cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortically coordinated NREM thalamocortical oscillations play an essential, instructive role in visual system plasticity.

Abstract Two long-standing questions in neuroscience are how sleep promotes brain plasticity and why some forms of plasticity occur preferentially during sleep vs. wake. Establishing causal relationships between specific features of sleep (e.g., network oscillations) and sleep-dependent plasticity has been difficult. Here we demonstrate that presentation of a novel visual stimulus (a single oriented grating) causes immediate, instructive changes in the firing of mouse lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons, leading to increased firing-rate responses to the presented stimulus orientation (relative to other orientations). However, stimulus presentation alone does not affect primary visual cortex (V1) neurons, which show response changes only after a period of subsequent sleep. During poststimulus nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, LGN neuron overall spike-field coherence (SFC) with V1 delta (0.5–4 Hz) and spindle (7–15 Hz) oscillations increased, with neurons most responsive to the presented stimulus showing greater SFC. To test whether coherent communication between LGN and V1 was essential for cortical plasticity, we first tested the role of layer 6 corticothalamic (CT) V1 neurons in coherent firing within the LGN-V1 network. We found that rhythmic optogenetic activation of CT V1 neurons dramatically induced coherent firing in LGN neurons and, to a lesser extent, in V1 neurons in the other cortical layers. Optogenetic interference with CT feedback to LGN during poststimulus NREM sleep (but not REM or wake) disrupts coherence between LGN and V1 and also blocks sleep-dependent response changes in V1. We conclude that NREM oscillations relay information regarding prior sensory experience between the thalamus and cortex to promote cortical plasticity.
Cytologic findings of an adult rhabdomyoma in the parapharyngeal space: A report of a case and review of the literature

Adult extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumor arising from skeletal muscle. While they are often located in the larynx and pharynx, the incidence in the parapharyngeal area is extremely rare with only 1 documented cytology case report to date. We report a case of an adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma in the parapharyngeal space diagnosed cytologically with subsequent histologic confirmation. The patient is a 57-year-old man with history of weight loss, hematuria, dysphagia, and airway encroachment. Computerized tomography of his abdomen showed a large left renal mass. While the patient was in the operating room for the resection of his renal mass, a fine-needle aspiration from left the parapharyngeal mass was performed. The smears showed uniform bland polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and peripherally located nuclei. Immunohistochemical stains performed on the cell block showed the tumor cells were desmin positive and negative for S-100 and PAX-8, supporting the diagnosis of an adult rhabdomyoma. Subsequent resection of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of an adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma.
AUGMENTATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION WITH INTRAVENOUS MICROBUBBLES AND INTERMITTENT HIGH MECHANICAL INDEX IMPULSES IN PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSED LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION

During an intravenous commercially available microbubble infusion, intermittent high mechanical index (MI) impulses from a transcutaneous diagnostic transducer have been shown to augment skeletal muscle blood flow via a purinergic signaling pathway. It is unknown what effect transthoracic diagnostic
Chemical and Biological Aspects of Ocean Dumping at the Puerto Rico Dumpsite

Chemical and biological studies at the Puerto Rico Ocean Dump-site during February 1978 are reported. Dye and various chemical and biological parameters were measured with time within the waste plume after the dumps. Several parameters (e.g., ammonia, POC, DOC, volatile organics, and transmissometry traces) were elevated in the waste plume compared to the baseline values and were, therefore, very useful in tracking the dispersion of the waste.
Airspace Configuration Concepts for the Next Generation Air Transportation System

Future airspace should adapt to changes in traffic demand, equipage, and weather. In order to achieve this capability, future airspace configuration must be flexible, adaptable, and able to accommo...
Identification of a Shared Cytochrome p4502E1 Epitope Found in Anesthetic Drug-Induced and Viral Hepatitis

