cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red Blood Cell Fatty Acids and Incident Diabetes Mellitus in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.

Context The relations between dietary and/or circulating levels of fatty acids and the development of type 2 diabetes is unclear. Protective associations with the marine omega-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid, and with a marker of fatty acid desaturase activity delta-5 desaturase (D5D ratio) have been reported, as have adverse relations with saturated fatty acids and D6D ratio. Objective To determine the associations between red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid distributions and incident type 2 diabetes. Design Prospective observational cohort study nested in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Setting General population. Subjects Postmenopausal women. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported incident type 2 diabetes. Results There were 703 new cases of type 2 diabetes over 11 years of follow up among 6379 postmenopausal women. In the fully adjusted models, baseline RBC D5D ratio was inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes [Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81–0.95) per 1 SD increase. Similarly, baseline RBC D6D ratio and palmitic acid were directly associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.25; and HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14–1.35, respectively). None of these relations were materially altered by excluding incident cases in the first two years of follow-up. There were no significant relations with eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic or linoleic acids. Conclusions Whether altered fatty acid desaturase activities or palmitic acid levels are causally related to the development of type 2 diabetes cannot be determined from this study, but our findings suggest that proportions of certain fatty acids in RBC membranes are associated with risk for type 2 diabetes.
Changes in depression subtypes for women during treatment with citalopram: a latent transition analysis

The aim of this study was to characterize latent subtypes of major depression and changes in these subtypes among women receiving citalopram in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial. Latent transition analysis was applied to data from 755 women who completed baseline and week 12 study visits in level 1 of STAR*D. Items from the self-report version of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology were used as indicators of latent depression subtype. Four subtypes were identified at baseline and week 12. The baseline subtypes were Mild (21 %), Moderate (30 %), Severe with Increased Appetite (16 %), and Severe with Decreased Appetite (34 %). The subtypes at week 12 were Symptom Resolution (65 %), Mild (23 %), Moderate (9 %), and Severe with Psychomotor Disturbances (3 %). Women in the Moderate subtype at baseline had the greatest chance of moving to Symptom Resolution (87 %). Women in the Severe with Decreased Appetite subtype had the lowest chance of transitioning to Symptom Resolution (46 %). Depression severity and appetite distinguished depression subtypes for women before treatment with citalopram. Depression severity and psychomotor disturbances characterized the subtypes after treatment. This work highlights the need to consider how depression treatment changes different symptoms instead of relying exclusively on summary rating scores. Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT00021528.
Harmless advice

This paper defines an object-oriented language with harmless aspect-oriented advice. A piece of harmless advice is a computation that, like ordinary aspect-oriented advice, executes when control reaches a designated control-flow point. However, unlike ordinary advice, harmless advice is designed to obey a weak non-interference property. Harmless advice may change the termination behavior of computations and use I/O, but it does not otherwise influence the final result of the mainline code. The benefit of harmless advice is that it facilitates local reasoning about program behavior. More specifically, programmers may ignore harmless advice when reasoning about the partial correctness properties of their programs. In addition, programmers may add new pieces of harmless advice to pre-existing programs in typical "after-the-fact" aspect-oriented style without fear they will break important data invariants used by the mainline code.In order to detect and enforce harmlessness, the paper defines a novel type and effect system related to information-flow type systems. The central technical result is that well-typed harmless advice does not interfere with the mainline computation. The paper also presents an implementation of the language and a case study using harmless advice to implement security policies.
AP endonuclease 1 prevents the extension of a T/G mismatch by DNA polymerase β to prevent mutations in CpGs during base excision repair.

Abstract Dynamics of DNA methylation and demethylation at CpG clusters are involved in gene regulation. CpG clusters have been identified as hot spots of mutagenesis because of their susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage. Damaged Cs and Gs at CpGs can disrupt a normal DNA methylation pattern through modulation of DNA methylation and demethylation, leading to mutations and deregulation of gene expression. DNA base excision repair (BER) plays a dual role of repairing oxidative DNA damage and mediating an active DNA demethylation pathway on CpG clusters through removal of a T/G mismatch resulting from deamination of a 5mC adjacent to a guanine that can be simultaneously damaged by oxidative stress. However, it remains unknown how BER processes clustered lesions in CpGs and what are the consequences from the repair of these lesions. In this study, we examined BER of an abasic lesion next to a DNA demethylation intermediate, the T/G mismatch in a CpG dinucleotide, and its effect on the integrity of CpGs. Surprisingly, we found that the abasic lesion completely abolished the activity of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) for removing the mismatched T. However, we found that APE1 could still efficiently incise the abasic lesion leaving a 3-terminus mismatched T, which was subsequently extended by pol β. This in turn resulted in a C to T transition mutation. Interestingly, we also found that APE1 3′–5′ exonuclease activity efficiently removed the mismatched T, thereby preventing pol β extension of the mismatched nucleotide and the resulting mutation. Our results demonstrate a crucial role of APE1 3′–5′ exonuclease activity in combating mutations in CpG clusters caused by an intermediate of DNA demethylation during BER.
Past, present, and future role of ipecac syrup

