cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple criterion optimization for the design of electronic circuits

Tbe basis of most engineering design Is making tradeoffs among competing factors. This Is especially true in the design of electronic circuits. In this paper we examine multiple criterion optimization (MCO), one aspect of the multiple criterion decision making (MCDM) problem. Because the Ideas and methods of MCO may not be familiar to circuit designers a tutorial review of the area is included. We then develop a weighted oo-norm method for generating noninferior solutions to the MCO problem. User oriented weight selection heuristics are developed and we apply this technique to the MCO design of an MOSFET hand gate. Next we extend this technique to generate a family of weighted p-norm methods for solving the MCO problem. We also develop a canonic weight associated with the \rho -norm method that contains the weight selection technique of the \alpha -norm. This family of MCO methods allows a new and useful interpretation to be given to many of the optimization methods that have been applied to the design of electronic circuits.
A Comparison of Static Measures of Liquidity to Integrative Measures of Financial and Operating Liquidity: An Application to Restaurant Operators and Restaurant Franchisors

ABSTRACT The results presented in this paper show that integrative financial and operating measures of liquidity provide investors and creditors with information beyond that provided by static measures of short-term liquidity such as the current and quick ratios. Using a sample of restaurant firms over the period 1994–2003, our analysis shows dynamic measures of liquidity provide a drastically different view of short-term solvency than those produced from the static measures. Static measures of liquidity imply that restaurant companies are not liquid. However, when evaluated under this integrative framework, restaurant companies were shown to be more liquid than their current and quick ratios implied. Thus, financial analysts, creditors, and managers should evaluate both static and dynamic liquidity measures when evaluating the short-term financial liquidity and short-term credit worthiness of firms. In addition, careful attention should be paid to both financial and operating measures of liquidity to est...
Locomotor Training in the Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury Population: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: The restoration of walking ability in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population is an increasingly important goal in physical therapy. Locomotor training (LT) is often implemented with the aim to restore ambulation. At this point, there are no guidelines for LT in the pediatric SCI population. Objectives: The aim of this review is to further narrow the effects of LT to the pediatric SCI population and develop recommendations for pediatric LT. Methods: A thorough search was performed using the following databases: Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, and Ovid. Studies were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: pediatric SCI population, articles published within last 10 years, human subjects, and LT. Studies looking at other neurological disorders and subjects who were not previously ambulatory were excluded. Five students and one Faculty Research Advisor from the university's Doctor of Physical Therapy Program evaluated the inclusion criteria, conducted a risk of bias assessment using the Downs and Black checklist, and extracted the results. Results: Six studies were selected for this review. They showed gains in distance, gait speed, walking independence, and participation. There were variations in results when comparing gains in injury level based on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). Conclusions: Currently there is insufficient evidence to determine the best clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation using LT within the pediatric SCI population.
The Number of Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons Is Decreased in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Autism

The cognitive phenotype of autism has been correlated with an altered balance of excitation to inhibition in the cerebral cortex, which could result from a change in the number, function, or morphology of GABA-expressing interneurons. The number of GABAergic interneuron subtypes has not been quantified in the autistic cerebral cortex. We classified interneurons into 3 subpopulations based on expression of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, or calretinin. We quantified the number of each interneuron subtype in postmortem neocortical tissue from 11 autistic cases and 10 control cases. Prefrontal Brodmann Areas (BA) BA46, BA47, and BA9 in autism and age-matched controls were analyzed by blinded researchers. We show that the number of parvalbumin+ interneurons in these 3 cortical areas-BA46, BA47, and BA9-is significantly reduced in autism compared with controls. The number of calbindin+ and calretinin+ interneurons did not differ in the cortical areas examined. Parvalbumin+ interneurons are fast-spiking cells that synchronize the activity of pyramidal cells through perisomatic and axo-axonic inhibition. The reduced number of parvalbumin+ interneurons could disrupt the balance of excitation/inhibition and alter gamma wave oscillations in the cerebral cortex of autistic subjects. These data will allow development of novel treatments specifically targeting parvalbumin interneurons.
A Harsh Climate for Trade: How Climate Change Proposals Threaten Global Commerce

