cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A system for providing high quality triggers to experimental areas

Many researchers require a high resolution trigger to synchronize their data gathering electronics with the arrival of a synchrotron radiation pulse at their target. At the Advanced Light Source (ALS), this requirement was initially satisfied in a case by case manner by running Heliax cables from the Accelerator Timing System to the various experiment locations. This approach was less than ideal due to poor risetimes, cost and difficulty of running Heliax cables, and the inconvenience of fixed timing. A new system has been installed at ALS that provides the researcher with a high quality, adjustable delay fiducial trigger, and a low level sample of the Accelerator RF (499.66 MHz). The Ring Orbit Clock (1.523 MHz) is distributed from the Accelerator Timing System to the various experiment locations using inexpensive twisted pair cable, where it is processed by a Phase Locked Loop Multiplier and High Speed Logic to integrate out noise/jitter and to produce the desired signals. Local drivers provide the researcher with sharp edged robust triggers.
Practice makes perfect and other curricular myths in the sport specialization debate.

(2010). Practice Makes Perfect and Other Curricular Myths in the Sport Specialization Debate. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 22-25.
New Weapons and Old Enmities

Since the late 1980s a remarkable and accelerating process of political and military change has dominated relations between East and West. Under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, and Soviet new thinking have opened up the possibility of a fundamental transformation of the U.S. — Soviet relationship. Arms-control agreements are near completion that will begin a process of building down both sides’ nuclear-, conventional-, and chemical- weapons capabilities. With Soviet tolerance, if not encouragement. Communist political monopoly and social control were overthrown in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Rumania. These political changes, symbolized by the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989, resulted in the first steps to overcome Europe’s four decades of political, economic, and social division. Politicians on both sides declared that the Cold War had ended.
Fine-Grain Adaptive Compression in Dynamically Variable Networks

Despite voluminous previous research on adaptive compression, we found significant challenges when attempting to fully utilize both network bandwidth and CPU. We describe the fine-grain (FG) mixing strategy that compresses and sends as much data as possible, and then uses any remaining bandwidth to send uncompressed packets. Experimental measurements show that FG mixing achieves significant gains in effective throughput, particularly at higher network bandwidths. However, non-trivial interactions between system components and layers (e.g., compression algorithms and middleware settings such as block size and buffer size) have significant impact on the overall system performance. Finally, the trade-offs and performance profiles of FG mixing are measured, observed, and found to be consistent over a wide range of combinations of compression algorithms (GZIP, LZO, BZ1P2), workload compression ratios (from 1 to 4), and network bandwidth (from 0 to 400 Mbps)
A Conceptual Framework of Online Natural Language Processing Pipeline Application

This paper describes a conceptual framework that enables online NLP pipelined applications to solve various interoperability issues and data exchange problems between tools and platforms; e.g., tokenizers and part-of-speech taggers from GATE, UIMA, or other platforms. We propose a restful wrapping solution, which allows for universal resource identification for data management, a unified interface for data exchange, and a light-weight serialization for data visualization. In addition, we propose a semantic mapping-based pipeline composition, which allows experts to interactively exchange data between heterogeneous components.
Synergistic effects in the facilitated transfer of metal ions into room-temperature ionic liquids

Addition of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) is shown to markedly increase the extraction of strontium from acidic nitrate media into certain 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imides by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6), the apparent result of the formation of a synergistic adduct between the strontium-DCH18C6 complex and TBP. The magnitude of the synergistic enhancement is shown to depend on the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid (IL) cation, with the effect diminishing as the cation hydrophobicity increases. The effect also diminishes at high (>50% v/v) TBP concentrations, the likely result of changes in solvent polarity unfavorable to the extraction of metal-crown ether complexes.
Active Control of Building Structures

The purpose of this study is to find a feasible feedback comfort control function for building structures which are subjected to wind force excitations. A vibrational model of multistory building structures subjected to wind force excitation and comfort control was formulated, and solutions were obtained with the use of the Monte Carlo method. An effective and feasible comfort control law was found and applied to a 40-story steel building structure. Results of the analysis showed that: (1)The comfort control law performed satisfactorily according to the comfort and safety criteria; and (2)it was practically feasible to use such an active control law in designing future building structures.
Not seeing or feeling is still believing: conscious and non-conscious pain modulation after direct and observational learning

Our experience with the world is shaped not only directly through personal exposure but also indirectly through observing others and learning from their experiences. Using a conditioning paradigm, we investigated how directly and observationally learned information can affect pain perception, both consciously and non-consciously. Differences between direct and observed cues were manifest in higher pain ratings and larger skin conductance responses to directly experienced cues. However, the pain modulation effects produced by conditioning were of comparable magnitude for direct and observational learning. These results suggest that social observation can induce positive and negative pain modulation. Importantly, the fact that cues learned by observation and activated non-consciously still produced a robust conditioning effect that withstood extinction highlights the role of indirect exposure in placebo and nocebo effects.
Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System and the Autonomic Nervous System

