cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human vitreous hyaluronidase: isolation and characterization.

Purpose. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the predominant glycosami-noglycan (GAG) of the human vitreous. Interaction of this HA with vitreous collagen is important for maintaining gel structure. The mechanism of HA homeostasis in the vitreous is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether hyaluronidase, an endoglycosidase that degrades HA, was present in human vitreous.Methods. Vitreous samples were collected from post-mortem eye bank specimens and from non-hemorrhagic, non-inflamed biopsy specimens. Vitreous hyaluronidase was purified by a series of column chromatographic steps, and its activity was measured by an ELISA-like assay and by substrate gel electro-phoresis through an HA-impregnated gel. The purified hyaluronidase was also analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel elec-trophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by Western blotting.Results. Hyaluronidase activity was detected in vitreous samples from both post-mortem and biopsy specimens. The enzyme was most active at acid pH, but demonstrated sig...
Chromosome Complement Analysis in Five Species of Peperomia Ruiz and Pav

Karyomorphological studies in 5 species of Peperomia reveals that P. pellucida H. B. K. is a tetraploid with 2n=44, P. glabella var. variegata is a triploid with 2n=36 and the other three (P. magnoliaefolia A. Dietr., P. polybotrya H. B. K. and P. obtusifolia A. Dietr.) are diploids with 2n=22 chromosomes. The n=11 chromosomes of the tetraploid and diploid species seems to be pronounced and may represent the basic set from which n=12 of the triploid species might have been derived. Species of Peperomia differ in minute details of karyotype suggesting the role of minute structural alterations in speciation.
Spatial and temporal adaptive procedures for the unsteady aerodynamic analysis of airfoils using unstructured meshes

An algorithm which combines spatial and temporal adaption for the time integration of the two dimensional Euler equations on unstructured meshes of triangles is presented. Spatial adaption involves mesh enrichment to add elements in high gradient regions of the flow and mesh coarsening to remove elements where they are no longer needed. Temporal adaption is a time accurate, local time stepping procedure which integrates the flow equations in each cell according to the local numerical stability constraint. The flow solver utilizes a four stage Runge-Kutta time integration scheme with an upwind flux-split spatial discretization. Results obtained using spatial and temporal adaption indicate that highly accurate solutions can be obtained with a significant savings of computing time over global time stepping.
Mathematical Programming with Increasing Constraint Functions

The mathematical programming problem---find a non-negative n-vector x which maximizes fx subject to the constraints gix ≥ O, i = 1,..., m---is investigated where fx is assumed to be concave or pseudo-concave and the gix are increasing functions. It is shown that under certain conditions on gix, the Kuhn-Tucker-Lagrange conditions are necessary and sufficient for the optimality of x*. It is also shown that the gix are a useful class of functions since, among other properties, they are closed under non-negative addition, under the addition of any scalar, and under multiplication of non-negative members of the class. Examples of the above programming problem with increasing constraint functions are found in many chance-constrained programming problems.
The future of atomic physics

We have a theory in which infinite factors appear when we try to solve the equations. These infinite factors are swept into a renormalization procedure. The result is a theory which is not based on strict mathematics, but is rather a set of working rules. Many people are happy with this situation because it has a limited amount of success. But this is not good enough. Physics must be based on strict mathematics. One can conclude that the fundamental ideas of the existing theory are wrong. A new mathematical basis is needed. The situation is comparable to that in the early 1920s, before Heisenberg made his breakthrough in 1925. We then had to work with the Bohr orbit theory. The work was successful for some problems, where there was just one electron in an atom that was mainly involved. But the success was very limited. One had no method of taking into account the interaction of the electrons in an atom. Strenuous efforts were made to remedy this defect by introducing a suitable interaction between the Bohr orbits. But these efforts led nowhere. One can see now how hopeless these efforts were. To make real progress one needed a new mathematics, involving noncommutative algebra. The idea for this was provided by Heisenberg in 1925. We are now again in the situation of needing some new mathematics. Many people who realize this are trying to extend and develop field theory. But it is doubtful whether such a development will go deep enough. Field theories, involving some kind of curved space, are needed if we are dealing with gravitation. But gravitation is excessively weak in atomic physics, so it seems unlikely that it will play an important role. Thus we should look elsewhere.
Study of the Cr 52 (d,p)Cr 53 Reaction in the Coulomb Stripping Energy Region

The ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{52}(d,p){\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ stripping reaction has been studied at incident deuteron energies below the Coulomb barrier. The differential cross sections of proton groups corresponding to the ground and excited states of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ up to approximately 4.7-MeV excitation have been measured at ${E}_{d}=3.01$ MeV between 7.5 and 172.5 deg, and excitation functions for selected proton groups were measured between ${E}_{d}=2.5 \mathrm{and} 3.25$ MeV. As the proton energy goes below the Coulomb barrier, the proton angular distributions shift from forward to backward peaked distributions charactristic of Coulomb stripping. Distorted-wave Born-approximation analysis of the data indicates that in the Coulomb stripping region the absolute cross sections and angular distributions are very insensitive to the exact form of the optical-model potential parameters used to calculate the deuteron- and proton-scattering wave functions, as well as to the use of radial cutoffs in the numerical integration procedures. Reduced width factors have been calculated.
Sleep and Wakefulness Out of Phase with Internal Biological Time Impairs Learning in Humans

Sleep---wake homeostatic and internal circadian timedependent brain processes interact to regulate human brain function so that alert wakefulness is promoted during the daytime and consolidated sleep is promoted at nighttime. The consequence of chronically altering the normal relationship between these processes for human brain function is largely unknown. We tested cognitive and vigilance performance while subjects lived in the laboratory for over a month. The subjects lived on either 24.0- or 24.6-hr day lengths. Half of the subjects tested maintained a normal relationship between sleep---wakefulness and internal circadian time (synchronized group), whereas the other half did not (nonsynchronized group). Levels of the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin were high during scheduled sleep in the synchronized group, whereas melatonin levels were high during scheduled wakefulness in the nonsynchronized group. Failure to adapt to the scheduled day length was dependent upon individual differences in intrinsic circadian period. Total sleep time was reduced, sleep latency and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) latency were shortened, and wakefulness after sleep onset was increased in the nonsynchronized group. Cognitive performance improved (i.e., learning) in the synchronized group, whereas learning was significantly impaired in the nonsynchronized group. Attention progressively declined in both groups, suggesting that 8 hr of scheduled sleep per night is insufficient to maintain brain vigilance even when sleep occurs at an appropriate biological time. Our results establish that proper alignment between sleep---wakefulness and internal circadian time is crucial for enhancement of cognitive performance. In addition, our results demonstrate that exposure to dim light (~25 lx) is sufficient to expand the range of entrainment in humans.
Notes on Philosophy of the Monte Carlo Method

Some personal (and inevitably biased) thoughts pertinent to the Monte Carlo method are shared with the reader; in this mass production process of papers we are pausing and asking ourselves some nagging questions. Various aspects of the philosophy of the method are discussed. Its role in stochastic mechanics is elucidated and some questions are posed in view of promoting a further constructive discussion
N-terminal sequence of horse spleen apoferritin.

Abstract A ninhydrin-negative, arginine-containing peptide was isolated after tryptic hydrolysis of horse spleen apoferritin. It was found to be acetylated and to have the structure, N-acetylseryl·seryl·glutaminyl·isoleucyl·arginine. This pentapeptide is the N-terminal sequence of the subunit chain of apoferritin.
Evidence that stimulus generalization does not determine taste-mediated odor potentiation

A between-group design was utilized in two experiments to determine the contribution of stimulus generalization to taste-mediated odor potentiation. In Experiment 1, almond odor overshadowed denatonium saccharide aversion compared with a taste-alone control, whereas denatonium potentiated the almond odor aversion relative to an odor-alone group. Generalization between these stimuli was investigated in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 2 showed that neither almond nor denatonium demonstrated significant generalization to the other. These results indicate that stimulus generalization is not the central mechanism of taste-mediated odor potentiation.
News on the Net Credibility, Selective Exposure, and Racial Prejudice

An online survey was conducted to assess the perception of credibility of various forms of news media, including Internet news sites associated with traditional forms of media and nontraditional Internet news sites. The survey also explored a possible link between news media credibility and scores on a modern racism scale. This study found that people held differential perceptions of Internet news credibility. Specifically, nontraditional Internet sources were perceived as far less credible than all other news sources. After controlling for a number of factors, the results suggest that those who view nontraditional Internet news sources as more credible than traditional media also score higher on a modern racism scale. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, with a focus on the Internet as a safe haven for divergent, even racist, beliefs.
BulkSC: bulk enforcement of sequential consistency

While Sequential Consistency (SC) is the most intuitive memory consistency model and the one most programmers likely assume, current multiprocessors do not support it. Instead, they support more relaxed models that deliver high performance. SC implementations are considered either too slow or -- when they can match the performance of relaxed models -- too difficult to implement.In this paper, we propose Bulk Enforcement of SC (BulkSC), anovel way of providing SC that is simple to implement and offers performance comparable to Release Consistency (RC). The idea is to dynamically group sets of consecutive instructions into chunks that appear to execute atomically and in isolation. The hardware enforces SC at the coarse grain of chunks which, to the program, appears as providing SC at the individual memory access level. BulkSC keeps the implementation simple by largely decoupling memory consistency enforcement from processor structures. Moreover, it delivers high performance by enabling full memory access reordering and overlapping within chunks and across chunks. We describe a complete system architecture that supports BulkSC and show that it delivers performance comparable to RC.
Carbapenem-associated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are sensitised by aztreonam in combination with polyamines

