cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple Measurement of 4,4’-bis(2-sulfostyryl)-biphenyl in River Water by Fluorescence Analysis and Its Application as an Indicator of Domestic Wastewater Contamination

A characteristic peak of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) was detected by fluorescence excitation spectrum (FES) measurement of river water samples. The main causative chemical was 4,4’-bis(2-sulfostyryl)-biphenyl (DSBP), which is commonly added to household detergents in Japan. As the fluorescence of DSBP overlaps with that of fulvic-like organic matter in the spectral fluorescent signatures, DSBP concentration was determined by the newly proposed calculation method, which uses fluorescence intensity at three excitation wavelengths of 320, 345 and 360 nm at emission wavelength of 430 nm for baseline correction. The concentration of DSBP calculated using this method showed strong correlation (correlation coefficient: r = 0.992) with that obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The concentrations of DSBP detected in river water samples were 0.28 to 1.84 μg l−1, with high concentrations observed at the stations with relatively high flow rates of upstream sources of treated domestic wastewater and untreated gray water (domestic wastewater excluding flush toilet wastewater).
Scaled givens rotations for the solution of linear least squares problems on systolic arrays

A class of Scaled Givens rotations, to be applied to the solution of weighted multiple linear least squares problems on systolic arrays, is discussed.In comparison to Fast Givens transformations, properly scaled rotations for weighted problems exhibit the same stability, require fewer divisions, and avoid square roots as well as pivoting. Consequently, with a suitable elimination strategy, the algorithm is amenable to parallel linear-time implementation on systolic arrays in VLSI. Round off error and stability analyses are presented, indicating slightly less accumulation of round off error than known sequential methods.
Nucleotide sequence of a resistance breaking mutant of southern bean mosaic virus

SBMV-S is a resistance-breaking mutant of an Arkansas isolate of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV-BARK) that is able to move systemically in Phaseolus vulgaris cvs. Pinto and Great Northern, whereas the wild-type SBMV-BARK causes local necrotic lesions and is restricted to the inoculated leaves of these hosts. Sequence analysis of the 4136 nucleotide genomes of SBMV-BARK and SBMV-S revealed seven nucleotide differences, but only four deduced amino acid changes. A single amino acid change occurred in the C-terminal region of the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and three differences were identified in the N-terminal portion of the virus coat protein. SBMV-BARK and SBMV-S were compared with other sobemoviruses and were found to contain a high level of nucleotide sequence identity (91.3%) to SBMV-B. Unlike SBMV-B however, SBMV-BARK and SBMV-S contained four putative overlapping open reading frames, making them more similar in genome organization to the cowpea strain, SBMV-C. The possibility exists that mutations or even errors, that resulted in mis-identification of open reading frames, occurred in previously published information on nucleotide sequence and genomic organization for SBMV-B.
Full length article: Convergence of discrete and penalized least squares spherical splines

We study the convergence of discrete and penalized least squares spherical splines in spaces with stable local bases. We derive a bound for error in the approximation of a sufficiently smooth function by the discrete and penalized least squares splines. The error bound for the discrete least squares splines is explicitly dependent on the mesh size of the underlying triangulation. The error bound for the penalized least squares splines additionally depends on the penalty parameter.
Upper-bound solutions for flow through conical converging dies

Abstract Limit analysis is a very versatile modeling technique that can be used to study metal-forming processes. The upper-bound analysis can be used to predict an upper limit on the power requirements. This work reviews some upper-bound solutions that describe flow through conical converging dies. The concept of a trapezoidal field is introduced and dealt with in great detail, and the power requirements based on the trapezoidal field are calculated. The results are compared with those obtained using spherical and triangular fields. The relative stress expression has been developed analytically and the final optimization with respect to the pseudoindependent parameter is done numerically. The trapezoidal field predicts a lower upper-bound solution for small semicone angles. The range over which the trapezoidal field solution becomes dominant increases with increasing friction factor.
Reducible Problems in Magneto-Fluid Dynamic Steady Flows

Some reducible fluid-magnetic boundary-value problems are developed in order to map out solvable mathematical structures and analyze the similarities and contrasts with ordinary fluid dynamics. This analysis of reducible flows serves to separate large classes of fluid-magnetic problems which are relatively accessible using fluid-dynamical techniques which may require the development of significantly new techniques in order to handle boundary-value problems. An analog is given which allows the application of a large part of the literature of inviscid fluid dynamics to a part of magneto-fluid dynamics. Another reduction to a system with essentially one characteristic cone is given by the parallel flows (fluid velocity and magnetic field locally parallel). This constraint is compatible in the sense that it does not restrict the solution to a few isolated flows but allows the imposition of a class of arbitrary boundary conditions. The reduction for the fluid-magnetic equations was carried out for two-dimensional steady flow, treating only the linear problem of perturbations about a uniform magnetic field B/sub 0/, arbitrarily oriented and a uniform flow, u/sub 0/. The results are applied to the flow around a thin airfoil. The flow about a three- dimensional plane lamina with an arbitrary cross section, described in termsmore » of the given normal component of velocity as a boundary condition, was investigated. (B.O.G.)« less
Politics and Banking: Ideas, Public Policy, and the Creation of Financial Institutions. By Susan Hoffmann. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 320p. $42.00

