cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Vehicles: Building a Test-bed Prototype at a Controlled Environment

Rapid improvements in technology are making autonomous vehicles feasible. Researchers and industry are looking for different methods to implement the concept of smart cities. Autonomous Vehicles provide a unifying framework for several research topics (e.g., navigation, localization and Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning, security, and privacy). Despite significant progress, we believe that fully autonomous vehicles will be deployed initially in constrained environments (e.g., closed-loop areas, gated retirement communities).In this paper, we describe the development of a prototype autonomous golf-cart that can be used as a test-bed for a range of research projects. We explain the details of the conversion from a traditional golf-cart to an autonomously driven one. Our target application is a system of autonomously driven golf-carts for use within a retirement community. We show our testing results, and how Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be used to extend the WiFi coverage for log reporting and to request the golf-cart. Finally, we discuss the challenges and highlight improvements that can be performed on the system.
Labor induction with prostaglandin E1 versus E2: a comparison of outcomes.

Objective To compare the peripartum outcomes when labor is induced with prostaglandins E1 versus E2. Methodology The Consortium of Safe Labor database was utilized. Women with non-anomalous singletons >24 weeks gestation undergoing induction were analyzed. The primary endpoint was a composite adverse maternal outcome with a composite adverse neonatal outcome as our secondary outcome. Results Of the 228,438 births within the database, 8229 (10.8%) met inclusion criteria with 4703 (55.7%) receiving PGE1, and 3741 (44.3%), PGE2. The rate of vaginal delivery was similar between both. Composite adverse maternal outcome, was more likely among the prostaglandin E1: 7.2% vs. 1.5% (aOR 4.20; 95% CI 3.02-5.85); similar trend observed with composite adverse neonatal outcome rates: 4.6% vs. 1.4% (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.14-2.50). Conclusion Utilization of prostaglandin E1, compared to E2, was associated with an increased likelihood of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Statistical radiative transport in one-dimensional media and its application to the terrestrial atmosphere

Abstract This paper describes radiative transfer through a single cloud layer that is horizontally uniform but statistically distributed in the vertical and compares the radiative transfer in such a statistical cloud to its deterministic counterpart. Specific examples of the derivation of the probability density functions of cloud reflection and transmission by single cloud layers are described for given observed statistical distributions of cloud optical depth and single scattering albedo. Numerical results of the probability density functions for cloud albedo, transmission and absorption are presented, as are the moments of these distributions. Although the computations apply to a hypothetical statistical medium that only approximate clouds in the atmosphere to a limited extent, results of this study demonstrate that radiative transfer in the statistical cloud is substantially different from that of its deterministic counterpart having the same ensemble mean properties. It is also demonstrated that the ...
Three-Dimensional Atomistic Simulations of \( \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\) Non-cozone Twin–Twin Interaction in Mg—Role of Twin Stability and Mobility

Given the ease of activation of tensile twinning on the \( \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\) planes in Mg, multiple \( \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\) twin variants can be activated and interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions are twin–twin junctions (TTJs) that can serve as initiation sites for microcracks. Here, we investigate the 3D structural characteristic and evolution of the non-cozone \( \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\) twin–twin junctions using atomistic simulations. This comprehensive approach allows us to identify additional twin–twin boundaries (TTBs) such as the TTBBP and TTBK2. They formed due to the interaction between the basal prismatic (BP) and conjugate twin (K2) interfaces with the coherent twin boundary (CTB). Moreover, the TTJs associated with the \( \left\{ {\bar{1}2\bar{1}2} \right\} \) TTBs are found to promote the growth of the 3-D twin along the normal and forward direction of the twin during the interaction and hinder the detwinning process when loading is reversed.
Quasi-periodic functions and femtosecond pulses

Summary form only given. The recent experiments by Sokolov and colleagues have shown that coherent molecular oscillations may generate a comb of coherent collinear sidebands. This talk describes a practical method for accomplishing such generation. Two Raman generators are placed in series. As an example, the first might be an H/sub 2/ cell with a rotational Raman transition of 587 cm/sup -1/ and the second could be a D/sub 2/ cell with a rotational transition of 179 cm/sup -1/.
A Calculus for Flow-Limited Authorization

