cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students’ Thinking About Integer Open Number Sentences

We share a subset of the 41 underlying strategies that comprise five ways of reasoning about integer addition and subtraction: formal, order-based, analogy-based, computational, and emergent. The examples of the strategies are designed to provide clear comparisons and contrasts to support both teachers and researchers in understanding specific strategies within the ways of reasoning. The ability to categorize strategies into one of five ways of reasoning may enable teachers to organize knowledge of student thinking in ways that are useable and accessible for them and provide researchers with sufficient information about the strategies and ways of reasoning such that they can reliably build on this work.
NORMA: Neighborhood Sensitive Maps for Multilingual Word Embeddings

Inducing multilingual word embeddings by learning a linear map between embedding spaces of different languages achieves remarkable accuracy on related languages. However, accuracy drops substantially when translating between distant languages. Given that languages exhibit differences in vocabulary, grammar, written form, or syntax, one would expect that embedding spaces of different languages have different structures especially for distant languages. With the goal of capturing such differences, we propose a method for learning neighborhood sensitive maps, NORMA. Our experiments show that NORMA outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for word translation between distant languages.
Effect of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use on refractory lymphatic malformations in adult and teen patients.

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are rare congenital anomalies. LMs are often refractory to standard treatments, including surgical resection, debulking, and sclerotherapy. Use of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, for treatment of pediatric LMs has been reported with demonstrated benefit to some patients. This case series reports treatment of three patients (aged 14-37 years) suffering from complicated or refractory LMs with a low-dose oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, resulting in significant clinical improvement.
Heartbeat: markers of adverse outcomes in adults with severe aortic stenosis.

Optimal management of adults with severe aortic stenosis (AS) remains controversial with several ongoing clinical trials evaluating the potential benefit of aortic valve replacement (AVR) earlier in the disease course when patients are still asymptomatic. To a large extent, these trials are based on evidence from the Contemporary Outcomes after Surgery and Medical Treatment in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis (CURRENT AS) registry.1 A comprehensive review article by the CURRENT-AS investigators in this issue of Heart summarises the data from this large Japanese multi-centre retrospective registry of consecutive adults with severe AS (figure 1). Both clinicians caring for patients with AS and researchers engaged in (or thinking about) clinical trials will want to read this data summary and review. Figure 1 Potential reasons for the poor prognosis of asymptomatic patients with severe AS without aortic valve intervention. AVR is indicated in asymptomatic patients with depressed LV function (LVEF<50%) not due to other causes or very severe AS (Vmax≥5.0 m/s or mean aortic PG≥60 mm Hg) and in patients who develop symptoms during exercise testing. Asymptomatic patients with severe AS should be followed up under active clinical surveillance and should be referred for SAVR or TAVI if some symptoms emerge. However, assessment of symptoms is often difficult in clinical practice, especially in the elderly, leading to false diagnosis of ‘asymptomatic AS’. Furthermore, patients may …
Snord67 promotes lymph node metastasis and regulates U6-mediated alternative splicing in breast cancer

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have long been considered housekeeping genes, important for ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis. However, there is increasing evidence that this largely ignored class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) also have wide-ranging, non-canonical functions in diseases, including cancer. SnoRNAs have been shown to have both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles, yet whether snoRNAs regulate metastasis is unknown. Here we show that expression of certain snoRNAs are enriched in lymph node (LN) metastases in a micro-surgical, immune-competent mouse model of breast cancer. We identify the snoRNA Snord67 as a key regulator of LN metastasis. Knockout of Snord67 resulted in significantly decreased LN tumor growth and subsequent development of distant metastases. This was associated with loss of targeted methylation on the small nuclear RNA U6, a component of the spliceosome. RNA sequencing revealed distinct alternative splicing patterns in Snord67 knockout cells. Using rapid autopsy breast cancer cases, we found that matched human primary tumor and LN metastases revealed similar alternatively spliced genes, including several that are known to contribute to cancer. These results demonstrate that Snord67 is critical for growth of LN metastases and subsequent spread to distant metastases, and suggest that snoRNA-guided modifications of the spliceosome represent a previously unappreciated, yet targetable pathway in cancer.
Holographic reconstructions of large-eddy simulations of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet

Near-field acoustical holography allows for the reconstruction of a sound field from a limited measurement. For aeroacoustic noise generated by military aircraft, reconstructions of the pressure field within the jet plume have provided insight into equivalent acoustic noise source distributions, though the relationship between these equivalent sources and actual flow pressures and velocities within the plume remain unknown. This study reconstructs the sound field of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet simulated by the Naval Research Lab's Jet Noise Reduction (JENRE) large eddy simulation solver. The simulated data allow for comparisons of the holographic reconstructions of the pressure and particle velocity fields to points along the nozzle lipline, to the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings integration surface (FWHS), and to the far field. Pressure field reconstructions outside and inside of the FWHS match well, while particle velocity reconstructions follow similar trends as the velocities generated by the LES but severly underestimate the time harmonic complex amplitdues.
The Effects of Technology Supports on Community Grocery Shopping Skills for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis

In this meta-analytic review, we investigated the effects of technology supports on the acquisition of shopping skills for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) between th...
Beyond stereotypes: Using socioemotional selectivity theory to improve messaging to older adults

The tremendous heterogeneity in functional and demographic characteristics of the over-65 age group presents challenges to effective marketing and public health communications. Messages grounded on tacit assumptions that older people are frail, incompetent, and needy risk being overlooked by most of the older population; on the other hand, ignoring age-associated vulnerabilities is problematic. We argue that while traditional approaches to market segmentation based on chronological age often fail, reliable age differences in motivation can inform the types of information that older people typically prefer, attend to, and remember. Socioemotional selectivity theory maintains that as future time horizons grow limited - as they typically do with age - emotional goals are prioritized over goals that focus on exploration. As time left becomes more limited, positive messages are remembered better than negative, and products that help people savor the moment are preferred over those that benefit the long-term future. Relatedly, acknowledging individual strengths and personal resilience are likely to be especially appealing to older people.
Corrigendum to “Micro-foundations of congestion and pricing: A game theory perspective” [Transp. Res. Part A 39 (2005) 691–704]

Abstract This paper amends “Micro-foundations of Congestion and Pricing: A Game Theory Perspective” Levinson (2005), correcting the calculated tolls and Nash equilibria predicted for a three-player game.
Testing for Electroencephalographic Activation with Video Games in Patients with Light Sensitivity

ABSTRACT.Forty consecutive patients who manifested photoparoxysmal responses during the standard electroencephalogram (EEG) were studied prospectively with a standard protocol which involved playing video games, viewing patterns, and watching television. Twelve patients (30%) demonstrated EEG activation while playing video games, five while viewing television, six while viewing patterns, and two while viewing either television or patterns. Two additional patients showed no EEG photosensitivity but had a clinical history of seizures precipitated by video games. The results indicate that patients with paroxysmal EEG responses to stroboscopic light stimulation have a significant risk of activating epileptiform abnormalities by playing video games. However, not all patients with a history of seizures precipitated by video games show EEG light sensitivity in a single testing session.
Impacto potencial de la cosecha de residuos para biocombustibles sobre la calidad del suelo

Vivimos una de las mayores transiciones tecnologicas, ambientales y sociales desde la revolucion industrial, en que nos esforzamos por sustituir la energia fosil con recursos de biomasa renovable. Mis objetivos son (1) resenar brevemente el interes publico en la recoleccion de los residuos de cultivos como materia prima para bioenergia, (2) discutir el trabajo que los cientificos del suelo deben realizar para hacer frente a esos intereses, y (3) examinar la forma en que la evaluacion de la calidad del suelo se puede utilizar para ayudar a cuantificar la respuesta biologica, quimica y fisica del suelo a esta transicion. La creciente demanda mundial de energia, la dependencia de importaciones inestables, la volatilidad de los precios, y la creciente preocupacion publica con respecto al uso de combustibles fosiles y sus efectos sobre el cambio climatico mundial, son algunos de los factores que conducen a un mayor interes en el desarrollo y uso de fuentes renovables de biomasa para la produccion de energia. Aunque el control de la erosion del suelo por viento y agua no es menos importante que en el pasado, no es el unico factor que debe tenerse en cuenta al evaluar la sostenibilidad de las practicas de manejo del suelo, incluida la recoleccion de residuos de cultivos como materia prima para la bioenergia. Se revisa aqui el concepto de evaluacion de la calidad del suelo, y se usa el marco de evaluacion del manejo de suelos (SMAF) para ilustrar como estas evaluaciones se pueden utilizar para evaluar los impactos de la recoleccion de residuos de cultivos como materia prima para la produccion de bioenergia. Los resultados preliminares de la evaluacion SMAF muestran que el carbono organico del suelo (SOC) es uno de los indicadores de puntuacion mas baja y por lo tanto debe vigilarse estrictamente. Estrategias innovadoras de manejo de suelos y cultivos, incluyendo una vision del paisaje, se ofrecen como ideas para lograr la produccion sostenible de alimentos, forrajes, fibra y energia.
The Power of Interconnectivity: Tan Sitong's Invention of Historical Agency in Late Qing China