The upcoming Copenhagen conference on climate change has led to calls for the United States to adopt a climate change abatement program in advance. In an effort to minimize adverse effects on certain domestic industries from higher energy costs, however, proponents of a cap-and-trade program for greenhouse gas emissions have loaded up their proposal with giveaways, loopholes, and barriers to imports from nations with less stringent emission caps. These trade measures are likely to be ineffective at best and harmful to U.S. interests at worst. First, the key targets of the proposed import barriers, India and China, are relatively minor sources of imports of energy intensive goods. Most carbon-intensive imports to the United States come from other developed countries that have stricter emissions controls than the United States and will therefore likely escape import penalties. Second, and more fundamentally, the trade provisions may be counterproductive. Global trade rules allow import barriers to protect the environment under certain conditions, some of which the main climate change bill appears to contradict. A trade dispute and possible retaliation is not in anyone’s interest, especially in a global downturn. Even if the United States was able to avoid formal dispute settlement proceedings, copycat regulations in other countries may be designed in a manner unfavorable to U.S. interests. To the extent that global warming is a real problem warranting action, it needs to be addressed globally rather than through unilateral efforts. Antagonizing trade partners through probably illegal trade measures will undermine efforts to secure global cooperation on climate change. A freer, more prosperous economy is a more auspicious path to ensuring a more rapid spread of environmental technology and the global consensus needed to combat climate change.
Treatment of Pellagra by Means of Parenteral Liver Extract

Goldberger and Sebrell1 found that liver extract fed to dogs in large amounts either prevented or retarded the development of blacktongue (a disease which they consider analogous to pellagra of human beings). Boggs and Padgett2 stressed the curative value of liver (not liver extract) in pellagra and Smith and Ruffin3 stated that large amounts of liver extract by mouth were efficacious in treating the disease. Ramsdell and Magness4 in a preliminary study on the effects of intramuscular liver extract on the course of pellagrins, gave small daily doses and at the same time allowed the patients a highly nutritious diet. They felt that the intramuscular administration of liver extract resulted in clinical improvement but stated the patients were not given a basic diet. Since many pellagrins have severe oral lesions and refuse to eat, it seemed worthwhile to determine the therapeutic efficacy of intravenous liver extract under controlled experimental conditions.Six patients with the classical skin and oral lesi...
Fashion Thinking: Towards an Actionable Methodology

AbstractThrough multiple case study analysis, the authors explain what fashion thinking is and how, as a methodology, it can inform innovation for a broad range of consumer products and services. Fashion thinking includes an actionable set of principles emerging from current fashion apparel business practices. Fashion thinking is a paradigm of critical thought and creative agency utilizing technology, story, experimentation, and open-sourcing in order to add meaning and value to the functional and experiential spheres of products and services. The authors identify five distinct features of fashion thinking: its engagement with temporal, spatial, and socially discursive dimensions, as well as the priority it places on the articulation of taste and balancing commercial goals with artistic innovations. Organizations whose goal is to be creative innovators and leaders in complex and ambiguous environments would benefit from incorporating fashion thinking into their product development and marketing cycles. Fa...
The Third Listener: Eavesdropping on Cola Debrot's Novella, My Black Sister

AbstractThe article offers an Interpretation of Cola Debrot's classic Carribean novella from gendered and postcolonial perspectives. It argues that ‘My Black Sister’ asserts its Creole specificity and ruptures the binary discourse of colonial ideology precisely at the moment when, in the final scene, a third listener intrudes into the narrative. The unexpected intervention incapacitates the narrator who earlier in the story had presented the protagonist's viewpoint with apparent authority and objectivity. To aid comprehension my analysis is preceded by a plot summary and a translated extract.
Water Supply System with Constant Pressure by Fuzzy Controller and Variable Frequency Speed

This paper presents the design of a constant water supply system under fuzzy controller performed by PLC and a frequency converter.The system is designed on the on-site operators experience,which can solve the problem existing in the parameter adjustment in the courses of the traditional PID control.The system can replace the water supply mode performed by a perch water tower and water pump,which effectuates the direct water pressure.The application has proved to be very effective for saving on energy.
Systemic chemotherapy in regionally advanced bladder cancer. Theoretical considerations and results

