cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-J-272: Auto-Segmentation of Regions with Differentiating CT Numbers for Treatment Response Assessment

Purpose: It has been reported recently that the change of CT number (CTN) during and after radiation therapy (RT) may be used to assess RT response. The purpose of this work is to develop a tool to automatically segment the regions with differentiating CTN and/or with change of CTN in a series of CTs. Methods: A software tool was developed to identify regions with differentiating CTN using K-mean Cluster of CT numbers and to automatically delineate these regions using convex hull enclosing method. Pre- and Post-RT CT, PET, or MRI images acquired for sample lung and pancreatic cancer cases were used to test the software tool. K-mean cluster of CT numbers within the gross tumor volumes (GTVs) delineated based on PET SUV (standard uptake value of fludeoxyglucose) and/or MRI ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) map was analyzed. The cluster centers with higher value were considered as active tumor volumes (ATV). The convex hull contours enclosing preset clusters were used to delineate these ATVs with color washed displays. The CTN defined ATVs were compared with the SUV- or ADC-defined ATVs. Results: CTN stability of the CT scanner used to acquire the CTs in this work is less than 1.5 Hounsfield Unit (HU)more » variation annually. K-mean cluster centers in the GTV have difference of ∼20 HU, much larger than variation due to CTN stability, for the lung cancer cases studied. The dice coefficient between the ATVs delineated based on convex hull enclosure of high CTN centers and the PET defined GTVs based on SUV cutoff value of 2.5 was 90(±5)%. Conclusion: A software tool was developed using K-mean cluster and convex hull contour to automatically segment high CTN regions which may not be identifiable using a simple threshold method. These CTN regions were reasonably overlapped with the PET or MRI defined GTVs.« less
A design methodology for an intelligent controller using fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks

The optimal control of nonlinear time-varying systems, particularly when the mathematical model of the system is unavailable or inexact, is an interesting and difficult control problem. This paper outlines a methodology for the design of an intelligent controller to perform optimal control of a nonlinear system adaptively, using emerging technologies of fuzzy logic (FL) and artificial neural networks (ANN). FL is utilized to incorporate the available knowledge into the control system, and ANN technology is applied to adaptively provide an optimal control strategy based on some performance criteria. The technique is tested on a system that consists of a DC motor (a linear time-invariant (LTI) system) and a thermal system (a time-varying nonlinear system). Performance criteria such as tracking accuracy, cost, robustness, are considered, and the results are presented in this paper. >
Reflections on the EU's Path from the Constitutional Treaty to the Lisbon Treaty

This paper examines the path taken by the EU following the failure of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TECE) in 2005, leading ultimately to the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty in 2007. It examines the reaction of Europe's political leadership to the rejection of the TECE, and considers the implications of the choice to opt for a hasty and secretive drafting and adoption process for the Lisbon treaty. It seeks to account for the apparently paradoxical choice of EU leaders to respond to the popular discontent with the EU expressed by the negative referenda results in France and the Netherlands, and to the increasing demands for greater democracy, openness and transparency in EU affairs over the last two decades, by retreating to a secretive and executive-dominated process. The second part of the paper focuses more specifically on the reactions of various Member States to the TECE, and on specific concerns or opposition they expressed in relation to particular provisions thereof, as well as on the support they expressed for retaining or strengthening specific provisions. The paper identifies these different national concerns and interests and indicates the extent to which they were or were not addressed in the text of the Lisbon Treaty. Finally, the paper reflects on whether there are more general lessons to be drawn from the failure of the latest attempt to provide a formal constitutional foundation for the EU.
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Retreatment with Wavefront-Optimized Technique after Primary Wavefront-Guided LASIK: Proof of Concept

