cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic consistency and other challenges in coarse-graining models

This paper presents a critical discussion of coarse-graining models of complex molecular liquids, starting from the Integral Equation Coarse-Graining method (IECG). For liquids of macro- molecules this method allows for the analytical solution of the coarse-graining formalism, including the effective pair potential, and providing in this way a convenient framework to study general issues concerning coarse-graining.
Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex by escapable stress is necessary for protection against subsequent inescapable stress-induced potentiation of morphine conditioned place preference

Stress can be a predisposing factor in the development of psychiatric disorders. However, not all individuals develop psychiatric disorders following a traumatic event. An attempt to understand these individual differences has led to a focus on factors that produce resistance. Interestingly, in rats, an experience with escapable tailshock (ES) before inescapable tailshock (IS) prevents the typical anxiety-like behavioral outcomes of IS. This type of resistance has been termed 'behavioral immunization', and it depends on activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during ES. However, one outcome of IS that is not anxiety-related is potentiation of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). The present experiments investigated whether prior ES would block IS-induced potentiation of morphine CPP. Rats received either ES, IS or homecage control treatment on day 1 and then either IS or homecage control treatment on day 2. Twenty-four hours following day 2, rats underwent morphine conditioning, and CPP was subsequently assessed. In a second experiment, rats received ES 3, 14 or 56 days prior to IS to determine the duration of behavioral immunization. In a final experiment, rats were microinjected with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol (50 ng/0.5 μL) or saline in the mPFC before day 1 of stress. Prior ES blocked IS-induced potentiation of morphine CPP. This immunizing effect of ES lasted for at least 56 days. Additionally, intra-mPFC muscimol during ES prevented behavioral immunization. These results suggest that prior experience with ES activates the mPFC and produces long-lasting neural alterations that block subsequent IS-induced potentiation of morphine CPP.
The effect of decision rules on the choice of a body mass index cutoff for obesity: examples from African American and white women

Background: Ethnic differences in the relation of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) to morbidity and mortality have led investigators to question whether a single cutoff for obesity should be applied to all ethnic groups. Objective: The effects of using 4 different outcomes and 3 different measures of effect as criteria for comparing BMI cutoffs were shown with the use of data from 45- to 64-y-old African American and white women. Design: Data were from the Cancer Prevention Study I (CPS-I) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. The outcomes were mortality (9211 deaths), diabetes (757 cases), hypertension (1518 cases), and hypertriglyceridemia (1264 cases). The measures of effect were incidence rate, rate ratio, and rate difference. The BMI in African American women that was associated with a risk equivalent to that of white women with a BMI of 30 was estimated. Results: There was no significant association between BMI and mortality in African American women. The BMI in African American women that was associated with a risk of diabetes equivalent to that of white women with a BMI of 30 was 28.0-34.5, depending on the measure of effect. For hypertension, the equivalent risk in African American women occurred at a BMI of < 18-38, depending on the measure of effect. There was no BMI at which African American women had an incidence rate or rate ratio for hypertriglyceridemia that was as high as that of white women with a BMI of 30. Conclusion: BMI cutoffs associated with equivalent risk across ethnic groups differ widely depending on the outcome and the risk estimate.
Air classification of pea flour–analytical studies

The pea-milling and subsequent air classification of whole peas was investigated on laboratory scale equipment. Two approximately linear but divergent calibration graphs were constructed for the air classifier based on two different definitions of particle size cut-point. At high classifying speed (11 000 rev min−1) a fine fraction or protein concentrate was produced containing 55.1% protein (cf. 22% in original flour) although this represented only 29% of the total protein. The yield of protein in the fine fraction could be increased by using a three-stage milling and classifying procedure, although the actual protein content of the concentrate remained more or less the same. This procedure also had the effect of reducing protein contamination of the starch (coarse) fraction. Other effects of air classifying observed included the concentration of the lipid component into the fine fraction and the rough fractionation of the fibre constituent between the coarse (testa) and fine (cell wall material) fractions. Various aspects and problems associated with the use of air classification for the preparation of pea protein concentrates are discussed.
Usefulness of systolic excursion of the mitral anulus as an index of left ventricular systolic function.

Abstract Studies in both humans and nonhuman animals show that the mitral anulus changes its size, shape and position during the cardiac cycle. 1–3 Left ventricular (LV) contraction results in shortening along both the short and long axis of the left ventricle. With each systole, the mitral anulus moves toward the apex in a cephalocaudal direction. 1–3 It has also been observed that the displacement of the mitral anulus during the systole is reduced with dilated cardiomyopathy. 4 We examined the relation between the amount of systolic excursion of the mitral anulus and LV systolic function as measured by radionuclide ventriculography and a variety of echocardiographic techniques.
Area and mammalian elevational diversity.

