cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for two points of restriction in the expression of adenovirus type 2 in cultured epidermal keratinocytes.

Abstract Cultures of epidermal keratinocytes contain two populations of cells, a basal undifferentiated population and a suprabasal terminally differentiated population. When exposed to wild-type adenovirus type 2 (wtAd2), the suprabasal cells are positive by immunofluorescence for capsid antigen and exhibit cytopathic effects (CPE) (R.F. LaPorta, and L.B. Taichman, Virology 110:137-146, 1981). The basal cells, although infected, are not positive for capsid antigen and do not display CPE. Despite CPE and capsid antigens in suprabasal cells, yields of virus from the entire culture are very low (10 PFU per cell). These observations suggest that Ad2 expression is restricted at different times in the viral life cycle in basal and suprabasal cells. To test this hypothesis, we isolated host range (hr) mutants of Ad2 on two lines of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) keratinocytes which were shown to be restrictive for wtAd2 replication. The hrAd2 mutants produced high yields of progeny virus in epidermal cell cultures (500 to 600 PFU per cell). However, the pattern of CPE induction in these cultures was like that produced by wtAd2, i.e., basal cells were CPE negative and suprabasal cells were CPE positive. The high yield of hrAd2 progeny indicated that the restriction present in suprabasal cells was overcome. However, the failure of hrAd2 mutants to induce CPE in basal cells indicated that the hrAd2 mutants remain restricted in the basal population and supported our hypothesis that a second and distinct restriction exists in basal keratinocytes.
THE OLDER PRISONER

The value of defensible space (access by strangers and opportunity for residents to observe public areas) in a variety of household types was examined. Comparison of matched samples of households (one sample consisting of people who had been victims of a crime and one where they had not), using both observation and interview data produced mixed results. Defensible space was eflective in deterring crime in indoor public areas, but not in outdoor areas. Defensible space was found to have a slight impact on people's feeling of responsibility for public areas.
Effect of extreme elevations in venous pressure on reflection coefficient in the lung.

Abstract We determined whether the solvent drag reflection coefficient ( σ f ) for total proteins of a canine perfused left lower lung lobe (LLL) preparation decreases at elevated venous pressures ( P v ). We found that σ f (estimated using the hematocrit-protein technique) remained constant at all P v 's (30–95 mm Hg) evaluated. These results were unanticipated, since previous studies reported increases in protein permeability at P v 's within this range. We conducted two additional studies to better understand the basis for these observations. In the first, we evaluated the effect of high P v (85 mm Hg) on σ f of a canine perfused forelimb preparation and found σ f to be reduced. This difference in response suggests that the normal σ f 's observed in the LLL were not due to high P v per se, but rather that there is some intrinsic difference between the pulmonary and the systemic circulations that accounts for the difference. The second study was designed to determine whether the normal σ f 's observed in the LLL at high P v 's provide meaningful information about pulmonary vascular endothelial permeability. We damaged LLL's with alloxan, oleic acid, or HCl and obtained near normal estimates of σ f at high P v . These results indicated that it is not possible to easily distinguish between a normal and a damaged pulmonary vasculature when σ f is measured at high P v . We suggest that the normal estimates of σ f obtained at high P v in the LLL result from an increased fraction of the transvascular flow occurring through pathways that exclude macromolecules.
Prophylactic strategies before solid-organ transplantation.

Purpose of review Prophylactic measures prior to organ transplantation are evolving based on recent reports of emerging infectious diseases, as well as an expanded understanding of the epidemiology of familiar infections. This review will highlight developments with potential impact on donor and recipient screening and pretransplant management. Recent findings Key findings regarding bacterial infections include the lack of utility of mupirocin intranasal decolonization for prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections after liver transplantation, and the description of transmission of Pseudomonas infection to multiple recipients via an innominate artery graft. The implications of donor bacterial colonization in lung transplantation are further explored. The emergence of non-Candida albicans yeast and non-Aspergillus mold infections may lead to changes in prophylactic strategies. The majority of cystic fibrosis patients have had Aspergillus colonization at some time before transplant; one-quarter of these develop tracheobronchial aspergillosis and anastomotic complications. There are several key developments regarding viral infections. Donor-derived human herpesvirus-8-infected neoplastic cells have been identified in recipients with Kaposi sarcoma. The transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus −1 (HTLV-1) to multiple recipients who developed myelopathy underscores the continuing need for donor screening. The striking event of West Nile virus transmission to multiple recipients from a single donor also has raised questions regarding donor screening for this virus. New information on the use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive donor livers, as well as the emergence of hepatitis B virus escape mutants, is discussed. Finally, information on successful retransplantation after BK polyomavirus (BKV) allograft nephropathy is beginning to appear. Summary The pretransplant phase continues to be an important time period for screening and intervention in order to reduce the risk of posttransplant infections. Recent findings add to our current understanding of epidemiology and risk stratification; however, more randomized trials are needed.
A profit‐sharing interpretation of shapley value for N‐person games

Shapley value measures the relative strengths of players in the formation of coalitions. This article provides a new interpretation of Shapley value by reshuffling its mathematical formula. As a result, the concept of value is extended to a broader class of models of social action. Specifically, certain social structures are to be specified as allowable sets of player sets. Each player takes a share from each set to which he belongs and gives a share to each set which excludes him. In this approach, the original Shapley value arises when the allowable sets are the ones with the minimum number of partitions in which each player combination occurs at least once.
Comparison of methods for transfection of human epidermal keratinocytes.

