cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical sensor resolution requirements for near-surface measurements of turbulent fluxes

Abstract. Businger and Delany (1990) presented an approach to estimate the sensor resolution required to limit the contribution of the uncertainty in the chemical concentration measurement to uncertainty in the flux measurement to 10 % for eddy covariance, gradient, and relaxed eddy accumulation flux measurement methods. We describe an improvement to their approach to estimate required sensor resolution for the covariance method, and include disjunct eddy covariance. In addition, we provide data to support selection of a form for the dimensionless scalar standard deviation similarity function based on observations of the variance of water vapor fluctuations from recent field experiments. We also redefine the atmospheric parameter of Businger and Delany in a more convenient, dimensionless form. We introduce a "chemical parameter" based on transfer velocity parameterizations. Finally, we provide examples in which the approach is applied to measurement of carbon dioxide, dimethylsulfide, and hexachlorobenzene fluxes over water. The information provided here will be useful to plan field measurements of atmosphere-surface exchange fluxes of trace gases.
Scalable Approaches for Supporting MPI-IO Atomicity

Scalable atomic and parallel access to noncontiguous regions of a file is essential to exploit high performance I/O as required by large-scale applications. Parallel I/O frameworks such as MPI I/O conceptually allow I/O to be defined on regions of a file using derived datatypes. Access to regions of a file can be automatically computed on a perprocessor basis using the datatype, resulting in a list of (offset, length) pairs. We describe three approaches for implementing lock serving (whole file, region locking, and byterange locking) and compare the various approaches using three noncontiguous I/O benchmarks. We present the details of the lock server architecture and describe the implementation of a fully-functional prototype that makes use of a lightweight message passing library and red/black trees.
OPTIMIZATION OF A DRIED RESIDUE SPECIMEN PREPARATION METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING ANALYTES IN PLUTONIUM METAL USING WDXRF

A novel method for preparing thin films was investigated for quantifying gallium and iron in plutonium solutions using WDXRF. This technique was developed to eliminate the potential for radioactive liquid to leak into the spectrometer, decrease specimen preparation time, and minimize waste. Samples were cast in µL quantities onto Kapton, and a surfactant was added to disperse the solution uniformly across the Kapton. After drying the specimens, they were sealed in a cell for analysis. Results to date indicate the method can provide a relative precision of ~0.5% for gallium and ~2% for iron, which is more than sufficient for routine sample analyses.
Overexpression of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4E in HeLa cells results in aberrant growth and morphology.

Abstract Eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) is a 25-kDa polypeptide that binds to the 7-methylguanosine-containing cap of mRNA and participates in the transfer of mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit, a step that is rate-limiting for protein synthesis under most cellular conditions. eIF-4E is the least abundant of the initiation factors, is present at approximately 10% of molar concentration of mRNA, and thus may serve as a site of regulation for the recruitment of mRNA into polysomes. Previous studies have indicated that phosphorylation of eIF-4E at Ser-53 is correlated with an increased rate of protein synthesis in a variety of systems in vivo and is required for eIF-4E to become bound to the 48S initiation complex. In this study we show that overexpression of eIF-4E in HeLa cells using an episomally replicating, BK virus-based vector leads to an unusual phenotype: cells grow rapidly, forming densely packed, multilayered foci. They progressively form syncytia, some containing as many as six nuclei, and ultimately lyse 1 month after transfection. Some of these properties are reminiscent of oncogenically transformed cells. Cells transfected with the identical vector expressing a variant of eIF-4E, which contains alanine at position 53 and thus cannot be phosphorylated at the major in vivo site, grow normally. Estimations using the Ala-53 variant or a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in the same vector indicate that the degree of eIF-4E overexpression is 3- to 9-fold more than the endogenous level. These results suggest that eIF-4E may play a key role in cell cycle progression.
Routine surgical telepathology in the Department of Veterans Affairs: experience-related improvements in pathologist performance in 2200 cases.

Objective: To determine whether diagnostic concordance, case deferral rate, and/or time required to review slides changed significantly as telepathologists gained additional experience using a hybrid dynamic/store-and-forward (HDSF) telepathology (TP) system on the 2000 cases following an initial 200 consecutive surgical cases, previously reported. Materials and Methods: Gross surgical pathology specimens were prepared by specially trained personnel in Iron Mountain, Michigan. For TP, glass slides were placed on the stage of a robotic microscope at the Iron Mountain VAMC (remote site); control of the motorized microscope was then transferred to a pathologist located 220 miles away at the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, VAMC (host site). For each case, a telepathologist had the option of either rendering a diagnosis or deferring the case for later analysis by conventional light microscopy (LM). After the slides were read by TP and a surgical pathology report had been generated (for nondeferred cases), the slides wer...
Microeconomics for MBAs: Production costs and the theory of the firm

