cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions and energy distribution in dissociative electron capture processes in sulfuryl halides

The sulfuryl halides, SO2F2, SO2Cl2, and SO2ClF form several ions by dissociative electron capture. The ionization efficiency curves are determined for each process. Where the ion intensity was great enough, the kinetic energy of the ion was measured over the greater part of the electron energy of the resonance. In most instances the kinetic energy of the ion increased linearly with electron energy over the range of the resonance. Extrapolation to zero kinetic energy release give the electron energy corresponding to the heat of the dissociation reaction. The kinetic energy released in the formation of F2− and Cl2− was only slightly greater than that predicted by the quasi-equilibrium theory, as would be expected from the fact that the molecule had to change its configuration during dissociation. Essentially all the excess energy was released in translation when SO2F− was formed. The ions F− from SO2F2 and Cl− from SO2Cl2 are formed in two separate resonances, and the kinetic energy lines extrapolate to thermal appearance potentials (ΔHr) corresponding to the formation of SO2 and the halogen atom. The ΔHr values for these reactions as well as that for Cl2− at their higher energy resonances appear to correspond to an electronic transition for SO2 of 2.5 eV.
A study of dual sensing in reactor controls

A problem of dual sensing is postulated wherein a reactor power level is monitored with two unlike sensing devices ? a slow sensor, and a fast sensor that is subject to error due to drift. An error channel, designed to combine the outputs of the two sensors so as to eliminate the undesirable characteristics of each and yield a combined output more satisfactory than that realizable from either sensor operating alone, is studied both analytically and experimentally.
Inelastic proton scattering from analogue resonances in 94Zr + p

Abstract A test is suggested for the application of a Breit-Wigner formula to inelastic proton scattering from analogue resonances. The results of inelastic proton scattering from 94Zr suggest that the structure of low-excitation Zr levels is more complex than previously supposed.
LACK OF EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID ON HYDROCORTISONE METABOLISM IN MAN

THE work of Bacchus has indicated that in the rat massive doses of ascorbic acid slow the metabolic degradation of administered cortisone, and this inhibition of breakdown prolongs the biologic actions of the cortisone (1–6). Because of the obvious clinical importance, an investigation was undertaken to determine if this effect of ascorbic acid also occurred in man. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Five young men in the age range of 19 to 22 years, who were conscientious objectors to military service, voluntarily acted as experimental subjects. All were in good health at the time of the study. The metabolism of orally administered hydrocortisone was followed by three groups of determinations: plasma hydrocortisone, by the technique of Sweat et al. (7, 8); urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids, by the technique of Reddy et al. (9); and urinary 17-ketosteroids, by the techniques of Drekter et al. (10) and Vestergaard (11). The subjects were awakened to void urine at 7:00 A.M. on the morning of the experiment; the sample was d...
Effect of random material parameters on nonlinear steady creep solutions

Abstract An analysis is presented concerning the effect of random material parameters on nonlinear steady creep in a 3-bar truss. Parameter randomness is in general large and is introduced through randomness in the temperature and in the density of imperfections. Analytical and numerical results are presented on the statistical properties of the material parameters and of the stress and velocity. It is shown that randomness in the material parameters will on the one hand introduce only a very slight randomness in stress and on the other hand a very significant randomness in velocity.
Application of method of small parameters to multi-niche population genetic models.

In theoretical population genetics it has been customary to analyze models in which most or all of the parameters are assigned specific values. For example, one of the earliest models discussed by Haldane was concerned with the rate of elimination of a recessive lethal, and in this model the viabilities assigned to genotypes AA, Au, au are 1, 1, 0, respectively. Implicit in the study of such models is the assumption that the conclusions derived, in their general qualitative aspects, and to some extent in their quantitative features, will be applicable to more “realistic” models in which the parameter values are only approximately the same as those assigned in the model. In the above example an assignment of b, , b, , 15, as the respective viabilities, with b, and b, nearly 1 and b, nearly zero, should not alter the qualitative features of the model and should result in only small changes of the important quantitative aspects. A gene perfectly dominant in all its pleiotropic effects coupled with a recessive allele perfectly lethal when homozygous, even in the complex natural environment, comprise a structure of little interest, except to the extent that it may serve as an idealized approximation for cases in which the dominance and the lethality are not quite perfect. This paper is one of several companion papers in which a theory of perturbation of parameters in deterministic genetic systems is developed. The most naive application of this perturbation theory would be to show that the qualitative and quantitative conclusions derived from models, such as the aforementioned model of Haldane, do indeed persist under small perturbations of the parameters in the model. However, the theory has more valuable and less obvious applications in the analysis of complex genetic population systems composed of a number of interacting subpopulations, or generally subsystems. A number of examples are presented below which illustrate this kind of application.
Morphological Studies of a Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Block Copolymer System

