cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning from tradition: The role of environment perception layers in space making- the case of the Persian Garden

Abstract Extensive geographical and temporal uses of a built environment with a unique characteristic and spatial pattern indicates timelessness qualities of the space. The organic qualities, which originated from within us and differentiated by inspiration from specific local ontology, have been perceived by different people in different periods of time. In order to identify the effectiveness of these environments, this paper studies and analyzes the Persian garden, which was made for recreation, was designed to fully engage the people, and respond to their spatial needs for the relaxation. This paper analyzed the Persian garden with local epistemological science and ancient literature to probe human understanding of space and to provide a model of the multi-layer perception of the environment, which helps us to understand the reason of why visitors perceive the environment appealing and to make effective use of these qualities in creating today spaces.
Outcomes and value in elective cervical spine surgery: an introductory and practical narrative review

How we determine a successful clinical outcome and the value of a spine intervention are two major questions surrounding clinical spine research. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), both LEGACY and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures, are becoming ubiquitous throughout the literature. Spine surgeons need a facile understanding of the financial landscape of their environment to influence change. In the current introductory, narrative review on outcomes and value in cervical spine surgery, we aim to: (I) define relevant outcome and cost terminology, (II) review recent cervical spine surgery literature, divided by specific pathology with a focus on LEGACY and PROMIS measures, and (III) discuss value and cost as they pertain to postoperative return to work and ambulatory surgery centers surgeries.
Multi-TP Transmission Schemes for Factory Automation

Connectivity requirements for factory automation involve some of the strictest Quality of Service (QoS) targets via a combination of ultra-high reliability and low latency demands from the communication service. They form a significant fraction of use cases under Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) industry vertical in 5G New Radio (NR). In this paper, we present a latency-reliability analysis framework that highlights different system design and operation considerations for URLLC. Specifically, we focus on downlink (DL) multi-transmission point (multi-TP) coordination and/or transmission schemes in factory automation scenarios, and show the potential gains in terms of outage probability for a URLLC service requirement of 1 ms latency and 99.999% reliability.
Quitting globalization: Trade-related job losses, nationalism, and resistance to FDI in the United States

Existing research has found that American politicians benefit from trying to attract investment and creates jobs. In this paper, we build on this work by describing the drivers of Americans' attitudes toward inward foreign investment (FDI). We posit that foreign and Chinese investment are different than domestic investment in the public imagination and that nationalism and proximity to deindustrialization interact to shape public opinion about them. We propose and test two theories of this interaction using a survey experiment that randomizes whether a respondent is responding to a statement about “business investment,” “foreign business investment,” or “Chinese business investment”. We find that (1) Americans are skeptical of business investments by Chinese, and, to lesser degree, “foreign” firms; (2) the gap in enthusiasm for generic business investment and foreign/Chinese business investment rises with local trade-related job losses; and (3) the distinction between nationalists' and non-nationalists' attitudes toward FDI declines in local job losses.
Telebehavioral practice basics for social worker educators and clinicians responding to COVID-19

Social Work’s Grand Challenge to Harness Technology for Social Good calls for educators to reevaluate their role and its significance for the future of social work. Information and communication te...
Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Molecular Weight Isoform Responses to Resistance Exercise Are Sex-Dependent.

Purpose: To determine if acute resistance exercise-induced increases in growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were differentially responsive for one or more molecular weight (MW) isoforms and if these responses were sex-dependent. Methods: College-aged men (n = 10) and women (n = 10) performed an acute resistance exercise test (ARET; 6 sets, 10 repetition maximum (10-RM) squat, 2-min inter-set rest). Serum aliquots from blood drawn Pre-, Mid-, and Post-ARET (0, +15, and +30-min post) were processed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and pooled into 3 MW fractions (Fr.A: >60; Fr.B: 30-60; Fr.C: Fr.A > Fr.B, p ≤ 0.03). Sex × time interactions indicated that women experienced earlier and augmented increases in all serum GH MW isoform fraction pools (p Fr.B > Fr.C, p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, we observed increases in IGF-I Fr. A (ternary complexes) in men only (p ≤ 0.05), and increases in Fr.C (free/unbound IGF-I) in women only (p ≤ 0.05) vs. baseline, respectively. Conclusions: These data indicate that the processing of GH and IGF-I isoforms from the somatotrophs and hepatocytes are differential in their response to strenuous resistance exercise and reflect both temporal and sex-related differences.
Quantum Dynamics without the Wave Function

