cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Help Screens for OCLC Users

As the number of Post‐It notes, “cheat sheets,” and other paper devices affixed to our PCs attest, infrequent users sometimes have difficulty remembering DOS commands and other micro‐related terms. When using a PC to access bibliographic services such as the OCLC system, the situation is complicated by the need to know logon procedures, command language structures, even how to exit the system(s). Although paper is functional, many of us have sought a way of preserving user‐friendly notes in a more easily accessible and, preferably, automatic form. A new book by Paul Somerson, an editor at PC Magazine, with an enclosed disk containing more than 200 utility programs, now makes it possible to provide a type of help screen that has been needed.
Peer-nominated social status: A computerized scoring program for identifying at-risk children

Abstract This computer program will classify students' social status according to the criteria of Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli ( Developmental Psychology, 18 (4), 557–570, 1982). The program requires the user to tally the number of times each student in the class was nominated “liked most” (LM) and “liked least” (LL). These LM and LL scores are used to identify students in one of five social status groups: (a) popular, (b) rejected, (c) neglected, (d) controversial, and (e) average. Research on these social groupings is discussed. The program accepts input from the computer keyboard and produces output on the computer screen and a printer.
Cell Interactions that Regulate the T‐Cell Dose‐Response Profile to Concanavalin A

We have tested the ability of structures on macrophage (M phi) membranes (M phi-MEM) and on several other types of cells with Fc receptors to affect the DNA synthetic response of concanavalin-A-stimulated T cells. Of the cells tested, only M phi-MEM have the capacity to relieve the suppression produced by supra-optimal doses of the mitogen. The M phi-MEM do not increase Con A responses by altering the stimulatory capacity of the Con A. These observations, analysed together with previous results, which have indicated that live intact M phi are required for the transfer of information between lymphocyte sets and that M phi-MEM preparations can act as competitive antagonists for this function, are interpreted as follows: some supraoptimal doses of Con A activate suppressor cells, which are responsible for limiting the DNA synthetic response to the mitogen; the M phi-MEM abrogate this suppression by absorbing the signal that activates the suppressor cell. Kinetic studies suggest that the M phi-MEM do not affect the activity of already activated suppressor cells. We also found that Con A usually activates two separately responding T-cell populations with different sensitivities to dose and to time of contact with mitogen and that the suppression of both populations can be relieved by M phi-MEM. These results support the notion that the overall immunological circuit is composed of multiple independently regulated mini-circuits, with M phi acting as transmission posts for intra- and perhaps also inter-circuit communication.
A simple method for monitoring surface temperatures in plasma treatments

A method consisting of applying temperature markers on the specimen is described for measuring the highest temperature reached by very thin films in situ during deposition. In the first test setup, lowering the input power to 500 W only effected the 177-C marker, while increasing the input power to 1.25 kW effected the 274-C marker. In tests conducted in a dc plasma with markers placed on the uncooled cathode in Ar plasma, the maximum temperatures indicated by the thermocouple matched a change in color of the markers, and no effect of earlier sublimation or decomposition was noted.
Gridless Solution Method for Two-Dimensional Unsteady Flow

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to develop a gridless method for unsteady flow simulation. A quadrantal point infilling strategy is developed to generate point and combine clouds of points automatically. A point-moving algorithm is introduced to ensure the clouds of points following the movements of body boundaries. A dual time method for solving the two-dimensional Euler equations in Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation is presented. Dual time method allows the real-time step to be chosen on the basis of accuracy rather than stability. It also permits the acceleration techniques, which are commonly used to speed up steady flow calculations, to be used when marching the equations in pseudo time. The spatial derivatives, which are used to estimating the inviscid flux, are directly approximated by using local least-squares curve method. An explicit multistage Runge-Kutta algorithm is used to advance the flow equations in pseudo time. In order to accelerate the solution to convergence, local time stepping technique and residual averaging are employed. The results of NACA0012 airfoil in transonic steady flow are presented to verify the accuracy of the present spatial discretization method. Finally, two AGARD standard test cases in which NACA0012 airfoil and NACA64A010 airfoil oscillate in transonic flow are simulated. The computational results are compared with the experimental data to demonstrate the validity and practicality of the presented method.
Potential regional economic losses due to the long-range transport of airborne residuals☆

Abstract Recent research verifying the phenomenon of long-range transport of airborne residuals suggests a variety of potential damages to a recipient region from point sources far removed. One type of loss to such a recipient region not previously investigated is the potential forgone economic growth from premature violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The purpose of this paper is to report the results of research on potential forgone economic growth in the Columbus Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) due to premature ambient air quality violations from out-of-area sources. We provide estimates of potential losses to the SMSA associated with several different alternative scenarios of growth in electric generating capacity and air quality policies in the Ohio River Basin area and the consequent impact for each case on ambient air quality in the Columbus SMSA. Our results suggest significant losses in forgone economic growth to the SMSA under a wide variety of potential scenarios.
The evolution of gene regulation by transcription factors and microRNAs

