cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of rotating aperture cones for radiographic scatter reduction

A new multiple‐scanning‐slit or scanning‐grid scatter‐reduction geometry consisting of coaxial rotating aperture (RA) cones is described and compared with other RA assemblies such as the rotating aperture wheel (RAW) device. A unique feature of the new design is that the geometric and rotational axes of the conical RA surfaces coincide and are collinear with the x‐ray focal spot. This arrangement of axes should provide the potential for greatly improved mechanical rigidity, higher rotational velocities, and the capability for static slit‐pattern alignment. The common rotational axis of the cone assembly is angled obliquely to the central x‐ray beam such that the intersections of the irradiated portion of the RA surfaces with the plane formed by the x‐ray central beam and cone axes are straight lines parallel to the film plane. This geometry is compatible with the standard source‐patient‐image‐receptor radiographic relationship and allows for variable source‐to‐image‐receptor distance.
Models reflect new information on the compositions of Uranus and Neptune

Chemical models of planets of the Jovian group appear to be following a trend in composition toward lighter elements in the mean, resulting in a renewed interest in the geochemistry of hydrogen (plus helium in solar abundance), water, methane, and ammonia on a solar-system-wide basis. Recent Pioneer and Voyager data on Jupiter and a turn have now provided the basis for models of their interiors that are composed mostly of light elements. Hubbard and MacFarlane (J. Geophys. Res., 85, 225–234, 1980) have, in a new theoretical study of the structure and evolution of Uranus and Neptune, focused attention on ‘ices’ as a major mineral constituent. Thus as data from the outer planets become accessible in this decade, the goal of modeling the interior compositions of the major planets will be a realistic challenge.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the oxytocin receptor from a rat pancreatic cell line (RINm5F).

Abstract Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) stimulate insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas, and evoke insulin secretion from the rat insulinoma cell line, RINm5F. To determine which AVP/OT receptor subtype is expressed in RINm5F cells, we used PCR with degenerate primers to two transmembrane domains of the AVP (V1a, V1b (or V3), V2) and OT receptors (OTRs). The single PCR fragment identified was used to obtain a full length cDNA from a RINm5F cDNA library. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this clone with uterine OTR sequences from several species (human, sheep, bovine) and to the pig kidney epithelial cell (LLC-PK1) OTR reveals a very high degree of homology. After the RIN cell OTR cDNA was stably transfected into CHO cells (CHO-OTR), the cell membranes bound iodinated oxytocin antagonist with an apparent K d comparable to that of RIN cell membranes and those from other OT target cells. Comparison of the ligand specificities of CHO-OTR and RIN cells membranes showed that the relative K i values of a series of OT analogues were approximately equivalent in both preparations. The rank order of apparent K i values also corresponded to published values for the rat myometrium, where OT elicits intracellular calcium transients, and increases inositol phosphate production. In uterine endometrium and amnion cells, OT stimulates prostaglandin release. Stimulation of CHO-OTR cells with OT caused an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration originating from both intracellular and extracellular sources, and a dose-dependent increase in inositol phosphate levels. Arachidonic acid release and PGE 2 synthesis were also stimulated by OT. These findings (amino acid sequence homology, binding specificity, and signal transduction/second messenger production) suggest that OTRs from RINm5F cells are indistinguishable from OTRs that have been described in other tissues. The expression of OTR in pancreatic cells implies that OT plays a role in pancreatic function.
The equations describing the cosmic-ray gas in the interplanetary region

Abstract Beginning with the Boltzmann equation, the continuity and momentum equations for the particles of the cosmic-ray gas which lie within a small energy interval are obtained. These equations are more complete than earlier versions because they include the effects of energy changes due to collisions and electric fields. The main corrections appear as a spectrum dependent factor C(r,T)( r = position vector , T = kinetic energy ) which is related to the well known Compton-Getting factor. The correction terms are not negligible and have been evaluated from observational data. The equations have been used to give a more complete development of the theory of the diurnal variation of the cosmic-ray intensity; the essential physical ideas of that theory remain unchanged, but some of the components of the current density are altered and some interpretations are modified.
Designing working systems with imperfect chips

The design for manufacturing and yield (DFM&Y) is fast becoming an indispensable consideration in today's SoCs.Most current flows only consider manufacturability and yield at the lowest levels: process, layout and circuit. As such, these metrics are treated as an afterthought. With advanced process nodes, it has become increasingly expensive --and soon prohibitive-- to guarantee bit level error free chips. The challenge now is to design reliable systems using chips that may have some faults. This has lead to approaches that consider DFM&Y at the system level where more benefit can be reaped, and to consider the problem across the design layers. Cross-layer approaches are increasingly employed to design for DFM&Y spanning from the application all the way to manufacturing. Various techniques are being explored today, and their effectiveness can be demonstrated on key applications including wireless, multimedia and imaging.
Si–O–Si bond angle and torsion angle distribution in vitreous silica and sodium silicate glasses

