cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome Measures Utilized in the Capitellum and Trochlea Fracture Literature: A Systematic Review

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the outcome measures that the current isolated capitellar and trochlear fracture literature has used. Methods A systematic literature review identified capitellar and/or trochlear fracture treatment articles published between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016. Exclusion criteria included review articles, meta-analyses, technique articles, and biomechanical/anatomic studies. Included studies were reviewed for patient demographics and reports of range of motion, outcome measures, satisfaction rate, return to previous level of activity, complication rate, and reoperation rate. The use of different outcome measures was compared among smaller and larger case series and in journals with higher and lower impact factors. Results Of 285 articles, 45 met inclusion criteria. Mean number of capitellum and/or trochlea fractures per study was 11.3 (mean patient age, 34.6 years). Average follow-up was 29.4 months. Eight outcome measures were used, the most common of which were the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand/Quick–Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores. An average of 1.09 outcome measures were reported per study; 15% of studies reported a satisfaction rate. Larger studies were associated with more outcome measures and used the MEPS more often. Studies in journals with an impact factor of 1 or greater had more patients, more reported outcome scores, and higher use of the MEPS compared with studies with an impact factor of less than 1. Conclusions Capitellum and trochlea fracture studies have major outcome-measure reporting inconsistencies. The MEPS is the most frequently reported measure. Higher-level journals and studies with 5 or more fractures reported more outcome scores. Future studies should include commonly reported outcome measures to allow for cross-study comparison. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Post-PKS enzyme complexes

Natural products are produced by bacteria, plants, and fungi and have yielded some of the most clinically active and widely used drugs available. Several of the natural products that are produced by type II PKSs have novel scaffolds or unique rearrangements that are, in large part, due to the post PKS enzymes. Protein–protein interactions between post-PKS tailoring enzymes hamper the use of combinatorial biosynthesis in the development of novel natural product-derived drugs. Several co-dependent post-PKS enzymes have been characterized in nature, but their significance in regards to complex formation and co-dependence has been largely overlooked. Here, we report an in-depth analysis of two such post-PKS pathways, gilvocarcin and mithramycin, for which indications exist to postulate multienzyme complexes to facilitate substrate protection and channeling.
Systems-of-systems enterprise architecture CONOPS assessment approach and preliminary results

This paper provides (i) an overview of a proposed Systems-of-Systems Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS (Concept of Operations) framework and associated resiliency models, (ii) a summary of the work done by CSUF Graduate Student Team (GST) on the implementation of the framework and advanced mathematical modeling effort for Matlab modeling of the resiliency models, and (iii) preliminary simulations results obtained by CSUF-GST for notional SATOPS and SATCOM SOSEA CONOPS use cases. The key achievements of the CSUF-GST include SOSEA databases for civilian, commercial, and military space and ground systems, orbital dynamics models for simulating SOSEA space systems and ground networks, simplified dynamic communication link margin and availability, and Matlab models for Resilience Assessment Index (RAI), Spectrum Resiliency Assessment Index (SRAI) and Resilient Capacity models against intentional and un-intentional Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources.
Prospective Memory Training

Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering to perform intended actions in the future. PM failures are especially problematic for older adults, both in terms of frequency of occurrence and severity of consequences. As such, we tackle the challenge of developing a cognitive training program for PM specifically geared towards older adults. Departing from other popular cognitive training, our focus has been and continues to be on teaching effective and efficient strategies with the intention of promoting transfer to real-world PM challenges. We discuss several considerations in cognitive training including matching the type of PM task (focal or nonfocal) with effective strategies, variability and characteristics of training materials, and differences in methods used to train strategies. For example, training can involve explicit direct instruction or guided instruction aimed at helping a person self-generate and self-evaluate strategy effectiveness. Existing data and ongoing work aimed at identifying the key intervention components that enhance successful outcomes are presented. We report a new study with healthy older adults that includes these components and develops a metacognitive-strategy intervention for prospective memory that guides participants in analysis of task demands and self-generation of strategies. We also describe some initial prospective-memory training work with Parkinson’s disease patients.
Building the New Urbanism: Places, Professions, and Profits in the American Metropolitan Landscape

1. Introduction 2. Before the New Urbanism 3. Making a Movement 4. Reimagining the Suburbs, Beginning to Build 5. Surviving its Critics and Reinforcing its Position 6. Making New Urbanist Places 7. Conclusion: The Built Environment Is a Social Process
Market-Based Measurement for School Achievement

Over the last thirty years state governments have paid ever-increasing attention to the results of standardized testing to identify successful schools, rewarding those with better performance by allocating to them a greater share of resources. Although traditional, high-stakes, standardized testing has been shown to be effective at measuring discrete skills or a predetermined list of facts, the overwhelming majority of research into its effectiveness shows not only that these tests fail to measure educational quality but also that their use tends to negatively affect the intellectual development of students in the classroom. This paper argues for an alternative mechanism to evaluating school achievement. We claim that a free-market approach to education, one that includes central features of market systems—profits, market entry, price changes, product differentiation, and competition—not only provides a better mechanism than the use of high-stakes testing by which to allocate limited financial resources and motivate academic achievement, but also serves as a more accurate tool to measure the quality of school programs.
Tibial acceleration and shock attenuation while running over different surfaces in a trail environment.

