cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metallothionein-I transgenic mice are not protected from γ-radiation

Abstract Metallothionein (MT) has been proposed to play a protective role against the toxic effects of free radicals and electrophiles, such as those produced by γ -radiation. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether MT-transgenic mice, which carry 56 copies of the MT-I transgene and have higher tissue MT concentrations, are resistant to the toxic effects of γ -radiation. Mice were exposed to 137 cesium radiation, and survival was followed for 30 days. At all doses (7-12 Gy) examined, no difference in the survival was observed between control and MT-transgenic mice. The average survival times between control and MT-transgenic mice were also similar. Leukocytes were decreased 78±7% and 75±11% in control and MT-transgenic mice respectively 5 days after radiation. Furthermore, MT-transgenic mice were also equally susceptible as control mice to the lethal toxic effects produced by cyclophosphamide (1.75 mmol/kg, ip). In summary, MT-I transgenic mice are not protected against the toxic effects produced by γ -radiation or cyclophosphamide.
Legionella bozemanii sp. nov. and Legionella dumoffii sp. nov.: classification of two additional species of Legionella associated with human pneumonia.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness was used to distinguish strains ofLegionella-like organisms (LLO) fromLegionella pneumophila. Two of these LLO strains, WIGA and MI 15, showed sufficient DNA relatedness to one another to be classified in the same species. The nameLegionella bozemanii species nova is proposed for this new species. The type strain ofL. bozemanii is WIGA (=ATCC 33217) Two other LLO strains, NY 23 and Tex-KL, were shown to represent a new species. The nameLegionella dumoffii species nova is proposed for this species. The type strain ofL. dumoffii is NY 23 (=ATCC 33279). These two species joinL. pneumophila andL. micdadei in the genusLegionella.
Champions and antagonists: Relationships with r&d project characteristics and management

Abstract The emergence of champions and antagonists across 213 R&D projects within 21 firms is examined using a role theory framework. These roles are found to emerge across multiple functions within the firm and to be systematically related to project characteristics, project resource allocations and support, and project performance. Champions are more common for projects allied with the champions' home-function interests. Championed projects also are better supported and less likely to be terminated, but may not make greater contributions to business goals. The role of the antagonist is less clear, but appears to emerge as counterpoint to the champion role.
Imputation techniques for multivariate missingness in software measurement data

The problem of missing values in software measurement data used in empirical analysis has led to the proposal of numerous potential solutions. Imputation procedures, for example, have been proposed to `fill-in' the missing values with plausible alternatives. We present a comprehensive study of imputation techniques using real-world software measurement datasets. Two different datasets with dramatically different properties were utilized in this study, with the injection of missing values according to three different missingness mechanisms (MCAR, MAR, and NI). We consider the occurrence of missing values in multiple attributes, and compare three procedures, Bayesian multiple imputation, k Nearest Neighbor imputation, and Mean imputation. We also examine the relationship between noise in the dataset and the performance of the imputation techniques, which has not been addressed previously. Our comprehensive experiments demonstrate conclusively that Bayesian multiple imputation is an extremely effective imputation technique.
Effect of Silver on Diffusion in Zinc

The diffusivities of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{110}$ parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal axis have been measured in monocrystalline zinc doped with up to 1.4-at.% silver. The standard radiotracer sectioning technique was used over the temperature range 320-417\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. An enhancement of both the solvent and solute diffusion occurs at the same activation energies as for the self-diffusion in the pure matrix. The concentration dependence is well fitted by the exponential relation $D(c)=D(0){e}^{\mathrm{bc}}$, where $c$ is the solute mole fraction. It is found that, at $T=400$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, $b_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{\mathrm{Zn}}=13$, $b_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{\mathrm{Zn}}=18$, $b_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{\mathrm{Ag}}=19$, and $b_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{\mathrm{Ag}}=13$, and that these factors display little or no temperature dependence. This temperature-independent enhancement is consistent with the observations of self-diffusion in zinc with copper and aluminum doping, as well as with other results in doped multivalent metals. Making use of the results of recent experiments on the effect of pressure on the self-diffusion of zinc, we show that the changes in the diffusion rate in the alloy cannot be attributed to purely dimensional changes in the lattice. A qualitative explanation of the augmented self-diffusion is advanced on the basis of the oscillating-potential model of an impurity in a metallic lattice. This model appears to account for the enhancement and, in the case of the self-diffusion, for the anisotropy.
Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of ethanol-induced changes in splenic and thymic lymphoid cell populations

