cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of a Thermoelectric Refrigerator as a Function of Characteristic Parameters

This chapter focuses on the performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator as a function of characteristic parameters. The chapter also outlines that when an electric current is sent through a thermocouple, when the junctions are at the same temperature, the system is in fact a trivial refrigerator that merely transfers heat from a reservoir at one temperature to another at the same temperature. The warm and cold temperatures were interchanged on reversing the direction of the electric current, and maximum temperature again was observed to be at a point 16.33 cm from the warm end of the nickel rod when steady-state conditions obtained. The results show that increase in refrigeration capacity may be obtained, therefore, without sacrifice in efficiency by increasing over a broad range in the variation of ratio of the cross sectional areas. It is also revealed that a procedure has been introduced for determination of the effect on performance characteristics by changing the geometry or material properties of the system.
The Repertoire of CD4 + CD28 − T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

While oligoclonality of circulating CD4− CD8− and of CD8+ T cells is not uncommon, clonal dominance within the CD4 compartment is not frequently found in healthy individuals. In contrast, the majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have clonally expanded CD4+ T cell populations. Previous studies have demonstrated that these clonogenic CD4+ T cells do not express the CD28 molecule. To examine the correlation between CD28 expression and clonal proliferation, we have analyzed the T cell receptor (TCR) diversity of CD4+ CD28− T cells in normal individuals and in RA patients. The size of the peripheral blood CD4+ CD28− compartment was determined in 30 healthy individuals and 30 RA patients by two-color FACS analysis. In 10 RA patients and five controls with more than 2.5% CD4+ CD28− T cells, TCR BV gene segment usage was analyzed with 19 BV-specific antibodies. Oligoclonality was assessed in sorted CD4+ CD28+ and CD28− T cells using TCR BV-BC-specific polymerase chain reaction and size fractionation. Clonal dominance was confirmed by direct sequencing. The CD4+ CD28− T cell compartment was expanded to more than 2.5% in 70% of the RA patients and 30% of the normal individuals. Compared with the CD4+ CD28+ T cells, the TCR BV gene segment usage among CD4+ CD28− cells was grossly skewed with the dominance of single BV elements. Molecular TCR analysis provided evidence for oligoclonality in 17 of 21 expanded BV elements. In two unrelated RA patients who shared both HLA-DRB1 alleles, the TCR β-chain sequences of dominant clonotypes were highly conserved. Oligoclonality is a characteristic feature of CD4+ CD28− T cells which are expanded in some healthy individuals and in the majority of RA patients. The lack of CD28 expression is a common denominator of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4− CD8− T cells prone to develop clonal dominance. The limited TCR diversity of clonal CD4+ CD28− populations in RA patients suggests that these T cells recognize a limited spectrum of antigens. The fact that the majority of individuals with marked expansions and oligoclonality of CD4+ CD28− T cells are RA patients suggests a role for these unusual lymphocytes in the pathogenetic events leading to RA.
In vitro evidence for post-insult neuroprotective activity of an evolutionarily conserved motif against excitotoxic neuronal cell death.

In vitro excitotoxic cell death experiments can be considered a screening model of stroke to evaluate the neuroprotective property of specific compounds. Survival of neurons following excitotoxicity is influenced by the neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Here, a novel 12 amino-acid peptide [AYKSYVRALPLL (TUF1)] with a high level of evolutionary conservation was assessed for its neuroprotective property in an in vitro model of glutamate-induced N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor hyperactivation and excitotoxicity. This peptide shares 100% homology to the conserved motif (SYVRAL) of the neurotrophic factors, which is found in numerous US patents. Following exposure to toxic levels of glutamate (500 µM), cultured primary rat forebrain neurons treated with TUF1 showed a dose-dependent survival rate compared with untreated neurons. The neuroprotective effect was blocked by p75 neurotrophic receptor (p75NTR) inhibitor (MC192), but not by tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor (K252a) or N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor antagonists (MK801 and d-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid). Serine to alanine substitution that abolishes p75NTR interaction showed a loss of neuroprotective effect. Collectively, the findings showed that TUF1 can protect cultured primary cortical neurons from excitotoxic cell death through the p75NTR-dependent pathway. Given that TUF1 is derived from TMEM35 (NACHO), which is required for the assembly and expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mechanism of TUF1 action may involve organization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and p75 neurotrophin receptor to modulate neuronal responses, including Ca2+ signaling, to cytotoxic events. Unlike nerve growth factor, which requires a pre-insult exposure, TUF1 has neuroprotective properties even with post-insult administration, making it a potential target for therapeutic development in mitigating neuronal damage due to stroke and brain injury.
Abstract 874: The CRTC1/MAML2 oncogene induces a PGC-1a splice variant that sensitizes mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells to PPARg inhibition

