cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A ribo-deoxyribonucleotide primer synthesized by primase.

The 29-residue ribonucleotide primer formed by primase at the origin of phage G4 DNA replication (Bouche, J.-P, Rowen, L., and Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 765-769) was shorter in the presence of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). At 50 micrometer dNTPs and 20 micrometer rNTPs, RNA trancripts no longer than 6 residues were synthesized and these were still effective in priming replication by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Primer synthesis was initiated with ATP; adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (Appp(S)), adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (App(NH)p), and ADP were able to substitute for ATP. dATP and GTP were ineffective in initiating replication. DNA replication was stimulated by GTP, suggesting that incorporation of this nucleotide into the second position of the primer trancript by primase produces a more efficient primer. Each of the dNTPs can be incorporated into a hybrid ribonucleotide-deoxyribonucleotide transcript, indicating that primase is able to add either a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide to the 3'-OH of either of ribo residue or a deoxy residue of the primer terminus. Incorporation of an individual dNTP was less efficient than that of the corresponding rNTP, and the presence of all four dNTPs profoundly depressed RNA synthesis by primase.
Simultaneous-distributive coordination and context-freeness

English is shown to be trans-context-free on the basis of coordinations of the respectively type that involve strictly syntactic cross-serial agreement. The agreement in question involves number in nouns and reflexive pronouns and is syntactic rather than semantic in nature because grammatical number in English, like grammatical gender in languages such as French, is partly arbitrary. The formal proof, which makes crucial use of the Interchange Lemma of Ogden et al., is so constructed as to be valid even if English is presumed to contain grammatical sentences in which respectively operates across a pair of coordinate phrases one of whose members has fewer conjuncts than the other; it thus goes through whatever the facts may be regarding constructions with unequal numbers of conjuncts in the scope of respectively, whereas other arguments have foundered on this problem.
THE IMPACT OF GANGS AND GANG VIOLENCE ON CONTEMPORARY YOUTH: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PROBLEM IN COLORADO SPRINGS

Focus groups were conducted with adolescents (n=62) in four high schools and one middle school to assess the impact of gangs on nongang youth. Findings reemphasize the importance of analyzing the youth gang phenomenon in specific social contexts that take into account immediate ecological factors. Locally, nongang youth have developed a capacity to adapt to the presence of gangs, with variations in responses contingent upon the geographic proximity to specific types of gangs and student age. Students demonstrated a critical awareness of gangs and considerable self-confidence in their ability to handle encounters with gang members. Nongang youth singled out wannabes as more prone to violence than known gang members. This analysis suggests that future studies on the impact of gangs on everyday, nongang youth may yeild more fruitful results ifthey employed alternative conceptions and definitions of gangs and gang membership. In addition to emphasizing practical education concerning gangs, preventive programs should be directed toward middle school students, and special attention must be directed toward wannabes. Adolescent attitudes toward authority may represent a significant obstacle to the development of new programs.
An Evaluation of a School-Based Suicide Awareness Intervention.

This study employed a self-report questionnaire in a Solomon four-groups design to assess the efficacy of suicide intervention classes in achieving their instructional objectives. Because adolescents are often the first to know of a peer's suicidal thoughts or plans, the goal of the classes was to increase the likelihood that students who come into contact with potentially suicidal peers can more readily identify them and will be consistently inclined to take responsible action on their behalf. Students who participated in the classes as compared to controls showed significant gains in relevant knowledge about suicidal peers and significantly more positive attitudes toward help seeking and intervening with troubled peers. Results of this study will be used to strengthen components of the lessons aimed at enhancing the likelihood of performance of responsible interventions.
A Review of “Water 4.0: The Past, Present, and Future of the World's Most Vital Resource”

Headlines in newspapers for the past decade have pointed to a growing series of accidents caused by deteriorated water infrastructure. Climate change experts note changing weather patterns and its ...
Mutations in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus : Novel pleiotropic effects on quinolone and coumarin activity

