cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Program Planning In Industry

Have you ever been surprised at the results of a competitive procurement? The winner or winners, the losers, the mix of the teams, the contract value, etc? In this paper I will discuss 'Program Planning in Industry" which bears directly on the above factors and also hope to provide insight into why industry sometimes does and sometimes does not choose to invest its R&D and marketing resources in optics program opportunities. Also, I hope to indicate how both government and industry benefit through open and equitable communications in their respective planning activities.
A Role for Stat5 in CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis

Cytokine signals are known to contribute to CD8+ memory T cell homeostasis, but an exact understanding of the mechanism(s) has remained elusive. We have now investigated the role of Stat5 proteins in this process. Whereas Stat5a and Stat5b KO mice have decreased numbers of CD8+ T cells, Stat5-transgenic mice have an increased number of these cells. Stat5b-transgenic mice exhibit increased Ag-induced cell death of CD4+ T cells and augmented proliferation and Bcl-2 expression in CD8+ T cells, providing a basis for this finding. Moreover, CD8+ memory T cells are substantially affected by Stat5 levels. These findings identify Stat5 proteins as critical signaling mediators used by cytokines to regulate CD8+ T cell homeostasis.
TWO-LOOP VACUUM DIAGRAMS IN BACKGROUND FIELD AND THE HEISENBERG–EULER EFFECTIVE ACTION

We show that in arbitrary even dimensions, the two-loop scalar QED Heisenberg–Euler effective action can be reduced to simple one-loop quantities, using just algebraic manipulations, when the constant background field satisfies F2 = -f2&#x1d7d9;, which in four dimensions coincides with the condition for self-duality, or definite helicity. This result relies on new recursion relations between two-loop and one-loop diagrams, with background field propagators. It also yields an explicit form of the renormalized two-loop effective action in a general constant background field in two dimensions.
Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two class B endoflagellar genes of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum encoding the 34.5- and 31.0-kilodalton proteins.

Abstract Two structural endoflagellar genes of Treponema pallidum that encode the 34.5- and 31.0-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptides as detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were cloned, sequenced, and expressed. We designated these genes flaB1 and flaB3. A DNA sequence analysis of flaB1 and flaB3 showed that each gene possesses a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide; these polypeptides have molecular masses of 31.1 and 31.0 kDa, respectively. Shine-Dalgarno ribosome-binding sequences were identified upstream from the initiation codons of each gene. In addition, a single consensus promoter sequence was identified 121 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon of flaB1, suggesting polycistronic transcription of flaB1 and flaB3. Computer-induced alignment showed that the FlaB1 amino acid sequence was identical at 206 positions (72%) to the FlaB3 sequence. Both genes were subcloned into pATH vectors and were expressed under the control of the trpE promoter. The expression products of flaB1 and flaB3 revealed fusion proteins having molecular masses of 61.0 and 59.0 kDa, respectively, which were identified on immunoblots by using specific anti-T. pallidum endoflagellar serum.
Increased return of spontaneous circulation at the expense of neurologic outcomes: Is prehospital epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest really worth it?

Abstract Introduction Current guidelines for the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) recommend the use of prehospital epinephrine by initial responders. This recommendation was initially based on data from animal models of cardiac arrest and minimal human data, but since its inception, more human data regarding prehospital epinephrine in this setting are now available. Although out-of-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) may be higher with the use of epinephrine, worse neurologic outcomes may be associated with its use. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted by search of databases including PubMed, Embase, and OVID to identify studies comparing patients with OHCA who had received epinephrine before arrival to the hospital with those who had not. Studies were assessed for quality and bias, and data were abstracted from studies deemed appropriate for inclusion. A meta-analysis was conducted using a Mantel-Haenszel model for dichotomous outcomes. Outcomes studied were prehospital ROSC, survival at 1 month, survival to discharge, and positive neurologic outcome. Results A total of 14 studies with 655853 patients were included for the meta-analysis. The use of epinephrine for OHCA before arrival to the hospital was associated with a significant increase in ROSC (odds ratio, 2.86; P P = .008). There was no significant difference in survival at 1 month or survival to discharge. Conclusion Use of epinephrine before arrival to the hospital for OHCA does not increase survival to discharge but does make it more likely for those who are discharged to have poor neurologic outcome. There is a need for additional randomized controlled trials.
Low-cost Microcomputer Networking: Some Practical Considerations

The perceived need to network office computers is often overstated. Evaluation of needs and device characteristics often leads to a simpler, lower cost solution. Frequently, needs are satisfied by the low-cost networks or even manual processes. The reasons for networking are discussed and analyzed in terms of some practical constraints. The characteristics and capabilities of the low-cost networks are described and a decision guide is presented.
Mindfulness‐Based Awareness and Compassion: Predictors of Counselor Empathy and Anxiety

Mindfulness-based awareness and compassion were examined as predictors of empathy and anxiety among 152 master's-level counseling interns. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis supported that awareness and compassion differentially contributed to explaining the variance in counselor empathy and anxiety. Implications for counselor education are discussed.
Relation of ethnicity and age to women's responses to personal experiences of sexist discrimination in the United States.

