cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relevance of the Institutional Underpinnings of Porter's Five Forces Framework to Emerging Economies: An Epistemological Analysis

ABSTRACT Using the Toulmin method, we present an epistemological analysis of Porter's Five Forces Framework (FFF) in light of the increasing evidence pertaining to the institutional context in emerging economies. The analysis reveals three key qualifiers in the theoretical structure of FFF – transaction costs, capital flows and laws governing rivalry. Evidence from emerging economies indicates that FFF's assumptions about the qualifiers are not met in these economies. Indeed, firms in these economies adopt strategies not derivable from FFF to tackle their unique institutional contexts. Our Toulmin analysis helps pinpoint the directions for further research in emerging economies. Specifically, the three qualifiers provide a meaningful way of building typologies and taxonomies to accommodate the diversity of institutional contexts and to link them to firm-level strategies. Our discussion also highlights the need to turn the spotlight on laws governing rivalry, a relatively under-explored topic in emerging economies, and the effectiveness of different network strategies.
Chemically assisted ion beam etching of polycrystalline and (100)tungsten

A chemically assisted ion-beam etching technique is described which employs an ion beam from an electron-bombardment ion source and a directed flux of ClF3 neutrals. This technique enables the etching of tungsten foils and films in excess of 40 microns thick with good anisotropy and pattern definition over areas of 30 sq mm, and with a high degree of selectivity. (100) tungsten foils etched with this process exhibit preferred-orientation etching, while polycrystalline tungsten films exhibit high etch rates. This technique can be used to pattern the dispenser cathode surfaces serving as electron emitters in traveling-wave tubes to a controlled porosity.
Zwanzig-Mori projection operators and EEG dynamics: deriving a simple equation of motion

We present a macroscopic theory of electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics based on the laws of motion that govern atomic and molecular motion. The theory is an application of Zwanzig-Mori projection operators. The result is a simple equation of motion that has the form of a generalized Langevin equation (GLE), which requires knowledge only of macroscopic properties. The macroscopic properties can be extracted from experimental data by one of two possible variational principles. These variational principles are our principal contribution to the formalism. Potential applications are discussed, including applications to the theory of critical phenomena in the brain, Granger causality and Kalman filters. PACS code: 87.19.lj
A learning and forgetting algorithm in associative memories: the eigenstructure method

The authors develop a design technique for associative memories with learning and forgetting capabilities via artificial feedback neural networks. The proposed synthesis technique utilizes the eigenstructure method. Networks generated by this method are capable of learning new patterns as well as forgetting existing patterns without the necessity of recomputing the entire interconnection weights and external inputs. In many respects, the results represent significant improvements over the outer product method, the projection learning rule, and the pseudo-inverse method with stability constraints. Several specific examples are given to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology advocated. >
Accurate Cell-Centered Discretizations for Modeling Multiphase Flow in Porous Media on General Hexahedral and Simplicial Grids

Mary F. Wheeler is supported by the NSF-CDI under contract number DMS 0835745, DOE grant DE-FG02-04ER25617, and the Center for Frontiers of Subsurface Energy Security under Contract No. DE-SC0001114. Guangri Xue is supported by Award No. KUS-F1-032-04, made by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Ivan Yotov is partially supported by the DOE grant DE-FG02-04ER25618, the NSF grant DMS 0813901, and the J. Tinsley Oden Faculty Fellowship, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin.
Dynamics of connected rigid bodies in a perfect fluid

This paper presents an analytical model and a geometric numerical integrator for a system of rigid bodies connected by ball joints, immersed in an irrotational and incompressible fluid. The rigid bodies can translate and rotate in three-dimensional space, and each joint has three rotational degrees of freedom. This model characterizes the qualitative behavior of three-dimensional fish locomotion. A geometric numerical integrator, refereed to as a Lie group variational integrator, preserves the Hamiltonian flow structure and the Lie group configuration manifold. These properties are illustrated by a numerical simulation for a system of three connected rigid bodies.
The political economy of exchange rate regimes in transition economies

We show that political economy factors play an important role in shaping the exchange rate policies of transition economies. We argue that tradables producers prefer a floating rate to allow active exchange rate policy to affect their competitiveness, while internationally exposed sectors prefer a fixed rate to provide currency stability. We find support for that argument using data on de facto and de jure exchange rate behavior for 21 countries during the period from 1992 to 2004. Our empirical results serve as the basis for predictions regarding the adoption of the euro in the EU accession countries and other countries in Central and Eastern Europe.
Rethinking human capital, creativity and urban growth

