cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obtaining accurate solutions using reduced chemical kinetic models: a new model reduction method for models rigorously validated over ranges

Reduced chemical kinetics models are often used to lessen the computational cost of reacting flow simulations. However, because a reduced model is usually validated only for a nominal set of reaction conditions, unknown errors are introduced if the reduced model is used at new reaction conditions. In a previous paper, we introduced a method that, given a reduced model as input, identifies a rigorous range over which the model remains valid. However, this procedure is backwards: in most cases one starts with a known range of reaction conditions and one desires a reduced model that can be used over this range. Here we present the first automatic procedure that constructs a reduced chemistry model that is guaranteed to be valid everywhere in any user-specified range. The rigorousness of the model reduction method enables rigorous statements about the difference between the solution obtained using the reduced model and the solution that would have been obtained using the original full-chemistry model. By appr...
Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds in Flue Gas Using Direct Sampling Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

Quantitative measurement of volatile organic compound concentrations in flue gas that has a high percentage of water vapor at low part-per-billion (ppb) to part-per-trillion levels represents a demanding analytical challenge. Direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometers developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are promising candidates to be developed into monitors of continuous emissions for these and other compounds at very low levels. Two direct sampling interfaces, a sorbent trap/thermal desorption interface and a continuous air monitor, have been tested in field studies of effluent from hazardous-waste incinerators. These interfaces demonstrate both an integrated, time-averaged and a raw gas, real-time approach to flue gas monitoring with detection limits in the ppb to sub-ppb range. The use of these interfaces for flue-gas monitoring with examples drawn from field tests are discussed.
Changing Physician Attitudes Toward the Ketogenic Diet: A "Parent-Centered" Approach to Physician Education about a Medication Alternative.

Abstract Alternative medical therapies such as the ketogenic diet are often dismissed by the medical community. We used a “parent-centered” approach to make physicians aware of the ketogenic diet, an alternative therapy for difficult-to control seizures in children. Parents became aware of the diet through national TV and film. Written and video information was made available to them and they were encouraged to ask their physicians about the potential usefulness of the ketogenic diet for their child. Between 1994 and 1999 we assessed the success of this approach with three surveys of all U.S. child neurologists. This “parent-centered” approach increased physician knowledge about the diet, but had little effect on its use. Despite evidence of its effectiveness, physicians continued to reserve its use until children had failed most new anticonvulsants. Physicians say they would use it more often if “it worked better” and if they “had a dietitian with more experience.”
MK801 increases retinotectal arbor size in developing zebrafish without affecting kinetics of branch elimination and addition.

Visual activity refines the retinotopic map formed on tectum during regeneration and development in goldfish through an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated mechanism. Retinal arbors are enlarged in fish with unrefined maps. Here, we examined the effect of NMDA receptor blockers on the development of retinotectal arbors in zebrafish. Since visual behaviors begin 68-79 h postfertilization, we blocked NMDA receptors by immersion of larvae in MK801, AP5, or CPP starting at either 48 or 72 h. We then labeled axons with DiI at 72 or 96 h and examined them 5-9 h later. Arbors at 101-105 h (31 cases) were larger than at 77-79 h (11 cases): The average number of branches increased from 4.0 to 7.6 and the area (convex polygon method) increased by 42%. Blocking NMDA receptors with MK801 from 72 to 101-105 h significantly enlarged arbor size, but the number of branches remained roughly the same. The length and area of the arbors were both significantly increased (21% and 36%), whereas the width increased by a smaller amount (6%). This increase was reflected in longer distances between branches within the arbor (interbranch segments, +13%) as well as in the summed length of all branches (+28%). This selective effect on the extent but not number of branches is in agreement with our previous report of strobe effects in both developing and regenerating projections in goldfish, and supports the role of NMDA receptors in the first 24 h of synaptic transmission. We also used DiO to label arbors in time-lapse images taken at hourly intervals from 77 to 112 h. These sequences confirmed that individual arbors grew during this time, but showed that rates of branch addition and deletion and branch lifetimes were unaltered by the MK801 treatment. This is consistent with a simple model of random insertion of new branches and selective activity-driven elimination of those at the periphery to keep the normal arbor focused. Blocking NMDA receptors is postulated to randomize the elimination allowing the periphery to expand, thus accounting for the enlarged areas, without change in branch numbers or branch dynamics.
Biocidal hydantoinylsiloxane polymers. IV. N-halamine siloxane-functionalized silica gel

