cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The feeding condition of Calanus pacificus and other zooplankton in relation to phytoplankton pigments in the California Current

Calanus pacificus copepodite V stages were taken from 40 stations in the California Current between Los Angeles and San Francisco in April 1984. Wax ester and triglyceride contents of the copepods were determined as indices of their feeding condition. The regions with high Chl a concentrations had copepods with high lipid contents and dry weights, while the low Chl a region farther offshore had copepods with low lipid levels and dry weights. The Southern California Bight generally had intermediate to low Chl a concentrations, which was also reflected in the copepod parameters. Wax ester content and dry weight of Calanus had higher correlations with primary production (r = 0.86; r = 0.89) than with total integrated Chl a (r = 0.65; r = 0.55). Lipid content of fieldcaught copepods was much higher than that of laboratory animals reared at a high concentration of food. Additional species were taken in a subarea south of Point Conception. Lipid content of the grazing copepod Rhincalanus nasutus was also significantly related to pigment concentration and showed good concordance with Calanus. Lipid contents of furcilia stages of Euphausia pacijca
An experimental investigation of two-phase coating flow within microchannels: the effect of coating fluid rheology

The study of multiphase flow within micro-scale geometries has garnered much attention in recent history. One system of interest is the flow of a low viscosity fluid thread, labeled as the coring fluid, through a much higher viscosity liquid, labeled the coating fluid. On the macro-scale, this process has shown great utility in the plastics industry, but it has yet to be completely characterized on the micro-scale. Detailed here is a set of experiments performed within square microchannels, of nominal area 250 μm by 250 μm, where the coring fluid was Newtonian and the coating fluid was either Newtonian or viscoelastic. Visual data were collected and subsequently analyzed to determine the thickness of coating fluid remaining on the walls of the microchannel after the coring fluid front passed. The results for flow through a Newtonian coating fluid show similarity to results for flow in macro-scale capillaries; the thickness of the coating fluid, after initial penetration by the coring fluid thread, follows the same dependence upon the velocity of the thread front as seen for the macro-scale. The case of a viscoelastic coating fluid in a microchannel, however, shows interesting differences to the macro-scale results. Most notably, the surface of the coring fluid thread was highly unstable and the entire thread migrated toward one wall.
High thermal resistant polyimide coating applications on intelligent electronic devices

Since starting high volume production of plastic mold packaging for IC/LSI, polyimide coatings has been using as of reliable passivation stress buffer (PSB) layer with over 20years history. The times have changed, modified / customize designed polyimide coatings are added more functionality resulting innovate usage and applications in electronics industry. This paper is examine variety of polyimide application examples and molecular design concept for control end properties, functionalities e.g. residual stress, Cu compatibility examples of new application and requirements. Also examine new adhesive concept and test results for 3D integrated package application.
Separation of the effects of magnesium pemoline on avoidance learning and memory from its central nervous system stimulant properties by chlordiazepoxide.

SummaryMagnesium pemoline (20 mg/kg, ip) was found to enhance the acquisition and retention of a double-T maze in male Swiss-Webster mice when administered 25 min prior to training or from 1 to 180 min posttrial. The general stimulant action of magnesium pemoline was completely abolished by pretreatment with chlordiazepoxide (15 mg/kg, sc), although the mice still showed enhanced memory of the avoidance task. These data suggest that the nonspecific arousal associated with magnesium pemoline is not responsible for the demonstrated effects upon avoidance learning and memory.
Perception, reality, and the political context of conflict of interest in university-industry relationships.

The crucial issues in a policy debate are often matters of perception and interpretation rather than fact, and the values and norms that influence perceptions are central to an understanding of conflict in the policy arena. For example, science's norms of objectivity and disinterestedness are being
A comprehensive five-phase rehabilitation programme after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement

Purpose Recent advancements in the understanding of hip biomechanics have led to the development of techniques to remove bony impingement and repair and/or preserve the labrum during hip arthroscopy. Although much attention in the literature is devoted to diagnosis and treatment, there is little information about post-operative rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to (1) provide a five-phase rehabilitation protocol following arthroscopic treatment for FAI and (2) report clinical and functional outcomes of patients following this protocol at minimum 1-year follow-up, in order to provide the surgeon and therapist with a protocol that is supported by clinical data.
Nonlinear behavior of a passive zero-spring-rate suspension system

Various concepts for advanced syspension systems have been proposed for counteracting gravity loads in ground vibration testing of large space structures. Approximating the flight modes of a low-frequency flexible structure in a ground test requires a very soft suspension system. The dynamic behavior of a passive zero-spring-rate mechanism, sometimes used for such ground testing, is analyzed. This mechanism reduces the stiffness inherent in suspending a test specimen by cables. However, the mechanism is shown to be sensitive to imperfections. Imperfections can initiate nonlinear behavior which becomes more pronounced at lower operating frequencies. Furthermore, large pendular motion of the suspension system couples with the vertical motion, producing additional nonlinearity.
Binding up a world of wounds.

