cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Haitian Revolution

THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION represents the most thorough case study of revolutionary change anywhere in the history of the modern world.' In ten years of sustained internal and international warfare, a colony populated predominantly by plantation slaves overthrew both its colonial status and its economic system and established a new political state of entirely free individuals-with some ex-slaves constituting the new political authority. As only the second state to declare its independence in the Americas, Haiti had no viable administrative models to follow. The British North Americans who declared their independence in 1776 left slavery intact, and theirs was more a political revolution than a social and economic one. The success of Haiti against all odds made social revolutions a sensitive issue among the leaders of political revolt elsewhere in the Americas during the final years of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century.2 Yet the genesis of the Haitian Revolution cannot be separated from the wider concomitant events of the later eighteenth-century Atlantic world. Indeed, the period between 1750 and 1850 represented an age of spontaneous, interrelated revolutions, and events in Saint
New techniques for far-infrared filters.

The techniques considered make it possible to construct high performance low-pass wide-band, and medium-band filters at wavelengths in the range from 25 to 300 micrometers. Short wavelength rejection without appreciable loss at long wavelengths is achieved by means of small particle scattering. Spectral definition in the far infrared is obtained by cooling one or more crystalline materials to liquid-He or liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The problem of reflection losses at the various surfaces is solved by a new antireflection coating technique.
Auditor Communications with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors: Policy Recommendations and Opportunities for Future Research

To contribute to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) project on auditor communications with audit committees and boards of directors, we present in this paper a review of relevant academic literature. We also identify promising future research opportunities for the academic community. We specifically focus on how the communication process may affect overall financial reporting quality, internal controls, control environments, and external auditors' performance, as well as matters that potentially impact financial reporting and should interest the PCAOB (e.g., in the area of management discussion and analysis). We specifically link the findings from academic research to the discussion questions posed by the PCAOB in its 2004 briefing paper. Several potential implications of the findings should also interest standard‐setters and regulators addressing issues related to corporate governance and financial reporting quality.
Tobacco use disorder and the risk of completed suicide in VHA

are to calculate TIJ and to examine factors associated with TIJ in a sample of drug injectors. Methods: As part of an exploratory study on injection drug initiation, interviewswere conductedwith drug injectors recruited at outreach sites in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA (n=549) during 2011–12. Interviews covered demographics, family history, drug use and drug injection initiation among others. TIJ was calculated by subtracting age at first drug injection from age of first illicit drug use. We used multivariate linear regression to determine factors independently associated with TIJ. Results: The sample was 33%White, 32% Black, 25% Latino, 27% female, and 60% homeless. Mean age was 46.9 (IQR 41, 56) and mean years of drug injection were 24.8 (IQR 13, 36). Mean age of first illicit drug use was 13.8 (IQR 12, 15) andmean age of injection initiationwas22.1 (IQR16, 26).MeanTIJ for the samplewas8.4 (IQR 2, 12) years. In a multivariate linear regression model, we found that drug types ever usedwere associatedwith TIJ (crack use =+2.9 years, p =0.004; powder cocaine use =+3.3 years, p<0.001; heroin use =−3.2 years,p=0.009; prescription stimulants use =−2.6 years, p=0.001). Any substance abuse treatment prior to injection was associated with longer TIJ (+3.9 years, p<0.001), while being born after 1979 (−2.9, p=003) and having your first injection administered by a familymember (−3.4 years, p=0.006) or self (−2.1 years, p=0.016) were associated with shorter TIJ. Conclusions: TIJ was influenced by drug type, substance abuse treatment, birth cohort, and injection initiator characteristics. These data highlight the need for surveillance of emerging trends in injection drug use and novel prevention strategies targeting transitions to injection among at-risk populations. Financial support: NIDA grant number R01DA027689 and R01DA030427.
Evaluating the technologies of thermal desalination using low-grade heat

Abstract This paper compares the effectiveness of thermal schematics, thermal efficiency, and performance ratio. A sulfuric acid plant located at the coastal line of Morocco was identified as an example for comparison because it utilizes low-grade heat to produce desalinated water needed at the facility from the large volumes of cooling water used in current processes. Currently the acid cooling is performed in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger used for cooling hot sulfuric acid. The heat is then “rejected” to the sea. Both multi-effect distillation (MED) and multi-stage flushing (MSF) systems have advantages in that low grade heat can be used for evaporation and subsequent production of freshwater. The MED process is designed for utilization of low-grade thermal heat as a heat source in the form of hot water in the range of 0.8–3 bar, which is supplied to the first effect of the desalination unit. It operates with lower top brine temperatures in the range of 64–70°C. The thermal performance, operational and capital cost are directly proportional to the number of effects in the MED system. In MSF, the heated steam is routed to the brine heater. It operates with top brine temperatures in the range of 90–110°C. In comparison, the plate heat exchanger (PHE) could be used to recover heat from circulating acid for desalination feed water preheating. Despite the presence of these thermal schematics, comparison of the thermal desalination schematics to utilize low-grade heat is absent.
Incorporating team software development and quality assurance in software engineering education