Ethanol-induced alterations in the immune system are thought to play a major role in increasing the susceptibility of alcoholics to infections and tumors. One important change in the immune system is the noted loss of lymphoid cells from the thymus and spleen. To examine these alterations we used a model system where C57B1/6 mice were pair-fed either a Leiber-DeCarli diet containing 7% (v/v) ethanol or an isocaloric control diet. Mice receiving ETOH for 7 days showed a loss of cells from the spleen and thymus; this loss was even more severe after withdrawal for 1 day. The most profound changes were seen after 2 weeks of ETOH. Spleen and thymus cell numbers were reduced to 36% and 6.2%, respectively compared to control mice. Staining of thymocytes with monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte surface markers and evaluation with flow cytometry revealed that immature thymocytes (PNA+, CD4+/CD8+) were most reduced. Mature thymocytes (CD4+/CD8- or CD4-/CD8+) were depleted, and the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio was increased. Sections of thymus stained with hematoxylin and eosin or with immunohistochemical methods showed atrophy and lymphoid cell depletion. No cortex was histologically identifiable after 2 weeks of ETOH. The spleen cells most affected by ETOH were the B cells. They were reduced to 8.2 × 106 cells/spleen (31.5% of the lymphocytes), as compared to 38.5 × 106 cells/spleen (50.3% of the lymphocytes) in the control mice. The spleen was atrophic, but the immunoarchitecture was preserved. Ethanol causes a depletion of lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus with alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations. Immature cells in the thymus are most susceptible, and the changes are more severe with longer periods of consumption.
Matching Complexes, Bounded Degree Graph Complexes, and Weight Spaces of GLn-Complexes

Abstract We present a technique for lifting results on the homology of matching complexes of certain types of graphs and hypergraphs to general bounded degree graph complexes. This technique is based on our observation that homological results of Bouc on matching complexes, of Reiner and Roberts on bounded degree graph complexes, and of Jozefiak and Weyman on Koszul complexes are all equivalent.
Drainage Density, Length Ratios, and Lithology in a Glaciated Area of Southern Connecticut

Twenty-five third order basins in the Mount Carmel quadrangle, Connecticut, were analyzed morphometrically with emphasis on drainage density and length ratios. Drainage density and maximum summit altitude are adjusted to lithology, indicating that the landscape is in dynamic equilibrium, despite the influence of glaciation and possible past erosion cycles. Total length ratio correlates with lithology, but mean length ratio does not. The latter is a function of the bifurcation ratio, and hence has an important environmentally independent stochastic component.
Budgeting for Our Times: Target Base Budgeting

Target base budgeting sets limits on how much a department may request in its budget. Departments must submit two budget requests—one within the target base and another for additional funds. Some supplemental requests may be funded from a reserve pool. Target base budgeting has been used in parts of the federal government over the last forty years. Its use continues to slowly expand. This article examines the experiences in three cities: Rochester, Tampa, and Phoenix.
Modeling cognitive dysfunction in neurofibromatosis-1

Cognitive dysfunction, including significant impairments in learning, behavior, and attention, is found in over 10% of children in the general population. However, in the common inherited cancer predisposition syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the prevalence of these cognitive deficits approaches 70%. As a monogenic disorder, NF1 provides a unique genetic tool to identify and dissect mechanistically the molecular and cellular bases underlying cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we discuss Nf1 fly and mouse systems that mimic many of the cognitive abnormalities seen in children with NF1. Further, we describe discoveries from these models that have uncovered defects in the regulation of Ras activity, cAMP generation, and dopamine homeostasis as key mechanisms important for cognitive dysfunction in children with NF1.
Substrate temperature effects on the electrical properties of CdS films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

Abstract Films of CdS typically 0.3 μm thick, grown on glass substrates at 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) show n-type resitivities of 102 Ω cm at 350 °C and > 105 Ω cm at 400 °C and 450 °C respectively. This resistivity increase with temperature is attributed to decreasing amounts of chlorine remaining in these films as a byproduct of the CSP process and is consistent with the known n-type dopant behavior of chlorine in this system.
Influence and the Referee Process

This study examines the influence the referee process has on the development of economic thought. It examines the practices, principles, theories, and methodology involved in the referee process and the development of economic thought. It finds that the complaints against it are difficult, if not impossible, to measure. It identifies a central problem with the referee process, the use of citations to measure both influence and quality. It concludes with a proposal for a different and broader citation index and a call to change the dependence of many decisions on the use of citations.
Quantitative immun oassay by disc electrophoresis

Abstract A method is described whereby the extent of interaction between antigen and purified antibody solutions can be quantitatively determined. An immune globulin solution, prepared from horse antisera to human albumin, was admixed with largepore spacer gel in polyacrylam ide disc electrophoresis. Albumin, migrated in this system was, in part, retarded due to combination with antibody and subsequent exclusion of the complexed material from the small-pore separation gel. The interaction was quantitated by comparing the densitometric evaluation of the stained protein bands of antibody-reacted systems with samples in which the immune globulin was omitted. This method can be used to characterize the immunologie reactivity of various immune globulins in addition to permitting more detailed analyses of antigenic materials.
A uniform pressure electromagnetic actuator for forming flat sheets

High velocity electromagnetic forming can lead to better formability along with additional benefits. The spatial distribution of forming pressure in electromagnetic forming can be controlled by the configuration of the actuator. A new type of actuator is discussed which gives a uniform pressure distribution in forming. It also provides a mechanically robust design and has a high efficiency for flat sheet forming. A simplified analysis of the actuator is presented that helps in the design of the system. Examples of uses of the actuator are then presented, specifically with regards to forming shapes and surface embossing. Some practical challenges in the design of the actuator are also addressed. This paper emphasizes the approaches and engineering calculations required to effectively use this actuator.
Effects of gamma irradiation on cultured rat and mouse microvessel endothelial cells: metastatic tumor cell adhesion, subendothelial matrix degradation, and secretion of tumor cell growth factors.

