cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NGF and IL-1β are co-localized in the developing nervous system of the frog, Xenopus laevis

Abstract NGF, a neurotrophic factor best known for its role in promoting cell survival, regulates many neurodevelopmental processes, including synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth and programmed cell death. Although there is a large amount of data regarding NGF in the developing nervous system of many species, there is little known about its regulation and role in the frog, Xenopus laevis . In this report, immunocytochemistry was used to characterize NGF protein expression in developing tadpoles. Protein expression was analyzed in tadpoles from stage 44/45 through stage 50, a period of development characterized by extensive neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation and an initial period of programmed cell death. Similar to other species, NGF was expressed in sensory cells and tissues, including the inner ear, eye, olfactory system, lateral line organs, papillae in the oral cavity, and gills tufts. In addition, NGF was expressed in specific cells in the central nervous system, cranial and dorsal root ganglia, spinal sensory and motoneurons, and muscle tissues in the tail and body cavity. In the mammalian nervous system, the cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induces expression of NGF. In this report, double-label immunocytochemistry was used to determine the relationship between NGF and IL-1β. Results showed most cell types and/or tissues that expressed NGF also expressed IL-1β. However, NGF was typically associated with cellular and nuclear membranes, whereas IL-1β appeared in the cytoplasm and nucleolus. The nuclear localization of IL-1β supports the idea that it regulates gene transcription in the frog. The appearance of NGF and IL-1β in the same cells suggests they may interact to influence neural development.
Crystal structure and thermal transition behavior of poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene]

Abstract The spherulitic crystal structure and thermal transition behavior of poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene] have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal mechanical analysis. Polymer films were solution-cast from xylene over relatively wide crystallization and annealing ranges. Large-scale spherulites were created at a polymer concentration (in xylene) of 0.50 wt/vol% and a crystallization temperature of 80°C. One or two endothermic T(1) transition peaks, involving a change from a three-dimensional (3-D) ordered phase to a two-dimensional (2-D) ordered structure, was observed in DSC scans. Intramolecular X-ray reflections disappeared and the polymer “softened” above the transition(s), due to an increase in the local mobility/flexibility of side chains and some main chains. Further increases in temperature above the transitions, however, made the 2-D phase more ordered, with a decrease in intermolecular spacing. A melting transition was not found in DSC scans, up to the polymer decomposition temperature of 390°C. An annealing treatment of the polymer had a significant effect on the transition behavior; either one or two T(1) transition peaks were observed in DSC scans, depending on the annealing temperature and the ΔH heat flow of the transitions increased with annealing temperature. X-ray and polarized microscopy results showed that a more stable crystal structure was formed after annealing at a temperature above the T(1) transition(s).
Collection and analyses of WSJ-CSR data at MIT

Recently, the DARPA community started a new data collection initiative in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) domain to support research and development of very large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (CSR) systems. Since August 1991, our group has actively participated in the development of the WSJ-CSR corpus. The purpose of this paper is to document our involvement in this process, from recording and transcription to analyses and distribution. We will also present the results of an experiment investigating the preprocessing of the prompt text.
Ambient Seismic Noise Correlations for Reservoir Monitoring

Seismic interferometry can turn passive seismic recordings into virtual seismic sources. This technique allows for the design of an installation that exploits the ambient seismic field for permanent continuous (nearly) real-time reservoir surveillance. Reliability of retrieved signals depends on the characteristics of the ambient seismic field and its excitation sources. The correlations converge for nearby receiver pairs, and lower frequencies stabilize more rapidly than correlations at higher frequencies and more distant receiver pairs. The convergence rate depends on the strength of the microseism energy in the ambient seismic field.
Effect of HIPing on the effective thermal conductivity/diffusivity and the interfacial thermal conductance of uniaxial SiC fibrereinforced RBSN

Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) was found to increase the thermal diffusivity/conductivity of uniaxial silicon carbide fibre-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) matrix composites, as the result of the densification of the matrix, the increase in the grain size of the silicon carbide and the improved thermal contact between the fibres and the matrix. Transverse to the fibre direction the thermal diffusivity/conductivity was found to be a function of the surrounding gaseous atmosphere due to the access of the gas phase to the fibre-matrix interface, which was facilitated by the existence of an interfacial gap due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the fibres and the matrix. The interfacial conductance was found to exhibit a strong positive temperature dependence as the result of the closure of the interfacial gap with increasing temperature.
A comparison of furrow, surface drip, and subsurface drip irrigation on lettuce yield and applied water

