cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability of control in intermittent exotropia

Purpose Assessing control is thought to be important in the management of intermittent exotropia, including the decision to perform surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence and degree of any change in control occurring over the course of 1 day using a previously described 6-point clinic control scale and to evaluate interobserver and minute-to-minute variability. Design Prospective case series. Participants Twenty-five patients with intermittent exotropia. Methods Interobserver agreement was determined in 17 patients by comparing control scores assessed simultaneously by 2 observers (κ test). Minute-to-minute variability was observed in the same 17 patients by assessing control twice within 5 minutes. Variability over 1 day was assessed in 5 of these patients plus 8 additional patients (n = 13) by comparing 3 or 4 assessments at least 2 hours apart. Main Outcome Measure Control of intermittent exotropia measured using a 6-point clinic control scale. Results Interobserver agreement was high (κ = 0.94 for distance and κ = 0.95 for near fixation). Disagreements were no more than 1 level on the control scale; therefore, for further analysis, change in control was defined as ≥2 levels. For minute-to-minute variability, 4 (24%) of the 17 patients tested twice within 5 minutes showed a change in control: 1 (6%) changed from tropia to phoria at distance and 3 (18%) changed from phoria to tropia at near. Of the 13 patients assessed over 1 day, 6 (46%) showed change in control: 2 at distance fixation only, 3 at near only, and 1 at near and distance. Conclusions Control of intermittent exotropia can vary throughout the day, even within minutes, including from phoric to tropic and vice versa. The worst level of control was not always later in the day. This suggests that an isolated assessment of control may not categorize severity of intermittent exotropia in an individual patient.
Oral form perception skills of stuttering and nonstuttering children measured by stereognosis

Abstract It has been suggested that a primary causative factor in stuttering is a disordered feedback mechanism. Some researchers have explored the relationship between stuttering and the integrity of the feedback mechanism through studies of oral form perception. The studies on the relationship between stuttering and oral form perception have been carried out largely on adult populations. The results of those studies have been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of stuttering to oral form perception in a school-age population. The results are in agreement with previous studies which have indicated that stutters do not do as well as non-stutters on tasks of oral form perception.
Fiber optic sensor for composite cure monitoring

The fiber/resin interface is critical to the final mechanical properties of a fiber reinforced composite material. To directly study this region, Robello siloxane (RBS) was grafted to glass surfaces. RBS contains a dimethylaminonitrostilbene fluorophore tethered to a isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent. Silane coupling agent chemistry was used to deposit small amounts of RBS to glass surfaces in a mixed silane layer with a diluting coupling agent. The fluorescence response of grafted RBS was sensitive to the chemical functionality of the diluting coupling agent. A blue shift in fluorescence from the grafted RBS dye can be followed during cure of an epoxy resin over layer, giving the technique potential to monitor cure in the interfacial region.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Time-Resolved Water Measurement in a PEM Fuel Cell Using High-Resolution Neutron Imaging Technique

The dynamic process of water transport along the through-plane direction in the membrane electrode assembly of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell was investigated using the high-resolution neutron imaging. Four different membrane/gas diffusion layer or membrane/gas diffusion electrode assemblies were tested by measuring the through-plane water thickness profiles. The results indicate that proper design and assembly of the test fixture are critical for accurate water measurement; the accumulation speed of liquid water inside an assembly varies with time; the ionomer in catalyst layers could facilitate water management in the membrane; the time constants for wetting and drying processes are functions of gas diffusion layer thickness, inlet flow rate, and gas dew point; and the time constant for the wetting process is about 1.4 times longer than the corresponding drying process.
SU‐E‐T‐884: Dosimetric Evaluation of Arc Techniques in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: Conventionally, conformal arcs (called dynamic in BrainLab) are used in cranial stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS). This study dosimetrically evaluates the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and VMAT‐conformal hybrid plans against conformal‐arc plans. In hybrid plans, various numbers of conformal arcs in a conformal plan are replaced with VMAT‐arcs.Methods: Ten brain‐cancer patients previously treated with SRS using conformal arcs were retrospectively studied with various numbers of VMAT‐arcs replacing conformal arcs. Pure VMAT plans of different numbers of arcs generated using the same angle and arc length of all or part of the conformal arcs were compared with the original and hybrid plans. SmartArc was used for VMAT planning for a Novalis accelerator. The conformity index (CI), defined as the ratio of the isodose volume to the isodose covered target volume, gradient index (GI), defined as the ratio of the 30%‐isodose volume (V30) to the 100%‐isodose volume, mean dose in target were studied.Results: With one of the conformal arcs replaced with a VMAT‐arc, the average CI improved from 1.28±0.11 of the conformal plans to 1.22±0.11 while GI degraded from 6.04±1.10 to 10.10±4.90. The CI and GI changed little with the number of arcs being replaced. Pure VMAT plans demonstrated better CI when the number of arcs was greater than 2. For plans of 3 VMAT arcs, the CI and GI were 1.22±0.16 and 9.54±2.95 respectively. GI improves with more arcs, but never gets better than conformal‐arc plans. The degraded GI in plans with VMAT‐arcs is because of the absence of beam‐margin limit in SmartArc planning. The target mean dose was about the same. Conclusions: VMAT and conformal‐VMAT hybrid plans usually offer better target conformity but compromise dose fall‐off in normal tissues. The number of arcs in VMAT plans is recommended to be greater than 2.
Least Squares and Integral Methods for the Spherical Harmonic Analysis of the Sq-Field

