cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers for guided ultrasonic waves in thin wires

The magnetostrictive effect is used to generate ultrasonic waves for a variety of health monitoring applications. Given the ductile nature of many ferromagnetic materials and the common geometrical configuration of magnetic inductance coils, magnetostrictive generation of ultrasound is especially suitable for long cylindrical waveguides such as thin wires. Furthermore, utilizing ultrasonic guided wave modes in such waveguides provides a robust tool for remote inspection of materials or environments over long distances. Through the use of different guided wave modes, structural health monitoring sensors could be tailored to suit individual applications. Guided wave modes offer a choice in displacement profile allowing sensors to be designed to be either sensitive or impervious to surface effects. The dispersivity of the guided wave velocity can also be optimized for applications involving time-of-flight measurements. Despite the advantages afforded by guided wave analysis, current magnetostrictive transducers, consisting of coil of wire and a bias magnet, can not perform at the frequencies necessary to excite higher order guided wave modes. In order to advance the capability of magnetostrictive transducers for ultrasonic guided waves in wires, the design parameters of inductance coils are examined. Using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer, ultrasonic displacements are measured over a range of excitation frequencies for different coil configurations and parameters to determine the feasibility of developing a higher mode magnetostrictive transducer.
Discrimination of the Plasmodium mexicanum vectors Lutzomyia stewarti and Lutzomyia vexator by a PCR-RFLP assay and Wolbachia infection.

Lutzomyia vexator (Coquillett 1907) and L. stewarti (Mangabeira Fo & Galindo 1944), are two of the fourteen reported species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) inhabiting North America (Young and Perkins 1984). These two species are found in sympatry in California (Ayala 1973, Young and Perkins 1984), and often occupy the same rodent burrows for resting sites. Both species transmit the saurian malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, to lizards in northern California (Ayala, 1973, Schall 2000, Vardo-Zalik 2009). Additionally, these flies have been documented as hosts for other reptilian pathogens, including trypanosomes, haemogregarines, and gregarines (Ayala 1973). Therefore, knowledge of these vectors is important for understanding reptilian disease ecology. Lutzomyia vexator has also been implicated as a potential vector for canine leishmaniasis after being found in upstate New York proximal to a canine leishmanisis outbreak (Ostfeldt et al. 2004).
Release of gaseous bromine from the photolysis of nitrate and hydrogen peroxide in simulated sea-salt solutions

Abstract We have carried out a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the oxidation of bromide (Br−) by hydroxyl radical ( OH) in solutions used to mimic sea-salt particles. Aqueous halide solutions with nitrate or hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) as a photochemical source of OH were illuminated with 313 nm light and the resulting gaseous bromine (Br*(g)) was collected. While illumination of these solutions nearly always formed gaseous bromine (predominantly Br2 based on modeling results), there was no evidence for the release of gaseous chlorine. The rate of Br*(g) release increased (up to a plateau value) with increasing concentrations of bromide and was enhanced at lower pH values for both nitrate and HOOH solutions. Increased ionic strength in nitrate solutions inhibited Br*(g) release and the extent of inhibition was dependent upon the salt used. In HOOH solutions, however, no ionic strength effects were observed and the presence of Cl− strongly enhanced Br*(g) release. Overall, for conditions typical of aged, deliquesced, sea-salt particles, the efficiencies of gaseous bromine release, expressed as mole of Br*(g) released per mole of OH photochemically formed, were typically 20–30%. Using these reaction efficiencies, we calculated the Br2(g) release rate from aged, ambient sea-salt particles due to OH oxidation to be approximately 0.07 pptv h−1 with the main contributions from nitrate photolysis and partitioning of gas-phase OH into the particle. While our solution conditions are simplified compared to ambient particles, this estimated rate of Br2 release is high enough to suggest that OH-mediated reactions in sea-salt particles could be a significant source of reactive bromine to the marine boundary layer.
Architectural History in Professional Education: Reflections on Postcolonial Challenges to the Modern Survey

Abstract In recent years, our inherited architectural culture, which privileges the autonomy of form and the paradigmatic status of the western tradition, has been contested from a range of critical perspectives. In this article I address some of the new challenges that architectural history faces today and contemplate two questions with important implications for teaching survey courses. First, how does one make architectural history less Eurocentric and more cross-cultural without either naturalizing the cultural difference of “others” or essentializing these differences into incommensurable categories? Second, how does one talk about the politics of architecture without reducing architecture to politics?
Falls in the elderly: a modern look at an old problem.