ABSTRACT Cytochrome p4502E1 (CYP2E1) autoantibodies are biomarkers for drug-induced hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C. However, major histocompatibility-restricted CYP2E1 epitopes associated with these diseases have not been identified. We hypothesized that CYP2E1 epitopes associated with different types of hepatitis may be shared and may impact immune responses and metabolism. SYFPEITHI epitope prediction identified CYP2E1 candidate epitopes that would be recognized by MHC II haplotypes. Candidate epitopes were tested for induction of hepatitis and CYP2E1 autoantibodies in mice and recognition by sera from patients with anesthetic drug-induced and viral hepatitis. Human liver cells treated with epitope hybridoma serum were analyzed for mitochondrial stress. CYP2E1 activity was measured in human microsomes similarly treated. Epitope antibodies in viral hepatitis sera were analyzed using linear regression to uncover associations with liver pathology. A P value of IMPORTANCE Drug-induced hepatitis is the leading reason that an approved drug is removed from the commercial market. Halogenated anesthetics can induce hepatitis in susceptible persons, and cytochrome p4502E1 (CYP2E1) enzymes responsible for their metabolism induce antibodies in addition to hepatitis. CYP2E1 antibodies detected in anesthetic hepatitis patients have been detected in patients with viral hepatitis, suggesting that these different forms of hepatitis could develop immune reactions to a common segment or epitope of CYP2E1. We have found a common MHC-restricted CYP2E1 epitope in anesthetic and viral hepatitis that is a dominant epitope in anesthetic hepatitis and is significantly associated with fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis. Along with conformational epitopes, our identification of MHC-restricted CYP2E1 epitopes can be used to develop specific diagnostic tests for drug-induced or viral hepatitis or associated fibrosis or to predict individuals at risk for developing these diseases or their sequelae.
A Social Media Website (Supporting Our Valued Adolescents) to Support Treatment Uptake for Adolescents With Depression and/or Anxiety and Their Parents: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Few adolescents who experience depression or anxiety connect to mental health treatment. Supporting Our Valued Adolescents (SOVA) is a stakeholder-informed technology intervention that consists of 2 blog-format websites-one for adolescents and another for parents. SOVA is designed to intervene on targets, which may increase the mental health treatment uptake when adolescents with depression or anxiety are identified in primary care settings. Objective This study aims to describe the protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial designed to refine recruitment and retention strategies, document intervention fidelity and implementation outcomes, and assess changes in health beliefs and knowledge, emotional or informational support, and parent-adolescent communication quality in adolescents and their parents. Methods Adolescents identified with symptoms of depression or anxiety, for which a health care provider recommends treatment, and their parents will be recruited from clinics where adolescents are seen for primary care. Adolescent-parent dyads will be randomized at 1:1 to both receive the SOVA websites and enhanced usual care or enhanced usual care alone. Baseline measures and 6-week and 3-month outcomes will be collected by Web-based self-report surveys and electronic health record review. The main pilot outcome is the 6-week study retention rate. Analyses will also assess changes in health beliefs and knowledge, emotional support, and parent-adolescent communication in both adolescents and their parents. Results The project was funded in 2017. Recruitment commenced in April 2018 and enrollment is ongoing, with completion anticipated at the end of 2019 with subsequent plans for data analysis and publication submission in early 2020. Conclusions The findings of this research will inform the design of a multisite hybrid effectiveness-implementation randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness and optimal implementation strategies for using SOVA in community primary care settings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03318666; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03318666. International registered report identifier (irrid) PRR1-10.2196/12117.
The Gothic Tradition in Russian and Early Soviet Culture

Abstract The Gothic aesthetic first appeared in Russian public discourse and literature in the immediate pre-revolutionary decades. It was deployed in satirical journals of the 1905 Revolutionary period to portray the tsarist regime as an inhuman and demonic force. The prerevolutionary tropes subsequently carried over into posters, satirical magazines, painting, music, and children’s literature in the early Soviet era. Satirical “Gothic laughter” figured in official Soviet propaganda and public discourse. Moreover, critics of the Soviet regime began to apply the Gothic as a tool to critique the despotic excesses of the new era. As Stalinism rose the Gothic, which had become perhaps too suggestive of political opposition, retreated from the mainstream of Soviet cultural life, with the exception of several works of children’s literature. Here it continued to exert influence and expressed the violence and terror of life under Stalin.
Parallel Solution Phase Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Activity of a 5'-Substituted Cytidine Analog Library.

A 109-membered library of 5′-substituted cytidine analogs was synthesized, via funding through the NIH Roadmap Initiative and the Pilot Scale Library (PSL) Program. Reaction core compounds contained −NH2 (2) and −COOH (44 and 93) groups that were coupled to a diversity of reactants in a parallel, solution phase format to produce the target library. The assorted reactants included −NH2, −CHO, −SO2Cl, and −COOH functional groups, and condensation with the intermediate core materials 2 and 44 followed by acidic hydrolysis produced 3–91 in good yields and high purity. Linkage of the amino terminus of d-phenylalanine methyl ester to the free 5′-COOH of 44 and NaOH treatment led to core library −COOH precursor 93. In a libraries from libraries approach, compound 93 served as the vital building block for our unique library of dipeptidyl cytidine analogs 94–114 through amide coupling of the −COOH group with numerous commercial amines followed by acidic deprotection. Initial screening of the complete final library...
Pollen Preservation in Alluvial Soils: Implications for Paleoecology and Land Use Studies

