cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interface preservation during Ge-rich source/drain contact formation

Contact engineering of Ge-rich source/drain is of critical importance for the development of advanced nano-scale CMOS technology nodes. Germanosilicide or Germanide contacts with low Schottky barrier height are highly desirable to achieve low contact resistance for a Ge-rich source/drain. However, practical integration of Ge-rich SiGe into devices is complicated by its unique physical and chemical properties as compared to Si-rich epitaxial SiGe. We have observed significant erosion along the SiGe interface with its dielectric cap layer. The N2-H2 remote plasma resist strip process has been shown to trigger this erosion when GeO2 exists together with SiO2 at the interface. The integrity of Ge-rich SiGe contact interface can be preserved by replacing the N2-H2 remote plasma resist strip with an O2-based photoresist ash process. Cross-sectional STEM and EDX elemental analysis have confirmed Germanide and Germanosilicide formation at the Ge-rich SiGe contact interface.
Comparison of ß-lactam plus aminoglycoside versus ß-lactam plus fluoroquinolone empirical therapy in serious nosocomial infections due to Gram-negative bacilli

We sought to compare clinical cure on day 7 and a 28-day all-cause mortality in patients who received an anti-pseudomonal s-lactam with a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside for treatment of nosocomial bacteremia or pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacilli while in the ICU. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in critically ill patients at an academic medical centre from January 2005 to August 2011. A total of 129 patients (83 receiving aminoglycoside and 46 receiving fluoroquinolone combinations) were included. Seven-day clinical cure rates were 74% and 72% for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside groups, respectively (p = 0.84). There was no significant difference in the odds of clinical cure with a fluoroquinolone as compared to an aminoglycoside combination (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-9.0). There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality in patients who received a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside combination (22% vs. 18%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.29-2.28).
Comparison of in vivo and in vitro effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

We studied the in vitro effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in 13 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and one patient with refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation using the AML blast (AML colony-forming units, AML-CFU) and mixed (granulocyte erythrocyte macrophage megakaryocyte colony-forming units, CFU-GEMM) colony culture assays. In parallel, these patients received GM-CSF s.c. at 125 micrograms/m2/day, or in escalated doses starting with 10 micrograms/m2/day for a week or until circulating blast counts reached 50 x 10(9)/liter, in an effort to sensitize leukemic blasts to cell-cycle-specific agents. Results of in vivo GM-CSF treatment were correlated with those of in vitro assays. In 9 of 12 patients (75%), GM-CSF treatment increased peripheral blood blast counts (in vivo effect). GM-CSF also stimulated in vitro AML blast colony proliferation in these nine patients and increased the S+G2M phases of the cell cycle in five out of five of these patients' samples. Two of three patients in whom an in vivo response could not be demonstrated also failed to have a detectable in vitro response. These observations suggest that the AML blast colony culture assay may be useful in predicting the response of AML to cytokine therapy. Finally, GM-CSF stimulated granulocyte-macrophage (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM) and erythroid (erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E) colony proliferation in 14 and 11 patients, respectively, including the 3 individuals who demonstrated no clinical effect on blast counts. It is, therefore, possible that GM-CSF may be used to stimulate proliferation of progenitors that differentiate into mature granulocyte, monocyte-macrophage, and erythroid cells.
Station-keeping control of an unmanned surface vehicle exposed to current and wind disturbances

Abstract Field trials of a 4 m long, 180 kg, unmanned surface vehicle (USV) have been conducted to evaluate the performance of station-keeping heading and position controllers in an outdoor marine environment disturbed by wind and current. The USV has a twin hull configuration and a custom-designed propulsion system, which consists of two azimuthing thrusters, one for each hull. Nonlinear proportional derivative, backstepping and sliding mode feedback controllers were tested in winds of about 4–5 knots, with and without wind feedforward control. The controllers were tested when the longitudinal axis of the USV was aligned with the mean wind direction and when the longitudinal axis was perpendicular to the mean wind direction. It was found that the sliding mode controller performed best overall and that the addition of wind feedforward control did not significantly improve its effectiveness. However, wind feedforward control did substantially improve the performance of the proportional derivative and backstepping controllers when the mean wind direction was perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the USV. An analysis of the length scales present in the power spectrum of the turbulent speed fluctuations in the wind suggests that a single anemometer is sufficient to characterize the speed and direction of the wind acting on the USV.
Nanoparticles for cancer gene therapy: Recent advances, challenges, and strategies

Compared to conventional treatments, gene therapy offers a variety of advantages for cancer treatment including high potency and specificity, low off-target toxicity, and delivery of multiple genes that concurrently target cancer tumorigenesis, recurrence, and drug resistance. In the past decades, gene therapy has undergone remarkable progress, and is now poised to become a first line therapy for cancer. Among various gene delivery systems, nanoparticles have attracted much attention because of their desirable characteristics including low toxicity profiles, well-controlled and high gene delivery efficiency, and multi-functionalities. This review provides an overview on gene therapeutics and gene delivery technologies, and highlight recent advances, challenges and insights into the design and the utility of nanoparticles in gene therapy for cancer treatment.
The word-grounding problem and the incompleteness of language