Integrating systemic chemotherapy into the treatment of patients with invasive bladder cancer, where the majority of deaths are from systemic relapse, is crucial if survival is to be improved. However, the global recommendation of a single treatment approach for all patients is becoming outdated as several groups have found that appropriately selected patients enjoy comparable survival whether treated by transurethral resection alone or by partial or radical cystectomy. Thus, refining case selection becomes a critical area of investigation. Patients with a high risk of systemic relapse should be considered for systemic therapy early in the course of the disease, ideally as part of a clinical trial. The availability of growth factors has reduced the toxicities of the regimens currently in use. Improvements in assessing biologic potential are required, so that treatment recommendations will allow patients the maximal chance of cure and maintenance of organ function, while minimizing toxicities in patients for whom systemic approaches are unwarranted. Of interest are recent reports that G-CSF may enhance tumor sensitivity to methotrexate in vitro and increase the sensitivity of implanted urothelial tumors to chemotherapy in nude mice. Such findings suggest an expanded role for these agents. Unfortunately, simple escalation of all components of a combination regimen does not appear to be a viable strategy, as it is unlikely to significantly increase CR proportions without prohibitive toxicities. However, as more is understood about drug resistance, and in particular its development in vivo, better sequencing of the available of options should be possible. The availability of effective salvage therapies suggests that this is an appropriate therapeutic approach. In addition, a number of strategies aimed at reversing the mdr phenotype are under study. These include calcium channel blockers such as verapamil, cyclosporin, and tamoxifen. Alternatively, some groups are investigating transfecting the mdr gene into bone marrow cells to reduce the sensitivity of these cells to cytotoxic agents. These novel designs can be tested both in patients with metastatic disease and in patients with locally advanced (T3b, T4, and N+) disease, who have a high risk of metastatic failure and low CR proportions to available regimens.
Manifolds and Vector Fields

Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof. Ecclesiastes 7:8 As students we learn differential and integral calculus in the context of euclidean space ℝ n , but it is necessary to apply calculus to problems involving “curved” spaces. Geodesy and cartography, for example, are devoted to the study of the most familiar curved surface of all, the surface of planet Earth. In discussing maps of the Earth, latitude and longitude serve as “coordinates,” allowing us to use calculus by considering functions on the Earth's surface (temperature, height above sea level, etc.) as being functions of latitude and longitude. The familiar Mercator's projection, with its stretching of the polar regions, vividly informs us that these coordinates are badly behaved at the poles: that is, that they are not defined everywhere; they are not “global.” (We shall refer to such coordinates as being “local,” even though they might cover a huge portion of the surface. Precise definitions will be given in Section 1.2.) Of course we may use two sets of “polar” projections to study the Arctic and Antarctic regions. With these three maps we can study the entire surface, provided we know how to relate the Mercator to the polar maps.
Abstract PL04-01: The epidemiology of sitting time and cancer

With technological advancements, the amount of time individuals spend sitting has increased significantly over the past few decades. Emerging evidence supports that sitting time is distinctly different from physical inactivity and may have independent deleterious health effects. Sitting time, independent of physical activity, has been associated with total mortality, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and obesity. It has also been associated with intermediate markers of disease risk such as abdominal weight gain, high cholesterol, insulin levels, high blood pressure, and other biomarkers in healthy adults. A recent report concluded that the average life expectancy in the USA would be increased by 2.00 years if sitting time were reduced to More than 60 years of research supports the role of physical activity in prevention of various cancers including colorectal, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial cancers. More recently, many epidemiologic studies have examined the role of sitting time in relation to cancer risk, independent of or in combination with physical activity. This presentation will review the epidemiologic literature on the role of sitting time in relation to cancer risk. Citation Format: Alpa V. Patel. The epidemiology of sitting time and cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr PL04-01.
Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor β increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue.

Most satiety-inducing obesity therapeutics, despite modest efficacy, have safety concerns that underscore the need for effective peripherally acting drugs. An attractive therapeutic approach for ob...
Milk Quality in the New York Public School System

A direct correlation is shown between the flavor and consumption of milk by school age children. Surveys at 693 schools in New York State show a high incidence of off-flavored milk, together with excessively high storage and serving temperatures in the schools. Complaints by school lunch managers and children should become cause for concern by milk producers, processors, and distributors. Research has also uncovered some basic problems in school milk sales—lack of information on the part of cafeteria workers, poor quality control by dairies, and questionable design of refrigeration equipment in the schools. In New York State, when school is in session, over 10% of the Class I milk sales are made to schools.
Analysis of Electrocardiograms Associated with Pediatric Electrical Burns

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of electrocardiograms (EKGs) for low-risk, low-voltage pediatric electrical burn victims. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 86 pediatric patients who presented to the children's hospital between 2000 and 2015 after sustaining electrical burns. Variables included source and estimated voltage, extent of injuries, length of stay, high risk factors, and EKG results. High risk factors included estimated voltage > 1000 V, lightning, tetany, symptoms, loss of consciousness, or seizures. Statistical analyses were conducted. Average age was 5 years. Of those who sustained burns, 84.5% (n = 71/84) had second-degree burns ≤ 1% TBSA or less. Eleven patients had high risk factors, 12.9% (n = 11/85) and most had length of stay 0.05). Preliminary data suggest that most pediatric electrical burns are due to low voltage (< 300 V) household sources. Few have high risk factors or arrhythmias that were transient and nonfatal. These data suggest that low-risk, asymptomatic, low-voltage pediatric electrical burns may not require an initial screening EKG.
Simulating Quantities of Interest for Small Data Samples: Which Method Provides Best Results

