cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of acute stretching on hamstring muscle fatigue and perceived exertion.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an acute stretching regime on hamstring muscle fatigue and rating of perceived exertion during a dynamic, sub-maximal bout of resistance exercise. Sixteen healthy males (age 25.7±4.3 years, height 1.81±0.06 m, body mass 87.5±15.1 kg; mean±s) and 16 healthy females (age 24.9±4.5 years, height 1.67±0.06 m, body mass 62.9±9.4 kg) volunteered to participate in two experimental sessions. After establishing their one-repetition maximum for the hamstring curl, the participants were assigned at random to one of two groups. Group 1 performed three bouts of 20 s hamstring stretches with the assistance of one of the investigators, while group 2 did not perform the stretches; instead, they sat resting for 3 min. Then, after stretching or resting, the participants performed as many hamstring curls as they could at 60% of their one-repetition maximum established earlier. All participants were assessed for their perceived exertion using a modified Borg categor...
LHRH neurons express cJun protein during the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone.

LHRH neurons express cFos on the afternoon of proestrus in association with the ovulatory LH surge. This study determined whether LHRH neurons express another proto-oncogene product, Jun, during the estrous cycle. By using immunocytochemical double staining techniques, localization of Jun proteins and LHRH was compared with expression of cFos in LHRH neurons. LHRH neurons expressed Jun proteins on the afternoon of proestrus with detection of Jun through the morning of estrus. The time course of Jun expression in LHRH neurons during proestrus suggests a common stimulus for both Jun and cFos expression in LHRH neurons, with Jun proteins persisting somewhat longer than cFos. Pentobarbital, which blocks the preovulatory LH surge and cFos expression in LHRH neurons, blocked Jun expression in LHRH neurons; the LHRH neurons similarly expressed Jun and cFos on the following afternoon at the time of the expected delayed LH surge. There was a similarity in the patterns (in terms of numbers and distribution) of Jun-...
A Conceptual Model Predicting Internalizing Problems in Middle Childhood Among Children of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fathers: The Role of Marital Aggression

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model predicting children's anxiety/depression in middle childhood in a community sample of children with parents who had alcohol problems (n = 112) and those without alcohol problems (n = 101). The conceptual model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression, and antisocial behavior among parents of children ages 12 months to kindergarten age in predicting marital aggression and parental aggravation. Higher levels of marital aggression and parental aggravation were hypothesized to predict children's depression/anxiety within time (18 months to kindergarten age and, prospectively, to age during fourth grade). Method: The sample was recruited from New York State birth records when the children were 12 months old. Assessments were conducted at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months; at kindergarten age; and during fourth grade. Results: Children with alcoholic fathers had higher depression/anxiety scores according to parental reports but not s...
Hearing Loss and Older Adults’ Perceptions of Access to Care

We investigated whether hard-of-hearing older adults were more likely to report difficulties and delays in accessing care and decreased satisfaction with healthcare access than those without hearing loss. The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (2003–2006 wave, N = 6,524) surveyed respondents regarding hearing, difficulties/delays in accessing care, satisfaction with healthcare access, socio-demographics, chronic conditions, self-rated health, depression, and length of relationship with provider/site. We used multivariate regression to compare access difficulties/delays and satisfaction by respondents’ hearing status (hard-of-hearing or not). Hard-of-hearing individuals comprised 18% of the sample. Compared to those not hard-of-hearing, hard-of-hearing individuals were significantly more likely to be older, male and separated/divorced. They had a higher mean number of chronic conditions, including atherosclerotic vascular disease, diabetes and depression. After adjustment for potential confounders, hard-of-hearing individuals were more likely to report difficulties in accessing healthcare (Odds Ratio 1.85; 95% Confidence Interval 1.19–2.88). Satisfaction with healthcare access was similar in both groups. Our findings suggest healthcare access difficulties will be heightened for more of the population because of the increasing prevalence of hearing loss. The prevalence of hearing loss in this data is low and our findings from a telephone survey likely underestimate the magnitude of access difficulties experienced by hard-of-hearing older adults. Further research which incorporates accessible surveys is needed. In the meantime, clinicians should pay particular attention to assessing barriers in healthcare access for hard-of-hearing individuals. Resources should be made available to proactively address these issues for those who are hard-of-hearing and to educate providers about the specific needs of this population.
How I do it: cervical lateral mass screw fixation.

