cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case for periodic, colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula

Two classes of field evidence firmly establish that late Wisconsin glacial Lake Missoula drained periodically as scores of colossal jokulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods). (1) More than 40 successive, flood-laid, sand-to-silt graded rhythmites accumulated in back-flooded valleys in southern Washington. Hiatuses are indicated between flood-laid rhythmites by loess and volcanic ash beds. Disconformities and nonflood sediment between rhythmites are generally scant because precipitation was modest, slopes gentle, and time between floods short. (2) In several newly analyzed deposits of Pleistocene glacial lakes in northern Idaho and Washington, lake beds comprising 20 to 55 varves (average = 30–40) overlie each successive bed of Missoula-flood sediment. These and many other lines of evidence are hostile to the notion that any two successive major rhythmites were deposited by one flood; they dispel the notion that the prodigious floods numbered only a few. The only outlet of the 2,500-km 3 glacial Lake Missoula was through its great ice dam, and so the dam became incipiently buoyant before the lake could rise enough to spill over or around it. Like Grimsvotn, Iceland, Lake Missoula remained sealed as long as any segment of the glacial dam remained grounded; when the lake rose to a critical level ∼600 m in depth, the glacier bed at the seal became buoyant, initiating underflow from the lake. Subglacial tunnels then grew exponentially, leading to catastrophic discharge. Calculations of the water budget for the lake basin (including input from the Cordilleran ice sheet) suggest that the lakes filled every three to seven decades. The hydrostatic prerequisites for a jokulhlaup were thus re-established scores of times during the 2,000- to 2,500-yr episode of last-glacial damming. J Harlen Bretz9s “Spokane flood” outraged geologists six decades ago, partly because it seemed to flaunt catastrophism. The concept that Lake Missoula discharged regularly as jokulhlaups now accords Bretz9s catastrophe with uniformitarian principles.
A Clock-Harvesting Receiver Using 3G CDMA Signals in the 1900-MHz Band

A clock-harvesting receiver is presented, which extracts a 1.2-kHz clock embedded within the third-generation code-division multiple-access standard for the wake-up of a wireless sensor network. The energy-detection-based receiver was fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS and designed for low-power heavily duty-cycled operation. In active mode, the receiver has a measured sensitivity of -73 dBm while consuming only 298 μW. The harvested-clock output has 7 μs of root-mean-square jitter at the sensitivity level, which improves with higher received power. In sleep mode, the receiver consumes only 44 pW with a start-up time of 80 μs.
Intellectual growth in children as a function of domain specific and domain general working memory subgroups

Abstract This study examined whether children's growth on measures of fluid (Raven Colored Progressive Matrices) and crystallized (reading and math achievement) intelligence was attributable to domain-specific or domain-general functions of working memory (WM). A sample of 290 elementary school children was tested on measures of intelligence across three testing waves. Two methods, a hierarchical factor model predicting latent growth and a double dissociation design comparing children divided into high and low performers, tested whether general and/or specific components accounted for performance on intelligence measures. A general domain model for the total sample provided the best fit for latent growth on all measures. Further, the lack of a significant WM subgroup × domain interaction suggested that a general WM system underlies the individual differences on measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Overall, the findings support a domain-general view of WM capacity on intelligence measures in children, but also suggest that domain specific storage systems may come into play on isolated measures.
Spectrum-generating bialgebra of the hexagonal-lattice dimer model

The method of constructing a complete set of “zero-operator” identities preserved by the matrix coproduct is shown to be general, and is used to build the operator bialgebra for the hexagonal-latti...
Chondritic meteorite fragments associated with the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica

Multiple chondritic meteorite fragments have been found in two sedimentary rock samples from an end-Permian bed at Graphite Peak in Antarctica. The Ni/Fe, Co/Ni, and P/Fe ratios in metal grains; the Fe/Mg and Mn/Fe ratios in olivine and pyroxene; and the chemistry of Fe-, Ni-, P-, and S-bearing oxide in the meteorite fragments are typical of CM-type chondritic meteorites. In one sample, the meteoritic fragments are accompanied by more abundant discrete metal grains, which are also found in an end-Permian bed at Meishan, southern China. We discuss the implications of this finding for a suggested global impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary.
Effects of protein intake and gender on body composition changes: a randomized clinical weight loss trial

