cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Core loss reduction in grain-oriented silicon steels by excimer laser scribing: Part I: experimental work

Abstract In the fabrication route of core laminations used in motors and transformers, a laser is often considered to scribe the steel surfaces after cold-rolling and annealing in order to reduce the energy losses associated with hysteresis and eddy currents. In this work, a 248 nm wavelength, 23 ns pulsed excimer laser was used to scribe the grain-oriented electrical steel grade M-4. A core loss reduction of 26% maximum has been achieved under a specific set of laser parameters. This is substantially higher than normally possible (10%) with the traditional Nd:YAG and CO 2 lasers. The improved core loss reduction was attributed to the beneficial thermal stress distributions developed during short-pulsed excimer laser scribing process that in turn refined the magnetic domains and reduced the eddy current losses. Part II will describe a comprehensive, finite-difference thermal model that is capable of predicting thermal stresses and correlating the stress distributions with laser parameters. The model will facilitate obtaining the optimum laser parameters that will further reduce the core losses because there is potential for reducing the core losses up to 70% in grain-oriented steels.
Static Deformation of Rock

The nonlinear deformation of rock and the hysteresis in stress-strain curves carried through a complete loading-unloading cycle is shown to be due to the cracks which are found in most samples. Theoretical analysis of models in which pores and cracks are assumed to be dispersed throughout an elastic matrix leads to general expressions for the elastic parameters. These expressions are evaluated after first specifying the shape of each cavity and applying one of several techniques for including the effect of interaction between adjacent cavities. The differential scheme and Mackenzie's variation on the self-consistent approximation are found to reproduce the observed values for compressibility of porous glass most satisfactorily.
Designing Firewalls: A Survey

A fi rewall is a collection of components interposed between two networks that fi lter traffi c between them according to some security policy [1]. Typically, fi rewalls rely on restrictions in the network topology to perform this fi ltering. One key assumption under this model is that everyone on the protected network(s) is trusted, since internal traffi c is not seen by the fi rewall and thus cannot be fi ltered; if that is not the case, then additional, internal fi rewalls have to be deployed in the internal network. Most of the complexity in using fi rewalls today lies in managing a large number of fi rewalls and ensuring they enforce a consistent policy across an organization’s network. The typical fi rewall confi guration, shown in Figure 3.1, usually comprises two packet fi ltering routers creating a restricted access network called the DMZ (demilitarized zone). The DMZ acts as a buffer between the internal (trusted) and external (untrusted) networks. This confi guration attempts to satisfy a number of goals:
Pharmacokinetics of antiviral agents for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection.

Purpose. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and other advantages and disadvantages of ganciclovir and valganciclovir are discussed. Summary. Shortcomings of oral ganciclovir include low bioavailability, large pill burden, patient nonadherence, and the emergence of resistance. Valganciclovir, an oral prodrug of ganciclovir, has a nearly tenfold greater absolute bioavailability than ganciclovir. Dosage adjustment is required for both drugs in patients with renal impairment. Conclusion. The pharmacokinetic profile of valganciclovir offers significant advantages for its use in cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis.
Iontophoresis and Ultrasound for Postsurgical Temporomandibular Trismus and Paresthesia

The following case report describes the use of iontophoresis and ultrasound for a patient having paresthesia, pain, and muscle spasm following surgery. Our patient was a 45-year-old nurse, previously in good health. Three months before we saw her, she had undergone minor surgical procedures for infected maxillary sinuses. After surgery, the lower left facial region developed paresthesia and mild discomfort at the left temporomandibular joint. She also had hyposensitivity in the left buccal pouch, paresthesia of the upper left incisor teeth, and trismus. The oral fissure, measured as demonstrated in Figure 1, was limited to 1.5 cm. The patient could not detect food and other objects in the buccal pouch. Our treatment plan was designed for all four conditions: facial and incisor parethesia, temporomandibular pain, hyposensitivity of the buccal pouch, and trismus.
Preventing childhood obesity in early care and education settings: lessons from two intervention studies.

