cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nestle Infant Formula Audit Commission (NIFAC) a New Model for Gaining External Legitimacy for Corporate Actions

On May 3, 1982, Nestle announced the establishment of the Nestle Infant Formula Audit Commission (NIFAC). The new organization was to be chaired by former Senator and Vice Presidential candidate, Mr. Edmund Muskie. Commenting on the rationale for establishing the Commission, Dr. Carl Angst, Nestle’s executive vice-president, stated:
Parsons' Contribution to Career Assessment:

This article presents Parsons' extensive method of assessment and reviews its incorporation of the developing science of psychometrics in the early decades of this century. The utility of self-assessment, also advocated by Parsons, is discussed. It concludes that the validity of Parsons' fundamental ideas, although greatly elaborated in the past 80 years, is affirmed.
Inflationary dynamics of a transition economy: the Croatian experience

Abstract This paper undertakes an exploratory analysis of the inflationary dynamics within the Croatian economy over the period January 1992–December 1999. Recognizing the structural break in the inflationary process corresponding to the anti-inflationary stabilization program of October 1993, the analysis proceeds by estimating an augmented vector autoregressive (VAR) model of the log first-differences for the broad money supply, retail price index (RPI), nominal net wage per employee, and the nominal effective exchange rate (NEX) along with evaluating generalized forecast error variance decompositions to infer the empirical relationship among the four variables. The results show that inflation is positively related to wage growth and currency depreciation. Interestingly enough, lagged values of inflation are insignificant suggesting the absence of inflation inertia. Moreover, there appears to be feedback from wage growth, currency depreciation along with past money growth to current money growth. Wage growth is influenced by past wage growth and currency depreciation. Finally, currency depreciation is affected by money growth and past currency depreciations.
New records and a checklist of continental free-living Copepoda (Crustacea) from Panama

We report new national records of Thermocyclops decipiens and Mesocyclops pseudomeridianus and two apparently undescribed species of Diacyclops and Halicyclops from Panama. We provide a complete bibliography of all literature on Panamanian copepods, and a table of historic copepod collection sites is presented.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of failed repairs of large or massive rotator cuff tears: minimum ten-year follow-up.

Introduction: Little information exists regarding the long-term outcome after structural failure of rotator cuff repair. We previously reported clinical improvement, despite a 94% rate of failure of healing, at two years of follow-up in a cohort of eighteen patients who had undergone arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ten-year results for these patients with known structural failures of rotator cuff repairs. Methods: Fifteen (83%) of eighteen patients were available for follow-up at ten years. Patients were evaluated with use of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), a visual analog scale pain score, and the Constant score. Radiographs and sonograms were assessed. Results: The average age was 74.6 years at the time of the latest follow-up. The average ASES score was 79.4 points (range, 50 to 95 points) and the average visual analog scale pain score was 2.2 points (range, 1 to 4 points); both scores were unchanged from those at two years. The average SST score was 9.2 points (range, 6 to 12 points), and the average age-adjusted Constant score was 73.2 points (range, 58.7 to 89.7 points). Of the patients with structurally failed repairs, all but one had radiographic signs of proximal humeral migration or cuff tear arthropathy: three had Hamada Grade-2 changes, five had Grade-3 changes, and three had Grade-4 changes (with two having Grade-4a changes and one having Grade-4b changes). Ultrasound confirmed the persistence of all tears that had been seen at two years. Conclusions: Clinical improvements and pain relief after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair of large and massive tears are durable at the time of long-term (ten-year) follow-up, despite early structural failure of repair. Shoulders had a high rate of progression of radiographic signs associated with large rotator cuff tears. These results demonstrate that healing of large rotator cuff tears is not critical for long-term satisfactory clinical results in older patients. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The finding of an undiagnosed long segment tracheal stenosis in a cyanotic child undergoing an arterial switch operation and VSD closure

This report details the case of a 2-month-old baby boy with known cyanotic congenital heart disease (double outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect, VSD) in whom tracheal stenosis was undetected, being found later on failed intubation while undergoing anaesthesia for an arterial switch operation and VSD closure. As a result, the cardiac surgery was postponed. Such an association between congenital heart disease and tracheal stenosis has been reported but remains exceptionally rare. The baby subsequently underwent a slide tracheoplasty the next day and had major cardiac surgery a few days later. He was discharged approximately 3 weeks later after spending 8 days on the cardiac intensive care unit.
Calcium-Dependent Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2Î± Phosphatase Restores Control to Anterior Piriform Cortex Neural Circuitry after Activation by Essential Amino Acid Deficiency