The effects ofγ-irradiation on the properties of microvessel endothelial cells were studiedin vitro. After incubating confluent endothelial cell monolayers in low serum-containing medium for 24 h, the monolayers were irradiated with137Cs. Survival of rat lung microvessel endothelial (RLE) and mouse brain microvessel endothelial (MBE) cells were similar after irradiation (Do=2.17 and 1.75 Gy,Dq=4.44 and 5.67 Gy, andn=7.8 and 25 for RLE and MBE cells, respectively). We examined the effects ofγ-irradiation on endothelial cell morphology, adhesion of syngeneic rat lung or mouse brain metastasizing tumor cells, release of the subendothelial matrix-degrading enzyme heparanase, and secretion of soluble mitogenic factors that stimulated the growth of syngeneic metastatic tumor cells. The effects ofγ-irradiation were not apparent until several hours after irradiation, and by 24 h doses of ⩾10 Gy caused limited endothelial cell retraction and reorganization of the endothelial monolayer. By 24 h after irradiation there was also increased adhesion of metastatic tumor cells to RLE but not MBE cells. We also examined the effects ofγ-irradiation on the release from endothelial cells of enzymes that solubilize the subendothelial matrix. Radiation resulted in a significant increase in the release of matrix-degrading enzyme (heparanase) that solubilized [35S]-labeled heparan sulfate from subendothelial matrix. This was most pronounced in the 24 h sample fromγ-irradiated endothelial cells. Finally, we examined theγ-irradiation-induced release of mitogenic factors from endothelial cells that could stimulate the growth of metastatic cells in serum-limiting medium. The medium from RLE but not MBE cells stimulated the growth of a rat mammary carcinoma cell line. The results suggest thatγ-irradiation of microvessel endothelial cells can affect the interactions of tumor cells with endothelial cells and their subendothelial matrix; these processes could facilitate metastasis formation in irradiated tissues such as the lung.
Effects of ethyl alcohol on lateral hypothalamic neurons

Abstract A study of the effects of intravenously administered ethyl alcohol on lateral hypothalamic (LH) neurons. Extracellular unit activity was recorded by conventional methods employing glass capillary electrodes. Approximately 85 per cent of the 19 LH neurons studied were sensitive to ethyl alcohol; 53 per cent increased in discharge rate, 32 per cent decreased, and the remainder were unchanged. Of the eight cells in other parts of the brain which were analyzed, none appeared to change at the relatively low doses effective in the LH. The threshold dose appeared to be 0.04 g of ethyl alcohol per kg body weight.
Bakhtin and Vygotsky: Internalization as a boundary phenomenon

Abstract In an earlier article [Shotter, New Ideas in Psychology, 11, 61–75 (1993)], Vygotsky's account of internalization was reinterpreted from within both an ethical and a rhetorical perspective. It was argued that rather than having a mechanical and systematic character, our ‘inner lives’ function in essentially the same communicative terms as our ordinary, everyday transactions with other people out in the world. Here, this account is further extended. Making use of Bakhtin's writings, it is claimed that instead of functioning in terms of already well-formed mental representations at the centre of our being, awaiting codification in words, our mental activities are only ‘given form’ at the time of their expression, in a moment by moment process of ‘ethically sensitive negotiation’ at the boundaries of our being. This gives rise to a nonreferential, responsive view of speech, and suggests that what we speak of as our selves or as our ideas, rather than being real origins, or extralinguistic points of reference ‘outside’ of our discourses, are created as a part of them. In other words, presented here is a cognitive psychology without mental representations.
Performance of Some Structures Constructed on Chromium Ore Fills

Chromium ore residues have been used in the past as fill. Salts leaching out of and migrating through these wastes over a period of time cause changes in volume of the fill material. This results in severe distress to structures constructed in and on such waste materials. In this paper, some actual cases of such instances are presented along with information regarding some typical identifying features of chromium waste sites and typical distress experienced by structures on such sites.
Versatile synthesis of 3,4-b diheteropentalenes

We describe a new route for the synthesis of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, alkyl derivatives thereof, seleno[3,4-b]thiophene, and thieno[3,4-b]furan made from inexpensive starting materials, such as thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and furan-2-carboxylic acid. Such fused heterocycles are of great interest for low band gap organic semiconductors and applications including OLEDs, organic photovoltaic cells, and electrochromics.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in gynecologic surgery patients.

