cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computation of correlation functions and wave function projections in the context of quantum trajectory dynamics

The de Broglie-Bohm formulation of the Schrodinger equation implies conservation of the wave function probability density associated with each quantum trajectory in closed systems. This conservation property greatly simplifies numerical implementations of the quantum trajectory dynamics and increases its accuracy. The reconstruction of a wave function, however, becomes expensive or inaccurate as it requires fitting or interpolation procedures. In this paper we present a method of computing wave packet correlation functions and wave function projections, which typically contain all the desired information about dynamics, without the full knowledge of the wave function by making quadratic expansions of the wave function phase and amplitude near each trajectory similar to expansions used in semiclassical methods. Computation of the quantities of interest in this procedure is linear with respect to the number of trajectories. The introduced approximations are consistent with approximate quantum potential dyna...
The Binding Orientation of a Norindenoisoquinoline in the Topoisomerase I−DNA Cleavage Complex Is Primarily Governed by π−π Stacking Interactions

High level ab initio quantum chemical studies have shown that the binding orientations of topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors such as camptothecins and indenoisoquinolines are primarily governed by π-π stacking. However, a recently discovered norindenoisoquinoline antitumor compound was observed by X-ray crystallography to adopt a “flipped” orientation (relative to indenoisoquinolines), which facilitates the formation of a characteristic hydrogen bond with the Arg364 of Top1 in its binding with the Top1-DNA complex. This observation raises the possibility that hydrogen bonding between the norindenoisoquinoline nitrogen and the Arg364 side chain of Top1 might be responsible for the “flip”. It also brings into question whether π-π stacking, as opposed to hydrogen bonding, is primarily responsible for the binding orientations of indenoisoquinolines and norindenoisoquinolines. In this study, the forces responsible for the binding orientation of a norindenoisoquinoline in the DNA cleavage site were systematically investigated using MP2 methods. The theoretical calculation of the preferred binding orientation based solely on π-π stacking was completely consistent with the actual orientation observed by X-ray crystallography, indicating that the binding of the norindenoisoquinoline in the Top1-DNA complex is mainly governed by π-π stacking forces and that the “flip” can occur independently from hydrogen bonding.
Assignment and Stereocontrol of Hibarimicin Atropoisomers

A stereochemical feature of the hibarimicins is a central biaryl (HMP-Y6) or aryl-quinone (hibarimicinone) incorporated as a single atropodiastereomer. Herein, a chiral resolution and deracemization process to access optically enriched biaryls aR-3 and aS-3 is described. From these atropoenantiomers the BCD-EFG ring system of HMP-Y6 is constructed [(+)-aR-7]. Comparison of CD spectra of aR-7 to HMP-Y6 leads to the assignment of HMP-Y6 and hibarimicin B atropoisomers as aR and aS, respectively.
Analyses of Nucleation Rates from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The goal of this research is to develop a reliable method to derive nucleation rates and time lags from times of nucleation observed in sets of molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled clusters undergoing spontaneousfreezing. What is taken explicitly into account, which was missing in prior analyses, is the kinetics of transient nucleation. Failure to consider this aspect of nucleation has led to substantially larger errors than the statistical errors associated with the stochastic process. It is found that analyses simultaneously including the transient nucleation parameter as well as the nucleation time lag and the steady-state nucleation rate are too ill-conditioned to yield satisfactory results. A procedure to circumvent this problem and to estimate uncertainties is formulated.
Deformation and fracture behavior of polystyrene ionomer and ionomer blends

The deformation and fracture behavior of sulphonated polystyrene ionomers, and of blends of these with polystyrene have been investigated. The microstructure of the ionomer, which varies with ion content, appears to have a significant effect on mechanical properties. Both tensile strength and toughness increase appreciably at ion contents near 5 mol%, where clusters become dominant over ion pairs and multiplets. In blends of the ionomers and polystyrene, phase separation occurs and the ionomer component appears in the form of fine particles dispersed in the polystyrene matrix. These particles possess a greater effective entanglement density than the matrix, as a result of ionic crosslinking, and they provide reinforcement against early craze breakdown and fracture. Tensile strength and fracture energy increase rapidly as the ionomer concentration in the blend is increased and they become essentially independent of blend ratio above about 10 wt% of the ionomer. Tests carried out on thin film specimens of the blends show that the dispersed ionomer particles adhere well to the matrix and contribute to the fracture energy both by inducing matrix crazing and by internal fibrillation within the particles.
RESTRUCTURING LITTORAL ZONES: A DIFFERENT APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM

ABSTRACT Dense carpets of submersed macrophytes in lakes restrict boating and swimming, limit movement of predator fishes, trap fish fry, and contribute to poor fishing. Eliminating plant beds, although good for boating and swimming, removes the plant cover, habitat diversity, and invertebrates needed to support a sport fishery. Fiberglass screens and selective plant harvesting have proven useful in breaking up continuous stands of plants, reducing summer biomass and stored nutrients, and forming boating lanes. The screens kept areas free of vegetation all summer when placed on the lake bed in spring and rapidly removed plants when spread over them in summer. Selective harvesting created islands of vegetation, gave predator fishes access to young fishes hiding among the remaining plants, and opened bottom areas for the spread of new plant species. Although intended to destroy vegetation, these and other methods can be used selectively and economically to rebuild littoral zones to benefit both people and l...
Comparing subset-convergent and variable-depth local search on perspective-sensitive landmark recognition problems

An intelligent robot with a camera and a partial model of its environment should be able to determine where it is from what it sees. This goal, landmark based navigation, can be realized using geometric object recognition algorithms. An important problem that arises in the development of such algorithms concerns the role of full 3-D perspective projection. Much of the work on object recognition has focused upon simplified problems which are essentially 2- D. One such simplification uses weak-perspective: to test the alignment of matched features object models are rotated, translated, and scaled in the image plane. At increased computational cost, full-perspective can be incorporated into recognition using a family of probabilistic optimization procedures based upon local search. This paper considers two specific algorithms from this family: subset-convergent and variable-depth local search. Both approaches reliably recognize landmarks even when landmark appearance is sensitive to perspective. Results presented here suggest the relatively simpler variable-depth algorithm is preferable when errors in the robot pose estimate are smaller, but that at some point as uncertainty in the initial pose estimate increases the more sophisticated subset-convergent algorithm becomes preferable.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Revisiting the Wilson-Jungner criteria: how can supplemental criteria guide public health in the era of genetic screening?

Revisiting the Wilson-Jungner criteria: how can supplemental criteria guide public health in the era of genetic screening?
College Students' Knowledge and Attitudes About Cesarean Birth

Background: Numerous clinicians and researchers have expressed concern about the necessity and potential adverse consequences of many cesarean births in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore college students' attitudes and beliefs about cesarean section. Methods: One hundred two college students (66% women) completed a 20-item questionnaire that asked if they viewed cesarean delivery as a potentially negative experience, as a normal or acceptable method of childbirth, and as medically necessary, and asked about their beliefs concerning risk and prevention of cesarean birth. Results: The number of “undecided” responses in the study was striking (7.8% to 69.6% across the 20 items). In general, women and men responded similarly, although women were significantly more likely than men to say they would be profoundly disappointed if their babies had to be delivered by cesarean section. Despite expressing cynicism about the cesarean birth rate (40% agreed that many unnecessary cesarean births occurred) and not viewing the procedure as a normal way of giving birth (47%), most respondents (over 70%) disagreed that giving birth by cesarean would be a negative experience or would make a woman feel like a failure. Conclusion: A high level of uncertainty exists about certain aspects of cesarean birth among young women and men, highlighting the need for information for prospective parents. Most college students did not view the cesarean birth experience as either potentially negative or normal. Future research should explore coverage of cesarean birth in childbirth education classes and the roles physicians, nurses, and midwives play in preparing expectant parents for the possibility of cesarean delivery. (BIRTH 24:3, September 1997)
Re-entrant cosmic-ray albedo

Secondary products of the interaction of cosmic rays with the earth's atmosphere, when projected upward and when of an energy below the Stormer cutoff, are trapped by the earth's magnetic field and guided to an impact with the atmosphere in the hemisphere opposite that of their formation. These particles are called the re-entrant albedo. In the present paper we derive an expression for their intensity and make a simplified computation of a particular case where data are available for comparison.
Constructive and Destructive Footing-Soil-Footing Interaction for Vertically Vibrating Footings

Structures located in densely populated, seismically active urban areas are treated as isolated structures in normal design practice. The influence of neighboring structures on the response of a soil-foundation-superstructure system, which is known as structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI), is not accounted for in current design procedures, largely because of a lack of understanding and analytical tools. The objective of this study is to develop a simple analytical model that may be used to evaluate SSSI effects while accounting for the influence of loading frequency, footing size, footing spacing, and wave attenuation. In particular, the special case of interacting surface footings within a single structure, footing-soil-footing interaction (FSFI), is considered. In-phase and out-of-phase FSFI effects are examined through a series of parametric studies and the amplification (or reduction) of response due to FSFI is evaluated. For a system composed of vertically vibrating footings arranged in a 2 x 2 grid, results indicate that for most realistic geometric and loading conditions, FSFI will only have minor effects on footing motions. Additionally, it is shown that the amount of radiation damping at a footing results in two competing phenomena: (1) decreased soil-structure system response, and (2) increased FSFI effects.
A Variational Approximation for Topic Modeling of Hierarchical Corpora

