cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hausdorff measure and the Navier-Stokes equations

Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are continuous except for a closed set whose Hausdorff dimension does not exceed two.
Control of electron current by double-barrier structures using pulsed laser fields

Tunneling current through a double-barrier structure is considered in a strong pulsed ac electric field. By absorbing and emitting photons, an electron is able to penetrate through the barriers. An analytical expression for the current is found in the resonance approximation for electric fields with slowly varying amplitudes. The time-dependent evolution of the current exhibits positive and negative amplitudes, depending on the intensity of the field. With an increase of temperature, the current increases substantially. At particular field intensities, a sequence of input laser pulses can be mapped to no pulses, a single pulse, or two pulses in the output electric current. Thus, the decoding of information is essentially impossible.
In situ study of film stress and kinetics of platinum silicide formation on silicon

Abstract In situ measurements of the film stress and the film reflectivity were carried out when samples of platinum film on silicon were sintered in an inert gas ambient. The reflectivity of the film dropped in two stages when the reaction between platinum and silicon transformed the platinum film to a Pt 2 Si film and then to a PtSi film. The kinetics of the silicide formations were studied by monitoring the film reflectivity in situ while the reaction was progressing. The activation energies for the Pt 2 Si phase and the PtSi phase formations were derived to be 1.2 eV and 1.7 eV respectively. The stress of the as-deposited platinum films is 1 × 10 8 Pa. The room temperature stress of the final PtSi film is 1.5 × 10 9 Pa in which the thermal stress component is far greater than the intrinsic component.
Blood use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

Background and Purpose — This study reviews the perioperative use of red blood cell transfusion in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. The current algorithm for preoperative ordering of red cells is historical and dated. More blood is ordered than is actually transfused, and considerable variability exists between different institutions. We determine the use of blood transfusion in cerebrovascular surgery to develop a rational blood ordering practice. Methods — Records of 301 patients undergoing cerebrovascular neurosurgery at the University of Virginia were reviewed to quantitatively evaluate red blood cell transfusion practices. The amount and reason for transfusion were noted in each case. Results — In 126 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, there were no preoperative or intraoperative transfusions and 5 postoperative transfusions (4.0%). In 71 ruptured aneurysm patients, there were 2 preoperative blood transfusions (2.8%), 4 intraoperative transfusions (5.6%), and 15 postoperative transfusions (21.1%). Forty-seven patients underwent surgery for unruptured aneurysms, with no preoperative transfusions, 2 intraoperative transfusions (4.3%), and 8 postoperative blood transfusions (17.0%). Of the 54 patients undergoing surgery for arteriovenous malformations, 5 patients (9.3%) were transfused preoperatively, 4 were transfused intraoperatively (7.4%), and 22 were transfused postoperatively (40.7%). None of the 3 patients undergoing surgery for concomitant arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms received intraoperative blood transfusions, but 1 received blood both preoperatively and postoperatively, and another received a transfusion postoperatively only. The overall ratio of perioperative cross-match to transfusion in this series is 41.4. Conclusions — In vascular neurosurgery at our institution, blood has routinely been ordered excessively. We recommend an ABO-Rh type and antibody screen for aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation surgery and no screen for carotid endarterectomy to efficiently utilize transfusion therapy in cerebrovascular surgery.
Class, Gender, and Machismo: The “Treacherous-Woman” Folklore of Mexican Male Workers

Mexican machismo and its vulgar folklore have long been of interest to students of Mexican culture. This article, based on research among a group of undocumented male workers, reexamines one aspect of this folklore - its degradation of women - and proposes that, besides legitimizing the oppression of women, it plays an ideological role in class conflict. The article argues that, as a signifying system unique to working-class male culture, the folklore of machismo symbolically conflates class and gender by shifting the point of conflict from the public domain of the former to the domestic domain of the latter.
Amplitude saturation of pulsed third sound on glass

Abstract We report a study of the amplitude and width of third sound pulses as a function of the energy deposited by a square wave thermal drive. Amplitude saturation is observed and discussed.
Grief and Work: The Experience of Losing a Close Coworker by Cancer

A seemingly rational workplace, in fact, is full of intertwined emotional events, and grief is one of them. However, the significance of underlying emotions that employees carry with them to the wo...
Uptake and turnover of cholesterol-14C in Y-organs of the crab Hemigrapsus as a function of the molt cycle

