cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A process variation compensating technique with an on-die leakage current sensor for nanometer scale dynamic circuits

This paper describes a process compensating dynamic (PCD) circuit technique for maintaining the performance benefit of dynamic circuits and reducing the variation in delay and robustness. A variable strength keeper that is optimally programmed based on the die leakage, enables 10% faster performance, 35% reduction in delay variation, and 5times reduction in the number of robustness failing dies, compared to conventional designs. A new leakage current sensor design is also presented that can detect leakage variation and generate the keeper control signals for the PCD technique. Results based on measured leakage data show 1.9-10.2times higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reduced sensitivity to supply and p-n skew variations compared to prior leakage sensor designs
Complete Redundancy Removal for Packet Classifiers in TCAMs

Packet classification is the core mechanism that enables many networking services on the Internet such as firewall packet filtering and traffic accounting. Using ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the de facto standard in the industry. TCAMs classify packets in constant time by comparing a packet with all classification rules of ternary encoding in parallel. Despite their high speed, TCAMs suffer from the well-known interval expansion problem. As packet classification rules usually have fields specified as intervals, converting such rules to TCAM-compatible rules may result in an explosive increase in the number of rules. This is not a problem if TCAMs have large capacities. Unfortunately, TCAMs have very limited capacity, and more rules means more power consumption and more heat generation for TCAMs. Even worse, the number of rules in packet classifiers have been increasing rapidly with the growing number of services deployed on the Internet. In this paper, we propose to address the interval expansion problem of TCAMs by removing redundant rules in classifiers. This equivalent transformation can significantly reduce the number of TCAM entries needed by a classifier. Our experiments on real-life classifiers show an average reduction of 58.2 percent in the number of TCAM entries by removing redundant rules. Given the logical interleaving nature of packet filtering rules, identifying redundant rules in classifiers is by no means trivial, and to achieve the guarantee of no redundant rules in resulting classifiers is even more challenging. In this paper, for the first time, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for identifying all redundant rules in a classifier. Based on this condition, we categorize redundant rules into upward redundant rules and downward redundant rules. Second, we present two algorithms for detecting and removing the two types of redundant rules, respectively. Third, we formally prove that the resulting classifiers have no redundant rules after running the two algorithms. Last, we conduct extensive experiments on both real-life and synthetic classifiers. The experimental results show that our redundancy removal algorithms are both effective and efficient.
Adapting ROV Operations Procedures to Today’s Market

ROV operations in today’s tough market-place are a complex web of circumstances aimed at satisfying a number of inter-relating parameters. These circumstances and parameters will be discussed in this chapter, as will the impact of the guidelines on the market-place.
Multi-branched diagnostic trees

The authors describe the application of quantitative model-based reasoning to the automatic generation of multi-branched diagnostic trees using only a system model description containing connectivity and functional information. The technique is demonstrated using two examples, diagnosing a simple adder-multiplier circuit and a more complex analog feedback control system. Quantitative measures are defined for the performance of the generated trees, and data show that both diagnostic accuracy and efficiency increase with larger branching factors. This technique is believed to hold significant potential for increasing the productivity of developing fault isolation test programs. >
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN I. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN GUINEA PIG TISSUES

The effect of crystalline diphtheria toxin on protein synthesis in vivo was evaluated in guinea pigs and mice. By two independent methods of analysis (microdensitometry of tissue radioautograms and radioactivity of tissue proteins), it was established that inhibition of protein synthesis was not a widespread metabolic effect of diphtheria toxin. In the sensitive guinea pig, only the heart and the pancreas showed any demonstrable reduction in the quantity of tritiated leucine incorporated into proteins following challenge of the animals with the crystalline toxin. No such inhibition was noted in mice which are resistant to the action of diphtheria toxin. The effect on the pancreas involved a decrease in the synthesis of pancreatic enzymes and their subsequent secretion. For reasons discussed, it was concluded that this lesion was not as significant as the inhibition of protein synthesis in the heart tissues. Although the rate of protein turnover in heart muscle is relatively low, an inhibition of 73% was noted when the exchange period with the tritiated leucine was 6 hr. It was suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis in heart tissues could provide a biochemical rationale for the site and mode of action of diphtheria toxin in the sensitive mammalian host. An attempt was also made to correlate the biochemical heart lesion described here with past clinical evidence of cardiac failure and tissue pathology noted in many cases of fatal diphtheria infections of humans.
The Wheel Model of humor: Humor events and affect in organizations:

In this article we develop the Wheel Model of humor, which addresses the theme of this special issue by casting humor events as an important driver of employee happiness and well-being through their influence on positive affect. Drawing on theories of humor and emotion, the Wheel Model suggests that humor-induced positive affect results in transmission of emotion to social groups, which in turn creates a climate that supports humor use and subsequent humor events. This model is depicted in a circular pattern to highlight the cumulative and escalatory process through which individual humor events can impact individuals and groups over repeated cycles of the wheel. We also describe individual and environmental variables that are likely to have an impact on relationships within the Wheel Model. Finally, we discuss specific research contexts to which the Wheel Model can be applied (mentoring, leadership, groups/teams), as well as other future research directions.
Conformational Consequences of Protein Glycosylation: Preparation of O-Mannosyl Serine and Threonine Building Blocks, and Their Incorporation Into Glycopeptide Sequences Derived from α-Dystroglycan

With the goal to investigate the structural impact of O-mannosyl glycosylation on alpha-dystroglycan, a glycoprotein that has an important role in the extracellular organization of muscle, glycopeptides derived from its mucin-like sequence have been prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Two approaches have been explored to obtain needed mannosylated serine and threonine building blocks. With the alpha-carboxyl group unprotected, and with tetraaceto-1-fluoro-alpha-D-mannose as the sugar donor, the desired alpha-O-mannosyl-Fmoc-Ser/Thr formed, along with mannosyl ester isomers and the species with mannose attached to both hydroxyl and carboxyl functions. Relevant mechanistic questions and stability issues were elucidated. Alternatively, building blocks were made with the alpha-carboxyl protected/activated as the pentafluorophenyl (Pfp) ester. Glycopeptides synthesized herein contained 5-9 residues, and featured one, two, and four consecutive Ser and/or Thr residues O-glycosylated with mannose. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra for Man-containing glycopeptides recorded in water show them to be not well ordered. For one of the alpha-dystroglycan-derived sequences, the comparative conformational consequences of glycosylation by either Man or GalNAc have been examined by CD and NMR, with both methods showing a more organized structure when GalNAc is present.
Heme-oxygenase 1 Gene Expression is a Marker for Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Stress and Toxicity in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Several adverse health effects, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, have been reported among workers who are occupationally exposed to chromium-containing compounds. Human dermal fibroblasts were used as an in vitro experimental model to study the potential mechanisms underlying hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]‐induced dermal toxicity. Exposure of the fibroblasts to 5mM Cr(VI) (LC50 for a 24-h exposure period) followed by microarray analysis of the gene expression profile revealed overexpression of several genes including those involved in cell stress response. The cellular level of glutathione, the major antioxidant molecule present in the cells, was significantly lower in the Cr(VI)-treated cells compared to the corresponding control cells. The Cr(VI)-induced overexpression of heme-oxygenase 1 messenger RNA (HO-1) in the fibroblasts was significantly blocked by actinomycin D and by inhibitors of MAP kinase pathways. The Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and the overexpression of the HO-1 gene were dependent on the glutathione level of the fibroblasts. Buthionine sulfoximine-mediated GSH depletion resulted in enhanced Cr(VI) cytotoxicity and further overexpression of the HO-1 gene. On the other hand, elevated cellular levels of glutathione resulting from pretreating the cells with GSH significantly protected the cells against the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the HO-1 gene’s overexpression. Pretreating the fibroblasts with N-acetyl cysteine also significantly reduced the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and overexpression of the HO-1 gene. In conclusion, depletion of GSH leading to cellular stress is a major mechanism responsible for Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the expression level of HO-1 gene is
Evidence for Proterozoic mylonitization in the northwestern Wyoming province

The 3-km-thick Madison mylonite zone encompasses the contact between the Cherry Creek Metamorphic Suite and the pre-Cherry Creek metamorphic complex in the southern Madison Range of southwest Montana. In the shear zone, greenschist- and epidote-amphibolite-facies assemblages overprint earlier amphibolite- and granulite-facies assemblages. Large-scale metasomatic conversion of granitic gneiss to mylonite gneiss increased siderophile (Fe, Mn, Mg, P, and Ca) elements and decreased K, Al, and Si in the mylonite gneiss, suggesting extensive fluid flux in the Madison mylonite zone. Southeast-dipping foliations adjacent to the Madison mylonite zone are rotated about their northeastern strike through the vertical to northwest-dipping orientations, indicating southeast-directed thrusting of the pre-Cherry Creek metamorphic complex over the Cherry Creek Metamorphic Suite. Complete stratigraphic continuity of Cherry Creek units within the mylonite zone shows the predominance of ductile shearing. Ductile thrusting is also indicated by asymmetric fabrics, stretching lineations, finite strain, and metamorphic gradients within the shear zone. If the foliations were passively rotated during simple shear, a minimum of 10 km of distributed ductile slip occurred in the Madison mylonite zone. 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of hornblende and muscovite adjacent to the Madison mylonite zone records a Late Archean (2.5 Ga) cooling event. Within the shear zone, a discordant 40Ar/39Ar muscovite spectrum is consistent with initial cooling to argon closure at about 1.9 Ga with subsequent disturbance at about 1.6 Ga. Hornblendes from the Madison mylonite zone show highly discordant argon-loss spectra with temperature steps starting at 1.8 Ga and ending at 2.5 Ga. These argon age spectra indicate Early Proterozoic heating and argon loss in the Madison mylonite zone, resetting and subsequent retrogressing of muscovite but only partial resetting of hornblende due to its higher argon closure temperature. This study strongly suggests Early Proterozoic (1.80-1.90 Ga and possibly later) thrusting in the Madison mylonite zone, which may be correlative with retrograde metamorphism and Early Proterozoic isotopic resetting northwest of the Madison Range. The Madison mylonite zone is probably a foreland thrust zone on the margin of a major compressional orogen of Early Proterozoic age that reworked the Archean basement of the northwestern Wyoming province.
Clinical Investigation of Feeding Difficulties in Young Children: A Practical Approach

