cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults

BackgroundThe epidemiologic characteristics of children and young adults with acute kidney injury have been described in single-center and retrospective studies. We conducted a multinational, prospective study involving patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units to define the incremental risk of death and complications associated with severe acute kidney injury. MethodsWe used the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria to define acute kidney injury. Severe acute kidney injury was defined as stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury (plasma creatinine level ≥2 times the baseline level or urine output <0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight per hour for ≥12 hours) and was assessed for the first 7 days of intensive care. All patients 3 months to 25 years of age who were admitted to 1 of 32 participating units were screened during 3 consecutive months. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. ResultsA total of 4683 patients were evaluated; acute kidney injury developed in 1261 patients (26.9%; 95% co...
CCM–DCM Power-Multiplexed Control Scheme for Single-Inductor Multiple-Output DC–DC Power Converter With No Cross Regulation

Single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) switching dc–dc power converter architecture is a cost-effective alternative to multiple individual switching power converters solution in many power distribution system applications where multiple voltage rails are required at reduced cost. However, with multiple output voltage rails coupled to the same switching node, the SIMO power converters suffer from cross regulation between the multiple outputs, which complicates the closed-loop controller design of the SIMO converter and degrades regulation performance. In this paper, a power-multiplexed (PM) control scheme is proposed aiming to completely decouple the operations of multiple outputs from one another. The proposed PM control scheme results in eliminating the cross regulation among the multiple outputs while maintaining desired voltage regulation performance for each output under both steady-state and dynamic operations. Low-cost microcontroller or analog circuitries can be used to implement the proposed controller. Experimental proof of concept prototype results verify the feasibility and advantages of the proposed controller.
Executive functions and the ω-6-to-ω-3 fatty acid ratio: a cross-sectional study.

Background The ω-6 (n-6) to ω-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) ratio (n-6:n-3 ratio) was previously shown to be a predictor of executive function performance in children aged 7-9 y. Objective We aimed to replicate and extend previous findings by exploring the role of the n-6:n-3 ratio in executive function performance. We hypothesized that there would be an interaction between n-3 and the n-6:n-3 ratio, with children with low n-3 performing best with a low ratio, and those with high n-3 performing best with a high ratio. Design Children were recruited on the basis of their consumption of n-6 and n-3 FAs. The executive function performance of 78 children aged 7-12 y was tested with the use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and a planning task. Participants provided blood for plasma FA quantification, and the caregiver completed demographic and activity questionnaires. We investigated the role of the n-6:n-3 ratio in the entire sample and separately in children aged 7-9 y (n = 41) and 10-12 y (n = 37). Results Dietary and plasma n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted performance on working memory and planning tasks in children 7-12 y old. The interaction between dietary n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted the number of moves required to solve the most difficult planning problems in children aged 7-9 y and those aged 10-12 y, similar to results from the previous study. There was also an interaction between the plasma n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicting time spent thinking through the difficult 5-move planning problems. The n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted executive function performance differently in children aged 7-9 y and in those aged 10-12 y, indicating different optimal FA balances across development. Conclusions The n-6:n-3 ratio is an important consideration in the role of FAs in cognitive function, and the optimal balance of n-6 and n-3 FAs depends on the cognitive function and developmental period studied. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02199808.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF VLADIMIRITE, WITH A REVISED CHEMICAL FORMULA, Ca4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)·4H2O

Two samples of vladimirite, one from Bou Azzer, Morocco, and the other from a new occurrence in Copiapo, Chile (designated as R100075 and R080001, respectively), were examined with an electron microprobe, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that vladimirite is monoclinic with space group P 2 1 / c and unit-cell parameters a 5.8279(2), b 10.1802(4), c 22.8944(10) A, β 96.943(2)°, and V 1348.35(9) A 3 for R100075 and a 5.8220(1), b 10.1750(2), c 22.8816(6) A, β 96.902(1)°, and V 1345.66(5) A 3 for R080001. The structure determinations, with R 1 = 0.022 and 0.023 for R100075 and R080001, respectively, yielded an ideal chemical formula Ca 4 (AsO 4 ) 2 (AsO 3 OH)·4H 2 O (Z = 4) for this mineral, in contrast to Ca 5 (AsO 4 ) 2 (AsO 3 OH) 2 ·5H 2 O (Z = 3) documented in the literature. The chemical compositions for R100075 and R080001 are Ca 4.03 (AsO 4 ) 2 (As 0.99 O 3 OH)·4H 2 O and Ca 3.97 (AsO 4 ) 2 (As 1.01 O 3 OH)·4H 2 O, with trace Zn and Mn, respectively. The structure is characterized by undulating layers formed by the four nonequivalent, rather irregular Ca polyhedra [Ca1O 6 (H 2 O), Ca2O 6 (H 2 O), Ca3O 4 (H 2 O) 3 , and Ca4O 5 (H 2 O) 3 ] linked through the sharing of edges and vertices. These undulating layers are parallel to (010) and are interconnected by AsO 4 and AsO 3 OH tetrahedra, as well as hydrogen bonds, along the b axis. Vladimirite is remarkable inasmuch as one of the hydrogen-bonded O–H···O distances (O12H–H···O3) is only 2.465(2) A, which is the shortest donor–acceptor distance of all known Ca-bearing arsenate minerals, similar to the short donor–acceptor distances observed in several synthetic compounds containing AsO 3 OH groups.
The Influence of Processing Conditions on the 3-D Interconnected Structure of Nanosilver Paste