Do jobs follow people or do people follow jobs? A number of currently prominent approaches to urbanization respond to this question by privileging the role of individual locational choice in response to amenity values as the motor of contemporary urban growth. Amenities, it is often said, have an especially potent effect on the migration patterns of individuals endowed with high levels of human capital. However, these approaches raise many unanswered questions. Theories that describe urban growth as a response to movements of people in search of consumer or lifestyle preferences can be questioned on the grounds of their assumptions about human behavior, as well as their silence in regard to the geographical dynamics of production and work. We argue that a more effective line of explanation must relate urban growth directly to the economic geography of production and must explicitly deal with the complex recursive interactions between the location of firms and the movements of labor. In this context, we also offer a reinterpretation of the currently fashionable notions of ‘creativity’ and the role of skilled labor in cities.
Shadowing Ministers: Monitoring Partners in Coalition Governments

In this article the authors study delegation problems within multiparty coalition governments. They argue that coalition parties can use the committee system to “shadow” the ministers of their part...
Primary care: an increasingly important contributor to effectiveness, equity, and efficiency of health services. SESPAS report 2012

As of 2005, the literature on the benefits of primary care oriented health systems was consistent in showing greater effectiveness, greater efficiency, and greater equity. In the ensuing five years, nothing changed that conclusion, but there is now greater understanding of the mechanisms by which the benefits of primary care are achieved. We now know that, within certain bounds, neither the wealth of a country nor the total number of health personnel are related to health levels. What counts is the existence of key features of health policy (Primary Health Care): universal financial coverage under government control or regulation, attempts to distribute resources equitably, comprehensiveness of services, and low or no copayments for primary care services. All of these, in combination, produce better primary care: greater first contact access and use, more person-focused care over time, greater range of services available and provided when needed, and coordination of care. The evidence is no longer confined mainly to industrialized countries, as new studies show it to be the case in middle and lower income countries. The endorsements of the World Health Organization (in the form of the reports of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the World Health Report of 2008, as well a number of other international commissions, reflect the widespread acceptance of the importance of primary health care. Primary health care can now be measured and assessed; all innovations and enhancements in it must serve its essential features in order to be useful.
A portable neutron/tunable X-ray source based on inertial electrostatic confinement

Abstract Portable neutron sources are of strong interest for uses such as industrial neutron activation analysis and various medical research applications. The inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device under development at the University of Illionis is intended for such uses and also provides a tunable X-ray source (required reverse bias and added electron emitters). The IEC operates as an accelerator plasma-target type device, and when filled with deuterium presently provides 10 7 ∼2.5 MeV D–D fusion neutrons/s. D–T fill gas gives 14 MeV neutrons, with rates about 100 times that of D–D, but with the added complication of handling low levels of tritium. Research on higher yield versions now under development is described. Still, in the interim, the IEC, due to its compactness, portability, simplicity and flexibility offers a unique portable neutron/X-ray source.
Entering the Union : European accession and capacity-building priorities

The authors examine the impact of trade facilitation on bilateral trade flows. They examine trade facilitation and capacity-building priorities in 12 countries in the Europe and Central Asia region-eight of the current members of the European Union: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, and three candidate members: Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. The results suggest that behind-the-border factors play an important role in determining bilateral trade flows (controlling for the effects of tariffs, development levels, distance, and regional characteristics of exporters and importers, among other factors). The development of new data sets to expand work related to trade facilitation, including strengthening the empirical work explored here, is a key priority without which intelligent policy and priorities cannot be made. The authors' analysis is based on data from the World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000, and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobaton (2002). The results indicate that more gains in exports than in imports are expected should the values of three out of the four indicators (port efficiency, regulatory regimes, and information technology infrastructure) of the new and candidate member countries improve halfway to the EU15 average. These countries would expect large trade gains as well as improvements in trade balances as their integration into the EU continues. For example, the greatest absolute trade gains-$49 billion and $62 billion respectively-could be expected if their port efficiency and information technology infrastructure reach half the average level of the EU, and 70 percent of trade gains are associated with export expansion.
Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both?

O empreendedorismo tem sido o motor que vem impelindo uma boa parcela do crescimento do setor dos negocios, alem de ser a forca motriz responsavel pela rapida expansao desse setor. Neste artigo, oferece-se uma analise comparativa do empreendedorismo comercial e do social, valendo-se de um modelo analitico pre-valecente, proveniente da area de empreendedorismo comercial. Na analise, destacam-se as principais similaridades e diferencas entre essas duas formas de empreendedorismo e apresenta-se um arcabouco para uma abordagem mais sistematica e eficaz do processo empreendedor. Exploram-se as implicacoes dessa analise de empreendedorismo social tanto para seus praticantes como para seus pesquisadores.
Instruments of Government: Perceptions and Contexts

