cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurotoxicity of Anesthetic Drugs in the Developing Brain

Anesthesia kills neurons in the brain of infantile animals, including primates, and causes permanent and progressive neurocognitive decline. The anesthesia community and regulatory authorities alike are concerned that is also true in humans. In this review, I summarize what we currently know about the risks of pediatric anesthesia to long-term cognitive function. If anesthesia is discovered to cause cognitive decline in humans, we need to know how to prevent and treat it. Prevention requires knowledge of the mechanisms of anesthesia-induced cognitive decline. This review gives an overview of some of the mechanisms that have been proposed for anesthesia-induced cognitive decline and discusses possible treatment options. If anesthesia induces cognitive decline in humans, we need to know what type and duration of anesthetic is safe, and which, if any, is not safe. This review discusses early results of comparative animal studies of anesthetic neurotoxicity. Until we know if and how pediatric anesthesia affects cognition in humans, a change in anesthetic practice would be premature, not guided by evidence of better alternatives, and therefore potentially dangerous. The SmartTots initiative jointly supported by the International Anesthesia Research Society and the Food and Drug Administration aims to fund research designed to shed light on these issues that are of high priority to the anesthesia community and the public alike and therefore deserves the full support of these interest groups.
Development of a multiantigen panel for improved detection of borrelia burgdorferi infection in early lyme disease

The current standard for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease in the United States is serologic detection of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a two-tiered testing algorithm; however, this scheme has limited sensitivity for detecting early Lyme disease. Thus, there is a need to improve diagnostics for Lyme disease at the early stage, when antibiotic treatment is highly efficacious. We examined novel and established antigen markers to develop a multiplex panel that identifies early infection using the combined sensitivity of multiple markers while simultaneously maintaining high specificity by requiring positive results for two markers to designate a positive test. Ten markers were selected from our initial analysis of 62 B. burgdorferi surface proteins and synthetic peptides by assessing binding of IgG and IgM to each in a training set of Lyme disease patient samples and controls. In a validation set, this 10-antigen panel identified a higher proportion of early-Lyme-disease patients as positive at the baseline or posttreatment visit than two-tiered testing (87.5% and 67.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). Equivalent specificities of 100% were observed in 26 healthy controls. Upon further analysis, positivity on the novel 10-antigen panel was associated with longer illness duration and multiple erythema migrans. The improved sensitivity and comparable specificity of our 10-antigen panel compared to two-tiered testing in detecting early B. burgdorferi infection indicates that multiplex analysis, featuring the next generation of markers, could advance diagnostic technology to better aid clinicians in diagnosing and treating early Lyme disease.
Career Paths in Clinical Research

The clinical research enterprise has many required infrastructure elements, one of which is having well-trained individuals to conduct clinical research. Individuals who engage in clinical research can have primary careers in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, epidemiology, bioinformatics and others. Who is going to do clinical research in the future? How will they be trained? This chapter’s primary focus will be on clinical research careers for physician-scientists in clinical research and will review what has been done to address the shortage of physicians as clinical researchers and importantly will provide some insights into how to continually invigorate and sustain the pipeline of future clinician-scientists. This chapter will provide details of the successful efforts at the NIH and elsewhere to answer these questions, and it will also review some of what has been done nationally and internationally to also help develop those careers.
Systemic effects of hypothermia due to hypothalamic dysfunction after resection of a craniopharyngioma: case report and review of literature.

Objective With this case report, we aim to improve recognition of the systemic effects of hypothermia due to hypothalamic dysfunctioning. We present a patient who developed temperature dysregulation after surgery for craniopharyngioma. He suffered from several episodes of hypothermia associated with a decreased level of consciousness, hypoventilation, bradycardia, pancreatitis, and pancytopenia. Rewarming resulted in complete recovery of all symptoms. Data Sources We discuss the literature on the pathophysiological consequences of hypothermia, referring to several medical databases (Cochrane, SUMSearch, Trip database, and PubMed). Conclusion Hypothermia due to hypothalamic dysfunction can result in several systemic complications with complete recovery of all symptoms by rewarming.
A Comprehensive Review of Faith-Based Physical Activity Interventions:

This review provides a summary of physical activity interventions delivered in faith-based organizations. Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. After screening, a total o...
Fundamentals of Corrosion Kinetics

