cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic inhibition of calcite (1 0 4) dissolution by aqueous manganese(II)

Abstract This study presents evidence of calcite (1 0 4) dissolution inhibition by dissolved manganese(II) through detailed observations of crystal surface morphology. Rates of dissolution have been quantified by direct measurement of surface-normal retreat and etch pit growth at far-from-equilibrium conditions using vertical scanning interferometry. The approach provides new insight into the control that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) exerts on manganese inhibition kinetics. Our results show that at 2×10 −6 molal manganese, the rate of overall calcite dissolution is suppressed to close to zero, but only when sufficient CO 3 2− is available in solution. The near arrest of surface-normal dissolution is brought about by the likely reduction in step retreat, inferred through observed variation of etch pit and surface morphology. The inhibition mechanism likely reflects the strong affinity of Mn 2+ for carbonate ion. In solution, this affinity is expressed by formation of a strong complexing ligand (MnCO 3 0 ). On the (1 0 4) surface, this affinity may govern formation of a similar surface complex that stabilizes reactive sites, thereby inhibiting step movement and defect nucleation. Comparison with results from other metals suggests that inhibition may be understood in the context of the relative energetics of dehydration versus carbonation reaction steps.
Quantitative MRI and MR Spectroscopy of Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, Epilepsy and Cancer Microimaging Techniques

Clinical MRI and MRS have promise in molecular imaging. Microimaging techniques offer a promising research tool to get noninvasive data in monitoring the effect of drugs.
Completeness of products of solutions and some inverse problems for PDE

Abstract In this paper we give conditions which guarantee that products of solutions of partial differential equations Pu + au = 0 are complete in L 2 (Ω) . Here P is a linear partial differential operator with constant coefficients and a is a function in L ∞ (Ω) . We check these conditions for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations of second order and give applications to inverse problems for related equations where a is to be found.
Lightning: Physics and Effects

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Incidence of lightning 3. Electrical structure of lightning-producing clouds 4. Downward negative lightning discharges to ground 5. Positive and bipolar lightning discharges to ground 6. Upward lightning initiated by ground-based objects 7. Artificial initiation (triggering) of lightning by ground-based activity 8. Winter lightning in Japan 9. Cloud discharges 10. Lightning and airborne vehicles 11. Thunder 12. Modelling of lightning processes 13. The distant lightning electromagnetic environment: atmospherics, Schumann resonances and whistlers 14. Lightning effects in the middle and upper atmosphere 15. Lightning effects on the chemistry of the atmosphere 16. Extraterrestrial lightning 17. Lightning locating systems 18. Deleterious effects of lightning and protective techniques 19. Lightning hazards to humans and animals 20. Ball lightning, bead lightning, and other unusual discharges Appendix. books on lightning and related subjects Subjects Index.
Homology and structural relationships between the dimeric and monomeric circular forms of mitochondrial DNA from human leukemic leukocytes.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA occurs in multiple circular forms in human leukemic leukocytes. As part of an inquiry into the structural relationships between the forms, the 5- and 10-micron circular duplexes were separated and characterized by sedimentation procedures. The buoyant densities in neutral cesium chloride were indistinguishable, indicating that over-all base compositions of the two species are the same. The buoyant densities of the corresponding heavy and light strands in the two species were also indistinguishable. Together, the results suggest that the dimer consists of two monomer genomes. Reannealing of equal amounts of fragmented light monomer and heavy dimer complementary strands isolated from alkaline buoyant cesium chloride gradients leads to a high molecular weight duplex with a buoyant density indistinguishable from the parent duplexes. It is concluded from this result that the degree of homology between monomer and dimer is at least 90%. Denaturation of a mixture of lightly nicked monomer and dimer duplexes, followed by reannealing in formamide solutions, leads to mixtures of circular monomer and dimer duplexes and heteroduplexes which contain one dimer strand and two monomer strands. These heteroduplexes occur in the form of a “figure 8” molecule, a new DNA structure which we have called the fused dimer. Neither heterologous regions, nor insertions, nor deletions were found in a careful examination of the electron micrographs. It is concluded from this part of the work that heterologous regions, insertions, or deletions exceeding 50 to 100 nucleotides in length do not occur in the heteroduplexes. At this level of insight, the dimer is a circular concatamer of two monomer genomes. In addition, the results show that leukemic leukocyte mitochondrial DNA monomers (as well as dimers) are substantially homogeneous in base sequence. The electron microscope studies also show that monomer genomes in the dimer are connected in a head-to-tail structure, rather than in a head-to-head structure.
Catalytic combustion of 1-butanol coupled with heat harvesting for compact power

