cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute alcoholic psychoses and related syndromes: psychosocial and clinical characteristics and their implications.

Summary An intensive study was undertaken based upon the chart review of a large number of consecutive male admissions for acute alcohol withdrawal syndromes to a university psychiatric service. Basic psychosocial characteristics were examined along with the characteristics of the presenting picture and the clinical coarse. The patients had been treated with paraldehyde along principles described elsewhere3 The analysis of this data would document an extensive experience gained in a circumscribed zone of time and space. It was expected that it would contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of this group of related withdrawal syndromes by yielding, information about etiologic and prognostic factors. It would also summarize and make possible the evaluation of the treatment program. It would also serve to make a large body of data available for subsequent cross-cultural, cross-temporal and cross-therapeutic comparisons.
Characterization and Kinetics of MHC Class I-Restricted Presentation of a Soluble Antigen Delivered by Liposomes

We describe in this report the characterization and kinetics of MHC class I-restricted presentation of a soluble antigen delivered by liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes delivered ovalbumin (OVA) to the class I pathway more efficiently than pH-insensitive liposomes; the latter showed competence in the class I-restricted sensitization only when a large antigen loading dose was used. Such sensitization of EL4 cells resulted from substantial delivery of the ingested liposomal OVA to the cytosolic compartment as revealed with immunogold electron microscopy. Most of the ingested liposomal OVA were rapidly catabolized and released into the extracellular medium. The residual processed antigen took about 2 h to egress to the cell surface for recognition by CTL. The liposome-mediated antigen presentation exhibited a transient kinetics which was manipulable with antigen dose. Brefeldin A, an ER-to-Golgi transport inhibitor, strongly inhibited such presentation. The antigens displayed on the cell surface could also be removed by a brief acid wash of the cells and subsequently reappeared on the surface if an intracellular pool of antigen existed at the time of acid wash.
TU-A-218-10: Design and Characterization of TiO2 Nanotube Based X-Ray Tube with Single Focusing Electrode

Purpose: To study the effect of geometrical and electrical parameters on focal spot size (FSS) of TiO2 nanotubefield emission X‐ray tube. The X‐ray tube parameters were optimized to achieve the smallest FSS for different cathode sizes and anode voltages. Methods: The simulations were performed using the industry standard commercial software SIMION 80.1 3D. FSS was simulated as a function of the distance between gate electrode and focusing electrode (dG‐L), focusing electrode opening diameter (dL), thickness of the focusing electrode (HL), distance between focusing electrode and anode (dL‐A), and anode diameter (dA). The anode voltage was varied between 20‐120 kV. dL was varied from 4 to 24 mm with 4 mm increments, and at each dL value FSS and focusing voltage (Vf) were studied as a function of TiO2 nanotube sample size dS. Simulations were followed by experiments to build X‐ray tube with optimized parameters. Results: The effect of various X‐ray tube parameters on the focusing properties of electron optics system was investigated in the search for the smallest FSS for different TiO2 nanotube sample sizes. In particular, it is found that FSS grows with dS for all dL values. FSS grows fast at the beginning with the average growth rate of 183 μm/mm until dS reaches approximately 1 mm for all dL values. Then, FSS becomes weekly dependent on dS and later, as dS approaches dL, it starts growing fast again with average growth rate of 193 μm/mm. An X‐ray tube was built with optimized from simulations parameters and its performance was tested. Conclusions: A set of geometrical and electrical parameters have been established for different anode voltages and cathode sizes that provide the smallest focal spot size. An X‐ray tube has been built and tested with optimized parameters.
Toward the Non-(Re)presentational Actor: From Grotowski to Richards

Situating Apocalypsis cum figuris as a turning point in Grotowski's efforts to move beyond theatrical representation, Salata considers the trajectory in Grotowski's work from acting to doing. Emphasizing the centrality of Buber's concept of the I-Thou, Salata examines the implications of Grotowski's search for unmediated perception through the lens of such theorists as Heidegger, Deleuze, and Levinas.
Methodology to Predict Delayed Failure Due to Slow Crack Growth in Ceramic Tubular Components Using Data From Simple Specimens

The methodology to predict the lifetime of sintered [alpha]-silicon carbide (SASC) tubes subjected to slow crack growth (SCG) conditions involved the experimental determination of the SCG parameters of that material and the scaling analysis to project the stress rupture data from small specimens to large components. Dynamic fatigue testing, taking into account the effect of threshold stress intensity factor, of O-ring and compressed C-ring specimens was used to obtain the SCG parameters. These SCG parameters were in excellent agreement with those published in the literature and extracted from stress rupture tests of tensile and bend specimens. Two methods were used to predict the lifetimes of internally heated and pressurized SASC tubes. The first is a fracture mechanics approach that is well known in the literature. The second method used a scaling analysis in which the stress rupture distribution (lifetime) of any specimen configuration can be predicted from stress rupture data of another.
CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY AND AMBIVALENT SEXISM