1 manuscript offers a practical guide to help the pediatrician screen for organic disease and provide constructive advice for the full range of children with feeding problems—namely, those with underlying pathology and the many others whose functional feeding difficulties range from mild to severe. In employing this approach, which is outlined in Figure 1, pediatricians are encouraged to pursue red flags implicating organic disease and identify behavioral and environmental factors that will help them to classify the specific type of feeding difficulty and tailor treatment to it. Because children often have more than 1 type of problematic feeding behavior evident, this guide for clinicians focuses on the behaviors that require attention rather than specific diagnoses.
Genetic evidence for shared mechanisms of epimorphic regeneration in zebrafish

In a microarray-based gene profiling analysis of Muller glia-derived retinal stem cells in light-damaged retinas from adult zebrafish, we found that 2 genes required for regeneration of fin and heart tissues in zebrafish, hspd1 (heat shock 60-kDa protein 1) and mps1 (monopolar spindle 1), were up-regulated. Expression of both genes in the neurogenic Muller glia and progenitors was independently verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and in situ hybridization. Functional analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants of hspd1 and mps1 revealed that both are necessary for Muller glia-based cone photoreceptor regeneration in adult zebrafish retina. In the amputated fin, hspd1 is required for the induction of mesenchymal stem cells and blastema formation, whereas mps1 is required at a later step for rapid cell proliferation and outgrowth. This temporal sequence of hspd1 and mps1 function is conserved in the regenerating retina. Comparison of gene expression profiles from regenerating zebrafish retina, caudal fin, and heart muscle revealed additional candidate genes potentially implicated in injury-induced epimorphic regeneration in diverse zebrafish tissues.
Automated human blood micronucleated reticulocyte measurements for rapid assessment of chromosomal damage

This study evaluated the utility of human blood micronucleated reticulocyte (MNCD71+) frequency measurement as a cytogenetic damage biomarker. The analytical methodology was flow cytometry in conjunction with a previously described three color fluorescence labeling technique that includes anti-CD71 to focus analyses on the most immature fraction of reticulocytes [S.D. Dertinger, K. Camphausen, J.T. MacGregor, M.E. Bishop, D.K. Torous, S. Avlasevich, et al., Three-color labeling method for flow cytometric measurement of cytogenetic damage in rodent and human blood, Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44 (2004) 427-435]. Blood specimens from 50 self-reported healthy adult volunteers were studied. In addition to MNCD71+ measurements, blood plasma folate and B12 levels were assessed, since these variables tend to influence other indices of cytogenetic damage. Time-course data are also provided for 10 cancer patients undergoing treatment. For these subjects, frequency of MNCD71+ was measured immediately before therapy, and daily during the first week of chemotherapy and/or fractionated radiotherapy. For the group of healthy volunteers, the variables of age, and folate and B12 levels demonstrated no significant effect on MNCD71+ frequency. In addition, no difference was observed between pre-treatment MNCD71+ values for cancer patients compared with healthy volunteers. Regarding chemotherapy and/or partial body radiotherapy, elevated frequencies were observed upon initiation of treatment for 9 of the 10 patients studied. Maximal effects were observed 3-5 days following initiation of therapy. The largest increases in frequency of MNCD71+ (up to 25.9-fold) were observed in those patients exposed to anti-neoplastic drugs, presumably due to the systemic red marrow exposure provided by these agents. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the MNCD71+ endpoint represents a valuable biomarker of cytogenetic damage that does not require cell culture or microscopy-based scoring.
Vehicle following as backup control schemes for magnet-magnetometer-based lateral guidance

This paper describes the development of the backup vehicle lateral control algorithms for the magnet-magnetometer-based automated lateral guidance. Current vehicle lateral controllers rely on the use of two sets of magnetometers, one under the front bumper and the other under the rear bumper of the vehicle. The magnetometers measure the vehicle's lane following error relative to the magnets buried along the center of the highway lane. The proposed algorithms, based on a laser scanning radar sensor (LIDAR), are backup systems for current magnetometer-based controllers in case of magnetometer failure. The LIDAR sensor measures the vehicle's lateral position relative to its preceding vehicle. The paper considers two magnetometer failure scenarios, i.e., failure in only one set of magnetometers and failure in all magnetometers. Experimental results are presented.
Reduced arterial compliance in patients with psychiatric diagnoses

