cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coronary Revascularization: Importance of Observational Data

In this issue of the Mayo Clinic Proceedings (pages 927 to 935), Harris and colleagues describe the contemporary coronary revascularization experience of a premier tertiary­ care institution. Their study provides a benchmark against which other health-care providers can gauge their ability to perform coronary revascularization. The work highlights an improvement in outcomes of coronary revascularization dur­ ing the past decade, despite increases in the age and the severity of illness of the patient population. These improve­ ments are a function of the advances in revascularization techniques and the changing role of tertiary-care medical centers in providing care for a larger proportion of severely ill patients. The authors present data in a format that allows the Mayo experience to be compared with randomized clinical trials of coronary revascularization. As the results of randomized trials are reported, clinicians will need such data to answer fundamental questions about the ability to apply the findings of randomized trials to clinical practice. Applications of Randomized Trials to Clinical Prac­ tice.-The first question is, How do patients encountered in clinical practice compare with those enrolled in trials? En­ rollment in randomized trials has typically involved fewer than 10% of patients initially screened.!? Therefore, data from institutional series, trial registries, and regional data­ bases will be an essential framing reference from which to interpret the results. The largest randomized comparison of surgical treatment and angioplasty in the United States, the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI), primarily involved patients treated at tertiary-care centers.' The report by Harris and associates provides an excellent overview of patients undergoing coronary revas­ cularization at one of the BARI enrollment centers during the time of the study and will help readers understand how randomized trial patients compare with patients in current clinical practice. The second question, which reflects on generalization of randomized trial results to clinical practice, is more difficult to answer: Was the technology applied in a fashion similar to current practice? From its origins with balloon fabrication in the kitchen of Andreas Grtintzig to the current prolifera­ tion of stents, the technique of coronary angioplasty has
Frequent colocalization of mu opioid and NMDA-type glutamate receptors at postsynaptic sites in periaqueductal gray neurons.

In the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), endogenous pathways which dampen pain transmission can be activated by either opioids or excitatory amino acids such as N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA). The effects of these ligands may converge, because morphine-produced analgesia in the PAG can be blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. To determine the relationship between the subcellular sites where opioid ligands of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and NMDA receptor ligands may act, we studied the ultrastructural distribution of immunolabeling for MOR and the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NR1) in the ventrolateral PAG. MOR labeling was most commonly distributed along extrasynaptic regions of the plasma membrane of neuronal dendrites (80% or 245/306). In addition, MOR labeling was found presynaptically in axon terminals (13% or 39/306) which preferentially formed symmetric (inhibitory-type) synapses. NR1 immunoreactivity was also prevalent in dendrites (72% or 242/335), but in contrast to MOR, was usually associated with a subset of postsynaptic densities. Axon terminals (5%, 17/335) and glial processes (18%, 61/335) comprised the remainder of NR1-labeled profiles. There was a striking colocalization of MOR and NR1 labeling within dendrites. The majority of NR1-labeled dendrites contained MOR labeling (72%, 176/242) and likewise, the majority of MOR-labeled dendrites contained NR1 labeling (72%, 176/245). Thus, mu opioid and NMDA receptor ligands may act at several overlapping subcellular sites to modulate behaviors subserved by the ventrolateral PAG, such as antinociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 408:549–559, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Free electron laser (FEL) laser-tissue interaction with human cornea and optic nerve

A free electron laser (FEL) may be tuned to novel wavelengths to explore laser-tissue interactions for development or improvement of laser surgical procedures. This study investigated the effect of selected infrared wavelengths upon human cornea and optic nerve tissues. Human cadaver eyes were placed in 10% dextran solution to normalize corneal thickness, and solution was injected intraocularly to achieve a physiologic intraocular pressure. The corneas and optic nerves were lased with the 6.0 micrometer amide I band, 6.1 micrometer water absorbency peak, 6.45 micrometer amide II band, and 7.7 micrometer. The Vanderbilt FEL produces 5 microsecond long macropulses at 10 Hz with each macropulse consisting of 1 ps micropulses at 3 GHz. Histologic examination of the corneal tissue showed the least amount of collateral damage (10 - 20 micrometers) with the 6.0 micrometer amide I band, while marked shrinkage occurred with the 7.7 micrometer wavelength. For optic nerve tissue, the least amount of collateral damage (0 micrometer visible) occurred at 6.1 micrometer water absorbency peak and 6.45 micrometer amide II band, while the most damage (30 - 50 micrometers) was observed with the 7.7 micrometer wavelength. We conclude that different tissues may have different optimal wavelengths for surgical laser procedures.
Personality at the hub: Extending the conception of personality psychology

