cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causal and Metaphysical Necessity

Any property has two sorts of causal features: “forward-looking” ones, having to do with what its instantiation can contribute to causing, and ldquo;backward-looking” ones, having to do with how its instantiation can be caused. Such features of a property are essential to it, and properties sharing all of their causal features are identical. Causal necessity is thus a special case of metaphysical necessity. Appeals to imaginability have no more force against this view than they do against the Kripkean view that statements like “Gold is an element” are metaphysically necessary.
Investigation of Complex Iron Surface Catalytic Chemistry Using the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field Method

To demonstrate the feasibility of classical reactive dynamics for studying complex surface chemistry, we performed a series of five reactive molecular dynamics simulations addressing the carbon monoxide methanation and the hydrocarbon chain initiation using the ReaxFF reactive force field method. We found that the catalytic surface hydrogenation initiates from the undissociated CO molecules absorbed on the surface of the catalyst as described in the oxygenate mechanism. This process leads to the generation of surface absorbed CHX– groups, which initiates the synthesis of methane and the hydrocarbon chain growth. Direct hydrogenation of the surface carbide was not observed in the simulation. Coordination analysis of the carbon atoms in the system provides possible explanations in that the surface carbon atoms are further stabilized by the surface deformation of the iron catalyst at elevated temperatures. Results from the simulations also indicated that the surface CH– could dissociate into surface carbon atoms or be further hydrogenated into CH2– radicals, which is an important intermediate species in the synthesis of methane as well as the chain initiation. Results from the C–C coupling simulation suggested the preference of coupling between CH– and CH2– groups, which agrees with the alkenyl scheme of the carbene mechanism. The overall results agree with the available experimental observations and quantum mechanics (QM) study. Furthermore, these simulations indicate the possible cooperation among different mechanisms and prove the serviceability of the ReaxFF method for studying the complex heterogeneous catalytic system. These simulations have also allowed us to evaluate the accuracy of the current ReaxFF Fe/C/O/H description, providing crucial information regarding areas where further improvement is required.
Inhibition of protein kinase C by melittin: antagonism of binding interactions between melittin and the catalytic domain by active-site binding of MgATP

Abstract Melittin inhibits the lipid cofactor-independent activity of protein kinase C (PKC) by directly binding to the catalytic domain in a MgATP-sensitive manner. The catalytic domains of certain PKC isozymes have a consensus sequence for a second nucleotide binding site outside their active site regions. In this report, we show that PKC isozymes containing the second nucleotide binding site motif (α, β) and an isozyme lacking the motif (e) all have MgATP-sensitive binding interactions with melittin. Our results support a mechanism of PKC inhibition by melittin in which active-site binding of MgATP antagonizes binding interactions between PKC and melittin.
Modifying the HIPERLAN/1 CAC layer protocol for intermittent connectivity

Intermittent connectivity is common in certain wireless access networks. Existing network protocols are not resilient to disruption of communication links and communication often fails when faced with sporadic connectivity. Thus in recent years there is a growing interest in Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks (also know as Mobile Opportunistic Networks) and many routing protocols have been proposed in the literature to address the problem. Most of them are evaluated under assumptions in proposed theoretical frameworks or/and through simulation. In this paper we propose a modification to the Channel Access sub-layer of the Medium Access layer of the HIPERLAN/1 protocol for wireless LANs to extend its operation for intermittent connectivity. The proposal is then evaluated through simulation which takes into account realistic conditions for wireless intermittent connectivity (contention, mobility, bit errors, hidden nodes and capture).
Long-term global energy supplies with acceptable environmental impacts

Abstract Unremitting population growths, coupled with rising standards of living, have been responsible for escalation of energy consumption. There is an identifiable minimum per capita energy use to assure an acceptable quality of life. The need for adequate energy supplies with tolerable environmental impacts has become the key factor driving domestic and international energy policies. Rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations as the result of fossil-fuel combustion require cost comparisons of potential environmental damages with source-removal or replacement technologies; uncertainties of these assessments are discussed. Past failures to find replacements for imported oil and the absence of a coherent U.S. energy policy reflect economic, technological and scientific uncertainties, as well as changes in program goals. Stable public-sector allocations of funds for expenditures on developing energy technologies require implementation of a new methodology that begins with a perceived public need for the product or project and includes advantages in international competition for successful private-sector participants.
Altitudinal patterns of Stereocaulon (Lichenized Ascomycota) in China

Based on herbarium collections, the altitudinal distribution patterns of six species of the lichen genus Stereocaulon in China were analyzed. Species are elevation-dependent: normal distributions and corresponding empirical formulae were detected for the genus and S. japonicum and S. paschale, the species distributed in low elevation areas, and log-normal distributions detected for S. sorediiferum and S. tomentosum, the species in medium elevation areas, while S. pomiferum and S. myriocarpum, the species in high elevation areas, appear to be irregularly distributed according to altitude. Such formulae should prove valuable for biological conservation practices.
Beyond anger: A deeper look at consumer animosity