Thin film morphological studies using a number of techniques including AFM and XRD have revealed some interesting molecular self-assembled pattern in the synthesized −DBAB− block copolymer, and this is very different from the corresponding simple D/A blend. It was also observed that the thin film processing conditions affect the morphologies dramatically. The earlier observed much better photovoltaic properties of a −donor-bridge-acceptor-bridge type block copolymer versus the corresponding donor/acceptor blend has been attributed to morphological improvements in spatial domain.
Supercritical extraction of Stuart oil shale

This paper describes the recovery of oil from Stuart oil shale using a supercritical extraction technique employing carbon dioxide as solvent. This supercritical technique provides yields superior to comparable retorting techniques. The importance of extraction temperature, pressure, and time has been investigated. In addition, the chemical composition of the oil extracted from the shale is presented. Simulated distillation has been employed to assess the effect of extraction conditions on the quality of the shale oil extracted.
“Honor the Context”: Opening Lines for a Critical Multicultural Evaluative Practice

Racial minority evaluators increase the democratic capacity and potential of institutions to the extent that they draw on their experiences and those of other marginalized communities. Their reflection on these experiences helps to disclose institutional power dynamics that are often veiled in neutrality. Of course, this depends on sound consideration of the context in and around institutions. This essay has two general aims. The first is to outline the components of this argument in relation to pertinent scholarship. The second is to demonstrate the ways that the author might bring this understanding to bear on the evaluation of new school systems such as charter schools. Along the way, the author hopes to contribute to the discussion on culturally competent evaluation.
Review of development research in the UK: Report to the development studies association

This report evaluates research in development studies in the United Kingdom, primarily over the period 1980 to the present. It focuses on the content, quality, relevance and impact of both economic and non-economic research studies. On the basis of these considerations, it offers numerous recommendations for improving future performance.
A clinically feasible method for the detection of potential collision in proton therapy

Purpose: Potential collision between the patient/couch and the gantry could delay the start of the treatment and reduce clinical efficiency. The ability to accurately detect possible collisions during the treatment planning phase is desired. Such collision detection should account for the specific proton gantry design, the treatment beam configuration, couch orientation, and the patient specific geometry. In this paper the authors developed an approach to detect possible patient-machine collisions using patient treatment plan data. Methods: The geometry of the machine and the patient was reconstructed relative to the isocenter of the proton treatment room. The surface contour of the gantry was first captured from the proton computer aided design and reconstructed to account for specific gantry rotation, snout position, collimator rotation, and range compensator dimensions based on the patient treatment plan data. The patient body and couch contours were captured from the patient's CT DICOM structure file. They were reconstructed relative to the isocenter taking into account treatment couch rotation. For potential collision that occurs at body portions where no CT images exist, scout images are used to construct the body contour. A software program was developed using a ray casting algorithm that was applied to detect collisions by determiningmore » if any of the patient and couch contour points fall into the spatial polygons formed by the proton gantry surfaces. Results: Twenty-four patient plans with or without potential collisions were retrospectively identified and analyzed using the collision detection software. In addition, five collision cases were artificially generated using an anthropomorphic phantom. The program successfully detected the collisions in all cases. The calculation time for each case was within 20 s. The software program was implemented in the authors' clinic to detect patient-gantry or gantry-couch collisions in the treatment planning phase. Conclusions: The authors developed a fast and clinically feasible patient-specific collision detection program for proton therapy based on a ray casting algorithm. If incorporated during the treatment planning phase it may lead to improved clinical efficiency. This methodology could also be applied to patient collision detection in photon therapy.« less
Implications of feedback control in catecholamine neuronal systems

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the implications of feedback control in catecholamine neuronal systems. There are several ways in which the validity of the mixing hypothesis for a particular catecholamine cell group can be tested. Cats are injected with chlorpromazine, or saline, and sacrificed after four hours. The caudate, and nucleus accumbens septi are dissected separately in the frozen tissue, and assayed for homovanillic acid. It is observed that as of the small size of the nucleus accumbens, it is necessary to pool tissue from two animals for each data point. The rise in homovanillic acid after chlorpromazine is much larger in the caudate than in the nucleus accumbens. The mixing hypothesis requires, however, that the percent rise be the same in all regions innervated by the cell group in which mixing takes place, not merely for some, but for all drugs, at least insofar as they act by blockade, or potentiation of catecholamine synapses. The most likely explanation of the difference between chlorpromazine, and haloperidol is that haloperidol blocks caudate, and accumbens dopamine synapses equally, whereas chlorpromazine is less effective in the nucleus accumbens.
Risk predictors for re-abuse or re-neglect in a predominantly Hispanic population