Spherical harmonic coefficients (SHCs) for the daily magnetic variation fields (solar and lunar) and the main field of the earth are usually estimated by the method of least squares applied to a truncated spherical harmonic series. In this paper, an integral method for computing the SHCs for the solar quiet daily magnetic variation field Sq is described and applied to Sq data for May and June 1965. The Sq SHCs thus derived are then compared with the results obtained using both unweighted and weighted versions of the least squares method. The weighting used tends to orthogonalize the least squares terms. The integral and weighted least squares results agree closely for terms up to order 4 and degree 30, but both disagree considerably for the higher degree terms with the results of the unweighted least squares. Errors introduced by the numerical integration can be shown to be small, hence the disagreement between integral and unweighted least squares coefficient sets arises from improper weighting. Also, it is concluded that discrepancies between the geomagnetic northward and eastward component-derived coefficient sets arise from either time-dependent external sources that produce non-local-time, based fields or nonpotential sources and not from truncation of the spherical harmonic series as has previously been suggested.
Public Opinion, Demonstrations,and the Passage of Antidiscrimination Legislation

This paper considers the relationship of public opinion and demonstrations to the passage of federal civil rights legislation since World War II. Congress passed such legislation when substantial majorities of the population favored equal rights and the proportion favoring equal rights was clearly increasing. The evidence is consistent with the notion that civil rights demonstrations played a significant role in the passage of the legislation. Both demonstrations and changes in public opinion appear to have been necessary components of the drive to provoke congressional action. Paul Burstein is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, Yale University. The author wishes to thank Richard Berk, Mildred Schwartz, William Freudenburg, Russell Neuman, and Russell Schutt for helpful advice and comments. The data utilized in this paper were made available in part by the Roper Public Opinion Research Center, the National Opinion Research Center, and the Inter-University Consortium for Political Research. Neither the original collectors of the data nor these organizations bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretations presented here. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1979 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/79/0043-0157/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.138 on Thu, 19 May 2016 05:19:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Radiogenic helium in xenoliths from Simcoe, Washington, USA: implications for metasomatic processes in the mantle wedge above subduction zones

Abstract We report 3 He / 4 He ratios from 10 peridotite xenoliths considered to represent samples of the uppermost mantle wedge above the downgoing Juan de Fuca Plate. Helium isotopic ratios in all but two of the xenoliths are similar to many arc magmas, roughly ∼7 Ra (1 Ra=atmospheric value). Based on decoupling of He from Sr, Nd and Os in these samples, similar He ratios in olivines from rims of larger xenoliths, and modeling of helium exchange between xenoliths and magmas, we interpret this ratio as that of helium in the host basalt. 3 He / 4 He ratios as low as 4.2 Ra are found in olivines from the cores of the two largest xenoliths. These results cannot be reasonably explained by interaction with crustal material or post-eruptive ingrowth of 4 He , but have been produced by interaction between mantle peridotite and a 4 He -rich melt or fluid. Either 4 He already present in the subducting oceanic crust has been retained to significant depths below Simcoe and then directly released behind the arc to interact with the mantle wedge, or, more likely, 4 He has been produced by decay of U and Th in metasomatized mantle directly above the slab; a He-rich fluid or melt from this source has then ascended and modified the region of mantle represented by the xenoliths. This latter model is supported by estimates of residence time for the Simcoe metasomatic agent from U–Th–Pb isotopic systematics of pyroxenes from the Simcoe peridotites, estimated U and Th concentrations in the source of the fluid or melt, and commonly assumed patterns of helium behavior. This model is also consistent with higher 3 He / 4 He ratios typically measured in arc samples; the portion of sub-arc mantle with such low He isotope ratios may be quite small, but the Simcoe xenoliths record a much larger volumetric contribution of the He-rich metasomatic agent than do arc lavas.
Students with Learning Disabilities at Primary, Intermediate, and Secondary Grade Levels: Identification and Characteristics.