Abstract A World of Wounds: Ecologists and the Human Dilemma by P.R. Ehrlich Ecology Institute, Excellence in Ecology 8, 1997. DM63.00 hbk (xxiv+210 pages) ISBN 0932 2205
Lack of Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cell Cultures

Background/hypotheses. Doxorubicin is a standard adjuvant therapy for early-stage breast cancer, and it significantly improves disease-free and overall survival. However, 3% to 20% of breast cancer patients develop chronic cardiomyopathic changes and congestive heart failure because of doxorubicin therapy. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is thought to be due to the increased generation of reactive oxygen species within cardiac myocyte mitochondria. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that may protect against mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and thus prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Despite the potential benefits of CoQ10 in preventing cardiotoxicity, it is not known if CoQ10 diminishes the antineoplastic effects of doxorubicin therapy. Study design. In vitro cell culture experiments. Methods. Breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and BT549) were tested for their ability to uptake exogenous CoQ10 using high-performance liquid chromatography. Breast cancer cell lines were t...
Separating the dosimetric consequences of changing tumor anatomy from positional uncertainty for conventionally fractionated lung cancer patients

Abstract Purpose To separate the dosimetric consequences of changing tumor volume from positional uncertainty for patients undergoing conventionally fractionated lung radiation therapy (RT) and to quantify which factor has a larger impact on dose to target volumes and organs at risk (OAR). Methods and materials Clinical treatment plans from 20 patients who had received conventionally fractionated RT were retrospectively altered by replacing tumor and atelectasis with lung equivalent tissue in the treatment planning system calculations. To simulate positional uncertainty, the isocenter was shifted in both the altered and original plans by 2 and 5 mm in 6 directions. Rotational uncertainty was introduced by rotating each computed tomographic image set by ±3 degrees about a superior-inferior axis extending through patient center. Additionally, after rotation the isocenter was translated back to its original point within the patient to evaluate whether purely translational corrections could minimize dosimetric consequences due to rotations. Results Dosimetric statistics for each altered plan were compared with the original. Average changes in the planning target volume (PTV) receiving 95% of prescription dose (PTV V95%) resulting from changing tumor anatomy alone were approximately 0.1%. Average changes in PTV V95% resulting from positional uncertainty were greater (0.2%-4.2%) but were largely independent of whether or not the original tumor volume was present. For 3 patients, increases in volumes receiving 110% of the prescription dose were seen but were largely limited to within the PTV. Translational corrections for patient rotations were effective in minimizing differences in target coverage but had less effect on reducing the maximum spinal cord dose. Conclusions Anatomic changes alone, such as reductions in tumor volume and atelectasis, had minimal effect on the overall dose distribution. Greater dosimetric consequences were seen with positional uncertainty. With accurate patient localization, replanning during the course of treatment for conventionally fractionated lung cancer patients may not be necessary.
Wind profile comparisons between rawinsonde flights and a 50-MHz atmospheric profiling radar

Comparisons were made and statistical analyses performed incorporating wind data from a 50-MHz atmospheric profiling clear-air radar at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, and rawinsonde flights made at selected locations near the profiler site. Four separate periods were examined: December 1990, February 1991, April 1991, and June 1991. The data were concentrated on 3 to 5 nearly contiguous days of each month. Rawinsonde flights were tracked and plotted relative to the radar site. The radar data were averaged to better intercompare the two very different profiling systems. Effects of seasonal variation on the comparison are discussed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The 200-GeV Accelerator

The Atomic Energy Commission has assigned to the Universities Research Association the task of developing a 200-GeV particle-physics research laboratory. The development of this laboratory requires the construction of an accelerator, experiment areas, offices, utilities, roads and many other things; it also requires that they be combined so as to create an environment for imaginative research. A design staff under the leadership of R. R. Wilson has been attacking this whole problem for about one-and-a-half years. The problem is challenging because the initial scope for the laboratory is somewhat limited, and within this scope and our expectation of funding, we must create an effective laboratory so that the success of our initial experimentsmay encourage Congress to invest in further development. You can best judge the effectiveness of our design efforts by examining the papers presented at this conference on specific components of the accelerator. I would like to present to you something of the planning for the laboratory as a whole.
Pretty modern: beauty, sex and plastic surgery in Brazil, by Alexander Edmonds

