cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-piece Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy for Resection of Rathke's Cleft Cyst: Operative Video

Objective The video stars orbitozygomatic resection of Rathke's cleft cyst with suprasellar extension in a 37-year-old male patient presenting with severe headaches and bitemporal hemianopia. Clinical and radiological characteristics along with surgical technique (positioning, bony opening, surgical dissection and debulking, closure), histopathology, and postoperative course are described. Methods Preoperative MRI demonstrated a noncontrast-enhancing cystic lesion in the sella with suprasellar extension causing compression of both optic nerves. A one-piece orbitozygomatic craniotomy was performed. The tumor was encountered in the interoptic space. First, the cyst was decompressed and fluid appearing like motor oil was aspirated. Both optic nerves were decompressed and dissected free from the cyst wall. Intraoperatively, the most challenging aspect was separating the tumor from surrounding vascular structures, including bilateral A1 arteries and the left carotid bifurcation. A combination of sharp and blunt dissection was utilized to free the tumor from adhesions to critical neurovascular structures. Once freed, the suprasellar aspect of the tumor was mobilized into the operative cavity and debulked. Finally, the sellar component of the tumor was removed all the way down to the sellar floor. Postoperative MRI demonstrated decompressed bilateral optic nerves with an intact pituitary stalk with preservation of normal pituitary gland. Histopathology identified pathognomonic features consistent with diagnosis of Rathke's cleft cyst, including flattened ciliated epithelium and presence of Rathke's cleft remnants. Results Postoperatively, bilateral improvement in vision was noted with transient diabetes insipidus. Patient was discharged home on postoperative day 4. Conclusion A one-piece orbitozygomatic craniotomy is an effective and safe strategy for resection of Rathke's cleft cysts with suprasellar extension. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/-Yqtcd2gLSs .
Dissociable Roles for Working Memory in Sensorimotor Learning

The computations underlying cognitive strategies in sensorimotor learning are poorly understood. Here we investigate such strategies in a sensorimotor transformation task. We show that strategies assume two forms, reflecting distinct working memory representations: discrete response caching of stimulus-response contingencies (e.g., look-up table; RC), and time-consuming parametric computations (e.g., mental rotation; MR). Subjects9 reaction times and errors suggest that both strategies are employed during learning, and trade off based on the progress of learning and the complexity of the task. Experiments using pressured preparation time support these working memory mechanisms: In discrete RC, time pressure elicits bimodal distributions of movements, in agreement with cached responses; in parametric MR, time pressure elicits a shifting distribution producing intermediate movements between visual targets and distal goals, consistent with analog re-computing of a movement plan. These results provide a specific model of working memory contributions to motor learning.
Adaptive second harmonic active load for pulsed-IV/RF class-B operation

To provide a proper load impedance termination under class-B operation, for pulsed-IV biasing and pulsed-RF (pulsed-IV/RF) excitations, an adaptive harmonic active load is presented. Pulsed-IV/RF measurement is the technique of choice for characterization and modeling of RF devices as it guarantees that the transistor is not afflicted by low-frequency memory effects. It is also a promising technique to assist with the design of efficient pulsed power-amplifiers for TDMA or radar applications. In this work the multi-harmonic active load-pull technique used for CW excitations is extended to pulsed-IV pulsed RF excitations. The harmonic load was implemented with an active load and a large signal network analyzer (LSNA) both under computer control for adaptive tuning. The technique is demonstrated on both a GaN HEMT and a 65 nm NMOS transistor operating in class-B to quantify the impact of memory effects in pulsed-IV/pulsed-RF operation compared to CW operation.
Second Order Scalar Difference Equations

We shall start our study with second order linear difference equations. We will show how they can be written as equivalent first order systems which have a particular form called symplectic. Later chapters will show how these symplectic systems contain discrete linear Hamiltonian systems. We will also use the linear theory in order to motivate the symplectic structure of general nonlinear discrete Hamiltonian systems. There are interconnections between these subjects and the topics of discrete variational theory, discrete matrix Riccati equations, and what we call symplectic continued fractions. But we will start with some discussion about the simplest scalar problems.
Acoustic Scattering from a Coated Elastic Shell: Exact vs. Approximate Theory

The interaction of acoustic waves with fluid-loaded shell structures is an ongoing area of interest in underwater acoustics, ship construction and detection. The elasticity of the structure permits strong surfaceborne wave effects, which can be significant or dominant in large structures (many wavelengths in size). The significance of surface borne waves is compounded by low loss factors, enabling them to propagate large distances on the structure, including multiple circumnavigations, on e.g. cylindrical structures, which can lead to strong resonance response.
Ultrasonic Characterization of the Elastic Anisotropy in Aluminum-SiC and -Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites

Processing conditions such as those in the gravity cast and extruded metal-matrix composites (MMC) introduce a degree of anisotropy that must be taken into consideration in applications requiring high performance isotropic mechanical properties. The presence of anisotropy in composites can be viewed as the difference in the elastic modulus from one orientation to another, and the elastic constants can be determined from ultrasonic velocities and material densities. Contributions to anisotropy in MMC’s include the preferred alignment of crystalites in the matrix (texture) and the distribution and orientation of reinforcement particles. Models involving the effect of partial orientation and distribution of the reinforcement particles and texture were described by Sayers [1], and Spies and Salama [2] respectively. In this work, we use the former model to measure anisotropy in MMC’s.
Can Human Rationality Be Defended "A Priori"?

