cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MIMO medium access control and routing in ad hoc networks: a holistic perspective

We explore joint design of MIMO medium access control (MAC) and routing in mobile ad hoc networks using spatial diversity. Specifically, building on the MAC design and throughput analysis, we investigate the impact of MIMO MAC on routing. We study the optimal hop distance that minimizes the end-to-end delay in a large network. Our results show that in order to minimize the delay, the gain from spatial diversity should be used for higher data rates and longer hop distance as well.
General floorplanning with L-shaped, T-shaped and soft blocks based on bounded slicing grid structure

A new method of non-slicing floorplanning is proposed, which is based on the new representation for non-slicing floorplans, called bounded slicing grid (BSG) structure. We developed a new greedy algorithm based on the BSG structure, running in linear time, to select the alternative shape for each soft block so as to minimize the overall area for general floorplan, including non-slicing structures. We propose a new stochastic optimization method, named genetic simulated annealing (GSA) for general floorplanning. Based on BSG structure, we extend SA-based local search and GA-based global crossover to L-shaped, T-shaped blocks and obtain high density packing of rectilinear blocks.
Minimal Bile Acid Malabsorption and Normal Bile Acid Breath Tests in Cystic Fibrosis and Acquired Pancreatic Insufficiency

This study was undertaken because of reports of a marked incrase in fecal bile acid excretion by childre with cystic fibrosis. We attempted to confirm this finding by performing [1-14C]cholylglycine breath tests and by measuring fecal bile acid and fat excretion in patients with cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Studies were done when patients were taking pancreatic enzymes (Cotazym) and also without medication. 14CO2 excretion in breath was normal in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency and even lower in cystic fibrosis, both with and without Cotazym therapy. Fecal bile acid excretion was slightly elevated in both groups without Cotazym and became normal with Cotazym in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Steatorrhea was present in both patient groups and improved during Cotazym therapy. Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency is minimal and probably not clinically important.
Nonparametric Regression Model

Nonparametric regression is a rapidly growing and exciting branch of statistics, both because of recent theoretical developments and because of more widespread use of fast and inexpensive computers. Many methods are currently available, including kernel-based methods, regression splines, smoothing splines and wavelet and Fourier series expansions. This article introduces the main types of smoothing methods and discusses the usefulness of nonparametric regression for analyzing datasets, particularly of the types encountered in environmental statistics.
Persistent non-equilibrium interface dipoles at quasi-2D organic/inorganic semiconductor interfaces: The effect of gap states

Abstract We investigate the role of gap states in the quasi-2D van der Waals crystal SnS 2 and their influence on the electronic structure formed at the hybrid interface between SnS 2 and several different organic semiconductors. We demonstrate that this density of states creates trapped carriers, generating an interfacial electric field that transiently alters the energy level alignment at the hybrid interface. The trapped carriers are extremely long-lived due to the weak interlayer coupling that is characteristic of quasi-2D materials. We suggest that these effects, observed here by photoemission spectroscopy, likely play a role for many different van der Waals materials with moderate screening lengths, with direct impact on optoelectronic and transport properties in the (quasi-)2D limit.
β-Thalassemia and Polycythemia vera: Targeting chronic stress erythropoiesis

β-Thalassemia and Polycythemia vera are genetic disorders which affect the synthesis of red blood cells, also referred to as erythropoiesis. Although essentially different in clinical presentation - patients with β-thalassemia have an impairment in β-globin synthesis leading to defective erythrocytes and anemia, while patients with Polycythemia vera present with high hemoglobin levels because of excessive red blood cell synthesis - both pathologies may characterized by lasting high erythropoietic activity, i.e. chronic stress erythropoiesis. In both diseases, therapeutic strategies targeting chronic stress erythropoiesis may improve the address phenotype and prevent secondary pathology, such as iron overload. The current review will address the basic concepts of these strategies to reduce chronic stress erythropoiesis, which may have significant clinical implications in the near future.
Plasmid DNA damage induced by helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet

A helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is applied to induce damage to aqueous plasmid DNA. The resulting fractions of the DNA conformers, which indicate intact molecules or DNA with single- or double-strand breaks, are determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA strand breaks increase with a decrease in the distance between the APPJ and DNA samples under two working conditions of the plasma source with different parameters of applied electric pulses. The damage level induced in the plasmid DNA is also enhanced with increased plasma irradiation time. The reactive species generated in the APPJ are characterized by optical emission spectra, and their roles in possible DNA damage processes occurring in an aqueous environment are also discussed.
Bisphosphonate derivatized polyurethanes resist calcification

