cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A call for an end to calls for the end of invasion biology

Calls for the end of invasion biology are misguided. There is no evidence that modern invasion biology has progressed slowly in its short life. Although some aspects of biological invasions fit comfortably in the framework of ecological succession, many others do not. Some native species, particularly in the wake of various anthropogenic impacts, behave like invasive non-native species, but the probability and degree of harmful impact are greater for non-native than for native species. Neither native nor non-native species suffer lack of attention and research by virtue of the fact that invasion biology focuses on the latter. Basing management solely on current observed impact is highly risky because impacts may be subtle but nonetheless important, and impacts often change, as they are contingent on the physical or biotic environment. The known harmful impacts of many non-native species suggest that recent introductions warrant attention even if impacts are not evident. Neither is the focus of modern invasion biology on non-native species motivated by xenophobia. Rather, it reflects the recognition of their likelihood of harmful impact. A related call for the end of traditional restoration ecology shares many features with calls to terminate invasion biology, not least because management of invasive non-native species is a key component of restoration ecology. Such species are a dominant element in generating the ‘novel ecosystems’ that are said to render traditional restoration ecology obsolete. The argument that both invasion management and traditional restoration are largely futile endeavors is contradicted by substantial and growing successes in both fields.
The nature of the response in Simon discriminations by pigeons.

Spence (1952) postulated that under some conditions, responding in simple discriminations is controlled by compounds or patterns consisting of the nominal discriminative cue, plus its spatial position. Stimulus control by such compounds was said to develop when no single cue or element was systematically reinforced more than any other. This analysis has been applied to good effect in understanding some peculiar accuracy results obtained from pigeons performing Simon discrimination tasks. This article describes how Spence’s cue-position analysis provides a better account of pigeons’ performance in this task than do nominal cue-only and configurational views of the functional discriminative stimuli. Adding a value transfer assumption improves the ability of the cue-position hypothesis to account for the accuracy data.
Transfusion and autotransfusion of plasma in von Willebrand's disease☆

Abstract A patient with von Willebrand's disease was transfused with a small amount of fresh frozen plasma. Factor VIII coagulant activity reached a peak at the 6th hour after transfusion whereas the factor VIII-related antigen peaked at the 3rd hour and started to decline rapidly. The ristocetin-Willebrand factor rose immediately after the transfusion to a level which would have been predicted from the amount of this activity transfused and remained at levels slightly lower than this for the remainder of the study. Transfusion of the patient's own plasma obtained at the height of the factor VIII response produced no increase in any of the activities measured. Factor VIII stimulated by transfusion is more labile in vitro than normal Factor VIII.
Psychosocial aspects of antiretroviral medication use among HIV patients.

This study examines variables related to alteration of antiretroviral medication regimens by HIV infected persons, independent of medical advice. Perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits/barriers, cues to action, and locus of control were included in the analyses. Of 99 subjects, 37 reported discontinuing antiretrovirals on their own initiative and 36 subjects (‘fiddlers’) reported recent alterations in their medication regimens. Subjects who reported greater perceived barriers and pessimism and less faith in the ability of antiretrovirals to protect them from AIDS related illness were more likely to discontinue drug therapy. Fiddlers were more pessimistic and perceived more barriers to drug therapy than compliers, who believed more in the benefits of antiretrovirals. Fiddlers were significantly more internally oriented than were discontinuers. Compliers were the most optimistic about the effect of antiretrovirals. Even though compliers were more symptomatic than discontinuers, they reported their health status to be better than did discontinuers.
Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes.

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences recently completed a critical review of the scientific literature pertaining to the association of indoor dampness and mold contamination with adverse health effects. In this paper, we report the results of quantitative meta-analysis of the studies reviewed in the IOM report. We developed point estimates and confidence intervals (CIs) to summarize the association of several respiratory and asthma-related health outcomes with the presence of dampness and mold in homes. The odds ratios and confidence intervals from the original studies were transformed to the log scale and random effect models were applied to the log odds ratios and their variance. Models were constructed both accounting for the correlation between multiple results within the studies analyzed and ignoring such potential correlation. Central estimates of ORs for the health outcomes ranged from 1.32 to 2.10, with most central estimates between 1.3 and 1.8. Confidence intervals (95%) excluded unity except in two of 28 instances, and in most cases the lower bound of the CI exceeded 1.2. In general, the two meta-analysis methods produced similar estimates for ORs and CIs. Based on the results of the meta-analyses, building dampness and mold are associated with approximately 30% to 80% increases in a variety of respiratory and asthma-related health outcomes. The results of these meta-analyses reinforce the IOM's recommendation that actions be taken to prevent and reduce building dampness problems.
Effects of Glycerol and Moisture Redistribution on Mechanical Properties of White Bread

