cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of PathVysion and INFORM fluorescence in situ hybridization kits for assessment of HER-2/neu status in breast carcinoma.

Background: Fluorescence in situ hybridization is advocated for precise assessment of HER-2/neu status in breast carcinoma; however, few objective data compare available kits for clinical laboratories contemplating development of the test. Methods and Results: Thirty breast carcinomas were analyzed for HER-2/neu amplification with the PathVysion kit (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL) and INFORM kit (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ). Each kit was evaluated for morphology, background staining, technical and interpretation time, and cost. PathVysion detected amplification in seven of 30 cases (23.3%); INFORM detected six of 30 cases (20%). A greater percentage of PathVysion cases showed good morphology and lower background staining than INFORM. Technical and interpretation times, as well as cost, were less with PathVysion than INFORM. Conclusion: PathVysion is superior to INFORM because it produces better morphology and less background staining and is faster and less expensive than the INFORM kit. It also includes a chromosome 17 probe that serves as an internal control and enables correction for chromosome 17 aneuploidy.
Characterization of growth and radiation response of KHT tumor cells metastatic from lung to ovary and kidney.

Female C3H/HeJ mice were inoculated intravenously with KHT sarcoma cells. Once macroscopic colonies were established in the lungs, the thoraces of the animals were locally irradiated. Despite significant lung nodule regression following treatment, animals were observed to die with ovarian and renal metastases. By irradiating the lungs at various times after intravenous tumor cell injection, it was demonstrated that ovarian and renal metastases arose only from established lung colonies and were not a consequence of the initial cell inoculum. Incidence of metastases increased from 0 to 100 per cent when the time between cell inoculation and thoracic irradiation was increased from 4 to 16 days. Once established, ovarian and renal metastases grew with a doubling time of approximately 1–2 days. Metastatic tumors in the ovaries were found to be refractory to radiation therapy because of a large component of radiation-resistant hypoxic cells. Parallel experiments utilizing male C3H/HeJ mice demonstrated metastases only in the kidneys and these grew at a growth rate similar to that seen for renal metastases in female mice. This system may serve as a model for the study of factors influencing the dissemination of tumor cells to these anatomical sites and their response to treatment.
Drift-free humanoid state estimation fusing kinematic, inertial and LIDAR sensing

This paper describes an algorithm for the probabilistic fusion of sensor data from a variety of modalities (inertial, kinematic and LIDAR) to produce a single consistent position estimate for a walking humanoid. Of specific interest is our approach for continuous LIDAR-based localization which maintains reliable drift-free alignment to a prior map using a Gaussian Particle Filter. This module can be bootstrapped by constructing the map on-the-fly and performs robustly in a variety of challenging field situations. We also discuss a two-tier estimation hierarchy which preserves registration to this map and other objects in the robot's vicinity while also contributing to direct low-level control of a Boston Dynamics Atlas robot. Extensive experimental demonstrations illustrate how the approach can enable the humanoid to walk over uneven terrain without stopping (for tens of minutes), which would otherwise not be possible. We characterize the performance of the estimator for each sensor modality and discuss the computational requirements.
Interactions of anesthetics with the membrane-water interface

Although the potency of conventional anesthetics correlates with lipophilicity, an affinity to water also is essential. It was recently found that compounds with very low affinities to water do not produce anesthesia regardless of their lipophilicity. This finding implies that clinical anesthesia might arise because of interactions at molecular sites near the interface of neuronal membranes with the aqueous environment and, therefore, might require increased concentrations of anesthetic molecules at membrane interfaces. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we calculated in molecular dynamics simulations the free energy profiles for the transfer of anesthetic 1,1,2-trifluoroethane and nonanesthetic perfluoroethane across water-membrane and water-hexane interfaces. Consistent with the hypothesis, it was found that trifluoroethane, but not perfluoroethane, exhibits a free energy minimum and, therefore, increased concentrations at both interfaces. The transfer of trifluoroethane from water to the nonpolar hexane or interior of the membrane is accompanied by a considerable, solvent-induced shift in the conformational equilibrium around the C-C bond.
Scopolamine modulates apomorphine-induced behavior in rats treated with haloperidol or SCH 23390.

