cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conducting (Si-Doped) Aluminum Nitride Epitaxial Films Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

As a member of the III-V nitride semiconductor family, AlN, which has a direct energygap of 6.2eV, has received much attention as a promising material for many applications. However, despite the promising attributes of AlN for various semiconductor devices, research on AlN has been limited and n-type conducting AlN has not been reported. The objective of this research was to understand the factors impacting the conductivity of AlN and to control the conductivity of this material through intentional doping. Prior to the intentional doping study, growth of undoped AlN epilayers was investigated. Through careful selection of substrate preparation methods and growth parameters, relatively low-temperature molecular beam epitaxial growth of AlN films was established which resulted in insulating material. Intentional Si doping during epilayer growth was found to result in conducting films under specific growth conditions. Above a growth temperature of 900°C, AlN films were insulating, however, below a growth temperature of 900°C, the AlN films were conducting. The magnitude of the conductivity and the growth temperature range over which conducting AlN films could be grown were strongly influenced by the presence of a Ga flux during growth. For instance, conducting, Si-doped, AlN films were grown at a growth temperature of 940°C in the presence of a Ga flux while the films were insulating when grown in the absence of a Ga flux at this particular growth temperature. Also, by appropriate selection of the growth parameters, epilayers with n-type conductivity values as large as 0.2 Ω−1 cm−1 for AlN and 17 Ω−1cm−1 for Al0.75Ga0.25N were grown in this work for the first time.
Anatomical and functional communications between the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint

The anatomical and functional communications of the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint were evaluated in 50 stifle joints of 25 horses. Femoropatellar joint (FPJ) sacs were injected with 50 ml of gelatin-based dye and horses were then walked for 50 m. Horses were subsequently killed, the stifle joints dissected and the location of the dye recorded. Twenty-three horses (46 joints) had clinically normal stifle joints and in this group, anatomical communications of the stifle joints were bilaterally symmetrical in each horse. In 15 of these 23 horses (65 per cent), direct anatomical communication between the FPJ sac and the medial sac of the femorotibial joint (FTJ) was demonstrated. The FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral sacs of the FTJ in four of these 23 horses (17.5 per cent). There were no anatomical communications between the FPJ sac and either sac of the FTJ in the remaining four horses (17.5 per cent). Functional communication, which was established by finding dye in the FTJ sacs were anatomical communication with the FPJ sac existed, was demonstrated in 14 of 19 horses (74 per cent). Two horses were affected with degenerative joint disease of one stifle joint. In both of these joints the FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral FTJ sacs. This distribution was different from that of the contralateral joint. When performing intra-articular anaesthesia of equine stifle joints, each synovial sac needs to be injected separately to ensure that anaesthesia of the appropriate synovial sac is obtained.
Estimating the Interior Layout of Buildings Using a Shape Grammar to Capture Building Style

An algorithm is described for determining the interior layout of a building given three pieces of information: (1) the footprint of each story; (2) a reasonably complete set of exterior features; and (3) a shape grammar that describes the building style. Essentially, the algorithm prunes a layout tree generated by interpreting the shape grammar with constraints extracted from the footprint and exterior features. The Queen Anne house, commonly located in Pittsburgh, is chosen as the exemplars of the building style. It is shown how a shape-grammar interpreter for the Queen Anne house was developed and applied to the preceding problem. This shape-grammar interpreter provides the basis for developing grammar interpreters for general parametric shapes. For the purposes of illustration and comparison, applications of the approach to two other distinct building styles are briefly described.
CW electron accelerators: a review

CW electron accelerator facilities providing beams with energies from a few hundred megaelectronvolts to several gigaelectronvolts, high currents (-100 mu A), good energy resolution (-10/sup -4/), good emittance (-10/sup -8/ m-r), and polarized beams are presently under construction. They will provide the capability for carrying out coincidence experiments over a broad kinematic range. Three basic design approaches are being followed: microtrons, linacs with pulse stretcher ring, and recirculating superconducting linacs. The designs have been optimized to take advantage of existing facilities or for costs in a specific energy range. >
A protocol for risk stratification of patients with carboplatin-induced hypersensitivity reactions