The economist's stock in trade – his tools – lies in his ability to and proclivity to think about all questions in terms of alternatives. The truth judgment of the moralist, which says that something is either wholly right or wholly wrong, is foreign to him. The win–lose, yes–no discussion of politics is not within his purview. He does not recognize the either–or, the all-or-nothing situation as his own. His is not the world of the mutually exclusive. Instead, his is the world of adjustment, of coordinated conflict, of mutual gain. James M. Buchanan Amazing things happen when people take responsibility for everything themselves. The results are quite different, and at times people are unrecognizable. Work changes and attitudes to it, too. Mikhail Gorbachev, former Premier of the Soviet Union Cost is pervasive in human action. Managers (as well as everyone else) are constantly forced to make choices, to do one thing and not another. Cost – or more precisely, opportunity cost – is the most highly valued opportunity not chosen. Although money is the most frequently used measure of cost, it is not cost itself. Although we may not recognize it as such, cost also pervades our everyday thought and conversation. When we say “that course is difficult” or “the sermon seemed endless” or “changes to the product design at this stage can't be made,” we are really indicating something about the cost involved. If the preacher's extended commentary delayed the church picnic, the sermon was costly.
Asymptotic eigenstructures

The behavior of the closed loop eigenstructure of a linear system with output feedback is analyzed as a single parameter multiplying the feedback gain is varied. An algorithm is presented that computes the asymptotically infinite eigenstructure, and it is shown how a system with high gain feedback decouples into single input single output systems. Then a synthesis algorithm is presented which uses full state feedback to achieve a desired asymptotic eigenstructure.
Past, Present, and Future: Contexts for Current Challenges and Opportunities for Student Affairs Leadership

Contexts for identifying and understanding current opportunities and challenges for student affairs leaders are described and a framework for the rest of the sourcebook is offered.
Mandatory Management Training for Newly Hired Child Welfare Supervisors

Abstract Little scholarly attention has been directed at verifying whether the skills and competencies stressed in social welfare management training programs are consistent with the management literature. In this study, 31 state-sponsored management training programs for newly hired child welfare supervisors were assessed using Menefee and Thompson's (1994) 12 social work managerial dimensions. Research has suggested strategic, interpersonal, and technical skills and competencies are important for successful social welfare management. Most states, however, tended to ignore the strategic component in their management training programs. By discounting this aspect, states not only overlook the very factors that make social welfare management challenging, they potentially inhibit the practice effectiveness of their current supervisors and future managers.
Relation of Blood Lactic Acid and Acetone Bodies to Uric Acid in Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia.∗

SummaryThe average blood lactic acid in 7 cases of preeclampsia was 12.9 mg % (8.0-18.6) as compared with 11.0 mg % (9.1-12.3) in 8 cases of normal pregnancy. The average blood acetone bodies in the pre-eclamptic cases was 0.8 mg % (<0.1-2.6) as compared with 1.3 mg % (<0.1-2.7) for normal pregnancy. The average blood uric acid for the pre-eclamptic group was 4.5 mg % and for normal pregnancy was 3.0 mg %. The rise in blood lactic acid in eclampsia occurs mainly after convulsions. The hyperuricemia of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia can not be primarily attributed to an elevation of blood lactic acid or acetone bodies.
Analysis of Solvation and Gelation Behavior of Methylcellulose Using Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We adopt atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the solvation and gelation behavior of homogeneous methylcellulose (MC) and model random oligomers that represent the commercial cellulosic polymer product METHOCEL A in water and acetone solvents. We demonstrate that the two carbohydrate-specific GROMOS force fields, GROMOS 45A4 and 56Acarbo, are capable of reproducing characteristic angle distributions and the persistence length of MC chains reported in the literature. We then use the GROMOS 56Acarbo force field in both single-chain and multiple-chain simulations to characterize their solvation behavior through radial distribution functions, hydrogen-bond counts, and contact map analyses. We find that the un-methylated O6 position on the cellulose ring forms the most hydrogen bonds, followed by O2 and O3, implying that methylation at the 6 position reduces hydrogen bonding more than does methylation at other positions. O6–O6 is the most probable intermolecular hydrogen bond between differen...
Sickle Cell Anemia: A Case With High Fetal Hemoglobin Levels and Apparent Pancellular Distribution by the Kleihauer-Betke Test

The phenotype hemoglobin S with pancellular hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HbS/HPFH) is generally recognized by the Kleihauer-Betke acid elution test. We report a case of sickle cell anemia with very high levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) initially diagnosed as HbS/HPFH based on pancellular HbF distribution by the acid elution method. A more sensitive immunofluorescence method for detecting HbF showed a heterocellular distribution. The reasons for the apparent failure of the time-honored Kleihauer-Betke test in detecting a heterocellular distribution of HbF are discussed.
Investigation into Microstructure Abnormality of SA335-P91 Material Caused by Improper Heat Treatment