Changes in the patterns of gene expression are widely believed to underlie many of the phenotypic differences within and between species. Although much emphasis has been placed on changes in transcriptional regulation, gene expression is regulated at many levels, all of which must ultimately be studied together to obtain a complete picture of the evolution of gene expression. Here we compare the evolution of transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional regulation that is mediated by microRNAs, a large class of small, non-coding RNAs in plants and animals, focusing on the evolution of the individual regulators and their binding sites. As an initial step towards integrating these mechanisms into a unified framework, we propose a simple model that describes the transcriptional regulation of new microRNA genes.
Adjuvant Therapy of Resected Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Surgical resection of early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the standard of care in patients fit for surgery. Careful preoperative staging is imperative, as is pathologic documentation of the mediastinal nodal contents. Adjuvant postoperative thoracic radiation therapy (RT) clearly has an impact in reducing locoregional recurrence but has no clear impact on survival. The Postoperative RT (PORT) metaanalysis raised concerns about PORT, particularly in stage I/II NSCLC, suggesting it may negatively impact survival. This was not a concern in stage III NSCLC, in which the risk of locoregional recurrence is higher. However, distant recurrence remains the dominant pattern in resected NSCLC, suggesting that the majority of patients with early-stage resected NSCLC harbor occult micrometastatic disease. Historically, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy has been controversial, and its routine use was not supported by the published data, which consisted of a small number of underpowered trials using inadequately delivered, antiquated chemotherapy. More recently, larger trials have been reported with conflicting results. Like adjuvant PORT, chemotherapy combined with RT has not improved survival over PORT alone. The use of adjuvant cisplatin-based therapy did not show a survival advantage in the Adjuvant Lung Project Italy study but did in the International Adjuvant Lung Trial, creating controversy in the routine implementation of adjuvant therapy in all patients. Recently completed randomized trials by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B and the National Cancer Institute of Canada provide convincing evidence of a substantial benefit from adjuvant therapy in well-staged and completely resected stage I/II NSCLC. Currently, the totality of the data supports a discussion with patients with resected NSCLC regarding the potential benefits of adjuvant therapy.
Thermodynamic Modulation of Light Chain Amyloid Fibril Formation

To obtain further insight into the pathogenesis of amyloidosis and develop therapeutic strategies to inhibit fibril formation we investigated: 1) the relationship between intrinsic physical properties (thermodynamic stability and hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange rates) and the propensity of human immunoglobulin light chains to form amyloid fibrils in vitro; and 2) the effects of extrinsically modulating these properties on fibril formation. An amyloid-associated protein readily formed amyloid fibrils in vitro and had a lower free energy of unfolding than a homologous nonpathological protein, which did not form fibrils in vitro. H-D exchange was much faster for the pathological protein, suggesting it had a greater fraction of partially folded molecules. The thermodynamic stabilizer sucrose completely inhibited fibril formation by the pathological protein and shifted the values for its physical parameters to those measured for the nonpathological protein in buffer alone. Conversely, urea sufficiently destabilized the nonpathological protein such that its measured physical properties were equivalent to those of the pathological protein in buffer, and it formed fibrils. Thus, fibril formation by light chains is predominantly controlled by thermodynamic stability; and a rational strategy to inhibit amyloidosis is to design high affinity ligands that specifically increase the stability of the native protein.
Continuous oscillation: outcome in critically ill patients.

Abstract Purpose: To compare turning by an oscillating bed to standard 2-hour turning. Outcomes were survival, length of stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation, and incidence of pneumonia. Methods: One hundred and three intensive care patients were randomly assigned to standard turning or turning by an oscillating bed. Data, collected at baseline, daily for 7 days, and then three times weekly until study discharge, included demographics, initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, ventilatory/gas exchange parameters, indicators of pneumonia, nursing measures, and chest roentgenograph. Results: There were no significant differences for LOS, duration of ventilation, nor incidence of pneumonia. Higher survival for subjects on the oscillating bed reached borderline significance (P = .056) for subjects with APACHE II greater than or equal to 20. Longitudinal data were analyzed using the random effects model. No differences in ventilatory or gas exchange parameters were identified. Among subjects who developed pneumonia there was a significantly higher respiratory score (nursing acuity scale) for subjects on the oscillating bed. Conclusions: In selected critically ill patients oscillating therapy may improve survival and improve airway clearance. The frequency and degree of turning needed to prevent complications and improve outcome remains unclear. These newer beds should be used with discrimination so as to not increase hospital costs unnecessarily.
The fat-like cadherin CDH-4 acts cell-non-autonomously in anterior-posterior neuroblast migration.

