cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome numbers of Costa Rican grasses.

Chromosome counts are presented for 217 species of 103 genera of grasses from Costa Rica. Four of the genera and 90 of the species are reported for the first time. In addition, 26 counts differ from previous records for the same taxon. The generaGynerium, Lithachne, Luziola, andThrasya were heretofore unknown cytologically. First counts are also given for the following species:Agrostis bacillata, A. pittieri, A. sub patens, Andropogon angustatus, A. bicornis, A. virgatus, Aristida capillacea, A. jorullensis, Arundinella berteroniana, A. deppeana, Axonopus aureus, A. capillaris, A. chrysoblepharis, Bouteloua americana, B. disticha, Bromus exaltatus, Calamagrostis intermedia, C. nuda, C. pittieri, Chusquea lehmannii, C. tonduzii, Cinna poaeformis, Deschampsia pringlei, Digitaria panicea, Echinochloa polystachya, Echinolaena gracilis, Eragrostis simplicijlora, Eriochloa distachya, E. polystachya, Eriochrysis cayennensis, Festuca dolichophylla, Gymnopogon fastigiatus, Gynerium sagittatum, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Imperata contracta, Isachne polygonoides, Ischaemum latijolium, Lithachne pauciflora, Luziola fragilis, Manisuris aurita, Panicum aquaticum, P. arundinariae, P. boliviense, P. cordovense, P. grande, P. haenkeanum, P. milleflorum, P. parviglume, P. pilosum, P. polygonatum, P. rudgei, P. stenodes, P. trichanthum, P. trichoides, P. viscidellum, Paspalum candidum, P. centrale, P. decumbens, P. fasciculatum, P. jimenezii, P. microstachyum, P. multicaule, P. nutans, P. parviflorum, P. pilosum, P. prostratum, P. pumilum, P. reclinatum, P. saccharoides, P. scabrum, P. serratum, P. squamulatum, P. standleyi, Pennisetum bambusiforme, P. distachyum, Pereilema beyrichianum, Pharus parvifolius, Sacciolepis myuros, Schizachyrium condensatum, Sorghastrum incompletum, Sporobolus ciliatus, S. purpurascens, Streptochaeta sodiroana, Thrasya gracilis, T. petrosa, T. robusta, Trisetum pringlei, T. tonduzii, Uniola pittieri, and Zeugites pittieri. In addition, the following counts are different from previous records for the same taxon:Aegopogon cenchroides, Axonopus poiophyllus, Bouteloua media, Brachiaria plantaginea, Chusquea subtessellata, Digitaria adscendens, Homolepis aturensis, Hymenachne donacifolia, Ichnanthus axillaris, I. pallens, I. tenuis, Ischaemum ciliare, Ixophorus unisetus, Oplismenus burmannii, O. hirtellus, Panicum geminatum, P. glutinosum, P. mertensii, P. parvifolium, P. sellowii, Paspalum convexum, Pennisetum nervosum, P. setosum, Polypogon elongalus, Raddia costaricensis, Schizachyrium hirtijlorum.
Evaluating the accotink creek restoration project for improving water quality, in-stream habitat, and bank stability

Increased urbanization results in a larger percentage of connected impervious areas and can contribute large quantities of stormwater runoff and significant quantities of debris and pollutants (e.g., litter, oils, microorganisms, sediments, nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals) to receiving waters. To improve water quality in urban and suburban areas, watershed managers often incorporate best management practices (BMPs) to reduce the quantity of runoff as well as to minimize pollutants and other stressors contained in stormwater runoff. It is well known that land-use practices directly impact urban streams. Stream flows in urbanized watersheds increase in magnitude as a function of impervious area and can result in degradation of the natural stream channel morphology affecting the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the stream. Stream bank erosion, which also increases with increased stream flows, can lead to bank instability, property loss, infrastructure damage, and increased sediment loading to the stream. Increased sediment loads may lead to water quality degradation downstream and have negative impacts on fish, benthic invertebrates, and other aquatic life. Accotink Creek is in the greater Chesapeake Bay and Potomac watersheds, which have strict sediment criteria. The USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and USGS (United States Geological Survey) are investigating
Moisture Retention and Textural Properties of Ground Chicken Meat as Affected by Sodium Tripolyphosphate, Ionic Strength and pH

Batches of ground chicken meat were mixed with 10% solutions containing 0.0-5.0% sodium tripolyphosphate and sufficient NaCl to adjust the ionic strength (IS) of the solutions from < 0.7 to 6.0 at pH 6.5 to 9.5 in a 6 X 4 X 7 factorial experimental design. Patties prepared from the mixtures were evaluated for pH, cooking loss, and objective texture characteristics. Most effects of STPP were attributable to the direct effect of STPP on IS. However the ability of the phosphate to alter textural properties was greater at a pH value near the pK3 of the phosphate.
Binding of Tyr-MIF-1 to isolated brain capillaries.

