cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of fungal melanin biosynthesis in ascomycetous, imperfect and basidiomycetous fungi

Melanin biosynthesis was studied in 26 species of fungi belonging to 16 genera using the melanin inhibitor tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo(3,4 b )-benzothiazole) and enzyme reactions in cell-free homogenates. All but one of the 20 dark brown and black ascomycetous and imperfect fungi apparently made melanin from 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene. Cell-free homogenates of these fungi metabolized two or more melanin substrates (1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, (+)-scytalone, 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene or vermelone) to intermediates in the melanin pathway, including 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, and/or the melanin biosynthetic pathway in these fungi was blocked in vivo by tricyclazole, causing a change in fungal colour and an accumulation of 2-hydroxyjuglone, flaviolin, and other melanin shunt products. Aspergillus niger and six basidiomycetes did not metabolize these melanin substrates, and melanin biosynthesis in these fungi was not affected by tricyclazole. Thus, many ascomycetous and related imperfect fungi appear to make melanin from 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, whereas basidiomycetes and at least some imperfect fungi probably use alternative pathways.
The complexities of measuring access to parks and physical activity sites in New York City: a quantitative and qualitative approach

Background: Proximity to parks and physical activity sites has been linked to an increase in active behaviors, and positive impacts on health outcomes such as lower rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Since populations with a low socio-economic status as well as racial and ethnic minorities tend to experience worse health outcomes in the USA, access to parks and physical activity sites may be an environmental justice issue. Geographic Information systems were used to conduct quantitative and qualitative analyses of park accessibility in New York City, which included kernel density estimation, ordinary least squares (global) regression, geographically weighted (local) regression, and longitudinal case studies, consisting of field work and archival research. Accessibility was measured by both density of park acreage and density of physical activity sites. Independent variables included percent non-Hispanic black, percent Hispanic, percent below poverty, percent of adults without high school diploma, percent with limited English-speaking ability, and population density. Results: The ordinary least squares linear regression found weak relationships in both the park acreage density and the physical activity site density models (Ra 2 = .11 and .23, respectively; AIC = 7162 and 3529, respectively). Geographically weighted regression, however, suggested spatial non-stationarity in both models, indicating disparities in accessibility that vary over space with respect to magnitude and directionality of the relationships (AIC = 2014 and -1241, respectively). The qualitative analysis supported the findings of the local regression, confirming that although there is a geographically inequitable distribution of park space and physical activity sites, it is not globally predicted by race, ethnicity, or socio-economic status. Conclusion: The combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrated the complexity of the issues around racial and ethnic disparities in park access. They revealed trends that may not have been otherwise detectable, such as the spatially inconsistent relationship between physical activity site density and sociodemographics. In order to establish a more stable global model, a number of additional factors, variables, and methods might be used to quantify park accessibility, such as network analysis of proximity, perception of accessibility and usability, and additional park quality characteristics. Accurate measurement of park accessibility can therefore be important in showing the links between opportunities for active behavior and beneficial health outcomes.
Measurement of Coupling Between Cleaved or Polished Fibers using an Automated Fusion Splicer

Loss mechanisms in fiber-to-fiber coupling and factors contributing to each and present experimental results on repeatability of insertion loss measurement using an automated fusion splicer are discussed. The effects of fiber tip preparation on coupling efficiency are evaluated. Controlling loss mechanisms unrelated to tip preparation consequently comes down to using matched fibers, maintaining cleanliness, avoiding damage to the fiber end faces during handling, preventing stress during mounting of the fibers, and precisely controlling alignment and fiber-to-fiber contact. This study presents an experimental setup that provides precise alignment of the fibers and control over the gap between the fibers while measuring transmitted power and visualizing the fibers through a video camera.
Theory of magnetic amplifiers with square-loop core materials

The purpose of this paper is to explain the operation of magnetic amplifiers and to express power out, power gain, and time constant of the amplifier in terms of core and rectifier properties. The magnetic amplifiers under discussion are of the so-called low-control circuit-impedance type.1 To reduce the complexity of the analysis, many simplifying assumptions are made. While these assumptions introduce inaccuracies in the equations, the latter still serve effectively in establishing first-order relations among the variables. A large part of the analysis is applicable to core materials whose dynamic hysteresis (B-H) loop is not strictly rectangular, such as grain-oriented silicon steel.
River-plume sedimentation modeling for sequence stratigraphy: application to the Eel margin, northern California