Abstract Furrow, surface drip, and subsurface drip irrigation methods were compared on a farm in the Salinas Valley of California. The overall performance showed similar lettuce yields for the furrow and subsurface drip methods, but a smaller yield for the surface drip method. Applied water of the drip methods ranged between 43 and 74% of that of the furrow method. Spatial variability of plant mass along transects in each plot showed different patterns of variability between the furrow and the drip transects. Variability in the plant mass of the furrow transect appeared unrelated to variability in both soil texture and soil water content. Variability in plant mass appeared related to the variability in emitter discharge rates along the drip lateral. Less variability in plant mass and yield occurred for the drip plots than for the furrow plot.
Wireless accelerometer network for process monitoring during mold forming in lost foam casting

Lost Foam Casting (LFC) enables the production of complex castings while offering the advantages of consolidation of components, reduced machining, and recirculation of the casting mold material. In the process, a replica of the desired product is produced of blown polystyrene, coated in refractory slurry, and cast in a dense, unbonded sand mold. In order for the unbonded sand mold to fill into pattern holes and to provide sufficient confining force to prevent the advancing molten front from penetrating beyond the mold boundaries, the sand mold is produced by an overhead raining and flask vibration schedule that encourages fluidization and subsequent densification. The amplitude, frequency, and duration of the flask vibration as well as the rate of sand filling are critical parameters in achieving quality castings. Currently, many foundries use an often-lengthy trial-and-error process for determining an acceptable raining and vibration schedule for each specific mold and rely heavily on simple measurements and operator experience to control the mold making process on the foundry line. This study focuses on developing a wireless sensor network of accelerometers to monitor vibrational characteristics of the casting flask during the mold making stage of LFC. Transformations in the vibrational characteristics of the flask can provide a "signature" for indicating the condition of the unbonded sand mold. Additionally, the wireless nature of the sensor nodes enables the technology to travel across the foundry floor during the casting cycle eliminating the necessity of routine placement and setup.
Biodegradation of 1, 3‐dinitrobenzene

Abstract The microbially mediated disappearance of 1,3‐dinitrobenzene was complete in Tennessee River water samples taken downstream from a munitions production facility but not in local (Frederick, MD) water samples. Microorganisms from the Tennessee River could be grown on 1,3‐dinitrobenzene as a sole carbon source and could mineralize the compound. At 106 total microorganisms per mL and 25°C, the half‐life of 1,3‐dinitrobenzene in Tennessee River samples and enrichment cultures was estimated to be 1 and 9.7 days, respectively. Growth of Tennessee River microorganisms on 1,3‐dinitrobenzene did not result in their metabolism of several other nitroaromatic compounds found in munitions discharges.
Analytical studies for buckling and vibration of weld-bonded beam shells of rectangular cross-section

An approach to analytical solution is presented for vibration and buckling of thin-walled tubular beam shells typical of automotive structures, which are fabricated by joining sheet metal stampings along the two longitudinal edges with periodic spot welds, adhesive bonding, or combination of spot welds and bonding, known as weld bonding. Solutions are obtained for such beam shells of rectangular cross-section with two opposite ends simply supported. The beam shell is modeled as an assembly of the constituent walls and Levy-type formulation is used to obtain a series solution for the transverse displacement of each of the walls. The challenge of expressing the discrete point support conditions at the spot welds by a continuous function is addressed using the flexibility function approach used in literature. The flexibility function, used earlier to represent the flexibility distribution along weld-bonded edges of rectangular plates with periodic spot welds, is used here. The characteristic equations are obtained by satisfying the displacement, slope, shear, and moment equilibrium at the mating edges of the walls including the two weld-bonded edges and the compatibility conditions at the spot-weld locations. This approach to analytical solution, described here for thin-walled beam shells of rectangular cross-section, can be suitably adopted for more general cross-sections and joints along non-symmetric edges. A parametric study is undertaken to show the effect of aspect ratio of the beam shell, adhesive joint parameters, and the number of spot welds on the elastic buckling loads and the natural frequencies. Such parametric studies can be of use to designers in arriving at an optimal joint configuration of weld-bonded beam shells from buckling and vibration considerations.
Nociceptive responses of 3-day-old rat pups to IP injection of lithium carbonate

Various authors have suggested that neonatal responses to nociceptive stimuli are different than those observed in adults. However, our own recent observations in rat pups have indicated that neonates may be more responsive to nociceptive stimuli than previously thought. In the present study, the abdominal constrictions or writhing test of visceral nociception was adapted for use in 3-day-old rat pups in an effort to more completely assess the nociceptive responses of neonatal rat pups. Pups receiving the irritant showed robust and long-lasting behavioral differences that were attenuated by morphine sulfate. The results from our study indicate that neonatal rats pups are not insensitive to noxious stimulation as has been previously suggested.
Mechanism of DNA chain growth