Hardness heterogeneousness on weld joints and base metal in boiler water storage tank of ultra supercritical pressure unit was found after non-destructive testing and hardness examination.Metallurgic replica examination in hardness heterogeneous zone showed that the microstructures were abnormal.It was indicated that Ostwald maturation structure was caused by uneven temperature control during heat treatment;too low cooling speed was the main cause of forming tempered sorbite in weld joints.As a solution,the whole water storage tank was returned to the manufacturer for replacement.
Performance evaluation on fundamental scientific research activities at non-profit research institutions

This study aimed to establish a performance evaluation system on certain fundamental scientific research activities at the non-profit research institutions in Fujian.The performance management and evaluation would be incorporated into government′s supervising operation.To resolve the complexity and uncertainty associated with the performance evaluation,a model consisting of evaluation indices were established.Furthermore,the AHP method was applied to analyze and determine the weight of individual indicators at different levels to facilitate the evaluation process.
The New Hampshire Perinatal Program: twenty years of perinatal outreach education.

OBJECTIVE: To describe 20 years of regional outreach education by the New Hampshire Perinatal Program, its interaction with all 26 community hospitals in the state with maternity services and an additional four in adjoining Vermont. STUDY DESIGN: This paper describes educational initiatives responsive to the needs of perinatal physicians and nurses. The core of the program is the transport conference held annually at each referring hospital in which maternal–fetal and infant referrals are discussed. There are additional community hospital-based programs, programs at convenient locations in the region and medical center conferences and skills programs. RESULTS: The program annually awards 10,000 continuing medical education credits (CME) and nursing contact hours. Evaluation and feedback from all participants is encouraged. New Hampshire has one of the lowest perinatal mortality rates in the county, which reflects in part the accomplishments of the program. CONCLUSION: Perinatal outreach education is a shared responsibility of providers in both the academic center and community hospitals and is necessary to ensure optimal care for mothers and infants.
Ouabain binding to sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase: inhibition by the , -methylene analogue of adenosine triphosphate.

To determine the mechanism of nucleotide-dependent, Na + -stimulated binding of [ 3 H]-ouabain to (Na + + K + )-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), we tested the ability of β,γ-methylene ATP (adenylylmethylenediphosphonate) to support [ 3 H]ouabain binding. β,γ-Methylene ATP is an analogue of ATP in which the β- and γ-phosphates are linked by a methylene group. It is not hydrolyzed by the (Na + + K + )-ATPase. In the presence of Na + and Mg ++ , β,γ-methylene ATP did not support [ 3 H]ouabain binding to rat brain (Na + + K + )-ATPase and it inhibited ATP-dependent binding. When [ 3 H]ouabain binding to guinea pig kidney (Na + + K + )-ATPase was determined in the presence of Na + , Mg ++ , and P i , the addition of β,γ-methylene ATP was inhibitory, in contrast to the stimulation produced by ATP. These results show that β,γ-methylene ATP binds to the (Na + + K + )-ATPase and that this interaction does not support [ 3 H]ouabain binding.
A Survey of Data Cleansing Techniques for Cyber-Physical Critical Infrastructure Systems

Abstract Critical infrastructure cyber-physical systems heavily depend on accurate data in order to facilitate intelligent control and improve performance. Corruption of data in these systems is unavoidable, resulting from both intentional and unintentional means. The consequence of making control decisions based on erroneous or corrupted data can be severe including financial loss, injury, or death. This makes employing a mechanism to detect and mitigate corrupted data crucial. Many techniques have been developed to detect and mitigate corrupted data. However, these techniques vary greatly in their capability to detect certain anomalies and required computing resources. This chapter presents a survey of data cleansing techniques and their applicability to various control levels in a critical infrastructure cyber-physical systems.
Spin dependent charge pumping: A new tool for MOS interface characterization

We have developed a new technique, spin dependent charge (SDCP) pumping which combines the unrivaled analytical power of EPR to identify the atomic scale nature of point defects with charge pumping, a widely used electrical characterization technique used to study interface/near interface defects in MOSFETs. We demonstrate SDCP to be a very powerful tool with potential to be of widespread use to the MOSFET characterization community. We study 4H SiC and Si based MOSFETs that have SiO 2 gate dielectrics with a new electrically detected magnetic resonance technique (EDMR). Our SDCP results demonstrate a tremendous improvement in sensitivity over the other EDMR techniques sensitive to interface near interface traps, spin dependent recombination (SDR). Additionally SDCP has the ability to access defects distributed over a wider energy range of the semiconductor bandgap than SDR. Charge pumping is a powerful electronic characterization technique which provides information about the electronic properties interface / near interface traps in MOSFETs. [1–3] However, charge pumping cannot provide information about the atomic scale structure of the interface trapping defects. Conventional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has unrivaled analytical power to identify atomic scale structure of defect centers but cannot not provide a direct connection between defect structure and electronic properties. [4] Combining EPR and charge pumping we develop a tool, spin dependent charge pumping (SDCP), which can directly link electronic properties of defect centers and information about defect structure in a very direct way. SDR has been useful in the study of fully processed MOSFETs. [5–9] SDCP circumvents some of the limitations of SDR, and also offers a very large increase in sensitivity over conventional SDR.
Effects of channel environment on timing advance for mobile device positioning in long-term evolution networks

As part of the synchronization process between a tower and a cell phone in an LTE network, a timing advance (TA) that forces the cell phone to advance the transmission of its signal based upon the signal propagation time between the cell phone and the tower is calculated. The correlation between TA value and distance allows for a potential location scheme to be implemented. We present an improved model of the probability density function for the error associated with TA-based positioning. Additionally, we characterize the variance of TA in multiple channel environments to estimate accuracy of a TA-based positioning system.
Secondary Students' Conceptual Understanding of Engineering as a Field.

