cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process-property-geometry correlations for additively-manufactured Ti–6Al–4V sheets

Abstract This study presents results and statistical analysis of more than 300 mechanical tensile testing and their associated microstructure, microhardness, porosity, and elemental analysis for additively-manufactured Ti–6Al–4V sheets. Square sheets of 84 mm with thicknesses ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm are fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and traditionally-manufactured sheets are used for the benchmark experiments. The effect of thickness, orientation, distance from free edges, and height and their correlation to material microstructure and thermal history as dictated by DMLS process parameters are investigated. First, a method is developed to differentiate the specimen geometry effect on mechanical properties from the effects of material/manufacturing process, allowing specimen geometry-independent study of the thickness effects on DMLS-manufactured sheets. The results show that the tensile strength linearly decreases by decreasing the thickness while there is no statistically significant variation in elongation at break. The tensile strength increases as the orientation angle of the specimens increases to 30°–45° followed by decreasing to the vertically-oriented specimens; the reverse of this behavior is observed for elongation at break. Furthermore, the tensile strength slightly decreases by increasing the height till ~40 mm followed by a more severe decrement at higher heights. Finally, no significant variation of tensile strength is observed by variation of the specimen distance from the free edges. Moreover, the microhardness variations with respect to thickness and height are studied. These observations are correlated to the porosity volume fraction variation and their elongation direction, prior β grain width variation, and their relationships to the thermal history of the sheets during the DMLS process, β nanoparticle volume fraction, martensitic α’ decomposition to α+β and α” orthorhombic structure, and Oxygen content variation.
Heterogeneity in age at death for adults with developmental disability.

Background Although increased attention has been devoted to mortality trends for adults with developmental disability, research has not accounted for possible differences in age at death between disability types. We examine whether heterogeneity is present in age at death between adults with different types of developmental disability. Methods Data were from the 2012-2016 U.S. Multiple Cause-of-Death Mortality files. Mean age at death and age at death distributions were analysed for adults, aged 18-126, with and without developmental disability collectively and then stratified by biological sex. Results There were 33 154 decedents with and 13 026 759 without developmental disability. Compared with adults without developmental disability, age at death was lower for all decedents with developmental disability but varied markedly by disability type and biological sex. Among adults with developmental disability, those with intellectual disability had the highest age at death, and those with cerebral palsy or other rare developmental disabilities, especially if co-morbid for a second developmental disability, had the lowest age at death. Conclusion Research on age at death for adults with developmental disability must account for heterogeneity among disability types in order to ensure reliable estimates. Failure to do so conceals important differences between disability types, which can misguide public health and preventive care efforts to reduce premature mortality and/or provide aging-related supports.
High cervical spinal cord stimulation for occipital neuralgia: a case series and literature review

Background Occipital neuralgia (ON) is defined as paroxysmal pain in the distribution of the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerves. ON can be refractory to conservative management and minimally invasive interventions. Neuromodulatory procedures can potentially treat refractory ON and include occipital nerve stimulation and the sparsely reported high cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Objective To report our experience and conduct a systematic literature review of studies evaluating the effect of high cervical SCS as a treatment modality for refractory ON. Methods A retrospective review of patients with refractory ON who underwent high cervical SCS was conducted. In addition, a systematic literature review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results Five patients with refractory ON were treated with high cervical (C1-C3) SCS in our institution. Two out of five (40%) patients reported a successful trial stimulation (>50% pain reduction) and received permanent implantation. During the follow-up, the visual analog scale score decreased from 7.5 to 4 and from 6.5 to 5 in these patients. No complications were reported for any of the patients. The systematic literature review, identified two eligible studies, comprising 18 patients overall who underwent cervicomedullary junction SCS. Nine out of 18 patients (50%) had a successful trial and received permanent implantation. Conclusion High cervical or cervicomedullary junction SCS is associated with a 40-50% successful trial rate in refractory ON. No major complications were noted during the follow-up. Future studies are needed to compare the different neurosurgical options, in order to identify the optimal treatment strategy for refractory ON.
Reoperative Options After Gastric Bypass

Gastric bypass has been one of our most powerful weapons to combat obesity and its comorbidities, but up to a third of patients respond inadequately and do not lose 50% of excess weight or regain their lost weight over time. Many of these patients might be candidates for further endoscopic and surgical interventions. This chapter explores the issues involved and the different options. We will review (1) gastric band over bypass pouch, (2) stapled reduction of the pouch and anastomosis, (3) revision to a more distal bypass, and (4) revision to a duodenal switch.
An Active Learning Approach to Teaching Social Determinants of Health