Essential (dietary-indispensable) amino acids (IAA)s are vital precursors for protein synthesis; they cannot be synthesized in metazoans but must be obtained from food to survive. In sensing a reduction of an IAA, the mammalian anterior piriform cortex (APC) AE— is rapidly activated. The initial behavioral response is an abrupt end to an IAA deficient meal about 20 min after meal onset. IAA depletion in the APC activates the conserved eukaryotic initiation factor 2I± (eIF2I±) kinase, GCN2, via uncharged tRNA. GCN2 kinase activity increases levels of phosphorylated eIF2I± (P-eIF2I±), which blocks global protein synthesis such that APC inhibitory elements with short half-lives cannot be replaced. This results in disinhibition of this highly sensitive brain area. Following APC activation, a reduction in P-eIF2I± releases the blockade on protein synthesis to allow recovery of inhibition in the circuit and complete the homeostatic response, restoring control in the APC. A role for calcium (Ca 2+ ) in regulating P-eIF2I± was explored here using Ca 2+ blockers with immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology in APC brain slices. The responses to IAA depletion in the APC were Ca 2+ dependent, showing a role for Ca 2+ in the system. Yet, the kinase activity of GCN2 was unaffected by intracellular Ca 2+ chelation. Thus, control must be accomplished by phosphatase activity. We suggest that regulation of P-eIF2I±, and neuronal stability in the APC, require the activity of a Ca 2+ -dependent subunit, protein phosphatase1, of the phosphatase acting on P-eIF2I±. This would implicate the Ca2+/calmodlin dependent calcineurin, and the constitutive repressor of eIF2 phosphorylation (PPP1R15B/CReP) after GCN2 activation in the brain.
Modeling Manure Colloid-Facilitated Transport of the Weakly Hydrophobic Antibiotic Florfenicol in Saturated Soil Columns

Field application of livestock manure introduces animal hormones and veterinary antibiotics into the environment. Colloids present in manure may potentially intensify the environmental risk of groundwater pollution by colloid-facilitated contaminant transport. The transport behavior of the veterinary antibiotic florfenicol in saturated homogeneously packed soil columns has been investigated in both the presence and absence of manure colloids. Results show that facilitated transport of florfenicol is significant in the presence of manure colloids. Multiple chemical and physical processes caused by the presence of manure colloids were considered to contribute to facilitated transport. Florfenicol breakthrough curves (BTCs) were fit well by two models. The two-site nonequilibrium adsorption contaminant transport model suggested the mechanisms for facilitated florfenicol transport are as follows: manure colloids decrease the sorption capacity of florfenicol to soil, enhance the instantaneous equilibrium adsor...
Malignant lymphoma in African children: three decades of discovery

The recognition of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) as a clinical syndrome and a pathological entity in African children resulted from astute clinical observations (bedside epidemiology), the availability of cancer registry data and accurate pathological interpretation. Following the early studies in Africa, it soon became evident that this tumor occurred worldwide and the excess of cases in Africa was an incidence phenomenon associated with specific environmental factors. The sentinel discovery of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and its association with BL stimulated a wide variety of scientific investigations which have had an impact of virtually every discipline and biology. Epidemiological observations linked to modern laboratory techniques have provided etiological insights which implicate specific environmental factors and genetic events in the pathogenesis of BL and other immunoproliferative diseases. Early infection with EBV and holoendemic malaria are clearly of paramount importance in the development of endemic BL (eBL). These factors do not play a role in the majority of sporadic BL (sBL) cases, but immunosuppression and T-cell deregulation almost certainly are common denominators. The final or principle genetic event in both instances would appear to be the chromosome 8 translocation involving the c-myc oncogene and structural alteration. It is expected that the BL model will continue to be a useful one for identifying basic mechanisms in carcinogenesis which may be applicable as well to a variety of non-neoplastic diseases.
THE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM

The first major problem of linear algebra is to understand how to solve the basis linear system \(A\mathbf {x}=\mathbf {b}\) and what the solution means. We have explored this system from three points of view: In Chapter 1 we approached the problem from an operational point of view and learned the mechanics of computing solutions. In Chapter 2, we took a more sophisticated look at the system from the perspective of matrix theory. Finally, in Chapter 3, we viewed the problem from the vantage of vector space theory.
Productivity improvement through systematic process window identification

For development and production of advanced nodes, systematic pattern failure must be well understood to enable quick device introduction. For 45 nm, use of OPC created tremendous challenges in both optimization and validation of proper amount of optical correction needed1. For 32 nm and beyond, immersion and Double Patterning Lithography (DPL) have brought new challenges in controlling process for reaching the entitlement yield. Today lithography engineers are utilizing various approaches to understand the process window that includes CD metrology and defect inspection using special wafers where Focus and Exposure conditions are modulated, however analysis of such wafer requires extensive time and efforts. A systematic and automated approach is required.
In Situ Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials, Electrodes, and Cells

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly used in many portable and stationary applications because of their high energy and high power performance characteristics. The two most pressing challenges existing in battery technologies are battery cost and performance, manifesting themselves as barriers related to specific energy, energy density, service life, and charge efficiency at high rates. There are many ways to characterize the performance of the LIBs such as spectroscopic, microscopic, and scattering methods. In situ, non-invasive characterization techniques are considered a great challenge, yet a vital approach, to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms at play during LIB operation.
Finding Averages with Bar Graphs.