To assess the relationship between different facets of conservative ideology and ambivalent sexism, 246 residents of two towns in southern Michigan completed a social dominance orientation scale (SDO), a right-wing authoritarianism scale (RWA), a Protestant work ethic scale (PWE), and the Glick and Fiske (1996) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory via a mail survey. Zero-order correlations revealed that SDO, RWA, and PWE were each related to both components of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism). Hierarchical regressions revealed that SDO and PWE most strongly predicted hostile sexism, whereas RWA most strongly predicted benevolent sexism. Results are discussed with respect to different facets of conservative ideology and why SDO, RWA, and PWE each tend to be associated with prejudice toward different groups.
Economic growth and the relative price of capital

This paper examines empirically the relationship between the relative price of capital and the rate of economic growth. In the results. machinery appears to bc the most important component of capital: when the relative price of machinery and the relative price of nonmachinery are included in a Barro ( 199 1) growth regression, a strong negative relationship between growth and the machinery price emerges while the nonmachinery price enters insignificantly. These results indicate that the tax treatment of machinery is an important policy instrument with respect to long-term growth and welfare. Kry \vords: Economic growth; Investment: Machinery investment; Price of capital
Explicit chemical speciation by microsecond pulsed glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometry: concurrent acquisition of structural, molecular and elemental information

A microsecond pulsed glow discharge (µs-pulsed GD) was used for elemental, structural and molecular analysis. This plasma was generated repeatedly at 100 Hz with a 1 kV electrical pulse lasting 20 µs. Samples were continuously introduced into the µs-pulsed discharge and allowed to interact with the plasma. Depending on the extent of this interaction, which is controllable at the discretion of the user, the samples may undergo soft chemical ionization yielding molecular ions or may be completely atomized and ionized yielding elemental information. The operator could choose the above interaction zones or anything in between, which provides structural information through an electron ionization type fragmentation pattern. Detection of plasma produced ions was done by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), which is most suitable for complete mass spectrometric analysis of time-gated transient events. Using ion energetic information and the so-called ‘thermometer molecules', the magnitude of ionization energy available in the discharge was calculated. At 60 µs after the plasma ignition the plasma had an equivalent ionization energy of about 17 eV. The plasma energy decreased as a function of time. At about 300 µs the plasma reached a relatively constant ionization energy of 8–9 eV, which lasted for nearly 200 µs. Toluene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene and tungsten hexacarbonyl are among the molecules analyzed using time-gated µs-pulsed GD-TOF-MS.
Ferroelectric cathodes as electron beam sources

In the past decade a number of research groups have studied electron emission from ferroelectric ceramics. These materials have saturation polarization P/sub s/, of up to 100 /spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/. The emission occurs when the polarization state of the ferroelectric is changed rapidly by an applied electric field, and a fraction of the surface screening charge is released. We report experimental results obtained using Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) ceramic as the electron source in a planar diode geometry. Experimental measurements of time-dependent variations in the emission are presented and results from a theoretical model are compared to these measurements. We also present new data on the scaling of the emission current density for anode voltages of up to 50 kV. The new data will be used in the design of an electron gun using a ferroelectric cathode.
Smartphone security limitations: conflicting traditions

Smartphones are becoming a dominant form of mobile computing in the United States, and more slowly, the world. The smartphone, as a platform, blends a traditional general computing platform with a specialized mobile phone platform. However, each platform comes with its own tradition of social practices and policies. The general computing tradition is historically open, allowing its owners, i.e., users and administrators, to install whatever software they choose, and to add or remove hardware as they please. The cellular tradition has historically been very tightly controlled and locked down since telecommunications networks are considered critical national infrastructure. These two competing ideals clash on the smartphone platform and this clash is exemplified by Android OS platform created by Google. The Android platform attempts to be "open" while conforming to the traditional policies of mobile phones. The conflict in philosophies between general computing platforms and mobile phones have led to fundamental limitations in the platform security of the phone. Our paper looks at these fundamental limitations and how they relate to the challenge of reconciling governance practices in use on general purpose computers and mobile phones. We also provide certain policy guidelines and platform architecture suggestions that will help create a more secure smartphone platform.
The Judicialization of (Separation of Powers) Politics: Lessons from Chile

Most analyses of the judicialization of politics focus on judicial policy-making and rights creation; however when judicialization of politics unfolds in a separation of powers political context courts are also involved in distributing power. The task of power delineation among branches of government is different from policy-making or rights adjudication. Judicializing political disputes about power gives courts the opportunity to alter the balance of institutional power, to create stronger executives (or legislatures) and a stronger (or weaker) role for themselves. To illustrate these points, this article examines how the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal (TC) adjudicated a specific type of separation of powers conflict between the Legislature and the Executive from 1990-2005. The analysis of the TC doctrine overtime highlights how the TC has shifted the balance of power in the policy-making process and augmented its influence within the political system.
A Small Pore Observed with a 1.6 m Telescope

