cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of a GPS-based vehicle mobility power model

Recently, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve fuel efficiency and stealth capabilities, and these vehicles require accurate power duty cycle estimates. A GPS-based mobility power and duty cycle model was developed and is used to predict the vehicle power requirements. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces and power developed during locomotion are determined from the global positioning system (GPS) tracking data. Controlled tests were performed and the predicted mobility power values predicted from a GPS receiver were compared to the measured drivewheel power estimated from engine data transmitted on the vehicle's controller area network (CAN). The results from the validation tests indicated that the model was reasonably accurate in predicting the average power requirements of the vehicle.
Higher-order Darboux transformations and Wronskian representations for Schrödinger equations with quadratically energy-dependent potentials

We construct higher-order Darboux transformations for Schrodinger equations with quadratically energy-dependent potentials. Similar to the case of conventional Darboux (also known as supersymmetric) transformations, both the solutions and the potentials of transformed equations are expressed through Wronskians. We discuss properties of our Darboux transformations and provide an application.
Incidence of venous thromboembolism after robotic-assisted hysterectomy in obese patients with endometrial cancer: do we need extended prophylaxis?

Robotic surgery for gynecologic malignancy is associated with a lower rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than laparotomy. Obese patients represent a particularly high-risk group for VTE, but prior studies tend to focus on patients with a much lower BMI and without extended VTE prophylaxis. Our objective was to examine the role of extended thromboprophylaxis in obese patients who underwent robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of obese patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) who underwent robotic surgery for newly diagnosed endometrial cancer. The primary outcome measured was the occurrence of a VTE event within the 30-day postoperative period. The Farrington–Manning score test was used for equivalence analysis with a 5% margin. Secondary outcomes were perioperative complications. One hundred thirty-two robotic cases for endometrial cancer met our criteria. One hundred twenty-one (92%) received preoperative pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, and 100% used pneumatic compression devices. Ninety-three percent and 90% received preoperative pharmacologic prophylaxis in the extended and no extended group, respectively (p-value = 0.7). Seventy patients (54%) received 4-week extended prophylaxis. Estimated blood loss was similar in both groups (75 mL vs 60 mL, p-value = 0.6). Perioperative complications and readmissions were similar between the two groups. There were no VTE events during hospital stay. One patient in the group that did not receive extended prophylaxis developed a VTE in the 30-day postoperative period (1.6%), versus 0% in the group that did receive extended prophylaxis (p-value = 0.1). The risk of VTE was low. The absence of extended VTE prophylaxis did not significantly increase the risk for VTE in obese patients with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer who underwent robotic-assisted surgery.
Abstract Description of some Basic Functors

Two functors appear to play a dominating role in homological algebra; these are : the tensor product and the functor " Hom ". In this note these two functors are described abstractly by their rather simple properties.
Antidepressant Use Partially Mediates the Association Between Depression and Risk of Falls and Fall Injuries Among Older Adults.

Background The association between depression and fall risk in older adults is recognized, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. This study estimated the mediating role of antidepressant use in the association between depression and falls and fall injuries. Methods Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2004-2006) were linked with medication data from the Prescription Drug Study (PDS; 2005). The sample included community-dwelling adults age ≥ 65 with data on depression and medication use (n=3,565). Depression was measured using two independent survey tools: Composite International Diagnostic Interview for depression short form and an 8-item version of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. We used causal mediation analysis to estimate and compare the direct and indirect (mediated by antidepressant use) effects of depression on falls and fall injuries. Results Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) were significantly more likely to experience a fall (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.62) and a fall injury (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.55) over two years. Indirect effect estimates showed that antidepressant medication use accounted for approximately 19% and 18% of the association between MDD and falls and fall injuries, respectively. Results were similar when using an alternative depression measure and when considering only selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Conclusion Antidepressant use explains a significant proportion, but not a majority, of the association between depression and greater fall risk. Treatment benefits of antidepressants should be considered with, and may outweigh, concerns about increased risk of falls associated with antidepressant use.
Cone characteristics and insect predation levels vary across years in mast seeding white spruce

Populations of many tree species exhibit synchronous and highly temporally variable seed crops across years. This is called mast seeding, and there are two predominant hypotheses for this pattern o...
Frank Knight, James Buchanan, and Virginia Political Economy: The Long Shadow of Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit

I have been asked to explore how James Buchanan’s work on public finance and constitutional political economy might have emerged out of themes present in Frank Knight’s oeuvre, especially his Risk Uncertainty, and Profit. Buchanan’s body of work has inspired the development of a style of political economy sometimes described as Virginia or Constitutional Political Economy to distinguish it from the Chicago Political Economy with which George Stigler is associated, and with Stigler and Buchanan both being students of Knight. While Buchanan, unlike Stigler, did not write his dissertation under Knight’s supervision, this is a minor distinction because Buchanan regarded Knight as his de facto supervisor even though Roy Blough was his de jure supervisor. The author explains how Knight’s scholarly oeuvre can in large measure be detected in Buchanan’s effort to fashion an alternative approach to public finance and to articulate the field of study now called constitutional political economy.
Total Versus Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty: Does Race Play a Role in the Treatment Selection?

Racial disparities have been well reported in the utilization and outcomes of knee arthroplasty, but it is unclear whether disparities also extend to the choice of surgical treatment. The primary objective of this study is to identify if race plays a role in the selection of unicondylar versus total knee arthroplasty (UKA, TKA) for isolated tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA). A secondary objective is to identify the differences in the complication rates for each procedure by racial identity. A retrospective review of the 2006–2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was performed. Asian, Black, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Native American/Alaskan, and White individuals who underwent primary elective UKA or TKA were compared in terms of UKA vs. TKA utilization rates and outcomes. A total of 308,715 patients were analyzed. After controlling for all baseline differences, Whites (3.5%), Asians (3.7%), and Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (3.1%) had around twice the rate of UKA compared to Blacks (1.6%), while Hispanics (2.1%) and Native American/Alaskans (1.7%) were in between (p <0.001). TKA was associated with higher complications compared to UKA in all racial groups (p < 0.001). Minority patients, especially Blacks, were less likely to receive UKA for treatment of isolated knee OA. This is significant because treatment selection in patients who are eligible for UKA can have a significant impact on postoperative recovery and complications rates.
Energetic basis of excited-state enzyme design and function

The last decades have witnessed an explosion of de novo protein designs with a remarkable range of scaffolds. It remains challenging, however, to design catalytic functions that are competitive with naturally occurring counterparts as well as biomimetic or non-biological catalysts. Although directed evolution often offers efficient solutions, the fitness landscape remains opaque. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), which has revolutionized biological imaging and assays, is one of the most re-designed proteins. While not an enzyme in the conventional sense, GFPs feature competing excited-state decay pathways with the same steric and electrostatic origins as conventional ground-state catalysts, and they exert exquisite control over multiple reaction outcomes through the same principles. Thus, GFP is an “excited-state enzyme”. Herein we show that rationally designed mutants and hybrids that contain environmental mutations and substituted chromophores provide the basis for a quantitative model and prediction that describes the influence of sterics and electrostatics on excited-state catalysis of GFPs. As both perturbations can selectively bias photoisomerization pathways, GFPs with fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) and photoswitching characteristics tailored for specific applications could be predicted and then demonstrated. The underlying energetic landscape, readily accessible via spectroscopy for GFPs, offers an important missing link in the design of protein function that is generalizable to catalyst design.
Novel Characterization of Si- and SiC-based PWM Inverter Bearing Currents Using Probability Density Functions

The high frequency PWM voltage pulses from a two-level six-switch inverter produce a common-mode voltage in an electric machine’s windings, a fraction of which appears on the machine shaft due to electrostatic coupling. When the shaft voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the bearing lubricating grease, electric discharge machining (EDM) discharges occur within the bearing, which can lead to premature failure. According to pulsed dielectric theory, the breakdown voltage across a dielectric increases with an increase in voltage rise time. Therefore, the fast voltage rise times of wide bandgap devices are expected to produce higher magnitude shaft voltages and EDM bearing currents. This paper presents circuit modeling of EDM currents and compares the shaft voltage and bearing current amplitudes of silicon- and silicon carbide-based PWM inverters through a Weibull statistical analysis.
An observational study of the temporal and spatial patterns of Marek's-disease-associated leukosis condemnation of young chickens in the United States of America.