Abstract Calcification of polyurethane cardiovascular implants is an important disease process that has the potential to compromise the long-term function of devices such as polymer heart valves and ventricular assist systems. In this study we report the successful formulation and characterization of bisphosphonate-derivatized polyurethanes, hypothesized to resist implant calcification based on the pharmacologic activity of the immobilized bisphosphonate. Fully polymerized polyurethanes (a polyurea–polyurethane and a polycarbonate polyurethane) were modified (post-polymerization) with bromoalkylation of the hard segments followed by attachment of a bisphosphonate group at the bromine site. These bisphosphonate-polyurethanes resisted calcification in rat 60 day subdermal implants compared to nonmodified control polyurethane implants, that calcify. Bisphosphonates-modified polyurethanes were also studied in circulatory implants using a pulmonary valve cusp replacement model in sheep. Polyurethane cusps modified with bisphosphonate did not calcify in 90 day implants, compared to control polyurethane cusps implants, that demonstrated nodular surface oriented calcific deposits. It is concluded that bisphosphonate modified polyurethanes resist calcification both in subdermal implants and in the circulation. This novel biomaterial approach offers great promise for long-term blood stream implantation with calcification resistance.
Prolonged topotecan infusion with cisplatin in the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: an NYGOG and ECOG study.

Abstract Objective. To determine the toxicity and efficacy of combined therapy with cisplatin and prolonged infusion topotecan as front line therapy in women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients and methods. Women with previously untreated, measurable and non-measurable epithelial ovarian cancer, stages Ic–IV were eligible. Patients were treated with cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 on day 1, followed by topotecan 0.3 to 0.4 mg/m 2 /day given as a continuous infusion over 14–21 days, every 28 days. Dose levels and duration of infusion were adjusted for toxicity as appropriate. Patients were evaluated for response to treatment and treatment toxicity by standard NYGOG criteria. Results. Sixty patients were enrolled. Among the 20 patients with post-surgical residual disease >2 cm, 80% [95% CI (56.3%, 94.3%)] demonstrated an objective response to therapy. The median progression-free survival for all 60 patients enrolled was 19.3 months with a median overall survival of 45.6 months given the median follow-up of 55 months (range 6–81 months). Five year survival is estimated to be 41%. Toxicity was observed in the first four patients treated with topotecan (0.4 mg/m 2 /day × 21 days) and dosing was continued at 0.3 mg/m 2 /day × 14 days thereafter. Of the 56 patients treated at the amended dose level, marrow suppression continued to be dose-limiting, with 86% of patients experiencing grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, 55% experiencing grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia and 50% of patients experiencing grade 3 or 4 anemia. Nonetheless, only 11/245 cycles administered were associated with febrile neutropenia and/or infection (8 port-related). Other non-hematologic toxicity was as expected. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion. This large, multicenter phase II study of prolonged infusion topotecan in combination with cisplatin demonstrated similar response, time to progression and survival compared with reported results of taxane and platinum combinations. Hematologic toxicity was greater but tolerated. Further studies investigating topotecan in combination with platinum therapy as a first line agent are warranted.
Refinement of the sphere-packing bound

We provide a refinement of the sphere-packing bound for constant composition codes over discrete memoryless channels that improves the pre-factor in front of the exponential term. The order of our pre-factor is O(N−1/2(1+ρ∗R)), where ρ∗ R is related to the slope of the sphere-packing exponent and N is the blocklength.
Sensitivity analysis of boundary value problems: Application to nonlinear reacti

Abstract A direct and very efficient approach for obtaining sensitivities of two-point boundary value problems solved by Newton's method is studied. The link between the solution method and the sensitivity equations is investigated together with matters of numerical accuracy and efficiency. This approach is employed in the analysis of a model three species, unimolecular, steady-state, premixed laminar flame. The numerical accuracy of the sensitivities is verified and their values are utilized for interpretation of the model results. It is found that parameters associated directly with the temperature play a dominant role. The system's Green's functions relating dependent variables are also controlled strongly by the temperature. In addition, flame speed sensitivities are calculated and shown to be a special class of derived sensitivity coefficients. Finally, some suggestions for the physical interpretation of sensitivities in model analysis are given.
"Maker Innovators": A Workshop for Youth Creating Responsive and Wearable Game Interfaces with Tangible and Digital Construction Toolkits (Abstract Only)

We describe a workshop for high school youth to create interactive responsive and wearable interfaces for computing and gaming. The tools used in the workshop included tangible construction toolkits (the Lilypad Arduino and the MaKeyMaKey) and visual programming languages (Scratch, a coding and game design environment, and ModKit, a visual programming kit for Arduino devices and similar tangible kits) in addition to various conductive materials such as special fabric and aluminum foil. Past efforts with each of these toolkits have focused on interaction in one direction. This workshop focused on creating bidirectional tangible interfaces for gaming, meaning that interaction would happen on the screen and in the physical artifact or controller simultaneously. A further feature was the focus on creating wearable games. Thirteen students ages 13-15 years participated in the eight-session workshop. After learning the tools during the first four sessions, they started designing their own projects. Student teams created one bidirectional game with a textile interface, three inventive uni-directional wearable games and interfaces, and one half-completed design. Students felt that the workshop provided them with multiple entry points to computing, by capitalizing on different skill sets, and many expressed understanding bidirectional design, though they felt they needed more time. This poster will discuss the affordances and constraints of the workshop activities and toolkits, and how projects created relate to the students' understanding of tangible computing with different kinds of responsiveness. Finally, we offer recommendations for future workshops based on our own redesign of activities.
The Size and Number Distribution of Aerosols in the Continental Troposphere

