cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip systems in NiAl single crystals at 300°K and 77°K

Abstract Single crystals of NiAl have been examined by transmission electron microscopy after plastic deformation at 300°K and 77°K. In agreement with earlier work, it is found that single crystals generally slip along 〈100〉. Further, it is shown that crystals oriented so that there is zero applied stress on the dislocations of b = 〈100〉, deform by the movement of dislocations of b = 〈111〉 on {112} and {110}. A lower limit to the Peierls stress for dislocations of b = 〈111〉 is calculated from the observed spacing of opposite sign screw dislocations, and it is shown that these dislocations are far more difficult to move than mobility calculations would suggest.
Relationships between simultaneously recorded Purkinje cells and nuclear neurons.

Abstract In decerebrate, unanesthetized cats, the activity of a Purkinje cell and a paired neuron in the interposed nuclei (subsequently referred to as a Purkinje cell-nuclear cell pair) were simultaneously recorded to compare their spontaneous discharge characteristics and responses to a peripheral input. Microstimulation techniques were used to determine if the two neurons were in related regions of the cerebellar cortex and interposed nuclei. First, the electrode used to record the interposed nuclear neuron was used to antidromically activate the Purkinje cell. Second, inhibitory responses with the appropriate time course were evoked in the interposed neurons with the Purkinje cell recording electrode. Both the spontaneous discharge of each pair as well as the cells' responses to a mechanically generated forepaw displacement were evaluated. A total of 35 Purkinje cell-nuclear cell pairs satisfying the microstimulation criteria were studied. During spontaneous activity there was no consistent relationship between the Purkinje cell simple spike activity and the nuclear neuron activity based on cross-correlation techniques. Auto-correlograms of both cells exhibited positive correlation for a brief time period. The variability of the interspike interval of the Purkinje cell discharge was greater than that for nuclear neurons, but there was no difference in the mean interspike interval for the pairs. The simple spike activity of Purkinje cells in response to sinusoidal displacements of the forepaw was weakly modulated. The modulation was limited to a small frequency range (2–7 Hz). In contrast the nuclear neurons exhibited a greater depth of modulation than Purkinje cells and responded to a wider range of frequencies (2–15 Hz). For many pairs of cells the relationship between the Purkinje cell and nuclear neuron discharge was not reciprocal. The responses of Purkinje cell-nuclear cell pairs to forepaw displacement were more often reciprocal to square wave than to sinusoidal stimuli. Using a technique which estimated the reciprocity of Purkinje cell and nuclear cell responses, 49% of the responses were reciprocal while 51% were not. These findings suggest that a nuclear neuron's discharge characteristics are not dominated by inputs from a single Purkinje cell and the firing relationship between a Purkinje cell and a related nuclear cell need not be reciprocal.
Effects of intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Intracoronary streptokinase (SK) was administered to 11 patients with evolving acute transmural myocardial infarction 5.5 ± 0.4 hours from the onset of symptoms. Ten patients (91%) had total coronary occlusion, and one had subocclusion of the vessel corresponding to the ECG site of infarction. Intracoronary nitroglycerin failed to restore patency of total occlusion in all patients. In 9 of 11 patients (82%), patency was restored or improved with intracoronary SK. Thrombolysis was successful in 8 of 11 patients (73%), and one patient with transient patency developed acute reocclusion. Average time from SK infusion to reperfusion was 24 ± 7 minutes. Patients with successful thrombolysis had patency initially restored at a dosage of 61,000 ± 15,000 IU of SK and received a total dosage of 136,000 ± 17,000 IU. Patency persisted at late study in six of eight patients, and two patients developed late reocclusion. Successful thrombolysis was associated with significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from early to late study, in contrast to deterioration of LVEF in patients with unsuccessful recanalization ( p
Human iridal stroma melanosomes of varying pheomelanin contents possess a common eumelanic outer surface.

Uveal melanosomes originating in the iridal stroma contain both black (eumelanin) and red (pheomelanin) pigment. Recent studies reveal that the eumelanin/pheomelanin ratio varies with iris color, w...
Hypotensive effects of lesions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats are anesthetic-dependent.

Abstract These studies were designed to determine if the hypotensive effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla are dependent on the type of anesthetic agent used. The lesions caused an immediate fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in rats anesthetized with urethane, α-chloralose or sodium pentobarbital. At 30 min after placement of the lesions, severe hypotension (MAP = 54 ± 5 mm Hg) persisted in the rats anesthetized with urethane. However, 30 min after placement of the lesions, the MAP of rats anesthetized with α-chloralose or sodium pentobarbital was 87 ± 9 mm Hg and 99 ± 10 mm Hg, respectively. Subsequent transection of the cervical spinal cord produced a much greater decrease in MAP in rats anesthetized with α-chloralose and sodium pentobarbital as compared to rats anesthetized with urethane. Heart rate was significantly lower after placement of the lesions in all 3 groups. We conclude that the magnitude of the hypotensive effect caused by placement of lesions in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is anesthetic-dependent and that the rostral ventrolateral medulla is not the only area of the central nervous system capable of maintaining vasomotor tone.
An empirically derived model of the role of IS networks in business process improvement initiatives

