cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of plastic low tunnels on natural enemies and pollinators in New York strawberry

Abstract Although growing strawberries under low tunnels is increasing in popularity across the northeastern United States, little is known of how they impact the presence of natural enemies and pollinators that provide key ecosystem services on strawberry. We employed passive (fruit collections, sticky cards and pitfall traps) and direct (direct observations, leaf brushing and fruit bagging) monitoring over 2–3 growing seasons to compare the abundance and impact of beneficial insects and mites on strawberry grown under low tunnels versus the open field. Three different low tunnel plastics ranging in UV-selectivity were included to determine any effect of UV exclusion on natural enemy and pollinator presence. Plant yield and fruit marketability was higher under low tunnels compared to the open field for two of three years observed. The abundance of predators, and to a lesser extent parasitoids, was similar or higher under low tunnels compared to the open field. However, catch on sticky cards revealed lower densities of parasitoids under tunnels. There was some evidence that UV-selecting plastics resulted in poorly pollinated fruit compared to UV-transmitting and open-field treatments. However, there was no difference in pollinator presence among treatments, so the mechanisms causing the plastic effect are unclear. Overall, we conclude that growing strawberries under low tunnels, regardless of UV selectively, can support higher and more marketable yield in some years while likely having neutral to positive impacts on beneficial predators, parasitoids and pollinators.
Bone density in youth with prediabetes: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006.

Youth with type 2 diabetes might have suboptimal peak bone mass, but it is unknown whether similar effects are evident in youth with prediabetes. Results from this study suggest that diabetes-related effects on peak bone mass likely occur before disease onset, and involve the muscle-bone unit. Type 2 diabetes might adversely influence bone health around the age of peak bone mass, but it is unknown whether diabetes-related effects on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) are evident in youth with prediabetes. We compared age-related trends in aBMD and associations between lean body mass (LBM) and aBMD between children and adolescents with prediabetes vs. normal glucose regulation. Cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2006) in youth ages 12–20 years (49% female, 34% black) with prediabetes (n = 267) and normal glucose regulation (n = 1664). Whole body aBMD and LBM were assessed via DXA. LBM index (LBMI) and Z-scores for aBMD and LBMI were computed. Unadjusted between-group comparisons revealed greater mean weight and LBMI Z-scores in youth with prediabetes vs. normal glucose regulation, but similar bone Z-scores between the two groups. While accounting for differences in BMI Z-score, there was a significant interaction between prediabetes status and age with respect to whole body aBMD Z-score (P < 0.05), such that children with prediabetes tended to have increased aBMD but adolescents and young adults with prediabetes tended have lower aBMD. Furthermore, the positive association between LBMI and whole body aBMD was moderated in youth with prediabetes (P < 0.001), who had slightly lower whole body aBMD for a given LBMI (P = 0.068). Lumbar spine bone measures did not differ between the two groups. Type 2 diabetes-related threats to peak bone mass might occur prior to disease onset, therefore potentially impacting a considerable proportion of US youth.
Practical Interfacing in the Laboratory: Using a PC for Instrumentation, Data Analysis and Control

This text describes in practical terms how to use a desk-top computer to monitor and control laboratory experiments. The author clearly explains how to design electronic circuits and write computer programs to sense, analyse and display real-world quantities, including displacement, temperature, force, sound, light, and biomedical potentials. The book includes numerous laboratory exercises and appendices that provide practical information on microcomputer architecture and interfacing, including complete circuit diagrams and component lists. Topics include analog amplification and signal processing, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion, electronic sensors and actuators, digital and analog interfacing circuits, and programming. Only a very basic knowledge of electronics is assumed, making it ideal for college-level laboratory courses and for practising engineers and scientists.
Fracture initiation in metals under stress wave loading conditions

An experimental procedure is described for accurately establishing the dynamic fracture initiation properties of structural metals at extremely high loading rates. The apparatus is an adaptation of the Kolsky pressure bar(split-Hopkinson bar) in which a 1-in.-diameter round bar specimen with a prefatigued circumferential notch is loaded to failure by the rapidly rising tensile pulse resulting from an explosive detonation. Using the standard Kolsky technique, the average stress at the fracture site is measured as a function of time. Crack opening displacement is measured by optical means, as a function of time, thus yielding a complete load-displacement record for each test. From the data the critical value of the crack-tip stress intensity factor, K I c , at loading rates, K I in excess of 10 9 psi √in./s may be obtained. This is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than has been achieved by other standard techniques. Results are presented for dynamic tests conducted on SAE 4340 steel and 1020 cold-rolled steel, and these are compared to results from static tests performed on specimens of similar shape.
Angiotensin II as a Mediator of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the result of a complicated cascade of events in blood vessels leading to a reduction in arterial lumen and blockage. The disease may be considered an inflammatory disease, which results from the combined presence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and an activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The progression is through a number of steps involving endothelial cells, monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The progression to complete blockage of the artery is a slow process taking several decades, but the end result can be sudden death, acute myocardial ischemia, or stroke.
Chapter 2 The many facets of metal epitaxy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses metal epitaxy on metals and semiconductors, mainly in the (quasi-) FM mode. Films grown in this mode have many applications: they allow the study of the evolution of physical properties such as electronic structure, magnetic domain structure, or electrical conductivity, and of chemical properties such as catalytic activity from the monolayer to the bulk. They also allow the growth and study of sandwiches and multilayers, which have become of particular importance in thin film magnetism. The spin-polarized electrons used in spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM) also produce pronounced spin-dependent quantum size effects. The absence of significant thickness fluctuations that is necessary to see this effect is also important for the fundamental understanding of magnetic coupling phenomena to exclude roughness as cause of the observed phenomena. The structural changes during the transition from the pseudomorphic (bcc) layer to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) growth stage are rather complicated.
Loss of Cdh1 Triggers Premature Senescence in Part via Activation of Both the RB/E2F1 and the CLASPIN/CHK1/P53 Tumor Suppressor Pathways

Senescence is recently characterized as one of the evolutionarily conserved protective mechanisms against tumor development. Several upstream factors including oxidative stress, DNA damage and overexpression of certain oncoproteins have been shown to induce premature senescence. Interestingly, it has been discovered that instead of promoting tumorigenesis, loss of certain tumor suppressors such as TSC2, PTEN and NF1 induce premature senescence under certain conditions, presumably by activating the downstream oncoproteins mTORC1/S6k, Akt and Ras, respectively. Interestingly, it has been observed by multiple groups that acute loss of Cdh1 also leads to premature senescence in several cellular settings including mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human primary fibroblasts. This is in part due to the fact that Cdh1 loss leads to stabilization of Ets2, which increases p16 expression and causes premature senescence. Moreover, recent studies from our laboratory further suggested that loss of Cdh1 results in the activation of both the Claspin/Chk1/p53 and the Rb/E2F1 pathways, which ultimately leads to premature senescence in primary human fibroblasts but not in transformed cells with defective p53/Rb pathways. Therefore, our studies support the idea that onset of premature senescence serves as a protection mechanism against sporadic tumorigenesis. It also indicates that loss of Cdh1 tumor suppressor is a relatively late event, which only benefits tumorigenesis for late stage tumors with defective Rb and p53 tumor suppressor pathways. More importantly, our results also indicate that Cdh1 could be an anti-cancer target in certain settings, as complete inactivation of Cdh1 in early stage tumors with wild-type p53 and Rb pathways will lead to induction of premature senescence, thereby aiding tumor regression.
Timing of Passage Development and Sedimentation at Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado, USA

In this study the age of the onset of passage development and the timing of sedimentation in the cave passages at the Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado are determined. The amino acid rations of land snails located in nearby radiometrically dated alluvial terraces and an alluvial terrace geomorphically associated with Cave of the Winds were used to construct an aminostratigraphic record. This indicated that the terrace was ~ 2 Ma. The age of the terrace and its geomorphic relation to the Cave of the Winds was use to calibrate the magnetostratigraphy of a 10 meter thick cave sediment sequence. The results indicated that cave dissolution started ~4.5 Ma and cave clastic sedimentation stopped ~1.5 Ma.
Pronunciar “perejil” en el río Masacre

Aqui se explora un aspecto del terror ejercido por el gobierno trujillista en el contexto economico-politico del Estado dominicano. El escenario escogido para dramatizar la violacion de derechos humanos durante el genocidio de 1937 se establece narrativamente en tres novelas (El Masacre se pasa a pie, de Prestol Castillo, Massacre River, de Philoctete y The Farming of Bones, de Danticat), cuyos contextos exploran un detalle: la pronunciacion de la palabra “perejil” para distinguir entre un haitiano y un dominicano, precisamente en un espacio fronterizo donde establecer la identidad depende de como se pronuncia una lengua. Con la masacre de 1937 se destruye un mundo multietnico en aras del discurso de la homogeneidad racial, cultural, linguistica y religiosa dominicana con el proposito de consolidar la republica por los senderos de la “modernidad”.
Marine natural products-XVI

Abstract Examination of the red alga Plocamium sp. collected near the Antarctic penninsula yielded three new acyclic halogenated monoterpenes ( 1 – 3 ). A structure revision is proposed for a compound previously reported to have structure 1 . X-ray diffraction provided the structure of 1 including absolute stereochemistry. The structures of 2 and 3 followed from proton and 13 C NMR spectral interpretation.
Molecular Genetics of Herpes Simplex Virus II. Mapping of the Major Viral Glycoproteins and of the Genetic Loci Specifying the Social Behavior of Infected Cells

We have mapped the location in herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA of (i) three mutations at different loci ( syn loci) which alter the social behavior of infected cells from clumping of rounded cells to polykaryocytosis, (ii) a mutation which determines the accumulation of one major glycoprotein [VP8.0(C 2 )], and (iii) the sequences encoding four major virus glycoproteins [VP8.0(C 2 ), VP7(B 2 ), VP8.5(A), and VP19E(D 2 )]. The experimental design and results were as follows. (i) Analysis of HSV-1 × HSV-2 recombinants showed that the sequences encoding the VP19E(D 2 ) glycoprotein map in the S component, whereas the sequences encoding the other three major glycoproteins are in two locations in the L component of HSV DNA. The templates specifying the HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein VP8.0(C 2 ) appear not to be colinear; we isolated recombinants specifying glycoproteins comigrating in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with VP8.0(C 2 ) of both HSV-1 and HSV-2. (ii) Marker rescue of a ts mutant defective in accumulation of glycoprotein VP7(B 2 ) showed that the mutation maps within a region containing the sequences encoding that glycoprotein. (iii) Marker transfer experiments involving transfection of rabbit skin cells with donor HSV-1(F) DNA and fragments from several donor strains causing fusion of Vero or both Vero and HEp-2 cells revealed the existence of three syn loci specifying the social behavior of cells and one locus ( Cr ) determining the accumulation of glycoprotein VP8.0(C 2 ). The Cr locus maps to the right of the template specifying VP8.0(C 2 ) glycoprotein. Loci syn 1 and syn 2 map at or near the Cr locus but can be segregated from it. Locus syn 3 maps at or near the template specifying glycoproteins VP7(B 2 ) and VP8.5(A). The expression of mutations in the syn 1 and syn 3 loci appear to be cell type dependent, in that recombinants with these mutations fuse Vero cells but not HEp-2 cells. Recipients of the syn 2 locus or of both syn 2 and syn 1 loci fuse both Vero and HEp-2 cells. Images
Robust Adaptive Filters

This chapter contains sections titled: A Posteriori-Based Robust Filters ?>-NLMS Algorithm A Priori-Based Robust Filters LMS Algorithm ?> ?> Filters
On Feedback Stabilization of Linear Systems

Constant gain fixed order controllers for linear systems are considered. A necessary and sufficient condition for the stabilizability of such a system by a chosen order controller is established. When fixed order controllers are designed to be optimal with respect to a quadratic cost, the usual gradient search algorithm requires a starting value which is a stabilizing controller, and such starting values can be hard to find. A method is proposed and studied for obtaining starting values by a homotopy on the parameter ? when the system matrix A is replaced by A+? = 1. Properties of the optimizing feedback control as a function of ? are given.
Neurons dissociated from rat myenteric plexus retain differentiated properties when grown in cell culture. I. Morphological properties and immunocytochemical localization of transmitter candidates.

Abstract We have developed procedures for dissociating neurons from the myenteric plexus of the small intestine of newborn rats and for growing those neurons in cell cultures for up to 3 months. Neurons in these cultures retain many of the differentiated properties of myenteric neurons in vivo . This is the first of a series of 3 papers describing those properties. In this paper, we describe the morphology of cultured neurons that we have observed with light and electron microscopy; we also describe the patterns of straining observed when immunocytochemical techniques were used to localize neurotransmitter candidates in the cultured neurons. Intracellular injections of a fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow, revealed that many of the cultured neurons had morphologies similar to those of myenteric neurons in vivo . When thin sections of cultures were viewed in an electron microscope, many neurons were observed to have numerous small (40–60 nm), clear synaptic vesicles and/or large (80–150 nm), opaque-cored (p-type) vesicles. Synaptic profiles were most often observed on neuronal somata. Neurons containing immunoreactive serotonin, substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, bombesin and gastrin/cholecystokinin were observed in about the same proportions as they occur in the intact myenteric plexus. Neurons containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were found in higher numbers than reported in vivo . Neurons containing immunoreactive neurotensin, secretin and glutamate decarboxylase were not observed. An antiserum directed against choline acetyltransferase stained 40–50% of the neurons. We conclude that myenteric neurons continue to express much of their normal differentiated properties even when they are removed from the gut, dissociated into a suspension of single cells and grown in culture. Such cultures will be useful for correlating the morphological, biophysical, pharmacological and synaptic properties of individual myenteric neurons and for testing the ability of altered environmental conditions to change those properties.
A comparative study on vibration‐based condition monitoring algorithms for wind turbine drive trains

The ability to detect and diagnose incipient gear and bearing degradation can offer substantial improvements in reliability and availability of the wind turbine asset. Considering the motivation for improved reliability of the wind turbine drive train, numerous research efforts have been conducted using a vast array of vibration-based algorithms. Despite these efforts, the techniques are often evaluated on smaller-scale test-beds, and existing studies do not provide a detailed comparison between the various vibration-based condition monitoring algorithms. This study evaluates a multitude of methods, including frequency domain and cepstrum analysis, time synchronous averaging narrowband and residual methods, bearing envelope analysis and spectral kurtosis-based methods. A full-scale baseline wind turbine drive train and a drive train with several gear and bearing failures are tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) dynamometer test cell during the NREL Gear Reliability Collaborative Round Robin study. A tabular set of results is presented to highlight the ability of each algorithm to accurately detect the bearing and gear wheel component health. The results highlight that the cepstrum and the narrowband phase modulation signal were effective methods for diagnosing gear tooth problems, whereas bearing envelope analysis could confidently detect most of the bearing-related failures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature and growth‐induced water potential

When the steins of dark-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seedlings grew rapidly at favorable temperatures in saturating humidities, a water potential of about 0·2 MPa was induced by growth ($pSo-$pSw, where $pSo is the water potential of the basal nonelongating tissue and $pSw is the water potential of the elongating tissue). If this water potential was caused by high concentrations of solute in the apoplast, as has been proposed, lowering the temperature should have little effect on the potential. On the other hand, if the water potential was caused by apoplast tensions generated by growth, then the tensions should disappear as growth is inhibited by low temperatures. We observed that the growth-induced water potential became too small to detect when growth was inhibited by temperatures as low as 13—5 °C. The disappearance was observed as a rise in apoplast water potential using a thermocouple psychrometer for intact plants, a rise in cell turgor using a miniature pressure probe and a decrease in apoplast tensions using a pressure chamber. The disappearance was not caused by a loss of solute from the apoplast because the tensions fully accounted for the growth-induced water potential at all temperatures. The results are consistent with the lack of solute measured directly in the apoplast solutions at high temperatures (Nonami & Boyer 1987). Therefore, it was concluded that little solute was present in the apoplast at any temperature, and the growth-induced water potential was associated mostly with a tension that moved water from the xylem and into the surrounding cells to meet the demand of cell enlargement.
A Nutrition Paradox — Underweight and Obesity in Developing Countries

The combination of underweight in children and overweight in adults, frequently coexisting in the same family, is a relatively new phenomenon in developing countries undergoing the nutrition transi...
Effect of Splenectomy on T Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A case-control study was conducted at two institutions to determine whether the absolute CD4 lymphocyte count or the percentage of lymphocytes bearing the CD4 marker (i.e., the CD4 percentage) is a more accurate indicator of underlying immune status in splenectomized patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Each of nine splenectomized HIV-infected cases was matched with six nonsplenectomized HIV-infected controls--three matched for CD4 lymphocyte count and three for CD4 percentage. In analyses including the eight cases with an initial CD4 lymphocyte count of > 200/mm3, controlling for the CD4 count revealed differences between cases and controls in terms of CD4 percentage (range, 10%-41% and 17%-54%, respectively; P .7). These data suggest that the numerical relationship between the CD4 lymphocyte count and the CD4 percentage among splenectomized HIV-infected patients with more than 200 CD4 cells/mm3 differs from that among nonsplenectomized patients. The CD4 percentage appears to be a more accurate indicator of the underlying level of immune function in the former group of patients.
Maternal recall of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana use during pregnancy.

Abstract Alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana use during pregnancy was reported antenatally and at 13 months postpartum by 361 black inner city mothers. The two reports were moderately related for all three substances, but levels reported retrospectively were substantially higher. MAST scores did not differ for the two interviews. Most of the correlations of the antenatal and retrospective reports with maternal and infant characteristics were similar in magnitude; those that differed were somewhat stronger for the antenatal measures. Although the retrospective reports may provide a better indication of mean levels of fetal exposure, they may be less precise in rank ordering among individuals for purposes of correlational analysis. Women with higher MAST scores were particularly prone to report higher levels of both alcohol and cocaine when interviewed retrospectively, and more severely depressed mothers were more likely to report higher levels retrospectively for all three substances. These data suggest that women reporting more than 1.3 drinks/week antenatally (AA/day > 0.1) may actually be drinking at levels at risk for alcohol-related birth defects.
Biologic effects of x-irradiation

Abstract Direct x-irradiation of testes of mice with 2000r and of rats with 4 500r results in the loss of germinal cells alone or germinal cells and Sertoli cells without apparent morphological change of the interstitial cells. The induced sterility does not feminize the submaxillary gland as does castration. No additive effect was noted when castration after acute x-irradiation was the method of treatment.
Ultrasonic Attenuation and Volume Viscosity in Liquid Nitrogen

The volume viscosity in liquid nitrogen has been calculated from ultrasonic attenuation measurements at temperatures between 73.6° and 113.8°K with pressures up to 141.5 kg/cm2. Measurements of attenuation as a function of pressure were made using single transducer, pulsed systems. The low‐pressure apparatus employed a variable‐path‐length sample chamber while the high‐pressure study was made with a fixed double‐path‐length cell. The measured attenuation depends linearly on the square of the frequency over the range 30–70 Mc/sec. The volume viscosity of liquid nitrogen increases with increasing density and shows the same density dependence as has been reported for liquid argon. The volume viscosity of liquid nitrogen ranges from 1.3 g/cm·sec at a density of 0.650 g/cm3 to 2.4 g/cm·sec at a density of 0.850 g/cm3 and has the same order of magnitude as the shear viscosity. The ratio of volume viscosity to shear viscosity at a temperature of 77.6°K and pressure of 1.67 kg/cm2 is 1.2. The results indicate tha...
Precipitation-driven self-sorting of imines.

Judicious choice of precipitation conditions can lead to self-sorting of equilibrating mixtures of aromatic aldehydes and substituted anilines into a handful of imine products. The selectivity of this process is caused by the solubility differences among possible imines in the EtOH–H2O solvent mixtures used in precipitation.
The Long Life of Liberal America: Law and State-Building in the U.S. and U.K.

This brief essay compares the law and politics, processes and outcomes of twentieth-century state-building in the U.S. and England. There were conspicuous differences between the New Deal state that was fashioned in 1930s and '40s America and the welfare state England created in those decades. More interestingly, the ideology and institutional contours of this new American state were deeply influenced by the ambivalent and lawyerly brand of American liberalism that animated figures like Charles Evan Hughes and Roscoe Pound - poised between progressive commitments to social reform, social provision, and administrative-state-building, on one hand, and older, classical liberal commitments to limited and decentralized, dual federalist government and the primacy of courts and common law and traditional legal and constitutional niceties, on the other. The architecture of what we've come to call the New Deal state and of America's system of social provision was not the product of robust New Deal liberalism. If New Dealers had been able to design the state and American public social insurance according to their specifications, its institutions (and their justificatory language) would have looked dramatically different - and far more like England's. We better understand the state that actually emerged in the U.S. as the product of a half-century of conflict and accommodation between the new liberalism of Progressive and New Deal reformers and the old or classical legal liberalism of the Lochner Constitution, and the jurists, lawyers, and politicians who hewed to it. The modern American welfare and regulatory state was not one that any single group intended or envisioned; but it bore the deep imprint of Lochner's diverse defenders and the court- and common law-dominated institutional order they fought to preserve. Small wonder, the essay suggests, that members of the legal elite, such as Hughes and Pound, who combined vast energy, abilities, and ambition with a self-conscious and astute positioning of themselves as mediators between old and new liberalisms, left such durable legacies.
Attractiveness of CO2 and Synthetic honey bee (Apis Mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) cuticular hydrocarbons to the honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Abstract Despite the devastation caused by the honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, over its range, it is difficult to detect and little is known about what attracts the mite to its host. Based on previous studies of tracheal mites and of other blood sucking arthropods, we developed bioassay procedures to study the attractiveness of CO2 and of honey bee cuticular hydrocarbons to dispersing tracheal mites. The CO2 assay consisted of a three-choice test between streams of air, a CO2 /air mix, and a no-gas control. Air was chosen most frequently overall. Weighted scores were calculated based on the strength and frequency of response, and in this case the CO2 /air mixture was favored. Known hydrocarbon mixtures and hexane extracts of bees were applied to pipecleaners and inserted into small test hives. No tracheal mites were recovered from any of these, failing to support other studies that found these substances to be attractive in the lab. The results are discussed in relation to what is known about the...
Proton-coupled electron transfer involving tyrosine Z in photosystem II

The O 2 -evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the oxidation of water to dioxygen. In addition to a tetramanganese-oxo (Mn4) cluster, calcium and chloride ions, the OEC also contains Tyrosine Z (Y Z ), aredox intermediate in the water oxidation reaction. The redox mechanism employed by Yz is under much debate. Using a novel method to study Yz oxidation based on the kinetic competition with secondary donors, we examine the electron-donation pathways of manganese-depleted PSII over a range of temperature and pH. H/D substitution causes a shift in the onset temperature for Yz oxidation, enabling measurements of lyonium isotope effects. In deuterated samples, the onset temperature for Yz oxidation is upshifted, suggesting that proton movement is a required step. Proton inventory experiments were performed to determine the number of protons that shift during the Yz oxidation reaction. Our findings indicate the movement of a single proton during the rate-limiting step of the oxidation process. The results presented herein demonstrate a need for proton movement in conjunction with Yz oxidation and support previous proposals that a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) step is necessary for oxidation of Yz. The possible involvement of PCET in the energetics of specific steps in the mechanism of water oxidation is discussed.
Fluoxetine monotherapy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid non-bipolar mood disorders in children and adolescents.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for developing comorbid non-bipolar mood disorders. Fluoxetine monotherapy is an established treatment for pediatric mood disorders; however its efficacy in ADHD and comorbid mood disorder is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated 30 children who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and comorbid non-bipolar mood disorders in a prospective, 6–12-week open-label, study of fluoxetine monotherapy. Fluoxetine was associated with significant decreases in the severity of depressive symptoms, and also, associated with significant decreases on subscales of inattention/overactivity and aggression/defiant symptoms—47% of participants were much or very much improved without observed adverse effects.
Surgical repair of redundant intra-thoracic stomach after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy

SUMMARY. We present two patients with low esophagogastric anastomosis, redundant intrathoracic stomach, and markedly symptomatic reflux and regurgitation after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. The diagnosis, technique of surgical revision, and outcome is discussed.
Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course

Objectives. We sought to determine whether unhealthy behaviors play a stress-buffering role in observed racial disparities in physical and mental health.Methods. We conducted logistic regressions by race on data from the first 2 waves of the Americans' Changing Lives Survey to determine whether unhealthy behaviors had buffering effects on the relationship between major stressors and chronic health conditions, and on the relationship between major stressors and meeting the criteria for major depression.Results. Among Whites, unhealthy behaviors strengthened the relationship between stressors and meeting major-depression criteria. Among Blacks, however, the relationship between stressors and meeting major-depression criteria was stronger among those who had not engaged in unhealthy behaviors than among those who had. Among both race groups there was a positive association between stressors and chronic health conditions. Among Blacks there was an additional positive association between number of unhealthy be...
Nanometer-scale arrangement of human serum albumin by adsorption on defect arrays created with a finely focused ion beam

Well-ordered arrays of pits were prepared on gallium arsenide and silicon wafers using a finely focused ion beam (FFIB). The defect pits on gallium arsenide, examined with tapping mode scanning force microscopy (TM-SFM), had a rim diameter of 60 nm and we
Estradiol Inhibits Pdgf-and Serum-Stimulated Map Kinase Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells † 215

Estradiol Inhibits Pdgf-and Serum-Stimulated Map Kinase Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells † 215
Exploring the Effect of Organizational Culture on Consumer Perceptions of Agency Support for Mental Health Recovery

This research explores the impact of mental health agency culture on consumers’ perceptions of agency support for their recovery. This study hypothesized that a constructive organizational culture must be present for consumers to perceive agency support for recovery. A sample of 12 mental health agencies in rural Pennsylvania participated in the research. Agency administrators completed an instrument called the recovery oriented service environment, which measured the number of recovery model program components offered by the agency. Consumers completed the recovery oriented services indicators, which taps into their perception of agency support for recovery. Direct service staff completed the organizational social context, which measured their agency’s culture. Results showed that in this sample stronger consumer perceptions of agency support for recovery were correlated with higher ratings of agency constructive culture. The results suggest that agency culture is an important variable to target when implementing recovery model programming.
Characterization of the mechanism of gasification of a powder river basin coal with a composite catalyst for producing desired syngases and liquids

Abstract The objective of this research was to examine the mechanisms of FeCO3, Na2CO3, and FeCO3-Na2CO3 based catalytic coal gasification of a low-sulfur sub-bituminous Wyodak coal from the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to perform the analyses. Use of composite catalysts for coal gasification overcomes some of the limitations of the standalone use of Na or Fe catalysts. The XRD results are consistent with interactive mechanisms or the formation of Na–Fe oxides as the catalytic pathway. Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated the presence of metallic iron and cementite in the char at different stages. The Fe catalysts were better at tar decomposition than the Na catalysts, as indicated by GC–MS analyses. NMR spectra confirmed that tar compositions vary with the catalytic mechanism. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of high yields of aromatic components and long aliphatic chains in the tar. Composite Fe–Na catalysts provide a method to tailor the amounts and composition of product generated during gasification.
Microstructural characterization of terpolymers of leucine, β‐benzyl aspartate, and valine

Three different characterization methods- 13 C NMR spectroscopy, a terminal terpolymerization model, and a probability analysis based on the Poisson distribution-were used to determine the microstructure of random terpolymers. The methods were used to determine the amino acid sequence distribution of random terpolymers prepared from the polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides that contained L-leucine, β-benzyl-L-aspartate, and L-valine. Poly(L-leucine-L-aspartic acid-L-valine) [poly(LDV)] was designed as a target specific substrate for the α 4 β 1 integrin that recognizes the tripeptide sequence leucine-aspartic acid-valine (LDV). The presence of the tripeptide sequence LDV within the polymer was determined to be eight LDV triad sequences on average in terpolymers of approximately 100 kDa.
Shell Disease in the American Lobster, Homarus americanus: A Synthesis of Research from the New England Lobster Research Initiative: Lobster Shell Disease

ABSTRACT The goal of this synthesis is to highlight some of the major findings of the New England Lobster Research Initiative (NELRI), provide a context for these findings based on previous research, discuss the potential impacts of this important emerging disease on the dwindling lobster populations in southern New England (SNE), and provide suggestions on avenues for future research. Most of the research funded in this initiative focused on epizootic shell disease (ESD), the emerging syndrome severely impacting lobster populations primarily in coastal waters in Rhode Island, southern Massachusetts, and eastern Long Island Sound (ELIS), but some new information about other forms of shell disease in lobsters is included. We also discuss how these novel findings on lobster shell disease should be used to inform management of lobster populations.
Fish tissue quality in near-coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico receiving point source discharges.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine inorganic and organic contaminant concentrations in edible tissue of fish collected from eight coastal areas receiving wastewater discharges and from two reference locations. Trace metal residues were statistically similar regardless of the collection site. Zinc (100% detection in all samples), total mercury (100%), total arsenic (92%), copper (92%), and selenium (88%) were the more commonly detected trace metals. Mercury concentrations exceeded the Florida health-based standard of 0.5 μg/g for limited fish consumption in 30% of the total samples and averaged 0.40 (±1 S.D.=0.22, range≤0.08 to 0.85) μg/g wet weight. The average total PAH concentrations were 1.79 (±1.60) ng/g (reference areas) and 2.17 (±3.29) ng/g (wastewater-impacted areas). Pyrene was detected most frequently (63% of the total samples) and averaged 0.74 (±0.35) ng/g wet wt. The average total PCB concentrations were 4.8 (±7.1) ng/g (reference areas) and 31.6 (±31.3) ng/g (wastewater-impacted areas) Concentrations of dieldrin and cis-chlordane were approximately eight times greater, respectively, in fish collected from wastewater receiving waters, whereas total DDT and total pesticide concentrations were not elevated in the same areas. Concentrations of total PCBs and all chlorinated pesticides were below US health-based standards. The lack of a published reference data base for fish tissue quality in near-coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico restricts an assessment of the environmental significance of results from this and similar studies investigating the fate of point source contaminants.
Sex and Self-Control Theory The Measures and Causal Model May Be Different

This study examines the distribution differences across sexes in key measures of self-control theory and differences in a causal model. Using cross-sectional data from juveniles (n = 1,500), the st...
Health information seeking behaviors of ethnically diverse adolescents.

Research on health information has primarily focused on the needs of adults or parents of children with chronic illnesses or consumers. There is limited research on the health information needs of adolescents and in particular those from underserved communities. The primary objective of this qualitative study was to understand the health information needs of healthy, urban adolescents, and how they met those needs. Focus group methodology was used to gather information from a sample of ethnically diverse urban adolescents. Data was analyzed using Kriekelas’ information seeking behavior framework to, examine the participants’’ report of their immediate and deferred health information needs. Our sample of adolescents used several different sources to satisfy their health information needs depending on acuity and severity, which was congruent with Kriekelas’ framework. Understanding how adolescents use technology to meet their health information needs, and in what order of preference, will be critical for the development of technology that adolescents find useful and has the potential to decrease health disparities.
WHAT'S IN A MODEL? ISSUES IN THE USE OF SIMULATION MODELS TO ANALYZE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING: A REACTION TO OHLSSON, ERNST, AND REES

Ohlsson, Ernst, and Rees (this issue) have produced a wonderfully lucid description of their paradigmatic approach to issues of cognition and instruction. They illustrate their approach by presenting the details of a well worked out computational model. Then, on the basis of simulation runs on the model, they derive some implications for practice. The authors have also laid down some rather stringent constraints for commentary. Do not critique our paradigms, they say, unless you can offer a replacement that does better. Do not critique the choice of knowledge representation (production systems) or modeling assumptions (e.g., limitations on working memory) unless you have compelling data to offer in service of your argument and in contradiction of our assumptions. Argument about details is useful, they say, but that won't change the conclusions we draw. So what's a reviewer to do?
Cognitive Requirements of Learning Computer Programming in Group and Individual Settings.

AbstractThis study investigated the achievement and cognitive requirements of achievement among students learning computer programming in individual and small group settings. Fifty-five students aged 11 to 14 learned a half-day unit on microcomputer BASIC with one or two students to a computer. Programming outcomes measured here included knowledge of commands, knowledge of syntax, ability to interpret programs, and ability to generate programs. No difference on any programming outcome appeared between individual and group settings. The cognitive prerequisites of learning computer programming, however, differed between learning settings and across computer programming outcomes. Quantitative and verbal ability were the best predictors of programming outcomes in the individual setting. Nonverbal reasoning, spatial ability, and age were additional potent predictors of learning in the group setting.
Growth After Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An RCT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may lead to weight gain, which can have deleterious health effects when leading to obesity. However, previous data have been from nonrandomized uncontrolled studies, limiting inferences. This study examined the anthropometric changes over a 7-month interval in a randomized controlled trial of adenotonsillectomy for OSAS, the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial. METHODS: A total of 464 children who had OSAS (average apnea/hypopnea index [AHI] 5.1/hour), aged 5 to 9.9 years, were randomized to Early Adenotonsillectomy (eAT) or Watchful Waiting and Supportive Care (WWSC). Polysomnography and anthropometry were performed at baseline and 7-month follow-up. Multivariable regression modeling was used to predict the change in weight and growth indices. RESULTS: Interval increases in the BMI z score (0.13 vs 0.31) was observed in both the WWSC and eAT intervention arms, respectively, but were greater with eAT ( P < .0001). Statistical modeling showed that BMI z score increased significantly more in association with eAT after considering the influences of baseline weight and AHI. A greater proportion of overweight children randomized to eAT compared with WWSC developed obesity over the 7-month interval (52% vs 21%; P < .05). Race, gender, and follow-up AHI were not significantly associated with BMI z score change. CONCLUSIONS: eAT for OSAS in children results in clinically significant greater than expected weight gain, even in children overweight at baseline. The increase in adiposity in overweight children places them at further risk for OSAS and the adverse consequences of obesity. Monitoring weight, nutritional counseling, and encouragement of physical activity should be considered after eAT for OSAS.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition (ICHD III) – Changes and Challenges

In order to effectively study and manage headache disorders, diagnosis is essential. In both research and clinical arenas, separating secondary causes from primary headache disorders is a crucial first step, followed by further specificity within these broader categories. Historical approaches to classifying headache disorders culminated in the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), completed and published in 1988. This was revised as the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD II) in 2004. The International Headache Society's Subcommittee on Classification began work on the 3rd edition in 2010, and has just published this online and in the journal Cephalalgia. The diagnostic criteria for more than 200 causes of headaches are based upon evidence when available, and fortunately, recent research in the field of headache medicine has produced data applicable to the refinement of classification of a number of primary and secondary headache disorders. Some areas, however, await further study, making classification more challenging. This article will attempt to provide an overview of the rationale behind the ICHD, a guide to its use, and a summary of important diagnostic features of the primary and secondary headaches, particularly where these have changed significantly in the ICHD III from ICHD II.
Prognosis for the Development of New Chemical Birth-Control Agents

The prognosis for the development of new chemical contraceptives is discussed with emphasis on the inherent restrictions placed on scientific research by modern advanced societies. Despite the greatly increased awareness and concern about the population problem and the great number of research projects now aimed at developing new contraceptive techniques the outlook for the development of new chemical contraceptives is not bright. The scientific complexity of steroid compounds and the types of testing required to develop clinically effective preparations demand that such research be conducted in the most highly developed countries where the pressure of the population problem is the least. In the United States the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) regulations requiring years of testing and strict guarantees of drug safety require well over a decade for a drug to progress from discovery to marketing and the standards for chemical contraceptives are much more strict than for most other drugs. The FDA though a political rather than a scientific organization has wide-ranging international influence since FDA approval is almost essential for world-wide acceptance of a contraceptive compound even though the FDAs principles for testing and approval are not necessarily the same as those of the developing countries. The result is that while the developing countries populations double every 20 years the hope for a new ideal chemical contraceptive rests with a government agency not directly threatened by the population problem or aware of its imperatives which establishes testing standards that make the development of such a drug logistically improbable. The population problem will only begin to be solved when enough people become aware of its dramatic importance and one step to aid new contraceptive development would be to put supervisory scientific control in the hands of the United Nations agencies.
Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast

Primary squamous cell carcinoma is a rare form of carcinoma of the breast. This article reports on two such lesions with their appearance in magnetic resonance imaging and reviews the scant English literature of the past 10 years. Most of these tumors are circumscribed and have areas of necrosis. The prognosis in patients with this disease is the same as that of adenocarcinoma of the same size and stage.