Background Cervical lateral mass screw fixation is indicated for the treatment of cervical subaxial C3-C7 lesions associated with instability.
Impact of congestive heart failure and other cardiac diseases on patient outcomes

Cardiovascular disease is a frequent complication of advancing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)1,2,3,4. A number of investigators have shown significant mortality and hospitalization risks associated with the major cardiovascular diseases. Few studies have independently evaluated the associated mortality and hospitalization risks of the major cardiovascular diseases within the peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) populations. This article reviews the existing data in an attempt to assess the impact of ischemic vascular disease and congestive heart failure on outcomes in PD and HD patients. Since the prevalence of these diseases may vary within the different stages of chronic kidney disease, the impact on mortality and hospitalization also may vary. In order to assess these risks, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease within patients with mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction and those with ESRD are presented along with their associated outcomes.
SAMPLE/RINSE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON DISCRIMINATION OF SWEET AND SALTY DIFFERENCES IN A FOOD SYSTEM

The ability of panelists to distinguish between samples of apple juice with two levels of added sucrose (0.1 and 0.9 g/100 mL) or NaCl (0.05 and 0.14 g/100 mL) was determined using a modified signal detection technique. Samples at various temperatures (6, 24, or 50C) were presented with various rinse conditions. Sometimes a water rinse (6, 24, or 50C) was presented between samples and somtimes not. R-index values were calculated to predict the ability of panelists to distinguish between samples. No temperature effect was found for sweetness difference tests; however, R-indices showed that salty differences in apple juice were more distinguishable at a sample temperature of 24C than at 6 or 50C. Samples temperature had a greater effect than rinse condition (temperature or no rinse) on discrimination between samples differing in NaCl concentration.
Glutathione-dependent reductive dehalogenation of 2,2′,4′-trichloroacetophenone to 2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone☆

Abstract α-Haloketones are highly reactive compounds, which are known to undergo enzymatic reduction to methyl ketones. The objective of this research was to characterize the enzymes involved in this reaction and to investigate the mechanism of the reaction. 2,2′,4′-Trichloroacetophenone was reduced to 2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone by glutathione-dependent cytosolic enzymes present in the liver, kidney, and brain. The actual substrate for the enzyme was S -(2,4-dichlorophenacyl)glutathione, which is formed by the nonenzymic reaction of 2,2′,4′-trichloroacetophenone and glutathione. The reaction mechanism may involve an enzyme-catalyzed nucleophilic attack of glutathione on the sulfur atom of S -(2,4-dichlorophenacyl)glutathione to yield a carbanion and glutathione disulfide; protonation of the carbanion would yield 2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone. Stoichiometry studies showed that the glutathione disulfide/2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone ratio was 1.25 ± 0.13.
Regional Wind Energy Resource Forecasting Based on SVD and Support Vector Machine

The aim of this paper is to forecast short term variation of the regional wind energy resource based on the data captured from several wind measuring stations. Firstly, the main spatial patterns are extracted by SVD (singular value decomposition) method, and then the time coefficient series corresponding to principal spatial patterns are processed and forecasted by SVM (support vector machine). Furthermore, according to the SVD method, the new forecasted time coefficient series are used to inversely calculate the wind speed in the future. Finally, the validity and performance of this forecasting method is tested in case study.
A method using the chick embryo amnion for mammalian embryo culture

A procedure has been developed for incubating early stage mammalian embryos within the early chick amniotic cavity. Normal embryonic growth and development following extended culture in the chick embryo amnion has been verified by the live birth of transferred caprine embryos. This method is a simple and inexpensive alternative to in vitro and in vivo methods currently used for culturing mammalian embryos prior to transfer.
Catalytic activity tuning of a biomimetic HO-FeV=O oxidant for methane hydroxylation by substituents on aromatic rings: theoretical study.

HO−(TPA)FeVO (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) has been proposed in the literature as the key high-valent iron−oxo intermediate involved in alkane hydroxylation. Here the structure of this species is investigated theoretically in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). A detailed electronic structure analysis leads to the presumption that the properties of the FeVO bond can be modified by introducing substituents to the aromatic rings of TPA and thus the reactivity of HO−(TPA)FeVO for the hydrogen atom abstraction of methane hydroxylation can be tuned on the quartet potential energy surface. The validity of our presumption is verified by DFT calculations. According to the rebound mechanism, the H-abstraction step is examined by using five complexes with TPA and TPA-derivative ligands and the corresponding reaction energies and energy barriers are obtained and compared with each other. The results are fully in agreement with our qualitative model, showing that electron-withdrawing groups are abl...
Expanding the scope of RNA catalysis

The basic notions of transition state theory have been exploited in the past to generate highly selective catalysts from the vast library of antibody molecules in the immune system. These same ideas were used to isolate an RNA molecule, from a large library of RNAs, that catalyzes the isomerization of a bridged biphenyl. The RNA-catalyzed reaction displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a catalytic rate constant (kcat) of 2.8 x 10(-5) per minute and a Michaelis constant (Km) of 542 microM; the reaction is competitively inhibited by the planar transition state analog with an inhibition constant (Ki) value of approximately 7 microM. This approach may provide a general strategy for expanding the scope of RNA catalysis beyond those reactions in which the substrates are nucleic acids or nucleic acid derivatives.
Field-dispersion profiles of the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate in chloroplast suspensions. Effect of manganese extraction by EDTA, Tris, and hydroxylamine.

