cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of new immigration patterns on the provision of police services in midwestern communities

Abstract This was the first study to investigate the effect of new immigration patterns on police-community relations in small midwestern communities impacted by the development of a large food processing plant and subsequent addition of a large Hispanic population. Using a case study approach, multiple sources of data were collected from law enforcement agencies, community/government leaders, and residents in three rural Missouri communities. The findings revealed that the language barrier was the greatest challenge affecting the development of a police-Hispanic community relationship. Fear of the police, immigration issues, and the nature of contacts between the police and the Latino community also had a significant impact on the relationship.
Near-bottom Thermocline in the Samoan Passage, West Equatorial Pacific

ANTARCTIC bottom water (ABW) flows into the Pacific basin from the region between Macquarie Island and Antarctica1–3. Dynamic considerations suggest that the bottom water flows northwards as an intense current along the western boundary of the Pacific basin4,5. Oceanographers have noted that the Pacific is divided into at least four principal basins which are separated by relatively shallow sills that constrain the flow of water below 4,000 m (refs. 3, 6, 7). The narrow Samoan Passage, first recognized by Reid8, is perhaps the most important channel with depth sufficient to allow a significant flow of bottom water from the southern basin into the central basin. Bottom current velocities in the passage of 5 to 15 cm s−1 towards the north have been measured9 and Nansen casts in the passage revealed a sharp decrease in temperature of 0.27° C in 150 m at a depth of about 4,400 m10. This benthic thermocline marks the abrupt boundary between the deep water and the ABW and supports the observation of cold bottom water flow through the passage. (In a personal communication, P. Lonsdale and J. Reid suggested that the bottom water may include entrained high salinity Atlantic deep water as well as ABW.)
ZNF750 interacts with KLF4 and RCOR1, KDM1A, and CTBP1/2 chromatin regulators to repress epidermal progenitor genes and induce differentiation genes

ZNF750 controls epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting progenitor genes while inducing differentiation genes, a role underscored by pathogenic ZNF750 mutations in cancer and psoriasis. How ZNF750 accomplishes these dual gene regulatory impacts is unknown. Here, we characterized ZNF750 as a transcription factor that binds both the progenitor and differentiation genes that it controls at a CCNNAGGC DNA motif. ZNF750 interacts with the pluripotency transcription factor KLF4 and chromatin regulators RCOR1, KDM1A, and CTBP1/2 through conserved PLNLS sequences. ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] followed by high-throughput sequencing) and gene depletion revealed that KLF4 colocalizes ∼ 10 base pairs from ZNF750 at differentiation target genes to facilitate their activation but is unnecessary for ZNF750-mediated progenitor gene repression. In contrast, KDM1A colocalizes with ZNF750 at progenitor genes and facilitates their repression but is unnecessary for ZNF750-driven differentiation. ZNF750 thus controls differentiation in concert with RCOR1 and CTBP1/2 by acting with either KDM1A to repress progenitor genes or KLF4 to induce differentiation genes.
The effect of lithium carbonate on self-stimulating behavior in the rat.

Abstract The effect of lithium on self-stimulatory behavior in rats with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle was studied. No alteration in the rate of self-stimulatory behavior was found.
Complete basis set ab initio exploring potential energy surface for triplet oxygen reaction with ethylene

Abstract An extensive complete basis set ab initio computational study was performed with the target of exploring the triplet-oxygen-atom–ethylene potential energy surface. Two initial reaction paths were studied: one is the formation of triplet-oxygen–ethylene adduct and the other is the hydrogen radical abstraction from ethylene by the triplet oxygen atom. For both of these reaction pathways energy profiles were evaluated with further study of the decomposition processes of the resulting intermediates. The feasibility of some reaction pathways was discussed with a proposed mechanism for the decomposition reaction.
Two retroviral infections of periparturient Holstein cattle : a phenotypic and genetic study

Environmental and genetic factors affecting prevalences of antibodies to bovine leukosis virus and bovine immunodeficiency-like virus were studied on 137 periparturient Holstein cows selected for milk production. Environmental effects were obtained by logistic regression, and genetic parameters were determined using threshold animal models. Cows selected for high predicted transmitting ability for kilograms of milk fat plus protein had the highest prevalence of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and the lowest prevalence of antibodies to bovine leukosis virus. Heritability estimates for susceptibility to retroviral infections were close to zero.
Test results for the SIRTF far-infrared array module

We present initial test results for far-infrared arrays built at the University of Arizona using Ge:Ga photoconductors and low temperature readouts operating at a temperature of 2 K. We also present separate test results for the Hughes CRC-696 multiplexer used in this program. The two array configurations considered are a 1 X 32 based on an older heated readout concept and a new 4 X 32 module that takes advantage of the benefits of having a true cryogenic readout. Based on these results, performance meeting the SIRTF goal of background-limited imaging can be expected for the 32 X 32 array under construction.
The Effects of E Series Prostaglandins on Blastogenic Responses in Vitro and Graft Vs. Host Responses in Vivo

