cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A TWO-PULSE SCHEME FOR THE TIME-OPTIMAL ATTITUDE CONTROL OF A SPINNING MISSILE

The problem of minimum-time attitude control of a spinning missile is addressed. The missile is modeled as a rigid body which is symmetric about one axis. The missile is assumed to have a large roll rate about this axis of symmetry. Control is achieved by a single reaction jet which, when fired, provides a constant moment about a transverse axis. Disturbance torques are assumed to be zero. The equations of motion are written under these assumptions. The missile is assumed to have some arbitrary initial transverse angular velocity and it is desired to take it to some final attitude in minimum time while reducing the transverse angular velocity to zero. This problem is formulated as an optimal control problem. Instead of taking the conventional approach of solving a two point boundary value problem, we consider an alternative approach. This approach deals with the specific case where only two thruster firings are sufficient to change the attitude of the missile in minimum time. By iterating on the switch times and integrating the state equations, we can compute the thruster firing times for a given set of boundary conditions. Some examples are included to illustrate the application of the concepts presented. We conclude by proposing a mechanization of this control scheme and pointing out some further research directions.
Synthesis and characterization of nanophase yttria co-doped with erbium and ytterbium

Abstract Nanophase yttria particles, co-doped with erbium and ytterbium, have been synthesized via gas-phase condensation with CO 2 -laser heating. The as-prepared nanoparticles were about 2 nm in diameter and mostly amorphous. Annealed nanoparticles were about 20–40 nm in diameter and showed good crystallinity. The annealed nanoparticles showed the characteristic near-infrared as well as green and red upconversion luminescence from the erbium ions.
Nontherapeutic research with children : The ramsey versus mccormick debate

The ethical debates about use of children as research subjects are stimulated by reports of actual events. These reports often distort the essential ethical arguments about how and when use of children can be justified. The essential arguments were clearly formulated in an historic debate between two ethicists, Paul Ramsey and Richard McCormick. Their debate laid the foundations for the recommendations of the National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects that have become the current federal regulations governing research with children.
The cultural dimensions of Italian leadership: Power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity from an American perspective

This article provides a cultural analysis of Italian leadership from a cross-cultural perspective. Americans view Italian leaders with cultural lenses and stereotypes often exaggerated by the media...
Elevated sister chromatid exchange rate in lymphocytes of subjects treated with arsenic

An elevated sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate was found in the lymphocytes of six patients treated with arsenic. All had stigmata of arsenic use as well as biopsy-proven skin cancers. The arsenic exposed patients had a mean of 14.00 SCE/mitosis while 44 normal controls had a mean of 5.8 SCE/mitosis. Chromosome breakage analysis revealed no difference between the two groups. SCE rate has been shown to be elevated in a variety of systems where cell cultures or experimental animals were exposed to known mutagens and carcinogens. We suggest that the relationship carcinogen exposure-elevated SCE rate-cancer may also be valid in humans treated with arsenic.
The Functional and Structural Consequences of Cavernous Nerve Injury are Ameliorated by Sildenafil Citrate

ABSTRACT Introduction Radical prostatectomy (RP) is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). A single, placebo-controlled, human study has assessed the effects of regular sildenafil use after RP and demonstrated an increased chance of preservation of preoperative erectile function. Aim This study was undertaken to define the effects of such a regimen in an animal model. Methods Using the cavernous nerve (CN) crush injury model, animals were divided into a number of groups: no CN injury (sham), bilateral CN injury exposed to either no sildenafil (control) or sildenafil at two doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) subcutaneously daily for three different durations (3, 10, 28 days). Main Outcome Measures At these time points, CN electrical stimulation was used to assess erectile function by mean intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio. For the structural analyses, whole rat penes were harvested. Staining for Masson's trichrome was utilized to calculate the smooth muscle-collagen ratio. Immunohistochemical antibody staining was performed for endothelial (CD31 and eNOS) and neural (GAP43, NGF, and nNOS) factors and immunoblotting was performed to analyze the AKT/eNOS pathway. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used for the assessment of apoptotic indices and the CN architecture was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Erectile function was improved with sildenafil in a time- and dose-dependent fashion with maximization of erectile function recovery occurring with daily 20 mg/kg at the 28-day time point. Sildenafil use resulted in smooth muscle-collagen ratio protection and CD31 and eNOS expression preservation. Sildenafil reduced apoptotic indices significantly compared with control. Animals exposed to sildenafil had increased phosphorylation of akt and eNOS. Tem demonstrated distinct differences in architecture between control and sildenafil groups toward an increased amount of myelinized nerve fibers. Conclusions Sildenafil use in the CN crush injury model preserves erectile function that appears to be mediated predominantly through preservation of smooth muscle content and endothelial function as well as through reduction in apoptosis. Mulhall JP, Muller A, Donohue JF, Mullerad M, Kobylarz K, Paduch DA, Tal R, Li PS, Cohen-Gould L, and Scardino PT. The functional and structural consequences of cavernous nerve injury are ameliorated by sildenafil citrate.
Brief treatment of homosexual patients.