To explore how Chinese Buddhists acted as trailblazers of Engaged Buddhism, I shall analyze a late nineteenth-century thinker, Tan Sitong 譚嗣同 (1865–1898). The focus of my analysis is his masterpiece, Renxue 仁學. From his position of Buddhist eclecticism, Tan discoursed at length on non-differentiation as the truth of the universe to reflect on the creative disposition of human agency. He described in Renxue how this disposition would contribute to the agendas defining Chinese modernity. In addition, discussing the meanings of non-differentiation, Tan also generalized about the nature of the human agency he attempted to advocate: while he perceived the human agency blessed with a non-differentiating mindset as an omnipotent history-making force, he also argued that it did not confer upon its owner the status of world savior. In fact, in his view, the efficacy of a non-differentiating mind was determined by the world it aimed to help. Tan's signature piece, I argue, provides a lens through which we can observe modern Chinese Buddhism's role as an important part of the global formation of Engaged Buddhism.
Formula Pricing and Profit Sharing in Inter‐Firm Contracts

Ronald Coase viewed transaction cost minimization as a central goal of contracting and organizational decisions. We discuss how a solution to the traditional successive monopoly problem that has not been discussed in the literature can economize on such costs. Specifically, we show that when we allow for profit sharing between upstream and downstream firms, a simple formula pricing contract can be used to generate the vertically integrated level of profits. This simple contract, empirically, would take the form of the standard linear wholesale price contracts that are ubiquitous in vertical contexts, even those where we might expect successive monopoly to be an issue. We discuss the advantages of the proposed contract from a transaction cost perspective. We also discuss some of its limitations, in particular the likelihood of misrepresentation of costs, and ways in which such misrepresentation might be addressed in the contract. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Due Process Analysis of Judicially-Authorized Presumptions in Federal Aggravated Bank Robbery Cases

Within the past fifteen years several broadly-focused articles have identified general constitutional limits, under the due process clause, on presumptions and inferences created by statute or applied by courts in trying criminal cases.' Recently, in County Court of Ulster County, New York v. Allen,2 the Supreme Court affirmed the validity of the evidentiary devices of inferences and presumptions and labeled them "a staple of our adversary system of factfinding."3 This suggests that to unreasonably curtail the use of circumstantial evidence in the factfinding process would place an intolerable burden on prosecutors in their efforts to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Yet, notwithstanding the necessary evidentiary role for presumptions and inferences in the criminal justice process, the Court has acknowledged often-stated requirements of
The Emergence of Ontogenic Scaffolding in a Stochastic Development Environment

Evolutionary designs based upon Artificial Ontogenies are beginning to cross from virtual to real environments. In such systems the evolved genotype is an indirect, procedural representation of the final structure. To date, most Artificial Ontogenies have relied upon an error-free development process to generate their phenotypic structure. In this paper we explore the effects and consequences of developmental error on Artificial Ontogenies. In a simple evolutionary design task, and using an indirect procedural representation that lacks the ability to test intermediate results of development, we demonstrate the emergence of ontogenic mechanisms which are able to cope with developmental error.
Interaction of histidine-rich glycoprotein with human T lymphocytes.

Abstract Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), a human plasma and platelet protein, interacts with multiple ligands in vitro, including heparin, plasminogen, thrombospondin, and fibrinogen/fibrin. In this study, the binding of HRGP to human T lymphocytes was characterized. The binding was specific, concentration-dependent, saturable, and reversible. Scatchard plot analysis revealed two classes of binding sites: the high affinity class had an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.92 X 10(-8) M, with 0.92 X 10(4) sites/cell, and the low affinity class had a Kd of 4.97 X 10(-7) M, with 3.7 X 10(4) sites/cell. HRGP binding to T cells in the presence of HRGP-depleted serum was comparable to that observed in buffer. Dot-blot analysis showed that HRGP bound to specific T cell proteins. Using both HRGP affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation with affinity-purified anti-HRGP IgG, a major 56-kDa HRGP-binding protein in surface labeled T cell lysates was demonstrated. The 56-kDa protein was shown not to be related to the CD2 molecule on T cells. The binding characteristics of HRGP to T lymphocytes indicate a specific ligand-receptor interaction. This is the first demonstration of HRGP binding to a cell surface, and its binding to human T cells may play an important role in T lymphocyte biology.
Comparing dimensionality reduction techniques

Feature selection techniques are investigated to increase the accuracy of classification while reducing the dimensionality of the feature space. Dimensionality reduction techniques investigated include principal component analysis (PCA), recursive feature elimination (RFE), and Genetic and Evolutionary Feature Weighting & Selection (GEFeWS). A support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel functions was used with all three techniques for consistency. In our experiment, RFE and GEFeWS performed comparably and both resulted in more accurate classifiers than PCA.
Transcriptional coordination of physiological responses in Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 under light/dark cycles.

