cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Index to Music in Historical Anthologies of Western Art Music: by Mara Parker (Music Library Association Index and Bibliography Series, Volume 40), Middleton, WI, A-R Editions, 2019, 759 pp. (2 vols.), $160.00 (paper), ISBN: 978-0-89579-874-9 (vol. 1); 978-0-89579-885-5 (vol. 2)

In a time of ever improving digital access to music resources, a new print index may induce some skepticism as to its utility. However, Mara Parker’s An Index to Music in Historical Anthologies of ...
Catastrophic actin filament bursting by cofilin, Aip1, and coronin

Cofilin is an actin filament severing protein necessary for fast actin turnover dynamics. Coronin and Aip1 promote cofilin-mediated actin filament disassembly, but the mechanism is somewhat controversial. An early model proposed that the combination of cofilin, coronin, and Aip1 disassembled filaments in bursts. A subsequent study only reported severing. Here, we used EM to show that actin filaments convert directly into globular material. A monomer trap assay also shows that the combination of all three factors produces actin monomers faster than any two factors alone. We show that coronin accelerates the release of Pi from actin filaments and promotes highly cooperative cofilin binding to actin to create long stretches of polymer with a hypertwisted morphology. Aip1 attacks these hypertwisted regions along their sides, disintegrating them into monomers or short oligomers. The results are consistent with a catastrophic mode of disassembly, not enhanced severing alone.
On the inverse scattering problem for radially-symmetric domains in two dimensions.

In the present paper we describe a method for solving inverse problems for the Helmholtz equation in radially-symmetric domains given multi-frequency data. Our approach is based on the construction of suitable trace formulas which relate the impedance of the total field at multiple frequencies to derivatives of the potential. Using this trace formula we obtain a system of coupled differential equations which can be solved to obtain the potential in a stable manner. Finally, the performance of the reconstruction algorithm is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Multi-stable bacterial communities exhibit extreme sensitivity to initial conditions

Microbial communities can have dramatically different compositions even among similar environments. This might be due to the existence of multiple alternative stable states, yet there exists little experimental evidence supporting this possibility. Here, we gathered a large collection of absolute population abundances capturing population dynamics in one- to four-strain communities of soil bacteria with a complex life cycle in a feast-or-famine environment. This dataset led to several observations: (i) some pairwise competitions resulted in bistability with a separatrix near a 1:1 initial ratio across a range of population densities; (ii) bistability propagated to multi-stability in multispecies communities; and (iii) replicate microbial communities reached different stable states when starting close to initial conditions separating basins of attraction, indicating finite-sized regions where the dynamics are unpredictable. The generalized Lotka-Volterra equations qualitatively captured most competition outcomes but were unable to quantitatively recapitulate the observed dynamics. This was partly due to complex and diverse growth dynamics in monocultures that ranged from Allee effects to nonmonotonic behaviors. Overall, our results highlight that multi-stability might be generic in multispecies communities and, combined with ecological noise, can lead to unpredictable community assembly, even in simple environments.
Seizure risk with repetitive TMS: Survey results from over a half-million treatment sessions.

BACKGROUND Seizures are rare during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment, but estimating risk is difficult because of study heterogeneity and sampling limitations. Moreover, there are few studies comparing rates between device manufacturers. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to calculate rTMS seizure rates across various FDA-cleared devices in naturalistic clinical settings. METHODS In July and August 2018, approximately 500 members of the Clinical TMS Society (CTMSS) were electronically surveyed about seizures in their practices. Seizures were distinguished from non-seizures by a remote semi-structured interview with a Board-certified neurologist and Co-Chair of the CTMSS Standards Committee. Exact Poisson calculations were used to estimate seizure rates and confidence intervals across the four most widely used manufacturers. RESULTS The survey was completed by 134 members, with 9 responses excluded because of data inconsistencies. In total, 18 seizures were reported in 586,656 sessions and 25,526 patients across all device manufacturers. The overall seizure rate was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.48) per 10,000 sessions, and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.11) per 1000 patients. The Brainsway H-coil seizure rate of 5.56 per 1000 patients (95% CI: 2.77,9.95) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the three most widely used figure- 8 coil devices' combined seizure rate of 0.14 per 1000 patients (95% CI: 0.01, 0.51). CONCLUSION The absolute risk of a seizure with rTMS is low, but generic Brainsway H-coil treatment appears to be associated with a higher relative risk than generic figure- 8 coil treatment. Well-designed prospective studies are warranted to further investigate this risk.
The Tragedy of the (Water) Commons

