cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding User Beliefs About Algorithmic Curation in the Facebook News Feed

People are becoming increasingly reliant on online socio-technical systems that employ algorithmic curation to organize, select and present information. We wanted to understand how individuals make sense of the influence of algorithms, and how awareness of algorithmic curation may impact their interaction with these systems. We investigated user understanding of algorithmic curation in Facebook's News Feed, by analyzing open-ended responses to a survey question about whether respondents believe their News Feeds show them every post their Facebook Friends create. Responses included a wide range of beliefs and causal inferences, with different potential consequences for user behavior in the system. Because user behavior is both input for algorithms and constrained by them, these patterns of belief may have tangible consequences for the system as a whole.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Overexpression Preserves Left Ventricular Function After Myocardial Infarction

Background— The role of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2-R) in left ventricular (LV) remodeling may depend on the underlying stimulus. We hypothesized that cardiac AT2-R overexpression in transgenic (TG) mice would attenuate remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results— Ten wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and 12 TG mice that overexpress the AT2-R in the heart were studied by cardiac MRI at baseline and days 1, 7, and 28 post-MI induced by 1 hour of occlusion of the LAD followed by reperfusion. Short-axis imaging from apex to base was used to determine LV mass index, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices (EDVI, ESVI), regional wall thickness and thickening, and ejection fraction (EF). Gadolinium-DTPA was infused 20 minutes before day 1 imaging to assess infarct size. At baseline, heart rate, blood pressure, LV mass index, and EDVI were similar between groups. Baseline ESVI was lower (0.20±0.07 versus 0.45±0.15 μL/g, P<0.001) and EF higher (82.3±4.9% versus 67.7±5.3%, P<0.001)...
H ∞ control for discrete-time systems by quantized state feedback

This paper is concerned with the quantized state feedback Hinfin control problem for discrete-time linear time- invariant (LTI) systems. The quantizer considered here is dynamic and composed of an adjustable "zoom" parameter and a static quantizer. Static quantizer ranges are with practical significance and fully considered here. Firstly, by taking quantization errors into account, a quantized control strategy is derived such that the quantized closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and with a prescribed Hinfin performance bound. Then, based on this result, an iterative LMI-based optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the static quantizer ranges with meeting Hinfin performance requirements for closed-loop systems. An example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Species richness of tropical wood-inhabiting macrofungi provides support for species-energy theory

A study was undertaken at the El Verde Field Station in Puerto Rico to determine the effect of energy available from newly dead trees on the species richness of macrofungal communities that inhabit them. It is hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between available energy and species richness. Energy was measured using the volume of the dead trees and the wood density of living trees of the same species. One hundred ninety-four logs of known tree species were surveyed 1 y for fruiting bodies of macrofungi at monthly intervals. For individual logs, log volume had a significant positive effect on macrofungal species richness. Younger logs had significantly higher species richness than older logs, and those with less apparent decay had more species than those with more decay. When logs were grouped by tree species, total wood volume and density of live wood had a significant positive effect and average log diameter had a negative effect on total species richness and abundance of the wood-inhabiting macrofungi. Macrofungal richness and abundance constantly increased with initial wood density; there was no evidence for a unimodal relationship. These results support the proposed relationship between species richness and energy.
CELLULOSE‐HEMICELLULOSE FRACTIONS IN THE ALCOHOL‐INSOLUBLE SOLIDS OF VALENCIA ORANGE PEEL

The hemicellulose fraction of immature and mature Valencia orange peel was fractionally extracted and analyzed after removing the interfering polymeric materials consisting of proteins and large amounts of pectic substances. A procedure for the fractionation of the alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) is presented for citrus fruits, which may be used for other plant materials. The monosaccharide constituents of the hemi-cellulose were determined after hydrolysis and paper chromatography. Comparisons of the pectic substances, protein, hemicellulose, and cellulose components were made between immature and mature Valencia orange peel.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of a class of chaotic signals

The chaotic sequences corresponding to tent map dynamics are potentially attractive in a range of engineering applications. Optimal estimation algorithms for signal filtering, prediction, and smoothing in the presence of white Gaussian noise are derived for this class of sequences based on the method of maximum likelihood. The resulting algorithms are highly nonlinear but have convenient recursive implementations that are efficient both in terms of computation and storage. Performance evaluations are also included and compared with the associated Cramer-Rao bounds. >
SCALE AND TEXTURE IN DIGITAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