Abstract In acute experiments, scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) potentiated apomorphine stereotypy and inhibited the antistereotypic effect of both haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and SCH 23390 (0.2 mg/kg). Daily administration of either haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or SCH 23390 (0.2 mg/kg) for 3 weeks produced enhanced stereotypic responses to apomorphine. Co-administration of scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) with haloperidol or SCH 23390 significantly reduced the behavioral supersensitivity produced by haloperidol of SCH 23390 alone. It is suggested that both D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors are linked to a cholinergic mechanism.
Effects of endothelin, platelet activating factor and thromboxane A2 in ferret lungs

Abstract We have compared the effects of three vasoactive agents, endothelin, platelet activating factor and thromboxane A 2 analoque, U 46 619, in the pulmonary circulation of ferrets. Lungs of nine adult ferrets, body weight 1.06±0.27 kg, were isolated and perfused with sheep red blood cells suspended in Kreb's solution with 2g% Dextran 70 (hematocrit 33±6%), under conditions of constant flow in zone 3. Endothelin-1 (ET: 0.1–1.35 μg/kg), platelet activating factor (PAF: 0.5–5.5 μg/kg) or thromboxane A 2 analogue (U 46 619: 1 μg/kg), was infused into the pulmonary artery and the pressure response determined. To locate the site of action of the agents, the pulmonary circulation was partitioned into arteries, microvessels and veins by measuring pressures in 20–50 μm diameter subpleural arterioles and venules by micropuncture, both during baseline and after the peak response to each vasoactive drug. We found that the ferret pulmonary circulation constricted in response to ET, PAF and U 46 619, but the magnitude of constriction varied. Ferret lungs were most sensitive to U 46 619 and least sensitive to PAF. The major site of action also differed among the agents; U 46 619 and ET predominantly constricted veins whereas PAF predominantly constricted arteries. We conclude that the ferret pulmonary circulation demonstrates differential responsiveness to vasoactive agents, that venous constriction is a common feature and that the predominant site of action varies with the specific agent.
Response of inbred lines of chickens.

IT HAS long been known that there are wide species, sex and age differences in thyroid activity. It is also known that environmental factors such as season and temperature, iodine intake, pituitary activity, administration of goitrogens and the alteration of endocrine activity by other means may have a profound effect on thyroid function. In recent years evidence has been accumulating with respect to the influence of genetic makeup or constitution on thyroid function within species. During the past half century poultry breeders have greatly improved the type, productivity and efficiency of the various breeds of chickens such as the White Leghorn, Barred P]ymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire and others. In addition, they have developed strains or lines of these breeds which are especially noted for such characteristics as egg number, egg size, rate of growth, rate of feathering, and so on. With such changes in phenotype and genotype, it is only logical to attempt to correlate these differences wit...
Sole owner harvesting policies under the threat of entry: A two-stage linear game

Abstract In this paper, we analyze harvesting policies for a producer who is guaranteed exclusive harvesting rights to a renewable resource for a specified period of time. A second producer may enter the market after these rights have expired and if entry occurs, the duopoly stage is modeled as a noncooperative differential game. We assume that the price and average costs are constant and that the harvest rate is linearly dependent upon the stock level and the effort expended. After the solution to the duopoly game is presented, we give the solution to the two-stage profit maximization problem of the incumbent. A modified most rapid approach path solution is shown to be optimal under certain conditions.
Two-point correlation functions of scaling fields in the Dirac theory on the Poincaré disk

A result from Palmer, Beatty and Tracy suggests that the two-point function of certain spinless scaling fields in a free Dirac theory on the Poincare disk can be described in terms of Painleve VI transcendents. We complete and verify this description by fixing the integration constants in the Painleve VI transcendent describing the two-point function, and by calculating directly in a Dirac theory on the Poincare disk the long distance expansion of this two-point function and the relative normalization of its long and short distance asymptotics. The long distance expansion is obtained by developing the curved-space analogue of a form factor expansion, and the relative normalization is obtained by calculating the one-point function of the scaling fields in question. The long distance expansion in fact provides part of the solution to the connection problem associated with the Painleve VI equation involved. Calculations are done using the formalism of angular quantization.
Analytical hole diameter and crack length models for multi-wall systems under hypervelocity projectile impact

Summary All long-duration spacecraft in low-earth-orbit are subject to high-speed impacts by meteoroids and orbital debris. In the event of a perforation, the pressure wall of a dual-wall structure impacted by a high-speed particle can also experience cracking and petaling. If such cracking were to occur on-orbit, unstable crack growth could develop which could lead to an unzipping of the impacted spacecraft module. This paper presents a summary of the development of a first-principles-based crack length and hole size model for a spacecraft module pressure wall that has been perforated in an orbital debris particle impact Predictions of the crack length model are compared with experimental data. Modifications to the model that are required to bring its predictions in closer agreement with the experimental results are then presented and discussed.
American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880

In 1835, there were 175 steam locomotives in service in the USA. By 1900, that number had increased to 37,663. In this book, railroad historian John H. White, Jr, chronicles the explosive growth and development of the steam locomotive in America, from the first British imports to the New York elevated locomotives of the 1880s. This revised and expanded edition contains more than 50 new pages of illustrations and text. Beginning with the early era of locomotive design, White describes the background and methods of the first American builders, the special requirements of American railroads, construction materials, locomotive types, performance, and costs. He then turns to the development of individual components: boilers and running gears, headlights and cowcatchers, sandboxes, bells, and whistles. Throughout, detailed scale drawings - many reproduced from the original working drawings - illustrate design features and modifications. For this edition, White offers 11 new detailed and comprehensive case histories of individual locomotives, beginning with the 1843 "La Junta". Each case history provides historical background, mechanical information, and engineering analysis. A special section updates and annotates the information found in the original edition.
Conjugate Fracture Zones: Potential "Sweet Spot" Reservoirs Within Regional Parallel-Fracture Systems