In this study the ability of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), Misoprostol (a stable analog of PGE1), and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (a stable analog of PGE2) to suppress immune responses in vitro and in vivo was determined. All of the compounds caused a titratable (10(-6) to 10(-9) M) suppression of Con A blastogenesis and the mixed lymphocyte response whereas there was only slight inhibition of the LPS response. When either 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (30 ug/mouse) or Misoprostol (60 ug/mouse) was administered daily in vivo, there was a significant suppression of splenomegaly in F1 mice (C57Bl/6 x CBA) which had been injected with parental (C57Bl/6) spleen cells. We conclude that prostaglandins of the E series can function as immunosuppressive reagents both in vitro and in vivo. In the future they may serve to augment existing forms of immunosuppressive therapy.
A Model to Study Revenue Sharing and Account for Regionalized Economic Activity and Social Goals

The objective of this paper is to provide a model to deal with multi-dimensional social goals on a regionalized as well as national basis and to relate these to each other in the context of a national economic system. Input-Output Interindustry Analysis is therefore regionalized and reformulated in a way that connects it to national economic policy variables in a Keynsian framework. Possible multiple objectives and controls are examined and their possible further developments are also sketched in a context of regionalized and social goals that differ from region to region and also from time to time. Various proposals for revenue sharing are exhibited and interpreted in the light of the possibilities this model admits. Special attention is given to the Nixon President Nixon and ACIR Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations plans in contrast to a multi-goal dynamic and adaptive control-incentive scheme with “saturating” indices of goal attainment. The latter, suggested at the end of this paper, is designed so that it can permit variation between regions while maintaining minimum levels of comparable attainment on goals that are common to more than one region.
Viscous fingering with chemical reaction: effect of in-situ production of surfactants

Viscous fingering experiments are performed in a radial Hele-Shaw cell for a liquid-liquid system in the presence of a well-characterized interfacial reaction capable of changing the surface tension on the time scale of the experiments. The reaction is a neutralization of a fatty acid by an alkaline material to form a surfactant, which exhibits first-order kinetics for the surface tension as a function of time. The experiments are carried out for capillary numbers, Ca, high enough for the fingering to always be in the fractal regime, and for a wide range of Damkohler numbers, Da. The fingers are typically wider in the presence of the chemical reaction than the non-reactive case. We observe two different-behaviours of the reactive fingering patterns
Low- to mid-altitude temporal/spatial tracking requirements

We describe the development, experimentation, collected data, and results of research designed to gain an understanding of the temporal and spatial image collection guidelines for tracking humans. More specifically, we seek a quantitative understanding of the relationship between human observer performance and the spatial and temporal resolutions. We measure performance as a function of the number of video frames per second, the imager spatial resolution, and the ability of the observer to accurately determine the destination of a moving human target. Our research is restricted to data and imagery collected from typical modern, low- to mid-altitude, persistent surveillance platforms using a wide field of view. The ability of the human observer to track a human target unaided was determined by the observer's completion of carefully designed perception experiments. In these experiments, the observers were presented with simulated imagery from the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensor Directorate's EOSim urban terrain simulator. The details of the simulated targets and backgrounds, and the design of the experiments as well as their associated results, are included in this treatment.
Verbal mediation as a function of associative directionality and exposure frequency

Summary Two three-stage mediation paradigms, A-B, B-C, A-C, and A-B, B-C, C-A, were used to test the differential facilitating effects of forward and backward associations at two levels of exposure frequency (number of learning trials). The results indicated a relative superiority of forward associations in the facilitation of mediated learning. The effect of exposure frequency on the differential effect was not significant although the data suggested that further increases in the number of learning trials may result in a substantial decrease in the advantage of forward associations. The results were discussed in light of other evidence concerning bidirectional effects in paired-associate learning and mediation.
Opposing roles of mitochondrial and nuclear PARP1 in the regulation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA integrity: implications for the regulation of mitochondrial function

