cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Degradation of the Complement Regulator, CD59, by a Novel Inhibitor

There is increased interest in immune-based monoclonal antibody therapies for different malignancies because of their potential specificity and limited toxicity. The activity of some therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is partially dependent on complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC), in which the immune system surveys for invading pathogens, infected cells, and malignant cells and facilitates their destruction. CD59 is a ubiquitously expressed cell-surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that protects cells from CDC. However, in certain tumors, CD59 expression is enhanced, posing a significant obstacle for treatment, by hindering effective monoclonal antibody-induced CDC. In this study, we used non-small lung carcinoma cells to characterize the mechanism of a novel CD59 inhibitor: the 114-amino acid recombinant form of the 4th domain of intermedilysin (rILYd4), a pore forming toxin secreted by Streptococcus intermedius. We compared the rates of internalization of CD59 in the presence of rILYd4 or anti-CD59 antibodies and determined that rILYd4 induces more rapid CD59 uptake at early time points. Most significantly, upon binding to rILYd4, CD59 is internalized and undergoes massive degradation in lysosomes within minutes. The remaining rILYd4·CD59 complexes recycle to the PM and are shed from the cell. In comparison, upon internalization of CD59 via anti-CD59 antibody binding, the antibody·CD59 complex is recycled via early and recycling endosomes, mostly avoiding degradation. Our study supports a novel role for rILYd4 in promoting internalization and rapid degradation of the complement inhibitor CD59, and highlights the potential for improving CDC-based immunotherapy.
Supernatural beliefs, natural kinds, and conceptual structure

This article presents cross-cultural evidence in support of the notion that adults' natural kind concepts are theory based but may be informed by knowledge/belief systems other than the biological. Three groups of subjects from western Nigeria--rural, urban, and elite--participated in the study. Subjects heard stories describing alterations of appearance; that is, one natural kind was made to resemble another in both ritual and nonritual contexts. Subjects then were required to judge the identity of the altered item and to give an explanation for the category judgment. It was predicted that subjects would make more nonpreservation-of-identity category judgments supported by supernatural explanations in the ritual contexts and that subjects' use of supernatural explanations would reflect the extent of their engagement with the supernatural. The first prediction was borne out; the second prediction was only partially supported. Discussion of the results emphasizes the importance of exploring the role of sociocultural factors in conceptual structure.
Balanced Protein Mixtures Based on Wheat and Peas

SUMMARY Protein mixtures of wheat and peas alone, or with variable third constituents, were formulated to maximize the supplementary relationships among component amino acids. Biological quality was evaluated by rat assay methods. Data indicate that the quality of the plant protein mixtures is equal to that of egg when comparable levels of both essential amino acids and protein are provided.
Extra Capitulation and Central Extensions

Abstract Let L be a cyclic unramified extension of the number field K, with G ≔ Gal(L/K), and L(1) the Hilbert class field of L. The central object of studying those ideals of K which become principal, i.e., capitulate, has been H1(G, EL), where EL denotes the group of global units of L. However, if one lets CL and UL denote the idele class group of L and the group of unit ideles, respectively, there is an isomorphism Hi+1(G, EL) = Hi(G, UL/EL), and UL/EL has the advantage of being isomorphic to an idele class subgroup of CL; this is our basic tool. In this paper, we study "extra" capitulation, that is, whenever there is more capitulation than one would normally expect. More precisely, we show that there is a nontrivial ramified central extension of L(1)M/K, with M some abelian extension of K, exactly when there is extra capitulation.
The pathologic anatomy of the G-syndrome.

A detailed anatomic study of the organs of a stillborn male infant with the G syndrome was made.
Free radicals in health and disease: implications for primary health care providers

Free radicals (FRs) are reactive chemical species that can damage or destroy biological molecules and have the potential for causing serious tissue and organ damage. Because of evidence suggesting that they are involved in the pathophysiology of a wide spectrum of human disorders. FRs have recently been the subject of considerable interest. While some popularized accounts depict FRs as always being destructive, essential physiological functions, including prostaglandin biosynthesis and phagocyte activity, depend upon them. It is only when FR reactions are uncontrolled that they are likely to be destructive. This article, based on citations from peer-reviewed biomedical literature, discusses some of the roles FRs play in essential physiological processes and their potential for inducing pathological changes. Also discussed are factors that add to body burdens of FRs and various antioxidant control mechanisms. The relationship of diet to FR pathology is emphasized because of evidence suggesting its importance in the prevention of chronic degenerative disorders including cardiovascular disease and cancer. The health benefits accruing from appropriate application of FR research are likely to be substantial. Accordingly, it is important for all health care practitioners to be aware of new developments in this area.
The Future of Inflation Targeting