Summary Background Obesity prevention in young children is a public health priority. In the USA, nearly 10% of children less than 5 years of age are obese, and most attend some form of out-of-home child care. While a number of interventions have been conducted in early care and education settings, few have targeted the youngest children in care or the less formal types of child care like family child care homes. Additionally, only two previous studies provided recommendations to help inform future interventions. Methods This paper presents lessons learned from two distinct intervention studies in early care and education settings to help guide researchers and public health professionals interested in implementing and evaluating similar interventions. We highlight two studies: one targeting children ages 4 to 24 months in child care centres and the other intervening in children 18 months to 4 years in family child care homes. We include lessons from our pilot studies and the ongoing larger trials. Results To date, our experiences suggest that an intervention should have a firm basis in behaviour change theory; an advisory group should help evaluate intervention materials and plan for delivery; and realistic recruitment goals should recognize economic challenges of the business of child care. A flexible data collection approach and realistic sample size calculations are needed because of high rates of child (and sometimes facility) turnover. An intervention that is relatively easy to implement is more likely to appeal to a wide variety of early care and education providers. Conclusions Interventions to prevent obesity in early care and education have the potential to reach large numbers of children. It is important to consider the unique features and similarities of centres and family child care homes and take advantage of lessons learned from current studies in order to develop effective, evidence-based interventions.
Sequence organization in regulatory regions of DNA of minute virus of mice

Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of minute virus of mice (MVM) DNA indicates that the DNA termini contain clusters of potential DNA regulatory elements and that there are repetitive DNA elements highly reiterated throughout the entire genome, which may also have a role in DNA function. The left end of MVM DNA, which contains the promoter for the nonstructural genes, has a cluster of DNA elements that includes homologies to the polyoma virus enhancer, three copies of an E1A-inducible transcription factor (ATF) binding site, and a potential Z-DNA element. The MVM right end, which contains the origin of DNA replication, has a cluster of DNA elements that includes several homologies to the polyoma virus replication origin and a potential Z-DNA element. In addition, oligonucleotide frequency analysis indicates the presence of highly recurring sequence elements throughout the entire MVM genome that may be involved in regulation. This computer-aided analysis suggests similarities and significant differences in regulatory sequence organization between MVM and polyoma virus, and identifies specific DNA elements for future genetic characterization.
Human or Superhuman: Individual Differences in the Perception of Technomorphism

Traditionally, robotics are created to be user friendly from a human standpoint but recently a different theory has emerged which focuses on how the technology we use may influence how human-like we perceive each other to be. This study investigates how individual differences play in to someone’s propensity to technomorphize. The first focus was on whether those in an engineering or programming field were more likely to technomorphize than those in other fields. The second focus was to continue the validation process for the technomorphism scale and examine how machine-like humans may be perceived. Results from this study showed that those in an engineering field or programming field are more likely to technomorphize than those in different fields.
Ajax Technology-based Virtual Web Information Integrating System

In the current strategic simulation,the training of high-level strategic seminar gaming needs to integrate real-time and dynamic virtual Web information to synthesis information service system in time and asynchronously. Aiming at this problem,to build a virtual web information integrating system by constructing Ajax engine,space registration of virtual Web information and building Web/XML Servers are considered. Result shows that it becomes more capable in alternating information by separate data and presentation,eases the load of servers and provides faster access service.
Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Kaixian, Chongqing, 2009-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in Kaixian county from 2009 to 2013, and provide basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods Data of HFMD in Kaixian country during 2009 to 2013 was analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Results Total of 3 753 HFMD cases were reported during 2009 to 2013,with an average annual incidence rate of 61.05 / 100 000. Seasonal incidence mainly occurred in AprilJuly; male to female incidence rate was 1.60∶1; 94.33% of the total number of reports focused on the age of five. 40.38% of laboratory-confirmed cases were caused by other enteroviruses. Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in the population was high in Kaixian. The counter measures should target on the high-risk groups in key areas and the peak season of the disease.We should further strengthen disease surveillance and prevention to control HFMD in Kaixian.
The Embryogenesis and Anatomy of Waldeyer’s Ring

The developmental history of the embryonic germ disk is briefly traced through the bilaminar, trilaminar, and bodyfold stages with emphasis on the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts. This is followed by a discussion of the genesis and adult anatomy of the tonsillar tissues.
Seizures on 5 West

This case discusses a complex interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem, resulting in decreased seizure threshold.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: HAND

A significant number of HIV-infected patients develop neurological symptoms ranging from minor cognitive impairment to severe dementia (known HIV-associated dementia, HAD). Without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) HAD occurs in 20–40 % of HIV positive subjects, with the advent of cART the incident has decreased to 5–10 %, although milder forms of cognitive deficits may occur in 30–50 % of those infected with HIV. It is believed that HIV enters the CNS during the early stages of infection by infected immune cells which initiate an inflammatory cascade which results in neuronal injury and loss. Imaging has been widely used to evaluate the effect of HIV to the brain. Specifically, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is one of the most informative methods employed in patients suffering from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). MRS is able to noninvasively measure metabolic changes pertaining to neuronal injury and inflammation, thus, it can assist in the diagnosis of the disease and measure the severity of injury. In animal models of neuroAIDS, MRS has been proven extremely powerful to assess disease progression and response to treatment. Here we review the literature of preclinical models as well as MRS studies of HIV+ adults and children before and after the advent of cART regiments. In addition, we discuss technical considerations related to the disease and finally talk about future direction in HAND using MRS.
Special Considerations for Working with Cubans in Integrated Care: Intergenerational Perspectives on Life-Course Health Promotion