When left unattended, natural resources tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. In spite of this, depletion and overuse can occur in a practical sense and on a local level. The reasons for this overuse are often related to the "tragedy of the commons," a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. This note explores the concept of the tragedy of the commons in relation to water, considering especially the implications of water's status as an unprotected open-access resource. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0174 Dec. 16, 2019 The Tragedy of the (Water) Commons Across the board, natural resources share certain characteristics. When left unattended, they tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. Driven by solar energy and gravity, the global water cycle circulates water indefinitely through the atmosphere, over continents, and in oceans. As such, the total amount of water on earth does not change. In spite of this, depletion can occur in a practical sense, because on a more local level, water can have more of a nonrenewable character. The Aral Sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is an iconic illustration of this phenomenon. Once one of the largest lakes in the world, it has shrunk to a very small fraction of its original size. While there are many reasons for overuse, they are often related to the "tragedy of the commons," a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. We may not always think about it, but economic transactions and exchanges are possible because of property rights. To be explicit, before a transaction can take place, someone has to own something and the right to transfer it. The particular nature of these property rights and how well they are defined often determines the efficiency of transactions. In particular, the specific nature of the property rights that govern access to natural resources very much determines how resources such as water are withdrawn. . . .
Rising Above The Mask Wars: Using Non-pharmaceutical Interventions To Lessen The Burden Of Influenza.

The COVID-19 pandemic imparted important lessons, both through its direct impact on society and through the manner in which society's response influenced the trajectory of other diseases. Decrements in the rates of infection and morbidity from influenza during 2020 were significant, which is particularly important for pregnant women. Despite past attempts by public health authorities to encourage non-pharmaceutical interventions for prevention of influenza, preventive efforts have focused largely on the use of vaccines. The COVID experience has demonstrated that basic non-pharmaceutical interventions can potentially make a difference in lowering rates of influenza during future outbreaks. Here, we discuss the pre-pandemic role of non-pharmaceutical interventions in disease prevention, the outcomes that were seen in the flu season of 2020, and the role obstetricians should play in using non-pharmaceutical interventions in future influenza disease prevention efforts.
Congenital and Acquired Anomalies of Coronary Arteries

Congenital and acquired diseases of coronary arteries are frequent causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in recreational and competitive sportsmen. Coronary atherosclerosis is responsible for the vast majority of SCD in middle-aged and older athletes, while the anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the “wrong” sinus of Valsalva is one of the most frequent causes in the younger ones. Regardless of the type of disease and mechanisms involved, SCD is usually the result of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia.
Effect of monocontamination of germfree rats by enterotoxigenic coliform bacteria

Abstract Because perorally administered enterotoxigenic coliform bacteria do not become colonized within the small intestine of conventional adult animals, the authors evaluated the germfree rat as a potential animal model of acute or chronic colonization by these bacteria. Intestinal colonization occurred promptly after peroral monocontamination, was most prominent in the ileum, and remained essentially unchanged when assessed at weekly intervals in groups of rats monocontaminated by either toxigenic or nontoxigenic strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli . No mucosal adherence was detected either by bacterial counts of mucosal scrapings or by immunofluorescent studies. The toxigenic strains did not undergo any significant loss of toxigenicity after colonization for 1 mo. Intestinal transport of water and sodium was assessed by in vivo marker perfusion; values in rats colonized by nontoxigenic strains were similar, both in the jejunum and ileum, to those in conventional animals. Jejunal transport was either reduced or in secretion throughout the 5-wk study period in rats contaminated with a toxigenic strain of Klebsiella. Ileal transport was also reduced at 1 wk and in secretion thereafter in rats contaminated by a toxigenic strain of E. coli , but jejunal transport did not become abnormal in these rats until the 3rd wk. No specific structural abnormalities that could be attributed to the toxigenic strains were visualized. These observations identify the germfree rat as a practical animal model for investigations concerning the pathophysiologic events during acute or chronic intestinal colonization by coliform bacteria with specific enterotoxigenic properties.
Meat-Eating and Human Evolution

Meat-Eating and Human Evolution. Craig B. Stanford and Henry T. Bunn. eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.384 pp.
PADded cache: a new fault-tolerance technique for cache memories

This paper presents a new fault-tolerance technique for cache memories. Current fault-tolerance techniques for caches are limited either by the number of faults that can be tolerated or by the rapid degradation of performance as the number of faults increases. In this paper, we present a new technique that overcomes these two problems. This technique uses a special Programmable Address Decoder (PAD) to disable faulty blocks and to re-map their references to healthy blocks. Simulation results show that the performance degradation of direct-mapped caches with PAD is smaller than the previous techniques. However, for set-associative caches, the overhead of PAD is primarily advantageous if a relatively large number of faults is to be tolerated. The area overhead was estimated at about 10% of the overall cache area for a hypothetical design and is expected to be less for actual designs. The access time overhead is negligible.
Inflammatory lesions of the pancreas in infancy and childhood.