Abstract Marek's disease, a disease primarily affecting immature chickens, is a worldwide problem that has on at least three occasions threatened the poultry industry in the United States. A rich dataset to study the epidemiology of this disease is available because the United States Department of Agriculture has required mandatory inspections of all commercially sold poultry of significant scale since the mid-20th century with over 99% of all chickens inspected. This dataset includes monthly totals aggregated by state since 1961 of the number of “young chickens” inspected and the number with “leukosis”, a condemnation category that is almost always associated with Marek's disease in this category of birds. The objective of this study was to analyze temporal and spatial patterns in this condemnation data to gain insight into the ecology and epidemiology of the causative virus. We extracted visual patterns in the data using seasonal trend decomposition, and we tested for statistical significance using extended linear modeling techniques. The analysis confirmed previous findings that there are differences in leukosis condemnation rates between states, across years, and within years. The analysis also revealed several patterns not previously highlighted, including spatial and temporal autocorrelations in leukosis condemnation, changes to the amplitude of seasonality over time, and increasing within-year variation in condemnation rate over time. These patterns suggest that locally shared farm practices, virus transmission between farms, or viral persistence may be important to understanding the dynamics of the disease. We also discuss the plausibility of other potential explanations for these patterns.
A database and tool, IM Browser, for exploring and integrating emerging gene and protein interaction data for Drosophila

Background Biological processes are mediated by networks of interacting genes and proteins. Efforts to map and understand these networks are resulting in the proliferation of interaction data derived from both experimental and computational techniques for a number of organisms. The volume of this data combined with the variety of specific forms it can take has created a need for comprehensive databases that include all of the available data sets, and for exploration tools to facilitate data integration and analysis. One powerful paradigm for the navigation and analysis of interaction data is an interaction graph or map that represents proteins or genes as nodes linked by interactions. Several programs have been developed for graphical representation and analysis of interaction data, yet there remains a need for alternative programs that can provide casual users with rapid easy access to many existing and emerging data sets.
Autocrine stimulation by erythropoietin in transgenic mice results in erythroid proliferation without neoplastic transformation

Erythropoietin (Epo) autocrine stimulation has been implicated in erythroleukemia. To develop a model of Epo autocrine stimulation, we made transgenic mice using a construct that linked the human Epo gene to an erythroid-specific regulatory element, designated 5'HS-2, from the human beta-globin locus control region. We hypothesized that Epo gene expression would be targeted to erythroid cells in these mice, resulting in autocrine stimulation of erythroid progenitor cell growth in culture, and that chronic autocrine Epo stimulation would result in erythroleukemia. Transgenic mice containing intact copies of the 5'HS-2Epo construction had elevated hematocrits, reticulocyte counts and serum Epo levels and marked splenic enlargement. Analysis of RNA isolated from organs of transgenic mice revealed constitutive Epo mRNA expression primarily in spleen, blood and bone marrow. RNA samples from anemic transgenic mice revealed Epo gene induction only in the liver. Marrow derived from 5'HS-2Epo mice grew BFU-E in the absence of exogenous Epo. Despite observation of up to 2 years, no mouse developed erythroleukemia, demonstrating that Epo autocrine stimulation alone is insufficient for progression to malignancy. These studies show that 5'HS-2 can be used to target Epo gene expression to erythroid tissue. These mice could provide a model system for studying autocrine growth regulation.
A generalized hyperbolic marching technique for three-dimensional supersonic flow with shocks

The current paper introduces a generalized, nonorthogonal coordinate system for application to supersonic flows with such large angles between streamlines of the initial Cauchy data and the marching direction that the velocity component in the marching direction is actually subsonic. Finite-difference operators are developed to solve the three-dimensional, steady, inviscid conservation equations of fluid flow referenced to this general frame. Moreover, a new method of aligning the difference mesh to the bow shock wave is presented which eliminates both the necessity for differencing the free-stream flow properties and the spurious fluctuations that often arise in conservative variables when they are differenced across the discontinuity. Results are given for the case of flow past a conical surface.
Investigating Individual Differences in Toddler Search with Mixture Models.

Children's performance on cognitive tasks is often described in categorical terms in that a child is described as either passing or failing a test, or knowing or not knowing some concept. We used binomial mixture models to determine whether individual children could be classified as passing or failing two search tasks, the DeLoache model room task and the Berthier et al. door task. The data support categorical classification of the children and suggest that the increase in average proportion correct with age is the result of an increasing proportion of children who can solve the tasks. Performance on the two tasks was concordant, and improving performance could be due to advances in a single psychological ability, such as cognitive control. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental cancer chemotherapy.

