cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Briefing # 1: Cloud Computing | Location-Based Services | Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality

As described in the January–February issue of IT Professional, the 'Life in the C-Suite' column will examine emerging business technologies in 2019. We will assess the technologies against a due diligence framework that will enable us to gauge their contribution to current and new business models and processes. As promised, the discussions this year will be practical, organized as "executive briefings." The purpose of the year's focus is to communicate understanding and possibilities. This column will provide a framework for assessing emerging and disruptive technologies and a high-level methodology for selecting and piloting the technologies most likely to impact business models and processes. Briefing #1 covers Cloud Computing; Location-Based Services; and Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality. The authors review the business models and processes to which they might best be leveraged. They discuss how mature the technologies are and 'score' the technologies according to their business potential. They cover how to find a pilot sponsor and develop a pilot project plan with the sponsor.
Patient Recommendations to Improve the Implementation of and Engagement With Portals in Acute Care: Hospital-Based Qualitative Study.

Background: The inclusion of patient portals into electronic health records in the inpatient setting lags behind progress in the outpatient setting. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand patient perceptions of using a portal during an episode of acute care and explore patient-perceived barriers and facilitators to portal use during hospitalization. Methods: We utilized a mixed methods approach to explore patient experiences in using the portal during hospitalization. All patients received a tablet with a brief tutorial, pre- and postuse surveys, and completed in-person semistructured interviews. Qualitative data were coded using thematic analysis to iteratively develop 18 codes that were integrated into 3 themes framed as patient recommendations to hospitals to improve engagement with the portal during acute care. Themes from these qualitative data guided our approach to the analysis of quantitative data. Results: We enrolled 97 participants: 53 (53/97, 55%) women, 44 (44/97, 45%) nonwhite with an average age of 48 years (19-81 years), and the average length of hospitalization was 6.4 days. A total of 47 participants (47/97, 48%) had an active portal account, 59 participants (59/97, 61%) owned a smartphone, and 79 participants (79/97, 81%) accessed the internet daily. In total, 3 overarching themes emerged from the qualitative analysis of interviews with these patients during their hospital stay: (1) hospitals should provide both access to a device and bring-your-own-device platform to access the portal; (2) hospitals should provide an orientation both on how to use the device and how to use the portal; and (3) hospitals should ensure portal content is up to date and easy to understand. Conclusions: Patients independently and consistently identified basic needs for device and portal access, education, and usability. Hospitals should prioritize these areas to enable successful implementation of inpatient portals to promote greater patient engagement during acute care. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00102401; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01970852
Racial differences in overdose events and polydrug detection in Indianapolis, Indiana

Abstract Background We examine racial disparities in drug overdose death rates by analyzing trends in fatal and nonfatal overdose outcomes in a large metropolitan area (Indianapolis, Indiana). Methods Death certificate and toxicology records for accidental drug overdose deaths from 2011 to 2018 were linked with emergency medical services (EMS) data. Bivariate comparisons examined differences in toxicology findings at the time of death as well as prior EMS events both overall and by indicator of non-fatal overdose. Results From 2011–2018, 2204 residents (29.4 per 100,000) died of drug overdose, 18.6% were Black (N = 410, 19.5 per 100,000) and 78.5% White (N = 1730, 35.2 per 100,000). In the year prior to death, 33.5% (N = 656) of decedents had an EMS event, 12.1% (N = 237) had an overdose event, and 9.4% (N = 185) had naloxone administered. Overdose complaint and naloxone administration were more likely to occur among White than Black patients. White decedents were more likely than Black decedents to have had naloxone administered in the year prior to death (10.1% vs. 6.8%, χ2 = 4.0, p Conclusions Recent racial disparities in overdose deaths are driven by a combination of fentanyl and cocaine, which disproportionally impacts African American drug users, but may be addressed through expanded harm reduction and community outreach services. Additionally, there is a need to assess the role of differing practices in overdose emergency service provision as a contributing factor to disparities.
Serving those who serve: Psychotherapy with military clients

As in the Vietnam era, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are not the focus of the nightly news. Nevertheless, there are countless numbers of individuals enlisting, serving, deploying, redeploying, and leaving military branches every day. These individuals are underserved in many ways, especially after they end their formal relationship with their service. The purpose of this introduction is to describe the ongoing concerns and psychological problems of our military personnel and the efforts, described by the authors of papers in this issue, to address these concerns and problems.
Significance of distinct specifically enriched missense TP53 mutations in prostate cancer.

