cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculating the shortest paths by matrix approach

The paper present a new approach of calculating the shortest paths, the approach was named as SPM (the shortest paths' matrix) Compared to the past approaches, SPM introduced distances into a matrix and could show activity distances directly in elements of the matrix and improved efficiency The definition, operating rules of SPM and others related to SPM were described in this paper At the end, the approach was applied to practical processes, the shortest paths were found out quickly The approach provided a new resolution to the calculation of the shortest paths.
Gastric Motility in Relation to Anhydraemia.

In an attempt to throw some light on the disturbances of gastric motility occurring during the deficiency of what has been spoken of hitherto as vitamin B these experiments were undertaken. Dogs were deprived of water and parallel observations on gastric motility, and blood concentration as indicated by hemoglobin estimations, were made. Except for anorexia and decrease in general activity no abnormal symptoms were in evidence. All of the dogs developed an increase of approximately 20% in hemoglobin (estimated by the method of Cohen and Smith1) and complete gastric atony. Liberal administration of water produced a rapid decrement in blood concentration, followed by a return of gastric motility to normal within a few days. The results indicate a striking parallelism to exist between anhydraemia and gastric motility. The significance of this phenomenon in relation to disturbances of gastric motility occurring in “B”-avitaminosis will be discussed elsewhere.
Radiation damage in ferroelectric thin-film memories

AbstractA brief review of radiation damage in ferroelectrics is given, with special attention to thin films.
#108-S tracking of a subcohort of the national collaborative perinatal project

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the procedures used in tracing members of a prospective urban birth cohort, and to present preliminary tracing results. METHODS: The subjects selected for this study were among former participants in the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center's cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Selection criteria included availability of postnatal growth data at age 7, female gender and racial/ethnic categorization of White, Black or Puerto Rican for the offspring. Mothers were traced in order to obtain permission and information regarding their children's whereabouts. Tracing information was last updated over 30 years ago. Data used for tracing included mother's name, last known address, date of birth and Social Security Number (when available). Free nationwide telephone directories and fee-based internet services were utilized to search and obtain current residential information. RESULTS: The final sample for tracing consisted of 809 mother and daughter pairs. Over a period of 12 months, we have attempted to trace 506 (62%) mothers. Of this number, 223 (44%) were Black, 148 (29%) were White and 135 (27%) were Puerto Rican. Social Security Numbers were available for 269 (53%) mothers. Availability of social security number did not differ significantly by racial/ethnic group. To date, 274 (54%) are still in the process of being traced, 196 (39%) have been successfully traced, and 36 (7%) could not be traced. Mothers of Puerto Rican descent were less likely to be traced than white and black mothers. Regardless of ethnicity, mothers whose Social Security Numbers were available were more likely to be traced than mothers without Social Security Numbers. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings suggest that long-term tracking of a mobile urban population can be accomplished through free and low-cost internet-based resources.
Composition and performance of distillate recycle solvents from the SRC-I process

Abstract Recycle distillates (‘solvents’) from the Wilsonville, Alabama, SRC-I pilot plant have been analysed by a variety of methods, and the composition data related to the performance of the solvents in both batch and continuous unit coal liquefaction. Because of its low distillate yield, solvents in the SRC-I process evolve rather slowly from the ‘anthracene oil’ start-up solvent to steady-state, process-derived distillates. As the steady-state solvent evolves it increases in saturates and mono-aromatic hetero molecules (primarily phenols and indanols), and its quality as a liquefaction medium declines. Because it is low in condensed aromatics, the steady-state SRC-I solvent cannot be greatly improved by hydrogenation. Other analytical data are provided which describe the composition of SRC-I recycle distillates. The analytical methods used in this work are of adequate simplicity that they could serve as routine monitoring methods in SRC-I liquefaction.
Distinguished Fellow Mincering Labor Economics

Jacob Mincer has helped set the research agenda and professional style in labor economics for over 30 years. His research helped uncover the empirical content of human capital theory, where he used those ideas to study the determinants of earnings and the sources and nature of earnings inequality. He was also a pioneer in studying labor force participation decisions of married women. For the past decade, Jacob has set his characteristic stamp on the empirical study of job mobility. The following brief survey is meant to convey some of the flavor of Jacob Mincer's work and why it has been so influential in labor economics.
Experimental Evaluation of a Unified Time-Scale-Frequency Technique for Bearing Defect Feature Extraction

A systematic experimental study is presented in this paper on evaluating the effectiveness of a unified, multidomain algorithm for defect feature extraction in bearing condition monitoring and health diagnosis. The algorithm decomposes vibration signals measured on bearings by discrete wavelet transform and subsequently performs the Fourier transform on the wavelet coefficients. The effectiveness of such a unified technique is demonstrated through experimental case studies, which confirmed its advantage over the wavelet or Fourier transform techniques employed alone. Also, the unified technique has shown to be computationally more efficient than the enveloping technique based on continuous wavelet transform, thus providing a good signal processing tool for bearing defect diagnosis.
On the Origin and Mechanism of Action of a Thyroxine-Responsive Protein

