cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit ripening and postharvest quality after a preharvest spray of aminoethoxyvinylglycine

Abstract Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) at 60, 130, or 260 mg l −1 was applied to plots of ‘Primo’ and ‘Mission’ muskmelon 18 or 12 days prior to harvest. Melons were harvested twice from each plot and quality attributes evaluated at harvest or after cold storage. Melons harvested from plots sprayed with AVG had lower rates of ethylene production at harvest and after cold storage than melons harvested from control plots. Melon ethylene production after storage varied inversely with AVG application rate and was consistently lower when AVG was applied 7 days after full net. No difference was observed in flesh firmness, soluble solids, fresh mass or incidence of decay at harvest or after storage in melons harvested from plots sprayed with AVG. Uniformity of melon maturity within a plot was not enhanced by AVG, and plots treated with AVG required sequential harvests similar to control plots. Applications of 260 mg l −1 of AVG did, however, delay initial development of an abscission zone. Plots sprayed with 130 or 260 mg l −1 AVG developed a dose- related, leaf chlorosis readily visible 4 days after spraying. Plants with leaf chlorosis were rated equal in vigor to plants without leaf chlorosis.
7‐(N,N‐trimethyl)‐5‐methoxytryptamine

Synthesis of 7-(N,N′-trimethyl)-5-methoxytryptamine from 2,5-dimethylpyrone via 4-methoxy-2,6-dimelhylnitrobenzene and 5-melhoxy-7-methylindole is described.
Datagogies, Writing Spaces, and the Age of Peer Production

Abstract This essay investigates how teachers and Writing Program Administrators (WPAs) can use commons-based peer-to-peer technologies to change their roles, to alter writing instruction and literacy genres, and to transform our processes of learning, writing, and collaborating. The essay introduces the term “datagogy” to theorize about the synergy that takes place when “crowds” of teachers employ technologies to construct and debate shared pedagogies. The essay juxtaposes the values and ideologies of two metaphorical communities, the Community of Power and the Community of Learning, explores how these communities use and design online learning communities, and concludes that datagogies are unique interfaces that emphasize the values of the Community of Learning as opposed to the values of the Community of Power. Finally, the essay argues that English studies will concede the central pedagogical stage of the 21st century unless we develop datagogies that engage the creative power of individuals working collaboratively in a climate that respects diversity and independent thinking.
Studies on the isolated transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin fractions from rat liver nuclei.

Abstract Using mild sonication, nucleoplasmic, nucleolar, and subnucleolar P-3 and S-3 chromatin fractions are isolated from rat liver nuclei. These fractions differ widely (over 80-fold) from each other in transcriptional activity as measured by the chromatin bound engaged RNA polymerases. Chemical analyses indicate that the active chromatin, e.g. P-3 and nucleolar fractions, are rich in RNA and protein as compared to the inactive chromatin, e.g. nucleoplasmic, and S-3 fractions. However, the DNA base content are all the same, showing 40% GC and 60% AT, including P-3 which is enriched in rDNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 0.25 N HCl extracted proteins shows that all five histones are present in active chromatin. Additionally, the gel reveals two protein bands, one ahead of histone H2B and another ahead of histone H4, that are diminished or missing from the inactive chromatin. On the other hand, there is a fast moving protein band ahead of H4 in the inactive chromatin that is almost absent in the active chromatin. Transcriptional tests using E. coli RNA polymerase and several synthetic DNA templates of known base content and sequence indicate that the 0.25 N HCl soluble protein extracts from active chromatin contain activator proteins which are capable of countering the histone suppressors present in the extracts in a DNA base and sequence specific manner. The data show that although the histone suppressors are able to strongly inhibit the template function of poly[d(A-T)], the protein activators are able to overcome the suppressor activity and stimulate RNA synthesis several-fold when poly(dA) · poly(dT) or poly(dT) is used.
A Mechanism for Forming Composite Explanatory Hypotheses

A general problem-solving mechanism is described that is especially suited for performing a particular form of abductive inference, or best explanation finding. A problem solver embodying this mechanism synthesizes composite hypotheses by combining simple hypotheses to satisfy explanatory goals. These simple hypotheses are formed by instantiating prestored explanatory "concepts." In this way the problem solver is able to arrive at complex integrated conclusions which are not prestored. A computationally feasible task-specific problem-solving mechanism is presented for a particular information-processing task which is, nevertheless, of very great generality. The task is that of synthesizing coherent composite explanatory hypotheses based upon a prestored and possibly vast collection of hypothesis-generating concepts. This is seemingly a common task of intelligence and potentially a major component of diagnostic reasoning, especially where single-fault assumptions are inappropriate. The mechanism is described both functionally and structurally; that is, the why and what of the main computations are described, together with algorithms that show how each of these computations can be accomplished. The mechanism integrates a classification machine, used for selecting plausible hypotheses, with a specialized means-ends machine, used for assembling a best explanation from the plausible hypotheses thus selected and for pointedly investigating alternative explanations. There are also two other specialized mechanisms for the subsidiary functions of recognizing the applicability of a hypothesis to the situation and of interpreting the situation-specific raw data to satisfy the informational needs of the other components.
Origin of talc, iron phosphates, and other minerals in biosolids