When suitably generalized and interpreted, the path-integral offers an alternative to the more familiar quantal formalism based on state-vectors, selfadjoint operators, and external observers. Mathematically one generalizes the path-integral-as-propagator to a {\it quantal measure} $\mu$ on the space $\Omega$ of all ``conceivable worlds'', and this generalized measure expresses the dynamics or law of motion of the theory, much as Wiener measure expresses the dynamics of Brownian motion. Within such ``histories-based'' schemes new, and more ``realistic'' possibilities open up for resolving the philosophical problems of the state-vector formalism. In particular, one can dispense with the need for external agents by locating the predictive content of $\mu$ in its sets of measure zero: such sets are to be ``precluded''. But unrestricted application of this rule engenders contradictions. One possible response would remove the contradictions by circumscribing the application of the preclusion concept. Another response, more in the tradition of ``quantum logic'', would accommodate the contradictions by dualizing $\Omega$ to a space of ``co-events'' and effectively identifying reality with an element of this dual space.
Overdiagnosis and Undertesting for Infectious Diseases

The ongoing discourse about COVID-19 testing revolves around undertesting (i.e., insufficient testing capacity relative to demand). An important yet little studied systematic issue is overdiagnosis (i.e., positive diagnoses for patients with negligible viral loads): recent evidence shows U.S. laboratories have adopted highly sensitive diagnosis criteria such that up to an estimated 90% of positive diagnoses are for minuscule virus loads. Motivated by this situation, we develop a theory of diagnostic testing for infectious diseases that explains both undertesting and overdiagnosis. We show that a laboratory has an incentive to inflate its diagnosis criterion, which generates a higher diagnosis-driven demand as a result of contact-tracing efforts, albeit while dampening demand from disease transmission. An inflated diagnosis criterion prompts the laboratory to build a higher testing capacity, which may not fully absorb the inflated demand, so undertesting arises. Finally, we examine a social planner’s problem of whether to mandate the laboratory to report viral load along with its diagnosis, such that a physician or contact tracer can make informed triage decisions. The social planner may prefer not to mandate viral load reporting initially, because it induces a higher testing capacity and may help reduce disease transmission.
Arthrodesis of Ipsilateral Hallux Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints

Background:Arthrodesis of the ipsilateral hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints may be required for severe arthritis or deformity at both joints. The purpose of this stud...
Ending Reverse-Payment Immunity: A ProposedFramework for Antitrust Scrutiny Under California’sCartwright Act

IV. STANDARDS OF ANTITRUST REVIEW 666 A. The Rule of Reason 666 B. The Per Se Rule 667 C. The Quick-Look Approach 668
Rapid Ransomware Detection through Side Channel Exploitation

A new method for the detection of ransomware in an infected host is described and evaluated. The method utilizes data streams from on-board sensors to fingerprint the initiation of a ransomware infection. These sensor streams, which are common in modern computing systems, are used as a side channel for understanding the state of the system. It is shown that ransomware detection can be achieved in a rapid manner and that the use of slight, yet distinguishable changes in the physical state of a system as derived from a machine learning predictive model is an effective technique. A feature vector, consisting of various sensor outputs, is coupled with a detection criteria to predict the binary state of ransomware present versus normal operation. An advantage of this approach is that previously unknown or zero-day version s of ransomware are vulnerable to this detection method since no apriori knowledge of the malware characteristics are required. Experiments are carried out with a variety of different system loads and with different encryption methods used during a ransomware attack. Two test systems were utilized with one having a relatively low amount of available sensor data and the other having a relatively high amount of available sensor data. The average time for attack detection in the "sensor-rich" system was 7.79 seconds with an average Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.8905 for binary system state predictions regardless of encryption method and system load. The model flagged all attacks tested.
Surgery for Metastatic Spinal Disease in Octogenarians and Above: Analysis of 78 Patients:

Study Design:Retrospective Cohort Study.Objective:Octogenarians living with spinal metastases are a challenging population to treat. Our objective was to identify the rate, types, management, and p...
ESL Teachers' Perceptions of the Process for Identifying Adolescent Latino English Language Learners with Specific Learning Disabilities

ESL TEACHERS‟ PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING ADOLESCENT LATINO ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS WITH SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES By Emily C. Ferlis, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Major Director: Yaoying Xu, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Special Education & Disability Policy School of Education This dissertation examines the question how do ESL teachers perceive the prereferral process for identifying adolescent Latino English language learners with specific learning disabilities? The study fits within the Latino Critical Race Theory framework and employs an interpretive phenomenological qualitative research approach. Participants were six secondarylevel ESL teachers from two school districts with small ELL populations. Data consisted of indepth interviews, researcher notes, and analytical memos. Phenomenological data analysis procedures followed recommendations by Colaizzi (1978) and Smith, Flowers, and Larkin (2009). Data validity measures included second-researcher review and member-checking. Results of the study are presented as descriptions of how participants perceived the prereferral processes for identifying adolescent Latino English language learners with suspected specific learning disabilities. Nine categories emerged from the interviews: (a) Characteristics and behaviors; (b) instructional supports and interventions; (c) progress-monitoring; (d) use of RTI;
Role of Metabolism in Toxicity of Drugs in Humans