Abstract A combustor paired with a heat-harvesting device, such as a thermoelectric or thermal photovoltaic device, can utilize high energy-dense liquid fuels while avoiding direct chemical-to-electrical conversion issues such as electrode and electrolyte poisoning. Therefore, the system is an attractive alternative to batteries and fuel cells for portable power applications. In the current study, a 1-butanol fed catalytic combustor using a Rh/Al 2 O 3 catalyst was tested with a heat extractor, in this case being a stainless steel rod with a copper heat sink that was designed to thermally mimic a small thermoelectric module. The effects of residence time, fuel flow rate, and rod size on reactor/extractor temperatures and the energy balance were observed. Fuel-lean equivalence ratios were also studied and shown to have little effect on performance. Residence time does not have a direct effect; however, it does provide a catalytic stability limit for the fuel flow rate. The difference in the hot and cold side temperatures of the rod is dependent on the fuel flow rate and length of the rod. The greatest difference observed in these temperatures was 513 °C using the long-sized (15 cm) rod. The percentage of fuel energy conducted through the rod is only dependent on the rod size, with a maximum around 40% using the short rod. These results provide important design guidelines for the catalytic combustion of energy-dense liquid fuels as an excellent alternative heat source for either direct use or electrical power conversion.
Electronic structure of arsabenzene: Microwave spectrum, dipole moment, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants

Abstract The microwave spectrum of arsabenzene was analyzed; a dipole transitions were observed. The following rotational constants were obtained; A = 4871.03 ± 0.18 MHz, B = 2295.87 ± 0.01 MHz, C = 1560.10 ± 0.01 MHz. The dipole moment was 1.10 ± 0.04 D. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants due to the 75As nucleus were χaa = −186.4 ± 0.1 MHz, χbb = 43.5 ± 0.2 MHz, χcc = 142.9 ± 0.2 MHz, and the asymmetry parameter, η = 0.533 ± 0.002. Analysis of the quadrupole coupling constants indicated that the population of the 4p orbitals on arsenic decrease in the order na > nb > nc.
Getting meaningful informed consent from older adults: a structured literature review of empirical research.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a structured literature review of the published empirical research on informed consent with older adults in order to make recommendations to improve the informed consent process and to highlight areas needing further examination. DESIGN: Relevant literature was identified by searching electronic databases (AGELINE, BIOETHICSLINE, Cancer-Lit, Ethics Index, Health, LegalTrac, MEDLINE, PAIS International, PsycInfo, and Sociofile). Studies were included if they were reports of primary research data about informed consent and, if patients or other subjects were used, older subjects were included in the sample. Data related to the aspect of informed consent under study (recruitment, decision-making capacity, voluntariness, disclosure of information, understanding of information, consent forms, authorization, and policies and procedures) were abstracted and entered into a specially designed database. MEASUREMENTS: Characterization of the population, age of subjects, setting, whether informed consent was being studied in the context of research or treatment, study design, the nature of outcome or dependent variables, independent variables (e.g., experimental conditions in a randomized controlled trial or patient/subject characteristics in a nonrandomized comparison), and results according to the aspect of informed consent under study. RESULTS: A total of 99 articles met all the inclusion criteria and posed 289 unique research questions covering a wide range of aspects of informed consent: recruitment (60); decision making capacity (21); voluntariness (6); disclosure (30); understanding (139); consent forms (7); authorization (11); policies (13); and other (2). In the secondary analyses of numerous studies, diminished understanding of informed consent information was associated with older age and fewer years of education. Older age was also sometimes associated with decreased participation in research. Studies of disclosure of informed consent information suggest strategies to improve understanding and include a variety of novel formats (e.g., simplified, storybook, video) and procedures (e.g., use of health educators, quizzing subjects, multiple disclosure sessions). CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of the published literature on informed consent reveals evidence for impaired understanding of informed consent information in older subjects and those with less formal education. Effective strategies to improve the understanding of informed consent information should be considered when designing materials, forms, policies, and procedures for obtaining informed consent. Other than empirical research that has investigated disclosure and understanding of informed consent information, little systematic research has examined other aspects of the informed consent process. This deficit should be rectified to ensure that the rights and interests of patients and of human subjects who participate in research are adequately protected.
Comparison of nonmydriatic digitized video fundus images with standard 35-mm slides to screen for and identify specific lesions of age-related macular degeneration.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare nonmydriatic digitized images obtained using a digital imaging system (resolution of 640 × 480 pixels) with 35-mm slide images for detecting specific findings of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate its usefulness as a screening tool
The human chin revisited: what is it and who has it?

Although the presence of a "chin" has long been recognized as unique to Homo sapiens among mammals, both the ontogeny and the morphological details of this structure have been largely overlooked. Here we point out the essential features of symphyseal morphology in H. sapiens, which are present and well-defined in the fetus at least as early as the fifth gestational month. Differences among adults in expression of these structures, particularly in the prominence of the mental tuberosity, are developmental epiphenomena and serve to emphasize the importance of studying this region in juveniles whenever possible. A survey of various middle to late Pleistocene fossil hominids for which juveniles are known reveals that these features are present in some late Pleistocene specimens assigned to H. sapiens, but not in all of the presumed anatomically modern H. sapiens (i.e., Qafzeh 8, 9, and 11). The adult specimens from Skhūl, as well as the adult Qafzeh 7 specimen, are similarly distinctive in symphyseal morphology. Neanderthals are quite variable in their own right, and they as well as other middle to late Pleistocene fossils lack the symphyseal features of H. sapiens. Some of the latter are, however, seen in the Tighenif (Ternifine) mandibles.
The child care learning center: A practitioner designed training and staff development program for child/youth care workers