Nanosilver paste is a promising material for power device interconnects. Interconnects are fabricated from nanosilver paste through a sintering process that drives off solvents and dispersants and fuses the silver particles. The integrity of the resulting interconnect is affected by the silver microstructure. This paper explored how sintering temperature, atmosphere, and time influenced microstructure as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and 3-D imaging via dual-beam serial sectioning. Nanosilver paste was sintered in combinations of the following parameters: a sintering atmosphere of air or nitrogen; temperatures of 120 °C or 255 °C; and sintering times of 5, 10, or 30 min. For the 255 °C temperature, oxygen in air facilitated removal of organic solvent and dispersant molecules and led to a microstructure with a coarser ligament network than samples sintered at the same temperature and times in nitrogen. The coarser ligament network was characterized by thick connected ligaments, large connected pores, and few isolated pores; this microstructure has been correlatedwith improved mechanical strength. Details of both 2-D and 3-D ligament network morphology, grain morphology, grain size, and the associated grain boundaries are discussed.
Awareness during general anesthesia

aThe surgeon then made an incision straight down into my stomach. I just started to scream inside my head and prayed that I would not die. I could hear my skin tearing and ripping, and it felt like someone took a blowtorch to my stomach. Then the surgeon cut across my stomach. As he was cutting across my stomach, it felt as i f someone took 500pound bowling balls and dropped them right below my collarbone. I felt as i f I was trapped in my brain, and screaming and praying to God and telling myself to hold on.'l
Optical mapping of nonmelanoma skin Cancers-A pilot clinical study.

Background and Objective Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common human cancer. Because these tumors often affect the face, there is a strong need for both accurate removal of these neoplasms to prevent recurrence and maximal tissue preservation to prevent cosmetic or functional deformity. Polarization-enhanced reflectance and fluorescence imaging (PERFI) is a new bedside method that uses fluorescent chromophores to image NMSC. While the feasibility of the technique has been successfully demonstrated in ex vivo studies, this is the first pilot study to extend the use of PERFI to in vivo intraoperative imaging of NMSC. Materials and Methods Subjects were recruited from a population of patients with biopsy-confirmed NMSC, scheduled for Mohs micrographic surgery. Eight cases were studied. Sterile methylene blue (MB) was diluted in anaesthetic solution and infused into the peritumoral space. Digital photographs of the lesion were taken and Mohs surgery was performed. Then, the surgical bed was re-imaged. Each excision was also imaged ex vivo and processed for routine histopathology. Optical images were processed and compared with histopathology. Results and Conclusions The injection of MB was well tolerated. We observed a transient blue staining of the treated area, which disappeared completely within 1 week in all of the patients. In all subjects, the contrast agent, MB, was preferentially retained in the tumor. The ex vivo images correlated well with histopathology. In vivo images qualitatively delineated the tumor margins. The results of our pilot trial indicate that PERFI may be useful for accurate and rapid delineation of NMSC during surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interprofessional Error Disclosure Training for Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental, and Physician Assistant Students.

Introduction Errors that harm patients often have many contributing factors and ideally should be disclosed by a team rather than an individual provider. However, most health professions students l...
Contabilidad y marketing: buscando un denominador común

Accounting and marketing are very different disciplines. The analysis of customer profitability is one concept that can unite accounting and marketing as a common denominator. In this article I search for common ground between accounting and marketing in the analysis of customer profitability to determine if a common denominator really exists between the two. This analysis focuses on accounting profitability, customer lifetime value, and customer equity. The article ends with a summary of what accountants can do to move the analysis of customer value forward, as an analytical tool, within companies.
Design of low-power wake-up radios for IoT applications

• Low power WuRXs can help reduce the power of low-average-throughput nodes, especially when used in asynchronous networks • Main challenge: • Minimizing power without compromising sensitivity • Solutions: • Maximize passive gain through high-Q resonators and high Rin LNA/ED • Minimize baseband bandwidth to as low as possible under application throughput constraints • Carefully consider coding and the power consumption of peripheral circuits (e.g., oscillators, decoders, etc.) • Future challenges: • Interference rejection
Practical Management of Variable and Distributed Resources in Power Grids