Editor's Note. Whether or not a child successfully "bridges the gap" between concrete representation of an idea and an abstract understanding of it, is largely dependent upon the quality of the planning done by the teacher. You may wish to reread this article to note the steady play, back and forth, between concrete and pictorial solutions to a problem and the numerical records made of these solutions. A tightly woven pattern of relationships results from such teaching. Charlotte W. Junge.
Blind Speakers Show Language‐Specific Patterns in Co‐Speech Gesture but Not Silent Gesture

Sighted speakers of different languages vary systematically in how they package and order components of a motion event in speech. These differences influence how semantic elements are organized in gesture, but only when those gestures are produced with speech (co-speech gesture), not without speech (silent gesture). We ask whether the cross-linguistic similarity in silent gesture is driven by the visuospatial structure of the event. We compared 40 congenitally blind adult native speakers of English or Turkish (20/language) to 80 sighted adult speakers (40/language; half with, half without blindfolds) as they described three-dimensional motion scenes. We found an effect of language on co-speech gesture, not on silent gesture—blind speakers of both languages organized their silent gestures as sighted speakers do. Humans may have a natural semantic organization that they impose on events when conveying them in gesture without language—an organization that relies on neither visuospatial cues nor language structure.
Cancer: From a Kingdom to a Commons

This chapter explores a privately governed collaborative composed of doctors and hospitals that seeks to aggregate, manage access to, and draw insights from oncology treatment data. The thesis behind this collaboration is simple: If cancer treatment data could be aggregated on a large scale, scientists believe they could be able to select more effective treatments for particular cancers, and even for particular patients. Over time, this cooperative process could theoretically spur a “virtuous cycle” of medical advancement: more effective treatments would encourage more doctors, hospitals, and care centers to contribute even more data, which in turn, would improve the quality of care, and so on.
Expanding the boundaries of Milan.

Since the publication by Mazzaferro in 1996, many centers in the US and Europe have been performing liver transplantation (LT) in selected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with excellent outcomes.
“We Are All in This Struggle Together”: Toward an Active Communal Construct of Citizenship

This qualitative case study explores how an African American woman social studies teacher made sense of the construct of citizenship utilizing historical and experiential knowledge. The multiple intersections of the participant’s identity affected the ways in which she understood and taught citizenship to her high school students. She chose to reject the dominant notion of citizenship because it failed to align with her experiences as an African American woman and instead chose to teach an active and community-centered citizenship. This study hopes to shed light on how alternative notions of citizenship may be utilized in social studies classrooms.
Defect structure of β-LiAl

Abstract Lattice parameter and density measurements have been made on a series of Li-Al alloys extending over the LiAl β-phase. The lattice parameter of the slowly cooled β-phase alloys varied almost linearly with composition within the phase field. Theoretical density calculations for several single-defect models from lattice parameter data did not yield a good fit with the experimental density data. Rather, a model based on the coexistence of two types of defects, namely, vacancies in the lithium sublattice and lithium antistructure atoms in the aluminum sublattice, characterized the defect structure. Calculated concentrations of these defects varied with departure from stoichiometry and showed good agreement with the concentration of lithium vacancies estimated from NMR measurements. Compositional dependence of the vacancy concentration and the lithium diffusion coefficient produced a good correlation and strongly suggested that the lithium atoms diffuse via a vacancy mechanism. It is hypothesized that the defect structure of this compound may be related to the electronic structure of this so-called NaTl phase.
Anxiety and Mood Disorder in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD

OBJECTIVES: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur. Understanding the endophenotype of children with both ASD and ADHD may impact clinical management. In this study, we compare the comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders in children with ASD, with and without ADHD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of children with ASD who were enrolled in the Interactive Autism Network, an Internet-mediated, parent-report, autism research registry. Children ages 6 to 17 years with a parent-reported, professional, and questionnaire-verified diagnosis of ASD were included. Data were extracted regarding parent-reported diagnosis and/or treatment of ADHD, anxiety disorder, and mood disorder. ASD severity was measured by using Social Responsiveness Scale total raw scores. RESULTS: There were 3319 children who met inclusion criteria. Of these, 1503 (45.3%) had ADHD. Comorbid ADHD increased with age (P CONCLUSIONS: Co-occurrence of ADHD is common in children with ASD. Children with both ASD and ADHD have an increased risk of anxiety and mood disorders. Physicians who care for children with ASD should be aware of the coexistence of these treatable conditions.
Few-Layer GeAs Field-Effect Transistors and Infrared Photodetectors

