cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Acquisition and Retention of Health Information by Consumers

This chapter focuses on Americans' retention and recall of health and medical information. The presence of health and medical information in the media is not adequate assurance that Americans will read articles in the print media or listen to stories on television or the radio. Personal experience with an illness, or class of illnesses, is directly related to the ability of individuals to recall stories about health information. There is also a strong relationship between formal education and the recall of health information. There is no significant difference in the ability of men and women to recall health information. Older adults were slightly less likely to recall health information. Individuals who were very much interested in health information were slightly more likely than others to recall health or medical information. Physicians, libraries, and the Internet were the most frequently mentioned sources of additional information. In contrast, less than 10 percent of Americans use the traditional media to obtain additional information about heart disease, cancer, mental illness, or alcoholism.
Collusive User Removal and Trusted Composite Web Service Selection based on QoS attributes

Generally web service selection is performed based on nonfunctional (Quality of Service) attributes. But Quality of Service (QoS) attribute values may not be equal to the published values by the service providers. Therefore, the users want to concern about the trustworthiness of the services or service providers. The trustworthiness of a service is measured by the users' ratings. There may be the dishonest users who provide the fake ratings for commercial benefit. These users are called malicious or collusive users and can be treated like outliers. Now, we have proposed an approach to identify these outliers using data mining approach. Then Composite Web Service Selection is performed using Genetic Algorithms (GA). The problem is to find an optimal concrete service composition plan under users' QoS constraints. The QoS-aware composite web service selection is NP-hard problem. But it can be mapped with Multi-dimensional Multi-choice Knapsack Problem(MMKP), which is NP-complete[6]. Therefore, we use Genetic Algorithm(GA) to find the near-optimal composite service plan with QoS constraints.
Signaling networks in joint development

Here we review studies identifying regulatory networks responsible for synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joint development. Synovial joints, characterized by the fluid-filled synovial space between the bones, are found in high-mobility regions and are the most common type of joint. Cartilaginous joints such as the intervertebral disc unite adjacent bones through either a hyaline cartilage or a fibrocartilage intermediate. Fibrous joints, which include the cranial sutures, form a direct union between bones through fibrous connective tissue. We describe how the distinct morphologic and histogenic characteristics of these joint classes are established during embryonic development. Collectively, these studies reveal that despite the heterogeneity of joint strength and mobility, joint development throughout the skeleton utilizes common signaling networks via long-range morphogen gradients and direct cell-cell contact. This suggests that different joint types represent specialized variants of homologous developmental modules. Identifying the unifying aspects of the signaling networks between joint classes allows a more complete understanding of the signaling code for joint formation, which is critical to improving strategies for joint regeneration and repair. Developmental Dynamics 246:262-274, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thin-film ferroelectric materials and their applications

Ferroelectric materials, because of their robust spontaneous electrical polarization, are widely used in various applications. Recent advances in modelling, synthesis and characterization techniques are spurring unprecedented advances in the study of these materials. In this Review, we focus on thin-film ferroelectric materials and, in particular, on the possibility of controlling their properties through the application of strain engineering in conventional and unconventional ways. We explore how the study of ferroelectric materials has expanded our understanding of fundamental effects, enabled the discovery of novel phases and physics, and allowed unprecedented control of materials properties. We discuss several exciting possibilities for the development of new devices, including those in electronic, thermal and photovoltaic applications, and transduction sensors and actuators. We conclude with a brief survey of the different directions that the field may expand to over the coming years. Strain engineering can be used to control the properties of thin-film ferroelectric materials, which are promising for electronic, thermal, photovoltaic and transduction applications. This Review addresses fundamental aspects, novel ways to control materials properties and the development of new ferroelectric-based devices.
Red Dreams, White Nightmares: Pan-Indian Alliances in the Anglo-American Mind, 1763-1815

Review of Robert M. Owens. Red Dreams, White Nightmares: Pan-Indian Alliances in the Anglo-American Mind, 1763-1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 243 pp.
Precision instrument targeting via image registration for the Mars 2020 rover

A key component of Mars exploration is the operation of robotic instruments on the surface, such as those on board the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), and the planned Mars 2020 Rover. As the instruments carried by these rovers have become more advanced, the area targeted by some instruments becomes smaller, revealing more fine-grained details about the geology and chemistry of rocks on the surface. However, thermal fluctuations, rover settling or slipping, and inherent inaccuracies in pointing mechanisms all lead to pointing error that is on the order of the target size (several millimeters) or larger. We show that given a target located on a previously acquired image, the rover can align this with a new image to visually locate the target and refine the current pointing. Due to round-trip communication constraints, this visual targeting must be done efficiently on board the rover using relatively limited computing hardware. We employ existing ORB features for landmark-based image registration, describe and theoretically justify a novel approach to filtering false landmark matches, and employ a random forest classifier to automatically reject failed alignments. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach using over 3,800 images acquired by Remote Micro-Imager on board the "Curiosity" rover.
From bias to coverage: What explains how news organizations treat social movements

