cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rapid fertility decline in Guam natives.

Since the end of World War II the Guam native population who are mostly Roman Catholics has undergone 1 of the most dramatic socioeconomic developments ever recorded turning completely from a subsistence to a wage economy within a few decades. They have rapidly become incorporated into the dominant American culture and economy. This accelerated process of modernization has been accompanied by a very sharp fertility decline. Surprisingly from 1950 to 1960 fertility declined dramatically in the absence of a family planning program. The estimated fertility rates for Guam natives in 1950 1960 1970 and 1977 illustrate this decline. The TFR for Guam natives declined 12% from 7282 children/1000 women of reproductive age in 1950 to 6414 in 1960. By 1977 it was only 1/2 of the 1950 rate. The general fertility rate followed a similar pattern dropping 48% from 219 to 113 over the period 1950-77. The family planning program inaugurated in 1968 probably facilitated the rapid fertility decline since 1970. Although nearly 1/2 the decline in the crude birth rate from 1950 to 1960 is attributable to changes in the age structure this is not thought to be the explanation for the 43% decline from 1950-77 as shown by the age-standardized crude birth rate using the 1950 population as the standard. The trend of fertility decline for Guam natives was similar to that for developing countries with dramatic fertility reduction during the modernization process e.g. South Korea Taiwan and Hong Kong. The fertility trend of Guam natives is a good example of other findings that fertility declines often occur at points of intersection of major cultures as well as on islands which are maybe more readily susceptible to outside influence. Many conditions favorable to a fertility decline on Guam are present namely those arising from contact with mainstream American culture. They include a rising age at marriage as women increasingly participate in the labor force and achieve higher educational levels. A KAP study relative to family planning among native Guam women found increasing use of contraceptive devices among them regardless of their Churchs opposition. It is suggested that the increasing defection of Guam Roman Catholic women from the teachings of their Church on the subject of birth control has been 1 main reason for the observed fertility decline.
Analysts Who Commit Sexual Boundary Violations: a Lost Cause?:

The causes of sexual misconduct by analysts are discussed, as is the viability of rehabilitation for different types of transgressors. Common misunderstandings about the transgressor (such as the assumption of psychopathy and the likelihood of multiple offenses) are countered with a summary of data derived from the evaluation and/or treatment of over two hundred cases, most of them one-time transgressors. The typical characteristics of the analyst or therapist who engages in sexual misconduct are presented and discussed as qualities that are to some extent present in analysts generally. The temptation to deny this universal vulnerability is viewed as effectively replicating the kind of vertical splitting or compartmentalization that makes one vulnerable to sexual misconduct in the first place.
Oxygen diffusion pathways in brownmillerite SrCoO2.5: Influence of structure and chemical potential

To design and discover new materials for next-generation energy materials such as solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), a fundamental understanding of their ionic properties and behaviors is essential. The potential applicability of a material for SOFCs is critically determined by the activation energy barrier of oxygen along various diffusion pathways. In this work, we investigate interstitial-oxygen (Oi) diffusion in brownmillerite oxide SrCoO2.5, employing a first-principles approach. Our calculations indicate highly anisotropic ionic diffusion pathways, which result from its anisotropic crystal structure. The one-dimensional-ordered oxygen vacancy channels are found to provide the easiest diffusion pathway with an activation energy barrier height of 0.62 eV. The directions perpendicular to the vacancy channels have higher energy barriers for Oint diffusion. In addition, we have studied migration barriers for oxygen vacancies that could be present as point defects within the material. This in turn could also facilitate the transport of oxygen. Interestingly, for oxygen vacancies, the lowest barrier height was found to occur within the octahedral layer with an energy of 0.82 eV. Our results imply that interstitial migration would be highly one-dimensional in nature. Oxygen vacancy transport, on the other hand, could preferentially occur in the two-dimensional octahedral plane.
An Information-Theoretic Approach to PMU Placement in Electric Power Systems

This paper presents an information-theoretic approach to address the phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem in electric power systems. Different from the conventional `topological observability' based approaches, this paper advocates a much more refined, information-theoretic criterion, namely the mutual information (MI) between PMU measurements and power system states. The proposed MI criterion not only includes observability as a special case, but also rigorously models the uncertainty reduction on power system states from PMU measurements. Thus, it can generate highly informative PMU configurations. The MI criterion can also facilitate robust PMU placement by explicitly modeling probabilistic PMU outages. We propose a greedy PMU placement algorithm, and show that it achieves an approximation ratio of (1-1/e) for any PMU placement budget. We further show that the performance is the best that one can achieve, in the sense that it is NP-hard to achieve any approximation ratio beyond (1-1/e) . Such performance guarantee makes the greedy algorithm very attractive in the practical scenario of multi-stage installations for utilities with limited budgets. Finally, simulation results demonstrate near-optimal performance of the proposed PMU placement algorithm.
Computers and sports: a natural marriage