Direct current power transmission was at the vanguard of the electrical industry. Whilst in the early part of the twentieth century transmission of electricity by direct current was supplanted by alternating current transmission new technologies are enabling the benefits of direct current. With the changes brought about to the electricity network as a consequence of the integration of renewable sources there will be important benefits to integrating direct current transmission into the electrical network. In this chapter the basic concept of electrical transmission via direct current will be introduced along with modern day developments.
Correction: Hydrogenation of levoglucosenone to renewable chemicals

Correction for ‘Hydrogenation of levoglucosenone to renewable chemicals’ by Siddarth H. Krishna et al., Green Chem., 2017, 19, 1278–1285.
Notes for a novel or perhaps a play or score or guide or a creative reimagining/retelling of a re-performance in which two bodies navigate the pleasures and perils of human intimacy, both romantic and platonic. Or as it is commonly referred to by those who have survived it: “An Unyielding Commitment to Matters of that Steady Beat in the Chest”

Notes for a novel or perhaps a play or score or guide or a creative reimagining/retelling of a re-performance in which two bodies navigate the pleasures and perils of human intimacy, both romantic ...
Latitudinal variation in the phenological responses of eastern tent caterpillars and their egg parasitoids

1. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) are broadly distributed within North America, with populations spanning a wide range of environmental conditions. Their egg masses are consistently attacked by a variety of wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. We performed a reciprocal transplant‐type experiment to assess the performance of three populations spanning 15° of latitude when subjected to temperature regimes resembling southern or northern conditions. 2. Exposure to warm temperatures and short overwintering periods (southern conditions) resulted in the increased survival of both caterpillars and parasitoids from all populations. By contrast, the ability of caterpillars to withstand starvation was maximised when exposed to conditions similar to their native region. 3. Caterpillar and wasp phenology differed among populations even when exposed to the same temperature regime. Individuals exposed to novel conditions hatched 2–6 weeks later than those experiencing native conditions. Under typical conditions, the relative phenology of wasps and their hosts exhibited a latitudinal gradient consistent with growing season length, with southern, central, and northern wasps, emerging 50, 45, and 36 days, respectively, after their hosts. 3. We identified four genera of primary parasitoids, which emerged within a narrow 2‐week span, and one hyperparasitoid, which emerged in distinct pulses over an approximately 5‐week span, possibly indicating the presence of a second generation. 4. Caterpillars and wasps exhibited distinct phenological responses according to population of origin, indicating that not only pre‐hatching winter and spring conditions, but also historical factors, which may include local adaptation, maternal effects, and oviposition time, influence their phenological responses.
Quantitative Characteristics of Hypsarrhythmia in Infantile Spasms

Infantile spasms is a type of epilepsy characterized by clinical seizures termed “spasms” and often an electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern known as hypsarrhythmia. Multiple studies have shown that the interrater reliability for human visual recognition of hypsarrhythmia is poor. Quantitative measurements of this EEG pattern would provide objective basis for identification; however, the basic temporal and spectral characteristics of hypsarrhythmia have never been assessed. Thus, we measured EEG amplitude and power spectra in 21 infantile spasms patients before and after treatment, as well as 21 control subjects. The hypsarrhythmia EEG pattern was associated with (1) high broadband amplitude, especially in frontal and central brain regions, (2) high median power in the delta and alpha frequency bands, and (3) low spectral edge frequency. Our results indicate that hypsarrhythmia can be quantitatively distinguished from data without hypsarrhythmia. Introduction of these quantitative measures into clinical practice may increase diagnostic accuracy, expediting proper treatment and improving outcomes.
Anomalous Hall effect in the trigonal Cr 5 Te 8 single crystal

We report anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and transport properties of trigonal ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{8}$ (tr-${\mathrm{Cr}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{8})$ single crystals. The electrical resistivity as well as the Seebeck coefficient show a clear kink at the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition of tr-${\mathrm{Cr}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{8}$, which is also confirmed by the heat capacity measurement. The scaling behavior between anomalous Hall resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xy}^{A}$ and longitudinal resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}$ is linear below ${T}_{c}$. Further analysis suggests that the AHE in tr-${\mathrm{Cr}}_{5}{\mathrm{Te}}_{8}$ is dominated by the skew-scattering mechanism rather than the intrinsic or extrinsic side-jump mechanism.
Expanding Horizons: The Effect of Information Access on Geographically Biased Investing

