cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The specificity of emotion dysregulation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder: comparison with psychiatric and healthy controls.

Research has supported the notion that emotion dysregulation is a core feature of BPD. However, given that this feature is typical of healthy adolescents as well as adolescents with other psychiatric disorders, the specificity of emotion dysregulation to BPD in this age group has not yet been determined. The overall aim of this study was to examine emotion dysregulation in adolescent inpatients with BPD compared with non-BPD inpatient adolescents and healthy non-clinical adolescents, taking into account both global emotion dysregulation deficits and more specific impairments. The sample included 185 adolescent inpatients with BPD (M = 15.23, SD = 1.52), 367 non-BPD psychiatric inpatient adolescents (M = 15.37, SD = 1.40), and 146 healthy adolescents (M = 15.23, SD = 1.22), all of whom were between the ages of 12 and 17. Borderline personality features were assessed, along with emotion dysregulation and psychiatric severity. After controlling for age, gender, and psychiatric severity, results revealed that adolescents with BPD had higher overall emotional dysregulation compared with non-BPD psychiatric controls and healthy controls. These differences were apparent in only two domains of emotion dysregulation including limited access to emotion regulation strategies perceived as effective and impulse control difficulties when experiencing negative emotions. Findings suggest BPD-specific elevations on emotion dysregulation generally, and subscales related to behavioral regulation specifically.
A guidance law for avoiding specific approach angles against maneuvering targets

This paper investigates an augmented pure proportional navigation-based guidance strategy, which expands upon the need for precise control of the terminal approach and/or impact angle of an interceptor by also accounting for the maneuvering target's ability to counter attack, e.g., in air-to-air combat. Specifically, an anticipatory modulation of the augmentation parameter is presented and analyzed, which addresses the objective of ensuring that the pursuer avoids any approaches that would place it within the evader's own sights. Simulation results are developed and presented to support the theoretical findings.
Increased carbon dioxide absorption rates in carbonate solutions through surfactant addition

To meet the growing need for CO2 capture and storage technology, Michigan Technological University is researching CO2 capture and storage using carbonate solutions. The objective of the present study was to increase the absorption rate of CO2 into the carbonate solution without reducing the absorption capacity of the solution. This approach used a polypropylene glycol methyl ether (PPGME) as a surfactant to chemically alter the gas bubble size. Experiments were conducted to study the absorption rate of CO2 at varying surfactant concentrations of 0, 0.12, 0.24, 0.36 and 0.48 g/L. Results showed that as the concentration of surfactant increased in solution, the absorption rate also increased. The CO2 absorption rate increased from 3.45 mmol/min CO2 at 0 g/L PPGME to 3.92 mmol/min CO2 at 0.48 g/L PPGME. This amounted to a 14% increase in the CO2 absorption rate with no decrease in absorption capacity of the solution.
Design of a Flash-based Circuit for Multi-valued Logic

Flash transistors serve as the technology of choice for implementing nonvolatile memory. Current flash memory densities are increasing to meet storage demands. One of the key features that has resulted in increasing flash memory densities is the ability to program a flash transistor to have multiple threshold voltages. This feature has recently been exploited to implement ternary-valued logic. However, this implementation exhibited increased delays, due to the lowered Vgs values which result from using multiple threshold voltages. In this work, we present a circuit implementation that uses flash transistors to implement multi-valued digital circuits. The flash transistors used in our implementation only need two threshold voltages. As a result they have high Vgs values which improves delays significantly, and have higher write endurance as well. We evaluate our design methodology through circuit simulations, and compare our results to a CMOS standard cell based approach as well as the previously reported implementation of ternary-valued logic using flash transistors. Averaged over 20 designs, we report improvements in delay (23% lower), power (5% lower), energy (26% lower) and physical area (4% lower) compared to a CMOS standard cell based implementation. This is significant since it is hard for a new circuit approach to beat the established standard cell based approach in all the figures of merit (delay, area, power and energy. Compared to the ternary flash-based implementation, we operate at 3.15x faster than the ternary flash-based designs, while consuming more power and energy. The design approach presented in this paper targets high performance applications, unlike the TLC-based approach which targets low power and low speed applications. Also, the proposed approach scales elegantly to multi-valued logic using more than three values as well.
Cumulative Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Potentially Capital Cases: A Multistage Analysis of Pretrial Disparities

To understand how racial/ethnic disparities are formed and sustained within death penalty institutions, this study tracks homicide cases through multiple stages of Los Angeles County’s criminal jus...
SATYA: Defending against Adversarial Attacks using Statistical Hypothesis Testing

The paper presents a new defense against adversarial attacks for deep neural networks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach against the popular adversarial image generation method DeepFool. Our approach uses Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test to sufficiently sample a carefully chosen neighborhood around an input image to determine the correct label of the image. On a benchmark of 50,000 randomly chosen adversarial images generated by DeepFool we demonstrate that our method \(\mathcal {SATYA}\) is able to recover the correct labels for 95.76% of the images for CaffeNet and 97.43% of the correct label for GoogLeNet.
The World Is a Dangerous Place

