cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor network data fault detection with maximum a posteriori selection and bayesian modeling

Current sensor networks experience many faults that hamper the ability of scientists to draw significant inferences. We develop a method to systematically identify when these faults occur so that proper corrective action can be taken. We propose an adaptable modular framework that can utilize different modeling methods and approaches to identifying trustworthy sensors. We focus on using hierarchical Bayesian space-time (HBST) modeling to model the phenomenon of interest, and use maximum a posteriors selection to identify a set of trustworthy sensors. Compared to an analogous linear autoregressive system, we achieve excellent fault detection when the HBST model accurately represents the phenomenon.
Money-supply growth and the structure of interest rates in an overlapping-generations economy

Abstract The steady-state structure of interest rates is investigated for an overlapping-generations economy in which each consumer lives for three periods. Lending and borrowing rates of interest may differ; the differential is shown to be related to the term structure. In all cases but one, the growth rate of the money supply-and not the quantity of money-influences interest rates. A constant nominal money supply with zero interest rates is then Pareto optimal. In one case, however-that in which consumers lend, borrow, and hold money simultaneously-the quantity of money does influence interest rates. A growing money supply with positive interest rates can then be Pareto optimal, but only if the lending and borrowing rates are equal.
Role of T Cells in Malnutrition and Obesity

Nutritional status is critically important for immune cell function. While obesity is characterized by inflammation that promotes metabolic syndrome including cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance, malnutrition can result in immune cell defects and increased risk of mortality from infectious diseases. T cells play an important role in the immune adaptation to both obesity and malnutrition. T cells in obesity have been shown to have an early and critical role in inducing inflammation, accompanying the accumulation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue, which are known to promote insulin resistance. How T cells are recruited to adipose tissue and activated in obesity is a topic of considerable interest. Conversely, T cell number is decreased in malnourished individuals, and T cells in the setting of malnutrition have decreased effector function and proliferative capacity. The adipokine leptin, which is secreted in proportion to adipocyte mass, may have a key role in mediating adipocyte-T cell interactions in both obesity and malnutrition, and has been shown to promote effector T cell function and metabolism while inhibiting regulatory T cell proliferation. Additionally, key molecular signals are involved in T cell metabolic adaptation during nutrient stress; among them, the metabolic regulator AMP kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin have critical roles in regulating T cell number, function, and metabolism. In summary, understanding how T cell number and function are altered in obesity and malnutrition will lead to better understanding of and treatment for diseases where nutritional status determines clinical outcome.
Screening of advanced produced water treatment technologies: overview and testing results

Produced water (PW) is the highest volume liquid waste stream generated by the petroleum industry. Historically, the treatment of PW has been limited to free oil and suspended solids removal, using physical separation technologies, and injection in disposal wells. However, because of new regulations combined with geological restrictions and water scarcity, the drive to have greater fraction of the PW more extensively treated and ultimately reused is increasing. This paper presents the results of laboratory investigations carried out by the ConocoPhillips Global Water Sustainability Center, where various treatment processes (membrane processes, membrane bioreactors, membrane distillation and ozonation) were evaluated as treatment methods for PW from different oil & gas fields. The preliminary results of investigations performed confirmed the potential of Membrane Filtration, MBRs and Ozonation to treat PW and produce an effluent suitable for reuse. Membrane distillation may have potential in the longer term.
Are patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at increased risk for fibromyalgia

Widespread chronic pain, fatigue, and distress do not represent risk factors for future systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other autoimmune syndromes. On the other hand, SLE seems to be a significant risk factor for fibromyalgia (FM). Up to 47% of SLE patients fulfill FM criteria. SLE patients with concomitant FM are often highly symptomatic and dysfunctional. The presence of FM symptoms in SLE patients, however, does not predict more extensive organ involvement or lupus activity. The high concordance of SLE with FM suggests common mechanisms related to pain and distress in both patient groups. Recent research suggests involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and neurokinin receptor systems. Thus, autoimmune activity against these receptor systems in SLE patients could result in pain, cognitive defects, and chronic pain states including FM. Conversely, treatment of SLE-FM patients with inhibitors of NMDA or neurokinin receptors may prevent or alleviate cognitive abnormalities and chronic pain, as well as FM.
Self/Ideal Discrepancy and Fear of Death: The Test of an Existential Hypothesis.