Government uses a wide variety of instruments to reach its policy goals, ranging from indirect methods, such as moral suasion and cash inducements, to more direct ones involving government provision of services. Although there has been a fair amount of writing on the nature and use of various policy instruments, there is very little work on either the meaning ascribed to these instruments by the decisionmakers who use them (or the experts who design them) or the processes by which some come to be favored over others. Characteristics of the political system, such as national policy style, the organizational setting of the decisionmaker, and the problem situation are all likely to have some influence over the choice of instruments. The relative impact of these variables, however, is likely to be mediated by subjective factors linked to cognition. Perceptions of the proper ‘tool to do the job’ intervenes between context and choice in a complex way. Efforts to account for variation in instrument choice, then, must focus not only on macro level variables but on micro ones as well.
A high-speed sample-and-hold technique using a Miller hold capacitance

A circuit technique is introduced for increasing the precision of an open-loop sample-and-hold circuit without significantly reducing the sampling speed. With this technique, the sampling error resulting from input-dependent charge injection of the sampling switch is significantly attenuated by sampling the input voltage onto a capacitance that is small during the sample mode but is, in effect, increased during the transition to the hold mode through the action of Miller feedback. The technique thus allows for a high sampling speed without the precision penalty traditionally associated with open-loop sample-and-hold circuits. A sample-and-hold circuit based on the proposed approach has been designed and fabricated in a 1- mu m CMOS technology, and an order-of-magnitude of reduction in the input-dependent charge injection has been demonstrated experimentally. This prototype circuit is capable of sampling an input to a precision of 8 b with an acquisition time of 5 ns. The experimental sample-and-hold circuit operates from a single 5-V supply and dissipates 26.5 mW. >
Structure and Function of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferases and Demethylases

Histone lysine methylation is a dynamic chromatin modification that plays key regulatory roles in gene expression and other genomic functions. Methylation of Lys9 in histone H3 (H3K9) is a prominent modification that has been implicated in diverse processes, including transcriptional silencing, heterochromatin formation, and DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the structure and substrate specificity of the H3K9-specific methyltransferases G9A and GLP and explore current efforts to develop inhibitors of these enzymes. In addition, we discuss the structure and specificity of the recently discovered PHF8 family of histone demethylases that target H3K9 as well as other methylation sites in histones H3 and H4. Finally, we conclude by comparing the H3K9 binding modes displayed by these enzymes and examine the relevance of these studies to their biological functions and to structure-based inhibitor design.
Main Injector LCW (Low Conductivity Water) control system

There are six service buildings uniformly spaced along the perimeter of MI (Main Injector). A total of 18 LCW pumps were installed around the MI ring with 3 pumps per building. Approximately 8,000 GPM of LCW is required to cool magnets, bus and power supplies in the MI enclosure and service buildings. In each service building, a PLC control system controls pumps and valves, and it monitors pressures, flow, resistivities and temperatures. The PLC hardware system consists of a Gateway module and a variety of I/O modules, which are made by Sixnet of Clifton Park, NY. The control system communicates with other buildings including MCR (Main Control Room) via an Ethernet link and front-end computers. For more details of the MI LCW control system, refer to [1] and [2]. One of the key elements of the PLC software is called ISaGRAF workbench, which was created by CJ International of Seyssins, France. The workbench provides a comprehensive control-programming environment, where control programs can be written in five different languages. For more details of ISaGRAF, refer to [3].
Landmine detection and localization using chemical sensor array processing

We develop methods for automatic detection and localization of landmines using chemical sensor arrays and statistical signal processing techniques. The transport of explosive vapors emanating from buried landmines is modeled as a diffusion process in a two-layered system consisting of ground and air. Measurement and statistical models are then obtained from the associated concentration distribution. We derive two detectors (the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test and the mean detector) and determine their performance in terms of the probabilities of false alarm and detection. To determine the unknown location of a landmine, we derive a maximum likelihood (ML) estimation algorithm and evaluate its performance by computing the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). The results are applied to the design of chemical sensor arrays, satisfying criteria specified in terms of detection and estimation performance measures and for optimally selecting the number and positions of sensors and the number of time samples. To illustrate the potential of the proposed techniques in a realistic demining scenario, we derive a moving-sensor algorithm in which the stationary sensor array is replaced by a single moving sensor. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the applicability of our results.
Accurate parameter estimation for star formation history in galaxies using SDSS spectra