We study the problem of topic modeling in corpora whose documents are organized in a multi-level hierarchy. We explore a parametric approach to this problem, assuming that the number of topics is known or can be estimated by cross-validation. The models we consider can be viewed as special (finite-dimensional) instances of hierarchical Dirichlet processes (HDPs). For these models we show that there exists a simple variational approximation for probabilistic inference. The approximation relies on a previously unexploited inequality that handles the conditional dependence between Dirichlet latent variables in adjacent levels of the model's hierarchy. We compare our approach to existing implementations of nonparametric HDPs. On several benchmarks we find that our approach is faster than Gibbs sampling and able to learn more predictive models than existing variational methods. Finally, we demonstrate the large-scale viability of our approach on two newly available corpora from researchers in computer security-- one with 350,000 documents and over 6,000 internal subcategories, the other with a five-level deep hierarchy.
The conjugation-specific Die5 protein is required for development of the somatic nucleus in both Paramecium and Tetrahymena.

Development in ciliated protozoa involves extensive genome reorganization within differentiating macronuclei, which shapes the somatic genome of the next vegetative generation. Major events of macronuclear differentiation include excision of internal eliminated sequences (IESs), chromosome fragmentation, and genome amplification. Proteins required for these events include those with homology throughout eukaryotes as well as proteins apparently unique to ciliates. In this study, we identified the ciliate-specific Defective in IES Excision 5 (DIE5) genes of Paramecium tetraurelia (PtDIE5) and Tetrahymena thermophila (TtDIE5) as orthologs that encode nuclear proteins expressed exclusively during development. Abrogation of PtDie5 protein (PtDie5p) function by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing or TtDie5p by gene disruption resulted in the failure of developing macronuclei to differentiate into new somatic nuclei. Tetrahymena ΔDIE5 cells arrested late in development and failed to complete genome amplification, whereas RNAi-treated Paramecium cells highly amplified new macronuclear DNA before the failure in differentiation, findings that highlight clear differences in the biology of these distantly related species. Nevertheless, IES excision and chromosome fragmentation failed to occur in either ciliate, which strongly supports that Die5p is a critical player in these processes. In Tetrahymena, loss of zygotic expression during development was sufficient to block nuclear differentiation. This observation, together with the finding that knockdown of Die5p in Paramecium still allows genome amplification, indicates that this protein acts late in macronuclear development. Even though DNA rearrangements in these two ciliates look to be quite distinct, analysis of DIE5 establishes the action of a conserved mechanism within the genome reorganization pathway.
Novel Partners of SPAG11B Isoform D in the Human Male Reproductive Tract

Human sperm-associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) is closely related to beta-defensins in structure, expression, and function. Like the beta-defensins, SPAG11 proteins are predominantly expressed in the male reproductive tract, where their best-known major roles are in innate host defense and reproduction. Although several hypotheses have emerged to describe the evolution of beta-defensin and SPAG11 multifunctionality, few describe these multiple functions in terms of defensin interactions with specific proteins. To gain insight into the protein interaction potentials of SPAG11 and the signaling pathways that SPAG11 may influence, we used a yeast two-hybrid screening of a human testis-epididymis library. The results reveal human SPAG11B isoform D (SPAG11B/D) interactions with tryptase alpha/beta 1 (TPSAB1), tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7), and attractin (ATRN). These interactions were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase affinity matrix binding. SPAG11B/D and the three interacting proteins are expressed in the proximal epididymis, and all function in immunity and fertility pathways. We analyzed the functional consequences of SPAG11B/D interaction with TPSAB1 and showed that SPAG11B/D is both a substrate and a potent inhibitor of TPSAB1 activity. Furthermore, we show that (like SPAG11B/D) TSPAN7 and ATRN are associated with spermatozoa.
Tunable Miniaturized Patch Antennas With Self-Biased Multilayer Magnetic Films

Magneto-dielectric substrates with thin magnetic films show great potential in realizing electrically small tunable antennas with enhanced bandwidth, improved directivity, and high efficiency. This communication introduces self-biased NiCo-ferrite magnetic films as a practical mean to tune a patch antenna by loading single layer and multilayer self-biased ferrite films. The central resonant frequency of the unloaded patch antenna is measured at 2.1 GHz with a bandwidth of 18 MHz. However, with ferrite loading of the alumina substrate, this frequency is shown to be tunable within a range of 12 MHz-40 MHz, and the antenna efficiency is increased from 41% of the non-magnetic antenna to 56%, 65%, and 74% for the three magnetic antennas. Theomnidirectional radiation pattern is significantly enhanced with the -5 dBic gain beamwidth increased from 140deg to 155deg, 156deg and 160deg, respectively for the three ferrite loaded antennas. In addition, the gains of the three magnetic antennas are enhanced by 0.32, 0.77, and 1.1 dB, respectively, over the unloaded antenna.
Development and verification of simulation models for describing pesticide dynamics in soils

