cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three Conceptions of Spatial Locality in Chicago School Sociology (and Their Significance Today)

The development of new spatial methods has heightened long-standing interest in the local organization of urban life. This growth in empirical research has run ahead of theories about the nature of local space: to a large extent, contemporary sociology employs the same conceptions of space developed in works of the Chicago School produced between 1918 and the early 1930’s. This article describes three major notions of locality developed by the Chicago School, respectively defined by ecology, institutions, and subjective perceptions. These accounts of locality are not theoretically consistent, and make reference to partially distinct empirical phenomena. A brief survey of contemporary neighborhood research reveals the persistence of these spatial accounts, as well as uncertainty about the goals of neighborhood research. Revisiting the accounts of urban place developed by the Chicago School suggests five distinct ends for research on locality: research programs focusing specifically on ecology, institutions, or perceptions; methodological and theoretical pluralism in pursuit of maximally rich description; and empirical integration seeking to describe the role of multiple processes in the production of local space.
The pollination ecology of co-occuring geographically restricted and widespread species of Astragalus (Fabaceae)

Abstract Astragalus linifolius and Astragalus osterhouti are geographically restricted legume species, with total ranges of less than 60 km2. Each of these xerophytic, shrubby perennials co-occurs with a widespread congener: A. linifolius with A. lonchocarpus and A. osterhouti with A. pattersoni. All four species exhibit similar floral size, colour and morphology and reproduce primarily by insect-mediated cross-pollination. These similarities facilitate comparisons of pollinator visitation to the restricted and widespread congeners. The most frequent visitors to the four species are polylectic bees (Bombus spp., Osmia spp., Anthopora spp. and Apis mellifera). Individuals of rare A. linifolius receive significantly lower levels of pollinator visitation than do plants of widespread A. lonchocarpus. The restricted species' poor success in competition for pollinators may have contributed to, and probably helps to maintain, their rarity. Plants of both geographically restricted species may be particularly susceptible to types of human disturbance that would further reduce the frequency of pollinator visitations: pesticide spraying and overgrazing. Plans for management of rare plant populations should take the ecology of associated pollinators into account.
Process Maps for Predicting Residual Stress and Melt Pool Size in the Laser-Based Fabrication of Thin-Walled Structures

Thermomechanical models are presented for the building of thin-walled structures by laser-based solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes. Thermal simulations are used to develop quasi-non-dimensional plots (termed process maps) that quantify the effects of changes in wall height, laser power, deposition speed, and part preheating on thermal gradients, with the goal of limiting residual stresses in manufactured components. Mechanical simulations are used to demonstrate the link between thermal gradients and, maximum final residual stresses. The approach taken is analogous to that taken in previous research by the authors in developing process maps for melt pool length, for maintaining an optimal melt pool size during component fabrication. Process maps are tailored for application to the laser engineered net shaping process; however, the general approach, insights, and conclusions are applicable to most SFF processes involving a moving heat source, and to other laser-based fusion processes. Results from the residual stress simulations identify two mechanisms for reducing residual stresses and quantify maximum stress reductions achievable through manipulation of all process variables. Results from thermal gradient and melt pool length process maps are used to identify a manufacturing strategy for obtaining a consistent melt pool size while limiting residual stress in a thin-walled part.
Classroom Procedures for the Measurement of Behavior State among Students with Profound Disabilities

This study implemented two procedures for the measurement of behavior state conditions of students with profound handicaps who spend a large portion of their school day in the state conditions of sleep, daze, or drowse. The purpose of the study was to determine if classroom measurement procedures of shorter duration would be as reliable as the longer duration research procedures. Both measurement procedures were implemented in four classrooms by observing six students who spent a large portion of their time asleep, dazed, or drowsed. The findings indicate that the more frequent measurements of shorter duration produced outcomes that were similar to the research procedures.
On the estimation of the multinomial probit model

Abstract Multinomial Probit provides, perhaps, the most satisfactory form of discrete choice model based on the framework of utility maximization. It has clear advantages over more commonly used alternatives, such as the multinomial logit model, although its use involves more computational effort. This paper discusses the problems both of calculating the multinomial probit choice functions and in estimating the model parameters. Four techniques for calculating the choice functions are reviewed with regard to their comparative accuracy, computational requirements and applicability. With regard to model estimation different calibration methods are reviewed and a simulation based algoirthm is presented and tested.
Connective analysis and basic concepts