Abstract A series of 22 aerosol collections made during the year 1966 at altitudes to 10 km in the vicinity of Scottsbluff, Nebr., have been analyzed. Several additional samples were taken at other locations in the centralUnited States when low tropopause conditions permitted collecting in the lower stratosphere. A few additional measurements were made over Limon, Colo. The sampling device was a single stage impactor mountedin a Beech Queen Air aircraft. Particle size and number distributions were determined by direct countingfrom photomicrographs. The collecting and counting techniques are described and the experimental resultspresented. Systematic changes were observed in the aerosol distribution function with altitude in whichboth the large and small particulates diminish with height. Short term variations in the size and numberdistribution, seasonal changes, and correlations with various meteorological parameters were investigated.Characteristic aerosol distribution functions for tropospheric and lowe...
Interneuron deficits in patients with the Miller-Dieker syndrome.

Lissencephaly is characterized by a thickened cortex and loss of gyri, resulting in the brain having a smooth surface. Patients with lissencephaly frequently exhibit epilepsy and mental retardation, conditions often associated with a defect in inhibitory neurons. While lissencephaly has traditionally been considered a disorder of radial migration, recent data indicate interneurons migrate non-radially, while projection neurons migrate radially. To determine if an interneuron defect, and therefore a non-radial migration defect, exists in patients with lissencephaly, we studied the calretinin-expressing interneuron subpopulation in the brains from two fetuses and two children with lissencephaly and a deletion involving 17p13 deletion (Miller-Dieker syndrome) along with age-matched controls. Our data indicate fetuses with the Miller-Dieker syndrome have a significant (tenfold) reduction in the number of calretinin-expressing interneurons present, whereas minimal reductions in the number of calretinin-expressing interneurons are present in children with this disorder. These data parallel those seen in the Lis1+/– mouse model of human lissencephaly, and are consistent with a non-radial cell migration defect in humans. Thus, when considering the pathogenesis of human lissencephaly and the clinical manifestations in these patients, defects in both non-radial cell migration (inhibitory interneurons) and radial migration (excitatory projection neurons) must be considered.
Influence of pH and inorganic phosphate on toxicity of zinc to Arthrobacter sp. isolated from heavy-metal-contaminated sediments

Because of its high solubility over a wide range of pH conditions, zinc is found in many natural and human-impacted systems. Zinc speciation is critical in assessing zinc toxicity to microorganisms because it varies considerably with pH and is dependent on other aqueous constituents. Combined results of thermodynamic modeling, statistical analysis, and batch culture studies using Arthrobacter sp. JM018 suggest that the toxic species may not be solely limited to the free ion, but also includes ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq). Cellular uptake of ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) through the inorganic phosphate transporter (Pit family), which requires a neutral metal phosphate complex for phosphate transport, may explain the observed toxicity. Based on visual MINTEQ (v3.0) modeling, at 50 μM total zinc, ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) constitutes 33, 70, and 76% of the neutral metal phosphate pool at pH 6, 7, and 8, respectively. At 50 μM total zinc, cultures supplied with organic phosphate (glycerol-3-phosphate) show no significant response to pH (p = 0.13) while inhibition of inorganic phosphate-supplemented cultures, whose neutral metal phosphates are increasingly dominated by ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq), show significant pH dependence (p = 9.45 × 10(-7)). Using sodium to decrease the distribution of ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) in the neutral metal phosphate pool also decreased the pH dependent toxicity, further supporting this mechanism. These findings show the important role of minor zinc species in organism toxicity and have wider implications because the Pit inorganic phosphate transport system is widely distributed in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Innervation of single fungiform taste buds during development in rat.

To determine whether the innervation of taste buds changes during postnatal development, the number of geniculate ganglion cells that innervated single fungiform taste buds were quantified in the tip- and midregions of the tongue of adult and developing rats. There was substantial variation in both the size of individual taste buds and number of geniculate ganglion cells that innervated them. Importantly, taste bud morphology and innervation were highly related. Namely, the number of labeled geniculate ganglion cells that innervated a taste bud was highly correlated with the size of the taste bud (r 5 0.91, P , .0003): The larger the taste bud, the more geniculate ganglion cells that innervated it. The relationship between ganglion cell number and taste bud volume emerged during the first 40 days postnatal. Whereas there was no difference in the average number of ganglion cells that innervated individual taste buds in rats aged 10 days postnatal through adulthood, taste bud volumes increased progressively between 10 and 40 days postnatal, at which age taste bud volumes were similar to adults. The maturation of taste bud size was accompanied by the emergence of the relationship between taste bud volume and number of innervating neurons. Specifically, there was no correlation between taste bud size and number of innervating geniculate ganglion cells in 10-, 20-, or 30-day-old rats, whereas taste bud size and the number of innervating ganglion cells in 40-day-old rats were positively correlated (r 5 .80, P , .002). Therefore, the relationship between taste bud size and number of innervating ganglion cells develops over a prolonged postnatal period and is established when taste buds grow to their adult size. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:13‐24, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: taste bud; geniculate ganglion; sensory afferents; fluorescent tracers; tongue
The effects of endurance exercise and vitamin E on oxidative stress in the elderly.

