cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Production-Related Effort and the Limits of Contracting

Empirical and behavioral research suggests that workers don't always see work only as a means of obtaining income in return for production-related effort. Rather, they also exert nonproduction-related effort in order to obtain greater control over their jobs, achieve balance with non-work activities and to further such personal goals as flexibility, self-growth and jobsatisfaction. By contrast, the large accounting literature on incentive mechanism design has focused solely on production-related effort, making the implicit assumption that omitting nonproduction-related effort is without loss of generality. In this paper we develop a model with both types of effort in order to endogenously determine whether non-production-related effort impacts the ability of the firm to achieve its goal through incentive contracts. We show that while introducing non-production-related effort to the principal/agent model limits the power of contracting — meaning that the firm cannot guarantee that it can achieve its desire...
Extreme blueshift of surface plasmon resonance frequency in graphene nanodisk stacks

Abstract The extraordinary properties of graphene surface plasmons like strong field confinement, long propagation distance and tunability have made graphene an attractive alternative to noble metals. However, it is still experimentally challenging to increase the resonance frequency in graphene nanostructures beyond the mid-IR limit. In this work, we investigate the blueshift of surface plasmon resonance frequency via plasmon hybridization in graphene disk stacks. Based on a nonretarded approach, we study the plasmon hybrid modes in graphene disk stack structures, considering the optical coupling between the uncouple eigenmodes of each disk. Through this methodology we were also able to extract the scattered and absorbed fields. We find that due to plasmon hybridization in an N-disk stack, each uncoupled mode splits into N hybrid modes. When the distance between disks is close to the strong coupling limit, we observe that for each uncoupled mode there is only one hybrid mode that is blue-shifted compared with the resonance frequency of its respective uncoupled mode. Analysis of the hybridization by reducing the distance between disks shows that in the transition between the weak and strong coupling regimes the interaction is mainly driven by the coupling of edge plasmons. For a stack with 25 graphene disks having a Fermi level of 1.0 eV and a 50 nm disk diameter, we observe that surface plasmon hybridization can effectively blueshift the resonance frequency up to 0.69 eV (1.8 μ m ). In addition, compared to a single graphene disk with the same diameter, the 25-disk stack can increase the peak of absorption and scattering cross sections by 12 and 38 times, respectively, opening up a wide range of applications for graphene surface plasmons in the near-infrared regime.
The Hf-Os constitution diagram

Abstract The Hf-Os constitution diagram was determined by metallography, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe studies. Three new compounds were discovered. One of these (η phase) has a cubic Ti 2 Ni-type structure, but the other two (ζ and θ phases) have not yet been identified. The η and ζ phases form by sluggish peritectic reactions which are easily suppressed in cast alloys by formation of stable CsCl-type (δ phase) dendrites and the metastable θ phase. The metastable θ phase formed in this manner is remarkably stable during solid state annealing at relatively high temperatures (about 1800 °C), and this can strongly inhibit the formation of the equilibrium η and ζ phases. A glassy phase was produced by ultrarapid quenching of the liquid alloy containing about 25 at.% Os.
Shallow pore water sampling in reef sediments

Several new techniques have been developed to allow the geochemical characterization of shallow pore waters in reefs. First, a new method was developed for using non-metallic well-points to sample pore waters from shallow depths (<1 m) in coral reefs with unconsolidated substrates. These PVC well-points can be made faster and at less expense than well-points made of stainless steel. They also eliminate metal contamination and are free from the problems of corrosion in sea water. Additional improvements in sampling techniques maximize the spatial resolution of geochemical gradients and address the problems of atmospheric contamination associated with the sampling of dissolved gases. Data taken from Checker Reef, Oahu, Hawaii, illustrate the application of these methods.
ESR STUDY OF A NEW LIGHT-SENSITIVE FREE RADICAL IN THE COATS OF WHEAT AND OTHER SEEDS

— The endogenous free radical signal in the coat of wheat and other seeds is found to increase rapidly upon exposure to light from a high pressure mercury lamp reaching a saturation value in about one hour. Upon dark storage the signal slowly decays to approximately its initial value after a number of days. Re-exposure to the light causes the signal to again increase. The signal also depends inversely and reversibly upon moisture content. The dynamic behavior of the signal indicates that the radicals are produced from a limited number of centers in the seed coat. The identity of these centers is still unknown, but our results rule out such possibilities as chlorophyll, melanin and phenolic compounds and suggest that a new light-sensitive component is present in the outer coating of seeds.
Notch Prosensory Effects in the Mammalian Cochlea Are Partially Mediated by Fgf20

