cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyde’s Deformity: The Literary Myth of the Fallen Protohuman

Drawing from a variety of examples in world literature, this paper exposits a pervasive, diachronic literary motif in which an early human—the mythic protohuman—exists superior to contemporary humans, whose greatness is reflected in physical stature and aesthetic form, and whose eventual spiritual “fall” is physically manifested in diminished stature and deformity. Indo-European creation myths, the biblical Genesis, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, Stevenson’s Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde, and Tolkien’s Middle Earth legendaria are examined in support of the thesis that Western literature has recapitulated the mythological notion that the archetypal ancestor possessed a quality and grace that has been slowly lost in time and is represented by a corresponding physical decay. This notion, then, when read as anagogical symbol, serves to furnish society with insights into reiterated social constructs preoccupied with human degeneration and decay, as well as questions about its beliefs concerning humankind’s origin, nature, and destiny.
Critical resources that influence habitat selection decisions by gastrointestinal helminth parasites

Abstract Habitat selection may be the basis of some of the most exciting questions in behavioural ecology today, but parasites are being excluded from this debate. Parasites are not aberrant; they form a large proportion of the diversity of life on earth, and one estimate suggests that parasitism is more common than all other feeding strategies combined. We still do not understand the adaptive value of habitat selection behaviours in these organisms, even though the literature is full of examples of parasites migrating and navigating through hosts to their specific habitats. Parasites must make the same decisions that every animal has to make ragarding food acquisition, shelter and reproduction. However, we cannot even make reasonable guesses on the habitat selection strategies and critical resources that influence their decision-making. The purpose of this review is to provide examples of experiments and methods of incorporating critical resources into the ecological analyses of habitat selection by gastrointestinal parasites. Information on parasite resources is simply not available for most parasites, and these ideas might stimulate and guide future research. In addition, parasites are ideal models to test theoretical assumptions of habitat selection. Experimental manipulations of parasite populations are simple, and habitats of endoparasites can be precisely altered by surgical methods. Few tests of habitat selection theory have been attempted in free-living environments because of the difficulty of assessing the correlations between environmental variations and organismal success in real-world situations, but this is not a problem with parasites because their habitats are replicated exactly in each host.
Making Known Differently: Engaging Visual Modalities as Spaces to Author New Selves

In the increasingly digital and multimodal landscape of adolescents' literacies, it is particularly interesting to explore how young people are making and remaking their identities in online and offline spaces. These self-authoring practices are especially significant when the authors are African American adolescent boys, whose lives are often storied by others. This article brings the lenses of counterstorytelling and multimodality together to explore one boy's re-presentation of his multiple selves through his engagement with various technologies and the production of visual texts.
The use and abuse of kinship when classifying marriages: A Shitari Yanomamö case study

Abstract This research investigates the relationship between ideal marriage rules and the application of kinship terminology in the Shitari population of Yanoamamo Indians. Regression analysis is used to show that deviations in classification from ideal marriage rules appear to be predicatable in terms of biological theory. When classifying marriages, informants appeared to discriminate for close relatives and againts distant ones at rates which appear to be tightly constrained by degree of biological relatedness as measured by Wright's coefficient of kinship.
The effects of various anesthetics on amygdaloid kindled seizures.

Abstract The effects of various doses of cataleptic anesthetics, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), phencyclidine (PCP), and ketamine (KET), and the depressant anesthetics, pentobarbital (PB) and chloral hydrate (CH), on amygdaloid kindled seizures were tested in the rat. The seizure activity was monitored by behavioral observation and EEG recording. Anesthetic doses of the cataleptic anesthetics with the exception of KET had minimal effects on the afterdischarge duration (AD) and behavioral ranking (BR) of the elicited seizures. On the other hand, they were more inhibitory to the AD and BR than was the convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). The only cataleptic that induced spontaneous seizure activity at anesthetic doses was PCP, although KET induced epileptoid activity at supranesthetic doses. Ketamine, PB, and CH completely inhibited elicited seizure activity at anesthetic doses. In addition, rats were kindled by repetitive electrical stimulation during GBL-induced anesthesia or catalepsy. Although both these GBL groups averaged more stimulations to reach generalized seizures than the saline controls, GBL did not block the kindling process.
Lattice study of the gluon propagator in momentum space.