Several methods for DNA-mediated cell transfection were tested to determine the optimal conditions for transfection of human epidermal keratinocytes. The following methods were compared: electroporation, lipofection, Ca3(PO4)2 co-precipitation. DEAE-dextran, and polybrene-mediated transfection. The transfected DNA included human keratinocyte-specific promoter for keratin K14 as well as SV40 and RSV viral promoters. Enzyme assays and in situ staining were used to evaluate both quantitative and qualitative aspects of transfection, and both subconfluent and post-confluent, stratifying keratinocytes were examined. Lipofection, Ca3(PO4)2 co-precipitation, and polybrene methods transfect very efficiently, but lipofection is expensive and Ca++ in the co-precipitation procedure induces keratinocytes to differentiate. We have found that polybrene-mediated transfection followed by a 27% DMSO shock is optimal for introducing DNA into human epidermal keratinocytes.
Long-range R&D planning

The Marine Engineering Laboratory (MEL), the Annapolis Division, Naval Ship R&D Center, has developed a procedure for the development of long-range R&D planning particularly aimed at the logical objective determination of the requirements imposed on new ship procurement by the Navy mission. Starting from a broad concept suggested by Naval Ship Systems Command (NAVSHIPSYSCOM), MEL has developed the structure of a procedure which, when completed and validated, will provide a logical, objective determination of future requirements and a standardized format for Ship System Formulation. The structure consists of mission objectives, vehicle types, specific techniques and components, as well as forecasts of the functional capabilities techniques and components.
Repetitive Prenatal Glucocorticoids Increase Lung Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Ovine Fetuses Delivered at Term

Antenatal administration of glucocorticoids has been shown to improve postnatal lung function after preterm birth in the ovine fetus. Mechanisms of steroid-induced lung maturation include increased surfactant production and altered parenchymal lung structure. Whether steroid treatment also affects lung vascular function is unclear. Because nitric oxide contributes to the fall in pulmonary vascular resistance at birth, we hypothesized that the improvement of postnatal lung function of preterm lambs after treatment with prenatal glucocorticoids may be in part caused by an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. To determine whether glucocorticoid treatment increases lung eNOS expression, we measured eNOS protein content by Western blot analysis of distal lung homogenates and immunostaining of formalin-fixed lungs from ovine fetuses delivered at preterm and term gestation after prenatal administration of glucocorticoids. Treatment protocols were followed in which ewes were treated with intramuscular betamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) at single or multiple doses at weekly intervals, and fetuses were delivered at 125, 135, or 145 d gestation. All groups were compared with saline-treated controls. Western blot analysis of whole lung homogenates demonstrated a 4-fold increase in eNOS protein content in lambs treated with repetitive doses of glucocorticoids and delivery at term (145 d; p < 0.002). In addition, a small increase in lung eNOS protein content was seen in lambs treated with a single dose of betamethasone at 128 d gestation with delivery at 135 d gestation. In comparison with control animals, there were no differences in lung eNOS content from the remaining lambs treated with glucocorticoids when delivery occurred at preterm ages (125 and 135 d). Immunostaining showed eNOS predominantly in the vascular endothelium in all vessel sizes. Pattern of staining was not altered by treatment with antenatal glucocorticoids. We conclude that maternal treatment with glucocorticoids increases lung eNOS content after multiple doses and delivery at term gestation. We speculate that antenatal glucocorticoids may up-regulate eNOS but that the timing and duration of steroid administration appears to be critical to this response.
Partially linear single index models for repeated measurements

