cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Frontal Sinus Fractures: A Review of 96 Cases

Objectives: The optimal treatment algorithm for frontal sinus fracture management remains ill-defined. The purpose of the study was to classify fracture types, review management methods, document associated injuries, and identify complications associated with various treatment options. Study Design: The authors conducted a retrospective chart review evaluating a 13-year experience with frontal sinus fracture management. Methods: Complete medical records of 96 frontal sinus fracture patients treated by the University of Kentucky Otolaryngology Service from 1990 to 2003 were reviewed. Results: The average patient age was 39 years. Fifty percent of the fractures involved the anterior table of the frontal sinus alone, and 50% involved both anterior and posterior tables. Forty-seven percent of the injuries were managed with observation, whereas 50% of patients underwent surgical repair. In the surgical group, 60% underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 23% had a cranialization procedure, and 17% underwent sinus obliteration. The average length of follow up was 9 months. Complications occurred in 17% of the patients (5% in the nonsurgical group and 12% in the surgical group). Conclusion: Our results support conservative management of nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures based on the low complication rate seen in this series. Significant bone displacement can frequently be managed with simple ORIF. Complex fractures affecting the orbit or intracranial contents require cranialization or possibly obliteration. A subset of patients with suspected frontal sinus outflow obstruction can be considered for observation or simple ORIF with close follow up and endoscopic repair if outflow complications manifest.
Mesures de quelques coefficients piézoélectriques, élastiques et de couplage électromécanique des boracites ferroélectriques/ferroélastiques Cu3B7O13Cl et Cu3B7O13Br

The resonance/antiresonance measurements has been in the mm2 and .hivin.43m phase of Cu-Cl-B (-30 to +200 DegC) and Cu-Br-B (-130 to +100 DegC). The piezoelectric coefficients d31, d32, g31, g32 (mm2 phase) and d14, g14 (.hivin.43m phase), the elastic compliances SE11, SE22, SD11, SD22 (mm2 phase) and the electromechanical coupling factors k231, k232 (mm2) were determined. The relative sign of d31 and d14 is equal and opposite to that of d32. The sign was correlated with the orientation of the etch figures, optical indicatrix, spontaneous polarization and ferroelasticity. The free dielectric constant eT33 (1 MHz) of Cu-Br-B was measured in the mm2 and .hivin.43m phase. The temp. dependence of resonance frequency and elastic compliance reflects a softening of the lattice at the phase transition, being stronger for Cu-Cl-B than for Cu-Br-B.
A tale of two counties: Unemployment and sentence severity

This study explores the relationship between the offender's employment status and sentence severity. We use data on felony offenders sentenced in 1993 in Chicago and in Kansas City to test a number of hypotheses concerning the effect of unemployment on the likelihood of incarceration and the length of the prison sentence. Our analyses reveal a complex relationship between unemployment and sentence severity: Unemployment had a direct effect on the decision to incarcerate or not only in Kansas City, and directly affected sentence length only in Chicago. In addition, unemployment interacted with other offender characteristics. The offender's employment status had no effect on either measure of sentence severity in either jurisdiction if the offender was white. In Chicago, unemployment increased the odds of incarceration for young males and for young Hispanic males, and increased the length of the sentence for males, young males, and black males. In Kansas City, unemployment had no effect on sentence length f...
Distinct role of Hsp70 in Drosophila hemocytes during severe hypoxia

Severe hypoxia can lead to injury and mortality in vertebrate or invertebrate organisms. Our research is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to injury or adaptation to hypoxic stress using Drosophila as a model system. In this study, we employed the UAS-Gal4 system to dissect the protective role of Hsp70 in specific tissues in vivo under severe hypoxia. In contrast to overexpression in tissues such as muscles, heart, and brain, we found that overexpression of Hsp70 in hemocytes of flies provides a remarkable survival benefit to flies exposed to severe hypoxia for days. Furthermore, these flies were tolerant not only to severe hypoxia but also to other stresses such as oxidant stress (e.g., paraquat feeding or hyperoxia). Interestingly we observed that the better survival with Hsp70 overexpression in hemocytes under hypoxia or oxidant stress is causally linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction in whole flies. We also show that hemocytes are a major source of ROS generation, leading to injury during hypoxia, and their elimination results in a better survival under hypoxia. Hence, our study identified a protective role for Hsp70 in Drosophila hemocytes, which is linked to ROS reduction in the whole flies and thus helps in their remarkable survival during oxidant or hypoxic stress.
Competition hybridization by “pre-saturation” of HeLa cell DNA☆

Abstract The apparent saturation in RNA-DNA hybridization experiments of HeLa cell DNA by high molecular weight (>45 s) HnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) has been found to be about 5% of the HeLa cell genome. When saturating amounts of unlabeled HnRNA are exposed to HeLa cell DNA and then removed, the majority of the DNA sites for HnRNA remain blocked. This “pre-saturation competition” is shown to distinguish between L cell and HeLa cell RNA molecules, while the simultaneous addition of unlabeled HeLa cell RNA depresses the hybridization of both HeLa and L cell molecules.
Variance as a function of sample support size