Why do newspapers cover social movement actors, and why is this coverage sometimes favorable? Early scholarship saw the news media mainly as a source of data on collective action, and sought to ascertain its biases, but scholarship has increasingly focused directly on why movements gain coverage, especially coverage that can advance their goals. To understand why and how newspapers cover movement actors, we start with the insight that movements rely on the news media for many reasons, but their coverage is largely in the control of news institutions. In this review, we focus on perspectives that specify 3-way interactions between the characteristics of newspapers, social movement actors, and the social and political contexts, but we begin with how news media institutions are organized. We conclude with suggestions for future research that take advantage of the digital revolution of the last generation.
Design and validation of magnetic particle spectrometer for characterization of magnetic nanoparticle relaxation dynamics

The design and validation of a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) system used to study the linear and nonlinear behavior of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions is presented. The MPS characterizes the suspension dynamic response, both due to relaxation and saturation effects, which depends on the magnetic particles and their environment. The system applies sinusoidal excitation magnetic fields varying in amplitude and frequency and can be configured for linear measurements (1 mT at up to 120 kHz) and nonlinear measurements (50 mT at up to 24 kHz). Time-resolved data acquisition at up to 4 MS/s combined with hardware and software-based signal processing allows for wide-band measurements up to 50 harmonics in nonlinear mode. By cross-calibrating the instrument with a known sample, the instantaneous sample magnetization can be quantitatively reconstructed. Validation of the two MPS modes are performed for iron oxide and cobalt ferrite suspensions, exhibiting Neel and Brownian relaxation, respectively.
Smart city: The state of the art, datasets, and evaluation platforms

While smart city concept holds great promise of boosting living standards through effective management and utilization of scarce resources in cities, the unavailability of real-world datasets and test environments to evaluate designed models and techniques have slowed research progress. In this paper, we review existing research endeavors and develop a tool for extracting real-time smart city related data. We also conduct some simulations and evaluations in smart energy, which will be an important application in smart cities.
Engineering the Surface Properties of Synthetic Gene Delivery Vectors

Synthetic gene delivery vehicles are a highly promising approach to gene delivery; however, several problems must still be overcome before they can begin to enjoy clinical success. A number of these problems can be addressed by engineering and optimizing the properties of the vector surface, the component of the particle that interacts and “communicates” with tissues and cells during the delivery process. Surfaces must be engineered to satisfy two ostensibly conflicting constraints: the ability to interact specifically with a target cell while avoiding nonspecific protein interactions, particularly with components of the immune system. We summarize progress that has been made in both these areas and discuss several approaches where the intersection of biological and chemical solutions promises to significantly advance the engineering of synthetic vehicles.
Trends in Early Prenatal Care Among Women with Pre-Existing Diabetes: Have Income Disparities Changed?

Abstract Background: Women with pre-existing diabetes are at high maternal risk for comorbidities and death, particularly when early prenatal care is not received. Low income is a known barrier to ...
Tissue-Engineered Models for Studies of Bone Metastasis

Patients with advanced cancers are frequently diagnosed with bone metastasis, which is an incurable condition associated with pathological bone remodeling. Despite its widespread impact, understanding of the mechanisms underlying bone metastasis remains relatively limited. While traditional cancer research approaches focus on cancer cells, increasing evidence suggests a role for their surrounding microenvironment in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Therefore, model systems recapitulating physiologically relevant cell-microenvironment interactions are needed in order to study the specific underlying signaling mechanisms. Tissue-engineered, humanized in vitro models may provide an attractive alternative to conventional cell culture and rodent models, as they offer systematic control of microenvironmental aspects relevant to basic and translational studies of bone metastasis. Here, we use breast cancer as an example to review metastasis-associated changes to the bone microenvironment and current approaches to study bone metastasis. In light of their limitations, we discuss tissue-engineered model systems of bone metastasis as a promising alternative, and describe specific design parameters that should be considered when developing such models. Collectively, engineering-inspired culture approaches will be valuable to investigate the functional contribution of the microenvironment to the development, progression, and therapy response of bone metastasis.
A Tutorial on Vacuum Surface Flashover

This paper is based on a tutorial presented by the author as a part of the Minicourse on charged particle beams and high-powered pulsed sources given at the 2017 International Conference on Plasma Sciences at Atlantic City, NJ, USA. It is intended to provide a brief overview of the phenomenology and physics of the vacuum surface flashover process. These mechanisms will be used to motivate techniques commonly employed to improve the voltage standoff of insulators. In addition to serving as the primary limiting mechanism for vacuum insulators, vacuum surface flashover has a number of beneficial applications, primarily due to its ability to provide a simple pulsed plasma source, and a number of these applications will be discussed.
Antibiotic resistant pathogen outbreak investigation: an interdisciplinary module to teach fundamentals of evolutionary biology.