Biosolids (i.e., sewage sludge) contain as much inorganic as organic materials. The inorganic materials include local soils, sediments, and other materials washed down residential, industrial, and storm drains. In this study, the chemistry and mineralogy of the inorganic materials in New York, NY (NYC) biosolids applied to soil surfaces in western Texas from 1992 to 1999 were examined. Inorganic residues were 44 to 77% of whole hiosolid weights after oxidation of the organics with H 2 O 2 . Inorganic residues consisted largely of silt- and clay-size particles with smaller amounts of fine and very fine sand. Selective dissolution and chemical analyses of the residues indicated >20% Fe phosphates, formed during anaerobic digestion, that contained Al, As, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn. X-ray diffraction, selective dissolution, and surface area analyses showed that the Fe phosphates were poorly crystalline. The mostly quartz and feldspar sands also contained glass shards, textile fibers, and zircon grains. New York City area biosolids contained quartz, feldspars, kaolinite, mica, and expandable layer silicates. Electron microscopy and x-ray spectra of the clay fractions revealed aggregates of layer silicates and Fe phosphates containing Al, Ca, and Ti. Pigment TiO 2 , commonly used in foods and cosmetics, contributed Ti to the layer silicate aggregates. Talc derived from cosmetic products was identified in silt and clay fractions by x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Less talc occurred in the 1999 and 1997 biosolids relative to 1992,1993, and 1994 biosolids suggesting reduced use of talc products. Nationally, cosmetic talc use decreased during that time, probably due to health concerns.
Effects of reinforcement shifts upon subsequent saccharin consumption

An elation effect in terms of home-cage saccharin drinking was seen when nondeprived rats were shifted from saccharin to water and back to saccharin.
Hydraulic resistance of two sorghums varying in drought resistance

Genotypes of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] vary in drought resistance. Yet it is not known if their hydraulic resistances vary. The objective of this study was to determine if the hydraulic resistance of a drought-resistant sorghum was the same as that of a drought-sensitive sorghum. Leaf water and osmotic potentials were measured daily, during a 14-d period, in leaves of a drought-resistant (‘KS9’) and a drought-sensitive (‘IA25’) sorghum, which had the roots in pots with a commercial potting soil that was either well watered or allowed to dry. Soil water potential, adaxial stomatal resistance, and transpiration rate were determined daily. Hydraulic resistance of the plants was calculated from the slope of the line relating soil water potential minus leaf water potential versus transpiration rate. When the soil was not watered, the drought-sensitive sorghum had a water potential that averaged −0.50 MPa lower and an osmotic potential that averaged −0.57 MPa lower, but a similar adaxial stomatal resistance (1.19 s mm−1), compared with the drought-resistant sorghum. Seven days after the beginning of the experiment, the water potential of the soil with the drought-sensitive sorghum was −0.25 MPa lower than that of the soil with the drought-resistant sorghum. With the water-limited conditions, the drought-sensitive sorghum depleted the soil-water reserve more quickly and died 2 d before the drought-resistant sorghum. Under well watered conditions, the two sorghums had similar water potentials (−1.64 MPa), osmotic potentials (−2.83 MPa), and adaxial stomatal resistances (0.78 s mm−1). The calculated hydraulic resistance of the two sorghums did not differ and averaged 3.4 × 107 MPa s m−1. The results suggested that the variation in susceptibility to drought between the two genotypes was due to differences in rate of soil-water extraction.
The growth of bacteria and the fungus Phaeosphaeriatypharum (Desm.) Holm (Eumycota : Ascomycotina) in salt-marsh microcosms in the presence and absence of mercury☆

Abstract Marine microcosms were used to test the effect of mercury on the growth and respiration of microbes associated with dying Spartina alterniflora Loisel. leaves. All microcosms, except controls, received a bacterial inoculum and one-half also received an inoculum of Phaeosphaeria typharum (Desm.) Holm, a salt-marsh fungus. Experimental microcosms received 0.5 mg of mercuric chloride (0.74 mg Hg/l). Leaves from microcosms representing each mercury treatment (2) and community type (2) were sampled weekly for 21 days. Muramic acid and glucosamine concentrations, bacterial and fungal direct-counts, and carbon dioxide production were measured. Concentrations of muramic acid and glucosamine and direct-counts were converted to microbial biomasses (mg/g leaf). The addition of mercury did not produce a significant difference (P > 0.05) in any measured parameter for any mercury treatment or community type, although there were indications that the mercury addition might have caused microbial biomasses to increase and bacterial respiration to decrease. Glucosamine analysis could be used to differentiate the two communities (P
Transpacific section planned

