cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blind Students' Challenges in Social Media Communication: An Early Investigation of Facebook Usability for Informal Learning

Social Networking Sites (SNS) are increasingly used in academia to facilitate informal learning, knowledge co-creation, and collaborative problem-solving. Deriving these pedagogic benefits requires SNS usability for all. This paper reports results of an early investigation into SNS usability for blind students. Think-aloud observations generated verbal evidence of six participants' Facebook interaction experiences. Verbal protocol analysis revealed where and how challenges arose in online social interactions. Design standards analysis identified responsible interface elements and potential remedial measures. Results show that locating Friend's profile and Timeline, reading, writing, and posting messages were significantly challenging. Participants needed additional time and effort, and occasionally sighted help, to perform these basic SNS functions that are integral parts of informal learning activities. Feasible design improvements are proposed that merit further investigation. Implications for educators, learning technologists, cognitive scientists, and usability experts are discussed.
Selective Oxidation of Dimethylether to Formaldehyde on Small Molybdenum Oxide Domains

Abstract MoOx species dispersed as small domains on Al2O3, ZrO2, and SnO2 catalyze the oxidative conversion of dimethylether to formaldehyde with high primary selectivity (80–98% HCHO, CH3OH-free basis) at low temperatures (500–550 K). The reaction appears to proceed via redox cycles using lattice oxygen and turnover rates increase with the size and reducibility of MoOx domains. Dimethylether conversion rates (per g) and formaldehyde selectivities at 513 K are significantly higher than those reported previously on various catalysts at significantly higher temperatures (620–880 K).
Automating process planning: Using feature interactions to guide search

Abstract Machinist is an expert system that automatically makes process plans for fabricating metal parts on a CNC machine tool. It is part of an overall effort to automate the job shop. The type of parts it handles are prismatic, with features cut into one or more sides. Parts of this type are difficult because features on different sides may interact with each other: cutting one group of features first may make the part such an odd shape that it is difficult to clamp for subsequent operations. These interactions must be carefully considered when grouping and ordering the machining operations. The machinist program has been designed to be an integral part of CAD systems, facilitating the generation of manufacturing plans.
Two-dimensional subbanding in junction field effect structures

Abstract It is shown that confinement leading to substantial subbanding may be realized in the channel region of a junction field effect device. Two types of devices are considered: One having a doped surface channel the other having a doped buried channel. Useful approximate analytical expressions are presented for the values of the subband energy minima assuming a simple model for the electronic potential. The validity of these expressions are determined by comparison to a numerical calculation. Results for Si and GaAs devices are presented. The effects of a screened potential on the subband energies for a specific device are determined by numerically solving Poisson's and Schrodinger's equations. The devices appear to be interesting structures for the study of two-dimensional phenomena in both the bulk and surface regions of semiconductors.
The effect of vicarious punishment on prosocial behavior in children

Abstract Two experiments are reported dealing with the effects of vicarious punishment on prosocial behavior. In Experiment I, first and second grade females who witnessed a peer model being punished for a refusal to share (“nonsharing, punished”), shared more than an appropriate control group. Sharing was similarly heightened, however, in a group who witnessed punishment to the model which was not contingent upon any specific behavior (“punishment only”). Experiment II tested and confirmed the hypothesis derived from Experiment I that noncontingent vicarious punishment has a generalized inhibitory effect on antisocial behaviors. First, second, and third grade females were shown either the “nonsharing, punished,” “punishment only,” or baseline videotapes used in Experiment I. Subsequent to viewing the tapes, subjects in the “punishment only” condition helped the experimenter significantly more than did subjects in the “nonsharing, punished” and baseline conditions. The ability of existing theoretical treatments of vicarious punishment to account for these results is questioned.
Identifying duplicate crystal structures: XtalComp, an open-source solution

