cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal invariance of leading EOFs for western United States precipitation over a range of scales

[1] We investigate how spatial coherence and temporal variability of precipitation over the western United States changes with temporal aggregation and filtering. We begin by calculating principal components (PC) from finely gridded daily precipitation anomalies across the western United States. The daily data were aggregated to form 5-day, 10-day, 20-day, monthly, and seasonal anomalies and the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were estimated. Our results suggest that the leading EOFs of western United States precipitation do not depend on the temporal aggregation of the data. To examine the sensitivity of the leading empirical orthogonal functions to temporal aggregation and filtering, we then filtered the data with the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and repeated the EOF analysis for scales of 2 days to 10 years. It appears that western precipitation is strongly persistent with EOFs that do not depend on the temporal aggregation of the data or the timescale of the analysis from 4 days to 7 years. To explore the origin of this time invariance of the EOFs, we simulated synthetic data sets and demonstrated the importance of spatial correlation on the dominant patterns of variability. Precipitation anomalies appear to display a large degree of temporal persistence that is reflected in the similarity of spatial patterns of precipitation ranging from days to seasons. Simulations suggest that the spatial correlation between adjacent grid points is the dominant factor shaping the EOFs.
Magnetoresistance of thin palladium films

Abstract We have measured the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the resistivity of palladium films of ∼ 25 A thickness. We find a logarithmic temperature increase with decreasing temperature and a large, positive, isotropic, temperature dependent magnetoresistance. Similar results with PdAu films show that the effect is not magnetic in origin. The temperature coefficient and positive magnetoresistance are consistent with an interpretation in terms of the interaction picture rather than localization effects.
Population characteristics of dorcas gazelles in Morocco

Summary Characteristics used to identify sex and age classes of the dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas L.) population at the M'Sabih Talâa Reserve in Morocco are described. Counts indicated about 190 animals during the dry season and 210 during the wet season. Densities were at least seven animals > 12 months old/km2 and 9·6 gazelles of all ages/km2. Herd composition was about 60% adults, 13% juveniles, and 25% fawns (animals < 12 months old). Fawn/adult female ratios peaked at 0·92. Average age at death of adults, estimated by tooth cementum layers, was 5·4 years for females and 4·2 for males; longevity for both females and males was 9 years. Resume On decrit les caracteristiques utilisees pour determiner le sexe et les classes d'âge de la population de gazelles dorcas (Gazella dorcas L.) de la Reserve de M'Sabih Talâa, au Maroc. Les comptages indiquaient environ 190 animaux pendant la saison seche et 210 pendant la saison des pluies. La densiteetait d'au moins sept animaux de plus de douze mois/km2, et de 9,6 gazelles de tous âges/km2. La harde se composait d'environ 60% d'adultes, 13% de juveniles et 25% de faons (jeunes de moins de 12 mois). Le quotient faons/femelles adultes culminait a 0,92. L'âge moyen de la mort des adultes, estime d'apres les couches de cement dentaire, etait de 5,4 ans pour les femelles et de 4,2 ans pour les mâles. La longevite tant des mâles que des femelles etait de 9 ans.
The Relationship Between Academic Life Conditions and Perceived Sources of Faculty Stress Over Time

SUMMARY Many assertions have been made that the changing landscape of postsecondary education has resulted in a higher level of occupational stress, thereby presenting a potential problem for the recruitment and retention of individuals in academe. However, it has yet to be empirically demonstrated that stressors for faculty have in fact changed by nature or intensity during the last decade of the 20th century. The present study compares the dimensions and correlates of faculty stress using national survey data collected in 1989 and 2001. A factor analysis of 16 stressor items was conducted to construct five stress scales, comprising work overload, role conflict, faculty interaction, academic advancement, and aging considerations. Multiple regression, using four blocks of variables (i.e., demographics, faculty status, work life, and cohort), explained between 6 and 21 percent of the variance in the stress scales. Results indicated that sources of stress have remained relatively stable between 1989 and 2001.
National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program: concentrations of seven elements in freshwater fish, 1978-1981.

