cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P-798 - Functional connectivity of motor control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) with and without ADHD

Introduction ADHD and PBD are two developmental syndromes with high comorbidity rates and common symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Objectives Mechanistic comprehension of neural circuitry function will enhance our understanding of the dimensional functions of affect and cognition, and guide rational pharmacological treatment for ADHD and PBD. Aims The aim of this research is to further examine the neural bases of impulsivity in distributed brain networks engaged during execution or inhibition of a pre-potent motor response in adolescents with PBD and ADHD relative to healthy controls (HC). Methods 31 adolescents with PBD, 24 PBD/ADHD, 22 ADHD and 33 HC (mean age 13.78 ± 2.4), underwent fMRI stop signal task, examining the ability to inhibit a prepotent motor response. Results Relative to HC, ADHD showed greater connectivity in bilateral cerebellum and decreased connectivity in left precuneus and subgenual ACC (Figure 1, Panel A). The PBD/ADHD group's functional connectivity was reduced in limbic regions relative to the other three groups, while it was increased in right insula relative to ADHD (Figure 1, Panel B). Conclusions Findings suggest that within an attentional control network relative to HC, both PBD and ADHD groups exhibit greater functional connectivity in right VLPFC. The PBD/ADHD group showed more severe PBD-like pattern of over-engagement in emotional regions, and a less severe ADHD-like pattern in posterior attentional regions. Download : Download full-size image Figure 1: During Behavior Inhibition.
Affinity chromatography by enzyme-substrate interaction. Purification of some rat liver glycosidases

Abstract Derivatives for the affinity chromatography purification of β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase of bovine or murine origin were prepared by coupling modified glycoside substrates to Sepharose 4B by means of suitable extension arms. Resolution of mixtures of glycosidases was difficult, since these enzymes were found to possess similar affinities towards the binding glycone moieties. The bound glycosidases could be eluted specifically with the corresponding substrates, inhibitors or salt gradients. 40–100-fold purification of the glycosidases with respect to a rat liver autolysate was achieved in a single step, with a recovery of 90% or higher. For β-glucuronidase, the overall purification with respect to the original tissue was about 1250-fold. The described glycoside-Sepharose derivatives are a convenient means of partially purifying β-glycosidases. These supports are easy to prepare and can be reused several times.
Gender, expressiveness, instrumentality, and group social environment as predictors of self-disclosure

Abstract Expressiveness, instrumentality, ad the relationship dimension of the Group Environment Scale were found to be significant predictors of self-disclosure in a personal growth class.
Anticipated Voyager crossing of the termination shock

This paper studies the varying location and conditions of the termination shock over 34-year period (1966 – 2000). The shock location is anti-correlated with the sunspot number, moving inward or outward during the rising or declining phase of the solar cycle. For the shock in the upwind direction, plasma and magnetic field conditions in its immediately upstream are extrapolated from 1 AU data using MHD equations including pickup protons, and the shock location estimated by the ACR spectrum is used as a guide. Voyager 1 will cross the termination shock in the region of high-speed solar wind at latitude of ∼34°. Taking into consideration the high-latitude effects, the calculation indicates that the shock is now moving inward to within 85 AU. Voyager 1 could cross the shock before Year 2002, and the crossing may occur 3 or more times over a period of about 4 years.
Assessing the privacy of randomized vector-valued queries to a database using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve

As the amount of data generated continues to increase, consideration of individuals’ privacy is a growing concern. As a result, there has been a vast quantity of research done on methods of statistical disclosure control. Some of these methods propose to release a randomized version of the data rather than the actual data. While methods of this type certainly offer some layer of protection, there is still the potential for private information to be disclosed. Quantifying the level of privacy provided by these methods is often difficult. In the past, a method for assessing privacy using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based on ideas related to differential privacy was proposed. However, the method was only demonstrated for univariate randomized releases. Here, the ROC-based privacy measure is extended to the release of randomized vectors.
Intervention for homeless and at-risk youth: Assessing youth and staff perspectives on service provision, satisfaction and quality

This study applies a developmental framework to examining service provision within an agency servicing homeless and at-risk youth. Forty-five youth and 30 staff provided quantitative ratings and qualitative description of five core dimensions of service delivery informed by research on youth development within community agencies and studies of service utilization within homeless youth populations; namely, program rules and organization, safety, positive youth–staff relationships, positive peer relationships and access to community resources. Results illustrate significant relationships among core dimensions, service satisfaction and service quality, although relationships varied by informant group. For youth, satisfaction was driven by having supportive, caring relationships with staff. For staff, service quality was driven by emphasis on rules, organization and predictability of services. Implications for service provision within agencies servicing homeless and at-risk youth are discussed.
Vaccination Strategies to Enhance Local Immunity and Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