Abstract Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-amide) and the enkephalins have previously been shown with in vivo studies to be transported out of the brain by a saturable, carrier-mediated system. The possibility that this transport system occurs at the level of the endothelial cells was tested by measuring the ability of isolated brain capillaries to bind radioiodinated Tyr-MIF-1. The binding of labeled Tyr-MIF-1 was displaced by unlabeled Tyr-MIF-1 (50% inhibition at 1.5 × 10 −6 M) and by nonradioactive (I 127 ) iodinated Tyr-MIF-1, but not by tyrosine, MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-amide), Tyr-Pro, or D-Tyr-MIF-1. This pattern of inhibition is similar to that found for the in vivo transport of Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain. Tyr-MIF-1 did not appear to be bound by albumin or degraded by cells aged 3–7 days at 4°C. These results suggest that the transport system previously described in vivo for Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins may be associated with the brain endothelial cells.
Ethics and Intuitions

For millennia, philosophers have speculated about the origins of ethics. Recent research in evolutionary psychology and the neurosciences has shed light on that question. But this research also has normative significance. A standard way of arguing against a normative ethical theory is to show that in some circumstances the theory leads to judgments that are contrary to our common moral intuitions. If, however, these moral intuitions are the biological residue of our evolutionary history, it is not clear why we should regard them as having any normative force. Research in the neurosciences should therefore lead us to reconsider the role of intuitions in normative ethics.
Search for eukaryotic motility proteins in spirochetes: immunological detection of a tektin-like protein in Spirochaeta halophila.

Abstract The serial endosymbiotic theory (SET) for the spirochete origin of undulipodia (cilia and eukaryotic flagella) predicts that a greater number of axonemal proteins will show homology to spirochete than to other bacterial proteins. To continue testing, the SET proteins associated with eukaryotic motility (tektin, centrin and calmodulin) were sought in Spirochaeta halophila. Western blot immunological detection techniques (for tektin and centrin) and two-dimensional gel analysis (for calmodulin) were used. Tektins are filamentous proteins extending the length of the axoneme in sperm tails and other undulipodia. Whole cell extracts of S. halophila were probed with antibodies made against three sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) sperm axonemal tektins (tektins A, B, and C). In the spirochetes, one tektin-like protein was detected as a band on Western blots (a C tektin.) An antibody made against Lytechinus pictus sperm tail axonemes, affinity-purified against the C tektin of another sea urchin, Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus, bound to a 30 kDa protein from Spirochaeta halophila. The C tektin epitope was not detected in Escherichia coli. Both the poly- and monoclonal anti-centrin antibodies cross-reacted with multiple proteins in the control alga (Tetraselmis striata) and in the putatively negative control bacterium E. coli. No cross reaction was seen between any anti-centrin antibody and S. halophila. Neither did a two-dimensional gel analysis reveal the presence of calmodulin in these spirochetes or in the two other prokaryotes tested (Spiroplasma citri, Ackoleplasma laidlawii). Although neither centrin nor calmodulin were detected, a 30 kDa tektin-like protein apparently is present in these spirochetes.
Are people drawn to faces on webpages

Three studies were conducted to investigate the effects of faces on webpages. In Study I, eye-tracking data showed that users were clearly drawn to faces when asked to look at pages and report what they remember. In Study II, the presence of a face next to a message on a webpage caused users to have a harder time finding that message. In Study III, photos of the authors of opinion articles caused users to be less likely to find the article and to give the page worse ratings.
Stability of small-scale UAV helicopters and quadrotors with added payload mass under PID control

The application of rotorcraft to autonomous load carrying and transport is a new frontier for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This task requires that hovering vehicles remain stable and balanced in flight as payload mass is added to the vehicle. If payload is not loaded centered or the vehicle properly trimmed for offset loads, the robot will experience bias forces that must be rejected. In this paper, we explore the effect of dynamic load disturbances introduced by instantaneously increased payload mass and how those affect helicopters and quadrotors under Proportional-Integral-Derivative flight control. We determine stability bounds within which the changing mass-inertia parameters of the system due to the acquired object will not destabilize these aircraft with this standard flight controller. Additionally, we demonstrate experimentally the stability behavior of a helicopter undergoing a range of instantaneous step payload changes.
Myeloperoxidase and C-reactive protein in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain.