To further our knowledge of the complex physical process of galaxy formation, it is essential that we characterize the formation and evolution of large data bases of galaxies. The spectral synthesis starlight code of Cid Fernandes et al. was designed for this purpose. Results of starlight are highly dependent on the choice of input basis of simple stellar population (SSP) spectra. Speed of the code, which uses random walks through the parameter space, scales as the square of the number of the basis spectra, making it computationally necessary to choose a small number of SSPs that are coarsely sampled in age and metallicity. In this paper, we develop methods based on a diffusion map that, for the first time, choose appropriate bases of prototype SSP spectra from a large set of SSP spectra designed to approximate the continuous grid of age and metallicity of SSPs of which galaxies are truly composed. We show that our techniques achieve better accuracy of physical parameter estimation for simulated galaxies. Specifically, we show that our methods significantly decrease the age–metallicity degeneracy that is common in galaxy population synthesis methods. We analyse a sample of 3046 galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 and compare the parameter estimates obtained from different basis choices.
The bmte command: Methods for the estimation of treatment effects when exclusion restrictions are unavailable

We present a new Stata command, bmte (bias-minimizing treatment eects), which implements two new estimators proposed in Millimet and Tchernis (2012) designed to estimate the eect of treat- ment when there exists selection on unobserved variables and appropriate exclusion restrictions are unavailable. In addition, the bmte command estimates treatment eects from several alternative estimators that also do not rely on exclusion restrictions for identication of the causal eects of the treatment, including: 1) Heckman's two-step estimator (Heckman 1976, 1979); 2) a control function approach outlined in Heckman et al. (1999) and Navarro (2008); and 3) a more recent estimator proposed by Klein and Vella (2009) that exploits heteroskedasticity for identication. By implementing two new estimators alongside pre-existing estimators, the bmte command provides a picture of the average causal eects of the treatment across a variety of assumptions. We present an example application of the command following Millimet and Tchernis (2012).
Investigation of the factors controlling the regioselectivity of the hydroboration of fluoroolefins

Either Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity can be achieved at will during the hydroboration–oxidation of perfluoroalkyl(aryl)ethylenes by varying the hydroborating agent.
Geographic Boundaries as Regression Discontinuities

Political scientists often turn to natural experiments to draw causal inferences with observational data. Recently, the regression discontinuity design (RD) has become a popular type of natural experiment due to its relatively weak assumptions. We study a special type of regression discontinuity design where the discontinuity in treatment assignment is geographic. In this design, which we call the Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design, a geographic or administrative boundary splits units into treated and control areas, and analysts make the case that the division into treated and control areas occurs in an as-if random fashion. We show how this design is equivalent to a standard RD with two running variables, but we also clarify several methodological differences that arise in geographical contexts. We also offer a method for estimation of geographically located treatment effects that can also be used to validate the identification assumptions using observable pretreatment characteristics. We illustrate our methodological framework with a re-examination of the effects of political advertisements on voter turnout during a presidential campaign, exploiting the exogenous variation in the volume of presidential ads that is created by media market boundaries.
Just a better taxi? A survey-based comparison of taxis, transit, and ridesourcing services in San Francisco

In this study, we present exploratory evidence of how “ridesourcing” services (app-based, on-demand ride services like Uber and Lyft) are used in San Francisco. We explore who uses ridesourcing and for what reasons, how the ridesourcing market compares to that of traditional taxis, and how ridesourcing impacts the use of public transit and overall vehicle travel. In spring 2014, 380 completed intercept surveys were collected from three ridesourcing “hot spots” in San Francisco. We compare survey results with matched-pair taxi trip data and results of a previous taxi user survey. We also compare travel times for ridesourcing and taxis with those for public transit. The findings indicate that, despite many similarities, taxis and ridesourcing differ in user characteristics, wait times, and trips served. While ridesourcing replaces taxi trips, at least half of ridesourcing trips replaced modes other than taxi, including public transit and driving. Impacts on overall vehicle travel are unclear. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Mechanisms of protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection

One of the obstacles to the development of an effective AIDS vaccine has been the limited information on the mechanisms of protective immunity to HIV. In macaques, immunization with attenuated simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) has proved to be one of the most effective strategies to induce protection against infection or disease with pathogenic lentiviruses. Infection with attenuated SIV strains induces a broad range of SIV-specific immune responses, including relatively potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses. Several studies of macaques vaccinated with attenuated SIV have demonstrated correlations between CTL responses or antibody responses and protection but more detailed studies are needed to document the relative importance of these responses in protective immunity.
Iterative coupling of partitioned clusters in the scattered-wave molecular-orbital method

Abstract The iterative coupling technique is described and applied to the partitioned self-consistent-field Xα scattered-wave method. This technique allows the electronic coupling of a central cluster of atoms to its environment to be calculated iteriteratively, permitting scattered-wave molecular-orbital calculations to be performed on larger clusters than was previously possible. A test calculation on methanol is reported.
Proton transfer in histidine-tryptophan heterodimers embedded in helium droplets

We used cold helium droplets as nano-scale reactors to form and ionize, by electron bombardment and charge transfer, aromatic amino acid heterodimers of histidine with tryptophan, methyl-tryptophan, and indole. The molecular interaction occurring through an N–H ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N hydrogen bond leads to a proton transfer from the indole group of tryptophan to the imidazole group of histidine in a radical cationic environment.
History of immunology.