A transpacific section across the subpolar gyre near latitude 47°N is planned for September–October 1985. This complements the 24.5°N section planned for March–May 1985. The purpose of the expedition is to determine the western boundary current structure, to determine the meridional flow in the region of the Emperor Seamounts, to measure the transport of heat by ocean currents, to determine the net transport of water masses and estimate the meridional general circulation of the north Pacific, and to improve the mapping of tracer distributions in the deep north Pacific. Approximately 110 surface-to-bottom conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) rosette stations across the width of the ocean will be occupied, with maximum station spacing of 80 km over abyssal plains, closing to 30–50 km over rough topography and boundaries. Water samples will be collected and analyzed on board for salinity, oxygen, and nutrients.
Production of chimeric mice by reciprocal exchange of split embryo halves

Abstract Pairs of twin chimeric embryos were produced by the aggregation of reciprocal halves of one albino and one pigmented eight-cell embryo. After the halves had grown together in vitro, embryos were either left in culture or transferred to recipient mice. Adult twin chimeras could be identified by several experimental strategies including skin grafting. Aggregates grew together and formed morulae within 27 h in culture. After 70 h in culture, most aggregates ( 23 26 ) formed normal chimeric blastocysts. A total of 391 chimeric morulae was transferred to 47 recipient mice. Seven overt coat color chimeras resulted, one of which had the same embryo origin as a nonchimeric sib. The majority of half-embryo aggregates yielded nonchimeric adults, perhaps due to problems related to embryonic size. Although chimeric embryos derived from split embryos develop normally in vitro, they may be less viable than unmanipulated embryos in vivo.
The influence of dose of microspheres on nerve blood flow, electrophysiology, and fiber degeneration of rat peripheral nerve.

Microsphere embolization of peripheral nerve results in a variable degree of ischemic fiber degeneration. To enhance the utility of the model, we evaluated the relationship between dose of microspheres to the supplying arteries of the sciatic-tibial nerve to nerve blood flow (NBF), electrophysiology, morphology, and behavioral changes. There was considerable variability in the effect of embolization on nerve pathology in individual nerves. However, the dose of microspheres regressed with the degree of hindlimb paresis, reduction in NBF, degree of fiber pathology, and ischemic conduction failure of the tibial nerve, evaluated at day 7. All nerves with severe (grade 4) fiber degeneration had flows of < 3mL · 100g-1 · min-1. We conclude that it is possible to predict with a high degree of accuracy the severity of fiber degeneration by the degree of NBF reduction and by the electrophysiologic abnormalities. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the equine testis.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) induces regression of Mullerian ducts during male fetal development; in the human male, it is expressed in Sertoli cells during fetal development (and through puberty). The objective was to characterize expression of AMH in the fetal, neonatal, prepubertal, and adult equine testis, as well as in equine cryptorchid testes, in select testicular neoplasms, and in intersex gonads, based upon immunohistochemistry (IHC). Testes were removed from equine fetuses at 5.5, 10, and 11 months of gestation, at 12 months of age, and from adult stallions. In addition, cryptorchid testes, testis tumors (teratomas, seminomas, Sertoli cell tumors), and male intersex gonads were examined by IHC for expression of AMH using a goat polyclonal primary antibody (alpha-AMH) directed against a C-terminal peptide antigen from human AMH. Immunolabeling with alpha-AMH was localized to Sertoli cells within the developing seminiferous tubules of fetal, neonatal and prepubertal equine testes, with no expression detected in Sertoli cells from normal adult equine testes. Furthermore, expression was detected in cryptorchid testes (in animals up to 3-4 years of age) and in Sertoli cell tumors and male intersex gonads. In conclusion, AMH was strongly expressed by Sertoli cells in fetal, neonatal and prepubertal equine testes, but not in normal adult testes. That AMH was expressed in cryptorchid testes may provide a useful biomarker for detection of cryptorchid testes, as well as for immunohistochemical characterization of testicular tumors and intersex gonads in the horse.
The Private Fit in the Higher Education Landscape

This chapter explores the relationship of private higher education to several of the main topics highlighted in this Handbook, including access, graduate education, research and scholarship, the academic profession, and globalization. Obviously, variations by region, country, and type of private higher education can be only sporadically sketched in such a brief essay. Thus, this chapter will at best provide an introductory sense of how generalizations about higher education fit—or need to be adapted—when it comes to higher education’s private sector. Particular attention is given to tendencies of higher education change, outlining whether the private sector adapts to that change or even leads it in certain crucial respects. Overall, due to its large and increasing share of total enrollments, the private sector must be reckoned with in any work attempting to deal with higher education overall. (For further general sources on private higher education, see http://www.albany.edu/∼prophe, including its background paper and Levy (2002), and see Altbach (1999), Levy (1992), and the extensive bibliography: Maldonado, Cao, Altbach, Levy, and Zhu (2004)).
Courage to Teach for Social Work Educators