Child care workers, university professors, agency directors, and state officials in Wisconsin have been involved for the last three years in developing an innovative approach to training and staff development services for child/youth care workers. The program combines community and university resources in an attempt to provide several alternative forms of training and improved work related incentives for program participants. This article gives program background information and describes the progress made to this point and future program plans.
Late Holocene Coastal Plain Stratigraphy and Sea-Level History at Hanalei, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands

Fluvial, marine, and mixed fluvial-marine deposition on the coastal plain of Hanalei Bay on the north shore of Kauai, Hawaii, records a middle- to late-Holocene fall of relative sea level. Radiocarbon dating of the regression boundary preserved in the stratigraphy of the coastal plain documents a seaward shift of the shoreline beginning at least 4800–4580 cal yr B.P. and continuing until at least 2160–1940 cal yr B.P. Marine sands stranded in the backshore and coastal plain environment are buried by fluvial floodplain and channel sands, silts, and muds. In places, erosion at the regression contact exposed older marine sands thus increasing the hiatus at the regression disconformity. The shoreline regression is best explained as the result of a fall in relative sea level. The age and elevation of the cored regression boundary at sites that have not been influenced by erosion are consistent with a middle- to late-Holocene highstand of relative sea level as predicted by geophysical models of whole Earth deformation related to deglaciation.
Nucleation of ZnTe on the As-Terminated Si(112) Surface

We employ a suite of surface analysis techniques that probe the outermost ZnTe/As-Si(112) surface to generate an understanding of the initial stages of the heteroepitaxial HgCdTe/CdTe/ZnTe/As-Si(112) layer formation. Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), reflection-high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), along with nondestructive depth profiles by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are successfully applied to clarify and support the nucleation stages of ZnTe formation on the As-terminated Si(112) substrate. Data indicate a slow growth of the first ZnTe layer. In addition, no evidence of thick ZnTe island formation exists. The current ZnTe formation process generates full coverage on the Si(112) surface after six to nine MBE cycles. In order to fully understand the details of the ZnTe nucleation process on the Si(112) substrate, we present an inelastic background analysis with the Tougaard method to study surface morphology.
Flow Tube Studies of Benzene Charge Transfer Reactions from 250 to 1400 K

Temperature dependent rate constants and product branching fractions are reported for reactions of the atmospheric plasma cations NO+, O2+, O+, N+, N2+, and N4+ with benzene, as measured from 250 t...
Policy-based resource topology design for enterprise grids

One of the challenges grid technology faces today is the adoption in other domains than scientific computing, where it originated. However, in order to be usable and useful into other domains, it needs to be adapted and extended to fit the needs of the domain and yet maintains the standards defined by OGSA (I. Forster et al., 20020) and WSRF (2004). We focus on the domain of enterprise grids (S. Robinson, 2004), which are comprised of the interconnected data centers as they exist in commercial enterprises forming large pools of geographically distributed IT resources that are shared among numerous IT applications. In this paper, we compare the commonalities and differences between compute grids (I. Foster and C. Kesselman) and enterprise grids. We then introduce the concept of resource topologies which is important for enterprise grids. A design tool is presented for designing resource topologies. In the second part of the paper we introduce the problem of resource composition and present a solution for exploring a space of possible resource compositions for meeting application requirements using a policy-based constraint satisfaction method.
Dependence of capillary rise on the length of capillary

In gewissen Fallen erwies sich die Steighohe einer Flussigkeit als von der Lange der Kapillare abhangig, in der diese Steighohe gemessen wurde. Nur wenn die Lange des von der Flussigkeit freien Kapillarenteils einen gewissen Betrag ubersteigt, werden die normalen Steighohen sowie normale Meniskusformen beobachtet; wenn diese Lange den kritischen Wert nicht erreicht, sind bei einzelnen Flussigkeiten die Steighohen kleiner als normal und die Menisken flach.
Use of chromaticity in remote measurements of water quality

Abstract Optical cross sections (absorption and scattering per unit concentration of chlorophyll a, suspended mineral, and dissolved organic carbon) are utilized to generate subsurface irradiance reflectance spectra and upwelling irradiance spectra for a variety of water masses. Standard CIE chromaticity analyses are applied to the upwelling irradiance spectra. The results of these analyses serve as a basis for a discussion of severe restrictions in the application of chromaticity to water quality prediction.
The Role of Task-Related Behavior in the Emergence of Leaders The Dilemma of the Informed Woman

This study examined whether possession of relevant knowledge plus encouragement to use it would positively affect rates of emergent leadership for women. Hypotheses derived from expectation states and social role theories that such “informed women” would be more passive, less influential, and less well liked than comparably informed men were tested in 40 mixed-sex groups. In each group, either a man or a woman (hint person) was instructed privately to gain the adoption of an unusual but effective solution (hint solution) to a production problem. Members’ influential behaviors were observed, coded, and compared with peer ratings. Contrary to predictions, as many hint women as hint men gained adoption of the hint solution (45%). Nevertheless, although successful hint women were seen by their peers to be as influential, competent, and participative as successful hint men, they received significantly lower ratings on leadership and likability. Conditions that promote or inhibit women’s task leadership are dis...
Reversible dietary hepatic haemosiderosis.