Immunity to disease has long been recognized, but only during the late nineteenth century, thanks to Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich, did immunology become a true science able to explain mechanisms and to develop preventive vaccines. Originally medically oriented (1880–1910), the field passed through a stage of chemical domination (1910–1960) and then became biologically and, once again, medically oriented. Keywords: immunology; allergy; vaccination; antibodies
Experiments in robotic boat localization

We are motivated by the prospect of automating microbial observing systems. To this end we have designed and built a robotic boat as part of a sensor network for monitoring aquatic environments. In this paper, we describe a dynamic model of the boat, an algorithm for estimating its location by integrating various sensor inputs, a controller for waypoint following and extensive field experiments (over 10 km aggregate) to validate each of these. We test the localization accuracy in different sensing regimes as a prelude to accommodating sensing failures.
Accelerating molecular dynamics simulations with configurable circuits

Molecular dynamics (MD) is of central importance to computational chemistry. Here we show that MD can be implemented efficiently on a COTS FPGA board, and that speed-ups from 31/spl times/ to 88/spl times/ over a PC implementation can be obtained. Although the amount of speed-up depends on the stability required, 46/spl times/ can be obtained with virtually no detriment, and the upper end of the range is apparently viable in many cases. We sketch our FPGA implementations and describe the effects of precision on the trade-off between performance and quality of the MD simulation.
Women’s participation in entrepreneurial and political leadership: The importance of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories:

This paper explores how globally endorsed leadership behaviors affect women’s involvement in leadership by empirically examining the impact of Project GLOBE’s culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories on a sample of female business and political leaders. The study examines two continuous dependent variables provided by the World Bank: Female Seats in National Parliaments (%) and Self-employed Females (% of Total Self-employment). Regression analysis was used to test the viability of the culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories as possible predictors of women’s participation in leadership. The results indicate that charismatic leadership and self-protective leadership are predictors of women’s leadership participation but in different ways; the former has a positive effect for participation in both leadership (political and business) contexts, and the latter has a negative effect only on political leadership participation.
Some Characteristics of Exhaust Plume Rarefaction

In this paper the rarefaction of a free jet expanding into a region of finite background pressure is considered. It is found that the rarefaction process can be described by a simple rarefaction parameter D(P SP B^1^ / T . Here D is the sonic orifice diameter, P8 is the reservoir pressure, PBW is the background pressure and T is the background and reservoir temperatures which are considered to be the same. A simple scattering formulation of the complex physical problem is proposed. Comparison of the scattering prediction and previous molecular beam flux measurements by Fenn and Anderson are presented. A consistent physical description of a plume's approach to the limit of expansion into a perfect vacuum is discussed.
A Method for Stopping Active Learning Based on Stabilizing Predictions and the Need for User-Adjustable Stopping

A survey of existing methods for stopping active learning (AL) reveals the needs for methods that are: more widely applicable; more aggressive in saving annotations; and more stable across changing datasets. A new method for stopping AL based on stabilizing predictions is presented that addresses these needs. Furthermore, stopping methods are required to handle a broad range of different annotation/performance tradeoff valuations. Despite this, the existing body of work is dominated by conservative methods with little (if any) attention paid to providing users with control over the behavior of stopping methods. The proposed method is shown to fill a gap in the level of aggressiveness available for stopping AL and supports providing users with control over stopping behavior.
Rook Poset Equivalence of Ferrers Boards

A natural construction due to K. Ding yields Schubert varieties from Ferrers boards. The poset structure of the Schubert cells in these varieties is equal to the poset of maximal rook placements on the Ferrers board under the Bruhat order. We determine when two Ferrers boards have isomorphic rook posets. Equivalently, we give an exact categorization of when two Ding Schubert varieties have identical Schubert cell structures. This also produces a complete classification of isomorphism types of lower intervals of 312-avoiding permutations in the Bruhat order.
The price of flexibility: Towards a theory of Thinking Aversion ☆

We study the behavior of an agent who dislikes large choice sets because of the ‘cost of thinking’ involved in choosing from them. Focusing on preferences over lotteries of menus, we introduce the notion of Thinking Aversion. We characterize preferences as the difference between an affine evaluation of the content of the menu and a function that assigns to each menu a thinking cost. We provide conditions for which this cost can be seen as the cost that the agent has to sustain to figure out her preferences in order to make a choice.
UNDERSTANDING JURORS' JUDGMENTS IN CASES INVOLVING JUVENILE DEFENDANTS: Effects of Confession Evidence and Intellectual Disability