Using investor internet access, we show that increased information access leads to decreased geographic bias in retail investor portfolios, although this ultimately harms the portfolio performance. With internet access improving information access, investors must choose whether to focus their attention on local or distant stocks, subsequently increasing or decreasing their geographic bias, respectively. We find that investors are more likely to invest in more distant stocks after starting to trade online. This is especially true for investors from rural areas and the southern region of the U.S. However, online investors are less likely to invest in new industries, increase their trend-chasing behavior, and appear to lose their advantage in local holdings, resulting in decreased Sharpe ratios despite the diversification benefits. The evidence is most consistent with distant stocks grabbing the attention of online investors and distracting them from their competitive advantage. Our findings demonstrate that while information access provides benefits for investors, it can also exacerbate behavioral biases, which places additional responsibility on investors to carefully manage how they use their access.
Satellite radar interferometry using micro-retroreflective arrays

Advances in space-based geospatial remote sensing technologies, especially interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), have enabled precise monitoring of land surface deformations due to geologic and human processes such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mining. The success of infrastructure monitoring using InSAR techniques is sometimes limited because a distinguishable radar target is not located at the specific point of interest. To overcome this limitation corner reflectors (CRs) are typically employed to provide detectable, measurable targets at the desired locations. However, CRs are cumbersome three-dimensional structures that are difficult to install and align on infrastructure in an inconspicuous manner that also preserve the aesthetic and structural integrity of the installation site. In this research we developed and tested a two-dimensional Van Atta (VA) array retro-reflector to replace the conventional CR in InSAR remote sensing applications. The two-dimensional retro-reflective array can be discreetly flush mounted onto new or existing infrastructure, thereby preserving the aesthetics of the installation site, and will be less vulnerable to vandalism or damage from the elements (rain, snow, wind). A novel antenna element composed of micro-strip patches and Substrate Integrated Waveguides (SIW) was developed and used in the VA array design. Electromagnetic modeling and simulation using the FEKO code was performed to streamline the design process. To investigate array performance versus Radar Cross Section (RCS), a reconfigurable array, based on an elemental (16 x 16 element) array panel, was employed. Increasing or decreasing the number of panels used to assemble the array increased or decreased the RCS. We designed and fabricated nine VA arrays which were assembled into various multi-panel VA geometries. RCS and retroreflective beam pattern were measured in the lab to confirm that they met the design specifications. Field validation was performed on the VA arrays, in addition to a reference corner reflector, custom designed for this project. Multiple high resolution TerraSAR-X satellite images have been acquired, processed, and analyzed using existing COTS software and routines developed at SwRI. Results indicate that the Van Atta arrays are a viable alternative to CRs and can be potentially employed in a variety of applications including military, hazard reduction and climate change.
Genetic Testing in the Diagnosis and Biology of Acute Leukemia.

OBJECTIVES The 2017 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology examined the role of molecular genetics in the diagnosis and biology of acute leukemia. METHODS Acute leukemias were reviewed in two sessions: "Genetic Testing in Diagnosis of Acute Leukemias" (53 cases) and "Genetics Revealing the Biology of Acute Leukemias" (41 cases). RESULTS Cases included acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage. Many cases demonstrated genetic alterations of known diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic significance, while others exhibited alterations that illuminated disease biology. The workshop highlighted the complexity of acute leukemia diagnosis and follow-up, while illustrating advantages and pitfalls of molecular genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS Our understanding of the molecular genetics of acute leukemias continues to grow rapidly. Awareness of the potential complexity of genetic architecture and environment is critical and emphasizes the importance of integrating clinical information with morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic evaluation.
Analysis of Temporal Trends and Variation in the Use of Defibrillation Testing in Contemporary Practice

Importance Defibrillation testing (DFT) is performed during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation to assess the capacity of the device to detect and terminate ventricular arrhythmias. However, DFT can result in complications and omission of its use has been shown to be safe. Objective To describe temporal trends and variation in the use of DFT in contemporary practice in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter cross-sectional study used data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry. A total of 499 211 patients from 1794 different facilities undergoing first-time ICD implantation from April 2010 to December 2015 were included. Data analysis was performed from May 20, 2015, to August 15, 2019. Exposure Defibrillation testing was assessed using the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry. Main Outcomes and Measures Defibrillation testing rates and median odds ratios (MORs) were assessed over time. The MOR represents the odds that a randomly selected patient receiving testing at a hospital with high testing rates would be tested compared with if he or she had received care at a hospital with low testing rates. Results Of the 499 211 patients from 1794 different facilities included in this analysis, the mean (SD) age of the population was 65.5 (13.4) years and 356 681 patients (71.4%) were men. The use of DFT declined from 71.6% in the first calendar quarter of 2010 to 36.4% in the fourth quarter of 2015 (P Conclusions and Relevance Defibrillation testing at the time of ICD placement in the United States may have declined over time; however, institutional variation in its use appears to be marked and increased. This variability in the reduced use of defibrillation testing could reflect differences in individual or institutional cultures of practice.
Grain growth and superconductivity of rhenium electrodeposited from water-in-salt electrolytes