Carbapenem-associated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-Ab) are common among clinical isolates worldwide and are a major therapeutic challenge. Previously it was shown that exogenous polyamines (spermine and spermidine) enhanced susceptibility to β-lactams but induced resistance to polymyxins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to explore the possible availability of exogenous polyamines in treating carbapenem-associated MDR-Ab. The effects of polyamines on the growth rate of A. baumannii, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics, and time-kill and chequerboard assays were determined. Roles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and β-lactamase activity of A. baumannii were also assessed for the polyamine effects. Growth of A. baumannii was unaffected at 4mM spermine and 16 mM spermidine alone, but was significantly inhibited by a subinhibitory concentration of aztreonam (AZT) (8 μg/mL) and those concentrations of the polyamines. MICs to AZT alone (≥128 μg/mL) were reduced to the range 0.25-8 μg/mL in combination with polyamines in all carbapenem-associated MDR-Ab. MICs to penicillins, but not to ceftazidime and meropenem, were also significantly reduced, whilst MICs to other antibiotics, including polymyxin B, were unaffected in combination with polyamines for all tested A. baumannii. Polyamine effects on AZT were strongly synergistic with bactericidal activity and were retained at concentrations of 5mM MgCl(2) (or CaCl(2)) or 200 mM NaCl. Roles of LPS and β-lactamase in the polyamine effects were excluded. Overall results suggest that AZT in combination with polyamines may be useful for the treatment of carbapenem-associated MDR-Ab.
Relating the Physical Properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharides to Virulence by Atomic Force Microscopy

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are an important class of macromolecules that are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa contains two different sugar chains, the homopolymer common antigen (A band) and the heteropolymer O antigen (B band), which impart serospecificity. The characteristics of LPS are generally assessed after isolation rather than in the context of whole bacteria. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the physical properties of the LPS of P. aeruginosa strain PA103 (serogroup O11) in situ. This strain contains a mixture of long and very long polymers of O antigen, regulated by two different genes. For this analysis, we studied the wild-type strain and four mutants, ΔWzz1 (producing only very long LPS), ΔWzz2 (producing only long LPS), DΔM (with both the wzz1 and wzz2 genes deleted), and Wzy::GM (producing an LPS core oligosaccharide plus one unit of O antigen). Forces of adhesion between the LPS on these strains and the silicon nitride AFM tip were measured, and the Alexander and de Gennes model of steric repulsion between a flat surface and a polymer brush was used to calculate the LPS layer thickness (which we refer to as length), compressibility, and spacing between the individual molecules. LPS chains were longest for the wild-type strain and ΔWzz1, at 170.6 and 212.4 nm, respectively, and these values were not statistically significantly different from one another. Wzy::GM and DΔM have reduced LPS lengths, at 34.6 and 37.7 nm, respectively. Adhesion forces were not correlated with LPS length, but a relationship between adhesion force and bacterial pathogenicity was found in a mouse acute pneumonia model of infection. The adhesion forces with the AFM probe were lower for strains with LPS mutations, suggesting that the wild-type strain is optimized for maximal adhesion. Our research contributes to further understanding of the role of LPS in the adhesion and virulence of P. aeruginosa.
Crystalline oxides on semiconductors: a future for the nanotransistor

In this paper we will broadly review the promises and advantages that crystalline-oxides-on-semiconductors will bring to semiconductor technology. The central issue in the epitaxial oxide semiconductor system is the role of the interface. Preparation of the semiconductor surface is essential to successful, high quality, crystalline oxide formation. Furthermore, the chemical nature of the surface then controls such fundamental properties of the system as band offsets, band bending and transport. Drawing on recent accomplishments in determining key features in the structural and electronic properties of prototype Si/(Sr,Ba)O interfaces [R. A. McKee, F. J. Walker, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, W. A. Shelton, and G. M. Stocks, Science 300, 1726 (2003)], we will then illustrate how high-performance simulations combined with experiments have been able to characterize an interface phase whose structure-specific chemical bonding is fundamental in determining the properties of the semiconductor/crystalline oxide system.
The effect of consecutive years of treatment upon cutaneous sensitiveness in late hay fever

Abstract A lessened degree of cutaneous sensitiveness may be demonstrated by intracutaneous test in cases of ragweed hay fever after three and four consecutive years of prophylactic treatment. With the greater number of years of treatment, the lessening of the degree of cutaneous sensitiveness is more definite. The change in cutaneous sensitiveness in these groups becomes more evident after the second consecutive year of treatment.
Explaining Mass Action: The Russian Racist Riots Compared