We consider pure glue QCD at [beta]=5.7, [beta]=6.0, and [beta]=6.3. We evaluate the gluon propagator both in time at zero three-momentum and in momentum space. From the former quantity we obtain evidence for a dynamically generated effective mass, which at [beta]=6.0 and [beta]=6.3 increases with the time separation of the sources, in agreement with earlier results. The momentum space propagator [ital G]([ital k]) provides further evidence for mass generation. In particular, at [beta]=6.0, for 300 MeV[approx lt][ital k][approx lt]1 GeV, the propagator [ital G]([ital k]) can be fit to a continuum formula proposed by Gribov and others, which contains a mass scale [ital b], presumably related to the hadronization mass scale. For higher momenta Gribov's model no longer provides a good fit, as [ital G]([ital k]) tends rather to follow an inverse power law [approx]1/[ital k][sup 2+[gamma]]. The results at [beta]=6.3 are consistent with those at [beta]=6.0, but only the high momentum region is accessible on this lattice. We find [ital b] in the range of 300 to 400 MeV and [gamma] about 0.7. Fits to particle + ghost expressions are also possible, often resulting in low values for [chi][sub DF][sup 2], but the parameters are very poorly determined. Onmore » the other hand, at [beta]=5.7 (where we can only study momenta up to 1 GeV) [ital G]([ital k]) is best fit to a simple massive boson propagator with mass [ital m]. We argue that such a discrepancy may be related to a lack of scaling for low momenta at [beta]=5.7. From our results, the study of correlation functions in momentum space looks promising, especially because the data points in Fourier space turn out to be much less correlated than in real space.« less
Lorazepam versus phenobarbital: Candidates for drug of choice for treatment of status epilepticus

Conventional medical wisdom argues that benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice to initiate therapy for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Diazepam in particular, despite well-documented disadvantages (l-4), is widely used. It is also generally accepted that one disadvantage of diazepam is its short half-life due to redistribution resulting in decreased cerebral concentrations. Strategies designed to deal with this problem have included continuous infusion of diazepam, the addition of a second drug (phenytoin), and substitution of lorazepam for diazepam. The issue that requires reconsideration, however, is whether the use of any drug that can never be used for long-term maintenance therapy is warranted. Originally diazepam received enthusiastic support as the drug of choice because of the perceived disadvantages of both phenytoin and phenobarbital, which are also effective for the treatment of status epilepticus. The foundations upon which the enthusiasm for diazepam is based were investigated by Shaner et al. (5). The data obtained from this study provide reason to question the fundamental premises underlying the use of diazepam specifically, and benzodiazepines in general, for the treatment of status epilepticus. The investigation represents a departure from previous work focused on evaluating drugs for the treatment of status epilepticus because it prospectively compared two treatment protocols that were randomly applied and that specified precise therapeutic outcome variables to reflect the efficacy of the treatment. The strict delineation of outcome variables attempted to overcome ambiguities of previous reports that left the criteria for termination of status epilepticus poor-
Integrated micro fuel cell with on-demand hydrogen production and passive control MEMS

An ever increasing demand for packaging more energy on-board to meet the needs of power hungry microsystems is driving the miniaturization of power generators. We report a fully integrated Power MEMS, in the 10-μL size, designed to deliver high energy and power densities. On-board hydrogen production and an efficient control scheme that facilitates integration with a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly are key elements for micro energy conversion. A millimeter-scale reactor produces hydrogen by hydrolysis of CaH2 and LiAlH4, to yield energy densities of the order of 200 Whr/L. A passive microfluidic control scheme, incorporating surface tension to pump water in a microchannel for hydrolysis and microvalve control using hydrogen backpressure, facilitates delivery and regulation and eliminates bulky auxiliaries that consume parasitic power. We tested the ability of this control scheme to improve uniformity of power delivery during long periods of lower demand, with fast switching to mass transport regime on the order of seconds, and realized peak power density of up to 391.85 W/L. Prototypes have been tested for duty periods from 2–48 h, with multiple switching of power demand in order to establish performance across multiple regimes. Critical to the realization of the integrated power MEMS, and its energy and power density, are effects of water transport and byproduct hydrate swelling on hydrogen production in the microreactor. While CaH2 showed superior hydrogen release kinetics that enhances power density, LiAlH4 provided greater energy density due to reduced byproduct expansion that permitted increased hydrogen production.
Information transfer between dynamical system components.

We present a rigorous formalism of information transfer for systems with dynamics fully known. This follows from an accurate classification of the mechanisms for the entropy change of one component into a self-evolution plus a transfer from the other component. The formalism applies to both continuous flows and discrete maps. The resulting transfer measure possesses a property of asymmetry and is qualitatively consistent with the classical measures. It is further validated with the baker transformation and the H\'enon map.
Mutual-Help Groups for Dually Diagnosed Individuals: Rationale, Description, and Review of the Evidence

ABSTRACT Mutual-help groups (MHGs), such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), have been shown to be helpful to a broad range of individuals suffering from substance use disorders (SUD). However, for the substantial number of SUD individuals suffering from co-occurring psychiatric conditions, purely substance-focused groups, such as AA, may not be as good a fit. Consequently, MHGs have emerged that focus more explicitly on both substance use and other psychiatric concerns. In this review, we describe, compare, and discuss the four largest “dual-focused” mutual-help organizations and examine the evidence for any incremental benefit they may offer dually diagnosed individuals. We also provide evidence-based recommendations for ways in which clinicians can facilitate patients’ participation in these groups.
Space-Efficient Whole Genome Comparisons with Burrows–Wheeler Transforms