The positive role of PARP1 in regulation of various nuclear DNA transactions is well established. Although a mitochondrial localization of PARP1 has been suggested, its role in the maintenance of the mitochondrial DNA is currently unknown. Here we investigated the role of PARP1 in the repair of the mitochondrial DNA in the baseline and oxidative stress conditions. We used wild-type A549 cells or cells depleted of PARP1. Our data show that intra-mitochondrial PARP1 interacts with a key mitochondrial-specific DNA base excision repair (BER) enzymes, namely EXOG and DNA polymerase gamma (Polγ), which under oxidative stress become poly(ADP-ribose)lated (PARylated). Interaction between mitochondrial BER enzymes was significantly affected in the presence of PARP1. Moreover, the repair of the oxidative-induced damage to the mitochondrial DNA in PARP1-depleted cells was found to be more robust compared to control counterpart. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis was enhanced in PARP1-depleted cells, including mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial membrane potential. This observation was further confirmed by analysis of lung tissue isolated from WT and PARP1 KO mice. In summary, we conclude that mitochondrial PARP1, in opposite to nuclear PARP1, exerts a negative effect on several mitochondrial-specific transactions including the repair of the mitochondrial DNA.
RING Finger Z Protein of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Inhibits Transcription and RNA Replication of an LCMV S-Segment Minigenome

Arenaviruses have a bisegmented negative-strand RNA genome whose proteomic capability is limited to only four polypeptides, namely, nucleoprotein (NP), surface glycoprotein (GP) that is proteolytically processed into GP1+GP2, polymerase (L), and a small (11-kDa) RING finger protein (Z). The role of Z during the Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) life cycle is poorly understood. We investigated the function of Z in virus transcription and replication by using a reverse genetic system for the prototypic arenavirus LCMV. This system involves an LCMV minigenome and the minimal viral trans-acting factors (NP and L), expressed from separated cotransfected plasmids. Cotransfection of the Z cDNA strongly inhibited LCMV minigenome expression. The effect required synthesis of Z protein; its magnitude was dose dependent and occurred with levels of Z protein substantially lower than those observed in LCMV-infected cells. Coexpression of Z did not prevent the encapsidation of plasmid supplied minigenome, but it affected both transcription and RNA replication similarly. Mutations in Z that unfolded its RING finger domain eliminated its inhibitory activity, but RING proteins not related to Z did not affect LCMV minigenome expression. Consistent with the minigenome results, cells transiently expressing Z exhibited decreased susceptibility to infection with LCMV.
Pulse excited interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope

We introduce the first pulse-excited interferometric fibre optic gyroscope (IFOG) to our knowledge. The pulse source is advantageous in its ability to produce a wide spectrum and high average power at the same time. It also opens the door to new methods of stabilizing mean wavelength, reducing sidelobes in coherence function, and reducing shot noise via optical squeezing.
Dietary Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Alcoholic Liver Disease in Rats

Numerous studies dealing with prolonged feeding of rats with ethanol liquid regimens high in fat and low in carbohydrate showed that the resulting hepatic pathologic changes, including increased lipid peroxidation, are due to dietary aberrations rather than to ethanol toxicity. The amount and particularly the type of dietary fat significantly modulate the hepatic oxidative stress and morphofunctional reactivities. Although dietary vitamin E modulated oxidative stress or lipid peroxidation, it did not influence the development of hepatic pathologic changes in different animal models of chronic alcoholism. The old observation that lipotropes modulate the hepatic alterations associated with prolonged excessive ingestion of ethanol has been amply confirmed by even those who for years did not accept the importance of lipotropes. Our recent studies in rats indicated that prolonged feeding of large amounts of ethanol and diets with variable amounts of lipotropes, vitamin E and minerals did not significantly modulate a large series of hepatic prooxidants, but decreased several antioxidants (vitamin E, ubiquinols and glutathione peroxidase). Ethanol regimens relatively low in vitamin E increased the hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and chemiluminescence and reduced some of the antioxidant factors. However, the hepatic prooxidant factors were unaffected, and no liver damage was detected. These and other findings indicated that the eventual detection of oxidative stress in experimental alcoholic liver disease primarily depends on the type of diet and that oxidative stress may not play a significant pathogenic role in this condition.
Development of nanonewton force standard based on a torsion pendulum

This paper introduces the torsion pendulum experiment at center for measurement standards, industrial technology research institute (CMS/ITRI). The torsion pendulum experiment aims at SI traceable measurement and generation of force at nano/subnano-newton scale. Three force generation mechanisms, namely optical force, electrostatic force and universal gravitation are implemented in the experiment. Recent progress on gravitation measurement is reported in this article.
Optimization of Construction of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor with Transverse Magnetic Flux

A few versions of linear switched reluctance motors with transverse magnetic flux are studied in order to find the optimum construction with respect to a specific force. The analysis of motor electromechanical parameters has been based on 3-D finite element method. By comparing the motors' force-to- mass ratio, the optimal construction has been determined.
Spatial and configural factors in compound stimulus processing by pigeons