Historically, ipecac syrup has played a principal role in the management of acute poisonings and overdoses. Presently, its role largely has been relegated to prompt decontamination of acute childhood poisonings for which emesis is not contraindicated. However, even this specific and limited role has undergone rigorous re-evaluation, and many toxicologists have discouraged against its use in any circumstance. This article reviews the history, scientific literature, and public health implications of ipecac syrup that support its present clinical application.
Preparation and Self-Assembly Study of Amphiphilic and Bispolar Diacetylene-Containing Glycolipids

Diacetylene-containing glycolipids are a unique class of compounds that are able to self-assemble and form ordered supramolecular structures. Polymerizable diacetylene glycolipids that can function as low molecular weight gelators are particularly interesting molecules which can lead to stimuli-responsive smart materials. To discover efficient organogelators with built-in functionality that may be useful in sensing local environmental changes, we have synthesized a series of novel diacetylene-containing amide and urea derivatives using d-glucosamine as the starting material. Both amphiphilic and dipolar glycolipids were synthesized, and these compounds are effective gelators for several organic solvents and aqueous solutions. The resulting gels can be cross-linked under 6 W UV light to produce blue or purple polydiacetylene gels. The cross-linked gels obtained from urea derivatives are generally dark blue and exhibit blue to red color transitions upon heating. Compared to the urea derivatives, the analogo...
Über die Zulässigkeit der Subtraktion der Lösungsmittelstreuung von der Streuung der Lösungen bei Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuungsmessungen

Die Naherungsmethode, die Losungsmittelstreuung von der Streuung der Losung abzuziehen, um so die Streuung der gelosten Partikel zu erhalten, wird fur mehrere Modelle im Detail gepruft. Es stellt sich heraus, das von der Losungsmittelstruktur herruhrende winkelabhangige Terme in der Intensitatsdifferenz aufscheinen, wenn das Losungsmittel raumlich korrelierte Dichtefluktuationen zeigt. Diese Terme werden auf ihr Verhalten hin untersucht.
Central-Airway Necrosis after Stereotactic Body-Radiation Therapy

Stereotactic body-radiation therapy is a novel technique that aims to deliver higher doses of radiation to cancers in a more focused way. However, adjacent tissues also get higher doses and fatal toxicities can emerge, as in one patient.
Tunable Resonance Absorption of Light in a Chain of Gold Nanoparticles

Absorption of light by a linear chain of gold nanocylinders reveals two resonance peaks. The first peak is associated with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and the second additional blue-shifted peak is rationalized by the retarded electromagnetic coupling between the particles in the chain. The dipole electromagnetic coupling leads to constructive interference of light scattered by the particles and results in the additional resonance peak whose wavelength is equal to the interparticle distance. The wavelength and intensity of the additional absorption peak can be tailored by controlling the interparticle distance.
Spontaneous Change of Growth Orientation of InGaP/GaAs Superlattices in MBE

The influence of growth interruption during the MBE growth of (100) In0.5Ga0.5P/GaAs superlattices is investigated by cross-sectional TEM. It is observed that for certain combinations of interruption lengths and group V fluxes, the growth orientation of the superlattice changes spontaneously from [100] to direction. V-shaped grooves with {311} facets form initially in the growth plane and eventually lead to the formation of regions of {311} superlattice structures. The direction of V-shaped grooves is along the [011[ axis, which is parallel to the surface dangling bonds of the group V atoms in the unreconstructed (100) plane. The most critical stage for the spontaneous change of the growth orientation is the interruption after the growth of a GaAs layer with the P2 flux. Our observations suggest that small but stable {311} facets form at this stage and develop into well-defined {311} growth planes during the growth of the GaAs layer.
Immunologic studies of hemoglobins. III. Fetal hemoglobin changes in the circulation of pregnant women.