Background Management of patients with carboplatin-induced hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) has been complicated by high false-negative rates of carboplatin skin test (ST) results. These patients might be at risk for future carboplatin-induced HSRs. In this article we identify a strategy to improve risk stratification of patients with a history of carboplatin-induced HSRs by using a protocol that includes repeat skin testing and drug desensitization. Objective We sought to identify a management strategy for patients with a history of carboplatin-induced HSRs with negative carboplatin ST results. Methods From 2008-2010, patients with carboplatin-induced HSR underwent risk stratification per a protocol using 3 repeat STs with intervening drug desensitizations. Results Of the 44 patients with carboplatin-induced HSRs, 39 completed the protocol. Patients were classified as having positive ST results (n = 16), having negative ST results (n = 11), or ST converters when the ST result converted to positive after an initial negative result (n = 12). ST converters are more likely to have HSRs during subsequent desensitizations than patients with negative ST results (56.1% vs 4.5%, P P = .03) or patients with positive ST results (22.1 vs 1.8 months, P = .001). Conclusion Our experience suggests that repeat STs are necessary for risk stratification in patients with a remote clinical history of HSR and an initial negative ST result because there is a significant rate of conversion to a positive ST result. ST converters have an increased risk of HSRs during subsequent carboplatin treatment.
THE NUCLEAR ORPHAN RECEPTOR CAR-RETINOID X RECEPTOR HETERODIMER ACTIVATES THE PHENOBARBITAL-RESPONSIVE ENHANCER MODULE OF THE CYP2B GENE

PBREM, the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module of the cytochrome P-450 Cyp2b10 gene, contains two potential nuclear receptor binding sites, NR1 and NR2. Consistent with the finding that anti-retinoid X receptor (RXR) could supershift the NR1-nuclear protein complex, DNA affinity chromatography with NR1 oligonucleotides enriched the nuclear orphan receptor RXR from the hepatic nuclear extracts of phenobarbital-treated mice. In addition to RXR, the nuclear orphan receptor CAR was present in the same enriched fraction. In the phenobarbital-treated mice, the binding of both CAR and RXR was rapidly increased before the induction of CYP2B10 mRNA. In vitro-translated CAR bound to NR1, but only in the presence of similarly prepared RXR. PBREM was synergistically activated by transfection of CAR and RXR in HepG2 and HEK293 cells when the NR1 site was functional. A CAR-RXR heterodimer has thus been characterized as a trans-acting factor for the phenobarbital-inducible Cyp2b10 gene.
Energy Budget of Early Juvenile Cobia, Rachycentron canadum

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, aquaculture is a rapidly developing field with considerable information known about juvenile production, but rearing conditions and protocols for hatchery production are not fully optimized. Setting up an energy budget for young cobia would facilitate the identification and optimization of factors controlling their rapid growth. This study measured several of the components of the energy budget of six different size classes (25–50 mm total length; 8.67–75.45 mg dry weight) of recently weaned cobia including growth rate, daily feed consumption, and metabolic rate. As expected, their specific growth rates were high ranging from 36.8% body dry weight/day in the smallest fish to 17.6% in the largest size class. Cobia grew an average of 2.6 mm/d or 6.9 mg dry weight/day. Daily ration levels were high, decreasing from 19 to 14% of body wet weight/day as the cobia grew. The high growth rates and food intake were concomitant with high feed conversion efficiencies that ranged from 1.66 in the smallest fish to 1.18 in the largest size class. Oxygen consumed by individual fish increased significantly with size from 0.10 to 0.54 mg/h with a scaling exponent for standard metabolic rate to dry weight of 0.805. The proportion of consumed energy used for metabolism remained fairly constant at 42–49% throughout the size ranges evaluated, while the cost of growth decreased with increasing size from 27% of consumed calories to 19%. Waste (fecal + urinary) calories, estimated by balancing the energy budget, averaged 34% of consumed calories. From this work, it is apparent that the rapid growth rates exhibited by cobia during the early juvenile phase result from high-energy intake (consumption) and high feed efficiencies and not from any metabolic efficiency.
Public Accounting in the United States from 1913 to 1928

In the years between 1913 and 1928 public accounting evolved from a relatively obscure and limited practice to full maturity as a respected and flourishing profession. The present article deals with these years in some detail, expanding a shorter survey published in the Business History Review in June, 1956. The period from 1928 to 1951 is dealt with in detail in an article in the December, 1956, issue.
Objective Clustering of Proteins Based on Subcellular Location Patterns

The goal of proteomics is the complete characterization of all proteins. Efforts to characterize subcellular location have been limited to assigning proteins to general categories of organelles. We have previously designed numerical features to describe location patterns in microscope images and developed automated classifiers that distinguish major subcellular patterns with high accuracy (including patterns not distinguishable by visual examination). The results suggest the feasibility of automatically determining which proteins share a single location pattern in a given cell type. We describe an automated method that selects the best feature set to describe images for a given collection of proteins and constructs an effective partitioning of the proteins by location. An example for a limited protein set is presented. As additional data become available, this approach can produce for the first time an objective systematics for protein location and provide an important starting point for discovering sequence motifs that determine localization.
On the solution of incompressible two-phase flow by a p-version discontinuous Galerkin method

SUMMARY This paper presents a fully implicit scheme for approximating two-phaseow in heterogeneous porous media. The primary unknowns are the wetting phase pressure and non-wetting phase saturation. At each time step, a Jacobian matrix is computed. Convergence of the scheme is shown via increase of the polynomial degree. No slope limiters are needed. Copyright ? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of pH and Time of Grinding on Lipid Oxidation of Fresh Ground Pork