The family of 2D semiconductors (2DSCs) has grown rapidly since the first isolation of graphene. The emergence of each 2DSC material brings considerable excitement for its unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, which are often highly distinct from their 3D counterparts. To date, studies of 2DSC are majorly focused on group IV (e.g., graphene, silicene), group V (e.g., phosphorene), or group VIB compounds (transition metal dichalcogenides, TMD), and have inspired considerable effort in searching for novel 2DSCs. Here, the first electrical characterization of group IV-V compounds is presented by investigating few-layer GeAs field-effect transistors. With back-gate device geometry, p-type behaviors are observed at room temperature. Importantly, the hole carrier mobility is found to approach 100 cm2 V-1 s-1 with ON-OFF ratio over 105 , comparable well with state-of-the-art TMD devices. With the unique crystal structure the few-layer GeAs show highly anisotropic optical and electronic properties (anisotropic mobility ratio of 4.8). Furthermore, GeAs based transistor shows prominent and rapid photoresponse to 1.6 µm radiation with a photoresponsivity of 6 A W-1 and a rise and fall time of ≈3 ms. This study of group IV-V 2DSC materials greatly expands the 2D family, and can enable new opportunities in functional electronics and optoelectronics based on 2DSCs.
Growing into the Teaching Profession Through Service Learning

Growing into the teaching profession requires more than passing certification exams and completing required university courses; it requires an understanding of the “big picture” of learning within the context of a community (Darling-Hammond & Bransford, 2005; Buchanan, Baldwin & Rudisell, 2002). An environment where creativity is valued and where an ethic of service is nurtured establishes a place where pre-service teachers gain a sense of the whole rather than a piece-meal, test-driven picture of the profession. Research studies indicate that the big picture approach deepens understanding and allows students to integrate and use more of what they learn (Hammerness & Darling-Hammond, 2005; Wade, 1997).
World-System and Evolution: An Appraisal

This paper makes six arguments. First, socio-cultural evolution must be studied from a "world-system" or intersocietal interaction perspective. A focus on change in individual "societies" or "groups" fails to attend adequately to the effects of intersocietal interaction on social and cultural change. Second, in order to be useful, theories of the modern world-system must be modified extensively to deal with non-capitalist settings. In particular, changes in system boundaries marked by exchange networks (for information, luxury or prestige goods, political/military interactions, and bulk goods) seldom coincide,and follow different patterns of change. Third, all such systems tend to pulsate, that is, expand and contract, or at least expand rapidly and less rapidly. Fourth, once hierarchical forms of social organization develop such systems typically have cycles of rise and fall in the relative positions of constituent politics. Fifth, expansion of world-systems forms and transforms social relations in newly incorporated areas. While complex in the modern world-system, these changes are even more complex in precapitalist settings. Sixth, thesetwo cycles combine with demographic and epidemiological processes to shape long -term socio-cultural evolution.
ARTHROPATHIES AND INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE ELBOW

SUMMARY MR imaging is useful for diagnosis and clinical management of arthropathies and inflammatory conditions of the elbow. Presence and extent of cartilage loss as well as subchondral cystic change can be evaluated. MR signal characteristics of an elbow joint effusion and identification of synovial proliferation, erosions, intraarticular bodies, or magnetic susceptibility artifact can narrow the differential diagnosis. Amount of synovial proliferation can be used to guide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. MR imaging is also useful for evaluation of suspected infectious conditions including olecranon bursitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and pyomyositis, predominantly for identification of fluid collections and extent of involvement for treatment planning. Early involvement of the elbow joint or olecranon bursa by a noninfectious inflammatory arthropathy, however, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, can be difficult to differentiate from septic arthritis or septic olecranon bursitis by MR imaging alone. Evaluation of infection superimposed on underlying chronic inflammatory arthropathy can be particularly problematic.
The Waiting and Mating Game: Condition Dependent Mate Sampling in Female Gray Treefrogs (Hyla versicolor)