Abstract We describe the implementation of XtalComp , an efficient, reliable, and open-source library that tests if two crystal descriptions describe the same underlying structure. The algorithm has been tested and found to correctly identify duplicate structures in spite of the “real-world” difficulties that arise from working with numeric crystal representations: degenerate unit cell lattices, numerical noise, periodic boundaries, and the lack of a canonical coordinate origin. The library is portable, open, and not dependent on any external packages. A web interface to the algorithm is publicly accessible at http://xtalopt.openmolecules.net/xtalcomp/xtalcomp.html . Program summary Program title: XtalComp Catalogue identifier: AEKV_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEKV_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queenʼs University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: “New” (3-clause) BSD [1] No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3148 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 21 860 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C++ Computer: No restrictions Operating system: All operating systems with a compliant C++ compiler. Classification: 7.8 Nature of problem: Computationally identifying duplicate crystal structures taken from the output of modern solid state calculations is a non-trivial exercise for many reasons. The translation vectors in the description are not unique — they may be transformed into linear combinations of themselves and continue to describe the same extended structure. The coordinates and cell parameters contain numerical noise. The periodic boundary conditions at the unit cell faces, edges, and corners can cause very small displacements of atomic coordinates to result in very different representations. The positions of all atoms may be uniformly translated by an arbitrary vector without modifying the underlying structure. Additionally, certain applications may consider enantiomorphic structures to be identical. Solution method: The XtalComp algorithm overcomes these issues to detect duplicate structures regardless of differences in representation. It begins by performing a Niggli reduction on the inputs, standardizing the translation vectors and orientations. A transform search is performed to identify candidate sets of rotations, reflections, and translations that potentially map the description of one crystal onto the other, solving the problems of enantiomorphs and rotationally degenerate lattices. The atomic positions resulting from each candidate transform are then compared, using a cell-expansion technique to remove periodic boundary issues. Computational noise is treated by comparing non-integer quantities using a specified tolerance. Running time: The test run provided takes less than a second to complete. References: [1] http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause .
Neuropsychological function in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression.

Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and major depression were compared with controls and with each other on a neuropsychological battery that included standard neuropsychological tests and a computerized set of tasks that spanned the same areas of ability. A total of 101 participants were examined, including 29 participants with CFS, 24 with MS, 23 with major depressive disorder, and 25 healthy controls. There were significant differences among the groups in 3 out of 5 cognitive domains: memory, language, and spatial ability. Assessment of psychiatric symptoms indicated that all 3 patient groups had a higher prevalence of depression than the controls. A total measure of psychiatric symptomatology also differentiated the patients from the controls. After covarying the cognitive test scores by a measure of depression, the patient groups continued to differ from controls primarily in the area of memory. The findings support the view that the cognitive deficits found in CFS ...
Reducing initial latency in a multimedia storage system

A multimedia server delivers presentations (e.g., videos, movies, games), providing high bandwidth and continuous real-time delivery. We present techniques for reducing the initial latency of presentations, i.e., for reducing the time between the arrival of a request and the start of the presentation. Traditionally, initial latency has not received much attention. This is because one major application of multimedia servers is "movies on demand" where a delay of a few minutes before a new multi-hour movie starts is acceptable. However, latency reduction is important in interactive applications such as video games and browsing of multimedia documents. Various latency reduction schemes are proposed and analyzed, and their performance compared. We show that our techniques can significantly reduce (almost eliminate in some cases) initial latency without adversely affecting throughput. Moreover, a novel on-disk partial data replication scheme that we propose proves to be far more cost effective than any other previous attempts at reducing initial latency.
An Analog/Digital Baseband Processor Design of a UWB Channelized Receiver for Transmitted Reference Signals

The frequency channelized receiver enables the use of practical analog-to-digital converters (ADC) to digitize ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. The design issues of the analog and digital baseband processor for the channelized receiver in a UWB transmitted reference (TR) system are investigated. In the analog part, the receiver performance is shown to be weakly dependent on the analog filter bandwidth, the filter order, and the ADC oversampling ratio assuming white input noise. In the digital part, the coarse acquisition performance is shown to be significantly better in a channelized receiver than in a fullband receiver. The implementation issues for fine synchronization and correlation window length are also studied.
Adenovirus E1B 55-Kilodalton Protein Is a p53-SUMO1 E3 Ligase That Represses p53 and Stimulates Its Nuclear Export through Interactions with Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies

Oncogenic transformation by adenovirus E1A and E1B-55K requires E1B-55K inhibition of p53 activity to prevent E1A-induced apoptosis. During viral infection, E1B-55K and E4orf6 substitute for the substrate-binding subunits of the host cell cullin 5 class of ubiquitin ligases, resulting in p53 polyubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation. Here we show that E1B-55K alone also functions as an E3 SUMO1-p53 ligase. Fluorescence microscopy studies showed that E1B-55K alone, in the absence of other viral proteins, causes p53 to colocalize with E1B-55K in promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, nuclear domains with a high concentration of sumoylated proteins. Photobleaching experiments with live cells revealed that E1B-55K tethering of p53 in PML nuclear bodies decreases the in vivo nuclear mobility of p53 nearly 2 orders of magnitude. E1B-55K-induced p53 sumoylation contributes to maximal inhibition of p53 function since mutation of the major p53 sumoylation site decreases E1B-55K-induced p53 sumoylation, tethering in PML nuclear bodies, and E1B-55K inhibition of p53 activity. Mutation of the E1B-55K sumoylation site greatly inhibits E1B-55K association with PML nuclear bodies and the p53 nuclear export to cytoplasmic aggresomes observed in E1A-E1B-transformed cells. Purified E1B-55K and p53 form high-molecular-weight complexes potentially through the formation of a network of E1B-55K dimers bound to the N termini of p53 tetramers. In support of this model, a p53 mutation that prevents tetramer formation greatly reduces E1B-55K-induced tethering in PML nuclear bodies and p53 nuclear export. These data indicate that E1B-55K's association with PML nuclear bodies inactivates p53 by first sequestering it in PML nuclear bodies and then greatly facilitating its nuclear export.
Effects of a percutaneous mechanical circulatory support device for medically refractory right ventricular failure