Offering a political scientist's view of the evolution of banking regulation in the United States, Susan Hoffmann approaches the creation of banks, savings and loans, and credit unions from the perspective of “public philosophies” about money, banking, and credit. She devotes a chapter to the early debates between Jefferson and Hamilton over the desirability of corporations over all, as well as banks specifically, then analyzes the First and Second Banks of the United States (BUS) with a chapter each. The development of vibrant state banking systems, followed by the imposition of a new national banking system in the Civil War, receives attention in its own chapter, as does the Federal Reserve Bank. She then concludes with a chapter each on the Savings and Loans (S&Ls) and building and loans, and the credit union system.
Prevention of Muscle Aging by Myofiber-Associated Satellite Cell Transplantation

Skeletal muscle is dynamic, adapting to environmental needs, continuously maintained, and capable of extensive regeneration. These hallmarks diminish with age, resulting in a loss of muscle mass, reduced regenerative capacity, and decreased functionality. Although the mechanisms responsible for this decline are unclear, complex changes within the local and systemic environment that lead to a reduction in regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells, are believed to be responsible. We demonstrate that engraftment of myofiber-associated satellite cells, coupled with an induced muscle injury, markedly alters the environment of young adult host muscle, eliciting a near-lifelong enhancement in muscle mass, stem cell number, and force generation. The abrogation of age-related atrophy appears to arise from an increased regenerative capacity of the donor stem cells, which expand to occupy both myonuclei in myofibers and the satellite cell niche. Further, these cells have extensive self-renewal capabilities, as demonstrated by serial transplantation. These near-lifelong, physiological changes suggest an approach for the amelioration of muscle atrophy and diminished function that arise with aging through myofiber-associated satellite cell transplantation.
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy in mice electron microscopic observations

Abstract C57B1 mice have been fed a liquid alcohol diet which provided 36% of the calories from alcohol for 15 and 25 week periods. At the time of sacrifice, the heart was prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Early, most changes occurred in the mitochondria which increased in number, size and finally fused together to form giant forms (megamitochondria). Triglyceride also increased early, but glycogen content remained normal or somewhat reduced. Dehiscence of the intercalated disc was apparent at 15 weeks. The most impressive changes observed at 25 weeks included interstitial oedema, fluid accumulation beneath the sarcolemma and interstitial fibrosis. The mouse appears to be a useful experimental animal model for this disease.
High prevalence of right ventricular dysfunction in ICD patients with shocks: a potential new predictor in risk stratification

Background Despite identifying several risk factors for sudden cardiac death, our ability to predict arrhythmic events in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) remains poor. The purpose of this study was to determine if patients who received appropriate ICD shocks had a higher degree of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction at baseline when compared to patients who did not receive ICD shocks.
The Quality of Life Concept in Sociology

An interdisciplinary concept, quality of life (QOL) has gained prominence in research in psychology, marketing, and several other disciplines. What is its status in sociology? Arising out of the social indicators“movement,” QOL has gained attention as both objective and subjective measures. Precursors of the concept figured in sociological research in the 1930s on level and plane of living. Now, it is recognized in one sociological encyclopedia, a textbook, and a few sociological monographs, but otherwise has gained little coinage in general sociology. One social problems text has adopted it as an organizing theme. With these modest inroads, the components of QOL, such as inequality, income, crime, the environment, etc., always have been prominent in sociology. When QOL is recognized in theory and when legislatures require its use in evaluation of public programs, the concept will become established in sociological research.
Origin of the Submarine Valleys on the Continental Slopes of the North Atlantic

THE essentially ‘mature” topography of the continental slopes is so fresh that it is either actively forming now or has been fashioned by ‘yesterday”. Being a surface pattern produced by erosion on a slope formed by deposition, it must owe its origin to a set of circumstances that either appeared for the first time or recurred after an absence sufficiently long to allow substantial progress of the sedimentation that produced the continental shelf.
The effect of long-term caloric restriction on function of T-cell subsets in old mice.

