cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good fats: lipidomics approach identify novel regulators of glucose homeostasis.

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) continues to rise worldwide. The key features of T2D are altered insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. The insulin responsive glucose transporter, Glut4, facilitates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. Glut4 has been shown to be downregulated specifically in adipose tissue (AT) but not in muscle in both humans and mouse models with T2D and obesity.1 In this study, Yore et al2 used lipidomics analysis in mice overexpressing Glut4 selectively in AT (AG4OX) to identify a novel class of lipids, the branched fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs), with antidiabetic properties. Previous work from this group showed that tissue-specific knockdown of Glut4 in adipocytes caused insulin resistance, whereas overexpression resulted in enhanced glucose tolerance. In addition, the authors previously established that the transcription factor, carbohydrate-responsive element …
Factors impacting on-time transfer to the operating room in patients undergoing peripheral nerve blocks in the preoperative area.

Abstract Study Objectives To assess the on-time transfer to the operating room (OR) when peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are performed prior to surgery. Design Prospective time motion study. Setting Preoperative area of a university medical center. Patients 650 candidates for PNBs for postoperative analgesia. Intervention Patients were allocated to two groups: a control group (no PNB performed) and a PNB group (PNBs performed). Measurement Time The time required to perform each of the steps leading to transfer to the OR was recorded. Main Results On-time transfer was achieved in 40% and 49% in the blocked (n = 549) and control groups (n = 101), respectively ( P = 0.067, one-sided). Surgery-related delays represented the most important causes of delays (51.9% in the control group and 53.8% in the PNB group). The average time required to perform the blocks was 21 minutes (20-22 min). This time varied with the type and number of blocks performed (12-30 min). Performing PNBs accounted for 15.1% of delays. Conclusions Performing PNBs prior to surgery in the preoperative area takes additional time. This time needs to be considered in optimizing on-time transfer to the OR.
Efficient Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethyl Phenol using Non-Exchanged and H+ Exchanged Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieves (K-OMS-2 and H–K-OMS-2) as Catalysts

A new and efficient oxidation process of 2,3,6-trimethyl phenol to 2,3,6-trimethyl benzoquinone (TMQ) is reported forthwith using non-exchanged and H+-exchanged manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (K-OMS-2 and H–K-OMS-2) as benign catalysts. The oxidation reaction is efficiently carried out using TBHP as oxidant and with catalytic amounts of OMS-2 achieving >95% conversion with excellent selectivity (~99%) to TMQ in 30 min.
Structure of Fermionic Density Matrices: Complete N-Representability Conditions

We present a constructive solution to the $N$-representability problem: a full characterization of the conditions for constraining the two-electron reduced density matrix to represent an $N$-electron density matrix. Previously known conditions, while rigorous, were incomplete. Here, we derive a hierarchy of constraints built upon (i) the bipolar theorem and (ii) tensor decompositions of model Hamiltonians. Existing conditions $D$, $Q$, $G$, $T1$, and $T2$, known classical conditions, and new conditions appear naturally. Subsets of the conditions are amenable to polynomial-time computations of strongly correlated systems.
Multiple oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions of atmospheric sulfate in Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Abstract Secondary atmospheric sulfates (SAS) is the ultimate oxidation product and sink for sulfur gases of biological, volcanic, and anthropogenic origins on Earth. Their presence in the atmosphere as aqueous or solid phases contributes to acid rain and climate change, thus, understanding SAS formation pathways is pertinent. There has been extensive measurement of δ 34 S values for SAS, which mainly aimed at source identification. Relatively fewer oxygen isotope compositions ( δ 18 O, Δ 17 O), which are most useful for resolving competing oxidation pathways, were available, however. This study represents the first effort to characterize the Δ 17 O, δ 18 O, and δ 34 S simultaneously for SAS in a tropospheric air shed. We measured a total of 20 samples collected in Baton Rouge (LA, USA) during a 600-day period. The isotope compositions for atmospheric sulfate range from +0.25‰ to +1.43‰ for Δ 17 O, +11.8‰ to +19.3‰ for δ 18 O, and −1.4‰ to +3.8‰ for δ 34 S. No apparent correlation is found among Δ 17 O, δ 18 O, or δ 34 S values. The Δ 17 O has no seasonal variation and its values are consistent with an oxidation pathway dominated by aqueous H 2 O 2 . The δ 18 O and δ 34 S are within the range of those observed in other sites around the world and are not characteristic for Baton Rouge. Despite the huge variability in atmospheric condition among mid-latitude sites, the long-term average Δ 17 O value for SAS appears to fall within a fairly narrow range from +0.6‰ to +0.8‰, which is ∼1‰ to 2‰ lower than those in polar sites.
Are Actor and Action Semantics Retained in Video Supervoxel Segmentation