This study provided descriptive information about 790 students with learning disabilities at primary (K-2), intermediate (3–5), and secondary (6–12) grade levels who were identified during the 1987–88 school year in Indiana. The results revealed that identification of students with learning disabilities peaked in the first grade, and that 76% of these students were identified by the end of grade 5. Furthermore, students with more severe discrepancies tended to be identified at the primary level; discrepancies became less severe in higher grade levels. Additional findings were reviewed, and the results of the investigation were compared to previous large-scale studies of students with learning disabilities.
Evolution of a large scale lecture capture deployment

Purdue University started course lecture capture over 30 years ago using reel-to-reel and then audio cassette tape. New digital technology paved the way for large scale deployment in 272 classrooms at Purdue in summer 2009. The new system offered a more automated capturing process, tighter integration with the existing infrastructure, and expanded content options. We will discuss what we discovered during the first year of the new "BoilerCast" system. We will describe what it took to install the system, what it takes to run it, and how it works. We will also provide details about the types of content that are captured and how the system is made available for students to use. From the results of a survey conducted in Spring 2010, and from working closely with instructors, we have insights on how well the system has been received. We will also share the growing pains and lessons learned, and our thoughts on the future of our lecture capture system.
Empirical Value Iteration for approximate dynamic programming

We propose a simulation based algorithm, Empirical Value Iteration (EVI) algorithm, for finding the optimal value function of an MDP with infinite horizon discounted cost criteria when the transition probability kernels are unknown. Unlike simulation based algorithms using stochastic approximation techniques which give only asymptotic convergence results, we give provable, non-asymptotic performance guarantees in terms of sample complexity results: given e > 0 and δ > 0, we specify the minimum number of simulation samples n(e; δ) needed in each iteration and the minimum number of iterations t(e; δ) that are sufficient for the EVI to yield, with a probability at least 1 - δ, an approximate value function that is at least e close to the optimal value function.
Preliminary report on burning of single particles of retorted shale

Abstract High-temperature dynamic interactions of a single retorted shale particle with a multicomponent gaseous mixture are formulated into a detailed mathematical framework. Various gas—solid, gas—gas and solid—solid reactions are included to preserve the essential characteristic features of the physical system. The model predictions include the temperature and molar gradients as well as the extents of carbon combustion, calcination and silication reactions. The development of the model is not constrained by any particular kinetic rate expression and is sufficiently flexible to be readily incorporated into a macroscopic combustor model.
Changing Patterns Of Incorporation Of [14C]Histidine And [3H]Leucine Into Epidermal Proteins During Differentiation Of Fetal Rat Skin

Synthesis of epidermal proteins has been assessed during epidermal differentiation in Fetal rat skin by studies of the simultaneous incorporation of [[ 14 ]C]histidine (H) and [ 14 ]leucine (L) in vitro. Relative incorporation of the two amino acids into epidermal proteins was assessed in terms of H/L ratios and absolute rates of incorporation related to DNA content. Biochemical parameters were correlated with morphologic development. An increase in incorporation of both amino acids accompanied stratification and development of granular and cornified layers between 18 days of gestation and 3 to 5 days postpartum. Relatively greater incorporation of histidine after development of mature granular cells and stratum corneum was reflected in increasing H/L ratios. These results correlated with negative Pauly staining of the initial fetal keratohyaline granules at day 18 and positive staining of mature granules at subsequent stages of development. H/L ratios appear to represent a sensitive marker for differential protein synthesis during differentiation in whole epidermis. The results suggest that biosynthesis of histidine-rich protein is associated with production of mature keratohyaline granules during fetal development.
Equational theories and database constraints

We present a novel way to formulate database dependencies as sentences of first-order logic, using equational statements instead of Horn clauses. Dependency implication is directly reduced to equational implication. Our approach is powerful enough to express functional and inclusion dependencies, which are the most common database constraints. We present a new proof procedure for these dependencies. We use our equational formulation to derive new upper and lower bounds for the complexity of their implication problems.
Chronic Inflammation in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung: Alterations in Inter- and Intracellular Signaling

A vicious cycle of airway obstruction, infection, and inflammation continues to cause most of the morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Mutations that result in decreased expression or function of the membrane Cl− channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), result in a decrease in the volume (and hence the depth) of liquid on the airway surface, impaired ciliary function, and dehydrated glandular secretions. In turn, these abnormalities contribute to a milieu, which promotes chronic infection with a limited but unique spectrum of microorganisms. Defects in CFTR also perturb regulation of several intracellular signaling pathways including signal transducers and activator of transcription, I-κB and nuclear factor-kappa B, and low molecular weight GTPases. Together, these abnormalities result in excessive production of NF-κB dependent cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and IL-8. There are decreased responses to interferon gamma and transforming growth factor beta leading to decreased production of iNOS and NO. Abnormalities of lipid mediators and decreased secretion of counter/regulatory cytokines have also been reported. Together, these effects combine to create a chronic inflammatory process, which damages and obstructs the airways, and eventually claims the life of the patient.
Metabolic-morphologic events in the integument of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

