cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An emergency department medical record review for adolescent intentional self-harm injuries

Non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts are increasing problems among American adolescents. This study developed a definition for identifying intentional self-harm (ISH) injuries in emergency department (ED) records coded with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes. The definition is based on the injury-reporting framework proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study sought to estimate the definition’s positive predictive value (PPV), and the proportion of ISH injuries with intent to die (i.e., suicide attempt). The study definition, based on first-valid external cause-of-injury ICD-10-CM codes X71-X83, T14.91, T36-T65, or T71, captured 207 discharge records for initial encounters for ISH in one Kentucky ED. Medical records were reviewed to confirm provider-documented diagnosis for ISH, and identify intent to die or suicide ideation. The PPV of the study definition for capturing provider-documented ISH injuries was reported with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The estimated PPV for the study definition to capture ISH injuries was 88.9%, 95% CI (83.8%, 92.8%). The estimated percentage of ISH with intent to die was 45.9, 95% CI (47.1, 61.0%). The ICD-10-CM code “suicide attempt” (T14.91) captured only 7 cases, but coding guidelines restrict assignment of this code to cases in which the mechanism of the suicide attempt is unknown. The proposed case definition supported a robust PPV for ISH injuries. Our findings add to the evidence that the current ICD-10-CM coding system and coding guidelines do not allow identification of ISH with intent to die; modifications are needed to address this issue.
Trend in Marijuana Exposure in Newborns before and after Legalization of Recreational Marijuana

Introduction Recreational Marijuana legalization has become more popular with each election season. Despite strong recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists against the use of marijuana in pregnancy, use by this population is increasing. The 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that 4.9% of pregnant women 15 through 44 years of age reported use of marijuana, a 3.4% increase from the prior year Objective The objective of …
Exponentially harmonic maps carrying potential

Let $$(M,\,g_0)$$ be a complete Riemannian manifold with a pole $$x_0$$ and $$(N, \, h)$$ be a Riemannian manifold. We show that if $$f:(M,\, \eta ^2 g_0)\rightarrow (N,\,h)$$ is an exponentially harmonic map carrying potential such that $$\eta $$ (a smooth function on M) satisfies some condition, a monotonicity formula is derived. We then discuss the applications of the monotonicity of exponentially harmonic maps with potential under a few different circumstances. We finally investigate the stability of exponentially harmonic maps with potential.
Abstract 15323: Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Contend With Deficits Across Multiple Domains of Health

Introduction: The domain management approach to caring for heart failure patients outlines the importance of considering deficits from multiple health domains including: medical, mental and emotion...
Negotiating tensions: an autoethnographic account of classroom-based research

In this paper, I present my experiences as an emerging classroom-based researcher. Using personal narratives, I examine the tensions that emerge from the emotional work often required to conduct ed...
Consuming illicit opioids during a drug overdose epidemic: Illicit fentanyls, drug discernment, and the radical transformation of the illicit opioid market.

Background North America continues to face an opioid overdose epidemic, driven by persistent increases in illicit fentanyls and fluctuations in potency leading to uncertainty for consumers. This qualitative study was conducted to better understand how people who inject drugs (PWID) came to recognize fentanyl as a growing adulterant of heroin and the subsequent sensory discernment strategies they employed to continue injecting. Our main objective was to investigate how observations and knowledge are combined as homegrown techniques for detecting fentanyl and minimizing risk. Secondary objectives were to examine the impact of growing fentanyl adulteration on individual drug use behavior. Methods Between April and May 2019, 28 PWID (18 men, 10 women; average age = 38.43 years, SD = 9.26) were purposely recruited from a needle services program in Greensboro, North Carolina. Study participants were interviewed in-person using a qualitative, semi-structured instrument. Interviews were analyzed with a general inductive approach using NVivo12. Results Participants described methods for detecting fentanyl in illicit opioids. Sudden increases in the potency of the 'rush' and sharp decreases in the length of the 'high' were chief indicators along with changes in drug color and texture. Heavy sedation was associated with fentanyl use and histamine-releasing effects characterized as 'pins and needles' were ascribed to injecting fentanyl as a component of the rush. Fentanyl's short high helped explain higher injection frequency and heavy sedation was the leading reason for co-using fentanyl with cocaine/crack or methamphetamine. Conclusion PWID have the capacity to recognize changes to the illicit opioid supply. Study participants navigated unpredictable fluctuations in the illicit opioid market by employing homegrown discernment techniques, modifying drug use behavior, and co-using non-opioid drugs. Researchers and policymakers should involve PWID as subject matter experts to help modernize harm reduction for the fentanyl age with practical strategies to boost resiliency and save lives.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Ischemic Stroke Prevention: Which Two Could Be Better than One?

Recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke (IS) or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA) increases morbidity and mortality. Secondary stroke prevention strategies include modification of behavioral and vascular risk factors and antithrombotic use, including single or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). In this review, we focus on DAPT indications, combinations, and treatment duration. Studies showed that for patients with mild to moderate non-cardioembolic strokes or those with symptomatic intracranial or mild extracranial stenosis (≤ 30% diameter reduction), short-term DAPT (21–90 days) with aspirin plus clopidogrel, compared with mono-antiplatelet therapy (MAPT), decreases recurrent stroke risk without significantly increasing major bleeding risk. The combination of aspirin plus extended release dipyridamole or cilostazol may confer decrease of risk for recurrent stroke with long-term use, at the expense of increasing major bleeding risk. Treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor for a short time period is superior to aspirin monotherapy for decreasing risk for recurrent stroke, but significantly increases the risk for major bleeding. Short-term DAPT with aspirin plus clopidogrel, compared with MAPT, decreases risk for recurrent stroke without increasing major bleeding risk. Short-term DAPT with aspirin plus ticagrelor also reduces risk for recurrent stroke, but with a significant increase in the risk of major bleeding, compared with MAPT. Direct comparisons among different DAPT regimens are currently underway.
Surveying in Civil Engineering Education

Demands for surveying education come from three general groups: (1) The civil engineer who needs only a general background; (2) the civil engineer who plans to make surveying a major part of his career; and (3) the man who wants to specialize in surveying or some specific phase of it. Currently, none of these groups are being satisfied by the surveying education available. It is believed that these needs can best be met within the framework of our present civil engineering curriculum by the proper use of elective credits and an undergraduate option system together with a good graduate program. It is believed that a summer training course is desirable, if not essential, to the success of the program.
Relationship of Instrumental Measurements to Visual Impressions of Potato Chip Color

A method was developed for preparing flat potato chips suitable for colorimetric measurement and visual evaluation. Flat potato chips were evaluated by three techniques: (1) colorimetric, including and excluding ultraviolet (UV) light in measuring beam to determine fluorescence effects; (2) spectrophotometric (380 to 740 nm), alternately backing chips with black or white reflector to permit calculation of light scattering; (3) visual, under controlled illumination by an experienced panel using a simple color-scoring system. Excluding UV light increased Hunter a L and b L values. Although visual color scores under two luminaires (UV included and UV somewhat attenuated) were similar, greater attenuation of the UV light might affect visual impressions. Visual scores were highly correlated with Hunter L and a L , indicating that these instrumental measurements could be used to predict visual impressions of chip color. Munsell notations of chip color derived from spectrophotometric measurements backed with white reflector matched Munsell papers better than notations derived from data corrected for light scattering. Color photographs were made of a series of flat potato chips with a Munsell gray scale in the frame register, permitting precise reproduction of a new visual color guide. The method of flat chip preparation for instrumental measurement and the visual color guide are offered as improved optional procedures in U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes for Processing.
Buttress: A Toolkit for Flexible and High Fidelity I/O Benchmarking

In benchmarking I/O systems, it is important to generate, accurately, the I/O access pattern that one is intending to generate. However, timing accuracy ( issuing I/Os at the desired time) at high I/O rates is difficult to achieve on stock operating systems. We currently lack tools to easily and accurately generate complex I/O workloads on modern storage systems. As a result, we may be introducing substantial errors in observed system metrics when we benchmark I/O systems using inaccurate tools for replaying traces or for producing synthetic workloads with known inter-arrival times. In this paper, we demonstrate the need for timing accuracy for I/O benchmarking in the context of replaying I/O traces. We also quantitatively characterize the impact of error in issuing I/Os on measured system parameters. For instance, we show that the error in perceived I/O response times can be as much as+350% or-15% by using naive benchmarking tools that have timing inaccuracies. To address this problem, we present Buttress, a portable and flexible toolkit that can generate I/O workloads with microsecond accuracy at the I/O throughputs of high-end enterprise storage arrays. In particular, Buttress can issue I/O requests within 100µs of the desired issue time even at rates of 10000 I/Os per second (IOPS).
DNA-binding proteins in yeast. Effect of growth phase and mitochondrial function.