Eighteen children with acute pancreatitis, not including those with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, were encountered at The New York Hospital from 1932 to 1962. Steroid administration, congenital anomalies, mumps, operative trauma, periarteritis nodosa, intestinal obstruction, and malnutrition and infection were thought to be factors in the etiology of acute pancreatitis in these patients. The ages of the children ranged from 1 day to 10 years. Fourteen of the children were male and four female. Fourteen patients died. Significant postmortem findings included kidney and renal lesions in addition to pancreatitis. Survivors were children 5 to 10 years of age whose pancreatitis was attributable to mumps, operative trauma, and annular pancreas. Liver and renal dysfunction in patients with pancreatitis appeared to augur a poor prognosis. All patients thought to have "idiopathic" pancreatitis had a history of poor nutrition and/or infection, which probably are etiologic factors in the development of pancreatitis in these children.
Investigation of band gap narrowing in nitrogen-doped La2Ti2O7 with transient absorption spectroscopy

Doping a semiconductor can extend the light absorption range, however, it usually introduces mid-gap states, reducing the charge carrier lifetime. This report shows that doping lanthanum dititinate (La2Ti2O7) with nitrogen extends the valence band edge by creating a continuum of dopant states, increasing the light absorption edge from 380 nm to 550 nm without adding mid-gap states. The dopant states are experimentally resolved in the excited state by correlating transient absorption spectroscopy with a supercontinuum probe and DFT prediction. The lack of mid-gap states is further confirmed by measuring the excited state lifetimes, which reveal the shifted band edge only increased carrier thermalization rates to the band edge and not interband charge recombination under both ultraviolet and visible excitation. Terahertz (time-domain) spectroscopy also reveals that the conduction mechanism remains unchanged after doping, suggesting the states are delocalized.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that utilises electronic absorption bands to dramatically enhance the magnitude of the signal. It has been used effectively to study protein structure and function. Resonance Raman spectroscopy performed in the UV spectral range can probe the structure of proteins by monitoring the local environment of aromatic side chains. Deep-UV resonance Raman spectroscopy with excitation wavelengths less than 200 nm can be used to determine secondary structure of proteins by monitoring the frequencies and intensities of amide backbone modes. The ability to monitor both proteins backbone and side chains in kinetic investigations makes this a very powerful technique for investigations of protein folding and amyloid formation. Key Concepts: Resonance Raman spectroscopy measures molecular vibrations, which provides information on local environment and H-bonding. The resonance effect leads to selective enhancement and a simplified spectrum. Resonance Raman spectroscopy can be used to study samples in a variety of different physical forms such as solutions, gels and fibres. Time-resolved techniques involving resonance Raman spectroscopy span a wide time range from picoseconds to seconds. Selective investigation of chromophores, protein backbones and sidechains provides a wealth of dynamic information. Secondary structure of proteins can be determined using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy, which monitors the amide vibrational modes of the peptide backbone. In particular the amide III3 mode frequency has a sinusoidal dependence on the Ramachandran Ψ angle. UVRR spectroscopy is increasingly being used to study protein folding and the association of proteins and peptides into amyloid fibres. Keywords: vibrational spectroscopy; proteins; time-resolved; secondary structure conformation; temperature jump
Physical origin of measured magnetic moment in MnxSi1-x with x=0.1%

A recent experiment determined the magnetic moment /Mn, M, in the dilute Mn x Si 1-x with x = 0.1% to be 5.0 µ B /Mn. The existing calculated M values range from 2.37 to 3.1µ B /Mn except the case with a fixed charge state, Mn 2+ , which gives 5.0µ B /Mn. We address the issue: Can a single Mn at its neutral charge state in dilute MnxSi1-x alloys have M = 5.0 µ B /Mn? After carrying out extensive calculations, the only model giving this M value involves a supercell having a total of 513 atoms with a Mn at a substitutional site and a Si at a tetrahedral interstitial site serving as a second neighbor to the Mn. Physically, the Mn contributes 4.0 µ B due to the weakening of the d-p hybridization between the transition metal element and its nearest neighbor Si caused by the presence of the second neighbor Si. The additional 1.0 µ B is the consequence of the exchange interaction through the remaining weak overlap of the wave functions between the d-state of the Mn and the sp 3 state of the nearest neighbor Si atom. Evidences for the weakening of the d-p hybridization are presented.
Toward the spectroscopic identification of vinylidene, H2CC

