cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FORCED SINGLE-NOSTRIL BREATHING AND COGNITION

This experiment investigated whether forced single-nostril breathing differentially affects cognitive abilities presumed to be mediated by the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Phase I was an attempted replication of a reported sex difference in the effects of unilateral breathing on verbal versus spatial performance and Phase II was a study of breathing effects on different verbal and spatial tests. No differences associated with breathing condition were found in the replication study. In Phase II, men breathing through the right nostril scored significantly lower than men in the control condition on a letter-matching test although they did not differ significantly from men in the left-nostril condition on that test. There were no significant breathing-related differences on two spatial tests, and no differences associated with breathing condition for the women. Assessment of nostril dominance before and after cognitive testing showed that the forced-breathing exercise did not significantly alter subj...
The case for insulin treatment early in type 2 diabetes

Most patients with type 2 diabetes ultimately need insulin therapy. This paper presents the case for starting insulin therapy sooner rather than later, preferably without oral drugs and in a "basal/bolus" regimen consisting of a daily dose of a long-acting insulin for basal coverage plus preprandial doses of a short-acting insulin.
Improved Alignment Technique for Dish Concentrators

Parabolic dish concentrators have shown significant promise of generating competitive electric energy for grid and off-grid applications. The efficiency of a dish-electric system is strongly affected by the quality of the concentrator optics. Most parabolic systems consist of a number of facets mounted to a support structure in an approximate parabolic arrangement, where the individual facets have spherical or parabolic optical shapes. The individual facets must be accurately aligned because improper alignment can compromise performance or create hot spots that can reduce receiver life. A number of techniques have been used over the years to align concentrator facets. In the Advanced Dish Development System (ADDS) project, a color look-back alignment approach that accurately aligns facets (mirror panels) and in addition indicates quantitative information about the focal length was developed. Key factors influencing the alignment, some of which had very large effects on the quality of the alignment, were also identified. The influence of some of the key factors was characterized with a flux mapping system on the second-generation ADDS concentrator. Some of these factors also affect other alignment approaches. The approach was also successfully applied to two other concentrators with differing facet arrangements. Finally, we have extended the method to a 2-f approach that eliminates the need for a distant line-of-sight to the dish and permits alignment at near vertical dish attitudes. In this paper, we outline the color look-back alignment approach, discuss the key alignment factors and their effect on flux distribution, and discuss extensions to non-gore dishes. A companion paper discusses the 2-f color alignment approach in detail.© 2003 ASME
Does the first job really matter? State dependency in employment status in Japan

Abstract This paper examines whether the failure to obtain regular full-time employment at the time of graduation has a long-term impact on subsequent employment status. Using micro data from the Japanese General Social Surveys and the job opening ratio ( yuko kyujin bairitu ) as an instrument for entry-level employment status, I show that the observed correlation between current and entry-level employment status produces a true causal link, which is not attributable to sorting on unobserved aptitude. I also discuss various underlying mechanisms including social institutions and stigmatization. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (3) (2007) 379–402.
Determination of plasma parameters from soft X-ray images for coronal holes /open magnetic field configurations/ and coronal large-scale structures /extended closed-field configurations/

In connection with high-quality solar soft X-ray images the 'quiet' features of the inner corona have been separated into two sharply different components, including the strongly reduced emission areas or coronal holes (CH) and the extended regions of looplike emission features or large-scale structures (LSS). Particular central meridian passage observations of the prominent CH1 on August 21, 1973, are selected for a quantitative study. Histogram photographic density distributions for full-disk images at other central meridian passages of CH 1 are also presented, and the techniques of converting low photographic density data to deposited energy are discussed, with particular emphasis on the problems associated with the CH data.
Structures of separation on a circular cylinder in periodic flow

The structures of separation on a smooth circular cylinder immersed in a sinusoidally oscillating flow are examined in detail for a constant value of the frequency parameter β as the Keulegan-Carpenter number K is systematically increased from the marginally stable to fully separated region in the (K, β)-plane. The positions of the separation points are measured using sublayer fences, flush-mounted hot-film sensors, and extensive high-speed video recordings. The variations of the length scales of the resulting structures, the irregularity of the dye concentration fields, and measurements with two sensors have shown that the separation is three-dimensional, time-dependent, often turbulent, and far from being an eruption of a double-sided single shear layer, or a self-contained bubble. The increase of the three-dimensionality of the flow, evolution of various sizes of structures, secondary separations within the primary separation zone, and the occasional eruption of multiple shear layers are quite similar to the first direct numerical simulation of a laminar separation bubble in the presence of an oscillating inlet flow.
A comparison of the vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and East Africa, using normalized difference vegetation index from NOAA AVHRR

