontal cortex

An inhibitor of cathepsins B and L was used to test if lysosomal dysfunction in cultured slices of rat frontal cortex induces pathological features that develop in the human cortex during aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Incubation for 6 days with N-CBZ-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine-diazomethylketone (ZPAD) resulted in a massive proliferation of endosomes-lysosomes in all cortical layers. Slices additionally exposed to a washout of 4 days had numerous meganeurites, blister-like structures in the region of the axon hillock, in layer III but not in other cortical laminae. Meganeurites are a characteristic feature of the human frontal cortex after age 50 and are largely restricted to layer III. Tests for apoptosis were carried out at two intervals following meganeurite formation. TUNEL-labeled neurons were confined to layers II/III on the surface of the slices but there was no evidence for a ZPAD effect. In all, 6 days of lysosomal dysfunction reproduces characteristic effects of normal aging in neocortex without generating some key features of AD.
Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter associated with the Greenland ice sheet

Abstract Subsurface microbial oxidation of overridden soils and vegetation beneath glaciers and ice sheets may affect global carbon budgets on glacial–interglacial timescales. The likelihood and magnitude of this process depends on the chemical nature and reactivity of the subglacial organic carbon stores. We examined the composition of carbon pools associated with different regions of the Greenland ice sheet (subglacial, supraglacial, proglacial) in order to elucidate the type of dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in the subglacial discharge over a melt season. Electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry coupled to multivariate statistics permitted unprecedented molecular level characterization of this material and revealed that carbon pools associated with discrete glacial regions are comprised of different compound classes. Specifically, a larger proportion of protein-like compounds were observed in the supraglacial samples and in the early melt season (spring) subglacial discharge. In contrast, the late melt season (summer) subglacial discharge contained a greater fraction of lignin-like and other material presumably derived from underlying vegetation and soil. These results suggest (1) that the majority of supraglacial DOM originates from autochthonous microbial processes on the ice sheet surface, (2) that the subglacial DOM contains allochthonous carbon derived from overridden soils and vegetation as well as autochthonous carbon derived from in situ microbial metabolism, and (3) that the relative contribution of allochthonous and autochthonous material in subglacial discharge varies during the melt season. These conclusions are consistent with the hypothesis that, given sufficient time (e.g., overwinter storage), resident subglacial microbial communities may oxidize terrestrial material beneath the Greenland ice sheet.
Antenatal corticosteroid treatment and neonatal outcomes for infants 501 to 1500 gm in the Vermont-Oxford Trials Network.

Premature infants whose mothers received corticosteroid treatment before delivery are less likely to develop respiratory distress syndrome and its associated complications.’ Despite a substantial body of clinical evidence accumulated over more than 20 years that documents these benefits, there is still no consensus among clinicians regarding the safety and efficacy of antenatal corticosteroid treatment. In response, the National Institutes of Health convened a Consensus Development Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes. This article is based on an analysis of the VermontOxford Trials Network Database and was prepared at the request of the Consensus Conference Panel.” It describes the effects of antenatal corticosteroids on morbidity and mortality for infants whose birth weights ranged from 501 to 1500 gm born during 1991 and 1992. The plan for analysis and format for presentation were developed jointly with representatives of three other organizations with neonatal databases (Burroughs Wellcome Company, National Institute of Child Health and Development Neonatal Research Network, and Ross Laboratories).3 Each of these organizations has also presented their individual results4-”
Unfolding Particle Size Distributions

This paper treats the unfolding problem of estimating the density distribution of particles dispersed in a three-dimensional specimen. A general framework is set in terms of a probabilistic model for the distribution of a discrete number of particle sizes with prescribed shapes which are sampled and observed by processes capable of being modeled. The general formulation allows density estimates and standard deviation estimates for each particle size in the distribution to be made with data from observational processes that may distort or truncate the sampled information. The method is related to the earlier works on unfolding or estimating the density distribution of spherical particles sectioned by planar probes. The method is also used to develop a more accurate estimate for the density distribution of spherical voids where the observational process is the indirect microscopy of a replicated surface.
Three new legume species from South America

Three new South American legumes are described:Acosmium cardenasii (Leguminosae: Sophoreae) known only from the type locality, San Ignacio de Velasco, Bolivia;Moldenhauera nitida (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) from the southeastern flanks of the Serra do EspinhaCo in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil; andSclerolobium prancei (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) known only from the Rio Madeira headwaters, Territory of RondOnia, Brazil. A key to the Brazilian species ofMoldenhauera is included.
The impact of a broad based energy tax on the US economy

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of a broad based energy tax on the US economy, particularly the agricultural sectors. The analytical approach used consists of a general equilibrium model composed of 12 producing sectors, 13 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of a 10 cents/Btu × 10 6 tax on energy on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing.
T cell–mediated hepatic inflammation modulates adiponectin levels in mice: role of tumor necrosis factor α

Abstract Experimental T cell–mediated hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (ConA) results in the initiation of an inflammatory response and the production of cytokines. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine produced by adipose tissue that is involved in the reciprocal regulation of other cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Concanavalin A administration to C57BL/6J mice reduced circulating levels of adiponectin, whereas leptin was markedly increased. Adiponectin messenger RNA expression in adipose tissue was also decreased; however, the expression of both the adiponectin receptors remained unchanged. Neutralization of TNF-α reduced ConA-induced liver damage, and this was associated with restored circulating levels of adiponectin. These findings indicate that inflammation-induced TNF-α is a critical mediator of adipose-tissue-derived adiponectin in vivo.