cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Verification of Software Vulnerabilities During Static Code Analysis Using Data Mining Techniques

Software assurance analysts deal with thousands of potential vulnerabilities many of which could be false positives during the process of static code analysis. Manual review of all such potential vulnerabilities is tedious, time consuming, and frequently impractical. Several experiments were conducted using a production code base with the aid of a variety of static code analysis tools. A data mining process was created, which employed different classifiers for comparison. Furthermore, a selection process identified the most important features that led to significant improvements in accuracy, precision, and recall, as evidenced by the experimental data. This paper proposes machine learning algorithms to minimize false positives with a high degree of accuracy.
Synchronized passive microbubble imaging for guidance and monitoring of focused ultrasound therapies

Detection of focused ultrasound (FUS)-stimulated microbubble activity (i.e. acoustic cavitation) is a key methodology for monitoring and guidance of FUS therapies that harness the bioeffects of acoustic cavitation. The intensity and location of secondary acoustic emissions emitted by microbubbles can be passively detected and imaged using diagnostic imaging arrays. In turn, ultrasound-guided FUS (USgFUS) systems can be used for planning and evaluating the outcome of microbubble-based FUS therapies. State-of-the-art passive imaging methodologies were developed for monitoring high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation but suffer from poor axial image resolution due to the use of long pulses and asynchronous transmit and receive sequences. The objective of this study was thus to implement passive microbubble imaging (PMI) with short pulses of FUS and synchronous acquisition for improved image resolution by implementing reconstruction techniques similar to B-mode ultrasound imaging. The efficacy of PMI was assessed during blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening with FUS and microbubbles in mice in vivo.
Long-term telemental health prevention interventions for youth: A rapid review.

Abstract Introduction This rapid review identifies and summarizes the effectiveness of preventative telemental health interventions. It investigates studies conducted between 2010 and 2016 that improve mood and anxiety with long-term follow-up. Methods A literature search of three major databases was performed by four reviewers. After citation tracing, 3604 studies were discovered, and twenty of these met the inclusion criteria. Data from the papers were abstracted, assessed for quality, and effect sizes were calculated. Results Salient information was discussed using the Behavioural Vaccine Model of mental illness prevention. This included key concepts such as efficacy, duration of benefits, sociocultural relevance, professional guidance, peer-to-peer support, adherence, delivery and safety. Conclusion This review suggests there are clear prolonged benefits to using technology in youth mental illness prevention. Although this is a rapidly growing area of investigation in countries around the globe, there is still a dearth of research with long-term follow-up. Future studies should aim to boost engagement by increasing motivational guidance in order to recruit at-risk youth of all demographics into these promising intervention programs.
A Systems Thinking Approach to Managing Sustainment Phase Redesign Planning

This study applies a systems thinking approach to sustainment-phase redesign planning for large-scale, complex, sustainment-dominated systems (SDSs) found in the airline, aerospace and defense, hea...
Stable, Heat-Conducting Phosphor Composites for High-Power Laser Lighting.

Solid-state lighting using laser diodes is an exciting new development that requires new phosphor geometries to handle the greater light fluxes involved. The greater flux from the source results in more conversion and therefore more conversion loss in the phosphor, which generates self-heating, surpassing the stability of current encapsulation strategies used for light-emitting diodes, usually based on silicones. Here, we present a rapid method using spark plasma sintering (SPS) for preparing ceramic phosphor composites of the canonical yellow-emitting phosphor Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) combined with a chemically compatible and thermally stable oxide, α-Al2O3. SPS allows for compositional modulation, and phase fraction, microstructure, and luminescent properties of ceramic composites with varying compositions are studied here in detail. The relationship between density, thermal conductivity, and temperature rise during laser-driven phosphor conversion is elucidated, showing that only modes...
Predicting Overt Display of Power in Written Dialogs

We analyze overt displays of power (ODPs) in written dialogs. We present an email corpus with utterances annotated for ODP and present a supervised learning system to predict it. We obtain a best cross validation F-measure of 65.8 using gold dialog act features and 55.6 without using them.
Evaluation of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model for Hillslopes

The USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) computer model is process-based soil erosion prediction technology. Process-based erosion models provide several advantages over empirically based erosion prediction technology, including most notably: 1) capabilities for estimating spatial and temporal distributions of net soil loss, 2) more reliable extrapolation to ungauged areas, and 3) the ability to better predict off-site delivery of sediment, including particle size information. The purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of the WEPP erosion model as applied to the case of soil loss on hillslopes. Cases where deposition is active were not considered. WEPP was compared with the Universal Soil Loss Equation and its revision, RUSLE, relative to soil erodibility and selected agricultural land use effects on erosion. This paper also presents data from natural runoff plots at nine locations evaluated relative to the WEPP model predictions. Plot data were taken from the National Repository of Soil Erosion Data located at the Agricultural Research Service’s National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory. Historical climate and management information, as well as representative slope and soil information, was used to build input files for the model. A total of 544 erosion years of data from 64 plots were used. These data are among the most reliable from the current data base of soil erosion in the US. Results indicated that WEPP followed the trends in erodibility and cropping factors as represented by USLE and RUSLE. Comparisons of predictions with measured data were reasonable relative to the expected degree of accuracy for erosion prediction.
Regional Fat Distribution by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Comparison with Anthropometry and Application in a Clinical Trial of Growth Hormone and Exercise

1. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of ratios derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body scans to assess regional fat distribution in older men and women by comparing them with the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and to evaluate their clinical utility by applying them in a clinical trial involving resistance exercise and recombinant human growth hormone. 2. Sixty-four healthy older adults (39 women and 25 men), aged 65–82 years, served as subjects. The ratios of trunk fat-to-total fat, trunk fat-to-body weight, trunk fat-to-limb fat and trunk fat % were determined by DXA. WHR was assessed on the same day, as was the ratio of subscapular/triceps skinfolds in men. Cardiovascular disease risk factors, functional capacity and serum lipids were also assessed. 3. A moderate relationship ( r = 0.36-0.54) between the WHR- and DXA-derived ratios were observed for both men and women. Both DXA and WHR showed similar associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, in men, all DXA ratios were able to detect subtle changes in regional fat distribution resulting from daily administration of recombinant human growth hormone in conjunction with resistance exercise for 10 weeks, whereas the WHR or subscapular/triceps ratios did not. 4. This suggests that DXA-derived ratios may be more sensitive than conventional anthropometric methods in the assessment and categorization of body fat distribution.
Immunohistochemical staining for S100P, SMAD4, and IMP3 on cell block preparations is sensitive and highly specific for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Introduction The diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) material is often challenging. An immunohistochemical (IHC) panel may help establish the diagnosis of PDA in cases limited by sample size or ambiguous cytology. S100P, IMP3, and SMAD4 are 3 IHC markers that have shown promise as individual markers for PDA that have never been tested together as a panel. In this study, we evaluated the individual and combined efficacy of S100P, IMP3, and SMAD4 for the detection of PDA. Materials and Methods S100P, IMP3, and SMAD4 IHC staining was performed on cell blocks (CBs) procured from pancreatic EUS-FNA procedures. The cohort included CBs that were diagnostic for PDA (n = 35), suspicious but nondiagnostic for PDA (n = 2), as well as CBs with benign pancreatic ductal epithelium (n = 12) and benign reactive pancreatic ductal epithelium (n = 18). A positive result for IMP3 and S100P was defined as moderate or strong staining of >10% of ductal cells. Complete lack of SMAD4 nuclear staining was considered a positive result—any nuclear SMAD4 staining was considered a negative result. Results Two and 3 IHC marker panels were almost always more specific than individual IHC markers. Positivity for at least 2 of 3 IHC markers was a sensitive (91.89%) and highly specific (100%) marker of PDA. Conclusions The 3 IHC marker panel composed of S100P, IMP3, and SMAD4 is highly specific for PDA. Future studies should evaluate efficacy in a cohort with more atypical and suspicious cases.
Harmonizing Clinical Sequencing And Interpretation For The Emerge III Network

Background: The eMERGE III Network was tasked with harmonizing genetic testing protocols linking multiple sites and investigators. Methods: DNA capture panels targeting 109 genes and 1551 variants were constructed by two clinical sequencing centers for analysis of 25,000 participant DNA samples collected at 11 sites where samples were linked to patients with electronic health records. Each step from sample collection, data generation, interpretation, reporting, delivery and storage, were developed and validated in CAP/CLIA settings and harmonized across sequencing centers. Results: A compliant and secure network was built and enabled ongoing review and reconciliation of clinical interpretations while maintaining communication and data sharing between investigators. Mechanisms for sustained propagation and growth of the network were established. An interim data freeze representing 15,574 sequenced subjects, informed the assay performance for a range of variant types, the rate of return of results for different phenotypes and the frequency of secondary findings. Practical obstacles for implementation and scaling of clinical and research findings were identified and addressed. The eMERGE protocols and tools established are now available for widespread dissemination. Conclusions: This study established processes for different sequencing sites to harmonize the technical and interpretive aspects of sequencing tests, a critical achievement towards global standardization of genomic testing. The network established experience in the return of results and the rate of secondary findings across diverse biobank populations. Furthermore, the eMERGE network has accomplished integration of structured genomic results into multiple electronic health record systems, setting the stage for clinical decision support to enable genomic medicine.
Capillary Performance of Micropillar Arrays in Different Arrangements