Teaching social work is a science, an art form and a passion. Within that context, the purpose of this article is to explore teaching as a science/art, and to integrate the work of Parker Palmer into the scholarship of teaching and learning for social work education. Using the narratives of two ‘still learning’ social work educators, Palmer's work will be described and its application experiences shared. The article concludes by making a link between Palmer's ideas and social work education.
Advances in the application of ultrasound in food analysis and processing

Ultrasonic techniques are finding increasing use in the food industry for both the analysis and modification of foods. Low-intensity ultrasound is a non-destructive technique that provides information about physicochemical properties, such as composition, structure, physical state and flow rate. High-intensity ultrasound is used to alter, either physically or chemically, the properties of foods, for example to generate emulsions, disrupt cells, promote chemical reactions, inhibit enzymes, tenderize meat and modify crystallization processes.
Model of Structural Relaxation in Glass with Variable Coefficients

The model of structural relaxation by Narayanaswamy deals only with the constant temperature coefficients of the glass property, p. The assumption is seldom valid for real glasses. In this work, equations are obtained for the fictive temperature of glass if the temperature coefficient, dp/dT, is a linear function of T or of 1 /T2. The temperature dependence of p has no significant influence on the calculated fictive temperatures.
Beyond the Social Imaginary of ‘Clash of Civilizations’?

In recent years, the notion of a ‘clash of civilizations’, first put forward by Samuel Huntington (1996), has been widely used to explain the contemporary dynamics of geo‐political conflict. It has been argued that the fundamental source of conflict is no longer primarily ideological, or even economic, but cultural. Despite many trenchant and largely debilitating academic critiques of Huntington's argument, the popular appeal of the ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis remains undiminished. In many parts of the world, the binary it describes is often taken to be self‐evident, especially after the tragic events of September 11. This paper uses the ideas of ‘social imaginary’ (Taylor, 2004) and ‘political myth’ (Blumenberg, 1984) to understand the popular appeal of the idea of civilizational conflict, and suggests that this appeal is unlikely to be punctured by theoretical arguments alone, but by an equally plausible political narrative located in an alternative social imaginary, acquired through cosmopolitan le...
Massively parallel algorithms for solution of the Schrodinger equation

Time-parallel algorithms for solution of the Schrodinger equation are developed. By using the Crank-Nicolson method, it is shown that the solution of the problem can be fully parallelized in time, leading to a massive temporal parallelism in the computation with a minimum of communication and synchronization requirements. Our results clearly indicate that the Crank-Nicolson method, in addition to its excellent numerical properties, is also highly suitable for massively parallel computation. >
The effects of intestinal microbial community structure on disease manifestation in IL-10-/- mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus.

Background: The aberrant inflammation that is the hallmark of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is associated with several factors, including changes in the intestinal microbiota. Here, we confirmed that an intestinal microbiota is needed for development of typhlocolitis in Helicobacter hepaticus infected IL-10 �/� C57BL/6 mice, and investigated the role of the microbiota in modulating disease. Results: We altered the murine microbiota by treatment with the antibiotics vancomycin or cefoperazone prior to H. hepaticus infection. Through surveys of the 16S rRNA encoding-gene, analyses of histology and changes in expression of host mediators, we correlated alterations in the microbiota with host responses. We found that resident microbes are essential for initiation of disease, as animals mono-associated with H. hepaticus did not develop colitis. Despite the requirement for an indigenous microbiota for the initiation of disease, the severity of disease was independent of antibiotic-induced changes in the microbial community structure. Despite differences in the expression of host inflammatory mediators associated with shifts in the microbiota, H. hepaticus infection led to similar histopathologic lesions in microbial communities exposed to either cefoperazone or vancomycin. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrate that colitis due to H. hepaticus infection can be initiated and progress in the presence of several different microbial communities. Furthermore, H. hepaticus is the main driver of inflammation in this model, while the specific structure of the microbiota may modulate the host pathways that lead to chronic inflammation.
Weighted Euclidean superimposed codes for integer compressed sensing

We introduce a new family of codes, termed weighted Euclidean superimposed codes (WESCs). This family generalizes the class of Euclidean superimposed codes, used in multiuser identification systems. WESCs allow for discriminating bounded, integer-valued linear combinations of real-valued codewords, and can therefore also be seen as a specialization of compressed sensing schemes. We present lower and upper bounds on the largest size of a member of the WESCs family, and show how to use classical coding-theoretic and new compressed sensing analytical tools to devise low-complexity decoding algorithms for these codes.
Observations on some possible attractants of tsetse flies ( Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust.)