This article presents the results of a study of the relationship between rainfall and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in East Africa and the Sahel. Monthly data for the years 1982 to 1985 have been analyzed. We have evaluated NDVI-rainfall relationships by vegetation type, using the major formations described by White (1983). In the article, a comparison of the differential response of vegetation growth to rainfall in the two study regions is emphasized. The most important conclusions of our research are as follows: Two possible explanations of this last conclusion are suggested: above this threshold, rainfall is no longer the limiting factor in vegetation growth and/or NDVI is not a good indicator of vegetation growth. The latter is a likely possibility since NDVI directly reflects photosynthetic activity and becomes a poor indicator of biomass (i.e., growth) as high canopy densities are reached. The NDVI-rainfall relationship for East Africa is markedly similar to the relationship between NDVI and Leaf Area Index demonstrated by Sellers (1985) and Asrar et al. (1984).
Hemoglobin Linkoping [β36 (C2) Pro→Thr] in a Large Finnish Family from Astoria, Oregon, USA

Eleven members of a large Finnish family from Astoria, Oregon were studied because of an erythrocytosis. No abnormality was detected by the usual hemoglobin electrophoretic tests, but an abnormal variant was separated by reverse phase HPLC. All of the affected individuals have an increased oxygen affinity with a P50 for whole blood at 37°C averaging 18 torr. Fifty percent of their hemoglobin was found to have a threonyl residue in place of the normal prolyl residue at position 36 (C2) of the beta globin chain. This abnormality is identical to Hb Linkoping which was recently reported in a Finnish man living in Sweden.
Fine structure of the photoreceptor and cerebral ganglion of the tadpole larva of Amaroucium constellatum (Verrill) (Subphylum: Urochordata; Class: Ascidiacea)

The photoreceptor of Amaroucium constellatum consists of three parts: lens cells, pigment cup, and retinal cells. The three lens cells lie just beneath the epidermis and extend ventrally into the sensory vesicle. A large part of their volume is occupied by a lens vesicle, a region bounded by mitochondria. The function of the lens cells is unclear. The pigment cup, a hollow hemisphere formed by the pigment cell, acts as a light shield, presumably allowing the tadpole to respond directionally to light. No unusual morphological features of this cell have been noticed. Each of the seven to ten photoreceptor cells sends a process through the pigment cup towards the lens cells. A cilium at the tip of each process gives rise to membranous lamellae which are presumably photosensitive. The base of each photoreceptor cell seems to send processes to the cerebral ganglion. No synapses have been seen at the base of the photoreceptor cells. The cerebral ganglion consists of a cellular cortex surrounding a medullary region of neuropil. Two types of synapses, presumably chemical and electrical, are evident. Four classes of vesicles are found in these structures.
Psychology, Unions, and The Law: Folk Models and the History of Shrimpers' Unions in Mississippi

Folk models hold that shrimpers on the Gulf Coast are too psychologically independent to band together for sustained collective action. In Mississippi, unions were ineffective while packers' schooners supplied their own shrimp. When shrimpers began trawling in their own motor boats in the 1930s, they began to control the supply of shrimp and their unions were effective. In the 1950s, when they borrowed heavily to buy gulf boats and processors began importing shrimp, shrimpers again lost control of the supply of shrimp and their unions became ineffective. At the same time, they were outlawed. The lack of unions is not a consequence of shrimper psychology, but of the law and relative control of resources.
Perceived seriousness of seasonal and A(H1N1) influenzas, attitudes toward vaccination, and vaccine uptake among U.S. adults: does the source of information matter?

Abstract Objective We estimated uptake of seasonal and 2009 influenza A(H1N1) vaccine among U.S. adults and assessed their perceptions of the seriousness of both types of influenza and corresponding attitudes toward vaccination during the 2009–2010 influenza season. We further documented how vaccine uptake and attitudes varied by main information source used in vaccination decisions. Methods We analyzed nationally representative data from U.S. adults age 18 and older ( N = 3,917) who completed an influenza vaccination survey between March 4th and March 24th, 2010. Results 2009 influenza A(H1N1) vaccine uptake was considerably lower than seasonal vaccine uptake. While 2009 influenza A(H1N1) was perceived to be more serious than seasonal influenza, the pandemic vaccine was perceived to be less safe than the seasonal vaccine. Vaccine uptake and attitudes displayed large variation between adults who relied on different information sources for making their vaccination decisions. Conclusion The information launched during the response to the 2009 pandemic appear to have generated higher levels of concern about pandemic than seasonal influenza, but did not appear to reassure adults of the safety and value of the pandemic vaccine. Differences in perceived vaccination safety may be an important factor for explaining the lower uptake of pandemic relative to seasonal vaccine.
Acute Care Surgery Program: Mentoring Fellows and Patient Outcomes