This chapter is designed to provide those readers who have little or no background in physiology, or those who desire a review, with basic knowledge concerning the structure and function of the respiratory system. It is hoped that this chapter will provide a fundamental understanding of respiratory physiology that will form a foundation upon which to integrate the information on various aspects of respiration and behavior presented in later chapters.
Cortical cholinergic signaling controls the detection of cues

The cortical cholinergic input system has been described as a neuromodulator system that influences broadly defined behavioral and brain states. The discovery of phasic, trial-based increases in extracellular choline (transients), resulting from the hydrolysis of newly released acetylcholine (ACh), in the cortex of animals reporting the presence of cues suggests that ACh may have a more specialized role in cognitive processes. Here we expressed channelrhodopsin or halorhodopsin in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons of mice with optic fibers directed into this region and prefrontal cortex. Cholinergic transients, evoked in accordance with photostimulation parameters determined in vivo, were generated in mice performing a task necessitating the reporting of cue and noncue events. Generating cholinergic transients in conjunction with cues enhanced cue detection rates. Moreover, generating transients in noncued trials, where cholinergic transients normally are not observed, increased the number of invalid claims for cues. Enhancing hits and generating false alarms both scaled with stimulation intensity. Suppression of endogenous cholinergic activity during cued trials reduced hit rates. Cholinergic transients may be essential for synchronizing cortical neuronal output driven by salient cues and executing cue-guided responses.
Design Standards in Comprehensive Plans, Guidelines, and Manuals

This is the third chapter in a book, Designing Planned Communities (2010), that reviews the concepts and ideas that go into the design of planned communities, and explores how local governments can encourage and provide for their good design through land-use regulation. This chapter shows how design policies and standards can be incorporated in local comprehensive plans, design guidelines, and manuals for the purpose of guiding the design of planned communities. Comprehensive, or general, plans are mandatory in many states and contain planning policies for the future growth of the jurisdiction. Land-use regulations and decisions are expected to take the planning policies into account, and, in some states, must be consistent with the plan. Design policies can be one of the elements in a plan. Design guidelines and manuals are separate and usually unofficial documents that supplement planning policies in the plan and land-use regulations in the zoning ordinance. The role these documents play in the review and approval of planned communities varies. Significant design detail in these documents can provide a policy framework for planned community zoning amendments or for formal design standards in planned community regulations. Alternatively, some local governments adopt design guidelines and manuals if they know they will not be able to update their zoning regulations for some time, and need policies to support rezoning requests and variances that may arise from major conflicts with underlying zoning in the meantime. The entire book can be downloaded by going to the author's profile on Washington University Law School's website.
Employing subgoals in computer programming education

AbstractThe rapid integration of technology into our professional and personal lives has left many education systems ill-equipped to deal with the influx of people seeking computing education. To improve computing education, we are applying techniques that have been developed for other procedural fields. The present study applied such a technique, subgoal labeled worked examples, to explore whether it would improve programming instruction. The first two experiments, conducted in a laboratory, suggest that the intervention improves undergraduate learners’ problem-solving performance and affects how learners approach problem-solving. The third experiment demonstrates that the intervention has similar, and perhaps stronger, effects in an online learning environment with in-service K-12 teachers who want to become qualified to teach computing courses. By implementing this subgoal intervention as a tool for educators to teach themselves and their students, education systems could improve computing education an...
Current Controversies in Thrombolytic Use in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract Background Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) has an annual incidence of 100,000 cases in the United States and is divided into three categories: nonmassive, submassive, and massive. Several studies have evaluated the use of thrombolytics in submassive and massive PE. Objective Our aim was to provide emergency physicians with an updated review of the controversy about the use of thrombolytics in submassive and massive PE. Discussion Nonmassive PE is defined as PE in the setting of no signs of right ventricular strain (echocardiogram or biomarker) and hemodynamic stability. Submassive PE is defined as evidence of right ventricular strain with lack of hemodynamic instability. Massive PE occurs with occlusive thromboembolism that causes hemodynamic instability. Thrombolysis is warranted in patients with massive PE. Thrombolytic use in submassive PE with signs of right ventricular strain or damage presents a quandary for physicians. Several recent studies have evaluated the use of thrombolytics in patients with submassive PE. These studies have inconsistent definitions of submassive PE, evaluate differing primary outcomes, and use different treatment protocols with thrombolytics and anticoagulation agents. Although significant study heterogeneity exists, thrombolytics can improve long-term outcomes, with decreased bleeding risk with half-dose thrombolytics and catheter-directed treatments. Major bleeding significantly increases in patients over age 65 years. The risks and benefits of thrombolytic treatment—primarily improved long-term outcomes—should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Shared decision-making with the patient discussing the risks and benefits of treatment is advised. Conclusions Thrombolytic use in massive PE is warranted, but patients with submassive PE require case-by-case analysis with shared decision making. The risks, including major hemorrhage, and benefits, primarily improved long-term outcomes, should be considered. Half-dose thrombolytics and catheter-directed treatment demonstrate advantages with decreased risk of bleeding and improved long-term functional outcomes. Further studies that assess risk stratification, functional outcomes, and treatment protocols are needed.
ORIGIN OF THERMAL ADAPTATIONS IN NORTHERN VERSUS SOUTHERN POPULATIONS OF A UNISEXUAL HYBRID FISH.