Grounded in cognitive-affective theories of emotion, an extended conceptual framework of consumer animosity is developed that (1) distinguishes between consumers’ cognitive appraisal of the international dispute and the resulting emotional response, (2) expands from a valence-based approach to consider the differential effects of agonistic (i.e., anger) and retreat emotions (i.e., fear), and (3) examines three distinct consumer coping processes (product avoidance, negative word of mouth (NWOM), product quality judgment). A cross-cultural test of the framework among Chinese (toward Japan) and American (toward Russia) consumers supports the mediational role of emotions, and finds that agonistic emotions are related to NWOM and product avoidance, but not product quality judgment. In contrast, retreat emotions are related to product avoidance and product quality judgment, but not NWOM. The findings provide guidance for international brand managers on recognizing and detecting adverse sentiments toward their country of origin and accordingly modify their international brand strategy.
Spin stabilization design and testing of the Van Allen Probes

This paper describes the design decisions taken and the mass properties tracking and testing flow chosen for the Van Allen Probes spacecraft and their deployable systems to achieve the coning angle requirements. Topics include a list of major requirements, a brief description of the error budget, a description of the tracking process of the spacecraft mass properties prior to test, a description of the spin balance and mass properties testing of the spacecraft core and deployable systems, and a presentation of the final mass properties and coning angle calculations of the fully deployed observatories. Launched August 30, 2012, the observed on-orbit, fully deployed configuration coning angles met the requirements, validating the spin balance and mass properties tracking, testing, and calculation methods chosen for the Van Allen Probes mission.
EHV systems technology&#8212;A look at the principles and current status

Systems analysis provides a crucial focal point which binds together the various component and subsystem technologies in electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) development. Basic principles and practices involved in system engineering are examined in order to define this sometimes nebulous concept better. Recent electric vehicle (EV) system developments are reviewed with some emphasis on their fundamental limitations. Hybrid-electric vehicles (HV's) are introduced as an alternative which overcomes many of these limitations. A hybrid concept assessment methodology is presented which utilizes the state of the technology and yet satisfies Department of Energy (DOE) petroleum displacement goals.
Remanufacturing and Energy Savings

Remanufactured products that can substitute for new products are generally claimed to save energy. These claims are made from studies that look mainly at the differences in materials production and manufacturing. However, when the use phase is included, the situation can change radically. In this Article, 25 case studies for eight different product categories were studied, including: (1) furniture, (2) clothing, (3) computers, (4) electric motors, (5) tires, (6) appliances, (7) engines, and (8) toner cartridges. For most of these products, the use phase energy dominates that for materials production and manufacturing combined. As a result, small changes in use phase efficiency can overwhelm the claimed savings from materials production and manufacturing. These use phase energy changes are primarily due to efficiency improvements in new products, and efficiency degradation in remanufactured products. For those products with no, or an unchanging, use phase energy requirement, remanufacturing can save energy. For the 25 cases, we found that 8 cases clearly saved energy, 6 did not, and 11 were too close to call. In some cases, we could examine how the energy savings potential of remanufacturing has changed over time. Specifically, during times of significant improvements in energy efficiency, remanufacturing would often not save energy. A general design trend seems to be to add power to a previously unpowered product, and then to improve on the energy efficiency of the product over time. These trends tend to undermine the energy savings potential of remanufacturing.
Dynamic surface deformation of silicone elastomers for management of marine biofouling: laboratory and field studies using pneumatic actuation

Many strategies have been developed to improve the fouling release (FR) performance of silicone coatings. However, biofilms inevitably build on these surfaces over time. Previous studies have shown that intentional deformation of silicone elastomers can be employed to detach biofouling species. In this study, inspired by the methods used in soft-robotic systems, controlled deformation of silicone elastomers via pneumatic actuation was employed to detach adherent biofilms. Using programmed surface deformation, it was possible to release > 90% of biofilm from surfaces in both laboratory and field environments. A higher substratum strain was required to remove biofilms accumulated in the field environment as compared with laboratory-grown biofilms. Further, the study indicated that substratum modulus influences the strain needed to de-bond biofilms. Surface deformation-based approaches have potential for use in the management of biofouling in a number of technological areas, including in niche applications where pneumatic actuation of surface deformation is feasible.
Changes in ecosystem resilience detected in automated measures of ecosystem metabolism during a whole-lake manipulation