377Background: The most common TP53 alterations are missense mutations occurring in the DNA binding domain. The majority of missense p53 mutants (mut-p53) demonstrate oncogenic gain-of-function (GO...
Ischemia / Myocardial Infarction

Remodeling is a process by which tissues change their conformation and function in response to physiological stimuli and pathological insults. In myocardium, such stimuli include changes in hemodynamic state such as pressure and volume overload or damage to the heart such as ischemia and reperfusion. After myocardial infarction, the heart undergoes structural adaptations that ultimately alter left ventricular size and shape, a process generally referred to as ventricular remodeling. Ventricular remodeling sometimes, though not always, progresses to heart failure (Cohn et al 2000; Sutton and Sharpe 2000). Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed countries, and its most common cause is remodeling post-myocardial infarction (The SOLVD Investigators 1991; Weber 1997). Ischemic cardiomyopathy, the chronically failing heart due to coronary heart disease, is characterized by fibrosis both in the infarcted and also the noninfarcted myocardium, indicating that adverse cardiac remodeling occurs not only at the site of infarction, but also at the areas remote from the infarction (Beltrami et al 1994; Mann and Spinale 1998; Sutton and Sharpe 2000; Weber 1997). Since ventricular remodeling is a reliable predictor for long term adverse events (Cohn and Rector 1988; The SOLVD Investigators 1991; White et al 1987), it is a primary target for the prevention of heart failure after myocardial infarction, and elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for cardiac remodeling is essential to designing new cardioprotective strategies.
The Wiener-Hermite expansion applied to decaying isotropic turbulence using a renormalized time-dependent base

The problem of decaying isotropic turbulence has been studied using a Wiener-Hermite expansion with a renormalized time-dependent base. The theory is largely deductive and uses no modeling approximations. It has been found that many properties of large-Reynolds-number turbulence can be calculated (at least for moderate time) using the moving-base expansion alone. Such properties found are the spectrum shape in the dissipation range, the Kolmogorov constant, and the energy cascade in the inertial subrange. Furthermore, by using a renormalization scheme, it is possible to extend the calculation to larger times and to initial conditions significantly different from the equilibrium form. If the initial spectrum is the Kolmogorov spectrum perturbed with a spike or dip in the inertial subrange, the process proceeds to eliminate the perturbation and relax to the preferred spectrum shape. The turbulence decays with the proper dissipation rate, and several other properties are found to agree with measured data. The theory is also used to calculate the energy transfer and the flatness factor of turbulence.
Targeting the Root Cause of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA with a New scAAV9 Gene Replacement Vector.

No treatment is available to address the unmet needs of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA patients. Targeting the root cause, we developed a new self-complementary adeno-associated virus 9 (scAAV9) vector to deliver the human N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (hSGSH) gene driven by a miniature cytomegalovirus (mCMV) promoter. In pre-clinical studies, the vector was tested at varying doses by a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion into MPS IIIA mice at different ages. The vector treatments resulted in rapid and long-term expression of functional recombinant SGSH (rSGSH) enzyme and elimination of lysosomal storage pathology throughout the CNS and periphery in all tested animals. Importantly, MPS IIIA mice treated with the vector at up to 6 months of age showed significantly improved behavior performance in a hidden task in the Morris water maze, as well as extended lifespan, with most of the animals surviving within the normal range, indicating that the vector treatment can prevent and reverse MPS IIIA disease progression. Notably, 2.5 × 1012 vector genomes (vg)/kg was functionally effective. Furthermore, the vector treatment did not lead to detectable systemic toxicity or adverse events in MPS IIIA mice. These data demonstrate the development of a safe and effective new gene therapy product for treating MPS IIIA, which further support the extended clinical relevance of platform recombinant AAV9 (rAAV9 gene delivery for treating broad neurogenetic diseases.
Application of double plasma molecular adsorption system in children with acute liver failure

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of double plasma molecular absorption system (DPMAS) in the treatment of pediatric acute liver failure (PALF). Methods A prospective analysis was performed on the medical data of children with PALF who were hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Hunan Children's Hospital, from March 2018 to June 2020. The children were randomly divided into two groups:plasma exchange group (PE group) and DPMAS group (n=18 each). The two groups were compared in terms of clinical indices after treatment, laboratory markers before and after treatment, and adverse events after treatment. Results Compared with the PE group, the DPMAS group had a significantly lower number of times of artificial liver support therapy and a significantly shorter duration of ICU stay (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in laboratory markers between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, both groups had reductions in the levels of total bilirubin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the DPMAS group had significantly greater reductions than the PE group (P 0.05). The PE group had a significant increase in albumin, while the DPMAS group had a significant reduction in albumin (P 0.05). Conclusions DPMAS is safe and effective in the treatment of PALF and can thus be used as an alternative to artificial liver support therapy.
Febrile Neutropenia Syndromes in Children: Risk Factors and Outcomes of Primary, Prolonged, and Recurrent Fever.