This chapter presents basic aspects of the electrochemical kinetics underlying metallic corrosion, including activation controlled kinetics and mass transport effects. Mixed potential theory, the foundation of our understanding of corrosion electrochemistry, is discussed in terms of the half reactions for anodic dissolution and the typical cathodic reactions in aqueous solutions. Mixed potential theory is then used to explain the typical form of measured potentiodynamic polarization curves. The inhibition of corrosion by the presence of species added to the environment is discussed in terms of reductions in the kinetics of one or more of the corrosion reactions. The final topic is passivity, or the spontaneous formation of a thin protective surface film, which can be viewed as a form of anodic inhibition.
The Analgesic Effect Investigate of PCIA Remifentanil Anesthesia for Maternity

Objective:To investigate the adverse reaction and childbirth analgesia effect of patients controlled intravenous anesthesia Remifentanil for maternity.Method:60 cases of early maternal health in hospital after checking apply to vaginal delivery and willing to accept the term narcotic analgesic were as experimental subjects.The controlled intravenous sedation using Remifentanil anesthesia in 30 women were as the observation group,epidural analgesia anesthesia 30 women served as control group.Analgesia analgesia were compared under different mothers,each labor time,incidence of adverse reactions,instrumental delivery rate,cesarean rate,oxytocin usage,Apgar score were compared.Result:The two groups of maternal analgesia,cesarean rate,oxytocin usage were similar,the differences were no significant difference(P0.05).Maternal first stage and second stage of labor in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group(P0.05);observation group maternal analgesia drowsiness occurs,the degree of sedation was higher in the observation group than that in the control group(P0.05);the incidence of oxygen saturation was higher in the observation group than that in the control group(P0.05),other adverse reactions were similar incidence, mothers instrumental delivery rate in the control group was higher than that in the observation group(P0.05).Apgar score was similar in two groups.Conclusion:PCIA Remifentanil anesthesia although has side effects,but it can relieve,pregnant women and the fetus will not be affected,can be used for labor analgesia in women.
Lighthouse localization for unmanned applications

One of the most important factors in the successful application of unmanned vehicles is the ability to determine where a vehicle is in relation to its local environment. While GPS technology works well in most locations, the satellite coverage necessary for this technology to function is not available in cluttered environments and inside buildings. Current technological workarounds involve high resolution image processing, which is expensive in terms of both monetary and computational cost. Our project team is working to develop an alternative localization solution for drones that uses low cost lasers and off-the-shelf components. The technique involves setting up two or more "lighthouse" beacons in a controlled environment. The beacons will pulse invisible infrared light from LEDs and sweep vertical sheets of infrared lasers around the environment. Photodiodes installed on the UGV will respond to these light sources and pass this information to a processor. Based on the timing of the diode response, the angle between the lighthouse and the diodes can be determined. When combined with ultrasonic altitude data, these angles can be processed to determine the location of the diodes and subsequently the location and orientation of the UGV. The accuracy and precision of the final lighthouse system will be assessed to determine its usefulness for localizing drones in a controlled environment. The end goal of the technical project is to design a system that will facilitate the automated driving of a UGV based on localization data from the lighthouse system while being scalable for future implementation in 3D applications.
The Coal and Steel Community

While the European Economic Community was established to break down barriers hampering the movement of men and materials in almost the entire economy of the six member states, by the Treaty of Rome it still has to depend on inter-governmental cooperation to achieve these ends. Likewise, in the case of the European Coal and Steel Community there was full awareness that Article 69 had reserved no power of decision to the High Authority on labor mobility. It was up to the sovereign states to take the necessary measures toward implementing this Article of the Treaty of Paris. The High Authority saw its role here as one of orientating and facilitating action by the member states, and then only for the industries of steel, coal and iron ore.
Defining the Influence Region in neighborhood-scale CFD simulations for natural ventilation design

Abstract Natural ventilation is one of the most important design options for green buildings, which reduces energy use and improves thermal comfort. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been used increasingly for natural ventilation design in urban neighborhoods. The accuracy of such simulations relies largely on how the CFD domain is chosen. In the domain, we define the Influence Region as the area where the surrounding buildings must be modeled explicitly to predict the ventilation flow rate accurately. This study presents the early efforts to determine the adequate size of the Influence Region in the CFD domain using a coupled indoor-outdoor CFD simulation, in which the air change rate (ACH) no longer varies noticeably with increasing number of surrounding obstacles. Convergence charts of ACH as a function of an increasing number of surrounding building layers are generated using various urban parameters (e.g., wind condition, aspect ratio, building height relative to surroundings, downstream obstacles, and non-idealized surroundings). Our analysis demonstrated that only including the adjacent layer of surrounding obstacles is not sufficient for predicting correctly the ACH because of the artificial channeling effect between buildings. For both normal and oblique wind directions, three layers of surroundings are required for regular street canyons with an aspect ratio H/W = 1. In the case of wide canyons (H/W = 1/3), two layers of surroundings are needed because there is less flow interference between upstream and downstream obstacles. For the urban configuration, where the target building is significantly taller than nearby structures, the ACH on higher floors does not vary much with increasing amount of surroundings, which significantly reduces the required number of buildings in the Influence Region. In addition, buildings at the side and downstream of the target building can be moderately excluded in the Influence Region as long as the most adjacent downstream layer of obstacles is modeled. A real urban configuration with non-uniform spacing among buildings is evaluated. We showed that the required size of the Influence Region that is derived from uniform building arrays still generally applies to non-idealized landscapes. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing the sensitivity of the selected Influence Region in CFD simulations to reduce unintended modeling errors and computing expense.
Fully-integrated and electronically-controlled millimeter-wave beam-scanning