Summary Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 is a marine unicellular stramenopile and an emerging reference species for basic research on oleogenic microalgae with biotechnological relevance. We investigated its physiology and transcriptome under light/dark cycles. We observed oscillations in lipid content and a predominance of cell division in the first half of the dark phase. Globally, more than 60% of the genes cycled in N. oceanica CCMP1779, with gene expression peaking at different times of the day. Interestingly, the phase of expression of genes involved in certain biological processes was conserved across photosynthetic lineages. Furthermore, in agreement with our physiological studies we found the processes of lipid metabolism and cell division enriched in cycling genes. For example, there was tight coordination of genes involved in the lower part of glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis and lipid production at dawn preceding lipid accumulation during the day. Our results suggest that diel lipid storage plays a key role for N. oceanica CCMP1779 growth under natural conditions making this alga a promising model to gain a basic mechanistic understanding of triacylglycerol production in photosynthetic cells. Our data will help the formulation of new hypotheses on the role of cyclic gene expression in cell growth and metabolism in Nannochloropsis.
Preliminary data on the effect of osseous anatomy on ex vivo joint mobility in the equine thoracolumbar region

Summary Reasons for performing study The thoracolumbar region is clinically important in horses; however, the link between joint mobility and bony joint morphology has not been tested quantitatively. Objectives To establish which aspects of vertebral morphology correlate with ex vivo range of motion in the thoracolumbar region of Equus caballus, and demonstrate methodologies for linking vertebral form and function. Study design Morphometric study of osteological specimens. Methods A digital model was created of a disarticulated thoracolumbar region to examine bone-to-bone interactions during in silico bending. Linear measurements and geometric morphometric landmarks were taken from 6 vertebrae per specimen (specimens n = 5, vertebrae n = 30), and compared with experimental range of motion in dorsiflexion, ventroflexion, lateroflexion and axial rotation data using Spearman's rank correlation, to test a priori hypotheses regarding thoracolumbar functional anatomy. Results Decreased sagittal mobility correlates with a tall, heart-shaped vertebral body, although bony interactions restrict dorsiflexion more than ventroflexion. Lateroflexion correlates with a narrow vertebral body, a short transverse process lever arm, and narrowly placed horizontally oriented zygapophyses. Lateral joints also restrict lateroflexion in the posterior lumbar region. Axial rotation is related to the shape of the zygapophyseal joint. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that vertebral joint morphology does determine experimentally measured range of motion, but patterns depend upon the type of motion. These methods are useful for identifying functionally relevant morphological variation and suggest osteological features are important in determining motion.
A survey of physicians' attitudes and practices related to exercise promotion.

Abstract Methods. One hundred sixty-eight physicians responded to a survey to determine their attitudes and practices related to exercise and the development of exercise prescriptions. The mean age was 45.5 ± 10.8 years, with the majority being male (86.7%). Results. The survey found that 48% of the physicians required an exercise history as part of their initial examination and 91% encouraged their patients to participate in regular exercise programs. Seventy percent of the physicians did not develop exercise prescriptions and only 23% were familiar with the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines related to the development of exercise prescriptions. Only a small number of physicians (3%) had ever taken a college-level course related to exercise physiology and the development of exercise programs. The majority (78%) felt that there was a definite need in medical school for a course related to the medical aspects of exercise. Conclusions. Results of this investigation indicate that while physicians support exercise for health promotion and rehabilitation, greater emphasis needs to be placed on physician involvement in promoting and/or prescribing exercise.
Separation of eucaryotic ribosomal proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography using a new cation-exchange resin and LiCl elution in 4 M urea

Abstract The separation of ribosomal and other proteins from rat liver by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a new cation-exchange resin is described.
Injectable matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering

Injectable matrices and depots have been the subject of much research in the field of drug delivery. The classical tissue engineering paradigm includes a matrix or scaffold to facilitate tissue growth and provide structural support, cells, and the delivery of bioactive molecules. As both tissue engineering and drug delivery techniques benefit from the use of injectable materials due to the minimal invasiveness of an injection, significant crossover should be observed between injectable materials in both fields. This review aims to outline injectable materials and processing techniques used in both tissue engineering and drug delivery and to describe methods by which current injectable materials in the field of drug delivery can be adapted for use as injectable scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Neuroanatomical mapping of hypothalamic regions mediating verapamil hyper- and hypothermia in the cat

Abstract Guide cannulae for microinjection and push-pull perfusion in the unrestrained cat were implanted bilaterally in the anterior hypothalamic, prepotic area (AH/POA) and posterior hypothalamus (PH). Postoperatively, the region was first identified in AH/POA which was reactive to norepinephrine or in PH to excess Ca ++ ions; in both cases a hypothermie response was produced. Then either an artificial CSF control vehicle or the Ca ++ ion channel blocking agent, verapamil, was perfused for 30 min by means of push-pull cannulae at a rate of 25.0 μl/min. Verapamil (0.4, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/μl) induced a concentrationdependent hypothermia when perfused within AH/POA sites but hyperthermia when perfused in the caudal hypothalamus. An anatomical analysis of the sites of perfusion revealed that verapamil's thermolytic effect was localized within the classical thermosensitive region of the cat's diencephalon, a region ventral to the anterior commissure and dorsal to the optic chiasm. On the other hand, the loci in which verapamil evoked thermogenesis were localized to a region dorsal to the mammillary bodies and caudal to the descending columns of the fornix. It is suggested that verapamil interferes with Ca ++ ion channels in the PH to shift the cat's “set-point” temperature. Conversely, however, verapamil apparently could act on catecholaminergic terminals in AH/POA to enhance the presynaptic release of norepinephrine which, in turn, stimulates the heat loss pathway to yield hypothermia.
Transient behavior of Kerr-like phase conjugators: the inverse problem