This chapter reviews the existing literature on Cuban Americans in the U.S., their circumstances of migration, demographic status, health and mental health status, and interventions in health and mental health. Recognizing the limited literature focusing specifically on Cuban Americans, the chapter also brings in useful frameworks from broader Latino health/mental health and cultural competence perspectives, highlighting historically and contextually informed intergenerational life-course perspectives that place family at the center. This chapter argues for, and models, cultivation of clinician reflexivity, defined as systematic assessment of personal and professional experiences and assumptions as these impact knowledge. Reflexivity is required for both assessing personal assumptions as they inform patient care specifically with Cuban American patients and their families, and in assessing literatures which may contain biases regarding approaches to health care and what constitutes quality health care in U.S. and global perspectives. The Cuban health care system, considered exemplary in global health and mental health (Cloninger et al. Int J Pers Cent Med, 4(2), 69–89, 2014; Shapiro and Louro Bernal. Global mental health, 2014), has influenced this chapter’s perspective on family-centered integrative care for Cuban American families. Further, the Cuban health care system informs the knowledge of health systems and personal choices of many Cuban families who are increasingly transnational as the ability to visit Cuba and maintain family ties has grown with increased political engagement between the two countries.
Optimisation of numbers, types, and locations of wireless sensors with communication, finite supply, and multiple-sensor coverage constraints

The sensor placement problem considered in this paper is to determine optimal sensor configurations satisfying coverage preferences at a minimal cost. This problem is formulated as the binary linear programming problem. The generic formulation is generalised to include several realistic demands, such as a finite sensor supply, single hop wireless sensor communication, and multiple-sensor overlapping coverage. Communication and detection are considered in a probabilistic framework. An exact solution to this problem is computationally demanding (NP-complete) and practically impossible for realistic scenarios. Therefore, a fast algorithm for approximate solutions is used. To evaluate the quality of the approximate solutions, they are compared with exact solutions for cases when the exact solutions are obtainable. The results demonstrate that the approximate solutions are highly satisfactory regardless of the complexity of problem constraints, while an exact algorithm can be impractically slow.
Diffracting Enfolding Futures: Critical Inquiry in Quantitative Educational Research

Digital technologies and data have become ubiquitous in social life yet a paradigmatic rift remains between critical inquiry and quantitative educational research. This article demonstrates an alternative ontological and epistemological approach to critical inquiry with quantitative methods. By building on new materialists thought, the critical possibilities of quantification are reconsidered via a diffractive methodology. This study demonstrates an alternative approach to analyzing the multiplicity of “difference” in parenting practices. Data are diffractively analyzed demonstrating how parenting practices are a result of myriad forces that cannot be reduced to pathology or deficiency but rather convey the inheritance of constraining and disenabling sociocultural and historical conditions. Concluding remarks suggests the enfolding futures of data analytics and critical inquiry in educational research.
Siam and the Anti-Allied Conspiracies

Twelve days after the Singapore Mutiny, on February 27, 1915, the consul-general in Bangkok – T.H. Lyle – wrote the Foreign and Political Department in India that “there may be some intimate connection between the efforts of Indian political agitators [in Siam] and the recent outbreak of Indian troops in Singapore.” According to Lyle, a credible source indicated that a “well-educated leader of the Indian revolutionary movement” had been in Bangkok in January 1915 and had then gone to Singapore “to cause a rising among the Indian troops.” Moreover, he added, the General Advisor to the Siamese Government had recently told Lyle that Germans in Siam were anxiously anticipating a general Indian uprising that was supposed to occur in late February or early March. Whether or not Lyle's information was accurate, its importance for our purposes is in the way it linked Indian revolutionaries in Siam not only with disturbances in Singapore but also with hostile Germans seeking to disrupt British colonial rule. As it turned out, the route between North America, the East Indies, and India discussed in Chapters 3 and 4 was only one of the paths through which Indian revolutionaries and Germans sought to smuggle arms and insurgents to India through Southeast Asia. A second route was through Siam – an independent state sandwiched between British Burma to the west, British Malaya to the south, and French Indochina to the east. Like its northern neighbor China, Siam remained neutral during the war until summer 1917. As in all neutral countries or colonies, Siamese neutrality meant that the diplomatic and business interests of both the Central Powers and the Allies continued to operate there after hostilities commenced. As a result, Siam provided – at least initially – a staging ground from which anti-Allied colonial activists and representatives of the Central Powers could operate with relative impunity. Siam was strategically important to those who sought to undermine Allied colonial rule because of its unique geography. To its east lay Indochina, the most important French colony in Asia, while to its west lay Burma, which not only was a British colony but also allowed overland access to Britain's largest and richest colony: India.
Identity, Semiotics, and Use of Symbols in Adult Day Services.