Changes in the concentration of fetal hemoglobin in maternal blood during pregnancy and after delivery were studied in 91 pregnant women. Significant elevations of fetal hemoglobin were detected in the blood of ten women during the second trimester of pregnancy; these values fell toward normal during the ensuing pregnancy and post partum periods. In no instance could a rise in fetal hemoglobin be detected after delivery. The significance of these observations is discussed; it is suggested that acute hormonal changes early in pregnancy may be responsible for the reactivation of a fetal erythropoietic anlage with the resultant production by the mother of erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin. The method used was not sensitive enough, however, to detect minute amounts of fetal blood which may have crossed the placental barrier.
Integrated modeling of cryogenic layered highfoot experiments at the NIF

Integrated radiation hydrodynamic modeling in two dimensions, including the hohlraum and capsule, of layered cryogenic HighFoot Deuterium-Tritium (DT) implosions on the NIF successfully predicts important data trends. The model consists of a semi-empirical fit to low mode asymmetries and radiation drive multipliers to match shock trajectories, one dimensional inflight radiography, and time of peak neutron production. Application of the model across the HighFoot shot series, over a range of powers, laser energies, laser wavelengths, and target thicknesses predicts the neutron yield to within a factor of two for most shots. The Deuterium-Deuterium ion temperatures and the DT down scattered ratios, ratio of (10–12)/(13–15) MeV neutrons, roughly agree with data at peak fuel velocities <340 km/s and deviate at higher peak velocities, potentially due to flows and neutron scattering differences stemming from 3D or capsule support tent effects. These calculations show a significant amount alpha heating, 1–2.5× for shots where the experimental yield is within a factor of two, which has been achieved by increasing the fuel kinetic energy. This level of alpha heating is consistent with a dynamic hot spot model that is matched to experimental data and as determined from scaling of the yield with peak fuel velocity. These calculations also show that low mode asymmetries become more important as the fuel velocity is increased, and that improving these low mode asymmetries can result in an increase in the yield by a factor of several.
Natural frequency degradation and permanent accumulated rotation for offshore wind turbine monopiles in clay

Abstract Offshore wind turbine (OWT) monopile foundations are subjected to cyclic loading from wind, waves, and operational loads from rotating blades. Lateral monopile capacity can be significantly affected by cyclic loading, causing failure at cyclic load amplitudes lower than the failure load under monotonic loading. For monopiles in clay, undrained clay behavior under short-term cyclic soil-pile loading (e.g. extreme storm conditions) typically includes plastic soil deformation resulting from reductions in soil modulus and undrained shear strength which occur as a function of pore pressure build-up. These impacts affect the assessment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states of OWTs via natural frequency degradation and accumulated permanent rotation at the mudline, respectively. This paper introduced novel combinations of existing p-y curve design methods and compared the impact of short-term cyclic loading on monopiles in soft, medium, and stiff clay. The results of this paper indicate that short-term cyclic loading from extreme storm conditions are unlikely to significantly affect natural frequency and permanent accumulated rotation for OWT monopiles in stiff clays, but monopiles in soft clay may experience significant degradation. Further consideration is required for medium clays, as load magnitude played a strong role in both natural frequency and permanent rotation estimation.
Are EREITS Real Estate

Executive Summary. This study examines the return properties of securitized real estate investment trusts (EREITs) and unsecuritized real estate for four property types: apartment, industrial, office and retail. Return properties studied include central tendency, normality, autocorrelation, the lead-lag relationship and risk-adjusted performance. The results indicate that private real estate returns display significant levels of autocorrelation, even after lower order effects have been removed. Moreover, both types of real estate exhibit levels of skewness and kurtosis inconsistent with a normal distribution. Concerning risk-adjusted performance, the choice of performance measure does matter, while choice of benchmark makes little difference. Finally, returns on private and public real estate behave differently from one another and should be treated as separate and distinct asset classes from a real estate portfolio manager's perspective.
WHAT PRESCHOOLERS KNOW ABOUT ANIMATE AND INANIMATE OBJECTS

The world we live in contains animate and inanimate objects, and adults think about these classes of objects in different ways. Consider one clear case from each class: a cat and a chair. We expect a young kitten to grow and change shape over time, but do not expect a newly made chair to do this. If one used instruments to alter the shape of the chair, we might not accept the result as the same object? under the same transformation, the kitten would still be considered the same animal. Additionally, we expect a cat to respond to another animal’s actions, to have life-supporting internal organs and external parts, to be governed by an underlying set of psychological functions and states, and above all, to have an endogenous ability to move. We expect a chair to have none of these characteristics.
Household Response to Time-Varying Electricity Prices

The diffusion of smart metering technology and intermittent renewable electricity generation capacity makes the deployment of time-varying electricity rates increasingly feasible and important to the functioning of electricity grids. Such rates, which economists advocate to more efficiently match supply and demand, remain rare, though experiments assessing consumer responses are not. This review synthesizes evaluations of these experiments in the context of a theory of consumer inattention and adjustment costs that posits a role for automation technology to boost the short-run price elasticity of demand and affect demand-side reductions that can lower generation costs.
The Terrorist (Fiction)

A fictional account of a young terrorist's life and death in the country he was taught to hate.
Applying a Time-Patterned Typology of Homelessness Among Individuals with Mental Illness.

