cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Long-Term Administration of Methotrexate on Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Because previous studies of high-dose methotrexate usage have demonstrated an effect on bone formation and resorption, this study was done to determine whether long-term, low-dose use of methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis causes bone loss. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip was measured in 10 Caucasian postmenopausal women who had never received methotrexate and 10 Caucasian postmenopausal women who had received the drug for 3 or more years. There were no significant differences in BMD at the lumbar spine (L2–L4) between patients who had used long-term methotrexate compared with patients never treated with methotrexate (1.08 ± 0.08 g/cm2 versus 0.98 ± 0.14 g/cm2, respectively; P= 0.08). Similarly, there were no significant differences in BMD at the femoral neck between methotrexate users and nonusers (0.81 ± 0.08 g/cm2 versus 0.76 ± 0.15 g/cm2, respectively; P= 0.42). These results suggest that long-term low-dose methotrexate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is not associated with accelerated bone loss.
Actualized Intelligence: Case-Based Agency in Practice

Researchers who build autonomous agents are primarily interested in integrating the aspects of agency which were once thought decomposable and independent. A theory of agency for everyday worlds must address the problems that an agent has a limited time to plan, and that an agent must be able to cope with an incomplete domain physics. The Case-based Agency projects at the AI Lab at the University of Chicago demonstrate how reasoning from memory provides a complete framework for a theory of agency. The three projects described in this paper revolve around a single point. Plans in memory are the most valuable resource for responsive and adaptive activity in everyday worlds. Case-based reasoning provides an approach which answers the fundamental problems of a theory of agency. This paper discusses three techniques for effective leveraging of plans in memory for use in everyday worlds: stabilization, learning from failure, and regularity-seeking perception.
Spectrum Allocation Algorithms for Elastic DWDM Networks on Dynamic Operation

In this paper we propose two new spectrum allocation (SA) algorithms called Best Fit (BF) and Bit Rate-Aware (BRA), which are applicable to elastic DWDM optical networks under dynamic operation. In addition, we propose a new performance evaluation metric called spectrum fragmentation index, complementing the traditional analysis based on the blocking probability of connections. It evaluates and compares the performance of the algorithms through simulation. The results show that the proposed algorithm BRA presents the best performance compared with the most algorithms cited in the literature.
Atmospheric storm explanation of saturnian electrostatic discharges

Saturn electrostatic discharges (SED) monitored by the Voyager 1 were investigated to determine the source of the phenomena. Consideration has been given to two sources: the atmosphere at equatorial latitudes, where the cloud-top wind velocities correspond to the Saturn 10 hr 10 min rotation period; and the rings at 1.8 Saturn radius. The data were analyzed in terms of time and frequency, revealing a time-varying frequency, few detectable discharges outside of a low threshold, and the appearances and disappearances of the SED with no correlation with frequency. The periodicity of the SED episodes indicated that the source was occulted between revolutions, which ruled out the ring source. The SED signals were only detected on the dayside, suggesting the signals propagated through the dayside ionosphere. Diurnal variations in the ion densities could prohibit the signals from escaping on the nightside, a factor supported by detection of low frequency SED only during close passage of the Voyager. Ray tracing experiments have demonstrated that storm sources have emissions observable with the storm on the limb at the observed 30-40 MHz interval.
Distributed mutual exclusion on a ring of processes

A set of processes called "masters" are sharing a critical section on a mutual exclusion basis. The servers communicate with each other in a ring. Three solutions for solving the mutual exclusion problem are presented. They all rely on the presence of a unique privilege in the ring. The notation used extends CSP input and output commands with a Boolean primitive, the "probe", which makes it possible to determine whether a communication action is pending on a channel. A master communicates only with its private "server". In the correctness proofs, the concept of "trace" is introduced, i.e. a total ordering of actions corresponding to a possible interleaving of the atomic actions of a concurrent computation. [Note: report includes the date April 83/October 83 but published in 1984]
Supply chain dynamics relief of sudden-onset disasters

A sudden-onset disaster such as hurricane, tidal wave, or earthquake creates a nearly insurmountable challenge in bringing humanitarian relief to those who desperately need it. This paper seeks to assess the last-mile of the supply chain to ensure relief is delivered to those who need it. A model utilising a stochastic process is developed to study the supply chain distribution process as dependent on the humanitarian relief concerns. This model is analysed and critical considerations are recognised. A stochastic model was used to assess whether a last-mile relief station could run indefinitely. The answer to this question is no. The station will eventually reach a state of under-stock or overstock; both scenarios indicate ineffectiveness. Various aspects of this problem have been studied from the perspective of supply chain management to optimal facility location. This paper focuses on the last critical mile and its distribution needs.
Effects of lithium ions on the rat superior cervical ganglion

Abstract Rat superior cervical ganglia, when stimulated in lithium-containing bathing solution, show decreasing action potentials with increasing lithium concentrations. When 70% of the sodium is replaced by lithium there is an irreversible loss of the action potential. This is not reversed by returning the ganglion to normal bathing solution, with or without stimulation. The decrease in ganglionic transmission is similar when only the pre-ganglionic fibers or the ganglionic body and the post-ganglionic fibers are exposed to lithium-containing bathing solution (compartmentalized cell). The experiments suggest that lithium has two effects; the usual depression of the action potential and the more sensitive action on the synaptical transmission.
Studies on the pink, adenine-deficient strains of Candida albicans. I. Cultural and morphological characteristics.