Abstract The uptake of cholesterol- 14 C and incorporation into cholesterol pools and derivatives in vivo were studied in Y-organs, hemolymph, and whole bodies of male crabs. Tissues and serum, removed 24 hr after injection of 1–4 μCi per crab, were extracted for total lipid and analyzed by chromatography (thin-layer, gas-liquid), autoradiography, and scintillation counting. Y-organs of late intermolt crabs took up 650 times more labeled cholesterol per unit weight of tissue than the general body mass of the same stage, and the order of 100 times more than Y-organs of premolt or postmolt animals. Uptake of label occurred against a 70:1 Y-organ:serum concentration gradient of total cholesterol. Since Y-organ total cholesterol did not change markedly with stage, the increased uptake at intermolt reflected rapid turnover of cholesterol pools. Labeled derivatives of cholesterol, cochromatographing through three solvent systems with α- and β-ecdysone standards, were found in all tissues and sera. Absolute amounts of the labeled products in Y-organs were too low for additional physicochemical analyses and their identity as ecdysones is provisional. Concentrations (cpm/unit weight tissue), however, were distinctly higher in Y-organs than in carcasses. Among Y-organs, the largest concentrations were found in premolt which contained 60 and 260 times more labeled “β-ecdysone” than intermolt or postmolt glands, respectively. The occurrence of accelerated cholesterol uptake and turnover in Y-organs of summer intermolt, followed by accumulation in premolt of newly synthesized ecdysone-like metabolites, supports physiological evidence that these organs are involved in the molting process. The data suggest that they function as sources of a form of sterol molting hormone.
Male copulatory behavior and the induction of ovulation in female voles: A quest for species specificity

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate species specificity in the neuroendocrine responsiveness of female prairie voles to the copulatory patterns of males. In Experiment 1, prairie vole males mated for one ejaculatory series were not significantly more effective in inducing ovulation in prairie vole females than montane voles mated with prairie vole females for one series, two series, or to satiety. Mating with conspecific males did result in significantly more implanted embryos than did heterospecific matings. In Experiment 2, it was found that, when the amount of vaginal stimulation was both low and equated across groups, prairie vole males were significantly more effective in triggering ovulation in female prairie voles than were either meadow voles or montane voles. Although there appears to be some species specificity to the “vaginal codes” of these congeneric species, its biological significance is unclear.
Recommendations for rural abandoned mine program (RAMP) in Iowa, USA

In the last three years, twelve orphan coal surface mines in Iowa, USA, have been reclaimed under the Federal Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP) by smoothing highly acid spoils, covering the spoils with a thin dirt layer and planting a cover crop. Ten years ago a test plot was designed with a wedge of loess over acid spoils. Subsequent observation suggests that on the new RAMP sites, acidified throughflow and discharge of shallow soil moisture and groundwater will gradually kill the vegetation in the lower valleys and erosion will proceed upvalley as a migrating knickpoint. The problem might be eliminated by directing the acidified throughflow beneath the cover material, in sand underdrains or tile lines in the main drainages. The discharge could either be diluted in a nearby creek, if adequate flow is available, or neutralised in a basin paved with limestone rip-rap.
Fiber cladding mode sensitivity characterization for long-period gratings

We propose a simple method of characterizing the sensitivities of the cladding modes of an optical fiber to environmental conditions through the analysis of a single device. These sensitivities to conditions such as temperature, strain, and the refractive index of the surrounding medium are of particular relevance to the fabrication of long-period gratings (LPGs). The inferred sensitivities are all valid around the design wavelength of the analyzed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) device, and so can provide important design information for the manufacture of a LPG device that couples to a single or several cladding modes. To demonstrate the method, we use a FBG with a design wavelength of 1550 nm to determine the sensitivity of the cladding modes of a standard telecomm fiber to both temperature and strain. Using this information we infer the environmental sensitivity of any LPG fabricated in this fiber that operates around this wavelength. We design and fabricate LPGs to couple to selected cladding modes and measure the sensitivities of these devices directly. We find good agreement between the directly measured and inferred sensitivities.
Harvesting murine alveolar macrophages and evaluating cellular activation induced by polyanhydride nanoparticles.

Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile platform for the design and implementation of new intranasal vaccines against respiratory infectious diseases. Specifically, polyanhydride nanoparticles composed of the aliphatic sebacic acid (SA), the aromatic 1,6-bis(pcarboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), or the amphiphilic 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) display unique bulk and surface erosion kinetics 1,2 and can be exploited to slowly release functional biomolecules (e.g., protein antigens, immunoglobulins, etc.) in vivo 3,4,5 . These nanoparticles also possess intrinsic adjuvant activity, making them an excellent choice for a vaccine delivery platform 6,7,8 . In order to elucidate the mechanisms governing the activation of innate immunity following intranasal mucosal vaccination, one must evaluate the molecular and cellular responses of the antigen presenting cells (APCs) responsible for initiating immune responses. Dendritic cells are the principal APCs found in conducting airways, while alveolar macrophages (AMɸ) predominate in the lung parenchyma 9,10,11 . AMɸ are highly efficient in clearing the lungs of microbial pathogens and cell debris 12,13 . In addition, this cell type plays a valuable role in the transport of microbial antigens to the draining lymph nodes, which is an important first step in the initiation of an adaptive immune response 9 . AMɸ also express elevated levels of innate pattern recognition and scavenger receptors, secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and prime naive T cells 12,14 . A relatively pure population of AMɸ (e.g., greater than 80%) can easily be obtained via lung lavage for study in the laboratory. Resident AMɸ harvested from immune competent animals provide a representative phenotype of the macrophages that will encounter the particle-based vaccine in vivo. Herein, we describe the protocols used to harvest and culture AMɸ from mice and examine the activation phenotype of the macrophages following treatment with polyanhydride nanoparticles in vitro.
Population status and conservation of Morelet's crocodile,Crocodylus moreletii, in northern Belize

Spotlight surveys were conducted from 1992 to 1997 to determine the population status of Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii, in northern Belize. A total of 754 crocodiles were observed and 481.9 km surveyed (1.55/km). Encounter rates were highest in non-alluvial (8.20/km) and alluvial (6.11/km) lagoons, and considerably lower in most rivers and creeks (0.95/km), and coastal mangrove habitats (0.24/km). The population sex ratio was significantly male biased (1 female:5.3 males), although the reasons for this are unclear. Comparisons with survey data from 1979 to 1980 suggest substantial population recovery has occurred following legal protection in 1981. At present there are no immediate threats to the continued survival of Morelet's crocodile in Belize. Conservation actions should address the creation of additional protected areas in anticipation of future regional development.
David George Hogarth at Asyut, Egypt, 1906-1907. The History of a "lost" Excavation

While engaged in a study of ancient Egyptian cordage in the British Museum during 1984, I came across a fragment of rope recovered from Asyut, Egypt, by the British archaeologist, D.G. Hogarth. In investigating this artifact, I learned that this excava­tion by Hogarth was known to very few scholars and had never been published. Intrigued by the data I encountered in Hogarth's notes, I initiated a project to organize, clarify, and make available the information found therein. A reconstructed excavation report based on Hogarth's field notes, correspondence and British Museum records is currently in press (Ryan, in press). Apart from the archaeological data itself which is of significant Egyptological interest, Hogarth's material provides an intriguing personal glimpse at the goings-on of an Egyptian excavation in the early part of the 20th century. Various documents provide much of the story from the conception of the idea for an expedition to the ultimate disposition of many of the artifacts derived therefrom.
The Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Rate of Progression of Cognitive and Functional Impairment in a Population Based Cohort of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study

BACKGROUND: There is limited research on factors that influence the rate of progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk for AD, but its role on the rate of dementia progression after the onset of AD has not been examined. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 325 persons with incident AD was followed for up to 11 years. The sample was 65% female with a mean (SD) age of dementia onset = 84.4 (6.4) years. History of TBI was categorized as number, severity (with or without loss of consciousness), and timing in relation to dementia onset (within ten years or more than ten years). Cognition was assessed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry of AD battery, and functional ability was assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes. RESULTS: In linear mixed models, a history of TBI within ten years of onset showed faster progression of functional impairment (LR x2 = 10.27, p = 0.006), while those with TBI more than ten years before dementia onset had higher scores on a measure of list learning (β = 1.61, p = 0.003) and semantic memory (β = 0.75, p = 0.0035). CONCLUSIONS: History of TBI and its recency may be a useful factor to predict functional progression in the course of AD. Language: en
Do Curriculum-Based Measures Predict Performance on Word-Problem-Solving Measures?

This study examined whether curriculum-based measures (CBMs) of math word-problem contributed unique variance in predictions of performance on high-stakes tests, beyond the contribution of calculation and reading skills. CBMs were administered to a representative sample of 142 third-grade students at three time points. Results indicate that problem-solving CBMs uniquely predicted a problem-solving composite measure and the California Standardized and Reporting test, and were able to discriminate students at risk and not at risk for math difficulties. Implications for practice are discussed.
Urbanization in the Pacific and Guam

THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION is viewed as a worldwide phenomenon and a principal aspect of sociocultvral change in the Pacific. Methods for studying Pacific urbanization are discussed, then the process of urbanization in Guam is described as a case study. Agana, Guam, and its neighboring villages are regarded as a central urban district, exhibiting urban forms and performing urban functions for Guamanian society. Manifestations of urbanization elsewhere are compared with those in the Pacific and Guam to show basic similarities, while differences are considered only a consequence of sociological and geographic scale, [urbanization, Pacific, Guam, social change, urban anthropology]
Ischemia-related depolarization changes detected in body-surface ambulatory ECG recordings

