cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable isotopes for measurement of nutrient dynamics during pregnancy and lactation.

Few discoveries in nature have enhanced scientific progress across such a broad expanse of disciplines as have the stable isotopes. Examples of their use can be found in all of the basic and biomedical sciences, and with increasing frequency they are being employed by such unlikely practitioners as archaeologists, anthropologists and art historians. The Greek word ισοτοποσ was proposed by Soddy (1910) to describe alternative atomic forms of the elements. The existence of stable isotopes had been postulated for many years to explain the fractional atomic weights of the elements that were obtained by chemical analyses. However, convincing evidence for their existence remained elusive until Aston (1919) supplied the necessary proof using mass spectrometry. In the period following the First World War until the mid 1930s, they remained curiosities in the laboratories of physicists who measured the abundance of isotopes of the elements by mass spectrometry (MS) in order to precisely define the atomic weight of the elements (Dempster, 1920). After the atomic weight of the last two naturally occurring elements in the periodic table had been characterized, Aston could see no further use for mass spectrometers and he expected them to vanish from the laboratory (Svec, 1984).
Multicarrier CDMA system with cochannel interference cancellation

In a conventional quasi-synchronous system, synchronized users, so-called in-sync users, experience less interference than do out of sync users. The authors propose a new technique to cancel the cochannel interference for an out-of-sync user in the forward link of a cellular CDMA system. They use multicarrier direct sequence waveforms, which can yield both robustness against multipath fading and narrowband interference suppression, in addition to cochannel interference suppression. >
On the Compatibility between Euclidean Geometry and Hume's Denial of Infinite Divisibility

It has been argued that Hume's denial of infinite divisibility entails the falsity of most of the familiar theorems of Euclidean geometry, including the Pythagorean theorem and the bisection theorem. I argue that Hume's thesis that there are indivisibles is not incompatible with the Pythagorean theorem and other central theorems of Euclidean geometry, but only with those theorems that deal with matters of minuteness. The key to understanding Hume's view of geometry is the distinction he draws between a precise and an imprecise standard of equality in extension. Hume's project is different from the attempt made by Berkeley in some of his later writings to save Euclidean geometry. Unlike Berkeley, who interprets the theorems of Euclidean geometry as false albeit useful approximations of geometrical facts, Hume is able to save most of the central theorems as true.
Counterpoint: Do People With Diabetes Benefit From Coronary Calcium Scans?

Admission of ignorance is the first step toward knowledge . —Benjamin Disraeli Cardiovascular disease is responsible for most death and disability associated with diabetes. Those with diabetes suffer two to four times more myocardial infarctions, strokes, and sudden deaths than those without this condition (1–3). The medical community has recognized the increased vulnerability of these patients by assigning diabetes “coronary heart disease equivalent” status in its prevention guidelines (4). Since coronary syndromes tend to be clinically atypical and difficult to diagnose in diabetes, noninvasive approaches in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic subjects have been proposed for screening and diagnosis (5,6). Pathologic studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between the presence of coronary calcium and the amount of atheromatous plaque (7). Since sensitive and noninvasive radiographic techniques are capable of detecting and quantitating calcium, calcium screening is an obvious candidate for screening for subclinical atherosclerosis. Morrison (8) has defined the purpose of screening for chronic diseases. “Screening for disease control can be defined as the examination of asymptomatic people in order to classify them as likely or not likely to have the disease that is the object of screening […]. The goal of screening is to reduce morbidity and mortality from disease among the people screened by early treatment of the cases discovered.” If one accepts this definition, one can then surmise that three distinct …
Asymmetric total synthesis of pyranicin

The asymmetric total synthesis of pyranicin (1) is reported. The butenolide ring was constructed via an asymmetric alkylation/ring-closing metathesis strategy. The three stereocenters in the left-hand tetrahydropyran ring were installed by sequential chiral auxiliary-mediated aldol reactions. Closure of the tetrahydropyran and fusion of the alkyl backbone were affected via a sequential ring-closing metathesis−cross-metathesis strategy.
Synthesis and Chemistry of Bis(borylphosphino)silanes and -germanes.

The reactions of Me2SiCl2, Ph2SiCl2, and Ph2GeCl2 with LiP(H)B(NiPr2)2 in a 1:2 ratio and the reaction of Ph2SiCl2 with LiP(H)B(NiPr2)[N(SiMe3)2] in a 1:2 ratio give good yields of the respective d...
Compressible Ising spin glass: Simulation results

Numerical studies of a compressible version of the Ising spin glass in two dimensions are reported. Compressibility is introduced by adding a term that couples the spin-spin interactions and local lattice deformations to the standard Edwards-Anderson model. The relative strength of this coupling is controlled by a single dimensionless parameter $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The time scale associated with the dynamics of the system grows exponentially as $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is increased, and the energy of the compressible system is shifted downward by an amount proportional to $\ensuremath{\mu}$ times the square of the uncoupled energy. This result leads to the formulation of a simplified model that depends solely on spin variables; analysis and numerical simulations of the simplified model predict a critical value of the coupling strength above which the spin-glass transition cannot exist at any temperature.
Identifying Parameter Errors via Multiple Measurement Scans