Background Medically refractory right ventricular failure (MR-RVF) is associated with high in-hospital mortality and is managed with surgical assist devices, atrial septostomy, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This study explored the hemodynamic effect associated with a percutaneous RV support device (pRVSD) for MR-RVF. Methods Between 2008 and 2010, 9 patients with MR-RVF, defined as cardiogenic shock despite maximal medical therapy, were treated with a pRVSD. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, hemodynamic and laboratory data, and details of pRVSD implantation. Results MR-RVF was due to severe sepsis in 1 patient (11.1%), post-cardiotomy syndrome in 2 (22.2%), and acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI) in 6 (66.7%). Five patients underwent right internal jugular-to-femoral cannulation, and 4 required bifemoral cannulation. No intra-procedural deaths or major vascular complications requiring surgical or peripheral intervention occurred. Time from admission to pRVSD implantation was 2.9 ± 3.3 days, with an average of 6516 ± 698 rotations/min, providing flow at 3.3 ± 0.4 liters/min. Mean duration of pRVSD activation was 3.1 ± 1.8 days. Compared with pre-procedural values, mean arterial pressure (57 ± 7 vs 75 ± 19 mm Hg, p p 2 , p p p n = 4). Time from admission to pRVSD placement was lower in patients who survived to hospital discharge (0.9 ± 0.8 days) vs non-survivors (4.8 ± 3.5 days; p = 0.04). All survivors presented with IWMI. Conclusion Use of a pRVSD for MR-RVF is feasible and associated with improved hemodynamics. Algorithms promoting earlier pRVSD use in MR-RVF warrant further investigation.
Apigenin and luteolin modulate microglial activation via inhibition of STAT1-induced CD40 expression

Background It is well known that most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with microglia-mediated inflammation. Our previous research demonstrates that the CD40 signaling is critically involved in microglia-related immune responses in the brain. For example, it is well known that the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway plays a central role in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial CD40 expression. We and others have previously reported that microglial CD40 expression is significantly induced by IFN-γ and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Recent studies have shown that certain flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties distinct from their well-known anti-oxidant effects. In particular, flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin have been found to be effective CD40 immunomodulators.
Two-year clinical evaluation of tooth whitening using an at-home bleaching system.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 2-year effectiveness of a carbamide peroxide at-home bleaching gel used to provide tooth lightening treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients participated in the original study, during which they treated their maxillary teeth with a 10% carbamide peroxide gel nightly for 2 weeks. Shades were determined before and after treatment by comparison with a Vita shade guide. Twenty-four patients (a recall rate of 83%) were recalled for evaluation 2 years after the initial bleaching treatment. The shade of the maxillary incisors was evaluated and compared with shades before, immediately after, and at 6 months and 2 years after initial treatment. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS At 2 years after bleaching with a 10% carbamide peroxide gel, the median shade was D2, a six-increment difference from the baseline median of D3. Twenty of 24 patients (83.3%) had a shade change of two or more units, which is the threshold value for bleaching efficacy using American Dental Association guidelines. The lightening result remained statistically significant (p < .0001) at 2 years. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although some reversal of the lightening effect occurs over time following the original bleaching treatment, loss of the lighter color appears to be gradual for most patients. Although the longevity of the lightening effect remains to be determined, this clinical trial indicates that the majority of patients have a satisfactory result 2 years after treatment.
Diet and cholesterolemia. V. Effects of sulfur-containing amino acids and protein.