Previous studies have shown that topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase interact with quinolones and coumarins in different ways. The MICs of coumarins (novobiocin and coumermycin) for MT5, a Staphylococcus aureus nov mutant, are higher than those for wild-type strains. Sequencing the gyrB gene encoding one subunit of the DNA gyrase revealed the presence of a double mutation likely to be responsible for this resistance: at codon 102 (Ile to Ser) and at codon 144 (Arg to Ile). For single-step flqA mutant MT5224c9, previously selected on ciprofloxacin, the fluoroquinolone MIC was higher and the coumarin MIC was lower than those for its parent, MT5. Sequencing the grlB and grlA genes of topoisomerase IV of MT5224c9 showed a single Asn-470-to-Asp mutation in GrlB. Genetic outcrosses by transformation with chromosomal DNA and introduction of plasmids carrying either the wild-type or the mutated grlB gene indicated that this mutation causes both increased MICs of fluoroquinolones and decreased MICs of coumarins and that the mutant grlB allele is codominant for both phenotypes with multicopy alleles. Integration of these plasmids into the chromosome confirmed the codominance of fluoroquinolone resistance, but grlB+ appeared dominant over grlB (Asp-470) for coumarin resistance. Finally, the gyrA (Leu-84) mutation previously described as silent for fluoroquinolone resistance increased the MIC of nalidixic acid, a nonfluorinated quinolone. Combining the grlA (Phe-80) and grlB (Asp-470) mutations with this gyrA mutation also had differing effects. The findings indicate that alterations in topoisomerases may have pleiotropic effects on different classes of inhibitors as well as on inhibitors within the same class. A full understanding of drug action and resistance at the molecular level must take into account both inhibitor structure-activity relationships and the effects of different classes of topoisomerase mutants.
Visual attention shifting in autism spectrum disorders

Introduction: Abnormal visual attention has been frequently observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Abnormal shifting of visual attention is related to abnormal development of social cognition and has been identified as a key neuropsychological finding in ASD. Better characterizing attention shifting in ASD and its relationship with social functioning may help to identify new targets for intervention and improving social communication in these disorders. Thus, the current study investigated deficits in attention shifting in ASD as well as relationships between attention shifting and social communication in ASD and neurotypicals (NT). Method: To investigate deficits in visual attention shifting in ASD, 20 ASD and 20 age- and gender-matched NT completed visual search (VS) and Navon tasks with attention-shifting demands as well as a set-shifting task. VS was a feature search task with targets defined in one of two dimensions; Navon required identification of a target letter presented at the global or lo...
Modeling large strain multiaxial effects in FCC polycrystals

Abstract Results from compression, torsion, compression-followed-by-torsion and torsion-followed-by-tension experiments are presented for 304L stainless steel at room temperature. Very distinct stress state-dependent loading compared to uniaxial compression at the same uniaxial equivalent strain. Secondary axial effects are measured during torsional loading as well. Pertinent inelastic deformation processes are discussed and explanations are offered for the observed stress state-dependent phenomena, including morphological changes of both texture and deformation substructure. We review basic micro- and macro-scale model frameworks for modelling large deformation stress-strain behavior. Efforts to capture stress state-dependent phenomena using such formulations are presented. A macro-scale model framework is proposed which uses the third invariant of overstress, J 3 ∗ , to delineate stress state effects.
Influence of inhalation injury on energy expenditure in severely burned children.

Objective Determine the effect of inhalation injury on burn-induced hypermetabolism in children.
The Reliability of Rat Learning Scores from the Multiple-T Maze as Determined by Four Different Methods

1 This is the first of a forthcoming series of articles dealing with the age factor in animal learning. The research was financed by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation.
U-groove distributed-feedback lasers

A novel U-groove distributed feedback (U-DFB) laser structure is reported for the first time. This new U-DFB laser shows threshold current of 34 mA, external total quantum efficiency of 0.4 mW/mA from both facets and side mode suppression ratio of 30 dB.
Cycloadditions of nonstabilized 2-azaallyllithiums with cycloheptatriene.

Transmetalation of tin-bearing cyclic imidates gave 2-azaallyllithiums that underwent [π6s + π4s] cycloadditions with cycloheptatriene to produce tricyclic adducts, which may be useful as analogs o...
Impulsive consumption in the experiential context.

Experiential consumption includes the retention and recollection process of both positive feelings and memorable experiences after any onsite experiential consumption has ended. In order to better understand the unique characteristics of experiential consumption with regard to leisure and tourism, this study investigated impulsive consumption in the event tourism context. A sample of 83 attendees of a cultural art event was used to compare their intentional consumption with actual consumption on six spending categories. An onsite PDA survey coupled with a post hoc online survey was employed for the repeated measures method. The findings showed that there were significant differences between intentional and actual spending on dining and transportation as well as on the total amount of spending. Leisure and tourism destination marketers are advised to develop more situational and experiential products to increase positive impulsive consumption.
Are incidental learning tasks measuring elaboration of coding, or just overloading retrieval cues?