The soluble liver mitochondrial protein fraction obtained from thyroidectomized rats injected with thyroxine manifests a rapid (within 3 hr) thyroxine-dependent increase in amino acid incorporation, and has the capacity to stimulate State 4 respiration in mitochondria isolated from thyroidectomized rats. This effect mimics the response observed in mitochondria isolated from thyroxine-injected animals. Cycloheximide blocks the thyroxine-induced increase in State 4 respiration, and also inhibits amino acid incorporation into the thyroxine-responsive protein fraction, coincident with a decline in its stimulatory effect on State 4 respiration. Injection of thyroxine also produced an increase in the steady state respiration following the respiratory jump associated with low-level Ca†† uptake, i.e., the State 4 (Ca) respiration was increased. The addition of the thyroxine responsive protein fraction to liver mitochondria obtained from thyroidectomized rats increased State 4 (Ca) in a manner similar to that obse...
Exact likelihood of vector autoregressive-moving average process with missing or aggregated data

SUMMARY This note points out that by using the Kalman filter with nonconstant coefficients, we can compute the exact likelihood of an autoregressive-moving average process observed with noise, when some of our observations are either missing or aggregated.
Molecular collisions in a multimode laser field: computational study of the effect of time variation in the laser intensity

Effects due to the time variation of the field intensity on molecular collision processes occurring in a laser field are studied. It is seen that averaging over the time profile of the intensity must be done carefully when analysing experimental results. This is particularly important if the collision takes place in a strong multimode laser field in which the intensity varies over a considerable range of values. As an illustration, a close coupling calculation is performed on a model system, and the collision cross section in a multimode laser field is compared with that in a single-mode laser field.
Erratum to: The success of structural genomics

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s10969-011-9114-2.
The Assessment of Active Listening Skills in Helpline Volunteers

This research attempted to determine if the active listening skills of helpline volunteers are improved through training and maintained after training and if the assessment tool currently used by helplines to objectively measure active listening skills, the Crisis Center Discrimination Index CCDI; (Delworth, Rudow, & Taub, 1972), is a valid measure. The lack of significant correlations between CCDI scores and supervisor ratings of active listening skills does not support the CCDIs validity. When the CCDI was altered so that the volunteers ranked responses to a caller instead of rated them, moderate correlations between CCDI scores and supervisor ratings resulted. In this form, scores on the CCDI improved with training. This indicates that active listening skills improve with training. Although scores on the CCDI did not change significantly from immediately after training to a follow-up period, supervisor ratings of active listening skills increased significantly, indicating that active listening skills i...
Lipid and Fatty Acid Requirements of Tilapias

Abstract Tilapias have been shown to have a dietary requirement for linoleic (n-6) series fatty acids (FAs; 18:2[n-6] or 20:4[n-6]). The optimum dietary levels of n-6 previously reported were 0.5% for redbelly tilapia Tilapia zillii and 1.0% for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Tilapias may also have a requirement for the linolenic (n-3) FA series (18:3[n-3], 20:5[n-3], or 22:6[n-3]), but the optimum dietary requirement levels for n-3 in various tilapia species have not been determined. The presence of high levels of either n-6 or n-3 may spare the requirement of the other, although n-6 appears to have a better growth-promoting effect than n-3. Tilapias possess the ability to desaturate and chain elongate 18:2(n-6) to 20:4(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) to 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3). Plant oils that are rich in n-6, n-3, or both FA series (e.g., soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, palm oil products, and linseed oil) have been reported to be good lipid sources for tilapia. Beef tallow and pork lard are poorly utiliz...
Cooling and welding history of the Bishop Tuff in Adobe Valley and Chidago Canyon, California

Abstract A numerical model for cooling and welding of ash-flow tuffs was developed to obtain a quantitative understanding of the welding compaction that occurs during the cooling of ash-flow sheets and to evaluate the relative effects of emplacement temperature, thickness, and emplacement histories on compaction zonation (density profiles) of large ash-flow sheets. This model includes a set of two-phase, compressible Navier–Stokes equations for the transport of mass, momentum, and energy for a variable density volatile outfluxing through a porous media (ash-flow tuff). With this model we calculated theoretical compaction profiles (density vs. elevation) to match actual data measured in sections of Bishop Tuff. Compaction profiles from the Adobe basin indicate that there were 3 periods of non-deposition (5, 10, and 40 days) separating 4 distinct rapidly emplaced packets (REP) of pyroclastic flow deposition. In contrast, the 3 periods of quiescence (400, 20, and 800 days) between the 4 REPs in Chidago Canyon were considerably longer. These data constrain models of eruption for the Bishop Tuff by implying an eruption cycle that lasted longer than 3 years. The average calculated deposition temperatures for all 4 REPs in the Adobe basin are fairly uniform at 667±33 °C. In Chidago Canyon two of the REPs had a higher deposition temperature (∼660 °C) than the other two (534 °C).
Conservatism and common sense: The criminological career of James Q. Wilson