Proton spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1) have been measured in a variety of dark-adapted chloroplast suspensions over a range of field strengths between 1 and 15 kG (4–5 MHz). When the effects of EDTA or Tris washing on chloroplast relaxivities are compared, the pool of Mn associated with oxygen evolution is seen not to contribute significantly to relaxivity. Instead, nearly all of the observed relaxivity, which is characterized by a paramagnetic maximum near 20.7 MHz in the field dispersion profile of R1, appears to arise from contaminating non-functional Mn(II) that can be removed by EDTA during the isolation procedure. These observations, which contradict previous reports ascribing chloroplast relaxivity to the water-oxidizing system, require a reevaluation of proposed models, derived from NMR studies, of the state of Mn in the water-splitting reaction. Chloroplasts from which loosely bound non-functional Mn has been removed by EDTA washing do show an enhancement of relaxivity when exposed to NH2OH at concentrations known to inactivate water oxidation. This NH2OH-induced relaxivity is comprised of Mn(II) in two distinct paramagnetic sites. One site is chelatable by EDTA, whereas the other site is not. This finding suggests that some Mn(II) tightly bound to thylakoid membranes can contribute to relaxivity after inactivation of the oxygen-evolving reaction.
Oxidation kinetics of ZrN thin films

Abstract We investigated the oxidation behavior of ZrN thin films in dry O 2 with the goal of possible applications of ZrN in metal/oxide/semiconductor integrated circuits. We find the oxidation process to be thermally activated with an activation energy E a of 2.5±0.1 eV in the temperature range 475–650°C. It is suggested that the oxygen diffusing through the already-grown oxide limits the oxidation rate. X-ray analysis indicates that a mixture of monoclinic and cubic ZrO 2 is formed. This mixture persists up to the highest oxidation temperatures used in this study.
Population survival and life history phenomena.

Abstract The theory of stochastic branching processes is used to investigate the effect of different features of the life history of an individual, on the chance that an isolated population of such individuals will die out as a result of random fluctuations.
AFM Manipulation Of Small Fibrin Networks

The mechanical properties of fibrin networks, the primary structural component of blood clots, are of great interest both from a biophysical and biomedical perspective. Macroscopic rheological studies have shown that, like other biopolymer gels, fibrin exhibits non-linear elasticity known as strain stiffening. The microscopic origins of this behavior are not well understood, however. We studied fibrin network mechanical properties using a combination fluorescence/atomic force microscope (AFM) system to quantitatively manipulate and visualize small (10-30 segments) two dimensional fibrin networks suspended over micropatterned channels. This setup enabled evaluation of the strain and orientation of each fiber in the network during AFM stretching manipulations as well as acquisition of force data. In other AFM manipulation work, we have shown that, like the macroscopic gels which they comprise, individual fibrin fibers exhibit significant strain stiffening. Our results show strain stiffening of individual fibers plays a significant role in the response of the overall network. In particular, strain stiffening affects the distribution of strain, reducing strain concentrations and spreading it more equitably throughout the network. In physiological contexts, this may act as a mechanism for strengthening the network and reducing the chance of mechanical failure (embolism). Our experimental data was compared to model networks of both linear and strain stiffening fiber segments.
An Extension of the Gomory Mixed-Integer Algorithm to Mixed-Discrete Variables

The methods of R. E. Gomory for the iterative solution of the mixed-integer linear programming problem are extended directly to the case where some or all of the variables are nonuniformly discrete, i.e., they are restricted to assume values from certain specified sets of unequally-spaced constants. The algorithm presented is shown to converge in a finite number of steps for a discrete-valued objective function.
Untangling french voting behavior: Tales of aggregation

Pierce (1981) claims to have tested the Rosenthal-Sen (1973, 1977) spatial model of French voting behavior by using individual survey responses. Sen and I estimated our model using aggregate returns from election districts. We used first-ballot results to explain or predict the second ballot in parliamentary elections. Spatial positions, however, were not estimated. We in fact used the national sample averages, reported by Barnes and Pierce (1971), from the same survey Pierce analyzes in his current article. Pierce (1981, p. 118) asserts that the Rosenthal-Sen findings on electoral participation are contradicted by the individual data and that the model of partisan choice can be improved upon by using thermometer (sentiment) scores rather than Left-Right perceptions. While provocative, Pierce's results are in fact inconclusive, for they are based on inappropriate tests of the Rosenthal-Sen model. While Pierce concerns himself with the
Discontinuous differential equations, I