Limited data on sex differences in body composition changes in response to higher protein diets (PRO) compared to higher carbohydrate diets (CARB) suggest that a PRO diet helps preserve lean mass (LM) in women more so than in men. To compare male and female body composition responses to weight loss diets differing in macronutrient content. Twelve month randomized clinical trial with 4mo of weight loss and 8mo weight maintenance. Overweight (N = 130; 58 male (M), 72 female (F); BMI = 32.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2) middle-aged subjects were randomized to energy-restricted (deficit ~500 kcal/d) diets providing protein at 1.6 g.kg-1.d-1 (PRO) or 0.8 g.kg-1.d-1 (CARB). LM and fat mass (FM) were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Body composition outcomes were tested in a repeated measures ANOVA controlling for sex, diet, time and their two- and three-way interactions at 0, 4, 8 and 12mo. When expressed as percent change from baseline, males and females lost similar amounts of weight at 12mo (M:-11.2 ± 7.1 %, F:-9.9 ± 6.0 %), as did diet groups (PRO:-10.7 ± 6.8 %, CARB:-10.1 ± 6.2 %), with no interaction of gender and diet. A similar pattern emerged for fat mass and lean mass, however percent body fat was significantly influenced by both gender (M:-18.0 ± 12.8 %, F:-7.3 ± 8.1 %, p < 0.05) and diet (PRO:-14.3 ± 11.8 %, CARB:-9.3 ± 11.1 %, p < 0.05), with no gender-diet interaction. Compared to women, men carried an extra 7.0 ± 0.9 % of their total body fat in the trunk (P < 0.01) at baseline, and reduced trunk fat during weight loss more than women (M:-3.0 ± 0.5 %, F:-1.8 ± 0.3 %, p < 0.05). Conversely, women carried 7.2 ± 0.9 % more total body fat in the legs, but loss of total body fat in legs was similar in men and women. PRO was more effective in reducing percent body fat vs. CARB over 12mo weight loss and maintenance. Men lost percent total body fat and trunk fat more effectively than women. No interactive effects of protein intake and gender are evident.
Rape Victims' Self-Esteem A Longitudinal Analysis

A study of 204 recent rape victims and a matched comparison group of 173 women was conducted in order to determine the short- and long-term effects of rape on victims' self-esteem. Research participants were assessed at 6-21 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 18 months, and 2 years postassault. Findings suggest that victims experience short- and long-term problems in self-esteem, relationships with significant others, work satisfaction, relationships with authority, hope for the future and happiness with life, and relating to parents. Compared with nonvictims, victims reported impaired relationships with significant others at 1-year postassault, significantly lower self-esteem at 18-months postassault, and lower satisfaction in relations with their parents at the 2-year postassault assessment.
Entropic Aspects of Supercooled Droplet Freezing

The freezing of supercooled water droplets in the atmosphere, with an emphasis on the entropic aspects of the problem, is examined. Supercooled water is a metastable state and, therefore, the associated phase transition must be irreversible. Temperature-dependent heat capacities of supercooled water and ice are used to calculate the entropy difference. That difference is then used to establish a lower bound on the amount of latent heat that can be liberated by the freezing droplets. The calculation is compared with tabulated values of the latent heat of fusion with surprising results. Based on a novel physical picture of the freezing process, the authors suggest a simple estimate for the effective latent heat that is suitable for heat budget calculations of glaciating clouds. In addition, the authors arrive at a quadratic dependence on supercooling, (T ) 2 , for the irreversible contribution to heat exchange during the freezing process. The proportionality factor is estimated as 0.3 J mol 1 K 2 .
The Role of Different Developmental Experiences

Abstract Developmental criminologists posit that dimensions of offending such as persistence in criminal offending patterns are important in understanding criminality and should be examined. Patterns of persistence, however, have not generated a great deal of criminological research and the little empirical research that has been conducted on persistence has focused primarily on males. This research advances previous research by examining female persistence patterns in crime. Using data on a sample of 131 females residing in a southwestern prison, the current analysis employs an integrated theoretical approach to understand female persistence. Results from the stepwise logistic regression analysis reveal that prior sexual abuse and association with delinquent peers is significantly related to female persistence in criminality. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Structural properties of incomplete hypercube computers

Incomplete hypercubes are analyzed. The elementary properties of complete hypercubes and a routing algorithm for incomplete hypercubes are briefly reviewed. Structural properties, including diameter, mean message traversal, and traffic density, of incomplete hypercube computers with size 2/sup n/+2/sup k/, 0 >
Threshold hadronic event shapes with effective field theory

Hadronic event shapes, that is, event shapes at hadron colliders, could provide a great way to test both standard and nonstandard theoretical models. However, they are significantly more complicated than event shapes at ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders, involving multiple hard directions, multiple channels, and multiple color structures. In this paper, hadronic event shapes are examined with soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) by expanding around the dijet limit. A simple event shape, threshold thrust, is defined. This observable is global and has no free parameters, making it ideal for clarifying how resummation of hadronic event shapes can be done in SCET. Threshold thrust is calculated at next-to-leading fixed order (NLO) in SCET and resummed to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. The scale-dependent parts of the soft function are shown to agree with what is expected from general observations, and the factorization formula is explicitly shown to be renormalization group invariant to 1-loop. Although threshold thrust is not itself expected to be phenomenologically interesting, it can be modified into a related observable which allows the jet ${p}_{T}$ distribution to be calculated and resummed to $\mathrm{NNLL}+\mathrm{NLO}$ accuracy. As in other processes, one expects resummation to be important even for moderate jet momenta due to dynamical threshold enhancement. A general discussion of threshold enhancement and nonglobal logs in hadronic event shapes is also included.
Water vapor budget of the Indian monsoon depression