Introgressive hybridization between animal species has been reported from time to time, but its real importance in evolution has not yet been demonstrated. One of the most powerful arguments offered in its behalf (e.g., Lewontin and Birch, 1966) is that genes transferred from one species to another enrich the gene pool of the recipient, and, in so doing, provide the potential for reassortment into new adaptive gene combinations. However, unless the introduced genes provide immediate fitness value, they will not increase in frequency (Smith, 1966), except perhaps by chance in small populations. Abundance of introgressed genes in or near regions of sympatry is not a reliable indicator of their fitness in a foreign genetic background; their presence may depend on recurrent hybridization. Persistence of foreign genes, however, some distance from a hybrid zone and/or several generations removed from the original cross, may indicate that they provide either a heterotic effect or an adaptive polymorphism. Surprisingly little is known about the relationship of genotype and phenotype to fitness. It would be pleasingly simple if we could compare the success of alternate alleles gene-by-gene, but practically all morphological and physiological differences between species seem to be controlled by interacting loci. Unless these polygenes are locked together in coadapted complexes, random segregation disrupts linkage re-
The Sexual Behavior of Hormonally Treated Domestic Fowl.

SummaryBoth androgen and estrogen, injected into capons, induced the masculine copulatory behavior but only androgen induced crowing and increased or induced the “tidbitting” and “waltzing”. In bilaterally ovariectomized poulards, androgen induced crowing and waltzing but did not induce the masculine copulatory behavior while estrogen, on the contrary, induced the feminine squatting behavior. These results would seem to suggest that certain behavior patterns are common to both sexes of the fowl and may be induced by the appropriate hormone. The masculine copulatory behavior can be induced by both androgen and estrogen but only in genetically determined males.
On the “J” Classification of Rabbits and Production of Anti-J in “J-Negative” Rabbits

SummaryIt is shown that certain antibodies engendered in “J-negative” (or A-negative) rabbits by immunizing with human red cells of type A will selectively lyse red cells of J-positive cattle. Some of the “J” reagents so produced have proved to be either equal to or superior to the better J reagents obtained from J-negative cattle in their ability to promote lysis of the more weakly reactive intergrades of J-positive blood. The key to recognition of these specific cross reactions was substitution of guinea pig complement for rabbit complement. The method of classifying J-positive and J-negative rabbits is described and data are presented on distribution of the J types in 110 rabbits.We are indebted to the Sacramento Medical Foundation Blood Bank for human blood used in this study.
III. Anglo-American Diplomacy and the Belgian Indemnities Controversy 1836–42

The ripening of the Anglo-American friendship in the first half of the nineteenth century was truly an evolutionary process, but most observers agree that in the diplomatic sphere the significant aspects of that early rapprochement took place about the time of the Webster–Ashburton agreement. One previously unknown factor involved in this development centred on British and American cooperation in the Belgian indemnification dispute in the late thirties and forties. This struggle by several major powers aimed at receiving indemnities from the newly created state for property damages incurred during the Belgian revolution of 1830 in Antwerp.
Speech and Sense in Meister Eckhart's Liber Parabolarum Genesis

This paper examines Meister Eckhart's statement in the Liber Parabolarum Genesis that scripture must be interpreted parabolically, a statement included in the first document drawn up against him at Cologne, in the context of his account of the divine locutio and its relationship to exterior acts. This paper argues that the dynamic of divine creative speech that Eckhart elucidates in his commentary offers a crucial theological rationale for his exegetical approach. The utterance by which God speaks to the soul is also the principle of order in the universe, and the more perfect form and model of all human order and hierarchy. In Eckhart's commentary, the third chapter of Genesis teaches about the creation and ordering of nature and the proper ordering of the soul according to God's voice. And, as the text reveals, parabolically, God's voice speaks to all these things ‘in exactly the same way’. Thus, scripture permits no division into multiple modes because God's Word in all things is indivisible. Just as G...
Preparation of acetophenone from ethylbenzene by oxygen oxidation with manganese sulfate catalysis

