cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the dissociative adsorption of CO2 on Ni(100)

Abstract The dynamics of the dissociative chemisorption of CO 2 on clean Ni(100) has been investigated using supersonic molecular beam and ultrahigh-vacuum techniques. The dissociative sticking probability, s 0 , to form adsorbed CO and O, was found to be enhanced by three orders of magnitude by the addition of translational and vibrational energy to the incident CO 2 molecules. S 0 increased from 4 × 10 −4 to 0.15 as the component of translational energy normal to the surface was increased from 8 to 100 kJ/mol. Translational activation was also seen at a nozzle temperature of 1000 K, but s 0 was greater by a factor of two to ten at each translational energy, indicating the participation of vibrational excitation in activation of the molecule. The magnitude of the enhancement indicates that population of excited bending mode levels significantly increase the dissociative adsorption probability.
Dual Dimensionality Reduction Reveals Independent Encoding of Motor Features in a Muscle Synergy for Insect Flight Control

What are the features of movement encoded by changing motor commands? Do motor commands encode movement independently or can they be represented in a reduced set of signals (i.e. synergies)? Motor encoding poses a computational and practical challenge because many muscles typically drive movement, and simultaneous electrophysiology recordings of all motor commands are typically not available. Moreover, during a single locomotor period (a stride or wingstroke) the variation in movement may have high dimensionality, even if only a few discrete signals activate the muscles. Here, we apply the method of partial least squares (PLS) to extract the encoded features of movement based on the cross-covariance of motor signals and movement. PLS simultaneously decomposes both datasets and identifies only the variation in movement that relates to the specific muscles of interest. We use this approach to explore how the main downstroke flight muscles of an insect, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, encode torque during yaw turns. We simultaneously record muscle activity and turning torque in tethered flying moths experiencing wide-field visual stimuli. We ask whether this pair of muscles acts as a muscle synergy (a single linear combination of activity) consistent with their hypothesized function of producing a left-right power differential. Alternatively, each muscle might individually encode variation in movement. We show that PLS feature analysis produces an efficient reduction of dimensionality in torque variation within a wingstroke. At first, the two muscles appear to behave as a synergy when we consider only their wingstroke-averaged torque. However, when we consider the PLS features, the muscles reveal independent encoding of torque. Using these features we can predictably reconstruct the variation in torque corresponding to changes in muscle activation. PLS-based feature analysis provides a general two-sided dimensionality reduction that reveals encoding in high dimensional sensory or motor transformations.
Differential diagnosis of intracavitary tumors obstructing the right ventricular outflow tract.

Three cases of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by 3 distinct tumors—myxoma, sarcoma, and presumed metastatic tumor—diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are presented. The differences among these 3 types of tumors with similar clinical and echocardiographic findings are highlighted, and a review of the pertinent literature is discussed. By applying the approximate frequencies of cardiac tumors categorized by type and site, statistically, an intracavitary right ventricular outflow tract tumor is 70 to 140 times more likely to be malignant than benign; furthermore, if it is a primary cardiac tumor, it is approximately 2 times more likely to be a sarcoma than a myxoma. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:937-40.)
666 ANEMIA HYPOPROTE INEMIA AND EDEMA SYNDROME IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Five of approximately 100 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) followed in our clinic in the past 11 years presented with the syndrome of anemia hypoproteinemia and edema, as their initial manifestations. The age at onset varied from 5 wks to 3½ months. CF was not diagnosed at the time of presentation in 3 patients, & 2 of them received transfusions in the referring hospital. Transfusion resulted in a resolution of symptoms, but the syndrome recurred in a few weeks. In 1 patient, the presenting complaint was only anemia, but the diagnosis of CF was made a few weeks later when she developed pneumonia and edema. In 2 infants, anemia developed within 1 week after the patients were admitted for workup of edema. All of them later received transfusions. One patient had an elevated erythropoietin level. Serum albumin varied from 0.9 to 2.6gm/dl. Two infants were breast fed, 2 received cow's milk formula, and 1 soy formula. All patients were treated with intravenous albumin, pancreatic enzymes, multivitamins, vitamin K, casein hydrolysate formula, and vigorous pulmonary therapy. All of them improved and had no recurrence of the syndrome on a long-term follow-up. One patient had a normal sweat chloride, another had a borderline high normal value when first examined. However, both had elevated sweat chloride levels when the edema subsided. The initial sweat chloride test may be misleading. This syndrome of anemia hypoproteinemia and edema as the initial manifestation of CF is not uncommon and should be recognized.
Medicine: K is for koagulation.