The evolution of resistance to antibiotics provides a timely and relevant topic for teaching undergraduate students evolutionary biology. Here, we present a module incorporating modified sequencing...
Comprehensive Tandem-Mass-Spectrometry Coverage of Complex Samples Enabled by Data-Set-Dependent Acquisition

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an invaluable experimental tool for providing analytical data supporting the identification of small molecules and peptides in mass-spectrometry-based “omics” experiments. Data-dependent MS/MS (DDA) is a real-time MS/MS-acquisition strategy that is responsive to the signals detected in a given sample. However, in analysis of even moderately complex samples with state-of-the-art instrumentation, the speed of MS/MS acquisition is insufficient to offer comprehensive MS/MS coverage of all detected molecules. Data-independent approaches (DIA) offer greater MS/MS coverage, typically at the expense of selectivity or sensitivity. This report describes data-set-dependent MS/MS (DsDA), a novel integration of MS1-data processing and target prioritization to enable comprehensive MS/MS sampling during the initial MS-level experiment. This approach is guided by the premise that in omics experiments, individual injections are typically made as part of a larger set of samples, and feed...
Distributed creativity within a community of student instructional designers

This study explored the development of a Communities of Innovation (COI) framework for understanding distributed creativity within a community of graduate student instructional designers. After presenting distributed creativity as a theory of collaborative creativity based on established principles of distributed cognition, I present the Communities of Innovation framework as a potential representation of distributed creativity. I then discuss a study where phenomenological interviewing (Seidman, 2006) and Critical Incident Technique (Flanagan, 1952), were used to explore the experiences of four members of a graduate community of designers with many characteristics emblematic of COIs. Findings included evidence for the inclusion of some aspects of the proposed COI framework. In addition, I identify challenges and recommendations to establishing a COI within a graduate educational setting and possible new directions for research using a variety of different methods to better understand the nature of COIs and how to effectively develop them.
Effects of Free Surface Fluctuation On Total Wave Force On Structures.

This study is concerned with the effect of free surface fluctuation on total wave force on the columns of a rigid platform. The waves are treated as long-crested with narrow-band spectrum and the wave forces are computed using Morison's formula. The mean and the standard deviation of the total wave force are obtained. The results show that free surface fluctuation is an important factor to be considered if the structure under consideration is in shallow water. While the spacing between the columns does not affect the mean value, it does affect the standard deviation of the total wave force in a significant way.
Russell's Reticence with Religion

I "Bertrand Russell on the Afterlife", The Humanist, 28, no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1968): 29. These words are indicative ofRussell's chagrin at being thought to be on the side of religion. Yet, although they come from Russell himself, they nevertheless do not do justice to his religious views. Russell's irreligion was not areligious, nor was it monolithic. Neither of these characteristics can be gathered from the above statement, however, or from the majority ofhis polemic against religion. The brief words quoted above were written when Russell was 95 to combat the recurring rumour that he had become rec<;mciled to religion. .Though the rumour ofa reconciliation was false, as such rumours about Russell always had been, I will not concentrate on the rumours. Instead I will focus on how Russell contributed to the perception ofhis religious views as entirely negative, a perception that apparently bothered him very little. Unlike the quoted response above, Russell was not eager to contest the interpretation that he was opposed to religion on all counts. In fact, as in the above response, he shows a willingness to allow such a misconception. When his views on religion were at issue Russell's responses reveal conspicuously little of the complexity of a viewpoint that was not monolithically negative, nor do his responses in any substantial way indicate the protracted nature of his own struggle for a personal religion. In reviewing Russell's very popular A History of western Phiwsophy, the noted historian of ideas John Hermann Randall, Jr., noted that on
Machine Learning to Improve Retrieval by Category in Big Volunteered Geodata

Nowadays, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is commonly used in research and practical applications. However, the quality assurance of such a geographic data remains a problem. In this study we use machine learning and natural language processing to improve record retrieval by category (e.g. restaurant, museum, etc.) from Wikimapia Points of Interest data. We use textual information contained in VGI records to evaluate its ability to determine the category label. The performance of the trained classifier is evaluated on the complete dataset and then is compared with its performance on regional subsets. Preliminary analysis shows significant difference in the classifier performance across the regions. Such geographic differences will have a significant effect on data enrichment efforts such as labeling entities with missing categories.
Brain growth in modern humans using multiple developmental databases.