Researchers have long been interested in how to recruit and retain more and more diverse students into engineering programs. One consistent challenge in this research is understanding the impacts of interventions from the point of view of the student, and how their preconceptions may influence that effectiveness. This study investigated how secondary students understand the concept of engineering, including what engineering is and what engineers do. The purpose of this work was to describe students’ conceptions of engineering, and to determine how those perceptions relate to student interest in engineering careers. The investigation was founded on the theoretical framework of conceptual ecology. Students from one high school that are typically underrepresented demographically in engineering programs were interviewed about their perspective on engineering. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the constant comparative and thematic analysis methods. Students who were interested in pursuing an engineering career generally believed that it involved hands-on building or fixing of cars, bridges, or airplanes. Students who were not interested in a career in engineering discussed a broader variety of types of engineering, and more often cited altruism and inherent interest as reasons that others would pursue such careers. Most students in this study did not express very complex or rich conceptions of engineers or engineering, but their conceptual ecologies suggest that they would be resistant to changing these conceptions. This suggests that recruitment and retention programs will need to directly address students’ existing conceptions of engineering.
Enteritis with pneumatosis intestinalis following rotavirus immunisation in an infant with short bowel syndrome

Rotavirus vaccines now form part of the national immunisation schedule in many countries. Contraindications to its use are few but do not currently include infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS). We present a nearly 3-month-old boy with SBS who developed enteritis with pneumatosis intestinalis following administration of the Rotarix vaccine.
A carrier-offset-stabilized dual Kerr microresonator frequency cmb

We present a photonic-chip Kerr microresonator frequency comb with carrier-envelope-offset frequency stabilization. The system leverages a dual reduction strategy from optical to microwave frequencies using 1 THz and 22 GHz repetition rate Kerr microcombs.
Host response to multiple skin lacerations on the albino guinea pig

Investigators have studied methods of treating skin lacerations by placing multiple incisions on each albino guinea pig. Theoretically, host responses to laceration sites may differ on the basis of anatomic location and local cytokine effects. We used cytokine values and histologic examination to identify differences when multiple lacerations were placed on each animal. Four 3-cm lacerations were made on the dorsum of each male albino guinea pig: two incisions on either side and parallel to the spine. Each laceration was closed with staples. In five animals a sponge technique was used to assay wound cytokines 48 h later. In an additional four animals, wounds were excised at 96 h and stained for cells and new collagen. We identified no statistically significant differences among laceration sites based on polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cellularity, number of fibroblasts, new collagen deposition, or wound interleukin (IL)-6 activities. Using this model minimizes the number of animals needed to generate statistically significant findings in wound research.
Will Tenure Voting Give Corporate Managers Lifetime Tenure

Dual-class voting systems have been widely employed in recent initial public offerings by large tech companies, but have been roundly condemned by institutional investors and the S&P 500. As an alternative, commentators have proposed adoption of tenure voting systems, where investor voting rights increase with the length of time that they hold shares. In furtherance of this proposal, some Silicon Valley investors have requested that the SEC permit the creation of a new stock exchange where all of the companies will be required to use tenure voting systems. Is tenure voting a better choice than dual-class stock for both corporate management and shareholders? In this paper, we review the arguments for and against tenure voting that have been made in the literature. In order to shed light on these claims veracity, we generate the first data base that documents institutional investor portfolio turnover rates for stock. We use this data to inform our mathematical voting model of tenure voting to show how its adoption would affect control rights within the corporation. We make two main findings that shed light on this question. First, we show that when corporate management holds a large block of company stock prior to the implementation of tenure voting, and retains at least 20-30% of the total number of company shares on a long term basis, then tenure voting will insure that corporate managers maintain control of the company even in the face of an attempted change of control transaction by a highly motivated dissident shareholder. Our second important finding is that if corporate management chooses to sell off its large initial block of the company’s stock over time, so that inside ownership levels drop eventually down to a low percentage level with the majority of ownership held by institutional shareholders with different investment horizons, then the use of tenure voting systems does little to protect management control in a proxy contest for corporate control. We conclude that tenure voting does indeed represent an intermediate form of voting control from a managers’ perspective: it does not guarantee management control, as dual-class share structures do, but does give control to management who maintain large equity stakes in the firm. Institutional investors are likely to see it as an improvement over dual-class stock structures in terms of giving them corporate governance rights, although less advantageous to these shareholders’ rights than a one share, one vote voting system.
Baby Shampoo to Relieve the Discomfort of Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Author(s): Stopyra, Jason P.; Winslow, James E.; Johnson, James C.; Hill, Keith D.; Bozeman, William P. | Abstract: Introduction: Oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray, and tear gas (CS) are used by police and the military and produce severe discomfort. Some have proposed that washing with baby shampoo helps reduce this discomfort. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study to determine if baby shampoo is effective in reducing the severity and duration of these effects. Study subjects included volunteers undergoing OC or CS exposure as part of their police or military training. After standardized exposure to OC or CS all subjects were allowed to irrigate their eyes and skin ad lib with water. Those randomized to the intervention group were provided with baby shampoo for application to their head, neck, and face. Participants rated their subjective discomfort in two domains on a scale of 0-10 at 0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. We performed statistical analysis using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney Test.Results: There were 58 participants. Of 40 subjects in the OC arm of the study, there were no significant differences in the ocular or respiratory discomfort at any of the time points between control (n=19) and intervention (n=21) groups. Of 18 subjects in the CS arm, there were no significant differences in the ocular or skin discomfort at any of the time points between control (n=8) and intervention (n=10) groups.Conclusion: Irrigation with water and baby shampoo provides no better relief from OC- or CS-induced discomfort than irrigation with water alone.
Subgroups of cyclic groups and values of the Riemann zeta function