This active learning exercise is designed to deconstruct the impact of social determinants through the assumption of randomly selected personas. As an active learning exercise, it provides opportun...
Adventitious isolation of a pseudorotaxane complex of a trans-bis(Hydroxymethylbenzo)-27-crown-9 pyridyl cryptand and a viologen

The adventitious isolation and crystal structure of a pseudorotaxane complex of a trans-substituted dibenzo-27-crown-9-based pyridyl cryptand (6) and N,N’-dimethyl-4,4ʹ-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorop...
Exact Inference with Latent Variables in an Arbitrary Domain

We analyze the necessary and sufficient conditions for exact inference of a latent model. In latent models, each entity is associated with a latent variable following some probability distribution. The challenging question we try to solve is: can we perform exact inference without observing the latent variables, even without knowing what the domain of the latent variables is? We show that exact inference can be achieved using a semidefinite programming (SDP) approach without knowing either the latent variables or their domain. Our analysis predicts the experimental correctness of SDP with high accuracy, showing the suitability of our focus on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and the spectrum of a properly defined matrix. As a byproduct of our analysis, we also provide concentration inequalities with dependence on latent variables, both for bounded moment generating functions as well as for the spectra of matrices. To the best of our knowledge, these results are novel and could be useful for many other problems.
A Novel LC-MS Based Targeted Metabolomic Approach to Study the Biomarkers of Food Intake.

SCOPE In this work, an integrated strategy is developed for rapid discovery, precise identification, and automated quantification for the biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) for specific food exposure using an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) based targeted metabolomics approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Using whole grain (WG) wheat intake as an example, the combination of paired mass distance networking and parallel reaction monitoring analysis is applied to selectively extract and identify WG metabolites in human urine samples. As a result, a total of 76 wheat phytochemical-derived metabolites, including 17 alkylresorcinol metabolites, 20 benzoxazinoid derivatives, and 39 phenolic acid metabolites are identified. Subsequently, a MS spectral database consisting of the identified metabolites is created by mzVault. The characteristics of identified metabolites from the database are incorporated into the TraceFinder software to establish a quantification platform. Using a standardized urine sample, the authors are able to simultaneously quantify both free and conjugated (sulfate and glucuronide) WG wheat metabolites in real samples without further enzymatic hydrolysis, which is validated by using authentic standards to quantify these metabolites. CONCLUSION This novel strategy opens the window to study the biomarkers of specific food intake and make it feasible to validate the BFIs in large-scale human studies.
Discrepancies in Parent Perceptions of Child Vulnerability in Youth With Spina Bifida.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe informant discrepancies between mother and father reports of child vulnerability in youth with spina bifida (SB) and examine variables that were associated with these discrepancies. METHODS Ninety-two parent dyads, with a child with SB (ages 8-15 years), were recruited as a part of a longitudinal study. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires assessing parental perception of child vulnerability (PPCV), as well as medical and demographic information, behavioral aspects of the couple relationship, parenting stress, mental health of the parent, and child behavioral adjustment. The degree to which there was a parenting alliance was assessed with observational data. Mother-father discrepancies were calculated at the item level. RESULTS Findings revealed that greater father mental health symptoms, parenting stress, and child behavior problems were associated with "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV. There were also lower scores on observed parenting alliance when there were higher rates of "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV. CONCLUSIONS For families of youth with SB, discrepancies in PPCV where fathers perceive high vulnerability and mothers perceive low vulnerability may be a "red flag" for the presence of other parental and child adjustment difficulties. Findings are discussed in terms of the Attribution Bias Context Model and underscore the importance of including fathers in research on families who have children with chronic health conditions.
From empathic leader to empathic leadership practice: An extension to relational leadership theory:

Does empathy merely take place in leaders’ minds? How does it help us better understand and practice leadership? In the past, entitative relational leadership studies have mainly drawn on a mind-ba...
Prevalence of subclinical retinal ischemia in patients with cardiovascular disease - a hypothesis driven study

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. A noninvasive test that can detect underlying cardiovascular disease has the potential to identify patients at risk prior to the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events. We sought to determine whether an easily observed imaging finding indicative of retinal ischemia, which we term ‘retinal ischemic perivascular lesions' (RIPLs), could serve as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease. Methods We reviewed optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of individuals, with no underlying retinal pathology, obtained at UC San Diego Health from July 2014 to July 2019. We identified 84 patients with documented cardiovascular disease and 76 healthy controls. OCT scans were assessed for evidence of RIPLs. In addition, the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk calculator was used to risk-stratify the subjects into four different categories. Findings Patients with documented cardiovascular disease had higher number of RIPLs compared to healthy controls (2.8 vs 0.8, p 37). The number of RIPLs in individuals with intermediate and high 10-year ASCVD risk scores was higher than in those with low ASCVD risk scores (1.7 vs 0.64, p = 0.02 and 2.9 vs 0.64, p 0.002, respectively). Interpretation The presence of RIPLs, which are anatomical markers of prior retinal ischemic infarcts, is suggestive of coexisting cardiovascular disease. RIPLs detection, obtained from routine retinal scans, may thus provide an additional biomarker to identify patients at risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events. Funding None.
Evaluation and Comparison of Four Mobile Breathing Training Visualizations