In this article, we study the estimations of partially linear single-index models (PLSiM) with repeated measurements. Specifically, we approximate the nonparametric function by the polynomial spline, and then employ the quadratic inference function (QIF) together with profile principle to derive the QIF-based estimators for the linear coefficients. The asymptotic normality of the resulting linear coefficient estimators and the optimal convergence rate of the nonparametric function estimate are established. In addition, we employ a penalized procedure to simultaneously select significant variables and estimate unknown parameters. The resulting penalized QIF estimators are shown to have the oracle property, and Monte Carlo studies support this finding. An empirical example is also presented to illustrate the usefulness of penalized estimators.
Cytopathologic features of olfactory neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is an uncommon neoplasm arising from the olfactory mucosa. Because its cytopathology is largely limited to case reports, the goal was to evaluate a series of ONB cases, compare them with previously reported cases, and with a control group of pulmonary and cutaneous small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). METHODS Six fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of metastatic ONB and one case with imprint smears of primary ONB were recovered from files. Aspirates from seven FNA cases of metastatic pulmonary small cell NEC and four cases of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to the head and neck functioned as a control group and were compared with those of ONB. RESULTS Seven cases from 4 patients included 3 males (ages 33–39 yrs) and 1 female (age 58 yrs). Aspirates were acquired from soft tissues of the neck (three cases), cervical lymph nodes (two cases), parietal scalp (one case), and imprint of a nasal mass (one case). A correct cytologic diagnosis of metastatic ONB (five cases) or malignant small round cell tumor (one case) was made in six cases. One aspirate was misdiagnosed as a reactive lymph node. The single primary tumor and five of six metastatic tumors were histologically confirmed. Cytologic features were similar in all cases. These included high cellularity (seven of seven cases), distribution as single forms and cell clusters (seven of seven cases), a two-cell population of intact and apoptotic nuclei (seven of seven cases), nuclear molding (seven of seven cases), paranuclear ‘blue bodies’ (five of seven cases), necrosis (five of seven cases), and absence of lymphoglandular bodies (seven of seven cases). Unlike prior reports, no case exhibited rosettes or fibrillar neuropil on smears. All examples from the control group displayed nearly identical cytomorphologic features to those of the study group. CONCLUSIONS The cytopathology of metastatic ONB is nonspecific unless fibrillar neuropil is identified. Nonetheless, a cytopathologic diagnosis of metastatic ONB can be made with confidence in nearly all patients if a well documented history of ONB exists. Minus such a clinical context, aspirates of metastatic ONB may be mistaken for metastatic pulmonary small cell NEC, cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma, and even small cell lymphoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Structural Analysis of the Synthetic Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) Antigen DEKnull Relevant for Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Design

The Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) is a protein necessary for P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. The polymorphic nature of DBP induces strain-specific immune responses that pose unique challenges for vaccine development. DEKnull is a synthetic DBP based antigen that has been engineered through mutation to enhance induction of blocking inhibitory antibodies. We determined the x-ray crystal structure of DEKnull to identify if any conformational changes had occurred upon mutation. Computational and experimental analyses assessed immunogenicity differences between DBP and DEKnull epitopes. Functional binding assays with monoclonal antibodies were used to interrogate the available epitopes in DEKnull. We demonstrate that DEKnull is structurally similar to the parental Sal1 DBP. The DEKnull mutations do not cause peptide backbone shifts within the polymorphic loop, or at either the DBP dimerization interface or DARC receptor binding pockets, two important structurally conserved protective epitope motifs. All B-cell epitopes, except for the mutated DEK motif, are conserved between DEKnull and DBP. The DEKnull protein retains binding to conformationally dependent inhibitory antibodies. DEKnull is an iterative improvement of DBP as a vaccine candidate. DEKnull has reduced immunogenicity to polymorphic regions responsible for strain-specific immunity while retaining conserved protein folds necessary for induction of strain-transcending blocking inhibitory antibodies.
Bop1 is a mouse WD40 repeat nucleolar protein involved in 28S and 5. 8S RRNA processing and 60S ribosome biogenesis.

We have identified and characterized a novel mouse protein, Bop1, which contains WD40 repeats and is highly conserved through evolution. bop1 is ubiquitously expressed in all mouse tissues examined and is upregulated during mid-G1 in serum-stimulated fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that Bop1 is localized predominantly to the nucleolus. In sucrose density gradients, Bop1 from nuclear extracts cosediments with the 50S-80S ribonucleoprotein particles that contain the 32S rRNA precursor. RNase A treatment disrupts these particles and releases Bop1 into a low-molecular-weight fraction. A mutant form of Bop1, Bop1Δ, which lacks 231 amino acids in the N- terminus, is colocalized with wild-type Bop1 in the nucleolus and in ribonucleoprotein complexes. Expression of Bop1Δ leads to cell growth arrest in the G1 phase and results in a specific inhibition of the synthesis of the 28S and 5.8S rRNAs without affecting 18S rRNA formation. Pulse-chase analyses show that Bop1Δ expression results in a partial inhibition in the conversion of the 36S to the 32S pre-rRNA and a complete inhibition of the processing of the 32S pre-rRNA to form the mature 28S and 5.8S rRNAs. Concomitant with these defects in rRNA processing, expression of Bop1Δ in mouse cells leads to a deficit in the cytosolic 60S ribosomal subunits. These studies thus identify Bop1 as a novel, nonribosomal mammalian protein that plays a key role in the formation of the mature 28S and 5.8S rRNAs and in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Cognition and Physical Disability in Predicting Health-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis

Many studies have shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) has a significant impact on patient health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but the relative contributions of physical versus cognitive disabili...
Overview of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Prognostic Factors and Novel Therapeutic Approaches

The cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) comprise a heterogeneous group of entities. The WHO classification distinguishes indolent low-risk entities, including mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS), from aggressive entities, including peripheral T-cell lymphoma and its variants and HTLV-1 associated acute T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides represents the most benign of the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, with 10-year relative survival ranging from 100% to 41%, depending on the degree of skin involvement. Probability of progression to extracutaneous disease within 20 years of diagnosis can be up to 40%, depending on stage. Treatment strategies for early stage CTCL include topical therapies with or without interferon-α or oral agents, while advanced stage patients often progress and are treated with chemotherapy and novel agents. Multiagent cytotoxic regimens are palliative with no demonstrated survival benefit. Among the novel therapies for CTCL is bexarotene, a retinoid X-receptor (RXR)-selective ag...
Microbial colonization of some duckweeds (Lemnaceae): Examination by scanning and transmission electron and light microscopy

Abstract Fresh specimens of the small floating aquatic macrophytes Lemna minor L. and Spirodela oligorhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., collected in Texas and Florida, were examined by scanning and transmission electron as well as light microscopy. Observations revealed that surfaces of the plants, including fronds and roots, were well colonized by bacteria and cyanobacteria as well as other microorganisms. Microorganisms were firmly attached and roots were shown to posses the mucilaginous layer commonly observed on other aquatic and terrestrial macrophytes. The rhizoplane of most plants was extensively colonized although some variability existed. Bacteria were also observed in the intercellular spaces of apparently healthy roots. The observations demonstrated some ultrastructural aspects of the association between some members of the Lemnaceae and attached epiphytic microorganisms.
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Glucosinolate Content Varies Across a Natural Light Gradient

Garlic mustard is a well-known invader of deciduous forests of North America, yet the influence of environmental factors on garlic mustard allelochemical production is not well understood. Three experiments were conducted to detect interactions between one garlic mustard allelochemical (glucosinolate) production and light availability. First, to detect patterns of glucosinolate production across a natural light gradient, leaves and roots of mature plants and first-year rosettes were sampled in patches ranging from 100 to 2 % of full sun within an Indiana forest. Second, to determine whether genetic variation drives observed correlations between glucosinolate content and light, seed collected across light gradients within six sites was grown in a common garden and glucosinolate production was measured. Finally, to understand whether local adaptation occurred in garlic mustard’s response to light, seed collected from defined light environments across six sites was grown under four light treatments. Results of the field sampling showed that mature plants’ root glucosinolate content was elevated in high compared to low light. In the common garden experiment, however, there was no correlation between light availability at seed origin and constitutive glucosinolate content. Additionally, in the common light treatments, there was no evidence for local adaptation to light environment. Overall, the results indicate that plasticity in response to light, not genetic variation among plants growing in different light environments, generates correlations between glucosinolate content and light in the field. Since mature garlic mustard populations in high light may exhibit increased glucosinolate content, it makes them potential targets for management.
Adenosine A2 receptor modulation of erythropoietin secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Abstract The present studies were undertaken using a cloned erythropoietin (Ep) producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep3B) to attempt to correlate the receptor binding properties and biological activities of 5′-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA), N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and N 6 -cyclopentyldenosine (CPA). Ep and cAMP levels in cultures of Hep3B cells in response to these adenosine analogues were measured by radioimmunoassay. Receptor binding affinities of the adenosine analogues were determined by measuring inhibition of binding of [ 3 H] NECA to hep3B cell membranes. Scatchard analysis of [ 3 H] NECA to Hep3B cell membranes. Scatchard analysis of [ 3 H] NECA binding to Hep3B cell membranes indicates a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant of 431 nM and a binding capacity of 573 fmol/mg protein. The adenosine analogues tested produced a significant increase in Ep secretion and cAMP accumulation (ED 50 for cAMP accumulation, NECA = 3.3×10 −7 M, CHA = 4 4.2×10 −6 M, CPA = 2.2×10 −6 M). In addition, NECA showed a higher binding affinity (Ki, 3.8×10 −7 M) for Hep3B cell membranes in comparison with CHA (Ki, 6.3×10 −6 M) and CPA (Ki, 3.9×10 −6 M). These results indicate that the rank order for potency for NECA, CHA and CPA in their binding to Hep3B cell membrane receptors correlates very well with their biological effects on Ep secretion and cAMP accumulation in Hep3B cells.
The ν3 bands of boron trifluoride 10BF3 and 11BF3

Abstract The ν 3 bands of 10 BF 3 and 11 BF 3 have been measured with a resolution of about 0.03 cm −1 and the rotational fine structure has been interpreted. The most prominent features of the bands are a series of band heads in the R R branches. The spectra of both molecules are complicated by a resonance between ν 3 and ν 1 + ν 4 which makes it difficult to estimate unperturbed molecular constants; from our analysis it appears that the most reasonable values are, for 10 BF 3 , ν 3 = 1502.5 ± 0.5 cm −1 , ζ 3 = 0.83 ± 0.03, and for 11 BF 3 , ν 3 = 1449 ± 3 cm −1 and ζ 3 = 0.81 ± 0.03.
Freshwater mussels as biomonitors for organic industrial contaminants and pesticides in the St. Lawrence River