To examine the effects of exercise and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress in older adults, 59 participants, age 76.3 +/- 4.2 years, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: an exercise group taking placebos (EGP) or vitamin E (EGE) or a sedentary group taking placebos (SGP) or vitamin E (SGE). Measures included weight, VO2max, blood pressure (BP), and serum concentrations of vitamin E and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH). At the end of the 16-week trial, the EGP and EGE had significant increases in VO2max and significant decreases in resting BP, weight, and LOOH concentrations (P 0.05). The results suggest that endurance exercise in combination with vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, improves aerobic fitness, and reduces BP and weight in older adults. Even sedentary participants who take vitamin E may reduce oxidative stress and lower BP.
A completely unambiguous 5-polyhedral graph*

Abstract A 5-dimensional convex polytope P is constructed whose graph G has the property that if it is the graph a convex polytope P ′ then P ′ is combinatorially equivalent to P and, furthermore, G can be realized as the graph of P in only one way (i.e., if a subgraph of G determines a face of P it also determines a face of P ′).
On‐line supercritical fluid extraction/chromatography system for trace analysis of pesticides in soybean oil and rendered fats

A method for trace analysis incorporating solid phase extraction (extraction and clean-up) with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for analytes in fats and oils has been developed. Direct coupling (on-line) of supercritical fluid solid phase extraction with supercritical fluid chromatography (SESPE/SFC) allows analysis of solutes in fats and oils for which on-line SFE/SFC is unsuitable. The main feature of SFSPE/SFC is that extraction and clean-up are accomplished in one step using unmodified supercritical carbon dioxide. Extraction/clean-up is monitored by a photodiode array detector which allows fractionation. The operational set-up and potential usefulness of the SFSPE/SFC system and applications for pesticide analysis of lipid sample matrices are described.
The prevalence of periodontitis and dental caries in a Down's syndrome population

The prevalence rates of periodontitis and dental caries in 30 Down's syndrome patients and 30 matched, otherwise retarded, controls were compared. The populations were older than those usually studied, with mean (+/- SE) ages of 27.4 (+/- 2.1) and 28.9 (+/- 2.3) for the Down's syndrome and control groups, respectively. Bone loss was found in 60.0% of sites in the Down's syndrome patients, compared with 9.3% sites in controls. In Down's syndrome, bone loss was first seen at about age 16, with 92% of patients 16 or older having loss; in contrast, only 42% of control patients 16 or older had bone loss, which first appeared at about age 28. There was a considerable difference in caries prevalence in the two groups, with the Down's syndrome patients having a lower overall prevalence which was most noticeable with respect to interproximal lesions. Seven Down's syndrome patients over age 15 were caries-free, as opposed to only one control patient.
Bioenergy that supports ecological restoration.

Bioenergy development can offer beneficial ecological and economic synergies through the expansion of ecological restoration projects. Such synergies are demonstrated by means of a case study conducted in central Washington State, where a 52.4-ha ecological restoration site on the Yakama Reservation generated 34 mega-grams (Mg) of invasive tree biomass per hectare, costing $988 ha−1. A geospatial model of transportation costs estimated that extracted invasive tree biomass can generate revenues throughout 1103 803 ha when delivered to a proposed bioenergy facility in White Swan, Washington, providing 53 000–180 000 Mg of biomass per year for several decades. Thermochemical analyses revealed that the elevated nitrogen, sulfur, and ash content in two prolific invasive trees – Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) and salt cedar (Tamarix spp) – will limit demand for either of these invasive species. We compare our regional data to national estimates, and show the broader potential for expanding ecological restoration activities and biomass supplies through the revenues generated by the sale of invasive tree wood-waste into bioenergy markets.
Olfactory Stimuli and the "Pseudo-Extinction" Effect

Continuously rewarded rats show a decrease in running speed on a runway recently traversed by other rats undergoing experimental extinction. This "pseudo-extinction" effect is caused by discriminable odors emitted by extinction subjects. These odors could be confounding variables in studies using forms of aversive stimulation.
Betaglycan Localization in the Female Rat Pituitary: Implications for the Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone by Inhibin

