cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study of conflict in new parents: The role of attachment

In this longitudinal study of the transition to parenthood, couples reported on their own conflict resolution tactics and their perceptions of their partners' tactics. Their reports were analyzed in terms of their own and their partners' attachment styles. The results showed that more anxious and more avoidant persons used less effective conflict resolution styles. They showed that both actor and partner attachment styles were related to conflict resolution tactics. They also showed that in some cases less avoidant and less anxious persons showed improvement over time, using fewer ineffective and more effective resolution tactics. More avoidant and more anxious individuals, in contrast, showed little improvement and in some cases even showed decline over time.
Internal Wave-Wave Interactions. Part II: Spectral Energy Transfer and Turbulence Production

The spectral transfer of internal wave energy toward high vertical wavenumber kz and turbulence production « is examined by ray tracing small-scale test waves in a canonical Garrett and Munk background wave field. Unlike previous ray-tracing studies, interactions with internal-wave vertical divergence Wz as well as vertical shear Vz are allowed. The resulting spectral energy transfer rates are 2 to 4 times shear-only predictions depending on the degree of vertical and horizontal scale separation imposed. An upper limit is obtained by imposing vertical scale separation Kz , kz and no restriction on horizontal wavenumber or frequency. This violates the WKB approximation in the horizontal and time. A lower limit is obtained by imposing stricter vertical scale separation Kz , 0.5kz and horizontal scale separation KH , kh for background frequencies V. 11 f. Imposing WKB horizontal scale separation at all background frequencies causes some test waves to get stuck at low horizontal wavenumber and low frequency. This is not realistic. The shear and strain lower limit produces turbulence production rates close to the upper limit of shear-only calculations and therefore consistent with observations.
Consuming the Nation-State: Reflections on Makushi Understandings of the Person in a Transnational Context

Amerindians constantly and actively fabricate their bodies and the bodies of others. The growing literature on the topic highlights the importance of consuming and sharing substances as well as how social relations are used to construct persons. But how does this logic operate when Amerindians deal with Euro-American concepts such as international borders, passports, political, civil, and social rights? Which of these are bodies and which are bodily substances? Why and how are Euro-American bodies and substances consumed, shared, and circulated? Each substance has its specific properties that affect the building of the body and consequentially the social relatedness of the person. This paper will look at ethnographic data from the Makushi people to reflect on why and how the manipulation of the body – thought of as an amalgam, not as a container – is the preferred way to interact with Euro-American concepts.
NOT-SO-PUBLIC CONTENTION: MOVEMENT STRATEGIES, REGIMES, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN BRAZIL

*† This article examines how political regimes structure the strategies activists can effectively utilize to transform public institutions. Drawing on Tilly’s concept of “regime space” as a combination of capacity and democracy, the author analyzes the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement’s (MST) attempt to implement alternative pedagogies in public schools in two diverse contexts: the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the municipality of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco. In Rio Grande do Sul’s high-capacity democratic regime, social movement repertories and partisan politics are effective in transforming schools for a decade, until a rightleaning mobilization ends these initiatives. In contrast, in Santa Maria’s low-capacity nondemocratic regime, the MST engages in a Gramscian war of position and transforms public schools over multiple administrations. This comparison illustrates the relevance of subnational regimes in shaping contention, the strengths and weaknesses of diverse activist strategies, and the importance of not-so-public forms of contention in movement outcomes. On May 4, 2011, I walked out of the mayor’s office in Santa Maria da Boa Vista, a poor municipality in the far western part of the state of Pernambuco, in the semiarid sertao region. I had just interviewed Mayor Leandro Duarte, who was elected for his third nonconsecutive term in 2009 as part of a traditionally right-leaning political party, the Democrats (DEM). 1 Leandro is the nephew of the most recent coronel (local political strongman) in the region, Florencio de Barros Filho, more commonly known as Coronel Barrinho. In our conversation Leandro explained the politics of the municipality: parties are much less important than the person. Leandro said that his supporters believe in his personal capacity to improve the municipality, which is why they elected him to office. An hour into the interview, his secretary came in and whispered into his ear. I noticed Leandro’s demeanor immediately change and, shortly after, the interview ended. As I walked out of the office and onto the burning streets of the municipal center, I decided to call Jetro Gomes—Leandro’s cousin and opposition candidate in the previous election. Jetro, who had recently joined the left-leaning Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), was also the nephew of the deceased Coronel Barrinho. Jetro answered his phone right away. The courts had declared the previous election invalid: “Rebecca,” he exclaimed, “Let the people know, I have won and I am mayor.” My next meeting was with Adailto Cardoso, an activist from the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST), a national social movement of over one million people struggling for access to land through the occupation of large land estates. The MST also makes claims for other services once land is redistributed. Adailto, for example, is the head of the MST’s
Prescribing trends and pharmacoeconomic considerations in the treatment of arrhythmias. Focus on atrial fibrillation and flutter.

