cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioulnar Synostosis and Brain Abnormalities in a Patient With 17q21.31 Microdeletion Involving EFTUD2

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly is a rare syndromic craniofacial condition caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the EFTUD2 gene on 17q21.31. Thus far, the described musculoskeletal findings in patients with this condition include proximally placed or duplicated thumbs, overlapping toes, and toe syndactyly. We describe a severe case of a patient with a 17q21.31 microdeletion and many of the phenotypic features described in mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly who had bilateral proximal radioulnar synostosis and brain abnormalities. This provides further evidence of the clinical overlap among mandibulofacial and acrofacial dysostoses syndromes and expands the phenotype of EFTUD2 haploinsufficiency due to larger deletions.
A novel device for in-situ nanomechanics of 1-D nanostructures

This paper reports the development of an in-situ nanotensilometer that enables highly reliable mechanical tensile testing on individual micro-/nanoscale structures. The device features independent measurement of force and displacement histories in the specimen with nanoNewton force and sub-nanometer displacement resolutions, respectively. Moreover, the device is well suited for in-situ testing of free-standing micro/nanostructures within a high resolution scanning electron microscope, which permits continuous high-resolution imaging of the specimen during straining. In order to conduct the nanomechanical tests the ends of the specimen are attached to the probe tips of the device using electron-beam induced deposition. The general capabilities and features of the nanotensilometer are illustrated by presenting results of nanomechanical tensile tests on electrospun polyaniline microfibers.
Using Diaries to Examine Children's Fishing Patterns

Abstract We used fishing diaries to study the fishing patterns of children who participated in the Sportfishing and Aquatic Resources Education Program in central and western New York in 1996 and explored the related costs and benefits. Besides the financial costs, it was difficult and time-consuming to obtain the names of families with children who fish and to obtain parental permission for the children to participate in the diary project, even though we worked through an established youth fishing organization. However, after parental consent was obtained, participation rates by children far exceeded those found for adults in other diary studies. Of the 53 children who were sent diaries in Jun 1996, all provided some information about their fishing activities during the study period (Jul 1–Oct 15, 1996). Compared with data from a mail survey of parents, the children's diaries showed that parents overestimated children's fishing participation by up to two times. Thus, diaries provide a method for obtainin...
Volatile transport on inhomogeneous surfaces: I – Analytic expressions, with application to Pluto’s day

Abstract An analytic expression for the variation in surface and sub-surface temperature is developed for worlds whose surface pressures are nearly constant with latitude and longitude and whose atmospheres are in vapor–pressure equilibrium with the dominant surface volatiles. Such worlds include the current Pluto and Triton, and other volatile-covered Kuiper belt objects during some portion of their heliocentric orbit. The expressions also apply on airless worlds with negligible horizontal heat flow, such as asteroids. Temperature variations in volatile-covered or bare areas as a function of time is derived in terms of three thermal parameters relating to (1) the thermal wave within the substrate, (2) the energy needed to heat an isothermal volatile slab, and (3) the buffering by the latent heat needed to change the atmospheric surface pressure. For Pluto’s current surface pressure (∼17 μbar), atmospheric buffering dominates over subsurface effects on diurnal timescales, and should keep the surface pressure over a Pluto day constant to within 0.2%.
Pulmonary hypertension: Newer concepts in diagnosis and management

Pulmonary hypertension comprises a family of disorders occurring as a primary disease or as a complication of a large number of respiratory and cardiac diseases. Pulmonary hypertension is present when pulmonary artery pressure or mean pressure exceeds 30 mmHg or 20 mmHg, respectively. Underlying the hemodynamic changes that result in pulmonary hypertension, whether from hypoxia, acidosis, increased pulmonary blood flow, increased shear stress, or idiopathic causes, is a dysfunctional vascular endothelium. In this review, the role of the history and physical examination in the initial assessment is emphasized. Newer diagnostic modalities, such as subselective pulmonary angiography and ultrafast computed tomography scanning, are reviewed. Low-flow oxygen, anticoagulation, and calcium-channel blockade are presented as accepted therapeutic modalities. Inhaled nitric oxide and prostacyclin infusion are presented as newer therapies that may be useful given the limited availability of donor organs for hear-lung transplantation. Future therapeutic strategies are likely to develop from advances in vascular biology.
Large-scale preparation of pure plastocyanin from spinach

Abstract 50 mg of pure plastocyanin was prepared from 5 kg spinach leaves in four steps: (1) acetone extraction; (2) ammonium sulfate fractionation; (3) Sepharose column chromatography; and (4) concentration. The acetone and ammonium sulfate steps allowed for the use of a single chromatographic step which yielded plastocyanin free of contaminants.
Optimization of multicollector isotope-ratio measurement of strontium and neodymium