Abstract DNA-binding proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been examined by DNA-cellulose chromatography with the expectation that they should represent, in part, a subclass of those proteins which bind to or interact with the chromosomes in vivo . After a high speed supernatant of a deoxyribonuclease-treated cell lysate is passed through a column of calf thymus DNA-cellulose, the DNA-binding proteins are eluted with a discontinuous salt gradient. The DNA-binding proteins, which show a broad distribution in size when examined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slab-gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, represent about 0.2–0.3% of the cell's protein corresponding to about 5 × 10 9 -molecular weight of protein per haploid cell. Our data demonstrate quantitative and qualitative changes in the spectrum of DNA-binding proteins which may be correlated with changes in growth rate, stage of the growth cycle and phenotypic (repressed versus derepressed) and genetic alterations in mitochondrial function (grandes versus petites). The largest change which we have noted in the spectrum of DNA-binding proteins is between glucose-grown log-phase grande cells and grande cells in stationary phase. In many of the comparisons made, a number of specific DNA-binding proteins are seen to vary by as much as 5–10-fold. From estimates of the number of molecules of a DNA-binding protein present in the cell, we conclude that the system we have described is capable of detecting less than 100 molecules per yeast cell; within the range of the level of the lac represser in Escherichia coli .
Miscegenations: Race, Culture, Phantasy

Facing each other across the Indian Ocean are two parallel histories of race, culture, and phantasy. 1 In the era of state racism that spanned the long middle of the twentieth century, South Africa and Australia produced two contrasting responses to miscegenation. In South Africa the ideologues of apartheid professed to ward off the spectre of mixing White and Black, European and African, through separation. In Australia, where, against the background of strict racial separation and laws against interracial sex, a certain strand of eugenicist thinking and policy recognised the history and inevitability of continued mixing between Whites and Aborigines, a policy of selective assimilation was pursued. When assimilation turned for a time into “absorption”, 2 until World War Two put paid to overt eugenics, it is safe to say that miscegenation was actively sanctioned and promoted by the authorities. The contrast I am drawing is broad and open to qualification. 3 Historiography of apartheid has attended less than it might have to assimilationist ideas, some of which, despite their limited political influence during the apartheid era, have re-emerged in different guises in recent South African literature and cultural criticism. At the same time, it may be that Australian racial assimilation and “absorption” would not have drawn the public emphasis they have, if the relatively obscure archive relating to these policies had not been repeatedly brought to light in activism, official discourse, memoir, fiction and film, by representations of the forced removal from their families and communities of the thousands of Aboriginal children known as the “stolen generations”. 1 My first encounter with the imaginative representation of the stolen generations was, as may be the case for many outside Australia, Philip Noyce’s film Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002), the story of three girls who escaped from the Moore River Aboriginal Settlement in 1930 and journeyed 1600
The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative: The rhetoric of narrative

The rhetoric of narrative The rhetoric of narrative is its power. It has to do with all those elements of the text that produce the many strong or subtle combinations of feeling and thought we experience as we read. These include those elements that inflect how we interpret the narrative: that is, how we find meanings in it. Arguably, everything in the text contributes to its impact and our interpretation of it, and so everything has some rhetorical function. Change one thing, and the effect of the whole changes, if only subtly. As Barthes says, “everything in [the text] signifies…. Even were a detail to appear irretrievably insignificant, resistant to all functionality, it would nonetheless end up with precisely the meaning of absurdity or uselessness” (“Structural Analysis,” 261). Who is exercising this power? Note that when Barthes says that everything has a meaning he is not saying that the author of the text is necessarily in control of, or even aware of, the meaning of everything in the text. This is not to denigrate authors or to demean their often extraordinary gifts, but to acknowledge that interpreting texts is a complex transaction that invariably has to do with more than what the author consciously intended. The issue of meaning and its relation to the author is as important as it is vexed. I will return to this issue in Chapters Seven and Eight.
Anomalous skin effect for anisotropic electron velocity distribution function

Summary form only given. We show that anomalous skin effect in a plasma with a highly anisotropic electron velocity distribution function (EVDF) is very different from skin effect in a plasma with the isotropic EVDF. We have derived an analytical solution for the electric field penetrated into plasma with the EVDF described as a Maxwellian with two temperatures T/sub x//spl Gt/T/sub z/, where x is the direction along plasma boundary and z is the direction perpendicular plasma boundary. In a recent Letter, it was shown that a highly anisotropic electron velocity distribution function (EVDF) yields a large skin-layer depth compared with the isotropic EVDF. The electromagnetic wave is assumed to propagate also along z-axis in vacuum. The skin layer was determined to be much longer than the skin layer in a plasma with isotropic EVDF. The authors showed that under conditions T/sub x//spl Gt/T/sub z/; c//spl omega//sub p//spl Lt//spl nu//sub Tx///spl omega/;/spl omega//sub p//spl Gt//spl omega/ where /spl omega/ is the incident wave frequency, /spl omega//sub p/ is the plasma frequency, /spl nu//sub Tx/=/spl radic/T/sub x//m, the electric field profile is exponential E(z)/spl sim/exp(-z/l/sub x/) where l/sub x/=/spl nu//sub Tx///spl omega/. In their analysis authors of assumed from the beginning that skin depth is longer than /spl nu//sub Tz///spl omega/, where /spl nu//sub Tz/=/spl radic/T/sub z//m. We have performed kinetic analysis similar to and obtained an analytical solution for the electric field. We show that skin layer actually consists of two distinctive regions of width of order /spl nu//sub Tx///spl omega/ and /spl nu//sub Tz///spl omega/, the latter short region was missed in.
Calendar time-specific propensity scores and comparative effectiveness research for stage III colon cancer chemotherapy.

