cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Of Richard Epstein and Other Radical Feminists

My goal in this discussion is to persuade all members of the Federalist Society that they are or should be feminists. I shall pursue this goal in two ways: first by setting forth an expansive definition of feminist jurisprudence; secondly by showing that anyone who combines the two commitments Richard Epstein urges on feminists-commitments to the descriptive message of sociobiology and to the normative message of libertarianism-must inevitably be, not merely a feminist, but a very radical feminist indeed. In short, feminism is for everyone, especially for Richard Epstein. Epstein urges both libertarianism and sociobiology on feminists. I personally see substantial tension between those two goals, as I shall discuss. But to the extent that they can be combined successfully, the result may surprise Epstein. The combination of his normative libertarian opposition to the elimination of force and fraud and his descriptive emphasis on sociobiology would logically make Epstein a radical feminist.
Real Users and Real Dialog Systems: The Hard Challenge for SDS

Much of the research done in our community is based on developing spoken dialog systems and testing various techniques within those dialog systems. Because it makes it easier to deal with our experimental conditions, many of our tests and studies involve controlled (paid or volunteered) users. However, we have seen in a number of studies that these controlled users do not use the system in the same way as those for whom the system was actually designed. Sometimes the difference between the real user, who wants the information the spoken dialog system is providing or who wants to give information to it, and the controlled user, who is acting under some direction, is not that different. Certainly in some circumstances it is necessary to use the latter. But, since state-of-the-art systems have become increasingly reliant on large amounts of user data to train their models of behavior, it is critical that the user behavior we train on is real user behavior. This paper describes the issues that arise when building a spoken dialog system for real users. The goal is to provide both a service to the user and a realistic spoken dialog system (SDS) research platform.
Differential Mortality and the Progressivity of Social Security

Abstract There is a well-established negative correlation between earnings and mortality risk. Using a calibrated general-equilibrium macroeconomic model, this paper examines how this correlation interacts with the welfare implications of Social Security's benefit-earnings rule. My primary findings suggest that the welfare ranking of alternative benefit-earnings rules is somewhat sensitive to differential mortality. Due to their relatively high mortality risk, households with unfavorable earnings histories heavily discount the expected utility from old-age consumption, and therefore do not put much weight on better work-retirement consumption smoothing. Because of this reason, Social Security's benefit-earnings rule warrants less redistribution in the presence of differential mortality, compared to when mortality risk is uncorrelated to earnings. I find that this result continues to hold when household-level labor supply distortions are ignored, and also when an alternative “maximin” welfare criterion is considered, but not when accidental bequests from the deceased are redistributed to the survivors.
Maria: Stubborn, Willful and Always Full of Energy

Maria is stubborn, willful and always full of energy. For the past 2 months, I [haven't been able to] leave her for a moment without her grabbing me and crying. She refuses to sit on the potty seat. Yesterday, she threw herself on the floor, yelling and kicking after I suggested she use the potty seat. Tantrums occur every day - sometimes in response to a simple request. Maria's mother offered this vivid description of her child's behavior at a 2-year health supervision visit in response to the pediatrician's question, Tell me how Maria has been recently. Maria had been followed since birth by her pediatrician. Maria was born to a single mother who works part-time and is enrolled in two college courses, and the gestation and perinatal periods were uncomplicated. A review of the medical record reveals that she was an especially active infant, experienced mild to moderate colicky behavior in the first 3 months, and achieved all of her motor, language, and social milestones at appropriate times. After it was established that the frequent tantrums, clinging behaviors, and stubbornness had escalated considerably during the past 2 months, the medical history was directed toward any recent changes in the family, caretakers, or living situation. The combination of job and school had been a major focus of her mother's life for the past year. Recently, school work was more demanding and, after a change in supervisors, her work in a clothing store was less satisfying. Finances were marginal, but she was making ends meet with medical assistance from Medicaid and with discounted child care at her college. Maria's mother had always been a single parent, and her pediatrician was impressed with this mother's resiliency, flexibility, and ability to continue her education while raising a young child. Sitting in her mother's lap throughout the visit, Maria played with a toy, snuggling close to her mother. She refused both eye contact and a play interaction with the pediatrician. (Her mother stated that this behavior was a typical response to people who Maria was not familiar with.) Verbal interchange was unsuccessful although it was noted that Maria responded to her mother's requests. Growth measurement, physical examination, and a screening developmental assessment were normal.
Controlling tripartite entanglement among optical cavities by reservoir engineering