Identification of subgroups of the homeless populations, or typologies, has been an important research priority to guide homelessness services and policies. This study builds on previous typological research conducted in the general homeless population by focusing on individuals with mental illness to further delineate typologies within a more homogenous subset of the homeless population. A time-patterned typology based on episodes of street and shelter homelessness over a four-year period was applied to a sample of 246 individuals identified through mental health administrative records. Four groups were created based upon patterns of homelessness: 26.8% experienced homelessness for 4 years, 13.4% had one episode of homelessness but were no longer homeless at the end of the follow-up, 48.4% had at least two episodes of homelessness, and 11.4% had a single episode of homelessness lasting 3 months or less. Findings from a multinomial logistic regression indicated that gender, presence of a psychotic disorder, substance abuse, and year of study enrollment significantly predicted group membership. Residential trajectories upon exit from homelessness and at the end of the four-year follow-up were examined. Implications for current policy and future research are discussed.
Quantitative coronary arteriography. Coronary anatomy of patients with unstable angina pectoris reexamined 1 year after optimal medical therapy.

Abstract The effect of optimal medical therapy on coronary arterial anatomy was evaluated in 25 patients with unstable angina pectoris. Coronary arterial diameter and the extent of stenosis were exactly quantified in two successive coronary angiograms performed in each patient at approximately a 1 year interval (range 4 to 31 months, average 12.4 months). The measuring device was a vernier caliper with an accuracy of 0.05 mm. After 1 year of medical treatment 69 stenoses of the three major coronary branches showed no significant change: The average degree of area obstruction of 27 stenoses of the right coronary artery was 79 and 84 percent in the initial and second studies, respectively; that of 26 stenoses of the left anterior descending artery 78 and 77 percent, respectively, and that of 16 stenoses of the left circumflex artery 73 and 83 percent, respectively. In 11 patients, 14 stenoses showed a distinct progression of more than 20 percent area obstruction. All six stenoses showing more than 90 percent obstruction in the first angiogram progressed to complete obstruction within 1 year. In five other patients area obstruction in five stenoses regressed by more than 20 percent. The anatomy of vessel segments distal to obstructions remained unchanged within 1 year. It is concluded from these quantitative measurements that the distribution and severity of coronary lesions are similar in patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris. Coronary anatomy showed no significant change after 1 year of medical treatment. The rate of progression was substantially lower than previously reported in patients with stable angina pectoris.
Residual Stresses in Fibrous Metal Matrix Composites: A Thermoviscoplastic Analysis

The vanishing fiber diameter model together with the thermoviscoplasticity theory based on overstress are used to analyze the thermomechanical rate (time)-dependent behavior of unidirectional fibrous metal—matrix composites. For the present analysis the fibers are assumed to be transversely isotropic thermoelastic and the matrix constitutive equation is isotropic thermoviscoplastic. All material functions and constants can depend on current temperature. Yield surfaces and loading/unloading conditions are not used in the theory in which the inelastic strain rate is solely a function of the overstress, the difference between stress and the equilibrium stress, a state variable of the theory. Assumed but realistic material elastic and viscoplastic properties as a function of temperature which are close to Gr/Al and B/Al composites permit the computation of residual stresses arising during cool down from the fabrication. These residual stresses influence the subsequent mechanical behavior in fiber and transverse directions. Due to the viscoplasticity of the matrix time-dependent effects such as creep and change of residual stresses with time are depicted. For Gr/Al residual stresses are affecting the free thermal expansion behavior of the composite under temperature cycling. The computational results agree qualitatively with scarce experimental results.
Extending the Performance Analysis Tool Box: Multi-stage CPI Stacks and FLOPS Stacks

CPI stacks are an intuitive way to visualize processor core performance bottlenecks. However, they often do not provide a full view on all bottlenecks, because stall events can occur concurrently (e.g., an instruction cache miss and a data cache miss). To not double-count penalties, typically one of the events is selected, which means information about the non-chosen stall events is lost. Furthermore, we show that there is no single correct CPI stack: stall penalties can be hidden, can overlap or can cause second-order effects, making total CPI more complex than just a sum of components. Instead of showing a single CPI stack, we propose to measure multiple CPI stacks during program execution: a CPI stack at each stage of the processor pipeline. This representation reveals all performance bottlenecks and provides a more complete view on the performance of an application. Additionally, we propose FLOPS stacks, targeted at HPC performance analysis. FLOPS stacks are a variant of CPI stacks at the issue stage, but instead of considering all instructions, they focus at floating point performance specifically, which is the common definition of useful work in the HPC domain. Multi-stage CPI stacks and FLOPS stacks are easy to collect. We show that they can be included in a simulator with negligible slowdown, and we provide recommendations how to include them in a hardware core.
Genetic Contributions of the α5 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit to Smoking Behavior