Considerable progress has been made regarding the trealment of atrial fibri llation and atrial flutter. However, controversies s lill exist with respect to the therapy o f choice for ventricular rate control, requirements for long tenn preventive therapy, and the place of surgical and ablatio n alternatives. Surrounding these controversies also lies a paucity of phannacoeconomic studies, which limits delineation of the most cost–effective therapy for patients with at rial fibrillation and atrial flutter. This article reviews prescribing trends in the US for antiarrhythmic agents, and the available phannacoeconomic studies that have specifi call y addressed the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
Growth factors and dexamethasone regulate Hoxb5 protein in cultured murine fetal lungs

Studies on lung morphogenesis have indicated a role of homeobox (Hox) genes in the regulation of lung development. In the present study, we attempted to modulate the synthesis of Hoxb5 protein in cultured murine fetal lungs after mechanical or chemical stimuli. Murine fetuses at gestational day 14 (GD14) were removed from pregnant CD-1 mice, and lungs were excised and cultured for 7 days in BGJb media. The experimental groups were 1) untreated, unligated; 2) tracheal ligation; 3) supplemented media with either epidermal growth factor (EGF; 10 ng/ml), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 (2 ng/ml), dexamethasone (10 nM), EGF + TGF-beta 1, or EGF + TGF-beta 1 + dexamethasone. After 3 or 7 days, the cultured lungs were compared with in vivo lungs. Immunoblotting signals at 3 days in culture were stronger than those at 7 days. Western blot analyses showed that ligation, EGF, TGF-beta 1, and EGF + TGF-beta 1 downregulated Hoxb5 protein to approximately 20-70% of Hoxb5 protein levels in unligated, untreated cultured lungs. Furthermore, dexamethasone alone or in combination with EGF and TGF-beta 1 downregulated Hoxb5 protein by > 90% (P < 0.05) signal strength, similar to that seen in GD19 or in neonatal lungs. Immunostaining showed that Hoxb5 protein was expressed strongly in the lung mesenchyme at early stages in gestation. However, by GD19 and in neonates, it was present only in specific epithelial cells. A persistent level of Hoxb5 protein in the mesenchyme after EGF or TGF-beta 1 treatments or tracheal ligation was noted. Hoxb5 protein was significantly downregulated by EGF + TGF-beta 1, and it was least in lungs after dexamethasone or EGF + TGF-beta 1 + dexamethasone treatment. The decrease in Hoxb5 protein was significant only in the groups with dexamethasone added to the media. Thus immunostaining results parallel those of immunoblotting. The degree of Hoxb5 downregulation by dexamethasone or EGF + TGF-beta 1 + dexamethasone was similar to that seen in vivo in very late gestation, which correlated to the advancing structural development of the lung.
Individualizing the Tibial Tubercle– Trochlear Groove Distance Patellar Instability Ratios That Predict Recurrent Instability

Background:Patients with patellar instability and a tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance ≥20 mm may be candidates for distal tubercle realignment surgery. Although this variable has proven valuable in predicting recurrent dislocations, it is not individualized to patient size, bony structure, or patellofemoral mechanics.Purpose:To develop a patellar instability ratio (PIR) that predicts the risk of recurrent instability based on the TT-TG distance to patient-specific anatomy.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:On magnetic resonance imaging scans of 59 knees with patellar instability, the TT-TG distance, tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance, sagittal patellar length (PL), sagittal trochlear length (TL), axial patellar width (PW), and axial trochlear width (TW) were calculated by 2 observers in a blinded and randomized fashion. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with a single dislocation and those with multiple (≥2) dislocations. The ability ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell Cycle

SummaryGenes and cDNA clones have been identified in animal cells that are cell cycle-regulated, i.e. they are preferentially expressed in a phase of the cell cycle. Some of these genes, including four oncogenes, are induced when G0 cells are stimulated to proliferate. Four approaches are described to identify the genes that regulate the transition of cells from a resting to a growing stage. The interrelationship among cell cycle-regulated genes, oncogenes, growth factors and receptors for growth factors points the way to a genetic dissection of cell cycle progression.
Crises and Contagion

I review the crises and contagion literature as it has been formed during the last decade. The focus of the paper is to describe the main channels through which crises spread as they have been described in empirical studies and then present theoretical papers that support those views. Specifically, I look at how liquidity shocks, common fundamentals, cross-market rebalancing, and borrowing constraints can lead to contagion.
The Effect of Mechanotransduction and ECM Proteins on the Development of Calcific Nodules: A Model System for CAVD

Test an in vitro model of calcific aortic valve nodule growth that modulates stiffness and substrate composition in polyacrylamide (PAAM) gels to understand progression of calcific aortic valve dis...
Measuring Trust of Autonomous Vehicles: A Development and Validation Study