Floodplain landscapes with fluctuating water tables are nontraditional sites for palynology studies, and therefore intrinsic alluvial soil properties and their relationship to pollen preservation are poorly understood. The primary objective of this study was to identify soil properties that are most related to pollen preservation in floodplains to aid in predicting soil pollen presence and abundance. Our results indicate that all organic soil horizons had preserved pollen, whereas mineral horizons had variable pollen concentrations (range, 0–59,000 grains g⁻¹ soil). Mineral samples with preserved pollen (>0 grains g⁻¹ soil) had significantly greater (p < 0.001) soil organic matter (SOM) and silt + clay, and were located closer to the modern soil surface. Regression analyses indicated that only SOM and C/N ratios were significant predictors of pollen abundance. The guidelines developed in this study can be used to identify samples that likely contain enough pollen for palynological analysis and save future researchers considerable laboratory time, effort, and cost.
Older versus Younger: The Role of Entry Age for Students who Begin Kindergarten with Disabilities:

Background/ContextThe age at which children can enter kindergarten continues to be discussed in both educational research and practice, and the debate for whether to increase kindergarten entry age...
How Much Social Work Research Is in Social Work’s Grand Challenges?: A Critical Review of the Evidence for the 12 Challenges

ABSTRACTPurpose: In 2012, leading social work scholars gathered to discuss the formation of a Grand Challenges initiative for the field of social work. The Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiati...
Early childhood court in Florida: Qualitative results of a statewide evaluation.

Abstract Background Child maltreatment, removal from the home and foster care placement are all associated with poor physical and developmental outcomes for children. Early Childhood Court (ECC) is a specialized, trauma-informed, team-based approach designed to meet the unique needs of young children and their families in the dependency court system. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the ECC program in 20 Florida circuits. Participants and setting Participants in the evaluation were 53 ECC professionals (e.g., judges, attorneys, mental health providers, caseworkers, etc.) and 9 parents and caregivers. Focus groups were conducted in person, and interviews were conducted either in person or on the phone. Methods Interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with a hybrid deductive/inductive process using MAX QDA. Two coders (trained doctoral student researchers) established inter-coder reliability with a Kappa greater than 0.80 and used an iterative process to discuss, refine, and describe each theme throughout the analysis. Results Participants described who is involved in ECC and most discussions focused on professional versus parent/caregiver team members. Participants also described how ECC is different from traditional dependency court and several themes, such as Child and Family Friendly, Judicial Leadership, and a Team-Based Approach, aligned with the national model. Emergent themes were Relationships and Success. Conclusions Future research could explore the selection of parents into ECC.
Youth Perspectives on Gangs, Violence, and Social Media in a High Crime City

Scholars have routinely documented the connection between street gangs and violence, including how street gangs use particular mediums (e.g., graffiti, music, videos) to signal their toughness and enhance their reputations for violence. Recent research has documented the role of the Internet and online social media in this practice, as Web-based forums provide broad reach and is readily available to much of the world’s population. Some fear this broader reach and the lasting legacy of online media may enhance street violence or alter the landscape of gang rivalries. Much of the research in this area has focused explicitly on the online activities of particular gangs and gang youth. Less research has focused on general samples of youth and their exposure to gangs and violence on social media, and how they understand the online and offline interface of violence and conflict. The current chapter seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the role of the Internet and social media in the etiology of gang and non-gang violence in a sample of students attending middle school and high school in a high-crime United States city. Results suggest the Internet and social media play a prominent role in student conflicts, often leading to face-to-face clashes among youth. Students did not report that gangs are unique in their use of social media for this purpose, however, despite their presence in the local community.
Application of stochastic robustness to aircraft control systems

Stochastic robustness, a simple numerical procedure for estimating the stability robustness of linear, time-invariant systems, is applied to a forward-swept-wing aircraft control system. Based on Monte Carlo evaluation of the system's closed-loop eignevalues, this analysis approach introduces the probability of instability as a scalar stability robustness measure. The related stochastic root locus provides insight into robustness characteristics of the closed-loop system. Three Linear Quadratic controllers of decreasing robustness are chosen to demonstrate the use of stochastic robustness to analyze and compare control designs. Examples are presented illustrating the use of stochastic robustness analysis to address the effects of actuator dynamics and unmodeled dynamics on the stability robustness of the forward-swept-wing aircraft.
First case of low-dose umbilical cord blood therapy for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Objective This study aimed to present the case of a boy with acute distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with low-dose umbilical cord blood (UCB) therapy and explore the underlying possible mechanism. Methods A 7-year-old boy with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and severe ARDS was treated with allogeneic UCB as salvage therapy. Results The patient did not improve after being treated with lung protective ventilation, pulmonary surfactant replacement, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 30 days. However, his disease reversed 5 days after allogeneic UCB infusion, and he weaned from ECMO after 7 days of infusion. Bioinformatics confirmed that his Toll-like receptor (TLR) was abnormal before UCB infusion. However, after the infusion, his immune system was activated and repaired, and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was recovered. Conclusion Allogenic UCB could treat ARDS by repairing the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby achieving stability of the immune system.
MEDRIS: the hypermedia approach to medical record input-software engineering techniques for developing a hypermedia system

