cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-level affairs

Computer Models of Mind: Computational Approaches in Theoretical Psychology. By Margaret A. Boden. Cambridge University Press: 1988. Pp.289. Hbk £30, $42.50; pbk £10.95, $15.95.
6th workshop on parallel and distributed systems: testing and debugging (PADTAD '08)

PADTAD brings together researchers from academia and researchers and practitioners from industry to promote the development of techniques and tools that aid in testing, analysis, and debugging of multi-threaded/parallel/distributed software.
Online search patterns: NLM CATLINE database

In this article the authors present their analysis of the online search patterns within user searching sessions of the National Library of Medicine ELHILL system and examine the user search patterns on the CATLINE database. In addition to the CATLINE analysis, a comparison is made using data previously analyzed on the MEDLINE database for the same time period, thus offering an opportunity to compare the performance parameters of different databases within the same information system. Data collection covers eight weeks and includes 441, 282 transactions and over 11, 067 user sessions, which accounted for 1680 hours of system usage. The descriptive analysis contained in this report can assist system design activities, while the predictive power of the transaction log analysis methodology may assist the development of real-time aids.
A brief history of software — from Bell Labs to Microsoft Research

In the mid 1990s, I was (tangentially) part of an effort in Bell Labs called the “Code Decay” project. The hypothesis of this project was that over time code becomes fragile (more difficult to change without introducing problems), and that this process of decay could be empirically validated. This effort awakened me to the power of combining statistical expertise with software engineering expertise to address pressing problems of software production in a statistically valid manner. I will revisit some of the work we did in the Code Decay project at Bell Labs and then turn to what has been happening in this area in Microsoft in the last five years. In particular, I will trace how we have progressed from studying the data produced by product teams to validate hypotheses, to being actively involved with the product groups in creating and evaluating new tools and techniques for empirically-based software production.
Scratches on Our Minds Revisited: Chinese Influences on the Shaping of American Images

Nearly half a century ago, the pioneering MIT social scientist Harold Isaacs, using a research design methodology, explored seriously for the first time the subject of American images of Asia and Asians, primarily of China and the Chinese. Isaacs's study, published under the provocative title Scratches on Our Minds, caused a generation of scholars to think conceptually about what had been up to that time a collection of stereotypical and highly subjective treatments of China and the Chinese developed for Americans primarily by journalists, missionaries, and trade representatives.
Antipolymerization activity of oat extract in soybean and cottonseed oils under frying conditions

A methanolic extract of Noble oat (Avena sativa L.) was tested for its antipolymerization activity in soybean and cottonseed oils heated to 180°C for 10 h per day for 10 d and for its carry-through properties in fried bread cubes. The soybean and cottonseed oils containing 0.005 or 0.007% oat extract (based on total phenolic content) formed significantly lesser amounts of polar compounds with high molecular weight than did the oils containing 0.02% tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), 1 ppm dimethylpolysiloxane (DMS) and oils containing no additives (control) as measured by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Fatty acid composition, also monitored, showed that oils with either level of oat extract maintained a significantly higher linoleic-to-palmitic acid ratio (18∶2/16∶0) than did the other treatments. Oil extracted from bread cubes fried (180°C) in oils containing TBHQ and oat extract and then stored at 60°C in the dark for up to 14 d had significantly lower (P≤0.05) peroxide values and higher (P≤0.05) 18∶2/16∶0 ratios than did oil extracted from cubes fried in oil containing DMS and in the control oil.
Eggs of Floodwater Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) IX. Local Distribution

Floodwater mosquitoes are so called because they are products of areas subject to seasonal temporary flooding. Eggs deposited on exposed soil become conditioned and hatch when submerged later. The state of moisture of the soil at the time of oviposition determines largely the number and species of eggs present in each location. The result is that eggs lie in characteristic zones and horizons in relation to the zone of maximum flood. Representative situations were sampled and distribution of eggs is shown for such as prairie marshes, woodland depressions, flood plains, and polluted areas.
Molecular Determinants of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Diversity

Although the primary role of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is contraction, they exhibit extensive phenotypic diversity and plasticity during normal development, during repair of vascular injury, and in disease states. Results of recent studies indicate that there are unique as well as common transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control expression of various SMC marker genes in distinct SMC subtypes, and that these mechanisms are complex and dynamic even at the single cell level. This article will review recent progress in our understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in controlling expression of SMC marker genes with a particular focus on examination of processes that contribute to the phenotypic diversity of SMCs. In addition, because of considerable controversy in the literature regarding the relationship between phenotypically modulated SMCs and myofibroblasts, we will briefly consider both similarities and differences in regulation of gene expression between these cell types.
Analytical and numerical procedures in the application of many-body Green's function methods to electron--atom scattering problems