Existing methods in the semantic computer vision community seem unable to deal with the explosion and richness of modern, open-source and social video content. Although sophisticated methods such as object detection or bag-of-words models have been well studied, they typically operate on low level features and ultimately suffer from either scalability issues or a lack of semantic meaning. On the other hand, video supervoxel segmentation has recently been established and applied to large scale data processing, which potentially serves as an intermediate representation to high level video semantic extraction. The supervoxels are rich decompositions of the video content: they capture object shape and motion well. However, it is not yet known if the supervoxel segmentation retains the semantics of the underlying video content. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of how well the action and actor semantics are retained in video supervoxel segmentation. Our study has human observers watching supervoxel segmentation videos and trying to discriminate both actor (human or animal) and action (one of eight everyday actions). We gather and analyze a large set of 640 human perceptions over 96 videos in 3 different supervoxel scales. Our ultimate findings suggest that a significant amount of semantics have been well retained in the video supervoxel segmentation.
Quantifying the blood oxygenation level dependent effect in cerebral blood volume-weighted functional MRI at 9.4T.

In cerebral blood volume (CBV)-weighted functional MRI (fMRI) employing superparamagnetic contrast agent, iron dose and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contamination are two important issues for experimental design and CBV quantification. Both BOLD and CBV-weighted fMRI are based upon the susceptibility effect, to which spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences have different sensitivities. In the present study, CBV-weighted fMRI was conducted using spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences at 9.4T by systematically changing the doses of contrast agent. Results suggest that BOLD contamination is a significant component in CBV-weighted fMRI at high field, particularly when relatively low dose of contrast agent is administered. A mathematical model was developed to quantify the extravascular (EV) BOLD effect. With a TE of 35 ms, the EV BOLD effect was estimated to account for 76 ± 12% of the observed spin-echo fMRI signal at 9.4T. These data suggest that correcting BOLD effect may be necessary for accurately quantifying activation-induced CBV changes at high field. Magn Reson Med 58:616–621, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Short-term Synaptic Plasticity and Transmission of Complex Spike Trains: to Depress or to Facilitate?

Experimental studies have revealed conspicuous short-term facilitation and depression that are expressed differentially at distinct classes of cortical synapses. To explore computational implications of synaptic dynamics, we investigated transmission of complex spike trains through a stochastic model of cortical synapse endowed with short-term facilitation and vesicle depletion. Inputs to the synapse model were either real spike train data recorded from the visual and prefrontal cortices of behaving monkeys, or were generated numerically with prescribed temporal statistics. We tested the hypothesis that short-term facilitation could enable synapses to filter out single spikes and favor bursts of action potentials. We found that the ratio between release probabilities for a burst spike and an isolated spike grows monotonically with increasing number of spikes per burst, and with increasing interval between isolated spikes. Burst detection is optimal when the facilitation time constant matches the average burst duration. Using fractal-like spike patterns characterized by long-term power-law temporal correlations and similar to those seen in sensory neurons, we found that facilitation increases correlation at short time scales. In contrast, depression leads to a dramatic reduction in temporal correlations at all time scales, and to a flat ('whitened') power spectrum, thereby decorrelating natural input signals.
Macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age- related macular degeneration: A prospective study

Abstract PURPOSE: To conduct a prospective study of macular translocation in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: In 10 eyes of 10 patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization and best-corrected visual acuity ranging from 20/50 to 20/800 (median, 20/111), the fovea was relocated by means of scleral imbrication, intentional retinal detachment with small posterior retinotomies, and partial fluid-air exchange. In two eyes, the choroidal neovascular membranes were removed at the time of macular translocation; in seven eyes they were photocoagulated in the postoperative period; and in one eye the membrane was removed during reoperation to unfold a macular fold. RESULTS: All 10 eyes were followed up for 6 months. The median postoperative foveal displacement was 1286 μm (range, 114 to 1,919 μm). In three eyes (30%), a foveal fold formed postoperatively requiring reoperation, with one of these eyes requiring a second reoperation for a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in four eyes (median, 10.5 letters) and decreased in six eyes (median, 14.5 letters). The median change in visual acuity was a decrease of 5 letters. The final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/80 in two eyes, 20/126 in one eye, 20/160 in four eyes, 20/200 in one eye, 20/250 in one eye, and 20/640 in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with limited macular translocation suggests that this surgical technique is unpredictable. However, in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization from age-related macular degeneration, it offers the potential for improving visual function and may be associated with less loss of vision than the disease itself, if allowed to progress. Further refinements in surgical indications and technique are needed to make this procedure safer, more predictable, and more beneficial.
Ab initio molecular dynamics of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer around a three-state conical intersection in malonaldehyde.

