cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Owns the Agricultural Land in the United States

In attempting to answer the question "Who owns the agricultural land of the United States?" the census classification of owneroperated, tenant-operated, and manager-operated farms is of assistance. In the first division the ownership is in the hands of the tiller of the soil. In 1920 there were 636,508,324 acres in this class, of which 46I,I12,031 acres were under the control of owners operating an entire farm and 175,396,293 acres in the hands of farmers operating rented acres in addition to the land actually their property. From another standpoint, part of this area ought to be classed with the tenant-operated acreage, of which there are 265,193,415 acres. In the third class are 53,974,806 acres operated by hired managers.' Expressed in percentages, the land operated by both classes of owners composed 66.6 per cent of the farm land of the United States, the tenant area 27.7 per cent, and the manager-operated area 5.6 per cent. Owner-Operated Farm Land.-Of the land operated by owners only a small fraction is the property of the colored races. Figures for the acreage owned by various classes are not yet available for 1920, but in 191o the colored farmers owned only 3 per cent of the entire owner-operated land area of the United States and the proportion probably has not changed much since then.2 The acreage owned by foreign-born white farmers is not separated from that owned by white farmers in general. However, in 1910, 81.4 per cent of the foreign-born white farmers were owners. In order to get an estimate of the acreage owned, we may disregard the differences in acreage in owner-, tenant-, and manager-controlled farms and take 80 per cent of the 111,176,522 acres operated by all foreign-born farmers in I920.3 This gives us about 89,ooo,ooo acres, or 13Y2 per cent, of the owner-operated area under the control of foreign-born white farmers.
Needle Valves as Pressure Regulators

The potential of needle valves issuing into sudden expansions as the primary components of large closed conduit pressure regulating structures is analyzed. Results are presented of research projects conducted to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of needle valves. The flow characteristics of the needle valve are described by presenting a submerged jet issuing from a circular orifice into an expansion chamber. The basic principles and equations of fluid mechanics are applied to qualitatively predict the cavitation, pressure fluctuation, and energy dissipation capabilities of submerged jets. A brief literature review of related studies is presented, followed by a description of the facilities used for testing and the results. These results indicate that needle valves are ideally suited for pressure regulation in closed conduit systems. Specifically they have the capability of dissipating large amounts of energy with little cavitation or pressure fluctuations. However, special attention should be given to the design to maximize the streamlining of the valve and to eliminate the possibility of local cavitation zones.
Acquaintance and Intentionality

The 1970’s brought revolutions in both philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. In the one revolution, mind and mental representation became respectable once more. (Contrast the mentalism of Fodor and other philosophers of cognitive science1 with the antimentalism of Quine, Skinner, and some Wittgensteinians. Ironically, the mind returned on the back of a machine.) In the other revolution, names and indexical pronouns (“this”, “I”, etc.) were said to refer directly, without the mediation of senses or thoughts in the speaker’s head, because their reference is determined by context, e.g., by the causal connection between the speaker and the referent. (Compare the neo-Russellian, anti-Fregean views of Donnellan, Putnam, Kaplan, and Kripke with the great Fregean semantical tradition.2) Where representation was restored to the mind in one revolution, reference was pulled away from mind and thought in the other. And causal theories of reference spawned causal theories of perception, knowledge, mind, and mental representation. All this, within the Anglo-American tradition of analytic philosophy.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES IN FACULTATIVE AND ANAEROBIC ACTINOMYCES

Overman, John R. (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.) and Leo Pine. Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic structures in facultative and anaerobic Actinomyces . J. Bacteriol. 86: 656–665. 1963.—Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic complexes and the cytoplasmic fine structure of Actinomyces bovis, A. israelii, A. naeslundii , and A. propionicus demonstrated marked differences among these four species. Also included in the present study was Lactobacillus bifidus , an organism closely related to the Actinomyces species. A relatively small and compact cytoplasmic membrane complex of A. propionicus was unique in its morphology. Membrane structures of A. naeslundii and A. israelii were relatively large and consisted of coils of various sizes of the cytoplasmic membrane. No membrane complexes were found in L. bifidus or A. bovis . Measurements of cell-wall thickness indicated a significant difference between A. bovis and A. israelii . On the basis of general morphology, cell-wall thickness, and cytoplasmic membrane complexes, A. bovis and A. israelii appear to be distinct species. The relation of the fine structure complexity to phylogenetic position of these organisms is considered. Images
Judging in Trial Courts: Cross-Fertilization of Therapeutic Jurisprudence Practices from Specialized Courts into Conventional Criminal Courts

Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice are regarded as the two major theoretical foundations or justifications for problem-solving courts such as drug courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, and mental health courts. In recent years, these problem-solving courts have mushroomed. For instance, the first drug court was established in 1989. Twenty-one years later, there are more than 2500 total drug courts in the U.S. and its territories. Relatedly, there are more than 3000 problem-solving courts and hundreds more in planning and implementation stages. In an on-going research of two umbrella Southern trial courts (with some judges presiding over both drug and non-drug courts), using multivariate regression, I compared the 2009 sentences of both convicted upper-grade and lower-grade felons (not in drug courts) by the drug court judges and their non-drug court colleagues. I found that the sentencing practices of the drug court judges did not significantly differ from those of their non-drug court colleagues. This research results confirmed results from a previous research which showed that a specialized criminal court was not truly influencing judicial administration in its umbrella criminal court.
High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

Power conversion efficiencies above 20% have been measured for silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight. The cells are p+ -n-n+, 0.3 Ω-cm base, single crystal silicon. Two cell sizes, roughly 1 and 4 cm2, were tested. The larger cell exhibited a 17.7% efficiency at one sun and exceeded 20% from about 20 to 50 suns. The smaller cells were above 20% in the range 50 to 100 suns. All measurements were at 27 C. The difference between the two types of cells can be accounted for by shadowing and series resistance of the metal pattern. The one-sun data agree with values predicted by theoretical analysis of the cell.
The Attributes of Effective NGOs and the Leadership Values Associated with a Reputation for Organizational Effectiveness

Building on prior research characterizing organizational effectiveness as a social construction, this article identifies the perceived attributes of effective transnational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the leadership values associated with higher reputations for organizational effectiveness. Results are based on an in-depth, mixed-method interview study of 152 NGO leaders located in the United States and representing all major sectors of organizational activity. Among the twenty-nine attributes that leaders identified in peer organizations that they regarded as particularly effective, leaders stressed instantiation of sound principles or strategy, a grassroots approach, large organizational size and resources, being collaborative, singleness of focus, campaigning abilities, funding and fundraising prowess, global scope, and quality people. Furthermore, statistical analysis reveals that NGOs with leaders who value similarities with peer organizations, grassroots approaches, diversity of strategies, dedication, professionalism, and distributed organizational structures have significantly higher reputations for effectiveness.
Using Distance Decay Techniques and Household-Level Data to Explore Regional Variation in Environmental Inequality

This chapter links individual- and household-level data from the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) with neighborhood-level environmental hazard data derived from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) in order to determine whether regional differences in environmental inequality exist at the household level. The data cover nearly every metropolitan area in the contiguous US from 1990 to 2005, we divide the contiguous US into nine regions, and we use Geographic Information System (GIS) software to weight the potential impact of each TRI facility inversely according to geographic distance. Results indicate that the existence and magnitude of environmental racial inequality, as well as the role that race, income and other household characteristics play in shaping this inequality, vary in important ways across the nine regions of the country. This has important implications for environmental inequality and public health research.
Orientations of AM Her stars from their polarization properties - The case of the missing AM Her stars

We use observation of the polarization properties of the AM Her stars to determine their orientations. We find that the AM Her stars are randomly distributed with respect to their inclination angle i but not with respect to their magnetic colatitude δ. The stars are concentrated along the semicircle cos2 δ + cos2 t = 1, where δ is the angle between the magnetic moment and the spin axis of the degenerate dwarf. This result implies that the discovery of AM Her stars is strongly affected by observational selection effects. We suggest that these effects are a result of the way in which the AM Her stars have been identified observationally, and of the angular properties of high harmonic cyclotron emission. We estimate that there are about three times as many AM Her stars as have been found so far.
Electroporation: A general phenomenon for manipulating cells and tissues

Electroporation is a fascinating cell membrane phenomenon with several existing biological applications and others likely. Although DNA introduction is the most common use, electroporation of isolated cells has also been used for: (1) introduction of enzymes, antibodies, and other biochemical reagents for intracellular assays; (2) selective biochemical loading of one size cell in the presence of many smaller cells; (3) introduction of virus and other particles; (4) cell killing under nontoxic conditions; and (5) insertion of membrane macromolecules into the cell membrane. More recently, tissue electroporation has begun to be explored, with potential applications including: (1) enhanced cancer tumor chemotherapy, (2) gene therapy, (3) transdermal drug delivery, and (4) noninvasive sampling for biochemical measurement. As presently understood, electroporation is an essentially universal membrane phenomenon that occurs in cell and artificial planar bilayer membranes. For short pulses (microsecond to ms), electroporation occurs if the transmembrane voltage, U(t), reaches 0.5-1.5 V. In the case of isolated cells, the pulse magnitude is 10(3)-10(4) V/cm. These pulses cause reversible electrical breakdown (REB), accompanied by a tremendous increase molecular transport across the membrane. REB results in a rapid membrane discharge, with the elevated U(t) returning to low values within a few microseconds of the pulse. However, membrane recovery can be orders of magnitude slower. An associated cell stress commonly occurs, probably because of chemical influxes and effluxes leading to chemical imbalances, which also contribute to eventual survival or death. Basic phenomena, present understanding of mechanism, and the existing and potential applications are briefly reviewed.
THE SYNTHESIS AND OPIATE ACTIVITY OF HUMAN β‐ENDORPHIN ANALOGS: Substituted at Residue Positions 27 and 31

