cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring

Do authoritarian states deter dissent in the diaspora? Using data on Libyan and Syrian activism in the United States and Great Britain, this study demonstrates that they do through violence, exile, threats, surveillance, and by harming dissidents’ relatives at home. The analysis finds that the transnational repression of these diasporas deterred public anti-regime mobilization before the Arab Spring. I then identify the mechanisms by which Libyans and Syrians overcame these effects during the 2011 revolutions. Activists “came out” when (1) violence at home changed their relatives’ circumstances and upset repression’s relational effects; (2) the sacrifices of vanguard activists expanded their objects of obligation, leading them to embrace cost sharing; and (3) the regimes were perceived as incapable of making good on their threats. However, differences in the regimes’ perceived capacities to repress in 2011 produced significant variation in the pace of diaspora emergence over time and guarded advocacy. The study advances understanding of transnationalism by demonstrating how states exercise coercive power across borders and the conditions under which diasporas mobilize to publicly and collectively challenge home-country regimes.
Personal Wellness and Surgery

As an academic surgeon, it’s a life of variety—one can aim to master the art of surgery and patient care while also forging the cutting edge of science, dedicating time to mentor others, or working in hospital administration to change care delivery. To succeed in any of these capacities, however, a surgeon must strive for balance, both professionally and personally. Priorities often shift depending on the immediate demands of patients, self, family or others resulting in personal wellbeing often taking a backburner. In the text below, within the context of academic surgery, we will discuss aspects of personal wellness that we have found important through our own experiences or experiences documented by others.
Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oils and Some of Their Constituents on the Turkestan Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattidae).

The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker), has become the most important peridomestic species in urban areas of the Southwestern United States. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of botanical compounds to control this urban pest. We tested the acute toxicity and repellency of six botanical constituents and three essential oils on Turkestan cockroach nymphs. Chemical composition of the essential oils was also determined. Topical and fumigant assays with nymphs showed that thymol was the most toxic essential oil constituent, with a LD50 of 0.34 mg/nymph and a LC50 of 27.6 mg/liter air, respectively. Contact toxicity was also observed in assays with trans-Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, geraniol, methyl eugenol, and p-Cymene. Methyl eugenol and geraniol had limited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils from red thyme, clove bud, and Java citronella exhibited toxicity against nymphs. Cockroaches avoided fresh dry residues of thymol and essential oils. Chemical analysis of the essential oils confirmed high contents of effective essential oil constituents. Our results demonstrated that essential oils and some of their constituents have potential as eco-friendly insecticides for the management of Turkestan cockroaches.
Theoretical Study of Ballistic Transport in Silicon Nanowire and Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistors Using Empirical Pseudopotentials

We present a theoretical study of the ballistic performance of gate-all-around field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels consisting of armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons (aGNRs) of various widths and silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with square cross sections. We apply an atomistic quantum transport formalism based on empirical pseudopotentials. Our results show that the turn-OFF behavior of aGNRFETs is seriously affected by source-to-drain tunneling at short channel lengths (e.g., below 10 nm for 3-aGNRs). Defining the threshold voltage ${\textit V}_{\textsf {th}}$ as the gate bias at which the current reaches a given $I_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}} = 0.4~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ , devices with a 5-nm channel length can reach a maximum current of only $400~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ at a gate overdrive ${\textit V}_{\textit {GS}}-{\textit V}_{\textsf {th}} = 0.25$ V (corresponding to an assumed ${V}_{\textsf DD}$ of about 0.4 V). In contrast, SiNWFETs remain immune from source-to-drain tunneling even at 5 nm and show an almost ideal subthreshold swing, a satisfactory current of $1000~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ at the same gate overdrive of 0.25 V, and a reasonable ${\textit I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/I_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ ratio around $2\times 10^{3}$ .
Response to Review Panelists

This article consists of replies to the reviewers. For Ambasciano I show that his concern about the taint of epistemic phenomenologies can be largely deflected by understanding the exact contextualization of the materials he questions, particularly their place in the function, structure and serialized nature of the argument. Responding to Segal I try to clarify the evolutionary role of functionalism, the relation of Durkheim and Eliade as I am using them, and the role of difference in comparativism. Willard’s questions about the relations of my natural history approach to the cultural evolution model provides a good opportunity to point out their complementarity and differences.
Farming the Floodplain: Ecological and Agricultural Tradeoffs and Opportunities in River and Stream Governance in New England's Changing Climate

