cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Time Varying Delays in Stochastic System via Combined Non-Linear Estimation and Viterbi Algorithm

This paper introduces a class of estimators for the identification of time varying delays in linear discrete time stochastic systems. The proposed new technique which is suboptimum in maximum likelihood is realized by parallel nonlinear filtering coupled with a Viterbi Algorithm (VA). This class of finite memory nonlinear state estimators (NLSE) provide the components needed by the VA for the delay sequence identification which approaches maximum likelihood with increase in the memory length.
Digital Image Coding For Robust Multimedia Transmission

Reliable reception of still images is imperative in providing robust multimedia transmission over networks offering non-guaranteed transmission, such as ATM and other packet-based networks, satellite channels, and wireless networks. Not only are images used in home-shopping catalogs and on-line information services, but they also form the anchor frames for many video coding algorithms, notably MPEG and H.261. When considering digital image coding, generally the rate-distortion curve is the predominant criteria for measuring the goodness of an algorithm — an algorithm that produces a high PSNR at a high compression ratio is desirable. However, when such a compressed stream is segmented into packets and transmitted over an unreliable network, packet loss can have catastrophic consequences. Depending on the type of source coding employed and the information lost, damaged images may exhibit large segments of missing data, aliasing, or generally poor quality. Robustness is therefore vital for digital image transmission.
Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge: Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations

For more than half a century, my students and I have sought to understand why some learners acquire a deep, meaningful understanding of materials studied, whereas others have only a superficial grasp of the information presented. Often the latter kind of student had high school grades and high standardized test scores. What appeared to underlie the differences in these two groups of students was the differences in the way they approached learning of subject matter. Unfortunately, as a graduate student at the University of Minnesota in the 1950’s, the only learning psychology taught was behavioral psychology, and this largely sought to remove meaning from learning experiments, either by using animals, nonsense syllables, paired-word associations, or other material that would not “contaminate” experiments due to the almost idiosyncratic nature of leaner’s meanings of concepts or ideas. I thought then that behavioral psychology had essentially no relevance to human learning of the kind I was interested in. Fortunately for our research group, Ausubel’s assimilation theory of meaningful learning was published in 1963, and this provided a solid theoretical foundation for the work we were interested in doing.
Wave-packet self-imaging and giant recombinations via stable Bloch-Zener oscillations in photonic lattices with local P T symmetry

We propose a family of local $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric photonic lattices with transverse refraction index gradient $\ensuremath{\omega}$, where the emergence of stable Bloch-Zener oscillations are controlled by the interplay of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ with the degree of non-Hermiticity $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of the lattice. In the exact $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric phase we identify a condition between $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ for which a wave-packet self-imaging together with a cascade of splittings and giant recombinations occurs at various propagation distances. The giant wave-packet recombination is further enhanced by introducing local impurities.
Production of Dicarboxylic Acids by Candida cloacae Mutant Unable to Assimilate n-Alkane

Strain MR-12 which was derived from Candida cloacae M-1 as a mutant unable to assimilate n-alkane showed marked increase in dicarboxylic acid (DC) productivity from n-alkane. Resting cells of strain MR-12 produced 42.7g/liter of n-tetradecane 1, 14-dicarboxylic acid (DC-16) from n-hexadecane (n-C16) after 72hr' incubation. DC degradation activities of strain M-1 and MR-12 were found to be markedly reduced and their activities against DC-16 decreased to 40% and 10% of that of the parent strain, respectively. Strain M-1 and MR-12 produced DC from the various oxidized derivatives of n-alkane such as alcohol, diol, aldehyde, fatty acid and methyl- or ethylester of fatty acid other than n-alkane. The carbon balance in n-C16 oxidation seas determined by using resting cells of strain MR-12 and about 6% of utilized carbon was recovered as DC-16 and about 40% was recovered as CO2.
In vitro culture of somite stage rat embryos: a new technique for maintaining growth and continuously monitoring heart rate. Applications in metabolic and teratologic studies.

Rat embryos removed during somite stages were attached to small rafts by using the technique described by D. A. T. New (J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 17: 513–525, 1967). The embryos were maintained in a viable growing state in circulating human serum. Twenty-four-hour cultures of day 11 rat embryos resulted in nearly normal increases in somite count, but length and protein increments were about one-half of in vivo values. After 24 hr of culture, the embryos were generally translucent and showed no apparent areas of gross or microscopic tissue necrosis. The apparatus is extremely compact and requires only about 9 ml of medium, which is sufficient to support three embryos. The small volume allows measurement of metabolites consumed or liberated with reasonable accuracy. By use of a technique of transillumination, using a laser and photomultiplying tube, a detailed and continuous record of heart rate can be made. Addition of drugs to, and sampling of, the culture medium is done easily.
EVIO — A lightweight object-oriented I/O package

