cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured by laser-based powder-bed fusion: Process, microstructures, and mechanical properties correlations

Abstract The present study comprehensively a investigates the correlations between the heat treatment process parameters (temperature, time, and cooling rate) with the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V samples manufactured by laser-based powder-bed fusion ( L -PBF) additive manufacturing process. Understanding these correlations results in better engineering of the microstructure to obtain a desirable combination of ductility and strength for different applications. The primary, secondary, and tertiary α' with β particles are seen in the microstructure of the as-built sample. The heat treatment at below β transus temperature (Tβ) shows a similar microstructure to the as-built samples with a considerable increment in elongation. Increasing temperature in the range of α + β region illustrates the formation of α + β lamellar structure (primary, and secondary α) with increasing elongation and decreasing tensile strength. While increasing temperature above Tβ deteriorates the mechanical properties due to increasing the thickness of α lath, increasing the time of annealing leads to increasing and then decreasing elongation. Increasing the cooling rate from furnace cooling to air cooling and finally to water quenching results in increasing yield strength and ultimate tensile strength and decreasing the elongation due to the microstructural features such as α', α, and β. Finally, the fractography of brittle and ductile samples is presented and correlated with the obtained microstructural and mechanical properties.
Can People with Parkinson's Disease Self-Trigger Gait Initiation? A Comparison of Cueing Strategies.

Background An external cue can markedly improve gait initiation in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often used to overcome freezing of gait (FOG). It is unknown if the effects of external cueing are comparable if the imperative stimulus is triggered by the person receiving the cue (self-triggered) or an external source. Objective Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of self- versus externally triggered cueing on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) during gait initiation in people with PD. Methods In experiment 1, 10 individuals with PD and FOG initiated gait without a cue or in response to a stimulus triggered by the experimenter or by the participant. Experiment 2 compared self- versus externally triggered cueing across three groups: healthy young adults (n = 16), healthy older adults (n = 11), and a group with PD (n = 10). Results Experiment 1: Externally triggered cues significantly increased APA magnitudes compared to uncued stepping, but not when the same cue was self-triggered. Experiment 2: APAs were not significantly improved with a self-triggered cue compared to un-cued stepping in both the PD and healthy older adult groups, but the young adults showed a significant facilitation of APA magnitude. Conclusion The effectiveness of an external cue on gait initiation in people with PD and older adults is critically dependent upon whether the source of the trigger is endogenous (self-produced) or exogenous (externally generated). These results may explain why cueing interventions that rely upon self-triggering of the stimulus are often ineffective in people with PD.
On optimizing a maximin nonlinear function subject to replicated quasi-arborescence-like constraints

In this paper we present the motivation for using the Truncated Newton method in an algorithm that maximises a nonlinear function with additional maximin-like arguments subject to a network-like linear system of constraints. The special structure of the network (so-termed replicated quasi-arborescence) allows to introduce the new concept of independent superbasic sets and, then, using second-order information about the objective funtion withut too-much computer effort and storage.
Contraceptive behavior and efficacy: the influence of illusion of fertility control and adult attachment tendencies.

Abstract Wives of transsexuals and transvestites typically experience surprise, shock and confusion upon discovery of the husband's gender dysphoria. This pheonomenological study of four women (two wives of transvestites and two wives of transsexuals) was developed to explore the extent, if any, of sexual orientation confusion experienced by the nontranssexual spouse. The hypothesis that sexual orientation confusion in the wives followed disclosure of the husband's crossgendered behavior was confirmed among wives of the transvestites. However, this was not true of the wives of the transsexuals.
Species Heterogeneity in the Metabolic Processing of Benzo[a]pyrene

The detoxification response of the organism toward chemical carcinogens is to transform these potentially toxic compounds into more polar, less lipid soluble substances that are readily excretable and therefore harmless. However, it would appear that nature has made a serious mistake in the case of chemical carcinogens. This concept can be stylized by superimposing the steps in metabolic activation upon a chemical energy activation diagram (see Figure 1). It is generally assumed that the parent molecules of an environmentally prevalent chemical carcinogen are structurally stable and relatively inactive metabolically. This assumption is not unreasonable from a teleological point of view since one would expect labile chemical substances to be rapidly degraded or oxidized, due to sunlight and weather, if released in the open environment. Synthetically prepared activated carcinogens, such as polyaromatic epoxides and nitrosamines, have been shown to possess very short half-lives under physiological conditions. Therefore, the parent compound undergoes a decrease in entropy to increase its potential energy for subsequent metabolic degradation. This change requires enzymatic transformation into a reactive intermediate antecedent to further catabolism. Current evidence shows that all known carcinogenic chemicals are electrophilic reagents that seek out nucleophilic sites inside the cells (1). The peak of the curve in Figure 1 is the zone where the electron-deficient reactive metabolite is thought to interact with nucleophilic target sites hypothesized to begin the process of malignant transformation. If no such interaction takes place, the most common reaction is hydroxylation to form a metabolically inactive polar structure that is more hydrophilic and can be readily excreted. Therefore, the major thrust of the detoxification process is to render the parent compound into a structure of greater entropy and consequently less potential to exert a toxic effect.
The effect of SEC approval of social media for information dissemination