Excited-state potential energy surface (PES) characterization is carried out at the CASSCF and MRSDCI levels, followed by ab initio dynamics simulation of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) on the S2(ππ*) state in malonaldehyde. The proton-transfer transition state lies close to an S2/S1 conical intersection, leading to substantial coupling of proton transfer with electronic relaxation. Proton exchange proceeds freely on S2, but its duration is limited by competition with twisting out of the molecular plane. This rotamerization pathway leads to an intersection of the three lowest singlet states, providing the first detailed report of ab initio dynamics around a three-state intersection (3SI). There is a significant energy barrier to ESIPT on S1, and further pyramidalization of the twisted structure leads to the minimal energy S1/S0 intersection and energetic terminal point of excited-state dynamics. Kinetics and additional mechanistic details of these pathways are discussed. Significant ...
Charge transmission through liquid neon and helium surfaces

The transmission of charges through liquid neon and helium surfaces was studied. It was found that the penetration of charges from the liquid to the gas phase is more complex than a simple barrier penetration. The effective surface trapping times of localized electrons in liquid neon is much longer than previously measured.
Runaway with Words: Teaching Poetry to At-Risk Teens.

This article reports on “Runaway with Words,” a poetry workshop for at-risk teens in Florida's runaway shelters. Through various exercises, oral recitations, and conversations, troubled teens learn basic writing skills that help them gain control over their emotions. Students, counselors, and instructors alike are asked to participate in the workshop, thus increasing the approachability of the adults and providing a crucial distinction between this experience and school. In the year and a half of the program's existence, Runaway with Words has interacted with a variety of children from a variety of backgrounds. Poems taken from the program's work with PACE and The Village School in Orlando demonstrate what can be achieved artistically in a relatively short period of time.
The inverse optoacoustic effect: Sound generation through emission of blackbody radiation

Abstract When an infrared active gas is periodically exposed to a body at low temperature the emission of radiation from the gas causes an acoustic signal to be generated. This phenomenon, known as the “inverse” optoacoustic effect, can be explained by consideration of either a two level gas, or a gas of harmonic oscillators in an enclosure where the blackbody energy density is perturbed. Experiments are reported where the phase and amplitude of the acoustic signal are measured as a function of modulation frequency, temperature, and mole fraction of the infrared active gas.
Inhibition of Chlamydiae by Primary Alcohols Correlates with the Strain-Specific Complement of Plasticity Zone Phospholipase D Genes

Members of the genus Chlamydia are obligate intracellular pathogens that have a unique biphasic developmental cycle and interactions with host cells. Many genes that dictate host infection tropism and, putatively, pathogenic manifestations of disease are clustered in a hypervariable region of the genome termed the plasticity zone (PZ). Comparative genomics studies have determined that an uncharacterized family of PZ genes encoding orthologs of eukaryotic and prokaryotic members of the phospholipase D (PLD) enzyme family varies among chlamydiae. Here, we show that the PZ PLD (pzPLD) of Chlamydia trachomatis are transcribed during both normal and persistent infection and that the corresponding PLD proteins are predominately localized in reticulate bodies on the inner leaflet of the inclusion membrane. Further, we show that strains of chlamydiae encoding the pzPLD, but not a strain lacking these genes, are inhibited by primary alcohols, potent PLD inhibitors, during growth in HeLa 229 cells. This inhibitory effect is amplified approximately 5,000-fold during recovery from persistent infection. These findings suggest that the chlamydial pzPLD may be important, strain-specific, pathogenesis factors in vivo.
Seedling emergence on Sonoran Desert dunes

Abstract Seedling emergence of psammophiles (plants restricted to active dunes) was examined with germination experiments and with field observations at the Algodones Dunes, California, U.S.A., and the Sierra del Rosario Dunes, Sonora, Mexico. In the field, perennial psammophiles germinated in response to smaller rainfall triggers (≥ 10 mm) than other woody desert plants (≥ 16 mm). In germination experiments, seedlings of three perennial psammophiles, Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii, Helianthus niveus subsp. tephrodes , and Palafoxia arida var. gigantea , emerged in larger numbers from greater soil depths than those of three nonpsammophiles, Cercidium microphyllum, Fouquieria splendens , and Palafoxia arida var. arida . Seed size for these six species did not correlate in any consistent fashion with emergence depth, suggesting that food reserves are not the only variable that ensures emergence of deeply buried psammophile seeds.
Who Enrolls In Community-Based Programs For The Uninsured, And Why Do They Stay?