Abstract Si–O–Si bond angle distribution (BAD) and torsion angle distribution (TAD) of vitreous silica and sodium silicate glasses have been studied using molecular dynamics simulation, and compared extensively with experimental and computational data. Correlations were investigated between the two angle distributions and the shoulder at 3.7 A in total correlation function. Analysis of the simulated glass structures shows that, because TAD has preference for staggered configurations at low Si–O–Si angles due to steric effects, the shoulder is mainly associated with the width of the BAD. Whereas a smooth shoulder at 3.7 A with a stagger-preferred TAD indicates a broad Si–O–Si BAD for vitreous silica, an emerging hump at 3.7 A reveals the narrowing of the BAD on adding sodium. Finally, various Si–O–Si BADs from the literature are analyzed and a model for the BAD is proposed.
Instructional Animations: The In-House Production of Biology Software

STUDENTS OFTEN have trouble conceptualizing certain phenomena in science. Traditional instructional media such as static illustrations, text, or video can be supplemented with computer animations in order to illuminate the concept for the learner. Some concepts must, by necessity, be depicted in this way in order to show processes or abstractions. The growing power of microcomputers and more user-friendly animation software have made in-house production of such animations a reality for the Iowa State University Biology program. Thirty scientific animations have been produced to date. This article explains how animations are developed from the conceptual drawing board to actual use in lecture halls and computer labs. Recommendations for the design, creation, and implementation of animations are outlined. Production is guided by practical technical considerations as well as instructional theory.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Pressure Induced Liquid-Plastic Phase Transition of Pure Cyclohexane and Cyclohexane in Silica Cavities

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations at temperature 313 K and pressures up to 4 kbar for six-centre Lennard-Jones model of C6H12 are reported. The calculations are performed for pure cyclohexane and cyclohexane in pores. A cavity is obtained by placing silica clusters at the corners of a cubic box. Two cavities of diameter of about 30 A and 50 A are considered. Thermodynamic, structural and dynamic properties of molecule confined to the pores are compared with the results for pure cyclohexane. Changes of molecular behaviour with diminishing pore size are observed and the liquid-plastic transition point shifts to higher pressures.
Caring for Women With Abnormal Papanicolaou Tests During Pregnancy

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is one of the best screening tests available for cancer detection and has achieved widespread acceptance among women. Pregnancy provides a valuable opportunity to educate and screen women for cervical cancer when receiving prenatal care. However, evolving knowledge about the course of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) in women, new technologies, and the advent of vaccines are driving radical changes in practice and new ways to consider cervical cancer screening. Modifications in the 2006 Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests are most evident among adolescents. Because of high rates of HPV regression, pregnant adolescents with minor Pap abnormalities may now be followed rather than referred for immediate colposcopy. Postponing colposcopy in pregnant, reproductive-age women with minor Pap changes until after delivery is now acceptable. Pregnant immunocompromised women with abnormal Pap tests are followed similarly to pregnant women in the general population. While a strong evidence base is gradually emerging to support guideline revisions, the highest quality evidence may not yet be available for all recommendations. Midwives can keep abreast of the science while using clinical judgment to provide safe and expert cancer screening care to women.
Midterm outcomes and predictors of reintervention after the Ross procedure in infants, children, and young adults

Objectives This study assessed the type, time course, and risk factors for right and left ventricular outflow tract reinterventions after the Ross procedure in a population of infants, children, and young adults. Methods Patients who underwent the Ross procedure between January 1995 and June 2004 were included (n = 121 consecutive patients). Kaplan–Meier and hazard analyses of right and left ventricular outflow tract reinterventions were performed, and predictors of reintervention were identified through multivariate analysis. Results The median age at the Ross procedure was 8.2 years (4 days to 34 years); 20% were aged less than 1 year. Half of the patients had isolated aortic valve disease; the other half had complex left-sided heart disease. Early mortality ( P P P P = .01), and prior ventricular septal defect repair ( P = .04) predicted left ventricular outflow tract reintervention. Conclusions At midterm follow-up after the Ross procedure, interim mortality is rare. Neoaortic insufficiency and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit obstruction are common postoperative sequelae, requiring reintervention in one quarter of patients.
Wear behavior of Pb-Mo-S solid lubricating coatings