Our common phylogenetic endowment enables us to communicate with other humans and some higher animals through sounds or gestures. We also have the abstract capacity to develop a complex symbolic language, but language acquires meaning only when grounded in qualitative experiences. Language can name ineffable experiences, but we cannot transfer their meaning through explanations. Thus, language is incomplete because it is not a closed circular system, and needs to be grounded in independent intuitions, as mathematics does. Propositional knowledge is generally considered the “highest” form of knowledge, which allows us to construct our cultural universe and the world of values in which we live. The consistency of science and our capacity to interact successfully with the world illustrate the usefulness and reliability of our intuitions, language, and knowledge.
Battery-Free Identification Token for Touch Sensing Devices

This paper proposes the design and implementation of low-- energy tokens for smart interaction with capacitive touch-- enabled devices by associating the token's identity with its contact, or touch. The proposed token's design features two key novel technical components: (1) a through--touch--sensor low--energy communication method for token identification and (2) a touch--sensor energy harvesting technique. The communication mechanism involves the token transmitting its identity (ID) directly through the touch--sensor by artificially modifying the effective capacitance between the touch-- sensor and token surfaces. This approach consumes significantly lower energy compared to traditional electrical signal modulation approaches. By enabling the token to harvest energy from touch--screen sensors or touch--surfaces the token is rendered battery--free. Through experimental evaluations using a prototype implementation, the proposed design is shown to achieve at least 95% identification accuracy. It is also shown to consume less energy than competitive techniques (NFC P2P and Bluetooth Low--Energy) for communicating a short ID sequence. The adoption of this technology among users is evaluated through a user study on 12 subjects.
A Walk They Remembered: Covenant Relationship as Journey in the Deuteronomistic History

Multiple recurrent phrases have been identified in the so-called Deuteronomistic History describing Israel’s obedience/disobedience with respect to the Sinaitic covenant. One major set of phrases utilizes verbs of motion to construe Israel’s covenant relationship with Yhwh. The conceptual metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson provides the theoretical tools necessary to understand these deuteronomic phrases as instantiations of a single conceptual metaphor wherein Israel understood and experienced their relationship with Yhwh as a journey. This article examines and coordinates these recurrent phrases through the lens provided by Lakoff and Johnson’s theory, detailing how the spatial configurations of each verb and its construct are mapped onto a relational reality. This article closes with the brief suggestion that the resonance of this particular conceptual metaphor may have taken hold due to the significance of the exodus event in Israel’s historical consciousness.
MEDIEVAL TRADERS AS INTERNATIONAL CHANGE AGENTS: A COMPARISON WITH TWENTIETH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING FIRMS

The International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) exposure draft on “Comparability of Financial Statements” has increased the awareness of the need for international changes in accounting standards. Since the IASC cannot mandate these changes, the accounting community needs to learn how to communicate, adopt and implement changes. This paper discusses an important aspect of the change process, the change agent. The first part of the paper presents an historical example of an important group of international change agents, the Jewish traders of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Parallels are then drawn between the Medieval Jewish traders and modern international accounting firms. Finally, the potential for accounting firms to act as change agents is discussed in the context of concepts from theories of social change.
Evaluating Special Education Teachers’ Classroom Performance: Rater Reliability at the Rubric Item Level:

Classroom observations are an integral component of teacher evaluation systems, but little is known about who is best qualified to observe and evaluate special educators, who have a specialized ski...
Evaluation of land surface phenology from VIIRS data using time series of PhenoCam imagery