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the visual outcome and refractive error following wavefront (WF)- optimized laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) retreatment after previous WF-guided LASIK in myopic patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 19 eyes (14 patients) following WF-optimized LASIK retreatment after previous WF-guided LASIK that did not give desired refractive results was conducted. The primary LASIK procedures were performed using the Visx CustomVue™ laser with WF-guided technology. All of the subsequent retreatment LASIK procedures were performed with the Wavelight Allegretto™ Eye-Q 400 excimer laser using WF-optimized. Ophthalmic evaluations including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) were performed at baseline and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6 months. Results: UCVA and BSCVA improved following retreatment from 0.27±0.18 and 0.0±0.05 to 0.01±0.05 and -0.03±0.05 respectively at 6 months (p<0.001 and p=0.38). The MRSE decreased from -0.5 D pre-retreatment to -0.2 D at 6 months postretreatment. The pre-retreatment total HOA was 0.48±0.21 (0.24 to 1.01μm) and did not show correlation with the visual outcomes postoperatively. No intra-operative or postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions: The results of this small case series with patients presenting low degrees of residual ametropia indicate that WF-optimized LASIK retreatment could be considered as an option after primary WFguided LASIK. Retreatment with WF-optimized LASIK is safe and the results are predictable.
Characterization of Benthic Microbial Community Structure by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract Fatty acids are a widely studied group of lipids of sufficient taxonomic diversity to be useful in defining microbial community structure. The extraordinary resolution of glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography can be utilized to separate and tentatively identify large numbers of fatty acid methyl esters derived from the lipids of estuarine detritus and marine benthic microbiota without the bias of selective methods requiring culture or recovery of the microbes. The gas-liquid chromatographic analyses are both reproducible and highly sensitive, and the recovery of fatty acids is quantitative. The analyses can be automated, and the diagnostic technique of mass spectral fragmentation analysis can be readily applied. Splitless injection on glass capillary gas chromatographic columns detected by mass spectral selective ion monitoring provides an ultrasensitive and definitive monitoring system. Reciprocal mixtures of bacteria and fungi, when extracted and analyzed, showed progressive changes of distinctive fatty acid methyl esters derived from the lipids. By manipulating the environment of an estuarine detrital microbial community with antibiotics and culture conditions, it was possible to produce a community greatly enriched in eucaryotic fungi, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopic morphology. The fatty acid methyl esters from the lipids in the fungus-enriched detritus showed enrichment of the C18 dienoic and the C18 and C20 polyenoic esters. Manipulation of the detrital microbiota that increased the procaryotic population resulted in an absence of large structures typical of fungal mycelia or diatoms, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, and a significantly larger proportion of anteiso- and isobranched C15 fatty acid esters, C17 cyclopropane fatty acid esters, and the cis-vaccenic isomer of the C18 monoenoic fatty acid esters. As determined by these techniques, a marine settling community showed greater differences in bacterial as contrasted to microeucaryotic populations when compared with the microbial communities of benthic cores.
A vicenda; Lingua. A vicenda; Cultura. by CAPEK–HABEKOVIĆ, ROMANA, & CLAUDIO MAZZOLA

The article reviews the book "A vicenda: Lingua," by Romana Capek-Habekovic and Claudio Mazzola.
Integrating an Informationist Into Graduate Education: Case Study With Preliminary Results.

An informationist taught, consulted, and mentored graduate students enrolled in a graduate research project course in Health Informatics. An observational cohort study was conducted to determine the effect of an early (first term) and continued (subsequent term) exposure of course-integrated instruction, individual consultations, information resource mentoring, and educational collaboration partnership on the development of information literacy, research skills, and integrative competencies in graduate students. Student progress was assessed by survey, class performance, and faculty feedback. The course-integrated lectures, consultations, mentoring, and educational partnership between the informationist and academic advisors increased the students’ course performance, information literacy, and research skills in graduate students.
Confronting Slavery: Edward Coles and the Rise of Antislavery Politics in Nineteenth-Century America

Review of: "Confronting Slavery: Edward Coles and the Rise of Antislavery Politics in Nineteenth-Century America," by Suzanne Cooper Guasco.
Physical Activity for Obesity

The use of exercise training, either aerobic- or resistance-oriented, is a common intervention for inducing weight loss as well as positively manipulating the cardio metabolic risk factors prevalent with obesity. However, it is important to realize that aerobic exercise training alone does not induce substantial weight loss unless coupled with energy restriction via dietary manipulation. Resistance training can also increase daily energy expenditure, increase muscle mass, and reduce fat mass although changes in overall body mass may also be minimal. However, although exercise alone does not appear to contribute substantially to weight loss, any type of exercise appears to be a critical component of maintaining a lowered body mass after weight loss. The current state of knowledge indicates that weight loss/weight maintenance programs should incorporate both exercise and dietary interventions for optimal results and any degree of exercise is preferred over a sedentary lifestyle.
Endosomal trafficking of the ligated FcvarepsilonRI receptor

In addition to initiating signaling cascades leading to mast cell mediator release, aggregation of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcvarepsilonRI) leads to rapid internalization of the cross-linked receptor. However, little is known about the trafficking of the internalized FcvarepsilonRI. Here we demonstrate that in RBL-2H3 cells, aggregated FcvarepsilonRI appears in the early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1(+)) domains of the early endosomes within 15min after ligation. Minimal co-localization of FcvarepsilonRI with Rab5 was observed by 30min, followed by its appearance in the Rab7(+) late endosomes and lysosomes at later time points. During endosomal sorting, FcvarepsilonRIalpha and gamma subunits remain associated. In Syk-deficient RBL-2H3 cells, the rate of transport to lysosomes is markedly increased. Taken together, our data demonstrate time-dependent sorting of aggregated FcvarepsilonRI within the endosomal-lysosomal network, and that Syk may play an essential role in regulating the trafficking and retention of FcvarepsilonRI in endosomes.
Reaction of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides with cis- and trans-1,4-dioxo-2-butene.