Recent advances in technology have improved the ability of vehicles to act autonomously, thereby enabling the implementation of these systems into the lives of the everyday consumer. For example, in the past three years nearly several major vehicle manufacturer, supplier, and technology company have announced projects involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). While the notion of AVs has been popular within the military, the urgency to make them commonplace has gathered pace as companies outside the auto industry have illustrated the feasibility and benefits that AVs offer. However, in order to predict user adoption of these autonomous features, attitudes towards them must be understood. Thus, the purpose of the present in-progress study is to develop and validate a scale to quantify trust towards autonomous vehicles. Upon the completion of data collection, the data will be subjected to a factor analysis. It is hypothesized that the scale ratings will converge to a single underlying dimension. It is also hypothesized that there will be differences in trust among the levels of vehicle autonomy.
Evaluation of Pesticide Application Methods for Control of Tobacco Budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Flue-cured Tobacco

Various formulations and methods of application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki Berliner and acephate were evaluated for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothts virescens (F.), on flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Variations in spray pressure and volume, nozzle size, or nozzle arrangement within the range used by tobacco growers offered negligible improvements in control. Hand-applied baits, either homemade or commercially prepared, were found to be the most effective. Homemade corn-meal and corn-bran baits did not flow well through the granular applicator, especially under humid conditions, resulting in uneven and variable bait delivery. The more compact bait carriers, e.g., Dipel 10 granular, flowed evenly through the granular applicator and gave control intermediate between hand-applied baits and sprayable formulations.
Kairomonal effect of an aphid cornicle secretion on Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae).

In laboratory bioassays, whole-body homogenates and fresh cornicle wax of Rhopalosiphum padi(L.) (the bird-cherry oat aphid) elicited antennal examination and attack behavior in naive females of the polyphagous aphidiid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). No such response was elicited by either homogenates or cornicle wax of Aphis nerii(Boyer de Fonscolombe) (another known host of the parasitoid) or by preparations of the aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene. The response to R. padiproducts was independent of rearing host and appears to be innate. Application of R. padicornicle wax to the dorsum of a nonhost aphid [Acythosiphum pisum(Harris)] increased the frequency with which this species was attacked by L. testaceipes.There was a tendency for the kairomonal activity of the cornicle secretion to decline as the wax dried, although parasitoid attack behavior was still elicited by wax which had been allowed to dry for up to 30 min before testing.
A Single-Center Multidisciplinary Initiative to Reduce Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Rates: Quality and Financial Implications.

Introduction Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is an important patient safety issue that is responsible for an estimated 449334 annual infections, with an average direct cost of $790-$1200 per infection. In total, the cost associated with CAUTI is estimated to be $115 million to $1.82 billion annually. Methods We conducted an internal revenue analysis with a standard sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of a low-cost CAUTI reduction program on direct costs to the hospital over four years. The interventions included the formation of a multidisciplinary CAUTI reduction task force, formal data collection in all ICUs, staff education, and new electronic order sets with decision support. Results During the initial intervention period, the infection rate per 1000 catheter days decreased from 5.4 to 1.5. In the second year of the program, the infection rate increased to 4.6. After additional interventions were launched, infection rates decreased to 2.2. Cost savings per 1000 catheter days (±20%) during the initial intervention were $4501 ($3600-$5401). Discussion Our intervention demonstrated that provider education and electronic documentation prompts were followed by a significant decrease in catheter utilization, that in turn was followed by lower infection rates. Decreased emphasis on intervention goals were followed by an increase in CAUTI rates. Our subsequent interventions suggest that upward trends may be reversible.
Variability of Water Urethral Closure Pressure Profiles

AbstractWater urethral closure pressure profiles were evaluated in 66 women for reproducibility between sequential studies in patients and 3 observers.
Michael Blanding. The Map Thief: The Gripping Story of an Esteemed Rare-Map Dealer Who Made Millions Stealing Priceless Maps. New York: Gotham Books, 2014. xvi, [ii], [1], 300 p. ISBN: 978-1592408177. $27.50

The Map Thief by Michael Blanding is an informative account of the life and crimes of E. Forbes Smiley III, a well-known antiquarian map dealer who stole rare and valuable maps from institutions for several years, selling the materials to other map dealers and directly to private collectors. Apprehended at Yale University in 2005, Smiley eventually confessed to stealing 97 maps valued at over $3,000,000 from six libraries, agreed to cooperate with prosecutors, and was sentenced to 42 months in federal prison. He was released in January 2010. Blanding, a journalist based in Boston, has published articles in regional, national . . .
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Caregivers of Cancer Survivors