Elevational gradients hold enormous potential for understanding general properties of biodiversity. Like latitudinal gradients, the hypotheses for diversity patterns can be grouped into historical explanations, climatic drivers, and spatial hypotheses. The spatial hypotheses include the species-area effect and spatial constraint (mid-domain effect null models). I test these two spatial hypotheses using regional diversity patterns for mammals (non-volant small mammals and bats) along 34 elevational gradients spanning 24.4? S-40.4? N latitude. There was high variability in the fit to the species-area hypothesis and the mid domain effect. Both hypotheses can be eliminated as primary drivers of elevational diversity. Area and spatial constraint both represent sources of error rather than mechanisms underlying these mammalian diversity patterns. Similar results are expected for other vertebrate taxa, plants, and invertebrates since they show comparable distributions of elevational diversity patterns to mammalian patterns.
Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the analysis of Esterom, a topical product consisting of hydrolyzed benzoylecgonine in propylene glycol.

Esterom®, a new drug currently in human clinical trials, is a mixture of compounds in a propylene glycol vehicle. It is being evaluated as a topical treatment to aid in the relief of muscle pain and to increase range of motion. Benzoylecgonine is the major component of Esterom and there are at least nine other minor constituents, including four hydroxypropyl esters that have multiple diasteriomers. The aim of the study was to develop a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation of the main components in Esterom, including the multiple proposed diastereomers of the esters. Due to the complex sample composition, the use of micelles and cyclodextrins as buffer modifiers was evaluated. A cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was able to determine 7 of the 8 UV-active Esterom components, with baseline separation of 7 of the 10 diastereomers of the hydroxypropyl esters.
Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Surface properties of aerosols in the Mexico City metropolitan area have been measured in a variety of exposure scenarios related to vehicle emissions in 2002, using continuous, real-time instruments. The objective of these experiments is to describe ambient and occupational particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations associated with vehicular traffic and facilities using diesel vehicles. Median total particulate PAH concentrations along Mexico City's roadways range from 60 to 910 ng m-3, averaged over a minimum of 1 h. These levels are approximately 5 times higher than concentrations measured in the United States and among the highest measured ambient values reported in the literature. The ratio of particulate PAH concentration to aerosol active surface area is much higher along roadways and in other areas of fresh vehicle emissions, compared to ratios measured at sites influenced more by aged emissions or noncombustion sources. For particles freshly emitted by vehicles, PAH and elem...
Dynamic seeding of perfusing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) onto dual-function cell adhesion ligands: Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-streptavidin and biotinylated fibronectin.

Surfaces decorated with high affinity ligands can be used to facilitate rapid attachment of endothelial cells; however, standard equilibrium cell detachment studies are poorly suited for assessing these initial adhesion events. Here, a dynamic seeding and cell retention method was used to examine the initial attachment of perfusing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to bare Teflon−AF substrates, substrates pre-adsorbed with fibronectin alone, or substrates co-pre-adsorbed with two dual-function cell-adhesion ligands: biotinylated fibronectin (bFN) and RGD−streptavidin mutant (RGD−SA). Cell attachment was evaluated as a function of cell trypsinization (integrin digestion), surface protein formulation, and cell perfusion rate. Surfaces co-pre-adsorbed with bFN and RGD−SA showed the highest density of attached cells after 8 min of perfusion and the highest percent retention when subjected to shear flow at 60 dynes/cm2 for 2 min. Surfaces with no ligand treatment showed the lowest cell attachment...
Van der Waals Forces for the Inert Gases

Theoretical and experimental values of electric-dipole oscillator strengths for inert-gas atoms are analyzed to yield a set of oscillator strengths, which satisfy the Thomas-Kuhn sum rule, and which reproduce the experimental refractive indices and Verdet constants. These oscillator strengths are then used to calculate the long-range van der Waals interaction between all pairs of atoms selected from helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. The derived interaction constants are probably in error by less than 10%. They disagree with the currently accepted values of the interaction constants.
A three-class association scheme on the flags of a finite projective plane and a (PBIB) design defined by the incidence of the flags and the Baer subplanes in PG(2, q 2 )

First we define relations between the u = (s* + s + 1) (s + 1) flags (point-line incident pairs) of a finite projective plane of order s. Two flags a E (p, 1) and b = (p’, l’), where p and p’ are two points and 1 and 1’ are two lines of the projective plane, are defined to be jkst associates if either p = p’ or I= I’: second associates if p # p’, 1# 1’ but either p is incident also with 1’ or p’ is incident also with 1: third associates, otherwise. We show that these relations define a three-class association scheme on u = (s* + s + 1) (s + 1) flags with nl = 2s, n2 = 2s’ and n3 =s3(ni denotes the number of 6th associates of a given flag, i = 1,2,3) and the association matrices are given in Section 2. If a finite projective plane of order s admits a subplane of order q, then it is known (Bruck [2]) that either s=q* or s3q2 +q. If s=q*, then the plane of order s has a subplane of order q which is called a Baer subplane. In a Desarguesian finite
A-kinase anchor proteins in endocrine systems and reproduction

Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in characterizing the expression and localization of proteins that act as scaffolds for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK-A). These A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) tether PK-A to intracellular organelles and structures, sequestering the kinase near its physiological substrates. The compartmentalization of distinct pockets of PK-A activity serves to provide spatial regulation of this signaling pathway. In addition, other signaling proteins bind to AKAPs, as do some newly described proteins of unknown function, suggesting that proteins of various pathways are anchored through AKAPs.
Treating excessively slow responding of a young man with asperger syndrome using differential reinforcement of short response latencies

Fjellstedt and Sulzer-Azaroff (1973) used differential reinforcement of short latencies to decrease a child's latency to comply with instructions. We replicated this contingency with a young man diagnosed with Asperger syndrome across two tasks (question answering and math problem solving). We added a differential reinforcement contingency to teach the participant to discriminate between math problems that could be answered rapidly and those that required more time for accurate performance.
A HVS-driven image segmentation framework using a local segmentation performance measure

This paper presents a novel framework for image segmentation. In this framework, image segmentation is considered to be a detection problem, and a “soft” segmentation objective function, in terms of the detection performance measure in local regions, is employed to guide the segmentation procedure. The human visual system information is also incorporated into the segmentation procedure to improve the efficiency of the framework by introducing a contrast sensitivity function-weighting operation in the wavelet domain. Encouraging experimental results are obtained when the algorithm is applied to real-world image data.
Far-Ultraviolet Auroral Spectra

Further studies of the spectral data obtained in the February 1960 rocket experiment [ Ann. Geophys.17, 109 ( 1961)] have confirmed much of the preliminary analysis. New bands of the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield system in the 1700–2200 A region have been identified. More precise wavelength determinations have been made, and previously indicated bands of N2 have been more positively identified. The Lyman α line of hydrogen is just detectable. The intensity distribution among the various bands during weak auroral conditions is shown to differ markedly from more intense displays. Laboratory data obtained from a microwave discharge in very pure N2 show good correlation with some features of the rocket spectra.
Texturing of polymer surfaces at the cellular level.

A technique to surface-texture polymer sheets with any conceivable surface morphology is described. It uses technology developed for semiconductor device fabrication. It allows the definition and control of implant surface texture at subcellular levels, down to 2 μm dimensions, and the cellular response to those textures to be studied in vitro and in vivo. The results of a pilot study are presented and the biological significance of a microscopic surface texture is discussed.
Allostimulating cells in man. Quantitative variation in the expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ molecules influences T-cell activation.

The adherent cells of the blood, which are powerful stimulators of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), contain subpopulations that differ in the quantity of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on their surface. Most of the adherent cells express HLA-DP and DR antigens, although in varying amounts (Nufiez et al. 1984). In contrast, detectable amounts of HLA-DQ products are found in less than half of the adherent cells (Gonwa et al. 1983, Nufiez et al. 1984, Chen et al. 1984). In the present report, experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between expression of class II MHC antigens on adherent cells and their ability to stimulate in the MLR.
Nitrogen Inversion Barrier of 2-Methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. The Role of Torsional Strain in Pyramidal Inversion

Low-temperature 13C NMR measurements indicate that the endo isomer of 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane is about 0.3 kcal mol-1 more stable than the exo isomer. Rate constants for inversion from the endo to exo isomer were determined by NMR line shape analysis. The inversion barrier, ΔG‡, of 7.2 kcal mol-1 is lower than that in model acyclic amines, despite an internal CNC bond angle that is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.47°. Comparison with 7-methyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane that has a small internal CNC angle and an unusually high barrier, as well as other cyclic and bicyclic amines, leads to the conclusion that torsional (eclipsing) strain plays a significant role along with angle strain in determining inversion barriers. Molecular mechanics calculations of the change in energy between pyramidal ground state and planar transition state account reasonably well for the observed barriers. New measurements of inversion barriers and their dependence on solvent are also reported for 2-methyl-2-az...
Thermogravimetric profile of decomposition of acrylate systems based on bornyl acrylate monomers

Abstract This study deals with the thermal decomposition of the homopolymers of isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and bornyl acrylate (BOA), and their relationship with polymers that contain IBOA as a reactive diluent. We have examined the profile, the mechanism and the energetics of the thermal decomposition reaction(s) and found a stereochemical dependence in the decomposition process.
Intentionally looking bad at work

The article reports on a study by Thomas E. Becker of Washington State University and Scott L. Martin of London House concerning employees who make themselves look bad at work. The survey of business students found that some employees lower their performance, skip work, make more errors, and have a bad attitude when they feel that management has been inconsiderate in assigning overtime or refusing requests for time off or fewer work hours. The researchers suggest that negative impression management with only one employee creating a bad impression can result in lower morale for a team or department.
Nasal bridles for securing nasoenteric tubes: a meta-analysis.

