cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversity Analysis of Bit-Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

For broadband wireless communication systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been combined with Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques. Bit-Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming (BICMB) can achieve both spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing for flat fading MIMO channels. For frequency selective fading MIMO channels, BICMB with OFDM (BICMB-OFDM) can be applied to achieve both spatial diversity and multipath diversity, making it an important technique. However, analyzing the diversity of BICMB-OFDM is a challenging problem. In this paper, the diversity analysis of BICMB-OFDM is carried out. First, the maximum achievable diversity is derived and a full diversity condition RcSL ≤ 1 is proved, where Rc, S, and L are the code rate, the number of parallel steams transmitted at each subcarrier, and the number of channel taps, respectively. Then, the performance degradation due to the correlation among subcarriers is investigated. Finally, the subcarrier grouping technique is employed to combat the performance degradation and provide multi-user compatibility.
Lax Pairs and Darboux Transformations for Euler Equations

In this article, we will report the recent developments on Lax pairs and Darboux transformations for Euler equations of inviscid fluids.
Investigating the impact of customer stochasticity on firm price discrimination strategies using a new Bayesian mixture scale heterogeneity model

In this paper, we study the impact of customer stochasticity on firm price discrimination strategies. We develop a new model termed the Bayesian Mixture Scale Heterogeneity (BMSH) model that incorporates both parameter heterogeneity and customer stochasticity using a mixture model approach, and demonstrate model identification using extensive simulations. We estimate the model on yogurt scanner data and find that compared to the benchmark mixed logit and multinomial probit models, our model shows that markets are less price elastic, and that a majority of customers exhibit stochasticity in purchases; our model also obtains better prediction and more profitable targeting strategies.
On sampling, anonymization, and differential privacy or, k-anonymization meets differential privacy

This paper aims at answering the following two questions in privacy-preserving data analysis and publishing. The first is: What formal privacy guarantee (if any) does k-anonymization methods provide? k-Anonymization methods have been studied extensively in the database community, but have been known to lack strong privacy guarantees. The second question is: How can we benefit from the adversary's uncertainty about the data? More specifically, can we come up a meaningful relaxation of differential privacy [2, 3] by exploiting the adversary's uncertainty about the dataset? We now discuss these two motivations in more detail.
Total synthesis of 12-epi-PGF2α

Abstract A novel synthesis of 12- epi -PGF 2α 5 is described. The key synthon 11 , which has been used as a starting point for the synthesis, is produced by a radical cyclization process using thionocarbonate 9a . The radical cyclization of 9a to 11 has been studied in some detail.
Lindahl's solution and values for a public-goods example

Abstract An example of an economy with a public good is presented with a non-atomic measure space of agents and money (transferable utility medium). Three solutions are computed: the Lindahl solution, the Shapley value, and the Harsanyi-Selten value. The three are found to differ significantly in their assignment of the societal benefits attributable to the presence of the public good.
Hole-burning diffusion measurements in high magnetic field gradients.

Abstract We describe methods for the measurement of translational diffusion in very large static magnetic field gradients by NMR. The techniques use a “hole-burning” sequence that, with the use of fringe field gradients of 42 T/m, can image diffusion along one dimension on a submicron scale. Two varieties of this method are demonstrated, including a particularly efficient mode called the “hole–comb,” in which multiple diffusion times comprising an entire diffusive evolution can be measured within the span of a single detected slice. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, as well as their potential for addressing non-Fickian diffusion, diffusion in restricted media, and spatially inhomogeneous diffusion.
Limiting noises in gravitational wave detectors: guidance from their statistical properties

It is expected that interferometric gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO will be eventually limited by fundamental noise sources like shot noise and Brownian motion, as well as by seismic noise. In the commissioning process, other technical noise sources (electronics noise, alignment fluctuations) limit the sensitivity and are eliminated one by one. We propose here a way to correlate the noise in the output of the gravitational wave detector with other detector and environmental signals not through their linear transfer functions (often unknown), but through their statistical properties. This could prove useful for identifying the frequency bands dominated by different noise sources in the final configuration, and also to help the commissioning process.
Production Cross Sections for (n,t) Reactions in Some Medium and Heavy Mass Nuclei at 14.6 MeV

The cross section for (n, t) reaction of 14.6 MeV neutrons with isotopes of the natural elements calcium, iron, yittrium, and lanthanum, and with enriched isotopes strontium-86, calcium-114, tellurium-130, and thallium-205 were measured by the activation technique using high-energy resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The experimentally determined values of the cross sections are in good agreement with values calculated by an empirical equation. The cross section ratios of (n,t) and (n,p) reactions were calculated on the basis of the statistical model.
One-Dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relations for Shape Memory Materials