The mesh of permeability that can be provided by sets of intersecting conjugate fractures offers significant conductivity within a reservoir. This plumbing system will be an enhancement over not only matrix permeability values, but also over the permeability provided by related sets of sub-parallel, bed-normal, regional extension fractures. Conditions under which regional extension fractures have developed locally into conjugate fractures are described, offering possible exploration scenarios. Conjugate fractures may occur as bed-normal fractures with a vertical axis of intersection or as steeply inclined fractures with a horizontal axis of intersection, depending on the orientation of the principal stresses during fracturing. Increases in stress magnitudes and anisotropy during production drawdown of reservoir pressures may cause shear offsets along conjugate fractures. This will further enhance the fracture permeability, but only up to the point at which fault gouge begins to develop. Conductivity will not be enhanced, however, where conjugate fractures developed as deformation or shear bands, which are typically permeability barriers.
The nature of long-term fillers and the risk of complications.

Dr. Monheit is a consultant and/or clinical investigator for Allergan, Inc., Colbar Lifescience Ltd., Contura MLB, Dermik Laboratories, and Genzyme Corporation.
Biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes

Oral glucose tolerance was examined in five maturity-onset diabetics during the infusion of somatostatin or saline. Somatostatin inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release and reduced plasma glucagon by 50%--65%. The rise in plasma glucose after glucose ingestion was initially (at 30--120 min) reduced by somatostatin. However, beyond 3 hr, plasma glucose levels were 50--200 mg/100 ml higher, with somatostatin reaching concentrations at 6 hr that were twofold higher than those observed with saline ( p less than 0.005). The degree of late glucose intolerance was inversely related to postglucose plasma insulin concentrations (p less than 0.01). These findings demonstrate a biphasic effect of somatostatin on oral glucose tolerance in maturity-onset diabetes. The exaggerated later hyperglycemia is related to suppression of insulin secretion. The initial blunting of postprandial hyperglycemia may reflect decreased carbohydrate absorption and/or hypoglucagonemia-mediated enhancement of glucose disposal.
A SURVEY OF PRICE EQUATIONS

Inflation is really a hydra‐headed monster as Cagan named it. There have been numerous theoretical and empirical studies on the causes, costs and policies of inflation and unemployment. However, there has been no critical solution yet.
Variability of R CrB and NML Cyg at 3.5 microns

The 3.5-micron magnitudes of R CrB and NML Cyg as a function of Julian date (over the period 1968-1974) are presented and briefly analyzed. They establish the variability of R CrB at this wavelength: during the interval studied, its magnitude varied approximately 1.4 units, in a definite cyclic pattern. The magnitude variations of NML Cyg were smaller (about 0.5 mag), but they may be cyclic with a period on the same order as that of R CrB.
True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860–1930

One of the most critical environmental challenges facing both Californians and Australians in the 1860s involved the aftermath of the gold rushes. Settlers on both continents faced the disruptive impacts of mining, grazing, and agriculture; in response to these challenges, environmental reformers attempted to remake the natural environment into an idealized garden landscape. As this cutting-edge history shows, an important result of this nineteenth-century effort to 'renovate' nature was a far-reaching exchange of ideas between the United States - especially in California - and Australia. Ian Tyrrell demonstrates how Californians and Australians shared plants, insects, personnel, technology, and dreams, creating a system of environmental exchange that transcended national and natural boundaries. "True Gardens of the Gods" traces a new nineteenth-century environmental sensibility that emerged from the collision of European expansion with these frontier environments. Tyrrell traces historical ideas and personalities, provides in-depth discussions of introduced plants species (such as the eucalyptus and Monterey Pine), looks at a number of scientific programs of the time, and measures the impact of race, class, and gender on environmental policy. The book represents a new trend toward studying American history from a transnational perspective, focusing especially on a comparison of American history with the history of similar settler societies. Through the use of original research and an innovative methodology, this book offers a new look at the history of environmentalism on a regional and global scale.
Predicting the future of vascular health care: the impact of the baby boom generation.

With the aging of the "Baby Boomers," the need for vascular care will be substantial. Three things predominate: (1) variability in distribution of the work force, (2) increasing use of all vascular procedures, and (3) marked geographic variation as to who receives vascular therapy. The mandate to standardize therapy with the least resource utilization and the best results will only strengthen with time.
SU-E-T-19: Fitting a Multiple Source Photon Model for Monte Carlo Treatment Plan Verification.