Experiments detected effects of pH on lipid oxidation of fresh ground pork. Pigs received antemortem epinephrine injections or postmortem carcass electrical stimulation to manipulate ultimate postmortem pH. High-pH (>6.10) samples had lower TBA values than low-pH samples. Nonsignificant difference in TBA values between high-pH prerigor- and postrigor-ground samples indicated that, at common high pH, time of grinding had no effect on lipid oxidation. Differences in TBA values between prerigor high- and low-pH samples and postrigor high- and low-pH samples indicated that, with identical grinding treatments, inhibition of oxidation occurred at high pH. Metmyoglobin was relatively high in both low- and high-pH muscle and was not catalytically active at high pH.
A case study of automatically creating test suites from web application field data

Creating effective test cases is a difficult problem, especially for web applications. To comprehensively test a web application's functionality, test cases must test complex application state dependencies and concurrent user interactions. Rather than creating test cases manually or from a static model, field data provides an inexpensive alternative to creating such sophisticated test cases. An existing approach to using field data in testing web applications is user-session-based testing. Previous user-session-based testing approaches ignore state dependences from multi-user interactions. In this paper, we propose strategies for leveraging web application field data to automatically create test cases that test various levels of multi-user interaction and state dependencies. Results from out preliminary case study of a publicly deployed web application show that these test case creation mechanisms are a promising testing strategy for web applications.
Study of eigenmode propagation and simulation of multiconductor microstrip transmission line crosstalk

The time response of coupled microstrip transmission line, obtained by modal analysis in frequency domain, has been studied. The authors have examined both voltage and current waves at each frequency component of the source by writing them explicitly in terms of eigenmodes. It is seen that, in general, all eigenmodes, whose numbers are equal to the number of signal conductors, are present in both voltage and current waves. Each eigenmode in turn contains forward and backward traveling components whose amplitudes are determined by terminal conditions. It is also pointed out that eigenmodes travel at slightly different velocities from each other. However, if the line is lossless the velocities for each eigenmodes are independent of frequency. >
Method of moments solution for the radar cross section of a chiral body of revolution

The problem of electromagnetic scattering from an arbitrary homogeneous chiral body of revolution is formulated using the surface equivalence principle and is solved numerically by the method of moments. The numerical solution is implemented by means of a general computer program written for chiral bodies of revolution. Numerical results are given for bistatic radar cross sections of a chiral sphere. These results agree well with exact results obtained by the eigenfunction solution.
BMP-1: Resurrection As Procollagen C-Proteinase

The characterization of the function of bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) was reported in last week9s issue of Science (19 January, p. 360). In his Perspective, A. H. Reddi explains why it was surprising (and important) that BMP-1 turned out to be identical to procollagen C-proteinase, the enzyme responsible for triggering the self-assembly of collagen.
Grynfeltt Hernia: A Deceptive Lumbar Mass with a Lipoma-Like Presentation

The Grynfeltt-Lesshaft hernia is a rare posterior abdominal wall defect that allows for the herniation of retro- and intraperitoneal structures through the upper lumbar triangle. While this hernia may initially present as a small asymptomatic bulge, the defect typically enlarges over time and can become symptomatic with potentially serious complications. In order to avoid that outcome, it is advisable to electively repair Grynfeltt hernias in patients without significant contraindications to surgery. Due to the limited number of lumbar hernioplasties performed, there has not been a large study that definitively identifies the best repair technique. It is generally accepted that abdominal hernias such as these should be repaired by tension-free methods. Both laparoscopic and open techniques are described in modern literature with unique advantages and complications for each. We present the case of an unexpected Grynfeltt hernia diagnosed following an attempted lipoma resection. We chose to perform an open repair involving a combination of fascial approximation and dual-layer polypropylene mesh placement. The patient's recovery was uneventful and there has been no evidence of recurrence at over six months. Our goal herein is to increase awareness of upper lumbar hernias and to discuss approaches to their surgical management.
Coupling On-Land and Marine Investigations to Assess Coastal Instability in the Napoli and Salerno Bays (Campania, Southern Italy)

The Napoli and Salerno coast is a densely urbanized area mostly composed of a volcanic range, including the Campi Flegrei, Procida and Ischia islands, and the Somma-Vesuvio district where documented human activities have been developing for more than 2,000 years. Along the coast massive transport of rock, regolith, sedimentary cover and soil has occurred episodically, accounting for cliff recession, sudden increase in solid load in short coastal rivers, and flank collapse of volcanic structures. In many cases erosion and transport of material is strictly associated with volcanic activity and exposes coastal communities to hazard with potential damage to property and infrastructure, and loss of life.
JIL-1: A Novel Chromosomal Tandem Kinase Implicated in Transcriptional Regulation in Drosophila

