cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer in-the-loop: Consumers as part of residential smart energy systems

A novel framework for residential smart energy systems is proposed. The model integrates the consumer behavior in the dynamics of the technological and environmental components of the system. The objective is to classify and optimize the whole system, which includes the dynamics of the consumer. The framework is based on Markov process, model detection and Hidden Markov Model Theory. The behavior of the consumer is classified from a sequence of available observations within a set of reference classes. The detected class is used as prior information to detect the state of the system and provide feedback to the consumer to reduce the probability that undesirable states occur within a time window.
Acquisition of Current-Events Knowledge From Political Satire Programming: An Experimental Approach

This project presents the results of an online experiment exploring the over-time effects of exposure to political satire and cable news on college students' acquisition of three different forms of political knowledge. Results indicate that subjects in the political satire condition and the news condition experienced significant gains in knowledge at Time 2 compared to the third control group. These gains occurred in the context of current affairs knowledge, even when controlling for prior knowledge and media exposure. Neither experimental condition experienced increases in civics or candidate knowledge compared to the control group. Implications for the potential of political humor as a source of political information are discussed.
Dynamic learning and strategic alliances: A commentary essay

Abstract Strategic alliances and the learning benefits they foster in partner firms inspire a rich literature in the organizational sciences. Part of this literature asks whether or not alliances drive dynamic learning opportunities and thus help partner firms create or enhance dynamic competitive capabilities. Chen, Lee, and Lay (2010) show that alliances do foster the development of dynamic competitive capabilities and do this through dynamic learning mechanisms. This commentary essay critiques the merits of the authors' potential contributions to extant theory and managerial practice and offers new questions for further research.
Information Rates in Remoted Radar Systems

Air traffic information collected by long range radars is available to the CAA at the radar sites. This information will be remoted to the air route traffic control center. A theoretical study is made here of resolving power and the information rate inherent in the air traffic, radar video signals, displays, and various transmission techniques. Air traffic provides the basic information and radar video establishes the maximum information rate for the system. On the other hand, a display can show only a limited amount of this information. But if the display magnifies a small area, it can show all the information the radar collects. Between the radar and the presentation, the information may be transmitted by a wide band communication channel that transmits all the radar video information or it may be compressed by analog, digital or manual methods so that it can be transmitted over a much narrower communication channel. The final choice of system components will be decided by the requirements of the basic problem for resolution, off-centered displays and the needs of the traffic controller.
Helicobacter pylori and H2O2 increase AP endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells

Background & Aims: Helicobacter pylori infection causes inflammation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and oxidative DNA damage in the gastric mucosa. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1)/redox factor-1 (Ref-1) repairs damaged DNA and reductively activates transcription factors, including activator protein-1. Considering that H. pylori generate reactive oxygen species and that reactive oxygen species modulate APE-1/Ref-1 in other cell types, we examined the effect of H. pylori, oxidative stress, and antioxidants on APE-1/Ref-1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells. Methods: Human gastric epithelial cell lines or cells isolated from mucosal biopsy samples were stimulated with H. pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, and/or H2O2 in the presence or absence of antioxidants. APE-1/Ref-1 expression was assayed by Western blot or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and its cellular distribution was determined by using indirect conventional and confocal immunofluorescence. New protein synthesis was detected by [S35]methionine labeling. APE-1/Ref-1 function was assessed by using a luciferase-linked reporter construct containing 3 activator protein 1 binding sites. Results: APE-1/Ref-1 protein and messenger RNA were detected in resting gastric epithelial cells. APE-1/Ref-1 protein expression was increased after stimulation with H2O2 or live cag pathogenicity island-bearing H. pylori, but not cag pathogenicity island-negative H. pylori or C. jejuni. H. pylori- or reactive oxygen species-mediated increases in APE-1/Ref-1 expression involved de novo protein synthesis that was inhibited by antioxidants. H. pylori or H2O2 also induced nuclear accumulation of APE-1/Ref-1, and overexpression of APE-1/Ref-1 increased activator protein 1 binding activity. Conclusions: The data show that H. pylori or reactive oxygen species enhance APE-1/Ref-1 protein synthesis and nuclear accumulation in human gastric epithelial cells and implicate APE-1/Ref-1 in the modulation of the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activation Prevents Reperfusion Arrhythmias by Inhibiting Local Renin Release From Cardiac Mast Cells

Background— Renin released by ischemia/reperfusion from cardiac mast cells activates a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This exacerbates norepinephrine release and reperfusion arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation), making RAS a new therapeutic target in myocardial ischemia. Methods and Results— We investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) prevents cardiac RAS activation in guinea pig hearts ex vivo. When ischemia/reperfusion (20 minutes of ischemia/30 minutes of reperfusion) was preceded by IPC (two 5-minute ischemia/reperfusion cycles), renin and norepinephrine release and ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation duration were markedly decreased, a cardioprotective anti-RAS effect. Activation and blockade of adenosine A2b/A3 receptors and activation and inhibition of protein kinase Ce (PKCe) mimicked and prevented, respectively, the anti-RAS effects of IPC. Moreover, activation of A2b/A3 receptors or activation of PKCe prevented degranulation and renin release elicited by ...
Victimized children's responses to peers' aggression: behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization.