A medical record input system (MEDRIS) that makes use of hypermedia technology to provide a clinical tool for physicians to input patient data in a simple manner is described. The design of MEDRIS focuses on providing a natural working environment for the physicians. Physicians can easily learn to use MEDRIS since it eliminates the use of command-level entries and special function keys. MEDRIS comprises the following modules: history (chief complaints, review of systems, family history, etc), physical examination, laboratory, and medication. The chief complaint and the physical examination modules are discussed in detail. The software techniques adopted in building this system are explained. MEDRIS produces an immediate report of the data entered and an encounter file containing all the patient data collected during the current visit, which is added to the portable patient file. >
How to drive away teenagers

I was 14 when I met the doctor who left me resolved never to see another GP for the rest of my days. Of course, eventually I not only saw GPs, but became one. I have never forgotten this fateful consultation, however, and I think that it shaped the way that I deal with that particularly difficult group, teenagers. There were three of us children, aged 14, 11, and 8. We lived pretty rural lives and my mother knew what was what, so she was not particularly upset when we all had worms. However, in order to be treated, she was told by a dragon receptionist that we had to see the doctor. This was quite an event, as we had not seen a doctor since one had seen us with measles four years earlier. When we …
Mood disorder in a group of self-cutting adolescents.

This study describes the occurrence of mood disorder in a group of adolescent inpatients involved in self-cutting behavior. Although self-cutting is generally said to be associated with borderline personality disorder, a substantial number of patients who cut themselves in our study were clinically depressed. In addition, the self-cutting adolescents had a high prevalence of child abuse, past psychiatric history, and family psychiatric history. The incidents tended to spread by contagion and occur at times of change affecting the milieu. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Language: en
A longitudinal study of pain variability and its correlates in ambulatory patients with advanced stage cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although pain is common among patients with advanced cancer, little is known about longitudinal variability in pain intensity. For this report, the authors examined variability in pain intensity over 24 months among ambulatory patients with advanced stage cancers, associations between patient characteristics and within-patient pain variability, and the relation of pain variability to overall survival. METHODS: The sample comprised 949 patients with solid tumors who received care and reported pain scores in at least 3 different months within 24 months of their initial stage IV diagnosis during the period from 2004 to 2006. Pain intensity was measured using a scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Pain variability was defined as the standard deviation of the maximum monthly pain scores and was dichotomized at the 50th percentile into high and low variability groups. RESULTS: Considerable between-patient differences in pain variability (range, 0-5.77) were observed. Nonwhites, patients with a stage IV cancer diagnosed within the previous 3 months, and those with moderate or severe pain at baseline were more likely to experience high pain variability. Although patients with head and neck cancer generally had the highest pain variability, the intensity of their pain typically decreased over the disease course. High pain variability with worsening pain trajectory was associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinally, pain intensity was highly variable among patients with stage IV cancer. Minority patients, newly diagnosed patients, patients with head and neck cancer, and patients with moderate or severe pain at baseline were at higher risk of large fluctuations in pain intensity. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Abstract T P87: Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Neurogenesis through the IRAK-1/GSK3β/AKT Signaling Pathways after Ischemic Stroke

Background and purpose: Increasing evidence signifying that inflammation has an ample role in the ischemia and; neurogenesis is somehow affected by inflammation. Current approved therapy for stroke is limited and new strategies need to be investigated. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) showed neuro-protective however, role of H2S in stroke-induced neurogenesis is not known. Therefore, the present study was to determine the role of H2S in ischemia induced neurogenesis. Methods: To perform this study; we employed 8-10 weak old C57BL/6 mice with following groups: WT-Sham; WT+ ischemia reperfusion (IR) for 7 days; IR+GYY4137 (H2S donor, 30μM for 7 days; Intra peritoneal injection); and Sham+ GYY4137 (30μM for 7 day). Ischemia was created by the middle cerebral artery occlusion, (MCAO) for 50 min followed by reperfusion for 7 days. The brain tissue from different groups was used for biochemical, infarct area molecular and immunohistochemistry analysis. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: ...
On the Edge of a Deep Biosphere: Real Animals in Extreme Environments

This paper considers the possibility of animals living in a subsurface environment on the global mid-ocean ridge system. It considers the possible environments and looks at the possibilities of animal inhabitants of the subsurface biosphere based on adaptations of animals to other extreme habitats. We conclude that there are known bridging inhabitants of the subsurface biosphere, that part-time inhabitants are extremely likely, and that there could be full-time inhabitants if conditions are stable within the tolerance limits of metazoans for time periods of months.
Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations.