Etude du modele de l'analyse reductrice, fonde sur la decomposition des idees complexes en concepts simples, et du modele de l'analyse connective, fonde sur l'existence de concepts elementaires en connexion les uns avec les autres, developpee par P. Strawson dans son ouvrage intitule «Analysis and metaphysics» (1992). Soulevant le probleme de la compatibilite de la notion d'elementarite avec les principes holistes de l'analyse connective, l'A. examine en quoi celle-ci peut etre consideree comme plus realiste que l'analyse traditionnelle qui s'applique a la fois a la philosophie et aux concepts ordinaires (pre-theoriques) de la vie quotidienne
Characterization of glutamine synthetase from avian liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Glutamine synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from chicken liver mitochondria. 2. 2. The native enzyme is an octamer composed of identical subunits with monomeric mol. wt of 42,000 dalton. 3. 3. Apparent K m s for NH 4 + , ATP and glutamate were 0.5, 0.9 and 6 mM, respectively. D-Glutamate and l -α-hydroxyglutarate were utilized as substrates with activities approx. 40% those obtained with glutamate. Of several nucleotides tested, none were effective replacements for ATP. 4. 4. Heavy metal ions were inhibitory as were Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ and lanthanide ions. 5. 5. Despite its different subcellular localization and physiological function, avian glutarnine synthetase is markedly similar to the weakly-bound microsomal rat liver enzyme with respect to a number of physical and chemical properties.
Limnological investigations in the area of Anvers Island, Antarctica

We compared primary productivity, physical features, and chemical and biological composition of two small lakes possessing different “trophic states” during January, 1970 at Anvers Island, Antarctica. Both lakes, less than 500 meters apart, had partial ice cover the entire season and were underlain with a similar silica-rich granite. Striking dissolved chemical differences were Cl− (7.5 and 35.0), NH +4 −N (0.1 and 2.5), and total PO≡4 −P (0.03 and 1.7 mg/l) respectively for lake nos. 1 and 2. Extractable total chlorophyll in subsurface water ranged from 15–41 mg/m2 in lake no. 1 and 35–112 mg/m3 in lake no. 2 during the three week study period. Ranges in net photosynthesis were 0.78–3.5 (Lake no. 1) and 9.0–72.0 mgC/m2/hr (Lake no. 2). Diel ranges for chlorophyll and carbon fixation also fell within these values. We hypothesize that enrichment of lake no. 2 with PO≡4 −P and NH +4 −N may account for its higher “trophic state”.
Abstract A48: In vivo evaluation of Cox‐2 inhibition to prevent the progression of invasive urinary bladder cancer

Background: Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (InvTCC) of the urinary bladder has a propensity to metastasize, is only partially responsive to chemotherapy, and causes > 14,000 deaths yearly in the United States. The development of effective means to prevent the development and progression of InvTCC is crucial. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2) is over‐expressed in InvTCC in humans and animals. In a pilot study, a Cox‐2 inhibitor induced apoptosis of InvTCC in humans. Cox‐2 inhibitors may offer an avenue for prevention of InvTCC progression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Cox‐2 inhibitor treatment in preventing the progression of InvTCC in a highly relevant animal model, canine InvTCC. Naturally‐occurring InvTCC in dogs closely mimics human InvTCC in cellular and molecular features (including Cox‐2 expression), sites and frequency of metastasis, and response to therapy. Methods: Dogs with histologically confirmed InvTCC who failed or whose owner declined standard chemotherapy protocols, and with expected survival of > 6 weeks were prospectively enrolled. The Cox‐2 inhibitor deracoxib (Novartis, Greensboro, NC) was given as a single agent with a planned dose of 3mg/kg/day orally. Dogs were evaluated prior to and during therapy with abdominal ultrasound including mapping of the urinary bladder masses, thoracic radiographs, complete blood count, serum biochemistry profiles and urinalyses. Toxicity was assessed by clinical signs and serial blood work. Tumor response was defined as: complete remission (CR), no evidence of disease detected; partial remission (PR) ≥ 50% reduction in tumor volume; stable disease (SD) Results: Thirty‐nine dogs with InvTCC received deracoxib at a mean dose of 2.79 mg/kg/day (range 1.18 mg/kg/day to 4.08mg/kg/day). Of 39 dogs, 1 had nodal metastasis, and 3 had distant metastasis at diagnosis. Initial responses in 30 dogs with measurable disease included PR in 4 dogs (13%), SD in 17 dogs (57%), and PD in 3 dogs (10%); and in 6 dogs, response to therapy has not been determined. Mean time to subsequent PD (n=20) was 167 days (range 36 – 482 days). After PD was noted, 10 dogs went on to receive other therapy (leukeran, mitoxantrone, mitomycin‐C, 5 azacitidine, carboplatin). Of the 39 dogs treated, 9 had microscopic residual disease after surgical intervention. Of these 9 dogs, 4 had relapse (median time to relapse, 221 days), and 3 had not relapsed at the time of death from other causes (median time to death 772 days). The median survival times for dogs with measurable disease and microscopic disease were 349 and 772 days, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this work help justify further study of the use of Cox‐2 inhibitors in preventing the progression of InvTCC. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A48.
Identification of rocA, a Positive Regulator of covR Expression in the Group A Streptococcus