Abstract Background Falls are a leading cause of unintentional injury among adults, especially those over 65 years of age. With increasing longevity and improving access to health care, falls are affecting a more mobile senior citizen population that does not fit the typical profile. We set out to evaluate the current nature of these falls in the elderly. Methods This is a 2-year retrospective chart review of all falls in patients 65 years or older at an urban Level I trauma center. Demographics, location and height of fall, associated injuries, and outcomes were obtained from chart review. Results There were 400 patients meeting inclusion criteria. The cohort had a mean age of 78.3 ± 8.8 years, 50% were male, and 72.5% had at least 1 comorbidity. Non–ground level falls (Non-GLF) were recorded in 56 patients (14%). These patients suffered a significantly higher injury burden. Non-GLF were associated with significantly higher intensive care unit length of stay (2.6 ± 5.6 vs 4.6 ± 6.7 days, P = .016) and a trend toward higher mortality than GLF. Conclusions Falls remain a source of considerable healthcare expenditure, especially among the elderly. Non-GLF account for 14% of cases and are associated with a significantly higher burden of injury and morbidity. Fall prevention strategies should include these active older individuals at risk of high-level falls.
Relocation of a seafloor transponder—Sustaining the GPS-Acoustic technique

Rigid seafloor arrays of three to four precision acoustic transponders have been repeatedly positioned with the GPS-Acoustic technique to measure horizontal plate motion. In the event that one transponder becomes inactive, a replacement transponder must be precisely located relative to the existing array. Here we present a technique to determine the geodetic azimuth and baseline between the inactive and replacement transponders. We include three examples of relocations between 2002 and 2003 on the Juan de Fuca plate and near the Peru-Chile trench, which add ±16–29 mm uncertainty to the GPS-Acoustic estimated position. A simulation of optimal network geometry shows that the relocation’s contribution to uncertainty can be as low as ±10 mm.
Lyapunov controller design for transverse vibration of a cable-linked transporter system

Modeling and Lyapunov controller design for transverse vibration of a flexible cable transporter system with arbitrarily varying lengths are presented using Hamilton's principle and Lyapunov theory. The axial velocity of the system is assumed to be unknown in the model. This is different from existing literature where the axial velocity is assumed either to be constant or prescribed. The governing equations include two coupled non-linear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and boundary conditions. The interactions between the cables and the slider, pulleys, and motors are included in the model. Numerical solution of the derived governing equations is obtained using Galerkin's method. Based on the Lyapunov theory, we propose two boundary controllers and one domain point-wise controller, which suppress the transverse vibration of the cables effectively while assuring the attainment of the slider goal. The proposed controllers dissipate the vibration energy and guarantee the stability of the closed-loop system in Lyapunov sense. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
Booster sessions and long-term effects of behavioral family therapy on adolescent substance use and school performance

This study investigated the long-term impact on adolescent substance use and academic failure of 6 months of booster sessions following the termination of behavioral family therapy. Subjects were four 14-16-year-old white and Hispanic males and females whose parents or teachers had referred them for 5-12 months of behavioral family therapy. The first subject received no booster sessions; after the typical decrease in substance use and academic problems at the end of treatment, his problems recurred and subsequently worsened during follow-up. The other three subjects responded similarly to behavioral family therapy, but this was followed by 6 months of booster sessions, leading to a second decrease in substance use and academic problems. Improvement was maintained throughout follow-up. These results suggest that booster sessions can prevent the recurrences of adolescent problem behavior that often follow treatment termination.
C-alkylation of methanetetraboronic and methanetriboronic esters

Abstract Tetrakis(dimethoxyboryl)methane, [(MeO) 2 B] 4 C, and lithium methoxide in tetrahydrofuran behave as a source of [(MeO) 2 B] 3 C − , which displaces halide ion from alkyl halides (RX) to yield mixtures of [(MeO) 2 B] 3 CR and [(MeO) 2 B] 2 CR 2 . The latter must result from transfer of a dimethoxyboryl group from [(MeO) 2 B] 3 CR to [(MeO) 2 B] 3 C − to form [(MeO) 2 B] 4 C and [(MeO) 2 ,B] 2 CR − , which then reacts with a second mole of RX. The products from methyl iodide and [(MeO) 2 B] 3 C − were converted to the more stable ethylene glycol esters and isolated by gas chromatography. Tris(dimethoxyboryl)methane, [(MeO) 2 B] 3 CH, reacts with one equivalent of alkyl halide and lithium ethoxide to yield [(MeO) 2 B] 2 CHR, best isolated by conversion to the ethylene glycol ester and distillation. Alkyl groups R include CH 3 , C 4 H 9 , CH 2 CHCH 2 , HCCCH 2 , and CH 3 O 2 CCH 2 . Chloroacetone reacted at the carbonyl group with [(MeO) 2 B] 2 CH − , and the product isolated after ethylene glycol treatment was C 2 H 4 O 2 BCHC(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl. Incidental compounds prepared include the pinacol triboronic ester HC(BO 2 C 2 Me 4 ) 3 and the methoxymethanediboronic ester CH 3 OCH[B(OMe) 2 ] 2 .
Diagnosing Fish Bone and Chicken Bone Impactions in the Emergency Department Setting: Measuring the System Utility of the Plain Film Screen.