Environmental sensor networks are developing rapidly to assess changes in ecosystems and their services. Some ecosystem changes involve thresholds, and theory suggests that statistical indicators of changing resilience can be detected near thresholds. We examined the capacity of environmental sensors to assess resilience during an experimentally induced transition in a whole-lake manipulation. A trophic cascade was induced in a planktivore-dominated lake by slowly adding piscivorous bass, whereas a nearby bass-dominated lake remained unmanipulated and served as a reference ecosystem during the 4-y experiment. In both the manipulated and reference lakes, automated sensors were used to measure variables related to ecosystem metabolism (dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentration) and to estimate gross primary production, respiration, and net ecosystem production. Thresholds were detected in some automated measurements more than a year before the completion of the transition to piscivore dominance. Directly measured variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentration) related to ecosystem metabolism were better indicators of the approaching threshold than were the estimates of rates (gross primary production, respiration, and net ecosystem production); this difference was likely a result of the larger uncertainties in the derived rate estimates. Thus, relatively simple characteristics of ecosystems that were observed directly by the sensors were superior indicators of changing resilience. Models linked to thresholds in variables that are directly observed by sensor networks may provide unique opportunities for evaluating resilience in complex ecosystems.
The bilingual mental lexicon and speech production process.

The Chinese/English intrasentential code-switching data provide evidence that the bilingual mental lexicon involves language contact between language-specific semantic/pragmatic feature bundles. Lemmas in the mental lexicon are tagged for specific languages and contain semantic, syntactic, and morphological information about lexemes. In a bilingual mode, the speaker makes choices at the preverbal level of lexical-conceptual structure, and these choices activate the lemmas in the mental lexicon for the speaker's preverbal message to be morphosyntactically realized at the functional level of predicate-argument structure. The result will be language-specific surface forms at the positional level of morphological realization patterns. The languages involved in the bilingual's mixed speech are never equally activated, with one language projecting the sentential frame and the other supplying a particular type of morphemes for the speaker's communicative intentions.
342 ZINC PEFICIENCY IN INFANTS WITH FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

Renal clearance of zinc was examined in 6 infants with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) to determine if there is a link between prenatal exposure to ethanol and zinc deficiency in the development of fetal dysmorphogenesis. Eight healthy age-matched infants served as controls. There was no significant difference in creatinine clearance, urine flow rate, or fractional water excretion values between the two groups. Plasma concentrations of zinc were significantly lower in FAS patients (62.5±2.8 μg/dL) in comparison to controls (70.3±2.3 μg/dL), (P<.00005). Urinary excretion of zinc in FAS patients averaged 646±125 μg/24 hr; significantly higher than in control subjects (330±184 μg/24 hr), (P<.00005). Fractional excretion of zinc (FEZn was significantly higher in FAS patients (2.8±1.1%) compared to control group (1.4±.07%), (P=.02), but the mean filtered zinc (FZn) was significantly lower in patients than in controls (P=.02). The changes in FEZn for FAS patients varied inversely with urine flow rate (r=-.58, P=.002) and with FZn (r=-.39, P=.0001), but varied directly with fractional water excretion (r=.20, P=.008). Thus: (1) Plasma zinc deficiency is present in infants with FAS; (2) increased fractional clearance of zinc appears to be responsible for decreased plasma zinc concentrations; (3) relative zinc deficiency in FAS patients may be responsible for some of the features associated with the syndrome.
The Psychiatric Nurse's Role in Application of Recovery and Decision-Making Models to Integrate Health Behaviors in the Recovery Process

Recovery from mental illness is a process that involves personal decision-making in many areas. Nurses are in a unique position to assist individuals in assessing their personal health status and integrating health behaviors into their recovery plans. The use of assessment tools, motivational interviewing techniques, and recovery planning can help individuals make decisions about their health, try out new behaviors, and integrate healthy living behaviors into a recovery plan and activities. This role of the nurse in this process is outlined, strategies are described, and outcome examples are provided.
Application of infra-red digital subtraction techniques to the microstructure of polychloroprenes: 1. Accentuation and assignment of bands due to structural irregularities

Abstract Infra-red digital subtraction techniques have been employed to accentuate and assign the bands associated with the structural irregularities present in predominantly trans -1,4- polychloroprenes. The spectral contribution of the trans -1,4- configuration was removed from the spectra of polychloroprenes synthesized at different temperatures revealing contributions due to cis -1,4-, 1,2- and 3,4- structural irregularities. In addition bands associated with end-groups were also observed. The results demonstrate the potential of infra-red digital subtraction techniques to determine, both qualitatively and quantitatively, relatively small concentrations of structural irregularities in polychloroprenes.
Gonadal Steroid Modulation of Vasotocin Concentrations in the Bullfrog Brain