Abstract The analytical and numerical procedures used in calculation of e − -He elastic scattering phase shifts in the Generalized Random Phase Approximation (GRPA) and e − -He inelastic cross sections in the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) are presented. The pertinent equations are first written in general form and analyzed into spin and angular momentum variables. In both elastic and inelastic work the transition density matrix was represented on a basis. Finite basis sets were also used to construct the static-exchange and polarization parts of the optical potential. The elastic scattering phase shifts were then evaluated numerically. In the inelastic work all calculations were done numerically. As an illustration of the usefulness of these methods, some typical results and computational times are given.
The chemistry of sterically crowded aryloxide ligands—VII. Synthesis, structure and spectroscopic properties of some group 4 and group 5 metal derivatives of 2,6-diphenylphenoxide

Abstract A series of early transition metal organometallic derivatives containing the ancillary ligand 2,6-diphenylphenoxide (OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) have been synthesized. Compounds of stoichiometry Ti(OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) 2 (R) 2 (R = CH 3 , CH 2 SiMe 3 , CH 2 Ph and Ph) and Ti(OAr-2,6Ph) 3 (R) (R = CH 3 , CH 2 SiMe 3 ) are obtained by treating the corresponding homoleptic alkyl, TiR 4 , with the required amount of phenol, HOAr-2,6Ph 2 . For the Group 5 metals Nb and Ta, the methyl derivatives M(OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) 2 (CH 3 ) 3 and M(OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) 3 (CH 3 ) 2 are obtained via methylation of the corresponding chloro-aryloxides. Besides routine spectroscopic characterization the diphenyl Ti(OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) 2 (Ph) 2 and mono-alkyl Ti(OAr-2,6Ph 2 ) 3 (CH 2 SiMe 3 ) have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. Both molecules contain a pseudo-tetrahedral environment about the titanium atom with short 1.794(3)–1.806(2) A, TiO distances and large, 153–179°, TiOAr angles. The TiC distances appear normal for these types of compounds.
Use of automated imaging and analysis technology for the detection of aneuploidy in human sperm.

Objective To determine the precision and accuracy of an automated cell counting system when applied to counting aneuploidies in sperm samples. Design Prospective pilot study. Setting Andrology clinic and research laboratory in a university teaching hospital. Patient(s) Ten anonymous sperm donors of known fertility and two patients seeking infertility treatment. Intervention(s) Semen samples were processed for detection of aneuploidies for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y with use of fluorescent in situ hybridization. The detection of chromosome aneuploidy was performed both by manual counting and by the use of an automated cell counting system with manual review of aneuploid sperm. Main Outcome Measure(s) Semen samples were judged for the percent aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y when counted manually or with the use of the automated cell counting system and review by a technician. Result(s) The sperm aneuploidy rates determined by the automated cell counting system and careful review were comparable with those obtained by manual counting by a trained technician. Conclusion(s) These preliminary data demonstrate that automated cell counting devices may be useful in increasing productivity in aneuploidy detection in sperm and may become an alternative to the labor-intensive manual counting by technicians.
Chemotherapeutic Potential of Curcumin for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the Western world. More than 56,000 newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients die each year in the United States. Available therapies are either not effective or have unwanted side effects. Epidemiological data suggest that dietary manipulations play an important role in the prevention of many human cancers. Curcumin the yellow pigment in turmeric has been widely used for centuries in the Asian countries without any toxic effects. Epidemiological data also suggest that curcumin may be responsible for the lower rate of colorectal cancer in these countries. Curcumin is a naturally occurring powerful anti-inflammatory medicine. The anticancer properties of curcumin have been shown in cultured cells and animal studies. Curcumin inhibits lipooxygenase activity and is a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Curcumin inhibits the initiation of carcinogenesis by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity and increasing the levels of glutathione-S-transferase. Curcumin inhibits the promotion/progression stages of carcinogenesis. The anti-tumor effect of curcumin has been attributed in part to the arrest of cancer cells in S, G2/M cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Curcumin inhibits the growth of DNA mismatch repair defective colon cancer cells. Therefore, curcumin may have value as a safe chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of tumors exhibiting DNA mismatch repair deficient and microsatellite instable phenotype. Curcumin should be considered as a safe, non-toxic and easy to use chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancers arise in the setting of chromosomal instability as well as microsatellite instability.
A Basic Residue, Lys 782, Composes Part of the ATP-Binding Site on the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase☆☆☆

Abstract To identify amino acids specific for tyrosine kinase activity, the role of several conserved basic residues in kinase function was tested. Modeling of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain based on the crystal structure of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and insulin receptor revealed several basic residues present on the surface of epidermal growth factor receptor. Using the molecular modeling program, GRASP, the basic residues Arg 779, Lys 782, and Lys 855 were shown to provide an area of positive charge to the surface of the molecule. To deduce the role of these residues in ATP and substrate binding, site-directed mutants were prepared and kinetic constants were measured. Mutation of Lys 855 to Ala destabilized the enzyme and caused partial inactivation. Mutation of either Arg 779 or Lys 782 had little effect on theKmvalue for peptide substrate. However, alteration of Lys 782 increased theKmvalue for ATP 28-fold, indicating a role for Lys 782 in binding ATP. Because residues similar to Lys 782 in the sequences of mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin receptor make contact with a ribose hydroxyl of ATP, it is proposed that Lys 782 may be one of the residues composing the ribose-binding site of epidermal growth factor receptor.
Increased metabolism of acetylcholine in brain of cats with Gm1 gangliosidosis

