cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiral charge density waves in quasi one-dimensional organic conductors

We discuss the interaction of a partially filled electronic conduction band in a segregated donor-acceptor stack system with librational modes of the solid. The orientational Peierls instability predicted by us earlier leads to the formation of chiral charge density waves, which interact and phase-lock below the metal-insulator transition Tc via the Coulomb interaction. The effect of the resulting order on the physical properties of the system and the implications for the understanding of the recent neutron scattering data for the occurrence of several transitions in TTF-TCNQ will be discussed.
Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus replication persists in liver, spleen, lymph node, and testis tissues and results in accumulation of viral RNA in germinal centers, concomitant with polyclonal activation of B cells.

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) replicates primarily and most likely solely in a subpopulation of macrophages in extraneuronal tissues. Infection of mice, regardless of age, with LDV leads to the rapid cytocidal replication of the virus in these cells, resulting in the release of large amounts of LDV into the circulation. The infection then progresses into life-long, asymptomatic, low-level viremic persistence, which is maintained by LDV replication in newly generated LDV-permissive cells which escapes all antiviral immune responses. In situ hybridization studies of tissue sections of adult FVB mice revealed that by 1 day postinfection (p.i.), LDV-infected cells were present in practically all tissues but were present in the highest numbers in the lymph nodes, spleen, and skin. In the central nervous system, LDV-infected cells were restricted to the leptomeninges. Most of the infected cells had disappeared at 3 days p.i., consistent with the cytocidal nature of the LDV infection, except for small numbers in lymph node, spleen, liver, and testis tissues. These tissues harbored infected cells until at least 90 days p.i. The results suggest that the generation of LDV-permissive cells during the persistent phase is restricted to these tissues. The continued presence of LDV-infected cells in testis tissue suggests the possibility of LDV release in semen and sexual transmission. Most striking was the accumulation of large amounts of LDV RNA in newly generated germinal centers of lymph nodes and the spleen. The LDV RNA was not associated with infected cells but was probably associated with virions or debris of infected, lysed cells. The appearance of LDV RNA in germinal centers in these mice coincided in time with the polyclonal activation of B cells, which leads to the accumulation of polyclonal immunoglobulin G2a and low-molecular-weight immune complexes in the circulation.
The nested rectangular array as a model of data

Data, like electricity and gravity, are part of the world in which we live. Some occur naturally, as in the genetic code, while most occur as a consequence of language and social organization. The search for a theory of data, which begins with the choice of a model, is as important and interesting as the development of theories in physics, economics, and psychology. Most models of data are collections, such as the unnested array of APL, the one-axis nested list of LISP, and the set, which is nested but lacks the properties of order, repetitions, type, and multiple axes inherent in rectangular arrangement. Nested rectangular arrays have all these properties. The existence of simple, universally valid equations in both set theory and linear algebra suggests that equally simple equations may hold for all arrays. The principles of nested collections developed in set theory apply with few changes to the nesting of arrays. A one-sorted theory of arrays, in which type is preserved for empty arrays, provides an algebra of operations interpreted not only for data but also types of data.
Relational commitment and threats to relationship maintenance goals: Influences on condom use

Objective: The authors examined the effects of relational commitment (high commitment versus low commitment) and relationship maintenance goals (high threat versus low threat) on decisions to request the use of a condom. Methods: The authors conducted a 2-part study using a survey of responses to hypothetical scenarios and decisions in actual relationships. Results: Results indicated that people with high relational commitment were less likely to request a condom than were people with low relational commitment. People who perceived threats to relationship maintenance goals if a condom was requested were less likely to request a condom than were people who did not perceive threats to relationship maintenance goals. Conclusions: Findings from this study highlight the influence that relational threats and commitment levels have on condom use decision making.
Sinus mapping in patients with cardiac arrest and coronary disease--results and correlation with outcome.

Electrophysiological testing and left ventricular endocardial mapping in sinus rhythm were performed in 61 patients with coronary artery disease who presented with cardiac arrest in an attempt to relate the results of these studies to clinical outcome. Forty-one patients (67%) had inducible sustained arrhythmias (18 uniform ventricular tachycardia, 23 polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation) and 20 had no inducible arrhythmia. Patients with inducible arrhythmia had 45% abnormal and 6% fractionated electrograms versus 33% and 0% for those without inducible arrhythmia (P > 0.05 for both comparisons). Sixteen of 59 patients (27%) with adequate follow-up had arrhythmia recurrence (11/39 [31%] with inducible arrhythmia and 5/20 [25%] without inducible arrhythmia) over a mean follow-up period of 27 months. Of five patients without inducible arrhythmia who experienced recurrence, two did so despite the anti-ischemic therapy. In the 20 patients without inducible arrhythmia, the 15 who remained arrhythmia-free had a mean of 78 ± 22% normal sites versus 46 ± 24% normal sites in those with recurrence (P > 0.05). We conclude that in patients with coronary artery disease and cardiac arrest: 1) patients without inducible arrhythmia have less marked endocardial electrical abnormality than those with inducible arrhythmia, 2) those patients who have marked endocardial abnormality despite the lack of inducible arrhythmia are at risk for clinical recurrence which suggests that these abnormalities may represent an anatomic substrate for arrhythmia which cannot be identified by programmed stimulation, These patients are candidates for AICD implantation and 3) patients with relatively normal endocardial electrograms do well with anti-ischemic therapy alone. (PACE, Vol. 12 February 1989)
Effect of temperature and oxidation rate on carbon-isotope fractionation during methane oxidation by landfill cover materials.