Classification errors using texture are most likely associated with class edges, but investigators oflen avoid edges when evaluating texture for classification. The large windows needed to produce a stable texture measure produce large edge effects. Small windows minimize edge effects, but often do not provide stable texture measures. Simulated data experiments showed that class separability increased when texture was used in addition to spectral information. Texture separability improved with larger windows. This improvement was over estimated when pixels were chosen away from class edges. Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) data showed that separability of class interiors improved with the addition of texture, but that, for the whole class, sepambility fell. Maximum-likelihood classification of the ADAR data demonstrated the effect of edges and multiple scales in reducing the accuracy of classification incorporating texture. Incorporating spatial information in image processing is a recurrent theme in the remote sensing literature. Spatial properties are so clearly an important part of human vision (Marr, 1982) that it seems intuitive that texture and context should also be important in image processing. Nevertheless, despite decades of research, a robust method for the incorporation of texture into image classification remains an elusive goal. This study is an empirical analysis of the problems of utilizing texture in classification. Major themes of this work include the issue of the scale over which texture is measured, and the context dependence of the scale of texture, particularly the problem known as the edge effect. This latter issue arises because in most texture images the major cause of variation in texture is the difference between the typically high values associated with between-class texture, and the lower values associated with within-class texture. An understanding of the problems of using texture is an important first step in developing strategies to overcome the barriers that have made utilizing texture so difficult. This paper is organized in six sections. Following this
Shared resource access attributes for high-level contention models

Emerging single-chip heterogeneous multiprocessors feature hundreds of design elements contending for shared resources, making it difficult to isolate performance impacts of individual design changes. This work is the first to parameterize shared resource accesses in the form of access attributes, summarizing the impact of shared resource contention on system performance, analogous to the way RTL parameters summarize more detailed transistor models. The intuition behind access attributes is that much application and architecture dependent contention information is known during detailed cycle-accurate simulations, and would be useful to inform a higher level model. The detailed contention information is sampled from a short cycle-accurate simulation, "training" a high-level statistical regression model of contention. This contention model can then be used in simulation to estimate the impact of shared resource accesses at a high level of abstraction, enabling the designers to explore contention-related performance impacts of design decisions. Using the access attribute-based contention models resulted in speedups of 40X over cycle-accurate simulation, with average simulation errors of less than 1% with 95% confidence intervals of about plusmn3%.
Foreword: HIV/AIDS prevention in the Hispanic/Latino community.

The HIV/AIDS crisis affects many communities, and Hispanics/Latinos experience a significant portion of the burden. In 2006, Hispanics/Latinos accounted for 17% of the estimated 56,300 new HIV infections (Hall et al, 2008). The rate of new HIV infections among Hispanic men (43.1 per 100,000) is more than double that of white men (19.6 per 100,000), and the rate among Hispanic women (14.4 per 100,000) is nearly four times that of white women (3.8 per 100,000). In 2007, the rate of new AIDS diagnoses among Hispanics/Latinos (15.2 per 100,000) was three times as high as that among whites (5.2 per 100,000) (CDC, 2008). Although Hispanics/ Latinos comprise 14% of the US population, they account for 18% of persons living with HIV/AIDS (CDC, 2009). For Hispanic males living with HIV/AIDS, the most common modes for becoming HIV-infected were sexual contact with other males, injection drug use, and highrisk heterosexual contact. For Hispanic females living with HIV/AIDS, the most common modes for becoming HIV-infected were high-risk heterosexual contact and injection drug use [CDC, 2009]. HIV testing rates were slightly higher for Hispanics/ Latinos and blacks than for persons of other races or ethnicities. In a 2002 study, 50% of Hispanics aged 15–44 had ever been tested for HIV and 18% had been tested during the past year (Anderson et al, 2005). These numbers underscore the need to understand complex risk factors and social determinants of health contributing to the rates of HIV/AIDS among Hispanics/Latinos and the need to raise awareness among Hispanics/Latinos about the effects of HIV/AIDS. Some key determinants may include structural and social factors which may prevent access to needed HIV care and prevention services; lack of knowledge about HIV and economic disparities which may lead to risky behaviors further fueling increased rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; and addressing issues related to denial, complacency and stigma which may delay HIV testing, treatment and care. It will be important to address these determinants, as well as others, in order to make inroads in reducing rates of HIV/AIDS among Hispanics.
Defenders of Victims of Peer Aggression: Interdependence Theory and an Exploration of Individual, Interpersonal, and Contextual Effects on the Defender Participant Role