Objective Currently, there are several published articles detailing brain growth in modern humans. The contained databases were derived using disparate methodologies. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the level of agreement among several collections of immature modern human brains. Materials and methods Twenty-one developmental collections of endocranial volume, brain weight, or brain volume were selected for analysis, including one skeletal, six autopsy, and 14 computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging samples. Step-wise comparisons were determined, using conversion factors for brain specific gravity and size of the subarachnoid space. Results Derived brain weights are comparable and increase especially during the first year of postnatal life, with a further slight increase (+8-10%) between one and five years, and little change thereafter. The expansion in brain size occurs earlier than body size. Significant sex differences are apparent at all stages of development. Combining all datasets produced a composite database consisting of 3,491 brain weight values, with ages near birth through 18 years. Individual brain weights ranged from 190 to 1,792 g, and mean brain weights ranged from 457 to 1,365 g, with an overall mean and standard deviation of 897 ± 387 g. Conclusions The investigation compares modern human collections regarding brain size trajectories from birth through 18 years of age. The 21 datasets are then incorporated into a single composite database. All major age groups and both sexes are well represented. The composite database should prove useful to other investigators interested in developmental aspects of the modern human brain.
Effect of torsional ground motion on the seismic response of highway bridges

Seismological aspects of rotational ground motions can be found in published research, however, studies on implications for the seismic response of structural systems are rare. This preliminary study investigates the effects of torsional component of the ground motions (TGM) on the overall seismic response of bridges and interactions among their components. For this purpose, a series of computational models of bridges were developed. The models assume linear-elastic substructure with continuous rigid deck, sliding supports and rigid abutments, and vary key parameters including skew angle (β), normalized stiffness eccentricity between the center of mass and rigidity (ex/r), gap size between deck and abutments, dominant frequency ratios. However, inelastic impact between the superstructure and abutments is modeled explicitly to ensure that consequential in-plane deck rotations are accounted for. It was shown that larger deck rotations due to TGM lead to larger impact forces, which further amplifies deck rotations. The adverse effects may be more pronounced in symmetric bridges and in bridges with significant skew. All response quantities; deformations and substructure forces, are amplified significantly due to TGMs which suggests that current design codes may underestimate seismic deformation and force demand.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Prescribing and transcribing—2010

Purpose Results of the 2010 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings are described. Methods A stratified random sample of pharmacy directors at 1968 general and children’s medical–surgical hospitals in the United States was surveyed by Internet and mail. SDI Health LLC supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from the SDI Health hospital database. Results In this national probability sample survey, the response rate was 28.8%. Patient-specific pharmacist activities are increasing, as shown by the substantial use of pharmacist empowered therapeutic interchange programs, extensive prevalence of pharmacist review of medication orders before doses are available for administration to patients, and the widespread use of pharmacist consultations by prescribers, with almost complete acceptance of pharmacist recommendations. Pharmacists are also leading antibiotic stewardship programs, managing anticoagulation medication therapy, addressing pharmaceutical waste management, and standardizing i.v. infusion concentrations. Electronic health information is rapidly being adopted, with the use of electronic medical records and computerized prescriber-order-entry to improve prescribing and use of medications. Metrics are commonly used to track and monitor trends in operational, clinical, and safety performance in hospital pharmacy departments. Pharmacist and pharmacy technician staffing has increased significantly, while vacancy rates have declined. Conclusion Pharmacists contribute to improving prescribing and transcribing. Patient safety is now a priority for medication management.
Predicting damage production in monoatomic and multi-elemental targets using stopping and range of ions in matter code: Challenges and recommendations

Abstract The computer code, Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM), is widely used to describe energetic processes of ion-solid interactions; its predictive power relies on the accuracy of energy loss/transfer and collision processes being considered. While the SRIM code is commonly applied in radiation effects research to predict damage production and in the semiconductor industry to estimate ion range and dopant concentration profiles, two challenges exist that affect its use: (1) inconsistency in estimations of atomic displacements between full-cascade and quick (modified Kinchin–Pease) options and (2) overestimation of electronic stopping power for slow heavy ions in light targets (e.g., Be and Si) or in compound targets containing light elements (e.g., C, N and O in carbides, nitrides and oxides). Based on a literature review and our experimental investigations, we discuss the underlying reasons for the discrepancies, clarify the physical limitations of the SRIM predictions, and, more importantly, provide recommendations to address the two challenges.
Biometric Technology: The Savior of a Risky Electoral System