The effect of sample support size on variance is examined and evaluated. Results based on variograms and geostatistics are compared to the classical relationship developed by H. F. Smith in 1938; that is, that the variance is reduced fromV 1 toV 1 /n b as the support area increases from I ton plots for uniformity trials. The exponentb is between zero and one. Theoretical results are based on use of auxiliary functions and account for the size and shape of the sample support and the overall field geometry. Results are given in terms of approximations by rational functions for ease of calculation. Experimental results for uniformity trials, infiltration measurements, and spectral data from satellites are compared to theoretical and empirical results. Applications include not only uniformity trials, but also measurement theory.
The effect of the Vietnam War on numbers of medical school applicants.

—Among the little-noticed but far-reaching side effects of the Vietnam War was its impact on the higher education system. This often-unpopular war, coupled with the military draft and student deferment policies, led many young men to enter educational institutions of all types. Beginning around 1964, there was a surge of enrollments and degrees granted in higher education that began to abate only after the draft ended in 1973. The leading edge of the post-World War II “baby-boom” also became of college age in the mid-1960s and undoubtedly contributed to elevated levels of enrollments and degrees in higher education. But the Vietnam War had an impact over and above the purely demographic, as can be seen when population effects are factored out. This effect largely explains why the numbers of bachelor's degrees and doctorates (Ph.D. degrees and equivalent) granted to men suddenly stopped increasing in 1974 even though the relevant population groups continued to grow throughout the 1970s. The patterns of enrollments and degrees attained by women are quite different from the men's patterns, and they serve to reinforce the evidence of a draft effect. Students in health professions schools of all types were given special consideration under the deferment policies established by the Selective Service System, leading to rapid increases in applications to medical, dental, and other health professions schools during the period 1968–1974. Since then, the health professions schools have had quite similar experiences with applications—those from men have generally declined while those from women have generally increased. Also, career choices are shifting. Men are favoring degrees in business, engineering, and computer sciences over the main fields leading to medical schools — biology and chemistry. Women now outnumber men in number of bachelor's degrees granted annually, and the number of those degrees in the science fields is holding steady. Acad. Med. 64(1989):567–573.
Reprogrammable biological logic gate that exploits noise

Computation underlies the genetic regulatory network activities. Previous studies have designed and engineered systems that can perform single logic gate functionalities, trying to avoid external and internal random fluctuations. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility to exploit noise when it cannot be eliminated. In particular, we adapt the LSR paradigm to a single-gene network derived from the bacteriophage λ and to a more robust two-gene network derived from the yeast S. cerevisiae. Our results demonstrate that in both cases there is an optimal amount of noise where the biological logic gate can be externally reprogrammed (i.e. switch from the AND to the OR gate) and perform well according to the truth table.
The Physician Survey on the Post‐Concussion and Whiplash Syndromes

SYNOPSIS Background: The post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and whiplash syndrome (WS) have been controversial topics among physician for many decades. There is little Information available on the opinions end practices of physicians. Method: In June of 1992, we performed a national survey by mail of the four physician groups most Commonly treating these problems. The number of respondents and response rates were as follows: family physicians, 118, 16%; neurologists, 100, 21%; neurosurgeons, 97, 23%; orthopedists, 82, 13%. The survey Instrument contained items on demographics, definitions, causation, prognosis, medico-legal aspects, testing, and treatment. Results: Only a minority of respondents believe that PCS and WS are clearly defined syndromes. A substantial minority report that psychogenic and litigation factors are most responsible for the Conditions. Most of the physicians believe that PCS and WS have a 3–6 month recovery time. A significant minority Concur that symptoms of the two syndromes resolve when litigation is settled. Most of the physicians order tests to role out pathology although a minority order tests to reassure patients or because of litigation concerns. Only a minority of respondents believe that effective treatments are available. Not surprisingly, a multitude of Conventional and unconventional treatments are sometimes recommended. Conclusions: Many aspects of PCS end WS are controversial among treating physicians. This Controversy can have a profound impact on the quality and cost of patient care. Ongoing research is required to discover more effective treatments for mild brain injury and chronic pain.
Ability to Detect Change in Patient Function: Responsiveness Designs and Methods of Calculation

Abstract In hand clinics, the goal of enabling patient improvement is fostered by the use of assessments with the ability to detect change (responsiveness). Thus, for commonly used assessments, investigations are needed to determine a standardized change index, the amount of change exceeding error estimates (minimal detectable change or MDC), and the amount of change shown to make a clinically relevant difference (clinically important difference or CID). The purpose of study was to serve as an introduction for hand therapists to responsiveness designs and indices and to highlight their application within the clinical setting. The study design used was a narrative review. Method papers and research studies addressing responsiveness were selected and summarized. Currently, several good studies of responsiveness have been conducted. However, there is a need to move beyond the calculation of standardized change indices to include the calculation of clinically meaningful values. For many of the assessments used in hand clinics, there is still a call for investigation of the amount of change, which exceeds error estimates (MDC) and the amount of change shown to make a clinically relevant difference (CID). Level of Evidence N/A.
Examining gender differences in IT professionals' perceptions of job stress in response to technological change

