cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventive implications of a study of 100 poisonings in children

One hundred cases of accidental poisoning occurring in Seattle, Washington, during the summer of 1958 and referred through the Poison Control Center were studied. Although this group probably was not representative of all Seattle children in whom poisonings occurred during this period, the information gained from a study of the circumstances leading to the poisonings has important preventive implications. Eighty-two of the children were between 1 and 3 years of age. Aspirin caused 24 poisonings. In 19 of these cases it had been left out by another family member, and only three children found aspirin in the medicine cabinet. The medicine cabinet was the source of the poison in only 4 of the 100 cases. Poisonous berries and toadstools caused 14 poisonings and represent an important local hazard, particularly as most parents were not aware that the berries were harmful. Whereas only 22 of the patients had previously suffered accidents, 25 had been poisoned before, several more than once. In 32 cases there had been recent or concurrent illness in some member of the household. Three circumstances were found to occur commonly, and singly or in combination accounted for 86 of the poisonings: 1) In 26 cases some person other than the parents (siblings, other children, neighbors, relatives, friends) played an important part either by making it possible for the patient to reach the poison or by failing to put it away. 2) In 31 cases the parents did not think that the child could climb, open doors, unscrew caps, or perform other tasks necessary to get the poison. 3) In 53 cases the poison was not in its usual location, either because it was in use, because persons other than the parents had left it out, or because the parents themselves were careless. As most of these parents appeared to have some degree of safety consciousness and at least tried to provide a safe place in which to keep potential poisons, they would probably profit from specific advice based on the most common circumstances under which poisonings occur.
Roentgen Evaluation of the Ligated Fallopian Tube

Pangynecography a term coined for the combined visualization of the uterus and proximal tubes the ovaries distal tubes and serosal surface of the uterus permits the surgeon to anticipate what he will be able to accomplish at surgery. First a Foley catheter and 5 cc bag is inserted in the uterus and inflated. Second N2O is passed into the peritoneum with a plastic cannula. Third conventional pneumography is done in frontal and oblique projections. Fourth water-soluble contrast dye is injected into the uterus through the Foley catheter and x-rays repeated. Finally the catheter is withdrawn and the gas expressed. The patient can be discharged in about 3 hours. In the 4 case histories presented visualization was adequate to plan for salpingostomy end-to-end anastomosis cornual reimplantation or ovarian implantation as may be needed for reversal of tubal ligation. Complications mentioned were latent infection interstitial emphysema intravasation of contrast. Contraindications are pelvic or peritoneal inflammation uterine bleeding or cardiopulmonary disease.
Targanta Therapeutics: Hitting a Moving Target

This case explores regulatory, product testing, and business strategy at Targanta Therapeutics, a biotech company preparing its first new drug application to the FDA. In October 2007, Mark Leuchtenberger, president and CEO of Targanta - which has just held a successful IPO - weighs options for the approximately ten month review period after the company submits to the Food and Drug Administration. The case reviews Targanta's origins and "de-risking" of oritavancin, an antibiotic therapy for drug-resistant infections that was first invented at Eli Lilly and then spun out to InterMune before Targanta acquired it in late 2005. To highlight the impact of regulatory policy on business strategy the case then describes a set of choices facing the firm, including staffing a marketing and sales group, carrying out additional clinical testing to expand the approved indications, applying for European market approval, or keeping funds in reserve in the event that the FDA requests further data.
Sensitivity Evaluation of the AGR 3-4 Experiment Thermal Model Irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor

A temperature sensitivity evaluation has been performed on a thermal model for the AGR-3/4 fuel experiment on an individual capsule. The experiment was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Four TRISO fuel irradiation experiments are planned for the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program which supports the development of the Very High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor under the Next-Generation Nuclear Plant project.AGR-3/4 is the third TRISO-particle fuel test of the four planned and is intended to test tri-structural-isotropic (TRISO)-coated, low-enriched uranium oxy-carbide fuel. The AGR-3/4 test was specifically designed to assess fission product transport through various graphite materials. The AGR-3/4 irradiation test in the ATR started in December 2011 and finished in April 2014. Forty-eight (48) TRISO-particle fueled compacts were inserted into 12 separate capsules for the experiment (four compacts per capsule).The purpose of this analysis was to assess the sensitivity of input variables for the capsule thermal model. A series of cases were compared to a base case by varying different input parameters into the ABAQUS finite element thermal model. These input parameters were varied by ±10% to show the temperature sensitivity to each parameter. The most sensitive parameter was the compact heat rates, followed by the outer control gap distance and neon gas fraction. Thermal conductivity of the compacts and thermal conductivity of the various graphite layers vary with fast neutron fluence and exhibited moderate sensitivity. The least sensitive parameters were the emissivities of the stainless steel and graphite, along with gamma heat rate in the non-fueled components. Separate sensitivity calculations were performed varying with fast neutron fluence, showing a general temperature rise with an increase in fast neutron fluence. This is a result of the control gas gap becoming larger due to the graphite shrinkage with neutron damage. A smaller sensitivity is due to the thermal conductivity of the fuel compacts with fast neutron fluence.Heat rates and fast neutron fluence were input from a detailed physics analysis using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. Individual heat rates for each non-fuel component were input as well. A steady-state thermal analysis was performed for each sensitivity calculation. ATR outer shim control cylinders and neck shim rods along with driver fuel power and fuel depletion were incorporated into the physics heat rate calculations. Surface-to-surface radiation heat transfer along with conduction heat transfer through the gas mixture of helium-neon (used for temperature control) was used in the sensitivity calculations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow during mannitol loading in hydropenic dogs.