We present a fully-integrated and electronically-controlled millimeter-wave beam-scanner based on a reconfigurable meta-surface. The meta-surface consists of a two-dimensional array of sub-wavelength cross-shape structures fabricated on a vanadium dioxide (VO2) film. Joule heating electrodes are integrated with the meta-surface structure to control the temperature of the VO2 layer and its dielectric properties. By controlling the applied voltage to the heating electrodes of each across-shape element, phase of a transmitted millimeter-wave beam through the cross-shape element is controlled and phase front of the transmitted millimeter-wave beam through the meta-surface is modified, accordingly. We demonstrate 44° of continuous beam-scanning at 95 GHz through an electronically-controlled and fully-integrated device platform.
The Archaeological Gaze: Surveying the Landscape of Social Power in Portraiture in Colonial New England

Portraiture, particularly of family scenes, can be seen as a collaboration, perhaps even a conspiracy (in the best sense of the word), between the artist and the sitters in the attempt to preserve a moment, not necessarily a photo-realistic record of persons and artifacts but a reflection of aspirations and real social achievement. While social interaction in the polite world might be seen as fleeting, guided improvisation, portraits self-consciously fix a more permanent impression: spaces, artifacts, and personal posture are carefully chosen to convey a sense of status and power. In the abstract, the organization of human bodies and artifacts in a domestic space is often indicative of individual and family power; in the material world, objects ranging from room decor to the sitters’ adornments are much more personal statements of power and identity within (and beyond) the household. The portraiture of the merchant class of England and her American colonies is considered here.
Renal elimination of aristolochic acid I in the isolated perfused kidney model

A acids (AAs) are powerful nephrotoxin and human carcinogen associated with chronic kidney disease and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas. Aristolochic acid I (AA-I) is the most abundant type of the aristolochic acids. Published data suggest that AA-I is a substrate for renal organic anion transporters (OATs). However, the mechanisms contributing to the renal excretion of AA-I are not totally understood. In this investigation, the renal handling of AAI was evaluated in isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK) model. IPK experiments were performed to characterize the renal excretion of AAI and to probe mechanism of AAI excretion. In phase I studies AAI was added as a bolus dose, targeting an initial concentration of 20 μM. In phase II AA-I was co-perfused with probenecid, a classic OAT inhibitor. AA-I demonstrated net reabsorption by the kidney. Co-administration of probenecid increased the renal clearance and excretion ratio of AA-I ~2fold. Mean total recovery (% dose) of AA-I from perfusate and urine increased from 80.2% to 93.5% in IPK experiments with probenecid. Overall, this study generated important information on renal handling of AA-I. OATs on the luminal membrane of the kidney may provide an apical backflux pathway for AA-I in renal proximal tubules (urine to kidney). While these preliminary IPK findings suggest that transport inhibition is a potential strategy to attenuate AA-I nephrotoxicity, additional studies are needed to identify the specific transport systems involved in AA-I renal disposition and to explore whether transport inhibition can reduce drug uptake into the kidney.
Characteristics of family reunion travelers

Destinations have endowed resources, created resources, and supporting factors that make it attractive and form the basis for destination competitiveness. Local assets and destination marketing org...
Aided AAC for people with severe to profound and multiple disabilities: A systematic review of interventions and treatment intensity

Given the limited evidence, along with a rapidly evolving state of technology, research is needed to drive effective and efficient communication intervention for people with severe to profound and multiple disabilities. The purpose of the current review was to synthesize and evaluate the state of the aided, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention literature for this population from 1997 to 2016. Results synthesized findings from 25 studies (n = 59) on the extracted participant characteristics, intervention, and dosage parameters from the studies. Results included an under-reporting of sufficient dosage parameters in addition to implications for future directions in the areas of maintenance, generalization, and discriminated use of skills, and bridging aided low and high-tech AAC interventions.
Racial Heterogeneity in Treatment Effects in Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the CLEVER Trial (Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization).