Comparative genetic linkage studies in rats, mice and humans have finally identified a key component of vitamin K metabolism that is targeted by the commonest anticoagulant drugs in use today.
Ontogenic neuro-fuzzy algorithm: F-CID3

Abstract The paper introduces ontogenic Fuzzy-CID3 algorithm (F-CID3) which combines a neural network algorithm and fuzzy sets into a single hybrid algorithm which generates its own topology. Two new methods, one based on a concept of a neural fuzzy number tree, and a class separation method are introduced in the paper and utilized in the algorithm. The F-CID3 algorithm is an extension of an ontogenic CID3 algorithm which generates a neural network architecture by minimizing Shannon's entropy function. The F-CID3 algorithm generates an initial network architecture in the same way as the CID3 algorithm. It subsequently defines grades of membership for fuzzy sets associated with hidden layer nodes where the entropy is first reduced to zero, and then switches entirely to operations on fuzzy sets. This hybrid approach results in a simpler architecture realization than the CID3, with fewer connections. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed on benchmark examples.
Strong Instability of Solitary-Wave Solutions of a Generalized Boussinesq Equation

Abstract In this paper we prove the strong instability of solitary-wave solutions with small speed of propagation for a generalized Boussinesq equation.
Memory management for many-core processors with software configurable locality policies

As processors evolve towards higher core counts, architects will develop more sophisticated memory systems to satisfy the cores' increasing thirst for memory bandwidth. Early many-core processor designs suggest that future memory systems will likely include multiple controllers and distributed cache coherence protocols. Many-core processors that expose memory locality policies to the software system provide opportunities for automatic tuning that can achieve significant performance benefits.Managed languages typically provide a simple heap abstraction. This paper presents techniques that bridge the gap between the simple heap abstraction of modern languages and the complicated memory systems of future processors. We present a NUMA-aware approach to garbage collection that balances the competing concerns of data locality and heap utilization to improve performance. We combine a lightweight approach for measuring an application's memory behavior with an online, adaptive algorithm for tuning the cache to optimize it for the specific application's behaviors.We have implemented our garbage collector and cache tuning algorithm and present results on a 64-core TILEPro64 processor.
Interplay between the human TCR/CD3ϵ and the B-cell antigen receptor associated Ig-β (B29)

Abstract T and B lymphocytes are characterized by the surface expression of highly variable antigen receptors called the T-cell (TCR) and B-cell (BCR) receptor. In both B and T cells, binding of antigen to their respective surface receptors results in transmembrane signaling which leads either to programmed cell death or to proliferatin and differentiation. The human and murine TCR consist of the highly variable TCR α and β or γ and δ chains recognizing antigen and the non-covalently associated invariable CD3 complex (γ, δ, ϵ) and ζ. The antigen-recognizing surface membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules on the surface of human and murine B cells are non-covalently associated with a heterodimeric protein complex of Ig-α (MB-1) and Ig-β (B29). Like the CD3 complex associated with TCR the Ig-associated proteins are predicted to regulate the assembly and transport of the Ig complex to the cell surface and to couple membrane-bound Ig to intracellular signal transduction pathways. To gain more insight into structure/function relationships between CD3 proteins and Ig-α and Ig-β, we transiently co-transfected pairs of expression vectors encoding either TCR/CD3 chains on the one hand and Ig-α or Ig-β on the other into Cos cells. Thus we found a very strong interaction between CD3ϵ and Ig-β mediated by the extracellular domains. Experiments in which we could stain Jurkat T cells with soluble Ig-β but not Ig-α protein indicated the recognition of CD3ϵ by Ig-β even in the context of the whole TCR/CD3 complex. The staining of Jurkat cells by soluble Ig-β protein could specifically be inhibited by blocking the extracellular domains of either CD3ϵ or Ig-β with antibodies. These data hint at a possible function for CD3ϵ and Ig-β in constituting a novel pair of surface molecules involved in T-/B-cell interactions.
INTERNAL-FRICTION AND YOUNG'S-MODULUS VARIATIONS IN THE SUPERCONDUCTING, MIXED, AND NORMAL STATES OF NIOBIUM.

Internal-friction and Young's-modulus measurements have been performed on as-grown and deformed niobium single crystals as a function of temperature and external magnetic field. The crystals are driven in longitudinal resonance between 1.5 and 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at 80 and 240 kHz. An internal-friction relaxation peak is observed at 3.24\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the superconducting state, but shifts abruptly to 2.08\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K when the mixed state is established. This peak is characterized by a single relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$, defined by the expression $\ensuremath{\tau}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{E}{\mathrm{kT}})$. The activation energy $E$ and the attempt frequency ${{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, are 0.0019 eV and 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ rad/sec in the superconducting state, and 0.0016 eV and 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ rad/sec in the normal state ($k$ is Boltzmann's constant and $T$ denotes the absolute temperature). Effects of plastic deformation and residual-impurity content suggest that the relaxation process involves the motion of dislocations, modified by the presence of residual chemical impurities. Based on this premise, the interaction between dislocations and magnetic fluxoids is inferred to be attractive. Young's modulus also reflects the relaxation, and, in addition, decreases with decreasing temperature below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This decrease, however, is not consistent with ordinary relaxation mechanisms.
Assessing ozone networks using positive matrix factorization