The quantification of methane oxidation is one of the major uncertainties in estimating CH4 emissions from landfills. Stable isotope methods provide a useful field approach for the quantification o...
Relative resistance of the potato cultivar krantz to common scab caused byStreptomyces scabies as determined by cluster analysis

Twenty potato breeding selections and five potato cultivars (25 clones) were evaluated in replicated field plots for their resistance to common scab caused byStreptomyces scabies, at Presque Isle, ME and Cranesville, WV in 1993. At harvest, all tubers in each plot were individually scored for the surface area covered (0=0% to 5>75%) and for lesion type (0=no lesions to 5=pitted lesions). The individual tuber scores for either surface area covered or lesion type for each plot were totaled and divided by five times the number of tubers to create an index of surface area covered (SAI) or lesion type (LI), respectively. Clonal mean SAI ranged from 0.05 to 0.96 in Maine and 0.21 to 0.89 in West Virginia. Clonal mean LI ranged from 0.06 to 1.0 in Maine and 0.48 to 1.0 in West Virginia. There were significant differences among clones for SAI and LI. Clones were clustered on mean SAI and LI in ME and WV. The clones clustered into four groups. The resistance of Krantz and two breeding selections, B0348-2 and B0339-1, was similar to Ontario.
Correction to "Corruption by Design"

Cemile Yava? (1997) has recently pointed out two errors in my game theoretic analysis of bribery in Chinese enterprise licensing (Manion, 1996). First, in deriving posterior probabilities of being at nodes a (acceptable application, corrupt official), B (unacceptable application, clean official), and y (unacceptable application, corrupt official), I incorrectly used a formula that assumes the relevant conditional probabilities represent independent events. Secondly and much more importantly, the smaller bribe ma = B, Ai, offered in period 3 after rejection of an acceptable application, can never be used in equilibrium: as the official's payoff of-A in period 3 is less than his payoff of zero if he accepts the application in period 1, his optimal strategy is to accept all acceptable applications and reject all unacceptable applications in period 1. The probability of event a becomes zero, and results change significantly: for example, in comparative statics exercises Yava? demonstrates that an equilibrium of no bribery can be achieved much more easily. I thank Yava? for her insight into these errors. I am constrained to approach corrections quite differently, however, given the basic research enterprise set out in my article. I chose to model this corruption game because evidence of various sorts indicates that bribery in Chinese enterprise licensing is an empirical regularity. The model is a formalization of the description, based on considerable field and archival research, that precedes it in the article. If the model fairly easily yields a no-bribery equilibrium, then it is descriptively inaccurate. The point of modeling and analyzing the game is to illuminate the conditions of persistence of a routine form of corruption in Chinese bureaucracies: payment of bribes to officials for standard goods that are not in fixed supply and to which those paying the bribes are, in principle, fully entitled. Yava? has corrected the analysis, given the model. I am obliged to correct the model. An analysis that assigns a zero probability to event a in effect changes the most important descriptive feature of the process modeled, one identified
Production of silver surfaces on dental casts

Abstract A simple procedure and an inexpensive apparatus for making silver-plated dental casts from rubber-base impressions has been described. The accuracy of such casts is clinically acceptable under most circumstances, and the hard, silver surface has qualities superior to those of artificial stone.
Advances in thermal control and performance of the MMT M1 mirror

Strategies for thermal control of the 6.5-meter diameter borosilicate honeycomb primary (M1) mirror at the MMT Observatory have included: 1) direct control of ventilation system chiller setpoints by the telescope operator, 2) semiautomated control of chiller setpoints, using a fixed offset from the ambient temperature, and 3) most recently, an automated temperature controller for conditioned air. Details of this automated controller, including the integration of multiple chillers, heat exchangers, and temperature/dew point sensors, are presented here. Constraints and sanity checks for thermal control are also discussed, including: 1) mirror and hardware safety, 2) aluminum coating preservation, and 3) optimization of M1 thermal conditions for science acquisition by minimizing both air-to-glass temperature differences, which cause mirror seeing, and internal glass temperature gradients, which cause wavefront errors. Consideration is given to special operating conditions, such as high dew and frost points. Precise temperature control of conditioned ventilation air as delivered to the M1 mirror cell is also discussed. The performance of the new automated controller is assessed and compared to previous control strategies. Finally, suggestions are made for further refinement of the M1 mirror thermal control system and related algorithms.
Structural organization of the human gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPX2) promoter and 3′-nontranscribed region: transcriptional response to exogenous redox agents

Abstract The flanking upstream and downstream regions of the human GPX2 gene were isolated and sequenced. Analysis of the flanking 5′-nontranslated or promoter region revealed a high homology with the corresponding murine region (>70%). The human GPX2 promoter region was not G-C rich (
Chronic allograft nephropathy: pathogenesis and management of an important posttransplant complication.

