cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the interception and initial retention of radioactive contaminants deposited on pasture grass by simulated rain

Abstract Simulated rain containing both soluble radionuclides and insoluble particles labeled with radionuclides was applied to pasture-type vegetation under conditions similar to those found during convective storms. The fraction of material in rain intercepted by vegetation and initially retained was determined for three sizes of insoluble polystyrene microspheres (3, 9 and 25 μm), soluble 7Be2+ and soluble 131I as periodate or iodide, over a range of rainfall amounts of both moderate- and high-intensity precipitation. Values for the interception and initial retention by vegetation (interception fractions) for soluble forms of 131I in simulated rain are much less than those for insoluble particles and the reactive cation 7Be2+. The interception fraction for soluble 131I is an inverse function of rain amount, varying from about 0.3 at 1 mm rain to 0.006 at 30 mm. The mass interception factor (the interception fraction normalized for biomass) of 131I is almost solely dependent on the amount of rain, with values from about 2.5 m2 kg−1 at 1 mm to less than 0.1 m2 kg−1 at 30 mm; the 131I vegetation-to-rain concentration ratio is relatively constant at approximately 2.6 l kg−1. For 7Be2+ and the insoluble particles, the interception fractions range from 0.1 to 0.6 with geometric means of approximately 0.3. For these materials there is a greater dependence on biomass than on rain amount; the geometric means of the mass interception factors for these substances range from 0.99 to 2.4 m2 kg−1, with no single variable being a major controlling factor. These results indicate that anionic 131I is essentially removed with the water once the vegetation surface becomes saturated and that the 7Be cation and the in s oluble particles are adsorbed to or settle out on the plant surface. The discrepancy between the behavior of the anionic and the cationic species is consistent with a negative charge on the plant surface.
Relaxation of (111) silicon surface atoms from studies of Si4H9 clusters

Abstract Self-consistent Hartree-Fock and generalized valence bond calculations have been performed on clusters modeling the (111) silicon surface. We find that the surface state is accurately described as a dangling bond surface orbital with 93% p character. We determined the optimum relaxation of the surface layer to be 0.08 A toward the second layer. In the positive ion, the surface atom relaxes toward the second layer by an additional 0.30 A and for the negative ion the surface atom moves toward the vacuum 0.25 A. The vertical ionization potential was found to be 5.78 eV (experimental values are 5.6 – 5.9 eV) while the calculated adiabatic electron affinity is 3.02 eV.
Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin A. 2. Synthesis of the Disaccharide Unit

Disaccharide 3 correspoinding to the disaccharide unit of apoptolidin A has been synthesized via the regio- and stereoselective TBS-OTf-promoted beta-glycosidation reaction of 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-beta-glucopyranosyl acetate (5) and p-methoxybenzyl 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-3-C-methyl-alpha-mannopyranoside (11).
Judicial Politicization, Ideology, and Activism at the High Courts of the United States, Canada, and Australia:

This article proposes a new cross-national thesis for judicial decision making. The judicial politicization theory posits that judges on highly politicized high courts will be more likely to decide cases using ideological and attitudinal factors than judges at less politicized courts. The theory holds that informal norms regarding judicial appointment by the executive are more important than the formal selection mechanism in determining whether a judiciary is highly or less politicized. The results show significant attitudinal judicial voting at each high court and strong support for the contention that judges on highly politicized courts are more likely to decide cases ideologically.
Wound ballistics: Recognizing wound potential. Part 2: Gunshot wounds—tissue response and nursing care

The health care provider cannot predict the severity of any particular gunshot wound without knowing the type of missile, weapon, missile path, and tissue(s) involved. Tissues respond to a gunshot wound in variable ways, and any wound has the potential to threaten life or limb.
Thermal conduction induced by electron-beam

The electron-energy deposition profile within the workpiece, induced by a perpendicularly impinging electron-beam, is obtained by solving the electron-beam transport equation via a Monte Carlo approach. The profile serves as the external electron generation in the two-temperature model. The beam is assumed to be a continuous source (not pulsed), and the energy exchange between the electron-beam and the target workpiece occurs at a time scale much shorter than the characteristic time of thermal conduction by electrons and phonons inside the workpiece. A series of numerical results explain the details of the heating phenomena at the nanoscale using an electron-beam.
Evaluation of teratogenicity and behavioral toxicity with inhalation exposure of maternal rats to trichloroethylene