Abstract This paper has presented the experience of a brief treatment team in treating 16 homosexual patients who were in crisis. They were seen for one to three interviews. We have discussed the challenges to the therapists' value system in treating homosexual patients and the importance of delineating the patients' priorities.
Endolymphatic mastoid shunt for Menière's disease: do results change over time?

In 1983, results of a 5-year study using the endolymphatic mastoid shunt for treatment of Meniere's disease were reported. Forty-eight patients were followed for between 1 and 5 years postoperatively, and 81% obtained satisfactory relief of vertigo. In the present analysis, 24 of these patients responded to a questionnaire, participated in a direct interview, and completed audiometric evaluations at 7 to 11 years after surgery. Eighty-three percent of these patients reported satisfactory relief of their vertigo. Results for hearing, tinnitus, and limitation of activities also varied little between the initial study and this longer-term follow-up. Studies with shorter follow-up appear valid in predicting longer-term results. These findings support the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery's recommendation of a 2-year follow-up period for reporting results of therapy for Meniere's disease.
The Relation between Remembering and Knowing as Bases for Recognition: Effects of Size Congruency

Abstract In three recognition memory experiments, subjects studied a list of randomly generated geometric shapes, followed by a recognition test in which old items were either size congruent (same size at study and test) or size incongruent. In Experiment 1, the process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991) showed that changing the size of the items led to a decrease in both recollection and familiarity. In Experiment 2, the remember/know procedure (Tulving, 1985) showed that recollection, as indexed by the proportion of "remember" responses, decreased with size incongruence, but familiarity, as indexed by the proportion of "know" responses, increased. The latter effect along with other problems with the remember/know procedure were found to arise because of the procedure′s underlying assumption that recollection and familiarity are mutually exclusive. When an independence assumption was combined with the remember/know data (IRK), results agreed with those of the process dissociation procedure. In Experiment 3, receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were examined using the remember/know procedure and showed that familiarity was well described by a signal detection process that was independent of recollection.
DFT study of CO42- and CO52- relevant to oxygen reduction with the presence of molten carbonate in solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Using DFT methods, we have studied CO 4 2 - and CO 5 2 - relevant to oxygen reduction at the presence of molten carbonate in the cathode of fuel cells. The binding energy of CO2 to O 2 2 - is calculated to be 143 kcal mol−1, showing that peroxide plays an important role in the reduction of CO2 in MCFCs. The formation of CO 5 2 - from CO 3 2 - and O2 is exothermic, with an energy change of −24.3 kcal mol−1, which is comparable to the adsorption energy of oxygen on the defect sites of the LSM cathode of SOFCs. For 2 CO 3 2 - + O 2 ⇋ 2 CO 4 2 - , the equilibrium constant at 873 K is estimated to be 1.1 and CO 4 2 - is thermodynamically favored. The formation of CO 4 2 - and CO 5 2 - has significantly decreased the reduction potential of oxygen and will promote the ORR process in SOFCs.
Maque, a family of extremely short interspersed repetitive elements: characterization, possible mechanism of transposition, and evolutionary implications

Abstract Database analysis revealed a novel family of very short interspersed repetitive elements named Maque in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Past mobility of Maque was demonstrated by evidence of its insertion that resulted in a target duplication. Approximately 220 copies of Maque were present in the A. gambiae genome. Although only approximately 60 bp long, Maque has the appearance of a distinct transposition unit. Eleven of the 12 Maque elements found in the database were flanked by 9–14 bp direct repeats, indicating that their transposition was relatively recent. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are at least two subgroups within the Maque family, suggesting that they may have been originated from more than one source. Five of the 12 Maque elements had at least one other repetitive element nearby. Three of the Maque elements were found near genes. However, Maque was not found in the coding regions of genes or in any of the expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which is consistent with its significantly biased distribution toward A + T rich regions. Several characteristics of Maque indicate that it is likely a non-autonomous retro-element. The evolutionary origin of Maque and the differences between Maque and other known retro-elements including short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) are discussed. A hypothesis is proposed in which short sequences containing just the reverse transcriptase recognition signal (RTRS) could potentially contribute to exon shuffling and the genesis of some primordial SINEs.
Molecular pathogenesis of head and neck cancers

Head and neck cancers represent a progressive genetic malady, with genetic aberrations accumulating in response to carcinogen exposure. Although individual genomic aberrations develop at specific time points in the progression axis, the precise role of these abnormalities in tumor progression and cancer behavior remain to be elucidated. This article will give an overview of the current knowledge on the molecular basis for the development of head and neck cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:634–639. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Myocardial Oxygenation During High Work States in Hearts With Postinfarction Remodeling