Breathing exercises are an accessible way to manage stress and many mental illness symptoms. Traditionally, learning breathing exercises involved in-person guidance or audio recordings. The shift to mobile devices has led to a new way of learning and engaging in breathing exercises as seen in the rise of multiple mobile applications with different breathing representations. However, limited work has been done to investigate the effectiveness of these visual representations. We utilized a within-subjects study to evaluate four common breathing visuals to understand which is most effective in providing breathing exercise guidance. Through controlled lab studies and interviews, we identified two representations with clear advantages over the others. In addition, we found that auditory guidance was not preferred by all users. We also identify potential usability issues with the representations and suggest design guidelines for future development of app-supported breathing training.
Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization of a Pediatric Patient With Progressive Chronic Subdural Hematoma.

Background and importance Evidence suggests middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization benefits adult patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) at high risk for recurrence or hemorrhagic complications. Yet, there has not been any report discussing MMA embolization in the pediatric population. Thus, we present a case of an infant with CSDH successfully managed with MMA embolization without surgical management. Clinical presentation A 5-mo-old girl with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy underwent surgical implantation of a left ventricular assist device for a bridge to heart transplantation. This was complicated by left ventricular thrombus causing stroke. She was placed on dual antiplatelet antithrombotic therapy on top of bivalirudin infusion. She sustained a left middle cerebral artery infarction, but did not have neurological deficits. Subsequent computed tomography scans of the head showed a progressively enlarging asymptomatic CSDH, and the heart transplant was repeatedly postponed. The decision was made to proceed with MMA embolization at the age of 7 mo. Bilateral modified MMA embolization, using warmed, low-concentration n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) from distal microcatheter positioning, allowed the embolic material to close the distal MMA and subdural membranous vasculature. The patient underwent successful heart transplant and the CSDH improved significantly. She remained neurologically asymptomatic and had normal neurological development after the MMA embolization. Conclusion MMA embolization may represent a safe and effective minimally invasive option for pediatric CSDH, especially for patients at high risk for surgery or hematoma recurrence.
ER stress associated TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hippocampus of human Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Although the exact etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood, experimental and clinical evidences suggest the contribution of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Pathologically, AD brain is characterized by an imbalance in redox status, elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and progressive neurodegeneration. It has been noted that continuous accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD brain trigger ER stress, which contributes to neurodegeneration. Similarly, experimental evidences supports the hypothesis that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an endogenous regulator of redox regulator thioredoxin (TRX), is activated by ER stress and contributes to activation of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammatory cascade in hippocampus of the AD brain. Hippocampus of postmortem human AD and aged matched non-AD controls were analyzed for the expression ER stress markers and TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome at cellular and molecular levels. We found higher expression of TXNIP at protein and transcript levels in close association with pathological markers of AD such as Aβ and NFTs in AD hippocampus. In addition, our results demonstrated that TXNIP was co-localized in neurons and microglia. Moreover, expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), activated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIf2α) and C/EBP homology protein (CHOP), proteins involved the development of ER stress, were elevated in AD hippocampus. Further, elevated expression of effector molecules of NLRP3 inflammasome activation such as apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), cleaved caspase-1 and cleaved interleukin-1β were observed in the AD hippocampus. The study suggests that TXNIP could be a link that connect ER stress with neuroinflammation. Thus, TXNIP can be a possible therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD.
Byzantine Resilient Distributed Clustering with Redundant Data Assignment

In this paper, we present robust variants of distributed clustering algorithms for large datasets distributed across multiple machines in the presence of Byzantines. We propose a redundant data assignment scheme that enables us to obtain global information about the entire dataset for clustering purposes even when some machines are adversarial in nature. Simulation results show that the distributed algorithms based on the proposed assignment scheme provide good-quality solutions for a variety of clustering problems.
Systems of pattern formation within developmental biology.