In New England (United States) climate change models forecast increasingly intense, frequent floods. Communities in this region are already experiencing these changes, along with the negative consequences associated with them, such as inundation, erosion, natural habitat destruction, and property damage. As it is in many places around the world, agriculture in New England is often in floodplains, which means that farmers are at greater risk due to where they farm. These farmers are already adapting to the increased risk of flooding; however, some of their actions may affect communities downstream, both human and ecological. This case study examines the competing perspectives of farmers and other community stakeholders in New England as farmers work to adapt to increasing flood impacts. Our premise is that, considering the intensified pressures of climate change on agriculture near rivers and streams, we must find ways to allow farmers to adapt to protect their farms and downstream communities.
HOMER: An Interactive System for Home Based Stroke Rehabilitation

Delivering long term, unsupervised stroke rehabilitation in the home is a complex challenge that requires robust, low cost, scalable, and engaging solutions. We present HOMER, an interactive system that uses novel therapy artifacts, a computer vision approach, and a tablet interface to provide users with a flexible solution suitable for home based rehabilitation. HOMER builds on our prior work developing systems for lightly supervised rehabilitation use in the clinic, by identifying key features for functional movement analysis, adopting a simplified classification assessment approach, and supporting transferability of therapy outcomes to daily living experiences through the design of novel rehabilitation artifacts. A small pilot study with unimpaired subjects indicates the potential of the system in effectively assessing movement and establishing a creative environment for training.
The Relationship of Exchange and Commitment

In this chapter, I examine the relationship of exchange and commitment. Before doing so, however, it is necessary to note that exchange, like other overused terms such as projection and love, challenges our communicative skills to the maximum. Of projection Murray (1951) observed, “If projection means everything it means nothing” (p. 13). In a similar vein, it took me an entire chapter (Murstein, 1988) to delineate the various ways in which love was used, and I concluded that there was no simple definition that could cover its myriad meanings.
High-Resolution Specific Heat of Co Cl 2 · 6 H 2 O

The specific heat of a single crystal of Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} 6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been measured with high resolution near ${T}_{N}=2.29$ K. The data were fitted to the usual asymptotic form $C=A{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}+B$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=|1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{N}}|$, using several different techniques. An examination of the gradient $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}C}{\ensuremath{\partial}T}$ showed that the critical region was limited to $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\lesssim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and that for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ the specific heat was rounded. The data were found to fit the asymptotic form for $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\lesssim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ for $Tl{T}_{N}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ for $Tg{T}_{N}$. It was also found that the observed rounding could be predicted by treating the sample as a system of microcrystals having a finite distribution of ordering temperatures. It was thus possible to produce a reasonable fit to all the data for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}l7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ using the above values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which were determined from the data in the "unrounded critical region." It was further found that the results of a previous experiment in another laboratory could also be fitted over the entire critical region using the above values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with a somewhat broader distribution of ordering temperatures.
Adjoint Functions and Orthogonality Relations

Abstract operator methods are used to derive the relations between a function satisfying the generalized eigenvalue problem and its various adjoints. Several orthogonality relations are obtained. (auth)
Inherent Meanings from the Environmental Impacts of the Production and Performance of Electronic Music

The performance of electronic music is imbued with meanings related to associated ecological impacts resulting from its methods of production. These meanings include discourses related to implicated waste byproducts and their subsequent ecological effects. While such underlying features have been present since the inception of the genre, increased understanding and awareness of potential global catastrophe from climate change and of damage from electronic waste pollution brings contextual awareness of the truth of ecological impacts closer to the fore. A review and analysis of associated communication is conducted along with ethical considerations within their discourse, followed by a discussion of mitigation practices and compositional control of meanings suggested by the analysis.
New Teacher Socialization and the Testing Apparatus.

Given the well-documented pervasiveness of high-stakes assessment in preK–12 schools, many researchers have investigated how testing affects students. In this article, Sarah Byrne Bausell and Jocelyn A. Glazier explore the ways that high-stakes testing influences beginning teacher socialization and the ways that teacher colleagues shape one another's responses to these policies. The authors use discourse analysis to examine six years of transcripts collected from a series of quarterly teacher discussion groups, during which elementary school teachers talked about their work within the testing landscape. Their findings indicate that high-stakes testing deeply affects teacher beliefs, practices, and socialization behaviors, thus revealing a troubling tendency to position students as numbers and a sharp decline in talk about teaching philosophies and practices develops alongside the testing policy landscape. Bausell and Glazier recommend that teacher educators prepare future teachers with an understanding of...
International Graduate Student Labor as Mergers and Acquisitions