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common type of malignant salivary gland tumor. MECs frequently exhibit a recurrent t(11;19)(q21;p13) chromosomal translocation that fuses the transcriptional coactivators CRTC1 (CREB-Regulated Transcription Coactivator 1; C1) and MAML2 (Mastermind-Like 2; M2). Though many C1/M2-positive tumors are easily resected, some do progress to advanced, metastatic disease accompanied by poor 5-year survival rates. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which C1/M2 drives tumor growth and progression in order to identify therapeutic vulnerabilities. Our lab recently identified a correlation between C1/M2 expression and increased levels of the growth hormone IGF-1. This hormone plays critical roles in the development and homeostasis of normal salivary glands, and its dysregulation has been implicated in several cancers including colon and lung cancers. Interestingly, we demonstrate that IGF-1 is not directly upregulated by C1/M2. Rather, we have discovered a novel C1/M2-driven signaling circuit whereby constitutive CREB activation drives the increased production of a minor PGC-1α (PPARγ Coactivator 1α) splice variant, PGC-1α4, which is responsible for the high IGF-1 levels observed in C1/M2-positive MEC cells. Notably, the PGC-1α4 splice variant is minimally expressed in normal tissues and C1/M2-negative cell lines but is selectively upregulated in C1/M2-positive cell lines. We show that C1/M2 directly binds CREB at the PGC-1α4 promoter to induce expression of this variant, resulting in increased IGF-1 expression. IGF-1 promoter analysis revealed a significant enrichment of PPARγ binding motifs and functional studies confirm that this promoter is regulated by PPARγ. Consequently, we demonstrate that a novel PPARγ inverse agonist is capable of repressing IGF-1 promoter activity and reducing growth and clonogenic potential of C1/M2-positive cell lines that exhibit high PGC-1α4 expression. Collectively, our results reveal a novel therapeutic vulnerability in salivary MEC cells that may extend more broadly to other cancers that exhibit dysregulated CREB activity. Citation Format: Adele M. Musicant, Kshitij P. Sharma, Erin C. Henry, Jason Tasoulas, Ricardo Padilla, Monideepa Sengupta, Colin Flaveny, Antonio L. Amelio. The CRTC1/MAML2 oncogene induces a PGC-1a splice variant that sensitizes mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells to PPARg inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 874.
The Neuropsychology of Aggression

Neuropsychology is the study of the relationship between brain function and behavior. More specifically, the clinical neuropsychologist attempts to determine the biological understructure of specific behaviors by assessing changes in emotion, cognition, and personality that occur as a result of brain pathology. By utilizing standardized neuropsychological tests to examine brain functions, the clinical neuropsychologist can diagnose the type, location, and velocity of central nervous system disease and, more important, address the effect that such a disease has had on a patient’s adaptive capabilities.
Solidification of lunar core from melting experiments on the Fe–Ni–S system

Abstract Paleomagnetic records revealed that the early Moon had an Earth-like core dynamo, which was likely driven by thermochemical buoyancy force associated with core solidification. The cause for the cessation of the ancient lunar dynamo at about 3.56 Ga ago remains controversial, partly because the composition and temperature of the Moon are not well constrained and the solidification process of its core remains poorly understood. Here we report experimental data at 5.1 GPa showing that the liquidus temperatures of the Fe–Ni–S system are ∼50–150 K lower than that of the Fe–S system, implying that a Ni-bearing core could remain molten to lower temperatures. Calculating the liquidus temperature gradient using previous data at 3 GPa and the new results at 5.1 GPa, we find that an Fe-S core containing less than ∼4.0 wt.% S would freeze from the center of the Moon. At higher S contents, the core would precipitate solid Fe near the core-mantle boundary. Based on the prevailing lunar core models, a change in core solidification from the bottom-up regime to the top-down regime during the lunar history is possible only if its bulk S content falls between about 2.0 and 4.0 wt.%.
Sightseeing and Spectacle at the Jewish Temple

Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period (second century BCE–70 CE) was transformed into the largest pilgrimage city of the Hellenized East and the sole locus of sacrificial worship of the Jewish God in greater Judea. As argued in this paper, it also became a place for sightseeing and spectacle. By the early Roman era, movement to the city for pilgrimage was a significant component of Mediterranean and Near Eastern travel. The Jewish festival experience may have evolved to cater to the tastes of foreigners now regularly visiting the city from the Jewish Diaspora. The architecture of Herod's Temple complex and the distinctive religious customs practiced within its walls intrigued visitors, whether Jewish or non-Jewish. For those unable to witness the Temple or participate in one of its festivals firsthand, a virtual visit through a “walking-tour” description would have to suffice. Such descriptions, which are attested from the earliest days of the Second Temple, can charter in imaginative invention in order to foster a sense of awe and wonder for the audience.
Promoting Colorectal Cancer Screening in South Asian Muslims Living in the USA.