Cigarette smoking and tobacco use remain a significant global health problem that kills nearly 6 million people every year [1]. Differences in heaviness of smoking are influenced by genetic variation, and compelling evidence from large-scale, genome-wide association meta-analyses identifies the chromosome 15 region, which contains the α5, α3, and β4 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster (CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4), as the locus that most strongly contributes to heaviness of smoking. Further dissection of this region through human genetic, functional, and animal studies links differences in smoking behaviors to the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit. The same genetic variants in the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit gene that increase the risk of heavy smoking also play a role in failed smoking cessation. Importantly, an interplay exists between these high-risk genetic variants in the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit and pharmacologic treatment so that those at highest genetic risk for failed smoking cessation respond most favorably to pharmacologic treatment to aid cessation. Hopefully this knowledge will improve smoking cessation efforts and reduce the health burdens associated with cigarette smoking.
Particle fallout, thermal disequilibrium and volcanic plumes

We develop a model of a volcanic eruption column that includes the effects of fallout of pyroclasts and thermal disequilibrium. We show that clast fallout, with no thermal disequilibrium, has only a small effect upon the column. However, disequilibrium changes column behaviour significantly, and can even induce collapse. Our results may explain the lower plume heights and less widely dispersed fallout of cone-forming eruptions contrasted with sheet-forming eruptions. The model also predicts that the transition from the gas thrust to the convective region in a column results in an inflection in dispersal curves, that some features of the stratigraphy common to many fall deposits may result from column velocity structure, and that there may exist a region near the volcanic vent in which maximum pyroclast size does not decrease significantly with distance.
Regulator of G protein signaling 2 differentially regulates nicotine‐induced anxiolytic‐ and antidepressant‐like effects in mice

This study assessed the role of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in nicotine-induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects using RGS2 wildtype (WT) and RGS2 knockout (KO) mice. RGS2 negatively regulates monoaminergic neurotransmission, which is implicated in the pathology of anxiety and depression. We hypothesized that deletion of RGS2 would enhance nicotine-induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, which were assessed using the elevated plus maze and tail suspension tests, respectively. Anxiolytic-like effects were observed in both RGS2 WT and KO mice after administration of low dose of nicotine (0.05 mg/kg, base) compared to respective saline controls. Additionally, administration of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline resulted in anxiolytic-like effects in RGS2 KO mice, but not RGS2 WT mice, suggesting genetic deletion of RGS2 facilitated anxiolytic-like effects of nicotine. Administration of nicotine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline resulted in antidepressant-like effects in RGS2 WT mice. Antidepressant-like effects were observed in RGS2 KO mice only at the highest tested dose of nicotine (1 mg/kg, base) compared to saline controls, suggesting that genetic deletion of RGS2 decreased sensitivity to antidepressant-like effects of nicotine. Together, the data suggest that RGS2 differentially regulated nicotine-induced affective behavioral responses. These data suggest that individuals with RGS2 polymorphisms may experience differential affective responses to tobacco smoking, which may make them vulnerable to developing nicotine addiction.
Immediate vs delayed treatment of first unprovoked seizure: To treat, or not to treat?

Deciding whether to treat or not to treat a first-ever seizure can be difficult, particularly when additional history provides no clear provoking mechanism and the critical ancillary tests such as MRI and EEG are uninformative. The practical clinical definition of epilepsy presented in the widely acknowledged International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) official report is met under the following conditions: 2 unprovoked seizures >24 hours apart, 1 unprovoked seizure and seizure recurrence probability of >60% over the next 10 years, or diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome.1 The report explicitly states that treatment decisions are distinct from diagnosis (i.e., the presence of disease does not necessitate treatment and the absence of disease does not preclude treatment) and that treatment decisions should be tailored to the clinical scenario and individual patient. Despite this caveat, in practice, treatment decisions are frequently based on the ILAE's 60% threshold, resulting, for example, in deferred treatment in patients with first-ever unprovoked seizure and apparent probability of recurrence <60%, particularly in light of potential antiepileptic drug (AED) adverse side effects and no known disease-modifying properties of AEDs.2 Because the reported seizure recurrence rates in patients with a first unprovoked seizure have ranged between 21% and 45% in the first 2 years,3 the practical result is that patients presenting with unprovoked first seizure and unrevealing workup are, almost by default, not treated with an AED.4,5
Inflammatory Cytokine TNFα Promotes the Long-Term Expansion of Primary Hepatocytes in 3D Culture