Let k be a positive integer, x a large real number, and let $$C_n$$ be the cyclic group of order n. For $$k\le n\le x$$ we determine the mean average order of the subgroups of $$C_n$$ generated by k distinct elements and we give asymptotic results of related averaging functions of the orders of subgroups of cyclic groups. The average order is expressed in terms of Jordan’s totient functions and Stirling numbers of the second kind. We have the following consequence. Let k and x be as above. For $$k\le n\le x$$ , the mean average proportion of $$C_n$$ generated by k distinct elements approaches $$\zeta (k+2)/\zeta (k+1)$$ as x grows, where $$\zeta (s)$$ is the Riemann zeta function.
Ambient workplace heterosexism: Implications for sexual minority and heterosexual employees

This study examined the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism, emotional reactions (i.e., fear and anger), and outcomes for sexual minority and heterosexual employees. Five hundred thirty-six restaurant employees (68% female, 77% White) completed an online survey assessing the variables of interest. Results showed that greater experiences of ambient workplace heterosexism were associated with heightened fear and anger and, in turn, with heightened psychological distress (for fear) and greater physical health complaints, turnover intentions, and lowered job satisfaction (for anger). Fear also mediated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and psychological distress. In addition, sexual orientation moderated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and fear such that sexual minority employees reported more fear than heterosexuals with greater ambient heterosexism. These effects occurred after controlling for personal experiences of interpersonal discrimination. Our findings suggest that ambient workplace heterosexism can be harmful to all employees, not only sexual minorities or targeted individuals.
Multiresolution analysis and learning for computational seismic interpretation

Abstract We explore the use of multiresolution analysis techniques as texture attributes for seismic image characterization, especially in representing subsurface structures in large migrated seism...
Lobeline does not serve as a reinforcer in rats.

Abstract Rationale. Previous results demonstrated that pretreatment with lobeline attenuates d-methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Objective. The present experiments determined if lobeline serves as a reinforcer, if it decreases d-methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of d-methamphetamine self-administration, and if it activates the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathways in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Methods. The ability of intravenous (IV) lobeline (0.015–0.15 mg/kg per infusion) to engender responding and the ability of lobeline (0.015 and 0.05 mg/kg per infusion) to substitute for d-methamphetamine was determined using the self-administration paradigm. Experiments were also performed to determine if lobeline (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) reinstates responding for d-methamphetamine or alters the ability of d-methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg per infusion) to reinstate responding following extinction. The effect of lobeline (3.0 mg/kg) or d-methamphetamine (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) on DA and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the nucleus accumbens and striatum were also determined. Results. Lobeline was not self-administered and did not substitute for d-methamphetamine. Also, lobeline did not reinstate responding for d-methamphetamine following extinction nor did it alter d-methamphetamine-induced reinstatement. Furthermore, lobeline did not alter DA or DOPAC levels in the either the nucleus accumbens or striatum. Conclusions. Taken together, the present results indicate that lobeline decreases d-methamphetamine self-administration by decreasing reward, not by acting as a substitute reinforcer.
Clinical Behavior Therapy with Adults