Nutrition plays an integral part in the care of all patients, especially those who are critically ill or severely malnourished.1 In patients unable to maintain adequate volitional intake, enteral access achieved through a variety of techniques becomes essential. For short-term nutrition supplementation, nasoenteric tubes (such as nasogastric, nasoduodenal, and nasojejunal) are used. These enteral access devices are readily used but may be difficult to keep in the proper position. Regardless of the location of the tube tip or level of infusion within the gastrointestinal tract, securing the nasoenteric tube is important. Tube dislodgement may lead to delays in enteral nutrition (EN), increased risk for aspiration or malposition of the tube at the time of replacement, and added cost (time spent replacing tubes, the new feeding tube itself, radiographic confirmation studies). Traditionally, nasoenteric tubes have been kept in place by taping the tube to the face, nose, and forehead of the patient. Such practice, however, may be relatively ineffective, with a displacement rate as high as 62%.2,3 The adhesive tape itself may cause discomfort to the patient or nasal necrosis, lead to skin tears, cause cutaneous sensitivity reactions to the tape, or may interfere with endotracheal tubes, facial wounds, or other monitoring devices. In 1980, Armstrong et al4 described a technique for securing nasoenteral feeding tubes by using a nasal bridle, whereby some type of anchor (extra feeding tube, umbilical tape, or red rubber tube) is placed around the vomer bone or nasal septum. The bridle is placed by a variety of methods, including via nares or mouth, with the end result being an anchor through 1 naris, around the nasal septum, and exiting the other naris. Both ends of the bridle are secured together to the nasoenteric tube near the nares. The advantage of the nasal bridle is that no taping is required. Anecdotally, the patients who are able to voice concerns do not seem to complain of increased discomfort with the bridle. With no tape on the nose, forehead, or cheeks, the nasal bridle is less likely to interfere with wounds, burns, orotracheal tubes, or oral airway devices.5–9 Many different types of anchors have been used with varying degrees of success.2,10–21 In 2009, Gunn et al18 described a new technique for a nasal bridle using a commercial magnetic retrieval system attached to 1/8-inch umbilical tape to place and secure the nasoenteric tube (Applied Medical Technology, Brecksville, OH). Given a limited number of small studies and a variety of techniques described,2,3,18–21 this meta-analysis was performed to examine the overall effectiveness of nasal bridles vs the traditional alternative of no bridle, using tape alone for securing nasoenteric tubes.
Coronary Heart Disease in Young Adults

Despite the recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), this disease remains the leading killer of US adults of all ages. CHD in young adults is not as well characterized as CHD in older individuals because it occurs less frequently, but this disease can have devastating consequences for young patients and their families. As in older adults, the majority of coronary events in young adults are related to atherosclerosis, and one or more of the traditional CHD risk factors is typically present. Young patients, however, are more likely than older patients to be smokers, male, obese, and to have a positive family history. Risk factor reduction is thus of major importance in managing young CHD patients. Approximately 20% of CHD in young adults, however, is related to non-atherosclerotic factors, such as coronary abnormalities, connective tissue disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Cocaine and other illicit drug use have been increasingly associated with acute myocardial infarction and accelerated atherosclerosis. The differences in etiologies and risk profiles of younger and older CHD patients result in differences in disease progression, prognosis, and treatment. Limited data suggest that prognosis may be better in the young population, although long-term mortality studies have suggested otherwise. Screening for CHD in the young population may help to improve prognosis in young patients by detecting subclinical disease, although more studies are necessary to establish reference limits for this young population. Additional research must also focus on treatment concerns that are specific to young patients.
The relationship between leadership and workplace incivility: Fairness perceptions as a mediator

Despite prior research examining the relationship between leadership and employee behavior and between fairness perceptions and workplace aggression, there is a lack of theory and empirical work th...
Continuous Communication Control Disruptors During Systems Development

This paper presents an open-ended, exploratory study of formal and informal communication and control subprocesses during information systems development (ISD) over an extended period in a large bureaucracy. Using a participant action research strategy, the case study explores the continuous unintended disruptions and barriers to the effective implementation of the ISD project and suggests major variables associated with them. Based on an inductive analysis of the data, the authors suggest some tentatively hypothesized action stages for future research and a broad conceptual model incorporating the process variables. Implications for MIS research, management, and MIS professionals are discussed.
Gender effects on individual verdicts and on mock jury verdicts in a Simulated Acquaintance Rape Trial

