cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Truth the Gold Standard of Inquiry? A Comment on Elgin’s Argument Against Veritism

In True enough, (The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2017), Elgin argues against veritism, which is the view that truth is the paramount epistemic objective. Elgin’s argument against veritism proceeds from considering the role that models, idealizations, and thought experiments play in science to the conclusion that veritism is unacceptable. In this commentary, I argue that Elgin’s argument fails as an argument against veritism. I sketch a refutation by logical analogy of Elgin’s argument. Just as one can aim at gold medals and still find approximations to gold, such as silver and bronze medals, to be acceptable and honest achievements in competitive sports, one can aim at full truths as the paramount epistemic objective and still find approximations to truth, such as models and idealizations, to be acceptable and honest achievements in scientific inquiry.
Lower oxygen consumption and Complex I activity in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction

Fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have lower hindlimb oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), indicating depressed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in their skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that OCRs are lower in skeletal muscle mitochondria from IUGR fetuses, due to reduced electron transport chain (ETC) activity and lower abundances of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes. IUGR sheep fetuses (n = 12) were created with mid-gestation maternal hyperthermia and compared with control fetuses (n = 12). At 132 ± 1 days of gestation, biceps femoris muscles were collected, and the mitochondria were isolated. Mitochondria from IUGR muscle have 47% lower State 3 (Complex I-dependent) OCRs than controls, whereas State 4 (proton leak) OCRs were not different between groups. Furthermore, Complex I, but not Complex II or IV, enzymatic activity was lower in IUGR fetuses compared with controls. Proteomic analysis (n = 6/group) identified 160 differentially expressed proteins between groups, with 107 upregulated and 53 downregulated mitochondria proteins in IUGR fetuses compared with controls. Although no differences were identified in ETC subunit protein abundances, abundances of key TCA cycle enzymes [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 3 noncatalytic subunit β (IDH3B), succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit-β (SUCLA2), and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH)] were lower in IUGR mitochondria. IUGR mitochondria had a greater abundance of a hypoxia-inducible protein, NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex 4-like 2, which is known to incorporate into Complex I and lower Complex I-mediated NADH oxidation. Our findings show that mitochondria from IUGR skeletal muscle adapt to hypoxemia and hypoglycemia by lowering Complex I activity and TCA cycle enzyme concentrations, which together, act to lower OCR and NADH production/oxidation in IUGR skeletal muscle.
Beginnings: Endless Work in Thomas Carlyle's Past and Present

Today’s dominant economic paradigms and political frameworks permit the problem of work, the plight of the worker and the workless alike, to go unaddressed. Political theory tends to be complicit in this silence about work. As a step towards remedying this silence, this paper examines one nineteenth-century polemicist’s efforts to articulate the problem of work as a matter of common concern, a political problem. In the midst of Victorian Britain’s laissez-faire politics, Thomas Carlyle pitched a vision of politics as work, an image that would inform much of the political literature of nineteenth-century Britain (including Dickens’s Hard Times). Carlyle’s Past and Present (1843) challenges the traditional and the Arendtian division of politics from work, but it does so in order to address the political damage done by the refusal to talk about work as a matter that affects us all, a political matter. This paper explores Carlyle’s vision of politics-as-work, and the work of articulating that vision. I argue that Carlylean work is best thought of as an “endless” practice, and this in several senses. First, the practice of work cannot conform to instrumental, or “means-end” rationality, as is traditionally imagined. Second, work is somehow bound up with the immortality of the individual soul. In work the worker experiences and participates in the eternal, the endless. Third, and most troubling, the practice of work, like its product (a problematic term here), must itself be eternal or endless. The term endless thus has temporal and structural resonances, and I suggest that both of these are central to rendering work political. Amidst all this, there is a further endlessness: that of the term “work,” a term Carlyle refuses to limit through definition. Past and Present opens a conversation about an ultimately undefined object - work - and encourages readers to embrace an unruly proliferation of meaning as an energy to sustain, rather than an obstacle to frustrate, conversation and action. In order to speak or write politically about work, Carlyle seems to suggest, we must embrace or cultivate a certain unruliness, a certain unmanageability.
Sampled Data Systems

In Chap. 2 we dealt with discrete systems only, covering difference equations and the z transform. Chapter 3 we did examine finding discrete simulations of continuous systems, but we did so from a discrete perspective. In digital control systems where there are both discrete (the control algorithm) and continuous components (the plant), with a loop closure, it is imperative that we study the interaction between discrete and continuous components with a more rigorous examination of the effect of sampling. In comparison to Chap. 3, now we will work primarily in the continuous time domain and use the Laplace transform.
Toward Privacy and Utility Preserving Image Representation.

