cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Buddhist Critical-Constructive Reflection in the Academy as a Resource for Buddhist Communities and for the Contemporary World

Academic Buddhist Studies investigates historical and social conditions behind Buddhist formulations and institutions. Buddhists must appropriate these findings to establish their place in the modern world and to speak effectively within it. But many traditional Buddhist centers remain largely uninformed by such findings. Some academic scholars of Buddhism, who also practice Buddhism, are exploring new ways to serve both the critical interests of the modern academy and the constructive needs of their Buddhist communities in meeting the modern world. This new vehicle in the academy has been called “Buddhist critical-constructive reflection” or “Buddhist theology.” How might academic knowledge inform contemporary Buddhist understanding and practice? How might Buddhist understanding and practice help address current social needs and provide new insights into current issues? Buddhist critical-constructive reflection explores those questions.
Which Side are You On? From Haymarket to Now

This essay explores the relationship between the Haymarket Affair, class struggle, and a radical geography of free speech. Rather than focusing on the events of Haymarket itself, it examines how what the Haymarket Martyrs were struggling for – and why control of place and space was so crucial to that struggle – is deeply connected both to the radical strategies of organizations like the Industrial Workers of the World and to contemporary progressive and radical protest movements.
Renal Extraction and Excretion of Endogenous Gastrin in the Dog

Abstract Secretion of endogenous gastrin was induced in anesthetized dogs by the instillation of acetylcholine-sodium bicarbonate into the stomach. Blood samples, drawn simultaneously from an artery and renal vein, were assayed for gastrin with a double antibody radioimmunoassay. In 30 dogs, an average of 30% of renal artery gastrin was extracted from the blood by the kidney. In 3 dogs, simultaneous clearances of gastrin, inulin, and p -aminohippurate were measured. An average of less than 2% of the renal artery gastrin extracted by the kidney was excreted in the urine. Thus, the dog kidney is an important site for the extraction and degradation of endogenous gastrin.
Phase conjugation in quantum optomechanics

We analyze the phase conjugate coupling of a pair of optomechanical oscillator modes driven by the time-dependent beat-note due to a two-color optical field. The dynamics of the direct and phase conjugate modes exhibit familiar time-reversed qualities, leading to opposite sign temperatures for the modes in the classical regime of operation, but these features are limited by quantum effects due to the non-commutative nature of quantum mechanical operators. The effects are measurable by read-out of the oscillator via a qubit. As a potential application of this system in sensing, we discuss a protocol applying phase-conjugate swaps to cancel external forces acting on the system.
The learning of concept names mediated by concept examples

Summary This study paired concept examples with nonsense syllables in an attempt to produce positive transfer to learning the concept names as responses to the syllables. The results with dominance concepts were negative but there were large amounts of transfer with class concepts. When different examples of a class concept were paired with a syllable each time it was presented then the class name was often given as an association to the syllable but this did not occur when only one example of a concept was paired with a syllable. It was suggested that use of different examples of a concept tended to produce syllable-name learning while the examples were being presented and that the use of a single example of a concept simply provided a response which mediated learning when the syllable and class name was presented in a paired-associate list.
Calcium indirectly regulates immunochemical reactivity and functional activities of the N-domain of thrombospondin-1.

Conformational changes induced in thrombospondin-1 by removal of calcium regulate interactions with some ligands of its N-modules. Because calcium binds primarily to elements of the C-terminal signature domain of thrombospondin-1, which are distant from the N-modules, such regulation was unexpected. To clarify the mechanism for this regulation, we compared ligand binding to the N-modules of thrombospondin-1 in the full-length protein and recombinant trimeric thrombospondin-1 truncated prior to the signature domain. Three monoclonal antibodies were identified that recognize the N-modules, two of which exhibit calcium-dependent binding to native thrombospondin-1 but not to the truncated trimeric protein. These antibodies or calcium selectively modulate interactions of fibronectin, heparin, sulfatide, α3β1 integrin, tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene-6 protein, and, to a lesser extent, α4β1 integrin with native thrombospondin-1 but not with the truncated protein. These results indicate connectivity between calcium binding sites in the C-terminal signature domain and the N-modules of thrombospondin-1 that regulates ligand binding and functional activities of the N-modules.
Studies of the skull sutures of the rhesus monkey by comparison of the topographic sampling technique, autoradiography and vital staining