Background Peripheral arterial compliance is a measure of elasticity of the arteries that has been found to be a robust predictor of prevalent arteriosclerosis as well as incident stroke and myocardial infarction. Psychiatric diagnoses and second generation antipsychotics may contribute to cardiovascular risk and stroke, but effects on peripheral arterial compliance are unknown. This study compared peripheral arterial compliance in healthy male controls to male patients with psychiatric diagnoses who were treated with quetiapine or risperidone or off antipsychotics at time of testing.
Bacterial stalks are nutrient-scavenging antennas.

Environmental inorganic phosphorus is frequently the growth-limiting nutrient for aquatic microorganisms, and there is fierce interspecies competition for the available supply. What are the limiting factors in effective bacterial scavenging of environmental phosphorus? It depends on the concentration. When the supply is relatively high, the limit is determined by the number of phosphate transporters on the surface times their individual throughput. At very low concentrations, however, the physics of diffusion at small scales comes into play. A relatively sparse distribution of transporters on the cell surface can capture every molecule that approaches the surface and phosphate influx becomes diffusion-limited. The prosthecate (stalked) bacteria, such as Caulobacter crescentus, have evolved an effective fitness strategy for these low-phosphorus environments that are dissected by Wagner et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS. Long, slender stalks extend the effective surface area of the cell, acting as a sort of nutrient-collecting antenna while adding little to the cell volume (Fig. 1). Thus, the cell’s phosphate collection effectiveness is greatly increased at low cost. This hypothesis for the stalk’s function was suggested by observations 40 years ago that the prosthecate bacteria grow much longer stalks in phosphate-limited media (2, 3).
NONSTATIONARY DATA SHOULD NOT BE “CORRECTED”

Ellis (1979), in his study of interaction patterns in groups, discovered that his data did not satisfy the assumptions of a simple Markov model. In particular, he found that his data failed to satisfy the assumption of stationarity. In response to this, Ellis employed a new composite matrix procedure to generate a single set of predicted one-step transition probabilities. This essay argues that this procedure (1) does not generate one-step probabilities, (2) does not produce legitimately interpretable results, and (3) is a fundamentally inappropriate response to the discovery of nonstationary data. The composite matrix procedure used by Ellis is discussed and appropriate responses to the discovery of nonstationary interaction data are proposed.
Inconsistency With Prior Knowledge Triggers Children’s Causal Explanatory Reasoning

What events trigger causal explanatory reasoning in young children? Children's explanations could be triggered by either consistent events (suggesting that explanations serve a confirmatory function) or inconsistent events (suggesting that they promote discovery of new information). In 2 studies with preschool children (N = 80), events that were consistent with children's prior knowledge were simultaneously contrasted with events that were inconsistent with prior knowledge, and children were invited to explain either outcome (or both). Results demonstrate that inconsistent outcomes are an especially powerful trigger for children's explanations and that the explanations children provide for inconsistent outcomes refer to internal causal properties, overriding perceptual appearances. In sum, the data provide empirical evidence that inconsistent events motivate children to construct explanations, thereby suggesting that children's explanations function in the service of discovery.
A higher-order accurate fluid-particle algorithm for polymer flows

We present a new algorithm for the simulation of polymer-laden flows in microscale environments. Our algorithm is based on a hybridisation of high-order accurate continuum and particle methods. The continuum algorithm provides the basic framework for high-performance computations to resolve device length and time scales. It is coupled to a new particle method with an optimised treatment of particle interactions such that the time step is on the level of the fluid continuum. We demonstrate our simulation capability on the flow of polymers in a contraction microchannel used for single-molecule detection.
Quick Estimation of Data Compression and De-duplication for Large Storage Systems

Many new storage systems provide some form of data reduction. In a recent paper we investigate how compression and de-duplication can be mixed in primary storage systems serving active data. In this paper we try to answer the question someone would ask before upgrading to a new, data reduction enabled storage server: how much storage savings the new system would offer for the data I have stored right now? We investigate methods to quickly estimate the storage savings potential of customary data reduction methods used in storage systems: compression and full file de-duplication on large scale storage systems. We show that the compression ratio achievable on a large storage system can be precisely estimated with just couple percents (worst case) of the work required to compress each file in the system. Also, we show that full file duplicates can be discovered very quickly with only 4% error (worst case) by a robust heuristic.
Immune Dysregulation and Tumor-Associated Gene Changes in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Paired Microarray Analysis