Abstract Objective: To determine whether risk indicators of re-abuse/re-neglect, identified in earlier research by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD), would be predictive in a predominantly Hispanic population. Method: Data for 409 substantiated abuse/neglect cases, 67% involving Hispanic caretakers, were gathered from the files of the El Paso Department of Protective and Regulatory Services. Potential indicators of re-abuse were recorded from the time of substantiation, and follow-up data were collected to determine whether re-abuse or re-neglect occurred during the 2 years following the index substantiation. Results: Of 19 NCCD indicators, seven (37%) correctly predicted both allegations and substantiations of re-abuse/re-neglect during 2-year follow-up. An additional five items (26%) predicted subsequent allegations but not substantiations. Four items (21%) appeared clearly invalid. The remaining three items (16%) were questionable. When item scores were summed, total risk scores significantly predicted re-abuse/re-neglect. Conclusions: The findings indicate that a substantial number of NCCD risk indicators can validly predict re-abuse/re-neglect in predominantly Hispanic populations in the United States.
BioLiP: a semi-manually curated database for biologically relevant ligand–protein interactions

BioLiP (http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/BioLiP/) is a semi-manually curated database for biologically relevant ligand-protein interactions. Establishing interactions between protein and biologically relevant ligands is an important step toward understanding the protein functions. Most ligand-binding sites prediction methods use the protein structures from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) as templates. However, not all ligands present in the PDB are biologically relevant, as small molecules are often used as additives for solving the protein structures. To facilitate template-based ligand-protein docking, virtual ligand screening and protein function annotations, we develop a hierarchical procedure for assessing the biological relevance of ligands present in the PDB structures, which involves a four-step biological feature filtering followed by careful manual verifications. This procedure is used for BioLiP construction. Each entry in BioLiP contains annotations on: ligand-binding residues, ligand-binding affinity, catalytic sites, Enzyme Commission numbers, Gene Ontology terms and cross-links to the other databases. In addition, to facilitate the use of BioLiP for function annotation of uncharacterized proteins, a new consensus-based algorithm COACH is developed to predict ligand-binding sites from protein sequence or using 3D structure. The BioLiP database is updated weekly and the current release contains 204 223 entries.
The rate of decline in small fibre function assessed using axon reflex-mediated neurogenic vasodilatation and the importance of age related centile values to improve the detection of clinical neuropathy.

Background The LDIflare technique (LDIflare) is a simple non-invasive test of small fibre function in dorsal foot skin involving skin heating and measuring the size of the resulting axon reflex-mediated vasodilator (flare) response using a laser Doppler imager (LDI). This study establishes age-related normative reference ranges for the test and determines the rate of decline in small fibre function per decade. Additionally, the potential value of using age related centiles rather than Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) was explored by comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of each analytic technique in identifying clinical neuropathy. Methods LDIflare areas were assessed in 94 healthy controls and 66 individuals with diabetes with (DN+, n = 31) and without clinical neuropathy (DN-, n = 35); neuropathy defined as a Neuropathy Disability Score ≥3. The age specific 5th centile values were used as the ‘cut-offs’ for the diagnosis of neuropathy from which sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results There was a significant age dependant decrease in LDIflare size (r = −0.42, p<0.0001) with no significant gender differences. The LDIflare size reduced 0.56 cm2 per decade which gives a percentage reduction of approximately 5.5% per decade. Using the normative 5th centiles as the cut-offs, the technique had a sensitivity of 77%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 82% and negative predictive value of 87%.The ROC analysis gave a threshold of <3.66 cm2 for the cut-off, resulting in a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 85%, positive predictive value of 74% and negative predictive value of 86%. Conclusions There is an age dependent decrease in small fibre function in the foot of 5.5% per decade. Both analytic techniques demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity for detecting clinical neuropathy but the technique based on age centiles offers better diagnostic accuracy and is therefore proposed as the method of choice.
Feline Spinal Lymphosarcoma: A Retrospective Evaluation of 23 Cats

A retrospective study of pathologically confirmed cases of feline spinal lymphosarcoma (FSL) admitted to the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia and North Carolina State University from 1973 to 1988 was conducted. Two hundred fourteen cases of feline lymphosarcoma were diagnosed histopathologically; involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) was identified in 26 (12.1%). Twenty-three of these tumors involved the spinal cord, and 22 of the 23 were solitary. A predilection for the thoracic and lumbar vertebral canal was noted. Most cats with spinal disease were young, with mean and median ages of 43 and 24 months, respectively; 67 cats were 36 months of age or younger. In most cases, affected cats had acute neurological deterioration after an initial insidious course. Extraneural abnormalities were not consistently present. Neoplastic lymphocytes diagnostic of FSL were identified on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis in 6 of 17 cats evaluated. Sixteen of 17 cats evaluated had serologically positive test results for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 antigen, and all cats tested for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies had negative test results.
Exercise function and biochemical properties of β-adrenergic receptors of canine heart

We tested the hypothesis that the biochemical properties of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors (βAR), as determined by standard in vitro methods, limit physiological responsiveness of dogs to PAR stimulation during peak exercise. Accordingly, we measured oxygen consumption, left ventricular dP/dt at 40 mmHg developed pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output during maximal dynamic exercise in 13 adult mongrel dogs. These studies were followed by biochemical analysis of PAR in membrane homogenates of left ventricle from the same animals using saturation binding and agonist competition curves for [125I] cyanopindolol. There was a substantial range in both biochemical and physiological variables within this population of normal dogs. However, there were no significant correlations between biochemical descriptors of cardiac PAR and any physiological variables measured during exercise. These results suggest that receptor-effector coupling and maximal cardiac performance during intense sympathetic stimulation of peak exercise are limited by factors other than the biochemical properties of cardiac PAR.
Age-related substantia nigra-mediated seizure facilitation.