In the group A streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes), a two-component system known as CovRS (or CsrRS) regulates about 15% of the genes, including several important virulence factors like the hyaluronic acid capsule. Most of these genes, including covR itself, are negatively regulated by CovR. We have isolated two independent ISS1 insertions in an open reading frame (ORF) that increases CovR expression as measured by a Pcov-gusA reporter fusion in single copy in the GAS chromosome. This ORF, named rocA for "regulator of Cov," activates covR transcription about threefold. As expected, a rocA mutant is mucoid and produces more transcript from the has promoter since this promoter is repressed by CovR. This effect is dependent on the presence of a wild-type covR gene. In contrast to its activation of Pcov, RocA negatively regulates its own expression. This autoregulation is not dependent on the presence of the covR gene. All the phenotypes of the rocA mutant were complemented by the presence of the rocA gene on a plasmid. The rocA gene is present in strains of all nine M serotypes of GAS tested and is absent from strains representing 11 other groups of streptococci and related bacteria, including strains of the closely related group C and G streptococci. It seems likely that rocA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GAS since it affects expression of the global regulator CovR.
IGSF4 promoter methylation and expression silencing in human cervical cancer.

Abstract Objectives Functional assays of tumor suppression and loss of heterozygosity point to a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) for cervical cancer (CC) on chromosome 11q23. We evaluated IGSF4, a putative TSG located in the region, for promoter methylation and gene silencing in CC cell lines and cervical tissues. Methods IGSF4 expression was detected by both RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Methylation maps of the IGSF4 promoter region were generated for 11 CC cell lines based upon bisulfite-genomic sequencing, using seven nested-PCR primer sets covering 97 CpG sites. Methylation fingerprints in primary cervical tissues were evaluated by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. Results A 4.4-kb mRNA was seen in cell lines, consistent with the RT-PCR results for both cell lines and primary cervical tissue. IGSF4 was expressed in 6/11 cell lines, 6/8 CC tissues and in all seven normal cervical epithelia. In the cell lines, IGSF4 silencing was associated with promoter hypermethylation. The methylation status in the region covering the −18 to −2 CpG sites correlated most strongly with expression, pointing to the existence of an unmethylated core in the IGSF4 promoter in cell lines expressing IGSF4. This unmethylated core spans approximately 180 bp and is immediately upstream of the ATG site. In primary tissues, methylation was detected in 15/23 (65%) CC specimens but in none of seven normal cervical epithelia. Conclusions Our data strongly suggest that IGSF4 is a TSG and that gene silencing by aberrant hypermethylation may contribute to the development of CC.
Effects of morphine and naloxone on the responsiveness (unit and field potential) of three opiate-relevant brain areas during electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra.

Abstract 1. 1. The study was conducted in 27 paralyzed and unanesthetized rats. 2. 2. In the pretreatment state, unit activity usually increased during 10/sec electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra in the three brain areas tested; responsiveness was greatest in the central grey, where there was also a clear intensity-response relation, and least in the amygdala. In all areas, the field potentials (EEG) associated with the unit responses were of the simple evoked-response type or augmenting (waxing and waning amplitude). 3. 3. Morphine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) generally depressed the evoked increases in unit activity in all areas. However, morphine enhanced evoked activity in a significant number of caudate and amygdala loci; but in the central grey, depression was more distinct and consistent (this even applies to spontaneous activity, except that morphine did excite 3 loci in 3 rats). Morphine decreased the amplitude of field potential responses to stimulation in the caudate and amygdala. Possible diurnal influences of morphine on both unit and field potential activity were tested for but not found. 4. 4. The administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) after morphine generally reversed the unit and field potential depression, but reversal was less consistent in the caudate. In neural populations where morphine enhanced unit activity, naloxone had no clear effect. Naloxone when given to saline-treated controls had no clear effect in any area.
Folding of a single viscous layer: Exact infinitesimal-amplitude solution

Abstract The folding of a single viscous layer embedded in an uniformly shortening medium is analyzed mathematically by superposing the mean flow corresponding to uniform shortening and a perturbing flow corresponding to folding. The mean flow is coupled to the perturbing flow in the boundary conditions applying at the layer—medium interfaces. These are expanded according to the surface-wave approximation in hydrodynamics, and the solution applies when the amplitude of folding is small. Folding with interfacial adherence and interfacial slip are both treated. The dominant wavelenghts obtained do not agree with those presented in Biot (1959a) and Remberg (1963a, 1970b).
Disparities across the breast cancer continuum.