The use of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation has recently been proposed and demonstrated for several active control ap plications. However, the present constitutive models have lacked several important funda mental concepts that are essential for many of the proposed intelligent material system ap plications such as shape memory hybrid composites.A complete, unified, one-dimensional constitutive model of shape memory materials is developed and presented in this paper. The thermomechanical model formulation herein will investigate important material characteristics involved with the internal phase transformation of shape memory alloys. These characteristics include energy dissipation in the material that governs the damping behavior, stress-strain-temperature relations for pseudoelasticity, and the shape memory effect. Some numerical examples using the model are also presented.
Paths of Institutional Development: A View from Economic History

This article surveys an influential new research program on historical paths of institutional development and their consequences for growth. The research program exploits the experience of European colonialism as a kind of natural experiment whose results bear on the way institutions affect development. The central hypothesis of this research is that societies that began with more extreme inequality were likely to develop institutions allowing much of the population only limited access to economic opportunities. The research has uncovered a striking reversal of fortune among the areas colonized by Europe; those that were relatively rich in the 1600s are today far poorer than the areas (such as the United States and Canada) that initially were viewed as relatively undesirable. The timing of the reversal- at the onset of the industrial revolution, when there was probably a premium on broad participation in commercial activity- suggests that institutions associated with high inequality may be a casual factor in low aggregate incomes. This research program is still in its early stage. But studies of institutions in India using data rich enough to permit hypothesis- testing provide evidence supporting the hypotheses developed in the analysis of the European colonial experience.
Fair Value Accounting for Liabilities and Own Credit Risk

We find that equity returns associated with credit risk changes are attenuated by the debt value effect of the credit risk changes, as Merton (1974) predicts. We find that the relation between credit risk changes and equity returns is significantly less negative for firms with more debt—controlling for asset value changes, credit risk increases (decreases) are associated with equity value increases (decreases). This result obtains across credit risk levels. The relation is associated with changes in both expected cash flows and systematic risk, as reflected in analyst earnings forecasts and equity cost of capital. By inverting the Merton (1974) model, we provide descriptive evidence that if unrecognized debt value changes were recognized in income, but not unrecognized asset value changes, most credit upgrade (downgrade) firms would recognize lower (higher) income. These potentially counterintuitive income effects primarily are attributable to incomplete recognition of contemporaneous asset value changes....
Optical Spectropolarimetry With Incomplete Data Sets

Context. Linear spectropolarimetry is a “photon-hungry” observing technique, requiring a specific sequence of observations to determine the Stokes Q and U parameters. For dual-beam spectropolarimeters, the Q and U Stokes parameters can be ideally determined using observations at $N=2$ retarder plate positions. The additional polarization signal introduced by instrumental effects requires the redundancy of $N=4$ observations to correct for these effects and to accurately measure the linear polarization of astronomical objects. Aims. We wish to determine if the “instrumental signature corrections” for the Stokes Q and U parameters, $\epsilon_{Q}$ and $\epsilon_{U}$, are identical for observations with dual-beam spectropolarimeters. For instances when observations were only acquired at $N=3$ retarder plate angles, we wish to determine if the complete measurement of one Stokes parameter and the associated instrumental signature correction can be used to determine the other Stokes parameter. Methods. We constructed analytical and Monte Carlo models of a general dual-beam spectropolarimeter to study the factors affecting the assumption $\epsilon_{Q}=\epsilon_{U}$ and the uncertainty thereon. We compared these models with VLT FORS1 linear spectropolarimetry observations. Results. We find that, in general, $\epsilon_{Q}-\epsilon_{U}\approx0$, with the variance around zero ($\Delta(\epsilon_{Q}-\epsilon_{U})$) being directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations. Observations of a polarized standard star, observed under identical instrumental conditions over the period of 2002-2007, show that the assumption of $\epsilon_{Q}-\epsilon_{U}=0$ is generally true over a long period, although the absolute values of $\epsilon_{Q}$ and $\epsilon_{U}$ vary between observational epochs. While the variance of $\epsilon_{Q}-\epsilon_{U}$ is not dependent on the polarization angle, significant deviations from $\epsilon_{Q}-\epsilon_{U}=0$ arise when $p \ga 20\%$. Conclusions. Incomplete VLT FORS1 spectropolarimetry datasets, for which observations at only $N=3$ retarder plate position angles have been acquired, can be analyzed under the assumption that $\epsilon_{Q}\approx\epsilon_{U}$. The uncertainty associated with this assumption is directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations. This property of the analysis of spectropolarimetry, with dual beam spectropolarimeters, can be used to test for the presence of artifacts affecting individual observations and to assess the quality of the data reduction, when observations at all four retarder plate angles have been acquired.
Temporal Aggregation and Purchasing Power Parity Persistence