Directed migration of neurons is critical in the normal and pathological development of the brain and central nervous system. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the bilateral Q neuroblasts, QR on the right and QL on the left, migrate anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively. Initial protrusion and migration of the Q neuroblasts is autonomously controlled by the transmembrane proteins UNC-40/DCC, PTP-3/LAR, and MIG-21. As QL migrates posteriorly, it encounters and EGL-20/Wnt signal that induces MAB-5/Hox expression that drives QL descendant posterior migration. QR migrates anteriorly away from EGL-20/Wnt and does not activate MAB-5/Hox, resulting in anterior QR descendant migration. A forward genetic screen for new mutations affecting initial Q migrations identified alleles of cdh-4, which caused defects in both QL and QR directional migration similar to unc-40, ptp-3, and mig-21. Previous studies showed that in QL, PTP-3/LAR and MIG-21 act in a pathway in parallel to UNC-40/DCC to drive posterior QL migration. Here we show genetic evidence that CDH-4 acts in the PTP-3/MIG-21 pathway in parallel to UNC-40/DCC to direct posterior QL migration. In QR, the PTP-3/MIG-21 and UNC-40/DCC pathways mutually inhibit each other, allowing anterior QR migration. We report here that CDH-4 acts in both the PTP-3/MIG-21 and UNC-40/DCC pathways in mutual inhibition in QR, and that CDH-4 acts cell-non-autonomously. Interaction of CDH-4 with UNC-40/DCC in QR but not QL represents an inherent left–right asymmetry in the Q cells, the nature of which is not understood. We conclude that CDH-4 might act as a permissive signal for each Q neuroblast to respond differently to anterior–posterior guidance information based upon inherent left–right asymmetries in the Q neuroblasts.
Advanced verification methods for OVI security ink

OVI security ink + , incorporating OVP security pigment* microflakes, enjoys a history of effective document protection. This security feature provides not only first-line recognition by the person on the street, but also facilitates machine-readability. This paper explores the evolution of OVI reader technology from proof-of-concept to miniaturization. Three different instruments have been built to advance the technology of OVI machine verification. A bench-top unit has been constructed which allows users to automatically verify a multitude of different banknotes and OVI images. In addition, high speed modules were fabricated and tested in a state of the art banknote sorting machine. Both units demonstrate the ability of modern optical components to illuminate and collect light reflected from the interference platelets within OVI ink. Electronic hardware and software convert and process the optical information in milliseconds to accurately determine the authenticity of the security feature. Most recently, OVI ink verification hardware has been miniaturized and simplified providing yet another platform for counterfeit protection. These latest devices provide a tool for store clerks and bank tellers to unambiguously determine the validity of banknotes in the time period it takes the cash drawer to be opened.
Individualism and Collectivism: What Do They Have to Do With Counseling?

The author defines individualism and collectivism before examining how they are integral parts of the counseling process for clients and counselors. Although individualism has been assumed to be the norm for the counseling culture in the United States, recent work notes the influence of collectivism on professionals and clients in the counseling system. El autor define el individualismo y el colectivismo antes de examinar como ellos son partes esenciales del proceso que aconseja para clientes y consejeros. Aunque el individualismo se haya asumido para ser la norma para la cultura que aconseja en los Estados Unidos, el trabajo reciente nota la influencia del colectivismo en profesionales y clientes en el sistema que aconseja.
Cationic probes: Specificity of distribution of metal-binding sites in bovine sperm

Salts of transition elements that alter the rate of sperm cell movement act at or near calcium-binding sites. After living bull sperm cells had been preincubated in VO43−, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and also La3+, they were then fixed. Crisply defined organelles and the absence of particulate deposits in the morphological controls contrasted sharply with the treated specimens; the latter contained regions of increased electron density, the nature and distribution of which depended on the test substance, reflecting the differential affinities of the specific ions. La3+ formed fine dense areas, mainly at the exocytic surface of the plasma membrane. VO43− marks the cell surface but also left particulate densities within the cell. Ni2+ caused a nearly uniformly dense deposit at the surface and on the satellite fibers and axonemal microtubules. Zn2+ formed less uniform but coarser deposits, while in Mn2+ the distribution was similar to that in Zn2+ but much denser in the axonemal matrix and on the satellite fibers. Verapamil restricted the size and number of the opacities, while procaine permitted a similar distribution of slightly larger size reaction product. The differences in size and distribution of the enhanced densities were consistent and replicable for the individual assay substances. Vanadate, which specifically inhibits Na, K-ATPase, bound to ouabain-sensitive enzyme loci, however, completely disrupting the axonemal complex. This suggests that an important role of dynein in flagellar motion may relate to intracellular transport of Ca2+.
On the dynamic buckling of a simple elastic-plastic model

