cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Synthesis of Holograms and Spatial Filters

The computer generated hologram is a popular outgrowth of efforts to develop spatial filters for coherent optical data processing systems. Needless to say, the intense coherent light produced by lasers made possible the use of spatial filtering systems for processing pictorial information; however, versatility of such systems initially was restricted because only a few filter functions could be produced by conventional interference holography. Now there are several techniques employing digital computers to synthesize filters with an arbitrarily general complex transmission function.
Naproxen and Its Phototransformation Products: Persistence and Ecotoxicity to Toad Tadpoles (Anaxyrus terrestris), Individually and in Mixtures

Although pharmaceutical pollution is a global environmental concern, much remains unknown about the transformation of pharmaceuticals in the wild and their effects on wildlife. In the environment, pharmaceuticals typically transform to some extent into different, structurally related compounds. Pharmaceutical transformation products resulting from exposure to sunlight (i.e., ultraviolet radiation) in surface waters are of particular concern; these products can be more hydrophobic, persistent, and toxic than their parent compounds. In the present study, naproxen, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and its phototransformation products were studied to assess the overall persistence and photochemical fate of naproxen. Southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) larvae were used as model aquatic vertebrates to evaluate the acute toxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products singly and in mixtures. The phototransformation products were observed to be more persistent and more toxic than naproxen itself. The slower phototransformation of the phototransformation products relative to naproxen suggests a greater potential to accumulate in the environment, particularly when naproxen is continually released. Mixtures of naproxen and its phototransformation products, in ratios observed during phototransformation, were more toxic than naproxen alone, as predicted by the model of concentration addition and the greater toxicity of the phototransformation products. Together, these results indicate that the ecological risk of naproxen may be underestimated by considering environmental levels of naproxen alone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2008-2019. © 2019 SETAC.
Testing a model of personal attributes and emotions regarding physical activity and sedentary behaviour

The purpose of this study was to test a model of personal appraisals (distal) and emotions (proximal) as predictors of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour using the Control Value Theory ...
Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Young Adulthood and Cardiac Function in Later Life.

Abstract Background E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 are biomarkers of endothelial activation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, the temporal associations between E-selectin and ICAM-1 with subclinical cardiac dysfunction are unclear. Objectives This study sought to assess the longitudinal associations of E-selectin and ICAM-1 with subclinical alterations in cardiac function. Methods In the Coronary Artery Disease Risk Development in Young Adults study, a cohort of black and white young adults, we evaluated the associations of E-selectin and ICAM-1, obtained at year (Y) 7 (Y7) and Y15 examinations, with cardiac function assessed at Y30 after adjustment for key covariates. Results Higher E-selectin (n = 1,810) and ICAM-1 (n = 1,548) at Y7 were associated with black race, smoking, hypertension, and higher body mass index. After multivariable adjustment, higher E-selectin at Y7 (β coefficient per 1 SD higher: 0.22; SE: 0.06; p Conclusion Circulating levels of E-selectin and ICAM-1 and increases in ICAM-1 over the course of young adulthood are associated with worse indices of LV systolic function in midlife. These findings suggest associations of endothelial activation with subclinical HF with preserved ejection fraction.
Divergence of defensive cucurbitacins in independent Cucurbita pepo domestication events leads to differences in specialist herbivore preference