Pretty modern: beauty, sex and plastic surgery in Brazil, by Alexander Edmonds, Durham, Duke University Press, 2010, 297 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8223-4801-6 Set against the background of a rapidly develop...
Design analysis and optimization of self-cooled lithium blankets and shields

Abstract A study of self-cooled lithium blankets was carried out to define the performance of these blankets and to determine the potential to operate at the maximum possible values of the performance parameters. The main design parameters considered during the course of the study were the tritium breeding ratio, the blanket energy multiplication factor, the energy fraction lost to the shield, the total blanket thickness, the reflector material selection, and the compositions of the different blanket zones. Another study was carried out to determine materials, compositions, arrangements, and thickness of the shield zone for the reference blanket. Helium and water-cooled shields were optimized for the inboard and outboard sections of the reactor. Based on the above two studies, the reference blanket and shield configurations were developed for the ANL Tokamak Power Systems Study. The helium-cooled shield was selected for use with liquid metal blankets to reduce safety concerns related to lithium—water reactivity. This helium-cooled shield provides shielding characteristics similar to a conventional water-cooled shield. The analyses and results from these studies are the subject of this paper.
Multi-part file encryption for electronic health records cloud

The rapid advancements of mobile technologies promote many applications for public health, such as continuous health monitoring. The inherent mobility of these applications imposes new security and privacy challenges. Since mobile devices usually use public network, such as WiFi, to transfer patient data, patient data is exposed to various security breaches. Moreover, patient data stored on cloud servers are also exposed to malicious attacks. Therefore, it's crucial to encrypt patient data for secure transfer and storage. To address this problem, we present a new access control model for managing patient data. Our approach utilizes a key server for key assignment, which associates a key with each user based on his specific role in medical applications. The doctors, nurses, family members, and insurance companies of a patient can access different sets of patient data from cloud given their keys. Different from existing attribute based encryption, which protects data from inappropriate disclosure for individual files, our design provides a fine-grained access control scheme that protects any specified part of a file. Our role-based access control provides high security, accuracy, and update flexibility for patient data management. Performance evaluations of our solution are stated in the paper.
Measuring risk in the mining sector with ARCH models with important observations on sample size

Abstract This paper uses the GARCH technique to estimate time-varying individual firm risk measures for the mining sector. In general, the mining industry is riskier than the market with estimated betas greater than one. The results also show that the level of risk in the industry is quite volatile and can be divided into three distinct time periods according to the magnitude and variability of the firm's betas. Additionally, the number of observations in a sample has a strong relationship to the detection and estimation of an ARCH effect in the data, which cannot be explained by firm financial size.
Earnings volatility in America: Evidence from matched CPS☆

Abstract We offer new evidence on earnings volatility of men and women in the United States over the past four decades by using matched data from the March Current Population Survey. We construct a measure of total volatility that encompasses both permanent and transitory instability, and that admits employment transitions and losses from self employment. We also present a detailed decomposition of earnings volatility to account for changing shares in employment probabilities, conditional variances of continuous workers, and conditional mean variances from employment entry and exit. Our results show that earnings volatility among men increased by 15% from the early 1970s to mid 1980s, while women's volatility fell, and each stabilized thereafter. However, this pooled series masks important heterogeneity in volatility levels and trends across education groups and marital status. We find that men's earnings volatility is increasingly accounted for by employment transitions, especially exits, while the share of women's volatility accounted for by continuous workers rose, each of which highlights the importance of allowing for periods of non-work in volatility studies.
MAPPING THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ISARITHMIC MAPS1

CONSIDER two isarithmic maps of continuous actual or abstract phenomena in the same area. Each map portrays the undulations of a statistical surface at some level of detail by delineating irregularities of various magnitudes consisting of elevations, depressions, and gradients, uniquely organized and variously positioned and oriented.2 Whether or not the phenomena are in any way causally interconnected, the two surfaces necessarily bear some relationship to one another; the recognition, description, and analysis of this are central aims in geographical research. Research into the character of the relationship may be pursued in various ways depending upon the interests of the investigator and the level of generalization he hopes to obtain. For example, the degree to which the two surfaces are positively or negatively related may be determined by simple correlation analysis.3 The single coefficient of correlation is little more than a broad generalization, however, and it is not very revealing. Comprehension may be increased by mapping residuals from regression. This process involves determining the mean relationship between the undulations of the two surfaces and then mapping the degree to which one of the surfaces departs from it.4 A third approach is to establish the planes in space which best fit each surface (by least squares)
Induced acetylcholinesterase-rich layer in rat dentate gyrus following entorhinal lesions.