Abstract For isotope-ratio analyses of Sr and Nd whose precisions are constrained by amplifier and ion-counting noise, significant improvements in efficiency/precision can be realized by appropriate choices of peak vs. background measurement times, peak-jumping modes, and ratios for fractionation normalization. For Nd, theoretical limits on internal precision predict that the time-efficiency of dynamic analyses should be similar to that of static in most cases (slightly better in others), and that for Sr, dynamic analyses should be actually more efficient than static. Equations for the optimum mix of background times and peak-top times are given.
Breast tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF promotes pro-angiogenic macrophages through NF-κB signaling

Most deaths associated with breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, are caused by metastasis. Tumor associated macrophages significantly contribute to breast cancer progression and development of metastasis through the promotion of angiogenesis which involves a central regulator of macrophage functions: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Macrophages are activated by macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) to secrete angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The release of MCSF from tumor cells is mediated by ectodomain shedding through tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme activation (TACE). Here we determined whether tumor cells TACE-shed MCSF promotes angiogenesis through activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages and the subsequent release of VEGF. These interactions were modeled in vitro using a panel of mammary cells mimicking the breast cancer progression from normal murine mammary gland cells to metastatic 4T1 cells along with J774 macrophages, all derived from BALB/c mice. TACE and MCSF expressions were higher in metastatic cells compared to epithelial cells (p < 0.05). Tumor conditioned medias activated the expression of VEGF by macrophages through stimulation of the NF-κB pathway and resulting macrophage secretions that promoted high levels of endothelial cell tubes. Furthermore, the combinations of CCL2, also highly expressed by tumor cells, and MCSF promoted pro-angiogenic macrophages. These results highlight the key role of tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF and secreted CCL2 in stimulating pro-angiogenic macrophages.
Proper classes as members of extended sets

It might be argued that STC is superfluous. In defense we reply that STC seems the most natural theory for handling theM β andK β. In NBGAI the development is quite artificial. An even more fundamental reply is that those who wish to make puritannical restrictions on set theory forbidding inaccessible sets may have their holiday with inaccessible extended sets. Inconsistent multiplicities (which Cantor called absolutely infinites) are themselves relative to a system, or briefly, the absolute is relative.
Influences of pesticide residue and environmental concerns on organic food preference among food cooperative members and non-members in Washington State

Abstract Although consumers express concerns about the health effects of pesticide residues, consumption of organic food is minimal. A survey was conducted to investigate the role of concerns about the health and environmental effects of pesticides on consumer preference for organically produced food, and the implications for nutrition educators and the organic food market. Members of a food cooperative that stocks organic foods and residents from the same geographical region were randomly selected to receive a mail questionnaire. Compared to the general population, members of the food cooperative had stronger attitudes and concerns about food and environmental issues, and a higher preference for and more frequent consumption of organic food. Pesticide residue concern was highly correlated with the food-related environmental concern variables and was a significant explanatory variable for organic food preference in both groups. However, environmental concerns were not significant explanatory variables for either group. In both study groups, a positive attitude toward cooking and shopping was correlated with food-related environmental concerns and was a significant explanatory variable for organic food preference. The results support the hypothesis that concern about pesticide residues is a significant factor in preference for organic food. However, the connections between food choices and environmental effects are unclear to many consumers.
Short circuit detection in the winding and operation of superconducting magnets

Three categories of shorts will be discussed: (1) shorts to the metallic bobbin or other structural elements, (2) shorts between turns caused by instrumentation wires that are deliberately connected to a turn at the end (e.g., voltage taps) and that short out to another turn but are not completely severed in the process, and (3) short circuits between turns caused by direct contact due to insulation failure by chips of metal bridging turns and by instrumentation wires that bridge turns but are severed in the process of shorting.
Calling It Quits: Strategic Retirement on the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1893-1991:

Does politics influence judicial retirements? Judicial scholars have long ac knowledged the role of politics in the judicial appointment process and in judicial decision making, but the judicial retirement literature presents divergent conclusions on the effect of politics. We employ an event count model to test the influence of politics on the annual number of voluntary departures from the federal courts of appeals from 1893 through 1991. Our data provide evidence that more judges are likely to retire when politi cal conditions favor the selection of successors sharing their policy views or when unfavorable political conditions appear unlikely to change. These political factors are significant even after controlling for the costs incurred by continued service on the courts, such as diminishing salary, increasing caseload, age, and improved retirement benefits.
The dissipation and release of proactive interference in a short-term memory task