Crop domestication and improvement often concurrently affect plant resistance to pests and production of secondary metabolites, creating challenges for isolating the ecological implications of selection for specific metabolites. Cucurbitacins are bitter triterpenoids with extreme phenotypic differences between Cucurbitaceae lineages, yet we lack integrated models of herbivore preference, cucurbitacin accumulation, and underlying genetic mechanisms. In Cucurbita pepo, we dissected the effect of cotyledon cucurbitacins on preference of a specialist insect pest (Acalymma vittatum) for multiple tissues, assessed genetic loci underlying cucurbitacin accumulation in diverse germplasm and a biparental F2 population (from a cross between two independent domesticates), and characterized quantitative associations between gene expression and metabolites during seedling development. Acalymma vittatum affinity for cotyledons is mediated by cucurbitacins, but other traits contribute to whole-plant resistance. Cotyledon cucurbitacin accumulation was associated with population structure, and our genetic mapping identified a single locus, Bi-4, containing genes relevant to transport and regulation - not biosynthesis - that diverged between lineages. These candidate genes were expressed during seedling development, most prominently a putative secondary metabolite transporter. Taken together, these findings support the testable hypothesis that breeding for plant resistance to insects involves targeting genes for regulation and transport of defensive metabolites, in addition to core biosynthesis genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Difficulty of Post-Operative Surveillance of Calcitonin Negative Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Background: As a differentiated thyroid tumor, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) typically maintains the secretory function of the c-cells with resultant increase in serum calcitonin level along with frequent elevations in serum chromogranin A (CgA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Clinical Presentation: A 71-year-old female with history of multinodular goiter underwent a thyroid nodule biopsy after routine ultrasound surveillance revealed enlargement of two right lower lobe nodules compared with prior imaging. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of one 3.1 x 1.9 x 2.7 cm right thyroid nodule revealed cellular material composed of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells, some of them with marked cytologic atypia, suspicious for a neuroendocrine tumor, specifically medullary thyroid carcinoma. A PET/CT scan was performed after injection of Gallium-68 dotatate radiotracer and revealed intense focal radiotracer activity in the approximately 2.5 x 2.1 cm right thyroid mid lower pole heterogeneous hypodense mass with tiny calcification inferiorly, consistent with the patient’s known tumor. There was no evidence of cervical octreotate avid metastatic lymphadenopathy and a chest x-ray showed no evidence of active pulmonary disease. The patient subsequently underwent a right partial thyroidectomy with isthmusectomy. Histopathology revealed a 2.8 x 1.9 x 1.9 cm neoplasm composed of spindle and polygonal cells growing in solid nests with neuroendocrine-type nuclei. Immunostains showed the tumor to be positive for AE1-AE3 cytokeratins, chromogranin, synaptophysin and CEA. It was focally positive for TTF-1 and calcitonin. Thyroglobulin and PAX-8 were negative. Using the AJCC 8th edition staging system, the tumor was staged a pT2Nx with margins uninvolved by carcinoma and no extrathyroidal extension or lymphatic invasion. Angioinvasion was present. Additional serum studies included a normal calcitonin value of <2.0 pg/ml (reference range 0-5.1 pg/ml), CEA 2.6 ng/ml (reference range <6.0 ng/ml), and a mildly elevated chromagranin A at 133 ng/ml (reference range 0-95 ng/ml). Plasma metanephrines, normetanephrines, vasoactive peptide, and glucagon levels were all unremarkable. Our patient’s surgical recovery was normal and two months later she remained asymptomatic without evidence of recurrence or metastasis. Discussion: The diagnosis and post-operative surveillance of medullary thyroid cancer is challenging; even more complicated is the rare case of calcitonin-negative MTC. The cause of calcitonin-negative MTC remains unclear. Further studies are needed for the discovery and development of novel biomarkers for post-operative surveillance and evaluation of clinical relapse.
Association of toe-extension movement pattern magnitude and variability during three functional tasks with diabetic foot complications.

Abstract Background A toe-extension movement pattern may contribute to metatarsophalangeal joint deformity and ulceration in people with diabetes. We sought to quantify the relationship between toe extension magnitude and variability during three functional tasks (ankle range of motion, sit to stand, walking) with metatarsophalangeal joint deformity, and identify potential mechanisms associated with a toe-extension movement pattern. Methods Individuals with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were included (n = 60). Metatarsophalangeal joint deformity was assessed using computed tomography (CT). Toe-extension movement was quantified using 3-dimensional motion capture. Linear regression was used to investigate the role of toe-extension movement pattern on metatarsophalangeal joint deformity. Regression analysis was used to identify mechanisms (neuropathy severity, foot intrinsic muscle deterioration ratio, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion) contributing to toe-extension movement pattern. Findings Toe extension with each functional task as well as the mean and coefficient of variation across all tasks were significantly related to metatarsophalangeal joint deformity (range of correlation coefficients = (−0.386, 0.692), p ≤ 0.001). Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was associated with mean toe extension across all tasks (rsp = −0.282, p = 0.029). Neuropathy severity and foot intrinsic muscle deterioration ratio were associated with toe extension variability (rsp = −0.373, p = 0.003 and rsp = −0.266, p = 0.043; respectively). Interpretation Greater magnitude and lower variability of a toe-extension movement pattern was found to be associated with metatarsophalangeal joint deformity. These findings may support clinical assessment and treatment of movement across more than one task.
Assessment of work shift transition of calving personnel on stillbirth in Holstein dairy cows

Calving-related losses, such as stillbirth, affect the bottom line of dairy operations, and the underlying causes should be investigated to develop preventive procedures that consider both animal welfare and profitability. Comprehensive training on calving management practices for dairy personnel is a top priority, especially to reduce the prevalence of stillbirth in dairy herds. Risk factors affecting stillbirth vary from farm to farm, and blanket recommendations often fail when applied to a variety of different herds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of time of birth during the 1-hour period before and after the work shift transition of calving personnel (n=3) on 1 commercial dairy on the prevalence of stillbirth in Holstein cows.
Markers of brain and endothelial Injury and inflammation are acutely and sex specifically regulated in SARS-CoV-2 infection