The use of computers to score and time the outcome of various athletic events is almost as fast-growing as several of the sports themselves. From Austria to Atlanta, from Switzerland to Cleveland, in bowling alleys, on basketball courts, and at the finish lines of long distance foot races, computers are rapidly becoming as much a part of the world of athletic competition as the joy of victory and the agony of defeat. Whether serving as surrogate officials, omniscient scorekeepers, or stationary superscouts, these perfectly objective machines are adding to the enjoyment of both spectator and participant alike.
Laminated high-aspect-ratio microstructures in a conventional CMOS process

Abstract Electrostatically actuated microstructures with high-aspect-ratio laminated-beam suspensions have been fabricated using a 0.8 μm three-metal CMOS process followed by a sequence of three maskless dry-etching steps. Laminated structures are etched of the CMOS silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and aluminum layers. The key to the process is the use of the CMOS metallization as an etch-resistant mask to define the microstructures. A minimum beam width of 1.2 μm, gap of 1.2 μm, and maximum beam thickness of 4.8 μm are obtained. These structural features will scale in size as the CMOS technology improves. The laminated material has an effective Young's modulus of 61 GPa, an effective residual stress of 69 MPa, and a residual strain gradient of 2 × 10 −4 μm −1 . Multi-conductor electrostatic micromechanisms, such as self-actuating springs, x−y microstages, and nested comb-drive lateral resonators, are successfully produced. A self-actuating spring is a lateral electrostatic microactuator without a stator that is insensitive to out-of-plane curl. A spring 107 μm wide by 109 μm long excited by an 11 V a.c. signal has a measured resonance amplitude of 1 μm at 14.9 kHz. Finite-element simulation using the extracted value of Young's modulus predicts the resonance frequencies of the springs to within 7% of the measured values.
Linear-Quadratic Worst-Case Control

This paper gives an applied view of linear-quadratic worst-case control and relates it to linear-quadraticGaussian smoothing. It extends the worst-case control problem formulation to include tracking of desired output histories and nonzero terminal constraintsand separatestheproblem into future, past, and present problems, each of which must satisfy a conjugate-point condition. It includes a e nite time horizon example, namely, a helicopter hover-position change in which the disturbance is horizontal wind velocity. Linear-quadratic best-case controllers can be obtained by using positive instead of negative weights in the quadratic performance index.
Modeling of atmospheric radiative transfer with polarization and its application to the remote sensing of tropospheric ozone

Light reflected or transmitted by a planetary atmosphere contains information about particles and molecules in the atmosphere. Therefore, accurate modeling of the radiation field may be used to retrieve information on atmospheric composition. In this paper, a multi-layer model for a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere is implemented by using the doubling-adding method for a plane-parallel atmosphere. By studying the degree of linear polarization of the transmitted and reflected solar light in the Huggins bands, we find significant differences between tropospheric ozone and stratospheric ozone. The effects of tropospheric ozone change on the linear polarization are 10 times more than that of the same amount of stratospheric ozone change. We also show the aerosol effect on the linear polarization, but this effect is wavelength independent as compared to that caused by the tropospheric ozone change. The results provide a theoretical basis for the retrieval of tropospheric ozone from measurement of linear polarization of the scattered sunlight both from the ground and from a satellite.
Fractional dynamics in Japanese financial time series

Abstract Using the spectral regression and Gaussian semiparametric methods of estimating the long-memory parameter, we test for fractional dynamic behavior in a number of important Japanese financial time series: spot exchange rates, forward exchange rates, stock prices, currency forward premia, Euroyen deposit rates, and the Euroyen term premium. Stochastic long memory is established as a feature of the currency forward premia, Euroyen deposit rates, and Euroyen term premium series. The martingale model cannot be rejected for the spot, forward, and stock price series.
Design and analysis of beam separator magnets for third generation aberration compensated PEEMs

Abstract A state of the art X-ray photoemission electron microscope (PEEM2) is operational at the Advanced Light Source at a resolution of typically 50 nm for a range of chemical and magnetic surface studies. A new microscope, PEEM3, is under development with an aim of achieving a resolution of 5 nm and more than an order of magnitude increase in transmission at the nominal resolution of PEEM2. The resolution and flux improvement is realized by providing geometric and chromatic aberration compensations in the system using an electron mirror and a beam separator magnet. The nearly aberration-free design of the beam separator is critical to the performance of third generation PEEMs. In this paper, we present the optics design model, optimal operation parameters, analyses of aberration impact, as well as the mechanical alignment tolerance for PEEM3 separator prototypes. In particular, we emphasize the importance of a new semi-analytical approach to design complex charged particle optics using the truncated power series algebra. Because of its ability to compute high-order aberrations, this approach allows systematic and comprehensive analyses of any charged particle optics systems with analytical electric and magnetic fields.
Direct Detection of Warm Dark Matter in the X-Ray