Chronic allograft nephropathy is a devastating complication of kidney transplantation that is responsible for a significant proportion of graft loss. This complication is characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function, which is not attributable to a specific cause. Many risk factors exist for the development of chronic allograft nephropathy, including donor-, recipient-, and transplant-related factors (eg, use of calcineurin inhibitors and acute rejection episodes), as well as comorbid conditions such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. There is no definitive treatment for this complication; management has focused on minimization or withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors in conjunction with addition of sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil. Alterations in the immunosuppressive regimen must be done cautiously, as precipitating acute rejection will cause further damage to the allograft. Optimal control of blood pressure, particularly with the use of agents such as angiotensin II receptor blockers, in ...
Tail morphology in the Western Diamond‐backed rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox

The shaker muscles in the tails of rattlesnakes are used to shake the rattle at very high frequencies. These muscles are physiologically specialized for sustaining high-frequency contractions. The tail skeleton is modified to support the enlarged shaker muscles, and the muscles have major anatomical modifications when compared with the trunk muscles and with the tail muscles of colubrid snakes. The shaker muscles have been known for many years to consist of three large groups of muscles on each side of the tail. However, the identities of these muscles and their serial homologies with the trunk muscles were not previously known. In this study, we used dissection and magnetic resonance imaging of the tail in the Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox, to determine that the three largest muscles that shake the rattle are the M. longissimus dorsi, the M. iliocostalis, and the M. supracostalis lateralis. The architecture of these muscles differs from their serial homologs in the trunk. In addition, the rattlesnake tail also contains three small muscles. The M. semispinalis-spinalis occurs in the tail, where it is a thin, nonvibratory, postural muscle that extends laterally along the neural spines. An additional muscle, which derives from fusion of the M. interarticularis inferior and M. levator costae, shares segmental insertions with the M. longissimus dorsi and M. iliocostalis. Several small, deep ventral muscles probably represent the Mm. costovertebrocostalis, intercostalis series, and transversohypapophyseus. The architectural rearrangements in the tail skeleton and shaker muscles, compared with the trunk muscles, probably relate to their roles in stabilizing the muscular part of the tail and to shaking the rattle at the tip of the tail. Based on comparisons with the tail muscles of a colubrid snake described in the literature, the derived tail muscle anatomy in rattlesnakes evolved either in the pitvipers or within the rattlesnakes. J. Morphol., 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magic angles for fiber reinforcement in rubber-elastic tubes subject to pressure and swelling

Abstract The synthetic fibers in a fire hose are specially oriented so as to minimize the jerk when the hose is suddenly pressurized – at other fiber orientations the hose would either extend abruptly or shorten abruptly. This is one example of a magic angle that separates different response directions in a deformation mode as some driving mechanism is varied. Here we investigate magic angles for winding fibers around a tube with an otherwise rubbery matrix by providing a hyperelastic analysis. While the driving mechanism of pressurization is well known in this regard, we also consider the driving mechanism of matrix swelling. Magic angles of fiber orientation are considered for axial deformation and for channel constriction.
p States of Charmonium and the Forces that Confine Quarks

A measurement of the energy differences of the $n=2$, $^{3}P_{J}$ states of charmonium may give significant information on the dynamics of the spin-dependent quark-antiquark ($q\overline{q}$) forces, since the more rapidly these forces increase with $q\overline{q}$ separation, the larger the ratios ${R}_{1}=\frac{[E(^{3}P_{2})\ensuremath{-}E(^{3}P_{1})]}{[E(^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(^{3}P_{0})]} \mathrm{and} {R}_{2}=\frac{[E(^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(^{1}P_{1})]}{[E(^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(^{3}P_{0})]}$ become if the forces are of vector character.
Static Dielectric Constant and Relaxation Time Measurements on Binary Mixtures of Dimethyl Sulfoxide with Ethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, and Propan-1-ol at 293, 303, 313, and 323 K

Time domain spectroscopy in reflection mode has been used to determine complex reflection coefficient for 2-ethoxyethanol−dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol−DMSO, and propan-1-ol−DMSO mixtures at 293, 303, 313, and 323 K, in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 10 GHz. Further Fourier transform and least-squares fit methods have been used to obtain the complex permittivity, static dielectric constant, and relaxation time.
Review of image enhancement techniques for monochrome and color printing