Faced with growing numbers of uninsured people, many communities are developing local programs to provide coverage or improve access. Some might predict that only those with health problems would participate; however, little is known about who enrolls. This paper examines participation and retention in three different community programs aimed at low-income uninsured adults. In two of the three programs, the typical participant had no health problems. Improved access to preventive and routine physician care, and increased security about getting access to care should the need arise, appeared to be the primary benefits of both initial and continued enrollment.
Control of Overwintering Filbertworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae With Steinernema carpocapsae

Filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a key insect pest associated with hazelnuts, Corylus avellana L. (Fagales: Betulaceae), in North America. This study investigated the feasibility of entomopathogenic nematodes as an alternative strategy for filbertworm control. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted between October 2007 and May 2008 in Benton County, OR, to evaluate the ability of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to infect filbertworm larvae and pupae. The susceptibility of larvae with and without hibernacula as well as pupae to S. carpocapsae was tested in laboratory bioassays using nematode concentrations between 40 and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) per cm2. Percentage of nematode infection was not significantly affected by the presence of hibernacula (infection range, 90–92%) compared with larvae without hibernacula (80–95%), or by pupal stage (50–75%) compared with larvae (65–75%). In additional field trials, the effect of nematode rate, water application rate, and orchard floor cover on nematode efficacy was determined in October 2007 and May/June 2008. Sentinel filbertworm larvae in plots with either bare soil or debris (leaves, twigs, husks, and blank nuts) were treated with S. carpocapsae at rates ranging from 40 to 150 IJs per cm2 applied in 75 or 190 ml/m2 water. Average filbertworm mortality ranged from 2 to 11% and from 50 to 78% in October and May, respectively. Larval mortality increased with increasing nematode concentration, but was not significantly affected by water application rate or orchard floor cover. Our experiments suggest that S. carpocapsae can play a role in the control of filbertworm larvae overwintering on the orchard floor.
Variation-Aware Application Scheduling and Power Management for Chip Multiprocessors

Within-die process variation causes individual cores in a ChipMultiprocessor (CMP) to differ substantially in both static powerconsumed and maximum frequency supported. In this environment,ignoring variation effects whenscheduling applications or when managing power withDynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is suboptimal. This paper proposes variation-aware algorithms for applicationscheduling and power management. One such power managementalgorithm, called {\em LinOpt}, uses linear programmingto find the best voltage and frequency levels for each of thecores in the CMP --- maximizing throughput at a given power budget.In a 20-core CMP, the combination of variation-awareapplication scheduling and {\em LinOpt} increases the averagethroughput by 12--17\% and reduces the average $ED^2$ by 30--38\%--- all relative to using variation-awarescheduling together with a simple extension to Intel's Foxtonpower management algorithm.
A fragment of an Anglo-Saxon liturgical manuscript at the University of Missouri

A single leaf may be a valuable witness to an early manuscript that does not otherwise survive, even when it raises as many questions as it answers. Such is the case of the first fragment in a collection of some 217 leaves and fragments of medieval manuscripts owned by the University of Missouri and housed in the Rare Books Department of the Ellis Library on the Columbia, Missouri, campus. This collection, titled Fragmenta Manuscripta , derives largely from that assembled in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century by John Bagford (d. 1716), an eccentric shoemaker-turned-bookseller. Bagford was, however, not responsible for the first two leaves in the collection. They were added to the collection by the trustees of Archbishop Tenison's School in preparation for sale on 3 June 1861. The first fragment and the second, an Insular leaf of not later than tenth-century date containing grammatical excerpts, had both been removed from the binding of another volume owned by the Tenison Library. That manuscript, now London, British Library, Add. 24193, a continental codex containing the poems of Venantius Fortunatus with replacement quires supplied in two tenth-century English Caroline minuscule hands, has attracted the attention of Anglo-Saxon scholarship, but the early Insular binding fragments removed from it have remained largely unknown.
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN CHILDREN

This article provides an overview of hemolytic anemia in children. Main focus areas include acquired immune-mediated hemolysis, hemolytic anemia due to hereditary RBC disorders, hereditary hemolytic disorders caused by enzyme abnormalities, and hereditary hemolytic anemia due to hemoglobin abnormalities.
Salvage procedures in reconstructive urology.

This is an interesting evaluation of a group of extremely complicated patients, who developed non reconstructible bladder outlets either due to injury, trauma or surgical misadventure. In my personal experience, this is one of the most difficult groups of patients to reconstruct and often requires heroic measures to salvage their quality of life and continence status. The authors are to be congratulated on their perseverance and well–planned care of this devastating patient group. As the study implies, this type of injury can occur from a variety of causations, including post prostatectomy incontinence, bladder neck stenosis, neurogenic dysfunction, urethral tumor recurrence and patients with neobladders and post–tension–free vaginal taping (TVT) or colposuspension incontinence. Because this study includes both men and women, the authors have used a variety of techniques for purposes of closing the bladder neck. However, they have provided all patients with continent vesicostomy using an ileal segment that provides not only an augmentation but also a catheterizable stoma. Their results are emblematic of their technical skill and their intensive care of these individuals with an overall primary incontinence rate of 86.7. Bladder neck closure, in and of itself, is a complicated procedure. The use of interposition grafts is a critical consideration, especially in women. Unfortunately, bladder neck closure can result in persistent fistulization, which can be very problematic for subsequent management purposes. The authors are to be commended regarding their results with this as well. As the authors note, patients will require subsequent revisions for a variety of techniques and in fact, two of these series did demonstrate the need for secondary revisions. Complications are also common; both related to the use of bowel as well as the related issues of perineal breakdown and wound problems associated with bladder neck closure. Due to mesh related complications in North America, bladder neck injury is being increasingly encountered. The primary efforts for these individuals are related to urethral reconstruction with autologous bladder neck slings, in an effort to salvage them. However, in some cases where mesh has been present for long periods, fixation and fibrosis in the peri–vesical and peri–bladder neck area results in substantive difficulties in management of these individuals. This can cause the ability to fall back to a bladder neck closure with an adequate pop off mechanism, in this case catheterizable stoma, to be a critical surgical technique. Again, I wish to personally congratulate the authors on the results and their care of this particularly bothered group of individuals.
Normal mode solutions for seismo-acoustic propagation resulting from shear and combined wave point sources