Four analogs of human beta-endorphin have been synthesized and their opiate activities have been determined. One of the analogs, [27-phenylalanine, 31-glycine]-betah-endorphin, was shown to possess an analgesic potency greater than that of the natural peptide.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Isocyanato Dicarbaboranes Obtained from o-Carborane.

The functionalization of o-carborane with (bromoalkyl)phthalimides or propargylphthalimide, their subsequent transformation into isocyanate-substituted o-carborane, and their reactivity toward amino- and alcohol-containing molecules are reported. The preparation of these functionalized ureas and carbamates could potentially lead to the utilization of these molecules as suitable precursors for drugs to be used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The compounds 1-RNHC(O)NH(CH(2))(n)()-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(11) and 1-ROC(O)NH-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(11) (n = 1, 2, and 3) were prepared by reaction of 1-O=C=N(CH(2))(n)()-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(11), (n = 1, 2, and 3) with the corresponding amino- or alcohol-containing substrate. Experimental details and analytical data leading to the identification of the reported compounds are provided. Additionally the X-ray diffraction structures of 1-C(6)H(4)(CO)(2)NCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(11) (1c) and 1-(C(6)H(5))(2)C=N-CH(2)-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(11) (20) are reported. Compound 1c crystallizes in the Po space group, a = 10.791(1) A, b = 13.104(1) A, c = 7.1816(9) A, alpha = 97.389(8) degrees, beta = 90.416(5) degrees, gamma = 66.462(6) degrees, Z = 2, R = 0.0512 for 2140 reflections with F(2) > 3.0sigma(F(2)). Compound 20 crystallizes in the P2(1)/n space group, a = 16.5560(7) A, b = 7.0173(4) A, c = 16.9750(6) A, beta = 97.932(2) degrees, Z = 4, R = 0.0843 for 2755 reflections with F > 4.0sigma(F).
Morphology of germination and establishment of aquatic seedlings in alismataceae and hydrocharitaceae

Abstract The germination and early growth of seedlings is reported for 4 species of Alismataceae (including Limnocharitaceae) and 2 species of Hydrocharitaceae. The seeds germinate in the achenes of Alisma subcordatum, Echinodorus rostratus, and Lophotocarpus calycinus, and the hypocotyl grows directly from the micropylar end of the seed through the base of the pericarp, which is its weakest part. The recurvate shape of the seed is thus adaptive insofar as the emerging hypocotyl is aimed directly at the easiest point of exit. Most seeds fall from the open, floating follicles of Limnocharis flava but a few germinate within the follicles. The seeds of Vallisneria americana and Ottelia alismoides fall to the bottom from the disintegrating fruits. In all cases, the seedlings are temporarily anchored by hypocotylar hairs which form soon after the hypocotyl emerges. A primary root, if present, forms soon afterward and the first adventitious roots appear when the earliest plumular leaves form.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Client Violence toward Social Workers

The author reports findings from a random survey of National Association of Social Workers members from two states examining the prevalence, nature, and risk factors of client violence toward social workers. A majority of persons surveyed experienced client violence, with gender and setting as significant variables in determining risk. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
An object-oriented approach to graphical interfaces

An object-oriented system for building graphical interfaces to programs is discussed. The system, called GROW, facilitates the process of creating interfaces that are highly interactive (including direct manipulation and animation), rich in layout structure, and effectively reusable across applications. These properties are achieved through three techniques: object-based graphics with taxonomic inheritance, interobject relationships such as composition and graphical dependency, and separation of the interface and application. Experience with interfaces for several applications has provided insights on the effectiveness of these techniques. First, object-oriented programming yields significant leverage on specializing and reusing interfaces. Second, layout constraints (such as maintaining the connectivity of a graph) can be managed with simple data dependencies among the attributes of the graphical objects. Finally, separating the interface and application is essential to reusing interface components. This paper describes the techniques in detail, gives examples of interfaces built with GROW, and summarizes experiences using GROW with a variety of applications.
Superior Visual Search Accuracy after Exposure to Natural Relative to Urban Environments