Abstract The research on predictors and effects of defending victims of peer victimization and bullying continues to grow, but most research on this topic is lacking a strong theoretical framework. This review of defending research introduces interdependence theory as a theory with the capacity to organize many of the empirical findings from the existing defending literature into a meaningful whole. Other theories used to frame defending research are described, and limitations of these theories are discussed. Framing defending research within interdependence theory leads to new research questions. These include: (1) who defends whom and why?, (2) through what processes do individuals in the peer group internalize peer group norms in regard to peer victimization, and how do these internalized norms affect individual perceptions and beliefs that then guide behavior?, and (3) what are the individual and interpersonal factors that affect whether bystanders defend peers, and how does intervention in peer victimization situations affect defenders in addition to victims? Framing defending research within interdependence theory allows for the organization of previous findings and will guide new research.
The Vocabulary of Reproductive Health

A Bengali speaking acquaintance who volunteers at a health centre for Bangladeshi immigrants in East London likes to tell the following story. She once explained in great detail the mechanics of taking the contraceptive pill to the wife in a couple that had come to the clinic for birth control help. Several weeks later, the couple was back, greatly upset that the wife was pregnant. When my acquaintance asked if the pill taking instructions had been strictly followed, the husband took umbrage at her suspicious questioning and declared that he had been most particular about taking the pill with breakfast every morning for 3 weeks and beginning the cycle again after a gap of 1 week. In other words, he had manfully assumed that my friend’s advice had been meant for him as he was the household head, and that she had been looking at his wife as she spoke only because she was a well-brought up South Asian woman who did not lock eyes with strange men.
Cytogenetic investigations of DNA damage in aging: a twin study.

Increased induction and accumulation of DNA damage remain central concepts to many of the biological theories of aging (Gensler and Bernstein, 1981; Kirkwood, 1989). Cytogenetic techniques, which offer the ability to evaluate damage across the entire genome at the single cell level, have been utilized by numerous investigators to determine whether or not there is evidence of increased DNA damage with increasing in-vivo age. The data from these different laboratories have not yielded a consensus conclusion regarding age effects for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) or chromosomal aberration rates (Schneider, 1985; Tice and Setlow, 1985). What they have, however, clearly documented are the marked individual differences within age groups and the significant overlap in responses between age groups. Such individual variation argues for aging studies aimed not merely at classifying average aging effects, but those which also aim to understand and investigate the factors contributing to variability in aged populations.
Evaluation of TCP Congestion Control Algorithms

Sandia, Los Alamos, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories currently deploy high speed, Wide Area Network links to permit remote access to their Supercomputer systems. The current TCP congestion algorithm does not take full advantage of high delay, large bandwidth environments. This report involves evaluating alternative TCP congestion algorithms and comparing them with the currently used congestion algorithm. The goal was to find if an alternative algorithm could provide higher throughput with minimal impact on existing network traffic. The alternative congestion algorithms used were Scalable TCP and High-Speed TCP. Network lab experiments were run to record the performance of each algorithm under different network configurations. The network configurations used were back-to-back with no delay, back-to-back with a 30ms delay, and two-to-one with a 30ms delay. The performance of each algorithm was then compared to the existing TCP congestion algorithm to determine if an acceptable alternative had been found. Comparisons were made based on throughput, stability, and fairness.
Processing of Surfactant Templated Nano-Structured Silica Films Using Compressed Carbon Dioxide as Interpreted from In Situ Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The local environment and dynamics of compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) penetration in surfactant templated silica film synthesis is interpreted from the in situ fluorescence emission spectra of pyrene (Py) and a modified pyrene probe. Pyrene emission in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) templated silica films is monitored immediately after casting and during processing with gaseous and supercritical (sc) CO2 (17–172 bar, 45 °C). The solvatochromic emission spectra of pyrene in CTAB templated films suggest CO2 penetration in both the micelle interface and its interior. An anchored derivative of pyrene, 1-pyrenehexadecanoic acid (C16-pyr), is established for probing CPB films, where the pyrene moiety is preferentially oriented toward the micelle interior, thus limiting quenching by the pyridinium headgroup of CPB. CO2 processing of CPB templated silica films results in an increase in the time scale for probe mobility, suggesting an increased time scale of silica condensa...
Other uses of surfactant

Surfactant is found not only in the alveoli but in bronchioles and small airways. Along with its important role in surface-tension reduction in alveoli, surfactant has several other properties. Any condition characterized by mucus abnormality, mucociliary transport deficiency, airway obstruction, or bronchoalveolar collapse could potentially benefit from exogenous surfactant therapy. Anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties of surfactant could provide additional benefit in a variety of diseases.
Identification of Posttranslational Modification-Dependent Protein Interactions Using Yeast Surface Displayed Human Proteome Libraries

