cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoferrotrophy and phototrophic extracellular electron uptake is common in the marine anoxygenic phototroph Rhodovulum sulfidophilum

Photoferrotrophy allows anoxygenic phototrophs to use reduced iron as an electron donor for primary productivity. Recent work shows that freshwater photoferrotrophs can use electrons from solid-phase conductive substances via phototrophic extracellular electron uptake (pEEU), and the two processes share the underlying electron uptake mechanism. However, the ability of marine phototrophs to perform photoferrotrophy and pEEU, and the contribution of these processes to primary productivity is largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we isolated 15 new strains of the marine anoxygenic phototroph Rhodovulum sulfidophilum on electron donors such as acetate and thiosulfate. We observed that all of the R. sulfidophilum strains isolated can perform photoferrotrophy. We chose strain AB26 as a representative strain to study further, and find that it can also perform pEEU from poised electrodes. We show that during pEEU, AB26 transfers electrons to the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Furthermore, systems biology-guided mutant analysis shows that R. sulfidophilum AB26 uses a previously unknown diheme cytochrome c protein, which we call EeuP, for pEEU but not photoferrotrophy. Homologs of EeuP occur in a range of widely distributed marine microbes. Overall, these results suggest that photoferrotrophy and pEEU contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of iron and carbon in marine ecosystems.
Examining the Characteristics That Differentiate Jihadi-Associated Cyberattacks Using Routine Activities Theory:

This study applies routine activities theory to determine whether the characteristics of jihadi-inspired web defacements in the United States vary from all other defacements performed against IP ad...
Tirbanibulin: Topical Treatment for Actinic Keratosis.

We review here the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, dosage and administration, and place in therapy of tirbanibulin for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK). A literature search using PubMed was conducted using the terms tirbanibulin (tirbanibulin) and actinic keratosis from September 2014 to February 2021. All English-language articles evaluating tirbanibulin were analyzed for this review. Tirbanibulin was granted approval for the treatment of AK of the face or scalp as a first-line therapy. It is administered at a dose of 2.5 mg in 250 mg of white or off-white ointment for a 25 cm2 contiguous treatment surface for 5 consecutive days. Adverse effects include flaking/scaling, crusting, swelling, vesiculation/pustulation, and erosion/ulceration. This article discusses the clinical trials that led to the approval of tirbanibulin and comparison with other approved topical ointments indicated for the treatment of AK. In the clinical trials, all participants experienced a decrease in lesion size or saw complete clearance with minimal adverse effects.
Tentative Structural Assignment of a Glucuronide Metabolite of Methyltestosterone in Tilapia Bile by Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Methyltestosterone (MT), a strong androgenic steroid, is not approved for use in fish aquaculture in the United States. It is used in the U.S. under an investigational new animal drug exemption (IN...
Studies of membrane formation in Tetrahymena pyriformis. VI. Variations in the rate of lipid synthesis during division of heat-synchronized cells.

Abstract Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis , strain GL, induced to divide synchronously by alternating 30 min periods at 34 ° and 28 °C, exhibited an increased rate of phospholipid synthesis during the initial stage of cytokinesis. This sharp peak of biosynthesis was evident from labeling studies with either 32 P-orthophosphate or 14 C-acetate. However, the period of enhanced lipid synthesis could be dissociated from cytokinesis by altering incubation conditions and was apparently associated more closely with recovery from the heat shocks than with the division process. Cells synchronized by a different procedure involving a single 30 min heat shock per generation showed no peak of labeling with 32 P i but retained the peak when tested with 14 C-acetate. It appears that this latter perturbation was triggered by cytokinesis.
Transcribing God's Word: Qur'an Codices in Context

For Muslims the Qur'anic text is immutable, yet written versions vary enormously in materials, format and aspect. This article presents a broad overview of the various forms Qur'an codices have assumed during the first millennium of Islamic history, treating these manuscripts as both physical objects and cultural signifiers. It takes a functional approach, relating physical changes such as differing materials and format to social and historical ones such as changes in the status of copyists and illuminators who made these manuscripts, changes in the types of people or institutions for whom these written versions were made, and changes in the ways that these manuscripts were used. It concentrates on three of the finest examples that are well known, relatively well published, and readily dated or datable – the codex endowed by the ʿAbbāsid governor of Damascus in 262/875–76; the codex copied by the calligrapher Ibn al-Bawwāb in 391/1000–1; and the multi-volume codex copied by Aḥmad al-Suhrawardī between 702...
Interfacing a Logic Machine

We specify a certain proof search strategy TC based on classical tableau calculus which extends PROLOG to full first order predicate logic. This is meant in the strong algorithmic sense: For the special case of a definite Horn clause knowledge base Σ and an atomic goal α, TC finds a proof for α from Σ if and only if (standard) PROLOG finds that proof. We motivate TC, describe its theoretical background and design, and indicate some principal ways how to interface TC with the outside system.
High performance CMOS macromodule layout synthesis

