cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BINGO: brain-inspired learning memory

Storage and retrieval of data in a computer memory play a major role in system performance. Traditionally, computer memory organization is ‘static’—i.e. it does not change based on the application-specific characteristics in memory access behaviour during system operation. Specifically, in the case of a content-operated memory (COM), the association of a data block with a search pattern (or cues) and the granularity (details) of a stored data do not evolve. Such a static nature of computer memory, we observe, not only limits the amount of data we can store in a given physical storage, but it also misses the opportunity for performance improvement in various applications. On the contrary, human memory is characterized by seemingly infinite plasticity in storing and retrieving data—as well as dynamically creating/updating the associations between data and corresponding cues. In this paper, we introduce BINGO, a brain-inspired learning memory paradigm that organizes the memory as a flexible neural memory network. In BINGO, the network structure, strength of associations, and granularity of the data adjust continuously during system operation, providing unprecedented plasticity and performance benefits. We present the associated storage/retrieval/retention algorithms in BINGO, which integrate a formalized learning process. Using an operational model, we demonstrate that BINGO achieves an order of magnitude improvement in memory access times and effective storage capacity using the CIFAR-10 dataset and the wildlife surveillance dataset when compared to traditional content-operated memory.
Analysis of spectral feature extraction using the gamma filter

Studies the focused gamma network and its special case, the time delay neural net, for speech recognition from a signal representation point of view and show that these structures extract the features of the signals input to them in the form of Taylor's series approximation performed in the frequency domain. >
Establishment of American chestnuts ( Castanea dentata ) bred for blight ( Cryphonectria parasitica ) resistance: influence of breeding and nursery grading

European and American chestnut species (Castanea) have been decimated by exotic species, most notably chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), since the early nineteenth century. Backcross breeding programs that transfer blight disease resistance from Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) into American chestnut (C. dentata) offer promise for chestnut restoration, particularly for the American chestnut which was a keystone species in eastern North America. Nursery prescriptions and conformity to desired American chestnut traits following planting must be tested, however, before blight resistance can even be evaluated. We tested early field performance of American and Chinese chestnut and hybrid seedlings from the third backcross generation (e.g., BC3F3) in two-aged regeneration harvests on highly productive sites in the southern Appalachians, USA. We also tested a common nursery prescription of grading seedlings by size prior to planting. BC3F3 seedlings had similar 4-year survival to American chestnut seedlings, but generally had smaller stem heights and ground-line diameters (GLD). Although blight had not yet substantially challenged some sites, the BC3F3 seedlings had blight incidence similar to the Chinese chestnut which was lower than the American chestnut. Visual seedling grading affected planting shock and stem height and GLD by the end of year 4. Large size-class seedlings had more stem dieback and 5 % lower survival compared to small size-class seedlings, but larger trees exhibited the same height in year 3 as small trees in year 4. Advanced breeding material (BC3F3) was successfully established during the stand initiation phase of forest development on highly productive sites, but deviations in desired growth rate of the American chestnut was evident. Visual grading of seedlings affected establishment of breeding material, and should be considered in the restoration process.
Blocking pathogen transmission at the source: reservoir targeted OspA-based vaccines against Borrelia burgdorferi

Control strategies are especially challenging for microbial diseases caused by pathogens that persist in wildlife reservoirs and use arthropod vectors to cycle amongst those species. One of the most relevant illnesses that pose a direct human health risk is Lyme disease; in the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently revised the probable number of cases by 10-fold, to 300,000 cases per year. Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease can affect the nervous system, joints and heart. No human vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition to novel human vaccines, new strategies for prevention of Lyme disease consist of pest management interventions, vector-targeted vaccines and reservoir-targeted vaccines. However, even human vaccines can not prevent Lyme disease expansion into other geographical areas. The other strategies aim at reducing tick density and at disrupting the transmission of B. burgdorferi by targeting one or more key elements that maintain the enzootic cycle: the reservoir host and/or the tick vector. Here, I provide a brief overview of the application of an OspA-based wildlife reservoir targeted vaccine aimed at reducing transmission of B. burgdorferi and present it as a strategy for reducing Lyme disease risk to humans.
Percutaneous Endovascular Treatment for Chronic Limb Ischemia