The identification of proteins that interact specifically with posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation is often necessary to understand cellular signaling pathways. Numerous methods for identifying proteins that interact with posttranslational modifications have been utilized, including affinity-based purification and analysis, protein microarrays, phage display, and tethered catalysis. Although these techniques have been used successfully, each has limitations. Recently, yeast surface-displayed human proteome libraries have been utilized to identify protein fragments with affinity for various target molecules, including phosphorylated peptides. When coupled with fluorescently activated cell sorting and high throughput methods for the analysis of selection outputs, yeast surface-displayed human proteome libraries can rapidly and efficiently identify protein fragments with affinity for any soluble ligand that can be fluorescently detected, including posttranslational modifications. In this review we compare the use of yeast surface display libraries to other methods for the identification of interactions between proteins and posttranslational modifications and discuss future applications of the technology.
Excessive gestational calorie intake in sows regulates early postnatal adipose tissue development in the offspring

Many pregnancies in the United States are associated with maternal calorie overconsumption. Few data exist that track the impact of maternal and offspring calorie consumption on the risks for obesity development. To determine the effects of maternal calorie intake during gestation on programming for adiposity in the offspring, pregnant gilts were fed either a normal (NE) or high (HE) energy diet to induce higher than normal (30 % increase) pregnancy weight gain and the profile of genes related to adipose tissue development was determined in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the offspring. Gilts were fed the same lactation diet after farrowing and piglets were allowed to suckle from their mothers. Offspring were also fed either a normal energy (NE) or a high energy (HE) diet after weaning (3 weeks of age). Offspring were sacrificed at 48 h, 3 weeks and 3 months of age and the subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained for gene expression analysis by RT-PCR. Gilts on the HE diet had higher pregnancy weight gain and backfat thickness than those on the NE diet. Expression of adipogenic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and CCAAT enhancer binding protein (CEBP) α was not different between offspring from NE and HE mothers at 48 h after birth, but they were higher (P < 0.05) at 3 weeks in the offspring from HE mothers than NE. Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1) expression was higher in HE offspring at 48 h, but not different at weaning (P < 0.05). Inhibitors of wnt signaling, soluble frizzled related protein (SFRP) 4 and 5 were also higher in HE offspring at 3 weeks. The expression of PPARγ corepressors, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1) and nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 (NCoR1), was higher (P < 0.05) in HE offspring at weaning. At 3 months, there were no effects of maternal diets on offspring adipose tissue gene expression pattern, but animals on the postweaning HE diet had a higher (P < 0.05) expression of SFRP5, WNT5a, lower SFRP5/WNT5a and TNFα. Effects of maternal calorie consumption on adipose tissue genes in the early postnatal life was transient in this study. Postweaning diet was more effective in changing offspring adipose tissue gene expression pattern and adiposity in the early postnatal period.
Theory directed reading diagnosis research using computer simulation

A five year project studying the diagnosis and remediation of children with reading problems is described. The discussion includes observational studies of reading diagnosticians at work, observations of diagnostician training programs and computer simulation of theories about decision making in reading diagnosis. The results of the observational studies are mentioned and the theories and systems for computer simulated diagnosis are described.
Patterns of Rational Development and Utilization of Water Resources in the Study Area

Through the above analysis, in the case of the continuous increase of regional water resources demand in Shendong mining area, with the decrease of the water recharge, different water source sites show the decreasing trend of water level, and water resources are faced with shortage.
Comparison of temperament traits among intercollegiate athletes and physical education majors.

Abstract The Guilford-Martin inventory of factors GAMIN was administered to 96 male and 40 female college students. The students were intercollegiate athletes, physical education majors, and coeds who showed interest in dancing. The instrument used measures traits of dynamic and aggressive types differentiated among groups of athletes and physical education majors of both sexes. Statistical procedures, using the analysis of variance, indicated that differences in four of the five traits were significant (p = .01) in men. Among women, the differences in four of the five traits were significant at the .01 level and at the .05 level in the fifth trait. When the scores were compared to the most favorable scores for the selection of supervisory and administrative personnel, as suggested by the inventory's manual, football players scored favorably in three of the five traits, and the rest of the athletes and majors scored favorably in one or two traits only.
Imagining the Post-Colonial and Post-Genocidal Nation in the National Museum of Rwanda, Butare