A new high-performance CMOS macromodule layout synthesis system is presented. The layout is based on a new flexible logic cell array platform and channelless routing with compaction, utilizing three layers of metallic interconnects. The flexible cells are placed into rows whose heights can be customized to minimize the total area, while meeting the user-specified aspect ratio of the macromodule. The triple metal layer channelless routing problem with irregular boundaries is mapped to the composite problem of channelless two-layer routing and segment squeezing with layer conversion. To meet the user-specified specifications on circuit delays, in addition to well-established placement and routing, a rigorous transistor sizing program, which employs convex programming techniques, is used to find the minimum active area that satisfies all the delay specifications. The optimal transistor sizes are then implemented in the flexible cell and a new layout is generated. This process is iterated until the layout meets all the timing requirements. >
Imaging of multiple sclerosis and related acquired demyelinating disorders in childhood

Acquired central nervous system demyelinating disease is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to neurologic morbidity in the pediatric population. Recent consensus definitions of the spectrum of acquired demyelinating disorders as well as important discoveries in immunology and imaging have produced an improved understanding of these conditions. Neuroimaging plays a central role in the accurate diagnosis, follow-up, and research efforts in this patient population. A review of the imaging spectrum of acquired demyelinating disease in children is provided, based upon current consensus definitions, along with imaging recommendations, differential diagnostic considerations, and a brief summary of clinical presentations and treatment options.
The Erasure of Empowered Gossip in Academia

This article analyzes two recent instances of academic gossip becoming publicized, and suggests that the varying results of these case studies (so similar in other respects) reflects the fragile nature and tenuous status of institutional gossip. It is both a crucial tool for individuals to understand and function within workplaces, but its very effectiveness in popularizing critique makes it easy for those with status to critique it.
Meta‐analytic Investigations of the Relation Between Intuition and Analysis

Over 50 years of research on cognitive style has converged on the importance of individual differences in use of intuition and analysis. This program of research is characterized, however, by two incompatible perspectives about the relation between intuition and analysis. The distinction concerns whether intuition and analysis are opposite poles of a single dimension or whether they are orthogonal constructs. Two studies report meta-analytic investigations of the relation between intuition and analysis. A meta-analysis of the existing research base (k = 80; n = 27 501) showed that intuition and analysis are uncorrelated. A second meta-analysis of combinations of subscales from different cognitive style measures (n = 511) supported the results of the first meta-analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the existence of two uncorrelated constructs. Overall, the findings support the view that intuition and analysis are independent constructs, rather than opposite ends of a bipolar continuum. In addition, the findings suggest measures of analysis or rationality are not interchangeable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofortified Carrot Intake Enhances Liver Antioxidant Capacity and Vitamin A Status in Mongolian Gerbils

Biofortification efforts have increased concentrations of bioactive compounds in carrots. We measured the antioxidant potential and vitamin A bioefficacy of 4 biofortified carrot varieties [purple/orange, purple/orange/red, orange/red, and orange] in Mongolian gerbils (n = 73). Following a 4-wk vitamin A depletion period and baseline kill (n = 7), freeze-dried carrot powders were mixed into purified feeds and fed to 6 groups (n = 11/group) for 4 wk. White carrot-fed control and vitamin A-supplemented groups were used to calculate carrot provitamin A bioefficacy. Antioxidant capacities of carrot powders, sera, and livers were determined using the 2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay and carotenoid and retinol concentrations were determined by HPLC. Antioxidant capacity of liver extracts from the 4 colored carrot-fed groups [10.1 +/- 1.2 mumol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g] was significantly higher than the white carrot-fed control group (9.3 +/- 0.9 mumol TEAC/g) and vitamin A-supplemented group (8.8 +/- 1.4 mumol TEAC/g) (P < 0.05). Liver retinol stores in the colored carrot-fed groups (0.62 +/- 0.13 to 0.67 +/- 0.08 mumol retinol/liver) did not differ and were higher than the white carrot-fed control group (0.32 +/- 0.08 mumol retinol/g) (P < 0.0001). Serum antioxidant capacity and retinol did not differ among treatment groups. Liver antioxidant capacity and vitamin A stores were higher in gerbils fed colored carrots than in those fed white carrots. Antioxidant activity is one of several proposed mechanisms by which plant foods, like biofortified carrots, may provide additional health benefits beyond maintenance of vitamin A status.
Novel markers predict death and organ failure following hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Background ADAMTS 13, sP-Selectin and HSP27 have been investigated as potential prognostic markers in patients with hemorrhagic shock. Methods This study was part of a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial and included seventeen trauma patients presented to ED with severe hemorrhagic. The sera for testing were collected from these patients at the time of admission. Investigators and laboratory personnel performing testing were blinded to the patients' identity and clinical course. Results The prognostic value of ADAMTS13, sP-Selectin, and HSP27 was compared to prognostic value of systolic blood pressure (SBP), base deficit estimation (BD), heart rate (HR), shock index (SI) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) by constructing the receiver operation characteristics (ROC). The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC for HSP27 (0.92) was greater than for SBP (0.45), BD (0.89), HR (0.61), SI (0.45) and StO2 (0.46). AUC for sP-Selectin (0.86) and for ADAMTS13 antigen (0.74) were comparable with BD one, but greater than for the rest of currently used tests. Conclusion Serum concentrations of ADAMTS13, HSP27 and sP-Selectin measured during the admission, appear to be comparable to or better than SBP, BD, SI, HR and StO2 in predicting MODS and death after hemorrhage from trauma. These potential new markers deserve further investigation.
Retinal findings in melanoma-associated retinopathy