The investigators reasoned, after Sartre, that death would be more threatening to individuals whose projected identities were radically incomplete, since it would finalize the meaning of their live...
Electronic and Lattice Modes of Graphite-CoCl 2

Reflectivity measurements on graphite-CoCl2 intercalation compounds between 0.06 eV and 2.0 eV for stages 3 and 5 show sharp Drude edges and superimposed interband structure. Stage 5 shows structure near 0.4 eV and 0.55 eV while stage 5 shows structure between 0.12 eV and 0.55 eV. The observed number of interband transitions is equal to the stage index which is consistent with a recently proposed kz-axis zone-folding model of the electronic energy bands. In addition to the electronic optical transitions, features associated with lattice vibrations are observed in the spectra. In particular, the graphite-like IR mode near 1580 cm−1 is clearly resolved in the intercalation compounds. A reflectivity minimum and splitting of this vibrational mode is observed for both stages 3 and 5 of graphite-CoCl2.
A research platform for multi-agent dialogue dynamics

Dialogue agents are often designed with the tacit assumption that at any time, there is only one agent and one human, and that their communication channel is exclusive. We are interested in evaluating complications that arise when multiple heterogeneous dialogue agents interact with one or more human interlocutors, and their communication channel is necessarily shared. In This work we describe a multi-agent dialogue test-bed that we have implemented to study such dialogue coordination issues. We also describe an initial pilot study that uses this test-bed to experiment with a very simple addressee disambiguation algorithm.
Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges

This study derives from and extends the discussions of a US DOE sponsored workshop held on 30 and 31 May, 2000 in Boulder, CO concerning issues and uncertainties related to long-term eddy covariance measurements of carbon and energy exchanges. The workshop was organized in response to concerns raised at the 1999 annual AmeriFlux meeting about the lack of uniformity among sites when making spectral corrections to eddy covariance flux estimates and when correcting the eddy covariance CO2 fluxes for lack of energy balance closure. Ultimately, this lack of uniformity makes cross-site comparisons and global synthesis difficult and uncertain. The workshop had two primary goals: first, to highlight issues involved in the accuracy of long-term eddy covariance flux records; and second, to identify research areas and actions of high priority for addressing these issues. Topics covered at the workshop include different methods for making spectral corrections, the influence of 3D effects such as drainage and advection, underestimation of eddy covariance fluxes due to inability to measure low frequency contributions, coordinate systems, and nighttime flux measurements. In addition, this study also covers some new and potentially important issues, not raised at the workshop, involving density terms to trace gas eddy covariance fluxes (Webb et al., 1980). Wherever possible, this paper synthesizes these discussions and make recommendations concerning methodologies and research priorities.
A public safety application of GPS-enabled smartphones and the android operating system

While the Apple iPhone single handedly redefined the term “smartphone” during its first two years of release, Google's Android platform for mobile devices has quickly developed into a serious open source alternative. We explored the Android Operating System (OS) and software development environment and evaluated several of its capabilities by constructing a working application. This application collected speed and location information from the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, used the Google Maps Application Programming Interface (API) to determine the location of nearby schools, and sounded an alarm if a person drove over the speed limit in a school zone. The platform proved capable of supporting a melding of different services, and we believe such smartphones have broad applicability to public safety problems.
Interactive optimization of 3D shape and 2D correspondence using multiple geometric constraints via POCS

The traditional approach of handling motion tracking and structure from motion (SFM) independently in successive steps exhibits inherent limitations in terms of achievable precision and incorporation of prior geometric constraints about the scene. This paper proposes a projections onto convex sets (POCS) framework for iterative refinement of the measurement matrix in the well-known factorization method to incorporate multiple geometric constraints about the scene, thereby improving the accuracy of both 2D feature point tracking and 3D structure estimates. Regularities in the scene, such as points on line and plane and parallel lines and planes, that can be interactively identified and marked at each POCS iteration, enforce rank and parallelism constraints on appropriately defined local measurement matrices, one for each constraint. The POCS framework allows for the integration of the information in each of these local measurement matrices into a single measurement matrix that is "closest" to the initial observed measurement matrix in Frobenius norm, which is then factored in the usual manner. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed interactive POCS framework consistently improves both 2D correspondences and 3D shape/motion estimates and similar results cannot be achieved by enforcing these constraints as either post or preprocessing.
Computing budget allocation for efficient ranking and selection of variances with application to target tracking algorithms

This paper addresses the problem of ranking and selection for stochastic processes, such as target tracking algorithms, where variance is the performance metric. Comparison of different tracking algorithms or parameter sets within one algorithm relies on time-consuming and computationally demanding simulations. We present a method to minimize simulation time, yet to achieve a desirable confidence of the obtained results by applying ordinal optimization and computing budget allocation ideas and techniques, while taking into account statistical properties of the variance. The developed method is applied to a general tracking problem of N/sub s/ sensors tracking T targets using a sequential multi-sensor data fusion tracking algorithm. The optimization consists of finding the order of processing sensor information that results in the smallest variance of the position error. Results that we obtained with high confidence levels and in reduced simulation times confirm the findings from our previous research (where we considered only two sensors) that processing the best available sensor the last performs the best, on average. The presented method can be applied to any ranking and selection problem where variance is the performance metric.
Field Properties in Surface Irrigation Management and Design