Craik and Tulving (1975) suggest that an “overloading of retrieval cues” explanation might serve as an alternative to their elaboration of coding theory of incidental learning data. Physical processing instructions require items to share the same encoding question, and thus can create more competition at recall than items of semantic instructions, which have unique questions. In an incidental learning task, 100 subjects named the colors in which words were printed. Recall of congruent words, for example, “money” printed in green, was superior to recall of incongruent words, for example, “money” printed in yellow, which in turn was superior to that of color-neutral control words. Since the items differed qualitatively in richness of information, and not in number of retrieval cues, it was concluded that the “overloading of retrieval cues” explanation cannot serve as a complete account of incidental learning phenomena.
Control Processes and Self-Organization as Complementary Principles Underlying Behavior

This article addresses the convergence and complementarity between self-regulatory control-process models of behavior and dynamic systems models. The control-process view holds that people have a goal in mind and try to move toward it (or away from it), monitoring the extent to which a discrepancy remains between the goal and one's present state and taking steps to reduce the discrepancy (or enlarge it). Dynamic systems models tend to emphasize a bottom-up self-organization process, in which a coherence arises from among many simultaneous influences, moving the system toward attractors and away from repellers. We suggest that these differences in emphasis reflect two facets of a more complex reality involving both types of processes. Discussion focuses on how self-organization may occur within constituent elements of a feedback system—the input function, the output function, and goal values being used by the system—and how feedback processes themselves can reflect self-organizing tendencies.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in the Human (Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Kallmann’s Syndrome): Pathophysiological and Genetic Considerations

I. Introduction II. Ontogeny of Normal GnRH Secretion A. Fetal life B. Neonatal and childhood periods C. Puberty D. Adulthood III. Historical Perspective IV. Clinical Presentation of GnRH Deficiency A. Congenital GnRH deficiency B. Adult-onset GnRH deficiency C. Variant or partial forms of GnRH deficiency D. Associated anomalies in KS E. Differential diagnosis V. Approaches to Studying GnRH Secretion A. Animal and in vitro studies B. Human studies VI. Patterns of GnRH Secretion in Men with GnRH Deficiency VII. Patterns of GnRH Secretion in Women with GnRH Deficiency VIII. Genetic Studies IX. X-Linked Genes Controlling GnRH Secretion A. Kallmann’s syndrome gene B. Adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) gene product X. Autosomal Genes Controlling GnRH Secretion A. The genetics of autosomal inheritance B. GnRH gene C. GnRH receptor gene D. Other autosomal genes XI. Conclusion
Correlation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression With Molecular Markers, Pathological Features and Clinical Outcome of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

ABSTRACTPurpose: We investigated the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and molecular alterations commonly found in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder and determined whether COX-2 immunoreactivity is associated with cancer stage, progression and survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for COX-2 was done in archival tumor specimens from 80 patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Immunoreactivity was categorized as positive (reactivity in greater than 10% tumor cells) or negative. Microvessel density, E-cadherin, pRB, p16, p21, p53 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and its receptors (types I and II) were also studied because evidence suggests a biological association between COX-2 and alteration of these molecules.Results: COX-2 was over expressed in 62 patients (78%). COX-2 over expression was associated with muscle invasive pathological stage (p = 0.022), TGF-β1 over expression (p = 0.004), decrease...
Evaluation of infiltration measurements for border irrigation

Abstract A number of methods are discussed for obtaining a reasonable estimate of the infiltration function for irrigation borders. Data from ring infiltrometers are fit to power functions for infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration rate versus time and to a branch function where the infiltration rate is not allowed to go below some value (called the final infiltration rate). A volume balance within the border is used to adjust the data to give a better indication of the “average” infiltration conditions over the border. The results of Bouwer's method, which uses a series of borders as infiltrometers, were compared to the results of ring data for actual field data. Bower's method was also analyzed by developing advance and recession curves with the zero-inertia border-irrigation model with a known infiltration rate. The zero-inertia model was also used to examine the effect of different infiltration functions for specific examples (resulting from different irrigations or different estimation methods) on the application of water by surface irrigation.
An examination of childhood‐companion animal interactions in facilitating physical, emotional and social well‐being

While it is impossible to determine when animals were first used to promote the physical and psychological well‐being of humankind, the fact that people have availed themselves of animal companionship and the range of benefits that derived therefrom for hundreds, if not thousands, of years is a matter that is commonly understood. Only in the past decade or so, however, have researchers begun to systematically assess the singular benefits of human‐companion animal relationships. In this article, the therapeutic consequences of human‐companion animal interactions are overviewed historically; and the significance of such interactions in promoting childhood physical, emotional, and interpersonal well‐being is advanced. Concern for the nobility and intrinsic value of all creatures sharing our environment is also addressed.
A Graph-Based Object Description for Information Retrieval in Digital Image and Video Libraries

Abstract This work focuses on the search of a sample object (car) in video sequences and images based on shape similarity. We form a new description for cars, using relational graphs in order to annotate the images where the object of interest (OOI) is present. Query by text can be performed afterward to extract images of OOI from an automatically preprocessed database. The performance of the general retrieval systems is not satisfactory due to the gap between high level concepts and low level features. In this study we successfully fulfill this gap by using the graph-based description scheme which provides an efficient way to obtain high-level semantics from low-level features. We investigate the full potential of the shape matching method based on relational graph of objects with respect to its accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. We use hierarchical segmentation that increases the accuracy of the detection of the object in the transformed and occluded images. Many shape-based similarity retrieval methods perform well if the initial segmentation is adequate; however, in most cases segmentation without a priori information or user interference yields unsuccessful object extraction results. Compared to other methods, the major advantage of the proposed method is its ability to create semantic segments automatically from the combination of low level edge- or region-based segments using model-based segmentation. It is shown that a graph-based description of the complex objects with model-based segmentation is a powerful scheme for automatic annotation of images and videos.
Infiltration dynamics under various rangeland treatments on uniform sandy-loam soils in southeastern Utah