Objective: We performed a structured review of the literature to identify areas of greater and lesser knowledge of the nature of disparities across the breast cancer continuum from risk and prevention to treatment and mortality.
Echinostoma lindoense: Larval antigens from the snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata

Abstract Passive hemagglutination using chromic chloride proved to be a rapid and useful method for a study of minute quantities of antigen extracted from larval Echinostoma lindoense (Sandground and Bonne), a trematode that develops in the snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). Parasite rediae were initially fragmented by three different procedures. Their soluble proteins were separated into two bands by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, and into three fractions by molecular sieve chromatography. Rabbit antiserum was prepared from six weekly intramuscular injections of soluble redial protein in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed after 1 month by a single inoculation of alum-precipitated antigen. Antiserum was absorbed free of anti-snail antibodies and the immune complexes were removed by ion-exchange chromatography over DEAE-cellulose, producing an immunochemically pure IgG. Study of the rabbit anti-trematode antibody by precipitation, complement fixation, hemagglutination (HA), and inhibition of HA revealed a specific and high titered anti-larval antibody. These methods offer an approach to the problem of measuring the snail host's protective response against trematode reinfection; they also can be used to study the antigenic maturation of successive larval stages in the intermediate host.
Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale: Approach to screening for adolescent alcohol abuse

An index that measures adolescents' perceived benefits of drinking, theself-administered Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale, has been tested on a high school population. Results indicate that the instrument is practical and that it generates a scalable, reliable, and valid measure of reasons for drinking. The scale's strong relationship with other drinking behavior indicators makes it a potentially useful clinical screening device because it can serve as a proxy measure to assess the drinking behaviors of adolescents.
Rapid Bioassay for Clindamycin Alone and in the Presence of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

A rapid bioassay for determination of concentrations of clindamycin in serum was developed with use of a strain of Lancefield group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) that is uniformly resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetracycline, and polymyxin. An agar diffusion assay system was used that included the addition of patient's sera and three standard concentrations of clindamycin to 5-mm wells cut in the seeded agar. Pretreatment of serum with penicillinase allowed measurement of clindamycin in the presence of penicillins and cephalosporins by the same assay method. Assays of clindamycin in serum using this system could be read routinely in as little as 4 hr and allowed determination of levels of drug in serum of 2.5-40 microgram/ml. Linear regression analyses indicated that values obtained by this assay compared favorably with the results obtained with use of Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 or Sarcina lutea strain ATCC 9341 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.). Repetitive measurement of sera with known concentrations of clindamycin indicated the average deviation to be +/- 10%. Seeded bioassay plates could be prepared in advance and stored at 2 C-8 C for up to one week before use. This assay may also be used for measurement of lincomycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and certain beta-lactam antibiotics in the presence of aminoglycosides.
Local Effect of Alcohol in Combination with DMBA on Hamster Cheek Pouch

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUALE EFFECTO LOCAL EXERCITE SUPER LE CAVITATE VESTIBULAR DEL HAMSTER PER ALCOHOL IN COMBINATION CON DMBA (7,12-DIMETHYL-BENZ-(a)-ANTHRACENO).—Le cavitates esseva pingite con solutiones de DMBA in oleo mineral, solutiones de DMBA in alcohol ethylic, oleo mineral, e alcohol ethylic durante 9 septimanas e tenite sub observation durante 18. Le periodos latente e le magnitude e numero del resultante tumores esseva registrate. Le constatationes microscopic esseva correlationate subsequentemente con le constatationes clinic. Le cavitates tractate con DMBA in alcohol exhibiva tumores plus precocemente e de magnitude e numero plus grande que cavitates tractate con DMBA in oleo mineral. Alcohol sol non produceva tumores. Per consequente il pare que alcohol age localmente como agente promotori in experimental carcinogenese oral.
What is the best postoperative treatment for patients with pT3bN0M0 adenocarcinoma of the prostate

The purpose of this paper to identify the optimal therapy after radical prostatectomy (RP) for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate invading the seminal vesicles (pT3bN0M0 or SVI). A PubMed search using the keywords 'prostate', 'seminal vesicle', 'prostatectomy', 'radiotherapy', 'androgen blockade' was performed to identify literature regarding rates of disease failure in patients with SVI who are observed or treated with androgen blockade (AB), radiotherapy (RT) or RT + AB after RP. The outcome of 68 patients treated at Duke University with post-operative AB, RT or RT + AB for pT3bN0M0 is also presented. More than 70% of patients with SVI develop disease recurrence after surgery. For many, recurrence occurs within 2 y after RP. These patients have poor control rates with postoperative RT alone. While experience with AB and RT+AB is limited, control rates are generally superior to RT alone. At Duke University, after a median follow-up of nearly 4 y, patients treated with RT + AB or AB alone for pT3bN0M0 achieved better 5-y progression-free survival (PFS) compared with those who received RT alone (78 and 68 vs 30%, P = 0.03 and 0.046, respectively). There was no PFS difference between those who received AB alone or RT + AB (68 vs 78%, P=0.5). Seminal vesicle invasion confers a poor prognosis after RP. SVI is a consistent predictor of poor outcome after RT. The limited data available examining AB and RT + AB in pT3bN0M0 disease, including data from Duke University, are encouraging. Nonetheless, postoperative AB, RT and RT + AB for pT3bN0M0 disease require prospective evaluation, as RP alone is rarely curative.
Flat resolvents, minimal injective resolutions and negative torsion functors

The functors , an integer originated in algebraic topology but quickly became standard algebraic tools especially useful in commutative algebra. The values of these functors are computed using either a projective resolution of M or one of N, or the double complex that one gets by tensoring these two resolutions. There has long been an obvious way to define by using an injective resolution of N. However, it was not clear what sort of resolutions of .M could be used to compute these Tor's. There is now a method for getting such resolutions of M.. Most of the applications we then have result from the two different ways that can be used to compute the same object. Given the above, it is time to study these so-called negative torsion functors. For example, the existence of long exact sequences, commutativity and associativity questions and vanishing problems are all of interest. The resolutions of M which are needed involve the notions of flat envelopes and pre-envelopes introduced by Edgar E. Enochs. These ar...
Comparison of appropriateness ratings for cataract surgery between convened and mail-only multidisciplinary panels.