It is well known that myocardial ischemia causes changes in the the ST-segment of the ECG. Unfortunately, not all ischemic states are reflected by the ST-level. Recent studies show that myocardial ischemia alters not only the repolarization phase, but it also affects the depolarization phase of the heart, subsequently altering electrical conduction patterns, and giving rise to ischemia-dependent changes in the QRS complex. These changes could be utilized in formulating clinical diagnosis. From the European ST-T data base the authors analyzed all 8 patients with single-vessel LAD occlusion, for which a modified lead III and V/sub 3/ or V/sub 4/ were available. The authors calculated the time-frequency distributions during the averaged QRS complex, using the continuous wavelet transform. From these distributions, an intra-QRS subband energy index was calculated by integrating the coefficients across the QRS complex, for four overlapping subbands: LF (24-35 Hz), MF (30-45 Hz), HF (40-60 Hz), and HHF (50-80 Hz). Finally, each subband index was normalized (% of total QRS energy), trended across the 120-min recording, then low-pass filtered with a cosine window of length 2 min 20 sec, and plotted. In all 8 patients ST and T changes were accompanied by intra-QRS changes in all subbands during the ST episode. The authors observed a relative drop in the energy in subband LF, while the MF index went up. HF first dropped, during the first half of the ST episode, then increased towards the end of the episode. HHF typically decreased-due to loss of fine structure in the depolarization wavefront.
Influence of particle-particle interactions and particles rotational motion in traveling wave dielectrophoresis

Traveling wave dielectrophoresis provides an interesting method for the controlled movement of microsized particles in suspended mixtures, and as such is a promising tool in microfluidic technology. In this case, the electrostatic force acting on the particles has two components: one due to the spatially varying magnitude of the electric field and the other due to the spatially varying phase. The actual movement of the particle is determined by the combined effect of these two forces and corresponding torques, the viscous drag exerted by the fluid on the particle, and the electrostatic and hydrodynamic particle-particle interactions. This paper presents the first numerical simulations of the motion of particles subjected to all previous forces and torques. Our technique is based on a finite-element scheme in which the particles are moved using a direct simulation scheme respecting the fundamental equations of motion for both the fluid and the solid particles. The fluid-particle motion is resolved by the method of distributed Lagrange multipliers and the electrostatic forces are computed using the point-dipole approximation. Our simulations show that the particle behavior strongly depends on the mismatch of the dielectric properties between the particles and the fluid, and that the particle-particle interaction force as well as particles rotation speeds play crucial roles in the various regimes.
Description–experience Gaps: Assessments in Other Choice Paradigms

Researchers have become increasingly interested in the description–experience gap or the finding that people respond differently to the same quantitative information depending on whether it is described or experienced. Most studies on the gap have focused on binary choices between a safe option and a risky option and have compared decisions made from description alone versus experience alone. We review studies examining other decision-related phenomena—probability learning, the sunk-cost effect, choices in a repeated-trials prisoner's dilemma, and base-rate neglect—with an experience-based approach that often includes conditions combining description and experience. In probability learning, the sunk-cost effect and a repeated-trials prisoner's dilemma, participants come closer to behaving optimally when description and experience are simultaneously available than when experience alone is available. In studies of base-rate neglect, participants respond similarly under conditions of description alone and experience alone. Studies with nonhuman animals strengthen the generality of our conclusions regarding the sunk-cost effect and suggest a potential cause of base-rate neglect: a prior experience of having been rewarded for matching like items. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tolerating byzantine faults in transaction processing systems using commit barrier scheduling

This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of areplication scheme to handle Byzantine faults in transaction processing database systems. The scheme compares answers from queries and updates on multiple replicas which are unmodified, off-the-shelf systems, to provide a single database that is Byzantine fault tolerant. The scheme works when the replicas are homogeneous, but it also allows heterogeneous replication in which replicas come from different vendors. Heterogeneous replicas reduce the impact of bugs and security compromises because they are implemented independently and are thus less likely to suffer correlated failures.The main challenge in designing a replication scheme for transactionprocessing systems is ensuring that the different replicas execute transactions in equivalent serial orders while allowing a high degreeof concurrency. Our scheme meets this goal using a novel concurrency control protocol, commit barrier scheduling (CBS). We have implemented CBS in the context of a replicated SQL database, HRDB(Heterogeneous Replicated DB), which has been tested with unmodified production versions of several commercial and open source databases as replicas. Our experiments show an HRDB configuration that can tolerate one faulty replica has only a modest performance overhead(about 17% for the TPC-C benchmark). HRDB successfully masks several Byzantine faults observed in practice and we have used it to find a new bug in MySQL.
Growing up and moving on--transition of care for patients with childhood-onset rheumatic disease.