Improving symptoms, functions, and quality-of-life (ie, health status) is one of the important goals in treatment of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD).1 However, it is unknown whether health status responses differ by race (black versus white) with alternative PAD treatment modalities. Such differences may exist given the disproportionate burden of PAD in minority populations, and rapid disease progression as compared with white,2 as well as differences in psychosocial and economic factors and possibly differences in exercise level, which is known to improve outcomes in patients with PAD.3,4 Understanding whether black and white respond differently to treatments can help us better support targeted therapy to improve quality of care. This is relevant because until now, supervised exercise (SE) programs for PAD were not available in the United States, and recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services agreed to reimburse for SE therapy.5 If there is heterogeneity in response to SE, knowing this difference is important to provide patient-centered care and to get maximum treatment benefit for each unique patient population. The CLEVER trial (Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization) randomized patients with claudication from aortoiliac disease to SE, stent therapy (ST), or optimal medical care (OMC). Short-term results indicated superior treadmill walking performance (ie, peak walking time and claudication onset time) with SE than either ST or OMC. Conversely, benefit in PAD-specific health status (Peripheral Artery Questionnaire [PAQ] summary score)6 was more favorable for ST than either SE or OMC.3 Similarly, general quality-of-life benefit as assessed with Short Form-12 Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS)7 was similar for ST and SE when compared with OMC.3 Long-term results, however, showed similar and sustained benefits for both ST and SE over OMC in treadmill walking performance, but PAQ summary score was more favorable …
Direct-qPCR Assay for Coupled Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Multidrug-resistant gonorrhea has become an urgent issue for global public health. As the causative agent of gonorrhea ─ Neisseria gonorrhoeae ─ has been progressively developing resistance to nearly all prescribed antimicrobial drugs, monitoring its antimicrobial resistance on a broader scale has become a crucial agenda for effective antibiotic stewardship. Unfortunately, gold standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) relies on time and labor-intensive phenotypic assays, which lag behind the current diagnostic workflow for N. gonorrhoeae identification based on nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). Newer assay technologies based on NAAT can rapidly identify N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimen, but fundamentally lack the capacity to provide phenotypic AST information. Herein, we propose a direct-quantitative PCR (direct-qPCR) assay that enables pathogen-specific identification and phenotypic AST via quantitative measurement of N. gonorrhoeae growth directly from a liquid medium without any ...
Direct 3d ultrasound to video registration using photoacoustic effect

Interventional guidance systems require surgical navigation systems to register different tools and devices together. Standard navigation systems have various drawbacks leading to target registration errors (TRE) of around 3mm. The aim of this work is to introduce the photoacoustic (PA) effect as a direct 3D ultrasound (US) to video registration method. We present our experimental setup and demonstrate its feasibility on both a synthetic phantom and an ex vivo tissue phantom. We achieve an average TRE of 560 microns and standard deviation of 280 microns on a synthetic phantom. Also, an average TRE of 420 microns and standard deviation of 150 microns on the ex vivo tissue phantom are obtained. We describe a roadmap to bring this system into the surgical setting and highlight possible challenges along the way.
Finite elasticity formulations for evaluation of ligamentous tissue

The variety of techniques used to measure the cross-sectional area of soft connective tissues during mechanical testing lead to inconsistencies in elastic descriptions. This study compares the numerical differences between finite elasticity (Eularian and Lagrangian formulations) and infinitesimal elasticity when considering stress, strain and elastic modulus of ligamentous tissue. Our results found stress differences (Cauchy versus Kirchhoff) of 22.4%, strain differences (engineering versus Green versus Almansi) as large as 14% and elastic modulus differences (Eularian versus Lagrangian) of 44% from ligament tissue sampled from rats. It is therefore critical to maintain consistent (energy conjugate) elastic formulations for reporting mechanical evaluation of soft hydrated tissue.
Materials Engineering: Bonding, Structure, and Structure-Property Relationships

Designed for both one- and two-semester courses, this textbook provides a succinct and easy-to-read introduction to crystal structures and structure-property relations. By linking together the fundamentals of bond strength and the arrangement of atoms in space with the mechanical, optical, magnetic and electrical properties that they control, students will gain an intuitive understanding of how different materials are suited to particular applications. The systematics of crystal structures are described for both organic and inorganic materials, with coverage including small molecular crystals, polymers, metals, ceramics and semiconductors. Hundreds of figures and practice problems help students gain an advanced, 3D understanding of how structure governs behavior, and a wealth of examples throughout show how the underlying theory is translated into practical devices. With solutions, video lectures and overheads available online for instructors, this is an excellent resource for graduates and senior undergraduates studying materials science and engineering.
Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Sport Management Students’ Perceptions of the Leadership Labyrinth