Three matching-to-sample experiments examined whether spatial or configural factors determined how the element arrangement of compound sample stimuli influenced matching accuracy in pigeons. Seven types of compound stimuli were tested. The arrangement of color and line-orientation elements in these compounds varied in terms of the spatial separation between the elements, the degree of consistency in element spatial location, and the number of bounded areas containing the elements. Matching accuracy was examined upon initial exposure to the compounds, during asymptotic conditions of shared attention, and with variation of sample durations ranging from .04 to 5.935 sec. In all three experiments, when spatial proximity, locational certainty, and the number of lines were precisely controlled or equated, no evidence for the proposed configural processing of “unified” compounds was found (Lamb & Riley, 1981). Element spatial separation, and to a lesser degree perceptual limitations, determined compound performance. These results question our lab’s previous evidence for configural compound processing by pigeons (Lamb, 1988; Lamb & Riley, 1981). They suggest instead that pigeons independently and separately process the individual elements of color/line-orientation compounds, with element separation determining the distribution of processing between the elements.
Environment Mediated Multi Agent Simulation Tools A Comparison

In this paper, we assess five tools that allow the specification and execution of multi-agent based simulations. These tools are NetLogo, MASON, Ascape, RePastS and DIVAs.
Causal reduced-order modeling of distributed structures in a transient circuit Simulator

Fosters' canonical representation of the transfer characteristic of a linear system is the key to causal fully convergent incorporation of distributed structures in transient circuit simulators. The implementation of the Foster's model in the fREEDA circuit simulator is reported and the modeling of a two-port coupled inductor is presented as an example.
In vitro rabbit articular cartilage organ model II. 35S incorporation in various oxygen tensions

Adult rabbit articular cartilage slice and plug explants were cultured in MEM/NCTC 109/fetal calf serum at 37°C in various oxygen tensions. In both the slice and plug explants, 35SO4 incorporation exhibited a broad tolerance to oxygen tensions varying from 5 (38 mm. Hg) to 60 (456 mm Hg) per cent. Significantly (P 0.01) less 35SO4 was incorporated in 1 (7.6 mm Hg) and 90% (684 mm Hg) oxygen than in 21% (160 mm Hg) oxygen. No histologic or autoradiographic differences, and only slight histochemical differences, were discernible after seven days culture in the various oxygen tensions. It is suggested that low synovial fluid oxygen tension is detrimental to articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan metabolism.
Exploratory studies of ab initio protein structure prediction: Multiple copy simulated annealing, AMBER energy functions, and a generalized born/solvent accessibility solvation model

A theoretical and computational approach to ab initio structure prediction for polypeptides in water is described and applied to selected amino acid sequences for testing and preliminary validation. The method builds systematically on the extensive efforts applied to parameterization of molecular dynamics (MD) force fields, employs an empirically well-validated continuum dielectric model for solvation, and an eminently parallelizable approach to conformational search. The effective free energy of polypeptide chains is estimated from AMBER united atom potential functions, with internal degrees of freedom for both backbone and amino acid side chains explicitly treated. The hydration free energy of each structure is determined using the Generalized Born/Solvent Accessibility (GBSA) method, modified and reparameterized to include atom types consistent with the AMBER force field. The conformational search procedure employs a multiple copy, Monte Carlo simulated annealing (MCSA) protocol in full torsion angle space, applied iteratively on sets of structures of progressively lower free energy until a prediction of a structure with lowest effective free energy is obtained. Calibration tests for the effective energy function and search algorithm are performed on the alanine dipeptide, selected protein crystal structures, and united atom decoys on barnase, crambin, and six examples from the Rosetta set. Specific demonstration cases of the method are provided for the 8-mer sequence of Ala residues, a 12-residue peptide with longer side chains QLLKKLLQQLKQ, a de novo designed 16 residue peptide of sequence (AAQAA)3Y, a 15-residue sequence with a beta sheet motif, GEWTWDATKTFTVTE, and a 36 residue small protein, Villin headpiece. The Ala 8-mer readily formed an alpha-helix. An alpha-helix structure was predicted for the 16-mer, consistent with observed results from IR and CD spectroscopy and with the pattern in psi/straight phi angles of known protein structures. The predicted structure for the 12-mer, composed of a mix of helix and less regular elements of secondary structure, lies 2.65 A RMS from the observed crystal structure. Structure prediction for the 8-mer beta-motif resulted in form 4.50 A RMS from the crystal geometry. For Villin, the predicted native form is very close to the crystal structure, RMS values of 3.5 A (including sidechains), and 1.01 A (main chain only). The methodology permits a detailed analysis of the molecular forces which dominate various segments of the predicted folding trajectory. Analysis of the results in terms of internal torsional, electrostatic and van der Waals and the electrostatic and non-electrostatic contributions to hydration, including the hydrophobic effect, is presented.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Youth Sexting: A National Study