This paper investigates the problem of network parameter error detection and identification in power systems. Recently, a parameter error identification method which is based on Lagrange multipliers corresponding to a single measurement scan has been developed. This paper provides an improvement of this method via the use of multiple measurement scans which increases the local redundancy at no additional cost. This leads to identification of errors which could otherwise not be identified. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the limitations of the single scan method and also shows the relationship between the number of scans, the normalized Lagrange multipliers and the normalized residuals. The presented method is easy to implement since estimation of different scans can be executed independent of each other by using an existing state estimation program. Simulations on IEEE 14-, 30-, and 118-bus systems are provided to illustrate the proposed approach of parameter error identification.
Ischemic Stroke: Emergencies and Management

The past 40 years have seen the evolution of acute ischemic stroke management from unproven therapies du jour, such as steroids, heparin for stroke in evolution, and hypervolemic-hemodilution, to more of a scientific basis for our decision-making process. This evolution is directly related to the advancements in imaging of stroke. It is also related to carefully designed, controlled clinical trials of potential therapies, which have led to the recognition of the benefits of thrombolytic therapy in the acute setting but have also caused confusion and frustration over the lack of benefit for potential neuroprotective agents that once seemed promising.
Under-replication of intron+ rDNA cistrons in polyploid nurse cell nuclei of Calliphora erythrocephala

We have examined the possibility that the intron-containing (intron+) rDNA cistrons of Dipteran flies are active in the germ-line derived polyploid nurse cell nuclei of the ovarian follicles. Using the organism, Calliphora erythrocephala, we describe here a procedure which yields very pure nurse cell nuclei and compare the intron-free (intron−) and intron+ rDNA cistron contents of nurse cell nuclei prepared by this procedure to those of 2–18 h embryo nuclei and 3 day pupal nuclei. DNA from three preparations of each nuclear type was examined and the intron− and intron+ cistron contents quantitated using a Southern transfer procedure. The number of intron− and intron+ rDNA cistrons per haploid genome in the presumed diploid 2–18 h embryo DNA was first established, and then the intron− and intron+ cistron contents of nurse cell nuclear DNA and 3 day pupal DNA were determined relative to these values. The intron− cistron content of nurse cell nuclear DNA was indistinguishable from that of embryonic DNA but the intron+ cistrons showed an 8-fold under-replication relative to the presumed diploid DNA. A slight under-representation of the intron− cistrons and 3-fold under-replication of the intron+ cistrons were demonstrated for 3 day pupal DNA. These findings strongly suggest that intron+ rDNA cistrons are non-functional in nurse cell nuclei and substantiate the generality of this implication for the whole organism during early pupal life.
Isosmotic swelling of skate (Raja erinacea) red blood cells causes a volume regulatory release of intracellular taurine

Animal cells swell when placed in a hypotonic medium and then regulate their volume by releasing intracellular solutes. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypoosmolarity or cell swelling is the stimulus that triggers the release of solutes. Swelling skate red blood cells (RBC) by placing them in isosmotic media containing rapidly penetrating solutes (NH4Cl, ethylene glycol) caused increased release of taurine from the cells. Isosmotic swelling also increased the cellular levels of radiolabeled diacylglycerol, a second messenger previously implicated in volume regulation by skate RBC. These results indicate that the release of intracellular solutes by hypoosmotically stressed skate RBC is brought about by cell swelling.
Effect of vertical morphology on the performance of silole-containing low-bandgap inverted polymer solar cells

Abstract The vertical distribution of blended components in the active layer of a bulk heterojunction solar cell composed of poly[(4,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PDTS-BTD) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) was studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profile. We found that the vertical profile of the PDTS-BTD:PC 71 BM thin films varies, with a PC 71 BM rich region near the bottom surface and a polymer rich on the top surface. This suggests that the inverted device geometry may be superior to the conventional device geometry for the fabrication of efficient polymer solar cells. Significant enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of an inverted polymer solar cell was observed compared to the conventional cell. The enhancement in device performance is attributed to the efficient charge extraction due to the exploitation of vertical morphology of the active layer using the inverted device geometry.
Status of flat-plate photovoltaic systems for applications in developing countries