Fluorescent oligonucleotide hybridization probes were used to label bacterial cells for analysis by flow cytometry. The probes, complementary to short sequence elements within the 16S rRNA common to phylogenetically coherent assemblages of microorganisms, were labeled with tetramethylrhodamine and hybridized to suspensions of fixed cells. Flow cytometry was used to resolve individual target and nontarget bacteria (1 to 5 microns) via probe-conferred fluorescence. Target cells were quantified in an excess of nontarget cells. The intensity of fluorescence was increased additively by the combined use of two or three fluorescent probes complementary to different regions of the same 16S rRNA. Images
Avances en el desarrollo de productos biológicos para el tratamiento de la adicción a las drogas y las sobredosis

La adiccion a las drogas es un trastorno complejo que requiere diversos abordajes, entre los que esta el uso de tratamientos farmacologicos. Actualmente, estas terapias se basan en “pequenas” moleculas o sustancias quimicas que atraviesan la barrera hematoencefalica y actuan sobre los neurotransmisores. Desafortunadamente, con frecuencia no tienen la eficacia deseada o pueden causar efectos secundarios no deseados, que afectan especialmente el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Un enfoque novedoso es el uso de productos biologicos para el tratamiento de la adiccion a las drogas. Los productos biologicos son generalmente moleculas complejas y “grandes”, que no atraviesan la barrera hematoencefalica y por tanto, no tienen efectos sobre el SNC. En principio, parece que estos productos impiden el acceso de las drogas de abuso al cerebro, con lo cual se previene la activacion de los sistemas de recompensa del cerebro y, en consecuencia, se produce la extincion de la adiccion. Los tratamientos biologicos incluyen inmunoterapias, tales como las vacunas o los anticuerpos, asi como tambien las enzimas. La aparicion de nuevos productos, asi como metodos de produccion mas modernos y eficientes, esta posibilitando enormes oportunidades para avanzar en el descubrimiento y desarrollo de productos biologicos para el tratamiento de las adicciones, asi como tambien de las sobredosis por drogas. Estos productos incluyen nuevas vacunas con mayor especificidad y capacidad de producir anticuerpos, nuevos metodos y tecnicas para producir vacunas y anticuerpos, y nuevas enzimas butyrylcholinesterases con una alta eficiencia para metabolizar cocaina. El proposito de este articulo es proporcionar una vision general del desarrollo de productos biologicos para el tratamiento de adiccion a las drogas y la sobredosis.
The use of human repetitive DNA to target selectable markers into only the human chromosome of a human-hamster hybrid cell line (AL)

We used the plasmid BLUR-8 that contains an 800-base pair (bp) sequence of human repetitiveAlu DNA in a cotransfection protocol to target the plasmids pSV2neo or EBO-pcD-leu-2 (hygro) into a single site of the sole human chromosome, number 11, of a Chinese hamster-human hybrid cell line (AL). The neo and hygro plasmids confer resistance to antibiotics G418 and hygromycin, respectively. Of the 33 cotransfected clones with single-site insertions, 1/13 without BLUR-8 and 6/20 with BLUR-8 were only in human chromosome 11. A frequency of insertion of 1/13 is not different than expected by chance (ϱ=0.3512). On the other hand, the probability that 6/20 insertions, as seen with BLUR-8, occurred by chance is low (ϱ=0.0003). We suggest that the human DNA sequences contained in BLUR-8 targeted insertions into only the human chromosome.
“Nematocrystalline”Chain Packing: Three-Dimensional Structure of Low Molecular Weight Linear Polyethylene

The three-dimensional orthorhombic crystal structure of low molecular weight linear polyethylene PE600 (polydispersity: 1.11) has been determined in space group Pnam from experimental electron diffraction intensities. Although a bridged “lamellar” structure was proposed in a preliminary investigation based on projected diffraction data from annealed samples, it is now clear that a true lamellar separation, with attendant lateral shifts of sequential chain layers, can never occur. In the most ordered form of this polymer, a superlattice exists for the extended chain packing with periodic clustering of nonunitary methylene group occupancies to account for the observed layer repeat. The apparent longitudinal spacing of chain layers is 57.77 ± 0.12 A, comparable to the true lamellar repeat of a C40-chain paraffin. Accordingly, because of the small amount of high molecular weight component, there is only a“nematocrystalline”, ordering of the polymethylene chains.
Directed selective pressure on a β-lactamase to analyse molecular changes involved in development of enzyme function

Directed selective pressure on a β-lactamase to analyse molecular changes involved in development of enzyme function
Studies of the binding of thyroid hormones and their short loop feedback effects in bovine thyroid tissue.