Recurrent respiratory papillomas (RRP) are benign airway tumors, caused primarily by human papillomaviruses (HPV) types 6 and 11.The disease is characterized by multiple recurrences after surgical removal, with limited effective therapy. To identify novel targets for future therapy, we established transcriptional profiles for actively growing papillomas compared with autologous, clinically normal, laryngeal epithelia (adjacent tissue). Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from 12 papillomas and 12 adjacent tissues were analyzed by microarray, and the matched sets of tissues compared by paired t test, to identify differentially expressed genes in papilloma tissues while minimizing variations intrinsic to individual patients. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the relative expression levels for a subset of genes. Within the 109 differentially expressed transcripts whose expression varied at least three-fold were two large groups of genes with related functions. The first group consisted of 18 genes related to host defense, including both innate and adaptive immunity. The second group contained 37 genes that likely contribute to growth of papillomas as benign tumors, since the altered pattern of expression also had been reported previously in many cancers. Our results support our previous studies that document a systemic TH2-like adaptive immune response in RRP, and suggest that there is a role for altered innate immunity in RRP as well. We propose that HPV 6 and 11 infection establishes a tumorigenic microenvironment characterized by alteration of both innate inflammatory signals and adaptive immune responses that prevent effective TH1-like response, in conjunction with altered expression of numerous genes that regulate cellular growth and differentiation.
Severe Cholestatic Jaundice in Hyperthyroidism after Treatment with 131-Iodine

A 39-year-old white man was referred to our hospital for evaluation of his jaundice and pruritus. The patient was treated with I for diffuse toxic goiter prior to his referral to our hospital. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations excluded viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, granulomatous disease, primary biliary disease, extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and heart failure. Liver biopsy showed severe intrahepatic and canalicular cholestasis with minimal inflammatory changes. The patient's jaundice promptly resolved with therapy for hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm as bilirubin levels decreased from 35 mg/dL (normal: 0.5-1.2 mg/dL) to 0.4 mg/dL. Thyrotoxicosis can be an uncommon cause of profound cholestasis. Our case differs from all other reports in the literature because of the severity of the cholestasis and its prompt resolution with treatment for thyrotoxicosis.
The Historic and Modern Doctrines of Equivalents and Claiming the Future: Part I (1790-1870)

From its beginning, American patent law has extended patent protection beyond the explicitly disclosed examples of an invention described in a patent specification, applying patents to some range of equivalent substituted technologies. From the middle of the 19th Century until 1950, the Supreme Court was careful to limit this historic doctrine of equivalents to products or processes that physically embody the construed language of a patent's claims. In Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co., 339 U.S. 605 (1950), the Supreme Court radically altered the nature of the doctrine of equivalents, expanding patent protection beyond the scope of application of construed claim language in order to protect the value of patents from alleged fraud. In Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co., 520 U.S. 17 (1997), and Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 535 U.S. 722 (2002), the Supreme Court extended patent protection under this modern doctrine to later-arising technologies not contemplated by the inventor. As discussed in Part I of this article - forthcoming in the Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society - the Supreme Court in 1853 stated that patent protection was limited to the scope of application of construed claim language. In the 1870 Patent Act, Congress codified a "distinct claiming" requirement that should have foreclosed the modern doctrine of equivalents. As discussed in Part II - also forthcoming in the Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society - until Graver Tank, the Supreme Court consistently limited the doctrine of equivalents under the 1870 Patent Act to the scope of application of construed claim language. In the 1952 Patent Act, Congress neither codified nor impliedly ratified the modern doctrine of equivalents, and did not extend it to later-arising technologies. This article is the second in a series of articles relating to the doctrine of equivalents. These articles seek to encourage and to set the context for future discussions of abolishing the modern doctrine of equivalents and of claiming later-arising technologies. The first article, to be published in the Federal Circuit Bar Journal, describes conflicts among the modern doctrine and prosecution history estoppel and additional implied disclaimer and claim scope doctrines. It explains how the modern doctrine improperly extends patent protection to equivalents that could not validly be claimed. The third article, to be published in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal discusses the lack of theoretical justification for, social costs of, and complexity created by the modern doctrine. It argues that the historic doctrine of equivalents should be restored and that additional limits on claiming later-arising technologies may be needed to promote progress.
Elevating microRNA-122 in blood improves outcomes after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Because our recent studies have demonstrated that miR-122 decreased in whole blood of patients and in whole blood of rats following ischemic stroke, we tested whether elevating blood miR-122 would improve stroke outcomes in rats. Young adult rats were subjected to a temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham operation. A polyethylene glycol-liposome-based transfection system was used to administer a miR-122 mimic after MCAO. Neurological deficits, brain infarction, brain vessel integrity, adhesion molecule expression and expression of miR-122 target and indirect-target genes were examined in blood at 24 h after MCAO with or without miR-122 treatment. miR-122 decreased in blood after MCAO, whereas miR-122 mimic elevated miR-122 in blood 24 h after MCAO. Intravenous but not intracerebroventricular injection of miR-122 mimic decreased neurological deficits and brain infarction, attenuated ICAM-1 expression, and maintained vessel integrity after MCAO. The miR-122 mimic also down-regulated direct target genes (e.g. Vcam1, Nos2, Pla2g2a) and indirect target genes (e.g. Alox5, Itga2b, Timp3, Il1b, Il2, Mmp8) in blood after MCAO which are predicted to affect cell adhesion, diapedesis, leukocyte extravasation, eicosanoid and atherosclerosis signaling. The data show that elevating miR-122 improves stroke outcomes and we postulate this occurs via downregulating miR-122 target genes in blood leukocytes.
Assembly and operation of the autopatcher for automated intracellular neural recording in vivo