Abstract In April 2013, the SEC provided explicit guidance to public companies regarding social media use for material disclosures. This paper examines the effect of regulatory approval on the market reaction to financial disclosures distributed by firms via social media. The use of social media to disseminate information may lead to broader market interest in the stock. Social media use by firms is explored in three time periods: (1) prior to public SEC scrutiny of social media, (2) after the SEC filed a formal complaint about the use of social media, and (3) after the April 2013 guidance. The analysis demonstrates a positive association between social media use and market reaction as evidenced in trading volume. Second, the association between social media use by firms and trading volume is greatest following the SEC's guidance. Third, social media are used more extensively by disclosing firms in the period following explicit SEC guidance permitting its use.
Closing Perforations and Postperforation Management in Endoscopy: Esophagus and Stomach

Luminal perforation after endoscopy is a dreaded complication that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, longer and more costly hospitalization, and the specter of potential future litigation. The management of such perforations requires a multidisciplinary approach. Until recently, surgery was required. However, nowadays the endoscopist has a burgeoning armamentarium of devices and techniques that may obviate surgery. This article discusses the approach to endoscopic perforations in the esophagus and stomach.
Evidence for Solute Drag during Recrystallization of Aluminum Alloys

Evidence of both solute drag as well as differences in migration mechanisms of certain boundary types has been found for an Al-Zr alloy. In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) annealing experiments coupled with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) showed a stark contrast between Zr segregation at small and large scales. Specifically, Zr was found to segregate to, as well as precipitate at boundaries of grains smaller than 2 microns, whereas less segregation and no precipitation was found at large grains sizes, or long annealing times. Motivated by these results and those previously obtained by Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM), Local Electrode Atom Probe Microscopy with an Imago™ LEAP® microscope, was used to determine the concentrations of Zr and Al ions at grain boundaries; the results confirmed those from the STEM.
THE SUPREME COURT AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A Quest for Balance between Legal and Societal Morality

The interrelationships of legal and societal morality are examined through an analysis of judicial opinions in the Supreme Court's review of the constitutionality of the death penalty. Neither community standards nor considerations of utility provided the justices with a satisfactory basis for rejecting or regulating the death penalty. Resting their decisions instead on grounds of fairness, the justices endorsed a mode of jury guidance and monitoring that potentially facilitates citizen participation in the process of “evolving standards of decency.” Legal morality thus is used as the justification for a decision that affects societal morality in a manner likely to limit rather than to expand the gap between the two moralities.
A Planner-Independent Collaborative Planning Assistant

This article introduces a novel approach to the problem of collaborative planning. We present a method that takes classical one-shot planning techniques - that take a fixed set of goals, initial state, and a domain theory - and adapts them to support the incremental, hierarchical and exploratory nature of collaborative planning that occurs between human planners, and that multi-agent planning systems attempt to support. This approach is planner-independent - in that it could be applied to any classical planning technique - and recasts the problem of collaborative planning as a search through a space of possible inputs to a classical planning system. This article outlines the technique and describes its application to the Mission Rehearsal Exercise, a multi-agent training system.
The zoonotic connection

(2007). The zoonotic connection. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 68-68.
A method for nitrate and phosphate in saline water1

Ion chromatography, in combination with sample pretreatment, is shown to be useful as a method for the determination of phosphate and nitrate at ppm levels in saline water samples.
Predictors and correlates of high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms among children at age 10.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify factors that predict or are correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in 10-year-olds. Method Women and their offspring were followed from the fourth prenatal month through 10 years. There were 636 mother-child pairs at 10 years, a follow-up rate of 83% of the birth cohort. Cognitive, psychological, sociodemographic, and environmental factors were measured at each phase. High depression and anxiety were defined as having a number of symptoms >1 SD above the mean for each measure. These measures were combined to represent high depression and/or anxiety (D/A) at 10 years of age. Results Predictors from the prenatal period of D/A at 10 years were more maternal depression symptoms, African American race, less social support, greater household density, and prenatal marijuana exposure. From 18 months through 6 years, lower child IQ, child injuries at age 3, and attention problems predicted symptoms of D/A at age 10. Across all study phases, lower child IQ, household density during pregnancy, attention problems, early childhood injuries, and prenatal marijuana exposure predicted D/A. Maternal psychological and sociodemographic factors were not significant in the final model. Conclusions Factors from gestation and early childhood predict high symptom levels of depression and anxiety at age 10. When gestational exposure, early environmental factors, and child characteristics were considered, maternal depression and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with early onset D/A. Marijuana exposure during gestation marginally predicted depression/anxiety at age 10.
RADIOLOGIC CASE STUDY