We point out a serendipitous link between warm dark matter (WDM) models for structure formation on the one hand and the high-sensitivity energy range (1-10 keV) for X-ray photon detection on the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories on the other. This fortuitous match may provide either a direct detection of the dark matter or the exclusion of many candidates. We estimate expected X-ray fluxes from field galaxies and clusters of galaxies if the dark matter halos of these objects are composed of WDM candidate particles with rest masses in the structure formation-preferred range (~1 to ~20 keV) and with small radiative decay branches. Existing observations lead us to conclude that for singlet neutrinos (possessing a very small mixing with active neutrinos) to be a viable WDM candidate they must have rest masses 5 keV in the zero lepton number production mode. Future deeper observations may detect or exclude the entire parameter range for the zero lepton number case, perhaps restricting the viability of singlet neutrino WDM models to those where singlet production is driven by a significant lepton number. The Constellation X project has the capability to detect/exclude singlet neutrino WDM for lepton number values up to 10% of the photon number. We also consider diffuse X-ray background constraints on these scenarios. These same X-ray observations additionally may constrain parameters of active neutrino and gravitino WDM candidates.
Growth, Expansion of Markets, and Income Elasticities in World Trade

The Houthakker–Magee effect implies that a country facing unfavorable income elasticities in trade must either grow at a slower rate than its trading partners or experience a trend worsening of the current account and/or depreciation of the real exchange rate. Krugman (1989) first documented the existence of a “45-degree rule” under which income elasticities are systematically related to growth rates. I develop a model which is a generalization of Krugman (1989) in several dimensions (including intertemporal). The intertemporal assumption of equal consumption growth for individuals across countries and the assumption of no intertemporal trade can be viewed as two extreme benchmarks. Empirical tests of the various 45-degree rules suggest that it is misleading to treat income elasticities as structural, as is commonly done in forecasts of current account movements. The data also seem to be more consistent with the benchmark of no intertemporal trade than that of complete intertemporal trade.
The Formal Underpinnings of the Response Functions Used in X-Ray Spectral Analysis

This work provides an in-depth mathematical description of the response functions that are used for spatial and spectral analysis of X-ray data. The use of such functions is well known to anyone familiar with the analysis of X-ray data where they may be identified with the quantities contained in the ancillary response file (ARF), the redistribution matrix file (RMF), and the exposure map. Starting from first principles, explicit mathematical expressions for these functions, for both imaging and dispersive modes, are arrived at in terms of the underlying instrumental characteristics of the telescope including the effects of pointing motion. The response functions are presented in the context of integral equations relating the expected detector count rate to the source spectrum incident upon the telescope. Their application to the analysis of several source distributions is considered. These include multiple, possibly overlapping, spectrally distinct point sources, as well as extended sources. Assumptions and limitations behind the usage of these functions, as well as their practical computation, are addressed.
Understeer Concepts with Extensions to Four-Wheel Steer, Active Steer, and Time Transients

An overview of existing and alternative forms of vehicle understeer/oversteer expressions is presented. New forms are derived consistent with conceptual extensions to the configurations of the vehicle's steering system, the driving mode - steady-state or transient, and the responses - path curvature or yaw velocity. Derivation of all understeer expressions is presented with a consistent use of the Ackermann reference case and the related "Ackermann vehicle" construct. The vehicle is otherwise represented in a traditional manner as a bicycle model operating in the linear range consistent with small angle approximations. The vehicle's steering system is assumed to be more generally configured with four-wheel steer and active or steer-by-wire actuation at both axles. The actuation is assumed to allow the introduction of significant speed sensitivity to the effective overall steering ratios. Discussion is devoted to the significance of this speed sensitivity on test results and the determination of the mean reference steer angles. Expressions for understeer gradient associated with this generally configured vehicle are simplified for the more familiar case of a front-wheel steer vehicle with a passive steering system having a fixed overall steering ratio. The driving mode can be either steady-state, as is traditionally assumed, or transient. The transients are assumed to be the result of steering transients or speed changes. Understeer expressions are presented using traditional variables, included reference steer angle and included Ackermann steer angle, and less frequently used variables, axle reference sideslip angles and cornering compliances. Context is given with a brief history of the development of understeer concepts, both traditional steady-state and transient, and usage of the terms "understeer" and "oversteer". Language: en
Canonical forests in directed families

Two uniqueness results on representations of sets constructible in a directed family of sets are given. In the unpackable case, swiss cheese decompositions are unique. In the packable case, they are not unique but admit a quasi-ordering under which the minimal decomposition is unique. Both cases lead to a one-dimensional elimination of imaginaries in VC-minimal and quasi-VC-minimal theories.
Data Structures for One-Dimensional Packet Classification Using Most-Specific-Rule Matching