The authors explored self-reported experiences of interpersonal sexist discrimination and responses to such incidents in a heterogeneous sample of 262 women in the northeastern United States. They divided the sample into 2 categories for age ( 30 years) and for ethnicity (women of color, European American women). Across categories of age and ethnicity, the participants (a) commonly experienced sexist discrimination and (b) viewed men as the primary perpetrators of the discrimination. Although the women's reports of sexist experiences were similar for the most part, the authors found significant age differences in the frequency of categories of sexist events and in specific events, as well as in some general responses to such incidents. Ethnicity, operationalized here as women of color and European American women, did not have a significant influence.
Simultaneous chromizing-aluminizing coating of low-alloy steels by a halide-activated, pack-cementation process

The simultaneous chromizing — aluminizing of low-alloy steels has achieved Kanthal-like surface compositions of 16–21Cr and 5–8 wt.% Al by the use of cementation packs with a Cr-Al masteralloy and an NH4Cl activator salt. An initial preferential deposition of Al into the alloy induces the phase transformation from austenite to ferrite at the 1150°C process temperature. The low solubility of carbon in ferrite results in the rejection of solute C into the austenitic core, thereby preventing the formation of an external Cr-carbide layer, which would otherwise block aluminizing and chromizing. The deposition and rapid diffusion of Cr and Al into the external bcc ferrite layer follows. Parabolic, cyclic-oxidation kinetics for alumina growth on the coated steels in air were observed over a wide range of relatively low temperatures (637–923°C).
Smoothed integral equations

Abstract For a linear integral equation x ( t ) = a ( t ) − ∫ 0 t B ( t , s ) x ( s ) d s there is a resolvent equation R ( t , s ) = B ( t , s ) − ∫ s t B ( t , u ) R ( u , s ) d u and a variation of parameters formula x ( t ) = a ( t ) − ∫ 0 t R ( t , s ) a ( s ) d s . It is assumed that B is a perturbed convex function and that a ( t ) may be badly behaved in several ways. When the first two equations are treated separately by means of a Liapunov functional, restrictive conditions are required separately on a ( t ) and B ( t , s ) . Here, we treat them as a single equation f ( t ) = S ( t ) − ∫ 0 t B ( t , u ) f ( u ) d u where S is an integral combination of a ( t ) and B ( t , s ) . There are two distinct advantages. First, possibly bad behavior of a ( t ) is smoothed. Next, properties of S needed in the Liapunov functional can be obtained from an array of properties of a ( t ) and B ( t , s ) yielding considerable flexibility not seen in standard treatment. The results are used to treat nonlinear perturbation problems. Moreover, the function y ( t ) = a ( t ) − ∫ 0 t B ( t , s ) a ( s ) d s is shown to converge pointwise and in L 2 [ 0 , ∞ ) to x ( t ) .
Map design + social and environmental issues: graphic design education at its best

Foster engagement in social and environmental issues through a graphic design assignment focused on the creation of visually interesting folded, printed maps and instruction about aspects of sustainable print production and design techniques and processes.
Evidence and the Future of Medicine

For the foreseeable future, the rapid influx of information from sequencing the human genome will raise to a still higher level the complexity of scientific and ethical issues confronting the practice of medicine. Sustained attention to the nature and quality of medical evidence and the extent of medical uncertainty is thus important for all concerned—health care providers, policy makers, the media, and the general public. The situation poses a special challenge for educators. This article presents the author’s Ethics of Evidence, an approach for dealing with the uncertainties of medicine in the full context of contemporary culture. Meant to be of service to all of society, the Ethics of Evidence can be symbolized by a lighthouse—a beacon to warn of danger and to show the way. It is illustrated here by the example of hypertension, a medical condition afflicting tens of millions of Americans.
Mesoderm movement and fate during avian gastrulation and neurulation.