Abstract PURPOSE: To report unusual fundus findings in two cases of melanoma-associated retinopathy. METHODS: Observational case reports. The histories of two patients with melanoma-associated retinopathy were reviewed. Sera from both patients were examined for antibodies against retinal bipolar cells. Immunofluorescence was performed on cryostat sections of unfixed normal human retinas. Sera and IgG from both patients were tested against a known melanoma-associated retinopathy patient as well as a control subject. RESULTS: Our patients had metastatic, cutaneous melanoma and a clinical syndrome consistent with melanoma-associated retinopathy. Both patients had serum antibodies that were reactive against retinal bipolar cells. They had unusual fundus changes not previously described in association with melanoma-associated retinopathy. One patient also developed vitiligo. CONCLUSION: Patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma and melanoma-associated retinopathy may present unusual fundus lesions that may be caused by autoimmunity which is part of the clinical picture of melanoma-associated retinopathy or metastatic melanoma.
Cesium vapor laser with transverse pumping by multiple laser diode arrays

We have demonstrated a Cs vapor laser that utilizes fifteen laser diode arrays for transverse pumping of the gain medium. A maximum output power of 28 W was achieved with a total optical to optical efficiency of 14% and a slope efficiency of 15%. Transverse pumping allows scaling of such a laser system to a higher power level by simple increasing of the gain medium volume and the number of pump sources.
Experimental observations on the mode of action of "intracellular" flush solution.

Abstract Experiments were conducted using rabbit kidneys stored on ice for 48 hr to elucidate the mode of action of “intracellular” flush solutions. Measurements were made of renal function on a shunt and they were correlated with blood flow and the efficiency of the mechanical expulsion of red cells. By comparison with unflushed, ice-stored kidneys, near complete mechanical expulsion of blood by 30 to 60 min of continuous perfusion with hypertonic Ringer's albumin resulted in significantly higher blood flow with little gain in function. Similarly, increasing the content of nonelectrolyte in Ringer's albumin improved blood flow but not function. A simple flush with a low ionic strength sodium solution (LIE), containing impermeant anions and glucose was superior to that with Ringer's albumin. A high-potassium version of the low ionic strength solution (LIC) was in turn significantly better than LIE for kidney preservation by simple flushing and ice storage. These results were interpreted to mean that whereas mechanical flushing is a relatively minor component of the action of flush solutions, the major benefit results from a reduced sodium and elevated potassium content in the presence of impermeant anions. The primary importance of prevention of cell swelling by the inclusion of nonelectrolytes in “extracellular” flush solutions, is questioned.
On the Relationship between the S Array and the Box-Jenkins Method of ARMA Model Identification

Abstract This paper investigates an extension of the partial autocorrelation function, which we call the generalized partial autocorrelation function. These generalized partial autocorrelations, which are not true correlations except when p = 0, are useful in examining the relationship between the S array method of Gray, Kelley, and McIntire (1978) and the Box-Jenkins approach to ARMA model identification. Also, the generalized partial autocorrelation is shown to be a useful model identification tool to be used along with the S array. Also discussed is a reformating of the S array into a shifted S array that the authors believe is easier to use in practice than the S array. The methods of this paper are illustrated by means of examples, including an analysis of the Makridakis (1978) metals series data.
RTP Calibration Wafer Using Thin-Film Thermocouples