ABSTRACT Effects of glycerol and moisture redistribution on mechanical properties of bread were investigated. Firmness increased in all bread crumb over storage time but firming rate was dependent on the initial moisture content, storage method (stored with and without crust), and the presence of glycerol. Faster firming was observed when bread crumb had low initial moisture content and high glycerol level, and was stored with crust. The effect of glycerol was more pronounced when stored with crust, suggesting a critical role of water loss. Firmness showed a good correlation (r2 = 0.95) with the scale factor (C1) from a mathematical model. Recoverable work rapidly decreased in first three days of storage and then remained relatively unchanged thereafter. Hardening of aged bread (but not fresh bread) by glycerol may be explained by local dehydration of bread polymer due to osmotic dehydration or competition for water, which in turn promote more rapid amorphous network formation but less amylopectin recryst...
Spatial localization of NMR signals by narrowband inversion

On propose une methode experimentale qui exploite l'inversion a bande etroite et des bobines de surface pour obtenir une localisation spatiale des signaux RMN (methode NOBLE)
Wasting time for wasted children: severe child undernutrition must be resolved in non-emergency settings.

International solidarity has rarely been as impressive as the response to the 2004 tsunami catastrophe. As many as 300 000 lives were lost as a result of the combined effects of the earthquake and tidal waves. Fortunately generous pledges of assistance (public and private) prevented further deaths in the crisis aftermath which ensured that Indonesia Sri Lanka and other affected countries could quickly begin the process of reconstruction. Such catastrophes often stir public action on a grand scale. Another example is the Sudanese region of Darfur still plagued by violence and massive population displacements where alarming rates of wasting (defined in terms of low weight-for-height against international standards) were reported during 2004 in pre-school children (aged 6 months to 5 years). (excerpt)
Fuel treatment effects on tree mortality following wildfire in dry mixed conifer forests, Washington State, USA

Fuel reduction treatments are increasingly used to mitigate future wildfire severity in dry forests, but few opportunities exist to assess their effectiveness. We evaluated the influence of fuel treatment, tree size and species on tree mortality following a large wildfire event in recent thin-only, thin and prescribed burn (thin-Rx) units. Of the trees that died within the first 3 years, most died in the first year regardless of treatment. First-year mortality was much higher in control and thin-only units (65 and 52%) than in thin-Rx units (37%). Cumulative third-year mortality followed a similar trend (78 and 64% in control and thin-only units) v. 43% in thin-Rx units. Percentage crown scorch is a strong predictor of mortality and is highly dependent on fuel treatment. Across all treatments, Pinus ponderosa had a lower probability of post-fire mortality than did Pseudotsuga menziesii. Finally, the probability of beetle attack on surviving trees was highest in large-diameter trees within thin-only treatments and lowest within thin-Rx treatments. This study contributes further evidence supporting the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning on mitigating post-fire tree mortality. We also present evidence that a combination of thinning and prescribed burning is associated with lower incidence of post-fire bark beetle attack.
Brain Vasotocin Pathways and the Control of Sexual Behaviors in the Bullfrog

The neurohypophysial peptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) alters the display of several sexually dimorphic behaviors in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). These behaviors include mate calling, release calling, call phonotaxis, and locomotor activity. Populations of AVT-immunoreactive cells are present in six areas of bullfrog brain and fibers are widespread. Neural areas involved in vocalization, in particular, contain AVT cells and fibers. As well, AVT concentrations in a subset of brain areas are sexually dimorphic and steroid sensitive. Effects of gonadectomy and gonadal steroid treatment vary, depending on the brain area and sex of the frog. For example, some anterior areas are sensitive to changes in both dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol. In some posterior brain areas, on the other hand, AVT levels are affected only by DHT. A similar situation exists for putative AVT receptors in bullfrogs. Receptors are widespread, occurring in many areas that have been linked to behavior. Receptor concentrations are sexually dimorphic in the amygdala pars lateralis, hypothalamus, pretrigeminal nucleus, and dorsolateral nucleus. Estradiol alters AVT receptor level in the amygdala of both sexes of bullfrog and both estradiol and DHT alter the receptor number in the pretrigeminal nucleus, but only in males. The mechanisms responsible for steroid effects on vasotocin neurons and their targets are unknown. Specific AVT cells, fiber terminal fields, and receptor populations are likely influenced by gonadal steroids for effective timing of individual behaviors displayed by bullfrogs.
Predominant Autoantibody Production by Early Human B Cell Precursors

During B lymphocyte development, antibodies are assembled by random gene segment reassortment to produce a vast number of specificities. A potential disadvantage of this process is that some of the antibodies produced are self-reactive. We determined the prevalence of self-reactive antibody formation and its regulation in human B cells. A majority (55 to 75%) of all antibodies expressed by early immature B cells displayed self-reactivity, including polyreactive and anti-nuclear specificities. Most of these autoantibodies were removed from the population at two discrete checkpoints during B cell development. Inefficient checkpoint regulation would lead to substantial increases in circulating autoantibodies.
Promoting Rigorous Validation Practice: An Applied Perspective.