Abstract Three young and 1 old male rhesus monkeys received Ca45 intravenously. After 168 hr the Ca45 uptake in the skull sutures, synchondroses, adjacent bones and surfaces of discrete areas was studied quantitatively by the selective grinding method and semiquantitatively with autoradiography and vital staining with alizarin red S. In young monkeys the Ca45 uptake in sutures and synchondroses was higher than in the adjacent bones. The uptake was different at various locations along the same suture indicating different rates of formation, proliferation and calcification. The uptake was also different on both sides of certain sutures, suggesting that one adjoining bone may be growing more rapidly than the other. In the old monkey where there was no apparent growth, the Ca45 uptake was more uniform in all sutures and bones, and was about 1 4 to 1 10 the amount in the young monkeys. The mandibular condyle had the highest uptake in all four monkeys. The uptake in the posterior non-articular portion was greater than the anterior articular portion. A high Ca45 uptake in the posterior border of the ramus denoted active growth. Autoradiographic observations permitted a qualitative localization of Ca45 and corroborated much of the information from the selective grinding methods. The occurrence of high Ca45 uptake in the sutures was evidence that these structures play a primary role in growth of the skull and face. Active deposition of appositional bone contributed simultaneously with the sutural growth to the increase of the facial height and cranial capacity. Vital staining with alizarin red S also contributed to understanding of the sites of sutural and appositional growth but the observational data from the alizarin staining did not always agree with the data on Ca45 uptake.
The Curtius Rearrangement of Cyclopropyl- and Cyclopropenoyl Azides. A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Mechanistic Study

A combined experimental and theoretical study addresses the concertedness of the thermal Curtius rearrangement. The kinetics of the Curtius rearrangements of methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylate and methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cyclopropane-1-carboxylate were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and there is close agreement between calculated and experimental enthalpies and entropies of activation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) on these same acyl azides suggest gas phase barriers of 27.8 and 25.1 kcal/mol. By comparison, gas phase activation barriers for the rearrangement of acetyl, pivaloyl, and phenyl azides are 27.6, 27.4, and 30.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The barrier for the concerted Curtius reaction of acetyl azide at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) level exhibited a comparable activation energy of 26.3 kcal/mol. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analyses suggest that all of the rearrangements occur by a concerted pathway with the concomitant loss of N2. The lower ...
LATE PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC SHELL GORGETS FROM SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA

Written versions of Cherokee myths, recorded in the late nineteenth century, refer to earthen mounds, rattlesnakes and raptors, and other aspects of Cherokee cosmology. These themes are manifested in the iconography of engraved shell gorgets and masks from late prehistoric and protohistoric sites in Cherokee town areas of southwestern North Carolina. Comparable iconography is seen on gorgets and masks from surrounding areas of the southern Appalachians. This paper summarizes themes from Cherokee myth and legend that are related to iconography engraved on gorgets and masks, describes the content and context of these artifacts from southwestern North Carolina, and discusses the implications of these finds for understanding connections of late prehistoric and protohistoric Cherokee towns to the broader networks in the Southeast through which gorgets and iconography circulated.
Properties of a model aryl boronic acid and its boroxine

Many boronic acid-containing molecules are currently under investigation as possible therapeutics. An increase in the knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of these compounds will lead to their improved formulation into usable dosage forms. The current study describes the formation and characterization of a boronic acid anhydride, called a boroxine. The model boronic acid, 4-methoxybenzeneboronic acid is used. The current study demonstrates the utility of thermal (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) and spectral (solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectroscopy) methods to quantitate and characterize the boronic acid and its boroxine, validated against definitive structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The present work also demonstrates that the hydrolysis of the boroxine in the presence of water is very rapid in a time scale relative to drug substance manufacture and product formulation.
Enhanced Bone Regeneration Associated With Decreased Apoptosis in Mice With Partial HIF-1α Deficiency†

HIF-1α activates genes under hypoxia and was hypothesized to regulate bone regeneration. Surprisingly, HIF-1α+/− fracture calluses are larger, stronger, and stiffer than HIF-1α+/+ calluses because of decreased apoptosis. These data identify apoptosis inhibition as a means to enhance bone regeneration. Introduction: Bone regeneration subsequent to fracture involves the synergistic activation of multiple signaling pathways. Localized hypoxia after fracture activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), leading to increased expression of HIF-1 target genes. We therefore hypothesized that HIF-1α is a key regulator of bone regeneration. Materials and Methods: Fixed femoral fractures were generated in mice with partial HIF-1α deficiency (HIF-1α+/−) and wildtype littermates (HIF-1α+/+). Fracture calluses and intact contralateral femurs from postfracture days (PFDs) 21 and 28 (N = 5–10) were subjected to μCT evaluation and four-point bending to assess morphometric and mechanical properties. Molecular analyses were carried out on PFD 7, 10, and 14 samples (N = 3) to determine differential gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Finally, TUNEL staining was performed on PFD 14 samples (N = 2) to elucidate differential apoptosis. Results: Surprisingly, fracture calluses from HIF-1α+/− mice exhibited greater mineralization and were larger, stronger, and stiffer. Microarray analyses focused on hypoxia-induced genes revealed differential expression (between genotypes) of several genes associated with the apoptotic pathway. Real-time PCR confirmed these results, showing higher expression of proapoptotic protein phosphatase 2a (PP2A) and lower expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) in HIF-1α+/+ calluses. Subsequent TUNEL staining showed that HIF-1α+/+ calluses contained larger numbers of TUNEL+ chondrocytes and osteoblasts than HIF-1α+/− calluses. Conclusions: We conclude that partial HIF-1α deficiency results in decreased chondrocytic and osteoblastic apoptosis, thereby allowing the development of larger, stiffer calluses and enhancing bone regeneration. Furthermore, apoptosis inhibition may be a promising target for developing new treatments to accelerate bone regeneration.
Mechanisms of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Augmentation of IL-1β Production

Expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta occurs in various inflammatory diseases, and IL-1beta production is regulated at multiple levels. There are conflicting reports about the effects of antioxidants on IL-1beta production. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of the antioxidant DMSO on LPS-stimulated IL-1beta gene expression in human PBMC and in vivo. This study demonstrated that 1% DMSO increased LPS-stimulated (50 ng/ml) IL-1beta secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner without altering TNF or IL-6. DMSO also elevated IL-1beta secretion by PBMC in response to exogenous superoxide anions. Despite the increase in IL-1beta, there was no augmentation of NF-kappaB with the addition of DMSO. The steady state mRNA coding for IL-1beta following LPS stimulation was also increased. Cycloheximide studies demonstrated that the DMSO augmentation of IL-1beta mRNA did not require de novo protein synthesis, and studies with actinomycin D showed that DMSO did not alter the half-life of IL-1beta mRNA, suggesting that DMSO did not change the stability of IL-1beta mRNA. Experiments using a reporter vector containing the 5'-flanking region of the human IL-1beta gene revealed that DMSO augmented LPS-induced IL-1beta reporter activity. In vivo, treatment of mice with DMSO significantly increased plasma levels of IL-1beta after endotoxin challenge. These data indicate that DMSO directly increases LPS-stimulated IL-1beta protein production through the mechanisms of augmenting promoter activity and increasing mRNA levels.
Use of MR arthrography in detecting tears of the ligamentum teres with arthroscopic correlation

Objective To demonstrate the normal appearance of the ligamentum teres on MR arthrography (MRA) and evaluate the accuracy of MRA in detecting ligamentum teres tears with arthroscopic correlation.
Vapochromic and mechanochromic films from square-planar platinum complexes in polymethacrylates

Square-planar platinum(II) complexes of the 4-dodecyloxy-2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl)pyridine ligand have been blended into a series of methacrylate polymers. Each of the polymer films displayed vapochromic (yellow to red) and vapoluminescent behaviour as a result of the vapour induced change in the Pt–Pt interactions. The solid-state absorption and emission properties of the films were characterized, and the influence of the polymer matrix on the vapochromic response was investigated. Notably, the rate of recovery of the yellow colour after vapour-exposure was found to be dependent on the Tg of the matrices, and the response can be effectively erased and the materials restored to the original yellow colour within minutes by simply heating above their Tg. The polymer–complex blends also displayed interesting mechanochromic and mechanoluminescent properties upon deformation either by compression, scratching, or stretching. The accumulated data are consistent with a solvato- or mechano-induced structural rearrangement that results in a shortening of the Pt–Pt distances.
Encapsulation of recombinant adenovirus into alginate microspheres circumvents vector-specific immune response.

Pre-existing immunity against adenoviruses may compromise the efficacy of adenoviral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether encapsulation of adenovirus recombinants into biodegradable alginate microparticles could circumvent the vector-specific immune response. Mice were immunized either intranasally (i.n.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5), resulting in the development of virus-specific antibodies. Immunized and nai;ve mice were inoculated with AdCA36lacZ (an E1-deleted HAd5 recombinant containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase (LacZ) gene), encapsulated (E) into alginate microparticles, or nonencapsulated (NE) ie, as a virus suspension. LacZ expression in animals immunized once (1x) or twice (2x) with HAd5 and subsequently inoculated with NE-AdCA36lacZ (NE-Z) was significantly (P 0.05) in LacZ expression in mice immunized 1x or 2x with HAd5 that were subsequently inoculated with E-AdCA36lacZ (E-Z) compared to those levels obtained in E-Z inoculated nai;ve animals. Similar results were obtained with i.n. or i.p. inoculated animals. These results indicate that microencapsulation of recombinant adenovirus effectively circumvented the vector-specific immune response.
Comparison of self-reports and clinicians' ratings of unipolar major depression.