BACKGROUND The approach to recurrent febrile neutropenia (FN) in children with cancer has not been sufficiently addressed and was cited as a research gap in the International Pediatric Fever and Neutropenia (IPFNP) Guideline 2017. METHODS Retrospective medical record review for all pediatric cancer patients with a diagnosis of FN was performed. Variables were collected at 2 different time sets (at day 1 and day 4 of presentation). Three FN syndromes have been defined based on the duration and time course of the fever: (1) primary: fever resolved before 96 hours and did not follow with recurrent fever; (2) prolonged fever: episodes failing to defervesce after at least 96 hours of antibacterial therapy; (3) recurrent fever: a new episode of fever >72 hours after resolution of the initial fever when a patient remained neutropenic and on antibiotics or if a fever developed within 1 week after antibiotic discontinuation. These entities were compared with define risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with recurrent fever. RESULTS A total of 633 FN episodes (FNEs) were identified in 268 patients. Each FNE was classified as primary (n=453, 71.5%), prolonged (n=119, 18.7%), or recurrent (n=61, 9.7%). In multivariable analysis, acute myelogenous leukemia (odds ratio [OR]=4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.95-7.24), allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) (OR=4.9, 95% CI: 2.61-7.35), absolute lymphocyte count <300/mm3 (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.30-5.02), prior neutropenia of ≥10 days, (OR=3.95, 95% CI: 1.70-5.93) and hypotension (OR=3.65, 95% CI: 1.30-5.86) on day 1 of presentation were all associated with an increased risk of recurrent fever when compared with primary fever. In subset analysis for only the high-risk FN group, hypotension (OR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.80-4.96), prior neutropenia ≥10 days (OR=2.55, 95% CI: 1.40-6.22), and absolute lymphocyte count <300/mm3 at presentation (OR=2.6, P=0.03, 95% CI: 2.65-7.12) were associated with an increased risk of recurrent fever when compared with high-risk FN not developing recurrent fever. Allogeneic SCT (OR=5.9, 95% CI: 2.65-7.12) and prior neutropenia ≥10 days (OR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.25-9.32) were significantly associated with recurrent fever when compared with prolonged fever. Invasive fungal disease was a more common etiology with recurrent fever compared with primary and prolonged fever (P=0.001 and 0.01, respectively). Recurrent fever episodes were more likely to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (OR=3, 95% CI: 1.27-6.23) and had a higher 30-day mortality (OR=8, 95% CI: 1.87-71.85) when compared with primary fever. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of risk factors for recurrent fever may enable the early detection infection-related complications of this high-risk group, and possible improved approaches to treatment resulting in decreased morbidity and mortality.
Li-ion Battery Health Estimation Using Ultrasonic Guided Wave Data and an Extended Kalman Filter

State estimation for Li-ion batteries is difficult due to the limited number of measurement parameters available: voltage and current. Furthermore, thus far, there is not a physical model to accurately and directly link the measurement parameters to the two battery states we would like to estimate, state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH). Several approximate models such as the equivalent circuit model and single-particle model have been developed to correlate SoC with the measurable parameters, but no such model exists for correlating SoH. Ultrasonic guided waves have been used in many nondestructive testing and evaluation applications. This work uses ultrasonic guided wave features to detect battery degradation and thereby measure battery SoH, introducing the opportunity to make online SoH estimation feasible. A novel set of state estimation parameters and transition equations is proposed and used with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to compare with results from using only current and voltage measurements.
Detention After the AUMF

On his second full day in office, President Obama issued an executive order expressing both his desire and his plan to close the detention facility at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.1 Well over five years later, Guantanamo remains open—with a population that has slowly ebbed to 154 noncitizens2—“a continuing symbol not just of one of the United States’ more controversial post–September 11 counterterrorism initiatives, but of one of the Obama Administration’s more disheartening policy failures.”3 Closing Guantanamo has proven difficult for a host of reasons. For starters, returning those detainees who have been cleared for release to their home countries has been far more difficult than the Obama Administration initially anticipated, due to a combination of (1) diplomatic resistance on the part of those countries to which the detainees would be sent;4 and (2) onerous restrictions on detainee transfers imposed by Congress in a series of appropriations bills beginning in 2011.5 Even though the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (NDAA) largely relaxed the foreign transfer restrictions,6 that development has increased the pace of transfers out of Guantanamo only marginally7—and, as significantly, did
Providing context and interpretability to genetic association analysis results using the KGraph.

Abstract The KGraph is a data visualization system that has been developed to display the complex relationships between the univariate and bivariate associations among an outcome of interest, a set of covariates, and a set of genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It allows for easy simultaneous viewing and interpretation of genetic associations, correlations among covariates and SNPs, and information about the replication and cross-validation of these associations. The KGraph allows the user to more easily investigate multicollinearity and confounding through visualization of the multidimensional correlation structure underlying genetic associations. It emphasizes gene–environment interactions, gene–gene interactions, and correlations, all important components of the complex genetic architecture of most human traits. The KGraph was designed for use in gene-centric studies, but can be integrated into association analysis workflows as well. The software is available at http://www.epidkardia.sph.umich.edu/software/kgrapher
The effects of a myasthenic serum on the acetylcholine receptors of C2 myotubes. II. Functional inactivation of the receptor

