cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of hydrogen-oxygen mixing and combustion processes at high pressures

This paper presents an extension of previous analyses which focus on the time-accurate simulation of highpressure multiphase combustion processes. The objectives are: 1) to provide insight with respect to the many uncertainties associated with modeling turbulent, reacting, multiphase flows at supercritical pressures; 2) to assess the accuracy of various modeling assumptions on the prevailing dynamics; and 3) to analyze the effects of high-pressure phenomena at operating conditions typically employed in state of the art combustors. The approach employs the large-eddy-simulation technique, detailed treatments of thermophysical properties, and detailed consideration of chemical kinetics. The current work presents a set of calculations which focus on transcritical and supercritical mixing and combustion processes within two-dimensional hydrogen-oxygen mixing layers. Emphasis is placed on the near field coupling dynamics and flame holding characteristics in the vicinity of the splitter plate.
Free Vibration and Linear Dynamics Analysis of Composite Plate Using NURBS Isogeometric Finite Element Analysis

This research paper describes the development of Nurbs isogeometric finite element analysis framework for free vibration and linear dynamics analysis of composite plates. First-order, shear-deformable laminate composite plate theory is utilized in deriving the governing equations using a variational formulation. Linear and higher order Nurbs Isgoemetric meshes are analysis is performed. Besides, new parent elements are also developed in exact geometry framework. Numerical validation is performed for orthotropic and laminated composite plates. Different ply to thickness ratios, modulus ratios and ply-angles are considered.
Development and utilization of a fluorescence-based receptor-binding assay for the site 5 voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligands brevetoxin and ciguatoxin

Brevetoxins are a family of ladder-frame polyether toxins produced during blooms of the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Consumption of fish exposed to K. brevis blooms can lead to the development of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. The toxic effects of brevetoxins are due to activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) in cell membranes. Binding of toxins has historically been measured using a radioligand competition assay that is fraught with difficulty. In this study, we developed a novel fluorescence-based binding assay for the brevetoxin receptor. Several fluorophores were conjugated to polyether brevetoxin-2 and used as the labeled ligand. Brevetoxin analogs were able to compete for binding with the fluorescent ligands. This assay was qualified against the standard radioligand receptor assay for the brevetoxin receptor. Furthermore, the fluorescence-based assay was used to determine relative concentrations of toxins in raw extracts of K. brevis culture, and to determine ciguatoxin affinity to site 5 of VSSCs. The fluorescence-based assay was quicker, safer, and far less expensive. As such, this assay can be used to replace the current radioligand assay and will be a vital tool for future experiments examining the binding affinity of various ligands for site 5 on sodium channels.
Analogies between Synthetic and Biosynthetic Reactions in Which [1,2]-Alkyl Shifts Are Combined with Other Events: Dyotropic, Schmidt, and Carbocation Rearrangements

A survey of computational studies on the mechanisms of dyotropic, Schmidt, and related reactions is presented. Connections between synthetically applied versions of these processes and those predicted to occur during biosynthetic terpene-forming carbocation cascades are highlighted.
Classical model of negative thermal expansion in solids with expanding bonds

We study negative thermal expansion (NTE) in model lattices with multiple atoms per cell and first- and second-nearest neighbor interactions using the (anharmonic) Morse potential. By exploring the phase space of neighbor distances and thermal expansion rates of the bonds, we determine the conditions under which NTE emerges. By permitting all bond lengths to expand at different rates, we find that NTE is possible without appealing to fully rigid units. Nearly constant, large-amplitude, isotropic NTE is observed up to the melting temperature in a classical molecular dynamics model of a ${\mathrm{ReO}}_{3}$-like structure when the rigidity of octahedral units is almost completely eliminated. Only weak NTE, changing over to positive expansion, is observed when the corner-linked octahedra are rigid, with flexible second-neighbor bonds between neighboring octahedra permitting easy rotation. We observe similar changes to thermal expansion behavior for the diamond lattice: NTE when second-neighbor interactions are weak to positive thermal expansion when second-neighbor interactions are strong. From these observations, we suggest that the only essential local conditions for NTE are atoms with low coordination numbers along with very low energies for changing bond angles relative to bond-stretching energies.
RESEARCH ON THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD OF IMPROVED NEUTRALIZER IDENTIFICATION

Objective To solve the problem of neutralizer identify when the concentration of disinfectant is too high by improved neutralizer identification experimental method.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test was used to observe the improved neutralize effect.Results The neutralizer identification experiment was carried out by the concentration indicated,group 1 and group 2 had not the growth of the experiment bacterial.By technical standard for disinfection 2002,it means the neutralizer is unqualified for chlorine dioxide and iodophor.When decrease the concentration of the disinfectant and adjust the connecting time,the result of the neutralizer identification experiment shows all of the groups according to the demand of the standard.The neutralizer was qualified.Conclusions When the concentration of indicated is too high,it should decrease the concentration in the neutralizer identification experiment.
Traumatic Injury Burden Among Residents in Weihai City, Shangdong Province