Abstract Studies were made, over a 3- to 8-yr. period, of mean seasonal and yearly changes in infiltration rates under various rangeland management practices within the pinyon-juniper ( Pinus spp.- Juniperus spp.) type. Results of the study indicate that mean upper limits in measured infiltration rates range from a surprising 1.37–3.47 times the mean minimal rates, each mean value representing from 6–20 replications for a given sampling date. Soil biology may be important in determining seasonal trends in infiltration rates, as well as overwintering freeze-thaw activity. Suggestions are given for sampling infiltration rates.
Customization and real time information access in integrated eBusiness supply chain relationships

Abstract eBusiness enabled information systems and technology have proliferated with the diffusion and technological advances of the Internet. This research examines supply chain management relationships between service providers and clients, focusing on the performance impacts of (1) the level of customization implemented by clients using vendor provided eBusiness solutions and (2) the subsequent real time access achieved with respect to operational information maintained by vendors. The study also focuses on the impacts of the provider's information exchange behavior and both parties’ level of trust. Using dyadic data collected from a logistics services provider and 91 clients, findings show that the level of customization and real time information access has a direct positive impact on performance outcomes realized by both. Additionally, results demonstrate that provider's level of trust in the client positively influences their information exchange behavior, and in turn, information exchange behavior positively impacts client customizations.
Elevated Temperature Thermal Properties of ZrB2 with Carbon Additions

The thermal properties of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) ceramics with carbon additions of up to 3 wt% were characterized up to 2000°C. Carbon contents were selected to produce ZrB2 that was nominally pure, contained dissolved carbon, or contained carbon inclusions. The microstructure and density changes that resulted from the carbon additions affected the thermal behavior of ZrB2 at room and elevated temperatures. Thermal diffusivity at 200°C increased from 0.150 cm2/s for nominally pure ZrB2 to 0.175 cm2/s for ZrB2 with 3 wt% carbon. The thermal diffusivity decreased with increasing temperature, reaching a value of 0.143 cm2/s at 2000°C for ZrB2 with 3 wt% carbon. In addition, thermal diffusivity changed irreversibly during the first thermal cycle after densification due to changes in the microstructure that started between 1550°C and 1650°C. Heating resulted in the formation of a new phase, growth of ZrB2 grains, changes in the morphology of carbon inclusions, and migration of W impurities from the ZrB2 matrix into the new phase. Heat capacity, unlike thermal diffusivity, did not change during thermal cycling. Thermal conductivity, which was calculated from thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density, was as high as 64.2 W·(m·K)−1 at 2000°C for ZrB2 with 3 wt% carbon. The phonon contribution to thermal conductivity decreased to nearly zero with the addition of 3 wt% carbon due to the presence of elongated carbon inclusions around ZrB2 grains.
Expression and purification of the extracellular domain of human myelin protein zero.

Abstract Myelin protein zero (P0), an adhesion protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is the major protein of peripheral nervous system myelin in higher vertebrates. Protein zero is required for the formation and maintenance of myelin structure in the internode, likely through homophilic interactions at both the extracellular and the intracellular domains. Mutations and deletions in the P0 gene correlate with hereditary peripheral neuropathies of varying severity. Comparisons between the human and rat isoforms, whose three-dimensional structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography, suggest that these disease-associated genetic alterations lead to structural changes in the protein that alter P0-P0 interactions and hence affect myelin functionality. Knowing the crystal structures of native and altered human P0 isoforms could help to elucidate the structural changes in myelin membrane packing that underlie the altered functionality. Alterations of P0 extracellular domain (P0-ED) are of additional interest as previous X-ray diffraction studies on myelin membrane packing suggest that P0-ED molecules can assume distinct adhesive arrangements. Here, we describe an improved method to express and purify human P0-ED (hP0-ED) suitable for crystallographic analysis. A fusion protein consisting of maltose binding protein fused to hP0-ED was secreted to the periplasm of Escherichia coli to allow an appropriate folding pathway. The fusion protein was extracted via osmotic shock and purified by affinity chromatography. Factor Xa was used to cleave the fusion protein, and a combination of affinity and ion-exchange chromatography was used to further purify hP0-ED. We document several significant improvements to previous protocols, including bacterial growth to ∼15 OD using orbital shakers and the use of diafiltration, which result in yields of ∼150 mg highly pure protein per liter of medium.
Interaction of potential metabolites of the carcinogen ethylene dibromide with protein and DNA in vitro.

