cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen and fluorine binding to the sidewalls of a (10,0) carbon nanotube

Abstract The ONIOM method is used to study the addition of H and F atoms to the side of a (10,0) carbon nanotube. The entire model uses 200 carbon atoms, while the accurate section includes 24 carbon atoms. The B3LYP functional is used for the accurate calculation of the reaction site, while the Universal Force Field (UFF) is used to describe the neighboring atoms. The F atoms appear to favor bonding next to existing F atoms. Unlike the addition of fluorine, the addition of two or four H atoms to a (10,0) tube is computed to be endothermic.
In vivo photothermal optical coherence tomography of gold nanorod contrast agents

Photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) is a potentially powerful tool for molecular imaging. Here, we characterize PT-OCT imaging of gold nanorod (GNR) contrast agents in phantoms, and we apply these techniques for in vivo GNR imaging. The PT-OCT signal was compared to the bio-heat equation in phantoms, and in vivo PT-OCT images were acquired from subcutaneous 400 pM GNR Matrigel injections into mice. Experiments revealed that PT-OCT signals varied as predicted by the bio-heat equation, with significant PT-OCT signal increases at 7.5 pM GNR compared to a scattering control (p < 0.01) while imaging in common path configuration. In vivo PT-OCT images demonstrated an appreciable increase in signal in the presence of GNRs compared to controls. Additionally, in vivo PT-OCT GNR signals were spatially distinct from blood vessels imaged with Doppler OCT. We anticipate that the demonstrated in vivo PT-OCT sensitivity to GNR contrast agents is sufficient to image molecular expression in vivo. Therefore, this work demonstrates the translation of PT-OCT to in vivo imaging and represents the next step towards its use as an in vivo molecular imaging tool.
The predicted 3D structure of the human D2 dopamine receptor and the binding site and binding affinities for agonists and antagonists

Dopamine neurotransmitter and its receptors play a critical role in the cell signaling process responsible for information transfer in neurons functioning in the nervous system. Development of improved therapeutics for such disorders as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia would be significantly enhanced with the availability of the 3D structure for the dopamine receptors and of the binding site for dopamine and other agonists and antagonists. We report here the 3D structure of the long isoform of the human D2 dopamine receptor, predicted from primary sequence using first-principles theoretical and computational techniques (i.e., we did not use bioinformatic or experimental 3D structural information in predicting structures). The predicted 3D structure is validated by comparison of the predicted binding site and the relative binding affinities of dopamine, three known dopamine agonists (antiparkinsonian), and seven known antagonists (antipsychotic) in the D2 receptor to experimentally determined values. These structures correctly predict the critical residues for binding dopamine and several antagonists, identified by mutation studies, and give relative binding affinities that correlate well with experiments. The predicted binding site for dopamine and agonists is located between transmembrane (TM) helices 3, 4, 5, and 6, whereas the best antagonists bind to a site involving TM helices 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with minimal contacts to TM helix 5. We identify characteristic differences between the binding sites of agonists and antagonists.
Rate of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy is Influenced by Preoperative MRI Recommendations

Women with breast cancer increasingly undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). We evaluated the relationship between preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and CPM. Other clinicopathologic variables associated with CPM choice and the pathology found in the contralateral breast are also reported. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in the University of Iowa Breast Molecular Epidemiology Resource. Patients with stages 0–III breast cancer who underwent mastectomy for the index cancer were eligible for this analysis. Univariate logistic regression and a multivariate model were used to identify factors predictive of CPM. Among 134 patients (mean age 54.9 years), 53 (39.6 %) chose CPM. On univariate analysis, patients undergoing CPM were more likely to have a preoperative breast MRI (64.2 vs. 39.5 %, p = 0.006) and to have follow-up testing recommended for the contralateral breast (28.3 vs. 4.9 %, p = 0.001). Univariate analysis also associated CPM with younger age (p < 0.0001), BRCA testing (p < 0.0001), BRCA mutation (p = 0.034) and reconstruction performed (p = 0.001). Median age of youngest child at diagnosis varied significantly between the CPM (15.9 years) and non-CPM (24.3 years) groups (p = 0.0018). On multivariate analysis, MRI follow-up recommendation, young age, reconstruction and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity of the index cancer were significantly associated with CPM. Of the CPM specimens, one (1.8 %) had ductal carcinoma-in situ, which had not been identified on MRI. Abnormal findings in the contralateral breast on preoperative MRI, as well as young age, reconstruction and HER2-positive status correlated with CPM choice in this cohort. Occult malignancy was rare.
Crystal structures of the active and alloxanthine-inhibited forms of xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus

Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), a complex molybdo/iron-sulfur/flavoprotein, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine followed by oxidation of xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of NAD + . The 2.7 A resolution structure of Rhodobacter capsulatus XDH reveals that the bacterial and bovine XDH have highly similar folds despite differences in subunit composition. The NAD + binding pocket of the bacterial XDH resembles that of the dehydrogenase form of the bovine enzyme rather than that of the oxidase form, which reduces O 2 instead of NAD + . The drug allopurinol is used to treat XDH-catalyzed uric acid build-up occurring in gout or during cancer chemotherapy. As a hypoxanthine analog, it is oxidized to alloxanthine, which cannot be further oxidized but acts as a tight binding inhibitor of XDH. The 3.0 A resolution structure of the XDH-alloxanthine complex shows direct coordination of alloxanthine to the molybdenum via a nitrogen atom. These results provide a starting point for the rational design of new XDH inhibitors.
The effect of tension on perfusion of axial and random pattern flaps in foals.

Caudally based axial pattern and random pattern skin flaps, 5 cm × 10 cm, were raised on the abdomens of seven foals. Blood flow was measured 7.5 cm from the flap bases during incremental increases in applied tension. At tensions less than 1400 g, cutaneous blood flow was more than four times higher in axial pattern flaps than in random pattern flaps. Blood flow in axial pattern flaps at tensions up to 1500 g was greater than baseline flow in random pattern flaps. After removal of applied tension, perfusion in axial pattern flaps gradually increased but remained below baseline values. A short period of hyperperfusion after removal of tension in random pattern flaps may have been indicative of accumulation of waste products and localized acidosis. All flaps healed in their donor beds without complications.
The gingival immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in juvenile periodontitis.

The established and advanced lesions of juvenile periodontitis-localized form (JP) are predominated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells. Local immune processes may participate in protective or immunopathologic roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) is implicated as a primary etiologic agent in JP. An in vitro gingival explant culture system was utilized to study the specificity of immunoglobulins produced by diseased JP tissues. A dot-immunobinding assay demonstrated that 46% of the supernatant fluids (SF) from explant cultures of diseased tissues (n = 39) were positive for the presence of antibody to A.a. Y4, while 61% of autologous JP sera (n = 39) tested positive. For rapidly progressive (RP) and adult periodontitis (AP) SF, 50% and 40% were positive for A.a. Y4, respectively. Seventeen percent of SF from healthy tissue were positive for A.a. Y4. There was no significant difference between JP SF reactivities to A.a. Y4 when compared to reactivities of SF from AP and RP patients. Only 10% of JP SF were positive for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, a non-oral control microorganism. The de novo biosynthesis of antibody in JP tissue, reactive with A.a. Y4, was demonstrated with Staph Protein A isolated 14C-labeled IgG (SPAG) and the use of a dot-immunobinding assay and autoradiography. The in vitro gingival tissue explant culture system described provides a useful model for the study of the synthesis and specificity of localized immunoglobulins produced by diseased tissues of JP patients.
Tetrode Photomultiplier Base for High Magnetic Field Environments

A photomultiplier base for scintillation counters has been developed to be used with a four stage multiplier, the Hamamatsu R2107. The design described incorporates a high gain, low noise amplifier, to compensate for the low charge gain, on the order of 600, of the multiplier; the base also contains a discriminator ECL output stage to dtrive a twisted pair cable. The tests of scintillation counters using this base have been carried out in a magnetic field of a few hundred gauss. With only one layer of ferromagnetic shielding for this photomultiplier, efficiencies of > 95% were obtained for signals from minimum ionizing particles. Eighty counters of this type have been fabricated.
Time domain network analysis of write head coil impedance

In this paper, time domain network analysis methods are used to measure the electrical impedance of a magnetic disk drive write head, An incident step capable of delivering /spl plusmn/73 mA to the write coil simulates typical operating levels. The paper compares results to more common vector network analysis measurements, which are done at small-signal levels. It discusses the application of the measured transient response to high data rate recording.
Designing systems that direct human action

In this paper we present a user-centered design process for Active Capture systems. These systems bring together techniques from human-human direction practice, multimedia signal processing, and human-computer interaction to form computational systems that automatically analyze and direct human action. The interdependence between the design of multimedia signal parsers and the user interaction script presents a unique challenge in the design process. We have developed an iterative user-centered design process for Active Capture systems that incorporates bodystorming, wizard-of-oz user studies, iterative parser design, and traditional user studies, based on our experience designing a portrait camera system that works with the user to record her name and take her picture. Based on our experiences, we lay out a set of recommendations for future tools to support such a design process.
The Second Isolable B12-Thiolate Complex, (Pentafluorophenylthiolato)cobalamin: Synthesis and Characterization