This article focuses on the history of one particular institution: the National Museum of Rwanda in Butare. Built between 1987 and 1989 by the Belgian architect Lode Van Pee, funded by the Belgian government, and gifted by King Baudouin of Belgium to then–Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, this museum was designed to house the ever-expanding collection of the Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, in itself a research body rooted in the colonial past. This article traces the origins of the museum and discusses the transitions that its displays and objects have undergone in a postcolonial and post-genocidal Rwandan context.
Serodiscordant Couples in the Age of Combination Therapies

Abstract Serodiscordant couples have faced a number of challenges over the decades of HIV/AIDS. Combination therapies added hope to the survival of the HTV positive partner, but it also has created new challenges to intimacy. What are the unique challenges, dyadic conflicts and ways of coping for these couples of mixed HTV status? This article reports on the findings from an exploratory study of twelve serodiscordant couples (both heterosexual and gay) from three different states, and five different AIDS organizations. The three emotional challenges to their relationship were identified as (1) the impact of side effects from medications, (2) safer sex conflicts, and (3) the decision-making process regarding reproductive issues and family planning. When asked how they coped, the primary source of psychological support was found in their friendships with other couples of mixed HIV status, couple counseling and individual counseling.
Evaluation of Two Methods for Modeling Measurement Errors When Testing Interaction Effects With Observed Composite Scores

Path models with observed composites based on multiple items (e.g., mean or sum score of the items) are commonly used to test interaction effects. Under this practice, researchers generally assume that the observed composites are measured without errors. In this study, we reviewed and evaluated two alternative methods within the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, namely, the reliability-adjusted product indicator (RAPI) method and the latent moderated structural equations (LMS) method, which can both flexibly take into account measurement errors. Results showed that both these methods generally produced unbiased estimates of the interaction effects. On the other hand, the path model—without considering measurement errors—led to substantial bias and a low confidence interval coverage rate of nonzero interaction effects. Other findings and implications for future studies are discussed.
Loss and Regeneration of Cochlear Hair Cell Innervation Following Sound and Drug Damage

In bird cochleae, sound damage and aminoglycoside treatment result in a localized loss of hair cells from the basilar papilla. This loss induces a structural regeneration of hair cells that leads to the recovery of hearing function. However, little is known about the damage to and repair of nerves connecting the hair cells with the auditory CNS. We have employed whole-mount immunocytochemical labeling of normal, sound-damaged, and gentamicin-treated cochleae to localize neuron-specific proteins at distinct sites within the nerve fibers and the nerve terminals before and after damage. Neurofilament antibodies label both afferent and efferent nerve fibers in the basilar papilla and demonstrate that nerve processes ramifying throughout the sensory epithelium are not significantly damaged by moderate sound damage or gentamicin treatment. Labeling of efferent terminals for synapsin, choline acetyltransferase, and syntaxin reveals differences in damage to the terminals after sound damage versus gentamicin treatment. The entire efferent terminal is extruded after sound damage, leaving little synaptic protein in the basilar papilla. However, after gentamicin damage, the terminal breaks apart, with the syntaxin-labeled presynaptic membrane extruded on the hair cells while the fragments of the terminal containing synapsin and ChAT remain within the basilar papilla. Regeneration of the efferent terminals is significantly delayed following gentamicin treatment relative to the recovery after sound damage. Most regenerated short hair cells exhibit large cup-like efferent terminals within two weeks after sound exposure. In contrast,only about 50% of the new hair cells exhibit cup-like endings 60 days affer gentamicin treatment.
Systemic Combination Chemotherapy in Elderly Pancreatic Cancer: a Review.

In recent years, significant progress in survival has been achieved using systemic combination chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. However, the elderly are largely underrepresented in clinical trials, and gains made from these may not necessarily apply to this important subgroup of patients. We review the currently available data regarding contemporary combination chemotherapy regimens, including FOLFIRINOX, gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin, and gemcitabine plus capecitabine, in elderly pancreatic cancer patients. We performed a search of Pubmed using the terms “pancreatic cancer”, “elderly”, “FOLFIRINOX”, “gemcitabine”, “nab-paclitaxel”, “capecitabine”, and “nanoliposomal irinotecan” and included articles investigating the use of combination chemotherapy in the elderly with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Relevant abstracts from American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society of Medical Oncology meetings were included. Current clinical evidence and experience suggests that relatively fit elderly pancreatic cancer patients may derive significant benefit from contemporary combination chemotherapy regimens. Strategies to improve tolerability without decreasing efficacy include dose reduction, schedule modification, and growth factor support. Phase III clinical trials are ongoing to determine the optimal use of combination chemotherapy regimens in elderly patients with pancreatic cancer. Identifying elderly patients who will benefit from combination chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer remains a significant clinical challenge. An assessment of medical comorbidities and functional status plays a key role in determining fitness for intensive chemotherapeutic regimens in this important subset of patients.
Security Breaches in the U.S. Federal Government