Several pink or dark brown mutants of Candida albicans were obtained following exposure of the wild types to ultraviolet irradiation or ethyl methanesulfonate. Unlike the wild types, all the mutants required adenine and in addition the dark brown strain required valine and isoleucine for growth. The mutants accumulated the pigment in the cytoplasm either as localized granules or in a diffused form. They, however, did not differ from their parental strains in size and shape of yeast cells, fermentation and assimilation of sugars. Initially, the pink mutants were more resistant to amphotericin B, but upon passage on agar media for a prolonged period, they became as sensitive as the wild types. The pink strain produced less mycelium in vitro and in vivo, and were less virulent for mice, but more resistant to ultraviolet irradiation than the wild types.
Data archiving in animal experimentation: Merits, challenges, and a case study

Electronic data archives may supplement the traditional peer-reviewed journal article. The merits of data archiving include public service, a more complete research project, overcoming barriers to limited-access research resources, and increasing the impact of a scientific project. A case study of chimpanzee timing performance in space is derived from the NASA Life Sciences Data Archive (http://lsda.jsc. nasa.gov). An analysis of the archived data suggests that the scalar property (a form of Weber’s law) applies to timed performance of a chimpanzee in orbit of the earth. Challenges associated with data archives are discussed. Although significant challenges are associated with archiving electronic data, these difficulties are outweighed by its merits.
A noninvasive method for distinguishing among canid species: amplification and enzyme restriction of DNA from dung

Endangered San Joaquin kit foxes Vulpes macrotis mutica can be sympatrically distributed with as many as four other canids: red fox, gray fox, coyote and domestic dog. Canid scats are often found during routine fieldwork, but cannot be reliably identified to species. To detect and study the endangered kit fox, we developed mitochondrial DNA markers that can be amplified from small amounts of DNA extracted from scats. We amplified a 412-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene from scat samples and digested it with three restriction enzymes. The resulting restriction profiles discriminated among all five canid species and correctly identified 10 ‘unknown’ fox scats to species in blind tests. We have applied our technique to identify canids species for an environmental management study and a conservation study. We envision that our protocol, and similar ones developed for other endangered species will be greatly used for conservation management in the future.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

Recent medical advances have improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes. These disorders arise from tumor secretion of hormones, peptides, or cytokines or from immune cross-reactivity between malignant and normal tissues. Paraneoplastic syndromes may affect diverse organ systems, most notably the endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic, rheumatologic, and hematologic systems. The most commonly associated malignancies include small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, gynecologic tumors, and hematologic malignancies. In some instances, the timely diagnosis of these conditions may lead to detection of an otherwise clinically occult tumor at an early and highly treatable stage. Because paraneoplastic syndromes often cause considerable morbidity, effective treatment can improve patient quality of life, enhance the delivery of cancer therapy, and prolong survival. Treatments include addressing the underlying malignancy, immunosuppression (for neurologic, dermatologic, and rheumatologic paraneoplastic syndromes), and correction of electrolyte and hormonal derangements (for endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes). This review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes, with emphasis on those most frequently encountered clinically. Initial literature searches for this review were conducted using PubMed and the keyword paraneoplastic in conjunction with keywords such as malignancy, SIADH, and limbic encephalitis, depending on the particular topic. Date limitations typically were not used, but preference was given to recent articles when possible.
The Influence of Religious Personal Identity on the Relationships Among Religious Dissimilarity, Value Dissimilarity, and Job Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of religious dissimilarity and religious personal identity on one’s job satisfaction. Data were collected from 260 top managers. Structural equation modeling indicated that religious dissimilarity positively affected perceived value dissimilarity from others, which in turn, held a negative association with job satisfaction. These effects were qualified, however, by a significant religious dissimilarity × religious personal identity interaction such that, for persons whose religious beliefs were a central part of who they were, being religiously different from others in the workplace strongly impacted their perceived value dissimilarity. Research contributions and practical implications are discussed.
Extracellular pH dynamics of retinal horizontal cells examined using electrochemical and fluorometric methods