Hearing loss is becoming an increasingly prevalent problem affecting more than 250 million people worldwide. During development, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required for inner ear development as well as hair cell formation in the mammalian cochlea and thus make attractive therapeutic candidates for the regeneration of sensory cells. Previous findings showed that Fgfr1 conditional knock out mice exhibited hair cell and support cell formation defects. Immunoblocking with Fgf20 antibody in vitro produced a similar phenotype. While hair cell differentiation in mice starts at embryonic day (E)14.5, beginning with the inner hair cells, Fgf20 expression precedes hair cell differentiation at E13.5 in the cochlea. This suggests a potential role for Fgf20 in priming the sensory epithelium for hair cell formation. Treatment of explants with a gamma-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, decreased Fgf20 mRNA, suggesting that Notch is upstream of Fgf20. Notch signaling also plays an early role in prosensory formation during cochlear development. In this report we show that during development, Notch-mediated regulation of prosensory formation in the cochlea occurs via Fgf20. Addition of exogenous FGF20 compensated for the block in Notch signaling and rescued Sox2, a prosensory marker, and Gfi1, an early hair cell marker in explant cultures. We hypothesized that Fgf20 plays a role in specification, amplification, or maintenance of Sox2 expression in prosensory progenitors of the developing mammalian cochlea.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators as a New Therapeutic Drug Group: Concept to Reality in a Decade

This article provides an overview of the historical development, current research, clinical benefits, and potential future applications of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and raloxifene. The understanding of the mechanism of action of SERMs led not only to the development of tamoxifen, the first widely used antiestrogen for breast cancer treatment, but also to its application as a chemopreventive agent. The SERM principle of antiestrogenic actions in the breast but estrogenlike actions in bone is reviewed in clinical practice through analysis of the current applications and the potential for expanding the role of SERMs. The current view of the molecular mechanism of SERM action is summarized to identify potential target sites for future research. The clinical success of tamoxifen and raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and osteoporosis, respectively, has encouraged the development of a range of new agents that target breast cancer, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and endometrial safety.
SU‐FF‐T‐360: Planning Strategies to Reduce Unnecessary Skin Dose in Head and Neck IMRT, Including Experimental Verification

Purpose: To investigate IMRT planning techniques that reduce skin dose without adversely impacting important doses at depth and to experimentally confirm these findings. Method and Materials: A semi‐cylindrical phantom was constructed with catheters at 3, 6, 9 and 12mm depths, allowing micro‐MOSFET dosimeters to be inserted to measure dose at multiple points on the surface and in the build‐up region. Critical structures, a node‐like CTV, and 2mm surface structure (‘skin’) were contoured on a CTimage of the phantom with and without an immobilization mask. A PTV was generated by expanding the CTV 5mm in all directions up to the body contour; three modifications were then implemented, pulling back the PTV 0, 3 or 5mm from the body contour. Seven‐field IMRT plans were created using Eclipse to maximize PTV coverage, with one of the following strategies: (1) aim for maximum 110% hotspot, 115% allowed, (2) maximum 105% hotspot, (3) maximum 105% hotspot and 50% of skin to get maximum 70% of prescribed dose, (4) 99% of PTV volume to receive 90–93% of prescribed dose, maximum 105% hotspot, and dose to skin structure minimized. All twelve PTV and planning strategy combinations were investigated, with and without immobilization mask. The plans were then delivered using a Varian 21Ex, and dose to skin and build‐up region was measured. Results: From highest to lowest skin dose, the planning strategies were (3), (4), (2), (1), with little dependence on the PTV expansion approach. Technique (3), however, showed a tendency to underdose tissues at depth. Conclusion: The best strategy to reduce unnecessary skin dose, while maintaining target dose, is to pull the PTV back 3–5mm from the skinsurface, and plan such that PTV coverage is maximized, with 99% of PTV volume receiving 90–93% of prescribed dose, maximum 105% hotspot, and the skin structure dose minimized.
Poincare modes of light

This article presents a study of Poincare-mode patterns produced by superpositions of high-order Laguerre-Gauss modes in orthogonal polarization eigenstates. We cover the cases of three polarization bases: circular, linear and elliptical. We show that a variety of patterns can be created, many containing polarization singularities and multiple mappings of the Poincare sphere onto the beam mode.
How do I empathize with you? Let me count the ways: relations between facets of pain-related empathy.