Abstract The direction of DNA chain growth in thymine-depleted bacteria was determined by comparing the rate of release of radioactive label by Escherichia coli exonuclease I from pulse-labeled DNA chains to that of uniformly labeled DNA of the same size. Radioactive label was found to be distributed throughout the length of the pulse-labeled DNA, indicating that longer chains arise through the joining of many extremely small polynucleotide chains.
Damping studies of aging in Al-Cu

Precipitation in an Al-3 pct Cu age-hardening alloy has been monitored at 130°C by ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements of attenuation and sonic velocity at 15 to 75 mHz and resonance bar damping and dynamic modulus measurements at 80 kHz. The use of two internal friction measurement techniques allows separation of the total damping loss into its component parts. Damping and modulus defect remain constant with time up to 100 hr, whereupon they begin to increase and reach a maximum at 250 hr. The observed time dependence is associated with scattering losses by precipitate particles and with increasing dislocation damping as dislocations become increasingly mobile during the depletion of their solute atmospheres by growing solute-rich precipitates.
Numerical Solution of the Viscous Surface Wave with Discontinuous Galerkin Method

We consider an incompressible viscous flow without surface tension in a finite-depth domain of two dimensions, with free top boundary and fixed bottom boundary. This system is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations in this moving domain and the transport equation on the moving boundary. In this paper, we construct a stable numerical scheme to simulate the evolution of this system by discontinuous Galerkin method, and discuss the error analysis of the fluid under certain assumptions. Our formulation is mainly based on the geometric structure introduced in [Y. Guo and Ian Tice, Anal. PDE 6 (2013) 287–369; Y. Guo and Ian Tice, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 207 (2013) 459–531; L. Wu, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 46 (2014) 2084–2135], and the natural energy estimate, which is rarely used in the numerical study of this system before.
Staphylococcus aureus meningitis

Summary The recovery of a patient from Staphylococcus aureus meningitis occurring with Staphylococcus aureus septicemia is recorded. The treatment consisted of frequent cisternal drainages to reduce intracranial pressure and general supportive measures, such as parenteral administration of fluids including blood transfusions. This record illustrates that the infection can be self-limited and recovery is possible if life can be maintained through the acute stages of the disease.
Picture memory in the chimpanzee.

Complex cognitive functioning of chimpanzees on tasks with 5 relational cues was reexamined, and a new hypothesis (picture-memory) was presented involving the memorization of a list of stimuli each...
Management of Acute Hepatitis C

The World Health Organization estimates that about 170 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Blood transfusions from unscreened donors and unsafe therapeutic procedures are the major modes of HCV transmission in the developing world, and injection drug use accounts for most newly diagnosed HCV infections in the developed countries. Acute infection with HCV leads to symptomatic hepatitis in only a minority of patients, and recent studies suggest that spontaneous clearance of virus is higher in symptomatic acute hepatitis C infection. Pooled data from various studies suggest that higher sustained viral clearance rates could be achieved with a shorter course of antiviral treatment in the early stages of chronic HCV infection. This article examines the diagnosis of acute infection and critically appraises the various treatment regimens.
Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models

AbstractThe authors analyze global climate model predictions of soil temperature [from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) database] to assess the models’ representation of current-climate soil thermal dynamics and their predictions of permafrost thaw during the twenty-first century. The authors compare the models’ predictions with observations of active layer thickness, air temperature, and soil temperature and with theoretically expected relationships between active layer thickness and air temperature annual mean- and seasonal-cycle amplitude. Models show a wide range of current permafrost areas, active layer statistics (cumulative distributions, correlations with mean annual air temperature, and amplitude of seasonal air temperature cycle), and ability to accurately model the coupling between soil and air temperatures at high latitudes. Many of the between-model differences can be traced to differences in the coupling between either near-surface air and shallow soil temperatures o...
Recent developments in the theory of data structures

This paper surveys some of the recent theoretical work on data structures. Work employing abstract graph models is covered as well as work on specific structures such as arrays and string patterns. Also included is work treating algorithms on complex structures and proving properties of programs that manipulate such structures. The paper concludes with a section on results using program schemata models to compare the utility of various data structures.
Thermally Induced Photoacoustic Transients Produced by Laser-Irradiated Fluid Spheres

Pulsed laser irradiation of a weakly absorbing fluid sphere in a transparent medium results in the production of a large thermal gradient at the surface of the sphere. The rapid transfer of heat from the sphere to the surrounding fluid as a result of the thermal gradient generates high frequency photoacoustic transients which affect the leading edge of a photoacoustic wave. Here, the character of the photoacoustic wave is determined by solving a modified wave equation for the photoacoustic effect. A solution to the heat diffusion equation is determined, which, together with the heating function for the optical source, provides the source term for the wave equation for pressure. The wave equation is then solved with appropriate boundary conditions using Laplace transform techniques to give the photoacoustic waveform. The relative magnitude of the transient to the N-shaped wave is shown to be determined, in part, by the laser pulse length.
BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON A BERINGIAN ENDEMIC: CRYPTIC REFUGIA IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ROCK SANDPIPER (CALIDRIS PTILOCNEMIS)