In earlier work, the transient response of a four-wave optical phase conjugator was studied. Here we study the inverse problem, namely: How must we tailor the input pulse in order to obtain a prescribed conjugator output? We find that an arbitrarily short output pulse can be obtained and show how the input, or probe, must be programmed in order to achieve this result.
Studies with Warfarin on the Incidence of Blood Spots and in Relation to Prothrombin Time, Egg Quality and Mortality in Laying Hens

Abstract BLOOD spots in chicken eggs result in a sizeable economic loss to the poultry industry. In addition, eggs with blood spots which escape detection during candling and enter market channels have a deterrent effect on egg consumption. Although some progress has been made in devising methods for detection of blood spots, the problem of controlling or eliminating these inclusions still exists. Several reports have been published on the factors influencing the incidence of blood spots; heredity, nutritional factors, environment and even management practices have been blamed for high blood spot incidence. From the nutritional standpoint, green feed, alfalfa, vitamin A and vitamin K have been shown to reduce the incidence of blood spots (Nalbandov and Card, 1944, 1947; Carver and Henderson, 1948; Sauter et al., 1952; Bearse, 1955; Bearse et al., 1960, and Berruti and Dedrick, 1961), whereas recent work by Bearse et al. (1962) has shown blood spot incidence…
Discontinuous and diachronous evolution of the Main Ethiopian Rift: Implications for development of continental rifts

Abstract The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) is commonly considered the archetypal magma-assisted rift. Tomographic images of upper-mantle upwellings beneath the rift, aligned anisotropy beneath magmatic segments, and pervasive magmatic modification of the crust all indicate the importance of magmatic processes in present-day rift evolution. It has been suggested that this magmatic development is responsible for the straight and continuous path the rift cuts across the Ethiopian Plateau. We compile new evidence indicating that the MER is not as continuous and its development not as simple as previously believed. Significant lithospheric heterogeneities are evident in our compilation of recently acquired seismic, gravity, and geologic data. Numerical models of rift propagation in such heterogeneous lithosphere show that rift propagation may stall at rheological boundaries. We propose that the heterogeneities in the MER caused irregular rift propagation, resulting in a distinct discontinuity visible within the rift lithosphere. This discontinuity in structure spatially correlates to an apparent discontinuity in the age of extension between the northern MER and the central MER, lending support to our hypothesis. Our interpretation leads to a two-phase model of rift propagation in the MER, with initial rift development primarily controlled by lithospheric structure and a later phase during which magmatic processes are dominant. During the initial phase, rift propagation was irregular and at times stalled or was diverted away from the modern rift trend along pre-existing structures. Our model, while acknowledging the importance of magmatic processes in volcanic extensional regions, shows that even in this classic example of magma-assisted rifting, inherited lithospheric structure localized initial extension and controlled rift propagation. This early phase formed the template for future rift development and continental break-up.
Methadone and brain development.

The effect of maternally administered methadone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) on brain development of off-spring treated during gestation and/or lactation was studied in 21-day-old rats. Animals treated during gestation or lactation were the most severely affected, with reductions in brain weights (12% and 30%,respectively), and DNA values (50% and 34%, respectively) observed.
The Tightness Contribution to the Brønsted α for Hydride Transfer between NAD+ Analogues

It has been shown that the rate of symmetrical hydride transfer reaction varies with the hydride affinity of the (identical) donor and acceptor. In that case, Marcus theory of atom and group transf...
Influence of ceiling fan's speed and direction on efficacy of upperroom, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation: Experimental.