Abstract Sediment deposition in the coastal zone from riverine input is of key importance in understanding the construction of sediment sequences through time. A turbulent-jet model is used to simulate sediment input to the continental margin from a riverine source. Turbulent-jet models track the momentum, which is the first-order force carrying most of the sediment flowing into the ocean. The Froude number at the river mouth remains supercritical during floods of the Eel River, justifying the use of a jet model for the initial dispersion of the sediment-laden plume. Sediment is deposited from the plume prior to the centerline Froude number decreasing to its critical value. Empirically derived first-order removal-rate constants are used for each grain size in an advection–diffusion equation to predict the areal extent of sediment deposition. One strength of using a jet model is its ability to simulate deposits on a daily time-step over intermediate time scales (thousands of years) using a limited number of input parameters. A number of simulations of the Eel River plume are shown for conditions of the present day and 18,000 yr BP, during the last glacial maximum. The model results for modern conditions show that a majority of the deposition occurs within 20 km north of the river mouth and is typically confined to within 10 km of the coastline, corresponding well with the shelf sands on the Eel margin. However, the initial mud deposit from a 1995 flood was farther offshore and northward. Additional advection of the mud fraction must occur after it leaves the surficial plume and prior to its initial deposition. The model runs of 18,000 yr BP (with 100 m lower sea level, wetter and colder climate, and the river mouth assumed to be at the canyon) show that the plume is able to transport sand, silt and clay out of the canyon and onto the continental slope.
Field-induced spin mixing in ultrathin superconducting Al and be films in high parallel magnetic fields.

We report spin-dependent electron density of states (DOS) studies of ultrathin superconducting Al and Be films in high parallel magnetic fields. Superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunneling spectra are presented in which both the film and the counterelectrode are in the paramagnetic limit. This SIS configuration is exquisitely sensitive to spin mixing and/or spin flip processes which are manifest as DOS singularities at $eV=2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}e{V}_{z}$. Both our Al and Be data show a well defined subgap peak whose magnitude grows dramatically as the parallel critical field is approached. Though this feature has previously been attributed to spin-orbit scattering, it is more consistent with fluctuations into a field induced mixed-spin state.
Using multimedia to teach computer literacy

This paper discusses the design phase of the development of an interactive multimedia tutorial tool for computer literacy. Research indicates interactive multimedia can be helpful to that student who does not respond to the traditional teaching methods. Can an interactive multimedia tutorial be designed to increase the success rate in computer literacy classes? The importance of the user interface is stressed and the factors to be considered in creating the user interface are discussed. How these factors were implemented in designing the interactive multimedia tutorial tool for computer literacy is presented.
Glomerular diseases seen with cancer and chemotherapy: a narrative review

Glomerular lesions have been recognized in a number of malignant diseases. Membranous nephropathy is the most common glomerular pathology associated with solid tumors. In Hodgkin's disease, the most common lesion is minimal change disease, reflecting possibly an anomaly of T-cell function. On the other hand, in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a large proportion of glomerular lesions fall into the category of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Membranous nephropathy is also the most common glomerular disease seen following stem cell transplantation, suggesting a possible immune-mediated mechanism. Chemotherapy agents such as interferon, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and bisphosphonates have also been associated with various glomerular diseases and thrombotic microangiopathy. Failure to recognize certain paraneoplastic glomerular diseases can lead to potentially unnecessary therapies. This review describes the association of glomerular diseases with solid tumors, hematological malignancies, stem cell transplantation, and chemotherapeutic agents. We also describe the pitfalls in diagnosis and the dilemma in treating these entities.
Asset Substitution and Structured Financing

This article shows how structured financing can be used to solve the asset substitution problem in a dynamic setting. Structuring induces the firm’s owner to optimally choose the first best operating strategy even though the owner’s value function might be locally convex (concave), which would ordinarily lead to overinvestment (underinvestment) in risky projects. This result is demonstrated in two different continuous time settings—one that is based on the risk-shifting framework of Leland (1998) and one that generalizes the scaled return model of Green (1984). It is shown that the contractual nature of the structuring is a key determinant of the issuing firm’s dynamic asset volatility. Furthermore, unlike nonstructured financing, the default (conversion) probability of a structured debt security may be increasing (decreasing) in the firm’s total assets. Structured securities are therefore hedge assets, which potentially explains the popularity of structured securities among investors and third-party issuers.
The Self-Puzzle©: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool

Summary This article considers the uses, procedures, and analysis of a new diagnostic and therapeutic tool called the Self-Puzzle. The Self-Puzzle is a drawing of the patient's Self in puzzle form by the patient which serves a dual function of being therapeutic for the patient as well as diagnostic for the therapist. The patient collaborates in the assessment process by depicting his perception of himself and his relationship to his environment. Examples are provided to illustrate some of the uses of the Self-Puzzle in therapy.
Synthesis of tetrakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) digermene and its reductive cleavage to the corresponding digermenyllithium (DME) complex