James Q. Wilson and his views have commonly been framed as controversial and, at times, as an anathema to the discipline of criminology. This article first examines Wilson's criminological contributions chronologically, from his research on policing in the 1960s to his moral philosophy of today. Second and concomitantly, it discusses recurrent themes of political conservatism and common sense that dominate Wilson's work. The author concludes that criminology could be further enriched by the diversity, pragmatism, commonsense appeal, and policy relevance of conservative scholarship, such as Wilson's.
Physiologically identified 5-HT2-like receptors at the crayfish neuromuscular junction

Abstract The model synaptic preparation of the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction is known to be responsive to exogenous application of 5-HT. The primary effect of 5-HT is an enhancement of vesicular release from the presynaptic motor nerve terminal. 5-HT is known to act through an IP3 cascade which suggests the presence of a 5-HT2 receptor subtype; however, this is based on vertebrate 5-HT receptor classification. We examined this possibility by using a selective agonist and two antagonists of the vertebrate 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. The antagonist ketanserin and spiperone reduce the responsiveness of 5-HT in a dose-dependent manner. The broad 5-HT2 receptor agonist, α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (α-Me-5-HT) enhances synaptic transmission, in a concentration-dependent manner, but it is not as potent as 5-HT. These results support the notion that a 5-HT2 receptor subtype is present presynaptically on the crayfish motor nerve terminals. By knowing the types of 5-HT receptors present on the presynaptic motor nerve terminals in this model synaptic preparation, a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of 5-HT on vesicular release will be forthcoming.
An enhanced 60GHz open resonator for dielectric measurements at millimeter wavelengths

We report on the enhanced performance of a Fabry-Perot open resonator operating at 60GHz using the cavity-length variation technique. Due to the systematic progress in both hardware and software, this system is now able to provide a 10 nm resolution in the dimension changes of the cavity movement. Compared to a 20 nm resolution we constructed previously, this improvement guarantees a better and more accurate system to measure the permittivity and loss tangent of dielectric materials.
Pitfall experiences when interpreting complex structure with low-quality seismic images

AbstractStructural interpretation of seismic data presents numerous opportunities for encountering interpretational pitfalls, particularly when a seismic image does not have an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), or when a subsurface structure is unexpectedly complex. When both conditions exist — low S/N data and severe structural deformation — interpretation pitfalls are almost guaranteed. We analyzed an interpretation done 20 years ago that had to deal with poor seismic data quality and extreme distortion of strata. The lessons learned still apply today. Two things helped the interpretation team develop a viable structural model of the prospect. First, existing industry-accepted formation tops assigned to regional wells were rejected and new log interpretations were done to detect evidence of repeated sections and overturned strata. Second, the frequency content of the 3D seismic data volume was restricted to only the first octave of its seismic spectrum to create better evidence of fault geometrie...
THE INSTABILITY OF FRONTS IN A POROUS MEDIUM

We use a random choice numerical method to analyze the instability of a front separating two fluids in a porous medium. We observe a linear instability and a catastrophic finite amplitude instability. A qualitative analogy with problems involving a transition to turbulence is pointed out.
Proteolytic 18O-labeling strategies for quantitative proteomics.

A number of proteomic techniques have been developed to quantify proteins in biological systems. This review focuses on the quantitative proteomic technique known as “proteolytic 18O-labeling.” This technique utilizes a protease and H218O to produce labeled peptides, with subsequent chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis to identify and quantify (relative) the proteins from which the peptides originated. The technique determines the ratio of individual protein's expression level between two samples relative to each other, and can be used to quantitatively examine protein expression (comparative proteomics) and post-translational modifications, and to study protein–protein interactions. The present review discusses various aspects of the 18O-labeling technique, including: its history, the advantages and disadvantages of the proteolytic 18O-labeling technique compared to other techniques, enzymatic considerations, the problem of variable incorporation of 18O atoms into peptides with a discussion on recent advancements of the technique to overcome it, computational tools to interpret the data, and a review of the biological applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 26:121–136, 2007
Query recommendation in digital libraries using OLAP

Query suggestion is well-known to enhance the user's search for relevant documents. In this work, we propose a novel technique that emulates a human skill when searching or exploring digital collections. In general, a user begins searching by providing a naive query and then analyzes the retrieved documents in order to refine the query search. We decided to emulate this behavior by generating alternative queries using OLAP. Such queries are the result of performing multiple data summarizations on digital libraries, and then generating cuboids depending on the correlation between the keywords of the collection and the subset of keywords belonging to the previous search. Moreover, we introduce techniques to efficiently obtain query suggestions inside the DBMS by exploiting UDFs and SQL queries.
Public perceptions of electric power transmission lines