Abstract We investigated the role of the GABAergic system of the substantia nigra in seizures of rat pups. Rat pups had bilateral cannulae implanted chronically either in the sub-stantia nigra or 1.5 mm dorsal to it. At age 16 to 17 days, seizures were induced in the cannulated rats and naive (intact) controls by exposure to flurothyl following pretreatment with the GABA agonist, muscimol, or vehicle. Naive rats were the most resistant to flurothyl seizures. Bilateral nigral infusions of muscimol markedly facilitated the development of flurothyl seizures in a dose-response manner and differed significantly from the vehicle controls or rats infused with muscimol dorsally to the substantia nigra. In contrast, bilateral nigral muscimol infusions protected adult rats against the development of flurothyl seizures. Our data indicate that the effects of nigral GABA agonist infusions on seizures are age-dependent; the altered responsivity of the GABAergic nigral system in immature rats may be responsible in part for the increased seizure susceptibility of the developing central nervous system.
Progress in high-lift aerodynamic calculations

The current work presents progress in the effort to numerically simulate the flow over high-lift aerodynamic components, namely, multi-element airfoils and wings in either a take-off or a landing configuration. The computational approach utilizes an incompressible flow solver and an overlaid chimera grid approach. A detailed grid resolution study is presented for flow over a three-element airfoil. Two turbulence models, a one-equation Baldwin-Barth model and a two equation k-omega model are compared. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained for the lift coefficient at all angles of attack, including the prediction of maximum lift when using the two-equation model. Results for two other flap riggings are shown. Three-dimensional results are presented for a wing with a square wing-tip as a validation case. Grid generation and topology is discussed for computing the flow over a T-39 Sabreliner wing with flap deployed and the initial calculations for this geometry are presented.
Modeling receptor/gene-mediated effects of corticosteroids on hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase dynamics in rats: dual regulation by endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids

Receptor/gene-mediated effects of corticosteroids on hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) were evaluated in normal rats. A group of normal male Wistar rats were injected with 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MPL) intramuscularly at the nadir of their plasma corticosterone (CST) rhythm (early light cycle) and sacrificed at various time points up to 96 h post-treatment. Blood and livers were collected to measure plasma MPL, CST, hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA, cytosolic GR density, TAT mRNA, and TAT activity. The pharmacokinetics of MPL showed bi-exponential disposition with two first-order absorption components from the injection site and bioavailability was 21%. Plasma CST was reduced after MPL dosing, but resumed its daily circadian pattern within 36 h. Cytosolic receptor density was significantly suppressed (90%) and returned to baseline by 72 h resuming its biphasic pattern. Hepatic GR mRNA follows a circadian pattern which was disrupted by MPL and did not return during the study. MPL caused significant down-regulation (50%) in GR mRNA which was followed by a delayed rebound phase (60–70 h). Hepatic TAT mRNA and activity showed up-regulation as a consequence of MPL, and returned to their circadian baseline within 72 and 24 h of treatment. A mechanistic receptor/gene-mediated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was able to satisfactorily describe the complex interplay of exogenous and endogenous corticosteroid effects on hepatic GR mRNA, cytosolic free GR, TAT mRNA, and TAT activity in normal rats.
Locally (soluble-by-finite) groups with all proper insoluble subgroups of finite rank

A group G has finite rank r if every finitely generated subgroup of G is at most r-generator. If C is a class of groups then we let C* denote the class of groups G in which every proper subgroup of G is either of finite rank or in C. We let \(\mathfrak{S}\) denote the class of soluble groups and \(\mathfrak{S}_d \) the class of soluble groups of derived length at most d, where d is a positive integer. We let λ denote the set of closure operations Open image in new window and let \(\mathfrak{X}\) denote the λ-closure of the class of periodic locally graded groups. Amongst other results we prove that a soluble \(\mathfrak{S}_d^* \)-group is either of finite rank or of derived length at most d and also that a group in the class \(\mathfrak{X} \cap (L\mathfrak{S})^* \) is either locally soluble, or has finite rank, or is isomorphic to one of \(SL(2,\mathbb{F}), PSL(2,\mathbb{F})\) or \(Sz(\mathbb{F})\) for suitable locally finite fields \(\mathbb{F}\).
Determination of the Distribution of Selenium between Glutathione Peroxidase, Selenoprotein P, and Albumin in Plasma