As a continuing part of the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service collected freshwater fish at 112 monitoring stations in 1978–1979 and 1980–1981. Three composite samples of three to five fish were collected at each of about half of the stations in odd-numbered years and at the other half in even-numbered years, and analyzed for lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, cooper, and zinc. The geometric means, minimum, and maximum of elemental concentrations (μg/g wet weight) during 1978–1979 and (in parentheses) during 1980–1981 were as follows: Pb 0.19, 0.10–6.73 (0.17, 0.10–1.94); Hg 0.11, 0.01–1.10 (0.11, 0.01–0.77); Cd 0.04, 0.01–0.41 (0.03, 0.01–0.35); As 0.16, 0.04–2.08 (0.14, 0.05–1.69); Se 0.46, 0.09–3.65 (0.47, 0.09–2.47); Cu 0.86, 0.29–38.75 (0.68, 0.25–24.10); and Zn 25.63, 7.69–168.1 (23.82, 8.82–109.2). The 85th percentile, calculated for station mean concentrations (μg/g wet weight) for 1978–1979 and 1980–1981, respectively, were: Pb 0.32 and 0.25; Hg 0.18 and 0.18; Cd 0.09 and 0.06; As 0.23 and 0.22; Se 0.70 and 0.71; Cu 1.14 and 0.90; and Zn 46.26 and 40.09. There was no significant upward or downward trend between collection periods of the national geometric means of any of the elements except for cooper which decreased significantly. Species differences in elemental concentrations contributed more variability to the data set than did station differences. The proportion of the collections composed of each species changed little between collection periods. Thus, the magnitude of the species effect on the national geometric mean of each period was probably fairly consistent; however, it precludes our making sound comparisons among various regions of the United States. As a participant in the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP), the U.S. Fish and Wild-life Service is responsible for monitoring temporal and geographic trends of organochlorine chemical and elemental contaminants in the nation's fresh-water fish, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and waterfowl. Primary emphasis has been placed on organochlorine chemical contaminants; however, certain elements have been measured intermittently and additional elements have been added periodically since 1969. We summarize the concentrations of the seven elements—lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, copper, and zinc—measured in freshwater fish collected during 1978–1981. Data for earlier collections have appeared in other reports (Hendersonet al. 1972; May and McKinney 1981; Walshet al. 1977).
Migration after apartheid: deracialising South African foreign policy.

Some critics have pointed to South Africa's restrictive migration policy as one of the areas most deficient in overturning apartheid legacies. Yet it is not a lack of democratic process that forestalls change-witness open parliamentary debate, an array of think-tanks and researchers providing input into the policy-making process, and the mobilisation of diverse grassroots voices. Rather, a new non-racial xenophobia creates a potent barrier to reform. Therefore, advocates of migrants' rights and opponents of violence should utilise regional and international points of leverage to their fullest potential if postapartheid South Africa is to fulfill its democratic promise.
A little elaboration goes a long way: the role of generation in eyewitness suggestibility.

Although research has documented that perceptual elaboration (e.g., imagery) can increase false memory, prior research has not ascertained whether such effects are due to the act of generation or simply from exposure to perceptual details. Two experiments explored this question using the eyewitness suggestibility paradigm. Experiment 1 compared the effect of generating descriptions of suggested items with the effects of reading elaborated versions of the items or the suggested items alone. Experiment 2 compared participants who generated descriptions to participants who read the same descriptions. Generating a description increased false memoryand increased accurate memory for the items’ actual source, relative to comparable control conditions. Generation also increased claims of having a (false) vivid recollection of the items in the event. Overall, the results suggest that conditions that require people to describe the appearance of objects that they do not remember are even more pernicious than conditions that involve exposure to such details.
Should we be concerned about antibiotic resistance when using intravitreal injections

Intravitreal (IVT) injection was first introduced by Ohm in 1911 as a technique for introducing air for the treatment of retinal tamponade [1]. Having gained popularity thereafter in the 1940s for ...
Internal Military Intervention in the United States

Data on internal military interventions in the USA are presented for those periods in which they are available from US government sources: 1886-95, 1921-35 and 1943-90. Although the rate of intervention has varied from year to year and the targets of interventions have shifted from industrial workers to urban rioters, the overall rates of intervention have remained near the average during the years: about 18 interventions and 12,000 troops per year. A brief overview is given of the internal military interventions carried out before the Civil War (targeting especially American Indians and slaves), those between the Civil War and World War II, and those since World War II. Internal military surveillance has greatly increased during and after wars. There has been a tendency to blame the internal unrest which has led to military interventions on external enemies, which may have been a factor in preparation for external military action. In conclusion, the study of internal military intervention and the development of non-violent alternatives of conflict management are recommended to peace researchers and peace activists as a contribution to the abolition of war and militarism and to the construction of a culture of peace.
Nonlinear motions of beam-mass structure

