cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annexin VI overexpression targeted to heart alters cardiomyocyte function in transgenic mice

Annexin VI is a member of a family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that is expressed in many tissues, including the heart. It is a regulator of membrane-associated events, including the skeletal muscle ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel and the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The potential roles of annexin VI in Ca2+ signaling in cardiac myocytes were evaluated by targeting its overexpression to the hearts of transgenic mice. Expression of full-length human annexin VI cDNA was targeted to the heart using the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene promoter (Subramaniam, A., W. K. Jones, J. Gulick, S. Wert, J. Neumann, and J. Robbins. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 24613-24620, 1991). Five transgenic lines exhibited at least 10-fold overexpression of annexin VI protein in both atria and ventricles. Pathological evaluation indicated mice overexpressing annexin VI had enlarged dilated hearts, acute diffuse myocarditis, lymphocytic infiltration, moderate to severe fibrosis throughout the heart, and mild fibrosis around the pulmonary veins of the lungs. Contractile mechanics of cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts of transgenic animals showed frequency-dependent reduced percent shortening and decreased rates of contraction and relaxation compared with control animals. Cardiomyocytes isolated from transgenic animals had lower basal levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and a reduced rise in free Ca2+ following depolarization. After stimulation, intracellular free Ca2+ returned to basal levels faster in transgenic cells than in cells from control animals. These data demonstrate that the overexpression of annexin VI in the heart disrupts normal Ca2+ homeostasis and suggests that this dysfunction may be due to annexin VI regulation of pumps and/or exchangers in the membranes of cardiomyocytes.
Sexual Perfectionism in Women: Not as Simple as Adaptive or Maladaptive

According to research and theory, the construct of perfectionism may apply to specific life domains, including being a perfect sexual partner. We extended the research on sexual perfectionism (SP) by examining the relationships between its various dimensions (i.e., self-directed, partner-directed, socially prescribed, partner-prescribed) and communication about sex, sexual functioning, and appearance self-consciousness during sex. Women (N = 208) of ages 19–50 were recruited online to respond to the Multidimensional Sexual Perfectionism Questionnaire and measures of communication about sex, sexual functioning, and physical appearance self-consciousness during sex. Dimensions of SP demonstrated a mixed pattern of relationships with measures of adaptive functioning. Partner-prescribed SP was related to greater appearance self-consciousness during sex, indicating an unfavorable role of this dimension of SP. An indirect effect of socially prescribed and partner-prescribed SP on sexual functioning through poor dyadic communication about sex and greater appearance self-consciousness was also found. Self-directed SP was less clearly problematic and uniquely related to better dyadic communication, whereas partner-directed SP was uniquely related to fewer concerns about the body appearance during sex. In conclusion, with respect to personal functioning, higher standards directed towards sexual partners may be less problematic but perceptions that romantic partners expect one to be a perfect sexual partner may have deleterious effects. Overall, SP may relate to sexual experiences of women beyond the college-age group with some aspects of SP being more problematic than others.
Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

‘Social attitudes’ is not a very precise term. It must be treated with restraint. Otherwise it will quickly expand to embrace the whole ambit of governmental economic policies, a topic very properly assigned to a special session of this Conference. We shall deal here essentially with the significance for a country’s economic development of popular evaluations of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activities; that is to say, of the general climate of opinion within which entrepreneurial action takes place. Even when so restricted, the problem remains vast, and a great deal of patient monographic research is necessary before any firm conclusions can be reached. The following impressionistic remarks, therefore, purport to do no more than to present briefly some general lines of thought that have been pursued so far, to issue some warnings against too ready an acceptance of certain abstract models, and to illustrate these warnings by reference to some segments of European history of the nineteenth century. With regard to the latter, the emphasis is on earlier stages of industrialisation rather than on conditions in mature economies. Except for a brief allusion, the question as to what extent European historical experience can be used for elucidating the current problems of underdeveloped countries must likewise remain outside the scope of this paper.
Technology and Inequality Within the United States School Systems.

As technology becomes an increasingly important tool that students will need to succeed in life, it falls upon educators, parents, and society as a whole to make sure that students are being taught these skills. Through analysis of existing research, data, and publications, this article examines some of the reasons why not all students are afforded equal opportunities to acquire technology skills. Three main impediments to technological equalization in the United States school systems are examined: a) gender bias, b) geographical location bias, and c) racial bias. The overview afforded by this article attempts to show how these biases individually and together tend to work to prevent all students from receiving equal opportunities to learn and master the technological skills that will be required of them upon graduation from high school. Implications for the future action and research are discussed.
Learning About the Lived Experiences of Women with Autism from an Online Community

