cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Learner-Centered Model: From the Vision to the Future

Work begun by Carl Rogers with his visionary person-centered model and its research approach has finally come into the present. What is needed is a propelling will for the field and its researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to educate ourselves and our extended community of the research-validated truth of what this visionary model and approach can accomplish for all learners in the near future and beyond. To unite our efforts in this direction, we need to engage our entire community of researchers, practitioners, business and community members, media partners, and policymakers in efforts to spread the word in the form necessary to personally reach them. The approach must be top-down and bottom-up simultaneously and respect the uniqueness of individuals and their cultural and community contexts. It is imperative that we adopt a living systems ecological perspective and build on sound theories and research methods. Suggestions for how this might be done building on 25 years of research are presented and supported with current research that points the way to an educational transformation much needed in our twenty-first century world.
Evolution of Uses of Cloud-Seeding Technology

The evolution of uses of cloud-seeding technology is reviewed to determine the factors responsible for introduction of this new technology into operating systems for water resources management. There is a time lag between recognition of the possibility of beneficial use of this technology and its general acceptance. Factors promoting this time lag include not only physical and economic evaluations of the technology, but also the attitudes of management and its willingness to innovate. In contrast to attitudes of the recent years, a consensus now exists on the importance of cloud seeding as a tool in management of water resources. This portends substantial increases in weather modification activity, and attempts to evolve operational systems of weather modification to further exploit the technology as a water resources management tool. Experience to date indicates the importance of providing latitude for innovators in developing the technology.
Mary Church Terrell: A Black Woman Journalist and Activist Seeks to Elevate Her Race

Abstract This article establishes the journalism career of Mary Church Terrell, one of the leading black women activists of the twentieth century. Terrell was one of approximately twenty late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century black women journalists who used their pens and voices to address ills in American society, to enlighten and elevate their race and gender, and to advance an activist agenda. Although Terrell wrote hundreds of articles for magazines, newspapers, and other publications during a career that spanned more than six decades, she is rarely acknowledged in the literature about the history of the press. This article places Terrell in the historical account of journalism.
Predator Complex of the Green Peach Aphid on Sugarbeets: Expansion of the Predator Power and Efficacy Model

A model to evaluate potential reductive impact of populations of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), by predators was generalized to include effects of temperature on the rate of aphid reproduction and the functional response of the predator complex. Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown was the most abundant predator in field experiments with large numbers of green peach aphids on sugarbeet plants, Beta vulgaris , L., Geocoris pallens Stal, syrphids, and Scymnus marginicollis Mannerheim were also abundant. Predators had a major role in determining the abundance of aphids, but their effect was greater at the higher densities because the more voracious species responded preferentially to high aphid populations.
Social Movements and Futures Research

This article discusses sociological approaches to the study of social movements and assesses their relevance for futures research. Older theories of collective behavior viewed mass protest as resul...
Yes, We Are Still Talking About Diversity Diversity Education as a Catalyst for Transformative, Culturally Relevant, and Reflective Preservice Teacher Practices

Using data from preservice teachers enrolled in a diversity course in a predominantly White teacher education program, researchers uncovered that diversity education was indeed a catalyst for preservice teachers to increase knowledge of diversity and their understanding of the process of critically reflecting on their teaching and learning practices. The findings revealed that the teachers not only taught with cultural relevance in mind but also adopted a philosophy of education that incorporates social reconstructionism and transformative learning, viewing themselves as social justice advocates for children and families.
Big Five Model and Personality Disorders

This article provides a description and discussion of the Big Five model of personality disorder diagnosis. How a Big Five classification of personality disorder addresses fundamental limitations of the current categorical model is discussed, including the heterogeneity of persons receiving the same diagnosis, excessive diagnostic co-occurrence, inadequate coverage, inadequate scientific base, and arbitrary diagnostic thresholds. A four-step procedure for a Big Five personality disorder diagnosis is provided, along with an abbreviated version, including explicit diagnostic criteria for facets of neuroticism.
Use of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Intraoperative Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Cord Function