The importance of climatic change on the establishment and differentiation of high-latitude species is largely unknown. Biological effects of historic climate change can be determined from historic signals in genetic data. The rock sandpiper (Calidris ptilocnemis) is a good test case for examining these biological effects because it has a known sister species, the purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima), and it is the only endemic Beringian bird with multiple described subspecies, suggesting a process of initial establishment and subsequent differentiation in the high-latitude regions of Beringia. We sequenced 2,074 bp of mitochondrial DNA from 40 rock sandpipers from nine breeding locations and four purple sandpipers. We used phylogenetic and coalescence methods to reconstruct trees and to evaluate the population demography, migration rates, and relative times of population divergence. Phylogenetic trees show that purple and rock sandpipers are monophyletic sister species. Within the rock sandpiper, clade branching patterns and coalescence estimates suggest that there were multiple refugial populations in Beringia, which correspond loosely to different glacial cycles. Rock sandpipers show the establishment, persistence, and accumulation of partitioned genetic diversity across several glacial cycles, implicating the presence of multiple cryptic biological refugia in this region through repeated cycles of climate change.
Withdrawal reactions from chlordiazepoxide ("Librium").

Ten of 11 patients abruptly switched to placebos after several months of high daily doses (300–600 mg, 8–20 times the usual therapeutic range) of chlordiazepoxide experienced new symptoms and signs soon after. Depression, aggravation of psychoses, agitation, insomnia, loss of appetite, and nausea appeared between two and eight days following abrupt withdrawal. Two patients had seizures at seven and eight days. A third patient, not in the withdrawal study, had a seizure twelve days after discontinuation of a 300 mg daily dose. Plasma levels of drug indicated a half-life of approximately forty-eight hours following discontinuation of chronic high doses. Minor electroencephalographic abnormalities (mainly slowing) were produced by chronic administration of these exceedingly high doses. If large doses of chlordiazepoxide are used, the drug should not be abruptly discontinued.
Physical model approach to the design of laser irradiation regimens to improve resistance to dental caries

A set of interrelated physical models has been developed for use in the rational design of laser irradiation regimens for improving the resistance of tooth enamel to dental caries. Taken together, these models describe (1) the formation of subsurface lesions in dental enamel; (2) the dependence of this lesion formation on micro-environmental solution chemistry variables such as pH and concentrations of calcium, phosphate and fluoride; (3) the dependence of this lesion formation on the metastable equilibrium solubility; (4) the alteration of the MES of enamel by exposure to elevated temperatures and (5) the time-temperature profiles achieved by laser irradiation of enamel. Appropriate laboratory procedures have been developed and carried out to determine the values of the relevant parameters of each of the above models. Key findings are: (1) the onset of dissolution is controlled by the micro-environmental solution ion activity product (IAP) for fluorapatite; (2) the value of this threshold IAP can be shifted significantly by laser irradiation; (3) this IAP shift corresponds to a lowering of the threshold pH for onset of demineralization by about 0.7 pH units; and (4) the set of models listed above can be used together in an integrated approach for the rational design of laser irradiation regimens for improving resistance to dental caries.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 attenuates glucocorticoid suppression of pig lymphocyte function

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of dexamethasone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on mitogen-induced lymphocyte immune-associated activities including metabolic reduction of the tetrazolium salt and immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples obtained from three 6-week-old male pigs and plated in triplicate for treatment and dose (n=9 wells/treatment/dose). Cells were stimulated with specific doses and combinations of concanavalin A (ConA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), DEX and/or IGF-1. Both Con A and PWM induced dose-dependent increases (P<0.05) in lymphocyte metabolism and IgM production. Lymphocyte metabolism and IgM production induced by submaximal concentrations of ConA and PWM were dose-dependently suppressed (P<0.05) by DEX. Treatment with IGF-1 attenuated (P<0.5) the suppressive effects of DEX on ConA- but not PWM-induced lymphocyte metabolism. The addition of IGF-1 reduced (P<0.05) DEX suppression of ConA- and PWM-induced IgM production. Thes...
SPECTROSCOPIC FACTORS FOR STRIPPING TO UNBOUND ISOBARIC ANALOG STATES.