Abstract Tetrakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)digermene is synthesized directly from bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)dichlorogermane by reductive coupling with lithium naphthalenide in dimethoxyethane (DME). Its structural integrity (double bond) is retained in solution and addition of methanol leads to 1-methoxy-1,1,2,2-tetrakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)digermane. Treatment of the digermene with further equivalents of lithium naphthalenide in DME provided a novel digermenyllithium species.
Redox potentials of flavocytochromes c from the phototrophic bacteria, Chromatium vinosum and Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum

Abstract The redox potentials of flavocytochromes c (FC) from Chromatium vinosum and Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum have been studied as a function of pH. Chlorobium FC has a single heme which has a redox potential of +98 mV at pH 7 (N = 1) that is independent of pH between 6 and 8. The average two-electron redox potential of the flavin extrapolated to pH 7 is +28 mV and decreases 35 mV/ pH between pH 6 and 7. The anionic form of the flavin semiquinone is stabilized above pH 6. The redox potential of Chromatium FC is markedly lower than for Chlorobium. The two hemes in Chromatium FC appear to have a redox potential of 15 mV at pH 7 (N = 1), although they reside in very different structural environments. The hemes of Chromatium FC have a pH-dependent redox potential, which can be fit in the simplest case by a single ionization with pK = 7.05. The flavin in Chromatium FC has an average two-electron redox potential of −26 mV at pH 7 and decreases 30 mV/pH between pH 6 and 8. As with Chlorobium, the anionic form of the flavin semiquinone of Chromatium FC is stabilized above pH 6. The unusually high redox potential of the flavin, a stabilized anion radical, and sulfite binding to the flavin in both Chlorobium and Chromatium FCs are characteristics shared by the flavoprotein oxidases. By analogy with glycolate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase for which there are three-dimensional structures, the properties of the FCs are likely to be due to a positively charged amino acid side chain in the vicinity of the N1 nitrogen of the flavin.
Absorption of sulphur dioxide by sodium humates

Abstract As part of a programme for assessing the potential of basic humates as stack gas scrubbing media, the reaction of sodium salts of coal derived humic acids (HA) with sulphur dioxide was investigated. The principal absorption mechanism was found to be acid-base: Na-HA(aq) + SO 2 (g) + H 2 O ⇄ HA(s) + HSO t- 3 (aq) + Na + (aq) Soluble sodium Insoluble humic humate acid However, formation of a sulphur dioxide-HA ‘complex’ was observed under conditions (low pH, high temperature) which favoured conversion of a significant fraction (> 5%) of dissolved sulphites to the SO2(aq) ‘H2SO3’ form. Greater complexation of SO2(aq) was observed for HA preparations which had been stored under basic conditions for periods up to two years. Reversibility of absorption and desorption was demonstrated. Similar experiments with hydrogen sulphide revealed no significant reaction with sodium or iron(III) humates.
A circumferential fingernail—Fingernail on the palmar aspect of the finger

A case of an unusual congenital deformity with circumferential nail growth over all sides of the left small finger is presented.
Time Paths in the Diffusion of Product Innovations

This study attempts to measure and analyse the diffusion of product innovations. Diffusion is defined as the spread in the number of producers engaged in manufacturing a new product. Thus, the term refers to the net entry rate in the market for a new product. We trace the history of diffusion for 46 new products and examine the inter-relations among diffusion, other aspects of technological change, price, output, and certain attributes of the relevant markets. To explain the 46 product histories, we construct a theory of the development of industries for new products. Our theory combines elements of traditional, neoclassical models with what Nelson and Winter (I974) have termed an evolutionary theory. A novel feature is that the historical sequence, or time path, of events is viewed as a critical determinant of the ultimate structure of new product markets. Thus the time path of events determines not only the course traversed in reaching the end result but the ultimate market structure itself. The paper is organised in four sections. In Section I we present our theory. In Section II we construct a series of alternative theories of the development of industries for new products based on approaches to be found in received literature. The evidence from the 46 new product histories is examined in Section III. Finally, a brief summary of principal findings follows in Section IV.
NASA Ames Research Center's parabolized Navier-Stokes code - A critical evaluation of heat-transfer predictions

The viscous supersonic/hypersonic flow over a biconic configuration was numerically simulated using the NASA Ames Research Center's Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code, and results obtained for the effects of various computational parameters on the heat transfer are compared with experimental results. The PNS code is found to provide accurate results for heat transfer parameters using low smoothing coefficient values, assuming that the radial spacing is at some small value and that the body is simple in cross section. For the cases considered, the nominal value of the spatial step size was 0.05, and the grid density was 45 points in the meridional direction and 30 points in the radial direction.
The method of imbedded Lagrangian element to estimate wave power absorption by some submerged devices