Background. In this article, the authors determine the reproducibility of appropriateness ratings for cataract surgery between a multidisciplinary physician panel that convened and a multidisciplinary physician panel that completed ratings by mail.Methods. Eighteen panelists, who constituted 2 distinct multidisciplinary panels, rated 2894 clinical scenarios as an appropriate, inappropriate, or uncertain indication to perform cataract surgery. Each panel’s summary score for each scenario was calculated. Weighted kappa values were determined to assess the level of agreement between the ratings of the 2 panels.Results. The panels had a substantial level of agreement overall, with a weighted kappa statistic of 0.64. There was agreement on about 68% of the scenarios, and serious disagreement, in which one panel rated an indication appropriate and the other rated it inappropriate, occurred in only 1% of the ratings.Conclusion. There was substantial agreement about the ratings by the 2 panels. The panel that con...
Validation of the doubly labeled water technique for measuring energy metabolism in starlings and sparrows.

Abstract 1. 1. I have tested the idea that doubly labeled water (DLW) can accurately predict CO2; production in savannah sparrows, song sparrows, white-throated sparrows, starlings, and a single house sparrow by comparing DLW estimates with those obtained simultaneously by capturing expired CO; in Ascarite. In addition I used the energy balance method to see if metabolic rates generated from DLW measurements accurately reflected the actual metabolic rates of these birds. 2. 2. I found close agreement in DLW and the gravimetric and energy balance methods, with DLW underestimating CO2; production on average by −3.5% in sparrows, and −7.1% in starlings. Similarly, the energy balance method indicated a −3.1% underestimate by DLW for sparrows and a −5.1% for starlings. 3. 3. The DLW method can yield reasonable estimates of CO2; production in a variety of passerine birds.
Electrophysiological evidence for rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel and prairie dog retinas.

Spectral sensitivities of the gray squirrel, Mexican and 13-line ground squirrel and prairie dog were determined by electroretinography under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. The dark-adapted spectral sensitivity function obtained from intact eyes of these species peaks between 515-525 nm; however, when corrected for lens absorption or recorded from the lensless eye, it peaks near 500 nm and closely matches in shape a rhodopsin nomogram curve (lambda max equals 502 nm). Upon light adaptation all these retinas become relatively more sensitive to long-wave stimuli (i.e., they show a small Purkinje shift). The light-adapted spectral sensitivity function is broader than that obtained from the dark-adapted eye, especially toward the longer wavelengths. Weconclude that in all these species the dark-adapted spectral sensitivity is mediated by a single, rhodopsin-like photopigment and that light-adapted sensitivity is mediated by two (or more) photopigments.
lvgA, a Novel Legionella pneumophila Virulence Factor

Several novel Legionella pneumophila virulence genes were previously discovered by use of signature-tagged mutagenesis (P. H. Edelstein, M. A. Edelstein, F. Higa, and S. Falkow, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96:8190-8195, 1999). One of these mutants appeared to be defective in multiplication in guinea pig lungs and spleens, yet it multiplies normally in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Here we report further characterization of the mutated gene and its protein and the virulence role of the gene. The complete sequence of the gene, now called lvgA, is 627 bp long, and its protein product is approximately 27 kDa in size. lvgA was present in all 50 strains of L. pneumophila tested. No significant nucleic acid or protein homology was found in the GenBank database for the gene, nor were any distinctive motifs discovered in a search of other databases. The expression of both DotA and IcmX in the lvgA mutant was normal. Subcellular fractionation studies localized LvgA to the outer membrane fraction, and protease digestion studies suggested that at least some of the protein is surface expressed. No change in bacterial lipopolysaccharide composition or reactivity to serogroup-specific antisera was detected in the mutant. Growth competition studies with alveolar macrophages showed that the mutant was outcompeted by its parent 3-fold in 24 h and 24-fold in 48 h, in contrast to what was observed with the null phenotype in parallel testing with alveolar macrophages or with the A549 alveolar epithelial cell line. This macrophage defect of the mutant bacterium was due to slower growth, as the mutant invaded alveolar macrophages normally. Electron microscopy showed that the mutant bacterium resided in a ribosome-studded phagosome in alveolar macrophages, with no distinction from its parent. The lvgA mutant was outcompeted by its parent about sixfold in guinea pig lungs and spleens; prolonged observation of infected animals showed no late-onset virulence of the mutant. Transcomplementation of the mutant restored the parental phenotype in guinea pigs. The lvgA mutant was twofold more susceptible to killing by human beta-defensin 2 but not to killing by other cationic peptides, serum complement, or polymorphonuclear neutrophils. lvgA is a novel virulence gene that is responsible for pleiotropic functions involving both extracellular and intracellular bacterial resistance mechanisms.
Major species variation in the expression of galanin messenger ribonucleic acid in mammalian celiac ganglion.

