cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain organoids: A promising model to assess oxidative stress-induced central nervous system damage

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most significant propagators of systemic damage with implications for widespread pathologies such as vascular disease, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, inflammation, and traumatic injury. OS can be induced by numerous factors such as environmental conditions, lifestyle choices, disease states, and genetic susceptibility. It is tied to the accumulation of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insufficient antioxidant protection, which leads to cell aging and tissue degeneration over time. Unregulated systemic increase in reactive species, which contain harmful free radicals, can lead to diverse tissue-specific OS responses and disease. Studies of OS in the brain, for example, have demonstrated how this state contributes to neurodegeneration and altered neural plasticity. As the worldwide life expectancy has increased over the last few decades, the prevalence of OS-related diseases resulting from age-associated progressive tissue degeneration. Unfortunately, vital translational research studies designed to identify and target disease biomarkers in human patients have been impeded by many factors (e.g., limited access to human brain tissue for research purposes and poor translation of experimental models). In recent years, stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures known as "brain organoids" have taken the spotlight as a novel model for studying central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to model the responses of human neural cells to OS, noting current and prospective limitations. Overall, brain organoids show promise as an innovative translational model to study CNS susceptibility to OS and elucidate the pathophysiology of the aging brain.
Management of Mobile Thrombus With Distal Protection Devices During Carotid Artery Angioplasty: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Embolic protection devices (EPDs) have become a standard of care during internal carotid artery revascularization.1,2 This video is about a 57-yr-old-male who presented with a wake-up stroke with a left hemispheric syndrome. Head computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed tandem occlusions of the proximal left internal carotid artery (ICA) and of the distal left middle cerebral artery (MCA) with an ASPECT (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) score of 6. The patient underwent a cerebral angiogram and was treated with balloon angioplasty with a distal EPD and mechanical thrombectomy. The EPD became occluded with thrombus from the ICA and was retrieved through a 6-Fr Sofia (MicroVention) under continuous aspiration. Successful revascularization of the proximal ICA and distal MCA was achieved. No procedure-related complications occurred, and the patient's neurological exam improved. Tandem occlusions can occur in up to 15% of strokes. The optimal treatment can be controversial, but mechanical thrombectomy and ICA revascularization with a distal EPD appear to be safe and effective in selected patients.3 Consent was obtained for the procedure and for the video production.
Low-cost racking for solar photovoltaic systems with renewable tensegrity structures

Abstract Rapid decline in the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules and associated electronics has elevated the significance of structural balance of systems (BOS) in the system cost composition. In this study tensegrity, a bio-inspired structure made of bars as compression members and strings as tensile members, is evaluated as an economical racking solution for solar photovoltaic arrays. For the first time, the electrical aspects of solar photovoltaic system design have been unified with the structural aspects of tensegrity through a novel algorithm. The end-to-end system design framework is validated through modelling of a practical system with System Advisor Model (SAM), a standard design tool by National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), in congruence with the minimal mass planar bridge tensegrity model implemented in MATLAB. This algorithmic demonstration establishes tensegrity as a technically viable system design approach and assesses the significant reduction in racking material weight leading to maximum cost savings up to 77%. The technical compatibility, ease of installation, logistic efficiency and economic benefits of tensegrity-enabled racking would accelerate wide-scale adoption of solar energy across the world. It is also conducive to high-impact applications of solar energy such as water canal covering and shaded agriculture. Additionally, tensegrity configuration provisions the use of locally grown timbers like bamboo as the compression member which benefits developing regions through local sourcing, fast installation, carbon capture and farming incentive. Tensegrity also unlocks the research avenue for adding modularity and portability to solar PV systems leveraging its controllable dynamic properties.
Examining quality time as a mediator of dyadic change in a randomized controlled trial of relationship education for low-income couples

Research identifying specific mechanisms of positive change for couples participating in relationship education is scant. Recent studies have identified the potential of communication skills as a likely mechanism, yet more information is needed about the contribution of process factors. Thus, we examined the influence that quality time spent together had on positive post-intervention outcomes based on couples' reports of dyadic coping and dyadic adjustment for 1,367 low-income couples randomly assigned to receive relationship education. Results indicated that treatment couples reported significant gains in quality time spent together, and that those gains fully mediated positive changes in dyadic coping and adjustment. Additionally, actor and partner effects existed such that men's and women's reports of improved quality time influenced their own and their partners dyadic coping and dyadic adjustment. We discuss study implications for practice and future research.
Comparative Validity of Mostly Unprocessed and Minimally Processed Food Items Differs Among Popular Commercial Nutrition Apps Compared with a Research Food Database.