In two experiments, each S received four successive trials in a distractor-type short-term memory task. A rest period was interpolated between Trials 3 and 4. Proactive interference (PI) developed across the first three trials and partially dissipated with rest. However, for all rest intervals tested (up to 5 min), the recovery from PI was increased by a shift in taxonomic class. It was suggested that performance in the release-from-PI paradigm is mediated by a combination of long-term and short-term memory processes.
Electronic prognostics – A case study using global positioning system (GPS)

Prognostic health management (PHM) of electronic systems presents challenges traditionally viewed as either insurmountable or otherwise not worth the cost of pursuit. Recent changes in weapons platform acquisition and support requirements have spurred renewed interest in electronics PHM, revealing possible applications, accessible data sources, and previously unexplored predictive techniques. The approach, development, and validation of electronic prognostics for a radio frequency (RF) system are discussed in this paper. Conventional PHM concepts are refined to develop a three-tier failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). The proposed method identifies prognostic features by performing device, circuit, and system-level modeling. Accelerated failure testing validates the identified prognostic features. The results of the accelerated failure tests accurately predict the remaining useful life of a commercial off the shelf (COTS) GPS receiver to within ±5 thermal cycles. The solution has applicability to a broad class of mixed digital/analog circuitry, including radar and software defined radio.
An assumed displacement hybrid finite element model for linear fracture mechanics

This paper deals with a procedure to calculate the elastic stress intensity factors for arbitrary-shaped cracks in plane stress and plane strain problems. An assumed displacement hybrid finite element model is employed wherein the unknowns in the final algebraic system of equations are the nodal displacements and the elastic stress intensity factors. Special elements, which contain proper singular displacement and stress fields, are used in a fixed region near the crack tip; and the interelement displacement compatibility is satisfied through the use of a Lagrangean multiplier technique. Numerical examples presented include: central as well as edge cracks in tension plates and a quarter-circular crack in a tension plate. Excellent correlations were obtained with available solutions in all the cases. A discussion on the convergence of the present solution is also included.
NEW HOST RECORD FOR THE WHALE LOUSE ISOCYAMUS DELPHINII (AMPHIPODA, CYAMIDAE)

Isocyamus delphinii (Gu?rin-M?neville, 1836) was described from the com mon dolphin, Delphinus delphis L., 1758. It has subsequently been recorded from Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812), the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809), the short-finned pilot whale, Globi cephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846, the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846), the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846), the rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis (Lesson, 1828), the harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L., 1758), the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops trunca tus (Montagu, 1821), and the Antillian beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus Ger vais, 1855. For documentation of the above host records, the reader is referred to Martin & Heyning, 1999 (their table 1 and Literature Cited section) and to Haney (unpubl.). The killer whale, Orcinus orea (L., 1758), is also listed as a host for /. delphinii in Sedlak-Weinstein (1992), who cites Best (1969) for the host record. One of the present authors (Haney), however, found no such reference in Best's report, so the record of this cyamid species from the killer whale is considered doubtful. Although Isocyamus delphinii has been reported on the aforementioned ceta cean hosts from various localities in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans, it has only once been previously recorded from a cetacean in the Gulf of Mexico (Bowman, 1955).
Usefulness of myocardial contrast echocardipgraphy in detecting the immediate changes in anterograde blood flow reserve after coronary angioplasty

Myocardial contrast echocardiography has revealed that successful coronary angioplasty results in an immediate decrease in the amount of collateral blood flow to the perfusion bed supplied by the dilated vessel. This information could potentially be used with pharmacologic stress in the catheterization laboratory to also assess the improvement in coronary flow reserve after angioplasty. The immediate changes in area under the time intensity curve produced by a 1 ml slow injection of sonicated albumin immediately proximal to a stenosis before and after 14 angiographically successful angioplasties was studied in 12 patients. Area under the curve was assessed before and after an 8 mg selective injection of papaverine. The changes in area under the curve were correlated with percent improvement in epicardial area stenosis. Visually successful angioplasty resulted in > 30% improvement in area under the curve after papaverine in 9 of 14 studies. There was a significant correlation between improvement in area under the curve after papaverine and percent improvement in epicardial area stenosis (r = 0.75; p < 0.01). No patient had left ventricular wall motion abnormalities after papaverine before or after angioplasty. These changes suggest that quantitatively successful angioplasty results in decreased collateral blood flow to the involved myocardium during pharmacologic stress. These improvements in coronary flow reserve cannot be predicted by visual analysis of angioplasty results.
GLOBAL ANALYSIS BY CELL MAPPING