Objectives: To obtain national estimates of youth involved in sexting in the past year (the transmission via cell phone, the Internet, and other electronic media of sexual images), as well as provide details of the youth involved and the nature of the sexual images. Methods: The study was based on a cross-sectional national telephone survey of 1560 youth Internet users, ages 10 through 17. Results: Estimates varied considerably depending on the nature of the images or videos and the role of the youth involved. Two and one-half percent of youth had appeared in or created nude or nearly nude pictures or videos. However, this percentage is reduced to 1.0% when the definition is restricted to only include images that were sexually explicit (ie, showed naked breasts, genitals, or bottoms). Of the youth who participated in the survey, 7.1% said they had received nude or nearly nude images of others; 5.9% of youth reported receiving sexually explicit images. Few youth distributed these images. Conclusions: Because policy debates on youth sexting behavior focus on concerns about the production and possession of illegal child pornography, it is important to have research that collects details about the nature of the sexual images rather than using ambiguous screening questions without follow-ups. The rate of youth exposure to sexting highlights a need to provide them with information about legal consequences of sexting and advice about what to do if they receive a sexting image. However, the data suggest that appearing in, creating, or receiving sexual images is far from being a normative behavior for youth.
Racial Orders, Congress, and the Agricultural Welfare State, 1865–1940

One of the key questions posed by analysts of modern, twentieth-century agricultural politics is, “How and when did agrarian democracy end and the dominance of agribusiness interests begin?” In this article I argue that the roots of this transformation lie in the origins of the agricultural welfare state and the overlapping of its birth with distinct eras in America's racial orders—those moments in time when political players mobilized coalitions and institutions around racial issues such as slavery, Reconstruction, or the segregated state of the Jim Crow order. As a result of these historical overlaps, the agricultural welfare state was shaped in surprising and not-well-understood ways by America's racial orders. In order to trace these two intertwining aspects of racial governance and agricultural welfare state development, I provide a reinterpretation of the development of the agricultural welfare state from its Civil War origins to its New Deal transformation. I show that, from 1865 to 1964, the confluence of racial orders, partisan alignments, and congressional orders created an agricultural welfare state in which African Americans were variously included and excluded in a pattern of “two-tier” citizenship. The broader racial governance aims of the Jim Crow order also had a significant role in shaping the development of the organizational ethos and administrative structures and practices within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The practice of “two-tier” agricultural citizenship, which initially affected only African American and other minority farmers, was gradually extended to reflect the divide between large commercial farmers and the rural poor (including small farmers). The results from this analysis strengthen our understanding of how the American welfare state has been shaped—in particular, the ways in which racial governance and racial orders are deeply embedded in the American state building process.
Modified Newton-Raphson method to tune feedback gains of control system for standing by functional neuromuscular stimulation following spinal cord injury.

Background: Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) can restore standing capabilities following spinal cord injury. Feedback control of these systems can optimize performance by reducing the required upper extremity support. However, tuning these control systems can be intensive and clinically inconvenient.
Closing the key loophole in MLS databases

There has been an abundance of research within the last couple of decades in the area of multilevel secure (MLS) databases. Recent work in this field deals with the processing of multilevel transactions, expanding the logic of MLS query languages, and utilizing MLS principles within the realm of E-Business. However, there is a basic flaw within the MLS logic, which obstructs the handling of clearance-invariant aggregate queries and physical-entity related queries where some of the information in the database may be gleaned from the outside world. This flaw stands in the way of a more pervasive adoption of MLS models by the developers of practical applications. This paper clearly identifies the cause of this impediment -- the cover story dependence on the value of a user-defined key -- and proposes a practical solution.
Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi type IX models

The loop quantum cosmology ``improved dynamics'' of the Bianchi type IX model are studied. The action of the Hamiltonian constraint operator is obtained via techniques developed for the Bianchi type I and type II models, no new input is required. It is shown that the big bang and big crunch singularities are resolved by quantum gravity effects. We also present effective equations which provide quantum geometry corrections to the classical equations of motion.
Randomized radon transforms for biometric authentication via fingerprint hashing

We present a new technique for generating biometric fingerprint hashes, or summaries of information contained in human fingerprints. Our method calculates and aggregates various key-determined metrics over fingerprint images, producing short hash strings that cannot be used to reconstruct the source fingerprints without knowledge of the key. This can be considered a randomized form of the Radon transform, where a custom metric replaces the standard line-based metric. Resistant to minor distortions and noise, the resulting fingerprint hashes are useful for secure biometric authentication, either augmenting or replacing traditional password hashes. This approach can help increase the security and usability of Web services and other client-server systems.
Phage Therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in a Mouse Burn Wound Model

