cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AFFORDABILITY IN NEW URBANIST DEVELOPMENT: PRINCIPLE, PRACTICE, AND STRATEGY

This article investigates the question of social diversity by assessing affordability in New Urbanist developments. The article begins with a review of the principle of social mixing—specifically i...
Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients.

This study examined possible anatomical abnormalities in basal ganglia structures in bipolar disorder patients. Caudate and putamen gray matter volumes, and globus pallidus total volume were measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 22 DSM-IV bipolar patients (age+/-S.D.=36+/-10 years; eight drug-free and 14 lithium monotherapy patients) and 22 matched healthy control subjects (age+/-S.D.=38+/-10 years). No significant differences were found between bipolar patients and healthy control subjects for any of the basal ganglia measures (t-tests, P>0.05). Age was inversely correlated with left putamen volumes in patients (R=-0.44, P=0.04), but not in healthy control subjects (R=-0.33, P=0.14). Older patients (>36 years old) had a significantly larger left globus pallidus than younger ones ( 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicate that the basal ganglia may be anatomically preserved in bipolar patients. This is in contrast to available findings for unipolar disorder. However, our findings also suggest that age and length of illness may have significant effects on basal ganglia structures in bipolar patients, which may be more pronounced among bipolar I patients, and of relevance for the pathophysiology of the disorder.
Three-dimensional plastic response in polycrystalline copper via near-field high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy

The evolution of the crystallographic orientation field in a polycrystalline sample of copper is mapped in three dimensions as tensile strain is applied. Using forward-modeling analysis of high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy data collected at the Advanced Photon Source, the ability to track intragranular orientation variations is demonstrated on an ∼2 µm length scale with ∼0.1° orientation precision. Lattice rotations within grains are tracked between states with ∼1° precision. Detailed analysis is presented for a sample cross section before and after ∼6% strain. The voxel-based (0.625 µm triangular mesh) reconstructed structure is used to calculate kernel-averaged misorientation maps, which exhibit complex patterns. Simulated scattering from the reconstructed orientation field is shown to reproduce complex scattering patterns generated by the defected microstructure. Spatial variation of a goodness-of-fit or confidence metric associated with the optimized orientation field indicates regions of relatively high or low orientational disorder. An alignment procedure is used to match sample cross sections in the different strain states. The data and analysis methods point toward the ability to perform detailed comparisons between polycrystal plasticity computational model predictions and experimental observations of macroscopic volumes of material.
Changes in contractile speed of cat motor units during activity

Experiments were conducted to measure the extent of contractile changes during phasic activity of different motor units. Motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius were isolated and classified by their mechanical properties as fast and fatigable (FF), fast and fatigue resistant (FR), or slow (S). Single stimuli interpolated between stimulus trains of the fatigue test produced twitches whose shapes were measured at different times during this test. After 30 seconds of fatigue testing, twitch contraction times of 33% of FF units fell into the slow range, i.e., 5 of 17 units had become slower than the fastest slow units. Mean twitch contraction time of FF units increased by 11.8 msec, whereas that of S units decreased by 16.2 msec. We conclude that the mechanical properties of rested motor units change markedly with use and are a poor index for determining the contractile speed of active muscles.
Transfusion of 28-day-old leucoreduced or non-leucoreduced stored red blood cells induces an inflammatory response in healthy dogs.

Background and Objectives Studies in mice suggest that rapid transfusions of red blood cells (RBCs), refrigerator stored for longer durations, induce a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Studies in human neonates confirm these findings; however, to date, adult human studies have failed to replicate these findings. We used healthy research dogs to begin to examine the factors affecting the cytokine response to transfusion. Materials and Methods In a prospective study, healthy dogs were randomized for two autologous packed RBC transfusions after 7 (i.e. ‘fresh’) and 28 (i.e. ‘old’) days of storage, or after 28 and 7 days of storage, with or without prestorage leucoreduction (LR). Results No significant differences were observed between LR and non-LR transfusions for all circulating analytes measured following transfusion. A pro-inflammatory cytokine response, exemplified by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, was observed 6 h after only old RBC transfusions, irrespective of infusion rate (P < 0·001). This response was accompanied by increased neutrophil counts (P < 0·001) and decreased platelet counts (P < 0·001). Conclusion In healthy dogs, old RBC transfusions induce inflammation, which is unaffected by infusion rate.
Electrostatic dipole moment of a dielectric cube

The electrostatic dipole moment of a dielectric cube introduced into a uniform electrostatic field can be determined by solving an appropriate surface integral equation. High-speed digital computers have been employed to solve the matrix approximation to this equation.
Recurrent carcinoma of cervix. Cause of proximal bilateral ureteral obstruction.