Purpose: To assess and reduce the difficulty of fitting a multiple source photonmodel for monte carlo treatment plan verification. Methods: The EGS4 user code MCSIM, from Fox Chase Cancer Center, was chosen for its support of a multiple source photonmodel, of which the point and secondary (extrafocal) photon sources were utilized. A described method of fitting the secondary source to in‐air output factors was implemented. Additionally, a method to fit the point source to a single large field dose distribution was explored. The point source fitter utilizes a database of pre‐simulated mono‐energetic fanlines to build distributions from arbitrary spectra. Perturbations are made to fanline spectra to reduce the errors along them. In this study the energy spectrum for each fanline has been limited to the log‐normal distribution, which reduces the number of parameters for each to two. Results: It was found that one spectral parameter could be set to a constant for all fanlines and the other restricted to linearity with respect to off‐axis position. The model matched the outputs and distributions in non‐superficial areas to within 2% for 6MV and 15MV Varian iX field sizes between 4 and 40 cm. Various types of treatment plans were then successfully verified, including 3D, VMAT, IMRT, and an iPlan Monte Carlo stereotactic lung to within 3% (tumor dose). Conclusion: With such tools it is practical for a non‐research physicist to fit a two source photonmodel for the purpose of monte carlo treatment plan verification. The only commissioning data needed are in‐air output factors, a single large field dose distribution, and the usual machine parameters provided by LINAC vendors for clinical second check programs. Even when only photons are simulated and spectra are greatly simplified it is possible to achieve acceptable results for non‐superficial tumors. Furthermore, this is achieved without proprietary machine specifications.
Critical point for electron-hole droplet condensation in semiconductors

New evaluations of the critical temperatures and densities for electron-hole droplet condensation in Ge and Si with varying uniaxial strain are presented based on a plasmalike description of the system near the critical point. From these and previous calculations, it is pointed out that within this model the evaluation of the critical temperature does not depend sensitively on details of the correlation energy. The critical temperatures are in reasonable agreement with, but slightly higher than, the most recent experimental results for Ge and Si; such results are expected from this approach which neglects statistical fluctuations.
Bringing the World to the Classroom through Videoconferencing and Project-Based Learning.

The focus of this paper is a case study of a Texas-based school that implemented global projects to connect their students with many states and countries as a platform for integrating collaboration and communication skills, technology tools, and cultural diversity into an existing curriculum. The school introduced videoconferencing at every grade level K-8 in a school-wide initiative to bring the world to the classroom through the engagement of global learning projects with distant partners. A rubric is presented that provides a framework for improvement of interaction and engagement in videoconferencing experiences to develop best practices. For the purposes of this paper, the value of global projects in K-4 will be discussed.
The influences of roommate assignments upon students' maturity

One hundred ten entering freshmen were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups representing three types of roommate assignments in the residential halls. The three types of assignments included the pairing of two high-maturity students, a high- and a low-maturity student, or two low-maturity students. A pretest measure of maturity from Heath's Perceived Self Questionnaire (PSQ) was used to determine high or low maturity. About 90% of the sample was retested with the PSQ after one semester to study mean differences in maturity among the three experimental groups and between the initial status of high or low maturity after controlling for pretest maturity scores. Results showed that the maturity of one's roommate does have an impact on that student's degree of Symbolism, that is, on the student's awareness and insight of his or her values and experiences and an increased ability to express those values and experiences symbolically.
Nitrocellulose filter binding: Quantitation of the histidyl-tRNA-ATP phosphoribosyltransferase complex

Abstract The affinity of proteins for nitrocellulose filters has been exploited in quantitating protein-ligand interactions. The applicability of this method to studying the interaction between the purified first enzyme of l -histidine biosynthesis of Salmonella typhimurium , ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, and histidyl-tRNA is examined. A systematic study of the effects of environmental factors on formation of the complex and on retention of the complex by the filter is reported.
Direct Payments, Safety Nets and Supply Response: Discussion

The three articles in this session have one common theme: the effects of agricultural policy reform. The prevalent issues involve the extent and nature of economic distortions generated by agricultural policy in the U.S. and around the world. This is motivated in part by the current debate about domestic and trade policy in agriculture. In particular, WTO negotiations have focused the attention on policy reform that would reduce distortions in agricultural markets. Following significant agricultural policy reform in the mid 1990s, what are some of the effects of current agricultural policy? The Dewbre et al. article evaluates the effects
Evidence for an Additional Oxidant in the Photoassisted Fenton Reaction