Background—Postinfarction left ventricular remodeling (LVR) is associated with reductions in myocardial high-energy phosphate (HEP) levels, which are more severe in animals that develop overt congestive heart failure (CHF). During high work states, further HEP loss occurs, which suggests demand-induced ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that inadequate myocyte oxygen availability is the basis for these HEP abnormalities. Methods and Results—Myocardial infarction was produced by left circumflex coronary artery ligation in swine. Studies were performed in 20 normal animals, 14 animals with compensated LVR, and 9 animals with CHF. Phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP was determined with 31P NMR and deoxymyoglobin (Mb-δ) with 1H NMR in myocardium remote from the infarct. Basal PCr/ATP tended to be decreased in postinfarct hearts, and this was significant in animals with CHF. Infusion of dobutamine (20 μg · kg−1 · min−1 IV) caused doubling of the rate-pressure product in both normal and LVR hearts and resulted in...
Discrimination of soluble and aggregation-prone proteins based on sequence information.

Understanding the factors governing protein solubility is a key to grasp the mechanisms of protein solubility and may provide insight into protein aggregation and misfolding related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this work, we attempt to identify factors important to protein solubility using feature selection. Firstly, we calculate 1438 features including physicochemical properties and statistics for each protein. Random Forest algorithm is used to select the most informative and the minimal subset of features based on their predictive performance. A predictive model is built based on 17 selected features. Compared with previous models, our model achieves better performance with a sensitivity of 0.82, specificity 0.85, ACC 0.84, AUC 0.91 and MCC 0.67. Furthermore, a model using a redundancy-reduced dataset (sequence identity <= 30%) achieves the same performance as the model without redundancy reduction. Our results provide not only a reliable model for predicting protein solubility but also a list of features important to protein solubility. The predictive model is implemented as a freely available web application at http://shark.abl.ku.edu/ProS/.
Allelic imbalance analysis by high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphic allele (SNP) array with whole genome amplified DNA

Besides their use in mRNA expression profiling, oligonucleotide microarrays have also been applied to single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or allelic imbalance studies. In this report, we evaluate the reliability of using whole genome amplified DNA for analysis with an oligonucleotide microarray containing 11 560 SNPs to detect allelic imbalance and chromosomal copy number abnormalities. Whole genome SNP analyses were performed with DNA extracted from osteosarcoma tissues and patient-matched blood. SNP calls were then generated by Affymetrix® GeneChip® DNA Analysis Software. In two osteosarcoma cases, using unamplified DNA, we identified 793 and 1070 SNP loci with allelic imbalance, respectively. In a parallel experiment with amplified DNA, 78% and 83% of these SNP loci with allelic imbalance was detected. The average false-positive rate is 13.8%. Furthermore, using the Affymetrix® GeneChip® Chromosome Copy Number Tool to analyze the SNP array data, we were able to detect identical chromosomal regions with gain or loss in both amplified and unamplified DNA at cytoband resolution.
Structure of gel phase saturated lecithin bilayers: temperature and chain length dependence.

Systematic low-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering studies have been performed on fully hydrated unoriented multilamamellar vesicles of saturated lecithins with even chain lengths N = 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 as a function of temperature T in the normal gel (L beta') phase. For all N, the area per chain Ac increases linearly with T with an average slope dAc/dT = 0.027 A2/degree C, and the lamellar D-spacings also increase linearly with an average slope dD/dT = 0.040 A/degree C. At the same T, longer chain length lecithins have more densely packed chains, i.e., smaller Ac's, than shorter chain lengths. The chain packing of longer chain lengths is found to be more distorted from hexagonal packing than that of smaller N, and the distortion epsilon of all N approaches the same value at the respective transition temperatures. The thermal volume expansion of these lipids is accounted for by the expansion in the hydrocarbon chain region. Electron density profiles are constructed using four orders of low-angle lamellar peaks. These show that most of the increase in D with increasing T is due to thickening of the bilayers that is consistent with a decrease in tilt angle theta and with little change in water spacing with either T or N. Because of the opposing effects of temperature on area per chain Ac and tilt angle 0, the area expansivity alpha A is quite small. A qualitative theoretical model based on competing head and chain interactions accounts for our results.
Glutathione conjugation of electrophilic metabolites of 1-nitronaphthalene in rat tracheobronchial airways and liver: identification by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