Purpose This article explores experiences of older adults attending an Adult Day Service (ADS) center. We focus on semiotics, which is ADS clients' use of symbols to communicate with others and to assert their personal and social identities. We refer to the ADS as a semiosphere-a term that refers to the dense, symbolically mediated interactions among this community. Methods Ethnographers observed and interviewed clients, family, and staff members at the religiously affiliated ADS. They focused on the daily life worlds of those who attended and worked there. Results We identified three elements through which clients expressed and communicated in semiotic ways, aspects of their identity: (a) music and dance, (b) individual use of a symbol-a doll and, (c) symbolic organization of space through seating patterns at activity tables. Elements were created and shared communally. Discussion The ADS, as a cultural entity, is itself an illustration of symbolic complexity. Ideologies about aging, dementia, identity, and the ADS' role in improving elders' cognition and health are structured into the setting, forming a semiosphere. Our study revealed that elders, with staff members' help, created a cultural world at the ADS.
Optical coherence tomography image‐guided smart laser knife for surgery

Background and Objective Surgical oncology can benefit from specialized tools that enhance imaging and enable precise cutting and removal of tissue without damage to adjacent structures. The combination of high-resolution, fast optical coherence tomography (OCT) co-aligned with a nanosecond pulsed thulium (Tm) laser offers advantages over conventional surgical laser systems. Tm lasers provide superior beam quality, high volumetric tissue removal rates with minimal residual thermal footprint in tissue, enabling a reduction in unwanted damage to delicate adjacent sub-surface structures such as nerves or micro-vessels. We investigated such a combined Tm/OCT system with co-aligned imaging and cutting beams—a configuration we call a “smart laser knife.” Methods A blow-off model that considers absorption coefficients and beam delivery systems was utilized to predict Tm cut depth, tissue removal rate and spatial distribution of residual thermal injury. Experiments were performed to verify the volumetric removal rate predicted by the model as a function of average power. A bench-top, combined Tm/OCT system was constructed using a 15W 1940 nm nanosecond pulsed Tm fiber laser (500 μJ pulse energy, 100 ns pulse duration, 30 kHz repetition rate) for removing tissue and a swept source laser (1310 ± 70 nm, 100 kHz sweep rate) for OCT imaging. Tissue phantoms were used to demonstrate precise surgery with blood vessel avoidance. Depth imaging informed cutting/removal of targeted tissue structures by the Tm laser was performed. Results Laser cutting was accomplished around and above phantom blood vessels while avoiding damage to vessel walls. A tissue removal rate of 5.5 mm3/sec was achieved experimentally, in comparison to the model prediction of approximately 6 mm3/sec. Conclusion We describe a system that combines OCT and laser tissue modification with a Tm laser. Simulation results of the tissue removal rate using a simple model, as a function of average power, are in good agreement with experimental results using tissue phantoms. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroprotective and Nerve Regenerative Approaches for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction after Cavernous Nerve Injury

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a significant cause of reduced quality of life in men and their partners. Cavernous nerve injury (CNI) during pelvic surgery results in ED in greater than 50% of patients, regardless of additional patient factors. ED related to CNI is difficult to treat and typically poorly responsive to first- and second-line therapeutic options. Recently, a significant amount of research has been devoted to exploring neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches to salvage erectile function in patients with CNI. In addition, therapeutic options such as neuregulins, immunophilin ligands, gene therapy, stem cell therapy and novel surgical strategies, have shown benefit in pre-clinical, and limited clinical studies. In the era of personalized medicine, these new therapeutic technologies will be the future of ED treatment and are described in this review.
Downscaling climate-model output in mountainous terrain using local topographic lapse rates for hydrologic modeling of climate-change impacts

AbstractOne of the challenges in using general circulation model (GCM) output is the need to downscale beyond the model’s coarse spatial grid for use in hydrologic modeling of climate-change impacts. In mountainous terrain, using elevation as a primary control on temperature and precipitation at the local scale provides the potential for topographic variables to be used to adjust climate-model output. Here, local topographic lapse rates (LTLR) were estimated from gridded climate data for the Pacific Northwest of the United States and used to downscale GCM output. Skill scores were calculated for the LTLR-downscaled climate-model output relative to an existing set of model output downscaled using the established statistical downscaling technique of localized constructed analogs (LOCA). The results indicate that the LTLR method performs well in the mountainous study region relative to the LOCA method. LTLR downscaling offers a promising method for downscaling climate-model output in regions in which elevati...
Freshwater-Saltwater Mixing Effects on Dissolved Carbon and CO 2 Outgassing of a Coastal River Entering the Northern Gulf of Mexico

