cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated process for measuring the physicochemical properties of drug candidates in a preclinical discovery environment

Automated log P, pKa, solubility, and chemical stability systems comprise an integrated process that provides early stage physicochemical property data to the discovery research organization. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques are used to experimentally determine pKa and log P. Solubility is determined using a quasi-equilibrium approach employing sample quantitation by flow injection analysis with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 256 nm. Chemical stability is assessed by challenging compounds with pH 2, pH 7, pH 12, and 3% hydrogen peroxide solutions overnight, and comparing the chromatographic profiles of the stability challenged solutions to that of a freshly prepared control. Validation of the log P method using a set of drug-like compounds demonstrates that the method yields log P values within ±0.5 units of literature values. The log P method is valid over the range −0.5–5.0, and the technique is compatible with acidic, neutral, and basic compounds. The pKa technique yields results within ±0.2 units of corresponding values obtained by potentiometric titration over a pKa range of 2 to 12. Solubility is reported in a 3–60 μg/mL range, and the results are generally within 20% of values measured by equilibrium solubility techniques. The current level of automation supports the measurement of the physicochemical properties of 100 compounds per week. Physicochemical property data for ∼2000 compounds have been generated to date. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 90:1164–1175, 2001
An Ecological Approach to Human-Machine Systems:

Human Factors is unlike other traditional divisions of knowledge and is more than the mere haphazard interdisciplinary collaboration between psychology and engineering. As such, it requires a uniqu...
The Distribution of Dragonfly Larvae in a South Carolina Stream: Relationships With Sediment Type, Body Size, and the Presence of Other Larvae

ABSTRACT. Dragonfly larvae were sampled in Little Creek, Greenville, SC. The distributions of five common species were described relative to sediment type, body size, and the presence of other larvae. In total, 337 quadrats (1m by 0.5 m) were sampled by kick seine. For each quadrat, the substrate was classified as sand, sand-cobble mix, cobble, coarse, or rock, and water depth and distance from bank were measured. Larvae were identified to species, and the lengths of the body, head, and metafemur were measured. Species were distributed differently across sediment types: sanddragons, Progomphus obscurus (Rambur) (Odonata: Gomphidae), were common in sand; twin-spotted spiketails, Cordulegaster maculata Selys (Odonata: Cordulegastridae), preferred a sand-cobble mix; Maine snaketails, Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard (Odonata: Gomphidae), preferred cobble and coarse sediments; fawn darners, Boyeria vinosa (Say) (Odonata: Aeshnidae), preferred coarse sediments; and Eastern least clubtails, Stylogomphus albistylu...
Stages of family therapy: A developmental model

While it is not possible to assert that all family treatment follows a universal and sequential pattern, commonalities can be ascertained which can help the therapist maintain objectivity and provide direction for himself and the family. Four major stages are outlined, each with several substages: 1) the preparation stage—mutual acceptance, definition of the problem, formulation of goals; 2) the transition stage—beginning actualization, crisis, reformulation and acceptance; 3) the consolidation stage—investment in the therapeutic work, working through alternatives; 4) the terminal stage—introduction to termination, defining the duration and format of the ending. Universal issues are identified, tasks for the therapist are outlined and common problems are described.
Geostrategic Interest and Democracy Promotion: Evidence from Post-Soviet Space

To become successful, the American policy of promoting democracy abroad needs to be scaled down and decoupled from geopolitics. In the post-Soviet world, the democracy–geopolitics doublespeak breeds cynicism and achieves mixed results at best. Particularly discouraging are the outcomes of democracy promotion in the so-called cleft countries, straddled by a cultural divide. In Ukraine, American foreign policy achieved some success at the price of intensifying inter-regional antagonisms, which subsequently compromised and offset the progress that had been achieved in democratic forms of governance. In Belarus, democracy promotion failed altogether because inter-regional antagonisms in that country are too modest and are therefore difficult to leverage.
Warm heart surgery in patients with cold autoimmune disorders

Continuous warm antegrade delivery of cardioplegia while maintaining systemic normothermia is a new method of performing coronary artery bypass grafting. It can be used to avoid the detrimental effects of hypothermia in patients with cold autoimmune disease.
Preliminary characterization of chelation-sensitive nucleoprotein particles

Abstract Nucleoprotein particles (B2), isolated following digestion of calf thymus chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, are resolved on a non-chelating Bio-Gel A-5m column. B2 protein electrophoresis showed the presence of several H1 species and several nonhistone proteins but was depleted in core histones. DNA electrophoresis demonstrated that native B2 DNA has a length of about 46 base pairs. On DNA sequencing gels, the length distribution of denatured B2 DNA ranged from 12 to 35 bases with a weighted average chain length of about 26 bases. Depletion of a 20 base band in B2 DNA suggested specific protection of internucleosomal DNA sites during the nuclease digestion.
“Disease and Delinquency Know No Color”: Syphilis and African American Female Delinquency