This paper uses a unique new monthly US–UK real exchange rate series for the January 1794–December 2009 period to reexamine the academic debate over purchasing power parity (PPP). The consensus view described by Rogoff (1996) is that PPP holds in the long-run, but short-run deviations are very persistent, with half-lives ranging from 3 to 5 years. Most of the literature using long time series relies on the annual data developed by Lee (1976) and Lothian and Taylor (1996), which were both constructed from underlying higher-frequency data sources. Estimates of purchasing power parity persistence using these series may therefore be subject to temporal aggregation bias. We find evidence of aggregation bias which indicates the half-life of PPP deviations has been overestimated in much of the previous literature. We also find that estimates of the half-lives are further reduced once we account for the Harrod (1933)–Balassa (1964)–Samuelson (1964) effect. The result of aggregation bias appears to be robust even when considering the case that real exchange rates exhibit nonlinear dynamics.
The Legal Nature of Security Council Referrals to the ICC and its Impact on Al Bashir's Immunities

This article considers whether states are obliged or permitted to arrest Sudanese President Omar al Bashir pursuant to a warrant of arrest issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC). The article considers the extent to which the ICC Statute removes immunities which would ordinarily be available to state officials. It is argued that the removal of the immunity by Article 27 of the ICC Statute applies also at the national level, when national authorities act in support of the ICC. The article examines the application of Article 98 of the ICC Statute and considers the legal nature of Security Council referrals to the ICC. It is argued that the effect of the Security Council referral is that Sudan is to be regarded as bound by the ICC Statute and thus by Article 27. Given that the Statute operates in this case not as a treaty but by virtue of being a Security Council resolution, the removal of immunity operates even with regard to non-parties. However, since any (implicit) removal of immunity by the Security Council would conflict with customary international law and treaty rules according immunity to a serving head of state, the article considers the application of Article 103 of the United Nations (UN) Charter in this case.
The polymorphism of CsThF5

abstract Three new polymorphs of cesium thorium pentaﬂuoride, CsThF 5 , have been synthesized hydrothermallyand structurally characterized. Of the structures of three polymorphs of CsThF 5 one is described in spacegroup P4/nmm with a ¼ 5.7358(8) and c ¼ 7.4048(15) and two in the space group P2 1 /c: one witha ¼ 8.3600(17), b ¼ 7.5780(15), c ¼ 8.9912(18), b ¼ 116.69(3) and the other with a ¼ 8.4196(17),b ¼ 14.645(3), c ¼ 8.5017(17), b ¼ 102.67(3). Comparison of these materials was made based on theirstructures and synthesis conditions. The formation of these species and other previously reported metalﬂuoride species in hydrothermal ﬂuids appears to be dependent upon the concentration of the alkaliﬂuoride mineralizer, pressure, temperature, and reaction time. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)studies show that all of the different phases of cesium thorium ﬂuoride transition into the samemonoclinic phase of CsThF 5 and eventually into the orthorhombic phase of CsTh 3 F 13 . 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Advanced Computational Research in Materials Processing for Design and Manufacturing

Advanced mathematical techniques and computer simulation play a major role in providing enhanced understanding of conventional and advanced materials processing operations. Development and application of mathematical models and computer simulation techniques can provide a quantitative understanding of materials processes and will minimize the need for expensive and time consuming trial- and error-based product development. As computer simulations and materials databases grow in complexity, high performance computing and simulation are expected to play a key role in supporting the improvements required in advanced material syntheses and processing by lessening the dependence on expensive prototyping and re-tooling. Many of these numerical models are highly compute-intensive. It is not unusual for an analysis to require several hours of computational time on current supercomputers despite the simplicity of the models being studied. For example, to accurately simulate the heat transfer in a 1-m3 block using a simple computational method requires 1012 arithmetic operations per second of simulated time. For a computer to do the simulation in real time would require a sustained computation rate 1000 times faster than that achievable by current supercomputers. Massively parallel computer systems, which combine several thousand processors able to operate concurrently on a problem, are expected to provide orders of magnitude increase in performance. This paper briefly describes advanced computational research in materials processing at ORNL. Continued development of computational techniques and algorithms utilizing the massively parallel computers will allow the simulation of conventional and advanced materials processes in sufficient generality.
Barriers in cryptography with weak, correlated and leaky sources