The EVIO package implements I/O between disk and an in-memory hierarchical object tree. Tree nodes are either container nodes, holding other nodes, or leaf nodes, containing any amount of data of a single type (int64_t,..., int8_t, float, double, and string). Trees can easily be constructed using factory methods and stream operators; queried using STL-like algorithms, function object, etc; or modified using tree or node methods. The tree logically maps to XML, and utilities exist to transform between binary and ASCII XML formats. The binary representation is compact, I/O is simple and efficient, and endian conversions are handled automatically. EVIO will be used by the next generation of experiments at Jefferson Lab1.
Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' Response to the 1913-1914 Colorado Coal Strike

Ivy Lee's work on behalf of the Rockefellers and the coal mine operators in the aftermath of the bitter Colorado coal strike of 1913-1914 was a milestone in early public relations. Based primarily on original manuscripts, this historical study chronicles Lee's work as a consultant in 1914 and as a Rockefeller staff member in 1915. Lee's best-known activity was a series of controversial informational bulletins targeted at opinion leaders. He also engaged in government relations, conducted some media relations, and provided advice on how the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company could improve labor relations. The findings provide no support for claims that Lee was intentionally deceptive, but supports a contradiction thesis, which suggests a gap existed between Lee's espoused principles of publicity and his actions. This contradiction can be explained by the fact that Lee worked in less than ideal circumstances.
Critical Issues in International Group Counseling.

Three-quarters of the world come from collectivistic group-oriented cultures. As the world becomes more globalized it is inevitable that group counseling will be a major choice of healing and psychological intervention internationally. However, a review of scholarly articles from The Journal for Specialists in Group Work and Group Dynamics during the past 10 years reveals that there are few articles that address international group work. To better prepare group counselors to do group counseling across international boundaries this article discusses 9 critical cross-cultural themes in international group work and the importance of having an international group counseling training curriculum.
Numerical investigation of performance degradation of wings and rotors due to icing

The aerodynamic load characteristics and the performance degradation of moderate aspect ratio wings and rotors with simulated glaze leading-edge ice have been studied using a three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes solver. The effect of a splitter plate at the wing root on both clean and iced wing configurations has been studied and the results are compared with the experiment. A significant difference has been observed with and without splitter plates in the magnitude of flow separation and aerodynamic loading at the inboard stations for the iced wing at 8-deg angle of attack. Inviscid calculations were performed and compared with viscous calculations to investigate whether the performance of iced swept wings can be inexpensively predicted using Euler methods. It is shown that inviscid calculations predict higher aerodynamic loading than viscous calculations, and cannot model separation effects. A typical nonlifting helicopter rotor in forward flight condition is also studied, and the penalty due to the leading-edge ice formation on the required torque is numerically demonstrated.
Gamma-ray optics using57Co-doped iron single crystals

We have begun a search for “anomalous emission” and “anomalous temporal decay” of nuclear resonant radiation using internal sources located inside thick single crystals. Our samples are two iron single crystals of thicknesses 0.5 and 1.0 mm that have been doped on one side with57Co. From ordinary considerations, these samples are much too thick to allow any 14.4-keV radiation to pass through the crystal and out the other side. However, our results suggest that 14.4-keV radiation is able to be transmitted through the crystals. Furthermore, using coincidence techniques we examined the temporal decay of the 14.4-keV nuclear level under these circumstances.
The Electric Field Instrument (EFI) for THEMIS

The design, performance, and on-orbit operation of the three-axis electric field instrument (EFI) for the NASA THEMIS mission is described. The 20 radial wire boom and 10 axial stacer boom antenna systems making up the EFI sensors on the five THEMIS spacecraft, along with their supporting electronics have been deployed and are operating successfully on-orbit without any mechanical or electrical failures since early 2007. The EFI provides for waveform and spectral three-axis measurements of the ambient electric field from DC up to 8 kHz, with a single, integral broadband channel extending up to 400 kHz. Individual sensor potentials are also measured, providing for on-board and ground-based estimation of spacecraft floating potential and high-resolution plasma density measurements. Individual antenna baselines are 50- and 40-m in the spin plane, and 6.9-m along the spin axis.
Simultaneous Ionization and Excitation of Diatomic Molecules by Impacts with Positive Ions and Excited Atoms