Recent literature has unfavorably compared self-report measures of depression to clinician-administered measures such as the Hamilton Rating Scale. In the present study, the Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI D scale were compared to the Hamilton Rating Scale to assess the effectiveness of each measure in discriminating unipolar depressed psychiatric inpatients (n = 26) from inpatients without a major affective disorder (n = 11). Scores on the Beck scale and the MMPI Depression scale but not the Hamilton Rating Scale were significantly related to the diagnosis of unipolar major depression.
The Ahupua'a of Puanui: A Resource for Understanding Hawaiian Rain-Fed Agriculture

Abstract: Intensive rain-fed agricultural systems represented the foundation of the agricultural economies of the island of Hawai‘i and parts of Maui in the centuries before European contact. These systems largely were abandoned in the nineteenth century, and our understanding of how they functioned as productive systems is sparse. We established three experimental gardens within the ahupua‘a (traditional Hawaiian land division) of Puanui, in the Leeward Kohala Field System, where we have measured climate and soil properties and planted several Polynesian crops. We obtained relatively large yields of ‘uala (sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas) (from 1 to 4 kg of tubers per m2) from spring and summer plantings in two wetter, higher-elevation gardens; growth was slow there in the winter. In a drier, lower-elevation garden, only winter plantings provided reasonable yields (0.6 kg per m2). We suggest that Hawaiian farmers cultivated a winter crop of ‘uala in the lower, warmer, drier portion of the field system and ...
Talking With Us or At Us: How U.S. Religious Denominations Use Organizational Web Sites to Communicate With Their Constituents

This study presents the results of a content analysis of the organizational Web sites of a unique subset of nonprofit organizations, that is, prominent U.S.-based religious denominations affiliated with the National Council of Churches and the National Association of Evangelicals. The study was guided by Kent and Taylor's (1998, 2002) dialogic theory and their framework for dialogic communication as it is applied to organizational Web sites. While all of the denominations had active Web sites, we found that with a few notable exceptions, the denominations did not demonstrate dialogic communication principles in their Web sites. Instead, most Web sites demonstrated one-way communication by focusing on pushing out information to Web site visitors. Many of the Web sites did provide useful information for ministers and members and adherents, but there was little effort to accommodate the needs of members of the media. Many of the denominations were active on social media sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, b...
Tissue haemoglobins from the gastropod molluscs lunatia heros say and busycon canaliculatum L.

Abstract 1. 1. Busycon canaliculatum nerve haemoglobin and heart and radular muscle myoglobins have the same or very similar molecular weights (about 32,000) and absorption spectra; the corresponding globins have identical electrophoretic mobilities in 8 M urea. 2. 2. The native Busycon canaliculatum haemoglobins are dimeric and are cleaved to monomeric subunits by reaction p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. 3. 3. Lunatia heros nerve haemoglobin and radular muscle myoglobin have the same or very similar molecular weights (about 15,000) and absorption spectra, and identical electrophoretic mobilities. 4. 4. It is probable that Busycon canaliculatum and Lunatia heros possess only a single speciesspecific type of haemoglobin in their tissues.
Generalizing Kant's Distinction between Perfect and Imperfect Duties to Trust in Different Situations

Based on previous research that violations of perfect duties cause stronger correspondent inferences than violations of imperfect ones, the authors performed four experiments to generalize this effect to trust. In Experiment 1, abstract violations of perfect duties resulted in less trust than violations of imperfect ones for specific trust scenarios. In Experiments 2 and 3, the authors experimented with different levels of abstractness of the duty violations and obtained similar effects. Experiment 4 was concerned with generalizing further--from duty violations in one situation to trust in a different situation. Although mostly consistent with the findings from Experiments 1-3, the data also demonstrated partial generalization for violations of both perfect and imperfect duties.
Interpersonal communication and public display tools in the emergency department

The use of public display tools in a collaborative work environment involving a variety of caregivers in the emergency department (ED) is essential when providing patient care. Xiao et al. (2001) have examined the interaction of caregivers with the non-computerized whiteboards in the trauma center operating room unit, and have found that there exist intrapersonal as well as interpersonal systems of communication. Computerized tools, such as virtual public displays that replace traditional whiteboards, may hinder or support communication between caregivers. In a different domain, Watts et al. (1996) have documented the existence and utility of "voice loops" in NASA space shuttle mission control. In this observational study, we examine the interpersonal communication between caregivers in the ED with public display tools, in order to reveal the role of public tools in collaborative work. Nurses, physicians, and mid-level providers will be shadowed, and communication events documented, for 48 hours across 12 shifts, in a large, tertiary care hospital, ED setting. Results will provide insight into the role that non-computerized tools play in interpersonal communication, and also implicate the importance of various roles in which future public display tools in such settings may need to integrate.
The mechanism of ACTH stimulation of adrenal ornithine decarboxylase activity.