The use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is vast, as illustrated throughout this book. The use of MBCT and its related therapies has extended into medical settings, which is appropriate as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), from which MBCT was based, originated in a medical setting [1, 2]. However, a caregiving population has not been explicitly highlighted in MBCT literature. Existing on the periphery of formalized medical care, informal caregivers experience significant burden in providing care for others (e.g., family and friends). We believe that informal caregivers, specifically those of cancer survivors, would greatly benefit from MBCT treatment as a way to relieve burden and to transition into a “being mode” while providing care. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the application of MBCT for caregivers of cancer survivors. In this chapter, we detail the rationale for using MBCT with caregivers of cancer survivors, highlighting how MBCT could meet the needs of caregivers of cancer survivors, and how to adapt the current MBCT format [3] to a group of those providing care for cancer survivors. Recommendations based on various clinical concerns, questions for reflection, and resources are also included at the conclusion of this chapter.
Is psychoanalytic theory relevant to the psychology of women

This article reviews the literature addressing the relevance of psychoanalytic theory to the psychology of women and offers a possible rapprochement between these divergent perspectives. This rapprochement is accomplished first by defining "psychoanalytic theory" and "the psychology of women" in line with current scholarship, then by comparing and contrasting these definitions in an item-by-item analysis. The basic tenets of modern psychoanalytic theory emerge as highly relevant to the understanding of the psychology of women, despite the fact that particular "brands" of psychoanalytic theory may not demonstrate this same compatibility.
Racial and Ethnic Homogamy and Gendered Time on Core Housework

Racial/ethnic partner homogamy may contribute to gendered patterns in time on housework. To evaluate this, we pool 10 years of data from the American Time Use Survey and examine how time spent on h...
Eisenhower and Nixon: A Friendship of Unequals

ABSTRACTDwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon are linked forever in the history of the American presidency, yet only recently have scholars paid notable attention to their relationship. While this uptick in research about how the two men related to each other has been important, it has not fully grappled with the political implications of their relationship. This article argues that understanding the friendship the two men had, including how it changed over time, provides insight into the way each viewed and conducted his own politics. I argue that the two most often shared an Aristotelian friendship of utility, which provided Eisenhower with a rising conservative politico and Nixon with a respected national figure for a mentor. Though neither would ever come to fully understand the other they influenced each other in profound ways.
Bidirectional Interference Between Simulated Driving and Speaking

Purpose This study relied on acoustic measures of connected speech and several indices of driving performance to quantify interference between speaking and simulated driving. Method Three groups of...
The inhibitory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea pallida on BT-549 and natural killer cells

Background Echinaceais a plant that has been widely used for its rsquo medicinal properties which include antioxidant properties immune stimulant and anti inflammatory properties In this study the effects of extracts of Echinacea pallida Echinacea purpurea as well as the standard components of Echinacea were observed on a breast cancer cell line BT Also the effects of extracts of Echinacea pallida Echinacea purpurea and the standard components of Echinacea on natural killer cells were studied Methods The anti tumor activity of an organic extract of E pallida organic extracts of E purpurea and water soluble extracts of E purpurea as well as the standard components of Echinacea were evaluated in vitro on BT In addition the effect of the function of natural killer cells was determined after exposure to organic extracts of E pallida water soluble extracts of E purpurea and the standard components of Echinacea Results A crude extract of E pallida crude extracts of E purpurea water soluble extracts of E purpurea and a standard components kit of Echinacea all exhibited cytotoxic activity against BT Also a crude extract of E pallida two dilutions of crude extracts of E purpurea water soluble extracts of E purpurea and a standard components kit of Echinacea had no effect on the viability of natural killer cells A water soluble extract of E purpurea root and a standard components kit of Echinacea had no significant effect on the function of NK cells However one dilution of the crude extract of E pallida two dilutions of the crude extracts of E purpurea and one water soluble extract of E purpurea had an effect on the function of the NK cells Conclusions This study supports the current research articles that have indicated the anti tumor effect of extracts of E pallida and E purpurea on another breast cancer cell line MCF Further studies in vitro with Echinacea are needed to determine if this study supports a recent study that indicated an increase in the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells that are exposed to Echinacea
Multi-agent Belief Revision Using Multisets

Revising a belief set K with a proposition a results in a theory that entails a. We consider the case of a multiset of beliefs, representing the beliefs of multiple agents, and define its revision with a multiset of desired beliefs the group of agents should have. We give graph theoretic semantics to this revision operation and we postulate two classes of distance-based revision operators. Further, we show that this multiset revision operation can express the merging of the beliefs of multiple agents.
Introduction to Focus Section: Out in the World: Geography's Complex Relationship with Civic Engagement

Geographers have long been at the forefront of participating in and exploring the intersection of geographic knowledge and community-engaged research. This Focus Section highlights key debates and challenges facing geographers who participate in community-engaged work, explorations of pedagogical and ethical practices, departmental and institutional challenges, and examples of thoughtful applications of geographic knowledge to community-based work. It also seeks to generate knowledge and discussion of how geographers can employ civic engagement to advance geographic learning and enhance the profile of the discipline within and beyond higher education institutions. By focusing on such issues, this collection of articles contributes in vital ways to meet the challenges that higher education institutions face in demonstrating the relevance of academic learning to societal issues. This introduction to the Focus Section reviews the historical context of civic engagement in geography, provides a broad-scale loo...
Nonlinear Aharonov-Bohm suppression of optical tunneling in twisted multicore optical fibers