Abstract Applications of mathematical models to developmental biology have provided helpful insight into various subfields, ranging from the patterning of animal skin to the development of complex organ systems. Systems involved in patterning within morphology present a unique path to explain self-organizing systems. Current efforts show that patterning systems, notably Reaction-Diffusion and specific signaling pathways, provide insight for explaining morphology and could provide novel applications revolving around the formation of biological systems. Furthermore, the application of pattern formation provides a new perspective on understanding developmental biology and pathology research to study molecular mechanisms. The current review is to cover and take a more in-depth overlook at current applications of patterning systems while also building on the principles of patterning of future research in predictive medicine.
Enriching extracellular vesicles for mass spectrometry.

Extracellular vesicles from plasma, other body fluids and cell culture media hold great promise in the search for biomarkers. Exosomes in particular, the vesicle type that is secreted after being produced in the endocytic pathway and having a diameter of 30-150 nm, are considered to be a conveyance for signaling molecules and, therefore, to hold valuable information regarding the health and activity status of the cells from which they are released. The vesicular nature of exosomes is central to all methods used to separate them from the highly abundant proteins in plasma and other fluids. The enrichment of the vesicles is essential for mass spectrometry-based analysis as they represent only a very small component of all plasma proteins. The progression of isolation techniques for exosomes from ultracentrifugation through chromatographic separation using hydrophobic packing materials shows that effective enrichment is possible and that high throughput approaches to exosome enrichment are achievable.
Making Visible the Invisible: Studying Latina STEM Scholars

This chapter focuses on the experience of conducting collaborative, interview-based research on the career pathways of Latina STEM scholars in the United States. In addition to outlining our key findings, we address the process of conducting the research and explain why the Latina experience is crucial to understanding current discrimination practices. We discuss the theoretical foundations of our methodology and the importance of qualitative, in-depth interviews as a specific form of knowledge-production, as well as topics such as researcher ethics, positionality, confidentiality, emotional labor, and the advantages and challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration.
Exercise preconditioning improves traumatic brain injury outcomes.

Purpose To determine whether 6 weeks of exercise performed prior to traumatic brain injury (TBI) could improve post-TBI behavioral outcomes in mice, and if exercise increases neuroprotective molecules (vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], erythropoietin [EPO], and heme oxygenase-1 [HO-1]) in brain regions responsible for movement (sensorimotor cortex) and memory (hippocampus).
Parental Low Self-Control, Parental Socialization, Young Adult Low Self-Control, and Offending: A Retrospective Study

Significant attention has been directed at evaluating Gottfredson and Hirschi's claim that parental socialization has a direct influence on self-control and an indirect influence on criminal behavior. Yet, only recently have researchers investigated the role parental self-control occupies in shaping these processes. To advance research in this area, the current study utilizes data collected on a sample of young adults (n = 420) to examine how parental low self-control is related to parental socialization, young adult low self-control, and young adult offending. In support of the hypothesized model, the results of a structural equation model indicate the effect of parental low self-control on young adult low self-control is indirect through parental socialization, the effect of parental socialization on young adult offending is indirect through young adult low self-control, and the effect of parental low self-control on young adult offending is indirect through both parental socialization and young adult low self-control. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Laser in Plastic Surgery and Dermatology

Since the laser was first developed in 1960, it has found many uses in the treatment of cutaneous and superficial lesions in plastic surgery and dermatology. Moreover, lasers are now the treatment of choice for several clinical entities for which no reliable or effective modality was previously available.
ICP4, the major regulatory protein of herpes simplex virus, shares features common to GTP-binding proteins and is adenylated and guanylated.

Abstract Infected cell protein 4 (ICP4), the product of the alpha 4 gene, regulates herpes simplex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 gene expression at the transcriptional level both positively and negatively. Previous studies have shown that ICP4 is extensively modified posttranslationally. We report that ICP4 was labeled in isolated nuclei of infected cells by [alpha-32P]GTP or [alpha-32P]ATP. The labeling of ICP4 by [alpha-32P]GTP or [alpha-32P]ATP required excess GTP, ATP, GDP, and ADP and occurred also in the presence of excess GTP(gamma)S. While GDP and ADP activated the labeling process, only GTP and ATP labeled ICP4. Accumulation of labeled ICP4 was favored at temperatures from 15 to 27 degrees C and in the presence of okadaic acid. The conditions for labeling ICP4 with [alpha-32P]GTP or [alpha-32P]ATP and the stability of the labeled protein were different from those of ICP4 labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP. Labeling studies with tritiated ATP and GTP showed that ICP4 is nucleotidylated, and chemical degradation of ICP4 labeled with [alpha-32P]GTP yielded ribose-5-phosphate. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the adenylation and guanylation are independent processes. These results, and the observation that ICP4 contains four regions which possess consensus GTP-binding elements, suggest that ICP4 may belong to a class of GTP-binding proteins which function in transcriptional transactivation.
Accelerators for ultrafast phenomena