The aim of the current investigation was to identify victimized children's responses to peers' aggression that may be associated with reduced versus persistent victimization. To address this aim, 199 5–6-year-old children (96 boys, 103 girls) were interviewed twice during kindergarten (fall and spring) about their own victimization experiences and peers' responses to aggression. Observational ratings of children's victimization experiences were used to examine the validity of the self-reported victimization scores. Relations between response strategies and subsequent victimization status were significant only for boys: “having a friend help” was associated with reduced victimization, whereas “fighting back” was related to stable victimization. Implications for future research on peer victimization and intervention with young victimized children are discussed.
Understanding the gap between cognitive abilities and daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders with average intelligence

Daily living skills standard scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-2nd edition were examined in 417 adolescents from the Simons Simplex Collection. All participants had at least average intelligence and a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regressions were used to examine the prevalence and predictors of a "daily living skills deficit," defined as below average daily living skills in the context of average intelligence quotient. Approximately half of the adolescents were identified as having a daily living skills deficit. Autism symptomatology, intelligence quotient, maternal education, age, and sex accounted for only 10% of the variance in predicting a daily living skills deficit. Identifying factors associated with better or worse daily living skills may help shed light on the variability in adult outcome in individuals with autism spectrum disorder with average intelligence.
The assignment of carbon monoxide association rate constants to the alpha and beta subunits in native and mutant human deoxyhemoglobin tetramers.

Abstract The association kinetics of CO binding to site-directed mutants of human deoxyhemoglobin were measured by stopped-flow rapid mixing techniques at pH 7.0, 20 degrees C. Hemoglobin tetramers were constructed from one set of native subunits and one set of mutated partners containing His(E7) to Gly, Val(E11) to Ala, or Val(E11) to Ile substitutions. The reactivity of beta Cys93 with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate was measured to ensure that the mutant deoxyhemoglobins were capable of forming T-state quaternary conformations. Time courses for the complete binding of CO were measured by mixing the deoxygenated proteins with a 5-fold excess of ligand in the absence and presence of inositol hexaphosphate. Association rate constants for the individual alpha and beta subunits in the T-state conformation were assigned by measuring time courses for the reaction of a small, limiting amount of CO with a 20-fold excess of deoxyhemoglobin (i.e. Hb4 + CO----Hb4(CO)). The effects of the E7 and E11 mutations in T-state alpha subunits were qualitatively similar to those observed for the same subunit in the R-state (Mathews, A.J., Rohlfs, R.J., Olson, J.S., Tame, J., Renaud, J-P., and Nagai, K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16573-16583). The alpha His58(E7) to Gly and Val62(E11) to Ala substitutions caused 80- and 3-fold increases, respectively, in k'CO for T-state alpha subunits, and the alpha Val62(E11) to Ile mutation caused a 3-fold decrease. The beta His63(E7) to Gly and Val67(E11) to Ala substitutions produced 70- and 8-fold increases, respectively, in k'CO for T-state beta subunits whereas these same mutations caused little effect on the rate of CO binding to R-state beta subunits. The beta Val67(E11) to Ile mutation produced the same large effect, a 23-fold reduction in k'CO, in both quaternary conformations of beta subunits. These kinetic results can be interpreted qualitatively in terms of differences between the alpha and beta subunits in the deoxy and liganded crystal structures of human hemoglobin (Perutz, M.F. (1990) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 52, 1-25). Both the structural and functional data suggest that the distal portion of the beta heme pocket is tightly packed in deoxyhemoglobin whereas the CO binding site in R-state beta subunits is much more open. In contrast, the distal portion of the alpha heme pocket is restricted sterically in both quaternary states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multiprocessor algorithms for relational-database operators on hypercube systems

The tutorial focuses on hypercube interconnected architectures as a computational engine for relational-database processing. Several implementations of the many currently available hypercube systems are highlighted, and comments on their potential performance in evaluating relational-database operators are presented. All algorithms assume that the relevant data are memory resident. Experimental timings obtained from a portable hypercube-based database system are presented to characterize performance potential for various uniscan and multiscan operations. >
Role of Verbs in Document Analysis