Personality psychology has a focus on understanding the functioning of the person as a whole, and is thus located at the hub of the other sub-disciplines of psychology and related sciences devoted to the study of human nature. As such, personality is well situated to integrate work emerging from different levels of analysis related to the distinctive organization and operation of psychological processes that characterize individuals. Personality psychology can have an exciting future to the extent that it can cross arbitrary lines of sub-disciplines, and connect with relevant interdisciplinary work devoted to understanding psychological phenomena, regardless of traditional boundaries. Several important areas of connection are highlighted, including links to social psychology, biology, and psychopathology, but trying to set priorities in terms of substantive areas for the field seems a futile exercise. Also discussed is the pressing need to find the most fruitful levels of abstraction at which to conceptualize our constructs to maximize their yield.
Polynomial Division on Systolic Arrays

In this correspondence we show how long division of polynomials can be performed in a pipelined fashion on a linear systolic array in linear time.
Molecular Determinants of Na+ Channel Function in the Extracellular Domain of the β1 Subunit

The rat brain voltage-gated Na+channel is composed of three glycoprotein subunits: the pore-forming α subunit and two auxiliary subunits, β1 and β2, which contain immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folds in their extracellular domains. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, β1 modulates the gating properties of the channel-forming type IIA α subunit, resulting in an acceleration of inactivation. We have used a combination of deletion, alanine-scanning, site-directed, and chimeric mutagenesis strategies to examine the importance of different structural features of the β1 subunit in the modulation of αIIA function, with an emphasis on the extracellular domain. Deletion analysis revealed that the extracellular domain is required for function, but the intracellular domain is not. The mutation of four putative sites of N-linked glycosylation showed that they are not required for β1 function. Mutations of hydrophobic residues in the core β sheets of the Ig fold disrupted β1 function, whereas substitution of amino acid residues in connecting segments had no effect. Mutations of acidic residues in the A/A′ strand of the Ig fold reduced the effectiveness of the β1 subunit in modulating the rate of inactivation but did not significantly affect the association of the mutant β1 subunit with the αIIA subunit or its effect on recovery from inactivation. Our data suggest that the Ig fold of the β1 extracellular domain serves as a scaffold that presents the charged residues of the A/A′ strands for interaction with the pore-forming α subunit.
Humeral Component Fixation

Cement fixation, press-fit, and bone ingrowth/ongrowth have all been utilized successfully for humeral component fixation. Although press-fit fixation is appealing for use in a young person requiring a prosthetic replacement with concerns about future revision, its use has not been universally predictable and has sometimes resulted in need for early revision due to implant loosening. Most textured surfaces with or without hydroxyapetite coating for purposes of bone ingrowth/ongrowth have proven to show little improvement over standard press fit implants except in cup arthroplasty surface replacement. Newer technologies of tantlum weave (trabecular metal) segments on humeral implants have suggested the ability to have bone growth through the prosthesis and literally heal to the prosthesis. This technology presents advantages especially in fracture cases where tuberosities have notoriously had a high rate of nonunion, but its track record is still limited. Careful canal preparation, use of a cement restrictor, modern cement preparation techniques, and careful injection under gentle pressure with use of an appropriate-sized prosthesis remains the mainstay of fixation for humeral implants in 2007.
Clinical and Biochemical Function of Polymorphic NR0B1 GGAA-Microsatellites in Ewing Sarcoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group

Author(s): Monument, Michael J; Johnson, Kirsten M; McIlvaine, Elizabeth; Abegglen, Lisa; Watkins, W Scott; Jorde, Lynn B; Womer, Richard B; Beeler, Natalie; Monovich, Laura; Lawlor, Elizabeth R; Bridge, Julia A; Schiffman, Joshua D; Krailo, Mark D; Randall, R Lor; Lessnick, Stephen L | Abstract: BackgroundThe genetics involved in Ewing sarcoma susceptibility and prognosis are poorly understood. EWS/FLI and related EWS/ETS chimeras upregulate numerous gene targets via promoter-based GGAA-microsatellite response elements. These microsatellites are highly polymorphic in humans, and preliminary evidence suggests EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression is highly dependent on the number of GGAA motifs within the microsatellite.ObjectivesHere we sought to examine the polymorphic spectrum of a GGAA-microsatellite within the NR0B1 promoter (a critical EWS/FLI target) in primary Ewing sarcoma tumors, and characterize how this polymorphism influences gene expression and clinical outcomes.ResultsA complex, bimodal pattern of EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression was observed across a wide range of GGAA motifs, with maximal expression observed in constructs containing 20-26 GGAA motifs. Relative to white European and African controls, the NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellite in tumor cells demonstrated a strong bias for haplotypes containing 21-25 GGAA motifs suggesting a relationship between microsatellite function and disease susceptibility. This selection bias was not a product of microsatellite instability in tumor samples, nor was there a correlation between NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellite polymorphisms and survival outcomes.ConclusionsThese data suggest that GGAA-microsatellite polymorphisms observed in human populations modulate EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression and may influence disease susceptibility in Ewing sarcoma.
Systemic administration of LPD prepared with CpG oligonucleotides inhibits the growth of established pulmonary metastases by stimulating innate and acquired antitumor immune responses.