In vitro studies in bovine thyroid tissue have been conducted to explore the postulated short loop negative feedback of thyroid hormones on several thyroid functions and their responses to TSH. Initial experiments in thyroid plasma membranes provided no evidence that T4 or T3 in concentrations as high as 5 × 105 M and 4 × 105 M, respectively, could displace [125I]iodobovine TSH (bTSH) from its specific binding sites within the membranes. In addition, as judged from the lack of variation in the percentage binding of [125I]T3 and [125I]T4 to membranes over a wide range of T3 and T4 concentrations, no evidence of specific or saturable binding sites for either of the two hormones could be demonstrated up to concentrations of 2 X 105 M. Preincubation of thyroid slices for 3 h with T3 at concentrations of 105 and 10“4 M failed to alter basal cAMP concentrations or the pronounced stimulation of cAMP concentrationsproduced by incubation with bTSH. Basal and bTSHstimulated rates of generation of 14CO2 from uniform...
Similitude and Anode Material Effects in H2 and D2 Discharges Below the Critical Pressure

The breakdown potentials of H2 and. D2 gases were determined below the critical pressure in two discharge tubes of similar shape but of different size in order to ascertain whether or not the initi...
Protein mislocalization: Mechanisms, functions and clinical applications in cancer

The changes from normal cells to cancer cells are primarily regulated by genome instability, which foster hallmark functions of cancer through multiple mechanisms including protein mislocalization. Mislocalization of these proteins, including oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and other cancer-related proteins, can interfere with normal cellular function and cooperatively drive tumor development and metastasis. This review describes the cancer-related effects of protein subcellular mislocalization, the related mislocalization mechanisms, and the potential application of this knowledge to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Five-year survival in breast cancer treated with adjuvant immunotherapy

In this follow-up report of the treatment of primary breast cancer with adjuvant immunotherapy, a total of 95 patients were studied: 46 patients with stage I breast cancer and 49 patients with stage II breast cancer. All patients underwent standard surgical treatment and received immunotherapy as adjuvant treatment. Patients received a primary series of eight doses (1 mL of tumor-associated antigen preparation given as 0.2 mL intradermally and 0.8 mL subcutaneously) given over 8 weeks, and then booster injections every 3 months for at least 2 years. The 5-year survival with adjuvant immunotherapy was 83% for those with negative axillary nodes and 53% for those with positive nodes; this compares favorably with national 5-year survival statistics from two other studies (node-negative, 72% and 83%; node-positive, 51% and 59%). Based on these data, the addition of immunotherapy to other adjuvant therapies in randomized prospective trials seems both reasonable and justified.
Double-outlet right ventricle with long survival.

A woman with an anomaly that fulfilled Lev's criteria for double-outlet right ventricle lived to the age of 51, an exceptionally long survival. This lesion is potentially amenable to surgical correction.
Comparative metabolism of tritiated water by mammals.

Tritiated water was used to measure the volume and turnover of exchangeable body water in 7 species of adult mammals. Using these parameters, the daily turnover of exchangeable body water was calculated for each species. Body water content was about 60% of body weight for all species. Biological half- times for turnover of body water varied from 1.1 days for mice to 9.5 days for man. The longest biological half-time observed was about 12 days for desert Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti). Values for the volume and turnover of body water for the various species are compared with values reported in the literature. An interspecies correlation of the power function type between daily water turnover and species weight was established. Body water turnover was found to vary as the 0.80 power of body weight for all species except the desert rat. A parabolic interspecies correlation was also established between total body water and total body solids for the 7 species. The relative partition of water and solids in adult mammals is constant with a value of 1 when expressed interspecifically. (auth)
Thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in cerebrovascular disease

The use of antithrombotic therapy of any type assumes a thrombotic mechanism for the patient's brain ischemia. Typical, but by no means specific, clinical and radiologic features of atherothrombotic, lacunar and embolic brain ischemia are outlined. The indications for anticoagulant therapy include progressing stroke and cardiogenic brain embolus. According to previous randomized trials, transient ischemic attacks should be managed with aspirin, 1.0 to 1.5 g daily, pending the results of studies of smaller aspirin doses and other plate let-active drugs. In patients with a suspected cardiogenic brain embolus, anticoagulation should be withheld pending the results of a computed tomographic scan done 24 to 48 hours from onset. If there is no evidence of hemorrhagic transformation or a large area of infarction and the patient does not have sustained hypertension, heparin therapy should be initiated in an effort to prevent a recurrent embolus.
Diode Pumpable Rubidium Laser

A continuous-wave, three-level rubidium atom laser, operating on the 795 nm first (D1) resonance transition, has been demonstrated for the first time. Using a Titanium Sapphire laser as a pump source, a slope power efficiency of 54% was obtained, consistent with homogeneous broadening of the rubidium pump and laser transitions. The end-pumped rubidium laser performance was well described using literature spectroscopic and kinetic data in a model that takes into account ground level depletion and pump spectral bandwidth that is substantially larger than the collisionally broadened pump transition spectral width.
Development of the Southwestern Corn Borer as Affected by a Diet of Selected Corn Plant Tissues