Field properties—topography, hydraulic resistance, and infiltration—play an important role in the performance of surface irrigation systems, and appropriate characterizations of these are required as data input to simulation or design software. The EWRI/ASCE Task Committee on Soil and Crop Hydraulic Properties has been charged with preparing a guide for practitioners faced with such data entry. The result is this special section of the Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering in which this paper is the first in the series presented. It describes the characteristics of these field properties and notes a series of caveats to be considered when dealing with them in the course of analyses or designs of surface irrigation systems.
Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants

Indirect effects, which occur when the impact of one species upon another requires the existence of an intermediary species, are apparently very common and may be of greater magnitude than direct effects. Behaviorally mediated indirect effects occur when one species affects the behavior of a second, which in turn affects how that species interacts with a third. I studied behaviorally mediated indirect effects on the mechanisms of competition in two congeneric fire ant species in the presence and absence of parasitoid phorid flies, which parasitized only one ant species. In observational and experimental field studies, the presence of native Texas phorid flies in the genus Pseudacteon decreased food retrieval by their host, Solenopsis geminata (F.), by as much as 50%. In the presence of phorid flies, many S. geminata workers assumed a stationary, curled defensive posture and did not forage. Although the phorid parasitoids had a relatively large effect on exploitative competition, there was no measurable effect on interference competition. Fierce interspecific aggression was observed between S. geminata and S. invicta Buren, and the presence of phorids had no effect on the outcome of these contests. The indirect effects of Pseudacteon parasitoids on Solenopsis fire ant resource retrieval appear to be larger than the direct effect of mortality. Some aspects of the foraging behavior of these Solenopsis species may be, in part, evolutionary adaptations to phorid parasitoid pressure. Because of the relatively large indirect effects, South American Pseudacteon phorids may be promising biocontrol agents of imported fire ants, S. invicta, in the USA. In a laboratory study, a single South American Pseudacteon female was able to significantly decrease food retrieval rates of a North American population of the imported fire ant, S. invicta.
The retention question in context-specific teacher education: Do beginning teachers and their program leaders see teachers' future career eye to eye

Abstract This paper discusses the challenge of retaining teachers in hard-to-staff schools by examining how it is addressed in three context specific teacher education programs, which prepare teachers to teach in urban public, urban Catholic, and Jewish Day Schools in U.S.A. The findings of this study suggest that counter to teaching force trends teachers from the three programs that we studied expressed high motivation to serve as teachers or leaders in their particular schools and communities. In particular, we found that teachers' career commitments developed around the religious or civic missions promoted by their respective programs. Finally, teachers' career perceptions seem to correlate, though not entirely match, with those of their program leaders.
Recent developments on immunotherapy for brain cancer

Introduction: Brain tumors are a unique class of cancers since they are anatomically shielded from normal immunosurveillance by the blood–brain barrier, lack a normal lymphatic drainage system and reside in a potently immunosuppressive environment. Of the primary brain cancers, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive in adults. Although treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the average lifespan of GBM patients remains at only 14.6 months post-diagnosis. Areas covered: A review of key cellular and molecular immune system mediators in the context of brain tumors including TGF-β, cytotoxic T cells, Tregs, CTLA-4, PD-1 and IDO is discussed. In addition, prognostic factors, currently utilized immunotherapeutic strategies, ongoing clinical trials and a discussion of new or potential immunotherapies for brain tumor patients are considered. Expert opinion: Current drugs that improve the quality of life and overall survival in patients with brain tumors, especially ...
Histological Characteristics of Turkey Meat Emulsions

Abstract THE study of poultry meat emulsions is in its infancy and much is to be learned. Becher (1965) defined emulsions as follows: “An emulsion is a heterogenous system, consisting of at least one immiscible liquid intimately dispersed in another in the form of droplets, whose diameters, in general, exceeds 0.1 micron. Such systems possess minimal stability, which may be accentuated by such additives as surface-active agents, finely-divided solids, etc.” Meat emulsions are oil in water emulsions with the disperse phase being droplets of oil and the continuous phase being water. Surface active agents are needed at the surface of the oil phase to stabilize the emulsion. Meat proteins at this oil-water interface appear to offer a means of emulsion stabilization. Reactive groups in the protein molecule at the interface serve to aid in emulsion stabilization. If we are to know more about the basic poultry meat emulsion, adequate histological techniques. . .
Biological Studies in Schizophrenia