Even after the recent, successful summit meeting, images of allies and enemies continue to affect many contemporary political conflicts. They fueled not only the arms race of the superpowers and the war between Iran and Iraq but also apartheid in South Africa and international terrorism. While nobody would question the role images of allies and enemies play in all of these contexts, their origins and developmental history in children are not well understood.
Later Conceptual Relationships Between Counting and Cardinality: Addition and Subtraction of Cardinal Numbers

The focus of this chapter is the developmental progression of relationships between count meanings and cardinality meanings of number words that extends from the earliest and simplest situations of addition and subtraction through the solution of the most complex addition and subtraction situations with large multidigit whole numbers.1 Articulating this progression requires us to consider changes in children’s representations of three differentiable aspects of addition and subtraction operations: (1) the addition or subtraction situation, (2) the solution procedure used to carry out the addition or subtraction operation, and (3) the relationships between count and cardinal meanings that are required by the solution procedure used. We hypothesize that each of these moves through a developmental sequence determined by the representational ability of the child. This representational ability shifts from a dependence on perceptually available entities to progressive internalization and abstraction of these entities. The key representational change at each developmental level involves either a change in the kind of unit item the child is able to conceptualize or in the complexity of the structure that the unit item can represent (an addend, a sum, or both simultaneously).
Effect of 3'-methoxy-4'-nitroflavone on benzo[a]pyrene toxicity. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Abstract This laboratory has studied a number of flavone derivatives for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and antagonist potential using cell-free and cell culture systems. The current report extends these investigations by testing the potent AhR antagonist 3′-methoxy-4′-nitroflavone (3′M4′NF) for in vivo activity. Wild-type C57Bl/6 male mice were treated with solvent, benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P; 150 mg/kg), or concurrently with B[ a ]P and 3′M4′NF (60 mg/kg; delivered as a split dose). Since B[ a ]P is bioactivated to genotoxic metabolites by AhR-regulated enzymes, we measured B[ a ]P-induced chromosomal damage in peripheral blood (i.e. micronuclei) to characterize the antagonistic potential of 3′M4′NF in vivo . The influence of AhR signal transduction was investigated further by challenging wild-type and Ahr null allele mice with B[ a ]P with and without a 3′M4′NF co-treatment. The micronucleus data obtained from these experiments indicated that 3′M4′NF can attenuate the genotoxicity of B[ a ]P significantly. Since 3′M4′NF also protected Ahr null allele mice from B[ a ]P-induced genetic damage, it was apparent that AhR-independent mechanisms contribute to the effects observed. However, as opposed to the protective effects observed with the micronucleus endpoint, histological observations and lethality data indicated that some B[ a ]P effects are enhanced by 3′M4′NF. Potentiated B[ a ]P toxicity may be explained by inhibition of basal and induced CYP1A1/2 activities. Both in vitro and in vivo data presented herein support this hypothesis.
Splitting the Marital Home: Gendered Property Division and Postdivorce Foreclosure

Divorce proceedings often involve splitting the marital home and contested claims over property and other assets. This case study examines the divorce–foreclosure nexus through key informant interv...
Partial Shading Abatement Through Cascaded H-Bridge Topology

Photovoltaic systems are susceptible to partial shading, which has a disproportional impact on their power production. This paper will examine a system architecture introduced by an earlier paper, and will verify it through a series of simulations. The novel architecture offers a solution to partial shading by utilizing inverters on a cell level. The cascaded H-bridge inverter design provides the maximum power point tracking and power conversion at the cell level. The presented system will be simulated at a basic level, and each simulation after will have an additional portion of the design.
Campylobacter coli From Retail Liver and Meat Products Is More Aerotolerant Than Campylobacter jejuni .

Aerotolerance in the microaerophilic species Campylobacter was previously reported and could increase bacterial survival and transmission in foods during stressful processing and storage conditions. In this study, 167 Campylobacter isolates (76 C. jejuni and 91 C. coli) were screened for aerotolerance; these strains were previously isolated from retail chicken meat, chicken livers, chicken gizzards, turkey, pork, and beef liver samples. Bacterial cultures were incubated aerobically in Mueller Hinton broth with agitation and viable cell counts were taken at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. Approximately 47% of the screened Campylobacter isolates were aerotolerant (viable after a 12-h aerobic incubation period), whereas 24% were hyper-aerotolerant (viable after a 24-h aerobic incubation). A greater prevalence of aerotolerant strains (80%) was found among C. coli isolates as compared to C. jejuni isolates (6%). Differences in the oxidative stress response related genes were detected among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates when comparative genomics was used to analyze 17 Whole Genome Sequenced (WGS) strains from our laboratory. Genes encoding putative transcriptional regulator proteins and a catalase-like heme binding protein were found in C. coli genomes, but were absent in the genomes of C. jejuni. PCR screening showed the presence of a catalase-like protein gene in 75% (68/91) of C. coli strains, which was absent in all tested C. jejuni strains. While about 79% (30/38) of the hyper-aerotolerant C. coli strains harbored the catalase-like protein gene, the gene was also present in a number of the aerosensitive strains. The Catalase like protein gene was found to be expressed in both aerobic and microaerobic conditions with a two-fold higher gene expression detected in aerobic conditions for an aerosensitive strain. However, the exact function of the gene remains unclear and awaits further investigation. In conclusion, aerotolerant Campylobacter strains (especially C. coli) are prevalent in various retail meats. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the genes encoding catalase-like heme binding protein and putative transcriptional regulators in C. coli strains are involved in stress response and virulence mechanism.
Local excision for patients with stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma can be curative.