Real-world applications routinely make authorization decisions based on dynamic computation. Reasoning about dynamically computed authority is challenging. Integrity of the system might be compromised if attackers can improperly influence the authorizing computation. Confidentiality can also be compromised by authorization, since authorization decisions are often based on sensitive data such as membership lists and passwords. Previous formal models for authorization do not fully address the security implications of permitting trust relationships to change, which limits their ability to reason about authority that derives from dynamic computation. Our goal is an approach to constructing dynamic authorization mechanisms that do not violate confidentiality or integrity. The Flow-Limited Authorization Calculus (FLAC) is a simple, expressive model for reasoning about dynamic authorization as well as an information flow control language for securely implementing various authorization mechanisms. FLAC combines the insights of two previous models: it extends the Dependency Core Calculus with features made possible by the Flow-Limited Authorization Model. FLAC provides strong end-to-end information security guarantees even for programs that incorporate and implement rich dynamic authorization mechanisms. These guarantees include noninterference and robust declassification, which prevent attackers from influencing information disclosures in unauthorized ways. We prove these security properties formally for all FLAC programs and explore the expressiveness of FLAC with several examples.
Symmetrical and asymmetrical directional benefits are present for talkers at the front and side.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of symmetrical and asymmetrical directional microphone settings on speech recognition, localisation and microphone preference in listening condit...
Planarian stem cells sense the identity of the missing pharynx to launch its targeted regeneration

Many animals can repair and regrow body parts through a process called regeneration. Tiny flatworms called planaria have some of the greatest regenerative abilities and can regrow their whole bodies from just a small part. They can do this because around a fifth of their body is made of stem cells, which are cells that continuously produce new cells and turn into other cell types through a process called differentiation. Measuring the gene activity in stem cells from planaria shows that these cells are not all the same. Different groups of stem cells have specific genes turned on which are needed to regrow certain body parts. It is unclear whether all stem cells respond to injuries in the same way, or whether the stem cells that respond are specific to the type of injury. For example, stem cells needed to repair the gut may respond more specifically to gut injuries than to other damage. Bohr et al. studied how stem cells in planaria respond to different injuries, by comparing an injury to a specific organ to a more serious injury involving several organs. The specific injury was the loss of the pharynx, the feeding organ of the flatworm, while the more serious injury was the loss of the entire head. Within hours of removing the pharynx, stem cells that were poised to develop into pharyngeal cells became much more active than other stem cell types. When the head was removed, however, a wide range of stem cells became active to make the different cell types required to build a head. This suggests that stem cells monitor all body parts and respond rapidly and specifically to injuries. These findings add to the understanding of regeneration in animal species, which is of great interest for medicine given humans’ limited ability to heal. Many of the genetic systems that control regeneration in planaria also exist in humans, but are only active before birth. In the long-term, understanding the key genes in these processes and how they are controlled could allow regeneration to be used to treat human injuries.
A Novel Shorthand Approach to Knee Bone Age Using MRI: A Validation and Reliability Study.

Background:Bone-age determination remains a difficult process. An atlas for bone age has been created from knee-ossification patterns on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thereby avoiding the need ...
Living with a Galloping Heart

Over the last few decades, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) with or without the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome often resulting in palpitations and a galloping heart ranks high among the maladies that witnessed a therapeutic revolution, perhaps like no other. In this chapter, the incidence, manifestations, and mechanisms of PSVT, namely, those associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), are reviewed.
Qualitative analysis for social scientists: Codes and coding

Coding is the most difficult operation for inexperienced researchers to understand and to master, as noted earlier. Even when understood theoretically, the actual procedures are still baffling for some people, despite watching an instructor or some other experienced researcher do the coding. What is needed, apparently, are examples of coding steps, and visualizations of actual codes. Finally, considerable practice at coding is requisite. The materials in this chapter are designed to help that learning process. But first recollect that coding: (1) both follows upon and leads to generative questions; (2) fractures the data, thus freeing the researcher from description and forcing interpretation to higher levels of abstraction; (3) is the pivotal operation for moving toward the discovery of a core category or categories; and so (4) moves toward ultimate integration of the entire analysis; as well as (5) yields the desired conceptual density (i.e., relationships among the codes and the development of each) (Glaser 1978, pp. 55–82). To supplement that summary statement, readers should examine again the sections on codes and coding in Chapter 1, and this should be done before studying the materials given below. These consist of several illustrations. The first will illustrate getting off the ground with open coding , by presenting what a research seminar of beginning students did with a fragment of interview data. Next, there is an instance of open coding done with a section of a fieldnote, showing how the initial open coding is done step by step by an experienced analyst. This is followed by a discussion of axial coding illustrated by a set of coding notes done by the same analyst on the same fieldnote.
The Chromatic Index of the Graph of the Assignment Polytope

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chromatic index of the graph of the assignment polytope. Let n be a positive integer, and let Sn denote the set of permutations of {1, . . . , n}. A graph G is defined as follows. The set of vertices of Gn is Sn. Two verticesσ, τ ∈ Sn are joined by an edge in Gn if and only if the permutation σ-1τ has exactly one nontrivial cycle (that is, a cycle of length at least two). Let Ωn denote the nth assignment polytope. Thus, Ωn is the (n – 1)2-dimensional polytope in Rn2 of all n × n nonnegative doubly stochastic matrices. G is the complete graph Kn! for n = 1, 2, 3. The graph G4 is the complete 6-partite graph K4,4,4,4,4,4,. The chapter discusses several basic properties of the Gn. Because a Hamilton-connected graph with at least three vertices has a Hamilton cycle, Gn has a Hamilton cycle for n≥3.
A Discussion of the Training of Applied Microbiologists