The question of whether schizophrenia is associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the nervous system, or both, has become the principal focus of biological studies of schizophrenia. Computed tomography studies have revealed ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients. While present from the early stages of the illness, they appear to be most severe in patients with negative symptoms and poor outcome. Quantitative neuropathological studies have tentatively demonstrated decreased volume of specific brain areas, neuronal loss, and other changes in the limbic system, basal ganglia, and frontal cortex. Dopamine (DA) remains the neurotransmitter most likely to be involved in schizophrenia, although there is also evidence for disturbances of serotonin and norepinephrine. Post-mortem and positron emission tomographic studies suggest an increased number of D2 DA receptors in some schizophrenics. Neuroendocrine studies reinforce the role of DA in schizophrenics. Viral infections and autoimmune disturbances may be responsible for some types of schizophrenia, but there is no firm experimental evidence to support either hypothesis. The possibility that mixtures of structural abnormalities and functional changes involving DA occur in the same patients rather than independently as part of two syndromes (Type I, II) seems attractive. Future studies should identify subtypes of schizophrenia based on biological criteria and contribute to identification of specific genetic abnormalities which increase vulnerability to manifest the schizophrenic phenotype.
Military Tradition, the Human Costs of War and the 2008 Election

Opposition to the Iraq War is thought to have contributed to the election of Barack Obama in 2008. The present study shows that controlling for other factors, including the percentage of the vote g...
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR : I. THE SPECIFIC FIXATION BY TISSUES OF SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS.

Ground muscle from susceptible chickens fixes in vitro in a proportion of instances the agent of the filterable Chicken Tumor I, and in a lesser degree inactivates it, whereas the muscle from resistant animals such as rabbit and pigeon, is without effect. It is shown that the power of fixation of the chicken muscle is far greater than its inactivating properties. Brain and liver from chicken, rabbit and pigeon seem devoid of any action on the agent. The desiccated chicken muscle tissue shares the properties of the fresh organ; and the process of desiccation does not release the agent from the inactive or slightly active mixture of fresh muscle and filtrate.
Lesions of the Broad Ligament: A Review.

The differential diagnosis of lesions arising in the broad ligament is quite large. Many of these lesions can be clinically interpreted before surgery as adnexal or uterine neoplasms. Although some lesions are similar to those arising in other mullerian sites, there are unique lesions as well. The lesions are uncommon and may prove challenging to clinicians. The purpose was to review the scope of lesions affecting the broad ligament. A literature review was conducted. A Medline search was performed using the terms broad ligament, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium. A review of the scope of broad ligament lesions is presented to assist in developing a differential diagnosis if a patient with such a lesion is encountered.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Mammalian Cell Fusion

The fusion of one cell with another occurs in development, injury and disease. Despite the diversity of fusion events, five steps in sequence appear common. These steps include programming fusion-competent status, chemotaxis, membrane adhesion, membrane fusion, and post-fusion resetting. Recent advances in the field start to reveal the molecules involved in each step. This review focuses on some key molecules and cellular events of cell fusion in mammals. Increasing evidence demonstrates that membrane lipid rafts, adhesion proteins and actin rearrangement are critical in the final step of membrane fusion. Here we propose a new model for the formation and expansion of membrane fusion pores based on recent observations on myotube formation. In this model, membrane lipid rafts first recruit adhesion molecules and align with opposing membranes, with the help of a cortical actin "wall" as a rigid supportive platform. Second, the membrane adhesion proteins interact with each other and trigger actin rearrangement, which leads to rapid dispersion of lipid rafts and flow of a highly fluidic phospholipid bilayer into the site. Finally, the opposing phospholipid bilayers are then pushed into direct contact leading to the formation of fusion pores by the force generated through actin polymerization. The actin polymerization generated force also drives the expansion of the fusion pores. However, several key questions about the process of cell fusion still remain to be explored. The understanding of the mechanisms of cell fusion may provide new opportunities in correcting development disorders or regenerating damaged tissues by inhibiting or promoting molecular events associated with fusion.
The Importance of Learning About Knowing: Creating a Foundation for Development of Intellectual Values

— How does understanding of knowledge and knowing develop and why is it important? This article argues that it provides a critical foundation for the development of intellectual values, which in turn are central to educational outcomes. Because evidence indicates that this development does not routinely occur in the absence of specific efforts to support it, developmentalists need to join educators in seeking to identify the kinds of experiences that can best provide this support.
Context-free grammars, differential operators and formal power series