SummaryOsmotic diuresis produced by mannitol loading in hydropenic dogs does not significantly affect the glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow or filtration fraction.
New Developments in Standards for MRI Safety Testing of Medical Devices

The magnetic resonance (MR) environment presents unique safety hazards for implanted and accessory medical devices including unwanted device movement, tissue heating, device malfunction, and imaging artifacts. Ever increasing numbers of patients with implants and accessory devices undergo MRI exams, making MRI safety an important goal for all. This paper provides an overview of the current status of standards related to the testing and labeling of medical devices in the MR environment. These standards represent the efforts and ongoing collaborations between regulatory bodies, device manufacturers, scientists, and the medical community to assure the safety of patients and medical personnel in the MR environment. This paper discusses current and emerging challenges to MRI safety evaluation that present opportunities for future standards development.
Nursing Care Considerations for the Hospitalized Patient with an Eating Disorder

Eating disorders are chronic psychiatric illnesses with significant medical complications, psychological distress, and psychiatric comorbidity. Although many patients are treated on an outpatient basis, inpatient care for the more severely ill hospitalized patient can be challenging given the severity of illness and concurrent issues requiring intervention. This article provides an overview of the clinical characteristics of eating disorders typically seen for inpatient care, focusing primarily on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and the associated key areas for nursing assessment, diagnoses, and plan of care during hospitalization.
1. The Child in Iowa

I was born in the middle of the economic Great Depression on May 7, 1935, in the small town of Manchester in the slightly rolling hills of northeastern Iowa. My first vivid memory is that of being outside pulling my wagon along the sidewalk on a cold, bright, sunny winter day. I was 3, alone, and very happy. My mind was clear, and I was struck by the beauty of the world.
Atherosclerotic Plaques in the Aortic Arch and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease.

Background and Purpose—Aortic arch plaque (AAP) is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, but its association with subclinical cerebrovascular disease is not established. We investigated the associatio...
Thermodynamics of the Liquid State

Thermodynamic equations for the characterization of pure liquids and solutions are developed herein, and applied to representative systems. The basis of the development lies in the Clapeyron and Gibbs–Duhem expressions as well as the thermodynamic couplings between phases and components within a phase. The ideal solution is defined as a system of particles that have exactly the same size and the same values for the interparticle enthalpy. The thermodynamics of real particles are parsed into ideal and nonideal parts. The nonideal part is characterized by the activity coefficient γ.
Personalized Feedback Versus Money: The Effect on Reliability of Subjective Data in Online Experimental Platforms

We compared the data reliability on a subjective task from two platforms: Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and LabintheWild. MTurk incentivizes participants with financial compensation while LabintheWild provides participants with personalized feedback. LabintheWild was found to produce higher data reliability than MTurk. Our findings suggested that online experiment platforms providing feedback in exchange for study participation could produce more reliable data in subjective preference tasks than those offering financial compensation.
Viscoelastic behavior of allografts and scaffolds composed of extracellular matrices

Collagen is the major structural fiber found in mammalian tissues It is a protein in the form of a triple helix that is found in several subfamilies the most abundant of which is the fiber forming group containing Types I II and III Type I collagen is found in tendons skin cornea bone lung and vessel walls This collagen is thought to give rise to the high tensile strengths of collagen fibers in tissues in addition it is actively involved in other physiologic processes such mechanotransduction However the non linear mechanical behavior and viscoelasticity of collagen fibers make analysis of the mechanical properties of tissues complicated Mechanistically during mechanical loading a tensional increase in the D period is observed with increasing strain that is associated with A Molecular elongation at the triple helical level of structure B Increases in the gap distance between the end of one triple helix and the start of the next one in the microfibril and C Molecular slippage The state of mechanical loading of tissues dictates the regulation of tissue metabolism by up or down regulating mechanotransduction through several mechanisms including the phosphorelay pathways In this paper we discuss the relationship between collagen hierarchical structure and its viscoelastic mechanical properties Using vibrational analysis and optical coherence tomography it is hoped that the mechanical properties of collagenous tissues can be studied in vivo in order to better understand tissue mechanics and to be better able to offer early diagnosis and differentiation of different disease states
Comparative anatomy of zebrafish paired and median fin muscles: basis for functional, developmental, and macroevolutionary studies.