Abstract The classical notions of solution, to an ordinary differential equation, are sometimes insufficient. Three generalisations have been proposed (Filippov, Krasovskij, and, implicitly, Hermes). The first part of the paper studies these concepts; it is shown that, in very general circumstances, the last two are equivalent (and sometimes one of the alternative descriptions has a decided advantage over the other). Subsequently the results will be applied to optimal control theory and to differential games.
On a periodic maintenance problem

In this paper, a machine maintenance problem, in which n machines are to be served on a regular, periodic basis, is studied. In particular, we are interested in how the maintenance cycles of the machines can be initiated so that all service requirements can be fulfilled by k servers.
Computer-aided synthesis of higher pairs via configuration space manipulation

We describe a parametric synthesis algorithm for planar mechanical systems comprised of higher kinematic pairs in which each part translates along a fixed axis or rotates around a fixed point. Kinematic function is computed from the CAD models of the parts and is represented graphically as configuration spaces. The designer uses the mouse to request changes in the configuration spaces. The program computes parameter values that achieve the changes. The computation is iterative: the program repeatedly linearizes the mapping from design parameters to kinematics around the current values, pseudo-inverts the linear mapping, and performs a small parameter modification that moves the system toward the desired kinematics. At each iteration, the program matches the current kinematics against the initial kinematics. If it detects an unintended change, it backs up, adds kinematic constraints that prevent the change, and resumes iteration.
A Description of Emergency Department Visits for Dental Problems not Related to Trauma in Ontario, Canada

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Emergency department visits for dental care of nontraumatic origin. Quinonez C, Gibson D, Jokovic A, Locker D. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009;37(4):366-71. Epub 2009 Apr 13. Reviewer Anwar T. Merchant, ScD, MPH, DMD Purpose/Question In Canada's universal health care system, 98% of payments to physicians are publicly funded, but dental care is financed largely through out-of-pocket payments or private health insurance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the payment model for dental care impacted the use of emergency departments for dental care. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Small-business health insurance: Only the healthy need apply

Several private and public programs and countless proposals have targeted the estimated twenty-two million full-time workers and their dependents who lack health insurance. Most of these programs rely on financial incentives designed to encourage employers to provide health benefits to their employees. Unfortunately, because of existing insurance company underwriting practices, incentive-based programs would miss a significant proportion of uninsured workers. This is particularly true for employees of small businesses, which are more susceptible to these practices. To date, reports of the barriers faced by small businesses have been based largely on anecdotal information about the underwriting practices of health insurance companies. In our study of health insurance benefits in small businesses, undertaken as part of our evaluation of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF’s) Health Care for the Uninsured Program, we surveyed health insurance companies and agents. We found strong evidence to support the assertions made by several small-business interest groups that insurance companies routinely use a variety of underwriting techniques to control the amount of financial risk to which they may be exposed in the small-business market. One of the largest companies doing business in this market summarized its underwriting guidelines: “Insurability is determined by many factors, including the nature of the business . . ., and most importantly, the good health of all employees and dependents.” Redlining. Enrollment of high-risk firms is limited through a practice known as redlining, in which specific types of industries are considered ineligible for enrollment, at any premium. Redlined industries include those characterized by an older work force (over age fifty-five) or high employee turnover, those engaged in seasonal work or exposed to hazardous working conditions, those lacking an employer/ employee rela-
Femtosecond studies of electron-cation dynamics in neat water: The effects of isotope substitution

Femtosecond photoionization studies in neat protio and deuterio water at room temperature have been performed. The rate of appearance of the solvated electron is slower in D2O than in H2O, consistent with the predictions of continuum theories. The observed geminate recombination dynamics of the cation-electron pair is also isotope dependent. The recombination time is slower in D2O and the fraction of solvated electrons that escape recombination is greater in D2O than in H2O. After 165 ps, 54±1% (±one standard deviation) of the solvated electrons escape geminate recombination in H2O and 62±1% escape in D2O. The increased electron escape yield is attributed to an energy transfer effect on the electron thermalization distance.
High Pressure Oxidation of Strained Si1−xGe Alloys

Thermal passivation of Si1-x Gex using high pressure (10,000 psi) oxidation was studied. Alloys of Si1-xGex (with x=5.4, 11.6, and 17 at. %) approximately 200 nm thick were oxidized using two processes: (i) dry oxygen at 10,000 psi at a temperature of 550°C and (ii) conventional, 1 atm steam at 800°C. The wet oxidation conditions were chosen to produce an oxide thickness comparable (=100 nm for xGe=11.6 at. %) to that obtained during high pressure oxidation at 550°C. Auger sputter depth profiling (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the as-grown oxides. XPS studies reveal that high pressure oxides formed from all three of the alloys of Si1-xGex have greatly enhanced incorporation of Ge compared to those grown to a similar thickness under wet atmospheric conditions. We report that a significant benefit of this increase in Ge incorporation is the minimization of Ge enrichment near the oxide/Si1-xGex interface. Cross-sectional TEM images reveal a 30 nm thick Ge-rich band at the wet oxide/alloy interface and a dramatically thinner band (<5 nm) present at the oxide/alloy interface produced by high pressure oxidation. For the atmospheric oxidation samples, interfacial misfit dislocations were observed at the alloy/substrate interface indicating that the film relaxed during oxidation. In contrast, the high pressure samples showed no interfacial defects after oxidation.
An Overview of Swedish Constitutional History