Abstract In order to provide some insight into the phenomenon of dynamic plastic buckling, the response of an imperfection-sensitive idealised model with elastic-plastic springs to simulate material plasticity was examined using theoretical and numerical methods. The theoretical method predicts that dynamic plastic-elastic buckling governs the response for small imperfections, while dynamic instability occurs elastically for large imperfections. Furthermore, the dynamic buckling load of a model with small imperfections is larger than the corresponding static buckling load because of the different elastic-plastic deformation histories in the springs during the static and dynamic responses. The numerical study reveals two distinct forms of dynamic response known as “direct” and “indirect” dynamic buckling which occur within specific ranges of the parameters. The various results presented herein indicate that dynamic plastic buckling is imperfection-sensitive particularly for “direct” dynamic buckling.
Tu1739 In-Vivo Optical Diagnosis of Colon Polyp Histology Using High-Definition White Light Endoscopy (HD-WLE): Can the ASGE Preservation of Innovative Endoscopic Innovation (PIVI) Targets Be Met?

ERCPs, 15.9% compared to 10.4% (p 0.09; OR 1.54; 95% CI 0.93, 2.54). Procedure duration was similar between groups, 38.5 minutes compared to 38.4 minutes (p 0.97) for morning and afternoon procedures, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the OR for AEs in the afternoon was 1.69 (95% CI (0.93, 3.04)), and the OR procedural success in the afternoon was 0.36 (CI (0.13, 0.91)). Additional data are presented in Table 1. Conclusions: Afternoon ERCPs appear to have a lower procedural success rate, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Afternoon ERCPs also showed a trend toward higher AE rate. Further research is needed to determine the impact of time of day on outcomes of ERCP.
A comparative study of students' conceptual database frameworks across universities

The purpose of this research is to examine the mental frameworks used by computer science students after their first semester of study of database systems. We explore the commonalities and differences in these frameworks across different universities and instructors. In addition, our research analyzes whether the students are able to consistently group important concepts within their frameworks. The questions this research aimed to answer include the following: As perceived by the students, what are the most important and least important concepts in the introductory DB course? How much do these perceptions vary among students, instructors, and institutions? Can we create a profile of important concepts for each course? And finally, how do students organize database concepts into a unified framework? We discovered that some database topics were universally considered important, while perceptions varied considerably for other concepts. We believe that other instructors may be able to use this method to identify and evaluate the mental frameworks they are presenting to their students.
Validity of the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale

Until publication of the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS) in 2001, no standardized and nationally-normed instrument existed specifically for the purpose of diagnosing Asperger syndrome (AS) [Myles et al., 2001. Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale ASDS), PRO-ED, Austin]. This study sought to augment the existing psychometric data on the ASDS through examination of its divergent, convergent, and discriminative validity. Measures of AS, autism, and social skills competence were administered to 76 children with AS, autism, intellectually gifted children, and a control group of typically developing children without AS or autism. Results supported the divergent and convergent validity of the ASDS. Discriminative validity was partially supported. The ASDS was the best discriminator between children with AS and those without AS. Diagnostic accuracy for those with AS and autism was enhanced when scores on the ASDS were combined with scores on the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). Findings are discussed relative to the debate over the external validity of AS and the resulting limitations on research in the area.
Children's Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale in autism spectrum disorder: Component structure and correlates of symptom checklist

Objective Repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) range from motor stereotypy to immersion in restricted interests. The modified Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (CYBOCS-ASD) includes a Symptom Checklist (behavior present or absent) and 5 severity scales (Time Spent, Interference, Distress, Resistance and Control). Method We assembled CYBOCS-ASD data from 3 Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network trials to explore the component structure of repetitive behaviors in children with ASD. Raters trained to reliability conducted the CYBOCS-ASD in 272 medication-free subjects. Fifteen Symptom Checklist items were endorsed for less than 5% of the sample and were dropped. Principal component analysis was used to explore the clustering of 23 checklist items. Component scores computed for each subject were correlated with other measures. We also examined the distribution of severity scales. Results The subjects (229 boys and 43 girls; mean age = 7.8 ± 2.6 years) met criteria for an ASD; half were intellectually disabled. The PCA resulted in a 5-component solution to classify repetitive behaviors (34.4% of the variance): hoarding and ritualistic behavior; sensory and arranging behavior; sameness and self-injurious behavior; stereotypy; restricted interests. Sensory and arranging and stereotypy components were associated with lower adaptive functioning (Pearson r = 0.2–0.3; p Conclusions Rarely endorsed items can be dropped from the Checklist. The resistance item does not appear to be relevant for children with ASD.
Allosteric Regulation of the Cyclic Nucleotide-Binding Domain in HCN Channels