The photo-Fenton reaction (Fe3+ + H2O2 + UV) has potential applications in wastewater treatment. This reaction was compared to H2O2 photolysis and other reactions that produce only hydroxyl radicals (OH•) in order to probe for additional or alternative intermediates that may contribute to the recognized potency of photo-Fenton as an oxidant of organic compounds. Distinct differences were found between photo-Fenton and genuine OH• reactions. The kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KDIE) for cyclohexane in the photo-Fenton reaction increases from 1.2 to 1.4 with increasing concentration of OH• scavenger, tert-butyl alcohol; whereas the KDIE in genuine OH• reactions (H2O2/UV, Fe3+/UV, and Fe2+ + H2O2) is 1.1 and unchanged in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol. Photo-Fenton catalyzed the epoxidation of cyclohexene at a much greater rate than H2O2/UV. The relative yields of chlorinated organic acids from 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene oxidation were markedly affected by the presenc...
Effects of Brassin-Complex on Auxin and Gibberellin Mediated Events in the Morphogenesis of the Etiolated Bean Hypocotyl

The excised, hooked bean hypocotyl was the system used to determine wheiher the ‘auxin- and gibberellin like’ effect of the lipoidal pollen extract, Brass in-complex (Br), were mediated through, or independent of, auxin and gibberellin. The morphogenetic events of hook opening and hypocotyl elongation in this system are regulated by auxin and gibberellin, respectively. Brassin complex, like IAA, elicited a book closure in (he dark and retarded its opening in red light. This effect was synergized by T1BA, IAA and the presence of the auxin-producing organs, the epicotyl and cotyledons. Br-elicited hook closure was inhibited by the antiauxin. PCIB. Both GA3 and Br totally reversed the light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. The GA3-effect, but nol the Br elicited elongation, was overcome by Ancymidol. Hypocotyl elongation was partially inhibited by TIBA and PCIB. suggesting a possible auxin involvement also in this effect of Br. Br may elicit its growth responses through an effect on endogenous auxin levels, In this way it is different from other lipoidat growth regulators, such as the oleanimins which require the presence of exogenous growth regulators for activity.
A Histidine-rich Cluster Mediates the Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Human Zinc Transporter, hZIP4, and Protects against Zinc Cytotoxicity

Zinc is an essential nutrient. Genetic evidence for this nutritional requirement in humans is the zinc deficiency disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica. This disorder is caused by mutations in hZIP4 (SLC39A4), a zinc importer required for zinc uptake in enterocytes and other cell types. Studies in mice have demonstrated that levels of the mZIP4 mRNA are reduced by elevated dietary zinc, resulting in a decreased abundance of the ZIP4 protein at the plasma membrane. Moreover, studies in cultured cells have demonstrated that low micromolar concentrations of zinc stimulate the endocytosis of the mZIP4 protein resulting in a reduction in cellular zinc uptake. In this study, we demonstrate an additional level of hZIP4 regulation involving ubiquitination and degradation of this transporter in elevated zinc concentrations. Mutational analysis identified a cytoplasmic histidine-rich domain that was essential for ubiquitin-dependent degradation of ZIP4 and protection against zinc toxicity. However, this motif was dispensable for zinc-induced endocytosis. These findings indicate that ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the ZIP4 protein is critical for regulating zinc homeostasis in response to the upper tier of physiological zinc concentrations, via a process that is distinct from zinc-stimulated endocytosis.
Gestational changes in concentrations of selenium and zinc in the porcine fetus and the effects of maternal intake of selenium.

The effect of maternal dietary selenium (Se) and gestation on the concentrations of Se and zinc (Zn) in the porcine fetus were determined. Mature gilts were randomly assigned to treatments of either adequate (0.39 ppm Se) or low (0.05 ppm Se) dietary Se. Gilts were bred and fetuses were collected throughout gestation. Concentrations of Se in maternal whole blood and liver decreased during gestation in sows fed the low-Se diet compared to sows fed the Se-supplemented diet. Maternal intake of Se did not affect the concentration of Se in the whole fetus; however, the concentration of Se in fetal liver was decreased in fetuses of sows fed the low-Se diet. Although fetal liver Se decreased in both treatments as gestation progressed, the decrease was greater in liver of fetuses from sows fed the low-Se diet. Dietary Se did not affect concentrations of Zn in maternal whole blood or liver or in the whole fetus and fetal liver. The concentration of Se in fetal liver was lower but the concentration of Zn was greater than in maternal liver when sows were fed the adequate Se diet. These results indicate that maternal intake of Se affects fetal liver Se and newborn piglets have lower liver Se concentrations compared to their dams, regardless of the Se intake of sows during gestation. Thus, the piglet is more susceptible Se deficiency than the sow.
Chemical and physical properties of iron hydroxide precipitates associated with passively treated coal mine drainage in the Bituminous Region of Pennsylvania and Maryland