Abstract Mathematical models currently available for describing pesticide dynamics in soils were reviewed. Processes included in this review were: retention (adsorption-desorption), transformations (chemical and/or biological degradation), and convective-dispersive transfort with soil-water. A large number of simulation models, with varying degrees of complexity and scope, are presently available. However, verification and extensive use of these models has generally been difficult owing to inadequate methods of measuring and/or estimating the necessary model input parameters. The ability to formulate and numerically solve complex simulation models apparently exceeds our ability to verify these models using the limited experimental data base presently available. Given the uncertainties of model parameters and the field-scale soil heterogeneity, deviations of a factor of two or more between measured and simulated results may be common. Therefore, for general use, simple models with a minimum number of inputs may provide a sufficiently accurate description of pesticide dynamics in agricultural ecosystems. Only limited amounts of field data are presently available to verify even the simple process-orientated models.
Defining, Measuring, and Managing Business Reference Value:

Abstract It is common for business-to-business firms to use references from client firms when trying to influence prospects to become new customers. In this study, the authors define the concept of business reference value (BRV) as the ability of a client's reference to influence prospects to purchase and the degree to which it does so. They develop a three-step method to compute BRV for a given client using a retrospective reported measure of reference value. Next, they use data from a financial services and a telecommunications firm to identify and empirically test the drivers of BRV. These drivers fall into four categories: (1) length of client relationship, (2) client firm size, (3) reference media format, and (4) reference congruency. Next, the authors empirically show that clients that have the highest BRV are not the same as the clients that have the highest customer lifetime value. They also show that an average client that is high on BRV has significantly different characteristics from the averag...
Progress in adolescent immunization

Abstract The recent addition of three new vaccines to the routine adolescent immunization schedule opens new opportunities to provide preventative interventions for long-term health lasting well into adulthood. These newly approved vaccines, Tdap (adolescent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) vaccine, conjugate meningococcal vaccine, and human papillomavirus vaccine, are now recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to be administered routinely during the teenage years beginning at the11 to 12 year-old-health care visit and continuing through young adulthood. This approach not only allows for catch-up vaccination for those who did not receive earlier recommended childhood vaccines, but also provides protection at an age of increased risk for these infections. The specific recommendations for each of the three vaccines and the rationale for each of them are described.
The Two Faces of Voluntary Disclosure: Quality Improvement and Organizational Learning from Self‐reported Problems

Research suggests the promise of voluntary self-reporting, given that organizational quality can be difficult to monitor. However, I explore opposing theoretical arguments regarding its impact. On one hand, self-reported problems may motivate intensive investigation, resulting in subsequent improvement. However, self-reports may instead represent relatively superficial impression management efforts, and their value to organizational performance may be more dubious. Associated hypotheses are tested on a longitudinal panel of nursing homes. Findings suggest that self-reports generally detract from performance except when they are reinforced by other, complementary forms of experience. Contributions to organizational learning theory, institutional theory and regulatory policy are discussed.
ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL WASTEWATER DISINFECTANTS TO AQUATIC LIFE

: This study was conducted to determine the comparative acute toxicity of chlorine, bromine chloride and ozone in wastewater, and to determine any acute toxicity associated with chlorinated wastewater which had been dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. Toxicity tests were conducted with several species of cyprinids, salmonids and centrarchids, and the freshwater macroinvertebrate, Daphnia magna. Chlorinated effluent exhibited the greatest potential for residual toxicity of any disinfected stream tested. The reduced residual toxicity of chlorobrominated or ozonated effluent was largely the result of the more rapid dissipation of these disinfectants in wastewater. The acute residual toxicity of chlorinated effluent was eliminated by dechlorination with sulfur dioxide.
Review of North American Chlamydatus Curtis Species, with New Synonymy and the Description of Two New Species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

The species of Chlamydatus Curtis occurring in North America are reviewed. Chlamydatus californicus and Chlamydatus keltoni are described as new. The following synonymies are proposed: Chlamydatus arcuatus Knight and Chlamydatus auratus Kelton 5 Chlamydatus
Intermittent use of a perfluorochemical emulsion (fluosol®-DA 20%) and carbogen breathing with fractionated irradiation

