cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Race, Child Race, Racial Congruence, and Teacher Ratings of Children's School Adjustment.

Abstract This study examined the effects of teacher race, pupil race, and teacher–child racial congruence on teacher ratings of the school adjustment of 445 kindergarten through fifth-grade children from 70 classrooms in 24 racially mixed urban schools. Most classrooms yielded 8 child participants: 4 African American and 4 White, with 2 boys and 2 girls per group. The two race groups were closely matched by school, grade level, teacher, and socioeconomic status. Ratings were provided by 26 African American and 44 White teachers, matched by age and years of experience. African American children were judged by both African American and White teachers to have more serious school adjustment problems, fewer competencies, more stereotypically negative qualities, and poorer future educational prognoses than White children. The relation between stereotypic teacher views and other adjustment indicators was consistently higher for African American children than for White children. African American teachers, compared to White teachers, rated all children as having more competencies and fewer problems, and had more positive academic expectations for all children. No significant teacher race × student race interactions were found.
PPARγ Activation Prevents Hypertensive Remodeling of Cerebral Arteries and Improves Vascular Function in Female Rats

Background and Purpose— Previous studies have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed in vascular cells, is protective of the vasculature. We hypothesized that activation of PPARγ could prevent hypertensive remodeling of cerebral arteries and improve vascular function. Methods— Ten female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) for 5 weeks, 8 were treated with l-NAME plus the PPARγ activator rosiglitazone, and 8 received no treatment and served as controls. Blood pressure, myogenic activity, passive diameters and wall thickness of cerebral arteries, and brain capillary density were compared between the groups. Results— Treatment with l-NAME caused an increase in arterial blood pressure that was sustained with rosiglitazone treatment. l-NAME also caused inward hypertrophic remodeling and enhanced myogenic reactivity of cerebral arteries that was reversed by ...
Fault stability inferred from granite sliding experiments at hydrothermal conditions

Seismicity on crustal faults is concentrated in the depth interval 1–3 to 12–15km. Tse and Rice (1986) suggested that the lower bound on seismicity is due to a switch with increasing temperature from velocity weakening (destabilizing) to velocity strengthening (stabilizing) friction. They inferred this transition from friction data for dry granite; however, pore fluids exist at elevated temperatures throughout the crust, and may strongly influence strength and sliding behavior. We present new data from sliding experiments on granite at elevated T (23° to 600°) plus elevated PH2O (100 MPa), Our results show velocity strengthening at room temperature, but velocity weakening from 100° to 350°C (except at 250°). From 350° to 600° there are systematic trends from velocity weakening to strong velocity strengthening, and from high to low friction; neither trend was seen in tests on dry granite. The velocity dependence data imply the potential for unstable slip in the interval 100° to 350°. Using a geotherm to map temperature to depth, this interval closely matches the observed earthquake distribution.
Stabilization of Au quantum point contacts by self-assembled monolayers

We examine conductance phenomenon for Au quantum point contacts (QPC) formed using a crossed-wire geometry experimental set-up. When one of the wires is coated with a self-assembled monolayer of an alkanethiol, we find that a conductance plateau indicative of a QPC can be stable for tens of seconds, exceeding typical periods of stability by several orders of magnitude. This extended stability is attributed to the inhibition of the diffusion of Au atoms away from the contact area by the presence of the self-assembled monolayer.
Design Considerations for DOI-encoding PET Detectors Using Phosphor-Coated Crystals

Driven by a need for high and uniform spatial resolution, as well as depth correction to improve time-of-flight PET, the design of PET detectors with depth-of-interaction (DOI) information is of great interest. To combine the advantages of continuous DOI information with a single-ended readout of the crystal, we have proposed a solution based on the use of phosphor-coated crystals. Here we build on our initial work to optimize the coating process and detector design, thus taking a significant step towards making this approach practical. We implemented a new method to coat 20 mm-long unpolished LSO crystals with a mixture of YAG phosphor powder and UV-curable optical cement that provides accurate, robust, and reproducible coatings. Using this new coating process, critical parameters such as coating thickness, coating shape, and crystal size were studied. The performance of different coating configurations was evaluated by recording pulses at different irradiation depths and extracting the decay time of individual pulses. The delayed charge integration method was used to characterize the pulses acquired at various DOI. The coating thickness was decreased from 250 μm (previous work) to 50 μm with minimal degradation in performance. 100 μm-thick coating provided the best trade-off between performance and additional volume around the crystal, which will be important to build crystal arrays with high packing fraction. Additionally, varying the coating length on the different crystal faces allowed for better DOI encoding along the crystal length, when compared to previous coating configurations. Crystal face sizes ranging from 2 mm × 2 mm to 5 mm × 5 mm were studied; best performance was obtained with the 2 mm × 2 mm crystals.
Stochastic Dynamic System Suboptimal Control with Uncertain Parameters