ObjectiveTo investigate brain injury markers (BIM), endothelial injury markers (EIM) and cytokine/chemokine (CC) markers of systemic inflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and across sex. MethodsPlasma samples from 57 subjects at <48 hours of COVID-19 hospitalization, 14 subjects at 3 months of COVID-19 hospitalization and 20 matched controls were interrogated for the levels of six BIMs - including GFAP, S100B, Syndecan-1, UCHLI, MAP2 and NSE, two EIMs - including sICAM1 and sVCAM1 and thirty-eight CCs. Statistical and bioinformatics methods were used to measure differences in the marker profiles across (a) COVID-19 vs controls and (b) men vs women. ResultsThree BIMs: MAP2, NSE and S100B, two EIMs: sICAM1 and sVCAM1 and seven CCs: GRO IL10, sCD40L, IP10, IL1Ra, MCP1 and TNF were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in the COVID-19 cohort compared to controls. Two CCs: MDC and MIP1 were significantly lower in the COVID-19 cohort. Bioinformatics analysis reveal a stronger positive association between BIM/CC/EIMs in the COVID-19 cohort. Analysis across sex revealed that several BIMs and CCs including NSE, IL10, IL15 and IL8 were significantly (p<0.05) higher in men compared to women. Men also expressed a more robust BIM/ EIM/CC association profile compared to women. At 3 months, BIMs and CCs were not significantly different in the COVID-19 cohort compared to controls. ConclusionThe acute elevation of BIMs, CCs, and EIMs and the robust associations among them at COVID-19 hospitalization suggest that brain injury is mediated by endotheliopathy and inflammation. Higher BIM and inflammatory markers in men additionally suggest that men are more susceptible to the risk compared to women.
Blaming Children: How Rape Myths Manifest in Defense Attorneys’ Questions to Children Testifying About Child Sexual Abuse:

Since rape myths were codified in 1980 (Burt, 1980), scholars have shown that individuals who endorse rape myths perceive victims as less credible and more responsible for rape and perpetrators as ...
The Roles of Cataloging vs. Non-Cataloging Librarians and Staff in Non-MARC Metadata-Related Workflows: A Survey of Academic Libraries in the United States

A survey was conducted during May and early June of 2019, examining how non-MARC descriptive metadata workflows for digital projects are organized in academic libraries. It examined: (1) the extent...
Positive response to nusinersen in a patient with motor neuron disease and 1 copy of SMN1 (5066)

Objective: To describe a positive response to nusinersen in patient with motor neuron disease and 1 copy of SMN1. Background: Most spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) cases are caused by biallelic deletions of exon 7. Remaining cases involve an exon 7 deletion and a pathogenic sequence variant. The number of SMN2 copies modifies the phenotype. Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, induces alternating splicing of SMN2, causing increased production of SMN protein. Design/Methods: The patient is a 5-year-old who presented at 3 months of age with hypotonia. Later he developed feeding difficulties and respiratory distress requiring G-tube and tracheostomy. Motor development was limited to head control and sitting without support. His exam had proximal weakness and absent reflexes. SMA testing revealed 1 copy of SMN1 and 1 copy of SMN2. No sequence variants in SMN1 were identified. Trio whole exome sequencing was unrevealing. Muscle biopsy demonstrated fiber type grouping and group atrophy consistent with motor neuron disease. As the patient best resembled type 2 SMA, nusinersen was trialed. Results: The patient underwent baseline CHOP INTEND, a validated scale for motor functioning in SMA patients, at 3 years of age with a score of 40/60. Nusinersen was initiated approximately nine months later. Five months after the start of nusinersen, the patient’s CHOP INTEND score was 20/60. Approximately six months later it had improved to 35/40. His mother noted improvement in extremity strength which was confirmed on clinical exam. Conclusions: A single exon 7 deletion and absence of SMN1 sequence variants is typically associated with carrier status for SMA. However, promotor and deep intronic variants are not detected by conventional testing nor exome sequencing and could cause SMA when paired with an exon 7 deletion or SMN1 sequence variant. In such cases where exome sequencing fails to demonstrate an alternative diagnosis, SMA-specific therapies such as nusinersen should be considered. Disclosure: Dr. Calame has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abid has nothing to disclose.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between expressive suppression and positive affect.

Abstract People differ in their self-reported propensities to experience positive affect (PA). Even those prone to internalizing symptoms show varied proclivities to PA; social anxiety (SA), for instance, unlike other types of anxiety, shows a strong negative association with PA that cannot be explained by diminished reward sensitivity. Heightened reliance on suppression of emotional displays (expressive suppression; ES) may be an alternate contributor to attenuated PA among people with elevated SA, relative to people with other types of anxiety. A first step toward testing this hypothesis is clarifying the ES-PA association and examining whether it varies as a function of anxiety type (social anxiety vs. other types of anxiety). This meta-analysis (k = 41; n = 11,010) revealed a significant, negative association between ES and PA (r = −0.158); however, this relationship was not significant for individuals with social or other anxiety disorders. Moreover, two moderators (sample culture—Western: r = −0.16; Eastern: r = 0.003; type of emotion suppressed—Negative: r = 0.18; Positive: r = −0.12) accounted for significant heterogeneity in effect sizes. This review synthesizes the literature on ES and PA in healthy and anxious samples; findings suggest moderating variables merit closer attention in future studies.
Citizens United and Conservative Judicial Activism