Abstract Oxygen carrying perfluorochemical emulsions have been shown to enhance the response of animal tumors to large single doses of radiation. Clinically, however, perfluorochemical emulsions are being used with only some fractions in multiple fraction radiation courses. To test the efficacy of a perfluorochemical emulsion under conditions that are closer to those used in current clinical trials, BA 1112 rat sarcomas were treated with three fractions per week of 6 Gy per fraction. Once a week, animals were infused i.v. with a perfluorochemical emulsion at 15 ml/kg, and allowed to breathe carbogen (95% O 2 :5% CO 2 ) for 30 minutes prior to and during irradiation. The 50% tumor control dose was 93.1 (87.9–103.1) Gy in the control arm compared to 74.3 (64.9–83.9) Gy for the animals given the perfluorochemical infusion plus carbogen breathing. The dose modification factor for intermittent perfluorochemical infusion and carbogen breathing was 1.26 (1.15–1.40). In a similar fractionated schedule, the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole, given once per week at 600 mg/kg, gave a dose modification factor of 1.22 (1.14–1.32).
Transparency, Financial Accounting Information, and Corporate Governance

Audited financial statements along with supporting disclosures form the foundation of the firm-specific information set available to investors and regulators. In this paper, the authors discuss economics-based research focused on the properties of accounting systems and the surrounding institutional environment important to effective governance of firms. They provide a framework for understanding the operation of accounting information in an economy, discuss a broad range of important research findings, present a conceptual framework for characterizing and measuring corporate transparency at the country level, and isolate a number of future research possibilities.
The Political Attitudes and Activities of Mainline Protestant Clergy in the Election of 2000: A Study of Six Denominations

This study examines clergy across six mainline Protestant denominations in terms of their social characteristics, their theological positions, and their political attitudes and behavior. The analysis is based on data collected through random surveys of clergy in each denomination conducted in 2001 using the same instrument. The predominant focus of the article is on the nature and level of political activities exhibited by mainline Protestant clergy in the election year of 2000. The analysis revealed that mainline Protestant clergy are indeed relatively active politically, but that, despite their commonality of belonging to the same broad religious tradition, the nature and level of such political activities varies across the six denominations. Variation in the level of political activity is related to a number of different variables. And, while multivariate analysis reduces the number of significant factors that account for such differences, the remaining significant factors are associated with each of the major theoretical approaches that have been advanced to account for differences in participation levels.
Value or Bubble? A Decomposition of the Bitcoin Price

In this study, I analyze Bitcoin transaction data and build an economic model on Bitcoin traders incentives to decompose the Bitcoin price into a utility-driven component, a speculative component, and a friction component. The model I build extends the LDA (Latent-Dirichlet-Allocation) model, and I perform a paralleled collapsed Gibbs Sampling method to estimate the realized incentives of each individual trader at each time point. For post-estimation analysis, I look into major headline news to see which how information or rumor affects the different components of the Bitcoin price. The preliminary results show interesting patterns of trading and pricing in the Bitcoin market for the first time.
Towards Crack Trajectory Identification via the Direct Strain Imaging Method

In this paper we present an investigation on the feasibility of exploiting the Direct Strain Imaging (DSI) method for the purpose of tracking propagating discontinuities on the surface of a deformable body under mechanical load. The proposed approach is based on a strain compatibility functional that does not require any assumptions about the continuity conditions of the underlying medium. The proposed approach is based on the recently introduced Direct Strain Imaging method that is used to identify with high accuracy the full fields of strain tensor components that are required to define the strain compatibility functional. We performed synthetic numerical experiments based on the exercising the eXtended Finite Element Method solution for simulating a propagating crack of a particular problem in order to assess the feasibility and potential of the proposed approach. We demonstrated that indeed our DSI-based approach can achieve a very accurate determination of the crack trajectory even under noisy conditions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Study of Personality in the Family Setting

CONCEPTIONS as to the nature of personality have varied greatly over the years and today one's definition depends in part, at least, upon where one goes to psychological church. An entire chapter in Gordon Allport's book on personality is devoted to the consideration of definitions. In these 30 pages Allport's discussion ranges from the ancient Greeks up to 1937. Most of the definitions he finds either normative or very segmental. While I find it difficult to accept Allport's idiographic conception of scientific method, I do regard his definition of personality as quite adequate if one change be made to correct for this objection. His frequently quoted definition runs as follows: "Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment."' If one conceives of the study of personality as a nomothetic or generalizing discipline, it is my judgment that Allport's definition can be made acceptable by simply deleting the word "unique." Before leaving this definition, it is appropriate to make a few comments about the much used and frequently abused word "dynamic." In some contexts the word "dynamic" seems to assume th e character of a metaphysical essence, while in others it becomes a term of self-praise when opposed to the word "static" which is used as an epithet. Allport says that any psychology that treats motives is a dynamic psychology.2 Murray differentiates the dynamic from the mechamistic concept of behavior. In the latter, he says, man is viewed as a purely responding mechanism characterized by immediacy of response. An obvious example of behavior to which the mechanistic interpretation seems appropriate is the knee jerk reflex. The dynamic concept, on the contrary, emphasizes a connection between stimulus and response which may be immediate or greatly delayed and which in the latter case remains active until tension is reduced.3 From these remarks, it appears that integrated conceptions of needs, drives, attitudes, and goals can hardly be achieved without a dynamic system, and indeed necessarily imply a dynamic theory.
Properties of the fixed-interval SD