The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of (pentafluorophenylthiolato)cobalamin, C6F5SCbl, are reported, only the second isolable RSCbl known. The synthesis of C6F5SCbl in 81% yield is accomplished by the dropwise addition of 0.93 equiv of C6F5SH in MeOH under argon to 1 equiv of HOCbl·HOAc (50.7 mg) in MeOH, all at −15 °C and under darkened, red-light-only conditions. The desired C6F5SCbl product was precipitated by the addition of cold, degassed acetone, isolated, and then characterized by FABMS and UV−visible, 1H NMR, and 19F NMR spectroscopies. Also reported is a 1H NMR method for the detection of impurities in cobalamins. With the requisite, isolable RSCbl precursor to RS• and •Cbl radicals now in hand, the needed chemical precedent studies of the proposed H• abstraction step from the substrate in ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase by a RS• analogue of the protein−S• site are now possible.
Frequency- and time-domain analysis of skin effects

Skin-effect phenomena, the reduction of a conductor effective cross-sectional area, can be evaluated analytically in the frequency domain in terms of well-known functions for simple conductor geometries. These results are usually approximated for high-frequency limits where conduction takes place predominantly within a thin skin depth. This approximation is frequently seriously in error, especially for complex time variations associated with power inverters, converters, etc. For these power applications, time-domain analyses are required. Results useful for complex time variations are developed in terms of series solutions that are particularly useful for computer analysis of power circuits. Frequency-domain results are also derived for rectangular cross-sectional area conductors, as these conductors are frequently used in power applications.
Performance of aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films under bending fatigue conditions

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film is a promising candidate for low cost transparent conductive oxide (TCO) applications. It is a viable alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO), the dominant material used in TCO. Although AZO has good electrical and optical properties, its mechanical properties must be thoroughly considered in the design and manufacturing of flexible devices. During the manufacture and use, thin films' are subjected to bending fatigue (cyclic bending) which leads to degradation and ultimately failure of the films. This work was designed to investigate the effects of the bending frequency, bending diameter, ways of bending, and number of bending cycles on the percentage change in electrical resistance (PCER) and transmittance of 575 nm thick AZO films, which were deposited on 127 μm Kapton substrate using RF-magnetron sputtering technique. Both the film and the substrate were subjected to cyclic bending test under controlled study parameters. The design of experiments technique (DOE) was used to investigate the significant factors on the PCER as well as to provide an average estimate of the effect of each factor and two-factor interaction through the main effects plot and the two-factor interaction plot, respectively. Moreover, the transmittance spectra were studied at different number of bending cycles. The primary result shows that the PCER is very sensitive to all study parameters. However, it increases rapidly in the first 400 bending cycles and then increases linearly until 1000 bending cycles. The result also points out that the PCER is large while the small bending diameter and low bending frequency are applied. Also the two ways bending experiment leads to the larger PCER compared with the one way bending test. The fresh films average transmittance (from 660 to 950 nm wavelength) is 59.6%, which decreased to about 3.4% after 1000 cycles of bending.
The Lipopolysaccharide Barrier: Correlation of Antibiotic Susceptibility with Antibiotic Permeability and Fluorescent Probe Binding Kinetics†

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the primary lipid on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, is thought to act as a permeability barrier, making the outer membrane relatively impermeable to hydrophobic antibiotics, detergents, and host proteins. Mutations in the LPS biosynthetic apparatus increase bacterial susceptibility to such agents. To determine how this increased susceptibility is mediated, we have correlated antibiotic susceptibilities of rough (antibiotic resistant) and deep rough (antibiotic susceptible) bacterial strains with antibiotic permeabilities and fluorescent probe binding kinetics for bilayers composed of LPS purified from the same strains. Bilayer permeabilities of two hydrophobic beta-lactam antibiotics were measured by encapsulating the appropriate beta-lactamases in large unilamellar vesicles. In the presence of MgCl(2), permeabilities of LPS bilayers from rough and deep rough bacteria were similar and significantly lower than those of bacterial phospholipids (BPL). Addition of BPL to the LPS bilayers increased their antibiotic permeability to approximately the level of the BPL bilayers. Binding rates of the fluorescent probe bis-aminonaphthylsulfonic acid (BANS) were 2 orders of magnitude slower for both rough and deep rough LPS bilayers compared to that of bilayers composed of BPL or mixtures of LPS and BPL. On the basis of these results and the observation that deep rough bacteria have higher levels of phospholipid on their surface than do rough bacteria (Kamio, Y., and Nikaido, H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2561-2569), we argue that the high susceptibility of deep rough bacteria is due to the presence of phospholipids on their surface. Experiments with phospholipid bilayers showed that the addition of PEG-lipids (containing covalently attached hydrophilic polymers) had little effect on permeability and binding rates, whereas the addition of cholesterol reduced permeability and slowed binding to levels approaching those of LPS. Therefore, we argue that the barrier provided by LPS is primarily due to its tight hydrocarbon chain packing (Snyder et al., (1999) Biochemistry 38, 10758-10767) rather than to its polysaccharide headgroup.
Eggs distinctly modulate plasma carotenoid and lipoprotein subclasses in adult men following a carbohydrate-restricted diet