A study of mixtures of helium, neon, and argon with carbon monoxide and nitrogen is made wherein it is demonstrated that impacts occur between a rare gas ion and a diatomic molecule leading to ionization and excitation of the latter. It is also shown that impacts of the second kind between excited helium and neon atoms and neutral carbon monoxide molecules, resulting in the simultaneous ionization and excitation of the latter, are possible. Experiments are described which show the effectiveness of either type of impact to be greatest when the energy difference is the least. These impacts are shown to explain several previously observed but unexplained effects in similar mixtures in glow dicharges. Two new bands in the Baldet-Johnson band system due to ionized carbon monoxide with edges at $\ensuremath{\lambda}4454.95$, 4458.94, 4480.24, 4485.00; and 4494.30, 4498.31, 4519.89, 4524.89 are reported and six new edges and a new band at $\ensuremath{\lambda}3413.14$, 3414.60; 3584.20, 3600.75; 4116.69, 4348.08; 5856.30, 5860.37, 5900.21, 5905.85 in the comet-tail system. The wave-lengths of the heads of all bands of these two systems observed in this investigation have been measured and an analysis of the systems is given. From a study of the intensity distribution of the negative band systems of carbon monoxide excited in He-CO and Ne-CO mixtures, the following deductions relative to the degree of excitation of the CO-ion in the two mixtures are made: In Ne-CO mixtures there are many more CO-ions in the 16.8 volt state than in the 20 volt state, but in He-CO mixtures the reverse is true. A study of the intensities of the individual comet-tail bands excited in He-CO and in Ne-CO mixtures under the same conditions shows that the exciting processes in He-CO mixtures are more effective in exciting the higher vibrational states of the comet-tail bands than they are in Ne-CO mixtures. The spectrum of carbon dioxide recently observed and reported by Fox, Duffendack and Barker has been shown to be due to the carbon dioxide ion.
Time-domain scattering from a nonlinearly loaded wire

The method of moments solution to the time-domain scattering problem developed by Sayre is rederived for a thin straight wire and applied to the case of nonlinear loading. The derivation is made 1) conceptually simpler by use of Welch's reciprocity theorem and 2) easier to follow by use of inequalities.
Design and optimization of parylee nanomechanical cantilevers with integrated piezoresistors for surface-stress based biochemical sensing

Parylene nanomechanical cantilevers with integrated piezoresistors were proposed for biochemical sensing based on surface-stress measurement. By using polymer as the cantilever material, the sensitivity is significantly increased. Simultaneously, parylene piezoresistive cantilevers exhibit different behaviors compared with their more rigid counterparts. Therefore new design guidelines need to be developed. An analytical model of the parylene piezoresistive cantilever was developed and verified using finite element simulation. The design optimization has also been discussed, leading to several useful design guidelines.
A neutron activation method for the determination of thorium in rocks and minerals using the 22-minute 233Th activity

Abstract A method is described for the determination of thorium in rocks and minerals which utilizes neutron activation, a radiochemical separation scheme and counting of the thorium-233 β-activity. A discussion is presented of various dissolution procedures used for silicate rocks with the conclusion that a potassium fluoride-pyrosulfate fusion is preferable to acid dissolution or sodium peroxide fusion or sinter. The sensitivity of the method is 10 p.p.b. with a 100-mg sample. Results are given for the USGS standard rocks.
High-Sensitivity p–n Junction Photodiodes Based on PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

Chemically synthesized nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) are promising materials for applications in solution-processable optoelectronic devices such as light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Here, we fabricate and study two types of p-n junction photodiodes in which the photoactive p-layer is made from PbS NQDs while the transparent n-layer is fabricated from wide bandgap oxides (ZnO or TiO 2). By using a p-n junction architecture we are able to significantly reduce the dark current compared to earlier Schottky junction devices without reducing external quantum efficiency (EQE), which reaches values of up to ∼80%. The use of this device architecture also allows us to significantly reduce noise and obtain high detectivity (>10 12 cm Hz 1/2 W -1) extending to the near infrared past 1 μm. We observe that the spectral shape of the photoresponse exhibits a significant dependence on applied bias, and specifically, the EQE sharply increases around 500-600 nm at reverse biases greater than 1 V. We attribute this behavior to a "turn-on" of an additional contribution to the photocurrent due to electrons excited to the conduction band from the occupied mid-gap states.
Molecular genetics of AMD and current animal models

During the past few years systematic investigation into the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has provided important new insight into this leading cause of vision loss in older persons. These studies provide a view of AMD as a complex trait influenced by well-established genetic and environmental risks that leads to the deposition of inflammatory deposits in the outer retina. This maculopathy leads to visual dysfunction through a variety of mechanisms and complications that can be observed in both humans and animal models. In this review, the risks associated with AMD in humans and the animal models used to study AMD and its complications will be summarized. No effort has been made to perform a comprehensive citation of all areas of AMD genetics and animal models, but rather a selection of observations and supporting references illustrative of the current state of the field is presented.
Pursuing three horizons of growth – three cases: Bombardier (Canada), Disney (US) and Hutchison Whampoa (China)

Purpose – The article looks at how companies pursuing a three‐horizon growth strategy weathered the last economic downturn and what became of their growth initiatives.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the financial performance and continued investment of three growing companies from 1996‐2004: Bombardier (Canada), Hutchison Whampoa (Hong Kong/China) and Disney (US).Findings – The Bombardier, Disney and Hutchison Whampoa cases teach a powerful lesson about the importance of using investment in growth to manage uncertainty and limit downside risk.Research limitations/implications – While the focus of this article is on three companies only, the financial performances of a dozen other growing firms are examined over the same period for purposes of comparison.Practical implications – Following the last downturn, companies sought to preserve the core and outsource non‐critical functions to reduce the cost of business. Some chose to sideline growth initiatives during this period. This article ana...
A heat equation in which the diffusion coefficient changes sign