We study the planar dynamic response of a flexible L-shaped beam-mass structure with a two-to-one internal resonance to a primary resonance. The structure is subjected to low excitation (mili g) levels and the resulting nonlinear motions are examined. The Lagrangian for weakly nonlinear motions of the undamped structure is formulated and time averaged over the period of the primary oscillation, leading to an autonomous system of equations governing the amplitudes and phases of the modes involved in the internal resonance. Later, modal damping is assumed and modal-damping coefficients, determined from experiments, are included in the analytical model. The locations of the saddle-node and Hopf bifurcations predicted by the analysis are in good agreement, respectively, with the jumps and transitions from periodic to quasi-periodic motions observed in the experiments. The current study is relevant to the dynamics and modeling of other structural systems as well.
Abstract 3051: CDC28 protein kinase subunit 1B (CKS1B) is a potential therapeutic target in esophageal adenocarcinomas overexpressing the CDK inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (EAC) has grown faster than any tumor type in the United States and westernized countries, outpacing the next closest cancer by almost 3 times. This rising incidence of EAC is associated with the increasing prevalence of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Due to the limited effect of current chemotherapy for this cancer, the search for new therapeutic targets is disparately needed. Chromosomal amplification is one mechanism by which cancer cells acquire and maintain neoplastic phenotype and genes that are amplified and overexpressed may represent potential therapeutic targets. Methods: DNA and RNA from a cohort of 116 patients were analyzed using SNP and mRNA expression microarrays respectively. Gene amplification was explored for correlation with expression and patient survival. Results: 25% of tumors harbor amplification at chromosome 1q which is significantly associated with poor survival. Although the amplicon is non-focal spanning almost the entire arm of chromosome 1q, only a subset of amplified genes (including The CDC28 protein kinase subunit 1B, CKS1B) are significantly overexpressed. CKS1B is an auxiliary protein required for ubiquitination and cytosomal degradation of the CDK inhibitors p27Kip1 and p21Cip1/Waf1 by the SCFSKP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Both p27Kip1 and p21Cip1/Waf1 inhibits CDK2/Cyclin E complex during the G1/S cell cycle transition. The endogenous protein expression of p27Kip1 is low among EAC cell lines. However the expression of p21Cip1/Waf1 is differential being very high in a subset of cells and low or undetectable in others. Knocking down CKS1B by siRNA in six EAC cell lines results in accumulation of p27 Kip1 with little or no effect on p21Cip1/Waf1 expression. CKS1B knockdown inhibits monolayer cell proliferation only in cells with high endogenous expression of p21Cip1/Waf1. Conclusion: We suggest that the combined action of accumulation of p27 Kip1 and the endogenously highly expressed p21Cip1/Waf1 triggers the response to CKS1B knockdown in EAC cell lines. We thus propose the potential use of CKS1B as a novel therapeutic target in esophageal adenocarcinomas with high p21Cip1/Waf1 expression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3051. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3051
Prenatal ethanol exposure and opiatergic influence on puberty in the female rat

Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) is associated with a variety of physiological and behavioral dysfunctions, including deficits to reproductive function. FAE has also been shown to increase brain β-endorphin levels. This study sought to determine whether the common delay of the onset of puberty in fetal alcohol-exposed animals could be due to increased opiate inhibition of LH release. Prepubertal female rats were injected with an opiate antagonist, naltrexone, over days 26–29. This naltrexone treatment led to an acceleration of vaginal opening and first estrus in FAE animals; had no effect on chow-fed or pair-fed controls. The vaginal opening and first estrus advancement in FAE animals occurred at a lower body weight indicating independence from growth-promoting effects of the drug treatment. It is concluded that delays in puberty in FAE animals are not directly due to pituitary pathology, but are related, at least in part, to increased inhibition of the LHRH neuron and functional impairment of gonadotrophin secretion.
Design of Phase I and II Trials in Cancer

This paper provides a survey of current design strategies for Phase I and II trials of chemotherapeutic agents and biological response modifiers pertinent to cancer therapy. Definitions of Phase I and II trials are first given. A typical Phase I trial is described using an example of trial testing a new colony stimulating factor (CSF), which had the goal of defining toxicity with a limited number of dose levels. Two designs of Phase II trials are then described, first, the traditional design of Gehan, and then the multiple testing procedure of Elfring and Schultz and Fleming. The advantages and disadvantages of these designs are discussed. Some extensions are then suggested, such as a design for a Phase I–II trial and a randomized Phase II trial that may be extended into a Phase III trial if the treatments have sufficient efficacy. Early statistical input into Phase I and II trials of cancer treatment is needed to assure proper clinical trial design.
Real-time PCR detection and quantification of nine potential sources of fecal contamination by analysis of mitochondrial Cytochrome b targets

We designed and tested real-time PCR probe/primer sets to detect and quantify Cytochrome b sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from nine vertebrate species of pet (dog), farm (cow, chicken, sheep, horse, pig), wildlife (Canada goose, white-tailed deer), and human. Linear ranges of the assays were from 101 to 108 copies/µl. To formally test the performance of the assays, twenty blinded fecal suspension samples were analyzed by real-time PCR to identify the source of the feces. Sixteen of the twenty samples were correctly and unambiguously identified. Average sensitivity was calculated to be 0.850, while average specificity was found to be 0.994. One beef cow sample was not detected, but mtDNA from 11 other beef cattle of both sexes and varying physiological states was found in concentrations similar (3.45 × 107 copies/g) to that found in human feces (1.1 × 107 copies/g). Thus, environmental conditions and sample handling are probably important factors for successful detection of fecal mtDNA. When sewage...
Automatic amperometric assay of glucose oxidase

Abstract A rapid, simple, automatic method is described for the measurement of glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzymic oxidation of glucose rapidly oxidizes iodide to iodine. The rate of formation of iodine, which is equal to the enzyme activity, is measured by an automatic amperometric system. Measurement times for the determination of enzyme concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 units per milliliter are between 10 and 100 sec. Relative standard deviations are within 2%. Interference studies and comparisons with independent methods indicate that the accuracy of the method is within 2%.
Mechanisms of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing tricuspid valvuloplasty.