Quail/chick transplantation chimeras were constructed during stages of gastrulation and neurulation to follow the subsequent movement and fate of cells of the primitive streak. All grafts were placed solely within the confines of the primitive streak to prevent confusion between cells that had not yet ingressed and those that had already ingressed, and transplanted cells were distinguished from host cells on the basis of a naturally occurring cell marker. Pathways of movement of ingressing cells corresponded to their level of residence within the primitive streak. Cells residing within Hensen's node (the cranial end of the primitive streak) initially migrated mainly cranially, remaining on or near the midline, and then extended caudally along the midline as regression of Hensen's node occurred. Cells residing within the nodus posterior (the caudal end of the primitive streak) migrated caudally. Cells residing at levels of the primitive streak between Hensen's node and the nodus posterior typically migrated bilaterally, confirming that such cells had not already ingressed prior to their transplantation (in which case, they would have migrated unilaterally). Subsets of these cells residing at progressively more caudal levels of the primitive streak migrated incrementally more laterally. Hensen's node contributed cells to the gut endoderm, head mesenchyme, notochord, and median hinge-point (MHP) cells of the neural tube (future floor plate). At younger stages (i.e., stages 3a, 3b) Hensen's node contributed cells to principally the foregut endoderm and head mesenchyme, whereas at older stages (i.e., stages 3c, 3d, 4), it contributed cells to principally the notochord and MHP region. The remaining segments of the cranial half of the primitive streak contributed cells to the various mesodermal subdivisions of the embryo, and the lengths of the segments forming these subdivisions were estimated. The most cranial level of the streak (directly behind Hensen's node) contributed cells to the most medial mesodermal subdivisions (head mesenchyme, somites) and consecutively more caudal levels of the streak contributed cells to sequentially more lateral mesodermal subdivisions (intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm). The caudal half of the primitive streak contributed cells to the extraembryonic mesoderm, with the nodus posterior contributing to the most caudal extraembryonic mesoderm, including the blood islands. Our results confirm and extend the previous avian prospective fate maps, increasing our understanding of the movement and fate of cells of the gastrula and neurula stages.
Stochastic approximation: a survey

Stochastic recursive algorithms, also known as stochastic approximation, take many forms and have numerous applications. It is the asymptotic properties that are of interest. The early history, starting with the work of Robbins and Monro, is discussed. An approach to proofs of convergence with probability one is illustrated by a stability-type argument. For general noise processes and algorithms, the most powerful current approach is what is called the ordinary differential equations (ODE) method. The algorithm is interpolated into a continuous-time process, which is shown to converge to the solution of an ODE, whose asymptotic properties are those of the algorithm. There are probability one and weak convergence methods, the latter being the easiest to use and the most powerful. After discussing the basic ideas and giving some standard proofs, extensions are outlined. These include multiple time scales, tracking of time changing systems, state-dependent noise, rate of convergence, and random direction methods for high-dimensional problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Determine the most influencing stressors and the most susceptible resources for environmental integrated assessment

The paper presents a method to determine the most influencing stressors and the most susceptible resources for complex assessment problems involving multiple stressors impacting multiple resources over a region. The method is based on the concept of limiting priorities in a square matrix which capture the transmission of influence along all paths between stressors and resources in the matrix. The proposed method allows the relationship between stressors and resources to be looked at in both univariate and multivariate fashion, taking into account the interactions among the variables. Hypothetical and case study examples are given for illustration purpose. It shows that the proposed method is suitable for the determination of the most important stressors and the most susceptible resources, a common (but often uneasy) task in integrated environmental assessment.
Jacobson's nerve clues to the round window niche

The round window niche is used as a primary guide to cochleostomy for cochlear implantation, but sometimes the niche is not visible through the dissected facial recess. In such cases, Jacobson's nerve may be a guide to the niche. The objectives of this study were to depict the distance from Jacobson's nerve to the lip of the round window niche, and how this distance may relate to orientation of the manubrium as viewed through the external ear canal. Also, are these distances related to mastoid pneumatisation size? The study involved post-mortem anatomic dissection of 41 bequeathed adult crania (82 temporal bones). Viewing with an operative microscope, distances were measured with a fenestrometer-type instrument. Mastoid sizes were determined radiographically. Jacobson's nerve was identifiable in 81 of 82 temporal bones. Distances from Jacobson's nerve to the lip of round window niche averaged 2.1 mm, range zero to 3.2 mm. Distances from Jacobson's nerve to the round window niche were not obviously associated with either mastoid size or orientation of the manubrium in the head. If the main trunk of Jacobson's nerve is visible on the promontory (as it is in > or =95% of cases), with 95 per cent certainty it is within 3.3 mm of the lip of the round window niche. Distances from Jacobson's nerve to the lip of the round window niche do not correlate with either manubrium orientation as viewed through the external ear canal, or the extent of mastoid pneumatisation.
A protocol to evaluate the efficacy, perceptions, and cost of a cholesterol packaging approach to improve medication adherence.