The delivery of dissolved carbon from rivers to coastal oceans is an important component of the global carbon budget. From November 2013 to December 2014, we investigated freshwater-saltwater mixing effects on dissolved carbon concentrations and CO2 outgassing at six locations along an 88-km-long estuarine river entering the Northern Gulf of Mexico with salinity increasing from 0.02 at site 1 to 29.50 at site 6 near the river’s mouth. We found that throughout the sampling period, all six sites exhibited CO2 supersaturation with respect to the atmospheric CO2 pressure during most of the sampling trips. The average CO2 outgassing fluxes at site 1 through site 6 were 162, 177, 165, 218, 126, and 15 mol m−2 year−1, respectively, with a mean of 140 mol m−2 year−1 for the entire river reach. In the short freshwater river reach before a saltwater barrier, 0.079 × 108 kg carbon was emitted to the atmosphere during the study year. In the freshwater-saltwater mixing zone with wide channels and river lakes, however, a much larger amount of carbon (3.04 × 108 kg) was emitted to the atmosphere during the same period. For the entire study period, the river’s freshwater discharged 0.25 × 109 mol dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and 1.77 × 109 mol dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into the mixing zone. DIC concentration increased six times from freshwater (0.24 mM) to saltwater (1.64 mM), while DOC showed an opposing trend, but to a lesser degree (from 1.13 to 0.56 mM). These findings suggest strong effects of freshwater-saltwater mixing on dissolved carbon dynamics, which should be taken into account in carbon processing and budgeting in the world’s estuarine systems.
Theoretical Foundations of Traditional FDI–MNE Nexus

This chapter explains how the classical postulations of international capital movement based on interest rate differentials failed to explain the post-WWII experience of capital movement among capital-rich developed countries, instead of capital-scarce developing countries; and how, as a result, beginning from the 1960s, scores of neoclassical theories emerged to predict international movement of capital, international trade, and the phenomenal expansion of multinationals around the world. This chapter also explores the perspectives of developing and transition economies in respect to international capital movement, and the operations of multinational enterprises.
An Investigation Into Equine Daily Use Values and the Impacts of Equine Competitions

Abstract If a horse contracts a disease, it proves costly to the individual financially responsible for the horse both in the direct cost of treatment and indirectly in the value of use lost should the horse require rest from physical work (riding, training, driving). This study aimed to estimate the daily use value an equine owner places on their horse both when an equine event was approaching and when there was no planned event. Results of the interval regression indicate an average willingness to pay of $4.14 (P
Exploring drawing and critique to enhance learning from visualizations

Many chemistry students struggle to make sense of chemical phenomena at the molecular level (Johnstone, 1993). They have difficulty visualizing a chemical equation (e.g., 2H2+O2→2H2O) as a chemical reaction that involves atom rearrangement and bond breaking and formation (Krajcik, 1991). As a result, they cannot form deep understanding of chemical concepts by linking ideas at the molecular, symbolic, and observable levels. Dynamic visualizations have potential to meet this challenge by demonstrating changes at the molecular level. Nevertheless, many visualizations are confusing (Tversky, Morrison, & Betrancourt, 2002), and often students are beguiled by their deceptive clarity (Chiu & Linn, in press). They need support to add ideas at the molecular level and connect with ideas at other levels. My previous research (Zhang & Linn, 2008) has suggested that creating drawings is an effective approach to promote student learning. Yet it requires more instructional time and may not be efficient. Critique may be another candidate to effectively support students' learning. In this study we explore this two ways.
Virtual System Environments

Distributed and parallel systems are typically managed with “static” settings: the operating system (OS) and the runtime environment (RTE) are specified at a given time and cannot be changed to fit an application’s needs. This means that every time application developers want to use their application on a new execution platform, the application has to be ported to this new environment, which may be expensive in terms of application modifications and developer time. However, the science resides in the applications and not in the OS or the RTE. Therefore, it should be beneficial to adapt the OS and the RTE to the application instead of adapting the applications to the OS and the RTE.
Beyond dummy variables and sample selection: what health services researchers ought to know about race as a variable.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This article addresses the definitional and methodological problems associated with the most common uses of race as a variable in health research. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Although often used in health services research, race is a poorly understood concept because it lacks conceptual clarity. Moreover, the measurement problems with race have not yet been adequately addressed. As a result, many quantitative models that attempt to explain race differences are inadequate to inform health or social policy. CONCLUSIONS. Researchers should treat the race variable with the same degree of caution and skepticism with which it treats any other variable.
Macro-Modeling of Solidification. Numerical Approximation Methods