Abstract Objectives Increased tibial axial acceleration and reduced shock attenuation are associated with running injuries and are believed to be influenced by surface type. Trail running has increased in popularity and is thought to have softer surface properties than paved surface, but it is unclear if trail surfaces influence tibial acceleration and shock attenuation. The purpose of this study was to investigate peak triaxial and resultant tibial acceleration as well as axial and resultant shock attenuation among dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces. Design Fifteen recreational runners (12 females, 3 males, age = 27.7 ± 9.1 years) ran over dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces in a trail environment while instrumented with triaxial tibial and head accelerometers. Methods Differences between tri-planar peak tibial accelerations (braking, propulsion, axial, medial, lateral, and resultant) and shock attenuations (axial and resultant) among surface types were assessed with one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Results No significant differences were found for tibial accelerations or shock attenuations among surface types (p > 0.05). Conclusions Dirt and gravel trail running surfaces do not have lower tibial accelerations or greater shock attenuation than paved surfaces. While runners are encouraged to enjoy the psychological benefits of trail running, trail surfaces do not appear to reduce loading forces associated with running-related injuries.
Health Literacy and Web-Based Audiovisual Multimedia in Pituitary and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Introduction The internet presents a rich milieu of multimedia options relating to pituitary and endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS). Misinformation can create discordance between patient and provider expectations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the understandability and actionability of available ESBS and pituitary surgery audiovisual information on YouTube and Google. Methods The top 50 videos generated by searching “pituitary surgery/transsphenoidal surgery” and “endoscopic skull base surgery” in both YouTube and Google were sorted by relevance. Two independent reviewers evaluated each for understandability and actionability based on the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for audiovisual material (PEMAT-A/V). Source, authorship, audience, and education/advertisement variables were collected. Chi-square test followed by univariate and multivariate regression analyses assessed the association between these variables and quality. Results A total of 85 videos (52 YouTube and 33 Google) met inclusion criteria for analysis. There was no significant difference in the presence of the aforementioned variables between YouTube and Google (p Conclusion Understandability and actionability of YouTube and Google audiovisual patient information on ESBS and pituitary surgery is poor. Consideration should be given to the formation of a standardized patient information resource.
Data-Driven Percentile Optimization for Multiclass Queueing Systems with Model Ambiguity: Theory and Application

Multiclass queueing systems widely used in operations research and management typically experience ambiguity in real-world settings in the form of unknown parameters. For such systems, we incorpora...
ROTATIONAL RELAXATION OF SOLUTE MOLECULES IN DENSE NOBLE GASES

Broadening of the pure rotational transitions of a dissolved molecule cannot occur if this molecule is embedded in a medium that is always perfectly isotropic. The aim of this seminar is to indicate that there is a relation between rotational linebroadening and the anisotropy of local density fluctuations around the rotating molecule. It is in fact possible to derive an expression which quantitatively relates rotational linewidths to certain 4-point density correlation functions. Rotational linewidth measurements may therefore be used to obtain information about higher order density correlation functions. Most of the topics mentioned in this seminar have been discussed in a number of publications (1, 2,3), to which the reader is referred for more details.
The Liberal Tightrope: Brettschneider on Free Speech

Corey Brettschneider’s book takes up one of the most important questions in moral, political, and legal philosophy— what are the grounds and limits of toleration—by focusing on the problem of hate speech. I admire his aspiration of crafting a middle position that defends robust free speech protections while also subjecting those espousing hateful viewpoints to “democratic persuasion.” Brettschneider begins with a critique of two dominant responses offered by political and legal theorists to the problem of hate speech. On the one hand, you have the “neutralists” who defend strong rights of free speech, including protections for “hateful viewpoints,” which he defines as “hostile to the core ideals of liberal democracy.”1 On the other, you have the “prohibitionists” who endorse coercive bans on hate speech.2 The first approach is reflected in the “United States Supreme Court’s current free speech jurisprudence,” whereas the second is “found in most liberal democracies outside the United States.”3 Brettschneider argues that both approaches are problematic. Neutralists fail to take seriously the ways in which hateful viewpoints undermine the ideal of free and equal citizenship. Prohibitionists disregard the autonomy of citizens, their capacity to choose, revise, and pursue their own conceptions of the good. Brettschneider proposes a middle path between these two positions, based on a distinction “between a state’s coercive power, or its ability to place legal limits on hate speech, and its expressive
Cooperating heterogeneous systems: a blackboard-based meta approach