Publisher Summary Useful but not curative agents against cancer have been found. Steroids, carbamates, folic-acid analogs, nitrogen mustards, and related compounds are the most effective. While it can be anticipated that additional, active antifolic acids and nitrogen mustard-like compounds can be found, it is difficult to escape the impression that studies in all four categories of compounds have reached the point of diminishing returns as far as providing new compounds with superior degrees of effectiveness is concerned. Thus, any simple interference in a metabolic process common to tumors and normal tissue would be limited as a therapeutic procedure by the damage caused to the most sensitive normal tissues. The discovery by mouse and rat tests of substances useful in human cancer should provide an answer to the frequently raised question of whether results can be transferred from mouse to man. This chapter discusses test methods representative of those that have been used to find and study the antitumor activity of compounds.
Sign patterns that require real, nonreal or pure imaginary eigenvalues

We characterize the n-by-n sign pattern matrices that require all real, all nonreal, and all pure imaginary eigenvalues. Characterization of sign patterns that allow a real eigenvalue and those that allow a nonreal eigenvalue then follow. Some related specialized results and a characterization of sign patterns that allow a positive real eigenvalue are included.
Selective Upper Rim Functionalization and Lower Rim Bridge Building with Calix[4]arenes and Calix[6]arenes1

Selective upper rim functionalization of calix[6]arenes has been achieved by selective lower rim benzoylation at the 1,2,4,5 positions followed by AlCl3-induced removal of the tert-butyl groups of the unesterified aryl residues and introduction of various functionalities into the vacated para positions, including bromo (5), dialkylamino, (7−11) cyanomethyl (12), and (propargyloxy)methyl (13) groups. Lower rim bridge building has been achieved via oxidative coupling reactions between the aryne moieties of calix[4]arenes and calix[6]arenes in which O-benzyl groups carry one (from 23 and 24) or two (from 25) propargyloxy residues. In the calix[4]arene series both a single-spanned (32) and a double-spanned (33) double-cavity calixarene were obtained. In the calix[6]arene series only a single-spanned double cavity calixarene (36) could be characterized.
Sovereign Bonds and the "Democratic Advantage": Does Regime Type Affect Credit Rating Agency Ratings in the Developing World?

The importance of sovereign bond ratings has grown recently as assessments by credit rating agencies (CRAs) influence the cost of capital. Understanding how CRAs determine country ratings is difficult based on the secretive nature of these agencies. Controlling for the common explanations in the literature, we use panel data and interviews to investigate the role of the “democratic advantage” and other determinants on bond ratings set by Moody's Investor Services, Standard and Poor's, and Fitch Ratings for fifty developing countries from 1987 to 2003. We find that regime type and most other political factors have little effect on bond raters. Instead, trade, inflation, growth, and bond default strongly affect sovereign ratings. The message for policymakers in developing countries is that factors that support bond repayment are most useful for enhancing CRA ratings.The authors' names are listed alphabetically to indicate equal contribution. For comments on previous versions of this article, we are grateful to Matthias Kaelberer, Sebastian Saiegh, Tim Sinclair, Mike Tomz, Paul Vaaler, Jeff Wooldridge, as well as panelists and participants of the ISA 2006. We thank Nate Jensen, Layna Mosley, and Andy Sobel for helping us make contacts with bond raters. We also thank Tai Scelfo for her research assistance. We greatly acknowledge the generosity of the bond raters for giving us insights on the ratings process. Portions of this research were supported by a 2005 Small Grant by the American Political Science Association.
Potential effects of nutritional state on pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis.

. There are a number of observations which suggest that malnutrition and decreasing pulmonary function are parallel phenomena in chronic lung disease. Causality for either has not been established. A potential link between the two may he the diminishing function of respiratory muscles which accompanies weight loss. Data from adult patients with chronic obstructive lung disease are presented which suggest that respiratory muscle fibers progressively atrophy, not hypertrophy, in the face of increasing airway obstruction. This lack of compensation is probably nonspecific since nonrespiratory muscles demonstrate the same trend. This observation may explain some of the impaired respiratory muscle function which has been documented in patients with chronic lung disease. There are no morphologic data available for older patients with cystic fibrosis, but the processes which impair muscle function may prove to he similar in both groups of patients. The effect of malnutrition on respiratory muscle fiber size remains to be determined.
Predicting neurologic recovery in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) affects 8,000 to 10,000 individuals per year in the United States. One of the most difficult tasks confronting the clinician is the discussion of neurologic recovery and prognosis with the patient and/or family. Our objective is to provide a guide for practitioners to accurately predict neurologic outcome in acute traumatic cervical SCI (tetraplegia). Data Source: Published reports obtained through MEDLINE search, texts, and studies presented at national conferences. Study Selection: Peer reviewed studies, in English language, that discussed prognosis after traumatic SCI. Conclusion: A comprehensive physical examination of the acute SCI patient is essential in determining the initial level and classification of the injury and is the most accurate method to predict neurologic recovery. Other diagnostic tests, including somatosensory evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, may be helpful in further determining outcome when used in association with the clinical examination. The understanding of neurologic recovery should help predict ultimate functional capability and potential needs.
Establishing a Collaborative School Culture Through Comprehensive School Reform