Abstract We previously reported that carbohydrate restriction (CR) (10–15% en) during a weight loss intervention lowered plasma triglycerides (TG) by 45% in male subjects ( P P P P P P P P P P
Breast cancer subtype affects patterns of failure of brain metastases after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery

We investigate the variance in patterns of failure after Gamma Knife™ radiosurgery (GKRS) for patients with brain metastases based on the subtype of the primary breast cancer. Between 2000 and 2010, 154 breast cancer patients were treated with GKRS for brain metastases. Tumor subtypes were approximated based on hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status of the primary cancer: Luminal A/B (HR+/HER2(-)); HER2 (HER2+/HR(-)); Luminal HER2 (HR+/HER2+), Basal (HR(-)/HER2(-)), and then based on HER2 status alone. The median follow-up period was 54 months. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival times. Multivariable analysis was performed using Cox regression models. Median number of lesions treated was two (range 1-15) with a median dose of 20 Gy (range 9-24 Gy). Median overall survival (OS) was 7, 9, 11 and 22 months for Basal, Luminal A/B, HER2, and Luminal HER2, respectively (p = 0.001), and was 17 and 8 months for HER2+ and HER(-) patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Breast cancer subtype did not predict time to local failure (p = 0.554), but did predict distant brain failure rate (76, 47, 47, 36 % at 1 year for Basal, Luminal A/B, HER2, and Luminal HER2 respectively, p < 0.001). An increased proportion of HER2+ patients experienced neurologic death (46 vs 31 %, p = 0.066). Multivariate analysis revealed that HER2+ patients (p = 0.007) independently predicted for improved survival. Women with basal subtype have high rates of distant brain failure and worsened survival. Our data suggest that differences in biologic behavior of brain metastasis occur across breast cancer subtypes.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy: A Systematic Literature Review and Evidence for Clinical Use

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product with an increased concentration of platelets in plasma, which are used to deliver supraphysiological levels of growth factors. Platelet-rich plasma has been used in many fields, including oral, maxillofacial, and plastic surgery. Its use in sports medicine has been increasing after recent evidence and media publicity suggest that it may augment the treatment of muscle strains, as well as tendon and ligament healing. Basic science and animal studies show promising results, but high-level clinical trials have yet to prove its efficacy. With increasing media coverage on the use of PRP in athletes, it is paramount that orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians understand the various methods of preparation and administration, potential clinical applications, and available clinical results to best counsel patients on its advantages and disadvantages.
Paternal Histocompatibility (HLA) Antigens and Maternal Anti-HLA Antibodies in Herpes Gestationis

It has been suggested that anti-HLA antibodies might be involved in the pathogenesis of herpes gestationis (HG). Accordingly, we have studied the frequency and specificity of such antibodies in 26 female patients with immunologically proven HG. In addition, to further investigate the potential association of the husband's antigens in the development of this disorder, we have performed HLA typing in 20 of the husbands of these women. HLA-DR2 was found in 50% of the husbands (controls 25%, p = 0.04). The increase was more pronounced in the husbands of patients with the HLA-DR3, DR4 combination (64%, p Anti-HLA antibodies were found in 85% of women with a history of HG. Approximately 25% of normal, multiparous women have such antibodies in their sera. In normal women, their presence has not been associated with increased fetal or maternal risk. These data suggest that the husband's HLA type may be associated with the development of HG in the wife. Anti-HLA antibodies are present in most patients, but their significance remains uncertain.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Encapsulated Oil Products

Standard methods of oil analysis, for example, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were ineffective for recovering oil from encapsulated food products. Efforts were made to enhance SFE of the oil for these products. Samples were hydrated and heated, which helped to break down the encapsulating structure. In addition, extra diatomaceous earth was needed to absorb and disperse the added water. Optimal extraction conditions were established, and quantitative extraction of oil was achieved for various laboratory-prepared and commercially encapsulated food products.
General, high-affinity approach for the synthesis of fluorophore appended protein nanoparticle assemblies

Metallothionein fusion proteins allow for site-specific, orthogonal functionalization of proteins to a variety of nanoparticles.
Asymptotic Analysis of Secondary Instabilities of Rotating Fluids

The stability of an inviscid, incompressible flow which is the combination of a modulated standing wave coupled to rigid body rotation is considered. This analysis can be viewed as a secondary perturbation of the rotating flow itself. We show that these flows are unstable with respect to 3D high frequency perturbations and examine some asymptotic regimes qf this perturbation analysis.
Heat training in the Mongolian gerbil.