A chromatographic method is described to determine the distribution of selenium between selenoprotein P, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and albumin in plasma, using two small columns of heparin-Sepharose and reactive blue 2-Sepharose linked together in tandem. One milliliter of plasma was diluted to 12 ml with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (the equilibration buffer), applied to the heparin-Sepharose column, and eluted at a flow rate of 30 ml per hour. GSH-Px was not retained by either of these columns but selenoprotein P was retained by heparin-Sepharose and albumin by reactive blue. After the two columns were separated, selenoprotein P was eluted with heparin from heparin-Sepharose and albumin eluted from reactive blue with high salt. Analytical work confirmed the presence of selenoprotein P, GSH-Px, and albumin in the respective fractions. When rats were injected with 75Se as either selenite or selenomethionine most of the radioactivity was incorporated into the selenoprotein P fraction, with the next greatest amount into GSH-Px, and the least amount into albumin. Slab gel electrophoresis was used to determine that most of the selenium in each of the three fractions was associated with each of these selenium containing proteins. This method indicated that the majority of the selenium in plasma is associated with selenoprotein P, and the only time this was found not to be true was with high levels of dietary selenomethionine.
The press of personality: A study of conversations between introverts and extraverts.

In a study of the transactional impact of personality, 52 women were grouped in pairs to get acquainted in two conversations, one with an introvert and one with an extravert. The women were selected from their scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and were asked to provide accounts of their conv
Coprevalence of tremor with spasmodic dysphonia: a case-control study.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to define the coprevalence of tremor with spasmodic dysphonia (SD). Study Design: A single-institution, prospective, case-control study was performed from May 2010 to July 2010. Methods: Consecutive patients with SD (cases) and other voice disorders (controls) were enrolled prospectively. Each participant underwent a voice evaluation and an evaluation for tremor. Results: There were 146 voice disorder controls and 128 patients with SD enrolled. Of patients with SD 26% had vocal tremor, 21% had nonvocal tremor. Patients with SD were 2.8 times more likely to have coprevalent tremor than the control group (odds ratio = 2.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-5.08), and only 35% of patients with SD had been seen by a neurologist for the evaluation of dystonia and tremor. Conclusions: Tremor is highly prevalent in patients with SD. It is important for each patient diagnosed with SD to undergo an evaluation for tremor, and this is especially important in patients diagnosed with vocal tremor.
Evaluation and Treatment of Female Urethral Stricture Disease

Female urethral stricture disease is very rare, but can cause bothersome urinary tract symptoms. Because of rarity, knowledge of how to treat true female urethral strictures can be lacking. Strictures can be caused by infection, trauma, instrumentation, or prior urethral surgery. Treatment options vary depending on patient goals and overall health, as well as the location, length, and severity of the stricture. These include serial dilation, internal urethrotomy, or urethroplasty. Local vaginal flaps and buccal free grafts can be used for onlay urethroplasty with good success rates, although many other techniques are described. Pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects (PFUDs) in women are especially rare. Acutely, they may require urgent repair with primary anastomosis (in contradistinction to male PFUDs which are not reanastomosed acutely), and chronic cases may require urethroplasty.
On the orthogonal rational functions with arbitrary poles and interpolation properties

Let α = zn,mm=1n with |zn,m| < 1, n = 1,2,…, be an arbitrary sequence of complex numbers. We generalize the orthogonal rational functions with poles at α. We study the weak convergence and the interpolation properties of the orthogonal rational functions.
ACHIEVEMENT NEED, SALARY GRADE, AGE, AND SEX AMONG BANK EMPLOYEES

This smdy concerned the part played by achievement motivation in the careers of bank employees. Subjects were 27 women and 10 men employed by a large metropolitan bank in San Francisco. The measure of achievement motivation employed was the NachNaff scale developed by Lindgren (1976). The scale has 30 pairs of self-descriptive adjectives. One adjective in each pair describes behavior consistent with achievement-related behavior, whereas the orher describes affiliation-relard behavior. The respondent is asked to select the adjective in each pair which is the more descriptive of his usual behavior. Subjects completed the NachNaff scale anonymously and also reported their sex, age, and monthly salary. Ages ranged from under 20 to 55 yr., with means of 28 for women and 30 for men, and monthly salaries ranged from $650 to $2000, with means of $1250 for women and $1335 for men. An analysis of the scores of the NachNaff scale showed clear sex differences in achievement motivation. for the mean for women was 15.41 (SD 5.85) and the mean for men was 19.1 (SD 5.4). These means are significantly higher (p < .OI) than those reported by Lindgren for samples of community college and university smdents which ranged from 11.17 to 13.57. The differences in means between bank employees and college students are consistent with McClelland's (1961) analyses, which would lead one to expect that people in business would be more competitive and achievement-oriented than those in the academic world. but the expected relationship between achievement motivation and economic did not appear within the context of the bank in auestion. The Pearsonian correlation between the achievement motivation of the women employees and their salary grade was an insignificant -.06, and a correlation of -.64 (p < .05)-the opposite of what might be expected-was found for the men. Women's salaries were, however, significantly correlated .62 (p < .01) with age while the correlation of .50 for men was not statistically significant. Correlations of achievement motivation with age were nonsignificant: -.I8 for women and -.36 for men. One can only speculate about the surprising negative correlation between xhievement motivation and salary for the men. It may be that affiliation-rype motives, as characterized by cooperation, support, and trust, are more consistent with success in banking than is achievement behavior, as characterized by competitiveness, opportunism, and assertiveness. Perhaps younger, more achievement-oriented employees are discouraged and drop our. Or it may be thar male employees, who initially have high need for achievement, find this need diminished with succeeding promotions.
Cell-Cell Interactions: Receiving signals in the nematode embryo