This Article analyzes the recent trend of conservative judicial activism in the Supreme Court and searches for a principled reason to explain it. The conservative majority has struck down several laws in recent years, culminating in its invalidation of an important provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. While judicial restraint and originalism are currently seen as conservative principles, neither principle explains these decisions. The author argues that no principle can explain the results of these cases—rather, they can only be explained by the Justices’ personal views and policy preferences. The author compares the conservative majority’s pattern to that of the Warren Court, which largely invalidated laws only when footnote four in United States v. Carolene Products Co. would dictate that the Court should. Thus, neither unrestrained judicial activism nor total judicial restraint is appropriate. Instead, the author argues that a selective judicial activism guided by footnote four is the best approach. The author then concludes that the conservative majority is troubling because it is infusing its personal policy preferences into its opinions while at the same time convincing the public that it is acting in a principled manner.
Treatment of a Transgender Client with Schizophrenia in a Public Psychiatric Milieu: A Case Study by a Student Therapist

SUMMARY This case presentation discusses an unusual clinical experience for a psychology student in training. It addresses the role of gender identity in the treatment of a transgender person with major mental illness receiving care in a public psychiatric milieu. The example here describes one of a few open male-to-female individuals on the caseload of the milieu. The client regularly discussed her view that she had not been understood in prior therapy settings, all of which have been public psychiatric facilities. Working with this patient provided a glimpse into an unusual system where the gender identity component was relevant to the overall planning and execution of treatment. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals may be resistant to disclose details of their sexual identity to therapists in public settings for fear of being rejected, abandoned, or further diagnosed as sexually deviant. While most public psychiatric facilities have diverse caseloads, it appears that LGBT issues, ...
Population dynamics in the elderly: the need for age-adjustment in national biosurveillance systems

With the growing threat of pandemic influenza, efforts to improve national surveillance to better predict and prevent this disease from affecting the most vulnerable populations are being undertaken. This paper examines the utility of Medicare data to obtain age-specific influenza hospitalization rates for historical analyses. We present a novel approach to describing and analyzing age-specific patterns of hospitalizations using Medicare data and show the implications of a dynamic population age distribution on hospitalization rates. We use these techniques to highlight the utility of implementing a real-time nationwide surveillance system for influenza cases and vaccination, and discuss opportunities to improve the existing system to inform policy and reduce the burden of influenza nationwide.
Writing simple program generators: a case study in building productivity tools

Abstract:The development of a program generator for data acquisition and management on a microcomputer is described in a case study. The generator has been used to achieve major gains in productivity of both experienced programmers and naive users. Specific rules and techniques used in developing the program generator are presented, together with design tradeoffs. By implication, these methods are suitable for developing other program generators for a wide variety of applications. The claim is made that writing program generators which are modest in scope and generality is a straightforward and teachable task, rather than an exotic technique. Consequently, software groups are urged to consider developing such productivity tools.
Technical Note: Intrafractional changes in time lag relationship between anterior–posterior external and superior–inferior internal motion signals in abdominal tumor sites

Purpose: To investigate constancy, within a treatment session, of the time lag relationship between implanted markers in abdominal tumors and an external motion surrogate. Methods: Six gastroesophageal junction and three pancreatic cancer patients (IRB-approved protocol) received two cone-beam CTs (CBCT), one before and one after treatment. Time between scans was less than 30 min. Each patient had at least one implanted fiducial marker near the tumor. In all scans, abdominal displacement (Varian RPM) was recorded as the external motion signal. Purpose-built software tracked fiducials, representing internal signal, in CBCT projection images. Time lag between superior–inferior (SI) internal and anterior–posterior external signals was found by maximizing the correlation coefficient in each breathing cycle and averaging over all cycles. Time-lag-induced discrepancy between internal SI position and that predicted from the external signal (external prediction error) was also calculated. Results: Mean ± standard deviation time lag, over all scans and patients, was 0.10 ± 0.07 s (range 0.01–0.36 s). External signal lagged the internal in 17/18 scans. Change in time lag between pre- and post-treatment CBCT was 0.06 ± 0.07 s (range 0.01–0.22 s), corresponding to 3.1% ± 3.7% (range 0.6%–10.8%) of gate width (range 1.6–3.1 s). In only one patient, change in time lag exceeded 10% of the gate width. External prediction error over all scans of all patients varied from 0.1 ± 0.1 to 1.6 ± 0.4 mm. Conclusions: Time lag between internal motion along SI and external signals is small compared to the treatment gate width of abdominal patients examined in this study. Change in time lag within a treatment session, inferred from pre- to post-treatment measurements is also small, suggesting that a single measurement of time lag at the session start is adequate. These findings require confirmation in a larger number of patients.
Forensic Issues in the Traumatic Stress Field

Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) play an important role in the criminal, civil and juvenile justice systems and are ubiquitous in the lives of many—if not most—persons who are involved in these systems. Traumatic stress professionals therefore must be aware of the special issues involved in conducting research, providing expert and clinical evaluations and testimony and conducting treatment, rehabilitation and prevention interventions in the legal (forensic) field. This chapter provides an overview of the research and clinical challenges confronting traumatic stress professionals in several areas in the forensic field, including the child welfare and child protective services systems (e.g., child abuse/neglect) and the family law courts (e.g., divorce and child custody, parental competence).
Intelligent Coaching for Collaboration in Ill-Defined Domains

This research seeks to improve learning by integrating intelligent coaching with peer-to-peer collaboration. We combine advanced technologies that support student freedom and exploration, allow for collaboration and peer tutoring, and provide task advice by modeling student work and behavior. We empirically evaluated both the effect of added collaborative features that enable peer-to-peer interaction and the potential to use this collaboration to improve the intelligent coaching features of the system. We found that collaboration enhances student work and that the coaching features provide opportunities to promote collaboration.
Modulation of in-vitro drug-release from a HPMC matrix system: Potential role of a disintegrant

The objective of the current study was to investigate the role of disintegrants in modulation of drug release from HPMC-based hydrophilic matrices. The polymer matrices of a water-soluble drug, Propranolol hydrochloride, were prepared in combination with different disintegrants by wet-granulation approach. The widely used superdisintegrants like crospovidone (CP), croscarmellose sodium (CCS), calcium carboxymethyl cellulose (CaCMC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were investigated for their potential role as release modifiers. The polymer-disintegrant combinations were evaluated for in-vitro drug-release behaviour at various pH conditions coupled with determination of swelling behaviour and gel properties of matrices through texture analysis. The polymer-disintegrant combinations provided control over initial release rate and also exhibited complete drug release over 24 h. The work of penetration of hydrogels after 24 h dissolution study revealed that formulation with croscarmellose sodium showed complete relaxation of gel which fostered the complete drug release. Drug-release from the developed combination matrices was observed to be primarily Fickian diffusion based, except for combination of HPMC- sodium starch glycolate based matrices, where non-Fickian behaviour was observed. Barring sodium starch glycolate, all other polymer-disintegrant combinations provided pH-independent drug release. The accelerated stability studies of optimized HPMC-disintegrant matrix system were also satisfactory. The results of this study suggest that a suitable disintegrant when used in combination with HPMC, could modulate the drug-release and also synergize the release-controlling properties of hydrogel matrix systems. These findings can certainly be applied to develop controlled-release hydrogel matrix system of other highly water-soluble drug candidates, and hold a great potential in development of cost-effective and stable HPMC-matrix systems with customized drug-release behaviour.
Plasma inflammatory markers and risk of advanced colorectal adenoma in women

Evidence remains inconclusive about the association of systemic inflammatory markers with colorectal neoplasia. We investigated whether circulating inflammatory markers were associated with risk of advanced colorectal adenoma. We measured plasma macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNFR-2) in blood samples drawn from 32,826 women in 1989 to 1990 in the Nurses' Health Study. Through 2008, we documented 757 cases of advanced colorectal adenomas (≥1 cm or any size with advanced histology); each case was matched by age and time of blood draw with one control randomly selected from participants who underwent lower endoscopy and did not have neoplasia. Plasma MIC-1 was associated with higher risk of advanced adenoma (Ptrend = 0.04), with an OR of 1.55 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.32) comparing extreme quintiles of MIC-1 after adjusting for colorectal cancer-risk factors and other inflammatory markers. Among cases, MIC-1 level was positively associated with the number of adenomas (P < 0.001) and gradually increased from adenomas located in the rectum, distal colon, and up to the proximal colon. There was a strong positive association between MIC-1 and risk of adenomas with multiplicity, ≥1 cm size and location in the proximal colon (all Ptrend < 0.05). CRP, IL6, or sTNFR-2 was not associated with adenoma risk. In conclusion, plasma MIC-1 was associated with higher risk of colorectal adenoma, especially multiple, large, and proximal adenomas. Our results provide further support for a role for MIC-1 in carcinogenesis and the potential for MIC-1 as an adjunctive biomarker for detection of advanced colorectal adenoma.
American Pogrom: the East St. Louis race riot and black politics

Scholars who address race relations in the US often situate events around the Civil Rights Movement in large, industrial, urban cities. However, this pivotal moment in the nation’s past obscures th...
Friend Turned Foe: A Role for Bacterial Sulfatases in Colitis