Female rats were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors at a concentration of 1800 +/- 200 ppm to determine whether exposure before mating and during pregnancy is more detrimental to reproductive outcome than exposure either before mating alone or during pregnancy alone. Four treatment groups were utilized in a two by two factorial design: exposure to TCE for 2 weeks before mating and during the first 20 days of pregnancy; TCE before mating and filtered air during pregnancy; filtered air before mating and TCE during pregnancy; and filtered air before and during pregnancy. Significant elevations in skeletal and soft tissue anomalies, indicative of developmental delay in maturation rather than teratogenesis, were observed in the group exposed during pregnancy alone. The mixed function oxidase enzymes, ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin, indicative of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 activities, respectively, were measured in maternal and fetal livers, as well as livers of non-pregnant females, and showed variable levels of activity not uniformly related to treatment or pregnancy. Behavioral evaluation of offspring indicated a lack of treatment effect in tests of general activity levels at 10, 20 and 100 days of age. However, a reduction in postnatal body weights was seen in offspring from mothers with pregestational exposure. No results indicative of treatment-related maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, severe teratogenicity or significant behavioral deficits were obtained in any of the treatment groups.
Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer From Micro-Porous Cylindrical Surfaces in Saturated FC-87 and R-123

The present research is an experimental study of pool boiling heat transfer from cylindrical heater surfaces immersed in saturated FC-87 and R-123. The baseline heater surfaces tested are plain, integral-fin with 709 fins/m, and commercial enhanced (High-Flux and Turbo-B). In addition, a highly effective micro-scale enhancement coating is applied to the plain and integral-fin surfaces to augment nucleate boiling heat transfer. Experiments are performed to understand the effects of surface micro-and macro- geometries on boiling heat transfer. The boiling performance of the micro-porous-enhanced plain and integral-fin surfaces are compared with the High-Flux and the Turbo-B surfaces. At high heat-flux conditions, the breakdown of the bulk liquid feed mechanism reduces boiling enhancement from the cylindrical surfaces.
Genetic Algorithm for Neural Networks optimization

This paper examines the forecasting performance of multi-layer feed forward neural networks in modeling a particular foreign exchange rates, i.e. Japanese Yen/US Dollar. The effects of two learning methods, Back Propagation and Genetic Algorithm, in which the neural network topology and other parameters fixed, were investigated. The early results indicate that the application of this hybrid system seems to be well suited for the forecasting of foreign exchange rates. The Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm were programmed using MATLAB®.
Local bonding of hydrogen in a-Si:H, a-Ge:H and a-Si, Ge:H alloy films

Abstract This paper reviews the local bonding of hydrogen (and deuterium) in a-Si:H(D), a-Ge:H(D) and a-Si, Ge:H(D) alloy films. We specify the types of atomic environments that have been identified through vibrational spectroscopy, primarily infrared (IR) absorption. We emphasize local modes and discuss the atomic motions that are responsible for the various spectral features. We discuss correlations between the occurrence of specific local bonding groups, e.g., polysilane and polygermane configurations, and the deposition techniques and parameters, including the substrate temperature (Ts), the gas mixtures and the RF power into a glow discharge, etc. We include a discussion of the theoretical approaches that have been used to treat vibrational modes in these materials. We emphasize the approximations that are valid because of the relatively light mass of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms compared with those of the silicon and germanium atoms. Finally we highlight the effects of neighboring alloy or impurity atoms on the frequencies of hydrogen vibrations in a-Si:H, and point out the differences between oxygen atom incorporation in a-Si and a-Ge alloys.
A Flip of the Coin-A Roll of the Die: An Answer to the Free-Rider Problem in Economic Instruction

This article reviews some of the literature on collaborative learning and identifies a free-rider problem inherent in assigning grades to students participating in cooperative learning activities. The author's solution: one member or each group is identified randomly to take the exam or to make the presentation, and the grade earned by that student is assigned to all members of the group.
Decision making in child welfare: A critical review of the literature

The decision to intervene with families has enormous implications for a democratic society. Child protective services must both protect children and families. Practice theory, social policies, and agency procedures have not provided a consensus on the criteria to guide decision making in child welfare. This paper reviews the empirical studies in the decision making literature for the purposes of: identifying variables workers are using to guide their decisions; identifying major professional concerns and issues with this literature; and suggest questions for further research.
Epidemiology of Black Fungi

Dematiaceous, or black fungi, are uncommon causes of infection in humans, though they are associated with many clinical presentations, including local infections, allergic disease, pneumonia, brain abscess, and disseminated infection. They are often found in soil and generally distributed worldwide, though some occupy specific ecologic and geographic niches and others are associated with only a few clinical presentations. Since this is a very heterogenous group of fungi, generalizations regarding epidemiology are difficult. In recent years, these fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens in both immunosuppressed and normal individuals. Therapy is not standardized, and additional research is needed to better understand these rare and often refractory infections.
Trace element analysis of seawater and fish samples by proton induced x-ray emission spectroscopy☆