Background: Definitive concurrent chemoradiation is the current standard of care for all stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma. Local excision as primary treatment for selected stage I lesions has been reported in the literature but is not currently recommended by major guidelines. We herein compared the oncologic outcomes of patients with stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma treated with local excision alone versus chemoradiation to determine if there are any significant differences in outcomes including disease free survival, overall survival (OS) and local failure rate. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients treated for stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma between 1990 and 2016 was conducted. Data collected included baseline demographics, staging studies, pathology, treatment received, relapse pattern and survival. Results: A total of 57 patients were treated for stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma between 1990 and 2016; 13 were treated with local excision alone and 44 were treated with chemoradiation therapy. Baseline characteristics in both cohorts of patients were comparable. Median follow-up duration of the local excision and the chemoradiation cohorts were 106 and 70 months, respectively. Of the 13 patients in local excision cohort, two patients had disease recurrence, at 21 and 97 months from the diagnosis. Both patients were long term survivors with salvage treatment. In chemoradiation cohort, 1 out of 44 patients had a local recurrence at 1 year who underwent curative resection. Five-year progression free survival (PFS) of subjects in local excision cohort and chemoradiation cohort were 91% and 83%, respectively (P=0.57). Conclusions: Local excision as primary treatment may be safe and effective for a selected group of stage I anal canal squamous cell carcinoma patients.
The Eugene Garbáty Collection of European Art

Little has been written about the art collection of Eugene Garbaty, a Jewish industrialist from Berlin who fled Germany and settled in the United States in the late 1930s. Yet, many American museum...
Abstract TP292: Impact of Structured Feedback on Emergency Department Physician Culture to Reduce Door-to-Telestroke Activation Times

Introduction: Emergency Department (ED) Physicians typically consult with a specialist after pertinent results are gathered. In the case of acute stroke, delays in neurologist consultation equate t...
Early conversion of classic Fontan conversion may decrease term morbidity: single centre outcomes.

Background The initial classic Fontan utilising a direct right atrial appendage to pulmonary artery anastomosis led to numerous complications. Adults with such complications may benefit from conversion to a total cavo-pulmonary connection, the current standard palliation for children with univentricular hearts. Methods A single institution, retrospective chart review was conducted for all Fontan conversion procedures performed from July, 1999 through January, 2017. Variables analysed included age, sex, reason for Fontan conversion, age at Fontan conversion, and early mortality or heart transplant within 1 year after Fontan conversion. Results A total of 41 Fontan conversion patients were identified. Average age at Fontan conversion was 24.5 ± 9.2 years. Dominant left ventricular physiology was present in 37/41 (90.2%) patients. Right-sided heart failure occurred in 39/41 (95.1%) patients and right atrial dilation was present in 33/41 (80.5%) patients. The most common causes for Fontan conversion included atrial arrhythmia in 37/41 (90.2%), NYHA class II HF or greater in 31/41 (75.6%), ventricular dysfunction in 23/41 (56.1%), and cirrhosis or fibrosis in 7/41 (17.1%) patients. Median post-surgical follow-up was 6.2 ± 4.9 years. Survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and greater than 1-year post-Fontan conversion were 95.1, 92.7, and 87.8%, respectively. Two patients underwent heart transplant: the first within 1 year of Fontan conversion for heart failure and the second at 5.3 years for liver failure. Conclusions Fontan conversion should be considered early when atrial arrhythmias become common rather than waiting for severe heart failure to ensue, and Fontan conversion can be accomplished with an acceptable risk profile.
Photo-organometallic, Nanoparticle Nucleation on Graphene for Cascaded Doping