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a problem of concern to applied microbiologists which is not strictly scientific in nature, however, if properly understood, could constitute a real advance in applied microbiology. The problem is the training required for a modem, successful, and applied microbiologist. The chapter also discusses the matter of the proper training of applied microbiologists, and suggests that it will be exceedingly difficult to obtain a general agreement on the subject. It seems reasonable that the kind of training necessary should be directed more to the average person than to the genius. For the genius, nothing is difficult; the trick is to be able to do things with a minimum of natural talent.
Microbial detoxification of aflatoxin.

Yeasts, molds, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, and fungal spores were screened for their ability to degrade aflatoxin. Some molds and mold spores partially transformed aflatoxin B1 to new fluorescing compounds. Only one of the bacteria, Flavobacterium (aurantiacum?) NRRL B-184, removed aflatoxin from solution. Both growing and resting cells of B-184 took up toxin irreversibly. Toxin-contaminated milk, oil, peanut butter, peanuts, and corn were completely detoxified, and contaminated soybean was partially detoxified by addition of B-184. Duckling assays showed that detoxification of aflatoxin solutions by B-184 was complete, with no new toxic products being formed.
Los pasos perdidos as Lost World Fiction

El narrador de Los pasos perdidos (1953) de Carpentier, ha intrigado y confundido academicos y criticos desde al menos inicios de 1970 cuando Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria senalo lo que caracterizo como una disonancia en la voz narrativa de la novela. El presente analisis desafia las interpretaciones autobiograficas primarias de la novela que han surgido en los ultimos anos, favoreciendo en cambio por una voz narrativa parodica que sin saberlo se apropia, entre otras tradiciones, el popular genero de ficcion de mundo perdido.
Application of the Combined Reactors Method for Analysis of Steelmaking Process

A new integrated CFD-combined reactors approach is proposed for the description of processes in metallurgical vessels. CFD simulations were used to obtain the melt flow pattern in the vessels (ladle, tundish, and continuous caster mold). From these simulations, the characteristic curves were derived: (i) the residence time distribution curves (RTD) for flow-through systems (at tundish exit or at dendrite coherency surface in the mold) and (ii) the mixing curves for closed systems (ladle). In the next step, the melt flow was represented in a “combined reactors” system consisting of a combination of unit reactors (Plug Flow, Mixer, and Recirculated Volume). An inverse simulation was used to define the volumes of the reactor units and the melt flow rates between them by fitting to the characteristic curves from both methods (CFD and combined reactors). The suggested approach is demonstrated for multiple designs of Ar-stirred ladles, tundish, and SEN. This methodology can be used to enhance traditional post-processing CFD analysis and also as a tool for on-line process control.
Optical amplifiers and fibers for multiwavelength systems

In the past, increasing the data rate (TDM) has been the method of choice to reach higher fiber capacities, but now systems that use multiple wavelength channels (WDM) at both 2.4 and 10 Gb/s are being considered. This change has been driven by a number of factors the most critical of which has been the introduction of the Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).
Cross-Cultural Implications of Entrepreneurial Competencies

The paper deals with cross-cultural entrepreneurial competencies. In the 1960s, David McClelland developed his three factor theory of motivation and expanded his research by examining achievement motivation and economic development and the role of the entrepreneur. His early research built upon the work of Joseph Schumpeter but focused primarily on how to train individuals to be more achievement oriented thus becoming more entrepreneurial.David McClelland research in 1987 on cross-cultural competencies examined traits of successful entrepreneurs regardless of country and type of business. He reports three groups of competencies: 1) The entrepreneurs seem more proactive; 2) They show several characteristics of previously identified achievement motivation; and 3) They show a commitment to others stressing the importance of customer satisfaction, e.g., commitment to work contract, and recognizing the importance of business relationships.In short, McClelland’s research examined achievement motivation and its effect upon an individual’s desire to start and manage a new venture. His later research showed some causality between a highly achievement motivated individual and economic growth (McClelland and Winter 1986). Janet Nixdorff found 32 entrepreneurial competencies from a sample of published journal articles (Nixdorff June 2005).The paper will enlighten the readers about a highly surprising finding of a cross-cultural study of 377 Chinese and Russian entrepreneurs that women entrepreneurs have larger social networks for advice and resources. But men, surprisingly have larger emotional networks, the complex associations that provide warmth, praise, and encouragement – and men apparently profit more from these emotional attachments than women do. (Harvard University Gazette Archives, February 8, 2007).The paper will highlight the pivotal distinctions between small business and entrepreneurship. Carland, et al., (1984) suggest the critical factor distinguishing small business and entrepreneurial owners is innovation, with entrepreneurial types showing innovative combination of resources to achieve a profit, while small business is focused on stability. Peter Drucker has gone so far as to say that small businesses are incapable of being innovative and, therefore, are not run by entrepreneurs. Drucker’s ideas appear based on the lack of resources available to most small firms.The paper is an attempt at constructing bridges via fusing marketing knowledge and culture to entrepreneurial marketing. In other words, innovation – as a “linking pin” of novelty, creativity and the ability to learn, is the critical differentiator between entrepreneurial marketing (as a discipline or a sub-discipline) and mainstream marketing.
Cardiac morphology after conditions of microgravity during Cosmos 2044