This article explores the nuances of female delinquency, as it was labeled, during the early 1900s from a medical and social perspective, particularly its manifestation among African American girls. It also examines the efforts made by African American women in early 20th-century North Carolina to address what was deemed female delinquency, as well as syphilis, among these young girls.
C−F Activation Reactions of (Pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene and 3-(Pentafluorophenyl)indene with Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium(IV)

Reactions of either 3-(pentafluorophenyl)indene (1a) or (pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene (1b) with Ti(NMe2)4 afford products in which one or both of the ortho fluorines of the C6F5 group are replaced with a dimethylamino group. The ortho selectivity suggests a titanium-mediated, intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. The organic products 3-[2-(dimethylamino)tetrafluorophenyl]indene (4a), 3-[2,6-bis(dimethylamino)trifluorophenyl]indene (7a), and 1-[2,6-bis(dimethylamino)trifluorophenyl]cyclopentadiene (7b) were isolated upon hydrolytic workup. The substituted cyclopentadiene (7b) was converted to the corresponding ferrocene derivative (12) by treatment first with sodium hydride and then with iron dibromide in THF. Three compounds (4a, 7b, and 12) were characterized crystallographically.
The Transition to Middle School is Associated with Changes in the Developmental Trajectory of ADHD Symptomatology in Young Adolescents with ADHD

The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom presentation of young adolescents with ADHD was examined in association with the transition to middle school. This study used data collected in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD, which included children between 7 and 9 years of age with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 258) and grade- and sex-matched controls (n = 112). The trajectory of ADHD symptoms before, during, and after the transition to middle school was modeled using hierarchical linear modeling. A clear developmental reduction in ADHD symptomatology was observed for all three ADHD symptom domains. For young adolescents with ADHD, the transition to middle school was associated with a disruption in the developmental decline of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms as measured by parent ratings. This effect was also observed for teacher ratings of inattention and hyperactivity. These results support the assertion that the environmental changes associated with transitioning to middle school coincide with a transient reversal in ADHD symptom decline among children with ADHD.
Response to novel housing in two groups of captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

The influence of age, maternal status, and the presence of a group male on use of space was assessed in two groups of captive tufted capuchin monkeys that underwent a move from indoor housing to a larger outdoor facility. Both groups originally contained two adult males, but only one group retained a male after the move. Following the move, mothers spent less time on the ground when carrying their infants than they did when not carrying their infants. In the group with no male (1) individuals decreased time spent on the ground relative to pre-move levels, whereas no such difference was noted in the group with the male; (2) females spent more time carrying their infants than did females in the group with a male. In the group with the adult male, juveniles spent less time on the ground than did non-mother adult females, whereas no difference had existed prior to the move. Grooming rates dropped from pre-move to post-move, but the mean number of partners with which each animal was in contact increased. Measures of social behavior varied across post-move observation periods inversely to time spent on the ground. These results are consistent with the view that an individual’s relative vulnerability influences behavioral conservatism in novel environments, and suggests a relatively profound role for males in promoting exploration of new space in this species.
CONSTIPATION, DIARRHEA, AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

Constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome are commonly encountered in the primary care practice. Most episodes of constipation and diarrhea are benign and self-limited. Patients with chronic constipation should undergo a screening evaluation to exclude organic disease, after which most can be managed successfully with dietary modification and fiber supplementation. The cause of chronic diarrhea usually can be discerned clinically, with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and lactose intolerance being diagnosed most frequently. Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and disordered defecation, which is successfully managed with a strong physician-patient relationship and periodic pharmacologic intervention.
Naltrexone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in infant rat is attenuated by acute administration of NOS inhibitors but not NMDA receptor antagonists

Rationale: There is increasing evidence that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and the nitric oxide system are involved in opiate dependence in the adult rat, but whether these results in the adult apply to the infant rat is unknown. Objectives: Here we examined the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, which reduce the opiate abstinence syndrome in adult animals, on morphine withdrawal in the infant rat. Methods: Neonatal rats were injected with morphine sulfate (10.0 mg/kg) twice daily for 6.5 days. On the 7th day, pups were injected with NOS inhibitors (l-NAME or 7-NI), NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801 or AP-5), or vehicle. After 15 min, the pups were injected with naltrexone (1 mg/kg) to precipitate withdrawal. Behavior for each pup was identified and recorded every 15 s for 10 min before naltrexone injection and 15 min after naltrexone injection. Results: Both l-NAME and 7-NI significantly reduced most withdrawal behaviors in the infant rat, a result in line with previous studies in the adult rat. In contrast, AP-5 reduced some withdrawal behaviors but also increased others (e.g., moving paws). MK-801 was likewise ineffective in reducing most withdrawal behaviors and increased certain withdrawal behaviors (walking and wall climbing). Conclusions: In the infant rat, the production of nitric oxide is involved in opiate withdrawal whereas the NMDA receptor may not yet be functionally active or may play only a minor role.
A Model of Mixed Land Use in Urban Areas