We show that an Aharonov-Bohm like suppression of optical tunneling can take place in linear and nonlinear twisted multicore optical fiber structures. The energy exchange is analyzed under nonlinear conditions and a viable setting to observe these effects is suggested.
Autoantibody Signaling in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of an Integrated Model

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune skin blistering disease effecting both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. Blister formation in PV is known to result from the binding of autoantibodies (autoAbs) to keratinocyte antigens. The primary antigenic targets of pathogenic autoAbs are known to be desmoglein 3, and to a lesser extent, desmoglein 1, cadherin family proteins that partially comprise the desmosome, a protein structure responsible for maintaining cell adhesion, although additional autoAbs, whose role in blister formation is still unclear, are also known to be present in PV patients. Nevertheless, there remain large gaps in knowledge concerning the precise mechanisms through which autoAb binding induces blister formation. Consequently, the primary therapeutic interventions for PV focus on systemic immunosuppression, whose side effects represent a significant health risk to patients. In an effort to identify novel, disease-specific therapeutic targets, a multitude of studies attempting to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms downstream of autoAb binding, have led to significant advancements in the understanding of autoAb-mediated blister formation. Despite this enhanced characterization of disease processes, a satisfactory explanation of autoAb-induced acantholysis still does not exist. Here, we carefully review the literature investigating the pathogenic disease mechanisms in PV and, taking into account the full scope of results from these studies, provide a novel, comprehensive theory of blister formation in PV.
Paleoecology of lower and Middle Pennsylvanian (Middle Carboniferous)Chaetetes in North America

Chaetetes, a probable coralline demosponge, reportedly ranges from the Devonian to the Permian, but is particularly common in North America in limestone strata of the Middle Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian: Morrowan to Desmoinesian Series), occurring both as isolated colonies and as a major element of reef mounds and biostromes. Based on numerous descriptions and interpretations in the literature, the life habit ofChaetetes was from intertidal to below wave base in shelf and epicontinental areas of normal marine carbonate sedimentation. The inferred water energy ranges from “quiet” to “high”. A shallow, but locally protected setting has been proposed as well as moderate to high-energy based on the common occurrence of displaced and rolled colonies that probably reflect episodic storm action. InitialChaetetes colonization required a hard substrate, but evidence of host selectivity is lacking. Occurrences ofChaetetes described here are indicative of a wide range of very shallow subtidal conditions: capping a phylloid algal mound; closely associated with intraclast beds and a paleosol; colonizing oolite banks; and in biostromes that formed immediately below the sea surface. Within the narrow depth range represented by our examples, the optimum environment forChaetetes was in the shallowest water, approaching intertidal depths; and this is the probable bathymetric interpretation forChaetetes where present in abundance. Based on our observations,Chaetetes was rheophylic, favoring at least moderate water energy.Chaetetes is consistently associated with a stenohaline fauna, but euryhalinity cannot be entirely discounted. Circumstantial evidence does not contradict algal symbiosis inChaetetes but remains inconclusive. The morphology ofChaetetes colonies can be related to a number of environmental and biologic parameters: water energy, sedimentation, sea level as an upper limit to growth, and crowding. Because these may all exert influence concurrently, it may be difficult to determine specific aspects of the paleoenvironment solely from the morphology ofChaetetes colonies. Therefore our approach incorporates sedimentological criteria and facies relationships as well as morphologic data to elicit the primary paleoenvironment in whichChaetetes lived.
Mechanism of Methanol and Higher Oxygenate Synthesis