Abstract cis-1,4-Dioxo-2-butene is a toxic metabolite of furan, while the trans-isomer is a product of deoxyribose oxidation in DNA. It has recently been reported that both cis- and trans-1,4-dioxo-2-butene react with the 2′-deoxynucleosides dC, dG, and dA to form novel diastereomeric oxadiazabicyclo(3.3.0)octaimine adducts. We have now extended these studies with kinetic and spectroscopic analyses of the reactions of cis- and trans-1,4-dioxo-2-butene, as well as the identification of novel adducts of dA. The reaction of dC with trans-1,4-dioxo-2-butene was observed to be nearly quantitative and produced two interchanging diastereomers with a second-order rate constant of 3.66 × 10−2 M−1 s−1, which is nearly 10-fold faster than the reaction with the cis-isomer (3.74 × 10−3 M−1 s−1). HPLC analyses of reactions of 1,4-dioxo-2-butene with both dA and 9-methyladenine (pH 7.4, 37 °C) revealed multiple products including a novel pair of closely eluting fluorescent species of identical mass ([M + H] m/z 420), each of which contains two molecules of 1,4-dioxo-2-butene, and a more abundant but unstable and non-fluorescent species ([M + H] m/z 414). Partial structural characterization of the fluorescent adducts of dA revealed the presence of the oxadiazabicyclo(3.3.0)octaimine ring system common to the dC adducts. These results support the genotoxic potential of furan metabolites and products of deoxyribose oxidation.
Behavioral synergism between D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in mice does not depend on gap junctions

Activation of the D(1) and D(2) classes of dopamine receptor in the striatum synergistically promotes motor stereotypy. The mechanism of D(1)/D(2) receptor interaction remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of electrical synaptic transmission in this phenomenon, genetic inactivation of the neuronal gap junction (GJ) protein connexin 36 and pharmacological blockade of GJs were utilized. Stereotyped motor behavior was quantified after selective activation of D(1) receptors, D(2) receptors, or both receptors. These patterns of activation were produced by injection of the agonist apomorphine (3.0 mg/kg) 30 min after either the D(2) antagonist eticlopride (0.3 mg/kg), the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle, respectively. Mixed background C57/BL6-129SvEv mice homozygous or heterozygous for the connexin 36 "knockout" allele displayed potent synergistic interaction between D(1) and D(2) receptor activation, and did not differ significantly from wild-type mice on any measure. All genotypes demonstrated long-lasting stereotypic sniffing, chewing, and/or licking after simultaneous activation of D(1) and D(2) receptors, effects that were absent following selective D(1) or D(2) activation. Swiss-Webster mice treated with the GJ blockers carbenoxolone (35 mg/kg), octanol (350 mg/kg) or mefloquine (50 mg/kg) also demonstrated the normal synergistic interaction between D(1) and D(2) receptors, although these drugs did block the grooming stimulated by selective D(1) receptor activation, independently of D(2) receptors. While D(1) receptor-stimulated grooming depends on GJs composed of connexins or possibly pannexins, the synergistic interaction of D(1) and D(2) receptors in control of stereotypy does not involve GJs.
INTERACTION ENERGY IN GEOMETROSTATICS

Geometrodynamical description of particles satisfying time-symmetric initial value equations of gravitation and electromagnetism
Interleukin-2 Inhibits Germinal Center Formation by Limiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation

SUMMARY T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote T cell-dependent humoral immune responses by providing T cell help to B cells and by promoting germinal center (GC) formation and long-lived antibody responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control Tfh cell differentiation in vivo are incompletely understood. Here we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) administration impaired influenza-specific GCs, long-lived IgG responses, and Tfh cells. IL-2 did not directly inhibit GC formation, but instead suppressed the differentiation of Tfh cells, thereby hindering the maintenance of influenza-specific GC B cells. Our data demonstrate that IL-2 is a critical factor that regulates successful Tfh and B cell responsesinvivoandregulatesTfhcelldevelopment.
Implementation of a visual difference metric using commodity graphics hardware

A visual difference metric was implemented on a commodity graphics card to take advantage of the increased processing power available today in a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The specific algorithm employed was the Sarnoff Visual Discrimination Metric (Sarnoff VDM). To begin the implementation, the typical architecture of a contemporary GPU was analyzed and some general strategies were developed for performing image processing tasks on GPUs. The stages of the Sarnoff VDM were then mapped onto the hardware and the implementation was completed. A performance analysis showed that the algorithm's speed had been increased by an order of magnitude over the original version that only ran on a CPU. The same analysis showed that the energy stage was the most expensive in terms of both program size and processing time. An interactive version of the Sarnoff VDM was developed and some ideas for additional applications of GPU based visual difference metrics were suggested.
Secondary Traumatic Stress: Prevalence in Humanitarian Aid Workers in India