Abstract Proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy has been used for trace element analysis of seawater and fish (trout-Salmo gairdneri) samples. To test the applicability of the technique for large-scale analysis of seawater and fish samples, the consistency of results from equivalent samples was checked. Also, a volatilization study was made at several different beam intensities to determine the effects of the beam on trace elements in the samples. The reproducibility of the results was found to be within acceptable limits.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFANT TEMPERAMENT AND ADIPOSITY IN HEALTHY INFANTS

The effect of caloric intake, 24 hour heart rate and infant temperament (Carey Scale) on adipose tissue deposition was studied in two groups of healthy 18 month old infants: Group I (N=10) had weight by length (W/L) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) above the 75%ile and Group II (N=11) had W/L and TSF between 25-75%ile of the growth chart. The caloric intake in infants in group I and II was comparable (mean ± SEM 102.3 ± 7.8 vs. 121.5 ± 10.7 kcal/kg/day). No significant differences in heart rate during awake and asleep periods were seen between the two gorups. The number of infants in Group I and II classified into four temperament categories varying from easy, intermediate low, intermediate high, and difficult were respectively 1 vs 3, 4 vs 3, 2 vs 5 and 2 vs 0. Multiple linear regression analysis applied to this data showed that an increse in scores for difficult temperament in infants in Group II correlated positively with caloric intake (r2 = 0.41), and heart rate awake (r2 = 0.54), and negatively with five skinfold thickness (r2 = -0.71). Conversely, an increase in scores for difficult temperament in infants in Group I correlated negatively with caloric intake (r2 = 0.66), positively with five skinfold thickness (r2 = 0.94) and it was unrelated to changes in heart rate. This study shows that: 1) increased adiposity in infants studied was not explained by differences in caloric intake; 2) decreased adiposity observed in infants with difficult temperament was associated with elevations in heart rate suggesting either increased metabolic and/or physical activity of those infants; 3) the findings of increased adiposity in infants with difficult temperament warrant further investigation.
A representation for linear lists with movable fingers

This paper describes a data structure which is useful for representing linear lists when the pattern of accesses to a list exhibits a (perhaps time-varying) locality of reference. The structure has many of the properties of the representation proposed by Guibas, McCreight, Plass, and Roberts [4], but is substantially simpler and may be practical for lists of moderate size. The analysis of our structure includes a general treatment of the worst-case node splitting caused by consecutive insertions into a 2-3 tree.
Judicial Solicitude for State Dignity

The Supreme Court's recent decisions holding that Congress cannot authorize individuals to sue states proclaim that such sovereign immunity serves the states' "dignitary interests" by emphasizing "the respect owed them as members of the federation." What is the interpretive significance of the Court's apparent references to the social meaning of suits against states? This article explores whether the Court's professed concern with maintaining state dignity might be justificatory rather than rhetorical, with the Court invalidating statutes subjecting unconsenting states to private suit because those statutes entailed social meanings that contravene federalism values. Specifically, various expressivist rationales for the Court's sovereign immunity jurisprudence are sketched, and it is suggested that each rationale confronts significant difficulties that undermine the propriety of expressivist reasoning in this context.
Inhibition of Plasma Membrane and Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potentials by Ethanol

The actions of ethanol and its primary oxidative metabolite, acetaldehyde, on plasma membrane and mitochondrial transmembrane potentials were examined in rat brain using fluorescence techniques. Subchronic treatment of adult rats with ethanol resulted in a significant depolarization of both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes when the mean blood ethanol level of the rats was 59±11 mM (mean±SEM, n=6). Acute dosing of animals (4.5 g/kg, i.p.) failed to show any significant alterations. Various concentrations of ethanol, added in vitro to a crude synaptosomal preparation isolated from the rat cerebrocortex (P2) from untreated animals, depolarized both the plasma and mitochondrial transmembrane potentials in a dose-related manner. Addition of acetaldehyde in vitro did not reveal any significant effects on plasma or mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
Locating short-term empty-container storage facilities to support port operations: A user optimal approach

Abstract This paper presents three strategic-level models for locating away-from-port storage yards for empty shipping containers. The main objective is to reduce the mileage involved in repositioning empty containers. The models presented attempt to capture the greedy behavior of individual trucking companies and provide for the first time a “user” optimal modeling approach for empty container management. An application to the port complexes of Los Angeles and Long Beach demonstrates that savings associated with storage yards could be easily overestimated when neglecting the perspective of the individual trucking companies. Strategies to encourage system optimal behavior are proposed.
Characteristics of a broadband dye laser using Pyrromethene and Rhodamine dyes