Abstract Native mussels ( Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata ) were collected from 17 stations in the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Trois Rivieres and from three stations in a major tributary, the Ottawa River, in October, 1985. Mussels were solvent-extracted and analyzed individually by dual capillary column gas chromatography for seven organochlorine pesticides, 11 chlorobenzenes, octachlorostyrene and 63 PCB congeners. Bioconcentration patterns for contaminants in mussel tissues implicated Lake Ontario as the source of Mirex and DDT derivatives to the system and the Grass River as the major source of PCBs. Numbers of PCB congeners in mussels increased from 21–27 in the upper river to 56–59 in the Cornwall/Massena industrial core, mainly due to the appearance of di-, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls; an average of 43 congeners persisted as far downstream as Lac Saint-Pierre. Concentrations of most contaminants in mussels from the Ottawa River were 50–75% lower than the lowest values reported for the St. Lawrence River. This study provides information on the origin, bioavailability and persistence of organic contaminants in the St. Lawrence River ecosystem.
A nonoccluded virus of the army cutworm

Abstract A nonoccluded virus was isolated from larvae of the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris. Infected larvae became lethargic and shrunken, and death usually occurred 12–20 days after infection. The primary site of viral infection and replication appeared to be the nuclei of midgut epithelial cells; however, virus replication also occurred in cells of the tracheal matrix and in muscle. Nuclei in early stages of the infection contained large granular areas with the chromatin scattered near the nuclear membrane. These areas differentiated into viral particles that measured 24 nm and formed crystalline arrays, occasionally 10 μm long. Disruption of the nuclear membrane liberated these arrays of particles into the cytoplasm. Fluorescence microscopy studies indicated that the viral particles contained DNA. The crystalline arrays were Feulgen positive. The virus also infected larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, and corn carworm, Heliothis zea, in laboratory tests.
Chemopreventive effect of celecoxib in oral precancers and cancers.

Objectives: Oral cancer has become an important health care problem in many countries. Because this disease develops slowly, early detection and intervention can greatly affect ultimate outcome. Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor with significantly less toxicity. This study investigated the possibility of using it for chemoprevention of oral cancer at the early stages. Study Design: Randomized animal study. Methods: Dysplastic lesions were induced in the buccal pouches of 47 hamsters by a 5 week painting of 9,10-dimethl-1,2-benzanthrancene (DMBA). Basal diets or diets containing 500 or 1,500 ppm of Celecoxib were orally given for 7 weeks. The T50 (50% incidence; i.e., the time to appearance of tumors in 50% of the hamsters) was observed, and volume of tumors was measured on day 1, 9, 19, 28, 35, and 48 with the Celecoxib treatment. Results: The T50 was 9, 19, and 28 days with the treatment in the control group, in the 500 ppm group, and in the 1,500 ppm group, respectively. It indicated that the Celecoxib treatment could delay progression of early lesion. The tumor measurement showed that this treatment was also effective in delaying tumor growth in both treatment groups. There was a difference in the treatment efficacy between the 500 ppm and 1,500 ppm of Celecoxib, indicating a dose-dependent efficacy. Conclusions: Celecoxib is effective in delaying onset of early lesions induced by DMBA and in slowing growth of the tumors in hamster cheek pouches during the postinitiation stage. Its treatment efficacy appears to be dose dependent.
PHILOSOPHY AND THE STUDY OF ITS HISTORY

: This article's goal is to outline one approach to providing a principled answer to the question of what is the proper relationship between philosophy and the study of philosophy's history, a question arising, for example, in the design of a curriculum for graduate students. This approach requires empirical investigation of philosophizing past and present, and thus takes philosophy as an object of study in something like the way that contemporary (naturalistic) philosophy of science takes science as an object of study. This approach also requires articulating a sense in which philosophy might make, or might have made, progress.
Multihop 2 x 2 photonic packet switch with header reinsertion

Photonic packet switches are important in telecommunications and computer communications because of their bandwidth transparency. All-optical multihop networks, which route payloads optically from source to destination, are a current research topic. An important building block, the 2×2 switch, must have the capability to route packets, resolve output-port contention, and in many cases reinsert a new header. Multihop operation typically requires that packets traverse an unknown number of switch nodes. Therefore header reinsertion must be independent of the number of hops. Self-routing in 1 × 2 switches has been reported.1 Self-routing and contention resolution in a 2 × 2 switch with both input ports active2 and with a single-packet input buffer3 have also been reported, as has single-pass header reinsertion in a 1 × 2 switch for ring network.4,5
Effect of cimetidine on gastric secretory function during stress

