cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coastal people dispute offshore oil exploration: toward a study of embedded seascapes, submersible knowledge, sacrifice, and marine justice

To advance marine and coastal sociologies, this paper presents how Aotearoa New Zealand, an island nation without a history, culture, or reputation of deepwater oil production, responded to offshor...
Potent suppression of hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: how long is good enough?

Approximately one third of the world’s population has serological evidence of past or present infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The natural history of chronic HBV infection, ranges from an inactive carrier state to progressive chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (1,2).
A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Treatment Preference of People With Chronic Low Back Pain

Abstract Objective To assess treatment preference and attributes of 2 exercise-based treatments for people with chronic low back pain (LBP). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Academic research setting. Participants Individuals (N=154) with chronic LBP. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants completed a treatment preference assessment (TPA) measure that described 2 treatments for chronic LBP (strength and flexibility [SF] and motor skill training [MST]). Participants rated each treatment on 4 attributes: effectiveness, acceptability/logicality, suitability/appropriateness, and convenience. An overall score for each treatment was calculated as the mean of the 4 attribute ratings. The participants indicated either (1) no treatment preference or (2) preference for SF or MST. Results One hundred four participants (67.5%) had a treatment preference; of those, 95 (91.3%) preferred SF and 9 (8.7%) preferred MST. The SF preference group rated SF higher than MST overall and on all attributes (all Ps .05, ds ranged from .43-.66). Convenience of SF (P=.05, d=.79) and effectiveness (d=1.20), acceptability/logicality (d=1.27), and suitability/appropriateness (d=1.52) of MST (all Ps Conclusions When presented with 2 treatment options, a majority of patients preferred SF over MST. Convenience was a particularly important attribute affecting preference. Assessing treatment preference and attributes prior to treatment initiation allows the clinician to identify factors that may need to be addressed to enhance adherence to, and outcomes of, treatment.
Cyber Detectives: Determining When Robots or People Misbehave

This paper introduces a problem of validating the claimed behavior of an autonomous agent (human or robot) in an indoor environment containing one or more agents, against the observation history from a sparse network of simple, stationary sensors deployed in the same environment. Following principles of dynamic programming, we partition the decision problem into incremental search over a sequence of connectivity subgraphs induced by sensor recordings, which yields efficient algorithms for both single and multiple agent cases. In addition to immediate applicability towards security and forensics problems, the idea of behavior validation using external sensors complements design time model verification.
Pre-Mortem Probate

The post-mortem probate model overwhelmingly used in the United States is significantly deficient because the one person who would know the testator's desires best is the testator himself, who is deceased and unable to testify as to his capacity, intent, and freedom from undue influence. This situation presents the problem of illegitimate will contests that eat away at the corpus of the estate no longer protected by the evidentiary power that lies buried with the testator. The pre-mortem or "living" probate offers a solution by conducting proceedings for validating the will while the testator is still alive. This article discusses the development and models of ante-mortem probate, their benefits, and their deficiencies. The author concludes by advising jurisdictions lacking pre-mortem probate to consider adopting procedures that convey the benefits of this technique to their citizens. *Winner of Probate and Property 1993 Excellence in Writing Award-Best Cutting Edge Article (probate and trust).
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: FINANCIAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES

The digital divide – the widening gapbetween people who can use computers and theInternet to advance themselves, and those who,because of poverty, education, or otherbarriers, cannot – offers some unique financialand ethical challenges. Fallows (2000), inThe Invisible Poor, reports on the stateof the U.S. economy as it affects the poor. Among other issues, Fallows argues thateconomic growth separates the classes, ratherthan bringing them together. Attali (2000)suggests a possible solution to this economicgap. Attali believes that “...the only concreteway to reduce the poverty gap is within thecontext of free market economy. It can be doneby combining the two success stories of thelast decade: entrepreneurship and technology,more specifically: microfinance and theInternet.” This article addresses some issues related tohow technology, particularly in the area offinancial services, has affected the ability ofthe poor to better themselves. Ethicalchallenges that accompany Information Agepoverty are examined in the context of effortsto narrow the digital divide.
Inter-organizational Business Processes Managed by Blockchain

Blockchain technology is highly expected to be a solution to the consistency and trust problems in managing business processes that span across organizational boundaries. However, to execute collaborative business processes, we need a mechanism for enabling entire workflows as a whole, where participants’ private processes must agree on the shared inter-organizational processes realized by Blockchain. To address this, we introduce a set of techniques that take business process models as input and transforms them into statecharts for Blockchain and process participants. We also optimize the size of the statechart in order to reduce the number of communications between Blockchain and participants. The statecharts are then used as a basis for generating software artifacts: smart contracts running on Blockchain and Web applications for process participants. Through the evaluation of our solution, we confirmed that our algorithms produce software artifacts that collaboratively work together. By applying the statechart reduction algorithms, we could reduce the number of sending and receiving events by 74% and 65% in two case studies.
Responsive and responsible teacher telling: an across time examination of classroom talk during whole group writing workshop minilessons

This study of whole class minilesson talk adds to the literature on how teacher talk shapes student involvement with learning. Minilesson talk is commonly associated with monologic, authoritative t...
Brain biomarkers and cognition across adulthood.