The paper provides a model that explains mixed land use patterns in urban areas. The paper contains a proof of the ex-istence of competitive market equilibrium in a market for land in a small zone where more than one land use may be present. The model includes the possibility that external effects (both negative and positive) exist among the land uses. Brouwer’s fixed point theorem is used for the proof. Conditions are derived in which mixed land use is an equilibrium pattern in a monocentric city.
Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus

A 48-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of dysphagia, often associated with retrosternal chest pain. Upper endoscopy revealed an unusual pigmented lesion within the middle portion of the esophagus, and multiple biopsies were obtained. The histopathology and immunohistochemical profile of the tissue specimens were diagnostic of malignant melanoma. A thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed, providing no additional findings or alternative primary source. Of approximately 11,500 melanoma patients entered in the Duke University melanoma database since 1970, this represents the only case of primary esophageal melanoma. The case is described and a review of the literature is presented.
Pseudo-Behçet's sdisease

The conditions of complex aphthosis, EM, MMP, and the VVG variant of erosive oral LP may be confused by clinicians who refer patients for diagnosis and management of BD (Table 8). The mucocutaneous presentations or the presence of complex aphthosis, the hallmark of BD, can be confusing and lead to the referral of the patient for a diagnosis of BD. The astute clinician evaluating patients for BD considers pseudo-BD in the differential diagnosis of the mucocutaneous manifestations of BD.
Coping with family-to-work conflict: The role of informal work accommodations to family.

The purposes of this study are to (a) construct and validate a scale measuring informal work accommodations to family (IWAF), (b) test the moderating effect of IWAF on the relationship between family-to-work conflict and work stress, and (c) examine the relationships between IWAF and a set of relevant antecedents and coping constructs. Two survey-based nonexperiments are used to accomplish these goals. Results indicate that (a) the IWAF scale is reliable, content valid, and meaningfully correlated to work-family and coping constructs; (b) more frequent use of IWAF attenuates the positive relationship between family-to-work conflict and stress; and (c) IWAF, along with organizational policies and climates, may be important for workplace stress management. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Insect tissues, not microorganisms, produce linoleic acid in the house cricket and the American cockroach.

Biosynthesis of linoleic acid, 18∶2(n−6), was unambiguously demonstrated to occur in the cockroach,Periplaneta americana, and the cricket,Acheta domesticus. Axenic tissue from both of these insect species was demonstrated by radio-gas-liquid chromatography (radio-GLC) and radio-high-performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC) to incorporate [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]oleate into this essential fatty acid.
Neurobehavioral and respiratory findings in jet engine repair workers: A comparison of exposed and unexposed volunteers.

Workers repairing jet engines had respiratory, rheumatic, and neurobehavioral symptoms. They had welded and ground stainless steel parts using hard metal tools and cleaned metal with chlorinated and fluorinated organic solvents. We compared 154 workers and 112 unexposed subjects, all volunteers of similar ages and with similar educational levels, for abnormalities on chest radiographs, spirometric measurements, and questionnaires. Also appraised were performance of reaction time, balance, blink reflex latency, color discrimination, Culture Fair, vocabulary, slotted pegboard, trail making A and B, profile of mood states (POMS), and frequencies of 35 symptoms. Compared to unexposed subjects, workers had significantly more respiratory symptoms but no differences in pulmonary function. They had significantly prolonged simple and choice reaction time (P<0.0001), and abnormal balance with eyes open and eyes closed (P<0.0001), and abnormal color discrimination. Blink reflex latency was abnormal in both exposed workers and in local unexposed compared to other reference groups. Focus of the inquiry on lung disease helped ensure that for neurobehavioral tests confounding factors were minimal and known biases were small. We tentatively attribute the neurobehavioral impairments and increased symptom frequencies to chlorinated solvent exposure. Excessive respiratory symptoms are attributed to welding stainless steel combined with cigarette smoking. Specifically, manganese exposure may have affected the respiratory and the central nervous systems.
A Note on Limiting Behaviour of Disastrous Environment Exponents