Estimations by previous studies show that a minor amount of the Indian monsoon rainfall is contributed by Indian monsoon depressions (IMDs). In contrast, other studies found that approximately half of the summer monsoon rainfall in the northern Indian subcontinent is generated by IMDs. IMDs occur an average of six times during the summer season and provide a crucial water source to the agricultural activity over this region. The large disparity in the estimation of the IMD contribution to the Indian rainfall by previous studies requires a more accurate water vapor budget analysis of the IMD with quality data. For this reason, a composite analysis of the IMD is performed using the ERA-40 reanalysis and four precipitation data sets (the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, the GEOS precipitation index at the Goddard Space Flight Center and surface station observations) for the period of 1979–2002. Important findings of this study are: (i) about 45–55% of the total Indian rainfall is produced by the IMD; (ii) the rainfall maximum in the west–south-west sector of IMDs is largely maintained by convergence of atmospheric water vapor flux. The convergence of water vapor flux is largely coupled with the lower-tropospheric divergent circulation. Thus, the IMD water vapor budget is modulated by the 30–60 and 10–20 d monsoon modes through changes of water vapor convergence/divergence. The magnitude of this modulation on the IMD water vapor budget is close to a quarter of the summer-mean water vapor budget over the Bay of Bengal and north-eastern India.
Diversity of Myocardial Interstitial Proteolytic Pathways Gene Deletion Reveals Unexpected Consequences

A fundamental objective of cardiovascular medicine is the early detection of structural changes within the heart and vasculature that would be harbingers of disease. For example, a much greater emphasis has been placed on identifying patients with underlying changes in left ventricular (LV) myocardial structure before the onset of occult LV dysfunction and symptomatic heart failure.1 These changes in LV myocardial form and function have been generically termed LV remodeling, and an important research direction is to identify critical pathways that contribute to this adverse remodeling process. Although significant past research efforts have been made to identify changes in cardiocyte structure and function, LV remodeling is a multifactorial process involving both cellular and extracellular pathways. An evolving concept is that a significant interplay exists among biological signaling molecules, transmembrane proteins, and proteases within the myocardial interstitial space, which in turn promulgates LV remodeling. In the present issue of Circulation , a pair of studies is presented that further demonstrate the diverse functionality of proteases that exist within the myocardial interstitial space and how genetically altering these proteolytic pathways can result in unexpected consequences for LV remodeling process.2,3 Articles see p 2082 and p 2094 The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were once considered a small set of proteases with a rather limited role in terms of degrading structural proteins within the interstitium. However, as the number of MMPs and the portfolio of proteolytic substrates continue to grow, so does the recognized functionality of these proteases in the myocardial remodeling process. The generalized nomenclature for the MMPs was initially established on what was considered to be the fundamental proteolytic targets for each MMP class; hence the use of collagenases for the MMP types MMP-1, -8 and -13 and the gelatinases (processing of denatured collagen) for MMP-2 and MMP-9. However, …
our garden is the sea: contingency and improvisation in Mandar women's work

In the late 1980s, women in fishing communities on the southwest coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, began to leave the looms on which they had woven fine silk sarongs. The alternative work they sought was fish-trading, on a scale that gave them considerably more mobility (and income) than women had enjoyed in the past. This article explores these changes in terms of discourses and practices of gender, emphasizing complementarity and competing state visions of domesticated women and national development. It argues that cultural flexibility, including willingness to abandon older ideals linking womanhood and weaving, enabled some women to improvise at a moment of rapid technological and commercial change. [gender, work, fishing communities, weaving, Indonesia]
Non-canonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling regulates kidney morphogenesis by controlling intermediate mesoderm extension