Popularity of using quantities of interest in political research relies on the fact that these are substantively easier to interpret and enable to assess the uncertainty surrounding any quantity of interest. Since there are multiple estimation techniques to derive the quantities of interest – a researcher faces dilemma which one to use. In my research I test which method provides most trustworthy quantities of interest for the small samples of data: likelihood-based methods such as Clarify/Zelig, Bayesian methods – MCMC, or sampling methods – parametric and non-parametric bootstraps. I use Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate capacity of different simulation techniques by varying sample sizes of data. My simulation analysis is based on discrete choice models: logit models and mixed logit.
The IRIS Consortium (Florence, Italy) and RDA-Lite: a peaceful and profitable cohabitation

The IRIS Consortium is able to accommodate in its union catalogue RDA records derived from two authoritative sources, The Library of Congress and the Berenson Library (The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies). The consortium's position at this time, however, is to integrate into our original cataloguing some of the most useful aspects of RDA without taking the full ‘plunge’ into RDA (toolkit subscription, retraining, etc.). In Italy we may very well be, for varying reasons, in a not uncommon situation.
Nano-optical systems in CMOS

Optical systems-on-chip (SOCs) with integrated optical passives in the visible and near-IR range can have a tremendous impact in miniaturizing complex optical instrumentation to enable a new class of ultra-compact, low-cost optical sensors and imagers for a wide variety of emerging applications. However, while high-density image sensors are now commonplace in CMOS, all passive optical components are typically realized externally, and are often bulky and expensive which limits its space for potential applications. In this paper, we present a design methodology where sub-wavelength lithographic features in modern day CMOS processes, particularly in the copper-based interconnect layers, can be exploited to realize massively complex and multi-functional nano-optical components. Co-designed with embedded detection and electronic circuitry, this integrated approach can potentially open the door to a new class of optical SOCs. In this paper, we illustrate this approach with three design examples: the first fully integrated fluorescence-based CMOS bio-molecular sensor with integrated nanoplasmonic filters, the first optical spectrometer in CMOS in visible and near-IR, and the first optical CMOS physically unclonable function (PUF) exploiting process-sensitive photonic crystals, all in 65-nm CMOS.
Resource allocation in new york state longterm care facilities: changes over time and ownership differences

This paper looks at resource allocation in New York state long-term care facilities. Data from 399 nursing facilities are used to compare resource allocation in 1983 and 1990. Given significant changes within the industry, it was hypothesized that significant changes would have occurred over the seven year period. Results indicate that growth in full time equivalents was 7.6 percent or an average of 13.5 employees. The allocation of resources across job title was, however, constant over the seven year period. Differential growth rates were found by ownership category, but there were only minimal differences with respect to the allocation of resources.
It is Electric! Electroconvulsive Therapy for Refractory Central Pain and Comorbid Psychiatric Disease

Abstract Central pain syndromes are a complex, diverse group of clinical conditions that are poorly understood. We present a patient with progressive, debilitating central pain and co-existing mood disorders that was refractory to multimodal pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, but that ultimately responded to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patient described it at various times as her skin being “lit on fire,” “stabbed,” “squeezed like a boa constrictor,” or itching unbearably. She underwent a course of three sequential ECT treatments during her hospitalization and it dramatically decreased her pain. She began maintenance ECT, and a rate of roughly one treatment a month provided persistent pain suppression. Despite this lack of evidence, ECT has a favorable safety profile and can be considered in the therapeutic armamentarium for patients who have exhausted standard treatment regimens who continue to have suffering in the setting of central pain syndromes and coexisting mood disorders.
Ultrananocrystalline diamond-coated nanoporous membranes support SK-N-SH neuroblastoma endothelial cell attachment

Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) has been demonstrated to have attractive features for biomedical applications and can be combined with nanoporous membranes for applications in drug delivery systems, biosensing, immunoisolation and single molecule analysis. In this study, free-standing nanoporous UNCD membranes with pore sizes of 100 or 400 nm were fabricated by directly depositing ultrathin UNCD films on nanoporous silicon nitride membranes and then etching away silicon nitride using reactive ion etching. Successful deposition of UNCD on the substrate with a novel process was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Both sample types exhibited uniform geometry and maintained a clear hexagonal pore arrangement. Cellular attachment of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma endothelial cells was examined using confocal microscopy and SEM. Attachment of SK-N-SH cells onto UNCD membranes on both porous regions and solid surfaces was shown, indicating the potential use of UNCD membranes in biomedical applications such as biosensors and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Keeping Our Eyes on the Prize: Focusing on Parenting Supports Depressed Parents' Involvement in Home Visiting Services.