Abstract The singlet electronic ground state of vinylidene will be very difficult to observe spectroscopically, as it rapidly tunnels through a small (≈5 kcal mol −1 ) barrier to acetylene. Triplet vinylidene should have a much longer lifetime, and several predictions of its properties are reported here. These include the infrared spectrum and a characterization of the allowed 3 B 2 - 3 A 2 electronic transition.
The right to a living in the international economy

Since the arrival of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 a number of side agreements have also been negotiated that seek further rationalization of the emerging global economy. Prominent among these is the agreement on trade‐related intellectual property rights (TRIPS). Enforcement of the TRIPS agreement would involve the multilateral trade sanctions mechanism of the WTO. By contrast, proponents advocating a parallel international agreement guaranteeing adequate protections for workers – trade‐related international labor standards (TRILS) – have not met with success. This paper examines how traditional justificatory arguments for the property rights might apply to the question of workers’ rights in the international economy. It is found that such arguments apply quite well to the right of access to a “decent living”. It is then investigated how a TRILS agreement administered and enforced by the WTO's disputes settlements mechanism might advance these rights.
High Titer of Anticardiolipin Antibody Is Associated with First-Ever Ischemic Stroke in Taiwan

Background and Purpose: The association between anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and ischemic stroke is controversial, and there are few case-control studies of Asian populations. The
Sex Ratios of Wild American Alligator Hatchlings in Southwest Louisiana

The sex of American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) hatchlings is deter- mined by the egg temperature during the middle third of the 9-12 week incubation period. As a consequence, predictable sex ratios are possible for clutches incubated in constant temperatures in the laboratory, but naturally occurring sex ratios of American Alligator hatchlings from wild nests exposed to fluctuating temperatures are not well documented. Over a 5-year period (1995-1999), we determined the sex of American Alligator hatchlings from wild nests left in the field until after sex was irreversibly determined. A total of 6226 hatchlings from 232 naturally incubated wild nests showed a strong female bias (71.9% females, yearly range = 62.3-89.4% females). Most nests (64.2%) produced hatchlings of both sexes. Of the remaining clutches that produced exclusively one sex (83 nests), 78 nests produced all females, and 5 nests produced only male hatchlings. For the 2 years in which nest-cavity temperatures were known, higher temperatures led to production of significantly more male hatchlings (P < 0.001 for both 1997 and 1999). Knowledge of natural sex ratios of hatchlings can aid in the management and harvest of this commercially valuable species, and in understanding sex-ratio bias in American Alligator populations.
Attack and defense of ICBMs deceptively based in a number of identical areas

On-site verification of ICBMs in the context of an arms control agreement might involve a situation where an inspector would choose one or more of a number of identical areas to inspect and would have confidence that the other areas had the same characteristics. This article considers optimal attack and defense of missiles deceptively based in a number of identical areas. The attacker may allocate warheads across areas as he desires and uniformly within areas. The defender may allocate interceptors across areas as he desires and either uniformly or preferentially within areas. The effect of restricting the defender to uniform allocation across areas is explored for various assumptions. Robustness of surviving missiles with respect to the number of attacking warheads is studied. Results are presented for a wide range of cases.
The rapid detection of methylmalonic acid in urine—a sensitive index of vitamin B12 deficiency

Abstract A simple and rapid thin-layer Chromatographic method for the detection of methylmalonic acid in urine is described. The appearance of methylmalonic acid in urine correlates with reduced serum vitamin B 12 levels. Methylmalonic acid can be detected in the urine of patients afflicted with pernicious anemia complicated by subacute degeneration of the spinal cord and in some instances of nutritional amblyopia.
Note on excitation theories

Offner's demonstration of the excitation time equivalence, for all currents, of the theories of Hill and Rashevsky is here extended to a more general case which includes both. It is found that any system of this general type may be replaced by an equivalent one of the Rashevsky type, thus effecting considerable simplification in the mathematical detail.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of B4C-TiB2-Al composites fabricated by vacuum infiltration

B4C-TiB2-Al composites were fabricated by infiltrating aluminum into porous B4C-TiB2 preforms in vacuum. The microstucture and mechanical properties of the B4C-TiB2-Al composites were investigated. The hardness decreased, the flexural strength increased, and the fracture toughness first increased and then decreased slightly with an increase in TiB2 content. The B4C-TiB2-Al composite with 40wt.% TiB2 showed the optimized properties. The infiltrated aluminum addition was the leading reason for the fracture toughness improvement of the composites. The tear ridges and dimples on the fracture surface of the composites increased gradually with the increase of infiltrated aluminum content showing inter/transgranular fracture mode. The relationships between the microstructures and the mechanical properties of the composites were discussed.
Development of the Mariner Mars 1971 meteoroid shield