Controlling the doping levels in graphene by modifying the electric potential of interfaced nanostructures is important to understand "cascaded-doping"-based applications of graphene. However, graphene does not have active sites for nanoparticle attachment, and covalently adding functional groups on graphene disrupts its planar sp2-hybridization, affecting its cascaded doping. Here we show a hexahepto (η6) photo-organometallic chemistry to interface nanoparticles on graphene while retaining the sp2-hybridized state of carbon atoms. For testing cascaded doping with ethanol interaction, transition metal oxide nanoparticles (TMONs) (Cr2O3/CrO3, MoO3, and WO3) are attached on graphene. Here, the transition metal forms six σ-bonds and π-back-bonds with the benzenoid rings of graphene, while its opposite face binds to three carbonyl groups, which enable nucleation and growth of TMONs. With a radius size ranging from 50 to 100 nm, the TMONs downshift the Fermi level of graphene (-250 mV; p-doping) via interfacial charge transfer. This is consistent with the blue shift of graphene's G and 2D Raman modes with a hole density of 3.78 × 1012 cm-2. With susceptibility to ethanol, CrxO3 nanoparticles on graphene enable cascaded doping from ethanol that adsorbs on CrxO3, leading to doping of graphene to increase the electrical resistance of the TMONs-graphene hybrid. This nanoparticle-on-graphene construct can have several applications in gas/vapor sensing, electrochemical catalysis, and high-energy-density supercapacitors.
Increase of plasma concentration to 10% improves a number of in vitro storage parameters of apheresis platelets suspended in a bicarbonate-containing additive solution and stored with a 24-hour interruption of agitation.

Background A previous study demonstrated several pH failures during 7-day storage of platelets suspended in 5% plasma/95% PAS-5 following a 24-hour interruption of agitation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pH control improves in platelets stored in PAS-5 with 10% plasma following interruption of agitation. Materials and methods Four aliquots were prepared from a single unit of apheresis platelets: two each with 5% and 10% plasma. After resting for 1 hour, the aliquots were placed on an agitator. On day 2, agitation of one aliquot with 5% plasma and another with 10% plasma was interrupted for 24 hours before the aliquots were returned to agitator. The two control aliquots remained on the agitator. An array of platelet parameters was measured on days 2, 5 and 7. Results On day 7, aliquots containing 10% plasma and subjected to interruption of agitation had a significantly higher mean pH compared to those of similarly treated aliquots containing 5% plasma (6.80±0.54 vs 6.41±0.57, p≤0.05). Platelets containing 10% plasma/95% PAS-5 subjected to interruption of agitation had a greater hypotonic stress response, greater shape change, higher mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased glucose utilisation and lower CD62P levels compared to those of similarly treated platelets suspended in 5% plasma. Discussion Increasing plasma concentration to 10% improves pH control and some in vitro platelet properties during 7 days of storage of platelets suspended in PAS-5 after a 24-hour interruption of agitation compared to those of similarly treated platelets suspended in 5% plasma/95% PAS-5.
Cometabolic biotransformation of 1,4-dioxane in mixtures with hexavalent chromium using attached and planktonic bacteria

Abstract Biological treatment of 1,4-dioxane, a probable human carcinogen and a recalcitrant contaminant of concern, is often complicated by the presence of inhibitory co-contaminants. Due to its use as a solvent, wetting agent, and stabilizer for chlorinated solvents employed in metal vapor degreasing, 1,4-dioxane has often been found to occur with a variety of co-contaminants, including heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Cr(VI) also occurs naturally in groundwater due to geological formations, but also has sources that can coincide with 1,4-dioxane from anthropogenic activities such as metal vapor degreasing. Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane can be accomplished by microbes that use it as a source of carbon or energy as well as those that cometabolize it after growth on other organic substrates. A propanotroph, Mycobacterium austroafricanum JOB5, was grown in planktonic pure cultures and biofilms to determine its ability to cometabolize 1,4-dioxane in the presence of varying concentrations of Cr(VI). 1,4-Dioxane cometabolism by JOB5 planktonic cells was uninhibited by Cr(VI) at levels up to 10 mg/L, while biofilms were only mildly inhibited at 10 mg/L. As an important part of the biofilms commonly found in subsurface aquifers and engineered systems, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were found to play an important role in preventing Cr(VI) exposure to cells. We observed that soluble EPS were able to bind to Cr(VI) and theorize that biofilm-associated EPS additionally served to impede penetration of the biofilm structure by Cr(VI), thus mitigating exposure and toxicity. These findings suggest that bioremediation would be a viable treatment strategy for 1,4-dioxane-contaminated waters that contain elevated levels of Cr(VI) in natural and built environments.
Liver transplantation as therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Liver transplantation can provide curative therapy in selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Well-established criteria include tumours that are within the Milan criteria and without evidence of vascular or extrahepatic involvement. Modest expansion of the original Milan criteria has been shown to achieve similar recurrence-free survival rates. Overall, HCC recurrence occurs in about 10%-15% of LT recipients, most within the first 2 years. Predictors of post-transplant recurrence include high alpha-foetoprotein, macrovascular invasion, as well as tumour size and number. Once HCC recurs after transplantation, prognosis is poor, though better if detected early. There is no established role for systemic prophylactic post-transplant chemotherapy.
Small-Area Detection