It is increasingly the case that organizations rely upon diverse computer systems to perform a variety of knowledge-based tasks. This not only presents technical issues of interoperability and integration, but philosophical issues of how cooperation and interaction between computational entities is to be realized. Cooperating systems are systems that work together toward a common end. To develop cooperating heterogeneous systems the technical and philosophical must find common ground. The concepts of cooperation must find realization in technically sound system architectures. The heterogeneity and complexity of knowledge sources make it difficult to design and use an integrated system. This is particularly true of systems that are constructed of pre-existing components, each of which has its own task, design, and structure. We advocate adding a uniform meta-layer between knowledge sources and the rest of the system. The layer consists of a family of interpreters, one for each knowledge source, and meta-knowledge. A system architecture to integrate and control diverse knowledge sources is presented. The architecture is based on the meta-level properties of the logic programming language Prolog. We describe an implementation of the architecture, a Framework for Logic Programming Systems with Distributed Execution (FLiPSiDE). Based on the vanilla blackboard interpreter, we present interpreter enhancements that model the cooperative behavior of knowledge sources. Examples of interpreters to handle shared semantics and multiple interaction behaviors are shown. We introduce a dedicated trigger handler knowledge source to the design of control blackboard architectures. The advantages of such a knowledge source, including dynamic modification of triggers, are described. The support of human users is presented as an example of integrating heterogeneous users with the computational knowledge sources. The FLiPSiDE architecture is generalized to create a distributed Prolog environment. As background we present the blackboard model and some of its realizations, explain the concepts of meta-level systems, and examine organizational learning and decision making to determine the essential characteristics of cooperation.
Applying neural networks to computer system performance tuning

This paper presents results of empirical studies applying neural networks and techniques from control systems theory to computer system performance tuning. Experiments were performed on a simulated multiprogrammed computer system with a time-varying workload comprising four job classes. Key system performance measures such as device utilizations, mean queue lengths, and paging rates were collected and used to train neural network performance models. Several model-based adaptive control experiments show that backpropagation and radial basis function neural network controllers can be trained online to adjust memory allocations in order to meet desired performance objectives. >
Vitamin E Protects Mice Against Diplococcus pneumoniae Type I Infection

Vitamin E protects nonimmunized and immunized mice against fatal Diplococcus pneumoniae type I (DpI) infection. A dietary supplementation of 180 mg of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate per kg of diet increased survival of nonimmunized mice from 20 to 80% when challenged with 20 organisms, and of mice immunized with 0.5 ng of DpI polysaccharide from 15 to 70% when challenged with 20,000 organisms. The phagocytic index of immunized mice was four times higher in the 180-mg vitamin E group than in the control group. Both the survival and phagocytic index revealed a biphasic dose response, indicating a cause-effect relationship between phagocytosis and survival. Vitamin E also significantly increased the rate of carbon clearance from blood, indicating a general increase in phagocytic activity. The data indicated that increased macrophage activity probably aided by increased antibody production was the principal reason for increased protection.
Prediction of Mature Weight and Maturing Rate from Body Measurements Taken on Angus and Charolais Calves at Birth

Abstract The objective of this study was to use body measurements taken at birth to predict mature weight (MW) and maturing rate (MR) of mature cows. Measurements for length of rear leg from hook to dewclaw (LL), circumference of forearm (FA), heart girth circumference, body length from point of shoulder to pin bone (BL), width at loin (WL), width at hip, and depth at chest (DC) were taken within 24 h of birth on 131 purebred female Angus calves and 39 purebred Charolais female calves in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Fifty-four Angus and 20 Charolais cavles were available for estimates of MW and MR. Stepwise regression determined which traits would be significant predictors of MW and MR. Early BW or ADG (for various intervals up to 1 yr of age) were also included in some models. Stepwise regression, including the seven body measurements, resulted in the following equations: MW = −230.12 + 22.54 (LL) +16.38 (FA) + 1.12 (BL) + 30.61 (WL) − 21.66 (DC) and MR = 0.10018 − 0.00038 (BL). The R 2 values were 0.46 and 0.29, respectively. Including early BW or ADG in models for MW did not result in higher R 2 values, although models with fewer traits included were obtained. Results of this study indicate that body measurements taken at birth may be useful in predicting MW and MR of cows.
A declarative sensornet architecture

Increased code reuse, independent development, and interoperability are three key missing characteristics of sensornet programming today that motivate the need for an overall sensornet architecture. Architecture traditionally implies a componentized modular framework in which narrow interfaces provide the only form of communication between layers encapsulating specific functions and services. The Internet architecture provides the classic example of the modular approach.
Aerosol heating and vaporization by pulsed light beams