IT has been shown that the livers of rats fed a diet of corn grits and lard contain abnormally large amounts of iron1. This increased iron deposition was ascribed to the low phosphorus content of the diet2. The present experiments were devised to investigate whether hepatic siderosis induced by dietary means could be reversed if the factors responsible for the iron overload were removed. After iron overload was produced by placing animals on a corn grits diet supplemented with iron, this diet was replaced by a stock diet without iron supplement. The liver iron values were determined on the same animals immediately after iron overload was produced by the corn grits diet, and at the end of the experiment following a five-month ‘Purina’ diet regimen.
Innovation in risk transfer for natural hazards impacting agriculture

Abstract Agricultural income from growing crops is susceptible to a variety of risks—the price of output and the actual amount of output are generally the largest risk variables. This article focuses on yield risk rather than price risk by reviewing innovation in risk transfer for natural hazard risk in agriculture. While many higher-income countries have long-standing crop insurance programs, these programs are not appropriate for lower-income countries. Lower-income countries can ill-afford the subsidies that are used in most multiple peril crop insurance programs throughout the world. Still, lower-income countries have large numbers of small farms increasing the need for agricultural insurance to protect against common problems that create disastrous losses for many individual farm households.
Love, sex, permissiveness, and abortion: a test of alternative models.

Alternative models of premarital abortion permissiveness (PAP) are tested with a two-state sample of single college women. The first model proposes that number of times in love (Love) leads to coitus (Sex) and that coitus increases premarital sexual permissiveness (PSP), which in turn leads to greater acceptance of abortion (PAP). The second posits a causal path from Love to PSP to Sex to PAP. The data appear to be consistent with a revised third model. The paths between Love and PAP and between Love and PSP are negligible, indicating that the effects of Love on PSP and PAP are mediated by Sex. The revised model suggests that as number of times in love increases so does coital experience and that coitus has both a direct effect on PAP and an indirect effect through PSP.
Biochemical studies of H-2K antigens from a group of related mutants. II. Identification of a shared mutation in B6-H-2bm6, B6.C-H-2bm7, and B6.C-H-2bm9.

In an earlier paper, we presented evidence that two independent mutants of the bg series, B6-H-2 bm5 (bm5) and B6-H-2 bm16 (bm16) carry identical mutations such that tyrosine at residue number 116 of the H-2Kb molecule from the parent strain C57BL/6Kh is replaced by a phenylalanine in each of the two mutant molecules. In this paper, we demonstrate, using similar techniques, that the independent bg series mutants B6-H-2 bm6 (bm6), B6.C-H-2 bm7 (bm7), and B6.C-H-2 bm9 (bm9), which share biological properties with bm5 and bm16, can be grouped together because they share two identical mutations, one of which is common to bm5 and bm16, a Tyr to Phe interchange at residue number 116. In addition, a second mutation is at residue number 121, where a Cys in the H-2K molecule from 136 is substituted with an Arg in the mutant. Since all of the bg series mutants arose independently and share biological and biochemical characteristics, it is anticipated that study of these mutants could lead to some understanding of the high mutation rate in the Kb molecule.
Measurement of the temperature dependence of depolarization time of luminescence

Abstract A modified version of the recently reported mode-locked laser system for the measurement of very fast radiative decay is adapted for the measurement of depolarization-time, τD, of fluorescence. The experimental technique allows phase-difference measurements by way of phase sensitive amplification down to 10-5 radians which corresponds to depolarization-times in the 10-13 sec range on the low end of the double-valued Δo(τD) function. Fluorescence decay time, τ, polarization, p, and phase-difference between the decays of polarized components of fluorescence, Δo, are monitored simultaneously as temperature of fluorescent samples (Chl b and methylene blue in ethyl alcohol) is varied. Phase analysis on the decay of polarized components of fluorescence is carried out for a time-independent rate of depolarization. The temperature variation clearly shows the regime where τD is dominated by rotational Brownian movement and the regime where depolarization occurs by way of energy transfers.
Mixed models to represent flow of fluids through vessels