Face images are rich data items that are useful and can easily be collected in many applications, such as in 1-to-1 face verification tasks in the domain of security and surveillance systems. Multiple methods have been proposed to protect an individual's privacy by perturbing the images to remove traces of identifiable information, such as gender or race. However, significantly less attention has been given to the problem of protecting images while maintaining optimal task utility. In this paper, we study the novel problem of creating privacy-preserving image representations with respect to a given utility task by proposing a principled framework called the Adversarial Image Anonymizer (AIA). AIA first creates an image representation using a generative model, then enhances the learned image representations using adversarial learning to preserve privacy and utility for a given task. Experiments were conducted on a publicly available data set to demonstrate the effectiveness of AIA as a privacy-preserving mechanism for face images.
Reduction in epistaxis and emergency department visits in patients taking warfarin after implementation of an education program.

Abstract Background Anticoagulated patients are often seen unnecessarily in the emergency department (ED) for epistaxis, leading to increased healthcare costs. Patients are often unaware of preventative and management techniques for handling epistaxis in the home. Methods In 2016, the Michigan Anticoagulation Quality Improvement Initiative (MAQI2), a Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan-sponsored consortium of 6 anticoagulation clinics in Michigan, implemented an epistaxis-management educational program for warfarin-treated patients with the goal of reducing unnecessary ED visits. A pre-implementation cohort (2014–2015) consisted of patients who did not receive epistaxis-related educational materials. A post-implementation cohort (2017–2018) received epistaxis educational materials covering home treatment and prevention strategies. Patient characteristics and outcomes (rates of epistaxis and epistaxis ED visits) were compared using Chi-square, Poisson regression, and t-tests. Results Of the 4473 patients included, 2634 (58.9%) initiated warfarin in the pre-implementation phase and 1839 (41.1%) initiated warfarin in the post-implementation phase. The post-implementation cohort had a lower overall epistaxis rate (13.4 vs 10.4 per 100 patient-year, pre- vs. post-implementation; p = 0.029), a lower epistaxis-related ED visit rate (5.6 vs. 3.1 per 100 patient-year; p = 0.003), and a lower proportion of nosebleeds that led to an ED visit (42% vs. 30%; p = 0.032). After controlling for antiplatelet use, renal disease, and time in therapeutic range, both cohorts were equally likely to have nosebleeds (RR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.58–1.02); however, the post-implementation cohort was less likely to visit the ED for epistaxis (RR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.84). Conclusion An epistaxis education program was associated with a reduction in epistaxis-related ED visits among warfarin-treated patients.
Infrared chemical imaging with scanning quantum cascade laser microscopy systems

Infrared spectroscopic imaging is an analytical approach that can reveal important molecular information without the need for substantial sample processing. These instruments can provide objective and automated evaluations to aid pathologists improve diagnostic accuracy. The quantum cascade laser, allows for a discrete frequency approach, increasing imaging speeds with superior spatial and spectral resolution. We present our recent progress toward developing new instruments capable of diffraction limited performance at all fingerprint-region wavelengths across the entire field of view. We demonstrate high throughput imaging of tissue sections and tissue microarrays and evaluate the advantages in data quality obtained from a well-corrected system.
Globalization and entrepreneurial entry and exit: Evidence from U.S. households

Abstract Using a database on U.S. individuals and households, we examine whether rise in globalization and trade integration of product markets have contributed to the observed decline in US entrepreneurship in trade-exposed sectors. US trade policy that lowered tariffs on China dampens entrepreneurial dynamism through lower entry (especially by incorporated entrepreneurs) and higher exit in exposed sectors but increases entry by highly educated individuals in skill-intensive nontradable industries. The results are robust to secular trends, labor market specialization, local collateral and credit shocks, and long-run bank distress. They are also robust to aggregation at local, state, and national industry levels.
Global Green New Deal: A Global South perspective:

Most proposed solutions in the Global Green New Deal literature involve finance and technology transfers to address the imbalance between the Global North and Global South, while providing little d...
A 94.2-dB SNDR 142.6-μW VCO-Based Audio ADC With a Split-ADC Differential Pulse Code Modulation Architecture

This letter presents a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for audio applications using differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) to mitigate VCO voltage-to-frequency nonlinearity. To overcome VCO gain variation, a split-ADC architecture is employed where two sub-ADCs share one calibration unit, thereby enabling a quasideterministic background gain calibration with small delay and fast convergence speed. In addition, a hybrid dynamic element matching (DEM) is employed, which offers a lower delay and a smaller in-band mismatch noise compared to the segmented-tree DEM. Fabricated in 65 nm, the ADC achieves 94.2-dB SNDR, 97.3-dB SNR, and 100.3-dB DR in 20-kHz bandwidth while dissipating 142.6-μW power, yielding a DR-based FoM of 181.8 dB.
Lerch distribution based on maximum nonsymmetric entropy principle: Application to Conway’s game of life cellular automaton