Abstract This paper discusses the status of flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) system technology, performance and cost for applications in developing countries. Comparison of key electrical service performance factors is made between PV and conventional generating systems. PV module reliability results from 23 field tests are summarized and the effect of failure on system performance is discussed. Cost algorithms, drawn from historial data, are defined and applied to obtain PV system selling price as a function of worst-month insolation and for several values of loss-of-energy-probability, (LOEP), an index of performance. Comparison is made of levelized energy cost between PV and diesel-generator systems. Projections of PV system selling price, major component costs and system levelized energy cost to the mid-1980s and 1990s are displayed and the implications discussed. It was concluded that PV system technical viability had been confirmed and commercial development is well advanced. PV system electrical service performance is generally superior to service performance provided by the electric grid or diesel in rural and remote areas. At present, for many applications having an annual electrical demand of up to 4 to 10 MWH, the levelized energy cost of PV systems in regions of good insolation is less than for diesel generators. Within 20 yr, if cost projections are borne out, photovoltaics will become the least expensive and most reliable source for most decentralized electric power in the developing world.
Predictors of Positive Angiography in Pelvic Fractures: A Prospective Study

Background Severe pelvic fractures continue to be a major problem for trauma surgeons. Early identification of patients who would benefit from therapeutic angiographic embolization (AE) of pelvic bleeding would be beneficial. We hope to identify simple risk factors that would pinpoint patients who would benefit from therapeutic AE. Study Design This is a prospective observational study at an academic Level I trauma center. All blunt trauma patients with a pelvic fracture admitted from December 2003 to February 2007 were included. AE was performed for hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure Results One hundred thirty-seven (23%) of 603 patients with pelvic fractures had angiography. Therapeutic AE was performed in 85 patients (62%). Indications for angiography included hemodynamic instability (58%), fracture pattern (26%), and CT findings (9%). Nineteen patients (22%) with therapeutic AE had no hypotension or tachycardia. Independent predictors for therapeutic AE were SIJ disruption (odds ratio [OR]: 4.5; 95% CI, 1.6 to 12.6; p=0.005), female gender (OR: 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 10.0; p=0.005), and duration (in minutes) of systolic blood pressure Conclusions Presence of SIJ disruption, female gender, and duration of hypotension can reliably predict patients who would benefit from AE. This predictive model can help early identification of patients who would benefit from pelvic angiography.
Assessing DUI risk: examination of the Behaviors & Attitudes Drinking & Driving Scale (BADDS).

Despite research findings indicating attitudinal differences among drivers with and without a history of driving under the influence (DUI) offenses, there are no well-established instruments specifically designed to clinically assess drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among adults. The purpose of this current series of three studies was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Behaviors & Attitudes Drinking & Driving Scale (BADDS). The BADDS was developed in previous studies by the authors and assesses respondents' rationalizations for drinking and driving, likelihood of future drinking and driving, drinking and driving behaviors, and riding with a drinking driver behavior in the previous month. Study 1 (N = 179) and Study 2 (N = 338) assessed college participants, while Study 3 gathered data from adult DUI offenders (N = 160) and non-DUI offenders (N = 166). Results indicate good to excellent test–retest reliability and internal consistency estimates for BADDS scale scores. Support for the construct validity as well as concurrent and predictive criterion validity of BADDS scores was also demonstrated. Potential applications for the measure, as well as need for future research are described.
Infrared spectra of pentafluoropropionate esters

Abstract Infrared spectra obtained for seven alkyl esters of pentafluoropropionic acid show that six of the nine stretching vibrations of the CF 3 CF 2 COO group and the three CF 3 deformation vibrations have characteristic frequencies, with average deviations of 5 cm -1 or less. These frequencies are compared with the corresponding values in the acid and the trifluoroacetate esters.
Teaching psychology to “disadvantaged” youth: Enhancing the relevance of psychology through public education

Abstract Following George A. Miller's (1969) presidential address to the American Psychological Association, it is argued that the school psychologist may be in a position to enhance the relevance of psychology through public education. An educational program for a group of predominantly black high school students enrolled in a summer “Upward Bound” program is described. A curriculum based on a learning or “psychobehavioral” perspective and a style of delivery for use with “disadvantaged” students are presented.
Airway obstruction due to unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Airway obstruction is an uncommon presentation of unilateral laryngeal paralysis. We have observed two mechanisms of obstruction: arytenoid prolapse and inappropriate adduction of the paralyzed vocal fold. We evaluated arytenoid abduction (AAb) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) reinnervation as treatments for airway obstruction in patients with unilateral laryngeal paralysis. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Seven patients with airway obstruction secondary to unilateral laryngeal paralysis were evaluated with flexible laryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy. Patients with flaccid paralysis and a prolapsing arytenoid were treated with AAb. Airway obstruction due to inspiratory vocal fold adduction was managed by RLN transection and ansa reinnervation of the distal stump. Results: In all cases, paralysis resulted from RLN injury during surgery: thyroidectomy or cervical spine surgery. AAb was performed in four patients with arytenoid prolapse, and all had significant airway improvement, including decannulation of the two patients who had been tracheotomy dependent. RLN reinnervation was performed in five patients, two of whom had inappropriate adduction detected after AAb. The site of RLN injury was identified at surgery in all four patients. Inspiratory stridor and laryngospasm were abolished immediately after RLN transection. Conclusions: Arytenoid prolapse and/or inappropriate laryngeal adduction can cause airway obstruction in patients with unilateral laryngeal paralysis. Treatment of airway obstruction should address the underlying pathophysiology. AAb and RLN transection with ansa reinnervation can be effective in selected patients.
Intramolecular Resonance Dipole−Dipole Interactions in a Profluorescent Protease Substrate