In this paper, I develop two criticisms of L. Jonathan Cohen's influential a priori argument that human irrationality cannot be experimentally demonstrated. The first is that the argument depends crucially on the concept of a normal human but that no such concept suitable for Cohen's purposes is available. The second is that even if his argument were granted, his thesis of an unimpeachable human capacity for reasoning is not a defense of human reasoning, but rather amounts to the claim that we cannot make any meaningful evaluative claims about human reasoning whatsoever. Responding to a proliferation of psychological studies purported to experimentally demonstrate widespread systematic defects in basic human reasoning, L. Jonathan Cohen famously argued that such studies do not have "bleak implications for human rationality" (1981, p. 317). 1 Although the term "rationality" is of course sometimes used very broadly (e.g., as applied to actions or even to goals), Cohen intends it only in the narrow sense of "validity in deductive or probabilistic reasoning" (p. 317). His argument, in outline, is that the normative principles of reasoning and the psychological theory of reasoning competence (i.e., our internalized reasoning principles) are both generated in the same way from the same set of intuitive judgments about inferences, and so our competence must accord with the norms and therefore cannot, in principle, be faulted. That is, "our fellow humans have to be attributed a competence for reasoning validly" (p. 317). Cohen's argument remains influential and widely discussed. It is, for example, the subject of a sustained and highly-detailed critique by Stein (1996), who objects that Cohen's argument depends on false characterizations of the processes by which reasoning norms are justified and by which psychological theories of reasoning competence are generated. Stein's critique of Cohen is an important one which merits careful discussion, but I do not propose to discuss it at
RISK FACTOR PROFILES AND OUTCOMES OF VERY YOUNG ADULTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: RESULTS FROM THE YOUNG-MI REGISTRY

Myocardial infarction (MI) is increasing in prevalence among young adults, but data on risk factors and outcomes among very young adults (≤ 40 years) who experience a MI remain limited. We evaluated all patients ≤ 50 years of age admitted with a Type 1 MI to two large hospitals. Cause of death
Evaluation of uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infection management in veterans: A national utilization review.

Background:Antibiotics are overprescribed for acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs). Guidelines provide criteria to determine which patients should receive antibiotics. We assessed congruence between documentation of ARI diagnostic and treatment practices with guideline recommendations, treatment appropriateness, and outcomes.Methods:A multicenter quality improvement evaluation was conducted in 28 Veterans Affairs facilities. We included visits for pharyngitis, rhinosinusitis, bronchitis, and upper respiratory tract infections (URI-NOS) that occurred during the 2015–2016 winter season. A manual record review identified complicated cases, which were excluded. Data were extracted for visits meeting criteria, followed by analysis of practice patterns, guideline congruence, and outcomes.Results:Of 5,740 visits, 4,305 met our inclusion criteria: pharyngitis (n = 558), rhinosinusitis (n = 715), bronchitis (n = 1,155), URI-NOS (n = 1,475), or mixed diagnoses (>1 ARI diagnosis) (n = 402). Antibiotics were prescribed in 68% of visits: pharyngitis (69%), rhinosinusitis (89%), bronchitis (86%), URI-NOS (37%), and mixed diagnosis (86%). Streptococcal diagnostic testing was performed in 33% of pharyngitis visits; group A Streptococcus was identified in 3% of visits. Streptococcal tests were ordered less frequently for patients who received antibiotics (28%) than those who did not receive antibiotics 44%; P < .01). Although 68% of visits for rhinosinusitis had documentation of symptoms, only 32% met diagnostic criteria for antibiotics. Overall, 39% of patients with uncomplicated ARIs received appropriate antibiotic management. The proportion of 30-day return visits for ARI care was similar for appropriate (11%) or inappropriate (10%) antibiotic management (P = .22).Conclusions:Antibiotics were prescribed in most uncomplicated ARI visits, indicating substantial overuse. Practice was frequently discordant with guideline diagnostic and treatment recommendations.
P62 Leveraging Partnerships to Implement Policy, Systems, & Environmental Initiatives in Two Rural Counties of California