Two molecules involved in an inductive cell-cell interaction in the C. elegans early embryo have been identified. The apx-1 gene seems to encode the ligand and glp-1 the receptor responsible for the induction.
4-ary FSK coherent optical communication system

Experimental verification of the sensitivity advantage of M-ary orthogonal signalling over binary signalling is reported. A 110 Mbits 4-ary FSK system using conventional Fabry–Perot lasers with a 7% IF linewidth to data-rate ratio has achieved a sensitivity of 37 detected photons per bit at a 10−9 bit error rate. This exceeds the performance possible using ideal binary orthogonal FSK with zero linewidth lasers.
Legal institutions, environmental protection, and the willingness-to-accept measure of value

Abstract This paper looks at the US legal system and negative environmental externalities. I provide a positive explanation for the role of courts in environmental disputes using the willingness-to-accept (WA) measure of value. I further suggest that environmental law has aided courts in attaining a new welfare standard, WA-efficiency. The explanation offered here contrasts with those found in Law and Economics because I propose that courts are not substitutes for markets and, as such, one of their important roles may be to efficiently redistribute entitlements. The analysis is formalized with a model in which the court allows a victim of pollution to exert a credible threat against a polluter, which results in increased social welfare—even beyond what would exist in a zero transaction cost world. I also investigate when legal policy based on WA-efficiency is appropriate, and suggest that the answer may hinge on Rawl's notion of primary goods.
Discussion of Alvarez and Dixit: A real options perspective on the euro

Discussion of a paper by Fernando Alvarez and Avinash Dixit presented at the Carnegie-Rochester-NYU Conference on Public Policy, held at New York University on April 19-20, 2013. JEL Classification Codes: F31, F33, C61.
A new highly reactive aluminum hydroxide complex for gastric hyperacidity. I. In vitro rate of acid neutralization.

A new, highly reactive form of aluminum hydroxide polymer has been developed which takes up acid faster and in larger amounts than conventional aluminum hydroxide dried gel under conditions similar to those existing in the hyperacid stomach. Using this new form of aluminum hydroxide a tablet has been compounded which, in the recommended dose, neutralizes acid several times faster than comparable tablets in their therapeutic doses, at pH levels which will practically inactivate gastric pepsin. It also neutralizes about three times as much total acid as previously available tablets under these same conditions. The new tablet, as a result of this greater activity, should provide a more effective means of controlling gastric hyperacidity than previously available tablets.
Characteristics of immunoglobulin synthesized early in the development of Xenopus laevis.

A radioimmune assay has been used to detect the onset of immunoglobulin synthesis during development. In Xenopus laevis, immunoglobulin is first produced at stage 35 of embryonic development or about the time of emergence of the embryo from its jelly coat. At all embryonic stages measured, beginning at stage 35, both 19 and 7 S immunoglobulin are found. These immunoglobulins contain heavy and light chains identical in size to adult Xenopus IgM. These observations suggest the presence of both cell-associated and circulating IgM in Xenopus embryos.
Enhancement-Mode N-Polar GaN MISFETs With Self-Aligned Source/Drain Regrowth

We report gate-first enhancement-mode (E-mode) N-polar GaN MISFET devices with self-aligned source/drain regions by molecular beam epitaxy regrowth and with a SiNx gate dielectric. E-mode operation at Vds = 4.0 V is demonstrated for devices with gate lengths >; 0.18 μm with a 20-nm GaN channel and a high-temperature SiNx gate dielectric. A high drain current of 0.74 A/mm was measured for an Lg = 0.62-μm device with a peak transconductance of 225 mS/mm and a positive threshold voltage of 1 V. The on resistance of the device was 2 Ω·mm. Devices show short-channel effect with decreasing gate lengths.
Primary photoprocesses of undegraded phytochrome excited with red and blue light at 77 K