In the last decades, Danio rerio became one of the most used model organisms in various evo-devo studies devoted to the fin skeletal anatomy and fin-limb transition. Surprisingly, there is not even a single paper about the detailed anatomy of the adult muscles of the five fin types of this species. To facilitate more integrative developmental, functional, genetic, and evolutionary studies of the appendicular musculoskeletal system of the zebrafish and to provide a basis for further comparisons with other fishes and tetrapods, we describe here the identity, overall configuration, and attachments of appendicular muscles in a way that can be easily understood and implemented by non-anatomist researchers. We show that the muscle pattern of the caudal fin is very different from patterns seen in other fins but is very consistent within teleosts. Our observations support the idea of the developmental and evolutionary distinction of the caudal fin and point out that the musculature of the adult zebrafish pectoral and pelvic fins is in general very similar. Both paired fins have superficial and deep layers of abductors and adductors going to all/most rays plus the dorsal and ventral arrectors going only to the first ray. Nevertheless, we noted three major differences between the pelvic and pectoral fins of adult zebrafishes: (i) the pectoral girdle lacks a retractor muscle, which is present in the pelvic girdle - the retractor ischii; (ii) the protractor of the pelvic girdle is an appendicular/trunk muscle, while that of the pectoral girdle is a branchiomeric muscle; (iii) the first ray of the pectoral fin is moved by an additional arrector-3. The anal and dorsal fins consist of serially repeated units, each of which comprises one half-ray and three appendicular muscles (one erector, depressor, and inclinator) on each side of the body. The outermost rays are attachment points for the longitudinal protractor and retractor. Based on our results, we discuss whether the pectoral appendage might evolutionarily be closer to the head than to the pelvic appendage and whether the pelvic appendage might have been derived from the trunk/median fins. We discuss a hypothesis of paired fin origin that is a hybrid of the fin-fold and Gegenbaur's theories. Lastly, our data indicate that D. rerio is indeed an appropriate model organism for the appendicular musculature of teleosts in particular and, at least in the case of the paired fins, also of actinopterygians as a whole.
Abstract 16590: Sensitive, Concentration-dependent Entropy Metrics for Quantitative Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Thrombi

Introduction: Ligand-targeted liquid perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NP: ~200 nm) were the first described contrast agents for ultrasound molecular imaging demonstrated over 20 years ago for tissue factor imaging in atherosclerotic plaques using conventional processing of signal energy. Recently we have developed alternative analytical (entropy) approaches using information-theoretic detectors (ITD) that provide enhanced detectability for PFC NP beacons that can penetrate into targeted tissues well beyond the range of conventional microbubbles. Here we assess the relationship between targeted PFC NP accumulation and signal intensity over time with selected entropy metrics to illustrate the concentration dependence of the method for ultrasound molecular imaging. Methods: Human plasma clots were created in vitro and exposed to a dilute suspension of fibrin-targeted PFC NP incorporating an anti-fibrin mAb ligand. Clots were scanned every 10-min for 1 hr with a 25-MHz acoustic microscope. Results: A monotonic increase in clot reflectivity was observed for both conventional (energy) and ITD metrics, consistent with increasing amounts of NP targeting to fibrin. An exponential recovery model fit to the data (r 2 =0.999) yielded asymptotic values for enhancement. Shannon entropy and its continuous analog (H c ) exhibited greater initial sensitivity to NP deposition than conventional energy-based metrics as determined by slope of noise-normalized signal change (m LogE =0.146 vs. m Hs =0.161, m Hc =0.158). Conclusions: The monotonic rise in signal emanating from targeted substrates reflects the accumulation of PFC NP rapidly “filling in” gaps in a naturally poorly reflective clot surface to produce a progressively brighter scattering interface created by PFC NP, demonstrating the concentration dependence of the technique for imaging sparse epitopes. The early detectability of signal enhancement with ITD attests to its sensitivity at these frequencies.
IMPROVEMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS FOR STRESSES AROUND A NOTCH IN COMPOSITE LAMINATE

Stresses around notches in composite laminates calculated with the conventional finite elements available in commercial packages are very sensitive to the mesh size due to the high stress gradients present. Coarse meshes usually provide erroneous results. To make the finite element results reliable for notched composite laminates, a simple analytical approach based on complex stress functions is formulated to determine the stresses around the notch using the data from a coarsely meshed finite element analysis. Significant improvement in the stress results around notch can be achieved using this analytical approach during post-processing of the finite element data and thus the computational efficiency can be increased. This is particularly attractive when conducting a finite element analysis for composite laminates involving multiple notches. As a demonstration, results for two examples are presented in this paper.
Variate Generation in Reliability