Understanding the associations between brain biomarkers (BMs) and cognition across age is of paramount importance. Five hundred and sixty-two participants (19-80 years old, 16 mean years of education) were studied. Data from structural T1, diffusion tensor imaging, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans combined with a neuropsychological evaluation were used. More specifically, the measures of cortical, entorhinal, and parahippocampal thickness, hippocampal and striatal volume, default-mode network and fronto-parietal control network, fractional anisotropy (FA), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) were assessed. z-Scores for three cognitive domains measuring episodic memory, executive function, and speed of processing were computed. Multiple linear regressions and interaction effects between each of the BMs and age on cognition were examined. Adjustments were made for age, sex, education, intracranial volume, and then, further, for general cognition and motion. BMs were significantly associated with cognition. Across the adult lifespan, slow speed was associated with low striatal volume, low FA, and high WMH burden. Poor executive function was associated with low FA, while poor memory was associated with high WMH burden. After adjustments, results were significant for the associations: speed-FA and WMH, memory-entorhinal thickness. There was also a significant interaction between hippocampal volume and age in memory. In age-stratified analyses, the most significant associations for the young group occurred between FA and executive function, WMH, and memory, while for the old group, between entorhinal thickness and speed, and WMH and speed, executive function. Unique sets of BMs can explain variation in specific cognitive domains across adulthood. Such results provide essential information about the neurobiology of aging.
Fat Relativity: The (social) Science of Being Massive

This poem uses the concept of (and language for scientifically describing) gravity and Newton’s laws of motion as a way to understand and reflect on how fat bodies (a) interact with slender bodies,...
Pyroglutamic Acidemia: An Underrecognized and Underdiagnosed Cause of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis - A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Pyroglutamic acidemia (oxoprolinemia) is an underrecognized cause of high anion gap acidosis resulting from derangement in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Pyroglutamic acidemia is most commonly diagnosed in the pediatric population in patients with inherited autosomal recessive enzyme deficiencies. However, acquired pyroglutamic acidemia can present in the adult population. Patients often present with confusion, nausea, and vomiting as well as an elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis. This article describes a case of acquired pyroglutamic acidemia and emphasizes the need to consider this entity.
Smart Building Design: a Framework for Optimal Placement of Smart Sensors and Actuators

This paper introduces a framework for transforming buildings into smart infrastructures with high energy efficiency objectives and demand response capability. The proposed smart building design will significantly drive down energy costs, while improving occupant comfort and system reliability. The design process is done for the Engineering and Computer Science (ECS) building at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB). A comprehensive inventory is provided to identify and characterize the lighting and plug-in load control potential across classrooms, research labs, teaching labs, offices, and other areas of the building. This is done by also developing the three-dimensional (3-D) model of the CSULB-ECS building. Next, we develop a model-based optimization method to identify the optimal number and location of the smart sensors and actuators in the building. Accordingly, an analysis is conducted to explore energy cost savings opportunities due to the implementation of the energy efficiency and demand response measures; thus, providing the road map for implementation.
A rare case of pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma presented with respiratory failure

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in HIV-infected patients. With new treatments, incidence and severity of KS have significantly decreased.A 57-year-old African American...
Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Mice and Humans: Towards a Quantitative Ecology

In recent years, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have emerged as essential components of immunological memory. Following antigenic challenge, TRM remain in nonlymphoid tissues and defend against re-exposure. Although accumulating evidence suggests important roles for TRM in mediating protective immunity, fundamental aspects of the population biology of TRM remain poorly understood. In this article, we discuss how results from different systems shed light on the ecological dynamics of TRM in mice and humans. We highlight the importance of dissecting processes contributing to TRM maintenance, and how these might vary across phenotypically and spatially heterogeneous subsets. We also discuss how the diversity of TRM communities within specific tissues may evolve under competition and in response to antigenic perturbation. Throughout, we illustrate how mathematical models can clarify inferences obtained from experimental data and help elucidate the homeostatic mechanisms underpinning the ecology of TRM populations.
UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN ASPEK KOGNITIF DALAM AKTIVITAS YANG BERSIFAT EKSFLORATIF & MENYELIDIK (MENCAMPUR WARNA) MENGGUNAKAN MODEL EXAMPLE NON EXAMPLES DI KELOMPOK B TK TUNAS MUDA KEC. SIMPANG EMPAT KAB. BANJAR