Transition, as defined by the Society of Adolescent Health and Medicine, is the “purposeful, planned movement of adolescents and young adults with chronic physical and medical conditions from child-centered to adult-oriented healthcare systems”1. Included in this group is the growing population of adolescents and young adults with childhood-onset rheumatic conditions, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as well as several other less common chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent longterm outcome studies have demonstrated that the majority of children with JIA continue to have active disease into adulthood, dispelling the notion that children can “outgrow” JIA2,3. Similarly, newer literature suggests that patients with childhood-onset SLE are likely to require treatment into adulthood, and are at significant risk for early morbidity and mortality in young adulthood4,5,6. These findings highlight the importance of ensuring that our patients transition successfully from pediatric to adult care, and that this transition is seamless without disruptions in treatment or planned followup. Fractured transition has the potential to lead to poor healthcare outcomes and increased healthcare system costs7,8,9. Studies examining transition in pediatric rheumatology and other chronic childhood diseases suggest that significant barriers exist with the current healthcare transition process. Using data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, Scal, et al reported on the proportion of adolescents with arthritis who received transition counseling. They determined that only half of young people had had a discussion with their provider about how their … Address correspondence to Dr. Hersh, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah’s Primary Children’s Medical Center, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA. E-mail: aimee.hersh{at}hsc.utah.edu
Modeling the control of attention in visual workspaces

OBJECTIVE: The present study developed and validated a stochastic model of overt attention within a visual workspace. BACKGROUND: Technical specifications and recommended practices for the design of visual warning systems emphasize the role of alert salience. Task demands and display context can modulate alert noticeability, however, meaning that salience alone does not guarantee attention capture. METHOD: A stochastic model integrated elements from existing models of visual attention to predict attentional behavior in dynamic environments.Validation studies tested the predictions of the new model against scanning data from a high-fidelity simulator study and behavioral data from an alert detection experiment. RESULTS: The model accurately predicted the steady-state distribution of attention within a simulated cockpit as well as the effects of color similarity, eccentricity, and dynamic visual noise on miss rates and response times in the alert detection task. CONCLUSION: The model successfully predicts attentional behavior in complex visual workspaces with the use of parameter values selected by either the modeler or a subject matter expert. APPLICATION: The model provides a tool to test the effectiveness of visual alerts in various display configurations and with varying task demands. Language: en
MAN1, an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane, binds Smad2 and Smad3 and antagonizes transforming growth factor-β signaling

MAN1 (also known as LEMD3) is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Recently, mutations in MAN1 have been shown to result in osteopoikilosis, Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome and melorheostosis. We show that the nucleoplasmic, C-terminal domain of human MAN1 binds to Smad2 and Smad3 and antagonizes signaling by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In a yeast two-hybrid screen using the C-terminal domain of MAN1 as bait, eight positive clones were obtained that encoded Smad3. In direct two-hybrid assays, this portion of MAN1 bound to Smad2 and Smad3. In glutathione-S-transferase precipitation assays, the C-terminal domain of MAN1 bound to Smad2 and Smad3 under stringent conditions. Antibodies against MAN1 were able to co-immunoprecipiate Smad2 from cells, demonstrating that they reside in the same complex in vivo. TGF-beta treatment stimulated transcription from a reporter gene in control cells, but reporter gene stimulation was significantly inhibited in cells overexpressing MAN1 or its C-terminal domain but not its N-terminal domain. TGF-beta-induced cell proliferation arrest was also inhibited in stable cell lines overexpressing MAN1. These results show that the nuclear envelope regulates a signal transduction pathway and have implications for how mutations in nuclear envelope proteins cause different human diseases.
Novel area-time efficient static CMOS totally self-checking comparator

The comparator is an essential element in concurrent error detection (CED). To ensure the correctness of error detection processes, comparators must be totally self-checking (TSC): any single fault occurring in the comparator must be detected by at least one normal input pattern, and before the detection of that fault, no erroneous output must be guaranteed. An area-time efficient static CMOS TSC comparator design is presented. This comparator uses only eight transistors and is totally self-checking with respect to stuck-at, stuck-open, stuck-on, bridging faults, and breaks. >
Introduction: Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning:

Core curriculum and multicultural education are two major approaches advocated in the current school reform movement. This article argues that neither of these approaches adequately addresses the p...
Nociceptive excited and inhibited neurons within the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and cuneiform nucleus