We have investigated the effect of antibodies from a myasthenic serum on the physiological properties of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in myotubes of a mouse muscle cell line, C2. The antibodies in this serum blocked the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the myotubes to an extent of about 50%. The antibodies also inhibited the increase in 22Na influx caused by carbamylcholine (CARB). At a concentration of antibody that blocked about 50% of toxin binding, greater than 80% of the AChR- mediated 22Na influx was blocked. The apparent KD for CARB, estimated from the dose-response curve for 22Na influx, was unaffected. The effect of the antibodies was further examined by patch-clamp recording. In greater than 30% of the patches from antibody-treated cells, no channel activity in response to acetylcholine was seen; in contrast, every patch from control cells showed activity. The channels that were seen after antibody treatment were indistinguishable from those seen in normal cells, both in their single-channel conductance and in the kinetic constants used to describe channel opening and closing. We conclude that the antibodies in this serum inhibit the functional response of AChRs in C2 myotubes to acetylcholine and do so by inactivating individual receptors.
Model categories and their localizations

Localization of model category structures: Summary of part 1 Local spaces and localization The localization model category for spaces Localization of model categories Existence of left Bousfield localizations Existence of right Bousfield localizations Fiberwise localization Homotopy theory in model categories: Summary of part 2 Model categories Fibrant and cofibrant approximations Simplicial model categories Ordinals, cardinals, and transfinite composition Cofibrantly generated model categories Cellular model categories Proper model categories The classifying space of a small category The Reedy model category structure Cosimplicial and simplicial resolutions Homotopy function complexes Homotopy limits in simplicial model categories Homotopy limits in general model categories Index Bibliography.
Climate anomalies generate an exceptional dinoflagellate bloom in San Francisco Bay

[1] We describe a large dinoflagellate bloom, unprecedented in nearly three decades of observation, that developed in San Francisco Bay (SFB) during September 2004. SFB is highly enriched in nutrients but has low summer-autumn algal biomass because wind stress and tidally induced bottom stress produce a well mixed and light-limited pelagic habitat. The bloom coincided with calm winds and record high air temperatures that stratified the water column and suppressed mixing long enough for motile dinoflagellates to grow and accumulate in surface waters. This event-scale climate pattern, produced by an upper-atmosphere high-pressure anomaly off the U.S. west coast, followed a summer of weak coastal upwelling and high dinoflagellate biomass in coastal waters that apparently seeded the SFB bloom. This event suggests that some red tides are responses to changes in local physical dynamics that are driven by large-scale atmospheric processes and operate over both the event scale of biomass growth and the antecedent seasonal scale that shapes the bloom community.
Understanding the lone wolf terror phenomena: assessing current profiles

Since September 11, 2001, various Western democracies have reformed and strengthened their national security apparatuses by introducing new organizational structures and policies to curb incidence of terrorism by violent extremist organizations. These changes have catalyzed several prominent intelligence communities into formidable challengers against large-scale centralized acts of terrorism. These successes, however, are being overshadowed by the emerging threat of lone wolf terrorism. Many scholars and policy-makers have attempted to create typologies of lone wolf terrorists by identifying behaviors akin to some type of radicalization processes. Although these potential categorizations have effectively provided reactive analysis, their research and policy prescriptions have been problematic and failed to provide proactive solutions or recommendations for law enforcement and the intelligence community. In this paper, we examine the literature on lone wolf phenomena. We then attempt to fill a gap in the ...
Dietary Selenium and Arsenic Affect DNA Methylation In Vitro in Caco-2 Cells and In Vivo in Rat Liver and Colon

Selenium is an essential trace element for human health, and it has received considerable attention for its possible role as an anticarcinogenic agent. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether changes in the amount and the chemical form of selenium would affect DNA methylation and whether this effect would be modified by arsenic. Caco-2 cells, a human colon cancer cell line, were exposed to 0, 1 or 2 micromol supplemental selenite/L and 0, 1 or 2 micromol supplemental arsenite/L for 7 d. DNA isolated from Caco-2 cells not treated with selenite was significantly (P: < 0. 0001) hypomethylated compared with that from cells treated with 1 or 2 micromol selenite/L. DNA isolated from Caco-2 cells not treated with arsenite was significantly (P: < 0.0001) hypomethylated compared with DNA isolated from cells treated with 1 or 2 micromol arsenite/L. In addition, methylation of the p53 promoter region of Caco-2 cells decreased when cells were cultured in the absence of selenite and in the absence of arsenite. Sixty weanling male Fischer 344 rats were fed a torula yeast-based diet supplemented with 0, 0.1 or 2 mg selenium/kg diet as either selenite or selenomethionine in the presence or absence of 5 mg arsenic/kg diet as arsenite for 6 wk. Similar to the results with Caco-2 cells, rats fed selenium-deficient diets had significantly (P: < 0.0001) hypomethylated liver and colon DNA compared with rats fed 0.1 or 2.0 microg selenium/g diets as either selenite or selenomethionine. Thus, alterations in DNA methylation may be a potential mechanism, whereby deficient dietary selenium increases liver and colon tumorigenesis.
Nonlinear high-field conductivity in Nb2O5 thin films