The experience of being an adult female with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been understudied in social work literature. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of females with ASD, from their perspective, by examining content from an online autism community Web site. Using a phenomenological approach, data analysis on content obtained from the forum revealed several themes about the women's experiences concerning the diagnostic process, managing and understanding symptoms, and the impact of ASD on their personal and work relationships. Implications for social work practice, including creating more effective services for females with ASD, are discussed.
Encoding “10ness” Improves First-Graders’ Estimation of Numerical Magnitudes

Understanding numerical magnitudes is a foundational skill that significantly impacts later learning of mathematics concepts. The current study tested the idea that encoding of “10ness” is crucial to improving children’s estimation of two-digit number magnitudes. We used commercially available base-10 blocks for this purpose. The children in the experimental condition were asked to construct two-digit numbers by laying down the precise combinations of 10- and 1-blocks horizontally (e.g., three 10-blocks and seven 1-blocks for 37). Two control conditions were also included. In one control condition, children used 1-blocks only. In another control condition, children used one 10-block and as many 1-blocks as necessary. After working with the experimenter for only 15 minutes twice, the children in the experimental condition were significantly more accurate on the estimation task than those in the control conditions. The findings confirmed the importance of encoding 10ness as a unit in making accurate estimates of two-digit number magnitudes. The importance of encoding other units in the base-10 system is discussed.
CONSISTENCY AND DISCONTINUITY: MY SEIGELIAN LIFE CYCLE (OR, GROWING UP WITH JERRY)

Marx's Fate begins with a quote from W. B. Yeats, who says that he “often has had the fancy that there is some one Myth for every man, which, if we but knew it, would make us understand all he did and thought.” There is no one Myth for anyone, including Jerry Seigel, but there is, I think, in his work an “inner sameness and continuity,” as Erik Erikson would put it, which is matched, once we reflect on the matter, by a “continuity of [his] meaning for others.”
Taming the ‘trolls’: How journalists negotiate the boundaries of journalism and online comments:

The relationship between online commenters and journalists has been challenged as frustrated journalists pull back on commenting and introduce rules to make it more difficult to participate. As new rules and policies emerge, journalists engage in a public campaign to change how commenting and journalism are perceived. This study seeks to understand how journalists attempt to frame commenting and its role alongside journalism. Boundary work was used to consider how journalists use public statements about commenting to establish appropriate roles for both the journalist and the commenter. But these statements also represent philosophies about strategies, policies, and practices related to commenting. Journalists take three philosophical approaches to online comments based on whether they willingly welcome commenters, see the commenter as a threat, but recognize their role, or take action to keep the audience at a distance. Along with these three roles, strategies and professional responses to commenting are...
Police as State: Governing Citizenship Through Violence

In this chapter, Guillermina Seri and Jinee Lokaneeta argue that police abuse reproduces “violent exclusions” from citizenship in democracies. In particular, it makes visible a biopolitical mechanism generating categories of individuals allowed access to different levels of citizenship, or none, in ways that echo dominant class, racial, caste, religious, or gender hierarchies in a society. Rooted in political theory, the chapter draws on a most different comparison of the illustrative cases of Argentina and India. Despite their contrasting historical and institutional trajectories, India and Argentina converge on their uneven conditions in guaranteeing citizenship rights. Their findings highlight parallel mechanisms of informal, legal or extralegal state violence, institutional practices, and public discourse through which states regulate access to rights and citizenship that tend to remain concealed and tolerated.
Evaluation of optical imaging agents in a fluorescence-guided surgical model of head and neck cancer

Abstract Background Tumor proliferation often occurs from pathologic receptor upregulation. These receptors provide unique targets for near-infrared (NIR) probes that have fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) applications. We demonstrate the use of three smart-targeted probes in a model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Methods A dose escalation study was performed using IntegriSense750, ProSense750EX, and ProSense750FAST in mice (n = 5) bearing luciferase-positive SCC-1 flank xenograft tumors. Whole body fluorescence imaging was performed serially after intravenous injection using commercially available open-field (LUNA, Novadaq, Canada) and closed-field NIR systems (Pearl, LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). An ex vivo, whole-body biodistribution was conducted. Lastly, FGS was performed with IntegriSense750 to demonstrate orthotopic and metastatic disease localization. Results Disease fluorescence delineation was assessed by tumor-to-background fluorescence ratios (TBR). Peak TBR values were 3.3 for 1 nmol ProSense750EX, 5.5 for 6 nmol ProSense750FAST, and 10.8 for 4 nmol IntegriSense750 at 5.5, 3, and 4 d post administration, respectively. Agent utility is unique: ProSense750FAST provides sufficient contrast quickly (TBR: 1.5, 3 h) while IntegriSense750 produces strong (TBR: 10.8) contrast with extended administration-to-resection time (96 h). IntegriSense750 correctly identified all diseased nodes in situ during exploratory surgeries. Ex vivo, whole-body biodistribution was assessed by tumor-to-tissue fluorescence ratios (TTR). Agents provided sufficient fluorescence contrast to discriminate disease from background, TTR>1. IntegriSense750 was most robust in neural tissue (TTR: 64) while ProSense750EX was superior localizing disease against lung tissue (TBR: 13). Conclusion All three agents appear effective for FGS.
Designing and Experimentally Testing a Magnetically Geared Lead Screw