Abstract During the past two decades both business managers and academic researchers have shown considerable interest in information system (IS) networks and their effect on business processes and performance. The present study builds on this interest to examine the nature of IS networks and business process improvement initiatives (BPII) and delineate the process by which IS networks influence BPII. Conceptually, both of these variables are considered multidimensional constructs, with IS networks comprising connectivity and flexibility dimensions and BPII involving process improvement initiatives and customer focus dimensions. We develop a model that elaborates on the interrelationships among these variables along with two key contextual antecedents (management support and information intensity) and pose a series of hypotheses. We then present the results of an empirical test of the model that involved structural equation modeling using data collected via a national mail survey from executives from ‘ Fortune 500’ divisions. Overall, the results of the study found mixed support for our hypotheses. While network connectivity and network flexibility were found to be significantly related to process improvement initiatives, network flexibility did not have any significant effect on customer focus. The results of the study also indicate that top management support is significantly related to both IS network dimensions, which fully mediate top management support’s influence on both BPII dimensions. Information intensity was also found to be significantly related to BPII and partially mediated by network flexibility with regard to process improvement initiatives. Implications of this study and directions for future research are also discussed.
Pilot-scale demonstration of the OSCAR process for high-temperature multipollutant control of coal combustion flue gas, using carbonated fly ash and mesoporous calcium carbonate

A pilot-scale study of the Ohio State Carbonation Ash Reactivation (OSCAR) process was performed to demonstrate the reactivity of two novel calcium-based sorbents toward sulfur and trace heavy metal (arsenic, selenium, and mercury) capture in the furnace sorbent injection (FSI) mode on a 0.365 m3/s slipstream of a bituminous coal-fired stoker boiler. The sorbents were synthesized by bubbling CO2 to precipitate calcium carbonate (a) from the unreacted calcium present in the lime spray dryer ash and (b) from calcium hydroxide slurry that contained a negatively charged dispersant. The heterogeneous reaction between these sorbents and SO2 gas occurred under entrained flow conditions by injecting fine sorbent powders into the flue gas slipstream. The reacted sorbents were captured either in a hot cyclone (∼650 °C) or in the relatively cooler downstream baghouse (∼230 °C). The baghouse samples indicated ∼90% toward sulfation and captured arsenic, selenium and mercury to 800 ppmw, 175 ppmw and 3.6 ppmw, respecti...
Conformational effects of amino acid substitutions at positions 10, 12, and 13 in the P21 protein.

Substitutions of amino acids for Gly 12 or Gly 13 in theras oncogene-encoded P21 proteins have been demonstrated to produce unique structural changes in these proteins that correlate with their ability to produce cell transformation. For example, the P21 proteins with Arg 12 or Val 13 are both known to be actively transforming. Recent site-specific mutagenesis experiments on the transforming Arg 12 protein have found that the substitution of Val for Gly 10 has no effect on transforming activity whereas the substitution of Val for Gly 13 led to a loss of transforming activity. In this study, we examine the structural effects of these substitutions on the amino terminal hydrophobic decapeptide (Leu 6-Gly 15) of P21 using conformational energy analysis. The results show that the transforming proteins with Gly 10 and Arg 12 or Val 10 and Arg 12 can both adopt the putative malignancy-causing conformation, whereas, for the nontransforming protein with Arg 12 and Val 13, this conformation is energetically disallowed. These results further support the theory that due to structural changes the transforming P21 proteins are unable to bind to some regulatory cellular element which may be the recently identified binding protein responsible for the induction of increased GTPase activity in normal P21 compared with transforming mutants.
Ultrasonic vocalizations by adult prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster.

Male and femaleMicrotus ochrogaster were presented with anesthetized and awake conspecifics while ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were monitored. Males produced significantly more USVs than females during 5-min testing sessions. Males tended to produce more USVs to unfamiliar females than to familiar female siblings. Sexual experience led to increased USV scores by males. These results suggest that USVs by male prairie voles communicate to females the male's gender and his availability for reproductive behavior.
Increased EGF binding and EGFR mRNA expression in rat aorta with chronic administration of pressor angiotensin II.