Abstract Background Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are markers of inflammation and elevated levels have been found in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) unrelated to cocaine. We evaluated the utility of MPO and CRP for diagnosis of ACS and the prediction of 30-day adverse cardiovascular events in patients with cocaine-related chest pain. Methods This is a secondary analysis from a prospective cohort study of ED patients who received evaluation for ACS. Structured data collection at presentation included demographics, chest pain history, laboratory results, and electrocardiographic data. Our primary outcome was diagnosis of ACS at index visit and 30-day adverse events. As a secondary analysis, we provide data on a matched cohort without cocaine use. Results Baseline data and CRP were available for 95 cocaine users; 82 had MPO data also. Patients had a mean age of 46.6 (SD 8.1) years, 90% were black, and 62% were male. Acute coronary syndrome occurred in 7% of cocaine users. With respect to diagnosis of ACS, the area under the curve was poor for both MPO (0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40-0.91) and CRP (0.63; 95% CI: 0.39-0.88). Similar results were found for 30-day events. With respect to prognosis of 30-day adverse cardiovascular events, the area under the curve was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.45-0.91) for MPO and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.45-0.90) for CRP. Similar results were found for 30-day events. In the matched cohort of patients who were not cocaine users, performance of MPO (n = 66) and CRP (n = 86) was also poor. Conclusions Myeloperoxidase and CRP are not useful for diagnosis or prognosis of patients with cocaine-associated chest pain.
Jet operators on fields

Abstract We classify jet operators in the sense of Buium [J. Algebra 198 (1997) 290–299] on a field of an arbitrary characteristic. In the positive characteristic we obtain a class of “new” operators: derivations of the Frobenius map.
Intelligent Tutor For Elementary Spanish

In this paper we discuss an intelligent tutor for elementary Spanish. The system consists of an ideal student model, a model of common student misconceptions, a model of the particular student's knowledge of Spanish, an ATN parser, and a conceptual dependency framework for semantics. It has a collection of short introductory stories which are presented to the user. The system operates by presenting the story, generating questions about the story, parsing the user's reply, analyzing the reply semantically, generating a response, and finally generating a follow-up question. The responses of these questions are parsed and if syntactically correct then checked semantically. However, if there is a syntactic error the system uses the individualized model of the user and the common misconception model to try to understand what the user intended. The particular questions that are chosen are tailored to the user using the model of the Individual user.
Effectiveness of nitride diffusion barriers in a self-encapsulated copper-based metallization

Cu(Ti 27 at. %) and Cu(Cr 26 at. %) codeposited on silicon dioxide substrates were annealed in a flowing NH3 ambient at 400 - 600°C for 30 min. The Ti segregates to both the surface to form a TiN(O) layer and to the alloy/SiO2 interface to form a Ti-oxide/Ti-silicide bilayer. The Cr seems to migrate only to the free surface to form a CrNx layer. A 45 nm - thick Al film was deposited after nitridation, whereupon a second anneal was performed to evaluate these nitride layers as diffusion barriers. It was found that the Ti-nitride was stable up to 500°C as compared to Cr-nitride at 600°C.
Parallel matrix algorithms on a broadcast-based architecture

Summary form only given. Due to advances in fiber-optics and VLSI technology, interconnection networks which allow multiple simultaneous broadcasts are becoming feasible. This paper summarizes one such multiprocessor architecture called the Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus (SOME-Bus). It also presents the design of the network interface and the cache and directory controllers which support cache block combining, capture and prefetch and allow complete overlap of processing time with the communication time due to compulsory misses. The paper uses two fundamental matrix algorithms to characterize the architecture performance. Cache miss analysis and results from the execution of these programs on a SOME-Bus simulator show that block capture and prefetch combined with an effective block replacement policy succeed in significantly reducing the miss rate due to compulsory misses as the cache size increases, while a similar increase of cache size in traditional architectures leaves the miss rate due to compulsory misses unaffected.
Global phylogeography and seascape genetics of the lemon sharks (genus Negaprion)

Seascapes are complex environments, and populations are often isolated by factors other than distance. Here we investigate the role of coastal habitat preference and philopatry in shaping the distribution and population structure of lemon sharks. The genus Negaprion comprises the amphiatlantic lemon shark (N. brevirostris), with a relict population in the eastern Pacific, and its Indo-West Pacific sister species, the sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens). Analyzing 138 individuals throughout the range of N. brevirostris (N = 80) and N. acutidens (N = 58) at microsatellite loci (nine and six loci, respectively) and the mitochondrial control region, we find evidence of allopatric speciation corresponding to the Tethys Sea closure (10-14 million years ago) and isolation of the eastern Pacific N. brevirostris population via the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama (approximately 3.5 million years ago). There is significant isolation by oceanic distance (R(2) = 0.89, P = 0.005), defined as the maximum distance travelled at depths greater than 200 m. We find no evidence for contemporary transatlantic gene flow (m, M = 0.00) across an oceanic distance of approximately 2400 km. Negaprion acutidens populations in Australia and French Polynesia, separated by oceanic distances of at least 750 km, are moderately differentiated (F(ST) = 0.070-0.087, P < or = 0.001; Phi(ST) = 0.00, P = 0.99), with South Pacific archipelagos probably serving as stepping stones for rare dispersal events. Migration between coastally linked N. brevirostris populations is indicated by nuclear (m = 0.31) but not mitochondrial (m < 0.001) analyses, possibly indicating female natal site fidelity. However, philopatry is equivocal in N. acutidens, which has the lowest control region diversity (h = 0.28) of any shark yet studied. Restricted oceanic dispersal and high coastal connectivity stress the importance of both local and international conservation efforts for these threatened sharks.
Getting Down to Business: Baruch College in the City of New York, 1847-1987