Objectives Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) remains a risk factor for morbidity and mortality through staged palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Reports on the mechanisms associated with TR in patients with HLHS are limited. Thus, we sought to describe our experience with tricuspid valve (TV) repair in these patients, focusing on the mechanisms of TR and corresponding surgical techniques. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center review (January 2000 to December 2012) of patients with HLHS undergoing TV repair and completing Fontan circulation. We evaluated the pre- and postoperative echocardiograms, intraoperative findings, and surgical techniques used. Results A total of 53 TV repairs were performed in 35 patients with HLHS completing staged palliation. TV repairs were performed at stage II in 15, between stage II and III in 4, at stage III in 27, and after stage III in 7. The surgical techniques for valvuloplasty included annuloplasty (38%), anteroseptal (AS) commissuroplasty (66%), anterior papillary muscle repositioning (11%), multiple commissuroplasties (9%), septal-posterior commissuroplasty (9%), and fenestration closure (4%). The predominant jet of TR emanated along the AS commissure in 68% of the cases. All patients survived the procedure and were discharged. Preoperative echocardiography showed a dilated TV annulus on the lateral dimension, anteroposterior dimension, and area that was significantly reduced after TV repair ( P P = .002) and anteroposterior ( P = .005) vena contracta, was also significantly reduced after TV repair. TV repair did not significantly affect right ventricular systolic function immediately after surgery ( P = .17) or at the most recent follow-up visit ( P = .52). Patients with anterior leaflet prolapse were at increased risk of worse outcomes, including moderate or greater right ventricular dysfunction ( P = .02). Patients requiring reoperation for TV repair were younger (6.3 vs 28.1 months, P Conclusions TR in patients with HLHS commonly emanates from the AS commissure. The associated mechanisms are often annular dilatation and anterior leaflet prolapse. Preoperative anterior leaflet prolapse was associated with worse outcomes. Annuloplasty, closure of the AS commissure, and repositioning of the anterior papillary muscle are effective in addressing TR in the short- and mid-term in this challenging population.
Multimodal Polymeric Contrast Agents

Ultrasound Contrast Agents (UCA) are microencapsulated gas bubbles used to increase the overall contrast of the ultrasound (US) image. Novel multimodal polymeric UCA containing additional contrast agents that are active in multiple imaging modalities have been developed. Three platforms of loaded poly (lactic acid) (PLA) shelled UCA are presented. The first two platforms co-encapsulate aqueous or organic Quantum Dots (QD). The Third platform contains magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP). All platforms showed that the properties of UCA are maintained as well as the properties of additional encapsulated contrast agent. This study explores the potential application for improving the screening of a subject using at least two different modalities, e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
‘Rolling back, rolling out’: exceptionalism and neoliberalism of the Spanish state

In recent literature, there has been extensive work revolving around the process of neoliberalism, its implications for the unfolding of state spaces, and its dramatic impact on processes of policy production. Some of this literature offers a periodized trajectory of neoliberalization, by first discussing the consolidation of the Keynesian welfare state (KWS) in the 1950s and 1960s, its subsequent erosion in the 1970s and 1980s, and the restructuring and dramatic rescaling of the state in the 1990s. Utilizing examples of Spanish educational policy in the post‐Franco era, this paper explores some of the complex ways in which neoliberal pressures are impacting states situated outside these KWS templates.
One- and two-collective variable descriptions of two interacting sine-Gordon kinks

Abstract Using an ansatz [T. Matsuda, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 24 (1979) 207] which is an exact collective variable (CV) solution for kink-kink (K-K) and kink-antikink (K-A) interactions as well as for the breather in the unperturbed sine-Gordon (SG) equation and uses only one CV r(t), the separation between the kinks, we study the effects of microshort and microresistor perturbations in a Josephson junction transmission line on K-K interactions. Representing the energy stored in microshorts and microresistors, these perturbations can profoundly alter the motion of fluxons, which we term kinks, in Josephson junction transmission lines. With this ansatz, we describe particle characteristics, including relativistic effects, of K-K and K-A interactions and the breather in the unperturbed SG system. Because, in a perturbed SG system, this ansatz is no longer exact, we modify it by treating the slope of the kinks Γ(t) as a CV. We derive the masses of the r and Γ CVs, the interaction potentials, and the Hamiltonians for K-K and K-A. The inclusion of Γ(t) qualitatively and quantitatively changes the results of the one-CV r(t) description. Significantly, moderately strong microshort (microresistor) perturbations and highly relativistic initial velocities increase (decrease) the time advance, τ, defined as δ ν , where ν is the single kink velocity and δ is the kinks' increased separation or phase shift due to their interaction, in two-CV K-K scattering relative to the unperturbed τ, by almost a factor of two for the microshort, whereas these conditions produce the reverse qualitative and a smaller quantitative effect on the one-CV K-K τ. In contrast, for weaker perturbations and slower initial velocities, a microshort (microresistor) decreases (increases) the τ compared to the unperturbed τ for both the one- and two-CV descriptions.
The reactions of α-phenyl- and α-ferrocenylcarbinols with diiron nonacarbonyl