To determine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10 kD culture filtrate protein (CFP10), and to evaluate strategies that enhance local immunity, we used C57Bl/6 DR4 mice that were transgenic for human HLA DRB1 0401, because CFP10 contains epitopes for DRB1 0401 but not for C57Bl/6 mice. Intramuscular immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding CFP10 elicited production of IFN-gamma by systemic CD4+ T cells, and one intravenous dose of the CFP10-based DNA vaccine coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) stimulated IFN-gamma production by lung CD4+ cells and reduced the pulmonary bacillary burden. We conclude that CFP10 is a potential vaccine candidate and that coating vaccines with PEI enhances local protective immunity to tuberculosis
The safety and efficacy of vortioxetine for acute treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Vortioxetine is the first mixed serotonin agonist and antagonist antidepressant approved in the US. We sought to evaluate all published and unpublished data available to determine the efficacy and harms of vortioxetine in adults with major depressive disorder.
A Discussion Strategy for an Online Class

Asa former teacher of face-to-face classes and now assigned to teach only online classes, I was challenged to change to accommodate online learners. In my face-to-face classes, students were always...
Differing patterns of proto-oncogene expression in immature and mature myeloid cells

Comparisons of the level of proto-oncogene expression in neoplastic cells and in normal cells are being made to determine the role of these genes in neoplastic development. Recent papers have reported that leukemic cells differ from normal cells in having higher c-myc RNA levels. One problem in interpreting these data is that leukemic and normal cell populations differ in the proportion of immature cells present in each. The studies described here, using chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells, compared the level of proto-oncogene expression in immature and mature myeloid cells. Substantial differences in the level and pattern of expression were found with the immature cells containing higher c-myc RNA levels and the mature cells containing higher histone H3 RNA levels. c-fos RNA levels parallel the distribution of monocytes. While the c-myc RNA level in the CML cell population as a whole is similar to that in normal marrow cell populations and less than that in the bone marrow cells of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), c-myc RNA levels in subpopulations of immature chronic phase CML myeloid cells approximate that found in AML cells. Additionally, the studies described here suggest that the presence of high c-myc and c-fos RNA levels in light density immature cells may be a unique characteristic of acute myeloid leukemic cells.
Comment on "FET input capacitance"

In a recent correspondence, a formula for the input capacitance of a field-effect transistor (FET) was derived. The formula is incorrect because of an error in theory, the identical error having been committed by several other authors. The source of the error has previously been noted, and this correspondence repeats some of the pertinent arguments of Richer.
Computed electrostatic potentials and average local ionization energies on the molecular surfaces of some tetracyclines

The electrostatic potentials and average local ionization energies computed on the molecular surfaces of four tetracyclines have been investigated with the objective of identifying common features as well as subtle differences that may be related to their biological activities. The four are the parent molecule tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycyline. The calculations were carried out at the HF/STO-3G*//STO-3G* level. Our electrostatic potential results show that each molecule has a large negative region that extends along its lower portion, consistent with its ability to complex Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Although the surface electrostatic potentials of the four tetracyclines show many similarities, our statistical measure of local polarity allows us to label doxycycline as the one with the lowest degree of local polarity, consistent with its longer half-life in vivo. The regions in the tetracyclines with the most reactive electrons are the amide nitrogen lone pairs and certain carbons of the outermost rings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 82: 160–169, 2001
Compositing color with texture for multi-variate visualization

Multivariate data visualization requires the development of effective techniques for simultaneously conveying multiple different data distributions over a common domain. Although it is easy to successfully use color to represent the value of a single variable at a given location, effectively using color to represent the values of multiple variables at the same point at the same time is a trickier business. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of strategies for effectively combining color with texture to represent multiple values at a single spatial location, and present a new technique for automatically interweaving multiple colors through the structure of an acquired texture pattern.
An intake report outline for behavior modification.