Purpose Nonexperimental studies of treatment effectiveness provide an important complement to randomized trials by including heterogeneous populations. Propensity scores (PSs) are common in these studies but may not adequately capture changes in channeling experienced by innovative treatments. We use calendar time-specific (CTS) PSs to examine the effect of oxaliplatin during dissemination from off-label to widespread use. Methods Stage III colon cancer patients aged 65+ years initiating chemotherapy between 2003 and 2006 were examined using cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims. Two PS approaches for receipt of oxaliplatin versus 5-flourouricil were constructed using logistic models with key components of age, sex, substage, grade, census-level income, and comorbidities: (i) a conventional, year-adjusted PS and (ii) a CTS PS constructed and matched separately within 1-year intervals, then combined. We compared PS-matched hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality using Cox models. Results Oxaliplatin use increased significantly; 8% (n = 86) of patients received it in the first time period versus 52% (n = 386) in the last. Channeling by comorbidities, income, and age appeared to change over time. The CTS PS improved covariate balance within calendar time strata and yielded an attenuated estimated benefit of oxaliplatin (HR = 0.75) compared with the conventional PS (HR = 0.69). Conclusion In settings where prescribing patterns have changed and calendar time acts as a confounder, a CTS PS can characterize changes in treatment choices and estimating separate PSs within specific calendar time periods may result in enhanced confounding control. To increase validity of comparative effectiveness research, researchers should carefully consider drug lifecycles and effects of innovative treatment dissemination over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) Provides an Effective Tool for Cross-National Comparison of Diet Quality as Illustrated by China and the United States

A composite measure of diet has been preferred to an index of a single nutrient or food in the area of dietary assessment. However, the lack of such a tool for cross-national comparisons has restricted the ability to compare diet quality between countries using an overall measure of diet. In this study, we created a tool called the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) for global monitoring and exploration of diet quality across countries. The major categories of the index components are variety, adequacy, moderation and overall balance. Using the tool, this research presents a cross-national comparison of diet quality between China and the United States, incorporating comparable national in-depth diet data. The mean of the DQI-I score was slightly higher in China than in the United States. By major categories of the DQI-I, dietary variety was better achieved in the U.S. diet; moderation and overall balance of intakes were better accomplished in China. The DQI-I was successful in capturing variability in intakes of food and nutrients in both countries. Some distinct patterns of poor quality diet in each country were also identified. As demonstrated in this study, the DQI-I provides an effective means of cross-national comparative work for global understanding of diet quality. Furthermore, the dietary problem areas identified by the DQI-I may be useful in guiding the development of programs to improve public health.
On the density of state for the quantum percolation problem

For the site dilution model on the hypercubic lattice Zd, d>or=2, the authors examine the density of states for the tight-binding Hamiltonian projected onto the infinite cluster. It is shown that, with probability one, the corresponding integrated density of states is discontinuous on a set of energies which is dense in the band. This result is proved by constructing states supported on finite regions of the infinite cluster, analogous to the Kirkpatrick and Eggarter zero-energy molecular state.
Whole-body vibration in heavy equipment operators of a front-end loader: role of task exposure and tire configuration with and without traction chains.

Abstract Introduction This study measured whole-body vibration (WBV) exposures in front-end loader operators, and evaluated the effects of traction chains and work tasks on their WBV exposures. Method WBV exposures were measured and compared across three different front-end loader tire configurations: (a) stock rubber tires, (b) rubber tires with ladder chains, and (c) rubber tires with basket chains. The operators completed three distinct standardized tasks: driving on a city street, simulated plowing, and a simulated scooping and dumping task. A portable data acquisition system collected tri-axial time weighted and raw WBV data per ISO 2631-1 and 2631-5 standards. In addition, Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected in order to compare loader speeds across tire conditions and the standardized tasks. Results Relative to the stock rubber tires, both types of tire chains significantly increased WBV exposures with the ladder chains having substantially higher WBV exposures compared to basket chains. Additionally, there were task dependent differences in WBV exposures. During the driving task, the z-axis (up and down) was the predominant exposure; the plowing task had a more even distribution of exposure across all three axes; while during scooping and dumping task, the x-axis (fore and aft) had the highest WBV exposures. The GPS data indicated that there were significant speed differences across tasks but not between the basket and ladder chain conditions. Conclusions Tires with ladder chains increased the front-end loader operators' exposure to WBV above the ISO 2631-1 recommended eight hour action limit increasing risk for adverse health effects. Although more expensive, basket chains are recommended over ladder chains since they substantially lowered the front-end loader operator's exposures and may ultimately reduce vibration related wear and tear on the vehicle. Impact on Industry In order to reduce a heavy equipment vehicle (HEV) operator’s chances for developing low back pain, this study provides information that health and safety professionals can use to reduce whole-body vibration (WBV) exposures when operating front-end wheel loaders with traction chains.
Laser-ablated poly(methyl methacrylate) microdevices for sub-microliter DNA amplification suitable for micro-total analysis systems