Whole-cell patch clamping in vivo is an important neuroscience technique that uniquely provides access to both suprathreshold spiking and subthreshold synaptic events of single neurons in the brain. This article describes how to set up and use the autopatcher, which is a robot for automatically obtaining high-yield and high-quality whole-cell patch clamp recordings in vivo. By following this protocol, a functional experimental rig for automated whole-cell patch clamping can be set up in 1 week. High-quality surgical preparation of mice takes ∼1 h, and each autopatching experiment can be carried out over periods lasting several hours. Autopatching should enable in vivo intracellular investigations to be accessible by a substantial number of neuroscience laboratories, and it enables labs that are already doing in vivo patch clamping to scale up their efforts by reducing training time for new lab members and increasing experimental durations by handling mentally intensive tasks automatically.
High-speed fiber-optic universal asynchronous receiver transmitter for asynchronous computer communications

Two attributes of fiber optics that have Impeded their utility in computer applications are that (1) they are inherently bit-serial while most computers are bit-parallel, and (2) few asynchronous clock recovery methods are available above 100 Mb/s where optical fibers are unmatched in speed. Traditional universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) ICs are largely Inappropriate because edge timing is acquired by oversampling, which demands logic toggle rates 8-16 times higher than the data rate. This paper reports on a variation of the UART approach that trades slightly greater hardware complexity for a reduction in internal clock frequency thereby eliminating the need for extremely fast logic. Its simplicity makes It amenable to implementation with ECL gate arrays and semicustom GaAs logic. Potential applications include fiber-optic interfaces for computers, high-speed peripherals such as magnetic and optical disks, local area networks, and finally large parallel processing machines such as Hypercube.1
Emerging therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma

The incidence of gastro-esophageal disease and associated rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rising at an exponential rate in the United States. However, research targeting EAC is lagging behind, and much research is needed in the field to identify ways to diagnose EAC early as well as to improve the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) to systemic therapies. Esophagectomy with subsequent reconstruction is known to be a morbid procedure that significantly impacts a patient's quality of life. If indeed the pCR rate of patients can be improved and those patients destined to be pCR can be identified ahead of time, they may be able to avoid this life-altering procedure. While cancer-specific biological pathways have been thoroughly investigated in other solid malignancies, much remains unexplored in EAC. In this review, we will highlight some of the latest research in the field in regards with EAC, along with new therapeutic targets that are currently being explored. After reviewing conventional treatment and current changes in medical therapy for EAC, we will focus on unchartered grounds such as cancer stem cells, genetics and epigenetics, immunotherapy, and chemoradio-resistant pathways as we simultaneously propose some investigational possibilities that could be applicable to EAC.
America’s game: The NFL’s “Salute to Service” campaign, the diffused military presence, and corporate social responsibility

This article critiques the National Football League’s (NFL) “Salute to Service” campaign that highlights and celebrates the US military. As the campaign produces a saturation of military symbolism and iconography in and around regular season games, the campaign turns away from the unique “mega-event” model of military ceremonial display and toward a “diffused military presence” that casually incorporates the military into everyday life via the entertainment and branding structures of the league. It further constructs the league as not just a compassionate corporate citizen passively embodying “American values,” but as an ideologically active and authoritative American public institution.
In situ hybridization of H-K-ATPase beta-subunit mRNA in rat and rabbit kidney.