ABSTRACT Background Commercial nutrition apps are increasingly used to evaluate diet. Evaluating the comparative validity of nutrient data from commercial nutrition app databases is important to determine the merits of using these apps for dietary assessment. Objective Nutrient data from four commercial nutrition apps were compared with a research-based food database, Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) (2017). Design Comparative Validation Study Participants /Setting: An investigator identified the fifty most frequently consumed foods (22% of total reported foods) from a weight-loss study at Chicago, Illinois (2017). Nutrient data were compared between four commercial databases with NDSR. Main Outcome Measures Comparative validity of energy, macronutrients, and other nutrient data (total sugars, fiber, saturated fat, cholesterol, calcium, sodium). Statistical Analyses Performed Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) evaluated agreement between commercial databases with the NDSR for foods that were primarily un- and minimally processed and by the three most frequently consumed food groups. Bland-Altman plots determined degree of bias for calories between commercial databases and NDSR. Results This study observed excellent agreement between NDSR and CalorieKing® (ICC range=0.90-1.00). Compared with NDSR, agreement for Lose It! and MyFitnessPal ranged from good to excellent (ICC range=0.89-1.00), with the exception of fiber in MyFitnessPal (ICC=0.67). Fitbit showed the widest variability with NDSR (ICC range=0.52-0.98). When evaluating by food group, Fitbit had poor agreement for all food groups, with the lowest agreement observed for fiber within the Vegetable group (ICC=0.16). Bland-Altman plots confirmed ICC energy results but also found that MyFitnessPal had the poorest agreement to NDSR (8.35 [133.31] kcal) for all food items. Conclusions Degree of agreement varied by commercial nutrition app. CalorieKing® and Lose It! had mostly excellent agreement with NDSR for all investigated nutrients. Fitbit showed the widest variability in agreement with NDSR for most nutrients, which may reflect how well the app can accurately capture diet.
An Introduction to the Physics of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors and Other Related New Devices

The earliest studies of optical intersub-band transition (ISBT) in semiconductors were on two-dimensional (2D) electron systems in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) inversion layers. Ever since the first clear demonstration of quantum well infrared photo detectors (QWIPs) is reported, tremendous progress has been made in focal plane arrays (FPA) with excellent uniformity being fabricated. The first and the most important advantage relates to the availability of a mature material and processing technology for QWIP based on GaAs. The second advantage is the flexibility of the QWIP approach for enhanced device functionality and for its ease in integrating with other devices. The goal of this chapter is to provide a brief review of the physics of QWIP, and related novel structures and devices. It illustrates the ISBT property observed in quantum well (QW), and the wavelengths covered by GaAs-based structures. In addition, the chapter discusses the physics of QWIP, which include dark current, photocurrent, and detector performance and design focusing on novel structures and devices such as multicolor detectors, high-frequency detectors, and QWIP integrated with LED. The chapter introduces intersub-band transition using the simplest ideal case of an infinitely high barrier quantum well, along with a discussion on the wavelengths covered by the intersub-band transition in GaAs-based quantum well structures.
The Right of People with Disabilities to Exercise Their Right to Vote Under the Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

As the U.S. Supreme Court wrote in 1964 in Wesberry v. Sanders, “No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined.” However, for many people with disabilities, the right to vote has remained illusory. People with mobility impairments have been prevented from gaining access to polling places; people who are blind have been unable to complete most types of ballots (if they were able to register in the first place); and for people who remain in nursing homes, institutions, or other residential facilities, voting at the polls is often impossible. Further, no constitutional principle protects the right of people with disabilities to accessible polling places, or to vote secretly and independently. This articles discusses the role of the Help America Vote Act in facilitating the right to vote for people with disabilities, including an analysis of a recent New York case involving implementation of the Act. This article was written by Professor Arlene Kanter, with assistance by Rebecca Russo (SUCOL’05).
Surgical Repair of Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals With Absent Intrapericardial Pulmonary Arteries

Background One anatomic variant of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collaterals (PA/VSD/MAPCAs) is characterized by the absence of intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. This anatomy obviates the possibility of incorporating the pulmonary arteries for reconstruction or palliative procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical results in patients undergoing repair of PA/VSD/MAPCAs with absent pulmonary arteries. Methods This was a retrospective review of 35 patients who underwent surgical repair of PA/VSD/MAPCAs with absent pulmonary arteries between 2007 and 2014. The median age at the time of surgery was 3.4 months, and the median weight was 4.9 kg. All patients underwent unifocalization of MAPCAs, with an average of 3.5 ± 1.4 MAPCAs per patient. Results Twenty-eight of the 35 patients (80%) underwent complete single-stage surgical repair, including unifocalization of MAPCAs, VSD closure, and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. After complete repair, the average right ventricular to aortic pressure ratio was 0.33 ± 0.07. There were no deaths in this subgroup. Seven patients (20%) were not deemed suitable candidates for VSD closure after their unifocalization procedure, and therefore underwent palliation with a central shunt. There was 1 operative death and 1 interim death. Three patients have subsequently undergone complete repair, and 2 are awaiting further evaluation and treatment. Conclusions The majority of patients with PA/VSD/MAPCAs and absent pulmonary arteries can undergo complete single-stage repair with satisfactory postoperative hemodynamics. These results suggest that unifocalization of MAPCAs can provide a reasonable pulmonary vascular bed in the absence of intrapericardial pulmonary arteries.
Clinical Evaluation of the Orbit