The industrial process for acetophenone production is by the reaction of benzene with acetyl chloride,which produces strong acid,and is an environmental pollution process.A alternative approach for the synthesis of acetophenone by liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene is studied using manganese sulfate as catalyst and oxygen as oxidant.With optimized reaction conditions [5mL of ethylbenzene,4.9% of MnSO4,n(Br)/n(Mn)=2.0,10 mL of glacial acetic acid,100mL/min of oxygen flow at 90 ℃ with 4 h of reaction time],conversion of ethylbenzene and yield of acetophenone reached to 72.36% and 59.57%,respectively.
Coherent interactions in microring weight banks and impact on channel density

We experimentally observe and simulate coherent inter-resonator effects specific to microring weight banks. An analysis based on this effect results in quantitative performance limits of weight banks, a key subcircuit for multivariate analog signal processing and scalable analog interconnect approaches in silicon photonics.
Let's Talk Change in a University: A Simple Model for Addressing a Complex Agenda

This paper reports on a real-life study in a US university. In response to financial issues, the administration at an undergraduate tuition-dependent university pushed for growth in student enrollment. The faculty, who argued that the quality of education had been declining, resisted the expansion. More students also affected the use of the university's infrastructure. By actively engaging key stakeholders, we developed a simple system dynamics model of university expansion. A major insight suggests that policy decisions made non-holistically might result in counter-intuitive outcomes that could take considerable time from which to recover. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photocleavage of Covalently Immobilized Amphiphilic Block Copolymer: From Bilayer to Monolayer

We developed and verified a method to create a photocleavable smart surface. Using the grafting to approach, we covalently attached an intelligently designed tailor-made diblock copolymer to a silicon wafer. The photocleavable moiety, o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) ester, was integrated into the copolymer at the junction point between the hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and the hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) chains. The well-defined azide bearing amphiphilic block copolymer was synthesized via a general stepwise strategy that combines atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), ending with azidation. The azide end-functionalized copolymer chains were covalently bound to the alkyne-immobilized silicon wafer by CuAAC. The smart surface was exposed to UV irradiation, resulting in photocleavage of the grafted ONB linker. As a result of the photocleavage and subsequent removal of the o-nitrosobenzaldehyde bearing PEO, the PS layer remained on the s...
The Social Costs of Underemployment: Early Adulthood: Alcohol Misuse and Underemployment

Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. Proverbs 31:4 … we often wonder if those of us who are apt to stand apart and judge thriftless drunkards with but little sympathy would, under similar conditions, have done better than they! … living in a poor house and dingy street, and returning to it night by night after nine or ten hours of unskilled work, which rouses neither interest nor ambition … what wonder if, in their effort to introduce some colour into the drab monotony of their lives, they fall victims to the allurements of the bookmaker or publican, or lose heart and join the ranks of those who have ceased to strive? Rowntree & Lasker, 1911, pp. 185–186 INTRODUCTION Alcohol Misuse, Stress, and Employment Alcohol Disorder and Its Causes . Alcohol misuse can be defined in various ways, including heavy consumption (i.e., binge drinking) and symptoms reflecting abuse (adverse personal and social consequences) or dependence (difficulty stopping drinking). One national survey estimated lifetime prevalence for alcohol abuse as 13.8% and bound it much higher for men (23.8%) than for women (4.6%) (Helzer, Burnam, & McEvoy, 1991). Alcohol disorder not only has high prevalence, but it can also result in severe outcomes both to the individual and to his or her loved ones, such as family disruption, psychological distress, and death by cirrhosis or automobile accident.
Rome Treaty Legal Provisions

The European Economic Community’s social policies are aimed at improving wages and working conditions and at maintaining a high level of employment. The Treaty of Rome (March 25, 1957) which created the EEC provides a basis for equal pay for men and women, overtime pay, paid vacations and social services. High employment is ensured through the free movement of labor, investment in retraining and relocation of workers, and aids to economic development.
Hyperglycemia and Cerebral Blood Flow in Drowning

Serial blood glucose levels and cerebral blood flow within 48 hours of admission were correlated with the clinical courses of 20 children with severe near-drowning in the Division of Child Neurology, the Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Neuroradiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA.
Deciduous Dentition of Fossil Hominins