The monomer 5,5-dimethyl-3-(3′-triethoxysilylpropyl)hydantoin and its hydrolysis product polymer poly[3-(5,5-dimethylhydantoinylpropyl)hydroxysiloxane] were employed to functionalize the surfaces of silica gel particles in order to produce an adhered film that becomes biocidal upon chlorination with dilute sodium hypochlorite bleach. The biocidal efficacy of the functionalized silica gel was demonstrated in a cartridge filter experiment against the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Complete 6 log inactivations of the two bacterial species were observed within 30 s of contact. Moreover, upon loss of biocidal activity due to depletion of bound chlorine, the coated silica gel particles could be recharged by further exposure to dilute bleach. Potential uses of the biocidal silica gel include disinfection and odor control in water treatment facilities and recirculating baths. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3448–3454, 2006
Multiple supraventricular tachycardia mechanisms in a single patient treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation

The incidence of atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients with accessory AV connection is 5 % or 1ess.l The occurrence of either accessory AV pathways or AV nodal reentrant tachycardia with ectopic atria1 tachycardias is even more uncommon.” This article reports the previously undocumented occurrence of sustained ectopic atria1 tachycardia, AV nodal reentry, and AV reciprocating tachycardia in a single patient. The successful treatment of all three tachycardia mechanisms with radiofrequency catheter ablation techniques is described. A 20-year-old man from Turkey was referred for treatment of medically refractory paroxysmal tachycardia. Symptoms of paroxysmal palpitations with dyspnea had been present for 4 years. These episodes occurred almost every evening in the absence of medical therapy. His symptoms were inadequately controlled by digoxin, metoprolol, propafenone, and amiodarone (200 mg/day). Ambulatory ECG monitor tracings suggested a diagnosis of ectopic atria1 tachycardia. Amiodarone therapy was discontinued 10 days before admission to the hospital. His echocardiogram and ECG were normal. According to electrophysiologic testing there was no evidence of antegrade ventricular preexcitation with atria1 pacing. Retrograde AV conduction was eccentric and nondecremental, with the earliest site of atria1 activation in the distal coronary sinus (CS), which was consistent with a concealed left lateral accessory pathway. No tachycardias were induced until after a continuous isoproterenol infusion at 2 pg/min was started. Single atria1 and ventricular extrastimuli induced both sustained orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia, utilizing the concealed left lateral accessory pathway, and sustained AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. The AV reciprocating tachycardia had a cycle length of 320 msec with local ventriculoatrial conduction times as follows: distal CS = 90 msec, mid CS = 100 msec, proximal CS = 130 msec, His atrium = 160 msec, and right atria1 appendage = 188 msec (Figs. 1 and 2). With the use of the retrograde transaortic approach, the reciprocating tachycardia
Pneumonia in the Older Patient

This article examines the bacteriology, clinical features, therapy for, and prevention of pneumonia in older patients. The discussion focuses on patients who develop pneumonia out of the hospital, including individuals with community-acquired pneumonia and health care–associated pneumonia. Health care–associated pneumonia incorporates patients who live in nursing homes when they develop pneumonia and in many instances requires management similar to nosocomial pneumonia. We have chosen not to discuss nosocomial pneumonia in older patients because it does not have distinctive features or a different management approach than when this illness arises in younger patients.
Polarized climates: the distinctive histories of climate change and politics in the Arctic and Antarctica since the beginning of the Cold War

This paper suggests that the Polar Regions are excellent places for thinking about historical interactions between climate change, science, and politics from the beginning of the Cold War up to the present. Since the second half of the 1940s, science has played a central role in contesting claims to political authority in both the Arctic and the Antarctic. Research conducted in the Polar Regions has made a major contribution to the science of climate change on a global scale, and research agendas have been closely connected in the two regions. Viewed from a comparative perspective, however, the historical experiences of global warming in the Arctic and Antarctica have been quite different. Climate research has suggested that warming is generally happening faster over much of the Arctic than the Antarctic. In addition, the recent histories of the two regions show that climate change in the Arctic is destabilizing politics there, whereas in Antarctica climate change is helping to reinforce the existing political structures framed by the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). A comparative approach to the history of climate change in the Polar Regions helps to demonstrate that science, politics, and environmental change have each played important roles without making any single factor deterministic. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:145–159. doi: 10.1002/wcc.161 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Will chemical defenses become more effective against specialist herbivores under elevated CO2

Elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to affect plant-insect herbivore interactions. Elevated CO2 causes leaf nitrogen to decrease, the ostensible cause of herbivore compensatory feeding. CO2 may also affect herbivore consumption by altering chemical defenses via changes in plant hormones. We considered the effects of elevated CO2, in conjunction with soil fertility and damage (simulated herbivory), on glucosinolate concentrations of mustard (Brassica nigra) and collard (B. oleracea var. acephala) and the effects of leaf nitrogen and glucosinolate groups on specialist Pieris rapae consumption. Elevated CO2 affected B. oleracea but not B. nigra glucosinolates; responses to soil fertility and damage were also species-specific. Soil fertility and damage also affected B. oleracea glucosinolates differently under elevated CO2. Glucosinolates did not affect P. rapae consumption at either CO2 concentration in B. nigra, but had CO2-specific effects on consumption in B. oleracea. At ambient CO2, leaf nitrogen had strong effects on glucosinolate concentrations and P. rapae consumption but only gluconasturtiin was a feeding stimulant. At elevated CO2, direct effects of leaf nitrogen were weaker, but glucosinolates had stronger effects on consumption. Gluconasturtiin and aliphatic glucosinolates were feeding stimulants and indole glucosinolates were feeding deterrents. These results do not support the compensatory feeding hypothesis as the sole driver of changes in P. rapae consumption under elevated CO2. Support for hormone-mediated CO2 response (HMCR) was mixed; it explained few treatment effects on constitutive or induced glucosinolates, but did explain patterns in SEMs. Further, the novel feeding deterrent effect of indole glucosinolates under elevated CO2 in B. oleracae underscores the importance of defensive chemistry in CO2 response. We speculate that P. rapae indole glucosinolate detoxification mechanisms may have been overwhelmed under elevated CO2 forcing slowed consumption. Specialists may have to contend with hosts with poorer nutritional quality and more effective chemical defenses under elevated CO2.
Optimal code generation for embedded memory non-homogeneous register architectures

Abstract: This paper examines the problem of code generation for expression trees on non-homogeneous register set architectures. It proposes and proves the optimality of an O(n) algorithm for the tasks of instruction selection, register allocation and scheduling on a class of architectures defined as the [1,/spl infin/] model. Optimality is guaranteed by sufficient conditions derived from the register transfer graph (RTG), a structural representation of the architecture which depends exclusively on the processor instruction set architecture (ISA). Experimental results using the TMS320C25 as the target processor show the efficacy of the approach.
On the hybrid method with three off-step points for initial value problems

A continuous representation of a hybrid method with three 'off-step' points is developed via interpolation and collocation procedures, and used to obtain initial value methods (IVMs) for solving initial value problems. The IVMs are assembled into a single block matrix equation which is convergent and A-stable. We note that accuracy is improved by applying the IVMs as simultaneous numerical integrators on sub-intervals which do not overlap. The method is compared with the existing ones in the literature and its superiority over the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is established numerically.
Influence of intermetallic inclusions on the endurance of aluminum alloys

The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the influence of intermetallic inclusions on the fatigue limit of secondary aluminum alloys are presented. We study AK8M3 secondary silumin. The influence of the content of iron in the alloy on the fatigue limit and intermetallic inclusions is analyzed. It is shown that the size and volume fraction of inclusions increase and the fatigue limit decreases as the content of iron increases. It is experimentally demonstrated that the treatment of alloy with a special modifying complex [2] leads to the globularization of intermetallic inclusions and increases the fatigue limit. We propose analytic dependences for the determination of the influence of intermetallic phases on the fatigue limit of heterogeneous aluminum alloys. By comparing the experimental and numerical values of the fatigue limit of AK8M3 alloy, we reveal their satisfactory agreement.
Total energy differences between SiC polytypes revisited

The total energy differences between various SiC polytypes (3 C ,6 H ,4 H ,2 H ,1 5 R, and 9R) were calculated using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method using the Perdew-Wang generalized gradient approximation @I. P. Perdew, in Electronic Structure of Solids ’91, edited by P. Ziesche and H. Eschrich ~Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1991! ,p . 11 #to the exchange-correlation functional in the density-functional method. Numerical convergence versus k-point sampling and basis-set completeness are demonstrated to be better than 0.5 meV/atom. The parameters of several generalized anisotropic next-nearest-neighbor Ising models are extracted and their significance and consequences for epitaxial growth are discussed. @S0163-1829~98!01019-4# I. INTRODUCTION Despite many years of study, the origin of polytypism in SiC is still not completely understood. A much debated question is whether polytypism is a manifestation of kinetic factors during growth or whether polytypes should be viewed as distinct ~possibly metastable! thermodynamic phases with a specific stability range of external parameters ~such as pressure and temperature!. In a thermodynamic approach to the problem, the most important quantities are the total freeenergy differences between the various polytypes. A major contribution to the latter is the energy difference at zero temperature. Vibrational entropy contributions at higher temperature were discussed by Heine et al. 1,2 and Zywietz et al. 3 Several groups have performed first-principles local-densityfunctional calculations of these energy differences using the norm-conserving pseudopotential plane-wave method. 4‐8 However, there are significant discrepancies between the results of various calculations for these energy differences, which are of order of a few meV/atom or less. More seriously, the three more recent calculations appear to invalidate some of the important conclusions drawn from these calcu
Self-directed reconstitution of proteorhodopsin with amphiphilic block copolymers induces the formation of hierarchically ordered proteopolymer membrane arrays.