Abstract To reduce the morbidity and mortality of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, effective prophylactic methods must be used. An assessment of the individual patient's risk is essential in deciding the most appropriate method. In general, women over 40 years of age and all women with other risk factors benefit from some form of prophylaxis. For patients with benign gynecologic conditions, low-dose heparin (every 12 hours) and perioperative intermittent pneumatic calf compression have been shown to be of benefit. Patients at higher risk, such as gynecologic oncology patients, should receive more intense prophylaxis with either low-dose heparin (every 8 hours) or prolonged (5 days) intermittent pneumatic calf compression. Of the two methods, the latter has no significant complications and is therefore our method of choice.
Neurodynamics of Consciousness and Cultures

The knowledge instinct drives higher cognitive functions of the mind and determines evolution of consciousness and cultures. Dynamic logic mathematically describes these mechanisms, including concepts, emotions, instincts, consciousness and unconscious. The two main aspects of the knowledge instinct are differentiation and synthesis. They are in complex relationship of symbiosis and opposition, leading to complex non-linear evolution. Mathematical modeling of these dynamics in a population leads to predictions for the evolution of languages, consciousness, and cultures
BH1 and BH2 domains of Bcl-2 are required for inhibition of apoptosis and heterodimerization with Bax

BCL-2 was isolated from the t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular B-cell lymphoma1–3. Bcl-2 has the unique oncogenic role of extending cell survival by inhibiting a variety of apoptotic deaths4–13. An emerging family of Bcl-2 -related proteins share two highly conserved regions14–20 referred to here as Bcl-2 homology 1 and 2 (BH1 and BH2) domains (Fig. 1). This includes Bax which heterodimerizes with Bcl-2 and when overexpressed counteracts Bcl-214. We report here that site-specific mutagenesis of Bcl-2 establishes the two domains as novel dimerization motifs. Substitu-tion of Gly 145 in BHl domain or Trp 188 in BH2 domain completely abrogated Bcl-2's death-repressor activity in inter-leukin-3 deprivation, γ-irradiation and glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Mutations that affected Bcl-2's function also disrupted its heterodimerization with Bax, yet still permitted Bcl-2 homo-dimerization. These results establish a functional role for the BH1 and BH2 domains and suggest Bcl-2 exerts its action through heterodimerization with Bax.
The Effect of Electrocautery, Atmospheric Exposure, and Surgica Retraction on the Permeability of the Blood-Brain-Barrier

Alterations in the permeability to Evans-blue dye of the blood-brain-barrier were encountered in a group of squirrel monkeys that were being readied for surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Extravasation of the dye and grossly visible hemispheric cerebral swelling took place before the artery was clipped. These permeability modifications are felt to be directly related to any of the following factors: (1) use of unipolar electrocautery on the scalp and underlying muscles, (2) exertion of mechanical pressure (i.e., retraction) on the surface of the cerebrum, and (3) exposure of the arachnoid membrane and underlying cerebral cortex to atmospheric conditions for periods of up to five hours. Previously reported experiments involving alterations in the permeability of cerebral vessels should be reevaluated in the light of the findings herein reported. Methods are described to avoid the previously mentioned artefacts on the function of the blood-brain-barrier.
A new era of antifungal therapy.

Abstract Invasive fungal infections pose major management problems for clinicians caring for hematopoietic cell transplant patients. Two major fungal genera, Candida and Aspergillus, account for most fungal infections. Rates of systemic Candida infection range from 15% to 25%, mostly in the pre-engraftment period. Prophylaxis by fluconazole has dramatically reduced the frequency of early Candida infections. Caspofungin has recently been shown to offer an excellent alternative to amphotericin B (with less toxicity) or fluconazole (with a broader spectrum) for therapy of systemic Candida infections. Aspergillus infections occur in 15% to 20% of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patients, most frequently in the post-engraftment period; they are associated with a severe diminution of cell-mediated immune responses by graft-versus-host disease and prolonged corticosteroid use. Voriconazole, a recently introduced broad-spectrum azole, has excellent activity against Aspergillus and is generally well tolerated. Voriconazole currently offers the best prospect for success and tolerance as a first-line treatment for aspergillosis. Second-line therapies include lipid formulations of amphotericin B, caspofungin, or intravenous itraconazole. Unfortunately, early initiation of therapy for aspergillosis is frequently not possible because of inaccurate diagnostics. One new diagnostic, the galactomannan assay, has recently been approved, and others are in development; these offer promise for earlier diagnosis without the need for invasive procedures. It is hoped that these new therapies and new diagnostics will usher in a new era of antifungal therapy.
Biliary tract disease in AIDS: AIDS vs. nonAIDS.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in twenty-six AIDS patients to evaluate either abdominal pain suggestive of biliary tract disease, fever, serum alkaline phosphatase elevation, or a combination of these findings. Twenty patients (77%) had abnormal cholangiograms and four distinct patterns were identified: (1) papillary stenosis (n = 3); (2) sclerosing cholangitis (n = 4); (3) sclerosing cholangitis with papillary stenosis (n = 10); and (4) long extrahepatic bile duct strictures (n = 3). Ampullary biopsy and culture identified an AIDS-related pathogen (CMV, MAI and cryptosporidium) or malignancy (lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma) in eleven patients (55%). No features differentiated patients with normal from patients with abnormal cholangiograms. Noninvasive biiary tract imaging studies (CT, ultrasound), however, showed ductal dilation in 75% of patients with abnormal cholangiograms compared with 16% in those with normal cholangiograms (p <0.001). Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in 12 patients with either papillary stenosis or the combination of sclerosing cholangitis and papillary stenosis produced a significant reduction in right upper abdominal pain, although serum alkaline phosphatase continued to increase (mean follow-up = 3.9 months). Ten of the 12 patients undergoing ES had sclerosing cholangitis, perhaps explaining this lack of response of the serum alkaline phosphatase. Of the 12 patients who had ES, five died of AIDS-related complications within nine months of the procedure (a mean of 4.8 months), four were lost to follow-up by four months, and three were alive at 12 months. Of the eight patients who did not have ES, five were alive at one to six months and three died within five months (mean 1.7 months) after the procedure. This paper expands our knowledge of biliary tract abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals and suggests that ES may improve biliary tract associated abdominal pain.
Jumpstarting relationships with online games: evidence from a laboratory investigation