Abstract Land surface phenology (LSP) has been widely retrieved from time series of various satellite instruments in order to monitor climate change and ecosystem dynamics. However, any evaluation of the quality of LSP data sets is quite challenging because the in situ observations on a limited number of individual trees, shrubs, or other plants are rarely representative of the landscape sampled in a single satellite pixel. Moreover, vegetation indices detecting biophysical features of vegetation seasonality are different from (but related to) the specific plant life history stages observed by humans at ground level. This study is the first comprehensive evaluation of the LSP product derived from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data using both MODIS LSP products and observations from the PhenoCam network across the Contiguous United States during 2013 and 2014. PhenoCam observes vegetation canopy over a landscape at very high frequency, providing nearly continuous canopy status and enabling the estimate of discrete phenophase using vegetation indices that are conceptually similar to satellite data. Six phenological dates (greenup onset, mid-greenup phase, maturity onset, senescence onset, mid-senescence phase, and dormancy onset) were retrieved separately from daily VIIRS NDVI (normalized difference vegetative index) and EVI2 (two-band enhanced vegetation index) time series. Similarly, the six phenological dates were also extracted from the 30-min time series of PhenoCam data using GCC (green chromatic coordinate) and VCI (vegetation contrast index) separately. Phenological dates derived from VIIRS NDVI and EVI2 and PhenoCam GCC and VCI were generally comparable for the vegetation greenup phase, but differed considerably for the senescence phase. Although all indices captured green leaf development effectively, performance discrepancies arose due to their ability to track the mixture of senescing leaf colors. PhenoCam GCC and VCI phenological observations were in better agreement with the phenological dates from VIIRS EVI2 than from VIIRS NDVI. Further, the VIIRS EVI2 phenological metrics were more similar to those from PhenoCam VCI than from PhenoCam GCC time series. Overall, the average absolute difference between the VIIRS EVI2 and PhenoCam VCI phenological dates was 7–11 days in the greenup phase and 10–13 days in the senescence phase. The difference was smaller in forests, followed by grasslands and croplands, and then savannas. Finally, the phenological dates derived from VIIRS EVI2 were compared with MODIS detections, which showed a good agreement with an average absolute difference less than a week except for the senescence onset. These results for the first time demonstrate the upper boundary of uncertainty in VIIRS LSP detections and the continuity to MODIS LSP product.
Endoscopic sinus surgery the art of new era

Endoscopic sinus surgery is one of the fastest technique for treatment of sinonasal diseases which includes acute and chronic infection and resection of benign and malignant tumour; soon it extend for management of more deep area and deal with lesions in the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae then extended for management of skull base tumor which include pituitary gland tumor clival tumor and skull base defect leading to csf rhinorrea and its complications…in this lecture i cited the success which achieved in Diwanyia teaching hospital in this growing branch of medicine and illustrate some of my procedures pre and postoperatively with brief discussion for each.Endoscopic sinus surgery and its extended applications now play a major role in management of sinonasal And Skull base diseases with minimum complications and short hospital stay without the need for external devastating approach.
Utilization of Feline ELISpot to Evaluate the Immunogenicity of a T Cell-Based FIV MAP Vaccine

The prototype and the commercial dual-subtype feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccines conferred protection against homologous FIV strains as well as heterologous FIV strains from the vaccine subtypes with closely related envelope (Env) sequences. Such protection was mediated by the FIV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) induced by the vaccines. Remarkably, both prototype and commercial FIV vaccines also conferred protection against heterologous FIV subtypes with highly divergent Env sequences from the vaccine strains. Such protection was not mediated by the vaccine-induced NAbs but was mediated by a potent FIV-specific T-cell immunity generated by the vaccines (Aranyos et al., Vaccine 34: 1480-1488, 2016). The protective epitopes on the FIV vaccine antigen were identified using feline interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) ELISpot assays with overlapping FIV peptide stimulation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cats immunized with prototype FIV vaccine. Two of the protective FIV peptide epitopes were identified on FIV p24 protein and another two protective peptide epitopes were found on FIV reverse transcriptase. In the current study, the multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) of the four protective FIV peptides were combined with an adjuvant as the FIV MAP vaccine. The laboratory cats were immunized with the MAP vaccine to evaluate whether significant levels of vaccine-specific cytokine responses can be generated to the FIV MAPs and their peptides at post-second and post-third vaccinations. The PBMC from vaccinated cats and non-vaccinated control cats were tested for IL-2, IFNγ, and IL-10 ELISpot responses to the FIV MAPs and peptides. These results were compared to the results from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation to the FIV MAPs and peptides. Current study demonstrates that IL-2 and IFNγ ELISpot responses can be used to detect memory responses of the T cells from vaccinated cats after the second and third vaccinations.
Imaging Using Wave Theory

In geometrical optics we used the thin lens equation to find the image point of an object point when using a thin lens of focal length f. Using wave theory we assume that Huygens’ wavelets emerge from each point of the object and travel to the lens. The lens produces the diffraction pattern of the object in its focal plane, which may be seen as the Fourier transformation of the object pattern. The lens also produces the image of the object by refraction. A second Fourier transformation performed on the diffraction pattern results in a pattern having the shape of the object. Since the light travels forward, we associate it with the image. This is schematically shown in Figure 10.1.
Curves, Codes and Cryptography

The use of curves in algebraic geometries to construct codes [13, 14, 15], and asymptotically good codes [30, 11, 12, 39], has been a dramatic development in coding theory of the past two decades. These constructions represent a natural, although not obvious, extension of the notions of Reed-Solomon (RS), Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) and Goppa codes. Moving coding theory into such a rich and elegant setting has proven to be productive and enlightening, with many new and interesting directions being pursued.
MR cine DENSE dyssynchrony parameters for the evaluation of heart failure: comparison with myocardial tissue tagging.