In the past few years, Russia has seen a spate of racial riots in several towns (e.g. Kondopoga 2006) culminating in the December 2010 riots in Moscow’s Manezh Square. These riots must be understood against the background of a debate over who the state should represent. What is often overlooked is the form that such violent action takes. How can we understand these riots? Why did animosity toward people from the Caucasus spill over into political action? Why did such negative sentiment manifest itself in the form of a riot and not in some other form of violence? This paper analyzes three racial riots (Kondopoga, Stavropol, and Moscow) against people from the Caucasus using the typology of ethnic violence developed in Arnold (2009; 2010.) Arnold divided ethnic violence into different forms (specifically Symbolic Violence, Lynching, Pogrom, and Massacre) that send different messages to their targets. The hypothesis is that the racists use a particular form of violence based on their understanding of the criminal action for which they hold their victims responsible. Given the difficulties of collecting data in Russia, this paper uses process tracing with both primary and secondary sources with perpetrators of the riots in order to understand them. Primary sources include weblogs and videos posted to Youtube. Secondary sources include Russian newspapers, commentaries, and scholarly works. While the internet and newspapers are an imperfect source of data, the de facto censorship posed by Putin’s control over Russian television networks means that these forms of media represent some of the best available.
Parameterization of IR cooling in a Middle Atmosphere Dynamics Model: 2. Non‐LTE radiative transfer and the globally averaged temperature of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

An efficient technique for including non-LTE radiative transfer effects has been added to our LTE IR cooling model. The physical processes of thermal and turbulent conduction, odd oxygen transport, gravity wave dissipation, and NO cooling are incorporated into the radiation model to calculate the globally averaged equilibrium temperature profile up to 120 km. The quantitative importance of each process is discussed. We find that gravity wave effects are crucial in cooling the lower thermosphere, which would otherwise be 15–100 K warmer. The magnitude of required gravity wave cooling provides a stringent upper limit on the globally averaged turbulent diffusion coefficient in the mesopause region of <106 cm2 s−1. In the 65- to 75-km mesospheric region, IR cooling rates are uncertain primarily due to the lack of accurate CO2 hot band collisional activation rates. Without any gravity wave heating in this region, total IR cooling rates of 2 K d−1 are required for the computed equilibrium temperature profile to agree with observations, in contrast to the 3.5 K d−1 obtained with a two-level-atom non-LTE source function. Gravity wave heating in this region is estimated at 0.5 K d−1.
Role of alveolar macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis in pulmonary clearance responses to inhaled particles: Comparisons among rodent species

Alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role in clearing inhaled particles from the lung. The mechanisms through which macrophages identify particles that have been deposited in the alveolar regions is not well understood, although macrophage motility and phagocytic functions appear to be prerequisites for efficient clearance of inhaled materials. In previous studies, we assessed the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated clearance of inhaled particles using a rat model. In this regard, it appears that one mechanism by which rat alveolar macrophages are recruited to sites of particle or fiber deposition is through complement activation and consequent generation of chemotactic factors by the inhaled particulates. Whether this mechanism is operative in other rodent species remains an unanswered question. The current studies were undertaken to compare pulmonary clearance responses in several rodent species exposed to carbonyl iron (CI) particles. In vitro and in vivo pulmonary clearance responses were evaluated using one strain each of mouse, hamster, rat, and guinea pig. In vitro studies showed that hamster AM had the greatest phagocytic activity and that rat AM migrated best to complement-dependent chemotactic factors. Subsequently, groups of animals from each species were exposed to CI particles for 1 or 6 hr at aerosol concentrations of 100 mg/m3. Particle depositions patterns in the distal lung were nearly identical for all species, although enhanced numbers of CI particles were deposited on alveolar duct bifurcations of either rats or mice compared to hamsters, and particle deposition in guinea pigs was substantially lower. Time course studies showed that enhanced numbers of rat AM migrated to deposition sites and phagocytized particles, and this correlated with increased numbers and percentages of phagocytic macrophages recovered by lavage (P < 0.01). In vivo phagocytic rates were the lowest in the mouse, and this correlated with reduced phagocytic rates in vitro. It is concluded from these studies that the rat may be the most efficient rodent species in clearing inhaled iron particles. In addition, it is conceivable that hamster AM are recruited to sites of particle deposition by a noncomplement-mediated mechanism.
Relative expression analysis for molecular cancer diagnosis and prognosis