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the technology that enables the investigation of radiation chemical phenomena at picosecond and femtosecond timescales. It particularly focuses on ultrafast studies using ionizing radiation, primarily electron beams, as the excitation source. Particle accelerators of every size and type consist of two major components, which are a particle source which is sometimes called an injector, and an acceleration stage. The job of the injector is to generate a particle beam with the desired position momentum relationship for acceptance into the acceleration section. Ultrafast accelerators require an injection system that deposits the entire electron bunch in a single RF period. The electron pulse is generated by gating the thermionic cathode of an electrostatic electron gun on and off within a few nanoseconds. Another type of injector developed in recent years for ultrafast accelerators is the radio-frequency photocathode electron gun. Radio-frequency (RF) photocathode electron guns consist of one or more conducting resonant cavities that are filled with several megawatts of microwave power to create transient electric field gradients of 80 to 100 MV/m.
Association of Patient Case-Mix Adjustment, Hospital Process Performance Rankings, and Eligibility for Financial Incentives

Context While most comparisons of hospital outcomes adjust for patient characteristics, process performance comparisons typically do not. Objective To evaluate the degree to which hospital process performance ratings and eligibility for financial incentives are altered after accounting for hospitals' patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and mix of treatment opportunities. Design, Setting, and Patients Using data from the American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines program between January 2, 2000, and March 28, 2008, we analyzed hospital process performance based on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' defined core measures for acute myocardial infarction. Hospitals were initially ranked based on crude composite process performance and then ranked again after accounting for hospitals' patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and eligibility for measures using a hierarchical model. We then compared differences in hospital performance rankings and pay-for-performance financial incentive categories (top 20%, middle 60%, and bottom 20% institutions). Main Outcome Measures Hospital process performance ranking and pay-for-performance financial incentive categories. Results A total of 148 472 acute myocardial infarction patients met the study criteria from 449 centers. Hospitals for which crude composite acute myocardial infarction performance was in the bottom quintile (n = 89) were smaller nonacademic institutions that treated a higher percentage of patients from racial or ethnic minority groups and also patients with greater comorbidities than hospitals ranked in the top quintile (n = 90). Although there was overall agreement on hospital rankings based on observed vs adjusted composite scores (weighted κ, 0.74), individual hospital ranking changed with adjustment (median, 22 ranks; range, 0-214; interquartile range, 9-40). Additionally, 16.5% of institutions (n = 74) changed pay-for-performance financial status categories after accounting for patient and treatment opportunity mix. Conclusion Our findings suggest that accounting for hospital differences in patient characteristics and treatment opportunities is associated with modest changes in hospital performance rankings and eligibility for financial benefits in pay-for-performance programs for treatment of myocardial infarction.
Characterization of a plasmid-encoded urease gene cluster found in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

Abstract Plasmid-encoded urease gene clusters found in uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, and Salmonella cubana demonstrated DNA homology, similar positions of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites, and manners of urease expression and therefore represent the same locus. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the plasmid-encoded urease genes are closely related to the Proteus mirabilis urease genes.
Simple Generalized Maximum Flow Algorithms

We introduce a gain-scaling technique for the generalized maximum flow problem. Using this technique, we present three simple and intuitive polynomial-time combinatorial algorithms for the problem. Truemper’s augmenting path algorithm is one of the simplest combi- natorial algorithms for the problem, but runs in exponential-time. Our first algorithm is a polynomial-time variant of Truemper’s algorithm. Our second algorithm is an adaption of Goldberg and Tarjan’s preflow- push algorithm. It is the first polynomial-time preflow-push algorithm in generalized networks. Our third algorithm is a variant of the Fat-Path capacity-scaling algorithm. It is much simpler than Radzik’s variant and matches the best known complexity for the problem. We discuss practical improvements in implementation.
The RNA-binding protein HuR is a posttranscriptional on switch for CD4+ Th2 and Th17 differentiation (LYM3P.730)