Since more women than men college students vote guilty in a simulated acquaintance rape trial [e.g., G. J. Fischer (1991) “Cognitive predictors of not-guilty verdicts in a Simulated Acquaintance Rape Trial,”Psychological Reports, Vol. 68, pp. 1199–1206], guilty mock jury verdicts were expected to increase as a function of the number of women on the jury (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12). However, guilty verdicts did not increase significantly until either females were an overwhelming majority (i.e., 10 women to 2 men) or the jury was all female. Even in the latter conditions, guilty verdicts were fewer than would be expected based on the 86% of women and 66% of men voting guilty on a survey completed after reading about the trial, but before serving on a jury. Although a very large majority of females were needed to increase guilty verdicts, a majority appeared to lessen the likelihood of not guilty verdicts. For example, when a majority of jurors were female, 0/18 hung juries leaned toward a not guilty verdict vs. 11/34 juries leaning toward a not guilty verdict when less than or equal to one half of the jurors were female. Most of the students were White (85%), with 4% Asian, 3.2% Black, 3.2% Hispanic, and 4% “Other.”
Affinity Labeling of Hormone-Specific Proteins*

AFFINITY labeling for studying the amino acid topography of specific binding sites in biologically important proteins has emerged as an important biochemical technique during the past three decades. Hormone-specific proteins have been the subjects of affinity labeling during the past two decades, beginning with the analysis of the amino acids which constitute the catalytically active site of the enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. More recently, hormone-specific receptor and transport proteins have been characterized, and the amino acid compositions of their binding sites have been described by affinity labeling. The reagents used for affinity labeling are analogs of hormones which produce active site-directed irreversible inhibition in the proteins which they attack. Therefore, they have been regarded as potential new drugs for controlling fertility, treating endocrine disorders, and for treating hormone-sensitive cancers. The three major categories of affinity labeling hormone analogs have been cl...
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE METABOLISM OF CHLORELLA : III. THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by intact Chlorella cells follows a first order course at very low temperatures, but at higher temperatures gives falling first order constants. Between 0.6° and 20°C. the value of µ is 10,500 calories.
Radio Photosphere and Mass-Loss Envelope of VY Canis Majoris

We have used the VLA to detect emission from the supergiant VY CMa at radio wavelengths and have constructed 3000-4500 K isothermal outer atmospheres constrained by the data. These models produce a radio photosphere at 1.5-2 R*. An extrapolation of the model can account for the observed total mass-loss rate of the star. We also present mid-infrared imaging of the supergiant which suggests that warm dust is extended in the same direction as the near-infrared reflection nebula around VY CMa. The origin of the asymmetries in the outflow remains an unsolved problem.
Development of a Methodology for Intensive Larviculture of Atlantic Croakers

AbstractThe Atlantic Croaker Micropogonias undulatus (Sciaenidae) is a candidate species for marine baitfish aquaculture in the southeastern United States because of its high value and common use as live bait by recreational fishers. However, an efficient larviculture procedure has not been reported to date; development of such a procedure was the impetus for this study. Embryos were obtained from captive broodstock that were induced to spawn volitionally by using a single injection of a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist. Larvae were cultured at low density (initial density = 6.4 larvae/L) via intensive culture methods, including the use of recirculating filtration systems and of rotifers, brine shrimp Artemia spp., and micropellets as larval foods. The trial was performed in six 1,100-L tanks at a salinity of 14–29‰, with average rearing temperatures of 23.6°C and 24.6°C. At the completion of the study (39 d posthatch), mean SLs were 24.7 mm (SE = 0.738) for larvae cultured at 24.6°C and 23.0...
Investigation of the spread of Brucella canis via the U.S. interstate dog trade

Summary Objectives The aim of this study was to illustrate and help address a growing need for regulatory or molecular tools to track and control the spread of canine brucellosis. Our study objectives were to first characterize Brucella canis outbreaks in Wisconsin kennels in the context of the dog trade in the USA, and then to identify a molecular technique that may be useful for strain differentiation of B. canis isolates. Methods Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (WVDL) B. canis serology data from 1995 to 2005 were reviewed, three canine brucellosis outbreaks in Wisconsin dog kennels were investigated, and eight B. canis isolates recovered from Wisconsin outbreaks and kennels in Missouri and Arkansas and four isolates received from outside sources were subjected to ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), outer membrane protein analysis (OMPA), and cellular fatty acid profiling (CFAP). Results WVDL has received increasing numbers of B. canis positive samples from Wisconsin kennels, and Wisconsin outbreaks are associated with the interstate dog trade. All of the B. canis isolates we examined were genetically homogenous and as such could not be differentiated by ribotyping, PFGE and OMPA. However, dendrogram analysis of CFAP divided the isolates into two groups, indicating that CFAP methyl ester analysis has discriminatory power. Conclusions CFAP methyl ester analysis has promise as a tool for epidemiological tracing of B. canis outbreaks and will be useful in comparison studies as isolation of B. canis continues to expand globally.
Analysis of persistent virus infections by in situ hybridization to whole-mouse sections