Objective To make clear the burden of traumatic injury in residents of Weihai. Method By stratified cluster sampling method, a retrospective questionnaire survey was conducted on the traumatic injuries, and economic costs of 8,600 households in the last year. Results In this survey, a total of 418 cases including 390 persons occurred traumatic injury, and the incidence was 19.06‰. The most frequent traumatic injury types were traffic accidents, collision and falling. As to all the cases, the days being limited in bed were 24.77 per case, the days for rest were 55.98 per case, the days being impaired movement were 33.27 per case, clinical cost was $2,343 per case, and the cost for hospitalization was $2,709 per case. Economic loss caused by traumatic injury in Weihai City in the last year was 3.185 hundred million Yuan(RMB). Conclusions Traumatic injury caused a heavy burden on rural and urban residents in Weihai. We should take countermeasures to prevent and control traumatic injuries.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Long-Term Care: Metrics and Risk Adjustment

An antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) has been recommended for long-term care facilities because of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in this setting to improve prescribing and decrease adverse events. Recommendations have been made for the components of such a program, but there is little evidence to support any specific methodology at the present time. The recommendations make minimal reference to metrics, an essential component of any ASP, to monitor the results of interventions. This article focuses on the role of antibiotic use metrics as part of an ASP for long-term care. Studies specifically focused on development of antibiotic use metrics for long-term care are reviewed. It is stressed that these metrics should be considered as an integral part of an ASP in long-term care. In order to develop benchmarks for antibiotic use for long-term care, there must be appropriate risk adjustment for interfacility comparisons and quality improvement. Studies that have focused on resident functional status as a risk factor for infection and antibiotic use are reviewed. Recommendations for the potentially most useful and feasible metrics for long-term care are provided along with recommendations for future research.
Doing Urban History in the Coastal Zone

A rich historiography exists on the subject of port towns, yet too often they are treated not on their own terms, but as the terminal point either of maritime space or of the terrestrial realm. This chapter outlines a new approach, drawing on vocabulary from the marine and littoral sciences and from the discipline of island studies to articulate an approach that is truly focussed on the coastal zone. It is necessary to adapt some of this vocabulary to suit the needs of urban history. The foreshore corresponds to the relatively small area that welcomes strangers and processes cargo, passengers, or tourists. The offshore is a space of idiosyncratic governance, both excised from the port town and yet often an integral part of its operations. Scholars interested in ethnic, gender, and civic identities are working on a deeper, more complex mixture that might well be called the urban estuary.
Social and Historical Foundations for Business Ethics

This chapter is an investigation of the moral norms, sensitivities, and accountabilities that are endogenous in market activity and constitutive of human communities as systems of reciprocal exchange. First, I examine how markets have historically served the common welfare and how these responsibilities have been understood, beginning with the morality endogenous in archaic and ancient markets as systems of total service. I then trace the disjunction of markets and morals in Western Europe under the influence of Christianity, culminating in an explication of the natural and sacred right of private property as a foundation for the modern competitive marketplace. I conclude by reviewing the history of these ideas as they shaped the conceptions of government and markets in the founding of the United States. The ideals of private property were incorporated into public policy with a vision of individual prosperity and ambition that also served the common good and provided for the welfare of all. This assumption has fallen short of reality, so that it is necessary to restore the original unity of private and public good. This will require recommitment to the innate sensitivities and relations of reciprocity that can provide a social foundation for business ethics in a system of exchange with potential for achieving a just economy. Important features of this commitment will be a shared understanding of substantive fairness in distribution of goods, the vision of the marketplace as a complex adaptive system aiming for ever greater fit with the natural environment, wealth as a collective resource that serves individuals and their communities, and the marketplace as a system of provision, protection, and meaning governed through public deliberation. I conclude that markets have always served and sustained the common welfare, and this ordinary and necessary public responsibility should be a regular part of management education and business ethics education.
Spatially Coupled Codes Optimized for Magnetic Recording Applications