A comprehensive ocular and pertinent systemic history and the availability of a thorough physical examination are mandatory for every orbit patient. Motor and sensory problems, including numbness and tingling, as well as cold/heat sensation, should also be inquired about. A complete ocular examination with a detailed strabismus evaluation and dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy should also be done in every case. Physical appraisal of both orbits and clinical measurements and testing are done and a rational differential diagnosis should be formulated before the patient is sent for imaging. This chapter details the examination and testing methods for the orbital tumor patient in the clinic.
Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-Pop

The most interesting aspect of this book on J-pop is the exploration of a duality in Japanese culture in the production of popular music. It is this duality, emerging after World War II, that trave...
Interictal psychopathology in patients with ictal fear A quantitative investigation

We assessed the hypothesis that psychopathology is overrepresented in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who experience ictal fear. Eleven such patients were matched with two control groups: patients who had TLE without ictal fear and patients who had generalized epilepsy. On several MMPI scales, the TLE-ictal fear group scored significantly higher than the two control groups, which did not differ significantly from each other. Furthermore, the TLE-ictal fear group had more MMPI clinical scales that were pathologically elevated, had significantly more patients with histories of admission to psychiatric hospitals, and had more MMPI profiles that were psychotic than either of the control groups.
Characterization of nanopores in PFA thin films

Porous membranes using synthetic polymers have been applied in several research methods and devices such as hydrophobic filters for removal of microorganisms and particles from air and other gases, and chromatography. We report in this paper a recent study of nanopore characterization fabricated in PFA thin film membranes using a homemade feedback controlled ion beam system adapted to a MeV Pelletron accelerator. Fluorpolymer membranes were bombarded with gold ions producing nanopores in a few minutes, with a diameter distribution controlled by the feedback system. The fabrication process is fast when compared with chemical etching techniques. Micro-Raman and AFM were used to characterize the pore properties.
Oxidation of elemental mercury vapor over γ-Al2O3 supported CuCl2 catalyst for mercury emissions control

Abstract In our previous studies, CuCl2 demonstrated excellent Hg(0) oxidation capability and holds potential for Hg(0) oxidation in coal-fired power plants. In this study, the properties and performances of CuCl2 supported onto γ-Al2O3 with high surface area were investigated. From various characterization techniques using XPS, XAFS, XRD, TPR, SEM and TGA, the existence of multiple copper species was identified. At low CuCl2 loadings, CuCl2 forms copper aluminate species with γ-Al2O3 and is inactive for Hg(0) oxidation. At high loadings, amorphous CuCl2 forms onto the γ-Al2O3 surface, working as a redox catalyst for Hg(0) oxidation by consuming Cl to be converted into CuCl and then being regenerated back into CuCl2 in the presence of O2 and HCl gases. The 10%(wt) CuCl2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed excellent Hg(0) oxidation performance and SO2 resistance at 140 °C under simulated flue gas conditions containing 6%(v) O2 and 10 ppmv HCl. The oxidized Hg(0) in the form of HgCl2 has a high solubility in water and can be easily captured by other air pollution control systems such as wet scrubbers in coal-fired power plants. The CuCl2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst can be used as a low temperature Hg(0) oxidation catalyst.
Assessment of post‐atrial switch baffle integrity using a modified dual extremity injection cardiac computed tomography angiography technique

Current standard practice for ECG (electrocardiogram)-gated CT (computed tomographic) angiography of the heart involves injection from an upper extremity vein into the superior vena cava (SVC). Noncontrast bloodmixing from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and high density of contrast injected through the SVC frequently produces artifacts that obscure anatomical detail of the right heart, particularly the right atrium. Thismakes detailed assessment of the right atriumandcavoatrial junction difficult especially in complicated situations such as surgically corrected congenital cardiac malformations. In our institution we adopted a modified injection protocol using dual extremity contrast injections which provide artifact-free images of the right heart. Two examples of this technique for patients with post‐Mustard operation for transposition of great arteries (TGA) are shown to evaluate the anatomy of the heart including the right atrium, the cavoatrial junction and the atrial baffle. Both studies showed complimentary information to that obtained with echocardiography. The dual injection techniquehas beenused for Fontan shunts using a different approach with some limitations compared to our technique [1]. Using our technique, a 20-gauge angiocatheter needle was inserted into the antecubital vein and a second needle (similar size but longer in
Understanding the new vocabulary of healthcare reform.