Summary The covalent binding to macromolecules of 1,2-dibromoethane or ethylene dibromide (EDB), a potent carcinogen, bromoacetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethylene dibromide in vitro and 2-bromoethanol, a likely metabolite of ethylene dibromide, was determined. [ 14 C]-bromoacetaldehyde and [ 14 C]-2-bromoethanol were synthesized from [ 14 C]-paraldehyde and [ 14 C]-ethylene oxide, respectively. Ethylene dibromide bound covalently to protein and DNA in a liver microsomal system prepared from ♂ B6C3F1 mice. Bromoacetaldehyde and 2-bromoethanol bound without enzymatic activation. Under these conditions bromoacetaldehyde bound faster to macromolecules than did ethylene dibromide or 2-bromoethanol. 2-Bromoethanol bound faster to DNA than ethylene dibromide but slower to protein. Both bromoacetaldehyde and 2-bromoethanol bound to protein and DNA to a greater extent than did ethylene dibromide. These findings suggest that bromoacet-aldehyde and 2-bromoethanol are important intermediates in ethylene dibromide carcinogenesis.
Plasma fluctuations and confinement of fusion reaction products

Abstract The interaction between the fluctuations that can be excited in a magmetically confined plasma and the high-energy-particle population produced by fusion reactions is analyzed in view of its relevance to the process of thermonuclear ignition. The spectrum of the perturbations that, in the absence of fusion reaction products, would be described by the incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamic approximation is studied considering finite values of the plasma pressure relative to the magnetic pressure. The combined effects of the magnetic field curvature and shear are taken into account and the relevant spectrum is shown to consist of a continuous portion, that could be identified as a mixture of shear-Alfven and interchange oscillations, and a discrete unstable part corresponding to the so-called ballooning modes. The rate of diffusion of the fusion reaction products induced by oscillations in the continuous part of the spectrum, as estimated from the appropriate quasi-linear theory, is found to be significantly smaller than could be expected if normal modes (i.e., nonconvective solutions) were excited. However, a relatively wide intermediate region is identified where “opalescent” fluctuations, capable of achieving significant amplitudes and corresponding to a quasi-discrete spectrum, can be excited.
The Use of Modifying Terms in the Naming and Categorization of Color Appearances in Vietnamese and English

Cross-cultural studies of color naming show that basic terms are universally the most frequently used to name colors. However, such basic color terms are always used in the context of larger linguistic systems when specific properties of color experience are described. To investigate naturalistic naming behaviors, we examined the use of modifiers in English and Vietnamese color naming using an unconstrained naming task (Jameson & Alvarado, in press). Monolingual and bilingual subjects named a representative set of 110 color stimuli sampled from a commonly used color-order stimulus space. Results revealed greater reliance upon polylexemic naming among monolingual Vietnamese speakers and greater use of monolexemic basic hue terms and secondary terms (object glosses) among monolingual English speakers. Systematic differences across these language groups imply that widely used monolexemic naming methods may differentially impact color-naming findings in cross-cultural investigations of color cognition.
Coactivators and corepressors as mediators of nuclear receptor function: an update.

Abstract The past 3 years have been an exciting time in the field of hormone receptor research because of the discovery and characterization of novel groups of proteins that mediate the transcriptional activity of steroid receptors. These classes of proteins, called coactivators and corepressors, have greatly enhanced our understanding of how steroid receptors activate or inhibit transcription of their target genes. Multiple coactivators have been identified that fit the definition of a protein that connects or bridges the DNA-bound receptor to proteins in the preinitiation complex and thereby enhance transcription. Besides this bridging function, some coactivators can modify chromatin by histone acetylation and make promoters more accessible for the binding of other transcription factors. This finding explains old data concerning steroid receptor-induced nucleosome displacement and indicates a dual role for coactivators as bridging factors and chromatin remodeling proteins. The opposites of coactivators are corepressors, which are recruited into the receptor–DNA-bound complex in the absence of ligand and actively inhibit transcription of the target gene. Although unliganded steroid receptors are associated with heat shock proteins and do not bind to their response elements, the binding of antagonists to these receptors can result in the recruitment of corepressors. The expression level and repertoire of coactivators and corepressors have become important determinants in the functional activity of steroid hormones and their receptors.
Micromechanical finite element modeling of compressive fracture in confined alumina ceramic

A two-dimensional finite element model is developed to investigate intergranular fracture in alumina under compression. The grain interiors are modeled as anisotropic elastic and the properties of the grain boundaries are fitted from experimental data. Material failure is found to occur by the linking of wing cracks. The effect of confinement pressure on the strength and strain to failure is investigated. Confinement pressure is shown to have a weak effect on the total fracture surface at failure, but is found to have a strong effect on microcrack coalescence. The numerical model suggests that the size of the largest microcrack cluster or the variance of microcrack length could be a useful criterion for predicting impending catastrophic failure.
Incorporating World Englishes in Teaching English as an International Language