Abstract The effect of caloric restriction (from weaning to old age) on CD3-stimulated CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocyte proliferation and calcium mobilization was examined. Young ad libitum (ad lib) fed, old ad lib fed, old calorically restricted, and old calorically restricted mice which were fed ad lib during the last 6 weeks of their life (restricted/refed) were compared in both BDF1 [(C57BL/ 6 × DBA/2)F1] and C57BL/6 mice. Proliferation of CD4 + cells was lower in old ad lib animals than in young animals; this difference was not seen in CD8 + cells. Those CD4 + cells which did proliferate in old ad lib animals underwent similar cell cycle progression as young cells. In calorically restricted and calorically restricted/refed animals, CD4 + cell proliferation was similar to the young animals, and CD8 + cells showed a higher proliferative capacity than cells from either young or old ad lib mice. Differences in proliferative capacity were not correlated with alterations in transmembrane signaling efficiency as peak [Ca 2+ ] i was reduced in both T-cell subsets in all groups of old mice relative to young mice. Additionally, reduced [Ca 2+ ] i was observed in the CD8 + subset for which there was no deficit in proliferation, and the enhanced proliferation seen in old restricted and old restricted/refed mice did not manifest as increased [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization. The percentage of CD4 + cells from both mouse strains was reduced in all groups of old mice compared with young mice, while the percentage of CD8 + cells was generally similar in young and all groups of old mice. Our studies would suggest that lifelong caloric restriction of mice prevents the age-associated decrease in T-cell proliferative capacity but that the enhanced proliferation of these cells is not due to increased efficiency of transmembrane signaling.
Stochastic Agent‐Based Modeling of Influence and Selection in Adolescence: Current Status and Future Directions in Understanding the Dynamics of Peer Contagion

This commentary focuses on the theoretical issues raised in this special issue. It is argued that both selection and influence in peer social networks reflect a process of peer contagion. The findings from the special issue studies are briefly reviewed. Some suggestions for future research are made, including the use of multilevel models that integrate interpersonal dynamics with peer network change as well as the use of natural and randomized experimentation to test hypotheses regarding the influence of contexts such as schools on the formation of peer networks. It is hoped that research on peer network can eventually be applied to the design of environments that promote a variety of health behaviors and peer support.
Education and training for the publishing industry

Ces quinze dernieres annees, quatre grandes tendances ont marque l'industrie de l'edition : la technologie, la mondialisation, la consolidation et les start-up et le developpement du multimedia face a la lecture. Pour faire face a ces transformations, l'industrie a besoin de mettre l'accent sur l'education et la formation, au niveau national, regional et mondial. La mise en place d'un comite specialise par l'International Publishers Association devrait permettre de favoriser, coordonner et normaliser l'education et la formation professionnelles des editeurs.
(DIS)INHERITING AUGUSTINE: CONSTRUCTING THE ALIENATED SELF IN THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF PAUL MONETTE AND MARY DALY

Through a reading of Augustine's Confessions, Paul Monette's Borrowed Time: An AIDS Memoir and Mary Daly's Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, this article explores the ways in which autobiographers negotiate the relationships between their private spiritual selves, public Christianity, and the reader as they chronicle their lives. I argue that, although all three of these writers use the same textual strategies, how these strategies are employed reveals distinct differences in the ways that reconciled and alienated selves can tell their stories.
Examining crystallographic orientation dependence of hardness of silica stishovite

We conducted nanoindentation to explore the hardness and elastic properties of silica stishovite, synthesized at high pressure and quenched to ambient conditions. A total of 10 crystallographic orientations were examined on selected grains with a maximum load of 4 or 20 mN. We observed discontinuity in the load-displacement curve (pop-in) for the [2 5 over(1, -)] and [6 2 over(1, -)] grains subjected to a maximum load of 20 mN. The single-crystal hardness at high plastic deformation is quasi-isotropic with an average of 32 ± 1 GPa, similar to the polycrystalline hardness reported earlier; the theoretical hardness determined from the experiments is about 54 ± 3 GPa. These two hardnesses suggest that stishovite is one of the hardest oxides. The measured indentation moduli are close to the predictions at low load (minor plasticity) but are considerably lower at high load (high plasticity). Both indentation hardness and modulus decrease with increasing plasticity. Our results underscore the necessity of considering the degree of plastic deformation when interpreting hardness and elastic moduli from indentation experiments.
A Quantitative Method for Estimating Probable Public Costs of Hurricanes

/ A method is presented for estimating probable public costs resulting from damage caused by hurricanes, measured as local government expenditures approved for reimbursement under the Stafford Act Section 406 Public Assistance Program. The method employs a multivariate model developed through multiple regression analysis of an array of independent variables that measure meteorological, socioeconomic, and physical conditions related to the landfall of hurricanes within a local government jurisdiction. From the regression analysis we chose a log-log (base 10) model that explains 74% of the variance in the expenditure data using population and wind speed as predictors. We illustrate application of the method for a local jurisdiction-Lee County, Florida, USA. The results show that potential public costs range from $4.7 million for a category 1 hurricane with winds of 137 kilometers per hour (85 miles per hour) to $130 million for a category 5 hurricane with winds of 265 kilometers per hour (165 miles per hour). Based on these figures, we estimate expected annual public costs of $2.3 million. These cost estimates: (1) provide useful guidance for anticipating the magnitude of the federal, state, and local expenditures that would be required for the array of possible hurricanes that could affect that jurisdiction; (2) allow policy makers to assess the implications of alternative federal and state policies for providing public assistance to jurisdictions that experience hurricane damage; and (3) provide information needed to develop a contingency fund or other financial mechanism for assuring that the community has sufficient funds available to meet its obligations. KEY WORDS: Hurricane; Public costs; Local government; Disaster recovery; Disaster response; Florida; Stafford Act
Unmet mental health needs of women in public-sector gynecologic clinics