Colorectal cancer is one of the more common forms of cancer in South Asian men and women. Despite the rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in South Asians, the CRC screening rates remain low in South Asians and Muslims compared with those in Whites and other ethnic minorities in the USA. Religious and cultural barriers have been examined in relation to other types of cancer such as breast and cervical cancers. However, few data are available about CRC screening among Muslims, particularly South Asian American Muslims. A community-based participatory research approach was used to assess attitudes toward CRC screening and various cultural, religious, and gender barriers that prevent CRC screening expressed by Muslim South Asian men and women in the larger San Francisco Bay Area. Six focus groups were conducted (three males and three females) with South Asian American Muslims. The focus groups consisted of a total sample size of n = 32, with 15 men and 17 women, with the average age of participants being 57 years old. This study highlighted key religious, cultural, and gender barriers to CRC screening including lack of awareness of CRC, the notion of fatalism as it relates to screening, lack of emphasis on preventive health, the need to preserve modesty, and stigma around certain CRC screening practices. Religiously tailored interventions and culturally sensitive healthcare providers are needed to better promote CRC screening in South Asian Muslim communities and to help inform the design of health interventions and outreach strategies.
Update on adrenarche.

Purpose of review Adrenarche is the pubertal maturation of the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis. The onset of adrenarche occurs between 6 and 8 years of age when dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations increase. This review provides an update on adrenal steroidogenesis and the differential diagnosis of premature development of pubic hair. Recent findings The complexity of adrenal steroidogenesis has increased with recognition of the alternative 'backdoor pathway' and the 11-oxo-androgens pathways. Traditionally, sulfated steroids such as DHEAS have been considered to be inactive metabolites. Recent data suggest that intracellular sulfated steroids may function as tissue-specific intracrine hormones particularly in the tissues expressing steroid sulfatases such as ovaries, testes, and placenta. Summary The physiologic mechanisms governing the onset of adrenarche remain unclear. To date, no validated regulatory feedback mechanism has been identified for adrenal C19 steroid secretion. Available data indicate that for most children, premature adrenarche is a benign variation of development and a diagnosis of exclusion. Patients with premature adrenarche tend to have higher BMI values. Yet, despite greater knowledge about C19 steroids and zona reticularis function, much remains to be learned about adrenarche.
Phage Therapy in the Resistance Era: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going?

Abstract Purpose Widespread antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening the arsenal of existing antibiotics. Not only are antibiotics less likely to be effective today, but their extensive use continues to drive the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. A new-old antibacterial strategy with bacteriophages (phages) is under development, namely, phage therapy. Phages are targeted bacterial viruses with multiple antibacterial effector functions, which can reduce multidrug-resistant infections within the human body. This review summarizes recent phage therapy clinical trials and patient cases and outlines the fundamentals behind phage treatment strategies under development, mainly through bench-to-bedside approaches. We discuss the challenges that remain in phage therapy and the role of phages when combined with antibiotic therapy. Methods This narrative review presents the current knowledge and latest findings regarding phage therapy. Relevant case reports and research articles available through the Scopus and PubMed databases are discussed. Findings Although recent clinical data suggest the tolerability and, in some cases, efficacy of phage therapy, the clinical functionality still requires careful definition. The lack of well-controlled clinical trial data and complex regulatory frameworks have driven the most recent human data generation on a single-patient compassionate use basis. These cases often include the concomitant use of antibiotics, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of phages alone. However, human data support using antibiotics as phage potentiators and resistance breakers; thus, phage adjuvants are a promising avenue for near-term clinical development. Current knowledge gaps exist on the appropriate routes of administration, phage selection, frequency of administration, dosage, phage resistance, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the phages. In addition, we highlight that some phage therapies have mild adverse effects in patients. Implications Although more translational research is needed before the clinical implementation is feasible, phage therapy may well be pivotal in safeguarding humans against antibiotic-resistant infections.
Dynamical Response of Passive and Active Particles to Time-Periodic Mechanical Forcing

The presence of active forces in various biological and artificial systems may change how those systems behave when forced. We present a minimal model of a suspension of passive or active swimmers driven on the boundaries by time-dependent forcing. In particular, we consider a time-periodic drive from which we determine the linear response functions of the suspension. The meaning of these response functions are interpreted in terms of the storage and dissipation of energy through the particles within the system. We find that while a slowly driven active system responds in a way similar to a passive system with a re-defined diffusion constant, a rapidly driven active system exhibits a novel behavior related to a change in the motoring activity of the particles due to the external drive.
Aldosterone up-regulates basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter-1 to support enhanced large-conductance K+ channel-mediated K+ secretion in rat distal colon

Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) facilitates basolateral K+ and Cl- uptake, supporting their efflux across mucosal membranes of colonic epithelial cells. NKCC1 activity has also been shown to be critical for electrogenic K+ secretion induced by aldosterone, which is known to stimulate large-conductance K+ (BK) channel expression in mucosal membranes. This study was aimed to (1) identify whether aldosterone enhances NKCC1 expression specifically to support BK-mediated K+ secretion and (2) to determine whether increased NKCC1 supports electrogenic Cl- secretion in parallel to K+ secretion. Dietary Na+ depletion was used to induce secondary hyperaldosteronism in rats, or aldosterone was administered ex vivo to rat distal colonic mucosae. NKCC1-dependent electrogenic K+ or Cl- secretion was measured as a function of short circuit current (ISC ). qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed using standard techniques. Aldosterone enhanced NKCC1 and BKα expression and electrogenic K+ secretion in the distal colon, which was inhibited by either serosal bumetanide (NKCC1 inhibitor) or mucosal iberiotoxin (IbTX; BK channel blocker), but not TRAM-34 (IK channel blocker). Expression of NKCC1 and BKα proteins was enhanced in crypt cells of hyper-aldosterone rats. However, neither NKCC1-dependent Cl- secretion nor CFTR (apical Cl- channel) expression was enhanced by aldosterone. We conclude that aldosterone enhances NKCC1 to support BK-mediated K+ secretion independently of Cl- secretion in the distal colon. The regulation of NKCC1 expression/K+ secretion by aldosterone may be a therapeutic target in treating gastrointestinal disorders associated with alterations in colonic K+ transport, such as colonic pseudo-obstruction, and hyperkalemia associated with renal disease.
Recognizable Patterns of Evil in Muslim Characters in Late Medieval and Early Modern Literature

Pitted against lionized Christian heroes, the size and proportions of Muslim villains are greatly exaggerated. They are portrayed as monstrous giants whose extraordinary strength is attributed to devilish arts and heathen practices. They are usually described as freaks of nature to aggrandize the achievement of the Christian heroes that defeat them. Despite being recognized as human, they are portrayed as being disproportionate and corrupt. The physical deformity of the Muslim villain is used as an allegorical reference to his moral deformity. This article tries to investigate the manner in which the Muslim character is reviled and vilified in a selected number of works from the Medieval and Early Modern periods.
Prenatal maternal mental health symptoms predict infant leptin at birth.

Abstract Childhood obesity can be predicted by metabolic signaling at birth. Understanding what exposure factors, such as prenatal mental health, predict metabolic signaling at birth are important for understanding the etiology of childhood metabolic dysregulation. Drawing on data from the Born in Bradford (BiB) multi-ethnic birth cohort in the United Kingdom (N ​= ​2962 dyads), this study examined associations between maternal prenatal mental health symptoms and infant leptin and adiponectin. We tested whether total maternal prenatal symptoms as well as specific symptom subscales forecasted infant cord blood levels of leptin and adiponectin. We found that higher total maternal mental health symptoms and somatic symptoms, specifically, predicted lower infant cord blood leptin. We did not find evidence that maternal prenatal mental health symptoms predicted adiponectin. Together, our findings suggest that maternal mental health symptoms may become biologically embedded through infant metabolic changes via leptin.
Asthma as a Developmental Disorder

Asthma is the most common disorder in childhood, affecting six million children in the United States. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, but most cases either start in early life or have their root...
Some Ionic, Chemical, and Endogenous Factors Affecting Behavior of Hydra

There are many reasons why research with hydra may interest psychologists who work primarily with Planaria. Historically, the first experiments in which the feeding of a cut-up planaria to another organism led to a major scientific advance were carried out using hydra over 200 years ago by Abraham Trembley (1744). Besides being responsible for many great advances in biology, such as making the first animal grafts using hydra, Trembley also noted that hydra, fed on pieces of planaria, retained the black color of their prey. Although Trembley of course did not attempt to show that the hydra learned from ingestion of the planaria, through these feeding experiments, he is credited with having made the first vital stain (Baker, 1952).
A Passion for Justice

I had the great honor and privilege to serve for one splendid year as a law clerk to Judge J. Skelly Wright. It was an extraordinary experience because Judge Wright was an extraordinary man. In law school, I learned from my professors about holdings, precedents, judicial reasoning, and legal argumentation. From Judge Wright, I learned about justice. Judge Wright had a passion for justice. He believed with every fiber of his being that law is about justice and that the deepest responsibility of the judge is to assure justice for those who are too weak or too despised to attain it for themselves. Judge Wright thought of the law not as a body of infinitely manipulable logical abstractions, but as the living embodiment of our society's highest aspirations. It was his unyielding quest to achieve those aspirations that most singularly distinguished his jurisprudence. When I think back on the many battles Judge Wright fought within the D.C. Circuit in the year I served as his law clerk, three cases in particular come to mind. I mention these, not because they are among Judge Wright's most memorable or influential opinions, but because they touched me personally and because they exemplify his profound commitment to fairness, decency, and human dignity. A central component of Judge Wright's understanding of legal doctrine was his insistence that justice should drive the scope and operation of legal technicalities-and not the reverse. The very day I arrived on the job, in August, 1971, Judge Wright asked me to draft a memorandum in the case of Doe v. McMillan.' He explained that he and Judge MacKinnon disagreed on the result and that Senior Judge Miller, the swing vote on the panel, had reserved judgment. My task was to draft a memorandum that would bring Miller about to "our" point of view. As we sat across his desk, Judge Wright described the case: The House Committee on the District of Columbia had written a lengthy report on the District's public school system. The report included derogatory material about a number of specifically named students. The students and their parents and guardians had sued (under fictitious names to protect their
Climate-adaptive technological change in a small region: A resource-based scenario approach