1. Red light irradiation of phytochrome (Pr) at 77 K produces an intermediate absorbing at 696 nm. The photostationary state concentration of this intermediate is rapidly established with that of Pr as the result of spectral overlap between the Qy band of Pr and the Qx band of the intermediate. 2. The 696 nm intermediate reverts back to Pr preferentially without yielding a substantial amount of Pfr upon thawing the 77 K sample to higher temperatures. 3. Blue light irradiation of Pr with or without exogenous FMN at 77 K results in the formation of two intermediates absorbing at 684 nm and 696 nm. The 684 nm intermediate is photochemically converted to the 696 nm intermediate at 77 K. Possibilities for the preferential formation of the 684 nm intermediate with blue light are discussed. 4. At 277 K, blue light irradiation of phytochrome (Pr) containing exogenous FMN increases the rate of phototransformation from Pr to Pfr three times over Pr having no FMN. On the other hand, exogenous FMN has no effect on the rate of transformation of Pr to Pfr by red light. 5. Energy transfer occurs from FMN to Pr at 77 K, initiating the photoprocesses of the Pr. The energy transfer apparently occurs within flavin-phytochrome complexes.
The prevention of initial loss of weight in the newborn by the use of a hydrating solution

Summary Seventy-five newborn infants received the solution suggested by Kugelmass at intervals of two hours, day and night, immediately following birth. Thirty-four received it for the first two days, twenty-six for the first three days, nine for the first day, and six for the first four days. Seventy-five newborn infants were simultaneously placed on complemented breast feedings. The seventy-five infants who received the solution, irrespective of the number of days they received it, had an average initial loss of weight amounting to 3.94 per cent of the combined average birth weights, compared to a 5.08 per cent loss in the seventy-five controls, making a decrease of the average reduction in the initial loss of weight of the former over the latter of 1.14 per cent. The thirty-four infants who received the solution for the first two days had an average initial loss of weight of 3.68 per cent of the average birth weight, or a reduction in initial loss of weight amounting to 1.4 per cent over the control group. A reduction of 1.79 per cent was obtained in the group of nine infants who were fed the solution for the first day only; the reduction amounted to only 0.76 per cent and 0.48 per cent in the twenty-six and six infants who received the solution the first three and first four days, respectively. Three of the seventy-five infants treated showed no initial loss of weight as compared with one of the seventy-five controls. Birth weight was regained in 6 per cent more of the treated infants and in 18 per cent more of the infants in the group receiving the solution for the first two days than in the control group. Birth weight was recovered on an average of 5.6 days of life, or 1.3 days earlier in the seventy-five treated infants than in the controls. Of the thirty-four infants fed the solution the first two days, birth weight was recovered on an average of 5.4 days of life, or 1.5 days earlier than in control group. An average fluid intake of 11 per cent of the average birth weight and a caloric intake averaging 161 cal. per day was attained on the second day of life, or approximately the amounts taken by the average control patient, on the fifth day of life. Even when the solution was fed the infants for the first day only, their fluid and caloric intake for that day exceeded those of the controls reported by Kugelmass for a similar or longer number of days. When the weights of the seventy-five treated infants at the end of nine days of observation are compared with the controls, a gain over their birth weight in 5 per cent more is found. Since the thirty-four infants who received the solution for the first two days constitute almost half of the treated series, it is significant that 10 per cent more of them showed a gain than the control patients. The average gain was 5.7 ounces, an average of 1.8 ounces more than the controls, 2.3 ounces more than the infants who received the solution for three days, and more than any other group in the treated series.
Fluid‐driven seismicity response of the Rinconada fault near Paso Robles, California, to the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake

The 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon, California, earthquake caused significant damage in the city of Paso Robles and a persistent cluster of aftershocks close to Paso Robles near the Rinconada fault. Given the importance of secondary aftershock triggering in sequences of large events, a concern is whether this cluster of events could trigger another damaging earthquake near Paso Robles. An epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model is fit to the Rinconada seismicity, and multiple realizations indicate a 0.36% probability of at least one M ≥6.0 earthquake during the next 30 years. However, this probability estimate is only as good as the projection into the future of the ETAS model. There is evidence that the seismicity may be influenced by fluid pressure changes, which cannot be forecasted using ETAS. The strongest evidence for fluids is the delay between the San Simeon mainshock and a high rate of seismicity in mid to late 2004. This delay can be explained as having been caused by a pore pressure decrease due to an undrained response to the coseismic dilatation, followed by increased pore pressure during the return to equilibrium. Seismicity migration along the fault also suggests fluid involvement, although the migration is too slow to be consistent with pore pressure diffusion. All other evidence, including focal mechanisms and b ‐value, is consistent with tectonic earthquakes. This suggests a model where the role of fluid pressure changes is limited to the first seven months, while the fluid pressure equilibrates. The ETAS modeling adequately fits the events after July 2004 when the pore pressure stabilizes. The ETAS models imply that while the probability of a damaging earthquake on the Rinconada fault has approximately doubled due to the San Simeon earthquake, the absolute probability remains low.
SALVAGE RADICAL CYSTOPROSTATECTOMY AND ORTHOTOPIC URINARY DIVERSION FOLLOWING RADIATION FAILURE

AbstractPurpose: Salvage surgery followed by lower urinary tract reconstruction is a viable therapeutic option for patients in whom definitive radiation therapy for localized bladder or prostate cancer has failed. Improvements in surgical technique and postoperative care have significantly improved overall outcome. An enhanced understanding of the rhabdoid sphincteric mechanism responsible for maintaining urinary continence following cystoprostatectomy has helped make the orthotopic neobladder the procedure of choice for patients requiring lower urinary tract reconstruction. We describe our experience with salvage surgery and orthotopic bladder substitution following failed radical radiation therapy.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the complications of 18 patients in whom definitive radiation therapy (total minimum dose 60 Gy. or greater) for bladder or prostate cancer had failed. All patients underwent a salvage procedure with creation of an orthotopic neobladder.Results: Operative characteristics, po...
Cortical pelvic strains with varying size hemiarthroplasty in vitro.