The popularity of online games, particularly casual games, has increased tremendously in recent years. Often these game experiences involve partner-based or multi-player interactions. Previous work has shown that computer-mediated interactions and online activities with a stranger have the potential to impact attitudes and liking for that person. Can experiences in online games have a similar impact? This paper presents results from two experiments suggesting that cooperative online game experiences (even without any direct communication interactions) can significantly impact liking for another person and perceptions of that person's characteristics. Implications for the design of online "team-building" style game experiences are briefly discussed.
Millimeter-wave BiST and BiSC using a high-definition sub-ranged detector in 90nm CMOS

A wideband CMOS mm-Wave amplitude detector for on-chip self-test and calibration is presented. The high-conversion-gain detector enables accurate on-chip amplitude measurements and allows for the prediction of key RF parameters. The detector operates across the 60GHz band and achieves a dynamic range of 0-0.5V and a sensitivity of -9V/V. The detector's practical use in mm-wave Built-in-Self-Test (BiST) and Built-in-Self-Calibration (BiSC) circuits is demonstrated using a 60 GHz CMOS LNA. Simulation results show that the LNA gain, compression point, and intermodulation distortion are predicted with minimal error. The detector and LNA are built in IBM's 90nm CMOS technology.
Bone-anchored hearing aid (Baha) in patients with Treacher Collins syndrome: tips and pitfalls.

Abstract Objectives Treacher Collins syndrome, also known as mandibulofacial dysostosis, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the cranio-facial morphogenesis affecting 1 of 50,000 live newborns. Most children with this disease present with bilateral, severe conductive hearing loss due to bilateral aural atresia. Auditory rehabilitation of these children can be effectively carried out with bone-anchored hearing aids (Baha). The aim of this retrospective study is to review the “Bambino Gesu” Children's Hospital's experience with Baha in Treacher Collins patients, highlighting the tips and pitfalls of Baha surgery in this particular population. Methods The clinical charts were reviewed of all children with a Treacher Collins syndrome diagnosis receiving a Baha in the “Bambino Gesu” Children's Hospital from January 1995 to January 2010. Data were collected concerning patients’ anagraphics and medical history, comorbidities, surgical technique, complications and functional outcome. Results 23 Treacher Collins children were included. A two-stage surgery was adopted in 51% (n = 12) cases, while a one-stage approach was chosen in 49% (n = 11). 2 children underwent 1st stage surgery as they were younger than 5. There were neither cases of osseointegration failure, nor cases of traumatic implant loss. Overall, the local complication rate was not different in the one-stage and in the two-stage group. The functional gain was significantly better with the Baha than with the conventional bone-conduction hearing aids (p Conclusions Baha can provide effective auditory rehabilitation for children with Treacher Collins syndrome, as long as it is performed in a tertiary care center where a multidisciplinary approach to the frequent comorbidities is possible. The main challenge of Baha surgery in this population is the poor or irregular thickness of the patient's calvarial bone, which often makes it necessary to drill additional holes, to place the fixture in contact with the dura or to use materials for bone augmentation.
Calcium signaling is required for ultrasound-stimulated aggrecan synthesis by rat chondrocytes.