Objective: We examined the mental health needs of poor young women seen in public-sector gynecologic settings. Study Design: Participants were 205 ethnically diverse women, mean age 29 years, seen by gynecologists at San Francisco General Hospital, all either uninsured or receiving public medical assistance. An interview with an instrument designed to diagnose mood, anxiety, alcohol, and eating disorders in medical patients, the Prime-MD, was used to assess current mental disorders. Any history of sexual or other physical assault was recorded. Receipt of primary case was scored for comprehensiveness. Results: The rates of current psychiatric disorders were extremely high; 21.5% had current major depression. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was also elevated among these women. Many had a history of sexual trauma, and 28% had been the victims of unwanted intercourse. Finally, many reported behaviors that pose serious health risks. For example, 32% smoked and 2% used illicit drugs. Fewer than half had access to comprehensive primary medical care. Conclusions: Young, poor women who seek care in public-sector gynecologic clinics would benefit from comprehensive medical care addressing their psychosocial needs.
Photomultiplier Single-Electron Time-Spread Measurements

A large variety of nanosecond-response, high-gain phototubes for use in high-energy particle detectors is available to users. The time spread, gain, and noise properties of such tubes are important to know for selection of a suitable type. The 24 to 30% quantum efficiency of phototubes containing bialkali photocathodes for instance, along with their low noise offered at gains up to 3×107 make them especially desirable in Cerenkov counters. We present measurements of single-electron time spread for several 8575's, 56AVP's, 6810's, C70133's, 2067's, and 7264's. Using the measuring equipment, voltage ratios in the focus-electrode system for optimum collection and minimum time spread were found. A description of the measuring system is included. Two alternative ways of expressing the time spread are given. All tubes were magnetically degaussed and were shielded for these measurements.
On the measurability of long range van der Waals forces between protons

Abstract The coefficient C of the long range van der Waals potential V = − C / R 7 between nucleons is estimated in two different ways and is found to be about six orders of magnitude smaller than the value given recently in Sawada's analysis. Other electromagnetic long range processes are discussed.
Transcending Time: Elements of Romanticism in the Thought of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchk

��� I There is by now a fairly large secondary literature on the thought of R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik. For very good reason, scholars speak of Neo-Kantian and Existentialist phases or dimensions of his theological writings. Thus, Halakhic Man shows the influence of Neo-Kantianism on R. Soloveitchik—hardly surprising, since he wrote his dissertation on that school of thought. Later writings, such as Lonely Many of Faith, and many others, bear a profoundly Existentialist imprint. What I shall argue here is that the impact of yet another movement in Western intellectual and literary history finds its expression in R. Soloveitchik’s writings, especially in his sermons, in those intellectual essays which share sermon-like qualities, and in his eulogies. That movement is Romanticism, and my contention is that R. Soloveitchik, the man and his writings, can be better understood if they are examined not only from Neo-Kantian and Existentialist perspectives, but from the Romantic perspective as well. For much of the remainder of this article I shall spell out those elements in his writings which may be said to reflect strands within the Romantic tradition. Before I do so, however, I wish to make several prefatory comments. First, it is fair to ask if R. Soloveitchik ever specifically mentions Romanticism, or explicitly draws upon its main proponents. The answer to this question is threefold, and I shall lay the answers out in what I believe is an ascending order of importance. First, in fact R. Soloveitchik does indeed refer to the school of thought, favorably. 1 Second and more important than these explicit references, however, is the deeper and less self conscious way in which ideas can find their way into the thinking of an intellectual. A man of R. Soloveitchik’s broad education would have encountered such thinkers as Rousseau, as well as the German Romanticists
Maximum practical efficiency of helium temperature refrigerators

Abstract An ideal refrigerator using a perfect gas working fluid is defined which gives the efficiency of a refrigerator as a function of compressor and expander efficiency, heat exchanger temperature difference, and heat exchanger pressure drop. Although not suited to detailed hardware design, this approach clearly relates the overall cycle efficiency to component efficiencies. In contrast, computer studies of specific cycles using real fluid properties are usually such that the details tend to overshadow major trends. The results of the study show that in an efficient cycle the major losses are in the compressor and the cold and expansion device. For current compressor and expander efficiencies the maximum practical helium temperature refrigerator efficiency is about 37% of Carnot.
Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weight

Background:Artificial turf surfaces are developed to duplicate playing characteristics of natural grass. With the newer generations of sand and rubber infill systems, the infill is a common compone...
Inactivation of Estrone in Normal Male Rabbits