During colitis, gut bacteria and bacterial components can traverse the mucus layer and contact host cells. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Hickey et al. (2015) show that sulfatases of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are required for its outer membrane vesicles to transit to underlying host immune cells and cause colitis.
The Impact of Infidelity on Combat-Exposed Service Members

This study examined relationships between combat-exposed Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans' experiences related to infidelity during deployment (i.e., indicating that a partner was unfaithful or reporting concern about potential infidelity) and postdeployment mental health, as well as the role of subsequent stress exposure and social support in these associations. The sample consisted of 571 individuals (338 men). There were 128 participants (22.2%) who indicated that their partners were unfaithful during their most recent deployment. Of the remaining 443 participants, 168 (37.8%) indicated that they were concerned that their partners might have been unfaithful. Individuals who indicated that their partners were unfaithful exhibited higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (β = .08; f(2) = .18) and depression symptom severity (β = .09; f(2) = .14), compared to individuals who did not indicate that their partners were unfaithful. For both men and women, reported infidelity was associated with mental health indirectly via postdeployment life stressors, whereas infidelity concerns were indirectly associated with mental health via postdeployment life stressors for men only. Findings suggested that infidelity can have a significant impact on combat-exposed veterans' mental health and highlight the need for additional research on this understudied topic within the military population.
Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

This article reviews the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, with attention to pharmacologic and alternative management strategies and nutritional support.
The spin‐off as television program form and strategy

The spin‐off program, defined as “a new program derived from an existing one, usually through the appropriation of characters, “ has been used frequently as a primetime network television scheduling strategy since the 1960s. Implicit in the scheduling of spin‐off programs is the belief that they have a greater chance of success than non‐spin‐offs because the audience is already familiar with the characters and/or the situational aspects of the program. The purpose of this paper is to test this implied proposition through statistical analysis.
Coccinellid immigration to infested host patches influences suppression of Aphis glycines in soybean

Abstract Generalist natural enemies may be well adapted to annual crop systems in which pests and natural enemies re-colonize fields each year. In addition, for patchily-distributed pests, a natural enemy must disperse within a crop field to arrive at infested host patches. As they typically have longer generation times than their prey, theory suggests that generalist natural enemies need high immigration rates to and within fields to effectively suppress pest populations. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a pest of an annual crop and is predominantly controlled by coccinellids. To test if rates of coccinellid arrival at aphid-infested patches are crucial for soybean aphid control, we experimentally varied coccinellid immigration to 1 m2 soybean patches using selective barriers and measured effects on A. glycines populations. In a year with low ambient aphid pressure, naturally-occurring levels of coccinellid immigration to host patches were sufficient to suppress aphid populations, while decreasing coccinellid immigration rates resulted in large increases in soybean aphid populations within infested patches. Activity of other predators was low in this year, suggesting that most of the differences in aphid population growth were due to changes in coccinellid immigration. Alternatively, in a year in which alate aphids continually colonized plots, aphid suppression was incomplete and increased activity of other predatory taxa contributed to adult coccinellid predation of A. glycines. Our results suggest that in a system in which natural enemy populations cannot track pest populations through reproduction, immigration of natural enemies to infested patches can compensate and result in pest control.
Effects of partial ageusia and anosmia on thresholds for stimulus-bound feeding and drinking in rats

The results of a number of studies suggest that stimulus-bound feeding and drinking may be dependent upon the oronasal sensations which normally accompany feeding and drinking. Rats bearing electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus were given daily threshold tests for stimulus-bound feeding and drinking in their home cages. After their thresholds stabilized they were subjected to anosmia by suction of the olfactory bulbs, or to partial ageusia by bilateral transection of the lingual, chorda tympani and lateral branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves. None of these denervations, either separately or in combination, had any consistent effect on the thresholds. In two rats self-stimulation was also studied and was found to be only moderately reduced by the denervations. The implications of these data are discussed in terms of current theories of the mechanisms underlying stimulus-bound behaviors.
Affinely recursive sets and orderings of languages

An affinely recursive set S consists of integers defined by these rules: 1@?S, and if x@?S, then f(x)@?S for every f in a prescribed set F of affine functions with integer coefficients. If these functions are indexed by a set A, then each x in S except 1 corresponds to a word in the language L(A) of nonempty words over the alphabet A. Conditions are found for the correspondence to be bijective, so that the ordering of numbers in S induces an ordering of L(A). Moreover, since each x except 1 in S is of the form f(y) for some y in S and f in F, the set S is partitioned by F. The partition extends to L(A); viz., a component consists of words that end in the same letter. The distribution and limiting density within S of the numbers in each component is considered.
Gut Reaction to Wnt Signaling in Worms