Abstract The mechanism of methanol synthesis is discussed with account taken of reported isotope labeling and chemical trapping experiments. Recent studies of alkali promotion of methanol synthesis over the Cu/ZnO catalyst revealed the ion specificity Cs>Rb>K>Na, Li. Alkali are also essential for the development of methanol synthesis activity in the recently discovered alkali/MoS 2 heterogeneous catalysts and reported Cu + -based homogeneous catalysts. The catalysts are bifunctional and when the synthesis takes place from CO/H 2 , the basic component activates CO and the Cu/ZnO, MoS 2 , or Cu + soluble complex activates hydrogen. Over the ICI Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst, 14 C labeling experiments show that CO 2 is hydrogenated preferentially under the low pressure and high H 2 /(CO+CO 2 ) ratio industrial conditions. Side products are oxygenates, such as higher alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers, and hydrocarbons in varying amounts. The product distribution is determined by the catalyst used. The synthesis patterns have been successfully modeled over the Cu/ZnO, Cu/ZnO/Cr 2 O 3 , Cs/Cu/ZnO, Cs/Cu/ZnO/Cr 2 O 3 , CS/MoS 2 , CS/Co/MoS 2 and K/Co/MoS 2 catalysts based on a few fundamental mechanistic steps involving C n → C n+1 linear growth, C n → C n+1 (n≥2) β-addition, and methyl ester forming reactions. Differences in the mechanisms of linear growth and in the ratio of rates of the linear growth to the β-addition result in two substantially different distributions: over the Cu/ZnO-based catalysts, 2-methyl-l-propanol and 1-propanol are the dominant C 2 + products, while over the alkali/(Co)/MoS 2 catalyst ethanol prevails among the C 2 + oxygenates. While methanol synthesis may be operated with selectivity ≥99%, particularly over the (Cs)/Cu/ZnO catalyst, the higher alcohol content may be increased up to 40% of oxygenated products over the alkali-doped copper-based catalysts and to 80% over the alkali/Co/MoS 2 catalyst by the choice of reaction conditions. The kinetic models presented here and in the quoted literature permit the prediction of various oxygenated side product compositions at different synthesis conditions from the temperature coefficients of the kinetic constants for linear growth, β-addition, and methyl ester forming reactions.
Professional Knowledge, Teacher Education and Self-Study*

This chapter explores the relationship between professional knowledge and teacher education and the ways self-study research might strengthen that relationship. To do this, using a cartography metaphor, a series of questions are asked and answered with the Offerarching question of, "What counts as knowledge in the research on the self-study of teaching practices?" Topics in this chapter include: a discussion about the nature of knowledge; a review of the professional knowledge base as it relates to teacher education including political, moral, and ethical issues; and, an examination of how self-study can-should influence these considerations. In the last section of the chapter, the third space is explored as a place where alternative perspectives can challenge the traditional framework for approaching research.
An Investigation by High Speed Sampling of the Frequency Distribution of Rank Correlation

The functionϕn (S) is linearly related tofn(r), the frequency distribution ofSpearman's coefficient for rank correlation. Exact combinatorial results forn≦8 and an asymptotic approximation are available inKendall [3].
Motivation, Perception, and Chance Converge to Make a Binary Decision.

Summary We reveal a central role for chance neuronal events in the decision of a male fly to court, which can be modeled as a coin flip with odds set by motivational state. The decision is prompted by a tap of a female with the male's pheromone-receptor-containing foreleg. Each tap evokes competing excitation and inhibition onto P1 courtship command neurons. A motivating dopamine signal desensitizes P1 to the inhibition, increasing the fraction of taps that successfully initiate courtship. Once courtship has begun, the same dopamine tone potentiates recurrent excitation of P1, maintaining the courtship of highly motivated males for minutes and buffering against termination. Receptor diversity within P1 creates separate channels for tuning the propensities to initiate and sustain courtship toward appropriate targets. These findings establish a powerful invertebrate system for cue-triggered binary decisions and demonstrate that noise can be exploited by motivational systems to make behaviors scalable and flexible.
Processes by which different aspects of marital conflict affect adolescent adjustment: the mediating role of different dimensions of parental behavior

In recent years researchers have argued that rather than asking if marital conflict influences child adjustment, research questions need to move to ones that address what specific aspects of marital conflict are related to child adjustment, and what are the processes or mechanisms by which marital conflict affects children. This study used data from the first three waves of the Iowa Youth and Families Project to examine how different aspects of marital conflict affect adolescent adjustment through different dimensions of parental behavior. Observed marital conflict was the only aspect of marital discord to have a significant indirect effect on the adolescent outcomes. Mother's negative affect mediated the effect of observed marital conflict on three adolescent outcomes: boys' extemalization problems, girls' extemalization problems, and boys' intemalization problems. Mothers' positive affect mediated the effect of observed marital conflict on boys' emotional wellbeing and girls' extemalization problems. Fathers' management mediated the effect of observed marital conflict on boys' and girls' extemalization problems. The remaining parental behaviors, mother's management, fathers' negative affect, and fathers' positive affect mediated the effect of observed marital conflict on girls' extemalization problems. In addition to these indirect effects, marital conflict over child-rearing had direct influences upon boys' emotional well-being, girls' emotional well-being, boys' externalizing problems, and girls' mtemalizing problems. Observed marital conflict had significant direct effects on girls' externalizing and internalizing problems. General marital distress had significant direct effects on girls' intemalizing problems, although the effect was in the opposite direction from what was predicted.
Mitigation of excessive fatigue associated with functional electrical stimulation.