The reaction $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{93}\mathrm{Tc}$ leading to unbound isobaric analog states (IAS) has been studied. A distorted-wave Born-approximation analysis of the IAS using unbound single-particle form factors is shown to provide good fits and reasonable spectroscopic factors for ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) data from this and other work in the $A=90$ region. Calculations for available ($d,n$) reaction data result in spectroscopic factors which are lower than the ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) values.
Metro map layout using multicriteria optimization

We describe a system to automatically generate metro maps using a multicriteria approach. We have implemented a hill climbing optimizer which uses a fitness score generated from a sum of several aesthetic metrics. This is used to move from the initial geographic layout of the map to a schematic layout that is intended to aid travellers' navigation. We describe the software and show its application to a number of real world metro maps.
Short-lived Her proteins drive robust synchronized oscillations in the zebrafish segmentation clock

Oscillations are prevalent in natural systems. A gene expression oscillator, called the segmentation clock, controls segmentation of precursors of the vertebral column. Genes belonging to the Hes/her family encode the only conserved oscillating genes in all analyzed vertebrate species. Hes/Her proteins form dimers and negatively autoregulate their own transcription. Here, we developed a stochastic two-dimensional multicellular computational model to elucidate how the dynamics, i.e. period, amplitude and synchronization, of the segmentation clock are regulated. We performed parameter searches to demonstrate that autoregulatory negative-feedback loops of the redundant repressor Her dimers can generate synchronized gene expression oscillations in wild-type embryos and reproduce the dynamics of the segmentation oscillator in different mutant conditions. Our model also predicts that synchronized oscillations can be robustly generated as long as the half-lives of the repressor dimers are shorter than 6 minutes. We validated this prediction by measuring, for the first time, the half-life of Her7 protein as 3.5 minutes. These results demonstrate the importance of building biologically realistic stochastic models to test biological models more stringently and make predictions for future experimental studies.
Ungleichheiten bei der Geburt: Einige Ursachen und Folgen

: Recent research shows that health at birth is affected by many factors, including maternal education, behaviors, and participation in social programs. In turn, endowments at birth are predictive of adult outcomes, and of the outcomes of future generations. Exposure to environmental pollution is one potential determinant of health at birth that has received increasing attention. A large literature outside of economics advocates for “Environmental Justice,” and argues that poor and minority families are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. I provide new evidence on this question, showing that children born to less educated and minority mothers are more likely to be exposed to pollution in utero and that white, college educated mothers are particularly responsive to changes in environmental amenities. I estimate that differences in exposure to toxic releases may explain 6% of the gap in incidence of low birth weight between infants of white college educated mothers and infants of black high school dropout mothers.
A Unified Approach to Compliant Motion Control

This paper studies a unified approach to the design of non-adaptive and adaptive model-based controllers for different types of compliant motion. By regarding the interacting robots and environments as one integrated mechanism, with a common set of generalized coordinates describing its motion, compliant motion can be viewed as an unconstrained motion, and all the control methods developed for free motion control, such as PID for position control, computed torque for trajectory control, and adaptive control for dealing with large parameter uncertainty, can be used straightforwardly, achieving global stability and motion tracking convergence. Since there are genrally more joint actuators than the number of degrees of freedom of the integrated mechanism, the remaining freedom in choosing joint inputs is used to achieve other benefits, such as joint torque minimization or guaranteeing contact with unidirectional constraint surfaces, depending on the specific problem.
Mistaking a marketing perspective for ethical analysis: when consumers can't know that they should want

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to point out the distinction between needs which marketing aims to satisfy, and the consumers' true needs for their own health and safety. While marketing professionals might cite consumer satisfaction as serving consumers, they are mistaking marketing for morality.Design/methodology/approach – Gives reference to some articles of recent research literature on consumers in the marketplace, with emphasis on the consumers' not‐uncommon inability to know what they should need or want.Findings – What satisfies or interests segments of consumers is not the same as understanding the consumers' interests.Originality/value – Points out an important distinction that marketing professionals wish to ignore. What is in consumers' best interests, the proper or ethical decision, might not be what most consumers perceive as their needs. Sometimes, even if something is in the consumers' best interests, there does not exist a segment that knows it should be needed.
Identification of Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation and Respiration via Mini-Himar Transposon Mutagenesis of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Electron transfer from cells to metals and electrodes by the Fe(III)-reducing anaerobe Geobacter sulfurreducens requires proper expression of redox proteins and attachment mechanisms to interface bacteria with surfaces and neighboring cells. We hypothesized that transposon mutagenesis would complement targeted knockout studies in Geobacter spp. and identify novel genes involved in this process. Escherichia coli mating strains and plasmids were used to develop a conjugation protocol and deliver mini-Himar transposons, creating a library of over 8,000 mutants that was anaerobically arrayed and screened for a range of phenotypes, including auxotrophy for amino acids, inability to reduce Fe(III) citrate, and attachment to surfaces. Following protocol validation, mutants with strong phenotypes were further characterized in a three-electrode system to simultaneously quantify attachment, biofilm development, and respiratory parameters, revealing mutants defective in Fe(III) reduction but unaffected in electron transfer to electrodes (such as an insertion in GSU1330, a putative metal export protein) or defective in electrode reduction but demonstrating wild-type biofilm formation (due to an insertion upstream of the NHL domain protein GSU2505). An insertion in a putative ATP-dependent transporter (GSU1501) eliminated electrode colonization but not Fe(III) citrate reduction. A more complex phenotype was demonstrated by a mutant containing an insertion in a transglutaminase domain protein (GSU3361), which suddenly ceased to respire when biofilms reached approximately 50% of the wild-type levels. As most insertions were not in cytochromes but rather in transporters, two-component signaling proteins, and proteins of unknown function, this collection illustrates how biofilm formation and electron transfer are separate but complementary phenotypes, controlled by multiple loci not commonly studied in Geobacter spp.
A Logical Basis for the D Combinator and Normal Form in CCG