(DE) 03,~ = 3:~ qa,u -pu +f for (x, t) E (a, b) X (0, T) where-a O,a,=a/&,a,=a/ax, (BC) ~(a, t) = u(b, t) = 0 for t E (0, T), (l-1) (ICI u(x, 0) = J here or p, q, f, u,, , U, are given, u(x, t) is positive or negative accordingly as x is, and the compatibility conditions u,(b) = r.+.(u) = 0 hold. Problems of the type rS,u = 8:~ with u taking on both positive and negative values appear to have been considered first in 1913-1914 by Gevrey in [4] who specifically mentioned the case of a(x, t) = xm with m an odd integer. Much later, in 1968, a detailed treatment of the case cr(x, t) = x was worked out by Baouendi and Grisvard in [2]. A similar treatment in a context in which 3: is replaced by a suitable nonlinear differential operator may be found in Lions’ book [7, pp. 337-3431. Much of the present paper may be looked upon as a direct generalization of the ideas and methods of [2].
Fetal hemodynamic and fetoplacental vascular response to exogenous arginine vasopressin

Fetal hemodynamics and fetoplacental blood flow were measured in chronically instrumented ovine fetuses during intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin. Vasopressin was infused at rates ranging from 1 to 300 ng/min/kg estimated fetal mass. This range of infusion rates produces plasma arginine vasopressin levels observed throughout a wide range of fetal stress. No maternal effects were observed at any infusion rates used in this investigation. Fetal heart rate declined linearly with the log of the infusion rate. Mean fetal arterial pressure showed a sigmoidal response to log arginine vasopressin infusion rate, reaching a plateau at 30 ng/min/kg. Umbilical vascular resistance increased throughout the entire range of infusion rates. Fetoplacental blood flow decreased with increasing infusion rate but decreased only 4% to 13% throughout the range of infusion rates that produce plasma arginine vasopressin levels commonly observed during fetal stress. Because umbilical vascular resistance continued to rise after arterial pressure reached a plateau, fetoplacental blood flow decreased 31% at the highest infusion rate. However, the plasma vasopressin level associated with this infusion rate is probably in excess of that associated with severe fetal distress. The fetoplacental vascular bed is, therefore, either relatively insensitive to arginine vasopressin, or is capable of autoregulation in the face of high circulating levels of arginine vasopressin.
A PRACTICE-CENTERED MODEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL RENEWAL THROUGH PRODUCT INNOVATION

Theories of organizational renewal and organizational design often bear little relationship to the complex, murky day-to-day realities people face. This paper develops an understanding of the renewing organization based on the practice of product innovation. The practice of product innovation is conceived of as the creation and exploitation of knowledge which links market and technological possibilities. Four clusters of market-technology knowledge are described and metaphors for their creation are developed. Then, three organizing principles which can sustain the ongoing development and exploitation of market-technology knowledge are described. The model provides a realistic understanding of the practice of product innovation and of the renewing organization. It also shows how innovation, strategy, and organizational design are inextricably linked.
History of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in Western and Central Caribbean Panama

Humans have altered terrestrial and marine coastal environments in Central America through land clearing and fishing for over 10,000 yrs. The intensity of human disturbance has been strongly influenced by local physiographic and climatic conditions that affect the productivity of the land and sea. The importance of these factors is readily apparent along the Caribbean coast of Panama. Environmental conditions have played an important role in the differing histories of population and environmental disturbance in Bocas del Toro along the western coast and Costa Arriba de Colon (Costa Arriba) along the central coast. Both regions suffered catastrophic mortality of indigenous peoples soon after european contact and did not return to pre-contact levels until at least the 19th century. During the Spanish colonial era, Bocas del Toro remained relatively sparsely populated until the early 20th century due to its isolation from the Pacific by high mountains, excessive rainfall, and relatively smaller area of alluvial flood plains for human habitation and agriculture. In contrast, the low-lying topography of Costa Arriba was conducive to early colonial occupation in the 16th century and rapid population growth and environmental disturbance since the mid-19th century. This earlier onset of intense human disturbance is likely responsible for the more degraded state of coral reefs in Costa Arriba compared to Bocas del Toro. The timeline of human interaction with the coastal environment of Caribbean Panama thus provides a deeper-time perspective from which to more accurately assess the causes of the recently observed collapse of Caribbean coral reefs.
Multidimensional scaling of spouses' attributions for marital conflicts