Concentrations of the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) are sexually dimorphic in some regions of the bullfrog brain. Since these differences in AVT content may be due to sexual differences in pla
Preparation of Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Students to Work with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The expectations and preparation requirements for students in Communication Sciences and Disorders to work with children with autism spectrum disorders were explored. Five hundred and fifty-one speech-language pathologists working with children with autism spectrum disorders were surveyed about knowledge of autism spectrum disorders and expectations for student preparation. Student outcomes from a graduate course in autism spectrum disorders in Communication Sciences and Disorders were measured. Survey responses indicated that speech-language pathologists believed that their coursework and clinical training did not prepare them to start working with children with autism spectrum disorders. Responses also indicated that speech-language pathologists expect graduates who are beginning a clinical fellowship to have had coursework and to have completed practical training related to autism. Student outcome measures demonstrated that students had limited experiences with autism prior to the course and lacked foundational knowledge. The results of this study support existing descriptions in the literature of the knowledge and training of speech-language pathologists in school-based settings and further emphasize the need to include autism as a required component of graduate programs to meet preparation expectations in the field.
Selective depletion and enrichment of alloreactive cytolytic effector lymphocytes using anti-fluorescein affinity columns.

Abstract Peritoneal exudates from BALB/c mice rejecting C57BL ascites lymphoma EL4 are a rich source of cytolytic effector lymphocytes (CL); however, these preparations are still contaminated even after removal of adherent cells with other mononuclear cells which do not appear to be cytolytic. The relationship of the cytolytic and “non-cytolytic” cells to graft rejection in vivo is not completely understood. We have used anti-fluorescein (α-FL) columns to separate sensitized lymphoid populations into fractions enriched or depleted in cytolytic activity. EL4 were directly labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FL-EL4), centrifuged with CL and the mixture was applied to a column of horse α-FL antibody conjugated to Sepharose 4B. FL-EL4 and lymphocytes bound to them were retained on the column, while non-bound lymphocytes were collected in a medium wash (passed cells). CL bound to FL-EL4 were then eluted with EDTA (eluted cells). Cytolytic activity of the two fractions was compared to that of the unfractionated population in an in vitro 51 Cr release assay. Passed cells were consistently depleted in cytolytic activity compared to unfractionated cells or manipulation controls reaching 100% depletion in some experiments. Enrichment of cytolytic activity in eluted populations was frequently but not invariably observed. Rate of cytolysis was used as a measure of cytolytic activity in fractionated populations. Specificity of binding was investigated in reciprocal experiments using CS7BL/6J effectors raised against BALB/c lymphoma RL♂ 1. Viability of recovered cells was high and the procedure was rapid, efficient and versatile. In contrast to monolayer cellular immunoabsorbents, contamination of fractions with absorbing cells was consistently less than 5%. Both enriched and depleted populations are available for further study of surface markers and function.
Large-deflexion Bending of Woven Fabric for Automated Material-handling

The development of highly flexible devices for automated handling of textile materials requires a knowledge-based computer system to manipulate successfully a diverse range of fabrics with varying engineering properties. The purpose of the research reported in this paper is to develop and validate a computer model for predicting fabric-deformation behaviour during automated handling, given experimentally measured fabric properties. A computer program is developed, on the basis of Konopasek's theoretical formulation for solving large-deflexion fabric-bending problems, to simulate the laying of fabric on a table by means of a robot manipulator. Experimental data are collected for actual bending shapes of selected apparel fabrics and compared with theoretical data generated by the numerical solution of the mathematical model. The results demonstrate the ability of the model to predict large deformations of typical apparel fabrics with a part size of up to 10 cm in length. Only the measured properties, bendin...
Reentrant quantum anomalous Hall effect with in-plane magnetic fields in HgMnTe quantum wells

The quantum anomalous Hall effect has been predicted in HgMnTe quantum wells with an out-of-plane magnetization of Mn atoms. However, since HgMnTe quantum wells are paramagnetic, an out-of-plane magnetic field is required to polarize magnetic moments of Mn atoms, which inevitably induces Landau levels and makes it difficult to identify the origin of the quantized Hall conductance experimentally. In this work, we study the quantum anomalous Hall effect in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field in Mn-doped HgTe quantum wells. For a small out-of-plane magnetic field, the in-plane magnetic field can drive the system from a normal insulating state to a quantum anomalous Hall state. When the out-of-plane magnetic field is slightly above the transition point, the system shows a reentrant behavior of Hall conductance, varying from $\ensuremath{-}{e}^{2}/h$ to 0 and back to $\ensuremath{-}{e}^{2}/h$, with increasing in-plane magnetic fields. The reentrant quantum anomalous Hall effect originates from the interplay between the exchange coupling of magnetic moments and the direct Zeeman coupling of magnetic fields. The calculation incorporating Landau levels shows that there is no qualitative change of the reentrant behavior.
Monoclonal antibodies with defined specificities for Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor cross-react with Drosophila neural tissue