A broadband dye laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a full width at half-maximum from 592 to 610 nm was created for the use in a dual-pump broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) system called width increased dual-pump enhanced CARS (WIDECARS). The desired broadband dye laser was generated with a mixture of Pyrromethene dyes as an oscillator gain medium and a spectral selective optic in the oscillator cavity. A mixture of Rhodamine dyes was used in the amplifier dye cell. To create this laser, a study was performed to characterize the spectral behavior of broadband dye lasers created with Rhodamine dyes 590, 610, and 640 and Pyrromethene dyes 597 and 650, as well as mixtures of these dyes.
The impact of social isolation on HPA axis function, anxiety-like behaviors, and ethanol drinking

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is often observed in alcoholics and humans subjected to early life stress, and animal models of ethanol (EtOH) dependence. We examined HPA axis function in a rodent model of early life stress that engenders increases in behavioral and neurobiological risk factors of alcoholism. Long-Evans male rats were group housed (GH) or socially isolated (SI) for six weeks during adolescence. We examined the corticosterone (CORT) response to stress with and without dexamethasone (DEX) and anxiety-like behaviors. Following the DEX suppression test and behavioral assays, half of the cohort engaged in six weeks of EtOH drinking in a homecage, two-bottle choice intermittent access model. A subset of the cohort was not exposed to EtOH, but was used for electrophysiological measurement of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Correlational analyses examined relationships between measures of CORT, anxiety-like behaviors, and EtOH intake/preference. With DEX pre-treatment, SI rats failed to suppress CORT in response to an acute stress; GH rats showed a significant suppression. In SI rats, there was a significant negative correlation between baseline CORT and EPM open arm time, as well as significant positive correlations between baseline CORT and both EtOH intake and preference. No significant relationships between baseline CORT and behavioral measures were observed in GH rats. Glutamatergic plasticity in the BLA was similar in magnitude between GH and SI rats, and was not altered by exogenous application of CORT. These data suggest that HPA axis function is affected by SI, and this is related to antecedent anxiety-like behavior and may predispose for future EtOH self-administration. Relationships between HPA axis function, anxiety, and EtOH measures in SI rats further strengthens the utility of this paradigm in modeling vulnerability for affective disorders and alcoholism.
Toxicity of p-chloroaniline in rats and mice

Abstract p -Chloroaniline (PCA) was administered as PCA hydrochloride in water by gavage to groups of ten Fischer 344 rats and ten B6C3F 1 mice of each sex for 13 wk. The doses, calculated as PCA rather than the hydrochloride salt, were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg PCA/kg body weight/day for rats and 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg body weight/day for mice. The vehicle controls were given deionized water by gavage. All male rats survived to the end of the studies. One of the ten female rats that received 80 mg PCA/kg died from unknown causes. The final body weights of rats that received 80 mg/kg were 16% lower than those of vehicle controls in the case of males and 4% lower in females. In mice, there was no mortality related to PCA administration. The final body weights of treated mice were similar to those of vehicle controls. In both rats and mice, no treatment-related effects on organ weights were observed at autopsy, except for a dose-related increase in spleen weight. The proportion of haemoglobin in the form of methaemoglobin was increased in dosed groups in both species and resulted in a secondary anaemia, the severity of which was dose related. Compound-related lesions observed histologically in rats and mice, included pigmentation (haemosiderin) in the kidney, spleen and liver and increased haemotopoiesis in the liver and spleen and in the bone marrow (in rats but not mice), reflecting the response to the haemolytic anaemia and methaemoglobinaemia induced by PCA. It is concluded that the haemotopoietic system is a target of PCA toxicity.
A managerial assessment of the waiting-time performance for alternative service process designs

Abstract The paper develops an analytical model and, by applying it to a set of service process design alternatives, demonstrates the potential impact of process design on customer waiting-time performance. In doing so, it provides managers with some general tools and insights they can use in choosing the better service process design, adapting to changes in demand, and evaluating the impact of new technology application to the service process. It makes a case for flexibility in designing service processes by demonstrating that optimality of a design can depend on system parameter values. The various applications of this model and research findings can serve as guidelines for managers to use in designing their service processes so as to better serve their customers.
Comparing two medical tests when results of reference standard are unavailable for those negative via both tests.

In studies for comparing the diagnostic accuracy of two qualitative tests, very often the reference standard to confirm the disease status is not applied to all study subjects. We considered a situation when all subjects with a positive result by at least one of the tests had a verified disease status and none of the subjects with both tests negative results had a verification of disease status. In this paper, we discuss whether the information about the ratio of true positive rates and the ratio of false positive rates of two qualitative tests, T New and T Old , is sufficient to draw a conclusion about effectiveness of the T New . We show that if there is a statistically significant increase in true positive rates and the increase in true positive rates is statistically larger than increase in false positive rates, then a conclusion about effectiveness of test T New can be made and this does not require application of the reference standard to the subjects with negative results by both tests. An applicat...
Synthesis of carbazomycin B by radical arylation of benzene