The interaction of absorbing aerosols with pulsed light beams is considered. Approximate energy and mass conservation equations are developed which admit of analytic solutions for the aerosol temperature and vaporization state within a limited domain of values for the aerosol mass flux. Numerical solutions are obtained for the particular case of absorbing water droplets in an intense pulsed light beam, and the validity of these solutions is examined. A number of recommendations are made for future work on this problem.
Acid-leaching of sodium brannerite: synthesis and structure of Na0.13(V0.13Mo0.87)O3 · nH2O

Abstract In dilute hydrochloric acid NaVMoO 6 , which has a layered “brannerite” structure, participates in an acid-leaching reaction that results in the formation of a metastable compound with the stoichiometry Na 0.13 (V 0.13 Mo 0.87 )O 3 · n H 2 O and the structure of “hexagonal” MoO 3 . The locations of the sodium ions and water molecules in the channels of this structure, space group P 6 3 with a = 10.628(1) A and c = 3.6975(7) A, were determined through Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction data collected on deuterated samples. The water molcules are important in providing a stable environment for the sodium ions, which are octahedrally coordinated by four framework oxygen atoms and two water molecules. In an attempt to understand the mechanistic aspects of the acid-leaching reaction, samples of the hexagonal phase were formed with a range of V : Mo contents from aqueous NaVMo solutions via conventional precipitation methods. Although phases could be stabilized with the same crystallography as the brannerite-derived products, the solution precipitates contained vacancies in the transition metal framework and a higher concentration of sodium in the channels. These compositional differences led to a significant reduction in the apparent high-temperature stability of the solution-derived phases compared to that of their brannerite-derived counterparts. There is some evidence to suggest that the structural filiation between brannerite and hexagonal MoO 3 may be responsible for the unique stoichiometry and stability of the products of the acid-leaching reactions and that the acid-leaching reactions do not proceed through a simple dissolution/precipitation mechanism.
Transport in a 2D Fermi system with a non-degenerate component: The case of the “under-doped” cuprates

Abstract The non-degenerate component is found to be key to understanding the normal state in-plane resistivity, Hall coefficient and Hall angle of high- T c cuprates. We present results for the “under-doped” stoichiometry range and compare with experiments.
Federal aftercare programs for transition-aged youth

Abstract This case study examines five federal aftercare support programs for transition-aged youth, including: 1) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families for single parents, 2) TRIO Student Support Services for first generation college students, 3) Second Chance Act for reentry youth, 4) Chaffee Educational and Training Vouchers for foster youth, and 5) Transitional Living Program for homeless youth. Considerable variability in federal funding to states and services provided across these programs are reported. While all five vulnerable target groups likely need aftercare services of the nine types examined, as indicated by the literature, variations in federal funding levels, both among target populations and across states, raise important questions for society and federal and state policy makers. More systematic data collection and reporting systems specifying aftercare services provided and outcomes among those served which are accessible to the public, such as www.cfda.gov and www.usaspending.gov , are recommended.
Effect of Polyphenolic Compounds on a λ-Prophage Induction Assay

Abstract Various compounds commonly found in plants have been screened using the λ-prophage induction assay. Certain polyphenolics have been found to directly interfere with the assay providing false positive results. Although the λ-prophage induction assay provides a useful prescreen for crude plant extracts, we have found that when employing this bioassay with plant extracts rich in certain compounds, a negative control assay should be employed.
A model study of hydrogen diffusion on surfaces: Barrier recrossing, multiple jumps and randomization

Abstract We studied a two-dimensional model of hydrogen diffusion on a surface by calculating quantum flux-flux correlation functions. We found that transition state theory is likely to break down, that multiple jumps occur and that the motion perpendicular to the surface is very important.
THE DIFFERENCES IN SCORES AND SELF-EFFICACY BY STUDENT GENDER IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

Typically, mathematics and science are seen as linked together, where both subjects involve numbers, critical thinking, and problem solving. Our study aims to develop a better understanding of the connections between student’s achievement scores in mathematics and science, student gender, and self-efficacy. We used the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2007 eighth grade data to answer our research questions and were able to demonstrate that when controlling for self-efficacy, there is a statistically significant difference in the achievement scores between males and females by subject, where females score higher Algebra, but males score higher in the other mathematics subjects. Likewise, we were also able to demonstrate that there is a statistically significant difference in the achievement scores in Earth Science, Physics, and Biology, between males and females where males score higher in science subjects. In both mathematics and science examinations, we controlled for self-efficacy where in mathematics females hold lower self-efficacy then males and in science there is no difference between females and males in terms of self-efficacy. We conjecture that mathematics and science classrooms that consider self-efficacy may impact student’s achievement scores by subject, which can ultimately impact career choices in mathematics- and science-based fields.
Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in honey bee (Apis mellifera) brain