Objectives Improving family retention and engagement is crucial to the success of home visiting programs. Little is known about retaining and engaging depressed parents in services. The purpose of the study is to examine how home visit content moderates the association between depression and retention and engagement. Methods The sample (N = 1322) was served by Healthy Families America (n = 618) and Parents as Teachers (n = 704) between April 1, 2012 and June 30, 2016. Parents averaged 23 years (SD = 6). Nearly half of the parents were White (48%) and the majority was single (71%). Depression was screened with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Home visitors reported the percent of time focused on particular content and parent engagement at every home visit. Results Multilevel regression analyses showed the amount of time that home visitors spent supporting parent–child interaction moderated the association between depression and retention at 6 (B = .08, SE = .03, p = .003) and 12 (B = .1, SE = .03, p < .001) months, such that there was a stronger positive association for depressed parents. The main effects of child development focused content and retention at 6 (B = .07, SE = .01, p < .001) and 12 (B = .08, SE = .01, p < .001) months were positive, while effects of case management focused content at 6 (B = − .06, SE = .01, p < .001) and 12 (B = − .07, SE = .01, p < .001) months were negative. Conclusions Families were more likely to be retained when home visitors focused on child development and parent–child interaction, but less likely with more case management focus. Parents with positive depression screens were more likely to remain in services with more time spent focused on supporting parent–child interactions.
LandScan: a natural language and computer vision system for analyzing aerial images

LandScan (LANguage Driven SCene ANalysis) is presented as an integrated vision system which covers most levels of both vision and natural language processing. Computations are both data-driven and query-driven. In the report we focus on the design of the vision and control modules. Future work will investigate in more detail the design of the natural language interface. The data-driven system employs active control of stereo cameras for image acquisition, and dynamically constructs a surface model from multiple aerial views of an urban scene. The query-driven system allows the user's natural language queries to focus analysis to pertinent regions of the scene. This is different than many image understanding systems which present a symbolic description of the entire scene regardless of what portions of that picture are actually of interest.
Trial by Market: A Thought Experiment

This Article considers the possibility of providing incentives to judges to decide cases in the same way that an appellate panel would decide them. Random selection of a proportion of cases for retrial could be used to encourage judges to place aside their preferences in deference to the perceived preferences of a majority of judges. Providing such incentives to judges may reduce the need for alternative approaches to reducing judicial discretion, such as substantive law based on rules rather than on discretion. An information market similarly could be used to accomplish the task of adjudication, with some cases randomly selected for traditional adjudication to discipline the information market participants. Such an approach may be more cost-efficient than provision of monetary incentives to judges where information is widely dispersed, or where it is impractical for the government to hire enough judges to handle a large group of cases. Advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed.
CYCLOSPORINE NEPHROPATHY : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT

Cyclosporine (CsA) has markedly improved the results of transplantation, and its use has been extended to include autoimmune and primary renal diseases. However, the major limitation to its nephrotoxicity. Acutely, a reversible form of renal vasoconstriction can occur in all patients receiving CsA. In addition, progressive renal insufficiency owing to CsA has also been well documented. Clinically, long-term CsA nephrotoxicity is characterized by slowly progressive azotemia, proteinuria, and hypertension. Histologically, there is striped tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and afferent arteriolopathy. New evidence suggests that the histological changes in long-term CsA nephropathy are independent of the functional changes. Recently transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta was shown to be upregulated along with matrix proteins in a model of CsA nephrotoxicity. Because TGF-beta has immunosuppressive activities, it was suggested that it may contribute not only to CsA nephrotoxicity, but also to the mechanism of action of CsA. A number of strategies have been devised to try to minimize CsA nephrotoxicity, but remain inconclusive. Presently, it is not clear what role CsA therapy plays in the chronic failure of renal allografts. Continued research should give new insights into measures to overcome CsA-induced scarring in the kidney.
A THEORY FOR PREDICTING PRESSURE GRADIENTS FOR TWO-PHASE CRITICAL FLOW