Interrelationships among the effects of dietary protein, sulfur-containing amino acids, and choline on the serum cholesterol concentration of the rat have been studied. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats a diet containing cholesterol, cholic acid, and saturated fat. When the diet contained choline, additional casein alleviated the hypercholesterolemia. A similar effect was obtained with a supplement of methionine equal to the amount in the casein. Cystine and cysteine, but not taurine, were as effective as methionine. These and other observations suggest that the serum cholesterol-lowering effect of protein supplements is due largely to the sulfur-containing amino acids they provide. The omission of choline from the diet also alleviated the hypercholesterolemia; but when the choline-free diet was supplemented with either choline or methionine, serum cholesterol concentration increased. A supplement of choline alone caused a much greater rise than a supplement of methionine or combined supplementation with choline and methionine. Thus methionine appears to have two opposing effects on serum cholesterol concentration in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet lacking choline: (a) a cholesterol-elevating effect attributable to its ability to spare choline by providing a supply of preformed methyl groups, and (b) a cholesterol-lowering effect common to sulfur-containing amino acids and not, dependent upon the provision of methyl groups.
Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007.

OBJECTIVES: The reported increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attendant health and family impact make monitoring of ASD prevalence a public health priority. METHODS: The prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of ASD among US children aged 3 to 17 years was estimated from the 2007 National Survey of Children9s Health (sample size: 78037). A child was considered to have ASD if a parent/guardian reported that a doctor or other health care provider had ever said that the child had ASD and that the child currently had the condition. The point-prevalence for ASD was calculated for those children meeting both criteria. We examined sociodemographic factors associated with current ASD and with a past (but not current) ASD diagnosis. The health care experiences for children in both ASD groups were explored. RESULTS: The weighted current ASD point-prevalence was 110 per 10,000. We estimate that 673,000 US children have ASD. Odds of having ASD were 4 times as large for boys than girls. Non-Hispanic (NH) black and multiracial children had lower odds of ASD than NH white children. Nearly 40% of those ever diagnosed with ASD did not currently have the condition; NH black children were more likely than NH white children to not have current ASD. Children in both ASD groups were less likely than children without ASD to receive care within a medical home. CONCLUSIONS: The observed point-prevalence is higher than previous US estimates. More inclusive survey questions, increased population awareness, and improved screening and identification by providers may partly explain this finding.
Zero-sequence impedance of overhead transmission lines with discontinuous ground wire

The authors give a method to calculate the zero-sequence impedance of a transmission line having ground wires that are not continuous or are not connected to the station grounds at the end of the line. The calculated values are compared with the measured zero-sequence impedance of a line. The authors observe that for transmission lines having discontinuous ground wires, the actual zero-sequence impedance is different from the zero-sequence impedance of the line calculated with the classical methods and considering either no ground wire or continuous ground wire. This difference is significant if the ground wire is of ACSR conductor. The method given for calculating the zero-sequence impedance of a transmission line with discontinuous ground wire gives more accurate results, which are close to the measured values. >
Young Children’s Curiosity About Physical Differences Associated with Race: Shared Reading to Encourage Conversation

Many have called for re-examination of the “colorblind” philosophy to which some early educators have, tacitly or explicitly, adhered (e.g. Boutte et al. 2011; Derman-Sparks and Edwards 2010; Husband 2012). It has been argued that, while colorblind approaches may appear to be politically neutral, they actually exacerbate racial oppression. In this article, we advocate for a direct and active approach to raising conversations about race with younger preschool children. Based on the developmental nature of young children’s concepts of self and of other, our focus is on initiating discussions about concrete and observable physical aspects of human diversity associated with race. Young children notice and are curious about differences in skin color, hair texture, and facial features. Because these differences are salient, are accessible, and are of interest to young children they can serve as an effective starting point. We suggest shared reading of high quality illustrated children’s books, incorporating the principles of dialogic reading, as a potent springboard for discussions about race with very young children. Our purpose is to equip children, very early in their schooling, with a color-filled appreciation for and comfort with physical diversity of appearance. On that foundation, children may better proceed on the course of developing anti-racist attitudes.
Perception of caffeine and its effects: Laboratory and everyday abilities

Three studies investigated the ability to perceive caffeine via taste or bodily effects, under different concentrations and in different brands of coffee. In Experiment 1, 40 subjects ingested capsules containing 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg of caffeine. After a 90-min delay, they made magnitude estimates and category ratings of the caffeine ingested. Results showed significant linear trends between actual and judged caffeine levels. In Experiment 2, 89 subjects tasted samples of coffee with concentrations corresponding to the doses of Experiment 1. The estimated levels of caffeine again showed a significant linear relationship to actual levels. In Experiment 3, 63 subjects tasted 24 samples of coffee and judged which of two brands each sample was and whether each was caffeinated or decaffeinated. Brand, but not caffeination, was identified with better than chance accuracy. It was concluded that the ability to perceive caffeine in coffee is lost somewhere between 200 mg/cup and 50 mg/cup.
Toward Understanding of the Molecular Basis of Loss of Neuronal Plasticity in Ageing