We consider a random walk on the $d$-dimensional lattice and investigate the asymptotic probability of the walk avoiding a "disaster" (points put down according to a regular Poisson process on space-time). We show that, given the Poisson process points, almost surely, the chance of surviving to time $t$ is like $e^{-\alpha \log (\frac1k) t } $, as $t$ tends to infinity if $k$, the jump rate of the random walk, is small.
DTGR: Disruption-Tolerant Geographic Routing for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, temporary link disruptions can frequently occur due to the presence of obstacles, node mobility, and so on. These disruptions can result in a node's incorrect perception of its neighbor set when the neighbor set is constructed via beacon sampling (e.g., beacon collisions may result in the removal of a node j from the neighbor set of a node i, although j is within the transmission range of i). Such a behavior can adversely affect the performance of position-based routing algorithms as it may lead to inefficient routing or packet dropping. To address this, the authors propose a scheme that allows node i to associate each of its neighbor j with a reachability value that is a measure of the stability of the link between i and j. They then apply their scheme to greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) and design two new routing algorithms: disruption-tolerant geographic routing--simple forwarding (DTGR-SF) and disruption-tolerant geographic routing--waiting before forwarding (DTGR-WF), in which nodes use reachability values to make forwarding decisions. The authors compare the performances of DTGR-SF and DTGR-WF with that of GPSR in various simulation settings. Their simulation results show that proposed algorithms perform better in settings where disruptions are present. In networks with few occurrences of disruptions, their schemes achieve the same high performance as that of GPSR.
On “Literature Reviews of, and for, Educational Research”: A Response to the Critique by Joseph Maxwell:

We thank Joseph Maxwell (this issue of Educational Researcher, pp. 28–31) for accepting our invitation to examine the roles and expectations of dissertation literature reviews. We agree that most are inadequate but disagree why. Maxwell argues that dissertations should emulate research articles and include a conceptual framework that only discusses relevant literature. Candidates need not present a thorough analysis and synthesis of the scholarship and research, Maxwell argues, or justify claims made about the literature. Finally, he asserts that we misunderstand the relationship between literature and research, leading to an accusation of “foundationalism.” However, these specific disagreements ignore fundamental differences about the purposes of the doctoral dissertation and the relationship between those purposes and doctoral program goals. In this rejoinder, we briefly explore these conceptual and normative differences.
Magnetohydrodynamics: An Engineering Perspective

A likely design for a first-generation, coal-fired, open cycle magnetohydrodynamic power plant is described. Key development issues and relevant current development efforts are described. The general magnitude and scope of the ef fort required to develop, demonstrate and commercialize the technology is compared with representative efforts expended on other power generation developments in the past. General conclusions are drawn in regard to elements essential to a successful development and commercialization effort.
An HBT MMIC linear power amplifier for 1.9 GHz personal communications

This paper describes a special circuit design concept for high efficiency linear amplification of /spl pi4 DQPSK modulation signals. A fabricated HBT MMIC linear power amplifier exhibited an output power of 21.2 dBm and a power added efficiency of 36% along with an adjacent channel interference of -55 dBc in +/- 600 kHz offset frequency bands. >
Storage-class memory needs flexible interfaces

With low-latency storage-class memory, software can be a major contributor to access latency. To minimize latency, a file system architecture has to provide flexibility in customizing the file system interface and semantics to application needs so as to cut down generic overheads. We have taken initial steps towards realizing such a design and present preliminary results.
Regulating Cross-border Higher Education: A Case Study of the United States

In an increasing number of nations, foreign education providers are becoming part of the educational landscape. This aspect of cross-border higher education raises many questions about how such activities are regulated, particularly the role of the importing and exporting governments. Drawing on a principal-agent framework, this study uses the United States, which is an amalgamation of more than 50 independent regulatory systems, to analyze how governments regulate the importing and exporting of public colleges and universities. The analysis reveals that state regulations primarily focus on issues pertaining to the approval process of expansion, mandating administrative requirements, providing comparable programs, and guarding against unnecessary competition; whereas there is limited focus on quality. Further, states have more extensive regulations for importing activities than exporting activities. These findings can help inform scholars and policymakers interested in multinational cross-border educational activities and the study serves as a prototype for other investigations of cross-border educational regulations.
The effects of the 1976 drought on chalk grassland in Sussex, England.