The control of a linear system with random coefficients is studied here. The cost function is of a quadratic form and the random coefficients are assumed to be partially observable by the controller. By means of the stochastic Bellman equation, the optimal control of stochastic dynamic models with partially observable coefficients is derived. The optimal control is shown to be a linear function of the observable states and a nonlinear function of random parameters. The theory is applied to an optimal control design of an aircraft landing in wind gust.
Abstract 1816: Blocking synthesis of oncogenic proteins in breast tumor cells through pharmacologic inhibition of the IRES

Many genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and survival, i.e. those most important to cancer biology, are now known to be regulated specifically at the translational (RNA to protein) level. An intriguing translation-regulatory element is the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which provides a mechanism by which oncogene-associated mRNAs can be translated independently of the global controls on protein synthesis. Tumor cells may rely on IRES-mediated translation of key oncogenic proteins to promote their own survival and proliferation under adverse conditions or exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy. We have previously shown that the mRNA for type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) contains an IRES immediately upstream of the initiation codon. We have characterized the RNA-binding proteins that regulate the IRES, and elucidated the mechanism by which the IRES recruits the 40S ribosome. We have accumulated evidence that IGF1R IRES activity may be aberrantly upregulated in human breast cancer cells and tissues. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that IRES-mediated translation of key oncogenic proteins could be a rational target in cancer therapeutics with pharmacologic potential. Using T47D breast cancer cells genetically engineered to produce firefly luciferace under control of the IGF1R IRES, and a similar construct from which the IRES has been deleted as a control, a high throughput screen of 135000 compounds was performed. Four promising lead compounds with distinct chemical scaffolds have been identified and further validated in dose response titrations. Their specificity in blocking IRES-mediated translation was shown in reticulocyte lysates using a bicistronic construct containing the IGF1R IRES. The compounds inhibited de novo synthesis of IGF1R in T47D and SUM159 breast cancer cells with an IC50 on Western blots between Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1816. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1816
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for the formation of constitutive transport vesicles from the TGN.

An 85-kD cytosolic complex (p62cplx), consisting of a 62-kD phosphoprotein (p62) and a 25-kD GTPase, has been shown to be essential for the cell-free reconstitution of polymeric IgA receptor (pIgA-R)-containing exocytic transport vesicle formation from the TGN (Jones, S.M., J.R. Crosby, J. Salamero, and K.E. Howell. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 122:775–788). Here the p62cplx is identified as a regulatory subunit of a novel phosphatidylinositol 3–kinase (PI3-kinase). This p62cplx-associated PI3-kinase activity is stimulated by activation of the p62cplx-associated GTPase, and is specific for phosphatidylinositol (PI) as substrate, and is sensitive to wortmannin at micromolar concentrations. The direct role of this p62cplx-associated PI3-kinase activity in TGN-derived vesicle formation is indicated by the finding that both lipid kinase activity and the formation of pIgA-R–containing exocytic vesicles from the TGN are inhibited by wortmannin with similar dose-response curves and 50% inhibitory concentrations (3.5 μM). These findings indicate that phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI[3]P) is required for the formation of TGN-derived exocytic transport vesicles, and that the p62cplx-associated PI3-kinase and an activated GTPase are the essential molecules that drive production of this PI(3)P.
Whole Brain Radiation-Induced Impairments in Learning and Memory Are Time-Sensitive and Reversible by Systemic Hypoxia

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is commonly used for treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors; however, cognitive impairment occurs in 40–50% of brain tumor survivors. The etiology of the cognitive impairment following WBRT remains elusive. We recently reported that radiation-induced cerebrovascular rarefaction within hippocampal subregions could be completely reversed by systemic hypoxia. However, the effects of this intervention on learning and memory have not been reported. In this study, we assessed the time-course for WBRT-induced impairments in contextual and spatial learning and the capacity of systemic hypoxia to reverse WBRT-induced deficits in spatial memory. A clinical fractionated series of 4.5Gy WBRT was administered to mice twice weekly for 4 weeks, and after various periods of recovery, behavioral analyses were performed. To study the effects of systemic hypoxia, mice were subjected to 11% (hypoxia) or 21% oxygen (normoxia) for 28 days, initiated 1 month after the completion of WBRT. Our results indicate that WBRT induces a transient deficit in contextual learning, disruption of working memory, and progressive impairment of spatial learning. Additionally, systemic hypoxia completely reversed WBRT-induced impairments in learning and these behavioral effects as well as increased vessel density persisted for at least 2 months following hypoxia treatment. Our results provide critical support for the hypothesis that cerebrovascular rarefaction is a key component of cognitive impairment post-WBRT and indicate that processes of learning and memory, once thought to be permanently impaired after WBRT, can be restored.
CONTROL SEGMENT AND USER PERFORMANCE