Beginnings: From Free Academy to School of Business, 1847-1930 The Thirties and Forties: Growth and Conflict War and Post-War: "Downtown City," 1940-1955 Troubled Years for the Baruch School, 1955-1962 A College is Born, 1962-1968 First Years and a Short-Term President, 1968-1970 Clyde Wingfield Arrives, 1971-1976 The Second Decade: Cinderella Years The Segall Team in High Gear, 1977-1987 Bibliography Index
Factor analysis for background suppression

Factor analysis (FA) is a statistical technique similar to principal component analysis (PCA) for explaining the variance in a data set in terms of underlying linear factors. Unlike PCA, however FA has not been widely exploited for face or object recognition. This paper explains the differences between PCA and FA, and confirms that PCA outperforms FA in a standard face recognition task. However because FA estimates the unique variance independently for even, pixel, we show that the variance estimates from FA can be used to automatically detect and suppress background pixels prior to the application of PCA, and thereby improve the performance of PCA-based object recognition systems.
Mechanisms of health: Education and health-related behaviours partially mediate the relationship between conscientiousness and self-reported physical health

The personality trait of conscientiousness is an important predictor of health and longevity. The present research examined how conscientiousness, in combination with educational attainment and health-related behaviours, predicted self-reported physical health across adulthood. These relations were investigated in two studies, one using a large, representative sample of Illinois residents (N = 617) and the other using a community sample with a multi-method assessment of conscientiousness (N = 274). Across both studies, structural path analyses provided evidence for a model wherein conscientiousness predicted health, in part, through its relationship to both educational attainment and health-related behaviours. The findings suggest conscientiousness predicts health through a diverse set of mechanisms including, but not limited to, educational attainment and health-related behaviours.
Self-organization of environmentally-adaptive shapes on a modular robot

Modular robots have the potential to achieve a wide range of applications by reconfiguring their shapes to perform different functions. This requires robust and scalable control algorithms that can form a wide range of user-specified shapes, including shapes that adapt to the environment. Here we present a decentralized algorithm for self-organizing of environmentally-adaptive shapes. We apply it to a chain-style modular robot, configured to form a flexible sheet structure. We show that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving a wide class of environmentally-adaptive shapes, and the module control is simple, scalable, robust and provably correct. The algorithm is also self-maintaining: the shape automatically adapts if the environment changes. Finally, we present several applications which can be achieved within this framework via robot prototypes and simulations, such as a self-balancing table. In our experiments, we demonstrate the algorithm is highly responsive and robust in the face of real-world actuation and sensing noise.
An analytical model to project MOS transistor lifetime improvement by deuterium passivation of interface traps

Based on the hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) isotope effect in interface trap generation and the power law that is widely used to describe the hot-carrier degradation of MOS transistors, a universal model is developed to project the hot-carrier lifetime improvement of MOS transistors by deuterium (D) passivation of interface traps. The validity of this model is verified by comparing its predication with the experimental measurements. The result indicates that the lifetime improvement increases more than exponentially as the D passivation fraction increases.
NASA's next generation all-digital deep space network breadboard receiver

This work describes the breadboard advanced receiver (called ARX) that is currently being built for use in NASA's deep space network (DSN). This receiver has unique requirements in having to operate with very weak signals from deep space probes and provide high-quality telemetry and tracking data. The hybrid analog/digital receiver performs multiple functions, including carrier, subcarrier, and symbol synchronization. Tracking can be achieved for either residual, suppressed or hybrid carriers and for both sinusoidal and square wave subcarriers. System requirements are specified, and a functional description of the ARX is presented. The various digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms used are illustrated with block diagrams. Other functions, such as time tagged Doppler extraction and monitor/control, are also discussed, including acquisition algorithms and lock detection schemes. >
Mechanism of the hepatojugular reflux test in congestive heart failure.

Abstract Certain theoretic concepts are presented for the elevation in systemic venous pressure produced by manual pressure over the hepatic region in subjects with chronic congestive heart failure. This response, known as the hepatojugular reflux, is to be expected in any person with generalized systemic hypertension and constitutes further evidence that venous tone is increased in patients with fongestive failure. Experiments on subjects with chronic congestive heart cailure supported the existence of a generalized increase in venous tone in congestive failure.
To be happy in a Mercedes: Tropes of value and ambivalent visions of marketization