Models consisting of interconnected regions (dead-water, backmix, plug flow, etc.) with various modes of flow through and around these regions (bypass, recycle, cross flow) are used to represent real vessels in which flow deviates greatly from plug flow. This paper deals with some of the problems of choosing and fitting such models, called mixed models, to represent flow in real vessels. The stimulus-response technique is a useful tool for this purpose, and matching response curves for model and real vessel then serves as the selection method. Some of the simpler mixed models and their corresponding characteristic response curves are presented. On represente les contenants reels, ou le mode d'ecoulement differe appreciablement de l'ecoulement frontal, a l'aide de modeles formes de zones communicantes (zone morte, zone agitee, ecoulement frontal, etc.) et comportant differents modes d'ecoulement a travers et autour de ces regions (derivation, recirculation, ecoulement eroise). L'auteur considere, dans ce travail, quelques-uns des problemes associes au choix et a l'adaptation de tels modeles, ou modeles composes, pour representer l'ecoulement dans les contenants reels. La technique de la reponse a une demande quelconque constitue un outil utile dans ce cas et la methode de selection consiste a ajuster les courbes de reponse pour le modele et pour le contenant actuel. On presente quelques-uns des modeles composes les plus simples de měme que les courbes de reponse caracteristiques qui y correspondent.
The All-In-One Concept: How Much Must Listening Research Include?

Abstract In years ahead more and more of us will have the opportunity to sharpen our listening abilities while receiving guidance from experts in this field. (Nichols & Stevens, 1957, p. 221)
The craft of teaching cooperative learning: an active learning strategy

Types of cooperative learning are described, and the importance of this learning approach is stressed. A conceptual approach to cooperative learning has been developed at the University of Minnesota which is characterized by five basic elements: positive interdependence, face-to-face promotive interaction, individual accountability, collaborative skills, and group processing. Work has focussed on applying the research and development of each of the strategies to the college classroom. Cognitive research on how students learn, research on the importance of social support, research on the importance of collaborative skills, and the research on the importance of active involvement to the cooperative learning strategies mentioned above are being integrated and related. It is concluded that implementing cooperative learning in the college classroom would assist in getting students meaningfully involved in learning and focussing attention on active learning to help prepare self-directed, autonomous learners. >
Self-averaging radiative transfer for parabolic waves

Abstract A systematic derivations of self-averaging scaling limits of parabolic waves in terms of the Wigner distribution function is presented. The convergence of the Wigner distribution to one of the six deterministic radiative transfer equations is established. One of the main contributions of this Note is a unified framework for space–time scaling limits that lead to radiative transfer. To cite this article: A.C. Fannjiang, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).
Lewis-number effects on edge-flame propagation

Activation-energy asymptotics is employed to explore effects of the Lewis number, the ratio of thermal to fuel diffusivity, in a one-dimensional model of steady motion of edges of reaction sheets. The propagation velocity of the edge is obtained as a function of the relevant Damkohler number, the ratio of the diffusion time to the chemical time. The results show how Lewis numbers different from unity can increase or decrease propagation velocities. Increasing the Lewis number increases the propagation velocity at large Damkohler numbers and decreases it at small Damkohler numbers. Advancing-edge and retreating-edge solutions are shown to exist simultaneously, at the same Damkohler number, if the Lewis number is sufficiently large. This multiplicity of solutions has a bearing on potential edge-flame configurations in non-uniform flows.
Assessment of High School Students' Creative Thinking Skills: A comparison of dance and nondance classes

This study compared the creative thinking abilities of students taking dance class in high school to nondance students ( n =286). The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) was the basis of the comparison using a pre-test/post-test format. Dance subjects were enrolled in classes that included a variety of dance forms plus some creative work. Comparison of changes in dancers' and nondancers' overall TTCT scores demonstrated no significant differences with a repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). However, significant differences were found between dancers and nondancers for originality and abstractness of title TTCT subscale scores with a repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results also showed a different profile for dancers' scores at the six high schools.
Comparison of the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of selected mutagens on excision repair-sufficient and -deficient AD-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa

The excision repair-deficient genetic marker uvs-2 was crossed into the tester strains N23 and N24 of Neurospora crassa. Comparison was made among the effects of selected mutagens on a repair-sufficient strain (N23 or N24) and a repair-deficient strain (N23 uvs-2 or N24 uvs-2) with regard to cell killing and induction of reverse mutation from adenine dependence to adenine independence. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 2,3,5,6-tetraethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone (TEB) and ICR-170 were found to be more toxic to the repair-deficient strains than to the repair-sufficient strains. For the induction of reverse mutations N23 uvs-2 appeared to be more sensitive than N23 to MNNG and TEB and to the high concentrations of MMS and DEO while N24 was 20 times more sensitive than N24 uvs-2 to ICR-170.
Synthesis and Exchange Bias in γ-Fe2O3/CoO and Reverse CoO/γ-Fe2O3 Binary Nanoparticles

γ-Fe2O3/CoO and reverse CoO/γ-Fe2O3 binary nanoparticles have been prepared by a facile, two-step chemical route through the thermal decomposition of Co(acac)2 and Fe(acac)3 in hot oleyl amine. The synthesis is based on heterogeneous nucleation and growth of the second component on seed nanoparticles of the first one. The binary particles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and cognate techniques. The heteroparticles are very stable in nonpolar organic solvents due the organic coating that is formed in situ. The presence of the antiferromagnetic CoO phase leads to unidirectional anisotropy, which is shown to originate from both magnetically compensated and uncompensated interfaces.
CRT-201 Can Ankle-Brachial Index or Ankle Pressure Be Used to Predict Wound Healing in Critical Limb Ischemia Patients?