The mechanism of action of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) stimulation of rat adrenal ornithine decarboxylase activity was investigated. ACTH induction of ornithine decarboxylase activitywas not prevented by administration of drugs that inhibit adrenal steroid biosynthesis. A dose of ACTH that produced maximal levels of adrenal cyclic AMP did not induce ornithine decarboxylase activity. Ovine growth hormone, which caused no increase in adrenal cyclic AMP, stimulated adrenal ornithine decarboxylase activity. These observations suggest that the increase in adrenal ornithinedecarboxylase activity stimulated by ACTH is not dependent upon steroidogenesis, nor is it dependent on the early peak of cyclic AMP, although it may be influenced by the sustained levels of tissuecyclic AMP that follow the administration of large doses of ACTH. Furthermore, it appears theremay be a pathway of ornithine decarboxylase activation in the adrenal which is entirely independent of cyclic AMP mediation. The effects of hypophysectomy...
Dynamical systems of eternal inflation: A possible solution to the problems of entropy, measure, observables, and initial conditions

There are two main approaches to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics: one using stochastic processes and the other using dynamical systems. To model the dynamics during inflation, one usually adopts a stochastic description, which is known to suffer from serious conceptual problems. To overcome the problems and/or to gain more insight, we develop a dynamical systems approach. A key assumption which goes into analysis is the chaotic hypothesis, which is a natural generalization of the ergodic hypothesis to non-Hamiltonian systems. The unfamiliar feature for gravitational systems is that the local phase-space trajectories can either reproduce or escape due to the presence of cosmological and black hole horizons. We argue that the effect of horizons can be studied using dynamical systems and apply the so-called thermodynamic formalism to derive the equilibrium (or Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen) measure given by a variational principle. We show that the only physical measure is not the Liouville measure (i.e. no entropy problem), but the equilibrium measure (i.e. no measure problem) defined over local trajectories (i.e. no problem of observables) and supported on only infinite trajectories (i.e. no problem of initial conditions). Phenomenological aspects of the fluctuation theorem are discussed.
Human factors affecting the acceptance of total quality management

Examines two distinctly different reasons for resistance to total quality management (TQM) in US corporations. One of these is that workers will perceive TQM as controlling rather than empowering: in effect, seeing it as a ploy to get them to work harder for fewer rewards. Alternatively, it may be that TQM is seen as empowering but that all individuals do not want enriched, empowered jobs. Asks whether personality characteristics, and especially equity sensitivity, growth need strength, and willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behavior, are related to each other and whether they will influence individuals’ reactions to job characteristics associated with the quality environment. Findings offer support for the second of the possibilities raised, with results suggesting that resistance is not related to perceptions that jobs under TQM are seen as controlling. Finds evidence that personality characteristics, and especially growth needs strength (GNS) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), are related to preferences for enriched jobs of the type associated with the quality environment.
Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors: Structure–function relationships

A. Scope of this Review Adenosine is a neuromodulator that plays a pivotal role in maintaining adequate oxygen and energy supply throughout the body,1 The actions of adenosine are mediated through specific cell-surface receptors, of which at least two subtypes are known, A1 and A2. Due to its potent actions on many organs and systems, adenosine is an obvious target for the development of new drugs,2 and in the past decade adenosine receptors have become a subject of intense investigation. Potential therapeutic applications for agonists include, for instance, the prevention of reperfusion injury after cardiac ischemia or stroke, and the treatment of hypertension and epilepsy.3 Adenosine itself has recently been approved for the treatment of paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia.4 Adenosine antagonists might be effective in, e.g., renal failure and as cognition enhancers.3 There are also recent indications that selective A1 antagonists might be beneficial in cystic fibrosis.5 After an introduction on adenosine receptor subtypes, transduction mechanisms, and adenosine receptor regulation, this review will focus on the strueture of adenosine receptor ligands, and on the structural information contained in the deduced amino acid sequences of the recently cloned adenosine receptor cDNAs. Many tools for the delineation of receptor physiology and pharmacology, as well as some potential therapeutic agents, have become available in recent years. The structure–activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds will be discussed, with some emphasis on the insights that have been gained using molecular modeling techniques. In addition, information about the structure of the receptor gathered with the aid of receptor labeling agents will be discussed, and a detailed analysis of functional and structural domains of the receptor deduced from the amino acid sequences will be presented. The physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of adenosine receptors have been the subject of a number of recent reviews3,6–8 and will not be discussed in any detail in the present article.
Effect of developmental stage on arginase and urea production in the liver of rat

Abstract Arginase activity in the liver, brain, and testis of rats was examined during the different phases of life span. When expressed as specific activity (micromoles of l -arginine hydrolyzed per minute per gram of whole homogenate protein), the enzyme activity in the brain and testis decreased markedly during the early stage of life and stayed low during the remainder of the life span. On the other hand, the arginase in the liver showed a great dependency on the developmental phase of the animal, showing two distinct peaks: one during the early phase (20 days after birth) and the other at a later time (3 months of age). This pattern of change in the hepatic arginase activity closely coincided with the pattern of the rate of urea synthesis determined with liver slices and expressed in terms of micromoles of urea formed per hour per gram of tissue slice. In contrast to the above observations, however, curves obtained by plotting the total liver arginase or urea syntheic activity vs the developmental stage of rats showed no measureble discontinuity. Further studies revealed that the observed pattern of specific activity of hepatic arginase was, in part, due to the change in the relative concentration of arginase protein in the liver.
Utilization of Glanded and Glandless Cotton Diets by the Bollworm