The deciduous dentition is the first of two successive sets of teeth in humans. It consists of 20 teeth that are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, of which there are 32. The most significant differences in the teeth of fossil hominins and great apes are the reduction of canine size, the change in canine shape and the increased complexity of the deciduous lower first molar. At about 2.5 million years ago, one hominin lineage – Paranthropus – continued to increase size and complexity of molars, and reduce canine and incisor size, while the lineage leading to our species Homo sapiens underwent dental reduction and simplification. Compared to earlier hominins, the deciduous teeth of recent humans are greatly reduced in size and complexity. However, the range of size and morphological variation among geographic populations is very wide, especially for deciduous first molars. Key Concepts Hominin deciduous teeth differ from those of great apes primarily in the size and shape of the upper and lower canines and shape of lower first molar. Hominin deciduous incisors are smaller than those of great apes and early hominin upper incisors are more heteromorphic (greater differences in size between lateral and central incisors). Hominin deciduous canines are shorter, smaller and less pointed than those of great apes. Hominin deciduous canines are more diamond shaped and less conical than those of great apes. Hominin deciduous lower first molars are nonsectorial and have more cusps than those of great apes. Hominin deciduous molars are larger and may be morphologically more complex than those of great apes. The genus Homo is characterised by incisor expansion, further canine diminution and molar reduction. Neanderthals can be statistically distinguished from Homo sapiens in the shape and cusp size of deciduous molars. Recent humans are highly variable compared to their fossil relatives, but tend to have even smaller and more simplified canines and postcanine teeth. Keywords: deciduous dentition; Australopithecus; Paranthropus; Homo; dental morphology
Distribution and conditional expectation

Following the same spirit as in the previous chapter, we continue to explore the implications of applying the results from measure theory to the field of probability theory. This chapter introduces in particular concepts that will be key later to studying various stochastic processes.
Monitoring the Counseling Relationship and Client Progress as Alternatives to Prescriptive Empirically Supported Therapies

Many insurance companies and professional organizations have increasingly stipulated that mental health professionals use interventions that have been classified as empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Though the EST movement aims to provide clinicians with straightforward, evidence-based interventions for making treatment planning decisions, there are several practical and scientific barriers to the wholesale implementation of ESTs by mental health counselors. These barriers will be discussed, and two alternative strategies—cultivation of the counseling relationship and routine outcomes monitoring—will be presented as evidence-based alternatives to prescriptive ESTs.
Community: A contemporary analysis of policies, programs, and practices

Community: A Contemporary Analysis of Policies, Programs, and Practices details how neoliberalism has changed the way in which society addresses community problems. Neoliberalism is the political v...
HIV Prevention in Gay Family and House Networks: Fostering Self-Determination and Sexual Safety.

Many gay, bisexual, and transgender (GBT) people of color (POC) join house and/or constructed family communities, which serve as support networks composed mostly of other non-biologically related GBT/POC. These networks can decrease or increase the risk of exposure to HIV via multiple mechanisms (e.g., providing informal sexual safety education versus stigmatizing family members with HIV, encouraging sexual safety practices versus unsafe escorting, teaching self-care versus substance use) but act to support family members in the face of social and economic hardship. Researchers interviewed ten members of these social networks in the Boston metro area of the US and produced a saturated grounded theory analysis to explore the role of gay family/house networks in HIV risk management. While network members utilized HIV prevention resources, interviewees described how their efficacy was related to the intentions of leadership and strength of kinship boundaries within their community, economic opportunities, and communication skills. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
The physics of bread

Nathan Myhrvold – the polymath physicist whose passions range from cosmology to cooking – is this month publishing a massive, five-volume book about the science of bread and bread-making. Robert P Crease catches up with this intellectual livewire at his Cooking Lab headquarters in Seattle
Quantum Confinement of Hybrid Charge Transfer Excitons in GaN/InGaN/Organic Semiconductor Quantum Wells

We investigate hybrid charge transfer exciton (HCTE) confinement in organic-inorganic (OI) quantum wells (QWs) comprising a thin InGaN layer bound on one side by GaN and on the other by the organic semiconductors, tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) or 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP). A binding energy of 10 meV is calculated for the Coulombically bound free HCTE state between a delocalized electron in GaN and a hole localized in DBP. The binding energy of the HCTE increases to 165 meV when the electron is confined to a 1.5 nm In0.21Ga0.79N QW (HCTEQW). The existence of the HCTEQW is confirmed by measuring the voltage-dependent DBP exciton dissociation yield at the OI heterojunction in the QW devices that decrease with increasing In concentration and decreasing electric field, matching the trends predicted by Poole-Frenkel emission. Combining spectroscopic measurements with optical models, we find that 14 ± 3% of the excitons that reach the GaN/DBP heterojunction form HCTEs and dissociate into free charges, while the remainder recombine. A high nonradiative recombination rate through defect states at the heterointerface account for the lack of observation of HCTEQW photoluminescence from GaN/InGaN/CBP QWs at temperatures as low as 10 K.
What is likable about Gloria Pritchett in Modern Family? A viewer-character analysis through social identity and intersectionality