Abstract Unilateral lesions were placed in the entorhinal cortex of rats and the hippocampal formation examined histochemically for the localization of acetylcholinesterase. On the lesioned side, an intense band of acetylcholinesterase developed in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus exactly where the entorhinal fibers normally terminate. This layer develops over a period of 30–40 days and is eliminated by septal lesions, which cause the disappearance of the normal bands of acetylcholinesterase. The suggestion is made that the sprouting of acetylcholinesterase containing septal terminals occurs under these conditions.
Sociality, trust, kinship and cultural evolution

Abstract Pre-history human economic development, it will be argued, was the result of significant increases in sociality, that itself was a product of the evolution of a human temperament associated with much more interpersonal tolerance and trust which facilitated kinship recognition and significantly expanded social network size. All this made possible in humans, an ongoing cultural evolutionary processes not seen in other animals. Though our close cousins the chimpanzees and some other animals display forms of culture, there is little evidence of significant ongoing cultural evolution in nonhuman animals. The expansion of human social networks increased the rate of cultural evolution, in part, by increasing the fixation rate of new components of culture.
Differential expression of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (fetuin) gene in a model of diet-induced obesity

The Differential Display technique has been used to identify differences in mRNA expression in adipose tissue after the introduction of a high fat diet to two strains of rat (OM and S5B/PI) that differ in their susceptibility to develop obesity on this diet. The insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor protein (fetuin) was shown to be differentially expressed in OM but not S5B/PI rats. This circulating protein may play a role in the development of peripheral insulin resistance associated with high fat diets.
Developing Countries in the New Round of GATS Negotiations: Towards a Pro‐Active Role

Developing countries need to ensure that multilateral rules and commitments on trade in services contribute to economically rational policy-making. This paper shows that their reluctant participation in past negotiations, and assumption of defensive positions, have not been conducive to the achievement of this goal. The next round of services negotiations requires a change in negotiating strategies. Rather than resist the liberalisation of domestic markets and seek a dilution of multilateral rules, they need to push aggressively for (i) liberalisation of domestic services markets, emphasising competition more than a change of ownership, (ii) development of improved rules for domestic regulations that encourage economic efficiency in remedying market failures and pursuing social goals, and (iii) effective liberalisation of foreign services markets by the elimination of both explicit restrictions and implicit regulatory barriers. At the same time, developed countries need to rise to the challenge of eliminating the barriers they maintain to exports from developing countries, so that we may witness not a bitter round of grudging concessions, but a virtuous cycle of mutually beneficial liberalisation. * This paper is a condensed version of Mattoo (1999), which has a more comprehensive discussion of developing country interests and references to the literature. Thanks go to Carsten Fink, Randeep Rathindran, and Arvind Subramanian for contributions to this paper, to Bernard Hoekman, Marcelo Olarreaga, Arvind Panagariya for insightful comments, and to Malina Savova for valuable research assistance. The views expressed are personal and should not be attributed to the World Bank.
Composite events : computationally efficient method for generating 1/f noise

The task of generating 1/f noise via the random pulse train method is inherently numerically intensive. The computational efficiency has been increased by ten orders of magnitude by combining many elementary events into a single composite event. This approach is used to efficiently generate 1/f noise over a finite bandwidth. Further investigation and generalisation of the method may be of use to advancing the theory of 1/fnoise.
A structural satefy analysis of steel buildings during construction

Abstract The safety of steel building during construction is evaluated. At each stage of construction, the potential modes of failure are identified and formulated for reliability analysis. The principal loading of concern is the maximum wind load over the critical stages of construction. Uncertainties associated with the properties of the structure at each stage of construction, and the wind environment parameters, are included in the formulation. The dynamic effect of wind on an incomplete frame is evaluated using elements of random vibration. The reliability of a ten-story steel frame building, built by a common combination of crew and equipment, is examined in detail.
Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition domains in animal proteins

Many Ca 2+ -dependent (C-type) animal lectins contain a common sequence motif, with 14 invariant and 18 highly conserved residues distributed over discrete carbohydrate-recognition domains of 115–130 amino acids. Domains that display the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain motif are found in an increasing number of proteins, although only some are known to bind carbohydrate. Progress is being made towards making deductions about the structure and activity of these domains from their sequences.
Design of Simple Wavelength or Polarization Filter/Combiner

We present an analytical and numerical analysis of a simple wavelength or polarization filter/combiner constructed from three single-mode rectangular waveguides. The device has the advantage of easy fabrication using existing planar light guide techniques and can be designed to discriminate between optical signals with distinct polarizations at a given wavelength or between signals at a fixed polarization with a wavelength separation of 9~nm or more. It is therefore well suited for CWDM metro-communication, local area network, sensor, or control applications.
Potent Delivery of Functional Proteins into Mammalian Cells in Vitro and in Vivo Using a Supercharged Protein