In this study NorFES, an undecapeptide containing an amino acid sequence recognized by the serine protease elastase, was covalently labeled with two xanthenes, one on each side of its cleavage site, to serve as a tool for examination of intramolecular resonance dipole−dipole interactions. To this end using all possible combinations from the group of xanthenes including fluorescein, tetramethylrhodamine, and rhodamine-X, three heterobichromophoric and three homobichromophoric NorFES derivatives were synthesized; their absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured both before and after cleavage by elastase. In the heterobichromophoric substrates the fluorescence of the fluorophore that would be the nominal donor in a Forster model system was quenched. Since the fluorescence intensity of the nominal acceptor in these substrates was also decreased, these data were not consistent with the Forster model. Rather, spectra for all six doubly labeled peptides could be explained by delocalization of excitation o...
Turán formulae and highest precision quadrature rules for chebyshev coefficients

Expansions of functions in series of Chebyshev polynomials are frequently used in numerical analysis. The coefficients occurring in the expansion are definite integrals; the purpose of this paper is to investigate numerical integration formulae for the coefficients of highest degree of precision.
Soil-landscape modeling across a physiographic region : Topographic patterns and model transportability

Abstract Soil–landscape modeling techniques have been developed as a quantitative method to predict patterns of soil properties from observed patterns in soil-forming factors. However, transportability of these models to unsampled landscapes is unknown. Our objective was to develop quantitative soil–landscape models for multiple study sites and examine the similarity of these quantitative models, and therefore the similarity of soil–landscape relationships among areas with similar soils. We collected high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) for six study sites across the Pennyroyal physiographic region of Kentucky, and for each study site used terrain attributes derived from the DEM to collect discrete soil samples using a stratified random sampling design for morphological, physical, and chemical characterization. For three of these sites we examined the inherent differences in terrain attributes among sites, and developed quantitative soil–landscape models that predict the spatial patterns in A-horizon depth, surface soil organic carbon content, and surface sand and silt content. The other three sites were used to test the transportability of these models. Terrain attribute distributions differ significantly among study sites, with regional terrain attributes (upslope contributing area, topographic wetness index) being more similar among fields than local terrain attributes (slope gradient, slope curvature). Predictive models explained from 28% to 67% of the variation in soil properties. The terrain attributes that best predicted soil variability were similar across all three fields used for model development, with slope gradient, elevation, slope curvature, and upslope contributing area appearing in most of the models. However, applying models from one field to other fields within the same physiographic region produced inconsistent results. In general, prediction quality decreased with distance from the site of model development. Further sampling, modeling, and validation at additional field sites are required to properly establish model transportability.
Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials Produced by In Situ Consolidation Ball Milling

This paper reviews a method, “in situ consolidation ball milling” that provides artifactfree bulk nanocrystalline samples for several ductile metals such as Zn, Al and Al alloys, and Cu and Cu alloys. The preparation method is described in this paper and examples of the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials made by this technique are given. It is found that in such artifact-free metals, combinations of both high strength and good ductility are possible.
The practice of looking in paper conservation

Summary This essay examines the way in which we look at paper artefacts during the process of conservation. Classification of artefacts as art and non-art determines many treatment choices. An artefact to be displayed in an art museum may receive treatment to make its damage less noticeable, while an artefact to be used in an archives may merely be stabilized for preservation. Artefacts of either category are increasingly appreciated for their intrinsic value. In some cases, this leads us to restore the visual homogeneity of a damaged artefact, in other cases to accept damage as an important aspect of an artefact's appearance. Intrinsic value can thus be associated with both structural as well as aesthetic considerations. A drawing previously damaged by restoration is analysed, differentiating between the way in which past restorations and modem conservation treatment can alter an artwork's appearance.
Diversity Training: Effects of an Intervention Treatment on Nonverbal Awareness:

The diversity of society today requires people to interact with others who have different cultural backgrounds. The simplest communication can be complicated by nonverbal factors. This study used a pretest-posttest design to deter mine the effect of an intervention treatment consisting of students viewing pictures of people and identifying attrib utes based solely on what they see. Then in groups the students discussed their varying interpretations. The findings were that the treatment made students more aware of nonverbal factors and how they are involved in interper sonal communication.
Quantum Hamilton-Jacobi Equation