A realistically sized magnetically geared lead screw is designed, analyzed, and experimentally tested in this paper. By using magnetic gearing, this device is able to convert low-speed linear motion into high-speed rotary motion. The advantage of the proposed design over alternative linear magnetic gear and magnetic lead screw devices is that the translator does not contain magnets. Therefore, in long stroke length applications, the magnetically geared lead screw can operate with a higher force-per-kilogram of magnet material.
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries at all temperatures

Fast charging is a key enabler of mainstream adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). None of today's EVs can withstand fast charging in cold or even cool temperatures due to the risk of lithium plating. Efforts to enable fast charging are hampered by the trade-off nature of a lithium-ion battery: Improving low-temperature fast charging capability usually comes with sacrificing cell durability. Here, we present a controllable cell structure to break this trade-off and enable lithium plating-free (LPF) fast charging. Further, the LPF cell gives rise to a unified charging practice independent of ambient temperature, offering a platform for the development of battery materials without temperature restrictions. We demonstrate a 9.5 Ah 170 Wh/kg LPF cell that can be charged to 80% state of charge in 15 min even at -50 °C (beyond cell operation limit). Further, the LPF cell sustains 4,500 cycles of 3.5-C charging in 0 °C with 12 y and >280,000 miles of EV lifetime under this extreme usage condition, i.e., 3.5-C or 15-min fast charging at freezing temperatures.
Calculation of the width of the decay psi '--> psi eta.

The width of the transition \ensuremath{\psi}'\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\eta} in the charmonium system is calculated in a potential-model approach. A two-stage process is assumed in which the intermediate states are charmed mesons which in turn couple to \ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\eta} via a quark-exchange process. A width of 1.6 keV is obtained.
Solvent Mediation of Peptide Conformations: Polyproline Structures in Water, Methanol, Ethanol, and 1-Propanol as Determined by Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry and circular dichroism spectroscopy are used to examine the populations of the small model peptide, polyproline-13 in water, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol over a range of solution temperatures (from 288 to 318 K). At low temperatures, the less-polar solvents (1-propanol and ethanol) favor the all-cis polyproline I helix (PPI); as the temperature is increased, the trans-configured polyproline II helix (PPII) is formed. In polar solvents (methanol and water), PPII is favored at all temperatures. From the experimental data, we determine the relative stabilities of the eight structures in methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol, as well as four in water, all with respect to PPII. Although these conformers show relatively small differences in free energies, substantial variability is observed in the enthalpies and entropies across the structures and solvents. This requires that enthalpies and entropies be highly correlated: in 1-propanol, cis-configured PPI conformations are energetically favorable but entropically disfavored. In more polar solvents, PPI is enthalpically less favorable and entropy favors trans-configured forms. While either ΔH0 or ΔS0 can favor different structures, no conformation in any solvent is simultaneously energetically and entropically stabilized. These data present a rare opportunity to examine the origin of conformational stability.
Why Are Hungry College Students Not Seeking Help? Predictors of and Barriers to Using an On-Campus Food Pantry.

Background: The number of food pantries on U.S. college campuses has increased in response to students’ food insecurity, but limited information is available to describe the impact of this resource. The objective of this cross-sectional investigation was to examine the relationship between food insecurity and food pantry awareness, use, and perceived barriers to use. Methods: Students attending the University of Florida in fall 2017 (n = 899) completed the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Adult Food Security Survey and responded to questions about food pantry awareness and use. Sociodemographic data were also collected and included in multivariate logistic regression models. Results: While most students (70%) were aware of the existing food pantry, nearly a third of respondents were classified as being food insecure. After adjusting for sociodemographic correlates, factors such as identifying as being food insecure, international status, and receiving a student loan or a need-based federal financial aid (Pell grant) increased the likelihood of utilizing the campus food pantry. Despite these predictors, only 38% of food insecure students reported food pantry use. Among students who provided qualitative insights, four main barriers to using the on-campus food pantry were identified: social stigma, insufficient information on pantry use policies, self-identity, and inconvenient hours. Conclusions: Food security interventions and administrative policy should consider a new model of the traditional campus food pantry that reduces concerns of social stigma and is supported by clear and ongoing communications of operational procedures tailored for the college student population.
Total Hip Arthroplasty for Proximal Femoral Nonunion and Malunion