This chapter considers (1) the generation of random lifetimes via density-based and hazard-based methods, (2) the generation of certain stochastic processes that are useful in reliability and availability analysis, and (3) the generation of random lifetimes for the accelerated life and proportional hazards models. The accurate modeling of failure time distributions is critical for the development of valid Monte Carlo and discrete-event simulation models for applications in reliability and survival analysis. Once an accurate model has been established, it is oftentimes the case that the complexity of the model requires an analysis by simulation. The associated variate generation algorithms for common stochastic models are introduced here. Although the generation of random lifetimes is typically applied to reliability and survival analysis in a simulation setting, their use is widespread in other disciplines as well. The more diverse wider literature on generating random objects includes generating random combinatorial objects, generating random matrices, generating random polynomials, generating random colors, generating random geometric objects, and generating random spawning trees.
Highly Efficient Recyclable Sol Gel Polymer Catalyzed One Pot Difunctionalization of Alkynes

Amino-bridged gel polymer P1 was discovered to catalyze alkyne halo-functionalization in excellent yields, regioselectivity, functional group compatibility, and recyclability. We have observed that both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes can be converted to α,α-dihalogenated ketones in the presence of polymer P1 under metal-free conditions at room temperature within a short reaction time.
Temporal instability of the post-surgical maxillary sinus microbiota

Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disorder in which the role of bacteria remains uncertain. While sinus outflow obstruction is often an initiating event, mucosal inflammation and dysbiosis may persist or develop in sinuses with widely patent surgical openings. Understanding of the relationship between dysbiosis and chronic sinus inflammation is obfuscated by inter-individual microbiota variability and likely intra-individual temporal variation that has yet to be defined. In this study, long-term microbiota stability is investigated within surgically-opened maxillary sinuses of individuals with and without sinus inflammatory disease. Maxillary sinus swabs were performed in 35 subjects with longstanding maxillary antrostomies. Subjects with and without active chronic maxillary sinusitis were included. Repeat swabs were obtained from the same sinuses after a prolonged interval (mean 719 ± 383 days). Patients were categorized based on the inflammatory status of the sinus mucosa at times of sample collection, as assessed by nasal endoscopy. Total DNA from swab eluents was extracted, and the microbiota characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by taxonomic classification. Prevalence and abundance of genera were determined by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Taxa were identified that were stably present between two time points in individual subjects. The overall proportion of stable taxa across time points was 24.5 ± 10.6%. This stability index was consistent across patient groups and not correlated with clinical parameters. Highly prevalent taxa, including Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, and Pseudomonas, were often stably present, but varied in relative abundance. Janthinobacterium, Enterobacter, Lactobacillus, and Acinetobacter were prevalent and moderately abundant taxa in healthy sinuses, but not in inflamed sinuses. Moraxella and Haemophilus were present at low prevalence and proportional abundance in chronically or intermittently inflamed sinuses, but not in healthy sinuses. A relatively small component of the post-antrostomy maxillary sinus microbiota exhibits long-term stability in individual subjects. Stable bacteria include a limited number of highly prevalent and a larger number of lower prevalence taxa, which vary widely in proportional abundance. The concept of individual-specific core sinus microbiota, durable over time and medical therapy, but fluctuating in proportional abundance, has implications for understanding the role of bacteria in CRS pathogenesis.
Microvillous cells in the olfactory epithelium express elements of the solitary chemosensory cell transduction signaling cascade

The nasal cavity hosts an array of chemoresponsive cells, including the extended olfactory system and several other cells involved in detection of and responses to irritants. Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs), which respond to irritants and bacteria, express the transient receptor potential channel TRPM5 an essential element of the taste transduction-signaling cascade. Microvillous cells (MVCs), non-neuronal cells situated in the apical layer of the main olfactory epithelium, also express TRPM5, but their function has not yet been clarified. TRPM5-positive MVCs, like SCCs, show a cholinergic phenotype expressing choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), but none of the other elements of the bitter taste transduction cascade could be detected. We reexamined TRPM5-positive MVCs with more sensitive gene expression and staining techniques to clarify whether they rely only on TRPM5 and ChAT or express other elements of the taste/SCC transduction cascade. Analyzing existing RNA sequencing data from whole olfactory mucosa and isolated olfactory sensory neurons, we determined that several elements of the taste/SCC transduction cascade, including taste receptors, are expressed in the olfactory mucosa in cells other than olfactory sensory neurons. Immunostaining confirmed the presence TRPM5 and ChAT in a subset of cells of the olfactory mucosa, which also showed the expression of PLCB2, gustducin, and T1R3. Specifically, these cells were identified as TRPM5-positive MVCs. Furthermore, we examined whether MVCs are innervated by trigeminal fibers, similarly to SCCs. Using antibodies against trigeminal nerve markers calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, we determined that, despite the cholinergic phenotype, most MVCs in the olfactory mucosa lacked consistent trigeminal innervation. Our findings indicate that MVCs, like SCCs, express all the elements of the bitter taste transduction cascade but that, unlike SCCs, they possess only sparse trigeminal innervation. The cholinergic phenotype of MVCs suggests a modulatory function of the surrounding olfactory epithelium, through the release of acetylcholine.
Raja yoga meditation and medication-assisted treatment for relapse prevention: A pilot study