Abstract Amorphous Pb–Mo–S coatings 200 to 510 nm thick were deposited by dual ion-beam deposition (IBD) onto steel and Si substrates. Coating wear studies were performed using ball-on-flat reciprocating sliding with steel ball counterfaces in dry air. Tests were run between 1 and 100,000 sliding cycles, and wear depths measured by interference microscopy. Morphology and chemistry of the as-deposited coatings and worn surfaces were investigated with optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and cross-section high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Pb–Mo–S coatings were found to be quite wear resistant; no more than 25% of the coating thickness was removed by 10,000 sliding cycles. Two wear mechanisms were identified. At the nanometer scale, wear proceeded in a two-part process: transformation of the coating surface to MoS 2 , then layer-by-layer removal of MoS 2 . At the micrometer scale, wear occurred by plowing. The long endurance of Pb–Mo–S coatings was attributed to slow wear of the coatings, with lubricant redistribution processes playing a minor role.
Polycations induce the release of soluble intermembrane mitochondrial proteins

The release of proapoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria is an early critical step in many pathways to apoptosis. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) was suggested to be the mechanism of the release of soluble mitochondrial intermembrane proteins (SIMP) in apoptosis. However, several studies suggested that proapoptotic proteins (e.g. Bax and Bid) can induce the release of SIMP (e.g. cytochrome c (cyt c) and adenylate kinase 2 (AK2)) in vivo and in vitro independent of PTP. We have found that a number of structurally diverse polycations, such as aliphatic polyamines (e.g. spermine and to a lesser extent spermidine), aminoglycosides (e.g. streptomycin, gentamicin and neomycin), and cytotoxic peptides (e.g. melittin), induce the release of SIMP from liver mitochondria, in vitro. All the polycations released AK2 together with cyt c, suggesting that rupture of the outer membrane is a common mechanism of cyt c release by these polycations. Several polycations (e.g. spermine, spermidine and neomycin) induced SIMP release without inducing significant swelling, and this release was not inhibited significantly by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin. In contrast, under the same conditions, streptomycin and melittin induced swelling and SIMP release that was inhibited strongly by cyclosporin. Gentamicin-induced swelling and release of SIMP were partially inhibited by cyclosporin. The affinity of polyamines to the anionic phospholipids of the mitochondrial membranes (spermine=neomycin>gentamicin>streptomycin=spermidine) correlated roughly with their ability to induce PTP-independent release of SIMP, which suggests that the binding of polycations to the anionic phospholipids of the outer mitochondrial membrane facilitates the rupture of this membrane. However, some polycations facilitated the induction of PTP, possibly by binding to cardiolipin on the inner membrane. This dual mechanism may be relevant to the induction of SIMP release in apoptosis.
High-speed liquid chromatography of cellodextrins and other saccharide mixtures using water as the eluent

Abstract Ion-exchange resin AG 50W-X4 (Ca 2+ ) separates the oligomers celloheptaose through glucose within 30 min when water is used as the eluent. The fractionation capabilities of this resin are a function of the procedures used in its preparation, packing, and operation. These procedures are described in detail. In addition to chromatograpms showing separations obtained for cellodextrins and other saccharide mixtures, quantitative data relating concentrations of individual cellodextrin components to their respective peak areas are also presented.
Variability of myocardium at risk for acute myocardial infarction

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the variability in myocardium at risk and relate this to coronary angiographic variables. One hundred ninety-seven patients with ≥1-mm ST-segment elevation in 2 contiguous electrocardiographic leads, without prior myocardial infarction, were injected with technetium-99m sestamibi acutely before reperfusion therapy. The perfusion defect was quantified to determine myocardium at risk for infarction. Patients underwent coronary angiography to determine the infarct-related artery and to classify the occlusion as proximal or not proximal. Collateral and anterograde (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] trial) flow were assessed in a subset of 83 patients with angiography before direct angioplasty. Myocardium at risk for infarction in the distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery was significantly greater (p
Parkour and the Multitude: Politics of a Dangerous Art

This article examines the politics of le parkour’ a new global art developed in the Paris suburbs. The practitioners' creative and dangerous movements, as a form of spatial appropriation and as a c...
Biological cellular response to carbon nanoparticle toxicity

Recent advances in nanotechnology have increased the development and production of many new nanomaterials with unique characteristics for industrial and biomedical uses. The size of these new nanoparticles (<100?nm) with their high surface area and unusual surface chemistry and reactivity poses unique problems for biological cells and the environment. This paper reviews the current research on the reactivity and interactions of carbon nanoparticles with biological cells in vivo and in vitro, with ultrastructural images demonstrating evidence of human cell cytotoxicity to carbon nanoparticles characteristic of lipid membrane peroxidation, gene down regulation of adhesive proteins, and increased cell death (necrosis, apoptosis), as well as images of nontoxic carbon nanoparticle interactions with human cells. Although it is imperative that nanomaterials be systematically tested for their biocompatibility and safety for industrial and biomedical use, there are now ways to develop and redesign these materials to be less cytotoxic, and even benign to cell systems. With this new opportunity to utilize the unique properties of nanoparticles for research, industry and medicine, there is a responsibility to test and optimize these new nanomaterials early during the development process, to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.
A Multiscale Framework for Modeling Concrete Strength