The enormous amount of biomolecule measurement data generated from high-throughput technologies has brought an increased need for computational tools in biological analyses. Such tools can enhance our understanding of human health and genetic diseases, such as cancer, by accurately classifying phenotypes, detecting the presence of disease, discriminating among cancer sub-types, predicting clinical outcomes, and characterizing disease progression. In the case of gene expression microarray data, standard statistical learning methods have been used to identify classifiers that can accurately distinguish disease phenotypes. However, these mathematical prediction rules are often highly complex, and they lack the convenience and simplicity desired for extracting underlying biological meaning or transitioning into the clinic. In this review, we survey a powerful collection of computational methods for analyzing transcriptomic microarray data that address these limitations. Relative Expression Analysis (RXA) is based only on the relative orderings among the expressions of a small number of genes. Specifically, we provide a description of the first and simplest example of RXA, the k-TSP classifier, which is based on k pairs of genes; the case k = 1 is the TSP classifier. Given their simplicity and ease of biological interpretation, as well as their invariance to data normalization and parameter-fitting, these classifiers have been widely applied in aiding molecular diagnostics in a broad range of human cancers. We review several studies which demonstrate accurate classification of disease phenotypes (e.g., cancer vs. normal), cancer subclasses (e.g., AML vs. ALL, GIST vs. LMS), disease outcomes (e.g., metastasis, survival), and diverse human pathologies assayed through blood-borne leukocytes. The studies presented demonstrate that RXA—specifically the TSP and k-TSP classifiers—is a promising new class of computational methods for analyzing high-throughput data, and has the potential to significantly contribute to molecular cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
A Testbed to Measure the Effectiveness of 3D Travel Interfaces for Virtual Environments

This paper describes the design and implementation of a testbed to measure the effectiveness of 3D travel interfaces for virtual environments. The goal of this application is to increase the efficiency of user testing by automating the data collection process. This can benefit HCI researchers involved in this field.
Optimizing Mobile Application Performance with Model---Driven Engineering

Future embedded and ubiquitous computing systems will operate continuously on mobile devices, such as smartphones, with limited processing capabilities, memory, and power. A critical aspect of developing future applications for mobile devices will be ensuring that the application provides sufficient performance while maximizing battery life. Determining how a software architecture will affect power consumption is hard because the impact of software design on power consumption is not well understood. Typically, the power consumption of a mobile software architecture can only be determined after the architecture is implemented, which is late in the development cycle when design changes are costly. Model-driven Engineering (MDE) is a promising solution to this problem. In an MDE process, a model of the software architecture can be built and analyzed early in the design cycle to identify key characteristics, such as power consumption. This paper describes current research in developing an MDE tool for modeling mobile software architectures and using them to generate synthetic emulation code to estimate power consumption properties. The paper provides the following contributions to the study of mobile software development: (1) it shows how models of a mobile software architecture can be built, (2) it describes how instrumented emulation code can be generated to run on the target mobile device, and (3) it discusses how this emulation code can be used to glean important estimates of software power consumption and performance.
A high-pressure liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of ethambutol in human plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and alveolar cells.

A technique is presented for the specific and sensitive determination of ethambutol concentrations in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and alveolar cells (AC) using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC)‐tandem mass spectrometric (MS‐MS) method. The preparation of samples requires a deproteinization step with acetonitrile. The retention times for ethambutol, neostigmine bromide, and propranolol are 2.0, 1.4, and 1.1 min, respectively, with a total run time of 2.8 min. The detection limits for ethambutol are 0.05 µg/mL for plasma and 0.005 µg/mL for the BAL supernatants and AC suspensions. The assay has excellent performance characteristics and has been used to support a study of the intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in human subjects.
A Further Test of Hick's Law with Unequally Likely Alternatives

The present study was designed to replicate Lamb and Kaufman's (1965) findings of a relationship between choice reaction time and transmitted information for equally likely (ELA) and unequally likely (ULA) stimulus alternatives. The possible confounding of variability between sessions and between experimental conditions in the Lamb and Kaufman study was eliminated by using a single S in all experimental sessions. Results, in essential agreement with those of the earlier study, suggest strongly that the ELA and ULA conditions are fundamentally different as information sources.
Heterojunction, Vacuum-Glass Field Effect Transistors

This note reports on a surface field effect transistor, SFET, where the electron channel consists of the interface between vacuum and a Cs-doped glass, and an electrode on the back of the glass substrate is used as the gate. The device has a transconductance of 4×10−10 S cm−1. The transconductance is limited by the glass surface roughness, ∼ 0.4 nm RMS. A reduction of surface roughness to 0.1 nm RMS is expected to increase device transconductance.
Influence of undegraded intake protein on intake, digestion, serum hormones and metabolites, and nitrogen balance in sheep