The products and technologies employed to produce hardcopy documents, and short-run reproductions of these documents, have changed dramatically in the last two decades. Impact printing devices such as typewriters, daisy wheel printers, and dot matrix printers have been replaced to a significant extent by devices employing nonimpact printing technologies such as laser electrophotography, ink jet, and thermal transfer printing processes. The dramatic growth in the use of nonimpact printers can be attributed to a variety of factors. This paper examines these factors, with an emphasis on image enhancement techniques that have been incorporated in these products and which have facilitated the broad market acceptance of nonimpact printing.
Sensitivity analysis of the Florida Tech UTC-M mesoscale atmopsheric seabreeze model to estimates of water and land heating rates using AVHRR SST and coastal margin land temperatures

In this paper we conduct sensitivity analyses of the land surface boundary conditions and parameterizations in the UTC-M primitive equation atmospheric planetary boundary layer Seabreeze model. The boundary conditions for temperature of the ocean and land surface is based upon satellite derived AVHRR estimates over the water and coastal land margins. The sensitivity analysis of the boundary conditions as well as the heating and cooling rates in the planetary boundary layer model are also described. The model domain of interest is the region over the Space Coats of Central Florida. This reign is unique because of its complex coastal water-land margin and its close proximity to the Gulf Stream and Cape Canaveral. This model study demonstrates a method whereby the ocean surface and atmosphere is couple using remotely sensed data for predicting the coastal Seabreeze and associated convective convergence and expected cloud development in the planetary boundary layer.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Probable Dwarf Nova Outburst in the Core of the Globular Cluster M22

We reexamine an event that was previously reported by Sahu et al. as a microlensing event of a Galactic bulge star by a star of M22. We find strong evidence that the event was actually a dwarf nova outburst of a cataclysmic variable in the cluster. The primary evidence consists of the star's proper motion, Hα emission, X-ray luminosity, and variable brightness in quiescence. The star is in the cluster core but can be monitored from the ground for future outbursts to confirm its nature. This is one of a very small number of confirmed or probable dwarf nova eruptions seen in globular clusters and the first to be found in such a low-concentration cluster.
Behaviour and biology: The accidental epigeneticist

By studying disadvantaged children, Richard Tremblay has traced the roots of chronic aggressive behaviour back as far as infancy. Now he hopes to go back further.
Advanced Combustion System Solutions for Increasing Thermal Efficiency in Natural Gas Engines While Meeting Future Demand for Low NOx Emissions

Key requirements for state of the art industrial gas engines are high engine thermal efficiency, high engine brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), low NOx emissions, and acceptable spark plug life. Fundamentally, as engine thermal efficiency and power density increase, along with the requirement of reduced NOx emissions, the pressure at the time of ignition increases. This results in a higher spark breakdown voltage that negatively affects spark plug life. This problem is resolved with a smaller electrode gap and high spark energy to overcome quenching effects during ignition kernel development. High flow fields in the spark gap region are required to assure the spreading of the discharge, which reduces the rate of electrode erosion. In addition, these high flow fields overcome mixture inhomogeneities by developing large ignition kernels. These large ignition kernels, inside the prechamber spark plug, produce high velocity flame jets into the main chamber enhancing combustion, which results in thermal efficiency gains at lower NOx levels and higher BMEP. The advanced combustion system solution discussed in this paper is the combination of high-energy ignition and a prechamber spark plug with flow fields at the electrode gap. Future developments include improved ion signal quality detonation detection resulting in additional gains in thermal efficiency.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Quantitation of serum immunoglobulins

This article reviews critically the current "state of the art" in the quantitation of immunoglobulins in serum and other body fluids. The methodologies reviewed include (a) those occurring in solution, for example, automated immunoprecipitin and laser nephelometric techniques, rate analysis techniques and radioimmunoassays; (b) techniques involving radial diffusion in agarose gels, with and without secondary development steps; and (c) those techniques involving solid supports, such as fluoroimmunometric assays and solid phase radioimmunoassays. The theory of each technique is presented with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, particularly sources of error, and the techniques are compared in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, test cost, equipment cost, feasibility for use in different laboratory settings, and ease of handling. Problems associated with the antisera used, with standards, and with quality controls are discussed and solutions suggested.
Complete basis set, G1, G2, G2MP2, and density functional theory computational studies of the lowest energy triplet potential energy surface for acetylene–vinylidene rearrangement