A simple approach is described to estimate the wave power absorption potential of submerged devices known to cause wave focusing and flow enhancement. In particular, the presence of a flow-through power take-off (PTO) system, such as low-head turbines, can be accounted for. The wave radiation characteristics of an appropriately selected Lagrangian element (LE) in the fluid domain are first determined. In the limit of a vanishing mass, the LE reduces to a patch of distributed normal dipoles. The hydrodynamic coefficients of this virtual object are then input in a standard equation of motion where the effect of the PTO can be represented, for example, as a dashpot damping term. The process is illustrated for a class of devices recently proposed by Carter and Ertekin (2011), although in a simplified form. Favorable wave power absorption is shown for large ratios of the LE wave radiation coefficient over the LE added mass coefficient. Under optimal conditions, the relative flow reduction from the PTO theoretically lies between 0.50 and \(1/\sqrt 2 \approx 0.71\), with lower values corresponding to better configurations. Wave power capture widths, the sensitivity of results to PTO damping and sample spectral calculations at a typical site in Hawaiian waters are proposed to further illustrate the versatility of the method.
Pressure Broadening of Absorption Lines in Neutron Star Atmospheres and Prospects for Measuring Neutron Star Masses and Radii

At the very high densities encountered in neutron star atmospheres, the pressure broadening of heavy-ion absorption lines due to the Stark effect should be appreciable. Simple scaling arguments suggest that the line widths should be measurable in the near future with the next generation X-ray spectrometers. A simultaneous measurement of the gravitational redshift and of the acceleration of gravity at the surface will produce separate (though coupled) measurements of stellar mass and radius. Although the procedure to measure the acceleration of gravity from a line profile is of course completely analogous to that used in classical stellar spectroscopy, it is because the redshifts in neutron stars are large, and separately measurable, that the spectroscopy yields both the mass and the radius.
Petrology and Geochemistry of Peralkaline Volcanics of Sierra Campana, Chihuahua, Mexico: ABSTRACT

Peralkaline welded tuffs (and flows?) make up the steep walls of the lower Campana Canyon and the east-facing scarp of the Sierra Campana, approximately 100 km north of Ciudad Chihuahua. The sequence includes crystal-poor, highly contorted welded tuffs and the distinctly peralkaline Campana tuff that forms the steep columnar-jointed cliff atop End_Page 769------------------------------ the Sierra Campana. The Campana tuff contains a blue crystal-rich basal unit that grades upward into a blue crystal-poor phase containing clumps (lapilli) of sanidine (Or40) plus quartz phenocrysts. Distinctive light-colored clumps (1 cm to 1 m) also occur in the lower part of the tuff. These clumps contain abundant dendritic and coarse vapor phase riebeckite which imparts a speckled blue-white color to the unit. Sanidine phenocrysts are low in CaO (0.1%) but typically contain high FeO (0.6%). The tuff was derived from a magma chamber characterized by a well-developed transient zone of crystallization which was disrupted and mixed with the magma during early eruptive phases. The Campana tuff has been downfaulted at least 300 m along a north-south range-front fault. Major and trace element analysis of 70 samples defines a distinctly peralkaline suite, with average molecular Al2O3/Na2O + K2O + CaO = 0.9. SiO2 ranges from 73.7 to 77.6%. The low average Al2O3 content (10.9%) and the high Fe2O3 content (3.2%) place the suite in the comendite field. The entire suite exhibits a highly fractionated trace element chemistry, with abnormal enrichment of Rb(495 ppm), Zr(970 ppm), Y(144 ppm), and Nb(120 ppm); more significantly, there is very strong depletion of Sr(< 5 ppm), Ba(< 5 ppm), V, Ni, and Cr. The peralkaline volcanics are interpreted as the end product of extreme crystal fractionation under quartz-feldspar ternary minima restrictions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 770------------
An Analysis of the General and Specific Intellectual Factors on the WISC-R for Hispanic and White Children:

One method of determining test bias is to investigate its factor structure for individuals of different ethnic groups. In this study a factor analysis was conducted for a sample of white and Hispanic children using the WISC-R subtests. Two- and three-factor solutions were obtained and compared for the two groups. In addition, the general factor (g) and the subtest specificity were determined and compared. The results indicate that the two-factor solution was similar for the two groups whereas the three-factor solution and the pattern of relative measures of g were somewhat different. There were also notable differences regarding subtest specificity across the two groups. Implications of these results were discussed.
A few topics concerning nucleation and crystallization in glasses