The nontrivial transformation of the phase space path integral measure under certain discretized analogs of canonical transformations is computed. This Jacobian is used to derive a quantum analog of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the generating function of a canonical transformation that maps any quantum system to a system with a vanishing Hamiltonian. A perturbative solution of the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation is given. This solution gives a new way to compute quantum corrections for any soliton equation for which action-angle variables are known.
Comparison of headlamp visibility distance and stopping distance

This report compares experimentally-obtained headlamp visibility distances with stopping distances from 88 km/hr. The results indicate that low-beam headlamps are inadequate for safely revealing low-contrast objects at legal driving speeds.
Excitation of atomic coherence at XUV transition by using a far-off resonant two-frequency driving field

We study population transfer in a three-level system interacting with a strong off-resonant electromagnetic field consisting of radiation with two optical frequencies. We show that the presence of the second frequency broadens multi-photon resonances and even for higher than 3-photon resonances the probability of excitation weakly depends on optical frequency. We discuss possible applications of results obtained for generation of XUV radiation.
Net Sediment N2 Fluxes in a Coastal Marine System—Experimental Manipulations and a Conceptual Model

Environmental factors, including the supply of organic matter and inorganic nutrient concentrations, are thought to influence rates of two opposing processes in the nitrogen (N) cycle, denitrification and N fixation. Using sediment cores from a temperate estuary we examined the effects of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium enrichment of the overlying water on the net N2 flux across the sediment–water interface. In addition, we used sediment cores and large marine mesocosms to determine the effect of organic matter amendment. The addition of nitrate (50 μM), ammonium (50 μM), and phosphate (10 μM) to the overlying water had no effect on the net N2 flux. However, high ammonium fluxes (145 μmol m−2 h−1) were observed in the nitrate-amended cores, which is suggestive of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Organic matter enrichment first increased rates of N fixation, but ultimately switched the sediments from being a net source (N fixation dominated) to a net sink (denitrification dominated) of N. We observed a threshold where N fixation took place when organic matter deposition fell below about 0.3 g C m−2 day−1. On the basis of these results and the findings of others, we developed a conceptual model that links net sediment N2 flux with the organic matter production of a system.
Toward Better Sleep for Workers: Impressions of Some Needs

We know there are persons exposed demanding work schedules and sleep loss in almost every occupation or industry, but we still need better population-based information on how many sleepy or inattentive workers there are, where they are, and to what extent they are a risk to themselves or others. The absence of such information, however, does not prevent us from continuing to conduct worksite interventions and demonstrations that will produce good, evidence-based guidelines to help workers and workplace administrators make informed choices about sleep and provide optimal conditions for sleep. In addition, systematic study and publication of how managers and policy-makers accept our research to make worksite changes, and what factors beside our research influence their decisions, would contribute techniques to the greater public health community aiming to translate research results into good practice.
Dynamic Response of a Floating Cylinder Subjected to Coupled Wave and Wind Loading

The broad objective of the research presented herein is to analyze dynamical interactions in offshore structures under combined wind and wave loads for enhanced power delivery and reliability of hybrid wind-wave generation systems. As an offshore structure representative, a model for an inclined floating cylinder at finite depth is developed employing linear wave theory coupled with wind-induced effects. Although detailed wave models have often been incorporated while studying the dynamics of such cylinders, wind-induced effects have been mostly modeled as an axial drag term that affects the drift of the structure along the wind direction. In this article, the effects of not only wind-induced drag, but also lift and oscillations on the structure (i.e. the floating inclined cylinder) are studied. Further, the effects of vortex shedding are considered. Cross-flow principle is used to calculate the wind loads on the cylinder. Assuming small wave steepness and a large radius of cylinder (in comparison to the wavelength), linear wave diffraction and radiation theory coupled with wind-induced effects is employed to analyze the dynamic response of the inclined floating cylinder. Numerical results on the dynamic response of an inclined floating cylinder subjected to coupled wind-wave loading system are presented and discussed while highlighting the increasing relevance of such modeling strategies for hybrid wind-wave power generation systems and their control.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Distributed connected dominating set election from uniform random to power law network graphs

This work describes an analysis of applying different election heuristics to connected dominated set (CDS) algorithms within different topological graph taxonomies. Our initial motivation for this study was a general observation that a significant amount of research in mobile ad hoc network (manet) algorithm design and related election heuristic evaluation is based upon geometric random or other types of uniform random network models. Our hypothesis is that small world or scale-free network topology analysis can result in significantly different design feedback that may be suppressed by exclusive use of uniform random analysis. Previous research has shown that power law based networks more accurately represent types of real world and social networks and we believe it is important to understand the potential tradeoffs in distributed algorithm design for self-organizing networks beyond traditional random network models. We provide a concrete example by applying the existing specification for the essential-CDS algorithm used within the mobile ad hoc network (manet) Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) and the OSPF Extensions for MANET MDR approach. We model random, small world, and power law based network types based upon well known models. We demonstrate that the network graph taxonomy used in modeling affects the design analysis such as understanding the resulting effectiveness of various distributed election heuristics. Future work is planned to extend these initial results to more dynamic analysis.
Changes in Wives' Employment When Husbands Stop Working: A Recession‐Prosperity Comparison