Abstract This study examined the extent to which components of empathy (ie, empathic accuracy, empathic tendencies, and empathic responses) were correlated within the context of chronic pain couples. Additionally, the interrelationships between these empathy variables and spouse responses to pain were investigated. Participants were 57 couples in which at least 1 spouse reported chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each couple participated in a videotaped interaction about the impact of pain in their lives together, after which they completed an empathic accuracy procedure. The interactions were coded for the spouse’s use of empathic responses. Couples also completed surveys about pain severity, pain interference, empathic tendencies, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal responses (ie, solicitous and punishing responses) to pain. Spousal empathic responses and empathic accuracy were not related to one another nor were they related to spousal empathic tendencies, or solicitous spouse responses. Spousal punishing responses were negatively related to empathic responses. The association between solicitousness and empathic responses was moderated by spousal marital satisfaction. The findings suggest that there are not clear associations among these empathy variables. The results also indicate that the climate in which solicitousness is provided may influence the extent to which spouses display empathic responses. Perspective The findings have implications for models of pain empathy and suggest that future research is needed to understand relations between aspects of empathy. Moreover, interventions aimed at addressing the empathic climate in which support is delivered may help spouses more empathically and effectively communicate with and assist partners with pain management.
Self-Mimetic Curved Silvering: Dancing with Irigaray

In lieu of an abstract, here is the opening paragraph of the essay: One of Luce Irigaray’s many important contributions to philosophy consists in invoking dance more frequently than any other canonical Western philosopher. Unfortunately, however, her treatment of dance has rarely been treated substantively in the secondary literature, especially in regard to her most influential commentators, including Judith Butler, Elizabeth Grosz, and Margaret Whitford. Accordingly, I will begin my first section by situating the theme of dance in Irigaray’s work in the context of that of the latter three philosophers. I will attempt to show, moving from Butler to Grosz to Whitford, an increasing tolerance for, and ultimately even celebration of, ambivalence in the form and content of Irigaray’s work. I will then conclude my first section by considering Elend Summers-Bremer’s “Reading Irigaray, Dancing” in tandem with Gerald Jonas’ Dancing: The Power, Pleasure and Art of Movement. My suggestion here will be that a certain Irigaray-informed approach to social dance could be seen as foreshadowing Irigaray’s later work on a new, more positive, kind of heterosexual relationship. Overall, then, this first section provides the justification for my thematic focus on dance.
Accurate Determination of System Compliance and Young’s Modulus for Single Fibers

Single fiber testing was conducted utilizing the ASTM D3379-89e1 standard to measure the Young’s modulus for optical glass fibers. Upon analyzing the experimental data, it was discovered that procedural methods to account for system compliance resulted in a source of uncertainty due to the 12.6 % fiber diameter variability between different fibers tested. As a result, the 86.8 GPa Young’s modulus determined included a significant 43.9 % uncertainty. A new method of data analysis was devised to take into account this fiber diameter variability, which lowered the uncertainty to 7.5 % and provided a Young’s modulus of 61.4 GPa. Comparisons were made with the more recent ASTM C1557-03 standard that gave a similar 61.3 GPa Young’s modulus. A large bias error of 41.6 % exists between the Young’s modulus values determined by the two standard methods. The various analytical methods are discussed along with their estimates of uncertainty, the impact on micro-mechanics, and how to lower this uncertainty further.
Symbolism and Economic Development Work: Perceptions of Urban Economic Development Practitioners

To elaborate themes suggested by Edelman's model of symbolic politics, data from a national survey of economic development practitioners are examined. In response to the uncertainty of municipal ec...
At what age do rat young stop responding to the maternal pheromone

We tested postweanling rat young to see if they would continue to respond to the maternal pheromone when pheromone-containing feces were made available in the home cage. We found that they do, and that the consumption of pheromone-containing feces is important for such sustained responsiveness. Nonetheless, interest in the pheromone does not continue past 50 days of age. The possible adaptive significance of the continuation and cessation of pheromonal responsiveness was discussed.
The Band Spectra of SrCl and SrH

The spectra of SrCl and SrH are observed in absorption. The SrCl analysis given by Parker is confirmed. Measurement of the relative intensities of corresponding bands of the electronic doublet $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ indicates that $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ is the ground state. Rotational analyses of several bands of the $C$ and $D$ systems of SrH lead to values of ${B}_{e}$ of 4.008 and 1.925 for the $C$ and $D$ states, respectively. Vibrational analyses of the two systems give ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=1206.2$, ${x}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=17.0$ for the $X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state; ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=1347$, ${x}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=23.5$ for the $C^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=1014.1$ and ${x}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=15.4$ for the $D^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state. The perturbations in the $C$ and $D$ states are discussed in terms of the interactions of the $C$, $D$, and $E$ states.
Risk aversion and stock price volatility when dividends are difference stationary

Abstract The relationship between stock price volatility and agents' risk aversion is studied within a recursive equilibrium asset pricing model in which the endowment growth rate is assumed to follow a two-state stationary process. In contrast to a model that is stationary in the level of the endowment, the volatility of stock prices is not generally an increasing function of agents' risk aversion. The specific relationship between risk aversion and stock price volatility is shown to depend on the autorcorrelation properties of the growth rate.
The Null Curriculum: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Implications