In this study, permeability and capillary pressure of copper micropillar structures (height: 50 µm, diameter: 50 µm) in different arrangements (hexagonal, rectangular, and square) and different por...
A New Approach to Understanding Contemporary Jewish Engagement

Although researchers have long recognized the multidimensional nature of Jewish life (e.g., Hartman in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, New York, 2014; Himmelfarb in Understanding American Jewry, Brandeis University, Waltham, 1982), most sociodemographic studies examine Jewish behaviors and attitudes in isolation rather than considering their complex interactions. Examining each of these behaviors and dimensions separately provides only limited understanding of the meaning and enactment of Jewish identity. The present study presents a statistical method to understand the patterns of Jewish engagement across multiple dimensions. Based on data from a survey of the Greater Boston Jewish community, latent class analysis was used to combine 14 behavioral measures into a typology of Jewish engagement. The results were a “partially ordered” set of 5 classes representing distinct behavior patterns. Three of the classes followed a low-to-high continuum. Two classes did not follow this order and represented distinct but parallel patterns of engagement. Most notably, the study identified a category of Cultural Jews who do not regularly practice Jewish rituals or affiliate with synagogues but do feel strong connections to the Jewish community. A simple continuum of Jewish identity disguises the multidimensional nature of engagement and provides too simplistic a tool for policymakers. This approach suggests not only a new method of measuring Jewish engagement, but, more importantly, a new way to understand contemporary Jewish identity.
Optimizing Blended Collagen-Fibrin Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering with Human iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes

Natural polymer hydrogels are used ubiquitously as scaffold materials for cardiac tissue engineering as well as for soft tissue engineering more broadly because of FDA approval, minimal immunogenicity, and well-defined physiological clearance pathways. However, the relationships between natural polymer hydrogels and resident cell populations in directing the development of engineered tissues are poorly defined. This interaction is of particular concern for tissues prepared with iPSC-derived cell populations, in which population purity and batch-to-batch variability become additional critical factors to consider. Herein, the design space for a blended fibrin and collagen scaffold is characterized for applications in creating engineered myocardium with human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Stiffness values of the acellular hydrogel formulations approach those of native myocardium in compression, but deviate significantly in tension when compared to rat myocardium in both transverse and longitudinal fiber orien...
Confirmatory Magnetic Resonance Imaging with or without Biopsy Impacts Decision Making in Newly Diagnosed Favorable Risk Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:We investigated how magnetic resonance imaging and post-magnetic resonance imaging biopsy impact decision making in men considering active surveillance.Materials and Methods:We reviewed the...
Expressing multiple genes in a single open reading frame with the 2A region of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a linker

The Food-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A proteinis only 16–20 amino acid long. It is responsible for the‘cleavage’ of the FMDV polyprotein at its own carboxyl-terminus. Weused the ‘cleavage’ property of the 2A protein to processartificial polyproteins produced in transgenic plants. In our system, single or multiplecopies of the reporter CAT and GUS genes were fused into a single open readingframe (ORF) with a copy of the FMDV 2A protein gene placed between the reportergenes. Expression of various constructs in transgenic tobacco resulted inconsistent detection of freed CAT and/or GUS proteins, suggesting that FMDV 2Aprotein functioned properly in plant cells. ‘Cleavage’ efficiencyranged from 80% to 100% depending on the constructs. The variability in‘cleavage’ efficiency suggested that the contexts flanking a 2Aprotein might modulate its activity. We further expressed constructs wheremultiple copies of the 2A and reporter genes were fused into one ORF. Thepresence of freed GUS protein together with partially processed polyproteinintermediates in the transgenic plants indicated that multiple copies of the 2Aprotein in a single ORF function independently. Our data demonstrate that usingthe FMDV 2A protease as a linker, multiple genes could be easily expressed in asingle ORF.
Bariatric Surgery and Stone Risk

Bariatric surgery patients represent a diverse group of individuals often with multiple coexisting medical problems. Nephrolithiasis has been shown to occur at variable rates relative to the specific procedure that individuals have undergone. The following chapter discusses stone risk factors, biochemical changes, and treatment strategies available for postoperative bariatric surgery patients.
Imperial Projects and Expansion

From its inception, empire characterized the Atlantic world. Spain, Portugal, France, and England competed to carve out ever-changing territorial sphere for economic exploitation, settlement, and the production of lucrative crops. Even so, the French Revolution temporarily put an end to empire building and dismantled much of the French and Spanish empires in the Atlantic world, the second half of nineteenth-century witnessed a renewed interest in imperial projects, both in the Americas and Africa.
Dopamine Differentially Regulates Response Dynamics of Prefrontal Cortical Principal Neurons and Interneurons to Optogenetic Stimulation of Inputs from Ventral Tegmental Area