This paper deals with cell mapping methodology for global analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems. It serves a mixed set of purposes. It is basically a tutorial paper on cell mapping. But, it also reports on certain new developments in cell mapping and includes a summary of recent publications on the topic. Presented in Sec. 1–3 and 5 are the basic concepts and theory of cell mapping. Two types of cell-to-cell mapping are discussed, namely: simple cell mapping and generalized cell mapping. Once a dynamical system has been cast in the form of a cell mapping, one needs to extract the system behavior from the mapping. In Secs. 4 and 6, computation algorithms for simple cell mapping and generalized cell mapping are discussed in detail. Moreover, a workshop-type example is included to guide the reader if he wishes to gain a working knowledge of the methodology. The new developments presented in the paper include an algorithm for processing simple cell mappings and a theory of subdomain-to-subdomain global transient analysis of generalized cell mapping. These are reported in Secs. 4–6. Listed in the last section are publications on cell mapping, including applications in many rather diversified areas of dynamics. Hopefully, the breadth of the examples of application will indicate the potential of the cell mapping method.
THE RELATION OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTION TO RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY. I. THE CHANGES IN COMPLEMENT AND RESPONSE TO VACCINIA FOL′LOWING ALTERATIONS IN THYROID, ADRENAL AND PITUITARY FUNCTION IN THE RABBIT AND DOG

THERE is clinical evidence that infections run a more virulent course in patients suffering from certain endocrine diseases than in normal individuals. It is generally accepted that infections follow such a course in the patient with diabetes mellitus. Apparent failure to control infections is not limited, however, to patients with diabetes mellitus. In the endocrine clinics at the Massachusetts General Hospital other examples have been observed repeatedly. Persistent inflammation of the throat, from which usually a streptococcus is obtained repeatedly on culture, is common in patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis. The inflammation is resistant to therapy and often disappears only after thyroidectomy. Two patients with chronic suppuration, one of the hand and the other of the abdomen following appendicitis with perforation, were found to have myxedema; the infectious process cleared up only after adequate thyroid medication.
Increase in Foreign Grad Students

In the news of the week article “foreign grad students show renewed interest” (K. Unger, 31 Mar., p. 1845), university administrators seem to have overlooked possibly the most important reason for the recent increase in graduate school applications from foreign students. For many skilled
Projected frequency limits of GaAs MESFETs

Limits to the ultimate frequency performance which can be realized with GaAs MESFETs have been projected. These predictions are based on the reported performance of 137 devices fabricated between 1966 and 1988 and on first-order modeling. The predictions indicate that ultimate maximum frequency of oscillation values may approach 700 GHz, while gain-bandwidth product values as high as 200 GHz may be realized. >
Introducing Computers to the Undergraduate Machinery Laboratory-Computer Control of a DC Generator and Motor

By taking advantage of an undergraduate student's natural interest in computers, the machinery laboratory is enhanced by the introduction of the computer control of a dc generator and motor. In view of the limited background of students at the junior level, the two computer projects are completely described with schematics, flow charts and programs. Two control strategies are presented that students at this level can understand. As a natural consequence of the sense of achievement and increased interest in the machinery laboratory because of these computer projects, many students become interested in the power area of electrical engineering and more students find this area attractive.
A Pilot Test of a Peer Navigator Intervention for Improving the Health of Individuals with Serious Mental Illness

Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are at considerably higher risk for morbidity and mortality than those in the general population. The current pilot trial is a preliminary examination of a peer health navigation intervention for improving health and healthcare utilization called the Bridge. Twenty-four individuals with SMI were randomly assigned to either peer navigation or treatment as usual (TAU). Navigators encouraged development of self-management of healthcare through a series of psychoeducation and behavioral strategies. Outcomes included a range of health consequences, as well as health utilization indices. After 6 months, compared to the TAU group, participants receiving the intervention experienced fewer pain and health symptoms. Participants changed their orientation about seeking care to a primary care provider (44.4 % vs. 83.3 %, χ2 = 3.50, p < .05) rather than the emergency room (55.6 % vs. 0 %, χ2 = 8.75, p < .01). Therefore, the Bridge intervention demonstrated considerable promise through positively impacting health and healthcare utilization.
Mesalamine-associated thrombocytopenia

Abstract We describe a case of a 25-yr-old woman with ulcerative colitis who developed marked thrombocytopenia during treatment and upon rechallenge with oral mesalamine. In contrast to its parent drug, sulfasalazine, which has often been reported to cause serious blood disorders, particularly agranulocytosis, mesalamine has rately been implicated as a cause of serious blood disorders. Although previous cases of hematological toxicity have been described in patients taking mesalamine, none of these patients were rechallenged in an effort to prove causality between 5-aminosalicyclic acid and the hematological abnormality as well as outrule the possible “autoimmune” contribution of inflammatory bowel disease to the hematological toxicity of these agents. This report demonstrates that mesalamine has the potential, like sulphasalazine, to cause marked thrombocytopenia in an idiosyncratic fashion. All patients receiving mesalamine therapy, either orally or topically should have regular, complete blood profiles.
Design of an active flutter suppression system for the Active Flexible Wing