Sr&mnasy.-Heat avoidance was an ef€ective technique in producing a discriminative response in hlongolian gerbils. Rapid relearning occurred after a series of extinction trials. The animals were able to master a successive-cue reversal task, with hear used as a negative reinforcer. In addition, there seemed to be 36-day retention of the discriminative response acquired through the heattraining procedure.
Field and environmental approaches to world politics: implications for data archives

Negotiations of statesmen might be facilitated if the entire field of international relations were so represented that the negotiator could see the relations of the circles and vectors representing their respective peoples, nations, states, and governments located at particular points in the geographical and analytical fields, and moving in certain directions in the latter. An observer might calculate with less margin of error the probable outcome of such negotiations [Wright, 1955, p. 566].
Interactions between sphingomyelin and cholesterol in low density lipoproteins and model membranes.

This work examines three related, but previously unexplored, aspects of membrane biophysics and colloid science in the context of atherosclerosis. First, we show that sphingomyelinase (SMase)-induced aggregation of low density lipoproteins (LDLs), coupled with LDL exposure to cholesterol esterase (CEase), results in nucleation of cholesterol crystals, long considered the hallmark of atherosclerosis. In particular, this study reveals that the order of enzyme addition does not effect the propensity of LDL to nucleate cholesterol crystals, raising the possibility that nucleation can proceed from either the intra- or extracellular space. Second, we demonstrate that ceramide-rich aggregates of LDL release cholesterol to neighboring vesicles far more rapidly, and to a greater extent, than does native LDL. A likely explanation for this observation is displacement of cholesterol from SM–Chol rafts by “raft-loving” ceramide. Third, we demonstrate that a time-independent Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay, based on dehydroergosterol and dansylated lecithin and used previously to study cholesterol nanodomains, can be used to measure raft sizes (on the order of 10 nm) in model membrane systems. Taken together, these observations point to the possibility of an extracellular nucleation mechanism and underscore the important role that biological colloids play in human disease.
Assessment of Fracture Risk

Osteoporosis-related fractures (low-trauma, fragility fractures) are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure worldwide. In the absence of a defining fracture, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on the World Health Organization’s T-score criteria using central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Paradoxically, the majority of those patients who will sustain a low-trauma fracture do not meet the T-score definition of osteoporosis. Conversely, younger individuals with bone density in the osteoporotic range but no other risk factors have relatively low fracture rates and yet are frequently considered candidates for osteoporosis therapies. The limited accuracy of bone density testing alone to predict fractures has led to the development of a variety of fracture assessment tools that utilize the combination of bone density and clinical risk factors to improve the prediction of low-trauma fractures. These fracture assessment tools quantitatively predict the 10-year fracture probability of hip and major osteoporosis-related fractures, and can be used to define cost-effective intervention strategies for primary and secondary fracture prevention.
FEASIBLE CROSS‐VALIDATORY MODEL SELECTION FOR GENERAL STATIONARY PROCESSES

Cross-validation is a method used to estimate the expected prediction error of a model. Such estimates may be of interest in themselves, but their use for model selection is more common. Unfortunately, cross-validation is viewed as being computationally expensive in many situations. In this paper it is shown that the h-block cross-validation function for least-squares based estimators can be expressed in a form which can enormously impact on the amount of calculation required. The standard approach is of O(T2) where T denotes the sample size, while the proposed approach is of O(T) and yields identical numerical results. The proposed approach has widespread potential application ranging from the estimation of expected prediction error to least squares-based model specification to the selection of the series order for non-parametric series estimation. The technique is valid for general stationary observations. Simulation results and applications are considered. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable and Reconfigurable Optical Networks

It might be desirable for a future optical network to be more stable and reconfigurable than today's networks. This paper will highlight heterogeneous networking of diverse traffic and optical performance monitoring.
The Environment, Energy, and the Tinbergen Rule

Higher energy prices and the growing concern about global warming have led to a number of policy goals and targets designed to curb global warming and/or the development of alternative sources of e...
Inhibitory control in anxious and healthy adolescents is modulated by incentive and incidental affective stimuli.

Background: Anxiety disorders are characterized by elevated, sustained responses to threat, that manifest as threat attention biases. Recent evidence also suggests exaggerated responses to incentives. How these characteristics influence cognitive control is under debate and is the focus of the present study. Methods: Twenty-five healthy adolescents and 25 adolescents meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder were compared on a task of response inhibition. Inhibitory control was assayed with an antisaccade task that included both incentive (monetary reward) and incidental emotion (facial expression) cues presented prior to the execution of inhibitory behavior. Results: Inhibitory control was enhanced following exposure to threat cues (fear faces) only in adolescent patients, and following exposure to positive cues (happy faces) only in healthy adolescents. Results also revealed a robust performance improvement associated with monetary incentives. This incentive effect did not differ by group. No interaction between incentives and emotional cues was detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that biased processing of threat in anxious adolescents affects inhibitory control, perhaps by raising arousal prior to behavioral performance. The absence of normalization of performance in anxious adolescents following exposure to positive emotional cues is a novel finding and will require additional exploration. Future studies will need to more specifically examine how perturbations in positive emotion processes contribute to the symptomatology and the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders.
Public speaking state anxiety as a function of selected situational and predispositional variables