Abstract Changes in precipitate mineralogy, morphology, and major and trace element concentrations and associations throughout 5 coal mine drainage (CMD) remediation systems treating discharges of varying chemistries were investigated in order to determine the factors that influence the characteristics of precipitates formed in passive systems. The 5 passive treatment systems sampled in this study are located in the bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania and northern Maryland, and treat discharges from Pennsylvanian age coals. The precipitates are dominantly (>70%) goethite. Crystallinity varies throughout an individual system, and lower crystallinity is associated with enhanced sorption of trace metals. Degree of crystallinity (and subsequently morphology and trace metal associations) is a function of the treatment system and how rapidly Fe(II) is oxidized, forms precipitates, aggregates and settles. Precipitates formed earlier in the passive treatment systems tend to have the highest crystallinity and the lowest concentrations of trace metal cations. High surface area and cation vacancies within the goethite structure enable sorption and incorporation of metals from coal mine drainage-polluted waters. Sorption affinities follow the order of Zn > Co ≈ Ni > Mn. Cobalt and Ni are preferentially sorbed to Mn oxide phases when these phases are present. As pH increases in the individual CMD treatment systems toward the pHpzc of goethite, As sorption decreases and transition metal (Co, Mn, Ni and Zn) sorption increases. Sulfate, Na and Fe(II) concentrations may all influence the sorption of trace metals to the Fe hydroxide surface. Results of this study have implications not only for solids disposal and resource recovery but also for the optimization of passive CMD treatment systems.
Longitudinal and Reciprocal Relationships Between Depression and Disability in Older Women Caregivers and Noncaregivers

Purpose of the Study: Depressi ve symptoms and disability each increase the risk of the other, yet few studies have examined reciprocal associations between these conditions in a single study, or over periods longer than 3 years. These associations may differ in older caregivers due to chronic stress, health characteristics, or factors related to caregiving. Design and Methods: Structural equation models were used to in vestigate relationships between depressive symptoms and disability over 3 interviews spanning 6 years among 956 older women (M = 81.5 years) from the Caregiver Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Results were evaluated separately for 611 noncaregivers and 345 caregivers to a relative or friend. Results: In noncaregi vers, more depressive symptoms significantly predicted greater disability, whereas greater disability predicted increased depressive symptoms at the next interview in age-adjusted models. In contrast, there was not a significant relationship between depression and disability in either direction for caregivers. Further adjustment for body mass index and medical condition variables did not change these relationships. Implications: Caregi vers did not exhibit longitudinal or reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and disability observed in noncaregivers. It is possible that older women caregivers are buffered by better physical condition or social interactions related to caregiving activities.
Visual working memory: now you see it, now you don't.

Summary Flies can form a visually-guided working memory. A new study shows that the gene termed ellipsoid body open influences multiple signals to regulate a competence factor in the ellipsoid body to support normal working memory.
Adult celiac disease, small and medium vessel cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, and T cell lymphoma

Abstract Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of small- and medium-sized vessels developed in a patient with adult celiac disease who later was found to have visceral lymphoma with erythrophagocytosis. Immunologic and genetic probe studies showed the lymphoma to be of T cell differentiation. Celiac disease and T cell lymphoma have been associated previously with the development of cutaneous vasculitis.
Putting the G in development.

One of the challenges of biology is the unravelling of the developmental programs that control differentiation in multicellular organisms. An important aspect of this is discovering how cells within a multicellular organism communicate to organize cell function and cell localization. Understanding of these communication pathways has benefitted from recent technological advances that have enabled the isolation and investigation of genes encoding G proteins. Because of the high degree of amino acid sequence identity among G-protein domains that have conserved biochemical function, it has been possible to isolate many members of the G-protein family using PCR and other methods [1,2].
Sex differences in extracellular and intracellular calcium-mediated vascular reactivity to vasopressin in rat aorta.

Abstract In rat thoracic aorta, contractile responses to arginine vasopressin are two-fold higher in females than in males. To determine the roles of extracellular and intracellular Ca 2+ in this sexual dimorphism in vascular function, vascular reactivity and Ca 2+ channel function were examined in thoracic aortae of male and female rats. In the presence of diltiazem (10 μM), maximal contraction to vasopressin was reduced to a greater extent in male (65±2%) than in female aortae (38±1%). Maximal contractile responses to KCl and Bay K 8644 were similar in male and female aortae. Sensitivity to KCl was slightly but significantly higher in male than in female aorta; in contrast, sensitivity to Bay K 8644 was nearly three-fold higher in males than in females. Removal of the endothelium enhanced sensitivity to KCl similarly in male and female aortae. In the presence of simvastatin (60 μM; an inhibitor of intracellular Ca 2+ release), reactivity to vasopressin was reduced substantially in female (42±1%) but unaltered in male aortae. Removal of the endothelium enhanced the inhibitory effect of simvastatin in both female (73±2%) and male aortae (41±2%). These findings demonstrate that male aortae depend more upon extracellular Ca 2+ influx, whereas female aortae depend more upon intracellular Ca 2+ release for vasopressin-induced contraction.
Impossibility and Changed and Unforeseen Circumstances