Objectives We sought to assess the effectiveness of automated mechanical dyssynchrony (MD) parameters based on regional heterogeneity of strain (circumferential [CURE], longitudinal [LURE], and radial uniformity ratio estimates) relative to parameters based on regional time to peak contraction with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) cine DENSE (Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes) validated with myocardial tissue tagging (MTT) strain data. Background Dyssynchrony measures based on the Fourier transformation (FT) of regional strain, such as CURE (previously evaluated in cardiac resynchronization therapy candidates), directly assess MD and yield straightforward global dyssynchrony indexes; however, performance relative to the 12-segment standard deviation of time to peak strain (SD12) or maximal regional delay in time to peak strain is unknown. Methods Cine DENSE and MTT were obtained with CMR (1.5-T Siemens Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) in 13 canines: 3 normal control subjects, 5 with tachycardia pacing-induced heart failure (HF) and left bundle branch ablation (LBBB-HF), and 5 with HF and narrow QRS (NQRS-HF). Strain and dyssynchrony parameters were determined with both CMR methods. Results Both HF groups had reduced peak strains and left ventricular ejection fraction compared with normal cases. There was strong agreement between cine DENSE and MTT on the basis of intraclass correlation coefficients (CURE: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.00; LURE: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.98; circumferential strain [ E CC ]: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.99; longitudinal strain [ E LL ]: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.97). The FT-based metrics (scale 0 to 1), in particular CURE, discriminated highly between LBBB-HF and NQRS-HF groups (median difference): CURE: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.76; LURE: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.58; radial uniformity ratio estimate: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.40). In contrast, relative confidence intervals for group differences in time-to-peak parameters were wide, indicating less consistent discrimination (median difference): SD12- E CC : 52.5, 95% CI: −4.0 to 109.2; SD12- E LL : 40.9, 95% CI: −5.3 to 87.1; SD12-radial strain: 42.0, 95% CI: 0.4 to 83.6). Correlations between FT-based and time-to-peak parameters were significant (CURE/SD12- E CC : r = −0.62, p = 0.03; LURE/SD12- E LL : r = −0.76, p = 0.005) but not as tight as correlations between time-to-peak parameters. Conclusions Automated FT-based circumferential, radial, and longitudinal dyssynchrony measures compare favorably with time-to-peak parameters. Cine DENSE was effective for this application and validated with MTT. Further clinical evaluation in cardiac resynchronization therapy candidates with CMR or other imaging modalities is warranted.
Husserl and Historicism: Fifty Years Later

The term ‘historicism’ was first used extensively in late nineteenth century debates among political economists who were concerned about the relativistic implications of making economic theory excessively dependent on economic history. Ernst Troeltsch later defined historicism more broadly as the tendency to regard the conceptual systems of both the natural and human sciences as world views whose presuppositions are determined by contingent historical transformations. He also observed that historicism is one of the two fundamental discoveries of modernity, the other being the naturalism that follows from the reductive interpretation of nature as an ensemble of quantifiable entities and forces.1 Vico’s maxim that we know best what we have made or created (“the true and the made are convertible”) is commonly regarded as the founding principle of historicism. Vico claimed that we can achieve greater certitude in historical studies than in the natural sciences, because history is a product of familiar human passions and adaptive strategies, whereas the physical realm is not our making. He added, however, that we should not presuppose, in the manner of Hobbes, that human nature has remained static and immutable throughout the ages. Hobbes ascribed to primitive peoples attitudes, feelings, and rational decisions which in fact could only have emerged under subsequent historical conditions.
Pulling together to improve stability

Maleimide–thiol adducts are popular in both bioconjugation and materials chemistry, however, they are unstable under physiological conditions. Now, a mechanochemical approach uses pulling forces to stabilize maleimide–thiol adducts and improve the stability of polymer–protein conjugates.
Acute Pain and Perioperative Care for Surgical Patients with Substance Use Disorders

Surgical patients with an active substance use disorder create special considerations for pain management perioperatively; particularly for those patients with opioid use disorder and/or who are on medication assisted treatment for opioid or alcohol use disorders. Presurgical assessment, a multimodal approach to postoperative pain management, and close coordination with outpatient prescribers both prior to admission and at discharge can improve pain management outcomes and reduce risk of negative sequela from inadequately managed postsurgical pain.
Municipal Responses to State-Level Broadband Internet Policy

Since 2004 policy makers at the state level have been proposing legislation to prevent local municipalities from developing or deploying some form of broadband Internet infrastructure. As of June 2006, 35 states have addressed the municipal broadband issue in some way. Many of the bills that have passed have done so through amendment and compromise. Many of the bills that have died in committee have failed to pass because of the failure of legislators, private providers and municipalities to compromise. We have compiled a database of all municipal wireless initiatives in the United States. As of June 2006, we have a total of 357 entries. We have queried every state in which legislation has been passed or is pending regarding municipal wireless initiatives. Drawing from one subsection of fields from the database, we have compiled the statuses of all cities within those states concerning their efforts to build municipal wireless broadband networks. In this paper, we present a typology of five municipal responses to this legislation.
Safety and Utility of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia.