We review the data structures that have been proposed for one-dimensional packet classification. Our review is limited to data structures for the case when ties among the rules that match an incoming packet are broken by selecting the matching rule that is most specific. For the case when the rule filters are destination-address prefixes or are nonintersecting ranges, this tie breaker corresponds to longest-prefix or shortest-range matching, respectively. When the rule filters are arbitrary ranges, this tie breaker resolves the tie only when the rule set is conflict free. Data structures for both static and dynamic rule tables are discussed.
Solid phase synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones

Abstract 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones were synthesized by a simple procedure utilizing polymer supported amino acids and o-nitrobenzoic acids or protected anthranilic acids. Cyclization of the common aminoamide intermediate with concomitant release from the support furnished the desired 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. The products were recovered in high yields and exhibited excellent purities.
The social skills and attachment to dogs of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have deficits in social skills, and interaction with service dogs has been associated with increased social skills for children with ASD. In this telephone survey of 70 parents of children with ASD, children owning dogs had greater Mean scores for social skills, using the Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scale, while those with some type of pet (not excluding dogs) had significantly greater skills for subscale item “assertion”. Parents described their children as attached to their dogs. Children owning dogs completed the Companion Animal Bonding Scale, and reported strong bonding with dogs. These findings suggest children with ASD may bond with their dogs, and pet ownership may be associated with increased social skills.
A study of catalysts derived from supported cobalt carbonyl clusters: carbon monoxide hydrogenation and XPS analysis

Abstract The clusters Co 2 (CO) 8 , CH 3 CCo 3 (CO) 9 , Co 4 (CO) 12 , or Co 6 (CO) 15 2− , supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 , and Co 4 (CO) 12 supported on dehydrated SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 , kieselguhr, Florisil, KOHγ-Al 2 O 3 , molecular sieve 5 A, or untreated ZnO, serve as precursors to catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. For the various clusters on γ-Al 2 O 3 , the initial activity of the prepared catalyst decreases with increasing precursor stability, however, the turnover number and product selectivities are similar under batch conditions at 250 °C. For catalysts derived from supported Co 4 (CO) 12 , the initial activity decreases with increasing basicity of the support. The turnover numbers and selectivities for the catalysts derived from Co 4 (CO) 12 are similar for all supports except SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 , which exhibits a significantly greater turnover number. The enhanced activity of the silicaalumina support correlates well with the amount of reduced cobalt on the surface as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Product selectivity towards C 2 C 4 alkanes and alkenes is observed at lower reaction temperatures but at greatly diminished conversion.
Specialization and Competition in the Venture Capital Industry

An important type of product differentiation in the venture capital (VC) market is industry specialization. We estimate a market structure model to assess competition among VCs—some of which specialize in a particular industry and others of which are generalists—and find that the incremental effect of additional same-type competitors increases as the number of same-type competitors increases. Furthermore, we find that the effects of generalist VCs on specialists are substantial, and larger than the effect of same-type competitors. Estimates from other industries typically show the incremental effects falling as the number of same-type competitors increases and the effects of same-type competitors as always being larger than the effects of different-type competitors. Consistent with the presence of network effects that soften competition, these patterns are more pronounced in markets that exhibit dense organizational networks among incumbent VCs. Markets with sparser incumbent networks, by contrast, exhibit competitive patterns that resemble those of other, non-networked industries.
Solar energetic particle variations

In the largest solar energetic-particle (SEP) events, acceleration occurs at shock waves driven out from the Sun by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In fact, the highest proton intensities directly measured near Earth at energies up to approximately 1 GeV occur at the time of passage of shocks, which arrive about a day after the CMEs leave the Sun. CME-driven shocks expanding across magnetic fields can fill over half of the heliosphere with SEPs. Proton-generated Alfven waves trap particles near the shock for efficient acceleration but also throttle the intensities at Earth to the streaming limit early in the events. At high energies, particles begin to leak from the shock and the spectrum rolls downward to form an energy-spectral 'knee' that can vary in energy from approximately 1 MeV to approximately 1 GeV in different events. All of these factors affect the radiation dose as a function of depth and latitude in the Earth's atmosphere and the risk to astronauts and equipment in space. SEP ionization of the polar atmosphere produces nitrates that precipitate to become trapped in the polar ice. Observations of nitrate deposits in ice cores reveal individual large SEP events and extend back approximately 400 years. Unlike sunspots, SEP events follow the approximately 80-100-year Gleissberg cycle rather faithfully and are now at a minimum in that cycle. The largest SEP event in the last 400 years appears to be related to the flare observed by Carrington in 1859, but the probability of SEP events with such large fluences falls off sharply because of the streaming limit.
Early Optical Afterglows from Wind-Type Gamma-Ray Bursts