Society at large must find technological pathways capable of mitigating climate change. But small regions – where private and public sector decision makers take actions whose aggregated effects shape those broader pathways – are faced with the need to adapt to climate impacts over which they have little control. Such impacts already include not only direct climatological ones, but also related systemic shifts in technologies, markets, and policies. Firms and policymakers can widen the range of adaptation opportunities by exploring regional resources applicable to emergent clusters, through which technologically related inter-organizational dynamics may permit more effective climate responses. As in the resource-based view of the firm underlying cluster theory, key decision fields are chosen based on existing capabilities internal to the region in relation to the threats and opportunities transmitted by external climate change impacts. Adaptive strategy options at the regional level can be identified and assessed using a scenario-building methodology that incorporates the interactions among multiple variables and decision-makers’ actions over time. Stakeholder input and engagement during the research process can facilitate realism and traction. This methodology is applied to northwestern Pennsylvania, on Lake Erie, projecting a scenario based on a set of complementary, lower-carbon energy and transportation technologies.
Chapter 18 – Emerging Technology for Fiber Optic Data Communication

Due to the continued rapid growth in the demand for network bandwidth, devices and subsystems that can support gigabit and multigigabit throughput have become increasingly important. In this chapter, we review several key technologies for fiber optic data communication. In particular, we focus on the technologies for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), as it is the most important technique in advancing the communication bandwidth for the next generation broadband networks.
Some Thoughts On Local Isotropy And The 4/3 Lateral To Longitudinal Velocity Spectrum Ratio

Applications of Kolmogorov's universal equilibrium hypothesis and the Taylor transform to velocity spectra derived from measurements within the low frequency portion of the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) inertial subrange are examined. The measured ratios of lateral to longitudinal velocity component spectra exhibit considerable scatter, but suggest convergence towards 1.0 rather than towards the 4/3 expected from theory. Shear and buoyancy introduce anisotropy to the inertial subrange, thereby contributing to the observed scatter. The apparent discrepancy between the 4/3 velocity component spectrum ratio expected from theory and the measurements could arise as a consequence of the processing used to produce spectra. These processing effects must be considered from the perspective of the propagating eddy. Spectral averaging used with sonic anemometer data is done over time periods that are large with respect to inertial subrange eddy correlation decay times. This averaging causes energy from larger scale eddies to appear as `local convection' that dominates the Taylor transform. Spectrum ratio convergence and cospectra approaching zero are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for onset of local isotropy. Measurements of spectrum ratios and cospectra over the entire inertial subrange are needed to determine whether or not local isotropy might occur within the ASL.
Modeling emergency department visit patterns for infectious disease complaints: results and application to disease surveillance

Concern over bio-terrorism has led to recognition that traditional public health surveillance for specific conditions is unlikely to provide timely indication of some disease outbreaks, either naturally occurring or induced by a bioweapon. In non-traditional surveillance, the use of health care resources are monitored in "near real" time for the first signs of an outbreak, such as increases in emergency department (ED) visits for respiratory, gastrointestinal or neurological chief complaints (CC). We collected ED CCs from 2/1/94 – 5/31/02 as a training set. A first-order model was developed for each of seven CC categories by accounting for long-term, day-of-week, and seasonal effects. We assessed predictive performance on subsequent data from 6/1/02 – 5/31/03, compared CC counts to predictions and confidence limits, and identified anomalies (simulated and real). Each CC category exhibited significant day-of-week differences. For most categories, counts peaked on Monday. There were seasonal cycles in both respiratory and undifferentiated infection complaints and the season-to-season variability in peak date was summarized using a hierarchical model. For example, the average peak date for respiratory complaints was January 22, with a season-to-season standard deviation of 12 days. This season-to-season variation makes it challenging to predict respiratory CCs so we focused our effort and discussion on prediction performance for this difficult category. Total ED visits increased over the study period by 4%, but respiratory complaints decreased by roughly 20%, illustrating that long-term averages in the data set need not reflect future behavior in data subsets. We found that ED CCs provided timely indicators for outbreaks. Our approach led to successful identification of a respiratory outbreak one-to-two weeks in advance of reports from the state-wide sentinel flu surveillance and of a reported increase in positive laboratory test results.
Thorough Academic Legal Research Will Improve Your Papers