Background: Humanitarian aid workers (HAWs) who aid traumatized populations experience emotional, cognitive, and physical consequences. This study documents the extent of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a group of HAWs in Gujarat, India. Method: A standardized 17-item self-report questionnaire, the STS Scale, evaluated STS symptoms and severity in workers belonging to humanitarian organizations that provided psychosocial aid to traumatized people in India. Results: All the HAWs (N = 76) reported STS as a consequence of their work; 8% met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). HAWs of lower socioeconomic status (SES) (p < .001) reported higher trauma scores compared with those of higher SES. Conclusion: Substantial STS exists among HAWs 5 months after widespread mass violence. To bolster resilience appropriately, preventive measures must focus on the prevalent types of traumatic stress in HAWs.
Diffusion of hydrogen in n-type Si

Abstract Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and spreading resistance profiling are used to study the diffusion of hydrogen in n-type Si and the related passivation of donor dopants (Sb, As, P) through formation of neutral donor-hydrogen complexes. Passivation efficiencies of over 95% were obtained in highly doped n-type Si, comparable to the efficiencies achieved in p-type material. The effective diffusivity of hydrogen in n-type Si is determined by a number of different parameters, including the charge state of the hydrogen and the efficiency of platelet detect formation. At the same doping levels, the diffusivity of hydrogen is faster in p-type Si than in n-type material, although the differences are minimized at high hydrogenation temperatures and low doping levels. The injection of minority carriers during the hydrogenation process increases the effective diffusivity by reducing the trapping efficiency at dopant impurities.
Stratification in Science: A Comparison of Publication Patterns in Four Disciplines.

Publication patterns in the leading journals of chemistry, economics, philosophy, and sociology between 1960 and 1985 are examined Patterns of institutional stratification are indicated by the dispersion of institutional affiliations among authors, peripheral status of authors, and the extent of the bureaucratization of knowledge produced within the respective disciplines. The data show that patterns of institutional stratification vary across indicators and among the disciplines examined; that is, on some indicators, certain disciplines appear more relatively open than others. The relative openness among the leading journals in these disciplines, however, should not obscure the fact that institutional representation in these leading journals is generally restricted to an inner circle of prestigious academic institutions.
Quinoid secretions in grain and flour beetles.

Quinoid secretions are found to have an unexpectedly wide distribution in tenebrionid insects which live on stored food. The seventeen species involved include the common grain, flour and fungus beetles.
Ethics and faith: Openness to the relationship between them

This paper was presented at a seminar that outlined the work of the Surrey Ethics Forum. The Forum provides an opportunity for reflection by staff of the Federal University of Surrey and its Associated Institutions on ethical questions, the place of ethics in the curriculum and the role of ethics in the life of future graduates. The purpose of this paper is to argue that openness to the relationship between ethics and faith is itself an ethical task because both ethics and faith claim to protect human dignity and give meaning to the concept of “human flourishing”. Analysis of the relationship between ethics, faith, flourishing and narrative can lead to clearer understanding of differences in ethical debates.
Plantar warts in the athlete

Plantar warts are thick, endophytic, hyperkeratotic lesions caused by human papilloma virus. Because they are frequently mistaken for calluses, they are often misdiagnosed in athletes. The diagnosis of a plantar wart is made by paring down the hypertrophic epithelium until multiple "seeds" are detected in the dermis representing the thrombosed vessels supplying the wart. A patch system containing 40% salicylic acid in the rubber-based vehicle is applied to the debrided site every 48 hours until healing occurs.
A Novel Approach to Teaching Scientific Reasoning to Future Journalists An Intellectual Framework for Evaluating Press Reports About Scientific Research

A novel approach to teaching scientific reasoning and writing to science journalism students, as presented here, shows considerable promise. First, the pedagogical approach and a description of seven types of common episodes in the experimental testing of models are outlined. Then, a rubric for evaluating the quality of reasoning is presented. Science writers can use this scheme to identify patterns in scientific reasoning as they interview practicing scientists and write press releases.
Form feature recognition using convex decomposition: results presented at the 1997 ASME CIE Feature Panel Session

This paper is a summary of the results we presented at the Feature Panel Session of the 1997 ASME Computers in Engineering Conference. Five participating groups submitted a total of nine test parts for feature recognition. To these test parts, we have applied our feature recognition method using a convex decomposition method called Alternating Sum of Volumes with Partitioning (ASVP). By applying combination operations to the ASVP decomposition of a part boundary, we obtain a Form Feature Decomposition (FFD) consisting of volumetric form features. The FFD can be further converted into application-specific feature representations, including the Negative Feature Decomposition (NFD) for machining or cast-then-machined applications. We describe an additional application of the ASVP algorithm to identify and filter out cylindrical features from a part boundary.
Coal devolatilization at high temperatures