Activin-stimulated FSH synthesis and secretion from the pituitary gonadotrope is negatively modulated by ovarian inhibin; however, the cellular mechanism of inhibin antagonism is unknown. Inhibin and activin share a common β-subunit through which inhibin can compete with activin for binding to the activin type II receptor and prevent activin signal transduction. Although the affinity of inhibin for binding to the activin receptor is far lower than that of activin itself, inhibin is capable of inhibiting activin-stimulated FSH synthesis and secretion even at low or equimolar concentrations. It is now known that the TGFβ type III receptor, betaglycan, acts as an inhibin coreceptor that binds the inhibins and increases their affinity for the activin type II receptor, thereby enhancing the antagonistic effect of inhibin on activin signal transduction. Yet, despite the characterization of betaglycan is an inhibin coreceptor in several cell models in vitro, the role of this protein in the regulation of FSH in v...
Solutions to the time-dependent three-dimensional Schrödinger equation: Atoms in intense electric fields

We develop a technique for solving the time-dependent three-dimensional Schroedinger equation by expanding in terms of a set of Volkov functions and converting to a system of first-order temporal equations. Solutions are obtained through standard multivalue propagation schemes. We apply the method to several cases including the interaction of an intense, oscillating electric field with a model three-dimensional atomic system, observing the above-threshold ionization structure.
A remark on a result of Iwasawa on Hecke characters of type A0

Let K and L be two number fields. Previously, Iwasawa proved a theorem about Hecke characters of K with values in L under the assumptions that K is Galois over ℚ, K is a CM-field and K ⊆ L. In this paper, we remove these hypotheses.
Theory- and Technology-Driven Educational Curricula Addressing Tobacco Use

Abstract Project ASPIRE is an interactive computer-assisted technology designed to decrease smoking initiation among English- and Spanish-speaking students. Sixteen high schools were randomized to ASPIRE or standard-care. At 18-months follow-up, smoking initiation rates were lower in ASPIRE participants than controls. Project CASA was designed to reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) among Mexican-Americans through increased knowledge/awareness. Ninety-one households were randomly assigned into a fotonovela-based intervention or pamphlet-based standard care group. At the end of study, SHS exposure was lower among intervention households than controls. The use of these evidence-based resources offers potential for expanded tobacco control.
Delayed Redistribution in Thallium 201 SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Studies

Stress 201 TI myocardial perfusion studies are useful in differentiating viable, reversibly ischemic from infarcted myocardium. A perfusion defect that shows redistribution 2 to 4 h after 201 Tl injection is diagnostic of ischemia, while a fixed defect suggests infarction. However, occasional patients with a fixed defect at 4 h have redistribution at 24 h. This study evaluates the frequency and significance of this delayed redistribution with SPECT 201 Tl. Patients with either no or incomplete redistribution at 4 h had repeat imaging 18 to 48 h later. Delayed redistribution was seen in 8/26 (31 percent). Four had incomplete and four had no redistribution at 4 h. Delayed redistribution with SPECT 201 Tl is more common than generally appreciated, and we recommend delayed images in patients with fixed perfusion defects or incomplete redistribution at 4-h imaging, particularly in patients with previous infarctions for whom a revascularization procedure is being considered.
Physical characterization and comparison of two commercially available micro-MLCs

In this study, the physical characteristics (penumbra width variation with the source size and shape, interleaf leakage, transmission through the leaves, and the tongue-and-groove effect) of two linear accelerators (BrainLAB's Novalis and Elekta's Synergy-S Beam Modulator) have been investigated. For similar square fields (about 4.5 cm x 4.5 cm) with source-to-surface/skin-distance (SSD) ranging from 90 cm to 115 cm and measurements taken at the depth of D(max)=1.5 cm for 6 MV photon beam. The Novalis MLC has penumbra width of 2.4 ± 0.11 mm-2.8 ± 0.11 mm at the leaf-end and 2.2 ± 0.1 mm-2.7 ± 0.1 mm on the leaf-side; and those for the Synergy-S MLC are 4.4 ± 0.17 mm-5.2 ± 0.2 mm and 3.0 ± 0.12 mm-3.5 ± 0.12 mm. Upon rotating the Synergy-S collimator by 90 ° (i.e., shifting the leaf movement to the gun-target direction), significant reduction of the leaf-end penumbra width (17%) and increase of leaf-side penumbra width (28%) suggest an elliptical shape of the radiation source spot. Similar rotation of the collimator yielded reduction of the penumbras on both leaf-end (34%) and leaf-side (28%) for Novalis, indicating that the Novalis has a more symmetric source size. For all the field sizes and settings, BrainLAB's Novalis μMLC produce a smaller penumbra for simple square fields compared to the Elekta's Synergy-S. However, this difference became less pronounced for leaf-side penumbra and also for circular fields. The tongue-and-groove effect of the Novalis (23 ± 0.9%) is slightly smaller than that of the Synergy-S (25 ± 1%); while the interleaf leakage and leakage directly through leaves for Synergy-S (1.6 ± 0.07% & 0.9 ± 0.04%) are lower than that of Novalis (2 ± 0.08% & 1.3 ± 0.05%).
O-GlcNAc cycling: Implications for neurodegenerative disorders