Light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to obtain a coordinated metabolic-morphologic view of some of the events of cellular differentiation that occur across the epidermis of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and which enable this animal to secrete copious amounts of mucus. As judged by epidermal incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in vivo, about 98 % of DNA replication is confined to the basal three layers of the total of 6–8 layers of cells. Small mucous cells (SMC), the most numerous of the three major cell types involved in mucigenesis, show in vitro and in vivo radioincorporation profiles of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine which differ markedly from those of [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose. Time-course incorporation profiles (mean silver grains/cell and percentage of cells with at least one cluster of silver grains) of [3H]-L-lysine and [3H]-D-glucosamine not only reflected the metabolic activities of cell renewal and differentiation in basally-located cells but also the high mucigenic activity in cells near the epidermal surface. By contrast, [3H]-L-fucose and [3H]-D-galactose were mainly incorporated by the more mature SMC in juxtanuclear regions near Golgi complexes and newly formed secretory vesicles. The intensity of [3H]-fucose labeling appeared proportional to the intensity of histochemical staining of the apical cytoplasm. The prominent capsule, within SMC in basal and lateral regions, which arises from a tight intermingling of tonofilaments, appears to restrict secretory vesicles to apical regions while the cell progressively differentiates and migrates to the epidermal surface. The other mucigenic cell types, large mucous cells and thread cells, each show distinctive differentiation and radioincorporation patterns.
Interactive query expansion: a user-based evaluation in a relevance feedback environment

A user-centered investigation of interactive query expansion within the context of a relevance feedback system is presented in this article. Data were collected from 25 searches using the INSPEC database. The data collection mechanisms included questionnaires, transaction logs, and relevance evaluations. The results discuss issues that relate to query expansion, retrieval effectiveness, the correspondence of the on-line-to-off-line relevance judgments, and the selection of terms for query expansion by users (interactive query expansion). The main conclusions drawn from the results of the study are that: (1) one-third of the terms presented to users in a list of candidate terms for query expansion was identified by the users as potentially useful for query expansion. (2) These terms were mainly judged as either variant expressions (synonyms) or alternative (related) terms to the initial query terms. However, a substantial portion of the selected terms were identified as representing new ideas. (3) The relationships identified between the five best terms selected by the users for query expansion and the initial query terms were that: (a) 34% of the query expansion terms have no relationship or other type of correspondence with a query term; (b) 66% of the remaining query expansion terms have a relationship to the query terms. These relationships were: narrower term (46%), broader term (3%), related term (17%). (4) The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of interactive query expansion. The initial search produced on average three highly relevant documents; the query expansion search produced on average nine further highly relevant documents. The conclusions highlight the need for more research on: interactive query expansion, the comparative evaluation of automatic vs. interactive query expansion, the study of weighted Web-based or Web-accessible retrieval systems in operational environments, and for user studies in searching ranked retrieval systems in general.
Semi-automated digital image analysis of joint space width in knee radiographs

Objective To design a semi-automated program to measure the minimum tibiofemoral joint space width (JSW) of knee radiographs.
REPAIR OF DIGESTIVE TUBULE TISSUE OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS, DAMAGED BY IONIZING RADIATION.

Abstract Degeneration of the digestive tubules following irradiation with 20 Krads is briefly described. Epithelial denudation is the ultimate observable manifestation. All normal epithelial cells, i.e., crypt or generative cells, secretory and absorptive cells, are sloughed and only an abnormal squamous cell lining remains. Cell repopulation or regeneration begins with the formation of cell nests or epithelial islands through mitotic division of either uninjured or repaired crypt cells, or possibly both. Subsequent migration of these cells from the islands ultimately results in reepithelization of the tubule.
Localization of the cockroach optic lobe circadian pacemaker with microlesions

Electrolytic microlesions were made at various sites in optic lobes of cockroaches Leucophaea maderae, and animals were assayed for circadian locomotor rhythms. Lesions placed in the lamina or medulla disrupted rhythmicity in only a few animals (3 out of 55). Lesions placed in or near the lobula produced a greater fraction of arrhythmic roaches (18 out of 45). Over half of these lesions either included or were centered in the cell body regions bordering the second optic chiasm and the lobula. The results suggest that the cell bodies and not the neuropile areas of the lobe are the crucial elements of the clock driving the cockroach's circadian activity rhythm.
In vivo Multiphoton Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Free and Protein-Bound NADH in Normal and Pre-Cancerous Epithelia

Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a three-dimensional functional imaging technique with cellular resolution. Multiphoton FLIM of the endogenous metabolic coenzyme NADH was utilized for the non-invasive characterization of epithelial pre-cancers.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.