Recent studies have demonstrated a performance benefit when interacting in natural compared to urban environments. Presently, we are interested in testing whether visual search performance would differ depending on environmental exposure. We exposed participants to images of either natural scenes or urban scenes and asked them to complete a visual conjunction search (identifying the letter O embedded in an array of Q’s). Consistent with existing literature, findings revealed that participants were more accurate at identifying targets when they were exposed to images of nature relative to participants exposed to images of urban environments.
Acid-Base Balance

The essence of the physical chemical approach to acid–base balance is the understanding that there are three variables that are essential in determining blood pH: partial pressure of CO2, strong ion difference (SID), and total weak acid concentration (ATOT). Neither H+ nor HCO3 − can change unless one or more of these three variables change. Strong ions are completely dissociated in blood plasma; weak acids by contrast alter their ionization with changes in pH. While it is possible to describe an acid–base disorder in terms of H+ or HCO3 − concentrations or base excess, it is incorrect to analyze the pathology, and potentially dangerous to plan treatment, on the basis of altering these variables.
RNA complementary to unique DNA sequences in normal and animalized sea urchin embryos.

Abstract Early sea urchin development can be experimentally manipulated so that abnormal embryos, called animalized embryos, develop with exaggeration of their ectodermal characteristics and suppression of their mesentodermal characteristics. In order to test whether this alteration in development involves changes in the pattern of embryonic gene transcription, embryonic RNA was examined by RNA/DNA hybridization. Rapidly labelled RNA from both types of embryo hybridized to non-repetitive DNA readily, but much less readily to repetitive DNA. In order to determine the complexity of the RNA in normal and animalized embryos, purified radioactive non-repetitive DNA was incubated with a large excess of RNA. RNA was isolated from unfertilized eggs and from normal blastulae and prism larvae and from animalized embryos of comparable ages. The complexity of transcription increases during the development of both normal and animalized embryos. Experiments in which RNAs isolated from two stages were combined indicated that extensive homology exists between the populations, although some differences were detected between embryos of different ages as well as between normal and animalized embryos of the same age. This evidence indicates that animalization involves alterations in the pattern of embryonic gene expression and that this abnormal development provides a convenient experimental system for the study of gene regulation in embryonic development.
Synthesis of Star Polymers by a Combination of ATRP and the “Click” Coupling Method

Three-arm and four-arm star polystyrene (PS) polymers were synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click coupling chemistry. The click reaction between an azido-terminated PS (PS−N3) and an alkyne-containing multifunctional compound proved to be fast and efficient. All coupling reactions were finished within 3 h, proven by the disappearance of signals from the azido groups in NMR spectra and the high yields of the coupled products by GPC analysis. For the model coupling reaction between a PS−N3 polymer and a dialkyne-containing compound, the final yield of the coupled PS−PS polymer was ca. 95%. When a PS−N3 polymer was reacted with a trialkyne-containing or tetraalkyne-containing compound, the yields of 3-arm star and 4-arm star polymers were around 90% and 83%, respectively. The influence of several parameters on the efficiency of the click coupling reaction was studied, including the molecular weight of the PS−N3 polymer, the presence of an added reducing agent, C...
Estimation of the Risk Difference Under a Noncompliance Randomized Clinical Trial with Missing Outcomes

In a randomized clinical trial (RCT), we often come across the situations in which there are patients who do not comply with their assigned treatments or whose outcomes are missing due to their refusal or loss to follow-up. Because noncompliance and missing outcomes do not generally occur completely at random, analyzing data as treated or excluding patients with missing outcomes from our analysis can produce a biased estimate of a treatment effect. In this paper, we consider estimation of the risk difference (RD) in the presence of both noncompliance and missing outcomes under a RCT. On the basis of a constant risk additive model proposed elsewhere, we derive the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and develop three asymptotic interval estimators in closed form for the RD when we have outcome missing at random. We apply Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate and compare the performance of these estimators in a variety of situations. We note that all interval estimators developed here can perform well with resp...
Stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA): an introduction and science plans

A brief introduction to SOFIA will be given with an outline of its planned investigator program, followed with a summary of the expected performance capabilities of SOFIA at first light. The remainder of the paper will then give examples of SOFIA science to be expected from science instruments to be commissioned on the observatory within the first year os operation.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NARROW LIMIT GAUGING: GO OR NO GO?

The method of narrow-limit gauging is briefly reviewed. The method enjoyed some popularity in the 1940s and 1950s; however, it is rarely used today. We investigate the reasons for its decline and offer a reassessment of its efficacy, with illustrations ..
Forgotten History: Mexican American School Segregation in Arizona from 1900-1951.