Juveniles are at heightened risk for falsely confessing to crimes, particularly if they are intellectually disabled. We conducted a mock trial experiment to investigate the effects of a juvenile defendant’s confession and status as intellectually disabled on jurors’ decision making. As expected, jurors discounted a juvenile’s coerced confession: Jurors’ judgments were similar for a juvenile who was perceived to have confessed under coercion and a juvenile who did not confess. In general, these effects were explained by the fact that, compared to a juvenile who was perceived as having confessed voluntarily, a juvenile who was perceived as having confessed under coercion was seen as more suggestible and less likely to have confessed truthfully. These perceptions led jurors to feel more sympathy and less anger toward the juvenile who confessed under coercion, and ultimately render more prodefense judgments for her. The juvenile’s disability status did not moderate these effects, nor did it influence jurors’ verdicts nor suspicions of guilt. Jurors who suspected the juvenile was guilty, however, were less likely to vote guilty and less likely to think it was appropriate for the trial to be held in adult court when the juvenile was perceived as intellectually disabled rather than nondisabled, partially because they thought the disabled juvenile was less criminally deviant and less able to control their behavior and because they had more sympathy for the juvenile. Implications for psychological theory and public policy are discussed.
Nasal airway and septal variation in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) affects the dentoalveolar and nasolabial facial regions. Internal and external nasal dysmorphology may persist in individuals born with CLP despite surgical interventions. 7–18 year old individuals born with unilateral and bilateral CLP (n 5 50) were retrospectively assessed using cone beam computed tomography. Anterior, middle, and posterior nasal airway volumes were measured on each facial side. Septal deviation was measured at the anterior and posterior nasal spine, and the midpoint between these two locations. Data were evaluated using principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and post-hoc ANOVA tests. PCA results show partial separation in high dimensional space along PC1 (48.5% variance) based on age groups and partial separation along PC2 (29.8% variance) based on CLP type and septal deviation patterns. MANOVA results indicate that age (P 5 0.007) and CLP type (P 0.001) significantly affect nasal airway volume and septal deviation. ANOVA results indicate that anterior nasal volume is significantly affected by age (P 0.001), whereas septal deviation patterns are significantly affected by CLP type (P 0.001). Age and CLP type affect nasal airway volume and septal deviation patterns. Nasal airway volumes tend to be reduced on the clefted sides of the face relative to non-clefted sides of the face. Nasal airway volumes tend to strongly increase with age, whereas septal deviation values tend to increase only slightly with age. These results suggest that functional nasal breathing may be impaired in individuals born with the unilateral and bilateral CLP deformity. Clin. Anat. 00:000–000, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autocatalytic one pot orchestration for the synthesis of α-arylated, α-amino esters

A novel acetyl chloride-mediated cascade transformation involving three components (benzyl carbamate, ethyl glyoxylate and arene nucleophiles) is reported. Aryl orthogonally protected α-amino acids are obtained in a one pot cascade, using a mild AcOH–AcCl system, via a critical autocatalytic dehydration-activation step ensuring an original and efficient Friedel–Crafts orchestration.
Cam Motion Synthesis Using Cubic Splines

The application of minimum norm principle, similar to the principle of minimum potential energy, is presented for the general synthesis of cam motion. The approach involves the use of piecewise cubic spline functions for representing the follower displacement. The cubic splines are more convenient and simpler to use compared to general spline functions and also result in smaller peak acceleration and jerk due to the application of the minimum norm principle. A general procedure is presented for application to any cam-follower system. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by comparing the results given by the present method with those given by other approaches for a disk cam-translating follower.
Hydrogen Diffusion and Solubility in Silicon Carbide

Tritium diffusion coefficients and deuterium solubilities were measured for silicon carbide. At 500 to 1300/sup 0/C, measured tritium diffusion coefficients were much lower than the recorded values for metals, whereas the activation energies for diffusion were much higher (30 to 75 kcal/mol). The solubility of deuterium in silicon carbide decreased as temperature increased and exhibited a pressure dependence of approx. =P/sup 1/2/.
A Comparative Stability Analysis of Atlantic and Pacific Niño Modes