Nonunions and malunions may complicate the treatment of proximal femur fractures. These sequelae often occur in the setting of poor bone stock or a compromised host, thereby adding to the complexity of their presentation. Hip arthroplasty after failed fracture treatment (often referred to as “conversion arthroplasty”) can often be employed as a salvage procedure in these difficult clinical scenarios to improve pain and limitations in mobility. However, previously placed hardware may alter patient anatomy, create potential stress risers, and confer a higher risk for postoperative complications including infection and instability. These surgeries often require revision components and adjunctive techniques including trochanteric osteotomies or bone grafting. This chapter will outline the indications for conversion arthroplasty in the setting of proximal femoral nonunions and malunions, discuss technical pearls and pitfalls of these surgical interventions, and present their reported clinical outcomes.
Overview of Dermatological Diseases

Dermatologic complaints are frequently encountered in the primary care setting. Though rarely life-threatening, they can cause significant psychosocial morbidity. Three common skin diseases, acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, are often difficult to treat, and can result in significant scarring, having adverse effects on the patient's psyche. This chapter outlines current theories in the pathogenesis of these three diseases, as well as giving an overview of current therapeutic regimens and future potential treatments.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: identifying the gain of chromosome 20 on multiphasic MDCT.

To investigate whether multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) enhancement can help identify the gain of chromosome 20 in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a rare prognostically significant cytogenetic abnormality. With the Institutional Review Board approval, we queried our institution’s pathology database to derive a cohort of 52 cases of clear cell RCC with preoperative four-phase renal mass protocol MDCT and karyotypes of the resected specimens during a 10-year period. Each lesion was evaluated for absolute and relative (compared to contralateral normal renal cortex) attenuations in each phase. Relative attenuation was calculated as [(lesion attenuation − cortex attenuation)/cortex attenuation] × 100. The absolute and relative attenuations were compared using t-tests. Clear cell RCCs with the gain of 20 had significantly less nephrographic and excretory phase enhancement than clear cell RCCs without the gain of 20 (86.4 HU vs. 111.4 HU, p = 0.007; 70.0 HU vs. 89.4 HU, p = 0.003; respectively). Additionally, the relative nephrographic and excretory phase attenuations of clear cell RCCs with the gain of 20 were significantly less than that of clear cell RCCs without the gain of 20 (−52.7 vs. −34.7, p = 0.002; −44.9 vs. −31.1, p = 0.005; respectively). Multiphasic MDCT enhancement may assist in identifying the gain of chromosome 20 in clear cell RCCs, if validated in a large prospective trial.
Test Scores for Improving the Accuracy of Logic Diagnosis for Multiple Defects

In the initial stages of the yield improvement process for a new technology, a faulty unit may contain several defects (a multiple defect). The presence of a multiple defect may cause a state-of-the-art logic diagnosis procedure that is based on simulation and ranking of single modeled faults to produce a large set of candidate faults. Test removal or selection procedures are based on the observation that a large set of candidate faults is obtained when defects interact under certain tests. If the tests are ignored, the accuracy of logic diagnosis is improved. However, when a test is ignored, useful diagnostic information may also be lost. Instead, this brief suggests that it is possible to assign a score to every test based on its contribution to the accuracy of logic diagnosis. The test scores are used for scaling the contributions of the tests to the identification of candidate faults. This results in a reduced set of candidate faults where the faults are identified by tests with higher scores. The procedure requires a single additional logic diagnosis step, with a negligible computational effort. Experimental results are presented for multiple defects in benchmark circuits to demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
Outcomes and Costs Following Ommaya Placement with Thrombocytopenia Among U.S. Patients with Cancer.

Background Placement of Ommaya reservoirs for the administration of intrathecal chemotherapy may be complicated by comorbid thrombocytopenia among patients with hematologic or leptomeningeal disease. Aggregated data on risks of Ommaya placement among thrombocytopenic patients are lacking. This study assesses complications, revision rates, and costs associated with Ommaya placement among patients with thrombocytopenia in a large population sample. Methods Using a national administrative database, this retrospective study identifies a cohort of adult patients with cancer who underwent Ommaya placement between 2007 and 2016. Preoperative thrombocytopenia was defined as diagnosis of secondary thrombocytopenia, bleeding event, procedure to control bleeding, or platelet transfusion, within 30 days before index admission. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess costs, 30-day complications, readmissions, and revisions among patients with and without preoperative thrombocytopenia. Results The analytic cohort included 1652 patients, of whom 29.3% met criteria for preoperative thrombocytopenia. In-hospital mortality rates were 7.7% among patients thrombocytopenia with versus 1.2% among patients without thrombocytopenia (P Conclusions This is the largest study to date documenting costs and complication rates of Ommaya placement in patients with and without thrombocytopenia.
‘Qué barbaridad, son latinos y deberían saber español primero’: Language Ideology, Agency, and Heritage Language Insecurity across Immigrant Generations