Intravenous (i.v.) administration of a lipopolyplex consisting of a ternary complex of DOTAP:cholesterol cationic liposomes, protamine sulfate, and noncoding plasmid DNA (LPD-pDNA) is capable of stimulating a potent Th-1 cytokine response and inhibiting the growth of established tumors in mice. Both activities are mainly elicited by unmethylated CpG motifs in the plasmid DNA (pDNA) component, which are bacterial in origin. Since oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) that possess a consensus immunostimulatory CpG motif of RRCpGYY (R is purine and Y is pyrimidine) can mimic the immunostimulatory actions of bacterial DNA, we hypothesized that i.v. administration of LPD prepared with GpG-ODN would mimic the ability of LPD-pDNA to stimulate Th-1 cytokines and antitumor activity and provide an improved vector for probing the immune mechanisms underlying the observed antitumor effects. These hypotheses were tested for the treatment of established 24JK experimental pulmonary metastases that are syngeneic in C57BL/6 mice. Mice treated with LPD containing 25 µg of the prototypical phosphodiester (PO) CpG-ODN 1668 (tccatGACGTTcctgatgct, motif capitalized) demonstrated a dramatic reduction in lung tumor burden (>80% inhibition, P<0.01) compared to dextrose-treated controls. The antitumor effect was dependent on the CpG dinulceotide and correlated with the ability to stimulate serum Th-1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ). Both activities required assembly of CpG-ODN in a cationic liposome/DNA complex (lipoplex) or the LPD lipopolyplex. LPD delivery of both PO-1668 and phosphorothioated (PS)-1668 stimulated a greater cytokine response compared to delivery of free ODN. Furthermore, within the LPD complex, both PO- and PS-1668 had similar ability to stimulate Th-1 cytokines with respect to potency and duration of response, thus eliminating the need for the PS modification. In tumor cell lysis assays, LPD-CpG DNA stimulated development of an acquired, tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity that was dependent on CpG DNA. LPD was also capable of stimulating NK activity; however, this was not dependent on CpG DNA. Only formulations that concomitantly stimulated NK activity and CpG-specific, Th-1 cytokine were capable of stimulating the development of tumor-specific CTL activity and significant inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, we propose a model where CpG DNA in complex with cationic liposome-based lipoplexes or lipopolyplexes stimulates antitumor NK activity and CpG-stimulated Th-1 cytokine production. The combination of these two activities of the innate immune system subsequently direct the development of an acquired, tumor-specific CTL response that in total are effective for inhibiting the growth of established tumors in mice.
Photoinduced electron transfer at solid surfaces: the TiO2–SiO2 system

Small particles of TiO2 have been synthesized on porous silica. XRD and spectral measurements place the sizes of the particles at about 50 A. With these small particles the band gap of the semiconductor material is markedly blue shifted with respect to bulk TiO2. This enables the direct excitation of co-adsorbed arenes on the TiO2–SiO2 material. Direct excitation of TiO2 leads to Ti3+, by photoinduced extraction from the SiO2. Direct excitation of pyrene on the material leads to a shortened fluorescence lifetime and lower quantum yield. Meanwhile, the yield of pyrene cation radical increases compared to that on pure SiO2. The production of Ti3+ on the pyrene samples, by direct excitation of the TiO2, leads to a shortened pyrene fluorescence lifetime and decreased quantum yield, the quantum yield decreasing to zero at high enough Ti3+. Removal of Ti3+ by O2 causes the original properties of the pyrene fluorescence to return.
SELECTION BIAS IN SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC MODELS

. The problem of spatial autocorrelation has been ignored in selection-bias models estimated with spatial data. Spatial autocorrelation is a serious problem in these models because the heteroskedasticity with which it commonly is associated causes inconsistent parameter estimates in models with discrete dependent variables. This paper proposes estimators for commonly-employed spatial models with selection bias. A maximum-likelihood estimator is applied to data on land use and values in 1920s Chicago. Evidence of significant heteroskedasticity and selection bias is found.
Javox: A Toolkit for Building Speech-Enabled Applications

JAVOX provides a mechanism for the development of spoken-language systems from existing desktop applications. We present an architecture that allows existing Java1 programs to be speech-enabled with no source-code modification, through the use of reflection and automatic modification to the application's compiled code. The grammars used in JAVOX are based on the Java Speech Grammar Format (JSGF); JAVOX grammars have an additional semantic component based on our JAVOX Scripting Language (JSL). JAVOX has been successfully demonstrated on real-world applications.
An examination of attachment representations among child welfare professionals