In 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began the process of examining the national monitoring networks to assess the contribution of individual monitoring sites in providing useful information to the public and regulatory agencies. One of the first networks to be examined was ozone, with the assessment being initially completed on a national level and then further refined on a regional basis. The goal of the regional analysis was to determine which monitors may be providing redundant information and could, therefore, be removed or relocated to another area in need of additional monitoring data. One technique which was used in the regional analysis of the ozone network was positive matrix factorization (PMF). This technique is similar to classical factor analysis, which allows for a series of related variables to be grouped into a smaller set of independent factors that represent combinations of the original variables. In addition to grouping the data into factors, this novel approach also provides predicted values of the analysis variable. Comparison of the predicted to the actual values not only gave an indication of how well the model fitted the ozone concentrations, but also aided in the determination of the information value of individual monitors. Hourly ozone data were polled from the USEPA's national data archive for a total of 24 states for the prime ozone formation months of May through September for 1996 to 2000. Daily maximum 8-hour concentrations were calculated for each site according to the methods contained in 40 CFR Part 50 Appendix H. Because PMF requires a complete data record across all sites for all days analyzed, sites that were missing data were interpolated linearly over time. The results of the PMF analysis contained 10 factors representing various areas of the country including the Lake Michigan, Atlantic Coast, North Carolina, St. Louis/Indianapolis, Upper New York State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kansas/Southeast Missouri/Arkansas, Minnesota/Northwest Wisconsin, and Kentucky/Tennessee areas. Actual to predicted ratios were calculated for each day at each site and the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the individual ratio distributions were utilized as a metric to determine which sites were consistently being predicted well by PMF. Sites with low CVs were interpreted as being well predicted and considered not to be providing ambient ozone information as valuable as that provided by monitors that were poorly predicted by the model.
Psychosocial aspects of infertility: sexual dysfunction

Abstract Introduction : Sexual dysfunction can be a silent partner of infertility treatment. Rarely is sexual dysfunction the cause of infertility. More often, sexual dysfunction is a consequence of the infertility experience and/or treatment. Sexual intimacy is profoundly affected by infertility sequelae, such as lowered self-esteem, depressive or anxiety feelings, and association of sexual intimacy with failure to procreate. Methods : The definition of primary sexual dysfunction is made by diagnosing a problem that has always existed. Secondary sexual dysfunction denotes situations in which a problem develops after an individual has had normal sexual function. Infertility, already a series of many losses for many couples, will create a loss of sexual intimacy and enjoyment. Treatment demands, e.g. producing semen specimens or timed intercourse, may also create disruption or dysfunction. Results : Sexual dysfunction can be treated to enhance both infertility treatments and dyadic adjustment. There are many treatment approaches that may include medical intervention, counseling and behavioral techniques. Conclusion : Clinicians practicing in the field of infertility need to bring heightened awareness to their patients’ sexual function. Acknowledging that sexual function is a valued part of relationship, apart from the need to conceive, can give couples permission to address this sensitive area of their relationship.
Designing Enzymes for Use in Organic Solvents

Enzymes are routinely used in organic solvents where numerous reactions of interest to synthetic and polymer chemists can be performed with high selectivity. Recently, it has become apparent that the catalytic properties of an enzyme can be tailored to a specific catalytic requirement by the use of solvent and protein engineering. The former involves altering the polarity, hydrophobicity, water content, etc., of the organic milieu, while the later applies site-directed mutagenesis to alter the physicochemical properties of the biocatalyst. The dominant effects of organic solvents on enzyme structure and function, and the potential of solvent and protein engineering to design enzymes to function optimally in organic media, are the major foci of this review.
60-GHz transmit/receive switch using a p–n diode and MOS transistors in 130-nm CMOS

Abstract A single-pole-double-throw transmit/receive switch using a shunt p–n diode and shunt NMOS transistors in 130-nm CMOS technology that operates around 60 GHz is reported. The switch exhibits insertion loss of ∼2 and 3 dB for TX and RX mode, respectively at 60 GHz. The diode has ∼6X lower parasitic capacitance for given on resistance compared to NMOS transistors in the CMOS technology, which results in lower insertion loss. Furthermore, the p–n diode has greater than 11-V breakdown voltage, which enables the switch to attain higher than 18-dBm measured input 1-dB compression point. This is the highest among CMOS millimeter-wave switches reported up to date. Transmit to receive port isolation of the switch is ∼20 dB at 60 GHz.
An integrated approach to structural synthesis and analysis