Percutaneous transluminal methods of revascularization for chronic limb ischemia have traditionally been used as an adjunctive or secondary mode of treatment. This study examines the outcomes of patients treated via endovascular methods as the primary form of treatment. The records of 66 patients (average age, 71.3 years; range, 53 to 92) with chronic limb ischemia treated from November 2000 to January 2002 at a single institution with endovascular methods were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-one patients had disabling claudication, 15 had rest pain, 17 had minor tissue loss, and 3 had major tissue loss. There were 94 lesions in the 66 limbs: 45 lesions in the superficial femoral artery, 28 lesions in the popliteal artery, and 21 lesions in tibial arteries. Occlusive lesions were treated by subintimal angioplasty. Stenoses were treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The median length of the lesions was 12 cm. Forty-six stents were placed in 32 patients; 34 patients did not receive stents. The approach was contralateral in 71% (47/66) and ipsilateral in 29% (19/66) of cases. Patients were followed up with physical exam, anklebrachial index (ABI), and duplex ultrasonography. Postintervention medical treatment included aspirin and clopidogrel. Long-term patency was correlated with age, comorbidities, risk factors, and the use of stents in addition to angioplasty. Endovascular treatment was technically successful in 65 of 66 patients (98%). Residual stenosis ( 50% occurred in four patients and occlusion occurred in two. At 6 months, patients with one or more stents had a patency rate of 84% (27/32), whereas those without a stent had a patency rate of 94% (32/34) (p = NS). Endovascular treatment is a safe, feasible, and effective method with a high short-term patency rate and may be used as an alternative to bypass for chronic limb ischemia.
Application of the Vincent Circle to Noise Suppression

The Vincent Circle principle may be stated as follows. If a structure is excited harmonically, the response at another position at a particular frequency will trace a circle in the complex plane as a result of a dynamic stiffness modification between two points. As either the real or imaginary part of an introduced dynamic stiffness is varied from plus and minus infinity, the structural or acoustic response will map a circle in the complex plane. This paper summarizes the basis for this little known principle. Two numerical simulations are included to demonstrate how the principle can be applied. In the first example, a cantilevered plate is used to confirm that the principle is amenable to noise problems. A similar analysis is then performed on a construction cab to illustrate the applicability of the method if the structure is excited at multiple locations. The results suggest that the principle can be used in place of or in conjunction with more sophisticated numerical optimization schemes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Sequence evidence for an altered genetic code in the Neospora caninum plastid

The plastid DNA of Neospora caninum encodes a homologue of the rpoB gene, which is believed to encode a subunit of a bacterial or chloroplast-like RNA polymerase. The predicted protein product of the N. caninum rpoB gene has three in-frame UGA codons which appear to encode tryptophan residues rather than act as stop codons. Based on the nucleotide sequence of a portion of the ssrRNA gene of the N. caninum plastid, a model for suppression of UGA termination in this plastid is presented.
Simulation of TCE migration and biodegradation in a porous medium under conditions of finite degradation capacity

Abstract A numerical model has been developed to simulate the biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b bacteria as observed in a saturated, open system sand-bed experiment. The sand pack was inoculated with bacteria in a resting state (without nutrients) to form a 10 cm thick attached filter along the direction of flow. Degradation occurs through cometabolism of TCE to Cl− and primarily HCO3− as the major overall carbon product. A steady, 1·5 cm/h saturated flow was established in the sand pack, and was later doped (upstream of the attached filter) with a 13-day, 4 ppm pulse of TCE. Concentrations of TCE were monitored immediately upstream and downstream of the attached bacterial filter. Accounting for travel time through the test bed, observed downstream concentrations indicated degradation in the filter was complete for 0·5 days, substantially complete for another 1·5 days, and increasingly limited over the next 11 days, after which the outflow concentrations returned to zero, indicating the end of the pulse. Measurements of Cl− breakthrough were used to confirm TCE degradation quantitatively. The return of TCE in the downstream flow was anticipated from repetitive exposure, cyclic transfer experiments in sealed tubes which showed a limited capacity of the bacteria in the resting state to degrade TCE. Simulations based upon a previously-determined Michaelis-Menton relationship were used to successfully model the experimental results in the sand test-bed. Based upon the tube-transfer experiments, the rate law was adjusted to account for a fixed or limited capacity of the bacteria in the resting state to degrade TCE. The degradation capacity of sand-attached M. trichosporium OB3b has been estimated to be about 0·30 g TCE/g bacteria, and is not expected to be a leading limitation in implementing this approach for bioremediation in the field.
Latino Participation in America: Associational and Political Roles

Using data from the Latino National Political Survey, this article examines the relationship between organizational membership and political participationfor Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Ricans. Although a strong relationship between these two variables had been found for Americans in general by Sidney Verba and Norman Nie in their classic 1972 study Participation in America, the Latino National Political Survey allowsfor an examination of this relationshipforLatinosfor thefirst time. Based on this analysis, the article concludes that, as Verba and Niefoundfor otherAmericans, organizational membership has a strong impact on Latino political participation, especially among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, who generally exhibit very low rates of political participation. The article calls for strengthening Latino membership organizations and encourages non-Latino membership organizations to reach out to Latinos as one way of increasing Latino political participation rates.
Synthesis and purification of radioactive 6β-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-EN-33-ol