Abstract Herein a review is presented of some of the work we have performed on the subject of crystallization of glass. The various topics fit into two catagories: crystal nucleation in inorganic glasses and formal theory of phase transformations (i.e., Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov theory denoted as JMAK theory). Our nucleation studies have focussed primarily upon testing the applicability of classical nucleation theory (CNT) to crystal nucleation experiments in simple, pseudo-one-component systems. The general conclusion of the work to date is that this theory does not provide an accurate description of crystal nucleation in common glasses. One of the key unknown parameters in this theory is the liquid–crystal surface tension. A description is given of one method of determining the latter quantity without attempting to fit the surface tension to obtain accord between the results of steady-state nucleation rate experiments and theory. This new method utilizes transient nucleation data and the theory of transient nucleation formulated by Shneidman. The work in the formal theory of phase transformations has concentrated upon providing extensions of JMAK theory for certain isothermal transformation processes. For example, we have examined the changes which are needed in JMAK theory when one accounts for inhomogeneous nucleation (non-random) and finite sample size effects. The results of this study have been used to describe surface crystallization rates and combined bulk and surface crystallization rates. Also, we have formulated some of the theory which deals with crystallization processes in which non-spherical, anisotropic particles are formed. The 1-D versions of our equations have been compared with computer simulation results and have proven highly accurate. Finally, we have presented a correction to the JMAK t4 law in the case of transient nucleation effects which is self-consistent in that it takes into account equally significant size dependent crystal growth effects. The results of the theory are in excellent agreement with computer solutions of the nucleation equations.
Implementing dynamic minimal-prefix tries

A modified trie-searching algorithm and corresponding data structure are introduced which permit rapid search of a dictionary for a symbol or a valid abbreviation. The dictionary-insertion algorithm automatically determines disambiguation points, where possible, for each symbol. The search operation will classify a symbol as one of the following: unknown (i.e. not a valid symbol), ambiguous (i.e. is a prefix of more than one valid symbol) or known. The search operation is performed in linear time proportional to the length of the input symbol, rather than the complexity of the trie. An example implementation is given in the C programming language.
Model for XPC-independent Transcription-coupled Repair of Pyrimidine Dimers in Humans

In humans, DNA lesions such as pyrimidine dimers in the template strand of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II are repaired faster than those in the coding strand and nontranscribed regions of the genome. This phenomenon, referred to as transcription-coupled repair (i) requires active transcription, (ii) does not require the XPC gene product which is essential for general/basal repair reactions, and (iii) requires the CSA and CSB proteins. We have developed an in vitro model system that consists of purified human excision repair factors and a DNA substrate analogous to a transcription bubble terminating at a cyclobutane thymine dimer. In this system the thymine dimer was excised independent of XPC. Furthermore, the thymine dimer in the bubble-containing substrate was removed approximately 3-fold faster by the excision repair nuclease reconstituted with or without XPC, compared with the removal of thymine dimer from a base paired duplex by the entire set of excision nuclease factors. These results provide important insight into the mechanism of transcription-coupled repair in humans.
REVERSE ENGINEERING OF COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL SYSTEMS

This article presents a process for the reengineering of computer-based control systems, and describes tools that automate portions of the process. The intermediate representation (IR) for capturing features of computer-based systems during reverse engineering is presented. A novel feature of the IR is that it incorporates the control system software architecture, a view that enables information to be captured at five levels of granularity: the program level, the task level, the package level, the subprogram level, and the statement level. A reverse engineering toolset that constructs the IR from Ada programs, displays the IR, and computes concurrency, communication and object-orientedness metrics is presented. Also described is the design of hypermedia techniques that enhance the usability of the reverse engineering tools.
Contact Inhibition Causes Strong Downregulation of Expression of MICA in Human Fibroblasts and Decreased NK Cell Killing

The polymorphic MICA gene encodes glycoproteins that activate T cells and NK cells through the NKG2D receptor and may costimulate immune functions. We found that MICA was expressed on freshly isolated human fibroblasts and was markedly decreased when fibroblasts were grown to confluency in culture dishes. MICA surface protein was measured by flow cytometry with the MICA-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6B3, and HLA class I-specific protein was determined with mAb w6/32. In these experiments, after culture for 120 hours, the staining for MICA in fibroblasts decreased to about 20% of the initial amount and MICA mRNA fell in parallel, while HLA class I staining was maintained or even became somewhat stronger. In other experiments, MICA expression was not decreased when fibroblast contact was prevented by the addition of 1 μM Rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C delta known to prevent contact inhibition of fibroblasts. In the NK cell cytotoxicity assay, blocking MICA by antibody or downregulation by cell contact resulted in a decrease of specific killing by 30%. Increased MICA expression during proliferation of fibroblasts may support the host response to injury.
Political Change in Britain, August 1914 to December 1916: Lloyd George Replaces Asquith: the Issues Underlying the Drama

On 7 December 1916 David Lloyd George became prime minister, leading the second coalition government of the war. No archival sources of significance remain to be consulted to help explain how and why the particular composition of the new government emerged. A great deal has been written on the first years of the war, from many perspectives, but a satisfactory political history of Asquith's two administrations remains to be crafted. A sustained narrative, set in the appropriate context, which relates the political significance of the issues to the drama of politics, to the way individuals lose office and governments fall, which establishes trends, and measures cumulative effects is still unwritten.
A chromatographic technique for the analysis of oxidized metabolites: application to carcinogenic N-hydroxyarylamines in urine.