Investigations into some possible attractants of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. have been described. In small cages (8x8x11 in.) under laboratory conditions, flies with painted eyes survived longer than those that were untreated, whilst removing the antennae decreased longevity. Olfactory stimuli were probably more important than vision in orientating a fly towards a static guinea-pig used as a host in a moulded mesh insert into the cage. Field observations indicated that tsetse flies were orientated towards an ox at a distance mainly by vision and few flies found oxen concealed by screens. Olfaction may be used at relatively short distances to find hidden host animals, and G. pallidipes may respond to smell more readily than G. morsitans.Tests in the laboratory and small field cages (6 ft3) indicated that tsetse were not attracted to any particular colour (red, yellow, blue) or shade (white, grey, black). However, in the field more flies were caught off a dark ox than a white ox. In the laboratory > 80% of male G. pallidipes responded to black light within four hours while with G. morsitans a similar proportion was attracted only after six hours. Responses by both species decreased with blue, red and white light and were least with yellow. In small field cages attraction to black light was reduced and only 20–38·6% of either species were caught by a “flap trap” in 6–13½-h test periods. Tests with either blue or red lights in these field cages trapped less than 9% of the released tsetse flies in similar periods. Field trials with black light indicated that this attractant was ineffective as a sampling technique since very few of a natural population were trapped.
Competency-based training: conformity and the pursuit of educational excellence.

To encourage educators—and their learners—to develop to their full potential, wc need to ensure that our educational accreditation practices promote excellence in education.
Wave-indices: indexing evolving databases

In many applications, new data is being generated every day. Often an index of the data of a past window of days is required to answer queries efficiently. For example, in a warehouse one may need an index on the sales records of the last week for efficient data mining, or in a Web service one may provide an index of Netnews articles of the past month. In this paper, we propose a variety of wave indices where the data of a new day can be efficiently added, and old data can be quickly expired, to maintain the required window. We compare these schemes based on several system performance measures, such as storage, query response time, and maintenance work, as well as on their simplicity and ease of coding.
The Relationship Between Anosmia, Constipation, and Orthostasis and Parkinson's Disease Duration: Results of a Pilot Study

Autonomic symptomatology is prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD) and impacts quality of life, yet little data exist on the presentation of autonomic dysregulation. This study measures orthostasis, constipation, and anosmia in 58 PD patients and 51 age-matched controls enrolled in the University of Florida's Movement Disorders Center. Patients had their blood pressure measured while seated and in standing position, performed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), and completed a constipation survey. Our PD patients had a significantly different average decrease in systolic BP from a seated to standing position compared with their age-matched controls (5.90 mmHg (SD 17.03) vs. 2.6 mmHg (SD 11.28); p = .05). The difference in heart rate from seated to standing positions was not significant. Reflexive tachycardia was inversely proportional to levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) score (p = .002). Anosmia occurred in 96.4% of the PD group and 49% of the controls (p < .001). Constipation was also more prevalent in the PD population than in the controls (67.3% vs. 21.6%; p < .001). Both anosmia and constipation were correlated with disease duration (p = .038 and .04 respectively). Our study suggests that increasing levels of dopaminergic therapy inhibits reflexive tachycardia. Furthermore, our study suggests that anosmia and constipation progress with the primary disease process.
Apn1 and Apn2 endonucleases prevent accumulation of repair-associated DNA breaks in budding yeast as revealed by direct chromosomal analysis

Base excision repair (BER) provides relief from many DNA lesions. While BER enzymes have been characterized biochemically, BER functions within cells are much less understood, in part because replication bypass and double-strand break (DSB) repair can also impact resistance to base damage. To investigate BER in vivo, we examined the repair of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induced DNA damage in haploid G1 yeast cells, so that replication bypass and recombinational DSB repair cannot occur. Based on the heat-lability of MMS-induced base damage, an assay was developed that monitors secondary breaks in full-length yeast chromosomes where closely spaced breaks yield DSBs that are observed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The assay detects damaged bases and abasic (AP) sites as heat-dependent breaks as well as intermediate heat-independent breaks that arise during BER. Using a circular chromosome, lesion frequency and repair kinetics could be easily determined. Monitoring BER in single and multiple glycosylase and AP-endonuclease mutants confirmed that Mag1 is the major enzyme that removes MMS-damaged bases. This approach provided direct physical evidence that Apn1 and Apn2 not only repair cellular base damage but also prevent break accumulation that can result from AP sites being channeled into other BER pathway(s).
Equatorial Pacific magnetic anomalies identified from vector aeromagnetic data