Because of the inability to predict and quantify the risk of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) and because reactive metabolites as opposed to the parent molecules from which they are derived are thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of some IADRs, procedures (reactive metabolite trapping and/or covalent binding) are being incorporated into the discovery screening funnel early on to assess the risk of reactive metabolite formation. Utility of the methodology in structure–toxicity relationships and scope in abrogating the formation reactive metabolites at the lead optimization stage are discussed in this chapter. Interpretation of the output from reactive metabolite assessment assays, however, is confounded by the fact that many successfully marketed drugs are false positives. Therefore, caution must be exercised in deprioritizing a compound based on a positive result, so that the development of a useful and potentially profitable compound will not be unnecessarily halted. Risk mitigation strategies (e.g. competing detoxication pathways, low daily dose, etc.) when selecting reactive metabolite positive for clinical development are also discussed. Keywords: reactive metabolite; P450; glutathione; protein; covalent; drug; idiosyncratic; toxicity
Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery

Abstract 1. 1. A statistical survey has been made of the clinical and pathologic features of 111 cases of aneurysm of the pulmonary artery in which the diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy. 2. 2. Some of the features of thirty cases in which a clinical diagnosis of aneurysm of the pulmonary artery was made have been summarized. 3. 3. Two cases of aneurysm of the pulmonary artery are reported.
A Boolean algebraic analysis of fire protection

In a complex facility, such as a nuclear power plant, the destruction by fire of certain critical combinations of equipment can have potentially serious consequences. This paper describes a computational procedure which can be used to find minimum cost ways to protect the critical combinations of equipment from a single-source fire by protecting certain areas and strengthening certain barriers against fire. The procedure yields a complete set of optimum solutions by iteratively computing upper and lower bounds on the minimum cost. The fire protection sets evolve from Boolean algebraic computations which obtain minimum cost blocking sets associated with the lower bounds while the upper bounds are produced by maxflow-mincut calculations in a network. The problem can be viewed as one of minimization over the cobases of an independence system.
The discrimination of similarly colored objects in computer images of the ocular fundus.

The STARE (STructured Analysis of the REtina) project uses object-identification and artificial intelligence techniques to provide automated diagnoses from color pictures and fluorescein angiograms of the ocular fundus, or automated change detection from sequential images. As part of the objectidentification process, we apply expert judgment and experimentation to define features—such as size, shape, color, and texture—of objects (disk, blood vessels, lesions) in digitized images. In our initial investigations, we explored color alone, because it yields a great deal of information in the classification process. We verified that even similarly colored lesions (exudates, cotton-wool spots, and drusen) could be classified by color with moderate success by a quadratic discriminant function. When color alone is not sufficient, refinement in the classification of objects may be achieved by using more features in statistical pattern recognition. Ultimately, we build a description of the fundus image which can be used either to identify one or more diagnoses that can cause the pattern of lesions in the ocular fundus or to recognize change in sequential images. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:617623,1990 In the STARE (STructured Analysis of the REtina) project, we are developing algorithms and software to analyze digitized images of the ocular fundus for the automated diagnosis of diseases with ophthalmologic manifestations. In an image of the retina there are normal objects, such as the disk, fovea, and vessels, and abnormal objects (lesions), such as exudates, hemorrhages, and chorioretinal scars. To determine possible diagnoses from retinal images, we must find and identify both normal and abnormal objects. Our method for object identification is a standard technique of pattern recognition. 1 - 2 Using expert judgment and experimentation, we define measurements, or "features," such as the size, shape, color, and texture of the object. The values of these features for any particular object are treated as the components of a measurement vector in feature space. With the proper choice of features, objects can be classified into distinct groups with a high probability of success. We accomplish the classification by comparing the vector from an unknown object to vectors from
Biphenotypic Primary Liver Carcinomas: Assessing Outcomes of Hepatic Directed Therapy

Primary liver carcinomas with hepatocellular and cholangiocellular differentiation (b[HB]-PLC) are rare. Surgery offers the best prognosis, but there is a paucity of literature to guide therapy for patients with advanced or unresectable disease. This study aimed to evaluate outcomes of hepatic-directed therapy compared with those of systemic chemotherapy and surgery. A retrospective evaluation of patients with b(HB)-PLC from 1 January 2008 to 1 September 2014 was conducted. The patients were divided into the following four groups: transplantation (TX) group, surgical resection (SX) group, hepatic directed (HD) group, and systemic chemotherapy alone (SC) group. Overall and progression-free survival, treatment response, and clinicopathologic data were analyzed. The study included 79 patients (37 females) with an average age of 62 years. The number of patients in each group were as follows: TX group (n = 6), SX group (n = 27), HD group (n = 18), and SC group (n = 28). The mean follow-up periods were 33 months for the TX group, 17 months for the SX group, 14 months for the HD group, and 7 months for the SX group. Overall, 28 % of the patients had cirrhosis and 35 % had viral hepatitis. The candidates for surgery comprised 42 % of the patients. The HD group (n = 18) had a significantly greater objective response than the SC group (n = 28) (47 vs. 6 %; p = 0.02). Two patients who underwent hepatic arterial infusion pump treatment were downstaged to resection. A trend toward improved OS/PFS was observed in the HD group versus the SC group, although statistically significant. The SX group had significantly improved survival (p < 0.001) as did the transplanted patients. Although surgery offers the best survival for b(HB)-PLC patients, only a minority are candidates for surgery. Because HD therapy showed a superior objective response over SC therapy, it may offer a survival advantage and may downstage patients for surgical resection or transplantation.
Animal models of vitiligo: Matching the model to the question *