Low-intensity ultrasound accelerates fracture healing in humans. In rat femur fracture models, ultrasound advanced healing is associated with increased proteoglycan expression. Here we report that ultrasound stimulation of primary rat chondrocytes elevated the intracellular concentration of calcium [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i increase was rapid and transient at lower pressures (175–320 kPa), but rapid and sustained at higher ultrasound exposures (350–500 kPa). Chelating internal [Ca2+]i with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N-N-N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM), stopping the Ca2+/ATP-ase induced mitochondrial release of [Ca2+]i with Thapsigargin, or removing [Ca2+]i from the medium with EGTA inhibited the stimulatory effects of ultrasound on proteoglycan synthesis. These results imply that ultrasound-stimulated synthesis of cell matrix proteoglycan, associated with accelerated fracture healing, is mediated by intracellular calcium signaling.
Experience in Developing and Teaching a General Education Course in Energy

A general education/non-major course has been developed and taught in the School of Engineering at San Francisco State University. The course enrollment has grown steadily in the past five years, and based on class evaluations, it has shown to be quite beneficial in educating non-major students on various aspects of energy, from energy resources to the consumption stages. Details on the reasoning behind, content and the administration of the course are presented in this paper.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Using mixed methods to analyze video data: a mathematics teacher professional development example

This article uses data from 65 teachers participating in a K-2 mathematics professional development research project as an example of how to analyze video recordings of teachers’ classroom lessons ...
Effect of form of iron on nickel deprivation in the rat : Liver content of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc.

In three fully crossed, factorially arranged, completely randomized experiments, female weanling rats were fed a basal diet (containing about 10 ng of nickel and 2.3 μg of iron/g) supplemented with graded levels of nickel and iron. Iron was supplemented to the diet in experiment 1 at levels of 0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/g as a mixture of 40% FeSO4·nH2O and 60% Fe2(SO4)3·nH2O; in experiment 2 at levels of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/g as Fe2(SO4)3·nH2O; in experiment 3 at levels of 0, 25, and 50 μg/g as either the mixture of ferric-ferrous sulfates, or as ferric sulfate only. Nickel as NiCl2·3H2O was supplemented to the diet in experiment 1 at levels of 0, 5, and 50 μg/g; in experiment 2 at levels of 0 and 50 μg/g; and in experiment 3 at levels of 0 and 5 μg/g. Regardless of dietary nickel, rats fed no supplemental iron exhibited depressed iron content and elevated copper, manganese, and zinc contents in the liver. Nickel and iron did not interact to affect iron, manganese, and zinc in liver. Liver copper was inconsistently affected by an interaction between nickel and iron. Nickel deprivation apparently accentuated the elevation of the copper level in livers of severely iron-deficient rats. Experiment 3 showed that the form of dietary iron altered the effect of nickel deprivation on the iron content of the liver. When only ferric sulfate was supplemented to the diet, liver iron content was depressed in nickel-deprived rats. On the other hand, when the ferric-ferrous mixture was supplemented to the diet, nickel deprivation apparently elevated the iron content in the liver. The findings support the views that (1) parameters that are affected by an interaction between nickel and iron are limited in factorially arranged experiments, and (2) the form and level of dietary iron markedly influence the effect of nickel deprivation in the rat.
Relationship between Bem Sex-Role Inventory Groups and Attitudes of Sexism:

Summmy.-This study examined the relationship between scores on the Bern Sex-Role Inventory and a newly developed scale designed to measure external sexism, ioternal sexism, and perceived innate sex differences. Both scales were administered to 85 female and 28 male undergraduates. There was a significant main effect for sex, with men having higher sexism scores than women. Both men and women scored significantly higher on internal sexism, the measure over familial division of labor. There was a significant interaction of sexism scores X sex-role groups; traditional sex-role groups scored highest on internal sexism and perceived innate sex differences. While sex-role identity and sex-role stereotypes are commonly accepted concepts used by lay persons and professionals alike, there remains much debate around the complexity and the development of these concepts. Psychologists have much to learn about sex roles and the interaction of sex roles with related phenomena, e.g., behaviors, attitudes, beliefs. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sex-role identity as self-reported on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and corresponding attitudes of sexism. There has been considerable research using Bem's scale since Bem (1974) published her first study. Several studies have at least partially supported the ideal that the androgynous person, one high on both masculine and feminine characteristics, is either behaviorally or psychologically more healthy than the traditionally sex-role stereotyped person. Androgynous female subjects had more career choices than sex-role stereotyped subjects (Clarey & Sanford, 1982); androgynous and masculine scores were related to better psychological adjustment (Latorre, 1978), and androgynous subjects were not as restricted in behavioral patterns as sex-typed individuals (Bem & Lenney, 1976). Androgynous subjects were higher on self-esteem measures (Bern, 1977; O'Connor, Mann, & Bardwick, 1978; Spence, Helrnreich, 8: Stapp, 1975) and had more positive signs of psychological health and self-concept (Flaherty & Dusek, 1980; Hinrichsen, Follansbee, & Ganellen, 1981). As indicated in one study cited above, Bem's masculinity score is sometimes related to the measure of adjustment used. Erdwins, Small, and Gross (1980) concluded the masculinity score is the most crucial to personal adjustment. These authors found that masculine and androgynous groups had ' 'Requests for reprints may be sent to Patricia J. Faulkender, Department of Psychology, Southern Station 5025, Haniesburg, Mississippi 39406-5025.
Isolation and properties of a Mn2+-activated phosphohistone phosphatase from canine heart.