SUMMARY It has long been challenging to identify magnetic anomalies due to seafloor spreading in the equatorial Pacific. Here we show that Project Magnet vector aeromagnetic profiles from the equatorial Pacific record magnetic anomalies due to seafloor spreading much more clearly than do shipboard total intensity profiles. The anomalies are reliably recorded at wavelengths between ≈20 and ≈150 km in the vertical and east components, which have high coherence, differ in phase by ≈90 ◦ , and resemble synthetic magnetic anomaly profiles. From an analysis of a single near-equatorial vector aeromagnetic profile we infer that the magnetic lineations strike ≈8 ◦ ‐10 ◦ counter-clockwise of north and that magnetic anomaly 7 is located ≈400 km further east than previously estimated. The newly estimated location of anomaly 6 is consistent with a tentative estimate by Wilson from a low-amplitude shipboard magnetic profile. Because the skewness of profiles over the seafloor formed near the paleoequator changes rapidly with paleolatitude and paleostrike, a skewness analysis of these data may provide useful bounds on the location of Pacific Plate paleomagnetic poles, and indicate that this seafloor has had little, if any, northward motion relative to the spin axis since it formed.
Heterogeneous OH oxidation of palmitic acid in single component and internally mixed aerosol particles: vaporization and the role of particle phase

We studied the OH oxidation of submicron aerosol particles consisting of pure palmitic acid (PA) or thin (near monolayer) coatings of PA on aqueous and effloresced inor- ganic salt particles. Experiments were performed as a func- tion of particle size and OH exposure using a continuous- flow photochemical reaction chamber coupled to a chemi- cal ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) system, for detec- tion of gas and particle-bound organics, and a DMA/CPC for monitoring particle size distributions. The loss rate of PA observed for pure PA aerosols and PA on crystalline NaCl aerosols indicates that the OH oxidation of PA at the gas-aerosol interface is efficient. The pure PA oxidation data are well represented by a model consisting of four main processes: 1) surface-only reactions between OH and palmitic acid, 2) secondary reactions between palmitic acid and OH oxidation products, 3) volatilization of condensed- phase mass, and 4) a surface renewal process. Using this model we infer a value of OH between 0.8 and 1. The ox- idation of palmitic acid in thin film coatings of salt parti- cles is also efficient, though the inferred OH is lower, rang- ing from 0.3 (+0.1/ 0.05) for coatings on solid NaCl and 0.05 (±0.01) on aqueous NaCl particles. These results, to- gether with simultaneous data on particle size change and volatilized oxidation products, provide support for the ideas that oxidative aging of aliphatic organic aerosol is a source of small oxidized volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), and that OH oxidation may initiate secondary condensed-phase reactions.
The development of flexibility in equation solving

Abstract This paper explores the development of students’ knowledge of mathematical procedures. Students’ tendency to develop rote knowledge of procedures has been widely commented on. An alternative, more flexible endpoint for the development of procedural knowledge is explored here, where students choose to deviate from established solving patterns on particular problems for greater efficiency. Students with no prior knowledge of formal linear equation solving techniques were taught the basic transformations of this domain. After instruction, students engaged in problem-solving sessions in two conditions. Treatment students completed the “alternative ordering task,” where they were asked to re-solve a previously completed problem but using a different ordering of transformations. Those completing alternative ordering tasks demonstrated greater flexibility.
Communicating Novel Computational State Variables: Post-CMOS Logic

The semiconducting material silicon forms the heart of the current complimentary metal'oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Over the last four decades, the productivity of silicon technology has increased by a factor of more than a billion [1]. This growth in silicon technology was made possible by a steady reduction in the feature size, which helps pack more functionality per cost in a microprocessor. Today, the silicon-based semiconductor industry is an approximately US$270 billion market [1]. This exponential growth of the semiconductor industry was first observed by Dr. Gordon Moore. In 1965, Moore observed that the computing power of a microprocessor doubled every 18'24 months, and this observation later became known as Moore's law [2]. In essence, Moore's law is an economic law that serves to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development in the semiconductor industry. However, quantum-mechanical laws dictate that there are fundamental challenges associated with scaling on-chip components to below 10 nm [3]. A revolutionary innovation in semiconductor technology would be needed to sustain Moore's law for advanced technology nodes below 10 nm [1], [4]. We examine performance trends of on-chip devices and interconnects upon dimensional scaling. This is followed by a discussion on emerging technologies and the repercussions of interconnects for these novel technologies.
The Best Bits in an Iris Code