This chapter contextualizes the project by discussing two main issues: the political history of Ghana as well as some issues that drive political circumstances in Africa and the biometric technology as a global technology that ensures authenticity. After a thorough discussion of the larger context for the country’s contemporary political situation, the chapter reviews the literature on biometric technology. Further, the chapter discusses why biometric technology has become a global technology and how its affordances can (perceivably) provide some kind of hope for those countries that want to enhance their electoral integrity. The political history of Ghana and the brief description of the biometric will help readers to appreciate the global/local logic which pushed the EC and other stakeholders to adopt the biometric technology to solve a local problem.
Agile polymorphic software-defined fog computing platform for mobile wireless controllers and sensors

Softwarisation approaches in networks, storage systems, and smart devices aim to optimise costs and processes and bring new infrastructure definitions and functional values. A recent integration of wireless and mobile cyber-physical systems, with dramatically growing smart sensors, enable new types of pervasive smart and mobile urban surveillance infrastructures that open up new opportunities for boosting the accuracy, efficiency, and productivity of uninterrupted target tracking and situational awareness. Wireless sensors provide the tool for communications and security applications. They offer low-power, multi-functioning and computational capabilities. In this paper, we present a design and prototype of an efficient and effective fog system using light-weight agile software-defined control for mobile wireless nodes. Fog computing or edge computing, a recently proposed extension and complement for cloud computing, enables computing at the network edge in a smart device without outsourcing jobs to a remote cloud. We investigate an effective softwarisation approach in the Fog environment for dynamic big data driven, real-time urban surveillance tasks of uninterrupted target tracking. We address key technical challenges of node mobility to improve the system awareness. We built a preliminary proof-of-concept Light-weight controller architecture on both Android-and Linux-based smart devices and tested various collaborative scenarios among the mobile nodes.
Challenges and Opportunities for Translation of Therapies to Improve Cognition in Down Syndrome.

While preclinical studies have reported improvement of behavioral deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), translation to human clinical trials to improve cognition in individuals with DS has had a poor success record. Timing of the intervention, choice of animal models, strategy for drug selection, and lack of translational endpoints between animals and humans contributed to prior failures of human clinical trials. Here, we focus on in vitro cell models from humans with DS to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the brain phenotype associated with DS. We emphasize the importance of using these cell models to screen for therapeutic molecules, followed by validating them in the most suitable animal models prior to initiating human clinical trials.
Case of acute hepatic injury and elevated ethanol levels in a non-alcoholic adult.

Blood ethanol concentration is measured using different techniques. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is used in forensic laboratories to measure whole blood ethanol levels while enzyme immunoassay is often used in hospitals to measure serum or plasma ethanol levels. Lactic acidosis can theoretically cause false elevation of blood ethanol levels measured through enzymatic assay because this method measures the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- hydrogen (NADH) via the action of a dehydrogenase. Here, we present a rare incidence of ethanol level elevation in a non-alcoholic adult male secondary to lactic acidosis from a rare form of large B-cell lymphoma with infiltration of the liver.
A 7.7~10.3GHz 5.2mW -247.3dB-FOM Fractional-N Reference Sampling PLL with 2nd Order CDAC Based Fractional Spur Cancellation In 45nm CMOS

In this paper, a fractional- N reference sampling PLL (RSPLL) is presented. To mitigate the frac-N induced quantization error, a capacitor digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) based canceller has been implemented at the reference sampling phase detector (RSPD) output. The RSPD is programmed to provide a detection range of one VCO cycle which is enough to cover the quantization error in frac-N mode. The CDAC is also reused as the sampling capacitor for RSPD. Additionally, a second order cancellation scheme is implemented with only one capacitor array and two reference voltages to compensate for the nonlinearity from RSPD. The prototype chip was fabricated in a 45 nm partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) CMOS process. Measurement showed an output frequency range covering 7.7~10.3GHz with an integrated jitter (10kHz-10MHz) of 190fs and an in-band fractional spur level of-56dBc at an offset frequency of 625kHz. The entire PLL consumes 5.2mW and achieves a FoM of -247.3dB.
10 – Entry Control