Abstract The conduction mechanism in thin amorphous films of Nb2O5 with Nb counterelectrodes has been investigated for undoped films and for films doped with Nb by a low energy implantation-diffusion process occurring during sputtering of the Nb counterelectrodes. For films with evaporated electrodes, the conductance G versus the applied voltage V showed three regions: (a) an ohmic region at low fields up to a field E1 = 1.33 × 105 V/cm; (b) a nonlinear dependence of the form I∝Vm, where m = 3.8, at intermediate fields; and (c) for fields E>1.2×106 V/cm an exponential dependence of G on V corresponding to the Poole-Frenkel field-assisted emission mechanism. Films with sputtered Nb electrodes exhibited ohmic regions up to a field E1 = 4×104 V/cm (where E1 decreases with increasing sputtering voltage), a relation G ∞ V4 at intermediate fields up to E = 8.3 × 104 V/cm, and then an exponential dependence of G and V corresponding to the Poole-type emission mechanism. The conductance and capacitance increased in films with sputtered Nb electrodes and were found to increase, while the thermal activation energy decreased, with increasing sputtering voltage. The above results indicate an increase of coulombic donor sites in Nb2O5 films as a consequence of the Nb implantation-diffusion process.
The helical repeat of double-stranded DNA varies as a function of catenation and supercoiling

DNA in the cell is intertwined at several levels: one polynucleotide strand wraps helically around its complement and the double helix is in turn coiled in space. The higher-order intertwining most often takes the form of supercoiling of the helix axis1, but can also be observed as the wrapping of one DNA duplex around another, as in catenation2,3. We have investigated the relationship between intertwining at these three levels, the double helix, supercoiling, and catenation, using an approach that relies on comparative measurements of DNA linking numbers by gel electrophoresis. The method determines both the handedness of DNA catenanes and the change in helical repeat that accompanies catenation-induced supercoiling. For multiply-linked catenated rings of 3.5 kilobase pairs (kb), we conclude that the double helix unwinds by two-thirds of a turn for every right-handed supercoil involved in linking the two circles. Altering the geometry of the catenanes by linking rings of dissimilar size changes the effect of catenation on helical and superhelical parameters. Our experiments used intact DNA rings, but we note that linear DNA molecules, by virtue of their subdivision into closed loops or domains in vivo, can intertwine in the same ways4.
Specificity of sugar transport in Trypanosoma gambiense.

SYNOPSIS Some carbohydrates inhibited glucose and fructose transport in Trypanosoma gambiense. Glucose transport was inhibited by glycerol, mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Fructose transport was inhibited by glucose, glycerol, mannose, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Glucosamine transport appeared to be a mediated process and had a Km of 1.20 mM and a Vmax of 28.5 μM glucosamine/g dry wt/2 min. Glucosamine absorption was competitively inhibited by glucose, fructose and N-acetylglycosamine. N-Acetylglucosamine appeared to enter by passive diffusion. Reciprocal inhibition experiments suggested that glucosamine entered entirely via the “fructose site.” Specificity of sugar transport in T. gambiense differs from that of other organisms.
Standardized Disk Diffusion Method for Yeasts

Worldwide, the most commonly used technique for antibacterial susceptibility testing is the disk diffusion test. However, disk diffusion testing of antifungal agents has been slow to develop despite the fact that early studies with fluconazole disks showed promise for testing Candida spp. To make antifungal susceptibility testing more readily available to clinical microbiology laboratories, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS) has proposed a standardized disk diffusion method for susceptibility testing of Candida spp. Although the Subcommittee has established quality control disk parameters for fluconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, zone interpretive criteria (breakpoints) are only available for fluconazole and voriconazole. Therefore, the clinical relevance for any other (than fluconazole and voriconazole) drug-organism combinations is uncertain. The design of the disk diffusion method for Candida spp. is similar to that for bacteria using the same medium (Mueller-Hinton agar), but supplemented with glucose and methylene blue dye. Other specific testing guidelines are summarized below. A commercial method, similar to the CLSI M44-A method, that uses a 9-mm tablet instead of the 6-mm disk is also available in Europe.
Modularizing in glossaries: an experience report

Authors working in an industry environment see the advance of technology daily. This constant change in technology is evident in the adoption of new tools and the change of the authoring process. Part of the new experience is the adoption of modular creation of glossaries used in extended documentation sets. This task, the modularization of glossaries, is the subject of this paper, based on my experience in creating glossaries for a documentation set of about 50 documents.
The Role and Ethics of Community Building for Consumer Products and Services