Objectives:In the emergency department, fish and chicken bone impactions are typically evaluated with screening x-rays. We sought to determine whether this modality ultimately improves system outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), cost, and radiation dosage.Methods:We reviewed patients ≥18 years old presenting to an urban academic emergency department over a 4-year period who received a screening soft-tissue x-ray to determine the presence of a retained fish or chicken bone. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of x-ray and computed tomography (CT) evaluations, respectively, in addition to system outcomes.Results:Twenty-seven of the 78 patients included for analysis were ultimately positive for bone impaction. Initial x-ray interpretations demonstrated a sensitivity of 24.0% (95% CI, 9.4%-45.1%) and a specificity of 90.0% (95% CI, 78.2%-96.7%). However, initial CT interpretation (ie, a preliminary read from on-call residents) demonstrated a sensitivity of 75% (95% CI, 19.4%-99.4%) and a specificity of...
Coccidioides Thyroiditis in an HIV-Infected Patient

We report a case of Coccidioides thyroiditis in an HIV-infected patient with a history of recent Coccidioides pneumonia but with negative Coccidioides serology determined by enzyme immunoassay at presentation. Diagnosis of Coccidioides thyroiditis was made based on histopathologic examination and culture of thyroid abscess material obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
A concept in search of a definition: The effects of reasonable doubt instructions on certainty of guilt standards and jury verdicts

Eighty (6-person) juries heard 1 of the 5 reasonable doubt instructions in a trial that either had strong evidence for guilt or favored acquittal. None of the instructions produced acceptable criteria of self-reported reasonable doubt, although instructions that informed juries to be firmly convinced (FC) elicited the highest standards of proof. The FC instructions yielded verdicts that tended to correspond with the evidence in both versions of the trial. FC juries focused proportionately more on the evidence and less on non-probative issues than juries given other instructions. Juries had lower self-reported standards of proof when the trial evidence was weak for conviction as opposed to when it was strong. The discussion addresses the surprisingly low self-reported standards of proof.
THE P-REGION AND S6 OF KV3.1 CONTRIBUTE TO THE FORMATION OF THE ION CONDUCTION PATHWAY

The loop between transmembrane regions S5 and S6 (P-region) of voltage-gated K+ channels has been proposed to form the ion-conducting pore, and the internal part of this segment is reported to be responsible for ion permeation and internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) binding. The two T-cell K+ channels, Kv3.1 and Kv1.3, with widely divergent pore properties, differ by a single residue in this internal P-region, leucine 401 in Kv3.1 corresponding to valine 398 in Kv1.3. The L401V mutation in Kv3.1 was created with the anticipation that the mutant channel would exhibit Kv1.3-like deep-pore properties. Surprisingly, this mutation did not alter single channel conductance and only moderately enhanced internal TEA sensitivity, indicating that residues outside the P-region influence these properties. Our search for additional residues was guided by the model of Durell and Guy, which predicted that the C-terminal end of S6 formed part of the K+ conduction pathway. In this segment, the two channels diverge at only one position, Kv3.1 containing M430 in place of leucine in Kv1.3. The M430L mutant of Kv3.1 exhibited permeant ion- and voltage-dependent flickery outward single channel currents, with no obvious changes in other pore properties. Modification of one or more ion-binding sites located in the electric field and possibly within the channel pore could give rise to this type of channel flicker.
Swallowing Disorders in Severe Brain Injury: Risk Factors Affecting Return to Oral Intake

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence and type of swallowing disorders that accompany severe brain injury and to identify factors that affect oral intake. Design: Inception cohort study. Setting: Level I trauma center. Patients: Consecutively admitted patients with severe brain injury who achieved cognitive levels during admission to assess swallowing and who did not sustain injuries preventing swallowing assessment ( n = 54). Main Outcome Measures: Type of swallowing abnormalities and presence of aspiration evident on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), days to initiation and achievement of oral feeding, ventilation days, presence of a tracheostomy, and cognitive levels at initiation and achievement of oral feeding. Results: Sixty-one percent of subjects exhibited abnormal swallowing. Loss of bolus control and reduced lingual control occurred most commonly. Aspiration rate was 41%. Normal swallowers achieved oral feeding in 19 days versus 57 days for abnormal swallowers. Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) Level IV was needed for initiation of oral feeding; Level VI was needed for total oral feeding. Risk factors for abnormal swallowing included: lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and RLA scores, presence of a tracheostomy, and ventilation time longer than 2 weeks. Risk factors for aspiration were lower admission GCS and RLA scores. Conclusions: Swallowing disorders and behavioral/cognitive skills are frequently present in patients with severe brain injury and significantly affect oral intake of food. Persons who swallow abnormally take significantly longer to start eating and to achieve total oral feeding, and they require nonoral supplementation three to four times longer than those who swallow normally.
Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen—intrapellet heat and mass transfer