Critical two-phase, steam-water flows were measured in horizontal test sections with pipe diameters of 0.125 and 0.269 in. internal diameter over a range of qualities from 0.0l to 0.7, mass velocities from 500 to 4200 lb/sec-ft/ sup 2/ and critical pressures from 40 to 360 lb/in./sup 2/ absolute. The critical flow data and a theory for the critical flow phenomena were discussed previously. An analysis for the pressure drop data in the approach region to critical flow is presented. The flow mixture accelerates to critical flow at the end of the test sections, and thus the pressure drop data are for flow regimes in which both momentum and frictional losses are important. By utilizing a model developed for estimating critical discharge rates two-phase friction factors were calculated from the experimental data. The friction factors obtained correlated well in terms of the two-phase quality and appear to be independent of flow rate, static pressure, and test geometry for the conditions examined. (auth)
Identification of Deformation Mechanisms in Biomaterials Through AFM and Digital Image Correlation

Most biological composite materials achieve higher toughness without sacrificing stiffness and strength. Interrogating how Nature employs these strategies and decoding the structure-function relationship of these materials is a challenging task that requires knowledge about the actual loading and environmental conditions of the material in their natural habitat, as well as a complete characterization of their constituents and hierarchical ultrastructure. In this work, we present an experimental framework that combines in situ and ex situ fracture testing with digital image correlation to allow the identification and quantification of toughening mechanisms involved during fracture of natural systems. We present this methodology in two case studies: (1) pangolin scales, and (2) nacre from seashells. We envision that the outcome of this research will pave the way for more bio-inspired design systems that can subsequently shed light on how Nature has evolved materials to optimize mechanical properties.
"It's just part of life": African American daughters caring for parents with dementia.

The purpose of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the experiences of African American daughters caring for parents with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia (ADRD). In this seco...
Estimates of CO2 leakage along abandoned wells constrained by new data

Abstract The viability of carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) projects depends in part on the risk that injected CO2 or displaced pore fluid will leak out of the target formation into surrounding formations or to the surface. Abandoned oil and gas wells, of which millions exist both throughout the United States and globally, form a potential conduit for this leakage. Recently, specific field measurements have been made to quantify the range of effective permeabilities that can be expected in abandoned wells, enabling us to, for the first time, combine field-scale numerical simulations of CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers with real data on effective permeabilities of leaky wells. Using a previously developed semi-analytical reservoir simulator that can accommodate an arbitrary sequence of alternating aquifers and aquicludes, as well as an arbitrary number of leaky wells, we investigated how the amount of CO2 that leaks out of the target formation depends on the spatial density of nearby abandoned wells and their effective permeability. Furthermore, we assess the influence that variations in pressure and temperature found between geological targets have on this dependency. We find that the observed differences in leakage between geological targets are controlled almost exclusively by differences in density of CO2 at the local subsurface conditions, causing the CO2 plume to contact a different number of wells when injecting at the same constant mass rate. We quantitatively assess the results obtained from our numerical experiments by combining them with the permeability data that have recently become available, typical spatial densities of abandoned wells, and performance requirements put forward in the literature. Our results indicate that leakage of CO2 through abandoned wells is unlikely to be a major limitation in storage security of CCS projects.
A Strip of Wallpaper.

ANYONE browsing in a wallpaper store has to be impressed by the seemingly end less variety of patterns available. Whether your taste runs to the sublimely elegant or the comically ridiculous, you will surely have many designs from which to choose. Most likely during your deliberations it will not occur to you that hidden in those wall paper books is a significant amount of mathematics and an appealing introduction to one of the most fruitful areas of current mathematical research. Let us begin with a simple but important observation. We make our choice of wall paper from a sample usually no larger than 30 cm by 60 cm. It is reasonable to do this only because we are able to deduce the important properties of the wallpaper?for example, what a room papered with it will look like, from this small sample. The fun damental fact at work here is that any one segment of a strip of wallpaper looks pretty much like any other segment. Putting it more precisely? Fundamental Property: For each wallpa per design there is length d such that if we begin at a point anywhere on the strip of wallpaper and mark off segments of length d, then all these segments will be identical in appearance. (See fig. I.)
Disrupting Storylines: A Case Study of One Adolescent’s Identity, Agency, and Positioning During Literacy Tutoring