Summary.-In a previous paper, the authors discussed the role of assessment in behavior modification. The present article describes an intake-report outline which is currently being used in a clinical setting and indicates how assessment data may be concepmalized from a behavior modification orientation. The need for specific assessment techniques more relevant to the behavioral approach is dismsed. A number of investigators have recently discussed the need for a reconcepmalization of clinical assessment as it relates to the analysis and formulation of case material from a behavioral point of view (Goldfried & D'Zurilla, 1969; Goldfried & Pomeranz, 1968; Kanfer & Saslow, 1965; Mischel, 1968; Peterson, 1968; Wallace, 1967). These authors have suggested that conceptualizing human behavior from an inuapsychic or psychodynamic orientation often leads to fruitless speculation and leaves the clinician in a poor position from which to proceed therapeutically. Arguing from a behavioral viewpoint, they note the gains which may be derived from determining environmental events eliciting and reinforcing certain behaviors, and seeking connections between these stimuli and those responses labelled as maladaptive. Unlike most traditional therapeutic orientations where the underlying conflicts are determined by the clinician's theory of psychopathology and where much the same therapeutic procedures are applied regardless of the client's problems, the behavior therapist finds himself having to decide not only what to modify about the client's behavior or environment, but also which procedures are likely to be most applicable (6oldfried & Pomeranz, 1968). It is the rare client who presents himself with a clearcut phobia in need of systematic desensitization. More often than notand this is particularly true in a college clinic setting--clients complain of being unhappy, generally dissatisfied with themselves, lacking in commitment, as well as having other vaguely defined "problems." Because of the multitude of directions in which the behavior therapist can proceed in any given case, thorough clinical assessment is crucial to the effective application of therapeutic procedures. We have attempted, in an actual clinical setting, to make use of a behaviorally oriented approach to assessment by employing an intake report format which not only directs the dinical assessment in determining the relevant data, but also organizes the case material in such a way as to allow the therapist to select the relevant target behaviors and the therapeutic procedures most appropriate to each particular case.
Re: A Prospective, Blinded Comparison of Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion and Visual Estimation in the Performance of MR-Targeted Prostate Biopsy: The PROFUS Trial

Abstract Background Increasing evidence supports the use of magnetic resonance (MR)–targeted prostate biopsy. The optimal method for such biopsy remains undefined, however. Objective To prospectively compare targeted biopsy outcomes between MR imaging (MRI)–ultrasound fusion and visual targeting. Design, setting, and participants From June 2012 to March 2013, prospective targeted biopsy was performed in 125 consecutive men with suspicious regions identified on prebiopsy 3-T MRI consisting of T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic-contrast enhanced sequences. Intervention Two MRI–ultrasound fusion targeted cores per target were performed by one operator using the ei-Nav|Artemis system. Targets were then blinded, and a second operator took two visually targeted cores and a 12-core biopsy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Biopsy information yield was compared between targeting techniques and to 12-core biopsy. Results were analyzed using the McNemar test. Multivariate analysis was performed using binomial logistic regression. Results and limitations Among 172 targets, fusion biopsy detected 55 (32.0%) cancers and 35 (20.3%) Gleason sum ≥7 cancers compared with 46 (26.7%) and 26 (15.1%), respectively, using visual targeting ( p =0.1374, p =0.0523). Fusion biopsy provided informative nonbenign histology in 77 targets compared with 60 by visual ( p =0.0104). Targeted biopsy detected 75.0% of all clinically significant cancers and 86.4% of Gleason sum ≥7 cancers detected on standard biopsy. On multivariate analysis, fusion performed best among smaller targets. The study is limited by lack of comparison with whole-gland specimens and sample size. Furthermore, cancer detection on visual targeting is likely higher than in community settings, where experience with this technique may be limited. Conclusions Fusion biopsy was more often histologically informative than visual targeting but did not increase cancer detection. A trend toward increased detection with fusion biopsy was observed across all study subsets, suggesting a need for a larger study size. Fusion targeting improved accuracy for smaller lesions. Its use may reduce the learning curve necessary for visual targeting and improve community adoption of MR-targeted biopsy.
Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Wall Studs under Uplift Force

A cold-formed steel framed shear wall may fail in shear buckling of the sheathing, local buckling or distortional buckling of the framing member under compression forces or connection failures. An unusual distortional buckling mode on boundary studs under uplift forces was recently observed in a shear wall test program conducted at the University of North Texas. It was found in monotonic pushover shear wall tests that the flanges of the boundary studs undertaking uplift forces were distorted at the bottom area of the studs near the hold-down. This paper presents the test program and analysis of the unique distortional buckling mode. The paper also provides procedures for predicting the distortional buckling strength of the boundary studs, as well as the construction details to mitigate the damage by this unexpected distortional buckling mode.
Association of time to reperfusion with left ventricular function and heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review.