Abstract Electric power transmission lines have recently met a very significant amount of public opposition. The source of such opposition varies from case to case, and is often hard to identify. Stated objections have included land use conflicts, noise created by the lines, aesthetic concerns, and fears of health and safety threats. Despite the sometimes enormous costs and long delays caused by strong opposition to transmission line siting and construction, both utilities and governmental regulators seem baffled at why the public objects so vehemently. At the same time, opponents are often equally baffled at why their objections seem to go unheeded. As a step toward developing satisfactory solutions to the conflict, this article reviews and critiques the literature dealing with attitudes toward electric power transmission lines, and outlines a conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of those attitudes.
Computational study of the flow in a spinning and nutating cylinder

Incorporation of moments into flight simulations as a routine design tool requires a highly efficient code for solving the Navier-Stokes equations. We describe a spectral collocation method based on Chebyshev-Fourier-Chebyshev expansions in the radial, azimuthal, and axial direction. The method exploits the symmetries of the problem. By using a volume approach and an analytical result by Rosenblat, accurate moments are obtained in small fractions of the time required by other codes
Disaster relief efforts of pharmacy students during California wildfires.

In October 2007, multiple wildfires burned roughly 370,000 acres across San Diego County resulting in the evacuation of 300,000 individuals.[1][1] In response to the need for health care volunteers during this crisis, pharmacy students from the University of California, San Diego Skaggs School of
The Gaussian and mean curvature criteria for curvature continuity between surfaces

In this paper, the influence of the tangent-plane continuity of two surfaces along a common linkage curve on (1) the Dupin indicatrices of the surfaces in terms of squared Dupin indicatrices; and (2) the Gaussian and mean curvatures of the surfaces in terms of ratios of differences between Gaussian and mean curvatures is studied. Alternative sets of curvature continuity conditions in terms of intrinsic geometry of surfaces are developed. Relationships between the equalities of Gaussian and mean curvatures and curvature continuity of the surfaces along the linkage curve are studied. For two surfaces which are tangent-plane continuous along a linkage curve, the following two criteria individually guarantee their curvature continuity along the linkage curve: (1) The Gaussian Curvature Criterion: the Gaussian curvatures along the linkage curve are the same, if the linkage curve does not contain straight lines or binormal generators of the two surfaces; (2) The Mean Curvature Criterion: the mean curvatures are the same along the linkage curve. Also an alternative proof for the Linkage Curve Theorem is provided. These criteria can be used in shape interrogations, such as in visual detection of curvature discontinuity between two surfaces.
Nondiversity in substructures

For a model ℳ of Peano Arithmetic, let Lt(ℳ) be the lattice of its elementary substructures, and let Lt+(ℳ) be the equivalenced lattice (Lt(ℳ), ≅ℳ), where ≅ℳ is the equivalence relation of isomorphism on Lt(ℳ). It is known that Lt+(ℳ) is always a reasonable equivalenced lattice. Theorem Let L be a finite distributive lattice and let (L,E) be reasonable. If ℳ0 is a nonstandard prime model of PA, then ℳ0 has a cofinal extension ℳ such that Lt+(ℳ) ≅ (L,E). A general method for proving such theorems is developed which, hopefully, will be able to be applied to some nondistributive lattices.
Is the Quality of Life Better in Patients with Colostomy than Patients with Fecal Incontience

Background A colostomy offers definitive treatment for individuals with fecal incontinence (FI). Patients and physicians remain apprehensive regarding this option because the quality of life (QOL) with a colostomy is presumably worse than living with FI. The aim of this study, therefore, was to compare the QOL of colostomy patients to patients with FI.
Coaching and Financial Counseling Communication Skills: A Comparative Analysis

The goal of this conceptual paper was to identify the principles and communication skills used in coaching psychology and to compare them to the communication strategies used in financial counseling. The paper provides an overview of the theoretical basis for coaching psychology and financial counseling. Then, it presents the most important principles and communication skills and the facilitators' roles in coaching and financial counseling. Unless financial professionals understand these principles and skills in coaching, they could be confused on how to integrate both approaches. As a financial counselor, the author has longed for more knowledge about the emerging practices called financial coaching. Conceptually, financial coaching is still a work-in-progress. It is a new approach. Currently, there are no delineated competencies, no code of professional ethics, and only a little empirical evidence of the effectiveness of this intervention. This stage of development presents challenges for both the financial counselor and the recipient of the services. A counselor may be uncertain about when to apply different techniques and perform different roles during a financial counseling or coaching session. For the average consumer, the differences between financial education, financial counseling, and financial coaching are still unclear. One way to cover this gap in knowledge is to explore evidence-based principles and communication skills grounded in coaching psychology and compare those to communication skills in financial counseling. After all, these two fields are closely related and they are worthy of a careful comparison. Therefore, this paper briefly describes the theoretical underpinnings of coaching psychology and financial counseling. Next, some of the more important principles and communication skills from coaching psychology and financial counseling are compared and contrasted. The last section explores the roles of the facilitator in a financial session. The author anticipates that this paper will be useful to practitioners who want to incorporate coaching into their financial practices. Similarly, the paper could be useful for scholars who are interested in crafting future competencies for the emerging financial coaching profession.
Chesapeake Politics 1781-1800