Manipulating recognition and transport at the nanoscale holds great promise for technological breakthroughs in energy conversion, catalysis, and information processing. Living systems evolve specialized membrane proteins (MPs) embedded in lipid bilayers to exquisitely control communications across the insulating membrane boundaries. Harnessing MP functions directly in synthetic systems opens up enormous opportunities for nanotechnology, but there exist fundamental challenges of how to address the labile nature of lipid bilayers that renders them of inadequate value under a broad range of harsh non-biological conditions, and how to reconstitute MPs coherently in two or three dimensions into non-lipid-based artificial membranes. Here we show that amphiphilic block copolymers can be designed to direct proteorhodopsin reconstitution and formation of hierarchically ordered proteopolymer membrane arrays spontaneously, even when the membrane-forming polymer blocks are in entangled states. These findings unfold a...
Best Management Practices for Silvicultural Chemicals and the Science Behind Them

Silvicultural chemicals include fertilizers and pesticides applied for forest management. All states east of the Rockies have at least some form of silvicultural chemical best management practices (SCBMPs) and it is widely accepted that SCBMPs effect some protection of water quality. All SCBMPs recommend handling and application precautions and a minimum width streamside management zone (SMZ) on each side of streams for protection of water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Typically these zones increase in width as stream width increases. In areas where cold-water fish are present, additional widths are designated for their protection. Minimum SMZ widths range from 8 to 91 meters on each side of the stream bank for intermittent and perennial streams. Most SMZ recommendations do not cover ephemeral drainages, ditches or canals. SMZs are generally described as being site specific with width dependent on slope, soil type and other conditions as well as the stream's designation as perennial or intermittent. The science behind SCBMPs is often elusive. Spray drift can be controlled through proper selection and use of application technology while considering site specific conditions. SMZs greatly reduce the amount of herbicides reaching streams. Available toxicological data and research on aquatic ecosystem impacts from herbicide use suggest that additional protection from silvicultural chemicals may not be necessary. However, there is evidence to suggest that protection of ephemeral and intermittent channels can further reduce entry of silvicultural chemicals into streams and also reduce sedimentation. This may be the most fruitful area of research we can pursue in light of the knowledge gaps listed.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY : IV. THE CAPACITY OF GUINEA PIGS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AS AFFECTED BY THE INHERITANCE AND AS RELATED TO FAMILIAL RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS.

The allergic irritability of closely inbred guinea pigs as represented by their capacity to produce hemolytic antibodies for beef and sheep corpuscles, and agglutinins for Bacillus typhosus and Bacillus abortus (Bang) differs by families and therefore is at least partly dependent on inherited characteristics. These differences show an imperfect but suggestive correlation with the differences in resistance of the same families to inoculation tuberculosis as previously determined by Wright and Lewis. The differences in antibody production also show an imperfect correlation with the differences in response in the anaphylactic reaction complex as previously determined by Lewis and Loomis. These studies suggest very strongly that the allergic irritability is one of the several inheritable characters which form a partial basis for the natural resistance to tuberculosis. The antibody-producing capacity is only satisfactorily defined when minimal or moderate amounts of antigen are used and this in single treatments. The irregularities in experimental result when repeated treatments or very large single treatments are used suggest that antibody production in the second or "acquired capacity" phase may rest on a somewhat different fundamental basis than the latent or potential natural capacity. There is some very slight evidence that production in the second phase may also be influenced by inherited qualities.
Innovations in Gemini adaptive optics system design

The Gemini Adaptive Optics System, under construction at the Dominium Astrophysical Observatory of the National Research Council of Canada's Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics is unique among AO systems. Altair is designed with its deformable mirror (DM) conjugate to high altitude. This concept is only practical at an observatory where extraordinary measures have been taken to reduce local seeing degradation. We summarize these measures. We then describe Altair. Both the wavefront sensor foreoptics and control system are unconventional, because the guide star footprint on an altitude-conjugated DM moves as the guide star position varies. During a typical nodding sequence, where the telescope moves 10 arcseconds between exposures, this footprint moves by half an actuator and/or WFS lenslet. The advantages of altitude conjugation include increased isoplanatic patch size, which improves sky coverage, and improved uniformity of the corrected field. Although the initial installation of Altair will use natural guide stars, it will include features to use a laser guide star with minimal rework. Altitude conjugation also reduces focal anisoplanatism with laser beacons. The infrastructure of Gemini observatory provides a variety of wavefront sensor and nested control loops that together permit some unique design concepts of Altair.
Cell population models for bifurcation analysis and nonlinear control of continuous yeast bioreactors