The concept validation phase (Phase I) of the Navstar GPS program will evaluate the performance of User receiving equipment and the Control Segment. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Control Segment supports the User test program, and how Control Segment prediction errors in satellite ephemerides and atomic frequency standard behavior are propagated into User error. A summary of projected performance is also presented based on simulation results.
Tropical sprue in American servicemen following return from Vietnam

Moderately severe tropical sprue was diagnosed in two American servicemen, 15 and 19 months after return from Vietman. Intestinal parasites, were not demonstrated, and clinical, laboratory, and jejunal histological abnormalities returned to normal following treatment with tetracycline and folic acid in one patient and folic acid alone in the other. Neither patient was anemic, although one had hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes and both had macrocytosis and megaloblastic bone marrows. In each of these patients, diagnosis was delayed because of the failure to consider tropical sprue in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea and weight loss. The findings in these patients indicate that individuals from nonendemic areas who reside in Vietnam are at risk of developing overt tropical sprue.
A GEM hard thresholding method for reconstructing sparse signals from quantized noisy measurements

We develop a generalized expectation-maximization (GEM) algorithm for sparse signal reconstruction from quantized noisy measurements. The measurements follow an underdetermined linear model with sparse regression coefficients, corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise having unknown variance. These measurements are quantized into bins and only the bin indices are used for reconstruction. We treat the unquantized measurements as the missing data and propose a GEM iteration that aims at maximizing the likelihood function with respect to the unknown parameters. Under certain mild conditions, our GEM iteration converges monotonically to its fixed point. We compare the proposed scheme with the state-of-the-art convex relaxation method for quantized compressed sensing via numerical simulations.
URM Walls Strengthened with Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composite Subjected to Diagonal Compression

AbstractUnreinforced masonry (URM) walls have been constructed for the past millennia and are still widely used today. URM walls have proven to have low shear strength and are prone to brittle failure when subjected to in-plane loads caused by earthquake or wind. Retrofitting URM walls is accomplished internally and externally using current techniques, such as placing steel bars in the cavities and grouting, posttensioning with steel tendons, stitching, and adhering fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) to increase capacity and enhance pseudoductility. In this study, a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) system is applied to URM walls to determine its feasibility as an alternative external strengthening technology. The experimental program consists of testing a total of nine clay brick walls under diagonal compression. Two FRCM strengthening reinforcement schemes are applied, namely, one and four reinforcement fabrics. An analytical model is used to calculate the shear capacity of strengthened URM wall...
Direct borohydride oxidation: mechanism determination and design of alloy catalysts guided by density functional theory

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) convert an aqueous soluble, high specific energy density borohydride fuel directly to electrical energy. The lack of effective anode electrocatalysts for the anodic oxidation of borohydride limits the efficiency and power density attainable in these devices. The complexity of the eight electron reaction makes experimental determination of the reaction mechanism extremely challenging, thereby hampering the development of a rationale for optimizing catalyst composition. Computational quantum mechanical methods provide a unique tool for evaluating elementary step reaction kinetics in this system, and can be applied to guide a rational catalyst design procedure. In this perspective, we review the experimental literature on borohydride oxidation catalysis and discuss the usefulness of quantum mechanical methods towards electrode design. Mechanistic insights provided by these computational methods are discussed as well as the prospects of applying a computationally guided design procedure towards developing novel catalyst compositions.
Theory of emotional stress and mental illness

A theoretical study of emotion in human beings yields results which are potentially useful in a practical way. Two variables are used—the total amount of healthy emotionr and the total amount of emotional stresss. A stabilizing factor in the value ofr is the interrelationship between it ands. Differential equations forr ands are readily solved simultaneously with the use of the Laplace transform. Onset of emotional illness is signaled in a feasible way by development of a relationship between the parameters which causess to increase indefinitely with the passage of time. Among the potentially useful conclusions which arise from this relationship is that the presence of psychosomatic disease protects against emotional illness.
Analysis of quadrupole focusing lattices for electron beam transport in traveling-wave tubes

Analysis of a quadrupole focusing lattice for high-frequency TWT's is presented. Single particle tracking is performed to determine the phase advance, with the eventual goal of determining the advantageous frequency regime for devices using this focusing method. This work is motivated by recent work which demonstrated an advantageous case for strong focusing employing a Halbach quadrupole lattice.
Ultra-compact silicon photonic devices reconfigured by an optically induced semiconductor-to-metal transition.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a promising reconfigurable optical material and has long been a focus of condensed matter research owing to its distinctive semiconductor-to-metal phase transition (SMT), a feature that has stimulated recent development of thermally reconfigurable photonic, plasmonic, and metamaterial structures. Here, we integrate VO2 onto silicon photonic devices and demonstrate all-optical switching and reconfiguration of ultra-compact broadband Si-VO2 absorption modulators (L 100 GHz). All-optical integrated Si-VO2 devices thus constitute platforms for reconfigurable photonics, bringing new opportunities to realize dynamic on-chip networks and ultrafast optical shutters and modulators.
Classical model studies of polyatomic direct photofragmentation