Abstract Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that is characterized by patchy depigmentation (i.e., white spots) and results from the loss of melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells. The pathogenesis of human vitiligo consists of an interaction between intrinsic melanocyte defects, environmental factors, and autoimmune mechanisms that target these cells for destruction. Human clinical and translational studies have outlined pathways that are important in human disease; however, combining human correlative studies with mechanistic studies in representative preclinical animal models is a powerful approach to study disease pathogenesis and develop new treatments. Because of the complex pathogenesis of vitiligo, it is unlikely that any one single animal model will adequately reflect all factors implicated in the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the disease. Therefore, vitiligo is best modeled by multiple systems—each with its strengths and weaknesses—that allow insight into specific components of vitiligo pathogenesis. In this paper, we describe some of the available animal models that have been developed to study vitiligo.
Photocopolymerization of Methyl Vinyl Ketone with Acrylonitrile by Direct Monomer Irradiation

Irradiation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK)/acrylonitrile(AN) mixtures gives facile copolymerization accompanied by small molecule formation. A free radical polymerization mechanism is supported by copolymer formation, absence of solvent polarity effect, and inhibition by TEMPO. Small molecules, presumably cyclobutanes, are favored in dilute solutions and form competitively with copolymer. The excited triplet MVK biradical is identified as the initiating species.
Nebulised adrenaline 1:1000 in the treatment of croup

A case of infective croup is described which was successfully treated using nebulised adrenaline 1:1000. The diagnosis of croup and the basis for the use of nebulised adrenaline are discussed.
Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California

Abstract Roads, especially large highways, can have significant impacts on wildlife movement and survival. This is especially true for wide-ranging species, such as mammalian carnivores. Some of these impacts may be mitigated if wildlife can find and utilize passageways under highways. To determine if underpasses and drainage culverts beneath highways are used by wildlife as movement corridors, we monitored 15 such passages near Los Angeles, California using remotely triggered cameras and gypsum track stations. We found that passages were used by a variety of species, including carnivores, mule deer, small mammals, and reptiles. Many types of undercrossings were utilized, indicating that passages beneath highways, even when not originally designed for wildlife, can provide important safe avenues for animals to cross roads. For mammals of conservation concern, including native carnivores and deer, passage dimensions, surrounding habitat, and the extent of human activity were assessed to determine if these factors influenced passage use by these species. Our results show that while many native mammals used passages beneath highways, the presence of suitable habitat on either side of the passage was a particularly important factor predicting use. For deer and coyotes, passage dimensions were also important and should be considered with the presence of suitable habitat when wildlife passages are planned or evaluated. To increase the likelihood of utilization and to help prevent animals from crossing road surfaces, we suggest that simple improvements such as habitat restoration near crossing points and animal-proof fencing that serves to funnel wildlife to passages, can facilitate animal movement between fragmented habitats that are bisected by roads.
Direct evaluation of a mechanism for activation of the RecA nucleoprotein filament.

The RecA protein of Escherichia coli controls the SOS response for DNA damage tolerance and plays a crucial role in recombinational DNA repair. The formation of a RecA.ATP.ssDNA complex initiates all RecA activities, and yet this process is not understood at the molecular level. An analysis of RecA.DNA interactions was performed using both a mutant RecA protein containing a tryptophan (Trp) reporter and oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing a fluorescent guanine analogue, 6-methylisoxanthopterin (6MI). Experiments using fluorescent ODNs allowed structurally distinct nucleoprotein filaments, formed in the absence and presence of ATPgammaS (a slowly hydrolyzed analogue of ATP), to be differentiated directly. Stopped-flow spectrofluorometry, combined with presteady-state kinetic analyses, revealed unexpected differences in the rates of RecA.ODN and RecA.ATPgammaS.ODN complex assembly. This is the first demonstration that such intrinsically fluorescent synthetic DNAs can be used to characterize definitively the real-time assembly and activation of RecA.ssDNA complexes. Surprisingly, the ssDNA binding event is almost 50-fold slower in the presence of the activating ATPgammaS cofactor. Furthermore, a combination of time-dependent emission changes from 6MI and Trp allowed the first direct chemical test of whether an inactive filament can isomerize to the active state. The results revealed that, unlike the hexameric motor proteins, the inactive RecA filament cannot directly convert to the active state upon ATPgammaS binding. These results have implications for understanding how a coincidence of functions--an ATP-communicated signal-like activity and an ATP-driven motorlike activity--are resolved within a single protein molecule.
Pattern and rhythm