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the concepts of a formal function over an alphabet and a formal derivative based on a set of substitution rules. We call such a set of rules a context-free grammar because these rules act like a context-free grammar in the sense of a formal language. Given a context-free grammar, we can associate each formal function with an exponential formal power series. In this way, we obtain grammatical interpretations of addition, multiplication and functional composition of formal power series. A surprising fact about the grammatical calculus is that the composition of two formal power series enjoys a very simple grammatical representation. We apply this method to obtain simple demonstrations of Faa di Bruno's formula, and some identities concerning Bell polynomials, Stirling numbers and symmetric functions. In particular, the Lagrange inversion formula has a simple grammatical representation. From this point of view, one sees that Cayley's formula on labeled trees is equivalent to the Lagrange inversion formula.
Coherent interactions in pump-probe absorption measurements: the effect of phase gratings

We show that in order to describe completely the coherent coupling between the pump and probe pulses in a pump– probe measurement of transient absorption, the influence of induced phase gratings must be included. The importance of phase gratings is demonstrated experimentally for the case of a bleachable dye and analyzed in terms of transient four-wave mixing. These results are relevant to the interpretation of pump–probe measurements on all time scales performed with pulses from a single laser, particularly when the pulse duration is comparable with the material response time.
The renin-angiotensin system in the twenty-first century.

Renin was discovered more than a century ago as a pressor principle in renal extracts. Subsequent research has revealed the renin-angiotensin system to be fascinatingly complex biochemically, with intriguing phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects. In the human species alone there is now seen to be very diverse physiological and pathophysiological involvement, and hence important therapeutic implications. In the present relatively brief review we shall consider current understanding of the renin-angiotensin system, certain of the more notable recent developments in our knowledge thereof, and what is likely to comprise some important avenues of future investigation. For more detailed information, including an extensive bibliography, the reader is referred to a two-volume treatise on the subject [1], plus two recent detailed reviews [2, 3].
Weight suppression and risk of future increases in body mass: effects of suppressed resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure

Background: Weight suppression, which reflects the difference between the highest previous weight and current weight, has predicted future increases in body mass index (BMI) and bulimic pathology; however, the mechanisms underlying these predictive effects are unclear. Objective: The current study sought to test whether weight suppression predicts future increases in BMI and bulimic symptoms and whether suppressed resting metabolic rate (RMR) and suppressed total energy expenditure (TEE) drive these relations. Design: A randomly selected subsample of 91 young women in their first year of college with body image concerns completed an RMR assessment—a doubly labeled water assessment of TEE—and provided data on weight suppression and change in BMI and bulimic symptoms over a 6-mo follow-up period. Results: Weight suppression predicted future increases in BMI and correlated inversely with suppressed RMR and TEE, yet this predictive effect did not decrease when suppressed RMR and TEE were controlled for. Weight suppression, however, did not predict future increases in bulimic symptoms. Conclusions: The results provide additional evidence that weight suppression predicts future increases in BMI but not in bulimic symptoms. Weight suppression showed moderate relations with suppressed RMR and TEE, but these variables do not appear to drive the predictive effect on future increases in BMI. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00433680. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:7‐11.
Informed prefetching and caching

The underutilization of disk parallelism and file cache buffers by traditional file systems induces I/O stall time that degrades the performance of modern microprocessor-based systems. In this paper, we present aggressive mechanisms that tailor file system resource management to the needs of I/O-intensive applications. In particular, we show how to use application-disclosed access patterns (hints) to expose and exploit I/O parallelism and to allocate dynamically file buffers among three competing demands: prefetching hinted blocks, caching hinted blocks for reuse, and caching recently used data for unhinted accesses. Our approach estimates the impact of alternative buffer allocations on application execution time and applies a cost-benefit analysis to allocate buffers where they will have the greatest impact. We implemented informed prefetching and caching in DEC''s OSF/1 operating system and measured its performance on a 150 MHz Alpha equipped with 15 disks running a range of applications including text search, 3D scientific visualization, relational database queries, speech recognition, and computational chemistry. Informed prefetching reduces the execution time of the first four of these applications by 20% to 87%. Informed caching reduces the execution time of the fifth application by up to 30%.
Estimating a Reasonable Patient Panel Size for Primary Care Physicians With Team-Based Task Delegation