Increasing a ceiling fan's speed from its lowest setting of 61 rpm, which resulted in 0.77 m3/s of airflow, to its highest setting of 176 rpm, which resulted in 2.5 m3/s of airflow, or having the fan blow either upward or downward had no statistically significant effect on the efficacy of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). This outcome suggests that air circulation due to the ceiling fan was sufficient and that any additional increase would not improve efficacy. Numerous experimental studies on upper-room UVGI in which fans were used to provide air mixing have been published. However, none have quantified the air movement produced by these fans or described their tests in sufficient detail to allow results to be compared to predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The present work provides the required information. In addition to the usual boundary conditions needed for CFD, we made experimental measurements of UV susceptibility of the microorganisms used in the upper-room UVGI tests. We measured UV susceptibilities for Mycobacterium parafortuitum and Bacillus atrophaeus spores to be 0.074 and 0.018 m2/J, respectively. In a previous publication, we reported the spatial distribution of fluence rate, which is also needed for predicting efficacy from CFD. In a companion paper referred to as Part II, upper-room UVGI efficacy was predicted by both Eulerian and Lagrangian CFD and compared to the experimental results from the present study.
Modeling the earth's climate

Mathematical models of the earth's climate provide intriguing opportunities to study a wide range of interdisciplinary problems involving processes within the climate system in a controlled and systematic manner. This paper is intended as a nontechnical review of climate modeling to enable researchers who are unfamiliar with the topic to better evaluate and judge the credibility of the model results. The types of climate models available for climate research are reviewed here, and four broad categories of climate models are identified. These range from the more simple energy balance models (EBMs) and radiative-convective models (RCMs), to the more complex statistical-dynamical models (SDMs), to the most powerful tools yet available for studying climate, the general circulation models (GCMs). This last category includes gridpoint and spectral GCMs. Four representations of the oceans which can be coupled to GCMs are described and include prescribed sea surface temperatures, an energy balance or ‘swamp’ ocean, a mixed layer or ‘slab’ ocean, or a fully computed ocean general circulation model. Selected examples considered representative of the types of studies possible with the various classes of models are given. Taken together, the spectrum of climate models provides a hierarchy of learning and research tools with which to effectively study the extremes of past climates, the vagaries of present-day climate, and possible climatic fluctuations well into the future.
Complications in Postacute Care Are Associated with Persistent Delirium

Objectives: To investigate whether complications in postacute care (PAC) are associated with delirium persistence 30 days after PAC admission. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Eight Boston-area PAC facilities. Participants: Three hundred fifty individuals with delirium at PAC admission. Measurements: Participants were interviewed at PAC admission and 30 days later. Delirium presence was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method. Medical record reviews were performed to ascertain new cardiac, noncardiac, and geriatric syndrome complications in PAC. Complication status was also determined 30 days after admission or at PAC discharge, whichever came first. Results: Participants (mean age 83.6, 66% female) experienced the following incidence of PAC complications: cardiac complications (7%), noncardiac complications (21%), and geriatric syndrome complications (39%). Delirium persisted in 56% of participants 1 month after PAC admission. Neither cardiac nor noncardiac complications were associated with delirium persistence. Delirium persistence at 1 month was significantly greater in participants, with more geriatric syndrome complications (no complications, 51%; one complication 61%; ?2 complications, 100%, adjusted P = .048). There was also a trend toward greater delirium persistence in participants with unresolved geriatric syndrome complications (no complications, 51%; resolved complication, 61%; unresolved complication, 68%; adjusted P = .10). Conclusion: Geriatric syndrome complications are common in individuals admitted to PAC with delirium and are associated with persistence of delirium 1 month later. Proactively addressing risk factors for geriatric syndromes may improve outcomes of vulnerable individuals in PAC.
A pole model calculation of the photoproduction multipoles in the Δ(1220) region

Abstract A simple pole model for photoproduction based on a chiral Lagrangian is presented which accounts for the essential features of all of the multipoles in the Δ(1220) region. A general form for Δ contributions is considered and two parameters Y and Z related to different possible Δ couplings are determined to be Y = 1 4 ± 1 4 and Z = 0± 1 4 .
Isolationof synaptosomes and synaptic membranes from the cerebral cortex of the rat, monkey, cat and pig

Abstract Isolation of synaptosomes and synaptic membranes from the cerebral cortex of the rat, monkey, cat and pig was achieved by centrifugation of the crude mitochondrial fraction through a continuous sucrose gradient using high-speed zonal rotors. Electron microscopy and the activity of certain marker enzymes, such as choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and (Na + -K + )-activated ouabin-sensitive ATPase, were used to characterize the various gradient fractions. In all four species studied the synaptosomes were found in the region from 31 to 37% sucrose of the gradient of the crude mitochondrial fraction (P 2 ) and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction was found in the region from 24 to 31% sucrose of the gradient of the lysed crude mitochondrial fraction (P 2 L). In the case of the rat and monkey there appeared to be some resolution of noncholinergic nerve endings from cholinergic endings.
Providing protection in multi-hop wireless networks

We consider the problem of providing protection against failures in wireless networks subject to interference constraints. Typically, protection in wired networks is provided through the provisioning of backup paths. This approach has not been previously considered in the wireless setting due to the prohibitive cost of backup capacity. However, we show that in the presence of interference, protection can often be provided with no loss in throughput. This is due to the fact that after a failure, links that previously interfered with the failed link can be activated, thus leading to a “recapturing” of some of the lost capacity. We provide both an ILP formulation for the optimal solution, as well as algorithms that perform close to optimal. More importantly, we show that providing protection in a wireless network uses as much as 72% less protection resources as compared to similar protection schemes designed for wired networks, and that in many cases, no additional resources for protection are needed.
The Effect of Ethanol on Shelf-Life and Flavor of Chicken Meat