The disintegration of Soviet social contracts has provoked, for many Russians, a continuing deliberation over the tense interrelation between material embodiments of value (wealth and commodities) and moral ones (respectability, education, and kindness). By contrast with previous anthropological tendencies to locate value production primarily within exchange transactions, in this article I identify two historically specific tropes of value (“culturedness” and “civilization”) and show how their articulation illuminates positioned experiences of large-scale change and social displacement. From the particular vantage point of St. Petersburg schoolteachers, I consider everyday deliberations about value and social difference as they take form within both local and global frames of reference, examining how these two contexts frequently produce divergent—but only seemingly contradictory—visions of marketization, its desirability, and its sociomoral significance.
Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin and psilocybe baecystis (singer and smith) by high-performance liquid chromatography and by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Rapid quantification of psilocybin and psilocin in extracts of wild mushrooms is accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with paire-ion reagents. Nine solvent systems and three solid supports are evaluated for their efficiency is separating psilocybin, psilocin and other components of crud mushroom extracts by thin-layer chromatography.
Medical Marijuana Use for Chronic Pain: Risks and Benefits

Questions from patients about medical marijuana use for chronic pain are becoming more common. The information in this report will help patients understand the potential risks and benefits of using this substance for painful conditions.
Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital

ABSTRACT We investigate the relations among voluntary disclosure, earnings quality, and cost of capital. We find that firms with good earnings quality have more expansive voluntary disclosures (as proxied by a self-constructed index of coded items found in 677 firms' annual reports and 10-K filings in fiscal 2001) than firms with poor earnings quality. In unconditional tests, we find that more voluntary disclosure is associated with a lower cost of capital. However, consistent with the complementary association between disclosure and earnings quality, we find that the disclosure effect on cost of capital is substantially reduced or disappears completely (depending on the cost of capital proxy) once we condition on earnings quality. Extensions probing alternative proxies show that our findings are robust to measures of earnings quality and cost of capital, but not to other measures of voluntary disclosure. In particular, we find opposite relations for voluntary disclosure measures based on management forecasts and conference calls, and we find no relations for a press release based measure. Copyright University of Chicago on behalf of the Institute of Professional Accounting, 2008.
Image registration for perspective deformation recovery

This paper describes a hierarchical image registration algorithm to infer the perspective transformation that best matches a pair of images. This work estimates the perspective parameters by approximating the transformation to be piecewise affine. We demonstrate the process by subdividing a reference image into tiles and applying affine registration to match them in the target image. The affine parameters are computed iteratively in a coarse-to-fine hierarchical framework using a variation of the Levenberg-Marquadt nonlinear least squares optimization method. This approach yields a robust solution that precisely registers image tiles with subpixel accuracy. The corresponding image tiles are used to estimate a global perspective transformation. We demonstrate this approach on pairs of digital images subjected to large perspective deformation.
Selection for Body Weight at Eight Weeks of Age. 17. Overfeeding

Female chicks from lines selected for high and low body weight and their reciprocal F1 crosses were overfed via force feeding to crop capacity from hatching to 21 days of age. Low-weight line chicks could be overfed at an earlier age to a greater extent than those from the high-weight line and F1 progeny. The degree of overfeeding appeared to be associated with the relative size of certain gastrointestinal components. Differences among lines in their capacity to be overfed were reflected in concomitant changes in body weight and carcass fat. Relationships among feed consumption and growth are discussed within the context of selection for body weight and heterosis under various feeding regimens.
Sustaining Ad-driven P2P streaming ecosystems: A market-based approach

Inconsistent quality of service is a significant problem in P2P-based video streaming systems. Pauses in playback are common for low capacity peers as they often upload relatively little compared to high capacity peers, and thus suffer from the ‘lack of reciprocity’ problem. In this work, we propose an Ad-driven Streaming P2p ECosysTem (ASPECT) that aims to eliminate the problem of playback pauses by adopting ‘reduced advertisement viewing duration’ as a positive incentive for peers to provide high upload rates. ASPECT rewards high capacity peers by reducing their advertisement viewing duration, when they provide more opportunities for lower capacity peers to download data. We build our research problem on a utility-theoretic market-based model, where the market stakeholders consist of a content provider, an advertisement provider, and network peers. Using concepts from game theory, we determine the system parameters to reach market efficiency, and study the practical implications of equilibria on the satisfaction of stakeholders' interests. From a system design perspective, one of our primary goals is to compute the equilibria advertisement viewing durations, that offer sufficient incentives for network peers to continue contributing. We evaluate ASPECT through an extensive simulation-based study. The results demonstrate that ASPECT mitigates the ‘playback pause’ problem for peers by at least 80% compared to existing approaches, results in appropriate advertisement viewing durations for all peers based on their contributions, and at the same time generates sufficient profit for the advertiser to be part of the market.
Efficient Lung Cancer Cell Detection with Deep Convolution Neural Network