The dynamic post-translational modification of proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), termed O-GlcNAcylation, is an important mechanism for modulating cellular signaling pathways. O-GlcNAcylation impacts transcription, translation, organelle trafficking, proteasomal degradation and apoptosis. O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in the etiology of several human diseases including type-2 diabetes and neurodegeneration. This review describes the pair of enzymes responsible for the cycling of this post-translational modification: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA), with a focus on the function of their structural domains. We will also highlight the important processes and substrates regulated by these enzymes, with an emphasis on the role of O-GlcNAc as a nutrient sensor impacting insulin signaling and the cellular stress response. Finally, we will focus attention on the many ways by which O-GlcNAc cycling may affect the cellular machinery in the neuroendocrine and central nervous systems.
Dependence of 20-nm C/H CD windows on critical process parameters

20 nm contact hole (C/H) patterning is applicable for sub-22 nm technology node applications. Dependence of C/H CD window on critical process parameters is important for process stability and repeatability. Post applied baking (PAB) condition, resist thickness, develop time, and dry etch rate are considered to be the most important process parameters for e-beam chain scission resist ZEP520A C/H patterning. In this paper, PAB temperatures (TPAB) are investigated at temperatures between lower than glass transition temperature (TG) and much higher than TF. Effects of these process parameters on 20 nm +/-10% C/H CD window for various pattern densities and e-beam doses are studied. The critical process parameters are determined by their effects on CD window size, C/H sidewall profile, proximity effect immunity, ΔCD/ΔDose slope, and etch selectivity. Experimental results are summarized below. Thinnest ZEP520A film has the largest 20nm +/-10% CD window on D-D plot for various L/S ratios and doses. The dosage window of smaller C/H CD is larger. The proximity effect is negligible for 50 nm ZEP520A baked at 200°C/300 sec. No apparent effect is found in CD window on D-D plot for develop time as short as 30 sec. PAB condition is most critical than the other process parameters in determining resist density and polymerization which affect e-beam scattering and chain scission in resist film and therefore affects CD resolution and window. PAB condition of 140°C/60 sec is most desirable in terms of CD window on D-D plot, C/H sidewall profile, dry etch rate and proximity effect.
Disruptive technology and interdependence: The relationships of BioMEMS technology and pharmaceutical firms

Abstract The developments in the biological microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) industry have gone largely unnoticed by pharmaceutical and health care firms. We propose that the lack of linkages between the pharmaceutical and BioMEMS industries is based on the disruptive nature of BioMEMS technology. Using resource dependence and network theories, we present a model of the development of linkages based on resource interdependence and the nature of technology. We discuss the implications for increased innovation output.
Heavy use versus less heavy use of sedatives among non-medical sedative users: Characteristics and correlates

Non-medical use of sedatives is an ongoing problem. However, very little is known about the characteristics of individuals who use sedatives non-medically, or the motives behind such use. The present analysis, involving a sample of individuals reporting non-medical use of sedatives in the past 12 months (N=188), examined the relationship between socio-demographic variables, past-year use of other licit and illicit drugs, type of non-medical use (use in ways other than as prescribed, use when not prescribed, or both), motives, and past 12-month sedative use. Past 12-month sedative use was dichotomized as Heavy Use (>90 pills in past 12 months) and Less Heavy Use (≤90 pills), using a median split. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that Heavy Use of sedatives was significantly associated with positive diagnoses for sedative use disorder and prescription opioid use disorder, a higher number of motives for sedative use, and reporting 'sedative use in ways other than as prescribed' and 'both forms of non-medical use, namely, other than as prescribed, and when not prescribed,' compared to non-prescribed use. Although in univariate analyses a positive diagnosis for past 12-month cocaine use disorder, and individual motives for sedative use such as 'to get high' and 'for pain relief', significantly predicted past 12-month Heavy Use, their effects diminished and became non-significant after adjusting for other covariates. Findings underscore the need for considering differential risk factors in tailoring preventive interventions for reducing non-medical sedative use.
Reduction in hospitalizations for diarrhea and rotavirus infections in New York state following introduction of rotavirus vaccine.