Cementitious concrete is a composite mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, and other additives cemented into a C-S-H matrix. Practically, its strength may be determined by performing compression and tensile tests to specimens with certain sizes and shapes. In order to understand and enhance its strength, it becomes natural to seek the quantitative connections between fractured concrete surfaces and the strength of concrete across the scales of coarse, fine aggregates, and the CSH matrix with nano-scale structures. A multiscale theory across from the size of a test specimen down to the nano-scale of the known C-S-H matrix is proposed here to explain the concrete strength in terms of several physical scales associated with the concrete constituents based on energy conservation principle and fractal characterization of fractured concrete surfaces. When examined against experimental observations and test results, the proposed theory yields satisfactory estimation on nano-level molecular bonding, showing its effectiveness and importance for advancing our understanding of concrete strength. Additionally, the size effect of the testing concrete strength is derived from the proposed theory without making extra physical assumptions.
Mechanism of diminished contractile response to catecholamines during acidosis

To examine mechanisms of diminished contractile response to catecholamines during acidosis, we studied contractile properties, beta-adrenergic receptor properties, and intracellular pH of intact, cultured myocardial cells from chick embryo ventricle at pH 7.4 and 6.8. Contractile response was measured with an optical-video system. On changing the superfusing buffer from pH 7.4 to 6.8 there was a decline in contractile amplitude to 80% of control by 20 min. Fluorimetrically determined intracellular pH declined over a similar time course from 7.11 +/- 0.05 to 6.96 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.05). After 45 min at pH 6.8 the contractile response to 1 microM isoproterenol was less than half of the response at pH 7.4. Antagonist and agonist ligand-binding properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor were determined in the intact cells under conditions identical to those for the contractility studies. With the use of the hydrophilic antagonist [3H]CGP-12177 that selectively labels cell-surface receptors, agonist competition studies demonstrated that acidosis had no significant effect on antagonist or agonist affinity but decreased beta-receptor number from 21 +/- 3 to 11 +/- 3 fmol/mg protein (P less than 0.02). It is probable that a decline in the number of beta-receptors on the cell surface contributes to contractile hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines during acidosis.
Special Education in the Restructured School

Two significant, overriding trends in reform have emerged in special education at all levels from policy to program implementation during the past decade. These are, first, the movement to integrate students with severe disabilities and those with low-incidence disabilities into general education schools and classrooms for their educational programs; second, the effort to retain students with mild and moderate disabilities in the general classroom as an alternative to pull-out programs. These trends are closely associated. Until recently, parallel trends in general education reform have tended to focus on improvement in curriculum and in instructional techniques. Most recently, however, these reform efforts have shifted in the direction of systematic reorganization of school governance structures, policy, and resource utilization at the school site. This shift presents an opportunity for amalgamation of these various related viewpoints through broad-based, school restructuring policy reform. This amalgama...
Hyperemia of the Glans Penis Following Penile Revascularization Treatment by Inferior Epigastric Artery Embolization—A Case Report:

Hyperemia of the glans penis is one of the complications of the Virag penile revascularization procedures. The authors present a patient with this complica tion who was treated successfully by embolization of the inferior epigastric artery to deep dorsal vein anastomosis.
Public Religion vis à vis the Prophetic Role of Religion

In addressing the subject of "public religion," it is well to recall that the notion of private religion is a relatively modern concept and one primarily identified intellectually with the the rise of modernity and historically with the American tradition of church and state. To the ancient world, and for many centuries, all of life and all of culture were viewed as sacred or religious. Conventions, customs, traditions, and taboos were all rooted in the sacred, i.e., rooted in religious sanctions or prohibitions. Every important event, from birth to death, was sol emnized by religious ceremonies (a pattern by no means unfamiliar in the public and state ceremonies of societies in the modern world). It is no exaggeration to say that the concept of public religion, not private religion, still prevails throughout most of the world today outside of communist countries.
Dietary Fish Oil Alters Specific and Inflammatory Immune Responses in Chicks