Summary In the healthy adult liver, most hepatocytes proliferate minimally. However, upon physical or chemical injury to the liver, hepatocytes proliferate extensively in vivo under the direction of multiple extracellular cues, including Wnt and pro-inflammatory signals. Currently, liver organoids can be generated readily in vitro from bile-duct epithelial cells, but not hepatocytes. Here, we show that TNFα, an injury-induced inflammatory cytokine, promotes the expansion of hepatocytes in 3D culture and enables serial passaging and long-term culture for more than 6 months. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals broad expression of hepatocyte markers. Strikingly, in vitro-expanded hepatocytes engrafted, and significantly repopulated, the injured livers of Fah−/− mice. We anticipate that tissue repair signals can be harnessed to promote the expansion of otherwise hard-to-culture cell-types, with broad implications.
Law’s promises and its limits: a reply to Cramer and McNulty

Cote Hampson discusses the ways in which Cramer and McNulty’s pieces are linked to her own article in terms of their focus on the law’s failure to live up to its promises. She highlights the tensio...
Designs of duty: Using exhibits to build partnerships

Exhibits in academic libraries are drivers for outreach. Many exhibit programs center on national traveling exhibits often because they are well done and already completed. The only input necessary...
Mechanism-Inspired Design of Bifunctional Catalysts for the Alternating Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Epoxides and Cyclic Anhydrides.

Advances in catalysis have enabled the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides to afford structurally and functionally diverse polyesters with controlled molecular weights a...
Functional connectivity differences in early infancy precede autism symptoms: a multivariate pattern analysis

Functional brain connectivity is altered in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mapping pre-symptomatic functional disruptions in ASD could identify infants based on neural risk, providing a crucial opportunity to mediate outcomes before behavioral symptoms emerge. Here we quantify functional connectivity using scalable EEG measures of oscillatory phase coherence (6-12Hz). Infants at high and low familial risk for ASD (N=65) underwent an EEG recording at 3 months of age and were assessed for ASD symptoms at 18 months using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to examine early functional patterns that are associated with later ASD symptoms. Support vector regression (SVR) algorithms accurately predicted observed ASD symptoms at 18 months from EEG data at 3 months (r=0.76, p=0.02). Specifically, lower frontal connectivity and higher right temporo-parietal connectivity predicted higher ASD symptoms. The SVR model did not predict non-verbal cognitive abilities at 18 months (r=0.15, p=0.36), suggesting specificity of these brain alterations to ASD. These data suggest that frontal and temporo-parietal dysconnectivity play important roles in the early pathophysiology of ASD. Early functional differences in ASD can be captured using EEG during infancy and may inform much-needed advancements in the early detection of ASD.
Barriers and Facilitators to Cancer Screening Among LGBTQ Individuals With Cancer.

Problem identification Cancer screening may reduce mortality and frequency of the disease. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) individuals are less likely than non-LGBTQ individuals to present for cancer screening. Literature search A literature search was performed using CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, and PubMed®. Articles were included if they were published in English from 2008 to 2018 and addressed barriers or facilitators to cancer screening in LGBTQ populations. Data evaluation Data were organized by thematic matrix and classified according to the multilevel influences on the cancer care continuum framework. Synthesis This integrative review found that the lack of cancer screening data and knowledge about screening guidelines by LGBTQ populations and providers were major barriers to cancer screening adherence. Provider-created welcoming environments and caregiver inclusion were facilitators. Implications for practice Determinants of health-seeking behavior included patients' and providers' lack of cancer screening knowledge, as well as perceived discrimination. Nurses are in a unique position to provide cancer screening information and culturally sensitive care for LGBTQ populations with adequate education.
Accessible Information Seeking

The ability to find information online using a search engine is a key modern literacy skill. However, information seeking remains particularly challenging for many people with disabilities, a sizable population comprising over a billion people worldwide, including approximately 20% of adults in the U.S. In this talk, I will describe how various types of disability impact information seeking, including sensory disabilities such as vision impairment and cognitive differences such as dyslexia. I will present research at the intersection of human-computer interaction and information retrieval that aims to address the challenges that search engine use presents for these populations. These examples illustrate how considering the needs of end-users with disabilities can result in the creation of accessible search tools that benefit us all.
P454 Emergency Department (ED)-based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) referral program – using EDs as a portal for PrEP services

Background U.S. Emergency Departments (EDs) serve many patients at high risk for HIV and could serve as a portal of entry for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We conducted a pilot study to determine feasibility and acceptability of PrEP referral from the ED. Methods From late December 2018 to March 2019, a pilot PrEP referral program was integrated into an established HIV/HCV screening program in an urban U.S. ED with HIV seroprevalence of 6%. Patients were deemed PrEP referral eligible if they had recent STI-related visit ( Results In this ongoing program, 290 ED patients were screened, 162 approached and 89 (55%) took the survey. 68 (42%) were categorized as high-risk and eligible for PrEP referral. Of these 68 patients, 36 (53%) accepted PrEP referral, 15 (22%) were successfully contacted by phone with additional 21 (31%) pending for follow-up calls, six (9%) were scheduled for appointments, and two (3%) completed an appointment. Conclusion Our preliminary findings demonstrate a high interest for PrEP referral and comparable PrEP care cascade outcomes in high-risk ED patients indicating that implementation of an ED-based PrEP referral program is feasible and acceptable and could serve as an important portal for PrEP care. Barriers along the PrEP care continuum to better engage and retain patients should be addressed as a future direction. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Competition and Drought Alter Optimal Stomatal Strategy in Tree Seedlings.