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is highly influenced by the inputs from ventral tegmental area (VTA); however, how the projection from VTA impacts PFC neurons and how the synaptically released dopamine affects PFC activity are largely unclear. Using optogenetics and electrophysiological approaches, we examined the impact of VTA stimulation on PFC principal neurons and parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons and the modulatory role of dopamine. We found that the brief activation of the VTA-PFC circuit immediately induced action potential firing, which was mediated by glutamatergic transmission. However, strong stimulation of VTA gradually induced a marked and prolonged enhancement of the excitability of PFC PV+ interneurons and a modest and short-lived enhancement of the excitability of PFC principal neurons. Blocking dopamine receptors (DARs) shortened the VTA excitation of PFC PV+ interneurons and prolonged the VTA excitation of PFC principal neurons. Blocking GABAA receptors induced a similar effect as DAR antagonists in PFC principal neurons, suggesting that the dopaminergic effect is through influencing the inhibitory transmission system. These results have revealed a role of dopamine in regulating the temporal dynamics of excitation/inhibition balance in VTA-PFC circuit, which provides insights into the functional consequence of activating dopamine system in the mesocortical system.
Reference Point Formation - Does the Market Whisper in the Background?

Experimental studies in behavioral finance historically have confirmed that subjects are highly influenced by reference points when making economic decisions. A recent study by Baucells, Weber and Welfens (2011) analyzed the dynamics of reference price formation using experimental methods with subjects forming reference prices for stocks based on observed price sequences. Their study helps to clarify behavioral effects of past prices on reference price formation but it does not consider contextual information. We extend the BWW study by adding market price information as background to the experiment, and we investigate how this additional information affects reference point formation and updating. Our overarching hypothesis is that if the market background information has no impact then it should not alter the results of BWW; otherwise, the additional market information should be an explanatory variable for the reference point. Our results confirm the hypothesis that market information matters. We also investigate the impact of pessimism and optimism on reference prices by the combining the BWW framework with a model of disappointment aversion and anticipatory feelings developed by Gollier and Muerman (2010). Our study fills a void in the literature by providing new evidence on the impact of contextual market information on reference point formation in an investment setting.
Vertical Ridge Augmentation Around Dental Implants With the Use of a Dense PTFE Membrane to Correct Previously Failed Augmentations.

Introduction Vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) is one of the most challenging procedures. This is the first case report to show 2-5 mm VRA after two unsuccessful GBRs around previously placed dental implants, with the use of an exposed d-PTFE membrane. Case presentation A 79-year-old ASA II Caucasian male presented after two previous GBR procedures on the LLQ. The second attempt left the site with two exposed implants, scar tissue, no keratinized tissue and lack of vestibular depth. VRA was attempted with the use of cortical perforations, tenting screws, dense PTFE membrane and a 50:50 mixture of anorganic bovine bone matrix and mineralized allograft. The site was left to heal in a secondary intention, leaving the d-PTFE membrane exposed. The membrane was removed 4 weeks postoperatively. The healing abutments were placed, the tenting screws were removed, and the site was allowed to heal for more than seven months. Radiographically, VRA was achieved ranging from 2 to 5 mm. A vestibuloplasty was performed using a diode laser and subsequent flap dissection. Four months after the vestibuloplasty, the tissue surrounding the implants showed adequate keratinization, and an elongated vestibular depth. In addition, in both implants, the emergence profile buccal and lingual was more than 3 mm and the patient was referred to his prosthodontist for the fabrication of the final restorations. Conclusions VRA around dental implants was achieved with the use of a nonresorbable dense PTFE membrane, which was left exposed to heal in a secondary intention, tenting screws and a combination grafting technique to correct two previously failed GBRs.
Fishing for common ground: Investigations of the impact of trawling on ancient shipwreck sites uncovers a potential for management synergy

Abstract Maximizing social and economic benefits from fisheries and protecting culturally significant archaeological sites are management goals often viewed to be at odds with eachother. However, a potential for management synergy arises if fisheries related benefits can be associated with the protection of shipwreck sites. This study reviews fish abundance and community assemblage on several ancient shipwreck sites in the Aegean Sea. In this region, the presence or absence of fishing has been correlated to shipwreck condition. The results indicate that, on average, wrecks in worse condition (heavily fished) had 55% lower species richness, 57% lower abundance, and 41% lower diversity than wrecks in pristine condition, though only the patterns for abundance and species richness were statistically significant. No statistically significant change in fish community composition between fished and unfished wrecks was observed, though community composition between shallow water and deep water wrecks was statistically different. This research highlights the potential benefit of marine protected areas around areas of high density of shipwrecks that can both protect these sites and increase local fisheries by preserving these artificial reefs.
An intrusion detection system for wireless sensor networks