To determine whether galanin may be a sympathetic neurotransmitter in the pancreas of primates and rats as well as dogs, the expression of the galanin gene was examined in the celiac ganglion of these species by in situ hybridization and RIA. Intense hybridization signal for galanin messenger RNA (mRNA) was observed in every neuronal cell body of the dog celiac ganglion. However, significant hybridization signal for galanin mRNA was seen in only 24 +/- 5% of celiac ganglion cell bodies in monkeys and was absent in rats. RIA of celiac ganglion extracts confirmed this species variation; galanin-like immunoreactivity was highest in dog celiac ganglion (158 +/- 13 pmol/g), present in monkeys (34 +/- 7 pmol/g), and undetectable in rats (< 0.8 pmol/g). In contrast, the celiac ganglia of all three species showed intense hybridization signal for neuropeptide-Y (NPY) mRNA in the majority of neuronal cell bodies (dog, 82 +/- 4%; monkey, 92 +/- 2%; rat, 91 +/- 3%), and the celiac ganglion NPY immunoreactivity conten...
Associations among Lint Yield, Yield Components, and Fiber Properties in an Introgressed Population of Cotton

Broadening the genetic base is essential for genetic improvement of lint yield and fi ber quality in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). An exotic germplasm population derived from multiple crosses between G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum was obtained from USDA-ARS at Las Cruces, NM. Experiments were designed to evaluate this germplasm for genotypic variation in lint yield and fi ber quality. Two hundred germplasm lines and fi ve cultivars were planted at two locations in 2006 and one location in 2007. Signifi cant (P ≤ 0.001) genotypic variation for yield and fi ber quality was identifi ed. In path coeffi cient analysis, bolls per square meter had the largest direct effect on lint yield, while boll weight and lint percentage had secondary direct effects on yield. Lint yield was negatively associated with fi ber quality. Lint per seed was favorably correlated with lint percentage, elongation, span lengths, and fi neness. Based on stepwise analysis, 50% length, short fi ber content, fi neness, maturity ratio, and 2.5% length contributed to strength, in decreasing order of signifi cance. Short fi ber content was negatively correlated with fi neness (r = –0.41). These results indicate that this germplasm is a useful genetic resource for genetic improvement of lint yield, fi ber quality, and analysis of interrelationships between lint yield and fi ber quality.
THE COLLOID SCIENCE OF SILICA AND SILICONES

A detailed explanation of the most important properties of natural and synthetic silica and silica gels is given. Specific reference is made to the differences between the formation of synthetic silica gels and of quartz and cristobalite. The effect exerted by the synthetic products is explained and the importance of their amorphous condition on their reactivity is also referred to. On the basis of ultra- and electron-microscopic studies it is demonstrated that these synthetic products are not crystalline, but amorphous aggregates, and it is also shown how their reactivity can be increased by appropriate dispersion before use.
Determination of methoxyphenols in ambient atmospheric particulate matter: tracers for wood combustion.

Combustion of wood and other biomass fuels produces source-specific organic compounds arising from pyrolysis of lignin, including substantial amounts of 4-substituted methoxylated phenolic compounds (methoxyphenols). These compounds have been used as atmospheric markers to determine the contribution of wood smoke to ambient atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM). However, reliable quantification of methoxyphenols represents an analytical challenge because these compounds are polar, semi- volatile, and somewhat reactive. We report herein an improved gas chromatographic−mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for the sensitive and reliable determination of methoxyphenols in low-volume ambient PM samples. Deuterated standard compounds are added to the environmental samples prior to extraction to determine analyte recoveries in each sample. Analytical figures of merit for the assay, as applied to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 samples are as follows: recovery = 63−100%; precision = 2−6%; analytical limit of detection (S...
Supercolonies, nests, and societies: distinguishing the forests from the trees