Abstract A new chromatographic detection method for oxidized metabolites has been developed based on the reaction of eluted compounds with an Fe +3 -bathophenanthroline colorimetric reagent in a postcolumn reactor. The method is sensitive to N -hydroxyarylamines, aryldiamines, phenolic amines, and ascorbic acid. It has been applied to the analysis of toxic N -oxidized metabolites in rhesus monkey urine after the animals were dosed with the bladder carcinogens, 1- and 2-napthylamine. These compounds are oxidized to the corresponding N -hydroxyarylamines in the liver, conjugated as the N -glucuronide, and excreted in the urine. The N -glucuronide has been shown to undergo acidic hydrolysis in the urine to release the free N -hydroxyarylamine, an ultimate carcinogen for the induction of bladder tumors. In this study, the N -hydroxy- N -glucuronide of 2-naphthylamine was found to be excreted at a rate that was 6.8 times that of the 1-naphthylamine isomer. This is consistent with the much higher carcinogenic potency of 2-naphthylamine in a variety of species.
Attentional phenotypes for the analysis of higher mental function.

We outline a strategy to relate normal cognitive processes to candidate genes. First, brain imaging is used to specify a cognitive process “attention” in terms of the neural networks involved. Next, evidence is presented showing that the operation of each network involves a dominant neuromodulator. Then we discuss development of a task designed to measure the efficiency of each network in normal individuals and consider evidence on the independence, reliability, and heritability of the networks. DNA from cheek swabs of subjects who performed the task are then used to examine candidate polymorphisms in genes related to the transmitters. We then examine the ability of these candidate alleles to predict the efficiency of relevant networks. This process has demonstrated that candidate genes are related to specific networks of attention to a greater degree than to overall performance as measured by reaction time and accuracy. These findings require replication and possible extension to other cognitive processes.
Surgical management of hemangiomas of the head and neck

Hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy; they occur in up to 10% of Caucasian births and are only slightly less common in African Americans. Previous complacency in the treatment of hemangiomas is changing to a more proactive approach. We review our approach to hemangiomas of the head and neck with emphasis on the timing of surgery and the surgical approaches to correction of these often deforming lesions.
4,4′-Dinitrocarbanilide – hapten development utilizing molecular models

Abstract Molecular modeling studies show differences in structural configuration and electrostatic potential isosurfaces that may explain why antibodies produced to a hydrazone derivative of 4,4′-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) did not compete for DNC. Based on molecular models, haptens are suggested that appear to be adequate DNC-mimics for an immunogen and plate-coating antigen.
The effect of slip on the flow of fluid through a fracture

To measure the changes in fluid volume flow rates through an artificial fracture undergoing slip, silicone oil was pumped through a sawcut in welded tuff in the radial flow geometry during rotary shear. The flow rates at constant normal stress and constant fluid pressure gradient were measured at different amounts of fracture slip. The fluid volume flow rate for a smooth fracture increases at first then decreases with ongoing slip. For a rougher fracture the flow rate decreases over the whole range of slip. The results have implications for fluid withdrawal from reservoirs and underground waste disposal.
Applications Of Raman Beam Cleanup And Phase Conjugation To The Reduction Of Laser Beam Aberrations

We describe the use of Raman beam cleanup for reducing the divergence of laser beams. Distortion-free amplification of a diffraction-limited Stokes beam with a pump beam aberrated to 120 times its diffraction limit is demonstrated. With a power conversion efficiency of 30% the resulting increase in brightness was 5000 times. We also demonstrate the combination of phase conjugation and Raman beam cleanup to remove distortions on the Stokes beam. Results are compared with theory.
Mechanisms for fluorocarbon reactive ion beam etching of SiO2 by simultaneous Auger electron spectroscopy measurements

Auger electron spectroscopy was used to measure the carbon, fluorine, oxygen, and silicon concentrations on an SiO2 surface under bombardment by fluorocarbon ions. The results include the finding that, for CF+3 ions with energies >750 eV, little carbon is observed on the SiO2 surface, indicating a rapid reaction of the carbon with the oxygen. In addition, analysis of the Si LVV line shape showed the presence of flourinated Si on the surface, which has been inferred but never directly measured by other techniques.
An Innovative Solution to Pharmacy Department Information Sharing