One of the most important things that students can learn in a course in software engineering is how to effectively work in a team to develop software that is too large for a single individual to produce. It is also important that students learn the value of assuring software quality at each step of the development process. This paper describes how to incorporate a UML-based team project into an object oriented software engineering course. The project gives students hands-on experience in software development and quality assurance at each stage of the software lifecycle, including analysis, design, implementation, and integration. The project is divided into separate interacting parts, with each part assigned to a different team member. Students on each team assume alternate roles of software developer and quality assurance inspector/tester at alternate phases of the lifecycle. This paper describes the approach and an example project, including the problem requirements, timetable of deliverables, and sample deliverables.
A Research Synthesis of Gender and Social Class as Correlates of Subjective Well-Being

Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings from the extant empirical literature on gender and social class as predictors of subjective well-being among U.S. adults. Based upon Rubin's (1979) research, we tested a family of hypotheses that gender, relative to social class, accounted for more variation in subjective well-being. Examination of zero-order and first-order effect sizes revealed that men have slightly higher subjective well-being than women and that, while gender is a statistically significant predictor of subjective well-being, it accounts for little variance. Three measures of social class, composite socioeconomic status, occupational status, and income also are significantly related to subjective well-being on the zero-order level; but that relation is reduced when gender is used as a covariate. Overall, across the studies we synthesized, gender does not transcend social class as a major determinant of subjective well-being.
NO Synthase Inhibition Increases Aldosterone in Humans

To test the hypothesis that NO influences aldosterone production in humans, we examined the effect of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on aldosterone concentrations in the presence and absence of the NO precursor L-arginine (3 g TID) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril (10 mg QD). Ten normal subjects were given L-NAME (66 microg/kg per min for 30 minutes) or vehicle in random order on separate days during placebo and after randomized, double-blind treatment with L-arginine, ramipril, or L-arginine plus ramipril. Infusion of L-NAME significantly increased systolic blood pressure (all P<0.05) and decreased heart rate (all P< or =0.02) during all 4 treatment arms. After placebo pretreatment, serum aldosterone was significantly higher during L-NAME infusion than during vehicle (6.6+/-1.7 versus 3.3+/-0.5 ng/dL; P=0.045). Combined treatment with L-arginine plus ramipril abolished this effect. There was no effect of L-NAME on plasma renin activity (PRA; P=0.297) or angiotensin II concentrations (P=0.537). However, there was a significant interactive effect of L-NAME and time on serum potassium (P=0.039). There was a significant linear relationship between PRA and aldosterone concentration after vehicle infusion ([aldosterone]=3.9.PRA+1.9; r2=0.476; P=0.027) and L-NAME infusion ([aldosterone]=7.2.PRA+3.1; r2=0.457; P=0.032), and the intercepts of these lines were different (P=0.029). There was a significant linear relationship between serum potassium and aldosterone during L-NAME ([aldosterone]=8.2 . [potassium]-28.9; r2=0.609; P=0.008) but not during vehicle (P=0.313). These data suggest that endogenous NO modulates aldosterone synthesis in humans.
Regulation of protein phosphorylation and membrane permeability by beta-adrenergic agents and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in the avian erythrocyte.

Abstract The β-adrenergic agonist, l-isoproterenol, stimulated the incorporation of 32P into a single membrane-bound protein of the intact turkey erythrocyte with approximately the same time course with which it increased membrane permeability to sodium. The incorporation of 32P reached half its maximal value within 6 min after the addition of isoproterenol. Half-maximal stimulation was observed with about 1 x 10-8 m isoproterenol. The β-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, abolished this effect. Exogenous adenosine 3':5'-mono-phosphate (cAMP) and N6-monobutyryl cAMP mimicked the effect of isoproterenol. The phosphoprotein, which was found in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, was estimated to have an apparent molecular weight of 240,000 and appeared to be coincident with the protein band characteristic of erythrocyte plasma membranes known as Band II. Increased phosphorylation of this protein was observed to correlate with increased cAMP levels and increased sodium uptake in response to various agents. The results support the possibility that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of this protein may be involved in the mechanism by which β-adrenergic agents increase the cation permeability of the avian erythrocyte plasma membrane.
Messages of Psychiatric Patients who Attempted or Committed Suicide