The history of behavior therapy can be roughly divided into three partially overlapping phases or eras: development, scientific documentation, and dissemination. The development phase comprises the first 10 or so years, in which Wolpe, Skinner, Lazarus, Cautela, Ayllon, Azrin, and others invented an entirely new repertoire of clinical techniques: systematic desensitization, contingency management, the token economy, thought stopping, and so on (Kazdin, 1978). The second phase, which comprised 10-15 years, established the efficacy of behavioral techniques. Stimulated by a series of seminal group-comparison studies by Paul, Lang, Davison, and others and by single-case designs by Hersen, Barlow, Leitenberg, Agras, and others, a new generation of clinical scientists conducted dozens of controlled trials that documented the superiority of the behavioral approach to other psychosocial strategies and our ability to modify behavior that had previously been thought to be intractable (Bellack, Hersen, & Kazdin, 1990).
Analytical methods in limit analysis

The paper presents some analytical kinematic solutions of limit analysis problems in geotechnics and related fields that have been recently obtained at the University of Minnesota. Emphasis is placed on steady and pseudo-steady flow problems that may model certain processes, and on the implications of yield condition nonlinearity. The examples pertain to plane-strain, axisymmetric and general three-dimensional problems. Also, the possible extension of the kinematic method of limit analysis on hardening incompressible and contracting/dilating materials is discussed. Finally, a simple periodic shear band formation process is analyzed.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of ether-linked derivatives of phosphatidylinositol.

The synthesis of two novel glycero-3-phosphoinositol ether lipid analogues, rac-l-O-octadecyl-2-O methylglycero-3-phospho-myo-inositol 6 (an ether lipid analogue of rac-l-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine; ET-18-OMe) and rac-l-O-octadecyl-2-O-acetylglycero-3-phospho-myo-inositol 11 (an ether lipid analogue of platelet-activating factor), is described. The two target compounds and the synthetic intermediates were evaluated for inhibition of HL60, BG1, and BG3 human malignant cells in vitro and inhibition of protein kinase C. Tumor inhibitory activity was found for compounds 6 and 11 in all systems but not for their synthetic intermediates. However, compounds 6 and 11 as well as the synthetic intermediates 5 and 13, but not 9, exhibited protein kinase C inhibitory activity.
Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Uncovers Biomarkers for Severity of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CLN2, Batten Disease).

Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2 disease) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a monogenetic deficiency of tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (TPP1). Despite knowledge that lipofuscin is the hallmark disease product, the relevant TPP1 substrate and its role in neuronal physiology/pathology is unknown. We hypothesized that untargeted metabolite profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used as an effective tool to identify disease-associated metabolic disruptions in CLN2 disease, offering the potential to identify biomarkers that inform on disease severity and progression. Accordingly, a mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolite profiling approach was employed to differentiate CSF from normal vs. CLN2 deficient individuals. Of 1,433 metabolite features surveyed, 29 linearly correlated with currently employed disease severity scores. With tandem mass spectrometry 8 distinct metabolite identities were structurally confirmed based on retention time and fragmentation pattern matches, vs. standards. These putative CLN2 biomarkers include 7 acetylated species – all attenuated in CLN2 compared to controls. Because acetate is the major bioenergetic fuel for support of mitochondrial respiration, deficient acetylated species in CSF suggests a brain energy defect that may drive neurodegeneration. Targeted analysis of these metabolites in CSF of CLN2 patients offers a powerful new approach for monitoring CLN2 disease progression and response to therapy.
Optimal Design of Passive Resonating Wireless Sensors for Wearable and Implantable Devices

Passive resonating wireless sensors consist of a variable capacitive ( $C_{s}$ ) sensing element in resonance with a coil ( $L_{s}$ ) that is inductively coupled with a proximal readout circuit. They have been utilized in a number of medical and contactless industrial applications for their simple, small, battery-less, and wireless capabilities. An external readout coil ( $L_{r}$ ) detects the changes in the impedance phase spectrum, resulting from the changes in the parameter of interest ( $\Delta P$ ), such as pressure, humidity, or permittivity. A method of optimization for this class of sensors is presented based on a new figure of merit (FoM) to help designers find optimal geometries for both the sensing and inductive link components of the resonating sensor, leading to maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity at a desired reading range. To verify the proposed FoM and optimization algorithm, we fabricated an all-soft resonating wireless sensor prototype for chemical detection with optimal geometry. The phase-dip ( $\Delta \varphi _{dip}$ ) of the sensor at 5-mm interrogation distance is 43°, a 1380% improvement after optimization, at 313.5-MHz operating frequency. The maximum sensitivity, $\partial (\Delta f_{\mathbf {0}}/f_{\mathbf {0}})/\partial (\Delta P$ ), is 9200 ppm, a 24% improvement after optimization, when $100~\mu \text{L}$ of methanol (MeOH) is applied on the interdigitated capacitive sensor. The design methodology was also applied to an intraocular pressure (IOP) sensor and an implantable humidity sensor from literature and led to 661% and 41% improvement in the proposed FoM in simulations, respectively.
Advanced multipath modeling and validation for GPS onboard the International Space Station