Anak-anak di TK Tunas Muda Kab. Banjar khususnya pada kelompok B, masih memiliki kemampuan kognitif yang rendah dalam mengenal warna. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang bisa diterapkan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak khususnya dalam pembelajaran mencampur warna adalah model pembelajaran examples non examples. Model ini merupakan salah satu tipe dari model pembelajaran kooperatif yang menekankan pada partisipasi dan aktivitas anak untuk mencari sendiri materi (informasi) pelajaran yang akan dipelajari melalui bahan-bahan yang tersedia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas. Terjadi peningkatan pada kemampuan kognitif anak dalam mencampur warna melalui pembelajaran Examples non Examples dalam hal ketepatan anak membedakan gambar dan menyebutkan gambar dengan benar serta ketepatan dalam mencampur warna. Secara klasikal akhir siklus pertama diketahui jumlah anak yang tuntas mencapai 64% meningkat menjadi 82% pada akhir siklus kedua. Kata Kunci : Kognitif , Example Non Examples, Eksfloratif , Menyelidik
Ab-initio binding of barnase–barstar with DelPhiForce steered Molecular Dynamics (DFMD) approach

Receptor–ligand interactions are involved in various biological processes, therefore understanding the binding mechanism and ability to predict the binding mode are essential for many biological in...
Politics as ‘Sinister Wisdom’: Reparation and responsibility in lesbian feminism

This article takes up the commonplace antagonism between ‘second wave’ lesbian feminism and ‘third wave’ queer theory and politics, and argues that the antagonism itself is both historically and politically reductive. First, I make the case that ‘third wave’ queer theory actually shares its central concern – namely, accountability for intra-group inequalities – with lesbian feminism. However, I argue that ‘third wave’ queer theories ultimately founder in their bid for a more reflexive political praxis by tending to hold others – lesbian feminists – accountable for ongoing inequalities rather than grappling with them directly. By contrast, I show that lesbian feminists from the late 1970s to the late 1980s developed a reparative politics that succeeds where ‘third wave’ theories stumble by developing relationships of mutual accountability around issues of race and racism, and by establishing processes by which to repair these relationships when they founder. I conclude by arguing that a fuller attention to the history of lesbian feminism, in fact, offers important resources for feminists and queers dealing with issues of intra-group marginalization, such as transphobia, in the present.
Association of CSF Biomarkers With Hippocampal-Dependent Memory in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease

Objective To determine whether memory tasks with demonstrated sensitivity to hippocampal function can detect variance related to preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers, we examined associations between performance in 3 memory tasks and CSF β-amyloid (Aβ)42/Aβ40 and phosopho-tau181 (p-tau181) in cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU). Methods CU enrolled in the Stanford Aging and Memory Study (n = 153; age 68.78 ± 5.81 years; 94 female) completed a lumbar puncture and memory assessments. CSF Aβ42, Aβ40, and p-tau181 were measured with the automated Lumipulse G system in a single-batch analysis. Episodic memory was assayed using a standardized delayed recall composite, paired associate (word–picture) cued recall, and a mnemonic discrimination task that involves discrimination between studied “target” objects, novel “foil” objects, and perceptually similar “lure” objects. Analyses examined cross-sectional relationships among memory performance, age, and CSF measures, controlling for sex and education. Results Age and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 were independently associated with elevated p-tau181. Age, Aβ42/Aβ40, and p-tau181 were each associated with (1) poorer associative memory and (2) diminished improvement in mnemonic discrimination performance across levels of decreased task difficulty (i.e., target–lure similarity). P-tau mediated the effect of Aβ42/Aβ40 on memory. Relationships between CSF proteins and delayed recall were similar but nonsignificant. CSF Aβ42 was not significantly associated with p-tau181 or memory. Conclusions Tests designed to tax hippocampal function are sensitive to subtle individual differences in memory among CU and correlate with early AD-associated biomarker changes in CSF. These tests may offer utility for identifying CU with preclinical AD pathology.
Does it Pay, at the Margin, to Work and Save? -- Measuring Effective Marginal Taxes on AmericansA Labor Supply and Saving