This case study examines the consequences of community language attitudes and ideologies on later-generation heritage speakers through qualitative sociolinguistic and discourse analysis of 22 interviews with first- and second-generation Latinos of diverse backgrounds in a major US metropolitan area. The findings show that imposed deficit identities derived from ideologies of language purity, proficiency, and individual agency were misunderstood and stigmatized later-generation heritage speakers, leading to language insecurity and avoidance despite overtly positive attitudes toward Spanish maintenance. Results demonstrate the resilience of prescriptive/purist language attitudes and the tension inherent between these beliefs (albeit couched within positive heritage language attitudes) and speakers’ actual bilingualism. Further, they show that the ideologies of individual agency can paradoxically contribute to the imposition of deficit sociolinguistic identities on later-generation speakers and curtail their language use. The study renders visible connections between ideologies of language, identity, and agency and demonstrates how their reproduction within families and communities circumscribes later-generation heritage speakers’ linguistic identities and behavior.
Tranexamic Acid Administration is Associated With a Decreased Odds of Prosthetic Joint Infection Following Primary Total Hip and Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A National Database Analysis.

Abstract Background Tranexamic acid (TXA) for the reduction of blood loss in orthopedic surgery is coming into greater adoption. Because TXA administration lowers the incidence of blood transfusion and of hematoma formation, risk factors for infection, we asked whether TXA use might be associated with a lower incidence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following orthopedic surgery. Methods We queried the Premier Healthcare database for ICD-9 codes corresponding to elective inpatient primary total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) from 2012 to 2016, TXA administration on the day of surgery, and PJI during the hospital stay or within 90 days. We performed a multilevel multivariable logistic regression (SAS version 9.4. SAS Institute, Cary, NC) to determine if TXA administration or other covariates were a significant predictor of infection. Results Among 914,990 total joint arthroplasty patients, 46.0% received TXA on the day of surgery. 0.13% developed PJI within 90 days. After adjusting for patient and hospital-related covariates, TXA use was associated with significantly lower odds of PJI within 90 days of surgery (OR 0.49 [0.69, 0.91]). Conclusion Administration of TXA on the day of surgery in total knee and total hip arthroplasty was associated with a statistically significant decreased odds of PJI in the first 90 days. We therefore conclude that TXA might play an important role in our attempts to decrease PJI after joint arthroplasty. The exact mechanisms and ideal dosage by which TXA can contribute to such a reduction need further study.
On the origin of technological acquisition strategy: The interaction between organizational plasticity and environmental munificence

Research Summary Why do some firms routinely acquire more than others? I contribute to the study of technological acquisitions and capability development more broadly by documenting how the interaction between organizational plasticity and environmental munificence can create one demarcation point for some technology firms to become more acquisitive than others. Using a novel dataset on 1,201 firms that went public between 1983 and 2007, I find evidence of a persistent divergence even 20 years after initial public offering (IPO). Additional tests rule out alternative explanations and explore potential mechanisms. Managerial Summary There has been much evidence to suggest that mature innovative firms tend to have a preferred mode for accessing new technology: either by making it internally or buying it from other firms. However, we do not know very well how firms develop these preferences. This article investigates how financial market conditions affect young firms around the time of going public, and shows that recently IPO'd firms that experience depressed M&A markets go on to rely less on acquisitions when they mature. Conversely, these firms seem to develop more technologies in‐house. These findings suggest that some early events in a firm's life may have long‐lasting consequences, which may be difficult to change later.
The geometric universality of currents

We discuss a non-equilibrium statistical system on a graph or network. Particles are injected, interact with each other, and traverse and leave the graph in a stochastic manner. We show that under the assumption of constancy of a subset of parameters, the system demonstrates the universality of the statistics of the particle currents. In systems connected to a heat bath, this universality leads to fluctuation relations that forbid distinguishing stochastic currents in a strongly driven regime from the currents in thermodynamic equilibrium. We apply this universality to enabling examples from mesoscopic electronics and biochemistry.
Antisocial Personality Disorder as a Risk Factor for Opioid Use: The Dual Mediating Roles of Antisocial Attitudes and Self-Control:

Antisocial personality disorder is a risk factor for opioid use. There is a dearth of research which examines self-control and moral disengagement as potential mediators of this relationship. This ...
History of indigenous Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, animals and triatomines in California, USA