The starting point for any alignment of mammalian genomes is the computation of exact matches satisfying various criteria. Time-efficient, O(n), data structures for this computation, such as the suffix tree, require O(n log(n)) space, several times the space of the genomes themselves. Thus, any reasonable whole-genome comparative project finds itself requiring tens of Gigabytes of RAM to maintain time-efficiency. This is beyond most modern workstations. With a new data structure, the compressed suffix array (CSA) implemented via the Burrows–Wheeler transform, we can trade time-efficiency for space-efficiency, taking O(n log(n)) time, but running in O(n) space, typically in total space less than or equal to that of the genomes themselves. If space is more expensive than time, this is an appropriate approach to consider. The most space-efficient implementation of this data structure requires 5 bits per nucleotide character to build on-line, in the worst case, and 2.5 bits per character to store once built. ...
Enzyme-Modified Buckypaper for Bioelectrocatalysis

Direct bioelectrocatalysis was demonstrated with pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ–GDH) tethered to a range of carbon nanotube (CNT) materials, as evidenced by the generation of anodic current in the presence of glucose. Physical and electrochemical characterization of CNT paper (buckypaper) reveals marked differences attributed to changes in CNT dimensions, including conductivity, packing density, and electrochemically accessible surface area. By using single-walled CNTs as the electrode material, higher current densities per geometric area and lower electron transfer resistances were achieved. In comparison, electrodes made of oxidized CNTs enhanced in the physical adsorption of PQQ, but displayed voltage drops associated with activation losses. In addition, electrode longevity tests revealed that electrochemical activity was retained for two days but decreased by 50% on the third day. PQQ–GDH enzymatic electrodes show potential application as biological fuel cell anodes and will oxidize a range of monoand disaccharide substrates. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.028307jes] All rights reserved.
A review of the mechanisms and modeling of photocatalytic disinfection

Abstract This paper is a review of the fundamental disinfection mechanisms of photocatalysis and the models used to fit the disinfection process. Photocatalysis is an attractive technology for water treatment largely due to its potential to utilize solar energy directly and achieve both disinfection and chemical detoxification. Many papers have been published on photocatalytic disinfection, but there is still considerable debate on disinfection mechanisms and a general lack of mechanistic models for the process. The fundamental photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms as they relate to the inactivation of bacteria are comprehensively surveyed here. The process of lipid peroxidation of membrane fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, is gaining momentum in the literature. In recent papers, an increasing number of researchers are paying close attention to the products of lipid peroxidation. The mathematical models, empirical and mechanistic, used to fit the disinfection process have also been thoroughly reviewed. In this regard, most of the proposed models are empirical in nature and rooted in traditional chemical disinfection principles, which are often not representative of the heterogeneous photocatalytic process. The theoretical development of a mechanistic model for photocatalytic disinfection based on lipid peroxidation is explored with due consideration to the interaction between microbes and photocatalyst particles. The extensive literature on autooxidation of lipids in such fields as biology and medicine is informative to the development of the model.
Financial constraints and security issuance

We examine the security issuance decisions of financially constrained firms. Since constrained firms are more susceptible to revenue management problems, our study sheds light on the financing behaviour of firms with revenue-related issues. Our results show that financially constrained firms obtain higher announcement returns than unconstrained firms when they issue bonds whereas the returns are similar when they issue stocks. Also, firms that face higher financial constraints are more likely to issue bonds than common stocks. We find that financially constrained firms assign different weights to the factors that affect the debt-equity choice than the weights assigned by unconstrained firms.
Design of a multi-spectral channel for in-vivo confocal microscopy

We present a modified multi-spectral configuration of a slit-scanning confocal microendoscope that provides higher spectral resolution in a fully automated interface. Tissue fluorescence signal is directed through a dispersive element that spreads the spectral information across the CCD camera mapping spectral information perpendicular to the confocal slit. The dispersive element may be chosen to meet the specific requirements defined by the user. Our current system uses a BK7 prism with a 45° wedge angle and a 20mm diameter clear aperture. The prism is shifted from the optical axis allowing automated switching from grayscale (beam on-axis) to multi-spectral (beam off-axis) imaging by tilting a computer controlled mirror. The system records over a spectral range of 450nm to 750nm. The minimum resolvable wavelength difference varies from 2.1nm to 8.3nm over the spectral range. The lateral and axial resolution of the system is approximately 3µm by 30µm, respectively, and is the same for both grayscale and multi-spectral imaging modes. Multi-spectral imaging results from ex-vivo tissues are presented.
Quantitative angiographic and morphologic aspects of aortic valve atresia