The structural synthesis problem, which is currently viewed as an inequality constrained minimization problem in design variable space, is transformed into an unconstrained minimization problem in a space such that each point represents a set of values for the design variables as well as for each behavior variable in each load condition. Using penalty functions and a trial value of the optimum weight (W0)^ rather than slack variables and Lagrange multipliers, a positive function i/' is constructed such that any point where \[/ = 0 represents an acceptable design of weight W0 or less. This integrated formulation is used to seek optimum designs by systematically reducing W0, thus generating a sequence of acceptable designs with decreasing weight. Numerical examples of optimum designs, based on a nonlinear analysis for a one node m-bar planar truss, are presented together with computer running times. These results are obtained using a steep-descent-type procedure in conjunction with the \//function formulation. The results indicate that the integrated approach offers the prospect of making substantial improvements in the efficiency of the structural synthesis process, particularly when linearization of the structural analysis is inappropriate.
Operative Intervention for Postinfarction Angina

Abstract Thirty-four patients (26 men and 8 women) underwent myocardial revascularization following myocardial infarction (MI) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital during 1980 through 1982. Average age was 59 years. Of the 33 patients with unstable angina, 61% had ischemia in the infarct zone and 39% had "ischemia at a distance." Mean time from MI to operation was 16 days. The MIs were equally divided between a transmural and a subendocardial location. Eleven patients had a history of congestive heart failure. Intraaortic balloon pumping was used preoperatively for anginal stabilization in 14 patients. Mean ejection fraction for the group was 52%. There were 3 operative deaths, all 3 due to myocardial failure. Late follow-up (mean, 13.7 months; range, 6 to 35 months) is complete for 28 patients. There was 1 late death, secondary to cardiac failure. There were no late MIs. Angina had recurred in 5 patients, but only 2 were taking antianginal medication. At the time of follow-up, 52% of patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. This experience suggests that operative intervention for postinfarction angina can be accomplished with an acceptable mortality and thereby increase survival, reduce the later occurrence of MI, and relieve angina in this high-risk group.
Geometric method of intersecting natural quadrics represented in trimmed surface form

Abstract A purely geometric method for intersecting natural quadrics (plane, cone, cylinder and sphere) is presented in this paper, which supports the Boolean algorithm to intersect trimmed surfaces given in rational B-spline form. The advantages of the geometric approach are emphasized and all the important issues of the intersection process are described in detail.
A note to the sum of fuzzy variables

Abstract We generalize the results of Rao and Rashed (1981), 285–292) and the results of Nahmias ((1978), 97–110) for the membership function of a finite sum of mutually unrelated fuzzy variables. The main result is to give a necessary and sufficient condition to the following problem: if X1, X2,..., Xn are mutually unrelated fuzzy variables with common membership function μ and α1, α2,...,αn are real numbers satisfying αi ⩾0 for every i and Σi=1n αi, when does Z = Σni=1 αiXi have the same membership function μ?
Nicotiana an Hallucinogen

1). The anthropological evidence as well as recent chemical considerations suggest that the peripheral autonomic effects of nicotine in tobacco would not be those primarily sought after by traditional societies for magico-religious, divinatory or ceremonial use.
Health literacy and sleep disorders: A review

Sleep medicine is a rapidly growing field with a continuing need to educate its patients. The ability of patients to understand information necessary to make appropriate health care choices and engage in positive health care behaviors is impacted by their health literacy. Low health literacy has been demonstrated to affect health outcomes in numerous disease states. Few interventions to circumvent this have been studied, and even fewer have been successful. Health literacy issues may directly affect a clinician's ability to care for sleep disorder patients effectively. Further research needs to be done to investigate the prevalence and impact of low health literacy in patients with sleep disorders.
TIC, TOC, DIC, DOC, PIC, POC — unique aspects in the preparation of oceanographic samples for 14C-AMS

Abstract The radiocarbon content of discrete carbon pools (total (T), dissolved (D), and particulate (P) inorganic (I) and organic (O) carbon (C)) is a useful tracer of carbon cycling within the modern and past ocean. The isolation of different carbon pools in the ocean environment and conversion to CO 2 presents unique analytical problems for the radiocarbon chemist. In general, isolation and preparation of inorganic carbon presents few problems; dissolved carbon is easily extracted by acidifying the sample and stripping with an inert gas. Carbon is also readily isolated from particulate carbonate samples; in this case, CO 2 is prepared by hydrolysis of the substrate with phosphoric acid. The isolation and preparation of organic carbon presents a much greater problem. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) must first be isolated from DIC and then oxidized in the presence of very high salt concentrations. We present results from a closed-tube combustion method in which the DIC-free seawater is evaporated to dryness, transferred to a clean combustion tube, and oxidized overnight at 550°C. Combustion of total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments with a high inorganic carbon content is also difficult. Removal of CaCO 3 with acid leaves severely deliquescent salts which, if not thoroughly dried, cause combustion tubes to explode. Removal of the salts by rinsing can also remove significant amounts of organic matter. Finally, we present results from a local coastal region.
Direct quantification of micro-thin-layer chromatograms.