In this paper we introduce a detection based security scheme for wireless sensor networks. Although sensor nodes have low computation and communication capabilities, they have specific properties such as their stable neighborhood information that allows for detection of anomalies in networking and transceiver behaviors of the neighboring nodes. We show that such characteristics can be exploited as key enablers for providing security to large scale sensor networks. In many attacks against sensor networks, the first step for an attacker is to establish itself as a legitimate node within the network. To make a sensor node capable of detecting an intruder a simple dynamic statistical model of the neighboring nodes is built in conjunction with a low-complexity detection algorithm by monitoring received packet power levels and arrival rates.
A perfect reconstruction paradigm for digital communication

In this paper we present a deterministic worst-case framework for reconstruction of discrete data transmissions through dispersive communication channels. This framework can be explored based on robust control ideas and formulations and serves as a complement to existing approaches that reconstruct data by optimizing probabilistic criteria. The particular problems touched upon are: (i) necessary and sufficient conditions for causal and non-causal perfect reconstruction under deterministic magnitude bounded noise for single-input single-output (SISO) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channels, (ii) perfect reconstruction based on decision feedback equalizer (DFE) structures, and (iii) necessary and sufficient conditions for perfect reconstruction with DFEs in the presence of channel fading. The /spl lscr//sup 1/ control theory emerges as the natural key player for analysis and synthesis of perfectly reconstructing receivers in this framework.
Breadfruit: Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg.

Abstract Breadfruit has been a reliable staple food in the Pacific region for more than 3000 years with hundreds of named cultivars. Three species, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus camansi, and Artocarpus mariannensis, plus natural hybrids (A. altilis×A. mariannensis) make up the breadfruit complex, yet only a fraction of this crop diversity is available beyond Oceania. Breadfruit is grown and used in the Caribbean, Africa, Central and South America, India, Southeast Asia, and other tropical regions with the majority of trees originating from just a few Polynesian cultivars introduced in the late 1700s. Breadfruit trees produce an abundance of nutritious fruit, are easy to grow, require little attention, thrive under a wide range of ecological conditions, begin bearing fruit in 3–5 years, and produce nutritious fruit for many decades. Breadfruit is an energy-rich food, high in complex carbohydrates, low in fat, and a good source of fiber and minerals. Some cultivars are good sources of antioxidants and pro-vitamin A carotenoids. All of the essential amino acids are found in breadfruit protein and it is a higher quality protein than staples such as corn, wheat, rice, soybean, potato, and pea. It has a low to moderate glycemic index that could be beneficial to control diabetes. Trees can produce annually more than 250 fruit weighing 0.25–5 kg each. Yields of 5.23 t/ha (fresh weight) can be expected after 7 years, which compares favorably with the average global yields of rice, wheat, or corn at 4.1, 2.6, and 4.0 t/ha, respectively. Food technologists, chefs, and entrepreneurs are exploring the uses of the fresh fruit, and developing value-added products, including gluten-free breadfruit flour. There is a resurgence of interest for this crop with nutrient-rich, productive cultivars being planted by the tens of thousands for food security, regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, home gardens, and income generation.
Explanation-based learning with weak domain theories

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews explanation-based learning with weak domain theories. One facet of a weak domain theory is that the influence of a number of factors is known. A weak theory does not provide any means of combining these influences. The theory constrains features that play a part in predictive relationships. Only when an accurate predictive relationship cannot be made by considering combinations of known influences are other factors considered. A learning system called PostHoc has been developed that uses this sort of background knowledge to propose hypotheses that are then tested against further data. PostHoc utilizes a weak domain theory to generate plausible explanations for a state change after it has occurred. This background knowledge is also used to revise hypotheses that fail to make accurate predictions.
Integrated Approaches to Blood–Brain Barrier

In vivo, in vitro and in silico methodologies are discussed to address the challenges of CNS drug discovery and development. The most important parameter that governs in vivo pharmacology is the free drug concentration at the site of action in the brain. Four different approaches can be used to estimate free drug concentration in human brain. Lessons learned on prediction successes are highlighted using thirty-two Pfizer clinical drug candidates with human CSF and/or receptor occupancy data. Keywords: blood brain barrier; brain penetration prediction; CSF; BCSF; P-gp
Presidential Leadership and Housing Segregation