Lightweight double walled meteoroid shield for Mariner Mars 1971, considering Teflon impregnated glass fabric outer sheet and multilayer thermal insulation
Communications network trends and opportunities

Global communications traffic continues to grow, with packet switched traffic beginning to dominate the network. In the long run, new network optimizations and fiber optic system technologies are going to be needed to meet this need.
Food Consumption by Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Intoxicated with a β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis

A β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was tested against fourth-instar Heliothis zea (Boddie) to determine its impact on ability of larvae to feed. Fourth-instar H. zea were fed diet treated with 0.0, 25.0, 35.0, 50.0, and 100.0 μg of β-exotoxin per milliliter of diet. Upon molting, larvae were transferred to untreated peanut leaves and consumption (square centimeters) was measured during the fifth stadium. Intoxication by each, β-exotoxin concentration caused a significant reduction in mean total leaf consumption that decreased exponentially with increased concentration. In each treatment group, the majority of total leaf area consumed was eaten by those larvae that survived intoxication. However, mean total leaf consumption by treated survivors was significantly less than that by untreated larvae and decreased with increasing β-exotoxin concentration. Many treated larvae experienced a prolongation of their fifth stadium, but their mean total leaf consumption was also significantly less than that by untreated cohorts.
Estimating N with time grouped and truncated data from a scale parameter distribution

Data which is both grouped and truncated in considered. Times are given and we count the number Mi of observations in the interval [ti-1,ti], except the number is unknown. If the underlying distribution had one unknown parameter of θ which enters as a scale parameter, we examine the form of the equations for both conditional, unconditional and modified maximum likelihood estimators of θ and N and examine when these will be finite, and unique. We also develop expressions for asymptotic bias nad search for modified estimators which minimize the maximum asymptotic bias.
Understanding cell migration guidance: lessons from sex myoblast migration in C. elegans

Studies of sex myoblast (SM) migration in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have shown that multiple guidance mechanisms cooperate to ensure the accurate and reproducible targeting of the SMs. Many issues arise in the analysis of SM migration, including the action of multiple guidance mechanisms, redundant sources of guidance information, the multiple uses of molecular components, and whether factors affect cell fate determination events or the guidance mechanisms themselves. These issues are common to many cell migration events and make the analysis of SM migration instructive to our general understanding of how cell migrations are controlled.
Cross section measurements of the pion single-charge-exchange reaction C 12 ( π + , π 0 ) 12 N(g.s.)

Total cross sections for the pion single-charge-exchange reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${)}^{12}$N (ground state) were measured at 116, 160, 180, 200, 230, and 291 MeV with a fast activation technique. The excitation function for this nonanalog, spin-flip transition was found to be flat over this energy region that includes the (3,3) resonance. Good agreement is noted between these measurements and the estimated cross sections obtained from pion inelastic scattering measurements for the analog reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$'${)}^{12}$${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ (${1}^{+}$,T=1,${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=15.1 MeV) for all energies except 230 MeV. Distorted-wave impulse-approximation calculations in the \ensuremath{\Delta}-hole formalism do not reproduce the trend of the data.
Characterization of heterogeneities in permeable media with computed tomography imaging

Abstract This study was aimed at developing a procedure for characterizing the heterogeneities in laboratory-scale porous media before they are used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) corefloods. The porosity distribution in the medium was imaged by X-ray computed tomography (CT). A technique was developed to determine the permeability distribution from displacement data. Semivariograms, histograms and other statistical tools were used to assess and visualize the variability and spatial continuity of the porosity and permeability distributions. Results show that CT imaging is a powerful tool for characterizing permeable media. The results of this study will be used in our research to assess the impact of heterogeneities on the performance of EOR processes in laboratory corefloods.
The chemical structure of the d-galacto-d-mannan component of trypanosoma cruzi: 13c-n.m.r. shift dependence on structure of d-galactose to d-mannose linkage☆

Abstract Extraction of cells of Trypanosoma cruzi provided a d -galacto- d -mannan contaminated with a d -glucan, tentatively identified as glycogen. The galactomannan, on methylation, gave a number of methylated fragments which indicated, among other structures, α- d -mannopyranosyl units that were nonreducing ends, 2-O-, 2,3-di-O- and 3-4-di-O-substituted structures, and d -galactofuranosyl nonreducing end-units. 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed the presence of single-unit, nonreducing ends of β- d -galactofuranose. Their C-1 signal was at δ 106.6, differing from those of single-unit β- d -galactofuranosyl side-chains of d -galacto-furano- d -mannopyranans of Sporothrix schenckii and (δ 109.3) and Trichophyton interdigitale (δ 109.4), and those of polysaccharides with longer side-chains, arising from Aspergillus niger (δ 108.4 and 109.2) and Ceratocystis stenoceras (δ 109.5, 107.6, and 107.2). Such a variation arises from a dependence on the position of substitution on the α- d -mannopyranosyl residues and was evident with synthetic methyl glycosides of 2-O- (C-1′, δ 107.7), 3-O- (C-1′, δ 106.5), and 6-O-β- d -galactofuranosyl-α- d -mannopyranose (C-1′, δ 109.7). Thus, the C-1 signal of the galactomannan of T. cruzi, at δ 106.6, is characteristic of a (1→3)-linkage between d -galactosyl and d -mannosyl units. The chemical structure of the T. cruzi galactomannan bore resemblances only to minor polysaccharide components of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Crithidia fasciculata, protozoa that stimulate resistance against Chagas' disease when injected into laboratory animals.
Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean: The deep-sea record