Suppose that the parties are agreed on what performance each is to make but some event makes this performance impossible, or more difficult, or its market price drastically changes. These problems have been handled by two doctrines drawn from two different sources. Roman law developed a doctrine of impossibility to deal with impossible performances. Canon law developed one of changed circumstances to deal with unexpected events that made a performance of greater or lesser value to each party. In the medieval and early modern period, jurists developed philosophical and moral explanations of these doctrines. With time, these explanations were forgotten or simplified. Today, to many modern jurists, both doctrines seem to defy rational explanation. Nevertheless, if we look at the history of these doctrines, we will find that there is a much to be learned, both negatively and positively. Negatively, we will see, the jurists were never able to develop a good explanation of the Roman texts governing impossibility. Their explanation was that no one could be bound to do the impossible which simply did not square with the texts. On the positive side, they did develop a good explanation of the effect of unexpected circumstances. It was so good that I believe that if it is properly understood, it can also explain why relief is sometimes given when a performance is impossible.
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN INSTITUTIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL DEMAND FOR CORPORATE SECURITIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAPITAL MARKET, 1920–55†

s of Doctoral Dissertations 93 vested relatively less of these funds in stocks than did individuals, large holdings of individual investment funds still flowed into the possession of high-income individuals. Since there has been a longterm declining trend of stocks as a percentage of total personal savings, individuals still had sufficient investment funds to supply large amounts of equity. This was the case despite high tax rates on highincome individuals and available tax-exempt securities. There is sufficient evidence to show that individuals failed to invest as large a percentage of their savings in stocks in the period 1946-49 as they did in the 1920's. It is concluded that the high cost of market equity capital in the period 1946-49 was only partially due to structural changes in the investor community. A more important factor apparently was investors' preference for bonds. Individual investors had sufficient funds to buy equities somewhat more heavily without causing an abnormal imbalance of their portfolios, but, because of uncertainties concerning prosperity and corporate profits, they avoided stocks. The increase in demand for stocks in the first half of the 1950's was a result of a shift in individual preference plus increased institutional demand. Because of weak investor demand for stocks, the cost of corporate equity capital was high compared with bonds in the early postwar years. The response of corporations to the relative cost of stocks and bonds stems from the fact that, as cost rose for stock capital, new issues of stock lagged. In the period 1946-49 new stock issues were relatively few, but in relation to the level of the cost of bonds it would appear that fewer stocks would have been issued. Apparently, corporations resist distorting their capital structure beyond a limited degree, even though debt capital is cheaper. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.52 on Sat, 22 Oct 2016 04:36:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The sign of the nuclear spin-rotation constants of H in SiH4 and GeH4 and 19F in CF4, SiF4, GeF4

Abstract Recently, the absolute values of the H and 19F spin-rotation constants in SiH4, GeH4, CF4, SiF4, and GeF4 were reported on the basis of molecular beam measuremetns. We note here a method of determining the signs of the spin-rotation constants. Our results show that the proton spin-rotation constants in SiH4 and GeH4 are positive and the 19F spin-rotation constants in CF4, SiF4, and GeF4 are negative.
Synthesis of a Diverse Library of N,N-Dimethylamino Containing Monomers Appropriate as Lipid Head Groups.

Abstract We report on the synthesis of a diverse library of N , N -dimethylamino containing monomers. Subjecting these monomers to Chabrier reaction conditions would yield lipids with polymerizable head groups. This library of lipid head groups is equipped with arms of various lengths containing reduction–oxidation polymerizable groups at the terminus.
Multi-resolution source coding theorems

For stationary sources on Polish alphabets, we describe the family of achievable rate and distortion vectors (R/sub 1/,...,R/sub L/) and (D/sub 1/,...,D/sub L/) for an L-resolution source code, where the description at the first resolution is given at rate R/sub 1/ and distortion D/sub 1/, the description at the second resolution includes both the first description and a refining description of rate R/sub 2/ and distortion D/sub 2/, and so on. We consider performance bounds for fixed- and variable-rate source codes on discrete-time stationary ergodic and stationary nonergodic sources for any integer number of resolutions L/spl ges/1. For L>1, the results extend previous results for discrete memoryless sources.
Degradation of the oscillator performance of read diodes due to space-charge and series resistances

It is shown that the bias current density is a very important parameter in the operation of Read-diode oscillators. A degradation factor is derived for the d.c./r.f. conversion efficiency due to the space-charge resistance of the drift region and the series resistance. Optimisation of the generated r.f. power is discussed.
Simulation modeling requirements for determining soldier tactical mission system effectiveness

In order to maintain an edge during this time of unprecedented technological growth, the Army must field infantry soldier systems quickly; however, the cost of doing so without some assessment of utility is quite high. Therefore, the acquisition community must estimate the operational impact of proposed systems with an increasing degree of accuracy. For this, the Army has turned to combat simulations. However, the focus in the past has been on larger battlefield systems and unit-level analyses. Additionally, infantry soldier models require unprecedented fidelity in terms of the soldier entity and his environment. As a result, the simulation representation of the individual soldier on the battlefield has not kept pace with other representations. In this paper, we discuss our identification of the unique simulation requirements for modeling the infantry soldier as a system of systems in support of acquisition decision making.
The Slave Trade in Nineteenth Century Temneland and the British Sphere of Influence