We present results of two methods for assessing the event profile of news articles as a function of verb type. The unique contribution of this research is the focus on the role of verbs, rather than nouns. Two algorithms are presented and evaluated, one of which is shown to accurately discriminate documents by type and semantic properties, i.e. the event profile. The initial method, using WordNet (Miller et al. 1990), produced multiple cross-classification of articles, primarily due to the bushy nature of the verb tree coupled with the sense disambiguation problem. Our second approach using English Verb Classes and Alternations (EVCA) Levin (1993) showed that monosemous categorization of the frequent verbs in WSJ made it possible to usefully discriminate documents. For example, our results show that articles in which communication verbs predominate tend to be opinion pieces, whereas articles with a high percentage of agreement verbs tend to be about mergers or legal cases. An evaluation is performed on the results using Kendall's τ. We present convincing evidence for using verb semantic classes as a discriminant in document classification.
The Association Between Sepsis and Potential Medical Injury Among Hospitalized Patients

Background Patient safety remains a national priority, but the role of disease-specific characteristics in safety is not well characterized. Methods We identified potentially preventable medical injuries using patient safety indicators (PSIs) and annual data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2003 and 2007. We compared the rate of selected PSIs among patients hospitalized with and without sepsis. Among patients with sepsis, we also compared PSI rates across severity strata. Using multivariable case-control matching and regression analyses, we estimated the excess adverse outcomes associated with PSI events in patients with sepsis. Results Patients hospitalized with sepsis accounted for 2% to 4% of hospital discharges; however, they accounted for 9% to 26% of all potential medical injuries. PSI rates varied considerably; among patients hospitalized for sepsis, they were lowest for accidental puncture or laceration and highest for postoperative respiratory failure. Nearly all PSI rates were higher among patients with sepsis compared with patients without sepsis. Among those with sepsis, most PSI rates increased as sepsis severity increased. Compared with matched sepsis control subjects, increased length of stay and hospital charges were associated with PSI events in sepsis cases. However, only decubitus ulcer, iatrogenic pneumothorax, and postoperative metabolic and physiologic derangement or respiratory failure were associated with excess mortality. Conclusion Patients hospitalized for sepsis, compared with the general hospital population, were at a substantially increased risk of potential medical injury; their risk rose as disease severity increased. Future patient safety efforts may benefit from focusing on medically vulnerable populations.
Spectral extrapolation of spatially bounded images [MRI application]

A spectral extrapolation algorithm for spatially bounded images is presented. An image is said to be spatially bounded when it is confined to a closed region and is surrounded by a background of zeros. With prior knowledge of the spatial domain zeros, the extrapolation algorithm extends the image's spectrum beyond a known interval of low-frequency components. The result, which is referred to as the finite support solution, has space variant resolution; features near the edge of the support region are better resolved than those in the center. The resolution of the finite support solution is discussed as a function of the number of known spatial zeros and known spectral components. A regularized version of the finite support solution is included for handling the case where the known spectral components are noisy. For both the noiseless and noisy cases, the resolution of the finite support solution is measured in terms of its impulse response characteristics, and compared to the resolution of the zerofilled and Nyquist solutions. The finite support solution is superior to the zerofilled solution for both the noisy and noiseless data cases. When compared to the Nyquist solution, the finite support solution may be preferred in the noisy data case. Examples using medical image data are provided. >
African trypanosome interactions with an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier.

The neurological manifestations of sleeping sickness in man are attributed to the penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. However, how African trypanosomes cross the BBB remains an unresolved issue. We have examined the traversal of African trypanosomes across the human BBB using an in vitro BBB model system constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) grown on Costar Transwell™ inserts. Human-infective T. b. gambiense strain IL 1852 was found to cross human BMECs far more readily than the animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei brucei strains 427 and TREU 927. Tsetse fly–infective procyclic trypomastigotes did not cross the human BMECs either alone or when coincubated with bloodstream-form T. b. gambiense. After overnight incubation, the integrity of the human BMEC monolayer measured by transendothelial electrical resistance was maintained on the inserts relative to the co...
Issues Related to Academic Support and Performance of Division I Student-Athletes: A Case Study at the University of Minnesota

Mary Jo Kane is with the School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota. Perry Leo is with the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota. Lynn K. Holleran is Associate to the Vice President and Chief of Staff, Office of the President, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Issues Related to Academic Support and Performance of Division I Student-Athletes: A Case Study at the University of Minnesota
Organized assemblies of colloids formed at the poles of micrometer-sized droplets of liquid crystal