The stigma attached to suicide, and a qualitative analysis of psychiatric patients' suicide messages that emerged from a study of psychological characteristics and communications of suicidal psychiatric patients, are described. In this retrospective study, the suicide messages from clinical records of 25 suicide completers and a matched cohort of suicide attempters from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were analyzed. A qualitative method developed by Leenaars in 1992 was used to examine themes in suicide messages. Analysis indicated that clear suicidal messages are sent by most psychiatric patients, and that some useful distinctions exist between messages of completers and attempters. Suicide messages offer worthwhile indicators of suicide that assist clinicians in their therapeutic and preventive roles. The themes of the psychiatric patients' suicide messages included unbearable psychological pain, interpersonal relations, and aggression-rejection. The present study enhances clinicians' recognition of themes in suicide messages and improves the estimation of suicide risk among psychiatric patients.
Design a co-processor for Output Probability Calculation in speech recognition

In the CHMM (Continuous Hidden Markov Model) based speech recognition algorithm, Output Probability Calculation (OPC) is the most computation-intensive part. To reduce power consumption and design cost, this paper presents a custom-designed co-processor to implement OPC. The standard SRAM interface of the co-processor allows it to be controlled by various micro-controllers. The co-processor has been implemented in standard-cell based approach and manufactured in 0.18µm UMC technology. Tested with a 358-state 3-mixture 27-feature 800-word HMM, the co-processor operates at 10MHz to meet real-time requirement. The power consumption of this co-processor is 1.6mW, and the die size is 1.18mm2.
Dennett on seeming

Dennett’s eliminativist theory of consciousness rests on an implausible reduction of sensory seeming to cognitive judgment. The “heterophenomenological” testimony to which he appeals in urging that reduction poses no threat to phenomenology, but merely demonstrates the conceptual indeterminacy of small-scale sensory appearances. Phenomenological description is difficult, but the difficulty does not warrant Dennett’s neo-Cartesian claim that there is no such thing as seeming at all as distinct from judging.
The Fictive Use of Language

Fiction has been of concern to both the aesthetician and the ontologist. The former is concerned with the criteria or standards by which we judge the aesthetic worth of a fictional work, the latter with whether our ontology must be enlarged to include possible or imaginary worlds in which are housed the characters and incidents referred to and depicted in such works. This is a paper on the ontology of fiction. It will attempt to answer these ontological questions concerning truth and reference in fiction by clarifying the use of language. Our paradigm case of the fictive use of language will be one in which the story-teller orally relates the fictional story in the presence of his audience, rather than one in which he inscribes his story so that it may be read at a later date. The value of considering the use of language in a face-to-face situation is that it brings before us in their full explicitness all of the different facets of a speech act, many of which often lie dormant in non-face-to-face uses and therefore are hard to discover from a consideration of such uses.
Reducing Juvenile Delinquency With Automated Cell Phone Calls

Using a sample of 70 juvenile probationers (39 treatment and 31 controls), we evaluated the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program that combined cognitive-behavioral training and automated phone calls. The cognitive-behavioral training contained six 90-min sessions, one per week, and the phone calls occurred twice per day for the year following treatment. Recidivism was measured by whether they were rearrested and the total number of rearrests during the 1st year. To test the impact of the phone calls, those who received phone calls were divided into high and low groups depending on whether they answered more or less than half of their phone calls. Those who completed the class and answered at least half of their phone calls were less likely to have been arrested and had fewer total arrests.
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as a mass in the mandible.

Background. Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon is a frequently encountered medical situation. Metastasis to the mandible from adenocarcinoma of the colon is very unusual and rarely reported. We report the case of a 73-year-old man with metastatic adenocarcinoma to the mandible. Methods. The patient was referred for evaluation of a mass of 2 months' duration in the right parotid gland. He gave a history of watery bowel movements of unknown duration. Physical examination revealed a 7- × 6-cm hard mass, which seemed to be fixed to the right mandible. A CT scan revealed a destructive process involving the ramus and condyle of the right mandible that invaded the pterygopalatine fossa, pterygoid muscles, and middle cranial fossa. CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 5-cm mass in the sigmoid colon with metastases to the liver. Results. A biopsy of the mass in the mandible was performed, and metastatic adenocarcinoma of colonic origin was diagnosed. Colonoscopy and biopsy of the colonic mass substantiated that the sigmoid colon was the primary site of the cancer. Because the patient had disseminated disease, he declined treatment, and he died shortly thereafter. Conclusions. Although rare, metastatic adenocarcinoma from the colon to the mandible and parotid area should be included in the differential diagnosis of masses in this area. After analysis of our case and a review of the literature, we conclude that metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the colon is quite rare and represents incurable disseminated disease. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX–XXX, 2005
Stability of two families of queueing networks and a discussion of fluid limits