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) affect about 1 in 500 births and are a major cause of morbidity in infants. Duplex collecting systems rank among the most common abnormalities of CAKUT, but the molecular basis for this defect is poorly understood. In mice, conditional deletion of Wnt5a in mesoderm results in bilateral duplex kidney and ureter formation. The ureteric buds (UBs) in mutants emerge as doublets from the intermediate mesoderm (IM)-derived nephric duct (ND) without anterior expansion of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) expression domain in the surrounding mesenchyme. Wnt5a is normally expressed in a graded manner at the posterior end of the IM, but its expression is down-regulated prior to UB outgrowth at E10.5. Furthermore, ablation of Wnt5a in the mesoderm with an inducible Cre at E7.5 results in duplex UBs, whereas ablation at E8.5 yields normal UB outgrowth, demonstrating that Wnt5a functions in IM development well before the formation of the metanephros. In mutants, the posterior ND is duplicated and surrounding Pax2-positive mesenchymal cells persist in the nephric cord, suggesting that disruption of normal ND patterning prompts the formation of duplex ureters and kidneys. Ror2 homozygous mutants, which infrequently yield duplex collecting systems, show a dramatic increase in incidence with the additional deletion of one copy of Wnt5a, implicating this receptor in non-canonical Wnt5a signaling during IM development. This work provides the first evidence of a role of Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling in IM extension and offers new insights into the etiology of CAKUT and possible involvement of Wnt5a/Ror2 mutations.
The red sneakers effect: Inferring status and competence from signals of nonconformity.

This research examines how people react to nonconforming behaviors, such as entering a luxury boutique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional setting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a particular form of conspicuous consumption and lead to positive inferences of status and competence in the eyes of others. A series of studies demonstrates that people confer higher status and competence to nonconforming rather than conforming individuals. These positive inferences derived from signals of nonconformity are mediated by perceived autonomy and moderated by individual differences in need for uniqueness in the observers. An investigation of boundary conditions demonstrates that the positive inferences disappear when the observer is unfamiliar with the environment, when the nonconforming behavior is depicted as unintentional, and in the absence of expected norms and shared standards of formal conduct.
A multilevel analytical placement for 3D ICs

In this paper we propose a multilevel non-linear programming based 3D placement approach that minimizes a weighted sum of total wirelength and TS via number subject to area density constraints. This approach relaxes the discrete layer assignments so that they are continuous in the z-direction and the problem can be solved by an analytical global placer. A key idea is to do the overlap removal and device layer assignment simultaneously by adding a density penalty function for both area & TS via density constraints. Experimental results show that this analytical placer in a multilevel framework is effective to achieve trade-offs between wirelength and TS via number. Compared to the recently published transformation-based 3D placement method [1], we are able to achieve on average 12% shorter wirelength and 29% fewer TS via compared to their cases with best wirelength; we are also able to achieve on average 20% shorter wirelength and 50% fewer TS via number compared to their cases with best TS via numbers.
An Improved Media System for High Regeneration Rates from Barley Immature Embryo-Derived Callus Cultures of Commercial Cultivars

Improved plant regeneration from tissues of elite barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) will facilitate their genetic transformation. Significant improvements in green plant regeneration from tissues of 'Morex' and Harrington' were achieved by modifying iron and boric acid concentrations, and by adding 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) to the culture medium. The plant regeneration in response to various concentrations of eight micronutrients indicated that MS concentrations were appropriate for KH 2 PO 4 , NaMoO 4 , MnSO 4 , KI, CoCl 2 , and ZnSO 4 . Increased H 3 BO 3 (0.75 mM) and decreased FeSO 4 (0.05 mM) improved green plant regeneration. The addition of 0.1 mg/L BAP to maintenance media resulted in an increase in regeneration. The effect of these changes, in combination with previously reported improvements, was assessed by comparing regeneration responses of eight cultivars and elite breeding lines on the improved media versus the original MS-based media. Green plant regeneration was improved for all tested lines and cultivars, from an average of two green plants to 29 green plants per Petri dish. Regeneration rates from all elite lines and cultivars on the improved media exceeded that of the highly regenerable 'Golden Promise' on the original media, indicating that poor plant regeneration should no longer limit the transformation of modern North American cultivars.
Structure of Human RNase H1 Complexed with an RNA/DNA Hybrid: Insight into HIV Reverse Transcription

We report here crystal structures of human RNase H1 complexed with an RNA/DNA substrate. Unlike B. halodurans RNase H1, human RNase H1 has a basic protrusion, which forms a DNA-binding channel and together with the conserved phosphate-binding pocket confers specificity for the B form and 2'-deoxy DNA. The RNA strand is recognized by four consecutive 2'-OH groups and cleaved by a two-metal ion mechanism. Although RNase H1 is overall positively charged, the substrate interface is neutral to acidic in character, which likely contributes to the catalytic specificity. Positions of the scissile phosphate and two catalytic metal ions are interdependent and highly coupled. Modeling of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) with RNA/DNA in its RNase H active site suggests that the substrate cannot simultaneously occupy the polymerase active site and must undergo a conformational change to toggle between the two catalytic centers. The region that accommodates this conformational change offers a target to develop HIV-specific inhibitors.
The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias

A large percentage of the public believes that the news media are biased, and the majority of these individuals consider the direction of bias to be against their own viewpoints. Past research has examined how individual factors such as strength of partisanship or extent of political involvement heighten bias perceptions, but little attention has been paid to interpersonal factors such as the ideological similarity or dissimilarity of personal communication networks. Results of a national survey show that perceptions of media bias were unrelated to the overall amount of discussion but were positively related to conversations with ideologically like-minded individuals. Moreover, the impact of conversations with similar others was stronger among Republicans than among Democrats, a finding consistent with recent work on news self-coverage of media bias claims.
Analysis of Chromosomal Rearrangements Induced by Postmeiotic Mutagenesis With Ethylnitrosourea in Zebrafish

Mutations identified in zebrafish genetic screens allow the dissection of a wide array of problems in vertebrate biology. Most screens have examined mutations induced by treatment of spermatogonial (premeiotic) cells with the chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Treatment of postmeiotic gametes with ENU induces specific-locus mutations at a higher rate than premeiotic regimens, suggesting that postmeiotic mutagenesis protocols could be useful in some screening strategies. Whereas there is extensive evidence that ENU induces point mutations in premeiotic cells, the range of mutations induced in postmeiotic zebrafish germ cells has been less thoroughly characterized. Here we report the identification and analysis of five mutations induced by postmeiotic ENU treatment. One mutation, snh(st1), is a translocation involving linkage group (LG) 11 and LG 14. The other four mutations, oep(st2), kny(st3), Df(LG 13)(st4), and cyc(st5), are deletions, ranging in size from less than 3 cM to greater than 20 cM. These results show that germ cell stage is an important determinant of the type of mutations induced. The induction of chromosomal rearrangements may account for the elevated frequency of specific-locus mutations observed after treatment of postmeiotic gametes with ENU.
The blind driver challenge: steering using haptic cues

Loss of vision significantly impairs mobility, with blind individuals often relying on sighted individuals or public transportation to get around. Self-driving vehicles could significantly improve the mobility of blind people, but current legislation often requires a legal driver to be present in the vehicle who can take over in case of a malfunction. To enable blind people to eventually use a self-driving car independently, we present a steering interface that allows for steering a vehicle using haptic cues. User studies with six blind and sighted subjects identify what accuracy is required and possible using our interface to steer a vehicle on a track using a simulator. We investigate whether driving experience affects haptic steering performance and perform a qualitative study into the usability of our haptic steering interface.
Action of ozone on foliar gas exchange in Glycine max L. Merr: a potential role for endogenous stress ethylene

SUMMARY A rapid surge in the foliar production of ethylene (C2H4), a growth regulator, is a well documented phenomenon in plants experiencing a variety of environmental stresses. The physiological significance of this stress-induced C2H4 is not resolved. Because exogenous C2H4 can induce changes in foliar gas exchange in a variety of plant species, we tested the hypothesis that the endogenous production of stress C2H4 due to the representative environmental stress of ozone (O3) is linked to observed changes in stomatal conductance to water vapour (gsH2o) and carbon dioxide assimilation (A) in Glycine max (L.) Merr. This objective was accomplished using seedlings in hydroponic culture which were administered aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), a metabolic inhibitor of stress C2 H4 synthesis, and subsequently challenged with O3. The responsiveness to O3 stress of gsH2O and A was either substantially diminished (A) or eliminated GS, H2O) when stress C2H4, production in the leaf interior was metabolically inhibited by AVG. These data support the hypothesis that the rapid surge in production of stress CJJH, in response to chronic-level stresses in general and O3 specifically is not simply an indicator of the plant's physiological activity but rather is a chemical messenger or trigger that subsequently mediates some of the notable changes in carbon gain, stomatal physiology, and water use.
Effect of N-Implantation on the Corrosive-Wear Properties of Surgical Ti-6Al-4V Alloy †