Abstract Purpose Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite clinical practice guidelines aimed at facilitating LDL-C control, many Veterans do not achieve guideline-recommended LDL-C levels. Methods We describe a study focused on VA healthcare system users at risk for CVD (i.e., LDL-C level > 130 mg/dl and/or Conclusions Pre-filled blister packaging may provide an inexpensive solution to improve medication adherence. Our study enrolls a diverse sample and provides information about whether an adherence packaging intervention can: 1) improve medication adherence; 2) improve patients' LDL-C levels; 3) be well received by patients and providers; and 4) provide a cost effective solution to improve medication adherence.
A Unified Kummer-Artin-Schreier Sequence*

Let p be a prime, R a commutative ring. There are two familiar group scheme sequences yielding computations of the flat (or etale) cohomology group Hi(R, Z/pZ): the Kummer exact sequence I~7Z/pZ~G,,~G,,~I, applicable where p is invertible and a primitive p-th root of unity ( is in R, and the ArtinSchreier sequence 1 ~71/pZ~ G , ~ Ga ~ 1 that is valid when p is zero in R (see e.g. [6, pp. 126-127]). In this paper I shall show that these are both special cases of a single sequence of the same kind defined over Z [(]. The two groups involved (besides Z/pZ) have H 1-cohomology computable by familiar K-theory, and hence we have a way of computing H 1 (R, 7Z/pZ) for all Z [(]-algebras R. In particular, the computation works for all rings when p = 2, and we recover the description of etale quadratic algebras derived previously by ad hoc methods (see e.g. [7]). The group schemes occurring in the exact sequence are smoothed versions of congruence subgroups, objects which (I believe) were first described in general in my joint work with Boris Weisfeiler classifying smooth connected group schemes of dimension one [8].
Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Outcomes1

Suggested citation for this article:Reddy U, Fry A, Pass R, Ghidini A. Infectious diseases and perinatal outcomes. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Nov [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1011.040623_10 1The following comments were made in presentations by the above authors at the International Conference on Women and Infectious Disease.
Implications of service industry growth for regional development strategies

The United States is becoming an increasingly service-oriented economy. The rapid growth of the tertiary sector has been accompanied by equally rapid technological change in the area of communications, information and data processing. What are the implications for regional growth policies? Are services becoming more “footloose” in their locational orientation and amenable to policy manipulation? This paper tests these propositions by applying, to the tertiary sector, a stochastic model reflecting central-place or other market-oriented theory. The results indicate that, in 1969, the model accurately predicted service activity in 155 Bureau of Economic Analysis areas. Despite recent developments in the sector, service activity remains market oriented. As such, these activities are likely to respond to, but not initiate, regional growth. Unlike export-base or infrastructure stimulation, growth through service development does not represent ageneral policy prescription.
The vectorcardiogram in pulmonary embolism. II.

Abstract 1.1. Vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms were studied in thirteen selected cases with acute cor pulmonale and fifty selected cases with inferior (posterior) myocardial infarction. 2.2. The following diagnostic features were noted in the vectorcardiograms of patients with acute cor pulmonale: increase in duration and magnitude of the initial vectors beyond that found in the normal, but not equalling or exceeding that occurring in inferior myocardial infarction; clockwise rotation of the QRSsE loop as indicated by transient counterclockwise inscription in the sagittal plane and clockwise inscription in the frontal plane; a large terminal appendage directed to the right, posteriorly, and, in some cases, superiorly; a tendency to increased horizontal electrical position; displacement of the S-T junction to the right; and abnormalities of the QRS-T angle. 3.3. The following features were noted in the electrocardiograms of the patients with acute cor pulmonale: clockwise rotation as judged by terminal s waves in Leads I and aV L , late R waves in aV R , q waves in II, III, and aV F , and a shift in the transitional zone to the left; and s waves in II, III, and aV F . 4.4. The sudden appearance following pulmonary embolism of s waves in Leads II, III, and aV F or sudden increase in their magnitude is of diagnostic significance. 5.5. The vectorcardiograms of inferior myocardial infarction can be distinguished from those found in pulmonary embolism principally by the greater duration and magnitude of the initial superiorly directed vectors, and absence of superiorly oriented terminal vectors. Consequently, the corresponding distinguishing features in electrocardiograms of inferior myocardial infarction are broad large Q waves in aV F , initial r waves in aV R , absence or smallness of terminal r waves in aV R , and the absence of terminal s waves in aV F .
The radiological impact of atmospheric emissions from oil shale retorts

Abstract The radionuclide content of various oil shales, shale oils, and retorting waste products has been studied to determine the extent to which the development of this energy resource may perturb the natural radiation environment. Nearly all of the radioactivity in the raw shale is found in the spent shale after retorting. A primary exposure pathway to the public from this radioactivity will be through the release of particulate matter to the atmosphere during various mining, crushing, and retorting operations. Since the activity of this material is close to that of normal soil, however, the expected radiological impact is small.
Effect of asymptomatic lead exposure on childhood intelligence: A critical review

Abstract Criteria for evaluating studies of asymptomatic lead exposure and childhood intelligence are outlined. When these criteria are applied to nine recent studies on the intellectual consequences of asymptomatic lead exposure, all of the studies are found to have significant deficiencies. The reviewers conclude that the intellectual consequences of asymptomatic lead exposure are simply unknown. Suggestions for improving future research by assessing information processing capacities are offered.
Intranasal absorption of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, DMP 755, and the effect of anesthesia on nasal bioavailability