Abstract Ureteral obstruction from carcinoma of the cervix typically occurs in the distal portion of the ureter. A unique presentation of proximal bilateral ureteral obstruction from recurrent carcinoma of the cervix is described.
Paradoxical effects of phosphate to directly regulate the level of skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in human osteosarcoma (SaOS-2) cells and inversely regulate the level of skeletal alkaline phosphatase mRNA.

Recent studies indicate that the amount of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human osteoblast-line cells is proportional to the concentration of phosphate in the culture medium. The current studies were intended to extend those observations and to determine whether the effects of phosphate (and phosphate esters and analogs) to alter the cellular level of ALP activity, in human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells, reflected regulation at the level of transcription. Consistent with previous findings, we found direct, time- and dose-dependent correlations between the concentration of phosphate and the amount of ALP activity/mg cell protein (P<0.05). Surprisingly, we also found a negative correlation between the phosphate concentration in the medium and the level of skeletal ALP mRNA (e.g., r=-0.98, P<0.01 at 24 hours). As the highest cellular levels of skeletal ALP activity were associated with the lowest levels of ALP mRNA, these data indicated that the phosphate-dependent increase in ALP activity was not mediated by an increase in transcription and, conversely, that the effect of phosphate withdrawal to decrease ALP activity was not mediated by a decrease in transcription. Two additional studies have further suggested that these paradoxical effects of phosphate—increasing ALP activity while decreasing ALP mRNA—may be unique to inorganic phosphate: (1) β-glycerol-phosphate (at 10 mmol/liter) mimicked the action of phosphate to increase the cellular level of ALP activity (P<0.001), but did not mimick the action of phosphate to decrease the level of ALP mRNA; and (2) neither phenylphosphonate or molybdate (both of which, like phosphate, increased ALP activity, P<0.05) or borate (which decreased ALP activity, P<0.05) altered the level of ALP mRNA. In summary, these studies show that the effect of phosphate to regulate the level of ALP activity in human osteoblast-line cells is not determined by effects on ALP mRNA synthesis, suggesting that the regulation may depend on phosphate-dependent changes in the translation of ALP mRNA and/or a modification of ALP activity.
Pulmonary complications of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on management issues

Pulmonary complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasingly recognized and reported in the literature. The complications can involve the lung parenchyma, pleural space, and small or large airways. Although the mechanism of pulmonary involvement in IBD is not clearly understood, there are pathological similarities between the disease seen in the lungs and that in the bowel. Accurate diagnosis involves a combination of patient history, symptom review, thoracic imaging modalities, and bronchoscopic evaluation. We will summarize the various IBD-associated pulmonary complications, and specifically focus on reviewing the airway manifestations that have been reported. Endoscopic management strategies which include rigid or balloon dilatation, laser therapy, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, and stent placement will be described.
A Physical Model for the Luminosity Function of High-Redshift Quasars

We provide a simple theoretical model for the quasar luminosity function at high redshifts that naturally reproduces the statistical properties of the luminous Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar sample at redshifts z ~ 4.3 and z 5.7. Our model is based on the assumptions that quasar emission is triggered by galaxy mergers and that the black hole mass is proportional to a power law in the circular velocity of the host galactic halo, vc. We assume that quasars shine at their Eddington luminosity over a time proportional to the mass ratio between the small and final galaxies in the merger. This simple model fits the quasar luminosity function at z ~ 2-3, reproduces the normalization and logarithmic slope (β ~ -2.58) at z ~ 4.3, explains the space density of bright SDSS quasars at z ~ 6.0, reproduces the black hole-halo mass relation for dormant black holes in the local universe, and matches the inferred duty cycle of quasar activity (~107 yr) in Lyman break galaxies at z ~ 3. An acceptable fit to all of these constraints requires 0.7 σ8 1.0. Based on the derived luminosity function, we predict the resulting gravitational lensing rates for high-redshift quasars. The lens fractions in the SDSS samples are predicted to be ~2% at z ~ 4.3 and ~8% at z 5.7. It is interesting to note that the limiting quasar luminosity in our best-fit relation L ∝ v/G scales as the binding energy of the host galaxy divided by its dynamical time, implying that feedback is the mechanism that regulates black hole growth in galactic potential wells.
Plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant species interactively affect plant community biomass

Summary 1. Both plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a plant species can affect community properties and ecosystem processes. However, the relative contribution of species diversity and genetic diversity to ecosystem functioning is poorly known. Furthermore, ecosystem processes may respond non‐additively to interactions between species diversity and genetic diversity. If interactive effects exist, the impact of biodiversity loss may not be predictable from simple assessments of either species diversity or genetic diversity alone. 2. Here, we addressed how plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant species independently and interactively influenced plant community biomass in a Great Lakes sand dune ecosystem. To test the independent effects of diversity, we established two experiments. In one, we manipulated genetic diversity within the dominant dune species, Ammophila breviligulata. In the other, we manipulated the number of plant species, excluding A. breviligulata. Then, to test for interactive effects, we constructed communities that varied the number of species and levels of genetic diversity within A. breviligulata. 3. Although there were no independent effects of either species diversity or genetic diversity within A. breviligulata on biomass production in this system, interactive effects of species diversity and genetic diversity significantly influenced overall above-ground biomass production of the plant communities. Specifically, as genetic diversity within the dominant species increased, the relationship between species diversity and community-level biomass shifted from negative to positive. Negative non‐additive effects of diversity drove this pattern. 4. Synthesis. These results show, for the first time, that interactions between plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant species can alter biomass production, highlighting the importance of incorporating interactions between levels of biodiversity into our understanding of how biodiversity influences ecosystem function.
FTIR spectra of HSCH2CH2SH, CH3SCH2SH, and CH3SSCH3 in argon and nitrogen matrices