A recent stream of studies indicates that variables commonly assumed to be transient causes of public speaking state anxiety are more trait‐like than situational in nature. In the present study, dispositional and situational versions of novelty, conspicuousness, and subordinate status, in addition to a measure of public speaking (trait) apprehension, were used to predict state anxiety in response to a public speaking task. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that (1) trait versions of the variables significantly and meaningfully predicted state anxiety, (2) situational versions of the variables contributed little to the prediction and (3) public speaking apprehension (trait) scores were the single best and only significant predictor of public speaking state anxiety. Moreover, a single‐predictor model, employing public speaking trait apprehension scores as the independent variable, was the most efficient model. These findings raise instructional questions regarding the advisability of per...
Reuse at the enterprise, national and international level

For reuse to become practical at all levels of use (enterprise, national, and international), will require an infrastructure that addresses the problems that are unique to each of these levels, plus one that by its existence helps a consumer sort through all the Reusable Software Components (RSC) products offered.
Generational Conflict in the Umarian Movement after the Jihād : Perspectives from the Futanke Grain Trade at Medine

This article attempts to correct the stereotype which portrays the Futanke who joined in the jihād of al-ḥājj Umar Tal in western Mali as militant Muslim warriors who were not responsive to opportunities in production and trade. It shows that Futanke officials and settlers in the area of Jomboxo (southwestern Karta) responded quickly to the possibility of producing grain, on the land and with the slaves acquired during the jihad, and marketing it at the nearby river factory of Medine, where French officials and merchants, resident African traders and nomadic gum caravan leaders converged in a brisk commerce for three decades in the late nineteenth century. The grain sales were a response to strong demand from the desert-side economy and gum trade as well as to French needs for provisions. These emerging economic interests brought the settlers into conflict with Umarian officials and a younger generation of Futanke, recruited in the 1870s and 1880s and eager to wage war to accumulate wealth and establish their position. This social and generational cleavage hindered the effort to mobilize resistance against French encroachment and conquest.
Recognition of Non-Studied Visual Depictions of Aircraft: Improvement by Distributed Presentation

This experiment examined the effects of three methods of presentation, one massed and two distributed, on recognition of complex visual stimuli (military aircraft). Also examined was whether the effects of these methods differ as a function of the view at test (same or different from the studied view). In the massed presentation, aircraft were exposed once for eight seconds with each exposure separated by a blank interval of 20 seconds. In the successive distributed condition, each target aircraft was presented four times in a row for two seconds with each exposure separated by blank intervals of five seconds. In the random distributed condition, the aircraft were presented for the same on-off time intervals as the successive distributed condition, but the sequence of the study list was random. Results showed that recognition performance, as assessed by measures of hits, false alarms, and discrimination accuracy was significantly better when the same view was given at study and at test versus a different ...
Multivariable control of helicopter systems using an interactive modeling, simulation, and visualization tool

Describes a software environment for simulating and visualizing high-performance helicopter systems. Different simulation and animation models may be selected by the user. Users are also able to alter model and controller parameters on the "fly"-thus allowing them to quickly examine different scenarios. Both two dimensional bitmaps and three-dimensional polygon representations are used for animation. Real-time plotting and graphical indicators are also employed to help users abstract-out key phenomena. The environment also accommodates data exchange with MATLAB. The interactive MoSART helicopter environment is shown to be a valuable tool for research and education. A variety of examples are presented to illustrate its utility.
Pharmaceutical and Industrial Traits in Genetically Modified Crops: Coexistence with Conventional Agriculture

This paper discusses the implications of using genetically modified crops to biomanufacture pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds from the perspective of their co-existence with conventional agriculture. Such plant-made pharmaceuticals and plant-made industrial products rely on exciting scientific and technological breakthroughs and promise new opportunities for the agricultural sector, but they also entail novel risks. The management of the externalities and of the possible unintended economic effects that arise in this context is critical and poses difficult questions for regulators.
Deaths Caused by Physical Restraints

A retrospective analysis of 122 deaths caused by vest and strap restraints found that most victims were women (78%) and a median age of 81. Victims were found suspended from chairs (42%) or beds (58%); 83% were in nursing homes. Detailed analysis of 19 cases showed that all were demented, 13 had impulsive or involuntary movements, and 14 had recently tried to escape from a restraint or been found in a dangerous position while restrained. Restraints are an underrecognized, underreported, avoidable, and proximate cause of at least 1 of every 1,000 nursing home deaths.
Spatiotemporal modelling and mapping of the bubonic plague epidemic in India