Intranasal absorption and bioavailability of DMP 755, a peptidomimetic, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, were examined in anesthetized and lightly sedated dogs. Nasal bioavailability was determined by measuring plasma concentrations relative to those after intravenous dosing. DMP 755 is an ester prodrug, and bioavailability reflects concentrations of the acid hydrolysis product. Nasal bioavailability in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital was 85 +/- 4%, whereas in dogs anesthetized with the short-acting anesthetic propofol, bioavailability was 32 +/- 7%. Nasal bioavailability was greater than the reported oral bioavailability of DMP 755 in dogs, and was quite consistent. Because anesthesia affects nasal bioavailability, an effect that may depend on the absorption half-life of the test compound, a conscious or lightly sedated animal model is preferred.
Fuel Property Effects on PCCI Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

An experimental study was performed to investigate fuel property effects on Premixed-Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine. A matrix of research diesel fuels designed by the Coordinating Research Council, referred to as the Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE), was used. The fuel matrix design covers a wide range of cetane numbers (30 to 55), 90% distillation temperatures (270 to 340°C) and aromatics content (20 to 45%). The fuels were tested in a single-cylinder Caterpillar diesel engine equipped with a common-rail fuel injection system. The engine was operated at 900 rpm, a relative air/fuel ratio of 1.2 and 60% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for all fuels. The study was limited to a single fuel injection event starting between −30° and 0°CA with a rail pressure of 150 MPa. The brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 bar depending on the fuel and fuel injection timing. The experimental results show that cetane number was the most important fuel property affecting PCCI combustion behavior. The low cetane number fuels had better BSFC due to more optimized combustion phasing and shorter combustion duration. They also had a longer ignition delay period available for premixing, which led to near-zero soot emissions. The two fuels with high cetane number and high 90% distillation temperature produced significant soot emissions when the start of combustion occurred before the end of fuel injection. The two fuels with high cetane number and high aromatics produced the highest brake specific NOx emissions, although the absolute values were below 0.1 g/kW-hr. Brake specific HC and CO emissions were primarily a function of the combustion phasing, but the low cetane number fuels had slightly higher HC and lower CO emissions than the high cetane number fuels.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Nanodomain formation and phase separation in polymer blends

Picosecond fluorescence depolarization measurements of electronic excitation transfer (EET) are used to probe the structures and dynamics of polymer blends. Fluorescent chromophores are covalently incorporated into one of the polymers in the blend, and the rate of fluorescence anisotropy decay is measured using time correlated single photon counting. Analysis of the fluorescence anisotropy decays yields the time-dependence of the EET. EET is a very sensitive probe of interchromophore distance; therefore it can be used to examine the single chain structure and the spatial distribution of chains in the blend. At temperatures above the phase separation temperature, macroscopic phase separation eventually occurs. However, prior to macroscopic phase separation, the structure and dynamics of the onset of phase separation is not understood. Using EET, we are able to observe the aggregation of as few as two polymer chains at the onset of phase separation. These small aggregates are referred to an nanodomains. By lowering the sample temperature below the blend's glass transition temperature, the nanodomains can be trapped in the solid material. The number of chains in the nanodomains and the growth of the nanodomains are determined by analyzing the EET data with a detailed theory that relates the spatial distribution of chromophores to the EET observables. Varying the rate of heating allows us to study the kinetics of formation of these nanoscopic heterogeneities, and to observe the phase separation process at the molecular level, from its onset through macroscopic phase separation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamics of shear-induced yielding and flow in dilute colloidal gels.

The transient microstructural response of dilute, depletion-induced colloidal gels to shear deformation is probed using a custom-built cone-and-plate shear cell mounted on a fast scanning confocal microscope. We directly unveil an important mode of nonlinear gel yielding, which marks the transition from an immobilized gel network to disconnected flowing clusters at large values of the accumulated strain ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}$ 0.7). The transition is mediated by a cascade of local rupture events that initiate at the sample's outer edges and propagate inward, resulting in transient dynamic and microstructural heterogeneities in the gel network. Based on the findings, we propose solvent-induced drag as the primary cause of nonlinear rupture, and discuss the coupling between the microstructural evolution and transient rheology in this system.
Motexafin gadolinium injection for the treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Despite recent advances in technology, targeting, and chemotherapy, brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a signifi cant problem. The vast majority of patients with this diagnosis undergo whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT). However, outcomes are still quite poor with median survivals measured in only months. In an effort to enhance outcomes from external beam radiation treatments, radiosensitizers have been investigated. Motexafi n gadolinium (MGd) (Xcytrin ® , Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is a novel radiation sensitizer with a unique mechanism of action that may increase the therapeutic index of WBRT for patients with brain metastases, particularly in those with NSCLC histologies. Here we review the rationale for the use of this drug as well as its current and future role as a radiation enhancer in the management of NSCLC brain metastasis.
Molecular simulation of RMM: ordered mesoporous SBA-15 type material having microporous ZSM-5 walls.