SummaryThe liver of normal male rabbits has the ability to inactivate estrone as shown by the presence of normal testicles and genital apparatus in a group of three animals examined 91 days after the implantation of estrone pellets in the spleens. Alterations in the structure of the testicles in rabbits with subcutaneously implanted pellets corresponded to the changes found in similarly treated male rats, and to the changes produced by experimental cryptorchidism in rabbits.
Spin and parity of the 3.16 MeV and 7.54 MeV levels in 35Cl

The Ep = 1214 keV resonance in 34S(p,γ) 35Cl produces a dominant 7.54 → 3.16 → 0 cascade. Angular correlation and polarization measurements have led to the assignments (Jπ, T) = (72-, 12) and (72-, 12) for the 7.54 and 3.16 MeV levels. The 3.16 → 0 transition is mixed M2/E3.
Stability of response strength hierarchies in continued word association

Selected stimulus items were repeated in a booklet testing continued word associations. Ss had been instructed to treat any such recurrence as a new encounter, neither trying consciously to repeat nor to avoid repeating their earlier responses. Slightly fewer than half of the original responses were repeated by individuals, although total production was about the same. Correlations indicated high stability of common response probabilities and low to moderate stability of ordinal positions of responses.
The impact of changing employment opportunity on gender and ethnic earnings inequality

Abstract The unprecedented increase in the number of women entering the labor force has accompanied the transformation of the American economy from a predominantly goods-producing to an increasingly service-oriented economy. This paper investigates how the expansion and transformation of employment opportunities affected the structured wage inequality between men and women of differing racial and ethnic origins. Our analyses identify in the matrix of occupations and industries where men's and women's employment has increased most rapidly between 1970 and 1980 and define the characteristics of jobs in those growth sectors in terms of current earnings by sex. Further, we identify which employment shifts—occupational recomposition within industries or industry growth and decline—are most strongly related to current wages, and how the earnings impacts differ between men and women of differing racial and ethnic origins. Finally, we address potential consequences of economic transformation for long-term equity in wage determination.
On metric dimension of permutation graphs

The metric dimension $$\dim (G)$$ of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum number of vertices such that every vertex of $$G$$ is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the set of chosen vertices. Let $$G_1$$ and $$G_2$$ be disjoint copies of a graph $$G$$ , and let $$\sigma : V(G_1) \rightarrow V(G_2)$$ be a permutation. Then, a permutation graph $$G_{\sigma }=(V, E)$$ has the vertex set $$V=V(G_1) \cup V(G_2)$$ and the edge set $$E=E(G_1) \cup E(G_2) \cup \{uv \mid v=\sigma (u)\}$$ . We show that $$2 \le \dim (G_{\sigma }) \le n-1$$ for any connected graph $$G$$ of order $$n$$ at least $$3$$ . We give examples showing that neither is there a function $$f$$ such that $$\dim (G) \dim (G_{\sigma })$$ for all pairs $$(G, \sigma )$$ . Further, we characterize permutation graphs $$G_{\sigma }$$ satisfying $$\dim (G_{\sigma })=n-1$$ when $$G$$ is a complete $$k$$ -partite graph, a cycle, or a path on $$n$$ vertices.
Effect of diazoxide, verapamil and compound D600 on isoproterenol and calcium-mediated dose-response relationships in isolated rabbit atrium

Abstract The effect of diazoxide, verapamil and compound D600 on calcium and isoproterenol dose-response relationships was investigated in isolated rabbit atrial preparations. All three agents shifted calcium dose-force relationships parallel and to the right. D600 acted as a competitive antagonist of calcium, as a plot of log (x − 1) vs. − log B resulted in a straight line with a slope of approximately −1.0. Diazoxide, verapamil and D600 also antagonized isoproterenol but in a non-competitive manner. A reduction of calcium in the bathing fluid produced a qualitatively similar non-competitive antagonism of isoproterenol and markedly potentiated diazoxide antagonism of isoproterenol. We conclude that: (1) diazoxide has calcium antagonistic properties similar to the “calcium antagonists” verapamil and D600; (2) these agents act as competitive antagonists of calcium through a specific site that is beyond the β-adrenergic receptor and in the series of events between the β-adrenergic receptor and inotropic response in myocardial tissue.
Editor's Note: 2014 – A Performance Review for Restaurant Firms

The restaurant industry continues to show a steady growth thus far in 2014. Per the latest report from the National Restaurant Association (NRA), the outlook for the restaurant industry continues t...
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)