The effects of N-ion implantation on the corrosive-wear properties of Ti-6Al-4V, an alloy used for construction of the femoral component of artificial hip joints in humans, were tested. In corrosive-wear tests designed to simulate pertinent hip-joint parameters, electrochemical corrosion currents were measured for cylindrical samples in saline electrolyte in an arrangement which allowed the samples to be rotated between loaded polyethylene pads simultaneously with the current measurement. To further quantify material removal, Zr markers were ion-implanted into some samples so that, by use of Rutherford backscattering, material removal could be detected by changes in position of the marker relative to the surface. Corrosion currents were greatly reduced by implantation of approximately 20 at. % N, but even implantation of the Zr markers also reduced corrosion currents. The marker experiments confirmed the low rate of material removal for the implanted samples.
Probing the structure of the conduction pathway of the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel with permeant and impermeant organic cations.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel plays a central role in cardiac muscle function by providing a ligand-regulated pathway for the release of sequestered Ca2+ to initiate contraction following cell excitation. The efficiency of the channel as a Ca(2+)-release pathway will be influenced by both gating and conductance properties of the system. In the past we have investigated conduction and discrimination of inorganic mono- and divalent cations with the aim of describing the mechanisms governing ion handling in the channel (Tinker, A., A.R. G. Lindsay, and A.J. Williams. 1992. Journal of General Physiology. 100:495-517.). In the present study, we have used permeant and impermeant organic cations to provide additional information on structural features of the conduction pathway. The use of permeant organic cations in biological channels to explore structural motifs underlying selectivity has been an important tool for the electrophysiologist. We have examined the conduction properties of a series of monovalent organic cations of varying size in the purified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel. Relative permeability, determined from the reversal potential measured under bi-ionic conditions with 210-mM test cation at the cytoplasmic face of the channel and 210 mM K+ at the luminal, was related inversely to the minimum circular cation radius. The reversal potential was concentration-independent. The excluded area hypothesis, with and without a term for solute-wall friction, described the data well and gave a lower estimate for minimum pore radius of 3.3-3.5 A. Blocking studies with the impermeant charged derivative of triethylamine reveal that this narrowing occurs over the first 10-20% of the voltage drop when crossing from the lumen of the SR to the cytoplasm. Single-channel conductances were measured in symmetrical 210 mM salt. Factors other than relative permeability determine conductance as ions with similar relative permeability can have widely varying single-channel conductance. Permeant ions, such as the charged derivatives of trimethylamine and diethylmethylamine, can also inhibit K+ current. The reduction in relative conductance with increasing concentrations of these two ions at a holding potential of 60 mV was described by a rectangular hyperbola and revealed higher affinity binding for diethylmethylamine as compared to trimethylamine. It was possible to describe the complex permeation properties of these two ions using a single-ion four barrier, three binding site Eyring rate theory model. In conclusion, these studies reveal that the cardiac Ca(2+)-release channel has a selectivity filter of approximately 3.5-A radius located at the luminal face of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Circulating beta-2 microglobulin and risk of cancer: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)

Background: Serum β-2 microglobulin (B2M), a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule that is a biomarker of kidney filtration and increased cell turnover, is elevated at the time of diagnosis in hematological and some solid cancers. However, serum B2M was not examined prospectively as a marker for cancer risk. We hypothesized that in a population without a prior cancer diagnosis, serum B2M is associated with risk of cancer ( n = 2,436), including colorectal ( n = 255), lung ( n = 298), breast ( n = 424), and prostate ( n = 524) cancers, and hematological ( n = 176) malignancies. Methods: The analytical cohort ( n = 12,300) was followed for incident cancers from 1990 through 2006. B2M (range, 0.9–57.8 mg/L) was measured in stored serum collected in 1990–1992. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for cancer incidence and mortality in relation to quartiles of B2M. Results: Adjusting for age, sex, race, center, education, body mass index, smoking, aspirin, and hormone therapy (in women) and comparing highest to lowest B2M quartiles, HRs were 1.25 (1.06–1.47; P trend = 0.002) for total cancer risk and 2.21 (1.32–3.70; P trend=0.001) for colorectal cancer risk, with similar HRs for colon and rectal cancers. These associations remained after adjustment for an inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein, and after excluding the first three years of follow-up. Significant associations were also observed for mortality from total, lung, and hematological cancers. Conclusions: These findings provide the first evidence that higher serum B2M is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. Impact: This study supports B2M as a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 657–64. ©2016 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 567][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/25/567?iss=4
Rhinovirus infection in nursery and kindergarten children. New rhinovirus serotype 54.

SummaryTwenty-six rhmoviruses were recovered from 741 throat specimens (3.5%) taken during acute respiratory illness in the winter and early spring of 1965 from 407 children 3 to 5 years of age who were attending nursery and kindergarten classrooms. No rhinoviruses were isolated from 90 specimens taken from 109 children aged 5 months to 6 years in families. Rhinovirus serotypes 16, 25, 38, 42, 48 and 50 were represented in addition to a new H group serotype which was designated type 54. Types 16, 38 and 54 were most frequently encountered. There appeared to be a clustering of particular sero-types among the contacts in particular schools indicating spread of infection once a virus was introduced. All cases were clinically common cold and only two had mild fever.
Gender Differences in Problem Solving: Expectancy and Problem Context