We study prompt optical emission from reverse shocks in wind-type gamma-ray bursts. The emission is evaluated in both the thick- and thin-shell regimes. We discuss the angular time delay effect and the postshock evolution of the fireball ejecta, which determine the decay index of the prompt optical emission and the duration of the radio flare. We discuss distinct emission signatures of the wind environment compared with the constant interstellar medium environment. We also present two recipes for directly constraining the initial Lorentz factor of the fireball using the reverse- and forward-shock optical afterglow data for the wind case.
Achieving Collective Intelligence via Large-Scale On-line Argumentation

While argumentation tools represent a promising avenue for exploiting the Internet's vast potential for enabling collective intelligence, they have to date been applied almost exclusively to small-scale, usually centrally facilitated, groups. This paper explores some of the issues and design options involved in supporting large-scale on-line argumentation.
Nonlinear control of a series DC motor: theory and experiment

The control problem for a series DC motor is considered. Based on a nonlinear mathematical model of a series-connected DC motor, it is shown that the combination of a nonlinear transformation and state feedback (feedback linearization) reduces the nonlinear control design to a linear control design. To demonstrate its effectiveness, an experimental study of this controller is presented. These experimental results are also compared with a simulation of the closed-loop system. Finally, it is shown that a nonlinear observer (with linear error dynamics) for speed and load torque can be constructed based only on measurements of the motor current. Experimental results of this speed and load-torque estimator are also presented.
Measuring the Happiness of Large-Scale Written Expression: Songs, Blogs, and Presidents

The importance of quantifying the nature and intensity of emotional states at the level of populations is evident: we would like to know how, when, and why individuals feel as they do if we wish, for example, to better construct public policy, build more successful organizations, and, from a scientific perspective, more fully understand economic and social phenomena. Here, by incorporating direct human assessment of words, we quantify happiness levels on a continuous scale for a diverse set of large-scale texts: song titles and lyrics, weblogs, and State of the Union addresses. Our method is transparent, improvable, capable of rapidly processing Web-scale texts, and moves beyond approaches based on coarse categorization. Among a number of observations, we find that the happiness of song lyrics trends downward from the 1960s to the mid 1990s while remaining stable within genres, and that the happiness of blogs has steadily increased from 2005 to 2009, exhibiting a striking rise and fall with blogger age and distance from the Earth’s equator.
Reconstructing Farallon Plate Subduction Beneath North America Back to the Late Cretaceous

Using an inverse mantle convection model that assimilates seismic structure and plate motions, we reconstruct Farallon plate subduction back to 100 million years ago. Models consistent with stratigraphy constrain the depth dependence of mantle viscosity and buoyancy, requiring that the Farallon slab was flat lying in the Late Cretaceous, consistent with geological reconstructions. The simulation predicts that an extensive zone of shallow-dipping subduction extended beyond the flat-lying slab farther east and north by up to 1000 kilometers. The limited region of flat subduction is consistent with the notion that subduction of an oceanic plateau caused the slab to flatten. The results imply that seismic images of the current mantle provide more constraints on past tectonic events than previously recognized.
Internal structure and shape of Mimas

The observed triaxial ellipsoid shape of Mimas, in conjunction with a mean density of 1137 kg/cu cm, is presently used as the basis of hydrostatic equilibrium and nonhydrostatic models of internal structure whose outer layers are sufficiently strong to support part of the tidal load. Such plausible internal structures are consistent with the shape and density constraints as (1) a two-layer model in hydrostatic equilibrium, (2) a hydrostatic model with four layers of equal depth, and (3) a nonhydrostatic constant-density model with an elastic lithosphere; these models admit either homogeneous or heterogeneous accretion, as well as either a cold thermal history or melting and differentiation.
Bifunctional catalysts and related complexes: structures and properties

Bifunctional catalysts offer unprecedented opportunities for new and improved reactivity and selectivity. The combination of a metal's d electrons and a pendant base or acid in the vicinity of an organometallic active site leads to rate accelerations of 1000 to 10000 fold in the cases of alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization. The focus of this perspective is on work from our labs on bifunctional catalysts, catalytic intermediates, and related complexes. Particular attention is paid to the structures and properties related to catalyst performance.
Stereoselective radical amination of electron-deficient C(sp3)-H bonds by Co(II)-based metalloradical catalysis: direct synthesis of α-amino acid derivatives via α-C-H amination.