As an academic economist, the current chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, was a leading advocate of inflation targeting. But as chairman he has been more flexible, tolerating higher inflation temporarily to reduce the risks of severe recession and a credit crisis. We speak to a leading monetary economist and one of Bernanke's research colleagues on the theory of inflation targeting today. He argues that there are indeed good reasons to be more flexible about inflation under some circumstances and that the theory of inflation targeting is evolving.
Isotherms and enthalpies of immersion for adsorption on silica and carbon from binary solutions of benzene, cyclohexane and ethyl alcohol

Abstract The net and resolved adsorption isotherms for the three possible binary combinations of benzene, cyclohexane and ethyl alcohol onto Cab-O-Sil, Hi-Sil, and Graphon were measured at 30°C. The net isotherms were analyzed in terms of the Everett model for perfect adsorbed monolayers. Surface activity coefficients were calculated for the benzene-cyclohexane/ Graphon system. Enthalpies of immersion were determined for Cab-O-Sil, Hi-Sil and Graphon in benzene, cyclohexane and ethyl alcohol. Enthalpies of immersion were determined also for bare Cab-O-Sil and Cab-O-Sil covered with a monolayer of ethyl alcohol as a function of concentration of cyclohexane-ethyl alcohol solutions. The Everett model was used also in the analysis of the enthalpy of immersion data.
Masculine/feminine: A personological perspective

How might our expanding knowledge of gender contribute to a deeper understanding of personality? This paper offers a personological perspective for considering the import of contemporary work, and focuses on the ten substantive papers included in this issue of the Journal of Personality An agenda for our future inquiry is proposed that includes (a) revising our ideology of science in a postpositivist era, (b) recognizing the complexity of personality as a domain distinguished from “human being theory,” (c) developing richer and more comprehensive personality theory, and (d) studying persons over time The papers reported in this issue contribute in various ways to the enrichment of personological understanding
Evaluating Object Set Partitions: Free-Sort Analysis and Some Generalizations.

Abstract A statistical framework is suggested for comparing a single partition of an object set to a second partition posited a priori , or possibly, to a more general proximity matrix. For a particular correlational index of correspondence, appropriate mean and variance formulae are presented and incorporated into analyses that follow the standard nonparametric randomization model. Several numerical illustrations are given using data collected by Anglin (1970) on word meaning.
First Report of Arceuthobium hondurense in Oaxaca, Mexico

Honduran dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium hondurense Hawksw. & Wiens) has only been found in four locations in Honduras: west of Zamorano, east of Lepaterique, Cusuco National Park, and Celaque National Park (1,2). At one time it was believed that this mistletoe could be in danger of extinction (1). However, it has also been reported in two locations in Chiapas, Mexico (3). In December 2000, ≈1 km north of Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, near Route 175 (elevation 2,770 m), we collected a dwarf mistletoe parasitizing Pinus tecunumanii (Schw.) Eguiluz et Perry that was morphologically similar to A. hondurense (1). This population initially had been classified as A. nigrum Hawksw. & Wiens (1), but is now classified as A. hondurense based on morphology (male flower color and stigma length) (1) and analysis of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from Honduras (GenBank Accession No. AF325969) and Oaxaca (GenBank Accession No. AY055215). A comparison of these two A. hondurense ITS sequences indicated they are very closely related to each other, whereas both are distinct from A. nigrum (GenBank Accession No. L25693). Specimens of A. hondurense from Oaxaca were deposited at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. hondurense in Oaxaca, Mexico, and extends its known distribution west across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec from central Chiapas by ≈400 km. References: (1) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. USDA Agric. Handb. 709, 1996. (2) R. Mathiasen et al. Phytologia 85:268, 1998. (3) R. Mathiasen et al. Plant Dis. 85:444, 2001.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in liquid crystals

Abstract The application of the theory of nuclear magnetic resonance to liquid crystals is re-examined and reasonable agreement is found between the present theory and experimental results.
Cultural Understandings of Child Sexual Abuse from Aid Workers and Parents at the Guatemala City Dump Community

This study documents Guatemalan aid workers’ and parents’ definitions of child sexual abuse (CSA), understandings of indicators and etiology of CSA, and training needs. Focus groups were conducted with aid workers and parents living in the Guatemala City dump. Conceptualizations of CSA included rape, contact molestation, and noncontact molestation. Aid workers and parents identified emotional and behavioral symptoms as indicators of CSA. Parents reported systemic understandings of CSA, such as poverty and the cycle of violence. Parents requested education on positive parenting; aid workers wanted training about working effectively with the legal system. Prevention and intervention implications are discussed.
Lower Court Checks on Supreme Court Power.