OBJECTIVE Restoration of motor function in paralyzed limbs using functional electrical stimulation (FES) is undermined by rapid fatigue associated with artificial stimulation. Typically, single electrodes are used to activate muscles with FES. However, due to the highly distributed branching of muscle nerves, a single electrode may not be able to activate the entire array of motor axons supplying a muscle. Therefore, stimulating muscle with multiple electrodes might enable access to a larger volume of muscle and thereby reduce fatigue. APPROACH Accordingly, we compared the endurance times that ankle dorsiflexion could be sustained at 20% maximum voluntary force using feedback controlled stimulation (25 Hz) of human tibialis anterior (TA) using one or four percutaneous intramuscular electrodes. In addition, we measured endurance times in response to direct stimulation of the nerve supplying TA and during voluntary contraction. In all sessions involving electrical stimulation, an anesthetic nerve block proximal to the site of stimulation was used to isolate the effects of stimulation and alleviate discomfort. MAIN RESULTS Endurance time associated with stimuli delivered by a single intramuscular electrode (84 ± 19 s) was significantly smaller than that elicited by four intramuscular electrodes (232 ± 123 s). Moreover, endurance time in response to nerve stimulation (787 ± 201 s) was not significantly different that that produced during voluntary contraction (896 ± 272 s). SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, excessive fatigue associated with FES is probably due to the inability of conventional FES systems to enlist the full complement of motor axons innervating muscle and can be mitigated using multiple electrodes or nerve-based electrodes.
A climate for evidence‐based practice implementation in the patient‐centred medical home

Introduction The patient-centred medical home (PCMH) is an important part of health care reform. While there is hope, the PCMH model can facilitate the provision of higher quality care, the extent to which organizational climate within the PCMH supports the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) is unknown. Identifying and addressing factors that facilitate implementation and use of EBPs within the PCMH are crucial for improving the health and health care of the United States. Methods This study used mixed methods to assess EBP implementation climate (ie, the extent to which organizational members perceive that the adoption and use of EBPs is expected, supported, and rewarded) and attitudes about EBPs in two PCMH clinics. Results Staff and physicians from two Rhode Island PCMHs, the Family Care Centre (FCC; n = 39) and Internal Medicine Clinic (IMC; n = 21), participated in this study. Results identified differences between FCC and IMC with regard to attitudes toward EBPs and implementation climate. Compared with the IMC, FCC staff and physicians reported significantly more positive attitudes toward EBPs and greater willingness to adopt EBPs. FCC staff and physicians reported significantly greater educational support for EBPs than IMC staff and physicians. Analysis of in-depth interviews revealed themes regarding attitudes toward EBPs. Most physicians reported valuing EBPs, although a number of barriers to EBP use were identified including time pressure, disjointed coordination of services, complexity of patients' presenting health concerns, and patient choice. Conclusions Understanding factors that facilitate EBP implementation in the PCMH is important given widespread adoption of the PCMH model. Barriers to EBP implementation in the PCMH must be addressed for the sustainable implementation of EBP in the PCMH. Improving implementation climate may be an effective strategy to aid in creating an organizational context conducive to consideration and use of EBPs.
Making a Community of Experts: The Rise of Consensus-Based Assessments for Policy in Cold War America

In the second half of the twentieth century consensus became the language through which scientists and other experts spoke truth to power and provided expert advice for policy making. Historical scholarship on science policy has acknowledged this trend but has not explained how consensus came to play such a large role in the relationship between experts and policy makers. This paper examines two historical case studies from the mid-twentieth century in which consensus was introduced—the failed consensus report experiments of the American Economic Association and the successful establishment of the National Research Council’s consensus studies. These examples demonstrate that consensus was not a natural or obvious choice. Rather, the choice was driven by the growth and definition of the postwar scientific community and its negotiated relationship to the Cold War national security state. In this context, consensus became associated with depersonalized and objective knowledge. As it reinforces the notion of a divide between science and politics, consensus has remained an instrumental part of the relationship between the NRC and its patrons.
Analysis of Histopathological Endotyping for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Phenotypes Based on Comorbid Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis

BackgroundAn emerging trend in clinical research has centered on improving the characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) according to phenotypes and endotypes. The objective of this study is ...
Supervised consumption sites: a nuanced assessment of the causal evidence.

Background and aims Supervised consumption sites (SCS) operate in more than 10 countries. SCS have mostly emerged as a bottom-up response to crises, first to HIV/AIDS and now overdose deaths, in ways that make rigorous evaluation difficult. Opinions vary about how much favorable evidence must accumulate before implementation. Our aim was to assess the nature and quality of evidence on the consequences of implementing SCS. Methods We reviewed the higher-quality SCS literature, focusing on articles evaluating natural experiments and mathematical modeling studies that estimate costs and benefits. We discuss the evidence through the lens of three types of decision-makers and from three intellectual perspectives. Results Millions of drug use episodes have been supervised at SCS with no reported overdose deaths; however, uncertainties remain concerning the magnitude of the population-level effects. The published literature on SCS is large and almost unanimous in its support, but limited in nature and the number of sites evaluated. It can also overlook four key distinctions: (1) between outcomes that occur within the facility and possible spillover effects on behavior outside the SCS; (2) between effects of supervising consumption and the effects of other services offered, such as syringe or naloxone distribution; (3) between association and causation; and (4) between effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of SCS compared to other interventions. Conclusions The causal evidence for favorable outcomes of supervised consumption sites is minimal, but there appears to be little basis for concern about adverse effects. This raises the question of how context and priors can affect how high the bar is set when deciding whether to endorse supervised consumption sites. The literature also understates distinctions and nuances that need to be appreciated to gain a rich understanding of how a range of stakeholders should interpret and apply that evidence to a variety of decisions.
Radiation-Association Hypertension in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Prostate Cancer.