0 The discussion of World Englishes in the applied linguistics profession for the most part accepts multiple varieties of English as legitimate and worthy of study even if legitimacy remains the object of inquiry (see Higgins's article in this issue). Consistent with the value applied linguists place on World Englishes, English is taught and learned in many countries because it is an-and arguably the-international language. English is seen by many in Japan, for example, as a means to open doors to parts of the world that are not accessible to them otherwise, and learners are fascinated by the increased international opportunities they believe the knowledge of English will bring to them (Matsuda, 2002, in press). The international scope of learners' English learning agenda should logically be matched by pedagogical approaches that teach English as an international language (EIL), in part through inclusion of varieties of World Englishes. However, examination of English language teaching (ELT) practices in Japan reveals that English is still being taught as an inner-circle language, based almost exclusively on American or British English, and textbooks with characters and cultural topics from the English-speaking countries of the inner circle (Iwata et al., 2002; Kiryu, Shibata, Tagaya, & Wada, 1999; Matsuda, 2002). Issues associated with teaching English as an inner-circle language versus EIL need to be clarified if concrete changes are to be brought about in the way English is portrayed, valued, and taught in expandingcircle countries where it is not the native language of the majority or an official language. In this commentary, I therefore draw on research conducted in Japan (Matsuda, 2002) to demonstrate ways in which current practices in ELT teach English as an inner-circle language, why this approach to ELT is not appropriate in view of the curricular goals and learners' needs, and how World Englishes can be incorporated to teach EIL.
Synergy between TLR3 and IL-18 promotes IFN-γ dependent TRAIL expression in human liver NK cells

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of innate immunity against viral infections through their rapid cytotoxic activity and cytokine production. However, intra-hepatic NK cells’ ability to respond to virus is still mostly unknown. Our results show that the synthetic dsRNA polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a mimic of a common product of viral infections, activates NK cells directly in the context of cytokines found in the liver, i.e.: poly I:C plus inflammatory cytokines (IL-18, IL-12, and IL-2) induced NK cell IFN-γ production and TRAIL expression, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10) inhibit NK cell IFN-γ production. Neutralization of IFN-γ blocks poly I:C plus inflammatory cytokines-induced NK cell TRAIL expression, suggesting that IFN-γ is an autocrine differentiation factor for these cells. A better understanding of the intra-hepatic NK cell activation against viral infection may help in the design of therapies and vaccines for the control of viral hepatitis.
Finite Tor dimension and failure of coherence in absolute integral closures

It is shown both in characteristic p > 0 and in mixed characteristic p > 0 that if R is a perfect ring in the first case or RpR is perfect in the second case, then, under some additional conditions, the radical of a finitely generated ideal has finite Tor dimension, and bounds are obtained. Let R+ denote the integral closure of the domain R in an algebraic closure of its fraction field. The results are applied to show that R+ is not coherent when R is Noetherian of dimension at least 3, and, under additional restrictions, when the dimension is 2. Motivation for this question connected with tight closure theory is discussed.
Children's Ideas About Weather: A Review of the Literature

It is generally accepted that children have their own understanding of how the world works prior to receiving formal science instruction. A great deal of research has been done to determine students' misconceptions related to the physical sciences; less has been done to understand children's ideas in the Earth sciences. This paper reports a synthesis of the existing research about children's misconceptions relating to weather, climate and the atmosphere. The scientifically accepted interpretations are presented in tandem with the children's naive ideas. When possible, a source of the misconception is also presented. In many cases, students' misconceptions are not addressed in the curriculum, allowing them to exist unchallenged.
Parallel observations on avoidance behavior and endocrine response under reserpine.