This paper examines antecedents and consequences of IT professionals' perceptions of job stress within the context of assimilating a technological innovation in the workplace. Drawing on recent research on issues of gender within the IT profession (Ahuja 2002; Trauth 2002), as well as on recent studies into gender differences in workplace stress (Gardiner & Tiggeman 1999), we develop a conceptual framework to understand the phenomenon. We develop hypotheses about how the experiences of men and women IT professionals will differ in certain ways as they adopt and adapt to using a technological innovation. Using a mixed-method study of two firms that were adopting a technological innovation, we examine employees' reactions along gender lines. We found that perceived compatibility of the changes being assimilated was inversely related to employees' perceptions of stress for both men and women. While women experienced higher levels of stress and being overworked (as we predicted), there were also some unanticipated findings. Women IT professionals appeared to be more sensitive to the total number of elements in the work environment that were changing (total amount of change) as a precursor to stress. In the one firm where managers provided more autonomy but less supervision in adapting to the new technology, women reported considerably higher levels of stress. Based on both our expected and unexpected findings, we provide insights for IT practitioners to anticipate and manage workplace stress, and we offer future directions for researchers. We argue that our recommendations will allow employers to better accommodate the needs of a diverse workforce.
Frequency upconversion of semiconductor diode lasers

A number of different techniques have been used for nonlinear frequency upconversion of near-infrared semiconductor diode lasers. Intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-laser-pumped 946-nm Nd:YAG laser led to the generation of 9.5 mW of blue 473-nm power. A special electronic servo technique was devised to lock the output frequency of a single-mode GaAlAs diode laser to a monolithic KNbO3 resonator. Using the approach, 41 mW of 428-nm output were obtained with an electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency of about 10 percent. Strained-layer InGaAs/GaAs diode laser operating at about 1 micron have been fabricated for noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling in KTiOPO4. A 802-nm GaAlAs diode laser was used for upconversion pumping of a YLiF4:Er(3+) laser which operates at 551 nm with a threshold power of 50 mW at 77 K.
Stem cell (CFU-C) proliferation and emergence in a case of chronic granulocytic leukaemia: the role of the spleen.

Markedly increased numbers of CFU-C are characteristically found in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The likely sources of these circulating CFU-C are the spleen and/or bone marrow. Using the double layer agar technique we measured peripheral blood cloning efficiency serially, prior to and after splenectomy in a man with CGL. In addition we measured cloning efficiencies of splenic venous blood, spleen cell suspensions, and marrow cell suspensions on the day of surgery. In order to estimate the proliferative status of CFU-C, peripheral blood cells as well as spleen and marrow cell suspensions were exposed to cytosine arabino-side for 60 min prior to culture. Peripheral blood cloning efficiency (155 ± 8 colonies / 2 times 105 cells) decreased markedly (10 ± 3) after splenectomy. Cloning efficiency of splenic venous blood (288 ± 34) was twice that of peripheral venous blood. The surviving fraction of splenic CFU-C after exposure to cytosine arabinoside was 16 % compared to survivals of 67 % and 66 % for marrow and peripheral blood CFU-C respectively. We conclude that the spleen was primarily responsible for the release of CFU-C into the peripheral blood and that the splenic microenvironment may have exerted a more marked stimulatory effect on the replicative activity of CFU-C than did the microenvironment of the marrow.
Speaker indexing using neural network clustering of vowel spectra

Speaker indexing refers to the process of separating speakers within a recording and assigning indices to each unique speaker. This paper describes a new speaker indexing algorithm which dynamically generates and trains a neural network to model each postulated speaker found within a recording. Each neural network is trained to differentiate the vowel spectra of one specific speaker from all other speakers. A method for combining speaker indexing and other annotations of a recording in a general framework is also presented. The speaker indexing system is currently being incorporated into several application systems in the Speech Group at the MIT Media Lab.
The use of semantic network analysis to manage customer complaints

Effective handling of customer complaints is obviously in the consumers’ interest, but analysis of the letters can also provide valuable information to the organization. Organizations can use customer complaints as a way of recording organizational information and tracking effectiveness of their consumer relationship management. In this paper, we argue that organizations should adopt the use of semantic network analysis as an efficient and effective means to track complaints ‐ and what customers are complaining about ‐ over time. We present an example of the use of semantic network analysis with the complete texts of all complaint letters sent to an organization during a one‐year period. The semantic network analysis of the text of the complaint letters identifies the central concerns of this customer group and suggests that the organization address these issues. Through the use of semantic network analysis, an organization can uncover trends and provide support for decision‐making regarding customer rela...
Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Studies of Recombinant Human Interleukin-5