From the analysis of solidification based on the energy transport equation presented in the previous section, it was seen that analytical solutions of this equation are not always available. Significant simplifying assumptions must be used, assumptions that are many times debilitating to the point that the solution is of little engineering interest. Fortunately, with the development of numerical methods and their application to the solution of partial differential equations, the most complicated equations can be solved numerically. Numerical solutions rely on replacing the continuous information contained in the exact solution of the differential equation with discrete values. Discretization equations are derived from the governing differential equation.
Transformations and Legitimacy in Nonprofit Organizations—The Case of Amnesty International and the Brutalization Thesis

This paper looks at organizational change in voluntary nonprofit organizations. Their 'purposive' nature makes voluntary organizations difficult to change while their tendency to oligarchic control results in this change often being imposed from the top. Amnesty International's death penalty work demonstrates the complexity of organizational change, as well as the accountability for and the legitimacy of change in nonprofits. Legitimacy should not be equated with organizational strength, and will remain subject to shifting, contested social norms concerning standards of behavior.
First-Generation and Second-Generation Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma that is heavily dependent on Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) hyperactivation. Ibrutinib is a first-generation BTK inhibitor that has shown high activity and durable responses in patients with relapsed/refractory WM. Newer and more selective BTK inhibitors are currently being tested in several clinical trials and are expected to address the toxicity and the acquired resistance observed in patients receiving ibrutinib. Updates on ibrutinib and second-generation BTK inhibitors are summarized in this review.
Yanny or Laurel? Acoustic and non-acoustic cues that influence speech perception

“What do you hear?” This question that divided the masses highlights the complex nature of speech perception, which is dependent upon both acoustic and non-acoustic information available to the brain. In this talk, I will discuss some of the most recent advances in our understanding of both types of information that enable the complicated task of speech perception under adverse listening conditions. Recent research from our lab and others has revealed a surprising amount of speech signal information resides in the highest audible frequency range for humans (i.e., beyond 8 kHz), providing localization, phonetic, and other speech source information. These cues, as well as non-acoustic (e.g., experiential, visual, lexical) cues likely become increasingly important when a listener is faced with ambiguity and/or degradation of the acoustic signal. Given the diversity of prior experience from individual to individual, differences in perception of an ambiguous/degraded speech signal are to be expected.
Correction to: Association Between Health Literacy and Medication Adherence Among Hispanics with Hypertension.

Please note the following correction in the second paragraph of the Results section of this article, in the sentences that read, “Table 2 shows the association of health literacy level, as well as each of the included covariates with adherence.
From greenhouse to icehouse: Nitrogen biogeochemistry of an epeiric sea in the context of the oxygenation of the Late Devonian atmosphere/ocean system

Abstract The Late Devonian emergence of extensive arborescent terrestrial ecosystems produced changes in the Earth's atmosphere and climate that resulted in substantial changes to the biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in epeiric seas was particularly susceptible to alteration because of its dependence upon the series of redox-mediated reactions that comprise the marine N cycle. In order to explore the impact of climate change on N biogeochemistry in a Late Devonian epeiric sea, we sampled a core from the Appalachian Basin that spans the interval from the greenhouse climate at the base of the Famennian period to glacial conditions near its conclusion. Based upon stable isotope analysis of N, C, and S as well as elemental analysis of N, C, P, S, and Fe, we contend that two distinct biogeochemical regimes obtained during the contrasting climates. The greenhouse regime featured low seawater O2 and pH that served to significantly curtail the oxidation of ammonia – i.e. nitrification – resulting in an ammonium-dominated water column and low sediment δ15N values. The greenhouse also featured more extensive recycling of C, N, and P. In contrast, the higher seawater O2 and pH of the icehouse regime permitted nitrification in the water column resulting in a nitrate-dominated system and higher sediment δ15N values. We conclude that nitrification was the key component of the N cycle that differentiated the two climate/biogeochemical regimes.
Sexual Function among Women in Midlife: Findings from the Nurses’ Health Study II