Disease overview: The myelodysplastic (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). MDS occurs more frequently in older male and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry or molecular genetics is complementary but not diagnostic. Risk-stratification: Prognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of peripheral cytopenias, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow and cytogenetic characteristics. The most commonly used system is the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). IPSS is likely to be replaced by a new revised score (IPSS-R) and by the incorporation of new molecular markers recently described. Risk-adapted therapy: Therapy is selected based on risk, transfusion needs, percent of bone marrow blasts and more recently cytogenetic profile. Goals of therapy are different in lower risk patients than in higher risk. In lower risk, the goal is to decrease transfusion needs and transformation to higher risk disease or AML, as well as to improve survival. In higher risk, the goal is to prolong survival. Current available therapies include growth factor support, lenalidomide, hypomethylating agents, intensive chemotherapy, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of lenalidomide has significant clinical activity in patients with lower risk disease, anemia, and a chromosome 5 alteration. 5-Azacitidine and decitabine have activity in higher risk MDS. 5-Azacitidine has been shown to improve survival in higher risk MDS. A number of new molecular lesions have been described in MDS that may serve as new therapeutic targets or aid in the selection of currently available agents. Additional supportive care measures may include the use of prophylactic antibiotics and iron chelation. Management of progressive or refractory disease: There are no approved interventions for patients with progressive or refractory disease particularly after hypomethylating based therapy. Options include cytarabine based therapy, transplantation and participation on a clinical trial. Am. J. Hematol. 89:98–108, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiotherapy for metastases to the mandible in children.

Abstract Purpose: We present a retrospective review of all children treated since 1979 at our institution with radiotherapy for symptomatic metastases that involve the mandible. Patients and Methods: Nine children were treated with 1 or more courses of radiotherapy for symptomatic metastases that involve the mandible. Six children had a neuroblastoma, 1 had angiosarcoma of the liver, 1 had adenocarcinoma of the rectum, and 1 had peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Ewing's sarcoma) of the spine. In 3 children, the mandible was the first bone involved by metastases. Seven children were treated with short intensive courses of radiotherapy consisting of 1 to 3 fractions to a total dose of 400 to 1,200 cGy. One child received 2,400 cGy in 6 fractions, and another child received 3,000 cGy in 10 fractions. Three children were treated with second courses of radiotherapy at 1, 2, and 5 months, respectively, from the initial course of radiotherapy. All children had received chemotherapy. Results: All children died of disseminated disease at 5 to 59 months from their initial diagnosis, 5 to 29 months from the detection of metastases to bone, and only 6 days to 17 months (median, 2 months) from the first treatment of metastases to the mandible. Conclusions: The outlook for children with metastases that involve the mandible is very poor, and we recommend short intensive courses of radiotherapy consisting of 1 to 3 treatments to total doses of 400 to 1,200 cGy for palliation of pain. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:269-271, 2002
Application of Model Free Control Method in the Glass Manufacture

Most control system of glass manufacture are DCS in which the control arithmetic of fundamental control unit is PID. Because glass-manufacture technique is a complex process, the control effect in PID is not perfect. Model Free Control Method does not depend on mathematics model of controlled system, and it is designed on the basis of idea of function combination. The Model Free Control Method was applied in process control of Shenyang Yaohua Glassworks to satisfy the production demand. The feedforward control was also adapted. The successful application proves the excellence performance of the Method in process control. The paper shows the feasibility of Model Free Control Method applied in those correlative industries. The result indicates that Model Free Control Method could be used in complex and difficult control loop instead of PID Control.
The Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study