This article documents the efforts by Mexican Americans to challenge school segregation in Arizona in the first half of the twentieth century. As in Texas and California, although state law never formally mandated the segregation of Mexican American students, school districts in Arizona often established separate “Mexican Schools” for Mexican American students. While districts argued that segregation was necessary because of students' poor English skills, the segregation of Mexican American students in Arizona's public schools was not an isolated practice but occurred in tandem with other discriminatory practices that restricted the social rights of Mexican Americans, many of whom were American citizens. However, Mexican Americans challenged segregation in the courts. Notably, in Gonzales v. Sheely, a case heard in the United States District Court of Arizona in 1950, Judge Dave Ling declared segregation unconstitutional over three years before the Supreme Court's historic decision in Brown v. Board (1954).
Satellite interferometer as an advanced navigation/communication system

An orthogonal system of interferometry baselines aboard a geostationary satellite is proposed to be used for navigation, surveillance, and traffic control. Position determination is based on the relationship between the measured phase differences, the known and unknown transmitter locations, and other systematic error model parameters using a generalized least-squares estimation procedure. It is shown that position accuracy is critically dependent on the baseline length and on the magnitude of the random component of the measuring errors. Several trade-offs with respect to the system accuracies, the number of users, data rates, hardware costs, etc., are examined. Simultaneous use of the same channels for navigation and data transfer is found feasible and five candidate or 'strawman' interferometer system proposals are presented. It is concluded that the system's performance is excellent in comparison with present or planned systems, and that it is viable in meeting potential user's requirements.
Superfluid 4He quantum interference grating.

We report the first observation of quantum interference from a grating structure consisting of four weak link junctions in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. We find that an interference grating can be implemented successfully in a superfluid matter wave interferometer to enhance its sensitivity while trading away some of its dynamic range. We also show that this type of device can be used to measure absolute quantum mechanical phase differences. The results demonstrate the robust nature of superfluid phase coherence arising from quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale.
CONTINUOUS INTRUSION MINIATURE CONE PENETRATION TEST SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS

The electronic cone penetrometer is an important investigation tool of choice for in situ site characterization. Application of this proven concept of the cone penetration test (CPT) to transportation applications is described. A miniature cone penetrometer with a projected cone area of 2 cm2 has been developed and implemented in a continuous intrusion miniature CPT system (CIMCPT). This device may be used for rapid, accurate, and economical characterization of sites as well as to determine engineering soil parameters needed in the design of pavements, embankments, and earth structures. The miniature CPT (MCPT) gives finer details than the standard 10-cm2 cross-sectional area reference cone penetrometer, which makes it attractive for subgrade characterization, quality control assessment, compaction control of embankments, and assessment of ground improvement effectiveness for transportation infrastructure. In situ calibration of the CIMCPT system was conducted at a highway embankment site in Baton Rouge, ...
Ground truth data using 3D imaging for urban search and rescue robots

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is leading an effort to develop performance standards for urban search and rescue robots (US&R). An important component of developing performance standards for these robots is capturing ground truth data that represents the geometry of the robot operating environment. This paper describes two ground truth data collection efforts conducted in 2006 and 2008 at the Texas Engineering Extension Service Disaster City training facility in College Station, Texas. Several indoor and outdoor training scenarios were captured with 3D imaging systems and the data is now publicly available through NIST to support research and development of robotic technologies for the US&R domain.
The synthesis of 18O multilabeled anhydrous nitric acid

18O-multilabeled anhydrous nitric acid (89 atom % 18O) was prepared by exchange with H218O, neutralization with NH3, and distillation from methane sulfonic acid. The use of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, and oleum was also investigated, but these acids were found unsuitable due to rapid oxygen exchange. The extent of exchange was. monitored by converting water to methanol, nitric acid to nitroanisole, and analyzing by field ionization mass spectrometry.
Collocation Methods for Distillation Design. 2. Applications for Distillation

We present applications for a collocation method for modeling distillation columns that we developed in a companion paper. We discuss implementation of the model, including discussion of the ASCEND system, which enables us to create complex models with simple building blocks and interactively learn to solve them. We first investigate applying the model to compute minimum reflux for a given separation task, exactly solving nonsharp and approximately solving sharp split minimum reflux problems. We next illustrate the use of the collocation model to optimize the design a single column capable of carrying out a prescribed set of separation tasks. The optimization picks the best column diameter and total number of trays. It also picks the feed tray for each of the prescribed separations.
Demonstration of kinetochores and centrioles in spermatocytes of two species of cockroaches by silver staining.