We report on the formation of organized assemblies of 1 μm-in-diameter colloids (polystyrene (PS)) at the poles of water-dispersed droplets (diameters 7–20 μm) of nematic liquid crystal (LC). For 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl droplets decorated with two to five PS colloids, we found 32 distinct arrangements of the colloids to form at the boojums of bipolar droplet configurations. Significantly, all but one of these configurations (a ring comprised of five PS colloids) could be mapped onto a local (non-close packed) hexagonal lattice. To provide insight into the origin of the hexagonal lattice, we investigated planar aqueous-LC interfaces, and found that organized assemblies of PS colloids did not form at these interfaces. Experiments involving the addition of salts revealed that a repulsive interaction of electrostatic origin prevented formation of assemblies at planar interfaces, and that regions of high splay near the poles of the LC droplets generated cohesive interactions between colloids that could overcome the repulsion. Support for this interpretation was obtained from a model that included (i) a long-range attraction between adsorbed colloids and the boojum due to the increasing rate of strain (splay) of LC near the boojum (splay attraction), (ii) an attractive inter-colloid interaction that reflects the quadrupolar symmetry of the strain in the LC around the colloids, and (iii) electrostatic repulsion between colloids. The model predicts that electrostatic repulsion between colloids can lead to a ∼1000kBT energy barrier at planar interfaces of LC films, and that the repulsive interaction can be overcome by splay attraction of the colloids to the boojums of the LC droplets. Overall, the results reported in this paper advance our understanding of the directed assembly of colloids at interfaces of LC droplets.
Defending Turf: Racial Demographics and Hate Crime Against Blacks and Whites

This study explores how racial composition, in-migration and community identity influence the distribution of antiblack and antiwhite hate crimes. Drawing on six years of Chicago Police Department reports, two decades of census data and community survey data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the paper evaluates hypotheses derived from racial threat, macrostructural opportunity and defended community perspectives. Negative binomial models controlling for spatial dependence reveal different patterns for antiblack and antiwhite hate crimes across Chicago communities. Consistent with a defended communities model, antiblack hate crimes are most common in homogenous white communities with strong community identities undergoing recent black in-migration. In contrast, antiwhite hate crimes are most numerous in communities where blacks and whites comprise near equal proportions, supporting macrostructural opportunity perspectives.
Practical parallel supercomputing: examples from chemistry and physics

We use two large simulations, the chemical reaction dynamics of H + H2 and the collision of two galaxies to show that current parallel machines are capable of large supercomputer level calculations. We contrast the different architectural tradeoffs for these problems and draw some implications for future production parallel supercomputers.
Acute tetraplegia and cardiac arrest following high cervical leptomeningeal metastasis of giant cell glioblastoma

Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme (gcGBM) is an unusual subtype of high-grade glioma (grade IV, World Health Organization classification). We report a patient with a rare acute tetraplegia, followed by lethal cardiac arrest, who had undergone a prior resection of a supratentorial gcGBM. Neuroradiological workup revealed a large, high cervical compressive leptomeningeal mass consistent with a drop metastasis. Due to the possibility of a rapid clinical deterioration in patients with high cervical cord compression, the diagnosis of drop metastasis to the spine should be considered in patients with a previous history of supratentorial GBM who present with acute diffuse motor weakness.
Effect of barrier layers on the texture and microstructure of Copper films

The microstructure of interconnect material is know to influence its electromigration and stress-voiding properties. In addition to many factors responsible for the microstructure development, the barrier layer could be a major contributing factor as it forms the substrate for the copper films above. The microstructure of the barrier films based on its deposition technique could determine the final microstructure of the copper film. In the present work we examine the effect of two different barrier layers (Ta and TaN) and different stackings of these two materials on the microstructure on the copper seed (PVD) and electroplated films using EBSD, AFM and XRD. The results show that the plated films have a predominantly (111) texture and uniform grain size. But the (111) texture maximum varied with the barrier layer stacking underneath the plated film.
Use of Structural Equation Modeling to Measure Severity of Single-Vehicle Crashes

Injury severity and vehicle damage are two of the main indicators of the level of crash severity. Other factors, such as driver characteristics, roadway conditions, highway geometry, environmental factors, vehicle type, and roadside objects, may also be directly or indirectly related to crash severity. All these factors interact in such complicated ways that it is often difficult to identify their interrelationships. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between these contributors and the severity of single-vehicle crashes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) offers the opportunity to explore the complex relationships between variables by handling endogenous variables and exogenous variables simultaneously. Furthermore, SEM allows latent variables to be included in the model and bridges the gap between dependent and explanatory variables. In this study, the number of latent variables was defined by the understanding of collision force, kinetic energy, and mechanical process of a collision,...
Pressor activity of circulating blood after focal infarction of the kidney in the rat.