We have cloned and characterized JIL-1, a novel tandem kinase in Drosophila that associates with the chromosomes throughout the cell cycle. Antibody staining and live imaging of JIL-1-GFP transgenic flies show that JIL-1 localizes to the gene-rich interband regions of larval polytene chromosomes and is upregulated almost 2-fold on the hypertranscribed male X chromosome compared to autosomes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that JIL-1 together with human MSKs defines a separate family of tandem kinases. That JIL-1 is a functional kinase was demonstrated by autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of histone H3 in vitro. Based on these findings, we propose that JIL-1 may play a role in transcriptional control potentially by regulating chromatin structure.
Creation of the Prevention of Organ Failure Checklist. A Multidisciplinary Approach Using the Modified Delphi Technique

Rationale: Respiratory failure represents a major risk for morbidity and mortality. Although generally managed in the intensive care unit (ICU), respiratory failure often begins elsewhere. Checklists of care processes to minimize the duration of mechanical ventilation and adverse events are routinely used in the ICU, but are uncommonly used outside the ICU.Objectives: To develop consensus among a multidisciplinary expert panel on care practices to include in a checklist of best practices for critically ill patients with respiratory failure before and after ICU admission.Methods: A multidisciplinary expert panel was assembled. The panel was tasked with creating a checklist of care processes aimed at decreasing progression to respiratory failure, duration of mechanical ventilation, mortality in mechanical ventilation, and adverse events. Over the course of multiple teleconferences and e-mail communications, the Prevention of Organ Failure Checklist list was reviewed, refined, and voted upon. Items that rece...
Structural fault detection using fuzzy logic

This paper presents a general methodology for structural fault detection using fuzzy logic. The methodology is based on monitoring the static, eigenvalue, and dynamic responses to determine the health status of a structure or machine. Fuzzy logic coupled with principles of continuum damage mechanics is used to identify the location and extent of the damage. The proposed methodology represents a unique approach to damage detection that can be applied to a variety of structures used in civil-engineering, machine, and aerospace applications. (Author)
Injunctive Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Revised Conceptualization.

BACKGROUND: Injunctive norms have been found to be important predictors of behaviors in many disciplines with the exception of alcohol research. This exception is likely due to a misconceptualization of injunctive norms for alcohol consumption. To address this, we outline and test a new conceptualization of injunctive norms and personal approval for alcohol consumption. Traditionally, injunctive norms have been assessed using Likert scale ratings of approval perceptions, whereas descriptive norms and individual behaviors are typically measured with behavioral estimates (i.e., number of drinks consumed per week, frequency of drinking). This makes comparisons between these constructs difficult because they are not similar conceptualizations of drinking behaviors. The present research evaluated a new representation of injunctive norms with anchors comparable to descriptive norms measures. METHODS: A study and a replication were conducted including 2,559 and 1,189 undergraduate students from 3 different universities. Participants reported on their alcohol-related consumption behaviors, personal approval of drinking, and descriptive and injunctive norms. Personal approval and injunctive norms were measured using both traditional measures and a new drink-based measure. RESULTS: Results from both studies indicated that drink-based injunctive norms were uniquely and positively associated with drinking, whereas traditionally assessed injunctive norms were negatively associated with drinking. Analyses also revealed significant unique associations between drink-based injunctive norms and personal approval when controlling for descriptive norms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide support for a modified conceptualization of personal approval and injunctive norms related to alcohol consumption and, importantly, offer an explanation and practical solution for the small and inconsistent findings related to injunctive norms and drinking in past studies.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
Gender Differences in Persuasive Message Practices

(1994). Gender Differences in Persuasive Message Practices. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 68-88.
Pathogenesis of Tissue Injury in the Brain in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Indirect central nervous system injury can be caused by antibodies to blood components and endothelial cells to alter the clotting cascade. This mechanism can lead to focal brain injury through cerebrovascular insufficiency or stroke. Vasculopathy and vasculitis occur in the inflammatory milieu. Studies of other mechanisms of brain injury have lagged because of the obvious dearth of tissue specimens. In addition, the phenotype caused by diffuse brain injury ranges from subtle cognitive impairment and mood disorder to overwhelming delirium and coma. Antibodies with particular specificities are likely contributors to pathogenesis of the diffuse brain disorders.
Overall Design Planning of Modern Hospital Intelligent System

Following the continuous development of the hospital intelligent level,more and more intelligent system was used for every link in the hospital.The characteristics of intelligent system of the hospital were analyzed.The construction target of hospital intelligent system was put forward.The overall design planning of the hospital intelligent system based on service type was proposed.The function,the feature and the constitution of all kinds of intelligent systems were introduced.Finally, the development of the hospital intelligent system was prospected.
Operative treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fracture