Rates of oxidation of hydrogen were measured by using platinum–alumina catalyst particles and 1.86-cm. pellets. For high-reaction rates, temperature differences between center and surface of the pellets were more than 300°C. Under these conditions large variations in temperature with position on the pellet surface were observed. The pellet reactor was of the recirculation, stirred-tank type with injection nozzles. Local heat transfer coefficients between pellet and gas varied twofold with location on the surface. The data showed that intrapellet heat and mass transfer resistances were both important, while between pellet and gas only the heat transfer resistance was significant. The effective thermal conductivity of the pellet was measured independently. By using this and the experimental temperature measurements, a new method s devised to establish the effective diffusivity under reaction conditions. Effectiveness factors were predicted from ke and De and the rate data for the particles. The results were about 7% greater than the experimental effectivenes lactor.
An update on carotenoid biosynthesis in algae: phylogenetic evidence for the existence of two classes of phytoene synthase

Carotenoids play crucial roles in structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of bacteria, algae, and higher plants. The entry-step reaction to carotenoid biosynthesis is catalyzed by the phytoene synthase (PSY), which is structurally and functionally related in all organisms. A comparative genomic analysis regarding the PSY revealed that the green algae Ostreococcus and Micromonas possess two orthologous copies of the PSY genes, indicating an ancient gene duplication event that produced two classes of PSY in algae. However, some other green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Volvox carteri), red algae (Cyanidioschyzon merolae), diatoms (Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum), and higher plants retained only one class of the PSY gene whereas the other gene copy was lost in these species. Further, similar to the situation in higher plants recent gene duplications of PSY have occurred for example in the green alga Dunaliella salina/bardawil. As members of the PSY gene families in some higher plants are differentially regulated during development or stress, the discovery of two classes of PSY gene families in some algae suggests that carotenoid biosynthesis in these algae is differentially regulated in response to development and environmental stress as well.
WHAT'S A PHILOSOPHER TO DO? A DEWEYAN RESPONSE*

L'A. reprend Dewey pour affirmer contre Rorty que le philosophe a une utilite et une fonction reelles, en particulier un role de critique a prendre en compte
Positioning and control of boom crane luffing with double-pendulum payloads

Boom cranes are used for numerous material-handling and manufacturing processes in factories, shipyards, and construction sites. They move payloads by hoisting up and down, slewing their base about a vertical axis, and luffing their boom in and out from the base. Many boom cranes are designed to automatically level luff, wherein the payload stays at the same height while the boom luff angle changes. All of these motions induce payload oscillation. The problem of payload oscillation becomes more challenging when the payload exhibits double-pendulum dynamics that produce two varying frequencies of oscillation. In this paper, input shaping is used to reduce the two-mode oscillatory dynamics of such systems. Furthermore, a small-step control mode is designed to allow the operator to make short and precise motions without causing oscillations.
Intracellular pH does not change during phytochrome-mediated spore germination in Onoclea

Abstract Calcium ions may act as a “second messenger” in phytochrome-mediated spore germination in Onoclea sensibilis L. In this study we determine whether changes in intracellular pH also contribute to the signal transduction chain. Using 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, in which we are able to resolve changes as small as 0.2 pH units, we fail to observe any change in pH associated with red light irradiation. In addition artificially inducing an intracellular change in pH of greater than 1 pH unit (5.8-7.2) has no effect on germination. These data indicate that a sustained increase in intracellular pH does not contribute to the signal transduction chain in phytochrome-mediated fern spore germination.
New NIST reference goniospectrometer

Coatings can be classified by either their appearance, such as glitter, or by their function, such as corrosion protection. However, pigments are currently being manufactured with new and unique appearance attributes that can not be characterized by traditional methods. These coatings may exhibit differences in their perceived color with changes in the illumination or viewing angle, or both. Properties such as these have become rudimentary in the production of currency, cosmetics, and retroreflective materials. The primary impetus of goniospectrometry at NIST is to develop accurate measurement protocols for reproduction and quality control of appearance attributes, such as color matching, by determining the minimum set of illumination and viewing geometries needed to accurately characterize the perceived color. Here, we present a new goniospectrometer developed at NIST that allows the measurement of the complete bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) for colored surfaces with the objective of differentiating between the scattering mechanisms in the coating. The illumination is provided by a monochromator with a spectral resolution of 0.05 nm between 360 nm and 780 nm. The sample can be moved about 3 different axes, allowing illumination and viewing for any direction within the hemisphere about the sample, including grazing angles, with accuracy better than 0.01° for each axis. This equipment will become the future provider of standard BRDF measurements at NIST, for the characterization of complex surfaces like gonioapparent coatings or retroflective surfaces.
Broadcast News Portrayal of Minorities Accuracy in Reporting