McMichael (1960) was the first investigator to produce cotton plants and seed devoid of gossypol glands. Lukefahr et al. (1966) then showed that the growth of larvae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, H. viresceiis (F.), on diets of 6 lyophilized glandless cotton strains increased compared with growth on diets of the corresponding glanded strain. We (Oliver et al. 1971) obtained similar results with 14 pairs of glanded and glandless cottons and with a diet of green squares of glandless lines, Lukefahr and Houghtaling (1969), in an evaluation of lines of Gassypium hirsutum L. containing 1.7% gossypol, found that there lines inhibited the growth of Heliothis spp. and suggested that lines with high gossypol might have a source of resistance to the pests. However, when we (Oliver et al. 1970) evaluated 14 pairs (normally glanded and glandless) of cotton lines in field plots, we found no significant differences between any pairs in numbers of eggs oviposited or in numbers of squares and bolls damaged by Heliothis spp.
Dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking with two composite Higgs doublets.

Recently, there has been some interest in the possibility that electroweak symmetry breaking in the standard model is driven by attractive four-Fermi interactions among heavy quarks. In this paper, we consider the possibility that multiple four-Fermi interactions are important in symmetry breaking, leading to an effective two-Higgs-doublet model at low energies. Higgs-induced flavor-changing neutral currents are naturally suppressed in this model. We consider the case where there are three generations, as well as the case of a heavy fourth generation. Predictions are made for the heavy-quark and Higgs-boson masses.
Link budgets for backscatter radio and RFID systems using power-optimized waveforms

This paper presents forward and backscatter link budgets for systems that utilize power-optimized waveforms (POWs) for passive backscatter radio communication. It has been shown how POWs increase the forward link limit while reducing the backscatter link limit of these systems when compared to continuous wave (CW) excitation.
Perceiving and Interpreting Environmental Change: An Examination of College Administrators' Interpretation of Changing Demographics

This research examined the effect of organizational and resource dependence factors on college and university administrators' interpretation of an objectively verifiable environmental change: the d...
Über Phosphonigsäure‐monoester‐monochloride

Phosphonigsaure-monoester-monochloride (RP(OR')Cl) lassen sich aus den Diestern und Dichlorphosphinen durch Konproportionierung in guter Ausbeute herstellen. Sie geben and der PCl-Bindung alle von Chlorphosphiten und Chlorphosphinen her bekannten Reaktionen und ermoglichen in guter Ausbeute die Herstellung gemischter Phosphinigsaure- und Phosphonigsaureester, von Phosphonigsaure-monoester-monothioestern und von Phosphonigsaure-monoester-monoamiden.
Approaches to manipulating microRNAs in neurogenesis

Neurogenesis in the nervous system is regulated by both protein coding genes and non-coding RNA molecules. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs and usually negatively regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). miRNAs have been shown to play an essential role in neurogenesis, regulating neuronal proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and migration. An important strategy used to reveal miRNA function is the manipulation of their expression levels and patterns in specific regions and cell types in the nervous system. In this review we will systemically highlight established and new approaches used to achieve gain-of-function and loss-of-function of miRNAs in vitro and in vivo, and will also summarize miRNA delivery techniques. As the development of these leading edge techniques come online, more exciting discoveries of the roles miRNAs play in neural development and function will be uncovered.
In vitro synthesis of the crown-gall tumour-inducing principle.

PREVIOUS research on crown-gall has shown that the transformation of normal plant cells into crown-gall tumour cells occurs in delimited stages involving specific causal agents1.
Development of a Microscale Emission Factor Model for CO for Predicting Real-Time Motor Vehicle Emissions

ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory has initiated a project to improve the methodology for modeling human exposure to motor vehicle emissions. The overall project goal is to develop improved methods for modeling the source through the air pathway to human exposure in significant microenvironments of exposure. This paper presents the technical description of a newly developed model for CO emissions. The sensitivity analysis and evaluation of this emission model is presented in a companion paper titled “Sensitivity Analysis and Evaluation of MicroFacCO: A Microscale Motor Vehicle Emission Factor Model for CO Emissions.”1 The MOBILE models (used in the United States, except California) and EMFAC models (used in California only) used to estimate emissions are suitable
A Risk Analysis Study to Systematically Address the Critical Role of Human and Organizational Factors in Negative Pressure Test for the Offshore Drilling Industry: Policy Recommendations for HSE Specialists