Background Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is characterized by high arrhythmic burden and progressive heart failure, which can prompt referral for heart transplan...
Evolving infrasound detections from Bogoslof volcano, Alaska: insights from atmospheric propagation modeling

Bogoslof volcano, a back-arc volcano in Alaska’s Aleutian arc, began an eruptive sequence in mid-December 2016 that ended in late August 2017, with 70 individual eruptive episodes. Because there were no local seismic or infrasound stations on the island, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) relied on distant geophysical networks and remote sensing techniques to assess activity during the eruption. AVO maintains six infrasound arrays to monitor activity along the Aleutian arc: Adak, the Island of Four Mountains, Okmok, Akutan, Sand Point, and Dillingham. Eruption detection at infrasound arrays is subject to local as well as mesoscale meteorological conditions that vary greatly over both short and long timescales. Infrasound detections from the array nearest to Bogoslof (Okmok), with a latency of about 3 min, played a crucial role in monitoring activity during the eruption. Despite the relative proximity of the Okmok array to Bogoslof (60 km), infrasound detections were not uniformly observed with only about two-thirds of the events successfully detected. The farthest array at Dillingham (816 km) detected approximately half of the explosive events, with all other arrays detecting less than half of the events. We compare observations with infrasound propagation model predictions, using both normal mode and parabolic equation forward models, to interpret the variation in detections of the 70 explosive events across the AVO infrasound network. The forward models utilize the newly created, publicly available AVO-G2S atmospheric reconstruction using numerical weather predictions data for the lower atmosphere, coupled with upper atmosphere empirical models of wind speeds and temperature. We find that long-range detections (> 100 km) of Bogoslof events are largely aligned with seasonal variability in favorable propagation conditions, while regional detections (< 100 km) are less consistent with propagation modeling. Understanding the output of numerical models in comparison to past observations will facilitate their use in future operational settings for AVO and other observatories.
Use of pulse steroids to treat renal IRAE to maintain patients with metastatic non-small cell carcinoma cancer on pembrolizumab.

e21589Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has a major clinical success in many cancers including non-small cell lung cancer. Renal Immune related adverse events is one of the rare IRAE’s ...
Deriving topic-related and interaction features to predict top attractive reviews for a specific business entity

As large volumes of online reviews are being generated, both online businesses and customers are confronted with big data challenges. Previous studies have developed various methods to predict the ...
Ultrafast x-ray and electron scattering of free molecules: A comparative evaluation.

Resolving gas phase molecular motions with simultaneous spatial and temporal resolution is rapidly coming within the reach of x-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) and Mega-electron-Volt (MeV) electron beams. These two methods enable scattering experiments that have yielded fascinating new results, and while both are important methods for determining transient molecular structures in photochemical reactions, it is important to understand their relative merits. In the present study, we evaluate the respective scattering cross sections of the two methods and simulate their ability to determine excited state molecular structures in light of currently existing XFEL and MeV source parameters. Using the example of optically excited N-methyl morpholine and simulating the scattering patterns with shot noise, we find that the currently achievable signals are superior with x-ray scattering for equal samples and on a per-shot basis and that x-ray scattering requires fewer detected signal counts for an equal fidelity structure determination. Importantly, within the independent atom model, excellent structure determinations can be achieved for scattering vectors only to about 5 A−1, leaving larger scattering vector ranges for investigating vibrational motions and wavepackets. Electron scattering has a comparatively higher sensitivity toward hydrogen atoms, which may point to applications where electron scattering is inherently the preferred choice, provided that excellent signals can be achieved at large scattering angles that are currently difficult to access.
Total energy in supernova neutrinos and the tidal deformability and binding energy of neutron stars

The energy radiated in supernova neutrinos is a fundamental quantity that is closely related to the gravitational binding energy of a neutron star. Recently the tidal deformability of neutron stars was constrained by gravitational wave observations. By considering several equations of state, we find a strong correlation between the tidal deformability and neutron star binding energy. We use this correlation to sharpen predictions of the binding energy of neutron stars and the total neutrino energy in supernovae. We find a minimum binding energy for a neutron star formed in a supernova of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{53}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ergs}$. Should the neutrino energy in a supernova be significantly below this value, it would strongly suggest new unobserved particles are carrying away some of the supernova energy. Alternatively, if the neutrino energy is observed above $\ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{53}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ergs}$, it would strongly imply the formation of a (perhaps surprisingly) massive neutron star.
Soil and Plant Factors Affecting Changes in Forage Production Patterns on Mined Land 28 Yr After Reclamation