Practicing politicians as well as students of politics have long recognized the check on presidential power imposed by the federal administrative machinery. High policy must be interpreted; it can sometimes be changed or even frustrated by the bureaucrats who apply laws and executive orders. Officials down the line have interests, loyalties, and ambitions which go beyond and often clash with the allegiance accorded a given tenant of the White House. Each bureaucrat has his own ideas about proper public policy, particularly in his field of special competence. If a career civil servant, he may identify only partially, if at all, the good of the governmental service, not to say the good of the public, with the ends sought by the Administration. And if he owes his appointment or promotion to other sources than the merit system, he may find a positive conflict between his loyalties to the President and to other politicians or political groups.This conflict can occur at all administrative levels. Cabinet members may make up the President's official family, but some of them are at times his chief rivals for power within his own political party, or, more often, representatives of those rivals. Or the department heads may be so split with sibling political rivalry among themselves that common loyalty to their nominal leader may be subordinated to other values. An observer has lately written: “The conditions which a system of fragmented power sets for the success and the survival of a Cabinet officer encourage him to consolidate his own nexus of power and compel him to operate with a degree of independence from the President.”
Voter Responses to Referenda Seeking to Exceed Revenue Limits

Following voter approval of California's Proposition 13, a body of research has attempted to explain referenda outcomes aimed at restricting public sector tax and spending authority. Evaluating the determinants of voter attitudes toward referenda to exceed spending/revenue limits, however, has received little attention. Using data for all Wisconsin school districts, we examine the outcomes of referenda to exceed revenue caps. A key finding of our research is that when voters support bonding for capital expenditures, they tend also to approve referenda to override revenue limits. This enables school districts to cover new operating costs often associated with new capital projects.
Characterization of Aerospace Vehicle Performance and Mission Analysis Using Thermodynamic Availability

The fundamental relationship between entropy and aerospace vehicle and mission performance is analyzed in terms of the general availability rate balance between force-based vehicle performance, available energy associated with expended propellant, and the overall loss rate of availability, including the vehicle wake. The availability relationship for a vehicle is analytically combined with the vehicle equations of motion; this combination yields the balance between on-board energy rate usage and rates of changes in kinetic and potential energies of the vehicle and overall rate of entropy production. This result is then integrated over time for a general aerospace mission; as examples, simplified single-stage-to-orbit rocket-powered and air-breathing missions are analyzed. Examination of rate of availability loss for the general case of an accelerating, climbing aerospace vehicle provides a powerful loss superposition principle in terms of the separate evaluation and combination of loss rates for the same vehicle in cruise, acceleration, and climb. Rate of availability losses is also examined in terms of separable losses associated with the propulsion system and external aerodynamics. These loss terms are cast in terms of conventional parameters such as drag coefficient and engine specific impulse. Finally, rate losses in availability for classes of vehicles are described.
Diurnal and Weekday Variations in the Source Contributions of Ozone Precursors in California’s South Coast Air Basin

For at least 30 years, ozone (O3) levels on weekends in parts of California's South Coast (Los Angeles) Air Basin (SoCAB) have been as high as or higher than on weekdays, even though ambient levels of O3 precursors are lower on weekends than on weekdays. A field study was conducted in the Los Angeles area during fall 2000 to test whether proposed relationships between emission sources and ambient nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) levels can account for observed diurnal and day-of-week variations in the concentration and proportions of precursor pollutants that may affect the efficiency and rate of O3 formation. The contributions to ambient NMHC by motor vehicle exhaust and evaporative emissions, estimated using chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor modeling, ranged from 65 to 85% with minimal day-of-week variation. Ratios of ambient NOx associated with black carbon (BC) to NOx associated with carbon monoxide (CO) were approximately 1.25 +/- 0.22 during weekdays and 0.76 +/- 0.07 and 0.52 +/- 0.07 on Saturday and Sunday, respectively. These results demonstrate that lower NOx emissions from diesel exhaust can be a major factor causing lower NOx mixing ratios and higher NMHC/NOx ratios on weekends. Nonmobile sources showed no significant day-of-week variations in their contributions to NMHC. Greater amounts of gasoline emissions are carried over on Friday and Saturday evenings but are, at most, a minor factor contributing to higher NMHC/NOx ratios on weekend mornings.
Synaptic patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey.