Abstract 1. Honey bee head homogenates contained particulate components capable of binding the nicotinic receptor antagonist α-bungarotoxin (BGT) and the muscarinic receptor antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Specific binding of [125I]BGT (denned by nicotine) and [3H]QNB (defined by atropine) was heat sensitive, linear with tissue concentration, and saturable. Bmax values were 204 fmol mg protein−1 for [125I]BGT and 57 fmol mg protein−1 for [3H]QNB yielding a binding site ratio of 3.6:1. Hill coefficients were 1.0 for each radioligand. 2. Binding by both radioligands was rapid and reversible. Association (k+1) and dissociation (k−1) rates were 1.38 × 106 s−1 M−1 and 6.2 × 10−4 s−1 for [125I]BGT and 3.27 × 106 s−1 M−1 and 9.4 × 10−5 s−1 for [3H]QNB. The dissociation rate constants (KD) were 450 pM ( k −1 k +1 ) and 743 pM (saturation) for [125I]BGT and 30pM ( k −1 k +1 ) and 96 pM (saturation) for [3H]QNB. 3. Pharmacological profiles were nicotinic for [125I]BGT with nicotine (Ki 2.6 × 10−7 M), d -tubocurarine (Ki 1.0 × 10−6 M), and ACh + dichlorvos (Ki 4.5 × 10−6 M) being the most potent inhibitors and muscarinic for [3H]QNB with (±)-QNB (Ki 2.2 × 10−12M), S( + )-dexetimide (Ki 2.9 × 10−11 M), atropine (Ki 6.9 × 10−10M), and scopolamine (Ki 4.1 × 10−10M) being most potent. 4. It appeared that [125I]BGT and [3H]QNB were binding with high affinity to honey bee brain populations of nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors, respectively.
The short-term effects of a low-protein diet in stable renal transplant recipients.

The short-term effects of a low-protein diet were assessed in eight stable renal transplant recipients on maintenance immunosuppression 38 ± 7 months following transplantation. Two-week baseline protein and caloric intakes derived from daily food records were 0.97 ± 0.08 glkg·d and 25.3 ± 1.6 kcal/kg·d. A diet containing 0.6 g protein/kg·d and greater than or equal to 30 kcal/kg·d was then prescribed. Nitrogen balance was assessed for 3 weeks and final measurements were taken at 4 weeks. Body weight decreased from 76.4 ± 3.8 to 74.8 ± 3.5 kg (P = 0.028). Baseline inulin clearance was 40.9 ± 6.2 mL/min·1.73 m2 and did not change following the dietary modification. There were no significant changes in plasma proteins, lipids, or in white blood cell counts. During the low-protein diet, mean protein intake was 0.62 ± 0.02 g/kg·d (P
The straw tracker for the SDC detector

Abstract We have developed the baseline design for a straw drift tube tracking system for the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration (SDC) detector. The system was designed to operate in the high-rate environment of the SSC. We present an overview of the tracking system and the requirements it is expected to fulfil. We describe the construction and properties of the straw drift tubes. We discuss the design of the carbon-fiber foam-laminate shell, which supports the wire tension and holds the straw in alignment. We also describe the design of the mechanical support structure, assembly procedure, and utilities. We present the performance characteristics of the prototype straw modules, read out through prototype front end electronics. The straw modules satisfy the performance criteria.
One-dimensional axial simulation of electric double layer overlap effects in devices combining micro- and nanochannels

This paper presents a numerical steady-state model of ion transport in micro- and nanofluidic devices with widely varying geometric scale, such as transitions between micro- and nanochannels. Finite element or finite volume simulation of such problems is challenging, due to the number of elements needed to produce a satisfactory mesh. Here, only the lengthwise channel dimension is meshed; standard analytical approximations are used to incorporate cross-channel properties. Singularly perturbed cases are built up by continuation. The method is shown to reproduce our previously reported measurements of electric double-layer effects on conductivity, ion concentration, and ion enhancement and depletion. Comparison with 2-D simulations reported in the literature shows that effects on accuracy due to the 1-D approximation are small. The model incorporates analytical models of surface charge density taken from the literature. This enables predictive simulation with reasonable accuracy using published parameter values, or these values may be tuned based on experiment to give improved results. Use of the model for iterative design and parameter estimation is demonstrated.
A separation property for magnetic Schrödinger operators on Riemannian manifolds

Abstract We consider a Schrodinger differential expression L = Δ A + q on a complete Riemannian manifold ( M , g ) with metric g , where Δ A is the magnetic Laplacian on M and q ≥ 0 is a locally square integrable function on M . In the terminology of W.N. Everitt and M. Giertz, the differential expression L is said to be separated in L 2 ( M ) if for all u ∈ L 2 ( M ) such that L u ∈ L 2 ( M ) , we have q u ∈ L 2 ( M ) . We give sufficient conditions for L to be separated in L 2 ( M ) .
Paleolithic Murals and the Global Wildlife Trade