American families are experiencing the effects of the “Great Recession.” Most of the job losses are accruing to men, so families may find it strategic for wives to enter the labor force, or increase their work hours. We consider this possibility using the May 2008 and 2009 Current Population Survey, and compare findings to May 2004 and 2005 data, a time of relative prosperity. We find that wives of husbands who stopped working during the recession were more likely to increase work hours, and more likely to commence or seek work. During the Great Recession years, the effect for wives entering the labor force is significantly greater than during the earlier years of relative prosperity.
1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐propanol effect on conditioned avoidance response in the rat

The compound, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanol, was found to prolong latency times initially in a conditioned avoidance response test in rats. It was found to be a CNS depressant in mice. The structural implications of this action, plus the relationship between 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanol and psychotomimetic amphetamines, are discussed.
A review of the pharmacoeconomics of eletriptan for the acute treatment of migraine

Migraine is a commonly occurring, chronic disorder that can cause significant disability. Eletriptan, a selective serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 receptor subtype B/D (5-HT1B/1D) agonist, is a clinically effective treatment for moderate to severe migraine. The objective of this literature review was to summarize the available data on the pharmacoeconomics of eletriptan relative to other triptans. Articles meeting the following three criteria were included in the review: 1) contained pharmacoeconomic data on a marketed dose of eletriptan; 2) included data on at least one other comparator triptan; and 3) was in English. A MEDLINE(®) search yielded a total of eight studies (from the European Union [n=5] and from the USA [n=3]) across multiple regions. Seven of the studies examined the pharmacoeconomics of eletriptan relative to other triptans, and a further study examined the health care costs of eletriptan 40 mg versus sumatriptan 100 mg. Eletriptan 40 mg was among a group of triptans, including rizatriptan 10 mg and almotriptan 12.5 mg, demonstrating the greatest cost-effectiveness. This result held across different definitions of efficacy (2 hours pain-free, sustained pain-free, and sustained pain-free with no adverse events) and also held when cost-effectiveness models accounted for second doses and use of rescue medication, management of adverse events, and productivity loss, in addition to drug acquisition costs. Only limited head-to-head comparator data were available. The majority of pharmacoeconomic studies utilized the same set of efficacy and/or tolerability data, and indirect costs were rarely included despite the fact that the majority of per capita migraine costs are attributable to indirect costs. In summary, although the market is now dominated by generics, eletriptan 40 mg is among the most clinically and cost-effective oral triptans available for the management of acute migraine. Increased effectiveness/efficacy of eletriptan may necessitate a lesser need for other migraine treatments and/or switching to other triptans.
TH-E-217BCD-11: Validation of 4D Computed Tomography (4D-CT) to Evaluate Fractional Regional Ventilation against the Clinical Gold-Standard Scintigraphy V/Q

Purpose: To validate the use of 4D‐Computed Tomography (4D‐CT) for pre‐treatment evaluation of fractional regional ventilation in patients with lungcancer by benchmarking its performance against scintigraphy V/Q imaging, the current gold‐standard. The second aim is to further corroborate the results of 4D‐CT estimation of lung aeration against the results of Pulmonary Function Testing. Methods: Scintigraphy V/Q and 4D‐CT studies were acquired in four lungcancer patients prior to treatment with radiation therapy. PFTs were acquired in 3 out of the 4 patients. 4D‐CT images were used to create 3D fractional regional ventilation maps by applying a ‘mass correction’ and subtracting the spatially matched end‐exhale and end‐inhale images. Ventilation maps were then collapsed in the anterior‐posterior dimension to create a coronal 2D projection image consistent with the scintigraphy V/Q images. The left and right lung fields were isolated on the projection image and divided into 3 sections of equal height. Summation of the signal intensity in each of the sections was carried out on the maps analogous to the analysis performed on V/Q scans and statistically compared using the Kendall's tau rank correlation. Results: The non‐parametric Kendall's tau estimate ranged between 0.87–0.95 for N=4, with corresponding p‐values ranging between 0.005–0.0002. Mean functional residual capacities (FRC) from the PFTs (N=3) versus calculated FRCs was 2.7 +/− 0.6 L and 2.4 +/− 0.7 L, and the null hypothesis could not be rejected (p = 0.61). The mean fractional regional ventilation versus the ratio of tidal‐volume/FRC was 0.24 +/– 0.11 and 0.22 +/– 0.08, and the null hypothesis could not be rejected (p=0.73). Conclusions: There was a strong correlation between 4D‐CT and scintigraphy V/Q. The similarity between the calculated and measured FRCs further validates the utility of 4D‐CT and supports its use in evaluating lung ventilation in patients with pulmonary neoplasms.
A model CD-ROM library: the University of Idaho experience