Douleur persistante de la cheville chez un sujet de 36 ans, 6 semaines apres une chute; radiologies standards normales; mise en evidence sur les tomographies et a la R.M.I., d'une fracture osteochondrale du dome du talon; classification et traitement
Highly leveraged transactions and managerial discretion over investment policy: An overview

Abstract These discussion comments place the evidence by Denis and Denis on leveraged recapitalizations in the broader context of highly leveraged transactions, including going-private transactions, management buyouts, and so-called reverse LBOs. The evidence indicates that highly levered companies that remain publicly-owned experience improvements in operating performance and reductions in capital expenditures following the leverage boost comparable to those of companies that have gone private. Despite increases in operating income, however, the obligations of the additional debt taken on are sufficient to preclude management from internally financing capital expenditures at previous levels. There is evidence consistent with the claim that this limitation benefits stockholders.
Visible Braille/Invisible Blindness

With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, braille signage began to appear in many public sites across the country. In many instances, however, the braille seems merely to refer to blindness rather than to aid blind people. Often, designers, though well-meaning, seem unaware of how braille is read or of the decline in braille literacy in recent decades. The use of braille serves as a visible gesture toward tolerance of difference but blind people who might derive meaning from it do not seem to be the intended audience. In some extreme cases, braille functions as a visual metaphor equating blindness with ignorance, prejudice, loss or despair, thus reinforcing negative stereotypes. This article examines the use of braille in several public sites and analyzes its effectiveness at promoting a more inclusive society. How will the use of braille in public places change as the blind continue to progress from the margins of cultural consciousness and become more visible in the public s...
Retributive justice, restorative justice, and forgiveness: An experimental psychophysiology analysis

Abstract This experiment assessed the emotional self-reports and physiology of justice outcomes and forgiveness responses to a common crime, using a three Justice (retributive, restorative, no justice) × 2 Forgiveness (forgiveness, none) repeated-measures design. Participants (27 males, 29 females) imagined their residence was burglarized, followed by six counterbalanced justice–forgiveness outcomes. Imagery of justice—especially restorative—and forgiveness each reduced unforgiving motivations and negative emotion (anger, fear), and increased prosocial and positive emotion (empathy, gratitude). Imagery of granting forgiveness (versus not) was associated with less heart rate reactivity and better recovery; less negative emotion expression at the brow (corrugator EMG); and less aroused expression at the eye (lower orbicularis oculi EMG when justice was absent). When forgiveness was not imagined, justice-physiology effects emerged: signs of cardiovascular stress (rate pressure products) were lower for retributive versus no justice; and sympathetic nervous system responding (skin conductance) was calmer for restorative versus retributive justice.
Laser Probe Excitation in Spectrochemical Analysis. I: Characteristics of the Source

A modified laser probe for spectrochemical analysis is described. A high energy laser beam is focused onto a specimen to vaporize a sample from a small area, and the vapor thus formed is further excited by a spark discharge. The characteristics of emission spectra with and without auxiliary spark excitation are compared. Spectrograph illuminating systems for qualitative and quantitative analysis were investigated. Some difficulties were encountered with the laser probe, and modifications were made to the instrument to alleviate some of these problems. Some typical analytical applications are discussed.
Unnatural parity exchange in pp → Λ + X

Abstract The relative amounts of natural and unnatural parity exchange are studied in the triple-Regge region of pp → Λ + X. The Λ polarization is observed to have a large component due to unnatural parity exchange which requires the exchange of a trajectory with the quantum numbers of the K A and/or K Z .
Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland without secondary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland without secondary hyperparathyroidism. Background Low dietary phosphorus (P) prevents parathyroid gland (PTG) hyperplasia and the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH) in uremic rats. The present study explores the effects of P restriction on parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and secretion and PT cell growth in rats with established SH and PTG hyperplasia. Methods Normal and 5/6 nephrectomized rats were fed a high P (0.8%) diet. After two weeks, the normal rats and half of the uremic rats were sacrificed (U-HP) while the remaining uremic rats were switched to a low P (0.2%) diet (U-HP-LP). Results High dietary P induced a significant increase in serum P, PTH, and PTG weight, but not ionized calcium compared to normal animals fed the same diet (N-HP). P restriction returned serum P and PTH to normal levels by one week. In contrast, PTG size did not regress and glands remained enlarged for up to eight weeks with no evidence of apoptosis. Ribonuclease protection assay and metabolic labeling studies demonstrated similar PTH/actin mRNA ratios and 35 S-labeled PTH among the three groups. Intracellular intact PTH was higher in U-HP and U-HP-LP rats compared to N-HP animals with no differences between the two uremic groups. PTG-PTH content correlated only with PTG weight, and serum PTH only with serum P. The PTG secretory response to calcium remained intact. Conclusions In established chief-cell hyperplasia, P restriction restores normal serum PTH levels without affecting PTG hyperplasia, PTH synthesis, PTG cytosolic PTH or the PTH secretory response to calcium, suggesting an impaired exocytosis of PTH.
Nature of Mo-Mo and Cr-Cr Multiple Bonds: A Challenge for the Local-Density Approximation