Objective To implement UC CalFresh policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) initiatives across limited resource settings. Use of Theory or Research Social-Ecological Model (SEM). Target Audience Preschoolers, youth, parents, and seniors across preschools, schools, after school programs, and community settings in Tulare/Kings counties of California. Program Description In collaboration with community partners during FY2017-18, trained nutrition educators implemented USDA funded UC CalFresh PSE initiatives such as school wellness policy, preschool and school gardens, physical activities such as Coordinated Approach to Child's Health (CATCH), walking club, dance exercise, healthy school farmer's market, smarter lunchrooms movement, and food distribution. Evaluation Methods Nutrition educators completed PSE Site Activity Tracking Form that recorded PSE reach, sites, implementation stages, PSE changes adopted, partnerships, and sustainability plan. Evaluation data analyses was completed using the Program Evaluation and Reporting System (PEARS). Results Results indicated: PSE reached preschoolers, youth, parents, seniors, and community members (n = 28,217), total PSE sites with one or more PSE changes adopted (n = 43), total PSE sites by setting for all stages of implementation (n = 35), total sites with sustainability plan (n = 46), total number of type of PSE changes identified (n = 76), and approximately 40 partnerships were reported. PSE changes included established or improved food and beverage, physical activity and/or wellness-related policies, initiated or improved point-of-purchase, decision, and/or distribution prompts (including information intended to influence choices at the point of decision), improved quality of structured physical activity, initiated or expanded use of the garden for nutrition education, and improve access to fresh fruits, vegetables, and/or other healthy foods. Conclusions Results provide essential insight into PSE strategies at the SEM levels to promote healthy food and physical activity messages. Implications of this evaluation suggest that local implementing agencies can successfully deliver PSE strategies by leveraging community partnerships. Funding SNAP-Ed.
Nonlinear MM wave generation in a planar structure containing semiconductor

In this paper we examine the problem of EM wave generation using nonlinear mixing schemes. The structure to be analyzed is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of layers of differing dielectrics, some of which may be doped or undoped GaAs materials. It is symmetric about the center plane and is infinite and uniform in the direction transverse to the normal ○ and the direction of propagation z. In the center is a thin layer of single crystal GaAs material which exhibits optical nonlinearity. The nonlinearity consists of the contributions from both the valence electrons of the intrinsic GaAs material and the conduction electrons introduced into the medium by external means. Two optical waves propagating inside the center layer induce, as a result of optical mixing, a distribution of electric dipoles which radiate EM waves at the sum, difference or harmonic frequencies of the input waves. We are particularly interested in the generation of waves at the difference frequency which, for two CO 2 laser inputs, ranges from ∼150–4000 GHz. The dispersion characteristic and field distribution of the excited waves are determined by the waveguiding property of the whole structure at that frequency.
Modernizing health information technology: lessons from healthcare delivery systems.

Objective To identify recurrent themes, insights, and process recommendations from stakeholders in US organizations during the health information technology (HIT) modernization of an existing electronic health record (EHR) to a commercial-off-the-shelf product in both resource-plentiful settings and in a resource-constrained environment, the US Indian Health Service. Materials and methods Thirteen qualitative interviews with stakeholders in various organizations were conducted about HIT modernization efforts. Using a Theory of Change framework, recurring themes were identified and analyzed. Results The interviewees emphasized the importance of organizational and process revision during modernization, converting historical data, and clinical and leadership involvement. HIT implementation required technological and infrastructure redesign, additional training, and workflow reconfiguration. Motivations for modernization included EHR usability dissatisfaction, revenue enhancements, and improved clinical operations. Decision-making strategies, primarily during HIT selection, included meetings with stakeholders. Successful modernization resulted in improvements in clinical operations, patient experience, and financial outlay. Discussion Existing implementation frameworks fail to provide experiential feedback, such as implementation challenges, like data conversion, regulatory, functionality, and interoperability requirements. Regardless of the healthcare environment, HIT modernization requires the engagement of leadership and end-users during HIT selection and through all stages of the implementation to prepare people, processes, and technology. Organizations must iteratively define the technological, infrastructure, organizational, and workflow changes required for a successful HIT modernization effort. Conclusions HIT modernization is an opportunity for organizational and technological change. Successful modernization requires a comprehensive, intentional, well-communicated, and multidisciplinary approach. Resource-constrained environments have the additional challenges of financial burdens, limited staffing, and unstable infrastructure.
Salivary biomarkers for discriminating periodontitis in the presence of diabetes.