Abstract Kruckeberg and Starck (1988) argue that public relations is the active attempt to restore and maintain the sense of community that has been lost in contemporary society. Many manufacturers and service providers seek “communities” of consumers. However, what is the social ethic of such consumer communities? Do they provide an authentic “sense of community” as advocated by Kruckeberg and Starck? This article examines these and related questions and offers suggestions regarding the creation and maintenance of consumer “communities.” Consumer communities-when appropriately formed and nurtured-can have impact on individuals and society at large that are best considered from a public relations, not marketing, viewpoint.
Nekton Communities in Hawaiian Coastal Wetlands: The Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Fish Species

Nekton communities were sampled from 38 Hawaiian coastal wetlands from 2007 to 2009 using lift nets, seines, and throw nets in an attempt to increase our understanding of the nekton assemblages that utilize these poorly studied ecosystems. Nekton were dominated by exotic species, primarily poeciliids (Gambusia affinis, Poecilia spp.) and tilapia. These fish were present in 50–85% of wetlands sampled; densities were up to 15 times greater than native species. High densities of exotic fish were generally found in isolated wetlands with no connection to the ocean, were often the only nekton present, were positively correlated with surface water total dissolved nitrogen, and were negatively correlated with native species richness. Native species were present in wetlands with complete or partial connection to the ocean. Additional studies are needed to document exotic fish impacts on native fish and bird habitat and whether native fish communities can contribute to invasion resistance of coastal wetlands. Future wetland restoration should include exotic fish eradication, maintenance of hydrological connection to the ocean, or programs to prevent future introductions in order to create wetlands that support native-dominated nekton communities.
A new method for the postsynthetic generation of abasic sites in oligomeric DNA.

The abasic site is the most common lesion in DNA and is thought to play a critical role in mutagenesis. However, a general chemical method for the site-specific generation of true abasic sites in oligodeoxynucleotides has been lacking. We now describe a procedure which permits the postsynthetic generation of abasic sites in single- or double-stranded DNA oligomers without regard to their base composition. An appropriately protected 3-deoxyhexitol was synthesized and used as the monomer that was incorporated into DNA oligomers using the standard phosphoramidite method for automated DNA synthesis. The resulting stable diol-containing oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC and converted quantitatively into the corresponding abasic DNA sequences by mild periodate oxidation. The abasic site in DNA was found to be relatively stable at room temperature, but was completely cleaved when treated with putrescine at 95 °C. Identification of the major degradation products was accomplished by gel electrophoresis, HPLC ...
A deterministic annealing neural network for convex programming

Abstract A recurrent neural network, called a deterministic annealing neural network, is proposed for solving convex programming problems. The proposed deterministic annealing neural network is shown to be capable of generating optimal solutions to convex programming problems. The conditions for asymptotic stability, solution feasibility, and solution optimality are derived. The design methodology for determining design parameters is discussed. Three detailed illustrative examples are also presented to demonstrate the functional and operational characteristics of the deterministic annealing neural network in solving linear and quadratic programs.
Promoting Music Library Resources—With Mixed Results

This article reports the results of efforts to promote music library resources. Selected new books and CD recordings were promoted using a service desk display. Circulation statistics for those items were compared with other new items that were not promoted. The display proved to be very effective. Two literature databases and two audio databases also were promoted using multiple methods. Usage statistics from the promotion period were then compared with those for the previous two academic years. A slight increase in use was observed for one database, while overall usage declined for the other three.
Tetrasomy of chromosome 8: An interesting and rare cytogenetic phenomenon in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Trisomy of chromosome #8 is a change commonly associated with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). However, tetrasomy of chromosome #8 in ANLL as a single chromosome change without accompanying abnormalities is extremely rare and, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported to date. We present here a case of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, FAB M5b) with four copies of chromosome #8.
Genetic control of population structure in heterogeneous strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Cultures of heterogeneous strains of methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus are composed of several subpopulations of cells that differ in their level of antibiotic resistance and frequencies. Experimental evidence is presented indicating that the number of these subpopulations, their resistance level and the frequency with which they are represented in a culture are strain-specific and reproducible with a surprising degree of precision from one culture to another. This implies a genetic control of population structure in these bacteria.
The Mechanism of Hypercortisolemia in the Squirrel Monkey