Abstract A variety of compounds have been quantified after thin-layer electrophoresis and/or thin-layer chromatography on microplates by means of the triple product of the largest and smallest diameters and the maximum absorbance of each spot. The diameters were measured with a graduated magnifier and spot absorbance was determined by means of a fiber optic light pipe fitted to a standard spectrophotometer. Precision and accuracy of ± 5% or less were obtained using amino acids, glucose, and cholesterol in the range of 10 −11 −10 −9 moles. A total of six different reagents were used on silica gel and cellulose, with glass plates and Mylar film supports after both mono-dimensional and two-dimensional separations. Except for the lipids which were applied with a modified syringe, all solutions were spotted by means of calibrated Nichrome wire loops delivering 36–126 nl. The procedure was found to be simple and economical and reliable in routine use.
A meta-analysis of functional reading systems in typically developing and struggling readers across different alphabetic languages

Functional neuroimaging research has identified multiple brain regions supporting reading-related activity in typical and atypical readers across different alphabetic languages. Previous meta-analyses performed on these functional magnetic resonance imaging findings typically report significant between-group contrasts comparing typical readers and readers with reading difficulty or a clinical diagnosis of developmental dyslexia. In order to advance our understanding of cross-linguistic convergence of reading-related brain activations for these reader groups, analyses using activation likelihood estimation were carried out separately for typical and atypical readers who ranged from children to adults. Contrasts were analyzed for tasks involving rhyming or reading of letter or word stimuli presented visually in English, Dutch, Italian, German, French, or Norwegian. Typical readers showed reliable activation in only left lateralized regions, including the inferior frontal area, precentral area and middle temporal gyrus. Atypical readers also showed activation in the left inferior frontal area and precentral region, in addition to significant activations in the right hemisphere, including the superior, medial and inferior frontal regions, lingual gyrus and the inferior occipital area. These results distinguish between typical and atypical reader group activations, showing common and distinct regions of activation when engaged in reading-related activities, extending previous meta-analyses on identifying brain regions relevant to reading to include cross-linguistic analyses for alphabetic scripts. Results support the universality of a signature pattern of brain activation in developmental dyslexia across alphabetic languages.
Turkey Egg Weight Losses and Embryonic Mortality During Incubation

Abstract Shell conductances (mg H2 O·day–1 ·torr–1) of fertile and infertile turkey eggs did not differ significantly after days 7, 14, 21, or 25 of incubation. Furthermore, conductances of eggs that subsequently hatched, contained early dead embryos, or contained late dead embryos did not differ significantly before 7 days of incubation. For the incubation periods 7 to 14, 14 to 21, and 21 to 25 days, eggs with embryos dying late in the course of incubation had significantly lower conductances than eggs with embryos that subsequently hatched or eggs that had died early during development. Fertile and infertile eggs did not differ significantly in egg weight, surface area, percentage of initial egg mass lost during incubation, or amount of water vapor lost per square centimeter of surface area. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between eggs with embryos that hatched normally and eggs with embryos dying early in incubation for any of the aforementioned parameters, but eggs with embryos dying late in incubation had significantly lower percentage of initial egg mass lost and lower amounts of water vapor lost per square centimeter of surface area. Eggs exhibiting late embryonic mortality had the same egg weights and surface areas as the other hatchability groups. It was concluded that gaseous conductance of some turkey eggshells is insufficient to meet embryonic demands late in incubation.
Oncofertility and Informed Consent: Addressing Beliefs, Values, and Future Decision Making

Imagine every parent’s nightmare… your sweet, vibrant daughter has just been diagnosed with cancer. The doctor is talking to you, but all you hear is “cancer” and all you can think about is the possibility that she may die. Now that the diagnosis is made, the doctor is anxious to begin treatment. He is describing the treatment, its benefits and burdens, and the schedule. Suddenly, though the “c-word” continues to buzz in your ears, you hear the side effects of treatment – hair loss, nausea, fatigue, weight loss, and infertility. “Infertility?! My baby may never be able to have babies?!” You have not yet processed the diagnosis, or come to terms with your child’s mortality, and now this.
Resolution of Crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis

A cohort of family members with various chronic diseases including Crohn's disease, asthma, complex regional pain syndrome, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and lymphangiomatosis and/or evidence of infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are described in this series of case reports. MAP was cultured from the blood of three members affected by the first five diseases and there was accompanying elevated anti-MAP IgG in two members. The patient affected by the sixth disease has a markedly elevated anti-MAP titer. The two patients affected by the first four diseases have been treated with a combination of anti-MAP antibiotics and ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy with resolution of the disease symptomatology and inability to culture MAP in post treatment blood samples. These case reports of patients with MAP infections provide supportive evidence of a pathogenic role of MAP in humans.
Multimodel Analysis of the Water Vapor Feedback in the Tropical Upper Troposphere

Relationships between the mean humidity in the tropical upper troposphere and tropical sea surface temperatures in 17 coupled ocean–atmosphere global climate models were investigated. This analysis builds on a prior study of humidity and surface temperature measurements that suggested an overall positive climate feedback by water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere whereby the mean specific humidity increases with warmer sea surface temperature (SST). The model results for present-day simulations show a large range in mean humidity, mean air temperature, and mean SST, but they consistently show increases in upper-tropospheric specific humidity with warmer SST. The model average increase in water vapor at 250 mb with convective mean SST is 44 ppmv K 1 , with a standard deviation of 14 ppmv K 1 . Furthermore, the implied feedback in the models is not as strong as would be the case if relative humidity remained constant in the upper troposphere. The model mean decrease in relative humidity is 2.3% 1.0% K 1 at 250 mb, whereas observations indicate decreases of 4.8% 1.7% K 1 near 215 mb. These two values agree within the respective ranges of uncertainty, indicating that current global climate models are simulating the observed behavior of water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere with reasonable accuracy.
Biphasic transthoracic defibrillation causes fewer ECG ST-segment changes after shock.

Abstract Study objective: Electrocardiographic abnormalities are common after transthoracic defibrillation. ECG ST-segment changes are especially problematic after defibrillation and may indicate ischemic or shock-induced cardiac dysfunction after resuscitation. Biphasic defibrillation waveforms, compared with monophasic waveforms, diminish shock-induced cardiac dysfunction in laboratory preparations. This effect has not been validated in human subjects. We therefore evaluated in a prospective, blinded fashion the effect of biphasic and monophasic transthoracic defibrillation on the ECG ST segment in 30 consecutive patients during surgery for the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. Methods: In each patient two low-energy truncated biphasic transthoracic defibrillation shocks (115 and 130 J) were compared with a standard clinical 200 J monophasic damped–sine wave shock. The biphasic shocks and the damped–sine wave shock have been demonstrated to have equal defibrillation efficacy of 97%. Fifteen-second ECG signals recorded across transthoracic defibrillation electrodes were digitized before ventricular fibrillation induction and immediately after each defibrillation attempt. The ST segments 80 msec after the J point were analyzed in a blinded fashion by two reviewers. The ST-segment deflection, QRS-interval duration, QT interval, and heart rate after each therapy were compared with baseline values. Results: ECG ST-segment elevation was significantly greater with the 200-J damped-sine waveform than with either biphasic waveform. The ECG ST-segment levels were –.55±.36 at baseline, –.76±.36 mm after internal shock, –.02–.36 mm after 115-J biphasic shock, .21±.38 mm after 130-J biphasic shock, and 2.09±.37 mm after 200-J damped–sine wave shock ( P Conclusion: Transthoracic defibrillation with biphasic waveforms results in less postshock ECG evidence of myocardial dysfunction (injury or ischemia) than standard monophasic damped sine waveforms without compromise of defibrillation efficacy. [Reddy RK, Gleva MJ, Gliner BE, Dolack GL, Kudenchuk PJ, Poole JE, Bardy GH: Biphasic transthoracic defibrillation causes fewer ECG ST-segment changes after shock. Ann Emerg Med August 1997;30:127-134.]
Recovery of low temperature electron irradiation-induced damage in n-type gaas

Abstract Undoped n-type GaAa was irradiated near 5 and 77 °K with electrons having incident energies between 0.46 and 1.30 MeV. The recovery of the electrical resistivity and the Hall coefficient upon annealing from 4 to 520 °K was monitored. Changes which occurred upon annealing below 200 °K could be reversed by ionizing radiation. A small amount of irreversible ionization-induced recovery was observed after irradiation near 5 °K. Major irreversible recovery stages were centered near 235 (stage I), 280 (stage II) and 520 °K (stage III). Recovery in stage I and II obeyed first order kinetics. The activation energies of stages I and II were determined as 0.72 and 0.83 eV, respectively. The carrier concentration changes per unit irradiation dose corresponding to the three recovery stages differed in their energy dependence indicating that the defects which are removed in stage III have the lowest threshold energy. The carrier concentration changes per unit irradiation dose corresponding to stages I and III ...
Determination of Achievable Information Rates (AIRs) of IM/DD Systems and AIR Loss Due to Chromatic Dispersion and Quantization