Abstract A Mn 2+ -activated phosphohistone phosphatase has been isolated from canine heart. The s 20, w for the enzyme is 3.8. Using this value and the value for Stokes radius (39 A), the molecular weight for the enzyme was calculated to be 61,000. The enzyme is inactive in the absence of divalent cations, among which Mn 2+ is the most effective activator. Co 2+ and Mg 2+ are less effective than is Mn 2+ . Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Cu 2+ are inhibitory. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 7 and 7.5 and has an apparent K m for phosphohistone and Mn 2+ of about 17 μ m and 0.5 m m , respectively. The enzyme is inhibited by nucleoside triphosphate, ADP, AMP, phosphate, and pyrophosphate, but is not affected by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. The dephosphorylation of phosphohistone is stimulated by salts. Kinetic studies reveal that KCl and other salts greatly affect both the rate of hydrolysis and the K m for either Mn 2+ or phosphohistone by interacting with the substrate. The data suggest that modification at substrate level is an important regulatory mechanism for the enzyme. The enzyme preparation also dephosphorylates phosphorylase a and phosphocasein. Evidence suggests that one enzyme possesses both phosphohistone and phosphorylase phosphatase activities and that a different enzyme catalyzes the Mg 2+ - and Mn 2+ -activated dephosphorylation of phosphocasein.
Clinical images from intravascular ultrasound: coronary disease, plaque rupture, and intervention--the inside view.

IVUS was conducted approximately 1 month after transplantation of this heart from a 33-year-old male donor, who had died of noncardiovascular causes. The donor had no clinical or angiographic evidence of significant heart disease, was a nonsmoker, and had a normal body mass index. The IVUS images shown were obtained from the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries and demonstrate the presence of large atheromas. Clinical insight: When treating a patient with an ACS, remember that it may be later than you think. Atherosclerosis probably began many years earlier and likely affects much of the coronary tree. From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Address for reprints: Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F-15, Cleveland, Ohio 44195. E-mail: nissens@ccf.org. TABLE 1 Potential Applications of Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Currently Under Evaluation
Investigation of Age-Related Cognitive Decline Using Mice as a Model System: Neurophysiological Correlates

Objective Learning and memory impairments without overt pathology often accompany advancing age. To gain a better understanding of the underlying neuronal substrates associated with this age-related cognitive decline, the authors have begun to use mice as an animal model system. As described in the companion paper, mice exhibit age-related impairments in cognition. Here, the authors explore the possibility that age-related changes in neuronal function may be the result of deregulation of cytosolic free calcium homeostasis. Methods Calcium homeostasis in young and aged mice was examined by measuring the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) in hippocampal neurons as well as assessing voltage-dependent calcium channel mediated long-term potentiation (vdccLTP). In addition, putative changes in phosphorylation of the L-type channel Ca V 1.2 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase were examined. Results Both neurophysiological measures of calcium homeostasis indicated an increase in activity-dependent calcium influx. This increase was not the result of an age-related increase in phosphorylation of the L-type channel Ca V 1.2 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Conclusions Like in other areas of biomedical research, mice have become an invaluable research tool in the investigation of learning and memory. It is expected that similar benefits can be realized by developing mouse models for age-related cognitive decline.
Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in intact human cells

Abstract The cytochrome P 450IA ( P -450) family can be induced in both primary and continuous cell culture, as well as in lymphocytes, by polycyclic aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity has been correlated with both cytochrome P 450IA1 and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat hepatocytes. This activity can be assessed in intact cells in culture after induction with benzo[ a ]anthracene by measuring the production of resorufin and its subsequent release to the medium. EROD activity was observed in intact cells of LS174T, a human colon tumour cell line, at a level (14 pmol/min/mg protein) comparable with that in microsomal preparations (24 pmol/min/mg) and lysed cells (13 pmol/min/mg). Furthermore, this cell line showed time- and concentration-dependent production of resorufin. α-Naphthoflavone (5 μ m ), a P 450IA inhibitor, reduced the resorufin production to 5% of control levels, but metyrapone (10 μ m ) had no significant effect. Dicumarol (10 μ m ), an inhibitor of quinone oxidoreductase, had only a small effect on the production of resorufin by the LS174T cell line (111% of control). Another human colon tumour cell line, DiFi, also showed benzo[ a ]anthracene-inducible resorufin production. This intact cell assay has the advantage of allowing the use of cells for preliminary assays without their destruction, and may be of use in quickly screening large numbers of xenobiotics for the ability to induce P 450IA1 in a human cell line.
Deposition of Dieldrin in Four Components of Two Artificial Aquatic Systems and a Farm Pond

Abstract Studies of deposition of dieldrin concentrations sublethal to fish were conducted in flowing and non-flowing aquatic systems. Residual concentrations were determined for water, soil, plants, and fish in 18 flowing and 18 static artificial systems, after treatments of 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, in a farm pond. Samples from each of the four components were analyzed for dieldrin residues by gas chromatography. Two aquaria with aerated water but without biological components were tested. The distribution of dieldrin was similar in the waters of the closed, flowing, and farm-pond systems. Soils contained little dieldrin but the compound was accumulated rapidly and as high as 474 ppb (parts per billion) and 3,950 ppb by plants and fish, respectively. The concentration of the insecticide declined with time in the three systems (soils, plants, and fish).
The distributed Gesamptkunstwerk: Sound, worlding, and new media culture ☆