The full potential curves for ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{2}$ (and ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$) have been examined by using highly correlated wave functions. A competition is found between $5s\ensuremath{-}5s$ bonding and $4d\ensuremath{-}4d$ bonding, so that the lower states lead to two minima, with the inner minimum involving $d\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $d\ensuremath{\pi}$, and $d\ensuremath{\delta}$ bonds. The results disagree dramatically with those from local-density calculations, and the present analysis suggests that this approximation (in its current formulation) is unsuitable for describing multiple bonds in transition-metal systems.
The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia. III. The Absorption Spectra of the Deuteroammonias. A Note on Rydberg Series in Ammonia

The absorption spectrum of mixtures of N${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$, N${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$H, and ND${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ has been obtained from 2200 to 800A in a normal incidence vacuum spectrograph with a dispersion of about 8.5A/mm. The spectrum above 1675A (the end of the first electronic transition) is made up of very diffuse bands. Below 1675 all the bands are sharp. Two electronic transitions are found between 1675 and 1220A. Each electronic transition is accompanied by many vibrational transitions. Relatively long ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ progressions are found for each of the molecules. Evidence for a fourth electronic state below 1220A was found, but no analysis of the bands could be made. Only one excited state frequency appears for each molecule. This is most probably the parallel deformation frequency, which is also the only frequency found for ammonia in the ultraviolet. The numerical values of the frequencies were calculated from ammonia frequencies in corresponding excited states considering changes in mass alone, and agreed with experiment. The electronic terms for the excited states were also calculated. A discussion is given of a possible Rydberg series in ammonia.
Application of the ELOHA framework to regulated rivers in the Upper Tennessee River Basin: a case study

In order for habitat restoration in regulated rivers to be effective at large scales, broadly applicable frameworks are needed that provide measurable objectives and contexts for management. The Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) framework was created as a template to assess hydrologic alterations, develop relationships between altered streamflow and ecology, and establish environmental flow standards. We tested the utility of ELOHA in informing flow restoration applications for fish and riparian communities in regulated rivers in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB). We followed the steps of ELOHA to generate univariate relationships between altered flows and ecology within the UTRB. By comparison, we constructed multivariate models to determine improvements in predictive capacity with the addition of non-flow variables. We then determined whether those relationships could predict fish and riparian responses to flow restoration in the Cheoah River, a regulated system within the UTRB. Although ELOHA provided a robust template to construct hydrologic information and predict hydrology for ungaged locations, our results do not suggest that univariate relationships between flow and ecology (step 4, ELOHA process) can produce results sufficient to guide flow restoration in regulated rivers. After constructing multivariate models, we successfully developed predictive relationships between flow alterations and fish/riparian responses. In accordance with model predictions, riparian encroachment displayed consistent decreases with increases in flow magnitude in the Cheoah River; however, fish richness did not increase as predicted 4 years after restoration. Our results suggest that altered temperature and substrate and the current disturbance regime may have reduced opportunities for fish species colonization. Our case study highlights the need for interdisciplinary science in defining environmental flows for regulated rivers and the need for adaptive management approaches once flows are restored.
Tilt and northward offset of Cordilleran batholiths resolved using igneous barometry

CONSIDERABLE controversy surrounds the suggestion, based on palaeomagnetic evidence, that large segments of the North American Cordillera travelled long distances parallel to the coast during the latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods, well after the amalgamation of exotic terranes. Discordant palaeomagnetic data from mid-Cretaceous plutonic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges batholith of coastal southern California and Baja and the Mount Stuart batholith of the Cascade Range in Washington play a pivotal role in the controversy. The discordant data were originally interpreted to reflect northward transport of ≥1,000 km relative to cratonal North America, after the batholiths cooled through their magnetic blocking temperatures1–5. More recently it has been argued that the discordances arise from local tilting of batholiths, rather than northward offset6,7. Here we present and implement new methods based on hornblende barometry8 for determining the palaeohorizontal in granitic batholiths and correcting palaeomagnetic data for tilting. Our results indicate that the Peninsular Ranges and Mount Stuart batholiths have undergone northward offsets of ∼1,000 ±450 and ∼2,900±700 km, respectively, and also significant tilting.
Studies of hemodynamic changes in humans following induction of low and high spinal anesthesia. II. The changes in splanchnic blood flow, oxygen extraction and consumption, and splanchnic vascular resistance in humans not undergoing surgery.