Iodination of 2-methoxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-nitrophenol followed by acetylation yields (6-iodo-2-methoxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-nitrophenyl) acetate. Reduction with iron and acetic acid followed by reaction with methyl chloroformate then provides N-methoxycarbonyl-3-acetoxy-2-iodo-4-methoxy-5,6-dimethylaniline. Treatment of this substance in benzene at reflux with tributyltin hydride and a catalytic quantity of diphenyl diselenide leads to the formation of N-methoxycarbonyl-3-acetoxy-2-(2,5-cyclohexadienyl)-4-methoxy-5,6-dimethylaniline which on exposure to phenylselenenyl bromide affords a phenylselenenyl tetrahydrocarbazole. Oxidation deselenation and rearomatization are achieved by heating with tert-butylhydroperoxide finally affording carbazomycin B after saponification.
Peace Parks and jaguar trails: transboundary conservation in a globalizing world

An increasingly utilized strategy for expanding conservation in the developing world has been the promotion of protected areas that supersede national borders. Alternatively known as transfrontier biosphere reserves, transfrontier or transboundary conservation areas, or Peace Parks, these protected areas are aggressively advanced by conservation agencies for their purported ecological and economic benefits. This article provides a comparative assessment of two case studies to understand the various impacts of transboundary conservation. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, which unites protected areas in South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, is contrasted with efforts to protect jaguars along the United States–Mexico border. We argue that while these cases are promising for the purposes of biodiversity protection, they demonstrate that transboundary conservation can minimize political context, contributes to the hegemony of international conservation agendas, and remains closely linked to economic neoliberalism and decentralization in the developing world.
Is cetuximab active in patients with cisplatin-refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck?

Is cetuximab active in patients with cisplatin-refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck?
Substrate specificity in thiamin diphosphate-dependent decarboxylases

Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) is the biologically active form of vitamin B(1), and ThDP-dependent enzymes are found in all forms of life. The catalytic mechanism of this family requires the formation of a common intermediate, the 2α-carbanion-enamine, regardless of whether the enzyme is involved in C-C bond formation or breakdown, or even formation of C-N, C-O and C-S bonds. This demands that the enzymes must screen substrates prior to, and/or after, formation of the common intermediate. This review is focused on the group for which the second step is the protonation of the 2α-carbanion, i.e., the ThDP-dependent decarboxylases. Based on kinetic data, sequence/structure alignments and mutagenesis studies the factors involved in substrate specificity have been identified.
Analysis of three-dimensional point position for skewed-axes stereo vision systems

Stereo vision is the use of two images of an object to determine its three dimensional position. In this paper, an analysis is presented which explicitly depicts the relationship between a three dimensional point position and its corresponding view, in a skewed focal aces stereo imaging system. The corresponding relationship between a parallel stereo system and a skewed stereo system is described. The computational errors of range measurement for several skewed angles are presented, given pixel quantization errors. In addition, the probability distribution of error within a given range is obtained.
Intrinsic linewidth of a free-electron laser.

The intrinsic linewidth of a cw free-electron laser is calculated, and the result compared to the ordinary atomic laser. A classical (i.e., nonquantum) linewidth is obtained for a free-electron laser operating in the classical regime.
Chemotaxonomic significance of the xanthomonadins, novel brominated aryl-polyene pigments produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas.

The cell pigments produced by strains of Xanthomonas spp. (including representatives of all five presently recognized taxospecies of these phytopathogenic bacteria) have been isolated as isobutyl esters, purified, and characterized in terms of electronic absorption, chromatographic and co-chromatographic, and mass spectrometric properties. This comparative examination reveals that these bacteria produce brominated aryl-polyene pigments which are given the trivial name “xanthomonadins”. The several xanthomonadins usually occur as mixtures which have been resolved by chromatography and sorted into several Pigment Groups, thus enabling a more rational approach in our on-going systematic study of their exact chemical structures and biosynthesis. From what is presently known, some of the xanthomonadins might differ from xanthomonadin I, the exact structure of which has previously been determined in material from Xanthomonas juglandis ICPB XJ103, by their being monobrominated (rather than dibrominated, as is xanthomonadin I), by their having the equivalent of one methyl group less than does xanthomonadin I, and/or in other ways. The pigments of Xanthomonas ampelina (a little known and possibly questionable member of this genus) seem somewhat different from the pigments of the other Xanthomonas spp. The ability to form these distinctive xanthomonadin pigments is a useful chemotaxonomic marker for the genus Xanthomonas, since such pigments are not known to be formed by taxonomically or ecologically adjacent bacteria. Sufficient characterization of this assemblage of xanthomonadin pigments is presented so that they can be isolated and identified routinely on the basis of the aforementioned properties.
How Noniridescent Colors Are Generated by Quasi‐ordered Structures of Bird Feathers