We study how to control the dynamics of tripartite entanglement among optical cavities using non-Markovian baths. In particular, we demonstrate how the reservoir engineering through the utilization of non-Markovian baths with different types of Lorentzian and ohmic spectral densities can lead to an entanglement survival for longer times and in some cases considerable regain of seemingly lost entanglement. Both of these behaviours indicate a better sustainability of entanglement (in time) compared to the usual Markovian bath situations which assumes a flat spectrum of the bath around the system resonant frequency. Our scheme shows these effects in the context of optical cavities starting off in a maximally entangled W and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger tripartite states. In Lorentzian cases, we find that the far detuned double Lorentzian baths with small coupling strengths and for ohmic-type baths super-ohmic environments with smaller cutoff frequencies are the best candidates for preserving entanglement amon...
A maximum likelihood approach for selecting sets of alternatives

We consider the problem of selecting a subset of alternatives given noisy evaluations of the relative strength of different alternatives. We wish to select a k-subset (for a given k) that provides a maximum likelihood estimate for one of several objectives, e.g., containing the strongest alternative. Although this problem is NP-hard, we show that when the noise level is sufficiently high, intuitive methods provide the optimal solution. We thus generalize classical results about singling out one alternative and identifying the hidden ranking of alternatives by strength. Extensive experiments show that our methods perform well in practical settings.
An interpretation of Isabelle/HOL in HOL light

We define an interpretation of the Isabelle/HOL logic in HOL Light and its metalanguage, OCaml. Some aspects of the Isabelle logic are not representable directly in the HOL Light object logic. The interpretation thus takes the form of a set of elaboration rules, where features of the Isabelle logic that cannot be represented directly are elaborated to functors in OCaml. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the interpretation via an implementation, translating a significant part of the Isabelle standard library into HOL Light.
On the problem of computing the well-founded semantics

The well-founded semantics is one of the most widely studied and used semantics of logic programs with negation. In the case of finite propositional programs, it can be computed in polynomial time, more specifically, in O(∣At(P)∣ × size(P)) steps, where size(P) denotes the total number of occurrences of atoms in a logic program P. This bound is achieved by an algorithm introduced by Van Gelder and known as the alternating-fixpoint algorithm. Improving on the alternating-fixpoint algorithm turned out to be difficult. In this paper we study extensions and modifications of the alternating-fixpoint approach. We then restrict our attention to the class of programs whose rules have no more than one positive occurrence of an atom in their bodies. For programs in that class we propose a new implementation of the alternating-fixpoint method in which false atoms are computed in a top-down fashion. We show that our algorithm is faster than other known algorithms and that for a wide class of programs it is linear and so, asymptotically optimal.
Money for Nothing: The Sin of Usury

I present an overview of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church on usury. In 1515, the Fifth Lateran Council defined “the real meaning of usury: when, from its use, a thing which produces nothing is applied to the acquiring of gain and profit without any work, any expense or any risk.” I argue that the economic conditions of the Middle Ages could not have justified any interest, but structural changes to the economy, including the abolition of slavery, inflation, and the emergence of markets for investment, justify interest on the basis of default risk, the costs of inflation, and opportunity costs.
Just how big is global production sharing

Sharing different stages of manufacturing between countries is of major and growing importance. But because of previous deficiencies in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC Revision 1) system, it was not possible to differentiate between the international trade in components and parts and the exchange of fully fabricated manufactured goods. Such a distinction was needed to empirically estimate the amount of global production sharing. Changes in the SITC classification system (Revision 2) now allow one to approximate how much production sharing occurs within the key machinery and transportation equipment (SITC 7) group, which includes about 50 percent of world trade in all manufactures. In 1995, OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) exports of parts and components in this group totaled $440 billion, which was about 30 percent of all shipments (components plus assembled goods) of machinery and transportation equipment. Developing countries produced and exported an additional $100 billion of these products -- which indicates global exports exceeded one-half trillion dollars. But the extent of production sharing is clearly greater than these figures indicate, because the SITC Revision 2 system does not allow one to distinguish between components and parts in chemicals or other manufactured goods. The data also show that over the past decade trade in machinery and transport equipment components has grown considerably faster than final stage products in this group. A different form of production sharing involves the use of special tariff provisions for the re-import of domestically produced components that have been assembled abroad. A second data source on this activity indicates that trade in these goods totals about $100 billion annually, with most of the activity involving the European Union and the United States. (Again, the available data probably understate the importance of this exchange.) Even so, these supplemental statistics illustrate the importance of this activity to some developing countries, as more than 40 percent of manufactured exports from the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Jamaica, and Mexico involve assembly operations using components manufactured abroad.
Geometric processing of digital images of the planets