The design of an active flutter suppression controller and wind tunnel validation test results are presented. This controller, designed using Nyquist methods and traditional root locus, is applied to the Active Flexible Wing (AFW) wind tunnel model. Wind tunnel tests were conducted to validate the design and demonstrate flutter suppression at a fixed altitude while performing aggressive rolling maneuvers representative of high-performance military aircraft. The controller succeeded in simultaneous suppression of two distinct flutter modes by significantly increasing the flutter dynamic pressure in spite of errors in the mathematical model.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Human Values and Information Sources Within a Tourism Framework

Abstract Throughout the years researchers and industry professionals from diverse disciplines have advanced methods for predicting consumer behavior. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between individuals' personal values and information sources. The secondary purpose is to identify significant relationships between personal values and selected demographics. Rokeach's value theory and Kahle's social adaptation theory serve as the theoretical framework. Findings yielded three personal values factors: hedonic, interpersonal and achievement. Five information sources factors also were identified: journalism, advertising, organizational, interpersonal, and new media.
Nitrogen mineralization of anaerobic swine lagoon sludge as influenced by seasonal temperatures

Abstract As anaerobic swine lagoons approach maximum sludge storage capacity, producers must periodically remove sludge and apply it to nearby fields. Information regarding the availability of nitrogen (N) in sludge as a nutrient source applied at different seasons of the year could improve crop-use efficiency. A 12-month laboratory study was conducted to quantify the effects of seasonal temperatures on mineralization of N in lagoon sludge. Sludge was mixed with a Coastal Plain soil (Arenic Kandiudult) and incubated for one year at weekly fluctuating temperatures based on Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall application dates, ranging from a Winter low temperature of 9°C to a Summer maximum temperature of 30°C. Samples were analyzed monthly for NO3-N and NH4-N in 1.0 M KCl extracts of sludge amended soil. Sludge N availability (sum of NO3-N plus NH4-N concentration in 1.0 M KCl extract) was fit to a nonlinear regression model for a first-order reaction. Net N mineralization rate constants (k) derived from the...
Modeling Intercellular Transfer of Biomolecules Through Tunneling Nanotubes

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have previosly been observed as long and thin transient structures forming between cells and intercellular protein transfer through them has been experimentally verified. It is hypothesized that this may be a physiologically important means of cell–cell communication. This paper attempts to give a simple model for the rates of transfer of molecules across these TNTs at different distances. We describe the transfer of both cytosolic and membrane bound molecules between neighboring populations of cells and argue how the lifetime of the TNT, the diffusion rate, distance between cells, and the size of the molecules may affect their transfer. The model described makes certain predictions and opens a number of questions to be explored experimentally.
Use of alternative and complementary medicine in menopause.

Abstract Objectives: To review the clinical evidence available for the treatment of menopausal symptoms with alternative and complementary medicine. Methods: The MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE and COCHRANE electronic databases for the years 1980–2002 were searched for articles concerning soy products, black cohosh, dong quai, acupuncture, ginseng and evening primrose oil. Studies pertaining to menopausal vasomotor symptoms, lipid profiles and bone mineral densities of postmenopausal women were included. The data from clinical trials were reviewed. Results: Soy isoflavones slightly decrease total cholesterol and LDL levels. The clinical significance of this small change is yet to be determined. The synthetic isoflavone derivative ipriflavone increases bone mineral density in healthy peri- and postmenopausal women with moderate bone mineral densities. Although earlier reports have claimed that soy is beneficial for the improvement of vasomotor symptoms, recent data do not support this claim. There are insufficient data on the other alternative therapies for treating menopausal symptoms at this time. Conclusion: Alternative and complementary medicine may play a role in the management of menopause, however, well-designed large studies are still needed.
Age of Lucy and the First Family: Single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Denen Dora and lower Kada Hadar members of the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia

Single-crystal laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar analyses on previously undatable tephra deposits provide the first reliable dates for the important hominid fossils popularly called "Lucy" and the "First Family,"here dated to 3.18 and 3.20 Ma, respectively. These results help to establish an age framework for hominid and biostratigraphic evolution for the fossil-rich Hadar Formation. The abundance of well-preserved vertebrate fossils at Hadar can be attributed, in part, to an unusually high sediment-accumulation rate of approximately 80 cm/ka, which might be due to increased tectonic subsidence of the Hadar basin between 3.4 and 3.2 Ma. The new dates also provide supportive evidence that the boundary ages for the Kaena and Mammoth subchrons, of the geomagnetic polarity time scale, need to be increased by as much as 4% to 5%.
Benzene Modulation of Liver Cell Structure and Heme-Cytochrome P-450 Metabolism