Posttranscriptional control by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in CD4+ T cells is poorly understood. The RBP, HuR, regulates IL-4, IL-13 and GATA-3, by binding to AU-rich (ARE) regions in their 3’ UTRs. We hypothesized HuR is regulating CD4+ Th2 differentiation by controlling mRNA stability. We previously showed that HuR over-expression results in increased Th2 differentiation and Th2 cytokines. We generated a new model to study Th2 differentiation, distal Lck-cre ROSA HuRfl/fl, in which HuR is ablated prior to T cell activation. This resulted in profound suppression of Th2 but not Th1 cytokines, under in vitro conditions. We used the ova challenge model of airway inflammation to study antigen presentation and in vivo cytokine regulation. HuR KO mice had completely abolished lung cellular inflammation to levels similar to non-immunized mice. This further resulted in significant reductions in IL-4, IL-13 secretion, and serum IgE levels. We also investigated effects of HuR ablation in Th17 differentiation. We show HuR regulates IL-17 expression by controlling transcript stability. HuR KO T cells have greatly reduced Th17 differentiation (66% reduction) and diminished onset and severity of inflammation in an EAE model. These data indicate that HuR is required for efficient CD4+ Th2 and Th17 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo but not Th1. These findings reveal nuanced control by HuR upon different CD4+ T cell subsets.
The Microwave Temperature Profiler (PERF)

The JPL developed Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) has recently participated in GloPac, HIPPO (I to V) and TORERO, and the ongoing ATTREX campaigns. The MTP is now capable of supporting the NASA Global Hawk and a new canister version supports the NCAR G-V. The primary product from the MTP is remote measurements of the atmospheric temperature at, above and below the flight path, providing for the vertical state of the atmosphere. The NCAR-MTP has demonstrated unprecedented instrument performance and calibration with plus or minus 0.2 degrees Kelvin flight level temperature error. Derived products include curtain plots, isentropes, lapse rate, cold point height and tropopause height.
Handset detector architectures for DS-CDMA wireless systems

This paper investigates detector architectures for wireless handsets employing DS-CDMA. The code-matched filter (MF) and minimum output energy (MOE) detectors are analyzed with respect to fixed-point arithmetic behavior. Architectures employing fixed-point arithmetic are then proposed for these detectors. The maximum throughput of these architectures and the associated costs in terms of area usage and power consumption are evaluated. Results of the fixed-point analysis indicate that the MOE detector is more susceptible to quantization than the MF detector. Results of implementation indicate that the superior performance of the MOE detector is achieved at a considerably higher cost in terms of area usage and power consumption. Finally, comparison of hardware implementation with software-based DSP implementation indicates that software approaches result in considerably lower throughputs.
A Three-Stage Iterative Procedure for Space-Time Modeling Phillip

A three-stage iterative procedure for building space-time models is presented. These models fall into the general class of STARIMA models and are characterized by autoregressive and moving average terms lagged in both time and space. This model class collapses into the ARIMA model class in the absence of spatial correlation. The theoretical properties of STARIMA models are presented and the model building procedure is described and illustrated by a substantive example.
Disequilibrium Pattern Analysis. II. Application to Danish Hla A and B Locus Data

ABSTRACT Disequilibrium pattern analysis, a general method for analyzing evolutionary events acting on pairs of tightly linked polymorphic loci, is applied to a large sample of Danish individuals typed for A and B loci of the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system. Cases of selection on particular haplotypes are revealed from patterns of linkage disequilibrium among the HLA haplotypes. These patterns cannot be explained by either population admixture or random genetic drift. Six haplotypes out of the total array of 273 haplotypes have been identified which show in varying extents the patterns indicating selection.
Radioimmunoassay for proparathyroid hormone.

A sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed to bovine proparathyroid hormone which employs an antiserurm produced by immunization of rabbits with a synthetic 18-amino acid peptide fragment of the bovine prohormone. The synthetic prohormone fragment was prepared by solid-phase synthesis and consists of the amino-terminal 12 residues of bovine parathyroid hormone plus the hexapeptide sequence of the bovine prohormone. The antiserum is uniquely specific to detection of the prohormone or synthetic fragments that preserve the peptide linkage between the prohormone region and amino-terminal hormonal sequences. Bovine proparathyroid hormone of natural origin, as well as synthetic fragments incorporating the prohormone hexapeptide sequence and amino-terminal sequences of bovine parathyroid hormone, are bound by the antiserum, but the hexapeptide, intact bovine or human hormone and amino-terminal hormonal fragments alone are not detected. The assay readily measures prohormone in extracts of bovine but not huma...
β-Arrestin1 and distinct CXCR4 structures are required for stromal derived factor-1 to downregulate CXCR4 cell-surface levels in neuroblastoma.

CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the cell surface that signals upon binding the chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1; also called CXCL 12). CXCR4 promotes neuroblastoma proliferation and chemotaxis. CXCR4 expression negatively correlates with prognosis and drives neuroblastoma growth and metastasis in mouse models. All functions of CXCR4 require its expression on the cell surface, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate CXCR4 cell-surface levels in neuroblastoma are poorly understood. We characterized CXCR4 cell-surface regulation in the related SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cell lines. SDF-1 treatment caused rapid down-modulation of CXCR4 in SH-SY5Y cells. Pharmacologic activation of protein kinase C similarly reduced CXCR4, but via a distinct mechanism. Analysis of CXCR4 mutants delineated two CXCR4 regions required for SDF-1 treatment to decrease cell-surface CXCR4 in neuroblastoma cells: the isoleucine-leucine motif at residues 328 and 329 and residues 343–352. In contrast, and unlike CXCR4 regulation in other cell types, serines 324, 325, 338, and 339 were not required. Arrestin proteins can bind and regulate GPCR cell-surface expression, often functioning together with kinases such as G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Using SK-N-SH cells which are naturally deficient in β-arrestin1, we showed that β-arrestin1 is required for the CXCR4 343–352 region to modulate CXCR4 cell-surface expression following treatment with SDF-1. Moreover, GRK2 overexpression enhanced CXCR4 internalization, via a mechanism requiring both β-arrestin1 expression and the 343–352 region. Together, these results characterize CXCR4 structural domains and β-arrestin1 as critical regulators of CXCR4 cell-surface expression in neuroblastoma. β-Arrestin1 levels may therefore influence the CXCR4-driven metastasis of neuroblastoma as well as prognosis.
Strsit: Contour plotting of stresses on planes of intersection

Abstract An interactive computer program STRSIT is described which generated contour plots of stresses in and normal to a specified plane intersecting a catenation of 20-node elements.
Comparison of Lifecorder EX and ActiGraph accelerometers under free-living conditions.

The Kenz Lifecorder EX (LC; Suzuken Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) offers several potentially attractive features for researchers and practitioners compared with accelerometers such as the ActiGraph (AG;...
The 2000 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science presented to John Cocke

Abstract The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2000 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to John Cocke for the development of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), which has led to a revolution in computer architecture. Download : Download full-size image
The “KISS” Principle

Abstract To be consistent with the buzzword of current processing, I want to make this column as interactive as possible. You will find my personal e-mail address at the end of the text — you can communicate your thoughts on what I write, what subjects you would like to see explored, and pose questions as you see fit. Of course, you can also take shots as you feel the need (as if a person giving out an e- mail address does not expect that to happen!). However, if you have a problem with anything you read here (or do not read here), I will expect you to include suggestions as to what might be done to improve things and be more responsive to our readers. Sorry, we do not acknowledge griping for the sake of griping; leave your flamethrower at home.
Nuclear overhauser effect studies of the conformations of MG(α, β-Methylene)ATP bound to E. coli isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase

Internuclear distances obtained from transferred nuclear Overhauser effects were used in combination with distance geometry calculations to define the E. coli isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase bound conformation of Mg(α, β-methylene)ATP both in the absence and in the presence of the cognate and noncognate amino acids L-isoleucine and L-valine, respectively. A single nucleotide structure having an anti adenine-ribose glycosidic torsional angle of −114° was found to satisfy the experimental distance constraints. The nearly identical anti glycosidic torsional angles observed in all three complexes demonstrate that the conformation of the adenosine moiety of the enzyme-bound nucleotide is not sensitive to the presence or to the nature of the amino acid bound at the aminoacyladenylate site. In addition, the acceptable range of Mg(α, β-methylene)ATP conformations bound to the E. coli isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was found to be nearly identical to that previously determined for the E. coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase ( Williams and Rosevear (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266 , 2089–2098). Thus, the predicted structural homology between the isoleucyl- and methionyl- tRNA synthetases, both members of the same class of synthetases on the basis of common consensus sequences, is further supported by consensus enzyme-bound nucleotide conformations.
Parental Negative Affect and Adolescent Efficacy for Diabetes Management

The authors investigated whether parental perceptions of adolescent efficacy are colored by parental negative affect and are associated with adolescents' self-perceptions of efficacy for diabetes management. Adolescents (n = 183, M age = 12.53) with Type 1 diabetes and their mothers and fathers separately reported perceptions of adolescents' efficacy for diabetes management and parents reported their own negative affect (depressed mood and trait anxiety). glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were obtained from medical records. The results indicated that parental negative affect was associated with parental perceptions of poorer adolescent efficacy beyond the association of HbA1c scores. The relationship between fathers' negative affect and adolescents' self-efficacy was mediated by fathers' perceptions of adolescent efficacy. The results suggest that parental negative affect may negatively color their views of adolescents' efficacy and, in the case of fathers' beliefs, may relate to adolescent self-efficacy. Parental negative affect should be considered when evaluating perceptions of adolescents' efficacy.
A note on social capital and network content