Molecules, Dynamics & Life: An Introduction to Self-Organization of Matter. By A. Babloyantz. Wiley: 1986. Pp.345. £50.45, $55.
Analysis and design of fiber reinforced plastic composite deck-and-stringer bridges

A comprehensive study on analysis and design of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite deck-and-stringer bridges is presented. The FRP decks considered consist of contiguous thin-walled box sections and are fabricated by bonding side-by-side pultruded thin-walled box beams, which are placed transversely over FRP composite stringers. In this study, we review the modeling and experimental verification of FRP structural beams, including micro/macro-mechanics predictions of ply and laminate properties, beam bending response, shear-lag effect, and local and global buckling behaviors. A simplified design analysis procedure for cellular FRP bridge decks is developed based on a first-order shear deformation macro-flexibility (SDMF) orthotropic plate solution. The present approach can allow the designers to analyze, design and optimize material architectures and shapes of FRP beams, as well as various bridge deck configurations, before their implementation in the field. Experimental studies of cellular FRP bridge decks are conducted to obtain stiffness coefficients, and an example of a cellular FRP deck on optimized winged-box FRP stringers under actual track-loading is presented to illustrate the analytical method. The experimental-analytical approach presented in this study is used to propose simplified engineering design equations for new and replacement highway FRP deck-and-stringer bridges.
The Workings of Forgiveness: Charles Dickens and David Copperfield

Psychoanalysts have often rejected the concept of forgiveness as unanalytic, but the capacity for forgiveness remains a quality that is valued by our patients and by society at large. Deeper forms of forgiveness require a reworking of the superego, recognition of the damage that injury has caused, and an accompanying process of self-forgiveness. Some injuries can never be entirely forgiven; with these, forgiveness is at best partial, and some elements of the injury are liable to be revived at times of anger and disappointment. The childhood of Charles Dickens was marked by an early experience of abuse and neglect, when his parents sent him, at age 12, to work in a blacking factory. Dickens later included a thinly disguised account of this experience in his autobiographical novel, David Copperfield. I explore the ideas about childhood trauma, and the way that it may be forgiven, that emerge in the novel and argue that the writing of the novel facilitated a process of partial forgiveness for Dickens, which ...
An extension of freud and jung’s theory of the relation of dream states to schizophrenia

The central model for both Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung for the generation of schizophrenia’s hallucinations and delusional system is described as the intrusion of nighttime dream states into the waking consciousness. In this theoretical exegesis, a rent or tear is made in the ego instated by strongly repressed aggressive impulses which then create a dream-world for the patient as they subsequently overwhelm ego defenses. A parallel between this mode of knowing and, for example, the regioning of Martin Heidegger in his Discourse on Thinking is brought forward. Since these modes of thought are analogical and metaphorical, analysis based on this similarity may provide for greater insight into the thought and perceptual disorders of schizophrenia. An understanding of this kind of thought process may then provide a bridge towards more effective therapeutic interventions. A distinction is made between thought processes, per se, and those causal factors of a biological nature.
Pharmacokinetics of Iohexol, a New Nonionic Radiocontrast Agent, in Humans

Sixteen healthy men received iohexol intravenously at a concentration of 346 mg of iodine/mL. Doses of 500, 750, 1000, and 1500 mg of iodine/kg of body weight were administered to four volunteers each. Neither clearance nor percent of dose excreted in the urine showed any significant correlation with size of the dose. The overall mean (±SD) renal and total body clearances were 120 ± 18.6 and 131 ± 18.6 mL/min, respectively. The overall mean apparent volume of distribution was 165 (±30.7) mL/kg. Urine contained 92.3 ± 4.4% of the dose. Most of the drug (89.9%) was excreted within the first 12 h. An open three-compartment body model gave the best fit to the experimental data. The mean apparent first-order terminal elimination (γ-phase) half-life was 12.6 h.
Regularity properties of Hausdorff dimension in infinite conformal iterated function systems

This paper deals with families of conformal iterated function systems (CIFS). The space of all CIFS, with common seed space X and alphabet I , is successively endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence and a new, weaker topology called $\lambda$ -topology. It is proved that the pressure and the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set are continuous with respect to the topology of pointwise convergence when I is finite, and are lower semi-continuous, though generally not continuous, when I is infinite. It is then shown that these two functions are, in any case, continuous in the $\lambda$ -topology. The concepts of analytic, regularly analytic and plane-analytic families of CIFS are also introduced. It is established that if a family of CIFS is regularly analytic, then the Hausdorff dimension function is real-analytic; if a family is plane-analytic, then the Hausdorff dimension function is continuous and subharmonic, though not necessarily real-analytic. These results are then applied to finite parabolic CIFS. Counter-examples highlighting breakdowns of real-analyticity in the Hausdorff dimension among analytic, but not regularly analytic, families are further provided. Such families often exhibit a phenomenon known as phase transition. Sufficient conditions preventing the occurrence of such transitions are supplemented.
Contribution of the site of heating to variability in the latency of the rat tail flick reflex.