ABSTRACT Rats were treated with subcutaneous benzene, 440 mg/kg, for 3 and 14 days (acute and chronic exposure). Their hepatic cell heme and drug metabolizing enzymes as well as cell morphology by electron microscopy were examined. Electron micrographs of hepatocytes from the benzene-treated rats showed disruption of the mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial structure. The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase was increased 1.5–2-fold in both acutely and chronically exposed animals. In the acutely exposed animals, there was a 50% inhibition of the second enzyme of heme synthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, while in the chronically exposed there was 70% inhibition. The rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation, heme oxygenase, was increased more than twofold in both sets of animals. Cytochrome P-450 content was increased 77% in the acutely treated and 35% in the chronic. Associated with this increase in cytochrome P-450 content, there was a twofold increase in both arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase activities after acute exposure. During chronic exposure, however, there was a return to normal of the aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity and a decline in arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase induction to 1.25 times control. Results from this study indicate that benzene exposure produces adverse effects on mitochondria and heme metabolism. The precise relationships of these disturbances to benzene toxicity are not clear; however the possible role of heme oxygenase and degree of cytochrome P-450 induction are considered. Finally, the alterations of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase activities point to a potential mechanism of differential toxicity from metabolites of benzene.
Psychosocial risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia: a prospective study of patients with herpes zoster.

Abstract The results of previous studies using retrospective methods or small samples have suggested that there may be psychosocial risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). We conducted a prospective study in which 110 patients with herpes zoster were assessed within the first month after rash onset with measures of acute pain and five broad domains of psychosocial functioning—physical, role, social, and emotional functioning, and stress and social support. Twenty of the 102 patients with follow-up data were diagnosed with PHN, defined as pain that had persisted for 4 months after rash onset. Measures of role functioning, personality disorder symptoms, and disease conviction during herpes zoster each made independent contributions to predicting either presence or intensity of PHN in logistic and linear regression analyses that controlled for relevant demographic and clinical variables, including age and acute pain intensity. These findings indicate that psychosocial variables are risk factors for the development of PHN. Perspective The results of this prospective study of patients with herpes zoster suggest that future research on the mechanisms and prevention of PHN should consider psychosocial as well as neurobiologic processes.
Developmental changes in GABAergic neurotransmission to presympathetic and cardiac parasympathetic neurons in the brainstem

Cardiovascular function is regulated by a dynamic balance composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Sympathoexcitatory presympathetic neurons (PSNs) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla project directly to cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. In proximity to the PSNs in the medulla, there are preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) within the nucleus ambiguus, which are critical for parasympathetic control of heart rate. Both CVNs and PSNs receive GABAergic synaptic inputs that change with challenges such as hypoxia and hypercapnia (H/H). Autonomic control of cardiovascular function undergoes significant changes during early postnatal development; however, little is known regarding postnatal maturation of GABAergic neurotransmission to these neurons. In this study, we compared changes in GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CVNs and PSNs under control conditions and during H/H in postnatal day 2–5 (P5), 16–20 (P20), and 27–30 (P30) rats using an in vitro brainstem slice preparation. There was a significant enhancement in GABAergic neurotransmission to both CVNs and PSNs at age P20 compared with P5 and P30, with a more pronounced increase in PSNs. H/H did not significantly alter this enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission to PSNs in P20 animals. However, the frequency of GABAergic IPSCs in PSNs was reduced by H/H in P5 and P30 animals. In CVNs, H/H elicited an inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in all ages studied, with the most pronounced inhibition occurring at P20. In conclusion, there are critical development periods at which significant rearrangement occurs in the central regulation of cardiovascular function.
CSEM-Steel Hybrid Wiggler/Undulator Magnetic Field Studies

Current design of permanent magnet wiggler/ undulators use either pure charge sheet equivalent material (CSEM) or the CSEM-Steel hybrid configuration. Hybrid configurations offer higher field strength at small gaps, field distributions dominated by the pole surfaces and pole tuning. Nominal performance of the hybrid is generally predicted using a 2-D magnetic design code neglecting transverse geometry. Magnetic measurements are presented showing transverse configuration influence on performance, from a combination of models using CSEMs, REC (Hc = 9.2 kOe) and NdFe (Hc = 10.7 kOe), different pole widths and end configurations. Results show peak field improvement using NdFe in place of REC in identical models, gap peak field decrease with pole width decrease (all results less than computed 2-D fields), transverse gap field distributions, and importance of CSEM material overhanging the poles in the transverse direction for highest gap fields.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Approach To Real-Time Computation Problems