Synaptic junctions are found in all parts of the nucleus, being almost as densely distributed between cell laminae as within these laminae.
AN IMPLICIT METHOD FOR DATA PREDICTION AND IMPULSE NOISE REMOVAL FROM CORRUPTED SIGNALS

A robust and reliable implicit method is proposed for application in data interpolation. The algorithm is based on a recently developed analytic approximation method, namely the distributed approximating functionals (DAFs), which is known to have the "well-tempered" property of UNIFORMLY approximating a function and its derivatives. In comparison with the conventionally used local explicit interpolation algorithms, the implicit method achieves much more accurate interpolation results because it couples all sample values (both known and unknown) in the domain of interest using a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. Due to the fact that the well-tempered DAFs also are very good low-pass filters, the performance of the DAF-based implicit method is not affected very much by the high frequency noise in the input signal. As an application, the proposed algorithm is applied to signals that are corrupted with impulse noise.
Environment and Quality of Life: Attitudinal Measurement and Analysis

-Public concern for the environment and quality of life is increasing. The present study surveyed the attitudes toward pollution and quality of life of a sample (130 men and 153 women) from a California city whose environment is highly desirable. People expressed concern for r.he environment but were not willing to pay for conservation with higher taxes. Men and women differed in the extent of agreement with some OF the attitudes surveyed.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for Medical-CAD Modeling

AbstractCAD has been traditionally used to assist in engineering design and modeling for representation, analysis and manufacturing. Advances in Information Technology and in Biomedicine have created new uses for CAD with many novel and important biomedical applications, particularly in tissue engineering in which the CAD based bio-tissue informatics model provides critical information of tissue biological, biophysical, and biochemical properties for modeling, design, and fabrication of complex tissue substitutes. This paper will present some salient advances of bio-CAD modeling and application in computer-aided tissue engineering, including biomimetic design, analysis, simulation and freeform fabrication of tissue engineered substitutes. An overview of computer-aided tissue engineering will be given. Methodology to generate bio-CAD models from high resolution non-invasive imaging, the medical image process and the 3D reconstruction technique will be described. Enabling state-of-the-art computer programs ...
Supplemental dietary arginine enhances wound healing in normal but not inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice.

Abstract Background: Although generation of nitric oxide (NO) from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been shown to be required for cutaneous wound healing, no differences have been noted in incisional healing between iNOS knockout (iNOS-KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Because supplemental dietary arginine enhances cutaneous healing in normal rodents and is the sole substrate for NO synthesis, we studied whether arginine can enhance cutaneous wound healing in iNOS-KO mice. Methods: Twenty iNOS-KO and 20 WT mice, all on a C57BL/6 background, were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Ten animals with each trait were randomized to receive either normal food and tap water or food and water each supplemented with 0.5% arginine (w/w). All animals underwent a 2.5-cm dorsal skin incision with implantation of four 20-mg polyvinyl alcohol sponges into subcutaneous pockets. On postoperative day 14 the animals were killed. The dorsal wound was harvested for breaking strength determination and the wound sponges were assayed for hydroxyproline content and total wound fluid nitrite/nitrate concentration. Results: Dietary arginine supplementation enhanced both wound breaking strength and collagen deposition in WT but not iNOS-KO mice. Wound fluid nitrite/nitrate levels were higher in WT than iNOS-KO animals but were not significantly influenced by additional arginine. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that supplemental dietary arginine enhances wound healing in normal mice. The loss of a functional iNOS gene abrogates the beneficial effect of arginine in wound healing. This suggests that the metabolism of arginine via the NO pathway is one mechanism by which arginine enhances wound healing. (Surgery 2000;128:374-8.)
Changing dentists’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors relating to AIDS: a controlled educational intervention

The efficacy of an educational intervention designed to improve dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was tested. The intervention had three components: computerized feedback comparing participants' own knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors with those of fellow participants and with an ideal; periodic bulletins; and telephone conference calls with experts. The group receiving the educational package had better scores than a control group on outcomes of willingness to treat persons with AIDS; identification of human immunodeficiency virus lesions; knowledge of AIDS; and completeness of both intraoral and extraoral examinations. It was concluded that intervention is one approach to increasing dentists' positive response to the AIDS epidemic.
Evangelicals in Chile: Echoing the European Reformation

The religious affiliation of Chileans conforms to the Reformation pattern in that high proportions of Catholics are found in the less urbanized, estate-dominated communes while historical Protestants (contemporary denominations) and Evangelicals are concentrated in the more urbanized places. These and related variables from the 1992 census are described for the major regions of Chile and analyzed by regression techniques. Descriptive findings suggest a new explanation for the contrasting religious orientations of historical Protestants and Evangelicals: conventional Protestantism occurs and/or expands when a subgroup has excess organizational capacity in relation to threatened social status, in contrast to the responses of less educated groups that create or borrow the evangelical religious rhetoric.
International behavioral responses to a health hazard: AIDS