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) can exhibit sustained oscillations over a wide range of operating conditions when produced in a continuous bioreactor. In this paper the bifurcations leading to these periodic solutions are investigated using an unstructured, segregated model in which the population balance equation (PBE) for the cell mass distribution is coupled to the mass balance of the rate limiting substrate. The PBE model is shown to produce periodic solutions over a range of dilution rates due to the presence of two supercritical Hopf bifurcations. The problem of oscillation attenuation using nonlinear feedback control with four candidate input/output variable pairings is investigated. The controller designs are based on a low dimensional moment representation of the PBE model. The performance of the nonlinear controllers are compared and discussed.
COMPOSITION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS OF DEBONED MINCED AND FILLETED WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI)

Total lipids, phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids, TBA, carbonyl values, fatty acids and amino acid composition of filleted sucker (FS) and mechanically deboned minced sucker (MDMS), were determined. Higher PL concentration (534 mg/100 g versus 370 mg/100 g) and higher carbonyl values (0.89 μmoles/g versus 0.61 μmoles/g) were found in MDMS. There were no significant differences between FS and MDMS in fatty acid composition of total lipid and phospholipids. The protein content and amino acid composition of FS and MDMS were similar.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: Role of xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide

Abstract In general, the simple concepts first proposed over a decade ago for the role of xanthine oxidase (XO) in pathophysiolgy are no longer sufficient. This review summarizes evidence that has led to a resurgence in interest of XO physiology and pathology and in particular, data that implicates XO and nitric oxide (⋅NO) in the development of multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) following various pathologic states. The challenge for the next few years will be to define the precise mechanisms that XO plays in normal physiology and pathology. Although it has long been recognized that XO can produce oxidants, the significance of XO-generated oxidants extends beyond the concept of the intracellular generation of cytotoxic oxidants. It has been demonstrated that XO can be released into the circulation from cells and tissues with high intracellular XO specific activity following I/R, sepsis, burns, acute viral infection, and hemorrhagic shock. Once in the plasma the conversion to XO is rapid ( β , TNF- α , and TGF- β 1), in part, through activation of nuclear transcription regulatory factors. There also appears to be regulation of the vasoactive actions of ⋅NO by XO-generated oxidants to decrease rates of O 2 ⋅− generation, thus potentiating ⋅NO-mediated vasorelaxation. This regulation may be due to the reaction of ⋅NO with O 2 ⋅− to form ONOO − . Nitric oxide may also regulate O 2 ⋅− production post-transcriptionally by binding to the XO iron–sulfur moiety, sulfhydryl groups, or by reversible alteration of the flavin prosthetic site, thereby inhibiting activity. It is becoming apparent that tissue injury in MODS resulting from various pathologic states, including I/R, is the consequence not only excess production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and their reaction with biologic target molecules, but also the effect of these oxidants in regulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. The interplay of XO-generated oxidants and ⋅NO, has significant effects on cellular metabolism and organ function with their precise role in MODS requiring further elucidation. In summary, evidence was presented in this review that: (a) reactive species (ROS) are critical mediators of remote tissue injury; (b) ⋅NO and ⋅NO-derived oxidants contribute to the remote tissue damage; (c) XO, while a significant intracellular source of O 2 ⋅− ; is released into the circulation, binds, and concentrates on vessel walls to become a functionally critical source of oxidants even in tissues with low XO specific activity; and (d) that the balance between ⋅NO and O 2 ⋅− production determines whether the proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties are manifested.
Compact Star Clusters in M81. II. Two Populations

We present the color and magnitude distributions of compact star clusters discovered in the early-type spiral galaxy M81, from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 B, V, and I-band imaging. These clearly show the presence of two cluster populations—a typical red globular cluster system, as well as a young population, which was not previously known to exist in M81. While the young clusters in M81 are not as massive as those found in merging and starburst galaxies (for example, its neighbor M82), they more closely resemble the populous clusters in the Magellanic Clouds and M33 and similarly are found in all environments of M81. Further, the young clusters are more compact than their counterparts in M82, with core radii between 0.4 and 4.3 pc. The color-color diagram indicates that young cluster formation may have "turned on" ~600 Myr ago and continued until 6 Myr ago. The timescale of continued cluster formation in M81 coincides both with independent dynamical estimates for the last tidal encounter between M81 and M82, as well as with a peak in cluster formation recently discovered in the fossil starburst region B in M82. This suggests that interactions may have sparked the recent cluster formation in M81.
Homology of proteasome subunits to a major histocompatibility complex-linked LMP gene

THE class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains genes encoding at least two subunits of a large, intracellular protein complex (the low molecular mass polypeptide, or LMP, complex)1–3. This complex is biochemically similar to the proteasome, an abundant and well conserved protein complex having multiple proteolytic activities. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA corresponding to one of the subunits of the LMP complex, LMP-2. The protein predicted from this cDNA sequence closely matches the amino-terminal peptide sequence of a rat proteasome subunit, confirming that the proteasome and the LMP complex share polypeptide subunits. The LMP-2 gene is tightly linked to HAM1, a gene thought to be required for translocating peptide fragments of endogenous antigens into the endoplasmic reticulum for association with MHC class I molecules4. These observations suggest that the LMP complex may be responsible for generating peptides from cytoplas-mic antigen during antigen processing.
AGAINST BLADDER SPARING: SURGERY