The relationship between superconductivity and the film preparation conditions, i.e., the thickness and annealing process, in electrodeposited rhenium (Re) films is studied in order to understand the effect of grain size and impurities on the film's superconducting transition temperature, Tc. A water-in-salt electrolyte was used to mitigate embrittlement by reducing hydrogen evolution at the cathode where Re is deposited. The as-deposited films exhibit a highly disordered atomic structure and superconductivity up to a temperature of Tc > 5.8 K, consistent with that expected from amorphous films. A reduction of the critical temperature of superconductivity is found to accompany grain growth. However, for film thicknesses less than 300 nm the grain growth is inhibited. This leads to a retention of the critical temperature upon annealing these thin films. A reduction of impurities in Re films is found to accompany annealing, and significant grain growth is found to proceed rapidly at temperatures of 220 °C in inert atmospheres. The introduction of hydrogen in the annealing ambient further facilitates this grain growth.
Quantitative Assessment of Tendon Hierarchical Structure by Combined Second Harmonic Generation and Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Histological evaluation of healing tendons is primarily focused on monitoring restoration of longitudinal collagen alignment, although the elastic property of energy-storing flexor tendons is large...
Outer membrane vesicles catabolize lignin-derived aromatic compounds in Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Lignin is an abundant and recalcitrant component of plant cell walls. While lignin degradation in nature is typically attributed to fungi, growing evidence suggests that bacteria also catabolize this complex biopolymer. However, the spatiotemporal mechanisms for lignin catabolism remain unclear. Improved understanding of this biological process would aid in our collective knowledge of both carbon cycling and microbial strategies to valorize lignin to value-added compounds. Here, we examine lignin modifications and the exoproteome of three aromatic–catabolic bacteria: Pseudomonas putida KT2440, Rhodoccocus jostii RHA1, and Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116. P. putida cultivation in lignin-rich media is characterized by an abundant exoproteome that is dynamically and selectively packaged into outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Interestingly, many enzymes known to exhibit activity toward lignin-derived aromatic compounds are enriched in OMVs from early to late stationary phase, corresponding to the shift from bioavailable carbon to oligomeric lignin as a carbon source. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that enzymes contained in the OMVs are active and catabolize aromatic compounds. Taken together, this work supports OMV-mediated catabolism of lignin-derived aromatic compounds as an extracellular strategy for nutrient acquisition by soil bacteria and suggests that OMVs could potentially be useful tools for synthetic biology and biotechnological applications.
5.17 – Antigen-Specific Signal Transduction

B and T lymphocytes utilize membrane immunoglobulins and T cell receptors, respectively, to recognize antigens at their surfaces and then transmit this information to the cell interior. Although immunoglobulins and the T cell receptor are distinct proteins at the sequence level, they share common structural and organizational features with respect to their signal transduction function. In particular, after antigen binding, and at the initiation of signaling each serves as a nucleation center about which transmembrane supermacromoleular clusters of signaling proteins form. Although neither membrane immunoglobulins nor the T cell receptors have protein tyrosine kinase activity of their own, protein tyrosine kinases of the Src and Syk families are intimately involved in the formation and stabilization of these clusters and subsequent signaling events. Additionally, release of calcium from intracellular stores and the sustained influx of calcium from the external medium into the cytoplasmic compartment are rapidly triggered by the growing signaling complexes. As does tyrosine phosphorylation, the binding of calcium to regulatory domains of various signaling molecules influences the structure and function of the signaling complexes, and contributes to downstream signaling. Thus for both B and T cells, numerous tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium-binding events spatially segregated on the signaling clusters also constitute a complicated interconnected signaling network expressed in time. The analysis of these intricate signaling networks can be simplified and facilitated by studying the behavior of the major signal integration points such as the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase or the level of intracellular Ca2+. The biological consequences of receptor–antigen interactions, be they clonal expansion, differentiation, anergy, or apoptosis, are often seen to depend to a large extent upon signal strength, as measured by the magnitude of tyrosine phosphorylation or level of Ca2+ transients at these integration points. Signal strength in turn is a function of the intrinsic strength of the antigen–receptor interactions, but potentially can be modulated by environmental toxicants.
Interplay of BAF and MLL4 promotes cell type-specific enhancer activation

Cell type-specific enhancers are activated by coordinated actions of lineage-determining transcription factors (LDTFs) and chromatin regulators. The SWI/SNF complex BAF and the histone H3K4 methyltransferase MLL4 (KMT2D) are both implicated in enhancer activation. However, the interplay between BAF and MLL4 in enhancer activation remains unclear. Using adipogenesis as a model system, we identified BAF as the major SWI/SNF complex that colocalizes with MLL4 and LDTFs on active enhancers and is required for cell differentiation. In contrast, the promoter enriched SWI/SNF complex PBAF is dispensable for adipogenesis. By depleting BAF subunits SMARCA4 (BRG1) and SMARCB1 (SNF5) as well as MLL4 in cells, we showed an reciprocal regulation between BAF and MLL4 on active enhancers before and during adipogenesis. By focusing on enhancer activation by the adipogenic transcription factor C/EBPβ without inducing cell differentiation, we provide direct evidence for an interdependent relationship between BAF and MLL4 in activating cell type-specific enhancers. Together, these findings reveal a positive feedback between BAF and MLL4 in promoting LDTF-dependent activation of cell type-specific enhancers.
Anticipating the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis: Who Knew What and When Did They Know It?