Abstract The classical trajectory method has been used to investigate product energy partitionings in model collinear, rotationless triatomic systems undergoing direct photofragmentation. The treatment utilizes a “half-collision” approximation. Photon excitation (to an electronically excited state) is accomplished by a vertical Franck transition and excited state trajectory initial conditions are specified by either the Wigner or the classical (300 K) distribution function. Comparison with results from previous quantum mechanical studies on the same systems indicates that the trajectory approach is at least partially successful in describing energy partitioning following direct photofragmentation.
Model system for the study of uterine/trophoblast interactions in the mare

Summary A culture system designed to examine events associated with maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare was developed using trophoblastic vesicles and monolayers of uterine epithelial cells. Equine uterine epithelial cells were harvested from endometrial biopsy tissue obtained from pregnant and nonpregnant mares and a homogenous population of luminal and glandular epithelial cells was isolated by mechanical/enzymatic dissociation. To create polarized monolayers of uterine epithelial cells, isolated cells were plated on extracellular matrix-coated culture inserts. Polarity of the confluent monolayer two weeks after plating was demonstrated by ultrastructural analysis showing apical microvilli, tight junctions and desmosomes in the apico-lateral membranes of the cultured cells. Trophoblastic vesicles were generated for use in co-culture with the uterine cells and for the development of monolayers of trophectodermal cells. Functional studies using a fluorescence (carboxyfluorescein) recovery after photobleaching assay (gap FRAP) evaluated the degree of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between monolayers of uterine cells. Endometrial cells isolated from mares either during pregnancy or diestrus were capable of cell-cell communication. Gap-junction mediated inter-cellular communication was also detected between trophectodermal cells in culture. The determination of the extent of cell-cell communication as well as the identification of specific signal pathways within endometrial cells can be monitored using the model in an effort to identify signalling events important to equine embryo recognition. The model may also have valuable potential as a research tool for the study of prostaglandin synthesis and protein synthesis during early pregnancy in the mare.
Determining rainfall intensity and type from GOES imagery in the midlatitudes

Abstract Although a useful estimate of the areal extent of precipitation from visible and infrared satellite data can be made, the extraction of rainfall rates is still a problem. Earlier work by the author suggested that little, if any, correlation exists between rainfall rate and brightness or cloud top temperature individually. The results of this work indicate that by employing pattern matching techniques it may be possible to objectively define a satellite delineated rain area in terms of light-moderate and moderate heavy. Further, convective and nonconvective precipitation areas can be separated.
An NSF funded research experience for undergraduates: intelligent systems

Concerns about the decline in computer science enrollments have appeared not only in computing publications but also in the mass media. Reasons for diminished interest in technology-oriented careers are many and complex. Proposed solutions for expanding the population of scientists and engineers are few and largely untested. One solution, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, is the involvement of undergraduates in a research experience with the hope that the experience will reinforce their career decision and encourage them to go on to graduate study. This paper describes an undegraduate research experience conducted at The American University, the nature of the students' involvement, and he affects of their experiences on their career goals.
Unfinished Business: Reflections on the Scope of Comparative Politics

The transformation of comparative politics in the postwar period began with concerns about the scope and method of the field: what it covers and how theory may be constructed in it. This article re...
ICP-MS determination of lead isotope ratios in legal and counterfeit cigarette tobacco samples

A method for the determination of Pb isotope ratios (IR) in cigarette tobacco by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) has been developed and applied to tobacco samples from genuine and counterfeit cigarettes obtained in the USA. The IR 207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb were measured using a Q-ICP-MS instrument. Two certified reference materials, grown in the USA and Bulgaria, were also analysed for comparison with the tobacco samples, as were tobacco samples from cigarettes obtained in Pakistan and China. The precision of the results was sufficient to distinguish between the counterfeit and genuine USA cigarettes. All of the genuine cigarettes and both reference materials, grown in different regions, were statistically distinct based on the measured ratios. The counterfeit cigarettes were indistinguishable from the reference material grown in Bulgaria. The technique shows promise as a method for identifying counterfeit cigarettes, possibly det...
Masque ecchymotique. Specific or nonspecific indicator for abuse