This study critically examines the self-reported experiences of international graduate students using a framework understanding internationalization as acquisitions and mergers. Students reported positive experiences with their advisors. However, students’ accounts of laboratories and other research settings were diverse, ranging from co-contributors to knowledge and respected collaborators to employed cheap labor that their advisors depended upon for their own gains. In some cases, these students feared that their funding would be cut off or dismissed from the program (and consequently deported from the US) if they challenged their advisors. Whether such apprehensions were valid is unknown as this study focused on perceptions of the students only. The findings do lead to important future directions for research and practice.
Living Longer, With or Without Disability? A Global and Longitudinal Perspective

Background Significant gains in life expectancy have been achieved, but living longer does not necessarily mean the years gained are productive and healthy. Different theories predict different patterns of time trends in old-age disability prevalence. Methods Using the Gateway to Global Aging Data, which provides internationally harmonized longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study and its sister surveys, we compare time trends (from 2004 to 2014) in disability prevalence across countries. Results Disability prevalence varies greatly across countries, and divergent time trends are observed across countries. For countries such as Belgium, Czechia, and Mexico, we observe an increase of disability prevalence, whereas in countries such as Denmark, England, Greece, Korea, Poland, and Sweden, we observe a substantial decrease in disability prevalence. Looking further into the severity of disability, we often observe differential trends in prevalence, but there is no evidence supporting the dynamic equilibrium hypothesis that predicts increased prevalence of modest disability but a decrease in severe disability prevalence. Conclusions Significant gains in life expectancy have translated into different gains in healthy years of life across different countries. Diverse time trends in disability prevalence across countries reaffirm that the expansion of late-life disability is not inevitable.
Moderation of relation between psychological risk factors and alcohol use by sex.

Alcohol consumption is a significant public health concern among young adults, with most recent research suggesting that the sex gap in alcohol consumption among young adults is closing. Thus, the ...
Transatlantic relations in the run-up to Pearl Harbor: The Dutch East Indies at Stake

This paper provides an extensive historical reconstruction of the diplomatic exchanges between the United States, the Netherlands and Great Britain regarding the 1941 oil embargo on Japan. Based on new multi-archival evidence, it interrogates Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s foreign policy and allied cooperation in the Far East during this time, and sheds new light on the question whether FDR aimed to provoke or deter Japan at the onset of the American entry into World War II. This research contributes to the diplomatic and transatlantic history literature, foreign policy analysis literature, and speaks more specifically to the debate on deception and the American entry into the Second World War.
Dual-color volumetric imaging of neural activity of cortical columns in vivo (Conference Presentation)

High-speed volumetric imaging of neural activity at cellular resolution is important to capture the emergent functional properties of neural circuits. While two-photon calcium imaging provides a power tool to study population activity in vivo, conventional two-photon microscopes only image two-dimensional planes. Expanding it to three-dimensions while maintaining a high spatiotemporal resolution appears necessary. Here, we developed a novel two-photon microscope with dual-color laser excitation that can image neural activity in a 3D volume with high spatiotemporal resolution. We use 920 nm and 1064 nm lasers to image, at the same time, neurons labeled with GCaMP6 in mice cortical layer 2/3, and with jRGECO in layer 5, respectively. An electrically tunable lens or a spatial light modulator was implemented in the beam path to enable fast sequential or simultaneous imaging of different focal planes. Using this beam multiplexing strategy, we image the neuronal activity of cortical circuits at high speed in primary visual cortex from awake mice (from layer 1 to 5 at 10 vol/s). We analyze the orientation tuning properties of cells in cortical columns, as well as the spatial structures of visually-evoked neuronal ensembles. Furthermore, we demonstrate fast volumetric calcium imaging of layer 1 apical dendrites and layer 2/3 somata in local V1 circuits, as well as long-range projections from PFC and layer 2/3 somata in V1.
Subcellular Spatial Transcriptomes: Emerging Frontier for Understanding Gene Regulation

RNAs are trafficked and localized with exquisite precision inside the cell. Studies of candidate messenger RNAs have shown the vital importance of RNA subcellular location in development and cellular function. New sequencing- and imaging-based methods are providing complementary insights into subcellular localization of RNAs transcriptome-wide. APEX-seq and ribosome profiling as well as proximity-labeling approaches have revealed thousands of transcript isoforms are localized to distinct cytotopic locations, including locations that defy biochemical fractionation and hence were missed by prior studies. Sequences in the 3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) serve as "zip codes" to direct transcripts to particular locales, and it is clear that intronic and retrotransposable sequences within transcripts have been co-opted by cells to control localization. Molecular motors, nuclear-to-cytosol RNA export, liquid-liquid phase separation, RNA modifications, and RNA structure dynamically shape the subcellular transcriptome. Location-based RNA regulation continues to pose new mysteries for the field, yet promises to reveal insights into fundamental cell biology and disease mechanisms.
Adolescent Health Behaviors in Schools with 4- Versus 5-Day School Weeks