According to the Presidential National Commission report on the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, there is need to “integrate more sophisticated risk assessment and risk management practices” in the oil industry. Reviewing the literature of the offshore drilling industry indicates that most of the developed risk analysis methodologies do not fully and more importantly systematically address contribution of Human and Organizational Factors (HOFs) in accident causation. This is while results of a comprehensive study from 1988 to 2005, of more than 600 well-documented major failures in offshore structures show that approximately 80% of those failures are due to HOFs. This paper introduces a conceptual risk analysis framework to address the critical role of human and organizational factors in conducting and interpreting Negative Pressure Test (NPT), which according to many experts, is a critical step in ascertaining well integrity and quality of cementing during offshore drilling. The introduced framework in this study has been developed based on the analyses and lessons learned from the BP Deepwater Horizon accident and the conducted NPT by the DWH crew. However, the application of this framework is neither limited to the NPT nor to the DWH case. In fact, it can be generalized and be potentially useful for risk analysis of future oil and gas drillings as well. Along with a series of previous studies, analysis of the developed framework in this paper indicates that organizational factors are root causes of accumulated errors and questionable decisions made by personnel or management. Further analysis of this framework identifies personnel management, communication and processing uncertainties, and economic pressure as the most influencing organizational factors, which resulted in the misinterpretation of the negative pressure test. Investigative studies confirm that organizational factors such as personnel management and economic pressure are common contributing causes of other offshore drilling accidents as well. In summary, significance and contribution of this paper is based on three main factors: introducing a substantial risk assessment framework, analyzing HOFs as a main contributing cause of offshore drilling accidents, and concentrating on the NPT misinterpretation as a primary factor that affected the loss of well control and the subsequent blowout on the DWH.
Early development of neutron scattering

This lecture was delivered 10 December 1994, on the occasion of the presentation of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics. It describes the historical events beginning with the discovery of the neutron leading to current research in neutron scattering. (AIP)
Communicating with waves between volumes: how many different spatial channels are there?

We show how to calculate exactly the number and strength of the connections between two arbitrary volumes, and derive and apply a novel sum rule.
Solzhenitsyn, Tarkovsky and the coarse spirituality of Carlos Reygadas’s Japón

References to classic works of world cinema are integral to Carlos Reygadas’s complex aesthetic, and often amplify overarching metaphysical concerns. His debut feature Japon (2002), though less overt in its citations of earlier works than the later films, is heavily infused with literary and cinematic influences whose determinate effect on theme and architectonics reveals a surprisingly specific transcultural orientation. Although the cultural heterogeneity of global art cinema provides the primary interface for many ideas and techniques developed in the film, this article demonstrates that a more specifically directed transnational approach may uncover new discursive and thematic levels. Japon is in fact a loose adaptation of a story by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and follows closely the Russian author’s construction of a spiritual ideal. The common themes also resonate in the film’s exploration of non-chronological time, where an aesthetic dialogue with Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky has a decisive impac...
A method to identify estuarine macroinvertebrate pollution indicator species in the Virginian Biogeographic Province

Abstract Macroinvertebrates are commonly used as biomonitors to detect pollution impacts in estuaries. The goal of this research was to identify estuarine benthic invertebrates that could be used as indicator species to detect presence or absence of pollution in the Virginian Biogeographic Province using available monitoring data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. The data were first subdivided by habitat. Then we summarized the benthic community using principal coordinates analysis and projected the results onto a pollution gradient. Then we compared medians and corrected interquartile ranges to identify indicator species that were sensitive to pollution (or lack thereof) and showed low variation in response. Our data set was divided into smaller subsets that ranged from 108 to 532 stations per habitat. Out of 707 species in the Virginian Province, 67 were identified as pollution indicator species; 37 pollution sensitive taxa and 30 pollution tolerant taxa. The pollution sensitive taxa were represented by more phyla than were the pollution tolerant taxa. The pollution tolerant taxa were dominated by deposit feeders while the pollution sensitive taxa were not dominated by animals using any one feeding strategy. The pollution sensitive taxa included many crustaceans, known to be sensitive to pollution, while the pollution tolerant taxa included many tubificid oligochaetes, which are common indicators of pollution. Our empirically based results corresponded well with other studies that identified tolerance values or indicator species. One advantage of this technique is that it can be used on smaller data sets, assuming that there are not major habitat differences among the samples. We believe that this parsimonious technique can be applied to other coastal areas where mid-size (100–500 stations) monitoring data sets are available.
Neutron Diffusion and Fission - Active Transmission Line Analog

Nuclear reaction problems involving neutron diffusion and fission may be readily characterized by active transmission lines. This letter briefly describes the neutron diffusion and dission analog. Introductio
Explicit labor contracts, shirking, and turnover costs

In this paper an explanation is offered for guaranteed contracts based on turnover costs. Because workers value shirking, turnover costs are notnecessary for firms to offer these contracts: firms are willing to trade a higher level of shirking for a lower wage as long as l<T.
Induction of ventricular fibrillation versus monomorphic ventricular tachycardia during programmed stimulation. Role of premature beat conduction delay.