Abstract Objectives To monitor trends and costs of diarrhea and rotavirus-associated hospitalizations in New York before and after rotavirus vaccine implementation in 2006. To examine rotavirus test results from sentinel hospital-associated laboratories. Methods Hospital discharge data and laboratory rotavirus testing data were analyzed for children 1 month up to 18 years of age for 10 sentinel and all statewide hospitals from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2008. Results Among children 1–23 months of age, a 40% reduction in diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and 85% decrease in rotavirus-coded hospitalizations at the 10 sentinel hospitals was observed in 2008 compared with the average of pre-vaccine seasons from 2003 through 2006. For both sentinel and statewide hospitals, the percent of diarrhea admissions due to rotavirus was reduced at least 83% among children 1–23 months (vaccine eligible) and 70% for older unimmunized children. Statewide hospital costs for rotavirus hospitalizations in children Conclusions In 2008, New York hospital data showed significant reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations and costs among children aged 1–23 months who were eligible for vaccine. Reductions also occurred among unimmunized older children suggesting the importance of continue monitoring in future seasons to fully assess vaccine impact.
GFAP‐GFP neural progenitors are antigenically homogeneous and anchored in their enclosed mosaic niche

Study of the different stages of postnatal neurogenesis relies on using antigenic markers and transgenic mice. In particular, neural stem cells that express GFAP are studied using mice expressing GFP under the human GFAP promoter (GFAP-GFP). However, it remains unclear whether GFP and the commonly used progenitor markers label different cell populations in the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) and its rostral extension into the olfactory bulb (i.e. rostral migratory stream, RMS). Here, we found that all GFP-fluorescent cells express GFAP, the radial glia marker brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), Lewis X (LeX), and the astrocytic marker GLAST. Faint GFP fluorescence could be detected in a few cells expressing EGF receptors (EGFRs), Olig2, or S100, suggesting that GFAP-GFP cells generate these diverse cell types. GFP-fluorescent cells were slowly cycling, as shown by their long-term retention of BrdU, and less than 10% expressed the proliferative markers Ki67 and Mcm2. The majority of EGFR-expressing cells and Olig2-expressing cells were cycling. NG2 and EGFR identified distinct progenitor populations while Olig2 labeled a subset of EGFR-expressing cells. The entire neurogenic zone contained a mosaic of different cell types and was ensheathed by processes of GFAP-expressing cells and NG2 cells. Finally, using time-lapse imaging in acute slices, we show that GFP-fluorescent cells are stationary within the SVZ. Our findings collectively highlight the cellular mosaic of the neurogenic niche, show that the slowly-cycling GFAP-expressing cells are stationary and generate distinct intermediate progenitors.
A UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Is Required for Epithelial Tube Formation

Epithelial tubes are essential for the proper function of a diverse array of eukaryotic organs. Here we present a novel class of genes required for maintaining epithelial cell shape, polarity, and paracellular barrier function in the Drosophila embryonic tracheal system. Mutations in one member of the UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family (pgant35A) are recessive lethal and result in tracheal tubes that are irregular in diameter and morphology. Further analysis of the pgant35A mutants reveals diminished levels of the apical determinant Crbs and the luminal marker 2A12, concomitant with increased staining in cytoplasmic vesicles within tracheal cells. GalNAc-containing glycoproteins are severely diminished along the apical region of the tracheal system as well. Tracheal cells become irregular in size and shape, and septate junction proteins are mislocalized to a more apical position. Most notably, paracellular barrier function is lost in the tracheal system of the mutants. Overexpression of wild type pgant35A under control of the trachea-specific breathless (btl) promoter results in partial rescue of the lethality. We propose a model where pgant35A is required to establish proper apical composition of tracheal cells by influencing apical delivery of proteins/glycoproteins. Disruption of the normal apical content results in altered cell morphology and loss of paracellular barrier function. These studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized requirement for mucin-type O-glycosylation in epithelial tube integrity and have obvious implications for epithelial morphogenesis in higher eukaryotes, since a unique ortholog to pgant35A exists in mammals.
Comparison of 1D linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear site response models at six KiK-net validation sites

Abstract Vertical seismometer arrays represent a unique interaction between observed and predicted ground motions, and they are especially helpful for validating and comparing site response models. In this study, we perform comprehensive linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear site response analyses of 191 ground motions recorded at six validation sites in the Kiban–Kyoshin network (KiK-net) of vertical seismometer arrays in Japan. These sites, which span a range of geologic conditions, are selected because they meet the basic assumptions of one-dimensional (1D) wave propagation, and are therefore ideal for validating and calibrating 1D nonlinear soil models. We employ the equivalent-linear site response program SHAKE, the nonlinear site response program DEEPSOIL, and a nonlinear site response overlay model within the general finite element program Abaqus/Explicit. Using the results from this broad range of ground motions, we quantify the uncertainties of the alternative site response models, measure the strain levels at which the models break down, and provide general recommendations for performing site response analyses. Specifically, we find that at peak shear strains from 0.01% to 0.1%, linear site response models fail to accurately predict short-period ground motions; equivalent-linear and nonlinear models offer a significant improvement at strains beyond this level, with nonlinear models exhibiting a slight improvement over equivalent-linear models at strains greater than approximately 0.05%.
Front-Panel Health Claims: When Less is More