Normal mode solutions to range-independent seismo-acoustic problems are benchmarked against elastic parabolic equation solutions and then used to benchmark the shear elastic parabolic equation self-starter [Frank, Odom, and Collis, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 1358–1367 (2013)]. The Pekeris waveguide with an elastic seafloor is considered for a point source located in the ocean emitting compressional waves, or in the seafloor, emitting both compressional and shear waves. Accurate solutions are obtained when the source is in the seafloor, and when the source is at the interface between the fluid and elastic layers.
Inhibition of the Hooker-Forbes response by aminopterin.

SummaryThe response of the uteri of ovariectomized mice to a total amount of 0.0054 μg progesterone was inhibited by the simultaneous administration of 0.0240 to 0.030 μ 4-amino pteroylglutamic acid. Aminopterin (4-amino PGA) showed no selective inhibition for estrogen or progesterone when combined with these two steroids, but inhibited both of these compounds when injected within a ligated segment of the uterus of ovariectomized mice according to the method of Hooker and Forbes.
Validation of the Vaporization Enthalpies of Some Simple Aliphatic Amides and Their Use in the Evaluation of the Vaporization Enthalpy of Valpromide and Valnoctamide

The vaporization enthalpy of valpromide and both diasteriomers of valnoctamide have been evaluated by correlation gas chromatography as has the fusion and sublimation enthalpy of valpromide. Values...
When is syphilis not syphilis? Or is it?

The correspondence by Mikalova et al.1 in this issue of Sexually Transmitted Diseases makes the important and very interesting observation that the genital lesion of a man diagnosed as having primary syphilis in Paris, France2, contained a Treponema strain that displays several molecular signatures that suggest infection not with Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum as expected, but with T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, the causative agent of yaws.
Poly(ethylenimine)-Functionalized Monolithic Alumina Honeycomb Adsorbents for CO2 Capture from Air

The development of practical and effective gas-solid contactors is an important area in the development of CO2 capture technologies. Target CO2 capture applications, such as postcombustion carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) from power plant flue gases or CO2 extraction directly from ambient air (DAC), require high flow rates of gas to be processed at low cost. Extruded monolithic honeycomb structures, such as those employed in the catalytic converters of automobiles, have excellent potential as structured contactors for CO2 adsorption applications because of the low pressure drop imposed on fluid moving through the straight channels of such structures. Here, we report the impregnation of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), an effective aminopolymer reported commonly for CO2 separation, into extruded monolithic alumina to form structured CO2 sorbents. These structured sorbents are first prepared on a small scale, characterized thoroughly, and compared with powder sorbents with a similar composition. Despite consistent differences observed in the filling of mesopores with PEI between the monolithic and powder sorbents, their performance in CO2 adsorption is similar across a range of PEI contents. A larger monolithic cylinder (1 inch diameter, 4 inch length) is evaluated under conditions closer to those that might be used in large-scale applications and shows a similar performance to the smaller monoliths and powders tested initially. This larger structure is evaluated over five cycles of CO2 adsorption and steam desorption and demonstrates a volumetric capacity of 350 molCO2 m-3monolith and an equilibration time of 350 min under a 0.4 m s(-1) linear flow velocity through the monolith channels using 400 ppm CO2 in N2 as the adsorption gas at 30 °C. This volumetric capacity surpasses that of a similar technology considered previously, which suggested that CO2 could be removed from air at an operating cost as low as $100 per ton.
Representational Tools and Mathematical Understanding

Understanding how cultural mediators and social interaction promote meaningful learning requires that each student's perspective, reasoning, and construction processes be taken into account. In my analysis of the classroom episodes, I consider individual students' progress as they use tools, discuss data distributions, and interact with their teachers and their peers. I argue that data display tools provide a partial context for discussions but do not constrain the students' interpretations or the way they reason about the data. Students' approaches to the mathematical relations discussed in the classroom result rather from the meaning they attribute to the different features of the displays, the teachers' questions, and the evolving interaction with their peers.
Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Related Enzymes