Chronicles the political developments in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina immediately following the Revolution, and the rise of the Federalist and Republican parties.
Development of Ultrabroadband (DC–50 GHz) Wafer-Scale Packaging Method for Low-Profile Bump Flip-Chip Technology

A locally matched flip-chip (LMFC) interconnect that uses a capacitive compensation technique to minimize impedance mismatch in coplanar waveguide lines is described. With an optimum percentage change in capacitance of 55plusmn5%, we observe return loss below 25 dB over 90% of a 50 GHz bandwidth. When compared to a conventional flip-chip method, the minimum performance improvement in return loss is 10 dB and the insertion loss is smooth up to 30 GHz. The LMFC interconnect consists of two micromachined features: 1) an air cavity underneath the chip and 2) local trenches in the transition region of the flip-chip interconnect interface. A comparison of different LMFC interconnect designs to the conventional flip-chip approach is made, and design rules to obtain local trench dimensions are discussed.
Hypothalamic Oestradiol-binding Macromolecules

EVIDENCE has been presented for specific retention of oestrogens in the hypothalamus after systemic administration of radioactive oestradiol1–6. It was postulated that this was attributable to macromolecules in the hypothalamus with a large affinity for oestradiol. I now offer evidence consistent with this hypothesis.
Expression of Integrin Receptors on Plasma Membranes of Primary Corneal Epithelial Cells is Matrix Specific

Abstract Modulation of cell behavior may occur through cell adhesion receptors that bind domains of extracellular matrix molecules and mediate cell-substrate signal transduction. It was hypothesized that while primary corneal epithelial cells seeded onto laminin and fibronectin express and synthesize integrin receptors, they are not detected on the plasma membrane until the appropriate ligand is present. The integrin subunits (α-6, β-4 and β-1) present on the plasma membrane after adherence to laminin and fibronectin were compared with changes that occurred in mRNA expression and protein synthesis. Prior to seeding, the percentage of cells expressing integrin receptors and matrix proteins on their plasma membrane was determined. Negligible laminin and fibronectin (0–7%) were present on the plasma membrane while the population of epithelial cells expressing β-4 and β-1 on the plasma membrane was low (21–23%). After 3 hr of adherence the cell population expressing integrin subunits was substrate dependent. The percentage of cells adherent to LM expressing β-4 was four-fold greater than cells adherent to FN. After 24 hr the percentage of cells cultured on fibronectin expressing β-4 increased significantly indicating ligand deposition. The expression and protein synthesis of α-6 and β-4 was evaluated and an increase in the synthesis of α-6 and β-4 was not detected until 18 hr on LM and 21 hr on FN. The present results demonstrate that expression and transport of integrin receptors to the plasma membrane of primary corneal epithelial cells after adhesion is regulated by the presence of specific ligands.
Meta-analysis: the safety and efficacy of dilation in eosinophilic oesophagitis.

Summary Background Oesophageal dilation is one of the most effective options in the management of symptoms of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). However, earlier reports described an increased rate of complications. Aim To perform a meta-analysis of population-based studies of the risks associated with dilation and the clinical efficacy and duration of response to dilation in EoE. Methods Using MEDLINE and EMBASE, a systematic search was performed for published articles since 1977 describing cohort or randomised controlled trials of dilation in EoE. Summary estimates, including 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated for the occurrence of complications associated with dilations (perforations, haemorrhage, chest pain, lacerations) and percentage of patients with symptom improvement following dilation. Heterogeneity was calculated using the I2 statistic. Results The search resulted in 232 references, of which 9 studies were included in the final analysis. The studies described 860 EoE patients, of whom 525 patients underwent at least one oesophageal dilation and a total of 992 dilations. There were three cases of perforation (95% CI 0–0.9%, I2 0%) and one haemorrhage (95% CI 0–0.8%, I2 0%). Six studies reported postprocedural chest pain in 2% of cases (95% CI 1–3, I2 53%). Clinical improvement from dilation occurred in 75% of patients (95% CI 58–93%, I2 86%). Conclusions Dilation in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis is a safe procedure with a low rate of serious complications (<1%), and seems to result in at least a short-term improvement of symptoms in the majority of patients.
The cytotoxic effect of fowlpox virus on primary human amniotic cell cultures

This report describes a cytotoxic effect of fowlpox virus on human amnion cells. Changes began after 48 hours and were complete within a week following inoculation. The infective property and the cytotoxic property were compared. Suspensions which were cytotoxic nearly always contained at least 103 PFU/ml. Titers of both properties fell to undetectable levels during 30 days in human amnion cell culture. Titers of both properties were reduced by centrifugation, filtration, heat, ultraviolet light, acid, chloroform, and ether. Exposure to ultraviolet light reduced infectivity more rapidly than cytotoxicity. Treatment with ultrasound regularly increased cytotoxicity titer; infectivity increased to a much smaller and less predictable degree. Cytotoxicity-neutralizing serum antibodies developed in guinea pigs inoculated with fowipox virus. Cytotoxicity was identical in normal and IDUR-treated human amnion cells, but no plaques appeared in IDUR-treated chick embryo cells. The data suggest a mechanism of cytotoxicity that requires contact between virus and cell that does not require assembly of infectious viral particles.
Radium fluxes from a salt marsh