This article examines how local television news has been shown to misrepresent minorities. Minorities are portrayed more frequently as criminals than are Whites, and minority misrepresentation has been shown to be out of proportion to crime statistics. Several possible explanations are given for this phenomenon. Evidence exists that audiences are aware of misrepresentation and that news directors are aware that their newscasts scare the audiences they serve. Research suggests that local television news stations can improve ratings by reducing crime coverage and by changing the nature of coverage. Suggestions also are offered as to how audiences can be better prepared to react to biased reporting.
Singularities in kinematic wave theory: Solution properties, extended methods and duality revisited

Abstract According to Euler–Lagrange duality principle of kinematic wave (KW) theory any well-posed initial value traffic flow problem can be solved with the same methods either on the time–space (Euler) plane or the time vs vehicle number (Lagrange) plane. To achieve this symmetry the model parameters and the boundary data need to be expressed in a form appropriate for each plane. It turns out, however, that when boundary data that are bounded in one plane are transformed for the other, singular points with infinite density sometimes arise. Duality theory indicates that solutions to these problems must exist and be unique. Therefore, these solutions should be characterized. The paper shows that the only added feature of these solutions is a new type of shock that can contain mass and we call a supershock. Nothing else is different. The evolution laws of these shocks are described. Solution methods based on these laws for problems with singularities are also presented. The methods apply to problems with monotone speed–density relations and not necessarily concave fundamental diagrams. In accordance with duality theory they can be used with both, the Euler and Lagrange versions of a problem.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Health Related Quality of Life in Female Veterans

SUMMARY Background—The status and determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in female veterans with and without irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown. Aim—To compare HRQOL in female veterans with and without IBS symptoms and examine the contribution of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety to HRQOL. Methods—A cross-sectional study of 339 female veterans. Self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate IBS symptoms, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and HRQOL. Results—Symptoms consistent with IBS were present in 33.5% of participants. Female veterans with IBS symptoms had significant reductions in physical component score (PCS) and 5 of 8 Health Related Quality of Life subscales, and on 7 of 8 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life subscales, than female veterans without IBS symptoms. Compared to the US general female population, female veterans had significantly lower Health Related Quality of Life PCS and mental component scores (MCS) irrespective of IBS symptom status. Differences in the MCS score was most explained by depression; while the PCS score was most explained anxiety. Conclusions—IBS symptoms in female veterans are associated with considerable reduction in HRQOL. However, female veterans regardless of IBS symptom status have lower HRQOL compared to the general US female population.
Does augmented growth impose an increased risk of fetal death

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to examine the risk of fetal death associated with augmented fetal growth. Study Design: All live births recorded in Virginia between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1993, were examined. Mortality rates were examined for infants born at or beyond 24 weeks' gestational age with weights between the 75th and 90th percentiles, from the 90th to the 95th percentile, and >95th percentile. Results: Mortality rates were found to rise only slightly with birth weights >90th percentile. A recorded diagnosis of maternal diabetes, however, was associated with a significant risk in the presence of augmented fetal growth. Augmented fetal growth without maternal glucose intolerance showed no increase in mortality. Conclusion: Augmented fetal growth in the absence of maternal glucose intolerance appeared not to be associated with a significant increase in the risk of death among these births. Increased risk was found when augmented fetal growth was associated with maternal diabetes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:316-23.)
Drum and Stethoscope: Integrating Ethnomedicine and Biomedicine in Bolivia

Drum and Stethoscope: Integrating Ethnomedicine and Biomedicine in Bolivia. JOSEPH W. BASTIEN. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992. 255 pp. $34.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–87480–386–1.
Concomitant factors of decompensation in chronic heart failure

The concomitant factors implicated in 328 nonfatal decompensations of 304 patients with congestive heart failure were: arrhythmias in 24%, infections in 23%, poor compliance in 15%, angina in 14%, iatrogenic factors in 10%, and other causes in 5% of cases. New York Heart Association class and right atrial pressure significantly related to the occurrence of decompensation. Poor compliance and angina were unpredictable, infection was related to pulmonary wedge pressure, iatrogenic factors were predicted by the more advanced functional classes, whereas arrhythmias were more frequent in patients with renal failure.
Secure Information Flow for Concurrent Programs under Total Store Order

Modern multicore hardware and multithreaded programming languages expose weak memory models to programmers, which relax the intuitive sequential consistency (SC) memory model in order to support a variety of hardware and compiler optimizations. However, to our knowledge all prior work on secure information flow in a concurrent setting has assumed SC semantics. This paper investigates the impact of the Total Store Order (TSO) memory model, which is used by Intel x86 and Sun SPARC processors, on secure information flow, focusing on the natural security condition known as possibilistic noninterference. We show that possibilistic noninterference under SC and TSO are incomparable notions, neither property implies the other one. We define a simple type system for possibilistic noninterference under SC and demonstrate that it is unsound under TSO. We then provide two variants of this type system that are sound under TSO: one that requires only a small change to the original type system but is overly restrictive, and another that incorporates a form of flow sensitivity to safely retain additional expressiveness. Finally, we show that the original type system is in fact sound under TSO for programs that are free of data races.
Ovarian aromatase activity in granulosa and theca cells of rhesus monkeys.