ABSTRACTDespite evidence that youths’ literacy practices and identities are important contributors to literacy learning, studies of secondary literacy instruction often focus on understanding class...
Spatial patterns, environmental correlates, and potential seasonal migration triangle of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ) distribution in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas

Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is a key forage fish in the Arctic marine ecosystem and provides an energetic link between lower and upper trophic levels. Despite its ecological importance, spatially explicit studies synthesizing polar cod distributions across research efforts have not previously been conducted in its Pacific range. We used spatial generalized additive models to map the distribution of polar cod by size class and relative to environmental variables. We compiled demersal trawl data from 21 cruises conducted during 2004–2017 in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, and investigated size-specific patterns in distribution to infer movement ecology of polar cod as it develops from juvenile to adult life stages. High abundances of juvenile polar cod (≤ 70 mm) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea were separated from another region of high abundance in the eastern Beaufort Sea, near the US and Canadian border, suggesting possible population structure in the Pacific Arctic. Relating environmental correlates to polar cod abundance demonstrated that temperature and salinity were related to juvenile distribution patterns, while depth was the primary correlate of adult distribution. A comparison of seasonal 2017 abundances of polar cod in the southern Chukchi Sea found low demersal abundance in the spring when compared to the summer. Seasonal differences in polar cod abundance suggest that polar cod migration may follow a classical ‘migration triangle’ route between nursery grounds as juveniles, feeding grounds as subadults, and spawning grounds as adults, in relation to ice cover and seasonal production in the Chukchi Sea.
Abstract 082: Histone Deacetylase 1 Activates Renal Inner-Medullary Nitric Oxide Production

Fluid flow along the renal nephron, particularly within the inner-medullary collecting duct (IMCD), increases in response to high salt intake. We previously showed in a series of reports that high ...
Enrollment Motivations in an Online Graduate CS Program: Trends & Gender- and Age-Based Differences

Demand for CS education has risen, leading to numerous new programs, such as the rise of affordable online degrees. Research shows these programs meet an otherwise untapped audience of working professionals seeking graduate level CS education. In this study, we examine the motivations for enrollment among students in one such online MSCS program. Based responses to an open ended question, we develop a typology of motivations, including goals (e.g. career transition), opportunities (e.g. enrolling without taking time off work), and assurances that their goals will be met (e..g the program's accreditation). We then issue a closed survey question to a new group of students to further explore these motivations. In this paper, we discuss both aggregate and demographic trends in motivations, including the different motivations of men and women and what they imply about the program's impact on the gender divide in computing. We also examine older students' tendency towards intrinsic motivation to pursue an MSCS degree.
Helping Parents Spare the Rod: Addressing Their Unbearable Emotions

In this paper we review some of the literature on spanking, with an emphasis on its well-documented, negative sequalae. We discuss how clinicians need to appreciate that for both parents and childr...
Digital Implementation of Radio Functions

INTRODUCTION Although this book has hardly been reticent on the important role of digital signal processing (DSP) in modern radio systems, we have bypassed many of the details so far. In this chapter we circle back to the topic of digital implementation of some principal radio functions. There are essentially three broad categories of functions we must address: filtering, frequency conversion, and modulation. Section 18.2 (“Single-Rate Filters”) provides a primer on digital implementation of lowpass filtering, concentrating on finite impulse response (FIR) filters. Such filters are used in a number of different ways. They are prevalent especially in direct conversion architecture and in architectures which employ direct conversion as the interface between complex baseband and a real-valued IF. Changes in sample rate are typically required as part of this operation, and are specifically addressed in Section 18.3 (“Multirate Filters”). Then Section 18.4 (“Quadrature Upconversion and Downconversion”) addresses techniques for combining filtering, rate changing, and frequency conversion in a computationally-efficient manner. We are then in a position to tie up some loose ends from Chapter 6 (“Digital Modulation”): Specifically, how to go about implementing pulse shaping in transmitters, and symbol timing recovery in receivers. These topics are addressed in Section 18.5. Finally, Section 18.6 addresses the hardware technologies available for DSP, including general-purpose computing, programmable logic devices, and various other possibilities. A major theme here is the need for parallelism and the resulting tradeoff between sample rate, reconfigurability, and size/power/cost. SINGLE-RATE FILTERS Digital filters can be classified according to two broad categories: Finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). The distinction is exactly as implied by the nomenclature, but implementation considerations introduce some subtleties which are potentially confusing to the uninitiated. To begin, let us assume we wish frequency response which is as close to “brick wall” performance as possible. Exactly this idea was considered in Section 6.4.2 (Figure 6.7 and associated text). We now re-introduce the concept as shown in Figure 18.1, with only a slight revision in that the lowpass bandwidth W is not necessarily related to any properties of the modulation within this bandwidth.
The Effect of Shorted Secondary Circuit Material on Quench Protection of an HTS Tape Solenoid discharged across a Varistor