Abstract Coal surface mining in the northern Great Plains of the United States often produces mining spoils with physical and chemical barriers to successful revegetation, and this has resulted in experiments on reclamation with salvaged soil materials. There is a need to determine changes in soil properties and plant community and productivity decades after reclamation. Experiments were initiated in the mid-1970s by placing wedge-shaped masses of Haplustoll soils over leveled, saline-sodic mine spoils forming 2−5% hillslopes approximately 50 m long at two sites near Zap and Stanton, North Dakota. Seeding treatments at Zap included alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), crested wheatgrass (CWG, Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.), smooth bromegrass (SBG, Bromus inermis Leyss.), and Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachy juncea [Fisch.] Nevski); at Stanton, native grasses (two Bouteloua spp.) replaced P. juncea. We examined soil, plant community, and productivity changes 3 decades after the start of the experiments. Leaching of soluble salts in subsoils and mine spoils improved soil quality (SQ). SQ improved more in lower slope areas because more rootzone was occupied by low SQ mine spoil. Initial forage yield patterns showed dependency on hillslope position, reflecting both soil depth effects in lower slope parts of hillslopes and apparent water redistribution effects in middle and upper slope areas. Evidence of SQ improvement over time was inferred by substantial decreases in yield dependency on hillslope position at both sites. The Zap site was grazed more heavily than Stanton, and species composition at Zap was 46% cool-season grasses (CWG greatest) and 40% broadleaves. Stanton had 87% cool-season grasses (SBG greatest) with 3% broadleaves. Leaching of salts was threefold greater at Zap and may have resulted from an abundance of deep-rooted broadleaves. Reclaiming mined land with salvaged soil and revegetation can improve SQ of mine spoil, which our results infer was driven by root growth and establishment of macroporosity.
Human-Automation Teaming: Unintended Consequences of Automation on User Performance

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is implementing new capabilities that rely on the support of automation to improve air traffic eficiency and predictability while maintaining safety. One issue that needs to be addressed regarding such new forms of automation - primarily as decision support tools - support is the possible impact on human performance such as knowledge and skill degradation. In particular, the question is whether after long-term use air traffic controllers will be able to effectively revert back to previously used manual operations if the automation becomes unavailable due to some degradation or failure. Based on this concern, this paper focuses on lessons learned from past experiences with the long term use of automation. To explore this issue, 21 experts were interviewed from four different domains: naval operations, medicine, nuclear power plant operation, and aviation. Three distinct job positions were interviewed within the domain of aviation: Airline dispatchers, pilots, and air traffic controllers. Two fundamental questions were addressed: 1.Can the introduction of automation have unintended negative impacts on human performance? 2.What mitigation strategies can be used to avoid or reduce these potential negative impacts on human performance and on system performance? Based on these data, five potential negative impacts of automation that were identified: •Degradation of Knowledge and Skill; •Reliance on Automation as the Primary “Agent” to Detect Problems; •Reduced Attentiveness and Preparation to Deal with Automation Degradations or Failures; •Alarm Fatigue, False Alarms, and Ignoring Alarms; •Automation-Induced Effects on Team Situational Awareness and Teamwork. In addition, six strategies to mitigate these potential negative impacts were documented: •Providing Effective Training and Experience; •Supporting Effective Teamwork; •Learning from Past Performance with Data Analytics; •Developing and Using Contingency Procedures and Checklists; •Designing Technology to Support Effective Human-Automation Teaming.
Abstract 14652: Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectories and Cardiovascular Outcomes in SPRINT

Introduction: Blood pressure trajectories have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in observational studies. It is unclear whether these associations are independent of average blood ...
Whole Other Story: Applying Narrative Mediation to the Immigration Beat

If Donald Trump, kicking off his campaign for the White House, was saying “what everyone is thinking,” about illegal immigration, it must be that his message mirrored a narrative that already existed in the minds of his audience. That fearful story of criminals invading the U.S. borders has long been a dominant theme in the mainstream news immigration story. Like all news stories, this one focuses attention on some facts at the expense of others. Like many news stories, it draws its power from earlier, well-known tales — some as old as the Flood. This article recommends that the news media reconsider the storytelling role of journalism in light of a relatively new approach to conflict resolution: narrative mediation. Narrative mediation, simply stated, sees conflict as a kind of story. Narrative mediators approach a conflict by calling its story into question and then by looking for facts that fall outside of its plot. They use these “unstoried facts” to explore the alternative stories that such facts suggest. Then narrative mediators try to help the disputing parties write a larger, more complex, and more useful story together. This article argues that journalists — without sacrificing their professional ethics — can adapt certain processes of narrative mediation to thicken the plots of news stories, producing more comprehensive, accurate, and helpful accounts of the conflicts they cover. Although this article focuses on news coverage of immigration from Latin America, the approach of narrative mediation can be applied more broadly. Immigration conflicts are not confined to the U.S.-Mexican border or to the issues of legal status and documentation that arise there. Fearful story lines are also used in reporting conflicts over legal Muslim immigrants, including the most extensively documented of all recent arrivals, Syrian refugees. The same narratives sound again overseas. Beyond the immigration story, and across other reporting beats, narrative mediation offers tools to disrupt predictable news story lines that can result from political pressures and deadlines. These tools can free reporters to construct the stories of news in a thoughtful and deliberate way.
How Accurate Are We in Detecting Biceps Tendinopathy