Abstract A method for the synthesis and purification of 6β-iodo-methyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-ene-3β-ol- 131 I of >98 mole% chemical purity and >99% radiochemical purity is presented. Carbon-13 and proton NMR were used to establish the identity and purity. Discrepancies in the characterization of this compound, previously published by two other research groups, are discussed.
Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic analogs of bombesin-like peptides containing doxorubicin or its intensely potent derivative, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin

Five peptide fragments, based on the C-terminal sequence of bombesin (BN)-(6-14) or BN-(7-14), were selected as carriers for radicals doxorubicin (DOX) and 2-pyrrolino-DOX to create hybrid cytotoxic analogs. All these compounds had a reduced peptide bond (CH2-NH or CH2-N) between positions 13 (Phe or Leu) and 14 (Phe, Leu, or Tac) (Tac = thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). Three pseudononapeptide carriers contained N-terminal d-Phe or d-Tpi at position 6 (Tpi = 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid). Two pseudooctapeptides had Gln7 at the N terminus. The conjugation of N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)doxorubicin (N-Fmoc-DOX)-14-O-hemiglutarate to the peptide carriers at the N terminus resulted in cytotoxic hybrids of BN-like peptides containing DOX. These hybrids could then be converted to analogs with 2-pyrrolino-DOX by a reaction with 4-iodobutyraldehyde. The ability of the carriers and the conjugates to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled [Tyr4]BN to receptors for BN/gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) on Swiss 3T3 cells was determined. Cytotoxic conjugates of pseudooctapeptide carrier analogs displayed the highest binding affinity (KD ≈1 nM). The cytotoxic BN analogs and their corresponding cytotoxic radicals exerted similar inhibitory effects on the in vitro growth of CFPAC-1 human pancreatic cancer, DMS-53 human lung cancer, PC-3 human prostate cancer, and MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell lines that have receptors for BN/GRP. In DMS-53 cells, the activity of 2-pyrrolino-DOX and its conjugates was ≈2500 times higher than that of DOX and its hybrids. These highly potent cytotoxic analogs of BN have been designed as targeted anti-tumor agents for the treatment of various cancers that possess receptors for BN/GRP.
California agribusiness representatives' perceptions of the North American Free Trade Agreement with implications for globalizing academic programs in higher education

Abstract The purpose of this descriptive-survey study was to determine the influence of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on California agribusiness and propose implications for academic programs in higher education. Effective January 1, 1994, NAFTA created a trilateral free-trade zone between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Data were collected from 56 agricultural industry representatives. The respondents were optimistic regarding the NAFTA's short-term impact on agriculture. They expressed concern regarding non-tariff trade barriers with Mexico. Costs for doing business in California were perceived as being above average, and costs for doing business in Mexico were more variable. The following implications for U.S. academic programs were forwarded. Programs must better prepare students for conducting international business. International business incubation, international law, environmental policy, cross-cultural negotiations, dispute resolution, and food science technology should b...
Normal coordinate treatment, mean square amplitudes of vibration, Coriolis coupling coefficients, and thermodynamic properties for fluorochlorobromomethane

Abstract A normal coordinate treatment for fluorochlorobromomethane was carried out using the most general valence force potential function and the Wilson GF matrix method. A 709 digital computer was used in these calculations, together with the Schachtschneider perturbation program. A reasonable set of potential constants that reproduced exactly the observed fundamentals was obtained. The reliability of such a set was examined by testing the transfer-ability of these potential constants. The PED was calculated and presented, which allowed a more solid basis for assigning the vibrational modes of this molecule. The mean square amplitudes of vibration for bonded and nonbonded atoms as well as the Coriolis coupling coefficients were calculated. The thermodynamic properties were also calculated using a program compiled at this Center.
X-ray analysis and molecular modelling of the structure of aromatic copolyimides

Abstract X-ray diffraction and molecular mechanics modelling have been used to investigate the structures of two families of aromatic copolyimides. The first of these is synthesized by the reaction of 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB) with a mixture of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA); the second is synthesized from BPDA and a mixture of o -tolidine (OTOL) and p -phenylene diamine (PPD). The X-ray fibre diagram of 70/30 copoly(BPDA-PFMB/PMDA-PFMB) is very similar to that of homopoly(BPDA-PFMB), except that it is more diffuse. It appears that the structure is highly blocky, and the main effect of introduction of comonomer is to reduce the crystallinity of the poly(BPDA-PFMB) blocks. In contrast, the X-ray data for the copoly(BPDA-OTOL/BPDA-PPD) are non-periodic along the fibre direction, and the layer-line positions are reproduced by a model consisting of parallel arrays of extended chains of completely random sequence. Interestingly, the correlation length for the extended chain is larger in the copolymer than in homopolymer BPDA-OTOL, in contrast to those seen for the copoly(BPDA-PFMB/PMDA-PFMB) series. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that ‘kink’ distortions are less disruptive in copoly(BPDA-OTOL/BPDA-PPD).
Built environment correlates of walking: a review.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in empirical investigation into the relations between built environment and physical activity. To create places that facilitate and encourage walking, practitioners need an understanding of the specific characteristics of the built en
Flow Structure and Penetration Behavior of a Submerged Annular Jet of a Bingham Fluid