SBA-15 is a novel porous material with uniform size mesopores arranged in a regular pattern. The adjacent mesopores are connected to each other by microporous walls. The major disadvantages of thes...
A Statistical Model for the Surface Relative Humidity

Abstract The beta distribution is the model for frequency distributions of relative humidity observations. The standard chi-square (χ2) test measures the goodness of fit of the beta distribution model to the observed data base. Ninety distributions of daily, mean 5-, 10- and 15-day, and mean monthly relative humidity data sets from 19 U. S. stations form the basis for this report. At the 0.05 level of significance the tests reject only 5% of the mean monthly and 3% of the daily and the mean 5-, 10- and 15-day distributions. The hypothesis that relative humidity follows a beta distribution is not rejected.
Spray pyrolysis of CuInSe2 thin films

Abstract The structural, electrical and optical properties of thin films of CuInSe 2 prepared by spray pyrolysis are described. The films were of the sphalerite or chalcopyrite structure, depending on the substrate temperature. Some effects of post-deposition heat-treatment are also presented.
Test–retest stability on the WRAT-3 reading subtest in geriatric cognitive evaluations

The primary goal of this study was to establish the stability of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3) Reading score across two annual assessments of aging individuals. Participants were classified as controls (n = 200), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 137), or possible or probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 41). Test-retest stability was acceptable to high for all diagnostic groups. The descriptive classification (e.g., "average") remained consistent for only 74% of participants. Results indicated that WRAT-3 Reading scores are appropriate for use with older adults, though the use of categorical descriptors to describe premorbid ability based on these scores is not supported.
TCD neurosonology: A window to view thinking

Bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasound measures of blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were taken from college students during three 45-sec cognitive activities. Each activity (remembering letters, decision making, and solving problems) was preceded by a 60-sec baseline period and involved three different 15-sec tasks. MCA blood flow velocities increased significantly over baseline throughout the letter recall and problem-solving tasks but not during decision making. Within-task indices were biphasic; initially, velocities were elevated markedly, but then they lessened. Velocities were maintained above baseline by the letter recall and problem-solving tasks, but they diminished to match baseline in the final portions of the decision-making task. Velocity differences due to the hemisphere insonated (right or left) were not reliable.
Maturity and Regrowth Influences on Quality of Caucasian Bluestem Hay

Caucasian bluestem [CBS; Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard 'Caucasian'] appears adapted to the mid-Atlantic region. Three experiments, one with sheep and two with steers, were conducted to assess hay quality. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, initial growth was cut at early boot, anthesis, and postanthesis and regrowth cut at early boot and anthesis (five treatments) and evaluated by wether sheep. All treatments, except regrowth anthesis were also evaluated in a preliminary experiment with steers. In Exp. 2, regrowth was cut at the same three initial growth stages as in Exp. 1 and evaluated by steers. Sheep readily ate CBS hay, consuming 1.88 kg 100 kg ―1 body weight (BW) when the hay was cut at early boot, with apparent dry matter digestion (DMD) of 647 g kg ―1 . Intake decreased linearly by postanthesis to 1.45 kg 100 kg ―1 BW with DMD of 548 g kg ―1 . Steers also readily ate early-boot CBS hay, averaging 2.49 kg 100 kg ―1 BW with DMD of 661 g kg ―1 . Intake decreased linearly by postanthesis to 1.48 kg 100 kg ―1 BW with a DMD of 589 g kg ―1 . Sheep and steer intake was well correlated (r = 0.951; P = 0.05) as was DMD (r = 0.939; P = 0.06). In Exp. 2, steers readily consumed regrowth hay, averaging 2.73 kg 100 kg ―1 BW for the early-boot cut with a DMD of 670 g kg ―1 . Intake declined linearly by postanthesis to 1.57 kg 100 kg ―1 BW with a DMD of 517 g kg ―1 . Hays of CBS can provide desirable quality for animal production systems if it is cut by the early-boot stage in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
Forum and Book Reviews

Present and future markets for photo-voltaic devices are discussed in detail. It is pointed out that such devices are already a major industry rather than just a hope for the future. Existing commercial devices and other near-term possibilities are briefly described, and some of the companies involved in research, development, and / or commercial production associated with each class of material are identified.
Symbolic interactionism and the study of sexuality.