Strong sexual selection by receivers can lead to the evolution of elaborate courtship behaviors in signalers. However the process by which receivers sample signalers and execute mate choice under complex signaling conditions—and thus the realized strength of sexual selection—is poorly understood. Moreover, receivers can vary in condition, which can further influence mate sampling strategies. Using wild female frogs we tested two hypotheses at the intersection of these important problems: that some of the individual variation in mate sampling is explained by (1) the reproductive urgency hypothesis, which predicts that receivers in a more urgent reproductive state will sample mates less and/or (2) the reproductive investment hypothesis, which predicts that receivers that have invested less in the current reproductive effort will sample mates less. Eastern gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, were collected in amplexus and repeatedly tested for phonotaxis behavior using a dynamic playback assay. To evaluate if hormonal mechanisms explained variation in the mate sampling, three steroid hormones, estradiol, progesterone, and corticosterone, were collected using a noninvasive water-borne hormone assay, validated for this species in the present study. Finally, we measured clutch size (investment) and the duration of time required for each female to oviposit after being reunited with their male mate (urgency). We found repeatability in many of the behaviors, including mate sampling. We found that females with higher concentrations estradiol and corticosterone made quicker choices, and that females with higher progesterone sampled mates more. We also found that female frogs in a more urgent reproductive state had lower concentrations of progesterone and estradiol, thereby providing the first evidence of a relationship between gonadal hormones and reproductive urgency. Collectively we found some support for the reproductive urgency but not the investment hypothesis. Thus, even though a female frog’s reproductive readiness is a highly transient life history stage, fine scale variation in her reproductive timeline could mitigate the strength of directional selection.
Constraints and Adoption of Practices in poultry production in the Northern Agricultural Zone of Delta State, Nigeria

This study examined constraints and adoption in poultry production in the Northern Agricultural Zone of Delta State, Nigeria. A sample size of 80 respondents comprising of supervisors of selected farms was used for the study. Data were collected in March 2017 through the use of a structured and validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean score, standard deviation and percentage were used to summarize data. Results of the study reveal that major constraints to poultry production include: high cost of veterinary services (M = 2.32), high cost of poultry feeds (M = 2.30), lack of credit facilities (M =2.30) and high cost of poultry equipment (M = 2.18). There was high adoption of the following poultry production practices: adequate preparation of the poultry house before arrival of chicks (90%), restriction of sudden entry into the poultry house (93.8%), provision of adequate ventilation (87.5%), provision of clean water without restriction (86.3%) and regular cleaning of drinkers and feeders (83.8%). Strategies identified in this study for enhancing poultry production include: qualified personnel should be used to manage poultry farms (M = 3.19), provision of credit facilities (M = 2.95), subsidy on poultry feeds and equipment (M = 2.91), and the removal of duty on importation of raw materials for poultry feeds formulation (M = 2.69). Furthermore, a significant difference in the mean scores of constraints to poultry production and adoption of poultry production practices implies that constraints affect the adoption of practices in poultry production.
Wetlands: crop freezes and land-use change in Florida.

Draining the state's southern wetlands may have raised the incidence of harmful frosts. South Florida experienced a significant change in land usage during the twentieth century, including the conversion of natural wetlands into agricultural land for the cultivation of winter vegetable, sugar cane and citrus crops. This movement of agriculture from more northerly areas was intended partly to escape the risk of damaging winter freezes. Here we present evidence from a case study using a coupled atmosphere and land-surface computer-modelling system that suggests that the draining of wetlands may have inadvertently increased the frequency and severity of agriculturally damaging freezes in the south of Florida.
Pattern of dopamine signaling during aversive events predicts active avoidance learning.

Learning to avoid aversive outcomes is an adaptive strategy to limit one’s future exposure to stressful events. However, there is considerable variance in active avoidance learning across a population. The mesolimbic dopamine system contributes to behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli, although it is unclear if the heterogeneity in active avoidance learning is explained by differences in dopamine transmission. Furthermore, it is not known how dopamine signals evolve throughout active avoidance learning. To address these questions, we performed voltammetry recordings of dopamine release in the ventral medial striatum throughout training on inescapable footshock and signaled active avoidance tasks. This approach revealed differences in the pattern of dopamine signaling during the aversive cue and the safety period that corresponded to subsequent task performance. Dopamine transmission throughout the footshock bout did not predict performance but rather was modulated by the prior stress exposure. Additionally, we demonstrate that dopamine encodes a safety prediction error signal, which illustrates that ventral medial striatal dopamine release conveys a learning signal during both appetitive and aversive conditions.
Making the Transition from Science Delivery to Knowledge Coproduction in Boundary Spanning: A Case Study of the Alaska Fire Science Consortium

AbstractBoundary organizations facilitate two-way, sustained interaction and communication between research and practitioner spheres, deliver existing science, and develop new, actionable scientifi...
The Semi-Autonomous Administrative State