ABSTRACTIn this essay we take a critical look at the concept of “null curriculum”—what schools do not teach—and ask two questions: 1) Can the term “null curriculum” be defined adequately for curriculum theorizing?, and 2) Is this concept in any way useful for practice? Our consideration of the null curriculum centers on its possible uses in terms of theory, research, and practice. In each of these areas, particular attention is given to the problems involved in clearly defining this rather ambiguous concept. We note that conceptions of curriculum play the dominant role in how null curriculum is defined, and point out that a given null curriculum can be identified only in relation to what is valued as educationally significant. Although the notion of null curriculum cannot be defined in precise terms, we conclude that it does have worthwhile application in certain practical areas of curriculum development and evaluation.
A Theory of Commodity Bundling in Final Product Markets: Professor Hirshleifer Meets Professor Becker

This article advances a theory of commodity bundling as an alternative to forward integration in household production. We argue, in particular, that a producer having market power over the sale of a final consumption good will sometimes find it profitable to bundle that good with one or more complements – and to sell the preassembled package to consumers at a lump-sum price – for the same reason that a monopolist of an intermediate input profits from vertically integrating his supply chain. In both cases, substitution against a monopoly-priced input is avoided and competitively determined input-price ratios are restored downstream. Combining the theories of transfer pricing and household production also suggests that the not uncommon practice of “mixed bundling”, whereby sellers offer the same final consumption good both bundled and unbundled, can be explained as a way of segmenting consumers into groups based on differences in their skills, tastes, and preferences for home production.
Heparin dosing and outcome in acute coronary syndromes: The GUSTO-IIb experience

Abstract Background This study analyzed relationships among heparin dosage, patient characteristics, and 30-day outcome because optimal unfractionated-heparin dosing in acute coronary syndromes remains uncertain. Methods Patients (n = 5335) randomized to heparin therapy in the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIb trial were studied. The heparin dose was adjusted to a target activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and normalized for the patient's weight. Mortality and cardiac (re)infarction within 30 days and their association with patient characteristics and heparin dosing were evaluated. Results The lowest mortality rate appeared with a heparin dose of approximately 14 U/kg/h or an aPTT of approximately 70 seconds. Heparin dosing was a significant predictor of outcome after adjusting for presenting coronary syndrome; a trend remained after adjusting for other baseline differences. This association was lost when adjusted for the aPTT result. Patients who died early appeared to have lower heparin dosing than those with later mortality ( P =.012). Heparin "resistance" with relatively high heparin dosages and low aPTT values did not increase the risk for adverse outcome. Conclusions There is a defined, dose-associated benefit of unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes similar to that seen previously in thrombolytic-treated infarctions. Heparin therapy is complicated by its complex biologic interactions and relatively crude measures of its effect. Better measures of heparin effectiveness and strategies need to be developed with either better antithrombin agents or adjunctive therapies such as antiplatelet regimens to treat patients who require benefits beyond that supplied by unfractionated heparin. (Am Heart J 2002;144:73-80.)
Performance of preschoolers on the Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance.

The purposes of this study were to describe the performance of 40 children aged 4 and 5 years on the Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (P-CTSIB) and to determine whether age- and gender-related differences were present. The P-CTSIB measures standing balance when sensory input is systematically altered. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analyses of variance by ranks (p less than or equal to .05) were used for comparisons by age and gender. When the 4-year-olds were compared with the 5-year-olds, significant duration differences were found in 4 of the 6 conditions in the heel-toe position of the P-CTSIB. The age-related differences on the remaining 2 heel-toe conditions, as well as on Condition 6 of the feet-together position, approached significance. Gender differences with 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds combined were statistically non-significant in all instances; however, girls performed better on 9 of the 12 conditions of the P-CTSIB. The results indicate that the feet-together position can discriminate between children without balance deficits and children with balance deficits. The heel-toe position is difficult for children aged 4 and 5 years without balance deficits and consequently has limited diagnostic value for this age group.
Maternal aggression persists following lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the immune system.

Lactating females direct aggressive behaviors towards intruders presumably to reduce the likelihood of infanticide of their pups. Infected animals display a constellation of responses that include lethargy, anorexia, and decreased social interactions. This suite of responses is referred to as sickness behavior, and is putatively part of an adaptive strategy to aid the organism in recovery from infection. Previous work has suggested that animals can suppress the behavioral symptoms of sickness in order to engage in adaptive behaviors. To test whether adaptive nest defense is affected by illness, dams received a peripheral injection of either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS [50, 400, or 1000 μg/kg]), a non-replicating component of bacterial cell walls that activates the immune system. Simulated infection with LPS reduced body mass and food intake in dams and interfered with litter growth in a dose-dependent manner. Generally, nest defense was unaffected by LPS; the proportion of dams displaying maternal aggression against a male intruder, as well as the latency and duration of aggressive encounters were only suppressed at the highest LPS dose tested. Further, LPS treatment also altered non-agonistic behavior during the aggression test as indicated by reduced social investigation of the intruder and an increased time spent immobile during the session. LPS administration also significantly increased serum corticosterone concentrations in lactating females. These findings suggest that maternal aggression is not suppressed by LPS-evoked immune activation at doses that attenuate other aspects of maternal and social behavior.
Photovoltaic universal joints: ball-and-socket interfaces in molecular photovoltaic cells.