Objective To evaluate the results of surgical procedure and complications of intraarticular calcaneal fractures.Methods 33 patients(40 feet)with intraarticular calcaneal factures were classified as Sanders type-Ⅱ23 feet,Sanders type-Ⅲ 15 feet,Sanders type-Ⅳ 2 feet.The extended lateral approach was applied in 33 patients.Maryland foot scores were used for evaluation of the results and height of calcaneus were measured in pre-operation and post-operation.Results Anatomic reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet was achieved in 29 patients.In 3 months postoperatively,the Bhler angle was restored to 85% of normal.Maryland foot scores were restored to 77～92 in 23 Sanders type-Ⅱ,70～87 in 15 Sanders type-Ⅲ,46 and 68 in 2 Sanders type-Ⅳ factures.17 patients(20 feet) achieved excellent results,11(13 feet) good,4(6 feet) fair and 1(1 foot) poor.Conclusions Through preoperative evaluation,appropriate operative techniques are key points for a successful treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures.Except for the condition of patient,the associated factors included timing of surgery,tourniquet duration and surgical technique.
Hybrid mode-locked fiber ring laser using graphene and charcoal nanoparticles as saturable absorbers

A fiber ring laser which implements hybrid mode locking technique has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated to generate pulse train at 20 GHz repetition rate with ultrashort pulse width. Graphene and charcoal nano-particles acting as passive mode lockers are inserted into a rational harmonic mode-locked fiber laser to improve the performance. With graphene saturable absorbers, the pulse duration is shortened from 5.3 ps to 2.8 ps, and with charcoal nano-particles, it is shortened to 3.2 ps. The RF spectra show that supermode noise can be removed in the presence of the saturable absorbers. Numerical simulation of the pulse transmission has also been carried out, which shows good agreement with the experimental results.
Associations of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in Hispanic/Latino youths: Results from the Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth).

Abstract Aims We hypothesized that Hispanic/Latino youth at high risk for diabetes would have elevated biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. Methods Among 1316 children 8–16years old from the Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth), we used Poisson regression to obtain prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for the cross-sectional association of quartiles of fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance with E-selectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels above the median (≥48.1 and ≥2.02ng/mL, respectively). Results Levels of E-selectin and PAI-1 were higher in children who were obese or had higher levels of hs-CRP ( p p -interaction = 0.10). Conclusions Insulin resistance was associated with endothelial dysfunction, as measured by higher levels of PAI-1, in Hispanic/Latino youth. These biomarkers may be useful in risk stratification and prediction of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in high-risk youth.
Low prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: review of a clinical data warehouse.

ObjectiveIn the era of powerful immunosuppression, opportunistic infections are an increasing concern in systemic lupus erythematosus. One of the best-studied opportunistic infections is Pneumocyst...
Performance assessment of an algorithm for the alignment of fMRI time series

This paper reports on performance assessment of an algorithm developed to align functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI) time series. The algorithm is based on the assumption that the human brain is subject to rigid-body motion and has been devised by pipelining fiducial markers and tensor based registration methodologies. Feature extraction is performed on each fMRI volume to determine tensors of inertia and gradient image of the brain. A head coordinate system is determined on the basis of three fiducial markers found automatically at the head boundary by means of the tensors and is used to compute a point-based rigid matching transformation. Intensity correction is performed with sub-voxel accuracy by trilinear interpolation. Performance of the algorithm was preliminarily assessed by fMR brain images in which controlled motion has been simulated. Further experimentation has been conducted with real fMRI time series. Rigid-body transformations were retrieved automatically and the value of motion parameters compared to those obtained with the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM99) and the Automatic Image Registration (AIR 3.08). Results indicate that the algorithm offers sub-voxel accuracy in performing both misalignment and intensity correction of fMRI time series.
Bias at the intersection of identity: Conflicting social stereotypes of gender and race augment the perceived femininity and interpersonal warmth of smiling Black women

Abstract Research indicates that Black women are socially ignored given that they are neither the prototypical Black person nor the prototypical woman. We build from augmentation principle to propose that factors that increase the salience of Black women's gender identity may lead to particularly positive social expectations given countervailing associations of Blackness/threat. First, Study 1 demonstrates that smiles increase the salience of Black women's gender identity as indicated by fewer categorization errors in a speeded gender categorization task. Next, Study 2 demonstrates that, consistent with augmentation principle, the expression of a smile increases the perceived femininity of a Black woman to a greater degree than a smile expressed by a White woman. Moreover, smiles increase positive expectations for an interaction with a Black woman more so than they do for a White woman. We conclude that Black women navigate a precarious balance between social invisibility and social hypervisibility based on shifts in the salience of their gender identity.
The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State. By Lisa McGirr. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2016. Pp. xxii, 330. $27.95.)