The flow and penetration characteristics of a submerged annular jet of a Bingham non-Newtonian fluid were investigated numerically within the steady laminar flow regime. Central and outer recirculation regions typically characterize the flow of a Newtonian annular jet. However, in the case of a Bingham jet, once a critical yield number is exceeded, flow recirculation throughout the whole flow field is eliminated and stagnant, attached-to-the-wall regions are formed. Extent of the outer recirculation region and the recirculation strength of both the outer and central regions are found to significantly diminish with the yield number. The axial penetration of a submerged annular jet decreases with the inner-to-outer annular nozzle diameter ratio and the yield numbers. Annular jets of yield stress fluids decay continuously, very rapidly, and can vanish within the initial few jet diameters. The point at which the axial momentum of the jet vanishes shifts upstream with both the yield number and the annular diameter ratio.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Calculation of the vacuum-polarization potential

The lowest-order vacuum-polarization potential, known as Uehling potential, is expanded for a spherical charge distribution in a convergent form valid for all distances. The accuracy of this expansion is carefully examined at different distances. The ratios of the vacuum-polarization potentials of orders $\ensuremath{\alpha}(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}{(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}{(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{5}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}{(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{7}$ to the Coulomb potential for a point nucleus are also calculated and presented in figures for $r\ensuremath{\le}3.5{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{e}$. Several simple fitting curves are suggested.
Trajectory models and the deformation of air parcels

Abstract A long-standing problem in the use of Lagrangian air quality trajectory models is assessing the validity of the concept of an air parcel that maintains its integrity over a certain travel time. This issue is addressed by simulating the advection and diffusion of an inert air parcel in a flow generated by a planetary boundary layer model. Measures of the difference between the actual concentration distribution of the parcel and those resulting from two forms of trajectory models are introduced.
Psychophysiologic assessment of mental imagery of stressful events in israeli civilian posttraumatic stress disorder patients

This study explored the physiological responses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients to reminders of a stressful event that had preceded the onset of their illness and was not related to its cause: the SCUD missile alarms of the Gulf War. A mental-imagery technique used in previous studies of PTSD was used. Three 30-second audiotapes were presented to each subject, including (1) the Gulf War's missile alarm, (2) a radio announcement of a terrorist attack, and (3) a standardized relaxing scene. Subjects were instructed to imagine each event as vividly as possible while heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and left lateral frontalis electromyogram (EMG) responses were measured. The responses of 12 outpatients with PTSD were compared with those of panic disorder patients (n = 11), survivors of traumatic events who had not developed PTSD (n = 9), and mentally healthy subjects with no lifetime history of major trauma (n = 19). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for the three physiological measures showed a significant group difference during imagery of the Gulf War alarm, with PTSD subjects showing higher SC and EMG responses than the others. The differences remained significant when age, level of distress during the war, and concurrent anxiety were controlled for. There were no group differences in responses to the other stimuli. We conclude that, PTSD patients may either acquire and maintain prolonged conditioned responses to various stressors during their life span or become sensitized to reminders of past traumata following the onset of their illness. Heightened conditionability may be expressed before the trauma in subjects who are liable to develop PTSD.
Control of receiver temperature and shaft speed in dish-Stirling solar power plants to meet grid integration requirements

Dish-Stirling concentrating solar power systems are an efficient and reliable source of renewable energy, indicating a potential for large-scale grid integration in upcoming years. Various technical and policy considerations must be accounted for in the grid integration of dish-Stirling solar power plants, particularly related to potential grid integration requirements set by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regarding power factor correction and low voltage ride-through capability. This paper discusses potential grid integration requirements for dish-Stirling concentrating solar power systems, along with the technical challenges in meeting such requirements. A summary of the dynamic model of a dish-Stirling system and its control unit for power grid integration studies is provided. An additional over-speed control loop is proposed in this paper to enhance the system's grid fault ride-through capability. A linear model of the system is derived for controller parameter design. Simulation studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed over-speed control algorithm. The system's steady-steady performance and dynamic response during a grid fault are simulated to identify potential problems and solutions for successful grid integration.
Dementia in AIDS patients: Incidence and risk factors