Light- and electron-microscopic studies were performed on cardiac muscle from rats flown on COS-MOS 2044 and from four control groups. Average cross-sectional area of myofibers was measured by video analysis of the light-microscopic images of papillary and ventricular muscle samples from all animals. This cross-sectional area was significantly decreased in flight rats (P = 0.03) compared with synchronous controls. Additional findings at the electron-microscopic level consistent with this atrophy were obtained by stereological analysis and optical diffraction analysis of papillary muscle samples. Slightly higher mitochondrial volume density values and mitochondria-to-myofibril ratios as well as normal A-band spacings (d1,0) and Z-band spacings of myofibrils were observed in the tail-suspension and flight groups. General morphological features similar to those in ventricular samples from the previous COSMOS 1887 flight were observed.
Smart communications system (SMARTCOMMS)

A small, 15.2 cm (6 in) diameter autonomous vehicle is under development at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center in Newport, Rhode Island. The objective of the vehicle is to complete an underwater fiber optic communications link. As an expendable device, low cost is a primary consideration. This factor in turn leads to numerous potential dual-use applications.
THE EMERGENCE OF CENTRAL IMMIGRANT GHETTOES IN AMERICAN CITIES: 1840–1920

ABSTRACT The emergence of concentrations of foreign immigrants on the edge of the expanding central business district was one of the most characteristic manifestations of American urban growth between 1840 and 1920. The settlement of newly arrived immigrants in central urban locations has been closely related to the blighting effects of commercial encroachment into adjacent residential quarters. The concept of blight, however, obscures both the diverse social and physical attributes of central residential districts and the different effects of particular types and periods of business expansion upon central immigrant settlement. The selective adoption, subsequent longevity, and diverse characteristics of immigrant residential locations were primarily determined by the timing and dimensions of the expansion of different segments of the central business district during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Interferometric detection of early markers for epithelial ovarian cancer and prognostic markers for acute lymphocytic leukemia

We are developing fluorescence-free interferometric biosensors for the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and prognosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). We can detect potential early markers for EOC (CA125, human epididymus protein 4, osteopontin) spiked into serum as well as elevated CA125 in EOC patient serum. For ALL prognosis we are focusing on three intracellular protein markers (p73, p57/Kip2, and p15/Ink4b), the down-regulation of any two being indicative of a more aggressive cancer. We have detected p15 and p57 spiked into buffer and are preparing to test positive and negative control lysates from bone marrow biopsies.
Macroinvertebrate community responses to a dewatering disturbance gradient in a restored stream

Abstract. Dewatering disturbances are common in aquatic systems and represent a relatively untapped field of disturbance ecology, yet studying dewatering events along gradients in non-dichotomous (i.e. wet/dry) terms is often difficult. Because many stream restorations can essentially be perceived as planned hydrologic manipulations, such systems can make ideal test-cases for understanding processes of hydrological disturbance. In this study we used an experimental drawdown in a 440 ha stream/wetland restoration site to assess aquatic macroinvertebrate community responses to dewatering and subsequent rewetting. The geomorphic nature of the site and the design of the restoration allowed dewatering to occur predictably along a gradient and decoupled the hydrologic response from any geomorphic (i.e. habitat heterogeneity) effects. In the absence of such heterogeneous habitat refugia, reach-scale wetted perimeter and depth conditions exerted a strong control on community structure. The community exhibited an incremental response to dewatering severity over the course of this disturbance, which was made manifest not as a change in community means but as an increase in community variability, or dispersion, at each site. The dewatering also affected inter-species abundance and distributional patterns, as dewatering and rewetting promoted alternate species groups with divergent habitat tolerances. Finally, our results indicate that rapid rewetting – analogous to a hurricane breaking a summer drought – may represent a recovery process rather than an additional disturbance and that such processes, even in newly restored systems, may be rapid.
Accessibility of the CLC-0 Pore to Charged Methanethiosulfonate Reagents