Background Acute care surgery programs have demonstrated that trauma patient outcomes have not changed with the addition of emergency general surgery (EGS) responsibilities. EGS patient outcomes and the mentoring of fellows on EGS service have not been previously studied. We hypothesize that EGS patient outcomes would not differ by provider on a service driven by evidence-based medicine (EBM) protocols. Patients and Methods Retrospective study of prospectively collected EGS repository. academic level I trauma center, and regional EGS referral center from 2003 to 2007. There were 14 faculty and seven fellows during the study period. EGS coverage is a full week, with weeknight coverage by the in-house trauma/EGS faculty. Fellows are mentored by designated faculty while on service, who discuss patients, assist in the OR, or assume care if necessary. Data collected included age, gender, LOS, ICU LOS, ventilator days, disposition (home/rehab), and infectious complications(IC) (VAP, BSI, UTI, SSI). Primary outcome was mortality. Results 1769 patients met study criteria. The mean age was 47.1 (±18), 47% were males. The average ICU LOS was 2.9 d (±7.9), ventilator d 2.6 (±7.6); 82.1% were discharged home and 13.7% were referred to rehab. There was no statistical difference in mortality, LOS, ICU LOS, disposition, ventilator d, and IC between faculty and fellow providers. Conclusions An EGS service with EBM protocols assures consistency in patient outcomes independent of provider level: faculty or fellows. Our model for mentoring fellows did not decrease EGS patient outcomes.
Polyamine uptake, binding and release in rat brain.

Abstract The uptake, binding and release of the polyamines, spermidine and spermine, and of their diamine precursor, putrescine, were examined in synaptosomal preparations from rat hippocampus. The specific and relatively high-affinity uptake by synaptosomes was found only with putrescine (V max = 21.6 pmol/mg protein per h; K m =28.6 nM) and not with the other polyamines. In contrast, specific binding to membranes was found for spermidine (B max = 28.6 pmol/mg protein; K d = 42.9 nM) and for spermine (B max = 156.3 pmol/mg protein; K d = 83.3 nM), but not for putrescine. High potassium concentrations (35 mM) both induced the release of accumulated polyamines from synaptosomes and inhibited their binding. Specific polyamine binding evidently occurs selectively on the inner but not on the outer surface of synaptosomal membranes.
Myoelectric Control System and Task-Specific Characteristics Affect Voluntary Use of Simultaneous Control

Clinically available myoelectric control does not enable simultaneous proportional control of prosthetic degrees of freedom. Multiple studies have proposed systems that provide simultaneous control, though few have investigated whether subjects voluntarily use simultaneous control or how they implement it. Additionally, few studies have explicitly evaluated the effect of providing proportional velocity control. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors influencing when and how subjects use simultaneous myoelectric control, including the ability to proportionally control the velocity and the required task precision. Five able-bodied subjects used simultaneous myoelectric control systems with and without proportional velocity control in a virtual Fitts' Law task. Though subjects used simultaneous control to a substantial degree when proportional velocity control was present, they used very little simultaneous control when using constant-velocity control. Furthermore, use of simultaneous control varied significantly with target distance and width, reflecting a strategy of using simultaneous control for gross cursor positioning and sequential control for fine corrective movements. These results provide insight into how users take advantage of simultaneous control and highlight the need for real-time evaluation of simultaneous control algorithms, as the potential benefit of providing simultaneous control may be affected by other characteristics of the myoelectric control system.
Peak tailing and slow mass transfer kinetics in nonlinear chromatography

Peak tailing has two main origins in chromatography: (i) heterogenous mass transfer kinetics, (ii) heterogenous thermodynamics with overloading of a nonlinear isotherm. The individual effects of ea ...
Endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilation in alkalotic and acidotic piglet lungs.

Although significant pulmonary hypertension can occur in patients treated with either hypocapnic alkalosis or "permissive" hypercapnic acidosis, the effects of sustained alkalosis or acidosis on subsequent vasodilator responses have not been established. This study measured the effects of 60-100 min of sustained alkalosis or acidosis on endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilation with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated lungs from 1-week-old piglets. After stabilization, lungs were divided into control (pH 7.40, PaCO(2) 40 torr, n = 5), alkalotic (pH 7.60, PaCO(2) 25 torr, n = 6), or acidotic (pH 7.25, PaCO(2) 65 torr, n = 5) groups and ventilated with 21% O(2) for 40 min. Acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was then induced with 4-6% O(2). After a stable pressor response had occurred (approximately 20 min), pulmonary artery dose-response relationships to increasing concentrations of iNO were measured. The iNO was then stopped and after a stable hypoxic pressure had again been reestablished (approximately 20 min), dose-responses to increasing concentrations of ACh were measured. Hypoxic pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was similar in all groups. Pulmonary artery pressure dose-response relationships to iNO and ACh were blunted in the alkalosis group, suggesting that both endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilation were reduced during sustained hypocapnic alkalosis. In contrast, sustained acidosis did not alter subsequent vasodilator responses. Future studies must elucidate the mechanisms underlying blunted pulmonary vasodilation during sustained alkalosis and examine the consequences of sustained alkalosis therapy on subsequent vasodilator responses in clinical practice.
Investigation of a heat stress-related death of a fire fighter

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies (DSHEFS) conducts investigations of health hazards in the workplace under the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) program. In September 1990, the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) requested that NIOSH assess the health and safety practices used by fire personnel during a brush fire on September 6, 1990, in Sedgwick County, Kansas. A 25-year-old fire fighter died of heat stroke at the scene.
Mechanistic Analysis of the Role of Bromodomain-containing Protein 4 (BRD4) in BRD4-NUT Oncoprotein-induced Transcriptional Activation