Conflicting views about presidential control of the administrative state have too long been characterized in terms of a debate over agency independence. But the term “independent” when used to describe administrative agencies carries with it the baggage of an unhelpful and unrealistic dichotomy: administrative agencies that are (or should be) subservient to presidential control versus those that are (or should be) entirely free from such influence. No agency fits into either category. This essay proposes reorienting the debate over presidential control around agency “autonomy,” which better conveys that the key issue is a matter of degree. Contrary to some proponents of the unitary executive theory, for example, all agencies — even departments headed by officials who can be removed by the president at will — should possess autonomy. They need autonomy to be able to make expert, evidence-based judgments and to avoid becoming weaponized purely for self-interested purposes or to gain partisan advantage. That said, in a democracy, agencies also ought never to operate with complete autonomy to the extent that they function with no constraints. The best notion of the administrative state borrows from anthropologist Sally Falk Moore’s notion of the semi-autonomy of law, leading to the conclusion that administrative agencies are semi-autonomous institutions.
Calculus of Functions in Polar Coordinates

Chapter 3 presents some basic mathematics. The importance of the rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system to the disciplines of geometry, trigonometry, and calculus and their applications cannot be overstated. These disciplines depend on the interplay between geometry and algebra that this coordinate system makes possible. The polar coordinate system makes this connection also. By identifying a location in the plane with respect to a fixed reference point and a ray that emanates from it, it provides a framework that is tailor-made for the analysis of the trajectory of any object that moves in response to a gravitational force. The chapter develops the essentials about the polar coordinate plane, the polar equations for the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, the calculus of polar functions, as well as the trigonometry needed along the way.
Independent vector analysis for common subspace analysis: Application to multi-subject fMRI data yields meaningful subgroups of schizophrenia

Abstract The extraction of common and distinct biomedical signatures among different populations allows for a more detailed study of the group-specific as well as distinct information of different populations. A number of subspace analysis algorithms have been developed and successfully applied to data fusion, however they are limited to joint analysis of only a couple of datasets. Since subspace analysis is very promising for analysis of multi-subject medical imaging data as well, we focus on this problem and propose a new method based on independent vector analysis (IVA) for common subspace extraction (IVA-CS) for multi-subject data analysis. IVA-CS leverages the strength of IVA in identification of a complete subspace structure across multiple datasets along with an efficient solution that uses only second-order statistics. We propose a subset analysis approach within IVA-CS to mitigate issues in estimation in IVA due to high dimensionality, both in terms of components estimated and the number of datasets. We introduce a scheme to determine a desirable size for the subset that is high enough to exploit the dependence across datasets and is not affected by the high dimensionality issue. We demonstrate the success of IVA-CS in extracting complex subset structures and apply the method to analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 179 subjects and show that it successfully identifies shared and complementary brain patterns from patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls group. Two components with linked resting-state networks are identified to be unique to the SZ group providing evidence of functional dysconnectivity. IVA-CS also identifies subgroups of SZs that show significant differences in terms of their brain networks and clinical symptoms.
The Role of Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD) Pathogenesis: Implications for Future Therapeutics

Mast cells (MC) have recently been demonstrated to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). When activated, MCs release pre-formed granules of many pro-inflammatory mediators, including histamine, serotonin, and various chemokines and cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon ɣ (IFN ɣ), macrophage inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor, interleukin (IL) 1, 3-6, 9, 10, 13 and 16. These mediators promote inflammation in AERD by recruiting or activating a network of cells involved in acute and chronic inflammatory pathways, such as endothelial, epithelial, stromal, and other immune cells. Several studies have implicated multifactorial pathways for MC activation in AERD beyond classical IgE mediated mechanisms. The elucidation of these complex networks therefore represents important targets for innovative patient therapeutics. This review summarizes classic and alternative pathways of MC activation in AERD with a special focus in relation to new and emerging treatment strategies.
Starvation-avoidance CAN Scheduling for Shorter Worst-case Response Time with Priority Queues

Controller Area Network is a message based event-triggered communication service, and primarily applied in automotive and various industries such as vehicles, multi-robot, realtime communication systems and others. On vehicle networks, the CAN bus connects multiple independent Electronic Control Units (ECU) and allows them to communicate and work together asynchronously and/or synchronously. The ECU nodes exchange data with the CAN bus concurrently so that multiple messages collide on the bus, which is resolved by a bitwise arbitration algorithm that works by assigning a low-priority node to switch to listening mode while a node with high-priority message remains in transmitting mode. However, this arbitration mechanism results in starvation of low-priority messages. In this paper, we present a real-time scheduling algorithm that provides starvation avoidance over CAN messages.
Does the Presence of Chondral Lesions Negatively Affect Patient-Determined Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair?

Background:There are limited data available to guide patients to their prognosis when glenohumeral chondral lesions are found during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.Hypothesis:The primary hypothes...
Heplisav-B in Prior Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponders: A Case Series.