Iris biometric systems apply filters to iris images to extract information about iris texture. Daugman's approach maps the filter output to a binary iris code. The fractional Hamming distance between two iris codes is computed and decisions about the identity of a person are based on the computed distance. The fractional Hamming distance weights all bits in an iris code equally. However, not all the bits in an iris code are equally useful. Our research is the first to present experiments documenting that some bits are more consistent than others. Different regions of the iris are compared to evaluate their relative consistency, and contrary to some previous research, we find that the middle bands of the iris are more consistent than the inner bands. The inconsistent-bit phenomenon is evident across genders and different filter types. Possible causes of inconsistencies, such as segmentation, alignment issues, and different filters are investigated. The inconsistencies are largely due to the coarse quantization of the phase response. Masking iris code bits corresponding to complex filter responses near the axes of the complex plane improves the separation between the match and nonmatch Hamming distance distributions.
Pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatoses are inherited disorders, designated as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2, and schwannomatosis, that tend to result in benign tumors of the nerve sheath. Muc...
Teleseismic residuals prior to the November 28, 1974, Thanksgiving Day earthquake near Hollister, California

abstract Teleseismic arrivals at 30 stations in the vicinity of Hollister, California, have been analyzed for P -velocity variations prior to the magnitude 5.1 November 28, 1974, Thanksgiving Day earthquake. The teleseismic arrivals for large circum-Pacific source events during the period of May through December, 1974, have been analyzed using the method of two-station relative residuals with a correction for observed azimuthal variations. The data contain no significant travel-time delays associated with this event to within 0.1 sec and all 30 stations analyzed exhibited stable travel-time residuals during the study period. In particular, residuals at station OCR for South and Central American sources whose ray paths pass within 2.5 km of the hypocenter exhibit no time changes. Assuming at least a 10 per cent P -velocity charge for anomalous zones, these observations restrict the maximum possible P -velocity anomaly zone that might have been associated with this particular event to within 3 to 4 km of the hypocenter.
Using technology to revolutionize cooperative learning: an opinion.

NATURE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING Cooperative learning is an application of social interdependence theory (Deutsch, 1949, 1962; Johnson and Johnson, 1989, 2005, 2009). Social interdependence theory posits that there are two types of social interdependence, positive (cooperative) and negative (competitive). Positive interdependence (i.e., cooperation) exists when individuals perceive that they can reach their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are cooperatively linked also reach their goals.Negative interdependence (i.e., competition) exists when individuals perceive that they can obtain their goals if and only if the other individuals with whom they are competitively linked fail to obtain their goals. No interdependence (i.e., individualistic efforts) exists when individuals perceive that they can reach their goal regardless of whether other individuals in the situation attain or do not attain their goals. The basic premise of social interdependence theory is that the way in which interdependence is structured determines how individuals interact, and the interaction pattern determines the outcomes of the situation (Deutsch, 1949, 1962; Johnson and Johnson, 1989, 2005, 2009). Positive interdependence tends to result in promotive interaction (such as mutual help and assistance), negative interdependence tends to result in oppositional interaction (such as obstruction of each other’s efforts), and no interdependence tends to result in the absence of interaction. Overall, positive goal interdependence and the resulting promotive interaction tends to result in greater efforts to achieve, more positive relationships, and greater psychological health than do negative or no goal interdependence. Detailed instructions in how to conduct cooperative learning lessons may be found in Johnson et al. (2013). There is considerable evidence that in cooperative endeavors, face-to-face interactions are more effective than are online interactions (Johnson and Johnson, 2013). While the relative negative aspects of electronic interaction for cooperation are often pointed out, there may be too little discussion of how technology can facilitate and enhance cooperative endeavors. It is possible that technology may revolutionize how cooperative learning will function in the classrooms of the 21st Century. Technology may enhance the learning of basic skills such as reading, writing, and engaging in discussions. It may enhance the nature of reports and allow the covering of important events. It may change the nature of multimedia projects. Technology may expand communication and the way in which group members work together. It may structure inquiry projects, lead to each group establishing its own web page, and involve students in simulations. Finally, it may enable teachers to track the work of each student and each group and to manage courses and build learning communities more efficiently.
Interferometric hetero-detector phase measurements

Summary form only given. Characterization of ultrashort light pulses is a primary concern of the researcher working with mode-locked lasers. Here we present an improved frequency domain phase measurement (FDPM). This configuration employs only linear passive filters with a nonlinear time integrating detector incorporated to measure a phase-dependent signal. In our setup we used a nonlinear detector operating by two-photon absorption. The signal measured by this detector depends in a nonlinear way on the phase of the spectrum.
A STUDY OF PARALYTIC SCOLIOSIS BASED ON FIVE HUNDRED CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS

Poliomyelitic involvement of the trunk muscles is a serious condition, and the patient may be completely incapacitated by the resulting severe deformities. A scoliosis has developed in 150, or 30 per cent. of 500 chronic poliomyelitis patients consecutively examined. The most important factors for the development of the curves have been a lack of early absolute recumbency, the presence of a marked asymmetrical muscle paralysis, and a lack of adequate supportive treatment from a conservative and operative standpoint. Twenty-one additional patients were found with symmetrical trunk paralysis, in whom scoliosis has not developed. It is the authors' contention that a progressive scoliosis will usually not develop in cases with balanced trunk paralysis. Seventeen patients, or 3.4 per cent. of the total cases, had a complete recovery from their known paralysis. Various types of operative and non-operative treatment, with certain modifications, have been found useful in the fusion operation for paralytic scoliosis.
Controlling the Diffraction Efficiency in Electrical Fixing Technique

An electrical fixing technique is used to permanently store holograms in a SBN:60 crystal. We have optimized the duration of the light illumination and applied electric field during the writing process. We have observed that the DE could be controlled by a write-reveal grating technique, where high-voltage pulses of opposite polarity are applied to the crystal. By varying the amplitude of electric field we obtained DE from 0 to 70%. The range of chosen applied electric fields depends on the coercive field of the crystal. An increase in the illumination time can also lead to a smaller DE, however, we have found that DE can be dramatically increased by exposing the crystal to several light pulses after the revealing phase. By varying the intensity and the duration of the exposure it is possible to control the DE of the grating.
Elementary Object Theory

The full presentation of the elementary theory of abstract objects shall occupy the first four sections of this chapter.
Relating metric and covariant perturbation theories in $f(R)$ gravity

Modified theories of gravity have been invoked recently as an alternative to dark energy, in an attempt to explain the apparent accelerated expansion of the universe at the present time. In order to describe inhomogeneities in cosmological models, cosmological perturbation theory is used, of which two formalisms exist: the metric approach and the covariant approach. In this paper I present the relationship between the metric and covariant approaches for modeling $f(R)$ theories of gravity. This provides a useful resource that researchers primarily working with one formalism can use to compare or translate their results to the other formalism.
Role of Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology in Pediatric Approval and Labeling

Dose selection is one of the key decisions made during drug development in pediatrics. There are regulatory initiatives that promote the use of model-based drug development in pediatrics. Pharmacometrics or quantitative clinical pharmacology enables development of models that can describe factors affecting pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics in pediatric patients. This manuscript describes some examples in which pharmacometric analysis was used to support approval and labeling in pediatrics. In particular, the role of pharmacokinetic (PK) comparison of pediatric PK to adults and utilization of dose/exposure-response analysis for dose selection are highlighted. Dose selection for esomeprazole in pediatrics was based on PK matching to adults, whereas for adalimumab, exposure-response, PK, efficacy, and safety data together were useful to recommend doses for pediatric Crohn's disease. For vigabatrin, demonstration of similar dose-response between pediatrics and adults allowed for selection of a pediatric dose. Based on model-based pharmacokinetic simulations and safety data from darunavir pediatric clinical studies with a twice-daily regimen, different once-daily dosing regimens for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected pediatric subjects 3 to <12 years of age were evaluated. The role of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) in predicting pediatric PK is rapidly evolving. However, regulatory review experiences and an understanding of the state of science indicate that there is a lack of established predictive performance of PBPK in pediatric PK prediction. Moving forward, pharmacometrics will continue to play a key role in pediatric drug development contributing toward decisions pertaining to dose selection, trial designs, and assessing disease similarity to adults to support extrapolation of efficacy.
Reversion to wildtype of a mutated and nonfunctional coxsackievirus B3CRE(2C).

Abstract The cis- acting replication element (CRE) in the 2C protein coding region [CRE(2C)] of enteroviruses (EV) facilitates the addition of two uridine residues (uridylylation) onto the virus-encoded protein VPg in order for it to serve as the RNA replication primer. We demonstrated that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is replication competent in the absence of a native (uridylylating) CRE(2C) and also demonstrated that lack of a functional CRE(2C) led to generation of 5′ terminal genomic deletions in the CVB3 C RE- k nock- o ut (CVB3-CKO) population. We asked whether reversion of the mutated CRE(2C) occurred, thus permitting sustained replication, and when were 5′ terminal deletions generated during replication. Virions were isolated from HeLa cells previously electroporated with infectious CVB3-CKO T7 transcribed RNA or from hearts and spleens of mice after transfection with CVB3-CKO RNA. Viral RNA was isolated in order to amplify the CRE(2C) coding region and the genomic 5′ terminal sequences. Sequence analysis revealed reversion of the CVB3-CKO sequence to wildtype occurs by 8 days post-electroporation of HeLa cells and by 20 days post-transfection in mice. However, 5′ terminal deletions evolve prior to these times. Reversion of the CRE(2C) mutations to wildtype despite loss of the genomic 5′ termini is consistent with the hypothesis that an intact CRE(2C) is inherently vital to EV replication even when it is not enabling efficient positive strand initiation.