This study examines the changes in the mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor (EGFR), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-B), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) before and after sustained pressor infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 4 weeks. A threefold increase occurred in the levels of EGFR mRNA (17,240 ± 827 vs 6403 ± 1372 units, P < 0.01) and TGF-β1 mRNA (1644 ± 584 vs 475 ± 30 units, P < 0.01) only in the aorta and not in the heart and kidney tissues. This increase in both of the above mRNA transcripts highly correlated (r = 0.96 and 0.92, P < 0.01) with the elevation of blood pressure. The specific binding of 125I-labeled EGF to aortic membranes also increased (11,429 ± 728 vs 8630 ± 420 cpm/mg protein, P < 0.05) with a parallel increase in the protein tyrosine kinase activity of the membranes indicating that the enhanced EGFR mRNA expression resulted in increased activity of a functional receptor. No significant changes were observed in either EGF mRNA or PDGF-B mRNA levels. These findings suggest that EGFR and TGF-β1 participate in the long-term progressive pressor response to Ang II and thus potentially in the progression and the maintenance of chronic hypertension.
Calcium-Dependent Self-Association of Synaptotagmin I

Synaptotagmin I, an integral membrane protein of secretory vesicles, appears to have an essential role in calcium-triggered hormone and neurotransmitter release. The large cytoplasmic domain of synaptotagmin I has two C2 domains that are thought to mediate calcium and phospholipid binding. A recombinant protein (p65 1-5) comprised of the cytoplasmic domain was previously shown to aggregate purified chromaffin granules and artificial phospholipid vesicles in a calcium-dependent manner. p65 1-5 may be able to aggregate membrane vesicles by a self-association reaction. This hypothesis led us to investigate the ability of synaptotagmin I protein fragments to multimerize in vitro. We found that p65 1-5, in the absence of membranes, was able to self-associate to form large aggregates in a calcium-dependent manner as shown by light-scattering assays and electron microscopy. In addition, a recombinant protein comprised of only the second half of the cytoplasmic domain, including the second C2 domain, was also able to self-associate and aggregate phospholipid vesicles in a calcium-dependent manner. A recombinant protein comprised of only the first C2 domain was not able to self-associate or aggregate vesicles. These results suggest that synaptotagmin I is able to bind calcium in the absence of membranes and that the second half of the cytoplasmic domain is able to bind calcium and mediate its multimerization in a calcium-dependent manner. The ability of synaptotagmin I protein fragments to multimerize in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro suggests that multimerization may have an important function in vivo.
Carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2,4-disubstituted 3,3-diphenyltetrahydrofurans derived from isomethadone and isomethadol

Proton and carbon-13 nmr spectra for cis- and trans-2-ethyl-3,3-diphenyl-4-methyltetrahydrofurans and 2-ethylidene-3,3-diphenyl-4-methyltetrahydrofuran, derived from the pyrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salts of the diastereomeric isomethadols and isomethadone, respectively, are reported. 1H and 13C chemical shifts and 1H-1H coupling constants have been assigned in each case. The isomeric teterahydrofurans have been analyzed in terms of a half-chair conformation, and an envelope conformation for the ethylidene derivative.
The effect of coatings on the thermo-mechanical response of cylindrical specimens during quenching

This paper investigates, experimentally and numerically, the effect of various surface treatments on the thermo-mechanical response of aluminum cylindrical missiles during warm water quenching. The surface coating treatments include specialized solutions of aluminum oxide, aluminum silicate hydroxide, and phosphate wetting agents, among others. It is shown that these surface treatments can have a strong impact on the wettability of the aluminum surface, the promotion of nucleate boiling and the magnitude of the residual stresses in the metal after quench. Temperature histories recorded during quench allowed surface heat-transfer coefficients to be computed using an inverse heat-transfer code, and the thermal data was later used in a FE code to predict the mechanical deformation and the residual stress state after quench. Comparisons of experimental data with FE results are included for selected cases.
AN OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR MANNED VEHICLE TERMINAL GUIDANCE.

An optical system for implementing manned vehicle terminal guidance for a soft lunar landing is described. The method utilizes an on-board tracking telescope to establish azimuth and elevation angles. With altitude, this system provides sufficient information for computing lateral vehicle velocity which can be controlled within less than 2 ft/sec, a value not to be exceeded for a safe landing.
Decadal Variabilities of the Upper Layers of the Subtropical North Atlantic: An Ocean Model Study

Numerical simulations of the Atlantic Ocean during the period 1950 to 1989, using a sigma coordinate, free surface numerical model, show long-term variabilities in the upper ocean subtropical gyre similar to those obtained from observations. The simulations show how westward propagating planetary waves, originated in the eastern North Atlantic, affect interdecadal variabilities of ocean properties such as the Bermuda sea level, the Gulf Stream position and strength, and subsurface temperature anomalies in the western North Atlantic. Special attention is given to the dramatic sea level drop at Bermuda in the early 1970s, which is accompanied by cooling of subsurface layers in the western North Atlantic and a northward shift and weakening of the Gulf Stream. Following these events, between 1970 and 1980, the cold temperature anomalies in the upper layers of the western North Atlantic slowly propagated eastward and downward; the strongest propagating signal in the model is found at 200-m depth, suggesting that advection of anomalies downstream by the Gulf Stream current and changes in winter mixing are involved. Significant correlations were found between the sea level anomalies at Bermuda and sea level anomalies in the eastern North Atlantic up to eight years earlier. Sensitivity experiments with different atmospheric forcing fields are used to study the ocean response to observed sea surface temperature and wind stress anomalies. It is shown that on decadal timescales, the ocean model responds in a linear fashion to the combined effect of SST and wind stress anomalies, a fact that might be exploited in future climate prediction studies.
Information warfare: radar in World War II as an historical example