The cellular origin of follicular steroids was determined in preovulatory follicles removed surgically from rhesus monkeys on Day 12 of the menstrual cycle. The granulosa cells were separated from theca cells, washed twice and suspended in 0.3 ml of Ham’s FlO medium. The thecal layer was cut into thirds and weighed. A thecal wedge and/or 100 �zl of the granulosa cell suspension were incubated for 3 hat 37#{176}C in the presence of [‘4C1 progesterone and [1,2-s HI androstenedione. After incubation, the tissue and media were homogenized together and the steroids extracted with diethylether. Radioactive steroid products in the ether extracts were separated on columns of Sephadex LH-20. The aqueous phase was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography (Amberlite XAD-2) and tritiated water was isolated to assess indirectly conversion of [3 H] androstenedione to estrogen. [3 H] Androstenedione had disappeared from incubates containing only granulosa cells, but remained in incubates without cells or those containing only theca cells. Thus, [3 H) androstenedione was metabolized more rapidly by granulosa cells than by theca cells. All incubates containing either granulosa or theca cells synthesized [3H) estrone and [3H] estradiol-17j3. The identity of these radioactive estrogens was confirmed by recrystallization. Follicular cells did not synthesize typical ‘4C-androgens or ‘4C-estrogens from [14 C] progesterone, suggesting that androgens and estrogens are preferentially synthesized through the � -pathway in monkeys. However, one unidentified steroid product derived from [14 CI progesterone that was less polar than estrogens and more polar than most androgens, was detected in incubates containing thecal tissue but not in incubates containing only granulosa cells.
Trends in Fatalities From Distracted Driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008

Objectives. We examined trends in distracted driving fatalities and their relation to cell phone use and texting volume.Methods. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) records data on all road fatalities that occurred on public roads in the United States from 1999 to 2008. We studied trends in distracted driving fatalities, driver and crash characteristics, and trends in cell phone use and texting volume. We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relation between state-level distracted driving fatalities and texting volumes.Results. After declining from 1999 to 2005, fatalities from distracted driving increased 28% after 2005, rising from 4572 fatalities to 5870 in 2008. Crashes increasingly involved male drivers driving alone in collisions with roadside obstructions in urban areas. By use of multivariate analyses, we predicted that increasing texting volumes resulted in more than 16 000 additional road fatalities from 2001 to 2007.Conclusions. Distracted driving is a growing public ...
Calculated beam profiles for the DIII-D off-axis and long pulse neutral beam upgrade

An analysis of the propagation of a neutral beam along the axis of injection was performed. An analytic solution was found using a population of Gaussian point sources uniformly distributed on a surface in Cartesian coordinates normal to the direction of beam travel. The solution was extended to examine the effects of multiple source surfaces, incorporating the canting of the source surfaces that enables focusing the neutral beam. The model was then used to analyze the current DIII-D neutral beam ion sources (with an initial beam size of 12 × 48 cm) to obtain the beam profiles and intensities at locations downstream of the source plane. The calculated intensity profiles along the axis of beam travel lead to estimates of the scrape-off beam power loss to the beamline internal components. These results were compared to previous water-flow-calorimetry measurements of beam power depositions on the beamline internal components to validate the model. The model was then employed to calculate the beam profiles and beam intensities for the smaller aperture ion sources (12 × 43 cm) planned for use on the off-axis beamline. The calculated data are used in the mechanical and thermal analyses for the design of the internal components for the future off-axis beamline. The off-axis beamline will be capable of operating at 80 keV beam energy for pulse lengths up to 10 seconds. We present a description of the analysis methodology, the calculated and measured power deposition results, and a discussion of the implications and limitations of the analysis.
SMALL INTESTINAL MUCOSAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND BACTERIAL FLORA IN THE CONVENTIONALIZATION OF THE GERMFREE MOUSE