Acetylcholine metabolism was studied in cats with Gm1 gangliosidosis. Marked increases in acetylcholine synthesis (130% of controls) and K+-stimulated release of ACh (142–165% of controls) were observed in cortical and hippocampal brain slices of diseased cats. Cortical synaptosomes prepared from affected cats had significantly elevated rates of high affinity choline transport (131% of controls). These results indicate that in Gm1 gangliosidosis there is an unique disease-induced activation of cholinergic activity in the nervous system. These changes may result from disease-induced proliferation of fucntional cholinergic nerve endings and/or altered regulation of acetylcholine metabolism.
Effect of the heterogeneous distribution of lamellar stacks on amorphous relaxations in semicrystalline polymers

Abstract Polymers crystallized at high temperatures, such as poly(aryl ether ketone) (PEEK), poly(ethylene terephthalate) and a thermoplastic polyimide, exhibit well developed lamellar stacks. We have obtained small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray diffraction data at 290°C and 25°C for PEEK and have also utilized literature SAXS data taken at 25°C for the other materials. To model these systems we assume that the interlamellar ‘amorphous’ or non-crystalline species do not contribute to the glass transition and use the SAXS parameters to calculate a total rigid fraction. Using this assumption it is shown that we can qualitatively describe the strength of glass transitions measured directly by thermal analysis. No other rigid ‘amorphous’ fractions (RAFs) are needed to model the data under these crystallization conditions. The results suggest that conventionally measured glass transitions originate from the broad amorphous gaps between lamellar stacks in these space-filling spherulitic systems. In situations of very high crystallinities or systems with other crystal morphologies such as defective or high surface area lamellar stack morphologies, the model does not work and the conventional analysis assuming an RAF associated with crystal surfaces is more appropriate.
MSI and MSII made on ribosome in idling step of protein synthesis.

The unusual guanosine nucleotides, MSI and MSII, accumulated in vivo during amino-acid starvation of stringent strains of E. coli are shown to be synthesized in vitro as a product of an idling step in protein synthesis occurring on the ribosomes.
Collegiate psychological sense of community in relation to size of college/university and extroversion

A scale to measure psychological sense of community (PSC) for colleges and universities was developed. Based on responses of 198 undergraduate students, factor-analysis was used to derive a 14-item scale (coefficient alpha = .88), which was given to another student sample of 98 undergraduates (alpha = .90). This collegiate PSC scale was administered to another nonrandom sample of 1127 undergraduates (coefficient alpha = .92) from 27 colleges varying in enrollment size. Using a subset of 774 students from psychology classes, a one-way analysis of variance revealed that students from colleges with enrollments of less than 2,000 and 2,000-9,999 had higher PSC scores than students from colleges with enrollments of 10,000-19,999 and greater than 20,000. Higher PSC scores were also observed for students living on-campus versus off-campus. For all colleges combined, higher PSC scores were observed for students who were members of a fraternity or sorority. Extroversion was found to be significantly related to PSC. Both extroversion and size of school accounted for unique variance in PSC. The issues of community homogeneity and diversity were raised. Results were discussed in terms of PSC as an environmental attribute versus personological and interactionist interpretations. Future research needs were noted. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On Digital Filter Implementation Via Microprocessors

This is a semi-tutorial paper whose main objective is to examine some aspects of implementing digital filters using microprocessors. Simulation results pertaining to the implementation of a first-order recursive filter via a microprocessor system are included.
Volcanism in Northwest Ishtar Terra, Venus

Evidence is presented for a previously undocumented volcanic complex in the highlands of NW Ishtar Terra (74 deg N, 313 deg E). The proposed valcanic center is in mountainous banded terrain thought to have been formed by regional compression. Data used include Soviet Venera 15/16 radar images and topography (Fotokarta Veneri B-4, 1987). An attempt is made to assess the place of this feature in the framework of known volcanic landforms of the Lakshmi Planum and to examine the relationships between volcanism and tectonism in this region.
Lysosomal enzyme release in hypothermically perfused dog kidneys.