Abstract Research has documented a relationship between adult attachment representations and client relationships and outcomes for professionals in relationship-based fields (e.g., Bernier & Dozier, 2002; Blakely, Chappell, & Dziadosz, 2011; Dozier, Cue, & Barnett, 1994; Romano, Fitzpatrick, & Janzen, 2008; Tyrrell, Dozier, Teague, & Fallot, 1999; White, 2004; Zegers, Schuengel, van Ijzendoorn, & Janssens, 2006 ), but has not examined the child welfare professionals specifically. The current study examined attachment representations of 54 child welfare professionals. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) was administered to participants prior to attending a professional workshop. Results indicated significant differences between the AAI distribution of child welfare professionals and a non-clinical norm sample (AAI four-way distribution: Goodness of fit χ 2 = 23.63, p Bakermans-Kranenburg & van IJzendoorn, 2009 ). Dismissing classifications were overrepresented and free-autonomous classifications were underrepresented. Results may indicate challenges in the child welfare system that could alter the effectiveness and decision-making processes of child welfare professionals. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these differences are typical for samples of child welfare professionals and if so, the impact it could have on families who are being served. Effective interventions, focused on shifting attachment from insecure to secure, for child welfare professionals also should be explored through further research.
Novel features of considerable interest

Adding documents, photographs, and notes, the editors have enriched the classic memoir that Watson originally titled Honest Jim .
Some effects of ionizing radiation and metabolic inhibition on the developing mammalian nervous system.

Summary The developing nervous system in vivo, specifically its neuroblasts, has been found to be unusually susceptible to acute metabolic injury by ionizing radiation, certain sulfhydryl reagents, other inhibitors and antimetabolites. It has been found relatively insensitive to acute interference with glucose and oxygen metabolism except late in development. In the first third of gestation the neural tube is resistant to radiation and possibly other agents but this period is in need of more investigation. Injuries in the latter two-thirds of gestation cause the development of progressive malformations of the nervous system during growth that carry over into adult life. The most important mechanisms that determine the form of the malformation are the actual destruction of building blocks (neuroblasts), and the time during gestation (critical period) at which the injury occurs. These experiments, which were carried out on experimental animals, chiefly rats and mice, invite attention to the possibility that a variety of agents may act during nervous system development to produce malformations.
Covariate measurement errors in frailty models for clustered survival data

SUMMARY We propose a new class of frailty measurement error models for clustered survival data when covariates are measured with error. We show that the induced hazard function conditional on the observed covariates also follows a frailty model but of a more complicated form. We study the asymptotic bias in regression coefficients and variance components when measurement error is ignored, and the impact of censoring on this asymptotic bias. We show that the naive estimator of the regression coefficient is attenuated and the naive estimator of the variance component is inflated when measurement error is ignored. As the censoring proportion increases, the asymptotic bias in the former becomes larger, but the asymptotic bias in the latter interestingly becomes smaller. We develop a structural approach for parameter estimation using the nonparametric maximum likelihood method, where the baseline hazard is estimated nonparametrically. We prove model identifiability and the existence of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators. An EM algorithm is developed for calculating the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimates. The method is applied to the western Kenya parasitaemia data and its performance is evaluated through simulations.
GROWTH OF EXCISED ROOTS OF POLYPLOID TOMATOES

LINDSTROM (1929) described a haploid mutant of tomato which originated spontaneously in 1926. The absolutely homozygous diploid was obtained from the haploid by the decapitation-callus method (Lindstrom and Koos, 1931; Lindstrom, 1940), and the homozygous tetraploid in turn was derived from the diploid (Lindstrom and Koos, 1931). This unique series offered an opportunity to explore the effect of autopolyploidy on the growth of excised roots. The experiments reported here are a contribution to such a study. MATERIAL AND METHODS.-Through the courtesy of Dr. E. W. Lindstrom plants of the haploid tomato were received together with seed of the diploid and tetraploid derived from the haploid. Characteristics of the plants.-The haploid tomato is of the dwarf type, smaller in height and in spread of plant than the diploid. It grows rather luxuriantly, putting out many short axillary branches, and cuttings from these are easily rooted. Its dwarfness is apparent in a shorter internodal length and in leaves smaller both in length and in breadth. The main stalk is decidedly smaller in circumference than that of the normal diploid; the flowers also are distinctly smaller (Lindstrom, 1929). The haploid is highly sterile (Lindstrom, 1940); the autodiploid is quite fertile. Comparative measurements of stem, leaves, and flowers prove the haploid to be approximately 70 per cent of the size of a typical diploid (Lindstrom and Koos, 1931). The leaves of the tetraploid are noticeably thicker and broader than those of the diploid. The flowers are conspicuously larger, being fully 40 per cent larger than those of the standard diploid. The pollen grains of the tetraploid are larger and more variable in size (Lindstrom and Koos, 1931). The tetraploid is highly sterile (Lindstrom, 1940), though less so than the haploid. According to Lindstrom (by letter), the tetraploid roots less readily than the haploid or diploid and is slower in axillary sprouting. The In form is always lowest in dry weight, the 2n highest, and the 4n is between. Excised roots. The haploid excised roots were derived from a single cutting as described below. The diploid and tetraploid roots were obtained from germinating seeds. Of ten clones of excised roots of the tetraploid, five were primary tips and five were secondary root tips. No marked difference was noted in the responses in culture of these two types of root tips. The diploid excised roots were all primary root tips. Sterile excised roots from seeds.-These were obtained by surface-sterilizing seed with a 1-1000 solution of mercuric chloride, or with the azochlora-
A Transmissible Leukemia in Mice with Atypical Cells