Many organizations run their core business operations on decades-old legacy IT systems. Some security professionals argue that legacy IT systems significantly increase security risks because they are not designed to address contemporary cybersecurity risks. Others counter that the legacy systems might be “secure by antiquity” and argue that due to lack of adequate documentation on the systems, it is very difficult for potential attackers to discover and exploit security vulnerabilities. There is a shortage of empirical evidence on either argument. Routine activity theory (RAT) argues that an organization’s guardianship is critical for reducing security incidents. However, RAT does not well explain how organizations might guard against security risks of legacy IT systems. We theorize that organizations can enhance their guardianship by either modernizing their legacy IT systems in-house or by outsourcing them to cloud vendors. With datasets from the U.S. federal agencies, we find that agencies that have more legacy IT systems experience more frequent security incidents than others with more modern IT systems. A 1%-point increase in the proportion of IT budgets spent on IT modernization is associated with a 5.6% decrease in the number of security incidents. Furthermore, migration of the legacy systems to the cloud is negatively associated with the number of security incidents. The findings advance the literature on strategic information systems by extending RAT to explain why the “security by antiquity” argument is not valid and how organizations can reduce the security risks of legacy IT systems through modernization and migration to the cloud.
Not Black-Alone: The 2008 Presidential Election and Racial Self-Identification among African Americans:

This paper estimates a reduced form racial identity equation for a sample of African American survey respondents. The change in a state’s fraction of white votes for Obama in 2008 relative to Kerry in 2004 provides an empirical proxy for a change in white antagonism toward African Americans. Using Current Population Survey data from 2003 to 2013, this paper finds that there is a positive and statistically significant Obama-effect on African American self-identification as mixed-race rather than as black-alone.
Differential expression of key subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes in porcine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo

In vitro embryo production is an established method for both humans and animals, but is fraught with inferior development and health issues in offspring born after in vitro fertilization procedures. Analysis of epigenetic changes caused by exposure to in vitro conditions should shed light on potential sources of these phenotypes. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the localization and relative abundance of components associated with the SWI/SNF (Switch/Sucrose non-fermentable) chromatin-remodeling complex-including BAF155, BAF170, BAF180, BAF53A, BAF57, BAF60A, BAF45D, ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, SNF5, and BRD7-in oocytes and in in vitro-produced and in vivo-derived porcine embryos. Differences in the localization of BAF155, BAF170, BAF60A, and ARID1B among these sources indicate that improper timing of chromatin remodeling and cellular differentiation might occur in early preimplantation embryos produced and cultured in vitro.
A novel surgical approach to symptomatic left renal vein aneurysm

Visceral venous aneurysms are uncommon and renal vein aneurysms are among the rarest in this subset. Renal vein aneurysms are frequently asymptomatic, but patients may present with flank pain or hematuria. Complications of untreated visceral venous aneurysms include thrombus formation and, very rarely, rupture. Treatment of renal vein aneurysms ranges from watchful waiting to surgical repair. We describe a patient with renal vein aneurysm presenting with recurrent pulmonary embolus with no other identifiable source. Furthermore, we propose a novel surgical treatment with complete resection of the aneurysm and reconstruction of venous return by transposing the inferior mesenteric vein to the remaining left renal vein.
Association between infrastructure and observed quality of care in 4 healthcare services: A cross-sectional study of 4,300 facilities in 8 countries