Objective To determine the incidence of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). Design Retrospective analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. Participants We included 1636 ocular hypertensive participants with a mean follow-up of 9.1 years. Participants in the medication and observation groups were managed according to their original randomization assignment until June 1, 2002. At that time, the observation participants were offered ocular hypotensive treatment. Data to July 1, 2005, are included in this report. Methods Occurrences of RVO in study participants, categorized as branch, central or hemicentral vein occlusion, were documented. Potential RVO events were identified by a keyword search of Adverse Event Reports, the Optic Disc Reading Center database, Endpoint Committee reviews, and by response to a written request for information sent to each clinical site. To confirm a potential RVO, the complete OHTS chart was reviewed. Statistical analyses included t tests, chi-square tests and Cox proportional hazards models. Main outcome measures Incidence of RVO. Results Twenty-six RVOs-5 branch, 14 central, and 7 hemicentral RVOs-were confirmed in 23 participants (15 observation and 8 medication). The 10-year cumulative incidence of RVO was 2.1% in the observation group and 1.4% in the medication group (P = 0.14; log-rank test). At baseline, participants who later developed a RVO were significantly older (65.1 vs 55.3 years; P = 0.01), and had greater horizontal cup-to-disc ratios (P = 0.0004). Conclusions Although the incidence of RVO was higher in the observation group than the medication group, this difference did not attain significance. Consistent with some previous studies, older age and greater cup-to-disc ratio were associated with the development of RVO.
Olanzapine's effects to reduce fear and anxiety and enhance social interactions coincide with increased progestin concentrations of ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Administration of olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug, can dose-dependently increase the levels of progesterone’s metabolite, 5α-pregnane-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) in the brain, which may have anxiolytic effects. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of olanzapine administration on anxiety behavior and progestin levels. Ovariectomized (ovx) rats (N = 33) were administered olanzapine (IP: 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline buffered with acetic acid) and an hour later were tested for motor and anxiety behavior (n = 8 per group) or had tissue collected for measurement of progestin concentrations (n = 3 per group). Rats that were administered 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg of olanzapine spent less time freezing in response to shock in the defensive burying task, spent more time on the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, and spent more time in social interaction with a conspecific than did vehicle-administered rats. Olanzapine (5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, IP) significantly increased plasma and produced non-significant increases in whole brain concentrations of progesterone and 3α,5α-THP compared to that seen following vehicle administration. Together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that olanzapine reduces fear, has anxiolytic effects, and may enhance social interaction in part due to increasing progestin concentrations.
Children's Strategies and Goals in Response to Help‐Giving and Help‐Seeking Tasks Within a Friendship

The present research tested whether children's responses to help-giving and help-seeking friendship tasks predicted how many friends they had and the quality of their best friendship. Fifth-grade children (N=511; typically 10 or 11 years old) responded to vignettes in which they could either give help to a friend or seek help from a friend. Children's strategies and goals in both contexts were significantly correlated with the number of friends children had. Responses in the help-giving context but not in the help-seeking context were significantly associated with friendship quality. Although gender differences in strategies and goals were found, strategies and goals were related to the number of friends and friendship quality for both boys and girls.
Fundamental frequency and speech intelligibility in background noise.

Speech reception in noise is an especially difficult problem for listeners with hearing impairment as well as for users of cochlear implants (CIs). One likely cause of this is an inability to ‘glimpse’ a target talker in a fluctuating background, which has been linked to deficits in temporal fine-structure processing. A fine-structure cue that has the potential to be beneficial for speech reception in noise is fundamental frequency (F0). A challenging problem, however, is delivering the cue to these individuals. The benefits to speech intelligibility of F0 for both listeners with hearing impairment and users of CIs are reviewed, as well as various methods of delivering F0 to these listeners.
Molecular structure of flavocytochrome b2 at 2.4 A resolution.

The crystal structure of flavocytochrome b2 has been solved at 3.0 A resolution by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering. Area detector data from native and two heavy-atom derivative crystals were used. The phases were refined by the B.C. Wang phase-filtering procedure utilizing the 67% (v/v) solvent content of the crystals. A molecular model was built first on a minimap and then on computer graphics from a combination of maps both averaged and not averaged about the molecular symmetry axis. The structure was extended to 2.4 A resolution using film data recorded at a synchrotron and refined by the Hendrickson-Konnert procedure. The molecule, a tetramer of Mr 230,000, is located on a crystallographic 2-fold axis and possesses local 4-fold symmetry. Each subunit is composed of two domains, one binding a heme and the other an FMN prosthetic group. In subunit 1, both the cystochrome and the flavin-binding domain are visible in the electron density map. In subunit 2 the cytochrome domain is disordered. However, in the latter, a molecule of pyruvate, the product of the enzymatic reaction, is bound at the active site. The cytochrome domain consists of residues 1 to 99 and is folded in a fashion similar to the homologous soluble fragment of cytochrome b5. The flavin binding domain contains a parallel beta 8 alpha 8 barrel structure and is composed of residues 100 to 486. The remaining 25 residues form a tail that wraps around the molecular 4-fold axis and is in contact with each remaining subunit. The FMN moiety, which is located at the C-terminal end of the central beta-barrel, is mostly sequestered from solvent; it forms hydrogen bond interactions with main- and side-chain atoms from six of the eight beta-strands. The interaction of Lys349 with atoms N-1 and O-2 of the flavin ring is probably responsible for stabilization of the anionic form of the flavin semiquinone and hydroquinone and enhancing the reactivity of atom N-5 toward sulfite. The binding of pyruvate at the active site in subunit 2 is stabilized by interaction of its carboxylate group with the side-chain atoms of Arg376 and Tyr143. Residues His373 and Tyr254 interact with the keto-oxygen atom and are involved in catalysis. In contrast, four water molecules occupy the substrate-binding site in subunit 1 and Tyr143 forms a hydrogen bond to the ordered heme propionate group. Otherwise the two flavin-binding domains are identical within experimental error.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dispersion of Beliefs, Asset Prices, and Noisy Aggregation of Information