Background Shorter time to reperfusion is associated with a significant reduction in mortality; however, its association with heart failure (HF) is not clearly documented. We conducted a systematic review to examine the association between time to reperfusion and incident HF and/or left ventricular dysfunction. Methods MEDLINE/OVID, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched from January 1974 to May 2012 for studies that reported the association between time to reperfusion and incident HF or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Results Of 362 nonduplicate abstracts, 71 studies were selected for full-text review. Thirty-three studies were included in the final review, of which 16 were single-center studies, 7 were population-based studies, 7 were subanalyses from randomized controlled trials, and 3 were based on national samples. The pooled data demonstrate that every 1-hour delay in time to reperfusion is associated with a 4% to 12% increased risk of new-onset HF and a 4% relative increase in the risk of incident HF during follow-up. Early reperfusion was associated with a 2% to 8% greater LVEF before discharge and a 3% to 12% larger improvement in absolute LVEF at follow-up compared with the index admission. Conclusions This systematic review presents evidence that longer time to reperfusion is not only associated with worsened left ventricular systolic function and new-onset HF at the time of index admission, but also with increased risk of HF and reduced improvement in left ventricular systolic function during follow-up.
Solution of a nonlinear two point boundary value problem

A class of singular second order nonlinear two-point boundary value problems is solved, by introducing a finite element approximation which preserves an assumed monotonicity condition in the discrete equations obtained.
Calibrated Thermal Microscopy of the Tool–Chip Interface in Machining

This paper presents the results of calibrated, microscopic measurement of the temperature fields at the tool–chip interface during the steady‐state, orthogonal machining of AISI 1045 steel. The measurement system consists of an infrared imaging microscope with a 0.5 mm square target area, and a spatial resolution of less than 5 µm. The system is based on an InSb 128 × 128 focal plane array with an all‐reflective microscope objective. The microscope is calibrated using a standard blackbody source from NIST. The emissivity of the machined material is determined from the infrared reflectivity measurements. Thermal images of steady state machining are measured on a diamond‐turning class lathe for a range of machining parameters. The measurements are analyzed by two methods: 1) energy flux calculations made directly from the thermal images using a control–volume approach; and 2) a simplified finite‐difference simulation. The standard uncertainty of the temperature measurements is ± 52°C at 800°C.
Yoga for persistent pain: new findings and directions for an ancient practice.

Currently, many clinicians treating persistent pain hear about the benefits of yoga from patients who frequent yoga centers. However, pain clinicians and researchers may not be aware of randomized controlled studies examining the efficacy of yoga for managing persistent pain. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies that shed light on the potential role that yoga can play in pain management for a range of conditions that can be chronically painful. The review is divided into three sections: 1) a description of the basic components of yoga-based protocols for pain, b) a review of nine of the thirteen randomized studies located that test yoga’s efficacy for persistent pain, and c) a discussion of key clinical issues and future directions for yoga-based pain research and practice.
Evaluating supervised topic models in the presence of OCR errors

Supervised topic models are promising tools for text analytics that simultaneously model topical patterns in document collections and relationships between those topics and document metadata, such as timestamps. We examine empirically the effect of OCR noise on the ability of supervised topic models to produce high quality output through a series of experiments in which we evaluate three supervised topic models and a naive baseline on synthetic OCR data having various levels of degradation and on real OCR data from two different decades. The evaluation includes experiments with and without feature selection. Our results suggest that supervised topic models are no better, or at least not much better in terms of their robustness to OCR errors, than unsupervised topic models and that feature selection has the mixed result of improving topic quality while harming metadata prediction quality. For users of topic modeling methods on OCR data, supervised topic models do not yet solve the problem of finding better topics than the original unsupervised topic models.
Use of Sunflower Seeds in Grower Diets for Pullets and Subsequent Performance as Affected by Aureomycin and Pelleting

Abstract In two experiments the effects of unhulled sunflower seeds (USFS) were evaluated at levels of 19 and 38% in corn-based diets for pullets between 10 and 19 wk of age. As an additional treatment a .09%-lysine monohydrochloride supplement was added to the 38% USFS-containing diet in Experiment 2. Isonitrogenous grower diets made up of corn and soybean meal or largely oats served as control diets. During the productive phase, layers were fed a high oats diet as mash (both experiments) or in pelleted form (Experiment 2). One half of the hens in each study were fed layer diets containing Aureomycin at 100 g per ton for 1 wk during each 28-day period to monitor the effect on egg production. Treatments during the laying phase were superimposed on the previous growing phase treatments. Pullets fed the 38% USFS diet in Experiment 1 were significantly lighter (P
Status epilepticus leads to the degradation of the endogenous inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase in rats.