Emerging technologies have increased the capability to acquire and use data as a weapon in warfare. Although aggregated under a common term, information warfare actually represents a variety of different ways with different actors in different environments that information can be used as part of an arsenal. One important form of information warfare is decision making (or OODA-loop) warfare, in which a defender or attacker uses information acquisition or processing technology to complete their decision making cycle quicker than an opponent can to maintain the initiative in the battle. Such a type of information warfare was used during the Battle of Britain in World War 2. Radar was an enabling technology that gave Great Britain an edge in the decision making process that contributed to England's ultimate victory in the battle.
Recombinant Escherichia coli clones expressing Chlamydia trachomatis gene products attach to human endometrial epithelial cells.

To identify Chlamydia trachomatis genes involved in attachment to host cells, a chlamydial genomic library was screened on the basis of binding characteristics by two methods. In the whole-cell screen, individual recombinant Escherichia coli clones were assayed for adherence to eukaryotic cells. In the membrane-binding screen, each recombinant colony of E. coli was treated with CHCl3 and assayed for binding to purified, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS)-solubilized, 35S-labeled eukaryotic membrane material. Initial screening with McCoy cells was refined by using HEC-1B cells, a human endometrial epithelial cell line, which discriminate among recombinants adhering to McCoy cells. Some recombinants demonstrate significantly greater adherence to HEC-1B cells than to McCoy cells and appear, by transmission electron microscopy, to associate with electron-dense areas of the epithelial cell plasma membrane, resembling coated pits. Recombinants positive by one or both screening methods were examined by Southern and Western (immunoblot) analyses, which revealed the presence of chlamydial sequences inserted in the plasmids and the expression of novel 18-, 28-, and approximately 82 kDa, and perhaps of 18 Maxicell analysis of selected recombinants confirmed that the proteins of 28 and approximately 82 kDa, and perhaps of 18 kDa, are plasmid encoded. Antiserum generated against the recombinant approximately 82-kDa protein reacted in Western analysis with a similar-sized protein from C. trachomatis serovar E elementary bodies (EB) and reticulate bodies, serovar L2 EB, and C. psittaci EB. E. coli JM109(pPBW58) contains a 6.7-kb plasmid insert which encodes proteins of all three sizes. Under a number of different conditions in the whole-cell attachment assay--i.e., at 4 degrees C, in Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-free medium, in the presence of trypsin or dextran sulfate, and with rabbit aortic endothelial cells--the binding specificity of JM109(pPBW58) parallels that of C. trachomatis EB. Finally, the adherence phenotype of E. coli JM109(pPBW58) correlates directly with the presence of the recombinant plasmid; the phenotype is lost concurrently with loss of the recombinant plasmid, and the into E. coli JM109. The role of the 18-, 28-, and approximately 82-kDa proteins in mediating attachment, whether they act in concert as a complex or individually, has yet to be determined. Images
Visualization of Heterogeneous Data

Both the resource description framework (RDF), used in the semantic web, and Maya Viz u-forms represent data as a graph of objects connected by labeled edges. Existing systems for flexible visualization of this kind of data require manual specification of the possible visualization roles for each data attribute. When the schema is large and unfamiliar, this requirement inhibits exploratory visualization by requiring a costly up-front data integration step. To eliminate this step, we propose an automatic technique for mapping data attributes to visualization attributes. We formulate this as a schema matching problem, finding appropriate paths in the data model for each required visualization attribute in a visualization template.
Testosterone: the culprit for producing splenocyte immune depression after trauma hemorrhage

Studies indicate that, whereas immune functions in males are depressed, they are enhanced in females after trauma hemorrhage. Moreover, castration of male mice (i.e., androgen depletion) before tra...
Surface electrostatic potentials of halogenated methanes as indicators of directional intermolecular interactions

Using an ab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital approach, we have computed 6-31G*//STO-3G* electrostatic potentials for CH3F, CF4, CH3Cl, CCl4, CH3Br, and CBr4. It is demonstrated that the potentials along the carbon–halogen bonds of these systems can explain the observed directional preferences of the halogens' intermolecular interactions. Our surface potentials for the chlorinated and brominated molecules favor the observed “side-on” and “head-on” interactions with electrophiles and nucleophiles, respectively, of CCl and CBr in crystals, whereas the potentials of CH3F and CF4 are indicative of fluorine interacting only with electrophiles, as is found experimentally. The strongly positive potentials at the ends of the chlorines and bromines in CCl4 and CBr4 are consistent with complexes that these form with electron donors, e.g., the π regions of benzene and p-xylene and the lone pairs of pyridine and tetrahydrofuran. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wireless Non-Contact Detection of Heartbeat and Respiration Using Low-Power Microwave Radar Sensor