This survey-based study explored the mediated social attraction that a sample of Modern Family viewers had for Gloria Pritchett. Statistically speaking, viewers generally liked Gloria Pritchett, bu...
Atmospheric Aerosol Chemical and Physical Processes

Airborne particulate matter (PM) includes both organic and inorganic components and is formed from a variety of sources, including combustion, dust, and particle formation from oxidation of precursor gases. Epidemiological studies have shown adverse health effects of PM including respiratory irritation and changes in pulmonary function as well as associations between PM mass concentrations and mortality [1]. Some studies have also shown that ultrafine particles (less than 100 nm diameter) are likely to cause adverse health effects [2-4]. In addition to affecting human health, fine particulate matter impacts climate and visibility. Because of these effects, sources of fine PM and secondary PM precursors are increasingly regulated. A good understanding of emission sources and atmospheric processes that govern fine PM concentrations and size distributions is critical to the design of effective control policies.
Age Related Decrements in Steering Control: The Effects of Landmark and Optical Flow Information

This study examined age related decrements in the use of optical flow and landmark information for the control of steering. Older and younger drivers viewed computer generated displays simulating vehicle motion through a random dot ground plane scene. The horizontal position of the driver was perturbed according a sum of sines function and the driver had to keep steering straight (resembling the task of steering a car on a gusty day). On half the trials, landmark information was presented by color coding one of the dots on the ground plane. Overall, older drivers showed greater steering error magnitude (RMS error) than younger drivers. Unlike the younger drivers, the older drivers showed no reduction in steering errors when landmark information was present. These results suggest that older drivers are more reliant on optical flow information for controlling a vehicle and have a reduced ability to use alternative sources of information, such as landmarks, for steering control.
Immune-related adverse events (IRAE) of elderly patients (PTS) with advanced melanoma (AMEL) treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CI) in a community setting: The experience (EXP) at Kaiser Permanente (KP) California.

e21583Background: CI have transformed treatment (TX) and survival for PTS with (w) AMEL. Our knowledge of TX outcomes (OUTC) and IRAEs is still largely informed by clinical trials enrolling younger...
Longitudinal associations between conflict monitoring and emergent academic skills: An event‐related potentials study

Identifying the links between specific cognitive functions and emergent academic skills can help determine pathways to support both early academic performance and later academic achievement. Here, we investigated the longitudinal associations between a key aspect of cognitive control, conflict monitoring, and emergent academic skills from preschool through first grade, in a large sample of socioeconomically diverse children (N = 261). We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during a Go/No-Go task. The neural index of conflict monitoring, ΔN2, was defined as larger N2 mean amplitudes for No-Go versus Go trials. ΔN2 was observed over the right hemisphere across time points and showed developmental stability. Cross-lagged panel models revealed prospective links from ΔN2 to later math performance, but not reading performance. Specifically, larger ΔN2 at preschool predicted higher kindergarten math performance, and larger ΔN2 at kindergarten predicted higher first-grade math performance, above and beyond the behavioral performance in the Go/No-Go task. Early academic skills did not predict later ΔN2. These findings provided electrophysiological evidence for the contribution of conflict monitoring abilities to emergent math skills. In addition, our findings suggested that neural indices of cognitive control can provide additional information in predicting emergent math skills, above and beyond behavioral task performance.
The Geometry of Optimal Gaits for Drag-Dominated Kinematic Systems

In this paper, we present a set of geometric principles for understanding and optimizing the gaits of drag-dominated kinematic locomoting systems. For systems with two shape variables, the dynamics of gait optimization are analogous to the process by which internal pressure and surface tension combine to produce the shape and size of a soap bubble. The internal pressure on the gait curve is provided by the flux of the curvature of the system constraints passing through the surface bounded by the gait, and surface tension is provided by the cost associated with executing the gait, which when executed at optimal (constant-power) pacing is proportional to its pathlength measured under a Riemannian metric. We extend these principles to work on systems with three and then more than three shape variables. We demonstrate these principles on a variety of system geometries (including Purcell's swimmer) and for optimization criteria that include maximizing displacement and efficiency of motion for both translation and turning motions. We also demonstrate how these principles can be used to simultaneously optimize a system's gait kinematics and physical design.
Mind After Uexküll: A Foray Into the Worlds of Ecological Psychologists and Enactivists.

For several decades, a diverse set of approaches to embedded, embodied, extended, enactive and affective cognition has been challenging the cognitivist orthodoxy. Recently, the prospect of a combination of ecological psychology and enactivism has emerged as a promising candidate for a single unified framework that could rival the established cognitivist paradigm as "a working metatheory for the study of minds" (Baggs and Chemero, 2018, p. 11). One obstacle to such an ecological-enactive approach is the conceptual tension between the firm commitment to realism of those following James Gibson's ecological approach and the central tenet of enactivism that each living organism enacts its own world, interpreted as a constructivist or subjectivist position. Baggs and Chemero (2018) forward the concept of Umwelt, coined by the biologist Jakob von Uexkull, as a conceptual bridge between the two approaches. Inspired by Kant, Uexkull's Umwelt describes how the physiology of an organism's sensory apparatus shapes its active experience of the environment. Baggs and Chemero use this link between the subject and its objective surroundings to argue for a strong compatibility between ecological psychology and enactivism. Fultot and Turvey on the other hand view Umwelt as steeped in representationalism, the rejection of which is a fundamental commitment of radical embodied cognition (Fultot and Turvey, 2019). Instead, they advance Uexkull's "compositional theory of nature" as a conceptual supplement for Gibson's ecological approach (von Uexkull, 2010, p. 171; Fultot and Turvey, 2019). In this paper, I provide a brief overview of Uexkull's thought and distinguish a crucial difference between two ways of using his term Umwelt. I argue that only one of these ways, the one which emphasizes the role of subjective experience, is adequate to Uexkull's philosophical project. I demonstrate how the two ways of using Umwelt are employed in the philosophy of cognitive science, show how this distinction matters to recent debates about an ecological-enactive approach, and provide some critical background to Uexkull's compositional theory of meaning.
What Are the Consequences of Using Restrictions to Decrease Abortions

Many women will be forced to carry an unwanted or dangerous pregnancy to term, a violation of human rights law, which recognizes the right to decide on the number and spacing of children 3 The consequences of restricting access to abortion include the physical health risks inherent in pregnancy, which are more dangerous than abortion at any time in the gestation 4 The mortality rate ofwomen and girls undergoing childbirth is approximately 14 times higher than those undergoing abortion 5 The physical health consequences to women who are unable to have a desired abortion are substantial [ ]the counterfactual scenarios when abortion is restricted are clear: increased burdens to seek needed care;self-managed abortion (about which we know little at ‡20 weeks);unsafe abortion, which is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality;or continuing an unwanted or dangerous pregnancy to term 6 Abortion is an essential component of health care7 and will always be necessary [ ]of writing this editorial, we are awaiting the US Supreme Court decision on June Medical Sendees v Russo (previously v Gee) regarding the 2014 Louisiana law requiring abortion providers to obtain admitting privileges at nearby hospitals, which would effectively eliminate abortion access in the state
Blebbing, Cytosolic Free Calcium, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Following Toxic and Anoxic Injury in Hepatocytes

Ischemic and hypoxic injury to cells and tissues is probably the leading cause of death in human disease. For example, cardiovascular disease frequently produces ischemic and hypoxic injury to heart, brain, bowel, kidney, and liver. In liver, hypoxic injury is associated with congestive centrilobular necrosis, hepatic artery occlusion, and various shock syndromes. Thus, understanding the evolution of alterations in both the structural and functional properties of cells during ischemia may provide new and important information for the development of therapeutic strategies to protect cells from ischemic damage.
Racial disparities in operative management of localized, non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in surgically fit patients

Abstract Background Guidelines recommend resection of non-functional neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (NF-pNETs) that are ≥2 cm in size. We compared utilization of surgery based on race. Methods We identified non-Hispanic White and Black patients with localized NF-pNETs ≥2 cm and Charlson-Deyo score 0–1 in the NCDB (2004–2016). We compared utilization of surgery by race, adjusting for clinicodemographic variables. Overall survival was compared based on management. Results A total of 3459 patients were included (White = 3005; Black = 454). Black patients were younger (58vs63 years) and more often treated at academic facilities (65.3%vs60.3%). Overall, Black and White patients underwent surgery at similar rates (77.3%vs79.6%). When stratified by primary site, Black patients with body/tail tumors were less likely to undergo surgery (78.5%vs84.7%). On multivariable analysis, Black race was associated with a lower likelihood of surgery overall (OR 0.74,p = 0.034) and in patients with body/tail tumors (OR 0.56,p = 0.001). Non-operative management was associated with a higher risk of death (HR 3.19,p Conclusion In a national cohort of patients with NF-pNETs meeting criteria for resection, Black race is associated with lower frequency of surgery. Operative intervention is associated with prolonged survival. Persistent racial disparities in management of a surgically curable disease should be targeted for improvement.
The E’s of TNHE and EMI: A phenomenographic lens

Abstract Questions asked as part of phenomenographic research are used to critically synthesize findings from the case studies in this issue of English-medium instruction (EMI) in transnational higher education (TNHE). With respect to whether EMI in TNHE can be considered a phenomenon, it is suggested that the phenomenon is more discursive than empirical. Student and instructor perceptions of the phenomenon reveal a critical awareness of the policies that structure the learning environment and agency that takes advantage of the policies’ discursive nature to create alternative, multilingual language practices and improve learning. A gap between policy and practice that allows for negotiation of the E’s in EMI and TNHE, English and education, is hence called for.
The impact of team-based learning on students’ perceptions of classroom community:

Developing a sense of classroom community is important in promoting course satisfaction and in helping students overcome feelings of disconnectedness, especially in online courses. When considering...
Genomic structural variants constrain and facilitate adaptation in natural populations of Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree.

Genomic structural variants (SVs) can play important roles in adaptation and speciation. Yet the overall fitness effects of SVs are poorly understood, partly because accurate population-level identification of SVs requires multiple high-quality genome assemblies. Here, we use 31 chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies of Theobroma cacao—an outcrossing, long-lived tree species that is the source of chocolate—to investigate the fitness consequences of SVs in natural populations. Among the 31 accessions, we find over 160,000 SVs, which together cover eight times more of the genome than single-nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels (125 versus 15 Mb). Our results indicate that a vast majority of these SVs are deleterious: they segregate at low frequencies and are depleted from functional regions of the genome. We show that SVs influence gene expression, which likely impairs gene function and contributes to the detrimental effects of SVs. We also provide empirical support for a theoretical prediction that SVs, particularly inversions, increase genetic load through the accumulation of deleterious nucleotide variants as a result of suppressed recombination. Despite the overall detrimental effects, we identify individual SVs bearing signatures of local adaptation, several of which are associated with genes differentially expressed between populations. Genes involved in pathogen resistance are strongly enriched among these candidates, highlighting the contribution of SVs to this important local adaptation trait. Beyond revealing empirical evidence for the evolutionary importance of SVs, these 31 de novo assemblies provide a valuable resource for genetic and breeding studies in T. cacao.
Uncertainty and Coping During COVID-19

COVID-19 has brought with it unprecedented and simultaneous experiences of stress and uncertainty across every community globally. This chapter summarises what we know about experiences of uncertainty and how individuals cope with application to the COVID-19 pandemic. Defined broadly as an inability to predict (or explain) outcomes, uncertainty has consistently been linked to negative psychological states, especially when it involves potential threats to important goals. Uncertainty and its effects have long been studied, but there is a long-standing need for an organising approach to better understand the ways people cope with community-wide experiences of uncertainty. This chapter introduces the CARE framework in an effort to fill that gap. It then reviews the theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) in order to elevate the relational context as one in which important uncertainty-management work is done. The TRRL argues that long-term relationship maintenance moderates the impact of uncertainty-producing events on people’s personal and relational health, and builds resilience. Ultimately, this chapter explores both relational and individual efforts to manage uncertainty experiences resulting directly or indirectly from COVID-19, and offers a lens through which to understand health outcomes.
A New Paradigm for Computational Stereo

Most research in computational stereo has followed the approach described in Barnard and Fischler’s “Computational Stereo” (in Computing Surveys‚ vol. 14, no. 4, 1982). This approach, although conceptually appealing and theoretically elegant, suffers from several limitations. Among these are the difficulties in the matching process, problems with feature localization, restrictive camera geometries, and, perhaps most importantly, the extensive computational effort required to produce depth estimates. By approaching the problem from more of an engineering perspective, a new paradigm for computational stereo had been developed that avoids the problems inherent in the conventional “extract and match” paradigm. The Intensity Gradient Analysis (IGA) technique determines depth values by analyzing temporal intensity gradients arising from the optic flow field induced by known camera motion. IGA assumes nothing about the nature of the environment and places no restrictions on camera orientation (IGA is applicable to sequences obtained using arbitrary translational motion).
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: Exciting New Science and Potential Clean Energy

“Low energy nuclear reactions” or LENR is the name now given to what was initially and poorly called “cold fusion”. Over twenty years of scientific research on LENR have resulted in some instances ...
A New Political Economy

Before exploring these common limitations, however, it is important to sketch the outlines of the controversy as the protagonists themselves understand it. The two schools of thought differ, above all, in defining the primary audience for their work. Mainline economists imagine themselves proffering advice to a benevolent ruler interested in economic efficiency and social justice. In contrast, Brennan and Buchanan see themselves as critical observers of a government run by selfish men and women. They wish to write a fiscal constitution that effectively constrains the self-seeking behavior of politicians and bureaucrats. Consequently, Brennan and Buchanan's formal modeling of government begins from a radically different starting point than the more familiar orthodoxy. They assume a single monopolistic ruler ("Leviathan") who tries to maximize the difference between revenue collected and money spent on public services (or in a slightly more sophisticated version, who maximizes a utility function defined over public services and surplus revenue). The ruler is a "king"