Abstract A panel of monoclonal antibodies with known specificity for the well-characterized nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the electroplax of Torpedo californica , many of which cross-react with the mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor, were examined for cross-reactivity in the fly, Drosophila melanogaster . Monoclonal antibodies with specificities for different epitopes on the transmembrane receptor complex from Torpedo cross-react with different regional subsets of neural tissue in Drosophila. Axonal tracts, neuropil, mechano-sensory bristle elements and photoreceptors, each are detected by separate monoclonal antibody classes corresponding to different epitope domains. A preliminary characterization of an antigenic determinant in Drosophila heads recognized by one of the cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies is presented. Monoclonal antibodies such as these may be useful in identifying molecules of homologous structure or function, possibly including a neuronal acetylcholine receptor.
Perioperative Plasma F 2 -Isoprostane Levels Correlate With Markers of Impaired Ventilation in Infants With Single-Ventricle Physiology Undergoing Stage 2 Surgical Palliation on the Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) produces inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are products of lipid oxidative injury and represent the most accurate markers of oxidative stress. In adults undergoing cardiac surgery, CPB is associated with elevated IsoPs. The relationship between F2-IsoPs and perioperative end-organ function in infants with single-ventricle physiology, however, has not been well studied. This study prospectively enrolled 20 infants (ages 3–12 months) with univentricular physiology undergoing elective stage 2 palliation (bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis). Blood samples were collected before the surgical incision (T0), 30 min after initiation of CPB (T1), immediately after separation from CPB (T2), and 24 h postoperatively (T3). Plasma F2-IsoP levels were measured at each time point and correlated with indices of pulmonary function and other relevant clinical variables. Plasma F2-IsoPs increased significantly during surgery, with highest levels seen immediately after separation from CPB (p < 0.001). After separation from CPB, increased F2-IsoP was associated with lower arterial pH (ρ = −0.564; p = 0.012), higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2; ρ = 0.633; p = 0.004), and decreased lung compliance (ρ = –0.783; p ≤ 0.001). After CPB, F2-IsoPs did not correlate with duration of CPB, arterial lactate, or immediate postoperative outcomes. In infants with single-ventricle physiology, CPB produces oxidative stress, as quantified by elevated F2-IsoP levels. Increased F2-IsoP levels correlated with impaired ventilation in the postoperative period. The extent to which F2-IsoPs and other bioactive products of lipid oxidative injury might predict or contribute to organ-specific stress warrants further investigation.
The Open Volume Library for Processing Volumetric Data

We present the Open Volume Library (OpenVL) for processing volumetric data and as a framework for collaboration, and shared software development of volumetric data applications. OpenVL provides a comprehensive low-level volume access functionality that is suitable for implementing algorithms and applications that deal with volumetric data, such as accessing a voxel neighborhood, performing certain operations at a given voxel, interpolating data values at non-grid locations, etc. We present OpenVL as a standard platform for collaboration in the community. This is achieved by an extensive plugin framework built into OpenVL. Scientists and researchers can implement their work as OpenVL plugins which others in the community can easily use.
Anterior-posterior pattern formation: an evolutionary perspective on genes specifying terminal domains.

The Drosophila anterior-posterior pattern genes of the terminal class, particularly the tailless gene, affect structures derived from the acron and the tail region of the embryo. These domains correspond in position and function to asegmental domains at the termini of annelids and more primitive insect embryos. This suggests that terminal genes in Drosophila may have originated in an ancestor common to both annelids and arthropods, and thus that the specification of termini in these metameric organisms is an ancient, evolutionarily conserved process.
Assessing Disability in the Pain Patient