Moffett (this issue) defines supercolony as ‘‘a colony with a capacity to grow without bounds.’’ By this and many past definitions, even a founding group of Argentine ant queens is a ‘‘supercolony,’’ but the word is used in practice only when colonies reach an exceptional size. Three commentators did not like the suggestion to employ supercolony after such colonies reach populations of over a million individuals— admittedly an arbitrary number. Still, no particular size has previously been specified, and colony growth is continuous and seems to follow the same rules at every stage: as I emphasize (Moffett, this issue), to use Pedersen’s phrase (this issue), there is ‘‘no tipping point’’ at which a colony ‘‘becomes’’ a supercolony. Thus, supercolony has always been applied arbitrarily. Some experts describe Argentina’s smaller Argentine ant colonies as supercolonies,forinstance,whereasothers pointedlydo not.I suggested a minimum size of about a million ants (‘‘well over a million’’ is a better wording: see the glossary in Moffett, this issue) because that is about the largest population for colonies in ant species without supercolonies, whether monodomous or polydomous—one interpretation of ‘‘exceptionally large.’’ The intent is to provide a guideline for usage, not to require a precise count of ants. ‘‘Supercolony’’ can of course continue to be used, not just arbitrarily but inconsistently, for any very large colony, albeit only if it shows the defining character, which, again, is a colony’s boundless capacity for growth under suitable conditions. First and foremost, a supercolony is a colony or equivalently a society: A social group able to distinguish and reject conspecific outsiders (Moffett, this issue). Lester and Gordon (both in this issue) instead characterize ant colonies (societies) in terms of ‘‘functionality.’’ This, Gordon defines as a sharing of resources and reproduction(i.e.,bynestclumpslocally:Helleretal.2008).Even
Alonso, Luis Enrique i Fernández Rodríguez, Carlos Jesús (2013). Los discursos del presente. Un análisis de los imaginarios sociales contemporáneos

Ressenya de l'obra de Luis Enrique Alonso i Carlos Jesus Fernandez Rodriguez apareguda el 2013, Los discursos del presente. Un analisis de los imaginarios sociales contemporaneos . Madrid: Siglo XXI, 317 p. ISBN 978-84-323-1650-0
Guidelines for Managing Sensors in Cyber Physical Systems with Multiple Sensors

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) typically have numerous sensors monitoring the various physical processes involved. Some sensor failures are inevitable and may have catastrophic effects. The relational nature of the diverse measurands can be very useful in detecting faulty sensors, monitoring the health of the system, and reducing false alarms. This paper provides procedures on how one may integrate data from the various sensors, by careful design of a sensor relationship network. Once such a network has been adopted, choices become available in real time for enhancing the reliability, safety, and performance of the overall system.
Beyond programming languages

As computer technology matures, our growing ability to create large systems is leading to basic changes in the nature of programming. Current programming language concepts will not be adequate for building and maintaining systems of the complexity called for by the tasks we attempt. Just as high level languages enabled the programmer to escape from the intricacies of a machine's order code, higher level programming systems can provide the means to understand and manipulate complex systems and components. In order to develop such systems, we need to shift our attention away from the detailed specification of algorithms, towards the description of the properties of the packages and objects with which we build. This paper analyzes some of the shortcomings of programming languages as they now exist, and lays out some possible directions for future research.
Social and Cultural Influences on Obesity

Obesity may be defined as the condition of having high levels of stored body fat. Relative body weight is commonly used to describe obesity, and people who are obese are commonly described as being overweight. Obesity and overweight are complex biopsychosocial phenomena that are shaped by many factors, including a variety of social and cultural influences. This chapter will examine patterns of fatness and thinness using social science perspectives to frame, review, and discuss social and cultural influences on obesity. Framing the influences on obesity first involves examining the larger social contexts of culture and history, and then considering the more specific social characteristics of individuals. Societal mechanisms involved in energy intake and energy expenditure will be discussed in light of their collective contribution to rising levels of body weight. Finally, conclusions about the social aspects of weight will be presented.
A multiscale/stabilized finite element method for the advection–diffusion equation

Abstract This paper presents a multiscale method that yields a stabilized finite element formulation for the advection–diffusion equation. The multiscale method arises from a decomposition of the scalar field into coarse (resolved) scale and fine (unresolved) scale. The resulting stabilized formulation possesses superior properties like that of the SUPG and the GLS methods. A significant feature of the present method is that the definition of the stabilization term appears naturally, and therefore the formulation is free of any user-designed or user-defined parameters. Another important ingredient is that since the method is residual based, it satisfies consistency ab initio. Based on the proposed formulation, a family of 2-D elements comprising 3 and 6 node triangles and 4 and 9 node quadrilaterals has been developed. Numerical results show the good performance of the method on uniform, skewed as well as composite meshes and confirm convergence at optimal rates.
Effects of feeding field peas in combination with distillers grains plus solubles in finishing and growing diets on cattle performance and carcass characteristics1

ABSTRACT Two studies were conducted to evaluate field peas and wet or dry corn distillers grains with solubles (WDGS and DDGS, respectively) in finishing and growing diets. In Exp. 1, British crossbred steers (n = 352, initial BW 356 ± 27 kg) were used in a randomized block design with factors being 0 or 20% field peas and 0 or 30% WDGS in dry-rolled corn (DRC) based finishing diets (DM basis). There was an interaction (P
Accurate Estimation of Signal Currents for Reliability Analysis Considering Advanced Waveform-Shape Effects