Extracellular H+ has been hypothesized to mediate feedback inhibition from horizontal cells onto vertebrate photoreceptors. According to this hypothesis, depolarization of horizontal cells should induce extracellular acidification adjacent to the cell membrane. Experiments testing this hypothesis have produced conflicting results. Studies examining carp and goldfish horizontal cells loaded with the pH-sensitive dye 5-hexadecanoylaminofluorescein (HAF) reported an extracellular acidification on depolarization by glutamate or potassium. However, investigations using H+-selective microelectrodes report an extracellular alkalinization on depolarization of skate and catfish horizontal cells. These studies differed in the species and extracellular pH buffer used and the presence or absence of cobalt. We used both techniques to examine H+ changes from isolated catfish horizontal cells under identical experimental conditions (1 mM HEPES, no cobalt). HAF fluorescence indicated an acidification response to high extracellular potassium or glutamate. However, a clear extracellular alkalinization was found using H+-selective microelectrodes under the same conditions. Confocal microscopy revealed that HAF was not localized exclusively to the extracellular surface, but rather was detected throughout the intracellular compartment. A high degree of colocalization between HAF and the mitochondrion-specific dye MitoTracker was observed. When HAF fluorescence was monitored from optical sections from the center of a cell, glutamate produced an intracellular acidification. These results are consistent with a model in which depolarization allows calcium influx, followed by activation of a Ca2+/H+ plasma membrane ATPase. Our results suggest that HAF is reporting intracellular pH changes and that depolarization of horizontal cells induces an extracellular alkalinization, which may relieve H+-mediated inhibition of photoreceptor synaptic transmission.
Effects of Tail Dihedral on Static Stability

It is shown that lifting-line theory closely captures the effects of tail dihedral on the static stability contributions of an aft tail and compares well with experiments. Such computations show that vortex interactions between the lifting surfaces of an aft tail can significantly affect tail performance. For a V-tail, these interactions slightly increase the tail's contribution to pitch stability and substantially decrease its contribution to yaw and roll stability. When horizontal-stabilizer dihedral is used in combination with a vertical stabilizer, it is shown that the tail will provide greater yaw stability if negative dihedral is used in horizontal stabilizers mounted below a vertical stabilizer. Conversely, positive dihedral works best in cases where the horizontal stabilizer is mounted above the vertical stabilizer.
"A campaign won as a public issue will stay won": using cartoons and comics to fight national health care reform, 1940s and beyond.

On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law. As it went through Congress, the legislation faced forceful resistance. Individuals and organizations opposing the ACA circulated propaganda that varied from photographs of fresh graves or coffins with the caption “Result of ObamaCare” to portrayals of President Obama as the Joker from the Batman movies, captioned with the single word “socialism.” The arguments embedded in these images have striking parallels to cartoons circulated by physicians to their patients in earlier fights against national health care. Examining cartoons used in the formative health care reform debates of the 1940s provides a means for tracing the lineage of emotional arguments employed against health care reform.
The effect of variable change on oscillation and disconjugacy criteria with applications to spectral theory and asymptotic theory

This study of the effect of variable change on differential operators was motivated by recent papers of Tipler [ 131 and Hinton and Lewis [37] which appeared in the same issue of the Journal of D@‘erential Equations. Tipler gave a geometric proof [ 13, p. 1671 of the following result of Hawking and Penrose (see [29, 301). Let F(t) be a real valued continuous, nonnegative, function on (-W, co) such that F(b) > 0 for some point b. Then there exists a pair of conjugate points on (-co, co) for the differential equation
Sequential effects in absolute judgments of loudness

The effects of preceding stimuli on the judgments of current stimuli were examined in a study using absolute judgments of loudness with feedback. It was found that the response on a given trial was dependent on the stimuli in the preceding sequence of at least five trials. Both assimilation and contrast effects were observed. The form of the dependency of a response on a prior stimulus was a function of the ordinal position of the stimulus in the preceding sequence of trials. The stimulus on the immediately preceding trial had an assimilative effect on the response and preceding stimuli two to five trials removed all showed a contrast effect on a given response. The extent to which these preceding stimuli contributed to the contrast effect was an increasing function of their recency. The reversal of the dependency of the response, from assimilation to the stimulus one trial back, to contrast with the stimuli two and more trials back, indicates a unique function of the immediately preceding stimulus in this task. Since there was a reduction in the variance of responses to those stimuli similar in value to the immediately preceding stimulus, it is proposed that the stimulus and feedback on the last trial were remembered and used asa standardin judging the presented stimulus. A model is presented in which it is assumed that the memory of the magnitude of the immediately preceding stimulus is contaminated in specified ways by prior stimuli in the series. The empirical findings of assimilation and contrastare expected consequences of the proposed memorial processes.
Tungsten carbide−transition metal multilayers