Attributional dimensions for marital conflicts were derived using a multidimensional scaling of spouses' explanations for relationships problems. Four dimensions for husbands and four dimensions for wives were interpreted by using visual inspection and their relation to attributional dimensions drawn from the literature. Most of the dimensions reflected the locus of factors affecting relationship problems. However, the dimensions seemed to have additional meaning beyond the causal dimensions used in many past studies. Particularly noteworthy were dimensions (one for the husbands and one for the wives) that reflected attributions torelationship schism, or the “poor state of the relationship.” Additionally, one of the husbands' attributional dimensions reflected a denial of serious problems in the relationship. Initial evidence suggested that attributional dimensions in the present study were associated with marital distress. The results are interpreted in light of existing research, and the implications of the findings for future investigations are discussed.
Selective expression of an aP2/Fatty Acid Binding Protein4-Cre transgene in non-adipogenic tissues during embryonic development

Mouse strains expressing the site-specific Cre recombinase facilitate conditional ablation or activation of genomic sequences when one or several exons of a gene of interest are flanked by loxP sites. Recently, several strains targeting Cre expression to adipocytes have been developed using promoter sequences from the aP2 (Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4, FABP4) gene for adipose tissue-specific gene expression studies. aP2/FABP4 is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, and while this promoter provides adipocyte-restricted expression postnatally, its expression throughout embryonic development had not been previously characterized. In this report, we demonstrate that the aP2-Cre transgene is expressed and consistently localized within the embryo from mid-gestation stage 9.5 dpc. By 15.5 dpc, β-gal activity was detected primarily in the brown adipose tissue, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, cartilage primordia and vertebrae. Immunofluorescence staining for Cre recombinase and FABP4 protein showed a corresponding staining pattern similar to that of β-gal, confirming that Cre recombinase was produced in the transgenic line at late stages of development, and overlapped with endogenous aP2/FABP4 production. Further, fat-specific oil red O staining of tissue sections validated the presence of lipids in the stained tissues indicating that adipocytes and/or adipocyte-like cells were indeed present in these tissues. This is the first report to our knowledge to describe and confirm aP2/FABP4 promoter expression in this transgenic line during development in the mouse embryo and indicates that aP2/FABP4 expression occurs not only in mature adipocytes, but has a wider embryonic expression pattern than previously appreciated.
Competition for 15N-labeled fertilizer in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

The degree of tree-crop competition for nitrogen (N) and its effect on fertilizer-use efficiency and N movement were examined in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system. Assessment of competition was accomplished via the installation of a belowground polyethylene root barrier in half the number of plots in order to provide two treatments–barrier and non-barrier. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (NDF) and fertilizer-use efficiency (UFN) were determined using 15N-enriched ammonium sulfate (5% atom enrichment) applied at 89.6 kg N ha−1. In cotton, the barrier treatment resulted in higher leaf (38%), stem (66%), seed cotton (55%) and total (58%) biomass compared to the non-barrier treatment. Total N content in leaf, stem and seed cotton was 67% higher in barrier compared to non-barrier treatment. Percentage of NDF in cotton leaf and stem was significantly lower in barrier (15.8% and 17.3%, respectively) compared to non-barrier treatment (20.4% and 21.2%, respectively). For UFN, this trend was reversed, with plants in barrier treatment having a higher percentage of UFN. Root trenching did not affect pecan foliar N concentration, canopy N content, NDF or UFN. In soil, N recovery at 90–120 cm depth was lower in non-barrier treatment, indicating tree root uptake of fertilizer N. Although tree roots in non-barrier treatment had access to fertilizer N, competition was mainly for N already in the soil, since fertilizer was applied after major seasonal nutrient demands of the trees had been met. Overall, the alley cropping system in this study exhibits potential for efficient N cycling, given the apparent ability of pecan trees to intercept and uptake N fertilizer from deeper soil layers and return to surface soil via litterfall.
The neutron radius of 208Pb

Abstract A simple method is presented for calculating the radius of the neutron distribution of a nucleus from the energy of the isobaric analog state and the charge radius. The r.m.s. radius of the neutron distribution of 208Pb is calculated using the experimentally determined r.m.s. charge radius of 5.51 fm and the Coulomb displacement energy of 18.98 MeV. An r.m.s. neutron radius larger than the proton radius by 0.07 ± 0.03 fm is obtained.
Thermochemical hydrogen production: past and present

Abstract The processes for hydrogen production discussed in this paper are those for which water is the only material input and hydrogen and oxygen are the only material outputs: H 2 O + X → XO + H 2 XO → X +1/2 O 2 —————————————− H 2 O → H 2 +1/2 O 2 Furthermore, the required energy inputs are meant to be mainly heat (rather than useful work, such as electricity). As shown above, these processes may be visualized as a set of chemical reactions which sum the decomposition of water.
Virtual slide telepathology for an academic teaching hospital surgical pathology quality assurance program