On March 21, 2010, the United States Congress passed the most comprehensive healthcare reform bill since the formation of Medicare. The legislation’s greatest impact will be to improve access for nearly 50 million Americans who are presently uninsured. Yet the bill does little to tackle the fundamental problems of the payment and delivery systems— problems that have resulted in major quality gaps, large numbers of medical errors, fragmented care, and backbreaking costs. While these tough questions were mostly kicked down the road, the debate did bring many of the key questions and potential solutions into high relief. Our political leaders, pundits, and health policy scholars introduced or popularized a number of terms during the healthcare debates of 2009-2010 (Table 1). I will attempt to place them in context and discuss their implications for future healthcare reform efforts.
CLUSTER INTEGRALS AND THE GROUND STATE OF BOSONS WITH REPULSIVE INTERACTIONS

The properties of a Bose system of particles with repulsive interactions were previously treated using perturbation theory in the formalism of second quantization. Others also considered this problem by dealing with the wave function in configuration space, using the theory of cluster expansions. In these latter papers, variation with respect to a parameter in a trial function for the ground state was shown to yield a ground-state energy close to the exact asymptotic expressions obtained from perturbation theory. The connection between the two methods is not immediately obvious from these cluster expansion treatments. It is shown here that the cluster integral method can be handled so that it is completely equivalent to the pair approxiraation in perturbation theory. (auth)
Cloning of rat liver arginase cDNA and elucidation of regulation of arginase gene expression in H4 rat hepatoma cells.

In order to study the regulation of expression of the two arginase genes in mammalian tissues, we undertook to clone cDNA specific for rat liver arginase. mRNA was isolated from rat liver poly somes enriched for the arginase message by immunopurification and was used to produce an 800-member cDNA library carried in pBR322. Four arginase clones were identified by hybrid selection, and one was used to find two others following colony hybridization. Clonal identity was verified by its enrichment in the cDNA made from immunopurified mRNA; by hybrid selection, immunoprecipitation, and competition by purified arginase; hybridization on Northern analysis with liver-derived RNA (high in arginase) and its absence with mRNA from tissues low in arginase; and independent identification by hybrid selection and colony hybridization. Northern analysis of mRNA from H4-II-E-C3 (H4) rat hepatoma cells in which arginase activity was induced by hydrocortisone demonstrated equal, eightfold augmentation of both arginase activity and arginase mRNA levels. Southern blot analysis of DNA from these cells indicated that no change in arrangement or copy number accompanied induction. Southern analysis also suggested that the gene for rat liver arginase is present in a single copy, without pseudogenes, and that a high degree of homology exists between it and its mouse counterpart.
Modeling the impact of iron and phosphorus limitations on nitrogen fixation in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract. The overarching goal of this study is to simulate subsurface N* (sensu, Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997; GS97) anomaly patterns in the North Atlantic Ocean and determine the basin wide rates of N2-fixation that are required to do so. We present results from a new Atlantic implementation of a coupled physical-biogeochemical model that includes an explicit, dynamic representation of N2-fixation with light, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron limitations, and variable stoichiometric ratios. The model is able to reproduce nitrogen, phosphorus and iron concentration variability to first order. The latter is achieved by incorporating iron deposition directly into the model's detrital iron compartment which allows the model to reproduce sharp near surface gradients in dissolved iron concentration off the west coast of Africa and deep dissolved iron concentrations that have been observed in recent observational studies. The model can reproduce the large scale N* anomaly patterns but requires relatively high rates of surface nitrogen fixation to do so (1.8×1012 moles N yr−1 from 10° N–30° N, 3.4×1012 moles N yr−1 from 25° S–65° N). In the model the surface nitrogen fixation rate patterns are not co-located with subsurface gradients in N*. Rather, the fixed nitrogen is advected away from its source prior to generating a subsurface N* anomaly. Changes in the phosphorus remineralization rate (relative to nitrogen) linearly determine the surface nitrogen fixation rate because they change the degree of phosphorus limitation, which is the dominant limitation in the Atlantic in the model. Phosphorus remineralization rate must be increased by about a factor of 2 (relative to nitrogen) in order to generate subsurface N* anomalies that are comparable to the observations. We conclude that N2-fixation rate estimates for the Atlantic (and globally) may need to be revised upward, which will help resolve imbalances in the global nitrogen budget suggested by Codispoti et al. (2001) and Codispoti (2007).
Comprehensive locomotor outcomes correlate to hyperacute diffusion tensor measures after spinal cord injury in the adult rat.