Sport management undergraduate and graduate programs have gained popularity throughout the United States and around the world. Despite this, women are still underrepresented in sport leadership positions. Although women have made it to the highest levels of sport leadership roles, studies suggest that advancement to such roles is more challenging for women than for men. Extant literature examines perceptions of women employed in the sport industry but fails to consider perceptions of prospective employees, specifically women, with career aspirations in sport business. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate sport management students’ perceptions of barriers to women’s success and upward mobility in the sport industry using the Career Pathways Survey. Results suggest that female sport management students perceive barriers to advancement in the sport industry, whereas male students do not perceive that barriers exist for women. Practical implications for the sport management classroom includ...
Machine Learning Based Prediction of Erbium-Doped Fiber WDM Line Amplifier Gain Spectra

Machine learning based modelling of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) is used to determine wavelength dependent gain for use in optical transmission systems, and achieves root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.08, 0.18, and 0.27 dB under input ranges of +/− 3, 6, 9 dB.
Polymer growth mode on the heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst: Active sites at the bottom of the growing polymer layer

By alternating the supply of propylene and ethylene monomers, alternating polypropylene and polyethylene films were produced on one model Ziegler–Natta catalyst. This way, we could show that the active polymerization sites remain under the growing polymer films and thus the monomer molecules must transport through the growing polymer to the active sites.
Variability of Electromyographic Spectral Measures in Non-fatigued Shoulder Muscles and Implications for Assessing Muscle Fatigue

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSA declining trend in the electromyographic spectral measures—typically the mean (MnPF) or median (MdPF) frequency—is associated with the development of localized muscle fat...
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Access and Utilization of Adrenal Metastasectomy

There is substantial evidence that resecting adrenal metastases can be safely accomplished and extend overall survival in select patients. However, patient access to this operation has not been studied at the population level. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in utilization rates of adrenal metastasectomy (ADMX) across patient populations. The Healthcare Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who had adrenal metastases (ADM) and who underwent ADMX from 2007 to 2011. Patients were identified by ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes. Predictor variables included sex, race, median household income, and primary insurance payer. Primary outcomes included receiving an ADMX and same hospitalization mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay, infection, cardiac, pulmonary, and renal complications. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify statistical associations. 32,331 ADM and 1070 ADMX patients identified in the database. Despite similar comorbidities, Black patients had 0.30 (95% CI 0.21–0.41) lower odds to receive an ADMX compared to White patients. Medicaid patients had 0.38 (0.28–0.52) less odds and Private Insurance patients 1.18 (1.00–1.39) more odds to receive an ADMX compared to Medicare patients. Women had a 1.39 (1.22–1.58) higher odds ratio of undergoing ADMX compared to men. Of the ADMX cohort, there was no difference in same hospitalization mortality or surgical complications. Black and Medicaid patients underwent fewer adrenal metastasectomies despite similar comorbidities and postoperative outcomes. This suggests a potential disparity in access to this treatment that disproportionately affects Black and low-income patients, and prompts further study, outreach attempts, as well as, research into improving access.
Lysosomal Storage Disorders

The lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are metabolic diseases, caused primarily by the deficiency of an enzyme or its cofactor and the tissue-specific accumulation of incompletely degraded substrates. The majority are associated with primary central nervous system involvement, in the presence or absence of systemic features suggestive of a storage disease such as hepatosplenomegaly. Management is mainly supportive care, although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy, or substrate synthesis inhibition is available for a limited number of cases. There is interest newborn screening, so families at risk may be offered the opportunity for preimplantation or prenatal diagnosis. Early detection also enables treatment before established disease. The blood–brain barrier remains a major hurdle in achieving an optimal therapeutic outcome.
Chapter 53 – The Emergence of the Phillips Curve as an Attractor1

Publisher Summary This chapter derives the Phillips curve as the image of a chaotic attractor of the state variables of a nonlinear dynamical system describing the evolution of an economy. This has two important consequences. The Phillips curve in the model is a true long-run phenomenon and it cannot be used for policy purposes. The model is based on an overlapping-generations nontatonnement approach involving temporary equilibria with stochastic rationing in each period and price adjustment between successive periods. In this way, it is possible to obtain complex sequences of consistent allocations allowing for recurrent unemployment and inflation. The occurrence of a Phillips curve as an attractor in the present model requires wages to be sufficiently flexible. Indeed, when wages are rigid downward, the economy typically converges to the market-clearing equilibrium. It is true that convergence is speeded up when wages become flexible downward but when that flexibility is large enough, convergence is destroyed, and irregular behavior emerges. Wage rigidity favors the stability of the economy and its return after a shock to the Walrasian equilibrium, whereas wage flexibility may be destabilizing.
Sequential Waveform Synthesis for Multimodular SRC-Unfolding Inverter