Recombinant human interleukin-5 (rhIL-5) has been crystallized by the hanging drop vapor diffusion method using 0.1 M-Tris.HCl buffer (pH 8.5) containing 0.2 to 0.25 M-sodium acetate and 26 to 30% PEG 4000 at 22 degrees C. The parallel-piped crystals belong to the space group C2 with unit cell dimensions of a = 122.1 A, b = 36.11 A, c = 56.42 A, beta = 98.59 degrees. They diffract to at least 2.0 A resolution on a rotating anode X-ray source. The molecular mass weight of the protein and the volume of the unit cell suggest that the asymmetric unit contains one intermolecular disulfide-bonded homodimer.
Acyclic sets of linear orders via the Bruhat orders

We describe Abello’s acyclic sets of linear orders [SIAM J Discr Math 4(1):1–16, 1991] as the permutations visited by commuting equivalence classes of maximal reduced decompositions. This allows us to strengthen Abello’s structural result: we show that acyclic sets arising from this construction are distributive sublattices of the weak Bruhat order. This, in turn, shows that Abello’s acyclic sets are, in fact, the same as Chameni-Nembua’s distributive covering sublattices (S.T.D.C s). Fishburn’s alternating scheme is shown to be a special case of the Abello/Chameni-Nembua acyclic sets. Any acyclic set that arises in this way can be represented by an arrangement of pseudolines, and we use this representation to derive a simple closed form for the cardinality of the alternating scheme. The higher Bruhat orders prove to be a natural mathematical framework for this approach to the acyclic sets problem.
A phytochemical-rich diet may explain the absence of age-related decline in visual acuity of Amazonian hunter-gatherers in Ecuador

Myopia is absent in undisturbed hunter-gatherers but ubiquitous in modern populations. The link between dietary phytochemicals and eye health is well established, although transition away from a wild diet has reduced phytochemical variety. We hypothesized that when larger quantities and greater variety of wild, seasonal phytochemicals are consumed in a food system, there will be a reduced prevalence of degenerative-based eye disease as measured by visual acuity. We compared food systems and visual acuity across isolated Amazonian Kawymeno Waorani hunter-gatherers and neighboring Kichwa subsistence agrarians, using dietary surveys, dietary pattern observation, and Snellen Illiterate E visual acuity examinations. Hunter-gatherers consumed more food species (130 vs. 63) and more wild plants (80 vs. 4) including 76 wild fruits, thereby obtaining larger variety and quantity of phytochemicals than agrarians. Visual acuity was inversely related to age only in agrarians (r = -.846, P .05). This unusual absence of juvenile-onset vision problems may be related to local, organic, whole food diets of subsistence food systems isolated from modern food production. Our results suggest that intake of a wider variety of plant foods supplying necessary phytochemicals for eye health may help maintain visual acuity and prevent degenerative eye conditions as humans age.
Long-Term Therapy with Recombinant Interferon-Gamma (rIFN-γ) for Atopic Dermatitis

Background Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a potent cytokine that modulates IL-4-induced immune responses. Atopic dermatitis is associated with increased IgE levels and decreased IFN-γ production. Recent phase I and phase II studies have suggested that short-term rIFN-γ therapy is effective in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Objective We evaluated the safety and efficacy of long-term use of rIFN-γ for severe atopic dermatitis. Methods Fifteen patients were treated for a minimum of 22 months with 50 micrograms/m 2 rIFN-γ qd or qod. Patients were monitored every 3 months for safety, efficacy, and linear growth in pediatric patients. Results Data represented a total of 47 patient years, which included 29 pediatric patient years. There was a statistically significant decrease in mean total body surface area involvement over time (P (P P Conclusions We conclude that rIFN-γ appears to be a safe long-term therapy for patients with severe atopic dermatitis.
Comment on resonance broadening

The conflicting results describing the relationship between line width and absorber density in resonance broadening are considered. A reexamination of some of these experiments points to a common difficulty - large optical depth. Formulas are given which approximate the widths and dependencies observed under optically thick conditions. It is concluded that a resonance breadth which is linear with density is consistent with all of the observations and that there is no solid basis for a square root dependence at low density.
Depositional history of organic contaminants on the Palos Verdes Shelf, California