Nucleic acid hybridization techniques have contributed significantly to the understanding of gene organization, regulation and expression1–4. In the context of persistent or latent viral infections, hybridization with specific labelled probes represents the most sensitive assay presently available for detection of viral genomes5–8. During the course of persistence, viral genomes may exist in multiple and yet quite segregated areas in an infected host, but examination of all tissues remains difficult and time-consuming. At present, the application of hybridization assays to in vivo infections requires either chemical extraction of nucleic acid coupled with dot-blot9 and gel transfer1 techniques or in situ hybridization5,10 to cryostat tissue sections. In both cases, selected tissues must be removed by dissection before analysis. We describe here a procedure which allows efficient and reproducible screening of all tissue in an infected host. Our technique allows detection of viral genetic material in whole-body sections of infected mice, and provides the first evidence in vivo for accumulation of viral genetic material with a parallel decrease in infectious virus during persistent virus infection. This technique should be widely applicable to studies of developmental regulation of gene expression, for monitoring locations of gene expression in transgenic mice and for analysis of molecular mechanisms in pathogenesis.
Effect of passive immunization with an antiserum to thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone on plasma TSH levels in thyroidectomized rats.

The role of TRH in mediating the rapid rise of plasma TSH which occurs upon interruption of short term negative feedback inhibition by exogenous thyroid hormone in thyroidectomized (TX) rats was investigated by passive immunization with rabbit antiserum to TRH (TRH-AS). Administration of triiodothyronine (T3), 10 μg/kg ip to TX adult male rats with indwelling right atrial catheters, led within 24 h to a suppression of plasma TSH from hypothyroid to near euthryoid levels. Upon discontinuation of T3 after one or two daily injections, plasma TSH remained maximally suppressed for 24 h, but began to rise by 32 h after the last dose of T3 and returned to hypothyroid levels within 36–48 h. Intravenous administration of 1 ml TRH-AS, 24 h after the last dose of Ta, failed to abolish the subsequent TSH rise. TRH antibody titers in rat plasma 12–48 h after passive immunization were equal to or greater than those which had previously been found adequate to inhibit the acute rise of TSH after cold exposure. To explore...
Analysis of Seroreactivity against Cell Culture–Derived Bartonella spp. Antigens in Dogs

Background Little is known about the specificity of Bartonella spp. immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assays in dogs. Bacteremia in sick dogs most often has been associated with Bartonella henselae (Bh), Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (Bvb), and Bartonella koehlerae (Bk). Clarification of the diagnostic utility of IFA serology when testing against these organisms is needed. Objective To evaluate the specificity of Bartonella IFA assays utilizing 6 cell culture–grown antigen preparations. Animals Archived sera from SPF dogs (n = 29) and from dogs experimentally infected with Bvb (n = 10) and Bh (n = 3). Methods Antibodies (Abs) to Bvb genotypes I, II, and III, Bh serotype I, strains H-1 and SA2, and to Bk were determined by IFA testing. Results Serum from naive SPF dogs shown to be negative for Bartonella bacteremia did not react with any of the 6 Bartonella antigens by IFA testing. Dogs experimentally infected with Bvb genotype I developed Abs against homologous antigens, with no cross-reactivity to heterologous Bvb genotypes, Bh H-1, SA2 strains, or to Bk. Dogs experimentally infected with Bh serotype I developed Abs against Bh H-1, but not to Bh SA2 strain with no cross-reactive Abs to Bvb genotypes I–III or to Bk. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bartonella spp. Ab responses during acute experimental infections are species and type specific.
Fundamental Transition in the Electronic Nature of Solids

Striking evidence for a fundamental covalent-ionic transition in the electronic nature of solids is presented.
A new mitochondrial DNA mutation (A3288G) in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene associated with familial myopathy

Abstract We describe a family with a maternally inherited mitochondrial myopathy and an A3288G mutation in the tRNA Leu(UUR) gene. The proband had muscle cramping and mild weakness while her brother had long-standing limb and respiratory muscle weakness and her daughter had elevated serum CK. The mutation, which was nearly homoplasmic in muscle and heteroplasmic in blood, affects the TΨC loop at a conserved site and was not found in 107 controls. This report confirms the frequent association of tRNA Leu(UUR) mutations with respiratory muscle involvement and bolsters the concept that tRNA Leu(UUR) is a hotspot for mtDNA mutations.
Synthesis, structure and reactivity of [ReH2(NR) (Cyttp)]+ (Cyttp = PhP(CH2CH2CH2PCy2)2) complexes. Organoimido analogues of the oxo complex that transfers the elements of water to substrates

Abstract The cationic organoimido-hydrido complexes [ReH2(NR)(Cyttp)]+ where R=NC6H4Me-p (2), Ph (3), Cy (4) and Cyttp = Php(CH2CH2CH2PCy2)2 were synthesized by reaction of [ReH2(O) (Cyttp) ]O3SCF3 (1(Tf)) with the appropriate primary amine. Use of molecular sieves promotes the formation of these rhenium products. 2–4 were shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to contain two inequivalent, cis hydride ligands. An X-ray diffraction study of 2(PF6) revealed the presence of distorted mer-Cyttp and the organoimido ligand cis to all three phosphorus atoms. The hydrido ligands were not located. Unlike its oxo-hydrido analogue, 1(SbF6), 2(Tf) failed to react with CO or SO2 under comparable, or even more forcing, conditions. However, with anhydrous HCl it afforded ReCl3(Cyttp), and with NaBH4, ReH5(Cyttp).
Spatial patterns of diurnal lightning activity in southern Africa during austral summer