Abstract Conway’s Game of Life (GoL) is a biologically inspired computational model which can approach the behavior of complex natural phenomena such as the evolution of ecological communities and populations. The GoL frequency distribution of events on log-log scale has been proved to satisfy the power-law scaling. In this work, GoL is connected to the entropy concept through the maximum nonsymmetric entropy (MaxNSEnt) principle. In particular, the nonsymmetric entropy is maximized to lead to a general Zipf’s law under the special auxiliary information parameters based on Hurwitz–Lerch Zeta function. The Lerch distribution is then generated, where the Zipf, Zipf–Mandelbrot, Good and Zeta distributions are analyzed as particular cases. In addition, the Zeta distribution is linked to the famous golden number. For GoL simulations, the Good distribution presented the best performance in log-log linear regression models for individual cell population, whose exponents were far from the golden number. This result suggests that individual cell population decays slower than a hypothetical slope equal to a (fast decaying) negative golden number.
Heartbeat: prevalence and treatment of severe aortic stenosis in older patients.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is common in the elderly with an increasing number of patients as our population ages but precise estimates of prevalence have been limited by inadequate diagnostic data in most clinical databases. In this issue of Heart , Owens and colleagues1 performed a targeted review of medical records for 5795 participants over age 65 years in the population based Cardiovascular Health Study to determine the frequency of moderate to severe AS. Over 25 years, the cumulative frequency of significant AS was 3.7% with 85% of these patients being hospitalised for severe AS, although only ½ underwent aortic valve replacement. The adjusted incident of significant AS was higher in men, but lower in Blacks, compared with the rest of the study cohort (figure 1). Figure 1 Cumulative incidence plots of AS events and death. Subdistribution and cause-specific AS refer to the plot for each aortic stenosis outcome calculated by subdistribution survival methods and cause specific survival methods, respectively. AS, aortic stenosis. In an editorial, Iung and Arangalage2 point out that this estimate of the community burden of AS is higher than previously reported, which has important implications for healthcare costs, particularly given the evidence that valve replacement is underused …
Semantic-Guided Zero-Shot Learning for Low-Light Image/Video Enhancement.

Low-light images challenge both human perceptions and computer vision algorithms. It is crucial to make algorithms robust to enlighten low-light images for computational photography and computer vision applications such as real-time detection and segmentation. This paper proposes a semantic-guided zero-shot low-light enhancement network (SGZ) which is trained in the absence of paired images, unpaired datasets, and segmentation annotation. Firstly, we design an enhancement factor extraction network using depthwise separable convolution for an efficient estimate of the pixel-wise light deficiency of an low-light image. Secondly, we propose a recurrent image enhancement network to progressively enhance the low-light image with affordable model size. Finally, we introduce an unsupervised semantic segmentation network for preserving the semantic information during intensive enhancement. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets and a low-light video demonstrate that our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art. We further discuss the benefits of the proposed method for low-light detection and segmentation. Code is available at https://github.com/ShenZheng2000/Semantic-Guided-Low-Light-Image-Enhancement
Environmental Toxicants, Epigenetics, and Cancer

Environmental toxicants, including tobacco smoke, air pollution, and water and food pollution have been shown to either contribute to or be associated with development of some human cancers. Exposure to these toxicants are also associated with epigenetic changes detected in human specimens, including blood, saliva, and sputum. In healthy individuals, some of these epigenetic changes are consistent with those seen in cancer patients such as global hypomethylation and tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation. For example, benzene exposure was found to be associated with global hypomethylation and p15 hypermethylation. In cancer patients, exposure to environmental toxicants have been found to be associated with different cancer subtypes with distinct epigenetic profiles. For example, smoking was found to be associated with increased colorectal cancer risk for CIMP-positive tumors. This chapter will review evidence supporting the potential roles of environmental toxicants in human cancer development by way of epigenetic changes.
Spiral (T for the Diagnosis and Staging of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is the ninth most common malignancy in Europe and the United States and the fourth most frequent cause of death related to a malignancy. The prognosis is poor, and the diagnosis is made late. Surgery provides the only effective treatment, but in only 10–30% of patients is the condition amenable to resection at the time of diagnosis (Freeny et al.1988; Megibow et al.1995; Warshaw et al. 1990; Warshaw and Fernandez-Del-Castillo 1992). Computed tomography (CT) is the most useful modality for the evaluation of pancreatic neoplasms. It is used both for diagnosis and for preoperative selection of patients who may undergo radical pancreatoduodenectomy (Aspestrand and Kolmannskog 1992; Baker 1991; Freeny et al. 1988, 1993; Warshaw et al. 1990).
Interlaminar Tension/Shear Properties and Stress Rupture in Shear of Various Continuous Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites

Interlaminar tensile and shear strengths of six different fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites were determined at ambient temperature with transthickness tension and double-notch shear test methods, respectively. Overall, interlaminar shear strength was about three times greater than interlaminar tensile strength for the composites considered. Some size effect on interlaminar shear strength was observed for SiC/SiC composites. Rate dependency of shear strength of a Hi-Nic SiC/SiC composite was also determined at 1316 °C in air using constant shear stress-rate testing. Degradation of interlaminar shear strength with decreasing shear stress rate, termed rate dependency or delayed failure, was observed. A previously proposed phenomenological model was used to account for and to quantify the rate dependency of interlaminar shear strength of the composite. Additional stress rupture testing in shear for the same SiC/SiC composite was conducted at 1316 °C in air to validate the proposed model. Notwithstanding the limited number of test specimens used, the model was in reasonable agreement with the stress rupture data.
Microstrip spurline band-pass filters

We present two novel spurline band-pass filters employing two and three parallel-coupled microstrip lines along with the approximate design equations. These filters exhibited insertion losses of less than 1 and 1.3 dB and return losses of more than 20 and 15 dB in the pass bands centered near 5 GHz. We obtained a good agreement between the measured and calculated performances. These filters behave similarly to the conventional open-circuited shunt-stub band-pass filters, but are smaller and have less radiation, dispersion, and sensitivity to the adjacent objects.
Correcting for Guessing on Multiple-Choice Exams

Dear Dr. Alvares: Thomas J. Prihoda et al. published an article concerning correcting for guessing on multiple-choice examinations in the April 2006 issue of the Journal of Dental Education. They correlated scores on four tests in a multiple-choice format (without correction for guessing) with
Designing Scenarios for Human Action.

Designed artifacts unavoidably restructure human activity. In this sense, the design of tools and environments for people to use in their work, as well as of the training and information that support this use, can be seen as the design of human activity. This conception of what it is to design things motivates alternative representations, processes. and tools for design work. This paper describes an approach to the design of computer systems and applications in which scenarios of human-system interaction are a central working design representation. This approach is illustrated by examples from the design of a multimedia information system.
Forbidden substructures and combinatorial dichotomies: WQO and universality

We discuss two combinatorial problems concerning classes of finite or countable structures of combinatorial type. We consider classes determined by a finite set of finite constraints (forbidden substructures). Questions about such classes of structures are naturally viewed as algorithmic decision problems, taking the finite set of constraints as the input. While the two problems we consider have been studied in a number of natural contexts, it remains far from clear whether they are decidable in their general form. This broad question leads to a number of more concrete problems. We discuss twelve open problems of varying levels of concreteness, and we point to the ''Hairy Ball Problem'' as a particularly concrete problem, which we give first in direct model theoretic terms, and then decoded as an explicit graph theoretic problem.
Whole cell segmentation in solid tissue sections.

Background Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of tissue development and function requires analysis of individual cells while in their tissue context. Methods We developed software to find the optimum border around each cell (segmentation) from two-dimensional microscopic images of intact tissue. Samples were labeled with a fluorescent cell surface marker so that cell borders were brighter than elsewhere. The optimum border around each cell was defined as the border with an average intensity per unit length greater that any other possible border around that cell, and was calculated using the gray-weighted distance transform. Algorithm initiation requiring the user to mark two points per cell, one approximately in the center and the other on the border, ensured virtually 100% correct segmentation. Thereafter segmentation was automatic. Results The method was highly robust, because intermittent labeling of the cell borders, diffuse borders, and spurious signals away from the border do not significantly affect the optimum path. Computer-generated cells with increasing levels of added noise showed that the approach was accurate provided the cell could be detected visually. Conclusions We have developed a highly robust algorithm for segmenting images of surface-labeled cells, enabling accurate and quantitative analysis of individual cells in tissue. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Anisotropic Elastic Materials for which the Sextic Equation is a Cubic Equation in p2

For a two-dimensional deformation of linear anisotropic elastic materials, the analysis requires computation of certain eigenvalues p that are the roots of a sextic algebraic equation whose coefficients depend only on the elastic constants. It is known that the sextic equation reduces to a cubic equation in p2 for materials of monoclinic or higher symmetry with a symmetry plane at xi = 0 or at x2 = 0. The advantage of having a cubic equation in p2 is not only that p can be obtained analytically. In many cases, the solution to an anisotropic elasticity problem is much simplified. The purpose of this paper is to present other anisotropic elastic materials for which the sextic equation is a cubic equation in p2. These materials may not possess a plane of symmetry. The author shows that as few as two restrictions on the elastic constants are sufficient to deduce these materials.
Differential aperture x-ray microscopy near Te precipitates in CdZnTe