Specific biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis, namely internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, appear in the aftermath of status epilepticus (SE). This led us to hypothesize that caspase-activated DNase (CAD) is involved in DNA fragmentation and apoptotic neuronal cell death following SE. The present study aimed to determine whether SE is associated with an activation of CAD, as reflected in the degradation of the CAD inhibitor, ICAD. SE was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by kainic acid (12 mg/kg i.p.) and seizures were terminated with diazepam after 2 h. At 24, 48, or 72 h after SE termination, protein levels of CAD and ICAD were measured by Western blotting (after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) using specific antibodies. At 48 and 72 h after SE termination, ICAD protein levels significantly decreased (by more than 60%) in rhinal cortex and hippocampus as compared with those in the same tissue from animals not experiencing SE. No changes were detected in total CAD protein levels at any time point, resulting in an increase in the ratio of CAD to its inhibitor. The loss of ICAD following SE is indicative of a disinhibition of CAD, leading to DNA fragmentation. Consistent with this, we observed that the decrease in ICAD between 24 and 48 h was accompanied by a marked increase in DNA fragmentation. Our results support the proposal that CAD participates in caspase-3-mediated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the aftermath of SE.
Protein kinase C modulates ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic gland of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

The prothoracic gland is the primary source of ecdysteroid hormones in the immature insect. Ecdysteroids coordinate gene expression necessary for growth, molting and metamorphosis. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), a brain neuropeptide, regulates ecdysteroid synthesis in the prothoracic gland. PTTH stimulates ecdysteroid synthesis through a signal transduction cascade that involves at least four protein kinases: protein kinase A (PKA), p70 S6 kinase, an unidentified tyrosine kinase, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In this report, the participation of protein kinase C (PKC) in PTTH signalling is demonstrated and characterized. PTTH stimulates PKC activity through a PLC and Ca2+-dependent pathway that is not cAMP regulated. Inhibition of PKC inhibits PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis as well as PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK and its upstream regulator, MAP/ERK kinase (MEK). These observations reveal that the acute regulation of prothoracic gland steroidogenesis is dependent on a web of interacting kinase pathways, which probably converge on factors that regulate translation.
A doubling procedure for constructing minimal broadcast networks

Broadcast is the task of disseminating a message from any node to all the other nodes in a network. A minimal broadcast network (mbn) withn nodes is a communication network in which a message originated at any node can be broadcasted in [log2 n] time units. An optimal broadcast network (obn) is an mbn with minimum number of edges. No method is known for constructing an obn with an arbitrary number of nodes. In this paper, a new method called the doubling procedure is presented to construct mbn's with 2n and 2n?1 nodes when an obn or a good mbn withn nodes is known. The new construction method is based on the concepts of center node and center node set of an mbn. An algorithm is proposed to find a center node set of a given mbn. It is shown that an obn with 2n nodes can be constructed based on a known obn withn nodes for alln ≤ 9,n=15, 31 and 63,n=2 m ?1 andn=2 m ,m?Z +, by applying the doubling procedure. This method also generates the best mbn's for some values of [n≤64.
Brief announcement: queuing or priority queuing? on the design of cache-coherence protocols for distributed transactional memory

In distributed transactional memory (TM) systems, both the management and consistency of a distributed transactional object are ensured by a cache-coherence protocol. We formalize two classes of cache-coherence protocols: distributed queuing cache-coherence (DQC) protocols and distributed priority queuing cache-coherence (DPQC) protocols, both of which can be implemented based on a given distributed queuing protocol. We analyze the two classes of protocols for a set of dynamically generated transactions and compare their time complexities against that of an optimal offline clairvoyant algorithm. We show that a DQC protocol is O(Nlog Dδ)-competitive and a DPQC protocol is O(log Dδ)-competitive for a set of N transactions, where Dδ is the normalized maximum communication latency provided by the underlying distributed queuing protocol.
Vibration analysis for Bearing outer race condition diagnostics