The achievable information rates (AIRs) of a nonreturn-to-zero optical transmission system operating at 10Gb/s are determined based on experimentally obtained conditional probability density functions for an amplified spontaneous emission noise-dominated system in the presence of chromatic dispersion (with and without optical dispersion compensation). Specifically, we concentrate on the AIR loss due to the accumulation of chromatic dispersion, as well as the practical constraint of the analog-to-digital conversion and quantization of log-likelihood ratios
Analyzing the design-for-test techniques in a multiple substrate MCM

This paper discusses the results of several design-for-testability techniques implemented in a multichip module (MCM). MCM test issues discussed include boundary scan, Built-In-Self-Test (BIST), concurrent test sequencing, and module level test. Analyzing the results of the DFT attributes is necessary to determine effectiveness of the overall test strategy, improve upon various techniques, and learn lessons that may be carried into subsequent generations of MCM design. A discussion of the analysis and the lessons learned is presented, as well as a brief discussion on future planned implementations. >
Relationships among plants, soils and microbial communities along a hydrological gradient in the New Jersey Pinelands, USA

† Background and Aims Understanding the role of different components of hydrology in structuring wetland communities is not well developed. A sequence of adjacent wetlands located on a catenary sequence of soils and receiving the same sources and qualities of water is used to examine specifically the role of water-table median position and variability in affecting plant and microbial community composition and soil properties. † Methods Two replicates of three types of wetland found adjacent to each other along a hydrological gradient in the New Jersey Pinelands (USA) were studied. Plant-community and water-table data were obtained within a 100-m 2 plot in each community ( pine swamp, maple swamp and Atlantic-white-cedar swamp). Monthly soil samples from each plot were analysed for soil moisture, organic matter, extractable nitrogen fractions, N mineralization rate and microbial community composition. Multivariate ordination methods were used to compare patterns among sites within and between data sets. † Key Results The maple and pine wetlands were more similar to each other in plant community composition, soil properties and microbial community composition than either was to the cedar swamps. However, maple and pine wetlands differed from each other in water-table descriptors as much as they differed from the cedar swamps. All microbial communities were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria despite hydrologic differences among the sites. Water-table variability was as important as water-table level in affecting microbial communities. † Conclusions Water tables affect wetland communities through both median level and variability. Differentiation of both plant and microbial communities are not simple transforms of differences in water-table position, even when other hydrologic factors are kept constant. Rather, soil genesis, a result of both water-table position and geologic history, appears to be the main factor affecting plant and microbial community similarities.
IFN-β pretreatment sensitizes human melanoma cells to TRAIL/Apo2 ligand-induced apoptosis

All human melanoma cell lines (assessed by annexin V and TUNEL assays) were resistant to apoptosis induction by TRAIL/Apo2L protein. TRAIL/Apo2L activated caspase-8 and caspase-3, but subsequent apoptotic events such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and DNA fragmentation were not observed. To probe the molecular mechanisms of cellular resistance to apoptosis, melanoma cell lines were analyzed for expression of apoptosis regulators (apoptotic protease-associated factor-1, FLIP, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis, Bcl-2, or Bax); no correlation was observed. TRAIL/Apo2L was induced in melanoma cell lines by IFN-beta and had been correlated with apoptosis induction. Because IFN-beta induced other gene products that have been associated with apoptosis, it was postulated that one or more IFN-stimulated genes might sensitize cells to TRAIL/Apo2L. Melanoma cell lines were treated with IFN-beta for 16-24 h before treatment with TRAIL/Apo2L. Regardless of their sensitivity to either cytokine alone, >30% of cells underwent apoptosis in response to the combined treatment. Induction of apoptosis by IFN-beta and TRAIL/Apo2L in combination correlated with synergistic activation of caspase-9, a decrease in mitochondrial potential, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cleavage of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis following IFN-beta and TRAIL/Apo2L treatment was observed in sensitive WM9, A375, or WM3211 cells but not in resistant WM35 or WM164 cells. Thus, in vitro IFN-beta and TRAIL/Apo2L combination treatment had more potent apoptotic and anti-growth effects when compared with either cytokine alone in melanoma cells lines.
Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Renal Damage: Implications for Therapy