INTRODUCTION The physical cause of the February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Co lum bia disaster was a breach in the thermal protection system caused by a piece of insulating foam that separated from the external tank seconds after launch. The follow-up investigation revealed that organizational failures, including a poor ly designed communication sys tem, contributed to the accident. Several individuals within NASA felt that additional information needed to be gathered following the launch and wanted photos taken of the space shuttle.The message did not make it through the bureaucratic and convoluted NASA structure, and no pictures were ta ken. Without a “hardwired” system for sharing information, one can see why the system was ineffective. Communication failures in the pharmacy negatively impact the de partment’s ability to care for pa tients. Consider the following scen arios as examples. Why was the day staff unaware that a medication had stocked out overnight? Now they have a critical medication infusion running “dry” and no medication to prepare a new infusion bag. Why did the central pharmacist verify an order that the unit-based pharmacist was trying to clarify? Now a medication is verified at a suboptimal dose. Why did the pharmacy use the remainder of a limited supply antibiotic for a patient who didn’t meet the criteria? Now a patient who truly needs the medication is unable to receive it. The examples continue, and they demonstrate that a system of communication that ensures information is being communicated in the right fashion and to the right people (eg, it is “hardwired”) is fun da men tal to successful patient-centered pharmacy services. Even the best designed process or initiative will fail if the message is not heard by the front-line staff. As George Bernard Shaw observed, “The single biggest problem with communication is the illusion that it has taken place.” A real-life ex ample of a breakdown in communication occurred in the pharmacy at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Presbyterian Sha dyside, the 1,093-bed flagship hospital of the UPMC. In an effort to increase medication safety, the de partment streamlined sizes and strengths of various medications. This information was communicated in a variety of ways, including emails to the staff, discussions at staff meetings, and postings on 2 department bulletin boards. After the first few days of implementing this new initiative, some of the medication strengths and sizes that were eliminated began appearing back in stock and in the automated dispensing cabinets. During followup conversations with the staff de termining why the initiative wasn’t followed, staff remarked, “No body told us!” The goal of this article is to provide the pharmacy director with strategies for using technology to Hospital Pharmacy Volume 44, Number 11, pp 1028–1034 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Whitebark pine stand condition, tree abundance, and cone production as predictors of visitation by Clark's nutcracker.

Background: Accurately quantifying key interactions between species is important for developing effective recovery strategies for threatened and endangered species. Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act, depends on Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) for seed dispersal. As whitebark pine succumbs to exotic disease and mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae), cone production declines, and nutcrackers visit stands less frequently, reducing the probability of seed dispersal. Methodology/Principal Findings: We quantified whitebark pine forest structure, health metrics, and the frequency of nutcracker occurrence in national parks within the Northern and Central Rocky Mountains in 2008 and 2009. Forest health characteristics varied between the two regions, with the northern region in overall poorer health. Using these data, we show that a previously published model consistently under-predicts the proportion of survey hours resulting in nutcracker observations at all cone density levels. We present a new statistical model of the relationship between whitebark pine cone production and the probability of Clark’s nutcracker occurrence based on combining data from this study and the previous study. Conclusions/Significance: Our model clarified earlier findings and suggested a lower cone production threshold value for predicting likely visitation by nutcrackers: Although nutcrackers do visit whitebark pine stands with few cones, the probability of visitation increases with increased cone production. We use information theoretics to show that beta regression is a more appropriate statistical framework for modeling the relationship between cone density and proportion of survey time resulting in nutcracker observations. We illustrate how resource managers may apply this model in the process of prioritizing areas for whitebark pine restoration.
Response to Crowley

Our article ℌOtitis media in laboratory ratsℍ (Daniel, Means, Dressel, & Loesche, 1973) was published as a precautionary note to researchers using rats for auditory research. In our article, postmortem middle-ear explorations revealed that the incidence of otitis media increased from approximately 18% to 50% when rats maintained under normal clean conditions (NIH, 1968) reached the age of 6 months. Based upon this observation and others reported in the same paper, we made the following recommedations for auditory researchers: (l)rats should be examined either by radiological methods (Grice et al, 1955) or by postmortem middle ear exploration, (2) younger rats should be used, (3) male rats should be used, and (4) brain surgery should be avoided when possible.
An informational synthesis of ecosystem structure and function