A new approach toward higher efficiency organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) is described. Complementarity in shape between the donor (contorted hexabenzocoronene, see picture) and acceptor (buckminsterfullerene) molecules results in OPVs that perform surprisingly well. This exploitation of host-guest chemistry at the organic/organic interface demonstrates a new direction for OPV device design.
Project SMART Parent Program: Preliminary Results of a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Trial

Project SMART Parent Program is a school-based healthy lifestyle promotion program designed to reduce chronic disease risk in adults and to provide a health-conscious home environment for children through the adoption of healthy lifestyles by their parents. Parents in the high involvement condition received comprehensive health status appraisals, and a program designed to reduce dietary fat intake, and increase aerobic activity levels. Parents in the low involvement condition received only the comprehensive health status appraisals. ANCOVA, using treatment condition as the independent variable and change scores as the dependent variables, were used to assess program outcomes. At the first posttest measure, the intervention group compared to the control group had a significantly greater decrease in blood cholesterol, a greater gain in aerobic fitness, a greater weight loss, and a greater decrease in body fat. At the second posttest measure, the intervention group had significantly greater gain in aerobic f...
Maintaining functional module integrity in sensor networks

Security is one of the top concerns when sensors are deployed in hostile environments for military applications. Attacks on sensor nodes can be categorized into two types: attacks through radio signals to alter the functionalities of sensors and physical attacks; which may completely damage sensors. We show that the former is easier to launch and more disguised, thus more hazardous. The layered framework proposed in this paper is specially designed to defend against the first type of attacks. Different from precious reputation-based approaches or data mining technologies which usually incur large communication and computation overhead, our solution only involves localized computation which is less intensive, thus can be implemented on-board with little burden on current MICA2 platforms. Besides identifying malicious nodes, our solution can also recover the normal functionalities of sensors, which have been altered by malicious radio signals
Renal Genetic Disorders Related to K+ and Mg2+

▪ Abstract The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contributions in this volume of the Annual Review of Physiology. The aim of my review is to integrate this body of knowledge with the understanding of the clinical disorders of human mineral homeostasis that accompany gain, loss, or dysregulation of function of these transport systems. The specific focus is on the best defined human clinical syndromes in which there are derangements in K+ and Mg2+ homeostasis.
A Flow-Through Ultrasonic Lysis Module for the Disruption of Bacterial Spores

An automated, flow-through ultrasonic lysis module that is capable of disrupting bacterial spores to increase the DNA available for biodetection is described. The system uses a flow-through chamber...
Implementation Science: How to Jump-Start Infection Prevention

Implementing evidence‐based infection prevention practices is challenging. Implementation science, which is the study of methods promoting the uptake of evidence into practice, addresses the gap between theory and practice. Just as healthcare epidemiology has emerged as a paradigm for patient safety, infection prevention may serve as a clinical model for implementation researchers.
THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE NATURE OF SCIENCE: DISPELLING THE MYTHS

The message from the Science and Engineering Indicators Study (National Science Board, 1996) discussed in the first chapter, and from an evaluation of the myths of science presented here is simple. We must rethink the goals for science instruction. Both students and those who teach science must focus on the nature of science itself rather than just its facts and principles. School science must give students an opportunity to experience science and its processes, free of the legends, misconceptions and idealizations inherent in the myths about the nature of the scientific enterprise. There must be increased opportunity for both beginning and experienced teachers to learn about and apply the real rules of the game of science accompanied by careful review of textbooks to remove the “creeping fox terriers” that have helped provide an inaccurate view of science and its nature. Only by clearing away the mist of half-truths and revealing science in its full light, with knowledge of both its strengths and limitations, will all learners appreciate the true pageant of science and be able to judge fairly its processes and products.
MI-GWAS: a SAS platform for the analysis of inherited and maternal genetic effects in genome-wide association studies using log-linear models

Several platforms for the analysis of genome-wide association data are available. However, these platforms focus on the evaluation of the genotype inherited by affected (i.e. case) individuals, whereas for some conditions (e.g. birth defects) the genotype of the mothers of affected individuals may also contribute to risk. For such conditions, it is critical to evaluate associations with both the maternal and the inherited (i.e. case) genotype. When genotype data are available for case-parent triads, a likelihood-based approach using log-linear modeling can be used to assess both the maternal and inherited genotypes. However, available software packages for log-linear analyses are not well suited to the analysis of typical genome-wide association data (e.g. including missing data). An integrated platform, Maternal and Inherited Analyses for Genome-wide Association Studies ( MI-GWAS) for log-linear analyses of maternal and inherited genetic effects in large, genome-wide datasets, is described. MI-GWAS uses SAS and LEM software in combination to appropriately format data, perform the log-linear analyses and summarize the results. This platform was evaluated using existing genome-wide data and was shown to perform accurately and relatively efficiently. The MI-GWAS platform provides a valuable tool for the analysis of association of a phenotype or condition with maternal and inherited genotypes using genome-wide data from case-parent triads. The source code for this platform is freely available at http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/sbrr/mi-gwas.htm .
South Pacific and American Remembering; or, “Josh, We're Going to Buy This Son of a Bitch!”