This paper first presents a simple typology for comparing presidential leadership in federal housing segregation policy. Then, in separate sections, it surveys the development of housing segregation policy during the Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy administrations. Finally, in a short summary section, it integrates these findings with prior research from the Johnson through the Clinton administrations, using the presidential leadership typology presented earlier. It concludes that Truman and Kennedy exercised moderate liberal leadership in housing segregation policy while Eisenhower's administration was characterized by conservative nonleadership. By contrast, Lyndon Johnson exercised strong liberal leadership compared to the liberal nonleadership of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Like Eisenhower, Gerald Ford exhibited conservative nonleadership in this policy arena, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush exhibited moderate conservative leadership, and Richard Nixon's fair housing policy qualified him as a strong conservative leader.
Contingent preferences: Loss aversion and tradeoff contrast in decision making

There is a growing body of evidence that people's choices between risky and riskless options depend on the framing of the problem and the context of choice, contrary to the assumptions of description invariance and context independence that underlie rational decision theories. This article reviews these phenomena and discusses their implications. The first part discusses the evidence for reference dependence and introduces the principle of loss aversion for both certain and uncertain choice. The second part discusses context effects in choice, and introduces the principle of tradeoff contrast. Finally, we contrast the classical theory of choice that is based on the standard assumption of rationality with a constructive approach suggested by psychological research
A perspective on M-commerce

Several statistics from several industry sources have forecast staggering growth for m-commerce over the next five years. But assuming we believe the statistics, marketers need to understand the dynamics of mobile usage and position themselves to take advantage of this substantial opportunity. While most marketers understand that wireless consumers have different application needs and usage patterns than standard online users, many may be perplexed in finding a logical starting point for developing a marketing approach to m-commerce.This chapter outlines some of the key differences in online consumer behavior and provides a perspective on how marketers might use mobile commerce to stimulate consideration and purchase of their products and services. The chapter shares an approach and an existing application used by The Coca-Cola Company to provide a reference point and to help other marketers understand and leverage mobile commerce as another viable tool in their marketing arsenal.
The Wrong Solution at the Right Time: The Failure of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change

This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol on climate change is a fundamentally flawed agreement that set back solutions on climate change by two decades. Using a systematic framework focused on compliance, efficiency, and effectiveness, I analyze the Kyoto Protocol and argue it is a clear case of institutional failure, with the design itself bearing substantial blame for this outcome. The study points to how particular features of the Protocol—its short time frame for action, binding targets, emission reduction measures, and provision for future commitment periods—have resulted in short-sighted behavior by member states and path-dependent structures that failed to make a substantial impact on the climate problem. Related Articles Viniegra, Ibarraran, Maria Eugenia, and Salimah Monica Cossens Gonzalez. 2007. Climate Change Research and Policy in Mexico: Implications for North American Security. Politics & Policy 35 (4): 684-701. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00080.x/abstract Below, Amy. 2007. The Missing Link: Regionalism as a First Step toward Globalizing U.S. Environmental Security Policy. Politics & Policy 35 (4): 702-715. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00081.x/abstract Rugeley, Cynthia R., and John David Gerlach. 2012. Understanding Environmental Public Opinion by Dimension: How Heuristic Processing Mitigates High Information Costs on Complex Issues. Politics & Policy 40 (3): 444-470. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00352.x/abstract Related Media Rayner, Steven. 2011. Why the Kyoto Protocol Failed and a New Way Forward. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcxL7jN4akw Red Redemption Ltd. 2007. Climate Challenge. Online Game. Gamesforchange.org. http://www.gamesforchange.org/play/climate-challenge/
Protease inhibitors neither damage DNA nor interfere with DNA repair or replication in human cells.

Abstract Human fibroblasts were exposed to antipain or leupeptin at concentrations up to 2.5 mM and the presence of DNA damage and repair was assayed by several different methods. These did not reveal DNA damage or repair after exposure to either antipain or leupeptin, even in the presence ot rat-liver microsomal S9 mix. Antipain also had no significant effects on the repair or replication of DNA after ultraviolet or X-irradiation. The demonstrated potentiation of radiation-induced transformation of human cells and the selective killing of repair-deficient cells by antipain must therefore occur by mechanisms that do not involve direct interaction of antipain with DNA.
Antagonism of Morphine-Like Discriminative Effects by β-Funaltrexamine