The standard set of rules defined in Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) fails to provide satisfactory analyses for a number of syntactic structures found in natural languages. These structures can be analyzed elegantly by augmenting CCG with a class of rules based on the combinator D (Curry and Feys, 1958). We show two ways to derive the D rules: one based on unary composition and the other based on a logical characterization of CCG’s rule base (Baldridge, 2002). We also show how Eisner’s (1996) normal form constraints follow from this logic, ensuring that the D rules do not lead to spurious ambiguities.
Political Ideology and Economic Modernization in Spain

In his magisterial general history, Spain 1808–1939, Raymond Carr concluded that the failure of modern constitutional liberalism in Spain was above all “a political failure,” that is, more the consequence of political culture, status cleavages, and ideological divergence than the inevitable result of unadapted economic structures that could not support the formal political system. American reviewers such as Richard Herr and Gabriel Jackson were quick to take issue, arguing that political conflict in modern Spain had not been positively resolved because the economic structure had been too backward to permit it. They were obviously correct that the backwardness of the Spanish economy greatly hampered the civic processes of modern Spain—a point that Carr readily admitted in general. It is nonetheless largely true that modern Spanish politics have more often than not focused on issues of status and ideology rather than on specific conflicts over concrete economic issues.
Endolithic Microorganisms in the Antarctic Cold Desert

In the frigid desert of the Antarctic dry valleys there are no visible life forms on the surface of the soil or rocks. Yet in certain rock types a narrow subsurface zone has a favorable microclimate and is colonized by microorganisms. Dominant are lichens of unusual organization. They survive not by physiological adaptation to lower temperatures, but by changing their mode of growth, being able to grow between the crystals of porous rocks. Their activity results in mobilization of iron compounds and in rock weatherning with a characteristic pattern of exfoliation. This simple ecosystem lacks both higher consumers and predators.
Performance of lactating dairy cows fed silage and grain from a maize hybrid with the cry1F trait versus its nonbiotech counterpart.

Effects of feeding grain and maize silage from a non-Bt maize and a variety of Bt maize that contains cry1F (event TC1507, event DAS-O15O7-1), a gene that provides maize with insect resistance, on the health and performance of dairy cows were evaluated. In a crossover trial, 20 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to each of 2 dietary treatment groups and fed diets containing whole-plant maize silage plus maize grain from TC1507 or its near-isoline counterpart (control). Each period of the crossover trial lasted 28 d and was preceded by a 7-d adjustment period. To minimize variability due to stage of lactation, 2 blocks of 10 cows at 90 to 130 d of lactation at the start of the trial were used. Within each dietary treatment, 10 cows were from each of 2 genetic selection lines (high and average fat plus protein predicted transmitting ability). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Dry matter intake and daily production of milk, fat, protein, lactose, nonfat solids, and total solids did not differ between cows fed the TC1507 diet and cows fed the control diet. Furthermore, milk from cows in different dietary treatment groups did not differ in milk urea nitrogen concentration or somatic cell count. For milk fat percentage, a significant dietary treatment by genetic group interaction was detected although overall yield of milk and solids-corrected milk did not differ with diet. Physical measures of cow health including body weight, body condition score, temperature, pulse, and respiration rate were collected weekly; dietary treatment group means for these measures were not different. Blood chemistry and hematological analyses were conducted using blood samples collected from cows before the start of the trial and at the end of each period. Overall, the TC1507 and control groups did not differ in any of these indices of health status. Further, hematological profiles for cows in the dietary treatment groups were not different. In summary, no differences were detected in milk production, milk composition, or cow health as indicated by physical measures, blood chemistry, and hematological analyses between dairy cows fed diets containing maize grain plus whole-plant maize silage from TC1507 and dairy cows fed grain plus silage from its near-isoline counterpart.
The hydrogen‐bonding network in (E)‐1,2‐bis­(1‐ethyl­benzimidazol‐2‐yl)ethene dihydrate