Abstract This study investigated lysosomal disruption during hypothermic perfusion preservation of kidneys and its possible relationship to viability. The percentage of free and bound enzyme activity was analyzed for three lysosomal enzymes in homogenates made from perfused canine kidney cortex tissue, including β-glucuronidase, cathepsin-D, and aryl sulfatase. All three enzymes displayed characteristic increases in free enzyme activity (47–68%) throughout 5 days of perfusion preservation. The increased activity obtained at 5 days of preservation was found to indicate “severe” tissue damage, as shown by a similar increase obtained in renal cortex tissue exposed to warm ischemia (37 °C) for 4 hr or longer. Aryl sulfatase was found to be the most sensitive indicator of severe damage. Pretreatment of kidney donors with methylprednisolone, a lysosomal stabilizer, was also studied in kidneys exposed to 5 days of perfusion. Pretreatment was found to reduce the percentage of free lysosomal enzyme activity following 5 days (nonviable) of perfusion to those levels normally obtained following 3-day (viable) perfusion. This indicates that methylprednisolone may be useful in modulating the severe disruption of lysosomes induced by long-term preservation. It is concluded that extensive disruption of lysosomes occurs during hypothermic perfusion preservation and may represent one cause for loss of organ viability.
Characterizing respiratory mechanics with forced excitation techniques.

Forced excitation techniques with sinusoidal or random signals are used to measure respiratory mechanical impedance. The real part of this impedance is the effective resistance, and it has been used to characterize mechanical function in a wide assortment of experiments and clinical studies. Others have used linear regression analysis to compute the resistance, compliance, and inertance in a simple series model. This approach provides reliable parameter values in homogenous lungs, but these parameters are difficult to interpret in abnormal inhomogenous lungs. Nonlinear regression approaches have been used but this approach is still developmental. This report reviews these existing forced excitation techniques and data processing schemes, and it also summarizes the current state of development of the method and identifies several issues requiring further development.
Experimental consequences of νe−νμ mixing in neutrino beams

Abstract The experimental consequences of neutrino mixing and decay are analyzed. Existing neutrino beam experiments are consistent with a finite but small mixing angle unless |mνμ2−mνe2| ⩽ (3.0 eV)2. A finite νμ lifetime in the range τ/mνμc 2 ⩾ 7 × 103 sec/MeV is shown to be consistent with experimental data.
Probability of exceeding a given prison population size

Abstract The infinite server, steady state, queueing system with exponential arrival and general service times is proposed as a model for determining the probability of exceeding a given inmate population level in prisons in the United States. This model is also applied to the case in which the average time served is disaggregated into categories and their relative proportions or frequencies of occurrence are known.
A Formative Study of Colon Cancer Surveillance Care: Implications for Survivor-Centered Interventions

Colon cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States, and an increasing number of survivors has underscored the need for improved colon cancer surveillance care quality. Post-treatment surveillance includes follow-up care visits and tests as well as psychosocial support and lifestyle counseling. This formative study explored the individual, interpersonal, and organizational-level factors related to adherence to surveillance care guidelines to identify modifiable factors for potential educational intervention strategies. A convenience sample of 22 survivors (12 women and 10 men) from two cancer centers were recruited to participate in focus groups or key informant telephone interviews to explore their experiences with care after completing treatment and complete a brief survey. Content analysis was used to identify themes. Results confirmed that survivors navigated a complex surveillance care schedule and described a strong trust in their health care providers that guided their follow-up care experiences. Participants defined the terms "survivorship" and "follow-up" in a variety of different ways. Individual-level themes critical to survivors' experiences included having a positive attitude, relying on one's faith, and coping with fears. Interpersonal-level themes centered around interactions and communication with family and health care providers in follow-up care. While organizational-level factors were highlighted infrequently, participants rated office reminder systems and communication among their multiple providers as valuable. Educational interventions capitalizing on survivors' connections with their physicians and focusing on preparing survivors for what to expect in the next phase of their cancer experience, could be beneficial at the end of treatment to activate survivors for the transition to the post-treatment period.
The antagonism of curare: the cardiac effects of atropine and neostigmine.

In a series of 82 selected surgical cases, continuous E.K.G. tracings were recorded during the administration of atropine and neostigmine for the reversal of curare-induced neuromuscular blockade. The drugs were administered intravenously and at separate times at the close of tfie surgical operations, during which various anaesthetic agents had been used.
Semi-analytical current source modeling of near-threshold operating logic cells considering process variations

Operating circuits in the ultra-low voltage regime results in significantly lower power consumption but can also degrade the circuit performance. In addition, it leads to higher sensitivity to various sources of variability in VLSI circuits. This paper extends the current source modeling (CSM) technique, which has successfully been applied to VLSI circuits to achieve very high accuracy in timing analysis, to the near-threshold voltage regime. In particular, it shows how to combine non-linear analytical models and low-dimensionality CSM lookup tables to simultaneously achieve modeling accuracy, space and time efficiency, when performing CSM-based timing analysis of VLSI circuits operating in near-threshold regime and subject to process variability effects.
Reorganization of receptive fields following hearing loss in inferior colliculus neurons