There has been much recent progress in constructing cryptosystems that maintain their security without requiring uniform randomness and perfect secrecy. These schemes are motivated by a diverse set of problems such as providing resilience to side-channel leakage, using weak physical sources of randomness as secret keys, and allowing deterministic encryption for high-entropy messages. Nevertheless, despite this progress, some basic and seemingly achievable security properties have eluded our reach. For example, we are unable to prove the security of basic tools for manipulating weak/leaky random sources, such as as pseudo-entropy generators and seed-dependent computational condensers. We also do not know how to prove leakage-resilient security of any cryptosystem with a uniquely determined secret key. In the context of deterministic encryption we do not have a standard-model constructions achieving the strongest notion of security proposed by Bellare, Boldyreva and O'Neill (CRYPTO '07), that would allow us to encrypt arbitrarily correlated messages of sufficiently large individual entropy.We provide broad black-box separation results, showing that the security of such primitives cannot be proven under virtually any standard cryptographic hardness assumption via a reduction that treats the adversary as a black box. We do so by formalizing the intuition that "the only way that a reduction can simulate the correctly distributed view for an attacker is to know all the secrets, in which case it does not learn anything useful from the attack". Such claims are often misleading and clever way of getting around them allow us to achieve a wealth of positive results with imperfect/leaky randomness. However, in this work we show that this intuition can be formalized and that it indeed presents a real barrier for the examples given above.
Compensatory Enlargement of Ossabaw Miniature Swine Coronary Arteries in Diffuse Atherosclerosis

Abstract Studies in human and non-human primates have confirmed the compensatory enlargement or positive remodeling (Glagov phenomenon) of coronary vessels in the presence of focal stenosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document arterial enlargement in a metabolic syndrome animal model with diffuse coronary artery disease (DCAD) in the absence of severe focal stenosis. Two different groups of Ossabaw miniature pigs were fed a high fat atherogenic diet for 4 months (Group I) and 12 months (Group II), respectively. Group I (6 pigs) underwent contrast enhanced computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at baseline and after 4 months of high fat diet, whereas Group II (7 pigs) underwent only IVUS at 12 months of high fat diet. IVUS measurements of the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX) and right coronary (RCA) arteries in Group I showed an average increase in their lumen cross-sectional areas (CSA) of 25.8%, 11.4%, and 43.4%, respectively, as compared to baseline. The lumen CSA values of LAD in Group II were found to be between the baseline and 4 month values in Group I. IVUS and CCTA measurements showed a similar trend and positive correlation. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) was 0.91 ± 0.07 at baseline and 0.93 ± 0.05 at 4 months with only 2.2%, 1.6% and 1% stenosis in the LAD, LCX and RCA, respectively. The relation between percent stenosis and lumen CSA shows a classical Glagov phenomenon in this animal model of DCAD.
The American Mortgage in Historical and International Context

ome mortgages have loomed continually larger in the Þnancial situationof American households. In 1949, mortgage debt was equal to 20 per-cent of total household income; by 1979, it had risen to 46 percent ofincome; by 2001, 73 percent of income (Bernstein, Boushey and Mishel, 2003).Similarly, mortgage debt was 15 percent of household assets in 1949, but rose to28 percent of household assets by 1979 and 41 percent of household assets by 2001.This enormous growth of American home mortgages, as shown in Figure 1 (as apercentage of GDP), has been accompanied by a transformation in their form suchthat American mortgages are now distinctively different from mortgages in the restof the world. In addition, the growth in mortgage debt outstanding in the UnitedStates has closely tracked the mortgage marketOs increased reliance on securitiza-tion (Cho, 2004).The structure of the modern American mortgage has evolved over time. Webegin by describing this historical evolution. The U.S. mortgage before the 1930swould be nearly unrecognizable today: it featured variable interest rates, high downpayments and short maturities. Before the Great Depression, homeowners typicallyrenegotiated their loans every year.We next compare the form of U.S. home mortgages today with those in othercountries. The U.S. mortgage provides many more options to borrowers than arecommonly provided elsewhere: American homebuyers can choose whether to paya Þxed or soating rate of interest; they can lock in their interest rate in between thetime they apply for the mortgage and the time they purchase their house; they can
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of SrTiO3/LaAlO3 Interfaces from First Principles

A number of intriguing properties emerge upon the formation of the epitaxial interface between the insulating oxides LaAlO 3 and SrTiO 3 . These properties, which include a quasi two-dimensional conducting electron gas, low temperature superconductivity, and magnetism, are not present in the bulk materials, generating a great deal of interest in the fundamental physics of their origins. While it is generally accepted that the novel behavior arises as a result of a combination of electronic and atomic reconstructions and growth-induced defects, the complex interplay between these effects remains unclear. In this report, we review the progress that has been made towards unraveling the complete picture of the SrTiO 3 /LaAlO 3 interface, focusing primarily on present ab initio theoretical work and its relation to the experimental data. In the process, we highlight some key unresolved issues and discuss how they might be addressed by future experimental and theoretical studies.
Medical informatics training programme to support the Romanian health care management information system