Abstract Multilayer structures between ceramic materials and metallic materials form a technologically important class of two-dimensional composites. In this paper, we discuss the growth and structure of multilayers made of tungsten carbide and the transition metals nickel and cobalt. From its various allotropic forms, tungsten carbide was grown in its beta-tungsten carbide form which has the f.c.c. structure of NaCl with carbon vacancies. Beta-tungsten carbide forms a strained layer multilayer structure with both nickel and cobalt. Cobalt was found to grow in its f.c.c. form on top of the beta-tungsten carbide but after 3–4 monolayers converts into its h.c.p. structure. The dependence of the microstructure of the individual layers and of the sharpness of the interfaces on layer thickness and temperature was investigated. The thermal stability and adhesion properties of these multilayer structures were also investigated.
Networks on Chip with Provable Security Properties

In systems where a lack of safety or security guarantees can be catastrophic or even fatal, noninterference is used to separate domains handling critical (or confidential) information from those processing normal (or unclassified) data for purposes of fault containment and ease of verification. This article introduces SurfNoC, an on-chip network that significantly reduces the latency incurred by strict temporal partitioning. By carefully scheduling the network into waves that flow across the interconnect, data from different domains carried by these waves are strictly noninterfering while avoiding the significant overheads associated with cycle-by-cycle time multiplexing. The authors describe the scheduling policy and router microarchitecture changes required, and evaluate the information-flow security of a synthesizable implementation through gate-level information flow analysis. When comparing their approach for varying numbers of domains and network sizes, they find that in many cases SurfNoC can reduce the latency overhead of implementing cycle-level noninterference by up to 85 percent.
Recovered src genes are polymorphic and contain host markers.

Analysis of recovered sarcoma viruses (rASV) and their parental sarcoma virus SR-D by oligonucleotide fingerprinting revealed multiple differences in the src region of the viral genomes. This heterogeneity was further investigated by tryptic peptide mapping of the in vitro translated products of rASV and SR-D RNA. No differences were found in the pr76gag proteins encoded by the various rASVs or SR-D, but the p60src proteins showed considerable variation. The p60src proteins of rASV could be distinguished from that of SR-D on the basis of their mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Furthermore, two peptides which were absent from SR-D but consistently found in rASV p60src proteins were also demonstrated in a tryptic peptide map of the cellular src-related protein, p60sarc. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that rASV arose by recombination of residual viral src sequences with cellular src-related sequences.
High Revision and Reoperation Rates Using the AgilityTM Total Ankle System

Background Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an evolving treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis, however, there is controversy regarding its longevity.
Latin Squares without Orthogonal Mates

In 1779 Euler proved that for every even n there exists a latin square of order n that has no orthogonal mate, and in 1944 Mann proved that for every n of the form 4k + 1, k ? 1, there exists a latin square of order n that has no orthogonal mate. Except for the two smallest cases, n = 3 and n = 7, it is not known whether a latin square of order n = 4k + 3 with no orthogonal mate exists or not. We complete the determination of all n for which there exists a mate-less latin square of order n by proving that, with the exception of n = 3, for all n = 4k + 3 there exists a latin square of order n with no orthogonal mate. We will also show how the methods used in this paper can be applied more generally by deriving several earlier non-orthogonality results.
Degeneration of hippocampal CA1 neurons following transient ischemia due to raised intracranial pressure: evidence for a temperature-dependent excitotoxic process.

Abstract Degeneration of hippocampal CA1 neurons occurs following transient complete ischemia produced by raised intracranial pressure. Both systemic injection of MK-801 and profound cerebral hypothermia produced by cisternal infusion of room temperature (22–25 °C) fluids protect vulnerable CA1 neurons from degeneration. Hypothermia appears to decrease hippocampal extracellular levels of glutamate during and after ischemia but provides only relative protection from ischemia as CA1 degeneration does occur with prolonged (30 min) periods of ischemia. Elevated intracranial pressure appears to produce ischemic degeneration in the hippocampus via an NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxic process which is highly temperature dependent.
Involvement of the cerebellar adenosine A1 receptor in cannabinoid-induced motor incoordination in the acute and tolerant state in mice