Abstract The triplet acetylene–vinylidene potential energy surface was explored with the complete basis set, G1, G2, and G2MP2 ab initio methods, as well as with the hybrid, gradient-corrected, and local spin approximation density functional methods to explore the possibility of triplet acetylene transformation in metastable vinylidene. For stationary points (triplet trans -acetylene, triplet cis -acetylene, H and CCH radicals, and triplet vinylidene) in their minima with several transition state structures that combine this minima were located on the potential energy surface. It was estimated that a global minima on the potential energy surface is the triplet cis -acetylene. Even if the triplet trans -acetylene is formed by excitation of the singlet acetylene, it should be transferred into the more stable triplet cis -acetylene without barrier. Triplet cis -acetylene and triplet vinylidene have almost identical stabilities, but the activation barrier for the formation of triplet vinylidene from triplet cis -acetylene through the 1,2-hydrogen shift is estimated to be 50.4 kcal/mol. The C–H dissociation–recombination mechanism for the triplet cis -acetylene transformation into triplet vinylidene is even higher, suggesting that direct transformation of acetylene into vinylidene through acetylene excitation and then relaxing the formed products should not be an energetically preferable path. Detailed analysis of the triplet acetylene–vinylidene potential energy surface with both the ab initio and density functional theory methods were discussed.
Beyond lists: studying the effect of different recommendation visualizations

Recommendation Systems have been studied from several perspectives over the last twenty years --prediction accuracy, algorithmic scalability, knowledge sources, types of recommended items and tasks, evaluation methods, etc.-- but one area that has not been deeply investigated is the effect of different visualizations and their interaction with personal traits on users' evaluation of the recommended items. In this paper, I survey visual approaches that go beyond presenting the recommended items as a textual list or as annotations in context. I also review related literature from recommendations' explanations. In this thesis, I aim to understand how different visualizations and some personal traits might influence users' assessment of recommended items, particularly in domains where multidimensional data or contextual constraints are involved. I present the prototype of 2 recommendation visualizations and then briefly propose the research approach of this investigation.
Tracing human oligodendroglial development in vitro.

Human neural precursor cell cultures (neurospheres) were established from fetal brain tissues of 15–20 gestation weeks and propagated for over a year in the presence of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor. Neurospheres were differentiated without the presence of above growth factors to follow the development of oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglial progenitors, identified by their bipolar morphology and expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), emerged from spheres as early as 1 DIV; O4+ cells with bipolar to multipolar processes were observed at 3 DIV whereas O1+ multiprocess-bearing oligodendroglia did not appear until 5–7 DIV. They further differentiated to myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes after 2–3 weeks in culture. Thus, human oligodendroglial maturation in vitro follows the same pathway as rat cells but takes twice as long as their rodent counterparts. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation indicated that PDGFRα–expressing cells but not O4+ oligodendroglia proliferated. More oligodendroglial progenitors incorporated BrdU and more O4+ cells survived when they were in contact with neurons and astrocytes than when they developed beyond the astrocyte layer. In addition, oligodendroglia on astrocytes had a complex process branching whereas those growing beyond astrocyte layer often formed membrane sheaths. Thus the survival, proliferation and maturation of oligodendroglia are influenced by other cell types. J. Neurosci. Res. 59:421–429, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Psychiatric consultation in a headache unit.

SYNOPSIS Two hundred twenty nine psychiatric consultations of patients with headache were reviewed. A search was made for the presence of stress or conflict, preceding and maintaining the headache. The major finding was the patients' inability to cope with stress or conflict threatening their self-esteem. Anxiety level was raised when issues of inadequacy, insecurity and helplessness surfaced. In predisposed individuals, defenses against or repressed responses to loss of self-esteem were manifested by anger, anxiety, depression and headache.
Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds.

Hummingbirds are among the smallest endothermic vertebrates. Because they forage by energetically costly hovering, and because weight-specific basal metabolic rates increase with decreasing body size, their basal and active metabolic rates are among the highest recorded. Hummingbirds fuel these metabolic requirements mainly with highly concentrated sugar in nectar, which they extract rapidly and efficiently1,2 by an unknown mechanism. It is especially puzzling that, despite their high energy requirements, hummingbirds spend only ∼20% of their waking hours feeding, but 75% perched and apparently doing nothing3,4. Here we report the first measurement of nutrient absorption by hummingbird intestine and present a new method for measuring crop-emptying times. We find that hummingbird intestine has the highest active glucose transport rate and lowest passive glucose permeability reported for any vertebrate. Crop-emptying time may limit feeding-bout frequency and could largely account for the time spent perched.
New Method of Proportional Counter Feedback Biasing for Wide-Range Radiation Dose-Rate Monitors

A prototypic wide-range radiation dose-rate monitor for civil defense applications has been developed and tested. The specified dose-rate range (0 to 500 R/h) was displayed on a single readout scale by using feedback-controlled biasing of a proportional counter. This new method is based on controlling the avalanche multiplication factor (gas gain) of the counter by varying its bias voltage in response to its measured output current (i.e., detected dose rate). The counter output current varies between 0 and 1.5 nA in a quasilogarithmic response to dose rates between 0 and 500 R/h. The corresponding values of gas gain and bias voltage range from 1 to 300 and 200 to 1900 V respectively.
Correction of atmospheric effects on earth imaging (extended inverse method)