This paper expands on Jonathan Mann's third wave of the AIDS pandemic: the epidemic of economic, social, political, and cultural reaction and response to the HIV infection and to AIDS. This worldwide epidemic is a major economic challenge, especially in Third World countries, which can ill afford additional health care costs. AIDS is also a harbinger of political and cultural conflicts between and among nations, states, institutions, and people everywhere. It may ultimately transform law as radically as it has health care practices. In terms of management, it is possible to approach AIDS much as we do natural and technological hazards. The biology and epidemiology of AIDS require a coordinated attack, involving research on vaccines and drugs, modification of human behavior and education of populations to arrest the disease. All of these require money, of which the United States was the major contributor before the Reagan years. Funding to the United Nations and WHO has since languished, jeopardizing the AIDS efforts of those two organizations.
Dibromidobis(quinoxaline-κN)zinc(II)

In the title complex, [ZnBr2(C8H6N2)2], the quinoxaline ligands are monocoordinated to the ZnII atom and, with the bromide ions, form a distorted tetra­hedral geometry. The combination of π-stacking inter­actions between inversion-related quinoxaline ligands and the bridging Zn creates layers parallel to the bc plane [distances range from 3.250 (1) to 3.51 (1) A].
Superconductivity at 100—Where we’ve been and where we’re going

Basic scientific questions and tantalizingly revolutionary applications have been intertwined throughout the 100-year history of superconductivity. Within two years of his discovery of superconductivity in 1911, H. Kamerlingh Onnes imagined high-field applications for superconducting wires, only to have his hopes dashed by limitations of upper critical field and critical current density. Over the next 98 years, a scientific tango would play out repeatedly between (1) discovering and understanding new superconductors, often with higher transition temperature values and (2) improving these materials’ upper critical field and critical current values while keeping manufacturing costs down. In this article, we take stock of where the field currently stands, with mature, developing, and recently discovered superconductors, and try to give a sense of where it may be going.
Anti-AIDS agents. 48.(1) Anti-HIV activity of moronic acid derivatives and the new melliferone-related triterpenoid isolated from Brazilian propolis

A new triterpenoid named melliferone (1), three known triterpenoids, moronic acid (2), anwuweizonic acid (3), and betulonic acid (4), and four known aromatic compounds (5-8) were isolated from Brazilian propolis and tested for anti-HIV activity in H9 lymphocytes. Moronic acid (2) showed significant anti-HIV activity (EC(50) 186) and was modified to develop more potent anti-AIDS agents.
Numerical criteria for integral dependence

We study multiplicity based criteria for integral dependence of modules or of standard graded algebras, known as ‘Rees criteria’. Rather than using the known numerical invariants, we achieve this goal with a more direct approach by introducing a multiplicity defined as a limit superior of a sequence of normalized lengths; this multiplicity is a non-negative real number that can be irrational.
Componentwise link identification of direct-drive robots

We present a novel joint-torque based identification method of link dynamic parameters for direct-drive rigid manipulators with revolute/translational joints. The key of the proposed method resides in the construction of the base parameter set. This set is extracted from the equations of motion of the manipulator by initially separating joint displacements instead of parameters, as done in classical methods. This was achieved by dynamically separating the equations of motion of the manipulator. We separate the gravitational, Coriolis-centripetal, and inertia dynamic components of the joint torques/forces. Three associated subsets of base dynamic parameters are used in such a way that the original identification problem is replaced with three smaller problems. These simpler problems are then solved successively. This increases the accuracy of estimation, reduces the number of parameters to be identified, reduces the number of identification experiments, and creates additional means to estimate the accuracy of identification. Finally the proposed methodology facilitates the solution of persistent excitation problem.
Musical rhetoric in integrated-media composition

Rhetorical analyses of popular music in film can guide composition teachers to develop an anticipatory pedagogy for transforming ready-made musical materials into coherent and persuasive psychologically interactive, integrated-media compositions. This essay offers an analysis of The Rolling Stones’ “You Can’t Always Get What You Want” as the thesis of Lawrence Kasdan’s The Big Chill and an examination of a student-produced digital video homage to David Fincher’s Fight Club that employs The Ronettes’ “Be My Baby” as a vehicle for its argument. Scholarly attention to visual rhetoric has helped composition teachers and theorists envision new possibilities for composing in new media. Careful consideration of musical rhetoric may enable us to hear new possibilities for integrated-media composition as well. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
A method for estimating white pine blister rust canker age on limber pine in the central Rocky Mountains