Abstract In adult rats, locomotor deficits following a contusive thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) are caused primarily by white matter loss/dysfunction at the epicenter. This loss/dysfunction decreases descending input from the brain and cervical spinal cord, and decreases ascending signals in long propriospinal, spinocerebellar and somatosensory pathways, among many others. Predicting the long-term functional consequences of a contusive injury acutely, without knowledge of the injury severity is difficult due to the temporary flaccid paralysis and loss of reflexes that accompany spinal shock. It is now well known that recovery of high quality hindlimb stepping requires only 12–15% spared white matter at the epicenter, but that forelimb–hindlimb coordination and precision stepping (grid or horizontal ladder) require substantially more trans-contusion communication. In order to translate our understanding of the neural substrates for functional recovery in the rat to the clinical arena, common outcome measures and imaging modalities are required. In the current study we furthered the exploration of one of these approaches, diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI), a technique now used commonly to image the brain in clinical research but rarely used diagnostically or prognostically for spinal cord injury. In the adult rat model of SCI, we found that hyperacute ( 2 /ms at 3 h were able to conduct action potentials at 4 weeks, and axial diffusivity within the lateral funiculus was highly predictive of locomotor function at 4 weeks. These observations suggest that acute DTI should be useful to provide functional predictions for spared white matter following contusive spinal cord injuries clinically.
Towards a sediment budget for the Santa Cruz shelf

A conceptual model is presented for the northern Monterey Bay continental shelf in which coarse sediment moves southward along the coast in the littoral zone while fine sediment moves to the north by advection and diffusion along the midshelf. Data from measurements and estimates of various sediment sources and sinks show that the midshelf mudbelt is the dominant sink for fine-grained sediment introduced into Monterey Bay. The principal sources of the fine sediment are the three rivers that enter Monterey Bay: the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas rivers. Accumulation rates in the midshelf mudbelt are high relative to documented yields of rivers and cliff erosion, and also are high relative to other documented mud accumulations of the west coast continental shelves.
Genetic variation in alpha 2HS-glycoprotein is related to calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in older women.

Calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) is an independent predictor of hip and vertebral fractures. BUA is under genetic control, but the specific genes contributing to BUA are not well defined. We examined the relationship between genetic variation in α2HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), an abundant noncollagenous protein of bone matrix, and calcaneal BUA. Genetic polymorphism in AHSG was determined in 222 Caucasian women (age 66–92) enrolled in the Pittsburgh Study of Osteoporotic Fractures clinical center by isoelectric focusing of serum samples. Calcaneal BUA and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured on the same foot with a Walker Sonix UBA 575+ and single X-ray absorptiometry. Hip and spine BMD were determined with a Hologic QDR-1000 densitometer using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. AHSG polymorphism was not significantly related to hip, lumbar spine, or calcaneal BMD. Compared with the homozygous AHSG*2 women, calcaneal BUA was 13% lower in heterozygous (P < 0.05) and 16% lower in homozygous AHSG*1 women (P < 0.05). This relationship persisted after controlling for age, weight, height, walks for exercise, and calcaneal BMD. Current and self-reported height were also lowest in homozygous AHSG*1 women, intermediate in heterozygous women, and highest among homozygous AHSG*2 subjects. These results suggest that the AHSG polymorphism may contribute to the genetic influence on calcaneal BUA and stature.
Index, Comprehensive Microsatellite, and Unified Linkage Maps of Human Chromosome 14 with Cytogenetic Tie Points and a Telomere Microsatellite Marker

Three sets of linkage maps (index, comprehensive microsatellite, and unified) have been constructed for human chromosome 14 based on genotypes from the CEPH reference pedigrees. The index maps consist of 18 microsatellite markers, with heterozygosities of at least 68% and intermarker spacing no greater than 11 cM. The sex-average comprehensive microsatellite map is 125 cM in length and includes 115 markers with 54 loci uniquely placed with odds for marker order of at least 1000:1. The sex-average index map length is 121 cM, and the female- and male-specific maps are l43 and 101 cM, respectively. A unified map was also constructed from 147 loci (162 marker systems), which includes 32 RFLP markers in addition to the 115 microsatellites. The sex-average length of the unified map is 128 cM with 69 loci uniquely placed. Our maps are anchored by a microsatellite telomere marker sCAW1 (D14S826), developed from a telomere YAC clone TYAC196, which extends the linkage map to the physical terminus of the long arm of chromosome 14. Furthermore, we have also physically mapped seven of the loci by fluorscence in situ hybridization of cosmid clones or Alu-PCR products amplified from YACs containing the marker sequences. Together with previously established cytogeneticmore » map designations for other loci, our maps display links between genetic markers for 10 of 13 cytogenetic bands of chromosome 14 at the 550 genome band resolution. 54 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.« less
The spin- 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice and its application to the cuprous oxides