The inability of proteins to potently penetrate mammalian cells limits their usefulness as tools and therapeutics. When fused to superpositively charged GFP, proteins rapidly (within minutes) entered five different types of mammalian cells with potency up to ∼100-fold greater than that of corresponding fusions with known protein transduction domains (PTDs) including Tat, oligoarginine, and penetratin. Ubiquitin-fused supercharged GFP when incubated with human cells was partially deubiquitinated, suggesting that proteins delivered with supercharged GFP can access the cytosol. Likewise, supercharged GFP delivered functional, nonendosomal recombinase enzyme with greater efficiencies than PTDs in vitro and also delivered functional recombinase enzyme to the retinae of mice when injected in vivo.
Refiguring the subversive in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh and Christina Rossetti’s “Goblin Market”

The standard critical reception of Elizabeth Barrett Browning as the first radical female poet of the English literary tradition is by now a popular one. To be sure, this assumption survives on two theoretical positions, viz: one, that Browning’s poetry falls outside the so-called “sentimental” poetic tradition of her female precursors and, two, that her poetry resists comparison, for that reason, with female precursors and/or contemporaries. The implication is that Barrett Browning’s poetry will only have to be compared with that of her male contemporaries such as Tennyson, Clough, Robert Browning and Arnold. While this comparative approach appears on the surface to endorse Barrett Browning’s poetry, it fails considerably because of its implicit assumption that the male poetic tradition is the starting point for discussing both the successes and failures of either a Romantic or Victorian woman poet. In order to re-align Browning’s aesthetic practices with her female contemporaries, I demonstrate in this paper the many angles from which Browning’s gynocentric strategies of subverting patriarchal hegemony in Aurora Leigh connect closely with those of Christina Rossetti’s “Goblin Market”. Using this comparative model, I hope to return Browning’s poetry to the larger feminist pool to which it rightly belongs. At the same time, I renegotiate the status of Rossetti whose reputation has suffered as a result of her poetry being judged in the light of male poets.
Current Medical Management of Chronic Stable Angina

Severe atherosclerotic narrowing of one or more coronary arteries is responsible for myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris in most patients with stable angina. The coronary arteries of patients with stable angina also contain many more non-obstructive plaques, which are prone to rupture resulting in acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death). Therefore, the medical management must use strategies which not only relieve symptoms and prolong angina free walking but also reduce the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes. Whether any of the approved antianginal drugs, nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers reduce the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with stable angina has not been studied to date. Published data shows that percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures and coronary bypass surgery are effective in relieving angina but these procedures do not reduce mortality or the incidence of myocardial infarction compared to anti-anginal drug therapy. From the available data, an initial trial of medical treatment with anti-anginal drugs and strategies to reduce adverse clinical outcomes (smoking cessation, daily aspirin, treatment of dyslipidemias and hypertension) is indicated in most patients with stable angina pectoris. The initial choice of drug will depend on the presence or absence of comorbid conditions. Patients who do not respond to medical therapy or do not wish to take anti-anginal drugs and whose life style is limited because of anginal symptoms should be offered percutaneous revascularization procedures with or without stent placement or coronary bypass surgery. New drug-coated stents hold promise but long-term data and large-scale trials assessing the continued long-term improvement in symptoms and reduction of adverse outcomes is needed before offering such devices to all patients with stable angina. Newer medical therapies such as metabolic modulators and sinus rate lowering drugs also hold promise but need further evaluation. Patients who have refractory angina despite optimal medical therapy and are not candidates for revascularization procedures may be candidates for some new techniques of enhanced external Counterpulsation, Spinal Cord Stimulation, sympathectomy or direct transmyocardial revascularization. The usefulness of these techniques, however, needs to be confirmed in large randomized trials.
Echistatin inhibits the migration of murine prefusion osteoclasts and the formation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells

The vitronectin receptor alpha(v)beta3 is highly expressed in osteoclasts and was shown to play a critical role in osteoclast function in vivo. The objective of this study was to examine the role of alpha(v)beta3 integrin in osteoclast formation in vitro using the inhibitory disintegrin echistatin, an RGD-containing snake venom. We documented by immunocytochemistry and Northern blot analysis that during murine osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation in a coculture of mouse osteoblastic MB1.8 cells and bone marrow cells there is increased expression of the alpha(v) and beta3 integrin subunits. Echistatin binds preferentially to the membrane fraction of isolated enriched OCLs (IC50 = 0.6 nM), and this binding is inhibited by vitronectin receptor-blocking polyclonal antibodies. Additionally, cross-linking of radiolabeled echistatin to OCLs, followed by immunoprecipitation with antibodies to vitronectin or fibronectin receptors, shows that alpha(v)beta3 integrin is the predominant receptor for echistatin in this system. In this coculture, echistatin completely inhibits the formation of multinucleated OCLs, but not that of mononuclear prefusion OCLs (pOCs). This inhibition is RGD and dose dependent (IC50 = 0.7 nM). We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of OCL formation may be due to interference with pOC migration and found that echistatin inhibited macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced migration and fusion of pOCs (IC50 = 1 and 0.6 nM, respectively). Echistatin inhibition of pOCs migration and fusion is also RGD dependent. These results suggest that the integrin alpha(v)beta3 plays a role in pOC migration, which can explain the inhibitory effect of echistatin on multinucleated osteoclast formation in vitro.
The implications of having high-achieving versus low-achieving friends: A longitudinal analysis