When writing their first academic papers for law school, law students will quickly discover that academic legal research is a bit different than the legal research needed for a motion or a brief. Written for Student Lawyer Magazine, this column discusses some of the helpful tools and techniques used in academic legal research. Topics discussed include the use of law librarians, finding a topic, the literature review, interdisciplinary research, and fifty-state surveys.
Linking STeP with SPIN

We have connected ST e P, the Stanford Temporal Prover, with SPIN, an LTL model checker. In this paper we describe the translation of fair transition systems into Promela, in particular how weak and strong fairness constraints are handled. The paper presents some preliminary experimental results using this connection.
The Education of an Economist Before the Great Depression

"WHAT IS YOUR MAJOR?" This quLestion was put to me by the man in the Phillips Brooks House who, I had been told, would help me locate a room in my first year as a graduate student at Harvard University. I had just arrived in Cambridge after a long train ride from my home in the Middle West, eager to experience the educational and cultural advantages that Boston and Harvard University were expected to offer. I experienced a thrill of anticipation as I contemplated taking courses from professors whose books I had read, Taussig, Bullock, Carver. But first I had to find a place to live. Of course I knew my major subject. "Economics," I said, pronouncing the first letter with a long E. My Middle Western accent must have grated on the ears of this New Englander, for he told me somewhat superciliously, "At Harvard we pronounce it economics."
The Folly Of Teaching "A" While Hoping For "B"

Motivated to investigate the non-business related content in business content courses, I applied for a two quarter sabbatical asking for feedback and support from both my department chair and the dean of the College of Business where I have researched and taught classes for over twenty-five years. They collectively provided neither advice, feedback, nor support, forcing me to go over their heads directly to the Research Committee charged with reviewing sabbatical applications. The committee supported my research idea and granted me a one quarter sabbatical. Based in part on my research findings and based in part on my experiences during the application process, I wanted to share the events associated with curricular reviews with other academicians. As Clint Eastwood once said, Sometimes if you want to see a change for the better, you have to take things into your own hands.
Probing structural features of self-assembled violanthrone-79 using two dimensional infrared spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the structure of a self-assembled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), violanthrone-79. A local mode basis was constructed using spectroscopic and computational results of anthrone and monomer violanthrone-79. The vibrational modes in the spectral region 1550–1700 cm−1, carbonyl stretching and in-plane ring breathing, are used as vibrational probes. The local mode basis and an electrostatic coupling model were applied to three nanoaggregate structures: parallel, antiparallel, and a chiral configuration produced by a 28° rotation from parallel. Angular disorder within each nanoaggregate configuration was also explored. This investigation is a first approach to probe self-assembled PAHs with 2D IR spectroscopy. The experimental and calculated 2D IR spectra align best when the violanthrone-79 molecules are in an anti-parallel configuration within the nanoaggregate.
Reply To Marras

It is clear that one who hopes to explain the conceptuality of “inner episodes” in terms of the conceptuality of overt linguistic behavior must have a satisfactory account of the latter that does not covertly make use of the idea of inner conceptual episodes. I have attempted such an explanation. Professor Marras argues that I have not succeeded. This charge can be interpreted in a stronger or weaker sense. According to the stronger my explanation is, in the above sense, circular. According to the weaker, I avoid the circle, if I do avoid it, only because I fail to give an account of the conceptuality of overt linguistic behavior which is satisfactory even by my own standards. And by failing to give a satisfactory account of the conceptuality of overt linguistic behavior. I have failed to establish the fundamentum for an analogical account of the conceptuality of inner episodes.
IgA nephropathy: markers of progression and clues to pathogenesis

The unpredictable progression of IgA nephropathy hinders its treatment. The correlation of renal dysfunction with the immunophenotype of leukocytic infiltrates revealed interstitial CD20+ cells and tubular NKG7+(GMP-17+)/CD8+ intraepithelial cells as predictive markers of progression in early-phase IgA nephropathy. This suggests that adaptive and innate immune responses mediate progression.
Anthropogenic platinum and palladium in the sediments of Boston Harbor

Anthropogenic activity has increased recent sediment concentrations of Pt and Pd in Boston Harbor by approximately 5 times background concentrations. Surface sediments and downcore profiles were investigated to evaluate Pt and Pd accumulation and behavior in urban coastal sediments. There is no clear correlation between temporal changes in Pt and Pd consumption and sediment concentration. However, Pt/Pb and Pd/Pb ratios suggest that Pt and Pd flux into the Harbor may not be decreasing with cessation of sludge input as rapidly as other metals. This is supported by the large discrepancy between fluxes associated with sludge and effluent release and those calculated from surface sediment concentrations. This evidence supports catalytic converters as a major source of Pd and Pt to Boston Harbor but cannot preclude other sources. Pd does not exhibit signs of post-burial remobilization below the mixed layer in the sediment cores, although near-surface variability in Pd concentrations may indicate a labile Pd co...
Observation of early shell-dopant mix in OMEGA direct-drive implosions and comparisons with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations

Temporally, spatially, and spectrally resolved x-ray image data from direct-drive implosions on OMEGA were interpreted with the aid of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. Neither clean calculations nor those using a turbulent mix model can explain fully the observed migration of shell-dopant material (titanium) into the core. Shell-dopant migration was observed via time-dependent, spatially integrated spectra, and spatially and spectrally resolved x-ray images of capsule implosions and resultant dopant emissions. The titanium emission was centrally peaked in narrowband x-ray images. In post-processed clean simulations, the peak titanium emission forms in a ring in self-emission images as the capsule implodes. Post-processed simulations with mix reproduce trends in time-dependent, spatially integrated spectra, as well having centrally peaked Ti emission in synthetic multiple monochromatic imager. However, mix simulations still do not transport Ti to the core as is observed in the experiment. This suggests that phenomena in addition to the turbulent mix must be responsible for the transport of Ti. Simple diffusion estimates are unable to explain the early Ti mix into the core. Mechanisms suggested for further study are capsule surface roughness, illumination non-uniformity, and shock entrainment.
Children's trust: Theory, assessment, development, and research directions

Abstract Trust is a significant variable in children's personality, social, and intellectual development. Although trust research has primarily explored adult behavior, there is a growing body of research on children, with a particular emphasis on trust development within friendship relationships. This paper reviews the extant literature on children's trust. After summarizing historical theoretical perspectives, noting particularly Rotter's influence on the field, we offer a theoretical model of trust that synthesizes previous models. We describe various methods for assessing trust and argue for a multimethod approach consistent with our synthetic model. We review three research areas: antecedents to trust, the developmental course of trust in friendships, and correlates of trust. Implications for future research are indicated, and the absence of studies of practical applications is noted. Several programmatic applications for enhancing children's trust are presented.
Multicategory discrimination via linear programming

A single linear program is proposed for discriminating between the elements of κ disjoint point sets in the n-dimensional real space Rn . When the conical hulls of the κ sets are (κ−1)-point disjoint in Rn +1, a κ-piece piecewise-linear surface generated by the linear program completely separates the κ sets. This improves on a previous linear programming approach which required that each set be linearly separable from the remaining κ−1 sets. When the conical hulls of the κ sets are not (κ;−1)-point disjoint, the proposed linear program generates an error-minimizing piecewise-linear separator for the κ Sets. For this case it is shown that the null solution is never a unique solver of the linear program and occurs only under the rather rare condition when the mean of each point set equals the mean of the means of the other κ−l sets. This makes the proposed linear computational programming formulation useful for approximately discriminating between κ sets that are not piecewise-linear separable. Computationa...
The Influence of Centerline Sigma (σ) Phase on the Through-Thickness Toughness and Tensile Properties of Alloy AL-6XN

The J-integral fracture toughness and tensile behavior of AL-6XN (ATI Properties Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA) plate material in the short-transverse (S-T) orientation was studied. The material was tested with respect to the presence or absence of microstructural ‘packets’ of brittle sigma phase (σ-phase) particles within the austenite matrix, located near the centerline of the plate. The J-integral-fracture resistance curve (J-R-curve) qualitatively indicated that the presence of the σ-phase packets is a detriment to the fracture toughness of the material in the S-T orientation. Tensile specimens containing the packets of σ-phase particles exhibited reduced yield and tensile strengths as well as pronounced reduction in ductility compared to specimens nominally free of σ-phase packets. Particle cracking was observed within the σ-phase packets, which lead to premature fracture. This limited the ability of the material to plastically deform and work-harden, thereby accounting for the observed reductions in ductility, toughness, and ultimate tensile strength.
Comparison of single- and dual-exposure phase-shift mask approaches for polygate patterning

Single, multi-phase, and dual, 'hidden-shifter,' phase shift masks are compared via simulation and experiment in terms of line-end patterning fidelity and printability of phase defects. Four phase mask line-ends bend through focus while 'hidden-shifter' line-ends show acceptable performance. For a given phase difference, phase defects are found to be more severe than phase errors in terms of resist CD variations. Phase defect printability is highest at positive defocus. For a typical process window, 60 degree phase defects as small as 100 nm may cause unacceptable CD variations.
Modular design, application architecture, and usage of a self-service model for enterprise data delivery