Biochemical techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can take up to 3.5?h for completion using a commercial bench-top instrument, creating a bottleneck in sample preparation processes. PCR has been successfully adapted to microfluidic devices, reducing the time needed to as little as 7?10?min. Recently, a trend in the field is to use alternative substrates, such as poly(methyl methacyrlate) (PMMA), for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. PMMA has several advantages over more expensive substrates including rigidity without fragility, disposability, and it is easy to fabricate, using techniques such as hot embossing or CO2?laser ablation. Here, we report the fabrication of PMMA microdevices to explore their effectiveness for PCR amplification. Several types of PMMA microdevices were fabricated using a CO2?laser ablation system, with two or three PMMA layers of different thicknesses. Bonding of the microdevices was significantly improved through the use of a grid system etched into the device, allowing for trapped air to escape, eliminating leakage. Using infrared thermal cycling, the ramping rates were determined to be dependent on the thickness of the PMMA used in fabrication, allowing for customization of cycling conditions. Further reduction of the thermal mass by isolation of the chambers provided a significant increase in the heating and cooling rates (up to 6.19 (?0.32??C s?1) and??7.99 (?0.06??C s?1), respectively). Bubble formation, a chronic problem in microfluidic systems in general and problematic during the heating phase of PCR, was minimized through the use of a biocompatible adhesive/manifold combination to seal the reservoirs. Finally, successful PCR amplification was demonstrated with both a fragment from the ?-globin gene and 15 tetra-nucleotide repeat regions with a sex-typing marker in a conventional STR kit with the latter facilitated by the dynamic coating of the fluidic architecture with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG).
Quadrupole ion trap studies of the structure and reactivity of transition metal ion pair complexes

Ion pairs are common species observed in the electrospray mass spectra of transition metal coordination complexes. To understand the nature of these ion pairs, a systematic study of the gas-phase chemistry of these species using ion–molecule reactions and collision-induced dissociation (CID) was carried out. Ion pair complexes of the type MLnX+ (where M is Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II), L is 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2′-bipyridine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and X is Cl−, NO3−, acetylacetonate, ClO4−, acetate or SCN−) were studied. Ion–molecule reactions can distinguish whether the counterion in an ion pair is an inner- or outer-sphere ligand and can determine the coordination mode of the counterion. In addition, CID and ion–molecule reactions reveal some interesting chemistry of these complexes and unique coordination modes for some of the anions studied here were inferred from the ion–molecule reactions. For example, the thiocyanate ion is found to coordinate in a bidentate fashion in Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes, contrasting behavior typically observed in solution. Also, certain Co(II) and Fe(II) ion pair complexes undergo oxidation reactions in which species such as dioxygen and nitric oxide from the counterions ClO4− and NO3− are transferred to the Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes, showing the inherent affinity of these metals for these molecules. These complexes were also studied by ion–molecule reactions and CID. Dioxygen in complexes formed by CID is demonstrated to be bidentate, suggesting the formation of a peroxo ligand with concurrent oxidation of the metal. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromosomal gain promotes formation of a steep RanGTP gradient that drives mitosis in aneuploid cells

Many mitotic factors were shown to be activated by Ran guanosine triphosphatase. Previous studies in Xenopus laevis egg extracts and in highly proliferative cells showed that mitotic chromosomes were surrounded by steep Ran guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentration gradients, indicating that RanGTP-activated factors promote spindle assembly around chromosomes. However, the mitotic role of Ran in normal differentiated cells is not known. In this paper, we show that although the steep mitotic RanGTP gradients were present in rapidly growing cell lines and were required for chromosome congression in mitotic HeLa cells, the gradients were strongly reduced in slow-growing primary cells, such as HFF-1 fibroblasts. The overexpression of RCC1, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran, induced steeper mitotic RanGTP gradients in HFF-1 cells, showing the critical role of RCC1 levels in the regulation of mitosis by Ran. Remarkably, in vitro fusion of HFF-1 cells produced cells with steep mitotic RanGTP gradients comparable to HeLa cells, indicating that chromosomal gain can promote mitosis in aneuploid cancer cells via Ran.
A Data Intensive Reputation Management Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In vehicular ad hoc networks individual vehicles can help each other locate resources and establish trustworthiness under highly dynamic conditions, lacking any centralized trust authority. To ascertain the accuracy and reliability of data aggregated in a distributed manner, we present a reputation management system for such networks that enables devices to quickly adapt to changing local conditions and provides a bootstrapping method for establishing trust relationships where only a few may exist a priori. Our scheme considers cooperativeness and accuracy of peer-provided data as two aspects of trust when evolving trust relationships and managing reputations. We use an epidemic data exchange protocol that incorporates reputation and agreement to ensure high reliability of data and stimulate proactive collaboration above and beyond stipulation, to enhance availability and reliability of data. We present preliminary simulation results which demonstrate the effectiveness of our data intensive reputation management scheme.
A multiscale model for virus capsid dynamics