Abstract GOOD sanitation, rapid chilling and low-temperature holding appear to be the most practical means of maintaining the shelf-life of poultry meat. Chicken fryers which had been preserved by freezing were found, upon thawing, to have the same shelf-life and flavor as unfrozen controls (Spencer et al., 1961). Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are used to inhibit spoilage bacteria, but in some instances have been reported to be ineffective under commercial conditions (Dawson and Stadelman, 1960). Recently, Dawson et al. (1963) showed that the inhibitory effect of chlortetracycline was improved by combining it with surface pasteurization. The ideal preservative, one that would control undesirable change in color, odor, and taste, and be harmless to the consumer, has not been discovered. Foods such as vanilla and lemon flavoring extracts are preserved by their ethanol content. Ethanol is germicidal in concentrations between 50 and 70% and is antiseptic at higher and lower concentrations. Hall and…
A one-dimensional model for three- dimensional transport in a pipe

We use a mathematical method to derive a one-dimensional model for particle transport in a pipe with reflecting walls. For the case of an evacuated pipe with particular reflecting boundary conditions for the walls, our model reduces to results obtained previously by Prinja and Pomraning.
Exploratory analysis for complex-life-cycle amphibians: Revealing complex forest-reproductive effort relationships using redundancy analysis

The relationships among complex life-cycle (CLC) amphibians and their habitats involve interaction of biotic and abiotic variables across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Most studies of species–environment relationships utilize classic distributions and regression methods which may oversimplify results, as they often involve initial reduction of data, a priori model specification, and parsimonious model selection. We re-analyzed a dataset collected in a study of environment-reproductive effort relationships for two amphibian species. This data was originally analyzed using negative binomial regression and AIC model selection; we applied a multivariate analysis, a variant of Redundancy Analysis (RDA), to the same dataset to examine if additional information was revealed. The multivariate analysis identified the same primary drivers as did model selection: in the context of relatively intact forests, hydroperiod was the most important factor contributing to reproductive effort. However, the RDA elucidated what may be new primary and secondary drivers related to forest structure and composition. Reproductive effort was strongly associated with tree species richness, canopy cover, and presence of individual tree species; the strength of these relationships varied between amphibian species and across spatial scales. Spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) were strongly influenced by microclimate conditions and wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) by pool canopy cover and presence of wetland tree species. A priori, parsimonious model selection assists managers by delivering biologically defensible, simple explanations. However the process reduces hypothesis-generating potential and omits variables that may become important as environments change.
Potent inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatese-1B using the phosphotyrosyl mimetic fluoro-O-malonyl tyrosine (FOMT)

Abstract To enhance PTP binding interactions, both inside and outside the pTyr binding pocket, a thioether-cyclized peptide has been designed based on the EGF receptor autophosphorylation sequence (EGFR988–993) “Asp-Ala-Asp-Glu-pTyr-Leu”, in which the pTyr residue has been replaced by the nonphosphorus-containing pTyr mimetic fluoro-O-malonyltyrosine (FOMT, 2). The resulting peptide 4 exhibits a Ki value of 170 nM, making it one of the most potent inhibitors of PTP1B yet reported.
B cell-specific loss of histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the V(H) locus depends on Pax5.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement (VH-to-DJH) occurs only in B cells, suggesting it is inhibited in other lineages. Here we found that in the mouse VH locus, methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3-K9), a mark of inactive chromatin, was present in non–B lineage cells but was absent in B cells. As others have shown that H3-K9 methylation can inhibit V(D)J recombination on engineered substrates, our data support the idea that H3-K9 methylation inhibits endogenous VH-to-DJH recombination. We also show that Pax5, a transcription factor required for B cell commitment, is necessary and sufficient for the removal of H3-K9 methylation in the VH locus and provide evidence that one function of Pax5 is to remove this inhibitory modification by a mechanism of histone exchange, thus allowing B cell–specific VH-to-DJH recombination.
A Model for Quantifying System Evolvability Based on Excess and Capacity

An important factor in system longevity is service-phase evolvability, which is defined as the ability of a system to physically transform from one configuration to a more desirable configuration while in service. These transformations may or may not be known during the design process; and may or may not be reversible. In a different study, we examined 210 engineered systems and found that system excess and modularity allow a system to evolve while in service. Building on this observation, the present paper introduces mathematical relationships that map a system’s excess and modularity to that system’s ability to evolve. As introduced in this paper, these relationships are derived from elastic potential energy theories. The use of the evolvability measure, and other related measures presented herein, is illustrated with a simple numerical example and applied to the design of US Navy nuclear aircraft carriers. Using the relationships, we show that the Navy’s new Ford-class aircraft carrier is the most evolvable carrier designed to date. While the evolvability relationships introduced here are generically derived based on excess and modularity, the aircraft carrier example presented in this paper considers only the system excess.
Mechanisms of plasma membrane targeting of formin mDia2 through its amino terminal domains