We investigate the mechanism of structural coloration by quasi-ordered nanostructures in bird feather barbs. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data reveal the structures are isotropic and have short-range order on length scales comparable to optical wavelengths. We perform angle-resolved reflection and scattering spectrometry to fully characterize the colors under directional and omni-directional illumination of white light. Under directional lighting, the colors change with the angle between the directions of illumination and observation. The angular dispersion of the primary peaks in the scattering/reflection spectra can be well explained by constructive interference of light that is scattered only once in the quasi-ordered structures. Using the Fourier power spectra of structure from the SAXS data we calculate optical scattering spectra and explain why the light scattering peak is the highest in the backscattering direction. Under omni-directional lighting, colors from the quasi-ordered structures are invariant with the viewing angle. The non-iridescent coloration results from the isotropic nature of structures instead of strong backscattering.
Privacy-preserving multi-keyword fuzzy search over encrypted data in the cloud

Enabling keyword search directly over encrypted data is a desirable technique for effective utilization of encrypted data outsourced to the cloud. Existing solutions provide multi- keyword exact search that does not tolerate keyword spelling error, or single keyword fuzzy search that tolerates typos to certain extent. The current fuzzy search schemes rely on building an expanded index that covers possible keyword misspelling, which lead to significantly larger index file size and higher search complexity. In this paper, we propose a novel multi- keyword fuzzy search scheme by exploiting the locality-sensitive hashing technique. Our proposed scheme achieves fuzzy matching through algorithmic design rather than expanding the index file. It also eliminates the need of a predefined dictionary and effectively supports multiple keyword fuzzy search without increasing the index or search complexity. Extensive analysis and experiments on real-world data show that our proposed scheme is secure, efficient and accurate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that achieves multi-keyword fuzzy search over encrypted cloud data.
Calcium phytate: Effect of ph and molar ratio on in vitro solubility

Calcium and phytate phosphorus were highly soluble below pH 4 at all molar ratios of calcium (Ca) to phytic acid (PA) studied (0.512.67). As pH is increased above 4, there is a drop in solubility, the magnitude of which depends on the Ca:PA molar ratio. Above pH 6, the greatest calcium precipitation occurred at molar ratios between 4 and 6.5; both lower and higher Ca:PA molar ratios showed higher calcium solubility. In contrast, phytate phosphorus solubility decreased in proportion to the Ca:PA molar ratio, showing essentially complete precipitation above the Ca:PA ratio of 5. The pentacalcium phytate salt probably predominates when calcium is not limiting. Under calcium-limiting conditions, the complexes resolubilize as the pH is increased above 7.
Nicotine exposure and the progression of chronic kidney disease: role of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Clinical studies have established the role of cigarette smoking as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have shown that nicotine promotes mesangial cell proliferatio...
The effects of estradiol upon the thymus of the sexually immature female mouse.

The thymus of the sexually immature female DDS mouse contains about 2.4 × 1010 estradiol binding sites/thymus which bind with an apparent dissociation constant of about 2.3 × 10−10M. Estrogen binding sites in the glucocorticoid-involuted thymus are similar in number and binding affinity. The putative estrogen receptor sediments on sucrose density gradients with a velocity of about 8S and binding of estradiol can be completely blocked by the addition of a 100 fold molar excess of diethylstilbestrol. Estrogen receptor levels in male mice were about 1 × 109 sites/thymus. Estrogen binding properties were investigated in thymuses of 11 inbred strains of mice, including 6 strains with a high incidence of lymphoma. The number of estradiol binding sites ranged from 0.6–5.5 × 1010 sites/thymus. The mean number of sites in mice with a high incidence of lymphoma was not significantly different from that observed in strains with low incidence. However, with respect to number of binding sites/thymus, there were two discernable groups of mice. The high line group includes strains DBA/2J, SWR/J, C58/J and SJL/J and has a mean binding value of 4.7 × 1010 sites/thymus. The low line group has a mean binding value of 1.7 × 1010 sites/thymus and includes strains A/J, C57BL/6J, DDS, AKR/J, Balb/c Dub, C3H/FeJ and RF/J. When female DDS mice were injected with 1 μg estradiol or 5 μg testosterone/day for 3 days, no decrease in thymic weight was observed. Estradiol, but not testosterone, caused a 3–4 fold increase in thymic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Thymic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in male mice did not increase under the influence of estradiol. Estradiol also stimulated the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA in thymuses of 3 wk old female mice. The incorporation of [3H]-thymidine was inhibited about 40%. No effect upon [3H]-leucine incorporation was observed although estradiol did cause a slight, but significant, decrease in total thymic protein content.
The quantum dot nanoconjugate tool box (Invited Paper)