BACKGROUNDPremature stimuli can cause ventricular fibrillation (VF) during electrophysiological testing. The electrophysiological correlations associated with the onset of VF were evaluated in 40 patients who had this rhythm induced during programmed ventricular stimulation. These parameters were compared with those observed in 51 patients who had inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 45 patients who had no inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.METHODS AND RESULTSShortest premature coupling intervals for S2, S3, and S4 at induction of tachycardia or before achieving refractoriness, corresponding conduction latencies (defined as the time from the premature stimulus to the upstroke of the depolarization wave front recorded 35 mm away from the stimulation site), and ventricular activation times (defined as the time from the premature stimulus to the end of the depolarization wave) were compared. The mean coupling intervals were longest in the inducible VT patients: 300 +...
High-resolution recombination patterns in a region of human chromosome 21 measured by sperm typing.

For decades, classical crossover studies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of genomic regions suggested that human meiotic crossovers may not be randomly distributed along chromosomes but are focused instead in “hot spots.” Recent sperm typing studies provided data at very high resolution and accuracy that defined the physical limits of a number of hot spots. The data were also used to test whether patterns of LD can predict hot spot locations. These sperm typing studies focused on several small regions of the genome already known or suspected of containing a hot spot based on the presence of LD breakdown or previous experimental evidence of hot spot activity. Comparable data on target regions not specifically chosen using these two criteria is lacking but is needed to make an unbiased test of whether LD data alone can accurately predict active hot spots. We used sperm typing to estimate recombination in 17 almost contiguous ~5 kb intervals spanning 103 kb of human Chromosome 21. We found two intervals that contained new hot spots. The comparison of our data with recombination rates predicted by statistical analyses of LD showed that, overall, the two datasets corresponded well, except for one predicted hot spot that showed little crossing over. This study doubles the experimental data on recombination in men at the highest resolution and accuracy and supports the emerging genome-wide picture that recombination is localized in small regions separated by cold areas. Detailed study of one of the new hot spots revealed a sperm donor with a decrease in recombination intensity at the canonical recombination site but an increase in crossover activity nearby. This unique finding suggests that the position and intensity of hot spots may evolve by means of a concerted mechanism that maintains the overall recombination intensity in the region.
Bacteriologic and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Enterobacter hafniae and Enterobacter liquefaciens

The bacteriology, antibiotic susceptibility, and epidemiology of Enterobacter hafniae and Enterobacter lique f aciens isolated in our laboratory have been reviewed. Gentamicin was the most active agent against both species, followed by kanamycin, chloramphenicol, carbenieillin, and nalidixic acid. Most of the isolates of E. lique f aciens were susceptible to ampicillin and resistant to polymyxin B, while the opposite was true of E. hafniae. Twenty-seven of the 38 isolates were considered to be commensals; the majority originated in the respiratory tract. Eight of the isolates were secondary invaders. Previous administration of semisynthetic penicillins or cephalosporins was a common feature of patients who acquired either species nosocomially.
An introduction to assessing process hazards

A surprising number of process incidents occur due to a lack of general understanding of process hazards and lack of basic hazards assessment, subsequently resulting in the absence of or inadequate Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) to provide appropriate safeguards for minimizing process risks. Comprehensive assessment of intrinsic hazards that are present in a chemical process or facility is one of the first steps necessary in documenting process safety information and technology prior to conducting PHAs and requires much more than, for example, just a review of the material safety data sheets of materials used in the process. This article reviews practical approaches for conducting and documenting intrinsic hazards assessments. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Impaired renal vascular endothelial function in vitro in experimental hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia (HC) induces alterations in systemic vascular reactivity, which can manifest as an attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxation, partly consequent to an impairment in nitric oxide (NO) activity. To determine whether experimental HC has a similar effect on renal vascular function, renal artery segments obtained from pigs fed a HC ( n =5) or normal ( n =5) diet were studied in vitro. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was examined using increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (Ach), calcium ionophore A23187, and Ach following pre-incubation with N G -monomethyl-l-arginine or l-arginine (L-ARG). The NO-donor diethylamine (DEA) was used to examine smooth muscle relaxation response and cyclic GMP generation in endothelium-denuded vessels. The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the renal arteries was examined using Western blotting. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to Ach was significantly attenuated in the HC group compared to normal (53.3±9.1 vs. 98.8±3.7%, P P =0.21). Receptor-independent endothelium-dependent relaxation to A23187 was also significantly blunted in HC (75.2±10.5 vs. 115.5±4.2%, P