Until fairly recently, few governments in the world have taken the trouble to compose a formal constitution or instrument of governance or to solicit formally the consent of members of the polity. Explicit and formal agreements clearly make the concept of a government as a contract among citizens closer to reality. Such formal acts transform the implicit “agreements” or social compacts that might be imagined by scholars and lawyers into the concrete binding forms of laws and institutions. It is by such acts that formal constitutions are created. Sweden is one of a small group of countries that has used formal documents to codify, legitimate, and modify its existing political arrangements.
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Learned Fear: Implications for PTSD

One of the most exciting discoveries in the learning and memory field in the past two decades is the observation that active regulation of gene expression is necessary for experience to trigger lasting functional and behavioral change, in a wide variety of species, including humans. Thus, as opposed to the traditional view of ‘nature’ (genes) being separate from ‘nurture’ (environment and experience), it is now clear that experience actively drives alterations in central nervous system (CNS) gene expression in an ongoing fashion, and that the resulting transcriptional changes are necessary for experience to trigger altered long-term behavior. In parallel over the past decade, epigenetic mechanisms, including regulation of chromatin structure and DNA methylation, have been shown to be potent regulators of gene transcription in the CNS. In this review, we describe data supporting the hypothesis that epigenetic molecular mechanisms, especially DNA methylation and demethylation, drive long-term behavioral change through active regulation of gene transcription in the CNS. Specifically, we propose that epigenetic molecular mechanisms underlie the formation and stabilization of context- and cue-triggered fear conditioning based in the hippocampus and amygdala, a conclusion reached in a wide variety of studies using laboratory animals. Given the relevance of cued and contextual fear conditioning to post-traumatic stress, by extension we propose that these mechanisms may contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. Moreover, we speculate that epigenetically based pharmacotherapy may provide a new avenue of drug treatment for PTSD-related cognitive and behavioral function. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews advance online publication, 13 June 2012; doi:10.1038/npp.2012.79
Saving Cuba from the Cubans

Book reviewed in this article: Louis A. PA©rez Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography
“This Project Has Personally Affected Me” Developing a Critical Stance in Preservice English Teachers

This study draws from a number of researchers who push for critical literacy and a critical stance to question power, inequality, and the status quo; to understand scholars’ own participation in power structures; and to reframe and retheorize scholars’ beliefs and understandings. In this article, the author uses the critical stance framework to analyze preservice English language arts teachers multigenre inquiry projects, projects that were meant to engage them in reflection, critical thinking, and action. The qualitative analysis of classroom-based work is guided by the following questions: To what extent do preservice teachers go beyond answering a question of interest to adopting a critical stance, and what does this critical stance look like?
The pitfalls of poor psychometric properties : a rejoinder to Hofstede's reply to us

Hofstede (this issue) has taken exception to our conclusions (Spector, Cooper, Sparks, et al., 2001) that the poor internal consistency reliabilities of his Values Survey Module 1994 (VSM94) should be cause for concern. He suggests that (1) individual level psychometric properties for a scale are irrelevant when one uses it to make inferences to a group (or country) level, (2) that our samples were poorly matched on demographics (and were not very representative) and this prevented our finding internal consistency at the country (ecological) level, and (3) the VSM94 must be reliable because there is so much evidence for validity. We will address each of these points, explaining our case for concern. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES DON’T MATTER Hofstede argues that the VSM94 was designed to assess values at the aggregate (country) and not the individual person level. Therefore, the psychometric properties at the individual level are irrelevant. We first wish to point out that we reported the internal consistencies at the aggregate level, and results were not appreciably different from those at the individual level. Furthermore, Hofstede is absolutely correct that one must be careful about the ecological fallacy in mixing levels when This is the post-printed version of an article. The final published version is available at Applied Psychology: An International Review 51:1 (2002); doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00085 ISSN 0269-994X (Print) / 1464-0597 (Online) Copyright © International Association for Applied Psychology, 2002. Published online: 08 Apr 2002
A combinatorial interpretation of the p,q-hit numbers