Lung cancer cell detection serves as an important step in the automation of cell-based lung cancer diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a robust and efficient lung cancer cell detection method based on the accelerated Deep Convolution Neural Network framework(DCNN). The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated in two aspects: (1) We adopt a training strategy, learning the DCNN model parameters from only weakly annotated cell information (one click near the nuclei location). This technique significantly reduces the manual annotation cost and the training time. (2) We introduce a novel DCNN forward acceleration technique into our method, which speeds up the cell detection process several hundred times than the conventional sliding-window based DCNN. In the reported experiments, state-of-the-art accuracy and the impressive efficiency are demonstrated in the lung cancer histopathological image dataset.
Differential Effect of Desoxycorticosterone and the Sodium Hormone on Eosinophil Count in the Mouse

SummarySodium hormone potent in respect to its ability to produce sodium retention failed to produce eosinopenia in adrenal-ectomized mice while large doses of desoxy-corticosterone did. This is further evidence that the two substances are not identical.
Susceptibility of Escherichia coli K1 to Four Combinations of Antimicrobial Agents Potentially Useful for Treatment of Neonatal Meningitis

The synergy of four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful in the treatment of neonatal meningitis was examined with 19 strains of Escherichia coli K1. The effect on antimicrobial activity of changes in E. coli concentration and in pH to values similar to those of cerebrospinal fluid from infected neonates was also assessed. The degree of synergy, assessed by checkerboard agar dilution of the antimicrobial agents in combination with gentamicin, decreased in the following order: trimethoprim, cefamandole, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. Significant variation in activity against different strains of E. coli was not observed. In broth dilution tests, the individual antimicrobial agents, but not the combinations, were notably less active at pH 7.00 with an inoculum of 10(7) cfu/ml than at pH 7.40 with 10(5) cfu/ml. Bactericidal activities of the beta-lactam and trimethoprim combinations were similar. Chloramphenicol antagonized the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and of ampicillin plus gentamicin.
A Platform-Independent Learning Tool for Power System Analysis Concepts:

A software visualization tool is developed to help in teaching core power systems analysis problems in introductory undergraduate courses. The power system analysis concepts visualization tool cons...
The removal kinetics of dissolved organic matter and the optical clarity of groundwater

Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ultraviolet/visible light absorbance decrease systematically as groundwater moves through the unsaturated zones overlying aquifers and along flowpaths within aquifers. These changes occur over distances of tens of meters (m) implying rapid removal kinetics of the chromophoric DOM that imparts color to groundwater. A one-compartment input-output model was used to derive a differential equation describing the removal of DOM from the dissolved phase due to the combined effects of biodegradation and sorption. The general solution to the equation was parameterized using a 2-year record of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration changes in groundwater at a long-term observation well. Estimated rates of DOC loss were rapid and ranged from 0.093 to 0.21 micromoles per liter per day (μM d−1), and rate constants for DOC removal ranged from 0.0021 to 0.011 per day (d−1). Applying these removal rate constants to an advective-dispersion model illustrates substantial depletion of DOC over flow-path distances of 200 m or less and in timeframes of 2 years or less. These results explain the low to moderate DOC concentrations (20–75 μM; 0.26–1 mg L−1) and ultraviolet absorption coefficient values (a 254 < 5 m−1) observed in groundwater produced from 59 wells tapping eight different aquifer systems of the United States. The nearly uniform optical clarity of groundwater, therefore, results from similarly rapid DOM-removal kinetics exhibited by geologically and hydrologically dissimilar aquifers.
Research on Adaptive Decoupling Control Method for Hypersonic Vehicle

Hypersonic vehicles have the characteristics of fast time-varying,non-linear and hard coupling,and these characteristics made the altitude control system very difficult to design.In order to solve the problem,a double-loop control structure using dynamic inversion control method was built based on the analysis of the characteristics,which decompounded its attitude dynamics model into the attitude angle tracing loop and the angular rate tracing loop,and solved the coupling completely while reducing the design difficulty.Otherwise,PID neural networks control was used to solve the problem that the dynamic inversion method depended on the precision of the mathematic model seriously,and the control could adjust the networks' weight matrix element value.This method made the control system effective while having the ability to adapt the uncertainty of the model and the disturbance of the flight environment.The final simulation results on the condition of aerodynamic interference show that the overshoot of the attitude angle tracing is less than 1.5%,and the coupling of the slide angle is less than 1°,which meets the actual project control requirement well.
Cortisol Alterations in PTSD

When post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) became a diagnosis in 1980, many psychiatrists felt that this disorder was redundant with current biopsychosocial formulations of mental illness. Given the acknowledged importance of stress in precipitating the development of any psychiatric disorder—but primarily of mood and anxiety disorders (Bidzinska, 1984; Ghaziuddin et al., 1990; McFarlane, 1990; Pitman et al., 1987; Post et al., 1986; Swann et aI., 1990) - many felt that there was little to gain by having a discrete psychiatric disorder that specifically focused on targeting the effects of traumatic stressors. This feeling was further bolstered by the similarities between the proposed symptoms of PTSD and those seen in other mood and anxiety disorders (Friedman & Yehuda, 1995). Thus, many mental health practitioners in the early 1980s felt that the formulation of PTSD did not particularly add much to the psychiatric nosology in describing a novel syndrome.
Fundamental Principles of Stochastic Environmental Health Modelling