The paleoceanographic history of the Eastern Mediterranean based on microfaunal data suggests that surface water temperatures during glacial maxima were ∼3°–4°C lower in winter and ∼3°C lower in summer; salinities were at least 1‰ higher than today. Subsurface water temperatures were <3° lower and salinities were <1‰ higher as compared to present-day values. Intermittent warming of the surface water together with flooding of the basin with large volumes of fresh and low-salinity water resulted in stagnation of subsurface water and deposition of sapropels during the last ∼350 ka. The overprint of tectonic activity is widespread in the Mediterranean, as indicated by the occurrence of numerous ash layers and turbidite and slump deposits, as well as by hiatuses in sedimentation.
Liquid-state methods for random media: Random sequential adsorption.

A large number of statistical models of current interest in physics can be characterized as differentially quenched systems. They are prepared by successively introducing into a volume one fraction after another of the particles in a many-body system, each successive fraction being equilibrated while all the earlier fractions are kept frozen in place. Examples of current interest include self-avoiding walks, chemical association models, growth models, and models of random sequential adsorption (RSA). In this paper, we develop generalizations of the replica method adequate for calculating the properties of such systems. These are applied to RSA, resulting in both virial series and integral equations for the physical quantities describing this system. We extend the virial series for the adsorption rate to give excellent agreement with simulation results at all densities.
Multiplicative multifractal modelling of long‐range‐dependent network traffic

We present a multiplicative multifractal process to model traffic which exhibits long-range dependence. Using traffic trace data captured by Bellcore from operations across local and wide area networks, we examine the interarrival time series and the packet length sequences. We also model the frame size sequences of VBR video traffic process. We prove a number of properties of multiplicative multifractal processes that are most relevant to their use as traffic models. In particular, we show these processes to characterize effectively the long-range dependence properties of the measured processes. Furthermore, we consider a single server queueing system which is loaded, on one hand, by the measured processes, and, on the other hand, by our multifractal processes (the latter forming a MFe/MFg/1 queueing system model). In comparing the performance of both systems, we demonstrate our models to effectively track the behaviour exhibited by the system driven by the actual traffic processes. We show the multiplicative multifractal process to be easy to construct. Through parametric dependence on one or two parameters, this model can be calibrated to fit the measured data. We also show that in simulating the packet loss probability, our multifractal traffic model provides a better fit than that obtained by using a fractional Brownian motion model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flaviviruses

After a virus infects an animal, antiviral responses are generated that attempt to prevent dissemination. Interferons, antibody, complement, T and natural killer cells all contribute to the control and eradication of viral infections. Most flaviviruses, with the exception of some of the encephalitic viruses, cause acute disease and do not establish persistent infection. The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is determined by a balance between the speed of viral replication and spread, and the immune system response. Although many of the mechanistic details require further elucidation, flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade the innate and adaptive immune response. A more thorough understanding of these principles could lead to improved models for viral pathogenesis and to strategies for the development of novel antiviral agents.
Jaw-muscle spindle afferent pathways to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the rat

Neural pathways conveying proprioceptive feedback from the jaw muscles were studied in rats by combining retrograde and intracellular neuronal labeling. Initially, horseradish peroxidase was iontophoresed unilaterally into the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo). Two days later, 1-5 jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons located in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were physiologically identified and intracellularly stained with biotinamide. Stained mesencephalic trigeminal jaw-muscle spindle afferent axon collaterals and boutons were predominantly distributed in the supratrigeminal region (Vsup), Vmo, dorsomedial trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (Vpdm), parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), alpha division of the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRtA), and dorsomedial portions of the spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis (Vodm), and interpolaris (Vidm). Numerous neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase from the trigeminal motor nucleus were found bilaterally in the PCRt, PCRtA, Vodm, and Vidm. Retrogradely labeled neurons were also present contralaterally in the Vsup, Vpdm, Vmo, peritrigeminal zone, and bilaterally in the dorsal medullary reticular field. Putative contacts between intracellularly stained mesencephalic trigeminal jaw-muscle spindle afferent boutons and trigeminal premotor neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase were found in the ipsilateral Vodm, PCRtA, and PCRt, as well as the contralateral Vsup, Vmo, Vodm, PCRt, and PCRtA. Thus, multiple disynaptic jaw-muscle spindle afferent-motoneuron circuits exist. These pathways are likely to convey long-latency jaw-muscle stretch reflexes and may contribute to stiffness regulation of the masticatory muscles.
The Religious Features of Scientific Medicine