Light microscopy following silver staining of spermatocytes of German and Madagascar hissing cockroaches demonstrated: (1) the localization of a kinetochore in each autosomal synaptonemal complex during pachytene, and (2) visualization of centrioles in different stages of meiotic prophase. The presence of a “hairpin-like” twist and the nucleolus organizer region in the X-chromosome was observed only in the German cockroach.
An introduction to cellular engineering

Cellular engineering applies the principles and methods of engineering to the problems of cell and molecular biology of both a basic and applied nature. As biomedical engineering has shifted from the organ and tissue level to the cellular and subcellular level, cellular engineering has emerged as a new area. Cellular engineering includes the role of engineering in both basic cell biology research and in the making of products which use living cells, e.g tissue engineering and bioprocess engineering. The former involves the use of living cells in the development of biological substitutes for the restoration or replacement of function. An example of this is the regeneration of nerves. The latter i.e. bioprocess engineering, involves the use of living cells to manufacture a biochemical product e.g. through the use of recombinant DNA technology. In fact, as biomedical engineering has expanded to include the cellular level, and bioprocess engineering has shifted in interest from microbial organisms to include mammalian cells, there are intellectual issues in which an interest is shared by those two formerly separate areas of engineering activity. Cellular engineering thus transcends the field of biomedical engineering. More than that, it represents a response of engineering to the biological revolution which has unfolded over the past several decades.
5-Hydroxytryptamine antagonism by lysergic acid diethylamide after intracerebral injection in conscious mice.

The centrally induced effects of 5-HT and LSD and three of its derivatives have been studied following intracerebral injection in conscious mice. The symptoms observed after giving 5-HT were scratching and stupor. LSD and its derivatives caused hyperexcitability, piloerection, muscle incoordination, and sensitivity to touch. LSD also produced a sensitivity to sound, a muscle twitch in the lumbar area and a peculiar alternating stamping of the feet. LSD, 1-acetyl-LSD and 1-methyl-LSD were able to block the central effects of 5-HT whereas d -lysergic acid dimethylamide did not antagonize 5-HT.
DETECTION OF B-CELL LYMPHOMA IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY DNA HYBRIDISATION

As an alternative to morphological identification of circulating neoplastic lymphocytes in the blood of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes was analysed for clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in 29 patients with low-grade B-cell lymphomas. 76% of the patients showed clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin genes in their blood, including 58% of those with no other evidence of disease. In seven patients from whom paired samples were available the rearranged bands found in the blood and in lymph-node biopsy specimens containing histologically confirmed lymphoma were identical. Detection of circulating lymphoma cells by use of tumour-specific anti-idiotype antibodies and cytofluorimetry showed complete agreement with the results of DNA analysis.
Objects: Signs of Africa

Objects: Signs of Africa. LUC DE HEUSCH, ed. Tervuren, Belgium: Musee royal de I'Atrique centrale, 1995. Charts, figures, photographs, color plates, maps.
Chromatographic separations of fullerenes: discovery and characterization of C60 mono-epoxide

Abstract A semi-preparative scale high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the separation of the fullerene extract components has been developed. During the course of these separations, a new fullerene species was isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry, 13C NMR, and infrared and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry identifies this component as the mono-oxygen adduct of C60 (C60O) and 13C NMR strongly supports the epoxide structure rather than the isomeric oxido-annulene structure. In addition, the effects of different solvents on the optical absorption spectra of purified C60 and C70 and crystalline properties of C60 fullerite powder are reported.
Technology Evaluation and Decision Making for Sustainability Enhancement of Industrial Systems Under Uncertainty

Technology-based sustainability enhancement is a key approach for industrial sustainability realization. However, identification of effective technologies for any industrial system could be very challenging. If the available data and information about the industrial system and technologies are incomplete, imprecise, and uncertain, then technology identification could be very difficult. In this article, the authors introduce a simple, yet systematic interval-parameter-based methodology for identifying quickly superior solutions under uncertainty for sustainability performance improvement. The methodology is general enough for the study of sustainability enhancement problems of any size and scope. A case study on sustainable development of biodiesel manufacturing demonstrates methodological efficacy. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1841–1852, 2012
Wave Theory of a Thin Film Polarization Converter

A planar thin isotropic film sandwiched between an isotropic cover and an electro-optic crystal (substrate) which is uniaxially anisotropic can support transverse electric and transverse magnetic guided modes. When an external electric field is applied to the substrate and is harmonically modulated in the propagation direction to provide the necessary phase matching, the two modes coherently interact and exchange energy in the propagation direction. The governing equations of this interaction are rigorously deduced from the wave theory using a perturbation technique and are analyzed to yield the requirement for the complete polarization conversion.
Personal construct systems and love styles

Abstract The present study explored the relationships between individuals' personal construct systems regarding romantic relationships and their love styles. One hundred subjects (50 male and 50 female) completed a questionnaire containing the Love Attitudes Scale and were also administered George Kelly's repertory technique, which was used to evaluate subjects' threat, perceptual shift, actualization, and cognitive complexity. Results revealed theoretically predictable relationships among the measures. For instance, subjects who were more erotic were also more actualized, and manic lovers showed greater perceptual shift. The personal construct approach offers rich insight into aspects of intimate relationships.
PI3K/Akt/mTOR, a pathway less recognized for staphylococcal superantigen-induced toxicity.