We investigate the stability of two families of queueing networks. The first family consists of a general class of networks, where service is allotted to the lead customer at each buffer. The other generalizes networks considered by Humes l18r, and is related to the insertion of “leaky buckets” into the system. The arguments for the stability of the networks in each case rely on the corresponding behavior for the associated fluid models. This connection is employed using the framework established by Dai l10r, with some modifications. It is discussed here in a somewhat more general setting, with future applications in mind.
Evaluation of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel on cropland fields

This study represents part of a project by the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Soil Erosion Network to validate wind erosion models. Soil loss measurements from 46 storm events from eroding fields in six states were compared to predictions from the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel. The field data were collected from small (2.5 ha), circular, cropland fields with nonerodible boundaries. Samplers were arranged in vertical clusters to sample horizontal soil discharge passing a point. Weather data, including wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, and rainfall, were collected on-site. Temporal field site characteristics were measured periodically and included surface roughness, plant/residue cover, and dry aggregate size distribution. The WEPS erosion submodel was used to calculate the threshold erosion friction velocity based on surface conditions and then simulate soil loss during daily periods when the speed exceeded that threshold. Measured and simulated erosion values were in reasonable agreement (R2=0.71). On average, the erosion model underpredicted soil loss, and the probable reasons are discussed.
On the motion of two particles translating with equal velocities through a colloidal dispersion

We study the motion of two colloidal (‘probe’) particles translating along their line of centres with fixed, equal velocities in an otherwise quiescent colloidal dispersion. The moving probes drive the microstructure of the dispersion out of equilibrium; resisting this is the Brownian diffusion of the dispersion ‘bath’ particles. As a result of the microstructural deformation, the dispersion exerts an entropic, or thermal, force on the probes. The non-equilibrium microstructure and entropic forces are computed to first order in the volume fraction of bath particles, as a function of the probe separation ( d ) and the Peclet number ( Pe ), neglecting hydrodynamic interactions. Here, Pe is the dimensionless velocity of the probes, which sets the degree of microstructural distortion. For Pe ≪1—the linear-response regime—the microstructural deformation is proportional to Pe . In this limit, for sufficiently large d , the deformation is nearly fore-aft symmetric about each probe; consequently, the entropic forces on them (which are opposite the direction of motion) are almost equal. However, for sufficiently small d , the symmetry is broken and, rather unexpectedly, the entropic force on the trailing probe is now in the direction of motion, whereas the force on the leading probe remains opposite to the direction of motion. Away from equilibrium, Pe >1 (and for all d ), the leading probe acts as a ‘bulldozer’, accumulating bath particles in a thin boundary layer on its upstream side, while leaving a wake of bath-particle free suspending fluid downstream, in which the trailing probe travels. In this (nonlinear) regime, the entropic forces are once more both opposite the direction of motion; however, the force on the leading probe is greater (in magnitude) than that on the trailing probe. Finally, far from equilibrium ( Pe ≫1), the entropic force on the trailing probe vanishes, whereas the force on the leading probe approaches a limiting value, equal to that for a single probe moving through the dispersion.
Protein release through nonlethal oncotic pores as an alternative nonclassical secretory pathway

Nonclassical (unconventional) protein secretion is thought to represent the primary secretion mechanism for several cytosolic proteins, such as HIV-Tat, galectin 1, interleukin-1β, and several proteins that shuttle between the nucleus and cytosol, such as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), FGF2, and nucleolin. Four nonclassical secretory pathways have been described including direct transport (presumably through transporters in the plasma membrane), secretion via exosomes, lysosomal secretion, and blebbing. The purpose of this study was to gain mechanistic insight into nonclassical protein secretion using phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), a previously identified nonclassical secretory protein, as a reporter protein. Upon shifting HeLa cells into serum-free media PGK1 was released as a free soluble protein without cell loss. Release occurred in two phases: a rapid early phase and a slow late phase. Using a repertory of inhibitors, PGK1 release was shown not to rely on the classical secretory pathway. However, components of the cytoskeleton partially contributed to its release. Significantly, the presence of serum or bovine serum albumin in the media inhibited PGK1 release. These results are consistent with a novel model of protein release termed oncotic release, in which a change in the colloidal osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) upon serum withdrawal creates nonlethal oncotic pores in the plasma membrane through which PGK1 - and likely other nearby proteins - are released before the pores are rapidly resealed. These findings identify an alternative mechanism of release for FGF1, HIV-Tat, and galectin 1 whose reported nonclassical secretion is induced by serum withdrawal. Oncotic release may occur in routine cell biological experiments during which cells are washed with serum-free buffers or media and in pathophysiological conditions, such as edema, during which extracellular protein concentrations change.
“Math Is All Around Us and … We Can Use It to Help Us”: Teacher Agency in Mathematics Education Through Critical Reflection