PURPOSE Primary care faces the dilemma of excessive patient panel sizes in an environment of a primary care physician shortage. We aimed to estimate primary care panel sizes under different models of task delegation to nonphysician members of the primary care team. METHODS We used published estimates of the time it takes for a primary care physician to provide preventive, chronic, and acute care for a panel of 2,500 patients, and modeled how panel sizes would change if portions of preventive and chronic care services were delegated to nonphysician team members. RESULTS Using 3 assumptions about the degree of task delegation that could be achieved (77%, 60%, and 50% of preventive care, and 47%, 30%, and 25% of chronic care), we estimated that a primary care team could reasonably care for a panel of 1,947, 1,523, or 1,387 patients. CONCLUSIONS If portions of preventive and chronic care services are delegated to nonphysician team members, primary care practices can provide recommended preventive and chronic care with panel sizes that are achievable with the available primary care workforce.
Automated Estimation of the Biophysical Target for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning using Multimodality Image Analysis

In radiotherapy treatment planning of cancer patients, the collection of multiple images of different and yet complementary information is rapidly becoming the norm. Beside CT data sets, PET and/or MRI or MRS images are also being used to aid in the definition of the target volume for treatment optimization. We are investigating methods to integrate available information for joint target registration and segmentation of multi-modality images as perceived by the human observer. Towards this goal, we are exploring multi-valued level set deformable models in conjunction with human perception models for simultaneous delineation of multi-modality images consisting of combinations of PET, CT, or MR datasets. Information from multimodality image sets is integrated based on a logical model to define the final target volume. The methods were demonstrated qualitatively on patient cases of lung cancer with PET/CT and a prostate patient case with CT and MR. We used a series of phantom data of CT, PET, and MR for quantification analysis. Phantom studies suggest 90% segmentation accuracy and less than 2% volume error when integrating all of the three modalities. This is compared with 74% accuracy and 4.4% volume error when using CT-based systems. These results indicate that this semi-automated multimodality-based definition of the biophysical target would provide a feasible and accurate framework for integrating complementary imaging information from different modalities and potentially a useful tool for optimizing of cancer patients radiotherapy plans.
Retropharyngeal abscess in a six-week-old child: an approach to management.

Retropharyngeal abscesses (RPAs) are extremely uncommon in very early infancy and have specific management challenges.
Input shaped control of a planar gantry crane with hoisting

The dynamic behavior of a planar gantry crane with hoisting of the load is investigated. The feedforward technique of input shaping is proposed for reduction of the residual vibration. Several versions of input shaping are evaluated and compared with time-optimal rigid-body commands over a wide range of parameters. Input shaping offers significant reduction in both, the residual and transient oscillation.
Synchronous Spikes Are More Effective (but Not for Long)

The efficacy of spiking synchrony in corticocortical communication is poorly understood. A new study (Zandvakili and Kohn, 2015) in this issue provides compelling evidence that synchrony in a source population is not efficacious beyond the input layers of the target population.
Corrections to a history of olefin metathesis

Many assertions in an article titled “The metathesis reactions: from a historical perspective to recent developments” by Didier Astruc (New J. Chem., 2005, 29, 42) are incorrect and misrepresent the history of the olefin metathesis reaction. Despite the availability of differing accounts, the errors in Astruc's article have not been recognized. I point to some of them here.
Status of the Control System on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)

In 2003, the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) plasma control system was used for plasma shape control using real-time equilibrium reconstruction (using the rtEFIT code). rtEFIT is now in routine use for plasma boundary control. More recently, the system has been upgraded to support feedback control of the resistive wall mode (RWM). This paper describes the hardware and software improvements that were made in support of these physics requirements. The control computer is an eight processor embedded system. The real-time data acquisition system now acquires 352 channels of data at 5 kHz for each NSTX plasma discharge. The latency for the data acquisition, which uses the Front Panel Data Port (FPDP) protocol, is measured to be ∼8 μs. A Stand-Alone Digitizer (SAD), designed at PPPL, along with an FPDP Input Multiplexing Module (FIMM) allows for simple modular upgrades. An interface module was built to interface between the FPDP output of the NSTX control system and the legacy Power Conversion Link (PCLink) used for communicating with the PPPL power supplies (first used for TFTR). Additionally a module has been built for communicating with the switching power amplifiers (SPA) recently installed on NSTX. In addition to the hardware developments, the control software on the NSTX control system has been upgraded. The device driver software for the hardware described above will be discussed, as well as the new control algorithms that have been developed to control the switching power supplies for RWM control. A reliable mode detection algorithm for RWM feedback is currently under development.
Quantitative General Theory for Periodic Breathing in Chronic Heart Failure and its Clinical Implications

Background—In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), periodic breathing (PB) predicts poor prognosis. Clinical studies have identified numerous risk factors for PB (which also includes Cheyne-S...
Polyandry in grain beetles, Tenebrio molitor, leads to greater reproductive success: material or genetic benefits?