Abstract Diiron nonacarbonyl oxidized a series of α-phenylcarbinols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. In addition, this reagent converted 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol to 4-methoxybenzyl ether, albeit in low yield. Under the same reaction conditions, oxidation was minor with a group of α-ferrocenylcarbinols as ether synthesis was the major reaction with those substrates which could not dehydrate; however, stereoselective olefin synthesis predominated when elimination was possible.
A Tentative Classification of Decision Making

This paper presents a two-dimensional classification of decision making based on two continuous variables which interact, namely, degree of subjectivity (objectivity) of attitude and degree of dissimilarity (similarity) of function of choice alternatives. On the basis of this typology two new ways of dissonance resolution are proposed.
REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM FROM HANFORD TANK SLUDGES

ABSTRACT Recent studies suggest that the chromium content in sludge wastes stored at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site will determine the amount of high-level borosilicate glass produced in immobilizing those wastes for disposal. Removing chromium from the sludge solids would reduce the mass of high-level borosilicate glass, which would likely result in a significant cost savings. We have been investigating oxidative leaching methods for removing chromium from Hanford wastes for a number of years. In these methods, chromium(III), which is insoluble under alkaline conditions, is converted to the soluble chromate ion. We have removed chromium on a laboratory scale from several different Hanford tank sludges. The most effective leaching agents investigated to date are permanganate and ozone, which readily oxidize chromium(III) to chromium(VI) under alkaline conditions. (a) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the U. S. Department of Energy by Battelle under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO ...
Minimum-Time Constant Acceleration Orbit Transfer with First-Order Oblateness Effect

The analysis of the minimum-time thrust and J2-perturbed orbit transfer between elliptic orbits of arbitrary size, shape, and orientation, and using continuous constant acceleration whose direction is optimized, is presented for two different formulations using nonsingular equinoctial orbit elements. A previous formulation that used the equinoctial orbital rotating frame for the component resolution of the perturbation vector is extended to a recently developed formulation that uses the true longitude as the sixth state variable and the polar frame for the component resolution of the thrust and J2-induced accelerations. This new analysis is much simpler because it provides the simplest form of the differential equations for the adjoints and removes the need for solving Kepler’s transcendental equationduring the numerical integration of the dynamicand adjoint system of equations. Because of these simpler features, the corresponding software is also more robust resulting in improved convergence to the optimal solution of interest. The constant power and constant Isp case that results in constant thrust is a trivial extension of the constant acceleration case studied here because the acceleration is easily updated by updating the mass of the vehicle during the numerical integration.
Morphogenesis in Hyalophysa chattoni (Ciliophora: Apostomatida): Reduction of Oral Polykineties in the Encysted Phoront

Summary An ultrastructural study of Hyalophysa's phoront revealed that ciliary absorption and kinetosomal absorption are two distinct events. During the transformation from the tomite (microstome) to the meridional phoront stage, the ogival field (OG) loses its cilia. Ciliary loss involves an in situ disassembly of the structure and does not involve the retraction of axonemes into the cytoplasm or the detachment of cilia from the cell surface. The end result of the deciliation is a bald kinetosomal field. Pellicular folds, perhaps exaggerated to accommodate newly available membrane, are pronounced. Following deciliation, the kinetosomes of the OG are absorbed. The kinetosomes are disassembled in situ as well, as they are always located at the inner membrane of the pellicle and never detached from the cell surface or within autophagic vacuoles. Ciliary loss and kinetosomal absorption also occur in the falciform fields (FFs). Deciliation begins first, followed by the loss of two rows of kinetosomes in FF9. The end result is a FF9 and FF8 that are two kinetosomes wide and lack cilia. The mechanism of ciliary and kinetosomal loss is the same as in the OG. The reorganization of the OG and FFs is a necessary event in the metamorphosis of the crawling tomite stage (microstome) to the trophont (macrostome), as the ventral surface of the trophont develops an extensive extended cytostome. The reduction of the OG and FFs possibly provides tubulin and membrane reserves for the development of the somatic ciliature and extended cytostome in the trophont.
An Infrared Spectrograph for Use in the 40–150-Micron Spectral Region*