Introduction Hepatitis B is a potentially deadly infection that can be acquired by exposure to infectious human blood or body fluids. While service members and others at occupational risk are routinely vaccinated to prevent hepatitis B, non-responders to this vaccine are at continued risk. Heplisav-B is a newer vaccine that may offer additional protection to those at risk. Materials and methods Cases of hepatitis B vaccine non-responders who were given Heplisav-B after receiving six or more doses of standard hepatitis B vaccine were collected from existing health records within the military health system after Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Institutional Review Board review. Results Twelve of thirteen (92%) prior non-responders who were tested at least 1 month after completing the recombinant Heplisav-B vaccine series demonstrated seroprotection against hepatitis B. Conclusions Ideally, all service members and other at-risk workers should be protected from hepatitis B. This case series suggests that prior non-responders are likely to gain protection from hepatitis B with Heplisav-B vaccination. A prospective trial is warranted for further evaluation of this potential indication.
Abusive supervision’s impact on work attitudes, considering leaving/quitting, self-efficacy, and performance? A preliminary study

Abusive supervision involves several types of distinct and interrelated behaviors that have long been known to have damaging effects on employees. This relationship has been mainly found in quantit...
Active and Time-modulated Flat Optics

In this work, we will review our recent progress in development of active optical metasurfaces in the quasi-static and time-modulated operation regimes. We will first present methodologies to achieve widely tunable phase responses with high amplitude efficiencies by exploiting high-Q resonant modes supported by all-dielectric metasurfaces. We will then discuss unique opportunities for light manipulation with extended degree of freedom enabled by active time-modulated metasurfaces. In particular, we will introduce a tunable geometric phase shift in time-modulated metasurfaces which allows for dispersionless dynamic wavefront engineering of higher-order sidebands. It will be emphasized that this feature can be used to overcome several limitation of quasi-static metasurfaces and yields several distinctive capabilities for time-modulated platforms including wideband all-angle beam scanning and topological space-time photonic transitions. Various implementations of time-modulated metasurfaces at optical frequencies will be presented and their applicability as optical phased arrays with flexible pattern synthesis will be highlighted. Moreover, design approaches for achieving higher efficiency in sideband generation and broadband performance will be proposed.
A Decision Model for Cognitive Task Allocation

Cognitive task allocation employs task analysis to identify the performance and operational requirements of task functions; and demand/resource matching to match the identified requirements and the human and computer resources available for implementation.The current methodologies of cognitive task allocation are either too aggregate to provide adequate resolution of performance requirements or domain-specific and thus of limited applicability. The paper introduces a formal, quantitative, and domain-independent model of cognitive task allocation aimed at reducing the limitations inherent in the currently practiced methodologies.Demand/resource matching is modeled as an Analytic Hierarchy Process. The Analytic Hierarchy Process of Demand/Resource Matching is defined as a mapping process along a four-level Analytic Hierarchy. By means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a task function (Level 1 of the Analytic Hierarchy) is analyzed into its cognitive processes (Level 2); performance criteria are set for eac...
L3T4-positive T cells participate in the induction of graft-vs-host disease in response to minor histocompatibility antigens.

The phenotype of T cells that initiate graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in response to minor histocompatibility antigens (minor HA) was determined in three H-2 compatible strain combinations by using negative selection with monoclonal antibodies to Lyt-2 and L3T4 antigens to test the hypothesis that Lyt-2-positive T cells alone initiate GVHD. The phenotype of T cells required to initiate GVHD was different in each of the three strain combinations studied. Both Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ LP spleen cells were necessary to cause lethal GVHD in C57BL/6 recipients. In the reciprocal transplant, Lyt-2+, but not L3T4+ C57BL/6 spleen cells were sufficient to initiate GVHD in LP recipients. In contrast, L3T4+, but not Lyt-2+ B10.D2 spleen cells were found to initiate GVHD in BALB/c recipients. The optimal response to minor HA requires both Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ T cells because a mixture of the two subsets of spleen cells resulted in a more severe form of GVHD than either subset alone in all three strain combinations studied. This study demonstrates that L3T4+ cells participate in the initiation of GVHD in response to minor HA. The dominant T cell subset that initiates GVHD varies with the specific strain combination tested. The specific minor HA expressed in the transplant recipient, the H-2 type, and possibly non-major histocompatibility complex immune response genes of the donor strain appear to determine the phenotype of the initiator T cells.
Space Resources, Occurrence and Uses

Space resources consist of all of the useful materials, energy sources, and energy found in space. For practical purposes, this article focuses on those resources that may be accessible within the next 25 years, and for which large-scale demand is plausible. Therefore, the principal focus of this review is the bodies of nearby space: Earth's Moon, the planets Mercury and Mars, the two small Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, and the near-Earth population of asteroids and comets. This article briefly surveys the significance and promise of space resources, including scientific and technical issues and the legal and regulatory regime surrounding their economic use. Current treaty obligations are reviewed, and some suggestions made regarding legislation and treaty language that would encourage the growth of this enormous new arena of economic activity, making vast new resources available to all. Keywords: Moon; lunar minerals; lunar rocks; Mercury; exploitation; Mars; resources; propellants; Phobos; Deimos; near-Earth asteroid; legal issues; treaty issues; solar power; prospects
Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Circular Plates