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), aldehyde oxidase and pyridoxal oxidase are discussed together in this chapter because they share certain features of genetic control, and they seem to be related in a number of ways. These three enzymes and at least six genetic loci, some with multiple alleles, are involved in one of the most complex and interesting gene-enzyme systems yet studied in any eukaryote. Reviews of the early work on this system have appeared elsewhere (Glassman, 1965; Glassman et al., 1968). A more recent discussion may be found in Ursprung (1973).
Sinuous rivers

The windings of rivers have long fascinated their human observers. For example, Aboriginal legend explains the sinuous pattern of the modern Finke River (Fig. 1) as the creation of the immense and powerful Rainbow Serpent as he emerged during the Dreamtime from deep waterholes. Recently in PNAS (1), a new theory for the general origin of such sinuous flow patterns was published, which follows from a long tradition in seeking a scientific explanation for the winding patterns of rivers.
Update in Hospital Medicine: Evidence Published in 2016.

This article provides brief summaries of influential articles in hospital medicine published in 2016.
New Light on the First Bank of the United States

The first Bank of the United States, although semi-public in character, has always remained an obscure element in our early national history. Established by Congress in 1791 on the recommendation of Alexander Hamilton, the Bank constituted an integral and essential part of the system proposed by that brilliant statesman of industrial capitalism for the revival and support of public credit and for the promotion of business enterprise.2 For twenty years, until its non-recharter and dissolution in 1811, it functioned and flourished, not merely as "an indispensable engine in the admin istration of the finances," as Hamilton pronounced it, but also as the mainspring and regulator of the whole American business world. It was likewise an important political issue between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans on several occasions. Yet little is known of its inner history. Historians and economists alike have regretted the scantiness of data relating to its operations. With the exception of a few reports on Treasury deposits, the general public and even the Federal legislature had no knowledge of its condition until just prior to the expiration of the charter when Secre tary Gallatin submitted several statements to Congress. No suspen sion of specie payments, no really catastrophic financial panic, no fail ure to pay dividends occurred to cause a demand for throwing the spotlight of "pitiless publicity" upon the institution. The career of the second Bank of the United States was a sharp contrast in this re spect.3 But despite its shroud of secrecy, the first Bank seems to have had nothing to conceal. The political history of the Bank, although needing more thorough and critical treatment than it has as yet re ceived, is relatively familiar to students of the period.4 The three
Predicting Customer Churn in Mobile Networks Through Analysis of Social Groups

Churn prediction aims to identify subscribers who are about to transfer their business to a competitor. Since the cost associated with customer acquisition is much greater than the cost of customer retention, churn prediction has emerged as a crucial Business Intelligence (BI) application for modern telecommunication operators. The dominant approach to churn prediction is to model individual customers and derive their likelihood of churn using a predictive model. Recent work has shown that analyzing customers’ interactions by assessing the social vicinity of recent churners can improve the accuracy of churn prediction. We propose a novel framework, termed Group-First Churn Prediction, which eliminates the a priori requirement of knowing who recently churned. Specifically, our approach exploits the structure of customer interactions to predict which groups of subscribers are most prone to churn, before even a single member in the group has churned. Our method works by identifying closely-knit groups of subscribers using second order social metrics derived from information theoretic principles. The interactions within each group are then analyzed to identify social leaders. Based on Key Performance Indicators that are derived from these groups, a novel statistical model is used to predict the churn of the groups and their members. Our experimental results, which are based on data from a telecommunication operator with approximately 16 million subscribers, demonstrate the unique advantages of the proposed method. We further provide empirical evidence that our method captures social phenomena in a highly significant manner. ∗IBM Haifa Research Lab, 165 Aba Hushi st., Haifa 31905, Israel. richter@il.ibm.com †IBM Haifa Research Lab, 165 Aba Hushi st., Haifa 31905, Israel. yomtov@il.ibm.com ‡IBM Haifa Research Lab, 165 Aba Hushi st., Haifa 31905, Israel. noams@il.ibm.com
Arabidopsis: the original plant chassis organism

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) has a past, current, and future role in the era of synthetic biology. Arabidopsis is one of the most well-studied plants with a wealth of genomics, genetics, and biochemical resources available for the metabolic engineer and synthetic biologist. Here we discuss the tools and resources that enable the identification of target genes and pathways in Arabidopsis and heterologous expression in this model plant. While there are numerous examples of engineering Arabidopsis for decreased lignin, increased seed oil, increased vitamins, and environmental remediation, this plant has provided biochemical tools for introducing Arabidopsis genes, pathways, and/or regulatory elements into other plants and microorganisms. Arabidopsis is not a vegetative or oilseed crop, but it is as an excellent model chassis for proof-of-concept metabolic engineering and synthetic biology experiments in plants.
Coagulation of natural organic material: effects on speciation of halogenated disinfection by-products