1-Nitronaphthalene (1-NN) is a mutagenic nitroaromatic which has been detected in emissions from both heavy- and light-duty diesel engines, as well as in urban airborne particles. 1-NN is a cytochrome P450-bioactivated, nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell cytotoxicant. These studies examined the metabolism of 1-NN to electrophilic metabolites which were trapped as glutathione conjugates in highly susceptible (lung) and less susceptible (liver) tissues of the rat. Significant depletion of reduced glutathione was observed at all levels of tracheobronchial airways of rats treated with 200 mg/kg 1-NN, ip. This observation of depleted glutathione was consistent with the HPLC radioactivity profiles demonstrating six glutathione conjugates isolated from liver and lung microsomal incubations with 1-NN, [(3)H]glutathione, and glutathione S-transferase. Mass spectrometry of all six metabolites in electrospray positive ion mode yielded an ion of m/z 497 (M + H), and daughter ions of m/z 479 (loss of water), m/z 306 (glutathione), and m/z 177 (loss of the nitro group and formation of hydroxy naphthalene thiolate ion), demonstrating the formation of hydroxy-dihydroglutathionyl derivatives presumably via intermediate epoxide(s). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified four different regioisomeric conjugates from lung and liver microsomal incubations: 1-nitro-7-glutathionyl-8-hydroxy-7, 8-dihydronaphthalene, 1-nitro-7-hydroxy-8-glutathionyl-7, 8-dihydronaphthalene, 1-nitro-5-hydroxy-6-glutathionyl-5, 6-dihydronaphthalene, and 1-nitro-5-glutathionyl-6-hydroxy-5, 6-dihydronaphthalene. HPLC radioactivity profiles demonstrated that major conjugates generated in the lung were derived from the C(7), C(8)-epoxide, whereas the most prominent metabolites in the liver were derived from the C(5),C(6)-epoxide.
Treatment of mandibular 3-wall intrabony defects by flap debridement and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membranes. Long-term evaluation of 32 treated patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing potential of deep, primarily 3wall intrabony defects which were treated by flap debridement and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes and followed for extended time periods. All of the treated defects were in the mandibular arch. Thirty-two patients were treated and reexamined at an average of 3 years 5 months. Twenty-four of these patients had re-entry procedures at the second examination. Sixteen of these patients were examined a third time at an average of 4 years 3 months. The patients were evaluated for changes in probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession, changes in crestal resorption, and defect bone fill. The paired t-test for related samples was used to test for differences between examinations. Between Exams 1 and 2 there was a statistically significant reduction of pocket depth (3.8 mm), gain in clinical attachment level (4.2 mm), and an increase in recession (-1.2 mm). For the 24 patients who had re-entry procedures there was an average defect fill of 4.3 mm (P < 0.0001) and 0.33 mm of crestal resorption (P < 0.0001). The 16 patients who were examined 3 times sustained decreases in PD, gains in CAL, and recession recorded at the second examination. These changes were statistically significant at Exam 3. The results of this study demonstrate that deep, 3-wall intrabony defects treated by debridement and ePTFE barrier membranes will have significant decreases in PD, gains in CAL, recession, decreases in crestal resorption, and gains in bone fill. These gains can be maintained over extended time intervals and are considered to be predictable. J Periodontol 1993; 64:1138-1144.
Control of insulin secretion in the Egyptian sand rat ((Psammomys obesus).

Eighteen sand rats (Psammomys obesus) maintained on a vegetable or mixed vegetable and laboratory chow diet were bled and their pancreases removed and incubatedin vitro to study insulin release. Plasma glucose and insulin measurements showed that all the animals were either normal or had a mild non-ketotic diabetes mellitus-like syndrome. Pancreatic insulin content was high (13 to 20 U/g) and insulin release in basal medium was 5 to 25 times that occurring with pancreas pieces from common laboratory animals. Basalin vitro insulin release correlated with the plasma insulin value at the time of sacrifice. Glucose, tolbutamide and dibutyryl cyclic AMP did not significantly stimulate nor did dopamine inhibit insulin release from pancreases from normal or mildly diabetic sand rats. Glucagon, however, did significantly stimulatein vitro insulin release. Insulin secretion in the sand rat has unique control mechanisms.
The presence of psychiatric disorders in HIV-infected women

Many women of low socioeconomic status who have contracted HIV qualify for individual, dual, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses that predate their knowledge of their HIV infection. Two case studies of HIV-infected women are presented. Psychoactive substance use disorders are the most common Axis I diagnoses, followed by depression. The most frequently diagnosed Axis II disorders are borderline and antisocial personality disorders. These women reported histories that often included alcohol and other drug use, childhood sexual abuse, violent interpersonal relationships, depression, and learning disabilities. Earlier intervention addressing these problems might have prevented the onset of psychiatric disorders as well as high-risk behaviors that lead to HIV infection.
Evidence for the aerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene by a bacterial isolate

A microorganism, which utilizes tetrachloroethylene (PCE) as a sole source of metabolic carbon under aerobic conditions, has been isolated. It has been identified as aPseudomonas spp. Degradation of PCE by this bacterium was quantified by gas chromatography.
The influence of lignin–carbohydrate complexes on the cellulase-mediated saccharification II: Transgenic hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. and Populus maximowiczii A.)