Instead of focusing on whether consumers process product health claims, there is growing interest in how consumers process these claims. This article examines how the length of a front-label claim influences the nutritional beliefs and evaluation of a product when used in combination with complete back-label information. The results indicate that the presence of a shorter health claim on the front of the package (in combination with a more complete claim on the back) leads a person to generate more attribute-specific thoughts about the product and fewer general evaluative thoughts compared to longer health claims. These shorter health claims also led to more favorable beliefs about the product and to a more positive image of the product. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for policy makers, consumers, and researchers.
Cardiac preconditioning protects against irreversible injury rather than attenuating stunning.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if cardiac preconditioning (PC) mediates protection by attenuating stunning or preventing irreversible injury. Inherent in the definition of myocardial stunning is the ability to respond to catechol stimulation after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Irreversibly injured myocardium cannot respond to catechols. We hypothesized that α 1 -adrenergic-stimulated PC is mediated through a functional protection against reversible injury. We investigated this hypothesis in the isolated, buffer-perfused rat heart subjected to global ischemia (20 min, 37.5°C) and reperfusion (40 min). The PC group received an α 1 -adrenergic stimulus (norepinephrine, 0.5-1.0 μM, 2 min) 10 min prior to ischemia. Control hearts were perfused normoxically for 80 min. Developed pressure (DP) and heart rate were recorded continuously. To determine maximal myocellular function, all hearts received a β-adrenergic pathway stimulus (forskolin (FSK), 100 μM bolus) at end reperfusion. The ability to improve DP in response to FSK was indicative of reversible dysfunction (stunning). Failure to attain the maximal DP established in normoxic controls was utilized as a measure of irreversible dysfunction. Recovery was assessed as a percentage of initial DP. The results suggest that (1) PC protects against an I/R injury (recovery : I/R, 50.1% ; PC + I/R, 76.0% ; P < 0.05) ; (2) all groups exhibit reversible dysfunction (all increased DP in response to FSK) ; (3) when maximally stimulated, I/R hearts are unable to develop pressures similar to those of normoxic controls, suggesting irreversible injury ; and (4) PC hearts, however, attained similar maximal pressures compared to controls. We conclude that α 1 -adrenergic PC improves postischemic cardiac function by preventing irreversible injury. Furthermore, α 1 -adrenergic PC improves the postischemic response to inotropic stimulation by 36.7%.
D.C. arc plasma titanium and vanadium compound synthesis from metal powders and gas phase non-metals

Abstract The use of d.c. arc plasma processing was extended to reactions between solid particles and gas phase reactants. Such reactions are difficult because the viscous nature of the plasma tends to reject the reactants from the plasma's hot zone. In the present study this problem was overcome. The formation of alloys, metal carbides and nitrides, mixed carbide-nitride solid solutions and directly reduced oxides were successfully completed. The use of plasmas simplifies many of the present processing steps.
Two ways of thinking about dual processing: a response to Hofmann, Friese and Wiers (2008)

We agree with the basic premises of Hofmann, Friese and Wiers' (2008) article—that much health behavior is neither reasoned nor planful, and that dual-processing models are particularly effective at explaining and predicting such behavior. However, we do have a somewhat different perspective on what dual processing is, especially as it applies to health risk behavior. That perspective is outlined here.
Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models to Evaluate the Impact of Intestinal Glucuronide Hydrolysis on the Pharmacokinetics of Aglycone

Drug elimination via glucuronidation pathway is a complex process involving glucuronide excretion. Glucuronide excreted into the gut lumen either directly from the enterocytes or from the hepatobiliary route can be recovered back to the precursor (aglycone) through bacteria-mediated hydrolysis. As a result, the pharmacokinetics [e.g., plasma terminal half-life (T(1/2))] of aglycone might be altered. Here, impact of intestinal glucuronide hydrolysis on the pharmacokinetics of aglycone is evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with liver and/or intestine as eliminating organs. It is found that compared with its absence, the presence of intestinal glucuronide hydrolysis leads to increases in the oral systemic bioavailability (F(sys)) of aglycone. The magnitude of fold increase is positively correlated with the level of metabolism, as metabolic clearance mainly contributes to recycled amount of glucuronide. Although F(sys) is independent of the glucuronide efflux in a traditional model and a segregated-flow model of the intestine, dependence of F(sys) on the glucuronide efflux can be observed in a segmental segregated-flow model of the intestine and whole-body PBPK models. Interestingly, when the ratio of apical versus basolateral efflux intrinsic clearances (of glucuronide) is fixed, their effects on the intestinal bioavailability and F(sys) cease to exist. In addition, glucuronide hydrolysis can lead to a significantly delayed elimination of the aglycone as evidenced by a prolonged (e.g., a 2.1-fold increase) T(1/2). Surprisingly, when a pharmacokinetic profile for aglycone is simulated with a flat terminal portion (a reflection of the experimental observations), changes in the aglycone bioavailabilities are limited (i.e., ≤ 1.3-fold). In conclusion, this study explores the possible role of intestinal glucuronide hydrolysis in the disposition of aglycone via simulations utilizing various PBPK models. The mechanistic observations should be helpful to better understand the complex glucuronidation in vivo.