We determined incidence and future projections of dementia after AIDS onset in 492 homosexual men with AIDS in the Baltimore/Los Angeles sites of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 64 of whom developed dementia. We studied various risk factors for dementia, including demographic and clinical features, medical history, markers of immune status before AIDS, and zidovudine use. During the first 2 years after AIDS, HIV dementia developed at an annual rate of 7%. Overall, 15% of the cohort followed through death developed dementia. The median survival after dementia was 6.0 months. Using a proportional hazards model, risk factors for more rapid development of dementia were lower hemoglobin (relative hazard, 0.59 per additional 2 g/dl; p = 0.0005) and body mass index (relative hazard, 0.64 per additional 5 kg/m2; p = 0.05) 1 to 6 months before AIDS, more constitutional symptoms 7 to 12 months before AIDS (relative hazard, 1.68 per additional symptom, p = 0.005), and older age at AIDS onset (relative hazard, 1.60 per decade older; p = 0.009). In a multivariate model, pre-AIDS hemoglobin remained the most significant predictor of dementia. There were no significant risks defined from demographic characteristics, specific AIDS-defining illnesses, zidovudine use before AIDS, or CD4+ lymphocyte count before AIDS. We project that 12 months after the first AIDS diagnosis, 7.1% of survivors will have dementia. The observed association between anemia, low weight, constitutional symptoms, and dementia suggests a role for cytokines inducing both systemic and neurologic disease.
Hydrocarbon type analysis by gas chromatograph using a single capillary column and a multi-column valve system

Two different gas chromatographic methods are used for the determination of hydrocarbon type distribution in naphtha and gasoline samples with final boiling points up to 275 °C. The methods are based either on a single capillary column or on a valve-switched packed column system. Both methods give extensive information on paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics in total as well as by carbon-number. In each case the analysis is fully automated with a computer controlling the entire analysis from injection to results presentation. The advantages and limitations of both methods are discussed.
Effect of carbon on lattice parameters of the MgB2 thin films: A computational study

Abstract A model that predicts the lattice parameters in carbon-doped MgB 2 thin films produced by hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition is proposed by considering the lattice and elastic mismatch between MgB 2 and the second phase that forms when carbon is added into the system. In this work, first-principles calculations are performed to obtain the coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic constants of Mg, MgB 2 and MgB 2 C 2 structures. Based on the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion and elastic constants of MgB 2 , MgB 2 C 2 , and graphite, the lattice parameters of the MgB 2 thin films are predicted by assuming the strains due to the different thermal expansions are compensated by lattice deformation proportional to their respective elastic compliant coefficients. The calculated results are in very good agreement with experimental data in the literature.
Optimisation of a heat pump space heating system

Abstract Because the heat pump has a very high capital cost compared with other forms of space heating, and also because the peak space heating demand in the U.K. only occurs for a few hours in the year, it has become recognised practice to install low capital cost supplementary electric heating to meet peak demands. A technique is described which optimizes the mix of heat pump and supplementary capacity to minimize the total cost of operation. A simulation model is employed which uses a weather tape containing hourly outside air temperatures to generate a space heating demand profile for a building of known thermal characteristics. The technique specifically allows the examination of intermittent heating, and in this paper is applied to a small factory operating on a variety of shift patterns. This application is of particular interest because it considers the effect of maximum demand charges on the economics of heat pump space heating systems. It is concluded that the optimum heat pump capacity depends strongly upon the length of shift, and that optimum oversizing of the heat pump system for intermittent heating appears to be lower than for conventional heating systems as a result of maximum demand pricing.
Does cognition come at a net energy cost in ad hoc Wireless LANs

Abstract Cognitive radios have been proposed in recent years to make more efficient use of the wireless spectrum and alleviate congestion on widely used frequency bands. A key aspect of these radios is the “cognition” gained through a spectrum scanning process. The benefit of this cognition is apparent and well studied in terms of achieving better communication performance on selected spectrum and detecting the presence of primary users. The benefits in terms of reduced energy consumption in secondary users, however, due to easier channel access and less contention have not been quantified in prior work. On the other hand, spectrum scanning to gain cognition is a power-intensive process and the costs incurred in terms of energy lost need to be accounted for. Thus, it is not clear whether a cognitive radio-based node would be more energy-efficient than any conventional radio node, and if so, under what circumstances. This focus on energy consumption is particularly important when considering portable communication devices that are energy constrained. This work takes a first step in this direction for the ad hoc Wireless LAN scenario that works in the highly congested ISM bands. The interplay between different important parameters involved is analyzed and their impact on energy consumption is studied.
Finite element analysis and computed tomography based structural rigidity analysis of rat tibia with simulated lytic defects.