This paper presents a formalism for describing the behavior of computational networks at the algorithmic level. It establishes a direct correspondence between mathematical expressions defining a function and the networks which compute that function. By formally manipulating the symbolic expressions that define a function, it is Possible to obtain different networks that compute the function. Certain important characteristics of computational networks, such as computational rate, performance and communication requirements can directly be determined from this mathematical description. The use of this formalism for design and verification is demonstrated on a few computational networks for functions typical in signal processing.
Characterization of glucose oxidase-negative mutants of a lignin degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The isolation and characterization of glucose oxidase-negative (gox-) mutants of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, is described. These mutants are deficient not only in their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but also in lignin degradation (2′-14C-synthetic lignin→14CO2), ligninase and peroxidase activities, decolorization of the dye poly-R 481, and production of ethylene from α-oxo-γ-methylthiobutyric acid (KTBA). The gox- mutants retained, albeit at a lower level, the capacity to produce veratryl alcohol, a typical secondary metabolite, and produced conidia at a level comparable to that of the wild type. The addition of ligninase and/or glucose oxidase to a gox- mutant (GOX-10) did not enhance its capacity to degrade lignin. The Gox+ revertant strains regained glucose oxidase activity, the ability to degrade lignin, as well as the other characteristics that were missing in the gox- mutants. The results suggest that the genetic lesion in these mutants affects the regulation of a set of secondary metabolic characteristics.
Eavesdropping: the radio signature of the Earth.

In addition to searches for purposeful signals, those attempting interstellar communication should also consider the possibility of eavesdropping on radio emissions inadvertently "leaking" from other technical civilizations. To understand better the information which might be derivable from radio leakage, the case of planet earth is considered. The most detectable and useful escaping signal arise in a few BMEWS-type radar systems and in normal television broadcasting. A model including over 2000 television transmitters is used to demonstrate the wealth of astronomical and cultural information available from a distant observer9s careful monitoring of frequency and intensity variations in individual video carriers (program materials is not taken to be detectable).
Fine needle aspiration of the breast for diagnosis of preinvasive neoplasia

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the breast is a well-tolerated procedure used to evaluate palpable breast masses, has a reported mean specificity of 99%, and a reported sensitivity of 70-99%. The false positive rate varies from 0-0.4% in most larger series, with a reported false negative rate ranging from 0.7-22%; however, higher false negative rates have been reported in tumors under 2 cm in diameter. The FNA technique uses a fine, 20 gauge or less, needle and is not associated with a significant risk of tumor growing out the needle tract. FNA cytology is not effectively used if a breast mass cannot be palpated or distinguished from fibrous tissue within the breast. The procedure can be applied to nonpalpable masses detected by mammography by employing stereotactic techniques. The cytologic samples obtained from FNA can be used to distinguish atypical ductal hyperplasia from in situ or invasive ductal carcinoma; however, cytologic criteria to effectively distinguish ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) from invasive adenocarcinoma are not definitive in many cases, and are dependent on variables related to the type of intraductal tumor, the size and character of the cell groups, and the presence of single or disaggregated tumor cells. Employing current cytologic criteria, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) may be distinguished from invasive lobular carcinoma in some cases; however, the individual LCIS cells are not morphologically distinct from lobular carcinoma cells. Atypical lobular hyperplasia has cellular features essentially the same as those seen in LCIS. Needle biopsy (NB) employs larger needles of 14-16 gauge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dual-band spacecraft sensor suite for lunar and small-body landing

NASA is planning missions to small planetary bodies in which low-risk high-accuracy soft-landing must be accomplished independent of ground control. Accurate estimates of range, descent rate, attitude, and translational drift rate are needed for precision landings (< 1 m CEP) in low gravity. Operational ranges for the landing phase are expected to vary from a kilometer down to one meter. Poorly characterized landing sites may require real-time obstacle avoidance. Although passive sensors are being considered, active sensors enable the spacecraft to exploit more optimal measurement techniques in which surface illumination is controlled by design rather than accommodated by default. This paper addresses the development and validation of a robust combination of sensors, which reduce risks while minimizing spacecraft mass and power. This paper describes the design, test, and evaluation of two sensors: a miniature pulsed Nd:YAG lidar and a Ka-band CW Doppler radar. These sensors are co-bore sighted on a two-axis gimbal, along with an inertial measurement unit and a data acquisition PC on a mobile test-bed. Test results will be presented and discussed for conditions that emulate appropriate landing operations. Fixed test structures with corner reflector targets are used to validate this approach and calibrate sensor sensitivity to different geometries and kinematics.
Crimson tide: They got it all wrong

This article explains how command and control operates on board a U.S. nuclear‐powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN). These procedures ensure that nuclear weapons are only firedupon authenticated receipt of authorization from the National Commend Authority. The Fail‐Safe and Risk Reduction Commission in 1992 made a recommendation to “install a use control device on submarine‐launched ballistic missile systems such that it takes a message from an outside source to employ it. “The new system was fully implemented by October 1, 1997.
Broadness, decay, and correlation functions of isotropic homogeneous turbulence