For centuries nearly every European who visited Sierra Leone was struck by the great potential for trade to which the area seemed geographically suited. Caravans from Kankan and Segu, and even from as far away as Bamako and Timbuctu, came down through Siguri and Faranah, passed through the dispersal points inland of the forest at Timbo, Bunban, and Samaia, and carried the gold, ivory, hides, and produce of the interior down to the tidewater towns. of Temneland (Canot 1854, p. 89). From Kambia, Mange, Port Loko, and Magbeli the trade accumulated with local produce, and the caravans ferried their goods by canoe and "Bullom Boat" to the European ships waiting off the mountainous peninsula in West Africa's deepest and largest natural harbor.1 Anyone familiar with the map will note that much of Temneland is well situated to conmand this inland trade from the Futa Jallon and the upper Niger. The northwestern Temne control the navigable reaches of the Scarcies and of Port Loko Creek. Likewise, the southeastern chiefdoms are astride the Rokel and command the approaches to Freetown. Ijagbemi has noted how the major trade routes going inland from the coast
Subperiosteal osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the thumb

Osteoid osteomas have been subgrouped into subperiosteal, cancellous, and cortical. The occurrence of subperiosteal osteoid osteoma of the hand is rare. The location in the distal phalanx of the thumb has not been described. The case reported illustrates the unusual presentation and radiographic features of subperiosteal osteoid osteoma.
Cognitive improvement following treatment in late-life depression: relationship to vascular risk and age of onset.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that the degree of vascular burden and/or age of onset may influence the degree to which cognition can improve during the course of treatment in late-life depression. Design Measurement of cognition both before and following 12 weeks of treatment with sertraline. Setting University medical centers (Washington University and Duke University). Participants One hundred sixty-six individuals with late-life depression. Intervention Sertraline treatment. Measurements The cognitive tasks were grouped into five domains (language, processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function). We measured vascular risk using the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile measure. We measured T2-based white matter hyperintensities using the Fazekas criteria. Results Both episodic memory and executive function demonstrated significant improvement among adults with late-life depression during treatment with sertraline. Importantly, older age, higher vascular risk scores, and lower baseline Mini-Mental State Examination scores predicted less change in working memory. Furthermore, older age, later age of onset, and higher vascular risk scores predicted less change in executive function. Conclusions These results have important clinical implications in that they suggest that a regular assessment of vascular risk in older adults with depression is necessary as a component of treatment planning and in predicting prognosis, both for the course of the depression itself and for the cognitive impairments that often accompany depression in later life.
Chloramphenicol and the Stimulation of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Data have been obtained which imply that chloramphenicol stimulation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis is a result of the accumulation of aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The data also support the hypothesis that chloramphenicol exerts an additional effect upon the stimulation of RNA synthesis. This effect may be at the level of the ribosome or the aminoacyl tRNA, or of both. It is this effect combined with the presence of aminoacyl tRNA that results in stimulation by chloramphenicol of RNA synthesis.
Clinical course and long-term prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is rare. In comparison with the usual myocardial infarction population, it occurs in relatively young people with a striking predilection for women. Of 83 cases that have been described, 62 were diagnosed at autopsy and 21 were found antemortem. A series of 11 patients with the antemortem diagnosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection is reported and follow-up is provided for 16 of the 21 previously reported cases. Of the 62 autopsy cases, 10 (16%) were men (mean age 47) and 52 (84%) were women (mean age 40). Dissection of the left anterior descending coronary artery predominated in this group of patients, occurring in 80% of men and 65% of women. Of the 32 cases diagnosed antemortem, 15 (47%) were men (mean age 46) and 17 (53%) were women (mean age 38). Men were found to have dissection predominantly of the right coronary artery (73%). Women were found to have dissection predominantly of the left coronary artery system (88%). The etiology of spontaneous coronary artery dissection remains unclear. The 3 groups that can be identified are those associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, those in the postpartum period and those found to be idiopathic. Of the 94 known cases, 69 (73%) occurred in women; 21 (31%) of these were associated with the postpartum state. The prognosis of patients surviving the initial event is good, with an 82% survival rate (follow-up: range 1.5 to 144 months, mean 38). The indications for medical or surgical treatment are presented. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any young person sustaining an acute myocardial infarction, especially women in the postpartum state.
Linear Fourier and stochastic analysis

To extend the traditional Fourier theory of stationary processes, some new boundedness notions, for processes and for random measures, are introduced. This leads, for these processes and measures, to Plancherel and Hausdorff-Young type formulae and to a decomposition theory via dilations and multiplications. Various applications of our methods are also presented.