Multiple- and single-tissue feeding studies were conducted in the laboratory during 1977 and 1978 to determine how the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella; Dyar, responded to selected corn tissues. Tissue type significantly affected larval development time, pupal weight, fecundity, and larval mortality. Larvae fed on tassel tissue had longest development times, smallest pupae, lowest fecundity, and highest mortality rates. Larval mortality was significantly affected in the single-tissue feeding study, but not in the multiple-tissue feeding study. Fecundity was negatively correlated with female larval development and positively correlated with pupal weight. Although all tissues showed signs of larval feeding, male larvae preferred kernel and ear-shank tissues over all others. Female larvae preferred kernel and ear-shank tissues over husk and cob tissues but showed no significant preference between stem and ear-shank or stem and husk tissues. Tassel was the least preferred tissue by both males and females.
Annual brown fat dynamics in Pipistrellus hesperus and Myotis californicus with special reference to winter flight activity

Abstract An examination of the annual changes in brown fat deposits of Pipistrellus hesperus and Myotis californicus reveals: 1. 1. P. hesperus reaches peak brown fat levels in January and February, declining rapidly through March and April, then increases gradually through the remainder of the year. 2. 2. M. californicus , on the other hand, maintains peak levels of brown fat from December through February, decreasing gradually through August, then increasing rapidly in the fall. 3. 3.The major brown fat deposits for both species are interscapular, jugular, squamooccipitocervical and carotid bodies. 4. 4.The interscapular deposit (which accounts for 50–70% of all brown fat) appears to be a good index of brown fat dynamics. 5. 5.Brown fat appears to be important in maintaining body temperature during night at cold ambient temperatures.
NMR solution structure of plastocyanin from the photosynthetic prokaryote, Prochlorothrix hollandica.

The solution structure of a divergent plastocyanin (PC) from the photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorothrix hollandica was determined by homonuclear 1H NMR spectroscopy. Nineteen structures were calculated from 1222 distance restraints, yielding a family of structures having an average rmsd of 0.42 ± 0.08 A for backbone atoms and 0.71 ± 0.07 A for heavy atoms to the mean structure. No distance constraint was violated by more than 0.26 A in the structure family. Despite the low number of conserved residues shared with other PC homologues, the overall folding pattern of P. hollandica PC is similar to other PCs, in that the protein forms a two-sheet β-barrel tertiary structure. The greatest variability among the backbone structures is seen in the loop region from residues 47−60. The differences seen in the P. hollandica PC homologue likely arise due to a small deletion of 2−4 residues compared to the PC consensus; this yields a less extended loop containing a short α-helix from residues Ala52−Leu55. Additional...
The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal-dependent outcome measures is influenced by prenatal and early-life rearing conditions.

Background The clinical course of individuals exposed to alcohol in utero is influenced by multiple factors, including the social environments of the gravid female and offspring. In the present studies we focused on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and the prenatal and early-life social environments on the hippocampal formation, as impaired development and functioning of this brain region have been implicated in several of the adverse cognitive outcomes associated with PAE. Methods We combined our PAE mouse model with 2 conditions of housing pregnant dams and their preweanling offspring: the standard nest (SN), in which a dam is individually housed prior to parturition and then remains isolated with her offspring, and the communal nest (CN), in which multiple dams are housed together prior to parturition and then following delivery the moms and their litters share a nest. Mouse dams consumed either 10% (w/v) ethanol in 0.066% (w/v) saccharin (SAC) or 0.066% (w/v) SAC alone using a limited (4-hour) access, drinking-in-the-dark paradigm. Immunoblotting techniques were used to measure levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, the FK506-binding proteins 51 and 52, and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 in the hippocampal formation isolated from male adolescent offspring. We also determined the effect of PAE and rearing conditions on context discrimination, a hippocampal-dependent learning/memory task. Results SN PAE offspring displayed impaired context discrimination and neurochemical changes in the hippocampal formation consistent with increased GR nuclear localization. These effects of PAE were, in general, ameliorated in mice reared in a CN. The CN also altered neurochemical measures and improved learning/memory in SAC control animals. Conclusions These studies demonstrate a complex interplay between the effects of PAE and social environments. The findings have important translational implications, as well as highlight the importance of considering rearing conditions in the interpretation of research findings on PAE.
The role of cations in the actions of the hormones controlling the red chromatophores of the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris.