Through a variety of techniques, several investigators have demonstrated the presence of an H-K-adenosinetriphosphatase (H-K-ATPase) enzyme in the renal collecting duct, suggesting that this enzyme...
341 SALT-SENSITIVE HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM BROMOCRIPTINE TREATMENT IN THE RAT IS NOT CORRECTED BY ADMINISTRATION OF TEMPOL

A high sodium diet (HSD) has been reported to be associated with markers of oxidative stress, and the superoxide dismutase mimetic Tempol lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and some models of salt-sensitive hypertension. We have shown (Hypertension 2003; 42:962-967) that administration of Bromocriptine (B; 5 mg/kg ip daily for one week) causes salt-sensitive hypertension due to deficiency of the pituitary peptide γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-MSH); infusion of the peptide rapidly lowers blood pressure. We asked if Tempol would have a beneficial effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) in this model as well. Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with radiotransmitters (Data Sciences Inc, Minneapolis, MN) for continuous measurement of distal aortic MAP in the conscious and unrestrained state. No change in MAP occurred in going from a normal (0.4%) sodium diet (NSD) to the HSD (8%) for one week, 103±5 vs. 104±6 mm Hg, while sodium excretion (UNaV) rose from 2.7±0.2 to 23.2±0.5 mmol/24 hr (p ≤.001). Treatment with B for another week increased MAP to 122±5 mm Hg (p ≤.05) with a slight reduction in UNaV to 19.3±2.5 mmol/24 hr. Addition of Tempol (1 mmol/L drinking water) for a final week resulted in no change in MAP (120±2 mm Hg) or in UNaV (19.5±2.2 mmol/24 hr). Urinary excretion of 8-isoprostane, a marker of renal oxidative stress, was increased during B treatment compared to the NSD (27.8±6.6 vs. 16.8±2.4 ng/24 hr, p ≤.05), and fell only slightly during Tempol treatment to 22.7±3.7 ng/24 hr (p = NS). These results confirm that B treatment results in salt-sensitive hypertension. This hypertension is accompanied by increased 8-isoprostane excretion, raising the possibility that the increased MAP may be linked to oxidative stress. However, Tempol, administered in a dose sufficient to correct hypertension in the SHR, did not affect MAP while lowering 8-isoprostane excretion modestly. These results do not support a major role of oxidative stress in the salt-sensitive hypertension resulting from B treatment.
What Can Actors Teach Robots About Interaction

In this paper, we describe our initial experiences using a mobile robot as a teaching aid in a stage movement class, taught in the Performing Arts Department of Washington University in St. Louis. The robot participated in a number of exercises, intended to teach the fundamentals of movement, and interacted closely with human acting students. We describe these exercises, what they are designed to teach the students, and discuss how using a robot as a teaching aid can enhance the students' experience. We describe two classes in which a robot participated, one under tele-operation and one fully autonomously, and discuss both the students' reaction to the robots, and our subjective evaluations of the systems success.
Mechanism of Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Cytosolic Retention of MK2 Inhibitory Peptide Nano-polyplexes

Electrostatic complexation of a cationic MAPKAP kinase 2 inhibitory (MK2i) peptide with the anionic, pH-responsive polymer poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) yields MK2i nano-polyplexes (MK2i-NPs) that significantly increase peptide uptake and intracellular retention. This study focused on elucidating the mechanism of MK2i-NP cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking in vascular smooth muscle cells. Small molecule inhibition of various endocytic pathways showed that MK2i-NP cellular uptake involves both macropinocytosis and clathrin mediated endocytosis, whereas the free peptide exclusively utilizes clathrin mediated endocytosis for cell entry. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that MK2i-NPs, but not free MK2i peptide, induce cellular membrane ruffling consistent with macropinocytosis. TEM confirmed that MK2i-NPs induce macropinosome formation and achieve MK2i endo-lysosomal escape and cytosolic delivery. Finally, a novel technique based on recruitment of Galectin-8-YFP was utilized to demonstrate that MK2i-NPs cause endosomal disruption within 30 minutes of uptake. These new insights on the relationship between NP physicochemical properties and cellular uptake and trafficking can potentially be applied to further optimize the MK2i-NP system and more broadly toward the rational engineering of nano-scale constructs for the intracellular delivery of biologic drugs.
67k CALCIMEDIN: DOES IT FUNCTION IN THE MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the role of calcimedin in the macrophage inflammatory response. The calcimedins are a set of four calcium-dependent hydrophobic binding proteins. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against purified 67 k calcimedin and affinity purified. These antibodies recognize neither calmodulin, transferrin, bovine serum albumin or brain calelectrins nor do they recognize the three smaller calcimedin proteins. Macrophages are actively secretory phagocytic cells that are the key element in the inflammatory response. A large portion of the staining was cytoplasmic and no staining appeared to be associated with the nucleus. A part of the staining was associated with the limiting cellular membranes. Intraperitoneal administration of certain agents such as Brewer's thioglycolate broth causes an inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity. This elicits a newly recruited population of macrophages that function in the inflammatory response and are distinct from the usual resident population. It is found that the thioglycolate elicited population had greatly increased staining for the 67k calcimedin, both at the membrane and the total staining. This staining pattern was trypsin sensitive and could not be blocked by prior addition of either normal goat serum or transferrin.
Sales Tax Audit Performance among the States