Abstract The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is defined by its collection of cholinergic neurons surrounding the lateral portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle at the midbrain pontine junction. Antinociceptive functions have been attributed to the PPTg since electrical stimulation as well as injection of cholinergic agonists in this area produces analgesia. Nociceptive neurons have also been reported in the vicinity of the PPTg and cuneiform nucleus (CN). However, specific histochemical localization of nociceptive modulatory neurons has not been determined. Thus, the goal of this study was to classify neurons according to their response to a noxious stimulus and map their location based on staining of the cholinergic neurons in the PPTg. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were conducted in 19 male Sprague–Dawley rats under light halothane anesthesia. For each neuron identified, a series of noxious tail pinches were administered. The electrode tracts were marked with ionophoresis of pontamine blue. The location of 112 recorded neurons was determined on sections stained with NADPH diaphorase to identify the cholinergic boundaries of the PPTg. Neurons were classified into one of three cell types based on their consistent response to a noxious tail pinch (excited, inhibited, and non-responsive). Tail pinch excited neurons (n=16), inhibited neurons (n=10) and non-responsive neurons (n=23) were mapped within the cholinergic boundaries of the PPTg. Excited (n=9), inhibited (n=10) and non-responsive neurons (n=10) were also found more dorsally within the cuneiform nucleus. Thus, this study localizes nociception-responsive neurons to the region of the largely cholinergic PPTg, as well as the noncholinergic cuneiform nucleus.
Oligopeptidase A is required for normal phage P22 development.

Abstract The opdA gene of Salmonella typhimurium encodes an endoprotease, oligopeptidase A (OpdA). Strains carrying opdA mutations were deficient as hosts for phage P22. P22 and the closely related phages L and A3 formed tiny plaques on an opdA host. Salmonella phages 9NA, KB1, and ES18.h1 were not affected by opdA mutations. Although opdA strains displayed normal doubling times and were infected by P22 as efficiently as opdA+ strains, the burst size of infectious particles from an opdA host was less than 1/10 of that from an opdA+ host. This decrease resulted from a reduced efficiency of plating of particles from an opdA infection. In the absence of a functional opdA gene, most of the P22 particles are defective. To identify the target of OpdA action, P22 mutants which formed plaques larger than wild-type plaques on an opdA mutant lawn were isolated. Marker rescue experiments using cloned fragments of P22 DNA localized these mutations to a 1-kb fragment. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment and a contiguous region (including all of both P22 gene 7 and gene 14) was determined. The mutations leading to opdA independence affected the region of gene 7 coding for the amino terminus of gp7, a protein required for DNA injection by the phage. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of gp7 suggested that a 20-amino-acid peptide is removed from gp7 during phage development. Further experiments showed that this processing was opdA dependent and rapid (half-life, less than 2 min) and occurred in the absence of other phage proteins. The opdA-independent mutations lead to mutant forms of gp7 which function without processing.
Myeloid metaplasia in a case of estrogen-treated polycythemia vera: association with myocardial infarction.

A 61-year-old man with myocardial infarction and myeloid metaplasia had had myocardial infarction and polycythemia vera eleven years earlier. Estrogen therapy had controlled the polycythemia but had not prevented myeloid metaplasia.
An Analysis of Expressed Cheating Behaviors in Video Games

A series of 50 responses regarding reasons for cheating behavior in video games were provided by undergraduate students. These responses were sorted into a series of 13 categories by raters to investigate the most common reasons provided for cheating. An analysis of inter-rater agreement as well as frequency of category representation is provided. The most common outcomes were that players cheat to progress in a game as well as to gain advantage over others. The discussion compared this study’s results to an existing cheating taxonomy.
Comparative long-term evaluation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in pediatric liver transplantation.

Background. In this report, we compare the long­ term outcome of pediatric liver transplantation (LTx) patients maintained with tacrolimus-based and with cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppressive ther­ apy. We examine long-term patient and graft survival, the incidence of rejection, and immunosuppression­ related complications.
The costs of crime

W hat economist would not be delighted to see more work in criminology devoted to benefit–cost analysis (BCA)? In my policy essay, I would like to make three points. First, the application of BCA to crime policy raises several difficult (or at least subtle) conceptual and practical issues, which include the question of whether to use “bottom-up” versus “top-down” estimates for the costs of crime—an important decision because the two procedures yield figures that differ by a factor of two. Philip Cook and I argued that the “topdown” approach is the conceptually correct framework (Cook and Ludwig, 2000), although this approach raises several measurement challenges that I will discuss here that are in desperate need of intensive study. Second, it is worth making explicit a point that has been raised implicitly in Cohen, Piquero, and Jenning’s article (2010, this issue); the costs (as well as the benefits) of crime prevention might vary across offending trajectories, and so decisions about how to target resources across offending trajectories need to focus on the ratio of benefits to costs and not just focus on the benefit side of the ledger. Finally, the practical policy implications of combining BCA and trajectory analysis are limited, as Cohen et al. (2010) have noted, by the difficulty of identifying the offending groups of people prospectively. One suggestion I have is to consider using information about the criminal involvement of parents, because of previous evidence about strong intergenerational correlations in offending behavior. But even if we cannot target interventions as well as we would like, the social costs of crime are so large that American society seems likely to be underinvesting right now in most forms of crime prevention, with the possible exception of mass incarceration.
Intermittent foot claudication with active dorsiflexion: the seminal case of dorsalis pedis artery entrapment.