Using the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method, we previously showed that a cysteine residue introduced to the Y512 position of CLC-0 was more rapidly modified by a negatively charged methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagent, 2-sulfonatoethyl MTS (MTSES), than by the positively charged 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl MTS (MTSET). This result suggests that a positive intrinsic pore potential attracts the negatively charged MTS molecule. In this study, we further test this hypothesis of a positive pore potential in CLC-0 and find that the preference for the negatively charged MTS is diminished significantly in modifying the substituted cysteine at a deeper pore position, E166. To examine this conundrum, we study the rates of MTS inhibitions of the E166C current and those of the control mutant current from E166A. The results suggest that the inhibition of E166C by intracellularly applied MTS reagents is tainted by the modification of an endogenous cysteine, C229, located at the channel's dimer interface. After this endogenous cysteine is mutated, CLC-0 resumes its preference for selecting MTSES in modifying E166C, reconfirming the idea that the pore of CLC-0 is indeed built with a positive intrinsic potential. These experiments also reveal that MTS modification of C229 can inhibit the current of CLC-0 depending on the amino acid placed at position 166.
Bubble breakage due to particle collision in a liquid medium: particle wettability effects

Generalisation de l'analyse de Chen et Fan (1989) en considerant la mouillabilite des particules, la masse virtuelle et l'acceleration des bulles. Etude du comportement global de lits fluidises triphasiques en utilisant des particules de mouillabilite differente
STATE-OF-CHARGE ESTIMATION FOR SUPERCAPACITORS: A KALMAN FILTERING FORMULATION

Supercapacitors are an attractive option for energy buffering because of their high efficiency, durability, and low environmental impact. For energy-aware applications, it is desirable to accurately estimate the buffered energy. Under conditions of varying energy supply and demand, estimation of buffered energy by using only the supercapacitor terminal voltage is inaccurate because this does not fully comprehend the physical state of charge. To address this problem, we present a Kalman filtering formulation, using the accepted three-branch circuit model for supercapacitors. Compared with an ideal capacitor, the physically-motivated three-branch model provides a much more accurate representation of the state of charge via three internal state voltages associated with short, medium, and long term charging constants. The proposed Kalman formulation tracks these unobservable internal states. This methodology demonstrates a significantly more accurate estimate of the buffered energy as compared with the alternative models of ideal capacitance or a recursive computation of the stored energy. Simulations conducted with variations that approximate recorded solar intensity profiles, our proposed approach has an error of 1% compared with 31% and 85% for the respective alternative models.
The role of innovation in value creation after spin-off in the USA

This paper suggests a model of value creation during the US spin-off process. While it is a well-known fact that the post-spin-off performance is in general positive, the reason for the performance is still unclear. Based on previous research, we suggest that the parent firm would experience better performance after spin-off. We also suggest that the spin-off would experience better performance vis-a-vis benchmark, due to their innovative activity. We argue that the innovation after spin-off would be the key to explain the relationship between spin-off event and post-spin-off performance.
Memory behaviour of an elastomeric glass by pressure- and temperature-perturbation methods

Abstract The memory behaviour of structural relaxation of a polyurethane elastomeric glass (Solithane 113), by pressure and temperature perturbations from an original state of pressure (2.5 kbar) and temperature (15.0°C), is reported. The Young's modulus, obtained from the compressive stress-strain curves of the glassy samples, is used as a parameter to study its ageing behaviour. The glass samples were subjected to different hydrostatic pressure levels above 2.5 kbar, viz. 3.0, 4.0 and 4.5 kbar, at 15.0°C and held at those pressure levels for 10 h. The pressure was released to 2.5 kbar and the samples were then tested in compression after different ageing times. For temperature-perturbation experiments, the samples were initially pressurized to 2.5 kbar at 15.0°C. Without waiting at that state, they were each cooled down immediately to a lower temperature, viz. 10.0, 5.0 and 0°C, aged for a different time, returned to the initial stage and then tested in compression for the elastic response. The perturbed glass shows higher initial Young's modulus than that of the unperturbed glass, followed by a gradual decrease with ageing time. All relaxation curves eventually trace back to the unperturbed with longer ageing time. The experimental observation is attributed to the fluctuation of excess free volume with ageing time after perturbations by pressure or temperature, as the case may be.
Specificity and transfer effects in time production skill: examining the role of attention

Two experiments examined transfer of a prospective, time production skill under conditions involving changes in concurrent task requirements. Positive transfer of the time production skill might be expected only when the attentional demands of the concurrent task were held constant from training to test. However, some positive transfer was found even when the concurrent task at retraining was made either easier or more difficult than the concurrent task learned during training. The amount and direction of transfer depended more on the pacing of the stimuli in the secondary task than on the difficulty of the secondary task, even though difficulty affects attentional demands more. These findings are consistent with the procedural reinstatement principle of skill learning, by which transfer from one task to another depends on an overlap in procedures required by the two skills.
Imaging choices in occult hip fracture.