Abstract The exceptionally severe drought during the spring and summer of 1976 resulted in almost 40% bare ground compared with c . 5% in normal summers. The high rainfall of September caused considerable regrowth and decreased bare ground to almost its normal autumnal value. Many species had significantly lower covers in 1976 than in normal summers. Many of these and some others significantly increased their cover during the wet autumn. It is considered that unpredictable drought stress is an important factor of chalk grassland and causes large but temporary fluctuations in species abundance and floristic composition.
Automated CT Segmentation and Analysis for Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The quantitative nature of CT should make it amenable to semiautomated analysis using modern neuroimaging methods. The purpose of this study was to begin to develop automated methods of analysis of CT scans to identify putative hypodensity within the lentiform nucleus and insula in patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke. METHODS: Thirty-five CT scans were retrospectively selected from our CT archive (scans of 20 normal control participants and 15 patients presenting with acute middle cerebral artery stroke symptoms). The DICOM data for each participant were interpolated to a single volume, scalp stripped, normalized to a standard atlas, and segmented into anatomic regions. Voxel densities in the lentiform nucleus and insula were compared with the contralateral side at P RESULTS: The quality of the registration for the anatomic regions was excellent. The control group had two false-positive results. The patient group had two false-negative results in the lentiform nucleus, two false-negative results in the insular cortex, and one false-positive finding for the insular cortex. The remainder of the infarcts were correctly identified. The original clinical reading, performed at the time of presentation, produced five false-negative interpretations for the patient group, all of which were correctly identified by the automated algorithm. CONCLUSION: We present an automated method for identifying potential areas of acute ischemia on CT scans. This approach can be extended to other brain regions and vascular territories and may aid in the interpretation of CT scans in cases of hyperacute stroke.
Compensation-free, all-fiber-optic, two-photon endomicroscopy at 1.55 μm.

We present an all-fiber-optic scanning multiphoton endomicroscope with 1.55 μm excitation without the need for prechirping femtosecond pulses before the endomicroscope. The system consists of a 1.55 μm femtosecond fiber laser, a customized double-clad fiber for light delivery and fluorescence collection, and a piezoelectric scan head. We demonstrate two-photon imaging of cultured cells and mouse tissue, both labeled with indocyanine green. Free-space multiphoton imaging with near-IR emission has previously shown benefits in reduced background fluorescence and lower attenuation for the fluorescence emission. For fiber-optic multiphoton imaging there is the additional advantage of using the soliton effect at the telecommunication wavelengths (1.3–1.6 μm) in fibers, permitting dispersion-compensation-free, small-footprint systems. We expect these advantages will help transition multiphoton endomicroscopy to the clinic.
Clues to Active Galactic Nucleus Growth from Optically Variable Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

We present a photometric search for objects with point-source components that are optically variable on timescales of weeks to months in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) to i = 28.0 mag. The data are split into four substacks of approximately equal exposure times. Objects exhibiting the signature of optical variability are selected by studying the photometric error distribution between the four different epochs and selecting 622 candidates as 3.0 σ outliers from the original catalog of 4644 objects. Of these, 45 are visually confirmed as free of contamination from close neighbors or various types of image defects. Four lie within the positional error boxes of Chandra X-ray sources, and two of these are spectroscopically confirmed AGNs. The photometric redshift distribution of the selected variable sample is compared to that of field galaxies, and we find that a constant fraction of ~1% of all field objects show variability over the range of 0.1 z 4.5. Combined with other recent HUDF results, as well as those of recent state-of-the-art numerical simulations, we discuss a potential link between the hierarchical merging of galaxies and the growth of AGNs.
DIET OF MEXICAN SPOTTED OWLS IN UTAH AND ARIZONA

Abstract Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) occupy forest-dominated environments but also inhabit rocky canyonlands. I studied the owls' diet in canyon habitats in southern Utah and northern Arizona (1991–2007), and in mixed-conifer forest in the Rincon Mountains of southeast Arizona (1996–1997). I identified 3,315 prey items in regurgitated pellets from 38 pairs of owls in canyon habitat, and 383 prey items from 5 pairs in the Rincon Mountains. In canyons and forests, vertebrates dominated owl diets (97–99% of total prey biomass) with mammals accounting for 91–92% of prey biomass. In canyons, mammalian prey was primarily woodrats (Neotoma spp., 79% biomass), followed by white-footed mice (Peromyscus spp., 11%), and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp., 5%). In forest habitat, woodrats comprised 54% of biomass, followed by Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae, 13%), and cottontail rabbits (11%). For nine owl territories in three canyon regions in Utah, diets varied among the owl pairs with...
Ethnographic process evaluation: Piloting an HIV prevention intervention program among injection drug users

This study demonstrates an ethnographically critically informed process evaluation of piloting an HIV intervention program targeting injection drug users. The authors used systematic ethnographic methods to identify and evaluate the factors that facilitated or inhibited message diffusion. Findings indicated that communication patterns and strategies advocated in training sessions did not translate immediately into the outreach encounter in the drug use communities. The intervention program was refined and developed based on findings from the ethnographic process evaluation. The authors argue that ethnographic methods provided a dynamic, flexible, and iterative process for evaluating the intervention’s development and ensuring its cultural relevance.
Intergenerational Contact as Intergroup Communication