The formin mDia2 mediates the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia during cell locomotion. The subcellular localization of activated mDia2 depends on interactions with actin filaments and the plasma membrane. We investigated the poorly understood mechanism of plasma membrane targeting of mDia2 and found that the entire N-terminal region of mDia2 preceding the actin-polymerizing formin homology domains 1 and 2 (FH1-FH2) module was potently targeted to the membrane. This localization was enhanced by Rif, but not by other tested small GTPases, and depended on a positively charged N-terminal basic domain (BD). The BD bound acidic phospholipids in vitro, suggesting that in vivo it may associate with the plasma membrane through electrostatic interactions. Unexpectedly, a fragment consisting of the GTPase-binding region and the diaphanous inhibitory domain (G-DID), thought to mediate the interaction with GTPases, was not targeted to the plasma membrane even in the presence of constitutively active Rif. Addition of the BD or dimerization/coiled coil domains to G-DID rescued plasma membrane targeting in cells. Direct binding of Rif to mDia2 N terminus required the presence of both G and DID. These results suggest that the entire N terminus of mDia2 serves as a coincidence detection module, directing mDia2 to the plasma membrane through interactions with phospholipids and activated Rif.
Preparative isotachophoresis on polyacrylamide gels: resolution as a function of time and wattage.

Abstract The effect of migration path length and wattage on resolution in isotachophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of the model proteins, hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin, was investigated. Resolution appears optimal as soon as the steady state is reached, irrespective of whether the steady state is attained rapidly at high wattages and short migration path or more slowly at low wattages and a longer migration path. The steady state of isotachophoresis, like that of isoelectric focusing, appears to decay in proportion to time and wattage. A milligram-preparative prototype apparatus suitable for elution of zones separated by isotachophoresis on polyacrylamide gel was developed and tested.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor movement is restricted by addition of elevated levels of O-linked sugar

Abstract The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a versatile, ubiquitous intracellular calcium channel. Traditionally, visualizing the InsP3R in live cells involves attaching a fluorescent marker to either terminal of the protein, but the termini themselves contain binding sites for accessory molecules and proteins. Using random transposition, constructs have been developed that express the type I InsP3R with green fluorescent protein (GFP) inserted at various points within its sequence. We have used two of these constructs, one in the ligand-binding domain, and another in the regulatory domain, to investigate InsP3R dynamics within the endoplasmic reticulum. We present evidence that endogenous calcium signaling is maintained when these constructs are expressed. In addition, by measuring the fluorescent recovery after photobleaching of a subcellular region, we demonstrate that treatment with 8 mM N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), known to lead to increased O-linked GlcNAcylation of proteins, leads to a reduction in the ability of the InsP3R to travel laterally within the endoplasmic reticulum. Each construct serves as the control for the other one, suggesting that this decrease in mobility is not specific to the insertion site of GFP within the InsP3R. These constructs represent a new tool that will allow us to follow receptor turnover and translocation events.
Further observations on corticofrontal connections in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The frontal lobe connections of the post-Rolandic sensory association areas are investigated. Our results indicate that the caudal portion of the superior temporal gyrus (area 22), the lateral peristriate belt (areas 18, 19), and the superior parietal lobule and the rostralmost portion of the inferior parietal lobule (areas 5 and 7), all project to periarcuate cortex, while the middle portion of area 22, caudal inferotemporal cortex (area 20), and the middle portion of the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus, all have connections predominantly to prearcuate cortex. In contrast, rostral area 22 and the rostral inferotemporal cortex (area 21) project primarily to the orbital surface, and the middle portion of area 7 projects to the mid-principal sulcus. Those regions that projects to periacuate cortex are termed first association areas (AA1, VA1, SA1), those that project primarily to prearcuate cortex are designated second association areas (AA2, VA2, SA2), while those that project mainly to the orbital surface or the mid-principal sulcus are called third association areas (AA3, VA3, SA3). It was also found that the caudalmost portion of area 7 has a distinct projection pattern, connecting with the dorsal prearcuate cortex — areas 8B and 46. Additionally, it was observed that the connections from the association areas of different sensory modalities appear to overlap in specific areas of frontal cortex. Projections from the first association areas seem to converge in the periarcuate zone (bimodal overlap is noted between VA1 and AA1 in the arcuate concavity, and SA1 and VA1 dorsal to the arcuate sulcus), while those from the second association areas overlap in the ventral prearcuate cortex (area 46), where both bimodal and trimodal overlap is observed.