Series resonant converter-unfolding inverter (SRCUI), a pseudo-dc-link inverter based on series resonant converter, is a promising topology featuring high efficiency and high step-up operation capabilities, which are important for many applications interfacing with renewable energy systems. Out of the existing modulation methods for SRCUI, variable-frequency modulation (VFM) tends to be the most efficient due to complete zero voltage switching (ZVS), but it suffers from limited modulation range. This limitation leads to distortion in the output waveform near zero crossing points. To extend the effective range of VFM and reduce the distortion, a technique termed sequential waveform synthesis (SWS) is proposed in this article. SWS is specifically created for input-parallel-output-series multimodular inverter based on SCRUIs. It activates/deactivates each module sequentially, so the remaining active modules have higher individual output voltage and power that assist in ZVS. The total output voltage waveform synthesized by individual output voltages has lower distortion and retains soft-switching function. The principle of SWS is explained in this article by using total harmonic distortion as a performance indicator. In addition, the modeling and controller design of variable-frequency-modulated SRCUI are also addressed since they were hardly studied before. The controller and the concept of SWS are implemented on a multimodular inverter prototype formed by three SRCUIs and verified by the experimental results.
Creatively Flexible, Technology Fluent—Developing an Optimal Online Teaching and Design Mindset

In this chapter, we propose that online courses or programs require what we term as a creatively focused and technology fluent mindset (a “CFTF” mindset) on the part of faculty, instructors, instructional designers and other program stakeholders. Such a mindset must be grounded in multiple things: a knowledge of the discipline and of teaching with technology, a creative willingness to try new things and experiment with technologies, and a willingness to push students to consider and re-consider what they know. Through this chapter, we describe the context for change in emerging opportunities for online learning environments and then describe the factors that comprise a CFTF mindset for instructors, designers and developers in online environments. This mindset is built upon theoretical foundations in creative thinking, openness and willingness to experiment. Finally, we share examples of how CFTF has played out in one course in the Educational Leadership & Innovation Ed.D. program at Arizona State University, along with reflections and recommendations—as a means to exemplify what such a mindset might look like in real-world online learning settings.
Charting A Pathway to Leadership [Women in Engineering]

In this issue's “Women in Engineering” column, Kathleen L. Melde, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, reports some considerations and lessons learned during her career about leadership, providing a different angle of view for women and men in engineering. Her experiences have had a significant impact on her current role as associate dean for faculty affairs and inclusion in the College of Engineering, supporting staff members and students in a large public university.
Star and Solar System Maps: A History of Celestial Cartography

Since antiquity, people have observed the night sky. To establish order and predictability, people made maps of the heavens. Two kinds emerged. The first were star maps, organized into constellations but focused on stellar location in the sky. Stars were placed in a coordinate system, initially based on celestial latitude and longitude oriented to the ecliptic, but later based on decl. and R.A. oriented to the celestial equator. Over time, telescopic and scientific needs called for more detailed coordinate systems, and constellation images disappeared. The second kind of heavenly map depicted the solar system and focused on planetary locations and surface characteristics. For many centuries, these were cosmological diagrams with concentric planetary and stellar circles, centered first on the Earth and then the Sun. Now such maps have no stellar boundary, and ever larger telescopes and space probes allow us to view planetary surfaces in unprecedented detail.
The Effect of Training on Participant Adherence With a Reporting Time Frame for Momentary Subjective Experiences in Ecological Momentary Assessment: Cognitive Interview Study