Innate immune system recognizes microorganisms through a series of pattern recognition receptors that are highly conserved in evolution. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules that are conserved from insects to mammals and recognize bacteria and their unique cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN). Drosophila, mosquito, and mammals have families of 13, 7, and 4 PGRP genes, respectively, and some of these genes are alternatively spliced. PGRPs are differentially expressed in various cells and tissues, their expression is often upregulated by bacteria, and they mediate host responses to bacterial infections. Insect PGRPs have four known effector functions that are unique for insects: activation of prophenoloxidase cascade, activation of Toll receptor, activation of Imd pathway, and induction of phagocytosis. One function, amidase activity, is shared by some insect and mammalian PGRPs, whereas antibacterial activity of some mammalian PGRPs is unique for mammals.
What happens when facebook is gone

Web users are spending more of their time and creative energies within online social networking systems. While many of these networks allow users to export their personal data or expose themselves to third-party web archiving, some do not. Facebook, one of the most popular social networking websites, is one example of a "walled garden" where users' activities are trapped. We examine a variety of techniques for extracting users' activities from Facebook (and by extension, other social networking systems) for the personal archive and for the third-party archiver. Our framework could be applied to any walled garden where personal user data is being locked.
Photonic crystal laser threshold analysis using 3D FDTD with a material gain model

A derivation of threshold modal gain based on energy conservation and applicable to photonic crystal microcavities is presented. This result is investigated using 3D FDTD simulations which include a spatially varying and dispersive gain model.
The suicide prevention Center as a model for community mental health programs

A design is offered for the establishment of a community facility for suicide prevention. The operation of the Center is planned to embody all of the functions of comprehensive community mental health centers. It is suggested that a program for suicide prevention, which is a necessary part of every community health force, can demonstrate the principles of modern action for mental health, and thus initiate the development of a comprehensive community mental health program. The design emphasizes immediate answers to all “cries for help,” as well as a wide range of research activities. Comparisons are drawn between the proposed Center and other suicide prevention programs currently in existence.
Effects of Regulation on Highway Pricing and Capacity Choice of a Build-Operate-Transfer Scheme

The build-operate-transfer (BOT) scheme is being used increasingly by governments in their drive to privatize major public transportation projects. In a BOT scheme, the main objective for the private investors in determining the viability of a BOT project is profit, whereas the main objective for the government is whether the construction of the BOT project will give a positive social welfare to the society. These two objectives are often seen to conflict with each other. In this paper, modeling and analysis of highway pricing and capacity choice of a BOT scheme are provided to illustrate the tradeoff between the two objectives. Regulation is normally imposed by the government to ensure that the BOT project satisfies certain requirements. Five cases of the BOT network design problem are analyzed: (1) BOT without regulation; (2) BOT with positive performance measures; (3) BOT with a maximum toll charge level; (4) BOT with a minimum roadway capacity; and (5) BOT with a maximum toll charge and a minimum roadway capacity. Numerical results using a case study of the intercity expressway in the Pearl River Delta Region in China are provided to examine the various effects of regulation on a BOT project.
Further improving the cognitive effect profile of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): the case for studying carbamylated erythropoietin.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the most effective acute treatment for severe depression and several other psychiatric illnesses. However, its use has been limited by concerns about cognitive adverse effects. ECT may cause temporary cognitive impairment in some patients, typically anterograde amnesia for 1–2 weeks after a course of treatment, and circumscribed retrograde amnesia. These cognitive effects largely disappear within days to weeks after treatment. Efforts to find a pharmacological agent to reduce the cognitive effects of ECT have largely been unsuccessful, with the possible exception of thyroid hormone. We review the literature on pharmacological attempts to attenuate ECT’s cognitive effects, and propose a novel neuroprotective and neurotrophic agent, carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), for this indication.
Linguistic Diversity, Access, and Risk

Rarely do we view educational risk from a linguistic perspective. There are noteworthy exceptions, among them Valdes (1996) and Zentella (1997). However, of the educational literature devoted to risk, the vast majority attends to the array of attributes and circumstances that perpetuate cycles of poverty (Williams, 1970). The aim of this discussion is to examine educational risk, paying particular attention to the possible existence of a "linguistic stereotype threat." If such a threat does exist, it is very possible or even likely that linguistic stereotyping inhibits the academic achievement of many students who lack fluency in the dominant linguistic norms of their local speech communities. From a linguistic point of view, students in any speech community tend to fit within three general categories, including
Triage, Treatment, and Transfer Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Recommendations and Models of Nursing Care for the First 72 Hours of Admission to Hospital for Acute Stroke