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a key technology for the cluster tool, single wafer manufacturing approach that is used to produce integrated circuits at lower cost with reduced line widths and thermal budgets. However, various problems associated with wafer temperature measurements and dynamic temperature uniformity have hindered the widespread use of RTP in semiconductor device manufacturing. The current technology for calibrating the radiometers employs a thermocouple instrumented wafer. We have accomplished improvements in the accuracy of these measurements through the use of thin-film thermocouples and the new Pt/Pd thermocouple system. These new calibration wafers can reduce the uncertainty in wafer temperature measurement technology by (1) reducing the perturbation due to heat transfer at the thermocouple junctions and (2) replacing conventional thermocouples with the superior Pt/Pd system. The thin-film thermocouples were calibrated using proof specimens fabricated with the Si 200 mm wafers and evaluated in the NIST RTP sensor test bed. The commercial type K thermocouples yielded temperature measurements within 4 °C of the thin-film Rh/Pt and Pt/Pd thermocouples on the 200 mm calibration wafer between 725°C and 875 °C. The Pt/Pd thin-film thermocouples proved less durable than the Rh/Pt thin films and the limitations of these systems are discussed. We also present a comparison of the radiometric measurements with the thermocouple measurements using a model estimating the wafer temperature from its spectral radiance temperature.
Laser targets compensate for limitations in inertial confinement fusion drivers

Success in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires sophisticated, characterized targets. The increasing fidelity of three-dimensional (3D), radiation hydrodynamic computer codes has made it possible to design targets for ICF which can compensate for limitations in the existing single shot laser and Z pinch ICF drivers. Developments in ICF target fabrication technology allow more esoteric target designs to be fabricated. At present, requirements require new deterministic nano-material fabrication on micro scale.
Continuous temperature—depth profiling deep-moored buoy system

Abstract Past deep-moored instrument buoys have sensed various subsurface parameters at fixed locations along the instrument or mooring cable. We have developed an anchored buoy system that takes a continuous temperature record versus depth at preset times. Tests have shown that spectre of tangling of the mooring cable and instrument line can be obviated.
Constraining the Inferred Paleohydrologic Evolution of a Deep Unsaturated Zone in the Amargosa Desert

Natural flow regimes in deep unsaturated zones of arid interfluvial environments are rarely in hydraulic equilibrium with near-surface boundary conditions imposed by present-day plant–soil–atmosphere dynamics. Nevertheless, assessments of water resources and contaminant transport require realistic estimates of gas, water, and solute fluxes under past, present, and projected conditions. Multimillennial transients that are captured in current hydraulic, chemical, and isotopic profiles can be interpreted to constrain alternative scenarios of paleohydrologic evolution following climatic and vegetational shifts from pluvial to arid conditions. However, interpreting profile data with numerical models presents formidable challenges in that boundary conditions must be prescribed throughout the entire Holocene, when we have at most a few decades of actual records. Models of profile development at the Amargosa Desert Research Site include substantial uncertainties from imperfectly known initial and boundary conditions when simulating flow and solute transport over millennial timescales. We show how multiple types of profile data, including matric potentials and porewater concentrations of Cl − , δD, δ 18 O, can be used in multiphase heat, flow, and transport models to expose and reduce uncertainty in paleohydrologic reconstructions. Results indicate that a dramatic shift in the near-surface water balance occurred approximately 16000 yr ago, but that transitions in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation were not necessarily synchronous. The timing of the hydraulic transition imparts the largest uncertainty to model-predicted contemporary fluxes. In contrast, the uncertainties associated with initial (late Pleistocene) conditions and boundary conditions during the Holocene impart only small uncertainties to model-predicted contemporaneous fluxes.
Superconductivity in La-deficient and stoichiometric La2CuO

The effects of La deficiency and of impurities on the occurrence of filamentary superconductivity in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been investigated by magnetic-susceptibility and electrical-resistivity measurements. Reducing the purity of the starting material degrades the superconductivity. La deficiency causes a fully reentrant superconducting-to-normal-state transition with decreasing temperature at temperatures below ${T}_{c}$. This behavior clarifies the incipient reentrance which is observed in nominally stoichiometric ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. We associate the reentrant transition with the recently observed structural transformation from the orthorhombic to a semiconducting monoclinic phase.
In-Situ Hybridization of Nodulin mRNAs in Root Nodules Using Non-Radioactive Probes

A protocol for thein-situ localization of nodulin mRNAs using digoxigenin (Genius KitTM; Boehringer Mannheim) as a non-radioactive detection system was developed for alfalfa root-nodule tissue. The strongest signalto-noise ratio and most reproducible localizations of nodulin transcripts were obtained with the RNA detection kit on chemically fixed, cryostat-sectioned nodules. This technique should be applicable to a wide range of plant tissues.
Teaching an old dog new tricks: Views on the future of mixed-signal IC design

In the past, CMOS feature size scaling has played a big role in overcoming the perceived barriers, routinely enabling cheaper, faster and lower power devices with every new technology node. However, as the benefits of conventional feature size scaling are diminishing, what can we do to meet the needs of next-generation systems? The precise answer to this question is unclear, but most researchers will agree that some of the progress will have to come from innovative re-architecting and looking for better ways to employ the amazing nano-CMOS fabric that we already have. In this talk, I will review opportunities for system-driven architectural innovation and new application areas in mixed-signal IC design. We will discuss a number of examples related to the idea of “fooling Nyquist” and extracting desired analog-domain information using low-rate and low-bandwidth observations. In addition, we will investigate the potential for mixed-signal co-processors in machine learning algorithms, as well as trends in sensor systems. Along with these examples, we will discuss potential challenges and future needs in mixed-signal testing.
A model for the free (top) surface deformation of through-silicon vias