Abstract The mechanistic view of ecosystem dynamics, being inherently reversible, seems ill-suited to describe directional behavior, such as ecosystem succession. A more conservative approach, such as one that involves probabilities, seems warranted. Work involving conditional probabilities has led to the development of a systems property called the ascendency, the increase of which appears to incorporate many of the changes that characterize the successional process. Ascendency originally was formulated entirely in terms of systems transactions. Hence, it did not address the crux of system dynamics, which is the connection between the stocks of taxa and the trophic flows between these populations. One may, however, expand the definition of system ascendency in a perfectly natural and consistent way to include compartmental biomasses. The principle of increasing ascendency, recast in terms of the new definition, provides a whole-system context for hitherto unexplained elements of traditional ecology. For example, the allometric trend during succession towards larger organisms with slower turnover times and the time-honored ‘Liebig's law of the minimum’ both can be derived from the revised principle. Furthermore, the same derivational techniques provide us with an entirely new criterion for identifying the limiting nutrient linkages within an ecosystem. Such a theoretical ‘prediction’ might augur the beginnings of a robust theoretical systems ecology
Perfect tracking for non-minimum phase systems

A controller architecture is developed that can provide perfect reference tracking for both minimum phase and non-minimum phase systems with time delays when there are no modeling errors or external disturbances. The perfect tracking property is obtained by factoring the plant into its minimum phase and non-minimum phase components. These components are used to design two feedforward controllers that share information between them. Design constraints are provided that determine both the types of signals that may be tracked perfectly and the feedforward controllers that will provide the perfect tracking. Robust analysis tools are derived that may be used to guide the design process. A method for adapting the feedforward components in real-time is demonstrated to show the potential performance improvement gained from online system identification.
Gender Differences in Acculturation, Stress, and Salivary Cortisol Response Among Former Soviet Immigrants

Post-immigration adaptation is characterized by chronic and acute acculturative stressors. Salivary cortisol is a commonly used hormonal marker of stress, but few studies have investigated its use as an indicator of acculturative stress and adjustment in immigrants. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among predictors of adjustment (environmental and language mastery), self-reported stress outcomes (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, alienation), and salivary cortisol response in immigrants from the former Soviet Union. The sample included 137 married men and women aged 42–80 who lived in the U.S. for 1–13 years. Results indicated that while men and women had similar values for cortisol response, relationships among adjustment measures, stress outcomes, and cortisol differed by gender. Among men, environmental mastery significantly reduced depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and cortisol response. Among women, environmental mastery also reduced depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and alienation, but language mastery increased cortisol response and decreased alienation.
Dietary regulation of glycolytic enzymes. XI. Effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the adaptation of certain jejunal glycolytic and folate-metabolizing enzymes to diet and sex steroids.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of oral sex hormones, dietary fructose and casein without and with actinomycin D or ethionine and fasting upon the activities of two folate-metabolizing enzymes (serine hydroxymethyltransferase ( L -Serine: tetrahydrofolate 5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase, E.C. 2.1.2.1) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: NADP oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.5.1.5)) and two glycolytic enzymes (pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.1.40) and fructose diphosphate aldolase (fructose-1,6-diphosphate D -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate lyase, E.C. 4.1.2.13)) were studied in the jejunum of female and male rats. 2. 2. Actinomycin, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, and ethionine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, both effectively decreased the adaptive responses of jejunal glycolytic and folate-metabolizing enzymes to diet and oral sex hormones. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that stimulation of synthesis of certain RNA species is probably one of the primary mechanisms by which sex hormones (17β -estradiol and testosteron) and diet produce adaptive increases in the activities of certain jejunal glycolytic and folate-metabolizing enzymes.
Stabilization of a three-dimensional limit cycle walking model through step-to-step ankle control

Unilateral, below-knee amputation is associated with an increased risk of falls, which may be partially related to a loss of active ankle control. If ankle control can contribute significantly to maintaining balance, even in the presence of active foot placement, this might provide an opportunity to improve balance using robotic ankle-foot prostheses. We investigated ankle- and hip-based walking stabilization methods in a three-dimensional model of human gait that included ankle plantarflexion, ankle inversion-eversion, hip flexion-extension, and hip ad/abduction. We generated discrete feedback control laws (linear quadratic regulators) that altered nominal actuation parameters once per step. We used ankle push-off, lateral ankle stiffness and damping, fore-aft foot placement, lateral foot placement, or all of these as control inputs. We modeled environmental disturbances as random, bounded, unexpected changes in floor height, and defined balance performance as the maximum allowable disturbance value for which the model walked 500 steps without falling. Nominal walking motions were unstable, but were stabilized by all of the step-to-step control laws we tested. Surprisingly, step-by-step modulation of ankle push-off alone led to better balance performance (3.2% leg length) than lateral foot placement (1.2% leg length) for these control laws. These results suggest that appropriate control of robotic ankle-foot prosthesis push-off could make balancing during walking easier for individuals with amputation.
Status of coal gasification processes

The current status of a number of processes which have been or are being developed to produce high-Btu, medium-Btu, and low-Btu gas from coal is given.