The relationship between intestinal colonization and the small bowel mucosal cellular proliferation rate during conventionalization of the germfree mouse was examined. 16 mice were maintained under standard germfree conditions, and 54 others were conventionalized. Migration of the small bowel epithelial cells was followed by radioautography with administration of tritiated thymidine. Colonization was followed by qualitative and quantitative bacteriological fecal analyses. The percentages of the villi labeled (as determined by cell count) 24, 48, and 72 hr following thymidine administration showed immediate progression in the conventionalized animals from the germfree villus migration time (4 days) toward the conventional villus migration time (2 days). The epithelial migration rate of animals conventionalized for 8 days was comparable to that of conventional animals. After conventionalization, aerobic and anaerobic organisms undergo a period of extensive multiplication; however, 72 hr later the number of these microorganisms cultured in the stool decrease and are similar to those recovered from normal animals. Coliforms and streptococci are recovered in large numbers only in the first days after conventionalization, while the Bacteroides are first recovered in significant numbers on the fifth day of conventionalization. Except for smaller numbers of Bacteroides , the bacterial populations in the stools of the conventionalized animals are qualitatively and quantitatively similar by the eighth day of conventionalization to those of true conventional mice. Adaptive balance between cell proliferation and sloughing, and thus migration rate, begins immediately after conventionalization of germfree animals as bacterial populations establish themselves throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and results in a doubling of the mucosal cell turnover after 8 days. At this time both the small intestinal epithelial cell migration rate and the intestinal microflora are similar to those of conventional animals.
An early effect of testosterone propionate upon hypothalamic function in the neonatal rat

Rats treated neonatally with testosterone propionate exhibit a reduced uterine growth response to estradiol administration prepubertally. This androgen-induced impairment is the consequence of developmental effects on both the ovary and the hypothalamic-pituitary complex, although the latter is the more sensitive.
Multiband frequency selective surface with multiring patch elements

Theoretical discussions and experimental verifications are presented for a multiband frequency selective surface (FSS) with perfectly conducting multiring patch elements. It is found that the narrow-ring approximation is valid for a ring width less than 0.025/spl lambda/ with /spl lambda/ being the wavelength of the FSS's resonant frequency. A single screen double-ring element FSS is demonstrated for (1) a low-pass FSS that reflects the Ka-band signal while passing the S-, X-, and Ku-band signals, and (2) a tri-band system that reflects the X-band signal while transmitting through the S- and Ku-band signals. In addition, a double screen four-band FSS with non-similar double-ring elements is developed by cascading the above mentioned two single screens. The good agreement obtained between the measured and the computed results verified the computer codes and the approaches of the paper. >
Defining population structure for the Mojave desert tortoise

We used highly variable microsatellite markers to identify population structure, movement, and biological boundaries for populations of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts of the southwestern United States. The Mojave desert tortoise (listed as “threatened” by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) has a large geographic range, long generation time, low population densities, and little above-ground activity. Additionally, the dispersal patterns of individual tortoises are virtually unknown, making indirect methods to assess movement among populations valuable. Using Bayesian assignment tests, we detected hierarchical structuring within the Mojave desert tortoise. Three basal groups were identified, and these corresponded to the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes reported in 1989. Additional population structure was evident within each basal unit, and this structure corresponds with major geographic barriers. Our analyses suggest that gene flow among populations was historically high because levels of population differentiation were low across the range. Geographic distance explained a large proportion of variation in genetic distance (68%), which pinpoints that dispersal is limited only on a regional scale. In light of these new analyses of the genetic population structure of the Mojave desert tortoise, we make new recommendations for the number and locations of recovery units for conservation of this species.
Pediatric Chronic Illness (Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis) Effects On Well Siblings: Parents’ Voices

This study is a secondary analysis of data gathered during baseline data collection prior to a cognitive-psychosocial-respite intervention provided in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Content analysis was used to identify themes in parents' responses to an open-ended item about their perceptions of the effects on siblings of having a brother or sister who has either cancer or cystic fibrosis (CF). Of 91 themes tallied in the cancer group (n = 29), 74.5% reflected negative manifestations of increased risk in siblings, 1.1% no risk; and 24.2%, positive outcomes. Of 53 themes tallied in the CF group (n = 15), the same three categories had 67.9 %, 0%, and 32.1%, respectively. Contemporary life in these families portrayed in parents' descriptions not only validate the rationale for the RCT done, but also suggest the need in ambulatory pediatrics for intervention research on these vulnerable populations.
Technical Refinement and Learning Curve for Attenuating Neurapraxia During Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy to Improve Sexual Function

Abstract Background While radical prostatectomy surgeon learning curves have characterized less blood loss, shorter operative times, and fewer positive margins, there is a dearth of studies characterizing learning curves for improving sexual function. Additionally, while learning curve studies often define volume thresholds for improvement, few of these studies demonstrate specific technical modifications that allow reproducibility of improved outcomes. Objective Demonstrate and quantify the learning curve for improving sexual function outcomes based on technical refinements that reduce neurovascular bundle displacement during nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Design, setting, and participants We performed a retrospective study of 400 consecutive RARPs, categorized into groups of 50, performed after elimination of continuous surgeon/assistant neurovascular bundle countertraction. Surgical procedure Our approach to RARP has been described previously. A single-console robotic system was used for all cases. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite sexual function was measured within 1 yr of RARP. Linear regression was performed to determine factors influencing the recovery of sexual function. Results and limitations Greater surgeon experience was associated with better 5-mo sexual function ( p =0.007) and a trend for better 12-mo sexual function ( p =0.061), with improvement plateauing after 250–300 cases. Additionally, younger patient age (both p p =0.021), while unilateral nerve sparing/non–nerve sparing was associated with worse 5-mo sexual function ( p =0.009). Limitations include the retrospective single-surgeon design. Conclusions With greater surgeon experience, attenuating lateral displacement of the neurovascular bundle and resultant neurapraxia improve postoperative sexual function. However, to maximize outcomes, appropriate patient selection must be exercised when allowing trainee nerve-sparing involvement.
Linguistic Analysis of Clinical Communications: A Novel Method for Study of Diagnostic Errors

This project took a unique perspective on the investigation of decision making in healthcare by examining clinician-patient consultation using methods from linguistics and communication. Our goal was to identify cognitive and behavioral patterns in interactions of clinicians-in-trainings with patients that correspond to decision making processes in time constrained situations. Objective measures of clinician-patient communications in both naturalistic and simulated settings is a promising way to examine clinician decision making under uncertainty and time pressure, and to identify specific errors in decision making that may lead to misdiagnoses. We sought to detect distinguishable patterns of communication adopted by clinicians-intraining in clinical consultation settings under time pressure. A pilot study reported in this paper provides objective measurement tools to study miscommunication within clinician-patient consultations and may positively influence the treatments and services offered within patient consultations.
When to replace the ascending aorta

Ascending aortic aneurysm, while usually detected incidentally, is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and timely surgical follow up. Management of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) is optimally performed in a multidisciplinary manner that prevents or delays the need for surgical intervention. Patients with aneurysmal degeneration should be followed in a medical aortic clinic that manages all risk factors in an effort to delay or prevent the need for replacement of the ascending aorta. Symptoms, aortic size, growth rate, and genetic/familial factors are taken into account to develop a treatment plan specific to each patient that is in line with the most recent national guidelines. This article provides an evidence-based overview and key recommendations for intervention on the ascending aorta.
Inhibitors of the Lyase Activity of DNA Polymerase β

One focus of our NCDDG program is the DNA repair enzyme DNA polymerase β. This enzyme serves an important protective role by participating in the repair of lesions to DNA caused by environmental and metabolic events. However, this enzyme is also believed to help repair the damage caused by agents employed as antitumor agents, such as bleomycin and cisplatin. In this sense, transient inhibition of the enzyme concomitant with antitumor therapy might improve the effectiveness of certain DNA damaging antitumor agents. Accordingly, we have been identifying naturally occurring inhibitors of DNA polymerase β.It is now known that there are two transformations mediated by polymerase β, namely a gap-filling polymerization from which the enzyme derives its name, as well as a lyase reaction that results in excision of the deoxyribose phosphate moiety at the site of the lesion. The lyase reaction is believed to be the rate-limiting step. This presentation summarizes the status of studies of identification of inhibitor...
Social Comparison and Body Image: Attractiveness Comparisons to Models and Peers Among Adolescent Girls and Boys

Relations among body image satisfaction and social comparisons to either same-sex peers or media models were examined in 2 studies of adolescent boys and girls. In the first study, 9th and 10th graders described their conceptions of attractiveness for same- and opposite-sex adolescents. These attractiveness attributes were then used in Study 2 in which 7th- and 10th-grade boys and girls reported on social comparisons to models/celebrities and same-sex peers. Body dissatisfaction was also assessed. The results confirmed that both same-sex peers and models/celebrities were the targets of social comparisons for physical attributes, but comparisons on personal and social attributes were more likely directed toward same-sex peers. For boys and girls, weight comparisons to both peer and model targets were primary correlates of body dissatisfaction. In addition, shape comparisons reported by the girls and facial comparisons endorsed by the boys also related to body dissatisfaction. Gender differences in social comparison indicated that girls reported more social comparisons across targets and attributes. Results are discussed in terms of the role of social comparison and peer context for body image during adolescence.
Learning Hierarchical Semantic Segmentations of LIDAR Data

This paper investigates a method for semantic segmentation of small objects in terrestrial LIDAR scans in urban environments. The core research contribution is a hierarchical segmentation algorithm where potential merges between segments are prioritized by a learned affinity function and constrained to occur only if they achieve a significantly high object classification probability. This approach provides a way to integrate a learned shape-prior (the object classifier) into a search for the best semantic segmentation in a fast and practical algorithm. Experiments with LIDAR scans collected by Google Street View cars throughout a#x223C; 100 city blocks of New York City show that the algorithm provides better segmentations and classifications than simple alternatives for cars, vans, traffic lights, and street lights.