A small pore was observed with the New Solar Telescope of 1.6 m aperture at Big Bear Solar Observatory. At a wavelength of 705.68 nm, a diffraction limit of 0.09″ was reached and approximately 700 small structures were analyzed. The achieved high resolution has revealed details about the dynamics of small structures in and around the pore. The small structures either reside in the pore, enter the pore from the vicinity, or dip in and out of the pore. Their sizes are similar, ≈ 0.2″, but their observed oscillations do not show power peaks at the same periods. Horizontal plasma flows were suppressed in the pore by 38 % for average velocities, and 65 % for maximum velocities, compared to the quiet Sun.
Similarity and Difference in Multicultural Counseling: Considering the Attraction and Repulsion Hypotheses

Similarity and difference have been explored within the counseling psychology and the social psychology literature. The counseling psychology literature has studied the influence of similarity and difference on clients' preferences for counselors. The theory driven social psychology literature has investigated the influence of similarity and difference on subsequent relationship development. Whereas the counseling research has examined similarity and difference within the context of counseling, social psychology research has examined similarity and difference within the context of co-workers, roommates, and acquaintances. Unfortunately, there has been little dialogue between these 2 parallel areas of investigation. This manuscript is an attempt then to provide a bridge between the counseling and social psychological literature. It is hoped that this selected review will provide an integrated approach from which to examine future research questions related to the impact of similarity and difference on the ...
Implementation of web database for ECG

The collection over a period of years of a large number of electrocardiograms (ECGs) from normal subjects has allowed the development of age and gender based limits of normality. Ease of access to this digital library among collaborators would be beneficial for future research studies. A friendly environment for retrieving the required information is a key component of the information system infrastructure of modern research projects. Due to the rapid growth of the global Internet, researchers are demanding an improvement of traditional techniques for storage of data in order to get required information in a convenient fashion. This feature is prototypical of web databases; thus they are widely used for their excellent capability of securely sharing data and providing fast access to on-line information. We have developed a web database in order to facilitate access to a valuable, decades-long collection of data: over 3000 normal ECGs from neonates, infants, adolescents and adults along with information about their age and sex. Patient name, ID, and personal information are kept confidential. A mean P, QRS, T cycle together with the usual fiducial points, wave durations, and interval measurements are available. This application is built around a three-tier architecture model using open source software. The base of the application (third tier) consists of the database management system. MySQL is used for this purpose. Built on the top of the third tier is the second tier that contains most of the application logic, which is achieved by using PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP). Apache web server is used to facilitate communication between tiers. The first tier (client) is typically web browser software that interacts with the application. This system provides the facility to acquire ECGs by features of interest, i.e., age, sex, heart rate, etc. Security is afforded by restricting access to research collaborators only. This web database provides a user-friendly environment for ease of data access, and has resulted in a significant improvement in the data retrieval rate. One early application has clearly demonstrated the divergence in selected ECG measurements in children and adolescents at about the time of puberty.
Effects of orbital spaceflight on human osteoblastic cell physiology and gene expression

During long-term spaceflight, astronauts lose bone, in part due to a reduction in bone formation. It is not clear, however, whether the force imparted by gravity has direct effects on bone cells. To examine the response of bone forming cells to weightlessness, human fetal osteoblastic (hFOB) cells were cultured during the 17 day STS-80 space shuttle mission. Fractions of conditioned media were collected during flight and shortly after landing for analyses of glucose utilization and accumulation of type I collagen and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Total cellular RNA was isolated from flight and ground control cultures after landing. Measurement of glucose levels in conditioned media indicated that glucose utilization occurred at a similar rate in flight and ground control cultures. Furthermore, the levels of type I collagen and PGE(2) accumulation in the flight and control conditioned media were indistinguishable. The steady-state levels of osteonectin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin messenger RNA (mRNA) were not significantly changed following spaceflight. Gene-specific reductions in mRNA levels for cytokines and skeletal growth factors were detected in the flight cultures using RNase protection assays. Steady-state mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-6 were decreased 8 h following the flight and returned to control levels at 24 h postflight. Also, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(2) and TGF-beta(1) message levels were modestly reduced at 8 h and 24 h postflight, although the change was not statistically significant at 8 h. These data suggest that spaceflight did not significantly affect hFOB cell proliferation, expression of type I collagen, or PGE(2) production, further suggesting that the removal of osteoblastic cells from the context of the bone tissue results in a reduced ability to respond to weightlessness. However, spaceflight followed by return to earth significantly impacted the expression of cytokines and skeletal growth factors, which have been implicated as mediators of the bone remodeling cycle. It is not yet clear whether these latter changes were due to weightlessness or to the transient increase in loading resulting from reentry.
Changes in gonadal and adrenal steroid levels in the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) during the nesting cycle.