Spatially coupled (SC) codes are a class of sparse graph-based codes known to have capacity-approaching performance. SC codes are constructed based on an underlying low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, by first partitioning the underlying block code and then putting replicas of the components together. Significant recent research efforts have been devoted to the asymptotic, ensemble-averaged study of SC codes, as these coupled variants of the existing LDPC codes offer excellent properties. While the asymptotic analysis is important, due to simplifying assumptions and averaging effects, results from the asymptotic domain are not readily translatable to the practical, finite-length setting. Despite this chasm, the finite-length analysis of SC codes is still largely unexplored. In this paper, we tackle the problem of optimized design of SC codes in the context of magnetic-recording (MR) applications. In particular, we identify combinatorial structures in the graphical representation of the code that are detrimental in the MR setting. An intriguing observation is that for the same SC code, the problematic objects for the MR channels are combinatorially different from the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) setting, thus necessitating a careful code design approach for the MR applications. We first demonstrate that the choice of the so-called cutting vector, which guides the code partitioning in the SC code design, directly affects the cardinality of these problematic objects. In particular, we show that the number of problematic objects is the highest - and consequently that the performance is the worst - in the case of the degenerate cutting vector, which precisely corresponds to uncoupled LDPC block codes. We, therefore, show that coupling always improves the performance and that the degree of improvement is dependent on the choice of the cutting vector. We then extend our analysis to different column weights and present SC codes that outperform block codes with unoptimized edge weights by more than 3.5 orders of magnitude and that also outperform both optimized block codes and unoptimized SC codes by more than two orders of magnitude. Through presented examples, we demonstrate high performance of the proposed code design methodology.
Integrated multiquantum well heterojunction bipolar transistors for optical switching and thresholding applications

The integrating-thresholding properties of an integrated bipolar device realized by molecular beam epitaxy are demonstrated, and switching characteristics for 10 mu W input to the controller are measured. The device is based on the quantum confined Stark effect in multiquantum wells. The controller, which is a bipolar transistor with a MQW collector region, provides an amplified photocurrent and feedback voltage to switch the modulator. Cascadability, optoelectronic amplification, and multistage operation are demonstrated in terms of a fan-out of eight devices. The integrating-thresholding properties also lend themselves to the implementation of neurons and to the realization of decision-making processes. The controller-modulator device can form a versatile basic module for optical computation architectures. >
An acute interprofessional simulation experience for occupational and physical therapy students: Key findings from a survey study.

ABSTRACTDue to the fast pace and high complexity of managing patients in intensive and acute care units (ICUs), healthcare students often feel challenged and unprepared to practice in this environment. Simulations and standardised patients provide “hands-on” learning experiences that are realistic and help students to gain competence and confidence. This study examined the impact of an intensive case simulation laboratory using a patient simulator and standardised patients on students’ perceptions of their confidence and preparedness to work in acute care settings. Second-year Masters of Occupational Therapy (MOT; n = 127) and Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT; n = 105) students participated in a three-hour intensive care simulation laboratory comprised of four stations that were designed to simulate common ICU patient care scenarios. Data analysed were student pre- and post-simulation surveys and written comments, and clinical instructors’ (CIs; n = 51) ratings on DPT students’ preparedness and confidence ...
Fertilization and Immunity — Revisited

This article provides an historical account and comparison of immune reactions and fertilization phenomena, particularly as they relate to sperm and egg receptors, and the considerable effect developments in immunology have had upon our conceptual and practical understanding of fertilization.
Association of spiritual well-being pre- and post-radiotherapy for prostate cancer with health-related quality of life and psychological state.

214Background: Cancer survivors often experience psychological stress, with impact on quality of life (QOL) and mortality. Religious/spiritual identity and well-being (WB) can also significantly relate to QOL among individuals with cancer. The specific aim of the current study investigates correlates of spiritual (WB), QOL, and psychological state before and after radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PC). We hypothesized that 1) positive correlations between pre-treatment spiritual WB and health-related QOL will be seen both time points and that 2) negative correlations between spiritual WB and depression and anxiety will be seen at both points. Methods: The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 assessed depression and anxiety, respectively. The FACT-P assessed physical, social, emotional, and functional WB. The FACIT-Sp-Ex assessed spiritual WB. Our sample (N= 65) had mean age of 68 (range 52-81) and education of 16 years (range 10-20). Most participants (82%) identified as European-American. Associations were assessed by Pearso...
Postdebriefing Activities Following Simulation

Abstract High-fidelity simulation has become a standard within prelicensure nursing education. Verbal debriefing sessions have been proven to enhance clinical judgment following the simulation scenario. The purpose of this article is to share 2 postdebriefing activities (video-recorded scenarios and reflective journaling) that 1 school of nursing has implemented to assist prelicensure nursing students in further developing clinical judgment.
Non-negative matrix factorization of signals with overlapping events for event detection applications

In many event detection applications, training data may contain tags with multiple, simultaneous events. This is particularly likely when the definition of “event” is broad and includes events that can persist for an extended period of time. Decomposing a mixed signal into signals corresponding to individual events is non-trivial. In this paper, we propose a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method that generates independent dictionaries for different events from training data with overlapping events. The proposed method adds a mask matrix into the regularization term in conventional NMF approaches. This mask matrix captures known event labels in the training data, so that only related dictionary terms are updated during iteration. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated using both synthetic and real data.
Paltry past‐precipitation: Predisposing prairie dogs to plague?