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels play an important role in regulating pacemaking activity in the heart and brain. They are regulated by the binding of cyclic nucleotides to a conserved, intracellular cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD). Binding of cyclic nucleotides increases the rate and extent of activation of the channels and shifts channel activation to less hyperpolarized voltages. In intact channels, cAMP and cGMP are full agonists and cCMP is a partial agonist. We use double electron-electron resonance (DEER) to study the conformational change associated with the binding of these three different cyclic nucleotide species to the CNBD. We find that conformational changes associated with ligand binding vary depending on the cyclic nucleotide bound and the location in the CNBD. We use the restrained ensemble MD (re-MD) simulations method to generate structural models integrating the complete set of experimentally measured data from DEER distance distribution histograms that describe the separation between pairs of spin labels attached to the CNBD. Our results indicate that, in the B-helix, binding of cGMP or cCMP has an effect intermediate to that of cAMP. However, in the C-helix cAMP and cCMP exhibit similar effects, but cGMP produces an intermediate effect between the apo and bound cAMP/cCMP DEER distance distributions. These data provide an interesting lens for studying allostery in HCN channels and indicate that the mechanism of protein allostery in the CNBD varies for different cyclic nucleotides.
Expectations of students enrolled in doctor of pharmacy, master's physician assistant, and anesthesia assistant programs.

Purpose To qualify educational perceptions and instructional expectations for students and faculty in three health professions training programs: master's in physician assistant (PA), master's in anesthesia assistant (AA), and doctor of pharmacy (PharmD). Methods This study surveyed preclinical students enrolled in PA, AA, and PharmD programs, as well as faculty involved in their didactic instruction. A 30-question survey sought data on study and reading habits, preferred lecture style, career goals, and previous undergraduate educational experiences. Results Baseline demographic data were stratified and survey results were compared within as well as across the target study population. PA students routinely purchased texts and read systematically, while AA and PharmD students often relied on faculty PowerPoint slides. Conclusion Despite numerous baseline similarities, there were strikingly different educational expectations among students in the three programs as well as significant disparities between students and faculty with regards to course design, study habits, and expectations.
Bone marrow changes in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa

Early osteoporosis is common among adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) and may result from premature conversion of red (RM) to yellow bone marrow. We performed right knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 1.0 T extremity scanner in 20 patients and 20 healthy controls, aged 16.2 ± 1.6 years (mean ± SD). Coronal T1-weighted (T1W) images and T1 maps were generated from T1 relaxometry images. Blinded radiologists visually assessed RM in the distal femoral and proximal tibial metaphyses in T1W images using a scale of signal intensity from 0 (homogeneous hyperintensity, no RM) to 4 (all dark, complete RM). Subjects with AN exhibited nearly twofold lower metaphyseal RM scores in both the femur (0.64 versus 1.22, p = .03) and tibia (0.54 versus 0.96, p = .08). In relaxometric measurements of four selected regions (femur and tibia amd epiphysis and metaphysis), subjects with AN showed higher mean epiphyseal but lower metaphyseal T1. The net AN-control difference between epiphysis and metaphysis was 70 ms in the femur (+31 versus −35 ms, p = .02) and of smaller magnitude in the tibia. In relaxometry data from the full width of the femur adjacent to the growth plate, AN subjects showed mean T1 consistently lower than in controls by 30 to 50 ms in virtually every part of the sampling region. These findings suggest that adolescents with AN exhibit premature conversion of hematopoietic to fat cells in the marrow of the peripheral skeleton potentially owing to adipocyte over osteoblast differentiation in the mesenchymal stem cell pool. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The relationships between vitamin B12 and folic acid and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism.

The relationship between vitamin B12 and folate and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism during B12 deficiency in rats is best explained by the prevention of the accumulation of 5-methyl-H4PteGlu by vitamin B12 and/or methionine.
Binding of 9-Anthroylcholine Monitors the Interactions of Adenosine Cyclic 3′,5′-Phosphate-dependent Protein Kinase with MgATP, Substrates, and Regulatory Subunits

Abstract The isolated catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase undergo interactions with the fluorescent dye 9-anthroylcholine (9AC) that are responsive to the two enzymes’ associations with substrates and effectors. Additionally, the binding of 9AC is highly sensitive to subtle structural or functional differences among closely related protein kinases. Skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase and the catalytically active chymotryptic fragment of the γ-subunit of phosphorylase kinase do not associate with 9AC. The 1:1 fluorescent complex of the isolated catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with 9AC exhibits a dissociation constant of 21 μm. The association of the catalytic subunit with either of the regulatory subunits, RI and RII, results in decreases in the observed 9AC fluorescence that are reversed upon the addition of cAMP. The effects of MgATP and of polypeptide substrates (Kemptide, troponin I, protamine) on the 9AC-catalytic subunit complex are consistent with a general noncompetitive model in which the interactions of 9AC and the other ligands with the enzyme are mutually antagonistic but not purely competitive.
Informing security indicator design in web browsers