Cannabinoids are known to impair motor function in humans and laboratory animals. We have demonstrated an accentuation of cannabinoid (CP55,940)-induced motor incoordination in mice by the adenosine A(1) receptor-selective agonist N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) (4 ng) using an intracerebellar (ICB) microinjection method. This effect was mediated by the A(1) receptor because pre-treatment with ICB 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) (100 ng), an adenosine A(1) receptor selective antagonist, completely abolished the accentuation. Furthermore, ICB pre-treatment with DPCPX (100 ng) before ICB CP55,940 (15 microg) attenuated the motor incoordination suggesting a modulation by an endogenous adenosine A(1) system. ICB microinjection of CHA or DPCPX prior to ICB vehicle had no effect on normal motor coordination. ICB microinjection of dipyridamole (25 microg), an adenosine transport inhibitor, significantly accentuated the motor incoordination by ICB CP55,940 (15 microg), providing further support for the involvement of endogenous adenosine in the action of CP55,940. Tolerance to the motor incoordinating effect of ICB CP55,940 was demonstrated following 3 days of i.p. CP55,940 (0.1, 1 or 2 mg/kg every 12 or 24 h; total of six or three injections, respectively). Interestingly, animals which exhibited tolerance to ICB CP55,940 also demonstrated tolerance to the accentuating effect of ICB CHA suggesting cross-tolerance between adenosine agonists and cannabinoids. Cross-tolerance was also demonstrated following 3 days of i.p. CHA (0.25 or 1 mg/kg every 24 h; total of three injections) as further evidence of the modulatory role of the cerebellar adenosine system in the acute manifestation of CP55,940-induced motor incoordination. The involvement of cerebellar adenosine and the A(1) receptor in cannabinoid actions is circumstantially supported by previous evidence that CB(1) receptors and A(1) receptors are both localized on cerebellar granule cell parallel fiber terminals and basket cell neurons where they serve to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters.
On the existence and stability of solutions in self-organizing cortical maps

Based on the mathematical formulation by Amaris (1982, 1983) of the self-organization of synaptic efficacies and neural response fields under the influence of external stimuli, the authors show that if a map is a contraction then the system has a unique equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable and can be approximated closely by iterations; consequently the system acts as a stable encoder of external input stimuli. The system converges to a fixed point representing the steady-state of the neural activity and describes a superposition of the spatial integrals of the weight function between neighbouring neurons and the stimulus autocorrelation function.
MOS/LSI Failure Analysis Techniques

With the rapid evolution of the functional complexity of MOS/LSI circuits, the task of detailed failure analysis has become increasingly complex. The failure analysis diagnostic techniques and laboratory procedures developed for the analysis of MOS/LSI circuits will be discussed and illustrated. These analysis techniques, emphasizing the use of computerized test equipment, were found to reduce significantly the laboratory cycle time and increase the level of understanding of MOS/LSI failure mechanisms.
Using Knowledge of the Past to Improve Education Today: US Education History and Policy-Making.

Early American historians provided the public and policy-makers with information about US history that provided both entertainment and policy suggestions. As American historians became more professionalised in the early twentieth century, they concentrated more on their own scholarly concerns and less on policy-relevant writings. In recent decades, however, there has been a gradual revival of interest among academic historians in policy-making. In the 1950s and 1960s American education history was revitalised from two different directions. Some scholars questioned the highly positive, in-house histories previously written by education professors. Later a group of “revisionist” education historians pointed to the failures of American public schools and the neglect of children living in poverty. During the creation of Head Start and the Elementary and Secondary Education programme in the mid-1960s, there was a lack of historically relevant education policy studies. Education historians now have joined other...
Nanodelivery in airway diseases: challenges and therapeutic applications.

Abstract This review describes the challenges and therapeutic applications of nanodelivery systems for treatment of airway diseases. Therapeutic applications of nanodelivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, short interfering RNA, drugs, or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium to control chronic pathophysiology of obstructive and conformational disorders. The major challenges to nanodelivery involve physiologic barriers such as mucus and alveolar fluid. It is necessary for the nanoparticles to be biodegradable and capable of providing sustained drug delivery to the selected cell type. Once inside the cell, the nanoparticle should be capable of escaping the endocytic degradation machinery. In addition, for effective gene delivery, nuclear entry and chromosomal integration are critical. The strategies to overcome these pathophysiologic barriers are discussed as an attempt to synchronize the efforts of pulmonary biologists, chemists, and clinicians to develop novel nanodelivery therapeutics for airway diseases. From the Clinical Editor Therapeutic applications of nano-delivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, siRNA, drugs or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium. These nano-particles must be biodegradable, capable of providing sustained drug delivery to specific cells, and should escape the endocytic degradation machinery. For effective gene-delivery they should also provide nuclear entry and chromosomal integration.
Two New Species of Monopyle (Gesneriaceae) from Panama

Two new species of Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. (Gesneriaceae) are described from central Panama near the Caribbean coast in the Panama Copper Concession (Consecion Minera Panama S. A.). The new species are endemic to Panama, are poorly represented in herbaria, and are differentiated from other Monopyle by a suite of characters. Monopyle aurea Keene & J. L. Clark has yellow flowers with a distinct maroon osmophore and red fleshy fruits. Monopyle longicarpa J. L. Clark & Keene has a villous golden indument on all vegetative surfaces and elongate linear fruits. Both species are differentiated from other congeners by the presence of small glandular trichomes along the margins of the corolla lobes.
Vulnerability of Network Traffic under Node Capture Attacks Using Circuit Theoretic Analysis