Low and high spinal anesthesia were administered to a group of 10 waking patients without the use of vasopressor drugs. Preliminary evidence does not support the view that the induced hypotension is accompanied by significant splanchnic vasoconstriction or by homeostatic diversion of blood from the splanchnic bed to maintain the circulation in "more vital" areas.
Summer Survival and Growth of Brown Trout with and without Steelhead under Equal Total Salmonine Densities in an Artificial Stream

Abstract We studied the survival and growth of age-0 brown trout Salmo trutta with and without age-0 steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, under conditions of equal salmonine density (numbers per unit area), to compare the relative effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition. We conducted these experiments from June through September in an artificial stream with recirculating water and used a replicated, completely randomized design. The experiment was initiated with four allopatric treatments of 14 brown trout each and four sympatric treatments of 7 brown trout and 7 steelhead each. Mortality during the experiment resulted in variable densities among replicates. Interactions with steelhead did not have negative effects on brown trout survival or growth. A model comparing the effects of total salmonine, steelhead, and brown trout densities on brown trout length suggested that intraspecific interactions had the strongest influence. Our results indicate that the steelhead did not influence the brown tro...
A linear algorithm for finding a minimum dominating set in a cactus algorithm for finding a minimum dominating set in a cactus

Abstract A dominating set in a graph G = ( V , E ) is a set of vertices D such that every vertex in V − D removal results in a disconnected graph. A block in a graph G is a maximal connected subgraph of G having no cutvertices. A cactus is a graph in which each block is either an edge or a cycle. In this paper we present a linear time algorithm for finding a minimum order dominating set in a cactus.
Evidences of hot excited state electron injection from sensitizer molecules to TiO 2 nanocrystalline thin films

Electron injection dynamics in dye sensitized TiO2 nanocrystalline thin films are studied with femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy. Three classes of sensitizer molecules, Ru(dcbpy)2(X)2 (X2 = 2SCN, 2CN, and dcbpy), Fe(dcbpy)2(CN)2, and ReCl(CO)3(dcbpy), are used to examine the dependence of injection rate and yield on the excited state redox potentials. We observed that electron injection occurred on the <100 fs time-scale and injection quantum yield depended on the redox potential for the series of Ru dyes. These results suggest that electron injection to TiO2 competes with electronic and vibrational relaxation within the sensitizer excited states and the branching ratio between these two processes determines the injection quantum yield for sensitizer molecules with an excited state redox potential below the conduction band-edge.
Nonlinear electrodynamics and torsion

A nonlinear electrodynamics in space-times with torsion is proposed. It is shown that in the Riemann-flat space with torsion it is possible to place a limit on the torsion vector based on the upper bound for the mass of the photon.
Spectroscopy of third harmonic generation in polyacetylene

Abstract Trans -polyacetylene exhibits the largest optical susceptability associated with third-harmonic generation (THG) of any conjugated polymer. However, the origin of the nonlinear response remains controversial; proposed mechanisms range from the nonlinear polarizability calculated by direct application of third order perturbation theory in a rigid lattice approximation to the nonlinear polarizability arising from virtual soliton-antisoliton pairs enabled by nonlinear zero point motion. We have addressed the question of the origin of the third harmonic response by measuring the THG over a wide range of fundamental (pump) frequencies in both the trans and cis isomers. The THG spectroscopy probes the two-photon and three-photon resonances; the comparison of the data for the trans and cis isomers separates the effect of the confinement forces which are important in cis -(CH) x but absent in trans -(CH) x .
Duodenal and Other Gastrointestinal Toxicity in Cervical and Endometrial Cancer Treated With Extended-Field Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy to Paraaortic Lymph Nodes

Purpose To characterize the rates of acute and late duodenal and other gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities among patients treated for cervical and endometrial cancers with extended-field intensity modulated radiation therapy (EF-IMRT) to the paraaortic nodes and to analyze dose-volume relationships of GI toxicities. Methods and Materials Fifty-three patients with endometrial or cervical cancer underwent EF-IMRT to the paraaortic nodes, of whom 46 met the inclusion criteria for GI toxicity and 45 for duodenal toxicity analysis. The median prescribed dose to the paraaortic nodes was 54 Gy (range, 41.4-65 Gy). The 4 duodenal segments, whole duodenum, small bowel loops, peritoneum, and peritoneum plus retroperitoneal segments of colon were contoured retrospectively, and dosimetric analysis was performed to identify dose-volume relationships to grade ≥3 acute ( Results Only 3/46 patients (6.5%) experienced acute grade ≥3 GI toxicity and 3/46 patients (6.5%) experienced late grade ≥3 GI toxicity. The median dose administered to these 6 patients was 50.4 Gy. One of 12 patients who received 63 to 65 Gy at the level of the renal hilum experienced grade 3 GI toxicity. Dosimetric analysis of patients with and without toxicity revealed no differences between the mean absolute or fractional volumes at any 5-Gy interval between 5 Gy and the maximum dose. None of the patients experienced duodenal toxicity. Conclusions Treatment of paraaortic nodes with IMRT is associated with low rates of GI toxicities and no duodenal-specific toxicity, including patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy. This technique may allow sufficient dose sparing of the bowel to enable safe dose escalation to at least 65 Gy.
Neutrino astronomy and neutrino properties