In this work we propose an improved and efficient method for static estimation of average and root-mean-square currents used for electro migration (EM) reliability analysis. Significantly different from the state-of-the-art, the proposed method gives closed-form expressions for average and root mean-square currents in one complete cycle. The method, additionally, handles the asymmetric nature of the rise and fall current waveforms. We further present a detailed comparison of the proposed method with other conventional approaches and outline the inadequacies of using prevalent EM-severity metrics: either the net’s lumped capacitance or the net’s effective capacitance, along with the regular timing slew. As a correction, and, application of proposed method, we provide formulations for deriving the effective ‘EM’ slew, which can be used with conventional static approaches to accurately compute the currents. Additionally, unlike conventional understanding, for the first time, we note that not just the RMS current, but even the total charge transfer, and therefore the average current can also be dependent on the current waveform type and net’s electrical properties. We propose formulations to account for this behavior of average current. Finally, we share model validation results with respect to actual SPICE simulations from heavily loaded and/or high fan-out nets operating at high frequency from a production 40nm design. The method enables still higher performance of a design, which was otherwise optimized for an originally lower frequency target using conventional approaches.
Impact of path diversity on multi-homed and overlay networks

Multi-homed and overlay networks are two widely studied approaches aimed at leveraging the inherent redundancy of the Internet's underlying routing infrastructure to enhance end-to-end application performance and availability. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the natural diversity of redundant paths between two endhosts in terms of physical links, routing infrastructure, administrative control and geographical distribution. This paper quantitatively analyzes the impact of path diversity on multihomed and overlay networks and highlights several inherent limitations of these architectures in exploiting the full potential redundancy of the Internet. We based our analysis on traceroutes and routing table data collected from several vantage points in the Internet including: looking glasses at ten major Internet service providers (ISPs), RouteViews servers from twenty ISPs, and more than fifty PlanetLab nodes globally distributed across the Internet. Our study motivates research directions - constructing topology-aware multihoming and overlay networks for better availability.
The 1,25(OH)2D3-Regulated Transcription Factor MN1 Stimulates Vitamin D Receptor-Mediated Transcription and Inhibits Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation

The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for maintaining mineral ion homeostasis and preserving bone density. The most bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] elicits its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and regulating the transcription of target genes. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells of the skeleton, 1,25-(OH)2D3 regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Despite these well-characterized biological functions, relatively few 1,25-(OH)2D3 target genes have been described in osteoblasts. In this study, we characterize the regulation and function of MN1, a novel 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced gene in osteoblastic cells. MN1 is a nuclear protein first identified as a gene disrupted in some meningiomas and leukemias. Our studies demonstrate that MN1 preferentially stimulates VDR-mediated transcription through its ligand-binding domain and synergizes with the steroid receptor coactivator family of coactivators. Fu...
Efficient estimation of dynamic power consumption under a real delay model

In CMOS circuits, glitches account for a sizeable part of the total power consumption. In this paper, we present a fast and memory efficient power estimation technique for CMOS circuits which estimates the power consumed due to the glitches. Our technique is based on the notion of tagged transition waveforms. In particular, we approximate the correlation between transition waveforms for two signal lines by the correlation between the steady state values of these lines. We obtain an order of magnitude speed up over an exact method with an average error of only 1%.
Multi-stage sampling of recreationists: a methodological note on unequal probability sampling.

Simulated unequal probability samples were drawn from a known population to compare with‐replacement and without‐re‐placement sampling procedures. Results indicate that the gains in variance from without‐replacement sampling are not sufficient to offset the computational difficulties.
An evaluation of a mitigation strategy for deer-vehicle collisions

High mule deer Odocoileus hemionus mortality in southwestern Utah led to the establishment of a mitigation strategy with two major objectives: 1) reduction of wildlife-vehicle collisions and 2) restoration of landscape connectivity to facilitate wildlife movement across the roaded landscape. During our study, we assessed the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in reducing mule deer mortality in the following ways: 1) we compared the number of deer-vehicle collisions in the newly fenced area with a control area without fencing; 2) we analyzed the ‘end-of-the-fence’ problem, defined here as increased mortality of mule deer at the ends of the 2.4-m high exclusion fences; and 3) we evaluated the frequency of animal crossings of the new underpasses using remotely-sensed cameras and compared them with crossing frequency rates for a 20-year-old control underpass. We compared six years of pre-construction mortality (during 1998-2003) with two years of post-construction data on mortality (during 2005-2006) an...
Effects of bisphenol A on adipokine release from human adipose tissue: Implications for the metabolic syndrome

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most prevalent and best studied endocrine disruptors. After years of exposure to consumer products containing BPA, most individuals tested have circulating BPA at the low nanomolar levels. In addition to its well documented actions on the reproductive system, BPA exerts a wide variety of metabolic effects. This review summarizes recent findings on the ability of BPA, at environmentally relevant doses, to inhibit adiponectin and stimulate the release of inflammatory adipokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) from human adipose tissue. Expression of several classical and non-classical estrogen receptors in human adipose tissue raises the possibility of their involvement as mediators of BPA actions. The implications of these observations to the obesity-related metabolic syndrome and its sequelae are discussed.