Problems relating to the design of a far infrared spectrograph are discussed. The design of a spectrograph which was constructed is described. A platinum strip coated with thorium-oxide is used as a source. Discrimination against short-wave radiation is provided by quartz, paraffin, turpentine soot, a compensated potassium bromide chopper, reststrahlen plates, and a grating (used as a reflection filter) with groove separation somewhat less than the wavelength being investigated. As a dispersing device, an echelette grating ruled with 180 lines per inch is used. The detector is a Golay pneumatic cell. A low noise vacuum-tube amplifier renders the signal from the detector suitable for operation of a strip-chart recorder. The spectrograph is evacuable.Spectral operating characteristics of the instrument are shown in ammonia and atmospheric water vapor spectra in the region between 45 and 150 microns. Absorption lines separated by less than 1 cm−1 are well resolved throughout this spectral region.
Attitudes, beliefs and behaviors surrounding organ donation among Hispanic women.

Purpose of reviewHispanic individuals are disproportionately in need of donor organs and are less likely to consent to donation than their non-Hispanic counterparts. This review addresses psychological constructs that include the attitudes and beliefs that surround organ donation within Hispanic com
RESTORATION OF CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA (GMELIN) TO THE HUDSON RIVER, USA: A SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELING APPROACH

As a result of its historical abundance and ecological significance, the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, has been identified as a primary restoration target for the Hudson River-New York Harbor region. Prior to any large-scale restoration investments, a spatial assessment has been made to characterize the region's potential for hosting restored oyster populations. Using existing geographic data of the physical attributes of the river, a GIS-based restoration suitability index has been developed with the goal of identifying specific areas that hold a greater probability for success in oyster restoration. The results show that much of the river's restoration potential is initially limited by the physical environment, depth, and sediment type, and is reduced further by the salinity distribution. The results from this model should be used as a preliminary guide to focus future restoration efforts within the lower Hudson River and New York Harbor area as well as to investigate possible changes to the restoration potential with changing salinities brought on by regional climate change and hydrodynamic alterations.
Management and localization strategies for the nonpalpable Implanon rod

Abstract Purpose The goal of this paper is to review the imaging methods required for localizing nonpalpable Implanon™. Method Different localization methods for nonpalpable Implanon rods are summarized, and clinical guidance is provided as to how best to localize such implants. Results In the great majority of cases, optimal visualization of the single-rod Implanon rod is obtained with ultrasound using a high-resolution linear array transducer (10–15 MHz). An implant located just under the skin, under the fascia muscularis or one located deep in the muscle can most often be localized with ultrasound. In rare cases where ultrasound does not definitively locate the implant, magnetic resonance imaging is usually the next best choice. Measurements of serum etonogestrel levels may be necessary to confirm the presence or absence of the implant when it cannot be visualized by either of the two imaging methods. Discussion Close clinical coordination between women's health care providers and radiologists is required to minimize or prevent removal complications and to facilitate subsequent contraceptive management of the patient.
The Male Bisexuality Debate Revisited: Some Bisexual Men Have Bisexual Arousal Patterns

Self-identified bisexual men report high sexual arousal to both male and female stimuli, but no study to date has compellingly demonstrated that such men have a bisexual pattern of genital arousal. We examined sexual arousal patterns among bisexual men recruited using stringent criteria designed to exclude those who were less likely to have sexual interest in both sexes. Furthermore, we included a bisexual stimulus depicting a man engaged in sex simultaneously with another man and a woman. On average, the bisexual men showed a bisexual arousal pattern, with respect to both self-reported and genital arousal. Additionally, the bisexual men were more aroused by the bisexual stimulus compared with the homosexual and heterosexual men. Some bisexual-identified men have bisexual genital arousal patterns, although it remains unclear how common they are.
Reversible solid-state mechanochromic fluorescence from a boron lipid dye

Difluoroboron β-diketone complexes are versatile light-emitting molecules that exhibit tunable emission in both solution and the solid state. Among this class of dyes, difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-polylactide (BF2dbmPLA) polymers have been investigated for their molecular weight dependent fluorescence where the polymer chain plays an important role in BF2dbm solid-state emission. Here the substituent effects were further examined with a lipid chain replacing polylactide. Surprising process dependent and reversible mechanochromic fluorescence was discovered for the boron dodecane complex (BF2dbmOC12H25). A thermally annealed spin-cast film of the lipid dye on glass exhibited blue fluorescence under UV light but after shearing or scratching, the mechanically perturbed region turned yellow-green. The blue coloration could be rapidly recovered by thermal treatment of the film. The phenomena were investigated by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy at room, low, and high temperatures, in situfluorescence microscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurements, and X-ray diffraction. Consistent with previous findings, the ordered-to-amorphous structural change that occurs upon mechanical perturbation may increase molecular rotational freedom, allowing for more efficient excimer emission, which typically occurs at longer wavelengths.
The Self-Relevant Implications of the Group-Value Model: Group Membership, Self-Worth, and Treatment Quality