The natural sources of neutrinos and the energy of neutrinos derived from these sources are described. The present knowledge of the neutrino properties which most affect the astrophysics of neutrinos (such as the number of families and the neutrino mass, magnetic moment, and lifetime) is reviewed. The present neutrino telescopes and the telescopes planned for the 1990s are described, together with their threshold, mass, area, and angular resolution properties. Special attention is given to the supernova neutrino detectors. 8 refs.
Antioxidant activity of carnosine in cooked ground pork

Carnosine (0·5–1·5%) reduced (P < 0·05) the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in cooked unsalted ground pork after 7 days of storage at 4°C. The antioxidant activity of carnosine was less in cooked salted ground pork, with only 1·5% carnosine inhibiting (P < 0·05) TBARS formation during refrigerated storage. The antioxidant activity of carnosine in cooked salted and unsalted ground pork was greater than those of the lipid-soluble free radical scavengers, butylated hydroxytoluene and α-tocopherol (P < 0·05) but less than that of sodium tripolyphosphate (P < 0·05). These data suggest that carnosine could be used to reduce the oxidative deterioration of cooked salted and unsalted ground pork.
Amalgams, connectifications, and homogeneous compacta☆

Abstract We construct a path-connected homogeneous compactum with cellularity c that is not homeomorphic to any product of dyadic compacta and first countable compacta. We also prove some closure properties for classes of spaces defined by various connectifiability conditions. One application is that every infinite product of infinite topological sums of T i spaces has a T i pathwise connectification, where i ∈ { 1 , 2 , 3 , 3.5 } .
Robert R. Shaw, MD: Thoracic Surgical Hero, Afghanistan Medical Pioneer, Champion for the Patient, Never a Surgical Society President

Dr Robert R. Shaw arrived in Dallas to practice Thoracic Surgery in 1937, as John Alexander's 7th Thoracic Surgical Resident from Michigan University Medical Center. Dr Shaw's modus operandi was, "You can accomplish almost anything, if you don't care who gets the credit." He was a remarkable individual who cared the most about the patient and very little about getting credit for himself. From 1937 to 1970, Dr Shaw established one of the largest lung cancer surgical centers in the world in Dallas, Texas. It was larger than M.D. Anderson and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospitals put together regarding the surgical treatment of lung cancer patients. To accomplish this, he had the help of Dr Donald L. Paulson, who trained at the Mayo Clinic and served as Chief of Thoracic Surgery at Brook Army Hospital during the Second World War. Following the War, because of his love for Texas, he ended up as a partner of Dr Shaw in Dallas. Together, they pursued the development of this very large surgical lung cancer center. Dr Shaw and his wife Ruth went to Afghanistan with Medico multiple times to teach men modern cardiac and thoracic surgery. They also served as consultants on Medico's Ship of Hope in Africa. Dr Shaw initiated multiple new operations including: 1) resection of Pancoast's cancer of the lung after preoperative irradiation; 2) upper lobe of the lung bronchoplasty, reattaching (and saving) the lower lobe to prevent the "disabling" pneumonectomy; and 3) resections of pulmonary mucoid impaction of the lung in asthmatics. Because of his humility and giving "the credit to others," Dr Shaw was never President of a major medical or surgical association.
Passive and active sensors for autonomous space applications

With the prospects of future Mars and lunar missions improving, the autonomous capabilities required to accomplish many of the proposed missions has been given considerable attention. As a result, it has been recognized that the sensing capability of spacecraft must be enhanced, not only for interplanetary missions, but for those in Earth orbit as well. NASA began addressing many technology development issues under the Pathfinder Program. A sensor trade-off study was performed at ERIM under two subprograms of Pathfinder: the Autonomous Lander Project, and Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Project. This paper is based on that trade-off study, using the scenario of an autonomous landing on a planetary body and the associated autonomous rendezvous and docking operations which would precede and/or follow such a landing. Several sensor concepts are analyzed, including RF-based, laser- based, and passive optical techniques. For each concept, a brief description of the sensor operating principles is provided, and the results of a performance analysis are summarized along with performance drivers, operational constraints, and a state-of-the-art assessment.
Cbfβ-SMMHC induces distinct abnormal myeloid progenitors able to develop acute myeloid leukemia