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare but highly aggressive cancer typically caused by the translocation t(15;19), which results in the formation of the BRD4-NUT fusion oncoprotein. Previous studies have demonstrated that fusion of the NUT protein with the double bromodomains of BRD4 may significantly alter the cellular gene expression profile to contribute to NMC tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic details of this BRD4-NUT function remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the NUT function in transcriptional regulation by targeting it to a LacO transgene array integrated in U2OS 2-6-3 cells, which allow us to visualize how NUT alters the in situ gene transcription dynamic. Using this system, we demonstrated that the NUT protein tethered to the LacO locus recruits p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP), induces histone hyperacetylation, and enriches BRD4 to the transgene array chromatin foci. We also discovered that, in BRD4-NUT expressed in NMC cells, the NUT moiety of the fusion protein anchored to chromatin by the double bromodomains also stimulates histone hyperacetylation, which causes BRD4 to bind tighter to chromatin. Consequently, multiple BRD4-interacting factors are recruited to the NUT-associated chromatin locus to activate in situ transgene expression. This gene transcription function was repressed by either expression of a dominant negative inhibitor of the p300-NUT interaction or treatment with (+)-JQ1, which dissociates BRD4 from the LacO chromatin locus. Our data support a model in which BRD4-NUT-stimulated histone hyperacetylation recruits additional BRD4 and interacting partners to support transcriptional activation, which underlies the BRD4-NUT oncogenic mechanism in NMC.
Overview of fatigue behavior in copper single crystals—III. Interpretation of crack growth kinetics and a new approach to predict fatigue life based on crack population density in specimens cycled at constant strain amplitude

Abstract Previously reported results on the kinetics of short Stage I crack growth in copper single crystals are interpreted on the basis of the J -integral and the local strains in persistent slip bands (PSB's) which host the short cracks. In addition, evidence is presented on the strain relaxation that Stage I cracks produce in closely adjacent, parallel PSB's. After cracks have grown deeper than 10 μm, they cast a strain shadow with a range 9 μm on adjacent PSB's. When the crack population multiplies so that the shadows overlap, then the rate of crack growth in the leading (fatal) cracks increases markedly and failure follows rapidly. These phenomena are used as the basis of a new method of life prediction and a Coffin-Manson relationship is derived with an exponent of — 1. Gratifying agreement is found between the life prediction and independent measurements of life behavior.
Higher dimensional analogues of Klein's quadric

The basic idea is a mapping from d-dimensional subspaces of a 2d-dimensional vector space onto points in a projective space of dimension \(\left( \begin{gathered} 2d \hfill \\ d \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right) - 1\). We develop conditions under which a point in the larger projective space is an image point under this mapping. We also develop conditions corresponding to cases where the d-dimensional vector spaces do or do not intersect.
Respiratory control in hyperpermeable adult heart muscle cells Effects of calcium

Spontaneously beating myocardial fragments prepared by mechanical disaggregation have hyperpermeable sarcolemmae. Such preparations were used to study mitochondrial function in situ. The myocardial fragments suspended in a phosphate-buffered salt solution containing 1-3 mM MgCl2 showed a low rate of oxygen uptake. Addition of succinate, pyruvate plus malate or glutamate was followed by an increase in the rate of O2 uptake. Addition of ADP to fragments engaged in State 4 respiration was followed by initiation of more rapid State 3 respiration, with respiratory control ratios routinely greater than 3 for succinate and glutamate. If the fragments were suspended in the same medium containing 3 mM ATP (a medium in which contractile activity occurs), State 3 was initiated upon addition of substrate. The suspension medium used in these experiments contained about 8 muM calcium as contamination. Addition of calcium chloride to give a final concentration of 0.14 to 0.57 mM stimulated State 4 respiration of the myocardial fragments. In contrast similar additions made during State 3 inhibited respiration. The maximum degree of inhibition brought respiration close to the State 4 rate. If calcium was added prior to ADP, respiratory stimulation by the nucleotide was diminished. Respiratory function of myocardial fragments and of mitochondria isolated from them was similar in terms of response to substrate, ADP, and calcium addition in State 4. Response to calcium in State 3 was different in that inhibition was long-lived only at low [Pi] in the case of mitochondria, but at low or high [Pi] in the case of the fragments.
Expression of interferon-β is associated with growth arrest of murine and human epidermal cells