Building on Gokhale, Kotlikoff, and Sluchynsky's (2002) study of Americans' incentives to work full or part time, this paper uses ESPlanner, a life-cycle financial planning program, in conjunction with detailed modeling of transfer programs to determine a) total marginal net tax rates on current labor supply, b) total net marginal tax rates on life-cycle labor supply, c) total net marginal tax rates on saving, and d) the tax-arbitrage opportunities available from contributing to retirement accounts. In seeking to provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of fiscal incentives, the paper incorporates federal and state personal income taxes, the FICA payroll tax, federal and state corporate income taxes, federal and state sales and excise taxes, Social Security benefits, Medicare benefits, Medicaid benefits, Foods Stamps, welfare (TAFCD) benefits, and other transfer program benefits. The paper offers four main takeaways. First, thanks to the incredible complexity of the U.S. fiscal system, it's impossible for anyone to understand her incentive to work, save, or contribute to retirement accounts absent highly advanced computer technology and software. Second, the U.S. fiscal system provides most households with very strong reasons to limit their labor supply and saving. Third, the system offers very high-income young and middle aged households as well as most older households tremendous opportunities to arbitrage the tax system by contributing to retirement accounts. Fourth, the patterns by age and income of marginal net tax rates on earnings, marginal net tax rates on saving, and tax-arbitrage opportunities can be summarized with one word -- bizarre.
Longitudinal Measurement of Empathy in Student Pharmacists

Objective. To assess empathy longitudinally in student pharmacists and describe how it changes during their four years of pharmacy education. Methods. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Professions Student version (JSE-HPS) was completed by a cohort of student pharmacists at the beginning and end of PY1 year, then at the end of PY2, PY3, and P4 years. Demographic data and information about students’ previous pharmacy work experience and experience interacting with patients were also collected. Results. Student pharmacists’ empathy scores were relatively high at the beginning of PY1 year, comparable to scores reported for medical and other health professions students. Empathy scores declined over the first two years of the pharmacy curriculum but increased during both PY3 and P4 year, recovering to the level observed at the beginning of PY1 year. Factor analysis identified three factors, “perspective-taking,” “compassionate care,” and “walking in patient’s shoes” which accounted for 26%, 19% and 7% of the variance, respectively, and supported the construct validity of the JSE-HPS. Conclusion. Student pharmacist empathy decreased during the early primarily didactic years of the pharmacy curriculum but increased during the latter years that emphasize clinical experiences.
The GLIDE Language for CAD

This paper presents GLIDE, an integrated design database facility, that supports implementation of systems capable of incorporating all the information needed for the design and construction of large engineering projects. GLIDE is a computer language incorporating database, geometric modeling, graphics and command processor facilities. Some facilities have been described and others suggested that seem to be desirable for a general purpose engineering design database. In most facilities the importance of maintaining generality and flexibility are described, partly because of the great diversity of engineering practices, but partly also because of the lack of understanding of the design process. The ability to develop practical applications based on such systems will be strongly dependent on the development of better models of designing. It is for this reason that a section on the notion of abstraction hierarchies is included, as an indication of the kind of conceptual models that may be required. The development of a new generation of CAD applications must go hand in hand with the development of a better understanding of the design process.
Death in the dental chair.

Death during dental anesthesia is relatively rare. Review of eight such cases which occurred in our county, including the different anesthetics used, revealed one apparent basic pattern that prevailed...a need for awareness that something might go wrong and recognition of the fact that it was going wrong.
Stellar X-Ray Activity in the Hyades

Observations of the Hyades cluster with the Einstein Observatory and with IUE have uncovered a high level of coronal x-ray emission (LX≃1029 era s-1 for solar-type stars) and similarly high fluxes of chromospheric and transition region line fluxes compared to the Sun (Stern et al.1981, Zolcinski et al. 1981, 1982). A giant x-ray flare from a spectroscopic binary system in the Hyades has also been reported (Stern, Antiochos and Underwood 1982).
Disentangling value : misvaluation and divestitures

This paper presents a rationale for divestiture consistent with one of the frequently cited reasons by divesting firms, namely, that the firm is undervalued and splitting the firm into its component businesses will make it easier for the market to value the components accurately. The rationale is based on two basic premises. One, the market can observe the aggregate cash flows of the firm but not divisional cash flows; two, the cost of financing a project by divesting a division is greater than the cost of external equity financing which, in turn, is costlier than internal capital. In this setup, we show that the firm may be misvalued if the informativeness of divisional cash flows regarding the respective divisions' future prospects are different. If an undervalued firm needs external capital, it may resort to costly divestiture while an overvalued firm will use less costly external equity, resulting in correct valuation of the divisions. Among the empirical implications the model yields are: 1) The stock price reaction to a divestiture announcement is positive and is greater for focus-increasing divestitures; 2) Firms that divest invest more than their conglomerate counterparts; 3) Firms that divest are likely to divest the poorly performing divisions.
Mass media & mass murder: American coverage of the holocaust

In recent years, historians David S. Wyman and Deborah E. Lipstadt have contended in carefully documented books that the U.S. media provided inadequate coverage of Holocaust developments. Thus, these historians contend, American media helped create public apathy, which led to inadequate responses of the Roosevelt administration to requests for aid to Holocaust victims. Wyman believes “several hundred thousand”; Jews might have been saved from gas chambers if the United States had insisted on determined Allied rescue action earlier than belated efforts of the War Refugee Board, established in 1944. This paper examines U.S. media responses to Holocaust news and the reasons for those responses. It contends the objectivity ethic and violations of other ethical standards by U.S. media may have contributed to the magnitude of the Holocaust tragedy.
Feed architecture for a Ka-band antenna array