Dissolved 226Ra (half life 1,600 yr), 228Ra (half life 5.7 yr) and 224Ra (half life 3.64 days) activities in estuarine and coastal waters higher than values reported for open ocean or river waters have been explained by desorption and diffusion of radium from coastal and estuarine sediments1–4. Fluxes of radium isotopes from sediments in Long Island Sound, the Hudson River estuary, Chesapeake Bay and Winyah Bay, South Carolina, have been estimated from mass balances, diffusive bottom fluxes and desorption from suspended sediments4–7. These estimates may not be correct if salt marshes which are intimately associated with estuaries and the coastal ocean are an additional source or sink of radium4. In this study Bly Creek, a small marsh-tidal creek system near Georgetown, South Carolina, was chosen to determine the flux of 228Ra and its great granddaughter, 224Ra, from the sediments to the tidal creek water. We find that the highest activities of 224Ra and 228Ra in the tidal creek waters occur during low tide, but 226Ra activity remains relatively constant throughout the tidal cycle. Fluxes of 224Ra and 228Ra calculated from mass balances required to support the observed activities in the creek waters and measured directly using a flux chamber are consistent. These measurements reveal a large input of radium from the marsh sediments to the overlying waters. To produce the necessary fluxes, irrigation and bioturbation must replace interstitial water in the top 5 cm of the marsh sediments every 2–3 days.
Materials characterization of vanadium pentoxide utilized in LiV2O5 reserve cells

Li-V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ reserve cells which differed only in the bulk lot from which the vanadium pentoxide cathode material was derived showed very significant difference with regard to sustained performance. The V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ which constituted the batteries displaying premature breakdown and irregular behavior in voltage output versus time was characterized by: (1) less euhedral and smaller microcrystallites, (2) lower electrical resistivity, (3) a shift in peaked visible reflectance of about 200 A, and (4) a slightly greater oxygen content from ESCA measurements on the 1s state electrons, is compared to V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ from lots which constituted satisfactorily performing batteries.
Electron Transfer Dissociation of Amide Nitrogen Methylated Polypeptide Cations

Unmodified and amide nitrogen methylated peptide cations were reacted with azobenzene radical anions to study the utility of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) in analyzing N-methylated peptides. We show that methylation of the amide nitrogen has no deleterious effects on the ETD process. As a result, location of alkylation on amide nitrogens should be straightforward. Such a modification might be expected to affect the ETD process if hydrogen bonding involving the amide hydrogen is important for the ETD mechanism. The partitioning of the ion/ion reaction products into all of the various reaction channels was determined and compared for modified and unmodified peptide cations. While subtle differences in the relative abundances of the various ETD channels were observed, there is no strong evidence that hydrogen bonding involving the amide nitrogen plays an important role in the ETD process.
Chemical agent detection and quantification with imaging spectrometry

Passive standoff detection of chemical warfare (CW) agents is currently achieved by remote sensing infrared spectrometry in the 8 - 12 micrometer atmospheric window with the aid of automatic spectral analysis algorithms. Introducing an imaging capability would allow for rapid wide-area reconnaissance and mapping of vapor clouds, as well as reduce false alarms by exploiting the added spatial information. This paper contains an overview of the CW agent standoff detection problem and the challenges associated with developing imaging LWIR hyperspectral sensors for the detection and quantification of vapor clouds, as well as a discussion of spectral processing techniques which can be used to exploit the added data dimensionality.
Unregulated Use of Laptops over Time in Large Lecture Classes

Students often have their own individual laptop computers in university classes, and researchers debate the potential benefits and drawbacks of laptop use. In the presented research, we used a combination of surveys and in-class observations to study how students use their laptops in an unmonitored and unrestricted class setting—a large lecture-based university class with nearly 3000 enrolled students. By analyzing computer use over the duration of long (165 minute) classes, we demonstrate how computer use changes over time. The observations and studentreports provided similar descriptions of laptop activities. Note taking was the most common use for the computers, followed by the use of social media web sites. Overall, the data show that students engaged in off-task computer activities for nearly two-thirds of the time. An analysis of the frequency of the various laptop activities over time showed that engagement in individual activities varied significantly over the duration of the class.
Economic Burden of Psoriasis in the United States: A Systematic Review