Abstract The continued need for advancement in evidence-based SUD treatment, as well as increases in treatment expense and decline in support from insurance providers, suggest that brief, innovative, and affordable treatments are needed. Meditation, spirituality, and adherence to medication-assisted treatments have all been shown to support abstinence. The current trial assessed effects of spiritually-based meditation, versus relaxation or standard treatment, on substance abstinence and psychological distress and dysfunction in a partially buprenorphine-supported (41.5%) treatment sample. Participants (N = 40) were recruited from an intensive outpatient treatment program, in which three treatment locations acted as separate experimental conditions. Abstinence was measured through urinalyses at baseline and weekly thereafter for the duration of the intervention. Psychological distress and dysfunction were assessed with a Likert-scaled questionnaire measuring symptoms typically associated with SUD. Co-varying for buprenorphine use, participants in the Meditation condition had better odds of remaining abstinent than participants in the Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) and Relaxation conditions. There were no significant differences in substance abstinence between the Relaxation and TAU conditions. Further, co-varying out baseline there were no significant differences at post-course in psychological distress and dysfunction between the three conditions. Results from this pilot trial suggest that this spiritually-informed approach may offer additive support to individuals in SUD treatment, as an aid to the meditative aspect of the 12 steps, or a non-12-step alternative spiritual supplement to standard SUD treatment.
On the convergence of the Neumann series for electrostatic fracture response

ABSTRACTThe feasibility of Neumann-series expansion of Maxwell’s equations in the electrostatic limit is investigated for potentially rapid and approximate subsurface imaging of geologic features p...
261) Does Anger Inhibition Alter Pain Modulation

The tendency to inhibit anger (anger-in) is associated with increased pain. This relationship may be explained by the negative affectivity hypothesis such that those with high anger-in experience increased negative affectivity and thus increased pain (because negative affect enhances pain). Alternatively, this relationship may be explained by the cognitive resource hypothesis such that anger-in limits attentional resources normally available for pain modulation. The present study examined these competing hypotheses in healthy, pain-free participants using a well-validated picture viewing paradigm (ie, Emotional Controls of Nociception, ECON). ECON is a paradigm in which painful, electrocutaneous stimulations are delivered during and in between pictures of emotional content (mutilation, neutral, and erotica). Pain ratings were assessed in response to electric stimuli. This allows for the assessment of emotional modulation of pain by comparing pain evoked during mutilation and erotic pictures to pain evoked during neutral pictures. Additionally, ECON allows for the assessment of attentional modulation of pain by comparing pain evoked during neutral pictures (distraction) to pain evoked in the absence of pictures (control). Prior to ECON, participants filled out the Anger Expression Inventory to assess their tendency to inhibit anger and 2 groups were formed (high anger-in, N = 71 and low anger-in, N = 27) from their responses (ie, +/- 1SD from the normative mean of anger-in). Results found that both groups demonstrated similar emotional modulation of pain. By contrast, persons in the low anger-in group displayed attentional modulation of pain, whereas persons in the high anger-in group failed to attentionally modulate pain. These findings suggest that cognitive resource deficits in high anger-in individuals may contribute to increased pain risk.
Towards compiling graph queries in relational engines

The increasing demand for graph query processing has prompted the addition of support for graph workloads on top of standard relational database management systems (RDBMS). Although this appears like a good idea --- after all, graphs are just relations --- performance is typically suboptimal since graph workloads are naturally iterative and rely extensively on efficient traversal of adjacency structures that are not typically implemented in an RDBMS. Adding such specialized adjacency structures is not at all straightforward due to the complexity of typical RDBMS implementations. The iterative nature of graph queries also practically requires a form of runtime compilation and native code generation which adds another dimension of complexity to the RDBMS implementation and any potential extensions. In this paper, we demonstrate how the idea of the first Futamura projection, which links interpreted query engines and compilers through specialization, can be applied to compile graph workloads in an efficient way that simplifies the construction of relational engines which also support graph workloads. We extend the LB2 main-memory query compiler with graph adjacency structures and operators. We implement a subset of the Datalog logical query language evaluation to enable processing graph and recursive queries efficiently. The graph extension matches, and sometimes outperforms, best-of-breed low-level graph engines.
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults: The Role of Traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Varies by Gender not Race/Ethnicity