Virtual slide telepathology is an important potential tool for providing re-review of surgical pathology cases as part of a quality assurance program. The University of Arizona pathology faculty has implemented a quality assurance program between 2 university hospitals located 6 miles apart. The flagship hospital, University Medical Center (UMC), in Tucson, AZ, handles approximately 20 000 surgical pathology specimens per year. University Physicians Healthcare Hospital (UPHH) at Kino Campus has one tenth the volume of surgical pathology cases. Whereas UMC is staffed by 10 surgical pathologists, UPHH is staffed daily by a single part-time pathologist on a rotating basis. To provide same-day quality assurance re-reviews of cases, a DMetrix DX-40 ultrarapid virtual slide scanner (DMetrix, Inc, Tucson, AZ) was installed at the UPHH in 2005. Since then, glass slides of new cases of cancer and other difficult cases have been scanned the same day the slides are produced by the UPHH histology laboratory. The pathologist at UPHH generates a provisional written report based on light microscopic examination of the glass slides. At 2:00 pm each day, completed cases from UPHH are re-reviewed by staff pathologists, pathology residents, and medical students at the UMC using the DMetrix Iris virtual slide viewer. The virtual slides are viewed on a 50-in plasma monitor. Results are communicated with the UPHH laboratory by fax. We have analyzed the results of the first 329 consecutive quality assurance cases. There was complete concordance with the original UPHH diagnosis in 302 (91.8%) cases. There were 5 (1.5%) major discrepancies, which would have resulted in different therapy and/or management, and 10 (3.0%) minor discrepancies. In 6 cases (1.8%), the diagnosis was deferred for examination of the glass slides by the reviewing pathologists at UMC, and the diagnosis of another 6 (1.8%) cases were deferred pending additional testing, usually immunohistochemistry. Thus, the quality assurance program found a small number of significant diagnostic discrepancies. We also found that implementation of a virtual slide telepathology quality assurance service improved the job satisfaction of academic subspecialty pathologists assigned to cover on-site surgical pathology services at a small, affiliated university hospital on a rotating part-time basis. These findings should be applicable to some community hospital group practices as well.
Alterations in L-type calcium channels in the brain and spinal cord of acutely treated and morphine-tolerant mice

Abstract Opiate tolerance has been associated with changes in neuronal intracellular calcium levels. In vivo studies have indicated the involvement of dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive (‘L-type’) voltage-gated calcium channels in the morphine-tolerant state. In this study, we assessed how the morphine-tolerant state would affect the antinociception produced by intrathecal administration of two agents (Bay K 8644 and thapsigargin) that increase intracellular calcium. Morphine-tolerant mice displayed a 7-fold greater ED50 for Bay K 8644 antinociception than placebo-treated animals; no difference was found in the dose-response curve for thapsigargin. To further explore the role of the L-type channel in morphine tolerance development, we performed radiolabeled nitrendipine binding studies in the spinal cord and brain regions associated with pain modulation from acutely treated, tolerant, and control mice. Our treatment protocol produced a 4-fold shift in the ED50 for s.c. morphine antinociception, as determined by the tail-flick procedure. Binding site number and affinity were determined using Scatchard analysis for the following timepoints: 20 min and 60 min after s.c. injection of morphine or vehicle, as well as after 4 days of chronic administration, and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Although some changes were observed in the affinity of nitrendipine for its receptor, a significant change in these measures was found only following naloxone administration, which produced increases in Bmax in both placebo- and morphine-treated mice.
Conceptualizing Disability: Developing a Framework for Political Disability Identity

Empirical analysis of disability identity has great potential to improve understanding of the role of disability status in identity politics. Despite ongoing discussions of the relevance of disability identity in the disability rights movement and political actions related to disability, there is limited research into its nature and its underlying psychological, social, and political constructs. This may in part be caused by the lack of a theoretical model to guide analysis. This article proposes a conceptual framework to guide empirical analysis of disability identity, outlining six potential construct domains and their sub-domains based on a review of scholarly discussions and empirical research.
Morphology of Quench Condensed Pb Films near the Insulator to Metal Transition

We present in situ scanning tunneling microscopy topographs of Pb films, formed by vapor deposition onto cold $(Tl20\mathrm{K})$, inert substrates, near their insulator to metal transition. At the critical mass deposited thickness for conduction, ${d}_{G}\ensuremath{\cong}5.2\mathrm{nm}$, the films consist of approximately two layers of nanoclusters with diameter, $2r\ensuremath{\approx}20\mathrm{nm}$ and height, $3.5\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\le}5.5\mathrm{nm}$. We discuss how the nanocluster size and formation mechanism dictate the need for two layers to form in order for conduction to commence.
Foreign Language Teaching and Bilingual Education: Research Implications

Much of the recent research in second language acquisition has focused on the learner rather than on the teacher and has been undertaken not in foreign language teaching but rather in bilingual education context, in which second language acquisition takes place through functional use rather than through formal instruction. However, research findings suggest that primary school children exposed to bilingual immersion-type programs which lack a second language speaking peer group tend to develop pidginized version of the second language. Therefore, formal foreign language teaching may be needed even in bilingual immersion programs for primary school children. Even in exposure to a peer group, second language teaching can make at least a short run difference in improving grammatical use and correctness. Data from a study recently undertaken at Stanford University show that certain types of language teaching behaviors (e.g., modeling, using visual aids, etc.) relate significantly to pupil achievement as measured by comprehension and production tests. A plea is made for (1) foreign language teaching research undertaken by foreign language specialists using behavioral categories related directly to the foreign language curriculum, (2) a combination of functional and formal approaches (e.g., bilingual education and second language teaching) to achieve second or foreign language proficiency.
Improving the sensitivity of the end-cap reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