AbstractPurpose: The efficacy of bladder preservation strategies for invasive cancer of the bladder are evaluated.Materials and Methods: The literature was reviewed specifically regarding the relative success of bladder preservation therapy compared with total cystectomy.Results: Bladder preservation strategies currently available are substantially inferior to cystectomy for elimination of the existing cancer and prevention of pelvic recurrence (soft tissue after cystectomy or in the bladder after bladder preservation). The best bladder preservation protocols eliminate cancer from the bladder at first evaluation in 10 to 20% and 50 to 80% of patients with T3b and T2 cancers, respectively, while later recurrences in the bladder are seen in 40 to 60%. Cystectomy provides a local failure rate of 10 to 25% for T2 and T3b disease, respectively. In addition, bladder reconstruction with a neobladder after cystectomy minimizes deterioration of quality of life which is the motivating rationale for bladder preserva...
Trends in the micro- and nano-CT literature

Trends in the type and distribution of published micro- and nano-CT studies are reviewed in this paper. The focus is on the temporal evolution of the literature over the last decade and on the distribution of study types and on the distribution of locations where such studies have appeared. Data analysis and representations are also briefly considered.
Communications to the Editor---The Use of Regression Equations to Predict Manpower Requirements: Critical Comments

In a recent article in Management Science, [Drui, A. B. 1963. The use of regression equations to predict manpower requirements. Management Sci. 84, July 669--677.] an application of multiple regression analysis to the prediction of departmental manpower requirements was described. Little information was given regarding the data of the study, and little attention was paid to the assumptions of the regression model. This calls into question the conclusions of the study, since the regression methodology contains a potentially serious bias. In view of the economic importance of the problem, the purpose of the present comment is to suggest improvements in the analysis.
The molecular basis of blood coagulation

Humans require a robust hemostatic response to prevent exsanguination following injury. The host defense to tissue damage is tripartite and well orchestrated, with critical contributions by cooperating platelets, endothelial cells, and the circulating coagulation proteins. The blood coagulation cascade is an intricately complex web of positive and negative feedback loops finely tuned to ensure hemostasis without spontaneous hemorrhage or thrombosis. Here we focus on the molecular basis of blood coagulation with particular attention to the biochemistry and regulation of this pathway as it relates to humans in health and disease.
Regional cerebral blood flow response during rest and memory activation in a patient with global amnesia

Abstract A college professor with a classical amnesic syndrome is described. He has a WAIS IQ of 130, but dramatic memory loss for episodes ranging from a few seconds ago all the way back to portions of his childhood. The amnesia was of sudden onset, 2 years prior to the current memory tests and regional cerebral blood flow measurements. The etiology is believed, though not conclusively proven, to be medial thalamic infarction. rCBF measurements were taken on six separate occasions, four resting baseline, one memory activation, using the previous procedure of Wood, Taylor, et al., and one carbon dioxide activation. The resting baseline showed extremely low flows throughout the cortex, with some hyperfrontal response on the first baseline. With CO2 activation, however, there was brisk, uniform reactivity, with all sites showing increased flow. This suggested that there were no prominent areas of impaired vasomotor control or probable ischemic damage in the cortical surface. During memory activation, there was also a generalized increase in flow, especially in the frontal areas. This was in sharp contrast to the pattern for normals, described by Wood, Taylor, et al., which shows a slight overall decrease in flow from baseline to memory activation. The results are interpreted in light of Talland's proposal that the amnesic syndrome reflects an arousal failure, with premature closure and shutdown of memory processing, especially at retrieval. Here the arousal failure is interpreted as an inadequate restriction or focusing of cortical activation, with resulting pathologically diffuse flow increases.
Biliary Injury in Laparoscopic Surgery: Part 2. Changing the Culture of Cholecystectomy

1 his article simultaneously discusses prevention of biliry injury and reduction of the possibility of litigation rising from nonnegligent injury. These are considered ogether during the three periods of encounter with a atient having cholecystectomy: preoperative, operative, nd postoperative. The goals of this article are prevenion of biliary injury and institution of a practice aproach that will make it apparent when injury is not rom negligence. Plaintiffs’ attorneys are guided, undertandably, by the aphorism “Where there’s smoke there’s ire,” and patients may seek out attorneys when care eems deficient even when it is not. Costly, timeonsuming legal actions, as a result, may be initiated to iscover evidence that might have been placed in the hart in the first instance. Improving the current probem of steeply spiraling costs of malpractice insurance hrough actions of those outside the profession, such as egislatures, is a worthy goal. But to pursue only that trategy is akin to asking for a good police department in community, but having faulty locks at home. It is my pinion that we, as surgeons, can have great impact on alpractice litigation in this area by focusing on our wn actions. The following are suggestions for what I onsider “good practice.” These are within the standard f care, but they do not purport to represent the stanard of care in the sense that they exclude other aproaches from also being appropriate. General issues uch as evaluation of patients suitable for surgery based n comorbidities are omitted.
Retrieval times for a packed direct access inverted file