Females that mate with more than one male may derive both material and genetic benefits, and differentiating between the two benefits is often difficult. We tested for both material and genetic effects associated with multiple mating in the highly promiscuous yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Females that mated four times to the same male laid more eggs and produced more larvae than females that mated only once. Whether copulations occurred on the same day or over several days, the result was an immediate increase in the production of eggs by females. Some females were kept on a restricted diet to test whether nutrients in the spermatophore disproportionately benefitted food-deprived females. Although females on poor diets produced fewer and smaller offspring, diet did not significantly affect the proportional benefit of mating treatment on female fecundity. By controlling for male mating history, we were able to separate the effects of mating with different males from the effects of receiving multiple spermatophores from the same male. Females that mated with four different males achieved substantial gains in numbers of eggs produced (32% increase) beyond those of females that mated an identical number of times with the same male. We found no evidence that males allocate fewer sperm to previous mates. Egg hatchability was unaffected by mating behavior, suggesting that genetic incompatibility at that stage is not responsible for the low reproductive success of females mated with a single male. These results suggest that females may delay or reduce oviposition or may be incapable of achieving maximal fecundity until they have gained the material and/or genetic benefits of mating with multiple males. Key words: beetles, ejaculate pheromones, genetic compatibility, polyandry, Tenebrio molitor. [Behav Ecol 12:761–767 (2001)]
Pivoting Between Identity Politics and Coalitional Relationships: Lesbian-Feminist Resistance to the Woman-Identified Woman

This essay employs a coalitional perspective to revisit the Radicalesbians’ 1970 manifesto, “The Woman Identified Woman,” and to examine the circulation of its constitutive rhetoric of woman-identification within lesbian-feminist activist communities during the 1970s. I argue that lesbian-feminists utilized a pivoting strategy, a horizontal mode of working the space between identities, to leverage coalitional relationships and the woman identified woman as resources to craft alternative identity constructions that resisted woman-identification, challenged interlocking oppressions, and increased lesbian visibility within those respective communities. This analysis centralizes dynamic movement relationships and loyalties to approach the established narrative about lesbian-feminists in women's liberation from a new perspective and reexamine the constitutive rhetoric of woman-identification. Revisiting lesbian-feminist rhetoric brings the voices from an important archive to bear on feminist and queer history ...
Implications of pension and other post retirement benefit (OPRB) recognition biases on leverage ratio components

Leverage ratios, the ratio of a firm’s debt to equity or assets, is a frequently used measure of firm risk, utilized by firms, analysts, and investors. However, pension and other post-retirement benefits (OPRB) are largely ignored in determining a firm’s total liabilities. Similarly, pension and OPRB assets are not accurately incorporated into a firm’s total assets listed on the balance sheets. This is largely due to intricacies in pension fund accounting under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 87 that can cause the true pension and OPRB liabilities and assets to be masked from the financial statements. I propose two new, innovative methods to correct for this bias by adjusting “Total Assets” and “Total Liabilities” to properly incorporate pension and OPRB data. As a result, I find that the measurement error between leverage ratios ignoring these elements and those including them is significant. I then apply the corrected values for total assets and total liabilities after incorporating pensions and OPRB to a bankruptcy prediction model, modeled after the Altman Z-score and ZetaTM models (1968, 1977, 2000). I find that, contrary to my original hypothesis, the modified variables do not increase the models’ explanatory power in predicting corporate distress over the original, unadjusted models.
Student Success and the Neoliberal Academic Library

Academic librarians are committed to promoting student success, and information literacy instruction plays a key role in this mission. But the definition of student success is narrowing as the university aligns itself more with neoliberal mandates. Librarians committed to social justice and to basic library values of openness, privacy, and intellectual freedom must increasingly resist this recasting of student success. How can a critical library praxis encourage and support students’ academic and career goals but still remain faithful to the struggle against the system of inequality and oppression that enables success? This article shows how closely linked the idea of success is today to neoliberal imperatives in higher education. It briefly traces the evolution of neoliberalism in higher education and describes and critiques the hallmarks of the neoliberal academic library. It suggests that within the current constraints imposed on them, students can both learn important skills and knowledge to advance themselves and also become better equipped to use those skills and knowledge to challenge and undermine that system and build a better world. Librarians can and must be facilitators of both kinds of success.
SERINE-ETHANOLAMINE-PHOSPHATE, TAURINE AND FREE AMINO ACIDS OF MUSCLE IN HEREDITARY MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY OF THE CHICKEN.