Stroke is a medical emergency and care provided in the first hours is critical in shaping patients’ long-term recovery and prognosis.1 There is robust evidence demonstrating significant reductions in death and disability with early interventions in acute stroke care, including antiplatelet therapy2 stroke unit (SU) care3 and thrombolysis.4 International clinical guidelines for stroke provide key recommendations to guide clinical practice5–8; however, uptake of evidence-based care is variable and often less than optimal.9–14 For example, among patients with ischemic stroke, rates for treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) are relatively low in the USA (5%)9 and Australia (7%),10 compared with Canada (12%)11 and some European centers (14%).15 Nurses play a pivotal role in rapid identification and triage of patients with acute stroke, initial assessment, and coordinating the timely flow of patients with acute stroke through the health system. Nurses enable delivery of relevant time critical treatments, and rapid transfer to acute SUs for ongoing assessment and provision of further treatment. The purpose of this article is to highlight nursing’s essential contribution to the expedient delivery of acute stroke care by providing evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice processes of care and models of care where nurses have a pivotal role during the first 72 hours from arrival at the emergency department through to SU care. A more detailed comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary care for patients with acute ischemic stroke extending beyond the first 72 hours has been published previously.16 Where available in existing guidelines, the class and level of evidence for recommendations shown in tables have been provided using the American Heart Association taxonomy.6 As there is a dearth of evidence from high-quality stroke nursing research, not all the recommendations described …
Predictions of System Marginal Price of Electricity Using Recurrent Neural Network

The accuracy of system marginal price (SMP) is important for bidding of generation companies. Based on analyzing characteristic of SMP, electrical load, historical value of SMP corresponding time and tendency of current SMP are regarded as three main influencing factors in estimating the next numeric value of SMP. A recurrent neural network is also introduced to forecast the SMP, because it has an ability of mapping dynamic system and SMP is regarded as a result of dynamic power market run. Aiming at the difficulty of determining neural network's structure and weights, the GA optimization algorithm is used to get them by previously combining binary encoding and real encoding. The history data of American California showed this method is effective and the forecast model is accurate.
The Immunogenicity of the Oka/Merck Varicella Vaccine in Relation to Infectious Varicella-Zoster Virus and Relative Viral Antigen Content

Humoral and cellular immune responses to whole varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen and to the VZV glycoprotein I (gpI) and immediate early protein (IE-62) were compared in two populations of healthy children who received different lots of the Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Children who were given vaccine containing 950 pfu with a relative antigen content of 1.0 (lot C-K472) per dose, in an earlier protocol, had an initial seroconversion rate of 87% but VZV cell-mediated immunity was diminished at 8 weeks and 1 year after immunization. At 1 year, the percentage of vaccinees with T lymphocyte proliferation to whole VZV, gpI, or IE-62 was 98%, 77%, and 83% for recipients of the 1140 pfu/1.7 relative antigen or 1145 pfu/1.6 relative antigen content vaccines compared with 43%, 40%, and 40% among those given the vaccine with 950 pfu/1.0 relative antigen content. Since the more immunogenic vaccines contained 1.5-2.0 times more viral antigen and only 20% more infectious virus, viral antigen content may affect the immunogenicity of the varicella vaccine, particularly as reflected in the cell-mediated immune response. The current vaccine preparations elicited cellular and humoral immune responses to whole VZV antigen and memory T lymphocytes specific for major viral proteins that were detectable 1 year after immunization.
P1C-1 Multi-Resolution Hybrid Strain Estimator for Elastography

In this work, we present a multi-resolution hybrid strain estimator. Elastographic simulations and phantom experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of this algorithm demonstrate that for the strain range and the boundary conditions considered in this study, the elastographic contrast-to-noise-ratio obtained using the proposed algorithm was on average 3 dB greater than that obtained using adaptive strain estimation algorithm proposed by Srinivasan et al. [Srinivasan, et. al., 2002], The average image cross-correlation coefficient was approximately 6-8 % higher than that obtained using the adaptive strain estimation algorithm [Srinivasan, et. al., 2002]
Timing modulation of a 40-MHz laser-pulse train for target ranging and identification

We have demonstrated a target ranging and identification technique based on the timing modulation of a mode-locked laser coupled with fast incoherent detection. The range-to-target and the target-depth information have been determined with a resolution of better than 25 cm at single-pulse signal-to-noise ratios below 0.1. Our modeling results suggest that laser average power requirements remain a challenge, with upwards of 100 W likely needed for extension of this technique to ranges over 10 km, but improvements in overall system throughput would allow realization of its potential.
Automatic and adaptive mesh generation

Techniques for the automatic generation and adaptive control of finite element models for both two and three-dimensional domains are presented. The algorithmic approaches to automatic mesh generation and the approaches for adaptively improving finite element meshes are discussed. The integration of these procedures with solid modeling is also considered.
HEMICENTIN-1 (FIBULIN-6) and the 1q31 AMD Locus in the Context of Complex Disease: Review and Perspective

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common blinding disorder in the Western world. Similar to other common diseases in which age is a risk factor (e.g., type II diabetes or Alzheimer's disease), AMD is thought to have a complex etiology. Previously, a Gln5345Arg mutation in HEMICENTIN-1 was found to segregate with AMD in a large family. However, the population frequency of this allele is inconsistent with the large proportion of families shown by linkage studies to map near this gene at 1q31. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of HEMICENTIN-1 in AMD, the results of association studies for the Gln5345Arg mutation, and the linkage evidence for an AMD locus on 1q31. The data can be reconciled through proposing both additional variants in HEMICENTIN-1 and a second genetic risk factor for AMD in the region.
Beaconless satellite laser acquisition - modeling and feasability