The present research examines the achievement-related implications of establishing friendships with high-achieving versus low-achieving classmates. Fifth- , sixth- , and seventh-grade students (N=929) participated. During the fall and spring semesters, the report card grades of children and their friends were obtained and children completed questionnaire measures of their self-evaluative beliefs and preference for challenge. Results suggest that for low-achieving students there are tradeoffs associated with establishing and maintaining friendships with high-achieving classmates. Specifically, low achievers who established and maintained friendships with high-achieving friends evaluated themselves less positively, but also performed better academically, than low achievers with similarly low-achieving friends. Fewer tradeoffs emerged for high achievers.
Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change

Tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as thermodynamically recorded in Barbados corals, were 5°C colder than present values 19,000 years ago. Variable tropical SSTs may explain the interhemispheric synchroneity of global climate change as recorded in ice cores, snowline reconstructions, and vegetation records. Radiative changes due to cloud type and cloud cover are plausible mechanisms for maintaining cooler tropical SSTs in the past.
Heat diffusion algorithm for resource allocation and routing in multihop wireless networks

We propose a new scheduling and routing approach, the Heat Diffusion (HD) protocol, using combinatorial analogue of the heat equation in mathematical physics. The algorithm holds for systems subject to time-varying network conditions with general packet arrivals and random topology states, including ad-hoc networks with mobility. Compared to the well-known backpressure policy, the HD protocol is generalized in form and optimized in performance, which considers link penalties and node capacities in the routing. It mitigates the packet looping behavior of backpressure and attempts to communicate less over links of higher costs and with the nodes of lower capacities. While HD policy shows benefits over backpressure, it is developed using the same underlying control laws. Therefore, it can easily leverage all the theoretical works that have been done in improving the original backpressure. For the same reason, it provides a relatively easy path-way to modify existing applications of backpressure to the optimized versions using HD protocol.
Improved Outcomes in Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy for Patients between 65 and 70 Years

Purpose Left ventricular assist device therapy (LVAD) is effective management for advanced heart failure. INTERMACS data suggests increased early mortality in older recipients, but similar intermediate-term outcome among early survivors. We analyzed results of LVAD therapy in pt between 65 and 70 years and compared their outcomes with younger pt from our cohort. Methods and Materials Between 2004 and 2011, 295 pt Results Postop RV failure (OA: 4% vs. YA: 5%, p=1.00), dialysis (OA: 2% vs. YA: 9%; p=0.09), hospital LOS (p=0.68), and 90-day mortality (OA: 6% vs. YA: 8%; p=0.77) were similar. Median duration of support was 14 and 11 months for the OA and YA groups, respectively (p=0.27). Late pump-related intravascular hemolysis (p=0.33), driveline infection (p=0.78), and heart failure readmissions (p=0.23) were similar, while the OA group had more late neurological events (12% vs. 4%; p=0.04). Actuarial survival for the OA group was 81 +/- 12%, 72 +/- 14% and 66 +/- 17% at 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. This was statistically similar to 85 +/- 5%, 82 +/- 6% and 76 +/- 8% survival at similar intervals for the YA cohort (p= 0.42). Conclusions Outcomes of LVAD therapy for pt between 65 and 70 years are similar to those of younger counterparts. While older pt have increased risk of late neurological events, late survival and other non-fatal morbidity are similar to younger pt. With demonstrated outcome improvement of LVAD therapy and paucity of donor organs for all pt, it is reasonable to revisit organ allocation strategies for older recipients.
Observations of early turbulence in the pipe flow of drag reducing polymer solutions