Mice compromised by a burn wound injury and subjected to a fatal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were administered a single dose of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage cocktail consisting of three different P. aeruginosa phages by three different routes: the intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. The results of these studies indicated that a single dose of the P. aeruginosa phage cocktail could significantly decrease the mortality of thermally injured, P. aeruginosa-infected mice (from 6% survival without treatment to 22 to 87% survival with treatment) and that the route of administration was particularly important to the efficacy of the treatment, with the i.p. route providing the most significant (87%) protection. The pharmacokinetics of phage delivery to the blood, spleen, and liver suggested that the phages administered by the i.p. route were delivered at a higher dose, were delivered earlier, and were delivered for a more sustained period of time than the phages administered by the i.m. or s.c. route, which may explain the differences in the efficacies of these three different routes of administration.
Self-Configuring Information Management for Large-Scale Service Overlays

Service overlay networks (SON) provide important infrastructure support for many emerging distributed applications such as web service composition, distributed stream processing, and workflow management. Quality-sensitive distributed applications such as multimedia services and on-line data analysis often desire the SON to provide up-to-date dynamic information about different overlay nodes and overlay links. However, it is a challenging task to provide scalable and efficient information management for large-scale SONs, where both system conditions and application requirements can change over time. In this paper, we present InfoEye, a model-based self-configuring distributed information management system that consists of a set of monitoring sensors deployed on different overlay nodes. InfoEye can dynamically configure the operations of different sensors based on current statistical application query patterns and system attribute distributions. Thus, InfoEye can greatly improve the scalability of SON by answering information queries with minimum monitoring overhead. We have implemented a prototype of InfoEye and evaluated its performance using both extensive simulations and micro-benchmark experiments on PlanetLab. The experimental results show that InfoEye can significantly reduce the information management overhead compared with existing approaches. In addition, InfoEye can quickly reconfigure itself in response to application requirement and system information pattern changes.
Tissue factor, thrombin, and cancer.

In addition to its primary role in hemostasis and blood coagulation, thrombin is a potent mitogen capable of inducing cellular functions. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that thrombin has proved to be of importance in the behavior of cancer. In this review, we focus on the ability of tissue factor (TF) and thrombin to influence tumor angiogenesis. Both exert their influence on angiogenesis through clotting-dependent and clotting-independent mechanisms: (1) directly affecting signaling pathways that mediate cell functions, and (2) mediating clot formation, thereby providing a growth media for tumor cells. Therefore, anticoagulant drugs may prove efficacious in cancer treatment due to their ability to reduce the characteristic hypercoagulability of cancer and alter the fundamental biology of cancer.
Surgical pathology-second reviews, institutional reviews, audits, and correlations : What's out there? Error or diagnostic variation?

Abstract Context.—A variety of methodologies have been used to report error rates in surgical pathology within the peer-reviewed medical literature. The media has selectively and superficially reported these error rates creating a climate of disinformation between physicians and the public. Objectives.—To review the medical literature on diagnostic error in surgical pathology and summarize and compare these data with selected reports in the print and broadcast media. Design.—A search of the medical literature from the National Library of Medicine database using the heading “Error and Pathology Diagnosis.” Results.—Three thousand nine hundred ninety-two citations were found, of which 83 directly measured in some manner errors in surgical and cytopathology. Major error rates ranged from 1.5% to 5.7% globally for institutional consults. Error rates were less, 0.26% to 1.2% for global in-house prospective review and 4.0% for in-house and retrospective blinded review. Error rates also varied by anatomic site: ...
Algorithmic Approach to the Acute Cold Leg

Emergent surgical consultation may be requested for the evaluation of the cold lower extremity. Timely recognition, diagnosis, and intervention are crucial for successful limb salvage. Permanent tissue damage can occur in approximately 6 h in the completely ischemic limb. Etiologies of ischemia include: embolism from a proximal source, such as intracardiac thrombus in the patient with arrhythmia; acute thrombosis of chronic, localized disease; arterial dissection; occlusion of preexisting bypass graft; and thrombosis due to hypercoagulable state. Although various etiologies may be responsible, the underlying tenets of diagnosis and treatment are constant.
A Novel Method for the Description of Voltage-Gated Ionic Currents Based on Action Potential Clamp Results—Application to Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Boutons

Action potential clamp (AP-clamp) recordings of the delayed rectifier K(+) current I K and the fast-activated Na(+) current I Na in rat hippocampal mossy fiber boutons (MFBs) are analyzed using a computational technique recently reported. The method is implemented using a digitized AP from an MFB and computationally applying that data set to published models of I K and I Na. These numerical results are compared with experimental AP-clamp recordings. The I Na result is consistent with experiment; the I K result is not. The difficulty with the I K model concerns the fully activated current-voltage relation, which is described here by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz dependence on the driving force (V-E K) rather than (V-E K) itself, the standard model for this aspect of ion permeation. That revision leads to the second-a much steeper voltage dependent activation curve for I K than the one obtained from normalization of a family of I K records by (V-E K). The revised model provides an improved description of the AP-clamp measurement of I K in MFBs compared with the standard approach. The method described here is general. It can be used to test models of ionic currents in any excitable cell. In this way it provides a novel approach to the relationship between ionic current and membrane excitability in neurons.
Kirkanson, Inc. (A): Deal Structure and Cap Tables