In this article I examine the symbolic interactionist approach to the study of sexuality. The philosophical roots of symbolic interactionism are examined beginning with a review of the themes empha...
Who was Where, When? Spatiotemporal Analysis of Researcher Mobility in Nuclear Science

With the emergence and growth of digital libraries, information on collaboration among researchers has become very precise in terms of time and space. Digital libraries are increasingly used for extraction of co-authorship networks where two authors are connected by an edge if they have co-authored at least one paper. Co-authorship networks that span multiple years of research publications are 'spatially-embedded dynamic networks' because each publication has supplementary information about its publishing date and the affiliation(s) of its author(s). Spatiotemporal analysis on such dynamic coauthorship networks enables us to understand the 'mobility patterns' of researchers. For instance, for each author, it is possible to identify if he/she has relocated to another institution or to another city/country by keeping track of the affiliations listed for him/her in the papers he/she has written over time. Mobility patterns provide answers to many interesting research questions such as which countries are the key influencers for other countries, how knowledge disseminates at the global level through the relocation of researchers, how collaboration patterns change over time and space as well as many others. In this paper, we focus on these research questions and perform spatiotemporal analysis on 20-year publication data in the field of nuclear physics, collected from arXiv pre-print library. Our results suggest that the USA and Germany are the countries that are most involved in nuclear physics researcher exchanges, and additional patterns of historical, geographical proximity, and language-based effects are observed in the mobility patterns of nuclear researchers across countries.
Lifetime Matrix in Collision Theory

The duration of a collision is usually a rather ill-defined concept, depending on a more or less arbitrary choice of a collision distance. If the collision lifetime is defined as the limit, as $R\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, of the difference between the time the particles spend within a distance $R$ of each other and the time they would have spent there in the absence of the interaction, a well-defined quantity emerges which is finite as long as the interaction vanishes rapidly enough at large $R$.In quantum mechanics, using steady-state wave functions, the average time of residence in a region is the integrated density divided by the total flux in (or out), and the lifetime is defined as the difference between these residence times with and without interaction. Transformation properties require construction of the lifetime matrix, Q. If the wave functions ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}$ are normalized to unit total flux in and out through a sphere at $R\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, the matrix elements are ${Q}_{\mathrm{ij}}=limit of\text{}{\left[\ensuremath{\int}{}^{rlR}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}{{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{j}}^{*}d\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{-}R({{v}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}+{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{k}{S}_{\mathrm{ik}}{{v}_{k}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{{S}_{\mathrm{jk}}}^{*})\right]}_{\mathrm{Av}}\text{as}R\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty},$ where the average value is taken to eliminate oscillating terms at large $R$, ${S}_{\mathrm{ik}}$ is an element of the unitary scattering matrix, S, and ${v}_{i}$ is the velocity in the $i\mathrm{th}$ channel. Q is Hermitian; a diagonal element ${Q}_{\mathrm{ii}}$ is the average lifetime of a collision beginning in the $i\mathrm{th}$ channel. As a function of the energy Q is related to S: $\mathrm{Q}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{i\ensuremath{\hbar}\mathrm{S} d{\mathrm{S}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}}{\mathrm{dE}}$; Q and S contain the same information, from complementary points of view. When Q is diagonalized, its proper values, ${q}_{\mathrm{ii}}$, are the lifetimes of metastable states if they are large compared to $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{E}$; for a sharp resonance, the measured lifetime is the average of ${q}_{\mathrm{ii}}(E)$ over a distribution in energy. The corresponding eigenfunctions, ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{i}$, are the proper functions to describe these metastable states. The causality principle appears directly from an inequality involving the integral expression for ${Q}_{\mathrm{ii}}$ or ${q}_{\mathrm{ii}}$, and it is shown how some of its consequences for inelastic collisions can be deduced.
On rates of occurrence of geomagnetic reversals

Abstract The magnetostratigraphic time scale provides a record of the occurrence of geomagnetic reversals. The temporal distribution of reversals may be modelled as the realization of an inhomogeneous renewal process; i.e., one in which the intensity, λ(t), or reversal rate is a function of time. Variations in reversal rate occurring on time scales of tens of millions of years are believed to reflect changes in core–mantle boundary conditions influencing the structure of core flow and the field produced by the geodynamo. We present a new estimate for reversal rate variations as a function of time using nonparametric adaptive kernel density estimation and discuss the difficulties in making inferences on the basis of such estimates. Using a technique proposed by Hengartner and Stark, 1992a , Hengartner and Stark, 1992b , Hengartner and Stark, 1995 , it is possible to compute confidence bounds on the temporal probability density function for geomagnetic reversals. The method allows the computation of a lower bound on the number of modes required by the observations, thus enabling a test of whether “bumps” are required features of the reversal rate function. Conservative 95% confidence intervals can then be calculated for the temporal location of a single mode or antimode of the probability density function. Using observations from the time interval 0–158 Ma, it is found that the derivative of the rate function must have changed sign at least once. The timing of this sign change is constrained to be between 152.56 and 22.46 Ma at the 95% confidence level. Confidence bounds are computed for the reversal rate under the assumption that the observed reversals are a realization of an inhomogenous Poisson or other renewal process with an arbitrary monotonically increasing rate function from the end of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS) to the present, a zero rate during the CNS, and a monotonically decreasing rate function from M29R at 158 Ma to the onset of the CNS. It is unnecessary to invoke more than one sign change in the derivative of the rate function to fit the observations. There is no incompatibility between our results and a recent assertion that there is an asymmetry in average reversal rate prior to and after the CNS, when the CNS is assumed to be a period of zero reversal rate. Neither can we use our results to reject an alternative hypothesis that rates are essentially constant from 158 to 130 Ma, and from 25 Ma to the present, with an intermediate nonstationary segment.
Guilt in moral development: a comparative study.