Early turbulence has for the first time been observed in the flow of very dilute polymer solutions in tubes larger than capillary size. Flow rate-wall shear stress measurements were conducted in 0.553 and 0.660 cm. diameter pipes. Polyethylene oxide samples of two molecular weights were employed, dissolved in water-glycerine mixtures with viscosities ranging from 0.0261 to 0.160 poise. The flow rate-wall shear stress relationship for these solutions corresponded to Poiseuille's Law below a well-defined onset wall shear stress, at which the Reynolds number was less than the transition value for Newtonian fluids. As the flow rate was increased from the onset condition, however, the wall shear stress became progessively larger than that predicted by the Poiseuille relationship. The onset wall shear stress for the phenomenon increased linearly with solvent viscosity. Its relationship to polymer concentration was dependent on the solvent viscosity. An explanation for early turbulence is suggested on the basis of these results, and the relationship of the phenomenon to turbulent flow drag reduction is discussed.
THE ANTIDIURETIC ACTION OF YOHIMBINE

IN A PREVIOUS COMMUNICATION (Fugo and Gross, 1942) it was shown that the alkaloid yohimbine has, as part of its systemic action, the ability to release excessive amounts of the luteinizing principle from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It was of interest, therefore, to determine if the stimulating action of this alkaloid was confined to the anterior pituitary or whether it could also be demonstrated in, connection with the posterior lobe. Shen (1937) presented some evidence that yohimbine has an action on the melanosomotropic function of the pituitary when he demonstrated that a number of drugs including yohimbine are capable of producing a marked dispersion of melanosomes in normal frogs but that these same drugs had no effect on the melanosomes of hypophysectomized animals. Zunz and Vesselovsky (1939) showed that both yohimbine and its isomere corynanthine when administered to normal dogs after ingestion of water to produce an aqueous diuresis, were capable of reducing the urinary output of these an...
An essential role of the transcription factor GATA-3 for the function of regulatory T cells.

Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3)-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells are central to maintaining self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. How Treg cell function and Foxp3 expression are regulated is an important question under intensive investigation. Here, we have demonstrated an essential role for the transcription factor GATA-3, a previously recognized Th2 cell master regulator, in controlling Treg cell function. Treg cell-specific GATA-3 deletion led to a spontaneous inflammatory disorder in mice. GATA-3-null Treg cells were defective in peripheral homeostasis and suppressive function, gained Th17 cell phenotypes, and expressed reduced amounts of Foxp3. In addition, GATA-3 controlled Foxp3 expression by binding to and promoting the activity of cis-acting elements of Foxp3. Furthermore, the combined function of GATA-3 and Foxp3 was essential for Foxp3 expression. These findings provide insights into immune regulatory mechanisms and uncover a critical function of GATA-3 in Treg cells and immune tolerance.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Based Tunable Microspectrometer

A notch filter with minimum reflection bandwidth <20 nm and thermally tunable throughout the visible regime is fabricated using vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals. The performance of this filter is characterized both experimentally and theoretically as a tunable Bragg reflection grating. The utility of the filter as a microspectrometer is assessed by recreating the emission spectra of a mercury arc lamp and a liquid crystal display. The recorded performance of the microspectrometer lends it to applications using lower resolution spectral analysis and requiring compact and inexpensive devices such as rapid on-line screening or as disposable sensors.
Reversible reduction and reoxidation of the disulfide bonds in wheat gliadin.

Abstract Gliadin, reduced with β-mercaptoethanol at pH 7.4 in solution of 6 M urea, was reoxidized in acid solvents at 0.1% protein concentration. The product obtained had the same chemical and physical properties as the original gliadin. Evidently disulfide bonds in gliadin are predominantly intramolecular and are determined by conformations stabilized by noncovalent interactions of amino acid side chains in the individual protein molecules. When the urea concentration of the solvent used during reduction was decreased or when the protein concentration present during reoxidation was increased, the reoxidized product appeared to contain predominantly intermolecular disulfide bonds.
Sex Characters of Larval Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

A structure diagnostic of the male sex was found on the 12th sternite of all species of larval bees studied; it usually took the form of a narrow transverse slit on the posterior part of the segment. Structures diagnostic of the female were found on the same area of most species, but they were less well denned. Other characters situated on the posterior ventral area of the abdomen also were found useful in distinguishing the sexes of certain species. Differences between genera and species suggest the potential usefulness of these characters in taxonomic studies of larval Hymenoptera. Determination of sex by external structures was verified by waiting for pupation and by dissecting for the gonadal rudiments.
The response of a swept blade row to a three-dimensional gust