Optical satellite links require microradian pointing accuracies for acceptable received power levels with microradian beam divergences. Errors in attitude estimation, ephemeris accuracy and platform to boresight alignment are typically on the order of several milliradians, necessitating an acquisition process to locate the actual position of the satellite in space. This process involves scanning a laser (the search beacon) over an error cone until detection occurs onboard the satellite and a two-way link can be established. Current systems use a spoiled large divergence beacon laser for the acquisition and link initialization process, and then switch to a diffraction limited communications laser for fine tracking and data transfer. If the communications laser can be used for the acquisition process instead, the extra complexity of the beacon laser can be eliminated, resulting in considerable savings. A detailed model of the acquisition process is developed and used to show that a diffraction-limited beam can be used for acquisition under some circumstances involving benign vibration environments. The same methodology is used to determine an optimal beam divergence in other cases.
Centering, Scale Indeterminacy, and Differential Item Functioning Detection in Hierarchical Generalized Linear and Generalized Linear Mixed Models

In this article, we discuss and illustrate two centering and anchoring options available in differential item functioning (DIF) detection studies based on the hierarchical generalized linear and generalized linear mixed modeling frameworks. We compared and contrasted the assumptions of the two options, and examined the properties of their DIF estimates with a simulation study. For reference purposes, the results were compared to those obtained from using the Mantel-Haenszel procedure as well. Finally, we discuss some implications regarding the choice of model parameterizations for DIF detection using these frameworks.
Progesterone Inhibits Uterine Gland Development in the Neonatal Mouse Uterus

Uterine glands and their secretions are required for conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated placenta) survival and development. In most mammals, uterine gland morphogenesis or adenogenesis is a uniquely postnatal event; however, little is known about the mechanisms governing the developmental event. In sheep, progestin treatment of neonatal ewes permanently ablated differentiation of the endometrial glands. Similarly, progesterone (P4) inhibits adenogenesis in neonatal mouse uterus. Thus, P4 can be used as a tool to discover mechanisms regulating endometrial adenogenesis. Female pups were treated with sesame vehicle alone as a control or P4 from Postnatal Day 2 (PD 2) to PD 10, and reproductive tracts were examined on PD 5, 10, or 20. Endometrial glands were fully developed in control mice by PD 20 but not in P4-treated mice. All other uterine cell types appeared normal. Treatment with P4 stimulated proliferation of the stroma but suppressed proliferation of the luminal epithelium. Microarray analysis revealed that expression of genes were reduced (Car2, Fgf7, Fgfr2, Foxa2, Fzd10, Met, Mmp7, Msx1, Msx2, Wnt4, Wnt7a, Wnt16) and increased (Hgf, Ihh, Wnt11) by P4 in the neonatal uterus. These results support the idea that P4 inhibits endometrial adenogenesis in the developing neonatal uterus by altering expression of morphoregulatory genes and consequently disrupting normal patterns of cell proliferation and development.
Water-deficit equation: systematic analysis and improvement

Background: The water-deficit equation {WD1 = 0.6 3 Bm 3 [1 2 (140 O Na + )]; Bm denotes body mass} is used in medicine and nutrition to estimate the volume (L) of water required to correct dehydration during the initial stages of fluid-replacement therapy. Several equation assumptions may limit its accuracy, but none have been systematically tested. Objectives: We quantified the potential error in WD1 for the estimation of free water (FW) and total body water (TBW) losses and systematically evaluated its assumptions. Design: Thirty-six euhydrated volunteers were dehydrated (2.2‐ 5.8% Bm) via thermoregulatory sweating. Assumptions within WD1 were tested by substituting measured euhydrated values for assumed or unknown values. These included the known (premorbid) Bm (WD2), a proposed correction for unknown Bm (WD3), the TBW estimated from body composition (WD4), the actual plasma sodium (WD5), the substitution of plasma osmolality (Posm) for sodium (WD6), and actual Posm (WD7). Results: Dehydration reduced TBW by 3.49 6 0.91 L, 57% of which (2.02 6 0.96 L) was FW loss, and increased plasma sodium from 139 (range: 135‐143 mmol/L) to 143 (range: 141‐148 mmol/L) mmol/L. Calculations for WD1 through WD7 all underestimated TBW loss by 1.5‐2.5 L (P , 0.05). WD1 through WD5 underestimated FW by 0.5 L to 1.0 L (P , 0.05), but WD6 and WD7 estimated FW loss to within 0.06‐0.16 L (P . 0.05). Conclusions: WD1 grossly underestimates TBW and FW losses. Corrections for unknowns and assumptions (WD2 through WD5) improved estimates little. The use of WD6 = 0.6 3 Bm 3 [1 2 (290 O Posm)] accurately estimates FW but still underestimates TBW losses by .40%. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:79‐85.