Summary The acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-associated CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein impairs hematopoietic differentiation and predisposes to leukemic transformation. The mechanism of leukemia progression, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we report a conditional Cbfb-MYH11 knockin mouse model that develops AML with a median latency of 5 months. Cbfβ-SMMHC expression reduced the multilineage repopulation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) while maintaining their numbers under competitive conditions. The fusion protein induced abnormal myeloid progenitors (AMPs) with limited proliferative potential but leukemic predisposition similar to that of HSCs in transplanted mice. In addition, Cbfβ-SMMHC blocked megakaryocytic maturation at the CFU-Meg to megakaryocyte transition. These data show that a leukemia oncoprotein can inhibit differentiation and proliferation while not affecting the maintenance of long-term HSCs.
Stepfamily Education: A Case Study

Stepfamily education programs are becoming increasingly common. While research on these programs is also increasing, the extant literature tends to be quantitative and cross-sectional. To more fully understand the stepfamily education experience, this case study focuses on the perceptions, feelings, and reports of one participating couple in the Smart Steps program. The nuances and complexities of this single case highlight the sequentiality and reasons for seeking out and participating in stepfamily education. A holistic portrayal of the perceived benefits of attending is also provided, including improvements with spouse, ex-spouse, and children.
The impact of cushioned centrifugation protocols on semen quality of stallions

Abstract The objective was to determine if decreased cushion-fluid volume and increased sperm number during centrifugation, or if sperm concentration of extended semen following centrifugation, affected stallion sperm quality. Three ejaculates from each of three stallions were subjected to cushioned centrifugation (1,000 g for 20 min). Cushion-fluid volume was set at 1 or 3.5 ml, and sperm number per centrifuge tube was set 1 billion or 3 billion. Following centrifugation, sperm pellets were resuspended in semen extender containing 20% seminal plasma (v/v) with sperm concentrations of 25 or 250 million/mL. Sperm recovery rate among centrifugation treatment groups was compared. Motion characteristics, plasma membrane intactness (SMI), and DNA quality (COMPαt) of sperm were compared among treatment groups and uncentrifuged controls immediately following centrifugation (Time 0 h) and following 24 h of cooled storage (Time 24 h). Centrifugation treatment did not affect sperm recovery rate (P > 0.05). At Time 0 h, no differences in experimental end points were detected between cushion-fluid volumes tested (P > 0.05). Values for percent total sperm motility, percent progressive sperm motility, and track straightness were similar between sperm-number treatments subjected to centrifugation (P > 0.05). At Time 24 h, values for all experimental endpoints were similar between centrifugation treatments for cushion volume per tube, and between centrifugation treatments for sperm number per tube (P > 0.05). Centrifugation treatments and control treatments were similar for five of six variables tested (P > 0.05). Sperm storage concentrations of 25 × 10 6 and 250 × 10 6 /mL yielded similar values for percent total sperm motility, percent progressive sperm motility, percent SMI, and percent COMPαt (P > 0.05). A storage concentration of 250 × 10 6 sperm/ml yielded higher values for curvilinear velocity, and lower values for straightness, than all other groups (P 9 sperm in 50-ml conical-bottom centrifuge tubes had no detrimental effect on initial or cool-stored sperm quality. Additionally, storage of centrifuged sperm at a concentration of 250 × 10 6 /mL with 20% seminal plasma (v/v) did not have a detrimental effect on percentages of motile or progressively motile sperm, or sperm DNA quality.
The Lower Nilradical of an Incidence Ring and Applications to the Recovery Question

Abstract We describe the lower nilradical of the incidence ring I(X, R) of a locally finite partially ordered set, X, over a ring with identity, R. We then apply this to show that I(X, R) determines R for various classes of rings and partially ordered sets.
Surface-Normal Ge/SiGe Asymmetric Fabry–Perot Optical Modulators Fabricated on Silicon Substrates

We demonstrate the first vertical-incidence Ge/SiGe quantum well reflection modulators fabricated entirely on standard silicon substrates. These modulators could help enable massively parallel, free-space optical interconnects to silicon chips. An asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonant cavity is formed around the quantum well region by alkaline etching the backside of the Si substrate to leave suspended SiGe membranes, upon which high-index-contrast Bragg mirrors are deposited. Electroabsorption and electrorefraction both contribute to the reflectance modulation. The devices exhibit greater than 10 dB extinction ratio with low insertion loss of 1.3 dB. High-speed modulation with a 3 dB bandwidth of 4 GHz is demonstrated. The moderate-Q cavity (Q ~ 600) yields an operating bandwidth of more than 1 nm and permits operation without active thermal stabilization.
Photoacoustic and absorption spectrum of airborne carbon particulate using a tunable dye laser

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the absorption spectrum, the photoacoustic spectrum, and light scatter of airborne soot from a propane-oxygen flame, using a tunable dye laser, provide verification that the photoacoustic technique is applicable as a direct measure of light absorption by this soot over the spectral region from 5900 to 6250 A.
Expectancy and magnitude of reaction to a noxious UCS.