A miniaturized time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer utilizes an end-cap reflectron to achieve high kinetic energy focusing and improved mass resolution. However, the coaxial geometry gives rise to considerable losses in sensitivity resulting from reflected ion trajectories close to the center. These trajectories were modeled, using initial ion velocity distributions in the radial direction up to 300 m s(-1), and the portion of the active area of the detector that is utilized was evaluated experimentally using a variable diameter iris diaphragm. The sensitivity was improved by modification of the reflectron by tilting the end-cap electrode 4 degrees and redirecting the ions to a portion of the detector active area. Sensitivity was then measured as 3 fmol of the peptide substance P.
The integration of motivation

We propose that a control system will address the causal dynamics of the neural network that Depue & Collins regard as underlying extraversion. We briefly describe a control system approach and articulate the notion of integration. The integration of goals and regards is achieved by subcortical assessment of reward in the nucleus accumbens and VTA (ventral tegmental area) transmission of this information largely by dopaminergic systems and representation of reward in the MOC (medial orbital cortex). Thus reward information is collected, integrated, and evaluated in the MOC. Such control decisions rely on constraining processes, a functional property of the MOC mediated largely by serotonergic neurons.
Review: Current status and future directions of precision aerial application for site-specific crop management in the USA

The first variable-rate aerial application system was developed about a decade ago in the USA and since then, aerial application has benefitted from these technologies. Many areas of the United States rely on readily available agricultural airplanes or helicopters for pest management, and variable-rate aerial application provides a solution for applying field inputs such as cotton growth regulators, defoliants, and insecticides. In the context of aerial application, variable-rate control can simply mean terminating spray over field areas that do not require inputs, terminating spray near pre-defined buffer areas determined by Global Positioning, or applying multiple rates to meet the variable needs of the crop. Prescription maps for aerial application are developed using remote sensing, Global Positioning, and Geographic Information System technologies. Precision agriculture technology has the potential to benefit the agricultural aviation industry by saving operators and farmers time and money.
Association between the low threshold calcium spike and activation of NMDA receptors in guinea-pig substantia nigra pars compacta neurons

The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and the low threshold calcium spike (LTS) of phasically firing neurons in the rostral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in mid-brain slices. Bath perfusion of 10 microM NMDA gradually increased the LTS area and the effect reached a maximum after 6 min of perfusion. This enhancement of the LTS by NMDA was blocked both by a competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 50 microM D-AP5 and 10 microM MK801, respectively, demonstrating that this effect of NMDA was mediated through NMDA receptors. Prolonged exposure to increasing concentrations of NMDA (0.1-100 microM) progressively decreased the LTS area. The higher doses led to an irreversible marked depolarization and decrease of the membrane resistance. These results suggest that the LTS of SNpc neurons can trigger a NMDA receptor-dependent response which may have physiological and pathological roles.
Materials For High Average Power Lasers

Unique materials properties requirements for solid state high average power (HAP) lasers dictate a materials development research program. A review of the desirable laser, optical and thermo-mechanical properties for HAP lasers precedes an assessment of the development status for crystalline and glass hosts optimized for HAP lasers.
Combined action of oligo-1, 4--1,4-glucantransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in debranching glycogen.

Enzymatic Debranching of Glycogen: Combined Action of Oligo-1,4→1,4-glucan-transferase and Amylo-1,6-glucosidase in Debranching Glycogen
A reactive transport model for geochemical mitigation of CO2 leaking into a confined aquifer

Abstract Long-term storage of anthropogenic CO 2 in the subsurface generally assumes that caprock formations will serve as physical barriers to upward migration of CO 2 . However, as a precaution and to provide assurances to regulators and the public, monitoring is used detect any unexpected leakage from the storage reservoir. If a leak is found, the ability to rapidly deploy mitigation measures is needed. Here we use the TOUGHREACT code to develop a series of two-dimensional reactive transport simulations of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of a newly formed CO 2 leak into an overlying aquifer. Using this model, we consider: (1) geochemical shifts in formation water indicative of a leak; (2) hydrodynamics of pumping wells in the vicinity of a leak; and (3) delivery of a sealant to a leak through an adjacent well bore. Our results demonstrate that characteristic shifts in pH and dissolved inorganic carbon can be detected in the aquifer prior to the breakthrough of supercritical CO 2 , and could offer a potential means of identifying small and newly formed leaks. Pumping water into the aquifer in the vicinity of the leak provides a hydrodynamic control that can temporarily mitigate the flux rate of CO 2 and facilitate delivery of a sealant to the location of the caprock defect. Injection of a fluid-phase sealant through the pumping well is demonstrated by introduction of a silica-bearing alkaline flood, resulting in precipitation of amorphous silica in areas of neutral to acidic pH. Results show that a decrease in permeability of several orders of magnitude can be achieved with a high molar volume sealant, such that CO 2 flux rate is decreased. However, individual simulation results are highly contingent upon both the properties of the sealant, the porosity-permeability relationship employed in the model, and the relative flux rates of CO 2 and alkaline flood introduced into the aquifer. These conclusions highlight the need for both experimental data and controlled field tests to constrain modelling predictions.
Biosynthesis and phosphorylation of vaccinia virus structural protein VP11