This paper reviews the recent developments of a non- contact vital sign (heartbeat and respiration) detection system using low power microwave radar sensor. Two key techniques are employed in this system. The technique of double-sideband transmission and detection replaces the quadrature detection and simplifies the architecture. The other technique of using short wavelength (high frequency carrier) improves the sensitivity while reducing the transmitted power. Theories and experimental results of these techniques will be described. Theory of nonlinear Doppler phase modulation discovered through the use of short wavelength will be presented and its potential applications will be discussed.
The Role of Mental Translation in Second Language Reading

Reading in a second language (L2) can produce inefficient processing in otherwise proficient readers. This paper argues that mental translation during L2 reading may facilitate the generation and conservation of meaning by allowing the reader to represent portions of L2 text that exceed cognitive limits in a familiar, memory-efficient form. Fifty-one intermediate-level French students, in high, middle, and low reading ability groups, participated in think-aloud interviews while reading French texts. The relative frequency of translation use among these groups is compared at the beginning and end of a semester and is found to decrease with level of reading ability. The specific contexts in which students relied on translation are identified, and functional benefits and strategic uses of translation are discussed. Finally, hypotheses and questions are developed for future research.
Beyond Identity Politics: Moral Psychology and the 2008 Democratic Primary

The two leading candidates for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential nomination, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, had very similar policy positions and yet demonstrated appeal to disparate populations. Much has been written in the press about demographic differences between supporters of these candidates, but little is known about these groups’ psychological profiles. We used standard personality and moral psychology scales to predict differential favorability ratings toward these candidates, while controlling for age, gender, education, and political orientation. Higher scores on group-based morality, primary psychopathy, and moral relativism predicted relative favorability toward Clinton. Higher scores on individual-based morality, empathy, and global concern for others predicted relative favorability toward Obama. The authors discuss how voters’ personalities and moral concerns may interact with media portrayals of the candidates—consistent with recent congruency models of political preference—especially in cases where policy differences are small.
Noise characteristics of GaN-based IMPATTs

The potential of noise characteristics of Wz-phase and Znb-phase GaN IMPATTs is investigated and compared to Si and GaAs-based IMPATTs at D-band. The noise of GaN-based IMPATTs is found to be higher than that of GaAs-based IMPATTs but equivalent to Si-based IMPATTs. For increased operation temperature, the noise is found to decrease.
Creation of Nano–Macro‐Interconnected Porosity in a Bioactive Glass–Ceramic by the Melt‐Quench‐Heat‐Etch Method

We demonstrate that suitable thermal treatment of biocompatible CaO–Na2O–P2O5–SiO2 glasses prepared by the usual melt-quench results in spinodal phase separation and crystallization of phases at very different length scales. Selective chemical leaching of these phases allows the formation of interconnected multi-modal porosity, with pore size ranging from several nanometers to tens of micrometers. Such novel nano–macroporous glasses have potential applications as superior bioscaffolds.
A note on the complexity of Dijkstra's algorithm for graphs with weighted vertices

Let G(V, E) be a directed graph in which each vertex has a nonnegative weight. The cost of a path between two vertices in G is the sum of the weights of the vertices on that path. We show that, for such graphs, the time complexity of Dijkstra's algorithm (E.W. Dijkstra, 1959), implemented with a binary heap, is O(|E|+|V|log|V|).
Mechanism of oxidative DNA damage in diabetes: tuberin inactivation and downregulation of DNA repair enzyme 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine-DNA glycosylase.

OBJECTIVE— To investigate potential mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage in a rat model of type 1 diabetes and in murine proximal tubular epithelial cells and primary culture of rat proximal tubular epithelial cells. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Phosphorylation of Akt and tuberin, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels, and 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) expression were measured in kidney cortical tissue of control and type 1 diabetic animals and in proximal tubular cells incubated with normal or high glucose. RESULTS— In the renal cortex of diabetic rats, the increase in Akt phosphorylation is associated with enhanced phosphorylation of tuberin, decreased OGG1 protein expression, and 8-oxodG accumulation. Exposure of proximal tubular epithelial cells to high glucose causes a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that correlates with the increase in Akt and tuberin phosphorylation. High glucose also resulted in downregulation of OGG1 protein expression, paralleling its effect on Akt and tuberin. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt significantly reduced high glucose–induced tuberin phosphorylation and restored OGG1 expression. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates Akt and tuberin phosphorylation and decreases OGG1 protein expression. The antioxidant N -acetylcysteine significantly inhibited ROS generation, Akt/protein kinase B, and tuberin phosphorylation and resulted in deceased 8-oxodG accumulation and upregulation of OGG1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS— Hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes and treatment of proximal tubular epithelial cells with high glucose leads to phosphorylation/inactivation of tuberin and downregulation of OGG1 via a redox-dependent activation of Akt in renal tubular epithelial cells. This signaling cascade provides a mechanism of oxidative stress–mediated DNA damage in diabetes.
Observations of Pinatubo ejecta over Boulder, Colorado by lidars of three different wavelengths