We report the results of Differential Aperture X-ray Microscopy (DAXM) measurements near Te precipitates in CdZnTe grown via low-pressure Bridgman. White-beam Laue patterns were acquired with 3-D spatial resolution (with 0.25 μm resolution in the scanning directions and 1 μm resolution in depth) at depths of up to 35 μm deep normal to the surface. We find very little crystal strain (< 10-3) or rotation (<0.05 degrees) near Te precipitates. We also examine local deformations in the vicinity of a microhardness indent, and find that although significant rotations exist, the spatial extent is limited to a few tens of microns. Furthermore, observed crystal strains are limited to 5 x 10-3 or less in regions near the microhardness indent.
Beliefs and the subjective meaning of thoughts: Analysis of the role of self-statements in academic test performance

Although research in test anxiety has shown that anxious students emit more negative self-statements than nonanxious students, there is little evidence directly linking negative thoughts to lower test performance. One explanation for this finding is that covert self-statements may function differently depending on an individual's academic competence beliefs. This study was designed to evaluate this formulation first by comparing high and low competence beliefs groups on the frequency of negative thought content during a simulated testing session and for differences in the subjective meaning that they attached to these covert thoughts. Second, the degree to which negative thoughts correlated with test performance and the degree to which non-facilitative subjective meaning responses correlated with test performance were compared. Results indicated that differences in competence beliefs were unrelated to negative thoughts but were significantly related to the types of subjective meaning given thought-listed responses. Comparisons among the cognitive variables showed that only subjective meaning responses were consistently predictive of anagram and math test performance. Results are discussed in light of supplemental analyses and with regard to further research and clinical implications.
Finding Parents for Orphan Works: Using Genealogical Methods to Locate Heirs for Obtaining Copyright Permissions

Abstract Faculty and students frequently want to use copyrighted material in their books, articles, presentations, and instructional materials, but because such usage often falls outside Creative Commons and Fair Use guidelines, they will need to obtain permissions for the use of the material in those cases. Because current copyright law has resulted in long durations for copyright, the copyright owner may be very difficult to identify and locate, resulting in a large number of “orphan works.” When the original copyright owner is deceased, it will be necessary to locate an appropriate heir to contact in order to obtain the needed permissions. Genealogical methods can be used to identify and locate these heirs, but because these methods are usually unfamiliar to academic librarians, the librarian may feel unable to assist the faculty member or student with this type of search. This article demonstrates how these methods are easy to learn and apply, using case studies in which an academic librarian, within a brief period of time, was able to access readily available online genealogical sources and to apply basic genealogical techniques in order to identify and locate heirs to a deceased copyright owner.
Psychology and Theodicy in Aquinas

Throughout much of this century the most prominent exegetes maintained that Aquinas’s mature moral psychology is fundamentally voluntarist, that he considers the will an independent cause of action, most conspicuously in his later works. Disagreement over the character of the will’s causal authority and the composition of the list of later works did little to unsettle their shared conviction that Aristotle’s intellectualist moral psychology was improved, indeed saved, by Aquinas’s insistence that the will can move itself, at least in some fashion, apart from the influence of the intellect. See Rene Antoine Gauthier and Jean Yves Jolif, Aristote: L’ethique a Nicomaque, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Paris: Beatrice-Nauwelaerts, 1970), p. 218; Bernard Lonergan, Grace and Freedom: Operative Grace in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, ed. J.P. Burns (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), pp. 93–97; Odom Lottin, “La Preuve de al Liberte Humaine chez Saint Thomas d’Aquin,” Recherches de Theologie Ancienne et Medievale 23 (1956): 323–30; and Klaus Riesenhuber, Die Transzendenz Der Freiheit Zum Guten: Der Wille in der Anthropologie und Metaphysik des Thomas von Aquin (Munchen: Berchmanskolleg Verlag, 1971), p. 290.
Rehabilitation after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Practice guidelines and procedure-modified, criterion-based progression

Abstract Reconstructive surgery has become a more common solution for patients after rupture of the anterior cruciateligament (ACL) as a result of better surgical technique and more efficient and effective rehabilitation. As the incidence of ACL reconstruction surgery increases, the number of reconstructions that ultimately fail also increases. Failure of the primary reconstruction, whether caused by technical error during the surgery or an outside factor such as traumatic rerupture, often necessitates revision of the ACL reconstruction to restore joint integrity and optimize function. We have previously described criterion-based and procedure-modified rehabilitation after primary ACL reconstruction. The same principles that drive rehabilitation after primary reconstruction are factors after revision surgery; however, the progression must be modified. The major difference between the two surgeries lies in the ability of the surgeon to achieve adequate fixation of the new graft within the joint during a revision reconstruction. The second controlled trauma of revision surgery further compromises the bony structures that serve as the foundation for the new graft. Therefore, less rigid fixation after revision ACL reconstruction must be assumed. This necessitates a longer period of controlled weight bearing for every-day activities and slower progression of weight-bearing exercise during rehabilitation to ensure that biological healing can proceed without being compromised by the presence of forces that exceed the strength of the new graft fixation. Other factors such as staging of the revision surgery and concurrent bony procedures will also require modification of the rehabilitation. Understanding these factors and implementing the modifications that they necessitate into rehabilitation should lead to a more predictable return to high functional levels after revision ACL reconstruction.
The effects of some carbohydrates on growth and somatic embryogenesis in citrus callus culture