The Health Management Information System (HMIS) project initiated by the Romanian Ministry of Health as a component of the healthcare reform is aiming to ensure the technical, functional and operative support for: (i) a better overview of the population health status, of the medical care needs and of the Health System performances; (ii) the improvement of the resource allocation and consumption; and (iii) reform support. This system is supposed to assure a better information flow from the lower to the upper levels of the healthcare network by help of a modern IT support. In the first development stage the system is planned to link the Ministry of Health with the 41 District Health Authorities (DHAs) and with more than 200 pilot health units. The implementation of such a large system raises serious problems of acceptability and a thorough training programme for both technical staff and end users must be considered in order to face this challenge.
Large N solution of the 2D supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

Abstract The Schwinger-Dyson equations of the Makeenko-Migdal type, when supplemented with some simple equations as a consequence of supersymmetry, form a closed set of equations for Wilson loops and related quantities in the two dimensional super-gauge theory. We solve these equations. It appears that the planar Wilson loops are described by the Nambu string without folds. We also discuss how to put the model on a spatial lattice, where a peculiar gauge is chosen in order to keep one supersymmetry on the lattice. Supersymmetry is unbroken in this theory. We comment on possible generalization of these considerations to other models.
Broken symmetry and pseudogaps in ropes of carbon nanotubes

We investigate the influence of tube-tube interactions in ropes of (10,10) carbon nanotubes, and find that these effects induce a pseudogap in the density of states (DOS) of the rope of width 0.1 eV at the Fermi level. In an isolated $(n,n)$ carbon nanotube there are two bands that cross in a linear fashion at the Fermi level, making the nanotube metallic with a DOS that is constant in a 1.5 eV wide window around the Fermi energy. The presence of the neighbouring tubes causes these two bands to repel, opening up a band gap that can be as large as 0.3 eV. The small dispersion in the plane perpendicular to the rope smears out this gap for a rope with a large cross-sectional area, and we see a pseudogap at the Fermi energy in the DOS where the DOS falls to one third of its value for the isolated tube. This phenomenon should affect many properties of the behavior of ropes of $(n,n)$ nanotubes, which should display a more semimetallic character than expected in transport and doping experiments, with the existence of both hole and electron carriers leading to qualitatively different thermopower and Hall-effect behaviors from those expected for a normal metal. Band repulsion like this can be expected to occur for any tube perturbed by a sufficiently strong interaction, for example, from contact with a surface or with other tubes.
Sub-linear Distributed Algorithms for Sparse Certificates and Biconnected Components

Acertificatefor thekconnectivity (kconnectivity refers to bothk-edge connectivity andk-vertex connectivity unless explicitly stated otherwise) of a graphG=(V,E) is a subsetE? ofEsuch that (V,E?) iskconnected iffGiskconnected. Letn=|V| andm=|E|. A certificate is calledsparseif it has sizeO(kn). We present a distributed algorithm for computing a sparse certificate forkconnectivity. Letf(n) andg(n) be the distributed time complexities of computing a minimum spanning tree and an-dominating set, respectively. (Currently,f(n)=g(n)=O(nlog*n+D), whereDis the diameter of the network.) The time complexities for finding ak-edge certificate and ak-vertex certificate areO(k(D+f(n)) andO(k(D+f(n)+g(n)+n)), respectively. A new algorithm for identifying biconnected components is also presented. This algorithm is significantly simpler than many existing algorithms and can be implemented in a distributed environment to run inO(D+g(n)+n)time. All algorithms improve on the previous best known time bounds. Our main focus in this paper is the time complexity. However, no more than a polynomial number of messages, each of sizeO(logn), are generated by the algorithm.
On the Security of Trustee-Based Social Authentications

Recently, authenticating users with the help of their friends (i.e., trustee-based social authentication) has been shown to be a promising backup authentication mechanism. A user in this system is associated with a few trustees that were selected from the user’s friends. When the user wants to regain access to the account, the service provider sends different verification codes to the user’s trustees. The user must obtain at least \(k\) (i.e., recovery threshold) verification codes from the trustees before being directed to reset his or her password. In this paper, we provide the first systematic study about the security of trustee-based social authentications. In particular, we first introduce a novel framework of attacks, which we call forest fire attacks. In these attacks, an attacker initially obtains a small number of compromised users, and then the attacker iteratively attacks the rest of users by exploiting trustee-based social authentications. Then, we construct a probabilistic model to formalize the threats of forest fire attacks and their costs for attackers. Moreover, we introduce various defense strategies. Finally, we apply our framework to extensively evaluate various concrete attack and defense strategies using three real-world social network datasets. Our results have strong implications for the design of more secure trustee-based social authentications.
The use of silylarsines to prepare gallium-arsenic compounds