Abstract This essay argues that musicians have been at the forefront of the multimedia revolution. Rather than limit multimedia's creative locus to individuals working with a small range of tools/instruments, we address the increasing dispersion of productive processes across communities, technologies, and spaces. New media culture has reached a point where one can compose on a laptop, sample, loop, and create mashups and heretofore-unknown musics. These developments indicate that contemporary re/mix/digital music culture offers vocabularies, models, and practices for new media writing and culture generations beyond the tradition of text-based composition or the singular work of art. The article traces a genealogy from Wagner's notion of the “total art work” up to contemporary digital/remix to show how new media extend techniques that have long been developing. Just as the dispersion of production across communities and technologies transforms musical aesthetics, so also the aesthetic experience itself changes. New media culture is less resonant with interpretation than with engagement, and to explain this experiential difference the article develops the concepts of “worlding” and “prosumer.” Additionally, this article considers musical and multimedia attempts to incorporate new input streams, including those too often categorized (and excluded) as noise. Such input streams, in combination with other feedback-driven and distributed forms of production, can be theorized as part of an expansive, immersive, and experiential approach to new media we articulate as worlding.
Neurotic tendencies among chronic pain patients: an MMPI item analysis

Previous research has shown chronic pain patients to have elevated scores on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales of the MMPI. While high scores on these scales are generally considered to reflect neurotic symptomatology and emotional disturbance, their interpretation is more ambiguous within this patient population. Item-level and subscale analyses of these scales and the K scale (a measure of defensiveness) were performed in order to clarify the meaning of these elevated scores. In these analyses a pain group's endorsement of each item was compared with the responses of two control groups, one a general medical patient sample, the other consisting of first year college students. Items showing group endorsement differences of 10% or greater were interpreted as providing significant information about the pain sample. Analysis of the Hs items indicated that a significant portion of the pain group exhibited the vague and diffuse somatic complaining characteristic of hypochondriasis. While the D scale results revealed a considerable amount of depressive symptomatology (such as sleep disturbance, poor self-esteem, apathy, and feelings of unhappiness, anxiety, and dissatisfaction), they did not support the notion that pain patients have the personality characteristics associated with severe depression. Analyses of the Hy and K scales indicated that the pain patients were no more defensive than were either of the control groups, and that their responses did not conform to the classic hysterical pattern.
Angler Origin and Their Catch Retention Rate While Fishing on Seven Texas Bay Systems

Abstract Recreational fishermen were interviewed at boat ramps while fishing from or near shore, and at commercial lighted piers in each of seven Texas bay systems during 1974-1976. Most of the fishermen (94%) resided in Texas but 5% were from other states and less than 1% were from Mexico or Canada. Nonresidents constituted between 20 and 50% of the wade/shore and lighted-pier fishermen in the winter and spring in the Aransas Bay System (which has only 5% of winter Texas fishing pressure), and in the winter in the lower Laguna Madre system. Nonresident fishermen generally were more successful and had higher retention rates than Texas fishermen. Computing an average retention rate for all fishermen combined would have overestimated the actual rate for Texas fishermen and underestimated that for nonresident fishermen. If angler retention rates are used to reflect fish population changes over the years, retention rates for each group should be used for noting trends instead of the average rate for all fishe...
Formation and isolation of Δ5-3-ketosteroids using a purified rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase

3 beta-Hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one is converted to 5-androstene-3, 17-dione by rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). We have reported on the purity of the enzyme which is eluted with pyrazole as a single homogeneous protein using an AMP-agarose affinity column. Rat liver ADH can oxidize hydroxyl groups not only at 3 beta-, but also at 3 alpha-, and 17 beta-positions to a lesser extent; thus it is a pure mammalian enzyme with multifunctional activity for steroids. Since it does not contain delta 5-isomerase activity, the reaction of the dehydrogenase to form the delta 5-ketosteroid intermediate can be observed at pH 7.0, 25 degrees C. Similarly, intermediary product, 5-pregnene-3,20-dione, can be isolated in the conversion of pregnenolone by ADH to progesterone. With buffer alone in a cuvette, a non-enzymatic isomerization of the delta 5-3-ketone occurs at a slow rate (t 1/2 = 6 hrs) but occurs rapidly during isolation procedures. The delta 5-3-ketosteroid intermediates were identified by their behavior on TLC plates with UV light and by their characteristic spectra in the NMR.
A Netlib library for the systems and controls community

A sublibrary of Netlib, a network-accessible software library, developed for the systems and controls community, is described. It is sponsored by the Computer-Aided Control Systems Design working group of the IEEE Control Systems Society and can be accessed by anyone who can exchange mail with US Internet hosts. Contributions of software which have been placed in the public domain by the authors are accepted by e-mail at any time. >