EPs can be used in the operating room for monitoring the integrity of many levels of the central nervous system. SEPs can monitor the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral hemispheres. Such monitoring can alert the surgical team to the presence of complications, allowing prompt correction in some cases so as to prevent postoperative neurologic deficits. Monitoring can be done from stimulation of either the lower or upper extremity. Recordings can be taken over the scalp or can be made from electrodes put into the surgical site itself. Monitoring of the spinal cord is most often done for surgery involving scoliosis, spinal tumors, or arteriovenous malformations, and during crossclamping of the thoracic aorta. Animal models and human surgical experience has shown that monitoring the posterior columns is an effective way to assess the status of the motor pathways of the spinal cord, because the two pathways are both affected in almost all acute circumstances. Monitoring can also assess the functional status of the cerebral hemispheres. This is most often applied during carotid endarterectomy or repair of aneurysms of the carotid artery and its branches. Occasionally, this has also been applied to monitoring the cortex during cardiopulmonary bypass. Such EP monitoring does not cover the wide areas of cortex that can be monitored using EEG, but the EPs do tend to change and disappear at a level of ischemia nearer to the true critical level. Intraoperative median nerve EPs can also be used to identify the hand level of the motor and somatosensory cortex. Such identification of motor cortex can help guide neurosurgeons in their choice of how or where to perform a biopsy, excision, and the like. Overall, intraoperative evoked potential monitoring is becoming widespread because it is a practical way to help avoid neurologic complications, and it can be carried out using equipment already available in many hospitals. A substantial further review in this field can be found in Evoked Potential Monitoring in the Operating Room.
The effect of model fidelity on prediction of char burnout for single-particle coal combustion

Abstract Practical simulation of industrial-scale coal combustion relies on the ability to accurately capture the dynamics of coal subprocesses while also ensuring the computational cost remains reasonable. The majority of the residence time occurs post-devolatilization, so it is of great importance that a balance between the computational efficiency and accuracy of char combustion models is carefully considered. In this work, we consider the importance of model fidelity during char combustion by comparing combinations of simple and complex gas and particle-phase chemistry models. Detailed kinetics based on the GRI 3.0 mechanism and infinitely-fast chemistry are considered in the gas-phase. The Char Conversion Kinetics model and nth-Order Langmuir–Hinshelwood model are considered for char consumption. For devolatilization, the Chemical Percolation and Devolatilization and Kobayashi-Sarofim models are employed. The relative importance of gasification versus oxidation reactions in air and oxyfuel environments is also examined for various coal types. Results are compared to previously published experimental data collected under laminar, single-particle conditions. Calculated particle temperature histories are strongly dependent on the choice of gas phase and char chemistry models, but only weakly dependent on the chosen devolatilization model. Particle mass calculations were found to be very sensitive to the choice of devolatilization model, but only somewhat sensitive to the choice of gas chemistry and char chemistry models. High-fidelity models for devolatilization generally resulted in particle temperature and mass calculations that were closer to experimentally observed values.
Bullous Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Masquerading as Aplasia Cutis Congenita

We present the case of a male infant with violaceous bullae on the scalp that were initially thought to be bullous aplasia cutis but at 3 months of age were diagnosed as a kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. This diagnosis should be considered when evaluating newborns with bullous plaques on the scalp that do not heal in the first 2-3 weeks of life. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor that typically presents as a violaceous to purpuric plaque at birth or early infancy. It may be associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP), a potentially life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy.
Antisense: Progress Towards Gene-Directed Cancer Therapy

Abstract In contrast to other therapeutic approaches, the druggable universe is not limited with antisense technology, as these inhibitors can be rationally designed based on sequence information alone. Recent clinical data has demonstrated proof of mechanism and clinical benefit with antisense drugs across several disease areas including cancer. Together with recent advances in antisense chemistry, these findings suggest that this technology is poised to become an important therapeutic modality to inhibit both protein-coding RNAs as well as the more recently discovered non-protein coding RNAs and to help to bridge the existing pharmacogenomic divide in cancer drug discovery.
Factor VIII associated with lipidic nanoparticles retains efficacy in the presence of anti-factor VIII antibodies in hemophilia A mice.

The development of inhibitory antibodies against factor VIII (FVIII) is a major challenge in hemophilia A (HA) therapy. Such antibodies develop in nearly 30% of patients receiving replacement FVIII, abrogating therapeutic efficacy. This work evaluated whether B-domain deleted FVIII encapsulated in phosphatidylinositol containing lipid nanoparticles (PI-BDD FVIII) could serve as an efficacious FVIII replacement therapy in the presence of inhibitors. The HA mice were given clinically relevant doses of FVIII to develop inhibitors. The efficacy of free and PI-BDD FVIII was studied in inhibitor-positive HA mice using a tail clip assay. Mathematical modeling of these data was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that lipid association sterically shields the protein from inhibitor binding. The immunization protocol resulted in a mean inhibitory titer level of 198 ± 52 BU/ml. Free BDD FVIII was ineffective at controlling blood loss in inhibitor-positive HA mice as early as 2 h post dose. In contrast, PI-BDD FVIII treated animals retained partial hemostatic efficacy as long as 18 h post dose. Mathematical modeling supports the hypotheses that a greater fraction of lipid-associated FVIII remains unbound to inhibitors and that PI-BDD FVIII has lower binding affinity to inhibitors than does the free protein. In addition, the modeling approaches extend current efforts to model the impact of immunogenicity on PK and the therapeutically meaningful endpoint of efficacy, thereby addressing an important knowledge gap, particularly in the FVIII scientific literature. Clinical translation of these findings could result in a significant improvement in the quality of care of inhibitor-positive HA patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Our Bodies, Our Meals, and Our Gadgets