Asresearchersatatestingorganizationconcernedwiththeappropriateusesandvalidityevidencefor our assessments, we provide an applied perspective related to the issues raised in the focusarticle (Newton, this issue). Newton’s proposal for elaborating the consensus deﬁnition of valid-ity is offered with the intention to reduce the risks of inadequate validation practice. His articleis taken in the spirit of helping our profession to improve with the ultimate goal of protectingthe public in the interpretation and use of test scores, and we wholeheartedly support his intent.However, we wonder if not more can be done, in particular, from a practitioner’s viewpoint.Speciﬁcally, we address (a) the question of whether the proposed changes to the deﬁnition willimprovevalidationpractice,(b)theoreticalversuspracticalissuesandimplicationsforpromotingrigorous validity research, and (c) possible next steps for our profession.IMPLICATIONS OF THE REVISED DEFINITION ON VALIDATION PRACTICEThe focus article is motivated by a realization that the current deﬁnition of validity, as statedin the
Survival and dementia: a 7-year follow-up of an Italian elderly population.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dementia and mortality in an elderly Italian population. Demented subjects were identified by a previous prevalence study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and specific dementing disorders. The study sample included all inhabitants of Appignano aged 60 and over (778 subjects), and was followed-up over a period of about 7 years. Periodic records of dates of death were obtained from the Registry Office of Appignano. We found considerably higher mortality ratios for subjects previously diagnosed as having dementia syndrome (12.5% at 1 year and 81.3% at about 7 years) than for those who were non-demented (3.0% at 1 year and 21.5% at about 7 years). In the group of demented subjects (N = 48), we also investigated the influence of sex, age, and specific dementing disorders on mortality ratios. The percentage of demented subjects who died during the whole period of follow-up was higher among men than women (100% vs. 66.7%) and increased considerably with increasing age (50.0% for age class 60–69, 76.5% for age class 70–79, and 86.2% for age class 80+). Mortality of subjects with multi-infarct dementia (MID) and mixed dementia (MD) tended to be slightly higher than in subjects affected by AD. Our results are consistent with those reported in previous population-based studies on survival of dementia patients.
Clinical Predictors of Transvenous Biphasic Defibrillation Thresholds

Abstract Transvenous lead systems have become routine for defibrillator placement. However, previous studies of clinical predictors of an adequate nonthoracotomy defibrillation threshold (DFT) evaluated monophasic waveforms or more complex lead systems, including subcutaneous patches. Accordingly, this study is a prospective evaluation of the predictors of an adequate biphasic DFT in 114 consecutive patients undergoing cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with a single transvenous lead. For each subject, 38 parameters were assessed, including standard demographic, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and radiographic measurements. An adequate DFT (≤20 J) was achieved in 92% of patients. Multivariable analysis revealed 2 independent factors predictive of a high threshold: echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dilation (odds ratio = 0.16, 95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.53, p = 0.003) and body size (odds ratio = 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.73; p = 0.005). No patient with a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension had a high DFT, whereas 14% (9 of 66) of those with left ventricular dilation had elevated thresholds. When the DFT cutoff was lowered to 15 J, as is necessary with some downsized pulse generators, an adequate threshold was observed in 84% of patients and the same 2 independent predictors of high thresholds were found. These results indicate that an adequate transvenous DFT can be predicted from simple clinical parameters. This study is a prospective evaluation of biphasic defibrillation using a uniform testing protocol in 114 consecutive patients undergoing defibrillator implantation with a single transvenous lead. Multivariable analysis of 38 parameters identified echocardiographic measures of left ventricular dilation (odds ratio = 0.16, p = 0.003) and body size (odds ratio = 0.36, p = 0.005) as independent predictors of a high (>20 J) defibrillation threshold.
Phase-modulated soliton of self-induced transparency

A theory of optical self-induced transparency for a two-component soliton in the presence of phase modulation is developed. It is shown that, under these conditions, it is possible to generate a vector soliton with characteristic parameters of oscillations with the sum and difference frequencies in the region of the carrier wave frequency. Explicit analytical expressions for nonlinear wave parameters under experimentally implemented conditions are given. In particular case, a well-known solution in the form of a breather is obtained.
Das Experiment: Zellwandsynthese in plasmolysierten Zellen verhindert Protoplastenfusion in vivo