A better understanding of plant stomatal strategies holds strong promise for improving predictions of vegetation responses to drought because stomata are the primary mechanism through which plants mitigate water stress. It has been assumed that plants regulate stomata to maintain a constant marginal water use efficiency and forego carbon gain when water is scarce. However, recent hypotheses pose that plants maximize carbon assimilation while also accounting for the risk of hydraulic damage via cavitation and hydraulic failure. This "gain-risk" framework incorporates competition in stomatal regulation because it takes into account that neighboring plants can "steal" unused water. This study utilizes stomatal models representing both the water use efficiency and carbon-maximization frameworks, and empirical data from three species in a potted growth chamber experiment, to investigate the effects of drought and competition on seedling stomatal strategy. We found that drought and competition responses in the empirical data were best explained by the carbon-maximization hypothesis and that both drought and competition affected stomatal strategy. Interestingly, stomatal responses differed substantially by species, with seedlings employing a riskier strategy when planted with a high water use competitor, and seedlings employing a more conservative strategy when planted with a low water use competitor. Lower water users in general had less stomatal sensitivity to decreasing Ψ L compared to moderate to high water users. Repeated water stress also resulted in legacy effects on plant stomatal behavior, increasing stomatal sensitivity (i.e., conservative behavior) even when the seedling was returned to well-watered conditions. These results indicate that stomatal strategies are dynamic and change with climate and competition stressors. Therefore, incorporating mechanisms that allow for stomatal behavioral changes in response to water limitation may be an important step to improving carbon cycle projections in coupled climate-Earth system models.
Implementation of Universal Tumor Screening of Colorectal Cancer for Detection of Lynch Syndrome at a Hispanic-Rich County Hospital.

INTRODUCTION:In 2014, a reflexive screening protocol for Lynch syndrome (LS) via an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was shown to be cost-effective; however, the screening rates at a predominant Hi...
Immigration and economic resilience in the Great Recession

The 2007–2009 financial crisis has caused economic disruption in many US cities and has drawn considerable academic attention. Despite abundant evidence of immigrants’ economic and social value to ...
The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathophysiology of Asthma in Humans and Horses

Asthma is a common and debilitating chronic airway disease that affects people and horses of all ages worldwide. While asthma in humans most commonly involves an excessive type 2 immune response and eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophils have also been recognized as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma, including in the severe asthma phenotype where neutrophilic inflammation predominates. Severe equine asthma syndrome (sEAS) features prominent neutrophilic inflammation and has been increasingly used as a naturally occurring animal model for the study of human neutrophilic asthma. This comparative review examines the recent literature in order to explore the role of neutrophil inflammatory functions in the pathophysiology and immunology of asthma in humans and horses.
Epigenetic activities in erythroid cell gene regulation

Interest in the role of epigenetic mechanisms in human biology has exponentially increased over the past several decades. The multitude of opposing and context-dependent chromatin-modifying enzymes/coregulator complexes is just beginning to be understood at a molecular level. This science has benefitted tremendously from studies of erythropoiesis, in which a series of β-globin genes are in sequence turned "on" and "off," serving as a fascinating model of coordinated gene expression. We, therefore, describe here epigenetic complexes about which we know most, using erythropoiesis as the context. The biochemical insights lay the foundation for proposing and developing novel treatments for diseases of red cells and of erythropoiesis, identifying for example epigenetic enzymes that can be drugged to manipulate β-globin locus regulation, to favor activation of unmutated fetal hemoglobin over mutated adult β-globin genes to treat sickle cell disease and β-thalassemias. Other potential translational applications are in redirecting hematopoietic commitment decisions, as treatment for bone marrow failure syndromes.
Rosalie Kane: A Dedicated, Effective and Quirky Advocate.

Although I was aware of Rosalie Kane’s work through her publications and presentations, I first met Rosalie in person in 1978, when she and her husband, Robert Kane, visited the Administration on A...
Patient Experiences with Screening and Assistance for Social Isolation in Primary Care Settings.