This installment of Notes from the Community covers new pervasive technologies using metamaterials, flexible and stretchable electronics, sensors, robotics, 3D printing, tofu, and more.
Challenging Assumptions About African American Participation in Alzheimer Disease Trials

Objective The authors investigated potential effects of increased African American participation in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) clinical trials by examining differences in comorbid conditions and treatment outcome affecting trial design. Methods Using a meta-database of 18 studies from the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a cohort of 5,164 subjects were included for whom there were baseline demographic data and information on comorbid disorders, grouped by organ system. Meta-analysis was used to compare prevalence of comorbidities, dropouts, and rates of change on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale by race. Clinical trial scenarios similar to recent therapeutic trials were simulated to determine effects of increased African American participation on statistical power. Results Approximately 7% of AD, 4% of MCI, and 11% of normal participants were African American. African American subjects had higher prevalence of cardiovascular disorders (odds ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71–2.57) and higher rate of dropouts (odds ratio: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.15–2.21) compared with whites but lower rates of other disorders. There were no significant differences in rate of progression (–0.862 points/year; 95% CI: −1.89 to 0.162) by race and little effect on power in simulated trials with sample sizes similar to current AD trial designs. Conclusion Increasing African American participation in AD clinical trials will require adaptation of trial protocols to address comorbidities and dropouts. However, increased diversity is unlikely to negatively affect trial outcomes and should be encouraged to promote generalizability of trial results.
Federal Statutory Provisions Relating to Price Support for Agricultural Commodities

O FAR during the war period, the demands for agricultural commodities and their products, of course, have generally outrun supplies. As a result of these war-time demands, prices for agricultural commodities have, in the main, been at or above the producer price-support levels established by the War Food Administration and the Department of Agriculture. But, as War Mobilization Director Byrnes has recently indicated,' supplies may soon exceed demands in the case of many commodities for which price support must be given. In order to sustain market prices and support levels under such conditions,2 greatly increased price-support activity will undoubtedly be required.3 Techniques will have to be developed for supporting the prices of many commodities for which, because of the exceptional present demands, very little price-support activity has heretofore been necessary, and many difficult problems of handling, storing, and disposing of the large stocks of commodities that will undoubtedly be acquired will have to be solved. The federal statutory provisions relating to price support for agricultural commodities, with which this paper deals, will thus be likely to have greatly increased significance in the near future and in the postwar period.4
Novel Technique of Percutaneous Fat Graft for Repair of Persistent Large Pseudomeningocele.

Background Pseudomeningocele is an uncommon but problematic complication in lumbar spine surgery. Initial conservative measures frequently are successful, but persistence requires additional management. The current surgical approach can involve a range of techniques, including blood patches, hydrogel/fibrin sealants, drains, open surgical repair of the dura, or a combination of the all techniques if symptoms persist. This report demonstrates a novel technique for repair via a percutaneous approach to deliver an autologous fat graft into the pseudomeningocele. Case Description A 64-year-old woman with a history of multiple complex lumbar spinal surgeries with previous durotomy had persistent positional headaches from an unresolved pseudomeningocele from L3 to L5. The defect and symptoms remained after all available surgical options were exhausted, including blood patches, hydrogel sealants (Duraseal), and open surgical repair with muscle and Gelfoam grafts. After autologous fat harvest, the patient underwent percutaneous repair of the pseudomeningocele with simultaneous aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid and injection of fat into the defect space. Conclusions At 3 months postoperatively, the patient's symptoms were resolved with no clinical or radiographic findings of nerve root or thecal sac impingement and complete obliteration of the pseudomeningocele. This less-invasive approach offers the option of open surgical repair for persistent pseudomeningocele with the use of autologous graft material.
Altered oscillatory brain dynamics of emotional processing in young binge drinkers

Heavy episodic drinking, also termed binge drinking, is commonly practiced by young adults. It is accompanied by a range of cognitive, affective, and social problems, but the neural dynamics underlying changes in emotional functions is poorly understood. To investigate the behavioral and brain indices of affective processing as a function of binge drinking, young, healthy participants (23.3 ± 3.3 years) were assigned to two groups (n = 32 each) based on their drinking habits. Binge drinking (BD) participants reported drinking heavily with at least five binge episodes in the last 6 months, whereas light drinkers (LD) reported no more than one binge episode in the last 6 months. Participants provided subjective ratings of emotionally evocative images with negative, positive, erotic, and neutral themes mostly selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Electroencephalography (EEG) signal was recorded with a 64-channel system and analyzed in theta frequency band (4–7 Hz) with Morlet wavelets. Subjective ratings of the IAPS pictures were equivalent across both groups. However, affective modulation of event-related theta power both during early appraisal and later integrative processing stages was attenuated in BD, particularly those engaging in high-intensity drinking. These findings suggest that binge drinking is associated with altered neurophysiological indices of affective functions that are reflected in lower theta responsivity to emotions. The blunted long-range cortico-cortical and corticolimbic integration is consistent with compromised affective functions in alcohol use disorder. These findings may have implications for diagnostic and intervention strategies in heavy alcohol users.
Systematic characterization of maturation time of fluorescent proteins in living cells