The rat tail flick reflex is a commonly used assay of thermal nociception. Variability in the latency to respond due to the locus of tail heating was examined in spinalized (midthoracic) rats and evaluated retrospectively using data from two previously pubished studies. In all 3 sets of data, a significant relation was found between the proximal-distal site of heating on the tail and the latency of the tail flick reflex. Heating of the most distal sites resulted in shortest response latencies.
The Role of Optimism and Religious Involvement in the Association Between Race-Related Stress and Anxiety Symptomatology:

This study examined the associations between individual, institutional, and cultural race-related stress and somatic and cognitive anxiety. We adopted a risk and resilience framework to investigate...
A multidimensional measure of religious involvement for cancer patients: the Duke Religious Index.

Despite increasing interest in the relationship between religious involvement and health outcomes for cancer patients, research has been limited by the lack of appropriate measures. Few of the many instruments available are well suited to cancer patients. The current study examined the psychometric properties of one recently developed measure, the Duke Religious Index (DRI), which assesses several aspects of religious involvement. The DRI was evaluated in two distinct samples: 104 cancer patients receiving treatment at a bone marrow transplantation program and 175 gynecology clinic patients. The instrument demonstrated good internal consistency (coefficient alphas 0.87–0.94). Moderate to high correlations with other measures of religiosity provided support for convergent validity. Modest relationships with other measures commonly used in psychosocial oncology (e.g., optimism, social support, purpose in life) indicated that the instrument provides unique information (all rs's <0. 42). Small relationships with social desirability response bias, negative affect, and relationship cohesion further supported the divergent validity of the instrument (all rs's <0.22). The DRI was significantly associated with demographic characteristics but not with medical variables. Findings support the value of the DRI for use in oncology settings.
Three Kinds of Anti‐Intellectualism: Rethinking Hofstadter*

Hofstadter's landmark analysis of anti-intellectualism in American life is interpreted within the framework of the sociology of knowledge. His analysis suggests three analytically distinct types of anti-intellectualism : religious anti-rationalism, populist anti-elitism, and unreflective instrumentalism. Each type arises from within its own distinctive institutional matrix. Although Hofstadter fails to anticipate the growing cultural impact of mass media institutions, he demonstrates convincingly that anti-intellectualism is not a unitary phenomenon
Intracellular Ca modulates sensitivity and time scale in Limulus ventral photoreceptors

IN a photoreceptor cell, light induces a change in membrane voltage (the ‘receptor potential’). The sensitivity of the photoreceptor (defined as the amplitude of the receptor response per unit of stimulus energy) depends on its history of illumination. After a cell has been stimulated by light, its sensitivity becomes reduced (that is, the cell becomes ‘light adapted’). Fuortes and Hodgkin1 reported that previous illuminations not only reduced the sensitivity of photoreceptors in Limulus lateral eye but also decreased the latency of the responses to subsequent stimuli. They found that the reduction in latency (referred to as a shortened ‘time scale’) was greater with brighter adapting lights, and that the shortening of the time scale was much smaller proportionally than was the reduction in sensitivity. Similar changes in time scale also have been found in Limulus ventral photoreceptors2,3.
Entophlyctis reticulospora sp.nov. a parasite of Closterium

The life-history of Entophlyctis reticulospora sp.nov., a parasite of the desmid Closterium , is described. This chytrid shows a characteristic which is unusual for the genus in having a holocarpic phase during its development. Cytochemical tests on the cell wall suggest the presence of chitin and cellulose.
Spectrophotometric determination of uranium with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Abstract 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) rcacts with uranium to form a deep red precipitate in ammoniacal solutions, this can be extracted with chloroform if sodium chloride or sulfate is added and it has a maximum absorption at 560 mμ The color is stable and follows Beer's law. Trace amounts of uranium may be determined in the presence of many metals without prior separation if strong complexing agents, such) as EDTA or cyanide, are added
Investment, Capital Stocks and the Age of Capital in U.S. Regions