AIM Salivary biomarkers can help in assessment of periodontitis; however, concentrations may be altered in the presence of diabetes. Hence, the ability of salivary biomarkers to discriminate periodontally healthy type II diabetics (T2DM) from T2DM who have periodontitis was examined. METHODS Ninety-two participants (29 with T2DM with chronic periodontitis, DWP; 32 T2DM without chronic periodontitis, DWoP; and 31 Not Periodontitis, NP) provided saliva and clinical parameters of periodontal health were recorded. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), adiponectin and resistin were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Salivary analyte concentrations for IL-1β, MMP-8 and resistin correlated with clinical parameters of periodontitis, with MMP-8 demonstrating the strongest positive correlation with PD ≥5 mm (p < 0.0001). Periodontal health was reflected in salivary analyte concentrations by group, with concentrations of IL-1β and MMP-8 showing significant associations with periodontitis (p ≤ 0.04) that increased in concentration from health to DWoP to DWP. Odds ratio (OR) analyses showed that MMP-8 discriminated periodontitis from NP (OR of 8.12; 95% CI: 1.01-65.33; p = 0.03) and in the presence of T2DM (DWP vs DWoP, OR = 5.09; 95% CI: 1.24-20.92; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Salivary MMP-8 and IL-1β discriminate periodontitis in T2DM.
What Barn? The Dialectical Revolt of Sarah Penn in Freeman’s “Revolt of ‘Mother’”

In “Redefining Place: Femes Covert in the Stories of Mary Wilkins Freeman,” Janice Daniel argues that the protagonist in Freeman’s “Revolt of “Mother”” empowers herself by redefining a different sp...
Autoimmune Neurology: The Need for Comprehensive Care

Autoimmune neurology is a rapidly developing specialty driven by an increasing recognition of autoimmunity as the cause for a broad set of neurologic disorders and ongoing discovery of new neural autoantibodies associated with recognizable clinical syndromes. The diversity of clinical presentations, unique pathophysiology, and the complexity of available treatments requires a dedicated multidisciplinary team to diagnose and manage patients. In this article, we focus on antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis (AE) to illustrate broader themes applicable to the specialty. We discuss common diagnostic challenges including the utilization of clinical assessment tools along with the determination of the prognostic significance of certain autoantibodies, with a focus on implications for long-term management. A growing body of literature demonstrates the long-term cognitive, behavioral, and physical sequelae of AE. Dedicated resources are needed to effectively manage these patients. These resources may be best provided by experienced neurology clinics in partnership with other neurologic subspecialists, as well as psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, and physical medicine and rehabilitation providers.
Higher spectral sequences

In this article we construct what we call a higher spectral sequence for any chain complex (or topological space) that is filtered in $n$ compatible ways. For this we extend the previous spectral system construction of the author, and we show that it admits considerably more differentials than what was previously known. As a result, this endows the successive Leray--Serre, Grothendieck, chromatic--Adams--Novikov, and Eilenberg--Moore spectral sequences of the author with the structure of a higher spectral sequence. Another application is a universal coefficient theorem analog for spectral sequences.
Reduvius frommeri, a new species of Reduviidae from the Western United States (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), with a synopsis of the Nearctic species of Reduvius Fabricius.

The rate of discovery of new species of Reduviidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) from North America has slowed in the 21st century. This is not surprising, given the conspicuousness and large distribution ranges of many Nearctic assassin bug species that are often collected using general insect collecting techniques. Nevertheless, biodiversity discovery in Nearctic Reduviidae is ongoing. We here describe a new species, Reduvius frommeri, n. sp., from Southern California that is so far only known from a small endemic range in the Sonoran Desert. With about 197 species, the genus Reduvius Fabricius is one of the most speciose genera of Reduviidae. The majority of species occur in arid- and semi-arid areas in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Palearctic regions and only three species are New World endemics. A fourth species that occurs in the United States, Reduvius personatus Fabricius, is cosmopolitan and has been introduced to the Western Nearctic. The new species of Reduvius stands out amongst the four other Nearctic Reduvius species by the small size and pale body coloration with a contrasting dark head. Image plates documenting habitus and selected morphological details and maps are provided for the five species in the Nearctic. We conclude that efforts to document species diversity and distribution ranges even for conspicuous insects such as assassin bugs in fairly well studied biogeographic regions need to continue.
Mice Are Not Furry Petri Dishes