The spin-\textonehalf{} antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on a square lattice is used to describe the dynamics of the spin degrees of freedom of undoped copper oxides. Even though the model lacks an exact solution, a solid, accurate, and rather conventional picture emerges from a number of techniques---analytical (spin-wave theory, Schwinger boson mean-field theory, renormalization-group calculations), semianalytical (variational theory, series expansions), and numerical (quantum Monte Carlo, exact diagonalization, etc.). At zero temperature, the effect of the zero-point fluctuations is not strong enough to destroy the antiferromagnetic long-range order, despite the fact that we are dealing with a low-spin low-dimensional system. The corrections to the spin-wave theory, which treats perturbatively the effect of such fluctuations around the classical N\'eel ground state, appear to be small. At any nonzero temperature the order disappears and the correlation length at low temperature $T({k}_{B}\frac{T}{J}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where $J$ is the antiferromagnetic coupling) follows the singular form $\ensuremath{\xi}(T)=C\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{\alpha}\frac{J}{{k}_{B}}T)$. In the long-wavelength limit and at low $T$, the model has the same behavior as the quantum nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model in two spatial dimensions and one Euclidean time dimension, which we also study with available analytical and Monte Carlo techniques. The quasiparticles of the theory are bosons; at low $T$ and for wavelengths shorter than the correlation length they are welldefined spin-wave excitations. The spectrum of such excitations and the temperature-dependent correlation length have been determined by neutron and Raman scattering experiments done on ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The good agreement of the experimental data with the predictions of this theory suggests that the magnetic state of the undoped materials is the conventional ordered state. We discuss, within a simple mean-field theory, the effect of weak three-dimensional antiferromagnetic coupling and the role of an antisymmetric term, introduced to explain a hidden ferromagnetic behavior of the uniform susceptibility. We find that understanding the copper-oxide antiferromagnetic insulator is only the first essential step towards the development of a theory of the superconductor created upon doping such materials.
Risk factors for amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity

Purpose A case-control study was performed to identify and quantify risk factors for amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Patients and methods Thirty-five patients receiving intravenous amphotericin B for treatment of proven or suspected fungal infection who developed nephrotoxicity (greater than 100% increase in baseline serum creatinine to a level above the normal range) were compared with 60 control patients receiving amphotericin B who did not develop nephrotoxicity. Amphotericin B dosing variables and other potential risk factors were analyzed in a logistic regression model. Results Cases of nephrotoxicity received a significantly higher average daily dose of amphotericin B (0.49 ± 0.18 mg/kg/day) than did controls (0.34 ± 0.17 mg/kg/day). In a multivariate model, the risk of nephrotoxicity increased 3.7-fold for each 50-mg increase in total dose for a fixed duration of therapy and patient weight. Risk decreased by a factor of 0.4 for each extra day of therapy for a fixed total dose and weight. An increase in weight was also protective when the two other dosage variables were held constant. Each 0.10 mg/kg/ day dose increment was associated with a 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.7) increase in the risk of nephrotoxicity. Other significant risk factors included diuretic use during amphotericin B therapy (12.5, 1.7 to 94.7), for which a linear doseresponse relationship was demonstrated, and an abnormal baseline serum creatinine level (15.4, 1.4 to 173.2). Conclusion Risk factors for amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity include higher average daily doses (approximately a doubling for each 0.10 mg/kg/day increment), diuretic use, and abnormal baseline renal function. These data suggest possible protective interventions and will aid clinicians in assessing the risk-benefit ratio of amphotericin B therapy for deep fungal infection.
Signal processing in acoustic surface-wave devices

The Rayleigh surface-wave mode propagates on the surface of suitable elastic solids with velocity independent of frequency at about 10-5 times the speed of light and an attenuation of about 1.5 dB for 104 wavelengths. Thus as a delay line it is far more compact, has much less attenuation, and can be much cheaper than electromagnetic delay lines. Piezoelectric elastic solids permit the launching and detection of the waves by electrodes on the surface. Fabrication technology is similar to that used for monolithic semiconductors and amplification is possible by interaction with carriers in a semiconductor surface layer. Parametric interactions can be used to perform convolution of two signals. The feasibility of deflecting and modulating light beams also has been demonstrated. This rapidly developing art can today produce delay lines, filters, pulse compressors and expanders, and pulse-sequence generators and decoders, and in the future may perform convolution, correlation, and light-beam manipulation in small, economical, low-power structures.
Relatedness, relevance and responsiveness in retrieval systems

Abstract The varying uses of the term “relevance” are considered by analyzing retrieval-related activities into three different processes (Formulation, Retrieval, and Utilization) and four sorts of entities (Enquiry, Attribute, Response, and Benefit). Three quite different sorts of “relevance” are identified (Responsiveness, Pertinence, and Beneficiality). It is argued that relevance in the sense of utility cannot properly be used to evaluate the performance of retrieval processes as retrieval processes. Any use of utility implies that the utilization is also being considered.
Preparations and applications of synthetic linked azamacrocycle ligands and complexes