This note extends the results obtained by Thomas C. Lowe [1] for the case where the list file is stored in packed form. The notation and terminology used were established by Lowe. In addition, we define F(j) = ∑j-1i=1 ƒ(i) and write [x] for the greatest integer not exceeding x.
Differences between the thermal inactivation of picornaviruses at “high” and “low” temperatures

Abstract Inactivation of the infectivity of a rhinovirus and a poliovirus between 20° and 60° took place by two thermodynamically different reactions which for the rhinovirus intersected at 39° and for the poliovirus at 44°. With the addition of M MgCl2 to the poliovirus, the intersection temperature was raised to 47°. At temperatures below the intersection, inactivation was associated with relatively small thermodynamic values (“low” temperature inactivation) and above the intersection by much larger values (“high” temperature inactivation). RNA infectivity was thermally inactivated at about the same rate as virus infectivity at “low” temperatures but was far more stable than virus infectivity at “high” temperatures. Poliovirus RNA, but not rhinovirus RNA, became susceptible to ribonuclease after the virus was heated at high temperature; M MgCl2 prevented inactivation of RNA infectivity within the virus but not of isolated RNA and therefore was thought to strengthen the structure of the virus capsid. At “low” temperature the antigen associated with virus infectivity was more stable than infectivity, but at “high” temperature it was destroyed at the same or at a slightly lower rate. It was concluded that (a) rhinovirus and poliovirus infectivity could be inactivated through damage to both the RNA and the protein moieties and that (b) the stabilities of these moieties vary with temperatures independently of each other so that (c) inactivation at a particular temperature takes place through whichever component is the least stable at that temperature.
Numerical methods, large codes, and programmers

I asked Johnson if solving linear equations was a big part of the computational load at the laboratory. He said it must be about seventy-five percent of the machine time, but that his work to try to improve linear equation routines was mostly ineffectual. "You would go into the code and think you had it running faster, then they'd change the geometry or coefficients and that'd just kill you. You tamper with that code and then it might run a hundred hours of 7600 time over the weekend and not be worth a damn. It'd come back and be nothing but spaghetti. You get burned a few times like that and you think twice about changing anything. But like I say, if you could figure out a way to do it better it sure would make a difference. Only I never could."
Scattering of low energy He2+ ions by Ne, Ar, and Kr atoms

Abstract Experimental studies of collisions of He 2+ ions with Ne, Ar, and Kr atoms have been carried out at laboratory kinetic energies in the range 8 ⩽ E 1 ⩽ 10 eV. For each collision pair, relative differential cross sections for elastic scattering, and for the formation of He + by single charge transfer [e.g., He 2+ + R = He + + (R + ) * ] were measured. Information concerning the initial states of the charge transfer products was also obtained, from measurements of the kinetic energy distributions of the He + + He = Ne + (2s 2p 6 2 S) ± He + ( 2 S), whereas for the other systems, transfer proceeds via a number of channels. The He + -ion kinetic energy measurements indicated that for He 2+ . Ar both Ar + both Ar + and Ar 2+ are formed in transfer, and that for He 2+ , Kr only Kr 2+ (and no Kr + ) was formed. The differential elastic scattering patterns were analyzed by means of cross section calculations based on an approximate form of the optical model. These calculations indicated that the pronounced shoulders observed in the σ el (θ) versus θ curves arose from scattering from an attractive potential well, in the presence of concurrent inelastic scattering. Using parametrized Morse potentials to represent the ground electronic states of (HeNe) 2+ , (HeAr) 2+ , and (HeKr) 2+ , the corresponding well-depth are estimated to be, respectively: 1.0 eV, 2.1 eV and 2.6 eV.
A simulation model of helicopter disturbance of molting Pacific black brant

Abstract We describe a simulation model designed to study the effects of helicopter disturbance on molting Pacific black brant near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska. Locations of 18118 brant were digitized into the model based on 10 years of population survey data. Bell 206 and Bell 412 helicopters were simulated flying across the molting grounds along two routes between two airfields. The model determined the behavioral and energetic response of birds encountered by the aircraft during an overflight. Altitude and frequency of overflights were held constant during a simulated 28-day molting period, but were varied among simulations. The model provided the degree of weight loss these birds experienced due to helicopter disturbance. The effects of overflights on brant were classified into five risk categories based on weight. For both routes, the number of flocks and birds in each category was determined for each altitude, aircraft type, and overflight frequency. Simulation results indicated that the model can be used to identify flight-line modifications that result in significantly decreased disturbance to the birds.
Tribological behaviour of Al2O3/ZrO2-ZrO2 laminated composites