This case study introduces students to the nuances of deal structuring between company founders and venture capital firms. Specifically, the learning objectives for the case exercise include the following: (1) apply the venture capital method to value entrepreneurial ventures and structure financing between entrepreneurial firms and venture capitalists; (2) use capitalization (cap) tables to understand the dilution effects of multiple rounds of venture financing; and (3) gain an appreciation for the importance of arriving at a realistic value estimate for the entrepreneurial firms that gives the firm and its founders the best chances of long-run success. A Teaching Note by the authors entitled, “A Teaching Note on Deal Structuring and the Use of Capitalization Tables” was written as a first reading to accompany the use of this case and is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1823443.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

Purpose To review outcomes of patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa) treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and to identify variables associated with local failure. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated with SBRT for oligometastatic PCa. Metastasis control (ie, control of the treated lesion, MC), biochemical progression-free survival, distant progression-free survival, and overall survival were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Sixty-six men with 81 metastatic PCa lesions, 50 of which were castrate-resistant, were included in the analysis. Lesions were in bone (n=74), lymph nodes (n=6), or liver (n=1). Stereotactic body radiation therapy was delivered in 1 fraction to 71 lesions (88%), at a median dose of 16 Gy (range, 16-24 Gy). The remaining lesions received 30 Gy in 3 fractions (n=6) or 50 Gy in 5 fractions (n=4). Median follow-up was 16 months (range, 3-49 months). Estimated MC at 2 years was 82%. Biochemical progression-free survival, distant progression-free survival, and overall survival were 54%, 45%, and 83%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only the dose of SBRT was significantly associated with MC; lesions treated with 16 Gy had 58% MC, and those treated with ≥18 Gy had 95% MC at 2 years ( P ≤.001). At 2 years, MC for lesions treated with 18 Gy (n=21) was 88%. No patient treated with ≥18 Gy in a single fraction or with any multifraction regimen had local failure. Six patients (9%) had grade 1 pain flare, and 2 (3%) had grade 2 pain flare. No grade 2 or greater late toxicities were reported. Conclusions Stereotactic body radiation therapy for patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer provided optimal metastasis control and acceptable toxicity with doses ≥18 Gy. Biochemical progression-free survival was 54% at 16 months with the inclusion of SBRT in the treatment regimen. Stereotactic body radiation therapy should be considered in patients with castration-refractory, oligometastatic prostate cancer who have limited options for systemic therapy.
At the Origins of Public Credit: A Story of Stock-Jobbing and Financial Crisis in Prerevolutionary France

This paper concerns a stock jobbing scandal involving the French Company of the Indies on the eve of the French Revolution. Speculative trading in the company’s shares on the Paris stock market triggered a credit crisis that brought down the king’s chief minister, Calonne, and ushered in the immediate chain of events that led to the collapse of the Old Regime and the beginning of the French Revolution. The episode witnessed the emergence of the modern French notion of “public credit” as a method of protecting the royal finances from the putatively corrupting influences of speculative capitalists. Two dynamics informed this broader development. First, the enterprise of speculative finance was linked to the worst excesses of Old Regime privileges generally. Second, the crisis of 1785-1787 served to displace the traditional notion of “royal credit” as the asset that required protection from the dangers of financial capitalism, making way for a more abstract, less personalized idea of public credit as an instrument and reflection of the financial power of the nation as a whole. That notion of public credit was, in principle, compatible with a monarchical form of government, but did not require a king to make it work.
Multidrug Resistance in Mycobacteria

The genus Mycobacterium includes some of the most common causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a commonly cited example, resulting in almost 10 million new cases of tuberculosis and 1.5 million deaths each year, although in some regions, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) probably cause more disease. Mycobacteria represent challenging pathogens, as they are intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antimicrobials. Therefore, with the acquisition of mutations conferring additional resistance phenotypes, these pathogens can readily lead to disease with essentially no effective chemotherapeutic options. This review provides a brief overview of the broad spectrum of mycobacterial resistance to antimicrobials and the limitations it places on therapeutic options.
Graphiola phoenicis : a taxonomic enigma

Graphiola phoenicis, a biotrophic parasitic fungus of palms, was originally identified as a myxomycete and later classified as a discomycete, rust, pyrenomycete, smut-like fungus and hyphomycete. T...
Fiber Reinforced Fire Resistant Syntactic Foam and Its Fracture Toughness Characterization