We investigate the impact of node capture attacks on the confidentiality and integrity of network traffic. We map the compromise of network traffic to the flow of current through an electric circuit and propose a metric for quantifying the vulnerability of the traffic using the circuit mapping. We compute the vulnerability metric as a function of the routing and the cryptographic protocols used to secure the network traffic. We formulate the minimum cost node capture attack problem as a nonlinear integer programming problem. Due to the NP-hardness of the minimization problem, we provide a greedy heuristic that approximates the minimum cost attack. We provide examples of node capture attacks using our vulnerability metric and show that the adversary can expend significantly less resources to compromise target traffic by exploiting information leakage from the routing and cryptographic protocols.
Biofiltration of simulated air pollutants from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) dryer vents at corn‐derived ethanol production facilities

The DDGS dryer vents at corn-derived ethanol production facilities often contain a mixture of odorous and/or potentially hazardous air pollutants including acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a biofilter system to treat the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the DDGS dryer stack during ethanol production. Single aldehyde elimination capacity experiments indicate that both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are readily biodegraded in a biofilter at a short contact time of 10 s, although the acetaldehyde removals during the initial start up period were lower than those observed during later operation. A biofilter packed with porous silicate pellets at neutral pH successfully achieved greater than 90% removal of VOC mixtures containing acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid. However, extended operation with the four component VOC mixture led to a decline in biofilter pH. At low pH (4.6), acetaldehyde removal declined from 95 to 62% and ethanol removal declined from 90 to 57%. The option of utilizing a water scrubber upstream of the biofilter to remove acetic acid was investigated; it was determined that effective acetic acid removal was possible in a recirculating water scrubber maintained at a pH level above ∼7, where the rate of removal was controlled by gas phase mass transfer resistance. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Healthcare improvement is incomplete until it is published: the cystic fibrosis initiative to support scholarly publication

Objective Preparation of this supplement, Ten years of improvement innovation in cystic fibrosis care , tested a strategy to support writing and scholarly publication by cystic fibrosis (CF) healthcare improvement professionals. Intervention Critical elements of the writing initiative included: a request for abstracts that was distributed to over 2000 professionals in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation-supported improvement community to identify promising work; continuous peer review of manuscripts by co-authors and writing tutors; three webinars and a 2-day face-to-face writing retreat that addressed the challenges of successful scholarly healthcare improvement writing and publication; and finally, journal submission and formal external peer review. The SQUIRE Publication Guidelines provided content framework for manuscripts. Results 47 abstracts were submitted from which reviewers selected nine for participation. The 28 co-authors of these abstracts took part in the writing initiative. Authors’ self-assessment showed that half had previously published fewer than five papers, while 80% considered themselves insufficiently prepared to write for the scholarly improvement literature. Eventually all of the nine abstracts led to full manuscripts, which were submitted to the journal for formal peer review. Of these, seven were accepted for publication and are included in this supplement. Conclusions A formal initiative to develop and support scholarly writing—while resource-intensive—offers opportunities for wider publication by healthcare improvement professionals.
Unfalsified adaptive control with weak cost-detectability

In this paper, the unfalsified adaptive control [1] is reestablished with a new term, weak cost-detectability, replacing the cost-detectability. The weak cost-detectability implies that a bounded property of a cost function for the final controller in a switching algorithm is sufficient for stability of an underlying adaptive control system, but the converse may not be true. With the weak cost-detectability instead of the cost-detectability, more choices of cost functions can be employed in the unfalsified adaptive control. Some of the choices introduced in this paper are shown to be greater than the cost functions suggested in [2] but have the same limit values. This property is achieved by seeking a better fictitious reference signal for the purpose of developing greater cost functions while, in [2], a particular choice of fictitious reference signal is used. An example is provided where a weakly cost-detectable cost function leads to faster convergence in the switching algorithm than a cost-detectable cost function.
A practical approach to determine the handedness of chiral carbon nanotubes by electron diffraction

A practical procedure has been proposed to determine the handedness of a carbon nanotube from its electron diffraction patterns. When a nanotube is twisted, the diffraction layer line spacings change, although the intensity distribution on the layer lines stays unchanged. The handedness can be assigned by observing the directions in which the principal layer lines shift under known direction of twisting and the twisting angle can be derived directly from the ratio of the diffraction layer line spacings. Simulated electron diffraction patterns of a carbon nanotube twisted both clockwise and counterclockwise are also presented as an example to corroborate the theoretical analysis.
A multi-pronged approach to defect management