Two experiments were designed to determine the effects of dietary (n-3) fatty acids and grain source on the growth-suppressive effects of the inflammatory response and indices of specific immunity. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed diets containing 0.5, 1, or 2 g/100 g of either corn oil or fish oil. In Experiment 2, chicks were fed diets containing up to 2 g/100 g of either fish oil, linseed oil or corn oil as the source of dietary fat, in either cereal grain- or corn-based diets. In each experiment, subsets of chicks within each dietary treatment were either vaccinated with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine, injected with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS), heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, or remained noninjected. Increasing dietary fish oil, but not corn oil increased body weight and lessened the growth-suppressing effect of heat-killed S. aureus or S. typhimurium LPS. Increasing the concentration of dietary fish oil decreased febrile response, circulating hemopexin and metallothionein concentrations. Dietary fish oil resulted in decreased release relative to dietary corn oil of interleukin-1 by peritoneal macrophages. Although IBV titers were not significantly affected by dietary oil treatment, phytohemagglutination-induced wattle swelling was greater among chicks fed fish oil. In Experiment 2, the modulating effects of fish oil on the immune system were dependent on the type of grain used in the diet, with fish oil/cereal diets resulting in greater cell-mediated immunity and lower indices of inflammation than fish oil/corn diets. Inclusion of increasing amounts of fish oil in the diet improved performance, decreased indices of the inflammatory response and either improved or did not change indices of the specific immune response of growing chicks.
Examining the Experiences and Decisions of Parents/Guardians Participant Directing the Supports and Services of Adults With Significant Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Participant direction is a service delivery model in which the consumer of public benefits, or his or her surrogate decision maker, exercises some level of choice and control over the consumer’s supports and services. In this case study, the authors examined the decisions and experiences of parents/guardians who directed supports and services for an adult with significant intellectual and developmental disabilities (SIDD). Respondents included the parents/guardian of the adult as well as others in the circle of support identified by the parents/guardians. Data analysis revealed an overarching theme in which respondents perceived participant direction as a means to achieve an end, with the end being their desired outcomes for the adult with SIDD. Implications for policy include developing and providing supportive services to adults with SIDD and their parents/guardians due to the increased responsibilities associated with directing supports and services for the adult with a SIDD.
Religion and Perceptions of Candidates' Ideologies in United States House Elections

Using data from the American National Election Studies, Poole- Rosenthal DW-Nominate scores, and data on the religious affiliations of members of the United States House of Representatives, I show that religion has important independent effects on the evaluation of candidates' ideologies. The results suggest that candidates affiliated with evangelical Christianity will tend to be seen as more conservative than ideologically similar candidates from mainline Protestant denominations. Jewish candidates, in contrast, will tend to be seen as more liberal than ideologically similar mainline Protestants. Additionally, the use of religion-based stereotypes varies with frequency of church attendance. These findings attest to the external validity of recent experiment-based research on religion-based political stereotypes. The approach employed here also allows for the estimation of the magnitude of the effects of such stereotypes. The results shed light on both the importance of religion in election campaigns and the factors that influence perceptions of candidates' ideologies more generally.
Regular embeddings of the stationary tower and Woodin's Σ22 maximality theorem

We present Woodin's proof that if there exists a measurable Woodin cardinal δ, then there is a forcing extension satisfying all Σ22 sentences φ such that CH + φ holds in a forcing extension of V by a partial order in Vδ. We also use some of the techniques from this proof to show that if there exists a stationary limit of stationary limits of Woodin cardinals, then in a homogeneous forcing extension there is an elementary embedding j : V → M with critical point ω1V such that M is countably closed in the forcing extension.
Characterization of solar cells by frequency-domain transient analysis

The FDTA (frequency-domain transient analysis) technique is applied to extract base transport parameters in a back-surface field silicon solar cell. FDTA relies upon two separate experiments, one for uniformly absorbed light and one for strongly absorbed light. The time-domain short-circuit current responses of the two forms of excitation are captured by a digitizing oscilloscope and then Fourier-transformed. The frequency response may be related to analytical expressions for the short-circuit current. By optimizing the agreement between experimental and analytic spectra, values for the minority-carrier lifetime and diffusion coefficient and the back-surface recombination velocity are obtained. The results obtained at 23 degrees C for a 12.5 Omega -cm n/sup +/-p cell with a base thickness of 300 mu m are: tau /sub n/=50 mu s, D/sub n/=36.6 cm/sup 2//s, S >
A linear-processor algorithm for depth-first search in planar graphs

Abstract We present an n -processor and O(log 2 n ) time parallel RAM algorithm for finding a depth-first-search tree in an n -vertex planar graph. The algorithm is based on a new n -processor algorithm for finding a cyclic separator in a planar graph and Smith's (1986) original parallel depth-first-search algorithm for planar graphs.
“Personas” to Support Development of Cyberinfrastructure for Scientific Data Sharing

Objective: To ensure that cyberinfrastructure for sharing scientific data is useful, system developers need to understand what scientists and other intended users do as well as the attitudes and beliefs that shape their behaviours. This paper introduces personas — detailed descriptions of an “archetypical user of a system” — as an approach for capturing and sharing knowledge about potential system users. Setting: Personas were developed to support development of the ‘DataONE’ (Data Observation Network for Earth) project, which has developed and deployed a sustainable long-term data preservation and access network to ensure the preservation and access to multi-scale, multi-discipline, and multi-national environmental and biological science data (https://www.dataone.org/what-dataone) (Michener et al. 2012). Methods: Personas for DataONE were developed based on data from surveys and interviews done by members of DataONE working groups along with sources such as usage scenarios for DataONE and the Data Conservancy project and the Purdue Data Curation Profiles (Witt et al. 2009). Results: A total of 11 personas were developed: five for various kinds of research scientists (e.g., at different career stages and using different types of data); a science data librarian; and five for secondary roles. Conclusion: Personas were found to be useful for helping developers and other project members to understand users and their needs. The developed DataONE personas may be useful for others trying to develop systems or programs for scientists involved in data sharing.
So.cl: An Interest Network for Informal Learning.