Environmental health science is concerned with the study of connections between two distinct kinds of processes: (a) natural processes that produce pollutants which can affect the state of human health, and (b) health processes describing this state. Generally, a process is a coordinated series of changes in the complexion of reality, a group of events linked to each other either causally or functionally. The term natural process, in particular, refers to changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the environment (e.g., it is used to denote a soil parameter, hydrogeologic variable, exposure indicator, protein production, chemical agent concentration, climatic and atmospheric parameter). Of particular importance are natural processes which contribute (directly or indirectly) to the production and distribution of environmental pollutants in space-time. The term health process, on the other hand, is used to denote the variables describing changes in the health state of a receptor (human body, organ, skin, etc.) or a group of receptors (population). Health state includes diseases such as cancer or asthma and population events such as epidemics.
Effect of selected clinical trial publication on adjunctive nonstatin medication prescribing in the Veterans Health Administration system

Purpose The question of whether publication of selected clinical trials is temporally followed by changes in prescribing of adjunctive lipid-lowering medications was evaluated. Methods In this retrospective preanalysis and postanalysis, Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients 18 years or older who received a new or renewed order for any lipid-lowering medication between April 2, 2004, and September 2, 2014, were included. This period was chosen based on the publication dates of three trials investigating the efficacy of nonstatin medications: Simvastatin with or without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (ENHANCE, April 3, 2008), Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (ACCORD Lipid, March 14, 2010), and Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy (AIM-HIGH, December 15, 2011). Annual prescribing rates for ezetimibe, fibrates, and niacin were analyzed for 4 years before and after the ENHANCE, ACCORD, and AIM-HIGH trial publication dates, respectively (3 years for niacin in AIM-HIGH) and reported as percent of patients in the cohort. Results Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, relatively low overall prescribing rates were observed for all three target medications. Prescribing rates for each medication decreased after its respective trial publication, with ezetimibe having the greatest change. Conclusion Prescribing of fibrates, niacin, and ezetimibe in the VHA system decreased after the publication of landmark trials assessing their addition to a statin, consistent with the recommendations in the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline, which did not encourage routine use of adjunctive therapies to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Algorithms for Flow Control and Optimization

The work on flow control and optimization at the Air Force Center for Optimal Design and Control (CODAC) has focused on new tools for improved aerodynamic design and the optimal and feedback control of fluid flows.
Group Stationarity and Invariance

Invariant measures and kernels; Invariant representations and Palm kernels; Measure inversion; Duality and mass transport; Invariant disintegration; Stationary densities and disintegration.
18F-Labeling of Sensitive Biomolecules for Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging study of fluorine-18 labeled biomolecules is an emerging and rapidly growing area for preclinical and clinical research. The present review focuses on recent advances in radiochemical methods for incorporating fluorine-18 into biomolecules via "direct" or "indirect" bioconjugation. Recently developed prosthetic groups and pre-targeting strategies, as well as representative examples in 18 F-labeling of biomolecules in PET imaging research studies are highlighted.
Impact of sequence variant detection and bacterial DNA extraction methods on the measurement of microbial community composition in human stool

Background: The human gut microbiome has been widely studied in the context of human health and metabolism, however the question of how to analyze this community remains contentious. This study compares new and previously well established methods aimed at reducing bias in bioinformatics analysis (QIIME 1 and DADA2) and bacterial DNA extraction of human fecal samples in 16S rRNA marker gene surveys. Results: Analysis of a mock DNA community using DADA2 identified more chimeras (QIIME 1: 0.70% of total reads vs DADA2: 1.96%), fewer sequence variants, (QIIME 1: 1297.4 ± 98.88 vs. DADA2: 136.27 ± 11.35, mean ± SD) and correct taxa at a higher resolution of classification (i.e. genus-level) than open reference OTU picking in QIIME 1. Additionally, the extraction of whole cell mock community bacterial DNA using four commercially available kits resulted in varying DNA yield, quality and bacterial community composition. Of the four kits compared, ZymoBIOMICS DNA Miniprep Kit provided the greatest yield, with a slight enrichment of Enterococcus. However, QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit resulted in the highest DNA quality. Mo Bio PowerFecal DNA Kit had the most dramatic effect on the mock community composition, resulting in an increased proportion of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and genus Eshcerichia as well as members of genera Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas. The presence of a sterile fecal matrix had a slight, but inconsistent effect on the yield, quality and taxa identified after extraction with all four DNA extraction kits. Extraction of bacterial DNA from native stool samples revealed a distinct effect of the DNA stabilization reagent DNA/RNA Shield on community composition, causing an increase in the detected abundance of members of orders Bifidobacteriales, Bacteroidales, Turicibacterales, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales. Conclusion: These results confirm that the DADA2 algorithm is superior to sequence clustering by similarity to determine microbial community structure. Additionally, commercially available kits used for bacterial DNA extraction from fecal samples have some effect on the proportion of high abundance members detected in a microbial community, but it is less significant than the effect of using DNA stabilization reagent, DNA/RNA Shield.
Reachability and Controllability for Time-Invariant Discrete-Time Systems