The reproductive endocrinology of nesting leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) was studied during the 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 nesting seasons at Los Baulas National Park, Playa Grande, Costa Rica. Blood samples were collected from nesting females throughout the season. Females were observed to nest up to 10 times during the nesting season. Plasma steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay and total plasma calcium was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma testosterone and plasma estradiol levels declined throughout the nesting cycle of the female. Testosterone declined from a mean of 10.18 ± 0.77 ng/ml at the beginning of the nesting cycle to 1.73 ± 0.34 ng/ml at the end of the nesting cycle. Estradiol declined in a similar manner, ranging from a mean of 190.95 ± 16.80 pg/ml at the beginning of the nesting cycle to 76.52 ± 12.66 pg/ml at the end of the nesting cycle. Plasma progesterone and total calcium levels were relatively constant throughout the nesting cycle. Lack of fluctuation of total calcium levels, ranging from a mean high of 97.46 ± 11.37 μg/ml to a mean low of 64.85 ± 11.20 μg/ml, further suggests that vitellogenesis is complete prior to the arrival of the female at the nesting beach. Clutch size (both yolked and yolkless eggs) did not vary over the course of the nesting cycle.
Effects of recombinant ovine interferon-τ on ovine lentivirus replication and progression of disease

The antiviral effects of recombinant ovine interferon-τ (roIFN-τ) were studied in 26 lambs inoculated with ovine lentivirus (OvLV) or mock-infected. Six of the OvLV-infected lambs and three of the mock-infected lambs were treated with 106 antiviral units (AVU) per kg roIFN-τ daily for 30 days starting at day 0 post-inoculation (p.i.) and twice a week thereafter (early treatment). Six of the OvLV-infected lambs and three of the mock-infected lambs were treated with 106 AVU/kg roIFN-τ daily for 30 days starting at day 150 p.i. and twice a week thereafter (late treatment). Six OvLV-infected and two mock-infected lambs were treated either early or late with placebo. Cell-associated viraemia was quantified by an end-point dilution method. The weekly antibody response against OvLV proteins was studied by ELISA. All experimental animals were killed at 27 weeks p.i. and histological sections of lung were scored for the degree of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP). A 90% reduction in OvLV titres was detected at 4 weeks post-treatment in lambs that received early roIFN-τ treatment (P<0·01). Differences in virus titres were also found at weeks 2 and 6 (P<0·05). Scores for LIP degree were higher in infected lambs treated with placebo or late roIFN-τ than in the mock-infected lambs or in the infected lambs that received early roIFN-τ (P<0·05). LIP scores were not different between mock-infected lambs and infected lambs that received early roIFN-τ. These results indicate that roIFN-τ curtails OvLV replication in vivo and reduces the likelihood of development of lentivirus-induced LIP when infected lambs are treated during the initial phases of OvLV infection.
High Pressure Techniques for Research in Semiconductors: A Review

High pressure studies of semiconductors have given valuable insights to their room-pressure properties and have also been used to generate new phases. It is important to note that hydrostatic pressure acts as a perturbation on the electronic properties without a change of symmetry within a single, homogeneous phase. Accordingly, the changes in optical or electronic properties can be interepreted in a straightforward manner, at least in principle. The effects of uniaxial or shear stresses will not be dealt with in this review. However, shear stresses are generated in epi-layers or thin films of different compressibility than the substrate, even if compressed by a hydrostatic fluid.
The Ectodermal Dysplasia Receptor Activates the Nuclear Factor-κB, JNK, and Cell Death Pathways and Binds to Ectodysplasin A

The ectodermal dysplasia receptor (EDAR) is a recently isolated member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that has been shown to play a key role in the process of ectodermal differentiation. We present evidence that EDAR is capable of activating the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, and caspase-independent cell death pathways and that these activities are impaired in mutants lacking its death domain or those associated with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and the downless phenotype. Although EDAR possesses a death domain, it did not interact with the death domain-containing adaptor proteins TRADD and FADD. EDAR successfully interacted with various TRAF family members; however, a dominant-negative mutant of TRAF2 was incapable of blocking EDAR-induced nuclear factor-kappaB or JNK activation. Collectively, the above results suggest that EDAR utilizes a novel signal transduction pathway. Finally, ectodysplasin A can physically interact with the extracellular domain of EDAR and thus represents its biological ligand.
On the Cost of Tunnel Endpoint Processing in Overlay Virtual Networks