The title compound, C20H20N4·2H2O, contains centrosymmetric (E)-1,2-bis­(1-ethyl­benzimidazol-2-yl)ethene mol­ecules with parallel benzimidazole fragments separated by 0.131 (4) A. The structure consists of layers parallel to (100). In each layer, alternating chains of water mol­ecules, linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and columns of alkene mol­ecules are linked to each other by O—H⋯Nimine hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional polymeric network. An inter­planar separation of 3.413 (3) A between alkene mol­ecules in a given column is consistent with substantial π–π inter­actions.
New-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction and its relation to admission biomarkers (from the TRIUMPH registry).

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We analyzed the relation between biomarkers linked to myocardial stretch (NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]), myocardial damage (Troponin-T [TnT]), and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) and new-onset AF during AMI to identify patients at high risk for AF. In a prospective multicenter registry of AMI patients (from the Translational Research Investigating Underlying disparities in recovery from acute Myocardial infarction: Patients' Health status registry), we measured NT-proBNP, TnT, and hs-CRP in patients without a history of AF (n = 2,370). New-onset AF was defined as AF that occurred during the index hospitalization. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association of biomarkers with new-onset AF, after adjusting for other covariates. New-onset AF was documented in 114 patients with AMI (4.8%; mean age 58 years; 32% women). For each twofold increase in NT-proBNP, there was an 18% increase in the rate of AF (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03 to 1.35; p
Characterizing Web Spam Using Content and HTTP Session Analysis.

Web spam research has been hampered by a lack of statistically significant collections. In this paper, we perform the first large-scale characterization of web spam using content and HTTP session analysis techniques on the Webb Spam Corpus ‐ a collection of about 350,000 web spam pages. Our content analysis results are consistent with the hypothesis that web spam pages are dierent from normal web pages, showing far more duplication of physical content and URL redirections. An analysis of session information collected during the crawling of the Webb Spam Corpus shows significant concentration of hosting IP addresses in two narrow ranges as well as significant overlaps among session header values. These findings suggest that content and HTTP session analysis may contribute a great deal towards future eorts to automatically distinguish web spam pages from normal web pages.
Airborne Observations of a Front near a Col during FASTEX

Abstract An analysis of an oceanic front situated near a col defined by the surface pressure field is presented. There have been few observational examples of this type of front presented in the literature. The primary source of information for this study was data recorded by an aircraft equipped with a Doppler radar. The front was approximately two-dimensional and the cross-frontal scale at low levels was 30–40 km. A prefrontal low-level jet was identified in the high-resolution analyses and was shown to be supergeostrophic. Surface pressure measurements and the horizontal temperature gradients were used to calculate the geostrophic wind and the thermal wind imbalance (TWI) in the alongfront direction. Large negative values of TWI (the vertical shear is less than predicted for the given horizontal temperature gradient) were located near a region of frontogenesis. The strong ageostrophic component of the wind parallel to the front suggests that the alongfrontal component of the wind may not have been in g...
Gerosuppression in confluent cells

The most physiological type of cell cycle arrest - namely, contact inhibition in dense culture - is the least densely studied. Despite cell cycle arrest, confluent cells do not become senescent. We recently described that mTOR (target of rapamycin) is inactive in contact-inhibited cells. Therefore, conversion from reversible arrest to senescence (geroconversion) is suppressed. I thi s Perspective, we further extended the gerosuppression model. While causing senescence in regular cell density, etoposide failed to cause senescence in contact-inhibited cells. A transient reactivation of mTOR favored geroconversion in etoposide-treated confluent cells. Like p21, p16 did not cause senescence in high cell density. We discuss that suppression of geroco nversion in confluent and contact-inhibited cultures mimics gerosuppression in the organism. We confirmed that levels of p-S6 were low in murine tissues in the organism compared with mouse embryonic fibroblasts in cell culture, whereas p-Akt was reciprocally high in the organism.
Nighttime-Lights-Derived Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emission Maps and Their Limitations