The surface coating of quantum dots has been characterised using Z-stem. Quantum dots have been pegylated to increase stability in aqueous solution. The fluorescence intensity of the quantum dots was modulated pegylation. PEG was coupled using different ratios of EDC, PEG and NHS. Optimum coupling conditions were found to occur when 2000 equivalents of PEG were reacted with 1 equivalent of dot in the presence of 1500 equivalents of NHS and EDC. Angiotensin II was also conjugated to quantum dots and these conjugates were shown to be biologically active. Quantum dots have also been surface functionalised with other peptides such as NGR with subsequent demonstration of cell surface binding and can be characterized by flow cytometry.
Device and architecture co-optimization for FPGA power reduction

Device optimization considering supply voltage Vdd and threshold voltage Vt tuning does not increase chip area but has a great impact on power and performance in the nanometer technology. This paper studies the simultaneous evaluation of device and architecture optimization for FPGA. We first develop an efficient yet accurate timing and power evaluation method, called trace-based model. By collecting trace information from cycle-accurate simulation of placed and routed FPGA benchmark circuits and re-using the trace for different Vdd and Vt, we enable the device and architecture co-optimization for hundreds of combinations. Compared to the baseline FPGA which has the architecture same as the commercial FPGA used by Xilinx, and has Vdd suggested by ITRS but Vt optimized by our device optimization, architecture and device co-optimization can reduce energy-delay product by 20.5% without any chip area increase compared to the conventional FPGA architecture. Furthermore, considering power-gating of unused logic blocks and interconnect switches, our co-optimization method reduces energy-delay product by 54.7% and chip area by 8.3%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study on architecture and device co-optimization for FPGAs.
Tight lower bounds for the distinct elements problem

We prove strong lower bounds for the space complexity of (/spl epsi/, /spl delta/)-approximating the number of distinct elements F/sub 0/ in a data stream. Let m be the size of the universe from which the stream elements are drawn. We show that any one-pass streaming algorithm for (/spl epsi/, /spl delta/)-approximating F/sub 0/ must use /spl Omega/(1//spl epsi//sup 2/) space when /spl epsi/ = /spl Omega/(m/sup -1/(9 + k)/), for any k > 0, improving upon the known lower bound of /spl Omega/(1//spl epsi/) for this range of /spl epsi/. This lower bound is tight up to a factor of log log m for small /spl epsi/ and log 1//spl epsi/ for large /spl epsi/. Our lower bound is derived from a reduction from the one-way communication complexity of approximating a Boolean function in Euclidean space. The reduction makes use of a low-distortion embedding from an l/sub 2/ to l/sub 1/ norm.
PSIST: indexing protein structures using suffix trees

Approaches for indexing proteins, and for fast and scalable searching for structures similar to a query structure have important applications such as protein structure and function prediction, protein classification and drug discovery. In this paper, we developed a new method for extracting the local feature vectors of protein structures. Each residue is represented by a triangle, and the correlation between a set of residues is described by the distances between C/sub /spl alpha// atoms and the angles between the normals of planes in which the triangles lie. The normalized local feature vectors are indexed using a suffix tree. For all query segments, suffix trees can be used effectively to retrieve the maximal matches, which are then chained to obtain alignments with database proteins. Similar proteins are selected by their alignment score against the query. Our results shows classification accuracy up to 97.8% and 99.4% at the superfamily and class level according to the SCOP classification, and shows that on average 7.49 out of 10 proteins from the same superfamily are obtained among the top 10 matches. These results are competitive with the best previous methods.
Using Simulation Speeds to Differentiate Controller Interface Concepts

This study investigated two concepts: (1) whether speeding a human-in-the-loop simulation (or the subject's "world") scales time stress in such a way as to cause primary task performance to reveal workload differences between experimental conditions and (2) whether using natural hand motions to control the attitude of an aircraft makes controlling the aircraft easier and more intuitive. This was accomplished by having pilots and non-pilots make altitude and heading changes using three different control inceptors at three simulation speeds. Results indicate that simulation speed does affect workload and controllability. The bank and pitch angle error was affected by simulation speed but not by a simulation speed by controller type interaction; this may have been due to the relatively easy flying task. Results also indicate that pilots could control the bank and pitch angle of an aircraft about equally as well with the glove as with the sidestick. Non-pilots approached the pilots ability to control the bank and pitch angle of an aircraft using the positional glove - where the hand angle is directly proportional to the commanded aircraft angle. Therefore, (1) changing the simulation speed lends itself to objectively indexing a subject s workload and may also aid in differentiating among interface concepts based upon performance if the task being studied is sufficiently challenging and (2) using natural body movements to mimic the movement of an airplane for attitude control is feasible.
Data bank for probabilistic risk-assessment of nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants

The Savannah river laboratory maintains a compilation of operating problems and equipment failures that have occurred in the fuel reprocessing areas of the Savannah river plant. The data bank contains more than 175000 entries, ranging from minor equipment malfunctions to incidents with potential for injury or contamination of personnel, or for economic loss. The data bank has been used extensively for a wide variety of purposes such as probabilistic risk assessment, failure analysis, and trend analysis. An overview of the bank is given in terms of history of development, contents of the bank, management of data, uses for the bank and future development. >
Comparing methods to measure error in gynecologic cytology and surgical pathology.