Drawing from Race-Based Traumatic Stress theory, the present study examined whether traumatic stress and depressive symptoms differentially help explain the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation across gender and racial/ethnic groups. A racially/ethnically diverse group of emerging adults (N = 1344; Mage = 19.88, SD = 2.25; 72% female; 46% Hispanic) completed a battery of self-report measures. A cross-sectional design was employed with a series of hierarchical linear regression models and bootstrapping procedures to examine the direct and indirect relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation through traumatic stress and depressive symptoms across gender and race/ethnicity. The findings suggest an indirect relation through depressive symptoms, but not traumatic stress, and a serial indirect relation through traumatic stress to depressive symptoms in young women and young men, the latter of which was stronger in young women. The indirect relations did not vary by racial/ethnic group. Cumulative experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination may impact suicide-related risk via increases in psychiatric symptomology (i.e., traumatic stress and depressive symptoms), particularly in young women. Racial/ethnic discrimination experiences should be accounted for as a potential source of psychological distress in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of suicidal thoughts and behavior, especially among young women endorsing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Further research is warranted to better understand the gender difference in the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicide-related risk.
Can the GPM IMERG Final Product Accurately Represent MCSs’ Precipitation Characteristics over the Central and Eastern United States?

AbstractMesoscale convective systems (MCSs) play an important role in water and energy cycles as they produce heavy rainfall and modify the radiative profile in the tropics and midlatitudes. An acc...
Religious Fundamentalism and Legal Systems: Methods and Rationales in the Fight to Control the Political Apparatus

Religious fundamentalism has become a worldwide phenomenon. While many contend that fundamentalist movements only exist in North American Protestantism and in Middle Eastern Islam, fundamentalist groups can be found in every region of the globe and among all of the world's religions. In addition to becoming a global phenomenon, fundamentalist groups exert considerable social, cultural, and political pressure within the nations they inhabit. Shiite Islamic fundamentalists in Iran and the Christian Coalition in the United States are only two examples of fundamentalist groups that have risen to prominence in their nations. In this note, I will explore one narrow aspect of religious fundamentalist movements, namely the relationship between fundamentalists and legal systems. This note will seek to uncover why fundamentalists believe they must control the fashioning of law and legal systems within the societies they inhabit. In addition, I will explore why fundamentalists feel it is imperative that laws be crafted by them and not by other groups within their societies. In short, I will explore why fundamentalists feel they need law, and why they feel law needs fundamentalists. To answer these questions and obtain a grasp of a wide range of fundamentalist movements, I will present three case studies: the Jewish haredim in Israel; the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt; and the Buddhist fundamentalists in Sri Lanka. By examining these movements, it becomes apparent that the reasons fundamentalists become interested in legal systems and the methods they use to control them are dictated first by the precepts of
Heterodimerization of TPO and IFNγ Impairs Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Signaling and Survival in Chronic Inflammation

Abstract Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the main regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) self-renewal and survival. Upon binding to its receptor, c-MPL, TPO activates cell signaling through JAK-STAT and other pathways. In recent clinical trials, eltrombopag, a small molecule c-MPL agonist, improved trilineage hematopoiesis in subjects with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Paradoxically, TPO levels are already markedly elevated in these patients. To explain this paradox, we previously showed that IFNγ, a key proinflammatory cytokine implicated in the destruction of HSPCs in SAA, inhibited TPO signaling in human CD34+ HSPCs cultured in the presence of both cytokines. In contrast, eltrombopag could evade this inhibition in vitro, resulting in improved maintenance of progenitors in clonogenic CFU assays, and long-term repopulating cells in NSG transplantation models compared with TPO-containing cultures (Cheng et al., ASH abstract 2016). In this study, we sought to characterize the mechanisms by which eltrombopag evades IFNγ blockade of c-MPL signaling. Because activation of both c-MPL and IFNγ receptor by their respective ligands induces negative regulatory feedback mechanisms from the SOCS family, we first measured expression of SOCS proteins in CD34+ cells exposed to IFNγ and TPO or eltrombopag. SOCS expression was equally upregulated by TPO and eltrombopag in the presence of IFNγ, suggesting an alternative explanation for eltrombopag's ability to escape IFNγ-induced perturbation of TPO signaling. Because TPO and eltrombopag distinctively bind to the extracellular or juxtamembrane domain of c-MPL, respectively, we hypothesized that IFNγ may decrease binding affinity of TPO, but not eltrombopag, to c-MPL. We used microscale thermophoresis (MST) to assess the impact of IFNγ on TPO binding to its receptor. As previously reported, we showed that TPO and c-MPL interact via both a high affinity (KD, app Download : Download high-res image (156KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Disclosures Huntsman: Novartis: Research Funding. Cheng: Novartis: Research Funding. Larochelle: Novartis: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; StemCell Technologies: Patents & Royalties: StemDiff Hematopoietic Kit.
Different Roles for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Adult Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian rhythms in locomotion through coupled, single-cell oscillations. Global genetic deletion of the neuropeptide Vip or its receptor Vipr2 results in profound deficits in daily synchrony among SCN cells and daily rhythms in locomotor behavior and glucocorticoid secretion. To test whether this phenotype depends on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons in the SCN, we ablated VIP SCN neurons in vivo in adult male mice through Caspase3-mediated induction of the apoptotic pathway in cre-expressing VIP neurons. We found that ablation of VIP SCN neurons in adult mice caused a phenotype distinct from Vip- and Vipr2-null mice. Mice lacking VIP neurons retained rhythmic locomotor activity with a shortened circadian period, more variable onsets, and decreased duration of daily activity. Circadian hormonal outputs, specifically corticosterone rhythms, were severely dampened. In contrast, deletion of neonatal SCN VIP neurons dramatically reduced circadian gene expression in the cultured SCN, mimicking the effects of global deletion of Vip or Vipr2. These results suggest that SCN VIP neurons play a role in lengthening circadian period and stimulating the daily surge in glucocorticoids in adults and in synchronizing and sustaining daily rhythms among cells in the developing SCN.
Augmenting Perceived Softness of Haptic Proxy Objects Through Transient Vibration and Visuo-Haptic Illusion in Virtual Reality