Historians of alcohol prohibition in the United States have long suggested that the dry years of the 1920s marked a significant passage in social policy, political alignments, and the construction ...
Tracking Steps on Apple Watch at Different Walking Speeds.

How accurate are the step counts obtained from Apple Watch? In this validation study, video steps vs. Apple Watch steps (mean ± SD) were 2965 ± 144 vs. 2964 ± 145 steps; P < 0.001. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation (r = 0.96; P < 0.001) between the two measurements. There was a total error of 0.034% (1.07 steps) for the Apple Watch steps when compared with the manual counts obtained from video recordings. Our study is one of the initial studies to objectively validate the accuracy of the step counts obtained from Apple watch at different walking speeds. Apple Watch tested to be an extremely accurate device for measuring daily step counts for adults.
On Quality Metrics and Quantitative Imaging

Metrics are useful but are still incapable of capturing the full complexity of either a medical imaging scan or a health care system; we should therefore view both imaging and quality metrics as important tools in our toolbox, but not as replacements for nuanced human perception and understanding.
Pre- and post-treatment body weight and prognosis in a multiethnic cohort of breast cancer patients.

1501Background: Although pre-diagnosis obesity was found to be associated with worse outcomes in breast cancer patients, few studies have been conducted on weight change after diagnosis. African Am...
The child's worries about the mother's breast cancer: sources of distress in school-age children.

Purpose/objectives To describe children's worries when their mothers are newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Design Descriptive, qualitative study. Setting Private family homes. Sample Case intensive interviews with 16 children who ranged in age from 11-18 years at the time that interviews were conducted and who had been 8-12 years of age when their mothers were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Methods Semistructured interviews with the children were audiorecorded, transcribed, and inductively coded into categories of distinct worries about their mothers' breast cancer. Main research variables Children's descriptions of their worries and confusion resulting from their mothers' breast cancer diagnoses. Findings The children voiced nine categories of worry during the interviews: worrying that the mother was going to die; feeling confused; worrying that something bad would happen; worrying about the family and others; worrying when the mother did not look good; worrying that their mothers would change; wondering if the family would have to cut back financially; worrying about talking to others; and wondering if they, the children, would get cancer. Conclusions Children of mothers with breast cancer experience multiple worries concerning their mothers, their families, and themselves. The data revealed that they attempted to make sense of their mothers' illness for themselves and imagined how it might affect their own lives in the future. Implications for nursing practice Programs and materials need to be developed that help parents address the multiple worries that children whose mothers have early-stage breast cancer experience.
Un)insurability and the Choice between Market Insurance and Public Compensation Systems

At first sight, it is difficult to explain why markets for insurance products exist at all. The insurer accepts the obligation to indemnify the insured for losses incurred. How can the insurer expect to earn a premium that covers future losses arising under the contract, as well as the cost operating the insurance business and a reasonable profit, i.e. a return on the investment made? The answer obviously is that insureds are willing to pay premiums in amounts well above the value of their expected losses. This explanation however merely shifts the gaze of the puzzled eye on to the insured. Why are individuals prepared to pay premiums in excess of their expected losses?
Force and Motion: Particle Dynamics

This chapter discusses force and motion in relation to particle dynamics. Any influence that can cause a body to accelerate is called a force. The study of the motion of particles in terms of the forces associated with that motion is called particle dynamics. A body has a constant velocity unless it is acted on by a net force. Many individual forces may act on a body, but the resultant or net force must be equal to zero if the body is not to accelerate. The assertion that a body on which there is no net force experiences no acceleration implies that a moving body will maintain a constant velocity forever unless acted on by a net force. Newton's first law, however, does not apply to all reference frames, the coordinate systems. The application of Newton's laws usually means solving dynamics problems, which are commonly stated as word problems. The basic issue in dynamics problems is solving the fundamental dynamic equation, ∑F = m a. Perhaps the most common form of problem in dynamics requires that the acceleration of a given mass be determined when the mass is subjected to known forces. Sometimes more than one mass is involved; occasionally the mass is the unknown quantity to be determined.
Systematic and standardized comparison of reported Amyloid-β receptors for sufficiency, affinity, and Alzheimer’s disease relevance