The transmissible strain of leukemia (S2) herein described originated in a mouse in which benzpyrene had been injected into the spleen. The predominant (malignant) cells of this strain are not typically lymphoid, myeloid, or monocytic in type, and thus far we have been unable to ascertain their origin. The disease can be transmitted to most mice of Stock S, in which the spontaneous disease originated. It can also be transmitted to unrelated mice which receive massive doses of x-rays before and after inoculation, but not to unirradiated unrelated mice. In unrelated mice irradiated with a single dose prior to inoculation, leukemic tumors develop, but regress completely within approximately two weeks. The transmitting agent brought rapidly to −30° C. and kept at that temperature for thirty minutes fails to produce the disease when inoculated into susceptible mice. However, a leukemic cell suspension exposed to a gradual reduction of the temperature to — 70° C. and maintained at that temperature for thirty-two days still possesses the ability to transmit the disease. Leukemic tissue dried in vacuo in the frozen state, glycerinated tissue, and Berkefeld filtrates of similar tissue fail to transmit the disease. This strain of leukemia is described because of characteristics hitherto not recorded in association with mammalian leukemia.
Research on the Break Impact Test of Ultra High Voltage Composite Strain Insulator String

To guarantee the security of composite insulators as tension strings applied to ultra-high voltage engineering, it is necessary to study the mechanical properties of composite insulator regarding break impact. The test system was designed and the implementation plan was developed. Test was done to two insulator strings broken and the dynamic impact factor under different broken conditions at different tension was obtained accordingly, which provides reference and evidence for further study on mechanical properties of composite insulator and development of applicable design specifications.
Developmental regulation of thyrotropin receptor gene expression in the fetal and neonatal rat thyroid: relation to thyroid morphology and to thyroid-specific gene expression.

The TSH receptor plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland function, growth, and differentiation, but little is known about its role or regulation in the fetus and neonate. To explore these questions, we systematically evaluated TSH receptor gene expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) in thyroid glands obtained from rat fetuses and neonates, from 14 days gestation to day 5 of postnatal life. Results were compared with histological evidence of differentiation and to thyroid-specific gene expression. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that TSH mRNA was first detected at low levels on fetal day 15, but it increased 3- to 15-fold on fetal days 17–18. Up-regulation of TSH receptor mRNA on fetal day 17–18 was accompanied by the first appearance of colloid formation and of follicular development on morphological examination. It was also paralleled by increased expression of the thyroid-specific genes thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase. Unexpectedly, TSH mRNA abundance was 2- to 3-fold higher ...
Digital projection photochemical etching defines gray-scale features

We demonstrate a maskless photochemical etching method that is capable of performing one-step etching of multi-level structures. This method uses a digital projector to focus an image onto the sample and define the etching pattern. By combining digital projection photochemical etching with diffraction phase microscopy, etch heights can be measured in situ in a non-destructive manner. This method is single shot, eliminating the need for expensive gray-scale masks or laser scanning methods. The etch rate is studied as a function of the wavelength and irradiance of the projected light. A lateral etch resolution of 2 μm is demonstrated by etching selected portions of the USAF-1951 target. Micropillars, multi-level plateaus, and an Archimedean spiral are etched, each in a single processing step, to illustrate the unique capabilities.
Managerial value orientations: A typology and assessment

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of managers' values by extending Milton Rokeach's theory of values. Through an assessment of previous value studies, a typology of managerial value orientations is developed. This classification will assist future value researchers in developing a priori testable hypotheses regarding managerial value preferences and in measuring managers' values within the context of a value orientation. Modifications to the Rokeach Value Survey are used to enhance the analysis and application of the study of values to organizational settings. Behavioral implications of these findings are explored in the context of managerial decision making in a business organization.
Roman law in the water, mineral and public land law of the southwestern United States

Much of the arid zone of the Southwestern United States was under Spanish (and later, Mexican) rule until the fourth and fifth decades of the 19th century. This includes the present states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of southern Colorado. Only Texas, New Mexico, and California were populated before the change of sovereignty. Texas had about 36,000 inhabitants in 1836, 24,000 of whom were English-speaking. The populations of New Mexico (55,000) and of California (3,000) were Spanish-speaking. There were also small Spanish-speaking settlements in Arizona and in Colorado before 1848. The present legal systems of these states are based on the common law, which was introduced in Texas in 1840, in California in 1849, and New Mexico in 1876. To a greater or a lesser extent, these legal systems respect rights acquired under Spanish and Mexican law. Mexican property rights are also protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). Until 1821, the law applicable in the settled areas of the American Southwest was what is commonly called the "derecho castellano e indiano," i.e., the law specifically enacted for the ultramarine possessions of the Spanish Empire, supplemented by the law of Castile. After Mexican independence (September, 1821), Mexican central legislation, and (after 1824) Mexican state legislation was superimposed on this corpus of Spanish imperial and Royal Castilian law, but neither Mexican water law nor Mexican mineral law were (as such) codified or even substantially modified in the few decades of Mexican rule in what is now the Southwestern United States.
Bremsstrahlung in the atmosphere at satellite altitudes