Web search engines emerged prior to the dominance of social media. What if we imagined search as integrating with social media from the ground up? So.cl is a web application that combines web browsing, search, and social networking for the purposes of sharing and learning around topics of interest. In this paper, we present the results of a deployment study examining existing learning practices around search and social networking for students, and how these practices shifted when participants adopted So.cl. We found prior to using So.cl that students already heavily employed search tools and social media for learning. With the use of So.cl, we found that users engaged in lightweight, fun social sharing and learning for informal, personal topics, but not for more heavyweight collaboration around school or work. The public nature of So.cl encouraged users to post search results as much for self-expression as for searching, enabling serendipitous discovery around interests.
Unconventional photo capacitor with giant light induced capacitance enhancement

Abstract This chapter explains a new concept for photodetection through management of internal energies in a two-dimensional charge system (2DCS). The exchange and correlation energy terms, that are associated to quantum mechanical many body interactions of a 2DCS, are manipulated through light generated carriers. This is then manifested as a giant enhancement in capacitance of a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) variable capacitor with an embedded 2DCS. This feature is controllable by incident light intensity, making the MSM-2DCS device suitable for non-transport based photodetection.
An Alternative Way to Determine Absorption Coefficients in Highly Transparent Solids: Theory

The development of highly transparent solids requires improved methods to measure very low absorption coefficients at laser wavelengths. We have calculated the temperature profiles in the solid and the temperature and pressure profiles in the gas when a laser beam passes through a weakly absorbing solid which is surrounded by a confined and non-absorbing gas. Our calculations suggest that sufficient heat transfers from the solid to the gas to produce a detectable pressure rise in the gas.
Cloud Computing: Information Security Standards, Compliance and Attestation

Cloud computing organizations as service organizations have to conform to compliance regulations, certifications and standards in delivered services. The area of compliance and certification covers not only Information Security (IS) standards and compliance but also areas such as auditing – Attestation Engagement (AE). The paper reviews current information security standards, compliance & attestation standards for organizations offering cloud computing services. Keywords— cloud computing, compliance, standards. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2015.1.1.065 ISBN: 13 978-0-9822896-8-6 ISSN: 2414-6668
Design Considerations for Single-Mode Microring Lasers Using Parity–Time Symmetry

Coupled microring arrangements with balanced gain and loss, also known as parity-time symmetric systems, are investigated both analytically and experimentally. In these configurations, stable single-mode lasing can be achieved at pump powers well above threshold. This self-adaptive mode management technique is broadband and robust to small fabrication imperfections. The results presented in this paper provide a new avenue in designing mode selective chip-scale in-plane semiconductor lasers by utilizing the complex dynamics of coupled gain/loss cavities.
Photo-induced Deposition of Nanostructured Thin Films by UV-exposure of Heteroleptic Ti-alkoxide Solutions

Photodeposited physical relief structures have been formed via the UV-irradiation of solutions of the heteroleptic titanium alkoxide, (OPy) 2 Ti(TAP) 2 . Raman studies of the films produced confirm the photoinitiation of hydrolysis and condensation reactions in the molecular structure, leading to the development of an insoluble solid phase. Using a shadow mask technique, these films were deposited directly from solution with microscale patterning and their structure and properties were studied as a function of both irradiation conditions (UV-fluence and intensity) as well as precursor solution chemistry (water content). Variations in nanostructure are visible in scanning electron micrographs, with a higher solution water content producing a more condensed, i.e. less porous, film.
A Survey of Clonorchis sinensis Infection in Wujiang District of Shaoguan City

Objective To access the distribution and extent of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Wujiang District,Shaoguan city and to provide basis for the development of disease prevention program. Method Stool samples from the residents of age over 1-year-old were collected. Clonorchis sinensis eggs were collected by water sedimentation. After identification,Bellamya purificata were crushed and the cercariae were identified under a microscope. Freshwater fish was also identified and the metacercariae were collected by fish-extrusion method. Clonorchis sinensis eggs in animal feces were collected by water sedimentation method. Adult Clonorchis sinensis in wild rats' liver were studied by microscopic examination. Result A total of 3397 stool samples were analyzed.292 subjects were found infected and the infection rate was 8.6%. The percentage of mild,moderate and severe infection was 94.5 (276 cases),4.79 (14 cases) and 0.68% (2 cases),respectively. Among the 11083 examined snails (Parafossarullaus striatulus),32 snails (0.29%) had infection. 4 out of 440 Alocinma longicornis snails (0.91%) had infection. For the freshwater fishes,272 out of 334 had infection (81.43%). For the animal feces,17 out of the 33 fecal samples (51.52%) from cats had parasite eggs. No egg was found in the fecal samples from pigs (58 samples) and cows (27 samples). Adult worms were found in cats (6) but not in pigs (58) and wild rats (43). Conclusion Clonorchis sinensis infection is common in Wujiang District,Shaoguan city. Most of the infections in human are mild. Preventive measures should be taken for the control of Clonorchis sinensis infection.
Toward DSM-IV: a developmental approach to autistic disorder.