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has the potential to minimize recall bias by having people report on their experiences in the moment (momentary model) or over short periods (coverage model). This potential hinges on the assumption that participants provide their ratings based on the reporting time frame instructions prescribed in the EMA items. However, it is unclear what time frames participants actually use when answering the EMA questions and whether participant training improves participants’ adherence to the reporting instructions. Objective: This study aims to investigate the reporting time frames participants used when answering EMA questions and whether participant training improves participants’ adherence to the EMA reporting timeframe instructions. Methods: Telephone-based cognitive interviews were used to investigate the research questions. In a 2×2 factorial design, participants (n=100) were assigned to receive either basic or enhanced EMA training and randomized to rate their experiences using a momentary (at the moment you were called) or a coverage (since the last phone call) model. Participants received five calls over the course of a day to provide ratings; after each rating, participants were immediately interviewed about the time frame they used to answer the EMA questions. A total of 2 raters independently coded the momentary interview responses into time frame categories (Cohen κ=0.64, 95% CI 0.55-0.73). Results: The results from the momentary conditions showed that most of the calls referred to the period during the call (57/199, 28.6%) or just before the call (98/199, 49.2%) to provide ratings; the remainder were from longer reporting periods. Multinomial logistic regression results indicated a significant training effect (χ21=16.6; P<.001) in which the enhanced training condition yielded more reports within the intended reporting time frames for momentary EMA reports. Cognitive interview data from the coverage model did not lend themselves to reliable coding and were not analyzed. Conclusions: The results of this study provide the first evidence about adherence to EMA instructions to reporting periods and that enhanced participant training improves adherence to the time frame specified in momentary EMA studies.
Fear in Interprofessional Simulation: The role of psychology and behaviorism in student participation and learning

Abstract Psychological safety is a founding principal in simulation where the participants feel safe to speak up, engage, and free from judgement. Despite organized processes related to ensuring a psychologically safe environment in simulation, Physician Assistant, Medicine and Pharmacy students reported fears associated with interprofessional collaboration. Results of a pre-post survey related to fears demonstrate underlying emotions and implicit and explicit bias. Statistical significance was found between medical students and pharmacy students however all groups reported some degree of fear associated with Interprofessional competencies.
Dual-earner couples during the pandemic: Spillover and crossover

[...]we discuss how prior research may be a promising route for current work–family conflict reduction. According to the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, characteristics of the job can be considered resources for dealing with stressors or as demands which deplete resources (Demerouti etal., 2001). More specifically, examining the utility of both general and family supportive supervisor behaviors on couples working both remotely and on the front lines may stimulate influential organizations to support their employees. Because increases in work-family conflict are likely as family dynamics change, strategies that help reduce conflict should be explored such as providing broad organizational support (i.e., improving attitudes and perceptions around family needs) or specific support for work-family needs (i.e., emotional and instrumental support;French etal., 2018).
Impact of steroid use and glucose control on surgical outcomes in diabetic gynecologic oncology patients

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of preoperative steroid use and glucose control on postoperative outcomes for diabetes mellitus (DM) gynecologic oncology patients undergoing surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all gynecologic oncology patients admitted for inpatient surgery on an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) between 10/2016 and 12/2018 with the addition of further patients with DM until 9/2019. The utilization of preoperative steroids has largely been adopted in most ERP patients. At our institution, 8mg intravenous dexamethasone is frequently used. Individual chart review was completed to identify the primary outcome of postoperative complications including: DKA, surgical site infection, ileus, DVT/PE, CVA, MI, AKI, unplanned ICU admission, pulmonary complications, and blood transfusions. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS) and readmission rate. SPSS v. 25 was used for statistical analysis. Results: 684 patients were identified and 184 (26.9%) had coexisting type I or II DM. Demographics including CCI, race, diagnosis, and surgical complexity were similar between groups. Patients with DM tended to be older, have a larger body mass index (BMI), and longer operative times. The overall complication rate was 32.5%. Patients with DM were more likely to have postoperative complications (77.5% vs. 15.9%, P=0.0001), increased LOS (4.0±4.6 vs. 3.1±1.9 days, P=0.001), though no difference in readmission rate was observed (10.3% vs. 7.6%, P=0.25). Patients were more likely to have postoperative complications if they had at least one documented serum glucose greater than 300 (74.1% vs 26.8%, P=0.0001) or an average serum glucose greater than 180mg/dL in the first 24 hours (80.0% vs 24.8%, P=0.0001). 54.3% of DM patients got preoperative steroids with no difference in complication or readmission rates seen (p=0.1; p=0.7). Conclusions: Diabetic patients are at a much higher risk for postoperative complications after gynecologic oncology surgery. There was no increased risk for postoperative complications in DM patients who received steroids as part of the ERP. However, poorly controlled glucose levels in the immediate postoperative period were associated with a higher rate of complications. Adequate blood glucose control perioperatively for these high-risk patients undergoing surgery is vital given the increased risk of postoperative complications and length of stay.
Recycled two-stage estimation in nonlinear mixed effects regression models