Abstract The usual problem of correction of atmospheric scattering effects involves the inverse process of a nonlinear partial differential equation in three-dimensional space. The method developed here involves solving three initial value partial differential equations. Two of them are Chandrasekhar's type one- dimensional radiative transfer equations. The third equation is a linear partial differential equation in three-dimensional space with initial value.
Classroom contextual drawings: An unobtrusive measure of pupil attitudes toward school

Abstract Selected dimensions of classroom situational drawings were related to pupil attitudes toward school. Five teachers individually rated 94 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students as “accepted,” “concerned,” “indifferent,” or “rejected.” Rated pupils then completed the Describe Your School Inventory ( Hoyt, C. J. Describe your school. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Test Publishers, 1964 ) and a classroom situational drawing. The drawing reflected a hypothesized psychologically meaningful teaching unit labeled the pupil-initiated question. Significant relationships were found between pupil attitudes toward school and selected dimensions of the classroom situational drawings. The unobtrusive, diagnostic, and prescriptive values of classroom situational drawings are discussed.
Range energy tables for high energy muons

Abstract Range energy tables for muons in aluminum, iron, copper and lead are calculated using the Bethe-Bloch theory of ionization loss and Sternheimer's theory of the density effect. Values of range and dE/dx are tabulated for muon energies from 100 MeV to 50 GeV. Corrections for atomic binding, muon spin, nuclear excitation, bremsstrahlung and pair production are included. The calculations are based on, and compared with recent experimental data.
Evaluation of Optimal Color for Stent Identification in a Hemorrhagic Environment

Abstract Introduction: The endoscopic deployment and extraction of endoluminal stents, such as ureteral stents, is commonplace in contemporary medical management of many diseases. In a hemorrhagic environment, endoscopic identification of a stent can be challenging. To date, no study has evaluated the optimal color for endoscopic stent identification. Methods: Eight different colored stents were placed in a simulated bladder model. Each stent color was evaluated in saline and three progressively more concentrated bloody environments. A flexible cystoscope was used to make 15-second video clips of the stents in each environment. Participants viewed the videos in a random sequence. Participants were asked to identify the color of each stent, and rate the identification on a 10-point scale. Logistic regression models were used to model the relationship between identification, stent color, environment, and experience. Results: Forty-seven participants reviewed the videos. In clear and mildly bloody environmen...
Relativistic Electronic Structure in Crystals. II. Fermi Surface of Tungsten

The relativistic augmented-plane-wave method developed in the first paper of this series has been applied to tungsten. Relativistic effects on the energy bands and the Fermi surface are presented. The angular dependence of de Haas---van Alphen frequencies, as well as other experimental results, are determined from the theoretical Fermi surface. A comparison with experimental results supports the general conclusion that relativistic effects reduced the size of the Fermi surface of tungsten.
Diabetic nephropathy and proximal tubule ROS: Challenging our glomerulocentricity

Diabetic nephropathy is currently viewed as a predominantly glomerular process with glomerular injury driving secondary tubular loss. Brezniceanu and colleagues apply transgenic methods to support a prominent role for reactive oxygen species as mediators and for the proximal tubule as a major site of early disease activity in diabetes. Results support evidence for early tubular apoptosis and atrophy in human diabetic nephropathy.
Method for enhancing topography and material contrast in automatic SEM review

The ability to perform an in line SEM based defect review operation that includes defect detection and classification, is strongly dependent on the quality of the generated defect images. The range of defects has to cover different layers, different process steps as well as different defect types. Traditionally, SeM images are thought of as lacking in 'natural' contrast. The key for a SEM to be able to review a wide range of defects is the ability to generate SEM images with enhanced and varying types of contrast, such as edge, material, topography or voltage contrast. We have developed Multiple Perspective SEM Imaging by employing various electron detectors, having different electron energy and direction response. We have shown that by proper combination of defector array and image processing it is possible to generate images that carry enhanced material, edge and topography contrast simultaneously. We demonstrated that the system can be immune to sample charging and be sensitive to voltage contrast variations at the same demonstrated that the system can be immune to sample charging and be sensitive to voltage contrast variations at the same demonstrated that the system can be immune to sample charging and be sensitive to voltage contrast variations at the same time.
Shrinkage mappings and their induced penalty functions