Covalently linked azamacrocycles have been known for several decades, but only a modest number of these ligands and their complexes had been described prior to 2000. Since that time, a number of new synthetic methods for their preparation have been discovered, yielding a growing collection of these interesting ligands. Additionally, the number of uses to which these ligands and their metal complexes have been applied has expanded. In this review, the important synthetic methods yielding linked azamacrocycles will be outlined, and their applications will be discussed.
Flow-Gradient Patterns in Severe Aortic Stenosis With Preserved Ejection Fraction Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Survival

Background—Among patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved ejection fraction, those with low gradient (LG) and reduced stroke volume may have an adverse prognosis. We investigated the prognostic impact of stroke volume using the recently proposed flow-gradient classification. Methods and Results—We examined 1704 consecutive patients with severe AS (aortic valve area <1.0 cm2) and preserved ejection fraction (≥50%) using 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Patients were stratified by stroke volume index (<35 mL/m2 [low flow, LF] versus ≥35 mL/m2 [normal flow, NF]) and aortic gradient (<40 mm Hg [LG] versus ≥40 mm Hg [high gradient, HG]) into 4 groups: NF/HG, NF/LG, LF/HG, and LF/LG. NF/LG (n=352, 21%), was associated with favorable survival with medical management (2-year estimate, 82% versus 67% in NF/HG; P<0.0001). LF/LG severe AS (n=53, 3%) was characterized by lower ejection fraction, more prevalent atrial fibrillation and heart failure, reduced arterial compliance, and reduced su...
Sex role learning in the nuclear family.

In his article, "Freudian Theories of Identification and Their Derivatives" (5), Bronfenbrenner ends his excellent analysis and codification of identification theories with the injunction that what we need is not more theory but more empirical research. He states that elaborate theoretical explanations of assumed phenomena have been made but that in reality "very little is known about the extent of variation in the behavior of fathers and mothers toward sons and daughters, and even less about the possible effects of such differential treatment" (5, P39). We would argue that "very little is known" about parental behavior and identification processes, not because there are no data, but because there is no adequate theoretical explanation to which existing findings can be assimilated and thereby become "known." It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to make theoretical sense out of already available findings, many of which appear anomalous from the standpoint of current orthodoxy, by proposing some simple, but we think crucial, modifications in Freudian and post-Freudian identification theory.
Comparison of fixed-pattern and multiple-pattern structured light imaging systems

We present a quantitative comparison of a fixed-pattern structured light system and a multi-pattern structured light system under varying capture environments. Several factors affect the performance of these systems, which makes the task of a fair comparison a very challenging aspect of this study. We conducted our experiments under controlled environment to enable us to control various system parameters for a fair comparison of these two techniques. We describe our methodology in choosing the system parameters for our study. For this analysis, we used two ground truth models with various depth and spatial variations as well as some smooth regions. These models are representative of two extremes of depth measurement scenarios. We show that multi-pattern approaches can be very accurate in controlled environment in stationary scenes due to high SNR, whereas fixed pattern methods are robust to ambient lighting changes but they have lesser accuracy. Further, in practical applications, we show that the multi-pattern approach has higher spatial and depth resolution when compared to a fixed pattern system.
The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Promotion of Flowering

Research on flowering in forest trees has pursued two main objectives: 1) developing methods for stimulating flowering of selected genotypes to accelerate progeny testing, and 2) hastening the production of genetically-improved seeds in seed orchards. Cultural techniques have been used to some extent in the past for these purposes, but the use of plant-growth regulators (PGRs), particularly the gibberellins (GAs), has been increasingly successful. GAs have been shown to induce flowering in most conifers, but GA application on an operational basis has been worked out for only a few species. GAs have been applied effectively by topical treatment, by stem or branch injections, and by foliar sprays. The timing and concentration of applied chemicals are important and vary from species to species. Another PGR, naphthalene-acetic acid, is synergistic with GAs in some species. Adjunct cultural treatments are often used in combination with treatment with GAs. The success of treatment with GAs is determined to some extent upon the stage of development of the treated plants. The endogenous PGRs regulating flowering are not completely known but it appears that the GAs, the cytokinins, and bascisic acid may all be changed by treatments which induce flowering. Improved techniques becoming available for measuring PGRs are beginning to stimulate research on the endogenous PGRs. The PGRs will continue to play a major role in stimulating flowering in forest trees.
Measurement of the strongly held water of lysozyme by drying

A method for the measurement of water that is strongly held by lysozyme is described. This water is slowly removed by vaccum drying of lyophilized and can be titrated with the Karl Fischer reagent. Drying curves were obtained by mechanical pumping (moderate vacuum) and diffusion pumping (high vacuum) at 20°, 10°, 0°, −10° and −20°C. About 23 water molecules per lysozyme molecule are at least moderately held by the protein. These water molecules fall into several classes. Three to four of them are quite strongly held and may correspond to the three buried water molecules observed in the x-ray analysis of lysozyme structure. The presence of tri-N-acetylglycosamine in the lysozyme active cleft has no effect on drying at 0°C. The method shows promise of being generally applicable to the measurement of small amounts of water which are strongly held by biological structures.
Vasopressin: Possible Role of Microtubules and Microfilaments in Its Action