The discussion in the previous chapter does not involve details of loop size and setback distance, which play an important role in actuated control. A small-area loop detector has its own operation characteristics that are very different from a large-area loop detector. Accordingly, controller type and settings have to be considered in combination with loop size and setback distance to achieve desired control objectives.
Medical Paternalism, Stillbirth, & Blindsided Mothers

Pregnant women know that some things that can go wrong in their pregnancies. They know of the chance of miscarriage, the reason most women do not even publicly share their happy news until after twelve weeks. They also know of the chance of certain chromosomal abnormalities, including fatal ones, as doctors’ disclosure of and screening for these abnormalities has become routine in prenatal care. But empirical studies confirm that pregnant women are ignorant of the chance of stillbirth, the death of the unborn child in the woman’s womb after twenty weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Women are ignorant that stillbirth means the woman will have to give birth to her dead baby. Women remain ignorant of the chance and reality of stillbirth because of medical paternalism—doctors think pregnant women do not need to and should not know of the chance of stillbirth. This Article argues that a woman has a right to know of the chance of stillbirth before it happens to her child, a right enforceable through an informed consent medical malpractice tort claim. The application of modern informed consent law to define this right is novel, but not difficult. The risk of stillbirth is easily material and no evidence supports the myth that disclosure will cause pregnant women anxiety. Doctors are not protecting anyone, except maybe themselves, by failing to disclose stillbirth. To the contrary, numerous countries other than the United States have reduced their stillbirth rates through initiatives that include requiring doctors to disclose the risk of stillbirth to women and to educate women on the known, simple preventative measures. A tort claim enforcing a woman’s right to disclosure of stillbirth could have a similar effect in the United States.
Does Divergence in Habitat Breadth Associate with Species Differences in Decision Making in Drosophila Sechellia and Drosophila Simulans

Decision making is involved in many behaviors contributing to fitness, such as habitat choice, mate selection, and foraging. Because of this, high decision-making accuracy (i.e., selecting the option most beneficial for fitness) should be under strong selection. However, decision making is energetically costly, often involving substantial time and energy to survey the environment to obtain high-quality information. Thus, for high decision making accuracy to evolve, its benefits should outweigh its costs. Inconsistency in the net benefits of decision making across environments is hypothesized to be an important means for maintaining variation in this trait. However, very little is known about how environmental factors influence the evolution of decision making to produce variation among individuals, genotypes, and species. Here, we compared two recently diverged species of Drosophila differing substantially in habitat breadth and degree of environmental predictability and variability: Drosophila sechellia and Drosophila simulans. We found that the species evolving under higher environmental unpredictability and variability showed higher decision-making accuracy, but not higher environmental sampling.
X-ray diffraction structure of Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2[: proof for diphosphine ligand chelation

Treatment of the dicobalt compound Co2(CO)6(μ-PhC≡CH) (1) with the unsaturated diphosphine ligand (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 gives the chelating diphosphine compound Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] (2) when the reaction is carried in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane or in the presence of Me3NO. 2 was characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structure of Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] was established by X-ray diffraction analysis, which confirmed the chelation of the P-ligand to a single cobalt center. Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.151(1), b = 32.694(5), c = 11.051(5) A, β = 111.14(1)°, V = 3420.7(9) A3, Z = 4, and dcalc = 1.414. The two distinct 31P resonances found in the 31P NMR spectrum of 2 are discussed relative to the X-ray structure and other structurally similar cobalt–alkyne complexes. Thermolysis of Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] led only to the slow decomposition of Co2(CO)4(μ-PhC≡CH)[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2] and not to the formation of the isomeric bridged-diphosphine complex.
Private information and war

U ncertainty has long been viewed as a central cause of conflict. Geoffrey Blainey famously argued that “wars usually end when the fighting nations agree on their relative strength, and wars usually begin when fighting nations disagree on their relative strength” (Blainey 1988, 122). Early crisis bargaining models pointed out that there would be no war with complete information but war was possible with incomplete information (Morrow 1989, Powell 1990). Fearon (1995) made it one of the three rationalist causes of war, and indeed the subsequent literature for a decade focused largely on this cause. This chapter will introduce the topic of how uncertainty can cause war. Uncertainty is usually thought of as affecting one of three factors: the utility functions over the issue in dispute, the parties' relative power, and their costs of conflict. Some models, such as those by Fearon (1997) and Sartori (2002) (as well as the Bargaining model in Chapter 9), feature uncertainty about the states' valuations for the objects in contention. States value the (indivisible) good along a continuum, some not very much and some more so. States with a low valuation for the good are less likely to threaten or fight for it than states with a high valuation for it. Models of mistrust also usually focus on the states' utility functions, differentiating between status quo states and revisionists, where status quo states are satisfied with what they have and prefer to live in peace, while revisionists want more and may start a war to get it (Kydd 2005). Fear that the other state is a revisionist may lead even status quo states to engage in conflictual behavior and even fight a war. Other models restrict the uncertainty to the war payoff (Powell 1999a) and focus on the likelihood of winning and the cost of conflict (Fey and Ramsay 2011).
Development and migration of the zebrafish rhombencephalic octavolateral efferent neurons.