Background Atypical claudication is a relatively uncommon problem within the general population. However, suspicion for the diagnosis is raised when young and athletic patients present with symptoms of claudication during exercise. The most common causes of atypical claudication are anatomical variants, including popliteal artery entrapment syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome. These variants result in impaired arterial flow and nerve compression, respectively. In this report, we present a seminal case of dorsalis pedis artery entrapment by the extensor hallucis brevis tendon during active dorsiflexion of the foot. Methods The patient was a 42-year-old male without significant past medical history, who presented with claudication in both feet upon active dorsiflexion. He underwent dynamic arterial duplex studies that first revealed normal flow in the neutral position and then revealed complete cessation of flow in both duplex and Doppler modes on dorsiflexion of the foot. He also underwent dynamic magnetic resonance angiography of bilateral lower extremities that revealed an incomplete pedal arch with early termination of the posterior tibial artery on static images and termination of the dorsalis pedis artery at notching on the dorsum of the foot during dorsiflexion. The patient was taken to the operating room for bilateral dorsalis pedis artery exploration. During exploration, the patient was found to have entrapment of the dorsalis pedis artery by the extensor hallucis brevis (EHB) tendon. This was documented by both direct visualization and intraoperative cessation of Doppler signal on dorsiflexion. Since the EHB tendon provides only secondary function to the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon, the EHB was transected near its insertion and transposed directly to the EHL tendon. This allowed for normal extensor function of the great toe and restored triphasic Doppler signals during dorsiflexion. Conclusion Dorsalis pedis arterial entrapment is a novel cause of atypical claudication. It is extremely uncommon as patients must have both abnormal anatomy and an incomplete pedal arch to display symptoms. Similar to other entrapment syndromes, if identified before permanent arterial scarring, the treatment does not require a bypass procedure. Removal of the tendon along with transposition will allow cessation of symptoms without impaired dorsiflexion of the great toe.
Weight change and lung cancer: Relationships with symptom distress, functional status, and smoking

The pattern of weight change (at five 6-week intervals beginning 2 months after diagnosis of advanced disease) is described in adults with progressive lung cancer (N = 60). Weight loss of 10% or more at study entry occurred in 35% of subjects; 37% lost weight at three or more intervals; and 25% lost weight at only one interval. Pre-illness weight loss was moderately correlated with subsequent decreased functional status (Enforced Social Dependency Scale) at Times 1, 2, and 3 (r = -.49, r = -.43, r = -.48, p < .001). Weight loss correlated with subsequent increased symptom distress (Symptom Distress Scale, SDS) at three times (Times 2, 4, and 5: r = -.34, r = -.30, r = -.43, p < .05). Chemotherapy (50% of subjects) and smoking (25% at study entry) predicted weight loss from Time 1 to 5, explaining 28% of the variance.
The Insect Chemoreceptor Superfamily Is Ancient in Animals

The insect chemoreceptor superfamily consists of 2 gene families, the highly diverse gustatory receptors (GRs) found in all arthropods with sequenced genomes and the odorant receptors that evolved from a GR lineage and have been found only in insects to date. Here, I describe relatives of the insect chemoreceptor superfamily, specifically the basal GR family, in diverse other animals, showing that the superfamily dates back at least to early animal evolution. GR-Like (GRL) genes are present in the genomes of the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, an anemone Nematostella vectensis, a coral Acropora digitifera, a polychaete Capitella teleta, a leech Helobdella robusta, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (and many other nematodes), 3 molluscs (a limpet Lottia gigantea, an oyster Crassostrea gigas, and the sea hare Aplysia californica), the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and the sea acorn Saccoglossus kowalevskii. While some of these animals contain multiple divergent GRL lineages, GRLs have been lost entirely from other animal lineages such as vertebrates. GRLs are absent from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, and 2 available chaonoflagellate genomes, so it remains unclear whether this superfamily originated before or during animal evolution.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Health Problems, and Depression Among African American Women in Residential Substance Use Treatment.