Eco-Core is a fire resistant sandwich core material that was developed under a Navy program by low binder content syntactic process using Cenosphere and high char yield binder. A limitation of the base material is its brittleness and its potential for damage by handling and small impacts. Eco-Core is modified by adding different commercially available short fibers of various lengths. The present work is aimed at examining the effect of fiber content and fiber length on fracture, flexure and shear properties of Eco-Core. Fibers of 1.6, 3.2, 4, 6.3 and 12.7 mm were chosen and mixed with the Eco-Core compound in weight percent varying from 2.5 to 10 % of total compound. The results obtained in the study are compared with the baseline Eco-Core. Fracture toughness expressed in terms of critical stress intensity factor (KIC) can be increased by 1/3 over the baseline value by adding 4.5 % weight of 6.3 mm long JM3 fiber glass.
Role of Na-K pump potassium regulation and IPSPs in seizures and spreading depression in immature rabbit hippocampal slices

1. Using the immature (8-12 days postnatal) rabbit hippocampal slice preparation, we investigated regional extracellular potassium concentration [( K+]o) changes that occur during spontaneous and e...
Development of Multi-Physics Dynamics Models for High-Frequency Large-Amplitude Structural Response Simulation

An analytic approach is demonstrated to reveal potential pyroshock-driven dynamic effects causing temporary power losses in the Thermo-Electric (TE) module bars of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG). This study utilizes high-fidelity finite element analysis with SIERRA/PRESTO codes to estimate wave propagation effects due to large-amplitude suddenly-applied pyroshock loads in the MMRTG. A high fidelity model of the TE module bar was created with ∼30 million degrees-of-freedom (DOF). First, a quasi-static preload was applied on top of the TE module bar, then transient tri-axial displacement inputs were simultaneously applied on the preloaded module. The applied displacement inputs were derived from measured acceleration signals during MMRTG shock qualification tests performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. An explicit finite element solver in the SIERRA/PRESTO computational environment, along with a 3000 processor parallel super-computing framework at NASA-AMES, was used for the simulation. The simulation results were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The predicted shock wave propagation results provide detailed structural responses throughout the TE module bar, and key insights into the dynamic response (i.e., loads, displacements, accelerations) of critical internal spring/piston compression systems, TE materials, and internal component interfaces in the MMRTG TE module bar. They also provide confidence on the viability of this high-fidelity modeling scheme to accurately predict shock wave propagation patterns within complex structures. This analytic approach is envisioned for modeling shock sensitive hardware susceptible to intense shock environments positioned near shock separation devices in modern space vehicles and systems.
Connected vehicles under named object architectures

Fast changing topologies, unpredictable network loads, potential broadcast storms, and identity-location conflation problems in IP networks all impose challenges on connected car system design. Prior approaches have proposed smart flooding using location information, carry and forward, and GeoServer assisted algorithms. Due to the complexity and overhead imposed by these approaches, their applications are restricted to local information transfer, dissemination of popular content, or delay-tolerant scenarios. In this work, we propose FastMF to extend both accessibility of the Internet for vehicular nodes and reachability of vehicular nodes from any remote server. Furthermore, by forming clusters of vehicles with similar mobility patterns, leveraging cluster to infrastructure links, and maintaining the mapping between node IDs and network addresses in a logically centralized server, we provide the nodes without a direct Internet connection with the benefit of an indirect association to an Internet gateway. Results from NS3 experiments illustrate the improvements in throughput and delay in various mobility scenarios.
Beyond Difference: Gender as a Quality of Social Settings

The particular question we take up in this chapter is how can we help move psychological science beyond a “difference” paradigm to incorporate more nuanced understandings of gender. Grounded in social ecological concepts, we emphasize how gender can get embedded in and expressed by the various social settings we inhabit over the course of our lives. We build upon a framework proposed by Bond and Wasco (Gender as context: A framework for understanding and addressing gendered qualities of settings. In: Handbook of community psychology. American Psychological Association, in press) that suggests that gender inequality can become embedded in social settings to the extent that (1) there is an emphasis on discrete gender categories, (2) system dynamics establish different universes of alternatives by gender, (3) one gender group is privileged over the others by considering it normative, and (4) inequity is legitimized and obscured by ignoring the ways that differential access to power and resources—historical and current—is affected by gender. These four dynamics are referred to as setting qualities. Further, specific setting practices that both result from and contribute to the four setting qualities further embed gendered meanings into the ongoing functioning of settings. These practices include the ways in which settings (1) are structured, (2) shape transactional patterns, and (3) communicate values. We illustrate the framework by describing how it can be applied to the issue of sexual assault on college campuses, and we conclude with thoughts on how to disrupt problematic practices. While we address this challenge from the vantage point of community psychology research and action, we hope that the framework can also be useful to other sub-fields of psychology.