Quantitative angiographic measurements were performed in 15 infants aged 1 to 35 days who had aortic valve atresia with intact ventricular septum and hypoplastic left ventricle. Thirteen infants had similar measurements performed at autopsy. The latter measurements were smaller than those found at angiography (because of shrinkage), but their relationship was predictable. Angiographic right ventricular (RV) volumes were 2 and 4 times normal in diastole and systole, respectively. The RV volume measured at autopsy was greater than 3 times normal. Mean RV ejection fraction was 0.40; it was below normal in 10 infants. Maximal right atrial volume was greater than 2 times normal, and mean left atrial maximal volume was two-thirds normal. The relation between circumferences of the aortic arch and ascending and descending aorta was similar at angiography and autopsy.
Distributed Worm Simulation with a Realistic Internet Model

Internet worm spread is a phenomenon involving millions of hosts, who interact in complex and diverse environment. Scanning speed of each infected host depends on its resources and the defenses at work in its network. Aggressive worms further interact with the underlying Internet topology .. the dynamics of the spread is constrained by the limited bandwidth of network links, and high-volume scan traffic leads to BGP router failure thus affecting global routing. Worm traffic also interacts with legitimate background traffic competing for (and often winning) the limited bandwidth resources. To faithfully simulate worm spread and other Internet-wide events such as DDoS, flash crowds and spam we need a detailed Internet model, a packet-level simulation of relevant event features, and a realistic model of background traffic on the whole Internet. The memory and CPU requirements of such simulation exceed a single machineýs resources, creating a need for distributed simulation. We propose a design and present implementation of a distributed worm simulator, called PAWS. PAWS runs on Emulab testbed, which facilitates its use by other researchers. We validate PAWS in a variety of scenarios, and evaluate costs and benefits of distributed worm simulation.
Interval-Based Timing Constraints Their Satisfactions and Applications

In real systems, an error range (±Δ) is often given to a time stamp (t) for an observed event. Such practice implicitly states that the event happens anytime in the interval [t-Δ1, t+Δ2]. Hence, constraints based on intervals are more realistic. However, when a constraint is extended from a point to an interval, its satisfaction is not a simple Boolean value; instead, a probability is associated with the constraint. We study the satisfaction probability of interval-based timing constraints when event occurrence is non-uniformly distributed in a given time interval. An algorithm is developed to derive implicit constraints from a set of given interval-based constraints. Our study shows that there are bounds for certain constraint configurations. These analytical results are further applied in two application domains in which constraints are based on single and multiple event models, respectively.
Review of hardware-in-the-loop simulation and its prospects in the automotive area

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is rapidly evolving from a control prototyping tool to a system modeling, simulation, and synthesis paradigm synergistically combining many advantages of both physical and virtual prototyping. This paper provides a brief overview of the key enablers and numerous applications of HIL simulation, focusing on its metamorphosis from a control validation tool into a system development paradigm. It then describes a state-of-the art engine-in-the-loop (EIL) simulation facility that highlights the use of HIL simulation for the system-level experimental evaluation of powertrain interactions and development of strategies for clean and efficient propulsion. The facility comprises a real diesel engine coupled to accurate real-time driver, driveline, and vehicle models through a highly responsive dynamometer. This enables the verification of both performance and fuel economy predictions of different conventional and hybrid powertrains. Furthermore, the facility can both replicate the highly dynamic interactions occurring within a real powertrain and measure their influence on transient emissions and visual signature through state-of-the-art instruments. The viability of this facility for integrated powertrain system development is demonstrated through a case study exploring the development of advanced High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) powertrains.
AQP2 is necessary for vasopressin‐ and forskolin‐ mediated filamentous actin depolymerization in renal epithelial cells

Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is required for vasopressin (VP)-induced aquaporin 2 (AQP2) trafficking. Here, we asked whether VP and forskolin (FK)-mediated F-actin depolymerization depends on AQP2 expression. Using various MDCK and LLC-PK1 cell lines with different AQP2 expression levels, we performed F-actin quantification and immunofluorescence staining after VP/FK treatment. In MDCK cells, in which AQP2 is delivered apically, VP/FK mediated F-actin depolymerization was significantly correlated with AQP2 expression levels. A decrease of apical membrane associated F-actin was observed upon VP/FK treatment in AQP2 transfected, but not in untransfected cells. There was no change in basolateral actin staining under these conditions. In LLC-PK1 cells, which deliver AQP2 basolaterally, a significant VP/FK mediated decrease in F-actin was also detected only in AQP2 transfected cells. This depolymerization response to VP/FK was significantly reduced by siRNA knockdown of AQP2. By immunofluorescence, an inverse relationship between plasma membrane AQP2 and membrane-associated F-actin was observed after VP/FK treatment again only in AQP2 transfected cells. This is the first report showing that VP/FK mediated F-actin depolymerization is dependent on AQP2 protein expression in renal epithelial cells, and that this is not dependent on the polarity of AQP2 membrane insertion.
Release of Angiotensin-(1-7) From the Rat Hindlimb: Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition

Abstract —The results of recent studies have demonstrated that angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) contributes to the antihypertensive actions of either combined ACE/Ang II type 1 receptor blockade or ACE inhibition alone. The vasculature is a key site of action for either drug regimen, and evidence favors a local Ang system within these tissues. Because ACE may degrade Ang-(1-7), we determined whether ACE inhibition alters Ang-(1-7) release from the rat hindlimb perfused with Krebs-Ringer buffer containing Ficoll. Ang-(1-7) release averaged 36±13 fmol (period 1, 15-minute collection) and 44±11 fmol (period 2) in the control buffer. The addition of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril to the perfusion buffer augmented levels of Ang-(1-7) in periods 3 (144±39 fmol) and 4 (163±35 fmol; P <0.05 versus 1 or 2, n=8). HPLC and radioimmunoassay of effluent from control or lisinopril treatment demonstrated a single immunoreactive peak with a retention time identical to that of Ang-(1-7). The addition of the neprilysin inhibitor SCH 39370 reduced Ang-(1-7) release in the lisinopril buffer from 177±32 (period 1) and 173±39 (period 2) fmol to 112±24 (period 3) and 87±23 fmol (period 4; P <0.05 versus 1 or 2, n=6). Ang I metabolism in the collected perfusate revealed the formation of Ang-(1-7) that was sensitive only to thimet oligopeptidase inhibition; Ang II generation was not detected. The present study demonstrates the recovery of endogenous Ang-(1-7) from the perfused hindlimb. The release of Ang-(1-7) is significantly influenced by inhibition of ACE, which may reflect both increased substrate (Ang I) levels and reduced metabolism of the peptide. Neprilysin inhibition reduced but did not abolish Ang-(1-7) release, which suggests that other endopeptidases may contribute to the release of the peptide.
Secondary flow in a curved tube

The work of Dean and that of McConalogue & Srivastava on the steady motion of an incompressible fluid through a curved tube of circular cross-section is extended through the entire range of Reynolds numbers for which the flow is laminar. The coupled nonlinear system of partial differential equations which defines the motion is solved numerically by finite differences. Computer calculations are described and physical implications are discussed.
The "Hadacol" of the Eighties: Paying Senior Public Managers for Performance

While merit pay for senior managers is widely thought to be an attractive inducement to im proved performance, most plans fail to achieve their intended results. Studies of senior managers in various jurisdictions suggest that there is little perceived linkage between performance ratings and pay increases. Similarly, managers report that merit pay is, at best, a minimal incentive as compared to other factors. These findings suggest that merit is the "Hadacol" of the eighties. Like patent medicines of the past, merit pay for senior managers makes many promises, but generally fails to live up to them.
DENGUE MOSQUITOES ARE SINGLE MOTHERS: Biopolitics Meets Ecological Aesthetics in Nicaraguan Community Health Work

Nicaraguan Ministry of Health protocols for the control of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits dengue fever, hinge on an aesthetic ordering of the urban household, one in which mosquitoes, like garbage and dirt, do not belong. Management regimes such as this appear to rely on an alienation of people—and in the case of dengue, women in particular—from the urban natures in which they live. In this article, I draw on 18 months of research with Nicaraguan community health workers (brigadistas) for whom mosquito abatement involved an opening, rather than a closing, of the landscape. Brigadistas, especially female brigadistas, took deep pleasure in learning about mosquito–human lifeworlds, a pleasure I call “ecological aesthetic.” Ecological aesthetics—patterns of connection that are identifiable only through performance—contrasted to the more familiar aesthetics identifiable in the ministry's ordering of the household. Although the latter aesthetic has human control over life at its core, the former emphasizes entanglement, a relational knowledge of life. I suggest some implications of this idea for future anthropological studies of “the politics of life.”
3D Shape Measurement at Different Length Scales Using Speckle and Gap Effect

There is a need to measure height of an object at the micro/nanoscales. The electron speckle method [1] can measure in-plane distance and strain of an object but it cannot be applied to measuring height. In this paper. We propose a method of height measurement using speckle and the gap effect [2, 3, 4] to measure height, thus the 3D shape of an object. This technique can be applied to objects of various sizes ranging from meters to microns depending on whether the recording system used is an ordinary macro camera, a optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope. The gap effect is the result of optical perspective. That is: an object appears to be larger when it is closer to the recording camera. This effect gives rise to fictitious strain s. The gap equation [2] e = δZ / Z where Z is the original distance from the object to camera lens predicts such a phenomenon as shown in Fig. 1. Thus by obtaing the fictitious strain using the speckle photography technique and knowing Z, the 3D shape, i.e. the variations of Z can be calculated.
Homalozoon vermiculare (Stokes): II. Parapharyngeal Granules and Trichites*