The University of Idaho Library has incorporated CD‐ROMs into its collection. Library users identify CD‐ROMs and related documentation through the library catalog, check out the disks from the reserve desk, and run search software for most of them on general purpose CD‐ROM workstations. Access to the search software is provided through menus organized by title or call number. The approach used allows the library to make a large number of CD‐ROM publications readily available with use of a minimum amount of equipment.
U.S. healthcare providers’ experience with Lyme and other tick-borne diseases

Surveillance indicates that tick-borne diseases are a common problem in the United States. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the experience or management practices of healthcare providers who treat these conditions. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the frequency of tick-borne diseases in clinical practice and the knowledge of healthcare providers regarding their management. Four questions about tick-borne diseases were added to the 2009 Docstyles survey, a nationally representative survey of >2000 U.S. healthcare providers. Topics included diseases encountered, management of patients with early Lyme disease (LD), provision of tick-bite prophylaxis, and sources of information on tick-borne diseases. Overall, 51.3% of practitioners had treated at least one patient for a tick-borne illness in the previous year. Among these, 75.1% had treated one type of disease, 19.0% two types of disease, and 5.9% three or more diseases. LD was encountered by 936 (46.8%) providers; Rocky Mountain spotted fever was encountered by 184 (9.2%) providers. Given a scenario involving early LD, 89% of providers would prescribe antibiotics at the first visit, with or without ordering a blood test. Tick-bite prophylaxis was prescribed by 31.0% of all practitioners, including 41.1% in high-LD-incidence states and 26.0% in low-incidence states. Tick-borne diseases are encountered frequently in clinical practice. Most providers would treat early LD promptly, suggesting they are knowledgeable regarding the limitations of laboratory testing in this setting. Conversely, providers in low-LD-incidence states frequently prescribe tick-bite prophylaxis, suggesting a need for education to reduce potential misdiagnosis and overtreatment.
In Vivo Measurements of Aerosol Dose and Distribution: Clinical Relevance

Mathematical and in vitro models, that incorporate particle diameter, normal breathing frequencies and tidal volumes, have been used to predict the deposition fraction of respirable aerosols within the lungs. Although very useful in drug development, determinations of dose and the distribution of dose based solely on such models may be less accurate than in vivo measurements, which are performed under conditions that combine the effects of all the factors that determine aerosol deposition, including the effect of disease. Gammascintigraphy provides a method for in vivo quantification of the total deposited fraction and the distribution of the dose within the lower respiratory tract. Using this technology, it has been shown that deposition fraction in the lower respiratory tract may vary between 1-30% of the dose actuated from an MDI or nebulizer. This wide range in deposited dose suggests that variations in the clinical response to inhaled aerosols may be explained by alterations in the dose delivered, especially if the aerosolized medication has a narrow therapeutic range. Alterations in the distribution of inhaled drugs within the lungs may also affect the clinical response, such that some disorders may best be treated by targeting drug to specific locations of the lung, while others may respond best to homogeneous distribution of aerosolized drug. In vivo measurements would provide confirmation of the dose deposited as well as the pattern of distribution, which should improve the therapeutic outcome of most aerosolized medications.
Photolysis and Recombination of Adenosylcobalamin Bound to Glutamate Mutase

Ultrafast spectroscopic measurements are used to determine the kinetics of homolysis and recombination for adenosylcobalamin bound in the active site of glutamate mutase. These are the first such measurements on an adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme. A short-lived intermediate is formed prior to formation of the cob(II)alamin radical. This intermediate was not observed upon photolysis of adenosylcobalamin in free solution. The intrinsic rate constant for geminate recombination for adenosylcobalamin bound to glutamate mutase is 1.08 +/- 0.10 ns-1, only 16% smaller than the rate constant measured in free solution, 1.39 +/- 0.06 ns-1, suggesting the protein does not greatly perturb the stability of the cobalt-carbon bond upon binding the coenzyme.
Routine testing for Primula obconica : is it useful in the United States?

Allergic contact dermatitis to Primula obconica has long been established. It is considered a significant allergen in Europe and has been included in standard screening there. The allergen is much less common in the United States. The frequency of allergy to P obconica in the United States is difficult to assess because no series of routine testing to this allergen has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of primin allergy in routine testing in a referral patch test center. A series of 567 consecutive patch tests was performed that included primin as part of the standard screening. Only one patient had a positive reaction. Although it is frequently missed and often difficult to diagnose, the frequency of primin allergy in this series was too low to indicate including this allergen as part of routine testing.
An empirical description for motion of atoms in simple liquids

Abstract Atomic motion in simple liquids is described via the empirical assumptions that: 1. (i) atomic vibrations are similar to those in the crystalline phase, 2. (ii) over a time period 1 gn , each atom makes three random jumps, each jump being d 0 6 long, where ν and d0 are the Einstein frequency and interatomic distance respectively in the crystalline phase. Using these assumptions, the latent heat of fusion, specific heat and coefficient of self-diffusion for the liquid phase are calculated and found to be in good agreement with experimental values.
Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma.