The plague bacterium Yersinia pestis was introduced to California in 1900 and spread rapidly as a sylvatic disease of mammalian hosts and flea vectors, invading the Great Plains in the United States by the 1930s to 1940s. In grassland ecosystems, plague causes periodic, devastating epizootics in colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), sciurid rodents that create and maintain subterranean burrows. In doing so, plague inhibits prairie dogs from functioning as keystone species of grassland communities. The rate at which fleas transmit Y. pestis is thought to increase when fleas are abundant. Flea densities can increase during droughts when vegetative production is reduced and herbivorous prairie dogs are malnourished and have weakened defenses against fleas. Epizootics of plague have erupted frequently in prairie dogs during years in which precipitation was plentiful, and the accompanying cool temperatures might have facilitated the rate at which fleas transmitted Y. pestis. Together these observations evoke the hypothesis that transitions from dry-to-wet years provide conditions for plague epizootics in prairie dogs. Using generalized linear models, we analyzed a 24-year dataset on the occurrence of plague epizootics in 42 colonies of prairie dogs from Colorado, USA, 1982–2005. Of the 33 epizootics observed, 52% erupted during years with increased precipitation in summer. For the years with increased summer precipitation, if precipitation in the prior growing season declined from the maximum of 502 mm to the minimum of 200 mm, the prevalence of plague epizootics was predicted to increase 3-fold. Thus, reduced precipitation may have predisposed prairie dogs to plague epizootics when moisture returned. Biologists sometimes assume dry conditions are detrimental for plague. However, 48% of epizootics occurred during years in which precipitation was scarce in summer. In some cases, an increased abundance of fleas during dry years might compensate for other conditions that become less favorable for plague transmission. Global warming is forecasted to amplify the hydrological cycle in the Great Plains, causing an increased occurrence of prolonged droughts interceded by brief periods of intense precipitation. Results herein suggest these changes might affect plague cycles in prairie dogs. Both negative and positive consequences of dry conditions should be considered when managing plague. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The relationship between teacher regard and college attendance expectations: socioeconomic and racial–ethnic disparities

This study uses data from wave one of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health to analyze the relationship between middle and secondary school students’ perceptions of their teachers, or “teacher regard,” and students’ expectations for college attendance. Variation in this relationship is further examined by respondents’ socioeconomic status, as measured by parents’ highest level of education, as well as respondents’ race and ethnicity. I find that for respondents whose parents have not completed high school, hold high school diplomas, or have completed only some post-secondary work, expectation ‘gains’ due to increases in teacher regard are substantially greater than are those for respondents whose parents hold college degrees. Adolescents whose parents hold graduate degrees experience an inverse relationship between teacher regard and college attendance expectations. Hispanics, compared to other racial and ethnic groups, additionally display higher expectations as teacher regard increases.
The interaction of fibrinogen with human platelets in a plasma milieu

Fibrinogen binds to specific receptors on human washed platelets and these sites are induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This interaction is assumed to be the basis for the participation of the molecule in ADP-stimulated aggregation of platelets, but fibrinogen binding to platelets in plasma has not been directly demonstrated. In this study, we have characterized the interaction of 125I-fibrinogen to platelets in the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of afibrinogenemic patients. In either citrated or heparinized PRP, association of fibrinogen with platelets was demonstrable and was dependent on ADP dose. This binding reached equilibrium in 10-15 min, and saturation was achieved at fibrinogen concentrations greater than 0.5 microM. A linear Scatchard plot was derived that indicated a single class of binding sites with an affinity constant of Ka = 1.8 X 10(6) M(-1), and 32,000 fibrinogen molecules were maximally bound per platelet. The kinetics of the platelet fibrinogen interaction in plasma were essentially the same at 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C, but fewer molecules were bound at 37 degrees C. The rate constants of association were k 22 degrees C on = 0.9 X 10(6) M-1 . min-1 and k 37 degrees C on = 0.4 X 10(6) M-1 . min-1, respectively. Stabilization of the platelet-bound fibrinogen occurred only to a partial extent in both heparinized and citrated plasma. These results are similar to those obtained with washed platelets and establish that the previously defined steps in ADP-induced binding of fibrinogen to platelets occur in plasma, namely receptor induction by ADP, initial reversible binding, and irreversible binding.
Developing a Functioning Visualization and Analysis System for Performance Assessment

Various commercial software packages and customized programs provide the ability to analyze and visualize the geology of Yucca Mountain. Starting with sparse, irregularly spaced data a series of gridded models has been developed representing the thermal/mechanical units within the mountain. Using computer aided design (CAD) software and scientific visualization software, the units can be manipulated, analyzed, and graphically displayed. The outputs are typically gridded terrain models, along with files of three-dimensional coordinates, distances, and other dimensional values. Contour maps, profiles, and shaded surfaces are the output for visualization.
TCP offload is a dumb idea whose time has come