Abstract Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.
Feasibility of high-resolution, low-dose chest CT in evaluating the pediatric chest.

Thin-section, high-resolution (1.0/1.5 mm thick slices), low-dose chest CT scans were performed in 55 infants and children. The studies were carried out with 1-and 2-s scan (data acquisition) times using a high-resolution (bone) algorithm. Although there was some motion artifact, the studies provided valuable information for evaluating diffuse parenchymal lung disease. The thin slices provided finer detail and more diagnostic information than images representing thicker sections. Most studies were performed using between 40 and 80 mAs. It is estimated that the patients' radiation exposure was 20% that of conventional high-resolution CT (HRCT) and 57% that of routine chest CT. Diagnostic HRCT scans can be obtained in infants and young children without the need for suspended respiration or specialized ultrafast CT scanners.
Isolated Lung Perfusion With FUDR in the Rat: Pharmacokinetics and Survival

Background Although surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment for metastatic pulmonary colorectal cancer, 5-year survival approaches only 30% to 40%. We have developed a model of isolated left lung perfusion (ILP) with FUDR (2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine) for the treatment of pulmonary colorectal metastases. FUDR ILP toxicity and pharmacokinetics were evaluated and compared with continuous intravenous infusion in the rat. Methods Toxicity was first evaluated in F344 rats (n = 17) after left ILP (20-minute perfusion at 0.5mL/min) with 21mg/mL (n = 11), 28mg/mL (n = 2), 35mg/mL (n = 2), and 70mg/mL (n = 2) of FUDR. Animals were followed up and weights recorded for 14 days postoperatively before a right pneumonectomy was performed to evaluate the effect of FUDR perfusion on left lung function. In the second study, 32 rats (n = 8/group) underwent: systemic FUDR (intravenous), or ILP with 7, 14, and 21mg/mL respectively (ILP 7, ILP 14, and ILP 21 groups). Left lungs and serum were analyzed for FUDR and 5-fluorouracil by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Rats perfused with doses of FUDR greater than 21mg/mL died perioperatively. All animals perfused at 21mg/mL survived until day 14, and 8/11 survived a right pneumonectomy. Rats that survived ILP resumed normal weight gain and grooming habits within 1 week. Pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated that ILP at 21mg/mL maximally elevated total lung FUDR and 5-fluorouracil levels (508.5±96.4 μg/g lung) in comparison with the ILP 14, ILP 7, and intravenous groups (299.1±44.8,116.0±21.1, and 7.5±4.1 μg/g lung, respectively) ( p 0.05). Serum FUDR levels were 10.5±6.8,1.3±0.5, 2.31±1.1, and 1.2±0.4 μg/g lung ( p = not significant) for intravenous, ILP 7, ILP 14, and ILP 21 groups, respectively. Conclusions Isolated left lung perfusion with FUDR is well tolerated to a maximum dose of 21mg/mL and results in significantly higher FUDR and 5-fluorouracil lung levels with low serum levels compared with intravenous treatment. These higher pulmonary levels may offer advantages in the treatment of pulmonary colorectal metastases.
Economy and “New Economy” in the United States and Germany

The expression “New Economy” is used inconsistently. This article reviews the driving forces of the US boom of the 1990s, examining the changes introduced in the period and before, focusing on the IT sector and new technologies. The “New Economy” is not just the new sectors, but changes in the overall economy emanating from them. These changes will not evaporate in an economic slowdown. Comparisons of the USA with Germany and Europe illustrate that the “New Economy” will also continue to develop there on the foundations already laid.
Does selection bias determine the prevalence of the cavum septi pellucidi

This study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of the persistent cavum septi pellucidi in children and adults by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to compare the clinical indications for neuroimaging in the two age groups as a measure of group selection bias. All scans performed at West Virginia University during 1997 were reviewed for the presence of a persistent cavum septi pellucidi. The clinical indications for the MRI study were determined in 100 consecutive adult (17 years of age or older) and 100 consecutive pediatric (younger than 17 years of age) scans. In the 203 pediatric patients the prevalence of a persistent cavum septi pellucidi was 6.9%, and in the 814 adults the prevalence was 2.1%. Mental retardation/developmental delay was the clinical indication for at least 26% of the pediatric patients but was not an indication for neuroimaging in the adult study group. The known association of persistent cavum septi pellucidi with mental retardation and in several groups of patients with conditions clinically characterized by mental dysfunction suggests that the higher prevalence in the pediatric study group may primarily be the result of the patient selection bias operating through the different clinical indications for neuroimaging in the two populations.
Direct Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: Functional Incorporation by Co-condensation with Organosilanes