Briggs and Remmel [K.S. Briggs, J.B. Remmel, A p,q-analogue of a formula of Frobenius, Electron. J. Combin. 10 (1) (2003) #R9] defined a p,q-analogue of the hit numbers and showed that they are polynomials in p and q with nonnegative coefficients for all Ferrers boards. Here we show that there is a natural extension of Dworkin's statistic @x [M. Dworkin, An interpretation for Garsia and Remmel's q-hit numbers, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 81 (1998) 149-175] so that for Ferrers boards, the p,q-hit numbers introduced by Briggs and Remmel arise by p,q-counting placements of n nonattacking rooks in the nxn board. Our proofs are based on different methods than those used by either Dworkin or Haglund [J. Haglund, q-Rook polynomials and matrices over finite fields, Adv. in Appl. Math. 20 (1998) 450-487]. Our proofs are based on showing that our combinatorial interpretations of the p,q-hit numbers satisfy certain recursions introduced by Briggs and Remmel.
Nonlinear effects of transition broadening

Nonlinear broadening of closely spaced transitions has been studied using micromagnetics simulations. Results show a large increase in the width of a transition due to the demagnetizing field effect of earlier transitions. Based on this observation, a simple recording channel model is developed to investigate the effects of nonlinear transition broadening on detection performance. This analysis shows that the conventional peak detector is much less sensitive to the detrimental effects of nonlinearity than the more advanced partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) scheme, mainly due to the extra transition spacing provided by the minimum run-length-limited constraint. This result suggests that in order to preserve the improved signal detection capability of advanced signal processing schemes like PRML, reduction of nonlinearity is essential in the media design. >
An Investigation of the Feasibility of Predicting Outcome Indices in the Treatment of Heroin Addiction

An exploratory study employing multiple linear regression techniques was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting outcome indices in the treatment of heroin addiction. Demographic and biographic intake variables were obtained for heroin addicts prior to treatment in one of two different types of residential treatment programs. Length of treatment, further categorized into “split-stay” categories, was chosen as the criterion because of its importance from the standpoint of program management. Subsequent stepwise regression procedures resulted in 11 variables of sufficient predictability to account for approximately 30% of the variability in the split-stay criterion. The employment of the derived equation resulted in correct classification in approximately 75% of the cases. This was beyond what could have been predicted by chance alone or from the knowledge of the observed split-stay ratio. A clear demonstration of the feasibility of the model was obtained; however, as to its utility, implemen...
Developing Conceptual Categories in Classroom Descriptive Research: Some Problems and Possibilities

This article reflects on a classroom study of children's literary responses to unpack the process of building conceptual categories in ethnographic research, thus challenging accounts that obscure the role of the researcher and present findings as fixed and infallible.
Africa's Strategic Minerals During the Second World War

Unprecedented wartime demands by Britain and the U.S.A for strategic minerals from abroad, coupled with the loss of valuable sources of supply in Eastern Europe and South East Asia to the Axis, greatly enlarged the volume of production and the pace of economic change in the mineral-rich zones of Africa. But the sharpest upsurge in output, which helped rescue a number of African export economies from the slough of depression, coincided with British rearmament several years before the war broke out; and production in most instances reached a crest two or three years before the war ended. In one sense the mineral regions of Africa between 1937 and 1945 provided a supreme example of the old mercantilist credo that colonies existed primarily to buttress the economies of the metropole in time of war. From another perspective, the war strengthened the hold of powerful multinational corporations on African mineral development and accelerated the absorption of new mining areas and labour supplies into the world capitalist system. A wide range of African metallic and non-metallic ores played a vital – and in some cases an indispensable – role in the Allied victory in 1945. But for the African peoples and countries most directly involved, the wartime upsurge had an uneven impact. Wage increases were in no way commensurate with the increased workloads nor with the pay scales for European miners. Except in the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, where greater agricultural and industrial diversification was already in train, the expansion of the mining industries perpetuated enclave development. The reliance of the industrialized West on African strategic minerals during the war was a prelude to the even greater production boom and dependency of the Cold War period.
Interaction of dietary zinc, genetic strain, and acetazolamide in teratogenesis in mice.

The effect of dietary zinc and genetic strain on acetazolamide-induced malformations was assessed. CBA (sensitive) and SWV (resistant) mice were fed purified diets containing five different levels of zinc throughout gestation and were given acetazolamide orally for a limited period during organogenesis. Controls received either no treatment or the drug vehicle. Litters were assessed for resorptions and malformations at term. The significance for influencing litter outcome was tested for the three main treatments: strain, dietary zinc level, and acetazolamide dose, plus their interactions. The magnitude of the litter response was strongly influenced by strain. The incidence of forelimb ectrodactyly, a characteristic malformation caused by acetazolamide, was much greater in CBA than in SWV fetuses. SWV fetuses had no ectrodactyly when dams were fed at least 9 μg/g zinc, but 5–8% showed ectrodactyly when dams received a zinc-deficient (0.4 or 4.5 μg/g) diet. The incidence of ectrodactyly in the CBA strain decreased as dietary zinc increased, but was still present when dams were fed a high (1,000 μg/g) zinc diet. The incidence of resorptions and total abnormal sites from litters of dams receiving acetazolamide decreased as dietary zinc increased, with the magnitude of the response being influenced by the strain. A significant (dietary zinc × acetazolamide) and (strain × acetazolamide) interaction was found for the ectrodactyly response. The results demonstrate the importance of considering interactions among genetic strain, diet, and drugs, as well as single factors as determinants of fetal risk.
Effects of materials parameters on mineralization and degradation of sol-gel bioactive glasses with 3D-ordered macroporous structures.

Bioactive glasses (BGs) with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structures were prepared by combining a sol-gel synthesis with colloidal crystal templating. 3DOM sol-gel BGs with two compositions (20 mol % CaO–80% SiO2 and 20 mol % CaO–4% P2O5–76% SiO2) and three macropore sizes (average: 345, 440, and 790 nm) were prepared. Glasses were separated into two particle sizes (212 μm < small < 355 μm and 600 μm < large < 1000 μm). The glasses were soaked in simulated body fluid at 37°C for 2 or 4 days and the effects of composition, particle size, and macropore size on the formation of apatite and glass degradation were characterized. Within the parameter range of the experiments, several comparisons could be made. First, the formation of apatite and degradation of the glass were slightly enhanced for the phosphate containing composition. Second, large particles formed less apatite and degraded less completely compared with small particles. Lastly, an increase in macropore size slowed down the glass degradation and apatite formation processes, an effect related to the decreased internal surface area of the larger pore materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 66A: 860–869, 2003
Fiber-taper coupling to Whispering-Gallery modes of fluidic resonators embedded in a liquid medium

We demonstrate efficient coupling to the optical Whispering-Gallery (WG) modes of a fluidic resonator consisting of a droplet embedded in a liquid medium. Unlike previous experiments the droplet is not levitated in an optical or electrostatic trap and free space coupling is replaced by phase-matched, waveguide coupling using a fiber-taper. We have observed critical coupling to fundamental WG modes of a 600 μm diameter water droplet at 980 nm. The experimental challenges towards making, stabilizing and coupling to the droplet resonators are addressed in this paper.
Biologic markers in axillary node-negative breast cancer: differential expression in invasive ductal carcinoma versus invasive lobular carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to compare the differential expression of established histopathologic and biologic markers of proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in a group of axillary node-negative breast cancers. Patients and Methods Two hundred twenty patients with axillary node-negative ILC and IDC who underwent surgery at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1978 and 1995 had tissue available for analysis. Of these, 206 (94%) had IDC and 14 (6%) had ILC. Estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, tumor and stromal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CD44, laminin-5, E-cadherin, and topoisomerase-2 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. HER2/ neu and α 6 β 4 integrin were evaluated by in situ hybridization. The Fisher exact test was used to calculate significant differences between ILC and IDC. Median age was 59 years. Results Invasive lobular carcinoma was more likely to occur in patients aged > 50 years. Invasive lobular carcinoma tended to be > 2 cm (50% vs. 39%), have a nuclear grade of 1/2 (100% vs. 72%), be estrogen receptor positive (93% vs. 70%), HER2/ neu negative (92% vs. 68%), have high CD44 expression (31% vs. 16%), low stromal vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression (36% vs. 47%), no E-cadherin expression (0 vs. 90%), and low laminin-5 expression (15% vs. 25%), compared with IDC. Conclusion Invasive lobular carcinoma and IDC might be distinct histologic types of breast cancer with different expression of biologic markers. These differences, not all being statistically significant in this small study, might generate hypotheses to develop tailored options for future systemic therapy.
An investigation of the variation of alternating current characteristics of electrical insulation materials used on spacecraft power systems

The electrical insulating materials used on spacecraft power systems degrade due to their exposure to a hostile environment. This environment consists of high energy protons, electrons and space plasma. The extreme thermal changes when the spacecraft is facing the Sun or when eclipsed by the Earth presents another cause for the degradation of the material. The alternating current properties, which indicate the quality and stability of the electrical insulation, are: changes in capacitance and the dissipation factor of the insulating material. The variation of these parameters with changes in temperature, vacuum pressure and frequency are investigated. >
Wallin, J. E. Wallace (1876–1969)

J. E. Wallace Wallin (1876–1969) was a pioneer in the fields of clinical psychology, special education, and mental hygiene. During the second decade of the twentieth century Wallin proposed the first training models for clinical psychology by specifying the ideal personal qualities as well as academic background and practical work that would be necessary to become expert mental examiners of children with developmental disabilities, the prime occupation of clinical psychologists of the time. Wallin also paved the way for the establishment of the first professional organization to represent clinical psychologists: the American Association of Clinical Psychologists. Wallin believed strongly that public schools should provide education for developmentally disabled children. Through his affiliation with more than 25 institutions of higher education and as director of eight psychoeducational clinics, and as the author of over 30 books and 350 articles, Wallin staunchly advocated for programs, policies, and regulations that ensured that developmentally disabled children received this education. Keywords: American Psychological Association (APA); Binet test; educational psychology; intelligence; testing in psychology; clinical psychology; licensure and certification; professionalization; psychiatry; training
Does drinking refusal self-efficacy mediate the impulsivity–problematic alcohol use relation?