Viruses are infectious agents that can cause epidemics and pandemics. The understanding of virus formation, evolution, stability, and interaction with host cells is of great importance to the scientific community and public health. Typically, a virus complex in association with its aquatic environment poses a fabulous challenge to theoretical description and prediction. In this work, we propose a differential geometry-based multiscale paradigm to model complex biomolecule systems. In our approach, the differential geometry theory of surfaces and geometric measure theory are employed as a natural means to couple the macroscopic continuum domain of the fluid mechanical description of the aquatic environment from the microscopic discrete domain of the atomistic description of the biomolecule. A multiscale action functional is constructed as a unified framework to derive the governing equations for the dynamics of different scales. We show that the classical Navier-Stokes equation for the fluid dynamics and Newton's equation for the molecular dynamics can be derived from the least action principle. These equations are coupled through the continuum-discrete interface whose dynamics is governed by potential driven geometric flows.
Spin-density-functional-based search for half-metallic antiferromagnets

We present results based on local-spin-density calculations of a computational search for half-metallic (HM) antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials within the class of double-perovskite-structure oxides $\mathrm{La}{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}{M}^{\ensuremath{''}}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ that incorporate open-shell $3d$ (or $4d)$ transition-metal ions ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}{,M}^{\ensuremath{''}}$. The pairs ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}{M}^{\ensuremath{''}}$=MnCo, CrFe, CrRu, CrNi, MnV, and VCu are studied. Three HM AFM results are found for the (fixed) cubic double perovskite structure. This work provides the first viable candidates for this unusual magnetic phase. ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{VMnO}}_{6}$ is the most promising candidate, with the HM AFM phase more stable by 0.17 eV/cell than the ferromagnetic phase. ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{VCuO}}_{6}$ is another promising possibility but, because ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ are spin-half ions, quantum fluctuations may play an important role in determining the ground state magnetic and electronic structure. This study indicates that HM AFM materials should not be prohibitively difficult to find.
T-1 weighted sequences for hepatic MRI: re-evaluation using a phased array coil.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare three T1-weighted sequences for hepatic magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging with the use of a body phased array coil. Three different T1-weighted MR sequences were compared: a conventional spin echo (CSE); half-Fourier spin echo (HFSE), and a gradient recalled echo (GRE). Three independent reviewers compared the sequences both quantitatively and qualitatively. The T1-weighted GRE sequence scored highest for overall image quality (p p = 0.012 , and yielded the highest contrast to noise (C/N) values. GRE T1-weighted images are the best for hepatic MRI.
Dog bite-induced canalicular lacerations: a review of 17 cases

Canalicular lacerations are frequently found in conjunction with other facial lacerations occurring in dog bite injuries. A review of the treatment of 17 dog bite-induced canalicular lacerations is presented. Certain pathogens commonly found in the canine oral flora may cause severe secondary infections, which may result in sepsis and even death. These pathogens are reviewed along with a description of appropriate plans for antimicrobial prophylaxis. A surgical approach to such injuries is described.
Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting: Evolutionary Roots and Implications for Leadership

This paper examines the evolutionary roots of research findings that demonstrate that rapid judgments of political candidates’ faces predict electoral success. Also discussed are the implications of these findings for the election and selection of leaders. We argue that rapid judgments of facial competence are a result of immediate, automatic assessment of the strength of a target, reflected in facial cues of dominance/threat; and assessment of facial cues of trust/approachability. As a result, research participants and uninvolved voters select the same candidates—those that appear relatively strong and trustworthy at a glance. The votes of highly involved voters are not influenced by such facial qualities.
Predictors of Inguinal Hernia After Radical Prostatectomy