In vertebrate animals, motor and sensory efferent neurons carry information from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral targets. These two types of efferent systems sometimes bear a close resemblance, sharing common segmental organization, axon pathways, and chemical messengers. Here, we focus on the development of the octavolateral efferent neurons (OENs) and their interactions with the closely-related facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) in zebrafish. Using live-imaging approaches, we investigate the birth, migration, and projection patterns of OENs. We find that OENs are born in two distinct groups: a group of rostral efferent neurons (RENs) that arises in the fourth segment, or rhombomere (r4), of the hindbrain and a group of caudal efferent neurons (CENs) that arises in r5. Both RENs and CENs then migrate posteriorly through the hindbrain between 18 and 48 hrs postfertilization, alongside the r4-derived FBMNs. Like the FBMNs, migration of the r4-derived RENs depends on function of the segmental identity gene hoxb1a; unlike the FBMNs, however, both OEN populations move independently of prickle1b. Further, we investigate whether the previously described "pioneer" neuron that leads FBMN migration through the hindbrain is an r4-derived FBMN/REN or an r5-derived CEN. Our experiments verify that the pioneer is an r4-derived neuron and reaffirm its role in leading FBMN migration across the r4/5 border. In contrast, the r5-derived CENs migrate independently of the pioneer. Together, these results indicate that the mechanisms OENs use to navigate the hindbrain differ significantly from those employed by FBMNs.
Ene-Yne Metathesis of Allylphosphonates and Allylphosphates: Synthesis of Phosphorus-Containing 1,3-Dienes.

A variety of ene–yne cross metathesis reactions were performed using unsaturated phosphonate and phosphate reagents, affording the corresponding phosphorylated 1,3-diene products in good to excelle...
Transaction Cost Economics

Torganization by selectively joinin gl aw, economics, and organization theory. As against neoclassical economics, which is predominantly concerned with price and output, relies extensively on marginal analysis, an dd escribes the firm as a production function (whic hi s a technological construction), transaction cost economics (TCE) is concerned with the allocation of economic activity across alternative modes of organization (markets, firms, bureaus, etc.), employs discrete structural analysis, an dd escribes the firm as a governance structure (which is an organizational construction). Real differences notwithstanding, orthodoxy and TCE are in many ways complements—one being more wellsuited to aggregation in the context of simple market exchange, the other being more well-suited to the microanalytics of complex contracting and nonmarket organization. Ib egin by contrasting the lens of contract (out of which TCE works) with the lens of choice (orthodoxy). Vertical integration, which is the paradigm problem for TCE, i st hen examined .T he operationalization of TCE is discusse di n Section 3. Variations on a theme are sketched in Section 4. Public policy is discussed in Section 5. Concluding remarks follow.
Structure–property relationship of melt spinning polypropylene fibers containing inorganic particulate CaCO3 fillers

Spinning technology using melt extrusion and spin-draw processes transforms polymeric materials into highly oriented, crystallized polymeric fibers. Thermoplastic isotactic polypropylene compound w...
Granulomatous fungal and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infestation complicating chronic lung disease: Outcomes in patients undergoing lung transplantation.

Abstract Introduction Granulomatous infections are common in patients with chronic lung disease. We aim to study the incidence and clinicopathological features of granulomatous infections in a cohort of patients undergoing lung transplantation for end-stage chronic lung disease. Methods Pathology reports of 50 explanted native lungs of patients who underwent lung transplantation since 2015 at our institution were reviewed. Four cases with granulomatous lesions were identified. Correlation was made with clinical findings in the 4 cases. Results The granulomatous infections include non-necrotizing cryptococcal pneumonitis (case 1), necrotizing pneumonia due to Scedosporium sp. and Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) (Cases 2 and 3), and invasive Aspergillus pneumonia (Case 4). One patient received pre-transplant fungal prophylaxis (Case 4). Post-transplant infectious complications included invasive (Cases 2 and 4) and non-invasive (Case 1) fungal infections and bacterial pneumonia (Cases 1 and 2). Two patients (Cases 3 and 4) developed acute cellular rejection (ACR) in the first 30 days. The third patient (Case 1) was identified with ACR in the 9 months post-transplant and chronic lung allograft dysfunction at 29 months. In terms of mortality, 1 patient (Case 1) died at 30 months post-transplant from pseudomonal sepsis and chronic graft failure. Two patients with invasive fungal infections (Cases 2 and 4) are on secondary prophylaxis and doing well. One patient (Case 3) remains infection-free and on MAC prophylaxis. Conclusions In our case series, patients with chronic lung diseases with superimposed granulomatous infestations frequently experienced post-transplant complications. These include invasive infections and repeat ACRs that predispose patients to chronic graft dysfunction. Pre- and post-transplant antifungal prophylaxis reduces fungal load and complication risk post-transplant.
A rare case of recurrent cystic dilatation of the cisterna chyli treated via an interventional approach