Assessing disability in the pain patient is often difficult due to both administrative and clinical issues, yet this assessment is essential. Administratively, it is complicated by numerous states, federal, and private systems and policies with different definitions and benefit systems. Clinically, quantifying pain remains problematic as chronic pain is a subjective phenomenon, often associated with confounding behavioral, characterological, personality, and psychological issues. Additionally, the terms impairment and disability are often misunderstood. Furthermore, underlying personality structure and motivation are often determinates for disability. Chronic-pain complaints may be linked with significant disability. Typically, the physician does not define “disability”; rather, the physician defines clinical issues, functional deficits, and, when requested, impairment. Disability is most often an administrative determination.
pilQ Missense Mutations Have Diverse Effects on PilQ Multimer Formation, Piliation, and Pilus Function in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Type IV pili are required for virulence in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as they are involved in adherence to host epithelium, twitching motility, and DNA transformation. The outer membrane secretin PilQ forms a homododecameric ring through which the pilus is proposed to be secreted. pilQ null mutants are nonpiliated, and thus, all pilus-dependent functions are eliminated. Mutagenesis was performed on the middle one-third of pilQ, and mutants with colony morphologies consistent with the colony morphology of nonpiliated or underpiliated bacteria were selected. Nineteen mutants, each with a single amino acid substitution, were isolated and displayed diverse phenotypes in terms of PilQ multimer stability, pilus expression, transformation efficiency, and host cell adherence. The 19 mutants were grouped into five phenotypic classes based on functionality. Four of the five mutant classes fit the current model of pilus functionality, which proposes that a functional pilus assembly apparatus, not necessarily full-length pili, is required for transformation, while high levels of displayed pili are required for adherence. One class, despite having an underpiliated colony morphology, expressed high levels of pili yet adhered poorly, demonstrating that pilus expression is necessary but not sufficient for adherence and indicating that PilQ may be directly involved in host cell adherence. The collection of phenotypes expressed by these mutants suggests that PilQ has an active role in pilus expression and function.
Learning Curve and Rate Adjustment Models: An Investigation of Bias

Learning curve models have gained widespread acceptance as a technique for analyzing and forecasting the cost of items produced from a repetitive process. Considerable research has investigated augmenting the traditional learning curve model with the addition of a production rate variable, creating a rate adjustment model. This study compares the forecasting bias of the learning curve and rate adjustment models. A simulation methodology is used to vary conditions along seven dimensions. The magnitude and direction of errors in estimating future cost are analyzed and compared under the various simulated conditions, using ANOVA. Overall results indicate that the rate adjustment model is generally unbiased. If the cost item being forecast contains any element that is not subject to learning then the traditional learning curve model is consistently biased toward underestimation of future cost. Conditions when the bias is strongest are identified.1
The effect of bandwidth on STAP

There has been much interest in multi-bin post-Doppler space-time adaptive-processing (STAP) algorithms, since they are perceived to perform better than their pre-Doppler counterparts. However, we show that when the effects of the radar's bandwidth are taken into account this is not always true. Airborne radar systems of the future need to be capable of detecting small targets in the presence of interference. Interference may come from several sources; clutter from ground returns which form a ridge that is a function of bearing and Doppler frequency, deliberate electronic countermeasures and other accidental interference. In order to suppress the interference to the receiver noise floor STAP needs to be incorporated in such radar systems.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kinesin-related Motor Kar3p Acts at Preanaphase Spindle Poles to Limit the Number and Length of Cytoplasmic Microtubules

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related motor Kar3p, though known to be required for karyogamy, plays a poorly defined, nonessential role during vegetative growth. We have found evidence suggesting that Kar3p functions to limit the number and length of cytoplasmic microtubules in a cell cycle–specific manner. Deletion of KAR3 leads to a dramatic increase in cytoplasmic microtubules, a phenotype which is most pronounced from START through the onset of anaphase but less so during late anaphase in synchronized cultures. We have immunolocalized HA-tagged Kar3p to the spindle pole body region, and fittingly, Kar3p was not detected by late anaphase. A microtubule depolymerizing activity may be the major vegetative role for Kar3p. Addition of the microtubule polymerization inhibitors nocodazol or benomyl to the medium or deletion of the nonessential α-tubulin TUB3 gene can mostly correct the abnormal microtubule arrays and other growth defects of kar3 mutants, suggesting that these phenotypes result from excessive microtubule polymerization. Microtubule depolymerization may also be the mechanism by which Kar3p acts in opposition to the anaphase B motors Cin8p and Kip1p. A preanaphase spindle collapse phenotype of cin8 kip1 mutants, previously shown to involve Kar3p, is markedly delayed when microtubule depolymerization is inhibited by the tub2-150 mutation. These results suggest that the Kar3p motor may act to regulate the length and number of microtubules in the preanaphase spindle.
Modal Analysis of a Non-Circular Cylindrical Laminated Shell Using Conformal Mapping

This paper presents a method to analyze the free and forced vibration responses of a finite uniform cylindrical shell. The cross section of the shell is a square with rounded corners. This geometry makes the analysis of the system difficult. The approach in this work is to apply a conformal mapping to map the physical domain onto a circular cylindrical domain. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is applied to solve for the solution. Numerical results of the mode shapes and the forced response at different frequencies are presented.
Radiation and the single cell: the physicist's contribution to radiobiology

Radiobiological research since the time of Lea and Coulson and present day knowledge and work are reviewed.
Advancing nursing enterprises: A cross-country comparison