Network interface implementors have repeatedly attempted to offload TCP processing from the host CPU. These efforts met with little success, because they were based on faulty premises. TCP offload per se is neither of much overall benefit nor free from significant costs and risks. But TCP offload in the service of very specific goals might actually be useful. In the context of the replacement of storage-specific interconnect via commoditized network hardware, TCP offload (and more generally, offloading the transport protocol) appropriately solves an important problem.
Attachment at Ring Positions

The functionalisation of the pyridine ring is now well developed and the myriad synthetic methods for preparing substituted pyridines are presented in this chapter, including the introduction of halogen, sulphur, silicon, tin, phosphorus, oxygen, boron, nitrogen, carbon, lithium, magnesium, and zinc.
Kinematic Synthesis of Planar Platforms with RPR, PRR, and RRR Chains

This paper presents a method for determining the fixed and outermost moving joint locations of three-legged planar platforms composed of RPR, PRR, and RRR chains We seek three of these chains such that, when assembled into a platform, they reach an arbitrary set of displacements and orientations called positions. In addition, an acceptable platform design must satisfy joint limit constraints and potentially be able to move between the positions without crossing singularities. The methodology presented addresses nine of the ten possible topologies defined by these three chain types. The design problem is addressed through the use of constraint manifolds, the platform’s workspace defined in terms of planar quaternion coordinates. An example shows the synthesis of a platform via this methodology.
Teaching Money and Inflation Across the Curriculum

The Economics Across the Curriculum approach encourages the integration of economic concepts into various disciplines. This article features the essence of the approach built on best practices desc...
The impact of chloride or bromide ions on the advanced oxidation of atrazine by combined electrolysis and ozonation

Abstract Advanced oxidation of atrazine (ATZ) via electrolysis and ozonation separately and in combination was studied in the presence of concentrated chloride and bromide electrolytes at pH 7. Ozone (O3) was bubbled at a rate of 0.3 L/min into a batch electrolysis reactor utilizing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and stainless steel (SS) cathode operating at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Results from separate experiments in a 54 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) or 54 mM sodium bromide (NaBr) electrolyte were compared with data previously reported by the authors produced in the same system utilizing a sulfate (SO42−) electrolyte. Bromide and chloride slightly increased the rate of ATZ degradation compared to sulfate when electrolysis only was applied. When ozone was applied individually, the estimated first-order degradation rate of atrazine decreased 20% with chloride and 87% with bromide compared to sulfate. The degradation rate of ATZ decreased 86% with chloride in the combined electrolysis and ozonation mode and 93% with bromide, both as compared to sulfate. This is significant since combined electrolysis and ozonation has been shown in previously published works to produce strong synergism for contaminant removal in sulfate. The proposed mechanism for antagonism with a reactive electrolyte such as chloride or bromide is increased competition in the system for hydroxyl radicals (HO ). Free halogen species and bromide are reactive with HO , decreasing the likelihood of direct reaction between HO and ATZ. In addition to the antagonism, all cases except ozonation in chloride generated either bromate (BrO3-) or chlorate (ClO3−).
MicroRNA Expression Profiles in External Cervical Resorption.

Abstract Introduction External cervical resorption (ECR) has been challenging for its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Its etiology and pathogenesis are largely unknown. This study characterized microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns of human tissues from ECR lesions and identified potential messenger RNA targets and pathways. Methods Granulomatous tissues from ECR (n = 5) and their adjacent nonaffected asymptomatic gingival connective tissues (n = 5) were collected. Similarly, chronic periodontitis (CP) and control samples were collected (n = 3). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array analysis compared the expression profiles of 88 miRNAs between diseases. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using the Student t test. Bioinformatics for messenger RNA (miRWalk) and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to identify predicted target genes and biological/cellular functions and signaling pathways. Results Three miRNAs (miR-20a-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-99a-4p) were significantly down-regulated and 1 miRNA (miR-122-5p) was significantly up-regulated in ECR (P Conclusions This proof-of-principle in vivo study indicated that ECR has both common and unique miRNA expression profiles in comparison with CP, which are predicted to target genes regulating inflammation, immunity, and metabolism of mineralized tissues.
Optimizing vaccine distribution networks in low and middle-income countries

Abstract Vaccination has been proven to be the most effective method to prevent infectious diseases. However, there are still millions of children in low and middle-income countries who are not covered by routine vaccines and remain at risk. The World Health Organization – Expanded Programme on Immunization (WHO-EPI) was designed to provide universal childhood vaccine access for children across the world and in this work, we address the design of the distribution network for WHO-EPI vaccines. In particular, we formulate the network design problem as a mixed integer program (MIP) and present a new algorithm for typical problems that are too large to be solved using commercial MIP software. We test the algorithm using data derived from four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and show that the algorithm is able to obtain high-quality solutions for even the largest problems within a few minutes.
A High-Throughput Small Molecule Screen Identifies Ouabain as Synergistic with miR-34a in Killing Lung Cancer Cells.