This paper investigates defect detection methodologies for rolling element bearings through vibration analysis. Specifically, the utility of a new signal processing scheme combining the High Frequency Resonance Technique (HFRT) and Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) is investigated. The accelerometer is used to acquire data for this analysis, and experimental results have been obtained for outer race defects. Results show the potential effectiveness of the signal processing technique to determine both the severity and location of a defect. The HFRT utilizes the fact that much of the energy resulting from a defect impact manifests itself in the higher resonant frequencies of a system. Demodulation of these frequency bands through use of the envelope technique is then employed to gain further insight into the nature of the defect while further increasing the signal to noise ratio. If periodic, the defect frequency is then present in the spectra of the enveloped signal. The ALE is used to enhance the envelope spectrum by reducing the broadband noise. It provides an enhanced envelope spectrum with clear peaks at the harmonics of a characteristic defect frequency. It is implemented by using a delayed version of the signal and the signal itself to decorrelate the wideband noise. This noise is then rejected by the adaptive filter that is based upon the periodic information in the signal. Results have been obtained for outer race defects. They show the effectiveness of the methodology to determine both the severity and location of a defect. In two instances, a linear relationship between signal characteristics and defect size is indicated.
High-resolution comparison of sediment dynamics under different forcing conditions in the bottom boundary layer of a shallow, micro-tidal estuary

[1] Data for high-resolution profiles of current velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were collected in bottom boundary layer (BBL) of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The data were used to study the vertical and temporal variability in SSC under various forcing conditions of tide, wind and freshwater discharge. During the winter stormy season, the background SSC was low (0.015–0.03 g l−1). An episodic storm-induced erosion/resuspension was responsible for the short-lasting high SSC in BBL. During the spring flooding period, the background SSC was relatively high (0.04–0.07 g l−1) likely due to the large amount of suspended sediment from the fluvial input and bed softening, and the contribution of wind forcing to sediment resuspension was somewhat enhanced by the destratification in BBL. When the freshwater discharge was extremely high (>5000 m3 s−1), the entire water column in shallow areas of the Bay was influenced by freshwater input. Therefore, the thermohaline anomaly's contribution to the stratification considerably weakened, while the SSC's contribution strengthened. When the freshwater discharge was relatively low (<5000 m3 s−1), a critical wind stress for sediment erosion (0.08–0.1 Pa) was observed to abruptly increase the SSC. Despite a micro-tidal regime, Mobile Bay exhibited the cyclic erosion and deposition pattern induced by the tidal acceleration and deceleration.
Debugging: an analysis of bug-location strategies

This article presents a series of four experiments investigating students' debugging of LISP programs. The experiments involve a population of students who know LISP reasonably well in that their errors are best classified as slips (Brown & Van Lehn, 1980). That is, students are unlikely to repeat the same errors either within their program or across programs (Experiment 1). The students' understanding of LISP is also reflected in their debugging behavior: They can usually fix a bug once they locate it. Students' difficulties are in locating the erroneous line of code. We observe that students use a variety of bug-location strategies during debugging (Experiment 2) and that the choice of strategy differs depending on whether students are debugging their own programs or other students' programs (Experiment 3). In addition, we observe that although the different bug-location strategies affect which lines of a program are searched, once students decide on a line, their ability to judge whether or not the line is correct and their ability to correct an error are not substantially affected by the strategy used to locate the line (Experiment 4). Finally, we argue that our results have implications not only for debugging in other computer languages, but for the general processes involved in troubleshooting as well.
Use of jackknife resampling techniques to estimate the confidence intervals of fMRI parameters.

Purpose The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and the confidence intervals of task-activated functional MRI (fMRI) parameters using a computer-intensive resampling technique. The jackknife, a commonly used method for resampling mathematical data, was used to calculate the confidence interval of fMRI parameters for a simple bilateral finger-tapping paradigm. Method Four healthy test subjects (three men, one woman) were used to test the correlation coefficient and variability in the data. Each subject performed 4.5 cycles, each cycle having 20 s of bilateral finger tapping alternating with rest periods of equal time, producing 90 images. One additional scan of 10 cycles (200 images) was used to test the stability of the method itself. One thousand jackknifed resampled data sets of 85 elements each (from 90 original points) were generated, and the correlation coefficient was determined using an idealized "on/off" box-car reference waveform. Results Activation maps were generated that had the same confidence intervals at each pixel. These maps were more localized with less extraneous activated pixels than the maps generated with a fixed correlation coefficient threshold. There was no significant difference in the distribution of correlation coefficients between the 85, 90, and 95 element, jackknifed data sets; similar robustness was seen, as well. Conclusion The jackknife resampling technique for data analysis produced reliable distributions and statistical parameters. The jackknife estimates were shown to be stable, even from a small initial sample size. This method may be used in lieu of test-retest analysis.
The Impact of Sudden Gains in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