A. Introduction B. Preparations of silylarsines C. Reactions of (Me,SiCH,),AsSiMe, and Mes,AsSiMe, (Mes = mesityl) ..... D. Reactions of Me,SiCH,As(SiMe,), and (Me3Si),As(CH2)3As(SiMe,), ..... E. Reactions of As(SiMe3)3. F. Concluding comments. Acknowledgements References 273 275 276 281 282 288 288 290
Dispersion Reduction for a Sounding-Rocket Scramjet Flight Experiment

A low cost method for reducing the dispersion in the trajectory of an unguided, spinstabilized, sounding rocket is developed and presented. The method is particularly suited to scramjet flight experimentation because the approach increases the likelihood of meeting Mach number and dynamic pressure objectives. The paper discusses the design and model of the scramjet payload, and two-stage launch vehicle, and the nominal trajectory, as well as a Monte Carlo analysis to quantify the likelihood of a successful scramjet test. Using the results of this analysis, a method is presented for reducing the dispersion in freestream conditions during the scramjet test window. The dispersion reduction is accomplished by modifying the time delay between the burnout of the first stage booster and the ignition of the second stage based on the vehicle state measured during the interstage coast. This method increases the likelihood of a successful test from 71% to 99% without adversely affecting range safety. Since the design and implementation of a vehicle guided control system is not required, this method is relatively inexpensive, making its use highly desirable for low cost scramjet flight experimentation.
Chord-length distribution function for two-phase random media.

A statistical correlation function of basic importance in the study of two-phase random media (such as suspensions, porous media, and composites) is the chord-length distribution function p(z). We show that p(z) is related to another fundamentally important morphological descriptor studied by us previously, namely, the lineal-path function L(z), which gives the probability of finding a line segment of length z wholly in one of the phases when randomly thrown into the sample. We derive exact series representations of the chord-length distribution function for media comprised of spheres with a polydispersivity in size for arbitrary space dimension D. For the special case of spatially uncorrelated spheres (i.e., fully penetrable spheres), we determine exactly p(z) and the mean chord length ${\mathit{l}}_{\mathit{C}}$, the first moment of p(z). We also obtain corresponding formulas for the case of impenetrable (i.e., spatially correlated) polydispersed spheres.
The maritime radio spectrum future

Future satisfaction of the electromagnetic spectrum needs of the maritime mobile service is dependent on the translation of those needs to frequency allocations. In September 1979, over 100 countries will consider all of the spectrum, and make changes to meet perceived needs of radio services, including maritime needs up to the year 2000. This conference, the World Administrative Radio Conference 1979, will have a significant impact on future maritime radio operations. Issues, procedures, competing requirements, are explored to enable a better understanding of the regulatory process for frequency allocations.
Are There Lessons for Africa from China's Success against Poverty?

At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government.
Supersymmetric radion in the Randall-Sundrum scenario

We derive the effective action for the radion supermultiplet in the supersymmetric Randall-Sundrum model with two opposite tension branes.
Forecast combination in a dynamic setting

We examine the implications of allowing lags into forecast combination regressions, thereby extending previous models. The practical conclusion is that lagged dependent variables, but not lagged forecasts, improve forecast combination procedures. Also, improvements are obtained when nonstationarity of the data is recognized.
Counterfactual Reasoning and Common Knowledge of Rationality in Normal Form Games

When evaluating the rationality of a player in a game one has to examine counterfactuals such as "what would happen if the player were to do what he does not do?" In this paper I develop a model of a normal form game where counterfactuals of this sort are evaluated as in the philosophical literature (cf. Lewis, 1973; Stalnaker, 1968). According to this method one evaluates a statement like ``what would the player believe if he were to do what he does not do'' at the world that is closest to the actual world where the hypothetical deviation occurs. I show that in this model common knowledge of rationality need not lead to rationalizability. I also present assumptions that allow rationalizability to follow from common knowledge of rationality. These assumptions suggest that rationalizability may not rely on weaker assumptions about belief consistency than Nash equilibrium.
An efficient method to measure the semantic similarity of ontologies

Purpose – With the recent availability of large number of bioinformatics data sources, query from such databases and rigorous annotation of experimental results often use semantic frameworks in the form of an ontology. With the growing access to heterogeneous and independent data repositories, determining the semantic similarity or difference of two ontologies is critical in information retrieval, information integration and semantic web services. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new sense refinement algorithm to construct a refined sense set (RSS) for an ontology so that the senses (synonym words) in this refined sense set represent the semantic meanings of the terms used by this ontology.Design/methodology/approach – A new concept of a semantic set is introduced that combines the refined sense set of ontology with the relationship edges connecting the terms in this ontology to represent the semantics of this ontology. With the semantic sets, measuring the semantic similarity or difference of tw...
Gradual time reversal in thermo- and photo-acoustic tomography within a resonant cavity