Abstract This Epilogue highlights important progress in the area of intergenerational contact research and identifies some important operational and empirical lacunae. The diverse array of intergenerational programs is discussed as are the potential consequences of program contact for older adults, children and youth. We highlight for researchers and program planners the likelihood that pre-existing stereotypes can affect program experiences (and the communicative patterns within them) as well as the need to articulate program goals more clearly. The paper's main thrust is in drawing attention to several theoretical models that can usefully guide future research. A theoretical framework based on intergroup communication is outlined that explores the motivations and communicative behaviors likely during intergenerational exchange. Researchers should investigate communicative strategies that promote successful intergenerational contact.
Physics derived basis pursuit in buried object identification using EMI sensors

A method is presented for identifying buried objects using electromagnetic induction metal detectors. The method uses a physics based model for identifying two basis functions that fundamentally compose metal detector signals. These bases form a signal subspace that contains the signals from all objects at the same depth regardless of their shape, size, or metal content. First, an algorithm for determining this subspace is presented. Then utilizing the proper signal subspace, the shape of the object is determined by estimating the object's directional polarizablity.
Trophy Poaching: A Routine Activities Perspective

The poaching of trophy wildlife resources is a serious problem in the western United States. This study examined the trophy poaching phenomenon in Montana using a routine activities theoretical perspective. Using a qualitative approach to data collection, data on trophy poaching were obtained from state game wardens. Findings demonstrate how the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians presents opportunities for large quantities of trophy wildlife to be poached. The role played by outfitters and taxidermists in helping poachers acquire, preserve, and conceal illegally taken trophy wildlife is also described.
User Type Classification of Tweets with Implications for Event Recognition

Twitter has become one of the foremost platforms for information sharing. Consequently, it is beneficial for the consumers of Twitter to know the origin of a tweet, as it affects how they view and interpret this information. In this paper, we classify tweets based on their origin, exploiting only the textual content of tweets . Specifically, using a rich, linguistic feature set and a supervised classifier framework, we classify tweets into two user types - organizations and individual persons. Our user type classifier achieves an 89% F1-score for identifying tweets that originate from organizations in English and an 87% F1-score for Spanish. We also demonstrate that classifying the user type of a tweet can improve downstream event recognition tasks. We analyze several schemes that exploit user type information to enhance Twitter event recognition and show that substantial improvements can be achieved by training separate models for different user types.
Optimal layer assignment for escape routing of buses

Escape routing is a critical problem in PCB design. In IC-CAD'07, a layer assignment algorithm was proposed for escape routing of buses. The algorithm is optimal for single layer design in the sense that it determines if a set of buses can all be escaped on one layer. If they cannot, the algorithm is able to select a maximum subset of the buses that can be escaped on one layer. This, in turn, leads to a heuristic for the layer assignment problem with multiple layers, which is to repeatedly assign a maximum subset of the unassigned buses to a new layer. In this work, we present an algorithm that solves the multi-layer layer assignment problem optimally. Our algorithm guarantees to produce a layer assignment with minimum number of layers. We applied our algorithm on industrial data and obtained encouraging results. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.2 [Integrated Circuits]: Design Aids-Placement and Routing General Terms Algorithm, Theory
Sitting in Church

Giddens’ structuration theory suggests that social zoning or regionalization in worship services may occur on a front-to-back axis. To test this prediction, we observed the seating of individuals (N = 3,426) at worship services over a 3-year period at 35 churches in three Protestant denominations: Southern Baptist, United Methodist, and Episcopalian. We found that persons seated in congregations are structured into three zones front to rear. Earlier arrivers in church tend to sit in the front region and late arrivers in the back region; this tendency is strongest in large congregations and in small churches. The close fit to the data of a constrained loglinear model (p = .65) provides evidence that all the hypothesized effects are present. We argue that Giddens’ and Goffman’s categories are validated by and helpful for understanding regions in worship, and that this understudied area of research has value for understanding the sociology of religious congregations as well as structuring worship experiences...
Sport, Language, and Culture: Issues and Intersections

This article introduces a special issue on sport, language, and culture.We briefly outline the individual, social, and cultural significance of sport, asserting it as an important site for scholarly theory and research. But sport is a dynamic site that occurs across multiple levels (individuals, teams, organizations, locales, cultures, and nations). We argue that language, representations, and other discursive practices are pivotal for the construction and enactment of sport across these multiple levels. Of the many interconnections and intersections of sport, language, and culture, we further contend that identities and media are crucial; and it is these that provide a resonating link between the articles that comprise the special issue.
Functional consequences of stably expressing a mutant calsequestrin (CASQ2D307H) in the CASQ2 null background