This study investigated sudden gains, i.e., rapid and stable improvements, in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that may occur in cognitive–behavioral therapy. Twenty-nine of 72 participants (39.2%) experienced a sudden gain during treatment. Mixed model ANOVAs analyzed sudden gains impact on clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity, patient-rated PTSD symptom severity, and patient-rated depressive symptom severity. Sudden gains in PTSD symptomology were associated with greater reductions in PTSD symptom severity for the avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters at posttreatment. By 6-month follow-up, the sudden gains group had maintained those reductions in symptoms, but the nonsudden gains group had achieved equal reductions in symptom severity. Participants experiencing sudden gains on PTSD measures had lower depression severity at posttreatment and follow-up.
Patient-reported body image and cosmesis outcomes following kidney surgery: Comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site, laparoscopic, and open surgery

Abstract Background Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is reported to result in superior cosmesis versus alternative surgical approaches, based solely on surgeon assessment or anecdotal evidence. Objective Evaluate patient-reported body image and cosmesis outcomes following kidney surgery. Design, setting, and participants We conducted a prospective and retrospective observational cohort study involving patients who underwent kidney surgery ( n =114) via LESS ( n =35), laparoscopic ( n =52), or open ( n =27) approaches. Cosmesis was evaluated using a comprehensive survey administered ≥3 mo postoperatively. Measurements Survey components were a body image questionnaire (BIQ) consisting of body image and cosmesis subscales, a photo-series questionnaire (PSQ) assessing scar preferences after knowledge of scar outcomes for alternative surgical approaches, and query of preference for future surgical approach using a trade-off method. Body image, cosmesis, and PSQ scales ranged from 5 to 20, 3 to 24, and 1 to 10, respectively. Results and limitations Median BIQ component scores did not significantly differ across surgical approaches. Median ratings for the LESS, laparoscopy, and open scar photographs were 8, 5, and 5, respectively ( p =0.0001). Before viewing photographs, median self-scar ratings for LESS, laparoscopy, and open approaches were 9, 5, and 6.5, respectively ( p =0.02); after photographs, ratings were 9, 7, and 7, respectively ( p =0.008). Assuming equivalent surgical risk among the approaches, overall preference for future LESS, laparoscopy, or open surgery was 39%, 33%, or 4%, respectively. As theoretical risk of LESS was raised, preference for LESS decreased, whereas preference for laparoscopy and open surgery increased. Study limitations are a nonrandomized design and the use of a nonvalidated scale. Conclusions Urologic patients favor LESS cosmesis outcomes over those for laparoscopy or open surgery. Considering the superior scar satisfaction among LESS patients, who were younger and more likely to be undergoing surgery for benign disease, we infer that this demographic most values the cosmetic advantages of LESS.
Experience and Theory

N. R. Hanson's discussion of experience is criticized. Experience, though necessary for knowing, is insufficient as a basis for understanding in either science or religion. Experience alone can be misleading. We may begin with experience, but we cannot claim to understand until experience has been mediated by theory. The article is excerpted from Metaphoric Process: The Creation of Scientific and Religious Understanding (Gerhart and Russell 1984), Chapter 2.
Pulmonary surfactant: functions and molecular composition

This review briefly notes recent findings important for understanding the surface mechanical functions of pulmonary surfactant. Currently known surfactant-specific proteins and lipids are discussed, with an eye to their possible functions. Competing models of the alveolar subphase life cycle of surfactant are also presented. It is concluded that, in spite of much effort, we still do not understand the basic molecular mechanisms underlying surfactant's rapid adsorption to the air-water interface.
Improving web spam classifiers using link structure

Web spam has been recognized as one of the top challenges in the search engine industry [14]. A lot of recent work has addressed the problem of detecting or demoting web spam, including both content spam [16, 12] and link spam [22, 13]. However, any time an anti-spam technique is developed, spammers will design new spamming techniques to confuse search engine ranking methods and spam detection mechanisms. Machine learning-based classification methods can quickly adapt to newly developed spam techniques. We describe a two-stage approach to improve the performance of common classifiers. We first implement a classifier to catch a large portion of spam in our data. Then we design several heuristics to decide if a node should be relabeled based on the preclassified result and knowledge about the neighborhood. Our experimental results show visible improvements with respect to precision and recall.
Proton-Based Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), a recent implementation in the practice of radiation oncology, has been shown to confer high rates of local control in the treatment of early stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This technique, which involves limited invasive procedures and reduced treatment intervals, offers definitive treatment for patients unable or unwilling to undergo an operation. The use of protons in SABR delivery confers the added physical advantage of normal tissue sparing due to the absence of collateral radiation dose delivered to regions distal to the target. This may translate into clinical benefit and a decreased risk of clinical toxicity in patients with nearby critical structures or limited pulmonary reserve. In this review, we present the rationale for proton-based SABR, principles relating to the delivery and planning of this modality, and a summary of published clinical studies.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from captive and free-ranging animals.

Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle, captive elk, and free-ranging mule deer and coyotes were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. DNA extracted from each isolate was digested with restriction endonucleases AluI and PvuII. DNA probes used for Southern hybridizations were a 37-base oligonucleotide and a 123-base-pair sequence specific for the insertion sequence IS6110 and a plas- mid, pTBN12, which contains a polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence present in several species of myco- bacteria. Generally, M. bovis isolates originating from a single herd of either cattle or captive elk had identical RFLP patterns, whereas isolates from unrelated sources had distinct patterns. The RFLP patterns for M. bovis isolates from free-ranging mule deer and coyotes were identical to patterns observed for isolates from a captive elk herd that was located in the area where the free-ranging animals were found. These results indicate that the captive elk herd may have been the source of M. bovis that infected the free-ranging animals. Results of this study show that RFLP analysis is a useful tool for differentiation of M. bovis isolates and for molecular epidemiology studies to determine possible sources of infection in outbreaks of tuberculosis in animals. Most cases of tuberculosis in cattle, elk, deer, and many other species of animals are caused by Myco- bacterium bovis, a member of a closely related group of organisms referred to as the M. tuberculosis com- plex. 20 This complex also includes M. tuberculosis, M. microti, and M. africanum. Species within the M. tu- berculosis complex usually are differentiated by re- sults of standard biochemical tests and animal patho-
Delinquency and the pediatrician.

1. Alan D. Woolf 1. Attending pediatrician at The Children's Hospital, Boston, an Instructor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, the Associate Director of Community Services, and Director of the Young Adult Team in the School Function Program at The Children's Hospital Adolescents may be predisposed to delinquency by a double-jeopardy situation of clustering of risk factors in physical health (eg, perinatal or nervous system trauma, naurodevelopmental or cognitive dysfunction, neglected health problems) and the environment (eg, poverty, disordered family dynamics, poor education). Pediatricians must be attentive to neglected or previously undiscovered health problems in this population, such as overlooked cosmetic or congential defects, nutritional problems, substance abuse, vision and hearing difficulties, dental pathology, and sex-related conditions and diseases. Delinquents, especially during the transition into detention, are at particular risk for injuries, depression, and suicidal behavior. The complete health assessment of the delinquent should include a neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and educational progress assessment. This will facilitate implementation of an appropriate individualized remediation program. The pediatrician, in the dual role of health care provider for the family and child advocate in the community, can accomplish much toward the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of delinquency.
Characterization of cytoskeletal and junctional proteins expressed by cells cultured from human arachnoid granulation tissue

The arachnoid granulations (AGs) are projections of the arachnoid membrane into the dural venous sinuses. They function, along with the extracranial lymphatics, to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the systemic venous circulation. Disruption of normal CSF dynamics may result in increased intracranial pressures causing many problems including headaches and visual loss, as in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus. To study the role of AGs in CSF egress, we have grown cells from human AG tissue in vitro and have characterized their expression of those cytoskeletal and junctional proteins that may function in the regulation of CSF outflow. Human AG tissue was obtained at autopsy, and explanted to cell culture dishes coated with fibronectin. Typically, cells migrated from the explanted tissue after 7–10 days in vitro. Second or third passage cells were seeded onto fibronectin-coated coverslips at confluent densities and grown to confluency for 7–10 days. Arachnoidal cells were tested using immunocytochemical methods for the expression of several common cytoskeletal and junctional proteins. Second and third passage cultures were also labeled with the common endothelial markers CD-31 or VE-cadherin (CD144) and their expression was quantified using flow cytometry analysis. Confluent cultures of arachnoidal cells expressed the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Cytokeratin intermediate filaments were expressed variably in a subpopulation of cells. The cultures also expressed the junctional proteins connexin43, desmoplakin 1 and 2, E-cadherin, and zonula occludens-1. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that second and third passage cultures failed to express the endothelial cell markers CD31 or VE-cadherin in significant quantities, thereby showing that these cultures did not consist of endothelial cells from the venous sinus wall. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vitro culture of arachnoidal cells grown from human AG tissue. We demonstrated that these cells in vitro continue to express some of the cytoskeletal and junctional proteins characterized previously in human AG tissue, such as proteins involved in the formation of gap junctions, desmosomes, epithelial specific adherens junctions, as well as tight junctions. These junctional proteins in particular may be important in allowing these arachnoidal cells to regulate CSF outflow.