Abstract Context.—Both gynecologic cytology and surgical pathology use similar methods to measure diagnostic error, but differences exist between how these methods have been applied in the 2 fields. Objective.—To compare the application of methods of error detection in gynecologic cytology and surgical pathology. Data Sources.—Review of the literature. Conclusions.—There are several different approaches to measuring error, all of which have limitations. Measuring error using reproducibility as the gold standard is a common method to determine error. While error rates in gynecologic cytology are well characterized and methods for objectively assessing error in the legal setting have been developed, meaningful methods to measure error rates in clinical practice are not commonly used and little is known about the error rates in this setting. In contrast, in surgical pathology the error rates are not as well characterized and methods for assessing error in the legal setting are not as well defined, but method...
Playing both roles in the trust game

This paper examines the effect of subjects playing both roles in a trust game. We compare two information treatments to our replication of the single-role trust game. The treatments alter the point at which participants are told they will play both roles. We find that playing both roles reduces both trust and reciprocity. We also explore relationships between demographic and personality characteristics and decisions in the game. We find that a social-psychological measure of Machiavellian behavior predicts distrust but not a lack of trustworthiness, and that non-white participants trust less in a predominantly white environment, but are no less trustworthy.
The Effect of Time of Day on Problem Solving and Classroom Behavior.

This study describes fluctuations in problem solving and classroom behaviors during the school day for nonmedicated pupils who had attention deficits with hyperkinesis. The 43 participating pupils were observed with Stonybrook Observation Code, and tested with Stroop Color-Word Test, Matching Familiar Figures, Porteus Mazes, and Digit Span. Test data were collected in counterbalanced morning and afternoon sessions. Twenty-one pupils were administered the tests in the morning and in the afternoon; the remainder were tested in the afternoon and in the following morning. Equivalent test forms were used. Direct observations were completed for four minutes in the morning and for four minutes in the afternoon once each week over a four-week period. Repeated measures Multivariate ANOVAs were followed by univariate and correlational analyses. On problem-solving tasks except Digit Span, pupils performed beer in the morning. In classroom behavior, all pupils exhibited more interference, off-task, noncompliance, and minor motor movement in the afternoon. The results are discussed in terms of scheduling problem-solving tasks in the morning and less structured activities in the afternoon.
Oscillation of Blood Flow and Vascular Resistance During Mayer Waves

In cats anesthetized with chloralose, Mayer waves developed following graded hemorrhage and, in some, partial carotid occlusion. The average Mayer wave was 56 mm. Hg in amplitude rising from a base systemic pressure of 70 mm. Hg at a frequency of 3.0 per minute. Rhythmic fluctuation of respiratory depth and frequency paralleled but slightly preceded the blood pressure change. There was no significant variation in heart rate during Mayer waves. Flow in the abdominal aorta and vena cava varied inversely with systemic pressure. A flow lag of four to six seconds in the vena cava behind that in the aorta during Mayer waves was probably related to circulation time. Blood flow was measured in muscle, small intestine, skin, and kidney. During the pressure rise of each Mayer wave, blood flow decreased in muscle more than in gut. Cutaneous flow increased moderately. Renal flow varied directly with the arterial pressure. Changes vascular resistance were evaluated by holding perfusion pressure constant and measuring regional blood flow. During Mayer waves, muscle vascular resistance increased 276 per cent, intestinal resistance increased 210 per cent, and cutaneous resistance rose 136 per cent. Renal vascular resistance did not change. Since Mayer waves are apparently reflexogenic in origin, the data are interpreted as evidence for regional differences in the pattern of central reflex control of the peripheral vascular system.
ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplants: Twice as Expensive, Half as Good.

The authors estimated Medicare spending for all covered services for 270 ABO-incompatible (ABOi) and 27 000 ABO-compatible (ABOc) transplants for the period 30 days before transplant through 3 years after transplant and found that costs for ABOi transplants were 74% higher than those for ABOc transplants. The authors also estimated adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for both graft failure and all-cause mortality using a Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for >20 measurements of recipient and donor characteristics. The Cox results showed that ABOitransplanted patients had 1.9 times the risk of both death and graft failure compared with ABOc patients. These estimates indicate that ABOi transplantation costs more and has a large negative impact on the health of recipients compared, with ABOc transplantation.