Twelve transgenic hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L. and Populus maximowiczii A.) were used to demonstrate the influence of the lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) on enzymatic saccharification. The samples have different levels of the syringaldehyde (S) to vanillin (V) ratio from 0.1 to 2.6 and the lignin content from 10.5% to 24.3%, compared to the control (the S/V ratio 1.7 and the lignin content 22.0%). Any adventitious contaminants that could affect the final enzymatic saccharification were removed by performing thorough extraction on the samples. The crude milled wood lignins were subsequently isolated from which the phenyl glycoside, benzyl ether and γ-ester linkages representative of the LCC were identified and quantified by 13C and 1H–13C HSQC NMR. It was found that the samples showed different levels of the three LCC linkages, depending on the lignin content and/or the S/V ratio. The correlation between the LCCs and enzymatic saccharification nearly conclusively demonstrated that the LCCs accounted for the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biodegradation.
Increased predation risk while mate guarding as a cost of reproduction for male broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps)

We investigated antipredatory costs associated with mate guarding as potential costs of reproduction for male broad-headed skinks. Mate guarding by male lizards may increase fitness by preventing loss of fertilizations of the guarded female's eggs to other males, but it may have several costs. In addition to lost opportunities to search for additional females, risk of injury while fighting other males, and energetic expenditures while following females and fighting, guarding males might suffer increased risk of predation and reduction of opportunities to forage. We studied potential antipredatory costs of mate guarding by simulating predators searching for and approaching pairs of lizards in the field. Among pairs of lizards in close proximity to each other, males were detected before females 10 times more frequently than females were detected before males, and females fled before males much more frequently than males fled before females when pairs were approached, leaving the males exposed to the predator. After one or both lizards fled, males frequently followed females by scanning visually and scent trailing, exposing themselves to the predator while the female hid. Females never followed males. The implications of these findings for antipredatory costs of mate guarding are discussed.
Electron microscopy characterization of Ba(Cd1/3Ta2/3)O3 microwave dielectrics with boron additive

The microstructure of Ba(Cd 1 / 3 Ta 2 / 3 )O 3 ceramics with boron additive was investigated by high-resolution and analytical electron microscopy. Superlattice reflections were present at positions of (h ′ 1/3, k ′ 1/3, 1′ 1/3) away from the fundamental reflections in the [110] zone diffraction pattern for the pseudocubic perovskite unit cell. Lattice images showed a well-ordered structure with hexagonal symmetry. No boron segregation and amorphous phase was observed along grain boundaries. An amorphous phase rich in boron-oxide was observed to form pockets partially penetrating along multiple grain junctions.
Is cardiac diagnosis a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome after cardiac surgery in infancy

Objectives To determine whether a cardiac diagnosis is a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcomes after infant cardiac surgery. Methods Infants with ventricular septal defect (VSD), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in a study of apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) polymorphisms, and neurodevelopmental outcome underwent neurodevelopmental and genetic evaluation at 4 years of age. The domains tested included cognition, language, speech, memory, executive function, visual-motor, fine motor, and reading and math skills. Results Testing was completed in 178 patients with normal genetic evaluations: VSD (n = 26), TOF (n = 44), TGA (n = 41), and HLHS (n = 67). No differences were found in gestational age, ethnicity, APOE genotype, socioeconomic status, or maternal education among groups. Patient age at the first surgery was significantly lower for patients with TGA and HLHS compared with those with TOF and VSD. The postoperative length of stay was significantly longer for HLHS than all other groups and for TGA compared with TOF and VSD. HLHS correlated significantly with the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and multiple operations. The mean scores for each domain were within normal limits for all groups. Compared with the other patients, those with HLHS had significantly lower scores for cognition, fine motor skills, executive function, and math skills. No significant differences were found among the TGA, TOF or VSD patients for any domain. Significant impairments in at least 1 domain were identified in 8% (2/25) of patients with VSD, 20% (8/41) with TOF, 17% (7/41) with TGA, and 18% (12/65) with HLHS. After correction for the demographic, preoperative, and operative variables, no significant differences were found among the groups for any domain. Conclusions The mean scores for the neurodevelopmental outcomes domains tested were in the normal range for preschool children with no recognized genetic syndromes after surgery for VSD, TOF, TGA, and HLHS. In each diagnostic group, the number of children with impairments in at least 1 domain increased compared with the general population. Unadjusted neurodevelopmental outcomes for HLHS were lower for cognition, fine motor skills, executive function, and math skills compared with the other patients. After correction for the demographic, preoperative, and operative variables, no significant differences were found among the groups for any domain. The specific cardiac diagnosis determines a large portion of the variation in these covariates. Therefore, although HLHS did predict for poorer outcomes in some domains, it did not add predictive power to the other factors considered.
Response to Schade: To pump or not to pump?

In the editorial published in the November issue of Diabetes Care , entitled “To Pump or Not to Pump” (1), Dr. David Schade provides an excellent review of the recent history of the “intensive insulin therapy” approach for the management of type 1 diabetic patients and the gradual development of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion utilizing an external insulin infusion pump (CSII). Surprisingly, despite the overwhelming evidence that CSII is superior to some multiple insulin injection (MDI) programs, …
Force-controlled inorganic crystallization lithography.