Abstract We explored frequency and intensity encoding in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the C57 mouse model of sensorineural hearing loss. Consistent with plasticity reported in the IC of other models of hearing loss, frequency response areas (FRAs) in hearing-impaired (HI) mice were broader with fewer high-frequency units than normal-hearing (NH) mice. The broad FRAs recorded from HI mice had lower cutoffs on the low frequency edge of the FRA. Characteristic frequency (CF) and sharpness of tuning (Q10) calculated from the FRA were used to divide the sample into four categories: low-CF sharp-FRA, low-CF broad-FRA, high-CF sharp-FRA, and high-CF broad-FRA units. Rate-intensity functions (RIFs) for CF tones and noise were used to determine the minimum and maximum response counts as well as the sound pressure levels resulting in 10%, 50%, and 90% of the maximum spike count. Tone RIFs of broad FRA units were shifted to the right of tone RIFs of sharp FRA units in both NH and HI mouse IC, regardless of the unit CF. The main effects of hearing loss were seen in the noise RIFs. The low-CF broad-FRA units in HI mice had elevated responses to noise, and the high-CF sharp-FRA units in HI mice had lower maximum rates, as compared with the units recorded from NH mice. These results suggest that, as the IC responds to peripheral hearing loss with changes in the representation of frequency, an altered balance between inhibitory and excitatory inputs to the neurons recorded from the HI mice alters aspects of the units’ intensity encoding. This altered balance likely occurs, at least in part, outside of the IC.
Learning how to focus: adaptive control of an autofocus camera

The automatic focusing of a camera is frequently necessary. Closed loop techniques that relate measurements of image blur to focus distance provide self-contained mechanisms for autofocus. Making the focuser adaptive gives the controller the ability of improving its performance over time. To achieve a focused image search of the space of focus positions is required. Treating the camera as a non-linear and time varying plant the input is the image distance and the output is a blur measurement a control law used to drive the blur measurement to a minimum is adapted over time. A trial and error process is employed by the focuser to expedite the adaption. From the adaption process a model of camera dynamics is identified. To achieve real-time adaption a single nonlinear neuron is employed. Sufficient adaption speed is achieved by the use of Parker''s second order LMS learning algorithm and by the adaption of the learning rates. Stability of the closed loop focuser is insured by maintaining a bracket on the optimum focus distance. Bracketing provides a way of incorporating a lower bound on the error from the optimum focus distance into the adaption error function. The performance of the adaptive closed loop focuser is illustrated by simulations using a synthetic camera. Depending on both the quality of the blur measurements and the size of the object distance step the focuser''s asymptotic performance typically requires only© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Purification, Cloning, and Expression of a Pathogen Inducible UDP-glucose:Salicylic Acid Glucosyltransferase from Tobacco

Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant disease resistance. Inoculation of tobacco leaves with incompatible pathogens triggers the biosynthesis of SA which accumulates primarily as the SA 2-O-beta-D-glucoside (SAG) and glucosyl salicylate (GS). The tobacco UDP-glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (SA GTase) capable of forming both SAG and GS was purified, characterized, and partially sequenced. It has an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa, a pH optimum of 7.0, and an isoelectric point at pH 4.4. UDP-glucose was the sole sugar donor for the enzyme. However, SA and several phenolics served as glucose acceptors. The apparent K(m) values for UDP-glucose and SA were 0.27 and 1-2 mM, respectively. Zn(2+) and UDP inhibited its activity. The corresponding cDNA clone which encoded a protein of 459 amino acids was isolated from an SA-induced tobacco cDNA library and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein catalyzed the formation of SAG and GS, and exhibited a broad specificity to simple phenolics, similar to that of the purified enzyme. Northern blot analysis showed that the SA GTase mRNA was induced both by SA and incompatible pathogens. The rapid induction timing of the mRNA by SA indicates that it belongs to the early SA response genes.
DHRS3, a retinal reductase, is differentially regulated by retinoic acid and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in THP-1 cells and rat liver

Both retinoid status and inflammation have been shown to control the level of expression of retinoid homeostatic genes. In the present study, DHRS3, previously shown to possess retinal reductase activity, was identified by microarray analysis of THP-1 monocytes as a possible gene target of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). In these cells, DHRS3 mRNA increased 30- to 40-fold after treatment with ≤20 nM RA for 24 h, while DHRS3 protein also increased. Of several synthetic retinoids tested, only Am580, a RA receptor-α-selective retinoid, increased DHRS3 mRNA expression. The full-length DHRS3 cDNA was cloned from rat liver and subjected to in vitro transcription-translation. Two major ∼30- and 35-kDa proteins were detected. In adult rat tissues, DHRS3 mRNA was most abundant in the adrenal gland, liver, and ovary. In the liver, DHRS3 is expressed in hepatocytes and possibly in all liver cells. To evaluate whether DHRS3 is regulated in the liver by RA and/or inflammatory stimuli, we treated rats for 6 h with RA or LPS or both. DHRS3 mRNA was doubled by RA but reduced by >90% after treatment with LPS in the absence and presence of RA. On the basis of our results, DHRS3 mRNA expression is regulated by RA in a tissue- or cell-type specific manner; the RA-induced increase in DHRS3 may contribute to retinoid storage; and a reduction of DHRS3 expression in the liver during inflammation may contribute to the perturbation of whole body vitamin A metabolism that has previously been shown to occur in conditions of inflammatory stress.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN SHOPPING FOR LUXURY GOODS: WESTERN, ASIAN, AND HISPANIC TOURISTS