Abstract In the present study we used harmonic analysis to investigate the spatial distribution of diurnal patterns of hourly lightning flash activity during the months of January and February from 1998 to 2013 in southern Africa. The data were obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission dataset collected through a lightning imaging sensor. The spatial distribution of lightning activity during the austral summer season was mostly concentrated over land, with the highest total lightning activity observed over the Congo and Zambezi river basins. The strength of the diurnal cycle was mainly determined by the presence of warm and cold ocean currents along the coastal areas, and the presence of the St. Helena high pressure cell, along with local level processes including land sea breeze convergence, local topography, and surface heating processes. The strength of the diurnal cycle was relatively weaker in the interior of the study area across the Kalahari Desert and Democratic Republic of Congo. The peak lightning activity across most of the study area occurred in the afternoon hours, while a nocturnal peak was observed in the case of the limited maritime activity in the Atlantic Ocean.
Simplification of Product Ion Spectra Derived from Multiply Charged Parent Ions via Ion/Ion Chemistry

High-mass multiply charged ions fragment to yield a mixture of products of varying mass and charge. When the measurement of mass-to-charge ratio is used to determine product ion mass, product ion charge must first be established. To minimize charge-state ambiguity in product ion spectra derived from multiply charged parent ions, product ions have been subjected to proton-transfer reactions with oppositely charged ions to reduce product ion charge states largely to +1. This procedure greatly simplifies the interpretation of product ion spectra derived from multiply charged ions. Illustrative data are presented for the +4 and +3 parent ions derived from electrospray of melittin and the +12 to +4 parent ions of bovine ubiquitin, whereby product ions were formed in a conventional quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Data are also shown for product ion mixtures derived from interface-induced dissociation of multiply charged ions derived from bovine ubiquitin, tuna cytochrome c, bovine cytoc...
A second virus-encoded proteinase involved in proteolytic processing of poliovirus polyprotein

Abstract The poliovirus polyprotein is cleaved at three different amino acid pairs. Viral polypeptide 3C is responsible for processing at the most common pair (glutamine-glycine). We have found that a cDNA fragment encoding parts of the capsid protein region (P1) and the nonstructural protein region (P2), and including the P1-P2 processing site (tyrosine-glycine), can be expressed in E. coli. The translation product was correctly processed. Disruption of the coding sequence of 2A, a nonstructural polypeptide mapping carboxy-terminal to the tyrosine-glycine cleavage site, by linker mutagenesis or deletion, prevented processing. Deletion of the adjacent polypeptide 2B had no such effect. Antibodies against 2A specifically inhibited processing at the 3C′-3D′ processing site (tyrosine-glycine) in vitro. We conclude that poliovirus encodes the second proteinase 2A, which processes the polyprotein at tyrosine-glycine cleavage sites.
Detection of Chinese Vowels in Noise and Its Auditory Simulation Model

The goal of this study was to examine detection thresholds of three Chinese vowels in long-term speech-shaped (LTSS) noise. Results showed that vowel detection thresholds were significantly affected by Mandarin tones, but not by vowel category. An auditory simulation model based on excitation-pattern computation was conducted to predict detection thresholds in LTSS noise and indicated that the pattern of predicted thresholds was not well matched with the pattern of behavioral thresholds. These results suggest that detection of Chinese vowels was dependent on not only vowel spectrum, but also tonal pitch, especially when tonal pitch changes dramatically over the time.
Cyclic Game Dynamics Driven by Iterated Reasoning

Recent theories from complexity science argue that complex dynamics are ubiquitous in social and economic systems. These claims emerge from the analysis of individually simple agents whose collective behavior is surprisingly complicated. However, economists have argued that iterated reasoning–what you think I think you think–will suppress complex dynamics by stabilizing or accelerating convergence to Nash equilibrium. We report stable and efficient periodic behavior in human groups playing the Mod Game, a multi-player game similar to Rock-Paper-Scissors. The game rewards subjects for thinking exactly one step ahead of others in their group. Groups that play this game exhibit cycles that are inconsistent with any fixed-point solution concept. These cycles are driven by a “hopping” behavior that is consistent with other accounts of iterated reasoning: agents are constrained to about two steps of iterated reasoning and learn an additional one-half step with each session. If higher-order reasoning can be complicit in complex emergent dynamics, then cyclic and chaotic patterns may be endogenous features of real-world social and economic systems.
Concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules can provide only weak evidence for matching.