Background It is increasingly apparent that access to healthcare without adequate quality of care is insufficient to improve population health outcomes. We assess whether the most commonly measured attribute of health facilities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)—the structural inputs to care—predicts the clinical quality of care provided to patients. Methods and findings Service Provision Assessments are nationally representative health facility surveys conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey Program with support from the US Agency for International Development. These surveys assess health system capacity in LMICs. We drew data from assessments conducted in 8 countries between 2007 and 2015: Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. The surveys included an audit of facility infrastructure and direct observation of family planning, antenatal care (ANC), sick-child care, and (in 2 countries) labor and delivery. To measure structural inputs, we constructed indices that measured World Health Organization-recommended amenities, equipment, and medications in each service. For clinical quality, we used data from direct observations of care to calculate providers’ adherence to evidence-based care guidelines. We assessed the correlation between these metrics and used spline models to test for the presence of a minimum input threshold associated with good clinical quality. Inclusion criteria were met by 32,531 observations of care in 4,354 facilities. Facilities demonstrated moderate levels of infrastructure, ranging from 0.63 of 1 in sick-child care to 0.75 of 1 for family planning on average. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines was low, with an average of 37% adherence in sick-child care, 46% in family planning, 60% in labor and delivery, and 61% in ANC. Correlation between infrastructure and evidence-based care was low (median 0.20, range from −0.03 for family planning in Senegal to 0.40 for ANC in Tanzania). Facilities with similar infrastructure scores delivered care of widely varying quality in each service. We did not detect a minimum level of infrastructure that was reliably associated with higher quality of care delivered in any service. These findings rely on cross-sectional data, preventing assessment of relationships between structural inputs and clinical quality over time; measurement error may attenuate the estimated associations. Conclusion Inputs to care are poorly correlated with provision of evidence-based care in these 4 clinical services. Healthcare workers in well-equipped facilities often provided poor care and vice versa. While it is important to have strong infrastructure, it should not be used as a measure of quality. Insight into health system quality requires measurement of processes and outcomes of care.
Exploring weight control as motivation for illicit stimulant use.

Abstract Objective Research has highlighted a growing trend among young, adult women to initiate drug use for weight loss. With known suppressive effects on appetite, illicit stimulants (i.e., cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy) may be particularly attractive to college women, who are at elevated risk for increased body dissatisfaction and experimenting with extreme weight loss techniques. The current study examines the association between risk factors and symptomatology of eating disorders and illicit stimulant use (ISU). Methods A preliminary study was conducted on a nonclinical sample of 131 drug-using, college women (16- to 24-years old). Participants reported internalization of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behavior, and current drug use as well as corresponding weight-related motivation. Results There were 15.3% of women who reported drug use for weight-control purposes. Results showed women who reported drug use for weight control predominantly used illicit stimulants (70%), such as cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy. Moreover, the odds of ISU were increased among women who engaged in laxative misuse. Conclusions These results suggest that a desire for weight control may be associated with ISU among college women. Women engaging in more extreme weight loss behaviors are at high risk for initiating and maintaining ISU for weight-related reasons.
The teaching performance of first-year physical educators

Background: For beginning physical educators, navigating entry into the school environment can often be a capricious process. Lawson’s (1983) theory of socialization illustrates the diverse variabl...
“Sexual Assault” and Other Buzz Phrases that Need to Die

Academics nowadays have invented many phrases for which they demand widespread acceptance that do not accurately represent reality, or which make no sense when we consider them closely. Prime among these is the concept of “sexual assault,” which has made its way into state laws and the UCMJ since its coinage in the 1960s and 1970s and is now a mainstay of training on college campuses. This concept is flawed because it includes all sexual actions under the rubric of the noun “assault,” as if we spoke of “driving aggression” rather than “aggressive driving,” to color all driving with the possibility of aggression. It is simply not true that sexuality is nothing but one more form aggression, and that all sex is potentially aggression if it is perceived by one partner as such. Another false coinage we are asked to accept is the notion that men “objectivize” women. In fact few men want to sleep with or get an erotic charge from objects; if anything the issue seems to be focus on physical details. Then there is the widely repeated assertion that “gender is assigned at birth.” Rather than debating whether or not this is so we should ask whether the concept itself makes sense. Assigned? By what entity? Just at birth? These are examples of linguistic over-reach, the attempt to change the world with words rather than letting a change in the way we see the world (Kuhn’s paradigm shift) produce corresponding words in a more gradual way that most of us can accept. Just because we hear these phrases all the time from professional wordsmith academics with axes to grind, we need not feel constrained to accept them if they are not accurate representations of the world.
The immune response and the eye: a role for TNF alpha in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation.