Unlike the majority of patients with uncomplicated hypertension in whom minimal renal damage develops in the absence of severe blood pressure (BP) elevations, patients with diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit an increased vulnerability to even moderate BP elevations. Investigations in experimental animal models have revealed that this enhanced susceptibility is a consequence of an impairment of the renal autoregulatory mechanisms that normally attenuate the transmission of elevated systemic pressures to the glomeruli in uncomplicated hypertension. The markedly lower BP threshold for renal damage and the steeper slope of relationship between BP and renal damage in such states necessitates that BP be lowered into the normotensive range to prevent progressive renal damage. When BP is accurately measured using radiotelemetry in animal models, the renal protection provided by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade is proportional to the BP reduction with little evidence of BP-independent protection. A critical evaluation of the clinical data also suggests that the BP-independent renoprotection by RAS blockade has been overemphasized and that achieving lower BP targets is more important than the selection of antihypertensive regimens. However, achievement of such BP goals is difficult in CKD patients without aggressive diuresis, because of their proclivity for salt retention. The effectiveness of RAS blockers in lowering BP in patients who have been adequately treated with diuretics, along with their potassium-sparing and magnesium-sparing effects, provides a more compelling rationale for the use of RAS blockade in the treatment of CKD patients than any putative BP-independent renoprotective superiority.
Modularity and the distinct rank function

If R(ω,q) denotes Dyson’s partition rank generating function, due to work of Bringmann and Ono, it is known that for roots of unity ω≠1, R(ω,q) is the “holomorphic part” of a harmonic weak Maass form. Dating back to Ramanujan, it is also known that \(\widehat{R}(\omega,q):=R(\omega,q^{-1})\) is given by Eichler integrals and modular forms. In analogy to these results, more recently Monks and Ono have shown that modular forms arise in a natural way from G(ω,q), the generating function for ranks of partitions into distinct parts. Moreover, Monks and Ono pose the following problem: determine whether the function \(\widehat{G}(\omega,q):=G(\omega,q^{-1})\) appears naturally in the theory of modular forms. Here we answer this question of Monks and Ono, and show that \(\widehat{G}(\omega,q)\) , when combined with \(\widehat{G}(\omega^{-1},q)\) and a twisted third-order mock theta of Ramanujan, form a weight 1 modular form. We provide a more general result on the modularity of certain expressions involving basic hypergeometric series and then show that our result on \(\widehat {G}(\omega,q)\) may be deduced from this as a special case.
Serial number tagging reveals a prominent sequence preference of retrotransposon integration

Transposable elements (TE) have both negative and positive impact on the biology of their host. As a result, a balance is struck between the host and the TE that relies on directing integration to specific genome territories. The extraordinary capacity of DNA sequencing can create ultra dense maps of integration that are being used to study the mechanisms that position integration. Unfortunately, the great increase in the numbers of insertion sites detected comes with the cost of not knowing which positions are rare targets and which sustain high numbers of insertions. To address this problem we developed the serial number system, a TE tagging method that measures the frequency of integration at single nucleotide positions. We sequenced 1 million insertions of retrotransposon Tf1 in the genome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and obtained the first profile of integration with frequencies for each individual position. Integration levels at individual nucleotides varied over two orders of magnitude and revealed that sequence recognition plays a key role in positioning integration. The serial number system is a general method that can be applied to determine precise integration maps for retroviruses and gene therapy vectors.
Financial Reporting Impact Of The Operating Lease Classification

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are preparing to make changes to accounting standards for leasing that will have a significant impact on the financial statements of a large number of companies. The proposed standard will eliminate the operating lease classification, and if passed, companies using this classification will be required to report additional assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. This study estimates the impact of this change in accounting standards on the financial statements and several key financial ratios for an extensive sample of companies and industries from the Compustat North America database. It is important that users of financial statements understand and are prepared for these changes prior to implementation, particularly for industries in which operating leases are heavily utilized.
Institutional Innovations in Noisy Rational Expectation Equilibria

Classic theories (e.g. Hellwig (1980)) on how market price aggregates private information are not robust to institutional innovations. In a simple model, I show that agents always have incentives to mutually share profits among themselves. Sharing profits is incentive-compatible, and mimics the effect of sharing information. The profit-sharing theory provides new insights for many economic phenomena, including but not limited to inter-bank connections, theory of the firm, joint-ventures, mergers and acquisitions, ESOPs, and mutual fund families. Profit-sharing encourages entrepreneurship, but may exacerbate systemic risk.
Hot Brownian thermometry and cavity-enhanced harmonic generation with nonlinear optical nanowires

Abstract The non-linear response of nanoscale materials is affected by phase-matching conditions that are critically dependent on temperature. It has remained a persistent challenge to measure the temperature of individual nonlinear optical nanostructures in situ. Here, we measure the temperature of individual KNbO 3 nanowires in an optical trap through analysis of the Brownian dynamics. Additionally, we show Fabry–Perot-type cavity enhancement of second harmonic generation in one-dimensional potassium niobate nanowires (KNNW) using a tunable, continuous wave (CW), near-infrared (NIR) trapping laser. A second co-aligned CW NIR laser is used to extend the range of visible emission through sum frequency generation.