Overlays are increasingly used to carry out virtual networks in multi-tenant data centers. However, the encapsulation layer of these overlay virtual networks increases the processing cost and degrades the system performance when the tunnel endpoints are implemented in software. In this paper, we investigate this processing cost in terms of clock cycles by instrumenting the main processing layers of the Linux VXLAN tunnel endpoint. We found that the VXLAN encapsulation layer adds 21% of CPU cycles to the processing of an MTU-size packet. We also observed that encapsulation overhead translates into a bandwidth performance drop of 31.8% and a latency increase of 32.5%. We propose and emulate a minimal hardware acceleration technique for VXLAN that can bring back the lost performance. The experiment results show that 97.1% of the bandwidth performance and 94.4% of the latency performance can be achieved at constant CPU utilization.
Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation

Stimulation of the midbrain retrorubral (RRN), ventral paralemniscal tegmental field (vFTP), reticular tegmental (TRN), and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPN) nuclei was found to produce bilateral suppression of muscle tone in the unanesthetized, decerebrate animal. The RRN is the most rostral area shown to produce such suppression. This muscle tone suppression was frequency- and intensity-dependent. At low stimulus intensities, bilateral suppression was produced at these sites. At higher current and frequency levels, 2 types of muscle responses were found, excitation in PPN and RRN and initial suppression followed by excitation in TRN and vFTP. The mean latency to muscle tone suppression was not significantly different in TRN (36.8 msec) and RRN (36.5 msec). However, muscle tone suppression latency was significantly shorter in vFTP (31 msec) and PPN (27.1 msec). In addition to muscle tone suppression, stepping-like activity could be elicited at the same points by consecutive train stimulations in PPN and single train stimulation in TRN and vFTP. Thus, systems producing atonia are colocalized with those producing locomotion. We hypothesize that the midbrain atonia regions control more caudal regions producing muscle tone suppression in REM sleep, and that the locomotor and atonia eliciting regions are normally coactivated during REM sleep.
Naturally occurring K vitamins inhibit pancreatic cancer cell survival through a caspase-dependent pathway.

Background and Aims: Available medical therapies against pancreatic cancer are largely ineffective and have many side-effects. Physiologically, vitamins K1 and K2 (VK) act as co-factors for γ-carboxylation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors. In previous studies, VK analogs have been found to have potent negative effects on the survival of various cancer cells. We hypothesized that the well-tolerated and naturally occurring VK1 and VK2 may be used to inhibit pancreatic cancer cell survival. Methods: Four pancreas cancer cell lines were tested. Two of these (MiaPaCa2 and PL5) were found to be sensitive to VK1 and VK2 (IC50 values ≤150 µM). To address the mechanisms of this effect on cell survival, we performed cell cycle and apoptosis studies using VK2 (the more potent compound). Results: We found that VK induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in over 60% of cells in the sensitive lines at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) range. Further, this induction in apoptosis was antagonized by a caspase inhibitor. Accompanying apoptosis, a dose- and time-dependent induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation occurred when sensitive lines were treated with either VK1 or VK2 at inhibitory doses. Simultaneous co-treatment of cells with a MEK1 inhibitor and VK prevented both the induction of ERK phosphorylation and the apoptosis, showing that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway is central for VK-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusion: These data show that naturally-occurring, non-toxic K vitamins can inhibit the survival of some pancreatic cancer cell lines. These novel, safe and clinically-utilized agents initiate a caspase-dependent apoptosis via the MAP kinase pathway and could potentially benefit patients with pancreatic cancer either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy for treatment, or for prevention of recurrence of pancreas cancer post resection.
Functional imaging of the nonhuman primate Placenta with endogenous blood oxygen level–dependent contrast

Purpose To characterize spatial patterns of T2* in the placenta of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), to correlate these patterns with placental perfusion determined using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and to evaluate the potential for using the blood oxygen level-dependent effect to quantify placental perfusion without the use of exogenous contrast reagent. Methods MRI was performed on three pregnant rhesus macaques at gestational day 110. Multiecho spoiled gradient echo measurements were used to compute maps of T2*. Spatial maxima in these maps were compared with foci of early enhancement determined by DCE-MRI. Results Local maxima in T2* maps were strongly correlated with spiral arteries identified by DCE-MRI, with mean spatial separations ranging from 2.34 to 6.11 mm in the three animals studied. Spatial patterns of R2* ( = 1/ T2*) within individual placental lobules can be quantitatively analyzed using a simple model to estimate fetal arterial oxyhemoglobin concentration [Hbo,f] and a parameter viPS/Φ, reflecting oxygen transport to the fetus. Estimated mean values of [Hbo,f] ranged from 4.25 mM to 4.46 mM, whereas viPS/Φ ranged from 2.80 × 105 cm-3 to 1.61 × 106 cm-3 . Conclusions Maternal spiral arteries show strong spatial correlation with foci of extended T2* observed in the primate placenta. A simple model of oxygen transport accurately describes the spatial dependence of R2* within placental lobules and enables assessment of placental function and oxygenation without requiring administration of an exogenous contrast reagent. Magn Reson Med 76:1551-1562, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
From the Editor: An Introduction to the JSLHR Supplement on Implementation Science