NOAA lidars at wavelengths of 0.574, 0.694, and 10.591 μm have observed ejecta from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo both in the troposphere and stratosphere over Boulder, Colorado, since July 27, 1991. Multilayered clouds have been highly variable on time scales of minutes to days. Measurements at multiple wavelengths provide valuable information on size distribution and the wavelength dependence of backscatter and optical depth.
Discoclavata dominicana n. gen., n. sp., (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lissantauga epicrana n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera: Ecumenidae) in Dominican amber

A new genus and species of bostrichid, Discoclavata dominicana n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and a new genus and species of eucnemid, Lissantauga epicrana n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) are described from Dominican amber. Diagnostic characters of D. dominicana include an extended body, strongly hypognathous head, asperate dorsal surfaces of pronotum and elytra, 10 antennomeres with a large, oval two-articled club, flattened and grooved metafemora that receive the flattened metatibia, five-segmented, slender tarsi with the first tarsomere miniscule, second, third and fourth tarsomeres small, subequal and fifth tarsomere longer than the others combined. Diagnostic characters of Lissantauga epicrana include a glabrous, silvery metallic body, pectinate antennae with the antennal insertions positioned below the eyes, a helmet-shaped pronotum with the anterior angles nearly reaching the antennal insertions, the antennal insertions close to the eyes, angled apical margins of the elytra and...
A Dynamic Inventory Model with Stochastic Lead Times

A study is made of a dynamic inventory model with stochastic lead times. A probability model is developed for the arrival of outstanding orders in which it is assumed that orders do not cross in time and that the arrival probabilities are independent of the number and size of outstanding orders. With these assumptions, it is shown that the sequential multidimensional minimization problem normally associated with the random lead time model can be reduced to a sequence of one-dimensional minimizations. The minimizations are a function of a variable representing the sum of stock on hand plus all outstanding orders. Optimal ordering policies are characterized under the assumptions of convex expected holding and shortage costs, a linear ordering cost and a fixed setup cost greater than or equal to zero paid when the order is placed. These policies are shown to be quite similar to those obtained with deterministic lead times but some differences in the behavior of the single-period critical numbers when the setup cost is zero are noted.
Representing multiple theories

Most Artificial Intelligence programs lack generality because they reason with a single domain theory that is tailored for a specific task and embodies a host of implicit assumptions. Contexts have been proposed as an effective solution to this problem by providing a mechanism for explicitly stating the assumptions underlying a domain theory. In addition, contexts can be used to focus reasoning, allow the representation of mutually incoherent domain theories, lift axioms from one context into another, and transcend a context. In this paper we develop a simple propositional logic of context suitable for representing and reasoning with multiple domain theories. We introduce contexts as modal operators, and allow different contexts to have different vocabularies. We analyze the computational properties of the logic, providing the central computational justification for the use of contexts. We show how the logic effectively handles the common uses of contexts. We also discuss the extensions needed to handle first-order logic.
Optimization of PET system design for lesion detection

Traditionally, the figures of merit used in designing a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner are spatial resolution, noise equivalent count rate, noise equivalent sensitivity, etc. These measures, however, do not directly reflect the lesion detectability using the PET scanner. Here the author proposes to optimize PET scanner design directly for lesion detection. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lesion detection can be easily computed using the theoretical expressions that the author has previously derived. Because no time-consuming Monte Carlo simulation is needed, the theoretical expressions allow evaluation of a large range of parameters. The PET system parameters can then be chosen to achieve the maximum SNR for lesion detection. The simulation study shown in this paper was focused on a single ring PET scanner without depth of interaction measurement. It can be extended to multiring (two- or three-dimensional) PET scanners and detectors with depth of interaction measurement.
Molecular basis of ligand dissociation from the adenosine A2A receptor

How drugs dissociate from their targets is largely unknown. We investigated the molecular basis of this process in the adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR), a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Through kinetic radioligand binding experiments, we characterized mutant receptors selected based on molecular dynamic simulations of the antagonist ZM241385 dissociating from the A2AR. We discovered mutations that dramatically altered the ligand's dissociation rate despite only marginally influencing its binding affinity, demonstrating that even receptor features with little contribution to affinity may prove critical to the dissociation process. Our results also suggest that ZM241385 follows a multistep dissociation pathway, consecutively interacting with distinct receptor regions, a mechanism that may also be common to many other GPCRs.
In Vivo Adaptive Optics Imaging of the Lamina Cribrosa in Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes

The lamina cribrosa has been suggested to be the location of initial axonal damage in glaucoma. High-resolution, in vivo images of the lamina afforded with adaptive optics could lend insights into mechanisms of this disease.
Exotic atoms: Antimatter may matter

The charge neutrality of the antimatter atom antihydrogen has been confirmed with unprecedented accuracy, paving the way for experiments that could simultaneously solve several of physics' biggest mysteries. See Letter p.373 One of the most puzzling current questions in physics is why we see so much more matter than antimatter in the Universe. Studying the properties of antimatter might give hints about the reasons for this imbalance. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, the charge of antihydrogen should be neutral, but it is challenging to test this experimentally as it is difficult to produce antimatter and to measure its properties. Now a team from the ALPHA collaboration at CERN has measured the charge of antihydrogen, confirming charge neutrality to a precision of a factor of 20 greater than that achieved previously. As the charge of the antiproton is known to similar precision, this result also delivers an improved limit on the positron charge anomaly.
Expected distances and goodness-of-fit for the asymmetric Laplace distribution

New results on expected distances for the asymmetric Laplace distribution are derived and applied to develop a new goodness-of-fit test for the asymmetric Laplace distribution based on the energy distance.
Psychology and Marketing

Marketing requires an understanding of consumer psychology that is applied to interventions in particular situations of interest. There are two alternative approaches to this. Effects application searches for correspondence with important factors in marketing situations. Theory application seeks to select and further test theories that are relevant explanations of how marketing situations work.
Scaling the Artificial Polariton Bandgap at Infrared Frequencies Using Indium Tin Oxide Nanorod Arrays

Artificial polariton bandgaps at infrared frequencies are investigated by exploiting the strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with induced electric dipoles in two-dimensional (2D) indium tin oxide nanorod arrays (ITO-NRAs). The electric dipoles originate from the collective oscillations of free electrons within the individual ITO nanorods undergoing plasmonic resonance. Controlling the near-field interactions among the neighboring electric dipoles allows for manipulation of the collective polariton modes that are manifested as a polariton bandgap. A theoretical model is developed to understand the coupled phenomena underlying the unique characteristics of plasmon–polariton bandgaps. With high-degree geometric control of the ITO-NRAs, it is experimentally demonstrated that reducing the spacing between ITO nanorods in a square array strengthens the near-field interactions and thus results in a redshift as well as broadening of the polariton bandgap. Furthermore, arranging ITO-NRAs in a rectangular lattice breaks the symmetry with respect to the principle axis, which leads to a splitting of the collective polariton modes owing to the competition between the quasi-longitudinally and quasi-transversely coupled plasmon–polariton modes. The work highlights the use of a classical dipole coupling method for scaling polariton bandgaps to the infrared in artificial plasmonic lattices, thereby offering a new design dimension for infrared sensing, absorbers, and optical communications.
Temperature dependence of fission product release rates

Fission product fractional release rates, K, used in the Albrecht-Wild model and measured at Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Oak Ridge National Laboratory can be fitted well by a single straight line for each fission product over the entire temperature range of the data when in K is plotted as a function of 1/T. Past applications of the Albrecht-Wild model have used plots of ln K versus T, which required three fits over the temperature range. Thus it is suggested that fractional release rates be represented by the Arrhenius form, K = K /SUB o/ exp(-Q/RT).
Viral microRNAs Target a Gene Network, Inhibit STAT Activation, and Suppress Interferon Responses

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 12 pre-microRNAs during latency that are processed to yield ~25 mature microRNAs (miRNAs). We were interested in identifying cellular networks that were targeted by KSHV-miRNAs and employed network building strategies using validated KSHV miRNA targets. Here, we report the identification of a gene network centering on the transcription factor- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that is targeted by KSHV miRNAs. KSHV miRNAs suppressed STAT3 and STAT5 activation and inhibited STAT3-dependent reporter activation upon IL6-treatment. KSHV miRNAs also repressed the induction of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes upon IFNα- treatment. Finally, we observed increased lytic reactivation of KSHV from latently infected cells upon STAT3 repression with siRNAs or a small molecule inhibitor. Our data suggest that treatment of infected cells with a STAT3 inhibitor and a viral replication inhibitor, ganciclovir, represents a possible strategy to eliminate latently infected cells without increasing virion production. Together, we show that KSHV miRNAs suppress a network of targets associated with STAT3, deregulate cytokine-mediated gene activation, suppress an interferon response, and influence the transition into the lytic phase of viral replication.
Forecasting Weather the Old-Fashioned Way

Getting a weather forecast in this age of high-tech electronics and satellite systems is no big deal. Just power up your smart phone or iPad, and you've got all the latest meteorological data strea...
Indirect decompression in spinal surgery