For many post-1945 Americans, the title South Pacific does not describe a text so much as a process of remembering. For the cultural historian, it offers an account of production. It is the relationship of these that will be my subject. The pattern of the former will largely depend, of course, on the rememberer – something of a book perhaps, a play, a movie, a song, another song. The latter, albeit complicated, is traceable. It has a literary provenance in a 1947 collection of fictional narratives by James A. Michener entitled Tales of the South Pacific , variously described as short stories or a novel, but always noted as winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In translation to Rodgers and Hammerstein's 1949 Broadway classic, it adds another Pulitzer and a paperback fortune for the original honoree: to one of the most celebrated runs in the golden era of the American musical. It parlays that success into one of the first widely popular 33⅓ RPM long-playing records, memorialized in its dramatic connection by a cover photograph of Mary Martin and Ezio Pinza in the lead roles of U.S. Navy nurse Nellie Forbush and French planter Emile DeBecque. It then reappears as a 1958 movie musical spectacular, leading to another joyride of the Michener narrative on the best-seller lists, and to yet another best-selling LP, now in stereo, with the cover photo of the lovers, here Mitzi Gaynor and Rozzano Brazzi, resituated against a Hollywood backdrop of wide-screen tropical splendors. Along the way, it proliferates into endless road productions and revivals; television showings and VCR rentals; re-recordings and new recordings on LP, tape, and compact disk.
Piperacillin/Tazobactam: A Critical Review of the Evolving Clinical Literature

Piperacillin/tazobactam is the most recently approved combination of a p-Iactam agent with an inhibitor of bacterial p-Iactamases. It has a broader spectrum than do preceding inhibitor-drug combinations, and it is generally more potent. In terms of clinical and microbiological outcomes, comparative studies have shown that piperacillin/tazobactam was comparable to imipenem (1.0 g q8h) and to clindamycin plus gentamicin for intraabdominal infections, to clindamycin plus gentami­ cin for infections of the skin and skin structures and pelvic tissues in women, and to ticarcillinl clavulanate for skin and soft-tissue infections. Piperacillinltazobactam was statistically superior to imipenem (0.5 g q8h) for intraabdominal infections, to ticarcillin/clavulanate for community­ acquired lower respiratory tract infections, and to ceftazidime for nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections and febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. Adverse effects with piperacillin/tazobactam were generally of only mild-to-moderate severity. Piperacillinltazobactam may be especially useful for the treatment of infections that are likely to be polymicrobial or to be due to anyone of an array of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria; this agent may also be useful in situations where organisms with plasmid-mediated p-Iactamases have become problematic. Piperacillin/tazobactam is the most recently approved com­ bination of a ,B-Iactam antimicrobial agent with an inhibitor of bacterial ,B-Iactamases. In vitro, it appears to have several advantages over older agents in this class. Extensive clinical trials of piperacillin/ tazobactam have been conducted or are in progress in Europe and North America; collectively, these studies have documented efficacy and safety, and many ofthem have compared outcomes with this combination to outcomes with older combinations and other antimicrobial agents that have similar indications. This review has three purposes: (I) to critically analyze the growing body of literature related to the clinical efficacy and safety ofpiperacillin/tazobactam; (2) to determine if apparent advantages in vitro can be extrapolated to the clinical setting; and (3) to assess the potential therapeutic role of piperacillin/tazobactam relative to other combinations and single agents. This review was restricted to publications for which there were sufficient data to permit critical analysis; publications were identified by a search of MEDLINE or the manufacturer's database, or both. All ofthe publications appear to have been subjected to prior peer review.
Ultrasound of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic sonography is performed commonly in patients who have a clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Although the study may be normal or sometimes nonspecific, there are various findings that are characteristic of this process. Understanding of the sonographic features of pelvic inflammation, salpingitis, pyosalpinx, tubo–ovarian complex and tubo–ovarian abscess will allow the interpreter to make more specific, clinically useful diagnoses. Sonography also can help to distinguish acute from chronic abnormalities in the fallopian tubes. Correlation of sonography with pelvic CT is important, as CT is ordered with increasing frequency in patients who have unexplained lower abdominal pain.
Normalized Mahalanobis distance for comparing process-based stochastic models