The ankle pressure (AP) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) are inexpensive, sensitive and specific tests for the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease (PAD). In patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI), the decision to perform angiography and revascularization depends on appropriateness of blood flow
HIGH-RESOLUTION 3D SEISMIC REFLECTION AND CORING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LATE QUATERNARY DEPOSITS ON THE NEW JERSEY SHELF

Studies of variable, small-scale features typical of Quaternary glacimarine environments require an interdisciplinary approach: precisely navigated, high-resolution 3D seismic surveys nested within a regional 2D seismic framework and integrated with a precisely navigated coring program designed to sample specific shallow acoustic facies. We illustrate this approach with examples from continuing studies of sediments on the New Jersey continental shelf. Surficial stratigraphy associated with the latest Pleistocene-Holocene deglaciation has been imaged twice in true 3D using the Huntec® DTS system, a deep-towed, high-frequency (500–3500 Hz) boomer source. In both cases, nominal profile spacing was 10 m (2.5 m shot points). Penetration of ~40 ms (~30 m) was achieved. Seismic facies in the upper 5 m have been interpreted using differential GPS-navigated vibra-cores. Accuracy of position of both seismic profiles and core locations approaches 5 m, much smaller than the wavelengths of the geologic features being imaged/sampled. Survey results show multiple, sediment-filled channels buried beneath the modern outer shelf meandering south and southeast, in the general direction of the shelf edge. Channels are typically a few meters deep and 100–200 m across. Lateral continuity between the channeled surfaces within the outer-shelf wedge and the mid-shelf cannot be demonstrated because of later erosion, but both sets of channels incise reflector ‘R’, believed to be a pre-Late Wisconsinan exposure surface. AMS14C dates on benthic foraminifers from cores show that channels on the midshelf are cut into sediment >45,000 yrs old, and filled with muddy sediment as young as ~12,500 yrs, whereas channels on the outer shelf are filled with coarser, and perhaps older, sediment. Both sets of filled channels are buried beneath a surficial sand layer. The integrated approach described here can remove some uncertainties and considerably ‘sharpen’ the Quaternary stratigraphic picture. Without the perspective obtained from 3D seismic surveys and equally precise sampling, interpretations based on broader regional seismic surveys and spot coring are inevitably constrained by the potential for mismatching shallow acoustic and sedimentary facies.
Metabolism, Macromolecular Synthesis, and Nuclear Behavior of Cryptococcus albidus at 37 C

Abstract The temperature-sensitive events which prevent Cryptococcus albidus from growing at 37 C were investigated. Cultures incubated at 37 C immediately after inoculation did not increase in optical density nor in cell numbers, and by 24 h 90% of cells in such cultures were deformed and dead. When cultures in log phase were shifted from 23 to 37 C the optical density increased but the cell numbers did not. Morphological observations revealed that the increase in turbidity at 37 C represented enlargement and distortion of cells without appreciable replication. Uptake and incorporation of 14C-leucine were similar at 23 and 37 C. There was no difference in 14CO2 evolution from cells at either temperature. Uptake and incorporation of adenine-8-14C into RNA was slightly lower in cells incubated at 37 C. There was, however, a 60% reduction in incorporation of adenine-8-14C into DNA after 3 hr at 37 C. Nuclear staining revealed that nuclear migration did not occur in cells incubated at 37 C. Thus the data indicate that both adenine incorporation into DNA and nuclear migration prior to nuclear division by C. albidus are temperature sensitive.
Moving Beyond Dwelling in Suffering: A Situation-Specific Theory of Men’s Healing from Childhood Maltreatment

The authors present an explanation of the development of a situation-specific theory of men's healing from maltreatment during childhood. Development of the theory was guided by Rogers' science of unitary human beings (SUHB). The four multidimensional concepts of the theory are interpreted within the context of the SUHB from themes discovered from the findings of a hermeneutic phenomenological study of men who had been exposed to childhood maltreatment, including neglect and abuse. The concepts are: moving beyond suffering, desiring release from suffering, dwelling in suffering, and experiencing wellbeing. Moving beyond suffering is the process of healing from childhood maltreatment. Desiring release from suffering is the facilitator of men's life experiences that speeds up the rate of evolution from moving beyond suffering to experiencing healing. Dwelling in suffering is the barrier in men's life experiences that slows down the rate of evolution from moving beyond suffering to experiencing wellbeing.
Regulation of complement 5a receptor expression in U937 cells by phorbol ester.