Over the last decade, much research has been conducted regarding how successful school improvement can be achieved. One focus of this research has been the development of schools that are inclusive and meet the educational needs of all students, including those with disabilities. Research has shown that school change that improves teacher practice and student outcomes may be achieved through Comprehensive School Reform. Key aspects of this reform include the development of a collaborative culture, the use of high-quality professional development to improve teacher practices, and strong leadership for school improvement activities by the principal and other school leaders. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Survival in Men With Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer Treated With Hormone Therapy: A Quantitative Systematic Review

Purpose We aimed to describe disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in men with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer receiving immediate hormone therapy as adjunct to radiation therapy, adjunct to radical prostatectomy, or stand-alone therapy. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CancerLit, the Cochrane Library, and Current Contents (from 1986 to September 2006) yielded 35 high-quality clinical trials (n = 11,105 patients) which formed the evidence base. Selected studies were required to address early hormone therapy in nonmetastatic prostate cancer only. Data on DFS and OS were extracted from individual trials, summarized statistically, and displayed in graphic form. Results Survival probabilities were extracted from 16 trials (n = 5,987 patients) addressing hormone therapy as an adjunct to radiation therapy, 11 trials (n = 1,885 patients) investigating hormone therapy as an adjunct to prostatectomy, and 10 trials (n = 3,233 patients) evaluating...
Oxygen Administration in the Neonate

Abstract The use of supplemental oxygen is one of the most common interventions in the care of sick and premature neonates. Despite the long history of use, there continues to be significant controversy and confusion regarding the appropriate use of this drug. A review of relevant history, positive contribution, and known and theoretical risks is useful in considering the benefits and risks of oxygen therapy. Administration considerations, including methods of delivery, gas conditioning, monitoring of oxygenation status, and dosing issues, are reviewed in light of current evidence. Recommendations for further study are suggested.
Adding dataflow-driven execution control to a Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Array

Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) are a promising class of architectures for accelerating applications using a large number of parallel execution units for high throughput. While they are typically good at utilizing many processing elements for a single task with automatic parallelization, all processing elements are required to perform their operations in lock step; this makes applications that involve multiple data streams, multiple tasks, or unpredictable schedules more difficult to program and use their resources inefficiently. Other architectures like Massively Parallel Processor Arrays (MPPAs) are better suited for these applications and excel at executing unrelated tasks simultaneously, but the amount of resources easily utilized for a single task is limited. We are developing a new architecture with the multi-task flexibility of an MPPA and the automatic parallelization of a CGRA. A key to the flexibility of MPPAs is the ability for subtasks to execute independently instead of in lock step with all other subtasks on the array. In this paper, we develop the special network and control circuitry to add support for this execution style in a CGRA with less than 2% area overhead. Additionally, we also describe the CAD tool modifications and application developer guidelines for utilizing the resulting hybrid CGRA/MPPA architecture.
Pars pro toto: On Comparing Relic Practices

This article examines some of the implications of cross-cultural and cross-tradition comparison in the study of religion as they emerge from an analysis of religious practices associated with relics. It also identifies some key comparative themes highlighted in the articles that comprise this special issue on relic practices.
Bounday trajectories in collision-induced dissociation

Abstract The boundary trajectories separating non-reactive, reactive, and dissociative bands of trajectories in atom—diatom collision-induced dissociation are defined. Trajectory calculations are reported for the collinear H + H 2 reaction which demonstrate how the boundary trajectories can be used to obtained information on the non-reactive, reactive, and dissociative regions of the reagents phase space.
Construction of a penicillin-tolerant laboratory mutant ofStaphylococcus aureus

Numerous conflicting reports describing clinical penicillin tolerant Staphylococcus aureus isolates have raised questions concerning the reproducibility and genetic homogeneity of such isolates. The purpose of our study was to construct a tolerant mutant which would then serve as a reference strain and could also be used for testing the potential significance of antibiotic tolerance during chemotherapy of staphylococcal infections. A penicillin sensitive laboratory mutant strain was mutagenized and exposed to cycles of penicillin selection. A culture was then obtained which lost about 1 log of viability during exposure to up to 1000 times the MIC of penicillin. The same conditions caused a 3–4 log decline in the viability of the parent cell. The tolerance property was stable for at least 150 generations of nonselective growth and was reproducible in randomly picked colonies. The superior survival during treatment was also demonstrable in cultures grown in rabbit serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Penicillin tolerant cultures could also be obtained by selection without mutagenesis, suggesting that such a mutant may indeed be selected for in the clinical environment.
Carotenoids of Phaffia rhodozyma, a red-pigmented fermenting yeast