The squirrel monkey, a New World primate, has plasma cortisol levels roughly 12 times those in Old World primates, such as the cynomolgus monkey, and man. Two mechanisms are possible to maintain this high plasma cortisol level: an increased cortisol production rate (PR) and a decreased cortisol MCR. The cortisol MCR in the squirrel monkey is half that in the cynomolgus monkey [65 ± 3 vs. 123 ± 3 liters/M2- day (mean ± SE), respectively; P < 0.001]. The cortisol PR, however, is 6 times higher in the squirrel monkey than in the cynomolgus monkey (199 ± 21 vs. 32 ± 6 mg/M2• day; P< 0.001). The mild adrenal gland enlargement of the squirrel monkey (320 ± 22 us. 197 ± 10 mg adrenal/kg BW in the cynomolgus monkey; P < 0.001) does not appear to account entirely for the 6-fold increase in the cortisol PR. These findings suggest an increased cortisol biosynthetic efficiency in the squirrel monkey. This was examined by measuring the activity of four adrenal microsomal enzymes. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomer...
Immune stimulation of hepatic fibrogenesis by CD8 cells and attenuation by transgenic interleukin-10 from hepatocytes

Backgrounds & Aims: Immunomodulatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), may mediate hepatic fibrosis. Methods: We generated transgenic (TG) mice with hepatocyte expression of rat IL-10 (rIL-10) to assess its impact on lymphocyte subsets and activation of hepatic stellate cells following liver injury from carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) or thioacetamide (TAA). Results: Fibrosis was reduced in the TG animals in both models, which was not explained solely by differences in liver injury. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), there were less CD4+ T cells in naive TG mice, and, following fibrosis induction, CD4+ T cells decreased only in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas increases in CD8+ T cells seen in WT animals were significantly attenuated in TG mice. Subtotal irradiation diminished fibrosis equally in both WT and TG groups, suggesting that rIL-10's antifibrotic effect was lymphocyte mediated. To assess the role of lymphocytes on stellate cell activation, either whole splenic lymphocytes, CD4+, or CD8+ T-cell subsets from WT animals with CCl 4 fibrosis were adoptively transferred to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) recipients, which led to stellate cell activation and fibrogenic stimulation as assessed by expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and collagen I messenger RNA (mRNA) and by immunoblot of α-smooth muscle actin. Moreover, serum aminotransferase levels and stellate cell activation mRNA were significantly higher among the CD8+ T-cell recipients. Conclusions: Transgenic expression of rIL-10 in liver leads to reduced fibrosis and alterations in liver lymphocyte subsets both in untreated liver and following fibrosis induction. In this model, fibrosis may be a CD8+ T-cell-mediated disease that is attenuated by rIL-10.
Modeling Consumers’ Choices of Multiple Items:

Contemporary choice models focus on choice opportunities in which consumers purchase a quantity of a single item in a product category. However, failing to recognize the possibility of assortments ...
The effects of mass media on crime prevention awareness, attitudes, and behavior: The case of crime stoppers

Research has been limited on the effects of mass media in increasing awareness of and participation in crime prevention programs. Mass media campaigns have been criticized as ineffective because they are neither informative nor motivating. Crime Stoppers is a program that appears responsive to these criticisms. The program involves dramatic reenactment of unsolved crimes and promises monetary rewards and anonymity for persons with information leading to the arrest or conviction of criminals. The present research examines the effects of Crime Stoppers on awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Catastrophic events and recovery from low densities in populations of otariids: implications for risk of extinction

Two key factors in a population’s risk of extinction are major population declines induced by natural or anthropogenic events (catastrophes) and whether the population’s rate of growth increases or decreases at very low abundance levels. These two elements should be included in any population viability analysis (PVA), but estimates of the frequency and intensity of catastrophic events and data on the dynamics of low population densities are difficult to obtain. We examined the literature on population dynamics of otariids (fur seals and sea lions), to determine how frequently populations are subjected to major population declines, and to what extent depleted populations recover from low population size. We present frequency distributions for percentage declines for otariid life-stages (pup, juvenile, adult female and male), and describe eight examples of events leading to a population decline of 50% or greater among otariids. We found that numerous otariid populations have been reduced to very low densities by exploitation (low enough to be thought extinct) and have recovered to levels where they are no longer at risk of extinction. This suggests that the reduction in population rate of increase at low densities in otariid populations may not be strong.
Characterization of a high affinity, guanine nucleotide sensitive angiotensin receptor on differentiated neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15).

Abstract The binding characteristics of [125I]angiotensin II (ANG II) to membranes prepared from undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) were investigated. Scatchard analysis revealed the existence of high and low affinity sites in differentiated cells, but only a low affinity site in undifferentiated cells. Similarly, self-displacement studies revealed competition to a single low affinity site in undifferentiated cells, and to high and low affinity sites in differentiated cells. Angiotensin III (ANG III) displaced high affinity binding in differentiated cells but did not displace low affinity binding in either differentiated or undifferentiated cells. Furthermore, 5- guanyl imidodiphosphate (GPP(NH)P) inhibited [125I]ANG II binding to differentiated cells, in a dose-dependent fashion, but had no effect on binding to indifferentiated cells. These findings suggest that the high affinity site represents a G-protein linked receptor with approximately equal affinities for ANG II and ANG III. We hypothesize that the low affinity site represents a non-specific membrane-bound aminopeptidase.
Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double-blind ketoconazole.