Devolatilization of a lignite and a bituminous coal was studied at high temperatures under rapid heating conditions. Devolatilization rates were measured in a flow furnace designed to yield heating rates of 10 4 –2×10 5 K/s, temperatures of 1000–2100 K time resolution down to a few milliseconds product quenching rates of 10 6 K/s and good particle collection efficiencies. The volatile yields in this study were determined both by difference in the weights of coal fed and char collected and by use of ash as a tracer. Volatile yields of both coals increase significantly with temperature, from about 30% (d.a.f.) at 1260 K and 20ms to about 63% at 2100 K and 25ms. The maximum volatile yields were significantly in excess of the 46% value given by the ASTM proximate volatile test. The yields are even higher when an estimated correction is introduced for condensed material produced during devolatilization that is collected with the char residue. Correlation of the pyrolysis kinetics with a single Arrhenius type rate expression, assuming first order behavior with respect to volatile matter remaining in the char, yielded an apparent frequency factor of about 6.6×10 4 s −1 and an apparent activation energy of about 25 kcal/mole. These results are consistent with an extrapolation to higher temperatures of data previously reported in the literature for similar coals. An empirical model based on two competing overall reactions gave a better fit of the data over all of the conditions of the present study than was obtained using the single-reaction model.
Developments in the photonics program at OSC

The photonics program at the College of Optical Sciences started nearly 30 years ago. In 1984, the program was focused on development of femtosecond laser sources and their use in investigating semiconductor carrier dynamics. The program grew into polymer and organic optics in late 1989 and was strengthened by the winning of the CAMP MURI from ONR in 1995 that was focused on multifunctional polymers including photorefractive polymers, organic light emitting diodes and 3D direct laser writing. Also in 1995, the areas of glass waveguide and fiber optic materials and devices were added to the program. In 2008, the optical communication and future internet research was started through winning the CIAN NSF ERC. Expertise in thin films, optical storage and the fundamental aspects of light are elements of the overall research program. Holographic 3D display, autofocus lenses, bio-medical imaging and devices for vision have also been ongoing research areas.
Connecting physical watershed characteristics to climate sensitivity for California mountain streams

California mountain streams provide critical water resources for human supplies and aquatic ecosystems, and have been affected by climatic changes to varying degrees, often within close proximity. The objective of this study is to examine stream flow timing changes and their climatic drivers through 2009, identify sub-regional patterns in response and sensitivity, and explore whether the differences in the sensitivity of a stream to climatic changes can be partially explained through the physical characteristics of a watershed. To this end, changes in streamflow timing for each watershed were assessed through several runoff timing measures, and overall sensitivity to historic climatic changes through a composite sensitivity index. Elevation, aspect, slope, geology, and landcover distributions, as well as climate information were assembled for each watershed; and were analyzed in conjunction with the sensitivity index. Results showed that the basins most sensitive to climatic changes are on the western Sierra Nevada slopes, while eastern and southern Sierra Nevada, as well as Klamath mountain watersheds exhibit little or no response to climatic shifts to date. Basin sensitivity was not found to be connected to any individual physical watershed characteristic other than elevation. However, it is suggested that basin-to-basin differences in sensitivity, observed in spite of regional-scale warming and similar watershed elevations, can be explained by differences in elevation ranges and combinations of physical watershed characteristics. Results about stream differences in climate sensitivity could aid in prioritizing stream preservation efforts.
Modular representations of the supergroup Q(n), I

The representation theory of the algebraic supergroup Q(n) has been studied quite intensively over the complex numbers in recent years, especially by Penkov and Serganova [18, 19, 20] culminating in their solution [21, 22] of the problem of computing the characters of all irreducible finite dimensional representations ofQ(n). The characters of one important family of irreducible representations, the so-called polynomial representations, had been determined earlier by Sergeev [24], exploiting an analogue of Schur-Weyl duality connecting polynomial representations of Q(n) to the representation theory of the double covers Ŝn of the symmetric groups. In [2], we used Sergeev’s ideas to classify for the first time the irreducible representations of Ŝn over fields of positive characteristic p > 2. In the present article and its sequel, we begin a systematic study of the representation theory of Q(n) in positive characteristic, motivated by its close relationship to Ŝn. Let us briefly summarize the main facts proved in this article by purely algebraic techniques. Let G = Q(n) defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p 6= 2, see §§2-3 for the precise definition. In §4 we construct the superalgebra Dist(G) of distributions on G by reduction modulo p from a Kostant Z-form for the enveloping superalgebra of the Lie superalgebra q(n,C). This provides one of the main tools in the remainder of the paper: there is an explicit equivalence between the category of representations of G and the category of “integrable” Dist(G)supermodules (see Corollary 5.7). In §6, we classify the irreducible representations of G by highest weight theory. They turn out to be parametrized by the set X p (n) = {(λ1, . . . , λn) ∈ Z | λ1 ≥ · · · ≥ λn with λi = λi+1 only if p|λi}. For λ ∈ X+ p (n), the corresponding irreducible representation is denoted L(λ), and is constructed naturally as the simple socle of an induced representation H(λ) := indBu(λ) where B is a Borel subgroup of G and u(λ) is a certain irreducible representation of B of dimension a power of 2. The main difficulty here is to show that H0(λ) 6= 0 for λ ∈ X+ p (n), which we prove by exploiting the main result of [2] classifying the irreducible polynomial representations of G: so ultimately the proof that H0(λ) 6= 0 depends on a counting argument involving p-regular conjugacy classes in Ŝn.
Alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex of intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption and after termination of this process: A morphological and morphometric study