We examine the ability of three groups of informed market participants to anticipate the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Institutional investors and financial analysts exhibit some awareness of the impending crisis in their preference for nonfinancial stocks over financial stocks. In contrast, corporate insiders of financial firms appear to be completely unaware of the timing and extent of the financial crisis. Net purchases by managers of financial firms exceed those by managers of nonfinancial firms over the entire 2006–2008 period. Our results add considerable weight to the argument that the financial crisis was more a case of flawed judgment than flawed incentives.
Water column contributions to the metabolism and nutrient dynamics of mid-sized rivers

Lotic and lentic ecosystems are traditionally viewed as dominated by either benthic or water column processes. However, mid-sized rivers represent a transition zone where both benthic and water column processes may both contribute substantially to ecosystem dynamics. Ecosystem processes such as gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), or nutrient uptake, and the relative contribution of the water column to these processes at the reach scale, are poorly understood in non-wadeable, mid-sized rivers. To clarify the role of the water column at the reach-scale, and to quantify controls on water column processes, we measured GPP, ER, and uptake of nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the water columns of 15 mid-sized rivers (discharge: 13.5–83.3 m3 s−1) spanning nutrient and total suspended solids gradients. We compared water column metabolic and nutrient uptake rates to reach-scale rates to estimate the contribution of the water column to the entire river. Water column metabolism was autotrophic on the day when measured, GPP increased with nutrient availability, and the water column contributed more to whole river GPP than to ER. Water column nutrient uptake increased with GPP across solutes, and there was a positive relationship between human land use and water column uptake of NO3−–N and SRP. The water column accounted for a substantial proportion of reach-scale metabolism and nutrient uptake, but this contribution depended on suspended material and nutrient availability. Integrating the water column into theory describing lotic ecosystem function should clarify mechanisms controlling metabolism and nutrient processing and enhance management of non-wadeable rivers.
Abstract P489: Differences in Characteristics of Octogenarian Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy for Carotid Stenosis: Insights From a Real World Surgical Quality Registry

Introduction: Several clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of a carotid revascularization procedure excluded patients above age 80. In the current study, we sought to assess the differences in c...
Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of the trans-Stereoisomers of 1-Amino-3-(fluoro-18F)-4-fluorocyclopentane-1-carboxylic Acid as PET Imaging Agents.

The enantiomeric non-natural cyclic amino acids (3R,4R)-1-amino-3-fluoro-4-(fluoro-18F)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid and (3S,4S)-1-amino-3-fluoro-4-(fluoro-18F)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid ([18F...
Characteristics of Texas Coastal Current from 2018 to 2019 from HF Radar Observations

The Texas HF (High Frequency) radar network consists of five radars (operational since 2016) distributed along the Texas Coast and covers most of the Texas Coastal Current (TCC) region. Based on this HF radar system dataset from 2018.10 to 2019.8, the TCC shows a significant seasonal difference between summertime and non-summer. This has been revealed by the previous research that the low-frequency (>40hr) variations of the TCC are dominated by the local wind stress, and this summertime change of the TCC is due to the reverse of the summer wind. Since the wind shifted from down-coast to up-coast in July, the TCC also reversed to up-coast. The area of the TCC region is not only controlled by the strength of local wind, but it is also affected by passing sub-mesoscale eddies and density-driven currents related to freshwater input from local and remote rivers. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analyzed results of the 40-hour low-passed stream function showed that roughly 74% of the total variance of the TCC is dominated by the variation of the local wind, and about 13% is impacted by the passing eddies and ocean stratification. The impact of local wind is more dominant in the nearshore shallow water region, and the effect of passing eddies mainly focuses on the relatively offshore area. Cyclonic eddies show a similar effect as the down-coast wind stress, it could intensify the down-coast TCC and make it wider, but the intensity of the TCC in the nearshore region will be rarely impacted by the passing eddies. When the anticyclonic eddies passed, the down-coast TCC would be countered partially in the offshore area so that the down-coast (up-coast) TCC would become relatively narrower (wider). The third EOF mode (5%) seems related to the geopotential anomaly, which is caused by the terrestrial input freshwater that could generate strong stratification. The high-frequency (<40hr) part of TCC shows correlations to the high-frequency variations of the local wind.
Robust skyrmion mediated reversal of ferromagnetic nanodots of 20 nm lateral dimension with high Ms and observable DMI.