This paper describes a comprehensive, three pronged approach to defect management combining the elements of continuous in-line monitoring, yield loss quantification, and short loop analysis. In-line monitoring provides both a historical defect baseline and a trigger for initiating corrective action in the event of out-of-control situations. Yield loss quantification involving conventional bit mapping or bin mapping partitions the yield loss by defect type and process level. Loop monitors relate trouble spots to root causes, providing a continuous measure of the progress of process and equipment improvement programs.
High-resolution airborne infrared measurements of ocean skin temperature

Airborne measurements of ocean skin temperature T/sub s/ are presented from the Coupled Boundary Layers, Air-Sea Transfer in Low Winds (CBLAST-Low) Pilot Experiment in August 2001 off Martha's Vineyard, MA. We used an infrared (IR) camera with a spatial resolution of 1 m or less and temperature resolution of roughly 0.02/spl deg/C. Using subframe sampling of the IR imagery, we achieve lower noise and higher spatial resolution than reported by previous investigators using IR radiometers. Fine-scale maps of T/sub s/ exhibit horizontal variability over spatial scales ranging from O(10 km) down to O(1 m) that are related to atmospheric and subsurface phenomena under low to moderate wind conditions. Based on supporting measurements of wind and waves, we identify coherent ramp-like structures in T/sub s/ with stratification breakdown and meandering streaky features with internal waves. Regional maps of T/sub s/ show the standard deviation for the region is /spl plusmn/1.04/spl deg/C, while the meridional and zonal variability is 0.23/spl deg/C /spl middot/ km/sup -1/ and 0.27/spl deg/C /spl middot/ km/sup -1/, respectively. This temperature variability results in meridional and zonal scalar heat flux variability of 7.0 W /spl middot/ m/sup -2/ /spl middot/ km/sup -1/ and 7.6 W /spl middot/ m/sup -2/ /spl middot/ km/sup -1/, respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential for airborne IR imagery accompanied by high-quality ocean data to identify T/sub s/ features produced by subsurface circulation.
A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders

Children with autism spectrum disorders often exhibit co-occurring sensory processing problems and receive interventions that target self-regulation. In current practice, sensory interventions apply different theoretic constructs, focus on different goals, use a variety of sensory modalities, and involve markedly disparate procedures. Previous reviews examined the effects of sensory interventions without acknowledging these inconsistencies. This systematic review examined the research evidence (2000-2012) of two forms of sensory interventions, sensory integration therapy and sensory-based intervention, for children with autism spectrum disorders and concurrent sensory processing problems. A total of 19 studies were reviewed: 5 examined the effects of sensory integration therapy and 14 sensory-based intervention. The studies defined sensory integration therapies as clinic-based interventions that use sensory-rich, child-directed activities to improve a child's adaptive responses to sensory experiences. Two randomized controlled trials found positive effects for sensory integration therapy on child performance using Goal Attainment Scaling (effect sizes ranging from .72 to 1.62); other studies (Levels III-IV) found positive effects on reducing behaviors linked to sensory problems. Sensory-based interventions are characterized as classroom-based interventions that use single-sensory strategies, for example, weighted vests or therapy balls, to influence a child's state of arousal. Few positive effects were found in sensory-based intervention studies. Studies of sensory-based interventions suggest that they may not be effective; however, they did not follow recommended protocols or target sensory processing problems. Although small randomized controlled trials resulted in positive effects for sensory integration therapies, additional rigorous trials using manualized protocols for sensory integration therapy are needed to evaluate effects for children with autism spectrum disorders and sensory processing problems.
New Light on TRP and TRPL

Store-operated Ca2+ entry, a mode of Ca2+influx activated by depletion of Ca2+ from the internal stores, has been detected in a wide variety of cell types and may be the primary mechanism for Ca2+ entry in nonexcitable cells. Nevertheless, until recently, no candidate store-operated channel (SOC) had been identified molecularly. Through the serendipity ofDrosophila genetics, a candidate SOC, referred to as Transient Receptor Potential (TRP), has been identified that is essential for the light-induced cation conductance in photoreceptor cells. A combination of in vitro and in vivo studies has provided strong evidence that TRP is a bona fide SOC. Moreover, TRP forms a supramolecular complex, proposed to be critical for feedback regulation and/or activation, that includes rhodopsin, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calmodulin, and the PDZ domain-containing protein, INAD. INAD seems to be a scaffolding protein that links TRP with several of these other proteins in the complex. TRP also complexes with a related channel subunit, TRP-like, to form a heteromultimer with conductance characteristics distinct from those of TRP or TRP-like homomultimers. A family of proteins related to TRP is conserved from Caenorhabditiselegans to humans, and recent evidence indicates that at least some of these proteins are SOCs. The human TRP-related proteins may mediate many of the store-operated conductances that have been identified previously in a plethora of human cells.
Organizational Responses to Imputations of Deviance