A recent paper by Liang and Singer showed that haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors were removed by coagulation to a greater degree than trihalomethane (THM) precursors. Furthermore, they showed that coagulation generally removed more trihaloacetic acid precursors than THM precursors but removed dihaloacetic acid precursors and THM precursors to a similar degree. The objectives of this current study were to compare the findings by Liang and Singer to those of three other investigations conducted in the senior author's laboratory to demonstrate the extent to which coagulation removes THM and HAA precursors, and to contrast the removal of dihaloacetic acid and trihaloacetic precursors by coagulation. These other studies were conducted on seventeen other waters from across the US.
Telomerase-Mediated Strategy for Overcoming Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy and Chemotherapy Resistance

Standard and targeted cancer therapies for late-stage cancer patients almost universally fail due to tumor heterogeneity/plasticity and intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. We used the telomerase substrate nucleoside precursor, 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG), to target telomerase-expressing non-small cell lung cancer cells resistant to EGFR-inhibitors and commonly used chemotherapy combinations. Colony formation assays, human xenografts as well as syngeneic and genetically engineered immune competent mouse models of lung cancer were used to test the effect of 6-thio-dG on targeted therapy- and chemotherapy-resistant lung cancer human cells and mouse models. We observed that erlotinib-, paclitaxel/carboplatin-, and gemcitabine/cisplatin-resistant cells were highly sensitive to 6-thio-dG in cell culture and in mouse models. 6-thio-dG, with a known mechanism of action, is a potential novel therapeutic approach to prolong disease control of therapy-resistant lung cancer patients with minimal toxicities.
Epitaxial Growth of Strained III/V Semiconductor Alloys — Composition and Microstructure

Microscopic and macroscopic strain are enormously important factors in the energetics of III/V alloys. The enthalpy of mixing, previously thought to be due to so-called “chemical” effects, is in fact a result of the microscopic strain energy of the system due to distorting the bonds. The attempts of the system to minimize the strain energy have profound effects on the epitaxial growth of semiconductor alloys. This paper will begin with a review of the thermodynamics of mixing of III/V alloys. This will be the basis of a discussion of the effects of lattice mismatch on solid composition for epitaxial growth by liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, and organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The macroscopic strain energy also stabilizes alloys which would be unstable in the bulk, thus allowing the growth of pseudomorphic alloys. Nonrandom atomic arrangements are adopted by the system in an attempt to minimize strain energy, including clustering and phase separation as well as the formation of atomically ordered structures.
A Review of “Emotional Intelligence in Couples Therapy: Advances from Neurobiology and the Science of Intimate Relationships”

Over the last several years, science of the brain has claimed an important stake in understanding mental health and human relational dynamics. Neuroscience and neuroplasticity have become the new b...
Adjacency-Clustering and Its Application for Yield Prediction in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing

Accurate yield prediction in integrated circuit manufacturing enables accurate estimation of production cost and early detection of processing problems. It is known that defects tend to be clustere...
Taming the Amazon: the domestication of online shopping in Bangalore, India

Marketplaces are rich sites for studying existing practices surrounding technology adoption, as well as for understanding how the entry of new technologies impact a diversity of social-economic groups. With the high-profile entry of e-commerce companies into the Indian retail scene, this paper seeks to understand the ways in which online shopping integrates into the everyday practices of shoppers. Using semi-structured qualitative interviews with shoppers in marketplaces at Bangalore, India and through the lens of domestication theory, we examine how the relationship between online shopping and shoppers is constructed. Beyond individual agency, this paper describes how institutional, infrastructural, and cultural forces shape the use and non-use of online marketplaces. By specifically studying non-use, we improve our understanding of the shortcomings of existing sites where technologies are encountered and of the potential considerations for future introductions of new ICTs.
SOMETHING OF VALUE: A VALUE PROPOSITION EXERCISE FOR THE MARKETING CLASSROOM

Gone are the days of transactional marketing, and here to stay are increased expectations for marketers to act as trusted advisors while providing value customized specifically to each customer. Ac...
On the Saint-Venant Flexure of Diatomic Bars Subjected to Terminal Loads

Basic equations of the theory of elastic diatomic media, each particle of which includes two different atoms, are given. By means of the semi-inverse method of Saint-Venant, the stresses and displacements in a bar subjected to a terminal load are derived. Satisfaction of the balance and of the generalized Beltrami-Michell compatability equations leads to four (as compared with three classical) Neumann type boundary value problems of the potential theory. A numerical example is solved and illustrated by a graph.
Aging, context processing, and comprehension

Abstract Context processing in language comprehension is multifaceted and dynamic, influencing multiple stages of sensory, perceptual, and higher-order cognitive processing. A wealth of evidence supports the idea that context information is rapidly utilized to influence ongoing language processing. At the same time, our understanding of how normative aging influences context processing is a topic of considerable debate across multiple literatures. Here, we provide a detailed overview across three distinct literatures—psycholinguistics, audiology, and cognitive electrophysiology—that have examined overlapping questions surrounding how the aging process impacts the use of context information during language processing. Following, we provide an initial framework for integrating these oft-conflicting literatures and conclude with a call for interdisciplinary and multi-modal research to bridge the gap between these literatures and move toward a more complete and generalized understanding of the dynamics of context processing across the lifespan.
Is there a need for the term One Health