There is consistent evidence that impulsivity-like traits relate to problematic alcohol involvement; however, identifying mechanisms that account for this relation remains an important area of research. Drinking refusal self-efficacy (or a person's ability to resist alcohol; DRSE) has been shown to predict alcohol use among college students and may be a relevant mediator of the impulsivity-alcohol relation. The current study examined the indirect effect of various constructs related to impulsivity (i.e., urgency, sensation seeking, and deficits in conscientiousness) via several facets of DRSE (i.e., social pressure, opportunistic, and emotional relief) on alcohol-related problems among a large sample of college students (N=891). Overall, results indicated that certain DRSE facets were significant mediators of the relation between impulsivity-related constructs and alcohol problems. More specifically, emotional-relief DRSE was a mediator for the respective relations between urgency and deficits in conscientiousness and alcohol problems, whereas social-DRSE was a significant mediator of the respective relations between urgency and sensation seeking with alcohol problems. Results from this study suggest particular types of DRSE are important mediators of the relations between specific impulsivity constructs and alcohol-related problems. These findings support prevention and intervention efforts that seek to enhance drinking refusal self-efficacy skills of college students, particularly those high in certain personality features, in order to reduce alcohol-related problems among this population.
A Revised Version of Samuelson’s Correspondence Principle: Applications of Recent Results on the Asymptotic Stability of Optimal Control to the Problem of Comparing Long Run Equilibria

The purpose of this article is to discuss some recent results on the global asymptotic stability of optimal control and show how they may be used with profit in the problem of comparing long run equilibria.
A Curious Nim-Type Game

(1974). A Curious Nim-Type Game. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 876-879.
Reduction of aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic N-hydroxylamines by human cytochrome P450 2S1.

Many aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are known carcinogens for animals, and there is also strong evidence of some in human cancer. The activation of these compounds, including some arylamine drugs, involves N-hydroxylation, usually by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450) in Family 1 (1A2, 1A1, and 1B1). We previously demonstrated that the bioactivation product of the anticancer agent 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203), an N-hydroxylamine, can be reduced by P450 2S1 to its amine precursor under anaerobic conditions and, to a lesser extent, under aerobic conditions [Wang, K., and Guengerich, F. P. (2012) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 1740–1751]. In the study presented here, we tested the hypothesis that P450 2S1 is involved in the reductive biotransformation of known carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs. The N-hydroxylamines of 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) were synthesized and found to be reduced by P450 2S1 under both anaero...
The effect of papaverine on in vitro renin secretion.

SummaryThe influence of papaverine-HCl, a smooth muscle relaxant, on in vitro renin release was investigated. We demonstrated a papaverine-induced inhibition of renin release from renal cortical cell suspensions. This inhibition was significant when compared with the release of renin into control medium, at papaverine concentrations of 0.13 and 0.26 mM/1. No effect of papaverine on our radioimmunoassay procedures was found.
Toward a Critical Hauntology: Bare Afterlife and the Ghosts of Ba Chúc

While cross-disciplinary analysis of ghosts and haunting has burgeoned in recent decades, much of this scholarship presumes the figure of the ghost as a less than literal apparition. We propose that writers such as Jacques Derrida and Avery Gordon, who make use of the ghostly as a trope, are in fact describing a phenomenon we term secondary haunting, distinct from accounts of unquiet spirits who address the living directly with specific demands for redress: a visceral and often frightening experience we term primary haunting. Drawing on a contemporary account of the ghosts of a massacre in a Vietnamese village, we explore the complex interaction of primary and secondary haunting, the different kinds of memory work they engage in and the different moral communities they mobilize.
Sexually transmitted and genital tract infections during pregnancy.

Summary Sexually transmitted diseases comprise one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy.60 Prompt treatment is essential to minimize the risk of fetal and neonatal adverse consequences. At this time, however, no pharmacologic therapy is routinely employed for the viral STDs during pregnancy, including HIV, HSV, and hepatitis B virus. Appropriate antibiotic treatment, considered in the context of fetal drug effects, provides high cure rates for many of the other sexually transmitted agents. The approach of the emergency physician to STDs centers on recognition and treatment; however, all physicians encountering this patient population have a responsibility to facilitate access to primary prophylaxis for STD. This means ensuring that issues related to education regarding transmission of STDs, safer sex, and sexual contact counseling are addressed initially or via a primary care referral. In the appropriate setting, complications of pregnancy due to STDs should also be addressed.