The U.S. Army is developing a Ka-band array antenna for use in Future Combat Systems. This antenna array requires a novel feed architecture using GPPO connectors so that it can easily integrate into modules containing T/R amplifiers The design and simulated results are presented.
Endoscopic Perforations of the Upper Digestive Tract: A Review of Their Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Management

T he rapid and widespread increase of upper endoscopic esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the last two decades is a tribute not only to the unparalleled access this procedure provides to the upper gastrointestinal tract but also to its excellent safety record.’ Nevertheless, complications do occur, occasionally with disastrous results. Familiarity with these risks of endoscopy is essential for their prevention and management. Many of the published reviews of endoscopic complications have been simple compilations of statistical data.‘-” The aim of this review is to bring together current concepts regarding the pathogenesis, management, and prevention of perforation of the upper digestive tract, with particular emphasis on esophageal injury. Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is an extremely safe procedure, with an overall complication rate in the range of 0.1% and a mortality rate of <0.005% reported by different centers worldwide.97’0~‘2 Perforation of a hollow viscus, although not common, is the most dreaded complication of endoscopy. The most common site of instrumental perforation during upper endoscopy is the esophagus, although gastric, duodenal, and other perforations have also been described.
Competitive Boosterism: How Milwaukee Lost the Braves

By any measure, major-league baseball in North America surely qualifies as big business. The national pastime is a vital component of today's urban political economy, and baseball teams resemble other high-prestige businesses in that cities must compete for the privilege of hosting them—whatever their true worth. This article analyzes the transfer of the Milwaukee Braves baseball franchise to Atlanta in 1965 as the outcome of “competitive boosterism,” or the active participation of local elites in luring trade, industry, and investment from other cities for the purpose of economic development.
Failure to follow evidence‐based best practice guidelines in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

Abstract Objectives Evidence‐based guidelines for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis have been established. This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that deviation from guidelines occurs frequently. Methods With institutional review board approval, the outside medical records of patients with severe pancreatitis who were transferred to the study institution during the period from July 2005 to May 2012 were reviewed. Severe pancreatitis was defined using the Atlanta Classification criteria. Records were reviewed with respect to published guidelines defining the appropriate use of imaging, antibiotics and nutritional support. Results A total of 538 patients with acute pancreatitis were identified. Of 67 patients with severe acute pancreatitis, 44 (66%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 55 years. Forty‐five of 61 (74%) patients for whom relevant data were available were imaged upon admission, but only 15 (31%) patients were imaged appropriately by computerized tomography with i.v. contrast to assess the presence of necrosis or other complications. In patients for whom relevant data were available, prophylactic antibiotics were initiated in the absence of culture data or a specific infectious target in 26 (53%) patients. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was administered to 38 (60%) of 63 patients for whom relevant data were available; only 10 (17%) patients received enteric feeding. No nutritional support was provided to 15 (23%) patients. Conclusions Adherence to best practice guidelines in the treatment of severe pancreatitis is poor. The consistent application of current knowledge might improve outcomes in these patients.
Does Money Make a Difference for Hispanic Students in Urban Schools

Six teacher preparation categories—long-term substitutes, temporary teaching permit, certified in a field different from the assigned teaching subject, alternative certification, full certification in the assigned teaching subject, and certification unknown—are studied as a significant component within the flow of resources for their effect on student achievement at a single high-poverty campus. There were no statistically significant differences in national curve equivalence (NCE) scores among students taught by teachers with full certification, alternative certification, or math temporary teaching permits on end-of the-semester math grades. At-risk students taught reading by teachers with alternative certification scored significantly higher than at-risk students taught reading by teachers with full certification.
Effects of Eu3+ ions on the morphology and luminescence properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method

Abstract In the present investigation, we have demonstrated the synthesis of sphere shaped HA phosphors by a simple one-step hydrothermal method, and the structural, morphological, textural and optical properties were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, ICP and PL spectroscopy. Results showed that the crystal size and the ratio of length to radius of Eu 3+ -doped HA particles decreased with the increasing of Eu 3+ doped concentration, and its PL emission intensities increased with the increase of Eu 3+ doped concentration. When the Eu 3+ amount was 7.5 at.%, the HA particle showed sphere shape, and the actual doping concentration and the PL emission intensities reach the maximum. This indicated that sphere shaped HA phosphors can be obtained by adjusting the Eu 3+ doping concentration without adding any other reagent. And it also indicated that the PL emission intensities were mainly dependent on the Eu 3+ doped concentration, and the effect of morphology was very little.
Approaching total absorption at near infrared in a large area monolayer graphene by critical coupling

We demonstrate experimentally close to total absorption in monolayer graphene based on critical coupling with guided resonances in transfer printed photonic crystal Fano resonance filters at near infrared. Measured peak absorptions of 35% and 85% were obtained from cavity coupled monolayer graphene for the structures without and with back reflectors, respectively. These measured values agree very well with the theoretical values predicted with the coupled mode theory based critical coupling design. Such strong light-matter interactions can lead to extremely compact and high performance photonic devices based on large area monolayer graphene and other two–dimensional materials.
Psychological correlates of marijuana use: an exploratory study.