In this paper, we aim at providing conceptual and empirical insights to the design of security indicators in web browsers. In examining why security indicators in web browsers fail to warn users about web frauds, we propose affordance-based principles for our new design of web authentication indicators. Following these principles, we present a new design for Extended Validation (EV) certificate interface in the Firefox browser. We then conduct an exploratory qualitative study to evaluate three different versions of EV indicators. Our findings offer some preliminary implications for the designs of more effective web authentication indicators.
The profession - The computing profession at a crossroads

Industry and academia must work together to chart the best course for the profession's future.
Neurovascular injury during removal of levonorgestrel implants

Injury to major neurovascular structures of the upper arm is a complication to be kept in mind, especially during difficult levonorgestrel implant removal. The risk of such an injury may be higher if the implants are inserted deeply over the brachial groove, where four major structures, namely, the basilic vein, the ulnar and median nerves, and the brachial artery, are located.
Formulation and Search of Assembly Sequence Design Spaces for Efficient Use of Assembly Plant Resources for New Products

Efficient procedures for generation of feasible assembly sequences and effective utilization of available assembly plant resources can greatly reduce the development time and cost of platforms for new product family members. This article presents a method to generate feasible assembly sequences and an approach to select an assembly process that reduces the existing plant modification cost. Assembly sequence design space is combinatorial in nature. Mathematical models to solve the effects of constraints on these spaces and algorithms to efficiently enumerate feasible spaces are explored in this research. Algorithms to search the feasible space to identify assembly process that can reduce the modification cost of the existing assembly plant can help increase utilization of existing resources. A software application that implements the method and algorithms has been developed. The algorithms use the concept of recursive partitioning of set of components to generate assembly sequence space. The assembly proce...
Conformational analysis of 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-adenosine-5′-acetate in organic solvents by quantitative application of the nuclear overhauser effect

Abstract The conformation of 2′,3′-isopropylidene-adenosine-5′-acetate in several organic solvents is studied by quantitative application of the nuclear Overhauser effect. Solvent and temperature effects on nucleoside proton chemical shifts are discussed.
Power and Personality: The Appeal to the “Right Man” in Democratic States *

At least from the time of Socrates, in whose ideal state philosophers would be kings, the appeal to the right man has played a major role in systematic reflections on the control of power. For if the right man does rule, Socrates argued, neither institutional nor other controls-e.g., law-need to be employed. Because he is the right man, he will do the right things: he will rule wisely; he will establish or, where already established, he will perpetuate, that order in human affairs that best approximates or achieves justice and secures liberty. The problem, then, for those who hold this view in democratic states, is not whether the right man should rule, but how he is to be discovered and how he can be assured the reins of political power. Or, to formulate the problem in negative terms, how can we identify and exclude from power those who are the "wrong" men, those who are likely to rule badly and unjustly, those who-because they are, for example, "authoritarians" at heart-may if they achieve positions of power violate the very principles of the democratic state and thereby endanger its existence? A preliminary-and perhaps crucial-difficulty must be noted. The appeal to the right man may not be altogether compatible with the appeal to democracy. If, for example, the right man is subject to democratic controls, primarily to the principle of responsibility, he may be removed from or not elected to office, in which case democracy is revealed to be a form of state in which the "wrong" man can rule by popular approval. If, on the other hand, those who appeal to the right man insist that the right man rule, or that the wrong man be excluded from political power, without regard to what the people want, then the state which adopts their view ceases to be (if it formerly was) a democratic state. 1\1ost political philosophers who have looked to the leadership of the right man for political salvation, have seized the latter horn of this dilemma. With Plato and Santayana-to take but two from among the more noted of such writersthey have mocked democracy's trust in public opinion. They have derided what they have contemptuously called the rule of the common (by which they mean vulgar) or average (by which they mean inferior) man. They have appealed instead to a form of the aristocratic state-to a political order in which those few who allegedly know what is right will also, precisely because they "know" (i.e., have wisdom), follow the path of "virtue." This is not the place to discuss the easy assumptions and many fallacies of the aristocratic appeal to the right man,' for, whatever its merits or deficiencies,
A biophysical basis of enhanced interstitial fluid pressure in tumors.