Matrix-isolated IR spectra of 1,2-ethanedithiol, (methylthio)methanethiol, and dimethyldisulfide were recorded from 400 to 4000 cm−1 in argon and nitrogen matrices at 12 K. The appearances of new bands around the vibrations of the monomers provide evidence for the presence of dimer and multimers of 1,2-ethanedithiol and (methythio)methanethiol in argon and nitrogen matrices. The co-existence of two different dimers of (methylthio)methanethiol in nitrogen matrices is considered on the basis of the experimental data. The spectroscopic data confirm the presence of one gauche and one trans conformer for 1,2-ethanedithiol and at least three conformers for (methylthio)methanethiol, but only one gauche form for dimethyl disulfide in the matrices.
A comparison of the outcomes of neonates treated with two different natural surfactants.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether there exists a mortality difference between neonates treated with Infasurf (surfactant A [SA], ONY, Inc, Amherst, NY) and Survanta (surfactant B [SB], Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH). Methods: We evaluated 114 different neonatal units' records, between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2000, of neonates ≤36 weeks' estimated gestational age who were admitted for neonatal intensive care and reported to have been treated with SA or SB. We used stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine whether the type of surfactant was associated with increased incidence of neonatal death, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, or necrotizing enterocolitis independent of estimated gestational age, birth weight, sex, method of delivery, use of antenatal steroids, or place of birth. Results: We studied the records of 5169 neonates; 1115 (22%) received SA and 4054 (78%) received SB. The most important variables associated with neonatal death, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis were birth weight and estimated gestational age. Logistic regression showed that the type of surfactant did not significantly influence any of these 3 outcomes. Neither overall mortality (8.3% vs 8.5%) or birth weight-specific mortality was different between the 2 groups. Conclusion: The differences in mortality previously reported are not present in a larger, more contemporary data set. (J Pediatr 2001;139:828–31)
Narrative in African Philosophy

P. O. Bodunrin, in his 1981 essay, asks: ‘Is there an African Philosophy, and if there is, what is it?’ This question has occupied centre stage among younger African intellectuals for about a decade now. The most articulate among these intellectuals, who are themselves philosophers, are Bodunrin (Nigeria), Kwasi Wiredu (Ghana), H. Odera Oruka (Kenya), Marcien Towa and Eboussi Boulaga (Cameroon), and Paulin Hountondji (Benin). These philosophers among others are in dialogue with one another and currently are seen to be the principal architects of a new orientation in African thought.
Sculpting reproductive circuits: Relationships among hormones, morphology and behavior in anole lizards

Morphology parallels function on a variety of levels in reproductive circuits in anole lizards, as in many vertebrate groups. For example, across species within the anole genus the muscle fibers regulating extension of a throat fan used in courtship are larger in males than females. Endocrine factors controlling behavior and morphology have been studied in detail in one species, the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). This review briefly describes the results that have been obtained and highlights key areas for future investigation that will provide insights on mechanisms from a comparative perspective.
The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago

Initial goat domestication is documented in the highlands of western Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago. Metrical analyses of patterns of sexual dimorphism in modern wild goat skeletons (Capra hircus aegagrus) allow sex-specific age curves to be computed for archaeofaunal assemblages. A distinct shift to selective harvesting of subadult males marks initial human management and the transition from hunting to herding of the species. Direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates on skeletal elements provide a tight temporal context for the transition.
Trauma triage: New York experience.

New York State developed a statewide trauma program in the early 1990s. Designation of trauma centers andprehospital triage of patients by emergency medical services are pillars of the system. Outcomes are evaluated as part of the quality improvement system. New York has a statewide trauma registry with population-based data for all of the state but New York City. Studies made possible because of the trauma registry provided evidence to guide revision of the emergency medical services trauma triage protocol for adult patients. For example, pulse 120 beats/min was retained as a physiologic criteria, while crumple zone andcrash speed were eliminated as mechanism criteria. Patients with certain physiologic criteria treated in regional centers showed a considerably reduced mortality rate when compared with patients treated in area trauma centers andnoncenters. Other “high-risk” populations were identified for special consideration by emergency medical technicians for trauma center transport because ...
From the Editors: With Gratitude for JECTE Service