Background The adoption of a shortened school week from the traditional 5 to 4 days is increasing nationwide. Budgetary and staffing needs are driving the change, yet research on the effects on students is lacking, especially regarding student health. Our study examined student health in 4 vs 5-day schools in Colorado, a state with one of the highest numbers of schools with a 4-day week. Methods Data are from a population-based survey of high-school students. Student responses were weighted to school enrollment, and schools were classified by length of the school week. Indicators of health behaviors and outcomes were compared between the two groups, adjusted for student and school characteristics. Results A 4-day school week was associated with several positive health outcomes (improved student engagement, decreased substance use behaviors, decreased non-school screen time, and increased physical activity) as well as several negative health outcomes (increased bullying, increased sexual activity, decreased sleep, and breakfast consumption). Conclusions Our study found mixed health outcomes associated with attending schools with shortened weeks. The findings may be related to longer school days and a non-contact day, but further research is needed.
The Student with a Learning Disability: Maxwell Mason, a Nursing Student with a Learning Disability in a Baccalaureate Degree Program

A first-generation college student in a baccalaureate in nursing program has a learning disability in reading. He received academic support in elementary and junior high school but has not felt he required assistance since then. He fails his first nursing examination which prompts him to disclose that he has a learning disability.
Welfare Analysis via Marginal Treatment Effects

Consider a causal structure with endogeneity (i.e., unobserved confoundedness) in empirical data, where an instrumental variable is available. In this setting, we show that the mean social welfare function can be identified and represented via the marginal treatment effect (MTE, Bjorklund and Moffitt, 1987) as the operator kernel. This representation result can be applied to a variety of statistical decision rules for treatment choice, including plug-in rules, Bayes rules, and empirical welfare maximization (EWM) rules as in Hirano and Porter (2020, Section 2.3). Focusing on the application to the EWM framework of Kitagawa and Tetenov (2018), we provide convergence rates of the worst case average welfare loss (regret) in the spirit of Manski (2004).
193-OR: Memory Advancement with Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Control Trial

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of dementia. Intranasal insulin (INI) has emerged as treatment for T2DM-related cognitive impairment. This randomized, doubled blind trial consisted of 24-week treatment with 40 IU of intranasal insulin (Novolin® R) or placebo (sterile saline) once daily and 24-week follow-up period. T2DM and control participants > 50 years old and able to walk for 6 minutes, were enrolled. The primary outcomes were INI effect on cognition and normal and dual task walking. A total of 244 participants (122 women; 65.8 ± 9.1 years old) were randomized in the four groups (57 DM-INI, 58 DM-Placebo, 65 Control-INI, 64 Control-Placebo). Of 223 at baseline, 174 completed treatment (84 DM [70% of planned enrollment] and 90 controls [100%]), and 156 (69 DM) completed the follow-up. In T2DM, INI did not improve cognitive outcomes or depression as compared to placebo. In controls, INI improved verbal learning during on-treatment (p=0.03) and post-treatment (p=0.03) periods (Mixed Models). DM-INI group had faster normal walking at baseline and on-treatment (p Disclosure V. Novak: Advisory Panel; Spouse/Partner; Endonovo Therapeutics, Inc., Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Dysimmune Foundtation, Other Relationship; Spouse/Partner; Oxford University Press. L. Aponte becerra: None. L. H. Ngo: Consultant; Self; Five Islands Consulting, Other Relationship; Self; Radiological Society of America. C. Mantzoros: Advisory Panel; Self; Amgen Inc., GENFIT, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. P. Novak: Other Relationship; Self; Dysimmune Foundation, Endonovo Therapeutics, Oxford Press. R. Mcglinchey: None. W. Dai: None. V. Lioutas: Consultant; Self; QMetis. S. Buss: Consultant; Self; Kinto Care. C. B. Fortier: None. F. Khan: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK103902); U.S. Food and Drug Administration (IND107690); Novo Nordisk (ISS-001063), Medtronic (NERP15-0310); World Health Organization (UTN-U111-1175-1588)
Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 3

The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 3 for some key, climate-sensitive crops.
College Transition Program for Student-Athletes (CTPSA): A Psychoeducational Group for Boys of Color:

This article suggests a group intervention for student-athlete boys of color who intend to play sports in college. This group is a component of a larger proposed school-wide program, the College Tr...
Integrating accessibility into the computer science curriculum

In recent years, making Web sites and software programs that are accessible to the disabled has received attention. Several computer science educators have begun to include accessibility issues into their existing courses. This paper, using an approach followed at many universities to integrate ethics and social responsibility topics into the CS curriculum, identifies courses and strategies to integrate accessibility topics into existing curriculum. Six undergraduate projects are presented as examples of capstone and research projects that deal explicitly with the topic of accessibility. A key to success in these projects has been including outside consultants that work with the disabled population.
Microbial Biomass and Activity Distribution in an Anoxic, Hypersaline Basin