Many optimization problems that are designed to have sparse solutions employ the l 1 or l 0 penalty functions. Consequently, several algorithms for compressive sensing or sparse representations make use of soft or hard thresholding, both of which are examples of shrinkage mappings. Their usefulness comes from the fact that they are the proximal mappings of the l 1 and l 0 penalty functions, meaning that they provide the solution to the corresponding penalized least-squares problem. In this paper, we both generalize and reverse this process: we show that one can begin with any of a wide class of shrinkage mappings, and be guaranteed that it will be the proximal mapping of a penalty function with several desirable properties. Such a shrinkage-mapping/penalty-function pair comes ready-made for use in efficient algorithms. We give an example of such a shrinkage mapping, and use it to advance the state of the art in compressive sensing.
Accounting elites and accounting theory

Abstract A review essay of Sten Jonsson, Accounting Regulation and Elite Structures Driving Forces in the Development of Accounting Policy (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988). Using a reputational and a decisional approach, the study identifies a three-tiered Swedish accounting elite of approximately 40 persons. This elite plays a significant role in establishing and maintaining accounting regulations. These regulations govern the development of accounting practice which in turn determines accounting theory. The suggestion is made that this study would benefit by more closely examining alternative paradigms and theories, which would de-emphasize the strong structuralist position taken and allow consideration of the influence of theory on practice. A metatheoretical framework is offered for consideration.
Considering alternatives for federal education policy in the united states: A critical perspective on no child left behind

The pending reauthorization of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, the George W. Bush administration's iteration of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, provides an important opportunity to consider what federal education policy could be in the United States. In this paper, we explain how the rationalization of education, particularly of reading instruction, has led to the failure of NCLB, even on its own terms. Our analysis critiques the underlying assumptions of this policy and proposes different possibilities for education policy, particularly the potential for policy to: (1) provide possibilities for all citizens to engage in democratic life, (2) provide access to information, and (3) to embrace the complexities of learning and literacy.
Laser excitation of the CN B2Σ+ ← A 2Π 0-0 and 1-0 bands

Abstract Rotationally resolved laser excitation spectra of the 0-0 and 1-0 bands of the CN A 2 Π ← X 2 Σ + system have been observed. By monitoring the decay of the A 2 Π state population preliminary measurements of the lifetime of the v = 0 level have been made.
Back mutation can produce phenotype reversion in Bloom syndrome somatic cells.

A unique and constant feature of Bloom syndrome (BS) cells is an excessive rate of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE). However, in approximately 20% of persons with typical BS, mosaicism is observed in which a proportion of lymphocytes (usually a small one) exhibits a low-SCE rate. Persons with such mosaicism predominantly are genetic compounds for mutation at BLM, and the low-SCE lymphocytes are the progeny of a precursor cell in which intragenic recombination between the two sites of BLM mutation had generated a normal allele. Very exceptionally, however, persons with BS who exhibit mosaicism are homozygous for the causative mutation. In two such exceptional homozygous persons studied here, back mutation has been demonstrated: one person constitutionally was homozygous for the mutation 1544insA and the other for the mutation 2702G→A. Revertant (low-SCE) lymphoblastoid cells in each person were heterozygous for their mutations, i.e., a normal allele was now present. The normal alleles must have arisen by back mutation in a precursor cell, in one person by the deletion of an A base and, in the other, the nucleotide substitution of a G base for an A base. Thus, back mutation now becomes, together with intragenic recombination, an important genetic mechanism to consider when explaining examples of a reversion of somatic cells to "normal" in persons with a genetically determined abnormal phenotype.
China's macroeconomy: Review and perspective

This article attempts to analyze China's economic development since 1980 by examining major macroeconomic issues. The analyses focus on a central issue: will the Chinese economy maintain high growth and low inflation in the period 1998–2010? To answer this question, the article examines GNP growth, unemployment, external balance, inflation, government budget deficit, and structure changes during the period 1980–1997, and provides an outlook on the economy. If the political situation is stable, China will achieve annual economic growth of 6–7% during 1998–2010, because the major factors that contributed to the high growth during the period 1980–1997 will continue to exist. However, it is less likely that the economic growth will continue at two‐digit level, because new and greater challenges have emerged in the economy: there has been excessive capacity in the industrial sector; it is difficult to maintain a high export growth; and the weak financial sector is highly likely to cause financial instability. ...
Evaluating the use of pairwise dissimilarity metrics in paleoanthropology.

Questions of alpha taxonomy are best addressed by comparing unknown specimens to samples of the taxa to which they might belong. However, analysis of the hominin fossil record is riddled with methods that claim to evaluate whether pairs of individual fossils belong to the same species. Two such methods, log sem and the related STET method, have been introduced and used in studies of fossil hominins. Both methods attempt to quantify morphological dissimilarity for a pair of fossils and then evaluate a null hypothesis of conspecificity using the assumption that pairs of fossils that fall beneath a predefined dissimilarity threshold are likely to belong to the same species, whereas pairs of fossils above that threshold are likely to belong to different species. In this contribution, we address (1) whether these particular methods do what they claim to do, and (2) whether such approaches can ever reliably address the question of conspecificity. We show that log sem and STET do not reliably measure deviations from shape similarity, and that values of these measures for any pair of fossils are highly dependent upon the number of variables compared. To address these issues we develop a measure of shape dissimilarity, the Standard Deviation of Logged Ratios (sLR). We suggest that while pairwise dissimilarity metrics that accurately measure deviations from isometry (e.g., sLR) may be useful for addressing some questions that relate to morphological variation, no pairwise method can reliably answer the question of whether two fossils are conspecific.
The isolation and characterization of Rhodospirillum rubrum flavodoxin