SummaryThe pressor activity of the plasma of the renal venous effluent of rats rendered acutely hypertensive by focal infarction of the kidney has been demonstrated. The pressor effect is transient and is due to the elaboration of an agent which can be differentiated from renin and angiotensin. The rat, accordingly, resembles the dog and man in manifesting a form of acute hypertension which differs from chronic hypertension in being mediated by a previously unrecognized pressor agent elaborated by the kidney. As in the dog and man, the pressor agent may be demonstrated in the renal venous effluent. Its concentration in the peripheral blood is proportional to the observed elevation in blood pressure. The pressor effect and rise in blood pressure appear within a day after focal infarction of the kidney and last for about 30 days.
Crossing the phantom divide: Dark energy internal degrees of freedom

Dark energy constraints have forced viable alternatives that differ substantially from a cosmological constant $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ to have an equation of state $w$ that evolves across the phantom divide set by $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. Naively, crossing this divide makes the dark energy gravitationally unstable, a problem that is typically finessed by unphysically ignoring the perturbations. While this procedure does not affect constraints near the favored cosmological constant model it can artificially enhance the confidence with which alternative models are rejected. Similar to the general problem of stability for $wl0$, the solution lies in the internal degrees of freedom in the dark energy sector. We explicitly show how to construct a two scalar field model that crosses the phantom divide and mimics the single field behavior on either side to substantially better than $1%$ in all observables. It is representative of models where the internal degrees of freedom keep the dark energy smooth out to the horizon scale independently of the equation of state.
Are State Courts Biased Against Taxpayers That Seek the Protection of Federal Law

The author suggests that state courts are not biased against taxpayers that seek the protection of Public Law 86-272. Some taxpayers have been dissatisfied that state courts are generally the only forum available to litigate claims that state or local taxes violate federal law.
Speech Acts, Social Meaning and Social Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on speech acts, social meaning, and social learning. There are many large issues that could be studied by a union of linguists and social psychologists such as the issues surrounding language identities of the large immigrant groups in Britain; conditions affecting diversity or uniformation of language and of dialect in a country still rich in dialect variation; the role of language prejudices in the judgments of employers, juries, and teachers; and the role of mass media in altering those prejudices. The process of developing a content or interaction analysis code is a kind of mini-cultural process. The level of attention by psychologists has been at an inferential level. Psychologists have a long history of paying attention to language.
Acute toxicity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats and mice.

SummaryCrude Thailand marihuana was extracted by the method of Turk. Initial purity of the Δ9-THC after extraction was 99+% as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and gas-liquid chromatography. Purity of the compound prior to administration was unchanged as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Using 10% Tween 80 as a suspension vehicle, LD50 values were determined in rats and mice. Values obtained were: rat, iv, 28.6 mg/kg: ip, 372.9 m.g/kg; ig, 666.1 mg/kg; mouse, iv, 42.47 mg/kg; ip, 454.5 mg/kg; ig, 481.9 mg/kg. Toxic signs preceding death in both animal species included ataxia, hyper-excitability, depression, loss of righting reflex and dyspnea progressing to apnea. Following intravenous administration in rats or mice, death occurred within 15 min whereas following intraperitoneal or intragastric administration, death resulted between 10 and 36 hr. Tremor, diarrhea, and lacrimation were observed as additional toxic signs following ig and ip administration of Δ9-THC in rats...
Reassessment of a Cytochemical Test for Differential Diagnosis of Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis

Reports of negative tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions in a few cases of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis prompted the authors to re-evaluate the diagnostic specificity of this test. As a result, they modified the test by (1) incorporating a dual-control system for excluding a false-negative test due to technical errors, and (2) instituting an objective grading system for assuring consistent interpretation of the test on blood smears. When these modifications were applied to materials of patients suspected to have leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, there was an excellent, although not specific, correlation between the positive test and the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions were positive, intermediate, and negative for 76, 21, and 3% of 29 patients who had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, whereas the figures were 3, 32, and 65%, respectively, for 37 patients who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic disorders.
Nitrogenous Constituents of Blood Following Transplantation of Ureters Into Different Levels of Intestine.

In an attempt to study the effect on the kidney of the presence of large amounts of normal urinary constituents in the blood, we transplanted the ureters into different portions of the intestine. A simplified surgical technic was employed and the results were for the most part satisfactory. In most instances the only demonstrable change in the ureter and kidney was slight dilatation of the ureter and pelvis of the kidney, while microscopic examination of the renal tissue revealed but minor changes. In some cases, however, hydroureter and hydronephrosis with subsequent pyonephrosis developed. These cases furnished an interesting comparison to uncomplicated ureteral transplantation.A single ureter was transplanted into the jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum in different dogs. When the other kidney and ureter was not disturbed practically no change was observed in the nitrogenous constituents of the blood over a period of several weeks following operation. Bilateral transplantation of the ureters or single tr...
Impact of Quantum Information Technology on Future National Security Space