Abstract Background: Rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are high among women seeking treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Minority women, in particular, experience high rates of trauma and may be less likely to disclose trauma history. This article identifies items from pre-existing screening measures that can be used across settings to sensitively but noninvasively identify women with likely PTSD. Method: For a sample of 104 African American women in residential SUD treatment who provided informed consent as a part of a larger randomized clinical trial, the prevalence of trauma and PTSD, as well as the relationships between trauma, health, depression, and distress, was examined. Measures included Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL), and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Additional analyses were undertaken to determine if a subset of noninvasive items could serve to identi...
Investigation of Thick Film Technology for High Temperature Applications

For electronics operating at 300°C, thick film technology has been proposed as a suitable interconnection technology to create modules. This work examines the leakage current with constant bias (100V) at 300°C. The leakage current increased significantly within the first few hours of aging. The effect of 300°C aging with dc bias on the adhesion of multilayer thick film test structures was also studied. The aged adhesion was a function of bias polarity. Fracture surface analysis results are presented. Bi in the PtPdAu conductor appears to play a role in both the leakage current and adhesion phenomena observed.
Stuck Inside of Mobile: Ethnography in Non-Places

Guided by Auge’s concept of “non-place,” we conduct a mobile ethnography of the Las Vegas Strip to evoke and critically reflect on the characteristics of such environments. Informed by our findings, we contribute to the scholarship of non-places by (1) attending to three components of such environments that are seldom mentioned together (temporal organization, soundscape, and social control) and (2) suggesting a tentative model of non-places that integrates function (entertainment, transportation, hospitality, consumption); design (signage, movement, temporal organization, and soundscape); social control system (their mechanisms, visibility, power, sanctions, types of violation); performances (the roles they prompt users to play and the interactions they direct them to perform), and subjectivities (the sort of self-experiences they induce). In the conclusions, we summarize our findings and revisit the concept of non-place.
Design of Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

Agent-based models (ABMs) provide a flexible multilayer platform for incorporating various modeling techniques into a single hybrid model for designing optimal biomaterial scaffolds for angiogenesis in tissue engineering applications. Scaffold geometrical variables are considered as design variables. The growth-factor concentration profile is the only process variable considered in this study. The product variables used to illustrate the combined effects of scaffold design variables and process variables on the outcome of angiogenesis include the density and depth of capillary invasion within the scaffold. The scaffold design process and the ABM developed to simulate angiogenesis are described in this article. The performance of the ABM and the vascularization of the polymer scaffolds are evaluated by simulation studies. The effects of pore size, pore size distribution, and interconnectivity on the total blood vessel length, invasion depth, and total number of sprouts formed during the vascularization process are reported. The integration of the simulation of angiogenesis with ABMs and scaffold design techniques provides an iterative process for designing optimal scaffold structures. Such an approach facilitates faster design of optimized scaffolds with significantly less cost and enables better understanding of the mechanisms of angiogenesis of polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Spatial Variation of Drag on Long Cylinders in Sheared Flow

A method is described for measuring the local drag coefficient on a long cylinder which exhibits vortex-induced vibration (VIV). Results are shown from a field experiment in which a long flexible pipe was instrumented with two-hundred and eighty fiber optic strain gauges. The measured local drag coefficients are compared to a commonly used drag coefficient prediction formula. The formula is shown to be useful as a tool for predicting the average drag coefficients for the whole cylinder but is not able to accurately capture local variation in CD . The local CD measurements also reveal the location of VIV source regions.© 2008 ASME
Responses of Stuttering and Non-Stuttering Children to a Dichotic Listening Task

Performance on a dichotic listening task of 28 normally speaking and 28 stuttering elementary and high school children showed no significant inter-ear differences. These results do not support the idea that stuttering results from lack of cerebral dominance for speech.
Menstrual Bleeding as a Manifestation of Mini-Puberty of Infancy in Severe Prematurity

We report 2 infants with severe prematurity who presented with uterine bleeding at age 6 months (approximately 2.5 months corrected for gestational age). Mini-puberty of infancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of girls who present with uterine bleeding during the first 6 months of life.
Robustness properties of distributed configurations in multi-agent systems

This paper considers a distributed LQR design framework for a multi-agent network consisting of identical dynamically decoupled agents. A systematic method is presented for computing the performance loss of various distributed control configurations relative to the performance of the optimal centralized controller. Necessary and sufficient conditions have been derived for which a distributed control configuration pattern arising from the optimal centralizing solution does not entail loss of performance if the initial vector lies in a certain subspace of state-space which is identified. It was shown that these conditions are always satisfied for systems with communication/control networks corresponding to complete graphs with a single link removed. A procedure is extended for analyzing the performance loss of an arbitrary distributed configuration which is illustrated by an exhaustive analysis of a network consisting of agents described by second-order integrator dynamics. Presented results are useful for quantifying performance loss due to decentralization and for designing optimal or near-optimal distributed control schemes.