Abstract Four human pelves were dissected of soft tissues and instrumented with rosette strain gages. The pelves were left intact (not separated at the pubic symphysis or sacroiliac joints) although each of the eight hemipelves was tested separately. The pelves were loaded to simulate single leg stance with use of a wire mesh cemented to the wing of the ilium, representing the abductor muscles. Loading was carried out with the intact hip joint and 1 mm undersized, correct sized, and 1 mm oversized hemiarthroplasty. The correct sized component produced a strain pattern closest to normal. The oversized component was associated with an increase in strain at the medial acetabular dome.
An intramolecularly base-stabilized monomeric organoaluminum dihydride

The intramolecularly base-stabilized arylaluminum dihydride [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]AlH2 (1) has been prepared by the metathesis reaction of the corresponding lithium aryl with AlH2Cl·NMe3. Alternative methods for the synthesis of 1 are transmetalation or reduction reactions of [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]MCl2 (M = Al (2), Ga (3), In (4)) with LiAlH4. The x-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been determined: 1, orthorhobic, Pbca, with a = 17.179(3), b = 9.014(20, c = 12.707(3) A, V = 2794(1) A3 and Z = 8; 2, monoclinic, C2c, with a = 8.2880(10), b = 17.022(2), c = 14.381(3) A, β = 99.46(1)°, V = 2001.2(5) A3, and Z = 4. Compounds 1 and 2 are monomeric in the solid state.
D2-specific discriminative stimuli: Parameters, blocking, and rebound

This study characterizes the cue properties of quinpirole (LY 171555), a selective D2 agonist, and the blocking capabilities of spiperone, a selective D2 antagonist. After rats were trained to discriminate 0.025 mg/kg quinpirole from distilled water, a dose-response curve and time course of the quinpirole discriminative stimulus were determined. The effectiveness of three doses of spiperone in blocking the discriminative stimulus produced by 0.02 mg/kg quinpirole was then assessed. Finally, the time course of spiperone's blocking action was determined. Given the putative selective action of these drugs on D2 receptors and the parametric data presented here, it was predicted that following chronic treatment with spiperone, a rebound increase in quinpirole-appropriate responding would occur. Neither chronic treatment with spiperone nor chronic treatment with haloperidol produced the predicted changes. This result, however, may be confined to the specific dose and time parameters used.
Moving beyond Disproportionality: The Role of Culturally Responsive Teaching in Special Education

For over 30 years the field of special education has grappled with the problem of disproportionality. The discourse around this issue has predominately focused on possible causes, and yet the problem persists. This paper will provide an overview of the research on disproportionality and multicultural special education. In addition, the authors will examine the extent to which culturally responsive teaching has been implemented in special education and will propose future directions for research and practice.
Polyacrylamide-reactive styrene/unsaturated polyester microgel composites

Reactive microgels (RM) were prepared by the copolymerization of styrene and an unsaturated polyester in an emulsion of oil (styrene + unsaturated polyester) in water. The adsorption of the unsaturated polyester on the water-oil interface ensured the stability of the emulsion. Furthermore, polyacrylamide (PAAM) crosslinked with RM was obtained by suspending RM particles in an aqueous AAM solution and polymerizing the system at 70°C to obtain a PAAM-RM composite. The extraction experiments of the RM with dioxane and of the PAAM with water indicated the presence of small amounts of soluble PAAM homopolymers and negligible amounts of free RM, the materials being PAAM crosslinked by RM. The extent of swelling of these materials in water decreased with increasing weight ratio of RM/AAM and was independent of the composition of RM. When the final polymerization temperature was increased to 130°C, RM reacted not only with AAM to form a crosslinked polymer, but also with itself to form semi-interpenetrating reactive polymer networks (SIRPN). The extent of swelling of PAAM-RM SIRPN in water was much lower than that of the PAAM-RM material. Membranes were also prepared by hot pressing at 200°C the PAAM-RM and PAAM-RM SIRPN composites. The swelling behavior of these membranes in water, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, acrylic acid, ethyl alcohol, and dioxane, as well as in the mixtures of ethyl alcohol-water, acetone-water, tetrahydrofuran-water, and acrylic acid-water, was investigated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cylinder-to-cylinder variation sources in diesel low temperature combustion and the influence they have on emissions

Cylinder-to-cylinder variation in a multi-cylinder diesel engine was found to increase substantially when transitioning to a low-temperature combustion mode. This study was started to investigate t...