Background Primary sarcomas of the liver are extremely rare in adults. Optimal therapeutic approaches remain unclear. Methods Twenty consecutive adult patients who had surgical treatment for primary hepatic sarcomas were reviewed. Patient age ranged from 23 to 80 years. Other than one patient with primary hepatic angiosarcoma who had a history of thorium dioxide colloid (Thorotrast) exposure 23 years before diagnosis, no predisposing causes were apparent. Nineteen patients had hepatic resection and one patient had an orthotopic liver transplant. No patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy but radiotherapy was delivered intraoperatively in one patient. Results Leiomyosarcoma was the most common histological type of sarcoma diagnosed (five of 20 patients), followed by malignant solitary fibrous tumour (four) and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (three). Fourteen tumours were high-grade sarcomas and six were low grade malignancies. Thirteen patients developed a recurrence. Distant metastases (ten patients) and intrahepatic recurrence (six) were the predominant sites of initial treatment failure. Six patients received salvage chemotherapy. Histological grade was the only factor significantly associated with overall patient survival (P = 0·03). With complete resection, patients with high-grade tumours had a 5-year survival rate of 18 (95 per cent confidence interval 5–62) per cent compared with 80 (52–100) per cent for patients with low-grade tumours. The 5-year survival rate for all 20 patients was 37 (20–60) per cent. Conclusion Surgical resection is the only effective therapy for primary hepatic sarcomas at present. Better adjuvant therapy is necessary, especially for high-grade malignancies, owing to the high failure rate with operation alone. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Effect of carbon nanofiber additives on thermal behavior of phase change materials

Thermal performance of nanocomposite carbon nanofibers filled paraffin wax was studied experimentally and analytically. The transient temperature response of made nanocomposite was measured during its solidification process and the cooling rate was predicted. It was found that nanocomposite thermal conductivities were enhanced significantly causing the cooling rate to increase. An analytical model was introduced based on one-dimensional heat conduction approach to predict the effective thermal conductivity for the new nanocomposites and its findings showed good agreement with the experimental data. Also, a comparative study was performed to investigate the effect of carbon nanofibers surface characteristics on thermal performance of paraffin wax.
Micro-Instruments for BioMedicine

Microfabrication not only enables the miniaturization of sensors and instruments, it also enables novel function and capability not accessible to the macro versions. For biomedical applications small size means less invasive, greater spatial resolution, and/or the ability to process small sample volumes. Miniaturization has additional advantages for space applications such as reduced launch payload, compact flight storage, and ease of redundancy. Several, demonstrated biomedical microinstruments are described here illustrating new capabilities arising from descending scale.
Three-Dimensional Pattern Drafting: A Theoretical Framework

Drafting systems currently in use do not adequately model the physical process of fitting a garment. A theoretical frame work for draftingindividuallyfitted patterns based upon modeling the physical process of fitting a garment by draping is presented. The present state-of-the-art and existing theoretical frameworks are reviewed. The idea is developed that mapping, or projection procedures, in the mathematical sense of the terms can be used to model the process of fitting a garment. Approaches to identifying functional relationships for each part of the framework are suggested.
Effect of heavy metals on bay scallops, surf clams, and blue mussels in acute and long-term exposures.

JuvenileArgopecten irradions andSpisula solidissima were exposed to Cu, Pb, Se, or Zn in a 96-hour static bioassay. The order of toxicity for both bivalve species was the same: Cu > Se > Zn > Pb. With the exception of lead,A. irradians was more sensitive thanS. solidissima to the metals tested. JuvenileMytilus edulis were exposed in 96-hour static bioassays to Cd, Cu, Hg, or Ag. The order of toxicity was Cu = Hg = Ag > Cd.M. edulis was less sensitive to Ag and Hg when compared toA. irradians and less sensitive to Cu thanA. irradians orS. solidissima. M. edulis was as sensitive to Cd asA. irradians. In a 126-day exposure, 45 young-of-the-yearA. irradians orS. solidissima, or 45 adultM. edulis were exposed to Cu, using a proportional diluter apparatus. Copper was added to test tanks at concentrations of 0.002, 0.010, or 0.020 mg/L, while control tanks received untreated seawater. Of the three species exposed to the three concentrations of Cu, young-of-the-yearS. solidissima were the most sensitive, followed by young-of-the-yearA. irradians. Least sensitive was the adultM. edulis.