Summary MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) is one of the major families of tumor suppressor miRNAs often lost in cancers. Delivery of miR-34a mimics to affected tumors as a therapeutic strategy has been tried in pre-clinical studies and in a phase I clinical trial. One approach to increase efficacy and reduce toxicity is to rationally identify drug combinations with small molecules that synergize with miR-34a. In this study we performed a high-throughput screen of a large panel of small molecules with known biological activity and identified ouabain as a candidate small molecule that synergized with miR-34a in killing lung cancer cells. We elucidated autophagy activation as a key mechanism by which miR-34a and ouabain causes increased cytotoxicity in cells. We posit that this combinatorial approach could reduce the active dose of miR-34a needed in vivo to observe tumor shrinkage and potentiate the development of miR-34a combination therapies in the future.
Simulation of a Hall Effect Thruster Using Krypton Propellant

The multifluid computational framework Hall2De is updated to perform simulations of Hall thrusters operating with krypton propellant. The implementation is validated by comparison to past experimen...
2.20 – Metamemory

Metamemory refers to any judgment that is made about a memory. These include feelings-of-knowing judgments, judgments about tip-of-the-tongue states, confidence judgments about memories and judgments of learning, as well as source judgments and remember/know judgments. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the basis for such judgments, and a variety of theories are reviewed. There is general agreement that metamemory judgments are made heuristically. Progress is also being made in understanding the function of these judgments, in allowing people to self-determine further study in an effective manner.
4.26 – Efflux Transporters

Discovery of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters has opened up a new chapter in understanding the absorption, distribution, and elimination of xenobiotics. These ABC transporters mediate the ATP-dependent efflux of endo- and xenobiotics from cells into the external environment (such as efflux from enterocytes into the intestinal lumen), or into blood or interstitial fluid, and are thus known to be important in protecting the cell and organism from toxic environmental compounds, including toxic agents used in cancer chemotherapy. These transporters also mediate the efflux of signaling molecules, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and prostaglandins (PGs), and at least one transporter functions in the efflux of vitamins into breast milk. Thus, their role in endogenous processes is also likely critical. The following chapter describes the expression, regulation, and functions of some of the most important ABC transporters in influencing exposure to xenobiotics and regulating intracellular levels of important endogenous compounds.
Not Throwing Away My Shot: Leveraging a Peer Vaccination Workshop to Increase Residents' Immunization Skills.

Abstract Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that pediatric residents demonstrate competence administering immunizations. Despite mandatory simulation training, less than half our residents reported immunization competence. All residents need to receive their influenza vaccination, but schedule restrictions present logistical challenges. We implemented a peer influenza immunization workshop and assessed the impact on resident immunization competence compared to simulation-only training. Methods Prospective cohort study at a pediatric residency program in a tertiary academic center. We implemented an annual influenza immunization workshop including immunization education, simulated practice, and peer influenza immunization. We compared workshop participation to simulation-only training on resident confidence immunizing, number of immunizations logged, and ACGME survey results for immunization skills. Results In 2019, 80% (N = 59) of residents participated in the workshop. Participants were more likely to report confidence in immunization skills than nonparticipants (P = .001). Resident-administered immunizations increased from 1 in the 3 years preceding workshop implementation to 74 during the 2019 to 2020 academic year. Significantly, more ACGME survey respondents reported preparedness to immunize after workshop implementation (P = .02). Conclusions Implementation of an influenza immunization workshop provides an innovative opportunity to increase resident preparedness performing an ACGME-required procedure while also helping ensure programs remain compliant with influenza requirements.
Surgeons' Coaching Techniques in the Surgical Coaching for Operative Performance Enhancement (SCOPE) Program.