Ein wichtiger Mechanismus zur Entstehung und Erhaltung der Arten ist sexuelle Unvertraglichkeit. Mit einer Fulle von Inkompatibilitatsmechanismen tragt die Natur dafur Sorge, das sich Arten nur sehr bedingt miteinander vermischen konnen. Andererseits findet man in den Mythen und Sagen der Volker zahlreiche Fabelwesen wie Sphinx, Meerjungfrau oder geflugeltes Einhorn, in denen zwei oder mehr Arten zu einer neuen Lebensform verbunden sind, und auch der Traum von der Tomoffelpflanze war schon getraumt [13], bevor sie dann, dem literarischen Vorbild nur wenig ahnlich, geschaffen wurde [11, 12] (Abbildung 1). In der Regel handelt es sich bei diesen Fabelwesen allerdings um Chimaren und nicht um Hybriden, wie sie das typische Produkt einer sexuellen Kreuzung waren. In einer Chimare sind lediglich artverschiedene Gewebe miteinander kombiniert, ohne das sich genetisches Material vermischt.
Suppression of Demand Pacemakers by Inactive Pacemaker Electrodes

Ventricular inhibited cardiac pacemakers were suppressed by intimate contact of the tip of the active pacemaker electrode with that of the inactive pacemaker electrode in two patients. This contact apparently was sensed as myocardial electrical activity and resulted in variable suppression of pacemaker emission. There was no interference with R-wave sensing function. The threshold for stimulation was unaffected. There was no loss of capture as tested with the magnet-controlled continuous mode of stimulation. This type of pacemaker failure can be remedied simply by withdrawing the tips of the electrodes from intimate contact.
Super cilia skin: an interactive membrane

In this paper we introduce Super Cilia Skin, a new approach for integrating haptic and visual communication. Super Cilia Skin is conceived as a computationally enhanced membrane coupling tactile input with tactile and visual output. We present the design of our prototype, an array of individual actuators (cilia) that use changes in orientation to display images or physical gestures. We discuss ongoing research to develop tactile input capabilities and we present examples of how it can enrich interpersonal communication and children's learning.
First report on safety and efficacy of hetastarch solution for initial fluid resuscitation at a level 1 trauma center.

Background For logistics, the US Army recommends Hextend (Hospira; 6% hetastarch in buffered electrolyte, HET) for battlefield resuscitation. To support this practice, there are laboratory data, but none in humans. To test the hypothesis that HET is safe and effective in trauma, we reviewed our first 6 months of use at a civilian level 1 trauma center. Study Design From June 2008 to December 2008, trauma patients received standard of care (SOC) ± 500 to 1,000 mL of HET within 2 hours of admission at surgeon discretion. Each case was reviewed, with waiver of consent. Results There were 1,714 admissions; 805 received HET and 909 did not. With HET versus SOC, overall mortality was 5.2% versus 8.9% (p = 0.0035) by univariate analysis. Results were similar after penetrating injury only (p = 0.0016) and in those with severe injury, defined by Glasgow Coma Scale 26 (p = 0.0142). After HET, more patients required ICU admission (40.9% vs. 34.5%; p=0.0334) and transfusions of blood (34.4% vs. 20.2%; p=0.0014) or plasma (20.7% vs. 12.2%; p=0.0251), but there were no treatment-related differences in prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time. The 24-hour urine outputs and requirements for blood, plasma, and other fluids were similar. However, increased early deaths with SOC implicate possible selection bias. If that factor was controlled for with multivariate analysis, the same trends were present, but the apparent treatment effects of HET were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions In the first trial to date in hemodynamically unstable trauma patients, and the largest trial to date in any population of surgical patients, initial resuscitation with HET was associated with reduced mortality and no obvious coagulopathy. A randomized blinded trial is necessary before these results can be accepted with confidence.
Parasitic mobility for pervasive sensor networks

Distributed sensor networks offer many new capabilities for contextually monitoring environments. By making such systems mobile, we increase the application-space for the distributed network mainly by providing dynamic context-dependent deployment, continual relocatability, automatic node recovery, and a larger area of coverage. In existing models, the addition of actuation to the nodes has exacerbated three of the main problems with distributed systems: power usage, node size, and node complexity. In this paper we propose a solution to these problems in the form of parasitically actuated nodes that harvest their mobility and local navigational intelligence by selectively engaging and disengaging from mobile hosts in their environment. We analyze the performance of parasitically mobile distributed networks through software simulations and design, implement, and demonstrate hardware prototypes.
Epstein-Barr virus small RNA (EBER) genes: Unique transcription units that combine RNA polymerase II and III promoter elements

The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA (EBER) genes appear to comprise an interesting subset of class III genes different from any previously identified, including U6 and 7SK. EBER genes have functional A and B box intragenic control regions. In addition, they contain three upstream elements that together stimulate in vivo expression 50-fold and resemble sites associated with typical class II promoters. DNAase I footprinting analyses using purified proteins or oligonucleotide competition demonstrate that nucleotides -40 to -55 bind activating transcription factor (ATF) or a related protein, while nucleotides -56 to -77 bind Sp1 protein or a related protein. The element between positions -23 and -28 resembles a TATA box. EBERs are unusual RNA polymerase III transcripts shown to be controlled by ATF- and Sp1-like promoter elements, suggesting mechanisms for their high level expression in EBV-transformed lymphocytes.
THE ROLE OF LEXICAL TEMPORAL INDICATORS AND TEXT INTERACTION FORMAT IN THE INCIDENTAL ACQUISITION OF THE SPANISH FUTURE TENSE