Abstract Background: Hypercortisolemia is frequently observed in major depression but its pathophysiologic significance is unknown. In patients in whom hypercortisolism contributes to depressive symptomatology, antiglucocorticoid agents should have antidepressant effects. Methods: Twenty medication-free depressed patients (eight of whom were hypercortisolemic and twelve of whom were not) received either the cortisol biosynthesis inhibitor, ketoconazole (400–800 mg/d p.o.) or placebo for 4 weeks in a double-blind manner, and behavioral ratings were performed weekly. Results: Ketoconazole, compared to placebo, was associated with improvements in depression ratings in the hypercortisolemic, but not in the non-hypercortisolemic patients. The hormonal changes seen (decreased dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone levels and increased pregnenolone and pregnenolone-sulfate levels) are consistent with enzymatic blockade of C17,20-lyase, 11-hydroxylase, and 17-hydroxylase. Ketoconazole was generally well tolerated with no occurrence of significant side effects or laboratory abnormalities. Conclusions: This small-scale double-blind study suggests that antiglucocorticoids have antidepressant activity in hypercortisolemic depressed patients. The data are consistent with a causal role of adrenocortical dysfunction in some depressed patients and suggest the need for larger-scale trials.
Can it wait until morning? A comparison of nighttime versus daytime cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Abstract Background The urgency of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is under debate. We hypothesized that nighttime cholecystectomy is associated with decreased length of stay. Methods Retrospective review of 1,140 patients at 2 large urban referral centers with acute cholecystitis who underwent daytime (7 am to 7 pm) versus nighttime (7 pm to 7 am) cholecystectomy was conducted. Results Nighttime cholecystectomy did not affect the overall length of stay (3.7 vs 3.8 days, P = .08) or complication rate (5% vs 7%, P = .5) versus daytime cholecystectomy. Nighttime cholecystectomy was associated with a higher conversion rate to open cholecystectomy (11% vs 6%, P = .008). On multivariable analysis, independent predictors of conversion to open surgery were nighttime cholecystectomy, age, and gangrenous cholecystitis (P = .01). The only predictor of complications was gangrenous cholecystitis (P = .02). Conclusions Nighttime cholecystectomy is associated with an increased conversion to open surgery without decrease in length of stay or complications. These findings suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis should be delayed until normal working hours.
Electrochromic displays: status and future prospects

Abstract This paper reviews some of the materials and structures possible for electrochromic displays. Tungstic oxide is seen as the likeliest electrochromic material for practical applications, and the role of the electrolyte and counter-electrode in these displays is given more detailed consideration. Driving methods are discussed and areas in which ECDs must improve to become a commercial possibility are outlined.
Further consideration of alkali and alkaline earth geochemistry of marine aerosols: Results of a study of marine aerosols collected on Bermuda

Abstract An examination of the concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metals in marine aerosols collected on Bermuda showed that the samples contained a highly variable dust content. This dust component in the samples was found to resemble average soil more than the average crust with respect to alkali/Fe ratios; its Ca/Fe ratio was found to vary with air mass trajectory; and the Na concentration in the dust was found to interfere with the use of Na as a reference element for sea salt. The sea salt component, after correction for the dust component, showed no significant enrichments of alkali and alkaline earths relative to their seawater source.
PREVALENCE OF GIARDIA SP. IN A BEAVER COLONY AND THE RESULTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

The prevalence of Giardia sp. in a beaver (Castor canadensis) colony in Colorado was determined by the collection and analysis of fecal samples over a period of 14 mo. Environmental contamination was monitored through the use and analysis of water filter samples. Beaver shed cysts of Giardia sp. in their feces throughout the year with temporal variations in the prevalence, and became infected as kits and remained infected as juveniles and adults. Beaver served as amplification hosts for Giardia sp. and contaminated surface waters downstream from their dams in late spring and early fall. In slow moving waters the cysts of Giardia sp. settled rapidly. Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) were the only other species of wildlife shedding cysts of Giardia sp. on the study area.
Neural networks and heuristic search

This surveys the recent developments of applying neural networks to heuristic search. Special focus is given to three categories of applications: combinatorial optimization, rule-based inference, and modeling assistance. The avenues for research point to additional opportunities and some of the mathematical problems that remain to be solved.
Change in Nutrient Content of Foods Stored by Eastern Woodrats (Neotoma floridana)

I determined changes in nutrient content of plants cached by eastern woodrats ( Neotoma floridana ) after 60 and 120 days storage in a cache environment. The energy content of dogwood fruits ( Cornus drummondii ) declined significantly due to a decline in lipid content. Concentrations of other nutrients in dogwood fruits remained relatively stable as did nutrient concentrations of green ash seed ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ) and redbud seed ( Cercis canadensis ). However, some small fluctuations in nutrients were observed. The decrease in energy content of cache material may have a significant negative impact on some woodrats that have only a limited amount of food stored in caches.