Current studies using C. elegans genetics are expected to generate more exciting results about the functions of Wnt signaling pathways in various developmental events. While the research projects will continue to aim at understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell signaling events in directing development, some cell signaling events such as the P2-to-EMS signaling will also be excellent assay systems to dissect the Wnt signal transduction pathways. Not only do these genetic and molecular analyses increase our knowledge of the functions of the known components of the Wnt pathways, but they might also reveal new components of the pathways, as the cloning of mom-3 and mom-4 is likely to prove.
Molecular Dynamic Simulation of a Homogeneous bcc->hcp Transition

We have performed molecular dynamic simulations of a martensitic $\mathrm{bcc}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hcp}$ transformation in a homogeneous system. The system evolves into three martensitic variants, sharing a common nearest-neighbor vector along a $\mathrm{bcc}〈111〉$ direction, plus an fcc region. Nucleation occurs locally, followed by subsequent growth. We monitor the time-dependent scattering $S(\mathbf{Q},t)$ during the transformation, and find anomalous, Brillouin-zone-dependent scattering similar to that observed experimentally in a number of systems above the transformation temperature. This scattering is shown to be related to the elastic strain associated with the transformation and is not directly related to the phonon response.
Role of Telomerase in Maintaining Hematopoietic Stem Cell Telomere Length during Replicative Stress and Aging.

INTRODUCTION. Telomeres and telomerase expression have been implicated in neoplastic progression of human tumors and in replicative senescence of cultured cells. However, their role in replicative senescence and aging of cell populations in vivo is less certain, despite the fact that human telomere length is age-related in rapidly dividing tissues such as hematopoietic cells (1). Given that relatively short-lived inbred mice have telomeres several times longer than humans, the relevance of telomere shortening to aging in mice is even more doubtful. Using a Flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (Flow-FISH) method of measuring telomere length in individual cells, we have studied the effects of aging and sublethal irradiation on hematopoietic cells of long-lived (C57BL/6) and short-lived (DBA/2) mouse strains.
Ordered-Alloy Semiconductors

Ordered structures of nonrandom diluted-alloy semiconductors are examined. These ordered-alloys may be created by selectively depositing atomic monolayers along specific crystal directions. We show that ordered structures of dilute-magnetic semiconductors have enhanced magnetic properties. Ordered structures also lack the disorder-induced potential fluctuations associated with random alloying, and in addition might provide totally new band structures, via zone-folding.
Integrated circuit metal in the charged device model: bootstrap heating, melt damage, and scaling laws

Abstract Charged-device model electrostatic discharge (CDM ESD) stresses thin metal lines heavily because of strong I 2 R heating, resulting in a wider linewidth requirement as thin AlCu is integrated into multilayer metal systems. Metal heating during a CDM event is shown to strongly depend on device capacitance and on temperature coefficient of resistance.
A Cyclopentane, Cyclopentene and Cyclopentanone Annulation Methodology

Abstract The chemistry derived from the dienolates of 1,2-dicarboxylic acid esters is described. New methods for preparing cyclopentane, cyclopentene and cyclopentanone rings affixed to the diesters are discussed.
Nurse scheduling on a microcomputer

Abstract A computer package for solving the problem of shift scheduling for nurses in a hospital unit has been developed. There are two main modules in the package: 1. (1) the survey module, which is designed to query the nurses and the supervisor to obtain information about nurse preferences and unit requirements and to produce the input file for the scheduler 2. (2) the scheduler module, which creates and solves (approximately) an optimization problem and hence generates the desired shift schedules for the individual nurses. A description of the package and its implementation on an Apple Macintosh computer is given here.
Some Late Cenozoic Sedimentary Formations of the Lower Omo Basin

Geological and geomorphological studies in the lower Omo valley 1967–1968 have established a sedimentary sequence recording much of the late Cenozoic.
Mitochondrial RNA synthesis in sea urchin embryos.

Abstract A study was made of the RNA synthesized in the cytoplasm of early sea urchin embryos. Differential and isopycnic gradient centrifugation of 1 to 2 cell embryo homogenates indicates that about 50% of the [3H]uridine-labeled RNA is associated with the mitochondria. Essentially all of the RNA synthesized in anucleate egg fragments is mitochondrial. The labeled mitochondrial RNA is composed of at least three high molecular weight species, all of which are distinct from the labeled RNA in the extra-mitochondrial cytoplasm. A small amount of 4 s RNA is also labeled. Two of the three labeled high molecular weight species correspond to two species (11 s and 13 s) which are present in mitochondrial preparations in amounts detectable by ultraviolet absorbance. These may correspond to mitochondria-specific ribosomal RNA's. The third labeled species (15 s) does not correspond to any of the bulk mitochondrial species, and may be mitochondrial messenger RNA or mitochondrial ribosomal RNA precursor. Ethidium bromide inhibits embryo mitochondrial RNA synthesis differentially, but not with complete selectivity.
The effects of acute and chronic nadolol treatment on β2AR signaling in HEK293 cells