Transport calculations have been made to determine the emission of bremsstrahlung by electrons in the atmosphere and the penetration of this radiation to high altitudes where it can be detected by satellite-borne instruments. The calculations were done assuming uniform wide-area precipitation into the atmosphere of an electron flux isotropic over the downward hemisphere. The intensity and energy spectrum of the bremsstrahlung have been obtained for the case of incident monoenergetic electron beams at energies between 20 keV and 2 MeV, for incident electron beams with exponential spectra with e-folding energies between 5 and 200 keV.
The stereochemical course of the first step of pre-mRNA splicing

We have determined the effects on splicing of sulfur substitution of the non-bridging oxygens in the phosphodiester bond at the 5' splice site of a pre-mRNA intron. Pre-mRNAs containing stereochemically pure Rp and Sp phosphorothioate isomers were produced by ligation of a chemically synthesized modified RNA oligonucleotide to enzymatically synthesized RAs. When these modified pre-mRNA substrates were tested for in vitro splicing activity in a HeLa cell nuclear extract system, the RNA with the Rp diastereomeric phosphorothioate was not spliced while the Sp diastereomeric RNA spliced readily. The sulfur-containing branched trinucleotide was purified from the splicing reaction of the Sp RNA and analyzed by cleavage with a stereospecific nuclease. The results showed that the Sp phosphorothioate was inverted during the splicing reaction to the Rp configuration; a finding previously obtained for a Group I self-splicing RNA. This inversion of configuration is consistent with a transesterification mechanism for pre-mRNA splicing. The lack of splicing of the Rp modified RNA also suggests that the pro-Rp oxygen at the 5' splice site is involved in a critical chemical contact in the splicing mechanism. Additionally, we have found that the HeLa cell RNA debranching enzyme is inactive on branches containing an Rp phosphorothioate.
Independence Distribution-preserving Covariance Structures for the Likelihood Ratio Test for LXB=0 in the General Linear Model

We derive an explicit representation of the general non-i.i.d. error covariance matrix of the general linear model vector such that the likelihood ratio test statistic for testing certain linear restrictions on the parameter vector is robust against certain forms of dependency and heteroscedasticity. In doing so, we correct two proposed explicit covariance matrix characterizations given in Khatri (1981).
Relationship Between Highway Pavement Condition, Crash Frequency, and Crash Type

Research has been conducted to relate highway pavement conditions with vehicle accidents. Utilizing the Tennessee Pavement Management System (PMS) and Accident History Database (AHD), this study developed 20 negative binomial regression models to examine the relationships between pavement condition parameters, crash frequency, and crash types. The modeling results indicated that either Present Serviceability Index (PSI) or International Roughness Index (IRI) was a significant pavement condition parameter for predicting the crash frequency of highway segment; whereas, the Rut Depth (RD) was not statistically significant in the crash prediction models. Due to the collinearity between PSI and IRI, it was found that when the two parameters were applied together into the crash regression models, the statistical regression results could not be well explained. Comparing to the IRI and RD models, the models’ goodness-of-fit results indicated that PSI models had the best performance consistently in predicting the frequency for each type of crashes. Additionally, regression results indicated that either right shoulder width or left clearance to median up to 8 feet wide would significantly reduce the crash frequency.
Mechanical models of fault propagation folds and comparison to the trishear kinematic model

Abstract Faults propagating through the Earth generate a wave of deformation ahead of their tip lines. We have modeled this process to understand the relationship between fold geometry and fault propagation. Using finite element modeling (FEM), we investigate the response of incompressible frictionless and frictional materials, and a compressible frictional material with associated flow, to vertical and dipping faults whose tip lines propagate at rates 3–3.5 times their slip rates. The fold geometries, finite strain, and velocity fields in models with incompressible materials are very similar to those produced by the trishear kinematic model, even though the latter uses a purely ad hoc linear velocity field. Furthermore, when the trishear grid search is applied to the final geometry of the mechanical folds, the best fit kinematic models have approximately the same propagation-to-slip ratio as was used in the FEM experiments. However, when the compressible frictional material is used, the mechanical models exhibit a main triangular shear band in front of the tip line and a conjugate shear band in the fold backlimb, both migrating with the propagating tip line. The conjugate shear band, antithetic to the fault, produces a gentle anticlinal back limb, even though there is not a bend in the fault.
Prepared lies, spontaneous lies, Machiavellianism, and nonverbal communication

This study investigated cue leakage during deception of factual information for both prepared and spontaneous types of lies. Liars anticipating lying engaged in less postural shifting and shorter latencies than truth tellers prior to lying. During a prepared lie, liars engaged in shorter latencies, shorter message durations, more affirmative head nodding, less smiling, and more body adaptors than truth tellers did. During a spontaneous lie, liars engaged in more body adaptors than truth tellers. No substantive differences were obtained between truth tellers and liars after the lying behavior was completed. Cues were not leaked differently by high and low Machiavellians.
High-level language implementation of bit map inverted files.