Abstract The effects of several carbohydrates—glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, glucose, and galactose were studied at different concentration ranges (1–5%) on embryogenesis of ovule-derived calli from three species and four varieties of Citrus; Clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina), Washington Navel orange (C. sinensis), Kutdiken and Zagara Bianca lemon (C. limon). The best results of embryo formation from calli of different citrus varieties were obtained in 4% and 5% glycerol concentrations. Sixty-seven Washington Navel orange embryos and 137 Zagara Bianca lemon embryos were obtained at a concentration of 4% glycerol. Clementine mandarin and Kutdiken lemon produced significant numbers of embryos—808 and 453, respectively, at the concentration of 5% glycerol. Embryogenesis was also stimulated at fewer rates with other carbohydrates, such as lactose and sorbitol, at the various concentrations in all utilized citrus calli in this study.
Photophysical aspects of 6-methylcoumarin- cucurbit(8)uril host-guest complexes

Photophysical measurements of 6-methylcoumarin (1) encapsulated within cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) indicate a pronounced red shift in the fluorescence maximum with an increase in the emission quantum y...
Metabolic mapping of the rat cerebellum during delay and trace eyeblink conditioning

The essential neural circuitry for delay eyeblink conditioning has been largely identified, whereas much of the neural circuitry for trace conditioning has not been identified. The major difference between delay and trace conditioning is a time gap between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) during trace conditioning. It is this time gap or trace interval which accounts for an additional memory component in trace conditioning. Additional neural structures are also necessary for trace conditioning, including hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This addition of forebrain structures necessary for trace but not delay conditioning suggests other brain areas become involved when a memory gap is added to the conditioning parameters. A metabolic marker of energy use, radioactively labeled glucose analog, was used to compare differences in glucose analog uptake between delay, trace, and unpaired experimental groups in order to identify new areas of involvement within the cerebellum. Known structures such as the interpositus nucleus and lobule HVI showed increased activation for both delay and trace conditioning compared to unpaired conditioning. However, there was a differential amount of activation between anterior and posterior portions of the interpositus nucleus between delay and trace, respectively. Cerebellar cortical areas including lobules IV and V of anterior lobe, Crus I, Crus II, and paramedian lobule also showed increases in activity for delay conditioning but not for trace conditioning. Delay and trace eyeblink conditioning both resulted in increased metabolic activity within the cerebellum but delay conditioning resulted in more widespread cerebellar cortical activation.
Aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol on silica-supported metal catalysts

Abstract Reaction kinetic studies were conducted for aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol over silica-supported Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Ir catalysts at temperatures of 483 and 498 K and at a total pressure of 22 bar. The rates of production of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane and higher paraffins were measured for conversion of an aqueous feed solution containing 10 wt.% ethylene glycol. It was observed that the overall catalytic activity for ethylene glycol reforming, as measured by the rate of CO 2 production at 483 K, decreases in the following order for silica-supported metals: Pt∼Ni>Ru>Rh∼Pd>Ir. Silica supported Rh, Ru and Ni showed a low selectivity for production of H 2 and a high selectivity for alkane production. In addition, Ni/SiO 2 showed significant deactivation at the higher temperature of 498 K. Silica-supported Pt and Pd catalysts exhibited relatively high selectivities for production of H 2 , with low rates of alkane production. It appears that catalysts based on Pt and Pd may be promising materials for the selective production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as ethylene glycol.
Progressive matrix cracking in off-axis plies of a general symmetric laminate

A generalized shear-lag model is derived to determine the average through-the-thickness stress state present in a layer undergoing transverse matrix cracking, by extending the method of Lee and Daniels (1991) to a general symmetric multilayered system. The model is capable of considering cracking in layers of arbitrary orientation, states of general in-plane applied loading, and laminates with a general symmetric stacking sequence. The model is included in a computer program designed for probabilistic laminate analysis, and the results are compared to those determined with the ply drop-off technique.
Enhancing the TCP traffic control performance with a proportional and integral rate (PIR) controller

We have designed a proportional and integral rate (PIR) controller based on the continuous-time fluid flow control theory to solve both of the traffic control performance problems observed in RED, i.e. the unnecessary packet loss and the queue size oscillation in the router. We prove the controller's stability by the Second Method of Lyapunov's Stability Theorem and provide an implementation method. Our simulation results demonstrated that the PIR controller outperforms other common traffic and congestion control schemes significantly.
Mucin hypersecreting neoplasms