Purpose The JSLHR Supplement on Implementation Science is aimed at providing discussion and examples of research in implementation science, the study of methods designed to promote the incorporatio...
Taxation and The Demise of the Rule Against Perpetuities

Long has there been a debate about the validity of the Rule Against Perpetuities, and whether it is time to extinguish the Rule in the United States. I argue that, yes, and put to rest any claims against a reintroduction of the Rule in the United States. I discuss deficiencies in previous – and current – approaches that sought to abolish the RAP in the United States, and the degree that these approaches can be purposefully adapted to achieve uniformity that is consistent with the equilibrium present in trust law. This article seeks to identify the progressive shift in trust law, and cautions against it shifting too far in favor of beneficial interests. I propose that States’ adopt a uniform abolishment of the Rule Against Perpetuities, and suggest a method to achieve this. While there appears to be limited difference in the introduction of the GST tax following 1986 from a fiscal perspective, the author identifies that there exist incentives for settlors, and requisite States if the proposal identified in this article is followed. Therein, this paper outlines the need to clarify beneficial entitlements under a Dynasty Trust, which is important on two accounts: (i) prevention of trust shopping; and (ii) highlighting the importance of establishing residency requirements under tax law to avoid triggering tax avoidance rules. Part I examines the balance that trust law strikes between implementing the settlor’s donative intent and protecting the interests of trust beneficiaries in the transferred property. Part II probes claims by the ALI, and concludes that trust law should not prevent a settlor from requiring trust assets to be invested in a fashion manifestly harmful to the interests of the trust’s beneficiaries. This, it is argued, is necessary to ensure a balance be maintained in trust law in the United States.
Foot and Ankle Injuries

With the increasing use of ground-based explosive devices in the modern, complex combat environment, penetrating and high-energy injuries to the lower extremities have become exceedingly common. These injuries often result either in the traumatic amputation of the distal portions of the lower limb or in severe, penetrating, or closed injury to the foot and ankle. Additionally, when structures collapse or large objects are displaced by blast injuries, crush injuries to the lower limb are common.
Ethical and Legal Considerations When Counselling Children and Families

There are numerous unique legal and ethical concerns that clinicians should consider when counselling children, adolescents, and their families. These, however, are not generally emphasised in most ethics courses in graduate training programs. While ethical codes vary among professional organisations (e.g., marriage and family therapy, counselling, social work, psychology), this article addresses many subjects that are common across disciplines, such as (1) informed consent, (2) types of confidentiality, exceptions, and reporting issues, (3) sharing information revealed to the practitioner to parents, and (4) subpoenas. Other important topics are the importance of counsellor competencies, multicultural considerations, and special topics including the use of touch and the role of the professional in divorce situations. Additionally, the role of computing and social media can enhance relationships for children, or be sources of stress or trauma. Lastly, laws, which typically supersede ethical codes often vary from state to state and nation to nation, and it is imperative that clinicians are cognisant of those in their jurisdiction.
Nociceptive neurons of the raccoon lateral thalamus

1. Responses to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli were examined in 48 thalamic neurons in barbiturate or chloralose-anesthetized raccoons, with special attention to neurons whose peripheral receptive fields (RFs) included glabrous skin of the forepaw. Recording loci were in the core of the ventrobasal complex (VB; n = 32), its ventral or dorsal border (n = 5), or the medial division of the posterior nuclear group (POm; n = 11). 2. Twenty-one VB neurons and 7 POm neurons were classed as wide dynamic range (WDR), whereas 2 VB neurons and 4 POm neurons were classed as nociceptive specific (NS). Response properties of 14 light touch (LT) neurons located in VB were also examined. 3. WDR and NS neurons were not segregated, but rather were intermixed along the ventral and dorsal borders of VB, as well as in POm, and WDR and LT neurons were intermixed in the core of VB. Within the VB core, both LT and WDR neurons were somatotopically organized. 4. All WDR neurons had larger high-threshold than low-threshold RFs, and this difference was greater for POm neurons than for VB neurons. RF areas of LT neurons and low-threshold RF areas of WDR neurons were comparable to those previously reported for raccoon VB units. 5. Out of 25 WDR cells tested, 20 had heat thresholds > 53 degrees C; the range of thresholds in the remaining 5 was 49-53 degrees C. Four out of five NS neurons tested had heat thresholds > 53 degrees C; the threshold of the fifth was 51 degrees C. Of the six neurons with heat thresholds 53 degrees C before injury to 47 degrees C after injury, and responses to suprathreshold stimuli were enhanced. There was a significantly greater likelihood (P = 0.02) for sensitization to occur in POm neurons (6/7) than in VB neurons (2/9). 7. It is suggested that a small proportion of neurons located in VB and POm contribute to the sensation of heat pain. Furthermore, sensitization of these neurons may contribute to heat hyperalgesia after an injury to glabrous skin.
Differentiation of Aedes Triseriatus and Ae. Hendersoni (Diptera: Culicidae) Based on the Surface Structure of the Egg Shell

Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes hendersoni Cockerell are the most common tree hole-breeding mosquitoes in the United States. Both Ae. triseriatus and Ae. hendersoni are found throughout the eastern United States, from Minnesota to Maine, and southward to central Texas and Florida; however, the range of Ae. hendersoni extends much further west, leaving only Arizona, California and Nevada outside its U.S. range (Zavortink, 1972, Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 8 : 1–206). Ae. hendersoni was once considered a variety of Ae. triseriatus , but Breland (1960, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53 : 600–06) proposed the elevation of Ae. hendersoni to specific rank based on morphological and chromosomal studies. When working with field populations of Ae. triseriatus in areas where Ae. hendersoni also may occur, caution must be taken to assure that the 2 species are distinguished. This is particularly important in studies concerned with mosquito-borne diseases. Ae. triseriatus is a known vector of the La Crosse strain of California encephalitis virus (Cramblett, Stegmiller & Spencer, 1966, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 198 : 108–12; Thompson & Inhorn, 1967, Wis. Med. J. 66 : 250–53; Masterson, Stegmiller, Parsons, Croft & Spencer, 1971, Health Lab. Sci. 8 : 89–96) and considered to be a potential vector of dog heartworm (Phillips, 1939, Am. J. Hyg. 29 : 121–29) and bird malaria (Huff, 1932, Am. J. Hyg. 15 : 751–54). The medical importance of Ae. hendersoni , however, is not yet known.
Use of epidemiology in medical specialties: an examination by citation analysis.

Abstract Epidemiologic methods have been applied unevenly among medical specialties. Identifying current uses and areas of potential research helps clarify and define the field. Using citation analysis of published data, the patterns of references to and by the American Journal of Epidemiology were examined for 1974-1982; 17,574 citations to and 15,872 citations by that Journal were classified according to the subject category of the referencing or referenced journal. Internal medicine and public health/epidemiology journals accounted for the largest proportion of all citations, followed by journals of immunology, cancer, microbiology, pediatrics, cardiovascular system, virology, tropical medicine, statistics, and obstetrics/gynecology. Few citations to or by the Journal were found in the allergy, anesthesiology, dermatology, geriatrics, hematology, nephrology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, radiology, rheumatology, and urology journals. Examination of citations between clinical and epidemiologic literature suggests that adequate interchange between clinicians and epidemiologists is occurring. Citation analysis results for the American Journal of Epidemiology were significantly correlated (p less than 0.05) with those from a MEDLINE search on epidemiologic methods used in research in 22 clinical specialties. Despite inherent limitations, citation analysis appears to be a useful tool for examining interactions and trends in epidemiology and for identifying fields which may be ripe for new epidemiologic studies.
An Experimental Study on the Resin Concrete from Coal Gangue as Aggregate with Uniform Design Method

Taking the coal gangue as aggregate,coal ash powder as filler,and epoxy resin as adhesive,the experimental study makes eleven samples,and tests their mechanical performance.It is conducted with uniform design method and given regression analysis by software.The experimental results show that the samples have enough strength for practical application and provide the optimum ratio of aggregate.
Clinical study on saccharomyces bouiardii on prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhe

Objective:To investigate the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea in infants of saccharomyces clinical study.Methods:51 cases suffering from bronchitis and pneumonia of infants hospitalized with randomly divided into the observation group 21 cases and control group 30 cases.In observation group since the beginning of the use of antibiotics on oral saccharomyces 125-250 mg every time,one or two times every day,infants in the control group only the use of antibiotics,diarrhea after two were combined with montmorillonite powder and fluid therapy.Compared two groups of children with antibiotic associated diarrhea incidence and duration of diarrhea.Results:The observation group with antibiotic associated diarrhea incidence was significantly lower than the control group,the comparison with statistical significance(P0.05).Duration of diarrhoea in observation group was significantly shorter than that in control group,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion:Saccharomyces is effective in the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea.
CALCULATING METHODS OF FRICTION LOSSES WITH TRANSIENT FLOW EM PIPE

The traditional quasi - steady friction model can not be accurately described the real transient problems in transient pipe flow. The conventional quasi - steady friction model and the historical approaches proposed for improving the numerical modeling of transient events was summarized in the paper. The solutions of the several unsteady friction models with the well - known method of characteristics were presented. The models were verified for turbulent flows and the unsteady friction models indicated better agreement between measured and computed pressure heads than the conventional quasi - steady friction model. And finally, the more accurate unsteady friction models were applied to simulate transient pipe flow in other pipelines such as crude oil and product oil pipelines.
Dissociation of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene insert from the tibial baseplate after total knee arthroplasty. A case report.