A 27-year-old man with a long history of intermittent, severe abdominal pain for approximately 10 years was evaluated by interventional radiology for a retrocrural cystic lesion found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Prior to evaluation, he was extensively worked up by several gastrointestinal specialties and multiple surgeons without clear etiology of his abdominal pain. This retrocrural cystic lesion found on MRI was thought to be the source of his cyclic abdominal pain occurring every few months. Since the pain was aggravated by the consumption of fatty foods, the patient was advised to intake a large quantity of fatty foods and return for repeat serial computed tomography (CT) scans until this cystic lesion could be identified. Once identified, he was taken back to the procedural CT scanner for drainage and embolization with a mixture of N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue and lipiodol (1:3 ratio). 3 years post-intervention, this patient is now asymptomatic with complete resolution of his pain.
Biomarkers in axial spondyloarthritis and low back pain: a comprehensive review.

The spectrum of axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) (including both non-radiographic and radiographic AxSpA), also known as ankylosing spondylitis AS, has achieved growing recognition. With the development of treatments not only effective in controlling disease activity but also in slowing radiographic progression, and given the cost and risk profiles of these novel treatments and the limitations of current clinical criteria, imaging and peripheral blood biomarkers (C-reactive protein, HLA-B27 testing), the need for better biomarkers has never been greater. The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date information on the biomarkers for the diagnosis for assessing disease diagnosis, activity, treatment response, and radiographic progression of AxSpA, and entails multiple search strings used to identify articles of interest published in PubMed and the Cochrane database up to May 1, 2021. We present the current status of research in serologic biomarkers such as cytokines, adipokines, matrix metalloproteinases, calprotectin, CD74, antibodies, bone turnover markers, and circulating protein fragments of cartilage and connective tissue degradation and other biomarkers. Despite a great deal of work, most serologic results have been disappointing and to date none perform better than CRP. Recent promising preliminary data for some has been published, but require further confirmation. Transcriptomic biomarkers such as micro-RNAs and genetic biomarkers also show promise to assist in diagnosis and possibly for radiographic severity, including a recently developed panel of genetic risk markers used in a polygenic risk score instrument in AS diagnosis. These need further confirmation and application in AS as well as in nr-AxSpA.
Panspecific Reproductive Convergence in Lepidochelys kempi

Recent studies indicate that marine turtles may be capable of oriented open-sea travel comparable to that of the classic animal navigators. Because of the large size and slow travel speeds of sea turtles, and of their easy manipulability at young stages, they lend themselves to various kinds of orientation testing, both in the field and in the laboratory. Much, however, remains to be learned of the ecological geography of all the five genera, and especially of the routes and scheduling of their high-seas travel. Obviously a thorough understanding of the character of the guidance feat of the animal in nature must precede any analysis of the orientation responses that operate during each stage of a long migratory journey. Marine turtles seem peculiarly promising as subjects for field tests in which whole migratory courses are traced out under natural conditions.
Differential roles of the two major endocannabinoid hydrolyzing enzymes in cannabinoid receptor tolerance and somatic withdrawal

DIFFERENTIAL ROLES OF THE TWO MAJOR ENDOCANNABINOID HYDROLYZING ENZYMES IN CANNABINOID RECEPTOR TOLERANCE AND SOMATIC WITHDRAWAL By Joel E. Schlosburg, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. Major Director: Dr. Aron Lichtman, Professor, Department of Pharmaco logy & Toxicology While there is currently active debate over possible therapeutic applications of marijuana and cannabis-based compounds, consistently their primary drawbacks have been the psychoactive properties, dependence, and abuse potential. Pro longed administration of ∆tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent in marijuana, demonstrates both tolerance and physical withdrawal in both preclinical and clinical studies. Repeated THC administration also produces CB1 receptor adaptations in the form of reduced activation of receptors, along with a downregulation of membrane surface receptors, in many brain regions involved in THC-associated behaviors. The increased need for drug to maintain therapeutic effects, and a withdrawal syndrome following discontinuation of use, are common risk factors in drugs of abuse. Recently, compounds have been developed that prolong the availability of the major naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), through inhibition of their catabolic breakdown by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. The overall objectives of this research are to elucidate the physiologic roles of these two endogenous ligands
A Review of Pulmonary Pathology

The scope of contemporary forensic medicine has evolved to the point where the medicolegally oriented pathologist is frequently called upon to examine and autopsy deaths that, until recently, would either have been autopsied by a hospital-based pathologist or, more probably, not have been autopsied at all. Issues such as medical negligence, injury causation, liability, workplace safety, and iatrogenic complications of therapy now necessitate the inclusion of the forensic pathologist, who, among physicians, usually has the greatest experience in melding the often divergent medical and jurispru- dential viewpoints. To facilitate this best, the pathologist needs the proper training and tools, like any craftsman. A recently published resource, Pulmonary Pathology, edited by Dial and Hammar, is clearly an exemplary addition to the pathologist's tool chest.
Textual evidence of fandom activities: The fanzine holdings at UC Riverside's Eaton Collection