Academic journals cannot function without the support of scholars who are willing to give their time and share their expertise. The Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education is no exception. JEC...
Scaffolding in the small: designing educational supports for concept mapping on handheld computers

Handheld computers offer the flexibility and mobility to be "ready at hand" tools that can facilitate learning anytime, anywhere. Applying the principles of Learner Centered Design [2], we have developed Pocket PiCoMap to support students engaged in complex concept mapping activities using handheld computers. Pocket PiCoMap uses scaffolds to address specific student needs; for instance, a color scaffold was provided to address students' difficulty organizing and understanding information displayed on small screens. Pocket PiCoMap was piloted for six weeks with 33 eighth grade students in mid-Michigan classrooms, and our preliminary results suggest that scaffolds are both useful and viable for handheld educational software.
Output efficiency of health maintenance organizations in Florida.

We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure the relative technical efficiencies of 28 HMOs licensed to practice in the State of Florida in the autumn of 1994. Health care output measures used in the analysis are number of commercial, Medicare and Medicaid members enrolled in each plan. Inputs to the model are capital assets, total expenditures on the provision of medical services and administrative expenses. We find differences in HMO efficiency scores and loss ratios (defined as the ratio of expenses on the provision of medical services to the total expenses incurred by the organization) across individual plans. Differences in efficiency measures across model type (staff, IPA, combination) and ownership types (for-profit, not-for-profit) are small but significant: staff models and for-profits are more efficient. In a multivariate model, we also find that large HMOs are more efficient and HMOs with Medicaid patients are significantly less efficient than other HMOs. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Descriptions of the Self more Complex than Descriptions of Others

Five studies compared the complexity of explicit semantic knowledge of self and others. In Study 1, students rated targets on unipolar and bipolar trait scales. In Study 2, they used trait checklists to describe targets in various roles. Study 3 replicated Study 2 except participants generated a unique set of roles for each target. In Studies 4 and 5, judges coded the complexity of openended descriptions of each target. Self-other differences in complexity were found in both directions and depended on such factors as the valence of the descriptors and the closeness of the target. For example, compared to self-descriptions, descriptions of disliked others contained fewer roles and more negative traits, whereas descriptions of liked others (although generally similar to the self) contained fewer negative traits and more roles. Overall, the results contradict the common belief that people think more complexly about the self than others.
The beech hill hospital/outward bound adolescent chemical dependency treatment program

Abstract Ninety-one adolescents (74 males and 17 females, mean age = 16.5, range = 14–20) admitted to an in-patient treatment facility with a substance use disorder were followed over a 1-year period post-treatment. Follow-up phone interviews were conducted with each patient and a parent at 3-month intervals. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Personal Experience Inventory (PEI) data were collected along with detailed psychosocial assessments to determine what factors predicted successful treatment outcomes. At 1-year post-treatment, 47% reported complete abstinence from alcohol and other drugs. Survival analyses indicated that participation in a self-help program such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and severity of drug use and psychopathology were associated with relapse risk. Patients with severe psychopathology and drug use scores who were not attending AA were 4.5 times more likely to relapse than patients with low scores who attended AA.
Predictors of stroke in patients with severe systolic dysfunction in sinus rhythm: Role of echocardiography

Abstract Background Congestive heart failure in sinus rhythm ranks second after atrial fibrillation (AF) among cardiogenic risk-factors for stroke. Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of stroke in this high-risk population remain poorly defined. Methods Retrospective screening of 1886 consecutive patients with severe systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤35%) at a tertiary medical center echocardiography database (Nov 2005–Sep 2008) identified 83 patients in sinus rhythm with cardioembolic stroke. Patients with AF on follow-up, prosthetic valve, ventricular arrhythmia and lack of consensus between reviewing neurologists were excluded ( n =10). Consecutive age and gender-matched controls in sinus rhythm formed GpII ( n =73). Results The incidence of stroke was 3.9% (73/1886) over 35 months in this study. There were no significant differences in prevalence of established clinical risk-factors for stroke. There was a significantly higher prevalence of LV non-compaction ( p =0.02), aneurysm ( p p p Conclusions LV non-compaction, aneurysm, spontaneous echo-contrast and pulmonary hypertension are associated with an increased risk of stroke. While anticoagulation of these high-risk subgroups appears reasonable, further study in a prospective randomized clinical trial merits consideration.
The Challenge of Teaching Psychopharmacology in the New Millennium: The Role of Curricula

Objective For a variety of pedagogical, political and financial reasons, there are major problems in achieving effective teaching of cutting-edge psychopharmacology for psychiatric residents. This article focuses on ways to improve the teaching/learning process, in part through the use of structured curricula. The authors review 1) attempted solutions to the educational problems, including use of the 1980s American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) and 1990s American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology (ASCP) model curriculums; 2) evaluation of and obstacles to change; and 3) suggestions of what to do now.
Urbs in Rure: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rural Tennessee