Experiments conducted onboard the International Space Station (ISS) that rely on GPS for positioning and timing must take into account potential performance degradation caused by the complex multipath environment around the station. The Advanced GNSS Multipath Model (AGMM) has been developed to simulate the station structure, dynamics, and receiver characteristics necessary for accurate multipath analysis. Results from case studies at the planned location of the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation Lidar (GEDI) mission show code and carrier multipath error magnitudes of at least 1.5 m and 1.4 cm. Model validation was attempted by comparison to a short segment of on-orbit data gathered from the SIGI receiver. The simulation produced realistic code and carrier multipath for some satellite passes. However, low elevation passes along the truss line of sight were not well matched due to structures on the ISS that were not included in the AGMM ISS CAD model.
Cyclodextrin-Based “Green” Wrinkle-Free Finishing of Cotton Fabrics

This study presents a cyclodextrin-based “green”, inexpensive cross-linker to enhance the wrinkle-recovery angle (WRA) of fabrics. Cyclodextrin (CD) was oxidized using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ...
Shared decision making about opioid therapy for cancer patients: Do patients and providers take the same factors into consideration?

32Background: Many patients with cancerpain are appropriately managed on long-term opioid therapy (LTOT), but are at similar risk of overdose and addiction as are patients with non-cancer pain. Whe...
An Effectiveness Evaluation of a Primary Care-Embedded Clinical Pharmacist-Led Intervention Among Blacks with Diabetes

Black individuals with type 2 diabetes suffer disproportionate morbidity and mortality relative to whites with type 2 diabetes, irrespective of health insurance coverage. Examine the impact of a primary care–embedded clinical pharmacist–led intervention (UCMyRx) on cardiovascular risk factor control among blacks with type 2 diabetes in a large healthcare system. We used data extracted from the electronic health records (EHR) system and a difference-in-differences study design with a propensity-matched comparison group to evaluate the impact of UCMyRx on HbA1c and systolic blood pressure (SBP) among black patients with type 2 diabetes, relative to usual care. Individuals with type 2 diabetes identified as either black or African American in the EHR that were ≥ 18 years of age that had the following observations during the study window (03/02/2013–12/31/18: (1) HbA1C ≥ 8%, at least once, anywhere between 365 days before and 14 days after the UCMyRx visit and a follow-up HbA1c measure within 120 to 365 days after the visit and/or (2) SBP ≥ 140 mmHg at least once between 365 days before and 14 days after the UCMyRx visit that had a follow-up SBP measure within 120 to 450 days after the visit. UCMyRx pharmacists review labs and vital signs, perform medication reconciliation, use a standardized survey to assess barriers to medication adherence, and develop tailored interventions to improve medication adherence. Change in HbA1c and change in SBP from before to after the first UCMyRx visit. Having at least one visit with a UCMyRx clinical pharmacist was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c (− 0.4%, p value = .01); however, there was no significant impact on SBP (− .051 mmHg, p value = 0.74). The UCMyRx intervention is a useful strategy for improving HbA1c control among blacks with type 2 diabetes.
Mapping high-resolution percentage canopy cover using a multi-sensor approach

Abstract Accurate representations of canopy cover are essential for directing natural resource management efforts targeted at issues such as carbon storage, habitat modeling, fire spread, water resources, and ecosystem services. A two-phase classification approach utilizing an iterative classification of high-resolution aerial imagery to develop training data for a regional-scale classification of percentage woody canopy cover (PWCC) using Sentinel-2 imagery is presented in this study, and is tested for a large portion of South Texas (9,200,000 ha). The modeled PWCC for the study area belonged to the respective classes as follows, PWCC0 = 26%, PWCC90 = 14%, PWCC10 = 12%, PWCC80 = 8%, PWCC20 = 7%, PWCC30 = 7%, PWCC70 = 6%, PWCC50 = 5%, PWCC40 = 5%, and PWCC60 = 5%. Statistics indicated that the overall weighted accuracy for the mapped PWCC classes (Aow) was 0.82 and that the overall weighted kappa ( k w) was 0.49. To demonstrate the usefulness of the PWCC mapping approach to produce reasonable canopy cover estimates, the relative accuracies of modeled PWCC and other similar canopy cover products (LANDFIRE, NLCD) for the study area were summarized. MAE and RSS values were calculated based on five sample areas of directly measured LiDAR canopy cover estimates. The PWCC mapping approach presented here exhibited significantly MAE values for 5 out of 5 sample areas, and lower RSS values for 4 of 5 sample areas. By class MAE and RSS values were lower for all percentage cover classes. Overall, comparisons of the mapping result with high-resolution aerial imagery and the quantitative assessments indicated that the approach presented here was effective for developing highly detailed canopy cover estimates that can be used for planning and modeling at multiple scales (e.g. regional or local). Additionally, this approach can be employed by individual researchers and is less time and resource consumptive when compared to other large scale approaches. To date, only a limited number of existing studies have focused on approaches that can be used to map tree canopy cover for large areas.
Whip-cracker injury of the eye