The current state of the art in space systems would not be possible without the advances in our understanding of matter and light at the atomic level provided by quantum theory. This triumph of 20th century physics provides the foundation for most of the components employed in satellites from integrated circuits, solar cells, atomic clocks, and advanced materials. Over the past 25 years a new understanding of the relationship between quantum theory, information theory and security, and computing has raised the possibility of exploiting \quantum information" for computing and secure encryption key generation. The eld of quantum information science exploits quantum states for information processing and security applications. The power of quantum information derives from the quantum nature of matter that allow algorithms with exponential speed-up when compared to the best-known classical algorithms. Quantum Key Distribution involves using quantum states, typically encoded into the phase or polarization of photons, to securely share the bits to be used to construct an encryption key. The theoretical security of quantum key distribution rests on the physical laws of quantum theory, unlike classical cryptography that relies on assumptions about the computational complexity of certain mathematical problems. In this paper we survey the state of quantum information science and technology, summarizing the basic features of quantum information processing and key distribution. We describe the potential for quantum computing and key distribution to support future NSS applications and missions, for both the ground and space segments. We conclude with a discussion of the current challenges with advancing quantum information technology to meet these future needs.
Constructing Industrial Clusters to Promote Development of Industries in Zhongyuan Agglomeration

Industry clusters play important roles in regional economic development,with improving regional competitiveness as a result.The paper analyzes mechanisms of forming and development in different clusters,arguing that the cultivation of appropriate operating environment is crucial to the development of industries in Zhongyuan Agglomeration.
Cathelicidin suppresses lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis by inhibition of the CD36 receptor.

Cathelicidin suppresses lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis by inhibition of the CD36 receptor
Plasma Diagnostic Techniques

Bremsstrahlung Radiation resulting from free-electron transitions which occur when one particle suffers a deceleration on encountering another particle. It is an important component of continuum radiation. Cerenkov radiation Radiation that results when a charged particle loses energy while moving through a medium at a speed greater than the wave velocity in the medium. Cyclotron radiation Radiation emitted by a charged particle moving in a circular orbit in a magnetic field. It occurs at the cyclotron frequency and its harmonics. Also called synchrotron radiation. Doppler shift A shifting of a spectral line due to the relative velocities of radiating or light-scattering particles. Electromagnetic scattering Process of radiation emission due to the acceleration of charged particles by electromagnetic waves. Gridded analyzer Device that utilizes biased grids to measure the flux of ions as a function of their energy. Interferometer Device that is arranged to compare the relative phases of two paths of coherent radiation, one of which passes through the plasma. Ion spectrometer Device that can resolve different ion species and record their currents. Usually these involve deflection of the ions by electric and/or magnetic fields. Langmuir probe Relatively small electrode exposed to a plasma where it collects electrons or ions when a potential is applied. Laser-induced fluorescence Excitation of atoms or ions by a laser tuned to a selected transition of the atomic species being detected. The resultant radiation is called fluorescence. Line broadening Increase in the width of a spectral line due to some physical process in the plasma. Rogowski coil Multiturn toroidal inductor that encircles a distributed current which is to be measured. Stark shift Shifting of a spectral line due to electric fields in the vicinity of the radiating particle. Thompson scattering Classical limit of light scattering by free charges. Zeeman effect Splitting of a spectral line in the presence of a magnetic field.
An Unlikely Retelling of the Incarnation Through Faerie and Pop Culture: Ernest Saves Christmas

A goofy Christmas flick makes an oblique reference to Christ, raising the question of what, if anything, Santa Claus, elves, and Christmas kitsch have to do with Christ's incarnation and nativity. I suggest that, through the vehicle of fairy-story, the film Ernest Saves Christmas, does, in fact, shed light on matters of belief, miracles, and morality – matters central to the incarnation. Even as told by Hollywood, Santa Claus is a fairy-story borrowing wonder and mystery from the Christ event itself.
External radiation carcinogenesis

Publisher Summary There have been many reviews of the subject of radiation carcinogenesis and of specific radiation-induced cancers. The studies of experimental radiation carcinogenesis are divided into two main groups: (1) providing information necessary for risk estimates and (2) elucidating mechanisms. This chapter discusses the factors that influence estimates of risk of the induction of cancer by radiations. The susceptibility is genetically determined, and the induction of cancer by radiation differs among tissues in any one animal and among strains and species for the same tissue. The differences in susceptibility lie in differences in the factors influencing expression and progression to overt tumors. The various aspects of radiation carcinogenesis reveal that few pet dogmas remain unscathed. The advantage of dogmas lies in the fact that they encourage people to investigate their validity, sometimes leading to the demise of the dogmas and a better understanding. The study of radiation carcinogenesis has made a significant contribution to the understanding of carcinogenesis.
Memory, art and the social condition