Receptors for the anaphylactic portion of complement, C5a, are not initially expressed in the monoblastic U937 cell line, but appear as the cell is induced to differentiate by the synergistic actions of 1,25(OH)2D and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), which activates the protein kinase C pathway (PKC), does not cause C5a receptor (C5aR) expression when used as a single agent. The induction of C5aR by the synergistic actions of 1,25(OH)2D and cAMP, however, can be augmented as much as 180% by the addition of PMA. C5aR arising in cells exposed to 1,25(OH)2D and 8,4-chlorophenylthio-cAMP have an affinity constant of about 0.4 nM as assessed by cold competition analysis. We show here that when phorbol augmentation of receptor number occurs, the affinity constant is increased by 3.6-fold. In an effort to ascertain whether the change in C5aR Kd involved a PKC-dependent event we examined whether 5-60 mm exposure of C5aR-positive cells to PMA would change C5aR Kd. Acutely, PMA caused a downregulation of receptor binding with decreases in apparent receptor number out of proportion to changes in Kd. One hundred nanomolar PMA, which effects nearly complete translocation of PKC to the membrane, consistently caused a 70-90% decrease in C5a surface binding. This downregulation was proportional to PMA dose and exposure time. Micromolar concentrations of the microtubule depolymerizing agents colchicine and vinblastine caused a less drastic downregulation, about 50% of the maximal phorbol effect. Our data suggest that activation of the PKC system might acutely limit the macrophage’s ability to respond to C5a; chronically, phorbols upregulate receptor expression, most likely through positive effects on C5aR gene expression.
Simultaneous estimation of optical flow and heat transport in infrared image sequences

This paper incorporates physical models of heat transport into motion analysis in infrared image sequences. Physical transport processes, such as heat diffusion and decay, are causing time dependent brightness variations, violating the common brightness constancy assumption. Previous approaches to optical flow computation have accommodated violations of brightness constancy with the use of robust statistics or with generalized brightness constancy constraints that allow generic types of contrast and illumination changes. Here, we consider realistic models of brightness variation that have time-dependent physical causes. We simultaneously estimate the optical flow and the relevant physical parameters, such as the heat diffusion and decay constants. The estimation problem is formulated for a wide class of physical models using total least squares (TLS), with confidence bounds on the parameters.
Accelerating the Convergence to Equilibrium of Ocean-Climate Models

Abstract Solutions corresponding to climatic equilibrium are usually obtained from atmospheric general circulation models by extended numerical integration with respect to time. Because the ocean contains a much wider range of time scales the same procedure is not practical for ocean general circulation models. The ocean contains the same high frequency waves as the atmosphere and in addition, has ultra low frequencies associated with slow diffusion of water mass properties below the main thermocline. For the parameter range in which equilibrium solutions exist, a method based on distorted physics partially circumvents this difficulty. The distorted physics compresses the frequency band of the ocean model by slowing down gravity waves and speeding up abyssal processes. The acceleration of abyssal processes is accomplished by decreasing the local heat capacity without altering the transport and mixing of heat. Numerical integration of the distorted-physics ocean model then converges to equilibrium nearly a...
Biomedical and potential clinical applications for pulsed lasers operating near 6.45 um

Glenn Edwards Vanderbilt University Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37235 E-mail: edwardgl @ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu The Vanderbilt FEL Center,9 similar to other FEL facilities, supports a multimillion-dollar laser housed in a dedicated facility requiring expert technical support. The operating parameters of the Vanderbilt FEL are summarized in Table 1. Efforts are under way to develop compact FELs for medical applications.'0 In addition, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have lased within the desired wavelength range, but with significantly different pulse structure.' Nonetheless, OPOs represent a promising alternative.
Autopsy pathology of pediatric posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Objectives. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality, is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and is more common in children than in adults. We reviewed autopsies of children who died with PTLD to compare postmortem with antemortem PTLD histology, to assess the extent of PTLD, to document associated pathology, and to identify cause of death. Methods. Postmortem examinations were performed on 7 patients after bone marrow ( n = 3) or liver ( n = 4) transplant. PTLD was classified histologically as hyperplasia or lymphoma. In situ hybridization for EBER1 messenger RNA was performed on tissue samples from all cases. EBV serologies were used to categorize infections as negative, primary, or reactive. Results. PTLD was diagnosed in 5 children 12 to 35 (mean: 22) days before death, and 1.5 to 4 (mean: 3) months after transplant; PTLD was diagnosed in 2 cases at autopsy 2.5 and 4 months after transplant. Postmortem PTLD histology resembled antemortem histology; 5 PTLDs were lymphoma, 1 was hyperplasia, and 1 contained both lymphoma and hyperplasia. EBER1 messenger RNA was detected in 6 B-cell PTLDs, including lesions from patients who did not have EBV serology that indicated active infection. Complete autopsy of 4 patients who died with biopsy-proven PTLD revealed widely disseminated disease, and lymph node, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney were involved in all 4 patients. Cases diagnosed at autopsy were 1 widely disseminated PTLD that had been suspected but not proven antemortem, and 1 PTLD confined to abdominal lymph nodes that was not suspected antemortem. Severe organ dysfunction (renal failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage) was caused by massive PTLD infiltration in 2 patients. The conditions other than PTLD that contributed to morbidity and death were organ infection (5 cases), infarcts (4 cases), and diffuse alveolar damage (3 cases). Conclusions. PTLD may occur within weeks after transplant in children. The distribution of PTLD comprises a spectrum from localized and subclinical to widely disseminated and symptomatic. PTLD may cause demise quickly after the onset of signs and symptoms, through massive organ infiltration or associated conditions, such as diffuse alveolar damage. EBV serology may not accurately reflect the presence or extent of PTLD. Autopsy studies of transplant patients are necessary to identify the true incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of PTLD.
Development of a personal sampler for collecting fungal spores