The Orca Basin is a hypersaline depression in the northern Gulf of Mexico with anoxic conditions observed in the lower 200 m of the water column. Measurements of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, heterotrophic potential, and uridine uptake made above and across the interface into the anoxic zone revealed the presence of an active microbial population approximately 100 m above the interface. Biomass and activity decreased at and just below the interface but increased near the bottom, consistent with similar observations made in the Cariaco Trench. The maximum adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration above the interface of 5.9 ng/liter (2,173 m) is about eight times greater than the value found in oxygenated waters of corresponding depth in the absence of an anoxic zone. The maximum adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration in the anoxic zone is approximately 15 times greater than that found in oxygenated water of similar depth, suggesting anoxia will support the development of a larger bacterial population. Our findings suggest that autotrophic bacteria may be the dominant physiological group in the region just above the interface.
Computational Logical Frameworks and Generic Program Analysis Technologies

The technologies developed to solve the verifying compiler grand challenge should be generic, that is, not tied to a particular language but widely applicable to many languages. Such technologies should also be semantics-based, that is, based on a rigorous formal semantics of the languages. For this, a computational logical frameworkwith efficient executability and a spectrum of meta-toolscan serve as a basis on which to: (1) define the formal semantics of any programming language; and (2) develop generic program analysis techniquesand toolsthat can be instantiated to generate powerful analysis tools for each language of interest. Not all logical frameworks can serve such purposes well. We first list some specific requirements that we think are important to properly address the grand challenge. Then we present our experience with rewriting logic as supported by the Maude system and its formal tool environment. Finally, we discuss some future directions of research.
Countertransference and Clinical Social Work Supervision

ABSTRACT Countertransference, once regarded as a major impediment in the therapeutic endeavor, is now generally held to be a potentially useful tool in the treatment and supervisory processes. These therapeutic and supervisory situations comprise aspects of both subjective and objective countertransference. A comprehensive review of the social work and psychoanalytic literature reveals several prevalent subjective countertransference themes in the supervisory situation, such as envy of the supervisee, an attitude of omniscience on the part of the supervisor, and factors relating to the supervisor's position in an institutional setting. Objective counter-transference elements are discussed in relation to reflection, parallel, multidimensional parallel, and triangulation processes.
Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism's Performance and Potential

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is the first global attempt to address a global environmental public goods problem with a market-based mechanism. The CDM is a carbon credit market where sellers, located exclusively in developing countries, can generate and certify emissions reductions that can be sold to buyers located in developed countries. Since 2004 it has grown rapidly and is now a critical component of developed-country govern- ment and private-firm compliance strategies for the Kyoto Protocol. This Article presents an overview of the development and current shape of the market, then examines two important classes of emission reduction projects within the CDM and argues that they both point to the need for reform of the international climate regime in the post-Kyoto era, albeit in different ways. Potential options for reforming the CDM and an alternative mechanism for financing emissions reductions in developing countries are then presented and discussed.
Quality of life in patients with binge eating disorder

Objective: To examine Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). Design: Cross-sectional comparison of HRQL in a BED sample to published normative and clinical samples. Further cross-sectional comparisons within the BED sample comparing obese and non-obese subjects, and depressed and non-depressed subjects. Subjects: Ninety-four patients (73 women and 21 men), who met DSM-IV criteria and attended a medical school based program for BED, participated. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 35.2 (SD=8.1), and mean age was 44.9 (SD=8.3); 78.7% of participants were Caucasian. Measurements: Subjects completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), a self-report measure of HRQL. Results: BED patients reported worse functioning in all HRQL domains than US norms, and in some domains of HRQL than obese treatment seekers. Among BED patients, obese BED subjects had significantly worse Physical Component summary scores than non-obese BED subjects, whereas depressed BED subjects had significantly worse Mental Component summary scores than nondepressed BED subjects. Conclusion: Obesity status and depression appear to be related to HRQL among BED patients with obesity being related to physical HRQL and depression being related to mental HRQL.
In Vitro suppression of DNA synthesis by a remission induction agent and its correlation with response in adult acute leukemia