(1959). Parallel Observations on Avoidance Behavior and Endocrine Response under Reserpine. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 217-220.
alpha 1-Antitrypsin- and anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACHY) are closely related protease inhibitors, synthesized primarily by the liver, which play major roles in modulation of the inflammatory response. Previously, we had shown that MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were able to synthesize active alpha 1-AT and alpha 1-ACHY and that the synthesis of both inhibitors varied among different MCF-7 sublines. We now show that when MCF-7(ML) cells (a subline synthesizing low levels of alpha 1-AT) are grown in soft agar in medium depleted of its trypsin inhibitory capacity (i.e. alpha 1-AT-free), addition of alpha 1-AT (50 micrograms/ml) significantly reduces colony formation in both the presence and absence of estradiol (34% and 44%, respectively). Under these conditions, incubation with 10(-7) M estradiol alone increased colony formation 2- to 3-fold. Colony formation was also significantly reduced by serum leukocyte protease inhibitor, which, like alpha 1-AT, is a potent inhibitor of elastase-like enzymes. We also found that a variety of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and steroid hormones are able to stimulate synthesis of alpha 1-AT and alpha 1-ACHY by MCF-7 cells. Stimulation by interleukin-6 (IL-6; 200 U/ml), epidermal growth factor (4 nM), and estradiol (10(-7) M) was 2- to 3-fold, whereas stimulations by tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 80 nM) and IL-1 (10 U/ml) were 2- to 5-fold and 5- to 10-fold, respectively. In each instance, protein synthesis, monitored by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled proteins followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and steady state mRNA levels, monitored by Northern blot analysis with specific cDNA probes, increased to the same extent. Consistent with their ability to stimulate alpha 1-AT synthesis, TPA and IL-1 reduced colony formation in the absence of estradiol by 65% and 63%, respectively. In addition, the effects of both TPA and IL-1 could be reversed by antibody to alpha 1-AT. These results suggest that local synthesis of alpha 1-AT and possibly other protease inhibitors may be important in regulating the tumorigenic potential of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
Relative Wages and the Rate of Inflation

I. Introduction, 353. — II. A price-price inflation, 355. — III. A wage-wage inflation, 363. — IV. Spontaneous inflations and general equilibrium, 371. — V. Conclusions, 373.
Single Spatial Light Modulator Binary Nonlinear Optical Correlator

We describe a joint Fourier transform image correlator that employs thresholding at both the input plane and the Fourier plane. This suggests using a single binary spatial light modulator (SLM) to read in sequentially the binarized input signal and the binarized Fourier transform interference intensity. The performance of the single SLM joint Fourier transform correlator (JTC) is compared to that of the classical JTC in the areas of correlation peak intensity, peak to sidelobe ratio, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and correlation width. We show that the single SLM JTC outperforms the classical JTC in all such areas. Using a single binary SLM results in a significant reduction in cost, size, and complexity of the system.
Simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements of dilute colloidal suspensions in transient shear flow

A new experimental technique is presented for the study of the dynamics of dilute colloidal suspensions in transient shear flow. Based on the polarization modulation of light, the experiment permits simultaneous determinations of linear dichroism (Δn″), linear birefringence (Δn′), the orientation angle of the principal axis of Δn″, and the orientation angle of the principal axis of Δn′. All four calculated quantities are functions of time in transient flow situations. A detailed mathematical analysis of the experiment is presented, and six limiting cases of the general mathematical results are derived. To demonstrate the experimental technique, a 400 ppm suspension of ferric hydrous oxide (βFeOOH) particles in 97% glycerine and 3% water was subjected to transient, simple shear flow in a Couette flow cell. The βFeOOH suspension represents the limiting case of very small Δn″ and Δn′ which allows a clear demonstration of the experimental method. Magnitudes of 10−7 for both Δn″ and Δn′ were measured experimentally at shear rates of 4, 8, and 24 sec−1 in flow reversal sequences. In addition, Δn″ and Δn′ were found to be coaxial. Simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements provide a means of studying the dynamics of suspensions in non-Newtonian suspending fluids. The application of this experimental method to the study of particles suspended in non-Newtonian, polymer fluids is discussed.
Neurotensin actions in the retina: Mechanisms and variability

The effects of neurotensin on mudpuppy retinal cells were studied using extracellular and intracellular electrophysiological recording techniques and bath application of the peptide. Ganglion and amacrine cells (but not bipolar or horizontal cells) were reversibly depolarized by low micromolar concentrations of neurotensin. Depolarizations also occurred with neurotensin application during cobalt block of synaptic transmission and were accompanied by decreased input resistances. This suggests neurotensin may act directly on amacrine and ganglion cells as a conventional excitatory transmitter. However, in many retinas, cells responded to light stimuli and to other drugs but not to neurotensin. These negative results are important in considering the peptide's normal role in retinal function.
Contribution of triglycerides from cocoa butter to the physical properties of milkfat fractions.

Milkfat was separated into major chainlength fractions by solid-phase extraction. The effect on thermal behavior and texture of replacing both saturated and monounsaturated long-chain triglycerides from milkfat by long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides with an unsaturated fatty acid in thesn-2 position is reported. Increasing proportions of cocoa butter were added to fractions of short-to medium-chain triglycerides (C22−C44) and medium- to long-chain triglycerides (C36−C48) isolated from milkfat. Thermal behavior and texture of the mixtures were measured. Results indicated that long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides from cocoa butter enhanced co-crystallization and co-operative melting and did not induce polymorphic transitions upon crystallization and melting of the fractions. At 4°C, they acted as texture builder if present in proportions of more than 30%, whereas below this level, they acted as texture softeners. The effect of the long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides on the texture of fractions that melt at low temperature could not be predicted from the proportion of solid fat at that temperature.
CP violation in gauge theories and the electric dipole moment of the neutron