Abstract Background Health system transformations in the United States are creating new opportunities for nursing innovation, although financial sustainability has limited the expansion of nurse managed clinics. Purpose We explore case studies of nursing enterprises in the developing world and discuss their potential for informing related work in the United States. Methods Cases were selected from the Center for Health Market Innovations. Discussion We describe a professional association network of clinics in Tanzania, a social franchise in Kenya, and a cooperative in the Philippines. All programs empowered nurses to own, lead, and advance their professional influence. They had a social mission of improving access to care for disadvantaged populations, while increasing employment and autonomy of women. They also provided a shared platform for branding, purchasing, and quality assurance. Conclusion Organization sponsors in these models may be relevant to different actors in the United States. Each demonstrates the importance of a collective approach to advancing nursing enterprises.
Processing of multitemporal Landsat TM imagery to optimize extraction of forest cover change features

Digital procedures to optimize the information content of multitemporal Landsat TM data sets for forest cover change detection are described. Imagery from three different years (1984, 1986, and 1990) were calibrated to exoatmospheric reflectance to minimize sensor calibration offsets and standardize data acquisition aspects. Geometric rectification was followed by atmospheric normalization and correction routines. The normalization consisted of a statistical regression over time based on spatially well-defined and spectrally stable landscape features spanning the entire reflectance range. Linear correlation coefficients for all bitemporal band pairs ranged from 0.9884 to 0.9998. The correction mechanism used a dark object subtraction technique incorporating published values of water reflectance. The association between digital data and forest cover was maximized and interpretability enhanced by converting band-specific reflectance values into vegetation indexes. Bitemporal vegetation index pairs for each time interval (two, four, and six years) were subjected to two change detection algorithms, standardized differencing and selective principal component analysis. Optimal feature selection was based on statistical divergence measures. Although limited to spectrally-radiometrically defined change classes, results show that the relationship between reflective TM data and forest canopy change is explicit enough to be of operational use in a forest cover change stratification phase prior to a more detailed assessment. >
On the Effective Low-Grazing Reflection Coefficient of Random Terrain Roughness for Modeling Near-Earth Radiowave Propagation

An investigation on the effects of terrain roughness on near-ground radiowave propagation is featured. In spite of the fact that a variety of analytical and numerical routines have been proposed by many workers for the general treatment of the scattering properties of rough surfaces, much disagreement remains in the solution of the problem for near-grazing scenarios. In striving to analytically describe the near-grazing propagation of signals from 2D and 3D radiators, an existing volumetric polarization current-based perturbation approach is exploited in this work to formulate closed-form expressions for the coherent rough surface reflection coefficients. Although the perturbation approach was originally intended for analyzing the scattering coefficients of a ground with scale of roughness much smaller than the wavelength, it is shown through Monte Carlo simulations that the effective reflection coefficients reported herein are applicable for near-ground path-loss prediction even when the surface variation (rms height) is on the order of a wavelength or more.
Tropics, income, and school life expectancy: an intercountry study

Abstract Using UNESCO's recent data, the effects of a country's income and `tropicality' on `school life expectancy' are explored. While the effect of income is, as expected, positive and substantial, the distance from the equator, which is a measure of the country's tropicality, is also important. Two additional points are noted. First, the effect of tropicality, relative to that of income, is larger in 1980 than for 1992. Second, since tropicality is likely to have a substantial effect on income, the true effect of the distance-variable may be considerably understated when it is included along with income. Several implications of the reported estimates are pointed out. [JEL I21, J24, O15]
Entropy, quantum decoherence and pointer states scalar “parton” fields

Abstract Entropy arises in strong interactions by a dynamical separation of “partons” from long-wavelength “environment” modes due to confinement. We evaluate the time dependent von Neumann entropy for a general model of two interacting scalar fields representing, for example, partons and their environment, respectively. The relevant density functional is diagonalized in time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation based on the functional Schrodinger picture. This yields “field pointer states” and their probabilities in terms of Wightman functions. Our approach can be applied to a variety of related non-equilibrium problems. The results also indicate how to calculate a finite geometric entropy proportional to a surface area.
Reward-biased risk appraisal and its relation to juvenile versus adult crime

To what extent is criminal behavior in adolescence attributable to risk appraisal? Using two large cross-sectional samples (N = 929, age range: 10-30 years; and N = 1,357, age range: 12-24 years), we examine whether (a) reward bias in risk appraisal is more prominent in adolescence and (b) the association between risk appraisal and criminal behavior is stronger during adolescence than at other ages. In Study 1, criminal behavior was self-reported; in Study 2, it was defined by involvement with the court. Perceived chances of a negative outcome, seriousness of consequences, and benefits versus costs of various risky activities were assessed to gauge reward bias in risk appraisal. The findings indicate that reward bias is elevated during the adolescence years. Also, risk appraisal bears a stronger relation to self-reported crime in middle adolescence and to official law-breaking behavior in early adolescence than at other ages. The findings are consistent with a dual-systems model of adolescent development and align with recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions addressing juvenile offenders' culpability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Leisure and legitimation.