Although the AIDS Commentaries published over the past 18 months have focused on clinical questions relevant to all practicing infectious diseases physicians, they have emphasized clinical information gathered from the large epicenters of the epidemic. We need to remember that clinicians dealing with HIV-infected patients outside metropolitan areas may face problems that are unique. For example, fighting the stigma of AIDS in a low-prevalence population may be as important an issue as treating pneumocystic pneumonia. In this AIDS Commentary, Drs. Abraham Verghese, Steven L. Berk, and Felix Sarubbi of the Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Tennessee State University and describe their experiences in such an environment, discuss some of the problems they've faced, and offer suggestions about what physicians and health officers need to do to prepare for the inevitable spread of AIDS to rural communities.
Dissolved Fe2+ and ∑H2S Behavior in Sediments Seasonally Overlain by Hypoxic-to-anoxic Waters as Determined by CSV Microelectrodes

Variability of dissolved Fe2+ and ∑H2S concentrations in porewaters were studied, using cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) microelectrodes, in sediments overlain by hypoxic waters in the summer from the southeastern region of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas (CCB) and the Mississippi River Bight (MRB), Louisiana. These measurements were complimented by sediment microcosm studies where oxygen concentrations in the overlying water were manipulated. Sulfate reduction rates, benthic oxygen demand, total reduced sulfide, porewater sulfate, and total organic carbon were also determined. Fe2+ and ∑H2S were the major dissolved redox-reactive dissolved species in these sediments. During hypoxic conditions, an upward migration of porewater Fe2+ and ∑H2S occurred, with Fe2+ reaching much higher maximum concentrations than ∑H2S. Statistically significant (p 0.05) difference in regard to ∑H2S between microcosm and field monitoring studies. Results indicated that, for Fe2+ and ∑H2S, relatively large and rapid changes occurred in both the concentrations and distributions of these important porewater constituents in response to relatively short-term changes in overlying water oxygen content. Model calculations indicated that conditions in the sediments can be responsible for the induction of hypoxic conditions in the formation of hypoxic overlying waters in <6 days at CCB and ~20 days at MRB.
Safety in numbers: moving to a standard crash‐call number

The Department of Health and the Cabinet Office's Regulatory Impact Unit want to eliminate unnecessary bureaucratic burdens on front‐line NHS staff. They asked the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) to look at the pattern of telephone numbers used by NHS acute trusts to summon the emergency teams that deal with cardiac arrests and the feasibility of introducing one telephone number for cardiac arrests across all hospitals. Greater staff mobility, the increased use of agency and locum staff due to mergers and an increase in the number of trusts using more than one telephone number to summon hospital crash teams mean heightened risk of confusion and possible delays in treatment for patients. A survey of NHS acute trusts found that at least 27 different crash call numbers were in use in NHS hospitals. The number 2222 was the most frequently used crash call number. The NPSA recommended in a Patient Safety Alert issued in February 2004 that all NHS organisations providing acute services in England and Wales should plan to use this as their standard crash call number.
Self-assembly and function of primitive cell membranes

We describe possible pathways for separating amphiphilic molecules from organic material on the early earth to form membrane-bound structures required for the start of cellular life. We review properties of the first membranes and their function as permeability barriers. Finally, we discuss the emergence of protein-mediated ion transport across membranes, which facilitated many other cellular functions.
A near-infrared method for studying hydration changes in aqueous solution: illustration with protease reactions and protein denaturation.

Abstract Proteins undergoing protease reactions, heat denaturation, or interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a near-infrared method for the quantitative study of changes in hydration or water binding during such processes. The spectra of different proteins showed that the liberation of COO − and NH 3 + groups during a protease reaction is associated with a large increase in hydration and excluded volume. On the basis of experiments with model compounds, other spectral changes, including development of continuum absorbance between 1.55 and 1.85 μm and a band with a peak near 2.1 μm, were also attributed to the liberation of these groups. After heat denaturation or in the presence of SDS, the rate of proteolytic hydrolysis was markedly increased, consistent with the view that some preliminary denaturation is necessary for protease activity. The validity of the hydration changes calculated for protease reactions was supported by model studies with l -lysine, and with poly- l -lysine before and after hydrolysis. The near-infrared spectrum of the protein substrate with no added protease was largely unaffected by heat treatment alone, indicating that the hydration as such was not changed to a large extent by the structural modifications of denaturation. In contrast to the protease reaction, the interactions between SDS and the proteins resulted in a decrease in hydration. Results of this paper are compared with those obtained from other methods. Some unique advantages of the near-infrared method for the study of hydration changes during reactions in aqueous solution are described.
Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethaneureas

Measurements were made of the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of 22 polyurethaneureas of varying diol molecular weight, type of aromatic chain extender, diol molecular weight distribution, and chain extender stoichiometry. The dynamic mechanical data, obtained as a function of temperature and frequency (in the kHz region), were used to construct master curves of shear modulus and loss factor over a wide range of reduced frequencies. Based on these master curves, interpreted in conjunction with the thermal analysis results, it was found that: Soft segment crystallization occurs at the higher diol molecular weights, dynamic mechanical properties are well correlated with the soft segment glass transition, diol molecular weight influences dynamic mechanical properties by affecting the degree of phase separation and hence glass transition temperature, and neither diol molecular weight distribution nor chain extender stoichiometry have a significant effect, in the ranges studied, on transition temperatures or dynamic mechanical properties.
Cyclic Cytidine 2′,3′-Phosphate: Molecular Structure

Monoclinic crystals of the sodium salt of cytidine 29,39-phosphate contain two anions in the asymmetric unit. Both bases are in the syn conformation, and the nucleotides are stacked together into an antiparallel stranded ribbon with the bases 3.3 angstroms apart. One ribose ring is planar, and the other has oxygen-19 puckered toward carbon-59. The phosphorus atoms in the five-membered ester rings are puckered toward the sugars. The conformations about the carbon-49—carbon-59 bonds are gauche-trans and gauche-gauche.
Conduction models of the temperature distribution in the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano

Abstract Temperature variations in the 1966-meter Hawaii Geothermal Project well HGP-A are simulated by model studies using a finite element code for conductive heat flow. Three models were generated: a constant temperature source from a vertical dike; a constant heat-generating magma chamber; and a transient heat source from a tapered vertical dike. Fair correlation is obtained between the HGP-A well temperature and the tapered dike 125 years after it is injected with an initial (transient) 1200° C temperature. Results provide background information from which to evaluate the importance of water convection in maintaining the temperature distribution in the East Rift Zone.
Trimethylamine N-oxide promoted reactions of manganese, molybdenum and tungsten carbonyl complexes

Abstract Substitution reactions of PhMn(CO)5 and η5-C5H5M(CO)3X complexes (M = Mo or W; X = halide) with phosphines and arsines proceed rapidly at room temperature in the presence of (CH3)3NO to give cis-PhMn(CO)4L, or cis-η5-C5H5M(CO)2(L)X, respectively. Stereoselectivity, product yields, and reaction rates are dramatically enhanced by use of the amine oxide reagent.
Prevalence of HIV Infection and Prior HIV Testing among Young Men Who have Sex with Men. The Baltimore Young Men’s Survey

Data are presented from the Baltimore Young Men’s Survey, a cross-sectional, venue-based sample survey of risks associated with HIV and report of a prior HIV test, conducted between 1996 and 2000, and enrolling 843 young men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 15–29 years. HIV prevalence was 12.1% overall and racial disparities in HIV prevalence were pronounced (range, 2.9% among non-Hispanic whites to 27.1% among non-Hispanic blacks). Risks independently associated with being HIV-positive were: being between 26 and 29 years of age, being non-Hispanic black or of other/mixed race, having had 20 or more lifetime male sex partners, having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and not being currently enrolled in school. The majority of participants (78.9%) reported a prior HIV test. In multivariate analysis, being older, having had five or more lifetime male sex partners, having had anal intercourse with males, reporting an STD diagnosis, and reporting recent unprotected anal sex were associated with report of a prior HIV test. Prevention efforts must address high HIV prevalence among young non-Hispanic black MSM and must make testing and effective counseling for young MSM readily available.
Shen Dao’s Own Voice in the Shenzi Fragments

Shen Dao 慎到 is known as one of the Legalists who influenced Han Feizi 韓非子 in terms of the concept of shi 勢 (circumstantial advantage, power, or authority). This argument is based on the “A Critique of Circumstantial Advantage (Nanshi 難勢)” chapter of the Hanfeizi, where Han Feizi advances his own idea of shi after criticizing both Shen Dao and an anonymous Confucian. However, there are other primary sources to contain Shen Dao’s thought, namely, seven incomplete Shenzi 慎子 chapters of the Essentials on Government from the Assemblage of Books (Qunshu zhi yao 群書治要) and other fragments preserved in other Chinese texts. This article examines the Shenzi fragments in order to ask whether Shen Dao stresses the concept of shi.
Reliability of CXR for the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Background. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to be prevalent, despite new treatment, in part because of increased survival in less mature infants. Investigations of new treatments have been hampered by a lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria. Radiographic scoring systems have been developed to provide objective assessment of lung injury and risk for chronic lung disease. Objective. We sought to test the reliability of a recently reported system using chest radiography as the main tool for diagnosis of BPD. Materials and methods. One hundred chest radiographs, half demonstrating BPD and the other half without BPD, were analyzed by pediatric radiologists and by a neonatologist, using the Weinstein score (1–6, depending on increasing radiographic severity). The reliability of this scoring system was tested by kappa (k) statistics. Results. Reliability at the lowest threshold (dividing score 1 from score ≥ 2) was unacceptably low in this population. Reliability increased with inclusion of higher BPD scores in the comparison groups: 1–3 versus 4–6. Conclusion. Using the chest radiograph for the prediction of BPD is not reliable between different observers except at the two extremes of the disease.
Delayed exstrophy repair (DER) does not compromise initial bladder development.