An unusual case of nonfatal asphyxia related to child abuse is presented. The clinical presentation and the investigation findings are discussed. Language: en
A Comparison Theorem for the First Non-zero Steklov Eigenvalue☆

Abstract Let ( M n , g ) be a complete Riemannian manifold. Let p ∈ M and B r ( p ) be a geodesic ball of radius r with center at p . Assuming that r is smaller than the injectivity radius at p and an upper bound in the radial curvature we show a comparison principle for the first non-zero Steklov eigenvalue of B r ( p ). We give an example that shows that the hypothesis in the injectivity radius is necessary.
Nurse Practitioners: Reevaluation of the Need for and Willingness to Hire by Nurse Administrators, Nurse Practitioners, and Physicians

A survey of all nurse administrators and advanced practice nurses and a simple random sample survey of licensed physicians in Nevada were completed to reevaluate the perceived need for and willingness to hire nurse practitioners (NPs). The reevaluation was deemed necessary based on a similar survey that was completed by these authors in 1990. At that time significant questions were raised concerning the lack of understanding of the role of NPs in and their contribution to the health care team. The results of the study clearly indicate that the unique contributions of the NP to the health care team should be further publicized and clarified. In addition, for some physicians, a significant disparity continues to exist between the optimal, collaborative role and the more readily accepted dependent role of the NP. The family NP (FNP) continues to be the most desired specialty for those who hire NPs.
Risk assessment in winter backcountry travel.

Objective Risk assessment is an important part of safe backcountry travel in avalanche terrain. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the ability of backcountry travelers to accurately estimate the avalanche danger for their destination and time of travel. Methods We surveyed 353 winter backcountry users, asking them to rate the avalanche danger for their destination that day. We then compared this estimation to the Utah Avalanche Center daily advisory for that specific location, aspect, and elevation. Tendency to underestimate the avalanche danger was then compared across 6 different sports (backcountry skiing, backcountry snowboarding, snowshoeing, snowmobiling, out-of-bounds skiing, and out-of-bounds snowboarding) as well as across age, gender, and subject participation in an avalanche safety course. Results A comparison across different sports, adjusted for age and gender, showed that snowshoers were 7.11 times more likely than skiers to underestimate the avalanche danger (95% CI, 2.95, 17.11). This difference was maintained after adjusting for past education in an avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 5.74; 95% CI, 2.28, 14.46). Snowmobilers were also significantly more likely to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to skiers (odds ratio, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.12, 8.24), but these differences ceased to be significant when the data were adjusted for avalanche safety course (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.84, 6.74). While there was a trend for women and older age groups to underestimate the avalanche danger when compared to men, these trends were not significant. Conclusions Snowshoers and snowmobilers are groups that tend to underestimate avalanche danger when traveling in the backcountry. These groups may be unknowingly assuming a higher risk and should be targeted for avalanche education and awareness.
Removing perchlorate from samples to facilitate organics detection by pyrolitic methods

Abstract Thermal volatilization or pyrolysis of solid samples followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TV–GC–MS) or other downstream analyses has proven robustness and has been adopted for the extraction of organic compounds for their detection in planetary lander science missions (e.g., Viking Lander GC–MS, Phoenix TEGA, MSL SAM, and the future ExoMars MOMA). Pyrolysis to extract organic compounds from soil has limitations when oxidants co-occur in the analyzed sample unless the desired end product is CO2. Pyrolysis of such soils may result in oxidation of organics to CO2 during heating, and thus make organics characterization difficult, if not impossible. Analytical investigations seeking to identify organics in martian soils containing oxidants could benefit from the deployment of technologies that remove known and putative oxidants prior to thermal volatilization. We conducted a series of experiments in order to determine if a polymeric anion exchange resin, commonly used for removing the perchlorate anion from contaminated municipal water supplies, could sustain its substantial perchlorate removal capability while keeping organic compounds intact for downstream detection. We demonstrated that this resin can strongly bind perchlorate from aqueous solution while simultaneously leaving amino acids substantially unaltered. The perchlorate-binding resin could be easily adopted as a pre-treatment for martian soil extracts to create analytical systems with improved organics characterization capabilities compatible with existing TV–GC–MS systems. We propose this strategy to aid detection and characterization of putative martian organics co-situated with perchlorate at sampling sites.
Effect of Food Availability on the Physiological Responses to Water Deprivation in Ponies