Objective Patients undergoing prostate radiation therapy were observed to have elevated blood pressures in clinic. Therefore, we sought to further characterise this phenomenon. Methods The charts of 76 patients who received radiotherapy for prostate cancer between 2014 and 2017 were examined. Blood pressure (BP) readings were obtained at initial consultation, on treatment visits, and subsequent follow-up appointments. To describe this effect, we defined radiation-associated hypertension (RAH) as an increase ≥15 mmHg systolic BP, 10 mmHg diastolic BP, or 5 mmHg mean arterial pressure. Results Within this cohort, 36 patients developed RAH, with 75% developing RAH while on treatment, and 25% developing RAH at post-treatment visits. Two-thirds of patients remained hypertensive during post-treatment visits, and 27% were prescribed additional anti-hypertensives. There was no association between neoadjuvant/concurrent androgen deprivation therapy and RAH. Conclusion A significant number of patients undergoing prostate radiotherapy developed RAH, necessitating additional medication in some.
P82 In pursuit of a wandering spleen

Introduction Acute abdominal pain in the paediatric population is a common and generally benign, self-limiting condition. The challenge is to identify a minority of life threatening presentations. We describe young female presenting with diffuse abdominal pain, fever and vomiting. Case presentation A previously well 4 year old female presented with sudden onset of severe central abdominal pain, vomiting and fever. Pain was colicky and responded to analgesia. Clinical examination did not yield an aetiology. Initial working diagnoses of acute viral illness with mesenteric adenitis and subsequently acute appendicitis following second presentation. C-reactive protein (CRP) was moderately raised, WBC 15 x109 and haemoglobin low at 10.5 g/dL. Representation prompted diagnostic laparoscopy. Laparoscopic examination revealed an enlarged spleen, displaced across the midline. The patient was discharged home well on day 2 postoperatively with resolving symptoms. CT abdomen imaging subsequently showed torsion of a grossly enlarged spleen with widespread necrosis. The patient underwent splenectomy. Discussion Splenic torsion is rare in children and is described in a condition referred to as wandering spleen (1) .Wandering spleen results from the abnormal development and absence of the normal splenic suspensory ligaments, resulting in an untethered organ predisposing to rotation and torsion of a large organ on a small vascular pedicle (1,2). Sometimes asymptomatic, the symptom complex may be one of recurrent acute episodes of pain relating to spontaneous twisting and untwisting of the mobile spleen. Wandering spleen has two peaks of incidence the first in infancy with a male female ratio 2:1. Medical conditions complicated by splenic enlargement, including infectious mononucleosis and metabolic storage disorders predispose individual to splenic torsion in at risk groups (1,2). Conclusion Although rare, splenic torsion is an important differential diagnosis in patients presenting with acute abdomen of unclear aetiology. Prompt consideration should be given to this Diagnosis on account of the associated life threatening complication. Conservative management with preservation of the organ and splenoplexy is the treatment approach of choice but splenectomy is frequently necessary(2). Mortality risk relates chiefly to post-operative infection. Patients who undergo splenectomy should be offered vaccination against encapsulated organisms (Pneumococcus, H.Influenzae and Meningococcus), and oral penicillin prophylaxis. References Alimoglu O, Sahin M, Akdag M. Torsion of a wandering spleen presenting with acute abdomen: a case report. Acta Chir Belg 2004;104:221–23. Yakan S, Telciler KE, Denecli AG. Acute torsion of a wandering spleen causing acute abdomen. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2011;18:34–36.
GaN Nuclear Batteries: Radiation Modeling for the Accelerated Contact Exposure of Betavoltaics

Betavoltaics (BV) cells (or nuclear batteries) have long-lasting power and high volumetric energy densities that open a broad range of applications that are not currently available, especially in low-power electronics for the internet-of-things, internal medical devices, and harsh environments. The introduction of very low-power electronics has opened up a market for the wide and accepted use of BV cells. As BVs have potentially decades-long useful lifetimes and are anticipated to be used in harsh environments, a method to describe accelerated contact aging has been developed. Monte Carlo radiation simulations show that energy can be deposited in the interface 10-50 times faster than real-world applications. The models can be used to design contact aging experiments for BV cell deployments.