The relationship between expectancy and magnitude of reaction to a noxious UCS was examined in studies using a classical conditioning paradigm, in habituation studies, and in studies using a count-up to stimulus presentation. An initial hypothesis that accurate expectancy reduces reactivity was found inadequate, and replaced by one that stated that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation. Although this hypothesis was consistent with the data reviewed, it was concluded that it, too, requires modification. The final hypothesis proffered was that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation when it fosters appropriate modulation of attention, which, for highly threatening stimulation, consists of a degree of restriction of attention to begin with, followed by increasing attention to new elements of the stimulus complex as reactivity to old elements is reduced.
Differential Effects of High-Dose Magnetic Seizure Therapy and Electroconvulsive Shock on Cognitive Function

Background Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is under investigation as an alternative form of convulsive therapy that induces more focal seizures and spares cortical regions involved in memory. With a newly expanded version of the Columbia University Primate Cognitive Profile, we compared the cognitive effects of high-dose MST delivered at 100 Hz (6 × seizure threshold) with electroconvulsive shock (ECS) delivered at 2.5 × seizure threshold. Methods Daily high-dose MST, ECS, and sham (anesthesia-only) were administered for 4 weeks each in a within-subject crossover design. Rhesus macaques ( n = 3) were trained on five cognitive tasks assessing automatic memory, anterograde learning and memory, combined anterograde and retrograde simultaneous chaining, and spatial and serial working memory. Acutely after each intervention, monkeys were tested on the cognitive battery twice daily, separated by a 3-hour retention interval. Results Subjects were slower to complete criterion tasks ( p values Conclusions These findings provide evidence that high-dose MST results in benign acute cognitive side-effect profile relative to ECS and are in line with our previous studies.
Research note: imputing large group averages for missing data, using rural-urban continuum codes for density driven industry sectors

Understanding the effects and consequences of missing data imputation is vital to the ability to obtain meaningful and reliable statistics and coefficients in the examination of any quantitatively-based phenomena. Over time a series of sophisticated methods have been developed to handle the issue of missing data imputation however, these sophisticated methods may not always be appropriate or attainable. In these specific cases more traditional approaches to missing data imputation must be employed and driven by the research project, theoretical framework, and the data. In this research note we offer a brief account of one such instance, implementing a large-group mean imputation approach to handling missing data. The analysis is drawn from a much larger project and shows the effect of proper group selection in terms of mean imputation using a cross-validation approach based on the imputed data’s relation to known values. Ultimately, the results show that the use of Rural-Urban Continuum codes are superior to currently used group-means in the U.S., thus introducing a new, and more efficient, approach to the handling of missing data using group-mean imputation.
Interactions of habitat complexity and environmental characteristics with macrobenthic community structure at multiple spatial scales in the northeastern Chukchi Sea

Abstract Spatial trends in macrobenthic communities from the northeastern Chukchi Sea are evaluated to understand how ecological processes influencing macrofauna differ between small and large scales. Macrobenthos was sampled with a van Veen grab in a mesoscale study (distances ~10–200 km) in 1986 and in a midscale study (distances ~2–20 km) in 2008–2010. Common field and laboratory methods allowed for a direct comparison of the data sets. Environmental characteristics influencing spatial structures of macrobenthic communities varied with the scale of sampling. Midscale variations of macrofaunal community structure in the 2008–2010 study were associated with the local topographic variations resulting in an enhanced carbon deposition and a greater biological production; total density increased with the increasing water depth and organic carbon. Mesoscale environmental gradients in the 1986 study, reflecting physical dynamics, water mass movements, and oceanographic conditions, were associated with an inshore to offshore faunal gradient as density declined with greater water depth. Differences in environmental and biological community relationships between scales included shifts in the regression relationships between water depth and macrobenthic density with declining density at the mesoscale and the increasing density with greater depth at the midscale. Biomass declined more sharply with increased bottom-water temperature in the midscale study than in the mesoscale investigation. Multivariate analyses demonstrated similar shifts in the relationship between biotic summary measures and water depth. Increased benthic production is noted in other areas of the Chukchi Sea in association with topographic variations, and such variations may be predictive of increased benthic production. Ecologically significant changes in relationships of environmental and biological gradients between spatial scales indicate the need for small-scale sampling to detect long-term change in marine communities.
Optimality Properties of a Proposed Precursor to the Genetic Code

We calculate the optimality score of a doublet precursor to the canonical genetic code with respect to mitigating the effects of point mutations and compare our results to corresponding ones for the canonical genetic code. We find that the proposed precursor is much less optimal than that of the canonical code. Our results render unlikely the notion that the doublet precursor was an intermediate state in the evolution of the canonical genetic code. These findings support the notion that code optimality reflects evolutionary dynamics, and that if such a doublet code originally had a biochemical significance, it arose before the emergence of translation.