Abstract During more than 60 years, sedimentation on the Palos Verdes Shelf has been dominated by time-varying inputs of municipal wastewater from the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD) and debris from the Portuguese Bend Landslide (PBL). The present study examines the depositional history of wastewater-derived organic contaminants at a site approximately 6–8 km downcurrent from the outfall system. Sediments at this location are impacted by contributions from both sources, but the relative influence of the sources has changed over time. Two classes of hydrophobic organic contaminants (chlorinated hydrocarbons, long-chain alkylbenzenes) were determined in sediment cores collected in 1981 and 1992. Using molecular stratigraphy, we determined average sedimentation rates (cm/year) and mass accumulation rates (g cm −2 year −1 ) for the following periods: 1955–1965, 1965–1971, 1971–1981 and 1981–1992. The results show that sedimentation and mass accumulation rates increased from 1955 to 1971 and decreased from 1971 to 1981. These trends are consistent with historical information on the emission of suspended solids from the outfall system, indicating that the discharge of wastes dominated sedimentation at the site during this period. In the 1980s and early 1990s, however, mass accumulation rates increased in spite of continually decreasing emissions of wastewater solids. Several lines of evidence indicate that this increase was due to mobilization of debris from the PBL during and after unusually strong winter storms in the 1980s. As a result, heavily contaminated sediments deposited during the years of greatest waste emissions (i.e. 1950–1970) have been buried to greater sub-bottom depths, thereby reducing their availability for mobilization to the overlying water column. These results highlight the dynamic nature of sedimentation in contaminated coastal ecosystems and its importance to the long-term fate and effects of toxic substances.
Oncogenic potential of sexually transmitted viruses with special reference to oral cancer

Recent changes in social mores have been accompanied by a noted increase in the frequency of sexually transmitted diseases. Viruses that have been identified as causative agents for a large proportion of these diseases have also been associated with various malignant states. Concomitantly, the number of cases of oral cancer (considered to occur usually around or after the fifth decade of life) reportedly has been increasing among young adults. The oncogenic potential of several sexually transmitted viruses (HSV, HPV, CMV, and LAV/HTLV III) and their possible role in the development of malignant conditions, in particular oral cancer, are discussed in this review.
The effect of age on protein composition of rat cerebral microvessels.

The effect of age on protein composition of cerebral microvessels was investigated by examining the content of glycosylation endproducts in cerebral microvessels isolated from young (3–6 month old), intermediate age (18 month) and aged (24–26 month old) Fischer 344 male rats and by quantitating various protein spots identified with two dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. The results indicate that aging in rats is not associated with significant increase in glycosylation of microvessel proteins. Of the 26 proteins in cerebral microvessels identified on the 2-D gel, ten showed significant age-related changes (p<0.0004) and in two of these the changes were significant as early as 18-months of age. A large acidic protein with a molecular weight of 144,000 and isoelectric point (pI) of 5.4 (Spot #1) was found only in aged rats. The results indicate that aging is associated with significant quantitative changes in protein composition of cerebral microvessels. It is possible that Spot #1 may be a novel biochemical marker of aging blood-brain barrier.
Preschoolers' daytime respiratory sinus arrhythmia and nighttime sleep.

Abstract We examined the association between preschoolers' ( N = 29; 20 boys; M age = 3.99 years, SD = .69) daytime parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and their nighttime sleep. Children's baseline RSA was assessed in the laboratory. Sleep was monitored for seven consecutive nights at the child's home via actigraphy and the following sleep parameters were derived: sleep minutes, sleep activity index and sleep efficiency. Regression analyses showed that after controlling for potential confounds, higher RSA was a predictor of lower sleep activity and higher sleep efficiency. Results highlight the importance of physiological regulation for the sleep of healthy preschool children.
Contribution of articular surface geometry to ankle stabilization.

Background: Passive ankle stability under weight-bearing conditions has been found to depend substantially on the role of the articular surface geometry. In the present study, it was hypothesized that, in the ankle under axial loading, contact-stress changes in response to alterations of external load involve reproducible and specific patterns to maintain ankle stability. Methods: Six cadaver ankles with the peri-ankle ligaments intact were tested. Each specimen, held at several predetermined ankle positions under a primary one-body-weight axial force, was subjected to an additional secondary load. The secondary load—specifically, anterior/posterior shear force, inversion/eversion torque, or internal/external rotation torque—was applied independently, while motion associated with the two other secondary loading directions was unconstrained. Contact stress in the tibiotalar articulation was monitored by a real-time contact-stress sensor. Site-specific stress changes solely due to secondary loading at each load/position were identified by subtraction of the corresponding axial-force-only baseline distribution. The role of these stress changes in ankle stabilization was studied for each specimen by analyzing the data with a computer model of ankle geometry. Results: In the cadaver experiment, anterior and posterior shear forces caused reproducible positive changes in articular contact stresses on the anterior and posterior regions, respectively. Similar changes with version torques occurred on the medial and lateral regions. Positive changes with internal/external rotation torques occurred at two diagonal locations: anterolateral and posteromedial, or anteromedial and posterolateral. In the model analysis, these stress-change patterns were found to be effective in ankle stabilization, and the levels of contribution by the articular surface were calculated as accounting for approximately 70% of anterior/posterior stability, 50% of version stability, and 30% of internal/external rotation stability. Conclusions: The documented changes in contact stress illustrate the major role of articular geometry in passive ankle stabilization. The levels of contribution by the articular surface that we calculated are consistent with those reported in the literature. These findings support the conceptual mechanism of ankle stabilization by redistribution of articular contact stress. Clinical Relevance: Passive ankle stability under weight-bearing conditions appears to be dictated by the integrity of articular surface geometry, implying that any abnormality of that geometry can affect joint kinematics during locomotive activities.
Photoelectrochemical synthesis with pt-coated TiO2 powder: alkylation of 1-alkylpyridinium ion