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. Paleolithic murals and the global wildlife trade [about the cover]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Jul [date cited].http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1107-AC1107
Prostate α-protein: Subunit structure, polyamine binding, and inhibition of nuclear chromatin binding of androgen-receptor complex

Abstract The retention of the 5α-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex by prostate nuclear chromatin is inhibited by a cytosol protein which binds certain steroids weakly. The protein, which we named α-protein, is also found in the secretory fluid of the ventral prostate. The protein appears to be identical with the “prostatein” or “prostate-binding protein” studied recently by other investigators. The protein can dissociate into two (A and B) subunits. Each subunit, when treated with mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, yields two components which are separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only the A subunit and not the B subunit of α-protein inhibits the chromatin retention of the androgen-receptor complex. The inhibitory protein can also release the receptor complex already bound to chromatin. Whether such a protein is involved in the intracellular recycling or regulation, or both, of the steroidreceptor complex is yet to be determined experimentally. α-Protein also can bind radioactive spermine at pH 8.5; the spermine-protein complex sediments as 3 S. The 3 S complex is not formed by the individual subunits, but, in combination, the two subunits generate α-protein and form the 3 S spermineprotein complex. Spermine binding may provide a sensitive assay for α-protein.
Viliui Sakha Post-Soviet Adaptation: A Subarctic Test of Netting's Smallholder—Householder Theory

The Sakha of northeastern Siberia, Russia, are the highest latitude contemporary agropastoralists practicing horse and cattle husbandry. In the last 100 years their rural livelihood has gone from household-level subsistence food production in clan clusters of single-family homesteads scattered across the landscape, to village-level state agribusiness farm production in compact settlements dependent on Soviet socialist infrastructure, to the present-day post-socialist reliance on household-level subsistence food production. This paper explores how Viliui Sakha are adapting in the post-Soviet context. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the concomitant dissolution of the centralized state farm system, rural inhabitants have developed household and interhousehold food production capacities based on keeping cows and relying on exchange among kin. One of the basic tenets of Robert Netting's smallholder–householder theory is that in times of change, the household system is the most resilient subsistence production unit because of specific qualities including intimate ecological knowledge and implicit labor contracts. This research shows in what ways Netting's householder theory applies for subarctic agropastoralists.
Laminar flow through a porous channel bounded by isothermal parallel plates

Abstract Laminar flow through a porous channel bounded by two parallel plates maintained at a constant and equal temperature is considered. The modified Darcy model for transport of momentum is applied but the velocity square term in the momentum equation and the axial conduction term in the energy equation are neglected. The results show that the Nusselt number for fully-developed fields increases with an increase in the porous media shape parameter, г = (W 2 3/K) 1 2 , where W is channel width, /3 is porosity and K is permeability. The results also show that excess pressure drop, associated with the entrance region, decreases as г increases.
Classical conditioning in paramecia

SingleParamecium caudatum were conditioned by pairing ac-generated electric shock (US) with a vibratory stimulus (CS) produced by an auditory speaker. Naive paramecia subjected to shock reliably exhibited a backwards jerk and axial spinning similar to the avoiding reaction described by Jennings in 1904. Such responses did not occur initially to CS alone, but increasingly appeared during the CS period preceding shock pairing (delayed conditioning paradigm). Control subjects given the CS and UCS at the same intervals, but explicitly unpaired, did not show a sustained increase of responses to the CS alone. Short-term memory was demonstrated by subjects first conditioned and then presented CS alone during extinction. These subjects were readily reconditioned. Paramecia trained and stored for 24 h showed reliable memory savings as compared to stored control subjects. Other paramecia were differentially conditioned by training with two CSs. Following the recommendations of Rescorla (1967), a procedure was designed for truly random presentation of the CS and UCS as an additional control for pseudoconditioning. Single paramecia were conditioned with intervals between CSs randomly ranging from 8 to 32 sec. Control subjects received the same number of CSs and UCSs, which were administered independently and randomly during the same total session duration. Thus, CS and UCS were occasionally paired for control subjects. The responses to CS in the conditioned group were anticipatory conditional responses due to the pairing contingency and not wholly due to pseudoconditioning.
Fuzzy hypothesis testing with hybrid data