Finite element analysis (FEA), CT based structural rigidity analysis (CTRA) and mechanical testing is performed to assess the compressive failure load of rat tibia with simulated lytic defects. Twenty rat tibia were randomly assigned to four equal groups (n=5). Three of the groups included a simulated defect at various locations: anterior bone surface (Group 1), posterior bone surface (Group 2) and through bone defect (Group 3). The fourth group was a control group with no defect (Group 4). Microcomputed tomography was used to assess bone structural rigidity properties and to provide 3D model data for generation of the finite element models for each specimen. Compressive failure load calculated using CT derived rigidity parameters (FCTRA) was well correlated to failure load recorded in mechanical testing (R2=0.96). The relationships between mechanical testing failure load and the axial rigidity (R2=0.61), bending rigidity (R2=0.71) and FEA calculated failure loads, considering bone as an elastic isotropic (R2=0.75) and elastic transversely isotropic (R2=0.90) are also well correlated. CTRA stress, calculated adjacent to the defect, were also shown to be well correlated with yield stresses calculated using the minimum density at the weakest cross section (R2=0.72). No statistically significant relationship between apparent density and mechanical testing failure load was found (P=0.37). In summary, the results of this study indicate that CTRA analysis of bone strength correlates well with both FEA and results obtained from compression experiments. In addition there exist a good correlation between structural rigidity parameters and experimental failure loads. In contrast, there was no correlation between average bone density and failure load.
ELICITATION OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY (DNCB CONTACT DERMATITIS) IN MARKEDLY PANLEUKOPENIC GUINEA PIGS.

The classical view of delayed hypersensitivity assigns to the circulating lymphocytes a unique role in the eliciting reaction. Key to the concept are two types of experiments: 1) the successful passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity with white blood cells (and not sera), and 2) the disappearance of already established delayed hypersensitivity during periods of lymphopenia induced by specific antisera or by whole body irradiation. Particularly as a result of studies in lymphopenic animals has it been suggested that a circulating mononuclear cell, probably the small lymphocyte, is the primary reactor in the various types of delayed hypersensitivity reactions (1).
Evaluation of the propagator of Susskind fermions by summation of non-reversal random walks

We consider the Susskind action for quarks on the lattice which possesses a chiral invariance as the quark mass m goes to zero. The propagator G(y, x) in a gluon field U may be expanded in a series whose terms correspond to all random walks from x to y with hopping parameter κ = m−1. It is observed that a step followed by its reversal (a spike) is independent of U because of factors UU−1. It follows that the contribution from the insertion of all possible trees (made of spikes) at all sites of each walk may be evaluated by simple combinatorics. The propagator in a generic gluon field U is thereby expressed as a sum over all non-reversal walks with renormalized hopping parameter κ′ = 2κ/[1 + √(1 + 28κ2)] < √17 (⪡ κ for small m). The observation that non-reversal random walks define a Markov chain provides a new expression for the propagator as the inverse of a new matrix. The spectrum of the new matrix is found for generic U. It is shown that the new expression for the propagator may be evaluated by an iteration procedure with ratio of successive errors bounded by 1 − 18 √17 m + O(m2), whereas the corresponding bound for the original expression is 1− 1128m2 + O(m4). The advantage of the new expression for small m is obvious.
How do Teachers React to Children Labeled as Sexually Abused

To better understand the possible stigmatizing effects of child sexual abuse, 60 teachers were asked to make multiple judgments about the behavior of a child described with one of four types of labels: (a) neutral; (b) dissimilar; (c) experienced a nonsexual trauma; and (d) experienced a sexual trauma (i.e., sexually abused). Teachers expected a child labeled as sexually abused to experience more stress than a child labeled as neutral or dissimilar, but not more stress than a child labeled as having experienced nonsexual trauma. No significant differences on other dependent variables (e.g., attributions for failure, expectations of future positive behavior) were found. Although these results suggest that teachers have different expectations for sexually abused children, they provide no evidence of stigmatization. To what extent these are realistic expectations or may serve as self-fulfilling prophecies is unclear.
The effects of corticosteroids on immunoregulation in sarcoidosis