The present study utilizes traditional silent reading and a think-aloud procedure to investigate the role of lexical cues to meaning in the incidental acquisition of the Spanish future tense. A total of 161 beginning-level university students of Spanish participated in the study. Two versions of a reading passage that contained 13 target items were created: One version contained a title and lexical temporal indicators (LTIs) in each sentence that contained a target verb, whereas the passage appeared with no title and no lexical cues in the second version. Both procedures employed the same tasks to measure the effects of LTIs on learner comprehension and processing of the 13 novel forms. The tasks were scored and submitted to statistical analysis. Results indicate that for both the silent reading and the think-aloud conditions, LTIs augment learner comprehension and do not detract from learners' noticing of forms. Furthermore, the text interaction format of the think-aloud protocol was found to significantly enhance recognition and production of the previously unfamiliar forms in the input.I wish to thank James F. Lee, who guided me through the realization of this project and continues to provide intellectual support. Additionally, I appreciate the feedback and encouragement provided by Kimberly Geeslin, who read many versions of this article. This investigation was supported by the University of Kansas New Faculty General Research Fund. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their insightful criticisms and comments. All errors are my own.
Imaging tuberculosis with endogenous β-lactamase reporter enzyme fluorescence in live mice

The slow growth rate and genetic intractability of tubercle bacilli has hindered progress toward understanding tuberculosis, one of the most frequent causes of death worldwide. We overcame this roadblock through development of near-infrared (NIR) fluorogenic substrates for beta-lactamase, an enzyme expressed by tubercle bacilli, but not by their eukaryotic hosts, to allow real-time imaging of pulmonary infections and rapid quantification of bacteria in living animals by a strategy called reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This strategy has a detection limit of 6 +/- 2 x 10(2) colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria with the NIR substrate CNIR5 in only 24 h of incubation in vitro, and as few as 10(4) CFU in the lungs of live mice. REF can also be used to differentiate infected from uninfected macrophages by using confocal microscopy and fluorescence activated cell sorting. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the bacillus Calmette-Guerin can be tracked directly in the lungs of living mice without sacrificing the animals. Therapeutic efficacy can also be evaluated through loss of REF signal within 24 h posttreatment by using in vitro whole-bacteria assays directly in living mice. We expect that rapid quantification of bacteria within tissues of a living host and in the laboratory is potentially transformative for tuberculosis virulence studies, evaluation of therapeutics, and efficacy of vaccine candidates. This is a unique use of an endogenous bacterial enzyme probe to detect and image tubercle bacilli that demonstrates REF is likely to be useful for the study of many bacterial infections.
Small Changes in Essential Amino Acid Concentrations Alter Diet Selection in Amino Acid–Deficient Rats

The rat's sensitivity to changes in the dietary limiting amino acid concentration (LAA) was examined on the basis of dietary selection. Rats were adapted to purified low protein basal (Basal) diets in which threonine (Thr) was the LAA (0.188-0.212% wt/wt of diet). In Experiment 1, rats made a clear selection for their adaptation diet over a diet containing 0.012% less threonine after 2-3 d of choice. Rats made no clear dietary selection when given a choice between their adaptation diet and a diet containing 0.012% more threonine. Experiment 2 was conducted to examine the rat's sensitivity to small decreases in the LAA concentration. Rats adapted to a 0.200% Thr-Basal diet clearly responded to decreases as small as 0.009% in the concentration of threonine and selected against the more deficient diet when given a choice between it and the 0.200% Thr-Basal adaptation diet. Because plasma and brain amino acid concentrations are important for detection of other amino acid deficiencies, these variables were measured to determine whether they were affected by such small changes in dietary amino acid concentration. In Experiments 3 and 4, rats were adapted to the 0.200% Thr-Basal diet and then fed 0.188, 0.200 or 0.212% Thr-Basal diets for 6 h, or 0.188 and 0.212% Thr-Basal for 54 h. Amino acid concentrations in plasma, prepiriform cortex and anterior cingulate cortex were not significantly different among treatments. Norepinephrine concentration in the prepiriform cortex was not affected by dietary treatment. We conclude that small decreases in LAA concentration can cause selection against the more deficient diet, but that detection of such deficiencies does not require significant changes in plasma and brain amino acid concentrations.
Robust design under mixed aleatory/epistemic uncertainties using gradients and surrogates