Past research demonstrates that quality of treatment is linked to support of authorities and acceptance of their decisions, particularly when the authority represents a valued ingroup. The group-value model suggests that the group membership effect occurs because people derive important self-relevant information from evaluations of how they are treated by ingroup authorities. Two experiments and a correlational study tested whether the group membership of the authority moderates the effect of treatment quality on participants' views of themselves. The results show that better treatment quality is more closely related to feelings of respect and positive self-esteem when the authority represents an ingroup than when the authority represents an outgroup. Moreover, there is some suggestive evidence that the effect of treatment quality on self-esteem is mediated by perceived respect. These findings support the argument that treatment quality in an ingroup context is particularly important because people derive their sense of self, in part, from knowing that a group they value regards them as respected members.
From Realism to Reality The Advent of War Photography

This monograph focuses on a selection of images displayed to audiences during the American Civil War era, based in two categories—illustrations and photographs. Illustrations include lithographs an...
Differentiation and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Background The isolation, differentiation, and expansion of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from peripheral blood have potential applicability in areas of therapeutic neovascularization, vascular repair, and tissue engineering. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate a simple method of isolation and differentiation of EPCs by defining the endothelial morphology, surface marker expression, and proliferative capacity of EPC outgrowth from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Materials and methods PBMCs were isolated from fresh canine blood and cultured in fibronectin-coated plates in which EPCs were identified from cell morphology and outgrowth characteristics. Cell surface markers were determined with flow cytometry analysis to identify differentiation of cultured and subcultured colonies. A hematologic counter with phase contrast microscopy was used to study cell growth curves of EPCs as compared with mature human coronary artery endothelial cells. Results During the first week of canine PBMC culture, cells were morphologically round and varied in size, but in the course of the second and third week of culture, the cells, respectively, became spindle-shaped and displayed an endothelium-like cobblestone morphology with outgrowth. CD34 was significantly decreased at 21 days as compared with 7 days culture (36.04% to 21.37%), whereas vWF (from 77.26% to 96.37%) and eNOS (from 0% to 14.97%) were significantly increased. VEGFR-2 was slightly increased, and P1H12 (CD146) was unchanged. Subcultured canine EPCs displayed a higher proliferation rate as compared to mature human coronary artery endothelial cells in the same culture conditions. Conclusions These data demonstrate that canine EPCs can be isolated and cultured from the canine PBMC fraction. These outgrowth cells displayed characteristics of endothelial morphology with endothelial cell-specific surface markers. Furthermore, it was revealed that canine EPCs have a greater growth potential as compared to mature endothelial cells. This study suggests that PBMCs could be used as a source of EPCs for potential applications in tissue engineering and vascular therapy.
Infrared monitoring system based on fuzzy single-chip computer

Infrared monitoring system based on single-chip computer is introduced in this paper. There are three main components in the system: infrared sensors capable of receiving infrared ray and changing it into electrical signal, and single-chip computer contributing to dealing with the signal relating to temperature and transmitting it to display, alarm circuits for sending information to human. The system can be used widely in situation such as entryway of danger work area and buildings.
Dissociation of androgen-dependent sociosexual behaviors in response to castration in Long-Evans rats

Abstract Copulatory behavior and associated social behaviors such as ultrasonic vocalizations and scent marking are reduced in frequency following castration and are restored by exogenous administration of androgens. In the present study, we report the behavior of a subgroup of male Long-Evans rats in which there was a dissociation between the responses of androgen-dependent behaviors to castration. Five weeks after castration, 52% of the males tested (13 of 25) had higher 50 kHz vocalization frequencies than during precastration tests. This group continued to emit vocalizations after castration and actually increased their number of vocalizations over postcastration tests (pretest: 34.5 ± 4.8 to week 15: 62.8 ± 10.9 10 min test). The remaining males ( n = 12) exhibited a decline in vocalizations (pretest: 29.7 ± 5.1 to week 15: 6.5 ± 2.7) that we typically observe in our laboratory. Both groups showed the expected decline in scent-marking frequency over the postcastration tests and were impaired in performance of copulatory behavior. Seminal vesicle and adrenal gland weights did not differ between the two groups. The 25 males were of the same genetic strain as previous animals in our laboratory except that they were born and raised in a different location prior to shipment to our laboratory. Androgens, therefore, may be only one of the possible influences mediating ultrasonic vocalizations.
Nonequilibrium radiative heating during outer planet atmospheric entry