Lithography plays a key role in integrated circuits, optics, information technology, biomedical applications, catalysis, and separation technologies. However, inorganic lithography techniques remai...
Rational Design of Molecules with Large Hyperpolarizabilities. Electric Field, Solvent Polarity, and Bond Length Alternation Effects on Merocyanine Dye Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties

The effects of applied electric fields and solvent polarity on the linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of three prototypical merocyanine (donor−conjugated pathway−acceptor) chromophores of differing architectural types are analyzed using semiempirical INDO/1 calculations in the presence of imposed static electric fields, using finite-field self-consistent field (FFSCF), and in the presence of solvent dielectrics, self-consistent reaction field (SCRF), models. The NLO properties are computed using the computationally efficient correction vector approach. Both applied electric fields and solvent are found to affect the extent of charge separation induced in the ground states of these molecules. This charge separation leads to a geometric distortion, measured by the bond-length alternation (BLA) parameter, which indexes the geometrical evolution of the molecular architecture from a neutral polyenic structure to a partially ionic cyanine-like structure to an ionic polymethine-like structure. These g...
Studies of the antigenic properties of the catalytic and glycoprotein subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase.

Abstract Antibodies were raised against isolated, delipidated catalytic [α] and glycoprotein [β] subunits of the Na + ,K + -dependent ATPase purified from lamb kidney medulla. The specificity of each antiserum was confirmed by agar double-diffusion precipitation, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A solid phase adsorption assay was also employed to determine antibody binding titers and to further test the specificity of these antisera. Antibodies raised to the α subunit had a strong reactivity and similar titer values for both the holoenzyme and the α subunit and a low-affinity cross-reactivity with the β subunit. In contrast, β-subunit-directed antibodies had little reactivity or binding with the holoenzyme and a low-affinity cross-reactivity with the α subunit. Competition binding studies revealed that about 80% of the α-subunit-specific antibodies bound to the holoenzyme, indicating that similar sets of antigenic sites are exposed in the lipid-embedded holoenzyme complex and in the isolated α subunit. Competition binding studies also suggest that the subunit cross-reactivities of the antisera may not result from simple contamination of the respective antigens, but that there may be partial homologies of some antigenic sites. In addition, the β-directed antibodies had no effect on Na + ,K + -ATPase activity, while the α-directed antibodies were effective inhibitors of activity. This indicates that at least some functionally important antigenic sites of the α subunit may be unaltered by its isolation and delipidation.
Allergic contact dermatitis: novel immunohistologic features.

Leu-8 is a novel antigen expressed by the majority of mature T cells and certain other cells. Recent studies of the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction indicate that both Leu- 8+ and Leu-8- subsets of Leu-3+ T cells have important functions in cell-mediated immunity in vitro. In order to determine whether Leu-3+8+ and/or Leu-3+8- T cells are present in cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo, we studied the immunohistology of allergic contact dermatitis in 8 biopsies from 8 patients with positive patch tests and 3 biopsies from 2 patients with Rhus dermatitis. Both Leu-3+8+ and Leu-3+8- T cells were present in each biopsy. Only 1 case had a definite minority of the Leu-3+8+ subset. These results suggest that, analogous to in vitro systems, both Leu-8+ and Leu-8- subsets of Leu-3+ T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity in vivo. HLA-DR+ keratinocytes were present in only 3 of 11 biopsies at days 3-7. No HLA-DQ+ keratinocytes were identified. We also confirmed prior findings that Leu-3+ cells are the predominant T-cell population, Langerhans cells are increased, and B cells and NK cells are rare. Furthermore, Tac and Ki-67 expression by T cells and Leu-3 expression by Langerhans cells tended to increase over time.
Scheduling pre-printed newspaper advertising inserts using genetic algorithms

In recent years, the use of pre-printed advertising inserts in newspapers has increased dramatically. Pre-printed inserts allow advertisers to deliver colorful, high-quality marketing material to targeted groups of consumers within the newspaper's delivery zone structure. To accommodate the increased workload associated with pre-printed inserts without negatively impacting the news deadline or delivery schedules, many newspaper companies face increasingly complex post-press scheduling decisions. This paper presents a spreadsheet model developed to represent the pre-printed insert scheduling problem in a case study of an actual medium-size newspaper company. The performance of two commercial genetic algorithm (GA) optimizers is compared on this problem. Computational testing shows the GAs develop schedules that substantially reduce the post-press production department's insert processing time.
Independence of milo disease symptoms and electrolyte leakage induced by the host-specific toxin from Periconia circinata