One of the major DNA binding proteins contained in vaccinia virus is an 11-kDA species denoted VP11. The biosynthesis of VP11, a late polypeptide, occurs subsequent to the initiation of viral DNA replication. In particular, VP11 synthesis is blocked by cytosine arabinoside, a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis. We show here that VP11 is specifically phosphorylated subsequent to translation. Phosphorylated VP11 is present both in viral core particles and in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Kinetic analysis reveals that the total amount of phosphorylated VP11 species increases rapidly and remains approximately constant for as long as 17 hr postinfection. Phosphorylation occurs at two different serine residues, progressing from either site singly to the diphosphorylated product. Under steady-state conditions, the phosphorylated derivative constitutes approximately 85% of total VP11 in extracts of vaccinia virus-infected cells. Even though 15% of the VP11 remains unphosphorylated in cell extracts, only phosphorylated VP11 is found in mature viral cores.
Comparison of gut-evacuation rates of feeding and non-feeding Calanus marshallae

Gut-evacuation rates were compared for feeding and non-feeding Calanus marshallae collected near Yaquina Bay, Oregon (44°37′N; 124°04′W) from June 1986 through May 1987. Evacuation rates were measured at four concentrations of Thalassiosira weissflogii from the decline of gut-pigment fluorescence following transfer of copepods to filtered seawater and from the loss of cells labelled with 68-germanium, a radioactive analog of silicon. There was no significant difference between gut-evacuation rates of feeding and non-feeding copepods over both short-term (20 min) and long-term (90 min) evacuation times. Furthermore there was no difference between rates obtained using either pigment or 68Ge as tracers of gut food-passage. These results are discussed in the light of possible “dilution” of tracer in the guts of feeding copepods due to mixing with unlabelled food. Gut-evacuation rates measured at food concentrations ranging from 500 to 4000 cells ml-1 were not significantly different, regardless of the technique employed.
Momentum change, industry group rotation and portfolio returns

Prior research on momentum investing shows that over the intermediate term (3–12 months) stocks that outperform (underperform) in a previous time period continue to do so in a subsequent time period. It has also been demonstrated that similar results apply to sectors or industries. Evidence suggests that industry momentum effect is distinct from stock momentum, especially for large capitalization stocks. Accordingly, exploiting industry momentum can be an expedient way of asset allocation among sectors or industries. In this article, we propose an adjustment of momentum investing. We explore momentum change as a basis of portfolio selection. Considering long positions only, we show that the strategy produces significantly higher absolute and risk-adjusted returns when applied to the Standard and Poor's industry indices (1971–1997) relative to the simple momentum strategy of buying winners. A dummy variable regression is used to validate the results.
Laser excitation spectrum of the 0g+(X 1Σg+)−0u+(3Πu) transition in Cd2

Abstract Spectroscopic constants and bond strengths of ground-state 0 g + ( 1 Σ g + ) and excited state 0 u + ( 3 Π u ) Cd 2 van der Waals molecules have been determined by laser excitation of Cd 2 spectra in a supersonic expansion of cadmium vapor.
On the derivative of the square root of a tensor and Guo's rate theorems

Formulas for the derivative of the square root of a positive definite, symmetric, second-order tensor are derived and used to obtain expressions for the material time derivatives of the right and left stretch tensors.
Far-ultraviolet signature of polar cusp during southward IMF Bz observed by TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager and DMSP

[1] The coincident TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager (TIMED/GUVI) optical and DMSP particle observations have revealed new features of the optical signature of the polar cusp under a southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We have found that cusp auroras usually take the shape of a thin arc with a width around 100–200 km. This provides the first far-ultraviolet evidence of the narrow cusp under a southward IMF [Newell and Meng, 1987]. The cusp auroras could extend down to 0800 magnetic local time (MLT) in the morningside and 1400 MLT in the duskside. Its length is about a few thousand kilometers. A large solar wind density, speed, and IMF are necessary conditions for GUVI to observe the cusp aurora. We found that the cusp location at 1200 MLT changes linearly (−10 nT Bz < 0 nT) and nonlinearly (Bz < −10 nT) with the IMF Bz. The nonlinear effect can be explained by an L−3 dependence of the Earth's equatorial magnetic field.