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates different aspects of entry control system used for physical protection. An entry control system allows the movement of authorized personnel and material in and out of facilities, while detecting and possibly delaying movement of unauthorized personnel and contraband. The objectives of an entry control system used for physical protection are to permit only authorized persons to enter and exit and to detect and prevent the entry or exit of contraband material. Personnel entry control is the portion of an entry control system used to authorize entry and to verify the authorization of personnel seeking entry to a controlled area. Systems are available in which a memorized number, referred to as a personal identification number (PIN), is used. The PIN have enough digits to prevent easy guesses. This is especially important where a PIN is the only criteria for granting entry. The photo identification badge is a common credential used for personnel entry control, but it is not always effective. The use of a stored-image system requires a guard to verify an individual's identity based on visual characteristics. It is found that the use of alphanumeric encoding allows both the badge-holder's name and a badge number to be included.
The relationship between cytomegalovirus infection and respiratory diseases in children

Cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection is widely spread in our country.The initial CMV infection often occurs in childhood, can cause a variety of respiratory diseases in children, seriously threaten the health of children.This article describes the relationship between CMV infection and respiratory disease in children with pneumonia, wheezing, bronchial and pulmonary dysplasia, and reviews the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection, in order to improve the understanding of human CMV infection in respiratory diseases of children. Key words: Cytomegalovirus infection; Children; Diagnosis; Treatment
Large-scale, precision xenon doping of liquid argon

Abstract The detection of scintillation light from liquid argon is an experimental technique key to a number of current and future nuclear/particle physics experiments, such as neutrino physics, neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter searches. Although the idea of adding small quantities of xenon (doping) to enhance the light yield has attracted considerable interest, this technique has never been demonstrated at the necessary scale or precision. Here we report on xenon doping in a 100 l cryogenic vessel. Xenon doping was performed in four concentrations of 1.00 ± 0.06 ppm, 2.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 5.0 ± 0.3 ppm, and 10.0 ± 0.5 ppm. These measurements represent the most precise xenon doping measurements as of publishing. We observed an increase in average light yield by a factor of 1.92 ± 0.12(syst) ± 0.02(stat) at a dopant concentration of 10 ppm.
Students perceive skills learned in pre-clerkship PBL valuable in core clinical rotations.

Purpose: Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional method widely used by medical educators that promotes an environment in which students effectively learn the foundational knowledge and ski...
High-Order Resolution of Multidimensional Compressible Reactive Flow Using Implicit Shock Tracking

A recently developed high-order implicit shock tracking method is novelly applied to a benchmark problem in two-dimensional compressible reactive flow, and results of remarkably high accuracy are a...
Options for Masculinizing Genital Gender Affirming Surgery: A Critical Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future Directions.

Abstract Introduction Masculinizing genital gender affirmation surgery (MgGAS) has witnessed significant change in recent years. With the increasing number of patients seeking out GAS, optimization of techniques is mandated. Objectives To critically review the evolution of MgGAS, in a manner that encompasses the history and scope of the procedures, including phalloplasty with and without urethral lengthening, metoidioplasty with and without urethral lengthening, penile prosthesis placement, scrotoplasty, testicular prosthesis placement, vaginectomy, and hysterectomy. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, using PubMed. For our search, we generated a comprehensive list of MgGAS, combined with synonyms for GAS to ensure that articles included transgender cohorts. We identified a total of 547 articles from the search terms. Of these articles, 144 abstracts were relevant. Among these abstracts, 108 manuscripts were reviewed in full of which 98 were acceptable for inclusion. We excluded non-English-language studies without translation and studies that did not describe primary gGAS (eg, revision surgeries). Results The evolution of MgGAS encompasses mostly refinements of pre-existing procedures, rather than new techniques or “watershed” procedures. The literature is somewhat lacking in outcomes-reporting that identifies the specific anatomy and surgical technique(s) used during gGAS. Without clarity regarding anatomy and technique, it is not feasible to compare surgical outcomes. Conclusion There is no ideal MgGAS; thus, it is critical that the physician assist the patient in understanding the outcomes and potential morbidity of the procedures to make the most informed decision. We envision that the future of MgGAS will advance with refinement of surgical techniques that minimize complications, improvement of tissue therapeutic technologies, new surgical tools and prosthetics designed for gGAS, advances in aftercare, and an immense selection of surgical options. Walton A, Hellstrom WJG, Garcia M. Options for Masculinizing Genital Gender Affirming Surgery: A Critical Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future Directions. Sex Med Rev 2021;9:605–618.
Formulation and Solution of Circuit Card Design Problems through Use of Graph Methods

The motivation for the work presented in this paper stems from two major sources: 1. The desire to reduce the manufacturing of the computer to mass production techniques. 2. The desire to miniaturize the size of the computer so that lead lengths between the logic elements do not become the major delays in the system.
Magnetic moments of baryons and quarks

New measurements of μΣ+ and μΣ− reported to this conference are combined in the previous data to give the current status of the baryon magnetic moments.
Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: III. A high-density EEG study of sleep slow waves in humans.