Objective To evaluate coaching techniques used by practicing surgeons who underwent dedicated coach training in a peer surgical coaching program. Background Surgical coaching is a developing strategy for improving surgeons' intraoperative performance. How to cultivate effective coaching skills among practicing surgeons is uncertain. Methods Through the Surgical Coaching for Operative Performance Enhancement (SCOPE) program, 46 surgeons within 4 US academic medical centers were assigned 1:1 into coach/coachee pairs. All attended a 3-hour Surgical Coaching Workshop-developed using evidence from the fields of surgery and education-then received weekly reminders. We analyzed workshop evaluations and audio transcripts of postoperative debriefs between coach/coachee pairs, co-coding themes based on established principles of effective coaching: (i) self-identified goals, (ii) collaborative analysis, (iii) constructive feedback, and (iv) action planning. Coaching principles were cross-referenced with intraoperative performance topics: technical, nontechnical, and teaching skills. Results For the 8 postoperative debriefs analyzed, mean duration was 24.4 min (range 7-47 minutes). Overall, 326 coaching examples were identified, demonstrating application of all 4 core principles of coaching. Constructive feedback (17.6 examples per debrief) and collaborative analysis (16.3) were utilized more frequently than goal-setting (3.9) and action planning (3.0). Debriefs focused more often on nontechnical skills (60%) than technical skills (32%) or teaching-specific skills (8%). Among surgeons who completed the workshop evaluation (82% completion rate), 90% rated the Surgical Coaching Workshop "good" or "excellent." Conclusions Short-course coach trainings can help practicing surgeons use effective coaching techniques to guide their peers' performance improvement in a way that aligns with surgical culture.
Gender dynamics in education and practice of gastroenterology.

Background and Aims With an increasing number of women joining procedural fields, including gastroenterology, optimizing the work environment for learning, teaching, and clinical practice is essential to the well-being of both physicians and their patients. We queried female and male gastroenterologists on their beliefs toward the endoscopy suite environment, as well as their experiences in learning and teaching endoscopic skills. Methods We distributed a web-based survey to 403 gastroenterology fellows and practicing gastroenterologists at 12 academic institutions and 3 large private practices. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to compare the responses of female and male gastroenterologists. Results The overall response rate was 32% (n = 130); 54 women and 61 men completed the survey in its entirety and were included in the analysis (15 respondents did not meet the inclusion criteria). Baseline demographics were comparable between the groups. Overall, fewer women than men were trained using tactile instruction (41% vs 67%; P = .004). Of those trained using tactile instruction, 60.3%, with no gender differences, felt it was also important for endoscopic learning. More women reported experiencing gender bias toward themselves during training (57.4% vs 13.1%; P = .001) as well as in their current careers (50.0% vs 9.8%; P = .001). When queried on treatment of gastroenterologists by endoscopy staff, 75.9% of women reported that men were treated more favorably, whereas 70.5% of men felt that both male and female gastroenterologists were treated equally. Conclusions Inequities exist with regard to the experience of men and women in gastroenterology, and specific challenges for women may have an impact on their career choices and ability to safely and effectively learn, teach, and practice endoscopy.
Factors contributing to persistent rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in breast cancer patients: Examination of 1051 mastectomies across a single health system.

The American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) outlined definitive guidelines for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in 2016. Despite this, rates of CPM have remained steady. The objective of this study was to identify factors contributing to persistent over-delivery of CPM. Breast cancer patients across 8 hospitals in a single healthcare system from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided according to whether they received nonindicated CPMs versus other mastectomy types. Nonindicated CPM were those procedures not meeting ASBrS consensus guidelines for recommended patients. CPM rate was calculated for each year in the study period. Patient, disease, provider, and system level factors were obtained. Bivariate analysis was used to identify variables for inclusion in a backward multivariable model. A total of 1,051 patients were analyzed. Nonindicated CPM rates by year remained steady throughout the time period (P = .391). In multivariable regression, patient, disease, and provider level factors were associated with odds of undergoing CPM. Every unit increase in age was associated with a 4% reduction in odds of undergoing CPM (CI 0.941-0.986). Stage 3 breast cancer compared to stage 1 had 53% lower odds of CPM (CI 0.288-0.757). Implant-based breast reconstruction had 2.9-fold higher odds of CPM compared to no reconstruction (CI 1.476-5.551). No system level factors were statistically significant. CPM rates have not notably decreased since the ASBrS consensus statement with certain patient and provider factors impacting persistent overuse of CPM. These results inform oncologic and reconstructive providers of factors contributing to continued use of a nonindicated procedure.
Benefits of BCPAP Guidelines and the Reduction of BPD in the NICU