Although there are several lines of evidence which suggest that neuronal plasticity decreases in some regions of both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in neuroendocrine tissues during development and ageing, the molecular mechanisms underlying loss of plasticity are largely unknown. To explore this question, we examined changes in expression profiles of neuronal growth-associated proteins (nGAPs) during ageing as well as the molecular regulatory mechanisms of their induction by nerve growth factor (NGF)
Extrameningeal Complications of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W135 Infection

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 has gone from a rarely implicated cause of invasive meningococcal diseases to being involved in outbreaks on infection with a world-wide distribution. The incidence of meningococcal disease due to the W135 serogroup has gradually increased over the past 15 years in Europe and the United States. Meningococcal epidemics associated with the annual pilgrimage to Mecca have occurred in the past and may have been a factor in the spread of infection in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the past [1]. The combination of 11 million individuals living in crowded conditions during the Hajj is a unique setting for acquisition and spread of invasive meningococcal disease. In 1987, an epidemic caused by N. meningitidis serogroup A prompted the Saudi Arabian government to mandate vaccination with the meningococcal A polysaccharide vaccine by all pilgrims entering the country for the Hajj. A subsequent serogroup A outbreak occurred in 1992 during Ramadan and Umra. The vaccination was subsequently made mandatory for all Umra visitors [2]. This program worked quite well until 2000 and 2001, when an epidemic caused by N. meningitidis serogroup W135 occurred in pilgrims and their contacts. Because of the immigration of Muslim populations over the past fifty years to western Europe and the United States, cases caused by W135 were reported with a worldwide distribution involving Saudi Arabia, western Europe, Africa, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East after the Hajj [3‐5]. The W135 strain causing these outbreaks
Prepregnancy vascular dysfunction in women who subsequently develop hypertension during pregnancy

Objective To evaluate vascular dysfunction using both physiologic measures and biochemical markers, longitudinally, prior to and during pregnancy, in nulliparous women who had uncomplicated pregnancies compared to those who developed complicated hypertension during pregnancy.
Developmental Differences in the Acquisition and Maintenance of an Organizational Strategy: Evidence for the Utilization Deficiency Hypothesis.

Abstract Kindergartners (6-year-olds), third graders (9-uear-olds), and eighth graders (13-year-olds) received five free-recall trials using different lists with different categories over trials. Levels of recall and clustering increased with age. Although both third and eighth graders demonstrated the use of an organizational strategy, this led to increased performance only for the eighth graders. These results and age differences in the patterns of changes in recall and clustering over trials suggested that the third-grade children demonstrated a utilization deficiency, a transitional phase in strategy development, when spontaneous production of a strategy results in little or no benefit in performance.
Correction of canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by in vivo retroviral gene therapy

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is characterized by profound immunodeficiency and early mortality, the only potential cure being hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation or gene therapy. Current clinical gene therapy protocols targeting HSCs are based upon ex vivo gene transfer, potentially limited by the adequacy of HSC harvest, transduction efficiencies of repopulating HSCs, and the potential loss of their engraftment potential during ex vivo culture. We demonstrate an important proof of principle by showing achievement of durable immune reconstitution in XSCID dogs following intravenous injection of concentrated RD114-pseudotyped retrovirus vector encoding the corrective gene, the interleukin-2 receptor γ chain (γc). In 3 of 4 dogs treated, normalization of numbers and function of T cells were observed. Two long-term–surviving animals (16 and 18 months) showed significant marking of B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, normalization of IgG levels, and protective humoral immune response to immunization. There were no adverse effects from in vivo gene therapy, and in one dog that reached sexual maturity, sparing of gonadal tissue from gene transfer was demonstrated. This is the first demonstration that in vivo gene therapy targeting HSCs can restore both cellular and humoral immunity in a large-animal model of a fatal immunodeficiency.
PROBING THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA AT THE LHC WITH Z0-TAGGED JETS IN CMS

An important tool in quark-gluon plasma studies at RHIC has been the measurement of dijets investigated via leading hadron correlations. With much higher rates for hard processes at the Large Hadron Collider, studies of Z{sup 0}-tagged jets become possible. A clear experimental signature is provided by the measurement of muon pairs from the Z{sup 0} decays, for which CMS is an ideally suited detector. Instead of measuring back-to-back correlations of two strongly interacting particles, one side is replaced by an electromagnetic probe which propagates through the plasma undisturbed and provides a measurement of the energy of the initial hard scattering. We propose to use lepton-pair tagged jets to study medium-induced partonic energy loss and to measure in-medium parton fragmentation functions. The lepton pairs from semileptonic decays of heavy meson pairs (B{bar B} and D{bar D}) are a background source for the tagged dilepton-jet signal. We present the calculated signal rates (using PYTHIA) and background rates (using HVQMNR). We also discuss strategies for maximizing the signal-to-background ratio.
Evidence for long-term spatial memory in a parid