Oligomeric assemblies of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide (Aβo) in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are toxic to neuronal synapses. More than a dozen Aβ receptor candidates have been suggested to be responsible for various aspects of the molecular pathology and memory impairment in mouse models of AD. A lack of consistent experimental design among previous studies of different receptor candidates limits evaluation of the relative roles of these candidates, producing some controversy within the field. Here, using cell-based assays with several Aβ species, including Aβo from AD brains obtained by autopsy, we directly compared the Aβ-binding capacity of multiple receptor candidates while accounting for variation in expression and confirming cell surface expression. In a survey of 15 reported Aβ receptors, only cellular prion protein (PrPC), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 (LilrB2) exhibited direct binding to synaptotoxic assemblies of synthetic Aβ. Both PrPC and NgR1 preferentially bound synaptotoxic oligomers rather than nontoxic monomers, and the method of oligomer preparation did not significantly alter our binding results. Hippocampal neurons lacking both NgR1 and LilrB2 exhibited a partial reduction of Aβo binding, but this reduction was lower than in neurons lacking PrPC under the same conditions. Finally, binding studies with soluble Aβo from human AD brains revealed a strong affinity for PrPC, weak affinity for NgR1, and no detectable affinity for LilrB2. These findings clarify the relative contributions of previously reported Aβ receptors under controlled conditions and highlight the prominence of PrPC as an Aβ-binding site.
Contrasting thermal behaviors in Σ3 grain boundary motion in nickel

Abstract Synthetic driving force molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to survey grain boundary mobility in three classes of incoherent Σ3 twin boundaries: , , and tilt boundaries. These boundaries are faceted on low energy planes, and step flow boundary motion occurs by glide of the triplets of partial dislocations that comprise the mobile facets. Systematic trends with inclination angle are identified and characterized. Observations of thermally activated, anti-thermal, and athermal motion are explained in terms of the orientation of the Shockley partial dislocations along close-packed and non-close-packed directions. Thermally activated tilt boundaries with {110} twin facets are found to have smaller energy barriers to motion than tilt boundaries with {112} twin facets. Thermally activated boundaries follow a compensation effect associated with a facet roughening transition. As for all faceting boundaries, system size and driving force must be chosen with care to prevent simulation artifacts.
Targeting Autophagy as a Therapeutic Pathway in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

Abstract Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital disorder characterized by the failure of erythroid progenitor differentiation, severely curtailing red blood cell production. Because many DBA patients fail to respond to corticosteroid therapy, there is considerable need for therapeutics for this disorder. We previously used unbiased drug screens in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which identified SMER28 as a potential therpauetic for DBA. SMER28 acts by selectively modulating autophagy, but has distinct effects from the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, highlighting the need for further study. Autophagy and mitophagy are critical metabolic pathways that mediate turnover of damaged organelles and mitochondria. Autophagy has been linked to regulation of hematopoietic stem cell function and terminal erythroid differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which autophagy regulates hematopoiesis are still poorly understood. We utilize primary cord blood and adult human progenitors and iPSCs to circumvent the paucity of primary patient blood stem and progenitor cells. To understand the role of autophagy, we have developed a lentiviral LC3-based reporter which allows real-time quantitation of autophagic flux. Using this reporter, we show that autophagy is dynamically regulated during erythroid differentiation and closely parallels mitochondrial mass and levels of reactive oxygen species. In our model, oxidative stress in erythroid precursors drives a stress response which involves activation of autophagy and mitophagy pathways. The interplay between oxidative stress and autophagy regulates erythropoiesis in normal and multiple disease contexts, including DBA and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). SMER28 and mitochondrial uncouplers promote homeostasis by facilitating mitochondrial clearance. In summary, therpauetic modulation of autophagy may be a broadly applicable therpauetic strategy in both inherited and acquired anemias. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Digital Media Development Models and Processes

In this chapter, we describe different Models and Processes used to design instructional media including ADDIE, Rapid Prototyping, AGILE, SCRUM, Waterfall Model and the BSCS 5e Instructional Model. We also describe different ways of conducting a front-end analysis, including needs assessment, learner analysis, context analysis, and technology analysis. We then discuss designing and developing digital media, along with creating flowcharts, storyboards and prototypes and the final product of your media-infused instructional modules. Finally, we discuss ways to effectively implement digital media with your target audience along with evaluating the outcomes and effectiveness of implementing digital media for learning.
Toileting ability of patients after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background This study aimed to determine the toileting ability (TA) of patients undergoing primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) and identify factors associated with TA postoperatively. Methods A questionnaire regarding toileting was administered to 119 patients who underwent primary RTSA with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Patients were separated into 2 groups based on whether the arm that underwent RTSA was the one used for toileting (study group, n = 74) or not (control group, n = 45). Patient-reported TA was calculated both before and after RTSA. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with TA postoperatively. Results Impairment in TA before RTSA was higher in the study group and affected almost three-quarters of the patients (72%). In the study group, primary RTSA resulted in a statistically significant improvement in TA (P Conclusions Over 90% of patients can manage toileting after primary RTSA, and total toileting inability is rare after the procedure (1.3%). Patients should be counseled that after primary RTSA, they have a high probability of being able to manage toileting with independence even if it is with some difficulty.
Dietary pattern recognition on Twitter: a case example of before, during, and after four natural disasters