The cobalt(II) complex of 3,5-DitBu-IbuPhyrin, [Co(P1)], is an effective catalyst for intramolecular amination of electron-deficient C–H bonds, including those adjacent to electron-withdrawing CO2R, C(O)NR2, C(O)R, and CN groups, in excellent yields with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The [Co(P1)]-catalyzed amination system provides a direct method for the synthesis of α-amino acid derivatives from the corresponding carboxylate precursors.
Network Structure and City Size

Network structure varies across cities. This variation may yield important knowledge about how the internal structure of the city affects its performance. This paper systematically compares a set of surface transportation network structure variables (connectivity, hierarchy, circuity, treeness, entropy, accessibility) across the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. A set of scaling parameters are discovered to show how network size and structure vary with city size. These results suggest that larger cities are physically more inter-connected. Hypotheses are presented as to why this might obtain. This paper then consistently measures and ranks access to jobs across 50 US metropolitan areas. It uses that accessibility measure, along with network structure variables and city size to help explain journey-to-work time and auto mode share in those cities. A 1 percent increase in accessibility reduces average metropolitan commute times by about 90 seconds each way. A 1 percent increase in network connectivity reduces commute time by 0.1 percent. A 1 percent increase in accessibility results in a 0.0575 percent drop in auto mode share, while a 1 percent increase in treeness reduces auto mode share by 0.061 percent. Use of accessibility and network structure measures is important for planning and evaluating the performance of network investments and land use changes.
Making kinetic and thermodynamic enolates via solvent-free high speed ball milling

We investigated the ability to selectively form products arising from a kinetic or a thermodynamic enolate under solvent-free high speed ball milling conditions. Using 2-methylcyclohexanone as the substrate and sodium hydroxide or lithium hexamethyldisilazide as the base, we were able to trap the thermodynamic or kinetic enolate in high selectivity. Although all the reagents were ball milled simultaneously, we observed no products resulting from aldol condensation.
Myocytes, myometrium, and uterine contractions

The pregnant uterus is unique because of the dramatic functional changes that occur in the peripartum period. To promote the concept that we have a relatively poor understanding of the physiology of parturition, we will posit 10 facts that are so obvious and so clearly accepted as facts that they probably are not even facts at all. (1) The laboring uterus undergoes peristalsis to dilate the cervix, deliver the fetus, and expel the placenta. (2) The human uterus is composed of longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle. (3) The functional cells of the uterus are the myocytes, which are a homogeneous cell type responsible for the generation of contraction forces, passage of action potentials, and control of contractility. (4) The phasic contractions of the uterus are typical for visceral smooth muscle. (5) The primary, and perhaps only, role of gap junctions is to allow passage of action potentials through the tissue. (6) Action potential propagation as the mechanism for global communication (over many centimeters throughout the uterus) is sufficient to recruit all regions and all myocytes of the uterus. (7) Slow waves pace the contractions of human myometrium. (8) Calcium-activated potassium channels are responsible for repolarization of the membrane potential that terminates each contraction. (9) Chloride channels are not important in uterine electrophysiology. (10) With enough computing power, it would be straightforward to build a closed model of human labor, given our current understanding of the components of myometrium. This manuscript discusses each point to stimulate questions for future investigation.
Mechanism of Taurine: α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase (TauD) from Escherichia coli

The iron(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases comprise enzymes that catalyze a variety of important reactions in biology, including steps in the biosynthesis of collagen and antibiotics, the degradation of xenobiotics, the repair of alkylated DNA, and the sensing of oxygen and response to hypoxia. In these reactions, the reductive activation of oxygen is coupled to hydroxylation of the substrate and decarboxylation of the co-substrate, α-ketoglutarate. It is believed that a single, conserved mechanistic pathway for formation of a high-valent iron intermediate that attacks the substrate is operant in all members of this family. Application
The Poincaré homology sphere and almost-simple knots in lens spaces

Hedden defined two knots in each lens space that, through analogies with their knot Floer homology and doubly pointed Heegaard diagrams of genus one, may be viewed as generalizations of the two trefoils in S^3. Rasmussen shows that when the `left-handed' one is in the homology class of the dual to a Berge knot of type VII, it admits an L-space homology sphere surgery. In this note we give a simple proof that these L-space homology spheres are always the Poincar\'e homology sphere.
D-term inflation in type I string theory

Abstract D-term inflation realized in heterotic string theory has two problems: the scale of the anomalous D-term is too large for accounting for COBE data and the coupling constant of the anomalous U (1) is too large for supergravity to be valid. We show that both of these problems can be easily solved in D-term inflation based on type I string theory or orientifolds of type IIB strings.
The bigger the healthier: Are the limits of BMI risk changing over time?