After fixed-interval training, pigeons were given three generalization tests with novel stimuli. In all cases, responding increased during test intervals, but the amount of elevation varied among tests. These and other data provide support for an analogy between FI and Pavlovian delayed conditioning, although Pavlov’s simple interpretation of the latter remains open to question.
Multilevel-Multiphase Optimization of Composite Rotor Blade with Surrogate Model

Issues raised in the authors’ previous works are further explored, introducing a multilevel, multiphase approach with a surrogate model. Previous approaches did not show a clear indication of the communication between global and local levels because both levels reached the optimal solution without iteration between levels. To guarantee the need for an iterative process, the blade model was changed, and surrogate models were embedded in the procedure to ensure the communication between global and local levels. Concomitantly, values of the design variables were forced to stay in the feasible design space. Candidate surrogate models include Kriging, and linear and quadratic Response Surface Regression (RSM). These models are compared and the most suitable surrogate model was adopted to finalize the iterative process of the methodology. The new example is the Elastic Articulation (EA) rotor system which is the rotor system of the Generic Georgia Tech Helicopter. The EA rotor is a soft-in-plane bearingless rotor with 10% effective flapping hinge offset and forward sweep. To ensure the dynamic stability of such a system, the methodology utilizes high-fidelity blade structural analysis tools DYMORE and VABS, which reduces the computation time by allowing hierarchical decomposition of the problem. This separates the local (cross-sectional) sub-problem, with constraints on local quantities as maximum stresses, from the global optimization, with constraints on global parameters such as on the Autorotation Index (AI). The procedure is implemented using MATLAB as the overall optimizer.
Synthesis of α-l-Fucose-l-14 C (6-Deoxy-l-galactose-l-14 C).

α-l-Fucose-l-14C was synthesized in a radiochemical yield of 30 percent. The synthesis involved degradation of nonradioactive l'fuconic acid to 5-deoxy-l-lyxose and synthesis from this of α-l-fucose-l-l4C by use of 14C-labeled cyanide in the cyanohydrin reaction. The resulting epimeric, 14C-labeled aldonic acids were separated as either the barium or the sodium salts. Both salts of l-fuconic acid crystallize more readily than the corresponding salts of the epimeric 6-deoxy-l-talonic acid. The preparation of barium l-fuconate by the electrolytic oxidation of l-fucose in the presence of barium carbonate and barium bromide is described.
Commentary by American Geneticists

The controversy over genetics in Russia has produced many repercussions among scientists outside the Soviet Union. Two prominent foreign members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the British physiologist, Sir Henry Dale, and the American geneticist, H. J. Muller, have resigned from the Academy in protest against the decree of August 26. Here we present several commentaries by prominent geneticists.
Multivariate Analysis of the Vitamin D Endocrine System: Evidence for the Essentiality of both 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

The secosteroid vitamin D plays an essential role in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (Pi) homeostasis and serves as a precursor of a minimum of eight hydroxylated metabolites1. Of these the two dihydroxylated derivatives produced by the kidney, particularly 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3] and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2 D3] appear to be the most biologically relevant. Figure 1 presents a summary of the well documented actions of these metabolites. The principal sites of regulation of Ca and Pi metabolism are the intestine, bone, and kidney. It is to be anticipated that the relative contributions of these organs to Ca and Pi homeostasis will change in an endocrine-coordinated fashion throughout growth and development, pregnancy and lactation (mammals) or egg production (birds), and aging in a sex dependent fashion to reflect changes in the Ca and Pi requirements of the animal.
Custom's Past

This chapter argues that the modern publicists’ problems with custom grow out of the efforts of the medieval jurists to fi t custom into the hierarchy of law. Trained in formal law, lawyers and judges expect all legally binding rules to have the characteristics of rules found in statute books and judicial opinions. This sort of lawyerly bias has its origin in the twelfth century, when the European tradition of formal legal study began. But custom had a prelegal existence, and in this “natural” state it did not fi t the mold of enacted law. Natural custom was fluid, uncertain, equitable, and communitarian – features of a system of social regulation that lawyers no longer equate with law. Instead, for nearly 900 years, jurists and judges have been trying to force custom to look like what they have been trained to believe law is, and for nearly 900 years they have failed. Natural custom might, in certain circumstances, have functioned as law, but it did not function like law.
Continuation and Maintenance Pharmacotherapy for Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders

Mood disorders have come to be appreciated as recurrent and chronic illnesses. Therapeutic strategies beyond acute management are needed for consolidating treatment gains and for averting additional episodes. The concepts of relapse and continuation therapy and recurrence and maintenance therapy are presented. The literature on pharmacotherapy for the prevention of relapse and recurrence is reviewed for unipolar major depression and bipolar disorder, with emphasis given to prospective, controlled, double-blind trials. Numerous medications from several different classes have been used successfully in unipolar major depression for continuation and maintenance therapy. In bipolar disorder, lithium remains the drug of choice for these purposes, with several other compounds having potential roles.
The role of empiric embolization in diverticular bleeding

A 90-year-old man presented with painless, fresh rectal bleeding, but was otherwise asymptomatic. Examination was normal except for the fresh blood on rectal examination. He had undergone colonoscopy for a previous episode of bleeding, which had shown only diverticulosis and no treatment had been required. His colonoscopy on admission showed diverticulosis without active bleeding. After a recurrence of his bleeding, he underwent small-intestinal enteroscopy, which was negative, but a further colonoscopy revealed two bleeding sigmoid diverticula and five endoclips were placed (●" Fig.1). This initially secured hemostasis but he had another recurrence 2 days later. This time he underwent a 99mTc-labeled red cell scan, which was also negative. The patient refused to undergo a colectomy but subsequently had another episode of bleeding. On this occasion arteriographywas unsuccessful despite positive red blood cell scanning. The patient still refused surgery but did agree to undergo empirical embolization of the artery supplying the general region in which the endoclips had been placed. Following this procedure, the patient had an uneventful course and, to date, he has had no further episodes of bleeding. The annual incidence of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is around 20.5 per 100000,with themajor causebeing colonic diverticular bleeding [1]. The incidence of recurrence is 13.8% [2], with the risks being much higher in the elderly [3]. Red blood cell scanning and arteriography detect active gastrointestinal bleeding when the rates of blood loss are >0.2mL/min and >0.5–1mL/min, respectively, so will be negative if the rate of bleeding is slow. The diagnostic sensitivity is estimated at approximately 55% for red blood cell scans [4–7]; 77% and 41% for arteriography in cases of massive [8] and any bleeding [9], respectively; 29% for arteriography after provoking an occult bleeding site [10]; and 72% for colonoscopy [11]. Surgical intervention for recurrent diverticular bleeding was almost 97% [3]. Colectomy, the current definitive therapy, is unacceptable for many patients who will not consider having an ileostomy bag or are not suitable candidates for such surgery. Emergency colectomies have a 15% mortality rate [12]. We propose colonoscopy to identify the source and the placement of endoclips, which can also as a marker. Should therapeutic failure of the endoclips occur, empiric embolization of the artery supplying the region can then be performed. While this is not a routine procedure, we have successfully treated one patient in this way and it promises to be a possible solution for patients refusing, or unsuitable for, surgery that would have a drastic effect on their quality of life.
Discovering the Nature of Variation in Nonlinear Profile Data

Profile data have received substantial attention in the quality control literature. Most of the prior work has focused on the profile monitoring problem of detecting sudden changes in the characteristics of the profiles, relative to an in-control sample set of profiles. In this article, we present an approach for exploratory analysis of a sample of profiles, the purpose of which is to discover the nature of any profile-to-profile variation that is present over the sample. This is especially challenging in big data environments in which the sample consists of a stream of high-dimensional profiles, such as image or point cloud data. We use manifold learning methods to find a low-dimensional representation of the variation, followed by a supervised learning step to map the low-dimensional representation back into the profile space. The mapping can be used for graphical animation and visualization of the nature of the variation, to facilitate root cause diagnosis. Although this mapping is related to a nonline...
Using the Packages

The purpose of each of these packages, called “PIPs,” is to plug together a low-level data abstraction package with a structural or representational abstraction package, while leaving the Element type (and perhaps other parameters) generic. In Part 1 we showed PIPs obtained from combining each of three low-level representations of singly_-linked_lists with the Singly Linked Lists structural abstraction. For each of the representational abstractions in Chapters 10, 11, and 12, there are three three PIPs included in the library for plugging the representational abstraction together with a particular low-level representation.
The Regime of International Law