Abstract The sodium ion permitted a response of the erythrophores in isolated epidermis from the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris , to the red pigment-concentrating hormone that was at least twice as large as the response permitted by and of the other substances that were tested. The calcium ion was similarly singularly effective in the response to the red pigment-dispersing hormone. The responses to constant amounts of the pigment-concentrating and pigment-dispersing hormones were proportional to the respective concentrations of sodium and calcium in the extracts. Ouabain inhibited the response to the red pigment-concentrating hormone, whereas tetrodotoxin enhanced the response. In view of these observations and the known actions of these drugs, possible mechanisms of action are proposed for both chromatophorotropins.
The Application of HPLC Chiral Stationary Phases to Pharmaceutical Analysis: The Resolution of Some Tropic Acid Derivatives

A number of amide and ester derivatives of tropic acid were chromatographed by using a commercially available covalently bonded HPLC chiral stationary phase, (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-phenylglycin...
2009 Special Issue: Intelligence in the brain: A theory of how it works and how to build it

This paper presents a theory of how general-purpose learning-based intelligence is achieved in the mammal brain, and how we can replicate it. It reviews four generations of ever more powerful general-purpose learning designs in Adaptive, Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP), which includes reinforcement learning as a special case. It reviews empirical results which fit the theory, and suggests important new directions for research, within the scope of NSF's recent initiative on Cognitive Optimization and Prediction. The appendices suggest possible connections to the realms of human subjective experience, comparative cognitive neuroscience, and new challenges in electric power. The major challenge before us today in mathematical neural networks is to replicate the ''mouse level'', but the paper does contain a few thoughts about building, understanding and nourishing levels of general intelligence beyond the mouse.
Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: a controlled study.

Abstract:Objective:The pain experienced by burn patients during physical therapy range of motion exercises can be extreme and can discourage patients from complying with their physical therapy. We explored the novel use of immersive virtual reality (VR) to distract patients from pain during physical
Staff and student attitudes to plagiarism at University College Northampton

University College Northampton (UCN) provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in a wide range of subjects. In the past, instances of plagiarism were considered rare and were dealt with by academic staff on a case‐by‐case basis. However, the increase in instances detected by staff has led to a need to address the issue more consistently. The University has, for many years, provided students with a definition of plagiarism and has developed a procedure to deal with it. The definition however, did not provide adequate guidance to students, and staff have reported the plagiarism procedure to be unsatisfactory. Discussions with colleagues and students illuminated a general lack of understanding of plagiarism and a wide range of values and attitudes about the issue. It also appeared that the provision of student support and the application of sanctions were inconsistent. Before any institution‐wide changes in policy could be initiated, research was needed to clarify staff and student attitudes to plagiar...
Developing the knowledge and skills of r&d professionals to achieve process outcomes in cross-functional teams

Traditionally, R&D professionals have been managed to achieve technical outcomes. To compete in today's business environment, however, R&D professionals are increasingly managed to achieve process outcomes. This paper discusses two complementary requirements for managing R&D professionals to achieve process outcomes: working on cross-functional teams, and developing process knowledge and skills. This paper proposes that R&D professionals need to possess process knowledge and skills to achieve process outcomes in crossfunctional teams. Moreover, to develop process knowledge and skills they need to take advantage of available process-oriented career opportunities. This paper also proposes that R&D laboratories need to influence and guide R&D professionals to take advantage of these career opportunities by using process-oriented management practices and having a process-oriented culture.
Radiation due to CO2 or H2O and particles in cylindrical media

This study considers nongray, absorbing, emitting, anisotropically scattering, one-dimensional, radiative transfer in cylindrical media. The radiation transfer is due to a gas composed of either CCh or H2O, soot and particles. The temperature of these constituents is equal and uniform throughout the medium. The nongray effects are due to the spectrally discontinuous absorption/emission behavior of the gas and the spectrally continuous absorption/emission behavior of the soot. The absorption coefficient of the nongray gas is modeled according to Edwards' exponential wide-band models. The absorption coefficient of the soot is inversely proportional to wavelength. The scattering phase function of the gray particles is represented as the sum of an isotropic component and a delta-function. An accurate solution to this problem is obtained by using the Pi-approximation coupled with the integral form of the equation of transfer. The bandwidths are determined by utilizing the wide-band models, and the spectral integration is performed over all wavelengths according to a two-point quadrature for each band. Comprehensive parameter surveys are performed in order to establish a detailed understanding of the complex interaction between radiatively participating particles and molecular gases.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be considered essential to the presurgical evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, to accurately detect resectable lesions and to spare patients with non-resectable tumors the morbidity, mortality, and expense of unnecessary surgery. This article is a review of the MRI characteristics of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the features that determine its resectability, and the optimal MR sequences needed for its effective evaluation. The role of MRI imaging is contrasted with other imaging and invasive modalities for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) laser system and its laser pulse shaper

Generating a 100 nC, 20 ps (FWHM) pulse length electron beam at the AWA requires a stable laser system capable of producing 1-3 ps, 1 mJ pulses at 248 nm and the capability of shaping the wave front. A wave front shaping device has been designed and built. It consists of nine concentric cylindrical mirrors. Each cylinder's position can be adjusted relative to the others by a system of computer controlled stepping motors. The reflecting surfaces were optically polished and dielectric coated. Detailed characterizations of the laser pulse shaper's performance using a streak camera and its associated optics are presented. >