Earlier investigations of intestinal fat-absorption have stressed the importance of continued protein synthesis to provide membranes which are utilized for the intracellular transport of resynthesized lipid. The resulting membranes, when incorporated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex, serve as vehicles for the movement of fat within the cell and for its release to the extracellular space. In the current study, attention was focused on the morphological changes in the ER and Golgi complex both during fat absorption and at successive time intervals after fat-absorption termination. Morphological interpretations were confirmed by morphometric analysis. This investigation supports the interpretation that during fat absorption, membrane synthesis by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is insufficient to accomodate membrane utilization and intraconversion, resulting in a decrease of both ER and Golgi complex components. However, following fat-absorption termination, and cell is able to replace previously depleted components of the ER and Golgi complex and regain the full membrane complement of the fasted state. Replenishment of cellular membranes is postulated as resulting from a continued synthesis of new membranes by the RER which eventually exceeds membrane utilized during lipid transport.
p38-MAPK- and Caspase-3-Mediated Superoxide-Induced Apoptosis of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells: Reversal by Retinoic Acid

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate retinoid-containing quiescent hepatic stellate cells (qHSCs) to retinoid-deficient fibrogenic myofibroblast-like cells (aHSCs). However, ROS also cause apoptosis of aHSCs, and apoptotic aHSCs are observed in inflammatory fibrotic liver. Here, we investigated mechanisms of the effects of oxidative stress on the survival of qHSCs and aHSCs. HSCs from normal rat liver were used after overnight culture (qHSCs), or in 3-5 passages (aHSCs). For in vivo induction of oxidative stress, tert-butylhydroperoxide was injected into control and CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats. Spontaneous caspase-3 activation and apoptosis, observed in cultured qHSCs, decreased with time and were unaffected by superoxide. In contrast, superoxide caused caspase-3 and p38-MAPK activation, reduction in Bcl-xL expression, and apoptosis in aHSCs. Inhibition of caspase-3 and p38-MAPK did not affect the viability of qHSCs in the absence or presence of superoxide, but inhibited superoxide-induced death of aHSCs. Glutathione (GSH) level and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were lower in aHSCs than qHSCs. Superoxide increased GSH content, and activities of SOD, catalase and GPx in qHSCs but not in aHSCs. Incubation of 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA)-treated aHSCs with superoxide increased their GSH content significantly, and prevented superoxide-induced p38-MAPK and caspase-3 activation while dramatically reducing the extent of apoptosis. Finally, oxidative stress induced in vivo caused apoptosis of aHSCs in cirrhotic but not of qHSCs in control rats. These results suggest that the absence of retinoids render aHSCs susceptible to superoxide-induced apoptosis via caspase-3 and p38-MAPK activation.
Unfulfilled expectations and symptoms of depression among young adults

This study uses the life course perspective and data from 16 waves of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-1994) to examine whether unfulfilled expectations about educational attainment, employment, marriage, and parenthood are risk factors for subsequent symptoms of depression among young adults in the United States. Results from ordinary least squares regression analyses indicate that achieving a lower level of education than expected, becoming a parent unexpectedly, and being out of the labor force unexpectedly at ages 19-27 predict higher levels of depressive symptoms at ages 29-37, adjusting for demographics, family background, and earlier mental health. These effects do not significantly vary by gender, age, race/ethnicity, or family background, and are not explained by being selected out of the labor force for long durations because of mental or physical illness, attending school, keeping house, or other reasons. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on stress and mental health by acknowledging people's expectations about the markers of adulthood, and advances our understanding of why the timing of transitions in people's lives can have long-term mental health consequences.
Systematic analysis of posttranscriptional gene expression