Abstract As a guide to selecting name generators for social capital research, I use network data on a probability sample of heterogeneous senior managers to describe how they sort relations into kinds, and how the kinds vary in contributing to social capital. Managers sort relations on two dimensions of strength - intimacy (especially close versus distant) versus activity (frequent contact with new acquaintances versus rare contact with old friends) - and with respect to two contents - personal discussion (confiding and socializing relations) versus corporate authority (the formal authority of the boss and informal authority of essential buy-in). Comparing name generators for their construct validity as indicators of social capital, I compute network constraint from different kinds of relations, and correlate constraint with early promotion. The correlation is strong for the network of personal relations, zero for the network of authority relations, and strongest for personal and authority relations together. I close with research design recommendations for selecting name generators.
Noise Modeling of Graphene Resonant Channel Transistors

In this paper, we present a compact model for graphene resonant channel transistors (G-RCTs) that uses extracted electrical and mechanical parameters to provide an accurate simulation of dc, RF, noise, and frequency-tuning characteristics of the device. The model is validated with measurements on fabricated G-RCTs, which include what we believe to be the first noise measurements conducted on any resonant transistor. The noise model, which considers both electrical and mechanical sources, is used to demonstrate the fundamental differences in the noise behavior of active and passive resonator technologies, and to show how optimization of device parameters can be used to improve the noise performance of RCTs.
Some congruences for partitions that are p-cores

A number of linear congruences modulo r are proved for the number of partitions that are p-cores where p is prime, 5≤p≤23, and r is any prime divisor of 1/2(p-1). Analogous results are derived for the number of irreducible p-modular representations of the symmetric group S n . The congruences are proved using the theory of modular forms
Optimum distribution of smart stiffeners in sandwich plates subjected to bending or forced vibrations

The problems of optimum distribution of active stiffeners manufactured from piezoelectric or shape memory alloy materials and bonded to or embedded within the facings of a sandwich plate are considered. The sandwich plate consists of thin composite or isotropic facings which are in the state of plane stress and a thick shear deformable core. The amplitude of forced vibrations of the plate is reduced using symmetric couples of piezoelectric stiffeners subjected to out-of-phase dynamic voltages. Shape memory alloy stiffeners are used to reduce bending deformations. In the latter case, a desirable effect is achieved by activating the stiffeners on one side of the middle surface. Optimum design is considered based on the requirement of minimal transverse static or dynamic deflections subject to a constraint on the volume of smart stiffeners. The variables employed in the process of optimization are the ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the stiffeners in each direction to their respective spacings. It is shown, that, dependent on the load, materials, and geometry, optimum design can significantly reduce deflections, i.e. enhance the strength, of sandwich plates.
At play in Belfast.

At Play in Belfast. Donna M. Lanclos. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 2003. 208 pp. ISBN 0-8135-3322-8. $21.95 (paper). Donna Lanclos provides an in-depth documentation of children's folklore and social identities based on her time on five playgrounds in Belfast. Lanclos spends time with children and provides us with their view in their words. She provides numerous examples of children's songs, rhymes, and games to illustrate her conclusions and bases her analysis within three broad categories of age, gender, and sectarianism. Lanclos does an excellent job with her ethnography, providing a detailed description of her data-gathering strategies and placing all analyses within a theoretical context. She describes the difficulties in watching children and gaining their trust as an adult. The first two chapters provide the reader with background on the research study and the children involved. The introduction is an overview of the study and a definition of folklore. She justifies extremely well the use of folklore studies to examine the lives of children. It also summarizes the research conducted on children in Northern Ireland and how this study compares. The author's initial assumptions are provided and how her views evolved throughout the process. Chapter 1 provides the reader with an overview of what the researcher's day was like and the general activities that the children were involved in during their time on the playgrounds. It grounds the reader and helps to place the remaining quotes and examples in the context of the overall day of the children. Many parents and teachers will recognize their own children's activities in the examples. Chapter 2 begins an analysis of the children's "rude" talk on the playgrounds and how children view the line between childhood and adulthood. Lanclos analyzes the societal view of an innocent childhood and how children construct a different set of values than the adults around them. She does an excellent job describing the children's view of "dirty" talk and placing it in context of what adults want and expect of children. Rather than assuming, as many adults do, that children do not know about dirty topics, Lanclos lets the children tell her what they know. This chapter also begins an exploration of the talk around violence in these children's lives. Chapter 3 focuses on how the children divide themselves into groups based on gender. As expected, gender is very important to the children, and many of the folklore rhymes focus on the roles of males and females. Lanclos's analysis of the children's games and rhymes provides a clear grounding that children all over are in some ways the same-boys and girls are different. She also emphasizes the particular societal culture that these children exist in and the apparent contradictions in their play and the adult world around them. …