Many animals use spatial memory. Although much work has examined the accuracy of spatial memory, few studies have explicitly focused on its longevity. The importance of long-term spatial memory for foraging has been demonstrated in several cases. However, the impor- tance of such long-term memory for all animals is unclear. In this study, we present the Wrst evidence that a parid spe- cies (the black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus) can remember the location of a single food item for at least 6 months under an associative-learning spatial memory par- adigm with multiple reinforcements. We did not detect a signiWcant diVerence in memory longevity between two populations of chickadees shown previously to diVer in short-term spatial memory and hippocampal morphology, an area of the brain involved in spatial memory. Our study showed that small birds such as parids can maintain spatial memories for long periods, a feat shown previously only in corvids. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate this lon- gevity within the context of only 16 repeated trials. We speculate that this ability may potentially be useful in relo- cating caches if reinforced by repeated visits. Future studies are necessary to test whether our results were speciWcally due to multiple reinforcements of the food-containing loca- tion and whether parids may have similar memory longev- ity during food-caching experiences in the wild.
Orientation and job stability: The impact of supervisory and employee role-playing groups on turnover of potentially unemployable blacks

Abstract One hundred and seventy potentially hard-core black employees and their supervisors were divided into a 2 × 2 field design. Role-playing group-problem-solving orientation was provided for part of the supervisor sample and part of the employees. To test the impact of orientation, turnover data were compared across the four cells. For the entire group, treated as a whole, there were no significant effects. Dividing the sample in terms of job placement, significant results were found which suggested that orientation can be detrimental in work groups characterized by tight-knit social structures, and insignificant in impact in depersonalized, pressureful job environments. It was concluded that the nature of the job and the job environment certainly were among the significant factors determining the effectiveness of an intervention, although many other factors, including the nature of the total support system, also probably are important.
The effect of force/motion coupling on motor and cognitive performance

Haptic cues take on meaning as a function of the context in which they are experienced. In interaction with objects in the physical environment, the context always includes a mechanical contact, at which point force and motion variables can be identified, and across which power may flow. In interaction with objects in a virtual or remote environment, it is not necessary for the contact across which haptic responses are rendered to be the same as the contact at which exploratory actions are applied. In this paper, we ask whether force/motion coupling has a significant impact on manual performance or cognitive load. We conducted an experiment in which n=7 participants attempted, while acting through a teleoperator, to discriminate three objects by their stiffness under two conditions. In one condition physical force/motion coupling was present, in the other it was not. To assess cognitive load, we engaged participants in a simultaneous cognitive task that included a response time measure. Results indicated no difference in manual discrimination performance. After rejecting the datasets of three of our participants based on inconsistent strategy by condition, we observed a small, non-significant trend toward lower cognitive load in the condition with physical coupling. Establishing a robust trend will require additional participants. While results are preliminary, we offer our paradigm as an important direction for new inquiry into the distinctions and interrelationships between information and its presentation in various haptic interface applications. Our work is aimed in particular at developing haptic feedback for use in prosthetic applications.
Lorentz-covariant non-Abelian gauging of a supermembrane

We perform the Lorentz-covariant non-Abelian gauging of a supermembrane (M-2 brane) action. This is a generalization of our previous work based on the teleparallel formulation, in which Lorentz covariance was not manifest. We introduce the Killing supervector ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{AI}$ with the adjoint index $I$ for a non-Abelian gauge group $H$. This formulation is applicable to the compactification of a supermembrane from 11 dimensions into $D$ dimensions, such as $H=SO(11\ensuremath{-}D)$ for the compactification ${M}_{11}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{S}^{11\ensuremath{-}D}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{M}_{D}(1\ensuremath{\le}D\ensuremath{\le}9)$.
Adolescent separation-individuation and the court.