The slow maturation time of fluorescent proteins (FPs) limits the temporal accuracy of measurements of rapid processes such as gene expression dynamics and effectively reduces fluorescence signal in growing cells. We used high-precision time-lapse microscopy to characterize the maturation kinetics of 50 FPs that span the visible spectrum at two different temperatures in Escherichia coli cells. We identified fast-maturing FPs from this set that yielded the highest signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution in individual growing cells.
Opinion: Building a better past with the help of agent-based modeling

With a few exceptions, the distant past is an anonymous land occupied by people who made things and left behind a cryptic record of broken pieces. Even when the written word comes into play in human history and we can read the hieroglyphs naming an Egyptian pharaoh and describing royal achievements, the majority of human experience remains unknown and unrecoverable. Archaeologists usually excavate to gather physical evidence from ruins, monuments, and artifacts, which become data streams for the interpretation of past societies. Basic excavation is supplemented by a variety of scientific and historical research methods, all of which are far removed from observing the actual experiences of individuals in the past. Fig. 1. Agent-based modeling is a powerful means for archeologists to explore the connections among individual action, intangible social entities, and broader interpretations at any time scale. If used more widely, ABM could free practitioners from many traditional limitations and make findings translatable to the general scientific public. Image courtesy of Wendy Cegielski and Jay Etchings (Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ). The result is that aggregated categories such as households, neighborhoods, cities, nations, and civilizations become the units of analysis. These categories are incredibly important, but they are often used because finer analytical levels are unavailable. Furthermore, the aggregate categories are typically implemented under expectations of classical science, such as equilibrium outcomes that assume normal distributions as well as linear assumptions of cause and effect about rates of change or adaptive processes. These approaches only scratch the surface of complex human dynamics. Unless fine-grained behaviors can be accounted for, the use of standard inferences and analogies only adds more layers of unknown bias to interpretations. Essentially, the past is understood through conceptual tools developed before the mid-20th century. However, innovative computational methods provide a way out of this old conundrum by … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rogersd{at}si.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Comparison of pMOS and nMOS 28 GHz high efficiency linear power amplifiers in 45 nm CMOS SOI

High efficiency, compact CMOS power amplifiers (PAs) based on nMOS and pMOS transistors in 45 nm CMOS SOI technology for Ka-band applications are presented. Both the nMOS and pMOS amplifiers use 2-stack power devices in order to increase the maximum output voltage swing. Both the nMOS and pMOS PAs have peak small signal gain of about 13 dB, and demonstrate more than 40% peak PAE, with 18.9 dBm saturated output power for the nMOS and 17.8 dBm for the pMOS (when measured at the same drain bias voltage.) With a 64-QAM OFDM signal with 800MHz bandwidth, the nMOS PA achieves EVM = 5.5% with average output power of P out = 9.8 dBm and average PAE = 14.8%. We show that the pMOS amplifiers are able to withstand higher drain bias voltages than their nMOS counterparts. The amplifiers have compact dimensions and occupy 0.18 mm2 of active area.
Neighborhood Concentrated Disadvantage and Adult Mortality: Insights for Racial and Ethnic Differences

While racial and ethnic differences in mortality are pervasive and well documented, less is known about how mortality risk varies by neighborhood socioeconomic status across racial and ethnic identity. We conducted a prospective analysis on a sample of adults living at or below 300% poverty with 8 years of the National Health Interview Survey (N = 159,400) linked to 11,600 deaths to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and mortality for non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and U.S.- and foreign-born Hispanics. Using multilevel logistic regression, we find that the probability of death from any cause for lower-income adults is higher in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods, compared to less-disadvantaged neighborhoods, but only for whites. The adjusted likelihood of death for blacks and foreign-born Hispanics is not associated with neighborhood disadvantage, and the likelihood of death for U.S.-born Hispanics is lower in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods. While future research and policy should focus on improving health-promoting resources in all communities, care should be given to better understanding why race/ethnic groups have differential mortality returns with respect to area-specific socioeconomic conditions.
Why Some Like It Loud: Timing Power Attacks in Multi-tenant Data Centers Using an Acoustic Side Channel