AbstractEl Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific and the analogous Atlantic Nino mode are generated by processes involving coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions known as the Bjerknes feedback. It has been argued that the Atlantic Nino mode is more strongly damped than ENSO, which is presumed to be closer to neutrally stable. In this study the stability of ENSO and the Atlantic Nino mode is compared via an analysis of the Bjerknes stability index. This index is based on recharge oscillator theory and can be interpreted as the growth rate for coupled modes of ocean–atmosphere variability. Using observational data, an ocean reanalysis product, and output from an ocean general circulation model, the individual terms of the Bjerknes index are calculated for the first time for the Atlantic and then compared to results for the Pacific. Positive thermocline feedbacks in response to wind stress forcing favor anomaly growth in both basins, but they are twice as large in the Pacific compared to the Atlanti...
The costs of wrongful-discharge laws

We estimate the effects on employment and wages of wrongful- discharge protections adopted by U.S. state courts during the last three decades. We find robust evidence that one wrongful-discharge doctrine, the implied-contract exception, reduced state employment rates by 0.8% to 1.7%. The initial impact is largest for female and less-educated workers (those who change jobs frequently), while the longer-term effect is greater for older and more-educated workers (those most likely to litigate). By contrast, we find no robust employment or wage effects of two other widely recognized wrongful-discharge laws: the public-policy and good- faith exceptions. I. Introduction W HAT is the price of protection? This paper estimates the social costs, in possibly lower employment and wages, of common-law protections designed to protect American workers from wrongful discharge. Economic the- ory suggests that employment protection is a double-edged sword. It provides employment security to incumbent work- ers but makes employers reluctant to hire, leading to a less flexible labor market with potentially lower employment and wages. It is frequently argued that the stagnant employment performance of many European economies during the 1980s and 1990s—"Eurosclerosis"—can be attributed in part to the significant employment protection given European workers (see Lazear (1990) and Blanchard and Wolfers (1999); Krueger and Pischke (1998) provide a contrasting view). Among the obstacles to testing this hypothesis is the difficulty of making reliable inferences using cross-country comparisons. In this paper, we study the effects of employment protec- tion in the United States. Numerous scholars have examined the effects of American federal employment laws on em- ployment and unemployment. Acemoglu and Angrist (2001), DeLeire (2000), and Jolls and Prescott (2004) present evidence that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) decreased employment of disabled persons. Oyer and Schaefer (2000, 2002) conclude that the federal Civil Rights Act of 1991 increased the frequency of mass layoffs and raised the returns to experience for workers who have a downward-sloping age-litigation profile. Hahn, Todd, and van der Klaauw (2001) also evaluate the costs of federal antidiscrimination laws. A major hurdle for each of these studies is that these federal statutes apply all at once to the entire country. This makes it difficult to separate the effects of the statute from all other changes occurring simulta- neously (cf. Donohue, 1998; Donohue and Heckman,
Simulation of Jet Plume Interference Effects During the Launch Phase of Missiles

The firing of rockets from launchers is accompanied by strong jet-wall interactions. So-called non-tip launchers, which have changes in cross-sectional areas, produce especially complicated flow patterns with massive blow-by over the missile body suspected to cause initial trajectory degradation. A comprehensive analysis for this launch phase is presented which delineates component flow mechanisms, subsequently integrating them into an overall model with the solution obtained by a convergent process of iterations. Since the analysis is free of empirical input, it provides a firm basis for comparison with available experimental data. Quantitative agreement between theoretical and experimental results not only supports the correctness of the overall physical model and its mathematical simulation, but also allows the designer to explore the effects of individual design and operational parameters.
SOLID PHASE OLIGOSACCHARIDE SYNTHESIS

Polysaccharides are the structurally most complex of the major classes of biopolymers. While nucleic acids and proteins are linear assemblies, polysaccharides are structurally and stereochemically ...
GATE Simulations of Human and Small Animal PET for Determination of Scatter Fraction as a Function of Object Size

In 2D-mode positron emission tomography (PET), scatter is either compensated by approximate methods based on the existing emission data or ignored altogether as the magnitude of the scatter fraction (SF) is on the order of 10%-20%. In clinical PET studies, however, attenuation and sophisticated scatter correction methods are required along with CT or radionuclide transmission scans. With the growing interest in small animal imaging, these correction methods are being translated to small animal scanners, but there is little scientific information about the requirements associated with smaller size objects and scatter geometries. In this study, we focused on the magnitude of the scatter through a series of scatter fraction simulations. To determine the scatter as a function of object size, we performed Monte Carlo simulations using GATE (Geant4 application for emission tomography). Models of the ECAT HR+ PET scanner (included in the GATE package) and the Siemens Inveon small animal scanner (generated by the first author) were used. Simulations were performed for several digital phantoms including the NEMA, XCAT and MOBY phantoms over a wide range of sizes. Small animal NEMA-like phantoms indicated that for cylindrical objects less than 5 cm diameters (encompassing small rats and all mice), the scatter fraction was lower than 17.5% for the 350-650 keV and 20% for the 250-750 keV windows. Similar values were obtained for the MOBY phantoms for the respective sizes. On the other hand, the scatter fraction was more than 35% for even the smallest size human NEMA-like and XCAT phantoms. These results suggest that sophisticated scatter correction methods may not be required for the indicated sizes of mice and rats.
Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis—A New Path in an Old Field