This paper discusses the determinants of the dispersion of beliefs of informed investors and the effects of this dispersion on the equilibrium level of asset prices in a noisy rational expectations model. It is shown that lower asset prices are usually associated with an increase in the dispersion of beliefs. However, when the noise level of private signals is high, or when asset prices are abnormally high, increased dispersion of beliefs will be associated with higher asset prices. This paper shows that the dispersion of beliefs is an increasing function of the standard deviations of an asset's payoff and the noise in the asset's supply, while it may be a decreasing or an increasing function of the standard deviation of errors in private signals.
Mercapturic acid formation from 2-aminopyrazine in rats

1. The compound 2-aminopyrazine was given by oral gavage to normal rats and their urine collected.2. A mercapturic acid containing the 2-aminopyrazine moiety was isolated from this urine. This represents the first example of this type of a metabolite from a pyrazine.
Design of Nonbinary Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Cycle Codes

In this paper, we study the design of nonbinary low-density parity-check (LDPC) cycle codes over Galois field GF(q). First, we construct a special class of nonbinary LDPC cycle codes with low error floors. Our construction utilizes the cycle elimination algorithm to remove short cycles in the normal graph and to select nonzero elements in the parity-check matrix to reduce the number of low-weight codewords generated by short cycles. Furthermore, we show that simple modifications of such codes are parallel sparse encodable (PSE). The PSE code, consisting of a quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC cycle code and a simple tree code, has the attractive feature that it is not only linearly encodable, but also allows parallel encoding which can reduce the encoding time significantly. We provide a systematic comparison between nonbinary coded systems and binary coded systems. For the MIMO channel considered, our results show that the proposed nonbinary system employing the PSE code outperforms not only the binary LDPC code specified in the 802.16e standard, but also the optimized binary LDPC code obtained using the EXIT chart methods.
Electronic structure of a Co-decorated vicinal Cu(775) surface: High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy

We measure the electronic structure of low-coverage Co on a Cu(775) stepped substrate using high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy with the particular goal of relating the electronic dispersion to the coverage-dependent surface structure. In particular, we follow the evolution of the electronic dispersion of the $sp$-like Cu surface state and the position of the band minimum as a function of Co coverage. On the bare Cu(775) surface, we observe band folding of this state due to the stepped surface-superlattice array. In addition, we determine that the reference plane, as measured by the position of the band minimum of this state, changes dramatically after addition of just 0.03 ML Co. At 0.06 ML, we observe the formation of a second surface state at a binding energy of $0.68\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. This feature is attributed to a quantum-well state hybridized with the substrate.
Infrared studies of quinone radical anions and dianions generated by flow-cell electrolysis

Infrared spectra of the anion radicals and dianions of a series of 1,4-benzoquinones, 1,4-naphthoquinones and 9,10-anthraquinones have been obtained. The characteristic carbonyl stretching frequency decreases an average of 155 cm−1 upon going from quinone to radical anion for six benzoquinones and an additional decrease of about 125–150 cm−1 was observed upon going from radical anion to dianion for naphthoquinones and simple anthraquinones. Dependence of the carbonyl frequency upon substituents for radical anions of the benzoquinones parallels that observed for the parent quinones. A special flow cell for electrolytic generation of the radical anions and dianions was constructed and evaluated. Radical anions could be detected at concentrations as low as 1 mM.
Isolation and characterization of an interleukin-8-like peptide in the bovine species

Human interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a biologically active peptide which displays chemo-attractive activity for neutrophils and T-cells. The molecule is produced by a variety of cell types upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Recombinant human IL-8 also stimulates chemotaxis of bovine cells in a dose dependent manner. The purpose of this series of studies was to investigate the ability of bovine cells to produce an active IL-8-like molecule and to determine if bovine cells respond to human recombinant IL-8. Stimulation of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells results in the time dependent production of an IL-8-like molecule as determined using an anti-human IL-8 ELISA assay and a bovine neutrophil chemotactic assay. Physical characterization indicates that the biological activity of the molecule was significantly reduced by heat inactivation at 56 degrees C for 30 min or exposure to extreme acidic or basic conditions. The peptide was affinity purified using an anti-human IL-8 antibody produced from ATCC hybridoma HB9647. SDS-PAGE analysis yields a distinct band at 7.8 kDa. The isoelectric point of the purified protein was determined to be 8.65. Biological activity of the purified protein was confirmed and the anti-human IL-8 antibody was capable of partially neutralizing the chemotactic activity.
Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 2: A computationally fast and accurate transmittance model for slant paths at different zenith angles.