Attention is here called to an unusual and puzzling form of ocular injury, and to a defect in the diagrams used in the localization of foreign bodies shown in X-ray pictures. This paper was read before the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology, October 30th, 1917.
Glycemic control and diabetic foot ulcer outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between glycemic control (hemoglobin A1C, fasting glucose, and random glucose) and the outcomes of wound healing and lower extremity amputation (LEA) among patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Research design and methods Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for observational studies published up to March 2019. Five independent reviewers assessed in duplicate the eligibility of each study based on predefined eligibility criteria and two independent reviewers assessed risk of bias. Ameta-analysis was performed to calculate a pooled odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) using random effects for glycemic measures in relation to the outcomes of wound healing and LEA. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential source of heterogeneity between studies. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018096842). Results Of 4572 study records screened, 60 observational studies met the study eligibility criteria of which 47 studies had appropriate data for inclusion in one or more meta-analyses(n = 12,604 DFUs). For cohort studies comparing A1C >7.0 to 7.5% vs. lower A1C levels, the pooled OR for LEA was 2.04 (95% CI, 0.91, 4.57) and for studies comparing A1C ≥ 8% vs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that A1C levels ≥8% and fasting glucose levels ≥126 mg/dl are associated with increased likelihood of LEA in patients with DFUs. A purposively designed prospective study is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the association between hyperglycemia and LEA.
Technical Comment on Pande et al. (2020): Why invasion analysis is important for understanding coexistence

Pande et al. (2020) point out that persistence time can decrease even as invader growth rates (IGRs) increase, which potentially undermines modern coexistence theory. However, because persistence time increases rapidly with system size only when IGR > 0, to understand how any real community persists, we should first identify the mechanisms producing positive IGR.
Resonant and nonresonant pieces of the D ---> anti-K pi semileptonic transition amplitude

We compare the resonant and nonresonant contributions in various regions of phase space for the semileptonic transition amplitude, computed in a chiral model which incorporates the heavy quark symmetry. Remarks on the significance for experiment and for chiral perturbation theory are made.
Pakistani Political Communication and Public Opinion on U.S. Drone Attacks

Conventional wisdom holds that Pakistanis are overwhelmingly opposed to American drone strikes in their country’s tribal areas and that this opposition is driven by mass media coverage of the loss of life and property the strikes purportedly cause. Using an approach based in the literature in political communication and public opinion, we argue this conventional wisdom is largely inaccurate. Instead, we contend that awareness of drone strikes will be limited because Pakistan is a poor country with low educational attainment, high rates of illiteracy and persistent infrastructure problems that limit access to mass media. Moreover, because of these same country characteristics, Pakistanis’ beliefs about drone strikes will be shaped primarily by informal, face-to-face political communication, rather than through more formal media sources. We test this argument using data that we collected by fielding a 7,656 respondent, nationally-representative survey carried out in Pakistan in 2013. The results of the statistical analysis support our arguments.
Blockade of translocator protein (TSPO) to measure specific binding of 11C-(R)-PK 11195 in human brain

467 Objectives Controversy remains about the percentage of 11C-(R)-PK 11195 uptake in human brain that is specifically bound to translocator protein (TSPO) and whether its in vivo binding is affected by the co-dominantly expressed polymorphism rs6971. The purpose of this study is to measure binding potential (BPND, the ratio of specific to nondisplaceable uptake) of 11C-(R)-PK 11195 in human brain after partial blockade of TSPO by XBD173, a TSPO agonist, in each of the three genotypes. Methods Eight healthy humans (4 high- (HABs), 2 mixed- (MABs), and 2 low-affinity binders (LABs)) had two 11C-(R)-PK 11195 scans: baseline and after oral administration of XBD173 (45-90 mg). Total distribution volume (VT) was measured by Logan plot in the baseline scan, and nondisplaceable distribution volume (VND) was measured by the Lassen plot for the two scans. Results VT in the baseline scans was similar among the three genotypes: 0.74 (HABs), 0.74 (MABs), and 0.66 (LABs). After XBD173 administration, VT decreased about 15% in both HABs and MABs, but was unchanged in LABs. From the blocked scans, VND was calculated to be 0.54 (HABs) and 0.49 (MABs), with that in LABs being indeterminable. BPND was 0.39 (HABs) and 0.47 (MABs). However, XBD173 increased the plasma free fraction (fP) of radioligand by an average of 19% in six of the eight subjects, but with a decrease in one HAB and one LAB. By correcting VT and VND for fP, the resulting BPND increased ~130% both in HABs (from 0.39 to 0.89) and in MABs (from 0.52 to 1.22). Conclusions Depending on whether the imaging results are corrected for the increase of fP apparently caused by XBD173, the BPND of 11C-(R)-PK 11195 in human brain of both HABs and MABs was either low (~0.4 without correction) or moderate (~1.0 with correction). The effect, if any, of genotype may be difficult to detect with this blockade paradigm, as the lack of effect of XBD173 in the LABs could be caused by decreased affinity of either the radioligand or XBD173 itself.