The body mass index (BMI) is often used as a predictor of overweight and obesity. There is, however, an important debate among international specialists as to what the risk limits should be, and where the cut-off points should be located. In the United States, for instance, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are considered overweight, while adults with a BMI of 30 or higher are considered obese. Nevertheless some researchers, especially in developing countries, claim that the limits established for the US are too permissive, and that the threshold to define obese adults should be set lower for other nationalities and ethnicities. This paper analyzes the mortality risks for different BMI levels of two populations of American adult men. The first population lived during the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century. These men were drawn from a random sample of Union Army veterans who fought during the American Civil War (1861–1865). A contemporary sample of men was drawn from the first wave of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) conducted between 1971 and 1975. The results indicate that the frontier of overweight and obesity are expanding over time, such that the potential risk is nowadays associated with higher levels of BMI. The finding may imply that differences in BMI cut-off points are not only cross ethnic, but also occur for similar ethnicities across time.
Lanthanide(III) ion catalyzed reaction of ammonia and nitriles: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted‐s‐triazines

Lanthanum and yttrium trifluoromethanesulfonates at 1 mole % concentration, have been found to catalyze a reaction between ammonia and aromatic nitriles to yield symmetrically substituted 2,4,6-triaryl-s-triazines. The generally high yields and relatively mild reaction conditions of this procedure suggest it as an alternative to other aromatic nitrile cyclotrimerization reactions. Of the aliphatic nitriles studied, acetonitrile and cyclopropanecarbonitrile gave good yields of triazine, propionitrile and butyronitrile gave significantly reduced yields of triazines 3b and 3c respectively. Rearrangement of 3a and 3b to alkylated-4-aminopyrimidines was observed.
Information processing, computation, and cognition

Computation and information processing are among the most fundamental notions in cognitive science. They are also among the most imprecisely discussed. Many cognitive scientists take it for granted that cognition involves computation, information processing, or both – although others disagree vehemently. Yet different cognitive scientists use ‘computation’ and ‘information processing’ to mean different things, sometimes without realizing that they do. In addition, computation and information processing are surrounded by several myths; first and foremost, that they are the same thing. In this paper, we address this unsatisfactory state of affairs by presenting a general and theory-neutral account of computation and information processing. We also apply our framework by analyzing the relations between computation and information processing on one hand and classicism, connectionism, and computational neuroscience on the other. We defend the relevance to cognitive science of both computation, at least in a generic sense, and information processing, in three important senses of the term. Our account advances several foundational debates in cognitive science by untangling some of their conceptual knots in a theory-neutral way. By leveling the playing field, we pave the way for the future resolution of the debates’ empirical aspects.
An Empirical Analysis of the Housing Decisions of Older Homeowners

This paper examines the effects of finanacial, demographic and housing variables on older homeowners' propensity to make a variety of housing changes. Pooled cross-sectional data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics is used in a multinomial logit framework. The results indicate that demographic factors are much more important than financial factors in explaining housing changes by older homeowners.
TURBOVELOCITY STARS: KICKS RESULTING FROM THE TIDAL DISRUPTION OF SOLITARY STARS

The centers of most known galaxies host supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In orbit around these black holes are a centrally concentrated distribution of stars, both in single and in binary systems. Occasionally, these stars are perturbed onto orbits that bring them close to the SMBH. If the star is in a binary system, the three-body interaction with the SMBH can lead to large changes in orbital energy, depositing one of the two stars on a tightly-bound orbit, and its companion into a hyperbolic orbit that may escape the galaxy. In this Letter, we show that the disruption of solitary stars can also lead to large positive increases in orbital energy. The kick velocity depends on the amount of mass the star loses at pericenter, but not on the ratio of black hole to stellar mass, and are at most the star's own escape velocity. We find that these kicks are usually too small to result in the ejection of stars from the Milky Way, but can eject the stars from the black hole's sphere of influence, reducing their probability of being disrupted again. We estimate that stars, of all stars within 10?pc of the galactic center, are likely to have had mass removed by the central black hole through tidal interaction, and speculate that these turbovelocity stars will at first be redder, but eventually bluer, and always brighter than their unharassed peers.
Scalable highly expressive reasoner (SHER)

In this paper, we describe scalable highly expressive reasoner (SHER), a breakthrough technology that provides semantic querying of large relational datasets using OWL ontologies. SHER relies on a unique algorithm based on ontology summarization and combines a traditional in-memory description logic reasoner with a database backed RDF Store to scale reasoning to very large Aboxes. In our latest experiments, SHER is able to do sound and complete conjunctive query answering up to 7 million triples in seconds, and scales to datasets with 60 million triples, responding to queries in minutes. We describe the SHER system architecture, discuss the underlying components and their functionality, and briefly highlight two concrete use-cases of scalable OWL reasoning based on SHER in the Health Care and Life Science space. The SHER system, with the source code, is available for download (free for academic use) at: http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/sher.
Pathologic femoral fracture after periosteal excision and radiation for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma

BACKGROUND Surgical resection and adjuvant radiation therapy are standard therapy for soft tissue sarcomas. When the tumor approximates bone, periosteal excision may be necessary. It was hypothesized that periosteal stripping and radiation therapy would increase the rate of pathologic fracture. METHODS The soft tissue sarcoma data base at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was used to identify a consecutive series of 205 patients who were treated over a 15-year period (1982-1997). All patients had a soft tissue sarcoma of the thigh, which was managed by limb-sparing surgery and radiation therapy. Patients who had bone invasion by tumor or bone resection were not included. RESULTS Nine patients, including eight women and one man, developed a femoral fracture in an area of previous radiation and surgery. All nine patients had undergone periosteal excision. The risk of fracture, by Kaplan-Meier survivorship, was 29% at 5 years if the resection included periosteum (P < 0.0001). Cox multiple regression analysis showed that periosteal excision was the only independent prognostic factor for the entire set of 205 patients at risk. However, for the subset of 54 patients who had periosteal stripping, two factors were also found to be prognostically important: female gender (P = 0.022) and chemotherapy (P = 0.020). The risk of fracture was 47% and 45%, respectively. The treatment of the fractures was difficult. There were four nonunions and three delayed unions. CONCLUSIONS Periosteal stripping and radiation therapy places the femur at high risk of pathologic fractures, especially for female patients and patients undergoing chemotherapy. When practical, the combination of periosteal stripping and radiation should be avoided. Cancer 1998;82:2356-2365. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Energy Efficiency and Goodput Analysis in Two-Way Wireless Relay Networks

In this paper, we study two-way relay networks (TWRNs) in which two source nodes exchange their information via a relay node indirectly in Rayleigh fading channels. Both Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) techniques have been analyzed in the TWRN employing a Markov chain model through which the network operation is described and investigated in depth. Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) retransmission has been applied to guarantee the successful packet delivery. The bit energy consumption and goodput expressions have been derived as functions of transmission rate in a given AF or DF TWRN. Numerical results are used to identify the optimal transmission rates of which the bit energy consumption is minimized or the goodput is maximized. The network performances are compared in terms of energy and transmission efficiency in AF and DF modes.
Numerical Simulation of Excitation and Propagation of Helioseismic MHD Waves: Effects of Inclined Magnetic Field

Investigation of propagation, conversion, and scattering of MHD waves in the Sun is very important for understanding the mechanisms of observed oscillations and waves in sunspots and active regions. We have developed a three-dimensional linear MHD numerical model to investigate the influence of the magnetic field on excitation and properties of the MHD waves. The results show that surface gravity waves (f-modes) are affected by the background magnetic field more than acoustic-type waves (p-modes). Comparison of our simulations with the time-distance helioseismology results from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/MDI shows that the amplitude of travel time variations with azimuth around sunspots caused by the inclined magnetic field does not exceed 25% of the observed amplitude even for strong fields of 1400-1900 G. This can be an indication that other effects (e.g., background flows and nonuniform distribution of the magnetic field) can contribute to the observed azimuthal travel time variations. The azimuthal travel time variations caused by the wave interaction with the magnetic field are similar for simulated and observed travel times for strong fields of 1400-1900 G if Doppler velocities are taken at the height of 300 km above the photosphere where the plasma parameter ? 1. For the photospheric level the travel times are systematically smaller by approximately 0.12 minutes than for the height of 300 km above the photosphere for all studied ranges of the magnetic field strength and inclination angles. Numerical MHD wave modeling and new data from the HMI instrument of the Solar Dynamics Observatory will substantially advance our knowledge of the wave interaction with strong magnetic fields on the Sun and improve the local helioseismology diagnostics.
Selective Roughness in the Boundary Layer to Suppress Flow-Induced Motions of Circular Cylinder at 30,000<Re<120,000

A passive control means to suppress flow-induced motions (FIM) of a rigid circular cylinder in the TrSL3, high-lift, flow regime is formulated and tested experimentally. The developed method uses passive turbulence control (PTC) consisting of selectively located roughness on the cylinder surface with thickness about equal to the boundary layer thickness. The map of “PTC-to-FIM,” developed in previous work, revealed robust zones of weak suppression, strong suppression, hard galloping, and soft galloping. PTC has been used successfully to enhance FIM for hydrokinetic energy harnessing using the VIVACE Converter. PTC also revealed the potential to suppress FIM to various levels. The map is flow-direction dependent. In this paper, the “PTC-to-FIM” map is used to guide development of FIM suppression devices that are flow-direction independent and hardly affect cylinder geometry. Experiments are conducted in the Low Turbulence Free Surface Water Channel of the University of Michigan on a rigid, horizontal, circular cylinder, suspended on springs. Amplitude and frequency measurements and broad field-of-view visualization reveal complex flow structures and their relation to suppression. Several PTC designs are tested to understand the effect of PTC roughness, location, coverage, and configuration. Gradual modification of PTC parameters, leads to improved suppression and evolution of a design reducing the VIV synchronization range. Over a wide range of high reduced velocities, VIV is fully suppressed. The maximum amplitude occurring near the system’s natural frequency is reduced by about 63% compared to the maximum amplitude of the smooth cylinder.