Studies suggest that an insulated ReBCO tape solenoid coil that is well-coupled inductively to shorted secondary can effectively be quench protected by discharging the coil across a constant voltage resistor. The discharge voltage across the constant voltage resistor is much lower than it would be for a constant resistance resistor that is used to achieve the same final quench temperature with or without a shorted secondary. How this quench protection works, depends on the constant voltage resistor characteristics, the properties of the shorted secondary circuit material and the amount of the material in the circuit. A previous paper suggests that the RRR shorted secondary circuit material is not important, which means that aluminum can be used in the secondary circuit and structural aluminum can support both the coil and the secondary circuit when that aluminum is on the outside of a solenoidal coil.
Shift in racial communities impacted by COVID-19 in California.

Introduction Since the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in California, the geospatial distribution of disease cases has fluctuated over time. Given documented racial disparities in other parts of the country, longitudinal convergence of COVID-19 rates around race groups warrants assessment. Methods County-level cases for COVID-19 were collected from the Johns Hopkins University, and racial distributions were collected from the American Community Survey. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were computed for each day since COVID-19 was first reported in California, and the longitudinal distribution of each race-specific set of correlation coefficients was assessed for stationarity, linear trend and exponential trend. Results Earlier in the outbreak, the distribution of COVID-19 was most highly correlated with Asian American communities; after approximately 100 days, the distribution of COVID-19 most closely resembled that of African American communities. For every day in this dataset, the county-level distribution of COVID-19 was negatively correlated with the distribution of White American communities in California. Discussion The geospatial distribution of COVID-19 in California has increasingly resembled that of African American communities within the state. Further study should be conducted to characterise potentially disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across race groups.
Data mining approaches to understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosol.

Abstract This research used data mining approaches to better understand factors affecting the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Although numerous laboratory and computational studies have been completed on SOA formation, it is still challenging to determine factors that most influence SOA formation. Experimental data were based on previous work described by Offenberg et al. (2017), where volume concentrations of SOA were measured in 139 laboratory experiments involving the oxidation of single hydrocarbons under different operating conditions. Three different data mining methods were used, including nearest neighbor, decision tree, and pattern mining. Both decision tree and pattern mining approaches identified similar chemical and experimental conditions that were important to SOA formation. Among these important factors included the number of methyl groups for the SOA precursor, the number of rings for the SOA precursor, and the presence of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5).
A Cautionary Tale About Detecting Malware Using Hardware Performance Counters and Machine Learning

Editor’s note: This article revisits the literature around the use of hardware performance counters for malware detection, highlighting discrepancies, and providing a retrospection of challenges for future research. —Rosario Cammarota, Intel Labs —Francesco Regazzoni, University of Amsterdam and Universita della Svizzera Italiana.
Inequity in location and quality of death of advanced cancer patients by immigrant status.

12036Background: Most cancer patients prefer to die at home, a location associated with better quality of death (QoD) and caregiver outcomes. A number of studies demonstrate disparities in end-of-l...
The possible impact of increased physical intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic on ocular health

During the COVID-19 outbreak, sheltering at home has led to an increase in physical intimate partner violence cases. Intimate partner violence-sustained ocular injuries may be higher during the pandemic due to the increase in physical intimate partner violence. Left untreated, intimate partner violence-related ocular or orbital trauma can lead to permanent vision loss. Even with treatment, patients often lose vision from intimate partner violence-related traumatic ocular injuries. Eye care providers and eye care facilities should understand the community services available to intimate partner violence survivors to better care for these patients. Due to the potential lasting economic burden and social strain of this pandemic, eye care providers and facilities should stay vigilant as there may still be a sustained increase in intimate partner violence even after the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Non-linear state space averaged modeling of a 3-state digital phase-frequency detector

A non-linear state space averaged model of a digital 3-state phase-frequency detector (PFD) simulates large signal phaselock loop transients 2500 times faster than cycle-by-cycle models. The model is easily linearized about steady state phase error to also support common frequency domain design methods. The VCO and reference are modeled in phase space. The heart of the PFD model is a resettable integrator. The model is implemented in SpectreHDL. An all-Verilog model simulating every cycle of operation calibrated the SpectreHDL model.