As a developmental disorder, autism presents as a combination of unusually delayed maturational stages constrained by neuropathology that also produces many atypical behaviors. This process was labeled atypical ontogeny. To understand the development of autistic symptoms, it is necessary to consider each behavior in the context of what is normal for the child's nonverbal mental age and then the extent to which the behavior is delayed or atypical, given factors such as degree of delay, function, and frequency of expression. Many symptoms of autism are not unique to autism, and many reflect at least in part the underlying degree of mental retardation present in a large proportion of autistic individuals. Given this, it is important to rate autistic symptoms in the context of the child's mental development in areas of intelligence not specifically affected by the autism (i.e., nonverbal intelligence) in order to be sure that the symptom is characteristic of autism and not just reflective of the degree of mental retardation. In order to do this, the clinician must have a good understanding of the normal milestones in development in each of the areas in which autistic children develop symptoms. Developmental examples of both normal and atypical milestones, as well as a reliable indicator of nonverbal level of development, would help a user of the DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder make more accurate decisions in reaching a diagnosis. The DSM-III-R criteria for autistic disorder have many other problems, such as lack of certain kinds of reliability and validity, poor specificity, and redundancy. Discussion of these problems is beyond the scope of this article but is presented elsewhere. What have been presented here are recommendations for revising DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder insofar as there are implications for putting developmental psychopathology into a developmental context.
The Integers and Topology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses integers and topology. Role in topology of certain cardinals is associated with ω. This chapter discusses the problems on first countability, convergence, and separable metrizable spaces. A typical use of these set theoretic cardinals associated with ω involves topologically defined cardinals. Another use of these set theoretic cardinals associated with ω is that certain topological results hold if one of these cardinals equals ω1. The chapter also discusses the set theory, which states an ordinal is the set of smaller ordinals, and a cardinal is an initial ordinal. ω is ω0, and c is 2ω. The chapter also describes sequential and countable compactness. A countable set A of a space X is said to cluster at x ∈ X if each neighborhood of x contains infinitely many points of A, and it is said to converge to x ∈ X if each neighborhood of x contains all but finitely many points of A. A space is called countably compact if each countably infinite set clusters at some point, and it is called sequentially compact if each countably infinite set has an infinite subset that converges somewhere. Moreover, a space X is called subsequential if for every countably infinite A ⊆ X and for every cluster point x of A, there is an infinite subset of A that converges to x.
On the hermeneutics of everyday things: or, the philosophy of fire hydrants

It can sometimes be difficult to think about "everyday" objects, those things we are so familiar with that they become taken-for-granted aspects of the backdrop of our world. But what if those objects, despite their everydayness, are politically fraught and call for closer examination? I suggest that insights from two contemporary perspectives, postphenomenology and actor-network theory, are useful for drawing out the experiential, social, and political dynamics of everyday things. In this paper, I review and resituate several key concepts from these two theoretical frameworks and outline a method for using them together for the evaluation of technology. As a guiding example, I explore a paradigmatic everyday device: fire hydrants. Despite their everyday character, hydrants fulfill multiple social roles, some of them loaded with difficult and important political implications.
Beyond Hillary Clinton: Obsessional Narcissism and the Failure of the Liberal Class

This chapter turns to a psychoanalytic understanding of the liberal aspects of neoliberal politics. Using Freud’s theories of transference, narcissism, and obsessional neurosis, I posit that liberals often want to deny their own aggression by having their ideal self-recognized by an ideal other, and so they often cling to a rhetoric of progressive moral righteousness as they engage in destructive acts of competitive capitalism. I explore how progressive social movements can avoid the pitfalls of narcissistic transference by creating political organizations that move beyond identification, idealization, and cynical conformity.
Decentralized, Robust and Efficient Services for an Autonomous and Real-time Urban Crisis Management.