As social-justice mathematics teacher educators, we have always engaged and supported the prospective and practicing teachers in our classes in critical reflection about mathematics and the teaching and learning of mathematics (Felton, 2010, 2012; Felton & Koestler, 2012; Koestler, 2012). Although there are different notions, purposes, and traditions of reflection (Zeichner & Liston, 1996), critical reflection goes beyond teachers simply recounting their experiences and instead engages them in attempting to unpack and make sense of their experiences in terms of the social, political, and cultural contexts in which their work takes place. We believe this can support them in taking up more progressive pedagogies that can lead to more equitable and just mathematics education for all students.While we did not originally think about our work in terms of teacher agency, writing about this here and elsewhere (Felton & Koestler, 2012) has provided an opportunity to consider what role agency plays in our work, wha...
Factors Associated With Timely Follow-Up Care After Psychiatric Hospitalization for Youths With Mood Disorders

Objectives:This study identified patient-, hospital-, and community-level factors associated with timely follow-up care following psychiatric hospitalization for children and adolescents with mood disorders.Methods:The patients were 7,826 youths (ages six to 17) admitted to psychiatric hospitals with a primary diagnosis of mood disorder (July 2009–November 2010). Outcome variables were defined as one or more mental health visits within seven days and 30 days of psychiatric hospitalization. Predictor variables included patient-, hospital-, and community-level factors obtained from Medicaid claim files from four states (California, Florida, Maryland, and Ohio), the American Hospital Association annual survey, and the Area Resource File. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the association between patient-, hospital-, and community-level factors and receipt of follow-up care.Results:Following discharge, an outpatient mental health visit was obtained by 48.9% of children and adolescents within seven days an...
Kool Aid, Frozen Pizza, and Academic Integrity: Learning from Mac Miller's Mixtape Missteps

The practice of hip hop music sampling can provide a meaningful and relatable example in discussing proper attribution in research writing. In the context of a one-shot library instruction session with first- and second-year students, this article details the use of a culturally relevant example of hip hop production as a model for understanding the academic research process.
Phototherapy induced cutaneous eruption in a neonate with transient porphyrinemia.

UNLABELLED Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia has rare complications. We report a case of phototherapy induced eruption in a neonate with transient porphyrinemia. Our patient received phototherapy due to hyperbilirubinemia secondary to erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn). He developed a cutaneous rash in the light-exposed areas of his skin. Erythrocyte and plasma porphyrins were elevated at the time. Phototherapy induced eruption with a transient porphyrinemia is rare. Upon review of the literature, we found only 5 other cases of patients with phototherapy induced rash and elevated porphyrins reported. We compared the five other reported cases to our case, looking at drug exposure, age, and receipt of exchange transfusion. CONCLUSION While this is an uncommon occurrence, transient porphyrinemia should be considered in neonates with phototherapy induced cutaneous eruption and erythroblastosis fetalis.
Microscale Titania Shapes Grown Within Swollen PDMS

A variety of titania microstructures have been synthesized using a swollen polymer matrix of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The shapes and structures grown to date include spheres, ‘bowls’, ‘nets’ and ‘brain coral’ matrices. The PDMS polymer network can be swollen by one of a variety of organic solvents. These solvents create internal voids or spaces within the PDMS, of particular volume. These spaces can then be filled with metal alkoxide liquid. The metal alkoxide is then polymerized to form metal oxides, in a shape templated by the swollen PDMS polymer. The resultant product is a composite of metal oxide within a polymer. Some of the shapes can be removed mechanically or chemically. Methods of characterization include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Potential applications of the shaped titania include catalysts, fillers, capsules, and chemical separators. The synthesis and characterization of these compounds will be discussed.
Initial clinical results of stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of craniopharyngiomas.

The efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for the treatment of craniopharyngioma has been retrospectively evaluated in 16 patients. The median tumor diameter was 2.8 cm (range 1....
Preferential retention of the E6 and E7 regions of the human papilloma virus type 18 genome by human sperm cells

Objective To determine if sperm cells differentially take up or retain different regions of human papilloma virus (HPV) type 18 genome. Design A descriptive clinical study. Setting A major medical center affiliated with a medical college. Patients Twenty-three randomly selected patients who attended Fertility Clinics at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Semen specimens were obtained from volunteered patients who attended fertility clinics at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Main Outcome Measure The presence of various regions of HPV type 18 genome in sperm cells was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results Among 23 sperm specimens that were positive for HPV type 18 DNA by polymerase chain reaction, the upstream regulatory region, E6, E7, E1, and L1 regions or open region frames were detected in 4 (17%), 7 (30%), 19 (83%), 5 (22%), and 1 (4%) specimens, respectively. The differential display of the presence of various regions of the HPV type 18 genome was not the result of different amplification and detection efficiencies of these DNA fragments. Conclusion These results suggest that the oncogenic portion of HPV DNA is present in spermatozoa. Furthermore, the E6 and E7 regions of the viral genome preferentially were taken up and/or retained by the human sperm cells.
Tuberculosis prevention and control effect evaluation of China-Vietnam border areas during 2005-2012

Objective To investigate the TB incidence situation of border area between China and Vietnam in Pingxiang city,analyze existing problems and control effect. Methods To analyze patient data and the TB management information system of China Information System for Disease Control and prevention during 2005-2012. Results 1,376 cases were found during 2005-2012,5 cases were tuberculous pleurisy,1 case was extra pulmonary tuberculosis,among them 284 cases were new smear positive patients,the average registration rate of new smear positive patients was 32. 51 /10 million; 73 retreatment smear positive cases. The cure rate for new smear positive patients was 92. 25%( 262 /284),cure rate for smear positive patients was 71. 23%( 52/73). Conclusions Continue to do a good job of centralized management of tuberculosis,TB prevention and control knowledge training and health education,improve the service ability construction and medical personnel's business level further for TB prevention institutes,improve the patient treatment and management quality,and reduce the occurrence of infectious source.
Detection, prevalence, and transmission of avian hematozoa in waterfowl at the Arctic/sub-Arctic interface: co-infections, viral interactions, and sources of variation

The epidemiology of avian hematozoa at high latitudes is still not well understood, particularly in sub-Arctic and Arctic habitats, where information is limited regarding seasonality and range of transmission, co-infection dynamics with parasitic and viral agents, and possible fitness consequences of infection. Such information is important as climate warming may lead to northward expansion of hematozoa with unknown consequences to northern-breeding avian taxa, particularly populations that may be previously unexposed to blood parasites. We used molecular methods to screen blood samples and cloacal/oropharyngeal swabs collected from 1347 ducks of five species during May-August 2010, in interior Alaska, for the presence of hematozoa, Influenza A Virus (IAV), and IAV antibodies. Using models to account for imperfect detection of parasites, we estimated seasonal variation in prevalence of three parasite genera (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon) and investigated how co-infection with parasites and viruses were related to the probability of infection. We detected parasites from each hematozoan genus in adult and juvenile ducks of all species sampled. Seasonal patterns in detection and prevalence varied by parasite genus and species, age, and sex of duck hosts. The probabilities of infection for Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites were strongly positively correlated, but hematozoa infection was not correlated with IAV infection or serostatus. The probability of Haemoproteus infection was negatively related to body condition in juvenile ducks; relationships between Leucocytozoon infection and body condition varied among host species. We present prevalence estimates for Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium infections in waterfowl at the interface of the sub-Arctic and Arctic and provide evidence for local transmission of all three parasite genera. Variation in prevalence and molecular detection of hematozoa parasites in wild ducks is influenced by seasonal timing and a number of host traits. A positive correlation in co-infection of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus suggests that infection probability by parasites in one or both genera is enhanced by infection with the other, or that encounter rates of hosts and genus-specific vectors are correlated. Using size-adjusted mass as an index of host condition, we did not find evidence for strong deleterious consequences of hematozoa infection in wild ducks.
Laser and light therapy for facial warts: a systematic review

Facial verruca plana, or flat warts, are benign skin papillomas caused by human papillomavirus infections. A large portion of cases are refractory to treatment and can cause psychosocial distress in patients. Laser and light modalities offer an alternative therapeutic approach that has not been extensively explored. We systematically reviewed PubMed for studies describing treatment of facial verruca plana using lasers, photodynamic therapy and infrared coagulation. Final inclusion and review of eighteen studies suggests laser and light therapies to have considerable potential in the treatment of this recalcitrant condition. In particular, yttrium aluminium garnet lasers, infrared coagulation and photodynamic therapies have been reported to demonstrate efficacy. Further studies with larger power are required to determine which method should be established as the alternative treatment of choice for recalcitrant facial verrucae.
Initial medical management of rotator cuff tears: a demographic analysis of surgical and nonsurgical treatment in the United States Medicare population.