This study examines the significant differences in shopping for luxury goods among Western, Asian, and Hispanic tourists and, in particular, the perceived importance of different types and characteristics of the luxury consumer and travel goods tourists buy on vacation. The results show that Western, Asian, and Hispanic tourists‐shoppers significantly differ in the perceived importance of luxury consumer and travel goods and their characteristics. Western and Asian tourists attach more importance to buying “gifts for others” than Hispanic tourists. Asian tourists attach more importance to buying “golf equipment,” “health spa/wellness treatment,” “luxury cruises,”and “luxury yachts/rentals” than Hispanic tourists. Western tourists attach more importance to “fine dining” than Hispanic tourists. Implications of the study results and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
The evaluation of assist feature defect printability for sub-0.13-μm technology

We demonstrated the impact of space between assist bar and main pattern, width of assist bar, defect size, and the location of defect between assist bar and main pattern on main pattern distortion. The sizes of designed defect on mask were 400, 1600, 3600, and 6400 nm2 (1X) and the locations of defect were varied with 20 nm intervals between assist bar and main pattern. The widths of assist bar were varied from 60nm to 100nm with 10nm intervals and the spacing between assist bar and main pattern with 130- and 150-nm-width were 200nm, 240nm, and 280nm. The ΔCD, which is the difference of CD values between normal main pattern and distorted main pattern adjacent to defects, values were decreased with increasing space between assist bar and main pattern, while width variation of assist bar does not affect on the ΔCD value. Concerning the effect of defect location, we observed that the isolated defects with ≥1600 nm2, located between assist bar and main pattern, were printed on wafer. In sharp contrast, the defect attached to assist bar were not printed at all for all sizes of defects. In addition, ΔCD values were linearly increased as the defect location is close to main pattern regardless of process conditions. These results indicate that the location of defect plays a major role to specify the defect criteria, especially for assist bar OPC mask. The change of process latitude and defect printability with the illumination conditions and mask bias was also investigated
COMMENTS ON SCHULER PAPER

Considerable attention is being given to the relationship of air pollution and land use. Schuler's paper is an important theoretical contribution to this research. I The principal assumption on which Schuler's work is based is a behavioral one: that the desirability of a particular residential location is inversely related to the pollutant concentration there. This is an assumption for which there is increasing empirical support? Schuler pioneers by distinguishing and interrelating three major categories of polluting activities: industrial processes, residential heating, and transportation. The configuration of his city is a rectangle with industrial emissions originating along a vertical line at the center and diffusing horizontally. Given the long-run time horizon, the partial equilibrium assumptions appear especially restrictive. Production (and hence the level of industrial emissions) is fixed and there is no trade-off between total output and transportation. Both industry and land must be nonlocally owned so that income remains constant. The relative and absolute prices of polluting goods remain the same before and after abatement. Oron, Pines, and Sheshinski have completed work very similar to Schuler's and a comparison of the models is useful. 3 The model of O. P. and S. is based on the same behavioral assumption concerning utility, housing, and air pollution. It is more simple in that it is confined to transportation emissions alone,' but more complex in that the city is circular. The context is general equilibrium, in which income is not fixed. Whereas Schuler's focus is on competitive spatial equilibrium before and after abatement, O. P. and S. are mainly concerned with the difference between a competitive equilibrium allocation and the optimum allocation in which taxes are used to internalize pollution effects. Their model does not include public services nor alternative transportation technologies, as Schuler's does.
Medium effects for very fast electron transfer reactions at electrodes: the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ system in water.

The reduction kinetics of [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ was studied at Au(111) and Au(100) single-crystal ultramicroelectrodes in dilute perchloric acid electrolytes. Both heterogeneous rate constants and experimental transfer coefficients varied with the crystallographic orientation of the gold surface. The value of the heterogeneous rate constant at Au(111) was significantly larger than that at Au(100). The experimental transfer coefficients also increased but in the opposite order. Standard rate constants at both electrodes increased with an increase in electrolyte concentration. Using double-layer data obtained in 0.01 M HClO 4 , it is shown that the true transfer coefficient for this reaction is 0.5 within experimental error. The effective charge on the reactant which has a nominal charge of +3 is close to +1. The latter result reflects the distribution of charge within the polyatomic reactant.
The Unreliability of Foreseeable Consequences: A Return to the Epistemic Objection