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of cimetidine, an H 2 -receptor antagonist, on gastric acid secretion in awake stressed and nonstressed rats with chronic gastric fistulas. The findings were: 1. (1) Cimetidine decreased total gastric acid output in stressed and nonstressed animals compared to controls. 2. (2) Cimetidine decreased gastric acid concentration in stressed and nonstressed animals compared to controls. 3. (3) Control stressed rats demonstrated reduced total gastric acid output but unchanged acid concentration compared to nonstressed controls. Conclusions were: 1. (1) Gastric acid concentration is more important than total acid output in formation of stress-related gastric mucosal injury. 2. (2) Cimetidine's protective role in stress is related to its ability to decrease gastric acid concentration.
Lactose Intolerance and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A recent study on lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome has shown that subjective lactose intolerance is increased in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, despite no increase in the prevalence of lactose maldigestion.
Power-controlled medium access for ad hoc networks with directional antennas

Directional antennas have the potential to significantly improve the throughput of a wireless ad hoc network. At the same time, energy consumption can be considerably reduced if the network implements per-packet transmission power control. Typical MAC protocols for ad hoc networks (e.g., the IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc mode) were designed for wireless devices with omnidirectional antennas. When used with directional antennas, such protocols suffer from several medium access problems, including interference from minor lobes and hidden-terminal problems, which prevent full exploitation of the potential of directional antennas. In this paper, we propose a power-controlled MAC protocol for directional antennas that ameliorates these problems. Our protocol allows for dynamic adjustment of the transmission power for both data and clear-to-send (CTS) packets to optimize energy consumption. It provides a mechanism for permitting interference-limited concurrent transmissions and choosing the appropriate tradeoff between throughput and energy consumption. The protocol enables nodes to implement load control in a distributed manner, whereby the total interference in the neighborhood of a receiver is upper-bounded. Simulation results demonstrate that the combined gain from concurrent transmissions using directional antennas and power control results in significant improvement in network throughput and considerable reduction in energy consumption.
Some introductory notes to an issue of boundary-layer meteorology dedicated to Arthur James Dyer

This issue is a Festschrift to Dr A. J. (‘Arch’) Dyer, the distinguished Australian micrometeorologist. In these introductory notes, the intent is to summarize Arch’s contributions in micrometeorology, and especially in the development of flux-gradient relationships, not in depth but in sufficient detail to give the unfamiliar reader an idea of the thoroughness of his work. Arch’s own review of the history of eddy flux measurement makes interesting reading; in it, his own role is characteristically downplayed (Dyer, 1968). Arthur James Dyer was born in 1925. He eventually became a student at the University of Melbourne, after leaving an intimidating academic record behind him at Melbourne’s University High School. In 1946, Arch was awarded his B.Sc. degree in Physics, with First Class Honours. He went on to receive his M.Sc. degree in 1948, and a Ph.D. in Physics in 1953. Arch’s thesis was on the detection and measurement of cosmic rays. There was no meteorology in his curriculum, but immediately upon joining the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s Meteorological Physics Section in 1954, he was rudely introduced to meteorology and especially to the technical limitations of meteorological sensing. At that time, the Section (later to become the Division of Meteorological Physics, then the Division of Atmospheric Physics, and now the Division of Atmospheric Research) was geared towards answering some specific questions about the dependence of surface fluxes on atmospheric and surface conditions. The team Arch joined was powerful, headed by C. H. B. (Bill) Priestley and W. C. (Bill) Swinbank, and with R. J. (Reg) Taylor, E. L. (Len) Deacon, I. C. (Ian) McIlroy, and E. K. (Eric) Webb forming the core of the experimental effort. Arch took over the responsibility for the electronics shop, which was then heavily involved in developments related to eddy correlation. It is worth remembering the times. Much earlier, Scrase (1930) had demonstrated that eddy correlation could be made to work, but had shown (with great emphasis) the difficulty of the job. In Australia, Swinbank, Priestley, Taylor, and Webb had explored the approach further, and had started intensive work on automating the analysis. The first computerized system employed a mechanical integration device, a ball-and-disc integrator in which one signal controls the speed of rotation of a disc and another controls the radius at which a tangential wheel contacts the disc (Taylor and Webb, 1955). The number of turns of the contacting wheel is directly related to the integral of
Infrared linear diattenuation and birefringence spectra of ferroelectric liquid crystals

Linear diattenuation and linear birefringence spectra of three ferroelectric liquid-crystalline materials, 764E, SCE4, and SCE9, are presented for the wavelength region from 2.5 to 12 microm. Relatively high birefringence (Deltan >/= 0.1) was found in the transmission bands from 2.5 to 3.2 microm and 3.6 to 5.7 microm, with only a small amount of interference from linear diattenuation (D </= 2%). The potential for these materials as broad-spectral-band infrared modulators in these regions is suggested by the relatively constant retardance and small linear di-attenuation. Substantially larger values of linear diattenuation and retardance are found in the narrower transmission bands beyond 5.8 microm. The linear diattenuation and linear birefringence spectra display the expected anomalous dispersion near the absorption bands.
Information Search as Affected by Attribution Type and Response Category