Indirect decompression in spinal surgery means decompression of spinal nerve tissues, such as spinal cord and nerve, without resecting the compressing tissue. Indirect spinal decompression procedures largely can be divided into segmental procedures and global spinal alignment procedures. Segmental procedures are mainly performed by the distraction between two vertebrae, which lead to the opening of the neural foramen and increases the epidural space. Such distraction can be performed through the disc space or using posterior instrumentation. Global spinal alignment procedures allow the spinal cord to migrate dorsally away from areas of anterior compression. Understanding the indirect spinal decompression procedures may broaden the options for surgical treatment and decrease the risk of spinal nerve tissue injury.
Theory of dielectric screening of an impurity at the surface of an electron gas

Abstract A dielectric formalism is developed which is applicable to an electron gas with a surface. This formalism is then used to obtain a theory of static surface impurity screening. Expressions for the screening charge around the surface impurity are obtained and then numerically evaluated. It is found that there is considerably more structure to the surface impurity Friedel oscillations than to those of a volume impurity. Furthermore, the screened surface impurity seems to be of longer range than a volume impurity. It is shown that this impurity theory is a reasonable model for ionic adsorption on metal surfaces. For ion-metal separations of the order of a Fermi wavelength, the classical image force arising from supposed surface polarization charge has no validity. One must consider volume polarization processes in which the unscreened impurity field penetrates into the imperfect conductor. Then it is shown why the image-force models have given reasonable numerical results in spite of the irrelevance of the model.
Reactions of Germylenes and Stannylenes with Halo(hydrocarbyl)- and Chloro(amino)phosphines: Oxidative Addition versus Ligand Transfer

Oxidative addition (OA) is an important elementary step in chemistry, but it has been studied mainly in the context of transition-metal-catalyzed reactions and mainly with carbon–X substrates (X = halogen, H). Reports of main-group metal compounds undergoing OA are rare by comparison, and those involving phosphorus–halogen substrates are rarer still. Acyclic and cyclic diazagermylenes and -stannylenes react with chloro(hydrocarbyl)phosphines with the intermediacy of oxidative addition products. Stannylenes react faster than germylenes, and these reactions are first-order in both reactants and slowed by steric bulk. Kinetic data and the structures of intermediates and products had suggested an adduct/insertion mechanism for these reactions. To gain further insight into these transformations, the work presented herein was extended to chloro(hydrocarbyl)phosphines with varying organic substituents. These studies confirmed prior conclusions concerning the rate-diminishing effect of steric bulk, and the rate d...
Factors Influencing Opposing Effects of Emotion on Cognition: A Review of Evidence from Research on Perception and Memory

Recent research emphasizes the intimate relationship between emotion and cognition, and shows that emotions can have complex influences on various cognitive processes. The present chapter examines emerging evidence regarding factors that can modulate opposing effects of emotion on visual perception and memory, and the associated neural correlates. First, we introduce evidence regarding enhancing and impairing effects of emotion on visual perception and episodic memory. Then, we discuss evidence regarding the role of specific factors (emotion regulation strategies and individual differences: age and sex) in modulating these opposing effects, and also point to emerging evidence highlighting the roles of other factors (emotional states, personality traits, and clinical status) in these effects. The chapter concludes with a summary emphasizing the need to consider various factors that can influence the opposing effects of emotion on cognition, and identifies new avenues for future investigations. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying emotion-cognition interactions in healthy functioning has relevance for understanding alterations in emotional disturbances, where these opposing effects of emotion tend to be exacerbated and deleterious.
Social Network Sites and Well-Being: The Role of Social Connection:

In the early days of the Internet, both conventional wisdom and scholarship deemed online communication a threat to well-being. Later research has complicated this picture, offering mixed evidence ...
Comparing Student Performance on Proctored and Non-Proctored Exams in Online Psychology Courses

As online education becomes a more popular and permanent option for obtaining an education after high school, it also raises questions as to the academic rigor of such classes and the academic integrity of the students taking the classes. The purpose of the current study is to explore the integrity issue and to investigate student performance on online examinations. Utilizing a sample of about 1,700 students who took online psychology classes of varying difficulty at Washington State University from the spring 2015 to spring 2016, we found that students performed 10-20% better but took about twice as long on non-proctored versus proctored exams. This confirmed our hypotheses and the effect held when we compared our in-house proctoring service used during this time against ProctorU used for one semester in the fall 2012. To ensure the most robust design possible, we also rotated the proctored exam in each class at least once and then compared performance on an exam when it was proctored versus when the same exam was non-proctored. Results showed better performance when the exam was non-proctored then when it was proctored. Finally, since instructors changed over the four semesters our study ran, we wanted to ensure that the results were due to student misconduct and not differences in teaching style. This potential confounding variable was eliminated. Implications of student misconduct for academic integrity in online classes is discussed and potential solutions presented, including a future direction for research.
Cultures of Uredineae in 1915

The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made during the year 1915. It is divided into two series, species that have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the writer ...