We investigate a method based on normalized Mahalanobis distance, D, for comparing the performance of alternate stochastic models of a given environmental system. The approach is appropriate in cases where data are too limited to calculate either likelihood ratios or Bayes factors. Computational experiments based on simulated data are used to evaluate D’s ability to identify a “true” model and to single out good models. Data are simulated for two populations with different “signal–noise ratios” (S/N) The expected value of D is decomposed to evaluate the effects of normalization, model bias, and model correlation structure on D’s discriminatory power. Normalization compensates for the advantage one model may have over another due to technical features of its hypothesized correlation structure. The relative effects of bias and correlation structure vary with S/N, model bias being most important when S/N is relatively high and correlation structure increasing in importance as S/N decreases.
A new three-dimensional energy balance model for complex plant canopy geometries: Model development and improved validation strategies

Abstract Canopy microclimate is a critical component of most biophysical processes in plants. Understanding the role of microclimate across scales in canopies with complex, heterogeneous architectures is challenging, as it is difficult to represent the relevant range of scales. In this study, a model was developed and validated to accurately predict the three-dimensional distribution of microclimate-related quantities (e.g., net radiation, surface temperature, evapotranspiration, flux partitioning) in complex canopy geometries. The modeling strategy was to aggregate individual leaves into isothermal sub-volumes, as resolving all leaves over whole-canopy scales is unfeasible. The model takes leaf-level models for convection, evapotranspiration, and radiative absorption/emission and integrates them over a discrete volume using the leaf angle probability distribution function. The model is built on a framework designed to utilize graphics processing units (GPUs) in order to offset the expense associated with model complexity, which can allow for the simulation of canopy-scale problems at sub-tree resolution. Additional cost-saving strategies are also suggested. Three-dimensional canopy energy transfer models have traditionally been difficult to validate. Two validation experiments were designed to simultaneously measure virtually all model outputs, often using multiple methods at many spatial locations. The model was able to reproduce point, 3D distributed, and bulk measurements at high accuracy, with average model errors within expected measurement errors.
What Did He Mean by that? Humor Decreases Attributions of Sexism and Confrontation of Sexist Jokes

Sexist humor may be more difficult to confront than serious expressions of sexism because humor disguises the biased nature of the remark. The present research investigated whether delivering a sexist remark as a joke, compared to a serious statement, tempered perceptions that the speaker was sexist which, in turn, made women less likely to confront. Using a computer-mediated instant messaging paradigm, women were randomly assigned to receive the same sexist remark phrased either in a serious manner or as a joke. We recorded how women actually responded to the sexist remark and coded for confrontation. In Experiments 1 (195 women) and 2 (134 women) we found that humor decreased perceptions that the speaker was sexist. Furthermore, as perceptions that the perpetrator was sexist decreased, women’s confronting also decreased. Experiment 2 demonstrated an additional consequence of reducing the perceived sexism of the perpetrator—it increased tolerance of sexist behavior perpetrated against an individual woman and sexual harassment more generally. Interestingly, the indirect effects only appeared when women at least moderately endorsed hostile sexism. For hostile sexists, failure to identify sexism reduced confrontation and increased tolerance for sexual harassment and sexist behavior. Contrary to popular belief, humor can actually make sexist messages more dangerous and difficult to confront than serious remarks.
Impact of bacterial injury and repair in food microbiology: its past, present and future

Studies done during the past 25 years revealed that microorganisms present in semipreserved foods can be injured by sublethal treatments. The injured cells, irrespective of differences in sublethal treatments, have similarities in their manifestation of injury and their repair. A simple resuscitation step incorporated into currently recommended isolation procedures would enable detection of these cells. In the future, microbial cell injury studies should be directed to include not only effective detection of index and pathogenic bacteria from foods, but also growth inhibition of spoilage microorganisms and preservation of lactic cultures.
Further Problems on Partitions

On etudie essentiellement le probleme suivant : pour quels ensembles d'entiers positifs S et T, p(S,n)=p(T, n−1) pour tout n≥1, (p(S,n) designant le nombre de partitions de n en elements de S)?
Hindered beta decay of Nb m 95 and the decay sequence Zr 95 → Nb m , g 95 → Mo 95

A study of the decay of $^{95}\mathrm{Nb}^{m}$ has revealed hindered $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay to known levels in $^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$ at ($log\mathrm{ft}$ value in parentheses): 204.12 (9.36), 786.19 (9.11), 820.61 (10.6), and 1039.25 keV (g 10.2). The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transitions to these levels are found to be 2 to 3 orders of magnitude slower than those observed in the decay of $^{95}\mathrm{Tc}^{m}$. This difference is discussed in terms of the shell model states available to $^{95}\mathrm{Nb}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$, and $^{95}\mathrm{Tc}$.RADIOACTIVITY $^{95}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Nb}^{m,g}$, measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$; deduced $log\mathrm{ft}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$ levels; Compton suppression spectrometer.
Effect of desoxycorticosterone on the colon; its relation to the action of cation exchange resins in man.