Background This work studies the spatiotemporal evolution of bubonic plague in India during 1896–1906 using stochastic concepts and geographical information science techniques. In the past, most investigations focused on selected cities to conduct different kinds of studies, such as the ecology of rats. No detailed maps existed incorporating the space-time dependence structure and uncertainty sources of the epidemic system and providing a composite space-time picture of the disease propagation characteristics.
Intelligent Biohybrid Materials for Therapeutic and Imaging Agent Delivery

Many molecular imaging techniques rely on tracer methods to visualize specific physiological processes in cells, animals, and humans. A new family of "smart" delivery systems for biomolecules has opened new opportunities for the molecular imaging field. One class of polymeric carriers reversibly become membrane destabilizing in response to sharp pH changes and were designed for delivering proteins and nucleic acids to intracellular compartments. These carriers could enable the use of imaging agents and intracellular reporters whose site of action made them previously inaccessible. A second class of stimuli-responsive polymer-biomolecule conjugates can be reversibly formed into particles of closely defined sizes. The ability to control when and where the protein or DNA species is in the free versus particle form may allow imaging applications that exploit their differential size and diffusion properties.
Time-Varying Dynamic Bayesian Networks

Directed graphical models such as Bayesian networks are a favored formalism for modeling the dependency structures in complex multivariate systems such as those encountered in biology and neural science. When a system is undergoing dynamic transformation, temporally rewiring networks are needed for capturing the dynamic causal influences between covariates. In this paper, we propose time-varying dynamic Bayesian networks (TV-DBN) for modeling the structurally varying directed dependency structures underlying non-stationary biological/neural time series. This is a challenging problem due the non-stationarity and sample scarcity of time series data. We present a kernel reweighted l1-regularized auto-regressive procedure for this problem which enjoys nice properties such as computational efficiency and provable asymptotic consistency. To our knowledge, this is the first practical and statistically sound method for structure learning of TV-DBNs. We applied TV-DBNs to time series measurements during yeast cell cycle and brain response to visual stimuli. In both cases, TV-DBNs reveal interesting dynamics underlying the respective biological systems.
Docetaxel Combined With Trastuzumab Is an Active Regimen in HER-2 3+ Overexpressing and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Phase II Trial

Purpose To determine the efficacy and safety of weekly docetaxel and trastuzumab as first- or second-line therapy in women with HER-2–overexpressing metastatic breast cancer and to correlate the efficacy of trastuzumab with HER-2 status as determined by immunohistochemistry assay and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Patients and Methods Twenty-six women with HER-2–positive (HercepTest [Dako Corp, Carpenteria, CA]2 to 3+) metastatic breast cancer were enrolled onto this study of trastuzumab (4 mg/kg load; 2 mg/kg/wk administered intravenously) and docetaxel (35 mg/m2/wk for 6 weeks). Results Using an intent-to-treat analysis, the overall response rate was 50% (13 of 26 patients). Eight patients (31%) had a period of stable disease posttherapy. Among HER-2 3+ patients, the overall response rate was 63% (12 of 19 patients) compared with a 14% response rate (one of seven patients) for HER-2 2+ patients (P = .07). Patients with FISH-positive tumors experienced an overall response rate of 64%. Median t...
Comparison of missing data approaches in linkage analysis.

Observational cohort studies have been little used in linkage analyses due to their general lack of large, disease-specific pedigrees. Nevertheless, the longitudinal nature of such studies makes them potentially valuable for assessing the linkage between genotypes and temporal trends in phenotypes. The repeated phenotype measures in cohort studies (i.e., across time), however, can have extensive missing information. Existing methods for handling missing data in observational studies may decrease efficiency, introduce biases, and give spurious results. The impact of such methods when undertaking linkage analysis of cohort studies is unclear. Therefore, we compare here six methods of imputing missing repeated phenotypes on results from genome-wide linkage analyses of four quantitative traits from the Framingham Heart Study cohort. We found that simply deleting observations with missing values gave many more nominally statistically significant linkages than the other five approaches. Among the latter, those with similar underlying methodology (i.e., imputation- versus model-based) gave the most consistent results, although some discrepancies remained. Different methods for addressing missing values in linkage analyses of cohort studies can give substantially diverse results, and must be carefully considered to protect against biases and spurious findings.
The Relationship of Phonological Awareness, Rapid Naming, and Verbal Memory to Severe Reading and Spelling Disability