Abstract The isolation and characterization of a flavodoxin from Rhodospirillum rubrum is reported. Chemical and physical measurements indicate a molecular weight of 23,000 g-mole−1, one FMN # per mole of protein, and an amino acid composition similar, in many respects, to those of flavodoxins isolated from other organisms. R. rubrum flavodoxin is about 20% as active as spinach ferredoxin in mediating the photoreduction of NADP+ by spinach chloroplasts.
Conducting carbon-nitrogen pyropolymers derived from cyanogen

Electropolymerization of cyanogen in acetonitrile containing an electrolyte yields a poly(cyanogen). Its structure involves an open-structured dimer derived from the heterocyclic anion C7N7− mixed with a sequence of nitrile-substituted, conjugated carbon–nitrogen bonds. Although this polymer is an insulating solid, pyrolysis in vacuo to 700°C leads to highly conducting carbon–nitrogen pyropolymers via crosslinking and nitrogen elimination. The 700° pyropolymer has a carbon–nitrogen ratio of 5:1, a room temperature conductivity of 1 Ω−1 cm−1, and an activation energy for conduction of ∼0.03 eV.
Partisan Dealignment, Electoral Choice and Party-System Change in Canada

This paper investigates the conditions under which significant changes can occur in the structure and composition of a party system in a contemporary mature democracy. The empirical focus is Canada. Although one of the oldline Canadian parties, the Liberals, won a parliamentary majority in the most recent (1993) national election, two others, the governing Progressive Conservatives (PC) and the social democratic opposition New Democratic Party (NDP), suffered disastrous defeats. Two new parties with regionally concentrated bases of support, Reform and the Bloc Quebecois, enjoyed marked success. Analyses of national survey data reveal that although economic issues generated by a serious, protracted recession were the principal proximate forces eroding PC and NDP support, dissatisfaction with all oldline parties was widespread. This disaffection, the virtual devastation of two of these parties, and the continuing strength of the two new parties in their regional bases, suggest that 1993 was a type of `criti...
Liberty, fragile fraternity and inequality in early-republican Spanish America: assessing the impact of French Revolutionary ideals

Abstract Though the French and American Revolutions provided Spanish America with examples of social action and institutional change, they were viewed as French national and British colonial responses to particular historical circumstances, and were thus adopted only selectively as models by Spain's colonies. While the ideological bases of the French Revolution provided key ingredients for revolutionary thought in Spanish America, the violence and social restructuring that resulted from it, and especially the dramatic seizure of power by ex-slaves in France's own colony of Saint-Domingue, provoked many to question the benefits of such radical change. The white colonial elite, while seizing the opportunity to free themselves from the metropolis after Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, were nevertheless unnerved by the removal of what they viewed to be the legitimate royal authority. Although they sought liberty from Spain, and fraternity amongst the former Spanish dependencies, the newly-empowered white population did not wish to jeopardize their own position of authority by providing equality for all. Revolutionary change which threatened the structure of power and the old social order was postponed indefinitely. If French revolutionary ideals were not allowed to bring about as much social change as many would have liked, Napoleonic France provided an obvious model for efficient governmental organization and administration. Indeed, the ever-widening cultural gulf separating Spain from its former possessions progressively stimulated a second wave of French influences which affected key components of the evolving nation states of Spanish America throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century and beyond.
Development of novel agents based on nitric oxide for the control of colon cancer

Nitric oxide-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) represent a novel class of compounds that hold promise as agents for the control of colon cancer. They are derivatives of conventional NSAIDs that have been modified by adding to them, via a spacer molecule, a nitric oxide releasing moiety. The expectation is that the combined effects of NO and the NSAID moiety will exceed those of each structural component alone. Extensive work has demonstrated their potency and efficacy in preclinical models of colon cancer. The mechanism of action of NO-NSAIDs involves the modulation of several critical cellular signaling pathways, whereas the induction of a state of oxidative stress, at least by NO-aspirin, appears to be a major proximal event. Clinical trials are needed to assess the role of NO-NSAIDs in the control of colon cancer.
Polymer deformation studies by time resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

We have applied a newly developed time resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to follow microstructural changes in two semicrystalline polymers with time resolution in the order of milliseconds. This is the first demonstration of a spectroscopic technique which is capable of measuring structural changes at the segmental level and relating them to macroscopic changes measured by dynamical mechanical spectroscopy.