The host-specific toxin produced by Periconia circinata induced an efflux of electrolytes and caused milo disease symptoms in seedlings of sorghum susceptible to the pathogen, but not in seedlings of a near-isogenic resistant cultivar. The extent of electrolyte leakage depended on concentration of toxin up to c. 500 ng ml −1 . Concentrations of toxin sufficient to elicit severe disease symptoms did not induce a marked leakage of electrolytes when applied after a 10-h treatment with low concentrations that produced no symptoms and caused only minimal loss of electrolytes. However, the pretreated seedlings developed symptoms at a rate comparable to seedlings that were not pretreated with the lower concentration of toxin, suggesting that electrolyte leakage is not essential for symptom development. In both susceptible and resistant seedlings, fusaric acid and citrinin induced a rapid loss of electrolytes 2- to 3-fold greater than that induced in susceptible seedlings by Periconia toxin. Seedlings of the susceptible cultivar treated with Periconia toxin developed distinct milo disease symptoms 2 to 3 days earlier than the mild chlorosis that developed in resistant and susceptible seedlings treated with fusaric acid or citrinin. Thus, rapid symptom development does not necessarily and inevitably result from loss of electrolytes. The dissociation of electrolyte leakage from milo disease symptoms suggests that, although toxin recognition may occur at the cell surface and result in loss of electrolytes, other physiological responses are more significant to development of visible disease symptoms.
The Effect of Behavioral Context on Information Selection and Differential Accuracy in a Person Perception Task

Summary The failure of earlier studies to find much evidence for differential accuracy may have been due to the methodology employed. Two modifications of the standard methodology were introduced in the present experiments: (a) the judges self-selected the information on which their judgments were based, and (b) the objective value of the information was specified. Groups of judges selected information with and without behavioral context, and received it with and without behavioral context. All groups achieved significantly greater differential accuracy than the control group. Although judges varied widely in their information preferences, the more accurate judges did not choose objectively better information. Behavioral context significantly increased accuracy only when provided during the information selection process. The second experiment replicated the major findings and further clarified the function of behavioral context. The results underline the necessity of distinguishing between objective and s...
Sensitivity experiments on the effect of orbitally-caused insolation changes on the interglacial climate of high northern latitudes

Abstract Orbital variations produce changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation. These changes can be particularly important in high latitudes where feedback mechanisms involving sea ice and snow cover can operate. This paper presents preliminary analyses of the sensitivity of the climate of northern latitudes to orbitally-caused insolation changes. The results are based upon numerical simulations of climate with a variety of models including atmospheric general circulation models that are coupled to models of mixed-layer oceans. When perihelion occurs in northern summer and the axial tilt is large then the interiors of continents are drier and summer temperatures are several degrees Celsius warmer than present; the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice is reduced significantly. In northern winter, parts of the continental interiors are colder due to decreased radiation. These conditions would be associated with interglacials such as the periods around 125 ka and 9 ka to 6 ka BP.
Structure and magnetic properties of AH3 and AMe3 inorganic radicals and radical ions (AAl−, Si, and P+) by ab initio calculation

Abstract Ab initio SCF-MO calculations are reported on the geometry and magnetic properties of some AH3 and AMe3 inorganic radicals and radical ions (AAl−, Si, P+). A polarized split-valence procedure was used to determine the optimum geometry in each case and we find little change in the degree of pyramidality upon methylation. The spin density distribution was characterized by calculations employing a basis set of double-zeta quality with polarization functions on all non-hydrogenic atoms. In the hydrides, p-functions were included on the hydrogens. The reassignment of a spectrum originally attributed to AlMe3− is supported. Instead we predict for the trimethylalane radical anion A‖ (27Al) ∼ 20.5 mT and A⊥ (27Al) ∼ 13.5 mT. In an isotropic spectrum a(27Al)=17.0 ± 0.5 mT is expected. In addition some estimates are made of IR and Raman active vibrational frequencies for this unknown species.
Validation of a visual attention test as a predictor of driving accident involvement

A computer-administered test of visual attention was investigated as a predictor of driving accident involvement. Three forms of the test were administered to three independent samples. The correlation between test performance and self-reported driving accident involvement was significant. Furthermore, the magnitude of this relationship was within the upper range of validities typically reported for most selection devices. The potential utility of the test and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Strategies for transcriptional activation by steroid/nuclear receptors.

Nuclear receptors regulate transcription in direct response to their cognate hormonal ligands. Ligand binding leads to the dissociation of corepressors and the recruitment of coactivators. Many of these factors, acting in large complexes, have emerged as chromatin remodelers through intrinsic histone-modifying activities or through other novel functions. In addition, other ligand-recruited complexes appear to act more directly on the transcriptional apparatus, suggesting that transcriptional regulation by nuclear receptors may involve a process of both chromatin alterations and direct recruitment of key initiation components at regulated promoters. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 32/33:103-109, 1999.
Formation and Enterohepatic Circulation of Water-soluble Metabolites of Retinol (Vitamin A) in the Rat

BIOLOGICALLY active metabolites of retinoic acid are apparently formed in the stomach1 and colon2, and water-soluble metabolites of retinol or retinoic acid appear in the plasma, urine, and faeces of chickens and rats within 24 h after administration3–6. The organs involved in these transformations, the chemical nature of the products, and the route of excretion have not been defined in detail. This report concerns the conversion in rat liver of 14C-retinol and 14C-retinoic acid to water-soluble metabolites, which are afterwards excreted in the bile, are largely absorbed from the gut, and are re-excreted in the bile. Preliminary observations on the properties of these metabolites are presented.
Ribonuclease-resistance patterns of RNA from L1210 cells.