A 2x4 split plot factorial experiment investigated the effects of person vs. stimulus attribution and response category (i.e., accomplishments, opinions, emotions and actions) on requests for consistency, consensus and distinctiveness informa tion. Requests for all three types of information were signifi cantly affected by both independent variables, alone and in interaction. Person attribution led to more requests for con sistency and distinctiveness information than stimulus attribu tion, while stimulus attribution led to more requests for consensus. Under person attribution, actions and accomplishments produced more consistency requests than emotions and opinions, while accomplishments produced greatest concern with distinc tiveness. Under stimulus attribution, accomplishments led to greatest concern with consensus.
Somatic crossing-over in Antirrhinum majus

Many aberrant somatic sectors on the corollas of heterozygous Antirrhinum majus can be related to a number of genetic causes while twin-spots are attributed to somatic crossing-over, hitherto, considered a relatively rare occurrence in higher plants. The administration of caffeine increases the frequency of single aberrant sites and also of twin-spots. The inclusion of the unstable genes nivea-recurrens and pallida-recurrens has no effect on the frequency of twin-spots. Homozygosity following somatic crossing-over is presumed for several loci and some evidence is presented for deficiency aberrations. The use of precise precursors in the biosynthetic pathway to anthocyanidin formation provided confirmatory evidence for the identification of the genes involved in the somatic aberrations.
Dorsal hippocampal α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors and memory

Abstract Nicotinic receptor systems have been shown to be important for working memory. In general, nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve memory, and nicotinic antagonists impair it. All of the neuronal substrates for nicotinic involvement in memory still remain to be discovered. The amygdala and ventral hippocampus have both been found to be important for nicotinic involvement in memory function. Local infusion of the nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) to block α7 nicotinic receptors and dihydro-β-erythrodine (DHβE) to block α4β2 nicotinic receptors into the basolateral amygdala and the ventral hippocampus have been found to impair working memory function, with no additive effects being observed. The current project assessed the roles of α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors in the dorsal hippocampus for memory function. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were trained on the 16-arm radial maze. The rats (n = 10) had bilateral cannulae implanted into the dorsal hippocampus. The rats were given acute infusions of DHβE (0, 1.69, 3.38, and 6.75 μg/side) and MLA (6.75 μg/side) alone and in combination in a repeated measures counter-balanced design. DHβE and MLA infusion into the dorsal hippocampus significantly increased working memory errors. However, when the two drugs were given in combination, an attenuated effect was seen. No significant effects of MLA or DHβE were seen with reference memory errors or response latency. These results confirm the importance of α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the dorsal hippocampus for appetitively-motivated spatial cognitive function.
Utilization Distribution Estimation Using Weighted Kernel Density Estimators

Ecologists and wildlife biologists have long recognized the importance of random sampling but have largely used haphazard (i.e., nonrandom) designs for collecting location data for home-range and habitat-use studies. Using simulated movement paths, I illustrate the importance of random sampling in obtaining unbiased estimates of space use in home-range and habitat-use studies. Stratified random sampling will typically be more time efficient and easier to implement than simple random sampling. Therefore, I propose 2 weighted kernel density estimators (WKDEs) for use with stratified designs. Simulations indicate that these weighted estimators perform considerably better than traditional kernel density estimators when observations are sampled nonuniformly in time. Lastly, I illustrate the use of WKDEs to analyze data for a female northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected using Global Positioning Systems with seasonally varying intensity levels. By correcting for nonuniform sampling intensities, these estimators may provide a more accurate description of space use over the fixed study period.
Contexts: A Mechanism for High Throughput Communication in OpenSHMEM

This paper introduces a proposed extension to the OpenSHMEM parallel programming model, called communication contexts. Contexts introduce a new construct that allows a programmer to generate independent streams of communication operations. In hybrid executions where multiple threads execute within an OpenSHMEM process, contexts eliminate interference between threads, and enable the OpenSHMEM library to map operations generated by threads to private communication resource sets. By providing thread isolation, contexts eliminate synchronization overheads and enable each thread to drive a similar set of resources and achieve performance comparable to an OpenSHMEM process. In conventional, single-threaded execution, contexts provide greater control over ordering of operations and can improve communication and computation overlap. A detailed description of the contexts interface and its implementation for the Portals 4 network programming interface is described. The implementation is evaluated using Mandelbrot set and integer sorting (IS) benchmarks. Contexts provide a 25% performance improvement for Mandelbrot by eliminating thread interference and enabling pipelining, and a 35% improvement was achieved for IS by enabling more effective communication/computation overlap.
Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery in Children: Concept and Controversies of the New Technique