Consequentialists maintain that an act is morally right just in case it produces the best consequences of any available alternative. Because agents are ignorant about some of their acts’ consequences, they cannot be certain about which alternative is best. Kagan (1998) contends that it is reasonable to assume that unforeseen good and bad consequences roughly balance out and can be largely disregarded. A statistical argument demonstrates that Kagan’s assumption is almost always false. An act’s foreseeable consequences are an extremely poor indicator of the goodness of its overall consequences. Acting based on foreseeable consequences is barely more reliably good than acting completely at random.
A model-free test for independence between time series

The problem of assessing the independence of time series arises in many situations, including evaluating the spatial synchrony of populations in different locations over time. Tests for independence generally have relied on assuming a particular dynamic model for each of the series, and those that do not, require long series. We adapt a test for association between spatial processes to provide a model-free (MF) test for independence between two time series under the assumption that each series is stationary and normally distributed. We evaluate the performance of the test through simulations and compare it with the naive (N) test, which ignores serial correlations, as well as with tests based on residuals from fitting specific dynamic models. We also consider additional tests that involve bootstrapping the MF and N tests. We find that the MF test generally preserves the desired test size, although this is not the case in some extreme settings. The MF test is clearly superior to residual-based tests that arise from fitting an incorrect model. The bootstrap tests are not as robust as the general MF test, but when they are valid, they seem to be more powerful. We also examine the robustness of the procedure to the additional measurement errors present in many applications, explore the extent to which some deficiencies in the MF test are due to estimation of the unknown covariances, and investigate the effect of nonnormality on the MF test. We illustrate the MF test’s performance through an example assessing mouse populations from different locations.
Student Perceptions of Safety in Perceived Similar and Nonsimilar Race High Schools

Despite the large body of research on neighborhood racial composition and perceptions of safety, only one geographically limited study has investigated the relation between school racial composition and student perceptions of safety. Using data from a 2010 national sample of high school seniors, this study found that being in a mostly-same-race high school predicted student feelings of safety; however, this relation was dependent on the race of the student. Contrary to the power in numbers theory, Black and Hispanic students reported feeling less safe in same-race schools whereas the opposite was true for White students. The racial stereotypes applied to places theory better explained the relation between school racial composition and student perceptions of safety at school.
Reporting On-Campus Crime Online: User Intention to Use

National surveys demonstrate that millions of crimes go unreported in the United States. Several reasons may contribute to this lack of reporting and we are investigating these potential reasons and how they may be addressed. We are developing an online system that provides an anonymous and secure mechanism for both victims and witnesses to report crimes to police. The system is being implemented and tested on a university campus. Potential users (i.e., students, staff) were surveyed to determine their intent to use the system. Respondents claimed to report crimes already, which is in contrast with the findings from the national surveys. Our respondents found the online system useful, accessible, and safe to report crime, but the type of crime and the urgency of response is a determinant in the decision to use the system versus reporting it to a live person.
Immigrants riding for justice: Space-time and emotions in the construction of a counterpublic

Abstract During the past two decades, a new immigrants’ rights movement in the U.S. has emerged, constructing a counterpublic that challenges hegemonic immigration discourses, policies, and practices. We show how a counterpublic is constructed in practice, using as a case study the Immigrant Workers’ Freedom Ride (IWFR), an event in 2003 that helped further the momentum of immigrant rights activism. We examine how immigrant activists and their allies came together and worked to construct, articulate, and enact a shared political identity that we refer to as an identity-in-alliance. Space-time and emotions were crucial in the development of this identity as ‘Freedom Riders,’ as well as a sense of solidarity. We reflect on the vulnerabilities within the counterpublic and challenges it faced when inserting its discourses on immigration, race, and citizenship into the hegemonic public sphere. Taking the insights gained from these practices, we extend Nancy Fraser’s concept of the counterpublic by demonstrating the centrality of space-time and emotions to its theorization.
AMG for problems of elasticity

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is an efficient iterative method designed as a ''black box'' solver that uses the principles of geometric multigrid methods. The components necessary for the multigrid cycling process are automatically constructed using information taken from the matrix itself. The method does not require uniform grids, making it an attractive approach for problems in structures and elasticity. Here we describe the method and give results for a model plane elasticity problem.
Fabrication of high quality factor RF-resonator using embedded inductor and via capacitor