Bending analysis of elastoplastic circular plates for small deflection and axisymmetric loadings and support conditions, based on Kirchhoff hypothesis
The Simultaneous Acquisition of Multiple Memories

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the simultaneous acquisition of multiple memories. The differences in performance observed for Condition FRD (simultaneous learning) and Condition F-R-D (sequential learning) are minor. The performance on all tasks is essentially equivalent for Conditions FRD and FRD(S). This indicates different classes of material within a slide of no consequence for learning. The incidental learning observed, does allow the conclusion, which can sometimes be drawn following the use of more conventional techniques for studying incidental learning. The incidental learning for all four tasks is always lower than that for intentional learning. The lack of correlations among the scores on the tasks may be because of the differences in the materials, not to the differences in the type of retention tests.
Coupling control based on adiabatic elimination in densely integrated nano-photonics

We experimentally demonstrate a novel approach based on adiabatic elimination scheme to control the coupling between densely packed waveguides. At the nano-scale, cancellation of the coupling between the waveguides can be achieved.
Effect of exogenous estrogen on carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women.

Abstract The effect of exogenous estrogen on carbohydrate tolerance in 9 nonobese, nondiabetic, postmenopausal women was evaluated. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before and during 3 and 6 months of treatment. Statistical analyses of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum growth hormone levels obtained during the tests were made. Our data indicate estrogen induced deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance in over 40 per cent of the subjects, and this was accompanied by the lack of an increase in insulin secretion and unchanged serum growth hormone levels. It is suggested that the absence of compensatory hyperinsulinism in response to estrogen treatment in postmenopausal subjects may account for the development of glucose intolerance.
A Link in the Evolution of the Bees

THE ligula or “tongue” of the bees presents two main types, one broad, obtuse, and often emarginate, the other pointed, acute, frequently much elongated. The obtusetongued bees have been considered to be the more primitive, and there is no doubt that the most advanced types are long-tongued. The difference between the two groups has seemed so important that at one time (Trans. American Entomological Soc., xxix., p. 185) I entertained the idea that they had no common bee-ancestry, but were derived from different groups of wasps.
A faster fully polynomial approximation scheme for the single-machine total tardiness problem

Abstract Lawler [E.L. Lawler, A fully polynomial approximation scheme for the total tardiness problem, Operations Research Letters 1 (1982) 207–208] proposed a fully polynomial approximation scheme for the single-machine total tardiness problem which runs in O n 7 e time (where n is the number of jobs and e is the desired level of approximation). A faster fully polynomial approximation scheme running in O ( n 5 log n + n 5 e ) time is presented in this note by applying an alternative rounding scheme in conjunction with implementing Kovalyov’s [M.Y. Kovalyov, Improving the complexities of approximation algorithms for optimization problems, Operations Research Letters 17 (1995) 85–87] bound improvement procedure.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplants do not result in endometrial stromal engraftment

Objective To determine whether peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) result in engraftment of donor stem cells in the recipient uterus. Design Prospective clinical and laboratory research. Setting Translational medicine research hospital. Patient(s)/Animal(s) Macaque and human bone marrow transplant recipients. Intervention(s) Rhesus macaques received autologous transduced immunoselected cytokine-mobilized CD34+ cells after total body irradiation. Vector constructs expressed green fluorescent protein. In the human subjects, prior PBSCT subjects underwent endometrial biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Macaque and human endometrial and bone marrow cells were isolated and cultured. Fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to evaluate for the presence of donor-derived cells. Main Outcome Measure(s) Presence of donor cells in recipient endometrium and bone marrow stroma. Result(s) The macaque endometrial cells did not exhibit evidence of green fluorescent protein labeling. Human endometrial cells were cultured and the absence of donor blood contamination was verified. The PCR evaluation of the human endometrial cells did not demonstrate evidence of donor short tandem repeats. Conclusion(s) The PBSCT did not result in engraftment of donor-derived cells in the endometrium.
Reduction number of links of irreducible varieties

Abstract The reductions of an ideal I give a natural pathway to the properties of I, with the advantage of having fewer generators. In this paper we primarily focus on a conjecture about the reduction exponent of links of a broad class of primary ideals. The existence of an algebra structure on the Koszul and Eagon-Northcott resolutions is the main tool for detailing the known cases of the conjecture. In the last section we relate the conjecture to a formula involving the length of the first Koszul homology modules of these ideals.