In this paper, mixed aleatory/epistemic uncertainties in a robust design problem are propagated via the use of box-constrained optimizations and surrogate models. The assumption is that the uncertain input parameters can be divided into a set only containing aleatory uncertainties and a set with only epistemic uncertainties. Uncertainties due to the epistemic inputs can then be propagated via a box-constrained optimization approach, while the uncertainties due to aleatory inputs can be propagated via sampling. A statistics-of-intervals approach is used in which the box-constrained optimization results are treated as a random variable and multiple optimizations need to be performed to quantify the aleatory uncertainties via sampling. A Kriging surrogate is employed to model the variation of the optimization results with respect to the aleatory variables enabling exhaustive Monte-Carlo sampling to determine the desired statistics for each robust design iteration. This approach is applied to the robust design of a transonic NACA 0012 airfoil where shape design variables are assumed to have epistemic uncertainties and the angle of attack and Mach number are considered to have aleatory uncertainties. The very good scalability of the framework in the number of epistemic variables is demonstrated as well.
Terrorism and the International Anarchist Movement of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

The international anarchist movement that developed in Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries inspired a series of assassinations and attempted assassinations of prominent world leaders. This movement was unique in the disconnection between its core theorists—many of whom either disapproved or had nuanced views of the use of violence—and the social outliers driven by psychological distress and poverty who often committed the terrorist acts. In this respect, the anarchist movement resembles some modern day terrorist movements and can offer suggestions as to their nature and likelihood of success.
Cytokine Expression in the Mouse Brain in Response to Immune Activation by Corynebacterium parvum

Cytokine expression in the brain has been suggested to mediate various sickness behaviors. Here we report that intraperitoneal injection of a Corynebacterium parvum antigen in C57BL/6 mice was followed by prolonged upregulation of cytokines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures in a time course that coincided with reduced spontaneous running activity.
Narrative, Literature, and the Clinical Exercise of Practical Reason

Although science supplies medicine's "gold standard," knowledge exercised in the care of patients is, like moral knowing, a matter of narrative, practical reason. Physicians draw on case narrative to store experience and to apply and qualify the general rules of medical science. Literature aids in this activity by stimulating moral imagination and by requiring its readers to engage in the retrospective construction of a situated, subjective account of events. Narrative truths are provisional, uncertain, derived from narrators whose standpoints are always situated, particular, and uncertain, but open to comparison and reinterpretation. Reading is thus a model for knowing in both morality and clinical medicine. While principles remain essential to bioethics and science must always inform good clinical practice, the tendency to collapse morality into principles and medicine into science impoverishes both practices. Moral knowing is not separable from clinical judgment. While ethics must be open to discussion and interpretation by patients, families, and society, it is nevertheless substantively and epistemologically an inextricable part of a physician's clinical practice.
A pilot study of temsirolimus and body composition

Purpose Body weight and composition play a role in cancer etiology, prognosis, and treatment response. Therefore, we analyzed the weight, body composition changes, and outcome in patients treated with temsirolimus, an mTor inhibitor that has weight loss as one of its side effects.
Adaptive CT for high-resolution, controlled-dose, region-of-interest imaging

We have developed a flexible x-ray micro-CT system, named FaCT, capable of changing its geometric configuration and acquisition protocol in order to best suit an object being imaged for a particular diagnostic task. High-performance computing technologies have been a major enabling factor for this adaptive CT system in terms of system control, fast reconstruction, and data analysis. In this work, we demonstrate an adaptive procedure in which a quick, sparse-projection pre-scan is performed, the data are reconstructed, and a region of interest is identified. Next, a diagnostic-quality scan is performed where, given the region of interest, the control computer calculates an illumination window for on-line control of an x-ray source masking aperture to transmit radiation only through the region of interest throughout the scan trajectory. Finally, the diagnostic scan data are reconstructed, with the region of interest being clearly resolved. We use a combination of a multi-core CPU and a pair of NVIDIA Tesla GPUs to perform these tasks.
On flow control in multimedia networks

A flow control procedure is presented for virtual circuit computer networks with multimedia data traffic. It is assumed that the data packets belong to different priority groups. Power is used as the performance measure for a virtual circuit (VC). The input rate controller of every virtual circuit selects a throughput which maximizes its own objective function. A distributed algorithm is given which can be executed by the input rate controllers of the VC's without the global knowledge of the network. It is shown that the algorithm coverages to the optimum of the objective function of every virtual circuit and the solution is shown to be independent of the initial throughputs. Some network examples are solved by analytical and numerical methods. >
Embodied Concept Learning

Publisher Summary A coherent and plausible picture of human concept learning is arising from combining biological, behavioral, computational, and linguistic insights. This account is similar in form to the solution to another biological question—a question for which the answer is now understood in great detail. That is the question of immunology. Animal immune systems are remarkably good at generating antibodies to combat novel antigens that invade the body. The raging question used to be whether this is a process where the killer antibody is selected from a fixed innate repertoire or whether the system somehow manufactures a custom antibody, instructed by the intruder. The full answer is beyond the scope of this chapter (and our knowledge) but the basic idea is clear. The immune system works because of a large number of primitive molecules that, in combination, can cover an astronomical number of possible antigens.
Metastatic Biomarker Discovery Through Proteomics