The cytokine interferon-β is a regulator of cell replication and function, including invasion and induction of angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to determine whether the expression of interferon-β by cells in the epidermis correlated with terminal differentiation. In situ hybridization analysis and immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of normal human and murine epidermis and human and murine skin tumors of epithelial origin revealed that only differentiated, nondividing cells of the epidermis expressed interferon-β protein. Keratinocyte cultures established from the epidermis of 3 d old mice were maintained under conditions permitting continuous cell division or induction of differentiation. Continuously dividing cells did not produce interferon-β whereas nondividing differentiated cells expressing keratin 1 did. Growth-arrested, undifferentiated keratinocytes also expressed interferon-β protein. Neutralizing interferon-β in the culture medium inhibited differentiation, but the addition of exogenous interferon-β did not stimulate differentiation. These data indicate that interferon-β is produced by growth-arrested, terminally differentiated keratinocytes.
Automatic rib detection in chest radiographs

Abstract A detailed algorithm is presented for automatic detection of posterior (dorsal) ribs in posterior/anterior chest radiographs. It is entirely automatic and includes algorithms for locating the lung fields and the lung boundary. Written in PL/I for an IBM 3031, it requires about 8 sec to process a 400 × 400 digitized full chest radiograph which is significantly faster than previously published results. The reason for the efficiency can be attributed to the fact that no two-dimensional image processing is performed; it works instead by locating the ribs on a small set of one-dimensional sections taken through the lung fields. Curves are then fitted through these locations to represent the rib edges. The detection of anterior (ventral) ribs is also discussed.
Cladistic analysis of the living cassiduloids (Echinoidea), and the effects of character ordering and successive approximations weighting

Abstract The crown group of the Neognathostomata, one of the three major clades of irregular echinoids, comprises the paraphyletic order Cassiduloida, the family Neolampadidae, and the order Clypeasteroida. Recent studies have recognized the latter two groups as sister taxa, while suggesting different relationships with other cassiduloids. Here parsimony analyses of 57 qualitative morphologic characters (having 127 states) are employed to determine relationships among all 30 living cassiduloid species and three representative clypeasteroids. The 30 trees (of 144 steps) obtained using unordered multistate characters support the branching sequence: apatopygids (Apatopygus and Porterpygus), echinolampadids (Echinolampas and Conolampas), cassidulids (Oligopodia, Eurhodia, Rhyncholampas and Cassidulus), Studeria , neolampadids and clypeasteroids. Contrary to claims in the literature, ordering multistate characters does not improve resolution, although the majority-rule consensus of the resulting 84 trees supports the same relationships among genera. Trees found using only characters likely to be preserved in fossils differ only in the arrangement of the neolampadid taxa. Successive approximations weightings are found to be sensitive to arbitrary choices of the scaling factor and truncation. Weightings cart lead to increases or decreases in the number of most parsimonious trees and the congruence among trees.
Lipid rafts, G proteins and the etiology of and treatment for depression: progress toward a depression biomarker

Despite decades of research, the cellular target(s)of chronic antidepressant treatment remainunknown. For the most part, antidepressant treat-ments, whether drug or direct stimulation,require repeated administration for approximatelya month before achieving clinical benefit, whilecognitive therapy typically requires 12–16 weeksnot including follow-up visits. Many antidepres-sant drugs are suggested to increase synapticmonoamine content as they prevent the reuptakeor breakdown of monoamines by presynapticnerve terminals. These actions are contemporane-ous with acute drug exposure and it is difficult tocorrelate these actions with the required chronictreatment. We hypothesize that chronic anti-depressant drug treatment reorganizes the synap-tic membrane and modifies neurotransmittersignaling and that these effects are relevant to thebiology and treatment of depression.Receptors for monoamine neurotransmittersare often G protein-coupled, and those that arecoupled to G proteins, activate adenylyl cyclaseand generate cAMP. Extensive studies on the roleof antidepressant treatment and the G
Characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila strains of clinical, animal, and environmental origin expressing the O:34 antigen.

A collection of Aeromonas strains of different origins were characterized for isolates expressing the O:34 somatic antigen. Of over 200 strains tested, approximately 14% belonged to serogroup O:34 with >85% of these strains identified as A. hydrophila regardless of source. A subset of 14 A. hydrophila O:34 strains were further analyzed for a number of structural and pathogenic features. Most O:34 strains expressed similar whole-cell protein profiles with regards to minor bands, but major band differences were noted in outer membrane proteins (OMPs) migrating between the 31K and 58K region. OMP profiles could be subdivided into three distinct patterns. All O:34 strains expressed a heterogeneous O polysaccharide side chain profile in their lipopolysaccharide (LPS), although some variation in the electrophoretic migration of lower and higher molecular weight LPS bands was noted. Polyclonal antisera raised against a 45-K OMP-associated protein of one O:34 strain (AH-195) reacted in immunoblot assays with a major 43 to 46-K OMP in 11 of 14 (79%) O:34 strains tested. Most O:34 strains (69%) were found to be pathogenic in mice with LD-50 values (i.p.) of <1.0 × 107 CFU; pathogenicity appeared to correlate best with elevated protease activity. The collective results suggest significant differences in both structural and pathogenic properties between some members of the O:34 group originating from human and nonhuman (fish, water) sources.
An Analysis and Evaluation of the Internal Validity of the Remote Associates Test: What Does It Measure?.