In this article, we investigate the effects of active transient vibration and visuo-haptic illusion to augment the perceived softness of haptic proxy objects. We introduce a system combining active transient vibration at the fingertip with visuo-haptic illusions. In our hand-held device, a voice coil actuator transmits active transient vibrations to the index fingertip, while a force sensor measures the force applied on passive proxy objects to create visuo-haptic illusions in virtual reality. We conducted three user studies to understand both the vibrotactile effect and its combined effect with visuo-haptic illusions. A preliminary study confirmed that active transient vibrations can intuitively alter the perceived softness of a proxy object. Our first study demonstrated that those same active transient vibrations can generate different perceptions of softness depending on the material of the proxy object used. In our second study, we evaluated the combination of active transient vibration and visuo-haptic illusion, and found that both significantly influence perceived softness, with with the visuo-haptic effect being dominant. Our third study further investigated the vibrotactile effect while controlling for the visuo-haptic illusion. The combination of these two methods allows users to effectively perceive various levels of softness when interacting with haptic proxy objects.
Relevance and Its Problems

Philosophers of science face the dual task of elucidating both discourse conducted within science and discourse regarding science. This saddles them with a duty both to interpret what science says and to explain why it does so.
Hardship, Recompense, and Divine Law: Al-Fārābī on the “Virtue of Struggle”

This essay explores the political implications of the debate between medieval Islamic philosophy and theology regarding the soteriological importance of hardship. Reviewing key works by al-Ghazali and al-Zamakhshari, I show that these theologians assert that divine rewards in the afterlife must be earned through the fulfillment of burdensome religious obligations. I subsequently turn to al-Fārābī’s Fuṣūl Muntaza‘a. I argue that al-Fārābī, though ultimately critical of that version of piety that seeks to make earthly life difficult for the sake of divine reward, simultaneously advocates for the popular adoption of just such a view. Finally, I discuss the precise manner in which the Fuṣūl pertain to modern political debates in the Muslim world regarding the relationship between reason and revelation. I argue that al-Fārābī’s profound understanding of religious psychology makes clear the shortcomings of both a pious embrace of hardship as the key to salvation and a purely worldly politics.
2019 Breathe-Zy Community Education Program Outcomes