Analytical models of stress and deformxation of through-silicon vias (TSV), relative to numerical ones, have the advantage of being inexpensive to evaluate and in providing insight. They have the additional advantage of allowing one to embed them in ECAD tools for real time design decisions. Motivated by this reasoning, in this paper, an analytical model for the three-dimensional state of stress in a periodic array of TSVs is developed. The model accounts for the onset of plasticity in the copper via and predicts the out-of-plane protrusion that occurs in the via due to differential thermal expansion with the surrounding Si matrix. Excessive out-of-plane deformation of the top surface of the via has the potential to induce fracture causing stress in the brittle dielectric layers that lie above the via. The predictions of the model are consistent with experimentally determined values reported in the literature. The process and design parameters that are critical to limiting the extent of protrusion are identified, and these in turn are used to develop design guidelines.
A review of automated control systems for aquaculture and design criteria for their implementation

Abstract Agriculture in the United States has become the world leader in productivity through intensification, mechanization and automation. A similar path is appropriate for aquaculture since automation of aquaculture systems will allow the industry to: site production closer to markets; improve environmental control; reduce catastrophic losses; minimize environmental regulations by reducing effluents; reduce production costs; and improve product quality. The history of automated control in aquaculture has been brief; most of the systems have been custom-designed, personal computer systems. The current trend is toward the use of industrial process control systems composed of: sensors/transducers, meters/transmitters, communication multiplexers, actuators/output devices, computer hardware and computer control software. These process control systems can be as simple as one computer or as sophisticated as distributed control systems (multiple networked microcomputers). The choice of the system's architecture should be based on price performance, considering labor, product value, environment and vendor support. Success in designing pragmatic and affordable automated control systems for aquaculture will be widely applicable because it will enhance water management, reduce costs associated with manual monitoring and reduce significantly the chance of catastrophic system failures.
Isolation of an acyl-CoA carboxylase from the tapeworm spirometra mansonoides

Abstract An acyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetylpropionyl-, and butyryl-CoA, has been isolated from the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides . The enzyme has an absolute requirement for ATP, Mg2+, and HCO3 − and, in addition, requires K+ for full catalytic activity. The enzyme has been purified 50-fold by a combination of calcium phosphate gel adsorption, ion-exchange column chromatography, and gel filtration. In its substrate specificity, K+ requirement, molecular size, and antigenic behavior, the tapeworm enzyme is similar to the acyl-CoA carboxylase of another helminth— the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti .
Magnetically induced cylindrical stress waves in a thermoelastic conductor

The problem of stress wave generation in a linear thermoelastic solid by a pulsed magnetic field is investigated both analytically and experimentally for a cylindrically symmetric conducting solid. A dynamic response analysis is developed to correlate magnetic, thermal, and stress fields in the solid with the time history of the electric current. In the experiment, a transient magnetic field was applied normal to a large conducting plate with a circular hole. Initially the field was confined to the interior of the circular hole. The field was generated by discharging a large capacitor bank through a solenoidal coil. The plane-stress cylindrical stress waves are 1-D in nature. The relative effects of the magnetic body force and thermoelastic stresses, both generated by the electromagnetic field, are assessed.
Distinct signals from the microbiota promote different aspects of zebrafish gut differentiation

All animals exist in intimate associations with microorganisms that play important roles in the hosts' normal development and tissue physiology. In vertebrates, the most populous and complex community of microbes resides in the digestive tract. Here, we describe the establishment of the gut microbiota and its role in digestive tract differentiation in the zebrafish model vertebrate, Danio rerio. We find that in the absence of the microbiota, the gut epithelium is arrested in aspects of its differentiation, as revealed by the lack of brush border intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, the maintenance of immature patterns of glycan expression and a paucity of goblet and enteroendocrine cells. In addition, germ-free intestines fail to take up protein macromolecules in the distal intestine and exhibit faster motility. Reintroduction of a complex microbiota at later stages of development or mono-association of germ-free larvae with individual constituents of the microbiota reverses all of these germ-free phenotypes. Exposure of germ-free zebrafish to heat-killed preparations of the microbiota or bacterial lipopolysaccharide is sufficient to restore alkaline phosphatase activity but not mature patterns of Galα1,3Gal containing glycans, indicating that the host perceives and responds to its associated microbiota by at least two distinct pathways.
Standardized health plan reporting in four areas of preventive health care.