Importance The total cost of psoriasis in the United States is unknown. Defining the US economic burden of psoriasis is needed because it provides the foundation for research, advocacy, and educational efforts. Objective To determine the US economic burden of psoriasis from a societal perspective. Evidence Review PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched between January 1, 2008, and September 20, 2013, for economic investigations on the direct, indirect, intangible, and comorbidity costs of adult psoriasis in the United States. The base year costs were adjusted to 2013 US dollars using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and multiplied by the estimated number of US patients with psoriasis in 2013 to determine the 2013 psoriasis cost burden. Findings Among 100 identified articles, 22 studies were included in the systematic review. The direct psoriasis costs ranged from $51.7 billion to $63.2 billion, the indirect costs ranged from $23.9 billion to $35.4 billion, and medical comorbidities were estimated to contribute $36.4 billion annually in 2013 US dollars. Patients with psoriasis would pay a lifetime cost of $11 498 for relief of physical symptoms and emotional health; however, intangible cost data are limited. The annual US cost of psoriasis amounted to approximately $112 billion in 2013. Conclusions and Relevance The economic burden of psoriasis is substantial and significant in the United States.
Coding gain in paraunitary analysis/synthesis systems

A formal proof that bit allocation results hold for the entire class of paraunitary subband coders is presented. The problem of finding an optimal paraunitary subband coder, so as to maximize the coding gain of the system, is discussed. The bit allocation problem is analyzed for the case of the paraunitary tree-structured filter banks, such as those used for generating orthonormal wavelets. The even more general case of nonuniform filter banks is also considered. In all cases it is shown that under optimal bit allocation, the variances of the errors introduced by each of the quantizers have to be equal. Expressions for coding gains for these systems are derived. >
The MMPI-168 for Psychiatric Screening:

A convenient short-form administration of the MMPI is described. Rather than selecting items out of context, it is recommended that the abbreviated administration consist of the first 168 items of the standard MMPI. The usual scoring stencils can be applied to obtain scores which can be used to estimate k-corrected clinical scale scores by application of regression weights.
Nanoporous Thin Films with Hydrophilicity-Contrasted Patterns

We report a simple and effective method to generate hydrophilicity-contrasted patterns on porous thin films containing nanometer sized pores. The porous thin films were prepared by removal of the organic polymer phase, denoted as porogen, from the nanohybrid of poly (methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSSQ) and the porogen where nanoscopic porogen domains are phase separated and entrapped in cross-linked PMSSQ matrix. Selective masking the UV radiation during UV/ozone treatment produces patterns of contrasted hydrophilicity. Hydrophilic patterns with resolution of ∼4 μm surrounded by hydrophobic regions were obtained by this patterning process. The nanoporous structure of patterns provides higher number density of reaction site, which was proved by the enhanced intensity of a fluorescent dye attached on patterns.
The Impact of Prescribing Safety Alerts for Elderly Persons in an Electronic Medical Record An Interrupted Time Series Evaluation

Methods: With data from a 39-month period of a natural experiment, we evaluated changes in medication dispensing using interrupted time series analysis to estimate changes, controlling for prealert prescribing trends. The setting was a large health maintenance organization in the Pacific Northwest. All adult enrollees of the health plan participated. The intervention was computerized alerts cautioning against using certain medications in elderly persons. The main outcome measure was dispensing per 10 000 members per month. Results: Following the implementation of the drugspecific alerts, a large and persistent reduction (5.1 prescriptions per 10 000, P=.004), a 22% relative decrease from the month before alert implementation, in the exposure of elderly patients to nonpreferred medications was observed. We found no evidence of a decrease in use of nonpreferred agents for nonelderly patients. The reduction seen in use of nonpreferred agents for elderly persons was driven primarily by decreases in dispensing for tertiary tricyclic agents. Conclusions: We found that alerts in an outpatient electronic medical record aimed at decreasing prescribing of medication use in elderly persons may be an effective method of reducing prescribing of contraindicated medications. The effect of the alerts on patient outcomes is less certain and deserves further investigation.
PROMPT NEUTRON PERIODS OF METAL CRITICAL ASSEMBLIES

Measurement of the time distribution of pairs of counts due to neutrons originating from a common ancestor in a neutron chain, yields a value for the prompt neutron period of a near-critical system. Such measurements can be used to establish the mass or control increment between delayed and prompt critical and, hence, constitute a reactivity calibration without use of the Inhour relation.Measurements are reported for several simple metal critical assemblies.
Small heat shock proteins differentially affect Aβ aggregation and toxicity

beta-Amyloid (Abeta) is the primary protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been implicated in neurotoxicity associated with the disease. Abeta aggregates readily in vitro and in vivo, and its toxicity has been linked to its aggregation state. Prevention of Abeta aggregation has been investigated as a means to prevent Abeta toxicity associated with AD. Recently we found that Hsp20 from Babesia bovis prevented both Abeta aggregation and toxicity [S. Lee, K. Carson, A. Rice-Ficht, T. Good, Hsp20, a novel alpha-crystallin, prevents Abeta fibril formation and toxicity, Protein Sci. 14 (2005) 593-601.]. In this work, we examined the mechanism of Hsp20 interaction with Abeta1-40 and compared its activity to that of other small heat shock proteins, carrot Hsp17.7 and human Hsp27. While all three small heat shock proteins were able to prevent Abeta aggregation, only Hsp20 was able to attenuate Abeta toxicity in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Understanding the mechanism of the Hsp20-Abeta interaction may provide insights into the design of the next generation of Abeta aggregation and toxicity inhibitors.
The structure of matter and the structure of the astronomical universe