This historical review highlights previously undescribed potential foci for sylvatic and domestic locally acquired Chagas disease in California. The review starts in the 1910s, when Trypanosoma cruzi was first discovered through scientific triatomine investigations. Next, the natural transition around the mid-1900s into clinical investigations of the domestic and peridomestic environments and their epidemiologic profiles is detailed. The review closes with the shift to applied genetic, diagnostic and scientific applications surrounding Chagas disease infected individuals in the state. Throughout the course of the review, transmission foci and their unique clinical and epidemiologic characteristics are described. This in-depth review has merit for clinicians, veterinarians and public health officials working with vector-borne diseases in the southwestern USA.
Cultivating Doxastic Responsibility

This paper addresses some of the contours of an ethics of knowledge in the context of ameliorative epistemology, where this term describes epistemological projects aimed at redressing epistemic injustices, improving collective epistemic practices, and educating more effectively for higher-order reflective reasoning dispositions. Virtue theory and embodiment theory together help to tie the cultivation of moral and epistemic emotions to cooperative problem-solving. We examine one cooperative vice, ‘knavery,’ and how David Hume’s little-noticed discussion of it is a forerunner of contemporary game theory’s concern with behavior of ‘free riding’ on systems of trust or cooperation. We develop these and other examples as calling for “risk-aware” social epistemology, which ties epistemic risk (the risk of one’s ‘getting it wrong’) with doxastic responsibility. Risk-aware social epistemology aims at describing and ameliorating epistemic practices, but without confusing over-generalizing about culpability in ways that would conflate philosophical censure or critique of bias, with “blameworthiness” in any stronger sense.
HLA class I antigen processing machinery defects in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen-processing machinery (APM) plays a crucial role in the synthesis and expression of HLA class I tumor antigen-derived peptide complexes; the latter mediate the recognition and elimination of malignant cells by cognate T cells. Defects in HLA class I APM component expression and/or function are frequently found in cancer cells, providing them with an immune escape mechanism that has relevance in the clinical course of the disease and in the response to T-cell–based immunotherapy. The majority of HLA class I APM defects (>75%) are caused by epigenetic mechanisms or dysregulated signaling and therefore can be corrected by strategies that counteract the underlying mechanisms. Their application in oncology is likely to improve responses to T-cell–based immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibition.
Hybrid Particle-In-Cell Simulation of Wave-Particle Interactions in Collisionless Plasma with FD and DG Schemes

The plasma environment of the Earth's magnetosphere is frequently unstable to very low frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) waves, leading to a wide variety of natural emissions and wave amplification phenomena1. Modeling VLF wave phenomena in this environment remains a significant computational challenge because the characteristic frequencies of a plasma may be an order of magnitude higher than the VLF frequencies of interest. This discrepancy presents a significant problem for time-domain numerical solution methods such as finite difference time-domain (FDTD) because explicit time-stepping techniques are limited by the largest characteristic frequency present in the system. Another time-domain solution technique, called the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, does not suffer from these restrictions. Due to its different formulation, the DG method is easily adapted for use on unstructured grids, allowing for increased spatial resolution only where it is required.
Henry James and the Culture of Consumption

This book explores Henry James's imaginative engagements with the burgeoning consumer culture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on his hitherto neglected fascination with shops and the shopping experience. Examining a wide range of the author's fiction and non-fiction in the context of developments such as the rise of the department store, the growing public presence of women shoppers and shop workers, and the increasing sophistication of commodity display and advertising, the book argues that consumer desire constitutes an integral part of James's understanding of modern subjectivity. It also demonstrates that the structures and strategies of commodity culture are deeply embedded in his style, his aesthetic and his conception of authorship. The study offers new readings of familiar and less familiar texts, and includes a wealth of original historical documentation that has been gleaned from contemporary newspapers, periodicals, advertising manuals, sales catalogues and guidebooks.
Dormant Commerce Clause Review: Why the Ninth Circuit Decision in Corey Strayed from Precedent and What the Supreme Court Could Have Done About It

In 2007, the California state legislature enacted the Low-Carbon Fuel Standard, or LCFS, limiting carbon emissions from transport fuels throughout the fuels’ entire “lifecycle,” by assigning “carbon intensity” scores to each fuel product. These scores are calculated using a variety of measurements, including the amount of carbon emitted while producing the fuels and in transporting them to California. Out-of-state fuel suppliers challenged that the LCFS places an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce because their products would inevitably have higher carbon intensity scores than their in-state counterparts, based merely on the distance traveled. The dispute reached the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Rocky Mountain Farmers Union v. Corey. This Comment argues that although the Ninth Circuit correctly found the LCFS to be valid under the Dormant Commerce Clause, it erred in finding that the text of the LCFS’s was not facially discriminatory, which would have required the court to have applied strict scrutiny. This Comment further argues that the Supreme Court should have granted certiorari to provide a clear instruction on whether a Dormant Commerce Clause analysis could be performed relying solely on the state legislature’s purported reasoning, and without regard to the challenged law’s discriminatory text.
New Pardigms in the Next-Generation Media: The Digital Glocalization of Entertainment