Abstract Purpose This paper discusses first-year reporting by commercial managed care organizations (MCOs) of new measures in the 2000 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS). The four measures include screening for chlamydia in young women, controlling blood pressure to Methods In 2000, some 384 commercial MCOs submitted HEDIS results to the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). Results of the four new HEDIS measures were linked with audit reports and other health plan data–reporting characteristics collected by NCQA. Performance variables were stratified by MCOs’ willingness to report their results publicly, size of enrollment, performance on other (non-first year) HEDIS measures, and data collection issues. Results The mean average performance on the four measures was lowest in chlamydia screening in women (16% for ages 21 to 26 years) and highest for use of appropriate medications for people with asthma (59% for ages 18 to 56 years). The mean average of controlling high blood pressure was 39%. Scores on the management of menopause (MoM) measure ranged from 33.7 (for rating of information) to 72.6 (for exposure to counseling). Conclusions The initial MCO baseline rates reported here suggest that much work is needed to improve the quality of care in these areas. Plan characteristics shown to be associated with higher performance on existing HEDIS measures do not predict performance on the new measures. In addition, fewer plans reported on the new measures than on established HEDIS measures. To ensure continued improvement in chlamydia screening in women, controlling high blood pressure, use of appropriate medications for people with asthma, and MoM, incentives for tracking and reporting on these health issues must be explored.
An embedding theorem and the harnack inequality for nonlinear subelliptic equations

(1993). An embedding theorem and the harnack inequality for nonlinear subelliptic equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 18, No. 9-10, pp. 1765-1794.
Potential Advantages of Underground Nuclear Parks

In this paper we argue that an underground nuclear park (UNP) could potentially lead to lower capital and operating cost for the reactors installed in the UNP compared to the traditional approach, which would be to site the reactors at the earth’s surface at distributed locations. The UNP approach could also lead to lower waste management cost. A secondary benefit would be the increased margins of safety and security that would be realized simply as a consequence of siting the reactors underground. Lowered capital and operating cost for a UNP relative to traditional reactor siting is possible through the aggregate effect of the elimination of containment structures, in-place decommissioning, reduced physical security costs, reduced weather-related costs, reduced cost of liability insurance and reduced unit-cost for the nth reactor made possible through the continuous construction of multiple reactors at the same underground location. Other cost reductions might be possible through the transfer of the capital cost for part of the underground construction from the reactor owners to the owners of the UNP. Lower waste management cost is possible by siting the UNP at a location where there are geological and hydrological conditions suitable for hosting both the reactors and the repository for the waste from those reactors. After adequate storage and cooling, and assuming direct disposal, this would enable the spent fuel from the reactors to be transported directly to the repository and remain entirely underground during the transport process. Community concerns and transportation costs would be significantly reduced relative to current situations where the reactors are separated from the repository by long distances and populated areas. The concept for a UNP in bedded salt is used to develop a rough order of magnitude cost estimate for excavation of the reactor array portion of a UNP. Excavation costs appear to be only a small fraction of the overall power plant costs for an UNP in salt. Many engineering, safety, environmental, regulatory and cost-benefit and technical issues related to the UNP concept need to be evaluated.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Vocal cord paralysis in children studied by monopolar electromyography

Twelve children with symptoms of vocal cord paralysis were studied by monopolar needle electromyography. Recordings were used to verify complete or partial paralysis as well as to evaluate the etiology of the problem, paralytic or mechanical. These results then were useful in patient management. The monopolar electromyographic technique is of value in evaluating and treating vocal cord problems.
Seasonal Temperature Effects on Flexible Pavements in Tennessee

Beginning in 1996, four newly constructed flexible pavements in Tennessee were instrumented with automated weather stations and various in situ devices to measure temperature and moisture conditions throughout the pavement system. Since their completion, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests have been performed periodically to assess the seasonal changes in pavement response. The collected data were analyzed to establish correlations between the pavement layer moduli (backcalculated from the FWD results by using MODULUS, Version 5.0) and the asphalt layer temperature. The use of the BELLS3 model to relate asphalt temperature to air and surface temperatures is also explored.
Earnings Management to Avoid Losses and Earnings Decreases: Are Analysts Fooled?*

This paper explores whether analyst forecasts impound the earnings management to avoid losses and small earnings decreases documented in Burgstahler and Dichev 1997, whether analysts are able to identify which specific firms engage in such earnings management, and the implications for significant forecast error anomalies at zero earnings and zero forecast earnings. We use data from Zacks Investment Research 1999 and find that analysts anticipate earnings management to avoid small losses and small earnings decreases. Further, analysts are much more likely to forecast zero earnings than firms are to realize zero earnings, and analysts are unable to consistently identify the specific firms that engage in earnings management to avoid small losses. This latter inability contributes to significant forecast pessimism associated with zero reported earnings and significant forecast optimism associated with zero earnings forecasts.
Inhomogene Feldverteilung in CdS-Einkristallen im Bereich hoher Feldstärken