Thermo- and photo-acoustic tomography require reconstructing initial acoustic pressure in a body from time series of pressure measured on a surface surrounding the body. For the classical case of free space wave propagation, various reconstruction techniques are well known. However, some novel measurement schemes place the object of interest between reflecting walls that form a de facto resonant cavity. In this case, known methods (including the popular time reversal algorithm) cannot be used. The inverse problem involving reflecting walls can be solved by the gradual time reversal method we propose here. It consists in solving back in time on the interval the initial/boundary value problem for the wave equation, with the Dirichlet boundary data multiplied by a smooth cutoff function. If T is sufficiently large one obtains a good approximation to the initial pressure; in the limit of large T such an approximation converges (under certain conditions) to the exact solution.
Primary valve malfunction of the Krupin eye valve with disk.

PURPOSE To examine the management and possible causes of primary valve malfunction of the Krupin eye valve with disk. METHODS The authors reviewed the results of 113 patients undergoing implantation of the Krupin eye valve with disk and identified eight patients with primary valve malfunction requiring surgical revision. RESULTS Valve revision involved manipulation (n = 1 case), explantation of the malfunctioning valve and implantation of a new valve (n = 2), and amputation of the valve (n = 5). Six of eight patients had final intraocular pressures of < 21 mmHg on one or no medications at a mean interval of 15.9 months (range 5-36) after surgical revision. Transient postoperative hypotony was noted in three patients and chronic hypotony with loss of light perception in one patient. One explanted valve was examined and found to have partially fused leaflets. CONCLUSIONS Surgical revision in cases of primary valve malfunction of the Krupin eye valve with disk may be accomplished relatively safely with an acceptable level of postoperative complications. The etiology of primary valve malfunction may be related to the sterilization process and prolonged storage before implantation.
Supercontinuum generation in silicon photonic wires

We observe spectral broadening of more than 350 nm upon propagation of ultrashort pulses in a 4.7-mm-long silicon-photonic-wire waveguide. The output spectral characteristics are shown to be consistent, in part, with higher-order soliton radiative effects.
Distance correction for precordial electrocardiographic voltage in estimating left ventricular mass: an echocardiographic study.

This study was undertaken to assess both the relation between echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular (LV) mass and commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for LV hypertrophy and the effect of the distance from the center of LV mass to the anterior chest wall on precordial voltage. Echocardiograms and standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained on 100 persons, ages 3 to 79. The correlation coefficients of echocardiographically determined LV mass with ECG precordial voltage (SV1 + RV5 or V6), the Estes point score system, and a VL4 wave voltage were .686, .721, and .531, respectively. Extrapolating from the dipole nature of the heart, the precrodial voltage was multiplied by the square of the chest wall to mid-LV distance to correct for the loss of energy across the distance from LV to recording electrode. Utilizing this correction, a much improved precordial voltage estimation of LV mass (r = .846) was obtained. We conclude that the distance of the center of LV mass from the chest wall influences the amplitude of recorded precordial voltage and that correction for this influence improved the correlation of precordial voltage with LV mass.
2-oxo-N-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-sulfonamides as activators of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase

Compared to normal differentiated cells, cancer cells have altered metabolic regulation to support biosynthesis and the expression of the M2 isozyme of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) plays an important role in this anabolic metabolism. While the M1 isoform is a highly active enzyme, the alternatively spliced M2 variant is considerably less active and expressed in tumors. While the exact mechanism by which decreased pyruvate kinase activity contributes to anabolic metabolism remains unclear, it is hypothesized that activation of PKM2 to levels seen with PKM1 may promote a metabolic program that is not conducive to cell proliferation. Here we report the third chemotype in a series of PKM2 activators based on the 2-oxo-N-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-sulfonamide scaffold. The synthesis, structure activity relationships, selectivity and notable physiochemical properties are described.
Antecedents and characteristics of informal relation-based networks in Korea: Yongo, Yonjul and Inmaek

Although there has been a large amount written about Chinese Guanxi networks, a detailed debate concerning Korean informal relation-based networks is by comparison under-represented in the international business literature. This paper introduces and distinguishes between three forms of informal relation-based networks in Korea: (1) Yongo, (2) Yonjul and (3) Inmaek. Inmaek describes a social network in general, while Yongo networks draw primarily on existing kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties. Contrary to Yongo ties, Yonjul ties exist for a purpose, often to secure personal gains and benefits. In all three forms, kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties play primary, but not exclusive, roles. A better understanding of Korean informal relation-based networks helps contribute to the advancement of knowledge about the anatomy of informal institution, as well as to the growing field of indigenous management research, by identifying and analysing an influential contex...
On the Stability of Empirical Risk Minimization in the Presence of Multiple Risk Minimizers