SummaryThe present data indicate that the action of DOCA is not limited to a control of the transfer of sodium from the lumen of the kidney tubule to the surrounding blood stream but also influences the transfer of sodium from the lumen of the intestine to the surrounding blood stream. DOCA, in addition, influences the transfer of sodium through the sweat and salivary glands by decreasing the sodium concentrations in their secretions (13,14). The evidence indicates that DOCA affects the transfer of sodium through various organs, among them the colon, in each instance limiting the escape of sodium from the body.
Recent Fast Food Consumption and Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exposures among the U.S. Population in NHANES, 2003-2010.

Background:Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are widely used industrial chemicals that may adversely impact human health. Human exposure is ubiquitous and can occur through diet, including consumpti...
Analysis of TFGBR1*6A variant in individuals evaluated for Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) are genetic disorders that affect connective tissue as a result of dysregulated TGF-β signaling. MFS is most frequently caused by mutations in FBN1 whereas Loeys-Dietz syndrome results from mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. There is substantial inter- and intra-familial phenotypic variability among these disorders, suggesting the presence of genetic modifiers. Previously, a polymorphism in the TGFβR1 protein termed the TFGBR1*6A allele was found to be overrepresented in patients with MFS and was identified as a low penetrance allele with suggestion as a possible modifier. To further investigate the importance of this variant, a retrospective review of genetic and phenotypic findings was conducted for 335 patients evaluated for suspicion of MFS or related disorders. In patients with a diagnosis of MFS, the presence of the TFGBR1*6A allele was not associated with phenotypic differences. Similarly, careful phenotyping of patients who carried the TFGBR1*6A allele but did not have MFS did not identify an altered frequency of specific connective tissue features. In this small cohort, the results did not reach significance to identify the TFGBR1*6A allele as a major modifier for aortic dilation, ectopia lentis, or systemic features associated with MFS or other connective tissue disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The super greenhouse effect in a changing climate

AbstractIn all outputs of the 1% yr−1 increase in CO2 climate model experiments archived under the World Climate Research Programme’s (WCRP) phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), regions exist in the low latitudes where both the clear-sky and all-sky OLR decrease with surface warming. These are identified as regions of positive longwave feedback and are regions of a super greenhouse effect (SGE). These SGE regions are identified from feedback analysis of the 4 × CO2 abrupt experiments of CMIP5, and despite their existence, there is little agreement across models as to the magnitude of the effect. The general effects of clouds on the SGE are to amplify the clear-sky SGE, but there is also poor agreement on the magnitude of the amplification that varies by an order of magnitude across models. Sensitivity analyses indicate that localized SGE regions are spatially aligned with a large moistening of the upper troposphere. The reduction in clear-sky OLR arises from a reduction in emissio...
Analysis of Health Examination Results of Employees in Wuxi City during 2002—2008

[Objective]To understand the incidence trends and prevalence characteristics of relative infectious diseases among employees of Wuxi City,and provide scientific evidence for developing control measures.[Methods]Health examination results of 176 511 employees who engaged in food production,processing and selling as well as public places were analyzed statistically.[Results] Totally 4703 cases of relative infectious diseases(5 kinds of infectious diseases) were detected,total attack rate was 2.66%,among which 4623 employees infected virus hepatitis(2.62%) which was at the top of disease sequence.The epidemiological characteristics showed that total attack rate of employees in public places was significantly higher than that of employees in food and catering industries,female higher than male,the peak attack rate appeared in 21-30 years age group.[Conclusion]Employees were still the high-risk group of infectious disease in Wuxi City.The relatively high infection rate indicates the infectious disease control is facing great challenge.
Prokaryotic Expression,Purification and Activity Assay of Neomycin Phosphotransferase II(nptII) Gene

Neomycin phosphotransferaseⅡ(nptⅡ) gene,cloned from a pCAMBIA1305 vector by PCR method,was inserted into a pET30a(+) vector to construct the recombinant vector pET30a-nptⅡ.Then the recombinant vector was transformed into an Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) and the expression of the NPTⅡ protein was successfully induced by adding isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG).The NPTⅡ fusion protein was produced in the form of the solubility or inclusion body with molecular weight around 35 kD,and a yield of approximately 45%.The inclusion bodies were solubilized and denatured by addition of 5 mmol/L dithiothreitol(DDT) and 1% sodium lauroyl sarcosine(SKL),then renatured by dialysis.The solubilized proteins were purified by Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography at approximately 95% purity.An in vitro assay revealed that,the NPTⅡ protein can inactivate the kanamycin at concentrations up to 30 μg/mL.