SLOW WAVES ARE THE MOST OBVIOUS AND RECOGNIZABLE FEATURE OF THE HUMAN SLEEP EEG. IN ADDITION TO BEING INDICATIVE OF SLEEP DEPTH,5 SLOW waves are intimately related to sleep regulation: it is well known that SWA (EEG power between 0.5 and 4.0 Hz), which reflects the abundance of low-frequency waves in the EEG, increases as a function of prior waking and declines throughout the course of sleep.6–8 Although the regulation of SWA is suggestive of a restorative function of sleep, the mechanisms responsible for SWA homeostasis remain unclear. It was recently suggested that the level of SWA during sleep may be a function of the strength of cortical synapses due to the influence of synaptic efficacy on network synchronization.1, 2 According to the hypothesis, at the beginning of sleep, synaptic strength would be high due to learning processes occurring during wakefulness, whereas, by the end of sleep, synaptic strength would have decreased through a sleep-dependent process of synaptic downscaling. The hypothesized relationship between synaptic strength and the level of SWA was investigated in a companion paper using a large-scale model of sleep in the thalamocortical system.3 The simulation showed that decreasing synaptic strength among cortical neurons led to a decrease in sleep SWA.3 Intriguingly, synaptic strength reduction also resulted in characteristic changes to several slow-wave parameters, including a decrease in the number of high-amplitude slow waves, a decrease in the slope of slow waves, and more frequent waves with multiple peaks. In a second companion paper, we tested the model's predictions by employing local field potential (LFP) recordings in the rat to compare periods of early and late sleep.4 We found that the decline in SWA in the LFP was associated with the changes in slow-wave parameters predicted by the model. Furthermore, recovery after sleep deprivation resulted in an increased number of high-amplitude slow waves, steeper slopes, and fewer multipeak waves, suggesting that these observed changes in slow-wave parameters are a result of homeostatic sleep regulation and not circadian time. In the present paper, we tested the model's predictions in humans. We used all-night high-density EEG (hd-EEG) recordings to compare non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow waves at the beginning of the night, when the pressure to sleep is highest, to NREM sleep slow waves toward morning, when sleep pressure has largely dissipated. We found that, as predicted by computer simulations, and in line with rat LFP recordings, the homeostatic decline of SWA during sleep is coupled with a decreased incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, a decreased slope of slow waves, and an increased number of multipeak waves. Moreover, we found that individual peaks of the multipeak waves characteristic of late sleep have distinct cortical origins.
The nanomechanical behavior of a graphite nanoplatelet/polycarbonate nanocomposite

Abstract Quasi-static nanoindentation has been used to characterize the mechanical properties of polycarbonate reinforced with graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs). Poor dispersion or low quality interfacial interactions of GNPs in a polymer matrix can significantly decrease the relative improvement in the material's mechanical strength and stiffness. In this study, the surfaces of GNPs were modified to achieve better dispersion and interfacial interaction between fillers and matrix. The GNP/PC nanocomposite has a heterogeneous microstructure, and the original mechanical properties between filler and matrix have large differences. Using a spatially sensitive probe method leads to measured values of modulus and hardness that correlate with the indentation sampled volume. A grid indentation procedure was performed with variable sampling volumes to provide a statistical measurement of modulus and hardness for the nanocomposite materials. The surface treatment leads to a significant increase in both stiffness and hardness for GNP reinforced composites.
CRYPTOGENIC SENSORY POLYNEUROPATHY

Chronic sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a common cause for referral to neurologists. Despite extensive diagnostic testing, up to one-third of these patients remain without a known cause, and are referred to as having cryptogenic sensory peripheral neuropathy. Symptoms progress slowly. On examination, there may be additional mild toe flexion and extension weakness. Electrophysiologic testing and histology reveals axonal neuropathy. Prognosis is usually favorable, as most patients maintain independent ambulation. Besides patient education and reassurance, management is focused on pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain and physical therapy for balance training, and, occasionally, assistive devices.
Management of erectile dysfunction: great progress, greater promise.