Abstract The red-pigmented fermenting yeast Phaffia rhodozyma contains astaxanthin as the principal carotenoid pigment. Echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone and phoenicoxanthin were also isolated and identified; isocryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin were absent. Evidence is presented for a new carotenoid, 3-hydroxy-3′4′-didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-4-one. A possible biosynthetic scheme for the formation of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma is suggested.
Applications of the green fluorescent protein in cell biology and biotechnology

The recent emergence of an autofluorescent protein, the green fluorescent protein (GFP), has opened the door for the convenient use of intact living cells and organisms as experimental systems in fields ranging from cell biology to biomedicine. We present an overview of some of the major applications of GFP, namely its use in protein tagging and in monitoring gene expression as well as its potential in a variety of biological screens.
The Forgotten Comedy of the Socratic Turn Assessing the Role of al-Razi’s The Philosophical Way of Life in Leo Strauss’s Socrates and Aristophanes

Leo Strauss ends his Socrates and Aristophanes with a pregnant assertion: the best account of the Socratic turn is offered by al-Razi in his The Philosophical Way of Life. Al-Razi’s account thus provides two invaluable opportunities: to gain some insight into Strauss’s unique understanding of Socrates, and the chance to examine the problem of Socrates from a nontraditional vantage point. Taking advantage of these opportunities reveals an oft-overlooked moment in the history of political philosophy: Socrates’s discovery of the regime. This essay examines al-Razi’s account while also casting a new light on Strauss’s own scholarship.
Theory of High Frequency Gas Discharges. I. Methods for Calculating Electron Distribution Functions

After a brief summary of the "free-electron" theory of a.c. currents in gases, which is shown to be inadequate for microwaves, methods for calculating distribution functions for electrons with consideration of all types of collisions are developed and discussed. Conditions are specified under which non-elastic collisions may be introduced as integral and as differential expressions in the Boltzmann transfer equation. In Section VI this equation is solved approximately and the differences between direct current and h.f. current discharges are pointed out. Finally, Section VIII is concerned with an aspect of what is usually called Paschen's law; it indicates that a minimum should exist in the graph of voltage vs. pressure, and of voltage vs. frequency, both at constant current. This minimum comes when the frequency of the field is of the order of magnitude of the collision frequency of the electrons.
Radiologic and pathologic features of bronchiolitis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate the clinical, pathologic, and imaging features of the inflammatory and fibrotic forms of bronchiolitis. The CT features presented in this article represent the typical features associated with each entity.CONCLUSION. Direct signs of bronchiolitis include centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud pattern. Indirect signs include mosaic attenuation and air trapping. Although classic examples of each entity exist, there can be substantial overlap in the appearances, and distinguishing among these entities is not always possible. When high-resolution CT features overlap, clinical details will usually help to narrow the differential diagnosis.
Differential cytotoxic activities of antisera against nerve growth factor-treated and untreated clonal pheochromocytoma cells

Abstract Antisera were prepared against the PC12 clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma both before and after treatment of the cells with nerve growth factor. PC12 cells untreated with nerve growth factor (PC12-) bear phenotypic resemblance to adrenal chromaffin cells while nerve growth factor-treated PC12 cells (PC12+) extend neuntes and acquire many properties of sympathetic neurons. A cell culture complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay was used to detect differences between the abilities of antisera to PC12- and of antisera to PC12+ to recognize surface antigens on cell bodies and on neurites of PC12 cells and rat sympathetic neurons. For example: (1) Antisera to PC12- possessed much more potent cytotoxic activity against PC12- cells than did antisera to PC12+. (2) While antisera to PC12-possessed potent cytotoxic activity against both cell bodies and neurites of PC12+ cells, antisera to PC12+ showed higher titers against neurites than against cell bodies. (3) Antisera to PC12+ possessed potent cytotoxic activity against rat sympathetic neurons while antisera to PC12- showed no cytotoxic activity against such cells. At appropriate dilutions, antisera to PC12+ caused preferential destruction of neurites in cultures of PC12+ cells and sympathetic neurons. The cell bodies which were left intact after such treatment were capable of rapid neurite regeneration following removal of the antiserum. Such differences in cytotoxic activities of the antisera appear to reflect differences in the antigenic composition of the cells against which they were prepared; cross absorption experiments indicated that such differences were, however, quantitative rather than qualitative. Absorption with brain and adrenal tissue suggested that the antisera recognize classes of cell surface antigens which are 1. (1) shared by adrenal and neural tissue, 2. (2) specific to adrenals, 3. (3) specific to neural tissue, and 4. (4) present on PC12 cells but not in either brain or adrenal tissue. The properties of the antisera suggest that they will be useful for identification, characterization and localization of neural and adrenal medullary surface antigens.
A discontinuous Galerkin method for two-temperature plasmas