Abstract A photoelectrochemical approach to the alkylation of 1-alkylpyridinium ion is described. Photolysis of a suspension of Pt-coated TiO 2 (anatase) powder in an aqueous medium containing isobutyric acid and 1-ethylpyridinium perchlorate (pH 3–4) yielded 4-isopropyl-1-ethylpyridinium ion. Seventy percent of the isopropyl radicals generated at the TiO 2 anode sites by the photo-Kolbe process were found to have alkylated 1-ethylpyridinium ion, in the 4-position, with the remaining 30% being reduced to propane.
Calculating transport properties of nanodevices

ABSTRACT The Non Equilibrium Greens Function (NEGF) method is a powerful technique to compute quantum transportproperties of nanoscale electronic devices. It is applicable to a wide range of devices, ranging from nano transis-tors, molecular switches, nano wires... Accurately simulating such devices often requires a 2D or a full 3D model.This leads to a large computational expense. We review existing methods for the fast computation of the densityof charge using the Schr¨ odinger-Poisson equation, and propose a new algorithm which has a signicantly lowercomputational cost and is exact (in the absence of computer roundo errors). The algorithm is applicable inthe presence of various boundary conditions for the source, drain and gate regions, and for devices of arbitrarygeometry.Keywords: Quantum transport, Greens function, sparse matrix, nested dissection 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, nanoscale MOS transistors as well as nanowires and molecular electronic devices have beenactively studied.
Expression, purification and preliminary NMR characterization of isotopically labeled wild-type human heterotrimeric G protein αi1

Molecular-level investigation of proteins is increasingly important to researchers trying to understand the mechanisms of signal transmission. Heterotrimeric G proteins control the activation of many critical signal transmission cascades and are also implicated in numerous diseases. As part of a longer-term investigation of intramolecular motions in RGS and Gα proteins in their apo and complexed forms, we have successfully developed a protocol for preparing milligram quantities of highly purified, isotopically labeled wild-type human Gα(i1) (hGα(i1)) subunit for NMR studies. High levels of expression in Escherichia coli can be attributed to the use of the SUMO fusion protein system, a bacterial strain that produces rare codons, supplementation of minimal medium with small quantities of isotopically labeled rich medium and a lowered induction temperature. Purification of hGα(i1) utilized affinity and size exclusion chromatography, and protein activity was confirmed using fluorescence-based GTP-binding studies. Preliminary NMR analysis of hGα(i1) has shown that high-quality spectra can be obtained at near-physiological temperatures, whereas lower temperature spectra display numerous weak and broadened peaks, providing preliminary evidence for widespread μs-ms timescale exchange. In an effort to further optimize the NMR spectra we prepared a truncated form of hGα(i1) (hGα(i1)-Δ31) in which the 31-residue unstructured N-terminus was removed. This resulted in further improvements in spectral quality by eliminating high-intensity peaks that obscured resonances from structured segments of the protein. We plan to use hGα(i1)-Δ31 in future investigations of protein dynamics by NMR spectroscopy to gain insight into the role of these motions in RGS/Gα binding selectivity.
Hybrid simulations with dynamical quarks: Spectra, screening and thermodynamics☆

Abstract We summarize simulations made by the Argonne/University of Illinois group using the Hybrid algorithm to include dynamical staggered fermions. Recent work on the mass spectrum and screening effects due to the inclusion of four light flavours of dynamical quarks is presented. We also present a brief overview of what we have learned about the finite temperature chiral phase transition.
Attaching Cloud Storage to a Campus Grid Using Parrot, Chirp, and Hadoop

The Hadoop file system is a large scale distributed file system used to manage and quickly process extremely large data sets. We want to utilize Hadoop to assist with data-intensive workloads in a distributed campus grid environment. Unfortunately, the Hadoop file system is not designed to work in such an environment easily or securely. We present a solution that bridges the Chirp distributed file system to Hadoop for simple access to large data sets. Chirp layers on top of Hadoop many grid computing desirables including simple deployment without special privileges, easy access via Parrot, and strong and flexible security Access Control Lists (ACL). We discuss the challenges involved in using Hadoop on a campus grid and evaluate the performance of the combined systems.
Tree-based clustering for gene expression data

Data clustering methods have been proven to be a successful data mining technique in analysis of gene expression data and many other types of data. However, some concerns and challenges still remain, e.g., in gene expression clustering. In this paper, we propose an efficient clustering method using attractor trees. The combination of the density-based approach and the similarity-based approach considers clusters with diverse shapes, densities, and sizes. Experiments on gene expression datasets demonstrate that our approach is efficient and scalable with competitive accuracy.
The Interplay of Big Data, WorldCat, and Dewey