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated gender differences in problem solving as a function of problem context and expectations for success. Subjects were 90 women and 56 men from introductory psychology classes who were administered a set of mathematical problems varying in gender context under male-expectancy, female-expectancy, and neutral-expectancy conditions. No significant gender differences or interaction of gender with problem context were found. However, significant effects of problem context and expectancy were found. Both male and female subjects made higher scores on female-context problems and lower scores in the female-expectancy condition. When mathematics aptitude was used as a covariate, an interaction of gender with expectancy was found. Men in the female-expectancy condition made significantly lower scores than either men or women in the male-expectancy condition.
Long-term geotextile degradation mechanisms and exposed lifetime predictions

Abstract This chapter describes the various long-term geotextile degradation mechanisms which lead to the eventual limit of the material's service lifetime. It also presents procedures and results for the lifetime prediction of four different geotextile types insofar as UV degradation in laboratory weathering devices is concerned. Using incubation at elevated temperatures of 80, 70, and 60°C, the procedure results in half-lives in laboratory simulations which are then extrapolated to an arbitrary temperature of 20°C. Furthermore, using the UV radiation in Phoenix, Arizona, it converts the previously obtained half-life responses to that specific field location at the same 20°C temperature. These lifetime predictions in the laboratory and in Phoenix are presented and compared with each other. The lifetime at any worldwide location can be determined in a similar manner.
The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes: Conceptual Framework and Areas of Research

The ancient Greek myth of Alcmene’s “innocent” infidelity has apparently provided the original denomination of the syndrome of Capgras, the most frequently encountered delusional misidentification sub-type. Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux (1923)termed this syndrome Illusion des “Sosies” and it was 6 years later that the syndrome acquired the denomination “syndrome de Capgras”, after the distinguished French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras.
Analysis of under-reporting of mortality surveillance from 2006 to 2008 in Henan

Objective To describe the status and characteristics of under-reporting of death cases within Disease Surveillance System in Henan, and to offer proposal for future monitoring. Methods 47 villages(communities) were selected in each of Henan Disease Monitoring System by multi-stage random cluster sampling methods, the information of residents from 2006 to 2008 were collected, and a survey of the under-reporting deaths cases was carried out which covered 299 565 people in all. The under-reporting rate was estimated by ages, genders and regions. Results The death number was 1649 and the mortality rate was 5.50 per 1 000 from 2006 to 2008. The under-reporting number was 238 cases and the total crude rate of under-reporting of whole nation was 14.43%; The under-reporting rate in city 18.95% were higher than in rural 10.91%; most of the under-reporting cases 65.13% were older than 65'y. The under-reporting rate of 0-4 age group was the highest that 36.00%. Conclusion The under-reporting of Disease Surveillance System in Henan is serious. We should strengthen in the quality management of conventional death monitoring system. At the same time, it should improve the related staff's report consciousness and sense of responsibility in order to improve the quality of the cause of death data report.
The Market Reaction of Social Security Fund Investment Information:Based on the Data from China Capital Market

This paper first introduces the social security fund and its investment and the associated theoretical analysis;then uses the excess earnings method and multiple regression analysis with the social security fund holdings information as an object of study;and next makes an analysis of a total of six quarters of social security fund holdings information response of China's capital market during the four quarters of 2009 and the first two quarters of 2010.The results show that the capital market has a significant positive response with social security fund holdings information,and prove that the market reaction is indeed owned by the disclosure of information of the social security fund through multiple regression method;and finally,explores such underlying reasons as inefficiency of capital market,asymmetry of information and inappropriate disclosure of accounting information of social security fund and makes some suggestions in response to the above questions.
Immunotherapy with Interleukin-2 and α-Interferon in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer with in Situ Primary Cancers: A Pilot Study

AbstractA total of 12 patients with stage 4 renal cell carcinoma and primary renal tumors in situ was entered into a pilot study using treatment with interleukin-2 and α-interferon followed by radical nephrectomy. Of the patients 11 underwent nephrectomy after an initial course of immunotherapy. Ten patients were able to receive a second course of immunotherapy given after nephrectomy. One patient achieved a complete response of lung and mediastinal metastases without any change in the primary renal tumor but after nephrectomy the patient remained in complete remission for greater than 11 months. A total of 3 patients achieved a partial response at some extrarenal sites but they had progression elsewhere. Toxicity was similar to previous experience with this immunotherapy regimen. Therefore, we demonstrated that metastatic tumor regression is possible with primary renal tumors in situ and that aggressive interleukin-2-based immunotherapy can be tolerated in the presence of a large renal tumor.
WE-DE-BRA-01: SCIENCE COUNCIL JUNIOR INVESTIGATOR COMPETITION WINNER: Acceleration of a Limited-Angle Intrafraction Verification (LIVE) System Using Adaptive Prior Knowledge Based Image Estimation