In Exp. 1, 20 ewes of mixed breeding were fed grass hay : straw mixtures, assigned to one of four supplemental treatments and evaluated during six collection periods. Supplemental treatments were control (no supplement), and low, medium, and high levels (5.2%, 22.1%, and 41.3% of DM, respectively) of undegraded intake protein (UIP). Supplements were formulated to be similar in degraded intake protein (DIP; 21%). Digestibilities of DM, OM, and CP were increased (P 0.10) by UIP treatment, except in collection period four. In contrast, serum glucose and growth hormone were not influenced (P > 0.10) by UIP treatment. In Exp. 2, four wether lambs fed the same treatments as in Exp. 1, were used in two 4 4 Latin squares trials. In trial 1 lambs received a grass hay diet (6.7% CP) and in trial 2 lambs were fed 40 : 60 blend (6.6% CP) of grass hay and spring wheat straw. In both trials, N intake, urinary N, N digestion, apparent N absorption, and N retention were increased (P < 0.10) with protein supplementation. In addition, in trial 1, urinary N, N digestion, and apparent N absorption were increased (P < 0.10) in medium and high compared with low UIP and also in high compared with medium UIP treatments. In trial 2 of Exp. 2, total feed intake (g/kg BW), digestibility of DM and OM, BW, and fecal N were increased (P < 0.10) with protein supplementation. Organic matter digestion, BW, N intake, and N retention were increased by medium and high compared with low UIP. Fecal N, BW, N intake, and N retention were increased (P < 0.10) in high compared with medium UIP. These data indicate that increasing levels of UIP supplementation increases DM, OM, and CP (N) digestibility, serum urea N concentration, and N retention in sheep fed low quality forage. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Gender independence of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in predicting perioperative cardiac risk

Abstract Perioperative ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring for myocardial ischemia has been shown to be useful in predicting postoperative morbid cardiac events, and postoperative myocardial ischemia was found to be the strongest predictor of perioperative cardiac morbidity in 454 high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. 1–3 The populations studied were either comprised largely of men, or women were not evaluated separately. Because of concern that prediction of cardiac risk in women may not be definable by studies performed in predominantly male populations, and because the sensitivity and specificity of exercise ECG changes (including ST-segment depression) for detecting coronary artery disease are lower in women than in men, 4 we examined the usefulness of preoperative silent ischemia identified by ambulatory monitoring by gender.
Coherence based double talk detector with soft decision

Acoustic echo cancellation is one of the oldest applications of adaptive filters and today is a part of each speakerphone. An important block of each acoustic echo canceller is the double talk detector. It blocks the adaptation of the filter when near end voice is present and thus preventing the adaptive filter from diverging from the optimal position. In this paper we present an improved version of coherence based double talk detector. It provides estimation of the double talk presence probability per bin and per frame and has better precision compared to the baseline algorithm.
The role of replication bypass pathways in dicentric chromosome formation in budding yeast

Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) are large scale changes to chromosome structure and can lead to human disease. We previously showed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that nearby inverted repeat sequences (∼20–200 bp of homology, separated by ∼1–5 kb) frequently fuse to form unstable dicentric and acentric chromosomes. Here we analyzed inverted repeat fusion in mutants of three sets of genes. First, we show that genes in the error-free postreplication repair (PRR) pathway prevent fusion of inverted repeats, while genes in the translesion branch have no detectable role. Second, we found that siz1 mutants, which are defective for Srs2 recruitment to replication forks, and srs2 mutants had opposite effects on instability. This may reflect separate roles for Srs2 in different phases of the cell cycle. Third, we provide evidence for a faulty template switch model by studying mutants of DNA polymerases; defects in DNA pol delta (lagging strand polymerase) and Mgs1 (a pol delta interacting protein) lead to a defect in fusion events as well as allelic recombination. Pol delta and Mgs1 may collaborate either in strand annealing and/or DNA replication involved in fusion and allelic recombination events. Fourth, by studying genes implicated in suppression of GCRs in other studies, we found that inverted repeat fusion has a profile of genetic regulation distinct from these other major forms of GCR formation.
Nonholonomic wheeled mobile robot positioning controller using decoupling and variable structure model reference adaptive control

This work addresses the dynamic control problem of nonholonomic direct differential-drive two-actuated-wheeled mobile robot and presents a robot positioning controller, which requires information about the robot configuration (x, y and /spl theta/, that are collected by an absolute positioning system). The control strategy developed uses the mobile robot dynamic model linear representation. In this way, we must be change the system controlled variables from x, y, /spl theta/ to S (denoting the robot linear displacement) and /spl theta/. So we can use a linear controller to solve the control problem. The model linear representation is decoupled into two systems and we design a VS-MRAC controller to each one. Finally, simulated results are presented and commented.
Rural Jobs: Making a Living in the Countryside