Abstract The formulation of binary hypothesis testing, where the available data under one hypothesis is a superposition of a random and a fuzzy component, is addressed. In this formulation the likelihood ratio, which is normally utilized in such types of decision making problems, is fuzzified and compared to a threshold. This involves the application of principles of ordering fuzzy sets which have been developed elsewhere by the authors. Decision rules are described which are independent of the shape of the membership function representing the fuzzy data. These decision rules are illustrated for the case where the random component of the data is normally distributed. Probability of error performance curves, using different ordering criteria, are obtained and compared to the performance of non-fuzzy hypothesis testing.
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND AXIAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A TRIPLE TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Computation of overall heat transfer coefficients in a triple tube heat exchanger (TTHE) is more complicated than in the case of a double tube heat exchanger (DTHE) as the two overall heat transfer coefficients are not independent of one other. A new procedure was developed to calculate these overall heat transfer coefficients and an effective overall heat transfer coefficient value for known inlet and outlet temperatures, and heat capacities of the fluids (product and heating/cooling medium). In this study, this newly developed procedure was utilized and the overall heat transfer coefficients and axial temperature distribution of fluids were computed for a cooling process for different flow rates and inlet temperatures of the fluid streams. The effectiveness of the TTHE was compared to that of a DTHE of identical length. It was observed that when the fluids were flowing in a cocurrent manner, the temperature of the cooling medium with lower heat capacity exceeded the temperature of the product before the fluids exit the TTHE, which caused a decrease in the effectiveness of the TTHE.
The use of invariant manifolds for transfers between unstable periodic orbits of different energies

Techniques from dynamical systems theory have been applied to the construction of transfers between unstable periodic orbits that have different energies. Invariant manifolds, trajectories that asymptotically depart or approach unstable periodic orbits, are used to connect the initial and final orbits. The transfer asymptotically departs the initial orbit on a trajectory contained within the initial orbit’s unstable manifold and later asymptotically approaches the final orbit on a trajectory contained within the stable manifold of the final orbit. The manifold trajectories are connected by the execution of impulsive maneuvers. Two-body parameters dictate the selection of the individual manifold trajectories used to construct efficient transfers. A bounding sphere centered on the secondary, with a radius less than the sphere of influence of the secondary, is used to study the manifold trajectories. A two-body parameter, κ, is computed within the bounding sphere, where the gravitational effects of the secondary dominate. The parameter κ is defined as the sum of two quantities: the difference in the normalized angular momentum vectors and eccentricity vectors between a point on the unstable manifold and a point on the stable manifold. It is numerically demonstrated that as the κ parameter decreases, the total cost to complete the transfer decreases. Preliminary results indicate that this method of constructing transfers produces a significant cost savings over methods that do not employ the use of invariant manifolds.
Fine structure of spermiogenesis in the elasmobranch fish Squalus suckleyi. II. Late stages of differentiation and structure of the mature spermatozoon.

The fine structure of late aspects of spermatid differentiation and the mature spermatozoon of Squalus suckleyi is described. After the major part of nuclear elongation is completed, the nucleus assumes helical form beginning at the posterior end and progressing anteriorly. Accompanying nuclear spiralization are dissolution of the fibrous nuclear sheath, segregation of parachromatin material, and sequential changes in position of a band of nuclear pores. The two fibrous elements of the axial midpiece rod fuse and finally lose evidence of crossstriations. Elongate mitochondria fragment into smaller, spherical forms that aggregate around the axial midpiece rod to delineate the midpiece. A helical sheath of filaments of doubtful origin closely surrounds the mitochondrial sheath. The helical form of the head, midpiece, and tail elements is obviously correlated with the observed pattern of motility, that is rotation of the helical sperm about its long axis.
Cancer Associated Human Papillomaviruses

A small group of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause almost all cervical carcinoma and a significant percentage of other anogenital tract and oral carcinoma. Another group of HPVs causes non-melanoma skin cancers in genetically predisposed or immune suppressed patients upon UV exposure. HPV genome replication requires the host cell's DNA synthesis machinery and HPVs encode proteins that maintain differentiated epithelial cells in a replication competent state. The resulting rewiring of cellular signal transduction circuits triggers several innate cellular tumor suppressor responses that HPVs need to inactivate in order to establish persistent and/or productive infections. This review emphasizes this interplay between virus and the infected host cells and points out biological similarities and differences between different groups of HPVs.
‘A Haven for Tortured Souls’: Hong Kong in the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War exerted a profound economic and social effect on Hong Kong. Between 1965 and 1970, the British Crown Colony annually hosted about 200,000 US ground and naval personnel on holiday. This influx annually earned Hong Kong about US$300–400 million (in 2012 dollars) and employed thousands of residents working in the colony's service industries. Using English- and Chinese-language archival materials from Hong Kong, the United States, and the United Kingdom, the article examines how US servicemen and the businesses catering to them became contentious issues in local society. Servicemen excited widespread interest, but their misdeeds and their stomping grounds provoked intense anxiety. Hong Kong residents’ ensuing debates exercised the colony's emerging public sphere, from newspaper battles to outspoken unions and neighbourhood associations. In tandem with the more commonly cited Star Ferry Riots of 1966 and the Communist agitations of 1967, US R&R was an essential ingredient in the emergence of a ...
Sex Differences in Correlates of Suicide Attempt Lethality in Late Life