To structure the articulation of general conclusions concerning the role of international law and the legal process within the international regime of transboundary environmental protection among CEE states, this chapter first explains the nature and operation of international regimes and the role of law as a constituent element of the regime of transboundary environmental protection, including its relation to other constituent elements such as social norms, international organizations, state actors and state policies, and the identifiable interests of sub-state actors and sub-state actor transnational networks. Particular attention is paid to situating this discussion within the current intellectual debate among social science scholars as to the way in which the power relationships among states are regulated and whether international law plays a role in shaping the manner in which a state exercises its political and economic power. This chapter then combines the observations derived from the secondary and primary case studies with the select work of regional specialists, political and social scientists, and legal scholars to identify and articulate the functions served by international law during the different phases of the dispute resolution process.
African-American patients with cancer Talking About Clinical Trials (TACT) with oncologists during consultations: evaluating the efficacy of tailored health messages in a randomised controlled trial—the TACT study protocol

Introduction Low rates of accrual of African-American (AA) patients with cancer to therapeutic clinical trials (CTs) represent a serious and modifiable racial disparity in healthcare that impedes the development of promising cancer therapies. Suboptimal physician–patient consultation communication is a barrier to the accrual of patients with cancer of any race, but communication difficulties are compounded with AA patients. Providing tailored health messages (THM) to AA patients and their physician about CTs has the potential to improve communication, lower barriers to accrual and ameliorate health disparities. Objective (1) Demonstrate the efficacy of THM to increase patient activation as measured by direct observation. (2) Demonstrate the efficacy of THM to improve patient outcomes associated with barriers to AA participation. (3) Explore associations among preconsultation levels of: (A) trust in medical researchers, (B) knowledge and attitudes towards CTs, (C) patient-family member congruence in decision-making, and (D) involvement/information preferences, and group assignment. Methods and analysis First, using established methods, we will develop THM materials. Second, the efficacy of the intervention is determined in a 2 by 2 factorial randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness of (1) providing 357 AA patients with cancer with THM with 2 different ‘depths’ of tailoring and (2) either providing feedback to oncologists about the patients9 trial THM or not. The primary analysis compares patient engaged communication in 4 groups preconsultation and postconsultation. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board. To facilitate use of the THM intervention in diverse settings, we will convene ‘user groups’ at 3 major US cancer centres. To facilitate dissemination, we will post all materials and the implementation guide in publicly available locations. Trial registration number NCT02356549.
Andrea Yates: A Continuing Story about Insanity

In 2001, Andrea Yates did the unthinkable: she drowned her five children one by one in a bathtub within the course of minutes. She immediately confessed and explained that she killed them because she under the influence of Satan did not want them to be “tortured by Satan” as she was. Despite the defense uncovering evidence of Yates’ history of postpartum depression and psychosis, the jury did not accept her insanity defense and convicted her of capital murder with a sentence of life in prison. Influential in this decision was the testimony of prosecution expert Dr. Park Dietz, who pushed the view that Yates had rationally planned the murders. Dietz’s testimony was troubling, not only because there was little, if any, empirical basis for his conclusions, but because the defense discovered that he had introduced false testimony during the trial. During cross-examination, Dietz explained that he was a consultant for Law & Order and that one episode aired prior to Yates’ crime involving a woman with postpartum depression who drowned her children in a bathtub and was found insane. Yet the defense discovered no such show existed. Even though a grand jury found Dietz innocent of perjury, the defense appealed Yates’ sentence. Given the degree of Dietz’s impact on the jury, the Texas Court of Appeals reversed the judgment and remanded the case. In this second trial in 2006, Yates was no longer eligible for the death penalty and much more information had been uncovered regarding Yates’ mental condition. The jury unanimously found Yates not guilty by reason of insanity. While the Yates case helped to inform the world of the pervasiveness of postpartum depression and psychosis, no substantive changes have been made in Texas insanity law. This chapter explains how the state’s definition of insanity influenced the first trial and both constrained and confused how the jury could view Yates’ actions.
“Good moral characters”: how drug felons are impacted under state marijuana legalization laws

AbstractThis article examines how drug felons will be impacted by marijuana legalization in the United States. What will happen to drug felons whose charges would be legal under current law? Can drug felons work in the newly developing legal marijuana industries? In this article we will overview the statistics on arrests and convictions with their high rates of racial disparities. The war on drugs has inspired the development of more repressive criminal justice tactics such as asset forfeiture, high rates of re-incarceration during parole for marijuana violations, drug courts and their further reach into lifestyles, and the difficulties of prisoner reentry, especially for drug felons, who are barred from many jobs and social services. We will look at the regulations of felony offenders working in the cannabis industry. And we will consider the outcomes of retroactive ameliorative relief for this case of marijuana possession felonies under legalization.
Photonic Crystal Optical Tweezers for Living Cells

We present photonic crystal optical tweezers for efficient optical trapping with low light intensity, and apply the technology to living cells. Cell viability study under optical trapping is reported, and potential applications are discussed.