It is shown that items constructed like those of Mednick's Remote Associates Test (1962) fall into distinct categories. These categories of items are shown to interact significantly with subjects and with subject groups determined on the basis of RAT performance. Furthermore, RAT performance is shown to be more related to performance on items containing idiomatic relationships between stimuli and targets than to performance on items in which such relationships are semantic in nature. It is suggested either that the RAT is measuring a loosely related group of subtraits, or that its item population is poorly specified. Some doubts are cast on the validity of the RAT.
Cytomegalovirus infection in the brain of liver transplant recipients: Do pathologically occult infections matter clinically?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a highly prevalent systemic complication following orthotopic liver transplantation (LT), accounting for a significant increase in morbidity and affiliated costs. However, unlike other immunosuppressed groups of population, CMV infection of the central nervous system in LT is rarely diagnosed, either clinically or postmortem. Furthermore, in 20% of the LT patients who develop preterminal neurological complications, the etiology remains undetermined. With the hypothesis that at least some of these cases could be related to an occult CMV infection, we examined brain tissue from 83 unselected autopsies of LT patients by morphological, immunohistochemical (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) techniques. Microglial nodules were observed in 17 brains of the LT group (20.4%) but in none of the 36 controls. Isolated positive cells by either IHC, ISH, or both techniques, were identified in 11 LT patients (13.2%) and in 2 controls (5.5%). CMV DNA amplification was obtained from paraffin embedded tissues in 41 of 81 LT cases (50.6%), and in 5 controls (13.8%) (P=0.00017). Viral inclusion bodies, inflammatory infiltrates, or necrotizing changes were not identified in any case. Our findings indicate an increased susceptibility of the brain of LT patients to occult infection by CMV and suggest that a latent or low-grade infection of the central nervous system could operate as a reservoir of the CMV and play a role in some of the unexplained neurological symptoms that appear in the postoperative period.
Both Sides of the Camera: Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle's Evolution at Keystone

In the second decade of the 20th century, during cinema's adolescence, Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle, a cherub-faced innocent, with a very large body, created comedy on the silent screen that for a time ...
ATYPICAL CHEST PAIN

Chest pain is the most important chief complaint encountered by the emergency physician. There are numerous life-threatening causes of chest pain, the most important of which is ischemic heart disease. Ischemic heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of malpractice litigation against emergency physicians. In addition, patients with several other life-threatening conditions initially complain of chest pain. As such, differentiation between life-threatening and non–life-threatening causes of chest pain is a key aspect of the practice of emergency medicine.
Resolution of the Hierarchy of Many-Body Green's Functions

The rigorous evolution equations for the one-body Green's functions ( g > , g < ) describing an imperfect gas in a finite volume are not closed (an analogue of B–B–G–K–Y hierarchy for the many-body distribution functions). The analysis of these equations are made in terms of proper connected diagrams. It is shown that in the bulk limit: N (particle number)→∞, \(\varOmega\)(volume)→∞ such that N /Ω=constant, these equations can be reduced to the closed equations, which are however, non-linear and non-Markoffian, in contrast to the original hierarchy equations.
Intracisternal sauvagine is more potent than corticotropin-releasing factor to decrease gastric vagal efferent activity in rats☆

Abstract Consecutive intracisternal (ic) injections of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (21, 63, and 126 pmol, ic) or sauvagine (2.1, 6.3, and 21 pmol, ic) decreased gastric vagal efferent multiunit discharge (GVED) to 82%, 75% and 69% and 71%, 40% and 21%, respectively, from preinjection basal levels (taken as 100%). The inhibitory action was dose related (magnitude and duration of the response, 7–45 min). The CRF antagonist, [ d -Phe 12 ,Nle 21,38 ,C α -MeLeu 37 ]-rCRF 12–41 (6.25 nmol, ic) increased GVED by 43.5 ± 4.3% and blocked the decrease in GVED induced by CRF (21 pmol, ic) for >90 min with a complete recovery after 3 h. Vehicles (injected intracisternally) had no effect. These data indicate that: 1) CRF injected intracisternally decreases GVED through the activation of CRF receptors and sauvagine is more potent than CRF to inhibit GVED; and 2) endogenous CRF exerts an inhibitory tone on basal GVED in urethane-anesthetized rats undergoing surgery.
The execution phase of autophagy associated PCD during insect metamorphosis