ABSTRACTTheodor Adorno once famously declared: ‘To write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’. An opposing proposition: without poetry, and more generally speaking, without the arts, we cannot successfully confront modern barbarism. This paper explores this opposing proposition by closely analysing three works of art and how they have made it possible to confront difficult pasts – Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Pawel Pawlikowski’s film, Ida, and Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The central argument of the paper is that it is particularly in the creation and appreciation of art that the challenges of memory (and forgetting), as important dilemmas knitted into the fabric of social life, ‘the social condition’, are successfully confronted.
Application of Laser-Ultrasonic Method to Evaluate Elastic Stiffness Degradation in Ceramic Matrix Composites

Damage in composites can be defined as the more or less gradual development of microdefects such as matrix or fiber cracks that eventually leads to final fracture of a component.1 Associated with damage is a reduction of elastic stiffness.2, 3, 4 Knowledge of the overall stiffness degradation in composites is of great importance for predicting its serviceability, especially if the component is under a multiaxial stress state.
CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA

Vertebrate genomes exhibit marked CG suppression-that is, lower than expected numbers of 5'-CG-3' dinucleotides. This feature is likely to be due to C-to-T mutations that have accumulated over hundreds of millions of years, driven by CG-specific DNA methyl transferases and spontaneous methyl-cytosine deamination. Many RNA viruses of vertebrates that are not substrates for DNA methyl transferases mimic the CG suppression of their hosts. This property of viral genomes is unexplained. Here we show, using synonymous mutagenesis, that CG suppression is essential for HIV-1 replication. The deleterious effect of CG dinucleotides on HIV-1 replication was cumulative, associated with cytoplasmic RNA depletion, and was exerted by CG dinucleotides in both translated and non-translated exonic RNA sequences. A focused screen using small inhibitory RNAs revealed that zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) inhibited virion production by cells infected with CG-enriched HIV-1. Crucially, HIV-1 mutants containing segments whose CG content mimicked random nucleotide sequence were defective in unmanipulated cells, but replicated normally in ZAP-deficient cells. Crosslinking-immunoprecipitation-sequencing assays demonstrated that ZAP binds directly and selectively to RNA sequences containing CG dinucleotides. These findings suggest that ZAP exploits host CG suppression to identify non-self RNA. The dinucleotide composition of HIV-1, and perhaps other RNA viruses, appears to have adapted to evade this host defence.
Structural Stability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (r-hGH) as a Function of Polymer Surface Properties

Despite the fact that r-hGH was first approved for use by FDA in 1995 and the conventional dosage form in the market has a limitation of daily subcutaneous injections, there remains a lack of sustained delivery system in the market. Nutropin depot, a long-acting dosage form of r-hGH was approved for marketing by FDA in 1999, however, it was discontinued in 2004. Since then, unabating efforts have been made to develop biodegradable polymer based formulations for r-hGH delivery. However, grey area is the comprehension of structural stability of r-hGH at an interface with the polymer and it is of utmost important to attain safe and efficacious sustained delivery system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in structure of r-hGH upon adsorption at biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles of different hydrophobicity as a function of pH. DLS, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD were collectively employed to evaluate structural changes in r-hGH. The studies revealed that r-hGH is most stable with low to high hydrophobicity PLGA grades under pH 7.2 followed by 5.3. Overall, the nature and magnitude of structural changes observed has a strong dependence on the pH and differences and degree of hydrophobicity of PLGA.
Circulation of care among unaccompanied migrant youth from Guatemala

Abstract From ethnographic research with unaccompanied children in the United States and Guatemala, this paper explores emergent and, at times, conflicting narratives of care that young migrants encounter while in U.S. federal custody. They are depicted as ‘ideal’ victims deserving of care and simultaneously as unauthorized outlaws subject to state discipline via detention and deportation. In contrast, Guatemalan youth and their families speak of migration as a cultural elaboration of care in which they are agents of caregiving, employing transnational migration as a collective and historically-rooted survival strategy. By examining the multiple conceptualizations of care that young people encounter and embody, this paper problematizes theorizations of ‘care’ by tracing the conflicting meanings assigned to it. Informed by the perspectives of young migrants and their families, the paper suggests ways that service providers might better serve them.
Comparison of simulated keratometric changes following wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose The aim of the study was to determine and compare the relationship between change in simulated keratometry (K) and degree of refractive correction in wavefront-guided (WFG) and wavefront-optimized (WFO) myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods A total of 51 patients were prospectively randomized to WFG LASIK in one eye and WFO LASIK in the contralateral eye at the Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University. Changes in simulated K and refractive error were determined at 1 year post-operatively. Linear regression was employed to calculate the slope of change in simulated K (ΔK) for change in refractive error (ΔSE). The mean ratio (ΔK/ΔSE) was also calculated. Results The ratio of ΔK to ΔSE was larger for WFG LASIK compared to WFO LASIK when comparing the slope (ΔK/ΔSE) as determined by linear regression (0.85 vs 0.83, p = 0.04). Upon comparing the mean ratio (ΔK/ΔSE), subgroup analysis revealed that ΔK/ΔSE was larger for WFG LASIK for refractive corrections of >3.00 D and >4.00 D (0.89 vs 0.83; p = 0.0323 and 0.88 vs 0.83; p = 0.0466, respectively). Both linear regression and direct comparison of the mean ratio (ΔK/ΔSE) for refractive corrections 4.00 D revealed no difference in ΔK/ΔSE between smaller and larger refractive corrections. Conclusion WFO LASIK requires a smaller amount of corneal flattening compared to WFG LASIK for a given degree of refractive correction. For both, there was no significant difference in change in corneal curvature for a given degree of refractive error between smaller and larger corrections.
Existence and Actualist Quantification