General theoretical relationships consistent with experiments are obtained for isotropic homogeneous incompressible-fluid turbulence governed by the Navier-Stokes flow equation. A key quantity that structures the turbulence is the 'broadness' B of the probability measure over velocity fields. Both the decay law and the longitudinal correlation function for small r appear as simple functions of this quasiconstant parameter B.
Evolution of volatile sulfur-containing compounds from decomposition of crucifers in soil

Abstract Cabbage leaf and stem tissue decomposed in soil with the formation of the volatile sulfur-containing compounds methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Tissue of other crucifers including kale, mustard, Brussels sprouts and turnip decomposed to yield similar products. In contrast, none of the above volatile materials were evolved from decomposing corn tissue in soil. The volatiles resulting from the decomposition of cruciferous amendments were detected by both gas chromatographic and chemical analyses after 1 week of decomposition. Their evolution was virtually complete by the fourth week of decomposition. In addition, we detected methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and unknown aldehydes or ketones from both decomposing cabbage and corn. Volatile isothiocyanates, H2S, or CS2 were not detected as a result of the decomposition of these amendments.
Generation of hydroxyl radical by crocidolite asbestos is proportional to surface [Fe3+].

Abstract Differences among fibrous silicates to effect injury in biological systems have been postulated to reflect oxidant generation by structural iron within the crystal lattice of amphiboles. Iron is also coordinated to the surface of all silicates in concentrations which depend on the density of acidic functional groups. We tested the hypothesis that oxidant generation by crocidolite is proportional to surface-complexed iron rather than variance in the lattice concentrations of this transition metal. Surface iron was quantified after its reduction to Fe2+ and chelation by citrate. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive products and dihydroxybenzoic acid products of salicylate were employed as indices of nonspecific oxidant and hydroxyl radical generation, respectively. Surface iron, TBA reactive products, and dihydroxybenzoic acid products all diminished after pretreatment of crocidolite with the metal chelator deferoxamine in concentrations varying from 0 to 250 m m . Inclusion of deferoxamine in the reaction mixture provided similar results of diminishing both TBA reactive products and dihydroxybenzoic acid generation. We conclude that oxidant generation by crocidolite is proportional to surface concentrations of iron which can be chelated using deferoxamine. The design of synthetic fibers without health effects after exposure will likely necessitate decreasing the number of surface acidic functional groups to diminish the capacity to complex iron (i.e., minimize the percentage SiO2).
Reconstructing the World: Albert Camus and the Symbolization of Experience

Albert Camus's political philosophy of rebellion and limits is ultimately grounded in an aesthetic theory, which in turn is dependent on a broader understanding of the nature of symbols. In his essays and notes. Camus develops a theory of symbols in which he insists that human beings are symbolic creatures and that human experience and symbolization are interdependent realities. Camus felt that art, in particular the philosophical novel, played a significant role in the rearticulation of symbols. The basis of the recollection or the creation of symbols is the consciousness of the community, particularly the shared consciousness of the human condition. Symbols act as mediations between the empirical world and the world of imagination. They are not literal descriptions of that empirical reality, nor are they simply flights of fancy. Symbols are necessarily bound and free. So, too, Camus argues, must be the politics on which they are based.
Antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone, butorphanol, or the combination in cats

The goal of this study was to assess the antinociceptive activity of a single dose of hydromorphone or butorphanol and to examine the effect of their coadministration on thermal thresholds in cats. Thermal thresholds were measured after IM administration of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), a combination of butorphanol and hydromorphone (0.4 and 0.1 mg/kg), or saline to each of 6 cats in a randomized, blinded, crossover study design. There were at least 12 days between treatments. Thermal thresholds were measured by a thorax-mounted thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. Thermal thresholds were measured before treatment, at varying intervals to 12 hours, and at 24 hours after treatments. Data were analyzed by an analysis of variance with a repeat factor of time. Dysphoria was associated with butorphanol administration but not with hydromorphone or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined administration. Vomiting was seen with hydromorphone but not with butorphanol or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The control treatment group was stable over time (P = .22; mean threshold, 40.1 degrees C). Thresholds were significantly (P < .05) higher than the control treatment between 15 and 165 minutes for butorphanol, between 15 and 345 minutes for hydromorphone, and between 15 and 540 minutes for hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The addition of butorphanol to hydromorphone decreased the intensity of antinociception during the 1st 2 hours but extended the duration of observable antinociception from 5.75 to 9 hours. The present study suggests that the combination of butorphanol and a pure OP3 (mu) receptor agonist clinically does not produce increased analgesia and indeed may result in decreased analgesia.