Biceps tendon pain is frequently called biceps "tendinitis," or inflammation of the biceps tendon. Histologic analysis of biceps tendon biopsies demonstrates changes in tenocyte size, ground substance, collagen organization, and vascularity observed with many different tendinopathies. There are distinct symptoms of biceps tendinopathy and a few provocative maneuvers can help make the diagnosis. Imaging studies (eg, MRI) can show changes in signal sequence or tears. However, MRI has a low sensitivity and frequently results in missed or misdiagnosed biceps pathology. Clinical decision making is best guided by a strong clinical suspicion based on patient history, physical examination, and MRI.
Metal complexing by phosphorus compounds—IX: Thermodynamics of ionization of ortho-, pyro- and tripolyphosphoric acids

Abstract The ΔH of ionization of H3PO4, H4P2O7 and H5P3O10 have been determined calorimetrically at 25°. Values at several ionic strengths were extrapolated to infinite dilution, permitting calculation of ΔS° of ionization. A calorimetric technique is described for determining the ionization constants of very strong acids, use of which gave values of 0·36 and 0·3 for the ionizations H4P2O7 ⇌ H+ + H3P2O7− and H5P3O10 ⇌ H+ + H4P3O10−, respectively. The values of ΔH° of ionization were found to change successively from endothermic to exothermic to more exothermic as the pK values of ionization decreased. The values of ΔS° of ionization were found to be large negative numbers that can be reasonably accounted for by changes in hydration numbers that accompany ionization. It is also shown that the following equation represents the calculated ΔS° values of ionization of phosphoric acids on a mole fraction standard state, corrected for the difference of the symmetry numbers of the acid and conjugate base: ΔS° cor. = a − { b[(Z + 1) 2 − Z 2 ] r } where Z and r are the charge and crystal radius of the unioniz species.
Quantum correlation in disordered spin systems: Applications to magnetic sensing

We propose a strategy to generate a many-body entangled state in a collection of randomly placed, dipolarly coupled electronic spins in the solid state. By using coherent control to restrict the evolution into a suitable collective subspace, this method enables the preparation of GHZ-like and spin-squeezed states even for randomly positioned spins, while in addition protecting the entangled states against decoherence. We consider the application of this squeezing method to improve the sensitivity of nanoscale magnetometer based on nitrogen-vacancy spin qubits in diamond.
Saccadic eye movements are related to turning performance in Parkinson disease.

Background. Persons with Parkinson disease (PD) experience difficulty turning, leading to freezing of gait and falls. We hypothesized that saccade dysfunction may relate to turning impairments, as turns are normally initiated with a saccade. Objective. Determine whether saccades are impaired during turns in PD and if characteristics of the turn-initiating saccade are predictive of ensuing turn performance. Methods. 23 persons with PD off medication and 19 controls performed 90 and 180 degree in-place turns to the right and left. Body segment rotations were measured using 3-D motion capture and oculomotor data were captured using a head-mounted eye tracking system and electrooculography. Total number of saccades and the amplitude, velocity, and timing of the first saccade were determined. Results. Turn performance (turn duration, number of steps to turn) was impaired in PD (p < 0.05). PD performed more saccades, and the velocity and timing of the first saccade was impaired for both turn amplitudes (p < 0.05). Amplitude of the first saccade was decreased in PD during 180 degree turns. Turn duration correlated with oculomotor function. Characteristics of the first saccade explained 48% and 58% of the variance in turn duration for 90 and 180 degree turns, respectively. Conclusions. Turning performance is impaired in PD and may be influenced by saccade dysfunction. An association between saccade function and turning performance may be indicative of the key role of saccades in initiating proper turning kinematics. Future work should focus on improving saccade performance during functional tasks and testing the effects of therapeutic interventions on related outcomes.
Tumor Inhibitors XIX: Desoxypodophyllotoxin, the Cytotoxic Principle of Libocedrus Decurrens

An alcoholic extract of Libocedrus decurrens Torr. was found to show significant inhibitory activity when tested in vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB). Systematic fractionation of the extract led to the isolation and characterization of desoxypodophyllotoxin as the active principle.
Occlusion of the cornea with contact lens and anterior chamber lactate levels

. Rabbits (n = 11) were fitted with large PMMA lenses to completely occlude the cornea and the anterior chamber lactate measured. The corneal epithelium was examined by light microscopy. The time period was 12 h. The results were compared with other authors' finding. There was a similarity of findings. The levels of lactate were found to have increased and the epithelium though edematous not stripped off. An individual response appeared to be the reason for the large variation in the individual findings.
Effect of Husk Tightness and Insect (Lepidoptera) Infestation on Aflatoxin Contamination of Preharvest Maize