Die in der vorangegangenen Arbeit beschriebenen ringformigen Verdunkelungen um die Kathode bei monochromatischer Belichtung an der Absorptionskante, die bei hohen angelegten Spannungen auftreten, werden als Raumladungseffekte erklart. Durch Feldanregung von Elektronen aus Termen in der verbotenen Zone in das Leitungsband wird die Bildung einer durch das Feld verursachten Raumladungserscheinung beschrieben, die eine Aufwolbung des Feldes vor der Kathode zur Folge hat. Am Rande dieser ringformigen Verdunkelung wird die „Durchschlagsfeldstarke“ erreicht und durch intensive Schaffung von Leitungselektronen im anodenseitig angrenzenden Gebiet eine betrachtliche Leitfahigkeitserhohung bewirkt. Die Konsequenzen einer solchen charakteristischen inhomogenen Feldverteilung fur den elektrischen Durchschlag werden diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, das die maximale Feldstarke im Innern des Kristalls betrachtlich uber dem Wert liegen kann, den man bei homogener Feldverteilung aus angelegter Spannung und Elektrodenabstand errechnet. Die Abhangigkeit der „Durchschlagsfeldstarke“ von der Realstruktur last sich nach dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus verstehen.
Homogenization of quasi-isotropic metamaterials composed by dense arrays of magnetodielectric spheres

Abstract In this work, we discuss the homogenization of a metamaterial geometry composed of periodic arrays of densely packed subwavelength magnetodielectric spheres, in order to study whether a local quasi-isotropic homogenization model may accurately describe its wave interaction in its negative-index or zero-index operation. We analyze and compare the electromagnetic response of these arrays with their retrieved metamaterial model, for frequency regimes in which positive or negative values of effective index of refraction are expected. We pay special attention to the effects of array truncation and complex forms of excitation, showing that it is possible to realize quasi-isotropic negative-index or zero-index metamaterials with negligible spatial dispersion effects in certain frequency bands. We then apply these concepts to specific configurations of interest for metamaterial devices, showing that, despite their finite size and complex operation, their response is consistent with the one associated with their homogenized local description.
MAC layer jamming mitigation using a game augmented by intervention

MAC layer jamming is a common attack on wireless networks, which is easy to launch by the attacker and which is very effective in disrupting the service provided by the network. Most of the current MAC protocols for wireless networks, for example, IEEE 802.11, do not provide sufficient protection against MAC layer jamming attacks. In this paper, we first use a non-cooperative game model to characterize the interactions among a group of self-interested regular users and a malicious user. It can be shown that the Nash equilibrium of this game is either inefficient or unfair for the regular users. We introduce a policer (an intervention user) who uses an intervention function to transform the original non-cooperative game into a new non-cooperative game augmented by the intervention function, in which the users will adjust to play a Nash equilibrium of the augmented game. By properly designing the intervention function, we show that the intervention user can effectively mitigate the jamming attacks from the malicious user, and at the same time let the regular users choose more efficient transmission strategies. It is proved that any feasible point in the rate region can be achieved as a Nash equilibrium of the augmented game by appropriately designing the intervention.
Effects of tissue hydration on nanoscale structural morphology and mechanics of individual Type I collagen fibrils in the Brtl mouse model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Type I collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, and is a vital part of the extracellular matrix for numerous tissues. Despite collagen’s importance, little is known about its nanoscale morphology in tissues and how morphology relates to mechanical function. This study probes nanoscale structure and mechanical properties of collagen as a function of disease in native hydrated tendons. Wild type tendon and tendon from the Brtl/+ mouse model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta were investigated. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to image and indent minimally-processed collagen fibrils in hydrated and dehydrated conditions. AFM was used because of the ability to keep biological tissues as close to their native in situ conditions as possible. The study demonstrated phenotypic difference in Brtl/+ fibril morphology and mechanics in hydrated tendon which became more compelling upon dehydration. Dried tendons had a significant downward shift in fibril D-periodic spacing versus a shift up in wet tendons. Nanoscale changes in morphology in dry samples were accompanied by significant increases in modulus and adhesion force and decreased indentation depth. A minimal mechanical phenotype existed in hydrated samples, possibly due to water masking structural defects within the diseased fibrils. This study demonstrates that collagen nanoscale morphology and mechanics are impacted in Brtl/+ tendons, and that the phenotype can be modulated by the presence or absence of water. Dehydration causes artifacts in biological samples which require water and this factor must be considered for studies at any length scale in collagen-based tissues, especially when characterizing disease-induced differences.
Urban gas drilling and distance ordinances in the Texas Barnett Shale