Summary Epidemiological studies of white pine blister rust on limber pine require a temporal component to explain variations in incidence of infection and mortality. Unfortunately, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present at various sites in the central Rocky Mountains of North America. Canker age, computed from canker length and average expansion rate, can be used to estimate infestation origin and infection frequency. To investigate relationships between canker lengths and canker ages for limber pine, we collected live white pine blister rust branch and stem cankers from three locations in Wyoming and two locations in Colorado. We quantified relationships between various measures of canker length and an estimate of canker age based on dendrochronological analysis. Total branch canker length was strongly, negatively correlated (r = )0.79) with the first year of incomplete, annual ring formation (canker age). Mean longitudinal canker expansion rate was 8.4 cm year )1 for branch and stem cankers where branches distal to the canker were either dead or alive. Annual longitudinal canker expansion, however, was significantly greater on a stem or branch where the portion distal to the canker was alive (11.5 cm year )1 ) rather than dead (7.1 cm year )1 ). For branches or stems, proximal expansion rate (i.e., toward or down stem) averaged 4.9 cm year )1 . The circumferential canker expansion rate (around branch or stem) was greater for stem cankers (8.3 cm year )1 ) than for branch cankers (6.2 cm year )1 ). Additional site and host tree covariates did not improve prediction of canker age. Two simple linear equations were developed to estimate a canker age from total length of a canker with the distal portion either alive or dead. An appropriate sample of canker ages can be used to determine how long a limber pine stand has been infested with white pine blister rust and how frequently infections have occurred.
Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area: Water circulation patterns and organism distributions in the Chesapeake Bay 1

Abstruct An annual, long range, subsurface transport of Prorocentrum mariae-Zebouriue, from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay to its bloom area in the upper bay, a distance of 240 km, is described and completely documented. Prorocentrum in surface outflowing waters at the mouth of the bay is recruited in late winter into more dense inflowing coastal waters. Strong stratification produced by late winter-early spring surface runoff results in the development of a stable pycnocline. Prorocentrum, now in northward-flowing bottom waters, is retained in these bottom waters. It accumulates in a subsurface concentration maximum below the pycnocline and is transported northward to reach its bloom area in the Patapsco River and north of the Bay Bridge by late spring. The rapidly decreasing depth of the upper bay causes the pycnocline to rise, mixing the previously light-limited Prorocentrum and its nutrient-rich bottom waters to the surface, where rapid growth ensues. Once the dinoflagellate is in surface waters, positive phototaxis, combined with both wind- and tide-driven surface convergences, produce dense surface patches or red tides. Prorocentrum is effectively retained in the bay until late winter by sequential inoculation into the tributary estuaries on the western shore, which exchange relatively slowly with bay waters. By late winter the annllal cycle is completc. Prorocentrum is again in surface waters at the mouth of the bay where it is reintroduced into northward-flowing bottom waters. The mechanisms described provide a key to understanding the origins of subsllrface chloronhvll maxima and the delivery of toxic dinoflagellates to coastal bloom areas.
Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Stressor Controllability in Adolescent Rats

Adolescence is a developmental period in which brain structures involved with stress responses, such as the medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC), mature. Therefore, exposure to a stressor at this time may have effects that endure the lifespan. The goal of the present study was to determine whether behavioral control over an adolescent stressor mitigates the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of the stressor as occurs in adult rats. Adolescent rats (post natal day 35) were exposed to either inescapable (IS) or escapable tailshocks (ES). As in adults we observed a “stressor controllability effect”; IS reduced social exploration and activated the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus while ES did not. Excitotoxic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex prevented the stressor controllability effect. We also demonstrate that a controllable adolescent stress prevents the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of IS in adulthood. Thus, the controllability of a stressor during adolescence is an important psychological factor.
New package system for fresh berries

This paper presents the design criterion and evaluation of a new package system designed to ship fresh strawberries and raspberries. the study describes the evaluation of the new package systems for pre-cooling after field picking. in addition data is presented describing damage to berries in the form of bruising and cutting owing to vibration in shipment. the paper compares this new concept to the traditional polyethylene injection moulded baskets used in the usa for the past 30 years.
High-index-contrast bend structures for microphotonics

Summary form only given. Bending or redirecting light beams is a crucial enabling function for passive integrated optical circuits. The efficiency and scaling properties of bends control the size and, therefore, the practicality of optical integration. In this talk, a review and comparison of the various design options for fabricating high-efficiency bends in high-index-contrast, integrated optical materials. Bend or "turning" designs using measured results with devices fabricated in the silicon-on-insulator material system are illustrated. The computational work has typically been done using FTDT. Particularly, this study compares two types of 90° bending mirror over a range of dimensions for using simulation and experiments. Results show that etched turning mirrors, which are also one of the earliest solutions to 90° bends, are one of the easiest and most efficient to implement. More advanced active devices for angular deflection are also examined and discussed.
Harmonizing the Omnipresence of MCDM in Technology, Society, and Policy