Six ponies were deprived of drinking water and food and compared over 24 hours with nondeprived ponies, ponies deprived of water but with food available, and ponies deprived of food but with water available. When food was eaten during water deprivation, plasma osmolality rose 4% from 284 mOsm/kg to 295 mOsm/kg. During water and food deprivation, plasma osmolality failed to rise, even over 24 hours, and usually fell. Packed cell volume was higher when food but not water was available. Food and/or water deprivation had no significant effect on plasma protein concentration. When food was available, the ponies drank three times more water (13.1 ± 2.1 kg) than when water but not food was available (3.5 ± 1.4 kg). Blood volume changes were calculated from packed cell volume and plasma protein data, and it was found that blood volume did not change significantly with deprivation. Urine volume did not vary with deprivation, but free water clearance changed significantly, falling when food but not water was available. Under these conditions, blood volume is maintained, but the mechanisms are not clear. When deprived of both drinking water and food, ponies failed to develop the hyperosmolality expected under these conditions. Water deprivation while food is available is a more powerful challenge to water and electrolyte homeostasis than deprivation of both food and water.
Keep testing the waters: Fanniff and Letourneau reply.

Hecker raises a number of important considerations in interpreting the review of literature and empirical research presented in Fanniff and Letourneau’s article “Another Piece of the Puzzle: Psycho...
Alternative Function to Represent Relaxation Modulus of Viscoelastic Materials

The generalized Maxwell model has been widely adopted for the prediction of relaxation modulus of viscoelastic materials, specifically asphalt materials. For practical reasons, relaxation modulus is rarely measured; instead it is predicted from creep compliance tests. In reality, the generalized Maxwell model is an approximate approach to simplify the process of inverting the Laplace transform of the Prony series function such that the computation process of obtaining relaxation modulus from creep compliance can become less complex. An alternative function can be derived to directly invert the Laplace transform of the Prony series function and predict relaxation moduli of viscoelastic materials. This paper presents a computation procedure on the basis of an alternative function that can be used to predict relaxation moduli of viscoelastic materials. The proposed model is capable of inverting the Laplace transform of the Prony series function and predicting the relaxation moduli of viscoelastic materials w...
Ethical and Intellectual Property Concerns in a Multicultural Global Economy

Enormous and dramatically swift changes in Information Technology (IT) and Information Systems (IS) have created a global economy on an unprecedented scale, one that is perhaps much more pervasive than many had previously anticipated. The speed of this change has caught many companies as well as IT professionals by surprise. Many companies have had to undergo rapid restructuring to face new challenges and to take advantage of new opportunities, while IT professionals have had to concern themselves with a wide variety of hitherto unfamiliar concerns and issues, including those involving culture, ethics, intellectual property, and computer crime.
A practical spanning tree based MANET routing algorithm

We present a new and practical spanning tree based routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The algorithm, named LCMRMGCS, extends and significantly enhances the LCMRMG MANET routing algorithm previously proposed in W. Peng et al., (2003). Hosts in a LCMRMGCS MANET form non-overlapping trees. Our simulation results show that LCMRMGCS consistently outperforms LCMRMG in both maintenance cost and delivery ratio.
Faraday Consults the Scholars: The Origin of the Terms of Electrochemistry

The origins of the terms of electrochemistry—electrode, electrolyte, electrolysis, anode, cathode, ion, anion, cation—are so fully documented that their story could well become the classic example of how new scientific words are invented and brought into circulation. The story tells the extraordinary pains taken by a great scientist to secure the precision of his description of facts by defining new words with explicit denotations, as well as of his respect for philological accuracy and euphony. The story is certain to benefit others who meet the same necessity for coining new terms; it has also, of course, a wider utility and interest as a footnote to the history of science.
Method and Psychological Effects on Learning Behaviors and Knowledge Creation in Quality Improvement Projects

This study investigates two mechanisms of knowledge creation---one that is method driven and the other that is psychologically driven. Results show that the two mechanisms have different effects on the learning behaviors and knowledge created in Six Sigma projects. The method mechanism directly influences learning behaviors, while the psychological mechanism directly affects knowledge creation. The effects of both mechanisms on knowledge creation are complementary, yet independent. Findings suggest that the value of adhering to a method may lie in modifying the learning behaviors that subsequently create knowledge. When a firm adopts a quality program such as Six Sigma, the method and the degree of its adherence can shape how the firm innovates and creates knowledge.
Dreissenid Mussels from the Great Lakes Contain Elevated Thiaminase Activity

ABSTRACT We examined thiaminase activity in dreissenid mussels collected at different depths and seasons, and from various locations in Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Huron. Here we present evidence that two dreissenid mussel species (Dreissena bugensis and D. polymorpha) contain thiaminase activity that is 5–100 fold greater than observed in Great Lakes fishes. Thiaminase activity in zebra mussels ranged from 10,600 to 47,900 pmol g-1·min-1 and activities in quagga mussels ranged from 19,500 to 223,800 pmol g-1 ·min-1. Activity in the mussels was greatest in spring, less in summer, and least in fall. Additionally, we observed greater thiaminase activity in dreissenid mussels collected at shallow depths compared to mussels collected at deeper depths. Dreissenids constitute a significant and previously unknown pool of thiaminase in the Great Lakes food web compared to other known sources of this thiamine (vitamin B1)-degrading enzyme. Thiaminase in forage fish of the Great Lakes has been causally linked to t...
Water retention and aquaporins in heart failure, liver disease and pregnancy