beta-Funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), an irreversible antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor, was administered intracisternally to rats discriminating between subcutaneous injections of saline and 3.0 mg/kg of morphine in order to reduce the size of the receptor reserve. beta-FNA alone (10 micrograms) occasioned substantial morphine-appropriate responding for at least 6 h but mainly saline-appropriate responding 24 h after administration, the pretreatment interval for most experiments. beta-FNA (3.0-30 micrograms) dose-dependently shifted to the right stimulus-generalization curves for morphine and fentanyl; 10 micrograms also shifted to the right the curves for meperidine and buprenorphine. In all cases, antagonism was fully surmounted by higher doses of the agonist, even after inactivation of more than 75% of mu-opioid receptors. This antagonist effect of beta-FNA is smaller than that reported previously in tests of analgesia, suggesting that the receptor reserve for the discriminative effects of morphine-like drugs is larger than the receptor reserve for their analgesic effects. beta-FNA produced larger rightward displacements of the morphine and buprenorphine curves than of the fentanyl curve and inactivated a larger fraction of the receptors acted upon by those drugs compared to fentanyl. Results with meperidine were intermediate. This suggests that the receptor population mediating morphine-like discriminative effects of fentanyl is not identical to the receptor population mediating these effects of morphine and buprenorphine.
Lifetime of conditioned Brownian motion in Lipschitz domains

If D∋-ℝ d , d≧3, is bounded and has Lipschitz boundary then the expected lifetime of any Brownian h-path process in D is finite.
Syntheses and X-ray crystal structures of zinc complexes with an amido-diamine ligand

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of complexes with a tridentate amido-diamine ligand –N(CH2CH2NMe2)2, [ClZnN(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (1), [EtZnN(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (2), {Zn[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2}2 (3) and [iBu2NZnN(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (4), are described. Compounds 1 (57% yield) and 2 (49% yield) were obtained from the reactions of ZnCl2 with 1 equiv. of LiN(CH2CH2NMe2)2 and ZnEt2 with excess HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2, respectively. Compounds 3 (52% yield) and 4 (75% yield) were isolated from the reactions of [Zn(NiBu2)2]2 with HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2 in 1:4 and 1:2 molar ratios, respectively. Mass spectral data and NMR analyses suggested that all four compounds were dimeric. The solid-state structures of compounds 2 and 3 were determined via X-ray crystallography. Both compounds were centrosymmetric containing a four-membered Zn2N2 ring with bridging amido ligands. In both structures, one NMe2 group in each bridging ligand bonded to a Zn center forming a five-membered ring. The ethyl groups in 2 and the second –N(CH2CH2NMe2)2 ligand in 3 occupied the terminal positions.
Organization of knowledge exchange: An empirical study of knowledge-intensive business service relationships

This article empirically examines, the structure of relationships between business service firms and their clients, in particular, the allocation of control rights to the intellectual assets created in joint projects. Business service firms are a distinctive case because their ‘product’ is essentially knowledge, and in many cases this knowledge is partly tacit and collectively generated and applied. It is proposed that allocation of the rights to intellectual assets in service relationships has a bearing on the creation and deployment of knowledge. Therefore, from the perspective of a service firm, contractual arrangements need to be aligned with the nature of its knowledge base. Knowledge base is characterized here by the firm’s service strategy and by its learning strategy. Estimation results using a survey dataset of 167 business service firms provide support for the conjecture. Service firms that provide expert skills or learn incrementally are less likely to retain control rights to their intellectua...
WHIPPET - A collaborative software environment for medical image processing and analysis

While there are many publicly available software packages for medical image processing, making them available to end users in clinical and research labs remains non-trivial. An even more challenging task is to mix these packages to form pipelines that meet specific needs seamlessly, because each piece of software usually has its own input/output formats, parameter sets, and so on. To address these issues, we are building WHIPPET (Washington Heterogeneous Image Processing Pipeline EnvironmenT), a collaborative platform for integrating image analysis tools from different sources. The central idea is to develop a set of Python scripts which glue the different packages together and make it possible to connect them in processing pipelines. To achieve this, an analysis is carried out for each candidate package for WHIPPET, describing input/output formats, parameters, ROI description methods, scripting and extensibility and classifying its compatibility with other WHIPPET components as image file level, scripting level, function extension level, or source code level. We then identify components that can be connected in a pipeline directly via image format conversion. We set up a TWiki server for web-based collaboration so that component analysis and task request can be performed online, as well as project tracking, knowledge base management, and technical support. Currently WHIPPET includes the FSL, MIPAV, FreeSurfer, BrainSuite, Measure, DTIQuery, and 3D Slicer software packages, and is expanding. Users have identified several needed task modules and we report on their implementation.
Distribution and function of classes of ATPases along the nephron