The effects of in vivo hydrocortisone administration on the kinetics and functional capabilities of cells involved in the immune response in sarcoidosis were examined. Untreated sarcoidosis patients have a decrease in the absolute numbers of circulating T lymphocytes (P < 0.05). However, with regard to the proportions of T lymphocyte subpopulations, there is an increase in the relative proportions of IgG Fc receptor positive T cells (TG) (P < 0.01), which have suppressor capabilities in certain in vitro systems of mitogen-induced antibody production, and a relative decrease in IgM Fc receptor positive T lymphocytes (TM) which have helper effects in this system (P < 0.05). Additionally, sarcoidosis patients have circulating “suppressor” monocytes capable of suppressing anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocytes. The in vitro removal of this cell abrogated this depressed response (P < 0.01). Intravenous administration of hydrocortisone produced a transient absolute T lymphocytopenia (P < 0.01) accompanied by a relative increase in TG cells (P < 0.01) and a relative decrease in TM cells (P < 0.02). Four hours after hydrocortisone therapy, at the point of maximal hydrocortisone-induced monocytopenia (P < 0.01), the suppressed ability of sarcoidosis lymphocytes to synthesize and secrete in vitro anti-SRBC antibody after polyclonal activation was corrected (P < 0.01), and PFC responses comparable to those seen in untreated normal subjects were obtained. These studies demonstrate that corticosteroid administration has profound effects on certain in vitro demonstrable immunoregulatory abnormalities in sarcoidosis.
Undergraduate Research in Mathematics as a Curricular Option

In this paper, a model is outlined for integrating research activities with undergraduates within the mathematics curriculum. Introducing a sequence of courses designed to engage students in research projects has brought about a change in the mathematical culture of students. The history and challenges associated with the creation of this program are discussed, indicating the positive outcomes it has had on student learning. Also discussed is the shift in departmental thoughts on student capabilities. Specific examples of student work are cited.
Quantification of Thermal-Structural Uncertainties in Engine Combustor Composite Liners

A typical hot structural component within an engine such as composite combustor liner is computationally simulated and probabilistically evaluated in view of the numerous uncertainties associated with the structural, material, and thermo-mechanical load variables (primitive variables) that describe the combustor. The combustor is evaluated for local stresses. Results show that the scatter in the combined stress near the support is significantly dependent upon the uncertainties in the through thickness thermal gradients, the liner material thickness, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the axial and both the axial and shear moduli.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Minimal theta functions

Let be a positive definite binary quadratic form with real coefficients and discriminant b2 − 4ac = −1.Among such forms, let . The Epstein zeta function of f is denned to beRankin [7], Cassels [1], Ennola [5], and Diananda [4] between them proved that for every real s > 0,We prove a corresponding result for theta functions. For real α > 0, letThis function satisfies the functional equation(This may be proved by using the formula (4) below, and then twice applying the identity (8).)
Performance evaluation of large aperture “polished panel” optical receivers based on experimental data

Recent interest in the development of hybrid RF/Optical communications has led to the installation of a “polished-panel” optical receiver evaluation assembly on the 34-meter research antenna at Deep-Space Station 13 (DSS-13) at NASA's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex1. The test setup consists of a custom aluminum panel polished to optical smoothness, and a large-sensor CCD camera designed to image the point-spread function (PSF) generated by the polished aluminum panel. Extensive data has been obtained via real-time tracking and imaging of planets and stars at DSS-13. Both “on-source” and “off-source” data were recorded at various elevations, enabling the development of realistic simulations and analytic models to help determine the performance of future deep-space communications systems operating with on-off keying (OOK) or pulse-position-modulated (PPM) signaling formats, and compared with the ultimate quantum bound on detection performance. Experimentally determined PSFs were scaled to provide realistic signal-distributions across a photon-counting detector array when a pulse is received, and uncoded as well as block-coded performance analyzed and evaluated for a well-known class of block codes.
Adenoacanthoma of the colon.

The clinical and pathologic features of five cases of adenocanthoma of the colon are presented. Although the lesion is rare, both the pathologist and the surgeon should be aware of this unusual neoplasm in order to avoid error in diagnosis, especially when metastatic lesions are being evaluated. In our experience, these rare colonic lesions are more aggressive than ordinary carcinomas of the colon.
Multizone Porous Medium Model of Thermal/Fluid Processes During Discharge of an Inclined Rectangular Storage Vessel Via an Immersed Heat Exchanger

The transient natural convective thermal/fluid processes during discharge of an inclined rectangular solar storage tank via an immersed heat exchanger are modeled and compared to prior experimental data. The model treats the heat exchanger as a porous medium within the storage fluid and is applicable to a wide range of tank/heat exchanger configurations. In the present study, a two-dimensional model is applied to discharge of a 126 1 storage tank inclined at 30 deg with respect to the horizontal and with a height to width ratio of 9:1. The heat exchanger has 240 tubes arranged in parallel and is located near the top of the tank. Transient temperature distributions and flow streamlines demonstrate the complexity of the flow field and the extent of mixing during discharge. The predicted results compare favorably to prior measurements of heat transfer and temperature distribution.
Potential surfaces and intermolecular vibrational frequencies of hydrogen chloride complexes