Psychiatric hospital staffs have long been wary of involvement with court proceedings. Issues such as civil commitment and conservatorship all too often result in bitter struggles pitting patient against therapeutic team, with the court as final arbiter. The patient perceives himself fighting for his freedom, while the staffis in the uncomfortable position of having to defend its legitimacy as a treating agent. Frequently the experience oftestifying at a mental health hearing is uncomfortable for the therapist, as he or she may be cross-examined in the presence of the patient. The risks of a legal battle are evident: if the patient is released, treatment is abruptly terminated; if the patient is ordered confined to the hospital, repercussions arise in the therapeutic alliance. Sacks et al. I speculate that the patient's exercise of the legal right of due process can be symptomatic of regression or can function as a resistance to treatment. They present the case of a thirty-year-old psychotic man who externalized his ambivalence over attachment to his female therapist by repeated requests for discharge. This behavior was interpreted as the "principal means of expressing his autonomy and individuality" and as a test of whether his "therapeutic family" cared enough to go to court to effect his commitment. Haller et aU address the tension that exists in the therapist whose adolescent inpatient petitions for a release from the hospital as a substitute for running away. The psychiatrist should encourage neither regression nor rebellion. Rather, the adolescent must be helped to withdraw his petition and acknowledge his need for treatment without suffering a concomitant loss of self-esteem. A therapeutic outcome wil occur only if the adolescent's departure is averted. The consequences of a 1975 North Carolina statute requiring judicial approval for all admissions of minors to psychiatric hospitals are explored by Amay and Burlingame. Based on their review of all relevant cases, the authors warn, .. Even under the best of circumstances, a contested hearing may constitute a traumatic experience and may have a variety of potentially destructive outcomes for the child, family, treatment personnel, and the milieu of the treatment unit." Included in their list of harmful results are psychotic episodes, regression, withdrawal, or aggressive acting out precipitated by the stress of the hearing; rupture of the relationship between patient and therapist; and "the considerable possibility that a seriously
Endosomal Toll-like receptors in clinically overt and silent autoimmunity

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), first identified as pattern recognition receptors, are now recognized to serve as a key interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by both continuous and cyclic stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system by endogenous nucleic acids released from apoptotic or necrotic cells. TLR7 and TLR9 function as innate sensors of viral infection as their ligands are ssRNA and dsDNA, respectively. Recognition of self nucleic acids by endosomal TLRs in B cells and pDCs is thought to be an important step in the pathogenesis of SLE, generating anti-nuclear antibodies and producing type I IFN. In this review, we take a specific look at how TLR7, non-coding RNA, and SSA/Ro60 can contribute to clinical autoimmunity and organ damage in the context of neonatal lupus (NL). Although 15 times less common than SLE, NL provides a unique opportunity to study two different aspects of autoimmunity: passively acquired tissue injury in a developing fetus and clinical progression of disease in an asymptomatic mother found to have anti-Ro60 autoantibodies only after identification of heart block/rash in a child. Finally, we discuss hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use by asymptomatic subjects which may forestall the clinical expression of autoimmunity.
Commercial Calamities: An Introduction and Sermon

The Ohio State Law Journal will soon publish a symposium, Commercial Calamities, in which seventeen distinguished commercial law scholars discuss aspects of commercial law that they find particularly irksome, wrongheaded, malign, or moronic. The essays in this symposium cover virtually all the major doctrinal fields within commercial law and a wide range of approaches, ranging from critiques of particular judicial decisions to attacks on the structure of the Code or the Code revision process. In this introduction, Professor Garvin traces the main themes of the contributions, using as an organizing approach Karl Llewellyn's apothegmatic definition of American Legal Realism. Looked at from this vantage, the wide range of commercial calamities limned by the essays here reduce to a frequent failure on the part of legislators, revisers, courts, and commentators alike to adhere to the Realist principles that undergirded Llewellyn's work (though, according to one contributor, not the Code itself). Professor Garvin suggests ways in which those who mold commercial law might remain true to Llewellyn's principles and, by so doing, avoid creating further calamities. This issue of the Ohio State Law Journal will be published in February 2007. It will contain essays by Professors Amelia Boss, Jean Braucher, Scott Burnham, Neil B. Cohen, Karen Halverson Cross, Larry T. Garvin, Victor P. Goldberg, Robert A. Hillman, Lynn M. LoPucki, Gregory A. Maggs, Charles A. Mooney, Thomas A. Plank, Robert K. Rasmussen, Steven L. Schwarcz, Robert E. Scott, Franklin G. Snyder, and James J. White. All members of the Commercial and Related Consumer Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools will receive a copy with the compliments of the Michael E. Moritz College of Law of The Ohio State University.
Homotopy Type Theory for Big Data

Homotopy type theory has been developed by us for over two decades and is applied to big data to eliminate the inevitable bottleneck of big data implementation originating from inherent combinatorial explosion. An incrementally modular abstraction hierarchy, IMAH in short, is used in 7 layers starting from homotopy, then type, and ending with presentation. Big data is in cyber worlds that are being formed in cyberspaces as computational spaces. Now cyberspaces are rapidly expanding on the Web either intentionally or spontaneously, with or without design. It is quite different in its emphasis of homotopy type theory as recently reported with emphasis on mathematical proof automation and computer verification. Widespread and intensive local activities are melting each other on the web as big data globally to create cyber worlds. The major key players of big data in cyber worlds include e-finance that trades a GDP-equivalent a day and e-manufacturing that is transforming industrial production into Web shopping of product components and assembly factories. Lacking proper theory and design, big data has continued to grow chaotic and are now out of human understanding and control. This research first presents a generic theoretical framework as an incrementally modular abstraction hierarchy, based on homotopy type theory, provides an axiomatic approach to theorize the potentials of big data in cyber worlds, and shows that the incrementally modular abstraction hierarchy automate big data application development and eliminates the need for design verification and validation. It also makes the systems developed secure from the all sort of attacks.
Appendix. Molecular Hydrogen in the Interstellar Gas