The common practice of power infrastructure oversubscription in data centers exposes dangerous vulnerabilities to well-timed power attacks (i.e., maliciously timed power loads), possibly creating outages and resulting in multimillion-dollar losses. In this paper, we focus on the emerging threat of power attacks in a multi-tenant data center, where a malicious tenant (i.e., attacker) aims at compromising the data center availability by launching power attacks and overloading the power capacity. We discover a novel acoustic side channel resulting from servers' cooling fan noise, which can help the attacker time power attacks at the moments when benign tenants' power usage is high. Concretely, we exploit the acoustic side channel by: (1) employing a high-pass filter to filter out the air conditioner's noise; (2) applying non-negative matrix factorization with sparsity constraint to demix the received aggregate noise and detect periods of high power usage by benign tenants; and (3) designing a state machine to guide power attacks. We run experiments in a practical data center environment as well as simulation studies, and demonstrate that the acoustic side channel can assist the attacker with detecting more than 50% of all attack opportunities, representing state-of-the-art timing accuracy.
An Evaluation of the Performance Diagnostic Checklist—Human Services (PDC–HS) Across Domains

The Performance Diagnostic Checklist—Human Services (PDC–HS) is an informant-based tool designed to assess the environmental variables that contribute to poor employee performance in human service settings. Although the PDC–HS has been shown to effectively identify variables contributing to problematic performance, interventions based on only two of the four PDC–HS domains have been evaluated to date. In addition, the extent to which PDC–HS-indicated interventions are more effective than nonindicated interventions for two domains remains unclear. In the current study, we administered the PDC–HS to supervisors to assess the variables contributing to infrequent teaching of verbal operants and use of a timer by therapists at a center-based autism treatment program. Each of the four PDC–HS domains was identified as contributing to poor performance for at least one therapist. We then evaluated PDC–HS-indicated interventions for each domain. In addition, to assess the predictive validity of the tool, we evaluated various nonindicated interventions prior to implementing a PDC–HS-indicated intervention for two of the four domains. Results suggest that the PDC–HS-indicated interventions were effective across all four domains and were more effective than the nonindicated interventions for the two domains for which they were evaluated. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of the PDC–HS to identify appropriate interventions to manage therapist performance in human service settings.
Suppressing High Order Transverse Modes in Broad-area Quantum Cascade Lasers

We describe two distinct methods that provide preferential losses to the high order transverse modes present in broad-ridge quantum cascade lasers. The first of these incorporates intracavity lateral constrictions that are localized near the back facet. In the second method, metal is placed in contact with the sidewalls of the cavity to provide distributed losses along the ridge length. When applied properly, both of these techniques suppress high order transverse modes and result in fundamental or near-fundamental mode operation in broad-ridge devices. Despite relatively small loss in efficiency, increased beam quality produces increased brightness.
Future of Visualization and Simulation in Neurosurgery

Technological advancement defines the practice of neurosurgery, and as the field has advanced, so have the visualization strategies that are implemented within it. Accurate and realistic visualization and simulation of surgical anatomy for practitioner training, patient education, and operative planning remains critically important. In neurosurgery, a variety of new technologies have been introduced, including three-dimensional, stereoscopic, virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality platforms, all of which will be reviewed in this chapter. A sampling of each of these modalities and their utilization within neurosurgery will be explored, from Surgical Theater ® and ImmersiveTouch ® to Google Glass ®, Oculus Rift ®, Microsoft HoloLens ®, and much more.
Strong and sustained activation of the anticipatory unfolded protein response induces necrotic cell death

The endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), regulates intracellular protein homeostasis. While transient activation of the reactive UPR by unfolded protein is protective, prolonged and sustained activation of the reactive UPR triggers CHOP-mediated apoptosis. In the recently characterized, evolutionarily conserved anticipatory UPR, mitogenic hormones and other effectors pre-activate the UPR; how strong and sustained activation of the anticipatory UPR induces cell death was unknown. To characterize this cell death pathway, we used BHPI, a small molecule that activates the anticipatory UPR through estrogen receptor α (ERα) and induces death of ERα+ cancer cells. We show that sustained activation of the anticipatory UPR by BHPI kills cells by inducing depletion of intracellular ATP, resulting in classical necrosis phenotypes, including plasma membrane disruption and leakage of intracellular contents. Unlike reactive UPR activation, BHPI-induced hyperactivation of the anticipatory UPR does not induce apoptosis or sustained autophagy. BHPI does not induce CHOP protein or PARP cleavage, and two pan-caspase inhibitors, or Bcl2 overexpression, have no effect on BHPI-induced cell death. Moreover, BHPI does not increase expression of autophagy markers, or work through recently identified programmed-necrosis pathways, such as necroptosis. Opening of endoplasmic reticulum IP3R calcium channels stimulates cell swelling, cPLA2 activation, and arachidonic acid release. Notably, cPLA2 activation requires ATP depletion. Importantly, blocking rapid cell swelling or production of arachidonic acid does not prevent necrotic cell death. Rapid cell death is upstream of PERK activation and protein synthesis inhibition, and results from strong and sustained activation of early steps in the anticipatory UPR. Supporting a central role for ATP depletion, reversing ATP depletion blocks rapid cell death, and the onset of necrotic cell death is correlated with ATP depletion. Necrotic cell death initiated by strong and sustained activation of the anticipatory UPR is a newly discovered role of the UPR.
Some Points of Logic