As the premier example of big data in the bibliographic world, WorldCat has the potential to support knowledge discovery in many arenas. After giving evidence for a big data characterization of WorldCat, the paper explores this knowledge discovery potential from two perspectives related to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system: (1) how WorldCat data can inform development of the DDC (classification analytics) and (2) how DDC-classified content in WorldCat can shed light on the bibliographic world itself (collection analytics). In the realm of classification analytics, WorldCat data support decisions to modify the DDC by expanding or reducing the number of classes, adding topical coverage, or adding subject access points; data analysis can support recognition of (1) trending topics and (2) the faceted structure of subject domains. In the realm of collection analytics, the paper considers as possible applications the use of the DDC in the topical "fingerprinting" of categorized content in WorldCat or in performing a bibliographic gap analysis.
Response to cardiac arrests in a hospital setting: delays in ventilation

Abstract The outcome following a cardiac arrest is affected by the length of time that elapses before cardiopulmonary resuscitation is initiated. Only 10–15% of patients experiencing cardiac arrest in hospital settings survive to discharge. Therefore, the time between cardiac arrest and administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a metropolitan hospital was examined. All cardiac and respiratory arrests that occurred in the adult non-intensive care areas of a medical center over a period of 16 months were evaluated within 12 h to determine how much time had elapsed before resuscitation was initiated, the devices utilized for initial airway management, and the outcome. To initiate ventilation, bag-valve-masks (BVMs) were used in the majority (76%) of the efforts to resuscitate while mouth-to-mask resuscitation was performed in another 18%; however, in only 37% of the codes was ventilation initiated within 1 min and in 18% ventilation was started after 3 min. Mouth-to-mask resuscitation resulted in more rapid time to onset of ventilation than BVM. In only 18% of the arrests studied was a ‘lay-on’ mask available in the room and utilized. In 11%, a bag-valve-mask was at the patient's bedside, and in 53% a BVM was taken from the crash cart outside the room. In 63% of the cases where using a lay-on mask was appropriate, it was either not looked for or not present in the patient's room. Also in 37% of the cases where a BVM was needed, one was not readily present because of difficulty in locating the crash cart immediately. Although initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation within a minute of a cardiac or respiratory arrest is the standard of care, in the non-intensive care in-patient cases surveyed, typically more than a minute elapsed, and frequently 3 or more minutes, before resuscitation was started. If the time elapsing before an arresting in-patient is ventilated can be shortened, which is easily and effectively achieved by mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mask resuscitation, an increase in both the survival rate and the number of good neurological outcomes should be expected.
Development and regulation of substance P in sensory neurons in vitro

Substance P (SP), the putative neuropeptide mediator of pain sensation, is contained in small dorsomedial sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. Using different culture techniques and a sensitive radioimmunoassay for SP, we studied the ontogeny and regulation of this functionally important neurotransmitter in these neurons, obtained from neonatal rats. In ganglion explants grown by two different techniques, SP increased two- to threefold during the first week in culture. This rise was predominantly due to mechanisms intrinsic to the ganglion since it occurred in a fully defined medium, in the absence of added nerve growth factor (NGF). Blockade of protein synthesis with cycloheximide prevented the increase in SP suggesting that ongoing protein synthesis was necessary. Furthermore, depolarization with veratridine blocked the increase in SP, an effect which was reversed by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that transmitter characteristics in sensory neurons may be regulated by depolarization and/or transmembrane sodium flux. After a week in culture on a collagen substratum, supplementary NGF was necessary for the continued rise in SP. However, raising the dose of the trophic factor had no incremental effect on SP content, suggesting that NGF was acting primarily on neuronal survival. To approach such questions at the cellular level, ganglia were dissociated and grown in cell culture. In all cultures, SP increased 1.5-fold during the first day. In the absence of NGF, however, SP and cell numbers fell progressively after the second day. NGF elicited parallel increases in cell survival and SP content, supporting the suggestion that NGF acts primarily through neuronal survival to increase SP. Veratridine blocked the increase in SP in a tetrodotoxin-reversible manner, without affecting neuronal survival, indicating that the effects of these agents do not depend on normal ganglionic cellular architecture. Consequently, depolarization probably affects ganglionic sensory neurons directly. Our studies suggest that the development of transmitter characteristics in primary sensory neurons may be regulated by multiple factors, including neuronal activity as well as trophic agents such as NGF.
Determination of dissolved thiols using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatographic determination of fluorescently derivatized thiolic compounds

Abstract A method employing solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC separation of thiol-monobromobimane (mBBr) derivatives was developed and optimized to quantify dissolved thiols at concentrations as low as 0.1 n M for glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γEC) in natural waters. The reducing reagent, tri- n -butylphosphine (TBP), is needed for complete derivatization. At the optimal addition of TBP ([TBP]/[mBBr]=0.4–1.6), no interference from copper was observed. The thiol fluorescence signal was totally suppressed if the mole ratio of TBP to mBBr was 2.6 or greater. Consistent recovery of thiols standards in a NaCl solution (0.5 M ) was obtained using the Waters HLB reversed-phase resin, and blank levels of GSH and γEC were extremely low (less than 0.03 n M ). The detection limits for GSH, γEC and phytochelatin-2 (PC-2) were 0.03, 0.03, and 0.06 n M , respectively.
The human ribosomal RNA genes: structure and organization of the complete repeating unit