Water retention in excess of total body sodium frequently occurs in patients with cardiac failure or cirrhosis and in pregnancy. In fact, hyponatraemia signifies a poor prognosis in cardiac failure and cirrhosis1,2. The mechanism for this hyponatraemia, however, has not been well defined. In the era when the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) bioassay was performed in ethanol-anaesthetized rats, consistent alterations in ADH could not be demonstrated in hyponatraemic patients with cirrhosis or heart failure. Therefore it was suggested that intrarenal, non-ADH-dependent, mechanisms accounted for the water retention in these oedematous disorders. Another dilemma in understanding fluid balance in cardiac failure, cirrhosis and pregnancy relates to defining the afferent signals that could stimulate AVP release with resultant water retention. Expanded plasma volumes have been reported in all three conditions. This finding is typically associated with increased water excretion rather than water retention; thus, signals other than increased plasma volume must contribute to the water retention.
Canonical forms for multi-input/multi-output minimal systems

This paper presents an explicit discussion of the canonical forms for multi input/multi output minimal systems which are implicit in equations (13)-(20) of reference [1]. The obvious advantage of these canonical forms is that they have the fewest free parameters. This becomes computationally significant in various parameter identification procedures.
An unobtrusive behavioral model of "gross national happiness"

I analyze the use of emotion words for approximately 100 million Facebook users since September of 2007. "Gross national happiness" is operationalized as a standardized difference between the use of positive and negative words, aggregated across days, and present a graph of this metric. I begin to validate this metric by showing that positive and negative word use in status updates covaries with self-reported satisfaction with life (convergent validity), and also note that the graph shows peaks and valleys on days that are culturally and emotionally significant (face validity). I discuss the development and computation of this metric, argue that this metric and graph serves as a representation of the overall emotional health of the nation, and discuss the importance of tracking such metrics.
HORMONAL CONTENT OF THE PHARYNGEAL PITUITARY GLAND

THAT there remains a small piece of pituitary tissue in the pharyngeal mucosa, II designated as the pharyngeal pituitary gland, has been demonstrated (1, 2). JL Melchionna and Moore (3) proved its presence in 51 out of 54 cases studied. All of these authors discussed a possible physiological function of the pharyngeal pituitary gland, but came to no definite conclusions. Haberfeld (I) reported no change in the pharyngeal pituitary of five pregnant women. Melchionna and Moore (3) observed only epithelial cells in thepharyngeal pituitary of a pregnant woman. Christeller (2) reported two cases of compression of the pituitary by tumor in which there was no compensatory hypertrophy of the pharyngeal pituitary. Indicative of possible activity are the cases of Christeller and of Melchionna and Moore in which prominent eosinophilic cells in the pharyngeal pituitary were associated with Frohlien's syndrome and with teratoma of the testis.
A Comparative Study of Major Histocompatibility Complex and Red Blood Cell Antigen Phenotypes as Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women

Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) are a significant health problem for many women, and host characteristics that increase susceptibility are not completely defined. This study evaluated data from 99 patients to examine further the question of a possible association between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or red blood cell (RBC) antigen phenotype and predisposition to RUTIs. MHC class I and II, ABO, and Lewis RBC phenotypes were determined serologically. The MHC class II phenotypes of 55 subjects were also determined by DNA polymerase chain reaction techniques. There were no significant differences in the proportions of HLA-A or -B antigen types between patients and controls, nor in the frequencies of serologically or DNA-defined HLA-DR or -DQ phenotypes. Patient ABO and Lewis RBC phenotypes were not statistically different than those for controls. Thus, the overall risk for women to develop RUTIs does not appear to be associated with any single HLA, ABO, or Lewis phenotype.
Integrated Proteomic and Glycoproteomic Analyses of Prostate Cancer Cells Reveal Glycoprotein Alteration in Protein Abundance and Glycosylation