Objective Suicide attempts are more lethal in men than in women and this sex difference is more pronounced in old age, when suicide rates in men are highest in most countries, including the United States. To understand this sex difference, the authors assessed correlates of suicide attempt lethality in older men and women. Method Our cross-sectional study enrolled 125 adults (84 aged 50–69 and 41 aged 70 and older) with major depression and a suicide attempt admitted to community and university hospitals in Rochester, NY. and Pittsburgh, PA. Assessments included a structured diagnostic interview, the Lethality Scale, the Suicide Intent Scale, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) measuring burden of physical illness, and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Results Attempt lethality was higher in older (70+) than in younger (50–69) men and lower in older than in younger women. Association between suicidal intent and attempt lethality was the strongest in older men compared with the other groups. Higher attempt lethality in older men was partly explained by their higher levels of intent, and not by CIRS, MMSE, substance use disorders, or living alone. In younger, but not in older women, suicide intent was correlated with attempt lethality. Conclusion Older men act more decisively on their suicidal intent than older women and this difference is more pronounced with increasing age. These findings might partially explain the sex differences in suicide deaths worldwide.
Placing social interaction: An integrative approach to analyzing past built environments

Abstract A growing recognition of the vital role that built space plays in social reproduction has created a need for analytical methods and interpretive frameworks with which to investigate this relationship in archaeological datasets. I address this by developing an integrative approach that emphasizes the role of the built environment as the context for interactions through which social structures are created, transformed and reproduced. This approach uses access analysis to examine how buildings structure patterns of movement and encounter that allow social actors to engage in or avoid particular forms of interaction. With its focus on the topological properties of built space, however, access analysis does not take adequate account of a building’s symbolic aspects, especially architectural characteristics and furnishings that social actors mobilize in the creation of meaningful contexts for interaction. I therefore integrate access analysis with an examination of how built environments encode meanings and nonverbally communicate them to inhabitants and visitors, potentially influencing their actions and interactions. The integrative approach allows determination of probable contexts for various types of social interactions during which social identities could be displayed, negotiated and reified. I conclude by demonstrating the potential of this approach with an analysis of the monumental Ashlar Building from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1650–1100 BC) site of Enkomi, Cyprus.
The operation logic of automatic dose control of fluoroscopy system in conjunction with spectral shaping filters

The introduction and extensive application of spectral shaping filters during fluoroscopic imaging procedures have decreased the patient skin entrance exposures (air kerma) dramatically while the image quality is optimized and maintained. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate and understand the functionality and operation of fluoroscopic automatic dose rate control logic installed on a modern cardiovascular angiography system, as seen from the equipment operation point of view. The fluoroscopic "patient" entrance exposure (air kerma) rate and the flat panel image receptor input exposure (air kerma) rate were obtained for reference and future application.
Aggregates of cytofilaments as the cause of the appearance of hyaline tumor cells.

Cells resembling the hyaline cells of mixed salivary tumors have been identified in islet cell tumors, basal cell carcinoma, epithelioid leiomyoma, and an hepatic apudoma. Cytofilaments of intermediate size were present in these cells on electron microscopy and the distinctive hyaline appearance of cytoplasm is ascribed to large aggregates of these.
Effect of estrogens on IL-1β promoter activity

Abstract It is well documented that steroid hormones modulate cytokine gene expression. In some tissues estrogens are known to suppress cytokine production while in other tissue types, cytokine expression is enhanced by the hormone. This study was conducted to investigate the regulatory mechanisms which underlie the modulation of the interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) gene at the transcription level. To accomplish this, the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, which appeared insensitive to 17 β -estradiol (E 2 ) treatment, was stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor (ER) and an IL-1 β promoter–CAT reporter construct. E 2 markedly enhanced LPS-induced IL-1 β promoter-driven CAT activity in an E 2 dose dependent manner. This responsiveness was estrogen specific since no synergism was observed between LPS and the sex steroids testosterone or progesterone while the estrogen analogue 17 α -estradiol stimulated only at 10 to 100 times the amount required for 17 β -E 2 . Several antiestrogens, H1285, ICI 182 780, and tamoxifen inhibited the estrogen stimulated enhancement of IL-1 β promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that this effect was indeed mediated through the ER in a ligand dependent manner. The estrogenic effect appeared to be indirect and time dependent since the addition of E 2 was required hours prior to LPS stimulation; addition of E 2 and LPS at the same time resulted in a greatly reduced estrogenic effect. The estrogen metabolites 17-epiestriol and 16-keto-17 β -E 2 displayed an estrogenic response virtually indistinguishable from E 2 . 4-Hydroxyestradiol displayed activity only at 100-fold the concentration of E 2 while 2-hydroxyestrone showed no activity at any of the concentrations tested. Overall the results demonstrate that E 2 and some metabolites of E 2 synergize with LPS to markedly enhance IL-1 β promoter activity through ER mediated processes.