Recently, Kutin and Niyogi investigated several notions of algorithmic stability-a property of a learning map conceptually similar to continuity-showing that training stability is sufficient for consistency of empirical risk minimization (ERM) while distribution-free CV-stability is necessary and sufficient for having finite VC-dimension. This paper concerns a phase transition in the training stability of ERM, conjectured by the same authors. Kutin and Niyogi proved that ERM on finite hypothesis spaces containing a unique risk minimizer has training stability that scales exponentially with sample size, and conjectured that the existence of multiple risk minimizers prevents even super-quadratic convergence. We prove this result for the strictly weaker notion of CV-stability, positively resolving the conjecture.
Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: The Ideal MHD Limit

Magnetic fields are usually considered dynamically important in star formation when the dimensionless mass-to-flux ratio is close to, or less than, unity ( -->? 1). We show that, in disk formation, the requirement is far less stringent. This conclusion is drawn from a set of 2D (axisymmetric) simulations of the collapse of rotating, singular isothermal cores magnetized to different degrees. We find that a weak field corresponding to -->? ~ 100 can begin to disrupt the rotationally supported disk through magnetic braking, by creating regions of rapid, supersonic collapse in the disk. These regions are separated by one or more centrifugal barriers, where the rapid infall is temporarily halted. The number of centrifugal barriers increases with the mass-to-flux ratio ?. When -->? 100, they merge together to form a more or less contiguous, rotationally supported disk. Even though the magnetic field in such a case is extremely weak on the scale of dense cores, it is amplified by collapse and differential rotation, to the extent that its pressure dominates the thermal pressure in both the disk and its surrounding region. For relatively strongly magnetized cores with -->? 10, the disk formation is suppressed completely, as found previously. A new feature is that the mass accretion is highly episodic, due to reconnection of the magnetic field lines accumulated near the center. For rotationally supported disks to appear during the protostellar mass accretion phase of star formation in dense cores with realistic field strengths, the powerful magnetic brake must be weakened, perhaps through nonideal MHD effects. Another possibility is to remove, through protostellar winds, the material that acts to brake the disk rotation. We discuss the possibility of observing a generic product of the magnetic braking, an extended circumstellar region that is supported by a combination of toroidal magnetic field and rotation?a magnetogyrosphere?interferometrically.
Approach to the Management of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Who Failed to Achieve Sustained Virologic Response

The combination of PEGIFN and RBV is the most effective therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Although more than half of all patients are able to achieve SVR, a significant proportion of patients, particularly those with genotype 1, fail to have undetectable HCV RNA during treatment or relapse after completing therapy with return of detectable HCV RNA. An approach in the management of these patients is to identify factors that could have led to the NR or relapse and that could be corrected before or during a second course of therapy. Because fibrosis progression occurs slowly over decades for many patients with chronic hepatitis C, avoiding alcohol or other factors that could lead to fibrosis progression may be sufficient for the vast majority of patients. Other options that could be considered in patients who have more advanced disease include retreating with one of several new antiviral agents; retreating with higher doses of IFN or PEGIFN and RBV; or using IFN, PEGIFN, or RBV monotherapy long-term as maintenance therapy. The safety and efficacy of these approaches is being evaluated in numerous clinical trials.
Analog/hybrid solution of partial differential equations in the nuclear industry

This article was presented at the AICA meeting in Versailles. It is printed here with the permission of Association interna tionale pour le Calcul Analogique.
A new abbreviated synthesis of 5-methylchrysene and its 2-hydroxy- and 8-hydroxy derivatives

Abstract The Suzuki reaction has been applied to provide a highly abbreviated synthesis of 5-methylchrysene and its 2-hydroxy- and 8-hydroxy derivatives from easily accessible starting materials.
Constraints to Fertiliser Use in Uganda: Insights from Uganda Census of Agriculture 2008/9

Uganda’s agriculture faces numerous challenges, including low productivity due to declining soil fertility. Yet, the majority agricultural households in the country do not use organic and inorganic fertilizers due to not well-known constraints. Using data from the Uganda Census of Agriculture 2008/9, this paper provides insights into these constraints. Results show that most of the farm-households that use inorganic fertilizers also apply organic fertilizers. With regard to factors influencing adoption of fertilizer, lack of knowledge on use of and market information on fertilizer due to limited access to fertilizer-specific extension services is found to be perhaps the most limiting factor irrespective of fertilizer type. Low access to credit and constrained access to input and output markets due to distance are also key constraints to fertilizer use. Household characteristics including education level, household size, share of adults in the household, and ownership of livestock/poultry also stand-out as influencing factors on fertilizer adoption decisions. Results suggest that targeted interventions including extensive and intensive extension training and visits, and access to affordable credit and will be pertinent in the promotion fertilizer use in the country.