Combinatorial catalysis is the systematic preparation, processing, and testing of large diversities of chemically and physically different materials libraries in a high-throughput fashion. It also embodies microfabrication, robotics, automation, instrumentation, computational chemistry, and large-scale information management (informatics), and as such carries the promise of a renaissance in catalytic reaction engineering. Significant progress has already been made in demonstrating the speed and economic advantage of combinatorial approaches by the discovery of superior catalytic materials in a matter of hours and days, as opposed to the months and years required using traditional methods. Combinatorial methods can also significantly contribute to our understanding of catalytic function by increasing our chances of discovering totally new and unexpected catalytic materials, and by expediting the recognition of trends and patterns of structure-activity relations, from which new catalytic materials can be designed more efficiently. Combinatorial catalysis undoubtedly will be the new paradigm of catalysis research as the industry faces increasing global competition and pressure for the development of environmentally friendly processes at a time when resources for research are diminishing.
Is current hydrogeologic research addressing long-term predictions?

Hydrogeology is a field closely related to the needs of society. Many problems of current national and local interest require predictions of hydrogeological system behavior, and, in a number of important cases, the period of prediction is tens to hundreds of thousands of years. It is argued that the demand for such long-term hydrogeological predictions casts a new light on the future needs of hydrogeological research. Key scientific issues are no longer concerned only with simple processes or narrowly focused modeling or testing methods, but also with assessment of prediction uncertainties and confidence, couplings among multiple physico-chemical processes occurring simultaneously at a site, and the interplay between site characterization and predictive modeling. These considerations also have significant implications for hydrogeological education. With this view, it is asserted that hydrogeological directions and education need to be reexamined and possibly refocused to address specific needs for long-term predictions.
Observation of electric quadrupole transitions to Rydberg nd states of ultracold rubidium atoms

We report the observation of dipole-forbidden, but quadrupole-allowed, one-photon transitions to high-Rydberg states in Rb. Using pulsed uv excitation of ultracold atoms in a magneto-optical trap, we excite $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}nd$ transitions over a range of principal quantum numbers $n=27--59$. Compared to dipole-allowed (E1) transitions from $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}np$, these E2 transitions are weaker by a factor of approximately 2000. We also report measurements of the anomalous $n{p}_{3/2}:n{p}_{1/2}$ fine-structure transition strength ratio for $n=28--75$. Both results are in agreement with theoretical predictions.
A New Regioselective Heck Vinylation with Enamides. Synthesis and Investigation of Fluorous-Tagged Bidentate Ligands for Fast Separation

Internal ligand-controlled Heck vinylations of enamides were performed with high regioselectivity and delivered moderate to good yields of dienamides. Controlled heating by microwave irradiation accelerated the palladium-catalyzed reactions, and full conversions were achieved after reaction times of only 15-30 min. New bidentate fluorous-tagged 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane ligands (F-dppp's) were synthesized and examined. The cationic vinylations of the enamides with F-dppp ligands rendered essentially the same alpha-selectivity and catalytic activity as in those vinylations where nonfluorous ligands were employed. After reaction, the fluorous-tagged ligand material was easily removed by convenient solid fluorous phase separation. The high selectivity, simplicity, and generality of the experimental procedure should make this approach to 2-acylamino-1,3-butadienes attractive.
In Vivo Volume and Hemoglobin Dynamics of Human Red Blood Cells

Human red blood cells (RBCs) lose ,30% of their volume and ,20% of their hemoglobin (Hb) content during their ,100day lifespan in the bloodstream. These observations are well-documented, but the mechanisms for these volume and hemoglobin loss events are not clear. RBCs shed hemoglobin-containing vesicles during their life in the circulation, and this process is thought to dominate the changes in the RBC physical characteristics occurring during maturation. We combine theory with single-cell measurements to investigate the impact of vesiculation on the reduction in volume, Hb mass, and membrane. We show that vesicle shedding alone is sufficient to explain membrane losses but not volume or Hb losses. We use dry mass measurements of human RBCs to validate the models and to propose that additional unknown mechanisms control volume and Hb reduction and are responsible for ,90% of the observed reduction. RBC population characteristics are used in the clinic to monitor and diagnose a wide range of conditions including malnutrition, inflammation, and cancer. Quantitative characterization of cellular maturation processes may help in the early detection of clinical conditions where maturation patterns are altered.