This paper presents historical perspectives on the evolution of the field and discipline of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), followed by recognizing MCDM as a philosophy that inspired the development of theory, methodology, and practice of the art and science of MCDM. Except for a brief epilogue, the balance of the paper presents the following Ten Principles for the practice of MCDM: First Principle: MCDM as a harmonizing discipline in science, technology, society, and policy must be holistic; Second Principle: a common denominator bridges risk analysis and MCDM; Third Principle: models and state variables are central to MCDM; Fourth Principle: MCDM must account for risk of low probability with extreme consequences; Fifth Principle: MCDM must account for knowledge uncertainty and variability uncertainty; Sixth Principle: MCDM must account for emergent forced changes; Seventh Principle: multiple models are required to represent the multiple perspectives of a system; Eighth Principle: the imperativeness of selecting representative objectives and the time domain in MCDM; Ninth Principle: the MCDM process must be holistic, adaptive, incremental, and sustainable; and the Tenth Principle: Phantom System Models are required for the effective practice of MCDM, while building on and adhering to all nine principles.
Bioterrorism And Biological Threats Dominate Federal Health Security Research; Other Priorities Get Scant Attention

The federal government plays a critical role in achieving national health security by providing strategic guidance and funding research to help prevent, respond to, mitigate, and recover from disasters, epidemics, and acts of terrorism. In this article we describe the first-ever inventory of nonclassified national health security-related research funded by civilian agencies of the federal government. Our analysis revealed that the US government's portfolio of health security research is currently weighted toward bioterrorism and emerging biological threats, laboratory methods, and development of biological countermeasures. Eight of ten other priorities identified in the Department of Health and Human Services' National Health Security Strategy-such as developing and maintaining a national health security workforce or incorporating recovery into planning and response-receive scant attention. We offer recommendations to better align federal spending with health security research priorities, including the creation of an interagency working group charged with minimizing research redundancy and filling persistent gaps in knowledge.
Irradiation applications for homeland security

Abstract In October 2001, first-class mail laced with anthrax was sent to political and media targets resulting in several deaths, illnesses, significant mail-service disruption, and economic loss. The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy established a technical task force on mail decontamination that included three key agencies: National Institute of Standards and Technology with responsibility for radiation dosimetry and coordinating and performing experiments at industrial accelerator facilities; the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute with responsibility for radiobiology; and the US Postal Service with responsibility for radiation-processing quality assurance and quality control. An overview of the anthrax attack decontamination events will be presented as well as expectations for growth in this area and the prospects of other homeland security areas where irradiation technology can be applied.
Genetic Predisposition to Stroke in Relatives of Hypertensives

Background and Purpose—The genetic basis of stroke is poorly understood. We evaluated patterns of familial aggregation of hypertension and stroke to test the hypothesis that inherited susceptibility to these disorders may be determined by a common set of factors. Methods—Genealogical and medical history information was obtained for a cohort of 354 hypertensive probands ascertained in a clinic-based setting, their 1427 first-degree relatives, and 239 of their spouses. Risks of stroke and hypertension in biological and nonbiological relatives were compared with the logistic model of the generalized estimating equations adjusted for age and sex. Results—The risk of hypertension was higher for the parents and siblings of the probands than for spouses (odds ratio [OR]=2.4; 95% CI, 1.8 to 3.4; OR=2.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 3.0, respectively). When the spouses were used as a reference group, the risk of stroke for parents of the hypertensive probands was 7.3 times higher (OR=7.3; 95% CI, 3.6 to 14.8), while a nonsignif...
Electric quadrupole and hexadecupole nuclear excitations from the perspectives of electron scattering and modern shell-model theory

Abstract Shell-model wave functions obtained from a complete, unified treatment of the structure of the positive parity states in nuclei between 16 O and 40 Ca are used to calculate the features of inelastic electron scattering to 2+ and 4+ states in this region. These predictions of E2 and E4 form factors, and the corresponding elastic scattering predictions, are compared with the collected experimental data which are available on this topic. The dependence of the calculated results upon alternate models for single-nucleon wave functions and core-polarization transition densities is investigated, as is the consistency between the (e,e′) measurements and the analogous B (E2) measurements.
Geography in Coverage Modeling: Exploiting Spatial Structure to Address Complementary Partial Service of Areas

Abstract The assessment of, and planning for, service coverage has been a fundamental aspect of geographic research. In particular, facility placement and associated coverage are central concerns in emergency services, transit route design, cartographic simplification, natural resource management, and weather monitoring, among others. In this article the widely applied set-covering problem is discussed, focusing on its use in geographic analysis. Problematic aspects of set-coverage modeling across space are identified. In particular, geographic information systems (GIS) and enhanced spatial information have accentuated abstraction/spatial representation issues in need of greater consideration in modeling service coverage. To address representational problems with existing approaches, a new set-covering model is introduced for dealing with spatial objects (points, lines, polygons, arcs, curves, etc.). The developed approach accounts for complementary coverage of objects. In doing this, the model decreases ...
Tri-Modal Half-Bridge Converter for Three-Port Interface