Display Omitted DEDUCE is a self-service platform for data generated in clinical practice.The application is a framework of modules, each providing a targeted functionality.DEDUCE Cohort Manager is the keystone module for user data exploration.The DEDUCE application is based on a data-driven architecture.DEDUCE has 674 activated users with an average length of activity of 9.9months. PurposeData generated in the care of patients are widely used to support clinical research and quality improvement, which has hastened the development of self-service query tools. User interface design for such tools, execution of query activity, and underlying application architecture have not been widely reported, and existing tools reflect a wide heterogeneity of methods and technical frameworks. We describe the design, application architecture, and use of a self-service model for enterprise data delivery within Duke Medicine. MethodsOur query platform, the Duke Enterprise Data Unified Content Explorer (DEDUCE), supports enhanced data exploration, cohort identification, and data extraction from our enterprise data warehouse (EDW) using a series of modular environments that interact with a central keystone module, Cohort Manager (CM). A data-driven application architecture is implemented through three components: an application data dictionary, the concept of "smart dimensions", and dynamically-generated user interfaces. ResultsDEDUCE CM allows flexible hierarchies of EDW queries within a grid-like workspace. A cohort "join" functionality allows switching between filters based on criteria occurring within or across patient encounters. To date, 674 users have been trained and activated in DEDUCE, and logon activity shows a steady increase, with variability between months. A comparison of filter conditions and export criteria shows that these activities have different patterns of usage across subject areas. ConclusionsOrganizations with sophisticated EDWs may find that users benefit from development of advanced query functionality, complimentary to the user interfaces and infrastructure used in other well-published models. Driven by its EDW context, the DEDUCE application architecture was also designed to be responsive to source data and to allow modification through alterations in metadata rather than programming, allowing an agile response to source system changes.
Isomerizations of N-(α-aminoalkyl)-1,2,4-triazoles and N-(α-aminoalkyl)tetrazoles

Abstract The title compounds exist as equilibrium mixtures of the N-1 and N-2 isomers in solution. However, the crystal structure of 3-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-(α-pyrrolidinomethyl)-1,2,4-triazole discloses only this isomer in the solid state. Evidence for the nature of the isomerization processes in solution is provided. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are measured and qualitatively assessed.
Development of a photochemical source for the production and calibration of acyl peroxynitrate compounds

Abstract. A dynamic system for the calibration of acyl peroxynitrate compounds (APNs) has been developed in the laboratory to reduce the difficulty, required time, and instability of laboratory-produced standards for difficult-to-synthesize APN species. In this work we present a photochemical source for the generation of APN standards: acetyl peroxynitrate (PAN), propionyl peroxynitrate (PPN), acryloyl peroxynitrate (APAN), methacryloyl peroxynitrate (MPAN), and crotonyl peroxynitrate (CPAN). APNs are generated via photolysis of a mixture of acyl chloride (RC(O)Cl) and ketone (RC(=O)R) precursor compounds in the presence of O2 and NO2. Subsequent separation by a prep-scale gas chromatograph and detection with a total NOy instrument serve to quantify the output of the APN source. Validation of the APN products was performed using iodide ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (I- CIMS). This method of standard production is an efficient and accurate technique for the calibration of instrumentation used to measure PAN, PPN, APAN, MPAN, and CPAN.
Concentration distributions of free and attached Rn and Tn decay products in laminar aerosol flow in a cylindrical tube

The problem of the steady state diffusion of radon decay products in laminar aerosol flow through a cylindrical tube is presented. Neglecting axial diffusion and assuming constant aerosol concentration in the tube, the concentration distribution, the flux and the transmission of the free and attached radioactive atoms were calculated, taking into consideration the formation and attachment of the decay products. The first five eigenvalues En and the corresponding coefficients for different attachment rates X were computed. These results can be used to determine experimentally the diffusion coefficients of Rn and Tn decay products or small ions and their rates of attachment to aerosols.
Photolytic preparation of tellurium nanorods

Well-defined tellurium nanorods have been prepared by the photolysis of tBu2Te2 in an aqueous micellar system incorporating dodecanethiol as an auxiliary morphology-directing agent.
THE GROWTH OF TISSUE IN ACID MEDIA.

Connective tissue cells of chick embryos and cells of a chicken sarcoma, proliferating in vitro , soon render acid the plasma about them, but they nevertheless continue to grow well. Evidently the tissue cell will withstand a considerably greater change in the reaction of the fluids about it than has usually been supposed. Under conditions of in vitro life in plasma, which do not provide for an artificial circulation, the acid produced by growing tissues diffuses only slowly and is subject to little dilution from this source. About tissues which grow very rapidly in vitro , as, for example, tumor tissues, there must be a marked concentration of metabolic products, and this may largely account for the poor results of attempts at the continuous propagation of such tissues in vitro .
A known group analysis validity study of the Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education in US elementary and secondary schools

The Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education (VAL-ED) provides educators with a tool for principal evaluation based on principal, teacher, and supervisor reports of principals’ learning-centered leadership. In this study, we conduct a known group analysis as part of a larger argument for the validity of the VAL-ED in US elementary and secondary schools. We asked superintendents to select the principals in their district who they believe in performance of their duties are in the top 20 % and the bottom 20 %. We ask how accurately VAL-ED scores can identify membership of the two known groups. Using a discriminant analysis, the VAL-ED places principals in the superintendent groups, on average, 70 % of the time for both elementary and secondary schools. Placement accuracy is greater for the top group than the bottom group.