Abstract Newly accessible shale deposits and other unconventional sources of natural gas have dramatically increased global gas reserves and are regarded as major future energy sources. Shale gas drilling began in Texas and is expanding throughout the U.S. and globally. In Texas and other regions, large population centers overlie these deposits. As a result, city residents increasingly come into contact with extraction activities. The proximity of drilling activities to residential areas raises a number of concerns, including noise, dust and emissions hazards, public safety, diminished quality of life, and effects on neighborhood aesthetics and property values. Cities in Texas address these concerns through setback ordinances that regulate the distance between gas wells and residences, schools, floodplains, etc. Although the state of Texas permits drilling 200 ft (61 m) from residences, many municipalities in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex (DFW) have established longer setback distances. This paper analyzes the purpose and basis for setback distances among 26 municipalities in DFW. Findings show that there is no uniform setback distance, distances have increased over time, and, rather than technically-based, setbacks are political compromises. For policy makers confronted with urban shale gas drilling, deriving setback distances from advanced emissions monitoring could decrease setback distance ambiguity.
Transition-metal C60 bonding by guided ion beam scattering

Abstract Ion beam scattering techniques are used to examine interactions of transition-metal ions with C 60 over the collision energy range from 1–100 eV. The metals studied are iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. For each metal ion, in addition to charge transfer and dissociative charge transfer, two distinct types of MC 60 + complexes are observed. One forms with no activation barrier at low collision energies, is weakly bound (1–3 eV), and always decomposes by loss of metal. We attribute this to an exohedral coordination complex, as has been proposed by others who have seen this type of complex. A second type of MC 60 + complex is observed at collision energies above ∼10 eV. This high energy complex has a substantial activation barrier to formation, is chemically bound, and decomposes by loss of metal dicarbide (MC 2 ) or metal. We propose that this complex is a network bound structure, with the metal atom probably sitting above the fullerene surface, chemically bound to two or more carbon atoms.
Supporting Preschool Teachers’ Vocabulary Instruction During Storybook Reading

Preschool educators represent a unique population for which to design professional development; as a result, innovative professional development models are necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training preschool teachers to use a Shared Reading Innovation Configuration (IC) tool on their planning, implementation, and reflection of vocabulary instruction during shared storybook reading. Findings revealed that participants were able to reliably rate their instruction along the IC continuum. Findings also suggested that use of the IC to plan, implement, and reflect on instructional practice increased the overall number of best practices used by teachers during shared storybook reading. Finally, the researchers were interested in whether or not preschool teachers would find the format of the IC useful. Teachers described their experiences using the IC in positive terms, attributing their heightened awareness of and attention to vocabulary instruction during storybook reading to t...
Major histocompatibility complex-restricted recognition of autologous chronic lymphocytic leukemia by tumor-specific T cells

From the peripheral blood of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) we generated a T-cell line and clones which recognized autologous CLL. The line comprised T-cell clones which responded to the CLL as well as to autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells in an HLA-DR-restricted fashion. In addition, the line comprised clones which were CLL-sepcific and showed no reactivity against EBV-transformed B cells and against autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained during remission. The proliferative response of the CLL-specific T-cell clone was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR11, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restrictive element. These results indicate that the MHC class-II molecule of CLL binds a tumor-specific peptide which is recognized by autologous T cells in an MHC class-II-restricted fashion. Such a peptide may serve as a target for immunotherapy.
Minority carrier lifetimes in silicon solar cells determined from spectral and transient measurements

Abstract Measurements of the spectral collection efficiency and short circuit current decay rate following an X-ray pulse have been made on three types of single crystal silicon solar cells. The cell types were n + - p , p + - n , and p + - n - n + with base resistivities of 0.3, 10 and 10 Ω-cm, respectively. Minority carrier lifetimes were determined from both experiments using analytical or device code calculations, as required. For the n + - p and p + - n cells, nominal lifetimes of 2 and 5 ωsec, respectively, were obtained. A lifetime greater than 100 ωsec was inferred for the p + - n - n + device. This value represents a minimum estimate since our analysis is inaccurate when the diffusion length exceeds the cell thickness, as is the case here. The difference in base lifetime for the p + - n and p + - n - n + structures is attributed to gettering during the phosphorus diffusion to form the back surface field layer.
Applications of Personalized Estimates of Absolute Breast Cancer Risk

Absolute risk is the probability that a given health outcome will be observed in a defined time period in the presence of competing causes of death. In this commentary I discuss some applications of models of absolute breast cancer risk that account for a woman’s particular risk factors. Such models can be useful in counseling by giving perspective on the level of risk, and as an aid to weighing risks and benefits, as in deciding whether or not to take tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer. Absolute risk models also have applications in public health, such as in designing intervention trials to prevent breast cancer and in assessing the potential reductions in absolute risk of disease that might result from reducing exposures. Other potential public health applications that require models with high discriminatory accuracy are to identify “high risk” subsets of the population that might benefit from a preventive intervention or screening, or to rank members of the population on risk to allocate preventive resources under cost constraints.