Objectives To determine the significant independent predictors of inguinal hernia development after radical prostatectomy (RP) so that prophylactic measures can be undertaken in those at increased risk. Although inguinal hernia is a recognized complication after RP, the risk factors have not been well elucidated. Methods From January 1999 to June 2007, 4592 consecutive patients underwent open retropubic RP or laparoscopic RP without previous radiotherapy. The median follow-up was 36.9 months (interquartile range 20.3, 60.6). Comorbidities were recorded, as well as the occurrence of inguinal hernia, wound infection, and bladder neck contracture. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed for the predictors of inguinal hernia after RP on multivariate analysis. Results Inguinal hernia developed after RP in 68 men (1.5%) men at a median follow-up of 7.9 months (interquartile range 4.3, 18.1). The laterality was bilateral in 7, right in 27, left in 24, and not documented in 10 patients. The significant independent predictors of inguinal hernia included age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.09, P = .016), body mass index (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.98, P = .011), history of inguinal hernia repair (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8-8.2, P <.001), and bladder neck contracture (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.9, P = .007) but not the RP approach (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.60-1.96, P = .80 for laparoscopic RP vs retropubic RP). Conclusions The results of our study have indicated that older patients, thinner patients, those with previous inguinal hernia repair, and those developing bladder neck contracture are at increased risk of developing an inguinal hernia. These factors might identify a subset for whom evaluation for subclinical hernia might allow prophylactic inguinal hernia repair at RP.
A framework and methodology for studying the causes of software errors in programming systems

An essential aspect of programmers' work is the correctness of their code. This makes current HCI techniques ill-suited to analyze and design the programming systems that programmers use everyday, since these techniques focus more on problems with learnability and efficiency of use, and less on error-proneness. We propose a framework and methodology that focuses specifically on errors by supporting the description and identification of the causes of software errors in terms of chains of cognitive breakdowns. The framework is based on both old and new studies of programming, as well as general research on the mechanisms of human error. Our experiences using the framework and methodology to study the Alice programming system have directly inspired the design of several new programming tools and interfaces. This includes the Whyline debugging interface, which we have shown to reduce debugging time by a factor of 8 and help programmers get 40% further through their tasks. We discuss the framework's and methodology's implications for programming system design, software engineering, and the psychology of programming.
PROPERTIES OF THE FIXED-SOURCE MESON THEORY

The renormalized $p$-wave coupling constant is determined from experiments in the following way. The ratio ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1} ({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2})$ of the matrix elements of the operator $\ensuremath{\tau} (\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\tau})$ between physical nucleon states and those between bare states is computed in terms of a renormalized $p$-wave coupling constant ${f}^{2}$ and a cutoff factor $\ensuremath{\Omega}$, by solving a set of equations proposed by Ekstein. A sum rule in terms of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$, ${f}^{2}$ and an integral over the phase shift ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{33}$ is obtained from relations given by Cini and Fubini. Finally, by substituting ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2}$ into the sum rule, we find ${f}^{2}$ in terms of $\ensuremath{\Omega}$. The expectation values in the physical nucleon states, of the total number, total charge, and total energy of the mesons in the nucleon cloud and the self-energy of the physical nucleon are expressed as quotients of two power series in ${f}^{2}$. We then calculate these quantities as functions of ${f}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ without making use of the experimental data. Comparison with the essentially experimentally determined values of Fubini and Thirring supports the idea that the Chew model is in agreement with lowenergy experimental data.
A double label retrograde tracing study of the olivocerebellar projection to the pyramis and uvula in the rat

Abstract Microinjections of fluorescent tracers (Nuclear Yellow and Fast Blue) were used to study the organization of olivary cells in nucleus β which give rise to climbing fibers to the medial zone of the uvula and the intermediate zone of the pyramis. It was determined that most cells in nucleus β project to one or the other of these cortical sites. A third, smaller, population of cells were double labeled and, therefore, have climbing fiber axon collaterals which innervate these two cortical regions. There was no discernable segregation of these three populations of cells within nucleus β.
Interactive microcomputer graphic methods for smoothing craft layouts

Abstract Computer-aided layout planning has been under development since the early 1960s, and many layout programs are based on the powerful and well known program, CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique by Armour and Buffa 1963). Unfortunately, the major drawback of these facilities layout programs is that they often create unrealistic and impractical designs since the resulting block layouts can have odd shapes. Most architectural building designs require that the rooms and departments be in the form of squares, rectangles or L-shapes. The traditional approach to rectifying this problem is to manually modify the block plans at the corresponding expense of time and effort. This paper identifies the problems and proposes interactive graphic methods for smoothing CRAFT layouts. In addition, a new method for the assessment of layout efficiency is introduced to measure the quality of a layout before and after smoothing.
Rural as Racialized Plantation vs Rural as Modern Reconnection: Blackness and Agency in Disney’s Song of the South and The Princess and the Frog