Abstract A nonvanishing contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment in CP-violating gauge theories of the weak interactions, arising from interaction of the photon with two-quark subsystems of the three-bound-quark neutron system, is calculated. In the Kobayashi-Maskawa model the resulting value of the moment is estimated as O (10 −32 ) e cm; however, strong interaction corrections (gluonic radiative corrections) give quark moment contributions which may be numerically larger (possibly 10 −30±1 e cm). Either case clearly distinguishes gauge-sector CP violation from Higgs-sector CP violation which typically gives a neutron moment of order 10 −24 e cm.
Studies on the specificity of killing of intracellular pathogens by macrophages

Abstract To determine whether macrophages can discriminate in an immunologically specific manner between the intracellular pathogens which they inhibit or kill, unelicited peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with either of two related but antigenically dissimilar protozoa were challenged with these protozoa in vitro . Experimental conditions were varied in an attempt to establish a state in vivo in which macrophage specificity might be demonstrated. No differences could be discerned between the ability of macrophages from three different strains of mice infected with the protozoa to kill Besnoitia and Toxoplasma . The effect of macrophages on Toxoplasma as compared with Besnoitia did not evolve or vary during development, expression, or decline of an immune response, i.e., with varying times after infection of mice as well as with varying times after treatment of mice with irradiated Toxoplasma . The route of infection could not be shown to confer specificity on macrophages, as subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculation of Toxoplasma did not lead to differential ability of macrophages to inhibit or kill the protozoa. The different strains of protozoa used for infection of mice did not affect the ability of peritoneal macrophages from Besnoitia - and Toxoplasma -infected mice to inhibit multiplication of or kill Besnoitia and Toxoplasma comparably in vitro . Peritoneal macrophages of mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum kill both organisms efficiently. These macrophages were employed to determine whether stimulation of macrophages by treatment of mice with a substance unrelated to the protozoa would produce activated macrophages. Uninfected mice and mice infected with either Besnoitia or Toxoplasma were challenged with varying doses of the protozoa in parallel with examination of macrophages from the same groups of mice in vitro to determine whether the presence of stimulated macrophages in the peritoneal cavity was necessary for protection against Toxoplasma and Besnoitia , and if so if their presence was sufficient for protection. Only mice with activated peritoneal macrophages were protected. However, protection was greater when the primary infection was with the same organisms used for challenge at a time when macrophages inhibited or killed both protozoa efficiently in vitro . The possible role of other effector cells, subpopulations of macrophages of different functional abilities in various sites, and antibody or other lymphocyte products acting in concert with macrophages as factors which may explain the differences observed between in vivo protection and in vitro capacity to inhibit or kill the protozoa are discussed.
Phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane and cytoskeleton proteins in cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Phosphorylation changes in the erythrocyte membrane and cytoskeletal proteins as a consequence of infection by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum were examined. Spectrin, band 3, band 4.1, ankyrin and glycophorin are phosphorylated in normal erythrocytes. As a consequence of invasion by the merozoite, the extracellular stage of the parasite, into 32 P-prelabeled normal erythrocytes, all the major 32 P-labeled erythrocyte proteins are dephosphorylated. As the parasite develops intracellularly from the immature ring stage to the mature schizont stage, selective phosphorylation of certain host proteins, spectrin, ankyrin and band 3 is observed. Band 4.1 does not appear to incorporate [ 32 P]phosphate at any stage of parasite development. These observed phosphorylation changes may be important in the regulation of the cytoskeletal organization in P. falciparum -infected cells.
Supramolecular control during triplet sensitized geometric isomerization of stilbenes encapsulated in a water soluble organic capsule

Triplet sensitized photoisomerization of several stilbenes included within a water-soluble organic capsule has been investigated. In this study octa acid that self assembles in the presence of hydrophobic guest molecules to form a host–guest complex is utilized to solubilize hydrophobic stilbenes and triplet sensitizers in water, and to provide confinement during the geometric isomerization of included olefins. By monitoring the steady state and time resolved room temperature phosphorescence from 4,4′-dimethylbenzil in the presence of acceptor stilbenes and their nitrogen analogues (stilbazole and bispyridyl ethylene) we have been able to establish that triplet-triplet energy transfer occurs between encapsulated donors and encapsulated (or free) acceptors. The mechanism of the energy transfer process is yet to be fully understood although a similar phenomenon has been reported earlier in the literature with Cram's hemicarcerand as the host. The photostationary state composition of cis and trans isomers within the OA capsule is dependent on the relative binding strength of the two isomers with the OA capsule. Further investigation is needed to fully exploit the interesting observations made here to steer the photoisomerization towards a single isomer.