This paper outlines a conventional method of constructing regional capital stocks using investment and depreciation data. The method was used to estimate annual capital stocks for twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in the nine census regions of the US. between 1955 and 1989. The novelty of the paper is the disaggregated capital stock data generated. Those data reveal that the industrial distribution of capital is becoming increasingly similar among regions of the U.S. They also show the familiar snowbelt-sunbelt shift of manufacturing capacity. Statistical tests establish that the redistribution of regional net capital stocks between 1955 and 1989 is significant in sixteen of twenty industries and that in ten of these sectors the most pronounced shifts in capacity occurred before the early 1970s. As investment moved away from the old manufacturing heartland, the age of capital in the mid Atlantic and east north central states increased and the age structure of capital stocks became relatively youthful in the west. Age pyramids reveal that regional variations in the age distribution of capital and the average age of capital were greater in 1989 than in 1955. Models of embodied technological change claim that the age of capital is a useful surrogate of best-practice technology.
Metalloporphyrin-catalyzed homogeneous oxidation in supercritical carbon dioxide

We report results from a study of the reactivity of the halogenated porphyrins tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) chloride [Fe(TFPP)Cl] and β-octabromo-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) chloride [Fe(TFPPBr8)Cl] with dioxygen and cyclohexene in supercritical carbon dioxide. A lower limit for the solubility of the iron porphyrins in sc CO2 was determined. Both halogenated metalloporphyrins were active catalysts for oxidation of cyclohexene to epoxide and allylic oxidation products in sc CO2. In 12 h at 80°C, up to 350 and 580 turnovers were observed for Fe(TFPP)Cl and Fe(TFPPBr8)Cl, respectively. We have also explored several organic solvent reactions at high temperature and pressure to benchmark relative activity and selectivity. Activity is higher in organic solvent, but accompanied by substantial oxidation of, or reaction with the solvent. Selectivity for epoxidation with Fe(TFPPBr8)Cl is higher in sc CO2 than in organic solvents, with up to 34% cyclohexene oxide produced.
Three-dimensional dynamic environmental MEMS characterization

MEMS devices are gaining acceptance with many industries, but reliability concerns remain a barrier to entry into many markets. These inherently three-dimensional devices often have considerably more complex production processes and tolerances than standard silicon circuits. In addition, they require characterization not just in a static sense but also during actuation. Previous studies have shown that strobed interferometry is an effective method for complete three dimensional surface characterization of devices moving at frequencies up to 1MHz. To fully characterize MEMS devices, one must also examine the effect of environment on their critical performance parameters. Some devices, such as optical switches, may be subject to high amounts of power during use, and this can deform the devices temporarily or permanently through methods such as crystallization of polysilicon. Also, many devices, particularly for automotive telecommunications, and wireless applications are naturally subjected to a wide variety of environmental conditions. This paper presents measurement results of an optical switch as it is subjected to thermal stresses as an example of environmental characterization using strobed interferometry. A high-power laser is directed onto the device in a configuration equivalent to the desired use condition, and deformation amounts and damage threshold are quantified. Also, the challenges of interferometric dynamic device testing through a cover glass, needed for production characterization, are presented, along with solutions currently in place.
Effect of soil mixing on nitrification rates in soils of two deciduous forests of Vermont, USA

Sampling disturbance has been shown to rapidly increase net nitrification rates in some forest soils. To gain insight on mechanisms, we investigated both gross and net rates of ammonification and nitrification in intact cores and mixed composite samples. Using the isotope pool dilution method, we studied samples from two northeastern USA watersheds, Brush Brook and Sleepers River in Vermont, where previous work had found high net nitrification rates. Gross ammonification was usually not significantly different between intact cores and mixed samples. However, gross and net nitrification rates in mixed samples were similar (mean ∼24 µmol N kg−1 hr−1 or ∼8 mg N kg−1 d−1) and significantly higher than in intact cores (7.7 and 3.4 µmol N kg−1 h−1 for means of gross and net respectively). Nitrate consumption was decreased somewhat by disturbance but did not account for the large differences in net rates. Because there were similar gross ammonification rates in both treatments, increased nitrification in these disturbed soils must be a result of an increase in the utilization of ammonium by the ammonia oxidizers at the expense of other ammonium consumption pathways. Different mechanisms may operate in different soils; increased nitrification appears to be the primary pathway in these soils with high N cycling rates.
A Professor's Pathway through problem‐based learning

Numbers of articles document the power of problem-based learning in promoting various facets of student learning, yet many faculty are still hesitant to use this pedagogy. Balancing the complexity of the classroom dynamic in student-centered strategies and the content demands of our discipline with our personal philosophy of teaching is a challenging task. In this article I share my personal insights in adopting problem-based learning in an undergraduate survey course in biochemistry and the rewards and challenges that this pedagogy posed for my students and for me. I offer a rationale for adopting a holistic model of teaching that takes into account both our students' and our own intellectual and personal growth in the classroom.
Tripodal bis(imidazole) thioether copper(I) complexes: mimics of the Cu(B) site of hydroxylase enzymes.