An analytical expression is obtained for the unsteady loading, acoustic mode amplitude, and sound power output of a three-dimensional rectilinear cascade of blades with finite chord excited by a three dimensional gust. The effects of spanwise wave number and cross-flow are included so that the effect of blade sweep and a gust with a spanwise variation can be considered. The results show that the effect of the spanwise gust and blade sweep are very similar and reduce the effective frequency of the incoming gust. The dominant effect is caused by the cut off of acoustic modes when the trace velocity of the gust along the blade span is subsonic.
Differences in inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor genes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Objective This study was undertaken to estimate the frequency of inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnancy. Study design A secondary analysis was performed of pregnant women at less than 30 weeks' gestation enrolled as part of 2 multicenter studies. Eight hundred eighty-five women were assessed for BV (defined as Nugent's vaginal Gram stain score 7-10 and a pH >4.5). Comparisons were made between women with or without BV. Extracted maternal DNA was analyzed for 7 cytokine (interleukin [IL] 1β-511, IL1β Exon 5 +3954, IL6-174, IL8-845, IL10–1082, tumor necrosis factor α-238 [TNFα-238], TNFα-308) and 2 Toll-like receptor (TLR-4 299, TLR-4 399) gene polymorphisms. Results BV was diagnosed in 497 women and 388 did not have BV. Genotype and allele frequency analyses revealed associations with BV and polymorphisms at the IL1β Exon 5 +3954, IL6-174, IL10–1082, and TLR-4 399 loci. Women with BV were less likely to be homozygous (C/C) for IL1β Exon 5 +3954 (P = .04). Women with BV were also less likely to have polymorphisms at the IL10-1082 (P = .03) and TLR-4 399 (P = .04) loci in the univariate analysis. Women with BV were more likely to be heterozygous (G/C) for the IL6-174 genotype (P Conclusion After controlling for race, polymorphisms at the IL1β Exon 5 +3954, IL6-174, and IL8–845 loci were associated with an altered rate of BV in pregnancy.
The relationship of internal conductance and membrane capacity to mitochondrial volume.

A study was made of the effect of mitochondrial size on the electrical properties of the membrane and the internal conductivity of mitochondria. The dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of suspensions of guinea pig heart mitochondria were examined in the frequency range 5 x 105 to 2.5 x 108 C.P.S. Membrane capacity was calculated to be 1.1 to 1.3 µf./cm.2 and was virtually the same in mitochondria whose surface area was made to vary by a factor of 4 by osmotic means. This finding suggested that some mechanism must exist for the transfer of mitochondrial material into membrane structure during fluctuations in mitochondrial size. The electrical capacity of the membrane was unaffected by a 33-fold change in potassium chloride concentration. The internal conductance of swollen mitochondria was 2 to 3 times lower than that of the external medium. In shrunken mitochondria the internal conductance was virtually independent of the conductivity of the external medium. These results were discussed in relation to current concepts of mitochondrial structure.
Determination of lead and bismuth in nickel-base alloys by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using continuum source background correction

Abstract The analysis of trace lead and bismuth in nickel-base alloys using the stabilized temperature platform furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with deuterium background correction was investigated. The peak times of lead and bismuth were different in different matrices. Lead was determined directly without any chemical modifier since the background absorption caused by the alloy matrix was compensated by the continuum background corrector. Aqueous standards were used to construct the calibration curves. The high background absorption encountered in the determination of bismuth could not be eliminated by chemical modifiers, neither palladium nor ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Background absorption was effectively reduced when trace bismuth was separated from the major matrix by coprecipitation with the addition of ammonium before determination by AAS. Hence, subnanogram levels of lead and bismuth in the aqueous solutions of nickel-base alloys were determined precisely with the optimum instrumental conditions established in this work. The accuracy and precision of the proposed methods were evaluated through the analysis of standard reference materials of nickel-base alloys. The experimental results agreed closely with the certified values and the reference values.
A comparison of three additive tree algorithms that rely on a least‐squares loss criterion

The performances of three additive tree algorithms which seek to minimize a least-squares loss criterion were compared. The algorithms included the penalty-function approach of De Soete (1983), the iterative projection strategy of Hubert & Arabie (1995) and the two-stage ADDTREE algorithm, (Corter, 1982; Sattath & Tversky, 1977). Model fit, comparability of structure, processing time and metric recovery were assessed. Results indicated that the iterative projection strategy consistently located the best-fitting tree, but also displayed a wider range and larger number of local optima.
Characterization of potassium channels in pancreatic β cells from ob/ob mice

The patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached mode was used to study the K channels present in the membrane of cultured pancreatic β cells from ob/ob mice. Three types of K+ channels were regularly observed, with conductances of 64, 20 and 146 pS. The conduction and kinetic properties of the 64 pS channel were similar to those of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel from normal β cells. Furthermore, glucose blocked the activity of this channel at the same concentrations as that reported for normal cells. The 20 pS and the 146 pS were insensitive to glucose. The latter K+ channel appears to be similar to the large conductance voltage-activated potassium channels described in normal rodent β cells. Thus, potassium channels in ob/ob pancreatic β cells in culture are in most respects normal. Other factors may account for the abnormal electrical response to glucose of ob/ob pancreatic islets, such as reversible impairment of their function in vivo or defects not related to potassium permeability.