Questions have arisen during the last few years concerning the prevalent morals in the American society. People have been questioning the degree to which morals have been changing. The following investigation attempted to find out: (1) those areas which college students consider important in their moral considerations; (2) the extent to which such students will feel guilty when considering to engage in activities in these areas; and (3) any differences in pertinent classifications for youngsters reared or not reared in relatively strict Christian backgrounds. Results suggest 13 areas which tend to be important to the youth in moral considerations, differences in guilt feelings, and differences in responses relative to backgrounds.
Somite chondrogenesis in vitro: 1. Alterations in proteoglycan synthesis

During embryonic development, somites undergo chondrogenic differentiation when stimulated by notochord or spinal cord. The present study shows that, when cultured in suitable medium, explanted somites incorporated radioactive sulfate into cartilage-specific proteoglycans and the synthetic rate increased when notochord was included with somites. With increased culture time, explanted somites also synthesized proteoglycan monomers which were larger in size along with a larger proportion that were capable of interacting with exogenous hyaluronic acid. Interaction with notochord also resulted in increased synthesis of chondroitin 4-sulfate. Gel electrophoretic analysis showed that proteoglycans from unstimulated somites did not contain link protein (required for stable aggregate formation), even on day 9, while notochord-induced somites showed link protein as early as day 3, increasing 3-fold by day 9.
Why bright college students won't teach

A case study of the career expectations of noneducation college seniors (primarily in high demand fields) reveals that present policies, such as career ladders, merit pay, and traditional college loan programs, may have little positive impact on their consideration of teaching as a career alternative. For the brightest of the students, the most significant reasons why they won't teach relatenot to the lack of financial reward in teaching, but to frustrating working conditions, bureaucratic requirements, the lack of professional control, and few opportunities for intellectual growth, as well as their intolerance for diversity in the workplace and their perception of teaching as a “boring job.” In most cases, these negative “lessons” about teaching were learned while they were public school students. The recent movement to professionalize teaching would appear to be an important step in luring these bright students into teaching. However, professionalism alone will not ensure a school district's ability to attract and retain bright college students as teachers.
Innovations and Wold decompositions of stable sequences

For symmetric stable sequences, notions of innovation and Wold decomposition are introduced, characterized, and their ramifications in prediction theory are discussed. As the usual covariance orthogonality is inapplicable, the non-symmetric James orthogonality is used. This leads to right and left innovations and Wold decompositions, which are related to regression prediction and least p th moment prediction, respectively. Independent innovations and Wold decompositions are also characterized; and several examples illustrating the various decompositions are presented.
Time dependent expression of MDR‐1 in stable male renal transplant recipients

Background/Aim Multi-drug resistance (MDR-1) expression during immunosuppressive therapy (IT) may influence individual drug response in renal transplant patients (RTR). However, no data exist that quantitate MDR-1 in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) over IT interval. This was a pilot study in stable RTR to assess MDR-1 expression in PBMCs before and after IT. Methods An observational study was done in 30 male RTR (ages 24–68 yrs) from a transplant clinic who were stable, > 6 months post-transplant and receiving cyclosporine (trough: 50 - 300 ng /ml), mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone. At time 0 (prior to IT) & 4 hours after IT, PBMCs were collected for analysis of MDR-1 by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). The target MDR-1 PCR product was cloned, and verified by sequencing. The cloned MDR-1 was used to establish standard curves (linearr2=0.996)and PCR efficiencies. QRT-PCR data were normalized using the mean of 3 housekeeping genes: B-actin, cyclophilin, GAPDH. Results In RTR (15 African American; 15 Caucasian), MDR-1 expression ranged at time 0 from 11 to 613×10 6 copies (2 orders of magnitude difference) and at 4 hours from 6.6 to 1700×106 copies (3 orders of magnitude difference). MDR-1 expression differed between time (0 hr= 129.8±132.97×106 vs. 4 hr= 188.7±424.0×10 6 copies; p<0.0001) with no racial difference. Conclusion Notable interpatient variability exists for MDR-1 expression on PBMCs in RTR with differential expression prior to and following IT. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P62–P62; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.128