This paper proposes a novel converter topology that interfaces three power ports: a source, a bidirectional storage port, and an isolated load port. The proposed converter is based on a modified version of the isolated half-bridge converter topology that utilizes three basic modes of operation within a constant-frequency switching cycle to provide two independent control variables. This allows tight control over two of the converter ports, while the third port provides the power balance in the system. The switching sequence ensures a clamping path for the energy of the leakage inductance of the transformer at all times. This energy is further utilized to achieve zero-voltage switching for all primary switches for a wide range of source and load conditions. Steady-state analysis of the proposed converter is included, together with a suggested structure for feedback control. Key experimental results are presented that validate the converter operation and confirm its ability to achieve tight independent control over two power processing paths. This topology promises significant savings in component count and losses for power-harvesting systems. The proposed topology and control is particularly relevant to battery-backed power systems sourced by solar or fuel cells.
Taking Retention Seriously: Rethinking the First Year of College

Efforts on most campuses do not go far enough to promote student retention, especially for first-year students. Add-on classes that are disconnected from one another cannot give students the cohesive environment they need to connect with faculty, staff, and other students. What are needed are learning environments, such as learning communities, that actively involve students, faculty members, and staff in shared learning activities.
Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture: Application and Perspectives

Individual protein consumption of the 5.3 billion people on Earth averages about 70 g of protein/day, or 23 million tons of nitrogen (N)/annum (Waggoner, 1994). To maintain this level of intake as the Earth’s population doubles over the next 40 years, will necessitate a doubling or tripling of crop production, despite a significant deterioration of much prime agricultural land, and will require the utilization of large areas now considered marginal. Judicious management of N in the environment will be essential. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation is second only to photosynthesis in terms of importance for plant growth and development, yet N is perhaps the single most important factor currently limiting crop yields. The striking increase in cereal grain yields in developed countries between 1950 and 1990 was directly attributable to 10-fold increase in N fertilizer use (Waggoner, 1994). However, further increases are unlikely to be achieved by increased N fertilization. The increased use of N in developed countries has led to leaching of toxic NO3 into groundwater and volatilization of N oxides into the environment (Bohlool, 1992). In developing countries, the high cost of N fertilizer and the energy requirements for production will limit its use. Biological N2 fixation (BNF) accounts for 65% of the N currently utilized in agriculture and will be increasingly important in future crop productivity especially for sustainable systems, small scale operations, and marginal land utilization. It is imperative that we not only understand the contribution of this process to various agricultural systems, but also appreciate current limitations to BNF under field conditions. In this paper, we have selected areas of research that are key to improving field crop levels of BNF and discuss research strategies for their resolution.
Event Specific Multimodal Pattern Mining with Image-Caption Pairs

In this paper we describe a novel framework and algorithms for discovering image patch patterns from a large corpus of weakly supervised image-caption pairs generated from news events. Current pattern mining techniques attempt to find patterns that are representative and discriminative, we stipulate that our discovered patterns must also be recognizable by humans and preferably with meaningful names. We propose a new multimodal pattern mining approach that leverages the descriptive captions often accompanying news images to learn semantically meaningful image patch patterns. The mutltimodal patterns are then named using words mined from the associated image captions for each pattern. A novel evaluation framework is provided that demonstrates our patterns are 26.2% more semantically meaningful than those discovered by the state of the art vision only pipeline, and that we can provide tags for the discovered images patches with 54.5% accuracy with no direct supervision. Our methods also discover named patterns beyond those covered by the existing image datasets like ImageNet. To the best of our knowledge this is the first algorithm developed to automatically mine image patch patterns that have strong semantic meaning specific to high-level news events, and then evaluate these patterns based on that criteria.
Family Structure Transitions and Child Development: Instability, Selection, and Population Heterogeneity

A growing literature documents the importance of family instability for child wellbeing. In this article, we use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the impacts of family instability on children's cognitive and socioemotional development in early and middle childhood. We extend existing research in several ways: (1) by distinguishing between the number and types of family structure changes; (2) by accounting for time-varying as well as time-constant confounding; and (3) by assessing racial/ethnic and gender differences in family instability effects. Our results indicate that family instability has a causal effect on children's development, but the effect depends on the type of change, the outcome assessed, and the population examined. Generally speaking, transitions out of a two-parent family are more negative for children's development than transitions into a two-parent family. The effect of family instability is stronger for children's socioemotional development than for their cognitive achievement. For socioemotional development, transitions out of a two-parent family are more negative for white children, whereas transitions into a two-parent family are more negative for Hispanic children. These findings suggest that future research should pay more attention to the type of family structure transition and to population heterogeneity.