Chapter 9 analyzes the threats and opportunities provided by the digital entertainment landscape. In particular, the NBC 2008 Olympics coverage is illustrated as an example of a strategy trying to fully explore the possibilities offered by the digital environment in entertainment. It constitutes an example of digital glocalization of entertainment: A global entertainment event is adapted locally, taking full advantage of the new features of the digital landscape.
The Completion as a Reconstruction of Conics VIII

In the preface to the Completion Ibn al-Haytham concludes his observations on the supposed contents of the lost Conics VIII as follows (0i): We decided that these notions and similar ones were the notions contained in the eighth Book (of the Conics). When our judgement about that had been established, we started to derive these notions, to explain them and to collect them in a book containing them,to replace the eighth Book and to be the Completion of the Conics.
Afforestation of the land

The evolution of forests was in some ways a continuation of evolutionary processes set in motion with the advent of vascular land plants. Their appearance heralded marked advances in weathering and stability of soils and landscapes. With trees appeared the various kinds of soils with leached, near-surface (E), and clayey and ferruginized subsurface (Bt and Bs) horizons: Alfisols, Ultisols and Spodosols. This increased diversity of soils paralleled a diversification of life into the varied habitats found within forests.
Metabolism of Endobiotics and Xenobiotics by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase

Publisher Summary All organisms are exposed to a number of chemical compounds that are toxic were it not for metabolic mechanisms available to the organism to moderate their effects. Chemical substances may be xenobiotics, such as drugs, or compounds presented to the organism from environmental or dietary sources. The elimination of many such compounds and their detoxification involves different types of metabolic reactions. One of them is conjugation through glucuronic acid catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). In addition to xenobiotics; endobiotics, such as steroids or bilirubin, are glucuronidated. Formation of glucuronides from xeno- and endo- biotics generally results in the formation of products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excreted by the kidney or liver. A number of UGTs have been purified to homogeneity from liver of several species, including humans. Recently identified are a number of UGTs that are important for the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics, such as steroids and estrogen catechols. This chapter discusses the metabolism of important amines, opioids, and endobiotics, such as steroids and their catechol derivatives. There are details on glucuronidation of amines, glucuronidation of opioid compounds, and glucuronidation of catechol estrogens by UGTs. Many isoforms of UGT catalyze the glucuronidation of primary and secondary amines. In humans, many important therapeutic agents, such as the antihistamines, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants, are tertiary amines. Many of these tertiary amines, in humans, are converted to and excreted as quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronides. Stably expressed human UGT1.4 protein has been discovered to catalyze the N-glucuronidation of a variety of tertiary amines. To date, only human UGT1.4 has been identified to catalyze the formation of quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronides from tertiary amines. UGT2B1 and UGT1.1 have been demonstrated to catalyze the glucuronidation of opioid substances. UGT2B1 has high activity toward many opioid substrates, whereas UGT1.1 catalyzes the glucuronidation the oripavine-type opioid compounds.
Recombination era magnetic fields from axion dark matter

We introduce a new mechanism for generating magnetic fields in the recombination era. This Harrison-like mechanism utilizes vorticity in baryons that is sourced through the Bose-Einstein condensate of axions via gravitational interactions. The magnetic fields generated are on galactic scales $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc}$ and have a magnitude of the order of $B\ensuremath{\sim}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}23}\mathrm{G}$ today. The field has a greater magnitude than those generated from other mechanisms relying on second-order perturbation theory, and is sufficient to provide a seed for battery mechanisms.
Effects of C-reactive protein on lymphocyte functions. III. Inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte stimulation and lymphokine production.

The effect of purified human C-reactive protein (CRP) on antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine production by human lymphocytes was assessed since it was previously shown that CRP binds primarily to T cells and inhibits the mixed lymphocyte response. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from antigen-sensitive donors displayed a diminished proliferative response to both purified protein derivative (PPD) and Candida antigen in the presence of CRP, a response which was proportional to the concentration of CRP. Addition of CRP to human lymphocytes in culture markedly inhibited the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) not only initiated by antigen but also triggered by the lectins PHA and Con A; however, CRP did not interfere with the action of preformed MIF on the indicator migrating cells. CRP also greatly reduced the antigen-triggered production of another lymphokine, the chemotactic factor for monocytes. These findings suggest that elevated levels of CRP may modulate cell-mediated immune responses and may contribute to the transient anergy associated with inflammation.
Consuming a therapeutic landscape: a multicontextual framework for assessing the health significance of human-plant interactions.