Tripodal bis(imidazole) thioether ligands, (N-methyl-4,5-diphenyl-2-imidazolyl)2C(OR)C(CH3)2SR' (BIT(OR,SR'); R = H, CH3; R' = CH3, C(CH3)3, C(C6H5)3), have been prepared, offering the same N2S donor atom set as the CuM binding site of the hydroxylase enzymes, dopamine beta hydroxylase and peptidylglycine hydroxylating monooxygenase. Isolable copper(I) complexes of the type [(BIT(OR,SMe))Cu(CO)]PF6 (3a and 3b) are produced in reactions of the respective tripodal ligands 1a (R = H) and 1b (R = Me) with [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 in CH2Cl2 under CO (1 atm); the pyramidal structure of 3a has been determined crystallographically. The infrared (IR) nu(CO)'s of 3a and 3b (L = CO) are comparable to those of the Cu(M)-carbonylated enzymes, indicating similar electronic character at the copper centers. The reaction of [(BIT(OH,SMe))Cu(CH3CN)]PF6 (2a) with dioxygen produces [(BIT(O,SOMe))2Cu2(DMF)2](PF6)2 (4), whose X-ray structure revealed the presence of bridging BIT-alkoxo ligands and terminal -SOMe groups. In contrast, oxygenation of 2b (R = Me) affords crystallographically defined [(BIT(OMe,SMe))2Cu2(mu-OH)2](OTf)2 (5), in which the copper centers are oxygenated without accompanying sulfur oxidation. Complex 5 in DMF is transformed into five-coordinate, mononuclear [CuII(BIT(OMe,SMe))(DMF)2](PF6)2 (6). The sterically hindered BIT(OR,SR') ligands 9 and 10 (R' = t-Bu; R = H, Me) and 11 and 12 (R' = CPh3; R = H, Me) were also prepared and examined for copper coordination/oxygenation. Oxygenation of copper(I) complex 13b derived from the BIT(OMe,SBu-t) ligand is slow, relative to 2b, producing a mixture of (BIT(OMe,SBu-t))2Cu2(mu-OH)2-type complexes 14b and 15b in which the -SBu-t group is uncoordinated; one of these complexes (15b) has been ortho-oxygenated on a neighboring aryl group according to the X-ray analysis and characterization of the free ligand. Oxygenation of the copper(I) complex derived from BIT(OMe,SCPh3) ligand 12 produces a novel dinuclear disulfide complex, [(BIT(OMe,S)2Cu2(mu-OH)2](PF6)2 (17), which is structurally characterized. Reactivity studies under anaerobic conditions in the presence of t-BuNC indicate that 17 is the result of copper(I)-induced detritylation followed by oxygenation of a highly reactive copper(I)-thiolate complex.
Air Medical Transport Services: A Marriage of Aviation and Medicine

During the past few decades, numerous ad­ vances have been made in medicine. Many, if not most, of these advances involve expensive technology or treatment regimens, including interventional cardiology, regional trauma cen­ ters, high-risk obstetrics, and reimplantation of amputated limbs, which tend to be available only at major medical centers. As the availabil­ ity of these specialized patient services became sequestered at regional medical centers, provi­ sion of an efficient means of transporting criti­ cally ill and injured patients to these centers was a natural progression. Because many of these transports involve considerable distances and patients with unstable clinical conditions, the need was apparent for a rapid and efficacious means of moving patients while still delivering critical and intensive care. Thus, emergency air medical transport services were born in the early 1970s. In October 1984, Mayo Medical Center initi­ ated a helicopter air medical transport service (with a helicopter dubbed "Mayo One"). This service, as outlined by Farnell and Sachs in this issue of the Proceedings (pages 1213 to 1225), was a natural outgrowth of the center's institu­ tional commitment to critically ill and injured patients, as exemplified by the development in 1981 of the Emergency/Trauma Unit at the Mayoaffiliated Saint Marys Hospital. The accompa­ nying article, which is rich in its enumeration of statistics and offers an insightful discussion of many of the key issues that confront air medical transport services, demonstrates how the staff assigned to Mayo One has approached the con
Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Derived from 3,3′-dimethylnaphthidine: Thermal, Liquid Crystalline, and Optical Properties

A poly(pyridinium salt) was synthesized from 4,4′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2,6-diphenylpyrilium)tosylate and 3,3′-dimethylnaphthidine. Tosylate counterion was exchanged with other organic counterions such as triflimide, 1-napthalenesulfonate, and 2-napthalenesulfonate in DMSO to yield a total of four poly(pyridinium salt)s. Their chemical structures were established by using various spectroscopic techniques. Gel permeation chromatography showed that their number-average molecular weights (Mn) were in the range of 56–76 kg/mol and polydispersities in the range of 1.09–1.32. Their thermal stabilities ranged from 290 to 425 °C, under nitrogen atmosphere. Even though these polymers didn’t show thermotropic liquid crystalline phases, counterion-dependent lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase were observed in some polar aprotic solvents above their critical concentrations. Each of these polymers emitted green light (500–572 nm) both in solutions and solid states as observed by UV–vis and photoluminescent spectroscopies.