Abstract Electrical properties of hydrogen chloride have been calculated with high level ab initio methods, and the properties have been used to represent the weak bonding of hydrogen chloride in the molecular mechanics for clusters scheme. Calculated structures of dimer complexes correspond well with spectroscopic results, and interesting interconversion features of certain of the complexes have been predicted. Calculated harmonic frequencies for the weak modes of the complexes are reported along with transition dipoles.
The Russian right and the dilemmas of party organisation

THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF THE UNITED STATES and the ideologists of the Russian Right had a lot in common. At first glance such a comparison seems absurd. After all, men like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson created a democratic political system that supported the peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another for the first time in world history. The leaders of the Russian Right wanted to take their country back to a romanticised time when the people and Communist Party were united in their quest to fulfil Marxist-Leninist ideals. In spite of these differences, the two groups shared many common opinions in their conceptualisation of society and the role of a political opposition. Jefferson and his contemporaries felt that political parties would be sores on the body politic, a claim that their 'disciples' in the Russian Right repeated. The Founding Fathers drew their conception of parties and factions, terms that many writers used interchangeably, from the 18th century English thinkers who looked back on the upheavals of the 17th and early 18th century in their country. In contrast to most contemporary political analysts, who feel that a democratic political system requires more than one political party, the Founding Fathers felt that society should be based on unity and that parties would only create unnecessary conflicts. They assumed that a party would become the instrument of a small group of people who would use it to their own narrow benefit at the expense of the larger society. The early Englishmen and Americans felt that zeal for a party would necessarily divert its adherents from loyalty to the country as a whole. Party activists would agitate for party rather than national interests.1 Accordingly, the incumbent Federalists viewed Jefferson's rising Republican Party as an illegitimate organisation that would do the country great harm if allowed to rule. In this sense the incumbents identified themselves as the government, leading to the assumption that any attack on them was a blow to the public good. The ideologists of the Russian Right have adapted the same basic philosophy to their own conditions. They believed that Soviet society should be pervaded with concord and ruled through consensus. Opposition groups, in their view, supported the interests of the shadow economy and political forces who favoured a restoration of private property and capitalism. And, like the Federalists, the Russian Right felt that any attack on the incumbent Communist Party would hurt the Russian state.
The assembly and remodeling of the extracellular matrix in the growth plate in relationship to mineral deposition and cellular hypertrophy: an in situ study of collagens II and IX and proteoglycan.

The recent development of new specific immunoassays has provided an opportunity to study the assembly and resorption of type II and IX collagens of the extracellular matrix in relationship to endochondral calcification in situ. Here, we describe how in the bovine fetal physis prehypertrophic chondrocytes deposit an extensive extracellular matrix that, initially, is rich in both type II and type IX collagens and proteoglycan (PG; principally, aggrecan). The majority of the 1(IX)-chains lack the NC4 domain consistent with our previous studies with cultured chondrocytes. During assembly, the molar ratio of type II/COL2 domain of the 1(IX)-chain varied from 8:1 to 25:1. An increase in the content of Ca 2 and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was initiated in the prehypertrophic zone when the NC4 domain was removed selectively from the 1(IX)-chain. This was followed by the progressive loss of the 1(IX) COL2 domain and type II collagen. In the hypertrophic zone, the Ca 2 /Pi molar ratio ranged from 1.56 to a maximum of 1.74, closely corresponding to that of mature hydroxyapatite (1.67). The prehypertrophic zone had an average ratio Ca 2 /Pi ranging from 0.25 to 1, suggesting a phase transformation. At hypertrophy, when mineral content was maximal, type II collagen was reduced maximally in content coincident with a peak of cleavage of this molecule by collagenase when matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression was maximal. In contrast, PG (principally aggrecan) was retained when hydroxyapatite was formed consistent with the view that this PG does not inhibit and might promote calcification in vivo. Taken together with earlier studies, these findings show that matrix remodeling after assembly is linked closely to initial changes in Ca 2 and Pi to subsequent cellular hypertrophy and mineralization. These changes involve a progressive and selective removal of types II and IX collagens with the retention of the PG aggrecan. (J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:275‐283)
DYNAMIC STABILITY OF A BEAM LOADED BY A SEQUENCE OF MOVING MASS PARTICLES

The dynamic stability for the lateral response of a finite Bernoulli-Euler beam loaded by a continuous sequence of identical, equally spaced, mass particles attached to and traveling at a constant speed across the beam is investigated. This paper points out that, in general, multiple regions of unstable response will occur. However, for certain particle spacings and foundation moduli a single region of unstable response occurs. In general, the critical speed ratio Beta cr (or the nondimensional particle speed at which instability of the beam occurs) is increased by decreasing Alpha T, the nondimensional particle mass; increasing rho, the nondimensional particle spacing; increasing gamma, the nondimensional foundation stiffness; increasing P*, the nondimensional axial tensile force on the beam; increasing xi sub n, the damping coefficient.