The plantation trope in the American minstrelsy tradition reflected simultaneously competing and complementary representations of the rural ideal and racialized African American characters. This trope longed for an earlier and simpler time with strange embodiments of African Americans, and persisted for decades. Disney’s Song of the South draws extensively on these competing idealizations of the pastoral and the African American. In contrast, Disney’s The Princess and the Frog draws on a broad pastoral trope wherein the rural ideal provides a place for characters to reconnect with their true selves and change their lives for the better. While the 1946 film casts African Americans as comforting the white man in distress, the 2009 film casts African Americans as their own agents of positive change.
An Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Imaging Fiber Electrode Chemical Sensor for NADH

An electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-based imaging fiber electrode chemical sensor (IFECS) for the detection of NADH is presented. In brief, an imaging fiber's distal tip was metalized with gold to serve as an electrode (i.e., an IFE). The 350-μm diameter IFE was coated with a thin, planar layer of Nafion doped with Ru(bpy)32+ to create an IFECS. An electrical contact was made to the gold layer such that Ru(bpy)32+ could be oxidized to Ru(bpy)33+ and electrochemically regenerated following the application of appropriate potentials. Following the diffusion of triethylamine or NADH into the IFE sensing layer and reaction with Ru(bpy)33+, the ECL was captured using a charge coupled device-based imaging system. The triethylamine calibration plot was linear between 0.0 and 50 mM. IFECSs represent the first demonstration whereby ECL imaging is performed through the actual sensor itself.
Separation by liquid chromatography (under elevated pressure) of benzyl and nitrophenyl glycosides of oligosaccharides.

Liquid chromatography under elevated pressure (l.c.) was employed for the separation of some benzyl and nitrophenyl glycosides of a variety of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-saccharides. The separation was conducted on a Waters Carbohydrate Analysis column by use of a mixture of acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. In general, monosaccharides emerged first from the column, followed sequentially by di-, tri-, and tetra-saccharides. It was observed that the pattern of substitution imparts a noticeable effect on the elution profiles of isomeric oligosaccharides. Also, substitution of a hydroxyl group with a methyl group, or its replacement with a fluorine atom, led to a substantial decrease in retention times of some oligosaccharides. Moreover, resolution was clearly enhanced, and retention times were congruently increased by decreasing the water content of the mobile phase.
COMPARING ATTACHMENT, HEAT TOLERANCE AND ALKALI RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC AND NONPATHOGENIC BACTERIAL CULTURES ON ORANGE SURFACES

Trials were conducted to compare surrogate organisms (PSO) to human pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7) on the surface of orange fruit. Among the six evaluated PSO, E. coli ATCC 8739 and E. coli ATCC 35218 showed a significantly lower attachment (SR) on fruit in comparison to Salmonella spp. In thermal tolerance studies, the D70C values of the evaluated PSO were either no different from or greater than those of the pathogens. However, the D80C ofE. coli ATCC 25922 was significantly lower than that of the E. coli O157:H7. In general, E. coli ATCC 11229 exhibited a higher level of alkali sensitivity than both pathogens; whereas Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 and, to a lesser extent, Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 538 showed a significantly greater tolerance to the alkali treatments. The results suggest that nonpathogenic cultures ofE. coli ATCC 11229, L. fermentum ATCC 538, and L. plantarum ATCC 14917 may be utilized in fresh fruit research as surrogates for pathogens to evaluate the efficacy of thermal decontamination. In addition, E. coli ATCC 25922, L. fermentum ATCC 538, and L. plantarum ATCC 14917 cultures may be used to represent pertinent pathogens for validating fruit decontamination by alkaline cleaners.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE ISOLATED CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

The data presented in this paper clearly indicate that the isolated carbohydrate and nucleoprotein constituents of Pneumococcus differ both serologically and antigenically one from the other. Moreover, each of these fractions of the cell separately exhibits immunological properties distinct from those manifested by the whole organism of which they form a part. The carbohydrate is a protein-free polysaccharide and as such is devoid of the property of stimulating antibodies. Although in the free state, dissociated from other cellular substances, it is non-antigenic, in this form it still retains the property of reacting specifically in anti-pneumococcus serum of the homologous type. Further, this nonprotein constituent is not reactive with antiprotein serum. In other words, neither pneumococcus carbohydrate nor protein as separate antigen gives rise to antibodies with specific affinities for the carbohydrate or so called soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus. The nucleoprotein of Pneumococcus, on the other hand, is antigenic. Immunization with this cell constituent gives rise to immune serum which precipitates solutions of pneumococcus protein without regard to the type from which it is derived. The interrelations of the carbohydrate and protein of Pneumococcus as they exist in the intact cell to form the complete antigen, and the interpretation of the differences in the antigenic properties of the whole bacterium as contrasted with those of its component parts are reserved for discussion in a subsequent paper.