Background Rotator cuff tears have a lifetime incidence between 25% and 40% in the United States, but optimum treatment strategies and protocol have not yet been widely accepted. This study evaluated the proportions of patients treated with nonoperative and operative modalities and how this proportion has changed during an 8-year period (2005-2012) among patients with Medicare. Methods Using the PearlDiver patient record database, we identified Medicare patients having been diagnosed with a rotator cuff tear. These patients were then stratified on the basis of treatment with physical therapy, subacromial/glenohumeral injection, or rotator cuff repair. We analyzed the data in regard to standard demographic information, comorbidities, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results During the study period, 878,049 patients were identified and 397,116 patients had rotator cuff repair. The proportion of patients treated initially with physical therapy dropped from 30.0% in 2005 to 13.2% in 2012, and the subacromial/glenohumeral injection proportion decreased from 6.00% to 4.19% ( P P Discussion This analysis demonstrates a significant decrease in the initial trial of nonoperative treatment and an increase in the rate of surgery. Patients undergoing rotator cuff repair had fewer comorbidities than those undergoing nonoperative treatments. It also demonstrates that patients who had a trial of injection had a higher incidence of eventual rotator cuff repair compared with the patients with an initial trial of physical therapy.
Actinide host phases as radioactive waste forms

Publisher Summary An effective strategy for dealing with high-level waste is to partition the short-lived fission product elements from the long-lived actinides, creating separate waste streams. Once there are two waste streams, the properties and durability of the waste form can be designed to a level appropriate to the toxicity and time required for isolation from the environment. With such a strategy the fission product elements may be incorporated into a borosilicate glass and the actinides into more durable crystalline ceramics. Although special glass compositions may be developed for actinide incorporation, their long-term durability is less easily assured, particularly on the time scales required for actinide immobilization and confinement. The final selection of any waste form should depend on its ability to incorporate the radionuclides of interest, its chemical durability, response to a radiation-field, and physical properties as well as the time required for isolation to protect the environment.
Visual analytics of geo-social interaction patterns for epidemic control

Human interaction and population mobility determine the spatio-temporal course of the spread of an airborne disease. This research views such spreads as geo-social interaction problems, because population mobility connects different groups of people over geographical locations via which the viruses transmit. Previous research argued that geo-social interaction patterns identified from population movement data can provide great potential in designing effective pandemic mitigation. However, little work has been done to examine the effectiveness of designing control strategies taking into account geo-social interaction patterns. To address this gap, this research proposes a new framework for effective disease control; specifically this framework proposes that disease control strategies should start from identifying geo-social interaction patterns, designing effective control measures accordingly, and evaluating the efficacy of different control measures. This framework is used to structure design of a new visual analytic tool that consists of three components: a reorderable matrix for geo-social mixing patterns, agent-based epidemic models, and combined visualization methods. With real world human interaction data in a French primary school as a proof of concept, this research compares the efficacy of vaccination strategies between the spatial–social interaction patterns and the whole areas. The simulation results show that locally targeted vaccination has the potential to keep infection to a small number and prevent spread to other regions. At some small probability, the local control strategies will fail; in these cases other control strategies will be needed. This research further explores the impact of varying spatial–social scales on the success of local vaccination strategies. The results show that a proper spatial–social scale can help achieve the best control efficacy with a limited number of vaccines. The case study shows how GS-EpiViz does support the design and testing of advanced control scenarios in airborne disease (e.g., influenza). The geo-social patterns identified through exploring human interaction data can help target critical individuals, locations, and clusters of locations for disease control purposes. The varying spatial–social scales can help geographically and socially prioritize limited resources (e.g., vaccines).
Shadowgraph Optical Technique for Measuring the Shock Hugoniot from Standard Electric Detonators

This research paper overviews the detonation characteristics of the liquid-desensitized function detonator used for the oil and gas industry. The liquid-desensitized function is designed to protect perforating tools from any liquid that penetrates inside the tool during operation. Additionally, the number 8 standard electric detonator is analyzed using the same technique. The measurement of the energy release from these types of initiation systems becomes critical for the evaluation of their initiation ability of the firing sequence, as well as from the standardization point of view.
In Search of the Urban Cowboy: The Need to Incorporate Animal Husbandry into the United States Higher Education Curriculum and Its Implications for Production Animal Welfare.