These High quality factor resonators are key components in RF-circuits. Fabrication of on-chip LC tank circuits is costly and suffers from low Q-factor. Design, simulation, and fabrication of a novel off-chip resonator with high quality factor are reported. Minimum feature size of standard PCB fabrication has been used to make imbedded solenoids in Duroid substrate with 2.2 relative permittivity. A solenoid turn included two imbedded copper via of 125 µm and two surface conductors to shape a rectangular coil. The pitch size was 250 µm for a substrate 3.02 mm thick. A series capacitance was introduced in the via to move the poles toward higher frequencies. It divides the inductance, resistance, and stray capacitance. The result would increase the resonance frequency into 12.25 GHz. It also raised the Q-factor into 306. In addition to the very high Q-factor, the resonator benefits from facilitated design and ease of fabrication. Analytical design has been investigated by a lumped circuit model. The result of S-parameter measurements was in close agreement with the designed circuit. The tuned resonator had a higher quality factor compared to all silicon based counterparts.
Crystal and band electronic structures of a new class of 2: 1 organic conducting salts α'-(BEDT-TTF)2X,X- = Ag(CN)2 -, Au(CN)2 - and AuBr2 -

Abstract A class of new organic conducting salts α'−(BEDT-TTF)2X with X− = Ag(CN)2− , Au(CN)2− and AuBr2−were synthesized, and their structures determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. These α'−(BEDT-TTF)2Xsalts have a two dimensional BEDT-TTF network structure which is drastically different from that of the α- and β−(BEDT-TTF)2X with X− = I3−, IBr2− and AuI2−. Band electronic structures calculated for the BEDT-TTF network of theα'−(BEDT-TTF)2X salts show that they are pseudo one-dimensional metals. Theα'−(BEDT-TTF)2X salts form monoclinic crystals, space group P2 n , Z=4, with lattice constants: (BEDT-TTF)2Ag(CN)2, a = 7.956(2) A , b = 6.732(3) A , c = 30.738(8) A , β = 90.05°(1), and V c = 1646.3(6) A 3 ; (BEDT-TTF)2Au(CN)2, a = 7.932(5) A , b = 6.735(2) A , c = 31.018(14) A , β = 91.14°(5), and V c = 1657.7(1) A 3 ; and (BEDT-TTF)2AuBr2, a = 7.799(2) A , b = 6.723(2) A , c = 31.756(9) A , β = 93.46(2)°, and V c = 1662.0(7) A 3 .
Changes in arrest policies as a result of court orders against county jails

Sudden changes in criminal justice environments, such as court-imposed reductions in jail population, create pressures for adaptation by entire justice systems. Many county jails have used citation release extensively to reduce jail populations (i.e., misdemeanor suspects sign a written promise to appear in court). Local police agencies may respond in three ways: 1) they may continue to book suspects as usual; 2) they may be less likely to book misdemeanants and more likely to use field citations because of perceptions that suspects will be released at the jail anyway; 3) they may maximize field citations as part of cooperative interagency agreements. Three types of data were examined: 1) annual citation rates (1978–1988) for counties under court order and not under court order; 2) monthly police citations (1978–1988) in three counties (132 time points) under court order; and 3) interviews with law enforcement officials (N = 37) in the same three counties. Although some police agencies have adjusted their...
Combined anorectal manometry and defecography in 50 consecutive adults with fecal incontinence

Fifty consecutive patients presenting with fecal incontinence were evaluated prospectively with anorectal manometry, defecography, and other tests of anorectal function to assess the clinical utility of defecography in fecal incontinence. Leakage of contrast at rest and failure to narrow the anorectal angle with pelvic squeezing were specific but not sensitive predictors of decreased sphincter pressures as determined by manometry. Thus, after manometry, defecography provided no additional information regarding sphincter strength. Retention of contrast in large rectoceles or incomplete rectal evacuation at defecography had excellent correlation with the presence of clinical symptoms of outlet obstruction constipation (present concurrently with incontinence) and indicated an etiology of outlet obstruction symptoms. Defecography may provide useful information in incontinent patients with outlet obstruction constipation symptoms but has little additive value to anorectal manometry in incontinent patients without such symptoms.
Efficient BMC for Multi-Clock Systems with Clocked Specifications

Current industry trends in system design - multiple clocks, clocks with arbitrary frequency ratios, multi-phased clocks, gated clocks, and level-sensitive latches, combined with clocked - pose additional challenges to verification efforts. We propose an integrated solution that improves SAT-based bounded model checking (BMC) by orders of magnitude, for verification of synchronous multi-clock systems with clocked LTL properties. Our main contributions are: a) efficient clock modeling schemes to handle clock related challenges uniformly; b) generation of automatic schedules and clock constraints to avoid unnecessary unrolling and loop-checks in BMC; c) dynamic simplification of BMC problem instances with clock constraints; and d) customized BMC translations - with incremental formulations and learning - to directly handle PSL-style clocked specifications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on some OpenCores multi-clock system benchmarks.
An atomization method using an oscillating needle and a micro air jet

Abstract A liquid atomization method based on meniscus perturbation and a micro air jet was studied. A meniscus on a thin needle with a 100 μ m diameter was constantly perturbed by the sinusoidal oscillation of the needle, and a liquid film was dispersed by the air jet. This atomization method can spray high viscosity media with its print pattern confined to a narrow band of about 1 mm at the center of the air jet.