There are two levels of interest in the abundance of molecular hydrogen in the interstellar gas. (i) Even a low abundance can enhance the cooling rate at a few hundred K. (ii) Densities comparable with or larger than those of atomic hydrogen could affect the dynamics in the galactic disk, if widespread, or at least affect star formation, if restricted to isolated large clouds.
A Hierarchical Deep Neural Network for Fault Diagnosis on Tennessee-Eastman Process

This paper proposes a hierarchical deep neural network (HDNN) for diagnosing the faults on the Tennessee-Eastman process (TEP). The TEP process is a benchmark simulation model for evaluating process control and monitoring method. A supervisory deep neural network is trained to categorize the whole faults into a few groups. For each group of faults, a special deep neural network which is trained for the particular group is triggered for further diagnosis. The training and test data is generated from the Tennessee Eastman process simulation. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared to single neural network (SNN) and duty-oriented hierarchical artificial neural network (DOHANN) methods. The results of experiment demonstrate that our method outperforms the SNN and DOHANN methods.
The effect of LSD on sleep-deprived men.

Thirteen young men were tested to determine the motor, attention, physiologic, and behavioral effects of 1.5 μg/kg of LSD taken orally after one or two nights' loss of sleep. Twenty additional subjects were tested in two control categories: 1.5 μg/kg of LSD alone and one night's sleep loss alone.
Heterogeneity of acid phosphatase in the human diploid cell strain WI-38.

SummaryA subcellular fraction has been prepared from human diploid cell strain WI-38 which has the characteristics of lysosomes: this fraction contains the greatest percentage of acid phosphatase activity and in terms of specific activity is enriched over the whole homogenate. The activity is sedimentable and membrane-bound and, once released by a detergent, is no longer sedimentable. In addition, we have shown that two forms of acid phosphatase exist in WI-38 cells based on differences in subcellular localization, pH optimum, sensitivity to inhibitors, thermal stability and electrophoretic mobility.
Utility of lacustrine deposits for the study of variation within fossil samples

Variance within samples of fossil species includes biological and taphonomic components and is affected by methodological artifacts. The biological component is intrinsically interesting and important in tests of evolutionary hypotheses using fossils. Varved deposits, often produced by meromictic lakes, in which stable bottom water inhibits turbation offine bottom ooze, provide excellent opportunities to isolate the biological component of variance within fossil samples. This is because varves can provide an internal time scale for temporal stratification of samples, and specimens on a single varve represent one or a few consecutive generations. We discuss taphonomic processes that may contribute to fossil sample variance, emphasizing timeaveraging because it is characteristic of fossil samples and produces a positive correlation between character variance and stratigraphic change. Random samples of the fossil stickleback fish, Gasterosteus doryssus, were scored for dorsal-fin ray number. Dorsal-fin ray number is ontogenetically stable over the size range used. Comparisons of fossil stickleback samples to samples of extant Gasterosteus aculeatus and temporal stratification of fossil samples provide no evidence that taphonomic processes or methodological artifacts inflated variance in the fossil samples. This result may reflect inherent difficulty of estimating variances or absence of taphonomic and methodological effects on variance in these samples. However, time-averaging within fossil samples is a viable hypothesis to explain associations between high rates of change through time and high variance in fossil samples.
Enzymatic degradation of side-chain of adrenocortical steroids: conversion of hydrocortisone to Reichstein's E.

Conclusions1. Observations concerning the enzyme systems of the microsome fraction of rat liver which effect the C-20 ketone reduction of adrenocortical steroids have been described. 2. One product of hydrocortisone conversion in the microsome fraction of rat liver has been identified as Reichstein's E. The presence of at least one other product was noted.
The occurrence of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction in various normal cells of blood and connective tissue.

An account is given of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction in the cytoplasm of various normal cells of blood and connective tissue of man, rhesus monkey and rabbit. Saliva treated control sections were used to distinguish glycogen from other reactive substances. The effects of malt diastase were compared briefly with those of saliva. The results of the present study may be summarized as follows (table 1): See PDF for Table