Abstract It is widely accepted that enhanced interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumors is a major obstacle against delivery of therapeutic agents. On the other hand, the origin of enhanced IFP remains controversial. Here, the Van't Hoff equation is applied to examine how glucose breakdown to CO 2 and lactate in tumor cells may affect intracellular osmotic pressure. According to the equation , it is found that production of CO 2 from glucose lowers osmotic pressure inside cells, while glycolytic production of lactate generates significant increases. Crucial to a net enhancement of pressure in cells is the Warburg ratio , the ratio of the fraction of glucose transformed to lactate divided by the fraction of glucose metabolized to CO 2 : if (and only if) the ratio is higher than 1.0, there is a resulting increase in intracellular osmotic pressure. Under fully anaerobic glycolysis, the enhancement of intracellular pressure is maximal, namely 19.3 mmHg per mM of glucose metabolized to lactate ( Van't Hoff equation ). Cells are then biological pressure pumps driven by glycolytic production of lactate, causing IFP to raise. It is proposed that a regulatory feedback loop prevents IFP to raise above microvascular pressure (MVP). Accordingly, enhanced IFP in tumors is the result of high rates of tumor glycolysis, and enhancement of IFP is limited by MVP. It is thus concluded that a high rate of glycolytic production of lactate in tumor cells ultimately prevents both access of therapeutic agents to the malignant cells and immunological surveillance, and that it indirectly drives outward currents of interstitial fluid, thereby propelling both the process of tumor infiltration of surrounding structures and metastatic spread, depending on deformability and proteolytic capacity of the malignant cells.
Defects Density of States Model of Cathodoluminescent Intensity and Spectra of Disordered SiO 2

Electron beam measurements show that disordered SiO2 exhibits electron-induced luminescence and that it varies with incident beam energy and current density, sample temperature, and wavelength. A simple model based on the electronic band structure and defect density of states—initially used to explain electron transport in highly disordered insulating materials—has been extended to predict the relative cathodoluminescent intensity and spectral radiance for disordered SiO2 as a function of these variables. Due to the large bandgap of insulating SiO2, thermal excitation from the valence to conduction band is highly improbable; excitation is through collisions of the incident high-energy electrons. For visible and near-infrared light to be emitted, there must be other states within the forbidden bandgap for electrons to occupy. These localized defect or trap states of disordered SiO2 are due to structural or substitutional chemical defects. Results for both thin-film samples with penetrating radiation and thick bulk samples with nonpenetrating radiation are presented. The data were fit with the proposed model using saturation dose rate and mean shallow trap energy as fitting parameters, which favorably compare with results from independent experiments.
An experimental investigation of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers in adverse pressure gradient.

Hypersonic turbulent boundary layer in adverse pressure gradients studied for transition, measuring static/pitot pressure, stagnation temperature and heat transfer rates
Autoethnography as a Tool for Transformative Learning About White Privilege

In this article, the author shares a personal experience using autoethnography as a tool for transformative learning about the impact of whiteness on his actions, words, and attitudes. Autoethnography is an emerging qualitative research method that uses the autobiographical materials of the researcher as the primary data and emphasizes cultural analysis and interpretation of one's behaviors, thoughts, and experiences in relationship to others in society. After reviewing the basic tenets of the autoethnographic method, the author tells a story of a personal experience in an interracial dialogue group and the transformative insights gained through autoethnographic analysis.
Rising Crack-Growth-Resistance (R-Curve) Behavior of Toughened Alumina and Silicon Nitride

R-curves for a sinter/HIPed SiC(whisker)-reinforced alumina and a sintered silicon nitride were assessed by direct measurements of lengths of cracks associated with Vickers indentation flaws. The fracture toughness measurements based on (a) initial (as-indented) crack lengths, (b) equilibrium growth of cracks during increasing far-field loading, and (c) crack lengths corresponding to unstable fracture showed definitive trends of R-curves for both materials. The fracture mechanics analyses employed an indenter-material constant that was independently estimated using a physical model for the residual driving force and a free surface correction factor that accounted for the effects of size and shape of the cracks on stress intensity. It is shown that R-curve estimations based on crack length measurements have the intrinsic advantage that crack length dependence of fracture toughness is not assumed a priori as is done in conventional analysis based on strength. The measured fracture toughness of SiC(whisker)-reinforced alumina was in agreement with the prediction of a toughening model based on crack bridging by partially debonded whiskers.
The epidemiology of finding a dead body: reports from inner-city Baltimore, Maryland US.

In the US, there are no national statistics on encountering a dead body, which can be viewed as a measure of community health and a stressful life event. Participants for an HIV prevention intervention targeting drug users were recruited in areas of inner-city Baltimore, Maryland. Nine hundred and fifty-one respondents, most with a history of drug use, were asked “have you ever found a dead body?” and 17.0% reported they had. Leading causes of death were: violence (37%), natural causes (22.2%), drug overdose (21.6%), accidental death (3.1%), and suicide (2.5%). In multivariate logistic models, respondents with longer history of drug use and more roles in a drug economy were more likely to be exposed to a dead body. The study results suggest that this population has a high level of experiences with mortality associated with violence and drugs. To obtain a better understanding of community health, future studies should assess not only morbidity and mortality, but also how death and illness is experienced by the community.
In situ non-linear spectroscopic approaches to understanding adsorption at mineral–water interfaces