Mucinous pancreatic neoplasms are uncommon disorders classified as either mucinous cystic neoplasms (mucinous cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma) or the more recently described intraductal mucin hypersecreting neoplasms (IMHN), also termed mucinous ductal ectasia. The mucinous cystic neoplasms share many common features with IMHN's but remain distinct clinico-pathologic entities. These tumors have similar histologic appearances, produce abundant mucin, are likely to masquerade as pancreatic pseudocysts, demonstrate a biologically less aggressive course compared to typical ductal adenocarcinomas, and are treated by surgical resection. Nevertheless, IMHN is characterized by intraductal tumor growth and mucin hypersecretion causing cystic transformation of the pancreatic duct and producing a distinct appearance on ERCP of mucus extrusion through a widely patent papilla and amorphous filling defects within the duct. In contrast, the mucinous cystic tumors are proposed to secrete mucin into a peripheral branch duct leading to a cyst cavity which does not communicate with the pancreatic duct and therefore is not demonstrated on pancreatography.
Improved synthesis of carbonylrhenium

Abstract An improved procedure for the preparation of Re 2 (CO) 10 is reported. Carbonylation of methanol solutions of NaReO 4 (3200 psi, 230°C, 48 h) in the presence of a metallic copper catalyst affords Re 2 (CO) 10 in 90% yield.
Temperature and Relative Humidity in the Incubation Room and Embryonic Mortality

Abstract With the use of modern forced-draft electric incubators, the general opinion exists that the temperature and humidity of the incubation room are less important than in earlier times when still-air machines were used. In general, manufacturers of modern machines recommend that they operate most efficiently in rooms with temperature ranges from 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The question of room temperature and relative humidity has been studied during the past five hatching seasons while pedigree-hatching Rhode Island Reds. DATA AVAILABLE A forced-draft electric incubator was used that had a rated capacity of 8,100 eggs. The incubation room was 21 feet long and 15 feet wide located in the northeast corner of a basement and was separated from the rest of the basement by celotex walls. The floor was concrete and the ceiling height was 7 feet. The two outside walls were part stone and part brick. This room was heated . . .
The ontogeny of hemispheric specialization: evidence from dichotic listening in twins.

Abstract To determine if variation in the direction and/or degree of hemispheric asymmetry for speech perception among right handers has a heritable component, 53 monozygotic (MZ) and 35 dizygotic (DZ) right handed, same sex twin pairs were tested with a 240 trial consonant-vowel dichotic listening test. Intraclass correlations for MZ and DZ pairs for handedness and various measures of ear asymmetry, including absolute values, were not significantly different, while MZ pairs showed a significantly higher correlation for overall total correct, a measure unrelated to the laterality scores. Concordance for direction of ear asymmetry alone was not significantly greater among MZ than DZ pairs. These results support the hypothesis that variation in direction and degree of lateralization for speech processing in right handers is non-genetic in origin. A comparison of MZ, DZ, and singleton groups showed all three to be equivalent in terms of mean scores on the laterality and total correct measures, indicating that these twins are not atypical of the general population on these measures. Sex differences as well as effects of familial sinistrality were observed in the twin sample.
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulates expression of ependymin mRNA and the synthesis and release of the protein into the culture medium by neuroblastoma cells (NB2a/d1)

Northern blot, immunoprecipitation, and gel electrophoretic data demonstrate that the mouse neuroblastoma NB2a/d1 cells express ependymin mRNA and synthesize and release into the culture medium a protein with immunoreactivity and electrophoretic mobility properties identical to ependymin. This is a brain extracellular glycoprotein that has been implicated in the consolidation process of memory formation and neuronal regeneration. In labeling experiments with 35S-methionine, dibutyrylcyclic3′,5′-adenosine-monophosphate (dbcAMP) was found to stimulate the expression of ependymin mRNA and the enhanced synthesis and release of ependymin into the culture medium at the same time that dbcAMP stimulation of neurite outgrowth takes place. These results are consistent with the proposed role of the protein in the mechanism of neuronal regeneration and synaptogenesis. The data indicate that the NB2a/d1 cell line is a good model system for studies of the functional properties of ependymin. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum

Abstract Using an electrolytic method employing a viscous electrolyte, the diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum has been measured in the temperature range 285–328 K. The results show that H diffuses by a single-stage process from 285 K up to the melting temperature and no departures from Arrhenius behavior due to trapping effects involving lattice vacancies are observed.
Distinctive Characteristics of American Diplomacy