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the U.S. and worldwide, and androgen-deprivation therapy remains the principal treatment for patients. Although a majority of patients initially respond to androgen-deprivation therapy, most will eventually develop castration resistance. An increased understanding of the mechanisms that underline the pathogenesis of castration resistance is therefore needed to develop novel therapeutics. LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines are models for androgen-dependence and androgen-independence, respectively. Herein, we report the comparative analysis of these two prostate cancer cell lines using integrated global proteomics and glycoproteomics. Global proteome profiling of the cell lines using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling and two- dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) led to the quantification of 8063 proteins. To analyze the glycoproteins, glycosite-containing peptides were isolated from the same iTRAQ-labeled peptides from the cell lines using solid phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Among the 1810 unique N-linked glycosite-containing peptides from 653 identified N-glycoproteins, 176 glycoproteins were observed to be different between the two cell lines. A majority of the altered glycoproteins were also observed with changes in their global protein expression levels. However, alterations in 21 differentially expressed glycoproteins showed no change at the protein abundance level, indicating that the glycosylation site occupancy was different between the two cell lines. To determine the glycosylation heterogeneity at specific glycosylation sites, we further identified and quantified 1145 N-linked glycopeptides with attached glycans in the same iTRAQ-labeled samples. These intact glycopeptides contained 67 glycan compositions and showed increased fucosylation in PC3 cells in several of the examined glycosylation sites. The increase in fucosylation could be caused by the detected changes in enzymes belonging to the glycan biosynthesis pathways of protein fucosylation observed in our proteomic analysis. The altered protein fucosylation forms have great potential in aiding our understanding of castration resistance and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches and specific detection strategies for prostate cancer.
The rhetoric of the report from iron mountain

(1970). The rhetoric of the report from iron mountain. Speech Monographs: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 219-231.
Tunable VO2/Au hyperbolic metamaterial (Presentation Recording)

Vanadium oxide (VO2) is known to undergo a semiconductor-to-metal transition at 68°C. Therefore, it can be used as a tunable component of an active metamaterial. The lamellar metamaterial designed and studied in this work is composed of subwavelength VO2 and Au layers and is predicted to have the temperature controlled transition from the hyperbolic phase to the metallic phase. The VO2 films and VO2/Au lamellar metamaterial stacks have been fabricated and studied in the electrical conductivity as well as optical (transmission, reflection) experiments. The temperature depended changes in the absorption and transmission spectra of metamaterials and films have been observed experimentally and compared with the theory predictions.
Electronic Instabilities in Biological Information Processing

The standard thermodynamic description of enzyme catalysis in terms of a single free energy surface implies a conflict between specificity and speed. The conflict seems not to be a prominent feature of nature, however, in part due to the fact that conformational motions of the enzyme actively help the substrate dock in a precise manner relative to the active site. The conflict may be eliminated by replacing the standard single surface description by a double surface, with the enzyme-substrate complex being capable of undergoing reversible switching between the two surfaces. Reversible switching corresponds to a dissipationless exchange of potential energy between the electronic and nuclear coordinates that would be lost in the averaging processes that underlie a single surface description. Transient pairing of parallel spin electrons confined by formation of the complex is a possible mechanism, since this serves to destabilize the normal electronic ground state. The term “energy loan” is used since the energy provided by the electronic coordinates finances the nuclear conformational change, which on completion supplies the kinetic energy that re-establishes the normal electronic structure. The model allows for the dissipationless propagation of conformational changes in microtubules and other macromolecular networks, and applies to a variety of other specificity-based mechanisms that are pertinent both to cellular information processing and to molecular device design.
Uncertainty Quantification of Large-Eddy Spray Simulations

Two uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques, latin-hypercube sampling (LHS) and polynomial chaos expansion (PCE), have been used in an initial UQ study to calculate the effect of boundary condition uncertainty on Large-eddy spray simulations. Liquid and vapor penetration as well as multidimensional liquid and vapor data were used as response variables. The Morris one-at-a-time (MOAT) screening method was used to identify the most important boundary conditions. The LHS and PCE methods both predict the same level of variability in the response variables, which was much larger than the corresponding experimental uncertainty. Nested grids were used in conjunction with the PCE method to examine the effects of subsets of boundary condition variables. Numerical modeling parameters had a much larger effect on the resulting spray predictions; the uncertainty in spray penetration or multidimensional spray contours from physically derived boundary conditions was close to the uncertainty of the measurements.
‘Unwahrscheinliche Wahrscheinlichkeit’. Evidenz im 18. Jahrhundert

1724, am Ende seines Rektorats in Leiden – an einer Universitat, die zu dieser Zeit beruhmt ist fur naturwissenschaftliche Forschung und das, was man anfangt die ‘Newtonsche Philosophie’ zu nennen – halt der Mathematiker und Philosoph Willem ’s Gravesande seine Abschiedsrede: die Rede uber Evidenz (Gravesande 1774: 330-345). Das Wort Evidenz entnimmt der Rektor dem philosophischen Sinne nach den Schriften von Descartes und Pascal, Leibniz und Locke. Und er arbeitet weiter am Konzept Evidenz, das noch etwa vierzig Jahre spater die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften ihrer Preisfrage nach dem Verhaltnis zwischen mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichem und historisch-moralischem Wissen zu Grunde legt.