Abstract We develop a formulation for the single-fluid/two-temperature equations for simulating two-species, compressible, non-equilibrium plasma flows. The divergence-free condition of the magnetic field is enforced via the characteristic decomposition of an extended nine-wave system. The source terms are modified appropriately to improve energy and momentum conservation accuracy. A spectral/hp element algorithm is employed in the discretization combined with a discontinuous Galerkin formulation for the advective and diffusive contributions. The formulation is conservative, and monotonicity is enforced by appropriately lowering the spectral order around discontinuities. A new MHD flux introduced here is the MHD-HLLC (Harten–Lax–van Leer Contact wave) flux that preserves monotonicity and resolves contact discontinuities better. Exponential convergence is demonstrated for a magneto-hydrostatic problem. Two tests are presented using the new MHD-HLLC flux. Also, the differences between the single-temperature and the two-temperature models are presented for two-dimensional plasma flows around bluff bodies.
An argument for self-imposed explicit judicial sentencing standards

Abstract Despite considerable attention, unwarranted disparity in sentencing remains a major and pervasive criminal justice problem. In this paper the argument is made that the most appropriate remedy lies not in an attempt to eliminate judicial sentencing discretion, but rather through the development and articulation of explicit sentencing standards or guidelines. Building upon the experience gained in a recent study with the United States Board of Parole, a model is put forth for the development and articulation of sentencing policy on a district or circuit basis that could be applied to structure and control discretion without removing individual case consideration.
Emergence, Self-Organization, and Developmental Science: Introduction

Developmental science is undergoing a true Kuhnian paradigm shift, away from early 20th century gene-based ideas of instinct toward modern biophysical ideas of holism and epigenesis. These ideas can be traced from the early work of Zing Yang Kuo to the early- and mid-20th century writing of J. R. Kantor and T. C. Schneirla and the later work of Gilbert Gottlieb, Willis Overton, and Richard M. Lerner. All emphasized experiences through development as the sources of behavior and understood psychology to be a biospychosocial, natural, science. The contemporary iteration of this is referred to relational developmental systems.
A Database of Domain Definitions for Proteins with Complex Interdomain Geometry

Protein structural domains are necessary for understanding evolution and protein folding, and may vary widely from functional and sequence based domains. Although, various structural domain databases exist, defining domains for some proteins is non-trivial, and definitions of their domain boundaries are not available. Here, we present a novel database of manually defined structural domains for a representative set of proteins from the SCOP “multi-domain proteins” class. (http://prodata.swmed.edu/multidom/). We consider our domains as mobile evolutionary units, which may rearrange during protein evolution. Additionally, they may be visualized as structurally compact and possibly independently folding units. We also found that representing domains as evolutionary and folding units do not always lead to a unique domain definition. However, unlike existing databases, we retain and refine these “alternate” domain definitions after careful inspection of structural similarity, functional sites and automated domain definition methods. We provide domain definitions, including actual residue boundaries, for proteins that well known databases like SCOP and CATH do not attempt to split. Our alternate domain definitions are suitable for sequence and structure searches by automated methods. Additionally, the database can be used for training and testing domain delineation algorithms. Since our domains represent structurally compact evolutionary units, the database may be useful for studying domain properties and evolution.
Dihydropyridine-sensitive skeletal muscle Ca channels in polarized planar bilayers. 3. Effects of phosphorylation by protein kinase C.