This paper proposes that the study of deviance be expanded to include organizations as actors to which deviance may be imputed. In contrast to traditional empirical studies which tend to emphasize ...
CYTOPLASMIC ATP-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF ION TRANSPORTERS AND CHANNELS: Mechanisms and Messengers

▪ Abstract Many ion transporters and channels appear to be regulated by ATP-dependent mechanisms when studied in planar bilayers, excised membrane patches, or with whole-cell patch clamp.Protein kinases are obvious candidates to mediate ATP effects, but other mechanisms are also implicated. They include lipid kinases with the generation of phosphatidylinositol phosphates as second messengers, allosteric effects of ATP binding, changes of actin cytoskeleton, and ATP-dependent phospholipases. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a possible membrane-delimited messenger that activates cardiac sodium-calcium exchange, KATP potassium channels, and other inward rectifier potassium channels. Regulation of PIP2 by phospholipase C, lipid phosphatases, and lipid kinases would thus tie surface membrane transport to phosphatidylinositol signaling. Sodium-hydrogen exchange is activated by ATP through a phosphorylation-independent mechanism, whereas ion cotransporters are activated by several protein kinase m...
The communication continuum: A theory of public relations

Abstract This essay argues that the best way to understand many public relations situations is to explore the central variable of public relations practice, communication. Specifically, I argue that successful public relations can be described in terms of one of three primary communication functions; informing, persuading, or refuting. After I describe this continuum of communication purposes, a series of axioms or theoretical postulates are described, after which certain advantages of a communication continuum theory are explained.
A method for the routine observation of sexual behaviour in rats

In seeking a method for the routine observation of copulatory behaviour in rats we compared the use of a standard rectangular Makrolon cage, commonly used in toxicology studies, with a Plexiglas cylinder that provided 2·5 times more floor area. The cylinder resulted in a much higher incidence of copulation, either once or for multiple series, within 30 min. This was not affected by whether oestrus was natural or induced. Using the cylinder and 4 h observation periods, we found that the dark phase of a 12–12 h inverse light cycle resulted in many more copulations than occurred during the light phase of a natural cycle. The incidence increased from the first to the second to the last 4 h of the dark phase. We found that placing a virgin receptive female and a naive male together in a Plexiglas cylinder for 1 h towards the end of the dark phase is a useful tool in reproductive toxicology studies in which it is important to know the precise time of insemination.
Deleuze's Reversal of Platonism, Revisited

A standard approach to examining Deleuze's concept of difference in Difference and Repetition is to follow his critique of representation through an overturning of Platonism, which Deleuze finds to be the definitive task of philosophy after Nietzsche. While engaging this largely critical project, however, there is a tendency to overlook the dimensions of Platonism that Deleuze rehabilitates in a differential and immanent register. This paper aims to recover the essential dimensions of Platonism at the very heart of Deleuze's philosophy of difference. This recovery is accomplished by distinguishing Nietzsche's overturning of Platonism through his evaluation of the reactive politics of the Idea from Deleuze's own reversal of Platonism through his evaluation of the active politics of simulacra.
Material Properties for Part Design and Material Selection

Fracture maps based on a ductility ratio that is a function of strain rate, temperature and geometry can be used to assess potential part failure due to impact or other severe loadings. Creep data presented as deformation maps provide useful geometry-independent design information where time and temperature are important design variables. For glass-filled injection-molded materials, the cross-flow stiffness and strength properties are sometimes only 50% ofthe flow properties and are sensitive to the specimen thickness. For cyclic loading situations, stress/cycles-to-failure information is used to assess lifetime ofparts, while crack propagation data can be used ifthe initial defect size is known.
Rip up and reroute in a global routing visualization system

The old adage that “a picture is worth a thousand words” holds true for many problem solving situations, especially in algorithm design. Pictures and other forms of visualization are frequently used by designers to understand [K85] and by authors to illustrate how an algorithm works. Drawing pictures by hand or trying to understand a written description of an algorithm accompanied by two or three static diagrams is tedious and time-consuming We have developed and implemented an algorithm visualization tool for designing global routing heuristics. We define “algorithm visualization” to be the intelligent application and interplay of software tools at key places of an algorithm representation for a conceptual comprehension of the problem solving process. Images are used to provide multiple views of our knowledge. At the highest level, they represent either real objects in the problem domain, or a mathematical abstraction of the problem or a geometrical formulation of the problem. At the lowest level, they are utilized to exhibit the interaction of data with control structures. Thus, although graphical visualization plays an important role in our system, pictures are used as aids for another expression of the problem statement and the processes that went into the solution [OM89]. Other tools, such as a knowledge base and hypermedia help systems, are employed to explain the problem, the strategy, the heuristics, and the reasoning process of solutions.