Background: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a noninvasive method to deliver positive pressure with the goal of increasing the preterm infant’s functional residual capacity (FRC) and improving gas exchange. Use of CPAP has been shown to aid in the prevention of atelectasis while reducing the number of obstructive and central apnea events for preterm infants. Bubble CPAP (BCPAP) is one modality to provide CPAP to infants. Some preterm infants suffer from Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), which is a form of chronic lung disease. Due to the immaturity of the lungs, infants born prematurely, less than 33 weeks and of low birth weight are at a greater likelihood to develop the disease. BPD is associated with inflammation and scarring in the lungs, caused by mechanical ventilation and long-term use of oxygen. The amount of oxygen or respiratory support an infant requires at a corrected gestational age of 36 weeks determines the severity of BPD. Methods: Data and criteria presented at a major institution with notably low BPD rates prompted the development of practice guidelines. A multidisciplinary team of Nursing, Respiratory Care, Nurse Practitioners and Neonatology assessed the BPD rates of the Vermont Oxford Network (VON) and compared our institutional BPD rate. Based on our data and the guidelines of another institution, the practice guidelines include the level of CPAP at initiation, increasing or decreasing CPAP level based on oxygen requirements, and criteria to trial off. Because infants less than 30 weeks are generally in a low birth weight category, they were the group of patients concentrated on for the guidelines. The data collected in regards to the BPD rate included the number of ventilation days and number of CPAP days. Modification to the trail off criteria evolved after review of other facilities trialing off CPAP at an earlier state and maintaining low BPD rates. Results: Implementation of BCPAP guidelines decreased our BPD rate to 26% from 36-41% in previous years 2014-2017; respectively, intubation rates for very low birth weight, and improved consistency of CPAP therapy utilization. Conclusions: Guideline implementation for initiation, maintenance, and weaning BCPAP decreases BPD in the preterm infant.
Absence of signature inflammatory markers in synovial fluid for total knee arthroplasties revised for arthrofibrosis.

Abstract Introduction Current diagnostic criteria for arthrofibrosis are limited. Since many patients will be aspirated during their clinical course, synovial fluid analysis may supplement current diagnostic criteria for arthrofibrosis. The goal of this study was to determine a unique synovial fluid and inflammatory marker profile for diagnosing arthrofibrosis. Hypothesis Patients with arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty will have a unique synovial fluid aspirate profile compared to control patients to aid in diagnosis. Materials and methods Between 2013 and 2017, 32 patients (32 total knee arthroplasties [TKAs]) underwent revision TKAs for arthrofibrosis. Fourteen patients had pre-revision aspirations. They were 2:1 matched based on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and year of revision to 28 patients who underwent aseptic revision TKAs for reasons other than arthrofibrosis (control group). Mean age at revision was 66 years, with 64% males. Results In TKAs revised for arthrofibrosis, mean total cell count was 828 cells/uL. These aspirates contained a mean distribution of 46% macrophages (range: 4–76%), 31% lymphocytes (range: 11–68%), 21% neutrophils (range: 0–75%), 1% other cells (mainly synovial cells; range: 0–11%), and 1% eosinophils (range: 0–7%). There was no significant difference in mean total cell count (p = 0.8) or mean distribution of macrophages (p = 0.6), lymphocytes (p = 0.1), neutrophils (p = 0.2), eosinophils (p > 0.9), or serum inflammatory markers (p > 0.7) when compared to controls. All aspirations were culture negative for infection. Discussion The profile of arthrofibrotic synovial fluid aspirates and serum inflammatory marker values were similar to patients revised for non-arthrofibrotic aseptic etiologies. This suggests synovial fluid and serum inflammatory markers in non-infected knees with arthrofibrosis should expect to have characteristics similar to synovial fluid and inflammatory marker profiles in other aseptic diagnoses. Level of evidence III; retrospective case-control study.
Dynamic Pricing Solves the Urban Transportation Disparity – Evidence from NYC On-Demand Ride-Sharing Drivers

In this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of the dynamic pricing system on ride-sharing platform drivers' labor supply. Rather than working-hour and wage-rate relation explored by previous and current literature, we examine the instantaneous response of drivers to price surges. Using data from New York City, we estimate the structural model through a constrained non-parametric instrumental variable (NPIV) approach. We find that the emergence of a price surge is a strong incentive for drivers, and the dynamic pricing scheme of ride-sharing platforms effectively solves the geographical disparity problem of uncoordinated taxi systems. Consequently, the overall accessibility and quantity of pickup service in the entire city will increase. In the absence of dynamic pricing, we show in a counterfactual analysis that platform drivers will be clumped in the Manhattan area and airports, a dilemma shared by the taxi drivers. The counterfactual context implies that 27% of the total supply will be lost, including a significantly large 59% reduction in the non-Manhattan area.
Effects of video modeling on abduction-prevention skills by individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Deficits in safety skills and communication place individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at risk of danger. Abduction prevention remains an understudied area. Video modeling has proven to be effective in some research on teaching safety skills to individuals with ASD. Existing research has yet to assess responding to lures from known people. The effects of video modeling on abduction-prevention skills were evaluated using a multiple probe across participants with an embedded adapted alternating treatments design. Using video modeling, we extended research by teaching how to respond to lures from strangers and known individuals by securing a code word. Generalization was programmed for and assessed across multiple lure types, confederates, and locations. Participants demonstrated differentiated responding across lures from strangers and known people and responding generalized to untrained community settings, people, and lures. Three of the 4 participants maintained skills at least 1 week following mastery. Procedures, goals, and outcomes were considered socially valid.