The present study examined the relationship of phonological awareness, naming speed, and verbal memory to the scores obtained from five tests assessing word attack, word identification, reading comprehension, and spelling skills in 54 children with severe reading disabilities (48 boys and 6 girls; M age = 9 years, 7 months). Multiple regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of achievement across the five academic tests was the Verbal Comprehension factor from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Age, socioeconomic status (SES), and externalizing behavior problems were also significant predictors of achievement, depending on the academic measure. After controlling for age, SES, behavior problems, and intelligence, the phonological awareness task added significantly to the prediction of word attack, spelling, and reading comprehension scores; rapid letter naming added significantly to the prediction of word identification and prose passage speed and accuracy scores; and a word-list memory task added significantly to the prediction of word recognition scores. These results suggest that several independent processes interact to determine the extent and severity of reading problems.
Raman depolarization ratios and the symmetry of Si(NCO)4 and Ge(NCO)4

Depolarization ratios, ϱ, have been measured to determine whether or not these molecules are tetrahedral. Totally-symmetric vibrations of Tb molecules have ϱ0, whereas for all lower symmetries ϱ may be anywhere between 0 and 0.75. For Si(NCO)4 there are two bands with ϱ0.65 and 0.64, showing clearly that it is not tetrahedral. For Ge(NCO)4 the results are ambiguous, for the highest value observed for a polarized line is 0.086. However there is other evidence against Td symmetry for this molecule, especially selection rule behaviour. It is concluded that neither molecule is tetrahedral. The true symmetry is not known. The complete Raman spectrum has been re-measured, and the results are given.
Catalytic Enantioselective Alkylation of Prochiral Ketone Enolates

The synthesis of stereogenic all-carbon quaternary centers remains a formidable challenge, notwithstanding the strides made by modem organic chemistry in this regard. Contemporary advances in enolate alkylation have made it a fundamental strategy for the construction of C-C bonds. Although methods for the reaction of a number of enolate types (e.g., ester, ketone, and propionimide) with a variety of alkylating agents exist, catalytic enantioselective variants of these transformations are relatively rare. Of the catalytic asymmetric methods available, there have been few examples of general techniques for the asymmetric alkylation of carbocyclic systems and still fewer examples that have the capacity to deliver all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. While the Merck phase transfer methylation and Koga alkylation of 2-alkyltetralone-derived silyl enol ethers represent notable exceptions, the breadth of application and utility of these reactions bas been limited. In fact, at the outset of our investigations in this area, there were no examples of catalytic enantioselective alkylations of monocyclic 2-substituted cycloalkanone enolates in the absence of either α'-blocking groups or α-enolate-stabilizing groups (e.g., R = aryl, ester, etc.; Figure 1). Concurrent to our work in this area, Trost and coworkers have published a series of papers that complement our studies. Jacobsen and coworkers, as well, have revealed a unique enantioselective method involving the chromium-catalyzed reaction of tin enolates with a variety of unactivated alkyl halides . Herein, we relate our development of Pd-catalyzed enantioselective functionalization reactions of prochiral enolates, specifically tetrasubstituted cyclic ketone enolates that give rise to quaternary stereogenicity. The synthetic utility of the building blocks derived from these reactions is demonstrated by application in a number of total syntheses.
Taking DCOP to the Real World: Efficient Complete Solutions for Distributed Multi-Event Scheduling

Distributed Constraint Optimization (DCOP) is an elegant formalism relevant to many areas in multiagent systems, yet complete algorithms have not been pursued for real world applications due to perceived complexity. To capably capture a rich class of complex problem domains, we introduce the Distributed Multi-Event Scheduling (DiMES) framework and design congruent DCOP formulations with binary constraints which are proven to yield the optimal solution. To approach real-world efficiency requirements, we obtain immense speedups by improving communication structure and precomputing best case bounds. Heuristics for generating better communication structures and calculating bound in a distributed manner are provided and tested on systematically developed domains for meeting scheduling and sensor networks, exemplifying the viability of complete algorithms.
Malignant melanoma prognostic factors 3: surgical margins.

. Narrow margins of excision for melanomas less than 0.85 mm thick neither shorten the length of survival nor increase the local recurrence rate. Similarly, narrow margins of excision for melanomas greater than 0.85 mm thick do not adversely affect the survival rate. However, for thicker melanomas, the local recurrence rate increases when the surgical margin is reduced to less than 3 cm.
Mechanisms of performance enhancement with force feedback

The addition of force feedback to virtual environments and teleoperators provides many benefits to the user. However, the mechanisms by which force feedback improves performance remain unknown. We present an experiment demonstrating that force feedback can provide a physical constraint to an operator's motion, passively restraining the hand and reducing error even before the operator can voluntarily respond to the force stimulus. Because of the presence of force feedback, the magnitude of unwanted incursions into a virtual wall were reduced by up to 80%, as compared to the case with no force feedback. We also propose that a second order mechanical model of the operator's hand can be used to quantify the benefits of force feedback. Using our model, we are able to account on average for over 95% of the variance in the force on the hand.