Abstract Background Women's sexual well-being is an important determinant of overall health and quality of life across the life course. Yet the factors associated with women's levels of sexual activity and sexual function in midlife are little understood. This study sought to assess the prevalence of recent sexual activity and sexual dysfunction symptoms among middle-aged women and evaluate the associations of partner status, menopause, and health status factors with sexual dysfunction. Methods Participants of this cross-sectional study were 68,131 women who responded to the 2013 Nurses’ Health Study II observational cohort questionnaire when they were age 48–68 years. Sexual activity and dysfunction symptoms were assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index. Age-adjusted multivariable regression models estimated risk ratios for the association of health-related factors with past month sexual dysfunction symptoms among women who were sexually active over the past month, overall and stratified by partner status. Results Of middle-aged women participants, 73% were sexually active (n = 49,701) and 50% of sexually active women reported symptoms of sexual dysfunction. Symptoms of sexual dysfunction were less common among unpartnered than partnered women (42% vs. 51%; p Conclusions Difficulty with sexual function is common among women in midlife, but less so than previously estimated. Regular monitoring of women's sexual function could enable clinicians to offer women timely, supportive interventions tailored by partner status and menopausal status.
How Branded Marketing and Media Campaigns Can Support a Healthy Diet and Food Well-Being for Americans: Evidence for 13 Campaigns in the United States

Abstract This report summarizes the available evidence for strategies used in large-scale, branded marketing campaigns to promote healthy dietary behaviors to Americans between 1990 and 2016. An adapted health-branding framework guided the 3-step mixed-methods approach to identify evidence for campaigns using a scoping review, comprehensive literature review, and key-informant interviews (n = 11). Results show that industry, government, and nongovernmental organizations supported 13 campaigns that used various health-branding strategies. The authors suggest opportunities that may inform the design and evaluation of diet-related campaigns to improve understanding and application of health-branding strategies to promote a healthy diet and to advance consumer health and well-being.
Nine new species of Enithares (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) from New Guinea, with distributional notes on other species and an updated world checklist.

Nine new species of Enithares are described from New Guinea and immediately adjacent islands: E. peninsularis from the Owen Stanley Mountains of the Papuan Peninsula, E. bosavi and E. papua from southern Papua New Guinea, E. orsaki from northern Papua New Guinea, E. insularis from the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, E. tagula from the Louisiade Archipelago, E. ziwa from the central mountains of western New Guinea, E. arfak from the Arfak Mountains of the eastern Vogelkop Peninsula, and E. kasim from the western Vogelkop Peninsula. Enithares bakeri is newly recorded from New Guinea, and in combination with the new species described above brings the total number of species of Enithares in New Guinea to 16, and the regional total to 19 when including nearby islands of Waigeo, Biak, the D’Entrecasteaux group, and the Louisiade Archipelago. The species concept of E. atra is clarified and geographically restricted to southeastern New Guinea; specimens previously recorded under this name from northern New Guinea are shown to represent the new species E. orsaki. Additional distribution records for 15 previously described Enithares species are provided for many localities in the Malay Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia, including the first records of E. bakeri from Lombok, Flores, Timor, Halmahera, and Obi; the first record of E. paramegalops from Ambon; the first records of E. gibbera from Kolombangara and Malaita in the Solomon Islands; the first record of E. intricata from Bali; the first records of E. lombokensis from Flores and Sumba; the first records of E. ripleyana from Halmahera, Ternate and Tidore; and the first record of E. ciliata from Borneo. Photomicrographs of key characters and distribution maps are provided for all new species described, accompanied by an updated world checklist for the genus with distributional notes and associated references.
Hydrodynamic modeling results showing the effects of the Luce Bayou interbasin transfer on salinity in Lake Houston, TX

An over-reliance on groundwater resources in the Houston (Texas) metropolitan area led to aquifer drawdowns and land subsidence, so regional water suppliers have been turning to surface water resources to meet water demand. Lake Houston, an important water supply reservoir 25 miles northeast from downtown Houston, requires new water supply sources to continue to meet water supply demands for the next several decades. The upcoming Luce Bayou Interbasin Transfer Project will divert up to 500 million gallons per day of Trinity River water into Lake Houston. Trinity River water has significantly different water quality than the Lake Houston tributaries. To evaluate the project's impact on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey used an enhanced version of a previously released Lake Houston hydrodynamic model. With a focus on salinity and water-surface elevations, the model combined data from 2009-2017 with simulated flow from the Luce Bayou Interbasin Transfer to evaluate potential outcomes from three hypothetical flow scenarios. Overall, these scenarios found that the Luce Bayou Interbasin Transfer would cause salinities to rise over most of the modeled time (2009-2017), although salinities were buffered under 2011 drought conditions. Large inflow events equalized salinities under baseline conditions as well as the enhanced flow scenarios. Citation: Smith EA, Shah S. 2020. Hydrodynamic modeling results showing the effects of the Luce Bayou Interbasin Transfer on salinity in Lake Houston, TX. Texas Water Journal. 11(1):64-88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7094.
Economics at Google: The first ten years