Implementation of skyrmion based energy efficient and high-density data storage devices requires aggressive scaling of skyrmion size. Ferrimagnetic materials are considered to be a suitable platform for this purpose due to their low saturation magnetization (i.e. smaller stray field). However, this method of lowering the saturation magnetization and scaling the lateral size of skyrmions is only applicable where the skyrmions have a smaller lateral dimension compared to the hosting film. Here, we show by performing rigorous micromagnetic simulation that the size of skyrmions, which have lateral dimension comparable to their hosting nanodot can be scaled by increasing saturation magnetization. Also, when the lateral dimension of nanodot is reduced and thereby the skyrmion confined in it is downscaled, there remains a challenge in forming a stable skyrmion with experimentally observed Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) values since this interaction has to facilitate higher canting per spin to complete a 360° rotation along the diameter. In our study, we found that skyrmions can be formed in 20 nm lateral dimension nanodots with high saturation magnetization (1.30–1.70 MA/m) and DMI values (~ 3 mJ/m2) that have been reported to date. This result could stimulate experiments on implementation of highly dense skyrmion devices. Additionally, using this, we show that voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy based switching mediated by an intermediate skyrmion state can be achieved in the soft layer of a ferromagnetic p-MTJ of lateral dimensions 20 nm with sub 1 fJ/bit energy in the presence of room temperature thermal noise with reasonable DMI ~ 3 mJ/m2.
5 LAB-GROWN MEAT AND LEATHER

Biofabrication has far-reaching implications beyond medicine. A particularly compelling case for building with living cells is in the production of animal-derived food and consumer products, such as meat, dairy, eggs, and leather. Replacements for traditionally sourced meat and leather are the focus of this chapter, as they are the predominant focus of research, development, and commercialization in this field. This is because meat, though a large and important part of many culinary cultures, comes with some potential disadvantages that have been highlighted in recent years. These include the pollution generated by animal farms, the prevalence of foodborne illnesses in animal products, and the ethical concerns raised by housing large and growing numbers of farm animals within diminishing global land resources. 1 Engineered replacements for meat and other animal-derived products have, therefore, become of significant interest to the biofabrication community in recent years.
Dietary fructose in pregnancy induces hyperglycemia, hypertension, and pathologic kidney and liver changes in a rodent model.

Abstract Purpose The incidence of pregnancies complicated by hyperglycemia and hypertension is increasing along with associated morbidities to mother and offspring. The high fructose diet is a well-studied model that induces hyperglycemia and hypertension in male rodents, but may not affect females. We hypothesized that the physiologic stress of pregnancy may alter metabolic responses to dietary fructose. Materials and methods In this study female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two gestational dietary groups: (1) 60% carbohydrate standard rat chow (Pregnant-S—controls) and (2) 60% fructose enriched chow (Pregnant-F). Body weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, and insulin were measured in pregnancy and during the post-partum period. Maternal organ weight and histological changes were also assessed after delivery. Results By midpregnancy Pregnant-F rats had increased weight, elevated blood pressure, higher fasting glucose, and elevated triglycerides compared with Pregnant-S rats. Both groups demonstrated elevated gestational insulin levels with signs of insulin resistance (increased HOMA-IR). Pregnant-F rats showed significant histopathologic hepatic steatosis and renal tubular changes characterized by tubular dilation and glomerulosclerosis. Conclusion Our study provides a model in which dietary change during pregnancy can be examined. We demonstrate, moreover, that high dietary fructose ingestion in pregnant rats may result in profound systemic and pathologic changes not appreciated during routine pregnancy.
Improving the University of Idaho Clean Snowmobile

The University of Idaho's (UI's) entry into the 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Clean Snowmobile Challenge provided proof-of-concept for a clean and quiet snowmobile using a four-stroke engine, exhaust after-treatment and electronic fuel injection. This combination provided excellent emissions and fuel consumption performance while maintaining acceptable power. In 2002, the UI improved on this design by fine-tuning the engine, using higher efficiency components to improve power transmission, and adding sound damping to reduce noise. For 2003, the UI continued to improve on this design with a larger displacement engine, a tuned exhaust, and a new strategy on noise emissions. Results included achieving First Place overall in the competition, and five other awards. The team also began developing a direct injection two-stroke engine for competition in future years.
Multiple Component Learning for Object Detection