The study was concerned with social and emotional correlates of marijuana use. 85 undergraduate students were given a structured diary to fill out nightly for 1 wk. 24 Ss reporting use of marijuana during this period were compared in terms of (1) the days they used and did not use the drug and (2) with the group of 61 nonusers. While most comparisons showed only a small difference, there was a tendency for marijuana users to more frequently report sex desire on use days than nonuse days and to smoke cigarettes more often than the nonuse group.
A Theoretical Analysis of Cation Diffusion in Potassium Azide

A theoretical analysis has been made of the temperature dependence and anisotropy of the self-diffusion of tracer potassium ions in KN3. A vacancy mechanism is assumed, and the effects of correlation on diffusion are examined. An approximate analytic expression is obtained for the correlation factor, and its validity is determined by comparison with more accurate numerical calculations. The temperature dependence of the elements of the diffusion tensor including correlation is evaluated, making use of theoretical values of the migration energy of cation vacancies, and the role of correlation in determining the crystallographic anisotropy of cation diffusion is discussed. Comparison is made to available experimental data. Es wird die theoretische Analyse der Temperaturabhangigkeit und Anisotropie der Selbst-diffusion von radioaktiv markierten Kaliumionen in KN3 durchgefuhrt. Es wird ein Leerstellenmechanismus angenommen und die Einflusse der Korrelation auf die Diffusion untersucht. Ein geeigneter analytischer Ausdruck fur den Korrelationsfaktor wird erhalten und seine Gultigkeit durch Vergleich mit genaueren numerischen Rechnungen bestimmt. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Elemente des Diffusionstensors wird unter Einschlus der Korrelation berechnet, wobei theoretische Werte der Wanderungsenergie der Kationenleerstellen benutzt werden und die Rolle der Korrelation bei der Bestimmung der Kristallanisotropie der Kationendiffusion diskutiert wird. Die Ergebnisse werden mit erhaltlichen experimentellen Werten verglichen.
Two-dimensional turbulence and persistent zonal jets in a global barotropic model

Abstract The dynamics of two-dimensional turbulence on a rotating sphere are examined. The anisotropic Rhines scale is derived and verified in decaying turbulence simulations. Due to the anisotropic nature of the Rossby waves, the Rhines barrier is displaced toward small total wavenumber n with decreasing zonal wavenumber m. Up-scale energy transfer along the zonal axis (m = 0) is not directly arrested by beta. A forced dissipative model with high-wavenumber forcing is used to investigate the dynamics of persistent zonal jets. Persistent jets form in the low energy (strong rotation) cases with the root-mean-square velocity V*rms ≪ aΩ. Under a fixed rotation rate, the jet scale decreases with the energy. The equilibrated jets generally stay at fixed latitudes. The zonal bands are nearly uniformly distributed in latitude, except that bands in the high latitudes tend to be wider and weaker, as clearly affected by a decreasing beta with latitude. The time-mean zonal winds in the forced simulations appear to b...
Retinal location and visual processing rate.

Although previous studies have shown that the time required to process visual stimuli increases for presentations away from the fovea, the evidence concerning the exact nature of this increase is inconclusive. Three experiments were conducted using both reaction time and tachistoscopic masking tasks to generate time-accuracy functions for stimuli at different retinal locations. All results indicated that only the time intercept parameter of the time-accuracy function is affected by retinal location of stimulation. This finding suggests that it takes longer for information to become available to some decision mechanism with stimuli displaced away from the fovea, but that the actual rate of extracting information is not influenced by retinal locus of stimulation.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1(9‐36)amide metabolite inhibits weight gain and attenuates diabetes and hepatic steatosis in diet‐induced obese mice