SUMMARY. The parapharyngeal granular masses of Homalozoon vermiculare (Stokes) are stainable in vivo with Janus green B. The reaction is the same in the case of similar granules which are scattered throughout the trunk region. It is, therefore, assumed that these granules are mitochondrial in nature. These same granules failed to stain with osmic acid or acetic-carbol-Sudan III although they took an intense peripheral stain when treated in vivo with very dilute Nile blue sulfate. This indicates that they probably have a peripheral layer of phospholipids which would be expected if they are mitochondrial in nature. The trichites, although not stained by lipid techniques, are stained by mercuric bromphenol blue which confirms their proteinaceous nature. They are swelled by Carnoy's acetic-alcohol causing them to become less visible in situ. Trichites are found surrounding the cytostome and free-floating throughout the endoplasm but have not been observed subpellicularly or within the ectoplasm. There are indications that they originate within the endoplasm and do not have a homogeneous structure.
Picosecond Time-Resolved Detection of Plasma Formation and Phase Transitions in Silicon

The interaction of laser pulses with strongly absorbing media has received a great deal of attention during the past five years, especially in silicon [1–3]. An important issue has been the time scale of energy transfer between a dense electron-hole plasma and the lattice. If this energy transfer were insignificant during a picosecond pulse, it is clear that the plasma temperature would attain much higher values. We have presented ample evidence [4,5] that melting of a silicon surface layer can take place during a 20 ps laser pulse. There is a sharply defined fluence threshold (0.2 J/cm2 for a 20 ps pulse at λ = 532 nm on silicon) above which the reflectivity changes to a value characteristic of liquid phase, the evaporation of silicon atoms becomes appreciable, and an amorphous phase may be created by rapid resolidification, with cooling rates exceeding 1013 °C/sec, of a thin (10 nm) molten layer on top of a cool crystalline substrate.
Cerebellar abnormality in children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex: MR and diffusion weighted imaging findings.

Summary Objectives The goal of our study was to: determine the incidence of cerebellar lesions in a cohort of children and young adults with TSC, and analyze the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cerebellar TSC lesions including their contrast behavior and diffusion characteristics. Material and Methods MRI studies of 27 TSC patients (mean age, 10.6 years) were evaluated for: cortical/subcortical tubers, white matter lesions, subependymal nodules, and giant cell astrocytomas. Patients with cerebellar involvement were further analyzed for the imaging and diffusion characteristics. ADC measurements of the cerebellar tubers were performed and compared with the contralateral normal appearing cerebellum. The clinical charts were revisited for symptoms suggesting cerebellar involvement. Results Cerebellar tubers were seen in 8/27 patients, cerebellar atrophy in 1/27 patients. Cerebellar tubers showed a pyramidal/wedge appearance with a broad base reaching the cortex. The majority of the cerebellar tubers (11/12, 92%) showed a “zebra-like” contrast enhancement. All cerebellar tubers had increased ADC values (mean ADC 1472 × 10 −6 mm 2 /s). None of the patients had “typical” cerebellar symptoms. Conclusion Thirty-three percent of TSC patients had cerebellar lesions, most of them being cerebellar tubers. Cerebellar tubers differ from supratentorial tubers both concerning shape and contrast behavior. The exact etiology of contrast enhancement remains unclear. Future studies have to determine the impact of cerebellar lesions on neurocognitive development.
Gregorio Mayans y el manuscrito Add. 9939 de la British Library de Londres

Durante mucho tiempo la critica ha creido que BL Add. 9939 (Londres) es el manuscrito que utilizo Gregorio Mayans en su primera edicion del Dialogo de la lengua de Valdes y el Arte de trovar de Villena en 1737. En este articulo se demuestra que Mayans no utilizo este manuscrito, sino otro que se encuentra en el Archivo Municipal de Valencia (Serrano Morales 6367). Este descubrimiento ha permitido identificar BN 4208 (Madrid) como uno de los manuscritos de la biblioteca de Jeronimo Zurita. Se demuestra ademas cual es el lugar de origen de Add. 9939 en Alcala de Henares.
A Conceptual Basis in Social Learning Theory

Though there is debate as to whether they are necessary or sufficient determinants, social skills are presumed to form the foundation for competence in most major models (e.g., Cavell, 1990; Crick & Dodge, 1994; Dubois & Felner, 1996; Rose-Krasnor, 1997). Once focusing on more molecular and observable units of behavior (McFall, 1982), more current conceptualizations of social skills incorporate a full range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills and abilities, as well as motivational and expectancy sets (e.g., Dubois & Felner, 1996). Behind this conceptual shift was the rising influence of the social learning perspectives. The integration of these perspectives into mainstream behavioral psychology formed the basis for current cognitive-behavioral approaches and, as such, has important conceptual and applied implications for social skills assessment and intervention.
Heterochromia of the Hair and Eyelashes with Blaschkoid Dyspigmentation