Mesoscopic organosilicas were synthesized with bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) under basic conditions. Further functionalization was achieved by co-condensation with trialkoxyorganosilanes. Surfactant extraction produced periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO's) functionalized with the respective organosilane pendent groups. Organosilanes used in this study include: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(trimethoxysilylethyl)pyridine, n-(3−triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole, phenethyltrimethoxysilane, and benzyltriethoxysilane. These materials have been characterized by nitrogen gas adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), elemental analysis (EA), and high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of organosilane incorporation on the porous structure of these materials is examined.
Impact of power control on capacity of large scale Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as low-cost alternative for broadband access networks in metropolitan area. In this paper, we revisit power control as a network layer problem in design of WMNs. Specifically, we show that increasing power levels of nodes in WMNs actually results into throughput improvements in node-to-gateway traffic pattern. It is proven that WMNs can achieve per node throughput of O(1=δn) where δ is factor dependent on hop-radius of the network, which in turn is reliant on power control. Also, it is shown that in case of multiple gateways, increasing power levels of nodes is more cost-effective because it results into increased throughput with fewer number of gateways.
ADHESIVITY OF COLON CANCER CELLS DURING IN VITRO METASTASIS

Human colon carcinoma (HCT-8) cells show a stable, metastasis-like phenotype (MLP) when cultured on appropriate soft substrates (21 ~ 47 kPa). Initially epithelial (E) in nature, the HCT-8 cells become rounded (R) and show a number of metastatic hallmarks after only seven days of culture on soft substrate (Tang et al., [2010] "Mechanical force affects expression of an in vitro metastasis-like phenotype in HCT-8 cells," Biophysical Journal99, 2460–2469; Tang et al., [2012a] "Attenuation of cell mechanosensitivity in colon cancer cells during in vitro metastasis," PlosONE7, e50443). Here, we studied the surface nonspecific adhesion of HCT-8 cells throughout the in vitro metastasis process. A novel bio-MEMS force sensor was used to measure the cell-probe nonspecific adhesion. The adhesion characteristics are analyzed using fracture mechanics theory. Our results indicate that the post-metastatic HCT-8 cells (dissociated R cells) display remarkably diminished surface adhesion and are potentially more invasive than original pre-metastatic HCT-8 cells (E cells). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of quantitative data showing the changes in cancer cell adhesion and other cellular mechanical properties during the expression of in vitro metastasis-like phenotype.
Assessing Character Education: Paradigms, Problems, and Potentials

(1991). Assessing Character Education: Paradigms, Problems, and Potentials. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 51-55.
Generation of uniquely encoded light patterns for range data acquisition

Abstract A method is presented for generating an encoded pattern which may be used for a special structured lighting system. This pattern consists of a matrix of colored circles which is projected onto a scene by backlighting. A single camera is used to image the projected colored light beams, and range data for the object are obtained. Because the light pattern is encoded, the correspondence between the projected beams from the pattern and imaged beams is easily determined, and hence range data may be solved for quickly. Further, this method may be used in dynamic environments.
Glued Langmuir-Blodgett film: an unexpected dependency of gluing on polyelectrolyte concentration.

The ionic cross-linking (i.e., "gluing") of a Langmuir-Blodgett bilayer derived from a cationic calix[6]-arene has been found to be strongly dependent upon the concentration of poly(4-styrenesulfonate) that is present in the subphase; that is, relatively high concentrations favor low monolayer viscosities at the air-water interface, good Langmuir-Blodgett transferability, and high-quality bilayers. A model that accounts for this behavior is presented.
Hypersonic shock-wave turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows - Experiment and computation

Solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presented and compared with experimental surface data for a series of hypersonic shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows. The turbulence models used include the standard k-epsilon two-equation eddy viscosity model, a two-layer modification to this model, and a third model with several modifications to account for compressibility effects. Both modified models gave significant improvements for all the test flows.
Hamiltonian formulation of induced gravity in two dimensions.