The role of calsequestrin (CASQ2) in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium (Ca2+) transport has gained significant attention since point mutations in CASQ2 were reported to cause ventricular arrhythmia. In the present study, we have critically evaluated the functional consequences of expressing the CASQ2D307H mutant protein in the CASQ2 null mouse. We recently reported that the mutant CASQ2D307H protein can be stably expressed in CASQ2 null hearts, and it targets appropriately to the junctional SR (Kalyanasundaram A, Bal NC, Franzini-Armstrong C, Knollmann BC, Periasamy M. J Biol Chem 285: 3076–3083, 2010). In this study, we found that introduction of CASQ2D307H protein in the CASQ2 null background partially restored triadin 1 levels, which were decreased in the CASQ2 null mice. Despite twofold expression (relative to wild-type CASQ2), the mutant protein failed to increase SR Ca2+ load. We also found that the Ca2+ transient decays slower in the CASQ2 null and CASQ2D307H cells. CASQ2D307H myocytes, when rhythmically paced and challenged with isoproterenol, exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ waves similar to CASQ2 null myocytes; however, the stability of Ca2+ cycling was increased in the CASQ2D307H myocytes. In the presence of isoproterenol, Ca2+-transient amplitude in CASQ2D307H myocytes was significantly decreased, possibly indicating an inherent defect in Ca2+ buffering capacity and release from the mutant CASQ2 at high Ca2+ concentrations. We also observed polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in the CASQ2D307H mice, although lesser than in the CASQ2 null mice. These data suggest that CASQ2D307H point mutation may affect Ca2+ buffering capacity and Ca2+ release. We propose that poor interaction between CASQ2D307H and triadin 1 could affect ryanodine receptor 2 stability, thereby increasing susceptibility to delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered arrhythmic activity.
Justice Without Borders: Human Rights Cases in U.S. Courts

In 1980 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals broke with years of legal tradition and ruled that human rights victims could sue their oppressors in federal court—even if the alleged violations occurred outside the country. This court based the extension of its authority on a provision of the 1789 Judiciary Act now referred to as the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA). ATCA cases present a unique opportunity to study judicial behavior in the face of separation of powers interests, traditions of judicial restraint, sovereign immunity defenses, and an active internationalist movement to extend human rights guarantees worldwide. Combining legal analysis with quantitative methodology, I find that U.S. federal courts are slowly accepting an internationalist approach to human rights, and that interest groups are largely driving this transformation. Sovereignty concerns and judicial ideology are not conditioning case outcomes, but party resources and separation of powers issues are.
Exercising videoendoscopic evaluation of 7 horses with abnormal respiratory noise and poor performance following partial arytenoidectomy

Summary Exercising upper airway endoscopic evaluation was performed in 7 horses with a history of poor performance after partial arytenoidectomy. Treadmill endoscopy revealed axial deviation of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold in all horses. Dynamic collapse of one or more additional upper airway structures was also observed. In 4 horses, laser resection of soft tissue structures that obstructed the upper airway was performed. After laser surgery, 3 horses raced and one performed adequately as a riding horse. Of the remaining 3 horses, 2 raced at a lower class and one performed adequately as a riding horse. In this population of horses, dynamic endoscopy of the upper airway was critical for case management. Based on our observations, horses post arytenoidectomy can have dynamic collapse of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold and laser resection of the fold may help resolve the performance problem.
Book review: Analytic neurology: examining the evidence for clinical practice

In his book review, Carl Counsell (2004) raises many criticisms of Analytic neurology: examining the evidence for clinical practice , most of which commit the straw-man fallacy. He falsely attributes particular claims to me and then proceeds to show how these claims are flawed. The result is a deeply defective review. (i) He claims that I argue that ‘… the results of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]… cannot be applied to an individual patient …’. In fact, all I claim (in the Introduction) is that RCTs ‘are not without their limitations’ and suggest that one ‘exercise caution in the extrapolation of study results to individual patients’. (ii) He states that the book ‘claims to be unique’ and to offer a new approach to the evaluation of the literature. He disparagingly suggests that this ‘new’ approach is just one man's critique and then proceeds to explain why the book is neither unique nor new. It is not I, but the publisher who claims (on the back cover blurb) that the book is unique. This claim is not unreasonable. I would challenge Dr Counsell to cite another book that uses the approach adopted in this book. Furthermore, I do not claim that the book …
Effect of Performance Feedback on Perceived Knowledge and Likelihood to Pursue Continuing Education

Context: For practicing health care professionals, waiting for a teachable moment to identify a gap in knowledge could prove critical. Other methods are needed to help health care professionals identify their knowledge gaps. Objective: To assess the effect of performance feedback on Athletic Trainers' (AT) perceived knowledge (PK) and likelihood to pursue continuing education (CE). Design and Setting: Pre-test, post-test control-group design to measure PK and likelihood to pursue CE before and after assessing actual knowledge (AK) in an on-line classroom (Campus Edition 6; Blackboard Inc.). Participants: We randomly sampled potential participants (n = 2000) from the National Athletic Trainers' Association membership directory and then randomly assigned (n = 103/2000, 5.1%) them to control (n = 58) or experimental groups (n = 45). Interventions: Performance feedback following the AK assessment in the experimental group. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed PK and likelihood to pursue CE before and after the ...
Distribution of Organic Carbon in a Glacial Estuary in ALASKA1