Recent systems studies of gene expression have begun to dissect the layers of regulation that underlie the eukaryotic transcriptome, the combined consequence of transcriptional and posttranscriptional events. Among the regulatory layers of the transcriptome are those of the ribonome, a highly dynamic environment of ribonucleoproteins in which RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), noncoding regulatory RNAs (ncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) interact. While multiple mRNAs are coordinated together in groups within the ribonome of a eukaryotic cell, each individual type of mRNA consists of multiple copies, each of which has an opportunity to be a member of more than one modular group termed a posttranscriptional RNA operon or regulon (PTRO). The mRNAs associated with each PTRO encode functionally related proteins and are coordinated at the levels of RNA stability and translation by the actions of the specific RBPs and noncoding regulatory RNAs. This article examines the methods that led to the elucidation of PTROs and the coordinating mechanisms that appear to regulate the RNA components of PTROs. Moreover, the article considers the characteristics of the dynamic systems that drive PTROs and how mRNA components are bound collectively in physical 'states' to respond to cellular perturbations and diseases. In conclusion, these studies have challenged the extent to which cellular mRNA abundance can inform investigators of the functional status of a biological system. We argue that understanding the ribonome has greater potential for illuminating the underlying coordination principles of growth, differentiation, and disease.
Purification of very high density lipoproteins by differential density gradient ultracentrifugation.

Abstract Differential density gradient ultracentrifugation procedures, utilizing a vertical rotor, were developed for the preparative purification of very high density lipoproteins (VHDL, density > 1.21 g/ml). The VHDLs of several insect species were purified as follows. An initial density gradient ultracentrifugation step removed lipoproteins of lower density from the VHDL-fraction, which partially separated from the nonlipoproteins present in the infranatant. A complete separation was achieved by a second centrifugation step employing a modified gradient system. The use of a vertical rotor and specially designed discontinuous gradients allows a relatively fast, efficient, and economical isolation of the class of very high density lipoproteins. Similar gradient systems should be useful for the detection and purification of VHDLs from other sources.
Properties of atoms in molecules. The position of the center of electronic charge of an atom in a molecule

Abstract The positions of the effective centers of electronic charge have been calculated for the atoms in a group of homonuclear diatomic molecules. For all of the molecules studied except Li 2 , these centers of charge were found to be outside the internuclear region.
Eliciting subjective probability distributions on continuous variables

Abstract Five procedures for assessing subjective probability distributions over continuous variables were compared using almanac questions as stimuli. The procedures varied on the uncertainty measures used (probabilities, odds, and odds on a logarithmic scale) and the type of response required from the subjects (uncertainty measure or value of the unknown quantity). The results showed the often used fractile procedures were inferior to procedures requiring probabilities or odds as the response from subjects. The results are also discussed in terms of the “anchoring and adjustment” hypothesis.
Ethical and Legal Issues in Enhancement Research on Human Subjects

The United States, along with other nations and international organizations, has developed an elaborate system of ethical norms and legal rules to govern biomedical research using human subjects. These policies govern research that might provide direct health benefits to participants and research in which there is no prospect for participant health benefits. There has been little discussion, however, about how well these rules would apply to research designed to improve participants’ capabilities or characteristics beyond the goal of good health. When mentioned at all in the literature, this so-called enhancement research, as opposed to research aimed at diagnosing, preventing, curing, or treating illnesses or medical conditions, is usually dismissed without explanation.
Arnolt Bronnen's Vatermord and the German Youth of 1922

As scholars investigating historical audiences, we are always searching for that magic moment when the theatre critic shifts in his seat, notices the people around him and finds them interesting enough to write down his observations. When such a moment occurs, we are given the rare opportunity to witness a spectatorial presence and spectatorial response not usually represented by theatre reviews. One such magic moment occurred on April 22, 1922, in Frankfurt, Germany at the premiere of Arnolt Bronnen's play Vatermord (Patricide). Carl Zuckmayer, a fellow playwright, drew his eyes away from the expressionist play before him and lifted them to the gallery. He recorded his experience in his review for Die Neue Schaubuhne:
Open Source for Enterprise Geographic Information Systems

Enterprises can benefit from an open source geographic information system architecture, but understanding the nature of GIS data and the functions of each open source component is crucial to implementation success.
Crystallographic and dielectric properties of the Pb2(MgW)O6-La1.33(MgW)O6 solid solutions

Abstract A continuous series of solid solutions was found to form with a perovskite structure in the given system. At room temperature the unit cells were cubic in the 1–65 mol% La 1.33 (MgW)O 6 region and pseudotetragonally distorted in the 75–100 mol% La 1.33 (MgW)O 6 region. In the latter region, an ordering of A-site vacancies was found to occur along alternate c-planes. The Curie temperature decreased rapidly with increasing La 1.33 (MgW)O 6 content up to 10 mol%.
Organo-f-element-based heterogeneous catalysts. Kinetics and mechanism of olefin hydrogenation by supported pentamethylcyclopentadienyl actinide complexes