Object detection is one of the key problems in computer vision. In the last decade, discriminative learning approaches have proven effective in detecting rigid objects, achieving very low false positives rates. The field has also seen a resurgence of part-based recognition methods, with impressive results on highly articulated, diverse object categories. In this paper we propose a discriminative learning approach for detection that is inspired by part-based recognition approaches. Our method, Multiple Component Learning (mcl), automatically learns individual component classifiers and combines these into an overall classifier. Unlike previous methods, which rely on either fairly restricted part models or labeled part data, mcl learns powerful component classifiers in a weakly supervised manner, where object labels are provided but part labels are not. The basis of mcl lies in learning a set classifier; we achieve this by combining boosting with weakly supervised learning, specifically the Multiple Instance Learning framework (mil). mcl is general, and we demonstrate results on a range of data from computer audition and computer vision. In particular, mcl outperforms all existing methods on the challenging INRIA pedestrian detection dataset, and unlike methods that are not part-based, mcl is quite robust to occlusions.
The Cosmic Rosetta Stone

Numerical simulations of the first stars to appear in the universe may illuminate the general processes of star formation.
Whose Child is it, Anyway: The Demise of Family Autonomy and Parental Authority

As the last days of the current century approach, the principles of family autonomy and parental authority are under attack. The legal landscape is littered with examples of both legislative and judicial invasions of family privacy. This essay reviews the persistent and sustained assaults on the autonomy and authority of natural parents.
Clinical implications of design characteristics, flow rates, and suction pressure attributes in commercially available training cups.

Objective Transitioning from a bottle to open cup drinking can be a lengthy process in typical development. Children are often introduced to training cups during this period. Due to a lack of standardization in commercially available training cups, differences in design and performance characteristics may potentially create medical complications in developmentally delayed individuals. Our purpose is to report commercially available training cup design characteristics, residual fluid, flow rates, and suction pressures and discuss the potential clinical implications. Design A testing apparatus was developed to determine suction pressure and flow rate. Nine commercially available training cups were tested by two independent research teams. Experimental data were filtered and then fit with a linear approximation determined by a least squares method. Results Commercially available cups exhibited extensive variability in design parameters, suction pressure, rate of flow, and residual fluid. Conclusion The extensive variability of design and function within current commercially available cups has clinical implications for children with development delays such as the ingestion of air and aspiration. Studying the variability of existing training cup performance identifies characteristics that impact cup function which can influence future cup design.
ACE inhibition improves cardiac NE uptake and attenuates sympathetic nerve terminal abnormalities in heart failure.

Cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal dysfunction plays an important role in the downregulation of myocardial β-adrenoceptors in heart failure. To determine whether chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition improved cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal function and hence increased myocardial β-adrenergic responsiveness, we administered ACE inhibitors to dogs with chronic right-sided heart failure (RHF) produced by tricuspid avulsion and pulmonary artery constriction. The RHF animals exhibited fluid retention, elevated right heart filling pressures, blunted inotropic response to isoproterenol, and reduced β-adrenoceptor density. These changes were accompanied by decreases in right ventricular norepinephrine (NE) uptake and neuronal NE histofluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive profiles. ACE inhibitors had no effect on the production of heart failure but greatly reduced the attenuation of cardiac NE uptake, neuronal NE histofluorescence, and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive profiles. ACE inhibition also improved the inotropic response to isoproterenol and restored myocardial β-adrenoceptor density. The changes probably are caused by reduction of cardiac NE release by ACE inhibition and may contribute to the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic heart failure.
Including Lanthanides and Actinides

Triethylscandium and triethylttrium etherates were prepared from ScCl3 and YCl3, respectively, by the reaction with EtMgBr (317). Attempts to duplicate the results were unsuccessful (2).
Combined visual illusion effects on the perceived index of difficulty and movement outcomes in discrete and continuous fitts’ tapping

The speed-accuracy trade-off is a fundamental movement problem that has been extensively investigated. It has been established that the speed at which one can move to tap targets depends on how large the targets are and how far they are apart. These spatial properties of the targets can be quantified by the index of difficulty (ID). Two visual illusions are known to affect the perception of target size and movement amplitude: the Ebbinghaus illusion and Muller-Lyer illusion. We created visual images that combined these two visual illusions to manipulate the perceived ID, and then examined people’s visual perception of the targets in illusory context as well as their performance in tapping those targets in both discrete and continuous manners. The findings revealed that the combined visual illusions affected the perceived ID similarly in both discrete and continuous judgment conditions. However, the movement outcomes were affected by the combined visual illusions according to the tapping mode. In discrete tapping, the combined visual illusions affected both movement accuracy and movement amplitude such that the effective ID resembled the perceived ID. In continuous tapping, none of the movement outcomes were affected by the combined visual illusions. Participants tapped the targets with higher speed and accuracy in all visual conditions. Based on these findings, we concluded that distinct visual-motor control mechanisms were responsible for execution of discrete and continuous Fitts’ tapping. Although discrete tapping relies on allocentric information (object-centered) to plan for action, continuous tapping relies on egocentric information (self-centered) to control for action. The planning-control model for rapid aiming movements is supported.