Aims: The metabolic syndrome, a disease arising from the world-wide epidemic of obesity, is manifested as severe insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, hepatic steatosis and diabetes. Previously we reported that GLP-1(9-36)amide, derived from the gluco-incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), suppresses gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of GLP-1(9-36)amide in diet-induced obese mice that model the development of the metabolic syndrome. Methods: Mice rendered obese by feeding a very high fat diet were administered GLP-1(9-36)amide via subcutaneous osmopumps for 8 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, plasma insulin and glucose levels (insulin-resistance), and hepatic steatosis were assessed. Results: Eight-week infusions of GLP-1(9-36)amide inhibited weight gain, increased energy intake, prevented the development of fasting hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia, and curtailed the accumulation of liver triglycerides. The peptide had no effects in mice fed a normal chow diet. Notably, energy intake in the obese mice receiving GLP-1(9-36)amide was 20% greater than obese mice receiving vehicle control. Conclusions: GLP-1(9-36)amide exerts insulin-like actions in the presence of insulin resistance and prevents the development of metabolic syndrome. Curtailment of weight gain in the face of increased caloric intake suggests that GLP-1(9-36)amide increases energy expenditure. These findings suggest the possibility of the use of GLP-1(9-36)amide, or a peptide mimetic derived there from, for the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
Role of ascorbic acid in transferrin-independent reduction and uptake of iron by U-937 cells.

Abstract The role of ascorbic acid in transferrin-independent ferric iron reduction and uptake was evaluated in cultured U-937 monocytic cells. Uptake of 55 Fe by U-937 cells was doubled by 100 μM extracellular ascorbate, and by pre-incubation of cells with 100 μM dehydroascorbic acid, the two-electron-oxidized form of ascorbate. Reduction of extracellular ferric citrate also was enhanced by loading the cells with dehydroascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid was taken up rapidly by the cells and reduced to ascorbate, such that the latter reached intracellular concentrations as high as 6 mM. However, some ascorbate did escape the cells and could be detected at concentrations of up to 1 μM in the incubation medium. Further, addition of ascorbate oxidase almost reversed the effects of dehydroascorbic acid on both 55 Fe uptake and ferric citrate reduction. Thus, it is likely that extracellular ascorbate reduced ferric to ferrous iron, which was then taken up by the cells. This hypothesis also was supported by the finding that during loading with ferric citrate, only extracellular ascorbate increased the pool of intracellular ferrous iron that could be chelated with cell-penetrant ferrous iron chelators. In contrast to its inhibition of ascorbate-dependent ferric iron reduction, ascorbate oxidase was without effect on ascorbate-dependent reduction of extracellular ferricyanide. This indicates that the cells use different mechanisms for reduction of ferric iron and ferricyanide. Therefore, extracellular ascorbate derived from cells can enhance transferrin-independent iron uptake by reducing ferric to ferrous iron, but intracellular ascorbate neither contributes to this reduction nor modifies the redox status of intracellular free iron.
Effect of competition on escape from noxious stimulation

Twenty 90-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into five homogeneous groups of four rats each on the basis of running speed to escape electrical shock in a runway. Within each of these groups, two Ss were assigned randomly to a competition condition and two to a noncompetition condition. All Ss were run in pairs in a double-alley runway under shock-escape conditions. The first animal in the competition pair to reach the goal was allowed to enter the goal and escape the shock. Ss in the noncompetition pairs were yoked to the competition pairs, and their reinforcement was contingent upon the performance of their yoked partners. In all cases, the performance of the competition Ss exceeded that of the noncompetition Ss (p <.01), demonstrating the motivating effect of stimuli associated with the competitive situation.
Valuing foreign exchange rate derivatives with a bounded exchange process

Foreign exchange rates have been subjected to periods of tighter or looser controls as various political and economic forces have waxed and waned. When currencies were backed by gold there were fixed exchange rates. In 1973 floating exchange rates were adopted though many countries did try to keep their currency values within certain ranges. More recently the European Economic Community formalized this practice. Free-floating exchange rates might be well characterized by the lognormal distribution which is standard in option pricing. However, this is probably a poor approximation for exchange rates which are kept within some range by the actions of one or both governments or central banks. This paper develops a model which can be used to value options and other derivative contracts when the underlying exchange rate is bounded in a fixed range (a, b). Methods for pricing both European and American style options are developed.
Redirecting Periodicals in the Academic Library: A Stanford University Case Study

In 2005, Stanford University Libraries (SUL) transferred, or “redirected,” all subscriptions for titles published in the United States (U.S.) and the United Kingdom (UK) to a new vendor. The total number of titles redirected was approximately 6,000. This case study examines the processes used in this large batch transfer and provides recommendations for other libraries considering periodical transfers.
Porcine and Canine von Willebrand Factor and von Willebrand Disease: Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Atherosclerosis Studies