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is emerging as an alternative technique to conventional laparoscopy for the treatment of common surgical diseases. Despite its wide use, the adoption of SILS in children has been slower since the broad application of minimally invasive techniques in children, in general, has historically lagged behind those in adults. This paper reviews the evolution of SILS from its original conception and its application in the field of pediatric surgery.
Clinical management of patients at inherited risk for gynecologic cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As more women with an inherited increased risk of gynecologic cancer are identified the clinician will be challenged to counsel these women on risk-reducing strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: Although there are some recent studies that show potential for ovarian cancer surveillance strategies there remains no definitive evidence that surveillance leads to a stage shift or a reduction in mortality. Recent studies support the following conclusions: first oral contraceptive use reduces ovarian cancer risk without significantly increasing breast cancer risk second salpingo-oophorectomy leads to a reduction in ovarian cancer breast cancer and overall mortality for women who are carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and third the ovarian cancers associated with BRCA mutations actually include fallopian tube and peritoneal cancer and may have a precursor lesion in the fallopian tube; this observation has prompted the provocative suggestion of removing the fallopian tube to reduce ovarian cancer risk. SUMMARY: Because of the interplay between the hormonal impact of ovarian function on breast cancer risk the risk reduction associated with oophorectomy and the impact of early menopause on other health outcomes an integrated multidisciplinary approach is required to aid in the increasingly complex decisions faced by women with high inherited risk of developing gynecologic cancers.
Analysis of Muon Events in the DHCAL

Abstract The Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL) is a large prototype of an imaging calorimeter using Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media. The readout is segmented into 1×1 cm2 pads, each with a single bit resolution, hence the denomination of digital. The total channel count is close to 500,000. The DHCAL construction and assembly was completed in fall 2010, followed by a series of test beam campaigns in the FTBF test beam at Fermilab. In this paper we report on the analysis of events collected with the broadband muon beam. These events are utilized to geometrically align the layers horizontally and vertically, to establish the response as function of position on a single readout pad, and to measure the performance characteristics of the RPCs, i.e. the efficiency and average pad multiplicity. The latter were measured in both ‘clean’ regions of the detector, i.e. away from structures such as the rims of the chambers, and as function of position on the entire vertical plane. In addition, the paper reviews the preliminary measurements of the noise rate in the detector.
A convenient fluorescent assay for vertebrate collagenases

A versatile, convenient assay for vertebrate collagenases has been developed using the fluorescent peptide substrate dansyl-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-D-Arg. This sequence resembles that of collagen at the site of cleavage but includes modifications designed to eliminate nonspecific hydrolysis by contaminating peptidases. Both human skin fibroblast and bovine corneal cell collagenases cleave the substrate specifically at the Gly-Ile bond. Plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase B, and bacterial collagenase do not cleave the substrate. Elastase and angiotensin converting enzyme display 20- and 400-fold less activity than the vertebrate collagenases, respectively, and cleave the peptide at different positions. The assay is performed by incubating a 5- to 25-microliters aliquot of trypsin-activated sample with an equal volume of 2 mM substrate overnight at 33 degrees C and pH 7.5. Thin-layer chromatography then separates the fluorescent product from the substrate in less than 20 min and allows the detection of subnanogram levels of collagenase. The assay is applicable to the screening of large numbers of samples under different conditions of pH and ionic strength and is readily adaptable for use in a variety of collagenase-dependent systems, such as assays for collagenase activating and/or inducing factors.
Technical Report: In-situ Studies of Pulsed Laser Deposition Growth at CHESS

Recent advances in thin-film growth using advanced in-situ monitoring techniques have enabled materials engineering with atomic precision via the carefully controlled deposition of sequences of single atomic layers [1–4]. Epitaxial oxide heterostructures are especially attractive due to the broad range of materials properties that are manifest with changes in stoichiometry, even within a single structure family. Researchers are beginning to search for new phenomena that occur when these dissimilar materials are joined at atomically smooth interfaces [5–8].
Is Sjögren's syndrome a cause for dry eyes and dry mouth in the elderly?

Dry mouth and dry eyes are common symptoms among the elderly, and they are the cardinal features of Sjogren’s syndrome. In the elderly, both symptoms are often attributed to aging and medications without considering the possibility of underlying disease. Sjogren’s syndrome is a multisystem exocrinopathy with a broad spectrum of exocrine and nonexocrine involvement; consequently, its initial clinical manifestations may appear unrelated and can be easily overlooked by both patients and healthcare providers. However, complications of Sjogren’s syndrome can be disabling and compromising for patients’ health and quality of life. Owing to the broad spectrum of systems that are affected by Sjogren’s syndrome, its management requires a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration between healthcare providers, including primary-care physicians, rheumatologists, ophthalmologists, dentists and often other specialists, to ensure an optimal health outcome. This review provides an overview of Sjogren’s syndrome with em...