Against the common assumption that modern medicine is altogether secular and scientific, this article argues that the practice of medicine manifests characteristic features of religion. This exposition is predicated upon a delineation of the phenomenological characteristics of religion and upon a critical analysis of the ways scientific medicine does or does not manifest these characteristics. Insofar as medical practice is unknowingly religious, that practice can cause harm and delusion. An acknowledgment that scientific medicine embodies features of religion is a beginning point for scholarly reflection, criticism, and research from a variety of academic perspectives.
Ten years of progress in predicting the aerodynamic, thermodynamic, and output characteristics of blast-cooled aircraft generators

THE output of electric apparatus is limited usually by maximum allowable temperatures. If electromagnetic and other design factors permit, the output can be increased by applying additional cooling. This increased cooling principle permits greater output per pound of electric apparatus and has been applied to aircraft generators for a number of years to increase electric system capacity and reduce installed weight.
Effects of ranatensin, a polypeptide from frog skin, on isolated smooth muscle.

Abstract 1. The actions of bretylium tosylate on neuromuscular transmission in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation have been investigated by electro- 2. On the guinea-pig ileum, threshold doses elicit repeated maximal spike contractions which are blocked by atropine. In the presence of atropine, higher concentrations of ranatensin elicit small contraction spikes superimposed on a relatively weak sustained contraction. These latter two actions are not blocked by increasing the concentration of atropine. 3. Other smooth muscle preparations respond as follows: rat uterus, rhythmic contractions; rat duodenum, relaxation; rabbit aortic strip, contraction. Atropine has no effect on the above responses. The rat aortic strip does not respond to ranatensin. Ranatensin is four times as active as bradykinin on the rat uterus. 4. Ranatensin can be readily distinguished from other known peptides such as angiotensin, bradykinin and the eledoisin-like peptides, by bioassay.
Multi-criteria mathematical model for designing the distribution network of a consumer goods company

This paper describes a multiple criteria mixed-integer linear program used for designing the best possible supply chain distribution network for a consumer goods company. The model determines the optimal configuration of the manufacturing plants, distributors and customers in the distribution network. The model is intended for making tactical decisions for designing distribution networks, or more specifically, for designing the flow of products from the manufacturing plants to the customers. The customers have four options for receiving products in this model. Products can be supplied from (1) the regional distribution center (DC), (2) the manufacturing plant, (3) an independent distributor who is supplied from the regional DC, or (4) an independent distributor who is supplied directly from a manufacturing plant. The model selects the best option for each customer/distributor based on several criteria: profit, lead time, power, credit performance, and distributors' reputation. The model is validated with real data from a consumer goods company to show its functionality. To account for variability in demand, the model is run under multiple scenarios and the results are analyzed to obtain the best solution. The company uses two DC's located in the same region, but the model assumes only one regional DC with infinite capacity. With the proposed network, we show that one of the regional DC's could be eliminated and distribution costs would be reduced from 12% to 3% of the Net Sales (approximately a monthly reduction of $574,000 in distribution expenses).
Infrequent methylation of the DUSP6 phosphatase in endometrial cancer

Objective Dual-specificity phosphatase six (DUSP6, MKP3, or PYST1) dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine residues on ERK-2 (MAPK1) to inactivate the ERK-2 kinase. DUSP6 is a critical regulator of the ERK signaling cascade and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor. DNA methylation in the first intron of DUSP6 abrogates expression in a subset of pancreatic cancers. We sought to determine whether DUSP6 was similarly silenced by methylation in endometrial cancer, a tumor type in which there is frequent activation of the ERK pathway.
A hybrid method for chance constrained control in uncertain environments