Social isolation is a known predictor of mortality that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations in the USA. Although experts began to recognize it as a public health crisis prior to 2020, the novel coronavirus pandemic has accelerated recognition of social isolation as a serious threat to health and well-being. Examine patient experiences with screening and assistance for social isolation in primary care settings, and whether patient experiences with these activities are associated with the severity of reported social isolation. Cross-sectional survey conducted in 2018. Adults (N = 251) were recruited from 3 primary care clinics in Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco. A modified version of the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index (SNI), endorsed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; items to assess for prior experiences with screening and assistance for social isolation. In the sample population, 12.4% reported the highest levels of social isolation (SNI = 0/1), compared to 36.7%, 34.7%, and 16.3% (SNI = 2–4, respectively). Most patients had not been asked about social isolation in a healthcare setting (87.3%), despite reporting no discomfort with social isolation screening (93.9%). Neither discomfort with nor participation in prior screening for social isolation was associated with social isolation levels. Desire for assistance with social isolation (3.2%) was associated with a higher level of social isolation (AOR = 6.0, 95% CI, 1.3–28.8), as well as poor or fair health status (AOR = 9.1; 95% CI, 1.3–64.1). In this study, few patients reported being screened previously for social isolation in a primary care setting, despite low levels of discomfort with screening. Providers should consider broadening social isolation screening and referral practices in healthcare settings, especially among sicker and more isolated patients who express higher levels of interest in assistance with social isolation.
RhoG-Rac1 Signaling Pathway Mediates Metabolic Dysfunction of the Pancreatic Beta-Cells Under Chronic Hyperglycemic Conditions.

Background/aims Published evidence suggests regulatory roles for small G proteins (Cdc42 and Rac1) in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic beta-cells. More recent evidence suggests novel roles for these G proteins, specifically Rac1, in the induction of metabolic dysfunction of the islet beta-cell under the duress of a variety of stress conditions. However, potential upstream regulators of sustained activation of Rac1 have not been identified in the beta-cell. Recent studies in other cell types have identified RhoG, a small G protein, as an upstream regulator of Rac1 under specific experimental conditions. Herein, we examined putative roles for RhoG in islet beta-cell dysregulation induced by glucotoxic conditions. Methods Expression of RhoG or GDIγ was suppressed by siRNA transfection using the DharmaFect1 reagent. Subcellular fractions were isolated using NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagent kit. The degree of activation of Rac1 was assessed using a pull-down assay kit. Extent of cell death was quantified using a Cell Death Detection ELISAplus kit. Results RhoG is expressed in human islets, rat islets, and clonal INS-1 832/13 cells. siRNA-RhoG markedly attenuated sustained activation of Rac1 and caspase-3 in INS-1 832/13 cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions (20 mM; 24 hours). In a manner akin to Rac1, which has been shown to translocate to the nuclear fraction to induce beta-cell dysfunction under metabolic stress, a significant increase in the association of RhoG with the nuclear fraction was observed in beta-cells under the duress of metabolic stress. Interestingly, GDIγ, a known regulator of RhoG, remained associated with non-nuclear fraction under conditions RhoG and Rac1 translocated to the membrane. Lastly, siRNA-RhoG modestly attenuated pancreatic beta-cell demise induced by high glucose exposure conditions, but such an effect was not statistically significant. Conclusion Based on these data we conclude that RhoG-Rac1 signaling module plays critical regulatory roles in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction (caspase-3 activation) of the islet beta cell under metabolic stress.
Identifying Key Drivers of Wildfires in the Contiguous US Using Machine Learning and Game Theory Interpretation.

Understanding the complex interrelationships between wildfire and its environmental and anthropogenic controls is crucial for wildfire modeling and management. Although machine learning (ML) models have yielded significant improvements in wildfire predictions, their limited interpretability has been an obstacle for their use in advancing understanding of wildfires. This study builds an ML model incorporating predictors of local meteorology, land-surface characteristics, and socioeconomic variables to predict monthly burned area at grid cells of 0.25° × 0.25° resolution over the contiguous United States. Besides these predictors, we construct and include predictors representing the large-scale circulation patterns conducive to wildfires, which largely improves the temporal correlations in several regions by 14%-44%. The Shapley additive explanation is introduced to quantify the contributions of the predictors to burned area. Results show a key role of longitude and latitude in delineating fire regimes with different temporal patterns of burned area. The model captures the physical relationship between burned area and vapor pressure deficit, relative humidity (RH), and energy release component (ERC), in agreement with the prior findings. Aggregating the contribution of predictor variables of all the grids by region, analyses show that ERC is the major contributor accounting for 14%-27% to large burned areas in the western US. In contrast, there is no leading factor contributing to large burned areas in the eastern US, although large-scale circulation patterns featuring less active upper-level ridge-trough and low RH two months earlier in winter contribute relatively more to large burned areas in spring in the southeastern US.