In a review published in 1977, Sachs [1] concluded that "biochemical studies on renal tissue have so far not shown the presence of any active pump mechanism other than Na,K-ATPase," and pointed out that transport of Na, K, H, Cl, and HCO 3 can be explained by various modes of direct or indirect coupling to Na,K-ATPase. In the intervening years a large body of information further established the crucial role of Na,K-ATPase in tubular electrolyte transport, while at the same time providing evidence for the presence of other transport ATPases in the kidney. In parallel, microdissection and microanalysis techniques have made possible the examination of metabolic and enzymatic processes in discrete tubule segments that revealed the remarkable biochemical heterogeneity of the nephron [2], much as in the recent past in vitro tubule microperfusion has demonstrated the axial heterogeneity of its transport processes [3, 4]. Given the functional specialization of different nephron segments, one can easily appreciate why studies of renal biochemistry with classical methods using tissue slices or homogenates are subject to the same kind of limitations as, for example, the analysis of kidney function with clearance techniques: Both provide information about the kidney as a whole, rather than about its component units. To understand nephron function, one has to study it in its subdivisions of interest; to evaluate the regulation and the role of ATPases in tubular transport, it is essential to examine the behavior of these enzymes in individual nephron segments, and first to delineate their location along the nephron. This paper reviews the nephron distribution and function of several classes of ATPase, with emphasis on the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase), and including the calcium- and proton-ATPases, about which much less is known at this time.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering from a Polyelectrolyte Solution: DNA

Static and dynamic properties of a DNA fragment of molecular weight 316 800 (contour length 1632 A) in semidilute solutions are studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and static (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). SANS experiments in a solution with DNA concentration Cp = 42 mg mL-1 were performed as functions of added salt concentration Cs and temperature. The resulting plot of scattering intensity I(q) versus scattering wavevector magnitude q shows the existence of a broad peak whose position is independent of both Cs and temperature. Additionally, an “upturn” in the small scattering vector length range (q < 0.01 A-1) is observed and is temperature-independent. The DLS time correlation function of the same sample shows the two relaxation modes that have previously been observed in DNA and other polyelectrolyte solutions as well as an additional “ultra” slow mode whose corresponding size is much larger than various correlation lengths that may be deduced from SLS experiments and the uptur...
Carbon Cycle Uncertainty Increases Climate Change Risks and Mitigation Challenges

AbstractProjections of greenhouse gas concentrations over the twenty-first century generally rely on two optimistic, but questionable, assumptions about the carbon cycle: 1) that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations will enhance terrestrial carbon storage and 2) that plant migration will be fast relative to climate changes. This paper demonstrates that carbon cycle uncertainty is considerably larger than currently recognized and that plausible carbon cycle responses could strongly amplify climate warming. This has important implications for societal decisions that relate to climate change risk management because it implies that a given level of human emissions could result in much larger climate changes than we now realize or that stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a “safe” level could require lower human emissions than currently understood. These results also suggest that terrestrial carbon cycle responses could be sufficiently strong to account for the changes in atmospheric car...
The origin of DNA:RNA hybridization.

Besides its use in basic research, the DNA:RNA hybridization technique has helped the development of genetic engineering: it is instrumental in the isolation of specific genes that can be inserted into foreign cells, thus modifying their genetic information. Plants, animals, and microorganisms can now be altered to yield improved crops, pest-resistant plants, and a cheaper source of important proteins or drugs. The social relevance of genetic engineering received official sanction in 1980 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically modified organisms can be patented. In this article I have tried to describe the discovery of the DNA:RNA hybridization technique as the successful outcome of years of intelligent and patient research in many laboratories, of inductive and deductive processes in the minds of many biologists. The synthesis that led to the final result and to the early development of the technique was made possible by the coming together of two brilliant scientists, Sol Spiegelman and Benjamin Hall.
The high-school dropout decision and its wage consequences

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the wage consequences of leaving high school prior to graduation. The dropout process is modeled as interdependent events involving the dropout decision itself and expected wage offers. Since selectivity biases may occur in such models, our empirical analysis permits adjustment for any such biases. Our empirical results provide support for the existence of a self-selection bias in the initial work experiences following high school. We also find that wages for dropouts progressively decline in subsequent years relative to high-school graduates.
Successful Surgical Interruption of the Bundle of Kent in a Patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia is a frequent complication in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Our patient was unusual in that the arrhythmia was the predominant rhythm, and it was felt that the sustained tachycardia was responsible for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The arrhythmia could not be controlled adequately with digitalis, quinidine, diphenylhydantoin, or propranolol. Atrial or ventricular pacing also failed to prevent recurrent episodes of tachycardia. Physiological and pharmacological studies suggested that an anomalous pathway was responsible for the WPW abnormality and participated in a re-entrant circuit which sustained the episodes of tachycardia. Isopotential body surface mapping suggested anomalous ventricular excitation at the lateral aspect of the right atrioventricular groove. Epicardial mapping at the time of surgery was used to localize the earliest area of anomalous ventricular activation, and surgical transection of the atrioventricula...