During metamorphosis of Manduca sexta, involution of labial glands follows an autophagic pathway towards programmed cell death (PCD). We looked for evidence of both caspase dependent and independent pathways of PCD by assaying for caspases -1, -2, -3, and -6, proteasomal protease, and cathepsins B & L, using fluorogenic substrates and aldehyde and chloromethylketone inhibitors. The substrates FR-AMC and RR-AMC, preferentially degraded by cathepsins B and L, were the most rapidly degraded, increasing in rate as the gland involuted. Digestion of YVAD-AMC (preferential substrate for caspase-1) and DEVD-AMC (substrate for caspases-3 & -7) was barely detectable, less than 0.02% (on a per-unit-protein basis) of that seen in vertebrate embryos induced to undergo apoptosis. Cleavage of VDVAD-AFC (substrate for caspase -2) and VEID-AFC (substrate for caspase -6) was also assessed, but activity was negligible. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) and cytochrome c release were not detected. Exogenous caspase substrate, polyadenosyl ribose phosphorylase (PARP), is cleaved by labial gland extracts, but only at an acidic pH of 5.5-6.0, and into fragments different from those generated by caspases (confirmed by N-terminal sequencing). The cysteine protease inhibitor leupeptin inhibits PARP cleavage, but the caspase inhibitor DEVD-CHO does not. However, potential caspase-derived fragments of PARP are seen when cytochrome c and dATP are added to cytosolic extracts. Although apoptotic machinery is conserved and functional in this tissue, cell death occurs independently of caspases in metamorphosis. We also postulate that lysosomal proteases play the major proteolytic role similar to the caspase cascade seen in apoptosis.
The gender gap in eating disorders: Why are the eating disorders more common among women?

Abstract We contend that the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are more common among women than men because more women are dieting to control their weight. Our contention is based on the finding that the eating disorders are most prevalent among the sector of the population that is most concerned about weight and shape. Evidence for the more intensive pressure on women to be slim is presented. Other contributory factors that serve to intensify women's struggle to control their weight and shape, such as adolescent turmoil, poor body concept, and role confusion, are also reviewed. Risk factors for the development of an eating disorder in an individual who is dieting are summarized, and directions for future research suggested.
The neurotoxin 2'-NH2-MPTP degenerates serotonin axons and evokes increases in hippocampal BDNF.

Methyl-4-(2#-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2#-NH2-MPTP) causes long-term depletions in cortical and hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) that are accompanied by acute elevations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and argyrophilia. To further investigate the hypothesis that these changes are reflective of serotonergic and noradrenergic axonal degeneration, 2#-NH2-MPTP was admin- istered to mice and innervation densities were determined immunocytochemically. Regional responses of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neuro- trophic factor (BDNF), to putative damage were also assessed. Three days after 2#-NH2-MPTP, 5-HT axons exhibited a beaded, tortuous appearance indicative of ongoing degeneration. At 21 days, numbers of serotonin axons were significantly decreased, with the greatest axonal losses occurring in cortex and hippocampus. Serotonin axons in the amygdala were contrastingly spared long-term damage, as were 5-HT and NE cell bodies in the brain stem. BDNF protein levels were selectively increased in the hippocampus 3 days post-dose and returned to normal 21 days later. These results, in conjunction with previous findings, demonstrate that 2#-NH2-MPTP causes degeneration of serotonergic axons in- nervating the cortex and hippocampus on par with depletions in neurotransmitter levels. Moreover, damage to the hippocampus, a brain region important for learning and memory, and the modulation of anxiety and stress responsiveness, results in a transitory increase in BDNF. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Relationship of Area-Averaged Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour Fluxes to Atmospheric Variables

Area-averaged fluxes are constructed from a combination of aircraft and tower data collected during BOREAS. The averaging area includes both conifer and deciduous forests, wetlands, burned areas and bodies of water. The area-averaged water vapour flux is closely related to the area-averaged solar radiation while the area-averaged carbon dioxide flux and water use efficiency (WUE) are more related to the vapour pressure deficit (VPD). In spite of the fact that the averaging encompasses a variety of ecosystems, various relationships for the area-averaged water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes show comparable or less scatter than those based on fluxes from individual sites. Possible causes of this unexpected result are discussed but no conclusions are offered.
Fine structural observations on the form and distribution of nuage in germ cells of the rat

Germ cells of the rat have been studied at the fine structural level from the time they are present in the epithelium of the embryonic gut until near the time of production of mature gametes in the adult. Particular attention has been paid to the form and location of dense, fibrous material (nuage) in the germ cells during that period of the life cycle. The nuage either exists as small discrete bodies in the cytoplasm or as “cementing material” situated in the interstices of mitochondrial clusters. It is present in primordial germ cells in the gut epithelium, in germ cells in indifferent gonads and in germ cells in sexually differentiated fetal, neonatal and adult rat gonads. It is sometimes associated with nuclear pores. Because it is present throughout much of the life cycle of the germ cells of male and female rats and it has been observed in various other mammals by previous workers, it is suggested here that it is a characteristic morphological feature of mammalian germ cells. In addition, there is considerable similarity in form and distribution of the nuage to the “polar granules” in insects and the “germinal plasm” in amphibians which are suggested to play a role in the determination of germ cells in these animals. The possibility that nuage may play a comparable role in mammals is considered.
Is repeat pregnancy in adolescents a “planned” affair?