It is suggested that the central problem of modern cosmology, the origin of astronomical systems, may be closely related to certain problems in solid-state physics. The arguments presented therefore afford some grounds for the claim that cosmology is a province of quantum chemistry--as well as for the opposite claim that quantum chemistry is a province of cosmology. The diameter-mass relation, gravitational clustering, cold universe prehistory, and radiation backgrounds are considered. (JFP)
Assignment of carry variables in iterative networks

Both sequential circuits (Fig. 1) and iterative circuits (Figs. 2 and 3) are usually designed by first forming a stable table (flow table) describing the desired circuit performance.1?3 In this table the various combinations of signals on the feedback or carry leads (corresponding to the internal states of the circuits) are represented by decimal numbers. It is necessary to assign specific combinations of binary signals to these (decimal) states before the actual circuit design can be carried out. This corresponds to the transition from a state table, such as Table I-A to an output table, such as Table I-B. For a given table, different assignments will usually lead to different circuits which can vary significantly in cost. The problem of minimizing the cost of the equipment can be even more important for iterative circuits since each ?cell? occurs many times in the final circuit. The number of different assignments is so large that it is not feasible to try all different assignments for circuits having more than two internal variables.4 This particular problem of discovering assignments which correspond to economical circuits is still unsolved.
Hyperglycemia-induced changes in Na+/myo-inositol transport, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, and protein kinase C activity in proximal tubule cells.

In many tissues, hyperglycemia alters the activities of the Na+-dependent myo -inositol (Na/MI) transporter, Na+-K+-ATPase, and protein kinase C (PKC). However, little is known concerning adaptive changes in renal proximal tubular function after acute or chronic hyperglycemia. We examined hyperglycemia-induced changes in Na/MI transport, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and PKC activity using three proximal tubule–like cell lines (JTC12, LLC-PK1, and OK/E cells) and primary cultures of human proximal tubular epithelium (HK cells) cultured for varying periods in low- or high-glucose media, myo -Inositol (MI) transport was mediated by a high-affinity (Km ∼50 mumol/l) Na+-dependent saturable process in the four cell lines. Hyperglycemia produced a time-dependent and persistent increase in Na/MI transport in all cell lines. Chronic hyperglycemia increased the Km for MI transport in LLC-PK1 cells and increased the Vmax in both LLC-PK1 and JTC12 cells. Glucose competitively inhibited Na/MI transport in all low-glucose cells and in high-glucose HK, JTC12, and OK/E cells but had no effect on transport in high-glucose LLC-PK1 cells. Acute hyperglycemia also produced time-dependent increases in Na+-K+-ATPase activity in all cell lines, a change that persisted only in HK cells. A 24-h exposure to high glucose had no effect on PKC activity in any of the cell lines but increased Ca/phospholipid-dependent PKC activity in membrane fractions from chronically high-glucose LLC-PK1 and OK/E cells. These data suggest that hyperglycemia causes acute changes in proximal tubule function and long-lived adaptive responses in Na/MI transport and the PKC signaling pathway.
The order parameter of high Tc superconductors; Experimental probes

Abstract The high Tc superconductors have many characteristics which distinguish them from conventional superconductors. Several theories of the superconducting state conclude that the order parameter is of a higher symmetry than conventional. This article reviews the experiments designed to probe the symmetry of the superconducting state and what we can conclude from the experiments.
Clinical Trials in Diastolic Heart Failure

Forty percent to 50% of patients with chronic heart failure have normal or relatively normal left ventricular ejections fractions. These are much more frequently women and tend to be older than those with reduced ejection fractions. In most, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction plays a major role in the genesis of heart failure. Until recently, these patients have been systematically excluded from heart failure trials, so that there are no proven treatments for this group. This article reviews the recent and ongoing trials in patients with diastolic heart failure, which hopefully will lead to improved treatment and outcomes.
Appropriate modeling and analysis for systems of systems: Case study synopses using a taxonomy

As System of Systems challenges become more pronounced, we are especially interested in a) the notion that each particular SoS problem is unique, possessing different sets of traits to differing degrees a) in the midst of this diversity, developing appropriate modeling for purposes of decision-making support. Because individual systems can operate independently within an system of systems, many traditional engineering methods and tools used to design large-scale, but monolithic, systems do not appear to work for designing systems of systems. A taxonomy and common lexicon are employed in putting design problem formulation and modeling on a sound footing. This paper highlights the most recent version of the taxonomy and its use in guiding research to shape the modeling approach for three distinct transportation-related application case studies.