Abstract A system of bit map inverted files has been implemented on an interactive interpreter computer system (MUMPS-PC). This has made search performance previously available only in machine language available to the high-level language programmer. The superior flexibility of the technique over conventional inverted files is shown for retrievals including inequalities. Increased storage overhead for the bit maps is 32% as opposed to 126% for conventional inverted files. Typical bit map searches are about 10 times faster than exhaustive file searching.
The SAVE Review: Sonographic Analysis Versus Excision for Axillary Staging in Breast Cancer

Background Health care reform goals involve more cost-effective methods of delivering health care. The cost-effectiveness of axillary ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (AUS-CNB) was compared with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) when evaluating the status of the axilla in operable invasive breast cancer. Study Design We performed an IRB-approved retrospective review of patients undergoing ultrasound of the axilla plus core needle biopsy at our institution from 2007 to 2012. An accuracy of technique and cost analysis (TreeAge Pro 2009) of AUS-CNB vs SLNB was conducted. Results The cohort of 95 patients was divided into 2 groups: clinically positive (CP) (32%) and negative (CN) (68%) axilla. In the CP group, 83% had a suspicious AUS, of which 90% were positive. In the CN group, AUS was suspicious in 70%, with a positive biopsy in 59%. The sensitivity and specificity of AUS-CNB were 90% (95% CI 84.8% to 98.8%) and 100% (95% CI 27% to 59.1%), respectively. Cost estimates comparing AUS-CNB with SLNB demonstrated a cost saving of $236,517 in the CP axilla and $248,490 in the CN axilla, for a total cost savings of $485,007. Conclusions Axillary ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy is a sensitive, diagnostic, surgeon-performed procedure. It is time-saving, cost-efficient, and less invasive, making it a viable option when evaluating the status of the axilla in invasive breast cancer or staging before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Prospects and limits of a phytolith key for grasses in the central United States

A key for identification of opal phytoliths, based on 112 grass species common to central North America, presents a number of possibilities for interpretation of palaeophytogeography of the grasslands. This paper is a description of the methods of key development, together with a summary of the key, in the form of an outline supported by tables. The key divides all phytoliths into eight major shape categories, which in turn are subdivided by minor shape characteristics. The variability of shapes among the major plant parts is large. Within-species variations for most of the species examined are primarily size variations that seem to be related to plant vigor. A striking exception to this rule is Bouteloua gracilis where root phytoliths exhibit extreme variability of shape. Within-tribe and within-subfamily variations in major phytolith classes are not great. Different tribes and subfamilies, however, differ considerably in the importance of three of the shape classes: bilobates, saddles and trapezoids. Ratios of certain trapezoid shapes to saddles or bilobates can provide information on the relative dominance of grasses possessing C4 and C3 carbon pathways. Fluctuations in these ratios found in stratified deposits may reflect shifts in midsummer temperature through time, but there are several sources of error that must be examined separately. Phytoliths that fit in the festucoid class of Twiss et al. (1969) (now Pooicoideae) have been seen in the tribes Aristideae, Eragrosteae, and Andropogoneae. Saddle shapes of Eragrosteae and Chlorideae are also common in Phragmites australis and bilobates (dumbbells) of the Panicoideae subfamily occur in species of Danthonia. In summary, there are sufficient differences among the most important taxonomic groups in the central North American grasslands to allow us to identify the time of taxa arrival during the Holocene, if stratified and datable deposits are available. Thus, it is possible for phytolith analysis to provide a better understanding of migration rates and sources of major species.
The transmission of fast molecular ions through thin foils

Abstract We present new results on the transmission of fast molecular ions through thin foils and propose a mechanism for the transmission process. The main feature of the postulated mechanism is that a finite fraction of the incident molecular beam does not undergo a strong Coulomb explosion while traversing the foil. Because the emerging fragments are at large internuclear separations, there is an enhanced probability for the formation of bound, long-range, excited electronic states following electron capture at the rear surface of the target.
Nuclear Radiation Interference and Damage Effects in Charged Particle Experiments for Extended Space Missions

Demonstration that meaningful galactic and solar cosmic radiation measurements can be carried out on deep space missions. The radioisotopic thermoelectric generators (RTGs) which must be used as a source of power and perhaps of heat are a problem, but with proper separation from the experiments, with orientation, and with some shielding the damage effects can be reduced to an acceptable level. The Pioneer spacecraft are crucial in that they are targeted at the heart of Jupiter's radiation belts, and should supply the details of those belts. The subsequent Grand Tour opportunities can be selected for those periods which result in larger distances of closest approach to Jupiter if necessary.
Modeling and Simulation of Multiple Chemical States in Photoresist Materials