Before You Get Started. We have already used phrases like for all, there exists, and, or, if... then, etc. What exactly do these mean? How would the meaning of a statement such as Axiom 1.4 change if we switched the order of some of these phrases? We will also need to express the negations of mathematical statements. Think about what the negation of an and statement should look like; for example, what are the negations of the statements “John and Mary like cookies” or “there exist positive integers that are not prime”?
Hoffnung und Gefahr

Der Versuch, die Naturforschung fest und unverruckbar in den Diskursen der Gesellschaft zu verankern, ist vermutlich erstmals Alexander von Humboldt gelungen. Unter Diskursen versteht David Gugerli dabei „kollektive Problematisierungen und Wegweiser bei der Suche nach Losungen“. Er zitiert dieWissenschaftsforscher Adalbert Evers und Helga Novotny, wonach die „theoretische“ Struktur solcher Diskurse, „die Art, wie Wissenselemente zusammengefugt werden, [wiedergibt], was einer Gesellschaft aus der Vielzahl von erlebten historischen Bruchen und Veranderungen jeweils als Problem erscheint und was sie als Problem definiert. Aber auch, welchen Fortgang die Suche nach Losungen genommen hat“. Es liege in der Natur solcher Diskurse, dass sie beweglich sind, dass ihre „Dynamik im Hin und Her liegt und nicht in starren, linearen Entwicklungslinien zu begreifen ist“. Sie sind deshalb besonders gut geeignet, komplexe Sachverhalte zu beschreiben und aufzuklaren.
Metabolic basis for contractile dysfunction following chronic partial bladder outlet obstruction in rabbits.

Prior studies have shown that partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit bladder causes a progressive increase in bladder mass, a progressive decrease in the contractile response to different forms of stimulation, and a selective decrease in the activity of mitochondrial enzymes. In this investigation the contractile responses to field stimulation and bethanechol were directly correlated with the activity of citrate synthase as a function of both the duration of obstruction and the bladder mass. Partial bladder outlet obstruction was surgically induced in twenty New Zealand White rabbits. The bladders were then rapidly excised at 30, 40, 90, 105 or 150 days post obstruction. The contractile responses to field stimulation (32 Hz) and bethanechol (250 μM) were determined. The remainder of the bladders were frozen and used for citrate synthase activity determinations. The data were grouped for analysis both by the duration of obstruction and by the bladder mass. Chronic partial outlet obstruction caused a parallel decline in the activity of citrate synthase and in the response of the obstructed tissue to stimulation.
Transition from linear- to nonlinear-focusing regime of laser filament plasma dynamics

Laser filament properties, including the plasma induced by the filamenting pulse in the medium, depend on the numerical aperture (NA) of the focusing optics used to create them. Recent studies of this dependence have revealed two distinct linear and non-linear filamentation regimes. High-resolution spatial and temporal electron density measurements are presented demonstrating the transition from the linear to nonlinear focusing regime. This study shows that the dominance of geometrical focusing in the linear (high NA) regime produces plasma with high peak densities and large plasma diameters, while filamentation in the nonlinear regime, equivalent to long distance filamentation, leads to low peak densities and small plasma diameters.
Relationships between alpha oscillations during speech preparation and the listener N400 ERP to the produced speech

While previous studies separately demonstrate EEG spectral modulations during speech preparation and ERP responses to the listened speech, it is unclear whether these responses are related on a trial-by-trial basis between a speaker and listener. In order to determine whether these responses are related in real-time, Electroencephalography (EEG) responses were measured simultaneously within a speaker and listener using a 24 electrode Mobile EEG system (18 participants; 9 pairs) during a sentence completion task. Each trial consisted of a sentence prompt with an incomplete ending (e.g. “I took my dog for a ____”). The speaker was instructed to fill in the ending with something expected (e.g. “walk”) (40 trials) or unexpected (e.g. “drink”) (40 trials). The other participant listened to the speaker throughout the block. We found that lower alpha band activity was reduced when individuals prepared unexpected sentence endings compared to expected sentence endings. Greater reductions in the speaker’s lower alpha activity during response preparation were correlated with a more negative N400 response in the listener to the unexpected word. These findings demonstrate that alpha suppression and the N400 ERP effect are present within a hyperscanning context and they are correlated between the speaker and listener during sentence completion.
5-Year Prospective Evaluation of Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Biomarkers for Detection of Anal Precancer in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men