Tumor heterogeneity has been a stumbling block in the development of effective cancer treatments. Personalized medicine has evolved with the theory that matching therapies with the unique misregulated pathways often present in tumors will increase patient prognosis. Of particular interest is prediction or determination of the metastatic potential of a tumor. Thus, biomarkers that can predict metastases represent an enormous advance to our understanding over the clinical treatment of cancer. Considerable effort has been expended to characterize the cancer proteome for early detection, however, fewer efforts have been made to develop biomarkers to distinguish the potential for and the nature of metastasis. In this review, we discuss proteomic technologies as well as existing potential metastatic biomarkers for various cancers. In the conclusion, we discuss forward thinking as to what the field needs to enable translation to the clinic.
Lodgepole Needle Miner Parasites: Biological Control and Insecticides

A malalnthion-oil spray program against the lodgepole needle miner ( Recurcaria milleri Busck) at Yosemite National Park in 1959 was detrimental to the defoliator’s principal primary parasites. During the control operation, information was gained through the use of visual observation, catch cloths placed beneath treated and untreated trees and analyses of effectual residue on contaminated foliage in small cages. From data obtained during the investigation coupled with available knowledge of pest-parasite ecology, it is concluded that innovations in future needle miner control programs might provide for greater conservation of natural enemies.
esp@cenet® : Europe's Network of Patent Databases

SUMMARY esp@cenet® is a free Web-based patent search and document service provided by the European Patent Office (EPO). It offers desktop access to the bibliographic data and full text of patent applications and granted patents of the EPO, European national patent agencies, the World Intellectual Patent Organization, and many non-European nations, including the United States and Japan. As of early 2003, esp@cenet®provided access to more than 42.5 million patent documents for more than 70 countries. This article reviews the variety of basic and advanced interfaces and gateways within esp@cenet®, as well as its search, browse and retrieval options, and other components. For librarians, as well as non-specialists, esp@cenet®offers a central framework that provides comprehensive access to a wide range of significant national, regional, and international patent collections.
Principle of Determinability

Maimon formulated the principle of determinability as a principle by which synthetic propositions are governed. Synthesis is an act of cognition through which a unity of manifold is established. The manifold is the material of the synthesis, and the unity is its form. The cognition of matter and form as separate concepts is bound up with Maimon’s conception of symbolic cognition. The comprehension of the role and function of symbolic cognition is indispensable for the understanding of the workings of the human mind. Through the employment of symbolic forms man is capable of obtaining the highest abstractions and evolving new truths from the already known and immediately given perceptions.
Experimental study on a wide-band piezoelectric energy harvester with rotating beams vibrating in perpendicular directions

ABSTRACTWe present here a new design for a wide-band piezoelectric energy harvester. Our system consists of two mutually perpendicular cantilever beams with attached PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patches. Traditional piezoelectric energy harvesters can only generate a single resonance peak and therefore they are limited by a narrow band and low power output. In this paper, by using two piezoelectric cantilever beams aligned in a mutually perpendicular direction, two resonance peaks are observed. Additionally, by adjusting the rotation angle of these beams, the operational frequency bandwidth has been enlarged by 70%–100%. Therefore, our new piezoelectric energy harvester has the potential to harvest energy in a wider frequency range for practical applications with variable frequency sources.
Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia has been reported to occur in up to 30% of patients who have a malignancy. Hypercalcemia is most common in those who have later-stage malignancies and predicts a poor prognosis for those with it. The most common causes include humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy mediated by parathyroid hormone–related peptide, osteolytic cytokine production, and excess 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production. However, the etiology is not always mediated by malignancy. Hypercalcemia can occur in those with malignancy and an additional etiology for hypercalcemia such as primary hyperparathyroidism or granulomatous diseases. This paper reviews the cancers associated with hypercalcemia and their proposed mechanisms, nontumor-mediated hypercalcemia, as well as diagnosis and treatment strategies for each condition.
Detection of tuberculosis infection from workers exposed to dust in enterprises

Objective To analyze the results of detection of tuberculosis(TB) among dust-exposed workers in a factory. Methods Tuberculosis infection in 951 workers exposed to dust in a factory in 2013 were detected by using chest X ray in agroup health examination. The database was established aided by Excel and analyzed by using SPSS 17.0. Results Totally951 workers were examined and 55 persons were abnormal in chest X-ray and 10 tuberculosis cases were detected with theincidence rate of 1,942/100,000 in dust-exposed workers, much higher than the national average level of 459/100,000 ingeneral population. No significant difference in prevalence between gender and age were noticed. Conclusion Dust-exposedworkers are high-risk group for tuberculosis infection and the case finding aimed at this group should be strengthened.
Wet Air Oxidation of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) Process Liquid