The evolution of drug resistance in bacteria depends on a rapid mutation rate. However, drug resistance mutations frequently incur a cost to the microbe, usually a reduced growth rate. Unfortunately, this cost cannot be exploited because those crafty microbes usually develop compensatory mutations, which offset the growth disadvantage while maintaining drug resistance. In a Perspective, Bull and Levin discuss new findings ( BjA¶rkman et al. ) showing that different compensatory mutations evolve depending on whether pathogenic bacteria are grown in culture or in an animal host. They caution that care should be taken when trying to extrapolate in vitro findings about bacterial drug resistance to in vivo situations.
DEFECTIVE CALCIUM PUMPS IN NEURONS IN THE AGING BRAIN AND IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) pumps play an important role in the maintenance of precise levels of intracellular Ca2+, quintessential for the optimal functioning and long term survival of neurons. In this paper, we review evidence showing alterations in the PMCAs in aging brain. Additionally, we provide evidence showing defects in these transporters in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PMCA activity and protein levels in brain synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) decline progressively with increasing age. The PMCAs undergo functional and structural changes when exposed to reactive oxygen species known to be generated in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. The major changes in the PMCAs include rapid inactivation, formation of aggregates, internalization from the plasma membrane and fragmentation by proteases. Reduction of PMCA levels as occurs in aging and under conditions of oxidative stress may play an important role in compromised neuronal function in the aging brain and in PD. Therapeutic strategies that protect the PMCAs and stabilize [Ca2+]i homeostasis have the potential of serving as novel interventions in preventing and/or slowing down the degeneration of neurons in various chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Characteristics and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging of the Brain in Gadolinium Encephalopathy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To report the brain imaging features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in inadvertent intrathecal gadolinium administration. METHODS A 67-year-old female with gadolinium encephalopathy from inadvertent high dose intrathecal gadolinium administration during an epidural steroid injection was studied with multisequence 3T MRI. RESULTS T1-weighted imaging shows pseudo-T2 appearance with diffusion of gadolinium into the brain parenchyma, olivary bodies, and membranous labyrinth. Nulling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal is absent on fluid attenuation recovery (FLAIR). Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) demonstrates features similar to subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT may demonstrate a pseudo-cerebral edema pattern given the high attenuation characteristics of gadolinium. CONCLUSION Intrathecal gadolinium demonstrates characteristic imaging features on MRI of the brain and may mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage on susceptibility-weighted imaging. Identifying high dose gadolinium within the CSF spaces on MRI is essential to avoid diagnostic and therapeutic errors.
Coastal Cities and Regions in a Changing Climate: Economic Impacts, Risks and Vulnerabilities

This review examines recent literature on economic impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation to climate change in coastal cities and regions of the developed world. Major areas of focus within this body of literature include study of the economic impacts of extreme events, examination of the economic consequences of sea level rise, and investigation of the multiple factors that influence economic vulnerability and resilience. Despite blossoming interest in the local and regional economic dimensions of climate change, the majority of work on this topic is focused on coastal cities and regions in the Global North. This work is also largely conducted outside the field of economic geography in disciplines that include natural hazards, economics, planning, and human dimensions of global environmental change, among others. While these studies have made important contributions to knowledge about how climate change may affect developed coastal cities and regions, there is substantial room for new engagement by economic geographers. In addition to a clear need for more work on the Global South, areas where economic geographers seem especially well-positioned to contribute include comprehensive assessments of coastal economic impacts which incorporate both market and non-market measures, investigation of the effects of climate change on patterns of growth and spatial inequality across coastal and related inland areas, and development of new theoretical understandings of how changing environmental baselines may influence regional economic growth and decline.
Reports of joint instability in knee osteoarthritis: its prevalence and relationship to physical function.

Objective To report the prevalence and relationship of self-reported knee instability to physical function in a sample of subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA), and to discuss the implications of these observations for rehabilitation. Methods Subjects were 105 individuals (80 females) with knee OA who rated their knee instability severity on a 6-point numeric scale in response to the query “To what degree does giving way, buckling, or shifting of the knee affect your level of daily activity?” A principal component analysis was used to combine The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities pain, stiffness, and physical function subscale scores, and the Timed Get Up and Go Test score into a principal component score for physical function (PCPF). Other variables that could affect the PCPF such as age, sex, years with knee OA, radiographic severity of knee OA, knee pain, knee motion, and quadriceps strength were also recorded. The prevalence of self-reported knee instability was determined by calculating the proportion of subjects who reported each severity level of knee instability. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine if the level of self-reported knee instability could predict the PCPF, even after accounting for the effects of the other variables. Results Sixty-three percent of the subjects reported knee instability during activities of daily living, and 44% reported that instability affects their ability to function. The severity of self-reported knee instability was associated with the PCPF (eta2 = 0.40, P < 0.001), and after controlling for all other independent variables, significantly increased the prediction of the PCPF (r2 = 0.56, r2 change = 0.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion The results indicate that a substantial proportion of individuals with knee OA report episodes of knee instability during activities of daily living, and instability affects physical function beyond that which can be explained by contributions from other impairments such as knee pain, range of motion, and quadriceps strength. Knee instability is a problem that should be specifically addressed in rehabilitation programs and may require interventions beyond those that address pain, joint motion, and muscular strength, to maximize the effectiveness of rehabilitation for individuals with knee OA.
Rapid Induction of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency by Intragastric Infusion of Triolein-Supplemented Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: Evidence of Increased Hepatic Cholesterol Esterification in the Rat