Colchicine, vinblastine, podophyllotoxin, and cytochalasin B inhibit the action of vasopressin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate on osmotic water movement across the toad bladder. The findings suggest that microtubules, and possibly microfilaments, play a role in the action of vasopressin, perhaps through involvement in the mechanism of release of secretory material from the bladder epithelial cells.
Predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from polar solvents

A method for predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from polar solvents is presented. The model is an improvement of the recent method developed by Winn and Doherty (A.I.Ch.E. Journal 44 (1998) 2501) for predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from solvents in which the energy of adhesion at the interfaces is dominated by dispersive forces (e.g., non-polar solvents). The principal characteristic of the new method is that it can account for the role of hydrogen donor and hydrogen acceptor atoms in forming strong bonds at the interface. This technique is a first step towards predicting the shapes of organic crystals grown from polar solvents, and has been applied successfully to predict the shape of adipic acid grown from water, and succinic acid grown from water and from propanol.
New Experimental Limit on the Stability of the Electron

A lower limit of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{25}$ yr (68% C.L.) is reported for the mean life of the electron decay via the branch ${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$. This is significantly longer than the best previously reported limit. Data were collected for 8850 h with an ultralow-background 135-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge detector located 1438 m underground. The electrons of primary interest are in the germanium crystal and in 102 kg of copper surrounding the detector. A projection of the ultimate limit on the half-life for this decay mode which would be attainable using this technique, under the most optimistic circumstances, is about 3 orders of magnitude higher.
In vitro regulation of cholesterol metabolism by low density lipoproteins in skin fibroblasts from hypo-and hyperresponding squirrel monkeys.

Abstract When squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) are fed diets containing cholesterol, some individuals (hyperresponders) become hypercholesterolemic, while others (hyporesponders) are able to maintain nearly normal plasma cholesterol concentrations. Skin fibroblasts were grown from three hyperresponder and three hyporesponder squirrel monkeys, previously characterized on the basis of their plasma cholesterol response to two cholesterol-containing diets and the phenotype of their parents. The rates of cholesterol synthesis and esterification were determined in the cultured fibroblasts incubated with low density lipoproteins isolated from normocholesterolemic squirrel monkeys or hypercholesterolemic rhesus monkeys. Both lipoprotein preparations influenced the metabolic parameters measured in a similar manner in cells from both hypo- and hyperresponder animals. Exposure of skin fibroblasts to low density lipoproteins resulted in a stimulation of cholesterol esterification and a suppression of cholesterol synthesis in cells from both hypo- and hyperresponder animals. When incubated with increasing concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, up to 50 μg/ml, fibroblasts from both hypo- and hyperresponding animals responded with a similar maximum percentage suppression of sterol synthesis. Thus, hyperresponsiveness to dietary cholesterol in squirrel monkeys, although a heritable characteristic, is not associated with an inability of low density lipoprotein to suppress cholesterol synthesis or stimulate cholesterol esterification as occurs in familial hypercholesterolemia in man.
Structural basis of BACH1 phosphopeptide recognition by BRCA1 tandem BRCT domains

BRCT tandem domains, found in many proteins involved in DNA damage checkpoint and DNA repair pathways, were recently shown to be phosphopeptide binding motifs. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mutational analysis, we have characterized the interaction of BRCA1-BRCT domains with a phosphoserine-containing peptide derived from the DNA repair helicase BACH1. We show that a phenylalanine in the +3 position from the phosphoserine of BACH1 is bound to a conserved hydrophobic pocket formed between the two BRCT domains and that recognition of the phosphate group is mediated by lysine and serine side chains from the amino-terminal BRCT domain. Mutations that prevent phosphopeptide binding abolish BRCA1 function in DNA damage-induced checkpoint control. Our NMR data also reveal a dynamic interaction between BRCA1-BRCT and BACH1, where the bound phosphopeptide exists as an equilibrium of two conformations and where BRCA1-BRCT undergoes a transition to a more rigid conformation upon peptide binding.
The quiet and slowly varying components of 9.1 cm radio emission during the solar minimum

Radio emission from the sun at a wavelength of 9.1 cm has been studied during the quiet sun years, 1964–65, using the Stanford spectroheliograph. A map of the quiet sun has been prepared and compared with a map produced using the same instrument in 1960. On the basis of ray tracing results the differences in the two maps can be explained by a decrease in the electron density by a factor of 1.4 at the equator and 1.1 at the poles.