Abstract Fifty-three adult patients who presented with previously untreated acute leukemia had leukemic cells incubated in vitro with five doses of cytosine arabinoside ( 0.001–0.1 μg/ml ) and adriamycin ( 0.1–10 μg/ml . Thymidine incorporation was measured in treated and untreated cells. Greater than 80% suppression of pretreatment thymidine incorporation after treatment with 0.004 μg/ml of cytosine arabinoside correlated with complete remission (CR) of the patient. A Mahalonobis' D 2 score, which provides an index of the deviation of patient's in vitro drug response from the mean profile of responders, was calculated for each drug. Patients who had D 2 values greater than 10 for Ara-C were less likely to respond to therapy. Patients with low D 2 s had rates of CR higher than predicted by the prognostic model employed at U.T.M.D. Anderson Hospital. However, unlike in our previous report, responders and non-responders were not clearly separable on the basis of the D 2 value.
SEED IMPRESSIONS ON PLASTIC FILMS

Microscopic details on the hard surfaces of seeds or other parts of fruits are frequently sufficiently characteristic to permit the accurate identification of related species. These taxonomic features have hitherto been largely neglected, however, because of the difficulty of seeing them directly under the microscope. The thickness of the fruit structures, the presence of pigmentation, and the reflection of light from smooth surfaces are difficulties that may be overcome by making impressions of the structures on plastic films. This new method is an outgrowth and modification of a method of obtaining impressions of the surface structures of fur fibers recently developed by Hardy and Plitt (1). Seeds were placed in carbitol acetate1 in a small dish for a minute or two. They were then removed by means of forceps and placed between two pieces of transparent cellulose acetate film, 0.005 inch thick and 1 inch square. Adequate padding to obtain clear impressions without crushing the seeds was built up by placing on each side of this double stratum the following: 4 additional strips of plastic film, one strip of sponge rubber (insulation stripping) approximately 0.25 inch thick, and a smooth steel plate. The whole stack was held together by means of a wide clamp which was screwed down until the rubber was compressed to J or \ of its original thickness. This unit was placed for 5 minutes in an electric oven maintained at approximately 90? C. Upon removal from the oven the central double stratum containing the seeds was taken out of the unit and allowed to cool and harden before removing the seeds with a brush or needle. The two plastic films bearing the impressions were mounted face down on glass slides with very narrow strips of transparent adhesive film around the edges. Thus the impressions are positive images of the surfaces. The impressions are best viewed through the microscope using oblique transmitted
A set of inter-Alu PCR markers for chromosome 21 generated from pulsed-field gel-fractionated NotI restriction fragments

Genomic probes can be efficiently obtained for specific chromosomal regions by PCR amplification of gel slices containing fractionated restriction enzyme-cleaved DNA. Here, single-copy, human-specific DNA sequences were amplified using inter-Alu PCR on gel slices containing a NotI digest of DNA from hybrid cell line WAV17. Rodent cell line WAV17 contains human chromosome 21. About 75% of the 0.15- to 3-kb inter-Alu PCR products could be regionally assigned, en masse, by hybridization experiments using inter-Alu PCR probes generated from cell lines containing portions of chromosome 21. This work produced 10 new chromosome 21 markers that came from regions of 21q containing few useful markers. These markers were needed to finish a NotI restriction map for 21q (Wang and Smith (1994) Genomics 20: 441). This approach provides markers needed to close map gaps and for top-down mapping approaches.
The relationship between student communication motives and information seeking

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between college students’ communication motives (i.e., relational, functional, participatory, excuse making, sycophantic) and their use of information‐seeking strategies (i.e., overt, indirect, third party, testing, observing). Participants were 149 students enrolled in an introductory communication course at a Mid‐Atlantic university. Results indicated that (a) students who communicate for the sycophantic, relational, and participatory motives use the indirect and observing information‐seeking strategies and (b) students who communicate for the functional communication motive use the overt information‐seeking strategy, but do not use the testing information‐seeking strategy. Future research should examine whether college students use information‐seeking strategies with their classmates and the impact of the use of these strategies on their learning experience.
The Mucin Muc4 Potentiates Neuregulin Signaling by Increasing the Cell-surface Populations of ErbB2 and ErbB3 *

Mucins provide a protective barrier for epithelial surfaces, and their overexpression in tumors has been implicated in malignancy. We have previously demonstrated that Muc4, a transmembrane mucin that promotes tumor growth and metastasis, physically interacts with the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase and augments receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in response to the neuregulin-1β (NRG1β) growth factor. In the present study we demonstrate that Muc4 expression in A375 human melanoma cells, as well as MCF7 and T47D human breast cancer cells, enhances NRG1β signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. In examining the mechanism underlying Muc4-potetiated ErbB2 signaling, we found that Muc4 expression markedly augments NRG1β binding to A375 cells without altering the total quantity of receptors expressed by the cells. Cell-surface protein biotinylation experiments and immunofluorescence studies suggest that Muc4 induces the relocalization of the ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane. Moreover, Muc4 interferes with the accumulation of surface receptors within internal compartments following NRG1β treatment by suppressing the efficiency of receptor internalization. These observations suggest that transmembrane mucins can modulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by influencing receptor localization and trafficking and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms by which mucins contribute to tumor growth and progression.
Stereoelectronic control in the base catalyzed hydrolysis of five-membered ring cyclic phosphonamidates