Abstract Objective Delayed exstrophy repair (DER) represents an alternative to early neonatal bladder closure. This study aims to define the consequence of DER on bladder growth in bladder exstrophy patients who underwent routine DER, compared with those who underwent immediate postnatal reconstruction. Methods Between 2000 and 2005, classic bladder exstrophy patients referred to the authors' institution underwent early neonatal bladder closure (group 1). Subsequently, classic bladder exstrophy patients referred to the authors' institution were treated with an elective DER (group 2). Bladder capacity was assessed between the age of 1 and 4 years with an unconscious cystogram. When dilating VUR was present, the volume of the contrast migrated into the ureter was calculated and subtracted. Results Sixty patients were treated between 2000 and 2012. Complete follow-up data were available for 45 patients and they were included in the study: 21 in group 1 (11 males) and 24 in group 2 (14 males). The mean (SD) bladder volumes were 72.85 (28.5) ml in group 1 and 72.87 (34.9) in group 2 (p = 0.99). Conclusion In the authors' experience, DER does not reduce the subsequent bladder capacities compared with neonatal exstrophy closure.
Media content and type selection from always-on wearable video

A system is described for summarizing head-mounted or hand-carried "always-on" video. The example used is a tourist walking around a historic city with friends and family. The summary consists of a mixture of stills, panoramas and video clips. The system identifies both the scenes to appear in the summary and the media type used to represent them. As there are few shot boundaries in this class of video, the decisions are based on the system's classification of the user's behaviour demonstrated by the motion of the camera, and motion in the scene.
Validation attempts of a generic approach for regulating air toxics.

The validity of deriving ambient air quality standards or levels via threshold level values (TLVs) is assessed via two methodologies: (1) using current U.S. standards for ambient air standards and occupational standards where the data base is very robust and (2) using Soviet occupational and community air standards where the standards are based on experimentally derived toxicological endpoints. The analysis indicates that the TLV-derived approach using TLV/420 and the appropriate averaging time is in wide disagreement with both validating methodologies.
Jesus : messenger of divine wisdom

L'A. affirme que la redecouverte de la theologie de la sagesse et de la christologie inscrite dans les ecrits bibliques rend necessaire une reflexion theologique sur le caractere inadequat d'un langage androcentrique. La redecouverte des anciennes traditions de sagesse n'implique pas une repetition du langage de l'ancienne mythologie judeo-chretienne. Au contraire, il s'agit de lutter contre le langage masculin conventionnel ainsi que contre les fonctions autoritaires exclusivistes et les consequences d'un tel langage. La theologie doit rearticuler les symboles, les images et les titres de la sagesse divine
An empirical note on deficits, interest rates, and international flows

Abstract This “Note” expands upon a previous work of Richard Cebula and James Kock that indicated that federal budget deficits influence long term U.S. interest rates, even after inflows of capital into the United States are considered. My expansion of their analysis is in agreement, but specifies that there were also specific monetary policy reactions by the Federal Reserve during the 1980 's that added to the effect of the large budget deficits upon U. S. interest rates, capital inflows, and currency exchange rates that were not explicitly specified by the Cebula-Kock analysis.
Human autonomic rhythms: vagal cardiac mechanisms in tetraplegic subjects

1. We studied eight young men (age range: 20-37 years) with chronic, clinically complete high cervical spinal cord injuries and ten age-matched healthy men to determine how interruption of connections between the central nervous system and spinal sympathetic motoneurones affects autonomic cardiovascular control. 2. Baseline diastolic pressures and R-R intervals (heart periods) were similar in the two groups. Slopes of R-R interval responses to brief neck pressure changes were significantly lower in tetraplegic than in healthy subjects, but slopes of R-R interval responses to steady-state arterial pressure reductions and increases were comparable. Plasma noradrenaline levels did not change significantly during steady-state arterial pressure reductions in tetraplegic patients, but rose sharply in healthy subjects. The range of arterial pressure and R-R interval responses to vasoactive drugs (nitroprusside and phenylephrine) was significantly greater in tetraplegic than healthy subjects. 3. Resting R-R interval spectral power at respiratory and low frequencies was similar in the two groups. During infusions of vasoactive drugs, low-frequency R-R interval spectral power was directly proportional to arterial pressure in tetraplegic patients, but was unrelated to arterial pressure in healthy subjects. Vagolytic doses of atropine nearly abolished both low- and respiratory-frequency R-R interval spectral power in both groups. 4. Our conclusions are as follows. First, since tetraplegic patients have significant levels of low-frequency arterial pressure and R-R interval spectral power, human Mayer arterial pressure waves may result from mechanisms that do not involve stimulation of spinal sympathetic motoneurones by brainstem neurones. Second, since in tetraplegic patients, low-frequency R-R interval spectral power is proportional to arterial pressure, it is likely to be mediated by a baroreflex mechanism. Third, since low-frequency R-R interval rhythms were nearly abolished by atropine in both tetraplegic and healthy subjects, these rhythms reflect in an important way rhythmic firing of vagal cardiac motoneurones.
Problems Confronting the Female Therapist Doing Couple Therapy