On construit une formulation hamiltonienne de la theorie de la gravite induite en dimensions 2. Cette formulation differe des travaux precedents en ce que le formalisme est covariant par tous les groupes de transformation en rapport. En particulier, la covariance et/ou l'invariance de diffeomorphisme spatial est partout manifeste; l'espace des phases transporte une representation de l'algebre de Lie du groupe de diffeomorphisme de l'espace-temps; le groupe des isometries conformes est represente de facon projective sur l'espace des phases comme un groupe de symetrie. L'element-cle, qui admet la covariance par rapport aux groupes mentionnes ci-dessus, est l'elargissement de l'espace des phases gravitationnel par l'inclusion du fibre cotangent sur l'espace des immersions d'une surface de Cauchy dans l'espace-temps
CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL FROM RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM

The water-soluble phenol-extracted fractions of the extracellular material from four strains of Rhizobium japonicum, differing in nodulating abilities, were analyzed by both chemical and physical methods to determine if there were any compositional similarities or differences in the carbohydrate, nucleic acid or protein fractions which might be related to the nodulation process. The composition of the water-soluble phenol-extract fraction of all four strains was essentially the same. In all four strains this fraction contained 3-9% carbohydrate, 5-15% ribonucleic acid, and less than 1% protein. The carbohydrate contained glucose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, and glucosamine, plus two unidentified components. No uronic acids were present. The carbohydrate and nucleic acid moieties were partially separated on DEAE-Sephadex. Amino acid analyses indicated the protein to be of an acidic nature. On the basis of these data it would appear that the fractions of the extracellular material analyzed did not differ and could not be associated with a specific role in the nodulation process.
Upper airway obstruction: Infectious cases

In the emergency department, the assessment and management of respiratory distress begins with an evaluation of the upper airway. Even with vaccines and potent antimicrobials, airway obstruction can result from infections of the upper airway. Timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment are key to prevent potentially serious complications. We present several cases involving bacterial infections of the supraglottic, glottie, and subglottic portions of the airway.
INVESTIGATION OF ORAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL POLYCYTHAEMIA.

Abstract Weanling albino rats were made polycythaemic by the administration of a 0.1 per cent solution of cobaltous nitrate in place of the drinking water, provided ad libitum . Erythrocyte counts were made at the beginning of the experiment, after 1 month and at the end of the experimental period which was of 4 months. Haematocrit determinations were also made at the end of the experiment. Histologic studies were made of viscera and oral structures. There was a definite increase in the number of red blood cells and haematocrit values in the experimental group when compared with the controls. No significant histologic differences were noted between groups either in the visceral organs or the oral tissues.
Asparaginase in the treatment of non-ALL hematologic malignancies.

Asparaginases are among the most effective agents against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are Food and Drug Administration-approved for the treatment of pediatric and adult ALL. However, the efficacy of these drugs for the treatment of other hematologic malignancies particularly acute myeloid leukemia is not well established. The mechanism of action of asparaginases has thought to be related to a swift and sustained reduction in serum l-asparagine, which is required for rapid proliferation of metabolically demanding leukemic cells. However, asparagine depletion alone appears not to be sufficient for effective cytotoxic activity of asparaginase against leukemia cells, because glutamine can rescue asparagine-deprived cells by regeneration of asparagine via a transamidation chemical reaction. For this reason, glutamine reduction is also necessary for full anti-leukemic activity of asparaginase. Indeed, both Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginases possess glutaminase enzymatic activity, and their administrations have shown to reduce serum glutamine level by deamidating glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. Emerging data have provided evidence that several types of neoplastic cells require glutamine for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. This fundamental role of glutamine and its metabolic pathways for growth and proliferation of individual malignant cells may identify a special group of patients whose solid or hematologic neoplasms may benefit significantly from interruption of glutamine metabolism. To this end, asparaginase products deserve a second look particularly in non-ALL malignant blood disorders. Here, we review mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of asparaginase focusing on importance of glutamine reduction, pharmacology of asparaginase products, in vitro activities as well as clinical experience of incorporating asparaginase in therapeutic regimens for non-ALL hematologic malignancies.
Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from injured cells.

An in vitro model of myocardial ischemia has been established with primary monolayer cultures of postnatal rat myocardial cells. Ischemic conditions were simulated in vitro by subjecting the myocardial cell cultures to various levels of oxygen and glucose deprivation. The experimental protocol consisted of treatment with 20% or 0% O2 and 1000, 500 or 0 mg glucose per 1 of medium for 4 or 24 hr. Control cultures were treated with 20% O2 and 1000 mg glucose. After the ischemic treatments, cultures of beating muscle (M) cells were evaluated for signs of injury, i.e. leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes into the culture medium. Differences were found in leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from the cultures that were exposed to partial ischemia of glucose deprivation and from those cultures that were exposed to total ischemia of oxygen and glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation alone resulted in a slight-to-moderate loss of LDH and CPK from the cells, whereas total ischemia resulted in a significant release of the two cytoplasmic enzymes. When the cultures were allowed to recover after ischemic treatment in complete medium (1000 mg glucose) and a normal atmosphere of 20% O2, they had levels of LDH leakage comparable to those of control cultures. Cell viability and total protein content of the ischemic cultures did not differ significantly from controls.