Over the last decades, significant advances have been made in the study of adsorption processes at mineral–water interfaces. In particular, surface-enhanced infrared (IR) techniques, and, more recently, non-linear vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy have provided novel insights into the structure and dynamics of these interfaces. The driving forces behind adsorption at mineral substrates are as diverse as the set of commonly encountered adsorbates, which range from simple inorganic ions to organic molecules from the smallest to the largest polymers. Electrostatics, cooperative processes, self-assembly into mesoscopically ordered aggregates and specific chemical interactions all play an important role. In this topical review, particular consideration is given to organic adsorbates including surfactants, because of their eminent technological importance for the modification of surface properties and their omnipresence in the environment. This review demonstrates that non-linear optical methods greatly extend the well-established linear IR techniques and provide many opportunities for surface science to advance our understanding of the structure and dynamics of mineral–water interfaces.
The Integrity of the Periplasmic Domain of the VirA Sensor Kinase Is Critical for Optimal Coordination of the Virulence Signal Response in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens responds to three main signals at the plant-bacterium interface: phenolics, such as acetosyringone (AS), monosaccharides, and acidic pH (∼5.5). These signals are transduced via the chromosomally encoded sugar binding protein ChvE and the Ti plasmid-encoded VirA/VirG two-component regulatory system, resulting in the transcriptional activation of the Ti plasmid virulence genes. Here, we present genetic and physical evidence that the periplasmic domain of VirA dimerizes independently of other parts of the protein, and we examine the effects of several engineered mutations in the periplasmic and transmembrane regions of VirA on vir-inducing capacity as indicated by AS sensitivity and maximal level of vir-inducing activity at saturating AS levels. The data indicate that helix-breaking mutations throughout the periplasmic domain of VirA or mutations that reposition the second transmembrane domain (TM2) of VirA relieve the periplasmic domain's repressive effects on the maximal activity of this kinase in response to phenolics, effects normally relieved only when ChvE, sugars, and low pH are also present. Such relief, however, does not sensitize VirA to low concentrations of phenolics, the other major effect of the ChvE-sugar and low pH signals. We further demonstrate that amino acid residues in a small Trg-like motif in the periplasmic domain of VirA are crucial for transmission of the ChvE-sugar signal to the cytoplasmic domain. These experiments provide evidence that small perturbations in the periplasmic domain of VirA can uncouple sugar-mediated changes in AS sensitivity from the sugar-mediated effects on maximal activity.
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Presenting with Profound Hypotension: Role of Two-Dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography in Diagnosis and Management

Five patients, all women, age ranges 59 to 84 years, with underlying hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) presented with profound hypotension. Initial clinical and hemodynamic evaluation suggested cardiogenic shock in two cases, acute myocardial ischemia in two cases, and hypovolemia in one case. The two patients thought to be in cardiogenic shock were given inotropes without improvement. One patient in whom myocardial ischemia was suspected received nitroglycerin, followed by a marked fall in blood pressure. All five patients remained hypotensive until two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were performed, identifying HOCM as the cause of the hypotension, thereby allowing for corrective therapeutic measures.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Ni3Al at Various Hydrogen Contents and Strain Rates

Hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in continuous cast sheet of a Ni 3 Al alloy ( NI 77.83 AL 21.73 ZR 0.34 B 0.1 ), known as IC-50, after introducing various amounts of hydrogen cathodically. The elongation and UTS decreased with the increasing content of hydrogen. When tensile-tested at a strain rate of 5.8 × 10 −5 s −1 , the elongation decreased from 32.7% for no charging to 1.9% for 330 min of charging with 50 mA cm −2 current. The yield stress, however, did not change. When tested at a higher strain rate of 5.8 × 10 −3 s −1 , the embrittlement was less, but the yield stress increased with the hydrogen content. With increasing hydrogen content the fracture mode changed from dimpled to intergranular and cleavage modes.
Command Versus ‘Shadow’: The Conflicted Soul of the Soviet Economy

This essay surveys the seminal contribution of Gregory Grossman to comparative economics contained in his analysis of the Soviet economic system. The paper focusses on his theory of the ‘command economy,’ its nature and logic, and its inherent weaknesses, which spawned the ‘second economy,’ waves of futile ‘reforms,’ and sowed the seeds of that system's collapse.
From the Outside In: Using Public Health Data to Make Inferences about Older Inmates

The recent confinement binge has led to the “graying” of American prisons. Longer sentences equate to more offenders growing old behind bars. This article explores the health conditions among noninstitutionalized elders to make inferences about those in prison. Analysis of National Health Interview Survey data found that persons who resembled the incarcerated population reported poorer health, had higher numbers of activity limitations, had increased bed days and doctor visits, and reported faster declines in health conditions than their mostly Anglo counterparts. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for prison managers.