New procedures and software have been developed for geometric transformation of images to support digital cartography of the planets. The procedures involve the correction of spacecraft camera orientation of each image with the use of ground control and the transformation of each image to a Sinusoidal Equal-Area map projection with an algorithm which allows the number of transformation calculations to vary as the distortion varies within the image. When the distortion is low in an area of an image, few transformation computations are required, and most pixels can be interpolated. When distortion is extreme, the location of each pixel is computed. Mosaics are made of these images and stored as digital databases. Completed Sinusoidal databases may be used for digital analysis and registration with other spatial data. They may also be reproduced as published image maps by digitally transforming them to appropriate map projections.
A guide to multisector labor market models

This paper approaches labor markets through multisector modeling. The first main substantive section presents the essence of multisector modeling, in particular, the role of labor market dualism. Given that labor markets often consist of quite distinct segments, a useful and insightful analytical approach is to start with just two interrelated segments. The second main substantive section is on models of wages and employment in the formal economy. This section covers 1) the market-clearing labor market model and the presumed equilibrating forces, 2) above-market-clearing wages set institutionally, 3) above-market-clearing wages set by efficiency wage considerations, and 4) above-market-clearing wages set by worker behavior. The third main substantive section is on wages and employment in the informal economy. This section presents three characterizations of informal sector labor markets: 1) the informal economy as a free-entry sector that prospective workers enter only as a last resort, 2) the informal economy as a desirable sector that workers choose in preference to formal sector work, and 3) the informal economy with its own internal dualism, combining 1) and 2). The fourth main substantive section is on intersectoral linkages. The models here are: 1) the integrated labor market model with full market clearing, 2) crowding models, and 3) the Harris-Todaro model.
Reputed authenticated routing for ad hoc networks protocol (reputed-ARAN)

In this paper, we analyze one of the secure mobile ad hoc networks protocols, which is authenticated routing for ad hoc networks (ARAN). Such protocol is classified as a secure reactive routing protocol, which is based on some type of query-reply dialog. That means ARAN does not attempt to continuously maintain the up-to-date topology of the network, but rather when there is a need, it invokes a function to find a route to the destination. Here, we detail the security attacks that the ARAN protocol defends against, criticize how an authenticated selfish node can disturb the network by dropping packets or by not cooperating in the routing functionality and propose a reputation-based scheme called reputed-ARAN to detect and defend against selfish nodes
Tracking a generator by persistence

The persistent homology provides a mathematical tool to describe "features" in a principled manner. The persistence algorithm proposed by Edelsbrunner et al. [5] can compute not only the persistent homology for a filtered simplicial complex, but also representative generating cycles for persistent homology groups. However, if there are dynamic changes either in the filtration or in the underlying simplicial complex, the representative generating cycle can change wildly. In this paper, we consider the problem of tracking generating cycles with temporal coherence. Specifically, our goal is to track a chosen essential generating cycle so that the changes in it are "local". This requires reordering simplices in the filtration. To handle reordering operations, we build upon the matrix framework proposed by Cohen-Steiner et al. [3] to swap two consecutive simplices, so that we can process a reordering directly. We present an application showing how our algorithm can track an essential cycle in a complex constructed out of a point cloud data.
Fuzzy nonparametric DTI segmentation for robust cingulum-tract extraction

This paper presents a novel segmentation-based approach for fiber-tract extraction in diffusion-tensor (DT) images. Typical tractography methods, incorporating thresholds on fractional anisotropy and fiber curvature to terminate tracking, can face serious problems arising from partial voluming and noise. For these reasons, tractography often fails to extract thin tracts with sharp changes in orientation, e.g. the cingulum. Unlike tractography--which disregards the information in the tensors that were previously tracked--the proposed method extracts the cingulum by exploiting the statistical coherence of tensors in the entire structure. Moreover, the proposed segmentation-based method allows fuzzy class memberships to optimally extract information within partial-volumed voxels. Unlike typical fuzzy-segmentation schemes employing Gaussian models that are biased towards ellipsoidal clusters, the proposed method models the manifolds underlying the classes by incorporating nonparametric data-driven statistical models. Furthermore, it exploits the nonparametric model to capture the spatial continuity and structure of the fiber bundle. The results on real DT images demonstrate that the proposed method extracts the cingulum bundle significantly more accurately as compared to tractography.
Very large-scale neighborhood search

One of the central issues in developing neighborhood search techniques is defining the neighborhood. As a rule of thumb, larger neighborhoods contain higher quality local optimal solutions compared to smaller neighborhoods. However, larger neighborhoods also typically require more time to search than smaller neighborhoods. A neighborhood search algorithm is not practical if the neighborhoods cannot be searched efficiently. Thus, a rapid search algorithm is needed to make efficient use of large neighborhoods.
Developing Learning by Teaching Environments That Support Self-Regulated Learning

Betty’s Brain is a teachable agent system in the domain of river ecosystems that combines learning by teaching and self-regulation strategies to promote deep learning and understanding. Scaffolds in the form of hypertext resources, a Mentor agent, and a set of quiz questions help novice students learn and self-assess their own knowledge. The computational architecture is implemented as a multi-agent system to allow flexible and incremental design, and to provide a more realistic social context for interactions between students and the teachable agent. An extensive study that compared three versions of this system: a tutor only version, learning by teaching, and learning by teaching with self-regulation strategies demonstrates the effectiveness of learning by teaching environments, and the impact of self-regulation strategies in improving preparation for learning among novice learners.
The Epistemic Contract: Fostering an Appropriate Level of Public Trust in Experts.

Citizens should have an appropriate level of trust in experts—neither too low nor too high. Experts cannot guarantee accuracy in a complex world. But they can attempt to be well calibrated, meaning that they clearly communicate their confidence in their knowledge, and that confidence is lower in domains where their accuracy is likely to be lower. I review research on expert calibration, on the effects of confidence and calibration on perceived credibility, and on the role that “naive realism” plays in biasing our assessments of experts who say what we want to hear.
Apparatus for Accelerating Measurements of Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth at Low Frequency

Testing the fatigue crack growth of materials at low frequencies and realistic stress intensity factors has historically demanded a large investment in time. Running a test at a frequency less than 1 Hz can take weeks, and if meaningful statistics are needed, 2–3 months might be necessary to provide one set of data on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR). A means of reducing that time frame by testing as many as 10 specimens simultaneously is presented. With this innovative design, compact tension specimens are run in series and according to ASTM Standard E647. Furthermore, there is no need to interrupt the fatigue testing of the linked specimens should one or more finish before the others. Specimens tested in this fashion generate consistent data of FCGR.
Microlensing: Current Results and Future Prospects

The initial results of microlensing surveys toward the Galactic bulge and the LMC are puzzling. Toward the LMC, the total mass in MACHOs is of order half that required to explain the dark matter, but the estimated MACHO mass (~ 0.4 M⊙) is most consistent with stars that should have been seen. Toward the bulge, the total mass is consistent with that given by dynamical estimates of the bulge mass, but the observed timescales seem to require that a large fraction of the bulge is made of brown dwarfs. I discuss possible experiments to resolve these puzzles. I also discuss several applications of microlensing to non-dark-matter problems including searching for planets and imaging the black hole at the center of a quasar with 10−10 arcsec resolution.
Applying the International Medical Graduate Program Model to Alleviate the Supply Shortage of Accounting Doctoral Faculty

Accounting has been faced with a severe shortage in the supply of qualified doctoral faculty. Drawing upon the international mobility of foreign scholars and the spirit of the international medical graduate program, this article suggests a model to fill the demand in accounting doctoral faculty. The underlying assumption of the suggested model is that there is enough qualified international accounting doctoral scholars who are willing to work in the United States because of natural and artificial benefits, such as the existence of national innovation, knowledge-intensive clusters system, favorable working conditions, and career and earning prospects. A 10-week International Accounting Post-Doctoral Program (IAPDP) is designed to prepare academically competent international accounting faculty to be qualified to work in the United States at AACSB International-accredited institutions. A survey was employed to examine the viability of the proposed model. Our results indicate that qualified international accounting doctoral scholars are interested in the suggested model and the nondoctoral U.S. accounting programs will represent the major job market for these IAPDP graduates. This article should be of interest to accounting educators, business schools, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International, and the American Accounting Association (AAA).
A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner

Articuler l'ethique egalitaire dans sa forme concrete afin qu'elle puisse etre appliquee dans des situations sociales actuelles par le planificateur egalitariste, tel est le but de l'A.
ON THE STRENGTH OF FIRST ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS

Electroweak baryogenesis may solve one of the most fundamental questions we can ask about the universe, that of the origin of matter. It has become clear in the past few years that it also poses a multi-faceted challenge. In order to compute the tiny primordial baryonic excess, we probably must invoke physics beyond the standard model (an exciting prospect for most people), we must push perturbation theory to its “limits” (or beyond), and we must deal with nonequilibrium aspects of the phase transition. In this talk, I focus mainly on the latter issue, that of nonequilibrium aspects of first order transitions. In particular, I discuss the elusive question of “weakness”. What does it mean to have a weak first order transition, and how can we distinguish between weak and strong? I argue that weak and strong transitions have very different dynamics; while strong transitions proceed by the usual bubble nucleation mechanism, weak transitions are characterized by a mixing of phases as the system reaches the critical temperature from above. I show that it is possible to clearly distinguish between the two, and discuss consequences for studies of first order transitions in general.
A Sufficient and Necessary Condition for the Consistency of XML DTDs

Recently, XML has emerged as a standard for representing and exchanging data on the World Wide Web. As a result, there is a trend of increasing amount of XML documents that publish information on the Web from various data sources. A Document Type Definition (DTD) describes the structure of a set of similar XML documents and serves as the schema for XML documents. The World Wide Web Consortium has defined the grammar for specifying DTDs; however, even a syntactically correct DTD might be inconsistent in the sense that there exist no XML documents conforming to the structure imposed by the DTD. In this paper, we formalize the notion of the consistency of DTDs, and identify a sufficient and necessary condition for a DTD to be consistent.
Air pollution and human health

The first section of the book is concerned with background and theoretical framework. Some topics discussed are factors affecting the shape of the analysis; factors affecting mortality; laboratory versus natural experiments; and problems of estimation. The second section is concerned with cross-sectional analysis of U.S. standard metropolitan statistical areas. Some topics discussed are total U.S. mortality; disaggregated mortality rates; effects of occupation, mix, climate, and home heating; and interactions between air pollutants. The third section is concerned with annual and daily time-series analysis. Cross-sectional time-series analysis and the relationship between mortality and daily air pollution are discussed. Policy implications are discussed with regard to benefits and costs of air pollution abatement. (HLW)
Smooth Dynamics and New Theoretical Ideas in Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics

This paper reviews various applications of the theory of smooth dynamical systems to conceptual problems of nonequilibrium statistical mecanics. We adopt a new point of view which has emerged progressively in recent years, and which takes seriously into account the chaotic character of the microscopic time evolution. The emphasis is on nonequilibrium steady states rather than the traditional approach to equilibrium point of view of Boltzmann. The nonequilibrium steady states, in presence of a Gaussian thermostat, are described by SRB measures. In terms of these one can prove the Gallavotti–Cohen fluctuation theorem. One can also prove a general linear response formula and study its consequences, which are not restricted to near-equilibrium situations. At equilibrium one recovers in particular the Onsager reciprocity relations. Under suitable conditions the nonequilibrium steady states satisfy the pairing theorem of Dettmann and Morriss. The results just mentioned hold so far only for classical systems; they do not involve large size, i.e., they hold without a thermodynamic limit.
Gamma-ray burst spectra

A review of recent results in gamma-ray burst spectroscopy is given. Particular attention is paid to the recent discovery of emission and absorption features in the burst spectra. These lines represent the strongest evidence to date that gamma-ray bursts originate on or near neutron stars. Line parameters give information on the temperature, magnetic field and possibly the gravitational potential of the neutron star. The behavior of the continuum spectrum is also discussed. A remarkably good fit to nearly all bursts is obtained with a thermal-bremsstrahlung-like continuum. Significant evolution is observed of both the continuum and line features within most events.
The effects of precipitation on radar target identification and imaging

The properties of precipitation which will influence radar system design are discussed. The spatial characteristics of rainfall and the sizes and shapes of raindrops are described. The dielectric behavior of water is combined with these characteristics to determine the effects of rain on electromagnetic waves. These effects include: absorption, scatter, noise emission, phase shift, and depolarization.
Deciding morality of graphs is NP-complete

In order to find a causal explanation for data presented in the form of covariance and concentration matrices it is necessary to decide if the graph formed by such associations is a projection of a directed acyclic graph (dag). We show that the general problem of deciding whether such a dag exists is NP-complete.
Matrix market: a web resource for test matrix collections

We describe a repository of data for the testing of numerical algorithms and mathematical software for matrix computations. The repository is designed to accommodate both dense and sparse matrices, as well as software to generate matrices. It has been seeded with the well-known Harwell-Boeing sparse matrix collection. The raw data files have been augmented with an integrated World Wide Web interface which describes the matrices in the collection quantitatively and visually. For example, each matrix has a Web page which details its attributes, graphically depicts its sparsity pattern, and provides access to the matrix itself in several formats. In addition, a search mechanism is included which allows retrieval of matrices based on a variety of attributes, such as type and size, as well as through free-text search in abstracts. The URL is http://math.nist.gov/MatrizMarket/.
Performance Evaluation of Sparse Matrix Multiplication Kernels on Intel Xeon Phi

Intel Xeon Phi is a recently released high-performance coprocessor which features 61 cores each supporting 4 hardware threads with 512-bit wide SIMD registers achieving a peak theoretical performance of 1Tflop/s in double precision. Its design differs from classical modern processors; it comes with a large number of cores, the 4-way hyperthreading capability allows many applications to saturate the massive memory bandwidth, and its large SIMD capabilities allow to reach high computation throughput. The core of many scientific applications involves the multiplication of a large, sparse matrix with a single or multiple dense vectors which are not compute-bound but memory-bound. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the Xeon Phi coprocessor for these sparse linear algebra kernels. We highlight the important hardware details and show that Xeon Phi’s sparse kernel performance is very promising and even better than that of cutting-edge CPUs and GPUs.
Development Of Mesospheric Sodium Laser Beacon For Atmospheric Adaptive Optics

A solid-state source of long pulse length, sodium-resonance radiation was developed for the purpose of generating an artificial star in the earth's mesospheric sodium layer. This radiation is generated by sum-frequency mixing the output of a 1.064 micron Nd:YAG laser with the output of a 1.319-micron Nd:YAG laser. By operating these lasers at wavelengths very close to the peak of their tuning curves, it is possible to match the wavelength of the sum-frequency radiation to that of the sodium D2 adsorption wavelength. Two pulsed laser systems were constructed, one producing as much as 0.6 J of sodium resonance radiation at a 10-Hz repetition rate and another producing as much as 24 mJ at a 840-Hz repetition rate. In both laser systems, the 1.06-micron and 1.32-micron Nd:YAG lasers are configured as mode-locked master oscillators followed by power amplifiers. Other aspects of this project are presented.
Do Attempts to Improve Respondent Attention Increase Social Desirability Bias

In this research note, we investigate the effectiveness of warnings as a method for increasing respondent motivation and decreasing survey satisficing. Four different styles of warning messages are examined in data from a randomized survey experiment conducted on the Internet. The analysis shows that three of the four warnings significantly improve respondent engagement. There is some evidence, however, that warning messages increase socially desirable responding (SDR) for certain types of people. We conclude that warnings can be a useful method for increasing attention, but that researchers should first establish that these protocol do not have unintended consequences, either for the entire sample or for theoretically relevant subgroups.
Transmetalation Reactions Producing Organocopper Compounds

1 Introduction 2 Transmetalations in the First Transition Metal Series 3 Transmetalations in the Second Transition Metal Series 4 Transmetalations in the Lanthanide Series 5 Transmetalations in Group IIB 6 Transmetalations in Group IIIA 7 Transmetalations in Group IVA 8 Transmetalations in Group VIA 9 Applications to Natural Product Synthesis 10 Conclusion Keywords: transmetalation reactions producing organocopper compounds; transmetalations in first transition metal series; transmetalation from organotitanium compounds; transmetalations in second transition metal series; transmetalations in lanthanide series; transmetalations in group IVA; transmetalation from organotin compounds; applications to natural product synthesis
Noether’s second theorem and Ward identities for gauge symmetries

Recently, a number of new Ward identities for large gauge transformations and large diffeomorphisms have been discovered. Some of the identities are reinterpretations of previously known statements, while some appear to be genuinely new. We use Noether’s second theorem with the path integral as a powerful way of generating these kinds of Ward identities. We reintroduce Noether’s second theorem and discuss how to work with the physical remnant of gauge symmetry in gauge fixed systems. We illustrate our mechanism in Maxwell theory, Yang-Mills theory, p-form field theory, and Einstein-Hilbert gravity. We comment on multiple connections between Noether’s second theorem and known results in the recent literature. Our approach suggests a novel point of view with important physical consequences.
On The Existence of Min-Max Minimal Surface of Genus $g\geq 2$

In this paper, we establish a min-max theory for minimal surfaces using sweepouts of surfaces of genus g ≥ 2. We develop a direct variational method similar to the proof of the famous Plateau problem by Douglas [Solution of the problem of Plateau, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 33 (1931) 263–321] and Rado [On Plateau’s problem, Ann. Math. 31 (1930) 457–469]. As a result, we show that the min-max value for the area functional can be achieved by a bubble tree limit consisting of branched genus-g minimal surfaces with nodes, and possibly finitely many branched minimal spheres. We also prove a Colding–Minicozzi type strong convergence theorem similar to the classical mountain pass lemma. Our results extend the min-max theory by Colding–Minicozzi and the author to all genera.
Quantifying Argonaute proteins in and out of GW/P-bodies: implications in microRNA activities.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ∼22nt non-coding RNAs that regulate the translational potential and stability of mRNAs. Though constituting only 1–4% of human genes, miRNAs are predicted to regulate more than 60% of all mRNAs. The action of miRNAs is mediated through their associations with Argonaute proteins and mRNA targets. Previous studies indicated that though the majority of Argonaute proteins is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, a small fraction is consistently observed to be concentrated in a cytoplasmic compartment called GW/P-bodies. In this chapter, we will provide a quantitative and dynamic view of the subcellular localization of miRNA function, followed by a discussion on the possible roles of PBs in miRNA silencing.
A Facile Synthesis of Steroidal Δ4- 3-Ketones Using Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)

Abstract Pyridinium chlorochromate(PCC), in refluxing benzene, has been found to be an effective and convenient reagent for the oxidation and concomitant isomerization of steroidal Δ5- 3β-alcohols to the corresponding Δ4- 3-ketones in high yield.
WIDECARS spectra fitting in a premixed ethylene–air flame

WIDECARS measures temperature and mole fractions of most of the major species in ethylene–air flames. One of the issues in implementing this technique is fitting the experimental spectra to theory to obtain flame conditions (temperature, species mole fractions). Individual spectra contain many species resonances, and theory is slow to compute. Libraries of precalculated spectra can be used, but a library of sufficient density for accurate interpolation is large given the many variables. A new fitting algorithm is presented which utilizes a less-dense library, and additional spectra are calculated during fitting to maintain accuracy. The iterative convergence method converts the problem of minimizing fit error, which converges slowly, to a zero finding problem, which converges reliably, rapidly, and accurately to best fit. Various practical fitting issues, such as the effects of dye laser mode noise and variability, phase-matching efficiency, and shifts of the spectrum on the spectrometer are addressed. The technique is demonstrated in the analysis of experimental measurements in an equivalence ratio 2.1 ethylene–air flame above the surface of a McKenna burner. Precision errors because of experimental and fitting effects are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrepreneurship and Ethics: A Literature Review

During the past twenty years, there has been an explosion of new interest in entrepreneurs and their activities. Yet only recently has serious research attention been devoted to the ethical problems encountered by entrepreneurs and their organizations. Entrepreneurs face uniquely complex moral problems related to basic fairness, personnel and customer relationships, distribution dilemmas, and other challenges. This essay surveys contemporary research in entrepreneurial ethics, examines the kinds of ethical dilemmas entrepreneurs confront, identifies major research topics and methodological approaches, and discusses possible directions for future research.
Crowdsourcing Feature Discovery via Adaptively Chosen Comparisons

We introduce an unsupervised approach to efficiently discover the underlying features in a data set via crowdsourcing. Our queries ask crowd members to articulate a feature common to two out of three displayed examples. In addition, we ask the crowd to provide binary labels for these discovered features on the remaining examples. The triples are chosen adaptively based on the labels of the previously discovered features on the data set. This approach is motivated by a formal framework of feature elicitation that we introduce and analyze in this paper. In two natural models of features, hierarchical and independent, we show that a simple adaptive algorithm recovers all features with less labor than any nonadaptive algorithm. The savings are as a result of automatically avoiding the elicitation of redundant features or synonyms. Experimental results validate the theoretical findings and the usefulness of this approach.
Advanced feature extraction for keyblock-based image retrieval

Keyblock, which is a new framework we proposed for content-based image retrieval, is a generalization of the text-based information retrieval technology in the image domain. In this framework, keyblocks, which are analogous to keywords in text document retrieval, can be constructed by exploiting the vector quantization method which has been used for image compression. Then an image can be represented as a code matrix in which the elements are the indices of the keyblocks in a codebook. Based on this image representation, information retrieval and database analysis techniques developed in the text domain can be generalized to image retrieval. In this paper, we present new models named n-block models which are the generalization of the n-gram models in language modeling to extract comprehensive image features. The effort to capture context in a text document motivated the n-gram models. Similarly, the attempt to capture the content in an image motivates us to consider the correlations of keyblocks within an image. By comparing the performance of our approach with conventional techniques using color feature and wavelet texture feature, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of these n-block models.
Anomalous surface photoconductivity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The effects of field inhomogeneities on photoconductivity were investigated by measuring the current of amorphous silicon field effect transistors during illumination for various gate voltages. The photocurrent was nearly independent of light intensity, and the decay time increases to ∼1 sec for large band bending. The photocurrent characteristics of a gap electrode sample are the same as a transistor with a 1 V gate voltage. The results suggest that the gap cell photocurrent is affected by surface fields.
Bell inequalities and the separability criterion

Abstract We analyze and compare the mathematical formulations of the criterion for separability for bipartite density matrices and the Bell inequalities. We show that a violation of a Bell inequality can formally be expressed as a witness for entanglement. We also show how the criterion for separability and the existence of a description of the state by a local hidden variable theory, become equivalent when we restrict the set of local hidden variable theories to the domain of quantum mechanics. This analysis sheds light on the essential difference between the two criteria.
Mating behavior in field populations of Monilinia fructicola

The mating behavior of Monilinia fructi? cola was evaluated by examining the single ascospore progeny from 82 apothecia collected in the San Joa- quin Valley of California. The results show that indi? vidual apothecia generated populations of genetically diverse progeny as defined by the segregation of my? celial incompatibility genes. Furthermore, a number of apothecia segregated a 1:1 ratio of benomyl resis? tant and sensitive progeny. These results indicate that M. fructicola is capable of outcrossing and generating new genotypic combinations during each spring as apothecia are produced.
Approximation Modeling for the Online Performance Management of Distributed Computing Systems

A promising method of automating management tasks in computing systems is to formulate them as control or optimization problems in terms of performance metrics. For an online optimization scheme to be of practical value in a distributed setting, however, it must successfully tackle the curses of dimensionality and modeling. This paper develops a hierarchical control framework to solve performance management problems in distributed computing systems operating in a data center. Concepts from approximation theory are used to reduce the computational burden of controlling such large-scale systems. The relevant approximations are made in the construction of the dynamical models to predict system behavior and in the solution of the associated control equations. Using a dynamic resource-provisioning problem as a case study, we show that a computing system managed by the proposed control framework with approximation models realizes profit gains that are, in the best case, within 1% of a controller using an explicit model of the system.
New Potassium Bismuth Thiophosphates Including the Modulated K1.5Bi2.5(PS4)3

The compounds K3Bi3(PS4)4 (I), K1.5Bi2.5(PS4)3 (II), and K9Bi(PS4)4 (III) were synthesized, and their properties are described. Red needles of I crystallize in the tetragonal spacegroup P4/ncc with a = 21.0116(8) A and c = 13.3454(10) A and have a three-dimensional Bi/P/S framework structure with large channels occupied by K+ ions. Deep-red plates of II crystallize in the monoclinic super spacegroup P2/c(α1/2γ)00 with a = 21.8034(12) A, b = 8.8064(7) A, c = 10.0333(6) A, and β = 90.004(5)°. This compound has an incommensurately modulated superstructure with the modulation vector q = 0.25a* + 0.5b* + 0.16c*. Bright-red irregularly shaped blocks of III crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P21212 with a = 18.306(4) A, b = 8.926(2) A, and c = 9.710(2) A and have a discrete molecular salt structure with mononuclear [Bi(PS4)4]9- complexes. The structures reveal that as the relative amount of K3PS4 increases, there is a marked decrease in dimensionality of the framework. It was also possible to form a gla...
A Bargaining Model of Holdouts and Takings

The holdout problem is commonly cited as the justification for eminent domain, but the nature of the problem is not well understood. This article models the holdout problem in a bargaining framework, where a developer seeks to acquire several parcels of land for a large-scale development. We show that in the absence of eminent domain, holdouts are a significant threat, resulting in costly delay. However, if the developer has the power to use eminent domain to acquire the land from holdouts, all sellers will bargain, thus avoiding delay. An offsetting cost is that owners may negotiate prices below their true value, possibly resulting in excessive transfer of land to the developer.
Exploiting Correlations for Expensive Predicate Evaluation

User Defined Function(UDFs) are used increasingly to augment query languages with extra, application dependent functionality. Selection queries involving UDF predicates tend to be expensive, either in terms of monetary cost or latency. In this paper, we study ways to efficiently evaluate selection queries with UDF predicates. We provide a family of techniques for processing queries at low cost while satisfying user-specified precision and recall constraints. Our techniques are applicable to a variety of scenarios including when selection probabilities of tuples are available beforehand, when this information is available but noisy, or when no such prior information is available. We also generalize our techniques to more complex queries. Finally, we test our techniques on real datasets, and show that they achieve significant savings in UDF evaluations of up to $80\%$, while incurring only a small reduction in accuracy.
Multiple-model estimation with variable structure: likely model set algorithm

A general multiple-model estimator with a variable structure, called likely-model set (LMS) algorithm is presented. It uses a set of models that are not unlikely to match the system mode in effect at the given time. Different versions of the algorithm are discussed. The model set is made adaptive in the simplest version by deleting all unlikely models and activate all models to which a principal model may jump to anticipate the possible system mode transition. The generality, simplicity and ease in the design and implementation of the LMS estimator are illustrated via an example of tracking a maneuvering target and an example of fault detection and identification. Comparison of its cost-effectiveness with other fixed- structure and variable-structure multiple-model estimators is given.