Employment in rural areas has historically been concentrated in extractive or resource industries, such as agriculture, forestry, mining, and fishing. Most developing countries remain dependent on extractive industries, but the vast majority of rural workers earn wages in manufacturing and service industries in developed countries today. Although there are concerns with the low productivity of the rural nonfarm sector, the experience in many developing countries is that promoting the nonfarm sector reduces income inequality and promotes growth in the rural areas. In developed countries, wages in rural areas generally lag behind those in urban areas, and the gap has increased over the past few decades. Rural labor markets face some distinct challenges in these settings. Rural workers generally have less education and employers provide less job training. Thin labor markets and low population density in rural areas make it especially difficult to build human capital. The green economy may offer unique opportunities for rural communities. Most renewable natural resources are located in rural areas and there are economic benefits to locating firms near these resources. Most green collar jobs will be associated with renewable energy, energy efficiency, pollution prevention, and environmental management.
Structural Reforms and Export Performance

The purpose of the paper is to identify the structural reforms that would yield the largest competitiveness gains based on macro-empirical evidence. Based on an econometric analysis, the paper finds that four structural policies affect advanced countries' export performance: trade policy, labor taxation, labor market, and innovation policies. The result of the model are used to estimate the impact of reforms in these areas on France export performance and external accounts.
Separation of primaries and multiples using VD-seislet frame

Separation of primary and multiple reflections is a key step for successful imaging of multiples. The seislet transform is a wavelet-like transform that analyzes seismic data by following variable slopes of seismic events across different scales and provides a multiscale orthogonal basis for seismic data. We adopt a new velocity-dependent (VD) formulation of the seislet transform, where the normal moveout equation serves as a bridge between local slope patterns and conventional moveout parameters in the CMP domain. Different slope patterns for primaries and pegleg multiples further constitute VDseislet frame to separate primaries from multiples. Synthetic and field data tests show the effectiveness of VD-seislet frame for separation of primaries and pegleg multiples of different orders.
Flight Speeds in Western Bats

By using a simulated mine tunnel, the average speed and individual variation of 17 western bats were determined. Eptesicus fuscus showed the maximum speed of those tested (15.5 mph), whereas Pipistrellus hesperus showed the minimum value (4.8 mph). In many species speed of flight is correlated with the size of the bat.
Brain Tumors in Children

Tumors of the central nervous system constitute the largest group of solid neoplasms in children and are second only to leukemia in their overall frequency during childhood. Each year, brain tumors develop in approximately 1500 to 2000 children in the United States; the number of tumors appears to have increased slightly from 1974 to 19881–3. Although the mortality rate for these neoplasms exceeds the rates for many other childhood tumors, recent therapeutic advances coupled with refinements in neuroimaging techniques, which have facilitated earlier diagnosis and improved treatment planning, have increased the percentage of affected children who survive to . . .
Coastal TDRs: A Solution for Shifting Sands on Folly Beach?

ABSTRACTFolly Beach, South Carolina is in dire straits. Severe coastal erosion and controversial beach renourishment projects have raised serious concerns for the immediate future of the beach and surrounding coastal community. Deciding on a course of action to address these issues has led to conflicts between policymakers, property owners, and members of the public, particularly because traditional ideas are so unpalatable: the use of additional hard erosion control devices is not only environmentally objectionable, but also heavily restricted under South Carolina law; beach-wide renourishment projects provide temporary solutions but are expensive and often fraught with problems; and the taking of at-risk beachfront property under either the state or city's eminent domain power presents both legal and financial hurdles. This article considers whether a system of Transferable Development Rights (TDRs), a market-based mechanism grounded in economic incentives, could be a viable solution for Folly Beach's e...
Laudato Si’ and the Natural Sciences: An Assessment of Possibilities and Limits:

This article probes the explicit use of the natural sciences in Laudato Si’, examining in particular its engagement with environmental science and modern technologies in the light of Catholic social teaching on the environment and broader theological engagement with ecology. What are the particular philosophical presuppositions and theological emphases that this encyclical brings to its analysis of the natural world and how do they inform its specific engagement with ecology and science? The article analyzes aspects of contemporary scientific discussion that are particularly relevant for the themes of the encyclical and whose inclusion would have made this an even more convincing document. It also highlights specific philosophical, scientific, and conceptual inconsistencies that have arisen as a result of combining different scientific and theological themes.
Neuroimaging in epilepsy: recent developments in MR imaging, positron-emission tomography, and single-photon emission tomography.

PET, SPECT, and MR imaging are valuable techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of the epilepsies. MR imaging displays structural disturbances such as neoplasms, dysplasias, and atrophy with great sensitivity. Recent advances in MR technology also will permit the imaging of cerebral blood flow. PET and SPECT show physiologic derangements in epilepsy, including localized reductions in cerebral blood flow and metabolism and highly focal decreases in neurotransmitter receptor binding. These methods are particularly valuable when combined with electroencephalogram evaluation in selecting patients for epilepsy surgery. MR imaging is also a valuable diagnostic tool in the routine care of epilepsy patients.
Generically Singular Correlations in a Non-Equilibrium Steady-State System