In this section, we extend the development in §13 to cover time-invariant discrete-time state space systems. The proofs of some of the results are a bit easier than the proofs of their continuous-time analogues; much of the technical machinery which we shall require is already at hand. As in §13, various definitions and results are stated and proved both in the context of “abstract” discrete-time linear systems, as per Definition 6.2, and in the setting of realizations.
Number of Lapses during the Psychomotor Vigilance Task as an Objective Measure of Fatigue

Purpose:This study examined how well the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) performance was related to subjective measures of fatigue. In order to study subjects presenting with a wide range of fatig...
Challenges for social flows

Abstract Social and interpersonal connections are attached to the built environment: people require physical infrastructure to meet and telecommunicate, and then populate these infrastructures with movement and information dynamics. In GIS analysis, actions are often represented as a unit of spatial information called the social flow–a linear geographic feature that evidences an individual's decision to connect places through travel, telecommunications and/or declaring personal relationships. These flows differ from traditional spatial networks (roads, etc.) because they are often non-planar, and unlike networks in operations systems (such as flight networks), provide evidence of personal intentionality to interact with the built environment and/or to perpetuate relationships with others. En masse, these flows sum to illustrate how humans, information and thoughts spread between and within places. Amid a growing abundance and usage of social flow data, we extend formal definitions of this data type, create new typologies, address new problems, and redefine social distance as the manifestation of social flows. Next, we outline challenges to fully leveraging these data with commercial GISystems by providing examples and potential solutions for representing, visualizing, manipulating, statistically analyzing and ascribing meaning to social flows. The goal of this discussion is to improve the dexterity of social flow data for geographic, environmental and social research questions.
An optimized solvent extraction and characterization of unidentified flavonoid glucuronide derivatives from spinach by UHPLC-HR-QTOF-MS

Abstract A rapid, sensitive analytical method using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-QTOF-MS) was developed for the identification and quantification of flavonoids from spinach. The extraction efficiency of flavonoids was evaluated by different solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetone: water (70:30), ethanol: water (70:30) and methanol: water (70:30). Flavonoid identification was achieved by UV spectra, high resolution accurate mass and their fragmentation pattern. The precursor and product ions were recorded by both broadband collision ion dissociation (bbCID) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) techniques. Different collision energies (5, 10, 15, 20, 40, and 70 eV) were optimized to obtain the mass spectra of flavonoids in positive and negative ionization modes. For the first time, five minor flavonoid glucuronide derivatives were identified in spinach. MRM and bbCID provided glucuronide fingerprint ions at m/z 175.0278 and m/z 113.0257 respectively in negative ionization mode. The quantification of identified flavonoids was achieved by 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6:7-methylen-dioxyflavone-4'-β-D-glucuronide which was purified by semi-preparatory HPLC. The purity of the isolated compound was confirmed by NMR analysis. The identified 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6:7-methylen-dioxyflavone-4'-β-D-(2′-O-feurloyl-glucuronide) was the prominent flavonoid and the level was significantly higher in the acetone fraction (2.95 ± 0.16 µg/g FW). This study demonstrates the systematic identification of potential bioactive compounds especially glucuronide derivatives from spinach.
Stability of the Inviscid Shock Layer in Strong Interaction Flow Over a Hypersonic Flat Plate

Near the leading edge in the viscous flow over a hypersonic flat plate, a limit process asymptotic expansion has been studied for the Navier-Stokes equations that gives two primary decks for the flow structure. In a limit equivalent to keeping the Viscous Interaction Parameter χ fixed as the reciprocal of the Reynolds number ∈→0, scalings have been studied that recover the Stewartson structure of an inner high temperature boundary layer deck and an outer cool inviscid “shock layer” that is governed by Hypersonic Small Disturbance Theory (HSDT) in the strong shock limit of H = 0, where H = 1/M 2 δ 2, δ = boundary layer thickness, and M = freestream Mach number. Small amplitude, (e) temporally-harmonic disturbances originating along a vertical line in the flow at an upstream location, qualitatively similar to those introduced experimentally with vibrating ribbons are used to study the inviscid stability of the shock layer. The main focus is to incorporate the simultaneous effects of the finite vertical domain, strong curved shock induced by the effective 3/4 power body corresponding to δ(x), and the stratification of the flow into the stability calculation, where x is the streamwise coordinate. The appropriate equations for the perturbations are obtained with a secondary limit of e → 0. Parallel flow approximation and modal factorization of the x dependent part of the disturbances are naturally suppressed in this formulation.