Use of animal models of inherited and induced von Willebrand factor (VWF) deficiency continues to advance the knowledge of VWF-related diseases: von Willebrand disease (VWD), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and coronary artery thrombosis. First, in humans, pigs, and dogs, VWF is essential for normal hemostasis; without VWF bleeding events are severe and can be fatal. Second, the ADAMTS13 cleavage site is preserved in all three species suggesting all use this mechanism for normal VWF multimer processing and that all are susceptible to TTP when ADAMTS13 function is reduced. Third, while the role of VWF in atherogenesis is debated, arterial thrombosis complicating atherosclerosis appears to be VWF-dependent. The differences in the VWF gene and protein between humans, pigs, and dogs are relatively few but important to consider in the design of VWF-focused experiments. These homologies and differences are reviewed in detail and their implications for research projects are discussed. The current status of porcine and canine VWD are also reviewed as well as their potential role in future studies of VWF-related disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.
The expression of Cajal cells at the obstruction site of congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction and quantitative image analysis

Abstract Objective The study aimed to analyze the expression and significance of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) at the obstruction site of congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO). Methods Specimens of the strictured segment of the PUJ were obtained from 24 patients who were diagnosed to have PUJO (without aberrant vessels and adhesive band compression of ureteral junction) intraoperatively. In the control group, PUJ specimens were taken from 21 patients who had Wilms' tumor. Pelviureteric junction tissues were confirmed to be free of tumor invasion by histology. Immunohistochemistry with c-kit antibody was performed to detect the expression of ICC in specimens of the 2 groups. Quantitative analysis was made using image analysis technique and statistical analysis was carried out. Results Immunoreactivity to ICC was predominantly detected in the muscle layers of PUJ. The mean area of ICC expression in the PUJO group was 14.86 ± 1.37 × 10 4 μ m 2 , which was lower than that in the control group (16.80 ± 1.68) × 10 4 μ m 2 ( P P Conclusions A reduction of the number of ICC may play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of PUJO.
Perceived drinking norms among black college students: the race of reference group members.

Social norms have been consistently shown to influence alcohol use among college students. Much of the research in this area is focused on mostly White samples. This study sought to expand our understanding of social norms theory by examining perceptions of normative alcohol use among Black students and determining the impact of the race of reference group members on personal alcohol use. Participants (N=130; 73.8% female) completed an online questionnaire. Results of repeated measures of analysis of variance indicated that participants perceived all referent groups (i.e., White, same race, typical student) as drinking significantly more than they did. Results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that perceptions of typical student drinking significantly predicted personal alcohol use. Implications for practice and research are discussed. Language: en
QM/MM Simulations for Diels−Alder Reactions in Water: Contribution of Enhanced Hydrogen Bonding at the Transition State to the Solvent Effect†

Free energy profiles for Diels−Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with acrylonitrile, methyl vinyl ketone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone have been computed in the gas phase and in aqueous solution using Monte Carlo simulations in a fully automated, mixed quantum and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. The QM/MM calculations in water featured AM1 treatment for the solute in the presence of 500 TIP4P water molecules, and computation of solute−water interactions using scaled CM1A charges for the solute. Free energy perturbation calculations yielded the profiles along a reaction coordinate with all other degrees of freedom sampled. The free energies of activation are reduced on going from the gas phase to water by 1.5, 2.8, and 4.4 kcal/mol for the reactions with acrylonitrile, methyl vinyl ketone, and naphthoquinone, respectively. These values are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results for transfer from hydrocarbon solvents to water (2.1, 3.8, and 5.0 kcal/mol). The cycloadducts are stabili...
Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a worldwide epidemic1–6, so the development of vaccines and antiviral agents effective against the causative agent, human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), is vital. This work would be greatly simplified if a suitable animal model could be developed. Here we report the isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus, STLV-III/Delta, from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with transmissible simian AIDS (SAIDS) and from asymptomatic sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). SAIDS was initially diagnosed in several macaques previously inoculated with tissue homogenates of mangabey origin. Western blot analysis of both the mangabey and macaque sera demonstrated the presence of antibody cross-reactive primarily with the HTLV-III proteins p24 and p61. In a related experiment, analysis of these same sera revealed simian antibody to STLV-III/Delta proteins similar, but not identical, to those of HTLV-III with estimated relative molecular masses (Mrs) of 16,000 (16K), 26K, 35K, 45K, 60K and 110K. Infection of the mangabey, an African primate, with an HTLV-III-related virus may provide a clue to the origin of HTLV-III in humans. The apparent difference in susceptibility to SAIDS-like disease between infected macaques and mangabeys suggests that these species may respond differently to STLV-III infection.
HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIQUID/LIQUID STIRRED CELL

Abstract The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a stirred cell for contacting immiscible phases are examined. When each phase is stirred with a rotating disk in laminar flow, such that the interface is stationary, the rate of diffusion in the absence of any interfacial resistance is obtained using a similarity solution. The hydrodynamics, specifically the radial velocity derivative at the interface, which is the most important component of the mass transfer solution, is obtained by combining the solutions for a finite disk and for the relationship between disk velocity and fluid core velocity. Excellent experimental agreement, within 5% of the theory, is observed.