Exposure to fungal aerosols is of concern in indoor environments. However, sampling limitations have previously made it difficult to assess exposures accurately, especially long-term exposures. A prototype personal aerosol sampler, based on cyclone principles and using a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube as a particle collection receptacle has been designed and fabricated. Collection efficiency for aerosol particles in the size range of fungal spores has been evaluated for different types of microcentrifuge tubes, together with the effect of a polyethylene glycol coating on the inside of the tube and the effect of adding water to the tube. Monodisperse, fluorescently tagged polymer microspheres with median diameters of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, and 16 μm were used to evaluate sampler performance with particle diameter. The microcentrifuge-tube sampler was tested at flow rates of 2 and 4 liters per minute (l/min). Experimental results indicate that the microcentrifuge-tube sampler has an aspiration efficiency of 100%...
Pacific Northwest Marine Sediments Contain Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in the β Subdivision of the Proteobacteria

The diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in aquatic sediments was studied by retrieving ammonia monooxygenase and methane monooxygenase gene sequences. Methanotrophs dominated freshwater sediments, while β-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers dominated marine sediments. These results suggest that γ-proteobacteria such as Nitrosococcus oceani are minor members of marine sediment ammonia-oxidizing communities.
Identification of an Extracellular Domain within the Human PiT2 Receptor That Is Required for Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Binding

Human PiT2 (PiT2) is a multiple-membrane-spanning protein that functions as a type III sodium phosphate cotransporter and as the receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV). Human PiT1 (PiT1), another type III sodium phosphate cotransporter, is a highly related protein that functions as a receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus but not for A-MuLV. The ability of PiT1 and PiT2 to function as discrete viral receptors with unique properties presumably is reflected in critical residue differences between these two proteins. Early efforts to map the region(s) within PiT2 that is important for virus binding and/or entry relied on infection results obtained with PiT1-PiT2 chimeric cDNAs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHOK1) cells. These attempts to localize the PiT2 virus-binding site were hampered because they were based on infectivity, not binding, assays, and therefore, receptors that bound but failed to facilitate virus entry could not be distinguished from receptors that did not bind virus. Using a more accurate topological model for PiT2 as well as an A-MuLV receptor-binding assay, we have identified extracellular domain one (ECD1) of the human PiT2 receptor as being important for A-MuLV binding and infection.
Predicting the hepatic clearance of xenobiotics in humans from in vitro data

Values for Vmax and Km determined during the in vitro metabolism of a xenobiotic to a known metabolite by a specific human isozyme of cytochrome P450 (P450) were used to predict the hepatic clearance (CLH) of the xenobiotic to that metabolite. The calculated CLH values were then compared to literature values of clearance (CL) to the same metabolite obtained during pharmacokinetic studies in humans. For the 6-hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone (P450 2E1) the predicted and actual clearances were 110 +/- 77 mL min-1 and 110 mL min-1, respectively. For the 6 beta-hydroxylation of cortisol, the deethylation of lidocaine (two studies), and the oxidation of nifedipine (all P450 3A3/4) the values were 13 +/- 15 mL min-1 and 13 mL min-1; 758 +/- 282 or 829 +/- 283 mL min-1 and 875 mL min-1; and 284 +/- 176 mL min-1 and 294 mL min-1, respectively. An increase to 72 +/- 25 mL min-1 in the CLH of cortisol to 6 beta-hydroxycortisol was calculated following rifampicin treatment. Finally, the polymorphic nature of the metabolism (P450 2D6) of mexiletine was confirmed. The usefulness of the method and its limitations are discussed.
A mosquito lipoxin/lipocalin complex mediates innate immune priming in Anopheles gambiae.

Exposure of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to Plasmodium infection enhances the ability of their immune system to respond to subsequent infections. However, the molecular mechanism that allows the insect innate immune system to ‘remember' a previous encounter with a pathogen has not been established. Challenged mosquitoes constitutively release a soluble haemocyte differentiation factor into their haemolymph that, when transferred into Naive mosquitoes, also induces priming. Here we show that this factor consists of a Lipoxin/Lipocalin complex. We demonstrate that innate immune priming in mosquitoes involves a persistent increase in expression of Evokin (a lipid carrier of the lipocalin family), and in their ability to convert arachidonic acid to lipoxins, predominantly Lipoxin A4. Plasmodium ookinete midgut invasion triggers immune priming by inducing the release of a mosquito lipoxin/lipocalin complex.