This study assessed whether girls who become pregnant more than once do so for different reasons than girls who are pregnant for the first time. Girls in group 1 (G1) were pregnant for the first time (n = 104, 69%) and those in group 2 (G2) were pregnant for the second time or more (n = 46, 31%). About 60% of the girls in G2 had living children at home, but they were more likely than those in G1 to state that they became pregnant because they wanted a baby (G2 44%, G1 21%; p less than 0.01) and, conversely, girls in G1 were more likely than those in G2 to state that the pregnancy was an accident and "just happened" (G1 61%, G2 37%; p less than 0.01). Many girls who become pregnant more than once appear to do so intentionally.
Effect of postganglionic mesenteric sympathectomy in irreversible hemorrhagic shock.

SummaryA postganglionic mesenteric sympathectomy was performed in a series of dogs who subsequently were subjected to irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Hemodynamic changes resulted which mimicked those produced in a series of dibenzyline pretreated animals but offered no significant improvement in survival when compared to a control series.
Multi-row linear cMUT array using cMUTs and multiplexing electronics

A large area reconfigurable imaging array for research purposes is being developed with co-integrated cMUTs and control electronics. The goal is a 2.5cm 2D tileable module with ≫16,000 transducer sub-elements spaced at a pitch of 185um in X and Y dimensions. As a prototype demonstration of some of the goals of this effort, a multi-row linear array using cMUTs and external multiplexing electronics was designed and fabricated. In this paper the challenges of trenched cMUT attach to a laminate interposer as part of a tileable module will be discussed. The architecture of the tileable module build-up for manufacturability, reliability, acoustic planarity, and reduced spacing between tiles and cMUT chips will also be addressed. Finally, a first prototype will be shown and experimental acoustic results with the new cMUT-based probe will be presented.
The physical demands of the tree (vriksasana) and one-leg balance (utthita hasta padangusthasana) poses performed by seniors: a biomechanical examination.

Yoga is considered especially suitable for seniors because poses can be modified to accommodate practitioners’ capabilities and limitations. In this study, biomechanical assessments on healthy seniors ( 𝑛 = 2 0 ; 7 0 . 1 ± 3 . 8 yr) were used to quantify the physical demands, (net joint moments of force [JMOFs] and muscular activation in the lower extremities) associated with the performance of 3 variations (introductory, intermediate, advanced) of 2 classical Hatha yoga poses – Tree and One-Leg Balance (OLB). ANOVA and Cohen's- d were used to contrast the postural variations statistically. The advanced (single-limb, without additional support) versions were hypothesized to generate the greatest demands, followed by the intermediate (single-limb [Tree] and bilateral-limb [OLB] with support) and introductory (bilateral-limb) versions. Our findings, however, suggest that common, long-held conceptions about pose modifications can be counter-intuitive. There was no difference between the intermediate and advanced Tree variations regarding hip and knee JMOFs in both the sagittal and frontal planes ( 𝑃 = 0 . 1 3 –0.98). Similarly, OLB introductory and intermediate variations induced sagittal JMOFs that were in the opposite direction of the classic advanced pose version at the hip and knee ( 𝑃 . 0 0 1 ; 𝑑 = 0 . 9 8 –2.36). These biomechanical insights provide evidence that may be used by instructors, clinicians and therapists when selecting pose modifications for their yoga participants.
Modulation of spin dynamics in a channel of a nonballistic spin field effect transistor

We have investigated the effect of gate control over the spin polarization drag in an Al 0.3Ga0.7As/ GaAs/ Al0.3Ga0.7As heterostructure. The study is motivated by a recent proposal for a nonballistic spin field effect transistor that utilizes the interplay between the Rashba and the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction in the device channel. A model that utilizes real material parameters, in order to calculate spin dynamics as a function of the gate voltage, has been developed. From the obtained results, we define the efficiency of the spinpolarization modulation and spin-density modulation. The estimated modulation of the spin polarization at room temperature is of the order of 15‐20 %. The results show that the effect is not sufficient for device applications. However, it can be observed experimentally by spatially resolved optical pulse-probe techniques.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATO(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)-TRICARBONYLMANGANESE(I)

Abstract The structure of (C6H5), PMn(CO)3S2CN(CH3)2, which is formed as a by-product in the synthesis of (C6H5)3PMn(CO)3CSN(CH3)2, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound crystallizes in space group C2/c with 16 molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a=56.14 A; b=8.778 A; c=19.75 A; β=102.05°. Atomic positions were refined by full-matrix least-squares methods to a final R of 0.083 using 2756 independent reflections. The independent synthesis of this compound is also described.
Neonatal Gabapentin Withdrawal Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant, neuroleptic, and pain medication, is widely used in both adults and children for management of epilepsy, bipolar illness, and neuropathic pain. Gabapentin use has also been recommended for hyperemesis gravidarum and restless leg syndrome in pregnant mothers. Objective Although gabapentin use is deemed safe during pregnancy, no clinical reports of gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in a neonate have been described. Results We present a newborn who showed signs of withdrawal after prolonged in utero exposure to gabapentin. Clinical Implications Clinicians should be aware of possible withdrawal symptoms from drugs such as gabapentin, administered to mothers during pregnancy. We also encourage the gradual tapering of gabapentin in neonates over weeks to months similar to the adult population.