Rats were fed linoleic acid from a safflower oil emulsion or triolein-supplemented total parenteral nutrition solutions by continuous intragastric infusion for 7 and 14 d. Biochemical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) developed in rats supplemented with triolein compared with those receiving linoleic acid, and the relationship between hepatic cholesterol esterification and the distribution of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins was investigated in the EFAD and control animals. Results indicate that hepatic triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol ester content are greater and plasma levels of TG and cholesterol are lower in triolein-supplemented groups. Hepatic accumulation of cholesterol esters is associated with an increase in hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and also with plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which contain a greater proportion of cholesterol esters. These data suggest that EFAD can be rapidly induced with continuous intragastric feeding and that hepatic accumulation of cholesterol esters and enrichment of VLDL and HDL with cholesterol esters are early indicators of EFAD in the rat.
Altering Dietary Protein Type and Quantity Reduces Urinary Albumin Excretion without Affecting Plasma Glucose Concentrations in BKS.cg-m +Leprdb/+Leprdb (db/db) Mice

Protein restriction is used conventionally in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Recently, the use of soy protein instead of animal protein has been postulated as a new preventive and treatment option. The aim of this study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative effects of dietary protein on biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy in a Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model (BKS.cg-m +Lepr(db)/+Lepr(db) mice). Diabetic (+Lepr(db)/+Lepr(db)) and control (m+/m+) mice (n = 24/group) consumed one of four different diets ad libitum [20% casein, 20% soy protein, 12% casein or 12% soy protein (energy-based percentages)] from 35 +/- 4 d of age until termination (184-217 d of age). Blood and urine were collected throughout the study to measure biomarkers of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Kidney tissue was collected at the end of the study for weight. In diabetic mice, a 20% casein diet increased urinary albumin excretion to macroalbuminuric levels, whereas a 20% soy protein diet led to no major changes in urinary albumin excretion. Low protein diets (12%), independently of protein type, decreased urinary albumin excretion to low microalbuminuric levels. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose concentrations. These findings show lower urinary albumin excretion when a soy protein diet or a low casein diet is fed, suggesting a delay in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Ranking and Selection in Designed Experiments: Complete Factorial Experiments

Abstract : Over the years, while it has been recognized that developments for other designs are of great interest, almost all ranking an selection papers have dealt explicitly only with the completely randomized design. We review what is known in other design settings, then proceed to new results on the complete factorial experimental design. We show that existing procedures are vitiated by interaction in such a design, but give a new procedure which is fully valid even in the presence of unbounded interaction. (Author)
Uses of Airborne Imagery for Microscopic Traffic Analysis

Over the past several years, traffic analysts and researchers have been exploring the use of airborne imagery to understand traffic behavior and to analyze traffic speeds, volumes, densities, delays, queue lengths, and other traffic parameters. As part of the National Consortium on Remote Sensing in Transportation – Flows (NCRST-F), researchers at the University of Arizona have been developing software tools to assist in analyzing traffic behavior, at the level of the individual vehicle (or, “microscopic” traffic behavior). In order to do this, this paper gathered digital video segments taken from a helicopter over traffic facilities. The video image sequence is then processed using software Tracking and Registration of Airbone Video Image Sequence (TRAVIS). The software registers the vide sequence (eliminating the movement of the aircraft from the image), identifies vehicles in the images, and tracks the vehicles through the video image sequence. The vehicle coordinates in the image sequence can then be transformed into relevant traffic measures: location, speed, acceleration and deceleration, and position in terms of its lane on the roadway. With a large set of video segments, the software has been able to identify and track individual vehicles automatically, thereby significantly reducing the need for manual data reduction for some traffic applications. The paper also discusses the applications of the data from airborne imagery for understanding microscopic traffic flow and for the development and calibration of traffic simulation models.
Acceptance of the 1996 American Pediatric Society John Howland Award: Who Will Save Our Children?

Acceptance of the 1996 American Pediatric Society John Howland Award: Who Will Save Our Children?
Anemia or scurvy: A pilot study on differential diagnosis of porous and hyperostotic lesions using differential cranial vault thickness in subadult humans

Metabolic disorders, such as scurvy, manifested in human skeletal remains provide insight into health, nutrition, and environmental quality in past populations. Porous cranial vault lesions are often used to diagnose metabolic conditions in subadult remains, but overlapping gross lesion expressions have led to over-diagnosis of anemia and under-diagnosis of scurvy. Studies by Ortner and colleagues have suggested that specific porous cranial lesions are pathognomonic of scurvy, but additional diagnostic tools are necessary. In this technical report, we offer a preliminary assessment of cranial vault thickness (CVT) at the site of porous lesions (sensu lato porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia) as a method for distinguishing between scurvy and anemia in subadult crania. Computed Tomography (CT) was used to measure CVT at various landmarks associated with porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, complemented by lesion scores, from scorbutic (N=11), anemic (N=3), and non-pathological (N=28) subadult crania used as a control group. Results indicate that CVT consistently distinguishes scorbutic from non-pathological individuals, while anemic individuals overlap with both - likely a function of small sample size in this study. Despite current limitations, CVT has the potential to be an objective diagnostic tool for distinguishing scurvy and expanding reconstructions of nutritional adequacy over the life course in past populations.
Niche characterization of dominant estuarine benthic species