This contribution reports a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study of heterogeneous olefin hydrogenation by Cp{prime}{sub 2}Th(CH{sub 3}){sub 2} (Cp{prime} = {eta}{sup 5}-(CH{sub 3}){sub 5}C{sub 5}) adsorbed on dehydroxylated alumina (DA). For both propylene and isobutylene, the kinetics can be accommodated by a two-step sequence: (i) olefin insertion into Th-H (rate constant {nu}{sub 2}); (ii) hydrogenolysis of the resulting Th-alkyl bond (rate constant {nu}{sub 3}). Kinetic data can be fit to the rate law N{sub t} (turnover frequency) = {nu}{sub 2}{nu}{sub 2}P{sub H{sub 2}}/({nu}{sub 2} + {nu}{sub 3}P{sub H{sub 2}}), where the reaction is zero-order in olefin and where {nu}{sub 2}/{nu}{sub 3} = 0.55 bar{sup {minus}1} ({minus}63{degree}C) and 0.47 bar{sup {minus}1} ({degree}C) for propylene and isobutylene, respectively. Kinetic isotope measurements indicate N{sub t}(H{sub 2})/N{sub t}(D{sub 2}) = 1.5(1) for propylene hydrogenation at {minus}63{degree}C and 2.0(2) for isobutylene hydrogenation at 0{degree}C. In reaction with D{sub 2}, propylene yields exclusively 1,2-propane-d{sub 2}. Arrhenius activation energies for catalytic hydrogenation are 3.6(2) kcal mol{sup {minus}1} (propylene, {minus}63 to {minus}23{degree}C) and 5.3(2) kcal mol{sup {minus}1} (isobutylene, {minus}23 to +64{degree}C); for isobutylene, it could be determined that the activation enthalpies for olefin insertion and alkyl hydrogenolysis are comparable (6.2(10) and 4.2(1) kcal mol{sup {minus}1}, respectively).
Abstract 1948: Shared and distinct microRNA-expression alterations in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers vs. nonsmokers.

Rationale: While lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is predominantly associated with the exposure to tobacco smoke, 10-15% of cases arise in never smokers. Small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) often act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate gene expression during disease, and may provide the critical insight needed to address the clinical and molecular disparities consistently observed in ADC of smokers and never smokers. We therefore sought to characterize the similarities and differences in the tumor-associated miRNA transcriptome between lung tumors from active, former, and never smokers. Methods: Total RNA was isolated from paired lung adenocarcinomas (purity ≥ 70%) and adjacent-normal lung tissues resected from 32 subjects with varied smoking statuses (n=8 active; n=11 former; n=13 never). Subjects were matched for gender and age. Small RNA libraries were generated and multiplexed 7-8 per lane for sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2000. Through a custom miRNA sequencing analysis pipeline, reads were trimmed, size-selected, and mapped to hg19 using Bowtie. Counts per mature miRNA from aligned reads were computed using Bedtools and a list of genomic features retrieved from miRBase v17. Differential expression analysis was conducted using a likelihood ratio test between two linear models: one adjusting for tumor and smoking status, another with an additional interaction term. Results: Small RNA sequencing generated an average of 10 million high quality miRNA reads per sample. Among the 1906 mature miRNAs examined, 554 miRNAs had at least an average of 20 counts across all samples. We identified 97 miRNAs (q Conclusions: Using small RNA sequencing, we have identified miRNAs that are markedly dysregulated in primary lung ADC tissues as compared to their histologically normal, adjacent counterparts. Subsets of these profiles are both shared and distinct between lung cancer cases that arise in smokers and nonsmokers. The ongoing integration of miRNA and large RNA sequencing data generated from these samples will inform our understanding of mechanisms that are specific to carcinogenesis in the presence or absence of tobacco smoke exposure. These results may yield novel targeted therapies for smoking or nonsmoking-specific ADC subtypes. Citation Format: Teresa Wang, Joshua Campbell, Rebecca Kusko, Lingqi Luo, Carmen Tellez, Gang Liu, Ji Xiao, Marc Lenburg, Steven Belinsky, Avrum Spira. Shared and distinct microRNA-expression alterations in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers vs. nonsmokers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1948. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1948
Mismatch repair proteins, meiosis, and mice: understanding the complexities of mammalian meiosis

Mammalian meiosis differs from that seen in lower eukaryotes in several respects, not least of which is the added complexity of dealing with chromosomal interactions across a much larger genome (12 MB over 16 chromosome pairs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to 2500 MB over 19 autosome pairs in Mus musculus). Thus, the recombination machinery, while being highly conserved through eukaryotes, has evolved to accommodate such issues to preserve genome integrity and to ensure propagation of the species. One group of highly conserved meiotic regulators is the DNA mismatch repair protein family that, as their name implies, were first identified as proteins that act to repair DNA mismatches that arise primarily during DNA replication. Their function in ensuring chromosomal integrity has also translated into a critical role for this family in meiotic recombination in most sexually reproducing organisms. In mice, targeted deletion of certain family members results in severe consequences for meiotic progression and infertility. This review will focus on the studies involving these mutant mouse models, with occasional comparison to the function of these proteins in other organisms.