ABSTRACT In this essay we argue that the historical redefinition of leisure in the United States roughly corresponds to the extension of commodity relations in U.S. society. We show how the negative view of leisure, traditionnally associated with the Puritan ethic, was deeply reinforced by the requirements of wage labor during the early stages of capital accumulation. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the maturation of a distinctively capitalist mode of consumption based on commodity relations in conjunction with the shifting requirements of the accumulation system had the effect of making leisure more individuated and consumable. The meaning of leisure was thus enhanced, and this enhanced meaning of leisure began to emerge as a means of legitimating first, the conditions of work, and later the operation of the U.S. political and economic system. In the present era appeals to freedom, individuality and well-being, once grounded in the supposed virtues of the free market and the public sphere,...
TRAUMA IN CHILDREN OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS: Transgenerational Effects

The effect of parental Holocaust trauma on their children's Jewish identity and Holocaust-related ideation was investigated by comparing survivors' children with children of American Jews. Parental communication style as a possible mediating factor was also assessed. Children of survivors showed significantly more Holocaust ideation than did those of American Jews, but did not differ appreciably on measures of Jewish identity. Parental communication style was associated with ethnic identification, suggesting its mediating influence on the transgenerational effects of parental trauma.
Mapping by VESGEN of Wing Vein Phenotype in Drosophila for Quantifying Adaptations to Space Environments

Vascular patterning is a key, genetically responsive phylogenetic classifier of tissues in major organisms flown in space such as the mouse retina, leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, and wings of Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly). Phenotypes of increasingly abnormal ectopic wing venation in the highly stereotyped Drosophila wing generated by overexpressing the H-C2 construct of Notch antagonist Hairless (Johannes and Preiss, Mech Dev 115:3) were mapped and quantified by NASA’s VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN) software. By several confirming vascular parameters, the eight stereotyped wing veins remained quite constant in wildtype compared to Class 5 H-C2, the most perturbed category of the H-C2 overexpression phenotypes. However, ectopic veins increased in number from 1 in the wildtype to 18 in Class 5 H-C2. We therefore demonstrate the feasibility of using a quantitative method such as VESGEN on microscopic images of vascular phenomena that include altered wing vein patterning in Drosophila melanogaster. Such quantification will provide a valuable tool in the future to assess the effects of spaceflight on gene expression and other developmental changes of the organism where samples can be screened efficiently to characterize even subtle changes. Spaceflight gene expression data suggest that several of the signal transduction pathways that affect wing vein patterning are altered by spaceflight. Therefore we propose that sensitive analyses provided by VESGEN software will be useful for future studies with Drosophila for spaceflight and terrestrial applications.
Two-Photon Optical Biopsy Of Thick Tissues

Two-photon optical biopsy has been performed in human and mouse skin. Both cellular and extracellular tissue components have been visualized based on endogenous fluorescence.
We Are Family Specifying the Unique Contribution of Abuse and Neglect of Siblings on the Prevalence, Severity, and Chronicity of Maltreatment in the Household

Prior research typically focuses on a single child (“index” victim) when measuring child abuse and neglect (CAN) using Child Protective Services (CPS) records. However, excluding siblings has the potential to underestimate estimates of the prevalence, severity, and chronicity of CAN in the household, which includes all children in the family. CPS maltreatment records were searched in 2005 for 366 “index” victims who were surveyed for 5 consecutive years (from 1998 to 2002) for the Mobile Youth Survey (MYS) as well as other siblings in the household. The estimate of prevalence of CAN in the household increased by 10% when sibling(s) in the household were included in the CPS search. In addition, prevalence of sexual abuse in the household increased by 38% when siblings were included in the broader search of CPS records. More importantly, including sibling victims of CAN uncovered incidents of maltreatment that occurred before the birth of the targeted MYS “index” victim. In short, the inclusion of abuse and...
Determination of 8 organic poisons in workplace air by capillary column gas chromatography

Objective:To estabilish a method for the determination of 8 organic poisons in the air by capillary column gas chromatography.Methods:Using activated straws and carbon disulfide to analysis it,choosing the WCOTFUSED SILKA 30 m×0.25 mm capillary column to separate it,FID detector,determination by gas chromatography.Results:Analysis of the rate of the 8 organic poison was 94.5%~104.5%,the opposite deviation 0.47%~1.4%,the limitation of the result 0.29~0.98 μg/ml.Conclusion:This method can be used to determine 8 organic poisons at the same time.