My central claim is that the United States has conducted a distinctive form of ‘anti-diplomacy’, accepting in practice many diplomatic norms and practices while remaining reluctant to acknowledge the fact. To support this claim, this article argues that since its rise as a world power, the United States has participated in international society’s diplomatic culture in a distinctive way and that this distinctiveness stems from seven interconnected characteristics of American diplomacy: (1) America’s long-held distrust and negative view of diplomats and diplomacy, which has contributed to the historical neglect and sidelining of the US Department of State in the United States’ policy-making process; (2) a high degree of domestic influence over foreign policy and diplomacy; (3) a tendency to privilege hard power over soft power in foreign policy; (4) a preference for bilateral over multilateral diplomacy; (5) an ideological tradition of diplomatically isolating states that are considered adversarial and of refusing to engage them until they meet preconditions; (6) a tradition of appointing a relatively high proportion of political rather than career ambassadors; and (7) a demonstrably strong cultural disposition towards a direct, low-context negotiating style. A consequence of these distinguishing characteristics is that American diplomacy tends to be less effective than it might otherwise be, not only in advancing the United States’ own interests, but also in advancing wider international cooperation. A goal here is to provide a working framework with which to evaluate any US administration’s relationship to diplomacy as the country’s interests and identity evolve.
Elevation of Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyl Transferase by Repeated Immobilization of Rats

Repeated daily immobilizationof rats results in a neuronally dependent elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal medulla. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transfera selevels are also increased. After cessation of immobilization intervals, tyrosine hydroxylaselevels decrease toward preimmobilization levels with a half-life of about 3 days. These results are discussed with reference to the changes in adrenal and urinary catecholamine levels found with repeated stress and estimation of the rate of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis. (Endocrinology 87: 744, 1970)
The Peace Movement: A Necessary Corrective

Book reviewed in this article: Cecilia Lynch, Beyond Appeasement: Interpreting Interwar Peace Movements in World Politics
Was Sigmund Freud the first neogrammarian neurolinguist

Background: Over 30 years ago in a paper, John C. Marshall suggested that Sigmund Freud was the first neogrammarian neurolinguist. This claim has only rarely been assessed in any depth as to its plausibility. Nevertheless, the issues, ideas, and personalities that Marshall in his study considered were significant in 19th-century neuropsychology, were being debated at the time he wrote his paper, and are still among the major questions being asked today in the “mind/brain” approach to modern neuroscience. Aims: The primary objective of the present contribution to John's Festschrift is to revisit his evaluation of Freud as the first neogrammarian neurolinguist. The basic point Marshall was considering was that Freud not only seriously read, understood, and incorporated the current works of anatomy and classical aphasiology, but also brought to bear on his theories works from the newly formed fields of evolutionary psychology and historical linguistics. The present paper will show how Freud wove these areas ...
The conserved motif in hydrophilic loop 2/3 and loop 8/9 of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. Analysis of suppressor mutations.

The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transport proteins, which includes the lactose permease of Escherichia coli, contains a conserved motif G-X-X-X-D/E-R/K-X-G-R/K-R/K in the loops that connect transmembrane segments 2 and 3, and transmembrane segments 8 and 9. In three previous studies (Jessen-Marshall, A.E., & Brooker, R.J. 1996. J. Biol. Chem.271:1400–1404; Jessen-Marshall, A.E., Parker, N., & Brooker, R.J. 1997. J. Bacteriol.179:2616–2622; and Pazdernik, N., Cain, S.M., & Brooker, R.J. 1997. J. Biol. Chem.272:26110–26116), suppressor mutations at twenty different sites were identified which restore function to mutant permeases that have deleterious mutations in the conserved loop 2/3 or loop 8/9 motif. In the current study, several of these second-site suppressor mutations have been separated from the original mutation in the conserved motif. The loop 2/3 suppressors were then coupled to a loop 8/9 mutation (P280L) and the loop 8/9 suppressors were coupled to a loop 2/3 mutation (i.e., G64S) to determine if the suppressors could restore function only to a loop 2/3 mutation, a loop 8/9 mutation, or both.
Fas Expression in Lung Metastasis From Osteosarcoma Patients

Summary:The authors' animal studies have shown that the metastatic potential of osteosarcoma (OS) cells correlates inversely with Fas expression-that is, Fas-negative cells metastasize but Fas-positive cells do not. One reason for this in the context of OS lung metastases may be that Fas-positive ce
Soft tissue osteochondroma: case report and immunohistochemistry for parathyroid hormone–related protein

Surface lesions of bone usually present little diagnostic dilemma because the majority are conventional osteochondromas. Other surface bone lesions include periosteal chondroma, periosteal chondrosarcoma, and parosteal osteosarcoma. Mineralized soft tissue lesions such as myositis ossificans, synovial chondroma, and synovial sarcoma may present in a similar fashion when they occur in a juxtaarticular position. The soft tissue osteochondroma or paraarticular osteochondroma may simulate some of these more aggressive tumors, and its recognition is important to avoid overtreatment. A case of an 11-year-old male with a soft tissue osteochondroma is reported to illustrate the characteristic radiographic and histological features of this rare entity. No prior reports have examined soft tissue osteochondroma for expression of parathyroid hormone related protein, an established cartilage tumor proliferative mitogen.