Herrnstein and Heyman (1979) showed that when pigeons' pecking is reinforced on concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, (1) their behavior ratios match the ratio of the schedules' reinforcer frequencies, and (2) there is more responding on the variable interval. Since maximizing the reinforcement rate would require responding more on the variable ratio, these results were presented as establishing the primacy of matching over maximizing. In the present report, different ratios of behavior were simulated on a computer to see how they would affect reinforcement rates on these concurrent schedules. Over a wide range of experimenter-specified choice ratios, matching obtained — a result suggesting that changes in choice allocation produced changes in reinforcer frequencies that correspond to the matching outcome. Matching also occurred at arbitrarily selected choice ratios when reinforcement rates were algebraically determined by each schedule's reinforcement-feedback function. Additionally, three birds were exposed to concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules contingent on key pecking in which hopper durations were varied in some conditions to produce experimenter-specified choice ratios. Matching generally obtained between choice ratios and reinforcer-frequency ratios at these different choice ratios. By suggesting that reinforcer frequencies track choice on this procedure, instead of vice versa, this outcome questions whether matching-as-outcome was due to matching-as-process in the Herrnstein and Heyman study.
Identification of potent P2Y‐purinoceptor agonists that are derivatives of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate

1. A series of chain-extended 2-thioether derivatives of adenosine monophosphate were synthesized and tested as agonists for activation of the phospholipase C-linked P2Y-purinoceptor of turkey erythrocyte membranes, the adenylyl cyclase-linked P2Y-purinoceptor of C6 rat glioma cells, and the cloned human P2U-receptor stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. 2. Although adenosine monophosphate itself was not an agonist in the two P2Y-purinoceptor test systems, eleven different 2-thioether-substituted adenosine monophosphate analogues were full agonists. The most potent of these agonists, 2-hexylthio AMP, exhibited an EC50 value of 0.2 nM for activation of the C6 cell receptor. This potency was 16,000 fold greater than that of ATP and was only 10 fold less than the potency of 2-hexylthio ATP in the same system. 2-hexylthio adenosine was inactive. 3. Monophosphate analogues that were the most potent activators of the C6 cell P2Y-purinoceptor were also the most potent activators of the turkey erythrocyte P2Y-purinoceptor. However, agonists were in general more potent at the C6 cell receptor, and potency differences varied between 10 fold and 300 fold between the two receptors. 4. Although 2-thioether derivatives of adenosine monophosphate were potent P2Y-purinoceptor agonists no effect of these analogues on the human P2U-purinoceptor were observed. 5. These results support the view that a single monophosphate is sufficient and necessary for full agonist activity at P2Y-purinoceptors, and provide insight for strategies for development of novel P2Y-purinoceptor agonists of high potency and selectivity.
Materials with Internal Variables and Relaxation to Conservation Laws

.The theory of materials with internal state variables of Coleman & Gurtin [CG] provides a natural framework to investigate the structure of relaxation approximations of conservation laws from the viewpoint of continuum thermomechanics. After reviewing the requirements imposed on constitutive theories by the principle of consistency with the Clausius‐Duhem inequality, we pursue two specific theories pertaining to stress relaxation and relaxation of internal energy. They each lead to a relaxation framework for the theory of thermoelastic non‐conductors of heat, equipped with globally defined “entropy” functions for the associated relaxation process. Next, we consider a semilinear model problem of stress relaxation. We discuss uniform stability and compactness for solutions of the relaxation system in the zero‐relaxation limit, and establish convergence to the system of isothermal elastodynamics by using compensated compactness. Finally, we prove a strong dissipation estimate for the relaxation approximations proposed in Jin & Xin [JX] when the limit system is equipped with a strictly convex entropy.
Planar harmonic convolution operators generated by hypergeometric functions

Let S Ĥ be the family of all planar harmonic, univalent and sense-preserving mappings f=h+g¯ where h and g are analytic funtions in the open unit disk. The purpose of this article is to investigate connections between the theory of harmonic mappings in the plane and hypergeometric functions by applying certain planar harmonic convolution operators on various subclasses of S Ĥ . Dedicated to Professor Eveyln M. Silvia, late Professor of Mathematics, UC Davis February 8, 1948–January 21, 2006
Nondetection of depression by primary care physicians reconsidered

Abstract This article examines the rates of detection for major depression and other depressive disorders by family physicians as well as the differences between detected and undetected cases in terms of a variety of demographic and clinical variables. A total of 1,580 family practice patients completed a screening form and were rated by their physician. Patients with elevated Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) scores were oversampled for possible interviews using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). In the resulting weighted sample, family physicians detected 34.9% of cases of major depression and 27.9% of cases of any depressive disorder. Detection was associated with pharmacological and psychological intervention. However, the undetected cases tended to be mildly depressed and higher functioning. Presence of a current anxiety disorder facilitated detection. Overall, the mildness of undetected depression and associated impairment have implications for estimates of the consequences of primary care physicians' low rates of nondetection and for the development of interventional strategies to improve their performance.