This paper describes some of the special problems confronting the female therapist doing couple therapy. They are grouped into four main categories, identified by a specific characteristic of the couple: the passive male, the aggressive male, the submissive female, and the dominant, aggressive female. The dynamics of each problem are delineated and suggestions for dealing with them, in marital as well as sex therapy, are presented. Additional observations are made on the values of using appropriate role modeling, and of forming and shifting supportive alliances, as therapeutic techniques.
The Epigenetic Impact of Cruciferous Vegetables on Cancer Prevention

The answer to chemoprevention has perhaps been available to the general public since the dawn of time. The epigenetic diet is of extreme interest, for research suggests that cruciferous vegetables are not only an important source of nutrients, but perhaps a key to eliminating cancer as life threatening disease. Cruciferous vegetables such as kale, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and broccoli sprouts contain chemical components, such as sulforaphane (SFN) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), which have been revealed to be regulators of microRNAs (miRNAs) and inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The mis-regulation and overexpression of these genes are responsible for the uncontrolled cellular proliferation and viability of various types of cancer cells. The field of epigenetics and its incorporation into modern medicinal investigation is an exponentially growing field of interest and it is becoming increasingly apparent that the incorporation of an epigenetic diet may in fact be the key to chemoprevention.
Purification and characterization of phosphopentomutase from rat liver

Abstract Phosphopentomutase (α- d -glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:deoxy- d -ribose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.6) was purified 515-fold from rat liver utilizing the techniques of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange and molecular exclusion chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The highly purified enzyme, analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was found to consist of two subunits of molecular weight 32 500 which associated to yield an active mol molecular weight 65 000. Three of the substrates tested were used by phosphopentomutase with relative reactivities: ribose 1-phosphate (1.0) > deoxyribose 1-phosphate (0.25) > glucose 1-phosphate (0.024). Phosphopentomutase was activated by Mg2+, Mn2+, cysteine and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, although low levels of activity were detected in the absence of any of these compounds. Arsenate was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 6 · 10−3 M when ribose 1-phosphate was used as substrate and an apparent Ki of 11 · 10−3 M when deoxyribose 1-phosphate was used as substrate. In the absence of inhibitor and in the presence of optimal concentrations of activators, phosphopentomutase had an apparent Km of 8.3 · 10−5 M with deoxyribose 1-phosphate and 1.3 · 10−4 M with ribose 1-phosphate as substrate. The information in this paper clearly distinguishes mammalian phosphopentomutase and phosphoglucomutase as separate enzymes and represents the first extensive purification of a mammalian mutase with major specificity for pentose 1- and 5-phosphates.
A Tax by Any Other Name: The Donor-Directed Automatic Percentage-Contribution Bonus, a Budget Alternative for Financing Governmental Support of Charity

This is an analysis of the merits of four alternatives for providing governmental support to charity—the tax write-off now on the books, a tax credit, a sliding matching grant, and a percentage-contribution bonus.1 After searching for an appropriate budget mechanism (a five-year fixed-sum authorization and appropriation), we apply some wide-ranging criteria—equity, legitimacy, efficiency, reciprocity, controllability, and others—to each of the four alternatives. In brief, the present tax write-off is grossly inequitable among donors, poorly controlled by government, and is part of a tax system that citizens increasingly feel is illegitimate. The advantages of the write-off are that it produces predictable amounts of income at low administrative cost without overtly raising questions of constitutionality. Its disadvantages would be mitigated by a tax credit in proportion to the amounts contributed by taxpayers. But the credit does not reach people who do not file returns and may significantly decrease income to charitable agencies. The sliding matching grant (under which the government pays to charity in proportion as the individual gives of his income) provides a form of equity for taxpayers but is deficient in other respects. The contribution bonus—a percentage of each dollar contributed paid to charity by government—is wholly equitable, includes all givers, sustains reciprocity with recipients, is controllable by government, and is legitimate in treating expenditures as expenditures and not as tax dodges. It also raises the possibility of increasing the government’s contribution. The defects of the bonus are higher administrative costs and potential doubt about constitutionality. We conclude in favor of a percentage contribution bonus set high enough to provide marginally more income for charity and reduce financial uncertainties during the transition. Appraisal of political feasibility suggests that supporters of charity are likely to be worse off unless they come up with a more defensible approach.