Nadolol (NAD) is a β-adrenergic receptor blocker with inverse agonist activity at βARs. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that chronic treatment with NAD decreased airway resistance response (Raw) to the muscarinic agonist methacholine in a murine model of asthma while acute treatment with NAD increased Raw (Callaerts-Vegh et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4948–4953, 2004). Chronic treatment with NAD also caused decreased airway inflammation and mucin content in a murine asthma model (Nguyen et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:256–262, 2008). In this study, we examined the effects of nadolol on β2AR levels and signaling components downstream of the β2AR using a line of HEK293 cells expressing human β2ARs. Chronic treatment with NAD increased β2AR protein levels and decreased receptor degradation, consistent with receptor stabilization by the inverse agonist. Basal cAMP levels decreased after 5 min of treatment with NAD but increased after a 24-h treatment. A 5-min treatment with NAD decreased forskolin-stimulated phosphorylation at the β2AR PKA site Ser 262 while a 24-h treatment with NAD increased it. In contrast, chronic treatment with NAD had no effect on phosphorylation of the β2AR GRK site at Ser 355, 356. Chronic treatment with NAD upregulated cellular levels of Gαs but had no effect on Gαi. Chronic NAD treatment therefore increases cellular cAMP levels by mechanisms that include the upregulation of β2AR and Gαs. This effect may explain in part the beneficial effects of chronic nadolol treatment on airway contractility.
Fresh basalts from the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge extend the Pacific geochemical province

OVER the past several decades, the examination of volcanic rocks recovered from mid-ocean ridges and ocean islands worldwide has led to the identification of large-scale geochemical provinces reflecting compositionally distinct domains in the Earth's mantle1,2. The spatial distribution of these domains may reveal global patterns of upper-mantle convection and mixing. Previous studies have shown, for example, that the distinct Indian Ocean isotope province1 has a relatively sharp eastern boundary within the Australian–Antarctic Discordance (AAD) south of Australia3,4 (Fig. 1). The juxtaposition of Indian Ocean basalt compositions west of this boundary and Pacific compositions to the east suggests that the AAD may overlie a zone of convergence between ocean-basin-scale upper-mantle convection regimes: if this is so, Pacific isotope compositions should occur continuously along the length of the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge (PAR). Fresh basaltic glasses have now been recovered from the southernmost portion of this previously unsampled ridge axis, and we report their major element, trace element and isotopic compositions. The chemical systematics of these rocks suggest that the Pacific Ocean geochemical province includes the PAR, extends to the AAD south of Australia, and thus is one of the largest chemically coherent mantle domains on the Earth.
The vertebral level of the arytenoid cartilages.

A group of 27 females and 24 males between the ages of eight years four months and 15 years seven months was examined to determine the vertebral level of their arytenoid cartilages. An apprasial of their lateral cephalometric radiographs which included the cervical vertebra was made under rigid conditions. Each cervical vertebra was divided into three sections in order to relate its position more precisely to the cartilages. The age of each subject was recorded and then compared with the vertebral level of their arytenoid cartilages. General consistency seemed to prevail throughout the group at given sex and age levels. Visualization of the arytenoid cartilages was excellent. No evidence of mineralization in the laryngeal cartilages was noted in the age group studied.
Manual transmission enhances attention and driving performance of ADHD adolescent males: pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Inattention is a major contributor to driving mishaps and is especially problematic among adolescent drivers with ADHD, possibly contributing to their 2 to 4 times higher incidence of collisions. Manual transmission has been demonstrated to be associated with greater arousal. This study tests the hypotheses that manual transmission, compared to automatic transmission, would be associated with better attention and performance on a driving simulator. METHOD: Ten adolescent drivers with ADHD practice driving on the simulator in the manual and automatic mode. Employing a single-blind, cross-over design, participants drive the simulator at 19:30 and 22:30 hr for 30 min in both transmissions and rate their attention to driving. RESULTS: Subjectively, participants report being more attentive while driving in manual transmission mode. Objectively, participants drive safer in the manual transmission mode. CONCLUSION: Although in need of replication, this pilot study suggests a behavioral intervention to improve driving performance among ADHD adolescents. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Innate Immune Pathways in Virus‐Induced Autoimmune Diabetes

We recently hypothesized that Toll-like receptor-induced innate upregulation by Kilham rat virus (KRV) in the BioBreeding diabetes-resistant (BBDR) rat model plays a key role in the mechanism of diabetes induction. To address this hypothesis, we analyzed innate immune signaling pathways upregulated by KRV in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that KRV activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 in spleen cells in vitro and that this activation can be blocked by TLR9 inhibition. We also show that KRV upregulates STAT-1 in pancreatic lymph nodes early after virus infection. Our data may implicate TLR9-induced STAT-1 signaling pathways in KRV-induced innate immune activation in the BBDR rat and raise the possibility that these pathways are involved in mediating autoimmune diabetes.