A general approach to the modeling and simulation of advanced resist systems that rely on transitions between multiple chemical states is presented. The SAMPLE program has been extended to include multiple chemical states that occur during post-exposure baking steps. The bake simulation routine uses reaction kinetics to convert a user specified system of chemical reactions to a system of nonlinear first order differential equations. The system of differential equations is solved numerically for the local concentration of each chemical state throughout the resist as a function of time. The general modeling approach and simulation capability are demonstrated for Shipley XP-8798 chemical amplification resist. The exposure is modeled through resist bleaching measurements. Infrared spectroscopy is used to determine reaction rate coefficients for the acid catalyzed cross-linking reaction that occurs during the post-exposure bake. The development rate is related to the state of the resist following the bake. The models for the exposure, baking and development of the resist are combined to simulate a resist development profile. Experimental results are used in conjunction with simulation to determine the effect of increased sensitivity on resolution.
A New US-Sino Space Relationship: Moving Toward Cooperation 1

Since the late 1990's the United States has maintained a strict policy of no cooperation with China on space activities. The reasons for that are several, including the desire to inhibit the development of dual-use technology considered potentially threatening to the United States and political reluctance to work with a communist country. Increasingly, however, it has become clear that policy is not constraining China from dual-use technology development and that the policy overall may be detrimental to U.S. security interests. Therefore a policy change, from a realistic consideration of circumstances, must be considered.
Augmentation of specific immune response against a syngeneic SV40-induced sarcoma in mice by depletion of suppressor T cells with cyclophosphamide

Abstract When cyclophosphamide was administered to mice before immunization with syngeneic SV40-transformed cells, the specific immune response elicited, as was measured by the tumor cell neutralization assay with a syngeneic SV40-induced sarcoma, was stronger and lasted longer as compared to the response generated in non-cyclophosphamide-treated mice. The augmentation effect of the drug was dependent on cyclophosphamide concentration, being optimal at 100 mg/kg, and on the time of drug administration in relation to antigen immunization, being optimal at 2–4 days before antigen administration. Transfer of T cells from normal syngeneic mice to drug-treated animals abolished the cyclophosphamide-induced augmentation of immune response. These results implied that cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells suppressed the in vivo generation of specific effector T cells against SV40-induced sarcoma.
Writing Multiple-Choice Items to Measure Higher-Order Educational Objectives

Five types of multiple-choice items that can be used to assess higher-order educational objectives are described and examples of each given. These five types of items do not exhaust the possibilities, but they are standard forms which the author has found helpful in writing items to measure more than recognitive memory.
Trapped-ion state detection through coherent motion.

We demonstrate a general method for state detection of trapped ions that can be applied to a large class of atomic and molecular species. We couple a spectroscopy ion ($^{27}\mathrm{Al}^{+}$) to a control ion ($^{25}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}$) in the same trap and perform state detection through off-resonant laser excitation of the spectroscopy ion that induces coherent motion. The motional amplitude, dependent on the spectroscopy ion state, is measured either by time-resolved photon counting or by resolved sideband excitations on the control ion. The first method provides a simplified way to distinguish clock states in $^{27}\mathrm{Al}^{+}$, which avoids ground-state cooling and sideband transitions. The second method reduces spontaneous emission and optical pumping on the spectroscopy ion, which we demonstrate by nondestructively distinguishing Zeeman sublevels in the $^{1}S_{0}$ ground state of $^{27}\mathrm{Al}^{+}$.
The ethics of deception in social research: A case study

Using data from a study on courtship through personal advertisements, I argue that Kai Erikson's classic case against disguised observation is flawed. Certain kinds of deception are necessary to gather certain data in certain settings. I placed bogus ads in a personal column to obtain and analyze responses. The data would have remained inaccessible—indeed, many of the responses would not have existed in the first place—without some measure of deception. While deception was used, no risk whatsoever was posed to respondents. I further argue that several of Erikson's criteria of risk do not separate ethical from empirical questions; informants use very different criteria in evaluating the risk of harm to them posed by social research that sociologists use. The question of exploitation is more complex, since it has to be weighed against how much of an effort my respondents made and hence, what it is exactly that I took from them. A “panel of judges” decided that most of my male (but not my female) respondents would not have gotten dates with my hypothetical ad placers, and that the research method I used was not especially unethical.
A SENSITIVE POLAROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

A simple polarographic technique, based upon measuring the difference between the total current in the sample solution and the residual current in the supporting electrolyte solution at a specified time during drop life, was investigated. Concentrations, ranging from 10−6 to 10−5 M. of a single reducible species could be determined to within ±0.4·10−6 M. A similar technique permits qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures containing two or more reducible species in the 10−6 M concentration range. These methods were tested with solutions of Pb2+ Cu2+ and Zn2+.