Abstract The base catalyzed hydrolysis of 2-phenyl-2-oxo-3-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine, 6 , and 2-phenyl-2-oxo-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine, 7 , yields ring opened products involving 95% and 100% P-O cleavage, respectively.
Targeting Molecular Pathways with Camptothecin as Novel Therapy for Gastric Cancer

Novel chemotherapeutic agents are needed to treat gastric cancer for which the prognosis remains dismal. The antitumor alkaloid camptothecin (CPT) may be useful in the treatment of certain solid tumors; however, its effects on gastric cancer are largely undefined. The purpose of our study was to characterze the effects of CPT on human gastric tumors in vivo and to determine the cellular mechanisms involved in CPT-mediated inhibition. Two human gastric cancers, WIL and TOR, were transplanted sub-cutaneously into athymic nude mice. After tumors reached 50 to 100 mm2, mice were randomized into three groups to receive injections of either low-dose CPT (5 mg/kg), high-dose CPT (10 mg/kg), or vehicle (control) intraperitoneally 3 days a week for 3 weeks. Tumors were measured and weighed, and protein levels of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21Wafl/Cipl, and the antiapopton’c protein, Bcl-2, were assessed. Both dosages of CPT significantly inhibited growth of WIL and TOR gastric tumors. CPT (10 mg/kg) reduced tumor size compared to baseline, establishing this as a tumoricidal dosage. Treatment with CPT was associated with increased levels of p21Wafl/Cipl and decreased levels of Bcl-2. CPT effectively kills human gastric cancers associated with increased levels of p2 lW’Cipi and decreased levels of Bcl-2. By activating cell cycle withdrawal and cell death through induction of p2 lWafl/Cipl and downregulation of Bcl-2, CPT may be an effective agent for gastric cancer.
Lysosphingomyelin prevents behavioral aberrations and hippocampal neuron loss induced by the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist quisqualate.

Abstract 1. 1. Excessive excitation of brain neurons by the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, induces a cascade of events leading to increased intracellular Ca++, neuronal degeneration and death. 2. 2. Recent in vitro research has demonstrated that a natural cationic amphiphile in the brain, lysosphingomyelin, may be able to prevent neuronal degeneration by repressing phosphosinositidase-C overactivation induced by excessive excitation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor. 3. 3. This research tested the latter finding in vivo in a rat model of glutamate excitotoxicity. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) administration of the Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, quisqualate, produced seizures, akinesia, destruction of hippocampal pyramidal cell dendritic microtubule-associated protein-2, and major loss of hippocampal CA sector neurons. 4. 4. Prophylactic i.c.v. infusion of lysosphingomyelin powerfully attenuates these quisqualate-induced behaviors and prevents neuronal degeneration. 5. 5. Lysosphingomyelin may be of clinical use in allaying progressive Group 1 mGluR-induced hippocampal cognitive and motor disorders including Alzheimer's disease, brain seizure, and stroke.
Capital budgeting and the multinational corporation

A survey of the methods currently being used by firms to evaluate multinational financing investments indicates that a better conceptual framework for such evaluation is needed. Solutions to capital budgeting problems are suggested.
A J2EE application for process accounting, LPAR accounting, and transaction accounting

Accounting is critical for information technology budgeting and chargeback. Traditional accounting in UNIX/Linux systems is known as process accounting, in which an accounting record is created when a process ends. System administrators typically aggregate accounting records based on individual users or groups. As Web and application servers along with databases handle requests and transactions for multiple entities in various Web applications and services, LPAR accounting and transaction accounting become increasingly critical for service providers in shared resource environments. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a J2EE accounting application for resource usage metering. For process accounting the resulting system can generate usage reports by projects, by groups, by users, by commands, or by a combination of these identifiers. For dynamically changing partitions it generates reports for shared resources including CPUs, memories, disks, file systems, and network interfaces. For transaction accounting it generates reports based on account classes provided that applications are instrumented. It is the first known J2EE accounting application for UNIX/Linux transaction accounting.
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests

Preface 1. The problem of Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests 2. The Byzantine Empire in an era of accelerating change 3. Difficulties in devising defences for Syria 4. The first Muslim penetrations of Byzantine territory 5. Early tests in southern Palestine 6. Problems of cohesion: the battle of Jabiya-Yarmuk reconsidered 7. The brief struggle to save northern Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia 8. Byzantium, Armenia, Armenians, and early Islamic conquests 9. Controversy and confidence in the seventh-century crisis 10. Elements of failure and endurance Bibliography Index.
ON EMRICK'S “AN EVALUATION MODEL FOR MASTERY TESTING”*

Emrick (1971) described an evaluation model for mastery testing that has since generated some interest. In this model it is assumed that 1) educational objectives consist of a collection of unitary and explicitly defined skills, 2) each of these skills is a binary (all or none) variable and 3) tests designed to assess mastery of a particular skill consist of collections of test items that are homogeneous in terms of content, form and difficulty. In addition, Emrick's model incorporates two types of error: Type I or alpha (a) in which the examinee's responses lead to a mastery conclusion when hir true status is nonmastery, and Type II or beta (/3) in which hir item responses lead to a nonmastery conclusion when in fact (s)he has mastered the skill in question. Table 1 was used by Emrick as a representation of the decision situation. Note that both a and A are conditional probabilities; thus, ( is the probability of a nonmastery decision given that the examinee has attained mastery of the skill in question. This implies that the display in Table 1 cannot be interpreted in the usual manner. Ordinarily the parameter (/, as shown in Table 1, would be interpreted as the probability that an examinee has attained mastery and gives an incorrect response, i.e., 0 would not represent a conditional probability. When the entries in a fourfold table represent the corresponding probabilities of four mutually exclusive events, the entries must sum to one. We see that the entries in Table 1 sum to two, not one. Moreover interpreting Table 1 in the usual way would imply that the number of masters and the number of nonmasters are equal, since the corresponding marginal proportions are both equal to one. We assume, therefore, that Emrick did not intend Table 1 to be interpreted as an ordinary fourfold contingency table, and more importantly, that a and , represent conditional probabilities, as indicated above. Let RR denote the ratio of regret of Type II to Type I decision errors (see Emrick, 1971, p. 324). The main result given by Emrick is an algorithm for determining the cut-off score for a mastery test, the algorithm being a function of a, /, RR, and the number of items on the test, say n. Our goal in this paper is to point out certain restrictions in Emrick's model that may not be immediately evident. As indicated above, the use of Emrick's model depends upon the values of a and /3. One difficulty is, of course, that the values of a and 0 are usually unknown. Consequently, it is necessary to devise a procedure for estimating these parameters. As a solution to this problem, Emrick uses a function of the average interitem reliability as an estimate of a + (. In particular, he attempts to estimate the correlation
Nityasumangali: Devadasi Tradition in South India

The functions and forms of the Devadasi tradition are also examined within the Temple Ritual. Data from Sanskrit Agamas, commentaries, Tamil Sources, informant's accounts and form the actual repertoire of the Devadasis have been woven into a coherent structure.
Entropy production in boundary layers

The development of the entropy production in moving media entails consideration of momentum, energy, and entropy balances. The radiation-affected forced convection over a flat plate is presently investigated in terms of a thin gas, with a view to evaluating the distribution of entropy within and outside the radiation-affected thermal boundary layer. The retained nonlinearity of temperature in the entropy production leads to an extremum in this production within the boundary layer, rather than on the boundary. 14 refs.
Grapevine: a novel PACS-integrated group peer-review system to improve quality and standardization in vascular and interventional radiology

Purpose In order to monitor the quality and standardization of imaging reports and procedures, as well as fulfill JC and CMS requirements for peer review, our department has developed a web-based information-technology system that facilitates and tracks conferences for report review and evaluation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the data obtained by this system to describe the frequency and the type of disagreements encountered. Materials and Methods Grapevine is a web-based group peer review system integrated into the hospital Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and Radiology Information System (RIS) to allow for ease of use and monitoring of compliance. Approximately 12 reports, randomly selected by Grapevine, were reviewed in two system-facilitated conferences per week over a 1-year period. The frequency and the type of disagreements identified by group peer review using Grapevine was examined. Results A total of 539 diagnostic and interventional vascular studies underwent group peer review over the study time period. 16 (3%) disagreements requiring attention were identified through group review and logged using the Grapevine interface; 7 were ultrasound cases (44%), 6 were CT cases (37.5%), 2 were procedures (12.5%) and 1 was MR (6.25%). Of all the disagreements identified by the group, 4 reports were addended (25%) in response to the reviewers’ concerns. Conclusion Grapevine is an easy to use integrated web-based group peer review system that can improve peer review compliance and track report disagreements. The majority of the reports were deemed acceptable by the group, with disagreements mostly related to interpretation of vascular imaging.