This paper introduces a novel hybrid method for solving a stochastic control problem for linear, Gaussian systems through uncertain environments. Due to the imperfect knowledge of the system state caused by motion, sensor and environment uncertainty, the system constraints cannot be guaranteed to be satisfied and consequently must be considered probabilistically. Due to the environmental uncertainty, the constraints are sums of products of random variables which do not have a closed-form analytical expression. Previous approaches have either approximated the distribution leading to a nonconvex optimization program, or used sampling alone to represent the uncertainty which requires a large number of samples to accurately represent the distribution. To address these limitations, a novel hybrid method is proposed that uses both analytical functions and sampling to represent the uncertainty. It is shown that under certain conditions, the resulting optimization program is convex. Also, this method drastically reduces the computational complexity over previous methods, which is demonstrated through an example.
Applying biological principles to designs of network services

This paper describes application of key biological principles and mechanisms to the design of network services. In biological systems, an individual entity (e.g., a bee in a bee colony) follows a simple set of behavior policies (e.g., migration, replication, death), yet a group of entities (e.g., a bee colony) exhibits complex emergent behavior with useful properties such as scalability and adaptability. Analogous to the biological systems, in the biologically inspired networking architecture that we present in this paper, a group of autonomous agents that implement simple behavior policies collectively provide a network service. We believe if a network service is modeled after biological principles and mechanisms, the network service is able to meet key requirements such as scalability, adaptability, survivability, simplicity and autonomy. This paper discusses key biological principles that can be applied to the design of network services, and demonstrates through simulations how network services built based on biological principles evolve to improve service performance.
On the non-integrability of the spherically-symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the Langmuir collapse problem

Abstract In the present paper we give some analytic considerations of the spherically-symmetric nonlinear Schrodinger equation arising in the Langmuir collapse problem. We will make a systematic exploration of the various group symmetries of thie equation and show that the latter possesses only a three-parameter symmetry group. We will then give a variational formulation of this equation and use the three-parameter symmetry group to show that the equation in question possesses apparently only two polynomial conservation laws. Finally, we will make a study of the singularity structure of the present equation and show that it does not seem to possess the Painleve property. The conclusion is that the spherically-symmetric nonlinear Schrodinger equation in question is apparently not integrable.
Examination of the impact of electron–phonon coupling on fission enhanced diffusion in uranium dioxide using classical molecular dynamics

Fission energy deposition in nuclear fuel has been experimentally observed to influence diffusion in uranium dioxide (UO2). This deposition is initially dominated by inelastic interactions with the electronic structure. Subsequently, energy is transferred to the lattice through electron–phonon (e–p) coupling resulting in a thermal spike and an associated pressure spike, which are presumed to contribute to diffusion enhancement. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate uranium diffusion enhancement in UO2 while varying the e–p coupling. The model was composed of 10 × 60 × 60 unit cells and used a Buckingham potential. A two-temperature model captured energy deposition in the electronic subsystem and its transfer to the atomic lattice. Experimentally, the fission enhanced diffusion coefficient (D *) of uranium in UO2 is observed to be athermal and proportional to fission rate density. For fission rate densities that are reported in experiment, the MD predicted D * was found to be on the order of 10−18 cm2/s, in reasonable agreement with experimental trends, and to decrease as e–p coupling was weakened.
Original Contribution: Solving degenerate optimization problems using networks of neural oscillators

Optimization problems containing multiple, identical solutions, in particular the travelling salesman problem (TSP), are solved using networks of neural oscillators. Processing units are described by two state variables representing fast and slow membrane events, much like the Fitzhugh-Nagumo model neurons, and are passive oscillators in that at least two processing units with mutually inhibitory couplings are required to generate sustained oscillations. The emergent behavior of the network is to produce stable travelling waves (limit cycles) of firing rate impulses in the position coordinate of the network with the phase relationship between active (suprathreshold) processing units determining the TSP solution. This approach has the advantage of avoiding most local energy minima with the best or near-best solution being found every time for small networks (<10^2 processing units). As network size is enlargened, the time required to reach a stable travelling wave configuration increases. To improve the convergence rate, the strength of the network couplings encoding the cost function and the strength of the network couplings encoding the syntactic constraints are alternately reduced such that network evolution is dictated by only one set of couplings at any given time. Good solutions are found for networks containing up to 10^4 processing units without a large expenditure of computational effort.
Synthesis of the enantiomers of 4-substituted γ-lactones with known absolute configuration

Abstract The highly pure enantiomers of several 4-alkyl (or alkenyl)-γ-lactones of known absolute configuration were synthesized from glutamic acid enantiomers. The key step is selective tosylate displacement rather than ring opening of the lactone tosylate ( 7 → 1 ) by lithium dialkylcuprate or dialkenylcuprate. The enantiomeric purity of synthesized γ-caprolactone was confirmed within the limitations of Pirkle's chiral solvating agent. The enantiomers of synthesized ( Z )-6-dodecen-4-olide were used for reference to determine the enantiomeric composition of the pheromone isolated from the black-tailed deer.