Abstract Brightness of nighttime lights has been used as an indicator for spatial disaggregation of CO 2 emission based on an assumed linear relationship between the digital number (DN) values of nighttime light imagery and the amount of CO 2 emissions. However, reliability of the linear relationship of these variables has not been thoroughly examined. In this study we find that the actual overall correlations are exponential rather than linear. More specific analyses showed that the DN values of nighttime light imagery first behaves linearly (from 3 to 50) and then exponentially (from 51 to 63), correlating to the amount of CO 2 emissions. Regardless of the use of a linear or piecewise function, some featured limitations are evident as we developed the methodology. Among significant limitations, CO 2 emissions were not visualized in unlit areas and a lack of variation existed in regions with the same DN values of nighttime light imagery. Lastly CO 2 emissions in urban core areas were grossly under-estimated.
Entrepreneurs from Technology-Based Universities

This paper analyzes major patterns and trends in entrepreneurship among technology-based university alumni since the 1930s by asking two related research questions: (1) Who enters entrepreneurship, and has this changed over time?; and (2) How does the rate of entrepreneurship vary with changes in the entrepreneurial business environment? We describe findings based on data from two linked datasets joining Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) alumni and founder information. New company formation rates by MIT alumni have grown dramatically over seven decades, and the median age of first time entrepreneurs has gradually declined from about age 40 (1950s) to about age 30 (1990s). Women alumnae lag their male counterparts in the rate at which they become entrepreneurs, and alumni who are not U.S. citizens enter entrepreneurship at different (often higher) rates relative to their American classmates. New venture foundings over time are correlated with measures of the changing external entrepreneurial and business environment, suggesting that future research in this domain may wish to more carefully examine such factors.
Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War

W\\7ORLD WAR II opened a quarter of a century of increasing hope and frustration for the black man. After a decade of depression, the ideological character of the war and the government's need for the loyalty and manpower of all Americans led blacks to expect a better deal from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. With a near-unanimity rare in the Negro community, civil rights groups joined with the Negro press and influential church, labor, and political leaders to demand "Democracy in Our Time!"' Individuals and organizations never before involved in a protest movement found it respectable, even expedient, to be part of the new militancy in the black community.2 The war stimulated racial militancy, which in turn led to increased interracial violence that culminated in the bloody summer of 1943. Negro leaders then retreated, eschewing mass movements and direct action in favor of aid from white liberals for their congressional and court battles. While many of the goals of the early war years remained, the mood and tactics became increasingly conservatives Paradoxically, the wartime violence which summoned forth the modern civil rights movement, enlisting
Early response assessment of chemotherapy in patients with NHL using FDG-PET

1077 Learning Objectives 1. Interim FDG-PET scan is performed to assess the early response of NHL lymphoma to chemotherapy. 2. The best timing point for early response assessment of chemotherapy in NHL. Lymphoma is the most common hematologic tumor in the United States. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is subclassified into more than 40 subtypes with a wide spectrum of diseases, which could be regrouped into indolent, aggressive and highly aggressive histologic entities. The standard aggressive NHL treatment strategy is CHOP regimen. Initial assessment of chemotherapy after a few cycles will be critical to determinate the duration and treatment plan of chemotherapy to avoid or reduce the toxicities and predict the ultimate patient outcome. Interim FDG-PET scan is performed to assess the early response of lymphoma to chemotherapy. Wide range of time points has been investigated from as early as one day to one, two, three or even four cycles of treatment. The largest series study is performed in UK, which revealed that two to three cycles of chemotherapy strongly predicts progression-free survival. All of the studies from 2000 to 2007 have shown the encouraging results to predict the outcome as early as 1 cycle of chemotherapy. The diversities of the investigation include the design of research (retrospective vs prospective); the sample size of subjects (from 23 to 121); the follow-up time (one year, two years and five years). Event-free survival, progression-free survival and overall survival have been used as the indicators of treatment efficacy. The best timing point for early response assessment remains inconclusive. The possible rational explanation may be related to the following considerations: selection bias in the retrospective analysis; suboptimal gold standard for extent of diseases assessment; various subtypes of NHL; non-uniform treatment regimens; deficient of attenuation correction in some studies
Buckling Analysis of Axially Loaded Corrugated Cylindrical Shells

Buckling analyses of heavily corrugated cylindrical shells based on detailed full finite element models are usually computationally expensive. To address this issue, we have pro- posed an efficient computational method of predicting the onset of buckling for corrugated cylindrical shells which builds on the Bloch wave method for infinitely periodic structures. We modified the traditional Bloch wave method in order to analyze the buckling of rotationally periodic shell structures. We have developed an efficient algorithm to perform our modified Bloch wave method. The buckling behavior of composite corrugated cylindrical shells with a range of numbers of corrugations was analyzed. Linear and nonlinear buckling analyses of detailed full finite element models were also performed and compared to our method. Comparisons showed that our modified Bloch wave method was able to obtain highly accurate buckling loads and it was able to capture both global and local buckling modes. It was also found that the computational time required by our modified Bloch wave method did not scale up as the number of corrugations increased.