Purpose: To develop an adaptive prior knowledge based image estimation method to reduce the scan angle needed in the LIVE system to reconstruct 4D-CBCT for intrafraction verification. Methods: The LIVE system has been previously proposed to reconstructs 4D volumetric images on-the-fly during arc treatment for intrafraction target verification and dose calculation. This system uses limited-angle beam's eye view (BEV) MV cine images acquired from the treatment beam together with the orthogonally acquired limited-angle kV projections to reconstruct 4D-CBCT images for target verification during treatment. In this study, we developed an adaptive constrained free-form deformation reconstruction technique in LIVE to further reduce the scanning angle needed to reconstruct the CBCT images. This technique uses free form deformation with energy minimization to deform prior images to estimate 4D-CBCT based on projections acquired in limited angle (orthogonal 6°) during the treatment. Note that the prior images are adaptively updated using the latest CBCT images reconstructed by LIVE during treatment to utilize the continuity of patient motion.The 4D digital extended-cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom was used to evaluate the efficacy of this technique with LIVE system. A lung patient was simulated with different scenario, including baseline drifts, amplitude change and phase shift. Limited-angle orthogonal kV and beam's eye view (BEV) MV projections were generated for each scenario. The CBCT reconstructed by these projections were compared with the ground-truth generated in XCAT.Volume-percentage-difference (VPD) and center-of-mass-shift (COMS) were calculated between the reconstructed and the ground-truth tumors to evaluate the reconstruction accuracy. Results: Using orthogonal-view of 6° kV and BEV- MV projections, the VPD/COMS values were 12.7±4.0%/0.7±0.5 mm, 13.0±5.1%/0.8±0.5 mm, and 11.4±5.4%/0.5±0.3 mm for the three scenarios, respectively. Conclusion: The technique enables LIVE to accurately reconstruct 4D-CBCT images using only orthogonal 6° angle, which greatly improves the efficiency and reduces dose of LIVE for intrafraction verification.
Family support: A review of the literature on families of adolescents with disabilities

ABSTRACTFor all youth, adolescence is a time of great change, marked by multiple transitions. For those with disabilities, these transitions can be especially challenging for the youth and their families. Although families of adolescents with disabilities often require support, it is unclear what types of assistance are most helpful. To understand the responsibilities of and, correspondingly, supports needed for parents and siblings, the authors conducted a comprehensive literature review. Specifically, the authors examined the literature to identify the supports that families provide to their adolescent relatives with disabilities, the impacts of caring for an adolescent relative with a disability, and the assistance that families receive. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future research about family support.
Serelaxin in acute heart failure: Most recent update on clinical and preclinical evidence.

Summary Heart failure continues to be a widely prevalent disease across the world, affecting millions of Americans annually. Acute heart failure (AHF) has a substantial effect on rising healthcare costs and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. The search for new drugs for symptom relief and to improve long-term outcomes in heart failure has led to development of serelaxin, a recombinant human relaxin-2 hormone. Relaxin was discovered in pregnancy, but eventually found to have a number of other physiological actions, not only in pregnancy, but also in nonpregnant women and men. The actions of serelaxin are primarily via nitric oxide, leading to the observed vasodilatory effects, and increase in renal plasma flow. It has also been found to increase expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. The antifibrotic and antiinflammatory effects of the drug also play a role in heart failure. In Phase II studies, serelaxin has shown reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and NT-proBNP. The recently published results of the RELAX-AHF, a phase III clinical trial on serelaxin, has opened new avenues into our understanding of its effects in heart failure. The trial showed improvement in short-term dyspnea scores and 180-day mortality, but, interestingly, failed to show any improvement of the secondary endpoints of death or readmission at 60 days. Ongoing Phase III trials like RELAX-AHF-2 and RELAX-AHF-ASIA would explain these data better and improve understanding of the use of serelaxin in clinical practice. This article summarizes the most updated published preclinical and clinical study data on serelaxin, including pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety studies in hepatic, renal impaired patients, Phase II and Phase III trials.
Variable bandwidth filter for multibeam echo-sounding bottom detection

The accuracy of a seafloor map derived from multibeam swath bathymetry depends first and foremost on the quality of the bottom detection process that yields estimates of the arrival time and angle of bottom echoes received in each beam. Filtering of each beam with a fixed bandwidth filter, with the bandwidth based on the length of the transmitted pulse, reduces the error associated with the time-angle estimates. However, filters of this type can not be optimal over the wide range of operational environments encountered. Better results are obtained with a processing scheme that varies the filter bandwidth across the swath width using detected time and angle information from the previous ping. This method is evaluated using sonar data obtained with a Reson SeaBat 8111ER and the results compared with those obtained using a fixed bandwidth filter.
Proposed: A School of EEG Technology General Considerations

(1965). Proposed: A School of EEG Technology General Considerations. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 5, Index Issue, pp. 81-88.