Immunostimulating staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins cause diseases in humans and laboratory animals by activating cells of the immune system. These toxins bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in hyperactivation of both T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. The well-explored signal transduction pathways for SEB-induced toxicity downstream from TCR/MHC ligation and interaction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, culminating in NFκB activation. Independently, IL-2, IFNγ, and chemokines from activated T cells signal via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the serine/threonine kinases, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. This article reviews the signaling molecules induced by superantigens in the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways leading to staphylococcal superantigen-induced toxicity and updates potential therapeutics against superantigens.
The synthesis of sterically demanding amino acid-derived cyclic phosphonamides.

The preparation and utilization of C2-symmetric 1,4-diamines in the synthesis of amino acid-derived cyclic phosphonamides 1−3 are described. The 1,4-diamines are synthesized via three methods: (i) amino acid/fumaryl chloride coupling followed by amide reduction, (ii) amino acid/1,4-diamine coupling followed by amide reduction, and (iii) a template-supported ring-closing metathesis/hydrolysis sequence. The pseudo C2-symmetric cyclic phosphonamides 1−3 are prepared by condensation of the C2-symmetric 1,4-diamines to P(III) centers, followed by oxidation.
Heterodyne coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by the phase control of its intrinsic background

We demonstrate the use of femtosecond laser pulse shaping for precise control of the interference between the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal and the coherent nonresonant background generated within the same sample volume. Our technique is similar to heterodyne detection with the coherent background playing the role of the local oscillator field. In our experiment, we first apply two ultrashort (near-transform-limited) femtosecond pump and Stokes laser pulses to excite coherent molecular oscillations within a sample. After a short and controllable delay, we then apply a laser pulse that scatters off of these oscillations to produce the CARS signal. By making fine adjustments to the probe field spectral profile, we vary the relative phase between the Raman-resonant signal and the nonresonant background, and we observe a varying spectral interference pattern. These controlled variations of the measured pattern reveal the phase information within the Raman spectrum.
Evaluating methods of restoring cartilaginous articular surfaces.

Surgeons and scientists have developed various approaches to restoring cartilaginous articular surfaces with the intention of relieving pain and improving mobility for people with traumatic or degenerative damage to their synovial joints. These approaches can be divided into two categories : methods intended to stimulate formation of new cartilaginous tissue and transplantation of osteochondral allografts or autografts. Experimental studies have shown that multiple variations of these approaches can restore some form of cartilaginous articular surface, but formation or transplantation of cartilaginous tissue in an animal model does not prove that a given method has the potential to relieve joint symptoms or improve joint function in humans. The effort to restore cartilaginous articular surfaces has reached the point that investigators should now evaluate the experimental results of methods intended to restore cartilaginous articular surfaces in ways that will identify the most promising approaches to the solution of clinical problems. Important issues concerning the experimental models include the types of articular surface defects studied, the age of the animal, and differences in articular cartilage among species. Important considerations in assessing the outcome of procedures designed to restore an articular surface include the overall function of the animal or patient, the function of the joint, the structure of the joint, and the structure, composition, and mechanical properties of the new tissue. This approach to evaluating methods of restoring a cartilaginous articular surface assumes that the goal of any of these methods is to provide sustained improved joint function and decreased joint symptoms in people with traumatic or degenerative joint damage, and that tissues that differ from normal articular cartilage may achieve this goal.
Longitudinal non-euclidean networks: Applying Galileo

Abstract This article discusses the theoretical utility of using a non-Euclidean spatial manifold when describing social networks. It proposes that a variant of metric MDS, the Galileo System, can be particularly useful in analyzing social networks and their changes over time, partially because it does not impose Euclidean assumptions on the data. Two sets of longitudinal network data are examined with Galileo. One is the American air traffic network from 1968–1981. The other is ten groups engaged in a computer conference over a 24 month period. In both cases, the results indicate that a Riemannian spatial manifold is required to describe the network structure. Consistent theoretically valid results based upon the non-Euclidean components of spatial manifold are obtained. Further, they could be readily explained by exogenous factors. The implications of these results for network analysis are discussed.
Defensive substances of opilionids

Two quinones (2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and three phenols (2,3-dimethylphenol, 2-methyl-5-ethylphenol, and 2,3,4-trimethylphenol) were isolated from the defensive secretions of opilionids (Laniatores) from the Panama Canal Zone. The trimethylphenol was not previously reported as a natural product.
Relationships Among Udder and Teat Morphology and Milking Characteristics