Heterochromia of the hair involves the presence of two distinctive colors of scalp hair in one individual. We report the case of a 4-year-old girl with reddish streaks of scalp hair, heterochromia of the eyelashes, and cutaneous hypopigmentation following the lines of Blaschko.
Neutron capture cross section of Pd 102

The cross sections for radiative neutron capture by $^{102}\mathrm{Pd}$ have been deduced from a measurement of the \ensuremath{\gamma} rays emitted by 17.0-d $^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$. The thermal cross section has been determined to be $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1.82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20$ b, and the effective resonance integral is $I=23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ b. We also report thermal and resonance capture cross sections for $^{108}\mathrm{Pd}$ and note possible inconsistencies with the presently accepted values of the $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ cross sections.
Modulation of mu-mediated antinociception in the mouse involves opioid delta-2 receptors.

Recently, subtypes of the opioid delta receptor have been identified. It is not known, however, if a subtype of opioid delta receptor can be associated with the known modulatory action of delta agonists on mu-mediated antinociception. Thus, the present study has used the delta subtype-selective antagonists, [D-Ala2,Leu5,Cys6]enkephalin (DALCE) (delta 1 antagonist) and naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (5'-NTII) (delta 2 antagonist) in an effort to determine whether the positive and negative modulation of morphine antinociception produced by opioid delta agonists was the result of activity at specific subtypes of opioid delta receptors. Intracerebroventricular morphine produced a dose-related antinociceptive effect which was not antagonized by coadministration of the delta antagonist, ICI 174,864, or by pretreatment 24 hr before testing with the DALCE or 5'-NTII. Coadministration with morphine of a nonantinociceptive dose of DPDPE or [D-Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin resulted in a leftward displacement of the morphine dose-effect curve (i.e., positive modulation), whereas coadministration of a nonantinociceptive dose of [Met5]enkephalin with morphine resulted in a rightward displacement of the morphine dose-effect curve (i.e., negative modulation). Both the positive and the negative modulatory actions were antagonized when the experiment was conducted in the presence of the delta antagonist, ICI 174,864, or when the mice were pretreated with the delta 2 antagonist, 5'-NTII. In contrast, pretreatment with the delta 1 antagonist, DALCE, failed to affect either the positive or the negative modulatory actions of these delta agonists on morphine antinociception. The data suggest the involvement of an opioid delta 2 receptor in the modulation of morphine antinociception.
Teachers and Peers as Communication Models to Teach Grammatical Forms to Preschoolers With Hearing Loss

Structured input from both teachers and peers maximizes the opportunities for preschoolers to learn grammatical forms. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a teacher and a peer with typical hearing and language skills to model grammatically correct verbal responses to action wh- questions (“What is he/she doing?”) using picture stimuli with three preschool-aged children with hearing loss. Data from a multiple probe across participants design indicated that (a) all children learned to appropriately answer the wh- question using their targeted grammatical form during intervention, (b) all three children were able to generalize these skills to untrained pictures with varying degrees of success, and (c) all three children maintained the skills for 6 to 10 weeks following intervention. Implications for teaching grammatical forms to preschool children with hearing loss are discussed.
Justice Thurgood Marshall and the Integrative Ideal

This Article explores Justice Marshall's formulation of the integrative ideal as a means of ameliorating the unequal status and treatment of African American students in public education systems and how his jurisprudence might have affected the outcome in Fordice. This exploration is also intended to illuminate the question of whether to continue in pursuit of the integrative ideal or support school desegregation efforts premised on cultural nationalism. Part II examines Marshall's articulations on the Constitution which explain his belief in integration and how he translated the political arguments in support of integration into the remedial scheme of integration endorsed by the NAACP and LDF. I also critique the stigmatic injury theory relied on by Marshall to justify the integrative ideal. In Part III, I examine the influence of Justice Marshall's personal experiences with segregation and how his experience led him to embrace the hope of integration, despite the reality, even at his death that America exists as two nations with racially indentifiable, culturally distinct, and economically disparate public school systems. I review the debates in the NAACP and the Black community, prior to Brown, on whether to promote integrationism or cultural nationalism in education to further reveal the vulnerability of Marshall's integrative ideal.Finally, in Part IV, I speculate on whether Justice Marshall would have agreed with Justice Clarence Thomas's opinion in Fordice. While hardly a cultural nationalist, Justice Thomas supported the Blackplaintiffs' contention in Fordice that seeking financial and other enhancements of Black colleges, and not just racial balance, would satisfy the Brown call for equal educational opportunity. Marshall's unwavering commitment to the integrative ideal suggests he would have continued to promote integration despite its waning significance in school desegregation litigation.
Antibacterial Flavonoids from Medicinal Plants Covalently Inactivate Type III Protein Secretion Substrates.

Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been historically used to treat bacterial infections. However, the molecules responsible for these anti-infective properties and their potential mechanisms of action have remained elusive. Using a high-throughput assay for type III protein secretion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we discovered that several TCMs can attenuate this key virulence pathway without affecting bacterial growth. Among the active TCMs, we discovered that baicalein, a specific flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis, targets S. Typhimurium pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors and translocases to inhibit bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Structurally related flavonoids present in other TCMs, such as quercetin, also inactivated the SPI-1 T3SS and attenuated S. Typhimurium invasion. Our results demonstrate that specific plant metabolites from TCMs can directly interfere with key bacterial virulence pathways and reveal a previously unappreci...
Hardware Reliability margining for the dark silicon era

Hardware reliability margin should be derived from the worst-case aging scenario, which typically occurs when the circuits are operating at peak performance state with the highest operating voltage and frequency. However, as integrated circuits enter the “dark silicon” era, it is impossible to power up all circuits throughout the entire lifetime. Reliability margining in absence of architecture-level power/thermal constraints can be overly pessimistic. In this work, we propose a margining scheme that employs the power/thermal contexts and system management policies to derive the actual worst-case workload pattern for different reliability phenomena. Our experiment results show that at 60% dark ratio, conventional margining approach can overestimate the aging degradation due to EM and BTI by up to 3–7X and 18% respectively. Our margining method is able to eliminate these over-pessimism and results in about 20% delay margin and 40%–60% metal width margin reduction.
Advanced Cable Boundary Layer Design in Membrane Structures for Dynamic Wrinkle Reduction

The present study explores a method to curtail the efforts of active vibration controllers by enhancing the passive vibration isolation in boundary layers. Since membranes have extremely low natural frequencies in the out-of-plane direction, intensive control methods should be introduced in membrane structures to suppress their vibration. By applying a proper vibration suppression strategy only along the boundary layers, we can mitigate undesired vibration due to disturbances emanate at the support structures without resorting to a difficult membrane interior actuation. In the present study, using a classical concept of a dynamic vibration absorber as an analogy, the cable-network connectivity and thickness are tailored to maximize the passive vibration isolation. The “doubly” webcable layer design represents the proposed concept, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by geometrically nonlinear finite element analyses.
Hippocampal lesions and delayed alternation in the rat

Rats were trained preoperatively on a delayed alternation task in which the delay period was increased until S accumulated four errors at a given delay interval. When the temporal limit for an S was thus determined, S was given either a bilateral hippocampal lesion or a bilateral cortical lesion. Postoperatively, the hippocampectomized Ss were totally unable to perform the delayed alternation task, even at extremely brief delays. The cortically damaged Ss showed no deficit, all improving on their preoperative temporal limit. These results confirmed and extended previous results with hippocampectomized monkeys.
Increased Redness in Turkey Breast Muscle Induced by Fusarial Culture Materials

Short-term feeding trials with experimentally moldy rice (10% of diet) or corn (12.5%) were carried out on turkey poults to screen for toxigenic Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus, which were recovered from corn or commercial turkey feed. A major finding was that culture materials of some fusaria increased the redness of turkey breast muscle without causing obvious hemorrhages either in the musculature or in the internal organs. Corn culture but not rice culture of Fusarium moniliforme (M-1325) depressed body weight gains, feed utilization, and heart weights (P = .01). The increased redness (reddish discoloration) could lead to the depreciation of fresh turkey muscle product.
Synthesis of double alley and discrimination phenomena: Cue and magnitude specific properties of G1 reward

Two groups of rats received differential-reward conditioning in the second alley (A2) of the double-alley apparatus with the first goalbox (G1) reward serving as the discriminative stimulus for A2 reward. A third group received varied G1 reward uncorrelated with A2 reward. Results showed that Ss responded to both the discriminative and magnitude properties of G1 reward.
How "seamless" a garment? The Catholic Bishops and the politics of abortion.

Since the Supreme Court of the United States opened the way for states to restrict access to legal abortion, a number of Catholic bishops have been applying direct pressure on pro choice Catholic politicians. Bishops have barred such politicians from speaking at Catholic functions, denied them Holy Commu nion, raised the possibility of excommunicating them, and even warned them that they ran the risk of going to hell for their support of abortion rights. In short, a substantial segment of the American Catholic hierarchy has responded to the new, uncer tain politics of abortion by reiterating the church's condemna tion of abortion and reemphasizing the political implications of that condemnation. In doing so, these bishops have eclipsed the consistent ethic of life espoused by Chicago's Cardinal Joseph Bernardin and many other American bishops. Not for the first time, the consistent ethic, or as some call it the "seamless gar ment" of respect for human life, has been overwhelmed by an approach to the political process that emphasizes abortion over all other issues. Cardinal Bernardin first articulated the consistent ethic in a