Abstract Benthic macroinfaunal species in a south Texas estuarine environment were studied over a 2·5 year period to characterize their distributions and ecology. The 13 dominant taxa chosen for investigation exhibited distinct habitat usage differences as judged both by the use of discriminant analysis and the differentiation of behavioral characteristics. Species coexistence in the estuarine bethic community of Corpus Christi Bay was examined with respect to resource partitioning for such parameters as food and space. Utilization of these resources by the dominant taxa differed in both temporal and spatial dimensions, with the spatial dimension consisting of horizontal and vertical attributes. Benthic species were separated according to (1) occurrences in certain sediment types with varying organic content, (2) presence in estuarine regions characterized by different phytoplankton productivity rates, (3) different periods of annual occurrence, and (4) occurrence in different sediment microhabitats characterized by varying sediment depth and relation to depth of oxygenated sediments. Superimposed upon differences in habitat usage of these species were behavioral traits, such as feeding differences, which further discriminated how benthic species obtained resources. Based upon species occurrence in a certain characteristic environment, we speculated on the structural division of the benthic habitat by various taxa often classified as common members of the same species' assemblages in the past. Although other investigators have demonstrated interactions among co-occurring benthic infaunal species, the information presented here illustrated how these species could minimize interactions in order to maintain their populations.
Social capital and health status: assessing whether the relationship varies between blacks and whites.

The current study tests whether the relationship between social capital and health status varies between Blacks and Whites. It then considers whether such variance is a function of income level. OLS regression analysis is conducted on data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2005, a national survey of 5586 adults conducted by the National Cancer Institute. Auxiliary friendship plays a more positive role in predicting health status than the other three social capital indicators: group membership, religious participation and discussion networks. There is one significant two-way interaction effect, with the association between auxiliary friendship and health status being more beneficial for Whites than Blacks. A significant three-way interaction effect signifies that the influence of ethnicity on the relationship between auxiliary friendship and health status is a function of income, with low-income Blacks benefiting much less from auxiliary friendship than high-income Blacks or, low- ...
In Vitro Activity of Cefaclor, a New Orally Administered Cephalosporin Antibiotic

The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefaclor, cephalothin, and cephalexin against 261 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae was compared. Cefaclor and cephalexin were about equally active against S. aureus. Cefaclor was the most active cephalosporin against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effect on the antimicrobial activity using a relatively high and low inoculum was pronounced for cefaclor when compared with that of cephalothin.
Following Gene Duplication, Paralog Interference Constrains Transcriptional Circuit Evolution

Most models of gene duplication assume that the ancestral functions of the preduplication gene are independent and can therefore be neatly partitioned between descendant paralogs. However, many gene products, such as transcriptional regulators, are components within cooperative assemblies; here, we show that a natural consequence of duplication and divergence of such proteins can be competitive interference between the paralogs. Our example is based on the duplication of the essential MADS-box transcriptional regulator Mcm1, which is found in all fungi and regulates a large set of genes. We show that a set of historical amino acid sequence substitutions minimized paralog interference in contemporary species and, in doing so, increased the molecular complexity of this gene regulatory network. We propose that paralog interference is a common constraint on gene duplicate evolution, and its resolution, which can generate additional regulatory complexity, is needed to stabilize duplicated genes in the genome.
ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE HEXAENE MACROLIDES CANDIHEXIN I AND CANDIHEXIN II

The hexaene macrolide candihexin produced by the mutant 18A2 of Streptomyces viridoflavus IMRU 3685 has been found to be a complex of two component fractions which we have named candihexins I and II. Extraction and purification methods have been developed for preparation of pure candihexin complex. Separation of the component fractions has been achieved by solvent fractionation and partition column chromatography. Candihexins I and II differ in solubility in organic solvents but have similar UV spectra. Candihexin I is active in vitro against yeasts and filamentous fungi with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 1-6μ/ml. Candihexin II is essentially inactive.
Urban design research