This article provides an econometric explanation for the different sales tax audit performances among the selected states. Using recently developed primary data for 1979, tax recovery from sales tax audits is found to depend principally upon the degree of sophistication used in selecting accounts for audit, as well as the total number of accounts available for audit and number of accounts actually audited. Variables representing location of audit selection (centralized versus decentralized), tax rates, auditor quality, and size of accounts do not contribute significantly to the models; thus, some commonly cited arguments for explaining performance differences among the states' sales tax audit programs are not supported. The major policy implication of the study is that most states could increase their audit effectiveness by utilizing more formal, computer-based selection techniques.
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome in Childhood

To learn about the definition, classification criteria, the presentation and differences between the primary and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Telehealth and eHealth interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder

This paper presents existing research describing how telehealth and eHealth technologies can be used to improve mental health services for trauma survivors, either by enhancing existing treatment approaches or as a stand-alone means of delivering trauma-relevant information and interventions. The potential ways in which telemedicine technologies aide in overcoming barriers to care is first addressed in terms of providing mental health treatment. We then outline how different telehealth and eHealth tools can be used for key therapeutic tasks, including the provision of self-guided interventions, remote delivery of psychotherapy, and augmentation of psychological treatments. We conclude by discussing key emergent issues that are shaping current and future use of telemedicine technologies as part of the continuum of care for trauma survivors.
Making Mouse Models That Reflect Human Immune Responses

Humans are infected with a variety of acute and chronic pathogens over the course of their lives, and pathogen-driven selection has shaped the immune system of humans. The same is likely true for mice. However, laboratory mice we use for most biomedical studies are bred in ultra-hygienic environments, and are kept free of specific pathogens. We review recent studies that indicate that pathogen infections are important for the basal level of activation and the function of the immune system. Consideration of these environmental exposures of both humans and mice can potentially improve mouse models of human disease.
Myth 8: Free Markets Protect Democracy

Myth: The invisible hand of the market provides greater choice and more freedom than representative government. It is the ultimate in democracy with tens of millions of consumers voting daily in the marketplace. To protect democracy (and free markets) we should weaken government, cut its spending power and its ability to reward donors then corporations will not seek to influence it.
A unified diversity measure for distributed inference

Present day distributed inference systems consist of sensors with different modalities working as a system to perform specific tasks. With multiple sensors sensing heterogeneous data over multiple time instants, diversity is an inherent aspect of such systems. In this work, we take the first step to characterize the diversity of a general heterogeneous sensing system performing inference tasks. We provide a unified definition for diversity which can be customized for the system in use. The use of the definition is illustrated by applying it to a specific detection system where the sensors collect data over heterogeneous sensing channels. We assume the data to be both temporally and spatially correlated and analyze the effect of dependence on the diversity of the detection system.
Assessing the Effects and Effectiveness of Flash Flood Mitigation Strategies

A number of mitigation measures are available to mitigate the impact of flash floods, ranging from forecasting and warning to land use management and relocation of structures out of the flood hazard area. Few argue that flash flood mitigation is unnecessary, and the need for some mix of measures is generally accepted as preferable to reliance on one or another measure. However, mitigation strategies vary in terms of cost (both in real dollars and human and other resources), acceptability, direct and indirect effects on social, economic, and environmental systems, and in their effectiveness. Yet, there is little work evaluating mitigation strategies with regard to the criteria listed above. The effectiveness of mitigation measures is tested when a flash flood occurs, but these are expensive tests that come too late. A strategy to evaluate the range and nature of effects, both beneficial and adverse, of flash flood mitigation measures is presented and applied to a case study.
Magnetic Stimulation of Peripheral Axons: Models and Experiments

Although clinical magnetic stimulation was demonstrated a decade ago [1, 2, 3], little work has been done since then to elucidate the underlying physical principles that govern nerve excitation by electromagnetic fields [4]. The potential benefits of this understanding are numerous. A mathematical model of magnetic stimulation could be used to design improved hardware (e.g., coils and current sources) and to provide the expressions with which to perform this optimization. A model would also permit us to design experiments to test its own predictions, to reconcile observations in numerous descriptive experiments, and to suggest unanticipated sources of experimental error. It could also be used to predict the site of stimulation along an axon and to derive clinically useful scaling laws.
Exploring the Impact of Global Studies Experiences on Undergraduate Student Development: Some Curricular Considerations

In this manuscript, the authors detail the initial evaluations of the effects of participation in two iterations of an interdisciplinary learning community with a short-term study abroad opportunity on undergraduate student learning and behavior. The results suggest that the CHE (Cultural, Historical, and Environmental) log tool may be useful in capturing information about students’ interactions with their native and foreign environments and how their experiences further affect their later interactions with their native environment. These findings are discussed in terms of methodological revisions made to the procedures and experimental methods to strengthen the reliability and validity of the conclusions and the implications for integrating teaching and scholarship in mutually beneficial ways.