Author(s): Clarke, Megan A; Cheung, Li C; Lorey, Thomas; Hare, Brad; Landy, Rebecca; Tokugawa, Diane; Gage, Julia C; Darragh, Teresa M; Castle, Philip E; Wentzensen, Nicolas | Abstract: BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV)-related biomarkers have shown good cross-sectional performance for anal precancer detection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the long-term performance and risk stratification of these biomarkers are unknown. Here, we prospectively evaluated high-risk (HR) HPV DNA, HPV16/18 genotyping, HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA), and p16/Ki-67 dual stain in a population of HIV+ MSM.MethodsWe enrolled 363 HIV+ MSM between 2009-2010, with passive follow-up through 2015. All had anal cytology and a high-resolution anoscopy at baseline. For each biomarker, we calculated the baseline sensitivity and specificity for a combined endpoint of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (HSIL/AIN2+), and we estimated the 2- and 5-year cumulative risks of HSIL/AIN2+ using logistic and Cox regression models.ResultsThere were 129 men diagnosed with HSIL/AIN2+ during the study. HR-HPV testing had the highest positivity and sensitivity of all assays, but the lowest specificity. HPV16/18 and HPV E6/E7 mRNA had high specificity, but lower sensitivity. The 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+ were highest for those testing HPV16/18- or HPV E6/E7 mRNA-positive, followed by those testing dual stain-positive. Those testing HR-HPV- or dual stain-negative had the lowest 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+.ConclusionsHPV-related biomarkers provide long-term risk stratification for anal precancers. HR-HPV- and dual stain-negativity indicate a low risk of HSIL/AIN2+ for at least 2 years, compared with negative anal cytology; however, the high positivity of HR-HPV in HIV+ MSM may limit its utility for surveillance and management in this population.
Percutaneous Repair of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation — A Tale of Two Trials

The mitral valve is a complex structure encompassing the valve leaflets, annulus, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.1 Primary mitral regurgitation is caused by a primary leaflet abnormality,...
Variability of residual chlorine in swimming pool water and determination of chlorine consumption for maintaining hygienic safety of bathers with a simple mass balance model

Trial-and-error chlorination as a conventional practice for swimming pool water disinfection may fail to consistently maintain the pool's residual chlorine within regulatory limits. This study explored the variability of residual chlorine and other common water quality parameters of two sample swimming pools and examined the potential of using a mass balance model for proactive determination of chlorine consumption to better secure the hygienic safety of bathers. A lightly loaded Pool 1 with a normalized bather load of 0.038 bather/m3/day and a heavily loaded Pool 2 with a normalized bather load of 0.36 bather/m3/day showed great variances in residual free and combined chlorine control by trial-and-error methods due to dynamic pool uses. A mass balance model based on chemical and physical chlorine consumption mechanisms was found to be statistically valid using field data obtained from Pool 1. The chlorine consumption per capita coefficient was determined to be 4120 mg/bather. The predictive method based on chlorine demand has a potential to be used as a complementary approach to the existing trial-and-error chlorination practices for swimming pool water disinfection. The research is useful for pool maintenance to proactively determine the required chlorine dosage for compliance of pool regulations.
How Durable Is Total Pancreatectomy and Intraportal Islet Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis

Background A total pancreatectomy and intraportal islet cell autotransplant (TPIAT) is increasingly being offered to patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). The benefits include removal of the root cause of pain and amelioration of diabetes. However, the long-term durability of this operation remains unclear. Study Design Of the 742 patients who have undergone a TPIAT at our center, 215 who did so between 1998 and 2008 now have at least 10 years of follow-up time and were eligible for this single-center observational study. Our outcomes measures included abdominal pain relief, narcotic use, islet graft function (subdivided into 3 groups: insulin independence; partial graft function, defined by C-peptide level > 0.6 mg/dL; and no function, defined by C-peptide level Results The 10-year actuarial survival rate was 72%. A BMI > 30 kg/m2 (p = 0.04) predicted 10-year mortality. The rates of pain relief were 82% at 10 years and 90% at 15 years. Narcotic use declined with time: the rates were 50% at 5 years and 37% at 10 years. At 10 years, the rate of insulin independence was 20%; the rate of partial graft function, 32%. Transplantation of islet equivalents/kg > 4,000 was the strongest predictor of islet graft function at 10 years. Pediatric patients were more likely to have islet function than adults (p = 0.01). Health-related quality of life continued to improve at 10 years, even in patients on narcotics. Conclusions This represents the first and largest series to examine long-term outcomes (10 years or more) in TPIAT patients. In our series, this dual procedure produced durable pain relief and sustained islet graft function, even past 10 years postoperatively.
UNIT 13.8 Cancer Vaccines