Teat cup liner slips, manual milking machine adjustments, milk yields, and milking times were recorded during both morning and evening milkings for 8 d on 97 Holstein cows in The Pennsylvania State University dairy herd. Fore and rear udder heights (distance from floor to udder), udder levelness, distances between teats (before and after milking), teat lengths, teat diameters, and teat end shapes were measured on the same cows. Product-moment correlations among the morphological characteristics, liner slips, manual adjustments, milk yields, and milking times were determined. Residual correlations from a model including lactation number and DIM (linear and quadratic) were also calculated. The variation among cows in machine liner slips and manual adjustments within and across lactation number and DIM can be partially explained by udder and teat morphology. Wider teats were associated with increased liner slips and increased manual adjustments. More tilted udders (rear quarters lower than front quarters) were associated with increased liner slips and tended to be associated with increased manual adjustments. In addition, larger teat diameters and longer teats tended to be associated with increased liner slips.
Compensation for phase distortions in nonlinear media by phase conjugation.

We demonstrate theoretically that the distortion-correction property of phase-conjugate beams propagating in reverse through aberrating media is also operative when the indices of refraction of the media depend on the intensity. A necessary condition is that the phase-conjugate mirror that generates the reflected beam possess a unity (magnitude) "reflection" coefficient.
Planning a successful women’s health and wellness conference in your community

Abstract Planning a woman’s health conference in your community requires knowledge of the audience’s interests and the compilation of a diversified planning committee.
Flight worthy infrared bolometers with high throughput and low NEP

This paper describes the features of flight-worthy IR bolometers that were developed to meet the requirements of the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrometer (FIRAS) and the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) on the Cosmic Background Explorer of a short time constant, high throughput, and low noise equivalent power (NEP). The new bolometers use small chips of doped and compensated silicon as sensing elements, and diamond wafers coated with thin layers of Cr and Au as the absorbing substrate. The throughput values for the FIRAS bolometers and for DIRBE are 1.28 sr-sq cm, and 0.21 sr-sq cm, respectively. At 1.6, the time constants range from 3 to 40 ms, and their NEP range from 4 x 10 to the -15th to 1 x 10 to the -14th W/sq rt of Hz.
In vivo visualization of synaptic vesicles within Drosophila larval segmental axons.

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different neurological diseases. Defects in this essential process can have detrimental effects on neuronal functioning and development. We have developed a dissection protocol that is designed to expose the Drosophila larval segmental nerves to view axonal transport in real time. We have adapted this protocol for live imaging from the one published by Hurd and Saxton (1996) used for immunolocalizatin of larval segmental nerves. Careful dissection and proper buffer conditions are critical for maximizing the lifespan of the dissected larvae. When properly done, dissected larvae have shown robust vesicle transport for 2-3 hours under physiological conditions. We use the UAS-GAL4 method 1 to express GFP-tagged APP or synaptotagmin vesicles within a single axon or many axons in larval segmental nerves by using different neuronal GAL4 drivers. Other fluorescently tagged markers, for example mitochrondria (MitoTracker) or lysosomes (LysoTracker), can be also applied to the larvae before viewing. GFP-vesicle movement and particle movement can be viewed simultaneously using separate wavelengths.
Calorimetric Determination of the Amylose Content of Starches Based on Formation and Melting of the Amylose-Lysolecithin Complex

Amylose-lysolecithin complexes, formed in an exothermic reaction when amylose or starches are heated with water and lysolecithin, melt at temperatures near 107°C. With excess lysolecithin present, formation of the maximum amount of amylose complex requires cooling after the first heating (during which gelatinization of starch takes place), and then reheating. An amylose with chain length of 300 glucose units took up 14% lysolecithin; the enthalpy of melting of this complex, observed by differential scanning calorimetry, was 5.9 cal/g amylose. Amylose content of a starch was calculated from the enthalpy of melting of its lysolecithin complex. Amylose contents for potato, tapioca, lima bean, wrinkled pea, amylomaize and waxy maize starches agreed with values obtained by iodine binding. Amylose contents of maize and wheat starches were larger than obtained by iodine binding, and in better agreement with amylose contents obtained by fractionation.
Schooling and Socialization for Moral Commitment.

Central to socialization is the growth of commitment to values and moral rules and the formation of beliefs about society as a moral order. To what extent does schooling influence these processes? In what ways? How might it influence them? Answers to these questions have been rhetorical for the most part because so little is known about the ways that schooling fosters and constrains students' commitments and beliefs. Analyses of schooling as social control and as structured activity should increase this knowledge significantly.