We consider a re-sampling scheme for estimation of the population parameters in the mixed-effects nonlinear regression models of the type used, for example, in clinical pharmacokinetics. We provide a two-stage estimation procedure which resamples (or recycles), via random weightings, the various parameter's estimates to construct consistent estimates of their respective sampling distributions. In particular, we establish under rather general distribution-free assumptions, the asymptotic normality and consistency of the standard two-stage estimates and of their resampled version and demonstrate the applicability of our proposed resampling methodology in a small simulation study. A detailed example based on real clinical pharmacokinetic data is also provided.
Why is the Universe Against Me? (A) and (B) (Abridged)

Hasn't everyone at some point felt as if the universe was conspiring against his or her success? This case narrative tracks the story of Emmett Taylor, an operations manager for a bottling company, as a snow and ice storm bears down on his southeastern U.S. plant. Taylor is already plagued by stress caused by all facets of his life—family, work, and personal health—and this storm is no exception. The story offers an opportunity to discuss time, energy, and priority management; individual behavior from a type-A personality; work-life balance; organizational behavior; and leadership. This case is a suitable substitution for the classic best-selling Darden case "John Wolford" (UVA-OB-0167). Excerpt UVA-OB-1081 Rev. Nov. 6, 2015 Why Is the Universe Against Me? (A) and (B) (Abridged) Emmett Taylor figured the sound he was hearing was just more rain sloshing onto the wooden windowsill outside his home office. What now? he wondered. A typhoon? Soggy winter weather all week had delayed suppliers into and delivery trucks out of the Soda Bottling Ventures (SBV) plant in Charlotte, North Carolina, that Taylor managed. Forecasters were calling for the rain to freeze in the coming hours, leading to the first snowfall of the season overnight. As one of the younger general managers in the bottling plant system at 35, Taylor attributed his quick rise through the ranks to his world-class work ethic. His standing joke to his operations manager, Freddy Crane, was that Taylor subscribed to the FILO system: first in, last out. But not today. On this day, snow was bearing down on most of the East Coast, and Taylor's wife Susan had loudly insisted he race home before the roads worsened. The second time Taylor heard the sloshing noise, it had morphed into some sort of wet clap, a splatter even. His head swung up from the driver schedule that had been confounding him. It swiveled along with his body on the Aeron chair. Then he saw it. “Julie! What the...!” There on the floor was his three-year-old slinging green paint onto the wall. Slapping it. Slathering it, really. For a moment, it struck him as funny. Should I snap a picture for posterity? She seemed quite content with her finger-painting masterpiece, which was dribbling like a current down the beige drywall. Then he noticed that the stream continued down over the baseboard molding, pooling on the carpet under her knees. It was everywhere. “Holy...!” Taylor heard staccato steps quickly moving down the hallway's hardwood floor. Susan. In seconds, she was through the windowed doors and into the office. “Are you kidding me, Emmett?” Her eyes flashed fire, fixing on the chaos. He could have been one of her third-grade students, scolded for the umpteenth time. “I leave Julie with you for 15 minutes while I'm tracking down Charlie on his skateboard down the block and come home to find her ruining our walls? Don't you pay attention to anything?” She scooped up Julie from behind to avoid her paint-covered limbs. “The carpet too?? And to top it off, I hear you cursing at her? Seriously, Emmett! You need to get a grip!” . . .
Electron-beam/plasma coupling physics in support of active experiments in space

The recent development of compact, relativistic electron accelerators [1] might open up a new era of active experiments in space, driven by important scientific and national security applications [2] . Examples include using electron beams to trace magnetic field lines and establish causality between physical processes occurring in the magnetosphere and those in the ionosphere [2] . Another example is the use of electron beams to trigger waves in the near-Earth environment [3] . Waves could induce pitch-angle scattering and precipitation of energetic electrons, acting as an effective radiation belt remediation scheme.
Short Term Study Abroad: Renewable Energy in Germany and Switzerland

A short term study abroad may be preferable to students who do not wish to go abroad for an extended period of time or not have the flexibility within their major for an entire semester abroad. In the summer 2015 I organized a short term study abroad trip to study renewable energy while traveling through Germany and Switzerland. The goal of the course was to provide students with an introduction to energy markets with a specific emphasis on renewable energy and applications to the German Renewable Energy Act. This paper details the process of developing the course and experiences while traveling abroad with a group of 10 students.
Democratic Citizenship and Public Ethics: The Importance of Civic Stewardship in an Era of Public Distrust and Cynicism

In an era of public distrust and cynicism, a daunting task for public administration and public policy is how to rediscover a more substantive role in public affairs. The focus on managerial approaches, technical competency, and adherence to procedural rules will most likely never sustain the normative credibility needed to reconnect the broader citizenry. Something more is needed. In this article a renewed emphasis on democratic citizenship and public ethics is called for in order to reconnect the citizenry so as to confront the normative interdependency of political and economic issues.