SummaryCarnosine and anserine were decreased in pectoral muscle of chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy, while levels of other free amino acids except hydroxyproline were increased. The increases in levels of taurine and serine-ethanolamine-phosphate (SEP) were more than 10-fold in adult dystrophic chickens. These two substances could be used as diagnostic signs of muscular dystrophy. In the 2-week-old dystrophic chicks SEP was preceded by an unknown compound which disappeared as SEP began to appear.
P2-S2.15 Typology of female sex workers and association with HIV risks: evidence from China

Background The fast growing heterosexual transmission of HIV in China has drawn global attention. Millions of female sex workers (FSW) play a critical role in the escalating epidemic. Existing studies on FSW in China have typically used venue, income or venue to categorise FSW and none developed a data-driven typology based FSW9s HIV risks. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered among 1022 FSW recruited from 60 different types of entertainment establishments or personal service sectors in southwest China. FSW9s HIV risk was measured by a composite score of 12 items on condom use, HIV testing, STD infection, drug abuse. We used multiple regression and graphics to illustrate the relationship between the HIV risk and key FSW characteristics including age, working venue, and income. Results Unlike previous studies that assumed a linear relationship between HIV risk and age or income, our data revealed that the relationships between HIV risk or income varied by venue. For example, older FSW in clubs or massage parlour reported lower level of HIV risks compared to their counterparts whereas older FSW in saner or KTV reported higher level of HIV risks; but age was not significantly associated with HIV risk for FSW working in hair salons or streets. Income was positively associated with HIV risks; however, the association reversed after the income reached 1500 ¥ ($225). None of the key variables such as age, income, or venue can predict HIV risks singularly; in addition, all three variables need to be integrated to devise the appropriate typology. Conclusion Our study suggests that it was too simplistic to categorise FSW HIV risks by a single indicator; the interactions between individual and environmental factors underscored the importance of multiple indicators for typology. Interventions to reduce HIV risks in FSW in China could be more focused and targeted those at highest risks.
Impact of Vessel and Absorbent on SF_6 Decomposition Product Detection Results

Absorbent can be applied to safeguard electrical equipment,while this application makes the faulty equipment detection results deviate from the verity value,as a consequence of which the measured value can not show the real condition of the faulty equipment.By imitating on-site faulty equipment,some experiments have been conducted to probe into the factors influencing SF6 decomposition product detection results,namely vessel material and absorbent properties,dosage and frequency.
Local Geometry of the Fermi Surface and High-Frequency Phenomena in Low-Dimensional Structures

The subject matter of the present chapter, to some extent, is related to that of the preceding chapters which contain the analysis of similar phenomena in conventional metals. However, it appears to be important to study the possible manifestations of the local geometry of the Fermi surface in different systems with a metallic-type conductivity. Most superconducting materials with large critical parameters created in the last two decades are layered structures with metallic-type conductivity. A characteristic feature of these materials is strong anisotropy of the conductivity in the nonsuperconducting state: the conductivity in the layer plane is much higher than in the direction normal to the layers. It is common to assume that anisotropy in electrical conductivity is a manifestation of the quasi two-dimensional nature of the energy spectrum of the charge carries in layered conductors. The Fermi surface of such conductors is a system of weakly rippled cylinders (isolated or connected by links) whose axes are perpendicular to the layers. The experimental data (see, e. g., [171]–[179]) support this assumption. However, study of the Fermi surfaces of layered conductors is far from completion. Many aspects of the profiles of periodically pinched cylinders have yet to be investigated. The local geometrical characteristics of the Fermi surface strongly affect the high-frequency properties of layered conductors, just as they do in ordinary metals. Here we study the effect of the local geometry of the Fermi surface on the skin effect in layered conductors. The exposure of the features of the skin effect, related to the specific geometrical characteristics of the Fermi surface, should create additional possibilities for reconstructing the Fermi surfaces of such materials from the experimental data.
The Digitized Archival Document Trustworthiness Scale

Designated communities are central to validation of preservation. If a designated community is able to understand and use information found within a digital repository, the assumption is that the information has been properly preserved. As judging the trustworthiness of information requires at least some level of understanding of that information, this paper presents results of a study aimed at developing a tool for measuring designated community members’ perceptions of trustworthiness for preserved information found within a digital repository. The study focuses on genealogists at the Washington State Digital Archives who routinely interact with digitized genealogical records, including digitized marriage, death, and birth records. Results of the study include construction of an original Digitized Archival Document Trustworthiness Scale (DADTS). DADTS is a ready-made tool for digital curators to use to measure the trustworthiness perceptions of their designated community members. Implications of this study include the feasibility of engaging members of a designated community in the construction of a scale for measuring trustworthiness perception, thereby providing deeper insight into the understandability and usability of preserved information by that designated community.