North Dawcs Inlet, a small glacial estuary, was sampled for particulate organic carbon ( POC ), dissolved or g anic carbon ( DOC), particulate nitrogen ( PN), and total particulate matter ( PM ) . The POC in glacial runoff ranged from 0.24-1.24 mg/liter and DOC varied from 0.15-0.53 depending on the season and amount of local rainfall. Inlet waters ranged from 0.035-0.65 mg/liter of POC and 0.65-1.6 of DOC. Values of POC, PN, and PM decreased with depth in the top 20 m of the inlet and with distance from the mouth of the river. About half of the POC was deposited in the inlet; the remainder was carried out in suspension. During summer a biologically active layer just beneath the freshwater lens was characterized by high POC and DOC, low C : N ratios, and low PM. Adsorption or release of organic compounds by the glacial clays was not detected.
3-D ultrasound guidance of autonomous surgical robotics: Feasibility studies

In 2006 our laboratory showed that a matrix array endoscope capable of real-time 3D (RT3D) scanning could be used to guide a surgical robot with an rms error of less than 2mm. In 2007, image segmentation software was developed to achieve autonomous RT3D guidance of the robot with no human/robot interaction required, and a cyst phantom in tissue-mimicking slurry was successfully targeted. In this paper, we examine three new topics in autonomous robotic guidance: (1) cyst biopsy in breast tissue, (2) the detection of ferrous shrapnel, and (3) prostate biopsy. We tested the accuracy of the scanner in automatically directing a robot arm which performed the said tasks on suitable tissue phantoms in a water tank.
Self-regulatory predictors of eating disorder symptoms: Understanding the contributions of action control and willpower beliefs

Action orientation, or the ability to regulate both positive and negative affect to perform goal-directed action, has been associated with eating behavior in previous research. Additionally, differences in beliefs about self-control have been shown to influence behavior, but it is unclear how these beliefs impact disordered eating behavior or how they may interact with other self-regulatory mechanisms to predict eating outcomes. In this study, 1128 participants were recruited online via Amazon Mechanical Turk to answer questions about self-regulation constructs and eating behavior. A three-way moderated regression analysis was used to assess relationships between two subtypes of action orientation (failure-related action orientation, or AOF, which describes an ability to up-regulate positive affect, and decision-related action orientation, or AOD, which describes an ability to down-regulate negative affect), willpower beliefs, and binge eating. Results revealed a significant three-way interaction between AOD, AOF, and willpower beliefs such that the interaction between AOF and willpower beliefs was only significant for those with low AOD. These findings suggest an ability to down-regulate negative affect (high AOF) is a protective factor against increased disordered eating, though this may not be the case for individuals with an inability to up-regulate positive affect (low AOD) and simultaneously ascribe to beliefs that willpower is a limited resource.
Outpatient intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer chemotherapy—A comparison of reimbursement for intraperitoneal versus intravenous therapy

16027 Background: The GOG 172 trial produced compelling evidence that IP chemotherapy produced superior outcomes to IV chemotherapy for women with advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). In January 2006 the...
Electromagnetic Counterpart as Redshift Measurement

As mentioned in Sect. 11.2.3, a popular assumption on BNSs and BHNSs is that they are the progenitors of SGRBs.
First Documented Case of Snake Fungal Disease in a Free-Ranging Wild Snake in Louisiana

Abstract Snake fungal disease (SFD) is a recently documented mycotic disease characterized by scabs or crusty scales, subcutaneous nodules, abnormal molting, cloudiness of the eyes (not associated with molting), and localized thickening or crusting of the skin. SFD has been documented in many species in the Eastern and Midwestern United States within the last decade. SFD has proven lethal in many snakes, and the disease is recognized as an emerging threat to wild snake populations. Herein we describe the first documented case of SFD in Louisiana in a f ree-ranging wild snake.
Modeling Electroosmotic Flow in Nanochannels

The determination of the nature of fluid flow at small scales is becoming increasingly important because of the emergence of new technologies. These techologies include Micro- Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) comprising micro-scale heat engines, micro-aerial vehicles and micro pumps and compressors and many other systems. Moreover, newideas in the area of drug delivery and its control, inDNA and biomolecular sensing, manipulation and transport and the desire to manufacture laboratories on a microchip (lab-on-a-chip) require the analysis and computation of flows on a length scale approaching molecular dimensions. On these small scales, new flow features appear which are not seen in macro-scale flows. In this chapter we review the state-of-th-art in modeling liquid flows at nanoscale with particular attention paid to liquid mixture flows applicable to rapid molecular analysis and drug delivery and other applications in biology