Abstract Ribonuclease resistance of RNA from mammalian cells was studied as a possible measure of the extent of base pairing. Ribonuclease-sensitive and resistant components of the RNA were discerned from the biphasic kinetics of the ribonuclease reaction. The amount of resistant component increased progressively with increasing salt concentration until it comprised 20–40% of the total RNA. Comparisons between different RNA fractions from L1210 cells revealed differences in the content of resistant component, in the order: nucleolar ribosomal-precursor RNA > mature ribosomal RNA > nucleoplasmic RNA. In each RNA fraction, the amount of resistant component was greater when measured by a cytidine label than by a uridine label. Comparison with known double-stranded RNA indicated that the bulk of the resistant component consists of lessstable structures, such as short or imperfect helices.
Evolving a modern protective relay system

The history of a decade of experience with various kinds of protective relay equipment on one of the nation's largest electric service systems is outlined here. Conclusions leading to, and methods of accomplishing, a complete revision in system operating practise are discussed.
Automated sample processing for flow cytometry

The utility of pathogen and toxin detection systems depends not only upon sensitivity, specificity and capability for multiplexed recognition, but also on access at the point of need, ease of use, and response time. Combining microfluidics and optical biosensors facilitates miniaturization and automation, while careful design makes it possible to test variable quantities of complex matrices such as food (mL) and clinical samples (µL). We report on progress towards an optofluidic system that combines a rotating magnet trap for automated sample processing and a microflow cytometer capable of 4-color analysis to achieve multi-analyte diagnostics. Sample and antibody-coated magnetic beads are introduced into a moving magnetic field created by magnets rotating in the opposite direction of the flow. The color-coded magnetic beads with captured target remain in suspension while fluorescent tracer reagents are introduced to the flow, thus optimizing the binding kinetics and minimizing aggregation. Magnetic beads with bound target and tracer reagents are released for multiplexed analysis by reversing the direction of spinning magnets.
Incidental and Preliminary—Features of the Late Kafka

This article points towards a connection between two research areas conventionally separated from each other: on the one hand, an interest in the social problems and ideas with which Kafka was familiar in his job at the Prague Workmen’s Accident Insurance Institute and, on the other hand, an interest in Kafka’s writing process. The world of Kafka’s late texts looks like one seen through the eyes of an insurance expert, shaped by flexible, only preliminary norms and calculations in which the behavior of a single individual is incidental and insignificant. A closer look at late manuscripts by Kafka demonstrates that he struggled hard against the merely preliminary character of his writing and experienced difficulties deciding what was merely incidental and what was significant in his own texts. The difficulties of the writing process are also difficulties that the figures in his texts have to deal with: hence, the incidental and the preliminary are seen here as features of Kafka’s late writing and writings.
Linear Control Design for Guaranteed Stability of Uncertain Linear Systems

In this paper, a linear control design algorithm based on the elemental perturbation bounds developed recently is presented for a simple second order linear uncertain system satisfying matching conditions. The proposed method is compared with Guaranteed Cost Control (GCC), Multi-step Guaranteed Cost Control (MGCC) and the Matching Condition (MC) methods and is shown to give guaranteed stability with lesser values for the control gains than some of the existing methods for the example considered.
Oligodendrocyte production and myelin recovery in heterozygous jimpy mice: An autoradiographic study

Abstract Jimpy is a genetic disorder of mouse resulting in hypomyelination. In this study oligodendrocyte proliferation was examined in heterozygous carriers of the jimpy gene. The incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA is increased in jimpy heterozygotes compared to controls. An autoradiographic analysis indicated that oligodendrocytes are the predominant neuroglial cell type being produced in the brain at the ages studied in both heterozygotes and control animals. In addition, the total number of labeled oligodendrocytes was increased in the heterozygote animals compared to controls. These results, taken together, indicate that the rate of oligodendrocyte production is greater in jimpy heterozygotes than in control animals. We have previously shown that young jimpy heterozygotes have a reduced myelin content and older heterozygotes do not. The increased rate of oligodendrocyte production, demonstrated in this study, is most likely responsible for the increasing myelin content in the heterozygote. Further study of the cellular interactions which trigger oligodendrocyte production and myelin recovery in the jimpy heterozygote may be relevant to remyelination in other disease states, including those affecting humans.
A Program for Elementary Reading‐Emphasis Courses

Author's summary.— A detailed description of procedure in a 3-hour elementary college class in French, with suggested implications for the 2-year high school course. Discussion of types of text used, content of the course, methods employed (especially for the development of silent reading), results judged by national norms, and the purpose of such a course.)