An Ising model in the lattice gas representation is driven far from equilibrium by an external ‘electric’ field. In steady state, a current prevails. The usual second order phase transition persists, but with non-Ising critical singularities. In this article, we concentrate on singularities of correlations which exist for all temperatures away from criticality. A consequence of the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in non-equilibrium systems, these generic features are studied both analytically and via simulation.
Americans’ Knowledge of the U.S. Supreme Court

Recent and influential research suggests that political scientists have sharply understated popular knowledge of the U.S. Supreme Court. This research implies that popular knowledge of other aspects of government has been understated as well. The implication may be correct. But these revisionist studies of political knowledge err in the other direction: they overstate popular knowledge of politics. Focusing on the Supreme Court, we use a series of national-sample experiments to show that inferences about popular knowledge of politics depend heavily on little-appreciated aspects of survey design and analysis. Accounting for these aspects of design and analysis suggests a level of knowledge in the polity that lies between the levels suggested by conventional and revisionist research.
Paradise Lost: The Search for Order in Three Tales by Gottfried Keller

(1971). Paradise Lost: The Search for Order in Three Tales by Gottfried Keller. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
BLISS: Balancing Performance, Fairness and Complexity in Memory Access Scheduling

In a multicore system, applications running on different cores interfere at main memory. This inter-application interference degrades overall system performance and unfairly slows down applications. Prior works have developed application-aware memory request schedulers to tackle this problem. State-of-the-art application-aware memory request schedulers prioritize memory requests of applications that are vulnerable to interference, by ranking individual applications based on their memory access characteristics and enforcing a total rank order. In this paper, we observe that state-of-the-art application-aware memory schedulers have two major shortcomings. First, such schedulers trade off hardware complexity in order to achieve high performance or fairness, since ranking applications individually with a total order based on memory access characteristics leads to high hardware cost and complexity. Such complexity could prevent the scheduler from meeting the stringent timing requirements of state-of-the-art DDR protocols. Second, ranking can unfairly slow down applications that are at the bottom of the ranking stack, thereby sometimes leading to high slowdowns and low overall system performance. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose the Blacklisting Memory Scheduler (BLISS) , which achieves high system performance and fairness while incurring low hardware cost and complexity. BLISS design is based on two new observations. First, we find that, to mitigate interference, it is sufficient to separate applications into only two groups, one containing applications that are vulnerable to interference and another containing applications that cause interference, instead of ranking individual applications with a total order. Vulnerable-to-interference group is prioritized over the interference-causing group. Second, we show that this grouping can be efficiently performed by simply counting the number of consecutive requests served from each application. We evaluate BLISS across a wide variety of workloads and system configurations and compare its performance and hardware complexity (via RTL implementations), with five state-of-the-art memory schedulers. Our evaluations show that BLISS achieves 5 percent better system performance and 25 percent better fairness than the best-performing previous memory scheduler while greatly reducing critical path latency and hardware area cost of the memory scheduler (by 79 and 43 percent, respectively), thereby achieving a good trade-off between performance, fairness and hardware complexity.
LncRNAs: Bridging environmental sensing and gene expression.

ABSTRACTThe survival of all organisms is dependent on complex, coordinated responses to environmental cues. Non-coding RNAs have been identified as major players in regulation of gene expression, with recent evidence supporting roles for long non-coding (lnc)RNAs in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. Evidence from our laboratory shows that lncRNAs have the ability to form hybridized structures called R-loops with specific DNA target sequences in S. cerevisiae, thereby modulating gene expression. In this Point of View, we provide an overview of the nature of lncRNA-mediated control of gene expression in the context of our studies using the GAL gene cluster as a model for controlling the timing of transcription.
Education as the Practice of Freedom: A Social Justice Proposal for Mindfulness Educators

This chapter offers a constructive critique of the mindfulness education movement through a social justice and antiracist lens. In so doing, the author joins the growing call for a socially engaged mindfulness. The chapter begins by briefly introducing the work of critical scholars who are forging new categories to understand mindfulness as a social justice practice. Next, the field of mindfulness education is situated within a broader critique of corporate mindfulness, highlighting concerns about the ways mindfulness is being marketed as a technique to increase standardized test scores and manage student behavior in K-12 schools. The author then explores the racialized discourse prevalent in mindfulness education and examines the ideology of white dominance. An example of this is provided by critically analyzing a film that extols the virtues of mindfulness education but unwittingly demonstrates the white savior trope. Finally, a social justice framework is presented for consideration by mindfulness educators—a framework that shifts the deficit discourse of “school failure” and “troubled communities” to one of collective responsibility. By shifting accountability, the focus on behavior management of “problem kids” is replaced by a critical examination of the social conditions that create suffering for our children and youth. With an integration of antiracism and critical pedagogy, mindfulness educators can ensure that mindfulness is utilized as a practice of freedom (inspired by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire) rather than a technology of compliance.