The effects of protein kinase C (PKC) were studied on dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive Ca channels from rabbit skeletal muscle T tubule membranes. To determine which channel subunits become phosphorylated under the conditions used for electrophysiological studies, we first performed biochemical studies of phosphorylation. T tubular membranes were fused with vesicles of the lipid mixture used in the planar bilayers, and phosphorylation was assessed using the same concentrations of PKC, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and buffers as were used in the electrophysiological experiments. The alpha 1 subunit of the DHP receptors was phosphorylated by PKC to an extent of 1 mol phosphate/mol protein. The beta subunit was also phosphorylated but to a significantly lesser extent. The DHP-sensitive Ca channel activity was studied after fusing T tubule membranes with planar bilayers (Ma, J., C. Mundina-Weilenmann, M. M. Hosey, and E. Rios. 1991. Biophys. J. 60:890–901). The bilayers were held at -80 mV and activated by depolarizing voltage clamp pulses. The observed Ca channels exhibited two open states (tau o1 = 5 ms and tau o2 = 25 ms). On addition of purified PKC to the intracellular side, the proportion of the longer open state increased threefold. The average open probability during a 2-s, maximally activating pulse (Pmax) increased from 10 to 15%. The voltage dependence of activation was not changed by PKC; the Boltzmann parameters were V1 = -20.5 mV and K = 10.5 mV, which were not significantly different from the reference channels. The deactivation (closing) time constant was increased from 7 to 12 ms after PKC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A model of topology cache in reactive routing protocols for MANETs

In a reactive routing protocol such as DSR, when a route search message is flooded, a large number of nodes learn the path to the originator of the search. Moreover, each of these nodes learns paths to all upstream nodes along the route to the originator. Thus, during a route search, a large amount of topology information is distributed and stored in cache. This information is then used to reduce the number of hops future route search messages must travel. In this paper a model of the impact of topology cache is developed. The model allows the impact of cache to be estimated for a wide range of node speeds, node densities, network sizes, and values of cache timeout. When compared to simulation, the model predicts the number of hops that the route search message spreads within 10%. This model allows a wide range of analysis to be performed. For example, the paper includes an investigation of optimal cache timeout and an investigation of the impact of cache in highly mobile environments.
Ratio-Recording System for the Johns Hopkins 100-Foot Absorption Cell*

The instrumentation associated with the 100-foot absorption cell of the Johns Hopkins University has been completely redesigned in order to make direct ratio-recording with good accuracy and improved resolution possible in the near (1 μ–25 μ) and intermediate (25 μ–50 μ) infrared spectral regions. In this new system the sample beam flux Fs transmitted through the absorption cell is automatically compared with the flux Fr in a by-passed reference beam and the instrumental comparison response, suitably corrected, is recorded as percent transmission. The new instrumentation includes a Czerny-Turner type grating spectrometer with which it is possible to record successive long path transmission spectra agreeing to about 2% and having a resolution of about 4 cm−1 at 30 microns.
Apatite/fluid partitioning of rare-earth elements and strontium: Experimental results at 1.0 GPa and 1000°C and application to models of fluid-rock interaction

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA (Received November 18, 1992; revised and accepted March 13, 1993) ABSTRACT Apatite/aqueous fluid partition coefficients have been measured for Ce, Gd, Yb and Sr at 1.0 GPa and 1000°C using radiotracers and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Analysis of clean apatite separates from 3-5-day piston cylinder experiments allowed calculation of KD'S from mass balance. Partition coefficients from forward experiments with doped fluids and reversal experiments with doped crystals show good agreement. Partition coefficients for apatite/H20 range from 15 to 33 in the order Gd > Ce > Sr> Yb, corresponding to a convex.up REE pattern characteristic of natural apatites. If Sr serves as an analog of Eu 2+, then Eu 2+ should behave similarly to REE and any ( - ) Eu anomalies in fluid precipitated/equilibrated apatites must result from inheritance rather than from apatite fractionation. The elements Be and Cs partition strongly into the fluid, so that low levels in clean apatite separates permitted only estimates of maximum Ki>'s. Addition of dis- solved albite to the fluid decreased KD'S of REE and Sr 2-3 ×, implying complexing of REE + Sr with silicates dissolved in the fluid. Apatite/H20 KD'S are similar to apatite/silicate melt KD'S, except that in the latter case Eu (Sr) is less compatible than other REE. At 1.0 GPa and 1000 °, the high KD-values for REE and Sr combined with the insolubility of apatite in near-neutral pH aqueous fluids suggest that apatite may strongly influence the behavior of these elements during metaso- matism by an aqueous fluid. Mass-balance modeling using measured partition coefficients and solubilities demonstrate this, and also show that compatible elements do not reach equilibrium with the primary fluid until the mass ratio fluid/ rock z_ 1. Thus, caution is required when inferring compositions of primary fluids from solid mineral assemblages.