Background: A Utah RT created and implemented a community education program in 1995. Objectives were to raise lung health awareness and disease prevention among school-aged students. Key program elements include chest anatomy and physiology, basic gas exchange, asthma pathophysiology, interactive exercises and porcine heart and lung dissection. A full course requires 2.5-3 h of class time. When legislators failed to pass e-cigarette regulation during the 2014 open legislative session stating it was an education issue, we took the challenge to educate Utah’s youth regarding the impact of any form of inhalant on lung health. Strong lobbying since has resulted in e-tobacco legislation enforcement in 2018. Program materials and supplies were purchased for ≈$1500. The initial kit includes: an inflatable porcine lung model with normal and diseased lungs, scalpels, gloves, sanitizing wipes, educational posters and teaching aids, plastic storage bins, colored t-shirts, rope and batting. Porcine lungs were donated from a local butcher. An RT student from the university is annually assigned to lead the project, and student volunteers attend a Super User Training session. Lead duties include: communicating with schools, scheduling courses, coordinating volunteers and providing oversight at all sessions. Six courses were taught at 2 schools between Oct. 2018-Jan. 2019 to 6th graders. A total of 176 elementary students completed the course. Methods: Pre- and post-exams were given to all participants. Results: Exam outcomes are reported in Table One. Conclusions: Through the Breathe-zy program, we have appreciated an increased: 1) student awareness of the impact of tobacco on lung and overall health, 2) awareness of RT as a profession, 3) RT value as key members of the healthcare and community partners, and 4) RT student engagement in the profession and AARC/USRC initiatives. The program is an opportunity for RT students to be mentored as leaders as they are responsible to schedule courses, coordinate volunteers, input and assist with data analysis and outcomes reporting for abstract submission for publication. It is our impression that promotion of our profession will require strong community partnerships. The number of RTs in Utah is relatively small when compared with many other states. When RTs unite with clearly defined objectives to offer a high-quality product, we can make a difference. We offer all information for starting a program to any RT departments or college programs free of charge.
New Thresholds, Old Anatomies: Contemporary Poetry and the Limits of Exegesis

Despite the increasing sophistication of American literary theory, its growing assimilation of European critical concepts, whether Phenomenologist, Structur alist, or Marxist, and its exciting debates on hermeneutics and communication theory in the pages of New Literary History or Diacritics or Po?tique, the prac tical criticism of contemporary poetry continues to be largely a matter of old fashioned explication. Pick up, say, John Fuller's A Reader's Guide to W. H. An den (1970) and open to the chapter on Auden's 1966 collection, About the House. We read:
Managing Urges Through Acceptance

This chapter discusses managing urges through acceptance. Problem gamblers and other people whose behavior appears out of control often feel overwhelmed by their urges and cravings to engage in self-defeating acts. The chapter focuses primarily on managing, what are popularly termed, “the immediate urges or cravings to gamble.” Self-regulation theory points out that, technically speaking, no one exercises impulse control. By definition, impulses simply arise and therefore, are uncontrollable. People only control the actions that impulses instigate. This fact leads many people mistakenly to use the wrong strategy in self-regulation. There are three aspects to impulses: latent motivations, activating stimulus, and impulse. Impulse itself is experienced as the resultant interaction of the latent motivation with the activating stimulus. Finally, this chapter outlines strategies for building an environmental fence around impulsive gambling and acceptance strategies to manage the impulses themselves.
Mitochondrial stress signaling in disease and aging (474.3)

Mitochondria are multi-faceted organelles in eukaryotic cells that stand at the nexus of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Consequently, circumstances (genetics, environmental fac...
Outcome for the extremely premature neonate: how far do we push the edge?

Background Significant advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine over the last 20 years and the recent emergence of fetal surgery has resulted in anesthesia providers caring for a growing number of infants born at the margin of viability. Anesthetic management in this patient population has to take into consideration the immature function of many vital organ systems as well as the effects of the underlying disease processes, which can frequently lead to severe physiological derangements. Accordingly, premature infants presenting for major surgeries early in life can represent a significant anesthetic challenge. However, even with advanced anesthetic and surgical management and optimal intensive care, extremely premature infants face substantial postoperative morbidity and mortality, as well as prolonged hospital courses. In this article, we will discuss the following questions: How far have we come in improving outcomes of extreme prematurity? And what will the future medical and societal challenges be, as we continue to redefine the limits of viability?
Calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) is required for human monocyte chemotaxis to monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) has an important influence on monocyte migration into sites of inflammation. Our understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in the response of monocytes to MCP-1 is quite limited yet potentially significant for understanding and manipulating the inflammatory response. Prior studies have demonstrated a crucial regulatory role for cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in monocyte chemotaxis to MCP-1. In these studies we investigated the role for another PLA2, calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) in comparison to cPLA2. Pharmacological inhibitors of PLA2 were found to substantially inhibit chemotaxis. Using antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide treatment we found that iPLA2 expression is required for monocyte migration to MCP-1. Complete blocking of the chemotactic response was observed with inhibition of either iPLA2 or cPLA2 expression by their respective antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide. In reconstitution experiments, lysophosphatidic acid completely restored MCP-1-stimulated migration in iPLA2-deficient monocytes, whereas lysophosphatidic acid was without effect in restoring migration in cPLA2-deficient monocytes. To the contrary, arachidonic acid fully restored migration of cPLA2-deficient monocytes while having no effect on the iPLA2-deficient monocytes. Additional studies revealed that neither enzyme appears to be upstream of the other indicating that iPLA2 and cPLA2 represent parallel regulatory pathways. These data demonstrate novel and distinct roles for these two phospholipases in this critical step in inflammation.