Purpose. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a are proinflammatory cytokines and crucial mediators in many aspects of immunity. In this study, their role in anterior chamberassociated immune deviation (ACAID) was investigated. Methods. The role of these cytokines was examined by the use of neutralizing antibodies to TNF and interleukin (IL)-la, IL-1/3, and IL-1 receptor. These reagents were co-injected with antigen into the anterior chamber and the effect on ACAID assessed. In addition, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT—PCR) was performed on eyes injected with TNPspleen or bovine serum albumin to determine the levels of TNFa: mRNA induced. Results. Neutralizing antibody to TNF, when injected with TNP-spleen cells into the anterior chamber, blocked ACAID to the TNP hapten. Antibodies to IL-1 a, IL-1/3, and IL-1 receptors either alone or in combination did not block the establishment of ACAID. Studies with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) confirmed that early (within 2 hours) after anterior chamber injection of TNP-cells, messenger RNA levels for TNFa were dramatically increased. The induction of ACAID to bovine serum albumin also required the production of TNFa. Further studies showed that the production of blood borne "ACAID-inducing" signals after anterior chamber injection of bovine serum albumin or TNP-spleen were dependent on TNF. Conclusions. TNFa plays a crucial role in ACAID. Induction of TNFa within the eye may be an important event in the complex series of events that induce ACAID and possibly maintain immunologic privilege. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:2643-2651.
Alteration in level of responsiveness. A proposed nursing diagnosis.

Abstract The use of physiologically derived nursing diagnoses is crucial in care delivery to the patient population at risk for secondary neurologic injury. Eliminating physiologic diagnoses has left the current taxonomic representation of nursing diagnoses inadequate for describing or quantifying care delivery to this patient population. The literature supports the premise that nursing care plays a large role in prevention and minimization of secondary brain injury. The proposed nursing diagnosis "alteration in level of responsiveness" recognizes the use of physiologic concepts and data and is an appropriate label to describe the nursing care provided to the patient at risk for secondary brain injury.
A Comparison of Eye Movements When Searching Web Pages between Americans and Koreans

The purpose of this research was to identify the differences and similarities in eye movements between American and Korean participants when searching Web pages of different levels of complexity. Several eye-movement metrics were employed using eye-tracking systems. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between Americans and Koreans in terms of attention to visual elements and areas of the Web pages.
Reduced Order Model Based Optimal Oscillation Damping Controller Design for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Integrated Power Grid

This paper presents a reduced order model based optimal oscillation damping controller (OODC) design for DFIG integrated power system. The objective of the proposed OODC is to shift critical inter-area modes of the system to optimal location considering the impact of control on dynamics of synchronous generators and DFIG. A reduced order model that captures all the relevant system dynamics is first obtained, and an objective cost function is formulated to include the damping of critical modes. Then an optimization architecture is designed for finding the optimal gain. The results of eigenvalue analysis and non-linear time domain simulation performed on the modified Kundur two area system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed OODC to effectively damp the oscillations of the system.
ZEEMAN EFFECT IN THE 4f $Yields$ 5d SPECTRUM OF Ce$sup 3+$ IN CaF$sub 2$

The Zeeman effect of the ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ ion with tetragonal charge compensation in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ has been studied at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An absorption line at 3131.6 \AA{} has been split with fields of 60 kG, and although all the components cannot be resolved, there is good agreement with epr results for the ground state. Axial stress results identify the upper state as having crystal quantum number $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$. The occurrence of $4{f}^{n}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4{f}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}5d$ spectra in the trivalent rare earths is discussed. In an appendix, a result is established concerning the use of the Zeeman effect to identify the $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{3}{2}$ components of a cubic ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ level split by a tetragonal distortion.
Predictors of nurses considering leaving the profession due to work-related stress in a large pediatric and women’s hospital in the United States

Nurse retention is of extreme importance in modern healthcare given the ever increasing nursing shortage and the high cost of training newly hired nurses. Research has repeatedly demonstrated that stress is strongly correlated with nursing staff turnover. This study examines the relationship of Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction, personal life stress and nurse demographic characteristics with having considered leaving the nursing profession due to work-related stress. A survey was administered to nurses at a large pediatric and women’s hospital in the southern United States. Bivariate analyses (n = 496) indicated being Caucasian ( p < .001), working fewer hours per week ( p = .009), experiencing more personal life stress ( p < .001), having higher Burnout ( p < .001), or Secondary Traumatic Stress ( p < .001) scores or lower Compassion Satisfaction ( p = .015) scores were significantly associated with increased likelihood of having considered leaving the nursing profession. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, after variable selection, higher levels of Burnout ( p < .001), more life stress ( p = .010), being Caucasian ( p < .001) and working fewer hours ( p = .004) were all significantly associated with higher odds of considering leaving the nursing profession. Interventions to reduce work-related Burnout and help nurses cope with stressful life events are needed to increase retention of nurses in the profession.