This unit describes the use of retroviral vectors that can be successfully employed for gene transfer into both primary tumor cultures and established cell lines. The unit includes procedures for assaying the stability of the vaccine following gene transfer. Techniques for maintaining the retroviral producer lines and titering the retroviral vectors are also described. A protocol for frozen storage of the vaccine (transduced tumor cells) is provided. In addition, methods are described for characterizing the vaccine cells following gene transfer. Directions for testing the expression of the transferred gene in the transfected tumor line are also given. The final protocol provides suggestions for designing in vivo animal experiments and discusses what has to be observed in a clinical setting.
The ν1and ν2Bands of FNO2

Abstract High-resolution infrared spectra of the stronga-type absorptions corresponding to the ν1(ν0∼ 1310.75 cm−1) and ν2(ν0= 821.9387 cm−1) bands of FNO2have been analyzed. The ν1line positions exhibited extensive perturbations as a result of three nearly degenerate vibrational states—ν1, ν3+ ν6, and ν5+ ν6—which interact through strong Coriolis coupling. The weak Coriolis interaction between ν2and ν6reported by Tanaka and Morino (1969,J. Mol. Spectrosc.32,436–448) manifested itself through changes in theb-axis constants of theν2= 1 state; nevertheless, over 1400 ν2transitions were fit with an rms error of 0.00066 cm−1using the standardA-reduced Hamiltonian. Line positions, assignments, and relative intensities for the dominant transitions in both bands have been established, although a comprehensive analysis of the perturbations requires a detailed understanding of the lower frequency vibrational states.
Chapter Three – The Economics of Risky Health Behaviors1

Risky health behaviors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, unprotected sex, and poor diets and sedentary lifestyles (leading to obesity) are a major source of preventable deaths. This chapter overviews the theoretical frameworks for, and empirical evidence on, the economics of risky health behaviors. It describes traditional economic approaches emphasizing utility maximization that, under certain assumptions, result in Pareto-optimal outcomes and a limited role for policy interventions. It also details non-traditional models (e.g. involving hyperbolic time discounting or bounded rationality) that even without market imperfections can result in suboptimal outcomes for which government intervention has greater potential to increase social welfare. The chapter summarizes the literature on the consequences of risky health behaviors for economic outcomes such as medical care costs, educational attainment, employment, wages, and crime. It also reviews the research on policies and strategies with the potential to modify risky health behaviors, such as taxes or subsidies, cash incentives, restrictions on purchase and use, providing information, and restricting advertising. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
Electrochemical Salt Wasteform Development: A Review of Salt Treatment and Immobilization Options

Electrochemical reprocessing, also referred to as pyroprocessing, is a technique for recycling actinides from used nuclear fuel (UNF) to produce fuel for future reactors. Here, UNF is dissolved in ...
Innervated adrenomedullary microphysiological system to model prenatal nicotine and opioid exposure

The transition to extrauterine life results in a critical surge of catecholamines necessary for increased cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic activity. The mechanisms mediating adrenomedullary catecholamine release are poorly understood, given the sympathetic adrenomedullary control systems9 functional immaturity. Important mechanistic insight is provided by newborns delivered by cesarean section or subjected to prenatal nicotine or opioid exposure, demonstrating the impaired release of adrenomedullary catecholamines. To investigate mechanisms regulating adrenomedullary innervation, we developed compartmentalized 3D microphysiological systems (MPS) by exploiting the meniscus pinning effect via GelPins, capillary pressure barriers between cell-laden hydrogels. The MPS comprises discrete 3D cultures of adrenal chromaffin cells and preganglionic sympathetic neurons within a contiguous bioengineered microtissue. Using this model, we demonstrate that adrenal chromaffin innervation plays a critical role in hypoxia-medicated catecholamine release. Furthermore, opioids and nicotine were shown to affect adrenal chromaffin cell response to a reduced oxygen environment, but neurogenic control mechanisms remained intact. GelPin containing MPS represent an inexpensive and highly adaptable approach to study innervated organ systems and improve drug screening platforms by providing innervated microenvironments.
Trace impurity transport in multi-species plasmas with large particle fluxes

Abstract A burning fusion plasma has a large inwards flux of fuel and outwards flux of ash. Existing impurity transport theories do not account for a steady-state environment of such large fluxes. In this paper, we extend classical transport theory to account for a background of such fluxes. In a mainly two-ion species magnetized plasma, with oppositely directed density gradients maintained by oppositely directed sources of the two species, trace impurity ions are shown to align with the larger mass ions. This unexpected behavior is derived analytically and simulated numerically using the MITNS (Multiple-Ion Transport Numerical Solver) code. The result suggests a potential advantage of edge-fueled p-B11 fusion in extracting high-Z impurities, and possible applications in plasma-based separation methods.