Little is known about what foods/beverages (F&B) are common during natural disasters. The goal of this study was to track high-frequency F&B mentions during four hurricanes affecting the coast of South Carolina for quantifying dietary patterns in Twitter. A listing of common F&B (n = 173) was created from the top food sources of energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrate in the USA. A sampling of > 500,000 tweets containing hashtag names (e.g., #HurricaneFlorence) or actual names (e.g., “Hurricane Florence”) of the four hurricanes was collected using Crimson Hexagon. ANOVA was used to examine differences in number of mentions in each food group pre- (6 days before), during (48 h of the hurricane), and post-hurricane (6 days after). Descriptive statistics were used to examine the most frequently mentioned F&B (threshold defined as ≥ 4 mentions/day for each F&B item or 10% of the foods mentioned) and whether F&B were top sources of energy/macronutrients. More than 5000 mentions of F&B were collected in our sample. Grains were the most frequently mentioned food group pre-hurricane, and dairy was most frequently mentioned during the hurricanes. The top five most commonly mentioned F&B overall were milk (n = 517), pizza (n = 511), turkey (n = 425), oranges (n = 384), and waffles (n = 346). Foods mentioned were commonly energy and protein dense. Five foods (pizza, waffles, milk, rolls, and bread) were categorized as a top contributor across energy and all three macronutrients. Social media may be a unique way to detect dietary patterns and help inform public health social media campaigns to advise people about stocking up on healthy, non-perishable foods ahead of natural disasters.
Use of hydrodynamic theory to estimate electrical current redistribution in metals

Using the analogy between hydrodynamic and electrical current flow, we study how electrical current density j redistributes and amplifies due to two commonly encountered inhomogeneities in metals. First, we consider flow around a spherical resistive inclusion and find significant j amplification, independent of inclusion size. Hence, even μm-scale inclusions can affect performance in applications by creating localized regions of enhanced Joule heating. Next, we investigate j redistribution due to surface roughness, idealized as a sinusoidal perturbation with amplitude A and wavelength λ. Theory predicts that j amplification is determined by the ratio A / λ, so that even “smooth” surface finishes (i.e., small A) can generate significant amplification, if λ is correspondingly small. We compare theory with magnetohydrodynamic simulation to illustrate both the utility and limitations of the steady-state theory.
Multi-scale Genomic Inference using Biologically Annotated Neural Networks

With the emergence of large-scale genomic datasets, there is a unique opportunity to integrate machine learning approaches as standard tools within genome-wide association (GWA) studies. Unfortunately, while machine learning methods have been shown to account for nonlinear data structures and exhibit greater predictive power over classic linear models, these same algorithms have also become criticized as "black box" techniques. Here, we present biologically annotated neural networks (BANNs), a novel probabilistic framework that makes machine learning fully amenable for GWA applications. BANNs are feedforward models with partially connected architectures that are based on biological annotations. This setup yields a fully interpretable neural network where the input layer encodes SNP-level effects, and the hidden layer models the aggregated effects among SNP-sets. Part of our key innovation is to treat the weights and connections of the network as random variables with prior distributions that reflect how genetic effects are manifested at different genomic scales. The BANN software uses scalable variational inference to provide fully interpretable posterior summaries which allow researchers to simultaneously perform (i) fine-mapping with SNPs and (ii) enrichment analyses with SNP-sets on complex traits. Through simulations and real GWA data applications, we show that our method improves upon state-of-the-art approaches in both settings across a wide range of genetic architectures.
A Relational-Cultural Theory Approach to Work with Survivors of Sex Trafficking

Human sex trafficking has gained greater awareness in recent decades. The literature surrounding sex trafficking has largely applied a model of supply and demand or model of sexual aggression to th...
Window gasketing for self humidified H2|O2 and H2 |air polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells fed dry gases

Abstract Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are often formed with the cation exchange polymer Nafion® sandwiched between two electrodes and run on humidified H2 and O2 gases fed to electrodes held in tight gaskets. The tight gasket opening is only slightly wider than the electrodes. When run on dry H2 and O2, tight gasketed cells fail as water becomes imbalanced across the membrane. Here, the cathode is framed by a narrow perimeter washer so the cathode is centered in a generous Nafion window and surrounded by a thin (≈ 0.05 cm) reservoir volume. Unlike tight gasketed cells, water generated at the cathode crosses the large Nafion window to sustain self humidification at 0.522 V on dry H2 and O2 at 70, 37, and 25 oC and dry H2 and air at 37 oC for 1 atm pressure and moderate flow rates. Built from commercial components, window gasketed PEFCs provided stable, steady state current and power at 0.5 V for >170 h on dry H2 and oxidant. Tight gaskets always fail to yield self humidification whereas window gaskets enable effective self humidification on dry gases. A sketch is provided of how the Nafion window enhances water flux from the cathode. Because humidification hardware can be eliminated, window gasketed PEFCs may be especially useful in portable fuel cell systems. Submitted In Honor of Andrej Wieckowski.