Abstract Laminated composites were prepared in the system Al2O3-ZrO2. Starting from sheets produced by tape casting a symmetric structure was obtained by superimposing alternated layers of Al2O3/ZrO2 composite and ZrO2. Due to the different thermal expansion coefficients and shrinkage of the two materials the alumina/zirconia external layers of the samples exhibit a compressive residual stress which leads to an improved apparent surface toughness. The value of this stress was determined by indentation technique. The tribological behaviour of the laminated composites and of a stress free material, with the same composition of the external layers, was assessed by Pin-on-Disc method at different loads and sliding speeds. The effect of differences in properties and microstructural features among the different materials on wear and friction were determined and discussed. Possible wear mechanisms are proposed. In spite of the increased surface toughness in the range of the experimental conditions considered, the presence of compressive residual stresses at the surface does not lead to an improvement of wear resistance in the laminated structure.
Fine Structure of Hepatozoon mocassini (Apicomplexa, Eucoccidiorida) Gamonts and Modifications of the Infected Erythrocyte Plasmalemma†

Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the fine structure of Hepatozoon mocassini gamonts and modifications of the infected erythrocyte plasmalemma. Intraerythrocytic gamonts were contained within a parasitophorous vacuole. An electron-lucid space observed between the gamont pellicle and the membrane of the vacuole corresponded to the unstained space described in light microscopy studies. Gamonts possessed a conoid, polar ring, subpellicular microtubules, four pairs of rhoptries, micronemes, ovoid granules, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and a pellicle composed of three individual unit membranes. The conoid had an anterior diameter of 320 nm, a posterior diameter of 360 nm, and a length of 150 nm. In contrast to a report on Hepatozoon aegypti, no micropore or “canopy-like structure” was observed. The plasmalemma of infected erythrocytes exhibited two types of modifications: gross membrane deformations and knobs with an electron-dense central mass. These knobs are structurally distinct from previously described membrane excrescences.
Large system analysis of blind multiuser detection in CDMA networks

We consider wideband CDMA networks with many users, and study the system performance when blind linear multiuser receivers are employed for demodulation. We first characterize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for blind multiuser receivers. Our results reveal that the SIR of these blind receivers saturates when the power of the desired user increases, which is in stark contrast to the fact that the SIR achieved by the exact MMSE receiver can get arbitrarily large. This saturation phenomenon of SINR indicates that the capacity of a wireless network with blind multiuser receivers is not only interference-limited, but also estimation-error limited. Furthermore, the effect of estimation error can be quantified. We then show that the residual interference at the output of these blind receivers is asymptotically Gaussian. The Gaussianity enables easy characterization of bit error probability. A parallel result is that the estimation error of the receiver is asymptotically orthogonal to the signal space.
Inter-male competition for high-quality host-plants: the evolution of protandry in a territorial grasshopper

Males of the desert grasshopper Ligurotettix coquilletti typically eclose 3–5 weeks prior to females. Early-eclosed males experience more female encounters than the later-eclosed individuals. Evidence suggests that the number of encounters may be proportional to male lifetime mating success. Early-eclosed males enjoyed greater adult lifespans, occupied and defended higher quality territories (Larrea shrubs), and tended to be dominant on these shrubs if several males were present. The elevated number of female encounters were not conferred on early-eclosed males by their extended survivorship, but rather by the high quality of their territories, which retained numerous females, and their dominant behavior. We evaluate several female-benefit and male-benefit hypotheses for the evolution of protandry and propose that in L. coquilletti, the phenomenon arose due to male-male competition for female-encounter sites, a mechanism not considered in earlier models. Finally, we discuss several reasons for the high variance in the date of male eclosion.
Three-dimensional simulation of thermal plasma spraying of partially molten ceramic agglomerates

Thermal plasma spraying of agglomerated nanostructured ceramic particles has been studied using computational fluid dynamics. The plasma jet is modeled as a mixture of Ar-H2 plasmas issuing into a quiescent atmosphere. The particles, modeled as micron-sized spheres, are introduced into the jet outside the plasma gun exit with radial injection. The existence of a simple target in front of the plasma gun is taken into account. The trajectories and state histories of particles of various sizes during their flight through the jet are presented. Moreover, the solid-liquid interface within the particles is tracked in an attempt to predict the amount of unmelted material retained in these particles at various axial distances from the gun exit. The effects of turbulence in the jet on these particle histories are accounted for. It is shown that, for the range of particle sizes and the plasma gun operating conditions studied, both the deposition location and the retained unmolten fraction are strongly affected by the size of the particles. The predictions are significant in terms of showing general trends, which will be useful in identifying processing windows for producing optimally nanostructured coatings.