Abstract: Sexual medicine, exemplified by the management of erectile dysfunction, is a traditional pillar of andrology. Erectile dysfunction has received the greatest attention within the specialty area and its management models the progress of the field more generally. This review provides a perspective of the history and contemporary practice of erectile dysfunction management, highlighting aspects of basic science research, epidemiology, and clinical care. Furthermore, the impact of this field as a major health concern in correlation with basic aspects of wellness and disease is acknowledged. The field continues to evolve as a legitimate discipline in medicine and is worthy of ongoing scientific support and activity.
Remarks on Bellman's structural identifiability

Abstract This paper remarks on unidentifiable compartmental systems. Emphasis is placed on detecting properties of the system directly from the compartmental diagram without resort to complicated analysis. New concepts are introduced. One is separability, a condition in which two or more parameters enter the identification equations only as a certain combination, thereby preventing their identification. Concepts from linear algebra such as span, basis, and dimension are adapted to “parameter spaces.” A necessary and sufficient condition for interval identification is presented.
Femtosecond laser filaments allow remote imaging beyond diffraction limit

We demonstrate a scheme which achieves sub-diffraction-limited imaging of remote objects by using femtosecond laser filaments.
Ability determinants of complex skill acquisition: Effects of training protocol

Abstract The relationships between cognitive and psychomotor ability and complex task performance in a standard individual and dyadic training protocol were compared. Results supported the hypothesis that performance in the dyadic protocol depends more heavily on cognitive ability compared to performance in the individual protocol. Conversely, results also supported the hypothesis that performance in the individual protocol is more dependent on psychomotor ability. It was proposed that this differential dependency on abilities is due to the incorporation of additional social and cognitive factors to the design of the dyadic protocol to compensate for reductions in hands-on practice. Results also indicated that, for four out of five criterion measures, the stability of correlations between cognitive and psychomotor ability and complex task performance did not differ as a function of training protocol. However, for both protocols, the cognitive ability-performance relationship increased over training sessions as predicted by an interactive iterative learning phase model that extends Ackerman's (1988, 1992) theory of dynamic ability determinants. This increase was greater in the dyadic protocol for one of the criterion measures.
FASt remodeling of synapses in Drosophila

Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgCAMS) play pivotal roles during synapse development and remodeling, being required in both activity-dependent and activity independent aspects of these processes. Recent advances using the fruit fly neuromuscular junction, as well as the mollusk Aplysia californica, have provided evidence for at least three mechanisms by which levels of IgCAMs are regulated during synapse remodeling--activity-dependent regulation of IgCAM clustering by PSD-95-type molecules, IgCAM internalization by MAP kinase pathway activation, and postsynaptic IgCAM exocytosis. These studies offer convincing evidence that synaptic cell adhesion brings about both negative and positive forces that stabilize synapses, while maintaining their ability to change in an activity-dependent manner.
The Materials Selection Problem as Related to Thermocouples Used to Measure Nuclear Reactor Fuel Pin Temperatures up to 2800°C

The materials that might be useful for constructing high temperature fuel pin thermocouples are reviewed. The materials selection problem is confined to three areas--i.e., sheath, electrical insulator, and thermoelement materials--with the major emphasis placed on the selection of electrical insulators. The determination of insulator properties and their effect on thermocouple performance are considered. Potential modes of thermocouple failure are illustrated, and a prototype thermocouple is described.
The Influence of Communication Structure and Social Support on Job Stress and Burnout

This study examined the relationship among structural communicative variables and perceptions of social support, stress, and burnout in a sample of elementary school teachers. Specifically, it was hypothesized that participation in decision making, network link strength, and link multiplexity would influence perceptions of supervisory (principal) and co-worker support. These perceptions, and workload, then influence burnout and job satisfaction. The results provide support for a model that (a) suggests a differentiation between relational depth and relational breadth in predicting perceived support, (b) highlights the importance of supportive communication in reducing role ambiguity, and (c) suggests that burnout has distinctive affective and exhaustion dimensions that should be considered in future research.
Domestic violence and substance use

Abstract Objectives: To compare the incidence of domestic violence in substance-using women and non–substance-using women in a diverse obstetrics and gynecology clinic. Methods: We analyzed abuse assessment screens obtained from 107 women during a 2- week period from January 21, 1998, through February 4, 1998. The incidence of abuse was compared with the incidence in 14 women in a substance abuse clinic during the same period. Prenatal care nurses and physicians assessed the study participants using a structured interview. Results: In the non–substance-use group, 7% of the obstetric patients and 5% of the gynecologic women were abused during the preceding year. Also, 1% of the obstetric patients were abused while pregnant, and 3% were forced to have sex within the past year. In the substance-use group, none of the gynecologic patients reported abuse, whereas 15% of the obstetric patients were abused during the past year, 7% were abused while pregnant, and 15% were forced to have sex within the past year. Conclusion: Women who are substance users are more likely to be victims of domestic violence than non–substance users. Pregnant women are at increased risk for forced sex. The most common perpetrators of domestic violence are boyfriends or ex-boyfriends. These findings are similar to those of other studies with different demographics. The results underline the importance of identifying women who are substance users and their risks for domestic violence at every encounter and of providing them with appropriate interventions.