The increasingly urban United States population combined with an aging human agricultural population presents a paradigm where there is a need to recruit, retain, and educate younger generations about animal handling and husbandry in production animal agriculture (1). Yet much of the animal husbandry information historically learned through experiences at the family farm must now happen in the classroom. While sustainably meeting the food needs of the future is paramount to a high-quality food system, there is also a need to disseminate generations-old knowledge about how to care for agricultural animals. Agricultural animal welfare science may not make scientific and societal advancements at the same pace as more traditional areas (e.g., nutrition, reproduction) unless we properly train future generations.
Minerals and the Visual Arts

Prior to the eighteenth century, the pigments used in fresco and panel painting were relatively few in number, were generally prepared in the artist's studio, and were derived largely from minerals and other natural sources. The most prized of these pigments was natural ultramarine, a blue pigment prepared from lapis lazuli. It was a favorite of Titian; it is also found in the works of Vermeer, Dou, and Leonardo. Also of interest is a green pigment that was ground from the mineral malachite. Pieter Bruegel the Elder was among those who used it. Malachite is of still further interest because it can form naturally as a patina on works of art made of copper and bronze. Both lapis lazuli and malachite were also valued in cut and polished form for use in the decorative arts. The associations between science and art can be used to advantage in geoscience or art classes, stimulating interest by making the two fields of study relevant to one another.
Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study

Objective A history of periodontal disease and the presence of circulating antibodies to selected oral pathogens have been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer; however, direct relationships of oral microbes with pancreatic cancer have not been evaluated in prospective studies. We examine the relationship of oral microbiota with subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer in a large nested case–control study. Design We selected 361 incident adenocarcinoma of pancreas and 371 matched controls from two prospective cohort studies, the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II and the National Cancer Institute Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. From pre-diagnostic oral wash samples, we characterised the composition of the oral microbiota using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing. The associations between oral microbiota and risk of pancreatic cancer, controlling for the random effect of cohorts and other covariates, were examined using traditional and L1-penalised least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression. Results Carriage of oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , were associated with higher risk of pancreatic cancer (adjusted OR for presence vs absence=1.60 and 95% CI 1.15 to 2.22; OR=2.20 and 95% CI 1.16 to 4.18, respectively). Phylum Fusobacteria and its genus Leptotrichia were associated with decreased pancreatic cancer risk (OR per per cent increase of relative abundance=0.94 and 95% CI 0.89 to 0.99; OR=0.87 and 95% CI 0.79 to 0.95, respectively). Risks related to these phylotypes remained after exclusion of cases that developed within 2 years of sample collection, reducing the likelihood of reverse causation in this prospective study. Conclusions This study provides supportive evidence that oral microbiota may play a role in the aetiology of pancreatic cancer.
State estimation of IEEE 14 bus with interphase power controller using WLS method

Traditional state estimation methods are not well suited for power systems with FACTS devices. A novel approach to state estimation of systems with interphase power controllers (IPC) is proposed. The extension of the conventional model of the system necessitates the use of constraints accounting for limits associated with the IPC operation and ratings. Results of tests on the IEEE 14 bus system using the weighted least-square method, have confirmed validity of the proposed approach.
Super-persistent Currents in Chaotic Dirac Fermion Systems

Persistent currents (PCs), one of the most intriguing manifestations of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, are known to vanish for Schrodinger particles in the presence of random scatterings, e.g., due to classical chaos. But would this still be the case for Dirac fermions? Addressing this question is of significant value due to the tremendous recent interest in two-dimensional Dirac materials. We investigate relativistic quantum AB rings threaded by a magnetic flux and find that PCs are extremely robust. Even for highly asymmetric rings that host fully developed classical chaos, the amplitudes of PCs are of the same order of magnitude as those for integrable rings, henceforth the term superpersistent currents (SPCs). A striking finding is that the SPCs can be attributed to a robust type of relativistic quantum states, i.e., Dirac whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that carry large angular momenta and travel along the boundaries. We propose an experimental scheme using topological insulators to observe and chara...
Hepatic thrombopoietin is required for bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell maintenance

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance depends on extrinsic cues. Currently, only local signals arising from the bone marrow niche have been shown to maintain HSCs. However, it is not known whether systemic factors also sustain HSCs. We assessed the physiological source of thrombopoietin (TPO), a key cytokine required for maintaining HSCs. Using TpoDsRed-CreER knock-in mice, we showed that TPO is expressed by hepatocytes but not by bone marrow cells. Deletion of Tpo from hematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, or bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells does not affect HSC number or function. However, when Tpo is deleted from hepatocytes, bone marrow HSCs are depleted. Thus, a cross-organ factor, circulating TPO made in the liver by hepatocytes, is required for bone marrow HSC maintenance. Our results demonstrate that systemic factors, in addition to the local niche, are a critical extrinsic component for HSC maintenance.