What does an economist do at Google? I get this question a lot so I thought this would be a good opportunity to answer it, using illustrations from pricing in ad auctions, the development of forecasting tools, as well as using Google Trends for nowcasts.
Theory of soft solid electrolytes: Overall properties of composite electrolytes, effect of deformation and microstructural design for enhanced ionic conductivity

Abstract Re-chargeable batteries are an important element in the solution to the future of portable energy storage. In that context, electrolytes play a critical role in the adjudication of a battery’s capacity, efficiency and operation. In most current embodiments of rechargeable batteries, including the widely researched lithium-ion system, electrolytes are liquid. That said, the use of solid electrolytes in lieu of their liquid counterparts is being increasingly explored. Solid electrolytes offer increased stability and improved safety and (specifically polymers) are also ideal candidates in the context of stretchable and flexible electronics. Unfortunately, most solid polymer electrolytes possess ionic conductivity that is orders of magnitude lower than typical liquid electrolytes. In this work, we explore the possibility of microstructure design to enhance the effective ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolytes. We develop a theoretical framework, grounded in thermodynamics and principles of continuum mechanics, to model the coupled deformation, electrostatics and diffusion in heterogeneous electrolytes. Guided by numerical thought experiments, we establish a homogenization procedure that significantly reduces the complexity of the original non-linear problem and derive general analytical expressions for the effective behavior of electrolytes and closed-form solutions for specific microstructures. Using insights from our model, in addition to proposing suggestions for improving the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, we are also able to explain several perplexing experimental observations and address questions such as: (i) Why do some experiments show a dramatic improvement in the ionic conductivity of nanoparticle-impregnated polymers while others yield a decrease? (ii) What is the effect of deformation on ionic conductivity?
Chapter 12 Phosphoinositide Metabolism during Phagocytic Cell Activation

Publisher Summary Studies pointed to calcium as the primary intracellular mediator of formyl peptide stimulation in neutrophils until Lew and co-workers found that calcium changes alone could not mediate neutrophil activation. With the discovery of diacylglycerol (DAG) stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC), many investigators pursued the possibility that it was the other signal component. Because phospholipase C (PLC) hydrolysis led to the production of both putative mediators, it became a new focus of signal transduction research. However, superoxide production independent of calcium elevation or PKC activation has been observed by Grinstein and Furuya in formyl peptide-stimulated electropermeabilized ncutrophils. This further confirmed the findings of Rossi and co-workers who had succeeded in dissociating phosphoinositide hydrolysis, calcium elevation, and superoxide production. The chapter explores the possibility that other enzymes in phosphoinositide metabolism, in addition to PLC, may be linked to receptor activation in phagocytes, particularly neutrophils. Phosphatidic acid (PtdH) is an intermediary that serves both as a precursor and a product of phosphoinositide metabolism.
Twenty-First Century Society

The legacy of the twentieth century is mixed to say the least, marked by two world wars that increased the human capacity for slaughter, the development of biotechnologies and information technologies that transformed many aspects of life, and the emergence of profound intellectual debates about the possibility of planning a better future. A brief survey of civilization theories, which had fallen out of fashion by the beginning of the present century, reveals that they raise questions that deserve fresh consideration. Beginning in the year 2000, a conference on the societal implication of nanotechnology and four conferences on converging technologies launched a concentrated effort to understand how the components of modern science, technology, and society already interact and could cooperate more beneficially. On that basis, the second decade of the twenty-first century launched a comprehensive exploration effort, communicated through a substantial book-length report titled Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society and this Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence. In the context of sophisticated ethical analysis and social science, we may have reached the point at which the governance institutions of society require redesign.
Improve speech recognition in mobile environment by dynamical noise model adaptation

In this paper, we identify that the major source of error in mobile device based speech recognition is the long silence segment in the beginning and the end of the utterance, which is most noise sensitive. While these segments are most dynamic, they are often poorly modeled by HMM. To improve the silence modeling could improve the overall performance of the speech recognition systems. We propose in this paper to dynamically adapt the silence model on the utterance level. Using a multi-lingual database collected in car under a number of driving conditions, we show a significant improvement in speech recognition accuracy.
Gamow-Teller Strength Functions and Neutrino Problems

A quantitative understanding of spin strengths in nuclei is of vital importance in studies of nuclear double beta decay and in solar neutrino spectroscopy. The current status of these problems is outlined.
Science News Consumption Patterns and Their Implications for Public Understanding of Science

Due to changes in the media landscape, the vast majority of the public now depends on a mix of media formats for science news. This study analyzes audiences’ repertoires of science media consumption, and the effect of these consumption patterns on public understanding of science. We also profile those who rely on a mix of online-only sources and traditional media for science news. Our findings indicate that primarily relying on online-only sources is positively associated with a higher understanding of science, even when pertaining to respondents’ level of education and scientific training in the past.