The globalization of trade and the organization of work are currently causing a large migratory flow towards the cities. This growth of cities requires new urban planning where digital tools take a preponderant place to capture data and understand and decide in face of changes. These tools however hardly resist to natural disasters, terrorism, accidents, etc. Based on the expertise of the CITI laboratory of INSA Lyon and SC3 of the Industrial University of Santander, we propose to create the ALERT project - Autonomous Liable Emergency service in Real Time - with decentralized, reliable and efficient services, physically close to the citizens, taking decisions locally, in a relevant manner without risk of disconnection with a central authority. These information gathering and decision-making will involve the population with participatory and social approaches.
Hot excited state management for long-lived blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

Since their introduction over 15 years ago, the operational lifetime of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) has remained insufficient for their practical use in displays and lighting. Their short lifetime results from annihilation between high-energy excited states, producing energetically hot states (>6.0 eV) that lead to molecular dissociation. Here we introduce a strategy to avoid dissociative reactions by including a molecular hot excited state manager within the device emission layer. Hot excited states transfer to the manager and rapidly thermalize before damage is induced on the dopant or host. As a consequence, the managed blue PHOLED attains T80=334±5 h (time to 80% of the 1,000 cd m−2 initial luminance) with a chromaticity coordinate of (0.16, 0.31), corresponding to 3.6±0.1 times improvement in a lifetime compared to conventional, unmanaged devices. To our knowledge, this significant improvement results in the longest lifetime for such a blue PHOLED. Large-scale commercialization of organic light-emitting diodes is impeded by the short operational lifetime of blue emitting materials. Leeet al. show a strategy to manage the energy dissipation on molecular dissociation using dopants with high triplet exciton energy that improves device stability.
Exact Simulation for Multivariate It\^o Diffusions

We provide the first generic exact simulation algorithm for multivariate diffusions. Current exact sampling algorithms for diffusions require the existence of a transformation which can be used to reduce the sampling problem to the case of a constant diffusion matrix and a drift which is the gradient of some function. Such transformation, called Lamperti transformation, can be applied in general only in one dimension. So, completely different ideas are required for exact sampling of generic multivariate diffusions. The development of these ideas is the main contribution of this paper. Our strategy combines techniques borrowed from the theory of rough paths, on one hand, and multilevel Monte Carlo on the other.
Fix or Float

A fundamental policy decision every government must make is whether, and to what extent, to manage the exchange rate. This note discusses some of the basic costs and benefits of fixed and floating exchange rates. Excerpt UVA-F-1746 Jan. 5, 2015 Fix or Float A fundamental policy decision every government must make is whether, and to what extent, to manage the exchange rate. This note discusses some of the basic costs and benefits of fixed and floating exchange rates. Fixed Exchange Rates: The Pros The benefits of a fixed exchange rate include the following: . . .
Phase equilibria in the ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5 system at 1500 °C

Abstract The ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5 (ZYTO) system is of interest in phosphors, fuel cells, photocatalysis, and thermal barrier coatings. However, there is inadequate information on the ternary phase equilibria, especially in the ZrO2-lean compositions. Precursor derived ZYTO compacts were heat treated at 1500 °C to elucidate the relevant phase relations. Chemical compositions measured using TEM/EDS and crystallographic information via x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction were used to construct the isothermal section at 1500 °C, which was found to vary significantly from previous reports. It is shown for the first time that the fluorite field extends from the YO1.5-ZrO2 binary to the YO1.5-TaO2.5 binary, revealing a large YTaO4 + fluorite phase field with potential engineering implications. The mutual solubility of ZrO2 and YTaO4 was quantified, and the presence of both YTa3O9 and YTa7O19 at 1500 °C was demonstrated. The emerging understanding helps identify compositions with potentially attractive properties for further investigation.
Future of Positive Airway Pressure Technology

This article discusses the future of positive airway pressure (PAP) technology. The focus is on (1) technology improvements in the delivery of PAP; (2) improvements in PAP algorithms; and (3) improvements in PAP informatics. Current limitations of PAP technology and whether technological improvements are sufficient to PAP are discussed.
The Duality of the Peer Effect: The Interplay Between Peer Support and Peer Criminality on Offending and Substance Use During Reentry:

Differential association theory and the closely linked differential coercion/social support theory suggest that peers exert both criminogenic and protective influences on individuals. Yet, little i...
A CASE OF INTRARETINAL PERIPAPILLARY NEOVASCULARIZATION IN ABCA4-RELATED RETINOPATHY.

PURPOSE To report a case of ABCA4-related retinopathy and potential complications. METHODS The authors describe a case report of intraretinal neovascularization in a patient with ABCA4-related retinopathy and describe the multimodal retinal imaging findings. RESULTS A 49-year-old woman presents with cystoid macular edema and diffuse intraretinal and perivascular hyperpigmentation in both eyes. Genetic testing confirmed ABCA4-related retinopathy. Fluorescein angiography revealed peripapillary intraretinal neovascularization in the absence of any other identifiable retinal pathology. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of intraretinal neovascularization-associated ABCA4-related retinopathy. Ancillary testing of ABCA4-related retinopathy with fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography angiography may be helpful in identifying this rare complication.