Dissociation of a modular tibial insert from the metal baseplate is a rare complication after total knee arthroplasty. Davis et al. reported two cases of dissociation of modular PCA components (Howmedica, Rutherford, New Jersey) and postulated that, during flexion of the knee, anterior lift-off of the insert from the metal baseplate occurred, resulting in failure of the insert-baseplate locking mechanism1. Hedlundh et al. reported a case of traumatic dissociation of the tibial component2. The following report of dissociation of a constrained condylar insert from the baseplate in a patient who had quadriceps insufficiency demonstrates that failure of the posterior locking mechanism occurred, leading to posterior lift-off. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Afifty-five-year-old woman had had recurrent patellar dislocation during childhood and had been treated with multiple surgical procedures, including bilateral patellectomy. At fifty years of age, the patient had undergone a left total knee arthroplasty after the development of bilateral tibiofemoral arthrosis. One year later, a spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon occurred and was treated with allograft tendon reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. Two years after the total knee arthroplasty and one year after the reconstruction of the extensor mechanism, the reconstruction failed and the patient underwent a revision total knee arthroplasty with use of a constrained condylar Insall-Burstein-II implant (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) and a 21-mm ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene insert that had been sterilized with inert-gas gamma irradiation. The extensor mechanism was reconstructed with a whole patellar tendon allograft. Postoperatively, the patient was able to walk …
VSG overcomes an early barrier to survival of African trypanosomes in tsetse flies

The widespread expansion of vector-borne diseases is a testament to their success. According to the World Health Organization, over half the global population is at risk for contracting a vector-borne disease, and over a million deaths are annually attributed to diseases transmitted by insects (1). An absence of preventative vaccines combined with the rising resistance to insecticides has led to a surge in efforts to develop alternate approaches toward vector control. One such approach is the interruption of pathogen transmission. Understanding the molecular basis of parasite–vector interactions can identify critical steps in pathogen development to be targeted for disruption. After millions of years adapting to their vectors, pathogens have evolved complex and innovative survival strategies aimed at overcoming host defenses. For example, both Leishmania parasites and Borrelia spirochetes use abundantly expressed surface proteins to specifically bind receptors on epithelial cells, promoting successful gut colonization (2, 3). Importantly, blocking these receptors effectively disrupts the establishment of Leishmania and Borrelia in their respective sand fly and tick vectors. Another attractive target for interruption of pathogen transmission is manipulation of the peritrophic matrix (PM). Synthesis of a PM is a common response to blood feeding and has been adopted by several disease vectors (4⇓⇓–7). This chitinous network of proteins acts as a protective barrier that isolates midgut epithelial cells from harmful substances and pathogens ingested with the blood. Upon completion of bloodmeal digestion, the PM is egested together with any remaining contents. To overcome this early barrier to development, some parasites—such as Plasmodium and Leishmania—secrete chitinases, facilitating their escape through the PM (8, 9). Additionally, Leishmania parasites take advantage of the vector sand fly chitinase to aid its escape (10). Relevantly, silencing the sand fly chitinase compromises Leishmania midgut development (11); additionally, inhibiting the activity of …
Penile Tourniquet Injury Due to A Coil of Hair

Penile strangulation caused by a coil of hair frequently is an unrecognized clinical entity with severe potential complications, such as urethrocutaneous fistulas, necrosis of the glans and partial or complete amputation of the glans. We report on a 7-year-old boy with a tourniquet injury to the penis secondary to a strand of hair.
Transcriptomic differences in intra-abdominal adipose tissue in extremely obese adolescents with different stages of NAFLD

Mechanisms responsible for progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to steatohepatitis (NASH) remain poorly defined. To examine the potential contribution of adipose tissue to NAFLD ...
Time-optimal simultaneous motion planning and manipulation of multiple nanowires under electric-fields in fluid suspension

We present an online time-optimal motion-planning and control algorithms for effectively steering multiple nanowires simultaneously in liquid suspension. The motion planner, called SRRT*, is an improved sparse-structure, Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT*)-based motion-planning algorithm. Comparing with the previous developed network-flow and RRT-based algorithms (two-stage algorithm), the SRRT* guarantees the asymptotically time-optimal trajectories of multiple nanowires. Moreover, the maximum number of nanowires that can be simultaneously controlled is not restricted. We present simulation and experimental results to demonstrate the minimum-time performance of the motion-planning and control design.