The contradictory results obtained by investigators assessing the influence of finite-rate ionization on the radiative heating of probes entering the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn are discussed. Tiwari and Szema (1979) found that the radiation heating increased, whereas Leibowitz (1973) and Liebowitz and Kuo (1976) found that it decreased in relation to the results obtained when the ionization rate was assumed to be in equilibrium at the local thermodynamic conditions. The study presented here is limited to stagnation shock layers for nonviscous, hydrogen-helium plasmas with cold, nonblowing conditions at the probe heat shield. It is found that the radiative heating comes mainly from the Balmer region of the spectrum, where the shock layer is optically thin.
Hypercholesterolemia Superimposed by Experimental Hypertension Induces Differential Distribution of Collagen and Elastin

We studied the mural distribution of collagen types I and III and tropoelastin in enhanced experimental atherogenesis induced in rabbits by hyperlipidemia superimposed by hypertension. Animals were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks and also subjected to midthoracic aortic coarctation for 4 weeks. Serum cholesterol levels were increased and blood pressure was elevated proximal to the coarctation. Foam cell lesions developed in the aorta proximal to the coarctation. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that gene expression of collagen types I and III and tropoelastin was upregulated, with a differential distribution across the arterial wall. New collagen type I was mainly distributed in the intima, the outer media, and the adventitia. New collagen type III was spread more uniformly across the wall, including the adventitia, whereas tropoelastin was mainly localized in intimal foam cell lesions. Morphometric data showed an increase in wall thickness. These results suggest that collagen types I and III play a role in remodeling of the aortic wall in response to hypertension. The remarkable involvement of the adventitia in this response indicates that the adventitia is an important component of the arterial wall. Tropoelastin is closely associated with foam cell lesion formation, suggesting a role for this component in atherogenesis as well. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2566-2572.)
Early Cambrian food webs on a trophic knife‐edge? A hypothesis and preliminary data from a modern stromatolite‐based ecosystem

Here we use the theory of ecological stoichiometry to propose and provide a preliminary test of a novel hypothesis that the Cambrian 'explosion' may have been triggered by changes in circulating P availability in the biosphere. We exposed living stromatolites from a spring-fed stream in Mexico to a gradient of P enrichment to examine subsequent effects on stromatolite C : P ratio and on the primary grazer, an endemic snail. Consistent with a previously hypothesized stoichiometric 'knife-edge', snail performance was maximal at intermediate P-enrichment, indicating in situ stoichiometric constraints because of high stromatolite C : P ratio along with high sensitivity to excessive P intake. These results are consistent with the idea that stoichiometric constraints may have delayed the evolutionary proliferation of animals in ancient stromatolite-dominated ecosystems and also suggest that high food P content can significantly impair consumers. We propose that ecosystem P availability may have impacted both the expansion and decline of animal taxa in the history of life.
Retrospective Evaluation of Donor Pain and Pain Management After Laprascopic Nephrectomy

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate donor pain and pain management beginning immediately postoperatively until hospital discharge. Methods All kidney donors were included from 2008 and 2009. Demographic data, operative data, pain scores in the postanesthesia care unit, and visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores were collected for each patient. Standardization for comparison was made by converting doses to intravenous morphine equivalents (ME). Results Eighty-five patients were identified as donors, all of which underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy. Daily analgesic requirement was significantly reduced from postoperative day 1 to postoperative day 2 (42.2 mg ME versus 19.7 mg ME, P Conclusions The average VAS score on the day of operation was 5.5, with patients experiencing a significant reduction in VAS score on postoperative day 1. PCA delivery did not provide any additional benefit in pain relief in this cohort.
Susceptibility of Rickettsia monacensis and Rickettsia peacockii to Cecropin A, Ceratotoxin A, and Lysozyme

Ticks host obligate intracellular bacteria that range from benign symbiotes to virulent human pathogens. The effects on those bacteria of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) involved in arthropod innate immunity to microbial infections are largely unknown. We evaluated effects of AMPs and a c-type lysozyme on host cell-free suspensions of the tick symbiotes Rickettsia monacensis and Rickettsia peacockii with stain-based infectivity and viability assays. Cecropin A at a concentration of 8 μM had a lethal effect on both rickettsiae while ceratotoxin A was approximately 20-fold less effective. Toxicity of both AMPs was synergized by lysozyme, an enzyme expressed by ticks. Lactoferrin, a transferrin, had no effect on R. monacensis at up to 110 μM. The rickettsiae were less sensitive to the AMPs than is typical of bacteria that grow extracellularly. Our assays may be useful in the study of AMP activity against other obligate intracellular bacteria.
Nonholonomic mechanics and locomotion: the snakeboard example

Analysis and simulations are performed for a simplified model of a commercially available variant of the skateboard, known as the Snakeboard. Although the model exhibits basic gait patterns seen in a large number of locomotion problems, the analysis tools currently available do not apply to this problem. The difficulty lies primarily in the way in which the nonholonomic constraints enter into the system. As a first step towards understanding systems represented by their model the authors present the equations of motion and perform some controllability analysis for the snakeboard. The authors also perform numerical simulations of possible gait patterns which are characteristic of snakeboard locomotion. >