Five experimental maize hybrids with husk tightness rating on a scale of one (relatively tight) to four (relatively loose) were evaluated for preharvest kernel aflatoxin contamination in Iowa, Missouri, and Georgia. Hybrids were exposed to treatments of European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner); corn earworm (CEW), Heliothis zea (Boddie); Aspergillus flavus (AF) Link ex Fr., and combinations of each insect and the pathogen. A control consisted of hybrid plots with no treatment. Each location differed significantly in the parts per billion of aflatoxin contamination, with geometric means of 4, 30, and 214 in Iowa, Missouri, and Georgia samples, respectively. Interactions among locations, hybrids, infestations, and infestation/inoculation treatments were not significant. There was no significant difference in aflatoxin contamination among treatments, but mean values for ECB-infested samples were of lower magnitude than for CEW-infested samples, whether they were inoculated with A. flavus or not. Results demonstrated that kernels of tight-husked hybrids contained significantly less aflatoxin contamination than did those of loose-husked ones.
Theoretical study of the chemical vapor deposition of (100) silicon from silane

We use density functional theory to investigate the chemical vapor deposition of (100) silicon from silane. The reaction proceeds through four sequential steps. The first step is activation of surface sites through hydrogen abstractions by atomic H or through ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ desorption. We find that hydrogen abstraction barriers by atomic H are less than 1 kcal/mol while ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ desorption proceeds through a two-step pathway with an overall barrier of 61.1 kcal/mol. Next, adsorption of ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{4}$ onto bare dimer sites occurs. We calculate the B3LYP barrier to ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{4}$ adsorption on a single dimer to be 7.4 kcal/mol while the barrier across two dimers is 14.3 kcal/mol. Then, adsorbed ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{3}$ transforms to bridged ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{2}(a)$ with a barrier of 5.7 kcal/mol relative to ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{3}(a)$ for the mechanism requiring $\mathrm{H}(g)$ while the barrier for the mechanism requiring no $\mathrm{H}(g)$ is 32.9 kcal/mol, where (g) and (a) represent gas and adsorbed species, respectively. Finally, the dihydride surface transforms to the monohydride surface through two-sequential steps with an overall barrier of 47.0 kcal/mol, which agrees well with the TPD barrier of 43 kcal/mol. The B3LYP ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ desorption barrier of 61.1 kcal/mol and ${\mathrm{SiH}}_{4}$ adsorption barrier of 7.4 kcal/mol are in good agreement with the TPD values of 57.2 to 58 kcal/mol and 3.3 to 4.0 kcal/mol, respectively.
Spatial and Compositional Constraints on Non-ice Components and H2O on Pluto's Surface

We present four new near-infrared spectra of Pluto, measured separately from its satellite Charon during four HST/NICMOS observations in 1998, timed to sample four evenly spaced longitudes on Pluto. Being free of contamination by telluric absorptions or by Charon light, the new data are particularly valuable for studies of Pluto's continuum absorption. Previous studies of the major volatile species indicate the existence of at least three distinct terrains on Pluto's surface: N2-rich, CH4-rich, and volatile-depleted. The new data provide evidence that each of these three terrains has distinct near-infrared continuum absorption features. CH4-rich regions appear to show reddish continuum absorption through the near-infrared spectral range. N2-rich regions have very little continuum absorption. Visually dark, volatile-depleted regions exhibit intermediate continuum albedos with a bluish continuum slope. By analogy with Triton, we expected that careful spectral modeling would reveal strong evidence for the existence of H2O ice on Pluto's surface, but we found only very weak evidence for its existence in the volatile-depleted regions. These data require H2O ice to play a much less prominent role on Pluto's surface than it does on Triton's.
Myocardial changes during the progression of left ventricular pressure-overload by renal hypertension or aortic constriction: Myosin, myosin ATPase and collage

We measured the interrelationships between ventricular muscle myosin mass, myosin ATPase activity and collagen in cats with varying degrees of hypertrophy from left ventricular (LV) pressure-overload produced by either aortic banding or renal hypertension. In order to compare two models of LV pressure-overload with different time courses of progression, the results were analyzed as a function of LV mass or LV weight/body weight (LV/BW) ratio. Myosin was quantitated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hydroxyproline was measured as an index of collagen. Myosin concentration was positively correlated with increasing LV mass in control cats. However, in pressure-overloaded LV, myosin concentration was elevated and nearly constant for LV 9.0 g. Myosin concentration in pressure-overloaded LV was greatest before a significant increase in LV/BW ratio. Hydroxyproline concentration was inversely related to myosin concentration in both LV pressure-overload models and increased with the severity of hypertrophy. Actomyosin ATPase activity in pressure-overloaded LV, was not significantly different from control over a wide range of LV/BW ratios. However, absolute myosin ATP hydrolysis in pressure-overloaded LV, increased by as much as 40%, relative to control, due primarily to increased myosin. The changing spectrum and interrelationships of myosin and collagen were independent of the mechanism of pressure-overload, but were correlated with the severity of hypertrophy.