We saw, in Chapter 4, that two basic kinds of quantification were natural in first-order modal logics: possibilist and actualist. Possibilist quantifiers range over what might exist. This corresponds semantically to constant domain models where the common domain is, intuitively, the set of things that could exist. We also saw that in the possibilist approach we could introduce an existence primitive (Section 4.8) and relativize quantifiers to it, permitting the possibilist approach to paraphrase the actualist version.
THE INITIATION OF INFLUENZA VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION BY CAPPED RNA PRIMERS

I. ABSTRACT RNAs containing a 5′ terminal methylated cap structure (m 7 GpppNm) strong stimulate (prime) influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro. The stimulation results not from hydrogen bonding between the capped RNA primer and the 3′ end of the virion RNA but presumably from a specific interaction of the capped RNA primer with protein(s) in the transcriptase complex. On the basis of our data, we propose a mechanism for priming in which specific 5′ terminal fragments are cleaved from the capped RNAs by a virion-associated endonuclease. These fragments would then serve as the actual primers for the initiation of transcription via the initial incorporation of a G residue at their 3′ end. We show that virions and purified viral cores do contain a unique endonuclease that cleaves RNAs containing a 5′ methylated cap structure preferentially at purine residues 10 to 13 nucleotides from the cap, generating fragments with 3′ terminal hydroxyl groups. RNAs containing the 5′ terminal structure GpppG could not be cleaved to produce these specific fragments. Consistent with our proposed mechanism, those capped fragments that actually function as primers could be linked to a G residue in transcriptase reactions containing (α- 32 P)GTP as the only ribonucleoside triphosphate. The pattern of G and C incorporation onto these primer fragments strongly suggests that this incorporation is directed by the second and third bases at the 3′ end of the virion RNA template, which has the sequence 3′ UCG. Primer fragments with a 3′ terminal A residue were more efficiently utilized than those with a 3′ terminal G residue, indicating a preference for generating an AGC sequence in the viral mRNA complementary to the 3′ end of the virion RNA. Cleavage of the RNA primer and initiation of transcription are not necessarily coupled, because a 5′ fragment isolated from one reaction could be utilized as a primer when added to a second reaction. Uncapped ribopolymer inhibitors of viral RNA transcription inhibited the cleavage of capped RNAs. A similar priming mechanism occurs in vivo.
Pilot plant demonstration of piperazine with the advanced flash stripper

Abstract Amine scrubbing is an important alternative for CO2 capture from coal- and gas-fired power plants. 5 m piperazine (PZ) with the Advanced Flash Stripper (AFS) has all the attributes of a benchmark system for the second-generation amine scrubbing process for CO2 capture. This process has been demonstrated with more than 2000 h of operation on 0.6 MWe of coal-fired flue gas at the National Carbon Capture Center. In the first 600 h, the AFS configuration was used, and the stripper sump level was kept high at 80%. From 600 to 850 h, the system switched to simple stripper configuration and from 850 to 1100 h, switched back to AFS. After 1100 h, the mitigation methods for oxidation were tested with the AFS, including nitrogen sparging, applying the SO2 prescrubber to remove NO2, and lowering the stripper sump level to 15%. The energy required per tonne CO2 removed was less than 2.1 GJ steam and less than 232 kW h total equivalent work. The stripper operated at 150 °C, producing CO2 up to 6 bara. The 5 m PZ solvent was used reliably with little solids precipitation. CO2 removal from 90 to 99% was achieved with less than 12 m of packing. PZ oxidation was less than 0.1 kg PZ/tonne CO2 with the AFS and the absence of NO2. As estimated from NH3 production, the mitigation methods reduced the PZ oxidation rate by 13%. The trends in dissolved iron correlated with the PZ oxidation rate rather than the extent of oxidation. PZ emissions were managed to less than 1 ppm with water wash and an elevated lean solvent temperature. With aqueous PZ, carbon steel was frequently protected by deposition of FeCO3, making it an attractive alternative to stainless steel.