The Eaton Collection at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) is one of those nexus places, an archival cantina straddling several different functions in its daily uses and visitors. Located on the fourth floor of the Rivera Library, past the operational printing presses and the glassed-in displays of SF novel covers, its sunlit reading room and cheerful student help render the Eaton Collection vaguely unintimidating—until one gets past the small anteroom and into the collection itself. This vast array of papers, drafts, novels, anthologies, and other print matter evinces a long history of accumulated fandoms, material evidence of lifetimes of passionate enthusiasm all accumulated and accounted for, archived for anyone with a library pass, a yen for context, and a good eye for buried treasure.
Spoken commands in a smart home: an iterative approach to the Sphinx algorithm

An algorithm for decoding commands spoken in an intelligent environment through iterative vocabulary reduction is presented. Current research in the field of speech recognition focuses primarily on the optimization of algorithms for single pass decoding using large vocabularies. While this is ideal for processing conversational speech, alternative methods should be explored for different domains of speech, specifically commands issued verbally in an intelligent environment. Such commands have both an explicitly defined structure and a vocabulary limited to valid task descriptions. We propose that a multiple pass context-driven decoding scheme utilizing dictionary pruning yields improved accuracy; this occurs when one deals with command structure and a reduced vocabulary. Each iteration incorporates the hypothesis of the previous into its decoding scheme by removing unlikely words from the current language model. We have applied this decoding method to a comprehensive set of spoken commands through the use of Sphinx-4, an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) engine using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). When decoding via HMM, multiple previous states are used to determine the current state, thus utilizing context to aid in intelligent recognition. Our results show that within a fixed domain, multiple pass decoding yields recognition accuracy. Further research must be conducted to optimize practical context driven decoding and to apply the method to larger domains, primarily those of intelligent environments.
Oxidation of SiC Ceramic Fiber

The nature and effect of silica coatings which develop on Nicalon ceramic fiber surfaces upon exposure to O2/He-gas mixtures at 1400 C was investigated. Heat treated samples were analyzed for their chemical composition and bonding of the elements present both on the surface and in the bulk of the fiber. Changes in the fiber weight, density and tensile strength retention are used to explain the reaction behavior. One goal of the study was to determine the potential of a silica layer as an effective interfacial diffusion barrier, which would provide good retention of mechanical properties to Nicalon ceramic fibers after thermal exposure. 23 references.
Decentralization, Ecological Construction, and the Environment in Post-Reform China:: Case Study from Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia

Summary This paper explores why post-reform decentralization in China has failed to bring about environmental sustainability, using a case study from Uxin banner in Inner Mongolia. The local government has promoted intensive grassland improvement in its political, economic, and environmental policies under the umbrella of “ecological construction,” a term used to describe the enhancement of vegetation cover on this arid terrain. The government’s aggressive approach to ecological construction, however, is incongruent with the ecology of the Inner Mongolian drylands. Consequently, although beneficial to short-term economic growth, “ecological construction” has led to unintended grassland degradation, thus undermining environmental sustainability.
Drug Interactions of Cytokines and Anticytokine Therapeutic Proteins

The suppression of drug metabolism by proinflammatory cytokines and the relief of suppression by disease treatment are a current issue in the development of drug interaction labels for new biologic products. This topic has been the subject of a number of recent reviews that capture the history of related work as well as current regulatory and pharmaceutical industry thinking. This chapter provides an overview of some recent data developed in industrially relevant preclinical models and outlines the pros and cons of these models with respect to the generation of actionable data—that is, data that are robust enough to preclude the need for a clinical drug–disease interaction study and/or a class label for a new cytokine or anticytokine therapeutic agent. Keywords: cytokines; drug–drug interaction; preclinical model; anticytokines; pharmacokinetics; therapeutic proteins
Chemokine Regulation of Normal and Pathologic Immune Responses

Chemokines are small basic proteins that are the major mediators of all leukocyte migration. There are at least 46 distinct chemokines, and 19 chemokine receptors, making it easily the largest cytokine family. Chemokines can be both beneficial and harmful, by either stimulating an appropriate immune response to microbial invasion, or by mediating pathologic tissue destruction in many types of human disease. Chemokines have been implicated in the tissue destruction seen in autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, allograft rejection, and neoplasia. Chemokines also play essential roles in normal lymphocyte trafficking to primary and secondary lymphoid organs for antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation. Chemokines also regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homing and proliferation. Therefore, it is likely that chemokines will become important targets for pharmacologic intervention in a wide variety of human diseases in the future.