Am I alone in considering the constant repetition of the term ‘One Health’ in veterinary journals, publications and lectures to be both tedious and superfluous? Many of us …
Misguided Changes to SNAP — Defending a Public Health Intervention for the Poor

Misguided Changes to SNAP Three proposed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for the poor would leave millions of Americans hungry and have profound and long-lasting consequenc...
Toward Enterprise Approach for Project Portfolio Risk Management

Extant literature suggests that organizations struggle with risk evaluation as part of their project portfolio selection. The lack of intentional intervention on the part of portfolio leadership, risk management processes, and practices executed by individual projects may not support optimal risk management at the portfolio level. As a result, portfolio managers are tasked with the identification of common risks and opportunities across projects and are required to respond with strategies that are beyond the scope of a project manager's authority. To address the problem, this study identifies the gaps in the extant literature in portfolio approaches to project risk management, recommends techniques for managing common project risks collectively at the portfolio level, and emphasizes the role of the organization in fostering effective risk management at the project level, particularly in the realm of data governance.
Acute Intermittent Hypoxia as a Potential Adjuvant to Improve Walking Following Spinal Cord Injury: Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions

The reacquisition and preservation of walking ability are highly valued goals in spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. Recurrent episodes of breathing low oxygen (i.e., acute intermittent hypoxia, AIH) are a potential therapy to promote walking recovery after incomplete SCI via endogenous mechanisms of neuroplasticity. Here, we report on the progress of AIH, alone or paired with other treatments, on walking recovery in persons with incomplete SCI. We evaluate the evidence of AIH as a therapy ready for clinical and home use and the real and perceived challenges that may interfere with this possibility. Repetitive AIH is a safe and an efficacious treatment to enhance strength, walking speed, and endurance, as well as dynamic balance in persons with chronic, incomplete SCI. The potential for AIH as a treatment for SCI remains high, but further research is necessary to understand treatment targets and effectiveness in a large cohort of persons with SCI.
The "discovery" of lipid droplets: A brief history of organelles hidden in plain sight.

Abstract Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs), first described as early as the 1880s, were virtually ignored for more than 100 years. Between 1991 and the early 2000s, however, a series of discoveries and conceptual breakthroughs led to a resurgent interest in obesity as a disease, in the metabolism of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG), and in the physical locations of LDs as cellular structures with their associated proteins. Insights included the recognition that obesity underlies major chronic diseases, that appetite is hormonally controlled, that hepatic steatosis is not a benign finding, and that diabetes might fundamentally be a disorder of lipid metabolism. In this brief review, I describe the metamorphosis of LDs from overlooked globs of stored fat to dynamic organelles that control insulin resistance, mitochondrial oxidation, and viral replication.
The Low Glutamate Diet Effectively Improves Pain and Other Symptoms of Gulf War Illness.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multisymptom disorder including widespread chronic pain, fatigue and gastrointestinal problems. The objective of this study was to examine the low glutamate diet as a treatment for GWI. Forty veterans with GWI were recruited from across the US. Outcomes included symptom score, myalgic score, tender point count, dolorimetry and the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Subjects were randomized to the low glutamate diet or a wait-listed control group, with symptom score being compared after one month. Subjects then went onto a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover challenge with monosodium glutamate (MSG)/placebo to test for return of symptoms. Symptom score was compared between diet intervention and wait-listed controls with an independent t-test and effect size was calculated with Cohen’s d. Change scores were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. Crossover challenge results were analyzed with General Linear Models and cluster analysis. The diet intervention group reported significantly less symptoms (p = 0.0009) than wait-listed controls, with a very large effect size, d = 1.16. Significant improvements in average dolorimetry (p = 0.0006), symptom score, tender point number, myalgic score and the Chalder Fatigue Scale (all p < 0.0001) were observed after the 1-month diet. Challenge with MSG/placebo resulted in significant variability in individual response. These results suggest that the low glutamate diet can effectively reduce overall symptoms, pain and fatigue in GWI, but differential results upon challenge suggest that other aspects of the diet, or underlying differences within the population, may be driving these changes. Future research is needed to identify potential nutrient effects, biomarkers, and underlying metabolic differences between responders and non-responders.
Abstract MP20: Prepartum 1,3-butanediol Treatment Improves Placental Perfusion In The Preeclamptic Dahl Salt-sensitive Rat

Chronic hypertension increases the risk of developing superimposed preeclampsia (PE). Previous reports showed that 1,3-Butanediol (BD) lowers blood pressure (BP) in male Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat...