cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barrier layer model determined by XPS data for tunneling current reductions at monolayer nitrided Si–SiO2 interfaces

Abstract This paper builds on previous work that has demonstrated that interfacial suboxide transition regions at Si–SiO2 interfaces modify tunneling oscillations in the Fowler–Nordheim regime. This paper extends this approach to the direct tunneling regime, emphasizing differences in interfacial transition regions between Si–SiO2 interfaces with and without monolayer level interface nitridation. Tunneling currents in devices with the same oxide-equivalent thickness are reduced by monolayer level interfacial nitrogen with respect to devices without interface nitridation for both substrate and gate injection in both the direct and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling regimes. These decreases have been combined with physically thicker stacked oxide/nitride dielectrics to yield significantly reduced tunneling compared to devices with oxides of the same equivalent oxide thickness, tox-eq; e.g., tunneling currents ∼5×10−3 A/cm2 at 1 V for tox-eq∼1.6 nm have been obtained.
Relativistic corrections to baryon magnetic moments

Abstract We argue that in the nonrelativistic quark model, the only order v 2 c 2 corrections to the lowest order predictions for the baryon magnetic moments come from configuration mixing of the ground state with states of orbital angular momentum one. When these corrections (with several new parameters) are included, the model fits the experimental moments within the errors. We predict the Ω− moment to be −2.25 ± 0.09 nuclear magnetons.
An integrated genetic and physical map of the bovine X chromosome

Genotypic data for 56 microsatellites (ms) generated from maternal full sib families nested within paternal half sib pedigrees were used to construct a linkage map of the bovine X Chromosome (Chr) (BTX) that spans 150 cM (ave. interval 2.7 cM). The linkage map contains 36 previously unlinked ms; seven generated from a BTXp library. Genotypic data from these 36 ms was merged into an existing linkage map to more than double the number of informative BTX markers. A male specific linkage map of the pseudoautosomal region was also constructed from five ms at the distal end of BTXq. Four informative probes physically assigned by fluorescence in situ hybridization defined the extent of coverage, confirmed the position of the pseudoautosomal region on the q-arm, and identified a 4.1-cM marker interval containing the centromere of BTX.
Lissajous curves and QT hysteresis: A critical look at QT/RR slope analysis techniques

here t is a time variable, Cr and Cq are circadian amplitude oefficients, and (phi) is the phase difference between RR nd QT, i.e., the difference in acrophase (time of peak alue) between them. Figure 1A shows plots of the RR and T over a 24-hour period for different and a Cq/Cr ratio rbitrarily chosen to be 0.5 for simplicity. If these 2 equaions hold, then one should be able to plot QT versus RR utomatically. In fact, a plot of 2 variables against each ther, both of which are dependent on 1 independent time ariable, belongs to a family of plots called Lissajous or owditch curves in mathematics, after the French and merican mathematicians who investigated their properties n the 19th century. Most people will have seen Lissajous urves on oscilloscopes. They are symmetrical closed loops, arying from simple figure of 8s to complex intersecting ipples. If the periods of the 2 cosine functions are the same, s they are in our case (both are 24 hours), then the Lissaous curve is known to form an ellipse. Figures 1B through 1D show the Lissajous curves ormed by changing the value of the phase difference . igure 1B shows that if there is no phase difference between T and RR, the ellipse collapses to a straight line. However, f there is a phase difference, there is hysteresis of QT on R. As increases toward 6 hours, the ellipse widens to a aximum. Beyond 6 hours, the ellipse narrows and has a ong axis with a negative slope. When QT and RR are ompletely out of phase (phase difference of 12 hours), the T/RR plot is again a straight line. Figure 1E shows the slopes of QT against RR plotted gainst time for the different . For 0, the QT/RR slope
Control of Airborne Dust Produced by Pneumatic Jackpicks with Water Attachments: Report III

The dust suppression capabilities of a cone-shaped water attachment for pneumatic jackpicks (Mark 3) was compared with similar capabilities of a coil-shaped attachment (Mark 4). The Mark 4 design, in the field, significantly reduced hazardous sandstone dust concentrations when compared with the Mark 3 (Student's f-tesit, P < 0.02). The Mark 4 used significantly less water (Student's t-test, P < 0.01). There is a tendency for the percentage of decrease in dust to be associated with the percentage of the water reaching the impact point of the jackpick steel.
Ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest during central line placement

Central venous catheterization is often necessary for the safe administration of medications that are caustic to peripheral veins, to place temporary transvenous pacemakers and to provide invasive hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill. While a wide range of complications are known to occur with insertion of these catheters, there is a paucity of cases associated with cardiac arrest during the catheters placement. We describe an unusual case of sustained ventricular tachycardia and subsequent cardiac arrest that occurred during an ultrasound guided central venous catheter placement for a patient in septic shock. This case serves as a reminder of the rare, but potentially fatal complication of central venous access placement.
Comparison of effects of nitrendipine versus hydrochlorothiazide on left ventricular structure and function and neurohumoral status in systemic hypertension

Abstract We compared the effects of nitrendipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, with those of hydrochlorothiazide during treatment for approximately 1 year in 32 patients with mild or moderate systemic hypertension. To obtain comparable decrease in blood pressure (BP) in the 2 treatment groups, a second antihypertensive drug was added when necessary. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed using M-mode echocardiography and neurohumoral status was assessed by serial measurements of plasma-renin activity and norepinephrine concentrations.
Prospective urodynamic evaluation of the efficacy of prostatic balloon dilatation

In order to evaluate the ability of transurethral prostatie balloon dilatation (TUPBD) to effectively treat prostatic obstruction, 18 men (aged 53–77 years) with obstructive small prostate glands were evaluated with symptom scores and urodynamic studies before and 6 and 12 months after TUPBD utilizing the endoscopically placed Advanced Surgical Intervention 75F balloon. After TUPBD, 81% of men reported some improvement in their symptoms with statistical significance (P .05). In addition, the use of Abrams and Griffiths pressure-flow nomogram revealed a “non-obstructive” pressure-flow study in only one patient at 6 and 12 after TUPBD. Although TUPBD results in some symptomatic improvement, on pressure-flow analysis the majority of men remain obstructed at 6 and 12 months after the procedure.
A practical approach to fetal heart scanning

Evaluation of the fetal heart can be readily incorporated into the obstetric ultrasound examination and need not add more than a few minutes to the examination. Correct analysis of the four-chamber view and both outflow tracts will exclude the majority of serious congenital heart disease. Where cardiac malformations are identified during pregnancy, parents should be referred to a pediatric cardiologist with expertise and experience of fetal heart scanning for further counseling. This allows for management of the pregnancy to be tailored to the parents wishes and the type of malformation found.
Clinical course of early extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Abstract The subsequent sites of relapse following local X-ray therapy treatment of early stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were analyzed. The short interval to recurrence, the involvement of noncontiguous sites, and the rapid progression to death all suggest that seemingly early extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma often is disseminated at diagnosis and that local treatment alone is ineffective. The analysis of sites of first relapse suggests that extended field treatment such as total nodal irradiation would benefit only a minority of these patients but would be superior to a radiation technique covering only the adjacent lymph node regions. While immediate contiguity of lymph node involvement was often seen with extranodal presentations, the more common pattern of relapse in bone marrow, liver, lung, stomach, and extranodal sites, indicates the need for an effective systemic therapy.
Many Microbe Microarrays Database: Uniformly Normalized Affymetrix Compendia with Structured Experimental Metadata

Office of Science (BER); U.S. Department of Energy (DEFG02-04ER63803, DE-FG02-07ER64388); The National Institute of General Medical Science (R01 GM078987); Joint National Science Foundation/National Institute of General Medical Sciences Mathematical Biology Program
The Fate of Intravenously Administered Tetrahydrobiopterin and Its Implications for Heterologous Gene Therapy of Phenylketonuria

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, EC 1.14.16.1) deficiency is the most common cause of hyperphenylalaninemia in humans and is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) with an incidence of approximately 1:16000 live births in the US (1). PAH is an iron-containing, molecular oxygen-requiring homotetramer that is expressed primarily in liver but also in kidney and pancreas. PAH catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine, and this reaction requires the participation of the unconjugated pterin cofactor (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is synthesized de novo in liver, and liver BH4 content is the highest of any tissue (2).
Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression

Research over the past decade indicates that the prevalence of bipolar disorder is similar to that of major depression. The author discusses complexities in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, especially in distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression. Bipolar depression is associated with more mood lability, more motor retardation, and greater time spent sleeping. Early age of onset, a high frequency of depressive episodes, a greater percentage of time ill, and a relatively acute onset or offset of symptoms are suggestive of bipolar disorder rather than major depression. Because DSM-IV criteria require a manic or hypomanic episode for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, many patients are initially diagnosed and treated as having major depression. Treatment of bipolar disorder with antidepressants alone is not efficacious and may exacerbate hypomania, mania, or cycling. It is important that clinicians be alert to any hint of bipolarity developing in the course of antidepressant therapy, especially among pa...
Formation of the Unusual Semivolatile Diterpene Rhizathalene by the Arabidopsis Class I Terpene Synthase TPS08 in the Root Stele Is Involved in Defense against Belowground Herbivory

Secondary metabolites are major constituents of plant defense against herbivore attack. Relatively little is known about the cell type–specific formation and antiherbivore activities of secondary compounds in roots despite the substantial impact of root herbivory on plant performance and fitness. Here, we describe the constitutive formation of semivolatile diterpenes called rhizathalenes by the class I terpene synthase (TPS) 08 in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana . The primary enzymatic product of TPS08, rhizathalene A, which is produced from the substrate all- trans geranylgeranyl diphosphate, represents a so far unidentified class of tricyclic diterpene carbon skeletons with an unusual tricyclic spiro-hydrindane structure. Protein targeting and administration of stable isotope precursors indicate that rhizathalenes are biosynthesized in root leucoplasts. TPS08 expression is largely localized to the root stele, suggesting a centric and gradual release of its diterpene products into the peripheral root cell layers. We demonstrate that roots of Arabidopsis tps08 mutant plants, grown aeroponically and in potting substrate, are more susceptible to herbivory by the opportunistic root herbivore fungus gnat ( Bradysia spp) and suffer substantial removal of peripheral tissue at larval feeding sites. Our work provides evidence for the in vivo role of semivolatile diterpene metabolites as local antifeedants in belowground direct defense against root-feeding insects.
Transcription, Translation, and the Evolution of Specialists and Generalists

We used DNA microarrays to measure transcription and iTRAQ 2D liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (a mass-tag labeling proteomic technique) to measure protein expression in 14 strains of Escherichia coli adapted for hundreds of generations to growth-limiting concentrations of either lactulose, methylgalactoside, or a 72:28 mixture of the two. The two ancestors, TD2 and TD10, differ only in their lac operons and have similar transcription and protein expression profiles. Changes in transcription and protein expression are observed at 30-250 genes depending on the evolved strain. Lactulose specialists carry duplications of the lac operon and show increased transcription and translation at lac. Methylgalactoside specialists are galS(-) and so constitutively transcribe and translate mgl, which encodes a transporter of methylgalactoside. However, there are two strains that carry lac duplications, are galS(-), and show increased transcription and translation at both operons. One is a generalist, the other a lactulose specialist. The generalist fails to sweep to fixation because its lac(+), galS(+) competitor expresses the csg adhesin and sticks to the chemostat wall, thereby preventing complete washout. Transcription and translation are sometimes decoupled. Lactulose-adapted strains show increased protein expression at fru, a fructose transporter, without evidence of increased transcription. This suggests that fructose, produced by the action of beta-galactosidase on lactulose, may leach from cells before being recouped. Reduced expression, at "late" flagella genes and the constitutive gat operon, is an adaptation to starvation. A comparison with two other long-term evolution experiments suggests that certain aspects of adaptation are predictable, some are characteristic of an experimental system, whereas others seem erratic.
Scale-dependent influence of topography-based hydrologic features on patterns of woody plant encroachment in savanna landscapes

Rainfall in drylands is erratic. Topographic features of landscapes can dampen or amplify temporal variability by spatially influencing patterns of water loss and accumulation. The extent to which portions of a landscape may differentially capture or retain scarce water and nutrient resources is an important determinant of vegetation patterns, particularly with respect to the distribution of woody plants. We therefore hypothesized that historic changes in woody cover on landscapes experiencing similar climate and disturbance regimes would vary with catena-to-catena (hillslope-to-hillslope) variation in topography-based hydrologic features. We tested this hypothesis by comparing topographic wetness index (TWI) values on replicate landscapes where woody plant abundance has increased over the past 100 yr. These landscapes are characterized by savanna parklands on coarse-textured upland portions of catenas that grade (1–3% slopes) into closed-canopy woodlands on fine-textured (lowland) portions of catenas. TWI values for woody and herbaceous communities were comparable within uplands, suggesting factors unrelated to surface/subsurface hydrology determine patterns of woody cover in these catena locations. TWI values for upland savanna parklands were significantly lower than those of closed-canopy woodlands occupying catena footslopes. Furthermore, uplands adjoining historically static woodland boundaries had lower TWI values than those where woodland boundaries had moved upslope 2.1 m yr � 1 from 1976 to 1995. Results suggest runoff–runon relationships influence patterns of woody plant cover and change at the catena scale and may override constraints imposed by soil texture. As a result, changes in woody cover potentially accompanying changes in disturbance regimes, climate or atmospheric chemistry are likely to be constrained by topoedaphic settings. Models of vegetation dynamics may therefore need to explicitly account for rainfall–topography–soil texture relationships and associated scale-dependent mechanisms to accurately predict rates and patterns of change in woody and herbaceous plant abundance.
Managing schedule and financial risk: lessons learned on X2000

The X2000 Program is a technology development program that will provide next generation avionics for missions to deep space. The goal of the X2000 Program is to develop revolutionary flight and ground systems which can be replicated by missions at a low cost, affording timely new science and mission opportunities to investigators and institutions. With the implementation of shorter development phases for projects, the need for better metrics to track a project's status became necessary. This paper describes different methods for tracking such performance. Schedule performance is discussed using event-driven performance assessment metrics, receivables/deliverables, slack tables, etc. Financial performance is addressed by discussion of earned value (cost variance/schedule variance), cash flow, reserves management, risk reduction funds, etc. Although X2000 IFDP is not a flight project, it is delivering hardware to other projects and is being managed as if it were a flight project.
Noise reduction in high‐magnification micrographs by soft focus printing and digital image processing

Soft focus printing of micrographs, using screens of opaque material with 10–15 lines/cm, reduced contrast due to noise but preserved all other contrasts and all structural details. Appropriate screens generated diffraction fringes of a spacing similar to the distance of the noise structures. The superimposition of fringes and image produced a diffusion effect which reduced only the contrast of the noise background. Blurring, screening or fogging were not effective or suitable for photographic micrograph processing. Soft focus printing improved recognition of weak high magnification contrasts in SEM micrographs of uncoated, gold decorated, and chromium coated cell surfaces of glomerular endothelium in mouse kidney slices. Effects similar to the optical diffusion were obtained by digital image processing using weighted low pass filters.
Analysis and Design of Missile Guidance Systems in Frequency Domain

The frequency domain approach to guidance system design is presented. The model of the guidance control system reflects the most important characteristics of the flight control system that combines airframe and autopilot dynamics (damping , natural frequency , time constant and airframe zero frequency) . The analytical expressions for frequency response and related expressions for missile system performance are given. The analytical results obtained can be utilized for missile system design.
Selecting a separable parametric spatiotemporal covariance structure for longitudinal imaging data

Longitudinal imaging studies allow great insight into how the structure and function of a subject’s internal anatomy changes over time. Unfortunately, the analysis of longitudinal imaging data is complicated by inherent spatial and temporal correlation: the temporal from the repeated measures, and the spatial from the outcomes of interest being observed at multiple points in a patients body. We propose the use of a linear model with a separable parametric spatiotemporal error structure for the analysis of repeated imaging data. The model makes use of spatial (exponential, spherical, and Matern) and temporal (compound symmetric, autoregressive-1, Toeplitz, and unstructured) parametric correlation functions. A simulation study, inspired by a longitudinal cardiac imaging study on mitral regurgitation patients, compared different information criteria for selecting a particular separable parametric spatiotemporal correlation structure as well as the effects on Type I and II error rates for inference on fixed effects when the specified model is incorrect. Information criteria were found to be highly accurate at choosing between separable parametric spatiotemporal correlation structures. Misspecification of the covariance structure was found to have the ability to inflate the Type I error or have an overly conservative test size, which corresponded to decreased power. An example with clinical data is given illustrating how the covariance structure procedure can be done in practice, as well as how covariance structure choice can change inferences about fixed effects.
A study of relative phase in complex wavelet domain: Property, statistics and applications in texture image retrieval and segmentation

In this paper, we develop a new approach which exploits the probabilistic properties from the phase information of 2-D complex wavelet coefficients for image modeling. Instead of directly using phases of complex wavelet coefficients, we demonstrate why relative phases should be used. The definition, properties and statistics of relative phases of complex coefficients are studied in detail. We proposed von Mises and wrapped Cauchy for the probability density function (pdf) of relative phases in the complex wavelet domain. The maximum-likelihood method is used to estimate two parameters of von Mises and wrapped Cauchy. We demonstrate that the von Mises and wrapped Cauchy fit well with real data obtained from various real images including texture images as well as standard images. The von Mises and wrapped Cauchy models are compared, and the simulation results show that the wrapped Cauchy fits well with the peaky and heavy-tailed pdf of relative phases and the von Mises fits well with the pdf which is in Gaussian shape. For most of the test images, the wrapped Cauchy model is more accurate than the von Mises model, when images are decomposed by different complex wavelet transforms including dual-tree complex wavelet (DTCWT), pyramidal dual-tree directional filter bank (PDTDFB) and uniform discrete curvelet transform (UDCT). Moreover, the relative phase is applied to obtain new features for texture image retrieval and segmentation applications. Instead of using only real or magnitude coefficients, the new approach uses a feature in which phase information is incorporated, yielding a higher accuracy in texture image retrieval as well as in segmentation. The relative phase information which is complementary to the magnitude is a promising approach in image processing.
Ethnic Minority Representation and Party Competition in Britain: The Case of Ealing Borough

This article critically assesses claims that the Conservative and Labour Parties' neglect of Britain's non-white population is due to its relatively small size and/or its geographical concentration in ‘safe’, predominantly white, Labour constituencies. Rather, it is demonstrated that in the London Borough of Ealing, where non-whites comprise a quarter of the population and neither major party enjoys political pre- dominance, a number of intra-party constraints (e.g. ideology) combine with electoral disincentives (e.g. addressing non-white demands could alienate whites in the handful of electorally marginal wards which decide the parliamentary balance) to impel both parties to neglect non-white interests.
Combination of Machine Translation Systems via Hypothesis Selection from Combined N-Best Lists

Different approaches in machine translation achieve similar translation quality with a variety of translations in the output. Recently it has been shown, that it is possible to leverage the individual strengths of various systems and improve the overall translation quality by combining translation outputs. In this paper we present a method of hypothesis selection which is relatively simple compared to system combination methods which construct a synthesis of the input hypotheses. Our method uses information from n-best lists from several MT systems and features on the sentence level which are independent from the MT systems involved to improve the translation quality.
LMP1 Transmembrane Domain 1 and 2 (TM1-2) FWLY Mediates Intermolecular Interactions with TM3-6 To Activate NF-κB

The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein LMP1 has six transmembrane domains (TMs) that enable intermolecular aggregation and constitutive signaling through two C-terminal cytosolic domains. Expression of both TMs 1 and 2 without the C terminus (TM1-2ΔC) and TMs 3 to 6 fused to the C terminus (TM3-6) results in partial association, which is substantially decreased by TM1 F38WLY41 mutation to A38ALA41. We now investigate whether TM1-2ΔC can functionally interact with TM3-6. TM1-2ΔC induced TM3-6 to mediate NF-κB activation at 59% of LMP1 levels, and the effect was dependent on TM1-2 F38WLY41. TM1-2ΔC even induced TM3-4 C terminus-mediated NF-κB activation to 44% of LMP1 levels. Surprisingly, this effect was TM1 F38WLY41 independent, indicative of a role for TMs 5 and 6 in TM1 F38WLY41 effects. TM3 W98 was also important for TM1-2ΔC induction of TM3-6-mediated NF-κB activation, for association, and for TM1 F38WLY41 dependence on C-terminal NF-κB activation. These data support models in which the TM1 F38WLY41 effects are at least partially dependent on TM3 W98 and a residue(s) in TMs 5 and 6.
Bargaining in a Network with Heterogeneous Buyers

Communication is central for competition. In two sided markets, communication freedom is mainly represented by the ability for every agent in the economy to reach all the agents on the other side of the market without incurring any cost. However, not every competition environment has this symmetry or, in other words, this freedom. We construct a model in which homogeneous sellers simultaneously negotiate with buyers, who have different valuations, in the presence of communication restrictions represented by a network. We find that similar network structures may lead to different equilibrium outcomes. In our setting, not only positions of the agents in a network but also names of the agents who capture those positions are crucial for the equilibrium outcome.
Mean-Field Calculations of the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Heterogeneous Elastomer Blends

Methode de calcul et verification sur des melanges caoutchouc naturel, bromobutyle, isobutene, chloroprene ou SBR
Annotated review and discussion of phylogenetically important characters for families and subfamilies of Gelechioidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Gelechioidea is a large, diverse superfamily of microlepidoptera that is difficult to characterize due to its species richness. The main working taxonomic unit for Gelechioidea seems to be the subfamily level, although many researchers use the taxonomy of family and subfamily interchangeably. Some researchers believe the superfamily should be split into several superfamilies to better diagnose lineages. Only recently have there been attempts at comprehensive treatments that aim to address world fauna of the entire superfamily rather than focusing on a few local families. This work reviews the revisional history of Gelechioidea, focusing on major taxonomic publications. It also addresses character state delineation and terminology for many taxa in some cases establishing equivalence across authors for the first time. Finally, it reviews major trends in phylogenetics and classification of the megadiverse lineage Gelechioidea.
Suprapubic Endoscopic Vesical Neck Suspension for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Myelodysplastic Girls

AbstractUrinary incontinence may be a formidable hardship in many girls with myelodysplasia. In those patients who fail treatment with intermittent self-catheterization and pharmacotherapy surgical augmentation of outlet resistance may successfully alleviate incontinence. In patients with less severe degrees of urethral sphincteric incompetence suprapubic endoscopic vesical neck suspension in conjunction with intermittent self-catheterization can be successful. Patients must be selected carefully, with particular attention directed at detecting decreased detrusor compliance. Poor detrusor compliance must be controllable or corrected before augmentation of urethral resistance to prevent postoperative upper urinary tract deterioration.
The bone regenerative capacity of canine mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by site-specific multilineage differentiation.

Objectives Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising therapy in dentistry because of their multipotent properties. Selecting donor MSCs is crucial because Beagle dogs (canines) commonly used in preclinical studies have shown variable outcomes, and it is unclear whether canine MSCs (cMSCs) are skeletal site specific. This study tested whether jaw and long bone cMSCs have disparate in vitro and in vivo multilineage differentiation capabilities. Study Design Primary cMSCs were isolated from the mandible (M-cMSCs) and femur (F-cMSCs) of four healthy Beagle dogs. The femur served as the non-oral control. Clonogenic and proliferative abilities were assessed. In vitro osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neural multilineage differentiation were correlated with in vivo bone regeneration and potential for clinical applications. Results M-cMSCs displayed two-fold increase in clonogenic and proliferative capacities relative to F-cMSCs (P = .006). M-cMSCs in vitro osteogenesis based on alkaline phosphatase (P = .04), bone sialoprotein (P = .05), and osteocalcin (P = .03), as well as adipogenesis (P = .007) and chondrogenesis (P = .009), were relatively higher and correlated with enhanced M-cMSC bone regenerative capacity. Neural expression markers, nestin and βIII-tubulin, were not significantly different. Conclusions The enhanced differentiation and bone regenerative capacity of mandible MSCs may make them favorable donor graft materials for site-specific jaw bone regeneration.
Entry and Slow-Moving Capital: Using Asset Markets to Infer the Costs of Risk Concentration

Risk concentration is a major outstanding explanation for crisis dynamics of asset prices and macroeconomic quantities. Apparently, capital flows are slow to correct these crises. By considering costly entry, I illustrate how asset prices can be used to infer costs of risk concentration, and I show that these costs are enormous. Interestingly, implied costs are increasing in risk and risk aversion, since both increase unconditional risk premia and entry incentives. In short, either barriers to capital flows are indeed large, or limited risk sharing arises due to other forces. One appealing possibility is extrapolative expectations, which complements entry well.
Reactivity III: An Advanced Course in Integrated Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemistry

Reactivity III is a new course that presents chemical reactions from the domains of organic, inorganic, and biochemistry that are not readily categorized by electrophile–nucleophile interactions. Many of these reactions involve the transfer of a single electron, in either an intermolecular fashion in the case of oxidation/reduction reactions or an intramolecular fashion in the case of photochemical events. Others, such as pericyclic reactions, involve movement of electron pairs but lack obvious acid/base analogies and build on an understanding of photochemistry.
Abstract 180: Increased Atherosclerosis Associated with Periodontal Disease Is Mediated by CD36

We previously showed that inflammation, and not hyperlipidemia alone, was necessary for CD36 dependent atherogenesis. Chronic periodontal disease is characterized by a persistent inflammatory state and is epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that CD36 is an essential link between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein receptor knock out (LDLR KO) mice and CD36/LDLR double KO mice were infected with the periodontal disease associated bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), by oral lavage and fed a Western diet for 12 weeks (n = 7-14/group). We assessed periodontal disease, risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, and lesion burden. We conducted studies in isolated macrophages to understand mechanistic differences between the groups. Wild type and CD36 KO macrophages equally phagocytosed bacteria. We measured the cemento-enamel junction of each molar to assess periodontal disease and found that it was significantly increased in infected mice compared with uninfected controls. Histological analysis showed neutrophil, osteoclast and macrophage infiltrates in the alveolar bone of infected mice. Differences in plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin resistance and weight gain did not necessarily track with atherosclerosis burden, however blood neutrophils and cytokines were increased in infected LDLR KO mice compared with all other groups. Infected LDLR KO mice had significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion burden compared with uninfected LDLR KO mice, and all of the increased lesion was CD36 dependent. PCR analysis found no evidence for direct infection of atherosclerotic lesions by Pg. In vitro macrophage studies showed that heat killed Pg, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pg, oxidatively modified LDL or plasma from infected mice, could not activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Combining heat killed Pg or Pg LPS with oxidatively modified LDL or plasma from infected mice, however, led to significant IL-1 beta secretion that was CD36 and NFkB dependent. Our data suggest that atherosclerosis associated with periodontal disease is mediated by cellular inflammatory responses involving both CD36 and Toll-like receptor.
Cross-orientation suppression in visual area V2

V2 neurons exhibit complex and diverse selectivity for visual features. Here the authors use a statistical analytical framework to model V2 responses to natural stimuli and find three organizing principles, chief among them is the cross-orientation suppression that increa…
High free carrier concentration in p-GaN grown on AlN substrates

A high free hole concentration in III-nitrides is important for next generation optoelectronic and high power electronic devices. The free hole concentration exceeding 1018 cm−3 and resistivity as low as 0.7 Ω cm are reported for p-GaN layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on single crystal AlN substrates. Temperature dependent Hall measurements confirmed a much lower activation energy, 60–80 mV, for p-GaN grown on AlN as compared to sapphire substrates; the lowering of the activation energy was due to screening of Coulomb potential by free carriers. It is also shown that a higher doping density (more than 5 × 1019 cm−3) can be achieved in p-GaN/AlN without the onset of self-compensation.
Factors affecting foliar absorption of nutrients by selected landscape and herbaceous plants.

Plants and solution properties affecting the absorption of double-labeled 86Rb 33P-phosphate, pH 7.2, by chrysanthemum leaves were studied. Leaf age did not affect absorption greatly. Optimum concentration for maximum total absorption and efficiency of absorption of both Rb and P without leaf burn was 20-30 mM Rb phosphate. Urea and several structurally related compounds (acetamide, propionamide and Rb acetate) decreased Rb and P absorption due to formation of salt deposits. Of 18 commercially available surfactants tested at 0.1%, only one significantly increased P absorption and all significantly decreased Rb absorption; many were phytotoxic. Of a variety of 20 different herbaceous ornamental and woody landscape species tested for their efficiency of absorption, P absorption ranged from 0.2-39% and Rb absorption ranged from 0.2-42%; surfactants generally increased the absorption of P and Rb for those species with waxy, pubescent or otherwise hard-to-wet leaves.
Segmentation of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization images using an improved fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm by incorporating both spatial and spectral information.

Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) is a multichannel imaging technique for rapid detection of chromosomal abnormalities. It is a critical and challenging step to segment chromosomes from M-FISH images toward better chromosome classification. Recently, several fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering-based methods have been proposed for M-FISH image segmentation or classification, e.g., adaptive fuzzy C-means (AFCM) and improved AFCM (IAFCM), but most of these methods used only one channel imaging information with limited accuracy. To improve the segmentation for better accuracy and more robustness, we proposed an FCM clustering-based method, denoted by spatial- and spectral-FCM. Our method has the following advantages: (1) it is able to exploit information from neighboring pixels (spatial information) to reduce the noise and (2) it can incorporate pixel information across different channels simultaneously (spectral information) into the model. We evaluated the performance of our method by comparing with other FCM-based methods in terms of both accuracy and false-positive detection rate on synthetic, hybrid, and real images. The comparisons on 36 M-FISH images have shown that our proposed method results in higher segmentation accuracy ([Formula: see text]) and a lower false-positive ratio ([Formula: see text]) than conventional FCM (accuracy: [Formula: see text], and false-positive ratio: [Formula: see text]) and the IAFCM (accuracy: [Formula: see text] and false-positive ratio: [Formula: see text]) methods by incorporating both spatial and spectral information from M-FISH images.
Unpacking batna availability: How probability can impact power in negotiation

This research introduces the notion of a Phantom BATNA – a Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement that may be possible, but is unattained at the time of the current negotiation – and investigat...
Overview of Wholesale Electricity Markets

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of four key electricity markets: Energy markets (day-ahead and real-time markets). Ancillary service markets. Financial transmission rights markets. Capacity markets.
Stability in Autonomous Systems

Consider the equation $${\rm{\dot x}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {\rm{f(x}}_{\rm{t}} {\rm{)}}$$ (13.1) where f: C → R is continuous, takes closed bounded sets into bounded sets and solutions of (13.1) depend continuously upon the initial data. We denote by x(ϕ) the solution through (0,ϕ).
Neurosurgical Complications in Craniofacial Surgery

A retrospective review of the neurosurgical complications that occurred between 1980 and 1989 at The Children’s Hospital in Boston is described. CONTENTS The results are compared with reports from other craniofacial centers. A total of 355 cases are analyzed, with an overall complication rate of 8.6%. Infection and cerebrospinal fluid leaks are the most common problems. This article discusses techniques incorporated into personal methods to reduce the incidence of these complications.
Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition of Graphene Oxide-Identifying Marangoni Flow as a Process that Fundamentally Limits Deposition Control.

Langmuir–Blodgett deposition is a popular route to produce thin films of graphene oxide for applications such as transparent conductors and biosensors. Unfortunately, film morphologies vary from sample to sample, often with undesirable characteristics such as folded sheets and patchwise depositions. In conventional Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of graphene oxide, alcohol (typically methanol) is used to spread the graphene oxide sheets onto an air–water interface before deposition onto substrates. Here we show that methanol gives rise to Marangoni flow, which fundamentally limits control over Langmuir–Blodgett depositions of graphene oxide. We directly identified the presence of Marangoni flow by using photography, and we evaluated depositions with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The disruptive effect of Marangoni flow was demonstrated by comparing conventional Langmuir–Blodgett depositions to depositions where Marangoni flow was suppressed by a surfactant. Because methanol is the ...
CREB3L1 as a potential biomarker predicting response of triple negative breast cancer to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy

Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy is currently the most frequently used treatment for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), yet the response rate is not high due to the lack of a biomarker allowing identification of responsive patients before the chemotherapy is initiated. We have demonstrated that doxorubicin inhibits proliferation of cancer cells through proteolytic activation of a transcription factor called CREB3L1 (cAMP response element binding protein 3-like 1), and that CREB3L1 expression in cancer cells is a key determinant of their sensitivity to doxorubicin when they are cultured in vitro or established as xenograft tumors in mice. The purpose of this study is to determine whether CREB3L1 expression in tumor cells of TNBC patients can be established as a biomarker to predict outcomes of doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. We performed a retrospective analysis on breast core biopsy tissue samples taken from 18 TNBC patients before they were treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. CREB3L1 expression in the cancer cells was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantified using the Immunoreactive Score (IRS). Outcomes of the chemotherapy were measured by the residual cancer burden (RCB) system. CREB3L1 expression levels in TNBC responsive to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (RCB class 0-2) were significantly higher than that in resistant cancers (RCB class 3) (unpaired two-tailed t test, p = 0.0005; Statistical power 99.8 at 95% confidence level). All cancers expressing higher levels of CREB3L1 (IRS 4-12) responded to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, whereas all cancers resisting the treatment expressed lower levels of CREB3L1 (IRS 0-3). These results suggest that CREB3L1 expression level may be used as a biomarker to identify TNBC patients who are more likely to benefit from doxorubicin-based chemotherapy.
Traffic Flow Stabilization Strategy for Mitigating Automated and Human Driven Vehicles Interactions

One of key challenges in the area of automated vehicles or self-driving cars is how to ensure smooth interactions between the automated vehicles and human driven vehicles. This is because it would be inevitable to have both automated vehicles and human driven vehicles until market penetration of automated vehicle reaches 100 percent. Our paper proposed traffic flow stabilization strategy based on optimal control theory and evaluated its performance using a microscopic traffic simulation tool under varying automated vehicle market penetrations. The simulation results indicated that the proposed approach effectively improves traffic flow stability when compared to the base case under adaptive cruise control algorithm.
Best Practices for Pregnant Incarcerated Women With Opioid Use Disorder.

Pregnant women represent a unique population for correctional facilities to care for. The incarcerated pregnant population is at an increased risk of concurrent opioid use disorder (OUD) that requi...
A role for osteopontin in breast cancer metastasis to the brain

3412 Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoglycoprotein detectable in the extracellular matrix of the bone and many bodily fluids including urine, bile, and milk. OPN plays a role in normal mammary gland development and a knock-out mouse is viable and resistant to ovarectomy-induced bone loss. Several studies have previously shown that elevated levels of OPN are correlated with metastatic progression and a poor prognosis. We found that the expression and activation of the primary OPN receptor, integrin αvβ3, is similarly increased in highly metastatic breast cancer lines. Previous work in our lab has shown an upregulation of OPN expression in metastatic human cancer cells that had been selected for high dissemination in vivo, and conversely, that the knock-down of OPN reduced metastatic activity. Using siRNA against β3, or alternatively a constitutively activated form of the integrin, we have found that the OPN effects are αvβ3-mediated. We now describe a novel human breast cancer cell model that we established to study mechanisms of breast cancer brain metastasis. The model is based the BCM1, BCM2, and BMS cell lines that we isolated from the circulation of patients with stage IV breast cancer. Followed by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging, these tumor cells form brain metastases in SCID mice, and the efficiency of the brain metastatic phenotype is increased in variants of these cells derived from brain lesions. We hypothesize that the levels of OPN and the activation state of αvβ3 in these cell lines may correlate with their observed metastatic potential and ability to survive and grow in the brain. We propose that an interaction of OPN and the αvβ3 integrin impact the development of brain metastases in breast cancer. Experiments are underway to elucidate the role of OPN in breast cancer cell invasion of the blood-brain barrier as well as survival within the inhospitable microenvironment of the brain.
Landscape performance evaluation in socio-ecological practice: current status and prospects

In the past decade, performance evaluation becomes a priority area in research and practice in the landscape architecture profession, with its influence originating from the USA and extending to other countries. The goal is to quantitatively demonstrate the environmental, social, and economic benefits of built landscape projects or, at the planning and design stage, to gauge the project’s level of fulfilment to intended goals. Structurally, the evaluation framework facilitates a healthy partnership of diverse stakeholders, including researchers, designers, clients, users, and policy makers. When adaptive design, design for resilience, and design under the uncertainty of climate change become the new norms in landscape architecture practice, performance metrics will gain interest in the communication of design merits. The author reports the current status of landscape performance evaluation by introducing the major players in this enterprise, including supporting professional organizations, accrediting and regulating agencies, research programs, and leading professional firms. In addition, 102 published landscape performance evaluation case studies are analyzed to demonstrate their contributions at the scholarly, practical, and policy levels. Last, the author suggests that the current scope of performance evaluation be expanded and offers recommendations for future development in this area.