The complete repeating unit of the human ribosomal RNA gene has been reconstructed by the cloning of approximately 27 kilobases (kb) of non-transcribed spacer. The structure of this tandemly repeated gene can now be studied in its entirety. We report the analysis of spacer DNA by molecular cloning and its organization in the genome by Southern transfer analysis. These studies reveal both length and sequence variation of the spacer. Sequence variations are distributed throughout the spacer while the length variations exist near the 5' end of the transcript and just beyond the 3' end. The human spacer shares extensive homology with primates but little with other mammals. Within the primates the degree of homology reflects the rapid evolutionary changes characteristic of the primate group.
Autonomy-Based Informed Consent: Ethical Implications for Patient Noncompliance

The problems presented by the noncompliant patient are not new to health care professionals, including physical therapists. Although many of the factors that influence the incidence of noncompliance have been studied, important ethical concerns are often overlooked. This fact has led many health care professionals to make the following assumptions: 1) All cases of noncompliance are problems in need of a solution, 2) the solution to the problem of noncompliance is compliance, 3) all instances of compliance are nonproblematical, and 4) the locus of the problem of noncompliance is the patient. In this article, the issue of patient noncompliance is examined based on an analysis of the moral foundations of informed consent. The above assumptions are shown to be problematic from the moral point of view. Three patient cases are presented to highlight some of the implications for physical therapists who encounter noncompliant patients. Understanding the moral foundation of informed consent can help guide therapists in their communication with all patients, and especially in their interactions with noncompliant patients.
Characteristics and welfare of horses used for transportation in northeast Ohio

This study sought to characterize factors influencing travel speed and document welfare and safety concerns of horses used primarily for transportation. Horse-drawn vehicles and riders (n = 306) were observed at 8 locations, representing 3 communities in northeast Ohio. Environmental conditions, gait characteristics, and driver or rider factors were recorded. Travel speed was correlated with slope (P 1.0), during periods when the heat index (temperature and humidity) was greater than 25°C, and when exhibiting a grade-3 lameness. There was a trend (P = 0.10) for double hitches to travel slower than single hitches. Wagons (4.63 ± 0.25 m/s) traveled slower (P < 0.01) than covered buggies (5.00 ± 0.10 m/s), which traveled slower (P < 0.05) than open buggies (5.35 ± 0.13 m/s). Pacing accounted for 2.6% of the observations, whereas 92.8% of the horses trotted, although speeds were similar. Grade-3 lameness occurred in 4.1% of the horses, which slowed (P < 0.05) travel speed to 4.23 ± 0.35 m/s compared with nonlame horses (5.07 ± 0.07 m/s). Youth drivers were most likely to drive lame horses. Display of slow-moving-vehicle signage varied by community from 41.3 to 94.6%. In this study, lameness was minimal, BCS were acceptable, and appropriate animal welfare allowances were observed for varied environmental conditions.
T Cell Recognition of an Engineered MHC Class I Molecule: Implications for Peptide-Independent Alloreactivity

Previously, we described H-2K(bW9) (K(bW9)), an engineered variant of the murine MHC class I molecule H-2K(b) (K(b)), devoid of the central anchor ("C") pocket owing to a point mutation on the floor of the peptide binding site; this substitution drastically altered selection of bound peptides, such that the peptide repertoires of K(b) and K(bW9) are largely nonoverlapping in vivo. On the basis of these observations, we used K(bW9) and K(b) to revisit the role of peptides in alloreactive T cell recognition. We first compared Ab and TCR recognition of K(bW9) and K(b). Six of six K(b)-specific mAbs, directed against different parts of the molecule, recognized K(bW9) well, albeit at different levels than K(b). Furthermore, K(bW9) readily served as a restriction element for a peptide-specific syngeneic CTL response. Therefore, K(bW9) mutation did not result in gross distortions of the TCR-interacting surface of class I, which was comparable between K(b) and K(bW9). Interestingly, when K(bW9) was used to stimulate allogeneic T cells, it induced an infrequent CTL population that cross-reacted against K(b) and was specific for peptide-independent MHC epitopes. By contrast, K(b)-induced alloreactive CTLs recognized K(b) in a peptide-specific manner, did not cross-react on K(bW9), and were present at much higher frequencies than those induced by K(bW9). Thus, induction of rare peptide-independent CTLs depended on unique structural features of K(bW9), likely due to the elevated floor of the peptide-binding groove and the consequent protruding position of the peptide. These results shed new light on the relationship between TCR and peptide-MHC complex in peptide-independent allorecognition.