Models exist which allow the calculation of atmospheric transmittance at a given zenith angle for an absorbing gas with a constant mixing ratio. However, many applications require transmittances at several zenith angles. A simple, fast, and accurate model for calculating the angular dependence is given. This model is computationally fast because only the four arithmetic operations are used. Details for calculating the expansion coefficients are provided. When this technique is combined with a procedure for calculating transmittances at a fixed angle, it is possible to calculate transmittances for slant paths at arbitrary zenith angles and temperature profiles, provided the mixing ratio is constant. This technique was evaluated with a method capable of calculating transmittances at zero zenith angle with an accuracy of 0.0031. For zenith angles ranging from 0° to 40°, transmittances agree with line-by-line calculations to within 0.0038.
Regulating the risk of tuberculosis transmission among health care workers.

The 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on preventing tuberculosis (TB) transmission among health care workers (HCWs), and the 1997 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed TB standard, do not address the issue of acceptable risk. Further, many infection control personnel oppose OSHA's promulgating a standard because they believe most TB infections among HCWs are nonoccupational in origin. This article examines the relationship between TB infection and disease rates, and introduces a probability framework to apportion infection risk between occupational and nonoccupational exposure. It is argued that most TB infections among HCWs are work-related. A 0.2% overall annual risk of TB infection (accounting for both workplace and community exposure) is proposed as acceptable, because in the context of an infection surveillance program it limits an HCW's cumulative disease risk close to the value for the general United States population. Based on the probability framew...
The Purification, Properties, and Localization of an Abundant Legume Seed Lectin Cross-Reactive Material from Spartium junceum

The seeds of Spartium junceum contained a large quantity of lectin-like protein that did not appear to be either a hemagglutinin or active lectin. The cross-reactive material (CRM), like most legume seed lectins, was a tetrameric glycoprotein of about 130,000 Mr. The singlesized subunits of about 33,000 Mr were not covalently associated. The amino acid composition was typical of legume lectins and was rich in hydroxy-amino acids and poor in sulfur-containing amino acids. The Spartium CRM contained about 3.5% covalently associated carbohydrate, most likely of the high-mannose type, since the CRM was precipitated by concanavalin A. The CRM was localized by electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry and found to be exclusively in protein-filled vacuoles (protein bodies). Because this protein was so similar immunologically, structurally, and in its physiology, to classic legume seed lectins, it is most likely a lectin homolog. Similar seed lectin CRMs appear to be both common and widespread in the Leguminosae.
ROLE OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN DISORDERS OF THE URINARY TRACT

AbstractPurpose: The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the homeostasis of fluid, electrolyte and blood pressure has been known for quite some time. Recent developments indicate that angiotensin has a profound role, not only in the developing urinary tract but also in the response of the urinary tract to injury. In this review we outline these characteristics.Materials and Methods: We summarize the clinical approach to congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, and report new data obtained in genetically engineered mice. Furthermore, we present the connection between the mutant mice observations and human congenital abnormalities.Results: Genetically engineered mutants clearly indicate that the renin-angiotensin system is important for normal renal and urological development. As in glomerular disease, the renin-angiotensin system is involved in progressive damage due to urological disease.Conclusions: While the renin-angiotensin system is important for blood pressure regulation, it als...
Cooperative Distributed Source Seeking by Multiple Robots: Algorithms and Experiments

We consider the problem of source seeking using a group of mobile robots equipped with sensors for source concentration measurement. In the formulation, the robot team cooperatively estimates the gradient of the source field, moves to the source by tracing the gradient-ascending direction, and keeps a predefined formation in movement. We present two control algorithms with all-to-all and limited communications, respectively. For the case of all-to-all communication, rigorous analytic analysis proves that the formation center of the robots converges to the source in the presence of estimation errors with a bounded error, the upper bound of which is explicitly given. In the case of limited communication where centralized quantities are not available, distributed consensus filters are used to distributively estimate the centralized quantities, and then embedded in the distributed control laws. Numerical simulations are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Experimental results on the E-puck robot platform demonstrate satisfactory performances in a light source seeking application.