Since earliest times, humans have used botanicals to affect health, and have brought into cultivation a great diversity of plants. For the large number that have been managed explicitly as medicines, pharmacognosists have uncovered substantial pharmacologic potential. Increasingly, we come to understand that these self-same plants are used in other contexts as well-as foods and cosmetics, and to meet horticultural objectives. That this extends the range of circumstances through which people are exposed to active plant constituents helps us to comprehend better the complex paradigms through which people interpret their biotic environments. This paper offers a multicontextual framework for assessing the physiologic import of plant utilization through attention to the interdependent uses of plants by real populations in specific cultural contexts.
Extrasynaptic and synaptic NMDA receptors form stable and uniform pools in rat hippocampal slices

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation can trigger both long- and short-term plasticity, promote cell survival, and initiate cell death. A number of studies suggest that the consequences of NMDAR activation can vary widely depending on whether synaptic or extrasynaptic receptors are activated. Here we have examined the spatial distribution of NMDARs of CA1 pyramidal neurons in acutely dissected hippocampal slices. Using a physiological definition of extrasynaptic receptors as those not accessible to single release events, we find that extrasynaptic NMDARs comprise a substantial proportion of the dendritic NMDAR pool (36%). This pool of extrasynaptic NMDARs is stable and does not shuttle into the synaptic receptor pool, as we observe no recovery of synaptic current after MK-801 synaptic blockade and washout. The subunit composition of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor pools is similar at 3 weeks of age, with NR2B subunits present in both compartments. NR2B receptors are not enriched in the extrasynaptic compartment. Our data suggest that any role played by extrasynaptic NMDARs in synaptic transmission is dictated by their subcellular location rather than their subunit composition or mobility.
Ontogeny of the Clonal Selection Theory of Antibody Formationa

This is an idiosyncratically personal account of the origins, about 30 years ago, of the clonal selection theory, a no longer controversial integrating theme of immunological research. As an interested participant, the perspectives I can offer are those within my own ken, inevitably an egocentric one. This will unfortunately understate the independent roles played by a host of others, including several in these proceedings. Other historical accounts’*2 may give a more objective view. However, some parts of my story have not been told before. It will be of particular interest to students of the philosophy and socioiogy of science to analyze the processes of resistance and acceptance of clonal selection theory after 1957, until its general acceptance around 1967.3m5 My personal mise-en-scene begins in 1955. I had been at the University of Wisconsin since 1947, having gone there directly from my work in Ed Tatum’s lab at Yale and Francis Ryan’s at Columbia. If I needed any reinforcement about the interest antigens and antibodies would have for general biological theory, I would have received this amply from M. R. Irwin. Ray Owen had left Wisconsin for Caltech just before I arrived, but his intellectual trace was everywhere. However, my own work was strictly confined to the genetics of Escherichia coli and of salmonella. The diversity of serotypes in salmonella had been one of the conceptual clues to genetic recombination in bacteria, and I had at least one experimental contact with immunology, namely, serology of tlagellar and somatic antigens.6 The principal antecedental threads of clonal selection, at least for this microbiologist, were: (1) physicochemical concepts of serological specificity, spanning from Paul Ehrlich to Karl Landsteiner and Linus Pauling; (2) the revalidation of Darwinian models (namely, prior spontaneous mutation and natural selection) in their application to adaptation in microorganisms, such as the development of specific resistance to antibiotics; (3) an emerging understanding of gene expression in protein synthesis, particularly in substrate-induced enzyme synthesis in bacteria; and (4) a developing conception of a genetics of somatic cells by analogy with the genetics of bacteria (Mendelian models). Karl Landsteiner’s “The Specificity of Serological Reactions” focused attention on antigen-antibody reaction as a prototype of biological specificity. Pauling’s chapter in the 1945 edition’ showed how “specificity can arise in the interaction of large molecules as a result of the spatial configuration of the molecules.” The seminal value of this stereochemical axiom was unfortunately not matched by well-founded speculations on the mechanism of antibody synthesis. In the early 1950s there was notably little serious discussion of the mechanism of antibody formation. The most prevalent
Continuum theory of dislocation loops

Abstract For dislocation loops, the zeroth moment of dislocation strength always vanishes so that the first moment must be defined in order to give a continuum description. A second order tensor is thus introduced to account for the dislocation moment. This physical quantity contains more information than the macroscopic plastic strain. Its connection with the mathematical theory of slip is illustrated.