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical treatment of wet biomass. The byproduct HTC process liquid often contains a very high total organic carbon (TOC). Various toxic organic compounds (e.g., phenol, furfural, 5-HMF, etc.) can be found in HTC process liquid. As a result, the HTC process liquid often requires further treatment prior to discharge into the environment. In this study, wet air oxidation (WAO) is applied to process liquid produced from HTC of dairy manure and wastewater biosolids. Different oxygen loadings (25 and 50 atm partial pressure) were charged for WAO at 260 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, the oxidation capability of copper oxide (CuO) was evaluated at the same temperature and time. In all cases, the resulting liquid product was clear and has reduced TOC. With an increase in oxygen partial pressure, TOC is reduced up to 60% compared to the control run and 74% compared to the original HTC process liquid. The primary products in the WAO liquid product are short chain o...
Recent advances in thromboresistant and antimicrobial polymers for biomedical applications: just say yes to nitric oxide (NO)

Biomedical devices are essential for patient diagnosis and treatment; however, when blood comes in contact with foreign surfaces or homeostasis is disrupted, complications including thrombus formation and bacterial infections can interrupt device functionality, causing false readings and/or shorten device lifetime. Here, we review some of the current approaches for developing antithrombotic and antibacterial materials for biomedical applications. Special emphasis is given to materials that release or generate low levels of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is an endogenous gas molecule that can inhibit platelet activation as well as bacterial proliferation and adhesion. Various NO delivery vehicles have been developed to improve NO's therapeutic potential. In this review, we provide a summary of the NO releasing and NO generating polymeric materials developed to date, with a focus on the chemistry of different NO donors, the polymer preparation processes, and in vitro and in vivo applications of the two most promising types of NO donors studied thus far, N-diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) and S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs).
Generalization of non-linguistic auditory perceptual training to syllable discrimination.

Purpose The generalization of non-linguistic auditory perceptual training to syllable discrimination was investigated in two experiments. Methods Participants were divided into a control and training group. Both groups came for pre and post-testing sessions spaced ten days apart. Following pre- testing, the training group also participated for five consecutive days in non-linguistic auditory perceptual training. Training was adaptive and involved active sequencing of rising and falling frequency modulated sweeps for 30 minutes per day. Sweeps were passively varied in onset frequency, duration and rate of presentation. A syllable discrimination threshold (SDT) task was used as the pre and post-test measure. In experiment 1, a /ba/-/da/ syllable continuum was used. In experiment 2, the pre-test battery was expanded to include /ba/-/da/, /ba/-/wa/, and /sa/-/sta/ syllable continua and a tone sequencing task that mimicked other parameters of training. Results Results of experiment 1 revealed that the training group had a significantly lowered (better) SDT following training as compared to the control group. The extent of training-driven perceptual gain was significantly correlated with pre-training performance. In experiment 2, training resulted in a significantly lowered SDT for /ba/-/da/, but not for the other syllables or the tone sequencing task. Conclusions Results showed that task-specific attention drives generalization of auditory perceptual training from non-linguistic to linguistic contexts. Furthermore, individual differences in initial perceptual performance affect the degree of generalization following training.
Death due to Splenic Rupture in Suppressor Cell Mycosis Fungoides: A Case Report

A case of mycosis fungoides in which pathologic rupture of the spleen led to intraperitoneal hemorrhage and death is described. To our knowledge, splenic rupture has not been reported previously as a cause of death in mycosis fungoides. Immunologic studies demonstrated that the neoplastic cell was a suppressor/cytotoxic T-cell. In most cases of mycosis fungoides or the Sezary syndrome, the neoplastic cell has been a helper/inducer T-cell. This case was very aggressive clinically with prominent visceral involvement and suggests that mycosis fungoides may be clinically diverse as well as immunologically heterogeneous.
Pharmacology of Anesthetic Drugs Used in Out of Operating Room Anesthesia

The number and variety of procedures occurring outside of an operating room environment daily, has challenged anesthesiologists to increasingly use inhaled and intravenous anesthetics in unknown environments. Often, routine anesthetic equipment is not stored in these procedural locations where creating scenarios familiar anesthetic agents require new techniques. Alternatively, there are times where anesthetic medications may more frequently be used in austere environments due to their ease of delivery. The lack of nearby resources, including physician colleagues and anesthesia technicians, the inexperience of procedural teams with anesthetics and delivery machines, and locations that limit the type of equipment available, mean that our specialty is adapting our approach to medication delivery to keep patients comfortable and safe. Additionally, tailoring to the diverse range of procedures across all populations –invasive versus diagnostic interventions, short (<30 min) versus all-day cases, level of sedation needed (MAC versus general anesthetic), pediatric versus elderly – requires an in-depth understanding of the pharmacology of the agents available and evidence regarding best use in these situations.