Urban design, once at the core of urban planning, has been delegated to a peripheral position in the profession and education. This may result, in part, from the flawed architectural determinism of much of the work of earlier urban designers. While planners and others were rejecting the doctrines of urban design, one group of urban designers (e.g. Lynch, 1960; Appleyard et al., 1964; Rapoport, 1969; Newman, 1972) began to apply scientific methods to design questions. Although the approach they initiated has continued and expanded, the literature on urban design is still dominated by speculative work describing what design should look like. The practice of urban design requires more. This special issue of Landscape and Urban Planning, gleaned from papers presented at the 34th Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, brings together a broad array of new work of relevance to urban design. The issue includes papers on history, theory, process, computer applications, and human behavior. Although papers approach urban design from diverse perspectives, several converge on similar conclusions. For example, Nadenicek’s historical piece on Horace Cleveland and the Kaplan and Peterson review of empirical research converge on the idea of nature as restorative. R. Kaplan also presents data on the importance of a view towards nature. The papers by Gurstein, Sancar, and Gosling comment on and suggest ways to involve individuals in decisions which may affect them. The papers by Owens, Gaber, Zacharias, and Nasar, Fisher, and Grannis highlight the need to understand environmental influences on pedestrian behavior and describe methods and findings in relation to this urban design concern. Gordon’s description of Battery Park and Nadenicek’s description of Horace Cleveland’s work converge on the important role of politics in implementation or urban design projects. The issue opens with Nadenicek’s description of the development of Horace Cleveland’s work and aesthetic. Like other, subsequent urban designers, this early landscape architect saw the city as a work of art. Believing in the restorative power of nature, Cleveland developed a scheme for Minneapolis that used natural elements as a structure for growth. The plan also stands out for the way and speed with which it was implemented. Political support played an important role. The paper by S. Kaplan, which follows, focuses on health outcomes as a guide for urban design. In particular, he discusses the relevance of the psychological constructs of conceptual clarity, human effectiveness, and willingness to take action. One aspect of human effectiveness involves accessibility. The paper by Mullick centers on accessibility and the need to make our national parks accessible.
Image partitioning on a hypercube machine

Some performance measures for partitioning images among hypercube connected processors are presented. The paramount effect of row-major ordering of image bytes is explicitly taken into account. Subimages are split at row boundaries first and downloaded over a spanning binomial tree. Subimage nearest neighbors are mapped to processor neighbors. A theorem which indicates that subimage locality is preserved is given. Practical constraints of a real machine (nCUBE 2) are incorporated. Performance comparisons between this and related image communication techniques are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microdare Special Feature Microdare: A Fast, Direct-Executing High-level Language System for Small Computers

Embedded in an advanced Basic dialect, this system promises to simplify end-user applications in areas such as simulation and laboratory automation.
The Effects of Protease Inhibitors on the Spread of HIV and the Development of Drug-Resistant HIV Strains: A Simulation Study

Recent advances in the development of protease inhibi tors offer the promise of significantly longer lives for many HIV-infected individuals. However, the drug dosing regimens are often difficult for patients to follow, and non-compliance can enhance the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV. This paper uses com puter simulation to analyze the effects of such "multi- drug therapy" and treatment compliance on the spread of HIV and of multi-drug-resistant HIV strains. The analysis is based on a dynamic compartmental model of the epidemic simulated using Excel, a spreadsheet package. Our analysis shows that multi-drug therapy can lead to significantly high prevalence of multi-drug- resistant HIV strains. Even under optimistic assump tions about rates of compliance and rates at which drug resistance develops, the development of multi-drug- resistant HIV strains in the population may be sig nificant. Our analysis shows that the most important factors affecting the development of multi-drug-resis tant HI...
Metformin use and lung cancer risk in patients with diabetes

Methodologic biases may explain why observational studies examining metformin use in relation to lung cancer risk have produced inconsistent results. We conducted a cohort study to further investigate this relationship, accounting for potential biases. For 47,351 patients with diabetes ages ≥40 years, who completed a health-related survey administered between 1994 and 1996, data on prescribed diabetes medications were obtained from electronic pharmacy records. Follow-up for incident lung cancer occurred from January 1, 1997, until June 30, 2012. Using Cox regression, we estimated lung cancer risk associated with new use of metformin, along with total duration, recency, and cumulative dose (all modeled as time-dependent covariates), adjusting for potential confounding factors. During 428,557 person-years of follow-up, 747 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer. No association was found with duration, dose, or recency of metformin use and overall lung cancer risk. Among never smokers, however, ever use was inversely associated with lung cancer risk [HR, 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.33-0.99], and risk appeared to decrease monotonically with longer use (≥5 years: HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.21-1.09). Among current smokers, corresponding risk estimates were >1.0, although not statistically significant. Consistent with this variation in effect by smoking history, longer use was suggestively associated with lower adenocarcinoma risk (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.40-1.17), but higher small cell carcinoma risk (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.85-3.91). In this population, we found no evidence that metformin use affects overall lung cancer risk. The observed variation in association by smoking history and histology requires further confirmation.